
Glass P£ l£ 
Book_ A. 






jt 



WEBSTER'S 
COLLEGIATE 

DICTIONARY 



THIRD EDITION of THE MERRIAM SERIES 



THE LARGEST ABRIDGMENT OF 

Webster's 
New International Dictionary 

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



1700 ILLUSTRATIONS 




SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. 
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAJVI CO. 

1919 



x 



X 






^ 



\ 



CN 



Copyright, 1916, 

By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 

Copyright in Great Britain and Ireland and in ail countries subscribing to 
the Bern Convention. 



DEC I6i9i8 



Set up and Electrotyped by The F. A. Bassette Company, 
Springfield, Mass., U. S. A. 

Printed and Bound by H. O. Houghton & Co., The Riverside Press 
Camlr 'dae, Mass., U, S. A . 

579 



B 






PREFACE 



The task of providing a worthy successor to the earlier editions of Webster's Collegiate 
Dictionary was a heavy one. From the older International had been constructed a smaller Q 

dictionary that presented the material that was most useful as well to the general reader 
as to the scholar, and this material had been embodied in a form at once convenient and of 
proven excellence. Indeed, no other English dictionary of similar scope had ever given such 
general satisfaction. With the publication of the New International, however, there be- 
came available a great number of popular words that demanded inclusion in a book like the 
Collegiate. Within the eighteen years since the first edition of the Collegiate Dictionary p 

was published, multitudes of scientific and technical terms have become part of everyday 
speech. In 1898 the automobile industry was in swaddling clothes, wireless telegraphy 
hardly existed outside the patent office, five years were still to elapse before the Wright 
brothers were to prove mechanical flight practicable. To-day words connected with all of 
these subjects come easily from the tongue of the man in the street, and his newspaper and 
magazine employ them as part of the vernacular. While the proven convenience of the r 

older Collegiate made any increase in size questionable, still, in order that adequate treatment 
might be given to this vast amount of new material, it was found necessary to use a slightly 
larger type page, and to add some 150 pages to the Vocabulary itself. But even with this 
added space a doubling or even trebling of the care and precision with which essentials were 
selected and nonessentials were rejected was demanded. To this task the editorial staff 
has, during the space of two years, resolutely applied not only the experience gained during r> 

the preparation of the New International, but the training in clear and concise statement ^ 

resulting from its work in making the new School Series of Webster's Dictionaries. This 
new book can thus with confidence be offered as representing the matured and integrated 
judgment of editors thoroughly versed in the varied and subtle problems of lexicography. 

The general title Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has been retained, since the plan of the 
first and second editions (1898, 1910) of this book has nowhere been widely departed from. 
The Third Edition is, however, in no sense a revision or adaptation of these predecessors, but 
is a new work abridged directly from Webster's New International Dictionary, the material 
of the older Collegiate having been used only incidentally, mainly for purposes of comparison. 

From the wealth of material in the New International there are here presented about 
ninety-seven thousand words and phrases. The endeavor has been to select those that will 
v « i meet the needs of the busy general reader who wishes precise but not extended 

vocaouiary information about the words of the newspaper and periodical, and that will 
also satisfy the demands of the student in his college work. In the field of science, nouns and 
adjectives which are used in naming or describing parts or characteristics of plants, animals, 
or minerals, or the significant phenomena of their growth and relations, have been included with 
great fullness. The common names of plants and animals, especially if of literary value, have 
been given freely. Classificatory names, however, such as the names of genera, orders, and the 
like, have been inserted only when they have also a popular character. Thus many words 
like fuchsia, geranium, gladiolus, octopus, junco, though originally only the names of genera, 
have through common use become vernacular names as well. Such vernacular names are 
freely entered in the vocabulary, and in the definition the genus name itself appears. In 
the case of many scientific names an English derivative has, in popular use, replaced the Latin 
form of science. Preference has been given to such derivatives, but usually in the definition K 

the scientific name itself also appears. Thus Protozoa will be found in the definition of pro- 
tozoan, and Cephalopoda in that of cephalopod. 

The spelling of Webster's New International Dictionary has been adhered to throughout. 
This is based upon the Webster system of simple spellings which prefers color, center, traveling, 
S 11* - and the like, to colour, centre, travelling. In all such cases, however, the alternative 

p 8 spelling is included. In words that may be spelled either with e or with se, 
as medieval, mediseval, or with e or ce, as ecumenical, ozcumenical, the preference is given to 
the simpler spelling except where usage prefers the form with the diphthong. The words in which 
the diphthong is retained usually belong to the technical language of science. Here, also, alter- 
natives in ~ f+ ~~ given though not so freely aa jjj the New Interoation* 1 

® i i 



H 



/ 



iv PREFACE 

Proper names or words derived from them, titles, and the like, that should be written or 
printed with a capital initial have this fact indicated either by beginning the vocabulary- 
Capitalization entry itself witl1 a ca P ital or b y inserting [cap.] at the specific definition 

£LIXGCl6CL« 

The work done in the New International in the department of Pronunciation was, perhaps, 
the most painstaking ever devoted to the subject for dictionary purposes and its results have 
Pronunciation therefore been kept unchanged. It should be borne in mind that the 
rronunciai on pronunciations finally chosen as representing the best usage were selected 
only after scrupulously collating all the published material available together with the results 
of careful personal investigations by the editor extending over many years and conducted 
both in America and in England. Again, thousands of disputed pronunciations were submitted 
to scholars, public speakers, actors, and specialists both in the United States and in Great 
Britain and a decision was reached only after a careful study of all this gathered information. 

Attention is, also, specifically directed to the very valuable notes snowing special varia- 
tions in usage in the case of many words. 

The pronunciation is indicated by the simple and well-established Webster system of re- 
spelling with one symbol only for each sound. The Guide to Pronunciation, while much 
shortened, is abbreviated directly from that in the New International and retains the essen- 
tials necessary to understand the symbols used and the principles followed. The Rules for 
the pronunciation of Latin (both by the Roman method and the English) and of Spanish will 
be found of much interest. 

Plurals of nouns and pronouns, the degrees of adjectives or adverbs, and the parts of verbs 

are given when irregular or where, though regular, an irregular form might be expected. 

Trrp<5iil*r Plurals and Thus ' a11 P Iurals of words en ding in i, o, or y are given because for 

+u t fl t H fnrm« some of these words plurals ending in is, os, or ys are used, while 

otner innectea iorms ot | iers en( j j n ^ es or oeSm Likewise the principal parts of verbs ending 

in a silent e are usually given. In the case of compounds, these irregular inflected forms are 
often omitted, to avoid duplicating under a derivative information already available at the 
main word. 

The Etymologies are abridged from those of Webster's New International Dictionary, 
and retain the same qualities of accuracy and lucidity that so notably mark the work of 
_, - . Professor Sheldon and Professor Wiener in the larger book. The abridg- 

ktymologies men t has consisted in the omission of many of the cognate forms, the 
omission of doubtful or controversial matter given in the New International with such quali- 
fying words as 'perhaps' and ' apparently, ' and, often, in the omission of the etymology of 
certain words in a group when the essential information is given in connection with the main 
word. Thus, no etymology is given for separation, although it is strictly from the Latin 
separatio, inasmuch as the essential information appears under the verb separate. Except for 
the above systematic modifications, the etymologies of the Collegiate, Third Edition, are, in 
general, as complete as those of the New International. The process of condensation has, it 
is believed, in no case made the etymology less accurate or less intelligible. 

Definitions have generally been taken directly from the New International, though fre- 
quently modified in statement to obtain greater brevity or directness. They, therefore, retain 
fi , . the great lucidity and accuracy which characterize the work done by the gen- 

Dennitions era j e( jitor, Mr. Allen, and those trained under him. Noah Webster has been 
called "a born definer of words"; and his ideals and methods were, by example, precept, and 
personal training, passed on to his son-in-law^ Professor Goodrich and then to each of those 
who in turn came to take up the active editoriaUabors, Noah Porter, L. J. Campbell, and F. 
Sturges Allen. The best of the Webster traditions in definition have been followed in this 
volume. The historical order too has been preserved to show the growth of a word's mean- 
ings. For the same purpose obsolete senses have been retained where they are essential 
steps in a word's development; other obsolete senses have been omitted unless found in well- 
known works still widely read. 

In the New International thousands of citations serve to illustrate and make clear the 

meaning and application of the definitions. The limitations of space forbade the use of full 

v I citations in the Collegiate, but in many instances the significant 

Illustrative examples p ar ^ Q £ a c ^ a ^j on Qas been retained as an illustrative example. 

Especial care has been taken to insert such examples in figurative or derived senses of the 
fundamental words of the language. Thus at active, break, make, in, after, on, most of the 
definitions are reenforced by such examples. 

The difficulty often found in selecting from a dictionary the precise meaning to fit a given 
use of a word is removed by these examples, for it is necessary only to scan the definitions 
until one is found accompanied by an example showing an analogous use. Especial attention 
is directed to this valuable feature of the Collegiate, since no other dictionary of its size has 
heretofore attempted to supply information of this kind; it seems certain that it will fill a 
need which never before has been met, perhaps because not fully realized. 



PREFACE v 

Hundreds of phrases are current in English with meanings that differ essentially from the 
natural meanings to be gathered from the component words. Such phrases are included in 
TH* t* Ph <s <» large numbers. When the meaning of the significant word is not too 

Idiomatic rnrase remote from its ordinary meanings, a special definition has been made p 

to cover its use in the idiomatic phrase and the latter has been given as an illustrative example. D 

In many other cases the phrase itself has been inserted with a suitable definition. This 
feature of the book should be especially helpful to those who do not know English as a mother 
tongue, but are forced to acquire it in later life. 

Strictly speaking there are no perfect synonyms, that is, no two words which exactly agree 
in sense and use. Yet there are in English many words whose meanings are so closely akin Q 

~ that they are carelessly used without discrimination. Such words demand 

synonyms especial attention in order that they may be used each wit h its due force and 
in its proper setting. This department of the New International was treated with especial 
care and fullness by Professor John L. Lowes, now of Washington University at St. Louis, 
Missouri, under the critical supervision of Professor George Lyman Kittredge of Harvard. 
The essence of their material is retained for the most part unmodified save for the abbre"i- H 

ating of the citations into illustrative examples, so that the treatment of synonyms in the 
Collegiate Dictionary, Third Edition, constitutes one of its strongest features. 

More fully than ever before in a work of this size have pictures been used to clarify and 
strengthen the verbal definitions. Some 1700 of these illustrations appear in the text. In 
-J- . addition, eleven full-page illustrations have been prepared especially for _ 

us this book. The plates showing various forms of inflorescence, of leaves, of El 

flags, of helmets, etc., will repay careful study, for by placing together pictures of objects 
similar in form the specific differences characteristic of each become clearly evident. 

TVi <3 i mpntal The supplemental vocabularies found in the preceding editions 
i tie buppiem n have been retained in this edition with several new features of value 
Vocabularies and ^^^ p 

V h T f R*mes Valuable as the Vocabulary of Rimes has proved itself in the 

vocaDuia y o i former edition, it should be even more serviceable as now pre- 

sented. The list has been revised and enlarged, monosyllables, dissyllables, and polysyl- 
lables being grouped separately in alphabetical order, an arrangement that will be found 
more convenient and suggestive. The pronunciation of the riming elements is indicated, 
which was not uniformly done in the earlier editions, thus emphasizing the fact that it is the G 

sound rather than the form which determines the rime. The new typographical arrangement 
also will be found to lend itself to greater ease of reference. 

In this edition the Scottish Glossary shows improvements in vocabulary, definitions, and 
pronunciation. The vocabulary has been enlarged, and the difficulties likely to be encoun- 
<s tt m U Cl tered in the works of Scottish authors have been kept steadfastly in li 

kcottisn Glossary v j ew# The definitions are more numerous, and all have been made to " 

agree with the more recent information contained in the New International Dictionar}^. Where 
a fuller definition is given in the main Vocabulary, as under cotter, deasil, kill, plaid, thrum, 
etc., reference is made thereto in order to avoid repetition. The pronunciation has been re- 
vised, and the respelling made to conform to the improved notation of the New International. 
No effort has been spared to make the Scottish Glossary of practical value to the general j 

reader. It is at once comprehensive and authoritative. • 

In the place of the general vocabulary of Proper Names in the earlier Collegiate which 
gave only the spelling and pronunciation of a list of names, a much more helpful plan has 
t» • ^ t>* +• «*.*oo been adopted. Names in mvthology are for the most part en- 

™iouncmg dictionaries teped ^ caref ul definitions "in the main Vocabulary. The Geo- 
ot Oeograpmcai an graphical Names, both ancient and modern, are now entered 

mograpnicai JNames m one ^ ^^ ^ e pronunciations and brief descriptions added 

showing location, political ownership, statistics as to population, length (of rivers), elevation 
(of mountains), area (of states, lakes, etc.), all in the concise form found so effective in the 
New International. The careful work made available by the very recent revision of the New 
International Gazetteer insures the accuracy of the material here included. 

The Eiographical Names are given in a separate Biographical Dictionary and cover the [{ 

great personages, ancient and modern. The accepted spelling, pronunciation, Christ inn names, 
nationality, and some hint as to their notable achievements are given, together with dates of 
birth and, if no longer living, of death, and in the case of rulers the years of their reigns. 

The collection of personal names has undergone severe revision. Fancif 1 -* etymologies 
have been discarded, and only such meanings given as bear the hallmark of present-day . 

i?«rfi:ot, ruri a +i<*r* philology. Anthony, in the former edition, was said to mean "price- L. 

v™<f Q less *> praiseworthy"; Bartholomew, "a warli^ son"; Clarence, 

INames "illustrious" ; Edith, "happiness ; rich gift " ; A- ary "bitter, otherwise, 

their rebellion, or star of the sea." It is not without regret that theseinterestmg and poetic 
but erroneous interpretations have been cast aside. Thus, Bartholomew is now given as mean- 
ing "son of Taiinai " ; and Clarence as a Christian name is derived &*m Clarence the English 

I 



vi PREFACE 

dukedom. When the meaning is not certain, it is not given. ■ While the list of English names 
is not materially greater than in the former edition, the foreign equivalents are more numer- 
ous. This, with the revision in pronunciation, makes the collection fuller, more accurate, 
and more serviceable than its predecessor. 

Collections of Foreign Phrases and Quotations serve a twofold purpose : To the writer or pub- 
lic speaker they suggest some new or half -forgotten expression ; to the reader unfamiliar, or but 
F * n Words su P ei "fi c i an y acquainted, with the foreign tongue, they give the meaning, and 
*oreig j n ^.j^ dictionary the pronunciation, of the imported phrase. Of such 

a phrases, the New International Dictionary presents a veritable embarras 

de richesses, and a selection of the best-known and most widely applicable has been made. 
The English-speaking race becomes more and more cosmopolitan in speech, and imported 
sayings form part of the equipment of every educated person. Certain foreign phrases 
by reason of their conciseness and expressiveness have virtually become an essential part of 
our language. Such, for example, are the Latin ad libitum, alter ego, ex officio, flagrante 
delicto, ipso facto, pro bono publico; the French & la mode, amour propre, coup de grace, de trop, 
hors de combat; the German auf Wiedersehen, mehr Licht, Wanderlust, Zeitgeist; the Italian 
con amore, dolcefar niente, sotto voce. The present collection contains the more familiar phrases 
found in its predecessor, and many additions. The mottoes of the various States of the 
Union are entered. 

The pronunciation is given, a feature which was absent from the old edition. Furthermore, 
the plan of using bold-faced type will prove a grateful change from the italics formerly used. 

The list of Abbreviations is very comprehensive, and covers academic degrees, military 
titles, honorary orders, scientific symbols, commercial contractions, and the like, some of 
At « ... which have gained wide currency since the last edition was prepared. 

Abbreviations Thugj A B Cf Argen tina, Brazil, and Chile, A. N. Z. A. C. or Anzac, 
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, C. S., Christian Science, D. 0., Doctor of Oste- 
opathy, 7. S. 0., Imperial Service Order, S. 0. S., the wireless signal used by ships in dis- 
tress, can be expected only in an up-to-date list. These and practically all other abbreviations 
likely to meet the attention of the layman are given in the present collection. Attention is 
also directed to the introductory remarks on the correct usage of abbreviations in writing and 
printing. Such information is not elsewhere readily available, and will be appreciated by 
the careful writer. When, and when not, to use capital letters is clearly shown in the present 
edition, and this improvement alone more than justifies the revision. 

P ft' TT of "^ n y wno nave o ccas i° n to write or print will welcome the simple 
punctuation, use oi anc j conc i se ru ] es nere gi ve n for Punctuation, Use of Capital Letters, 
Capital Letters, n,tc. et(J> ^hese ru i es exhibit the best current practice and, while in matter 
so condensed many niceties of analysis have, perforce, been omitted, they give the general 
principles involved. 

Many of the errors that appear in print and much of the expense incurred in making 
printer's changes would be avoided if the original copy were prepared with sufficient care. 
p . - Conv ^ e nm ^ s nere gi yen are the result of much experience and will be 

preparation ^oi v^opy f oun( j f assistance in preparing circulars, advertisements, and form 
lor tne rress letters, as well as more extended forms of literary work, such 

as themes, stories, or the like. 

The Signs and Symbols associated with astronomy, botany, chemistry, mathematics, med- 
icine, commerce, music, etc., have been prepared de novo from the New International Dic- 
<Wtr S*<s s tionary ; and, while containing all that was in the previous edition, the 
peitrary signs p resen t list includes a number of very useful additions. The specimen 
of a corrected proof sheet is of special interest. 



CONTENTS 



B 



PREFACE 

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 

Key to Pronunciation, viii; Elements of Spoken English, ix; Sounds 
Classified according to Place or Manner of Formation, xv; Assimilation 
of Sounds, xvi; Duplication of Consonants, xvi; Accent, xvi; Rules for 
the Pronunciation of Latin, xvi; Rules for the Pronunciation of Span- 
ish, xviii ; Additional Symbols for use in Indicating Pronunciation With- 



pages 
iii-vi 

viii-xviii 



ORTHOGRAPHY 

Rules for Spelling .... 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK 
EXPLANATORY NOTES ...... 



A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

including a full Vocabulary of General Terms, Technical and Scientific 
Words, a large list of Prefixes and Suffixes, Mythological Names, etc. 

PRONOUNCING GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 

VOCABULARY OF RIMES . . . . 

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARIES OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHI- 
CAL NAMES .... 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN 
NAMES WITH THEIR ORIGIN, SIGNIFICATION, FOREIGN EQUIVA- 
LENTS, ETC. 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, 
THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES . . . 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 

PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, PREPARATIC OF FOR THE 

PRESS, PRINTERS' TERMS, ETC. ... 

ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING , 

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS: 



xix-xxn 

xxi 

xxiii 

xxiv 



Portrait of Noah Webster Frontispiece 

Flag 381 

Fruit 405 

Helmet , , 461 



Inflorescence 

Leaf 

Root 

Soldier 



1-1110 

1111-1127 
1128-1134 

1135-1190 



1191-1196 

1197-1205 
1206-15 

1213-1218 
1219-1222 

513 

563 
Z'l 
915 



H 



J 



K 



L 



*vii) 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



KEY TO THE SYMBOLS 



U3P* For full discussion of the sounds of the language, Bee elements of spoken English, below. 

References. Numbers following the respelling for pronunciation of some words in the vocabulary refer Co sec* 
tions in this Guide. 

Accents and Htphens. The principal accent is indicated by a heavy mark ('), and the secondary accent by a 
lighter mark ('), at the end of the syllable. Syllabic division is indicated by a light hyphen, except where this is replaced 
by an accent mark, or by a heavier hyphen used to join the members of words written or printed with a hyphen. 

For a system of marking woeds without bespelling, see page xviii. 

Foreign sounds for which no special symbols are provided are represented by the nearest English equivalents. 



a, as in ale, fate, la/bor, cha/os. 

a, „ „ sen'ate, preface, leg'is-la-tive. 

a, „ ,, care, par'ent, corn-pare'. 

a, „ „ am, add, ac-cept', re'ad-mit'. 

a, „ fl fi'nal, in'fant, hus'band, mad'elm. 

»> » ti arm, far, fa'ther, ah, palm. 

a, „ „ ask, grass, dance, staff, path. 
«, „ „ so'fa, i-de'a, «-bound', molar. 

b, ,, „ baby, be, bit, bob, but. 

ch, ,, ,, chair, much ; also for tch, as in match ; for 
ti as in question ; for te as in righteous. 

d, as in day, do, add'ed ; also for ed as in robbed. 
da : for du as in ver'dure ; for deu as in gran'deur. 

e, as in eve, mete, se-rene'. 
„ „ e-vent', de-pend', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty. 
„ ,, end, ex-cuse', ef-face', car'pet. 
„ „ re'cent, de'cen-cy, nov'el. 
„ „ ev'er, speaker, per-vert', in'fer-ence, ru- 
mor (roo'iner). 

as in fill, feel ; also for ph as in philosophy, tri- 
umph ; for gh as in laugh. 

g (always "hard"), as in go, begin; also for gu as in 
guard ; for gue as in plague ; for gh as in ghost. 

gz : for x as in ex-ist', ex-act', ex-am'ple. 

h, as in hat, hot, hurt, oho. 

hw : for wh as in what, "tyhy, where. 

5, as in ice, sight, in-spli )', i-de'a, bl-ol'o-gy. 

I, „ „ ill, admit', di-vide', pity (pitl). 

J, „ „ joke, jolly; also for "soft" g, as in gem, 
giant ; for gi and ge as in religion, pigeon; for di 
as in soldier; for dg(e), as in edge, judgement. 

k, as in keep, kick ; also for " hard " ch, as in chorus, 

L epoch; for "hard" c, as in cube; for ck, as in 
pack ; for qu as in conquer, coquette ; for que 
as in pique. 

K (small capital) : for ch as in German ich, ach, etc< 

ke : for x as in vex, exit, perplex, dextrous. 

kw: for quae in queen, quit, quality. 

1, as i& late, leg, lip, lot, lull, holly. 

m 7 , ii mar, men, mine, mol , hammer. 

n, ,, ,j no, man, manner ; also fcrgnaia in sign. 

K (small capital) : indicates nasal tone (as in French) of pre- 
ceding vowel, as in bon (b&v.. ensemble' (aN'saVbl'). 

I) (like ng) : for n before the s. 'd of k or " ,b.ard " g, as 



in bank, junction, lingt, 
also i. 



canker. 
igue, afeia .tongue. 



o, as in old, note, bold, he'ro, cal'i-co. 

6, ,, ,, 6-bey', to-bae'eo, a-nat'o-my. 

6, „ „ 6rb, 16rd ; law (16), saw (s6), all (61). 

5, n ,, 5dd, n5t, fSr'est, hor'ror. 

o, „ ,, con-nect', cdn-trol', com-bine'. 

o, „ ,, soft, dog, cloth. 

oi, ,, „ oil, nois'y, a-void', goi'ter. 

6b, „ „ food, moon; rude (rood), ru'mor (roo'mer). 

do, „ „ fd~dt, wo~61; put (p66t), pull (pdol). 

ou, „ ,, out, thou, de-vour'. 

p, „ „ papa, pen, pin, pop, put. 

r, „ ,, rap, red, rip, rod ; also for rh, as in rhodo- 
dendron, rhomboid. 

s (always voiceless, or " sharp "), as in so, this, haste ; 
also for c as in cell, vice ; for sc as in scene, sci- 
ence; for ss as in hiss. 

sh, as in she, ship, shop ; also for ch as in machine, 
chaise ; for ce as in ocean ; for ci as in social ; 
for sci as in conscious ; for s as in sure ; for se as 
in nauseous ; for si as in pension ; for ss as in 
issue ; for ssi as in passion ; for ti as in nation. 

t, as in time, talk ; also for ed as in baked, capped ; 
for th as in thyme, Thomas. 

th (voiceless), as in thin, through, wealth, breadth. 

feh (voiced) : for thas in then, this, smooth, breathe. 

tu: for tu as in cul'ture, na'ture, pic'ture. 

u, as in use, pure, tune, lute, du'ty, hu'man. 

u, „ „ u-nite', for'mu-late, hii-mane'. 

ii, „ „ urn, furl, con-cur'; her (hflr), fern (furn), 
fir (fGr) ; for Ger. o, oe, as in schon (shtin), Goethe 
(gfi'te) ; for Fr. eu, as in jeu (zhQ). 

ii, as in up, tub, stud'y, up-hill'. 

ii, „ „ cir'ciis, cau'eiis, cir'ciim-stance. 

ii : for French u, as in menu (me-nti') ; for German ii, as 
in griin, Sun'de. 

v r .as in var<, venfc, vote, revoke ; also for f as in of. 

w, „ „ want, win, weed, wood. 

yi »» u yard, yet, yellow, beyond. 

z, „ ,. zone, haze; also for voiced ("soft ") g,as in is, 
wise, figs; for x as in Xenophon, xylography. 

zh : for z as in azure; for zi as in glazier, brazier; 
for g as it) pleasure; for si as in vision ; for ssi 
as in abscission ; for g as in rouge, cortege. 

' as in pardon (par'd'n), eaten (et"n), evil (e'v'l) : in- 
dicates the elision of a vowel or its reduction to a 
mere vocal murmur. (Of, § 26.) 

(viii) 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



ix 



ELEMENTS OF SPOKEN ENGLISH 

In this discussion, unless otherwise indicated, it is the 
sound of a letter that is meant in any instance, and not its 
name. Thus, t is called " te " ; its sound may be heard by 
pronouncing a word like to, and then omitting the vowel. 



§ 1. a as in ale, fate, mak'er, etc., commonly called 
•* long a," although it corresponds, at least in its main ele- 
ment, nearly with e" (§ 23), is the name sound of the letter a 
in modern English. It is usually diphthongal, beginning 
with a sound nearly that of e in met, and ending with a 
brief sound as of I in it, which is most noticeable at the end 
of a syllable, or before a voiced (sonant) consonant, as in 
may, ale. In passing from the e position to the i position 
the tongue is raised, and the main element of the a becomes 
somewhat closer than 6. The a is never simply e prolonged. 

The sound (a) is also otherwise variously represented, in 
the ordinary spelling, as in pain, day, break, veil, obey, 
and (exceptionally) gaol, gauge, aye (ever). 

§ /5. a as in sen'ate, preface, vil'lage, etc., is a mod- 
ification of a (ale), in unaccented syllables. In ordinary 
speech, the sound is nearly e as in end, or, as pronounced 
by some, i in It. In formal speech, the sound approaches 
a in many adjectives and nouns where' in the corresponding 
verb it has the full sound, as in con'ju-gate, a., aggre- 
gate, n. It is nearly a when before another vowel in a fol- 
lowing syllable, as in cha-ofic, Ju/da-ism. In such 
words as inis'cel-la-ny, sal'u-ta-ry, etc., the a usually 
is more nearly a in American than in British use. 

§ 3. a as in care, corn-pare', par'ent, etc., occurs in 
standard English only in syllables closed by r and more or 
less strongly accented. The sound varies somewhat with dif- 
ferent speakers. By many, it is made with the tongue nearly 
in the position for a in at (§ 4) ; by others, with the tongue 
nearly in the position for e in end (§ 23). But in either case 
the tongue is tenser and slightly higher than for the a or for 
the 6, so that the a is not simply a prolonged, as some de- 
scribe it, or e prolonged, as others describe it. 

An a before r does not usually take the sound of a 
when the r immediately precedes a sounded vowel or an- 
other r in a following syllable of the word ; as in va/ry, 
wa'ry, Ma'ry, etc. ; par'i-ty, par'ry, char'i-ty, etc. 
(cf. § 75). Words like va'ry, wa'ry, etc., are, however, 
pronounced with a by many, especially in British usage. 
The sound (a) remains unchanged when an inflectional end- 
ing is added ; thus, share, shar'er, shar'ing. 

The sound (a) is also represented, in the ordinary spell- 
ing, by e before r, as in there, and in other ways, as in air, 
bear, heir, prayer, etc. 

§ 4. a aa in add, hat, ran'dom , par'i-ty, etc. , is com- 
monly called " short a." It corresponds in tongue position 
nearly with a as that sound is pronounced by many (§ 3). 

The sound (a) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, as in plaid, guar'an-ty, etc. 

§ 5. a as in dc-count', fi'ndl, mad'dm, etc., occurs 
frequently in unaccented syllables closed by a consonant, in 
the ordinary spelling. In formal speech, it has the quality 
of a (at), but ordinarily it is more or less obscured, often 
becoming nearly or quite the same as d in so'f d (§ 8). The 
italic (a) indicates the quality of a (at), with allowable col- 
loquial obscuration. 

§ 6. a as in arm, far, farther, alms, palm is often 
called " Italian a." It has also been called the "open- 
throat " vowel, because in pronouncing it the mouth and 
throat are opened wide, the tongue being lax. 

In American usage, a occurs most often before r. In 
calf, half, salve, etc., a is the generally accepted sound, 
though a, and even a, are also common in such words (not, 
however, in calm, palm, balm, etc., in educated speech). 
The digraph au in laugh, haunt, taunt, etc., is prefer- 
ably pronounced as a, although when followed by n, as in 
haunt, taunt, etc., it is by many given as 6 (§ 11). The 
sound (a) is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spell- 
ing, as in hearth, guard, etc. 

§_7. a as in staff, graft, dance, com-mand', 
chant, ask, pass, last, path, etc., occurs before ff , ft, 
nee, nd, nt, sk, sp, ss, st, and th ; and in some other 
caseB. The sound thus represented is not the short form of 
a'in art (§ 6). It is medium or long in quantity, and vari- 



allymore nearly resembling the former, but'articulated some- 
what further forward in the mouth. It is used by many culti- 
vated speakers, insuch words as are here mentioned, as a com- 
promise between thea used by some and the a used by others. 

§ 8. d as in d-bound', co-rouse', di'd-dem, so'fd, etc., 
occurs only in unaccented syllables, usually such as are not 
closed by a consonant in the ordinary spelling. The sound 
is that of a in ask, usually with more or less colloquial ob- 
scuration toward the sound of e in ev'er (§ 27), such allow- 
able obscuration being indicated by italicizing the letter (d). 

§ 9. A as in all, talk, swarm, wa'ter, etc., is equiv- 
alent to 6 as in orb, born, etc. (§ 59), and is represented 
by 6 in the respelling ; as, all (61), talk (t6k). 

§ 10. A as in was, what, wan'der, swan, qual'i- 
ty, etc., is equivalent to 6 as in Sdd (§ 60), and is repre- 
sented by 5 in the respelling; thus, was (w5z),what(hw5t). 



Au and aw 

§ 11. Au, in the ordinary spelling, regularly represents 
thesoundof 6 inlord (§59), as in taught, caustic, haul, 
etc. It also has the sound of a, as in aunt, laugh ; and in 
taunt, haunt, etc., as preferably pronounced (§ 6). It 
never has the sound of ou in house in English words. The 
common sound of au (6) is also represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, by aw, now the usual form where final or before 
k, 1, or n ; as in law, saw, hawk, crawl, lawn, etc. 



§ 12. B as in hoy, cab, roVber, a^ble, etc., is the 
voiced labial stop (i. e., consonant formed with stoppage 
at the lips of the voiced, or intonated, breath). It differs 
from p (§ 72) only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. 

B is usually silent after m in the same syllable, as in 
bomb, climb, thumb, etc. ; but is sometimes sounded, 
as in rhomb. It is usually silent before t (except in com- 
pounds, as subtitle, etc.); as in debt, doubt, sub'tle. 
etc. In a few other cases, also, especially when initial be- 
fore another consonant, as in bdelli-um, it is silent. 



§ 13. C as in cede, cy'press, ac'id, glance, etc., 

(" soft " c) is identical with s as in see (§ 77), and is in- 
dicated by s in the respelling for pronunciation. 

C has this sound (s) before e, i, or y ; as in cede, ac'id, 
etc. The c rarely has the sound of z, as in sacrifice and 
suffice as pronounced by some. Before an i, less often an 
e, immediately followed by another vowel in the same word, 
" soft " c commonly takes the sound of sh, either by itself, 
as in o'ce-an'ic (o'she-Sn'tk), or by assimilation with the 
i or e, as in vi'cious (vish'ws), o'cean (o'shan), etc. 

§ 14. C as in cat, cold, ac'rid, etc., ("hard" c) has 
the sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. 

C has this sound (k) before a, o, or u ; before 1 and r, 
as in cliff, craft; in the combination ck, as in crack; 
and at the end of a syllable (if not immediately followed 
in a succeeding syllable by e, i, or y), as in pic'ture, arc, 
sanc'tion, disc, zinc, al'ma-nac, vac'ci-nate, etc.; 
also before e in scep'tic, as sometimes spelled, and befo.ve 
i in scir'rous (pronounced also sTr'fis), and in the irregu* 
lar spellings arc'ing, zinc'ing, zinc'y, etc. 

§ 15. C initial before n occurs in a few words and namef- 
from the Greek, and is silent, as in Cni'dus (ni'dws). C iJ 
also silent in czar, etc., as commonly pronounced; also in 
vict'uals, in-dict', and in mus'cle, cor'pus-cle, etc. 

Ch 

§ 16. The most frequent sound ot ch, as in chin, 
church, much, arch, etc., is a consonantal diphthong, 
commonly analyzed as t -f- sh (tsh). But these elements 
are not simply pronounced in succession, without change, 
as are, for instance, k and s in box (b5ks); they blend into 
a composite sound in which both elements are changed 
somewhat. The sound is the voiceless (surd) correlative of 
j (§ 48). Ch has this sound in all native English words, 
and is used in the respelling invariably with this value. 

Ch often hasas an equivalent, in the ordinary spelling, the 
trigraph tch, at the end of a syllable; as in hatch, watch, 
satch'el, etc. This sound of ch is also represented, in the 
ordinary spelling, by ti, as in bas'tion, ques'tion, and, 
rarely, by te, as in right'eous; also, by t and the initial 
element of u in na'ture, vul'ture, etc., as commonly col' 
loquially pronounced. (Cf. § 87.) Ch occasionally has the 
sound of j, as in spin'ach. 

§ 17. Ch has the sound of sh in she ($ 81) in words from 
modern French, as cha-grin', ma-chine 7 , mus-tache', 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



able in quality between the limits a (art) and a (am), usu- jefce.; olao* in some «oro"rf from Old French, in which histor- 



^* 



X 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



ically the sound is ch (chop), but in which it has com- 
monly become sli through analogy with more recent bor- 
rowings, as in chiv'al-rous, cham-paign' (flat ground). 

§ 18. Ch "hard," as in cho'rus, ech'o, etc., has the 
sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. 

Ch has its " hard " sound in most words from the Greek, 
directly or through the Latin, as in cho'rus, ep'och, 
chyle ; also, in most words or names from the Hebrew, as 
Chaldea, Enoch, Nebuchadrezzar. In a compara- 
tively few such words, the sound of ch as in chop occurs ; 
as chart, cherub, Rachel; also, in the prefix arch-, 
as in archbishop, archduke ; but the k sound remains 
in architect, archangel, architecture, etc. In some 
words from foreign languages, the corresponding ch has a 
fricative (" guttural") sound. (See § 50.) 

§ 19. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht, and in 
fuchsia, as a common plant name. 

D 

§ 20. D as in day, bed, hard, wed'ded, etc., is the 
voiced dental (or often alveolar) stop (i. e., consonant formed 
with stoppage of the voiced, or intonated, breath by placing 
the point of the tongue against the back of the upper front 
teeth, or the gums just above). The sound differs from t 
(§ 82) only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. 

T>, when preceded in the same syllable by a voiceless sound 
(i. e., one uttered without vocal tone), is pronounced like t ; 
as in hissed (hist), looked (lookt). It is silent in the 
first syllable of Wednesday, as usually pronounced, and 
in handkerchief and handsome. D often assimilates 
with a following i, the two taking the sound j (§§ 48, 87). 

E 

§ 21. e as in eve, be, mete, etc., commonly called " long 
©," is the name sound of the letter e in modern English. 
The sound is formed with the tongue in nearly the same po- 
sition as for I (§ 44), but slightly raised and tenser, the front 
of the tongue being raised higher than for any of the other 
" front " vowel sounds (I, a, 6, a, a). A further raising of 
the tongue, or a slight increase in the force of utterance, by 
causing audible friction of the breath, turns the sound into 
a consonant, as y in yes. 

This sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, as in Cse'sar, beam, feet, de-ceive', peo'ple, key, 
machine', field, Phoe'bus, quay, Por'tu-guese. 

§ 22. e as in e-vent', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty, etc., is a 
modification of e (eve) in unaccented syllables. In ordi- 
nary speech it is uttered with the tongue slightly lower and 
less tense than for the accented e, the sound tending toward 
that of I (ill), which it often becomes in colloquial speech. 

§ 23. e as in end, pet, er'ror, etc., commonly called 
"short e," corresponds nearly to the main part of " a " (§ 1). 

The sound (e), which usually occurs in accented syllables 
closed with a consonant, is also otherwise represented, in 
the ordinary spelling, as in any, di-aer'e-sis, said, says, 
feath'er, heifer, leop'ard, friend, as'a-foet'i-da, etc. 

§ 24. Short e (e) also occurs in unaccented initial sylla- 
bles, as in 6x-cuse', 6n-large', ef-face', etc. Inmany fi- 
nal unaccented syllables, the sound verges toward that of I in 
ill, as in end'ed, car'pet, hors'es, wool'en, etc., and 
is given as i by many phoneticians, where others give 6, or 
a sound intermediate between e and I. In this Dictionary 
the more formal sound (e) is preferred, although the I sound 
is allowable colloquially. Otherwise, the e in unaccented 
syllables usually is obscured toward the sound of e (ev'er). 
(See §§ 25, 27.) 

§ 25. e as in mo'ment, de'c2n-cy, nov'el, gos'pel, 
etc., usually before n or 1, is pronounced in formal speech 
like e (end). From this there is an allowable colloquial 
weakening or obscuration in the direction of e (ev'er, § 27), 
the vowel sometimes appearing to be almost elided, as in 
mo'm'nt, nov"l. (Cf . § 26.) The formal sound, together 
with its allowable obscuration, is indicated by the italic (<§). 

§ 26. In some words — as eat'en, o'pen, gold'en, 
shriv'el, etc. — the e is so far reduced that it becomes a 
mere vocal murmur, or even drops out altogether, leaving 
to the n or the 1 the function of the vowel. Such words 
are marked in the respelling for pronunciation with an apos- 
trophe (') to indicate the reduction or elision of the vowel ; 
thus, eat'en (et"n), gold'en (gol'd'n). 

§ 27. e as in read'er, sev'er-al, per-form', etc., is 
the sound of unaccented e before r. The tongue position 
in the articulation of this sound is nearly the same as that 
for ii (§ 38), or ii (§ 89). but in pronouncing either « or i& the 



tongue is tenser, making a perceptible difference in th 
sound, as may be felt and heard by pronouncing such pak, 
of words as cur and mak'er, cut and sev'er. 

The sound (e) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, as in al'tar, e-lix'ir, ac'tor, zeph'yr, etc. 

§ 28. The sound of e as in fern, err, her, herd, in- 
fer', etc., as ordinarily pronounced, is the same as u in 
urn, and is indicated in the respelling by u. (See § 88.) 

§ 29. E as in there, where, etc., is identical in sound 
with a (§ 3), by which it is represented in the respelling. 

§ 30. E as in veil, rein, they, etc., with the sound of 
a (§ 1), occurs in English words only in the digraph ei (or 
ey final), and it is, properly speaking, the digraph that rep- 
resents the sound, and not the single letter. 

§ 31. E with consonant value. An unaccented e imme- 
diately followed by another vowel often assumes more or less 
of a consonant y sound, as in right'eous, as pronounced 
by some, rit'yws. Even with careful speakers, this y sound, 
however, often assimilates with a preceding t or d or s, or 
c with the sound of s, modifying its sound more or less, as 
in right'eous (ri'chws, by some rlt'yMs), gran'deur 
(grah'dur ; by some grSnd'yer, by others grSn'jer), o'cean 
(o'shan), nau'seous (nQ'shws, by some -shius), etc. Cf. 
§ 87. The e does not always disappear even when, by par- 
tial assimilation, it has changed the sound of the preceding 
consonant, especially if the accent falls upon the following 
syllable, as in o'ce-an'ic (o'she-Sn'ik). 

§ 32. E silent. When it follows a consonant at the end 
of a syllable, e is usually silent in modern English, but in- 
dicates: (1) Generally, that a preceding vowel is long; as 
in came, tone, home. In many words, however, the 
preceding vowel is short ; as in bade, ol'ive, prom'ise, 
etc. (2) That a preceding c or g is "soft" (i. e., pro- 
nounced as s or j); as in serv'ice, rav'age, etc. A final 
silent e, also, often occurs after certain consonants not usual 
in a final position, as y, th (when sounded as in them), 
and single s (when not the sign of the plural), or z; as in 
leave, wreathe, mouse, nurse, bronze, etc. 

In the ending -ed of the past tense and participle of verbs, 
the e, except in solemn or poetic speech, is usually elided, 
as in sealed (seld), waved (wavd), hoped (hopt), un- 
less the verb ends in d or t, as in add'ed, suit'ed. When 
the e is thus elided in pronunciation, the d following a voice- 
less consonant (i. e., one uttered without vocal tone) is pro- 
nounced as t ; as, stopped (stopt), hoped (hopt). 

Ee 

§ 33. Ee has usually the sound of e (eve) ; as in beet 
(bet), deep (dep). In been, it has usually, in America, the 
sound of I. In breech'es and coffee, it has the sound of i. 

Eu, ew 

§ 34. Eu regularly has the sound of u (§ 85), as in feud 
(fud), deuce (dus), or, when unaccented, of u. (§ 87), as in 
eu-phon'ic (fi-fon'ik), etc. 

E w, having usually the same sounds as eu, is common at 
the end of words or syllables ; as in pew (pu), uew (nu), 
etc. It also occurs (rarely) initially and medially; as in ewe 
(u), ew'er (u'er), newt (nut). After certain consonants, 
it has the sound of o"b; as in flew (rlob), threw (throb). 
(Cf . § 86.) It has exceptionally the sound, of o ; as in sew 
(so), shew (sho). 

IT 

§ 35. F as in fame, fly, staff, oft, etc., is the voiceless 
labiodental open consonant (i. e., consonant pronounced by 
bringing the lower lip and upper teeth lightly together but 
without complete stoppage of the breath, which is emitted 
without accompanying voice, or vocal tone). F is the same 
as v, except that v is pronounced with voice (§ 95). 

The commonest equivalent of fin the ordinary spelling is 
ph (chiefly in words from the Greek), as pha'lanx, pho'- 
to-graph, etc.; the sound being otherwise sometimes rep- 
resented by gh (§ 40). In of, and usually in hereof, 
thereof, whereof, f has the sound of v. 

G 

§ 36. G as in gay, go, gun, is called " hard " g. This 
sound of g is the voiced guttural, or velar, slop (i. e., conso- 
nant pronounced by slopping the voiced, or intonated, breath 
by contact between the back of the tongue and the back pal- 
ate). It corresponds to k (§ 49), except that the latter is 
uttered without voice. As used in the respelling for pro- 
nunciation, g has invariably its " hard " sound. 

In modern English, g has its " hard " sound : (a) Always 
at the end of a word ; as in hug, hag, tug ; also in deriva- 
tives of such words even when the g (doubled in the spell- 
ing) is followed by e, i, or y, as in rag'ged, drug'gist, 
f og'gy. (b) Before a, o, or u, or an 1, r, or s in the same 
syllable ; as w gay, glad, grow, lin'gual, bags (except 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



in the British gaol, gaoler), (c) In words of Teutonic 
origin before e and i, as in get, give ; also when doubled 
before y, as in bug'gy, mug'gy. (d) In a few words and 
names from the Hebrew; asge'rah, Gid'e-on The sound 
of " hard " g, followed by z, is also often represented by x; 
as in ex-ist' (eg-zisf), ex-am'ple (eg-zana'p'l). See § 100. 

This sound of g is otherwise indicated, in the ordinary 
spelling, by gu, as in guard, guest ; by gh, as in ghost; 
and by gue final, as in plague. 

§ 37. "Soft" g, as in gem,en'gine, gy'rate, has the 
sound of 3 (§ 48), and is represented by j in the respelling. 

The letter g has this sound usually before e, i, or y, ex- 
cept in words of Teutonic origin (§ 36, c). At the end of a syl- 
lable, the sound is usually represented by dg, dge, or ge, 
as in badg'er, badge, rage. 

§ 38. G with sound of zh. In a few words from the 
French, as rouge, mirage, cortege, etc., g retains its 
French sound of z in azure. 

§ 39. G is silent in modern English before m and 11 final, 
and when initial before n ; as in phlegm, sign, gnat, 
gnaw, etc. In the digraph ng, as in sing, the g blends 
with the n to form a new sound (§ 55). 

Gh 

§ 40. Gh occurs initially in a few words, in which it has 
the sound of " hard" g (§ 36) ; as in ghost, ghost'ly, a- 
ghast'. In other positions it either has become silent or 
has the sound of f. It is silent: (a) after i (or ei), as in 
high, nigh, sleigh, etc.; (b) before a t in the same syl- 
lable, as in caught, eight, right, etc. (an exception is 
draught [draft]) ; (c) often at the end of a word or sylla- 
ble after au or ou, as in daugh'ter, dough, bough, etc. 
It often has the sound of f after au or ou at the end of a word 
or syllable, as in laugh, laugh'ter, cough, e-nough', 
etc. In hough, it has, exceptionally, the sound of k. 



§ 41. H as in hate, hire, house, hoot, etc., is a sim- 
ple breath sound, and is often called the aspirate. It usu- 
ally begins as a weak, voiceless glottal consonant produced 
by friction of the breath against the vocal cords, while its 
latter part is articulated with the same position of the vocal 
organs as for the following vowel. 

An h initial in a word is sounded in the best present Eng- 
lish, except in heir, honest, honor, hour, and, esp. in 
America, herb, and their derivatives, while in hostler 
(wheu so spelled), humble, humor, present usage is di- 
vided, but on the whole favors the sounding of the aspirate. 
The h is frequently silent at the beginning of a syllable ; as 
in ex-haust', ex-hort', shep'herd, Dur'ham, etc. 
After a vowel in the same syllable, as in ah, oh, the h is 
regularly silent. The h is silent in John and phthisic 
(tiz'ik) ; and is either silent, or blended with a neighboring 
sound, in ch, gh, kh, ph, rh, sh, th, and wh. 



§ 42. i as in ice, time, child, etc., commonly called 
"long 1," is the name sound of the letter i in modern Eng- 
lish. The sound (1) is a diphthong having for its initial ele- 
ment in the best American usage the sound of a (arm) or 
the same sound shortened (as in ar-tis'tic). In some locali- 
ties, notably the South of England, the initial element lies 
between u (up) and e (ev'er). 

The sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, as in aisle, ay or aye (yes), height, eye, vie, 
choir, guile, buy, thy, rye. 

§ 43. Long i unaccented, as in I-de'a, dl-am'e-ter, 
etc., does not differ essentially from 1 in ice, but is commonly 
pronounced more quickly, and is hence somewhat shortened. 

§ 44. las in ill, pit, ad-mit', etc., is commonly called 
" short i," though formed with nearly the same tongue po- 
sition as for e (§ 21), but with the tongue slightly lower, and 
less tense. 

Short i unaccented is usually followed in the same syllable 
by a consonant, as in cab'in, In-hab'It. Otherwise, as 
in qual'i-ty, trinl-ty, di-vide', etc., the sound tends 
slightly toward e (ev'er, § 27), but in careful speech its 
quality is maintained. 

The sound (1) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, as in guin'ea, for'eign, sur'feit, car'riage, 
mischief, cir'cuit, etc., and, exceptionally, in English, 
breeches, been (§ 33), wo'men, tor'toise (by some), let'- 
tuce, bus'y ; also, colloquially, in add'ed, etc. (Cf. § 24.) 

§ 45. I before r^ as in fir, bird, irk'some, etc., is the 
equivalent of u in urn (§ 88), and is represented by u in the 
respelling, as in fir (ftir), bird (bfird), etc. When unac- 
cented, the sound is equivalent to e in ev'er : as in ta'pir 
(ta'per), e-lix'ir (S-lIk'sSr). (Cf. § 27.) 



XI 

§ 46. I as in ma-chine', po-lice', etc., occurs in mod- 
ern English chiefly in words of foreign origin or under for- 
eign influence, and is equivalent to e in eve (§ 21), being rep- 
resented by e in the respelling for pronunciation. 

§ 47. I with consonant value. A short i (I) when closely 
followed by another vowel often falls into a y sound ; as in 
fil'ial (fil'yal), gen'ial(jen'yal), etc. A preceding "6harp" 
s (as in sun), "soft" c (as in cede), or sc (as in science), 
by assimilation with the y sound, commonly takes an gli 
sound, as in man'sion, vi'cious, con'scious; and a 
voiced s (as in as) or a z similarly takes a zh sound, as in 
vi'sion, gla'zier, etc., the i in either case being wholly 
absorbed. A preceding t is affected in the same way, as in 
na'tion, par'tial, etc. ; but when preceded by a syllable 
ending in s, the ti (ty) takes a ch (tsh) sound, as in ques'- 
tion, Chris'tian, etc. A g followed by i similarly takes, 
by fusion with the i sound, the sound of j, as in re'gion ; 
and di in like manner often takes the sound of j, as in sol'- 
dier, cor'dial. 

J 

§ 48. J as in jar, jest, jute, etc., is a consonantal 
diphthong, commonly analyzed as d-f zh (dzh). But these 
elements are not simply pronounced in succession, as are. 
for instance, the sounds of g and z in eggs (Sgz) ; they 
blend into a composite sound in which both elements are 
somewhat changed. The sound is the voiced (sonant) cor- 
relative of ch in chin (cf . § 16). 

The equivalents of j, in the ordinary spelling, are " soft " 
g, ge, and dg(e), by which it is usually represented at the 
end of a syllable, as in page, badg'er, judge (cf. § 37); 
exceptions being prej'u-dice, proj'ect, maj'es-ty, and 
caj'e-put. Also, j (or dj) occurs at the end of a syllable 
in some foreign words, mostly Oriental. Other equivalents 
of j, in the ordinary spelling, are di as in sol'dier, ge as 
in sur'geon, gi as in re'gion. (Cf . §§ 47, 87.) In hal- 
lelujah, j has the sound of y. 



§ 49. K as in kite, ark, oak, etc., is the voiceless gut- 
tural, or velar, stop, formed in the same manner as " hard " 
g (§ 36), but uttered without voice, or vocal tone. 

The sound (k) is also otherwise indicated, in the ordinary 
spelling, as in call, choir, hough (hok), khan, co-quet', 
an-tique', sacque, queen. The sound is also a component 
of one of the sounds commonly represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, by x (§ 99). Before n in the same syllable, k is 
now silent in English ; as in knot, knee, etc. Ck has the 
sound of k, as in tack, as has Ik, usually, after the sound 
of a in all (61) or of o in old, as in walk, folk, etc. 

§ 50. A small capital k (thus, K) is used in the respell- 
ing to indicate any of certain fricative sounds, often popu- 
larly called "gutturals," which occur in German, Scottish, 
Dutch, and other languages. 

These sounds are of two typical classes : (a) The palatal 
fricative is made with the tongue nearly in position for y 
in yes, but raised closer to the palate, so that there is more 
distinctly audible friction. It may be imitated by exagger- 
ating the slightly fricative sound of y in yes (without utter- 
ing voice), or of h in hue ; or by pronouncing k in key so 
that the breath passes through a very narrow passage, in- 
stead of being entirely stopped between the tongue and the 
palate. This sound is typically that of ch in standard Ger- 
man " ich," and commonly occurs after or before " front " 
vowels, as i, e, and after consonants, (b) The guttural fric- 
ative is usually deeper and stronger than the palatal, and 
somewhat resembles a light hawking, or clearing of the 
throat. It may be imitated by pronouncing c in cow, with 
the closure between the back of the tongue and the palate 
loosened so that the breath passes through a very narrow 
passage, instead of being entirely stopped. This sound is 
typically that of ch in standard German " ach," and com- 
monly occurs after or before " back " vowels, as a, o, u. 

The nature of the preceding or the succeeding sound suffi- 
ciently determines the character of these fricative sounds. 
Those not familiar with the foreign pronunciation may pro- 
nounce the K as simple k. 

§ 51. Las in lie, low, ill, clay, etc., is normally formed 
with partial closure of the oral passage by contact of the 
point of the tongue with the back upper gums at the same 
place as for d (§ 20) and t (§ 82), the voiced (intonated) 
breath passing out either at both sides or at one side, whence 
it has been called the point-divided, or point-side, conso- 
nant. Ii has no voiceless correlative in English. 

In certain combinations the 1, originally sounded, has 
regularly become silent, as in would, alms, balm, salm- 
on, almond, half, salve, talk, folk, and like words, 
and their derivatives. L often fulfills the office of a vowel 
in au unaccented syllable, as in bat'tte (bSt"l), bustle. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



Xll 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



M 

§ 52. M as in me, tame, smile, etc., is the voiced 
labial nasal (labionasal) consonant, formed by "bringing the 
lips together, as for b and p, at the same time lowering the 
soft palate, and thus allowing the intonated breath, or voice, 
to pass into or through the nasal passage. 

Initial m before n, occurring in a few words from the 
Greek, is silent ; as in mne-mon'ics (ne-mon'Iks). 

N 

§ 53. N as in none, inn, ten, etc., is the voiced dental 
nasal (dentinasal) consonant, formed with closure of the 
oral passage by the tongue in the same position as for dand 
t, while, at the same time, the soft palate is lowered, allow- 
ing the intonated breath, or voice, to pass into or through 
the nasal passage. N often serves as a vowel in unaccented 
syllables, as in eat'en (ef'n). (Cf. § 26.) 

After m, a final n is silent, as in hymn, condemn, 
etc. ; but when a suffix is added to such a word, the n is usu- 
ally sounded, as in hym-nol'o-gy, con'dem-na'tion, 
au-Uim'nal, etc. In damned, damning, limning, 
usage i3 divided; in condemning:, contemning, hymn- 
ing, condemner, contemner, present usage favors the 
silent n. In kiln the n is usually silent. In the initial 
combinations kn, pn, mn, only the n is now sounded in 
English, as in know, pneumatic (cf . § 72), mnemonics. 

§ 54. A small capital n (thus, N) is used in the respell- 
ing to indicate that a preceding vowel is pronounced as a 
nasal, as in French bon (b6N). 

There are four such nasal vowels in French, indicated by 
a following n in the ordinary spelling (not if the n is 
doubled or followed by a vowel in the same syllable), as in 
the phrase un bon vin blanc (un b6N vaN blaN), " a good 
white wine." These are pronounced by opening the mouth 
very wide and uttering the vowels as here marked, while 
allowing the soft palate to hang loose, the breath or voice 
passing out through both nose and mouth, only the vowel be- 
ing pronounced in any case, the printed n merely indicating 
the nasalization. Many English-speaking people substitute 
for such nasal vowels similar, but not nasalized, vowels fol- 
lowed by the English nasal consonant sound ng, or n as in 
ink (§ 55) and this, though inaccurate, is allowable for those 
who find the true nasal vowels too difficult. Similar nasal 
vowels occur in some other languages, as Portuguese. 

n,ng 

§ 55. Ng as in sing, hang, bang'ing, etc., is a nasal 
consonant sound formed with complete closure between the 
back of the tongue and the soft palate, in the same manner 
as for " hard " g (§ 36), and is hence called the guttural, or 
velar, nasal. In its pronunciation the sounds of n and g are 
so closely blended that neither can be distinguished. 

The digraph occurs only at the end of syllables ; as in 
sing, sing'er, hang, etc. ; or with ue added, as in 
tongue. An added inflection usually causes no change ; 
as in sing'er, hang'ing, etc.; but in the comparatives 
and superlatives of long, young, etc., the g goes, with the 
sound of " hard " g, with the inflection, while the n takes 
to itself the ng sound; as in lon'ger, lon'gest. When 
ng is followed in the same syllable by a silent e, as in 
flange, range, it does not take the sound as in sing, 
but is simple n, followed by the sound of ge (= j). 

At the end of an accented syllable, an n followed im- 
mediately, either in the same or the succeeding syllable, 
by the sound of k or of " hard " g (go), commonly takes 
more or less of the ng sound (being marked in the respell 
ing for pronunciation withn); as in ink (irjk), fin'ger 
(firj'ger), etc. ; also, often, in unaccented syllables, as in 
e'lon-ga'tion, pro'lon-ga'tion, etc. 

The n does not take this sound (n) in the prefixes in-, 
en-, on-, un-, non-. 

O 

§ 56. o as in old, note, hone, etc., commonly called 
" long o," is the name sound of the letter o in modern 
English. The main part of the sound (o) in standard Eng- 
lish is pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward 
the soft palate, its maximum elevation being about mid- 
way between that for <j (6rb, § 59) and that for oo (food, 
§ 68). In its pronunciation the lips are contracted to a cir- 
cular opening. In addition to this main element, the vowel 
commonly takes a distinct vanishing sound of tTo (f dot), or 
even o"b (fo~bd), making it more or less diphthongal. This 
diphthongal quality is more marked in the pronunciation of 
some localities than in that of others. (Cf. § 1.) 



The sound (o) is otherwise represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, as in roam, foe, oh, door, grow, owe, haut/- 
boy, beau, yeo'man, sew. 

§ 57. When accented before r, o commonly takes as its 
vanishing sound a slight sound as of e in ev'er (§ 27), in- 
stead of 6~b or do. By some in America, and by many in 
England, the o in this position is pronounced nearly or 
quite like 6 (§ 59) ; as in glo'ry, poi*k, etc. 

§ 58. 6 as in o-bey', po-et'ic, a-nat'o-my, etc., dif- 
fers from o (old) not only in the (usual) omission of the 
vanishing sound, but also in that the tongue takes for o o> 
slightly lower position and is laxer. In careful pronuncia- 
tion, the sound is almost that of o. 

§ 59. o as in orb, lord, dr'der, etc., is formed with 
nearly the same tongue position as "short o " (§ 60), but in 
pronouncing it the tongue is tenser. 

As indicated by the letter o followed by r in the same 
syllable, the sound (6) is mostly limited to accented sylla- 
bles with the r not immediately followed by a vowel or 
another r in the same word (inflected words, as ab-hor'- 
ring, ab-hor'rer, excepted). Otherwise the sound is 
usually S,_as in for'eign, dr'ange, tor'rid, or o, as in 
more, glo'ry, door; but all these words are pronounced 
with 6 by many speakers (cf. § 57). 

The sound (6) is also represented, in the ordinary spelling, 
by a in certain positions, as in swarm, all, talk, waiter, 
etc. ; and otherwise as in draw, awe, haul, ex-traor'di- 
na-ry, George, etc. 

§ 60. 6 as in not, odd, pod, etc., is commonly called 
"short o." The sound is formed with nearly the same 
tongue position as for 5 (§ 59), but in its pronunciation the 
tongue is laxer. 

In the pronunciation of this pair of vowels (6, o) the 
back of the tongue (the part active in their formation) is 
lower than for any of the other "back " vowels (o, a, do, 
db) and the lips are rounded but slightly. " Short o " some- 
times occurs in unaccented syllables, as in ma'cron, car'- 
bon, etc., but here, except in very formal speech, it is usu- 
ally more or less obscured, as in cdn-clude', «c-cur', etc. 
(§ 61). Such obscuration is more marked in most final un- 
accented syllables, the vowel often disappearing altogether, 
leaving to the consonant the function of a vowel, as in cot'- 
ton (kof'n), but'ton (butf'n), etc. (Cf. § 26.) 

§ 61. © as in dc-cur', cdn-nect', rec'ol-lect', etc., has 
the sound of 6 in odd (§ 60) in formal speech, but in ordi- 
nary speech the sound is more or less obscured, such allowa- 
ble obscuration being indicated by making the letter italic. 

§ 63. o as in soft, cost, gone, cloth, etc., is inter- 
mediate between o in orb (§ 59) and 5 in Sdd (§ 60). The 
o in such words is pronounced by some as 6, by others as 
6, but properly takes the medial sound here indicated. 

§ 63. O as in do (doo), prove (proov), tomb (toom), 
etc., is equivalent to oo in food (§ 68), and is indicated by 
oo in the respelling. 

§ 64. O as in wolf (woolf), wom'an (w6"6m'5n), etc., 
is equivalent to db in fdbt (§ 69), and is represented by do 
in the respelling. 

§ 65. O as in son (sun), done (dun), oth'er (utb'er), 
etc., is equivalent to ii in up (§ 89), and is indicated by u 
in the respelling. The o in na'tion (na'sh&n), cau'tion 
(kS'shwn), etc., has this sound, usually more or less obscured 
in ordinary speech, as indicated by the italic ii. (Cf. § 90.) 

§ 66. O as in worm (wfirm), work- (wfirk), world 
(wflrld), etc., occurs only before r in accented syllables, and 
is equivalent to ii in urn (§ 88). 

Oo 

§ 67. Oo in modern English regularly has the sounds of 
do as in boot (§ 68), and db in fdbt (§ 69) ; exceptionally 
it has the sound of u in up, as in flood (AM), blood 
(bliid), etc., (§ 89), and of o (old), as in door (dor), floor 
(flor), etc._(§ 57). 

§ 68. db as in moon, food, tdbt, etc., is articulated 
with the back of the tongue raised close to the back palate 
and the lips firmly and closely rounded. The height of the 
tongue and the degree of lip rounding are greater than for 
any of the other " back" vowels (a, o, 6, 5). (Cf. § 60.) 

The sound (oo) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, as in rude, group, drew, fruit, do, canoe, 
rheum, manoeuvre. 

§ 69. db as in fdbt, gdbd, crdbk is called the short 
of oo, although the two sounds differ not only in quantity, 
but also somewhat in quality. The db is formed with nearly 
the same tongue position as do, but in pronouncing it the 
tongue is slightly lower and less tense. 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



xin 



The sound (tfb) is also commonly represented, in the or- 
dinary spelling, by u, as in full (fo"61), pull (pot>l), etc. ; and 
exceptionally by o, as in wolf, woman, and by ou, as in 
■would, could.. 

Oi and oy 

§ 70. Oi regularly represents the diphthong heard in oil, 
coil, etc., and is used in the respelling always with this 
value. Its first element, which takes the accent, is approx- 
imately 6 and its final element is I, the elements being pro- 
nounced in a single wave of sound (thus, o'J). 

In ohe ordinary spelling, oi exceptionally represents sev- 
eral other sounds ; as in cham'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, 
toi'toise, etc. The diphthongal sound of oi when final is 
commonly represented, in the ordinary spelling, by oy, as 
in boy (boi), toy (toi), etc. 

Ou and ow 

§ 71. Ou in modern English regularly represents the 
diphthong heard in out, a-bout', house, a sound never 
represented by au in English. This sound of ou is approxi- 
mately a (art) + d"b (btJbk), pronounced in one wave of 
sound, with the accent on the first element (a/do). The 
diphthong is used in the respelling always with this value. 

In the ordinary spelling, ou exceptionally represents sev- 
eral other sounds; as in soup, brought, soul, cou'ple, 
griev'ous. The diphthongal sound as in out is also repre- 
sented by ow, in the ordinary spelling, especially when 
final, as in owl, cow, prow, etc. Ow also has the sound 
of o (old), as in know, bowl. 



§ 72. P as in pea, pay, cup, happy, etc., is the voice- 
less labial slop, differing from b (§ 12) only in the absence 
of voice, or vocal tone. Both p and b have the same artic- 
ulative position as the nasal m (§ 52). 

The letter p is silent when initial before s, sh, and t, as 
in psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan, and, usually, before n in 
words from the Greek, as pneu-mat'ic, pneu-mo'ni-a, 
etc., though some scholars pronounce the p in words of 
the latter class, except the more common ones. It is also 
silent in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, 



corps. 



and their derivatives. 



Ph 



§ 73. Ph occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation. 
It usually has the sound of f as in five (§ 35), and is repre- 
sented by f in the respelling. Exceptionally, it has the 
sound v, as in Stephen, and in nephew as pronounced 
by some. In diph'thong, diph-the'ri-a, naph'tha, 
etc., the pronunciation with f ia the best present usage. 

Q 

§ 74. Q is not used in the respelling. In the ordinary 
spelling, it is in all cases followed by u, and the two letters 
together commonly have the sound of kw, as in queen, 
con'quest, etc. They have the sound of k in a few words, 
mostly from the French, as in coquette, etiquette, etc., 
and in the ending que, as in antique, burlesque, etc. 

R 

§ 75. R as in room, rope, merry, is usually pro- 
nounced in English as an open, voiced (sonant) consonant, 
in the articulation of which the point of the tongue is raised 
toward, but not to, the back of the upper front teeth, or the 
hard palate, the exact position and height varying somewhat 
according to the adjacent sounds. The r also differs quite 
markedly as pronounced in different sections, but is now 
rarely trilled in standard English, though it still is in the 
Scottish and some other dialects, and as it usually is in for- 
eign languages. In some localities, especially in the South 
of England and in New England, r is commonlv omitted in 
certain positions or is replaced by a vowel sound, as of 6 in 
©v'er (§27), even by educated speakers. 

R is never preceded by the regular short sound of a vowel 
•in an accented syllable, except when the r ends a pyllable 
and is followed in the succeeding syllable of the same word 
by a vowel or another r, as in mar'ry, ver'y, fcplr'lt, 
etc. , — and not even then i .aere is a prir» :tl » t furra ending 
in r ; as in bar, bfc r'ring ; in-fer', in-fer'rinft, etc. 

S 

§ 76. S. either alone or by assimilation with a following 
element, represent^ four sounds in the ordinary spelling, all 



by bringing the tongue near enough to the teeth to cause de- 
cided friction of the breath, but not complete closure). Two 
of the sounds are voiceless, or surd, as in sun (sun), sure 
(shoor), and two voiced, or sonant, as in has (haz), vi'- 
sion (vTzh'wn). 

§ 77. (1) Voiceless, or surd, s (" sharp " s), as in see, 
hiss, basis, etc., is the primary sound of the letter, which 
is used in the respelling invariably with this value. The 
sound is variously formed by different speakers. It is most 
often pronounced with a rather narrow aperture between 
the blade of the tongue and the back of the upper front 
teeth, or the gums just above. The unintonated breath is 
forced through this aperture, and, impinging upon the edges 
of the teeth, produces the sound commonly called "hissing." 
K the sound is clear it is not advisable to change the usual 
tongue position. 

This sound of s is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, by c "soft" (§ 13), as in cell, vice; by sc, as 
in scene, science ; by sch, as in schism. 

§ 78. (2) Voiced, or sonant, s (" soft " s), as in is, has, 
easy, accuse, etc., is the same sound as z (zeal, § 105), 
and is represented by z in the respelling for pronunciation. 
It is formed with the same tongue position as for " sharp " 
s, but the tongue is more tense for the voiced sound. 

The s io sometimes voiced as the final sound of verbs, 
and voiceless as the final sound of the cognate nouns or ad- 
jectives; as in use, abuse, house, diffuse, close, etc. 

§ 79. (3) S sometimes takes the sound of sh (§ 81), by 
assimilation with a following i or y sound, as in mansion, 
sure, sugar, censure, etc. (§§ 47, 87). In the case of a 
doubled s, the first s is assimilated to the second ; as in 
pas'sion (pSsh'wn), is'sue (ish'u), etc. In a few words 
S takes the sh sound while leaving the following vowel 
unchanged ; as in one pronunciation of A'si-a (a'shl-d ; 
a'shd),innau f se-a(n6 / she-d),o / ce-an , ic(o / she-Sn'Tk),etc. 

§ 80. (4) S, when preceded by a vowel in an accented 
syllable, takes the sound of zh as in az'ure (§ 106) by as- 
similation with a following i or y sound ; as in f u'sion, 
de-ci'sion, ex-plo'sion, etc. When doubled in this po- 
sition, the first s is assimilated to the second (cf. § 79) ; as 
in ab-scis'sion (Sb-sTzh'ftn), re-scis'sion (re-sizh'wn). 

Sh 

§ 81. Sh as in she, rash, usher, etc., is a voiceless 
dental fricative (i. e., consonant formed by narrowing the 
oral passage near the teeth so that the unintonated breath is 
forced out with audible friction). It is formed with a rather 
narrow opening between the blade of the tongue and the 
back upper gums, somewhat further back than for s (§ Y7). 
The current of air is broader, and the resulting sound fuller 
and softer, than in the case of s. The sound (sh) is a simple 
element, the voiceless correlative of zh in azure (§ 106). 

This sound is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spell- 
ing, by c or s with or before e or i (§§ 13, 79) ; by sc or t 
with or before i (§§ 47, 87) ; by the s element of x combined 
with a following i (§ 99) ; by chs in f uch'si-a (fu'shT-d ; 
-shd), as a common plant name, and by sch in schist, etc. 



§ 82. T as in tie, it, note, etc. , is the voiceless dental (or 
often alveolar) stop, corresponding to d (§ 20), but uttered 
without voice, or intonated breath. 

In combination with a following i, or the initial element 
of a u or u (§§ 47, 87), t often has the sound of sh, as in 
na'tion, mo'tion, etc., or of ch, as in ques'tion, na'« 
ture, etc. The sound of t is otherwise represented, in the 
ordinary spelling, by th (§ 84, 3 ) ; also by the verb inflection 
-ed in certain positions (§ 20). The t is silent in Mat- 
thew, mortgage, hautboy, chasten, hasten, of- 
ten, listen, etc. 

Th 

§ 83. Th has two chief sounds : one voiceless (surd) as 
in thin, birth, etc., marked with plain th in the respell- 
ing for pronunciation ; the other voiced (sonant) as in the, 
than, T>reatbe. eic, marked th; thus : the, than. Both 
sound3 have the same tongue position, which varies slightly 
with different speakers, the point of the tongue being brought 
against or near cr between the edges of the teeth, producing 
rung " sound. 

§ 84. (V The plural of nouns ending in voiceless th in 

the mogul r usually retains the voiceless th, especially after 

consonant, as in b:eatha, deaths, 



B 



D 



F 



G 



H 



J 



!< 



M 



XIV 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



myths, breadths, etc., but in some cases, esp. when fol 
lowing a long vowel, the plural has preferably th, as in 
baths, cloths, laths, moths, mouths, oaths, paths, 
sheaths, truths, wreaths. 

(2) Verbs and nouns ending in th often differ in pronun- 
ciation, the noun having the th, the verb the th, sound ; as 
mouth, n. & v., south, n. & v., etc. The voiced sound 
in the verb is often indicated by a final silent e; as breath, 
n., breathe, v. ; wreath, wreathe ; bath, bathe, etc. 

(3) Th has exceptionally the sound of t in thyme, 
Thomas, Thames (Eng.), Esther, and, with ph, in 
phthisic. It is commonly silent in isthmus andasthma. 

U 

| 85. u as in use, pure, cube, mu'sic, hu'man, 
etc., commonly called " long u," is the name sound of the 
letter u in modern English. The sound varies considerably, 
not only with different speakers, but also in the pronuncia- 
tion of the same person, according to its position with refer- 
ence to other sounds. The main element of ii is always the 
sound of do (food), which in a full pronunciation of the u 
is preceded by the sound of y (yes). In certain positions 
the initial element becomes I (ill), often so much lightened 
as to be scarcely audible, and in some positions disappears 
altogether, leaving simply do (see § 86). 

At the beginning of a syllable, as in use, un'ion, dis- 
union, etc., the initial element of the u is y (yes), the u 
in such cases sounding the same as you. Otherwise the y 
element comes in most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c "hard" 
(= k), and g "hard" (as in go) ; as in pure, bu'reau, 
beau'ty, mute, view (vu), f u'tile, cube, ague. After 
n, it is less prominent, often becoming I (111) ; as in new 
(nu), nu'raer-ous. After d, 1 (except as below, § 8G), s, t, 
and th, as in duke, lute, suit, as-siime', tune, en- 
thu'si-asm, the y sound comes in with more difficulty, 
and the initial element usually becomes i, but is not, how- 
ever, properly entirely omitted. , 

The sound ( u) has various equivalents in the ordinary spell- 
ing, as in beauty, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, cue, suit, 
yule, yew, you. 

§ 86. After r, as in rude (rood), true (troo), u is now 
pronounced as simple o~o in the best usage. The same is true 
of the u after the sound of sh, as in sure (shoor), chute 
(shoot), and, usually, after 1 preceded by another consonant, 
as in blue (blob), flute (flobt), and after j, as in ju'ry 
(job'rT). 

§ 87. ti as in tl-nite', val'u-a-ble, etc., is a modifica- 
tion of ii, in unaccented syllables. It differs from u by tak- 
ing for the final and main element the sound of &b (fdbt). 

A preceding t tends to assimilate with the y or i element 
of the it, the two together forming a more or less clear ch 
sound ; as in na'ture, pic'ture, nat'u-ral. A preceding 
d in like manner tends to assimilate with the y or i ele- 
ment, the two forming a more or less clear j sound ; as in 
ver'dure, grad'u-al. The pronunciation of such words 
with ch and j, though common, is considered colloquial, 
and they are marked in this Dictionary with a tie bar con- 
necting the t or d with the following fi ; as in na'ture 
(na'tyre), nat'u-ral (naVu-ral). The tendency to assimila- 
tion is thus shown, and the pronunciation with the sounds 
of ch and j, as na'chur, nach'u-ral, ver'jur (with u 
pronounced as d"b, often obscured to e m ev'er) may be 
considered allowable in colloquial speech. A preceding s 
in a syllable not initial (as in cen'sure, sen'su-al) com- 
monly takes an sh sound, and a preceding z or a voiced s 
(as in az'ure, lei'sure, cas'u-al) a zh sound. The pre- 
ceding s usually remains unchanged in initial, and some- 
times in medial, syllablps; as in su-preme', con'su-Iar, 
etc. But in su'gar (shdog'er), sure (shoor), and their 
derivatives the assimilation occurs. 

§ 88. u as in urn, urge, hurl, etc., varies somewhat 

' '- Afferent speakers and as occurring in different posi- 
The sound (u) occurs in standard English only in 
syllables under some degree of accent, and before r in the 
same syllable (but not when the j is doubled, as in hur'- 
ept in derivatives, as fur'ry). 
oepists have long divided words containing this 
id (u^ into two groups, one typified by such words as 
her, feru, bird, el©., the other by urn," burn, etc., and 
have considered v i I the first group to have a sound 
produced somewhat further forward in the mouth than id 
that of the second But the great ity of English- 

speaking people &< nake the distinction. Most pho- 

neticians of the t : . ^rd the words of both grouos 

as having the same sound, and no di. a is made in this 

Dictionary. In articulating this sound the tongue lies nearly 
fk&i in the mouth, neither front nor back artictuatk 
ainating, but it is tenser than for e in niak'jr (§.27). 



The sound (u) is variously represented, in the ordinary 
spelling, otherwise than by u; as in fern, earn, bird, word, 
journal, worthy, myrrh, etc. 

§ 89. u as in ftp, fts, ttn'der, etc., is called " short 
u." The sound is formed with the tongue in nearly the 
same position as for e in ev'er (§ 27), but slightly re- 
tracted and tenser. The vowel sometimes occurs unac- 
cented, as in the prefix tin-, but otherwise is usually more or 
less obscured in pronunciation when unaccented. (See § 90.) 

The sound (fi) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- 
nary spelling, as in son, does, blood, touch, etc. 

§ 90. ti as in cir'cies, sitb-mit', is a variation of ii 
(§ 89), occurring unaccented. In formal speech it is often 
given as ii, but ordinarily it is lightened and obscured, 
readily falling into the sound of e in ev'er (§ 27). The 
usual colloquial lightening is indicated by making the u 
italic (i*). 

The ou in pi'ous, etc., oi in por'poise, eoin dun'- 
geon, etc., the final element of the eou in right'eous, 
etc., and of iou in gra'cious, etc., and the o in at'om, 
irk'some, na'tion, etc., also have this sound. (Cf. §65.) 

§ 91. ii as in French menu (me-nii'), German griin, 
etc., occurs only in foreign loan words not yet naturalized. 
The French sound may be imitated by firmly rounding the 
lips as if to pronounce do (moon), and then, while hold- 
ing the lips in this position, pronouncing e (eve). The 
German sound is in some words the same as the French, in 
others it is approximately I (111) pronounced with somewhat 
less rounding of the lips. 

§ 92. U as in bull, put, push, etc., has the same 
sound as db in fdbt (§69), and is indicated by rfb in the 
respelling ; thus, bull (bool), push (pdbsh). The u in 
su'gar (shdog'er) also takes this sound after the sound of 
sh. This sound of u occurs unaccented in the syllable f ul ; 
as in joy'f ul, ful-fill', etc. After r, as in fru-gal'i-ty, 
the unaccented sound often becomes db, but usually, in de- 
liberate speech, retains more of the quality of do. 

§ 93. A silent u often occurs after g, which is then al- 
ways " hard " (as in go) ; as in guard, guess, plague. 
For u silent after q, see § 74. 

§ 94. U with consonant value, equivalent to w, often 
occurs after q or hard g (go) and before another vowel, 
as in qual'i-ty, quite, ques'tion, gua'no, lan'guage, 
etc. ; also after s, as per-suade', suite, etc. 



§ 95. V as in vain, ever, live, etc., is the voiced labio- 
dental open consonant, correlative of f, from which it differs 
only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. (See § 35.) 

W 

§ 96. W as in we, wet, dwarf, twin, etc., is a voiced 
labial open consonant (i. e., consonant pronounced with the 
lips brought close together so as to cause friction, but not 
complete stoppage, of the voiced, or intonated, breath). 
The sound is produced with so little audible friction as 
closely to resemble a vowel, and is classed as a semivowel. 
It has a close relationship to do and db, the highest and 
closest of the " back " vowels (§§ 68, 69). A slight further 
elevation of the tongue from the db position, or an increase 
in the force of utterance, produces the consonantal friction 
of w. Thus for w, as for 6b, there is not only rounding 
of the lips, but also a constriction between the back of the 
tongue and the palate. The w, therefore, has two places 
of articulation, and is a back, or guttural, as well as a labial 
(labioguttural) consonant, though commonly classed as a 
labial. 

§ 97. When not silent or forming part of a diphthong, w is 
always followed by a vowel. Its sound is sometimes repre- 
sented by u before a vowel, as in quail, lan'guage (§ 94). 
After a vowel in the same syllable, the w either forms a 
diphthong with the vowel, as in cow, town, few ; or is 
silent, as in glow, mow, sometimes determining the vowel 
1, a? in awe, law. W is silent before r in the same 
syllable, as in wring, wrote, etc. ; also in answer, 
swor d , toward, two, and in who, whom, whoop,eto. 



Wh 

§ 98. Wfe as in when, what, which* is usually pro- 
nounced as h + a voiceless w, no voice, or vocal tone, being 
heard until the beginning of the following vowel. By soma 
?arded simply as a voiceless (surd) w. In this Die- 
indicated hy the respelling hw, which repre- 
sent the mially accepted sound. 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



xv 



§ 99. The voiceless (surd) sound of x, as in box, wax, 
ex-claim', etc., is equivalent to ks, by which it is repre- 
sented in the respelling. This, the commoner sound of x, 
occurs usually in accented syllables, or when the x is fol- 
lowed by a sounded consonant. In such words as anx'ious, 
lux'u-ry, the 8 component of the x takes the sound of sh 
by assimilation with the following sound of i or y (§§ 47, 87). 

§ 100. The voiced (sonant) sound of x, as in ex-ist', 
ex-alt', ex-haust', ex-hih'it, etc., is equivalent to gz, 
by which it is represented in the respelling. The x usually 
takes this sound when unaccented and followed by an ac- 
conted syllable beginning with a vowel or a silent h. 

§ 101. When initial in a word or syllable, x has the sound 
of z (zeal) ; as in xan'thic, xe'bec, etc. 



§ 102. T as a consonant (as in yes), with which value it 
:s invariably used in the respelling, is avoiced {sonant) pala- 
tal fricative (i.e., consonant pronounced with a passage be- 
tween the blade of the tongue and the palate narrow enough 
to cause audible friction of the voiced, or intonated, breath). 
The friction of y, however, is slight. In pronouncing con- 
sonant y, the tongue has nearly the same position as for e 
(§ 21), but is raised slightly and more of it is involved in 
forming the constricted passage. The sound is sometimes 
represented by i (§ 47), and also, less often, by e (§ 31). Y, 



consonant, occurs usually at the beginning of a syllable ; at 
the end or in the middle, it is more often a vowel. (Cf . § 104.) 

§ 103. As a vowel, y has four sounds : (a) y — I, as in 
de-f y', style, hy-e'na ; (b) y = i, as in nymph, lyr'ic, 
pit'y (also ey final, as in hon'ey, mon'key) ; (c) y = u, 
as in myrrh, myr'tle ; (d) y = e, as in zepli'yr, etc. 
The y, therefore, as a vowel, has all the sounds of i, except 
e as in pique (pek). These sounds of y are replaced in 
the respelling by the various equivalents as here given. 

§ 104. Y is classed with w as a semivoivel, because of 
its use, in the ordinary spelling, both as a consonant and as 
a vowel, but it differs from w in that it often is the only 
vowel in a syllable ; as in my, sky, myth, etc. The y if 
also interchangeable with i in diphthongs and digraphs 
which usually have the y when final ; as, ai, ay ; ei, ey 

oi, oy. 

Z 

§ 105. Z as in zeal, fro'zen, diz'zy, etc., is ordina- 
rily a voiced (sonant) dental fricative, the voiced correlative 
of "sharp" s (§ 77). The sound is often represented, in 
the ordinary spelling, by s (§ 78); rarely, by c (§ 13). 

§ 106. In some words z, by assimilation with a following 
i or y sound, takes a sound (zh) which is the voiced (so- 
nant) correlative of sh (§ 81) ; as in az'ure, sei'zure, etc. 
(Cf . §§ 47, 87.) The same sound is represented by si in f u'« 
sion, etc. (§ 80); by ti, exceptionally, in the preferred pro- 
nunciation of tran-si'tion ; and by g in rouge, etc. (§ 38). 



B 



D 



SOUNDS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PLACE OR MANNER OF 

FORMATION 



VOWEL SOUNDS 



Back 


Mixed 


Front 


ob (food) 
' Ml 9 h do (f»t) 

Mid 5 . ( . 51 *> 

a (art) 

Low ° (6rb > 
^° 6 (nSt) 


e (ever) 
fl (tip) 
u (tdrn) 


e (eve) 
I (111) Hl * h 

e (mA le> "" 

H * ( ^ e) Low 
a (man) 



Explanations : " Front " vowels are such as are pronounced with the front of the tongue more or less raised toward the 
palate, forming a place of constriction at the front of the mouth. " Back " vowels are such as are pronounced with the 
back of the tongue similarly more or less raised toward the palate at the back of the mouth. " Mixed " vowels are those in 
which neither " front " nor ; ' back " articulation predominates. " High," " mid," and " low " refer to the " height " of 
the tongue, that is, its relative distance from the palate at the place of constriction, the raising and lowering of the tongue 
being accompanied by raising and lowering of the lower jaw. 

CONSONANT SOUNDS 



G 



H 





Oral 




Nasal 




Stopped 


Of 


ten 


Open 


Place of Formation 


Voiced 


Voiceless 


Voiced 


Voiceless 


Voiced 




b 


P 


w' 


wh 1 


m 


Lips (Labials). 


.... 


.... 


V 


f 


.... 


Lower lip and upper teeth (Labiodentals). 


.... 


• • • • 


tit 


th 


.... 


Tip of tongue and edge of teeth. 




d 


t 


i,r a 


• • • • 


n 


Tip of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. 


■B 


• • • • 


• • • • 


z 


8 


.... 


Blade of tongue and teeth. 


8 






zh 
J 3 


Sh ) 
ch 8 J 


• • • * 


Blade of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. 


^ 


* • • • 


.... 


y 


• • • • 


.... 


Middle of tongue and hard palate (Palatal). 


S* 


k« 


w l 


whi 


ng(n) 


Rootof tongue and soft pal 1 ■ i" 7 " Is, or Velars), 


.... 


.... 


— 


h 


.... 


San as following vowel. Cf. §41. (A° 


ite.) 



Notes: 1 See §§96, 98. a See § 75. 3 ch (chop) and j (jet) a. . mp< rely 

to tsh and dzh (§§ 16, 48), and the place of formation for each therefore - ■": . . ing with 

that of t or d and moving into that of sh or zh, the latter, however, So, also, x (§ 99) 

combines the positions of k (or g) and s. 4 The place of formation f ...dg varies w j iy according to the re ■ 

which precedes or follows, as in key or gimlet, call or go, but the i e usually cl - ; 1 as gutturals, or velars. 

Explanations : " Voiced " consonants, or sonants, are consonants pronounced with voice , < - *oeal ton ■>. M Voiceless " 
consonants, or surds, are consonants that are uttered with breath only, without voice, or vc; -ai ton.;. " Stopped" con- 
sonants, or stops, are consonants in the pronunciation of which the vo Kjjjjj stopped momentarily 
at some point in the mouth passage. " Open" consonants are those in fchi on of «w*i though the paai*.xo 
is more or less impeded, the voic* ox breath issues through the mouth or cose with no c xuplet B t0£ 4 >age, or br 



J 



K 



M 



XVI 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



ASSIMILATION OF SOUNDS 



§ 107. When a voiced (sonant) consonant and a voice- 
less (surd) consonant come together in the same syllable, 
it is often difficult to preserve each in its regular sound. 
Thus, in cats the voiceless 8 is easily pronounced after the 
■voiceless t, but in dogs the s takes more naturally its 
voiced sound (= z) after the voiced sound g. Such confor- 
mation of one sound to another, called assimilation, is a 
marked characteristic of English. Four common inflectional 
terminations come under its influence ; namely : (1) Posses- 
sives in s, as maid's (madz). (2) Plurals in s, as tubs 
(tubz), groves (grovz). (3) S in the third person singular 
of verbs, as loads (lodz), smooths (smooth^. (4) Pret- 
erits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in d ashed 
(dasht). Usually, it is the second consonant that is assimi- 
lated to the first, but in some cases it is the reverse, as in 
spasm (spSz'm), prism (prlz'm). Assimilation is some- 
times reflected in the ordinary spelling, as in leapt, spelt, 
etc., instead of leaped, spelled, etc. For other forms 
of assimilation see §§ 13, 31, 47, 79, 80, 87, 99, 106. 



DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS 

§ 108. In many words, a consonant is doubled between 
two vowels, in the ordinary spelling, although in pronuncia- 
tion it is sounded but once. In banner, for example, it is 
possible to utter two complete n sounds only by pronounc- 
ing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the 
organs, and closing them a second time. But as the word 
is ordinarily pronounced the vocal organs are closed only 
once between the first and second syllables, and, moreover, 
the n position is not held long enough to produce the acous- 
tic effect of a doubled sound. Hence, in all such cases, 
when a consonant is doubled in the ordinary spelling, to indi- 
cate that a preceding vowel is short, as in banner, rob- 
bing, madden, letter, horrid, it is represented by the 
single consonant in the respelling for pronunciation. 

In many derived words, however, in which the primitive 
ends or begins with the same letter as that with which an 
added suffix or a prefix of English origin respectively begins 
or ends, as in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, 
outtravel, unnatural, the position of the doubled con- 
sonant is held long enough to make upon the ear the im- 
pression of a doubled consonant, though there rarely is any 
actual pause or break between the two consonant sounds. 
The same effect occurs in compound words in which the 
second part begins with the same sound as that with which 



the first part ends, as in headdress, nighttime. In all 

such cases as those mentioned in this paragraph, the conso- 
nant is written twice in the respelling. 



ACCENT 

§ 109. Accent (stress) is a special articulative effort distin- 
guishing certain syllables of words or phrases from the others 
by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. 
There are various degrees of accent, only two of which need be 
marked. These are the primary, as in in-tend', where the 
full force of the voice is on the last syllable, and the second- 
ary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first syllable has a' 
stress greater than that laid on the second and third sylla- 1 
bles, but less than that laid on the last. In some words two 1 
subordinate accents are shown, as in in-com'pre-hen'si- 
bil'i-ty. While there are no fixed rules for English accent,', 
the following general principles may be mentioned : 

(1) English accent is recessive; that is, the general tenden- 
cy of the language is to carry the chief accent back toward 
or to the first syllable. The working of this principle is seen 
in such words as baPco-ny, formerly bal-co'ny, confis- 
cate, v., formerly, and still by some, con-fis'cate, etc. 1 
Often, the struggle between this principle and former usage 
is reflected in varying present usage, as in ad'ver-tize 
and ad-ver-tize', iPlus-trate and il-lus'trate, etc. 

(2) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or 
secondary, is to shorten all vowels butu, when further back 
than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, an'- 
atom'ical, person'ifica'tion, etc. (though we say lu'- 
bricate, not lub'ricate ; su'perabun'dant, not sup'- 
erabun'dant, etc.). This tendency generally fails if the 
first of the two following syllables ends, and the second 
begins, with a vowel ; as in pe'ri-od, o'ri-en'tal, etc. 

(3) In many adjectives, as red'-hot', un-armed', etc., 
the accent is often variable, being stronger on one syllable 
or the other according to the rhythm of the sentence. Thus 
we say, a red' -hot' stove ; but, the stove is red 1 '-hot' ; a man 
un-armed'; but, usually, an un'armed' man, etc. Such shift- 
ing, or variable, accent was formerly more common than at 
present, and there are many examples of it in the poets. The 
attributive use, as in a well'bred' man, being the more 
usual and characteristic one, the accent proper to such use 
is the one usually given in the dictionary. 

(4) Many in America give a marked secondary accent in 
certain words which properly have but one accent, and that 
on a syllable preceding the penult, as in ter'ri-to'ry, cir'- 
cum-stanc'es, in'ter-est'ing, etc. This fault may be 
corrected by giving the accented syllable a sharp percussion, 
which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word. 



RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN 



Two methods of pronouncing Latin are now in extended 
general English use; one, the so-called English method, 
follows in general the analogies of English pronunciation ac- 
cording to certain formal rules ; the other, the so-called 
Roman method, attempts to follow more or less closely, as 
far as it is known, the pronunciation of the Romans them- 
selves at the height of their civilization (about b. c. 50 to 
A. d. 50). 

The English method was until recently taught in both Eng- 
land and America, and is still used almost exclusively in 
the pronunciation of Latin scientific words, and in names, 
phrases, and quotations, when these are in English context. 
Since most of the Latin words and phrases contained in the 
Dictionary fall in one or another of these categories, their 
pronunciation is indicated according to the English method. 

i 
SYLLABICATION AND ACCENT OF LATIN WORDS j 

ery Latin word has us- many syllables as it has vowebl 

or "iphtttongs. In the Ent !i'3h method, words are svllabi-j 

iccordmg to English ar alogies. In the Roman method, j 

are syllabified as follows : (a) A single consonant (in- 

.onsoaant i au * or, by many, any consonant 

group (as sp, St, gn) that can begrn a word, when between 

--ed with the following 
/OV7; - - Examples: 



mi'li-tes, de'ti-net. Some carry over an x to the follow- 
ing syllable, as in di'xit ; but the division dix'it is, on the 
whole, to be preferred. (6) Prefixes and suffixes are kept 
separate 

Words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable ; 
as, pa'ter, mi'les. Words of more than two syllables are 
accented on the penult (next to the last syllable), if it is 
long ; otherwise they are accented on the antepenult (last 
syllable but two). 

Note. No attempt is made to cover the rules for deter- 
mining the quantities of Latin vowels and syllables. A 
complete statement of these is to be found in any Latin 
grammar. The proper accentuation is indicated for all 
i words and phrases. In accordance with most pres- 
ent usage, Latin words and phrases which are considered to 
be purely such are divided into syllables according to the 
Roman method, and further indication of the pronunciation 
is, usually omitted, except that when such division would 
kad to mispronunciation of any word according to the Eng- 
lish method, the pronunciation of the word according to that 
Uitjthod is shown ; as, lion de'ti-net (deVT-nSt). For those 
who prefer to pronounce such Latin quotations according to 
the Roman method, the. syllabification as indicated, together 
with the Rules for the ^oman " Pronunciation of Latin 
given later, will be a sufficient guide. 






A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



RULES FOR THE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF 
LATIN 

Syllabic division, as forming a basis for these rules, fol- 
lows the English method ; thus, det'i-net, etc., and not 
de'ti-net, as now commonly divided. Cf . Note, above. 

1. V0W6l3, when ending accented syllables, have always 
the sounds as in ale, eve, Ice, old, use; as, pa'ter, 
ho'mo, etc. 

When final in unaccented syllables, vowels are as follows : 

A has the sound of a in so'f a ; as, mu'sa (mu'zd), 
a-cerlms (d-sflr'bus). 

E, o, and u have nearly the same sound as when accented, 
but slightly shorter ; as, re'te, vo'lo, po'pu-li (pop'ii-li). 

I, when the final sound_ of a word, always has its long 
sound (as in Ice) ; as, ni'si. Exception : The final i of tibi 
and sibi has, like the first i, its short sound (as in it). 

1. at the end of an unaccented syllable, not final, has lte 
short sound; as, de'ti-net. Exception : Ihasitslongsouno 
in the first syllable of a word the second syllable of which 
is accented, when it either stands alone before a consonant. 
as in I-do'lum, or ends a syllable followed by a vowel, at 
in fi-e'bam, I-am'bus. 

T is always pronounced like i in the same position. 

2. Vowels, when followed by a consonant in the same 
syllable, have always the sounds as in man, met, in, odd, 
nut , as, raag'nus, reg'nuni, hoc, etc. Exceptions : — 

A, following qu before dr, has the sound of a in quad- 
rant, as in quad'rans (kwod'rauz) ; when followed by 
rt it has the sound of a in quart, as in quar'to. Other- 
wise, a before r has the sound of a in art, as in par'ti- 
ceps, ar'ma ; except when followed by another r, as in 
par'ri-ci'da. 

E, i, and y, before r final in a word or final in a syllable, 
when followed in the next syllable by any other consonant 
than another r, sound as in her, fir ; as, fer'vet (fur'vet), 
hir'cus (hfir'kus). 

Es, at the end of a word, sounds like the English word 
ease ; as, mi'li-tes (niil'T-tez). 

Os, at the end of plural cases, sounds like ose in dose ; 
as, do'mi-nos (dom'I-nos). 

Post, alone or compounded, is pronounced like post in 
English, as in post'e-a ; but not in its derivatives, as in 
pos-tre'mus. 

3. Diphthongs are as follows : 

j3E (ae) and ce (oe) are always diphthongs unless sepa- 
rated by diaeresis. They are pronounced as e would be in 
the same position ; as, ae'vuin (e'vuin), aes (ez). 

Au, when a diphthong, is pronounced as 6 (or) ; as, au'- 
rum (6'rum). 

Au, in the termination of proper names from the_Greek, 
has the vowels pronounced separately ; as, Men'e-la'us. 

Ai, ei, oi, and yi, usually have the vowels pronounced 
separately. When they are accented, and followed by an- 
other vowel, the i is pronounced like initial y ; as, Cas- 
siopeia (-pe'yd), Troia (tro'yd), Harpyia (-pl'yd). 

Ei, when a diphthong, and not followed by another vowel, 
is pronounced like I ; as in ei-do'lon. 

Eu, when a diphthong, is pronounced as u (use) ; as in 
Eu-phra'tes, e'lien. 

Eu has the letters pronounced separately in the termina- 
tions eus and eum of Latin nouns and adjectives, except 
neuter; as, nve'uin, me'us. Otherwise it is pronounced 
as a diphthong ; as, Eu-ro'pa (u-ro'pd), The'seus (the'- 
eus). 

Note. The termination eus, in proper names derived 
from the third declension of Greek contracts in -ev?, is 
better pronounced in one syllable, as Or'pheus (or'fus), 
The'seus (the'sus) ; although many pronounce it in two, 
Or'phe-us, The'se-us. 

Ua, ue, ui, uo, uu, when diphthongs, are pronounced 
like wa, we, etc. ; as, lin'gua (lin'gwd), quo'ta (kwo'- 
td), e'quus (e'kwus), etc. They are always diphthongs 
after q and usually after g. 

Ui in cui and huic is pronounced like l (kl, hik) ; or, 
by some, like wi (kwi, hwik). 

4. Consonants are, in general, pronounced as in Eng- 
lish, but the following cases are to be noted : 

C, before e, i, and y, and the diphthongs ae, ce, and eu, 
is pronounced as s; as in CaVsar, coe'lum. Exception : C, 
endiEg or following an accented syllable, before i followed 
by a vowel, and also before eu and yo, has the sound of 
sh ; as, fa'ci-as (fa'slu-as), Si'cy-on (sish'T-on). 

Ch has the sound of k, as in char'ta (kar'td), but before 
th at the beginning of a word it is silent; as, Chtho'- 
ni-a (tho'nY-d). 

Ct, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as t ; 
as, cte-nid'i-um (te-nTdl-wm). 

G is pronounced "soft " (like j) before e, i, and y, and 
the diphthongs feand oe; as, ge'nus ( je'n&s), sp'gislJe^jTs). 
rwise it has its " hard " sound (as in bag, go). 



When g comes before another g "soft," it is assimilated 
to it in pronunciation ; as, Ag'ger (a'j'er). 

Gn, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced asn; 
as, emo'mon (no'mon). 

Mn, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced aj? 
n ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-mos'T-ne). 

Ph is usually pronounced as f . Before th at the begin< 
ning of a word it is usually silent : as, phthi'sis (thi'sls), 

Ps, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as s; 
as, psy-cho'sis (si-ko'sls). 

Pt, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as t ; 
as, pter'o-dac'tyl (tei'o-dak'tli). 

S is usually " sharp " (as in sun). Exceptions : (a) Si, 
followed by a vowel and immediately preceded by a conso- 
nant in an accented syllable, is pronounced as shi , as, Al'- 
si-um (al'shi-win). (b) Si and zi, followed by a vowel and 
immediately preceded by an accented vowel, are pronounced 
zhi; as, ec-cle'si-a (e-kle'zhT-d),Sa-ba'zi-a(sd-ba'zhT-d). 
In a few proper names, s preceded by a vowel in an ac- 
cented syllable and followed by i before another vowel, has 
the sound of sh ; as, Asia (a'slu-d), Theodosia (th^o- 
do'shl-d). 

S, final in a word, after e, as, au, b, m, n, and r, has 
the sound of z; as, mi'les (ini'lez), aes (ez), laus (16z), 
lens (lenz), Mars (m'arz). In accordance with English 
analogy, s is prouounced as z in Caj'sar, cae-su'ra (usu- 
ally), mi'ser, mu'sa, re-sid'u-uin, cau'sa, ro'sa, aud 
their derivatives, and in some other words ; but not (usually) 
in Caesarea, nor in trans or its compounds ; as, trans'- 
e-at. 

T, following an accented syllable and preceding an i fol- 
lowed by another vowel, sounds like sh ; as, ra'ti-o (ra'- 
shi-o ; -sho), Ig-na'ti-us (Ig-na'shi-Ms ; -sh«s). But t 
in such positions retains its sound as in English tin after 
s, t, or x, as in Sal-lus'ti-us, Brut'ti-i; and in proper 
names ending in -tion or -tyon, as in The / o-do'ti-on, 
Am-phi c'ty-on. 

X, initial, has the sound of z, as in Xan'thi-um (zan'- 
thi-ftm), Xen'o-phon ; otherwise it has the sound of ks, 
as in ax'is (ak'sis), ex'e-unt. Exceptions : When ex 
(also by some ux) is followed by a vowel in an accented 
syllable, the x has the sound of gz ; as, ex-em'plum (gg- 
zem'pliim). 

X, final in a syllable, before i followed by another vowel, 
or before u with the sound of u or ti, is pronounced as 
ksh ; as, nox'i-us (nok'shl-ws). 



RULES FOR 



THE "ROMAN" 
LATiN 



PRONUNCIATION OF 



There are no silent letters and no obscured vowels. Each 
vowel has always the same, or nearly the same, sound, but 
may be long or short in actual quantity. 

The vowels are sounded as follows : 



Long. 
a, as in art. 

e, ,, a in paleorcha'os. 
i, „ in po-lice'. 
o, „ ,, pole, 
u, ,, „ rude (rood), 
y, „ French u or German ii. 



Short, 
a, as in ar-tis'tic. 
e, „ a in cha-ot'ic, or as 

e in pen. 
i, as in tin. 
o, „ „ obey', 
u, „ „ pull (pool). 



The diphthongs are sounded : 

JE (ae) as ai in aisle ; au as ou in house ; ei as ei in 
veil ; en as a'oo ; oi (oe) as oi in oil; ui as we, as in 

cui (kwe), huic (hwek). 

The consonants : 

B, d, f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, and qu are pronounced as in 

English ; except that bs and bt are pronounced as ps and 
pt. 

C always as in cow ; never as in city or in gracious 
(-sh«s). Cf. t. 

th as k -f- h, about as in truck horse ; but it may be 
pronounced as simple k. 

G always "hard," as in go; never as in gem. When 
ngu precedes a vowel, the gu has the sound of gw ; as in 
languens. 

J is like y in yes. 

Ph as p -(- h, about as in loophole; but it may be pro- 
nounced as simple p or like English r»h (f ), a sound which 
it acquired soon after the classical period. 

R. is trilled slightly with the tip of the tongue. 

S always " sharp," as in sun. 

Su as sw ; as in sua vitas. 

T always as in tun ; never as in nation (-shun). 

Th as i L , h, about as in hothouse ; but it may be pro- 
nounced oimple t. 

V like w. . 

X always as in box ; never as in ex-ist' (egrzlsf), or in 
xe'bejc (ze'bek). 

Z as in maze, or ss dz in adz. 



B 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



XVJU 



A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 



RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH 



1. Vowels : A as in art, e as a in ale, i as in police, 
o as in old (or as in lord), u as in rule == oo in noon. 

When unaccented they are the same in quality, but slightly 
shorter in quantity, though always pronounced clearly and 

distinctly. 

2. Consonants : As in English, with the following excep- 
tions : 

B, especially between vowels, sounds much like v in 
have, hence b and v are often interchanged and such spell- 
ings as Habana, Havana, are common. 

C in Castilian Spanish (the standard literary form of the 
language) before e or i is like til in thin ; but in some 
parts of Spain and generally throughout Spanish America 
and in the Philippine Islands it is like s in sun, although 
ithe Castilian sound is often taught in the schools. 

Ch is always like cli in church. 

D is not so clear as in English, but has more or less of 
the sound of tli in this. Between vowels, especially in 
endings like -ado and -ido, and at the end of words, it is 
like th in this. At the end of words it is often so faint 
as hardly to be heard, and in colloquial speech it often dis- 
appears entirely in this position and between vowels. 

G before a, o, u, or a consonant is like g in go; before 
e or i it is like h in hew pronounced with strong friction 
of the breath, about like German ch in ich, ach. Gu in 
the combinations gue and gui is like g in go, or like gu in 
English guess. If the u is marked with the diaeresis (Sp. 
crema), as in agiiero, the gii is like gu in guano (gwa'- 
co), as is gu in the combinations gua and guo. In gn 
the two sounds are always distinct, as in signo (seg'no). 

H is always silent. 



J has always the strong sound of h like that of g before 
e and i. 

LI is like Hi in "William, as villa (vel'ya). Colloqui- 
ally it is like y in yes, and this pronunciation is very com- 
mon in Spanish words and names in the southwestern United 
States. 

ii is like ni in onion, as dona (do'nya). 

Q occurs only in the combinations que and qui, and is 
like k in keep, as Quijote (ke-ho'ta). 

R is strongly trilled with the tip of the tongue. 

S is always like s in sun. 

X formerly had the sound of Spanish j, in many words 
and names in which it is replaced by j in the modern spell- 
ing of the Spanish Academy. In the spelling of the Academy 
it now represents the sound of x as in box, but the old 
spelling and sound often remain, esp. in Spanish America. 
In Mexican names x often has the sound of s, and in some 
dialects is silent or nearly so. 

Y is like y in you, or, at the end of a word after a vowel 
or when used alone as the conjunction y (and), it is like e 
in me, 

Z in Castilian Spanish is like th in thin, but in parts of 
Spain, in Spanish America, and in the Philippine Islands it 
is commonly like g in sun, although the Castilian sound is 
often taught in the schools. 

3- Accent. Words ending in a consonant, except n or s, 
are regularly accented on the final syllable. Words ending 
in a vowel, or in n or s, are regularly accented on the next 
to the last syllable. If the accent is irregular it is indicated 
by placing the mark (') over the vowel of the accented syl- 
lable, as in Cordoba (Cordova). 



ADDITIONAL SYMBOLS FOR USE IN INDICATING PRONUNCIA- 
TION WITHOUT RESPELLING 



For indicating PRONUNCIATION BY RESPELLING, the table on page viiL is complete in itself and is alone 
used throughout this Dictionary. To indicate PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING-, the table below may be 
used in connection with that on page viiL The table here given is to be used only when any letter of a word has a sound 
that is represented in the other table by a different letter. Thus, in the respelling, s is used for one sound only, that 
in sin or so, never for that in his (hiz), is (Iz). To show the pronunciation of his, therefore, without respelling, the s 
is marked with a diacritic ; thus: hi§; the first two letters (hi) being from the table on pageviii., and the § from the 
table below. In this table, the symbols in parentheses are the equivalent symbols from the respelling table. 

In digraphs, mark only the letter that is to be regarded as sounded, as in break, bread, yield, veil, etc. 
Ce, ci, sci, se, si, and ti, before a vowel and immediately after an accented syllable, usually have the sound of sh, and 
need not be marked. Silent e at the end of a syllable, as in fate, etc., need not be marked. When desirable, a silent 
letter may be shown as an unmarked italic. In a few words, the pronunciation can be indicated only by respelling. 



. as 

• 55 
" 55 



S(=e), , 

a (=5), 
A, a (= 6), . 

Au, au, aw (= 6), ,, 

xii, e \— JJ'/i • • • • ,, 

E, e (— a), • • • • ,, 

E, e (= u) „ 

Ee, ee (= e), . . . „ 

Ew, ew (= u), . . „ 



*,X(=e), 
1, 1 (= 5), 



9 (= rfb), 
O, o (=- 6o), 

6, 6(=u), . 



in li'3r, cow'Srd, mus'tard. 
,, what, was, qual'i-ty. 
,, all, awe, sw$rm, talk. 
„ Au Sable, au'thor, law. 
„ eight, prey, vein, o-bey'; 

or (= a), as in os'prey. 
,, there, heir, wherein'. 
,, er'mine, e-tSr'nal, swerve. 
,, eel, feet, fee'ble, un-seen'. 
„ ewe, dew, hewn; or(= do), 

as in brew. 
,, pique, ma-chi'ne', po-l'ice' ; 

or (= e), as in fi'-as'co. 
„ vir-gin'i-ty, e-lix'ir; or (= 

u). as in Irk'some. fir. 
„ wolf, wom'an, wol'ver-ine'. 

ze, d$, whg, t^trab. 
„ Atu'er, sdn; or (= ii), as in 

wel'come. 
„ saiFSr, mi'nSr ; . (z= u), as 

in wdrk, wSrth. 



Ow, ow (= ou), 
Oy, oy(=oi), 
U, u (= do), . . 
U, u (= oo), . . 

y (= i), . . . 
Y, y (= I), . . . 

y (= e), . . 
€, « (= k), . . 
C, c (= s), . . . 
€h, eh (= k), . 
Ch^ch (= sh), 

5, t (= gr)5 • • 
6,g(=j), .. 

<Jg (= j), . . 

S (= z), . . . 

x (k»), . . . 

5 (= gz)» • • 
Ph, ph (= f ), . 
Qu, qu (=r kw), 
Wh, vh (= hw), 



as in owl, cow'ard, vow'el. 

55 55 oys'ter, boy, roy'al, en-joy'. 

„ „ full, put, push, joy'ful. 

„ „ rude, ru'mor, in-trude'. 

„ „ fly, sky, style, de-f y', dy'ing. 

55 55 yt'tri-a, hymn, lyr'ic. 

„ „ sat'yr; or (= ft), as in myrrh. 

„ „ eat, eon-eur'. 

„ „ cell, vice. 

„ „ eho'rus, eeh'o, ep'och. 

„ „ chaise, ma-chine'. 

55 55 get, be-gin', an'ger. 

„ „ gem, en'gine. 

55 55 edge, bridge, badg'er. 

„ „ i§, hag, wig'dom. 

„ „ vex, ex'lt. 

,, „ ex-ist', ex-am'ple. 

„ „ phan'tom,sul'phur- 

,, „ queen, con'quest. 

i, ,i when, what. 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



The English language, as being the offspring of two 
parent languages very different in form and spirit, and 
having been in no inconsiderable degree modified in its 
growth by influences from various other tongues, contains, 
as was inevitable, very many anomalies ; and in no particu- 
lar are these anomalies more numerous and striking than in 
its orthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its 
orthoepy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- 
French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, 
though writers in either of these two languages spelled 
their words, each in his own fashion, so as to represent their 
sounds, and not according to an arbitrarily fixed orthog- 
raphy such as exists for modern English. When, therefore, 
the vocabularies of these two languages, widely different 
both in their orthographical structure and their phonologi- 
cal character, were combined, the result is a language in 
which the orthography has almost reached the extreme of 
irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have the signs 
representing sounds been multiplied, that many of the 
letters are pronounced in several different ways, while the 
letters, or combinations of letters, for a single sound 
amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is computed 
that many words of no more than two syllables may be 
spelled in several thousand different modes, by the use of 
combinations actually employed in other words in the 
language. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus 
written, as is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand 
different ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these 
possible forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of 
any one word ; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above 
have operated so effectually, that the words in respect to 
which even the most careful "vriters are at variance are 
numbered by thousands, while those in which an orthog- 
raphy contrary to analogy has been universally adopted are 
equally numerous. 

Bad as is the orthography of the present day, however, it 
is order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. It 
would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there should 
be any general correspondence of orthographical forms in 
the works of different authors before the types of the 
printer gave prominence to certain forms, which finally 
became recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclu- 
sively prove that the greatest freedom prevailed in spelling 
words. Even proper names, which would naturally receive 
more attention and be written with more care than any 
other class of words, are found recorded in great multitudes 
of forms, several variations being sometimes found in the 
same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that "Leicester 
has subscribed his own name eight different ways, " and that 
"the name Villers is spelled fourteen different ways in the 
deeds of that family." A still more remarkable instance is 
stated by Lower ; namely, that the family of Mainwaring 
has the extraordinary number of one hundred and thirty-one 
variations of that single name, all drawn from authorized 
documents. But there is evidence that, in the midst of all 
this confusion, there were some writers who were attentive 
to the proper forms of words, and who were notable excep- 
tions to the general rule. The spelling of the Ormulum, 
which was written in the thirteenth century, though strange 
and cumbrous, is very remarkable for its regularity; and 
the author strenuously urges his copyists to follow his 
orthography with the utmost exactness. So also Chaucer, 
more than a century later, carefully revised and corrected 
his own works ; and he enjoined upon his scribe to "write 
more trew" that which was intrusted to him, saying that he 
was obliged "it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," 
because of the carelessness with which it had been copied. 

The invention of printing commenced a new era, though 
for a long time even this had little effect to fix the external 
form of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthog- 
raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be 
attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged 
letters as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing 
required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works of 
Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books 
printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occurring 
in several different forms upon the same page. Even as 
late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very 
unsettled ; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great 
bard himself was written in more than thirty different 
ways. The printers, however, were not solely, nor even 
chiefly, responsible for this confusion ; for it is certain that 
their arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity 
would not have been tolerated had they been made in 
defiance o f established usage ; and there is abundant evi- 
dence to prove that writers themselves were careless in the 
extreme. The fact must not be overlooked, that in the 
writings of Wycliffe, Chaucer, and other early authorr, 



there were still many remnants of earlier inflectional forms 
which have since disappeared, and which gave to some 
words a variety of form to be attributed neither to the care- 
lessness of the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. 

The irregularities found in early books, though continuing 
for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked upon 
with indifference. On the contrary, not only have numerous 
complete systems for the reformation of orthography been 
proposed, but various scholars have advocated, with more 
or less acuteness and learning, changes in regard to a great 
number of particular points. Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary 
of State to Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to introduce a 
regular system of orthography ; after him, William Bullokar 
brought forward another system ; a few years after this, Dr. 
Gill, Master of St. Paul's School, in London, a teacher of 
considerable eminence, proposed another scheme ; and, 
still later, Charles Butler devised a new method of spelling, 
and printed a book in which it was employed. These 
writers agreed essentially as to the manner in which they 
sought to attain the end proposed, their plan being to 
reduce the spelling of words to uniform principles and make 
it practically phonetic, by the use of new characters, by 
applying various diacritical marks to the old letters, and by 
making the letters, or their combinations of characters, 
represent certain definite sounds. It is needless to say 
that these projects were never carried into practice. 

In the time of Charles I., many changes were introduced ; 
and it was still very common, even among eminent scholars, 
to spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting 
such letters as were deemed superfluous. These attempts at 
improvement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- 
ciples, had little or no permanent effect upon the language. 

The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first 
published in 1755, has contributed more than any work 
written either before or since, to fix the external form of the 
language and to diminish the number of irregularities ; for 
though numerous inconsistencies are to be found in it, and 
many oversights, the learning of the author, and the sound 
judgment and practical wisdom which he displayed, gave it 
at once an authority which it has not even yet entirely lost ; 
and the orthography of the present day, though it has 
received some important modifications since his time, is 
substantially the same as that exhibited in his dictionary. 
The changes in the spelling of words, introduced by Dr. 
Johnson, were generally made in order to restore the ancient 
orthography, or to remove some anomaly ; and perhaps the 
most important office performed by his work was its having 
settled usage definitely in favor of some one of the numerous 
forms in which many words were written, thus removing the 
cause of much confusion. Among the most prominent 
alterations made by him wevv the restoration of k to many 
words which had long been written without it, as in musick, 
rhetorick, and the like, and the insertion of u in the termina- 
tion of many words which previously ended in or, as in 
ancestour, authour, errour, and others. The former of 
these changes, a revival of the "ancient practice," was not 
received with favor, nor was this spelling adopted by subse- 
quent writers ; the latter, as it was thought to be justified by 
the analogy of the corresponding termination eur in the 
French, through which language many, perhaps a majority, 
of the words affected by it were derived from the Latin, was 
generally followed. Johnson's practice in this respect, how- 
ever, was not in harmony with his theory ; for he wrote only 
about half the words of this class with the ending our, leav- 
ing the rest in or, though for no reason that would not 
equally apply to them all. Yet this inconsistency was not only 
overlooked, but was perpetuated, especially in the orthogra- 
phy of English writers. In the United States a different prac- 
tice now generally prevails, as will presently be mentioned. 

During the 18th century, several English divines employed 
in many words methods of spelling peculiar to themselves, 
chiefly such as had long been abandoned, as in writing ie 
for final y ; in adding e to words ending in ss ; and in the 
use of such forms as prseface, persue, procede, sais (for 
says), and the like. It is proper to mention here also the 
innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the 19th century, who, 
on the ground of pronunciation, etymology, and analogy, em- 
ployed in his works such forms as atchieve, compell, enure, 
firy (for fiery), forein, invey (for inveigh), highth, plouh- 
man, smughr, and the like. He also advocated the omission 
of the apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution 
of t for ed in ' hose preterits in which the latter termination 
is pronounced x ike t; as in exprest, fixt, publisht, etc., for 
expressed, fixei, published, etc. This substitution of t for 
ed, however, is iOt peculiar to Hare, since it accords witk 
the usage of th< ■mrly writers and of many in later times. 

Besides the i. complete reforms mentioned above, many 
rhns have beendevised. at different tir* *or reducing th» 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



XX 

spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest 
simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repre- 
senting the sounds of words by written characters ; that is, 
by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands for 
one, and only one, definite sound, and each sound is repre- 
sented by one, and only one, character.^ Such a method of 
spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the 18th century, 
though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely used 
it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. The 
Phonotypy of Isaac Pitman and A. J. Ellis promulgated in 
1840, the Glossic of A. J. Ellis published in 1871, the Broad 
Romic of Henry Sweet, 1878, are ingenious systems of 
phonetic spelling employing the ordinary alphabet, with 
various modifications and additions. None of these has come 
into any extensive general use. The schemes of Lepsius, 
Miiller, and others who have endeavored to form philo- 
sophical alphabets of universal application are but indirectly 
related to English orthography. 

Several organized attempts at a more or less thorough 
revision of English spelling have been made within recent 
years. In 1883, the Philological Society of England and the 
American Philological Association took joint action on the 
amendment of English spelling, and twenty-four joint rules 
were adopted, on the basis of which a list of amended spell- 
ings was made. Many of these spellings agree with those 
already adopted in this Dictionary and in general use. The 
Simplified Spelling Board, in America, and the Simplified 
Spelling Society, in England, aim at the gradual simplifica- 
tion of English spelling by the reduction to uniformity of 
classes of words, and the elimination of sporadic anomalies. 

In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the 
English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated by 
him have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthog- 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations 
were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology 
and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the 
words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primitive 
forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological affini- 
nities, and, on the other, to reduce as much as possible the 
number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the words 
whose orthography had been changed for the former reason, 
many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. Webster 
himself in the second edition of his work, published in 1840, 
and others still were restored in subsequent editions. The 
alterations of the second class have been received with favor 
and adopted by a large portion of the writers in the United 
States, and by some authors also in England. 

It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations 
from the usage of his time were not innovations, but restora- 
tions of older forms which were once very generally employed. 
The most important points in his orthography in reference 
to which there is still difference of usage among scholars, are 
included in the following list. These are : not doubling the 
final consonant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, 
etc. ; doubling the I in installment, enrollment, etc. ; dou- 
bling the final letter in such words as fulfill, instill, etc. ; 
retaining the i in derivatives of villain ; writing defense, 
offense, etc., for defence, offence, etc., and practice for 
practise; writing the termination -er for -re in words like 
center, meter, etc. ; writing mold, molt, etc., without u. It 
may be remarked further with regard to words often writ- 
ten with the termination -re, but which in this book are 
spelled with two endings, -er and -re, that the use of -er, as 
in meter, etc., is but a restoration of the older spelling ; and 
the same is true of the use of the ending or for -our. 



RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS 

FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER 



FINAL CONSONANTS 

§ 1. The letters f and 1, at the end of monosyllables, 
and standing immediately after single vowels, are generally 
doubled : as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll. 

Exceptions : clef, if, of, pal, nil, and sob. 

§ 2. The letter S, at the end of a monosyllable, and 
standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
doubled, as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss, except when 
(as in o's, spade's, tones, loves, has, is, was, etc.) it is 
used to form the possessive case or the plural of a noun, or 
the third person singular of a verb. 

Exceptions : as, gas, yes, his, this, pus, plus, bus (for 
omnibus), this, and us. 

§ 3. B, d, g, m, n, p, r, t, Z are the only other conso- 
nants (besides/, I, and s) that are ever doubled at the end of 
a word. The following are the more important words in 
which these letters are doubled, including some that are 
also, sometimes, spelled with a single consonant: abb, ebb; 
add, odd, rudd; egg, bigg (n. & v.), vugg ; Ann, inn, 
Finn, jinn, bunn, sunn (Bot.) ; Lapp; gnarr, parr, err, 
birr, shirr, skirr, dorr, burr, purr; bitt (Naut.), mitt, 
butt; fizz, frizz, buzz, fuzz. The words let, net, set, etc. are 
sometimes incorrectly spelled lett, nett, sett, etc. 

§ 4. A consonant is rarely doubled when standing at 
the end of a word immediately after a diphthong or a 
digraph, as in ail, peat, haul, door, and maim. 

Exceptions : feoff, enfeoff, gneiss, speiss are excep- 
tions. The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the 
u does not form a diphthong or a digraph with the e, but 
serves merely to indicate that the g is "hard." 

§ 5. Monosyllables ending with the sound of k, and 
in which c follows the vowel, have, generally, k added after 
the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and buck. 

Exceptions : sac, talc, zinc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, 
disc, and fisc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in -ic or -iac, 

are now written (except derrick) without the k ; as, maniac, 
elegiac, zodiac, cubic, music, public. Words of more 
than one syllable, in which c is preceded by other 
vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck; as, arrack, 
barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. 

Exceptions : almanac, sandarac, rebec, xebec, manioc, 
havoc. Almanac, rebec, and havoc, however, are some- 
times written with k after the c, especially in England. 

DERIVATIVES 

§ 6. Words ending in c have a k inserted when 

adding a termination beginning with e,i, c: y, so that the 
c shall not be pronounced like s; as. colic, iolicky; traffic, 
trafficked, trafficking, trafficker ; phy ic, physicked, 
physicking; zinc, zincked, zincking, zin^ y, 

% 7. it doubled [tables and j 

words of more a syllable with the ac it on the last ! 



syllable, when ending in a single consonant (except h and x) 
preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before a 
suffix beginning with a vowel ; as, clan, clan f nish ; plan, 
planned, plan'ning, plan'ner ; bag, bag' gage; hot, hot'ter, 
hot'test; wit, wit'ty ; cabal', cabal' ler ; abet', abet' ted, 
abet' ting, abet' tor ; begin', begin' ning, begin'ner ; infer', 
inferred', infer' ring. The consonant is doubled to preserve 
the short sound of the vowel. Thus, planned, hottest, and 
abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, hotest, and 
abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. Words in which 
the final consonant is preceded by qu, followed by a single 
vowel, form no exception to this rule, since the u is equiva- 
lent to consonant w; as, squab, squab'bish, squab'by; 
squat, squat' ting, squat' ter ; quit, quit' ted, quit' ting ; 
acquit', acquit'ted, acquit'ting. 

Exceptions : Derivatives of the word gas (except gas'- 
sing and gas'sy) ; as, gas'eous, gase'ity, gas'ify ; the words 
infer' able and transfer' able ; also, derivatives in which the 
accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable ; 
as, cabal', cab'alism, cab'alist; prefer', preference; 
refer', reference; defer', deference. It is no exception to 
this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and 
crystal (words not accented on the last syllable), as metal- 
loid, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are 
written with the I doubled, since they are derived respec- 
tively from the Latin cancellarius (through the French), 
and metallum, and the Greek Kpva-raWos. # So, also, tran- 
quillity has the double I, as being from Latin tranquillitas, 
while the English derivatives of tranquil are more properly 
written with one I; as, tranquilize, tranquilizer, etc. 

§ 8. Final consonant not doubled. Words accented on 
any syllable except the last, words ending in more than one 
consonant, and words ending in a single consonant preceded 
by more than one vowel, do not double the final consonant 
before an ending beginning with a vowel ; as, daub, daubed, 
daub'er; need, need'y; brief, briefer, briefest; trav'ail, 
trav' ailed, trav' ailing; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; trav'el, 
trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, act'ed, ac'tor; 
perform', perform' er ; stand, stand' ing. 

Exceptions : In humbug and a few other words ending in 
g, the g is doubled {humbugged, humbugging) before e or i, 
so that the g shall not be pronounced like j. The derivatives 
of kidnap are preferably spelled with one p, although the 
forms kidnapper, kidnapping, kidnapped are not uncom- 
mon. The form woolen, with one I, is usual in the United 
States ; woollen, with two I 's, is preferred in British usage. 

Note. There is a large class of words ending in a single 
consonant, and not accented on the last syllable, the final 
consonants of which are, by very many writers and lexi- 
cographers, doubled in their derivatives, though unneces- 
sarily and contrarily to analogy. The following list, chiefly 
of verbs, includes the most important of these words, most 
of which end in I : apparel, barrel, bevel t bias, bowel and 
its compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words end- 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



ing in -uret, carol, cavil, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, 
dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, 
equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, hanasel, hatchel, 
imperil, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, 
marshal, marvel, medal, metal (see § 7), model, panel, 
parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, 
ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, 
tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, 
worship. Both spellings are usually given in this Diction- 
ary, that with the single consonant having the first place. 

§ 9. Double consonant retained. Words ending in a 
doubled consonant generally retain both consonants when 
adding suffixes ; as, ebb, ebbing ; odd, oddly ; stiff, stiffness ; 
fell, fellable; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, willful, 
willfulness; dull, dullness; full, fullness. So also the 
double I is retained in the words installment, inthrallment, 
thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, thrall, 
and enroll), in order to prevent mispronunciation. Many, 
especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in 
the derivatives of skill, will, dull, and full, formed by 
adding the syllables -ly and -ness. See §§ 16, 17. 

Exceptions : The derivatives of pontiff; as, pontifical, 
pontificial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words 
formed by adding the termination -ly to words ending in 11, in 
order to prevent the concurrence of three I 's ; as, ill, illy ; 
dull, dully ; full, fully. Words formed by adding the termi- 
nation -less, are written either with the three I's, a hyphen 
being inserted before the termination, or with only two I's; 
as, skill-less, or skilless, smell-less or smelless. 

§ 10. Silent e retained. Words ending with silent e, 
generally retain this e before suffixes beginning with a conso- 
nant ; as, pale, paleness; hate, hateful; incite, incite- 
ment; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, movement. 

Exceptions : Many words ending in silent e immediately 
preceded by another vowel (except e) drop the e in forming 
the derivatives ; as, due, duly ; argue, argument ; true, tru- 
ly ; awe, awful, etc. The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, 
abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment, are 
also exceptions. The last four, however, are by many written, 
abridgement, acknowledgement, lodgement, judgement. 

§ 11. Silent e omitted. Words ending with silent e 
generally drop the e before suffixes beginning with a vowel ; 
as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance; plume, plumage; use, 
usable, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming; shape, 
shaping; move, movable; sale, salable; fleece, fleecy; 
force, forcible; true, truism. 

Exceptions : The e is retained in hoeing, shoeing, and 
toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe), to prevent mispronuncia- 
tion, but is generally excluded from shoer. It is retained, 
also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springeing, swingeing, 
tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, tinge), to 
distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swing- 
ing, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The 
word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the e. 
The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though apparently 
exceptions, are not, since they are not formed from line and 
pine, but from the Latin linea (through the French), 
linealis, and pinea. Words ending in ce or ge retain the e 
before suffixes so that the c or g shall not be pronounced 
with the "hard" sound; as, peace, peaceable; notice, 
noticeable; manage, manageable; change, changeable; 
advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrageous. Mort- 
gagor, pronounced mor'ga-jor f , from mortgage, and 
pledgor, pronounced plej-or f , from pledge, are the forms 
preferred in usage, though under the above rule they should 
be mortgageor and pledgeor. In derivatives in -able, as 
usable, useable, salable, saleable, etc., usage is divided and 
often inconsistent. 

§ 12. Ending -ing added to ie. Words ending in ie 
generally drop the e and change the i to y when adding -ing, 
so as to prevent two i's from coming together ; as, die, 
dying; hie, hying (some write hieing); lie, lying; tie, 
tying ; vie, vying. 

§ 13. y preceded by a consonant. Words ending in y 
preceded by a consonant usually change the y to i before 
any suffix except one beginning with i; as, icy, iciest, 
icily; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; modify, modifies; 
foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness; pity, pitiful. 

Exceptions : The derivatives of adjectives of one sylla- 
ble ending in y generally retain the y; as, shy, shyness; 
sly, slyest; dry, dryly; spry, spryer, spry est; wry, wry- 
ness. _ But drier and driest, from dry, are commonly written 
with i instead of y ; and drily, shily, slily, are not uncom- 
mon. Before -ship and -like, as in secretaryship, surety- 
ship, ladyship, citylike, countrylike, etc., and in deriva- 
tives from baby and lady the y is retained. The y also is 
retained in the possessive case of nouns, when formed by 
adding s with the apostrophe ; as, country's, everybody's. 

§ 14. y preceded by a vowel. Words ending in y pre- 
ceded by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged before 
all suffixes ; as, gay, gayety, gayly; play, player, plays; 
sway, swayed; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful ; enjoy, enjoyed; 
buy* Skying; gluey, glueyness. 



XXI 

Exceptions : Daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and 
staid (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their 
compounds ; dewiness. Staid, however, is sometimes 
written stayed. Gaiety and gaily are preferred by many. 
Says is regular in form, but not in pronunciation. Deriva- 
tives from words ending in uy, as colloquies, from colloquy, 
are not exceptions, as the u in such words is equivalent to 
the consonant w. 

§ 15. Adding a vowel to a vowel ending. Words 
ending with a vowel sound, generally retain the letter or 
letters representing such sound before a suffix beginning 
with a vowel ; as, huzza, huzzaed ; agree, agreeable, 
agreeing ; weigh, weighing; dough, doughy; echo, echoed; 
woo, wooer ; bow, bowed; beau, beauish. Sometimes cooes, 
wooes (from coo, woo) occur, but coos, woos, as also taboos, 
shampoos, etc., are preferable. Cooed and wooed are 
proper, like other participles in -ed. 

_ Exceptions : Derivatives of words of this class ending in 
silent e, as also those of words ending in double e by adding a 
termination beginning with e, drop the final e; as, hoe, hoed; 
sue, sued; owe, owed ; free, freer, freest ; see, seer ; oversee, 
overseer; agree, agreed, agreer. The cases mentioned in 
§§ 11, 12, and 13 are also exceptions. 

§ 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more 
syllables to words ending in a double consonant com- 
monly retain both consonants ; as, tipstaff, rebuff, recall, 
befall, inthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss 
(from staff, buff, call, fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss.) 

Exceptions : The word until, always written with one I; 
also, words of this class that end in 11 are written by some, 
especially in England, with one I; as, recal, befal, inthral, 
foretel, enrol. The words distill and instill should have 
the I doubled, though often written distil and instil. 

§ 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more 
words commonly retain all letters of the simple words ; as, 
stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, wide-mouthed. 

Exceptions : Many compounds which by long use have 
acquired the force of single words. They are : some com- 
pounds of all and well; as, almighty, almost, alone, 
already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, there- 
withal, welcome, wherewithal, welfare; — compounds of 
mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, 
etc. ; — words of which the second part is full; as, artful, 
hateful, rueful, woeful, or woful ; also, the words chilblain, 
often dumfound, expire and its derivatives (cf. inspire), 
fulfill (see §16), namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, 
standish, where'er and wherever. 

PLURALS 

K^For irregular plurals, as of man, foot, brother, ox, 
deer, and for plurals of foreign words, as of datum, genus, 
index, crisis, consult the individual words in the Vocabu- 
lary. See also the Note under the word plitral in the 
Vocabulary. 

§ 18. The plural of English nouns regularly ends in 
3, or, in certain classes of words, in es. 

When the singular ends in a sound witr^which s can unite 
and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, a 
only is added in forming the plural ; as, bay, bays ; shah, 
shahs; sea, seas; tree, trees; pie, pies; Hindu, Hindus; 
woe, woes; canto, cantos; virtue, virtues; purlieu, 
purlieus; claw, claws; cab, cabs; panic, panics; bead, , 
beads; chief, chiefs; bag, bags; ache, aches; plaque, 
plaques ; lock, locks; bell, bells; cup, cups. 

Nouns ending in o generally form their plurals regularly, 
by adding s only. Some nouns ending in o preceded by 
a consonant form their plurals by adding es; as, echo, 
echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes ; motto, mot- 
toes; potato, potatoes. Those in which final o is preceded 
by a vowel form their plurals regularly ; as, cameo, cam- 
eos; punctilio, punctilios. 

As to nouns ending in i usage differs, though as a rule, 
their plurals are preferably formed by adding s only ; as, 
Maori, Maoris; rabbi, rabbis; macaroni, macaronis. 

When the singular ends in a sound (as that of ch in much, 
sh, j, s, x, or z) with which s cannot unite in pronunciation, 
but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in 
forming the plural, unless the word ends with a silent e, 
which then forms a separate syllable with the s; as, church, 
churches; rush, rushes; age, ages; edge, edges; lace, 
laces; gas, gases; class, classes; alias, aliases; marquis, 
marquises ; case, cases; box, boxes; maze, mazes. For 
classis, crisis, and like words, see § 25. 

Plural of a letter, figure, sign, etc. To express the 
plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a 
word mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter s, 
generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the 
phrases: "The two I's in all;" "The two O's in 400;" 
"Two *'s in Orion; " "He uses too many if's." Some, 
however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, as in : "The 
two la in-all;" ".Two *s in Orion ;" 'The pros and c<sn*." 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



JDQl 

§ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 

form their plurals by adding es and changing y into i ; as, 
mercy, mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; 
pity. Wties; Mary, Maries (by some Marys). This rule 
includes words ending in quy, in which u is equivalent to 
consonant w; as, colloquy, colloquies. 

Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel (except u 
having the power of w) form their plurals by adding s only: 
as, day, days; key, keys; money, moneys (see in Vocab.) ; 
■monkey, monkeys ; attorney, attorneys ; alloy, alloys. 

§ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in f or fe 

are irregularly formed by changing / or fe into ves. The 
principal examples are: life, lives; knife, knives; wife, 
wives; leaf, leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, 
beeves; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, 
elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. For the 
plurals of wharf and scarf see in Vocab. The plurals of 
hoof and turf, formerly hooves and turves, are now usually 
hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other nouns ending in 
/, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the addition of s only. 

§ 21. Plural formed by change of vowel. In the 

following nouns, the singular and the plural differ in their 
vowels : man, men; woman, women; goose, geese (gooses 
in the sense of tailor's irons) ; foot, feet ; tooth, teeth ; brother, 
brethren (see §§ 22, 23) ; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Com- 
pounds ending with these words form their plurals in the 
same way ; as, workman, workmen ; dormouse, dormice. 
Words that end in -man, but are not compounds, form their 
plurals regularly, by adding s only as, cayman, caymans; 
desman, desmans ; talisman, talismans ; German, Ger- 
mans ; Mussulman, Mussulmans ; Ottoman. Ottomans. 

§ 22. A few plurals end in -en; namely, brother, 
brethren (see §§ 21, 23); child, children; ox, oxen. The 
number of such nouns was formerly much larger. 

§ 23. Nouns having two plurals with different 
meanings. Some nouns as brother, die, pea, penny, 
cherub, cloth, genius, index, seraph, staff, stamen, have 
plurals of different forms and with different meanings. See 
these words in the Vocabulary. See also § 24. 

§ 24. Plural same as singular. Some nouns, mostly 
names of animals, have the same form in the plural as in the 
singular ; as, deer, sheep, swine, grouse, trout, etc., but 
these words and some others which ordinarily have no 
plural, as wheat, barley, have plural forms in s or es used 
to denote a number of species. See the Note under plural, 
n., in the Vocabulary. Gentile nouns in -ese have the same 
form in the plural as in the singular; as, Chinese, Portu- 
guese, Tyrolese, Japanese. 

§ 25. Foreign words. Many nouns from foreign lan- 
guages retain their original plurals ; as, datum, data ; 
criterion, criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvse; classis, 
classes (see class, pi. classes, in § IS); crisis, crises; 
matrix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 

Many words of this class, however, have also a second 
plural formed after English analogy ; as, formula, formulse 
or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus ; focus, foci or focuses ; 
index, indices or indexes; stratum, strata or stratums; 
bandit, banditti or bandits; cherub, cherubim or 
cherubs ; seraph, seraphim or seraphs. 

§ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a 
noun followed by an adjective or the like, the plural is 
commonly formed by making the same change in the noun 
as when it stands alone ; as, court-martial, courts-martial ; 
cousin-german, cousins-german ; son-in-law, sons-in- 
'iaw ; knight-errant, knights-errant (but cf. knight 

BACHELOR, KNIGHT TEMPLAR, MANSERVANT, etc., which have 

the plurals knights bachelors, knights templars, men- 
servants). When, however, the components are so closely 
joined that the compound has the force of a simple word, 
its plural is formed like that of any other word of the same 
termination ; as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. 

MISCELLANEOUS RULES. 

§ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in 
the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which good usage is 
variable. The most important of these are mentioned in 
this and the succeeding sections. 

The derivatives of villain (as villainous, villainy, etc.), 
though sometimes, esp. formerly, written villanous, 
villany, etc., now commonly retain the i, like those of other 
words ending in ain; as, mountainous, from mountain; 
captaincy, from captain; and the like. 

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- 
tion, follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, 
inflect, and reflect, though often written, esp. in England, 
connexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. 

The word, woe, though often written without the final e, 
should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable of 
similar form ; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, etc. Mono- 
syllables other than nouns and also words of more than one 
syilable omit the e; as, do, go, no, so, rxinto, motto, potato. 



ORTHOGRAPHY 



The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense, 
though often, esp. in England, spelled with c are preferably 
spelled with s, for the s is used in all their derivatives. 

The words drought and height have also often been 
written drouth and highth or hight, but these forms are 
now rare in literary usage. 

The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in prefer- 
ence to the form practise used by. many writers, esp. in 
England._ The difference in spelling between the noun and 
the verb is properly observed, in words of this kind, only in 
such as are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. 

_ § 28. -able or -ible. There is a class of adjectives ending 
either in -able or in -ible, of which a large majority have 
-able; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, navigable, 
vendible. Many of them are from Latin words in -abilis or 
-ibilis, some are from the French, and not a few are 
formed by adding the termination to English words. The 
forms in -ible are mostly words going back directly to 
Latin verbs in -ere or -ire. For English compounds, -able 
has become usual. See Note under -able, in the Vocabulary. 

% 29. en- or in-. There is a class of words beginning 
with en- or in-, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, 
ensure or insure, and the like, many of which take either 
form of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived 
from the Latin, either directly or through the French, the 
prefix in- belonging to the former language, and en- to the 
latter. See words of this class in the Vocabulary. 

§ 30. -ant or -ent. Many words ending in -ant or -ent 
were formerly spelled either way, almost indifferently ; as, 
confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, and the 
like. Present usage, however, is settled in favor of one or the 
other form in most words of this class, though not always on 
uniform principles. Thus, the abstract noun confidence 
and the adjective confident are universal, while the common 
noun is sometimes the English confident, but often the 
French confidant. The abstract noun dependence and the 
adjective dependent have almost entirely superseded 
dependance and dependant, while the noun dependant, 
formerly at least as common as dependent, has now yielded 
its place in great measure to dependent. On the other hand, 
we now have both the adjectives and the common nouns 
attendant and repentant ; and the abstract nouns attend- 
ance and repentance. 

§ 31. -er or -re. There is a class of words ending in -er 
some of which are by many, written -re; as, center, meter, 
theater, etc., often written centre, metre, theatre, etc. Acre, 
chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre retain the termi- 
nation -re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g. 
Still, we have the adjective eager, the noun eagre or eager, 
and the preposition mauger or maugre. 

§ 32. -id or -ide. There are two classes of chemical 
words ending respectively in -id or -ide and -in or -ine, in 
regard to which usage has varied. Most of them were for- 
merly written without the final e ; but now -ide is preferred 
to -id, and there is an attempt to establish a distinction 
between -in and -ine. See 2d -ine in the Vocabulary. 
The word tannin is always written without the final e. 

§ 33. -ize or -ise. Certain words ending, as pronounced, 
with the sound of long i followed by z are written with 
either -ize or -ise; as, criticize or criticise; civilize or 
civilise; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or patronise. 
These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly derived from 
Greek words ending in -L£eu>, often through the French and 
Latin (see -ize, in the Vocabulary). Those derived from 
Greek words properly have -ize ; as, anathematize, baptize, 
characterize, dramatize, tantalize. The spelling exorcise 
is, however, in common use. Those formed in an analogous 
manner from English words are also written with -ize; as, 
albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. But those 
derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or 
prise) end in -ise; as, apprise, comprise, emprise, enter' 
prise, surprise. The following are the principal English 
verbs ending in -ise: advertise, advise, affranchise, 
apprise, arise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compro- 
mise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfran- 
chise, disguise, emprise, enfranchise, exorcise, exercise, 
franchise, merchandise, premise, revise, supervise, sur- 
mise, surprise. Most of those in respect to which usage 
varies are now generally written with -ize, and there is a 
tendency to extend the use of -ize to all analogous terms. 

§ 34. mold or mould. The words mold and molt, and 
their compounds and derivatives, are entered in this Dic- 
tionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with bold, bolt, 
colt, gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Many, 
however, write these words mould and moult, etc. ; and thia 
spelling also is given in this Dictionary as alternative. 

§ 35. -or or -our. There is a numerous class of words 
almost universally written in the United Stfl*^ with the 
ending -or, many of which are written also, esp. in England, 
with -our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor* 
English usage, however, is not uniform, many of thes« 
words being spelled with -or in English bookr.. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK 



a adjective. 

ab about. 

abbr abbreviated, ab- 
breviation. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

Acous. . . .Acoustics. 

act active. 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

AF Anglo-French. 

aft after. 

Agric. . . .Agriculture. 

Alchem. .Alchemy. 

Alg Algebra. 

Am American. 

Amer. . . .American. [sis.| 

Anal Analytic, Analy- 

Anat Anatomy. 

Anc Ancient. 

Angl Anglican, -icized. 

Anglo-Ind. Anglo-Indian. 

Anthropol. Anthropology. 

Anthro- 

pom. . . .Anthropometry. 

Antiq Antiquity, -ties. 

app apparently. 

appar. ., .apparently. 

Ar Arabic. 

Arch. . . .Architecture. 

Archseol. .Archaeology. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

art article. 

AS ..Anglo-Saxon. 

Assyr. ...Assyrian. 

Astrol. . . .Astrology. 

Astron. . . .Astronomy. 

attrib attributive, at- 
tributively. 

at. wt. . . .atomic weight. 

aug augmentative. 

auxil auxiliary. 

av average. 

av., avoir, avoirdupois. 

Babylon. .Babylonian. 

Bact Bacteriology. 

Bactariol. Bacteriology. 

Bank Banking. 

bet between. 

Bib Biblical. 

Bibliog. . .Bibliography. 

Biog Biography. 

Biogeog. . Biogeography. 

Biol Biology. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

Br ,- t British. 

bu bushel. 

C Centigrade. 

Can. F. ...Canadian 
French. 

cap capital, -talize. 

Carp Carpentry. 

Cartog. ...Cartography. 

c. c. or cc. cubic centime- 
ters. 

Celt Celtic. 

Ceram. . . .Ceramics. 

cf confer (L., com- 
pare) . 

Chem. . . .Chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

Ch. of Eng. Church of Eng- 
land. 

Chr Chronicles. 

Chron. ...Chronicles. 

Class Classical. 

cm centimeter. 

coll collective. 

collect. . . .collective.. 

colloq. . . .colloquial, -ally. 

Com Commerce, -cial. 

com common, -ly. 

comb combination. 

comp compound, -ed, 

composition. 

compar. .. .comparative. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contraction, con- 
tracted, con- 
trasted. 

contract, .contraction. 

Corn Cornish. 

corresp. . .corresponding. 

corrupt. . .corruption, cor- 
rupted. 

Craniol. . . Craniology. 

Cranio m. Craniometry. 

Criminol. Criminology. 

Crit. Criticism. 



Cryst. . . . Crystallography. 
cu cubic. 

D Dutch. 

d day, denarius or 

denarii (L., 
penny, pence), 
died. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

def definitions, de- 
fined. 

deriv derivative, de- 
rived. 

dial dialectic, -tical. 

Lict Dictionary. 

dim diminutive, dim- 
inution. 

dist distinguished. 

disting. . .distinguished. 

dr dram. 

E English, East. 

East Eastern. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical. 

Eccles. . . .Ecclesiastical. 

Econ Economics. 

e. g exempli gratia 

(L., for example). 
Egypt. ...Egyptian. 
Elec Electric, -trical, 

Electricity. 
Ernbryol. .Embryology. 
emph emphasis, 

emphatic. 

Eng England. 

Engin. ...Engineering. 
Entom. ..Entomology. 

equiv equivalent. 

erron erroneous, -ly. 

esp especially. 

etc et cetera (L., and 

so forth). 
Ethnol. ..Ethnology. 

ety etymology. 

exc except. 

exel excluding. 

exclam. . .exclamation. 
Exod Exodus. 

F French. 

F., Fahr. .Fahrenheit. 

Far Farriery. 

fern feminine. 

Feud Feudal. 

fl following. 

fig figurative, -tive- 

ly, figure. 

Finn Finnish. 

For Foreign. 

form formerly. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

freq frequentative. 

ft foot, feet. 

fut future. 

G German. 

g gram. 

Gael Gaelic. 

gal gallon. 

Gaz Gazetteer. [ally.| 

gen genitive, gener-] 

Geog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Gaom. . . .Geometry. 

Ger German. 

Gr Greek. 

gr grains. 

Gram Grammar. 

Gr. Brit. .Great Britain. 
Gun Gunnery. 

H Hardness. 

h hour. 

Heb Hebrew, -brews. 

Her Heraldry. 

HG High German. 

Hind Hindustani. 

Hist History, -torical. 

Horol Horology. 

Hort Horticulture. 

h. p horse power. 

Hung Hungarian. 

Hunt Hunting. 

Hydr. ) Hydraulic, Hy- 
Hydraul. J draulics. 
Hydro. ...Hydrostatics. 
Hydros. . .Hydrostatics. 
hypoth. . .hypothetical, hy- 
pothesis. 

Icel. Icelandic. [is). I 

i. e id est (L,, that! 



Illit Illiterate. 

illust illustrated, illus- 
tration. 

imp imperial, imper- 
fect (tense), 
imperative. 

imper. . . .imperative. 

imperat. .imperative. 

in. ,* inch. 

incho. ...inchoate, -ative. 

incor incorrectly. 

Ind Indian. 

ind indicative. 

indef indefinite. 

indie indicative. 

inf., infin. infinitive. 

Ins Insurance. 

Int International. 

intens. . . .intensive. 

Inter International. 

inter j interjection. 

Internat. .International. 

Introd. . . . Int^-Viction. 

Ir Iriwi.. ..eland. 

irreg irregular. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

Jav Javanese. 

Jew Jewish. 

L Low. 

L. or Lat. .Latin. 

1 liter. 

lb pound. 

1. c lower case ; that 

is, make the 
initial a small 
letter, not a 
capital. 

LG Low German. 

LGr Low Greek. 

liq liquid. 

lit literal, -ally. 

Lit hog. ...Lithography. 

LL Late Latin, Low 

Latin. 

Log Logic. 

M Middle, Meri- 
diem (L., noon). 

m meter, minute. 

Hach Machinery. 

Malay. . . .Malayan. 

Man Manege. 

Manuf. ...Manufacture, 
-facturing. 

Mar Maritime. 

masc masculine. 

Math Mathematics, 

Mathematical, 
-matician. 

ME Middle English. 

meas measure. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine, Medi- 
cal. 

Metal. . . .Metallurgy. 

Metaph. .Metaphysics. 

Meteor. . .Meteorology. 

Meteorol. Meteorology. 

Mex Mexico, -ican. 

mf r manufacture. 

MGr Modern Greek. 

MHG Middle High 

German. 

mi mile. 

Micros. . . .Microscopy. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy, Min- 

eralogical. 

min minute. 

Moham. ..Mohammedan. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

Mythol. . . Mythology, 

N New, North. 

n noun. 

N. Am. . . .North American. 

Naut Nautical. 

Nav Navy, Naval. 

Navig Navigation. 

neut neuter. 

NGr New Greek. 

NHeb New Hebrew. 

NL New Latin. 

nom nominative. 

North. . . .Northern. 

Norw Norwegian. 

Numis. . .Numisu. :f ;s. 



O 

Obs 

Obsoles. . 
occ.occas 

OD 

ODan 

OB.or O.E. 
OF. . . . 
OHG. . 

Olr 

Olt. . . . 
OL. ... 
OP. ... 

opp. . . . 
OPruss 
Org. . . . 
Org. Chem 
orig. . 



OS 

OScand. . 
OSlav. ... 

OSp 

ow 

Oxf.E. D. 



Old. 

Obsolete. 

Obsolescent. 

.occasionally. 

Old Dutch. 

Old Danish. 

Old English. 

Old 1 rench. 

Old High Ger- 
man. 

Old Irish. 

Old Italian. 

Old Latin. 

Old Persian. 

opposed, -posite. 

Old Prussian. 

Organic, [istry. 
Organic Chem-, 

origin, original! 
originally. 

Old Style, [an. 

Old Scandinavi- 

Old Slavic. 

Old Spanish. 

Old Welsh. 

Oxford English 
Dictionary. 

ounce. 



P page, participle, 

person, [tive. 

p. a participialadjec-| 

Paint Painting. 

Paleon. . . .Paleontology. 

par paragraph. 

Pari Parliamentary. 

pass passive. 

Penol Penology. 

Per Persian. 

perh perhaps. 

Pers Persian. 

pers person. 

pert pertaining. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

Petrog. . . . Petrography. 

Pg Portuguese. 

Pharm. ..Pharmacopoeia, 
Pharmacy. 

Phil Philippians. 

Phil. I. .. .Philippine Is- 
lands. 

Philol. . . .Philology. 

Philos. . . . Philosophy. 

Phon Phonetics. 

Phonog. . . Phonography. 

Phot Photography. 

i»hotog. . . Photography. 

PLotom. .Photometry. 

Phren. . . . Phrenology. 

Phrenol. .Phrenology. 

Phys Physics, -ical. 

Phys. . . \ Physical Geog- 
Geog. J raphy. 

Physiol. . . Physiology. 

Physiol. ^Physiological 
Chem. J Chemistry. 

Phytogeo? .Phytogeography. 

pk peck. 

pl plural. 

Poet Poetic, -ical. 

Pol Polish, Political. 

Pol. Econ. Political Econ- 
omy. 

Polit Political. 

poss possessive. 

PP pages. 

p. p participle past. 

p. pr participle pres- 
ent. 

Pr Provencal. 

pr present. 

pred predicate. 

pref prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pres present. 

pret preterit, [pally. 

prin principal, princi- 

Print Printing. 

prob probably. 

pron pronoun, pro- 
nounced, pro- 
nunciation. 

pron'd. .. .pronounced. 

prop proper, -erly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prot Protestant. 

Prot. Epis. Protestant Epis- 
copal. 

Prov Proverbs. 

Psychol. ..Psychology. 

pt pint. 

Punc Punctuation. - 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



XXIV 

qt quart. \ 

R Rare. 

il.C.Ch. . Roman^Cathi >lic 
Chui 

Tefl reflexixt! 

reflex. . . . reflexivV, j [ing. I 
Ref. Sp. .Reformed Spell-| 

rel relative. 

Relig. . . . Religion. 

Rev Revelation. 

Rhet Rhetoric, -ical. 

Rem Roman. folic. | 

Rom. Cath. Roman Cath-| 

Russ Russian. 

R. V. .... .Revised Version. 

8 shilling. 

S South, Southern. 

S. Amer. .South American. 
so scilicet (L., un- 
derstood). 
Scand. . . .Scandinavian. 
Sci Science. 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 



Scot. . . 

Sculp. . 
Seismol, 
Serv. . . 
sing. . . . 
Skr. . . . 

So 

Socioi. . 

Sp 

Sp. Am. 
specif. , 
sp. gr. . 
Sport. . 

sq 

St 

subj. .. 
suff . . . . 
superl. . 
Surg. . . 
Surv. . . 

Sw 

syn. . . . 



Scottish, Scotch, 
Scotland. 

Sculpture. 

Seismology. 

Servian. 

singular. 

Sanskrit. 

South, Southern. 

Sociology. 

Spanish. [can.l 

Spanish Ameri-| 

specifically. 

specific gravity. 

Sporting. 

square. 

Saint. 

subjunctive. 

suffix. 

superlative. 

Surgery. 

Surveying. 

Swedish. 

synonym, synon- 
ymous. 



Syr Syriac. 



Tag 


. Tagalog. 




.Technical, Tech- 




nology. 


Teleg. . . 


. Telegraphy. 




. Teutonic. 


Thsat. . . 


.Theatrical. 


Theol. . 


.Theology. 


Thermo- 


\ Thermodynam- 
) ics. 


dyn. . 


Topog. . . 


.Topography 




-graphically. 


tr., trans 


. translated, trans- 




lation. 


Trig. . . . 


. Trigonometry. 




. Turkish. 


Typog. . . 


. Typography, 




-graphically. 


uncert. . . 


. uncertain. 


Univ. . . . 


.University. 


U. S. 


.United States. 



V. ....... .verb. 

var variauc. 

var variable, vari- 
ance, variety. 

vb. n verbal noun. 

Ver. ..... .Version. 

Vet Veterinary. 

Veter. . . .Veterinary. 

V. i verb intransitive. 

vi2 videlicet (L., 

namely). 

Vocab. . . .Vocabulary. 

V. t verb transitive. 

W ...Welsh, West. 

West Western. 

wh which. 

wk week. 

yd yard. 

Zoogeog. . Zoogeography. 
Zool Zoology. 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 



Pronunciation. A part or the whole of a pronunciation 
is often omitted when it is the same as that of a word imme- 
diately preceding and may be readily supplied from such 
preceding entry. 

The accentuation only is given for some compound words, 
and for some derivatives ending in common suffixes such as 
-ess ; -est, -ing, -ist, -less, -like, -ness, -ship, if the pronun- 
ciation is perfectly regular and can therefore easily be 
learned from the separate parts. 

Figures within the parentheses with the pronunciation refer 
to sections of the Guide to Pronunciation, pp. viii-xviii. 

Preferred Forms of Spelling or Pronunciation. When 
two or more forms of spelling or of pronunciation are re- 
corded the general rule has been to place first the one that 
has been selected as preferable. Each form entered, how- 
ever, has the support of good usage, and in some cases this 
usage is nearly or quite equally divided. Specific variations 
of usage have been indicated by limiting words, as also, 
often, sometimes (see conch, oleomargarine, patent, 
trait). When, instead of a definition, there is a cross 
reference (introduced by =, by Var. of, or by See) to 
another spelling, the form referred to is the one preferred. 

Capitalization. When a word should begin with a capi- 
tal letter in writing or print, the vocabulary entry of this 
word begins with a capital. Where, in a specific use, a dif- 
erent style from that shown by the vocabulary entry is to 
be followed, [cap.] (meaning a capital initial) or [/. c] 
(meaning a lower case or small initial) is inserted at the 
definition affected. Thus Italic, a. in sense 1 should begin 
with a capital, but in sense 2 a small letter is preferred. 

Hyphened Words. Words that are to be written or 
printed with a hyphen have this hyphen indicated by a 
mark (— ) longer and heavier than the short, light hyphen (-) 
used to show division into syllables ; as in ab'sent— mind'ed, 
light'-heart'ed-ness. 

Principal parts of verbs are given in small capitals after 
the vocabulary titles, except when the parts are regularly 
formed by the simple addition of_ -ed or -d and -ing (see 
Rules for Spelling, pp. xxi-xxii). 

Plurals are given whenever they are irregular in form or 
When, from analogy, an irregular form might be expected. 
See Rules for Spelling, pp. xxi-xxii. 

See plural, after such words as fish, deer, quail, trout, 
etc., refers to the Note under the word plural in the Vo- 
cabulary for information as to the two plural forms in use 
and the differences in their meanings. 

See -ics, as at mathematics, gymnastics, refers to the 
entry at -ics for information as to the use of words with this 
ending both as singular and plural. 

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives 
are given in small capitals after the vocabulary word except 
where these forms are made by the simple addition of -er 
and -est or by the use of more and most. 

Adjectives usually compared by adding -er and -est are : 
a Those of one syllable ; as, big, gay, small, b Those of two 
syllables accented on the final and not ending in a consonant 
- group ; as, polite, severe, serene, c Many adjectives of two 
syllables accented on the first, especially such as end in 
w, y, or le ; as, narrow, happy, simple. 

Many adjectives that are usually compared by adding -er 
and -est are often compared with more and most for euphony, 
emphasis, etc. 

Adjectives that end in silent e drop the e before the 
endings -er and -est ; thus, late, later, latest. Those that 
end in y preceded by a consonant change ths y to * before 
*ihe endings ; thus, sunny, sunnier, sunniest. 

Adjectives that are usually compared with more and 



most are : a Those of more than two syllables ; as, ignorant, 
amiable, prodigal, b Those of two syllables ending in a 
consonant group ; as, distinct, correct, ancient, frequent* 
But some such adjectives, often used in comparison, as 
pleasant, cunning, usually take -er and -est. C Those ending 
m-ful; as, mournful, careful; those ending in -ive; as, 
active; many ending in -ed and -ing ; as, wretched, daring. 

Etymologies are printed within brackets [ ]. The fol- 
lowing familiar conventions are used : 

1. In the etymology the words in italic type are those, 
whether English or foreign, from which the vocabulary 
word is derived. Definitions of the italicized words are in 
roman type. Example: scallion, n. [OF. escalone, fr. L. 
caepa Ascalonia onion of Ascalon.] 

2. A label, as F., G., It., which indicates a language, ap- 
plies to all following italicized words until another label is 
reached. If the language of the first italicized word is un- 
specified it is English. Example: saturate, v. t. [L. 
saturatus, p. p. of saturare to saturate, fr. satur sated.] 

3. When the only etymology is [F.], [L.], or the like, or 
where the etymology begins with F. or L., followed by a 
comma, the source word in French or Latin is spelled in the 
same way as the English word. Example: delicatessen, 
n. pi. [G., fr. F. delicatesse.'] 

4. Any prefix or suffix used without definition will be found 
defined in its alphabetical place. Example: dictograph, n. 
[L. dictum a thing said +- graph."] 

5. The history of a word is in general traced back as far 
as it can be with certainty. Thus if a Middle English word 
is the only etymology given, the source of the Middle Eng- 
lish word is either unknown or doubtful. Example : shal- 
low, a. [ME. schalowe.'] 

In accordance with these conventions then, the etymology 
of impugn [F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare ; in against + 
pugnare to fight.] will be read as follows: "impugn is 
from the French impugner, which is derived from the Latin 
impugnare, which is itself made up of the Latin words in 
meaning ' against' and pugnare meaning ' to fight.' " 
Similarly, that of curfew [OF. covrefeu; covrir to cover 
+ feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] will be rendered " curfew 
is from the Old French covrefeu, which is derived from the 
Old French covrir meaning ' to cover ' and feu meaning 
1 fire ' ; feu is from the Latin focus meaning ' hearth.' " 

Certain derivatives are run on after the primitive word 
when the meaning may easily be gathered from the mean- 
ing of the suffix and that of the primitive. Each suffix so 
used, as -er, -hood, -ic, -ment, -ness, -ship, is fully defined 
in its vocabulary place. 

Music, Scot., Archaic, Colloq., or a similar label, 
when preceding the first numbered definition of a word 
applies to all of the definitions ; when preceding a group of 
definitions distinguished by a, b, C, etc., it applies to the 
entire group (see skep, sue, 3). Otherwise, such a label ap- 
plies only to the definition to which it is joined. Both or All 
may precede a label (as, Both Obs.) to show that it applies 
to two or more parts of speech, as a noun and a verb, dejined 
under one vocabulary title (see splutter). 

|l prefixed to a vocabulary word indicates that this word 
is from a foreign language and that it would ordinarily be 
printed in italic letters when used in English ; as, || a'.ban'- 
don', n., || an'no Do'mi-ni. 

X 2, X 6, i, |, or the like, inserted at an illustratioii 
indicates that a picture is twice, six times, one half, one 
sixth, etc., as long and as high as the original. 

= preceding a word in small capitals indicates that the 
vocabulary word has the same meaning as the word in small 
capitals and that the latter is the preferred form. 



ADDENDA 



B 



• Words marked with the asterisk have other definitions in the main vocabulary 
da'bri' (a/bre'), re.; pi. abris. [F., a shelter.] A shelter, 



as a dugout, a shed, or a cavity in a hillside 

ace*, re. An aviator in the French army who has brought 
down five enemy machines within the French lines and, as 
a result, has been named in official communications ; also, 
any aviator of similar achievements ; as, an American ace, 
British ace, German ace. 

ac'i-du'sis (as'i-do'sis), re. [NL. ; E. acid + -cms.] Med. A 
condition of acidity ; specif., a form of auto-intoxication 
due to the accumulation in the blood of certain fatty acids. 

air'drome' (ar'drom'), re. [air + -drome.'] An aerodrome. 

air fleet. Aeronautics. A group or assemblage of aircraft ; 
esp., a large group of military aircraft under a single com- 
mand ; also, the collective military aircraft of a nation. 

air'plane' (ar'plan'), re. = aeroplane, in the Dictionary. 

air raid. A raid made by one or more military aircraft, 
esp. for destruction by dropping bombs. — air raider. 

air'wor'thy (ar'wur'thi), a. Aeronautics. Fit or qualified 
for operation in the air ; esp., as said of an aeroplane or air- 
ship, having both stability and controllability. 

al-tim/e-ter*, n. An instrument that indicates the altitude 
at which it is at any (given) time, as an aneroid barometer 
arranged to indicate the altitude on its dial. 

an'a-phy-lax'is (an'd-fl-lak'sis), n. [NL. ; E. ana-+ -phy- 
laxis as in prophylaxis.] Med. Excessive susceptibility ; 
esp., acute susceptibility to an albuminous substance in a 
person recently subjected to the influence of the same sub- 
stance. Serum sickness, hay fever, and urticaria following 
the eating of shellfish, strawberries, etc., are now regarded 
as manifestations of anaphylaxis. — an/a-phy-lac'tic, a. 

a-no'ci-as-so'ci-a'tion (d-no'si^so'si-a'shun ; -shi-a'- 
shren), n. [a- not + L. nocere to injure + E. association.] 
Med. A method of anesthetization which aims to minimize 
surgical shock. The patient is given a preliminary dose of 
morphine and scopolamine, and then anaesthetized with, 
usually, a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen. During 
the operation every sensitive tissue that is to be cut is 
locally anaesthetized with novocaine. 

an'ti-air'craft' (an'tT-ar'kraftO, a. Mil. Used for defense 
against aircraft, as a gun, battery, shell, etc. ; — said esp. 
of a semiautomatic gun firing shrapnel, and capable of 
very high elevation. 

an'ti-se'rum (an'ti-se'nim), n. Med. A serum, containing 
specific antibodies, which is obtained from the blood of a 
lower animal that has been subjected to repeated doses of 
a microorganism in amounts insufficient to cause death. 
Antiserums are especially serviceable in diphtheria,, teta- 
nus, and cerebrospinal meningitis. 

An/zac (an'zak), a. [Formed from the initials of Austra- 
lian and New Zealand Army Corps.] Belonging or per- 
taining to the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. 
Colloq. — re. A member of this corps. Colloq. 

Ar'chi-bald (ar'chi-bold), re. [The proper name Archi- 
bald.] A German mobile antiaircraft gun ; hence, any 
antiaircraft gun; — often abbr. to Ar'chie (-chi). Slang. 

atomic number. Physics & Chem. A number supposed 
to be that of the positive electric charges carried by the 
atom of a given chemical element. Atomic numbers are 
intimately related to atomic weights, but are regarded as 
even more fundamental. They form a series (with a few 
gaps unfilled) of consecutive _ whole numbers, beginning 
with 1 for hydrogen, 2 for helium, 3 for lithium, etc., and 
ending with 92 for uranium. [omnibus. I 

au'to-bus' (Q'to-buV), re. [auto- + bus.] An automobile | 

au'to-mo'tive (-mo'tiv), a. \_auto — |- -motive as in loco- 
motive.] Self-propelling ; automobile ; hence, of, pert, to, 
or concerned with, vehicles or machines (as automobiles, 
aeroplanes, motor boats, etc.) that are self-propelling. 

au'to-truck' (6'to-truk'), re. [auto- + truck.] An auto- 
mobile truck. 

a'vi-ette' (a'vl-et'), re. A heavier-than-air flying machine 
using motive power furnished solely by the aviator, as by 
means of pedals. [air flying machine ; an aeroplane. I 

Ha'vion' (a'vyoN'), n. ; pi. avtons. [F.] A heavier-than-| 



back'swept'tbak'swept 7 ), a. Aeronautics. Of an aeroplane 



wing, having the leading edge inclined backward and out- 
ward from the body so that it forms an angle with the 
lateral axis of the machine. 

ba'ke-lite (ba'ke-lit), re._ [After Leo Hendrik Baekeland, 
Belgian- American chemist (1863- ), its discoverer.] A 
product obtained in the condensation of phenols and form- 
aldehyde, of high electrical and chemical resistance, used 
similarly to hard rubber and celluloid and in other ways. 

ba'la-lai'ka (ba'la-ll'ka), re. [Russ.] Music. A Russian 
guitarlike instrument with a triangular wooden body and 
from two to four, but typically three, strings. 

battle cruiser. A warship which is equipped with guns of 
the same caliber as those carried by a battleship, but is 
generally less heavily armed and armored than the latter, 
and capable of greater speed. 

bat'tle-plane' (bat'l-plan'), re. A fast, high-powered, mili- 
tary aeroplane, mounting a gun or guns, and designed 
especially for encounters with hostile aeroplanes. 

ber'lin'* (bur'lin'), re. Spelt also berline. Automobiles. 
A limousine with the driver's seat completely inclosed. 

Ber'tha (bur'thd; G. ber'ta), re. [With allusion to Frau 
Berta (or Bertha) Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, head 
of the Krupp steel works, which makes most of the large 
guns of the German army.] Any of certain German guns of 
very large bore, as those used in reducing Belgian and 
French fortresses by the Germans ; — often used with a de- 
scriptive adjective, as big, busy, etc. Slang. 

black Maria.* A gun shell the bursting charge of which is 
an explosive, such as trinitrotoluene, which does not con- 
tain within itself enough oxygen for complete combustion, 
so that on bursting it emits much dense smoke. Slang. 

blight'y (bllt'i), re. [Hind, wildyat (foreign) country, 
England ; cf. wildyatl, bilati, European, English ; fr. Ar. 
wildyat province, country.] England.— adv. To England. 
Both British Soldiers' Slang. 

blimp (blimp), re. A small dirigible balloon consisting of 
an elongated gas container with a suspended fuselage, like 
that of an aeroplane, which carries the power plant, pro- 
peller, etc., as well as the pilot and several passengers. 

|| Boche (bosh), re. ; pi. Boches. [F., slang, prob. shortened 
fr. F. caboche head, and hence a hard-headed or thick- 
headed man, a stupid man.] A German. Slang. 

Bol'she-vik'ism (bol'she-vek'iz'm), re. Bolshevism. 

Bol'she-vism (bol'she-viz'm), re. The doctrine or practice 
of the Bolsheviki. — Bol'she-vist (-vist), re. & a. 

bomb, v. t. To drop bombs upon, as from an aircraft. 

I! Bosche (bosh), re. Germanized form of Boche. Slang. 

II bri'sance' (bre'zaNs'). n. [From F. brisant, p. pr. of 
briser to break.] The shattering effect shown by such 
explosives as nitroglycerin and guncotton. 

|| bri / sant / (bre'zaN'), a. [F.] Causing brisance. 

brough'am* (broo'um ; broom ; bro'um), re. Automobiles. 
a An electric automobile having a closed body like that of 
a coupe, but usually somewhat larger with accommodations 
for four or five passengers, b A gasoline-driven automobile 
having a body like that of a limousine but without a roof 
over the driver's seat. 

bunk (burjk), n. False, misleading, or empty speech or ex- 
pression ; trash ; humbug ; buncombe. Colloq. or Slang. 

cab'ri-O-let'* (kab'ri-6-la'), re. An automobile somewhat 
resembling a coupe in appearance and capacity, but having 
a folding top and disappearing panels of glass in the 
sides. 

Cadet' (kd-def), re. [Russ. Kadet, pi. Kadeti, fr. K. Dti, 
that is, K. D.'s, abbr. of Konstitutsionalnyie Demokrati 
Constitutional Democrats.] In Russian politics, a member 
of the Constitutional Democratic party (which see, below). 

cal'i-brate*, v. t. Gunnery. To adjust the powder charge 
and sights of (a battery of guns) by the data obtained from 
actual firing, so that for a given range, as indicated on the 
sights, all projectiles fired from that battery will strike at 
the same distance. 



H 



J 



K 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 

, Copyright, 1918, by G. & C. Merriam Co. 



M 



XXVI 

cal'0-rie*, n. Dietetics. The large, or great, calorie (see 
calorie, in the Dictionary) used as a unit in expressing 
the fuel or energy value of food ; also, a quantity of food ca- 
pable, when consumed, of producing such an amount of 
energy. [often of lace. I 

cam'i-SOle*, n. A kind of short chemise or corset cover, | 

ca'mou'flage' (ka'mco'flazh' ; kam'oo-flaW), v. t.; ca.'- 
mou'flaged' (-flazhd' ; -fliizhd') ; -flag'ing (-flazh'ing ; 
-flaWing). To disguise by camouflage. 

|| ca'mou'fleur' (-flur'), n. ; pl. -fleurs. A person employed 
or skilled in the work of camouflage. 

ca-nard'* (ka-nard' ; F. ka/nar'), n. A type of pusher 
aeroplane (see pusher, below) having the elevator, rudder, 
etc., in front of the supporting planes instead of to the rear. 

ca-pac'i-tive (kd-pas'i-tiv), a. Elec. Of or pert, to (elec- 
tric) capacity. — capacitive coupling, Wireless Teleg., 
coupling by means of condensers. 

captive balloon. A balloon restrained from free flight by 
means of a rope or cable, as for military observation. _ Cf . 
kite balloon, below. [carbureting. I 

car'bu-re'tion (klir'bu-resh'un), n. The act or process of | 

cat'er-pillar*, n., or, more fully, caterpillar tractor. A 
tractor which travels upon two endless belts, one on each 
side of the machine, kept in motion by cogged driving 
wheels so that the tractor moves forward with the revolu- 
tion of the belts, which carries it over very rough or swampy 
ground, up steep grades, and even across ditches or trenches 
of considerable depth. 

cen-ta'vo (sen-ta'vo), n. ; pi. -vos (-voz). [Pg.] A Portu- 
guese coin worth 1/109 of an escudo. 

|| Char'nieuse' (shar'mih'), n.; pi. -meuses. [F.] A soft 
smooth silk fabric, having a satinlike surface. 

chas'er* (chas'er), n. Aeronautics. A small, light, usually 
single-seated military aeroplane of great speed and climb- 
ing power, used in repelling hostile aircraft. 

Chau-tau'qua (shd-to'kwd), n. [often I. c] An assembly 
for educational purposes conducted more or less on the plan 
of the summer schools at Chautauqua, N. Y. ; hence, an ed- 
ucational entertainment or a series of such entertainments, 
often held out of doors, in a tent, etc. 

chord*, n. Aeronautics. The straight line subtending the 
arc of an aerocurve ; hence, the dimension of any aerofoil 
between the leading edge and trailing edge. Cf. span. 

cin'e-ma (sm'e-md), n. [Short for cinematograph.'] A 
moving picture ; photoplay ; also, moving pictures collec- 
tively. Chiefly British. 

Clo'ver-leaf (klo'ver-lef), n. [So called because the ground 
plan of the seat arrangement suggests the shape of a clover 
leaf.] Automobiles. A three- or four-passenger roadster 
having two individual front seats with a passageway be- 
tween giving access to a rear seat, the only entrances to 
the car being at the front seats. See roadster, in Diet. 

com'bi-na'tion*, n. A one-piece undergarment combining 
corset cover with drawers or petticoat, or, as in the union 
suit, constituting undervest and drawers. 

|| com/mu'ni'oue' (ko'mti'ne'ka/), n- ; pl. -ques. [F.] A 
communication or piece of information given out officially. 

Con'gress-wom/an (kor/gres-woom'an), n. A woman who 
is a member of the Congress of the United States. 

Constitutional Democrat. In Russian politics, a member 
of a party {Constitutional Democratic party)loxmz& about 
1905 by a fusion of the group favoring autonomy for Poland 
and a federal constitution for the Russian empire with the 
(so-called) "Independence Party" formed by political 
exiles at Paris in 1903. The Constitutional Democrats 
are mostly of the middle class (bourgeoisie). Cf. cadet, 
above. 

con-vert'i-ble*, a. Automobiles. Changeable from a closed 
to an open style ; — said of an automobile body with a per- 
manent or a folding top whose side windows and stanchions 
may be entirely removed. 

CO-ro'na*, n. Elec. The visible glow in which the discharge 
from a conductor is manifested when the potential of the 
conductor is above a certain critical value, depending upon 
the size and shape of the conductor and upon the density 
of the air or surrounding medium. 

COU'pe'* (koo'pa'), n. An automobile having an inclosed 
body of one compartment usually seating two to three per- 
sons, including the driver. Sometimes there is a fourth seat 
facing backward. 

COU'pe-let' (koo / pa-la , ) i n. = cabriolet, above. 

1COU / tu'rier'(koo / tii / rya , ),n., prop. masc. \[F.] A dress- 
COU'tu'riere' (-ryar'), n. fern. J maker; modiste. 

curtain fire, curtain of fire. Mil. A barrage. 

Czech'0-Slo-vak' (chek'6-slo-vak'; -slo'vak), a. Of or 
pert. to. or belonging to, the group or people consisting of 
the Czechs (of northern Austria) and Slovaks (of northern 
Hungary) who united in action as being one people en- 
titled to a separate national existence, and, in 1915, or- 
ganized a provisional government, which later, during the 
Great War, was recognized by the United States, Great 



ADDENDA 



Britain, France, and others of the Allies. — n. A member 
of this group or people. 

dac'ty-lo-gram' (dak'ti-16-gra.m'), n. tdactylo- + -gram.'] 
An impression taken from a finger ; a fingerprint, esp. one 
used as a means of identification. 

dac'ty-log'ra-phy*, n. The scientific study of fingerprints, 
or dactylograms, as a means of identification. 

|| de / ca / lage / (da / ka / lazh / ), n. [F., fr. decaler + -age.] Dif- 
ference in angle of incidence between two aerofoils of an 
aircraft, as between the upper and lower wing of a biplane, 

-or between a main supporting plane and a tail. 

de-cel'er-ate (de-sel'er-at), v. t. [de- + accelerate.] Mech. 
To retard ; to apply negative acceleration to. — v. i. To 
move with decreasing velocity ; to have negative accelera- 
tion. — de-ceFer-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 

de-code' (de-kod'), v. t. [de- + code.] To translate (a 
message in code) into ordinary language. 

de-crem'e-ter (de-krem'e-ter ; dek're-me'ter), n. [Prob. 
decrement -f- -meter.] Elec. An instrument for measuring 
the damping (impeding) of electrical oscillations, particu- 
larly in apparatus for wireless telegraphy. 

depth*, n. The perpendicular distance from the chord of 
an aerocurve to the farthest point of an arched surface. 

de-tec'ta-graph (de-tek/td-graf), n. = detectaphone. 

de-tec'ta-phone (-td-fon), n. Elec. A telephonic apparatus 
with an attached microphone transmitter, used esp. for 
listening secretly to private conversation, as in order to 
secure evidence for use in court. 
I2F 3 Detectaphone is a trade-mark name. 

di'na-mode (di'nd-mod), n. Mech. A practical unit of 
work equal to the work required to raise one ton one meter 
against the force of gravity. 

di-ni'tro-cePlu-lose (dl-nl'tro-sel'u-los), n. [1st di- + ni- 
tro- + cellulose.] A form of guncotton. 

dive*, v. i. Aeronautics. To descend or fall precipitately 
at an angle greater than that at which the aeroplane will 
glide to earth, so that the descent is with an increasing 
momentum. 

drift*, n. 1. A kind of large fishing net that drifts with the 
tide. 2. Aeronautics. The resistance to flight offered by 
the supporting surface of an aerofoil ; — disting. from lift. 

drift'er*, n. Specif., a boat engaged in, or of a type used in, 
drift fishing (see drift, n., 1, above). Many drifters, and 
other fishing boats were used during the Great War in the 
British coast defense, as against U-boats. 

drome (drom), n. Short for aerodrome. Slang. 

drum'fire' (drum'flrO, n. The firing of, or discharge of 
projectiles from, a machine gun or machine guns; — so 
called from the drumlike sound. 

dry farming. Agric. Production of crops without irriga- 
tion in regions of low or otherwise insufficient rainfall, 
principally by tillage methods conserving soil moisture and 
by the use of drought-resistant crops. 

dump*, n. In the Great War, a place for piling up sup- 
plies, as of shells or other ammunition, for distribution ; 
also, the supplies themselves when so deposited. 

du'ra-lu'min (du^rd-lu'min), n. [A trade name.] Metal. 
An alloy of aluminium, comparable in strength and hard- 
ness to soft steel, consisting of 95.5 parts of aluminium to 
3 parts of copper, 1 of manganese, and 0.5 of magnesium. 

du've-tyn' (doo've-ten'), n. Also spelt duvetine. [F. duvet 
down.] Any of several soft textile fabrics, as of wool or 
silk, having a long plushlike nap. 

dys-gen'ic (dis-jen'ik), a. [dys- + -genie] Eugenics. 
Detrimental to the race or tending to counteract racial 
improvement through the exertion of a degenerative influ- 
ence in the propagation of offspring. 

ef-fec'tor (e-fek'ter), n. Biol. An organ in which the spe- 
cific effect of a nervous reaction is manifested. 

e-lec'tro-bus / (e-lek'tro-biisO, n. [electro- + bus.] An 
electrically propelled omnibus. Colloq. 

elk*, n. Leather Trade. A light, very flexible, chrome- 
tanned calf leather, used especially in sporting shoes. 

en'do-crine (en'do-krTn), a. [endo- + Gr. KpLveiv to sepa- 
rate.] Med. Secreting internally ; — applied esp. to organs 
whose only known function is to secrete into the blood or 
lymph a substance which acts chemically upon a specific 
organ or organs. Endocrine organs include the thyroid 
and parathyroid glands, the suprarenal capsules, the pitui- 
tary body, and the pineal gland. 

|| en'tente' (aVtaNt'), n. [F.] An understanding. — the 
Entente. = Triple Entente, in the Diet. 

entering edge. Aeronautics. The anterior edge of an aero- 
foil ; — called also leading edge. 

II es'ca-drille' (eVka-dnl' ; F. properly es'ka.'dre'y'), n.; 
pl. -drilles. [F., dim. of escadre squadron, or fr. It. squa- 
driglia.] Mil. In the French army a division of the flying 
corps comprising a personnel of aviators, mechanics, etc., 
end an equipment of aeroplanes and accessories sufficient 
for the maintenance of six machines in active service. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ADDENDA 



feed'stuff' (fed'stuf'), n. Any agricultural product, as oats 
or alfalfa, used to feed cattle or other live stock. 

fem'i-nism*, n. The theory, cult, or practice of those who 
hold that present laws, conventions, and conditions of so- 
ciety should admit of and further the free and full develop- 

- l ment of woman; also, the propaganda for securing such 
charges as will effect this. — fem'i-nist, n. & a. — feml- 
nis'tic (-nis'tik), a. 

fet'e-ri'ta (fet'e-re'td), n. An African sorghum of dwarf 
stature, related to durra and milo. It is grown in the United 
States as a dry-land crop. Called also Sudan durra. 

film*, n. Moving Pictures. A photographic film in the 
form of a flexible strip, used in making either negatives or 
positives (which latter are used for projection) ; hence, such 
a negative or positive; also, a moving picture, or, fig., 
moving pictures collectively. 

film*, v. t. Moving Pictures. To photograph on a film for 
use in the cinematograph. 

fin'ger-print' (fin'ger-printO, n. An impression made by 
a finger or thumb, esp. a print made by the inside of the 
first joint showing its characteristic lineation, or marking. 
This lineation varies with the individual and is unchanged 
throughout life, hence, fingerprints are now widely used as 
a means of identification. Cf. dactylogram, above. 

Flag Day. In the United States, the 24th of June, the anni- 
versary of the day, in 1777, on which Congress formally 
adopted the Stars and Stripes as the national flag. 
i flat'ten*, v. i. — to flatten out, Aeronautics, to manipu- 
late an aeroplane so as to bring its longitudinal axis paral- 
lel with the ground, as after a climb or a dive; of an aero- 
plane, to assume such a position. 

fla'vlne (fla'vin ; -ven), n. Chem. A yellow crystalline base, 
C13H12N2O, used as an antiseptic. It is bactericidal in a 
high degree, not irritant to tissues, and has but little harm- 
ful effect upon the action of leucocytes. 

fle'chette' (fla'shet'), n. ; pi. -chettes. [F., dim. of fleche 
arrow.] A small steel dart with a shaft of cross-shaped 
cross section, to be dropped from an aeroplane as a missile. 

fleet*, n. A group of aircraft or vehicles likened to a fleet of 
, vessels ; as, a fleet of ambulances. Cf . air fleet, above. 

flight*, n. In the (British) Royal Flying Corps, a division 
of the air fleet equivalent to one third of a squadron. 

fliv'ver (flTv'er), n. 1. A small and inexpensive automobile ; 
hence, anything small of its kind and insignificant. Slang. 
2. A fizzle ; a failure ; as, the show was a flivver. Slang. 

fourth arm. Mil. That branch of the military service which 
consists of the air service, or flying corps, as distinguished 
from the infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Colloq. 

Freud'i-an (froi'dT-an), a. Of or pert, to, or according with, 
the theories or practices of Dr. Sigmund Freud (pron. froit) 
(1856- ) of Vienna, in regard esp. to the causes and 
proper treatment of hysteria (see psychanalysis, in Diet.), 
the interpretation of dreams, and various other psycho- 
pathic and neurological phenomena. — Freud'i-an-ism, n. 

Fritz (frits), n. a A German shell; also, an early type of 
German battleplane. Slang, b A German soldier. Slang. 

Geor-gette' cr§pe', or geor-gette' (jor-jef), n. [Named 
after Mme. Georgette, a French modiste.] A kind of thin, 
more or less transparent, silk crepe of very fine texture. 

glaze*, n. Specif., Meteor ol., the coating that forms when 
cold rain comes in contact with strongly chilled terrestrial 
objects ; sleet ; — called glazed frost by the British Mete- 
orological Office. U. S. Weather Bureau. 

graph'al-loy' (graf'a-loi'), n. [graphite + alloy.] Metal. 
A substance consisting of graphite impregnated with mol- 
ten metal under hydraulic pressure. It is made into bush- 
ings (often used without oil) .electrical contacts,brushes, etc 



gray'fish/ 



The common dogfish ; — often so called 



since it has been found to be of value as food. 

gro'ce-te'ri-a (gro'se-te'ri-d/gro'sa-ta-re'aO.n. [grocery -f- 
c&ieteria.] A grocery store in which the customers help 
themselves to goods and pay the cashier as they leave ; — 
sometimes spelt grocerteria. Cant. 

gy'ro (jl'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). Short for gyroscope (see 
in the Dictionary), gyrocompass (see below), etc. Colloq. 

gy'ro-com'pass (jI'ro-kum / pds), n. [gyro — \- compass.'] 
Elec. A form of continuously driven gyroscope used as a 
compass, being mounted so as to have complete freedom 
of motion so that its axis maintains its absolute direction 
without change ; — called also gyrostatic compass. 

head resistance. Aeronautics. Resistance to flight offered 
by the body, chassis, load, etc., of an aircraft, exclusive of 
drift, or resistance of the main supporting surface or sur- 
faces ; — called also structural, or parasite, resistance. 

Hoo'ver-ize (hoo'yer-Tz), v. t. & i. [From Herbert Clark 
Hoover, commissioner of food administration in U. S.] 
To save ; economize ; be sparing in the use of, as food. — 

. Hoo'ver-ism (-iz'm), n. Both Slang or Colloq. 

Hud'son seal'. The fur of the muskrat dyed the color of seal. 



XXV11 

hy'dro-mon'o-plane' (hl'drS-moVo-plan'), n. [hydro- + 
monoplane.'] A hydro-aeroplane having but one main 
supporting plane. 

im'ag-ist (Tm'aj-Tst), n. Any of a certain group of modern 
poets, including Amy Lowell (1874- ), John Gould 
Fletcher (188G- ), and others, who compose chiefly in 
vers libre and declare for absolute liberty as to choice of 
subject matter, but, unlike the symbolists, eschew the mys- 
tical and the vague and endeavor to express their ideas and 
emotions through a unified succession of clear, precise im- 
ages. — im'ag-ism (-iz'm), n. 

in'cli-nom'e-ter*, n. Any of various instruments or devices 
for indicating the inclination to the horizontal of an axis 
(esp. the fore-and-aft axis) of an aircraft. 

in'phase' (In'faz'), a. Elec. Being of the same phase; as, 
the inphase component of an alternating current is the 
component of current having the same phase as the electro- 
motive force, that is, the two have the maximum value at 
the same instant. 

in'ter-plane 7 (Tn'ter-planO, a. [inter- -\- plane.] Situated 
or extending between planes, esp. the planes of an aero- 
plane ; as, interplane struts, wiring, etc. 

jam*, v. t. Spelt also jamb. Wireless Teleg. To render 
(wireless signals) unintelligible by sending out from another 

_ instrument, other (meaningless) signals or wave impulses. 

jazz band (jaz). Music. A kind of eccentrically composed 
band which usually plays ragtime music ; — so called from a 
(self-styled) Jazz Band, which was composed of the drums, 
cymbals, etc., a trombone, cornet, clarinet, and piano. 

jit-neur' (jit-nur'), n. One who is engaged in driving or 
running a jitney. Colloq. 

Ju'gO-Slav' (yoo'go-slaV), n. A south Slav. 

ka'o-li-ang' (ka'o-le-ang'), n. [Chin.] Agric. Any of a 
group of grain-producing sorghums of eastern Asia, with 
spreading or compact panicles and a dry pith. Some have 
recently been used in the United States as dry-land crops. 

ken'o-tron (ken'6-tron),n. [Gr. nevos empty + -tron as in 
electron.] Elec. A rectifier, for high-tension alternating 
currents, consisting of a discharge tube exhausted to a high 
vacuum, with an incandescent filament as cathode and an 
anode usually of tungsten or molybdenum. 

kin'e-ma-col'or, kin'e-ma-ccl'our (kTn'e-md-kul'er), n. 
[A tradename.] A patented process for producing moving 
pictures in approximately natural colors by means of two- 
color photography and the projection of the positives alter- 
nately through red and green filters. 

ki-ne'tq-phone (kT-ne'to-fon ; kT-), n. A machine combin- 
ing a kinetoscope and a phonograph synchronized so as to 
reproduce a scene with its accompanying sounds. 

kite balloon. A captive balloon so constructed as to be 
held against the wind somewhat like a kite ; esp., an elon- 
gated cylindrical balloon (called also sausage balloon, kite 
sausage, or sausage) of this kind having hemispherical 
ends and, at the rear, an air bag or pocket which fills auto- 
matically and serves to hold the balloon approximately 
stationary. 

kon-seal' (kon-sel'), n. [A trade name.] Med. A form of 
cachet or capsule for inclosing a dose of medicine that is 
offensive, caustic, or the like. 

|| Kul-tur' (kool-toor'), n. [G]. Culture. English use of the 
word Kultur reflects the belief that by deutsche Kultur 
(German culture) German writers express political ideals 
and nationalistic ambitions along with other elements. 

ky'ack (ki'ak), n. A pack sack to be swung on either side 
of a packsaddle. Western U. S. 

lan'dau-let'* (lan'do-leV ; in this sense often lan'do-la'), n. 
Automobiles. A limousine or brougham with top divided 
and back collapsible, permitting the rear part of the pas- 
senger's compartment to be thrown open. 

leading edge (led'Tng). = entering edge, above. 

Len'in-ite (len'i-nlt), n. A follower of Nikolay Lenin 
(1870- ), a Russian Social Democrat and publicist, a 
strict adherent to Marxian socialism and leader of the 
Bolsheviki from 1904. 

|| li'ai'son'* Qe'a'zoN'), n. Mil. A harmonious working rela- 
tion established by means of signals, cavalry, etc., or now 
especially by means of balloons and aeroplanes, between 
separate bodies of troops operating at a distance, so that 
they can act together or consistently. 

lift,* n. Aeronautics. The vertical component of the air 
pressure upon an aerofoil. Cf. drift, above. 

|| lon'ge'ron' (lQN'zha'roN' ; lon'jer-on), n. ; pi. -rons. [F.] 
Aeronautics. Any of the main longitudinal members of a 
fuselage. 

lou'ver* (loo'ver), n. Automobiles. Any of a row of elon- 
gated, more or less vertical, openings in the side of a hood, 
facilitating the escape of heated air from within. 



B 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals! 




xxviii ADDENDA 

mac'ro-graph (mak'ro-graf), n. {macro- + -graph.] A 
picture of an object as seen by the naked eye (that is, un- 
magnified) ; as, a macrograph of a metallic fracture. 

ma-crog'ra-phy* (md-krog'rd-fi),tt. Examination or study 
with the naked eye, as distinguished from micrography. 

mac'ro-phys'ics (mak'ro-fiz'iks),™. [macro- -\- physics.'] 
That part of physics which deals with the larger aggrega- 
tions of matter, that is, with bodies large enough to be 
directly and individually observed and measured. 

mag'ne-ton (mag'ne-ton), n. [NL. See magnet, in the 
Dictionary.] Physics. An ultimate elemental magnetic 
particle having polarity. The length of a magneton has 
been estimated as about 1/100 of the diameter of an 
atom. 

mar'qui-sette' (mar'kS-zef), n. [Dim. of F. marquise 
awning, marquise.] A sheer, somewhat lustrous cotton 
fabric, of firm texture, woven from a twisted mercerized 
thread of two strands ; also, a somewhat similar silk fabric. 

mat'ro-cli'nous (mat'ro-kli'nus ; mat'ro-kll'nus), a. [L. 
mater, or Doric Gr. fiarr/p, mother + k\Lvuv to lean, in- 
cline.] Biol. Designating or having certain characters 
inherited from the mother. — : mat'ro-cli'ny (-kll'ni), n. 

Max'i-mal-ist (mak'si-mdl-ist), n. One of the Bolsheviki. 

max'ixe' (mak/seks' ; ma-she'sha), n. [Pg.] A kind of 
round dance in march or polka time, resembling the two- 
step in action, rhythm, etc., but, like the tango, character- 
ized by a variety of steps and figures. 

Men'she-vi-ki' (men'she-ve-ke' ; commonly, in English, 
-ve'ke), n. pi. ; sing, -vik (-vek'). [Russ., the littler ; — so 
called because orig. the minority group of the party.] In 
Russian politics, the less radical wing of the Social Demo- 
cratic party (which see, below). 

mi^cro-mo'tion (ml'kro-mo'shun), a. Designating, or per- 
taining to, the study of, or, specif., the cinematographic 
method of recording and studying, small or microscopic 
motions or movements, as the movements made in doing 
work, the circulation of the blood, etc. 

mi^cro-phys'ics (-fiz'iks), n. [micro — \- physics.] The 
science of the ultimate structure of matter, that is, of 
bodies such as molecules, atoms, and electrons which are 
too small for direct observation. 

middy blouse. A loose blouse with sailor collar, worn by 
women and children ; — often called simply middy. 

mi'lo (ml'lo), n. Agric. A yellow-seeded grain-yielding 
sorghum of the durra group, probably of African origin, 
grown in the United States and elsewhere as a dry-land 
crop ; — called also milo maize and, originally, millo maize. 

Min'i-mal-ist (min'i-mdl-ist), n. One of the Mensheviki. 

mon'i-ker (mon'i-ker) , n. A name ; a nickname ; — spelt 
llso moneker, monicker, monarcher, etc. Slang or 
Thieves' Cant. 

|| mo'no'coque' (mo'no'kok'), n.; pi. -coques._ [F., lit., 
single shell.] Aeronautics. A fuselage consisting of a 
shell of wood, usually of circular section, tapering toward 
the tail ; also, an aeroplane having such a fuselage. 

na-po'le-on*, n. An oblong portion of rich iced cake con- 
sisting of several layers of puff paste with a. cream filling. 

near, a. Almost being ; closely resembling ; almost ; as, 
"near silk," a near accident. Cant or Colloq. 

ne'o-sal'var-san (ne'o-sal'vdr-san), n. [neo- + salvarsan.] 
Chem. A synthetic compound of arsenic, essentially 
Ci2HnN202As2-CH20*SONa, derived from salvarsan. It 
is a yellowish powder, readily soluble in water. Neosal- 
varsan is less toxic than salvarsan, but also less efficacious. 

news'print' (nuz'print 7 ), n. Written also news print,. A 
kind of thin machine-finished paper made from mechanical 
wood pulp, with an admixture of chemical wood pulp, and 
used largely for newspapers ; — called also print. 

nich/rome (nTk'rom), n. [A trade name.] An alloy of 
nickel and chromium, resistant to oxidation and acids, 
and used for chemical apparatus, electrical-resistance ap- 
pliances, etc. 

Nie'tZSChe-ism (ne'che-Tz'm), n. The philosophical egoism 
of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (German philosopher, 
1844-1900) and his followers. Nietzsche's characteristic 
theory is of the perfectibility of man through forcible self- 
assertion, based on the sanction of the "will to power" 
{Will zur Macht). Cf. overman, 3, in the Dictionary. — 
Nie'tZSChe-an(ne'che-an), n. & a. an-ism(-iz'm),n. 

ni'tro-COt'ton (nl'tro-kof'n), n. [nitro- + cotton.] Gun- 
cotton (which see, in the Dictionary). 

ni'tro-Starch' (-starch'), n. [nitro- + starch.] Chem. An 
explosive made by treating starch with nitric and sulphuric 
acids. 

no man's land. In modern warfare, the belt of ground lying 
between the most advanced trenches of opposing armies. 

non-rig'id (non-nj'Td), a. Aeronautics. Of a type of air- 
ship, consisting of a cigar-shaped gas container without 
keel or other stiffening structure and holding its shape only 
by the pressure of the gas within the container, to which 



the car carrying the motor, etc., is directly attached. Cf. 

rigid and semirigid, below. 
nose*, n. Aeronautics. The forward end of an aircraft; 

specif., the part of a fuselage or nacelle projecting in front 

of the main supporting plane or planes. 
no'vo-ca'ine (nS'vo-ka'Tn ; -en ; -kan'), n. Also -in. [L. 

novus new + E. cocaine.] An alkaloid, C13H20O2N2HCI, 

prepared synthetically. It is used as a local anaesthetic, 

and is much less toxic than cocaine. 
nu'cle-US*, n. Chem. a A characteristic and stable complex 

of atoms to which other atoms may be variously attached. 

See benzene nucleus, in the Dictionary, b According to 

modern theories of the atom, a positively charged central 

part surrounded by revolving electrons. 

Oc-to'brist (ok-to'brist), n. A member of a moderately lib- 
eral political party in Russia, originally supporting princi- 
ples of constitutional government which were expressed, 
and measures of reform which were advocated, in an impe- 
rial manifesto of October, 1905. 

o'pen*, a. Of automobiles, not covered over by a permanent 
top ; also, of a sedan or limousine, having a permanent roof 
but disappearing or removable sides. Cf. sedan, below. 

O'ver-hang'*, n. Aeronautics. In a biplane with wings of 
unequal span, the projection laterally of an upper wing 
beyond the lower wing; also, the projection of a wing of a 
biplane beyond the end struts. 

pan'cake'*, n. Aeronautics. A landing made abruptly and 
with little or no forward movement. Cant. 

pan'tp-graph* (pan'tS-graf), n. Elec. Railroads. A form 
of jointed framework mounted on the roof of a car and car- 
rying a conductor for taking current from the trolley wire. 

parasite resistance. See head resistance, above. 

par^sec' (par'sek'), n. [parallax + second.] Astron. A 
unit of measure for interstellar space equal to a distance 
having a heliocentric parallax of one second, equal to about 
200,000 times the radius of the earth's orbit. 

pat'ro-cli'nous (pat'ro-kll'nMs ; pat'ro-kll'nws), a. [Gr. 
irarfip, irarpos, father + K\ivtiv to lean, incline.] Biol. 
Designating or having certain characters inherited from 
the father. — pat'ro-cli'ny (pat'ro-kll'nT), n. 

peeve (pev), v. t. & i. [Prob. fr. peevish.] To make or 
become peevish or ill-tempered. Slang. 

pel-lag'rin (pe-lag'rm ; -la'grm), n. Med. One who suffers 
from the disease pellagra. 

pen'e-trom'e-ter (peh'e-trom'e-ter), n. [L. penetrare to 
penetrate -\ — meter.] Physics. An instrument for esti- 
mating the hardness of X rays. 

pen'guin*, n. Aeronautics. A low-powered, small-winged 
aeroplane incapable of leaving the ground. Penguins are 
used in aviation training schools. 

per'i-kon (per'i-kon), n. [A trade name.] Wireless Teleg- 
raphy. A very sensitive form of crystal detector consisting 
of chalcopyrite in contact with zincite. 

per'i-scope* (per'T-skop), n. An altiscope, hyposcope, or 
other device or instrument to enable one, as a soldier in the 
trenches, to see over or around an obstacle, barrier, etc. 

pho'to-play'er (fo'to-pla/er), n. A moving picture actor or 
actress . [photoplays . I 

pho'to-play'wright' C-rlt'), n. A person who composes! 

pi'lot*, v. t. To fly, or act as pilot of (an aircraft). 

player piano. A piano containing within its case a mech- 
anism (usually pneumatic and governed by a perforated 
strip of paper) by means of which the instrument may be 
played without manipulation of the keys ; an automatic, or 
self-playing, piano. 

pli'o-tron (pll'6-tron),, n. [Gr. ir\elu)v more, greater -f- 
-tron as in electron.] Elec. A detector and amplifier for 
fluctuating currents, such as occur in wireless telephony, 
consisting of a discharge tube in which a grid of wires is 
mounted between the incandescent cathode and the anode. 
The distinguishing feature is the exceedingly high vacuum. 

|| poilu' (pwa/lii'), n.; pi. poilus. [F., lit., hairy, fr. poil 
hair, L. pilus.] A French soldier. 

po-lice'wom/an (po-les'woom'dn), n. A woman who is a 
member of the police ; a woman doing police duty. 

pre-COOl' (pre-kooK), v. t. [pre- + cool.] To cool before- 
hand ; esp., to subject to a process by which the tempera- 
ture of (fruit or the like) is reduced to a certain point 
before shipment. — pre-COOl'er (-3i), n. 

pre'vo-ca'tion-al (pre'vo-ka'shi/n-dl), a. Pedagogy. Per- 
taining to, or consisting in, instruction or work in manual 
training or the useful arts as it is given or required in the 
schools below the vocational schools. 

print*, n. = newsprint (which see, above). 

prof/it-eer' (prof'T-ter'), n. [profit + -eer.] One who 
makes what is considered an unreasonable profit, as by 
taking advantage of a public or national need in time of 
war. — prof'it-eer', v. i. — prof/it-eer'ing, n. & a. 

Prus'sian-ism (prush'an-iz'm), n. Policy, practice, or be- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, lkm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ADDENDA 



XXIX 



havior of, or like that of, the Prussians ; esp., Prussian mili- 
tarism with the ideals of conquest and despotism and the 
ruthless practices commonly ascribed to it ; also, advocacy 
of Prussian aims, ideas, or the like. 

pso-ro'sis (so-ro'sis; pso-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. \p6ipa the itch 
-(- -osz's.] Agric. A disease of citrus trees characterized 
by flaking and scaling of the bark. 

punch*, n. Power or ability to produce a striking effect ; 
energy ; effectiveness. Slang. _ 

push'er*, n. An aeroplane having the propeller or propellers 
at the rear of the supporting planes. Cf . tractor, below. 

quad'ded (kwod'ed), a. Teleg. Made with four conductors ; 
— used in quadded cable. Cant. 

quad'ra-ture*, n. Elec. The state of having a phase differ- 
ence of a quarter of a period ; as, an alternating current 
flowing in a condenser is in quadrature with the alternating 
potential difference at its terminals. 

quad'ru-plane' (kwod'roo-plan 7 ), n. [L. quadru- in comp. 
(see QUADRI-) + plane.] An aeroplane with four super- 
posed main supporting surfaces. 

quar'an-tine* (kwor'an-ten), n. A restraint or interdiction 
placed upon the transportation of animals, plants, or goods, 
suspected of being carriers of disease or other pest. 

ra'da (ra'da),n. [Russ.] [Cap. when used of a specific 
body.'] In the Ukraine, a legislative assembly or council ; 
as, the national rada. A rada called together for the 
purpose of criticizing the hetman, as by any section of 
the Ukrainian people, was called a black rada. Also, the 
legislature of the independent government erected by the 
Ukrainians after the revolution of 1916. 

ra'dl-O-chem'is-tryCra'di-o-kem'Ts-tri),?*. [radio- -^chem- 
istry.] Chem. The chemistry of radioactive phenomena. 

ra'di-O-go'ni-om'e-ter (-gS'nT-om'e-ter), n. [radio- + 
goniometer.] Wireless Telegraphy. An instrument for 
determining the direction from which radio signals are 
received ; a direction finder. 

ra'di-O-lead' (ra'dT-6-ledO, n. [radio- + lead.] Chem. 
Lead that is radioactive, due principally to the presence of 
radium D ; also, radium D. 

B ra'fale' (ra/fal'), n. ; pi. -fates. [F.j lit., a gust, a squall.] 
Mil. A burst of artillery fire consisting of several rounds, 
discharged as rapidly as possible, from each gun of a battery. 

rag*, v. t. 1. Music. To play or compose (a piece, melody, 
etc.) in syncopated time. Colloq. 2. To dance to ragtime 
music ; — often used with an implication of indecorum. 
Colloq. or Slang. 

rake*, v. t. Aeronautics. To slant (the ends of an aerofoil) 
backward and outward so that the span is greater at the 
trailing edge than at the leading edge. 

rake*, n. Aeronautics. The extent to which the ends of an 
aerofoil are raked. 

re-dress'*, v. t. Aeronautics. To restore (an aeroplane) to 
normal flying attitude ; to flatten out. 

reel*, n. A spool on which a photographic film is wound ; 
hence, a strip of moving-picture film, usually 1,000 feet in 
length, wound on a spool. 

reg'is-ter* (rej'is-ter), v. t. To record photographically; 
hence, Moving Pictures, to express, as an emotion, by 
facial expression, bodily movement, etc. ; also, to indicate, 
in a similar manner, consciousness of, or emotional response 
to (a sound or circumstance). 

re-lease'*, v. t. To place (as a copyrighted play, photoplay, 
picture, or record) on the general market. 

re-lease'*, n. A play, record, or the like, that has been 
released. 

re-treat'*, v. i. Aeronautics. To slope backward ; — said 
of a plane,|wing tip, etc. 

re-treat'*, n. Aeronautics. The extent to which a plane, 
wing tip, or the like, retreats. 

rib*, n. Aeronautics. In the wing of an aeroplane, any of 
several light fore-and-aft members that support the fabric 
covering and determine the form of the wing section. 

rig'id* (nj^id), a. Aeronautics. Of an airship, having the 
gas containers inclosed within compartments of a rigid, 
fabric-covered framework, or hull, as of metal or metal and 
wood, which parries the cabins, gondolas, motors, etc., as 
in 'the Zeppelin. Cf . semirigid, below ; nonrigid, above. 

Ro (ro), n. An artificial universal language devised by Rev. 
Edward P. Foster, of Marietta, Ohio, about 1906. Ro re- 
jects all existing word roots and is based entirely "on the 
analysis and classification of ideas." 

Ront'gen-ol'o-gist (runt'gen-ol'6-jTst ; rent'-), n. A spe- 
cialist in the theory and use of Rbntgen, or X, rays. 

Ro-ta'ri-an (ro-ta'rT-an), n. A member of any of a large 
number of clubs (Rotary Clubs) having the same constitu- 
tion and affiliated under an International Association of 
Rotary Clubs. The Rotary Clubs, which exist in many 
countries, have as their motto or slogan "Service." 

rotary engine. A kind of radial engine (which see, in the 



Dictionary) in which the radially arranged cylinders ro- 
tate around a fixed crank shaft. 

ruck/sack' (ruk'sak'; G. rook'zak'), n. [G.] A kind of 
flexible knapsack or pack bag made of canvas or like mate- 
rial and carried on the back, passing over the shoulders. 

rud'der*, n. In an aircraft, a plane the function of which is 
to exert a turning moment about an axis of the craft. 

Sam'my (sam'i), n. ; pi. -Mies (-iz). A soldier of the 
United States. Slang. 

sausage balloon, or sausage*, n. See kite balloon, above. 

SCOUt* (skout), n. Aeronautics. Any aircraft, whether 
airship or aeroplane, used for military or naval reconnoi- 
tering ; esp., a small, light, single-seated machine of excep- 
tional speed, specifically called speed scout. 

screen*, n. A moving picture, or moving pictures collec- 
tively ; as, enemies of the screen. Cant. 

sea'plane' (se^planO, n. A hydro-aeroplane, esp. one of 
considerable size, designed to work over the sea, and capa- 
ble of resting on it ; often, an aeroplane with pontoons or 
floats, as contrasted with a flying boat. Cf. waterplane. 

sec'par' (sek'paV), n. Astron. = parsec, above. 

se-dan'*, n. An automobile having an inclosed body of one 
compartment seating four or more persons including the 
driver. A car of this type with permanent top but disap- 
pearing or removable sides is variously called an open, 
a touring, or a convertible, sedan. 

sem/i-au'to-mat'ic (sem'i-6'to-mat'ik), a. Not wholly au- 
tomatic ; operated partly automatically and partly by hand. 

sem'i-rig'id (sem'i-rij'id), a. [semi- -f- rigid.] Aeronau- 
tics. Of an airship, having a flexible cylindrical gas con- 
tainer with an attached stiffening keel which carries the 
load. Cf. rigid and nonrigid, above. 

se-rol'O-gy(se-rol'o-ji), n. [serum- + -logy.] Med. The sci- 
ence treating of the preparation, use, reactions, etc., of 
serums. — se'ro-log'i-cal (se'ro-loj'i-kal), a. 

serum sickness. Med. The anaphylactic manifestations 
sometimes following an injection of serum, as that contain- 
ing diphtheria antitoxin. Fever, swelling of the joints, and 
a skin eruption are common symptoms. 

shed*, n. Aeronautics. A hangar. 

side car. A car attached to a motor cycle for the accommo- 
dation of a passenger seated abreast of the cyclist. The 
side car usually has but a single wheel of its own, being sup- 
ported on one side by the frame of the motor cycle. 

Slde'slip'* (sld'slipO, v. i. Aeronautics. To slip sidewise ; 
specif., to slip broadside on toward the center of a turn, usu- 
ally as a result of banking too steeply and resulting in a dive. 

Skid*, v. i. Of an aeroplane, to slide outward in making a 
turn, as when the machine is insufficiently banked. 

slack'er*, n. One who avoids or neglects a duty or respon- 
sibility ; specif., a person who shirks a duty or obligation to 
his country, esp. in time of war, as by attempting to evade 
military service. 

Sleet*, n. Specif., Meteor, a Precipitation in the form of 
frozen or partly frozen rain. U. S. Weather Bureau. 
b Glaze (which see, above) ; — often popularly so called. 

soar*, v. i. Aeronautics. To fly by wind power; to glide 
indefinitely without loss of altitude. 

Social Democratic party. In Russian politics, one of the 
two chief socialistic parties, representing esp. the working 
class (artizans, mechanics, etc.), and, since the convention 
of 1903, divided into two groups, the Bolsheviki and the 
Mensheviki. Its members (the Social Democrats) follow 
Marxian theories of socialism. Cf. Social Revolutionary 
party, below. 

Social Revolutionary party. In Russian politics, one of 
the two chief socialistic parties, representing esp. the 
peasant class. Its members (the Social Revolutionaries) 
follow theories of socialism opposed to the Marxian theo- 
ries and are opposed to terroristic tactics. Cf. Social 
Democratic party, above. 

|| SO'viet' (so'vyet'), n. [Russ.] Literally, a council ; often 
specif., [Cap.] any of the Councils of Workmen's and Sol- 
diers' Deputies, bodies prominent in the Russian revolu- 
tionary activities, and largely identified with the Bolshevik 
movement. 

span*, n. Aeronautics. The lateral spread of an aeroplane 
or aerocurve ; the dimension of an aerofoil at right angles 
to the chord. 

spar*, n. _ Aeronautics. One of the main lateral members 
of the wing of an aeroplane, usually of wood or tubular 
steel. Spars carry the ribs. Also, occasionally, a longeron. 

speed SCOUt. Aeronautics. See scout, above. 

speed'ster (sped'ster), n. [speed + -ster.] Automobiles. 
A high-speed roadster, usually with low seats, accommodat- 
ing two persons seated side by side. 

spi'ral(spl'ral),t>. i. Aeronautics. To cause an aeroplane to 
follow a spiral path in ascending or (more often) descending. 

spi'ral*, n. Aeronautics. A flight in a spiral path. 

spi'ro-chaete, spi'ro-chete (spT'ro-ket), n. [Gr. <nrelpa 



B 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



XXX 



ADDENDA 



coil + x^Ttj hair.] Bacteriol. One of a group of microor- 
ganisms, variously regarded as bacteria or protozoans, con- 
sisting of slender undulating spiral rods, with or without 
flagellar. Among the parasitic species are the spirillum of 
relapsing fever and the Treponema pallidum, which is 
found associated with syphilitic lesions. 

sport, a. Also sports. Pert, to, or suitable for, sports, esp. 
outdoor sports ; hence, made in a style suitable for informal 
outdoor wear ; as a sport, or sports, skirt, hat, shoe, etc. 

spring*, v. t. Aeronautics. To attach by means of elastic 
members ; as, to spring the chassis of an aeroplane to the 
body ; also, to equip (an aeroplane) with an attachment 
sprung on. 

Stag'ger* (stag'er), v. t. Aeronautics. To adjust (as the 
wings of a biplane) so that the entering edge of one wing 
projects beyond the entering edge of another wing. 

Stag'ger*, n. Aeronautics. The arrangement of wings re- 
sulting from their being staggered, or the extent to which 
one wing projects beyond another. When the upper wing 
is in advance, the stagger is sometimes said to be positive. 

Stall*, n._ Aeronautics. The condition resulting from any 
diminution of the speed of a heavier-than-air flying ma- 
chine beyond the point at which the machine responds to 
the controls, as because of engine trouble or air disturb- 
ances, a skid on a turn, an attempt to make too steep a 
climb, etc. — Stall*, v. t. & i. 

Stat'ic (stat'ik), n. Wireless Teleg. X's, or strays, col- 
lectively (see X, n., 3, in the Dictionary) ; also, electrical 
disturbance or discharge caused by them. 

ster'ic (ster'ik ; ste'rik), a. [stereo- -f- -*c (cf. def. of ster- 
eochemistry).] Chem. Relating to the arrangement of 
the atoms in space ; spatial ; as, steric hindrance. 

Sto'ver (st5'ver), n. Agric. Cut and cured corn or sorghum 
plants with the grain removed. U. S. 

Strad'dle*, v. t. Artillery. To place shots short of and be- 
yond (an object) so as to afford a basis for calculating the 
true range or distance. 

Strafe (straf ; straf), v. t. ; strafed ; straf'ing. [From G. 
Gott strafe England, "God punish England," a German 
salutation of 1914 and later.] To punish ; to inflict damage 
upon, as by gunfire ; to castigate ; — orig. used by the 
British soldiers in the Great War. — Strafe, n. 

Stray*, n. Wireless Teleg. = X, n., 3, in the Dictionary. 

SUb'ma-rine' (sub'md-ren'), v. t.; -rined' (-rend') ; -rin'- 
ing (-ren'ing). To make an attack upon by means of a 
submarine, esp. by torpedoing. Colloq. 

sur'print' (sur'print'), v. t. [sur- + print. - ] To print (as a 
name or address) over or upon (previously printed matter). 

Swagger Stick. Mil. A short light stick, ordinarily about 
two feet long and tipped with metal at each end, for carrying 
in the hand. 

swept back. Aeronautics. = backswept. 

switch*, n. Mil. A series of communicating trenches ena- 
bling an army to shift speedily from one line of defense to 
another without the exposure and delay involved in build- 
ing a new line, as in the German lines of defense in Belgium 
and France during the Great War. 

tank*, n. Mil. A kind of self-propelling land fort consisting 
of a casement of heavy armor plates (suggestive of those of 
a tank) mounted on a tractor, esp. of the caterpillar type, 
and armed with guns or machine guns or both ; — officially 
called a land ship in the British service. It is capable of 
traversing very rough ground, as trenches, shell craters, etc. 

tear Shell (ter). Mil. A shell projectile filled with chemi- 
cals which on explosion form a gas (tear gas) that blinds 
the eyes with tears for some time. 

tel-au'to-mat'ics (tel-6'to-mat'Tks), n. {tele- + auto- 
matic] Elec. Control at a distance (of torpedoes, boats, 
etc.), particularly by means of radiotelegraphic impulses. 

tel'e-scribe' (tel'e-skrlb'), n. [tele- + L. scribere to write.] 
Elec. A phonograph for recording telephonic messages. 

ti-trim'e-try (ti-trim'e-tri ; ti-), n. Chem. Measurement 
or analysis by titration. — ti'tri-met'ric, a. 

T. N. T., or TNT. Abbr. Trinitrotoluene. 

ton'sil-lec'to-my (ton'si-lek'to-mi), n. [L. tonsillae ton- 
sils + E. -ectomy.] Med. Operative removal of the tonsils. 

tour'ing (toor'Tng), p. a. Automobiles. Of a coupe or se- 
dan, having a permanent top but removable or disappear- 
ing panels and frames along the sides, so that they can be 
made open from wind shield to back. 

trac'er* (tras'er), n. Anv device, as one producing a trail of 
smoke by day or of fire by night, attached, or designed to 
be attached, to a shrapnel shell or other projectile to enable 
the gunner to observe its flight and thus correct his aim. 

trailing edge. Aeronautics. The posterior edge of an 
aerofoil. Cf. entering edge, above. 

trav'e-logue (trav'e-log) n. [travel + dialogue.] Also 
trav'e-log. A talk or lecture on travel, usually with illus- 
trations, as with the stereopticon or cinematograph. 

tread*, n. Of a vehicle, esp. an automobile, the distance 



from side to side between the points of contact with the 
road, or other surface, of a pair of wheels; the gauge; 
track. Cf . wheel base, below. 

trench foot. Med. An affection resembling that attending 
chilblains, marked by blueness or redness of the feet and in 
severe cases by gangrene, due to the combined effect of cold 
and wet upon the feet ; — so called from its prevalence 
among soldiers serving in the trenches. 

tri-ni'tro-cre'sol (trl-nl'tro-kre'sol ; -sol), n. [trinitro- + 
cresol.] Org. Chem. A compound, C7H5O7N3, closely re- 
lated to picric acid and similarly used as an explosive. It is 
more sensitive to shock than picric acid. 

tri-ni'tro-phe'nol (-fe'nol ;-nol), n. [trinitro- + phenol.] 
Org. Chem. _ Any derivative^ of phenol having three nitro 
groups, specif, the symmetrical, or 2, 4, 6-, form, com- 
monly called picric acid. 

tri-ni'tro-tOl'u-ene (-ni'tro-tol'u-en), n. [trinitro- 4- tolu- 
ene.] Org. Chem. Any of several isomeric compounds, 
CH3CeH2(N02)3, made by nitrating toluene; specif., the 
a-, symmetrical, or 2, 4, 6-, form, resembling picric acid ; — 
called also tri-ni'tro-tol'u-ol (-51; -51). Abbr. T.N. T. It 
is insensitive to friction or ordinary shock. It is used as 
a filling for shells and is an ingredient of various explosives. 

tro'tyl (tro'til), n. Trinitrotoluene (which see, above). 

tune*, v. i. — to tune in, Wireless Teleg., to adjust the fre- 
quency of (a wireless receiving apparatus) to that of a par- 
ticular sending station f r. which messages are to be received. 

ty'po-script (tl'po-skript), n._ [typo- + script.] A com- 
position written on a typewriter ; typewritten matter, as 
copy to be set up in type. 

u'do (oo'do), n. [Jap.] A vegetable and ornamental plant 
(Aralia cordata) cultivated largely in China and Japan 
and recently introduced into the United States. The edible 
part is the young shoots blanched by covering with earth. 

U-krain'i-an (u-kran'i-an), n. Of or pert, to the Ukraine. 
— n. An inhabitant of the Ukraine. 

un-sprung' (un-sprung'), a. Aeronautics. Not sprung. 
See spring, v. t., above. 

livers' li'bre (var' le'br'). [F.] Free verse; verse with 
no regular measure. Cf. imagist, above. 

vest'ee' (veVte'), n. [vest + -ee.] An ornamental adjunct 
of dress suggesting, or worn in place of, a vest, or waistcoat ; 
as: a A garment of brightly colored broadcloth worn as 
part of a riding habit, b An article of female attire worn to 
fill in or ornament the front of a dress or suit. 

vic-to'ri-a*, n. Automobiles. A touring car equipped with 
a calash top that, usually, extends over the rear seat only. 

vis'i-ble* (viz'i-b'l), a. Constructed so that some particu- 
lar part, or a record made, is readily visible to the operator 
or observer ; as, a visible typewriter, in which the writing is 
visible to the operator without lifting the carriage. 

war baby. A child, esp. an illegitimate child, of a union 
formed between the mother and a soldier at a time when 
the latter's country is at war. 

war bride. 1. A woman who marries, or has recently mar- 
ried, a soldier ordered into active service in time of war or of 
threatened hostilities. 2. An industrial corporation or 
enterprise the value of whose stocks and other securities is 
greatly enhanced by actual warfare, as a corporation en- 
gaged in the manufacture of munitions of war. Stock 
Exchange Cant. 

war'plane' (wor'plan'), n. Mil. Any aeroplane or hydro- 
aeroplane engaged in warfare or attached to the military or 
naval service, esp. one designed for the purposes of war. 

wa'ter-plane' (wo'ter-plan'), n. A hydro-aeroplane ; as dis- 
tinguished from seaplane, a hydro-aeroplane capable of 
operating only on still or fairly smooth water. 

Wheel base. The figure inclosed by lines through the points 
of contact of the wheels of a vehicle, etc., with the surface 
or rails on which they run ; more esp., the length of this 
figure between the points of contact of the two extreme 
wheels on either side. 

whip'pet*, n. Mil. A form of British tank, smaller than 
those first used and less heavily armed, but capable of 
greater speed ; hence, any similar tank, as that used by 
the French and by them called char d'assaut. Colloq. 

wing flap. Aeronautics. A kind of aileron consisting of a 
part cut out of a supporting plane and attached to it by 
hinges. 

wireless (wTr'les), v. t. & i. To send or communicate by 
wireless telegraphy ; also, to send a wireless message to (a 
person). Colloq. 

xy-lol'o-gy (zl-lol'o-ji), n. [xylo- 4- -logy.] Dendrology 
treating of the gross and the minute structure of wood. 

yaw*, v. t. & i. Aeronautics. To turn or deviate to the 
right or left from the line of flight. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event* end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; cuair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ADDENDA 



XXXI 



GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 



Adamello, Monte (mon'ta a'da-mSl'lo) mt. in Tirol, Aus- 
tria, 27 m. W N W of Trent. 
Ailette (a'leV) riv. dept. Aisne, France, tributary to 

Oise riv. from the S E. 
Aire (Sir) small riv. depts. Meuse and Ardennes, France. 
Albert (al'bar') tn. dept. Somme, France, on Ancre riv. p. 7. 
Amara (a-ma'ra) tn. Turkey in Asia, on Tigris riv., 150 m. 

S Eof Bagdad, p. 6 (?). 
Ancre (aN'kr') riv. N E France, 25 m. long, to Somme riv. 

from N E. [of Lens, p. comm. 3.1 

Angres (an'gr") vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 3 m. S W| 
Apremont (a'pr'-moN') vil. dept. Meuse, France, on Meuse 

riv. ab. 3 m. Sof St. Mihiel. — vil. dept. Ardennes, France 

on Aire riv., ab. 20 m. N W of Verdun. [p. comm. 2.1 
Arleuz (ar'lQ') vil. dept. Nord, France, 6 m. N E of Arras, | 
Assa, Val d' (val das'sa) valley of Tirol, Austria, lying ab. 

25 m. E of Rovereto. [Rovereto, flows E and S.l 

Astico (as'te-ko) riv. Tirol, Austria ; rises ab. 10 m. N E of | 
Avocourt (a/vS'koor') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 7 m. N W 

of Verdun, p._comm. 1. [ab. 37 m. N of Monastir. I 

Babuna (ba-boo'na) mt. range, pass, and small riv. Serbia,! 
Bainsizza plateau (bln-zit'sa) Tirol, Austria, to the N of 

Gorz. Monte Santo at S end dominates the region. 
Berry— au—Bac (be're'-o'-bak') vil. dept. Aisne, France, on 

Aisne riv., 11 m. N W_of Reims, p. comm. 1. 
Bertincourt (ber'taN'koor') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, Fr., 

16 m. S E of Arras, p._l. [N W of Verdun. I 

B6thincourt (ba'taN'koor') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 6 m.| 
Biache— Saint— Vaast (byash'-saN'-vasf) town, dept. Pas- 
de-Calais, France, on Scarpe riv. 8 m. E N E of Arras, p. 

comm. 2. [N of Ypres, p. comm. 1.1 

Bixschoote(be'ks'sKo / te) vil. West Flanders prov. Belg. 5m.| 
Bobr (bS'b'r) riv. Grodno govt. Russia, 130 m. long, to 

Narew riv. from N E. 
Buczacz (bdb'chach) comm. Galicia, Austria, p. 14. 
Bulair (bii'lar'). = Plajari, below. [S E of Arras. I 

Bullecourt(bul / k6or') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 9 m. I 
Bzura (bzoo'ra) riv. in Poland, Russia, 150 m. long, to 

Vistula riv. from the S. 
Carso (kar'so). = Karst, below. [Danube riv.l 

Cerna (chSr'na) small riv. Hungary and Roumania, S to| 
Chateau— Thierry (sha'to'-tyg're') tn. dept. Aisne, France, 

on Marne riv., 32 m. S W of Reims, p. comm. 8. 
Chaulnes (shon) vil. dept. Somme, France, 11 m. S W of 

Peronne, p. comm. 1. [comm. 11.1 

Chauny (sho'ne') tn. dept. Aisne,_ France, on Oise riv. p. | 
Chemin des Dames (she-maN' da dam') a main highway 

running E and W ab. 5 m. N of Aisne riv. and ab. 35 m. 

N W of Reims. [Albert, p. comm. 1. I 

Combles (koN'bT) vil. dept. Somme, France, 9 m. E of | 
Comines (ko'men') town, W. Flanders prov. Belg., opp. 

Comines, France, p. comm. 7. — tn. dept. Nord, France, 

p. comm. 9. [3 m. E N E of Albert. I 

Contalmaison (koN'tal'ma'zoN') vil. dept. Somme, France | 
Craonne (kran) vil. dept. Aisne, France, 12 m. S E of Laon, 

p. comm. 1. [8 m. S E of Arras, p. comm. 1.1 

Croisilles (krwa'ze'y') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France,! 
Cuinchy (kwaN'she') town, dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 

8 m. E S E of Bethune, p. 2. [of Verdun. I 

Cumieres (kii'myar') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 4 m. N W| 
Damloup (daN'loo') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 3 m. N E of 

Verdun. 
Dead Man's Hill. = Mort Homme, Le, below. 
Delatyn (del'a-ten') town, Galicia, Austria, 28 m. S of 

Stanislau, p. 6. [donia, 40 m. N W of Saloniki. I 

Doiran (doi'ran') town on shore of Lake Doiran in Mace- | 
Douaumont (doo'o'moN') ft. vil. dept. Meuse, France, 

3 m. N N E of_Verdun. [N E of Arras, p. comm. 3.1 
Drocourt (drS'koor') tn. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 9 m.| 
El Kantara. = Kantara, El, below. [S E of Verdun. 
Eparges, Les (la-za'parzh') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 7 m.l 
Fere— en— Tardsnois (far'-aN'-tar'-d'nwa') tn. dept. Aisne, 

France, _10 m. S W of Fismes, p. 2. 
Fismes (fem) tn. dept. Marne, France, on Vesle riv., 17 m. 

N by W of Reims, p. 4. 
Fiorina (flS-re'na). = Lerin, below. 
Gallipoli (gal-le'p6-le ; Gr. ga-lye'pS-lye) spt. Turkey in 

Europe, at entrance of Sea of Marmora, p. 12. 
Ginchy (zhaN'she') vil. dept. Somme, France, 5 m. S of 

Bapaume. [44 m. S of Verdun, p. comm. 1.1 

Gondrecourt (g6N'dr'-kobr') town, dept. Meuse, France, | 
Goritz (gu'rits)./*. Gorizia (go-ret'sya). See Gorz (Gaz.). 
Grado (gra'do) town, Austria, on the Adriatic, 19 m. W of 

Trieste, p. 4. [E S E of Arras. I 

Guemapps (ga'map') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 7m. | 
Ham (aN) vil. dept. Somme, France, p. 3. 
Hargicourt (ar'zhe'kobr') town, dept. Aisne, France, 11 m. 

N W of St. Quentin, p. comm. 1. [S E of Verdun. I 

Haudiomont (o'dvS'moN') vil. dept. Meuse, France, 8 m.| 
Hermada (er-raa'da) mt. near and N of Gulf of Trieste ; 

highest part ab. 1,074 ft. [below. I 

Hill 304, height near Verdun. See Morte Homme, Le,| 
Hollebeke (hSl'e-ba'ke) vil. W. Flanders prov. Belgium, 

4 m. S E of Ypres, p. comm. 1. 

Ikva (Ik'va) riv. and valley of Sopron co. W. Hungary. 
Kaimakischalan (kl'ma-ke'sha-lan') mt. Serbia, 24 m. 

5 S E of Monastir, 8,282 ft. high. 

Kantara, El (el kan-ta'ra) vil. N E Egypt, on Suez canal, 

on small pen. of same name. 
Karst (karst) Ital. Carso (kar'so) mt. region, SW Austria. 
Kastoria (kas-to'rT-a) Turkish Kesrie (kes-re'e) Serbian 

Kostur (k5s-td6r') town, Serbia, 36 m. S of Monastir, p. 10 
Kilid Bahr(ke'led' ba'h'r) ft. town on Gallipoli pen. ab.15 m. 

from southern end. [p. 4.1 

Kralievo (kra-lye'vo) tn. Serbia, 22 m. S W of Kragujevac.l 
Ladies' Road. = Chemindes Dames, above. 
Lagarina, Val (val la'ga-re'na) valley of the Adige riv. E of 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); 
Abbreviations precede vocab. 



Lago di Garda, fr. above Rovereto to the Italian frontier, 

ab. 50 m. long. [gium, ab. 5 m. N of Ypres. I 

Langemarck (lang'e'-mark) vil. West Flanders prov. Bel-| 
Lerin (la-ren'), Greet Fiorina, town, Serbia, ab. 10 m. S 

of Monastir, p. 11. 
Lipsk (lepsk) town Suvalki govt., Russia, 20 m. W N W of 

Grodno, on Bobr riv. [of Nieuport, p. comm. 2.1 

Lombartzyde (ISm'bart-sT'de) town, Belgium, ab. 2 m. N| 
Longueval (loNg'val') vil. dept. Somme, France, 7 m. E NE 

of Albert. [of Lens, p. comm. 5.1 

Loos (16-oV) town, dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 2 m. N W| 
Lutsk (ldbtsk) tn. W Volhynia govt. Russia in Europe p. 14. 
Lvov. = Lwow. See Lemberg, in the Gaz. 
Maggio, Monte (mun'ta mad'jo) mt. in Italy, 3 m. E of 

Lago di Garda, 7,210 ft. high. 
Maidos (mi'dSs) spt. Gallipoli pen., 22 m. S W of Gallipoli. 
Martinpuich (mar'taN'pwesh') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, 

France, 6 m. N E of Albert. [S of Ypres, p. comm. 1.1 
Messines (me'sen') vil. West Flanders prov. Belgium, 5 m.| 
Miraumont (me'ro'moN') vil. dept. Somme, France, 7 m. 

N N E of Albert, p. 1. 
Mogilev (mS'gS-lyof), Mohilev (mS'he-lyQf) govt. Russia 

in Europe, 18,514 □ p. 2, 262. — its % p. 54, on Dneiperriv. 

—town, Podolia, Russia, on Dneister riv. p. 50. 
Monchy— le— Preux (moN'she'-le-prQ') vil. dept. Pas-de- 
Calais, France, 5 m. E of Arras, p. comm. 1. 
Montauban (moN'to'baN') vil. dept. Somme, France, 5 m. 

E N E of Albert. [21 m. S E of Amiens, p. comm. 5.1 

Montdidier (moN'de'dya') town, dept. Somme, France, | 
Montmedy (moN'ma'de') tn. dept. Meuse, France, 27 m. 

N of Verdun, p. comm._3. [13 m. E of Reims. I 

Moronvilliers (mo'roN've'yar') vil. dept. Marne, France, | 
Mort Homme, Le (le mor'-tom') a height ab. 6 m. N W of 

Verdun. This and Hill 304, to the S W, dominate the region. 
Nesle (nel) town, dept. Somme, France, 7 m. W N W of 

Ham, p. comm. 3. 
Oppy (o'pe') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, Fr. 6 m. NE of Albert. 
Osovets (os'6-vets) Polish Osowiec (-vets) Ger. Ossowetx 

(5s'3-vets) tn. & fortress, Poland, 20 m. N W of Warsaw. 
Passchendaele (pas'Kgn-da'le) town Belgium, 6 m. NE of 

Ypres, p. comm. 4. [N E of Gallipoli. I 

Plajari (pla'ya-re) tn. on neck of Gallipoli pen. ab. 10 m.| 
Poelcapelle (pool'ka-pel'e) tn. W. Flanders prov. Belgium, 

5 m. S W of Roulers, p. comm. 2. 
Pripyat(pri'pyat-y' ;pri'p5t-y') Pripet(pri'pe't-y') marshes 

in Minsk govt., Russia, about the source of the Pripyat 

river, a tributary to the Dnieper river. [to Sereth riv.l 
Putna (pdbt'na) riv. Moldavia, Roumania, 81 m. long, S E| 
Qu6ant (ka'aN') vil. dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 11 m. W 

of Cambrai, p. comm. 1. 
Rothenthurm (ro'ten-tdbrm') vil. & pass, W. Hungary. 
Rovereto (ro'vS-ra'to) or Roveredo (-do) tn. Tirol, Austria, 

p. comm. 12. [Montdidier, p. comm. 5.1 

Roye (rwa'ye) town, dept. Somme, France, 12 m. N E of i 
Saint— Gobain (saN'-g6'baN') town, dept. Aisne, France, 

10 m. W of Laon, p. comm. 2. 
San Gabriele, Monte (mon'ta san ga'brf-5'la) mt. Tirol, 

Austria, S E of Gorz, dominating the Karst to the S and E. 
San Michele, Monte (mon'ta san me-ke'la) mt. bet. Gra- 

disca and Gorz, Austria, dominating Gorz on the W. 
San Pietro (san pyg'tro) vil. on Astico riv., in Tirol, Aus- 
tria, 17 m. E of Rovereto. [above. I 
Santo, Monte (mon'ta san'to). See Bainsizza plateau,! 
Scarpe (skarp), riv. France, dept. Pas-de-Calais to Scheldt 

riv. 62 m. [lipoli pen. at S entrance. 

Sedil— Bahr (se'-del'-bar') vil. with adjacent forts, on Gal- 
Sinceny (saNs'ne') vil. dept. Aisne, France, 3 m. S W o: 

Chauny, on Oise riv. p. comm. 2. [Laon ; p. comm. 2.1 
Sissonne (se'son') town, dept. Aisne, France, 12 m. E of | 
Smorgon (smor'gSn) town, Vilno govt. Russia, 50 m. E S E 

of Vilno,_p. 10. [Reims; bet. two main highways. I 

Souain (soo'aN') vil. dept. Marne, France, ab. 13 m. W of | 
Stanislau (shtan'Ts-lou) comm. Galicia, Austria, p. 33. 
Stokhod (stS'Kot) riv. Volhynia & Minsk govts. Russia, 

trib. to Pripyat riv. fr. the S W. 
Strypa (stre'pa) riv. E Galicia, Austria, trib. to Dniester 

riv. fr. the N. [106 m.l 

Tagliamento (tal'ya-men'to) riv. Italy, Alps to Adriatic, | 
Tardenois (tar'd'-nwa') district in France, S of Vesle riv. 

Reims to Soissons. [of Albert. 

Thiepval (tygp'val') vil. dept. Somme, France, 3 m. N N E 
Timavo (te-ma'vo) riv., Austria, issuing from a subterra- 
nean course and flowing into Gulf of Trieste ; battles, 1917. 
Tolmein (tol'mln) Italian Tolmino (tol-me'no) vil. Aus- 
tria, 18 m. N E of Gorz, on the Isonzo riv. p. 2. 
Vaux (vo) vil. dept. Meuse, France, ab. 3 m. N E of Verdun. 
Verzhbolovo (verzh-bo'16-v5) Pol. Wierzbolow (verts- 

b5'ldbf) Ger. Wirballen (ver-bal'en) town, Suvalki govt. 

Poland, Russia, p. 8. [31 m. to Aisne riv. near Soissons. I 
Vesle (val) riv. France, ab. 90 m. long, past Reims, westerly | 
Vimy (ve'me') town, dept. Pas-de-Calais, France, 7 m. N 

N E of Arras, p. comm. 2. 
Vindava (vin-da'va) Ger. Windau (vin'dou) spt. town, 

Kurland govt. Russia, 110 m. N W of Mitau, at mouth 

of Vindava riv. — riv. 140 m. long, N W to Baltic Sea, 

Kovno & Kurland govts. Russia. 
Vitry— en— Artois (ve'tre'-aN'-nar'twa') town, dept. Pas- 
de-Calais, France, on Scarpe riv. 5 m. S W of Douai, p. 

comm. 3. [E of Reims, p. comm. 4.1 

Vouziers (vob'zya') tn. dept. Ardennes, on Aisne riv. 20 m.| 
Warneton (var'n'-toN') town, W. Flanders prov. Belgium, 

on the Lys riv. 7 m. S S E of Ypres, p. comm. 4. 
Wierzbolow, Wirballen. See Verzhbolovo, above. 
Windau (vin'dou). See Vindava, above. 
Wippach (vep'aK) town, Carniola crownland, Austria, 

30 m. S W of Laibach, p. 2. — riv. 35 m. long, W to the 

Isonzo riv. [4 m. S of Ypres, p. comm. 4.1 

Wytschaete (wit'sKa'te) vil. W. Flanders prov. Belgium,! 
Zeebrugge (za'brdog'e) spt. of Bruges, W. Flanders prov. 

Belgium, on North Sea at entrance to Bruges ship canal. 



B 



G 



H 



J 



K 



boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
-£ capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



M 



XXX11 



ADDENDA 



BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES 



Albert (al'bert), Maria A. P. J. Duke of Wiirttemberg, 

Ger. general (1865 — ). 
Alexander I. Second son of Constantlne I. King of the 

Hellenes 1917- (1893— ). [Serbia (1888— ).| 

Alexander. Second son of Peter I. Crown Prince of | 
Antin (an'tin), Mary. Mrs. A. W. Grabau. American 

social worker and writer. Born in Russia (1881 — ). 
Aosta (a-os'ta), Duke of. Prince of Savoy. Italian gen- 
eral (1869— ). 
Arbuthnot (ar-biith'nSt ; ar'buth-nSt), Robert Keith, Sir. 

English admiral (1864 — ). 
Baker (bak'er), Newton Diehl. American lawyer. Sec. of 

war 1916— (1871— ). 

Bakhmetev (baK-met'yef), Boris. Russian physicist and 

diplomatist (1872?— ). [general (1858— ).| 

Barnardiston (bar'ndr-dis'twn) , Nathaniel Walter. Eng. | 
Beith(beth), John Hay. IanHay. Eng. author(1876 — ). 
Bennett (ben'et), (Enoch) Arnold. English novelist and 

playwright (1867— ). 
Beseler, von (fon ba'ze-ler), Hans H. Ger. Gov.-gen. 

of Poland (1850— ). 
Biasing, von (fon bis'ing), Moritz Ferdinand, Baron. TGer. 

general. Gov.-gen. of Belgium 1914-17 (1844-1917). 
Borglum (bor'glum), Gutzon (John Gutzon de la Mothe). 

Amer. sculptor (1867 — ). 
Boselli (bo-zel'le), Paolo. Italian statesman (1838 — ). 
Bothmer, von (f6n bot'mer), Felix, Count. Ger. general 

(1852— ). 
Breshkovskaya (bresh-kof 'ska-ya) , Ekaterina. Babushka 

("grandmother"). Russian revolutionist (1844 — ). 

Brusilov (brdb-se'lof), Aleksyey Aleksyeevich. Russian 

general (1853— ). 
Burian von Rajescz (boo'rT-an fon ra'yesch), Stephan, 

Baron. Austro-Hungarian diplomatist (1853? — ). 
Burleson (bur'le-swn), Albert S. Postmaster-general, U. S. 

1913- (1863— ). 

Casement (kas'ment), Roger, Sir. Irish politician and 
British consul ; executed for high treason (1864 — 1916). 

Castelnau (ka'stel'no'), Edouard de Curriere de. French 
general (1851 — ). [statesman (1864 — ).| 

Cecil (sgs'Il ; sis'il), (Edgar Algernon) Robert, Lord. Eng.| 

Chernov (chgr'nof), Viktor M. Russian journalist and 
minister of agriculture (1866? — ). [(1850 — ) I 

Clark (klark), Champ. Amer. lawyer and congressman! 

Crewe (krdo), Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, first 
Marquisof. Eng. statesman (135 l — ). 

Crowder (krou'der), Enoch Herbert. Judge-Advocate- 
General, U. S. A. (1859— ). 

Crozier (kro'zher), William. American general. Chief of 
U. S. bureau of ordnance (1855 — ). 

Daniels (diin'yelz), Josephus. American journalist. Sec- 
retary of the navy 1913- (1802 — ). 

Devonshire (deV'wn-sher), Victor Christian William Caven- 
dish, ninth Duke of. Gov.-gen. of Canada 1916- 
(1868— ). [(1823-1915).! 

Fabre (f a'br') , Jean Henri. French entomologist and author | 

Ferdinand I. Ferdinand Viktor Albert Mainrad. Nephew 
of Charles I. King of Roumania 1914- (1865 — ). 

Flexner (flgks'ner) , Simon. Am. physician (1863 — ). 

Francis (fran'sls), David Rowland. Amer. ambassador to 
Russia 1916- (1850— ). 

Frederick (frgd'er-ik), Archduke of Austria. Friedrich 
Maria Albrecht Wilhelm Karl. Austrian gen. (1856 — ). 

Garfield (gar'feld), Harry Augustus. American educator. 
Commissioner of coal administration in U. S. 1917— 
(1863— ). [Sec. of war 1913-16 (1864— ).| 

Garrison (gar'I-swn), Lindley Miller. American lawyer. | 

Gary (ga'ri ; 3), Elbert Henry. Amer. lawyer. Chairman 
board of directors of U. S. Steel Corp. (1846 — ). 

George. Eldest son of Peter I. of Serbia. Renounced 
right of succession to the Serbian throne, March, 1909 
(1887— ). 

George. Eldest son of Constantine I. Crown prince of 
Greece until June, 1917 (1890 — ). 

Gilbert (gil'bert), Cass. American architect (1859 — ). 

Gluck (gldok), Alma. Mrs. Efrem Zimbalist. American 
operatic soprano. Born in Roumania (1886 — ). 

Gorgas (gor'gas), William Crawford. American sanitation 
expert; surgeon-general U. S. Army (1354 — ). 

Gregory (greg'S-ri), Thomas Watt. U. S. attorney-general 

1914- (1861— ). [(1865?— ).| 
Guchkov (gooch'kof), Aleksandr. Russian statesman | 
Harcourt (har'kwrt), Lewis. Eng. politician (1863 — ). 
Harden (har'den), Maximilian (Felix Ernst). German jour- 
nalist, author, and reformer (1861 — ). 

Hay (ha), Ian. Pseud, of John Hay Beith. 

Helflerich (h?l'fer-iK), Karl Th. German economist and 
statesman (1872 — ). [and politician (1863 — ).| 

Henderson (hen'der-swn) , Arthur. Eng. trade-unionist! 

Hertling, von (fon hert'ling), Georg F. Ger. imperial 
chancellor 1917-1918 (1843— ). 

Hibben (hib'en), JohnGrier. Amer. educator. Pres. Prince- 
ton Univ. 1912- (1861— ). 

Hohenburg (ho'en-bdbric) , Sophie, Duchess of. Mor- 
ganatic wife of Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria. 
Assassinated (1868 — 1914). 

Hoover (hoo'ver), Herbert Clark. American mining en- 
gineer. Commissioner of food administration in U. S. 
1917- (1874 — ). [plomatist (1858 — ).| 

House (hous), Edward Mandell. Amer. politician and di-| 

Houston (hQs'twn), David F. Amer. educator. Sec. of 
agriculture 1913- (1866 — ). 

Hsuan Tung (shob'an tdong'). Son of Kuang-hsil. Em- 
peror of China 1908-1911 ; again for a few days in 1917 
(1904— ). 

Hughes (huz), Samuel, Sir. Can. general (1853 — ). 

Ishii (e'she'e 7 ), Kikujiro, Viscount. Japanese statesman 
(1866 — ). 

Jackson (jak'siin), Henry Bradwardine, Sir. English ad- 
miral (1855— ). 



American senator 



Johnson (jSn'swn), Hiram Warren 
(1866— ). 

Kaledin(ka'lye-den'), General. Cossack leader (1861 — ). 

Kerenski (ker'en-ske), Aleksandr Feodorovich. Russian 
revolutionary leader. Premier Russian provisional govt. 
1917 (1881— ). 

Kitchin(kich'inh Claude. Amer. congressman (1869 — ). 

Kornilov (kor-ne'lof), Laurus Georgievich. Russian gen- 
eral (1877?— ). [man (1873— ).| 

Kiihlmann, von (fon kul'man), Richard. Ger. states-| 

Lane (Ian), Franklin Knight. Amer. lawyer. Sec. of in- 
terior 1913- (1864— ). 

Lenin (lye'nen), Nikolay. Russ. socialist politician. Real 
name said to be Vladimir Illch Ulanov (6b-la'n6f). 
Leader of theBolsheviki (1870 — ). 

Liebknecht (lep'k'neKt), Karl Paul August Friedrich. 
German socialist (1871 — ). 

Lindsey (lin'zi), Ben(jamin) B(arr). American judge 
and reformer (1869— ). 

Li Yuan- hung (le yoo-an'-hobng') . Pres. of Chinese rep. 
1916-17 (1864— ). [(1874— ) I 

Lowell (lo'el). Amy Lawrence. American imagist poetl 

Ludendorff, von (f5n loo'den-dorf ) , Erich. Ger. general 
(1865— ). 

Lvov (lvof), Georges E., Prince. Russ. political leader; 
former premier (1867? — ). 

McAdoo (mak'd-dob), William Gibbs. Amer. lawyer. 
Sec. treasury 1913- (1863— ). [(1864—1917).! 

Maude (mod), Frederick Stanley, Sir. English general! 

Manocal (ma'no-kal'), Mario Garcia. President of Cuba 
1913- (1867— ). 

Mercier (meVsya'), Desire Joseph. Cardinal Archbishop 
of Malines and R. C. Primate of Belgium (1851 — ). 

Michael (mT'kel), Grand duke of Russia. Mikhail 
Aleksandrovich. Brother of Nicholas II. Russ. general 
(1878— )_. [cellor 1917 (1857— ).' 

Michaelis (me'Ka-5/lis), Georg. Ger. imperial chan- 

Milyukov (mel'ydo-kSf) , Paul Nikolaevich. Russ. histO' 
rian and statesman (1866 — ). 

Noyes (noiz), Alfred. English poet (1880 — ). 

Osborne (oz'bwrn), Thomas Mott. Amer. mfr. and prison 
reformer (1859— ). 

Painleve' (paN'le'-va'), Paul. French scientist and states- 
man (1863 — ). [spondent (1873 — ).| 

Palmer (pam'er), Frederick. Amer. newspaper corre-| 

Penfield (pSn'feld), Frederic C. Amer. amb. to Austria- 
Hungary 1913- (1855 — ). 

Perkins (pur'kinz) , George Walbridge. Amer. financier and 
polit. (1862— ). 

Pershing (-shing), John Joseph. Amer. gen. (1860 — ). 

Pfetain (pa'taN'), Henri Philippe. Fr. gen. (1856 — ). 

Plekhanov (plye-Ka'no'f ) , Georg V. Russian socialist edi- 
tor (1861 — ). 

Radoslavov (ra'dS-sla'vSf), Vasili. Bulgarian premier (? — ) 

Raemaekers (ra'ma-kers) , Louis. Dutch political car- 
toonist (1869 — ). 

Rankin (ran 'kin), Jeannette. First American congress- 
woman (1882 — ). 

Rasputin (ras-pdb'ten) , Grigori. Russ. monk; court fa- 
vorite. Assassinated (1873 — 1916). 

Redfield (red'feld), William C. Amer. secretary of com- 
merce 1913- (1858— ). [(1871— ).| 

Reuterdahl (roi'ter-dal) , Henry. American naval artistl 

Revel, di (de re'vel), Paolo Thaon. Commander in chief 
of Italian fleet (1857— ). 

ReventloWj, zu (tsoo ra'vent-lo), Ernst, Count. German 
journalist (1869 — ). 

Rhondda (rSn'dd) , David Alfred Thomas, first Baron. Eng. 
coal operator. Food controller 1917- (1856 — 1918). 

Roques (rS^ka'), Pierre Auguste. Fr. general (1856 — ). 

Rupert (roo'pert), Crown prince of Bavaria. Rupprechl 
Maria Luilpold Ferdinand. Ger. general (1869 — ). 

Savinkov (sa'vin-kSf), Boris. Ropshin. Russ. author and 
politician (1883— ). [(1865— ).| 

Scheidemann (shTMe-man), Philipp. Ger. socialist! 

Sharp (sharp), William Graves. Amer. ambassador to 
France 1914- (1859— ). [(I860— ). 

Sibert (sT'bert), William Luther. Amer. gen. & engineer 

Sims (slmz), William Snowden. American vice admira 
(1853— ). [1917 (1884— ). 

Skobelev (sko'be-lySf) , Matvyey I. Russ. min. of labor 

Smuts (smdots), Jan Christiaan. South African statesman 
and general (1870 — ). 

Sonnino (sSn-ne'no), Sidney, Baron. Italian statesman 
(1847— ). [to U. S. 1913-1918 (1859—1918).! 

Spring— Rice (spring'-ns'), Cecil Arthur, Sir. Brit. amb.| 

Squier (skwir), George Owen. American general. Chief of 
signal corps (1865 — ). 

Tardieu (tar'dyQ'), Andre Pierre Gabriel Amedee. French 
editor (1876— ). 

Teh-. See ch-. [and statesman (1853 — ).| 

Terauchi (ta'rou'cheO, Seiki, Count. Japanese general! 

Trotski !(tr6t'ske), Leon. Real name Leibe Braunstein 
(broun'shtTn). Russian socialist writer and political 
leader (1877?— ). [(1862— ).| 

Underwood (un'der-wdbd), Oscar W. American senator | 

Van Devanter (van de-van'ter), Willis. Associate justice 
U. S. Supreme Court (1859 — ). 

Viviani (ve/vya'neO.Rene. Fr . statesman (1863 — ). 

Weir (wer), Julian Alden. American painter (1852 — ). 

Whitlock (hwit'lSk), Brand. Amer. author. Minister to 
Belgium 1913-17 (1869— ). 

Whitman (hwit'man), Charles Seymour. Amer. lawyer. 
Gov. N. Y. 1915- (1868— ). 

Wilson (wll's&n), William Bauchop. Amer. miner. Sec. of 
labor 1913- (1862— ). 

Wise (wiz), Stephen Samuel. American rabbi (1872 — ). 

Zimmermann (tslm'er-man), Alfred F. M. Ger. states- 
man (1859 — ). 

Zita (ze'ta). Princess of Bourbon and Parma. Empress of 
Austria and Queen of Hungary 1916- . Consort of 

Charles I (1892 — ). 



DICTIONARY 

OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



A (a). 1. The first letter of the English alphabet. The 
different forms come from the Latin A, corresponding 
to Greek Alpha, of the same form, which came in turn 
from Aleph ("ox"), the first letter of the Phoenician and 
old Hebrew alphabets. In English, various sounds are now 
represented by this letter (see_ Guide to Pron., § 1). 2. As 
a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a First in order or 
class, or, sometimes, the numeral 1 ; as, Company A. b 
Music. The sixth tone in the model major scale (that of 
C), or the first of its relative minor scale. Also, a key 
giving this tone, or a symbol for it. 

A or a, n.; pi. a's, aes, or as (az). The letter A, a, or its 
sound ; as, he mouths his a's. 

Q, pron. Corruption of I, he, she, it, they. Obs. or Dial. 

a (d), v. t. Corruption of have. Obs. or Dial. 

a {unstressed, a; emph., a), adj., or (as usually called) the 
indefinite article. 1. The shortened form of an, signifying, 
but less emphatic than, one or any, and commonly used 
before words beginning with a consonant sound. See AN. 
2. In each ; to or for each ; as, "a dollar a yard." 

a (&), prep. [AS. of off, from.] Of. 06s. 

a (d), prep., a-, a- (d-), prefix. [AS. an, on.] On; in; at; 
as in afloat, afield, afire, asleep, "a Monday," "thrice a 
year," a-hunting. 

a-. [Gr. &v-, &-, not, <£- being used before consonants.] A 
prefix, appearing as an- before vowels or the letter h, de- 
noting not, without, un-; as in abyss, asexual, anhydrous. 

a-. A prefix equiv. to 1st A, prep., denoting off, from, 
of; as in adown, A 



athirst, afresh, etc 

S-. A form of ab-. 
See ab-. 

A 1 (a wun). A reg- 
istry mark given to 
ships in first-class 
condition ; hence : 
prime ; first-class. 

aard'-vark 7 (ard'- Aard-vark. (^,) 

vark'), n. [D., earth-pig.] Either of two ant-eating eden- 
tates (genus Orycteropus) of Africa. 

aard'-wolf (-woolf), n. [D., earth-wolf.] A hyenalike 
quadruped ( Proteles 



cristata) of South 
Africa. It feeds on 
insects, carrion, etc. 
Aar'on (ar'un), n. 
[From L. or Gr., fr. 
Heb. Aharon."] The 
brother of Moses 
{Ex. iv. 14). Aaron 
is _ the first high 
priest mentioned in 
the Bible. Aard-wolf. "" 

Aa-ron'ic (a-ron'ik)\ a. Pertaining to Aaron ; hence : Le- 

Aa-ron'i-cal (-i-kal)J vitical ; pontifical. 

Aaron's rod. a The rod used by Aaron {Ex. vii. 9, Num. 
xvii. 8). b [Preferably Aaron's-rod.] A plant with a tall 
flowering stem ; esp.. the great mullein or the goldenrod. 

Ab (ab ; ab), n. [Heb.] See Jewish calendar. 

ab- (ab-). A prefix fr. Lat. ab-, signifying from, away. 

a'ba-ca' (a'ba-ka'), n. [Native name.] The Manila hemp. 

a-back' (d-bak'), adv. Back; backward; — said specif., 
Naut., of sails when pressed back by the wind, or of a 








ABASEMENT 

ship when so checked ; whence the phrases to be taken 
abaci, all aback, etc., often used 
figuratively. 

ab'a-cus (ab'd-tr^s), n.; pi. E. -cuses 
(-ez ; 24), L.-ci (-si). [L., fr. Gr. a/3a?.] 

1. A table or frame for arithmetical 
calculation by means of sliding balls 
or counters. 2. Arch. The top mem- Abacus, 1. 
ber of the capital of a column, next under the architrave. 

A-bad'don (d-bad'un), n. [Heb.] 1. Lit., 
(place of) destruction ; the place of theW 
lost in Sheol ; the abyss of hell. 2. Apol- 
lyon {Rev. ix. 11). 

a-baft' (d-baftO, prep, [a- on + ME.^ 
paft, AS. beseftan; be by -f- xftan be- 
hind.] Naut. Behind ; toward the stern 
from. — adv. Naut. Toward or at the 
stern ; aft. A Abacus, 2. 

ab'a-lo'ne (aVd-lo^ne), n.^ A large gastropod mollusk (ge- 
nus Haliotis) having a slightly spi- 
ral shell, perforated with a row of 
holes for the escape of water from 
the gills. The shell is lined with i 
mother of pearl which is used in in- ' 
laying, button making, etc. ; an ear 
shell. 

a-ban'don (d-ban'dun), v. t. [OF. 
abandoner, fr. a (L. ad) + bandon SheU of A balone.^ 
authority, deriv. fr. LL. bannire to proclaim.] 1. To give 
up absolutely ; forsake or renounce utterly. 2. To yield 
(one's self) unrestrainedly ; — often in a bad sense. 3. To 
banish ; expel. Obs. 

Syn. Leave, quit, resign, surrender, relinquish, desert, for- 
sake. — Abandon, desert, forsake agree in the idea of 
quitting, or leaving in the lurch. Abandon denotes an 
absolute giving up, often with implication of surrender to 
the mercy of something or some one else ; as, to abandon 
a wreck, or one's self to despair. Desert (except some- 
times as applied to places ; as, the deserted village, deserted 
streets) denotes the quitting of an object in violation of 
duty ; as, to desert one's colors, one's principles. Forsake, 
which may or may not involve culpability, implies the 
breaking off of association with something familiar or dear ; 
as, to forsake one's friends ; the blood forsook his cheeks. 

Oa'ban'donf (a'baVdoN' ; Eng. d-ban'dim), n. [F.] A 
complete giving up to natural impulses ; careless ease. 

a-ban'doned (d-ban'dund), p. a. 1. Forsaken ; deserted. 

2. Self-abandoned ; extremely or irreclaimably wicked. 
Syn. Depraved, corrupt, dissolute, profligate, reprobate, 
vicious, vile. — Abandoned, profligate, dissolute, rep- 
robate all express great personal depravity. Abandoned 
suggests unresisting self-surrender to vice ; profligate, 
open and shameless disregard of decency (and often 
squandered means) ; dissolute, utter laxity of morals and 
the throwing off of all restraint ; reprobate, complete in- 
sensibility to reproof. 

a-banMon-ment (-dan-ment),rc. Act of abandoning ; state 
of being abandoned ; absence of self-restraint. 

a-base' (d-bas'), v. t.; a-based' (d-basf) ; a-bas'ing. [OF. 
abaissier. See base, a.] 1. To lower ; throw or cast down. 
Archaic. 2. To cast down or reduce, as in rank or esti- 
mation ; degrade. — a-base'ment (-mcnt), n. 
Syn. Disgrace, dishonor, debase, degrade, reduce, humble, 
humiliate, mortify, shame, depose. — Abase, debase, de- 
grade, reduce, humble, humiliate agree in the idea 
of bringing down to a lower state. Abase expresses a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 
K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



ABASH 

bringing down, always in the feeling of one's estate or con- 
dition ; as, to abase the proud. Debase involves an actual 
deterioration in quality or worth ; as, to debase the coinage. 
Degrade implies a lowering in rank (so also reduce) or in 
moral standard. Humble always suggests a sense of low- 
ered dignity or lost prestige, and when reflexive often im- 
plies self-abasement without loss of self-respect, thus dif- 
fering from humiliate, which always implies ignominy. 

a-bash' (d-bash'), v. t. [OF. esbahir, fr. L. ex + bah, in- 
terj. of astonishment.] To destroy the self-possession of ; 
confuse ; put to shame ; discomfit. — Syn. See embar- 
rass. — a-bash'ment (-ment), n. 

a-bat'a-ble (d-bat'd-b'l), a. That may be abated. 

a-bate' (d-bat'), v. t. ; a-bat'ed (-bat'ed) ; abating. [From 
OF., fr. LL. abatere to beat down ; ad + battere to beat, L. 
batuereJ] 1. To beat down ; demolish ; hence, to put an 
end to. Obs., exc. in Law; as, to abate a nuisance. 2. To 
reduce in amount, number, degree, intensity, etc., as a de- 
mand, pride, zeal ; lessen ; moderate. 3. To reduce (in re- 
spect of) ; deprive. Obs. 4. To deduct, as part of a price ; 
omit. — v. i. To be abated ; as : a To come to naught ; 
fall through, as a writ, b To decrease, as a storm. — Syn. 
Diminish, wane, slacken, sink, recede, decline. i i 

a-bate'ment (-ment), re. 1. An abating ; state of being 
abated ; also, amount abated ; decrease. 2. Her. A mark 
indicating depreciation, degradation, or disgrace. 

ab'a-tis, ab'at-tis (ab'd-tis ; F. a'ba'te'), n. [F. abatis 
mass of things cut'down.] Fort. A defense of felled trees 
with the branches sharpened and turned toward the enemy. 

a-ba'tor (d-ba'ter), re. Law. One who abates a nuisance. 

H a'bat'toir' (a'ba/twar'), n. ; pi. -toirs (-twarz'). [F., fr. 
abattre to beat down.] A slaughterhouse. 

abb (ab), re. [AS. aweb, ab; a- -f- web. See WEB.] Among 
weavers, the woof or yarn for the woof. 

Ab'ba (ab'd), re. [Syriac abba father.] Father ; — used by 
Jesus of the Deity. 

ab'ba-cy (-si), re.; pi. -cies (-siz). [L. abbatia.~\ Dignity, 
estate, jurisdiction, or term of tenure of an abbot. 

Ab-bas'side (a-bas'id ; -id), a. Pert, to or designating the 
dynasty of caliphs claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of 
Mohammed. They ruled (about 750-1258) at Bagdad, and 
were famous for luxury and patronage of art and literature. 

— re. One of this dynasty. 

ab-ba'tial (d-ba'shal), a. Pertaining to an abbot or abbey. 

|| ab'be' (a/ba') ( n. ; pi. -bes (-baz'). [F.]_ Abbot ; — now a 
title in France for any secular ecclesiastic holding no 
living. He usually acts as a tutor, instructor, or the like. 

ab'bess (ab'es), re. [From OF., fr. L. abbatissa, fem. of ab- 
bas abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery. 

ab'bey (-1), re. ; pi. -beys (-iz). [From OF., fr. L. abbatia, 
fr. abbas abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons se- 
cluded and devoted to religion and celibacy ; also, the mo- 
nastic building or buildings. 2. The church of a monastery. 
— Syn. See cloister. 

ab'bot (ab'i/t), re. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, 
Gr. A/3/3as, fr. Syriac abba father.] Superior or head of an 
abbey of monks. — ab'bot-cy (-si), n. — ab'bot-ship, re. 
Abbot of Misrule or Unreason. = Lord of Misrule. 

ab-bre'vi-ate (d-bre'vl-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. abbreviatus, p. p. of abbrsviare. See abridge.] To 
make briefer ; shorten, esp. by contraction or omission, as 
words. — Syn. Contract, reduce. See abridge. 

ab-bre'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), re. Act or result of abbreviating ; 
abbreviated form of a word or phrase, as d. for died. 

ab-bre'vi-a'tor (d-bre'vi-a'ter), re. 1. One who, or that 
which, abbreviates. 2. Any of those officers of the papal 
chancery who originally made abbreviated extracts of the 
papal letters, and later constituted a college (now sup- 
pressed) charged with expediting the papal letters. 

A' B' C (a'be^se'). 1. The first three letters of the alpha- 
bet. 2. The simplest rudiments of any subject. 

ab'di-cate (ab'di-kat), v. t.; -cat/ed (-kaVed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. abdicatus, p. p. of abdicare ; ab + dicare to proclaim.] 
To give up or relinquish formally, as sovereign power ; re- 
nounce ; surrender, as a trust, duty, right, etc. 
Syn. Abdicate and resign imply a yielding up of office, 
authority, or trust. Abdicate applies particularly to the 
relinquishment of authority or dignity which is inherent 
or sovereign ; as, to abdicate the crown ; resign applies to 
the relinquishment of an unexpired office ortrust. 

— v. i. To renounce a throne, high office, or dignity. — ab'- 
di-ca'tor (-ka'ter), re. 

ab'di-ca'tion (-ka'shun), re. Act of abdicating. 
ab-do'men (ab-do'men), re. [L.] 1. The belly ; the part 

of the body between the thorax and the pelvis ; also, the 

cavity of the belly, containing the stomach, bowels, etc. 

2. The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in 

insects, crustaceans, etc. 

ab-dom'i-nal (-dom'T-nal), a. Of or pert, to the abdomen. 
ab-dom'i-nous (ab-dom'I-nus), a. Big-bellied. Rare. 
ab-duce' (ab-dus'), v. t.; ab-duced' (-dust'); ab-duc'ing 

(-dus'Ing). [L. abducere to lead away ; ab -f- ducere to 



ABIGAIL 

lead.] To draw or conduct away ; withdraw ; to draw to 

a different part. Obs. or Archaic. 
ab-du'cent (-du'sent), a. Physiol. Abducting. 
ab-duct' (-diikt'), v. t. [L. abductus, p. p. of abducere to 

lead away.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force ; 

usually, to kidnap. 2. Physiol. To draw away, as a limb, 

from a position near or parallel to the median axis, as in 

raising the arm. — ab-duc'tor (-ter), re. 
ab-duc'tion (-duk'shun), re. Act of abducting; specif., 

Law, the unlawful taking away of a woman for purposes 

of marriage or defilement. 
a-beam' (d-bem'), adv. Naut. On a line at right angks 

with the ship's keel ; opposite the middle of the ship's side. 
a-bear' (-bar'), v. t. [AS. aberan; a-, orig., out + beran 

to bear.] To put up with ; endure. Now Dial. 
a'be-ce-da'ri-an (a'be-se-da'ri-dn), n. [L. abecedarius, fr. 

the names of the first four letters of the alphabet.] i. One 

who is learning or teaching the alphabet. 2. A tyro. 

— a. Alphabetic ; hence, rudimentary. 
a-bed' (d-bed'), adv. In bed, or on the bed. 
A-bed'ne-gO (d-bed 'ne-go). Bib. See Shadrach. 

A'bel (a'bel), re. Bib. The second son of Adam and Eve, 
slain by his elder brother, Cain. See Gen. iv. 

a-bele' (d-bel' ; a'bel), n. [From D., fr. OF., fr. a dim. of 
L. albus white.] The white poplar. 

a'bel-mosk' (a'bel-mosk'), n. |[From NL. Abelmoschus, 
the genus, fr. Ar. abu-l misk father of musk. See musk.] An 
evergreen shrub (Abelmoschus abelmoschus) of the East 
and West Indies and northern Africa. It has musky seeds. 

ab-er'rance (ab-er'dns), ab-er'ran-cy (-dn-sT), n. State of 
being aberrant ; a wandering from the right way ; deviation 
from truth, rectitude, etc. 

ab-er'rant (ab-er'dnt), a. [L. aberrans, -rantis,-p. pr. of 
aberrare to go astray ; ab -j- errare to wander.] 1. Wan- 
dering ; straying from the right way. 2. Abnormal. 

ab'er-ra'tion (aVer-a'shwn), n. 1. A wandering ; deviation, 
esp. from what is right, natural, or typical. 2. Mental dis- 
order. 3. Astron. A small periodical apparent change of 
position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, .due to the 
motion of light and of the observer. 4. Optics. Conver- 
gence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light 
emanating from the same point, or deviation of such con- 
verged rays from a single focus. 

a-bet' (d-bef), v. t.; a-bet'ted ; a-bet'ting. [From OF. 
abeter; a (L. ad) -f- beter to bait (as a bear).] To instigate, 
encourage, support, or uphold, as by aid or countenance ; 
— now chiefly in a bad sense. — a-bet'ment (-ment), re. 

a-bet'ter, a-bet'tor (d-bet'er), n. One who abets. 
Syn. Abettor, accessory, accomplice, confederate, 
conspirator. In legal use these words import guilt in 
common. Confederate is applied to any person who 
intentionally contributes to the commission of any unlaw- 
ful act. Of civil joint wrongdoers the usual term is con- 
spirator. An accessory is one who accedes to, or becomes 
involved in, the guilt by some act either previous or subse- 
quent to its commission, as of instigating, aiding, con- 
cealing, etc. An abettor is one actually or constructively 
present at the commission of the deed and contributing 
to it by moral or physical force. An accomplice is one 
who with criminal intent participates in the commission 
of an offense, whether as principal, abettor, or accessory. 

a-bey'ance (d-ba'ans), n. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + baer, 
beer, to gape, expect.] 1. Law. Expectancy ; condition of 
being undetermined or not vested, as of a right or an in- 
heritance. 2- Suspension ; temporary suppression. 

a-bey'ant (-ant), a. Being in abeyance. [abominable.! 

ab-hom'i-na-ble (ab-hom'i-nd-b'l), a. Old spelling of| 

ab-hor/ (ab-hor'), v. t.; -horred' (-hord r ) ; -hor'ring. [L. 
abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shudder.] To shrink 
with shuddering from ; detest to extremity. — Syn. See 

HATE. 

ab-hor'rence (-hor'ens), re. Act or state of abhorring. 

ab-hor'rent (-ent), a. 1. Having or showing abhorrence; 
loathing. 2. Contrary or repugnant ; — used with to. 

ab-hor'rer (ab-hor'er), re. One who abhors. 

a-bid'ance (d-bld'dns), re. An abiding; state of abiding. 

a-bide' (d-bid'), v. i.; pret. & p. p. a-bode' (d-bod'), a- 
bid'ed (d-bTd'ed) ; p. pr. & vb : re. a-bid'ing (d-bTd'Ing). 
[AS. abidan ; o- + bidan to bide.] _ 1. To continue in a 
place ; have one's abode ; dwell ; sojourn. 2. To remain 
stable or fixed in some state ; continue. — Syn. See reside. 

— v. t. 1. To await ; watch for. 2. To endure ; submit to ; 
as, every man must abide his fate ; varnish will not abide 
heat. 3. To bear patiently ; as, he cannot abide a telltale ; 
tolerate. 4. [Confused with aby to pay for.] To stand the 
consequences of ; suffer for. — a-bid'er (-bld'er), n. 

to abide by. a To stand to ; adhere to. b To acquiesce 

in ; conform to ; accept as valid and take the consequences 

of ; as, to abide by a decision. 
a-bid'ing, p. a. Continuing ; lasting. — a-bid'ing-ly, adv. 
ab'i-gail (ab'I-gal), re. A lady's waiting maid. Cf. 1 Sam. 

xxv. 23-31. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot, • out, oil; chair; go; siag", tak; ihexi,. thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ABILITY i 

a-bil'i-ty (d-bil'i-ti), ».; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From F., fr. L. 
habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis. See able.] Quality 
or state of being able ; power to perform ; capacity ; suf- 
ficiency of strength, skill, etc.; in pi., faculty; talent. — 
Syn. Energy, strength, capability, efficiency, aptitude. 

ab'i-O-gen'e-sis (ab'i-6-jen'e-sTs), n. [a- not + bio- -f- 
-genesis.~\ Biol. Spontaneous generation. — ab'i-o-ge- 
net'ic (-je-net'Ik), a. — ab'i-og'e-nist (ab'i-oj'e-mst), n. 

ab'ject (ab'jekt), a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw 
away ; ab + jacere to throw.] 1. Cast down ; low-lying. 
Obs. or Archaic. 2. Sunk to a low condition ; cast down in 
spirit or hope. — Syn. Mean, groveling, cringing, slavish, 
ignoble, vile, beggarly. — ab-jec'tion (ab-jek'shun), n. — 
ab'ject-ly, adv. — ab'ject-ness, n. 

ab-jure' (ab-joor'), v. t. & i.; -jured' (-joord') ; -jur'ing. 
[L. abjurare to deny on oath ; ab-^-jurare to swear.] 1. To 
renounce upon oath ; forswear ; uisavow ; as, to abjure al- 
legiance to a prince. 2. To renounce with solemnity ; re- 
cant ; repudiate ; as, to abjure errors. — Syn. See re- 
nounce. — ab'ju-ra'tion (ab'joo-ra'shun ; 86), n.— ab-ju'- 
ra-tO-ry (ab-joo'rd-to-ri), a. — ab-jur'er, -or (-joor'er), n. 

ab'lac-ta'tion (ab'lak-ta'shwn), n. [L. ablactatio ; ab -f- 
lactare to suckle, lac milk.] Weaning. 

ab-la'tion (ab-la'shun), n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus, p. p. of 
auferre to carry away.] A taking away ; removal. 

ab'la-tive (ab'ld-tiv), a. [From F., fr. L. ablativus, fr. abla- 
tus, p. p.] Designating, or pert, to, a case of the noun in 
Latin and Sanskrit, fundamentally implying esp. removal, 
or direction away. In Latin, it denotes also the relations 
denoted by with, by, at, and in. — n. The ablative case, or 
a form in it. 

ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a 
noun in the ablative case has a participle (expressed or 
understood) agreeing with it, the two words expressing 
generally the time, cause, or an attendant circumstance of 
an action ; as, Tarquinio regnante venit, i. e., he came in 
the reign of Tarquinius (lit., Tarquinius reigning). 

ab'laut (ap'lout), n. [G., off-sound.] The variation of the 
root vowel in different forms of the same word, indicating 
a change of use or meaning, as in get, gat, got. Cf . umlaut. 

a-blaze' (d-blaz'), adv. & a. On fire ; gleaming ; ardent. 

-a-ble (-d-b'l), -i-ble (-T-b'l), or -ble. [F., fr. L. -abilis, 
-ibilis, -bilis.~\ A suffix used to form adjectives, and mean- 
ing : 1. Capable of being, fit to be, worthy to be (acted 
upon in a certain way) ; — now the usual sense in English. 
Examples : apprehensible, capable of being appre- 
hended ; desirable, worthy of being desired ; lovabZe, fit 
to be, or worthy of being, loved ; breakage, capable of 
being broken. 

2. Able to, capable of, capable of causing, productive of, 
characterized by ; also, inclining to, liable to, subject to. 
Examples : durable, able to endure ; pleasurable, capable 
of causing, or productive of, pleasure ; peaceable, in- 
clined to peace, characterized by peace ; perishable, li- 
able to perish ; mutabZe, capable of, or subject to, mu- 
tation. 

t^ = The form -able, originally in words formed on Latin 
verbs in -are, is now used with native English verbs and 
nouns ; -ible occurs mostly with words directly from Latin 
verbs in -ere, -ire. In adjectives from the French, -able is 
the regular form, with words going back to Latin verbs of 
any conjugation. 

a'ble (a'b'l), a.; a'bler (a/bler) ; a 'blest (a'blest; 24). 
[OF., fr. L. habilis easily held or managed, apt, fr. habere 
to have, hold.] 1. Having sufficient power, force, skill, 
etc. ; competent ; capable. 2. Having intellectual quali- 
fications, or strong mental powers ; talented ; clever. 

a'ble— bod'ied (-bod'Td; 109), a. Having a sound, strong 
body ; physically competent. 

able-gate (ab'le-gat), n. [L. ablegatus, p. p., sent away.] 
R. C. Ch. A representative of the Pope charged with im- 
portant commissions in foreign countries. 

ab'lu-ent (ab'lu-ent), a. [L. abluens, p. pr.] Washing 
away ; detergent. — n. Med. A detergent. 

ab-lu'tion (ab-lu'shiin), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere to wash 
away ; ab -f- luere to wash.] 1. A washing or cleansing, 

I specifically as a religious rite or for medical purposes. 

' 2. The liquid used in cleansing. 

a'bly (a'bli), jxdv. In an able manner ; with ability. 

ab'ne-gate (ab'ne-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. abnegatus, p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny.] 
To deny and reject ; abjure. 

ab / ne-ga'tion_(ab / ne"-ga'shun), n. A denial; a renuncia- 
tion ; self-denial. 

ab-nor'mal (ab-n5r'mal), a. [For earlier anormal, fr. F., 
deriv. of Gr. avainaXos. Confused with L. abnormis. See 
anomalous.] Not conformed to rule or system ; deviating 
from the type ; irregular. — ab-nor'mal-ly, adv. 

ab'nor-mal'i-ty (ab'n&r-mal'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
Abnormal state or quality. 2. Something abnormal. 

ab-nor'mi-ty (ab-n6r'mi-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Departure 
from the ordinary type ; irregularity. 



ABOUT 

ab-nor'moUS (ab-nor'mus), a. [L. abnormis; ab + nor- 
ma rule. See normal.] Abnormal ; irregular. 

a-board' (d-bord' ; 57), adv. 1. On board ; into or within a 
boat or railroad car. 2. Alongside. — prep. On board of. 

a-bode' (d-bod'), pret. & p. p. of abide. 

a-bode', n. [From abide.] 1. Stay or continuance in a 
place ; sojourn. 2. Abiding place ; residence. 

a-bode', n. [See bode, v. <.] An omen ; prognostication. 

— v. t. & i. To bode ; presage. Both Obs. 

|| a'bo-ga'do (a'vo-ga'tho), n.; pi. -dos (-thos). [Sp.] Sp. 
Law. An advocate ; a counselor at law. 

a-bol'ish (d-bol'ish), v. t. [From F., fr. L. abolere, -letum ; 
ab + olere to grow.] To do away with wholly ; put an end 
to, as a law, evil, disease, etc. As used of the destruction 
of concrete objects, killing of persons, etc., abolish is ar- 
chaic. — a-bol'ish-a-ble, a. — ish-er, n. — ish-ment, n. 
Syn. Annul, vacate, invalidate, quash, countermand, 
recall, repeal, abrogate, revoke, nullify, cancel, rescind, 
reverse. — Abolish, repeal, abrogate, revoke, annul, 
nullify, cancel, rescind, reverse have in common the 
idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Annul 
denotes simply to make void ; as, to annul a contract. 
Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent 
nature, such as institutions, usages, customs ; as, the 
abolition of slavery ; repeal, to the annulling by a legisla- 
tive body of a previous enactment ; as, the repeal of the 
Stamp Act ; abrogate, to the annulling by a ruler or an 
executive body of laws, ordinances, treaties, conventions ; 
revoke, to the recall of a previous grant which conferred 
power, privilege, etc. ; as, the revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes; nullify (in the United States), to the revolu- 
tionary contravention, by a State, of a Federal law ; as, 
the South Carolina ordinance of nullification. Cancel 
refers to instruments, as deeds, contracts, writs, rather 
than to statutes ; rescind, to the vacation, by the enacting 
or superior authority, of a resolution, a vote, a decree, 
rather than of a law ; reverse, to the setting aside by a 
higher tribunal of the decision of a lower. 

ab'0-li'tion (a.b'6-lish'un), n. [L. abolitio.'] Act of abol- 
ishing ; state of being abolished ; utter destruction. 

ab'o-ll'tion-ism (-Tz'm), n. System of principles or meas- 
ures favoring abolition, esp. of negro slavery. 

ab'o-li'tion-ist (-1st), n. An advocate of abolitionism. 

ab'o-ma'sum (ab'6-ma'siim), n. See ruminant. 

a-bom'i-na-ble (d-bom'i-nd-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. abomina- 
bilis.~\ Worthy of or causing abomination ; detestable ; 
loathsome. na-ble-ness, n. na-bly, adv. 

a-bom'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'ing. 
[L. abominatus, p. p. of abominari to deprecate as omi- 
nous, abhor, curse ; ab -f- omen a foreboding.] To abhor ; 
loathe. — Syn. See hate. na 7 tor (-na'ter), n. 

a-boml-na'tion (-na'shim), n. 1. Feelin»of extreme dis- 
gust and hatred ; abhorrence ; loathing ; detestation. 2. 
That which is abominable ; anything hateful or vile ; pollu- 
tion. 3. A cause of wickedness. 

ab'0-rig'i-nal (ab'o-rfj'i-ndl), a. 1. First ; original ; indige- 
nous. 2. Of or pert, to aborigines. — Syn. See native. 

— n. One of the aborigines. — ab'o-rig'i-nal-ly, adv. 
ab'o-rig'i-nes (-rlj'i-nez), n. pi.; usual (but etymologically 

indefensible) sing, ab'o-rig'i-ne (-ne). [L. Aborigines, 
esp. those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or 
Italy.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country ; 
native races, esp. as contrasted with an invading or colo- 
nizing race. 2. Biol. The original fauna and flora of a 
(given) geographical area. 

a-bort' (d-bort'), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of ab- 
oriri.~\ To miscarry ; remain rudimentary in development. 

a-bor'ti-cide (d-bor'ti-sld), n. [L. abortus + -cide. See 
abort.] Med. a Act of destroying a fetus in the womb. 
b An agent that destroys the fetus and causes abortion. 

a-bor'ti-fa'cient (-fa'shent), a. [L. abortus + faciens 
making.] Producing abortion. — n. A drug or an agent 
that causes abortion. 

a-bor'tion (d-bor'shiin), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri ; ab -f- 
oriri to rise, be born.] 1. A premature birth ; premature 
expulsion of the human fetus, esp. before it is viable ; mis- 
carriage. 2. An immature product, as an untimely birth, 
or a fruit thatfails to mature. 3. Any failure of completion 
or perfection in what has been begun. 

a-bor'tion-ist (d-bor'shwn-ist), n. One who practices the 
producing of criminal abortions. 

a-bor'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Born prematurely. 2. Coming to 
naught ; ineffectual ; fruitless. 3. Med. a Causing abor- 
tion, as a drug, b Cutting short ; as, abortive treatment 
of typhoid fever. — a-bor'tive-ly, adv. — a-bor'tive- 
ness, n. 

a-bou'li-a (d-boo'li-d), a-boulic. Vars. of abulia, abulic. 

a-bound' (d-bound'), v. i. [From F., fr. L. abundare to 
overflow, abound ; ab + undo wave.] 1. To be in great 
plenty or very prevalent. 2. To be copiously supplied; 
teem ; — used with in or with. 

a-bout , (d-bout , ) > adv. [AS. abutan, onbutan; on + butan, 
fr. be by + utan outward, ut out.] 1. On all sides ; here 



B 



D 



G 



I 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G, ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ABOVE 



ABSOLUTE 



■ and there ; around ; as, to look about ; wandering about. 

-.2. In circuit; around the outside; as, at the waist he is 

one yard about. 3. Nearly ; approximately ; as, about 400. 

4. To a reversed position ; half around ; as, to face about. 

5. In rotation ; as, turn about is fair play. 

— prep. 1. Around ; on every side of ; as, the air is about 
us. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of ; near ; by or 
on (one's person) ; as, he stayed about the house for our 
protection ; have you a knife about you ? 3. Over or upon 
different parts of ; here and there in ; throughout ; as, to 
travel about the country ; stones scattered about a field. 
4. Near ; not far from ; as, about this time yesterday. 5. 
In concern with ; engaged in ; as, he went about his busi- 
ness. 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive : On the 
point or verge of ; in the act of ; as, he was about to leap. 
7. Concerning ; with regard to ; in connection with ; touch- 
ing ; as, to talk about politics. 

a-bove' (d-buv'), adv. [AS. on on + be by + ufan up- 
ward.] 1. In a place above something ; overhead. 2. Ear- 
lier in order ; as,_that was said above. 3. Higher in rank 
or power. 

— prep. 1. In or to a higher place than ; higher than ; 
over ; — opposed to below or beneath. 2. Fig., higher 
than ; superior to ; surpassing ; beyond ; as, above criti- 
cism, above revenge. 3. Surpassing in number or quan- 
tity ; more than. 

Syn. Above, over, on, upon. Above, over, and on (upon) 
differ in that on (upon) always implies contact, while over 
and above allow an interval. Over implies verticality, above 
may or may not. Thus, the entire second story of a building 
is above, but only a small part of it is directly over, one who 
stands on (upon) the ground floor. Upon and on are gen- 
erally practically absolute synonyms ; upon is the more em- 
phatic word, but the choice is often determined by consid- 
erations of euphony alone. 

— a. Being above ; situated, placed, said, written, men- 
tioned, or the like, above. — n. That which is above. 

a-bove'board' (-bord' ; 57), adv. & a. Above the board or 
table ; hence :.in open sight ; without trick or concealment. 

ab'ra-ca-dab'ra (ab'rd-kd-dab'rd), ft- abracadabra 
[L.] 1. A mystical word or group abracadabr 
of letters arranged in a certain tri- abracadab 
angular way, used as a charm. 2. abracada 
Something without meaning ; jargon. 

ab-ra'dant (ab-ra/ddnt), a. & n. Ab- 
rasive. 

ab-rade'(ab-rad'), v. t. .--rad'ed (-rad'- 
ed) ; -rad'ing. [L. abradere, -rasum, 
to scrape off ; ab + radere to scrape.] 
To rub off ; wear away by friction. — ab-rad'er (-er), n. 

A'bra-ham (a'brd-ham), n. [Heb.] Bib. The first patri- 
arch, founder of the Hebrew race. Gen. xi.-xxv. 

a-bran'chi-al (d-brarj'ki-dl), a. [a- not + branchial, .] 
Without gills. 

ab-ra'sion (ab-ra/zhun), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere to 
abrade.] Act of abrading ; also, an abraded place. 

ab-ra'sive (-siv), a. Tending to abrade. — n. A substance 
used for abrading ; as, emery is an abrasive. 

a-bras'tol (d~bras'tol ; -tol), n. A derivative of naphthol, 
used as a food preservative and as a remedy for gout. 

ab'raum salts (ab'roum ; Ger. ap'roum). [G. abraum- 
salze.] A mixture of salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, 
etc., lying above the Stassfurt rock salt, in Prussia. 

ab're-ac'tion (ab're-ak'shim), n. \_ab- + reaction, after G. 
abreagirung.] Psychotherapy. See catharsis. 

a-breast' (d-brest'), adv. 1. Side by side. 2. Up to a cer- 
tain level or line ; equally advanced. 

a-bridge' (d-brljO, v. t.; a-bridged' (d-brijd r ); a-bridg'- 
ing. [From OF., fr. L. abbreviare ,• ad (or ab) + breviare 
to shorten, brevis short.] 1. To shorten ; lessen ; diminish ; 
curtail ; specif., to shorten or contract by using fewer 
words, retaining the sense ; condense. 2. To deprive ; cut 
off ; — now used with of; as, to abridge one of his rights. — 
Syn. Epitomize, contract, compress ; reduce. 

a-bridg'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of abridging; state of 
being abridged. 2. Something made by abridging ; dimi- 
nution ; reduction ; compend. — Syn. See compendium. 

a-broacb/ (d-broch'), adv. 1. Broached ; in a condition for 
letting out liquor. 2. Hence : afoot ; astir. 

a-broad' (d-brod'), adv. 1. At large ; widely ; broadly. 2. 
Outside of a certain confine ; as : a Outdoors, b Outside of a 
country ; in foreign countries. 3. Astray ; wide of the mark. 
4. Before the public ; at large ; here and there ; widely. 

ab'ro-gate (ab'ro-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gaVed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, pro- 
pose.] To annul by an authoritative act. — Syn. Revoke, 
repeal. See abolish. 

ab'ro-ga'tion (-ga/shiin), n. Act of abrogating; repeal by 
authority. 

ab'ro-ga-tive (ab'r6-ga-tiv), a. Tending or designed to 
abrogate. 

ab'ro-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who abrogates. 



A B R A C A D 

A B R A C A 

A B R A C 

A B R A 

A B R 

A B 

A 



ab-rupt' (ab-rupt'), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to 
break off ; ab + rumpere to break.] 1. Rising, descend- 
ing, or changing sharply from a given surface or level. 

2. Sudden ; hasty ; as, an abrupt departure. 3. Having 
sudden transitions ; broken ; as, an abrupt style. 

Syn. Rough, curt, brusque, blunt, unceremonious, discon- 
nected, broken ; sheer, perpendicular, vertical, sharp, steep, 
precipitous. — Abrupt, steep, precipitous. Abrupt ap- 
plies to a surface (as an acclivity or declivity) which, esp., 
rises or descends at a sharp pitch or angle. Steep implies 
such an angle as renders ascent, less frequently descent, 
difficult. Precipitous suggests an angle nearly vertical. 

ab-rup'tion (-riip'slran), n. A sudden breaking off. 

ab-rupt'ly, adv. In an abrupt manner. 
abruptly pinnate, Bot., pinnate without an odd leaflet at 
the end. See leaf, Illust. 

ab-rupt'ness, n. State or quality of being abrupt. 

Ab'sa-lom (ab'sd-lom), n. [L., fr. Heb.] Bib. King 
David's favorite but rebellious son. See 2 Sam. xviii. 

ab'scess (ab'ses), n. [L. abscessus, lit., a going away, de- 
riv. of ab, abs + cedere to go off.] A collection of pus in 
the body, usually due to injury, poisoning, or infection. 

ab-scind' (ab-sind'), v. t. [L. abscindere; ab + scindere 
to rend, cut.] To rend ; cut asunder. Rare. 

ab-scis'sa (ab-sis'd), n.; pi. E. -sas (-dz), L. -sm (-e). 
[From fern, of L. abscissus, p. p. of abscindere to cut off ; 
ab + scindere to cut.] Geom. One of the elements of refer- 
ence by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a sys- 
tem of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. Cf. ordinate. 

ab-scis'sion (-sizh'un), n. [L. abscissio.] Act or fact of 
cutting off, or putting an end to ; state of being cut off. 

ab-SCOnd' (-skond'), v. i. [L. absconder e to hide ; ab, abs 
+ condere to lay up.] To depart clandestinely ; steal off 
and secrete one's self. — ab-scond'er, n. 

ab'sence (ab'sens), n. [F., fr. L. absentia.'] 1. State or 
time of being absent ; — ■ opp. to presence. 2. Want ; lack. 

3. Inattention to things present ; abstraction (of mind). 
ab'sent (-sent), a. [F., fr. L. absens, absentis, p. pr. of 

abesse to be away (from) ; ab -+- esse to be.] 1. Being 
away ; withdrawn ; not present. 2. Not existing ; lacking. 
3. Inattentive to what is passing ; absent-minded. 
Syn. Musing, dreaming, lost, abstracted, preoccupied. — 
Absent, abstracted, preoccupied denote a want of atten- 
tion to one's surroundings. Absent implies an unconscious 
wandering of one's thoughts from present topics ; as, he 
was so absent that he heard nothing. Abstracted suggests 
a positive drawing off of the mind from present things to 
some weighty matter for reflection ; as, abstracted in specu- 
lation. Preoccupied suggests absence of attention due to 
previous absorption in a more engrossing thought or pur- 
suit ; as, he was so preoccupied that he spoke mechanically. 

ab-sent' (ab-sent'), v. i : To withdraw (one's self) to such a 
distance as to prevent intercourse. — ab-sent'er, n. 

ab'sen-ta'tion (ah/sen-ta/shun), n. Absenting of one's self. 

ab'sen-tee' (-te'), n. One who is absent, or who absents 
himself, fromhis country, office, post, duty, etc., as a land- 
holder who lives in a country or district away from his 
estate ; as, an Irish absentee. — ab'sen-tee'ism (-iz'm), n. 

ab'sent-ly, adv. In an absent or inattentive manner. 

ab'sent-mind'ed (ab'sent-mln'ded ; 109), a. Being in a 
temporary state, or having a habit, of mind in which one 
fails to respond to the ordinary demands on his attention. 
— ab'sent-mind'ed-ly, adv . — ab' sent-mind'ed-ness, n. 

ab'sinth 1 (ab'sinth), n. [F. absinthe.'] 1. Absinthium. 

ab'sinthe/ 2. A green alcoholic liquor containing oils of 
wormwood and anise, and other aromatics. It produces 
serious nervous derangement. 

ab-sin'thi-al (ab-sm'thT-dl) lo. Of or pertaining to worm- 

ab-sin'thi-an (ab-sTn'thi-dn)/_ wood; bitter. 

ab-sin'thi-ate (-at), v. t. To impregnate with wormwood. 

ab'sinth-ism (ab'sinth-Iz'm ; ab-sinth'iz'm), n. Med. A 
diseased condition due to the excessive use of absinth. 

ab-sin'thi-um (ab-sTn'thi-um), n. [L., from Gr. d.tpivdcov.'] 
The common wormwood. 

ab'SO-lute (ab'so-lut), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. 
See absolve.] 1. Absolved. Obs. 2. Perfect ; complete ; 
as, absolute perfection. 3. Free from mixture ; simple ; 
pure ; as, absolute alcohol. 4. Free from limit, restriction, 
or qualification ; as, absolute monarch ; absolute veto. 5. 
Free from relation to something else ; esp., free from the 
variability and error natural to human cognitions and per- 
ceptions ; hence : actual ; real ; as, absolute science. 6. 
Gram. Standing apart from its usual construction with 
another word or words ; as, the ablative absolute; "ours" 
is the absolute form of "our." 7. Physics, a Independ- 
ent, as far as possible, of arbitrary standards; esp., per- 
taining to, or derived in the simplest manner from, the 
fundamental units of length, mass, and time ; as, absolute 
electric units ; absolute pressure (fluid pressure measured 
above a perfect vacuum), b Pertaining to the absolute- 
temperature scale ; as, 10° absolute, or 10° A. 8. Positive ; 
certain ; also, authoritative ; peremptory. Rare. — Syn. 
See pure. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ABSOLUTELY 



ABUSIVE 



absolute pitch, Music, the position of a tone in reference 
to the whole range of pitch or to a complete standard scale, 
conceived as independently determined by its rate of vibra- 
tion ; as, A, E? indicate absolute pitch. — a. temperature, 
Physics, temperature as measured on a scale determined by 
certain general thermodynamic principles, and reckoned 
from a. zero (—273.1° C. or — 459.6° F.). 
— °n. Philos. With the, that which is absolute ;esp., all reality 
considered as the final or total fact, or existence. 
ab'so-lute-ly, adv. of absolute, a. See -ly._ 
ab'so-lute-ness, n. Quality or state of being absolute. 
ab'so-lu'tion (-lu'shSn), n. 1. Act of absolving ; forgive- 
ness. 2. a In the Roman Catholic Church, and with some 
others, remission of sin given in the sacrament of penance 
to the truly penitent by the priest in virtue of authority 
derived from Christ, b R. C. Ch. (1) A releasing from 
censures, as from excommunication, apart from the sac- 
rament of penance. (2) A form of intercession for the 
dead, chanted or recited while the body is in the church. 

ab'SO-lut'ism (ab'so-lut'iz'm), n. State or quality of being 
absolute, or without limitation or condition. 

ab'SO-lut'ist (-Tst), n. One who favors an absolute or auto- 
cratic government. — ab'so-lu-tis'tic (-lu-tis'tik), o. 

ab-solve' (ab-solv'), v. t.; -solved' (-solvd') ; -solv'ing. 
[L. absolvere ; ab-\-solvere to loose.] 1. To set free, or 
release, as from an obligation or from the consequences of 
guilt ; pronounce free. 2. To free from involving a pen- 
alty ; pardon; remit (a sin). — Syn. See exculpate. — 
ab-solv'a-bl3, a. — ab-solv'a-to-ry, a. — ab-solv'er, n. 

ab'SO-nant (ab'so-nant), a. [L. ab-\-sonans sounding.] 
Discordant ; contrary (to what is reasonable, natural, etc.). 

ab-sorb' (-sorb'), v. t. [h.absorbere ; ab-\-sorbere to suck 
in.] 1. To swallow up ; engulf. 2. To suck up ; drink or 
take in ; imbibe, as a sponge. 3. To take up by cohesive, 
chemical, or any molecular action; as, charcoal absorbs 
gases. 4. To engross wholly ; occupy fully. — ab-SOrb'- 
a-ble. a. — ab-sorb'a-bil'i-ty, n. 

ab-sor/be-fa'cient (ab-sor'be-fa'shent), a. [L. absorbere 
to absorb + -facient."] Tending to produce absorption. 

ab-sorb'ent (-sor'bent), a. Absorbing ; absorptive. — n. 
Anything which absorbs. — ab-sorb'en-cy (-sor'ben-si), n. 

ab-sorb'ing (-blng), p. a. That absorbs ; engrossing. 

ab-sorp'tion (-sorp'shun), n. [L. absorption] Act of ab- 
sorbing ; fact or state of being absorbed ; specif., Physics, 
selective absorption of light by different media, showing in 
the spectrum by absorption lines (usually for gases and 
vapors) or a. bands (usually for solids and liquids). 

ab-sorp'tive (-tiv), a. Able or tending to absorb. 

ab-Stain' (-stan r ), v. i. [From OF., fr. L. abstinere, absten- 
tion, to keep from ; ab, abs+tenere to hold.] To hold one's 
self aloof ; forbear voluntarily, esp. from indulgence of the 
appetites. — ab-stain'er (-er), n. 

Syn. Withhold, desist, refrain. — Abstain, refrain 
agree in the idea of a self-imposed check or arrest upon 
action. To abstain is deliberately to withhold one's self 
from an object or action, often implying that indulgence 
would be hurtful or wrong. Refrain is not so emphatic as 
abstain, and applies less often to the appetites or passions. 
It often implies the checking of a momentary impulse or 
inclination or often merely voluntary nonperformance ; as, 
to refrain from laughter. 

ab-Ste'mi-OUS (ab-ste'mi-iis), a. [L. abstemius."] 1. Ab- 
staining from wine. Orig. Latin sense. 2. Sparing in 
diet ; temperate ; abstinent. 3. Marked by, or spent in, 
abstinence. — ab-ste'mi-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. 

ab-Sten'tion (-sten'shun), n. [F.] Act of abstaining. 

ab-Sterge' (-sturj'), v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum, to wipe 
away.] To clean by wiping ; cleanse. — ab-Ster'sion 
(-stur'shun), n. sive (-siv), a. All Rare. 

ab-Ster'gent (ab-stur'jent), a. [L. abstergens, p. pr.] 
Cleansing; detergent. — n. A detergent, as soap. 

ab'Sti-nence (ab'sti-nens), n. [F., fr. L. abstinentia, fr. 
abstinere. See abstain.] Act or practice of abstaining ; 
abstention ; voluntary forbearance, esp. from indulgence of 
appetite or propensities. Specif., habitual abstaining from 
intoxicating beverages ; — called also total abstinence. 
Syn. Abstinence and temperance express restraint in 
the gratification of appetites or passions, esp. in reference 
to strong drink, and are often used as convertible, though 
temperance more exactly implies habitual moderation. 

ab'sti-nent (-nent),a. Refraining from indulgence, esp. of 
appetite ; abstemious. — ab'sti-nent-ly, adv. 

abstract (ab'strakt), a. [L. dbstractus, p. p. of abstra- 
here to draw from, separate ; ab, abs+trahere to draw.] 
1. Considered apart from any particular object ; as, ab- 
stract truth. Hence : Ideal ; abstruse ; difficult. 2. Ex- 
pressing a quality apart from any subject ; as, "honesty" 
and "whiteness" are abstract words. 3. Absent-minded. 
4. Philos. a Separated from closely associated ideas or 
perceptions ; as, the solidity of marble when contemplated 
apart from its color or figure is an abstract conception ; 
also, symbolically representing to the mind something 



which is not (or may not be) immediately perceived ; as, 
an abstract idea of a horse, or of France, b General as 
opposed to particular ; as, "reptile" is an abstract, or 
general, name. 5. Dealing with a subject in the abstract 
or dealing with an abstract subject ; — applied to sciences, 
esp. to pure, as distinguished from applied, sciences. 
abstract idea. See definition 4, above. — a. noun, 
Gram., a noun or name denoting an attribute, as a quality, 
activity, or state, considered apart from its substance or 
that which manifests the activity, state, or condition ; as, 
"sweetness," "wisdom," "motion" are abstract nouns. — a. 
numbers, Math., numbers used without application to 
things, as 6, 8, 3 ; when applied to any thing (as in 6 feet, 
10 men), they become concrete numbers. 

— n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself 
the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things ; 
summary ; epitome, as of a book ; brief. 2. State of 
separation from other things. 3. An abstract term or 
idea. 4. Pharm. A mixture of a powdered solid vege- 
table extract with sugar of milk so that one part of the 
product represents two parts of the original substance. 
— Syn. Synopsis, digest. See compendium. 
in the abstract, with reference to theoretical considerations 
only ; apart from actual or practical conditions. 

ab-stract' (ab-strakt'), v. t. 1. To take away ; separate, as 
heat by evaporation. 2. To separate mentally ; consider 
separately, as a quality. 3. To summarize ; abridge ; as, to 
abstract a deed. 4. To take secretly or dishonestly ; purloin. 
5. Chem. To extract. — ab-stract'er, n. 

ab-stract'ed, p. a. 1. Separated ; withdrawn. 2. Absent- 
minded. — Syn. See absent. — ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness, n. 

ab-Strac'tion (-strak'shim), n. 1. An abstracting ; state of 
being abstracted. 2. Separation from worldly objects ; a 
recluse life. 3. Thing abstracted ; hence, an abstract idea 
or term ; loosely, a theory. 4. Absent-mindedness. 

ab-Strac'tive (-tiv), a. Able or tending to abstract. 

ab'stract-ly (ab'strakt-li), adv. In an abstract state or 
manner ; separately ; absolutely ; by itself. 

ab'stract-ness, n. Quality or state of being abstract. 

ab-Stric'tion (-strik'shun) , n. [L. ab off -\- strictio a bind- 
ing tight.] Bot. Formation of spores by the cutting off 
of successive portions of the sporophore through the growth 
of septa. 

ab-Struse' (ab-stroos'), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstru- 
dere to conceal ; ab, abs + trudere to thrust.] 1. Hid- 
den. Obs. 2. Difficult to be understood ; recondite ; as, 
abstruse learning. — Syn. See recondite. — ab-struse'- 
ly, adv. — ab-struse'ness, n. 

ab-surd' (ab-surd'), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding, ab- 
surd.] Contrary to reason or propriety ; obviously and 
flatly opposed to tsuth ; inconsistent with common sense ; 
nonsensical ; ridiculous. — Syn. Irrational, preposterous, 
inconsistent. — ab-surd'ly, adv. — ab-surd'ness, n. 

ab-surd'i-ty (-sur'di-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being absurd. 2. That which is absurd. 

a-bu/li-a (d-boo'lT-d ; d-bu'-), n. [NL. ; Gr. d-not+root 
of 0oi)\eadaL to will; cf. AfiovXla. thoughtlessness.] Med. 
Impairment or loss of will poirer. — a-bu'lic (-lTk), a. 

a-blin'dance (d-bun'dans),^. [From F., fr. L. abundantia, 
fr. abundare. See abound.] An overflowing fullness ; 
great plenty ; profusion ; copious supply. 

a-bund'ant (-ddnt), a. [From F., fr. L. abundans, p. pr. 
See abound.] Fully sufficient ; plentiful ; copious in sup- 
ply ; — followed by in or, rarely, with. — Syn. Ample, 
plen.teous, exuberant, overflowing, profuse, bountiful. See 
ple: -iful. — a-bun'dant-ly, adv. 

a-buse (d-buz'), v. t. ; a-bused' (-buzd') ; a-bus'ing (-buz'- 
lng). [P rom F., fr. L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse ; ab -f- 
uti to use.] 1. To put to a wrong or bad use ; misapply ; 
misuse ; peivert. 2. To use ill ; maltreat ; punish or tax 
excessively ; es, to abuse a prisoner, abuse one's patience. 
3. To revile ; reproach coarsely ; disparage. 4. To violate ; 
ravish ; defile. — Syn. Vilify, vituperate, traduce, malign. 

a-buse' (d-bus'), R. [F. abus.] 1. Wrong or bad treatment 
or use ; misuse ; as, an abuse of liberty. 2. Physical ill 
treatment ; injury. 3. Evil practice or custom ; offense ; 
fault. 4. Vituperative words ; coarse, insulting speech ; 
reviling. 5. Ravishment ; rape. — a-bus'er (d-buz'er), n. 
Syn. Berating, rating, scolding, vilification, contumely, 
insult, scurrility, vituperation, obloquy, objurgation, in- 
vective. — Abuse, vituperation, obloquy, objurga- 
tion, invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger 
and is vented in harsh oi' scurrilous words; as, abuse is 
always unjustifiable. Vituperation suggests the over- 
whelming of some one with a torrent of abuse. Obloquy de- 
notes calumnious or censorious speech, such as tends to bring 
disgrace upon its object ; as, he was crushed by the obloquy 
his mistake brought upon him. Objurgation applies to a 
sharp berating or scolding ; invective is rather a vehement 
and bitter denunciation, often public, and may be in a good 
cause and in refined language. 

a-bu'sive (d-bu'siv), a. 1. Wrongly used ; misapplied. 
2. Practicing abuse; prone to maltreat, as by insulting 



B 



D 



G 



I 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals^ 



M 



ABUSIVELY 



6 



words. 3. Containing, or serving for, abuse ; vituperative ; 
scurrilous. — a-bu'sive-ly, adv. — a-bu'sive-ness, n. 

a-but' (d-buf), v. i.; a-but'ted ; a-but'ting. [From OF., fr. 
o- (L. ad)-f-OF. boter, buter, to push.] To end or border; 
be contiguous ; — used with on, upon, or against. — v.jt. 

1. To end at ; border on ; reach or touch with an end ; as, 
two lots abutting each other. 2. To cause to abut ; cause 
to meet end on ; as, to abut a timber against a post. 

a-bu'ti-lon (d-bu'ti-lon), n. [NL., genus name, fr. Ar. 
aubutilun."] Bot. Any of a genus (Abutilon) of malva- 
ceous plants having bell-shaped flowers varying greatly in 
size and color ; — often called flowering maple. 

a-but'ment (d-but'ment), n. 1. Act or state of abutting. 

2. That on which a body abuts ; specifically, the part of a 
buttress, wall, etc., which receives lateral pressure ; in a 
bridge, the support at either end of the entire bridge. 

a-but'tal (-dl), n. The butting or boundary of lands. 

a-but'ter (-er), n. One who, or that which, abuts ; the owner 
of a contiguous estate ; as, the abutters on a street. 

a-but'ting, p. a. That abuts. — Syn. See adjacent. 

a-by' 1 (d-bl'), v. t. & i. ; pret. & p. p. a-bought' (d-bof). 

a-bye'/ [AS. abycgan to pay for; a--\-bycgan to buy.] 
To pay, suffer, or atone, for ; make amends for. Archaic. 

a-bysm/ (d-biz'm'), n. [From OF. deriv. of L. abyssus. 
See abyss.]^ An abyss. — a-bys'mal (d-biz'mdl), a. 

a-byss' (d-bis'), n. [L. abyssus, fr. Gr. &/3v<raos bottom- 
less ; 4- not -j- fivcrcros bottom.] 1. The bottomless gulf 
or chaos of old cosmogonies ; hell ; hence : any deep, im- 
measurable space ; abysm. 2. A vast intellectual or moral 
depth. 3. The bottom waters of the deep sea, marked by 
absence of light and, hence, of plants, and by a peculiar 
carnivorous animal life. — a-byss'al (-dl), a. 

Ab'ys-sin'i-an (ab'i-sm'i-dn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Abyssinia. — n. A native of Abyssinia. 

a-ca'cia (d-ka'shd), n. [L., fr. Gr. &Kaida, orig., a thorny 
tree found in Egypt.] 1. Bot. a Any of a genus (Acacia) 
of trees and shrubs of warm regions. Some yield valuable 
gums, b The common locust. U. S. 2. Gum arabic. 

ac'a-deme' (ak'd-dem' ; ak'd-dem), n. An academy ; spe- 
cifically \_cap.~], the Academy. Poetic. 

ac'a-dem'ic (-dem'ik) \ a. 1. Belonging to an academy 

ac'a-dem'i-cal (-I-kal) J or higher institution of learn- 
ing ; scholarly ; literary or classical, rather than technical 
or scientific. 2. Conforming to scholastic traditions or 
rules ; formal. — Syn. See scholarly. — -dem'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ac'a-dem'ic, n. A member of an academy (esp. def. 1 or 2). 

ac'a-dem/i-cals (-i-kdlz), n. pi. Distinctive articles of 
apparel prescribed and worn at a college or university. 

a-cad'e-mi'cian (d-kad'e-mish'dn), n. A member of an 
academy. See academy, n., 4. 

a-cad'e-my _(d-kad'e-mT),n.; pi. -mtes (-miz). [FromF., fr. 
L. academia, Gr. &KaSfip.ei.a.J 1. [_cap.~\ A grove near 
Athens where Plato and his followers met; hence, the 
school of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. An in- 
stitution for the study of higher learning; popularly, a 
school ranking between a common school and a college. 

3. A place of training ; a school. 4. A society of learned 
men united to advance art or science. 

A-ca'di-an (d-ka/dt-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Acadia, or 
Nova Scotia ; — often used with an implication of pastoral 
simplicity. — n. A native or inhabitant of Acadia. 

ac'a-leph (ak'd-lef ) \ n. [FromGr. d/ca\^?7 nettle.] Any 

ac'a-lephe (-lef ) J one of a group (Acalephse) of inverte- 
brates including the jellyfishes and their allies. 

ac'an-tha'ceous (ak'an-tha'shws), a. 1. Prickly; spinous, 
as a plant. 2. Bot. Belonging to a large family (A cantha- 
cea) of herbs, shrubs, and trees typified by the acanthus. 

a-can'thoid (d-kan'thoid), a. [Gr. &Kat>da thorn + -oid.~] 
Shaped like a spine ; spiny ; spinous. 

a-can'thO-ceph'a-lan (d-kan'tho-sef'd-ldn), n. [Gr. &Kav9a 
thorn 4- Ke4>ahij head.] Zo'dl. Any of a class or order 
( Acanthocephala) of intestinal worms having the pro- 
boscis armed with recurved spines. They have no body 
cavity and absorb their food through the body wall. 

ac'an-thop'ter-yg'i-an (ak'an-thop'ter-ij'I-dn), a. [Gr. 
&Kavda thorn + Trrepvyiov fin.] Of or pertaining to an 
extensive order ( Acanthopteri or Acanthopterygii) of 
teleost fishes, including a large proportion of the marine 
and many of the fresh-water spiny-rayed, fishes (as the 
mackerel, swordfish, perch, and bass) and also some 
soft-rayed forms. 

a-can'thus (d-kan'thus), n.; pi. E. -thtjses (-ez; 24), L. 
-THi (-thl). [L., fr. Gr. &«ai>0os.] 1. Any of a genus 
(Acanthus) of prickly herblike plants of the Mediterra- 
nean region. 2. Arch. An ornamentation thought to be 
studied from acanthus leaves, as in the Corinthian capital. 
Da cap-pel 'la (a kap-pel'la). [It. See chapel.] Music. 
a Literally, in church or chapel style ; — said of composi- 
tions sung in the old church style, without instrumental 
accompaniment, or with one in unison with the voices. 
b A time indication, equivalent to alia breve. 



ACCEPT 

ac'a-li'a-sis (ak'd-n'd-sis), n. [NL.] Med. Condition of 
being affected with acarids, as in scabies. 

ac'a-rid (ak'd-nd), n. [Gr. & K api mite, tick.] Zool. One 
of an order (Acarida) of arachnids including the mites, 
ticks, etc. — a-car'i-dan (d-kar'i-ddn), a. & n. 

ac'a-roid (-roid), a. [Gr. Sucapi mite + -oid. ] Resem- 
bling a mite. 
acaroid gum. See grass tree, a. 

a-cat'a-lec'tic (d-kat'd-lek'tik),a. [FromL.,fr.Gr. AkotA- 
Xtjktos; d- not -\-Kara\riyeLv to cease.] Pros. Not defec- 
tive, esp. in the last foot. — n. An acatalectic verse. 

a-cate' (d-kaf), n. (OF. acat, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy.l 
Things bought ; esp., dainty foods ; — usually in pi. form 
acates. Obs. or R. See cate, n. 

a-cau'dal (a-k6'ddl), a. [a- not+caudal.~\ Tailless. 

a-cau'date (-dat), a. [a- not + caudate.] Tailless. 

ac'au-les'cent (ak'6-les'ent), a. [a- not + caulescent.'] 
Bot. Having no true stem or axis, or only a very short one 
concealed in the ground. — ac'au-les'cence (-ens), n. - 

|| ac'ca-de'mi-a (ak'ka-da'mya), n. [It.] Academy. 
Accademia della Crusca(del'la kroos'ka), [lit., academy 
of the bran, alluding to its professed object of sifting the 
Italian language] , an academy founded in 1582 at Florence 
for purifying the Italian language and literature. Its dic- 
tionary, first published in 1612, was long the standard. 

ac-cede' (ak-sed'), v. i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'ed) ; -ced'ing. [7^. 
accedere to approach, accede ; ad-\-cedere to move, yield.] 
1. To enter on an office or dignity ; attain. 2. To give 
one's adhesion ; hence : to agree ; assent. 
Syn. Consent, concur, comply, yield, conform, acquiesce. 
— Accede, acquiesce. Accede implies a yielding of ad- 
hesion or assent ; -as, he acceded to my request. Acquiesce 
implies tacit acceptance, or forbearance of opposition ; as, 
he acquiesced in the denial of his request. 

|| ac-cel'er-an'do (ak-sel'er-an'do ; I/.£rt-cha'la-ran'do),adv. 
& a. [It.] Music. With gradual acceleration. 

ac-cel'er-ate (ak-sel'er-at), v. t.&i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- 
ing. [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare ; ad+celerare to 
hasten, celer quick.] 1. To move faster ; quicken ; — op- 
posed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural progression 
or process of. 3. To hasten, as the occurrence of an event. 

4. Mech. To cause to undergo acceleration (see accel- 
eration) ; esp. (as opposed to retard), to increase continu- 
ously the velocity of (a body). — Syn. Expedite, dispatch, 
forward, advance, further. 

ac-cel'er-a'tion (-a/shwn),n. 1. Act of accelerating ; state 
of being accelerated ; — opposed to retardation. 2. 
Mech. Change of velocity, or the rate of such change, 
either as regards speed or direction, or both. Retardation 
is called negative, or minus, acceleration. 
acceleration of gravity, Physics, the acceleration of a 
freely falling body, due to the attraction of gravity, 
expressed in units of velocity per unit of time : — usually 
denoted by g. Its value is 980.6 cm. (32.17 feet) per 
second per second at the sea level in latitude 45°. 

ap-cel'er-a-tive (ak-sej'cr-a-tiv), a. Relating to, or tend- 
ing to cause, acceleration ; adding to velocity. 

ac-cel'er-a'tor ( -a'ter ), n. One who, or that which, accel- 
erates; specif. : a On an automobile, a throttle operated 
by foot, b Photog. Anything which hastens the action of 
light on a sensitized surface or of the developer on a plate 
or film, as heat, electricity, and various salts. 

ac-cel'er-a-to-ry (-d-to-rf), a. Accelerative. 

ac'cent (ak'sent), n. [F., fr. L. accentus (translation of 
Gr. irpoauhia; cf. prosody); ad + cantus a singing.] 
1. A special articulative effort giving prominence to a 
syllable of a word or a phrase. 2. A mark or character 
used to indicate pronunciation ; esp. : a A mark to indi- 
cate the nature and place of the spoken accent, b A mark 
to indicate the length or quality^ of sound of the letter 
marked. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking ; manner 
of pronouncing ; tone. 4. A word ; in pi., language ; speech. 

5. Music. A stress or special emphasis, or a mark indi- 
cating such; esp., a regularly recurring stress on a tone. 

6. Distinctive mode of expression ; a distinguishing mark. 

7. a Math. A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, 
and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a simi- 
lar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, 
as in y', y". b A mark at the right hand of a number, 
indicating minutes or seconds of a degree, or minutes or 
seconds of time; as in 12' 27", i. e., twelve minutes 
twenty-seven seconds. C A mark used to denote feet or 
inches ; as in 6' 10", i. e., six feet ten inches. 

ac-cent' (ak-senf), v. t. 1. To express the accent of ; utter 

or mark with accent. 2. To emphasize. 
ac-cen'tu-al (-sen'tai-dl), a. Of or pertaining to accent; 

characterized by accent. — ac-cen'tu-al-ly, adv. 
ac-cen'tu-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [LL. 

accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare.~] To accent ; esp., to 

emphasize. — ac-cen'tu-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 
ac-cept' (ak-sept') , v. t. [From F., fr. L. acceptare, freq. of 

accipere; ad-\-capere to take.] 1. To receive (a thing of- 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87); 



ACCEPTABILITY 

fered) with a consenting mind. 2. To receive with favor ; 
approve. 3. To receive or admit and agree to ; assent to ; 
as, I accept your proposal; to accept service. 4. To 
understand ; as, How are these words to be accepted ? 
5. Com. To receive as obligatory and promise to pay, as a 
draft. 6. In a deliberative body, to receive in acquittance 
of a duty imposed ; as, to accept the report of a committee. 

— v. i. To make acceptance ; — with of; as, accept of 
this ; to accept of his hospitality. — Syn. See take. 

ac-cept'a-bil'i-ty (ak-sep'td-bil'i-tf) , ac-cept'a-ble-ness, 
n. The quality of being acceptable. 

ac-cepl'a-ble (kk-sep'td-b'l), a. Capable, worthy, or sure 
of being accepted ; agreeable ; welcome. a-bly, adv. 

ac-cept'ance (-tans), n. 1. Act of accepting ; esp., favor- 
able reception ; approval. 2. State or quality of being ac- 
cepted ; acceptableness. 3. Com. An assent and agree- 
ment by a person on whom an order, draft, or bill of 
exchange is drawn to pay it when due according to terms 
stated ; also, an accepted order, draft, or bill of exchange. 

ac-cept'an-cy (ak-sep'tan-sl), n. Acceptance (def. 1 or 2). 

ac-cept'ant (-tant), a. Accepting ; receiving. 

ac'cep-ta'tion (ak'sep-ta'shun), n. 1. Acceptance. Obs. 
or Archaic. 2. The meaning in which a word or expres- 
sion is understood, or generally received. 

ac-cep'ter (ak-sep'ter), n. One who accepts. 

ac-cep'tor (-sep'ter ; -tor), n. One who accepts ; specif., 
one who accepts an order, draft, or bill of exchange. 

ac'cess (ak'ses ; ak-ses'), n. [F. acces,~L. accessus,fr. ac- 
cedere. See accede.] 1. Act of coming to or near ; ad- 
mission ; accessibility. 2. Means, place, or way of ap- 
proach ; passageway. 3. Increase by addition ; accession. 
4. An attack of disease. 5. A paroxysm ; outburst. A 
Gallicism. 6. a R. C. Ch. (1) A transfer of votes, as in 
a papal conclave, from one candidate to another. (2) The 
psalms and prayers recommended to the priest as prepara- 
tory to the celebration of the Mass. b Ch. of Eng. & Prot. 
Epis. Ch. The prayer immediately preceding the prayer 
of consecration in the Communion office. 

ac-ces'sa-ry (ak-ses'd-n), a. & n. Accessory. 
fc^ 3 Etymologically the noun, or substantive, is primarily 
accessary and the adjective is accessory ; but present usage 
favors accessory for both. See accessory. 
— ac-ces'sa-ri-ly (-rf-li), adv. — ac-ces'sa-ri-ness, n. 

ac-ces'si-bil'i-ty (-i-bll'i-ti), n. Condition or quality of 
being accessible or approachable. 

ac-ces'si-ble (-i-b'l), a. 1. Easy of access ; approachable ; 
as, an accessible location. 2. Open to influence ; — used 
withio; as, a mind accessible to reason. 3. Obtainable; 
as, the only evidence accessible. — ac-ces'si-bly, adv. 

ac-ces'sion (-sesh'wn),n. [L. accessio.'] 1. A coming to; 
act of acceding and becoming joined. 2. Increase by some- 
thing added ; that which is added. 3. Law. That mode of 
acquiring property by which the owner of corporeal sub- 
stance becomes the owner of an addition by growth, in- 
crease, or labor. 4. Act of coming to a throne, office, or 
dignity. 5. A fit or paroxysm ; access. 6. R. C. Ch. Act 
of transferring votes in the election of a pope. — Syn. 
Addition, augmentation, enlargement. — v. t. To enter or 
record in a list or book of accessions ; as, to accession a 
book in a library. — ao-ces'sion-al (-al), a. 

ac'ces-so'ri-al (ak'se-so'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, accession or an accessory. 

ac-ces , so-ri-ly(ak-ses , o-rr-li), adv. In an accessory manner. 

ac-ces'so-ri-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
accessory. 

ac-ces'so-ry (ak-ses'6-n), a. Accompanying as a subordi- 
nate ; aiding or contributing in a secondary way ; esp., of 
persons, uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as 
chief actor. — Syn. Contributory, subsidiary, subser- 
vient, additional. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. That which 
belongs to something else deemed the principal; some- 
thing additional and subordinate ; an adjunct or accom- 
paniment. 2. Law. One who, not being present, con- 
tributes to the commission of an_ offense, or one who, 
knowing a crime has been committed, aids, assists, or 
shelters the offender with intent to defeat justice. — Syn. 
See ABETTOR. 

ac-ciac'ca-tu'ra (at-ch'aVka-too'ra), n. [It., fr. acciac- 
care to crush.] Music, a A short grace note, a half step 
below, and struck simultaneously with, a principal note. 
It is used esp. in organ music, b The short appoggiatura. 
ac'ci-dence (ak'si-dens), n. [For accidents, pi. of acci- 
dent (in sense 2).] The accidents, or inflections, of words ; 
the rudiments of grammar, or, fig., of any subject, 
ac'ci-dent (-dent), n. [F., fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. 
pr. of accidere to happen ; ad+cadere to fall.] 1. Lit., 
a befalling ; an event that takes place without one's fore- 
sight or expectation ; chance ; contingency, often of an un- 
fortunate character ; casualty ; mishap. 2. Gram. A prop- 
erty of a word, but one not essential to it, as gender, 
number, case. 3. Any acciden^l property, fact, or rela- 



ACCOMMODATION 

tion ; a nonessential ; as, beauty is an accident. 4. Phys. 
Geog. & Astron. A surface irregularity or unevenness. 
Syn. Mischance, misfortune, casualty, disaster, calamity, 
catastrophe. — Accident, casualty designate an unfore- 
seen occurrence, usually untoward or disastrous. Casu- 
alty is usually confined to mischances involving bodily 
injury ; accident is more general ; as, the casualty ward 
in a hospital; an accident to a locomotive. See quality. 

ac'cl-den'taltak'sl-den'tal), n. 1. A property not essential ;a 
nonessential; anything happening accidentally. 2. Music. 
A sharp, flat, or natural that changes the pitch of a note to 
one foreign to the key of the piece or passage. 

— a. _1, Happening by chance, or unexpectedly ; casual; 
fortuitous. 2. Nonessential ; not necessarily belonging ; 
incidental ; as, songs accidental to a play. 3. Music. 
Pert, to or designating an accidental (def. 2). — ac'ci- 
den'tal-ly, adv. — ac'ci-den'tal-ness, n. 
Syn. Undesigned, unintended, chance, unforeseen, un- 
expected, unpremeditated, fortuitous, casual ; accessory, 
collateral, incidental, secondary, subordinate ; extrinsic, ex- 
traneous, additional, adscititious ; dependent, condition- 
al. — Accidental, incidental, casual, fortuitous. Ac- 
cidental applies to that which happens without design, 
or wholly outside the regular course of things ; as, an 
accidental meeting. Incidental implies a real and, it 
may be, even a designed relation, but one secondary and 
nonessential ; as, an incidental result. Casual suggests 
entire absence of prearrangement or premeditation, and 
relative unimportance ; as, a casual glimpse. Fortuitous 
applies to what occurs without known cause, or is regarded 
as due to chance ; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms. 
accidental color, Optics, any of the complementary colors 
of afterimages resulting from looking fixedly at colored 
objects ; as, red is the accidental color of green. 

ac-cip'i-tral (ak-sTp'I-tr<21), a. Like or pert, to a hawk. 

ac-cip'i-trine (-trln), a. [L. accipiter hawk.] Zool. 
Hawklike ; raptorial ; like or belonging to the birds of prey. 

ac-claim' (a-klam'), v. t. [L. acclamare ; ad-\-clamare to 
cry out.] 1. To applaud. 2. To declare or proclaim by 
acclamations ; as, to acclaim him king. 3. To shout ; call 
out loudly ; as, to acclaim my joy. — - v. i. To shout ap- 
plause. — n. Acclamation. — ac-claim'er, n. 

ac'cla-ma'tion (ak'ld-ma'shim), n. [L.acclamatio.] 1. Act 
of acclaiming ; that which is uttered in acclaiming ; loud 
applause. 2. In parliamentary usage, act or method of 
voting orally. 

ac-clam'a-to-ry (a-klam'd-tS-n), a. Pertaining to, or ex- 
pressing approval by, acclamation. 

ac-cli'mate (d-kl!'mat) , v. t. & i. ; -MAT-ED(-mS-ted) ; -mat- 
ing. [From F., f r. d (L. ad) J rclimat climate.] To habituate 
or to become inured to a climate not native ; acclimatize. 
In biology acclimate is often used only to refer to processes 
of wild nature, and acclimatize only to those which take 
place under the more active guidance or supervision of 
man; as, man acclimatizes with the same agencies with 
which nature acclimates. — ac-cli'mat-a-ble, a. — ac'- 
Cli-ma'tion (akTl-ma'shun), n. 

ac-cli'ma-tize (a-kll'md-tlz), v. t. & i.; -tized (-tlzd); 
-tiz'ing (-tlz'Ing). To inure or habituate, or to become 
inured, to a climate different from that which is natural; 
adapt to a foreign or strange climate ; — said of man, 
the inferior animals, or plants. Cf. acclimate. — ac-cU'- 
ma-ti-za'tion (-tl-za'shun ; -tl-za'shun), n. — ac-cli'ma- 
tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. 

ac-cliv'i-ty (a-kliv'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. acclivitas, 
fr. acclivis, acclivus, acclivous; ad-\-clivus hill.] A slope 
of the earth, as a hill, considered as ascending ; ascent ; — 
opposed to declivity. 

ac-cli'vous (S-kli'yus), a. [L. acclivus!] Sloping upward. 

ac'co-lade' (ak'6-lad' ; -lad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. accollare 
to embrace; L. ad -\-colIum neck.] 1. Lit., an embrace ; 
specif., a salutation used_ in conferring knighthood, con- 
sisting in an embrace, a kiss, or, now usually, a tap on the 
shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. Music. A 
brace, or line used as a brace, to join two or more staves 
carrying simultaneous parts. 

ao-com'mo-date (d-kom'6-dat), v. t. ; -dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; 
-dat'ing. [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare ; ad-\- 
commodare to make fit, help ; con- -f- modus measure, pro- 
portion.] 1. To render fit or correspondent ; adapt; con- 
form ; as, to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. 2. To 
bring into agreement ; reconcile ; as , to accommodate proph- 
ecy to events. 3. To compose ; settle ; as, to accommodate 
a dispute. 4. To furnish with something desired, needed, 
or convenient ; oblige. — Syn. Suit, arrange. See conform. 
ac-COm'mo-dat'ing, p. a. Affording, or disposed to afford, 
accommodation ; obliging. — ac-com'mo-dat'ing-ly, adv. 
ac-COm'mo-da'tion (-da'shiin),n. 1. Act of accommodat- 
ing ; state of being accommodated ; adaptation ; adjustment. 
2. Willingness to accommodate ; obligingness. 3. What- 
ever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or con- 
venience ; often, in pi., lodgings and food. 4. Adjustment 
of differences ; settlement. 5. Commerce. A loan of money 



B 



D 



I 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh_=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






ACCOMMODATION BILL 



8 



or credit. 6. Physiol. The automatic adjustment of the 
eye for seeing, or of the tympanic membrane for hearing. 
7. Short for accommodation train. U. S. 

accommodation bill, draft, or note. A bill, draft, or note 
made, drawn, accepted, or indorsed by one person for 
another without consideration, to enable that other to raise 
money or obtain credit thereby. 

accommodation ladder. Naut. A light ladder or stairway 
hung over the side of a ship at the gangway for use in as- 
cending from, or descending to, small boats. 

accommodation train. A train stopping at all or nearly 
all stations. U. S. 

ac-com'mo-da-tive (d-kom'6-da-tiv), a. Giving, or tend- 
ing to give, accommodation. com/mo-da-tive-ness, n. 

ac-com'pa-ni-er (d-kum'pd-ni-er), n. One who, or that 
which, accompanies. 

ac-com'pa-ni-ment (-ment), n. That which accompanies 
as a circumstance, or by way of ornament, or to give sym- 
metry ; Music, a subsidiary part, vocal or instrumental, 
accompanying another to enrich or support it. 

ac-com'pa-nist (-pd-nist), n. Music. A performer who 
takes an accompanying part. 

ac-com'pa-ny (-n!), v. t. ; -nied (-nYd) ; -ny-ing (-nY-ing). 
[From OF., fr. a (L. ad) -\-ccmpaigne company.] 1. To at- 
tend as a companion ; go along or consort with. 2. Music. 
To play or sing an accompaniment to or for. 
Syn. Attend, escort, follow, convoy, conduct. — Accom- 
pany, attend, escort agree in the idea of going with some 
one. Accompany implies companionship and (usually) 
equality of station ; attend, a waiting upon one (often in a 
subordinate capacity) in order to serve him if necessary; 
escort, attendance by way of protection, courtesy, or honor. 

ac-com'pa-ny-ist, n. = accompanist. 

ac-com'plice (d-kom'plis), n. \_ac- (perh. for ad-)-\-com- 
plice.'] An associate in guilt. — Syn. See abettor. 

ac-com'plish (-plish), v. t. [OF. acomplir; L. ad-\-com- 
plere to fill up, complete.] 1. To complete, as time or 
distance. 2. To bring to a successful issue ; effect ; fulfill. 
3. Formerly, to equip thoroughly ; hence, to render ac- 
complished. — Syn. Do, achieve, perform, carry out ; con- 
summate, perfect. See effect. — ac-com'plish-a-ble, a. 

ac-com'plished (-plisht), p. a. 1. Completed ; effected. 
2. Complete in acquirements, esp. as the result of train- 
ing ; as, an accomplished scholar. 

ac-com'plish-ment (-plish-ment), n. 1. Accomplishing ; 
completion ; fulfillment. 2. That which completes, or equips 
thoroughly ; that which constitutes an excellence of mipd 
or an elegance of manners, acquired by education or train- 
ing ; attainment. — Syn. See acquirement. 

ac-compt' (a-kount' ; -kompt'), ac-compt'a-ble, ac- 
compt'ant, etc. Archaic forms of account, etc. 

ac-cord' (d-kord'), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad + cor, 
cordis, heart.] 1. To bring to agree ; reconcile ; harmonize, 
as persons or differences ; also, to compose ; settle, as a dis- 
pute. 2. To grant as suitable or proper ; concede. — v. i. 
To agree ; correspond ; harmonize. — n. 1. Agreement ; 
concurrence ; harmony ; specif., consent ; assent. 2. Har- 
mony of sounds ; concord. 3. Voluntary or spontaneous 
motioa or impulse ; — preceded by own ; as, of one's own 
accord. — ac-cord'a-ble, a. — ac-cord'er, n. 

ac-cord'ance (S-kor'ddns), n. Agreement ; harmony. _ 

ac-cor'dant (-ddnt), a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; — used with 
with or to. — Syn. See consonant. — ac-cor'dant-ly, adv. 

ac-cord'ing, p. a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; — chiefly with to. 

ac-cord'ing, adv. Accordingly. Obs., exc.in: according as, 
precisely as ; the same as. 

ac-cord'ing-ly, adv. 1. Agreeably ; suitably ; conformably. 

2. In natural sequence ; consequently ; so. — Syn. Where- 
fore, hence, then. See therefore. 

ac-cor'di-on (d-kor'di-wn) , n. A small, keyed wind instru- 
ment in which the wind is forced upon free metallic reeds 
by means of a bellows. — ac-cor'di-on-ist, n. 

ac-COSt' (d-kost' ; 62), v. t. [From F., fr. LL. accostare to 
bring side by side ; L. ad-\-costa rib, side.] 1. To border 
on. Obs. 2. To approach ; meet. Archaic. 3. To 
speak to first ; address ; greet.— n. Address ; greeting. Rare. 

Q ac'couche'ment' (a/koosh'maN'), n. [F.] Delivery in 
childbed. 

P ac'cou'cheur' (a%6o^shux'), masc.\n. [F.] Anobste- 

II ac'COU'cheuse' (a/koo'shuz'), fern.) trician. 

ac-count' (d-kounf ),v. t. [FromOF.,fr.a(L.ad) +conter 
to count, L. computare.'] 1. To credit (to) in an account ; 
assign ; — used with to. Rare. 2. To value ; estimate ; 
hold; judge; deem. — v. i. 1. To render, or state the 
terms of, an account, as of money expended. 2.Toanswer ; — 
used with for ; as, we must account for our opportunities. 

3. To give a satisfactory reason ; explain ; — used with for. 
— n. 1. A reckoning ; computation. 2. A statement of 

business dealings subjected to a reckoning or review; 
hence, a right or claim the items of which make up such a 
statement. 3. A statement in general of reasons explan- 
atory of some event ; hence, reason, ground, motive, or the 



ACCUSATIVELY 

like; as, on no account. 4. A statement of facts; nar- 
rative; report. 5. Estimation; valuation; judgment; 
as, you stand high in his account. 6. Importance ; worth ; 
value ; advantage ; profit. — Syn. See narrative. 
account stated, Commerce <& Law, an account presented 
and accepted by both parties. 

ac-count'a-bil'i-ty (o-koun'td-bil'lf-ti), n. State or condi- 
tion of being accountable or answerable ; responsibility. 

ac-COUnt'a-ble (d-koun'td-b'l), a. 1. Liable to be called 
to account ; answerable. 2. Capable of being accounted 
for ; explicable. — Syn. See responsible. — ac-COUnt'- 
a-ble-ness, n. — ac-count'a-bly, adv. 

ac-count'an-cy (-tdn-si),w. Accountant's art or occupation. 

ac-count'ant (-tdnt), n. 1. One who renders an account. 

2. A reckoner ; calculator. 3. One who is skilled in, or 
who keeps or adjusts, accounts. — ac-count'ant-ship, n. 

ac-count'ing (d-koun'tmg), n. Act or system of making 

up or stating accounts ; a statement of accounts, or the 

debits and credits in financial transactions. 

ac-COU'terUo-koo'ter), v.t. ; -tered or -tred (-terd) ; -ter- 

ac-COU'tre/ ing or -tring. [From F.] To furnish with dress 

or equipments, esp. for military service ; equip. 

ac-COU'ter-mentUo-kdo'ter-ment),^. 1. In pi. Articles of 

ac-cou'tre-mentj apparel ; equipment. 2. Act or process 

of accoutering ; state of being accoutered. 

ac-cred'it (d-kred'Tt), v. t. [From F., fr. d (L. ad) -\-cr6dit 

credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; sanction. 2. To 

send with letters credential ; authorize ; — usually with to. 

3. To believe; credit; trust. 4. To vouch for or consider 
(some one) as doing something, or (something) as belong- 
ing to some one ; credit ; — chiefly used with with. — 
Syn. See credit. 

ac-crete' (d-kreV), v. i.; -cret'ed (-kret'ed) ; -cret'ing. 
[L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow 
together. 2. To adhere ; grow (to) ; be added ; — used with 
to.— a.^ Characterized by accretion ; Bot., grown together. 

ac-cre'tion (d-kre'shiin), n. 1. Growth ; also, increase by 
external addition ; as, the accretion of particles in a mass. 
2. Result of such growth or accumulation ; the matter 
added. 3. Concretion ; coherence. 4. Law. Accession 
in which the boundaries of land are gradually enlarged by 
natural forces. — ac-cre'tive (a-kre'tiv), a. 

ac-croach' (d-kroch'), v. t. [OF. acrochier, lit., to hook, 
F. accrocher.'] To assume ; usurp, as jurisdiction. 

ac-crue , (d-krdo , ) > v.i. ; -crveb' (-krdod') ; -cru'ing. [From 
obsolete accrue an advantage, fr. OF., fr. L. ad-\-crescere 
to increase.] 1. To increase. 2. To come or be added as 
increase, esp. as the produce of money lent. 3. Law. To 
come into existence as an enforceable claim ; to vest as a 
right. — ac-crue'ment, ac-cru'ment (-ment), n. 

ac-cum'bent (d-kum'bent), a. [L. accumbens, -entis, p. 
pr.] 1. Reclining, as at meals. 2. Bot. Lying against 
something ; as, accumbent cotyledons. 

ac-cu'mu-late (d-ku'mu-lat), v.t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; 
-lat'ing. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare ; ad-\- 
cumulare to heap.] To heap up ; pile up ; amass ; collect. 
Syn. Gather, aggregate, hoard, amass. — Accumulate, 
amass agree in the idea of collecting, as it were by heaping 
up. But amass applies primarily to wealth or resources, 
often implying more imposing results than accumulate ; as, 
to accumulate a competency ; to amass a fortune. 

ac-cu'mu-la'tion (-la/shun), n. Act of accumulating ; state 
of being accumulated ; that which is accumulated ; specif., 
addition of earnings, or profits to the active capital of a 
corporation, otherwise distributable as dividends. 

ac-CU'mu-la-tive (d-ku'mu-la-tiv), o. Causing, character- 
ized by, or produced by, accumulation ; cumulative. — ac- 
cu'mu-la-tive-ly, adv. — ac-cu'mu-la-tive-ness, n. 

ac-CU'mu-la'tor (-la'ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, 
accumulates. Specif. : Mech. a An apparatus by means 
of which energy or power can be stored, as the electrical 
storage battery, b A shock absorber. 

ac'CU-ra-cy (ak'u-rd-si), n. State or quality of being accu- 
rate ; freedom from mistakes ; precision ; exactness. 

ac'CU-rate (-rat), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. & a., fr. accurate 
to take care of; ad-j-curare to take care, cur a care.] In 
conformity to truth, or to some standard, as the result of 
care or pains ; exact. — Syn. Precise, nice, just, particular. 
See correct. — ac'cu-rate-ly, adv. — ac'cu-rate-ness,n. 

ac-curse' (d-kfirsO, v. t. To curse ; damn ; execrate. 

ac-cursed' (-kfirst' ; -kur'sed) \ p. a. Cursed ; execrable. — 

ac-curst' (d-kursf) / ac-curs'ed-ly,adv.— ac- 

curs'ed-ness, n. 

ac'cu-sa'tion (Sk'u-za'shun), n. 1. Act of accusing or 
fact of being accused. 2. That of which one is acsused. 

— Syn. Arraignment, impeachment. 

ac-CU'sa-tive (d-ku'zd-tiv), a. [F. accusatif, L. accusa- 
tivus, a translation of Gr. alnariKSs, fr. alrtardt caused.] 
Gram. Designating, or pert, to, the case (in English usually 
called objective case) expressing primarily the immediate 
object of a transitive verb or of a preposition. — n. The 
accusative case, or a form in it. tive-ly, adv. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circ«3s, menti; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sjng, ink; then, tliin.; nature, verdure (87); 



ACCUSATORIAL 

ac-CU'sa-to'ri-al (d-ku'zd-to'ri-al), a. Of or pertaining to an 

nccuscr. 

ac-CU'sai-to-ry (a-ku'zd-to-ri), a. Pertaining to, contain- 
ing, or of the nature of, an accusation. 

ac-cuse'(a-ktiz'),'u.*.; -cused' (a-kuzd') ; -cus'ing. [From 
OF., fr. L. accusare; ad+causa cause, lawsuit.] To 
charge with a fault or offense ; blame ; censure ; — now 
usually used with of, referring to some specific offense, 
esp. one formally charged. — Syn. Impeach, arraign, 
indict, reproach. See charge. — ac-cus'er, to. 

ac-cus'tom (a-kus'tiim), v. t. [From OF., fr. a. (L. ad) + 
costume custom.] To make familiar by use ; in the passive, 
to be wont ; be in the habit.— Syn. Habituate, inure, tram. 

ac-cus'tomed (-timid), p. a. Usual; customary. 

ace (as), to. ; pi. aces (a'sez ; 24). [F. as, fr. L. as, assis, 
unity, unit of coinage.] 1. A unit ; a single point or spot on 
a card or die ; the card or die so marked. 2. A very little ; 
jot. 3. A point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, 
etc". ; in lawn tennis, a point won by a service stroke. 
within an ace of, very near ; on the point of. 

-a'ce-a (-a'she-d). [L.,neut. pi. of suffix -aceus.\ Zool. A 
suffix used in names of orders and classes ; as in Crustacea. 

-a'ce-» (-a'se-e). [L., fem. pi. of suffix -aceusJ] Bot. A 
plural suffix used to form the names of orders or, now more 
generally, families ; as in Acanthacea?, Rosaces, etc. 

A-cel'dk-ma (d-sel'dd-md), to. [Gr. 'A/ceXSa/xa, fr. Syr. 
okel damo the field of blood.] Bib. The "potter's field" 
(Matt, xxvii. 8) bought for a burial place for strangers 
with the money taken by Judas for betraying Christ, and 
the scene of the suicide of Judas (Acts i. 18), — called also 
field of blood. 

-a'ceous (-a'shus). [L. suffix -aceus.J A suffix forming 
adjectives, and signifying pertaining to, belonging to, of the 
nature of, like ; as, cretaceous, of the nature of chalk ; her- 
baceous, herblike ; orchidaceous, rosaceous, etc., belong- 
ing to the orchids (Orchidacese), roses (Rosacese), etc. 

a-ceph'a-lous (d-sef'd-lus), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 6.Ke<j>a\os; 
d- not+K«<AaXi7 head.] Headless ; hence, without a leader. 

a-ce'qui-a (a-sa'ke-d; Sp. a-tha'ke-a), n. [Sp.] A canal 
or trench for irrigating land. Sp. Amer. 

a-cerb' (d-surb'), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp.] Sour, 
bitter, and harsh in taste, as unripe fruit ; sharp and harsh. 

ac'er-bate(as'er-bat ; d-sur'-),u.£.;-BAT / ED(-bat / ed) ;-bat'- 
ing. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus sour, acer 
sharp.] To sour ; embitter. 

a-cerb'i-ty (d-siir'bi-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
with bitterness and astringency, as of 
2. Harshness ; bitterness ; severity. — Syn. 
See ACRIMONY. 

ac'er-ose (as'er-os), a. [As if fr. L. acus 
needle.] Bot. Needle-shaped ; having a 
sharp rigid point, as the leaf of the pine. 

a-cer'vate(d-sur' vat ; as'er-), a. [L. acerva- 
tus, p. p. of acervare to heap up.] Heaped, 
or growing in heaps or in closely compacted 
clusters. — a-cer'vate-ly, adv. 

a-ces'cent (d-ses'ent), a. [L. acescens, 
-entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour.] 
Turning, or readily becoming, sour. — a- 
ces'cence (-ens),a-ces'cen-cy (-en-si), n. 

ac'e-tab'U-lum (as'e-tab'u-lum), n. ; L. 
pi. -la (-Id). [L., a little saucer for vine- 
gar, acetum vinegar.] 1. The cup- 
shaped socket in the hip bone, or that into which the leg 
of an insect is articulated. 2. A sucker, as of a cuttlefish. 

ac / et-am'ide(as / et-am , Id ; -id), n. Also -am'id. [aceiic + 
amide.) Chem. A white crystalline solid, CH3CO-NH2, 
the amide of acetic acid. 

ac'et-an'i-lide (as'et-an'i-lld ; -lid), n. Also -lid. [ace«ic+ 
anilide.'] Chem. A white crystalline derivative, CH3CO- 
NHCeHs, of aniline and acetic acid, used in medicine as an 
antipyretic under the name of antifebrine. 

ac'e-tate (as'e-tat), n. [L. acetum vinegar.] Chem. A salt 
or ester of acetic acid. — ac'e-tat'ed (-tat'ed), a. 



1. Sourness, 
unripe fruit. 




Acerose Leaves 
of Pine. 



a-ce'tic (d-s ik; d-set'ik), a. [L. acetum vinegar.] Of, 
pertaining educing, vinegar. ~~~ TT 

acetic acid, _ : ~ colorless, biting fluid, CH3COOH. 
It is the acid in vn. 

a-cet'i-fy (d-set'i-fi), v. . & i.j -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. 
acetum vinegar -f-/y .] To turn into acid or vinegar. — a-cet'- 
i-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shim), n. — a-cet'i-fi'er (-fi'er), n. ^ 

ac / e-tim'e-ter(as / e-tim'e-ter),?>. [acetic + -meter.'] An in- 
strument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in any 
solution of it, esp. in vinegar. — aye-tim'e-try (-tri), to. 

ac'e-tone (as'e-ton), to. [SeeACETic.^ Chem. a A volatile 
liquid ketone, CH3COCH3, used as c solvent for many 
organic compounds, and in making sulphonal, chloroform, 
and iodoform, b Any ketone. 

ac'e-to-phe'none (-to-fe'non), to. [acetum + ohenyl-\--one.'] 
Chem. A crystalline ketone, CHaCOCeHs, >ed as a hyp- 
notic ; — called also hypnone. 



9 ACID 

a-ce'tous (d-se'tSs). a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be 
sour.] Pertaining to or producing vinegar ; sour ; acid. 

a-ce'tum (d-se'tum), to. [L.] Pharm. Vinegar. 

ac'e-tyl (as'e-til), to. [acetic + -yl .) Chem. The radical, 
CH3CO, of acetic acid. — ac'e-tyl'lC (-til'Ik), a. 

a-cet'y-lene (d-set'i-len),TO. Chem. A gaseous hydrocar- 
bon, HC-CH, usually made by the action of water on 
carbides. It burns with a brilliant, white, diffusive light. 

A-chae'an (d-ke'an), A-cha'ian (-ka'ydn), a. [L. Achaeus, 
Achaius, Gr. *Ax<«6s.] Of or pert, to Achaia, or, loosely, 

- Greece.— n. One of the people of Achaia ; broadly, a Greek. 
Ach'se-men'i-an (ak'e-men'i-dn ; -me'ni-dn), a. [L.Achae- 

menius, fr. Achaemenes, Gr. 'Axcuv&v*, Per. Hakha- 
manish, reputed founder of the famiiy.] Of, pertaining to, 
or designating, the kings and princes of a ruling house, the 
Achsemenidae, of ancient Persia, or the Persian language 
of the inscriptions made by the Achsemenidae. Cyrus the 
Great (reigned 559-530 b. c.) was one of vhe Achaemenidae, 
who ruled till the overthrow of Darius HI., 330 b. c, by 
Alexander the Great. — n. An Achaemenian king or prince. 

II a'char'ne-ment' (a/shar'ne-maN' ; d-charn"ment),TO. [F.] 
Savage fierceness ; bloodthirstiness ; ferocity. 

A-cha'tes (d-ka/tez), to. [L.] A faithful companion of 
.<Eneas, in Vergil's "^Eneid." 

ache, ake (ak), v. i. ; ached, aked (akt) ; ach'lng. >k'ing 
(ak'ing). [AS. acan.~\ To suffer pain. — to. [AS. see, 
ece.] Continued pain. — Syn. See PAIN. 

A-che'an (d-ke'dn). Var. of Achaean. 

a-chene' (d-ken') ( to. [Gr. d- not+xa^«"' to g2i:e.j A 
small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit, having v. t^In 
pericarp, as the fruit of the buttercup. 

Ach'er-on (ak'er-on), to. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ax^pwk.] Myth. 
The River of Woe in Hades ; hence, the Nether World. 

a-chieve'(d-chev / ), v. t.; A-CHiEVED'(-chevd') ; a-chiev'ing. 
[F. achever to finish ; d (L. ad) -f- OF. chief end, head, L. 
caput head.] 1. To carry on to a final close ; accomplish ; 
perform. 2. To get by effort ; win ; attain. — Syn. Fulfill, 
complete ; execute. See effect. — v. i. To achieve some- 
thing. — a-chiev r a-ble, a. — a-chiev'er, to. 

a-chieve'ment(-ment),TO. 1. An achieving ; accomplishment. 
2. Thing achieved, esp. by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy 
effort ; feat. 3. Her. An escutcheon. — Syn. See feat. 

A-chil'les (d-kil'ez), to. [L., fr. Gr. 'AxiXXefo.] The son 
of Peleus and Thetis, and hero of Homer's "Iliad." By 
dipping him in the Styx, his mother made him invulnerable, 
except in the heel by which she held him. Here he was 
fatally wounded by an arrow shot by Paris. He became the 
Greek ideal of youthful strength, beauty, and valor. See 
Hector. — Acb/il-le'an (ak'I-le'dn), a. 
Achilles' tendon [L. Achillis tendo~\, Anat., the strong 
tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles 
in the calf of the leg, and inserted into the bone of the 
heel ; — so called from the account of Achilles being held 
by the heel. 

Acb/i-nese' (achT-nez' ; -nes'), to. sing. & pi. A native of 
Achin, a kingdom of Sumatra, under Dutch rule. The 
Achinese are a mixed Malay, Indonesian, and Arab popu- 
lation. 

ach'ing, ak'ing (ak'ing), p. a. That aches. — 
ach'ing-ly, ak'ing-ly, adv. 

acb/la-myd'e-ous (ak'ld-mid'e-us), a. [a- not 
+ Gr. x^ a M&s, -bSos cloak.] Bot. Without a 
perianth ; — said of certain apetalous plants. 

acb/ro-mat'ic (aVro-mat'Ik), a. [Gr. &xp6>na- 
ros colorless ; d- not+xp&Ata, xp&fia-Tos, color.] 
Colorless ; hence : a Optics. Refracting light 
without decomposing it into its constituent 
colors ; giving images almost free from extra- 
neous colors, b Biol. Not readily colored by the 
usual staining agents ; — said of tissue. C M u- Achro- 
sic. Without accidentals or modulation. _ matic Lens. 

— to. An achromatic lens or a telescope with an achromatic 
object lens. — mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-chro'ma-tism (d-kro'md-tiz'm), n. State or quality of 
being achromatic. 

a-chro'ma-tize (d-kro'md-tlz), v. t. ; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tid- 
ing (-tiz'ing). To deprive of color ; make achromatic. 

a-chro'ma-tOUS (d-kro'md-tus), a. [See achromatic] 
Lacking, or deficient in, color ; as, achromatous blood. 

a-chro'mic (-mik), a. [Gr. &xp&h°* colorless; d-not-f- 
xpw/m color.] Free from color ; colorless. 

a-cic'U-la (d-sik'u-ld), to.; pi. -ls. (-le). [L., dim. of acus 
needle.] A needlelike spine, bristle, or crystal. — a-cic'U- 
lar (-ldr), a— a-cic'u-late (-lat), -lafed (-lat'ed), a. 

a-cic'U-lum (-l&m), to.; pi. E. -lums (-ISrnz), L. -la (-Id). 
[NL.] A needlelike spine, bristle, or crystal. 

ac'id (as'id), a. [L. acidus sour.] 1. Sour, sharp, or bit- 
ing to the taste ; tart ; also, sour-tempered. 2. Of, per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an acid. 3. Having acid- 
forming constituents in excess of the proportion required 
to form a neutral or normal compound ; as, acid salts ; acid 




B 



i 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Sig. s. etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. => equals.. 



M 



ACIDIC 



10 



ACQUIT 



(highly siliceous) rocks. — Syn. See sour. — to. 1. A sour 
substance. 2. Chem. A substance typically soluble in water 
and sour in taste, and reddening vegetable blues, as litmus ; 
a compound containing hydrogen replaceable by positive 
elements or radicals to form salts ; in terms of the dissocia- 
tion theory, a compound that dissociates in aqueous solu- 
tion with the production of hydrogen ions. 

a-cid'ic (d-sid'ik), a. 1. Acid-forming ; as, silicon is the 
chief acidic element of rocks. 2. = acid, a., 3. 

a-cid'i-fy (d-sid'i-fl), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. _ [L. 
acidus acid + -fy.] To make or become acid. — a-cid'i- 
fi'a-ble (-fl'd-b'l),^. — a-cid'i-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), to. 

ac'i-dim'e-ter (as'i-dTm'e-ter), to. [L. acidus acid + -w«- 
ter.l A device or solution for ascertaining the strength of 
acids. — ac'i-dim'e-try (-tri), to. 

a-cid'i-ty (d-sTd'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being acid. 

ac'id-ly (as'id-lT), adv. In an acid manner; sourly. 

ac'id-ness, to. Acidity ; degree of acidity. 

a-cid'u-late _(d-sid'u-lat), v : t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
To make acidulous. — a-cid'u-la'tion (-la'shun), to. 

a-cid'u-lous (-lus), a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus sour.] 
Slightly sour ; subacid ; sourish. — Syn. See sour. 

ac'i-er-age (as'I-er-aj), to. [F. acierage, fr. acier steel.]. 
The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a ster- 
eotype plate) with steel-like iron by electrolysis ; steeling. 

ac'i-er-ate (as'i-er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-mg). 
[F. acier steel + -ate.] To convert into steel ; as, to acier- 
ate iron by cementation. — ac'i-er-a'tion (-a'shun), to. 

ac'i-nac'i-torm (as'i-nas'i-form), a. [L. acinaces a short 
sword + -form.] Bot. Scimitar-shaped. 

a-cin'i-form (d-sTn'i-form), a. [L. acinus a grape, grape- 
stone -f- -form.'] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes ; 
clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. 

ac'i-nose (as'T-nos) 1 a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grape- 

ac'i-nous (as'i-nws)/ stone.] Consisting of or containing 
acini ; as, acinose or acinous glands. 

ac'i-nus (as'i-nus), n. ; pi. -ni (-ni). [L., grape, grape- 
stone.] 1. Bot . a An individual drupelet in a multiple fruit, 
as in the blackberry or raspberry, b A berry, esp. a grape. 
C A small bony seed or kernel, as a grape seed. 2. Anat. 
One of the sacs or alveoli terminating the duct of a race- 
mose gland. 

-a'cious (-a'shiis). [L. -ax, -acis + E. -ous.] An adjective 
suffix meaning given to, abounding in, tending to ; as in 
pugnacious, fallacious, mendacious, etc. 

-acity. The noun suffix corresponding to -acious. 

ac-know' (ak-no'), v. t. [a- + know.] Obs. 1. To recog- 
nize. 2. To acknowledge ; confess. 
to be acknown, to acknowledge ; — often used with of or on. 

ac-knowl'edge (-nol'ej ; 24), v. t.; -edged (-ejd) ; -edg-ing. 
1. To own or admit the knowledge of ; recognize as a fact ; 
declare one's belief in ; as, to acknowledge the being of a 
God ; to admit as true ; confess ; as, I acknowledge my 
transgressions. 2. To admit the claims or authority of ; rec- 
ognize ; as, the tenant acknowledged him as landlord. 3. To 
own as a benefit, obligation, or kindness ; as, to acknowledge 
a favor or the receipt of a letter. 4. To own as genuine ; 
avow or admit formally so as to give legal validity ; as, to 
acknowledge a signature. — ac-knowl'edge-a-ble, a. 
Syn. Admit, own, avow, confess, grant, concede, allow, 
assent, accept. — Acknowledge, admit, own, avow, con- 
fess agree in the idea of assent, frequently under pressure. 
Acknowledge implies the making public of one's knowl- 
edge of something which has been, or might have been, 
kept back or concealed. Admit, with less suggestion of 
possible concealment, emphasizes the idea of granting or 
conceding ; to admit a charge may involve merely the 
granting of the fact alleged, not necessarily the acceptance 
of the point of view which the charge implies. Own is less 
formal than acknowledge, and regards the thing acknowl- 
edged in its relation to one's self ; as, to own one's self at a 
loss. Avow implies an open or bold declaration, often in 
the face of hostility ; as, to avow one's dislike. Confess 
(opposed to deny) usually applies to what is felt to be 
wrong (as, to confess a crime) ; but it is often used merely 
to suggest deference ; as, I am not, I confess, convinced. 
See recognize. 

ac-knowl'edg-ment (-ej-ment), to. 1. Act of acknowledg- 
ing ; specif., Law, the declaration or avowal of one's act 
or of a fact before competent authority ; also, a thing ac- 
knowledged. 2. Thing done or given by way of acknowl- 
edging or evidencing ; specif., an officer's formal certificate 
of an act of acknowledging a deed or fact before him. — 
Syn. Admission, confession, avowal, recognition, owning. 

a-clin'ic (d-klm'ik), a. [Gr. &- not + Khlveiv to incline.] 
Physics. Without inclination or dipping ; — said of the im- 
aginary line (called also magnetic equator) near the earth's 
equator on which the magnetic needle balances itself hori- 
zontally. Cf. AGONIC LINE. 

ac'me (ak'me), n. [Gr. &K/ifi point, top.] The top or high- 
est point ; culmination. — Syn. See culmination. 

ac'ne (-ne), n. An affection of the skin due to inflammatory 



changes in the sebaceous glands, and characterized by small 
pustules, chiefly on the face. 

ac'node (ak'nod), to. [L. acus needle -f E. node.] Geom. 
An isolated point not upon a curve, but having coordinates 
that satisfy the equation of the curve. 

a-cock / bill / (d-kok'biF), adv. [_acock in a cocked fashion 
+ bill.] Naut. Having the bill, or end, or ends cocked up, 
as an anchor hanging ready to let go, or the yards when 
tilted toward the perpendicular, as in sign of mourning. 

ac'0-lyte (ak'S-lTt), n. [From LL., fr. Gr. &Ko\ovdos.] 1. 
Eccl. One who holds the highest of the four minor orders in 
the Roman Catholic Church. The acolytes light the altar 
candles, carry them in processions, prepare the wine and 
waterfor the Mass, etc. 2. Attendant ; assistant. 

ac^O-nite (-nit), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. Slkovitov.] Any aco- 
nitum ; esp., common monkshood ; also, Pharm., a sedative 
extract or tincture from this. — ac'o-nit'ic (-nit'ik), a. 

ac'o-ni'tum (-nl'tum), n. [L.] 1. Any of a genus ( Aconi- 
tum) of blue- or purple-flowered poisonous herbs of the 
crowfoot family ; monkshood. 2. Pharm. Aconite. 

a 'corn (a'korn ; a 'kern), n. [AS. secern, fr. secer field, acre.] 
The nut, or fruit, of the oak. 

a-COU/me-ter (d-koo'me-ter ; d-kou'-), n. [Gr. Akovclv to 
hear + -meter.] Psychophysics. An instrument for meas- 
uring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. 

a-COUS'tic (d-koos'tik ; d-kous'-), a. [From F., fr. Gr. &kov- 
ctikos relating to hearing, iKoveiv to hear.] Pert, to hear- 
ing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sound ; audi- 
tory. — n. A medicine or agent to assist the hearing. 

a-cous'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics or 
hearing. — a-COUS'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ac'ous-ti'cian (ak'oos-tish'dn ; Sk'ous-), to. One versed in 
acoustics. 

a-cqus'ti-con (d-kqosftT~kon ; d-kous'-), to. [NL.] A kind 
of instrument to aid in hearing. 

a-cous'tics (d-koos'tiks ; d-kous'-) ,n. (See -ics.) 1. Physics. 
The science of sound. 2. The sum of the qualities that de- 
termine the value of an auditorium as to distinct hearing. 

ac-quaint' (d-kwant'), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad + 
cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know.] 1. To furnish or 
give (to one's self or another) knowledge (of) by trial or 
experience ; — used with with; as, to acquaint one's self 
with the facts in a case. 2. To notify ; inform. 
to be acquainted with, to know personally ; be more or 
less familiar with ; be on terms of social intercourse with. 

ac-quaint'ance (d-kwan'tdns), to. 1. State of being ac- 
quainted ; personal knowledge gained by intercourse, esp. 
short of that of friendship or intimacy. 2. A person or 
persons with whom one is acquainted. — Syn. Familiarity, 
intimacy, fellowship. — ac-quaint'ance-Ship, to. 

ac-quest' (d-kwesf), to. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. ac- 
quirere. See acquire.] Acquisition. Rare. 

ac'qui-esce' (Sk'wT-es'), v. i.; -esced' (-est'); -esc'ing 
(-es'ing). [L. acquiescere ; ad + quiescere to be quiet, 
quies rest.] To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied ; sub- 
mit, accept, consent, or concur by silence or by omitting 
to object ; hence : to concur ; assent ; — used with in. — 
Syn. Comply, yield, agree, conform. See accede. 

ac'qui-es'cence (-es'ens), to. Act or state of acquiescing. 

ac'qui-es'cent (-ent), a. Acquiescing, or given to acqui- 
escing. — ac'qui-es'cent-ly, adv. 

ac-quire' (a-kwir'), v. t.; -quired' (-kwlrd') ; -quir'ing 
(-kwlr'ing) . [L. acquirere, acquisitum ; ad -f- quaerere to 
seek for.] To gain, usually by one's own exertions ; get as 
one's own. — Syn. Attain, win, earn, secure. See obtain. 
— ac-quir'a-ble (a-kwlr'd-bl), a. — ac-quir'er (-er), n. 

ac-quire'ment ( mtnt), to. Act of acquiring; that which 
is acquired ; acquisition. 

Syn. Acquirement, acquisition, attainment, accom- 
plishment all refer to faculties or to powers regarded as 
the fruit of exertion or effort. Acquirement denotes esp. 
personal qualities or resources achieved by endeavor, as 
contrasted with native gifts ; acquisition usually denotes 
rather material or external gains ; as, a woman with ac- 
quirements in both literature and art ; learning is a valu- 
able acquisition. Attainment commonly refers to the 
higher intellectual acquirements ; a*! \ishment, to 

such acquired faculties or graces '"" os current in social 
intercourse ; as, his scientific attr ^,us were beyond those 
of his associates ; dancing is ot_ of his accomplishments. 

ac'qui-si'tion (ak'wi-zish'iri), to. [L. acquisitio, fr. ac- 
quirere.] 1. Act or process of acquiring. 2. Thing ac- 
quired or gained ; acquirement. — Syn. See acquirement. 

ac-quis'i-tive (d-kwiz'"-tiv), a. Able or disposed to ac- 
quire.— ac-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. — ac-quis'i-tive-ness, to. 

ac-quist' (S-kwTst'), to. Acquest ; acquisition. Rare. 

ac-quit' (S-kwit'),'». t. ; -quit'ted ; -quit'ting. [From OF., 
fr. a (L. ad) -f quiter to quit. See quit.] 1. To dis- 
charge, as a d^Dt ; pay off. 2. To set free, release, or dis- 
charge (from an obligation, burden, or accusation) ; — now 
used with ; as, to acquit him of murder. 3. With 
the reflexiv : a To clear (one's self) ; — usually used with 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, rr cer; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Orn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go, sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ACQUITTAL 

of. b To bear or conduct (one's self). — Syn. See excul- 
pate. — ac-quit'ter (d-kwit'er), n. 
ac-quit'tal (-al), n. 1. An acquitting ; discharge from debt 
or obligation ; acquittance. 2. Law. A setting free from 
the charge of an offense, by legal process. 

ac-quit'tance (-dns), n. 1. Acquittal; now, usually, the 
clearing off of a debt or obligation. 2. A writing evidenc- 
ing a discharge ; a receipt in full. 

a'cre (a'ker), n. [AS. secer.] 1. Any field or arable or pas- 
ture land. Obs., exc. in certain phrases ; as, "God's acre," 
"Black Acre," etc. 2. A measure of land; 1G0 square 
rods, or 43,560 square feet. It equals 40.4G3 metric ares. 3. 
A measure of length, about 12 rods ; an arpent. Canada. 

a'cre-age (-aj), n. Acres collectively, as of a farm. 

acre foot. Irrigation Engin. A unit of volume of water 
equal to the volume of a prism one foot high, with a base 
one acre in area ; 43,560 cubic feet or 1,232.6 cubic meters. 
The acre inch is one twelfth of this. 

ac'rid (ak'rld), a. [L. acer sharp.] Sharp and harsh, or 
bitter and hot ; pungent ; irritating. — Syn. See sour. — 
ac'rid-ness, n. — ac'rid-ly, adv. [acrimony.] 

a-Clid'i-ty (d-knd'T-ti), n. Quality or state of being acrid ; | 

ac'ri-mo'ni-ous (aVrT-mo'ni-us), a. Caustic; bitter-tem- 
pered ; sarcastic ; acrid. OUS-ly, adv. ness, n. 

ac'ri-mo-ny (ak'ri-mo-ni),n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. acri- 
monia, f r. acer sharp.] Harsh or biting sharpness ; acridity ; 
— now used only of language, the temper, etc. 
Syil. Bitterness, pungency, tartness ; asperity, roughness, 
rudeness, crabbedness ; acerbity, sourness, sharpness, 
astringency. — Acrimony, asperity, acerbity, tartness 
agree in the idea of sharpness or bitterness of temper or 
language. Acrimony suggests a caustic temper and bit- 
ing, even corrosive, speech. Asperity suggests irritability 
and resentfulness of disposition, quick to display itself in 
words. Acerbity characterizes the utterances of one who 
is sour and embittered ; tartness also suggests acidity of 
speech or temper, but often somewhat piquant ; as, suffer- 
ing tinged her speech with acerbity; in the tartness of her 
reply he read displeasure. _ 

ac'ro- (ak'ro-). A combining form from Greek a/cpos, high- 
est, terminal, apex, tip, summit, extreme. 

ac'ro-bat (ak'ro-bat), n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. &Kp60aros 
walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft ; d/cpos high+ fiaiveiv to 
go.] One who practices daring gymnastic feats. 

ac'ro-bat'ic (-bat'ik),a. Of or pert, to an acrobat. — 
ac'ro-bat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ac'ro-car'pous (-kar'pus"), a. [Gr. &KpoKapiros bearing fruit 
at the top; dicpos highest -r->cap7r6s fruit.] Bot. Having 
fruit at the end of the stalk, or primary axis. 

ac'ro-drome' (ak'ro-drom 7 ) \a. [acro- 

a-crod'ro-mous (d-krod'ro-mws)/ -f- -drome, 
-dromous.] Bot. Running to a point; — 
said of nervation with nerves curving 
inward to the point of the leaf. 

ac'ro-gen (ak'ro-jen), n. [aero- + -gen."] 
Bot. A cryptogam of the highest class, in- 
cluding ferns, fern allies, mosses, and liver- 
worts. 

a-crog'e-nous (d-kroj'e-niis), a. [aero- -f- 
-genous.] Bot. a Increasing by growth from 
the summit or apex, b Pert, to an acrogen. 

ac'ro-lith (ak'ro-lith), n. [From L., fr. Gr. &Kp6\i0os with 
the ends made of stone; d/cpos extreme +Xi0os stone.] 
A statue with extremities of stone, the trunk being gen- 
erally of wood and, usually, covered with metal or drapery. 

ac'ro-meg'a-ly (-meg'd-li), n. [aero- +Gr. fieyas, ueydXov, 
big.] Med. A chronic nervous disease attended by a perma- 
nent enlargement of the head, thorax, hands, and feet. 

a-cro'mi-on (d-kro'mi-on), n. Also acromion process. 
[NL., fr. Gr. d/cpcbpiov; a/cpos+wpos shoulder.] Anat. 
The outer end of the spine of the scapula. mi-al(-al), a. 

a-crop'e-tal (d-krop'e-tdl), a. [aero- + L. peter e to seek.] 
Bot. Developing from below toward the apex. 

a-crop'O-lis (d-krop'6-lis), n. ; pi. E. -lises (-ez ; 24), Gr. 
-leis (-lis). [Gr. &kp o-k a\t s ; anpos extreme + 7r6Xis city.] 
The upper fortified part or citadel of a Greek city ; specif. 
[cap., with the], the citadel of Athens. 

ac'ro-spire (ak'ro-spTr), n. [aero- + <nreipa anything 
twisted.] The spiral t 'umule in germinating grain. 

a-cross'(d-kroV; 62), adv. [a- on, in + cross.] From side 
to side ; crosswise. — prep. From side to side of ; athwart. 

a-cros'tic (d-kros'tik), n. [Gr. d/cpoo-r ixi's or -<xtIx<-ov; 
d/cpos extreme-!- <rrlxos order, line.] A composition, esp. 
in verse, in which one or more sets of letters taken in order 
form words. — a-cros'tic, -ti-cal, o. — ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ac'ro-tism (ak'ro-tiz'm), n. [o-not-f Gr. /cporos a beat- 
ing J Med. Defect of pulsation. — a-crot'ic (d-krot'Tk), a. 

act (akt), n. [F. acte, L. actus, and actum, fr. agere to 
drive, do.] 1. That which is done or doing ; exercise of 
power ; effect of exerted power ; a performance ; deed. 2.The 
result of public deliberation ; decision of a legislative body, 
court, etc. ; a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve, or 



11 



ACTION 




Aerodrome 
Nervation. 



award. 3. A formal writing stating that something has 
been done ; as, an act of sale. 4. A performance of part of 
a play ; one of the principal divisions of a dramatic work. 
5. A thesis maintained in public, as in some English uni- 
versities, as by a candidate for a degree. 6. Process of 
doing ; action ; as, to be taken in the act. 7. pi. [cap.] 
Short for Acts of the Apostles, the title of the fifth book of 
the New Testament. — Syn. See action. 
act of God, Law, an inevitable accident. 

— v. t. 1. To actuate. Obs. 2. To perform (a play or 
the like) as an actor. 3. To assume the office or character 
of ; play ; personate ; as, to act the hero, Hamlet, etc. 
4. To feign or counterfeit ; simulate. 

— v. i. 1. To exert or put forth energy or power ; per- 
form functions ; do something ; specif., to carry into effect a 
determination of the will ; as, I shall act at once if he fails. 
2. To have effect; exert influence; as, most acids do not 
act on glass. 3. To behave ; bear or deport one's self. 4. 
To perform on the stage ; play a part ; also, to admit of 
being performed or acted. 

ac'ta (ak'td), n. pi. [L.] Lit., acts; esp., recorded pro- 
ceedings ; official acts ; transactions ; specif., among the 
ancient Romans, the acts and orders of a magistrate. 

act'a-ble (ak'td-b'l), a. Capable of being acted. 

Ac-tae'on (ak-te'on).n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A/ctcu'coj/.] Class. Myth. 
A huntsman who, having surprised Diana bathing, was 
changed into a stag, and torn to pieces by his own hounds. 

Ac'ti-an (ak'shT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Actium, in Greece,. 
Actian games, games instituted by Augustus at Actium", 
inEpirus, held every four years in memory of his naval 
victory (31 B. c.) over Antony and Cleopatra near Actium. 

ac'ti-nal (ak'ti-nal ; ak-tl'nal), a. [Gr. &ktls, 6.ktZvos, ray.] 
Zo'ol. Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal from which 
the tentacles or arms radiate and where the mouth is sit- 
uated ; — hence often equiv. to oral. — ac'ti-nal-ly, adv. 

act'ing (ak'tmg), p. a. That acts ; as acting trustee ; specif., 
doing duty (for another) ; officiating ; as, an acting mayor. 

ac-tin'i-a (ak-tm'i-d), n. ; pi. L. actinia (-e), E. actinias 
(-dz). [Gr. &ktls, d/crZj'os, ray.] Any sea anemone or re- 
lated animal. — ac-tin'i-an (-dn), a. & n. 

ac-tin'ic (ak-tin'ik), a. Of or pertaining to actinism. 

ac-tin'i-form (-i-form), a.[Gr. d«rts, &kt2vos, ray-j— form.] 
Having a radiated form ; like a sea anemone. 

ac'tin-ism (ak'tin-iz'm), n. [Gr. d/cWs, LktXvos, ray.] The 
property of radiant energy (found esp. in the shorter wave 
lengths of the spectrum, i.e., those at the blue end ) by which 
chemical changes are produced, as in photography. 

ac-tin'i-um (ak-tm'i-Sm), n. Chem. A radioactive sub- 
stance, probably an element, discovered in 1898. 

ac'ti-no- (ak'ti-n6-),ac'ti-ni-(ak'ti-ni-), ac'tin-. Combin-, 
ing forms from Greek &ktis, &.KTlvos,ray of light, designat- 
ing ray or rays, radiated structure; and specif, used : aTo 
denote relation to actinism; actinic effect; as in actinc- 
graph. b Biol. To denote radiation in structure. 

ac'ti-no-di'e-lec'tric (aVti-no-dl'e-lek'trik), a. Physics. 
Showing a temporary increase in electric conductivity un- 
der the action of light. 

ac-tin'o-graph (ak-tm'6-graf), n. [actino--\— graph."] An 
instrument for measuring and recording variations in ac- 
tinic effect of light rays (usually of the sun) by their ac- 
tion ona sensitized surface. 

ac'ti-noid (ak'ti-noid), a. [actino--\— oid.] Raylike ; ra- 
diated, as an actinia. 

ac'ti-noPo-gy (aVtT-noPo-ji), n. [actino- + -logy.] The 
science of rays of light, esp. as to their chemical effects. 

ac'ti-nom/e-ter (ak'ti-nom'e-ter), n. [actino— {--meter .] 
1. An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of 
the sun's rays. 2. An instrument for measuring the actinic 
effect of rays of light. — ac'ti-nom'e-try (-tri), n. 

ac'ti-no-mor'phic (ak'ti-no-mor'fik) \a. [actino- -f-mor- 

ac'ti-no-mor'phous (ak'ti-no-mor'fus)/ phic,-morphous.] 
Biol. Radially symmetrical ; specif., of some flowers (as the 
buttercup), capable of division into like halves by each of 
three or more longitudinal or vertical planes. 

ac'ti-no -my-co'sis (-ml-ko'sis), n. [NL., fr. Actinomyces, 
genus name, fr. actino — [-Gr. pu^s fungus +-osis.] Med. 
A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the 
presence of a filamentous plant (Actinomyces bovis). It 
causes local suppurating tumors, esp. ?bout the jaw. Called 
also lumpy, or big, jaw. — ac'ti-no-mZ-COt'ic (-kot'ik),a. 

ac'ti-no-ZO'an (aVtT-no-zo'an), n. [actino- +Gr. {S>ov ani- 
mal.] Zo'ol. Any of a class (Actinozoa) of ccelenterates 
consisting of polyps with radial partitions, and including 
the corals and sea anemones. 

ac'tion (ak'shun), n. [OF., fr. L. acilo, fr. agere to do.] 
1. The function or operation of that yhich acts ; the doing 
of something. 2. State of motion ; activity ; operation ; 
— disting. from rest ; as, a battleship in action. 3. Law. 
A legal proceeding by which one demands or enforces 
one's right in a court of justice. Also, the right to bring 
or maintain such a proceeding ; a cause. 4. Eccl. An 



K = ch in G. Ich, ach (50); oon; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in G"ide to Pronunciation. 
Explanation* of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |) Foreign Word. + ct tbined with. - equals. 



B 



D 






> 



H 



K 



L 



M 









r 



ACTIONABLE 



12 



ADAY 



act of devotion ; a religious ceremony or function. 5. An 
act ; thing done ; deed ; enterprise ; also, enterprise or effi- 
ciency in general ; as, a man of action. In pi. : Habitual 
deeds ; hence : conduct ; behavior ; deportment. 6. The 
event or series of events forming the subject of a play, 
poem, or other composition. 7. Sdulp., Painting, etc. 
Attitude or position as expressive of the sentiment or 
passion depicted. 8. Military or naval combat ; a battle ; 
a fight; as, a general action. 9. Natural or intended 
motion or operation of a thing ; as, the action of the heart. 
10. Mechanism ; as, the breech action of a gun ; the action 
of an organ or a pianoforte. 

Syn. Agency, activity, act, deed. — Action, act, deed. 
Action refers primarily to the process of acting ; act 
and deed, to the result, the thing done. An action is usu- 
ally regarded as occupying some time, and involving more 
than one step ; an act is more often thought of as momen- 
tary or instantaneous, and as individual ; as, the rescue of 
a shipwrecked crew is a heroic action; the launching of 
the lifeboat is a brave act. Deed often connotes an act 
as illustrious or as an achievement. See battle. 

ao'tion-a-ble (ak'shun-d-b'l), a. Subject to, or giving 
ground for, an action, or suit at law. — ac'tion-a-bly, adv. 

ac'tive (-tiv), a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 
1. Having the power or quality of acting ; causing change ; 
acting ; — opposed to passive. 2. Quick in physical move- 
ment ; agile ; nimble. 3. Being in action ; working ; being 
in force ; — opp. to quiescent, dormant, extinct, etc. 4. 
Given to action ; energetic ; busy ; — opp. to dull, slug- 
gish, lazy, or inert. Also, practical ; — opp. to specula- 
tive or theoretical ; as, an active rather than a speculative 
statesman. 5. Requiring or implying action ; as, an active 
employment ; — opp. to sedentary or to tranquil. 6. 
Brisk ; lively ; as, an active demand. 7. Gram. Pertaining 
to or designating : a The form, or voice, of the verb which 
represents the subject as the doer of the action, b Verbs 
asserting that the subject acts on something ; — distin- 
guished from neuter and passive; as, kill, demolish, etc., 
are active verbs, as distinguished from neuter or passive 
verbs like suffer, feel, die, rise, etc. C Verbs expressing 
action as distinct from mere existence or state ; — distin- 
guished from neuter ; as, go, strike, etc., are active verbs, 
as distinguished from be, exist, etc. 8. Com. a Interest- 
bearing ; as, an active debt, b Of capital, consisting of 
money or of property readily convertible into money. — 
ac'tive-ly, adv. — ac'tive-ness, n. 

Syn. Vigorous, alert, ready, prompt ; smart, spirited, ani- 
mated, sprightly ; agile, nimble, brisk. — Active, agile, 
nimble, brisk imply quickness of movement. That 
which is active (opposed to lazy, inert) is thought of as 
busy or energetic as well as quick ; as, an active child. 
Agile implies dexterity and ease in the management of 
one's limbs ; as, agile as a monkey. Nimble suggests 
lightness and swiftness ; brisk, liveliness and animation ; 
as, nimble fingers ; a brisk walk. 

active list, Mil., a list of all officers of the army or navy 
who are performing, or are normally available for, military 
duties and receiving full pay. — a. service. Mil. a 
Service in the field against an enemy, b Service upon 
the active list. 

ac-tiv'i-ty (ak-tiv'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
action, or quality of being active. 2. State or quality of 
vigorous action ; liveliness in doing, functioning, etc. ; 
energy. 3. Anything active ; an active agent or force. 

ac'tor (ak'ter), n. 1. One who acts ; a doer. 2. A theat- 
rical performer ; a player. — ac'tress (-tres ; 24), n. fern. 

ac'tu-al (-tj5-al), &• [F. actuel, L., actualis, fr. actus act.] 
1. Of or pert, to acts or actions ; as, actual grace, actual 
sin. Rare. 2. Existing in act, reality, or fact ; real ; — op- 
posed to potential, possible, virtual, conceivable, theo- 
retical, nominal, etc. 3. In action at the time being ; now 
existing ; present. — Syn. See real. 

ac'tu-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of being 
actual; reality; esp., phenomenal reality ; fact. 

aCtu-al-ize (ak'ty-al-Iz), i>. t. To make actual ; realize in 
action. — ac'tu-al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shwn ; -I-za'shftn), n. 

ac'tu-al-ly, adv. In act or in fact ; really. 

ac'tu-al-ness, n. Quality of being actual ; actuality. 

ac'tU-a-ry (-a-ri), n. pi.; -ries (-riz). [L. actuarius copy- 
ist, clerk, fr. actus act.] 1. A registrar ; clerk. Rare. 2. 
The official in an insurance company who calculates insur- 
ance risks and premiums. — ac'tu-a'ival (-a'rf-al ; 3), a. 

ac'tu-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. actu- 
atus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] To put into action ; 
move to action. — Syn. See move. a'tion (-a/shun), n. 

ac'u-ate (-u-at), a [L. acws needle.] Sharpened ; pointed. 

a-CU'i-ty (d-ku'i-'T), n. [IL. acuitas.'] Sharpness or 
acuteness, as of a needle, wit, ?tc. 

a-CUle-ate (d-ku'!.e-at), a. [L. aculeatus."] Having a 
sting, prickle, or the like, as a plant ; beset with prickles. 

a-CU'le-us (d-ku'le-tis), n.; pi. -lei (-T). [L., dim. of acus 
needle.] 1. Bot. A prickle growing from the epidermis, 
as in the rose and blackberry. 2. Zo'ol. A sting. 




Acute Leaves. 
a-cute'ly, adv. 



a-CU'men (d-ku'men), n. [L., fr. acuere to sharpen.] Keen- 
ness of perception or discernment. Syn. See discernment. 

a-cu'mi-nate (-mi-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen.] To 
render sharp or keen. — a. Tapering to a slender point ; 
pointed ; as, an acuminate leaf. See leaf, Illust. 

a-cu'mi-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. A sharpening; termina- 
tion in a sharp point ; a tapering point. 

a-cush'la (d-koosh'ld), n. [Ir. 5 + cuisle vein, pulse (of 
the heart).] Darling. Irish. 

a-CUte' (d-kuf), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] 
1. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; — op- 
posed to blunt or obtuse. 2. Having 
nice discernment; penetrating; clever;, 

— opp. to dull or stupid. 3. Having 
nice or quick sensibility ; susceptible ; as, 
acute sight; also, sharp; intense; as, 
acute pain. 4. High or shrill ; — opp. 
to low or grave. 5. Med. Attended 
with severe symptoms, and coming 
speedily to a crisis ; — opp. to chronic. 

— Syn. _ Subtle, sagacious, discerning, 
perspicacious, discriminating. See sharp.— 
acute accent, a mark ['] used to indicate vocal 'stress, 
and for various other purposes. — a. angle, Geom., an 
angle less than a right angle. 

a-CUte'ness, n. State or quality of being acute. 

-a-cy (-d-si). [L. -acia, -atia.'] A suffix denoting quality, 
state, office, etc., as in efficacy, diplomacy, privacy. 

a-cy'clic (d-sik'lik ; -sT'klik), a. [a- not + cyclic] Not 
cyclic ; not disposed in cycles or whorls. 

ad-. A prefix from Lat. ad to, expressing motion, direc- 
tion, or change to or toward, adherence or addition, prox- 
imity, or merely intensification ; as in admit, adjunct, ad- 
mixture, admonish, administer, adoral, etc. It appears as 
a- before sc, sp, and st. Before c, f, g, I, n, p, q, r, s, and 
t, the prefix ad- becomes ac-, af-, etc., by assimilation of 
the d to the following letter, as in acclaim, a/fix, assim- 
ilate, etc. 

ad'age (ad'aj), n. [F., fr. L. adagium."] A saying which has 
acquired credit by long use ; proverb. — Syn. See axiom. 

a-da'gio (d-dii'jo), a. & adv. [It. adagio, adv.] Music. 
Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. — n. ; pi., -gios 
(-joz). A piece of music in adagio time. 

Ad'am (ad'dm), n. [From Heb.] 1. Bib. The first man. 
See Gen. i.-v. 2. Fig. : "Original sin ;" human frailty or 
unregeneracy. 

Ad'am-and-Eve', n. The puttyroot, U. S. 

ad'a-mant (ad'd-mant), n. [From OF., fr. L. adamas, 
-mantis, the hardest metal, Gr. &5a(ias, -avros ; A- not + 
Safiav to subdue. The sense of magnet arose in ME. from 
confusion with L. adamare to love.] 1. A stone imagined 
as of impenetrable hardness ; — a name given to very hard 
substances, as the diamond. Now, figuratively, the embodi- 
ment of impenetrable hardness ; something impenetrable ; 
as, a heart of adamant. 2. Loadstone ; magnet. Obs. — 
ad'a-man-te'an (-man-te'dn), a. 

ad'a-man'tine (-man'tin), a. 1. Of or like adamant ; in- 
capable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated ; immov- 
able ; impregnable ; as, adamantine bonds or chains. 
2. Min. Like the diamond in hardness or luster. 

Ad^am-ite (ad'dm-It), n. A descendant of Adam ; a human 
being ; also, one who imitates Adam in going naked. 

Adam's ale. Water. Colloq. 

Adam's apple. The projection formed by the thyroid 
cartilage in the neck in front. 

Ad'am's— nee'dle, n. A commonly cultivated species of 
Yucca (Yucca filamentosa). 

a-dapt' (d-dapt'), v. t. [L. adaptare ; ad + aptare to fit.] 
To make suitable ; fit ; suit ; adjust ; — often used with 
to or for. — Syn. See conform. 

a-dapt'a-bil'i-ty (d-dap'td-bil'I-ti), n. Quality of being 
adaptable ; adaptableness. 

a-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adapted. ble-ness, n. 

ad'ap-ta'tion (ad'ap-ta/shun), n. 1. Act or process of adapt- 
ing, or state of being adapted ; as : a Physiol. The process 
by which the eye accommodates itself to changes in the 
intensity of light by changes in the sensitiveness of the 
retina, b Biol. Modification of an animal or plant (or of its 
parts or organs) fitting it more perfectly for existence under 
the conditions of its environment. 2. The adapted form. 

a-dapt'er, a-dapt'or (d-dap'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, adapts ; as : Chem. A straight or bent tube, or a 
vessel with two necks, used in connecting a retort or con- 
denser with the receiver. 

a-dap'tion (d-dap'shtm), n. = adaptation. 

a-dap'tive (d-dap'tTv), a. Suited or tending to, or show- 
ing, adaptation. — a-dap'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

A-dar' (d-daV ; a'dar), n. [Heb. addY.] See Jewish cal- 
endar. 

a-day' (d-da'), adv. [See adays.] Daily ; on each day. 



ale, senate, cars, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice. Ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, , circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; "chair, |»o; sing, ixpk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) j 



ADAYS 

a-days' (d-daz'), adv. [a-(for on)+day+-s, gen. ending.] 
By day. Obs., except in nowadays. 

add (ad), v. t. [L.addere; ad +dare to give, put.] 1. To 
give (to); bestow (on); as, "The Lord shall add to me 
another son." 2. To join (one thing to another) or unite 
(several things) so as to increase in number, augment in 
quantity, or aggregate into one ; Math., to unite in one 
sum or quantity. Hence : To sum up ; put together 
mentally. 3. To append, as a statement; say further. 

— v. i. To make an addition. 

ad'dax (ad'aks), n. [L., an animal with twisted horns; of 
African origin.] A large light-colored 
antelope (Addax nasomaculatus) of 
North Africa, Arabia, and Syria. 

ad'dend (ad'end; d-dend'), n. [See 

ADDENDUM.] Math 

quantity to be add- 
ed to another, 
called the augend; 
thus, in a -f- 6, a is 
the augend and b 
the addend. 
ad-den'dum (d-den'- 
dum),n.;L. pi. -DA 
(-do). [L.] 1. A 
thing to be added; 
an addition. 2. 
Mach. a That part 
of a tooth of a gear 
wheel or a rack be- 
tween the pitch cir- 



13 



ADHERE 




Addax. 



cle or line and the extreme point of the tooth, b The cir- 
cle (in full called addendum circle) touching the extreme 
points of the teeth of a circular gear wheel. 

add'er (ad'er), n. One who, or that which, adds. 

ad'der (ad'er), n. [AS. nsedre adder, snake. An adder 
is for a nadder."] Any of several snakes ; esp. : a The 
common venomous viper of Europe (Vipera berus). 
b In North America, any of several harmless snakes; as, 
the milk adder (Osceola doliata triangula). 

ad'der's— mouth' (-erz-mouth'), n. Either of two species 
(Achroanthes monophylla and A. unifolia) of small 
terrestrial orchids, natives of the United States, with 
greenish, inconspicuous flowers. 

ad'der'S-tongue' (-tungO, n. 1. A kind of fern (genus 
Ophioglossum) ; — so called from the shape of its fruiting 
spik.;. 2. Rattlesnake plantain. 3. Dogtooth violet. 

a3d'i-ble (ad'i-b'l), a. Capable of being added. 

ad-dict' (d-dTkt'), v. t. [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to 
adjudge, devote ; ad-\-dicere to say.] To apply habitually ; 
to give (one's self) up or over (to) as a constant practice ; 
devote ; habituate; — used with to; as, they addict them- 
selves to science rather than to art. Cf. addicted, Syn. 

ad-dict/ed, p. a. Devoted or strongly inclined (to some 
object, practice, or pursuit). — ad-dict'ed-ness, n. 
Syn. Accustomed, habituated, inclined, prone, attached, 
devoted. — Addicted, devoted. Addicted, often used 
in a bad sense (as addicted to wine, to stealing), refers to 
one given up or strongly inclined to some object, practice, 
or pursuit ; as, addicted to study or ceremony. Devoted 
expresses habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some (good) 
object ; as, he was devoted to the cause of reform. 

ad-dic'tion (5-dTk/shun), n. State of being addicted; de- 
votion ; inclination. 

A.d'di-so'ni-an (ad'i-so'm-dn), a. Like Joseph Addison or 
his style of writing ; hence, clear and polished in diction. 

Ad'di-son's dis-ease' (ad'I-sunz diz-ez'). [After Thomas 
Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it, in 1855.] 
Med. An anaemic, emaciated condition causing a peculiar 
brown skin, and due to disease of the suprarenal capsules. 

ad-dit'a-ment (d-dlt'd-ment ; ad'i-td-ment),72.. [L. addi- 
tamentum.~] An addition; thing added. 

ad-di'tion (d-dish'iin), n. [F., fr. L. additio, fr. addere to 
add.] 1. Act or process of adding; specif., Arith., the 
uniting of two or more numbers into one sum; hence, Alg., 
etc., any analogous process; — opposed to subtraction. 
The sign for addition is + (called "plus"). 2. Anything 
added; increase; augmentation; accession. 3. Some- 
thing added to a man's name by way of description or 
title, as in John Doe, Esq. Obs. or Law. 4. Her. Some- 
i thing added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor. Cf. 
' abatement. — Syn. Accession, appendage, adjunct. 

ad-di'tion-al (-dl), a. Added; supplemental; being in the 
nature of an addition. — ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

ad'di-tive (ad'I-tiv), o. [L. additivus.~\ Proper to be 
added ; involving addition ; — opposed to subtractive. 

ad'dle (A), a. Rotten; putrid; — said of eggs. Hence: 
Unproductive or confused, as brains ; muddled.— V. t. & i. 
To make addle ; become addle ; muddle. 

ad-dress' (d-dres'), v. t.; -dressed' (-drest') or -drest'; 
-DRESS'rNG. [OF. adrecier to straighten, address; a (L. 
ad)+drecier to straighten, arrange. See dress.] 1. To 



aim, asamissile. Obs. 2. To arrange ; prepare. 06s. 3. Re- 
flexively : To prepare one's self ; apply one's skill or ener- 
gies (to some object) ; betake; direct one's speech or dis- 
course (to a person) ; as, he addressed himself to you. 4. 
To direct, as words (to any one or anything) ; make, as a 
speech (to anyone.toan audience). 5. To speak to; accost. 
6. To direct in writing, as a letter ; superscribe. 7. To 
court ; woo. 8. To consign or intrust (to) ; as, to address 
a ship to a factor. 

to address the ball, Golf, to take aim at the ball, adjusting 
the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc. 

— v. i. Obs. 1. To prepare. 2. To direct speech or at- 
tentions. 

— n. 1. Preparation. 06s. 2. Act of addressing one's 
self or one's words. 3. A formal communication, appli- 
cation, or statement ; speech ; petition. 4. Direction or 
superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of 
residence or business of the one addressed. 5. Manner of 
speaking to another ; delivery. 6. Attention in the way 
of courtship ; suit ; — usually in pi. 7. Skillful manage- 
ment ; dexterity ; adroitness. — Syn. Readiness, inge- 
nuity, tact. See speech, tact. 

ad-dress'ee' (a-dres'e'), n. One to whom anything, as a 
letter, is addressed. 

ad-dress'er (d-dres'er), n. Also ad-dress'or (-er), n. One 
who, or that which, addresses. 

ad-dres'SO-graph (d-dres'6-graf), n. [A trade-mark 
name.] _ A form of machine, printing from type, for 
addressing letters, circulars, etc. 

ad-duce' (d-dus'), v. t.; -duced' (-dust') ; -duc'lmg (-dus'- 
Tng). [L. adducere, -ductum, to lead to; ad+ducere to 
lead.] To bring forward or offer, as a reason ; cite. — Syn. 
See allege. — ad-du'ci-ble (a-du'si-b'l), a. 

ad-du'cent (a-du'sent), a. [L. adducens, p. pr.] Physiol. 
Adducting ; — opposed to abducent. 

ad-duct' (d-dukf), y. t. [See adduce.] Physiol. To 
draw toward the axis or middle line of the body. 

ad-duc'tion (a-duk'shun), n. An adducing or adducting. 

ad-duc'tive (-tiv), a. Bringing toward or to something. 

ad-duc'tor (-ter), ra. Anat. An adducting muscle. 

-ade. [F. -ade, fr. Sp., Pg., or Pr. -ada, or It. -ata, fr. LL. 
-ata.~\ A noun suffix signifying act, action, result, prod- 
uct or body or aggregate concerned in an action or 
process; as in cannonade, lemonade, arcade, brigade. 

a-deem' (d-dem'), v. t. [L. adimere, ademptum, to take 
away ; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] To revoke, as a 
legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy (it) by some other gift. 

a-demp'tion (d-demp'shun), n. Act of adeeming. 

ad'e-ni'tis (ad'e-nl'tls), n. [Gr. &8vv, ddkvos, gland + 
-itis.~] _ Med. Glandular inflammation. 

ad'e-noid (ad'e-noid), a. [Gr. Lbevoetb-hs glandular ; &8r}v 
gland -jreldos form.] Anat. Like or pertaining to a 
gland._ — n._ Med. A swelling due to hypertrophy of ade- 
noid tissue in the upper part of the oharynx; — usually in pi. 

ad'e-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-jl), n. [Gr.* L8-hv gland + -logy.'] 
Physiology of the glands. no-log'i-cal (-no-loj'i-kal), a. 

ad'e-no'ma (ad'e-no'md), n.; L. pi. -mata (-td). [NL.; 
Gr. a8r)i> gland -\~oma.~] Med. A benign tumor of a 
glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. — 
ad'e-nom'a-tous (-nom'd-tus; -po'ma-tiis) a. 

ad^not'o-my (ad'e-not'o-mi),?!. [Gr. &5*;;< g 
Incision or dissection of glands. 

a-dept' (d-depf), n. [L. adept us obtained (sc. artem), lha.1 
has obtained an art, p. p. of adipibd to obtain ; ad-f-aj i 
to pursue.] One fully skilled or \ 11 verse-'.: a profii 

— a. Proficient. — Syn. See e: -a-dept'ness 
ad'e-qua-cy (ad'e-kwd-sT), n. State or quality of being 

adequate ; sufficiency for a (specific) purpose. 

ad'e-quate (-kwat), a. [L. adaeqaatus, p". p. of adaequare 
to make equal to. See ad-; equate] Equal to or suffi- 
cient for some (specific) requi. jraen*- ; fully sufficient. — 
ad-e-quate-ly, adv. — ad'e-quate-iiek's, n. 
Syn. Proportionate, commensurate, con.petent, suitable, 
fitting; equal, full, satisfactory : am pie, - enough. 

— Adequate, sufficient, enough agree ; n she i r iea of 
competency. That is adequate which is equal to. or 
commensurate with, a requir i it; tint is sufficient 
which completely fulfills a proposed end * that - i .ioagh 
which satisfies desire or meetJ a want ; leana are 

adequate to his needs; her answer was to oeter 

me ; I have enough. 

ad-here' (ad-her'), v. i.; -hered' (herd') ; -kes'ing ('-her'- 
Ing). [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick.] 
1. To stick fast or cleave, as glur, cement, etc. ; become 
joined or united, as by sticking, growth, etc. 2. To hold, 
be attached, or be devoted ; .-pecii., to give support by 
some act ; as, men adhere to i \ arj ader. 

3. To be consistent or Cubei •■:; t ; 

Syn. Cleave, cling, hold, coV-re. - Adhere, cohere agree 
in the idea of sticking fist. Adh3r<- denotes a mere 
cleaving of one object ..o another, and usually implies 
little or nothing as t o a resulting ur Ainp did 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guk£ I mttiation. 

Explanations of Abbreviations us»d in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. !i Foreign Word. + coraWned with. = equals. 



B 



G 



\ 



H 



J 



K 



M 






ADHERENCE 



14 



ADJUVANT 



not adhere to the envelope. Cohere often suggests a more 
or less unified body ; as, the flakes in a snowball cohere. 

ad-her'ence (ad-her'ens), n. Quality, act, or state of adher- 
ing ; specif., steady attachment or support; devotion. 
Syn. Adherence, adhesion are, as a rule, somewnat 
sharply distinguished in present usage, which tends to 
confine adhesion to the physical, adherence to the 
figurative sense. Adhesion, however, is still occasionally 
applied to mental or moral concurrence or assent. 

ad-her'ent (-ent), a. Sticking; clinging; adhering. — n. 
One who adheres ; follower ; partisan. — Syn. Upholder, 
supporter, ally, backer. See follower. ent-ly, adv. 

ad-he'sion (-he'zhun), n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere.j 
Act or state of adhering ; specif., a sticking together of sub- 
stances in contact ; Physics, the molecular attraction ex- 
erted between the surfaces of bodies in contact (cf. cohe- 
sion). — Syn. See adherence. 

ad-he'sive (-siv), a. 1. Sticky ; tenacious ; of the nature 
of adhesion. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. — 
ad-he'sive-ly, adv. — ad-he'sive-ness, n. 

ad-hib'it (ad-hib'it), v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere 
to hold to ; ad -f- habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a per- 
son or a thing ; take in. 2. To use or apply ; administer. 
3. To attach ; affix. — ad'hi-bi'tion (ad'hi-bish'un), n. 

ad'i-a-bat'ic (ad'i-d-bat'ik), a. [Gr. dSid/3aros not pass- 
able; d- not-f-Sid through -f- Paiveiv to go.] Thermo- 
dynamics. Pertaining to or designating variations in 
volume or pressure not accompanied by gain or loss of heat. 

ad'i-an'tum ( ad'i-an'twm ), n. [L., fr. Gr. &8lavTOP 
maidenhair ; d- not + 
Siaiveiv to wet.] Bot. 
Any of a large genus 
( Adiantum ) of chiefly 
tropical American ferns, 
generally known as 
maidenhair ferns. 

ad'i-aph'o-rous (-5f'6- 
rus), a. [Gr. &5ia<f>opos ; 
d- not-\-bia<popos dif- 
ferent.] Indifferent, as 
in morals or religion; 
neutral. 

ad'i-a-ther'man-cy (-d- 
thur'man-si),n. [a- not 
-f diathermancy. .] Im- 
perviousness to heat 
waves. 

a-dieu'(ddj';F.a-dyu'), 
interj & adv. [F. 
adieu: a (L ad) + Dieu Portion of Frond of Maidenhair 
God, L Deu$.j Good- Fern (Aatanium pedatumh 
by; farewell;— a parting expression of kind wishes 

— n. ; pi. E. adieus (-duz'), F. adieux (a-dyu'). A fare- 
well ; commendation to the care of God at parting. 

fta'dios' (a'dyos'), inter j. [Sp.] Adieu; farewell. 

ad'i-po-cere' (ad'I-po-serO, n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat+ 
cera wax.] A waxy substance into which the tissue of 
dead bodies is sometimes converted by continued moisture. 

— ad'i-poc'er-ous (-pos'er-iis),*!. 

ad'i po'ma (-po'md), n. ; L. pi. -mata (-td). [NL. See adi- 
pose ; -oma.] Med. A mass of fat found internally ; 
also, a fatty tumor. — ad'i-pom'a-tous (-pom'd-tus), a. 

ad'i-pose (ad'i-pos), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] Of or per- 
taining to animal fat ; fatty. — n. Animal fat, being the 
substance contained in the cells of fatty tissues. — ad'i- 
pose-ness (-nes), ad'i-pos'i-ty (-pos'i-t!), n. 

ad'it (ad'it), n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, aditnm, to go to; ad 
•+ ire to go.] 1, Entrance ; passage ; Mining, a nearly 
horizontal pa ssage from the surface. 2. Admission. Rare. 

ad-ja'cence.(d-ja'sens)ln. 1. Quality or state of being 

ad-ja'cen-cy (-sen-sT/ / adjacent; contiguity. 2. That 
which is adjacent. 

ad-ja'cent (-sent), a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adja- 
cere to lie near , ad + jacere to lie.] Lying near ; close ; 
contiguous ; neighboring. 

Syn. Ad.1ace.at, adjoining, contiguous, abutting agree 
in the idea of proximity. Objects are adjacent that lie 
close to each o.her, bat not necessarily in actual contact ; 
as, adjacent fields, villages ; they are adjoining when they 
meet at aline ir point of junction. Contiguous properly 
applies to objc v ?. that touch along a considerable part or 
the_ whole of on« side. Abutting usually applies to that 
which is laterally against, or in contact with, something. 

ad'jec-ti'val Sj /; Sk-tP H\ ; aj'ek-tiv-dl). a. Of or relating to, 
or of the nature of, an i ijective. — ad'jec-ti'val-ly, adv. 

ad'jec-tive faj'efc-t^v), v. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), 
neut. of adjectiius that h jdded, fr. adjicere to add to ; 
ad -j- jacere' to ".now.] A.- Gram. A word used with a 
noun, or substantive, t0 e:. press a quality of the thing 
named, or soi^sWng attribu ed to it, or to limit or define 
it, or to specit''-* ; describe a thing as distinct from some- 
thing else. 2 dependent ; an accessory. — Syn. See 




epithet. — o. 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute ; 
of the nature of an adjunct. 2. Not standing by itself ; 
dependent. 3. Relating to procedure ; as, adjective law. 

4. Dyeing. Requiring a mordant. tive-ly, adv. 

ad-]Oin' (d-join'), v.t. [FromOF.,fr.L. adjim^ere; ad -p 
jungere to join.] To join or unite to ; lie contiguous to ; 
also, to attach ; append. — v. i. To lie or be next, or con- 
tiguous. ■> 
ad-join'ing (d-join'ing), p. a. Joining. See adjacent. 
ad-journ' (d-jfirn'), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + jor, 
jur,jorn, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies 
day.] To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely ; 
to close or suspend for the day, as a legislative meeting. 
— v. i. To suspend business for a time ; usually, to sus- 
pend public business, as of legislatures, courts, etc. 
Syn. Suspend, terminate, delay, postpone, prorogue; 
dissolve. — Adjourn, prorogue, dissolve are used of 
public bodies when they suspend business. When a 
deliberative body adjourns, it merely suspends (usually for 
a brief period) its deliberations, which at the next meeting 
may be resumed where they had ended, except for some- 
thing to the contrary in its rules of procedure ; when a 
parliament in Great Britain or her colonies is prorogued, 
the session is ended, and all bills not enacted are quashed, 
and can be taken up only as new matter at its subsequent 
session ; when a deliberative body is dissolved, it entirely 
ceases to exist. 
ad-journ'al (-dl), n. Adjournment ; postponement. Rare. 
ad-journ'ment (-ment), n. Act of adjourning ; state of be- 
ing adjourned ; also, the interval for which a body adjourns. 
ad-judge' (d-jujO, v.t.; -judged' (-jujd') ; -judg'ing. [OF. 
ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare, adjudicatum; ad + judicare 
to judge.] 1. To decide judicially ; adjudicate ; order ; de- 
cree ; as, to adjudge a case. 2. To regard or hold ; judge ; 
deem. 3. To sentence ; pass sentence upon ; condemn. 
4. To award judicially in a controversy; as, the house 
was adjudged to her. — Syn. Decree, settle, ordain, 
award, assign; try, doom, condemn, reckon, consider, 
esteem. 
ad-ju'di-cate (d-joo'di-kat), v. t. & i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; 
-cat'ing. [See adjudge.] To hear or try, and determine 
judicially ; adjudge ; act as judge. 
ad-ju'di-ca'tion (-ka'shwn), n. _ An adjudicating ; a judi- 
cial decision or sentence ; specif., a decree in bankruptcy. 
ad-ju'di-ca'tor (-ka/ter), n. One who adjudicates. 
ad'junct (aj'unkt), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. 
See adjoin.] Conjoined ; attending. — n. 1. Something 
joined or added to a thing, but not essentially a part of it ; 
as, "learning is but an adjunct to our self." 2. A person 
joined to another in some duty or service ; associate. 
3. Gram. A word or words added to qualify the force of 
other words. — ad'junct-ly, adv. [ing.l 

ad-junc'tion (d-jiink'shwn), n Act or process of adjoin-| 
ad-junc'tive (-tiv), a. Joining ; forming an adjunct. 
ad'jU-ra'tion (aj'do-ra'shwn ; 86), n. Act of adjuring. 
ad-]U'ra-tO-ry (d-jdb'rd-to-ri), a. Of, pertaining to, or 

containing, an adjuration, 
ad-jure' (d-jdor' ; 86), v. t.; ad-jured' (-joord') ; -jur'ing 
(-jdor'ing). [L. adjurare, adjuratum, to swear to ; later, 
to adjure.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if 
under oath, or under penalty of a curse ; entreat earnestly. 
— ad-jur'er, ad-ju'ror, n. 
ad-just' (d-justO, v. t. [F. ajuster; a(L.ad) -f- juste just, 
L. Justus just, right.] 1. To settle, arrange, or apportion 
rightly or satisfactorily^ as insurance losses ; free from 
differences or discrepancies. 2. To make exact ; fit ; make 
correspondent or comformable ; as, to adjust a garment 
to the body. 3. To put in order ; regulate or reduce to a 
system. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts 
of an' instrument. — Syn. Dispose ; adapt, suit, rectify. 
See conform. — ad-just'a-ble, a. 
ad-just'er, n. One who adjusts; esp., one who adjusts 

claims or insurance losses. 
ad-just'ment (d-just'ment), n. 1. Act of adjusting ; state 
of being adjusted ; as: aThe bringing of a thing or things 
into proper or exact position or condition, b Com. The 
calculation and settlement of the several shares to be had 
or borne by various parties in respect of a joint duty ori 
right. 2. A means, as a mechanism, by which things are} 
adjusted one to another. — Syn. Suiting, fitting, arrange- 
ment, regulation, settlement, adaptation, disposition. 
ad'ju-tan-cy (aj'db-tdn-si), n. Office of an adjutant. 
ad'ju-tant (-tdnt), n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to 
help.] 1. A helper. 2. Mil. A staff officer who assists a 
commander in the details of field or garrison duty. 3.A 
very large stork (Leptoptilus argala), common in India. 
adjutant general. Mil. The principal staff officer of an 
army, corps, division, or brigade, through whom the com- 
mander receives communications and issues orders. 
ad'ju-vant (aj'oo-vdnt), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adju- 
vare to aid.] Helping ; helpful. — n. An assistant or 
helper; esp., Med., a thing, as a subsidiary ingredient in 



file, senate, ?£re, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
|ise, inite, fern. iyp t circi/Sj menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; gfo; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ADMEASURE 



15 



ADORE 



a prescription, that aids something else in its medicinal 
action. 

ad-meas'ure (5d-mezh'ur), v. t. To ascertain or set the 
limits of ; measure. — ad-meas'ure-ment (-ment), n. 

ad-min'i-cle (ad-mTn'i-k'l),n. [L. adminiculum support.] 
1. Help ; an auxiliary. 2. Law. Corroborative evidence. 
— ad'mi-nic'u-lar (ad'mT-nik'ti-ldr), a. 

ad-min'is-ter (ad-min'is-ter), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. 
administrare ; ad + ministrare to serve.] 1. To manage 
or conduct, as public affairs ; direct the execution, applica- 
tion, or conduct of ; as, to administer finances. 2. To 
dispense ; serve out ; supply, as relief or justice or the 
Sacrament. 3. To give or apply, as medicine or a remedy. 
4. To tender, as an oath. 5. Law. To settle, as an 
estate. — v. i. 1. To contribute ; conduce ; minister. 2. To 
manage affairs ; Law, to administer an estate or other 
property. — Syn. Give out, distribute, furnish. See 

MINISTER, EXECUTE. 

ad-min'is-te'ri-al (-te'n-al), a. Administrative. 

ad-min'is-tra-ble (-mTn'is-trd-b'l), a. Capable of, or sub- 
ject to, being administered. 

ad-min'is-trant (-trdnt), a. Executive ; acting; managing 
affairs. — n. One who administers. 

ad-min'is-trate (-trat), v. t. To administer. 

ad-min'is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 1. Act of administer- 
ing ; specif., conduct of any office or employment ; direc- 
tion ; management. 2. Law & Political Science. The 
action of the state in the exercise of its political powers ; 
usually, the action of the executive alone, or of the execu- 
tive in managing only the property and business transac- 
tions of the state and in providing for the general welfare 
of the state. 3. The persons collectively intrusted with 
executive powers ; the term of office of an administrative 
officer or body. 4. Law. Management and disposal, un- 
der legal authority, of the estate of a deceased person, 
or of an infant, a lunatic, etc. 

ad-min'is-tra-tive (-min'is-tra-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to 
administration ; executive. — ad-min'is-tra-tive-ly, adv. 

ad-min'is-tra'tor (-tra'ter), n. One who administers ; Law, 
one legally vested with the right of administration of an 
estate. — ad-min'is-tra'tor-ship, n. — ad-min'is-tra'trix 
(-tra'triks), n. fern. ; pi. -tratrices (-tra-trl'sez). 

ad'mi-ra-ble (ad'mT-rd-b'l), a. [L. admirabilis.~\ Having 
qualities that excite admiration, or wonder united with 
approbation ; most excellent. — Syn. Wonderful, marvel- 
ous, praiseworthy. — ad'mi-ra-ble-ness, n. — ra-bly, adv. 

ad'mi-ral (-rdl), n. [OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. arriir- 
al-bahr commander of the sea.] 1. The commander in 
chief of a navy. 2. Naval officer of the highest rank. See 
navy. 3. The most considerable ship pf a fleet. Obs. or 
Rhetorical. — ad'mi-ral-ship, n. 

ad'mi-ral-ty (-ral-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The office or 
jurisdiction of an admiral. 2. The department or officers 
having authority over naval affairs. 3. The court or law 
dealing with maritime questions and offenses. 4. The 
building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, 
transact business. 

ad'mi-ra'tion (-ra'shftn), n. 1. Wonder. Archaic. 2. Won- 
dering or marveling approbation or delight. 3. Something 
that excites wonder, or pleased surprise ; a prodigy. 
Syn. Admiration, approbation, approval. Admira- 
tion, like admire, expresses gratification and delight, 
and implies a certain amount of wonder. Approbation 
adds to the idea of satisfaction that of commendation ; 
approval adds that of a more or ItoS formal sanction. 

ad-mire' (ad-mlr'), v. t. ; -mired' (-mird') ; -mtr'ing (-mTr'- 
Ing). [L. admirari ; ad -\-mirari to wonder.] 1. To won- 
der or marvel at. Archaic. 2. To regard with wonder and 
delight ; look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure. — 
v. i. To wonder ; marvel. Archaic. — ad-mir'er (-mlr'- 
er), n. — ad-mir'ing, p. a. ing-ly, adv. 

ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-mis'i-bTl'i-ti), n. The quality of 
being admissible. 

ad-mis'si-ble (-mis'i-b'l), a. Entitled or worthy to be 
admitted ; allowable. ble-ness, n. si-bly, adv. 

ad-mis 'sion (ad-mish'tin), n. [L. admissio.'] 1. Act or 
practice of admitting ; admittance ; access. 2. Acceptance 
into an office or position ; institution. 3. The granting of 
an argument or position not proved ; acknowledgment ; 
concession. 4. A fact or statement admitted. 5. Price 
of entrance ; fee at entering. — Syn. See admittance. 

Admission Day. A legal holiday commemorating the day 
of admission as a State of the United States. It is Sept. 9 
in California, Oct. 31 in Nevada. 

ad-mit' (-mit),v.f.; -mit'ted; -mit'ting. [L. admittere, 
admissum ; ad+mittere to send.] 1. To suffer to enter; 
have capacity for giving entrance ; receive ; take. 2. To 
give a right of entrance to ; as, this ticket admits one. 
3. To allow to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege, a? 
the practice of law. 4. To concede as true ; grant. 5. To 
be capable of ; allow ; permit ; as, the words do not admit 



such a construction. — Syn. See acknowledge. — v. i. To 
concede or allow ; — used with of; as, to admit of mis- 
construction ; to admit of pressure without being crushed. 

ad-mit'tance (-dns), n. 1. Act of admitting. 2. Permis- 
sion to enter ; privilege of entrance ; admission ; actual 
entrance. 3. Elec. The reciprocal of impedance. 
Syn. Admittance, admission. Admittance is mostly 
confined to the literal sense of allowing one to enter a locality 
or building ; as, "No admittance" ; admittance to the 
grounds. Admission has acquired the figurative sense of 
admitting to rights, privileges, etc. ; as, admission to the 
church ; admission to the best society. When entrance into 
a building or a locality carries with it certain privileges, 
admission rather than admittance is used ; as, admission 
to a theater ; the admission of aliens into a country. 

ad-mit'ted (ad-mit'ed; 24), p. a. Received as true or 
valid; conceded; acknowledged. — ad-mit'ted-ly, adv. 

ad-mix' (-miks'), v. t. To mingle with something else ; mix. 

ad-mix'tion (-miks'chun), n. Admixture. 

ad-mix' ture (-tjar), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix ; 
ad -f- miscere to mix.] 1. Act of mixing ; mixture. 2. That 
which is added to anything by mixing. 

ad-mon'ish (-mon'ish), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. admoner* 
to remind, warn ; ad + monere to warn.] 1. To warn of 
a fault; reprove gently or kindly, but seriously ; exhort; 
as, he admonished him to repent. 2. To counsel against 
wrong practices ; caution or advise ; — used with of, 
against, or a subordinate clause. 3. To instruct ; notify ; 
guide ; as, "Moses was admonished of God." — Syn. See 
reprove, ~ad-mon/ish-er, n. — ish-ment (-ment), n. 

ad'mo-ni'tion (ad'mo-nish'iinXn. An admonishing ; ex- 
pression of authoritative advice or warning. — Syn. 
Reprehension, reproof, rebuke, caution. 

ad-mon'i-tor (ad-mon'i-ter), n. [L.] An admonisher. 

ad-mon'i-to-ry (-to-rT), a. Conveying admonition. 

ad'nate (ad'nat), a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci, lit., to 
grow to or on.] Bot. & Zo'dl. Congenitally grown to- 
gether ; — used generally of unlike parts. 

a-do'(d-ddo'), n. [ME. at do, northern form for to do."] Do- 
ing ; trouble ; fuss ; bustle. — Syn. See stir. 

a-do'be (d-do'be), n. [Sp.] 1. An unburnt brick dried in 
the sun ; a house or structure of such bricks. Sp. Amer. 
2. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made, esp. in the 
arid regions of the western United States ; hence, any 
alluvial or playa clay in desert or arid regions. 3. The 
Mexican silver dollar. Colloq., Southwestern U. S. 

ad'o-les'cence (ad'6-les'ens), n. State, process, or period 
of growing from childhood to maturity ; youth, or the 
period of life between puberty and maturity, in males 
generally taken as being the period from 14 to 25, and in 
females from 12 to 21, years of age. 

ad'o-les'cen-cy (-les'en-si), n. Quality or state of being 
adolescent ; youthfulness. 

ad'o-les'cent (-ent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere 
to grow up to; ad -f-inchoative olescere to grow.] Grow- 
ing frorn childhood to maturity ; in a state of adolescence. 

Ad'0-na'i (ad'6-na'I; d-do'ni), n. [Heb. adonai, lit., my 
lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the 
Old Testament by the word "Lord." 

A-don'iC (d-don'ik), a. [F. adonique.'] Relating to the 
mythical youth Adonis, famed for his beauty. — n. An 
Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and a spondee 
or trochee ;thus,-~"| — , or — w |-~; — said to have been 
named from its use in songs at the festival of Adonis. Iris 
chiefly used with other verse. 

A-do'nis (d-do'nis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ASuvis. ] 1. Class. 
Myth. A beautiful youth beloved by Aphrodite (Venus). 
He was slain by a wild boar. So great was Aphrodite's 
grief that Adonis was permitted by Plirto to spend part of 
the year on earth. 2. A preeminently beautiful young 
man; a dandy. 

a-dopt' (d-dopt'), v. t. [L. adoptare; ad + optare to 
choose. 1. To take by choice into a relationship, esp. that 
of child or heir. 2. To take or receive as one's own (what 
is not so naturally). — a-dopt'a-ble, a. — a-dopt'er, n. 

a-dop'tion (d-dop'shiin), n. [L. adoptio ; akin to adop- 
tare to adopt.] Act of adopting ; state of being adopted. 

a-dop'tion-ism^ (-Tz'm), n. Theol. The doctrine, which 
arose in Spain in the Sth century, that Christ was the Son 
of God as to his human nature only by adoption or by name, 
but truly so as to his divine nature. tion-ist, n. 

a-dop'tive (-t!v), a. Pertaining to adoption ; made or ac- 
quired by adoption ; fitted to adopt. — a-dop'tive-ly, adv. 

a-dor'a-ble (d-dor'd-b'l: 57), a. Worthy to be adored. — a- 
dor'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-tf ), -a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

ad'0-ra'tion (ad'6-ra'shSn), n. Act of adoring ; feeling of 
one who adores. — Syn. See reverence. 
adoration of the cross, R. C. Ch., the part of the service 
of Good Friday in which the cross is adored by the clergy 
and pec pie. It follows the prayers. 

a-dore' (d-dor' ; 57), v. *.; a-dored' (d-dord') ; a-dor'ing 
(d-dor'Ing). f F. adorer, fr. L. adorare ; ad -f- orare to 

!t «= ch in G ich ach(50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations' used. u. this work. Signs, etc, precede Vooibulary. (| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



I 



ADORER 16 

speak, pray.] 1. To worship with profound reverence ; 
honor as divine. 2. To love in the highest degree ; regard 
with utmost esteem and affection. — v. i. To render adora- 
tion ; worship. — a-dor'er (d-dor'er), n. — a-dor'ing, p. a. 
a-dom' (d-dorn'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. adornare; ad-\- 
ornare to furnish, embellish.] To deck with ornaments ; 
be a pleasing, attractive feature or embellishment. 
Syn. Beautify, dignify, grace ; enrich, emblazon, gar- 
nish, bedeck, array, attire, ornament, decorate, embellish, 
deck. — Adorn, ornament, decorate, embellish, deck 
imply enhanced or added beauty. Adorn is a term of higher 
connotation than the rest, and may imply the adding of a 
beauty other than external or material. Ornament and 
decorate imply some pleasing adjunct, usually external. 
But ornament, unlike decorate, may be used in a sense 
approaching that of adorn ; as, "the ornament of a meek 
and quiet spirit." Embellish implies either enhancing 
of effect, often by modification rather than mere addition, 
or addition of adventitious, sometimes even gaudy or 
fictitious, ornament, for the sake of a telling impression. 
To deck is to cover or clothe with that which decorates, 
and often suggests gayety or finery. 

a-dorn'ment (-ment), n. An adorning ; decoration. 

a-down' (-doun'), adv. & prep. Down. Archaic or Poetic. 

A-dras'tUS (d-dras't&s), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ASpaaros.'] Gr. 
Myth. A king of Argos, leader and sole survivor of the 
Seven against Thebes. The sight of the deaths of his 
sons-in-law caused him to become permanently pale. 

ad-re 'nal (ad-re'ndl), a. & n. [ad-+renal.'] Suprarenal. 

ad-re'nal-ine (-in; -en),n. Also -in (-in). Physiol. Chem. 
A crystalline substance, C9H13O3N, got from suprarenal 
extract. It is used as a stimulant and haemostatic. 

a-drift' (d-drift'), adv. & a. Floating at random ; drifting. 

a-droit' (d-droif), a. [F. adroit ; a (L. ad)-)-droit straight, 
right, L. directus, p. p. See direct.] Dexterous in the 
use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties ; 
ready in 'invention or execution. — Syn. Skillful, expert, 
ready, clever, deft ; ingenious, cunning, ready-witted. See 
dexterous. — a-droit'ly, adv. — a-droit'ness, n. 

ad'sci-ti'tious (ad'sT-tish'us), a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of ad- 
sciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly ; ad-\-sciscere to 
seek to know.] Supplemental ; additional ; adventitious. 

ad'script (ad'skript), a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of ad- 
scribere to enroll.] Attached^ (to the soil) ; — said of 
serfs when the right tothejr service passes with the transfer 
of the land. — ad-SCrip'tion (ad-skrip'skim), n. 

ad-sorb' (ad-sorb'), v. t. To condense by adsorption. 

ad-sorp'tion (-sorp'shun), n. [L. ad to+sorbere to suck 
in.] The adhesion of the molecules of gases or dissolved 
substances to the surfaces of solid bodies, resulting in a 
relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the 
place of contact.— -ad-sorp'tiye (-tiv), a. 

ad-SU'ki bean (ad-soo'kT ; ad-zoo'-). Dap. adzuki. - ] A cul- 
tivated variety of the Asiatic gram. See gram, a bean. _ 

ad'll-la'ri-a (acfJi-la'rT-d), n. [From Adula, a mountain 
group in Switzerland.] Min. A transparent or translucent 
variety of orthoclase, which includes a kind of moonstone. 

ad'u-late (adlu-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
adulatus, p. p. of adulari.~\ To flatter servilely. — ad'U-la/- 
tor (-la/ter), n. 

ad'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of adulating ; excessive 
praise. — Syn. See compliment. 

ad'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-n), a. Servilely flattering. 

a-dult' (d-dult'), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere. See 
adolescent.] Having attained full size and strength ; 
matured. — n. An adult person, animal, or plant. 

a-dul'ter-ant (d-dul'ter-dnt), n. That which adulterates. 
— a. Adulterating ; as, adulterant agents or processes. 

a-dul'ter-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed ; 24) ; -at'ing [L. 
adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare.'] To corrupt, debase, or 
make impure by admixture of a foreign or a baser sub- 
stance. — (-at), a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Adulter- 
ated ; spurious ; counterfeit. — a-dul'ter-a'tor (-a/ter), n. 

a-dul'ter-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of adulterating, or 
state of being adulterated. 2. An adulterated product. 

a-dui'ter-er (-ter-er), n. One, esp. a man, who commits 
adultery. — a-dul'ter-ess (-ter-es ; d-dul'tres), n. fern. 

a-dul'ter-ine (-in ; -In), a. Proceeding from adulterous 
intercourse; hence, spurious. 

a-dul'ter-OUS {-us), a. Guilty of, given to, or pertaining 
to, adultery. — a-dul'ter-0US-ly, adv. 

a-dul'ter-y (-1), n. ; pi. -teries (-13). [L. adulterium."] 

1. Unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed. 

2. Bib. a Lewdness or unchastity in thought or act. b 
Faithlessness in religion. 

ad-um'bral (ad-um'bral), a. Overshadowing ; shady. 

ad-um'brate (ad-um'brat), v. t.; -brat-ed ; -BRAT-rNG. 
[L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare ; ad + umbrare to 
shade, umbra shadow.] 1. To give a shadowy or slight 
representation of ; shadow forth. 2. To overshadow ; shade. 

ad'um-bfa'tion (ad'um-bra'shun),™. Act of adumbrating ; 
also, a faint sketch ; an imperfect representation. 



ADVENTURE 



ad-um'bra-tlve ( ad-iim'bra-tiv ), a. Shadowing forth ; 
faintly representing ; typical. — ad-um'bra-tive-ly, adv. 

a-dunc' (d-durjk') la. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus 

a-dunc'ate (-duz'kat) \ hooked, hook.] Curved inward; 

a-dunc'ous (-kws) J hooked, as a parrot's bill. 

a-dun'ci-ty (-diin'si-ti),TO. Curvature inward; hookedness. 

ad'u-rol (adlji-rol; -rol), n. Photog. Either of two 
compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, 
of hydroquinone, used as developers. 

a-dust' (d-dust'), a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere to burn ; 
ad+urere to burn.] 1. Burnt or scorched, or appearing so ; 
dried up with or as with heat ; specif., sunburnt. 2. Atra- 
bilious ; sallow ; gloomy. — v. t. To scorch ; burn. Obs. 

II ad va-lo'rem (ad vd-lo'rem). [L.] Lit., according to the 
value ; — used of a duty or charge on goods at a certain 
rate per cent on their invoiced value. Abbr., ad val. 

ad-vance' (dd- vans'), v. t. ; -vanced' (-vanst') ; -vanc'ing 
(-van'sing). [From OF., fr. L. ab+ante before.] 1. To 
move forward. 2. To lift up. Archaic. 3. To raise to a 
higher rank ; promote. 4. To accelerate or help in growth 
or progress ; further ; aid ; _ as, to advance one's interests. 
5. To bring to view or notice ; propose for consideration ; 
offer ; as, to advance an argument. 6. To make or place 
earlier, as an event or date ; hasten. 7. To furnish, as 
money, before it is due, or in aid of an enterprise ; supply 
beforehand, as money. 8. To raise to a higher point ; 
raise in rate ; as, to advance prices. — Syn. Elevate, 
exalt, aggrandize, improve, heighten, accelerate; adduce, 
assign, propose. 

— v. i. 1. To move forward ; proceed. 2. To increase or 
make progress in any respect. 3. To rise in rank, office, 
or consequence ; be promoted. 

Syn. Advance, proceed, progress. Advance implies 
movement forward ; proceed, movement from one point 
to another, sometimes with the implication of continuing 
or renewing movement already begun ; progress suggests 
distinct and appreciable advance. See allege. 

— n. 1. An advancing ; progress. 2. Improvement or 
progression. _ 3. A rise in price or value. 4. Approach 
made to gain favor, adjust a dispute, etc. ; overture ; 
tender; — usually in pi. 5. A furnishing of something 
before an equivalent is received ; money or value supplied 
beforehand. 6. That which is in advance or ahead, as a 
body of soldiers, a lesson not before taken, etc. 

ad- vanced' (dd-vanst'), p. a. 1. In the van or front. 
2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or 
ideas ; as, advanced opinions. 3. Far on in life or time. 

ad-vance'ment (-vans'ment),n. Act of advancing ; state 
of being advanced ; progression ; improvement ; promo- 
tion ; also, that which is advanced. [advances.l 

ad-vane'er (dd-van'ser), n. One who, or that which.j 

ad-van'tage (-van'taj), n. [F. avantage, fr. avant before; 
L. ab-\-ante.~\ 1. Any condition, circumstance, oppor- 
tunity, or means, particularly favorable to a desired end ; 
benefit. 2. Superiority ; mastery ; — used with of or 
over. 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it ; gain ; 
profit ; as, the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Inter- 
est of money. Obs. 5. _ Tennis. The first point won after 
deuce or the score for it. 

— v. t.; -taged C-tijd) ; -tag-ing (-ta-jing). To give an 
advantage to ; further ; benefit ; profit. 

ad'van-ta'geous (ad'vdn-ta'jfe), a. Being of advantage ; 
gainful ; beneficial. — Syn. See beneficial. — ad'van- 
ta'geous-ly, adv. — ad'van-ta'geous-ness, n. 

Ad'vent (ad'vent), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adven- 
tum, to reach, arrive ; ad-\-venire to come.] 1. The period 
including the four Sundays before Christmas. 2. The first, 
or the, expected second, coming of Christ.- 3. [I. c] 
Coming ; arrival ; approach. — Syn. See arrival. 

Ad'vent-ism (-ven-tiz'm), n. The doctrine that the second 
coming of Christ and the end of the world are near at hand. 

Ad'vent-ist (-tist), n. A believer in the doctrine of Ad- 
ventism ; — called also Second Adventist. 

ad'ven-ti'tious (ad'ven-tish'us), a. [L. adventicius.2 
1. Added extrinsically and not essentially inherent ; addi- 
tional ; supervenient ; foreign. 2. Biol. Out of the usual 
place; sporadic; as, an adventitious root. See root, 
Illust. — ■ Syn. Extrinsic, extraneous, incidental. — ad'- 
ven-ti'tious-ly, adv. — ad'ven-ti'tious-ness, n. 

ad-ven'tive (ad-ven'tiv), a. 1. Accidental. 2. Bot. 
Growing accidentally or spontaneously ; not indigenous ; 
not thoroughly naturalized ; — applied to exotics. 

Advent Sunday. The first Sunday in Advent. ' 

ad-ven'ture (ad-ven'tjjr), n. [F. aventure, fr. LL., fr. L. 
advenire. See Advent.] 1. Chance ; hence, chance of 
danger or loss. 2. The encountering of risks ; a bold under- 
taking ; a daring feat. 3. A remarkable occurrence or 
experience ; a stirring incident. 4. A mercantile or 
speculative enterprise of hazard ; a venture ; a shipment 
by a merchant on his own account. 

— v.t.; -tured (-turd) ; -ttjr-ing (-tflr-ing). 1. To risk ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ADVENTURER 



17 



.EGYPTUS 



hazard; venture; as, "he would not adventure himself 
into the theater." 2. To venture upon ; dare. — v. i. To 
try the chance ; take the risk. 

ad-ven'tur-er (-er), n. One who adventures; esp.: a One 
who engages in new and hazardous enterprises, b A soldier 
of fortune. C One who seeks unmerited preferment or 
position by playing upon the credulity or prejudices of 
others, or by similar devious means. 

ad-ven'ture-some (ad-ver/tur-sSm), a. Venturesome. 

ad-ven'tur-ess (-tur-es; 24), n. A female adventurer; a 
woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means. 

ad-ven'tur-OUS (-us), a. Characterized by, or of the nature 
of, adventure : a Inclined to adventure ; rashly daring, b 
Full of hazard ; requiring courage ; rash ; — applied to acts. 
— Syn. See rash. — ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

ad'verb (ad'vurb), n. [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, 
verb.] Gram. A secondary part of speech used to qualify 
esp. verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. See -ly. 

ad-ver'bi-al (ad-vur'bT-dl), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, an adverb. — ad-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. 

ad'ver-sa-ry (ad'ver-sa-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. adver- 
sarius.~] One turned against another or others to oppose 
or resist them ; antagonist ; foe. — Syn. See opponent. 
the Adversary, Satan, or the Devil. 

ad-ver'sa-tive (ad-vur'sd-tiv), a. [L. adversativus."] Ex- 
pressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis ; as, an ad- 
versative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc.). — n. An 
adversative word or proposition. tive-ly, adv. 

ad'verse (ad'vers ; 109), a. [From OF., fr. L. adversus, p. p. 
of advertere to turn to. See advert.] 1. Acting against, 
or in a contrary direction ; opposed. 2. Opposite. 3. In 
hostile opposition ; unfavorable ; unfortunate ; calamitous. 
4. Bot. Turned toward the stem or axis ; as, adverse 

leaves. Cf. averse. verse-ly, adv. — verse-ness, n. 

Syn. Contrary, opposing, conflicting ; disinclined, reluc- 
tant, loath, averse. — Adverse, averse come into com- 
parison as denoting opposition, which in adverse refers 
chiefly to opinion or intention, in averse, to feeling or 
inclination ; as, he is adverse to submission ; averse to eat- 
ing between meals ; averse to society. 

ad-ver'si-ty (ad-vur'si-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). A state or 
circumstance of adverse fortune ; calamity ; affliction ; 
trouble. — Syn. Distress, misery. See misfortune. 

ad-vert' (-vurt'), v. i. [For avert, fr. F. avertir, L. adver- 
tere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn.] To turn the 
mind or attention ; refer ; allude ; — used with to. 
jad-vert'ent (-vur'tent), a. Attentive; heedful; regardful. 

— ad-vert'ence (-tens), -en-cy (-ten-si), n. — ent-ly, adv. 
ad'ver-tise' (ad'ver-tlz' ; ad'ver-tlz'), v. t. ; -tised' (-tTzd 7 ; 
1 -tlzd'); -tis'ing (-tlz'ing; -tlz'ing). Also ad'ver-tize'. 

[From F., fr. L. advertere to turn to. See advert.] 1. To 
notify ; hence, to warn ; as, he was advertised of his loss. 
2. To make known ; give public notice of ; announce pub- 
licly, esp. by a printed notice ; as, to advertise a wedding, 
goods for sale, etc. — Syn. Proclaim, promulgate, publish. 

— v. i. To give notice, esp. in printed announcements. — 
ad'ver-tis'er, n. Also ad'ver-tiz'er. 

ad-ver'tise-ment (ad-vur'tiz-ment ; often ad'ver-tlz'ment 
in U. S.), n. Also ad-ver'tize-ment. [F. avertissement, 
formerly also spelt advertissement, a warning.] 1. Act of 
adverting to something ; notification. Archaic. 2. Admo- 
nition. Obs. 3. A public notice, esp. in public print. 

ad-vice' (ad-vis'), n. [F. avis opinion ; d + OF. vis, fr. L. 
visum seemed, seen ; really p. p. of videre to see, so that 
vis meant, that which has seemed best.] 1. Opinion ; 
judgment ; as, we were of the same advice. Rare. 2. Pru- 
dence ; wisdom ; knowledge ; as, to love without advice. 
Obs. or R. 3. Consultation ; advising ; as, after advice 
with his father. Rare. 4. Opinion recommended or offered 
to be followed ; counsel ; as, to ask advice; my advice was 
to go. 5. Information or notice given ; intelligence ; — 
usually in pi. 

Syn. Recommendation, instruction, suggestion, admoni- 
tion ; consultation, deliberation, counsel. — Advice, 
counsel. Advice implies real or pretended knowledge, 
often professional or technical, on the part of the one who 
gives it, and may apply to any affair. Counsel is rather 
the fruit of wisdom or deliberation, and usually pre- 
supposes weightier occasions than advice; as, to seek 
counsel in an emergency. 

ad-vis'a-bil'i-ty (-vIz'd-bil'T-tT), n. The quality of being 
advisable ; expediency ; propriety. 

ad-vis'a-ble (-viz'd-b'l), a. Proper to be advised or to be 
done ; expedient. — ad-vis'a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. 

ad-vise' (-viz'), v. t.; -vised' (-vizd') ; -vts'ing (-vlz'ing). 
[F. aviser to perceive, inform, fr. LL. advisare; ad + 
visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See advice.] 1. To 
give advice to ; counsel ; warn. 2. To inform ; notify ; ap- 
prise. — v. i. 1. To consider. Obs. 2. To take counsel ; 
consult ; — used with with. — ad-vis'er (ad-viz'er), n. 

ad-Vised' (-vizd'), p. p. & p. a. Specif.: p. a. Considered; 
deliberate ; hence, judicious ; — used of acts, opinions, 



statements, etc. — ad-vis'ed-ly (-vlz'ed-ll), adv. — ad- 
vis'ed-ness, n. 

ad-vise'ment (-vlz'ment), n. Act of one who advises any- 
thing ; deliberation ; consultation. 

ad-vi'S0-ry (-vi'zo-rl), a. Having power to advise; per- 
taining to or containing advice ; as, an advisory council. 

ad'V0-ca-cy (ad'vo-kd-sl), n. An advocating; intercession. 

ad'vo-cate (-kat), n. [F. avocat, fr. L. advocatus one sum- 
moned to aid, fr. advocare to summon ; ad + vocare to 
call, vox voice.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another, 
as a lawyer or counselor in court. 2. One who espouses 
any cause by argument ; pleader ; intercessor. 3. [cap.] 
Christ. — (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat-ing. To 
plead in favor of ; support, vindicate, or recommend pub- 
licly. — ad'vo-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. 

ad'vo-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. 1. A summoning or calling. 
Obs. 2. Specif.: In Scots law and in the papal court, the 
summoning of an action before itself by a superior court. 
3. Advocacy. Archaic. 

ad'vo-cat'o-ry (ad'vo-kat'o-rT), a. Pertaining to or making 
advocation. 

ad-VOW'ee' (-vou'e'), n. The patron of an advowson. 

ad-vow'son (ad-vou'zi/n), n. [From OF., fr. L. advoca- 
tion Eng_. Law. The patronage of a church living. 

ad'y-na'mi-a (ad'i-na'mi-d), n. [XL., fr. Gr. iSm/apla, 
want of strength ; &- not -f- Swafiis strength.] Med. Lack 
or loss of the vital powers, caused by disease. 

ad'y-nam'ic (-nam'Ik), a. 1. Pert, to, or marked by, ady- 
namia ; weak. 2. Physics. Having no power or force. 

ad'y-tum (ad'i-tiim), ».; pi. -TA (-td). [L.j fr. Gr. abvrov, 
deriv. of &- not + Sveiv to enter.] 1. The innermost, or a 
secret, sanctuary in ancient temples, whence oracles were 
given. It was entered only by priests. 2. A sanctum. 

adz, adze (adz), n. [AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A cut- 
ting tool having a thin 
arching blade set at right 
angles to the handle. 

/E'a-CUS (e'd-kfts), n. [L., j/^ 




1 Carpenter's Adz with flat 
head ; 2 Ship carpenter's Adz 



fr. Gr. AlaKos-2 Gr. Myth. 
The king of /Egina, son of 
Zeus and .-Egina, renowned 
for piety and justice. He 
became a judge in Hades. 

53-ae'an (e-e'dn), a. [L,.Ae- with spur head ;" 3 Cooper's 
aeus, Gr. Aicuos.] Class. Adz ; 4 Canoe or Spout Adz. 
Myth. Pertaining to or designating the island of JEsea. 
(now Monte Circello), lying between Italy and Sicily and 
fabled as the abode of Circe. — 53-se'an, n. 

se'ci-O-Stage' (e'si-o-staj 7 ), n. [ascium + stage.] Bot. 
The first spore-bearing stage of certain rust fungi [Uredi- 
nales). In it Ecia are produced. It often occurs on differ- 
ent hosts from those of the uredo or teliostage. 

ae'ci-um (e'shT-iim; -sT-wm), n. ; pi. -cia (-shT-d; -si-d). 
Also se-cid'i-um (e-sid'i-wm). [XL., fr. Gr. aUla injury.] 
Bot. The sorus developed in the aeciostage, giving rise to 
spores capable of producing the uredo. 

se'dile (e'dll), n. Also e'dile. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes tem- 
ple, public building.] Any of certain Roman urban officials 
who looked after the public works, grain supply, public 
games, etc. 

55-e'tes (e-e'tez). [L., fr. Gr. A117T77S.] See Medea. 

ffi-ge'an (e-je'dn), a. [L. Aegaeus, Gr. Ai^alos.] 1. Of or 
pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean Sea, 
east of Greece. See archipelago. 2. Specif. : Archseol. 
Designating, or pertaining to, the early maritime civiliza- 
tion spread throughout various ^Egean islands at an early 
date, and especially flourishing at Crete. Its culmination 
was the Mycenaean civilization. 

iE'geus (e'jus ; e'je-iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aiyevs.] Gr. Myth. 
The father of Theseus. In grief at the supposed loss of his 
son, he threw himself into the sea said to be called Mgean 
from him. 

iE'gi-ne'tan (e'ji-ne'tan), a. [L. Aegineta, n., Gr. Alyi- 
vyr-ris.'] Of or pertaining to /Egina ; as, the iEginetan 
marbles, or sculptures, discovered in 1811 and dating 
from the 5th century b. c. — /E'gi-ne'tan, n. 

/E'gir (e'jir ; a'glr), n. [Icel.] Teut. Myth. A giant usu- 
ally regarded as personifying the sea, esp. in its calm 
aspect. His wife, Ran, is the death deity of the sea. 

se'gis (e'jis), n. Also e'gis. [L. aegis, Gr. alyls.] 1. Gr. 
Myth. A breast ornament or protection bordered with ser- 
pents and set with the Gorgon's head, in Homer ascribed 
chiefly to Zeus, later to Athena. 2. A shield or protection. 

/E-gis'thus (e-jis'thi/s). [L., fr. Gr. Alyiados.'] Gr. Myth. 
The paramour of Clytemnestra, whom he aided in the slay- 
ing of Agamemnon. ^Egisthus was slain by Orestes. 

iE'gle (e'gle ; eg'le), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ao-Xtj, lit., radiance.] 
See Hesperddes, 1. 

ffi-gyp'tUS (e-jip'tiis). [L., fr. Gr. AZ-yvxros.] Gr. Myth. 
A king of Libya, who conquered, and gave his name to, 
Egypt. See Panares. 



B 



D 



I 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. « equals. 



Wi 




Hero's ^Eolipile. 



AELLO 

A-el'lo (a-el'o), n. IX., fr. Gr. 'AeXX*.] See Harpy. 
-se'mi-a, -e'mi-a(-e'mT-d), -hee'mi-a, -he'mi-a(-he'mT-d). 
A suffix from Greek alfj.a, blood, as in septicemia, pyaemia, 
leucocythsemia, leucocythemia. 
iE-ne'as (e-ne'ds), n. [L., fr. Gr. klvdas."] In Homer's 
"Iliad," the son of Anchises and Aphrodite. Vergil's JE- 
ne'id (-id) tells of his wanderings from Troy to Italy. He 
carried his father on his shoulders from burning Troy. 
a-e'ne-OUS ( a-e'ne-Ss ), a. [L. aeneus.J Colored like 

bronze. 
JE-o'li-an (e-o'lT-dn), a. Also E-o'li-an. 1. Of or pert, to 
yEolis or iEolia, in Asia Minor, or its people. 2. Pertaining 
to .ZEolus, god of the^ winds ; hence [Z. c.], pert, or due to, 
or effected by, the wind ; as, seolian soil, 
seolian harp or lyre, a box having strings on which the 
wind produces musical tones. 

— n. 1. An Ancient Greek of an immigrant people, the 
iE-o'li-i (-T), probably of Thessalian origin, who early 
colonized Lesbos and the adjacent coasts of Asia Minor, 
thence called iE'o-lis (e'o-lts) or .ffi-o'li-a (e-o'li-d). The 
iEolians were apparently closely related to the Boeotians 
and the Dorians. 2. = ^olic. 
/B-ol'ic (e-ol'ik), a. Also E-ol'ic. Of or pertaining to 
^Eolis or ^Eolia ; ^olian. — n. The .ZEolic dialect. 
Ee-Ol'i-pile \ (e-o'i-pil), n. [L. aeolipila, i. e. Aeoli 
ae-ol'i-pylej pila ball of /Solus; 
Aeolus god of the winds + pila a 
ball, or Gr. irvXrj gate (i. e., doorway 
of jEolus).] An apparatus consisting 
essentially of a closed vessel with one 
or more projecting bent tubes, through 
which it emits steam, causing revo- 
lution. 
se'0-lo-trop'ic (e'o-lo-trop'ik), a. [Gr. 
oioXos changeful + -tropic.'] Physics. 
Anisotropic. — ae'o-lot'ro-py (-lot'ro- 
pi), se'o-lot'ro-pism (-piz'm), n. 
JE'o-lUS (e'6-ltis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
AtoXos.] Class. Myth. 1. The ruler 
or god of the winds. 2. A king of 
Thessaly, founder of the .ffiolian Greeks. 
se'on, e'on (e'on), n. [L. aeon, fr. Gr. ai&v lifetime, age.] 

1. An immeasurable or indefinite period of time ; an age. 

2. Philos. In Gnosticism, one of the group of eternal 
beings which together form the fullness of the supreme 
being (the Perfect iEon), from whom they emanate and 
between whom and the world they are intermediaries. 

se-o'ni-an (e-5'nT-dn), a. Also e-o'ni-an. Eternal. 

se-ra'ri-an (e-ra/ri-dn), a. [L. aerarius, fr. aes, aeris, 
crude metal, copper, bronze, money.] Rom. Antiq. Of 
or pertaining to the public treasury ; fiscal. — n. A citizen 
who paid a poll tax only, and had no right to vote. 

a'er-ate (a'er-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at/ing. To supply 
or combine or charge with gas, as carbon dioxide or air. — 
a'er-a'tor (a'er-a'ter), n. 

aerated bread, bread raised by carbon dioxide separately 
prepared and incorporated with the flour and water, and 
not generated, as by fermentation, in the dough. 

a'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or process of aerating, or 
state of being aerated. 

a'er-i- (a'er-i-). A combining form from L. aer, aeris, air. 

a-e'l'i-al (a-e'ri-al), a. [L. aerius, aereus, Gr. depios.] 
1. Of or pert, to the air; inhabiting, produced by, or 
done in, the air ; as, "aerial spirits." 2. Consisting of air ; 
resembling, or of the nature of, air ; hence : unsub- 
stantial ; unreal. 3. Lofty ; as, aerial spires ; an aerial 
flight. 4. Light as air ; ethereal. — a-e'ri-al-ly, adv. 
aerial ladder, an extensible fire ladder, mounted on a 
truck, and raised by cranks. 

aerial sickness. A sickness felt by aeronauts, due to high 
speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combin- 
ing symptoms of mountain sickness and of seasickness. 

ae'rie (e'ri ; a'er-i), n. [Through OF., fr. LL. area, aera.~\ 

, The loftily placed nest of certain birds of prey, as the 
eagle; also, a brood of such birds; eyrie. Also, fig.: A 
lofty resting place of man. — ae'ried (e'rid ; a'er-id), a. 

a'er-if'er-OUS (a'er-if'er-ws), a. Conveying or containing 
air ; air-bearing, as the windpipe. 

a'e'r-i-fi-ca'tion (-i-fi-ka'shim), n. Act of aerifying, or 
state of being aerified or aeriform. 

a'er-i-form (a'er-i-form), a. Of the nature of air ; gaseous ; 
hence, unreal. 

a'er-i-fy (-fT), v. t.; -i-tied (-fid); -i-fy'ing (-fl'mg). 
[_aeri- + -/y.] 1. To infuse or force air into ; combine 
air with. 2. To change into an aeriform state. 

a'fe'r-o- (a'er-5-). Combining form fr. Greek &r)p, iepos, air. 

a'er-o (a'er-o), n.; pi. aeros (-oz). An aeroplane, airship, 
or the like. Colloq. 

a'er-o'bi-a (-o'bT-dH ti. pi. _ [NL. aerobia; aero- + Gr. 

a'er-obes (-obz) / fllos life.] Biol. Microorganisms, 
esp. bacteria, which grow only in the presence of oxygen. 

a'fe'r-o'bic (-o'bik; -ob'Ik), a. Biol. Growing or thriving 



18 



AEROSTATICS 



only in the presence of oxygen ; also, pert, to, or induced 
by, aerobia ; as, aerobic fermentation. 

^a'er-O-boat' (a/er-6-bot 7 ), n. Aeronautics. A form of 
hydro-aeroplane ; a flying boat. 

a'er-o-bus' (-bus'), n. An aeroplane or airship designed to 
carry passengers. 

a'er-o-club^ (-klub 7 ), n. A club or association of persons 
interested in aeronautics. 

a'er-o-curve' (-kurvO, n. Aeronautics. A modification 
of the aeroplane, having curved surfaces. 

a'er-o-do-net'ics (-do-net'iks), n. (See -ics.) [aero- + 
Gr. dovrjros shaken, Sovelv to shake.] Aeronautics. The 
science of gliding and soaring flight. 

a^er-O-drome' (-dromO, n. Aeronautics, a An aero- 
plane. Obsolescent, b A shed for housing an airship or 
aeroplane, c A ground or field used for flying purposes, 
esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities. 

a'er-O-dy-nam'ics (-dl-nam'iks ; -di-), n. (See -ics.) 
Dynamics which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies 
under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects. 

— a'er-9-dy-nam'ic (-dl-nam'ik; -di-), o. 
a'er-O-foil' (a'er-6-foilO, n. A plane or arched surface for 

sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; an 

outspread wing, as of a bird. 
a'er-o-gram (-gram), n. A radiogram. 
a'er-og'ra-phy (-og'rd-fT), n. Description of the air or at- 
mosphere. — a'er-og'ra-pher (fer), n. — a'er-o-graph'ic 

( : p-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 
a'er-O-gun' ( -6-gun' ), n. A cannon capable of being 

trained at very high angles for use against aircraft. 
a'er-0-hy'dro-plane (-hl'dro-plan), n. A hydroplane boat 

with supplementary aeroplanes or aerocurves to increase 

its powers of lifting and gliding. 
a'er-o-lite (-lit), n. A meteorite ; specif., a meteoric stone. 

— a'er-o-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

a'er-ol'O-gy (-ol'o-jT), n. The branch of physics treating of 
the atmosphere. — a'er-0-log'ic (-6-loj'ik), -log'i-cal (-1- 
kdl), a. — a'er-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. 

a'er-O-man'cy (a'er-o-man'sT), n. Divination from the 
state of the air or from atmospheric substances ; also, the 
forecasting of the weather. 

a'er-O-me^chan'ic- (-6-me-kan'ik), n. A mechanic or 
mechanician expert in the art and practice of aeronautics. 

a'e'r-o-me-chan'ic (-me-kan'ik), a'er-o-me-chan'i-cal 
(-i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to aeromechanics. 

a'er-o-me-chan'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The science of 
equilibrium and motion of air or an aeriform fluid, in- 
cluding aerodynamics and aerostatics. 

a'er-o-nat' (a'er-o-nat'), n. [F. aeronat. See aero-; na- 
tation.] A dirigible balloon. 

a'er-O-naut (-not), n. [From F., fr. Gr. typ air + vahr^ 
sailor.] An aerial navigator ; a balloonist or aviator. 

a'e'r-O-nau'tic (-no'tik),-nau'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. Pertain- 
ing to aeronautics. 

a'er-o-nau'tics (-nS'tiks), n. (See -ics.) Science or art of 
ascending and sailing in the air ; aerial navigation. 

a'er/-0-naut / ism (-Iz'm), n. The practice of aeronautics. 

a'er-O-nef (-nei 7 ), n. [F. abronef ; aero- + OF. ne/ship, L. 
navis."] A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine. 

a'er-o-phyte' C-fTt'), n. Bot. An epiphyte. 

a'er-o-plane' (a'er-6-planO, n. Aeronautics. A light 
m 




Aeroplane, a, a Supporting Planes ; Fuselage ; c En- 
gine ; d Propeller ; e Vertical Plane ; / Rudder ; g, a Elevat- 
ing Planes ; h Landing Skids ; i Tail Skid ; k Wheels ; 
I Warping Wires ; m Stays ; Aviator's Compartment. 

rigid plane used in aerial navigation ; hence, a flying ma- 
chine using such a device. — a'er-o-plan'ist (-plan'ist), n. 

a'er-O-SCOpe' (a'er-6-skop'), n. Biol. An apparatus for col- 
lecting spores, dust, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air, as 
a glass vessel through which the air is drawn. — a'er-O- 
SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. 

a'er-os'co-py (-os r k6-pi), n. The observation of atmos- 
pheric states and variations. 

a'er-o-sid'er-ite (-6-sid'er-it), n. A mass of meteoric iron. 

a'er-O-sid'er-O-Jite (-sTd'er-6-Ht ; -si-de'rS-lit), n. A me- 
teorite containing both stone and iron. 

a'er-o-Stat (a'er-6-stat), n. [From F., fr. Gr. ifo air + 
<rrar6s placed.] A passive balloon. See under passive. 

a'e'r-o-stat'ic (-Ik), a'er-o-stat'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or 
pertaining to aerostatics. 

a'er-o-Stat'ics (-staViks), n. (See -ics.) Science that 
treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies 
sustained in them. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, Qp, circfis, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



AEROSTATION 



19 



AFFINITY 



a'Sr-O-Sta'tion (a'er-6-sta'shim), to. 1. Aerial navigation ; 
aeronautics. 2. That part of aeronautics *vhich deals with 
aerostats, or passive balloons. 

a'er-o-ther'a-peu'tics (-theVd-pu'tiks), n. (See -ics.) 
Treatment of disease by means of air or other gases. 

a'er-O-yacht' (a'er-6-yot'), to. A form of hydro-ae'roplane ; 
a flying boat, esp. one of considerable size. 

se-ru'gi-nous (e-roo'jT-nus), a. [L. aeruginosus, fr. 
aerugo rust of copper, aes copper.] Of the nature or 
color of verdigris. 

ae'ry (e'rT ; a'er-i). Var. of aerie, a nest. 

a'er-y (a/er-i), a. [L. aerius. See air.] Aerial; ethereal. 

ses (ez), to. [L.] Rom. Antiq. Bronze or copper ; hence, 
anything made of bronze or copper, esp. money. 

/Es'C-U-la'pi-an (es'ku-la'pT-dn), a. Pert, to /Esculapius 
or the healing art ; medical ; medicinal. — to. A physician. 

/Es'cu-la^pi-US (-us), to. [L.] Roman Relig. The god 
of medicine, the Greek Asclepius (which see). 

JE'sir (e'sTr; a/sir), to. pi. [Icel., pi. of ass god.] Norse 
Myth. The chief gods of the Teutonic pantheon. The 
original ./Esir included Odin, Thor, Tyr, Balder, Loki, 
and others. See Vanir, Loki, Ragnarok. 

ses-the'si-a (es-the'sT-d ; -zhT-d), n. Also es-the'si-a. 
[NL., fr. Gr. aladva-i^ sensation.] Sensibility ; capacity 
for sensation and feeling ; — opposed to anaesthesia. 

aes-the'si om/e-ter (-si-om'e-ter), n. Also es-the'si-. 
[Gr. aicrOrja-Ls sensation + -meter.'} An instrument for 
measuring sensible discrimination, esp. one for determin- 
ing the delicacy of the tactile sensations by finding the dis- 
tance by which two points, pressed against the skin, must 
be separated in order that they may be felt as separate. 

ses-the'sis (es-the'sis), n. Also es-the'sis. [NL., fr. Gr. 
atadrjo-is.] Sensation ; esp., rudimentary sensation con- 
sidered as an attribute of elemental forms of matter. 

ses'thete (es'thet), n. Also es'thete. [Gr. alaQt)rr\s one 
who perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of the 
sense of the beautiful. 

ses-thet'ic (es-thet'ik), a. Also es-thet'ic. Of or pert, to 
aesthetics ; appreciative of the beautiful, or in accord with 
its principles. — ses-thet'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. 

ses'the-ti'cian (es'the-tish'dn), n. Also es'the-ti'cian. 
One versed in, or professionally occupied with, aesthetics. 

aes-thet'i-cism (es-thet'i-siz'm), to. Also es-thet'i-cism. 
1. ^Esthetical doctrine, or its manifestation in thought or 
expression. 2. Susceptibility to aesthetic influences. 

Ses-thet'icS (-Iks), n. Also es-thet'ics. (See -ics.) [Gr. 
alodriTiKos perceptive, esp. by feeling.] Theory or philoso- 
phy of taste ; science of the beautiful. 

aes'ti-val, es'ti-val (es'tT-vdl ; es-tl'vdl), a. [L. aestivalis, 
aestivus.'] Of or belonging to summer. 

ses'ti-vate, es'ti-vate (es'ti-vat), v. i.; -vat'ed (-vat'ed); 
-vat'ing. [L. aestivare, -vatum.'] 1. To spend the 
summer. 2. Zool. To pass the summer in a torpor. 

ses'ti-va'tion, es'ti-va'tion (-va'shun), n. 1. Zool. Tor- 
pidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in 
certain snails ; — opp. to hibernation. 2. Bot. The rela- 
tive arrangement or disposition of parts in a flower bud. 

seth'el-ing (ath'el-mg), n. Var. of atheling. 

se'ther, ae-the're-al. Vars. of ether, ethereal. 

ae'thri-o-SCOpe (e'thri-6-skop ; eth'ri-), n. [Gr. aWpios 
clear + -scope.] A delicate instrument, consisting in part 
of a differential thermometer, for measuring changes of 
temperature produced by different conditions of the sky. 

se'ti-Ol'o-gy, e'ti-ol'o-gy (e'ti-ol'o-ji), n. _ [L. aetiologia. 
Gr. a.LTLo\oyl.a; atria cause + \6yos description.] 1. The 
science of causes, as of any disease or of the origin and 
development of things. 2. The assignment of a cause or 
reason. — se'ti-o-log'i-cal, e'ti-o-log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kdl), a. 

ffi-to'li-an (e-to'li-dn), a. Of or pert, to ancient yEtolia. 

a-far' (d-far'), adv. At, to, or from a great distance. 

a-feard', a-feared' (d-ferd'), p. a. Afraid. 06s. or Dial. 

a-fe'brile (d-fe'brll), a. Free from fever. [wind.l 

A'fer (a'fer), to. [L.] Roman Myth. The southwest! 

af'fa-bil'i-ty (af'd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
affable ; complaisance. 

af'fa-ble (af'd-b'l), a. [L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to ; 
ad + fari to speak.] 1. Easy to be spoken to ; courteous ; 
sociable. 2. Gracious; mild. — Syn. See civil. — af'fa- 
ble-ness, n. — af 'f a-bly, adv. 

affair' (d-far'), n. [From OF., fr. L. ad + facere to do.] 
1. That which is, or is being, or is to be, done ; concern ; 
business ; — often in pi. ; as, a man of affairs. 2. Any 
proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or 
characterize vaguely or indefinitely; as, an affair of 
honor, that is, a duel. 3. A material object (vaguely 
designated) ; as, his house is a dilapidated affair. 

affect' (d-fekf), v. t. [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to 
affect by active agency ; ad + facere to make.] 1. To aim 
at ; aspire to. 06s. 2. To fancy ; be fond of, as a costume, 
form of conversation, habit, etc., or, now less usually, a 
person or object. 3. To frequent or haunt ; — used esp. 



of animals and plants. 4. To tend to by affinity or dis- 
position. 5. To make a display of liking, adopting, or 
following after ; cultivate ostentatiously ; as, to affect 
old-fashioned things. 6. To assume the character or 
appearance of ; feign ; counterfeit ; as, to affect ignorance. 
7. To act on ; produce an effect on ; touch ; as, the climate 
affected their health. — Syn. Influence, concern ; move, 
melt, soften ; pretend, simulate. See assume, concern. 

— n. 1. Affection ; disposition. 06s. 2. Psychotherapy. 
The emotional complex associated with an idea or a mental 
state. _ In hysteria, the affect is sometimes dissociated, 
sometimes transferred to another than the original idea. 

af'fec-ta'tion (af'ek-ta'shun), n. 1. A striving (after) ; 
aspiration. 06s. 2. An attempt to assume or exhibit what 
is not natural or real ; false display ; artificial show. 
Syn. Affectation, mannerism. Affectation suggests 
something consciously artificial, and so insincere ; man- 
nerism may imply excess or singularity, but does not 
suggest insincerity. A mannerism consciously assumed is 
an affectation; what begins as an affectation may become 
an unconscious trick of behavior and so a mannerism. 

af-fect'ed (2-fek'ted ; 24), p. p. & p. a. 1. Assumed arti- 
ficially. 2. Given to false show. 3. Inclined ; disposed. 
4. Afflicted or tainted, as by disease. 5. Impressed; 
moved. — af-fect'ed-ly, adv. — af-fect'ed-ness, n. 

af-fect'er (-ter), n. One who professes, assumes, pretends, 
or strives after (a theory, practice, cult, fashion, style, etc.). 

af-fect'ing, p. a. 1. Affected ; given to false show. 06s. 
2. Moving the emotions ; touching. — af-fect'ing-ly, adv. 
Syn. Affecting, touching, moving, pathetic refer to 
influence upon the sensibilities. Affecting is the most 
general term for that which stirs emotion. Touching 
suggests a more or less transitory impression ; moving, a 
deeper agitation which tends to action or expression ; as, 
touching confidence ; a moving appeal. Pathetic applies to 
that which arouses sympathy, sadness, or pity. 

af-fec'tion (d-fek'shwn), n. 1. Act of affecting, or acting 
on ; state of being affected. 2. A feeling or emotion, now 
usually a moderate one. 3. Bent of mind ; disposition ; 
tendency. 4. A settled good will ; kind feeling ; love ; — 
often in pi. 5. A bodily state ; esp., Med., disease. 6. A 
condition, state, or mode of being which is not essential or 
unalterable ; as, the affections of time and place. 7. An 
attribute ; a quality or property ; as, figure, weight, etc., 
are affections of bodies. 8. Affectation. 06s. — Syn. 
Tenderness, fondness, kindness. See attachment. 

af-fec'tion-al (-S1), a. Of or pert, to the affections. 

af-fec'tion-ate (-at), a. 1. Friendly. 06s. 2. Having, pro- 
ceeding from, or indicating, warm regard ; loving ; fond ; 
tender ; attached. ate-ly, adv. ate-ness, n. 

af-fec'tioned (-shund), a. Disposed. Archaic. 

af-fec'tive (-tiv), a. Emotional. 

af'fer-ent (af'er-ent), a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad 
+ ferre to bear.] Physiol. Bearing or conducting in- 
ward to a part or an organ ; — opposed to efferent. 

|| af 'fet-tuo'so (af'fet-two'so), a. & adv. % [It.] Music. 
Tender or affecting ; softly and with sentiment. 

af-fi / ance (d-fl'dns), n. [From OF., fr. LL. affidare to 
trust ; ad + fidare to trust, L. fides faith.] Trust ; faith ; 
plighted faith ; betrothal ; espousal . — v. t. ; -anced (-dnst ) ; 
-anc-ing (-dn-sTng). 1. To pledge. Rare. 2. To pledge 
in or for marriage ; betroth. — af-fi/anc-er (-dn-ser), n. 

af-fi'ant (-ant), to. Law. A deponent. U. S. 

Ilaffiche' (a'fesh'), to.; pi. affiches (F. a'fesh'). [F.] 
A nc :e to be polled, as on a wall ; poster ; placard. 

af'ii-da'vit (af'i-da'vit), to. _[LL. affidavit he has made 
oath.] A sworn statement in writing, esp. one made on 
oath before an authorized officer. 

af-fil'i-ate (o-fil'i-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. 
affiiiatus, p. p. of affiliare to adopt as son ; L. ad -j- filius 
son.] 1. To adopt as a son ; hence : usually, to bring or 
receive into close connection ; ally ; unite. 2. To attach (to) 
or un! e (with) ; receive into a society as a member ; — used 
with.'o or with. 3. lo fix the paternity of (a bastard) ; 
hence, to place the origin of. — v. i. To associate one's self ; 
— used with with. — af-fill-a'tion (-a'shun), to. 

ai-fine' (tf-fin')i a. Related by marriage; affined; hence, 
akin. — to. A relation by marriage ; kinsman. 

af -lined' (d-flnd') , a. Joined in affinity. 

af-fin'j-ty (d-fm'i-tT), to.; pi. -ties (-tlz). [From OF., fr. 
L. afflnitas, fr. affinis related by marriage ; ad + finis end, 
border.] 1. Relationship by marriage ; hence : kinship 
generally ; relation ; conformity ; connection. 2. Chem. 
That attraction which exists between different elements, 
causing them to form chemical compounds. 3. A spiritual 
relationship or attraction held to exist between some per- 
sons, esp. persons of opposite sexes ; also, one who exerts 
such attraction. 

Syn. Affinity, consanguinity, kinship, relationship. 
Affinity refers to connection by marriage ; consanguin- 
ity, to ties of blood ; kinship and relationship, to 
either. But kinship often suggests greater warmth of 
feeling than relationship. See resemblance. 



B 



D 



F I 



G 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Nur-lir ; refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. !i For?>gn Word, -t com) rlth. « equals. 



M 



AFFIRM 



20 



AFTER 



af-firm' (a-furm'), v. t. & i. [From OF., fr. L. affirmare ; 
! ad +firmare to make firm, firmus firm.] 1. To make 
firm ; confirm ; ratify. 2. To assert positively ; aver. — 
af-firm'a-ble (d-fur'md-b'l), a. — af-firm'a-bly, adv. 
Syn. Declare, allege, pronounce, aver, asseverate, protest, 
profess, avouch, avow, testify, attest. — Affirm, aver, 
asseverate, protest agree in the idea of positive asser- 
tion. To affirm (opposed to deny) is to declare as a fact; 
as, you affirm what few will deny. To aver is to affirm 
confidently, as a matter of positive knowledge. To 
asseverate is to affirm solemnly or emphatically, as that 
which cannot be disputed. To protest is to affirm 
publicly or formally, as if in the face of doubt. 
af-firm/ance (-mans), n. An affirming ; affirmation. 
af-firm'ant (-mant), n. One who affirms. — a. Affirming. 
af'fir-ma'tion (afer-ma'shun), n. 1. Confirmation ; rati- 
fication ; — opp. to denial. 2. Assertion ; averment ; Law, 
a solemn declaration made, under the penalties of per- 
jury, by a person who conscientiously objects to taking 
an oath. This is in law equivalent to an oath. 
af-firm'a-tive (d-ffir'md-tiv), a. 1. Confirmative; ratify- 
ing. 2. That affirms; answering "yes" to a question; — 
opposed to negative. 3. Alg. Positive; — applied to 
quantities to be added, as opposed to negative ones, or 
those to be subtracted. — n. 1. That which affirms ; that 
side of a question which affirms or maintains the proposi- 
tion stated ; — opposed to negative. 2. A word or phrase 
expressing affirmation or assent. — af-firm'a-tive-ly, adv. 
af-firm'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Assertive ; affirmative. 
af-firm'er, n. One who affirms. 

af-fix' (a-fiks'), v. t. ; -fixed' (-fikst') or -fixt' ; -fix'ing. 
[LL. afflxare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to ; ad 
-{-figere to fasten.] 1. To fix or fasten (to, on, or upon) ; 
attach ; hence, to impress (a seal or stamp). 2. To attach, 
unite, or join (to). — Syn. See attach. 
affix (af'iks), n. Thing affixed ; esp., a prefix or suffix. 
af-fix'ture (a-fiks'tiir), n. Act of affixing, or state of being 

affixed ; attachment. 
af-fla'tus (d-fla'tus), n. [L., fr. afflare, afflatum, breathe 
or blow on.] 1.. A breath ; blast of wind. 2. A divine 
impartation of knowledge ; overmastering or supernatural 
impulse ; inspiration. — Syn. See inspiration. 
af-flict' (d-fllkt'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. afflictus, p. p. of 
affligere to cast down; ad -\-fligere to strike.] 1. To cast 
down ; overthrow. 06s. 2. To inflict some great injury or 
hurt on, causing continued pain or mental distress ; trouble 
grievously. — Syn. Pain, distress, harass, torment, chas- 
ten. — af-flict'er, n. 

af-flic'tion (a-flik'shun), n. State of being afflicted; state 
or cause of pain, distress, or grief ; a pain ; a grief. — Syn. 
Calamity, adversity, misfortune, trouble. See sorrow. 
af-flic'tive (-tlv), a. Causing affliction; distressing. — 
af-flic'tive-ly, adv. 

af 'flu-ence (afl6o-ens ; 86), n. 1. A flowing to or toward; 
concourse ; influx. 2. An abundant supply, as of thought 
or words ; profusion ; also, abundance of property ; wealth. 
— Syn. Abundance, exuberance, plenty, riches, opulence. 
af flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. of affluere 
to flow to ; ad +fluere to flow.] 1. Flowing (to) ; flowing 
abundantly. 2. Abundant; copious; hence, wealthy. — 

Syn. See rich. — n. A tributary stream. ent-ly, adv. 

afflux (af luks), n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere.'] A 

flowing toward ; that which flows to. 
af-force' (d-fors' ; 57), v. t. ; -forced' (-forsf) ; -forc'ing. 
[OF. af order to fortify, force.] To reenforce ; strengthen; 
specif., to strengthen (a judicial or deliberative body, as a 
court or jury) by adding specially qualified members. — 
af-force'ment (-ment), n. 
af-ford' (d-ford'; 57), v. t. [AS. geforSian, forSian, to 
further, accomplish, afford, fr. forp forth, forward.] 1. To 
give forth; supply, yield, furnish, or the like, as the 
natural result, fruit, or issue ; as, the sea affords fish ; trade 
affords profit ; rest affords strength. 2. To incur, stand, 
bear, or manage without serious detriment (as to finan- 
cial condition, health, reputation, etc.) ; — used with can, 
could, might, etc., or in the infinitive; as, no one can 
afford to waste his time. — af-ford'a-ble, a. 
af-for'est (d-for'est), v. t. [LL. afforestare ; ad + fo- 
restare. See forest.] To convert into a forest, as pasture. 
— af -f or'est-a'tion (-es-ta'shim), af-f or'est-ment, n. 
af-fran'chise (d-fran'chiz ; -chiz), v. t. [F. affranchir; 

d (L. ad) + franc free.] To make free ; enfranchise. 
af-fray' (a-fra'), v. t.; -frayed' (-frad'). [OF. effreer,es- 
freer, orig., to disquiet.] To alarm. Archaic. — n. 1. 
A tumultuous assault or quarrel; _ a brawl. 2. Law. The 
fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the 
terror of others. — Syn. See contest. 
af -freight' (a-fraf), v. t. [ad- + freight. ,] To hire or 

charter, as a ship, for transportation of goods or freight. 

af-freight'ment (-ment), n. Act of hiring, or the contract 

by which a vessel is hired, for transportation of freight. 



af'fri-cate (afrT-kat), n. [L. affricatus, deriv. of af- = 
ad- -f- fricare to rub.] Phon. A combination of a stop, 
or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or 
spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in German 
Pfeffer, pepper. 

af-fright' (d-frlt'), v. t. [Orig. p. p., fr. AS. afyrhtan to 
terrify ; a- (intensive) + fyrhtan to terrify.] To frighten 
or terrify. — n. 1. An affrighting. 2. Sudden fear, ter- 
ror ; also, a cause of fear or terror. — af-f right'ment, n. 

af-front' (d-frunt'), v. t. [OF. afronter to strike on the 
forehead, confront, LL. affrontare to strike against; L. • 
ad+frons forehead, front.] 1. To offend by disrespect; 
treat with marked incivility ; also, to cause to feel affront. 
2. To face, as in defiance ; confront. Archaic. 3. To 
front upon ; border upon. — n. 1. An encounter, friendly 
or hostile. Obs. 2. Rude treatment ; a deliberately of- 
fensive act or word ; also, a felt indignity. — af -f ront'er, n. 
Syn. Affront, insult, indignity. An affront is a 
designed, usually an open, mark of disrespect ; an insult - 
is a personal attack, either by words or actions, meant to 
humiliate or degrade ; an indignity is an outrage upon 
one's personal dignity. 

af-fron'tive (a-frun'tiv), a. Tending to affront, or offend. 

af-f use' (d-fuz'), v. t. ; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing. [L. affu- 
sus, p. p. of affundere.~\ To pour out or sprinkle, as water. 

af-fu'sion (d-fu'zhim), n. Act of pouring upon or sprin- 
kling with a liquid, as in baptism, or medical treatment. 

af-fy' (a-ff), v. t.; -fied' (-fid') ; -fy'ing. [OF. after, LL. 
affidare. Cf. affiance.] 1. To betroth; affiance. 2. To 
affirm on one's faith ; to make affidavit. 

Afghan (af'gdn),a. Of or pert, to Afghanistan. — n. 1. A 
native of Afghanistan. 2. Chief language of Afghanistan. 
Its alphabet is a modification of the Arabic. 3. [I. c] 
A kind of worsted blanket or wrap. 

a-lield' (d-feld'), adv. 1. To, in, or on, the field. 2. Out of 
the way ; astray. 

a-fire' (d-flr'), adv. & a. On fire. 

a-flame' (d-flam'), adv. & a. Afire ; flaming. 

a-floaf (d-flol/), adv. cfca. 1. Floating; on board ship. 

2. Moving ; in general circulation ; as, a rumor is afloat. 

3. Adrift. 4. Flooded ; as, the deck was afloat. 
a-foof (d-fo6t'), adv. 1. On foot. 2. In motion ; astir. 
a-fore' (d-for'; 57), adv., prep., & conj. [AS. onforan or 

aetforan.] Before. Obs., Dial., or Naut. 

a-fore'hand' (-hand 7 ), adv. & a. Beforehand. Archaic. 

a-fore'said' (-sedO, a. Said or named before. 

a-fore'thoughf (-thof), a. Premeditated; prepense; 
designed ; as, malice aforethought. — n. Premeditation. 

a-fore'time' (-tim'), adv. Formerly. I 

U a for'ti-o'ri (a for/shi-o'rl ; for'- ; 57). [L.] With the 
greater force ; — said of an argument that is developed for a 
given proposition from the evidence for a less probable 
proposition which is dependent upon the same premises 
or conditions as is that which is to be proved. 

a-foul' (d-foul'), adv. & a. In collision ; fouled ; entangled. 

a-fraid' (d-frad'), p. a._ [Old p. p. of affray.] Impressed 
with fear or apprehension ; in fear ; apprehensive. 
Syn. Anxious, alarmed, terrified, scared, frightened, 
aghast ; shrinking, faint-hearted, pusillanimous, cowardly ; 
fearful, timid, timorous. — Afraid, fearful, frightened, 
aghast, timid, timorous. Afraid implies a state of 
fear ; fearful implies fear about an object, rather than 
for one's self. Frightened suggests a sudden access of 
alarm ; as, she saw him fall and was frightened. Aghast 
connotes outward manifestation of fear or terror. Timid 
implies habitual or constitutional lack of courage ; as, 
timid as a mouse. Timorous is commonly contemptuous. 

afreet (af'ret ;_ d-fret'), n. [Ar. 'ifrit.] Arabic Myth. A 
powerful evil jinni, demon, or monstrous giant. 

a-fresh' (d-fresh'), adv. Anew ; again ; newly. 

Afri-can (af'n-kdn), a. Of or pertaining to Africa. — n. 
A native of Africa ; one ethnologically of an African race. 
African lily. See agapanthus. 

Afri-kan'der (af'ri-kan'der), n. In South Africa, a native 
white, esp. of Dutch or Huguenot ancestry. 
Afrikander Bond, or, erroneously, Bund, a political 
league formed in South Africa in 1882 to further Afri- 
kander influence and the federation of the states and 
British colonies in South Africa as an independent nation. 

Afro- (afro-). A combining form for African ; as in : 
Afro— A-mer'i-can, pertaining to, or designating, Ameri- 
can negroes ; Afro— Eu'ro-pe'an, pertaining to Africa and 
Europe, esp. to the group of people dwelling about the 
Mediterranean, often considered as forming a single race. 

aft (aft), adv. & a. [AS. seftan behind.] Naut. Near, 
toward, or in, the stern of a vessel ; astern ; abaft. 

aft'er (after), adv. & conj. [AS. sefter.] Subsequently in 
time or place ; behind ; afterwards ; later than. — prep. 

1. Behind in place ; — often with the same noun preceding 
and following to denote repetition ; as, day after day. 

2. Following the course of ; in search or pursuit of; hence : 
with a view to ; concerning ; in respect of ; as, he went 
after a book ; to ask after a friend. 3. Later in time ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, ftrn "* * circils, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



AFTERBIRTH 



21 



AGGLOMERATE 



subsequent to. 4. Subsequent to and in view of ; as, after 
what I said, why did you go ? 5. Below in rank. 6. In 
imitation of ; after the manner or appearance of ; as, he 
takes after his father. 7. According to; in accordance 
with ; as, he acted after his kind. 

Syn. After, behind. After implies movement, order, 
consecutiveness, in time or space. Behind implies 
position, usually in space, less often in time. 

— a. [AS. seftera.'] 1. Next ; later in time ; subsequent. 
2. Hinder ; nearer the rear. 

aft'er-birth' (-burth'), n. The placenta and membranes 
connected with the fetus, expelled after delivery. 

aft'er—born', p. a. 1. Born posthumously. 2. Later-born ; 
younger. 

aft'er-brain' (-bran 7 ), n. Anat. The metencephalon. 

aft'er-clap' (-klap'), n. An unexpected subsequent event. 

aft'er-crop' (-krop'), n. A later crop of the same year from 
the same soil. — v. i. To take or grow a second crop. 

aft'er-damp' (-damp'), n. An irrespirable gas remaining 
after an explosion of fire damp in a mine. 

aft'er— din'ner, a. Postprandial, as a speech. _ 

aft'er-feed' (after-fed'), n. Aftergrass which is fed off, or 
used for grazing. 

aft'er-glow' (-glo'), n. A refulgence remaining where a 
light has disappeared, as in the sky after sunset. 

aft'er-grass (-gras'), n. Thesecond-growthgrass;aftermath. 

aft'er-im'age (-nn'aj), n. The visual impression following 
the removal of a stimulation of the retina. 

aft'er-math (-math), n. \_after + obs. math a mowing, 
AS. mseS.] A second mowing ; the crop of grass cut from 
the same soil after the first crop of the season. 

aft'er-most (-most), a. superl. Hindmost; last. 

aft'er-noon' (-noon'), n. The part of the day between 
noon and evening. 

aft'er-pain' (-pan'), n. A later or following pain; in pi., 
the pains succeeding childbirth, due to uterine contraction. 

aft'er-piece 7 (-pes'), n. A piece performed after a play, 
usually a farce or other small entertainment. 

aft'er-shaft' (-shaft'), n. Zo'dl. An accessory plume aris- 
ing from the posterior side of the stem of the feathers of 
many birds, as in the down and the contour feathers. 

aft'er-taste' (-tast'), n. A taste which remains in the 
mouth after eating or drinking. 

aft'er -thought' (-thot'), n. Reflection after an act. 

aft'er-time' (-tim'), n. Time after the present ; the future. 

aft'er-wards (-werdz) 1 adv. [AS. sefterweard, a., behind.] 

aft'er-ward (-werd) J At a latertime ; subsequently. 

A'gag (a/gag), n. Bib. An Amalekite king. See 1 Sam. xv. 

a-gaill' (d-gen'; also, esp. Brit, and rhetorical, d-gan'), 
adv. [AS. ongegn, ongean, against, again ; on + gean 
against.] 1. In return ; back ; as, bring us word again. 
2. Another time ; anew ; as, we shall live again. 3. Once 
repeated, as in quantity; as, as large again; repeated in 
another place ; as, you will not find his like again. 4. On 
the other hand. 5. Moreover ; besides ; further ; as, again, 
it may be unwise to go. 
Again and again, more than once ; often ; repeatedly. 

a-gainst' (d-genst' ; also, esp. Brit, and rhetorical, 

^d-ganst'), prep. [AS. ongegn, ongeanes."] 1. Abreast of; 
opposite to ; facing ; toward. 2. From an opposite or 
different direction and so as to strike or touch ; in contact 
with ; upon ; as, hail beats against the roof. 3. In op- 
position to ; counter to ; hence, adverse to ; as, against 
reason; against law. 4. By or' before the time that; in 
preparation for; as, storing up food against the winter. 
Archaic or Dial. 
a-gal'loch (d-gal'ok ; ag'd-lok)l n. [Gr. iyaWoxov."] The 
a-gal'lo-chum (d-gal'6-kum) / soft, resinous wood of an 

East Indian tree. It is the aloes of the Bible. 
ag'al-mat'O-lite (ag'ol-mat'6-llt), n. [Gr. ayd\pa, -naros, 
image, statue + -lite.'] Min. A soft, compact stone, usu- 
ally a certain stone of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish 
color, carved into images by the Chinese, 
ag'a-ma (ag'd-md), n. [NL., from the Caribbean name.] 
Any of a genus ( Agama) of partly herbivorous Old World 
lizards. Many are of bright and changeable colors. 
Ag'a-mem'non (-mem'non), n. [L., fr. Gr. ' Ay ankuvuv.'] 
The son of Atreus, elder brother of Menelaus and leader of 
the Greeks in the Trojan War. See Clytemnestra. 
a-gam'ic (d-gam'Tk), a. [See agamous.] Biol, a (1) 

Asexual. (2) Parthenogenetic. b Bot. = cryptogahic. 
ag'a-mo-gen'e-sis (ag'd-mo-jen'e-sis), n. [See agamous; 
genesis.] Biol, a Parthenogenesis, b Asexual reproduc- 
tion. — ag'a-mo-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 
ag'a-mous (ag^d-mus), a. [Gr. ayanos unmarried ; d- not 

+ yafxos marriage.] Bot. Cryptogamous. 
Ag'a-nip'pe (-nTp'e), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ayavlir-rr V ."\ A 
fountain near Mount Helicon, among the ancient Greeks 
sacred to the Muses. 
ag'a-pan'thUS (-pan'thfe), n. [NL. ; Gr. bya-irq love + 
&v6os flower.] Any of several African liliaceous plants 



(genus Tulbaghia), cultivated for their umbels of blue or 
purple flowers. T. africana is called African lily. 

a-gape' (d-gap' ; -gap'), adv. & a. Gaping, as with wonder, 
expectation, or eager attention. 

ag'a-pe (ag'd-pe), n.; pi. AGAP.E (-pe). [Gr. iiyiLTrrj love, 
pi. Lyaivai love feast.] The love feast of the primitive 
Christians, a meal connected with the Communion. 

a'gar (a'gar), or a'gar-a'gar, n. [Malay.] An edible non- 
nitrogenous substance of a gelatinous consistency got from 
certain East Indian seaweeds ; also, a similar substance 
got from various other seaweeds. 

ag'a-ric (ag'd-rik ; d-gar'ik), n._ [From L., fr. Gr. iyapi- 
kov.~\ Any fungus of the family including the mushrooms ; 
also, any of several shelflike fungi often found on trees. 

a-gar'i-ca'ceous (d-gar'I-ka'shws), a. Belonging to a 
large family ( Agaricacese) including the mushrooms. 

a-gate' (d-gat'), adv. [a- on + gate way.] On the way; 
hence : going on ; taking place. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

ag'ate (ag'at), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. achates, fr. Gr. AxarTjs.] 

1. Min. A chalcedony with colors in stripes, clouds, etc. 

2. A pigmy ; — in allusion to the small figures cut in agate 
for rings and seals. Obs. 3. A child's marble of agate or of 
glass imitating it. 4. Print. A size of type. See type. 

ag'ate-ware' (-war'), n. 1. Pottery veined and mottled 
like agate. 2. A kind of enameled iron or steel ware. 

ag'at-ize (ag'd-tlz), v. t. Usually in p. p., ag'at-ized 
(-tTzd). To convert into agate ; make resemble agate. 

a-ga've (d-ga've), n. Any of a genus ( Agave) of plants of 
the amaryllis family, including the common fleshy-leaved 
century plant of tropical America. 

a-gaze' (d-gaz'), adv. & a. Gazing. 

age (aj), n. [From OF., fr. L. aetas, for aevitas, fr. 
aevum age.] 1. That part of the duration of a being or a 
thing between its beginning and any given time ; as, his 
age is now ten years. 2. The whole duration of a being ; 
lifetime; as, the age of the dog is from 10 to 15 years. 

3. The time of life at which some particular qualification, 
power, or capacity arises or vests ; as, to be of school age. 

4. Specif. : Mature age ; full age, or majority, which at 
the common law is fixed at 21 years, or in some States at 
18 years for women ; — used with of ; as, to come of age; 
to be of age. 5. One of the stages of life ; as the age of 
infancy; specif., old age. 6. A particular period of time, 
esp. with reference to civilization or the earth's history, as, 
the stone age, the bronze age, the golden age, the coal age, 
etc. 7. The people who live at a particular period ; hence, 
a generation. 8. A century. 9. A long time (indefinitely). 
Colloq. 10. In poker, the right belonging to the player to 
the left of the dealer, under certain conditions, to have the 
last say ; the player in this position. — Syn. See epoch. 

— v. i. & t.; aged (ajd); ag'ing, age'ing (aj'ing). To 
grow or make aged ; become or make old ; mature. 

-age (-aj). [F. -age, fr. L. -aticum.~\ A suffix used to 
form nouns denoting : a Something in the relationship of 
appurtenance, function, or the like, and esp. the collection, 
aggregate, or sum total of things in, or arising from, such 
relationship ; as in pontage, postage, average, breakage, 
shrinkage, leakage, etc. b Act or process ; as in passage, 
plunderage, marriage, etc. C State, condition, rank, dig- 
nity, or the like ; as in pupilage, pastorage, baronage, etc. 

aged (aj'ed ; ajd ; in compounds, ajd ; 24), a. 1. That has 
grown (more or less) old; esp., advanced in years; old. 
2. Belonging to old age ; as, "aged cramps." — a'ged-ly 
(a'jed-li), adv. — a'ged-ness, n. 

age'less (aj'les), a. Without old age or limits of duration. 

a'gen-cy (a'jen-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Faculty or state 
of acting ; action ; instrumentality. 2. Office or business 
of an agent, or factor ; relation between a principal and his 
agent. 3. Place of business or district of an agent. 

a-gen'dum (d-jen'dum), n.; L. pi. -da (-dd). [L., neut. of 
the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. In pi. Things to be done ; 
specif., a program of the business to be brought up at a 
meeting. 2. [In form agenda construed as a sing."] A 
memorandum book. 

a'gent (a'jcnt), a. [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to 
act.] Acting ; — opposed to patient. Archaic. 

— n. 1. One who, or that which, exerts power, or has 
power to act ; an active being or quality ; as, we are agents 
free to do good or evil. 2. One who acts for, or in the 
place of, another by authority from him ; substitute ; 
deputy. 3. An active cause ; something having power to 
produce an effect ; as, a medicinal agent. 

a-gen'tial (d-jen'skal), a. Of or pert, to an agent or an 
agency. 

a-ger'a-tum (d-jer'd-twm ; aj'er-a'tam), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
byhpaTov a sort of plant ; d- not -f- yrjpas old age.] Any 
of a large genus (Ageratum) of tropical American aster- 
aceous plants having small heads of blue or white flowers. 
Also, any of several other blue-flowered asteraceous plants. 

ag-glom'er-ate (d-glom'er-at), v. t. & i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; 
-at'ing. [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare ; ad + 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; -zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guk ■ 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabularv U Foreign Word. + comb' 



to Pronunciation. 
"t,«ith. -equals. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M I 



AGGLOMERATION 



22 



AGNUS DEI 



glorherare to form into a ball.] To wind or collect into a 
ball ; hence: to gather into a mass ; cluster ; mass. — a. 
Agglomerated. — n. 1. A collection or mass. 2. Geol. 
A mass of volcanic fragments united haphazard. 
ag-glom/er-a'tion (a-glom'er-a'shun^n. 1. Act of agglom- 
erating ; state of being agglomerated. 2. A mass of ag- 
glomerated things or stuff ; clump ; cluster. 

ag-glom'er-a-tive ( d-glom'er-a-tiv ), a. Having a tend- 
ency to gather together or to make into collections. 

ag-glu'ti-nant ( d-gloo'ti-ndnt ; 86), a. Uniting, as glue; 
adhesive. — n. Any agglutinant substance. 

ag-glu'ti-nate (-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue to a thing; 
ad-\-glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] To unite, or cause 
to adhere, as with glue; unite by adhesion.— o. United, 
as with glue ; agglutinative. 

ag-glu'ti-na'tion (.-na'shim), n. 1. Act or process of agglu- 
tinating ; state of being agglutinated. 2. That which is 
formed by agglutination. 3. Philol. A combination or 
running together of primitive words into compounds in 
which the constituent parts undergo little or no change. 

ag-glu'ti-na-tive ( d-gloo'ti-na-tiv ; 86), a. 1. Of, per- 
taining to, or tending to cause, agglutination. 2. Philol. 
Formed or characterized by agglutination. 

ag-grade' (d-grad'), v. t.; -grad'ed (-grad'ed) ; -grad'ing 
(-ing). \_ag- = ad- + grade."] Phys. Geog. To bring, or 
tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of 
material ; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing 
sediment. — ag'gra-da'tion (ag'rd-da'shun), n. 

ag'gran-dize (ag'rdn-dlz), v. t.; -dized (-dlzd) ; -diz'ing 
(-diz'ing). [F. agrandir ; d(L. ad)-\-grandir to increase, 
L. grandire, fr. grandis great.] To make great, as in 
size, or in power, rank, honor, or the like, or in one's 
estimation or statement. — Syn. Enlarge, increase, aug- 
ment ; magnify, exalt, exaggerate. — ag'gran-diz'er, n. 

ag-gran'dize-ment (a-gran'diz-ment), n. Act or result of 
aggrandizing ; exaltation ; enlargement. 

ag'gra-vate (ag'rd-vat), v. t.; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. 
[L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare ; ad + gravare to 
burden.] 1. To make heavy or heavier ; add to ; also, to 
burden. Obs. 2. To make worse, or more severe ; enhance ; 
intensify. 3. To exasperate ; provoke ; irritate. Colloq. 
— Syn. Heighten, increase, magnify. See intensify.— 
ag'gra-vat'ing (-vat'ing), p. a.— ag'gra-vat'ing-ly, adv. 

ag'gra-va'tion (-va/shXn), n. 1. Act of aggravating ; state 
of being aggravated. 2. Exaggerated representation. 3. 
An extrinsic circumstance or accident that increases the 
guilt of a crime or the hardship of a misfortune. 4. Provo- 
cation ; irritation. Colloq. 

ag'gra-va-tive (ag'rd-va-tiv), a. Tending to aggravate. 

ag'gra-va'tor (-va'ter), n. One who aggravates. 

ag'gre-gate (ag're-gat),v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock ; ad-\- 
gregare to collect into a flock, grex, gregis, flock, herd.] 
1. To bring together ; collect ; accumulate. 2. To amount 
to. Colloq. 

— (-gat), a. 1. Formed by collection of individuals into a 
mass or sum ; collective. 2. a Bot. Clustered in a dense 
mass or head. See fruit, Illust. b Geol. Composed of a 
mixture of substances separable by mechanical^ means. 

— n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars. 2. 
Any hard material for mixing in small fragments with 
mortar to form concrete. — ag'gre-gate-ly, adv. 

Syn. Aggregate, aggregation, combination, com- 
posite, compound denote a union of parts or individuals. 
In aggregate the component parts are usually thought of 
as brought together more or less loosely ; so, also, aggrega- 
tion, which suggests the process of gathering, as well as 
the result ; as, an empire is the aggregate of many states ; 
this aggregation of books was the result of many years' 
search. Combination implies a closer association than 
aggregate, but not so close as composite, which expresses 
a union less intimate and organic than compound ; as, a 
strange combination of arrogance and deference ; his tem- 
per is a compound of timidity and craftiness. 

ag'gre-ga'tion (-ga'sh&n), n. Act of aggregating; state of 
being aggregated ; a collection of particulars ; an aggre- 
gate. — Syn. See aggregate. 

ag'gre-ga-tive (ag're-ga-tiv), a. Taken together ; tending 
to aggregate ; collective. 

ag'gre-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who aggregates. 

ag-gress' (a-gres'), v. i. [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi 
to go to, approach ; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step. ] 
To commit the first act of hostility or offense; begin a 
quarrel or controversy ; — used with on. 

ag-gr3S'sion ( S-gresh'un ), n. [L. aggressio."] A first 
or unprovoked attack, or act of hostility ; act of encroach- 
ment ; assault. — Syn. Invasion, intrusion, provocation. 

ag-gres'sive (-gres'iv), a. Tending or disposed to, or char- 
acterized by, aggression. — sive-ly, adv. — sive-ness, n. 

ag-gres'sor (-er), n. One making an aggression ; assailant. 

ag-grieve' (d-grev'), v. t. ; -grieved' (-grevd') ; -grtev'ing. 



[From OF., fr. a (L. ad) -f- grever to burden, injure.] Ta 
grieve; afflict; hence, to oppress or injure ; — now com- 
monly used in the passive, to be aggrieved. 

ag-grieved' (d-grevd'), p. a. Troubled or distressed ; hav- 
ing a grievance ; specif., Law, adversely affected in respect 
of legal rights. 

a-ghast' (d-gast'), a. <fc p. p. [ME. agast, agasted, p. p. of 
agasten to terrify, fr. AS. d-+gsestan to terrify, torment.] 
Terrified ; showing terror or horror. — Syn. See afraid. 

ag'ile (aj'il), a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move.] 
Apt or ready to move ; lively. — Syn. See active. — 
ag'ile-ly, adv. — ag'ile-ness, n. [bleness.l 

a-gil'i-ty (d-jil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being agile ; nim-| 

ag'i-0 (aj'i-o; a'ji-o),n.; pi. agios (-oz). [It. aggio.~] 1. 
A percentage paid for the exchange of one currency for 
another ; also, an allowance or deduction for depreciation 
of coin by wear. __ The premium or discount on foreign 
bills of exchange is sometimes called agio. 2. Loosely, 
money changing ; agiotage. 

ag'i-o-tage (aj'i-6-taj), n. [F.] Exchange business ; also, 
stockjobbing ; speculative buying or selling of stocks. 

a-gist' (d-jistf), v. t. [OF. agister; a (L. ad) + giste 
lodging, abode, deriv. of L. jacere to lie.] Law. To take 
to graze or pasture at a certain sum ; — used originally of the 
feeding of cattle in the king's forests. — a-gisc'ment, n. 

ag'i-tate (aj'i-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. 
agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, agere to move.] 
1. To move with a violent, irregular action. 2. To stir up ; 
disturb; excite; perturb. 3. To discuss earnestly ; debate. 
4. To revolve in the mind ; contrive busily ; devise ; plot. 

— v. i. To make an agitation ; stir up discussion. 

ag'i-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. Act of agitating ; state of being 
agitated. — Syn. Commotion, excitement, disturbance, 
perturbation, trepidation ; discussion, debating, canvass. 

Ila'gi-taao (a'je-ta'to), a._ [It., agitated.] Music. Sung or 
played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner. 

ag'i-ta'tor (aj'i-ta'ter), n. One that agitates. 

A-gla'ia (d-gla'yd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A7Xafo, lit., splendor.] 
See Grace, 11. 

agaet (ag'let), ai'glet (a'glet), n. [From F.,fr. LL., dim. 
of L. acu$ needle, pin.] The metal tag of a lace or pendent, 
formerly often made ornamental. 

a-glow' (d-glo / ), adv. & a. Glowing. 

ag'mi-nate (ag'mT-nat) \a. [L. agmen, agminis, army, 

ag'mi-nat'ed (-nat'ed) / crowd.] Grouped together. 

ag'nail (ag'nal),n. [AS. angnsegl; angevexation+naegel 
nail.] A sore under or around the nail ; also, a hangnail. 

ag'nate (-nat), n. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be 
born in addition to.] A relative whose relationship is ex- 
clusively through males or, sometimes, through the father's 
side. —a. 1. Related through males only or through the 
father. 2. Allied ; akin. — ag-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. 

Ag'ni (ag'ne), n. [Skr., fr. agni fire.] The Vedic god of 
the altar fire, mediator between gods and men. 

ag-no'men ( no'men), n. ; L. pi. -Nomina (-nom'i-nd). [L., 
fr. ad + nomen name.] An additional or fourth name 
sometimes given, or taken among the Romans, as on ac- 
count of some exploit ; any additional name ; an epithet ; 
as, Aristides the Just. — ag-nom'i-nal (-nom'i-nal), a. 

ag-nos'tic (-nos'tfk), n. [a- not + Gr. yvwariKos know- 
ing. See gnostic] One who professes agnosticism. - L - 
Syn. See inftdel. — ag-nos'tic, ag-nos'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. 

ag-nos'ti-cism (-tT-siz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that 
neither the nature nor the existence of God nor the ulti- 
mate character of the universe is knowable. 2. Any 
doctrine which, while professing belief in God's existence, 
denies the knowableness of his nature. 3. Any doctrine 
which affirms that all knowledge is relative and incertain. 

ag'nus (ag'nus).n. ; pi. E. -nuses (-ez) ; L. -ni (-nl). [L., 
a lamb.] Eccl. A lamb used as a symbol; esp., the 
Agnus Dei. [of the Agnus Dei.| 

Agnus bell. R. C. Ch. The bell rung during the singing | 

ag'nus cas'tus (kas'tws). [Gr. ayvos a willowlike tree, 
used at a religious festival ; confused with ayvos holy, 
chaste ; castus is L., chaste.) An ornamental blue- or 
white-flowered verbenaceous shrub ( Vitex agnus castus). 

Ag'nus De'i (de'I). [L., Lamb of God; — used by John 
the Baptist of Christ (John 
i. 29).] a An image of a 
lamb as an emblem of Christ, 
esp. one bearing a cross or ban- 
ner, b R. C. Ch. (1) A cake 
of wax stamped with such a 
figure. (2) A certain prayer, 
beginning "Agnus Dei." c In 
churches of the Anglican Com- 
munion, the prayer "O Lamb 
of God, who takest away the 
sins of the world, have mercy 
upon us," often sung as an 
anthem in the Communion ; 
also, the music for it. Agnus Dei, a. 




ale, senate, care, am, or tmnt, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, firn, iip. circus, menu: food, foot: out. oil; chair: go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



AGO 



23 



AILANTHUS 




Agouti. (£) 



a-go' (d-go'), a. & adv. [Old p. p., deriv. of AS. agan to 
pass away ; o- + gan to go.] Past ; gone by. 

a-gog' (d-gog'), a. & adv. In eager desire ; eager; astir. 

a-go'ing (d-go'ing), adv. & a. In motion ; going. 

a-gone' (d-gSn'; 62), a. & adv. Ago; gone by. Archaic. 

a-go'nes (d-go'nez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. d-ywees.] Class. 
Antiq. Contests, held at public assemblies or festivals. 
They were of three general classes — gymnastic, musical 
(including, in Greece, recitations of Homer by the rhapso- 
dists), and horse or chariot races. 

a-gon'ic (d-gon'ik), a. [Gr. aywvos without angles; d- 
not + ywvla an angle.] Not forming an angle. 
agonic line, an imaginary line on the earth's surface pass- 
ing through those places where the magnetic needle points 
to the true north ; the line of no magnetic declination. 

ag'o-nis'tic (ag'6-nis'tik) \ a. [Gr. ayuviariicos.] Pertain- 

ag'O-nis'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) / ing to the classical agones ; 
hence, pertaining to intense strife ; pert, to athletic or 
polemic feats ; athletic ; combative ; hence, strained. — 
ag'o-nis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ag'0-nize (ag'o-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing (-nTz'- 
Ing). [Through F. & LL., fr. Gr. kyuvl^tadai. to struggle. 
See agony.] To cause to suffer agony ; torture. — v. i. 

1. To suffer anguish. 2. To struggle or strive desperately. 
— ag'o-niz'ing (-nlz'mg), p. a. — ag'o-niz'ing-ly, adv. 

ag'o-ny (ag'6-nT), n.; pi. -ntes (-niz). [From L., fr. Gr. 
ayuvia orig., a contest, fr. iywv assembly at games, con- 
test for a prize, &7€tj' to lead, celebrate.] 1. Extreme pain 
of mind or body ; anguish. 2. Paroxysm of joy ; keen emo- 
tion. 3. Death struggle. — Syn. See distress. 

ag'o-ra (ag'o-rd), n.; pi. -r& (-re). [Gr. ayopa.] An 
assembly ; hence, the place of assembly, esp. the market 
place, in an ancient Greek city. 

a-gou'ti 1 (d-goo'tT), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, 

a-gou'tyj acuti, fr. native name.] 
Any of certain rodents (genus 
Dasyprocta), about the size of a 
rabbit, peculiar to South and 
Central America and the West 
Indies. 

a-graffe' (d-graf), n. [F. agrafe!] 
A hook used as a clasp on armor 
or costumes. 

Ag'ra-pha (ag'rd-fd), n. pi. [Gr. ay pupa (sc. prjuara) 
unwritten sayings.] Sayings attributed to Jesus,_ which, 
though not canonical, were current in early tradition and 
are regarded by some as perhaps genuine. 

a-graph'i-a (d-graf'i-d), n. ' [NL. See a- not; -graphy.] 
Med. Absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by 
written signs. Itjs a form of aphasia. — a-graph'ic (-ik), a. 

a-gra'ri-an (d-gra/ri-an ; 3), a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 
Of or pertaining to fields or lands, or their tenure. — n. One 
who favors agrarianism. 

a-gra'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. An equal or equitable division 
of land ; also, principles or practices favoring this. 

a-gree' (d-gre'), v. i./A-GREED't-gred') ;a-gree'ing. [From 
F., fr. d (L. ad) + gre good will, consent, L. gratus pleas- 
ing.] 1. To yield assent or favor ; consent ; accede ; — usu- 
ally used with to or that; as, he agreed to my proposal. 

2. To be in unison or concord ; be or become united or 
consistent ; concur ; as, your assertions do not agree. 3. To 
come to terms or to a common resolve (with another or one 
another) ; to exchange promises ; as, tbey agreed to divide 
the game. 4. To be conformable ; resemble ; coincide ; 
correspond ; as, our scales do not agree. 5. To suit or be 
adapted in its effects ; do well ; — usually used with with ; 
as, a hot climate does not agree with him. 6. Gram. To 
be alike in gender, number, case, or person. 

Syn. Engage, promise, stipulate, contract, bargain ; har- 
monize, comport, fit, tally ; assent, consent, accede, acqui- 
esce, concur, coincide. — Agree, concur, coincide all 
express harmony of opinion. To agree is in general to 
come into accord with some one ; as, we agree in our plans. 
Concur expresses a specific or definite agreement, esp. in 
opinion or action ; as, he concurred in the decree. Coin- 
cide implies an agreement amounting to complete identity 
of opinion. 

a-gree'a-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
agreeable. 

a-gree'a-ble (-d-bT), a. 1. Pleasing, either to the mind 
or senses ; pleasant ; grateful ; as, an agreeable person, 
task, amusement, etc. 2. Willing ; ready to agree or con- 
sent. Colloq. 3. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable ; — 
used with to, sometimes with with; as, this date is agree- 
able to the evidence. 4. In pursuance or accordance ; — for 
agreeably ; as, they went agreeable to our request. — Syn. 
See pleasant. ble-ness, n. a-bly (-blT), adv. 

a-greed' (d-gred')j V- V- & V- a. Brought into agreement ; 
united or settled in or by a common opinion or consent. 

a-gree'ment (-gre'ment), n. 1. State or act of agreeing. 2. 
The language embodying reciprocal promises. — _Syn. See 

CONTRACT, RESEMBLANCE. 



a-gres'tic (d-greVtik), a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] 
Rustic ; rural ; hence : unpolished ; uncouth. 

ag'ri-cul'tur-al (ag'ri-kul'tyr-al), a. Of or pertaining to, 
or engaged in, agriculture. al-ly, adv. 

ag'ri-cul'ture (ag'rT-kul'tjir), n. [L. agricultura; agri, 
gen. of ager field -f- cultura cultivation.] Art or science of 
cultivating the ground ; tillage ; husbandry ; farming. 

ag'ri-cul'tur-ist (-kul'yir-ist), n. One engaged or skilled 
in agriculture ; a husbandman. — ag'ri-CUl'tur-al-ist, n. 

ag'ri-mo-ny (ag'ri-mo-nl), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [Through 
OF. & L., fr. Gr. apysp&vt)!] a A common yellow-flowered 
herb (genus Agrimonia), having the calyx covered with 
hooked hairs, b Any of several other plants ; as, water 
agrimony. 

ag'ro-nom'ic (ag'ro-nom'Tk) ) a. Of or pertaining to agron- 

ag'ro-nom'i-cal (-nom'i-kdl)J omy. 

ag'ro-nom'ics (-ro-nom'iks), n. (See-ics. ) Science of 
agronomy. 

a-gron'Q-my (d-gron'6-mT), n. _ [Gr. &y povbp.os rural; 
aypos field + vop.os usage.] Agriculture dealing with the 
theory and practice of crop production ; scientific man- 
agement of land. — a-gron'o-mist (-mist), n. 

ag'ros-tol'o-gy (ag'ros-tol'o-jT), n. [Gr. aypuxms a kind of 
grass + -logy.] The branch of systematic botany treating 
of the grasses. [as, the ship is agroundA 

a-ground / (d-ground / ), adv. & a. On the ground ; stranded ;| 

|| a'guar-dien'te (a'gwar-dyen'ta), n. [Sp., contr. of agua 
ardiente burning water (L. aqua water -f- ardens burn- 
ing).] Any distilled alcoholic drink; — applied in the 
southwestern United States esp. to native whisky. 

a'gue (a/gfi), n. [From OF., fr. LL. (febris) acuta an acute 
fever, L. acutus sharp.] 1. A malarial fever attended by 
paroxysms of chills, fever, and sweating, which occur at 
regular intervals. 2. A chill, or state of shaking, as with 
cold. — a'gu-ish (a r gu-ish), a. — a'gu-ish-ly, adv. 

a'gue-weed' (-wed'), n. 1. The boneset. 2. The stiff 
gentian (Gentiana quinque folia). 

ah (a), interj . An exclamation, expressive of pity, con- 
tempt, triumph, etc., according to manner of utterance. 

a-ha' (a-haO, interj. An exclamation expressing triumph 
mixed with derision, or simple surprise. 

A'hab (a/hab), n. Bib. Ojie of Israel's greatest kings. See 
1 Kings xvi.-xxii. 

A-has'u-e'ruS (d-haz'u-e'rus ; d-has'-), n. Bib. Either of 
two kings of Persia and Media. Cf . Esther. 

a-head' (d-hed r ), adv. [a- on, in + head.] 1. In or to the 
front ; onward. 2. Headlong. 06s. 

a-hem/ (d-hem'), interj. Hem ! — an exclamation. 

a-hoy' (d-hoi'), interj. [a as an interj. + hoy.] Naut. A 
term used in hailing ; as, "Ship ahoy !" 

Ah'ri-man (a'ri-mdn), n. [Avestan ahra mainyu hostile 
or destroying [?] spirit.] The Evil Principle or Being of 
the ancient Persians ; the Prince of Darkness. See Ormazd. 

a-hull , (d-hul / ), adv. Naut. With the sails furled, and the 
helm lashed alee ; — said of ships in a storm. 

a-hun^gered (d-hun'gerd), a. Pinched with hunger. _ ' 

a'i (a'e), n. ; pi. ais (a'ez). [Braz. ai, hat, from the animal's 
cry.] The three-toed sloth {Bradypus tridactylus) of 
South America. 

aid (ad), v. t. [From F. & OF., fr. L. adjutare, freq. of 
adjuvare to help ; ad + juvare to help.] To help. — Syn. 
See help. — n. 1. Help. 2. A person or thing that helps ; 
assistant ; specif., a military or naval officer acting as con- 
fidential assistant to a superior. 3. Eng. Hist. An extraor- 
dinary subsidy or tax. 4. Feudal Law. A pecuniary tribute 
paid by a vassal to his lord. — aid r er, n. 

aid'ance (ad'ans), n. [OF.] Aid. 

aid'ant (-dnt), a. [F.] Helping ; helpful ; supplying aid. 

aid'-de-camp' \ (ad'de-kamp' ; ad'de-kaV), n.; pi. aids- 



aide'-de-camp'/ de-camp, or atdes- (adz'-). [F. aide de 
camp, lit., camp assistant.] An officer attached to the per- 
son of a general or a sovereign to assist him. 

|| aide (ad), n.; pi. aides (adz). [F.] A military or naval 
officer assistant to a superior. = atd, n., 2. 

ai'glet (a'glet). Var. of aglet. 

ai-grette' (a-gref ; a'gret), ai'gret (a'gret), n. [F. aigrette. 
See egret.] A plume or tuft for the head, composed of 
feathers, gems, or the like. See egret. 

ai'guille' (a'gwel' ; a'gwel'), n. [F., a needle. See aglet.] 
A needle-shaped peak ; — used esp. of certain peaks or 
clusters of needlelike rock near Mont Blanc. 

ai'guil-lette' (a'gwi-let'), n. [F.] An aglet ; specif., one 
of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some uniforms. 

ail (al), v. t. [AS. eglan to trouble, pain.]_ To affect with 
pain or uneasiness ; trouble ; — now only in interrogative, 
relative, or indefinite sentences. — v. i. _ To be affected 
with pain or uneasiness. — n. Indisposition ; ailment. 

ai-lan'thus (a-lan'thils), n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of 
heaven, name of the tree in the Moluccas.] Bot. Any of a 
small Asiatic genus ( Ailanthus) of trees bearing ill-scented 
greenish flowers. — ai-lan/thic (-thlk), a. 



B 



G 



I 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



AILERON 



24 



ALAMEDA 



aile-ron (a'le-ron ; F. el^N'), n. [F.] Aeronautics. A 
small accessory plane or surface capable of being manipu- 
lated to preserve or destroy lateral balance. 




Ailerons of a 
Biplane. 

ail 'merit (al'ment), n. Indisposition; bodily affection. 

aim (am), v. i. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + esmer to esti- 
mate, aim, L. aestimare to estimate.] 1. To estimate ; 
guess. Obs. 2. To point or direct a weapon toward an 
object with the intent of hitting it. 3. To direct the in- 
tention or purpose ; try ; endeavor ; as, to aim at riches ; 

] to aim to do right. — v. t. 1. To calculate ; guess. Obs. 
2. To direct or point (as a weapon, a blow, a remark, a 
proceeding) at, or so as to hit or affect, a particular object. 

— n. 1. Estimation ; guess. Obs. 2. Act of aiming some- 
thing, as aweapon. 3. The point intended to be hit, or 
the object intended to be attained or affected. 4. Inten- 
tion ; design. — Syn. See intention. 

aim'less, a. Without aim or purpose. — aimless-ly, adv. 

ain't (ant). Contr. for are not or am not; also used for is 
not. Colloq. or Illit. 

Ai'nu (T'noo), n. A member of an indigenous race of Japan, 
now degenerate and confined to part of Yezo, the Kurile 
Islands, and Sakhalin. They have skin and features of a 
European cast, with abundant hair and beard. 

air (ar), n. [F. air, L. air, fr. Gr. &rjp air, mist.] 1. The 
mixture of gases, chiefly nitrogen and oxygen, surrounding 
the earth ; the atmosphere. 2. Something unsubstantial, 
light, or volatile. 3. That which surrounds and influences ; 
as, there was an air of distress. 4. Air in motion ; gentle 
wind; fig., breath; as, there is too much air here ; to feel 
the air from a_ door. 5. Utterance abroad ; publicity ; 
vent; as, to give a thing air. 6. Music. A melody; 
tune ; aria. 7. Outward appearance ; semblance ; man- 
ner ; style ; as, this has the air of a secret. 8. Bearing, 
attitude, or action ; as, a lofty air ; his air showed it. 
9. An artificial or affected manner ; as, to give one's self 
airs. — Syn. See deportment, wind. 

— v. t. 1. To expose to the air, as for cooling ; ventilate. 
2. To expose for public notice ; display. 

air bed. A sack or mattress inflated with air for a bed. 
air bladder. A sac containing air or gas, present in most 

fishes ; — called also swimming bladder. 
air brake. Mach. A brake operated by a piston driven by 

compressed air or by the "suction " of a partial vacuum. 
air brush. A kind of atomizer for applying liquid paints. 
air castle. A castle in the air. See under castle. 
air'craft' (ar'kraft'), n. sing. & pi. A balloon, aeroplane, 

or other device for floating in, or flying through, the air. 
air cushion. A cushion made by inflating a bag with air ; 

also, a device acting as a buffer by the compression of air. 
air gun. A kind of gun discharging by compressed air. 
air hole. 1. A hole to admit or discharge air ; a spot not 

frozen over in the ice. 2. Aeronautics. A local region in 

the atmosphere having a downward movement and afford- 
ing less than normal support for a flying machine. 
air'i-ly (ar'i-lT), adv. In an airy manner ; lightly; jauntily. 
air'i-ness, n. State or quality of being airy ; lightness. 
air'ing (ar'ing), n. 1. An exposure to air, as for drying. 

2. A walk or a ride in the open air. 
air line. A straight line, as through the air ; a bee line. 
air lock. An intermediate chamber between the outer air 

and the working chamber of a pneumatic caisson. 
air'man 7 (-man' ; -man), n. A man who ascends or flies in 

an aircraft ; a flying-machine pilot. — air'wom'an, n.fem. 
air-om'e-ter (ar-om'e-ter), n. [air + -meter.} 1. A kind 

of gasometer for holding air. 2. An instru 

ment for measuring the rate of flow of air 
air pillow. Air cushion used as a pillow. 
air plant. A plant living on air alone. 
air pump. A pump for drawing air from, 

or for forcing it into, a hollow place. 
air'ship', n. Any large machine f or navi- 1 

gating the air; often, 

a dirigible balloon, 

as disting. from a 




simple balloon or an 
aeroplane. 
air'sick', a. Affected 

with aerial sickness. MHI I 'U.I U I 'iW I 

air'-tight', a. m Sojjm]\\\\\Mm\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 

tight as to be im-Ts 

permeable to air. Air Pump, a Cylinder ; & Piston Rod 
air'way' (-wa'), n. c Manometer, d Receiver. 

A passage for a current of air, as in a mine. 




to 



air'y (-T), a.; air'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of or pert, to 
air ; atmospheric ; aerial. 2. Open to a free current of air ; 
exposed to the air. 3. Resembling air ; elastic ; unsubstan- 
tial ; as, an airy phantom, fabric, or step. 4. Light of heart ; 
vivacious ; as, airy merriment. 5. Relating to the spirit or 
soul ; hence : delicate ; graceful ; as, an airy poem, music, 
etc. 6. Without reality ; trifling; visionary; as, airy schemes. 
7. Affected in manner ; affectedly grand. Colloq. 

aisle (II), n. [OF. ele wing, L. ala, for axla, wing, armpit.] 
1. Arch, a A lateral subdivision of a church or other 
building where the main part is divided longitudinally by 
rows of columns or piers, b Improperly, the nave, c A 
passage into which the pews of a church or seats of an as- 
sembly room open. 2. An aislelike space or passage, esp. 
in a forest. — aisled (lid), a. 

ait (at), n. An islet in a river or lake. Eng., chiefly Dial. 

aitch (ach), n. [See h.] The letter h or H. 

aitch'bone' (ach'bon'), n. [For nachebone, fr. OE. <fc OF. 
nache rump, fr. L. natis. For loss of n, cf. adder.] The 
bone of the rump, or the cut of beef containing it. 

a-jar' (d-jar'), adv. [ME. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. 
cerr, cyrr, turn.] Slightly turned or opened. 

a-jar', adv. [a—\-jar.] In discord; out of harmony. 

A'jax (a'jaks), n. [L., fr. Gr. Alas.'] Gr. Myth. 1. One 
of the Greek heroes in Homer's "Iliad." He was of great 
stature and next to Achilles in prowess and beauty. He 
killed himself because the armor of Achilles was awarded 
to Ulysses. 2. The swiftest of the Greeks before Troy, 
except Achilles ; — specifically called Ajax the Less. He 
violated the shrine of Athena by tearing away Cassandra. 

aj'o-wan (aj'6-wdn), n. The fruit of an Oriental apiaceous 
plant (Ptychotis coptica). It yields an aromatic oil. 

aj'u-tage (aj'6t>-taj), n. [F.] A tube through which water 
is discharged ; efflux tube ; as, the ajutage of a fountain. 

ake (ak). Var. of ache. 

a-kim'bo (d-kim'_bo), a. & adv. [ME. in kenebowe.] 
With a crook ; with hand on hip and elbow turned out. 

a-kin' (d-kin'), a. [a- of+Zczn.] 1. Of the same kin ; con- 
sanguineous. 2. Allied by nature ; of the same kind. 

Ak'kad (ak'ad ; ak'ad) \a. Of or pertaining 

Ak-ka'di-an (d-ka'di-dn ; d-ka'-)/ a sup- 
posed Turanian people who originated 
the civilization whence sprang the culture 
of Babylonia and Assyria. — Ak'kad, 
Ak-ka'di-an, n. 

al-. An assimilated form of ad-. 

-al (-al). [L. -alis.'] 1. An adjective 
suffix denoting belonging to, of or per- 
taining to, having the character of, ap- 
propriate to; as in autumnaZ, royal, 
poeticaZ, muraZ, normaZ, regaZ, etc. 

2. a A suffix appearing in nouns formed by using adjectives 
substantively or formed on the analogy of such nouns ; as 
in rivaZ, animaZ, ovaZ, signaZ. b [OF. -aille, L. -alia, 
neut. pi. of -alis.] A suffix used to form nouns of action 
from verbs ; as in arrivaZ, avowaZ, acquittaZ, betrothaZ. 

3. [From aZdehyde.] Chem. A suffix indicating the pres- 
ence of the aldehyde group; as in chloraZ. 

a'la (a'ld), n. ; pi. alm (a'le). [L., a wing.] Anat. & Zo'ol. 
A wing, or winglike process or part ; as, the alse of the 
vomer, of the sacrum, etc. 

||a la (a la), fern., a 1', masc. & fern., au (o), masc; pi. 
aux(o). [F.] After, or according to, the ; in or after the 
fashion or style of; with ; — used esp. in French or pseudo- 
French cookery terms; as: a la julienne, with various 
vegetables sliced in strips, as a kind of soup ; also, of 
potatoes, sliced in strips and crisped in deep fat. 

al'a-bas'ter (al'd-bas'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. aXafiaarpos, &\&- 
Pclo-tos.] A gypsum of fine texture and usually white and 
translucent ; also, a somewhat translucent variety of cal- 
cite, sometimes beautifully banded. — a. Of or resembling 
alabaster ; specif., of a mat white color. — aFa-bas'trine 
(al'd-bas'tnn), a. 

|| a la carte' (a. la kart'). [F.] According to the carte, or 
bill of fare; specif., a bill of fare with the price given for 
each dish ; — distinguished from table d'hote. 

a-lack' (d-lak'), inter j. An exclamation expressing sorrow 
or regret, or, formerly, reproach. Archaic or Poetic. 

a-lack'a-day' (-d-da'), inter j. [For alack the day.] An ex- 
clamation of sorrow or deprecation. Archaic or Poetic. 

a-lac'ri-tous (d-lak'ri-tiis), a. Characterized by alacrity. 

a-lac'ri-ty (-tT), n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager.] 
A cheerful willingness or promptitude ; briskness. 

A-lad'din (d-lad'In), n. A youth, in the/'Arabian Nights," 
who gets a magic lamp, on rubbing which a jinni appears, 
who is the slave of the lamp, and executes the biddingof its 
possessor. Aladdin also gets a ring of similar properties. 

|| ala-me'da (a'la-ma'da), n. [Sp., fr. dlamo poplar.] A 
public walk or promenade, esp. one with poplar or other 
trees on each side. 




An Akkad 
Type from a 
Restoration. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ALAMO 



25 



ALCOHOLIZATION 



ala-mo (a'la-mo), n. [Sp. dlamo.] The poplar. South- 
western U. S. & Spanish America. 
al'a-mode' (al'd-mod' ; a'ld-mod'), adv. & a., || a la mode' 
(F. a la mod')- [F. a la mode.'] According to the fashion. 

al'a-mode', n. A thin silk for hoods, scarfs, etc. 

al'a-mort' (al'd-mort'), a. & adv., || a la morf (;F. a la 
mor'). [F. alamort.'] To the death ; deathly sick. 

a'lar (a'ldr), a. [L. alaris, fr. ala wing.] 1. Like, per- 
taining to, or having, wings or ala?. 2. Bot. Axillary. 

a-larm' (d-larm'), n. [F. alarme, orig. a I'arme! to the 
arm, i. e., to arms ! L. arma, pi., arms.] 1. A summons to 
arms. 2. Any sound or signal notifying of danger; a 
warning of danger. 3. A mechanical contrivance for rous- 
ing persons ; alarum. 4. A sudden attack ; broil. Rare. 
5. Sudden surprise with fear ; fright. — Syn. See fear. 

— v. t. 1. To call to arms for defense ; notify of danger ; 
rouse to vigilance or {now Rare) action. 2. To excite with 
sudden fear. — v. i. To sound an alarm. 

a-larm'ing, p. a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; 
as, an alarming crisis or report. — a-larmlng-ly, adv. 

a-larm'ist, n. One prone to sound or excite alarms, esp. 
needlessly. — a-larm'ism (-Tz'm), n. 

a-lar'um (d-lar'wm; d-lar'um), n % Var. of alarm. Now 
Rare except to denote : an alarm signal or mechanism. 

a'la-ry (a'ld-rT ; al'd-ri), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of 
or pertaining to wings ; alar; also, shaped like a wing. 

a-las' (d-las'), interj. [OF., fr. a interj. (L. ah) + las 
weary, wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary.] An excla- 
mation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil. 

A-las'kan (d-las'kdn), a. Of or pert, to Alaska or its in- 
habitants ; found in, or native of, Alaska. — n. A native 
of Alaska. 

A-las'tor (-tor), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXi^Ttop ; &- not + 
\a9eadai to forget.] A relentless avenging deity or spirit ; — 
applied to Zeus and the Erinyes among the Greeks, and in 
the Middle Ages to Satan's demons. 

a 'late (a'lat) \a [L. alatus, fr. ala wing.] Winged; hav- 

a'lat-ed (-ed) J ing wings or winglike parts. 

alb (alb), n. [LL. alba, fr. L. albus white.] Eccl. A 
kind of white linen vestment. 

al'ba-core (al'bd-kor), n. [F. albicore; Ar. 
al the + bakr, bekr, a young camel, young 
cow.] 1. A large pelagic fish ( Germo 
alalunga ) of the mackerel family, having 
long pectoral fins. 2. The tunny; — called 
also great albacore. 3. Any of several 
related smaller fishes, as the bonitos, etc. 

Al-ba'ni-a (al-ba'nl-d), n. 1. An ancient 
name of the Highland region of Scotland. 
2. See in Dict. of Proper Names. Aib - 

Al-ba'ni-an (-dn), a. Of or pert, to Albania in the Balkan 
peninsula. — n. A member of the mixed race living there. 

al'ba-tross (al'bd-tros ; 62), n. [From Pg. or Sp. alcatraz.] 
Any of several web- 
footed birds (genus Di- 
omedes and allied gen- 
era) related to the pet- 
rels. They are the largest of 
sea birds. 

albatross cloth. A fine, thin 
woolen fabric. 

al / be'it(61'be'It), conj. [ME. 
al (all) be although it be.] 
Even though ; although. 

Al'ber-ich (al'ber-iK), n. [G.] 
In German legend, the all-power- 
ful king of the dwarfs, and chief of 
the Nibelungs. 

al'bert-ite (al'ber-tTt), n. [From 
Albert county, New Brunswick.] 
A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum 

al'ber-type (al'ber-tTp), al'bert-type' (al'bert-),n. [After 
Joseph Albert, of Munich.] A kind of collotype. 

al-bes'cent (al-bes'ent), a. [L. albescens, p. pr.] Becom- 
ing white or whitish. — al-bes'cence (-ens), n. 

Al'bi-gen'ses (al'bi-jen'sez), n. pi. [LL., fr. Albi, in 
Languedoc] Eccl. Hist. A Catharistic sect of southern 
France. It arose in the beginning of the 11th century, and 
was exterminated in the 13th by the crusades and the 
Inquisition. — Al'bi-gen'si-an (-sT-on ; -shdn), a. 

al'bl-nism (Sl'bi-niz'm), n. Quality of being an albino. 

al-bi'no (al-bl'no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). [Sp. or Pg. albino, 
orig., whitish, albo white, L. albus.] 1. A person born 
with a deficiency of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. 
Albinos in extreme cases have skin of a milky color, very 
light hair, and eyes with a deep red pupil and pink or blue 
iris._ 2. An animal or plant similarly deficient in pigment. 

Al'bl-on (al'bi-un), n. [L.] England. 06s. or Poetic. 

al'bite (al'blt), n. [L. albus white.] Min. A triclinic 
feldspar, usually white, in common granite. It is a silicate 
of aluminum and sodium, NaAlSisOs. 





Wandering 
Albatross. (5^) 



al'bo-lene (al'bS-len), n. Pharm. An oily petroleum prod* 
uct used as a base in the preparation of ointments and in 
liquid form as a spray in affections of the nose and throat. 

AFbo-rak' (Sl'bo-rak') , n. [Ar. al-burdq, fr. baraqa to 
flash, shine.] The imaginary winged, milk-white animal, 
about the size of an ass, on which Mohammed was said to 
have made his midnight journey to the seventh heaven. 

al'bu-gin'e-ous (al'bu-jin'e-us), a. Of or like the white of 
the eye, or of an egg ; albuminous. 

al'bum (al'bum), n. [L., neut. of albus white.] 1. A regis- 
ter for visitors' names ; a visitors' book. 2. A blank book 
in which to insert autographs, sketches, photographs, etc. 

al-bu'men (al-bu'men), n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The 
white of an egg. This consists of a mixture of glucopro- 
teids, but was formerly supposed to be nearly pure albu- 
min. 2. Bot. Nutritive parenchyma. 3. Albumin. 

al-bu'men-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-Iz'Ing). 
To cover, saturate, or treat with albumen. 

al-bu'min (-mm), n. Chem. Any of a class, of proteids 
forming the most important constituent of serum in blood, 
and found also in milk, muscle, etc., and in vegetables. 

al-bu'mi-nate (-mf-nat), n. 1. Any of various nearly in- 
soluble proteids obtained by the action of acids or alkalies 
on the albumins. 2. A compound formed by the union of 
an albumin with another substance. 

al-bu'mi-noid (-noid).a. [albumin -\- -oid.] Resembling 
albumin. — n. Proteid, in its broad sense ; also, any of a 
number of substances resembling the true proteids. — al- 
bu'mi-noi'dal (-noi'ddl), a. 

al-bu'mi-nous (-nws), al-bu'mi-nose (nos), a. Pertain- 
ing to, containing, or of the nature of, albumen or albumin. 

al-bu'mi-nu'ri-a (-nu'ri-d), n. [NL., fr. E. albumin + 
-uria.] Med. Presence of albumin in the urine, — often 
a symptom of disease of the kidneys. nu'ric (-rik), o. 

al'bu-mose (iil'bu-mos), n. [From albumin.] Physiol. 
Chem. Any of a class of proteoses formed from the al- 
bumins and from fibrin ; by extension, any proteose. 

al-bur'num (al-bur'niim), n. [L., fr. albus white.] Bot. 
In dicotyledonous trees, the soft wood consisting of living 
tissues near the cambium layer and outside the heartwood. 

al'ca-hest (al'kd-hest). Var. of alkahest. 

Al-ca'ic (al-ka'ik), o. [L. A Ica'icus, Gr. 'AXkcu/c6s.] Per- 
taining to Alcaeus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 600 B. c, 
or to the meter which he invented. — n. An Alcaic verse, 
either: the greater Alcaic > • — | — >| — ~~| — w|_~; 
the lesser Alcaic, — •* - |— «- v J — -[— »• . 

al-caPde (al-kal'daX n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-qadi judge.] A 
Spanish administrative official (usually mayor) or judge. 

al'cal-di'a (al'kal-de'a), n. [Sp.] The office, jurisdiction, 
or headquarters of an alcalde. 

al-can'na (al-kan'd), n. [Sp. alcana, fr. Ar. al-hinna. See 
henna.] Henna. 

al-cayde' (al-kad' ; Sp. al-ki'tha), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. 
al-qbVld governor.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress 
among Spaniards, Portuguese, or Moors. 2. A jailer. 

ai-ca'zar (al-ka'zar ; Sp. al-ka'thar), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the 
+ qacr (in pi.) castle.] A fortress ; also, a palace. 

Al-ces'tis (al-ses'tTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. *AXkt?cttis.] Wife of 
Admetus, King of Thessaly, whose life she preserved by dy- 
ing in his stead. Hercules brought her back from Hades. 

al-chem/ic (al-kem'ikHa. Of or pertaining to alchemy. — 

al-chem'i-cal (-T-kdl) j al-chem'i-cal-ly, adv. 

al'che-mist (al'ke-mist), n. One given to the study or prac- 
tice of alchemy. — al'che-mis'tic ( -mls'tlk ), -ti-cal 
(-mis'ti-kdl), a. 

al'che-mize (-miz), v. t. To change by alchemy ; transmute. 

aPche-my (-mi), n. [From OF. & F., fr. Ar. al-kimld.] 
The medieval chemical science, the great objects of 
which were to transmute baser metals into gold and to 
find a panacea and a means of indefinitely prolonging life. 

Al-ci'des (al-sl'dez),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXxttSTjs.] Gr. Myth. 
Hercules ; — a patronymic. 

Al-cin'o-US (-sm'o-ws), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXdvoos.] A king 
of the Pha;acians, celebrated for his gardens. Cf . Nausicaa. 

Alc-me'ne (alk-me'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXk^i"?-] Gr. 
Myth. See Amphitryon. 

al'co-hol (al'ko-hol), n. [Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony 
or galena to paint the eyebrows with ; hence, from the fine- 
ness of this powder, highly rectified spirits.] 1. A color- 
less, volatile, inflammable liquid, C2H6OH, which is the 
intoxicating principle in fermented and distilled liquors ; 
loosely, any liquor containing it. 2. Chem. Any of a class 
of analogous hydroxides of organic radicals, including 
common, or ethyl, alcohol (def. 1), methyl, or wood, 
alcohol, CH3OH, amyl alcohol, CeH.iOH, the chief 
constituent of fusel oil, etc. 

al'CO-hol'ic (-hoFTk), a. Of or pertaining to alcohol. 

al'CO-hol-ism (-Tz'm), n. Med. A diseased condition of 
the system due to excessive use of alcoholic liquors. 

al'co-hol'i-za'tion ( aFko-hol'T-za'shiin ; -I-za'shiin ), 
Act of alcoholizing, or state of being alcoholized. 



n. 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 





ALCOHOLIZE 26 

al'CO-hol-ize (alTso-hol-Iz), v. t. 1. To powder. Obs. 2. 
To refine to an essence ; rectify. 3. To saturate with alco- 
hol ; hence, to subject to the influence of alcoholic liquor. 

al'CO-hOl-om'e-ter ( -om'e-ter ), n. [alcohol + -meter."] 
Chem. An instrument for determining the strength of 
spirits, with a scale graduated to indicate the percentage 
of pure alcohol. 

AFco-ran' (aFko-ran'; al'ko-ran),^. [F., fr. Ar. al-qoran, 
orig., the reading, the book.] The Koran. 

al'cove (al'kov ; al-kov'), n. [Deriv. of Ar. al-qobbah arch, 
tent.] 1. Arch. A recessed portion of a room, or a small 
room opening into a larger one ; esp., a recess to contain a 
bed or a lateral recess in a library. 2. A garden bower. 

Al-cy'o-ne (al-sl'6-ne), n. [L. fr. Gr. 'AXkvovt].] Gr. 
Myth. 1. = Halcyone. 2. Astron. _ The brightest star 
of the Pleiades ; Eta (rj) Tauri or Pleiadum. 

Al-deb'a-ran (al-det/d-rdn), n. [Ar. al-debardn, fr. dabar 
to follow; because it follows the Pleiades.] Astron. A red 
star of the first magnitude, in the eye of Taurus ; the Bull's 
Eye; Alpha (a) Tauri or Hyadum. It is the brightest 
star in the Hyades. 

al'de-hyde (al'de-hid), n. [From afcohol dehydrogena.- 
tum, alcohol deprived of hydrogen.] Chem. a A very 
volatile liquid, CELs-CHO, got from alcohol by moderate 
oxidation, b Any of a class of compounds typified by com- 
mon, or acetic, aldehyde. — al'de-hy'dic (-hl'dik), a. 

al'der (61'der), n. [AS. air, aler, alor.] Any of a 
genus (Alnus) of trees 
or shrubs, the wood of 
which is used by turners 
and the bark by dyers 
and tanners. Alders 
usually grow in moist 
ground, often forming 
thickets. 

al'der-man (-man), n. [AS. aldor- 
mon, ealdorman ; ealdor a parent, 
head of a family (fr. eald, aid, old) 
+ man.] 1. In England and Ire- 
land: a Formerly, a city or borough 
magistrate ranking next below the 
mayor, b A member of the smaller 
of the two classes composing the 
town or county council. 2. In the . . 
U. S., a member of a city governing A ^Vru?tTn^Amlnts 
body, usually of the higher of two (a) . staminate Ament 
legislative chambers (board of al- (&). 
dermen and board of common councilmen). 

al'der-mau-ate (-at), n. Office or rank of alderman j body 
of aldermen. 

al'der-man-cy (-si), n. Office of an alderman. 

al'der-man'ic (-man'ik), a. Pertaining or becoming to an 
alderman; like, or characteristic of, an alderman. 

Al'der-ney (61'der-nT), n. Prop., one of a breed of cattle 
raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands ; commonly, 
one of any Channel Island breed of cattle, esp. the Jersey. 

Al'dine (alMln; 61'din), a. 1. Printed or published by 
Aldus Manutius, or his family (about 1490-1597), of 
Venice. 2. Designating certain elegant editions of English 
works or certain styles of display type. 

ale (al), n. [AS. ealu.] 1. A fermented liquor made from 
an infusion of malt, usually with the addition of hops. 2. A 
country festival, so called from the ale drunk. Eng. 

ale-a-to-ry (a'le-d-to-rT), a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea 
chance.] Law. Depending on an uncertain event or con- 
tingency as to both profit and loss ; as, aleatory contracts 
include wagering contracts, insurance contracts, etc. 

ale'con'ner (-kon'er), n. [ale -f- con, AS. cunnian to test.] 
Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale 
and beer ; one of the officers chosen in London to inspect 
the measures used in public houses. Eng. 

A-lec'to (d-lek'to), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXtjktw.] See Erinys. 

a-lee' (d-le'), adv. Naut. On or toward the lee. 

al'e-gar (al'e-gdr ; a'le-), n. [ale + eager sour, F. aigre.] 
Sour ale ; vinegar made of ale. 

ale'house 7 (al'housO, n. A house where ale is retailed. 

a-lem'bic (d-lem'bik), n. [F. alambic, Ar. al-anbiq, fr. 
Gr. a/*/3t£ cup, cap of a still.] _ An ap- 
paratus once much used in distillation. 

A-lep'po (d-lep'o), n. A Syrian city. 

Aleppo boil, button, or evil, Med., a 
chronic skin affection terminating in an 
ulcer. It is endemic along the Mediter- 
ranean. 

a-lert' (d-lurt'), a. [F. alerie, earlier d 
Verte on the watch, fr. It. all' erta on the 
watch, prop., on a height, fr. erta steep 
place, deriv. of L. erectus. See erect.] 

1. Watchful ; vigilant ; active in vigilance. 

2. Brisk ; nimble. — Syn. Lively, nimble, Alembic, 
prompt, ready. See vigilant. — n. Mil. An alarm from 



ALGONQUIAN 



a real or threatened attack ; also, a warning signal for a 
guard. — a-lert'ly, adv. — a-lert'ness, n. 
on the alert, on the lookout ; ready to act. 

a-leu'rone (d-lu'ron), n. [Gr. ahtvpov flour.] Bot. & 
Chem. Proteid matter occurring in many minute grains 
(aleurone grains) in seeds, and forming an external aleu- 
rone layer in cereals. — al'eu-ron'ic (al'u-ron'ik), a. 

Al'e-Ut (aFe-dot), n. A member of either of two tribes of 
Eskimauan stock, of the Aleutian Islands. 

A-leu'tian (d-lu'shdn ; d-loo'-) \ a. Of, pert, to, or designat- 

A-leu'tic (d-lu'tik ; d-loo'-) J ing, the chain of islands 
between Alaska and Kamchatka. — n. An Aleut. 

ale'wife 7 (al'wlf), n.; pi. -wives (-wlvz'). 1. A woman 
who keeps an alehouse. 2. [Perh. a different word.] Ar. 
American fish (Pomolobus pseudoharengus) of the herring 
family. It is a poor food fish. 

Al'ex-an'dri-an (al'eg-zan'dri-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to Alexandria in Egypt or Alexander the Great. 2. Desig- 
nating a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n. 

AFex-an'drine (-drin), a. [L. Alexandrinus.] Alexan- 
drian. — n. [F. alexandrin; because used in OF. poems 
on Alexander the Great.] A verse consisting regularly of 
six iambic feet, with the caesura after the third. 

aFex-an'drite (-drlt), n. [After Alexander II. of Russia.] 
Min. An emerald-green variety of chrysoberyl used as a 
gem. It shows a red color by transmitted or artificial light. 

a-lex'i-a (d-lek'si-d),n. [NL.; a- not -f-Gr. Xe£« speech.] 
Med. _ Inability to read, or, sometimes, to read aloud, due 
to brain disease. 

a-lex'in (-sin), n. [Gr. dXe&tj'to ward off.] A defensive 
proteid; usually specif., Physiol. Chem., one which de- 
stroys bacteria, as distinguished from antitoxin. 

a-lex'i-phar'micf-si-far'mik), a. [Gr.dXefi(£ dp^a/cos; &\e£eiv 
to keep off + ^dp/ia/cop poison.] Antidotal. 

al-fal'fa (al-fal'fd), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-facfagah.] A valua- 
ble fabaceous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and bluish, 
purple cloverlike flowers ; lucern ; purple medic. 

al-fiTa-ri'a (al-flFd-re'd), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] 
A European geraniaceous herb (Erodium cicutarium), 
cultivated as a forage plant. 

al-for'ja (al-for^ha ; E. al-for'jd), n. [Sp.] A saddlebag. 
al-fres'CO (al-freVko), adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the 
fresh.] In the open air ; open-air. 

al'ga (al'gd), «. ; pi. -gm (-je). [L.] A seaweed (broadly, 
a marine or fresh-water form), as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, 
etc. ; — chiefly used in pi. — al'gal (al'gdl), a. 

aFga-ro'ba (al'gd-ro'bd), n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al- 
kharrubah the carob tree.] Bot. a The carob ; also, its 
edible beans or pods, b The common mesquite, or its 
sweet, pulpy pods. C The West Indian locust. 

al'gate (ol'gat) 1 adv. [all -f- gate way -j- -s, adverbial. 

al'gates (-gats) j See -s, adv. suff.] Always ; wholly ; 
everywhere. Obs. or Dial. 

al'ge-bra (Sl'je-brd), n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of 
parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, boneset- 
ting, jabara to bind together.] 1. Math. That branch of 
mathematics which treats of the relations and properties 
of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. 2. A 
treatise on this science. 

aFge-bra'ic (al'jS-bra^ik) \a. Of or pertaining to algebra ; 

aFge-bra'i-cal (-bra'i-kdl)/ containing only operations of 
algebra (that is, additions, subtractions, multiplications, 
divisions, involutions, and extractions of roots) in finite 
numbers ; — opposed to transcendental. i-cal-ly, adv. 

al'ge-bra'ist (-bra'Tst), n. One versed in algebra. 

Al-ge'ri-an (al-je'rT-dn), a. & n. Of or pertaining to Al- 
geria. — n. A native of Algeria ; an Algerine. 

Al'ge-rine' (al'je-ren'), a. & n. Algerian. — n. A native 
of Algiers or Algeria, esp. one of Berber or Arab race. 

al'gid (al'jid), a. [L. algidus cold.] Cold ; chilly. 

al-gid'i-ty (al-jid'i-ti), n. Chilliness ; coldness. 

al'goid (al'goid), a. [alga-\-oid.] Like an alga. 

Al'gol (al'gol), n. [Ar. al-ghul the ghoul, ogre; — applied 
to the head of Medusa.] Astron. A fixed star, Beta 
(/3) Persei in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its 
periodic variation in brightness, supposedly due to eclipse 
by a satellite. 

al-gol'o-gy (al-gol'6-ji), n. [alga -f- -logy.] Study or science 
of algae, or seaweeds. — al-gol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

al-gom/e-ter (-gom'e-ter), n. [Gr. aXyos pain-| — meter.] 
An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pres- 
sure. — al'go-met'ric (aFgo-met'rik), -ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. 

Al-gon'ki-an (-gon'ki-dn), a. 1. Var. of Algonqdian. 
2. Geol. Pertaining to or designating a period or era 
between the Archaean and the Paleozoic, marked by both 
sedimentary and igneous rocks. 

Al-gon'qui-an (-ki-Sn), a. Also Al-gon'ki-an (-ki-dn). 
Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the 
linguistic families of North American Indians, including 
the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, 
Micmacs, Blackfeet, etc. — • n. An Algonquian Indian. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ALGONQUIN 



27 



ALL 



Al-gon'quin (al-gorj'kTn ), n. An Indian of an Algon- 
quian tribe or group of tribes of whom the greater number 
live in the province of Quebec ; loosely, any Algonquian. 

al'gor (al'gor), n. [L., cold, to.] Med. A sensation of 
coldness or chilliness occurring in the early stages of a fever. 

al'go-rism. (al'go-rlz'm), to. [ME. algorisme, fr. OF., 
fr. the Ar. al-KhowarezmT of Khowarezm, the modern 
Khiva, surname of the author of a 9th century work on 
arithmetic] 1. Art of calculating by nine figures and 
zero. 2. Art of calculating with any species of notation; 
as, the algorisms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc. 

al'gum (al'gum), to. = almug. 

Al-ham'Dra (al-ham'brd), to. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the -\-hamra 
red.] The alcazar of the Moorish kings at Granada. 

ATham-bresque' (aFham-bresk'), a. Made or decorated 
after the Saracenic or Arabesque style of the Alhambra. 

a'li-as (a'll-ds), adv. [L., fr. alius other.] Otherwise; 
otherwise called. — to. Another name ; an assumed name. 

A'li Ba'ba (a'le ba'ba). [Ar.] A woodcutter, in the 
"Arabian Nights," who enters the cave of the Forty 
Thieves by the use of the magic phrase "Open sesame!" 

al'i-bi (al'I-bl), to. [L., elsewhere, fr. alius other.] The 
plea, or the fact or state, of having been, at the alleged 
time of the commission of an act, elsewhere than at the 
alleged place of its commission. 

al'i-ble (al'I-b'l), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] 
Nutritive; nourishing. — al'i-bil'i-ty (al'i-bil'i-ti), n. 

al'i-dade (-dad), -dad (-dad), to. [LL. alidada, alhidada, 
fr. Ar. al-idddah a sort of rule.] That part of any optical, 
surveying, or measuring instrument which comprises the 
indicator, verniers, microscopes, etc. 

al'ien (al'yen), a. [OF., fr. L. alienus, fr. alius another.] 

1. Of or pertaining to another, esp. another country; 
foreign. 2. Wholly different in nature ; inconsistent (with) ; 
incongruous ; — used with from or to. — to. 1. A person of 
another family, race, or nation ; a foreigner. 2. A foreign- 
born resident of a country in which he is not a citizen. 
3. One excluded from certain privileges or estranged; as, 
aliens from God's mercies. — v.t. To alienate; estrange; 
transfer, as property. 

al'ien-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be alienated. — aVien- 
a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), to. 

al'ien-age (-aj), to. Status of an alien. 

al'ien-ate (-at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare to 
alienate, fr. alienus alien.] Estranged, — v. t.; -at'ed 
(-afed) ;_ -at'ing. 1. To convey or transfer, as property. 

2. To withdraw, as the affections; make ii. lifferent or 
averse, where love or friendship before subsisted ; estrange ; 
— usually used with from. — al'ien-a'tor (al'yen-r'tcr), to. 

allen-a'tion (-a'sh"n), to. 1. Act of alienating; state of 
being alienated. 2. Specif., mental derangement ; insanity. 

al'ien-ee' (-e'), to. One to whom property is aliened. 

al'ien-ism (al'yen-Iz'm), to. 1. Status of an alien ; alienage. 
2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind. 

al'ien-ist, to. A specialist in diseases of the mind. 

al'ien-or (al'yen-er ; -or'), to. One who alienates property. 

al'i-form (al/x-f&rm; a'li-), a. [L. ala wing +-/orm.] 
Wing-shaped ; winglike. 

a-light' (d-llt'), v. i.; a-light'ed, Rare a-lit/ (d-ITt') ; 
a-light'ing. [AS. alihtan, deriv. of liht, leoht, light 
(in weight).] 1. To spring down; get down; descend; 
dismount. 2. To lodge, rest, or step. 

a-light', a. & adv. [Orig. a p. p., deriv. of AS. alihtan to 
light.] Lighted ; flaming ; in a flame. 

a-ligne', a-line' (-lln'), v. t. & i.; a-ligned', a-lined' 
(-Hnd') ; a-lign'ing, a-lin'ing. [F. aligner ; d (L. ad) + 
ligne (L. linea) line.] To adjust or form to a line; range 
in a line or lines. 

a-lign'ment, a-line'ment (-ment), to. 1. Act of aligning; 
state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line. 
2. Engin. The ground plan, as of a railroad or fieldwork, 
in distinction from the grades or profile. 

a-like' (d-llk'), a. [AS. onlic or gelic.'] Having resem- 
blance or similitude ; similar ; — now almost always used 
in the predicate, and said of two or more things. — adv. 
In the same manner, form, or degree; in common ; equally. 

al'i-ment (al'I-ment), to. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to 
nourish.] Food; nutriment ; hence : sustenance ; means 
of support. — Syn. See pabulum. — v.t. To give aliment 
to. — - al'i-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. — al'i-men'tal-ly, adv. 

al'i-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri), a. Of or pertaining to aliment 
or nutrition ; nutritious ; alimental. 

alimentary canal, Anal., the canal extending from the 
mouth to the anus. 

al'i-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shun), to. Act or process of ali- 
menting ; nutrition ; state or mode of being nourished. 

al'i-men'tive-ness (-men'tiv-nes), to. The instinct or 
faculty of appetite for food. Chiefly in Phrenology. 

al'i-mo-ny (al'I-mS-ni), to._ [L. alimonia sustenance, 
alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance ; means of living ; 
aliment. 2. Law. An allowance made to. a woman out of 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to bections in Guide to 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. '| Foreign Word. + combined with. 



the property of him who is or was her husband, on legal 
separation or divorce, or during a suit for it. 

a-lme' (d-lln'), v. t. & i. Var. of align. — a-line'ment, n. 

al'i-nit (al'I-nit) \ to. [Perh. fr. L. alere to nourish -f- 

al'i-nite (-nit) _ / E. TOt'irogen.] Agric. A nearly pure 
culture of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium (Bacillus ellen- 
bachiensis), prepared and sold as a fertilizer for cereals. 

al'i-quant (-k want), a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; 
alius other -\-quantus how great.] Math. Designating a 
part of a number that does not divide the number without 
leaving a remainder; as, 5 is an aliquant part of 16; — 
opposed to aliquot. 

al'i-quot (-kwot), a. [L. aliquot some, several ; alius 
other +quot how manyj Math. Designating a part of a 
number that will divide the number without a remainder. 

Ha'li-un'de (a'll-un'de), adv. & a. [L.] From another 
source ; from elsewhere ; as, a case proved aliunde. 

a-live' (d-llv'), a. 1. Living. 2. Being in a state of action, 
force, or operation; unextinguished; existent; as, keep 
the fire alive. 3. Full of, or swarming with, beings or 
things in motion ; as, the air is alive with particles ; tha 
sand is alive with ants. 4. Sprightly ; lively ; brisk ; as, 
to keep alive. 5. Susceptible ; sensitive ; easily impressed ; 
as, alive to every sound. 
K^ Alive always follows the noun that it qualifies. 

aFi-za'ri (al'i-za'rl), to. Levant madder. 

a-liz'a-rin (d-liz'd-rin), to. Also -line. [F. alizarine, fr. 
alizari.~] Chem. A coal-tar dyestuff, Ci4He02(OH)2, for- 
merly prepared from madder, now from anthracene, and 
forming, when pure, a reddish yellow powder or orange-red 
crystals. Also, any of various related dyestuffs. 

al'ka-hest (al'kd-hest). to. [LL. alchahest or F. alca- 
hest.~] The fabled "universal solvent" of the alchemists. 

al'ka-les'cent (-les'eEt), a. Slightly alkaline. — al'ka- 
les'cence (-ens), arks -les'cen-cy (-en-si), to. 

al'ka-li (al'kd-ll; -li). to.; pi. -lies or -lis (-ITz; -liz). 
[Deriv. of Ar. al-qal\ ashes of saltwort.] 1. Soda ash. 
2. Chem. Any of various substances, as soda, potash, 
and ammonia, esp. soda, characterized by their peculiar 
taste, their action on test papers (red litmus, e. g., being 
changed to blue), and their forming salts with acids. The 
stronger alkalies are caustic, as caustic potash and caustic 
soda, of which the solutions are called lye. In a wider 
sense alkali includes lime, magnesia, sodium carbonate, 
etc. 3. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, 
contained in soils or natural waters. Western U. S. 

al-kal'ic (al-kal r !k) , a. 1. Alkaline. Rare. 2. Petrog. Con- 
taining potash and soda. 

alkali flat. A sterile plain of alkali soil at the bottom of an 
undrained basin ; a playa. 

aPka-li-fy (al'kd-l!-fT), v.t. & %.; -fled (-fid); -fy'ixg. 
{alkali + -fy.~] To alkalize. 

alkali metal. Chem. Any metal of the alkali group: 
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium. Their 
hydroxides are alkalies. 

aTka-lim'e-try (-lim'e-tri), to. Chem. Art or process 
of ascertaining the strength or amount of alkalies. 

al'ka-line (-lln ; -lin), a. Of, pert, to, or having the proper- 
ties of, an alkali or alkalies. — aFka-lin'i-ty (-lin'i-ti ), to. 
alkaline earths, Chem., the oxides of barium, calcium, 
and strontium (the alkaline earth metals). Some 
include also magnesium oxide. 

alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and 
semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble 
mineral salts, chiefly soda with less potash, and, usually, 
a little lime and magnesia, which effloresce in a white 
powder or crust during dry weather. Black alkali con- 
sists mostly of sodium carbonate ; white alkali, charac- 
terized by the presence of sodium sulphate, is less inju- 
rious to vegetation. 

al'ka-lize (-Hz), v. t. ; -lized (-llzd) ; -riz'rNG (-lIz'Tng'/To 
render alkaline. — al / ka-li-za , tion(-li-za'shwn ; -H-.T2'-), n . 

al'ka-loid (al'kd-loid), to. Chem. An organic substance, 
esp. one occurring naturally in plants or arirnals, having 
alkaline, or basic, properties. Specif., a /, 
as disting. from leucomaine and ■ptomai.ie. — al'ka/oidi 
al'ka-loi'dal (-loi'ddl), a. 

al'ka-net (Sl'kd-net), to. [Dim. of Sp. alcan:, in which al 
is the Ar. article. See henna.] 1. a A European p 
(Alkanna tinctoria) of the \ orage family or its root. 
b Bugloss. C The American puccoon. 2. Anchusin. 

al'ke-ken'gi (al / ke-keVji), to._ A sqlanaceous berb {Phy- 
salis alkekengi), or hr/ fruit, which is a well-flavored 
berry, loosely inclosed in a leafy calyx ; strawberry tomato. 

AHio-ran'. Var. of, Alcoran. 

all (61), a. [AS. pal, pi. ealle!] 1. The whole quantity, 
extent, duration; amount, quality, or degree of; the wnole, 
collectively or distributively ; any whatev( : ; every 2. 
Only ; alone ; nothing but ; as, it was all profit a ad no 
loss. — adv. Wholly ; entirely ; quite ; very. ~ n. Tli* 
whole; totality; hence, everything or ever} person, 
all but, almost; nearly. — all in all, eve thi ng* also 

iciation. 
- equals. 



B 



D 









G 



H 



> 



/ 



/ 



J 



K 



M 



ALLA BREVE 



28 



ALLOMORPH 



]a. [Gr. &WavToet.8ris sail- 
J sage-shaped; &XX as sausage 




(adverbially), wholly; altogether. — all in the wind, a 
Naut. With the head to the wind and all the sails flapping 
or shivering. I) In a flurry ; confused and uncertain as to 
what to do. — all the same, nevertheless. — at all, in 
any way or respect ; in the least degree or to the least 
extent ; under any circumstances ; — used, chiefly in neg- 
ative or interrogative sentences, for emphasis. 

[jal'la bre've (al'la. bra'va). [It., according to the breve."] 
Music. In quick Thr common time ; — indicated in the 
time signature by 5$Z . 

Al'lah (al'd ; Ar. al-la'), n. [Ar., fr. al the + ilah God.] 
The Supreme Being ; — used by Arabs and Mohammedans. 

Al / lan-a-Dale , (al'dn-d-dal'), n. In English ballads, a 
youth who (aided by Robin Hood) breaks up the wedding 
of his sweetheart to an old knight, and marries her himself. 

aMan-to'ic (-to'ik), a. Pertaining to, or contained in, 
the allantois; characterized by anjillantois 

al-lan'toid (d-lan'toid) 

aFlan-toi'dal (al'an-toi'dal) . 
+ eI5os form.] 1. Sausage-shaped. 2. Anat. Of or 
pertaining to the allantois. 

al-lan'to-is (d-lan'to-is), n. A fetal membrane in reptiles, 
birds, and mammals. In most mammals it forms the most 
important part of the umbilical cord and, with the chorin, 
forms the placenta. — al-lan'toid (-toid), a. 

al-lay' (d-la'), v. t. [AS. alecgan; a- -\- lecgan to lay.] 
1. To make quiet ; put at rest ; pacify ; appease; quell ; 
calm, as a tumult. 2. To alleviate ; abate ; mitigate, as 
pain. — Syn. See alleviate. — v. i. To diminish in 
strength ; abate. Obs. or R. — al-lay'er, n. 

al'le-cret (al'e-kret), n. [From _OF.] A kind of corselet 
used in the 16th century. 

alle-ga'tion (al'e-ga/shun), n. [L alle- 
gatio, fr. allegare, -gatum, to send a 
message, cite ; ad + legare to send;.] Act 
of alleging; that which is alleged; pos- 
itive assertion ; formal averment. 

al-lege' (a-lej/), v. t.; -leged' (-lejd'); 
-leg'ing (-lej'mg). [OF. esligier to buy, 
prop., to free from legal difficulties; L. 
ex -j- litigare to quarrel, sue.] 1. To bring 
forward with positiveness ; declare ; affirm ; 
assert. 2. To cite or quote. Archaic. 
3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, .„ . . 
or excuse, -al-lege'a-ble, a. -al-leg'er *$£*£»£ 
(-ley en), n. 

Syn. Allege, adduce, advance. To allege is to assert 
without proof, but with implication of readiness or ability 
to prove. To adduce is to bring forward as evidence for 
what has been alleged. To advance is to put forward or 
propose for acceptance 1 ; as, theories advanced by Newton. 

Al'le-ghe'ny (al'e-ga'nl), a. Also Al'le-gha'ny. Of or 
pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or their region. 

al-le'giance (a-le'jdns), n. [ME. alegeaunce; a- + OF. 
lige, liege, liege.] 1. The relation of a feudal vassal to 
his superior, or liege lord; duty of fidelity to one's king, 
government, or sovereign state. 2. Devotion or loyalty 
where obedience or service and respect are due. — Syn. 
See LOYALTY. 

al-le'giant (a-le'jant; -ji-dnt), a. Loyal. 

alle-gor'ic (al'e-gor'ik) la. Belonging to, or consist- 

al'le-gDr'i-cal (-gor'i-kal) J ing of, allegory ; figurative. 
— al'le-gor'i-cal-ly, adv. — al'le-gor'i-cal-ness. n. 

al'le-go-rist (al'e-go-rist), n. A writer of allegory. 

al'le-go-rize (-riz), v.t.; -rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'ing (-rlzlng). 
1. To form or turn into allegory. 2. To treat or under- 
stand as allegorical. — al'le-gor'i-za'tion (-gor'i-za'- 
shun), n. 

"gl'le-go-ry (-go-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [From L., fr. Gr. 
k^vyopla description of one thing under the image of 
another.] 1. Representation by a figurative story of 
something metaphorically suggested, but not expressly 
stated. "'• An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. "Pilgrim's 
Progress"^ a celebrated example of the allegory. 2. An 
instance of sifirh representation ; hence, an emblem. 

II alle-gret'to (ai'Ja-gret'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. 
Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. — n. 
A movement in this time. _ . 

B al-le'gro (al-la'gro), a. & adv. [It., merry, gay.] Music. 
Brisk ; lively ; briskly. — » n. An allegro piece or move- 
ment. .„ , 

Su le'lo-morph (S-le'16-mSrf), n. [Gr. dXXTjXcop of one 
another + -morph.] Biol. One of the pure unit charac- 
ters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells 
of Menddian hybrids, and exhibited among the organisms 

then selves. See Mendel's law. mof'phic (-mor'f lk), a. 

alle-iU'ia Hal'e-loo'yd), n. & inter j. [L. alleluia, fr. 
al'le-lu'iahj Gr., fr. Heb. hallelu-ydh.] =hallelujah. 
lallevmande' (a'l'-maNd'; al'e-mand'), n. [F., fr. alle- 
tnand,. German.] 1. Music, a Any of several lively 
German dances, b A dance movement in moderate two- 
fold time. 2. A certain figure in dancing. 



al-le'vi-ate (a-le'vT-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
alleviatus, p. p. of alleviare ; ad+levis light.] To lighten 
or lessen (physical or mental troubles) ; mitigate; — opposed 
to aggravate. — al-le'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 
Syn. Diminish, moderate, relieve, abate, soften, soothe, 
pacify, quiet, compose, mitigate, assuage, allay. — Alle- 
viate, mitigate, assuage, allay express relief from 
some painful state. To alleviate is to lighten, or render 
more tolerable ; mitigate, to soften or make milder ; as- 
suage, to quiet or render, less violent ; allay, to abate or 
bring down from tumult or disturbance. 

al-le'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of alleviating; also, that 
which alleviates. 

al-le'vi-a-tive (o-le'vi-d-tiv), a. Tending to alleviate; 
palliative. — n. That which alleviates. 

al'ley (al'i), n. ; pi. -leys (-iz). [Contr. of alabaster, of 
which it was orig. made.] A choice taw, or marble. 

aPley, n. [From OF., fr. OF. aler to go.] 1. A narrow 
passage ; esp.: a A walk or passage in a garden or park, 
bordered by trees or bushes, b A narrow way in a city. 
2. A place for playing at bowls, skittles, or the like. 

aPley-way (-wa/), n. An alley. 

All Fools' Day. The first day of April, a day on which 
sportive tricks are practiced. 

all fours. 1. All four legs of a quadruped ; or the two legs 
and two arms of a person ; — formerly all four. 2. Card 
Playing. = seven-up. 

to be, go, or run, on all fours, fig., to be on the same 
footing ; to correspond (with) exactly. 

all hail. All health ; — a phrase of salutation. 

AlFhal'low-mas, n. The feast of All Saints ; Hallowmas. 

AlFhal'lows (61'hal'oz), AlPhal'low (-5), n. All Saints' 
Day, or November 1st. — AlFhaPlow-tide' (-tld'), n. 

all'heal' (-helO, n. a The valerian, b The self-heal. 

aPli-a'ceous (al't-a'shus), a. Belonging to the genus 
(Allium) containing the garlic, onions, leeks, etc. ; having 
the smell or taste of garlic or onions. 

al-li'ance (d-ll'dns), n. [OF. aliance. See ally.] 1. 
State of being allied ; act of allying or uniting ; union of 
interests, esp. between families by marriage, or states, esp. 
independent ones, by treaty. 2. Union by relationship in 
qualities ; affinity ; as, the alliance between religion and 
morals. 3. A person or persons allied. — Syn. Combi- 
nation, association, compact, covenant, fusion, league, 
coalition, confederacy, confederation, federation. 

al-lied' (a-lld'), V- p. & p. a. from ally, v. 

al'li-ga'tion (al'i-ga'shun), n. [L. alligatio.~] Arith. 
An old rule of proportion used in the solution of problems 
concerning different ingredients. The rule is named from 
the method of connecting the terms by ligature-like signs. 

al'li-ga'tor (al'i-ga'ter), n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el 
lagarto de Indias the cayman or American crocodile), fr. 
L. lacertus lizard.] Any of several crocodilians (genus Al- 
ligator and allied genera) in which the snout is shorter and 
broader than in the crocodiles, and the teeth of the lower 
jaw shut into pits instead of into marginal notches. They 
are mainly American. 

alligator pear. The avocado. 

al-lit'er-ate (d-lTt'er-at), v.i.& t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing 
(-at'mg). To make, constitute, or arrange in, alliteration. 

al-lit'er-a'tion (d-lit'er-a'shun), n. [LL. alliteratio. See 
ad- ; letter.] 1. Repetition oi the same letter or sound 
at the beginning of words succeeding each other immedi- 
ately, or at short intervals; as in: ".Fly o'er waste /ens 
and windy /ields." 2. Specif. : Recurrence of the same con- 
sonant sound, or of vowel sounds, initially in accented sylla- 
bles of verse; as in "In a somer seson when soft was the 
sonne." 

al-lit'er-a-tive ( d-lTt'er-a-tiv ), a. Pertaining to, or 
characterized by, alliteration ; as, alliterative poetry. 
— al-lit'er-a-tive-ly, adv. — al-lit'er-a-tive-ness, n. 

al'li-um (dl'i-wm), n. [L. alium or allium garlic] Bot. 
A plant, bulb, or flower of a very large genus (Allium) of 
liliaceous plants including the onion, garlic, leek, etc. 

al'lo- (al'6-). A combining form from Greek AXXos other; 
as in aZZopathic, aWotropic. 

al'lo-cate (al'o-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. 
[LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare; L. ad -f- locare to place.] 
To distribute ; assign; allot. — al'lo-ca'tion (-ka'shftn), n. 

al'lO-CU'tion (al'o-ku'shwn), n. [L. allocutio, fr. alloqui 
to speak to ; ad + loqui to speak.] An address ; a horta- 
tory or authoritative address. 

alTod, al-lo'di-al, al-lo'di-um, etc. Vars. of alod, etc. 

al-lom'er-ism (d-lom'er-iz'm), n. [alio- + Gr. uipos 
part.] Chem. & Min. Variability in chemical constitu- 
tion without variationincrystallineform. er-OUS (-Us), a. 

al'lo-morph (al'o-morf), n. [alio- + -morph.'] Min. a 
Any of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same 
substance, or the substance having such forms ; as, 
carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and 
aragonite. b A variety of pseudomorph which has under- 
gone partial or complete change or substitution of material ; 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ALLOMORPHIC 



29 



ALMANDINE 



thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. — 
al'lo-mor'phic (-mor'flk), a. — mor'phism (-flz'm), n. 

al'lo-path' (al'o-path'), al-lop'a-thist (d-lop'd-thlst), n. 
One who practices allopathy. 

al'lo-path'ic (al'6-path'ik), o. Pertaining to allopathy. — 
al'lo-path'i-cal-ly, adv. 

al-lop'a-thy (d-lop'd-thT), n. System of medical practice 
combating disease by remedies producing effects different 
from those of the disease treated. 

al'lo-phane (al'6-fan), n. [Gr. &X\o<j>ai>r)s appearing other- 
wise ; &\Xos other -f- <t>aive<jdai to appear ; — so called be- 
cause its appearance changes before the blowpipe.] Min. 
A native hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is usually amor- 
phous, and translucent, and is of any of various colors. 

allot '(a-lof), v. t. ; -lot'ted ; -lot'ting. [OF. aloter ; a 
(L. ad) + lot lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distrib- 
ute in portions; assign or set apart as a share, lot, or part. 
Syn. Allot, apportion, assign, appoint imply appro- 
priation to a special purpose. To allot is to set apart a 
specific portion or share for a particular person or end, 
without implied reference to any other ; as, within the 
allotted time. Apportion implies other similarly allotted 
shares ; as, he apportioned his time among his several 
duties. Assign and (more definitely) appoint imply an 
authoritative designation or determination of persons or 
parts ; as, to assign the parts in a play ; to appoint a time 
for the rehearsal. 

al-lot'ment (d-lot'ment), n. Act of allotting or that 
which is allotted ; apportionment. 

al'lo-trope (al'o-trop), n. Chem. An allotropic form. 

al'lo-trop'ic (trop'Tk) 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or exhibit- 

allo-trop'i-cal (-f-kal) J ing, allotropism. cal-ly, adv. 

al-lot'ro-pism (d-lot'ro-piz'm) In. [ Gr. iWoTpoirla va- 

al-lot'ro-py (al-ot'ro-pl) J riety ; fiXXos other -f- 

rpdiros direction.] Chem. Capability of existing in two 
or more conditions distinguished by differences in proper- 
ties, as in the case of carbon, which occurs in the forms of 
the diamond, black lead, lampblack, charcoal, etc. 

all'o'ver (61'5'ver), n. Embroidered or lace material in 
which the design or pattern extends over the entire surface. 

al-low' (5-lou'), v. t. [OF. alouer, aloer, to place, use, 
assign, fr. LL. allocare ; confused with OF. aloer to 
approve, fr. L. allaudare to extol.] 1. To approve of ; 
sanction. 2. To invest; intrust. 06s. 3. To grant, give, 
admit, accord, afford, or yield ; to let one have ; as, to 
allow money for expenses. 4. To own or acknowledge, as 
a claim ; accept as true ; concede. 5. To grant as a 
deduction or an addition ; esp., to abate or deduct ; as, 
to allow a gallon for leakage. 6. To grant license to ; 
permit; as, to allow a pupil to be absent.— v. i. To 
approve, admit, or concede ; make allowance or abate- 
ment ; — often used with of or for. 

Syn. Allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. Allow and 
permit are often used as convertible. But allow is less 
formal than permit, and may imply little more than 
forbearance of prohibition. To consent (to) is to acquiesce 
in what is desired or proposed by another. To suffer 
(now somewhat bookish in this sense) is often a mere 
synonym for allow; as, "Suffer little children to come 
unto me". Tolerate implies endurance of what is 
contrary to one's will or desire ; as, barely to tolerate 
his presence. 

al-low'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Permissible.— al-low'a-bly, adv. 

al-low'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of allowing; that which is 
allowed ; authorization ; sanction. 2. Specif. : a Com. 
A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, 
as tare and tret, b Coinage. = tolerance. — Syn. 
Acknowledgment ; share, portion ; abatement, deduction. 

— v. t. ; -anced (-dnst) ; -anc-ing (-an-sing). To put on a 
fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink). 

al-low'ed-ly (-ed-li), adv. By allowance ; admittedly. 

al-loy' (d-loi'), v. t. [F. aloyer, OF. aloier, alier, to com- 
bine, fr. L. alligare. See ally, v. t.~\ 1. To reduce the 
purity of by mixing with a less valuable metal ; as, to 
alloy gold with copper. 2. To mix so as to form an alloy. 
3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture ; as, pleasure 
alloyed with pain. 

— n. 1. Quality in reference to being mixed with base 
metals ; comparative purity ; fineness. 2. A substance 
composed of two or more metals, or, by extension, of 
a metal and a nonmetal, intimately united, usually by 
fusing ; also, the state of union of the components. 3. A 
baser metal which is mixed with a finer one, esp. with 
a precious metal. 4. A mixture of a baser metal with a 
finer one. 5. Admixture of anything that debases; an 
alien or impairing element or part. 

alT-pos-sessed', a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by 
evil passions ; wild. Colloq. 

all'-round 7 (109), a. Extending all round ; hence, having 
general capability or excellence. Colloq. 

All Saints, or All Saints' Day. November 1st ; a feast 
day in honor of all saints ; also, the season of this festival. 

all'seed 7 (61'sed'), n. Any of several many-seeded plants, 



as knotweed, a certain goosefoot (Chenopodium poly- 
spermum), etc. 

All Souls' Day. R. C. Ch. November 2d ; a day of 
solemn supplication for all the souls in purgatory. 

all'spice' (61'spis'), n. The berry of the pimento, a tree of 
the West Indies of the myrtle family ; also, the mildly 
pungent and aromatic spice prepared from it. 

al-lude' (d-liid'). v. i. ; -lud'ed (-lud'gd) ; -lud'ing. [L. al- 
ludere to play with ; ad + ludere to play.] To refer indi- 
rectly or by suggestion; — followed by to; as, the story 
alludes to a recent transaction. 

Syn. Hint, point, relate, refer. — Allude, refer. To 
allude to a thing is to touch it indirectly or by suggestion, 
without distinct mention or specification ; to refer to a 
thing is specifically and distinctly to introduce or mention it. 

al-lure' (3-lur'), v. t. ; -lured' (-lurd') ; -lur'inc. [OF. 
aleurrer, alurer ; a (L ad) -\- leurre lure.] To tempt or 
draw by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, 
real or apparent ; entice ; attract. — al-lur'er (-lur'er), n. 
Syn. Attract, tempt, prevail on, insnare, entrap ; lure, 
entice, inveigle, decoy, seduce. — Allure, lure, entice, 
inveigle, decoy, seduce agree in the suggestion of an 
attracting influence, usually evil or deceptive. To allure 
is to draw by the prospect or offer (not necessarily decep- 
tive) of some future good ; as, he allured, rather than 
forced, his pupils to learning. Lure implies a stronger, 
usually a baleful, attraction ; as, lured to his ruin. To 
entice is to allure artfully and adroitly ; to inveigle is 
to entice by beguiling and cajoling ; as, he was enticed into 
speculation by a plausible swindler ; inveigled by false 
promises. To decoy is to lead into danger by artifice, 
esp. by false appearances. To seduce is to lead astray, 
usually by overcoming scruples, from rectitude, propriety, 
or duty. 

al-lure'ment (d-lur'ment), n. Act of alluring ; that which 
allures ; temptation ; enticement ; attraction ; bait. 

al-lur'ing, p. a. That allures ; attracting ; charming ; 
tempting. — al-lur'ing-ly, adv. — al-lur'ing -ness, n. 

al-lu'sion (a-lu'zhMn), n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to 
allude.] Act of alluding ; indirect reference ; hint. 

al-lu'sive (-siv), a. Making allusion; containing an allu- 
sion. — al-lu'sive-ly, adv. — al-lu'sive-ness, n. 

al-lu'vi-al (-vl-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or contained in, allu- 
vium. — n. Alluvium; in Australia, gold-bearing alluvium. 
alluvial cone or fan, Phys. Geog., the deltalike alluvial 
deposit formed by a stream where it issues from a gorge 
upon an open plain. 

al-lu'vi-on (-on), n. [F., fr. L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash 
against ; ad + lucre to wash.] 1. An overflowing ; inunda- 
tion ; flood. 2. = alluvium. 3. Accession to land by 
gradual increase, as by deposit of alluvium. It belongs to 
the owner of the land to which it is added. Cf. avulsion. 

al-lu'vi-um (-Mm), n.; pi. E. -viums (-Mmz), L. -via (-d). 
[L., neut. of alluvius alluvial.] A deposit of earth, sand, 
or other material, made by the ordinary mechanical action 
of running water ; soil or land so formed. 

all'work' (61'wurk'), n. Work of all kinds. 

al-ly' (d-11'), v. t. & i.; -lied' (-lid') ; -ly'ing. Generally 
used passively or reflexively. [OF. alier, fr. L. alligare 
to bind to ; ad + ligare to bind.] 1. To unite, or form a 
connection between, as families by marriage or states by 
treaty; to join by an alliance; — often used with to or 
with._ 2. To connect, or form a relation between, by 
similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. 

— n.; pi. allies (o-llz'). 1. One united to another by 
treaty or league ; usually, a sovereign or state so united ; 
a confederate. 2. A person or thing related to another 
by any tie, as by love or interest. 3. An associate ; a 
helper. 4. Anything akin to another by similarity of 
structure, etc. 

al'lyl (al'il), n. [L. allium garlic -f -yl.~\ Chem. Ad un- 
saturated univalent radical, C3H5, two of whosp/'com- 
pounds are the oils of garlic and mustard. — al-lyl'ic 
(a-lil'ik), a. 

allyl alcohol. Chem. A colorless pungent llj.-. aid, CdUOK, 
variously obtained, as by heating glycerin with oxalic 
acid. 

allyl sulphide. Chem. A colorless oil,., (CaH&^S, the chief 
constituent of oil of garlic. 

al'ma-gest (al'md-jest), n._ Also .rM'ma-gest. [From F., 
fr. LL., fr. Ar. al-majisti, fr. Gr. neyier™ (sc. crWa£«), 
the greatest composition. 1 /a famous astronomical \ 
of the 2d century a. d., h/y 'Claudius Ptoler ; beri< 
of various medieval works, as on astrology ox alchefty. 

IIAl'ma Ma'ter (al'rnd ma'ter). [L.] Lit., fostering 
mother. Hence, a. 'university, college, or school where a 
person has been/educated. 

al'ma-nac (ol'rrid-nak), n. [LL. ] A bool or table con- 
taining a calendar of days, weeks, and months, to which 
astronomiccal data and various statistics are ften acHed. 

al'man-(Jfine (al'man-dm), n. [For alabctndii 
alabarfidina a precious stone, fr. Alabaniia, a to- . 
Cajna.] A variety of garnet, esp. the deep red g^.n. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



H 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. ( Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to P 'ion 

u-«»o„q t | „« n f Ahhrovinrinn* u««l in this work. Signs, etc.. orecedt ; Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined Mk, - -~o um 



1 



ALME 30 

al'meh, al'me (al'me), n. ; Ar. pi. awalim (d-wa'lim). 
[Ar. 'almah learned.] An Egyptian female musical 
entertainer who sings and improvises verse. 

al-me'mar (al-me'mar), n. [Ar. al the -\-miribar pulpit.] 
A platform in a Jewish synagogue, bearing the reading 
desk from which are read the Pentateuch and the Prophets. 

al-might'y (ol-mlt'I), a. [AS. ealmihtig, selmihtig ; eal 
all + mihtig mighty.] Omnipotent; all-powerful. — al- 
might'i-ly, adv. — al-might'i-ness, n. 
The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8. 

Al'mo-hades (al'mo-hadz; -hadz),_n. pi. [Ar. al the + 
muwahhid, prop., professing the unity of God.] Members 
of the Islamitic sect founded by Mohammed ibn Abdallah, 
maintaining the unity of God ; also, caliphs of the dynasty 
which this sect established in Africa and Spain in the 12th 
and 13th centuries. — Al'mo-hade (-had; -had), n. & a. 

al'mond (a'mund ; al'mund), n. [F., amande, fr. OF., fr. 
L. amygdala, fr. Gr. invydaXi).'] A small tree {Amyg- 
dalus communis) of the same genus as the peach ; also, 
its fruit, esp. its nutlike kernel. See fruit, Illust. 

al'mon-er (al'miin-er), n. [OF. almosnicr, aumosnier, 
fr. almosne alms, L. eleemosyna. See alms.] One who 
gives or dispenses alms for another. 

al'mon-ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). The place where an 
almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. 

Al-mo'ra-vides Cll-mo'rd-vidz), n. pi. [Ar. al-murabitun, 
fr. rabita the cell of a devotee.] The members of an African 
tribe formed into a sect by the Mohammedan mission- 
ary Abdallah ibn Yasim. Also, the non-Arab caliphs of 
his dynasty. They overthrew the Ommiads in northwestern 

■ Africa and Spain in the 11th century, ruling till about 1150. 
— Al-mo'ra-vide (-vld), n. & a. 

al'most (ol'most ; emphatic 61'most'), adv. [AS. eal- 
msest, selmxst, quite the most, almost all.] Nearly ; 
well-nigh ; all but; for the greatest part. 

alms (amz), n. sing. & pi. [AS. selmysse, fr. L. eleemo- 
syna, Gr. iXeijfiocruvri mercy, charity, alms, fr. iXeelv to 
pity.] 1. Charity ; work of mercy. Obs. 2. Anything 
given gratuitously to relieve the poor ; a gift of charity. 

alms'giv'ing (-giv'ing), n. The giving of alms. — Syn. 

I See PHILANTHROPY. 

almshouse' (-hous'), n. A house for the use of paupers. 

alms'man (-men), n.; fcm. alms'wom'an (-woom'dn). 
1. A recipient of alms. 2. A giver of alms. Rare. 

al-mud' (al-mood'), al-mude' (-mud'), n. [From Ar. al- 
mudd a dry measure.] A measure of capacity in Turkey, 
Spain, Mexico, etc., varying as a dry measure from 2 to 
21 quarts, as a liquid measure from about 5 to 32 quarts. 

al'mug (al'mug), al'gum (al'giim), n. [Heb. almug, 
algum.'] Bib. A tree which yields a valuable wood, 
mentioned in 1 Kings x. 11, 12; 2 Chron. ii. 8; ix. 10, 11. 
This tree is usually regarded as the sandalwood. 

al'od (al'od), n. Alodial land or estate; alodium. 

a-lo'di-um, al-lo'di-um (d-lo'di-urn), n. [LL., of G. 
origin.] Law. Land held in absolute independence^ not 
subject to any superior; — opposed to feud. — a-lo'di-al, 
or al-lo'di-al (d-lo'di-al), a. 

al'oe (al'o), n. ; pi. -oes (-oz). [L. aloe, Gr. 6X617, aloe.] 
1. [In form aloes construed as sing .] The 
fragrant resin or wood of the agalloch. 2. 
Any of a large genus {Aloe) of succulent 
liliaceous plants, chiefly South African. 
Several yield a medicinal juice. 3. [Us- 
ually in form aloes, construed as sing.~\ 
The inspissated juice of the aloe. — al'o- 
et'ic (-o-et'ik), a. 
xa-loft (d-loff ; 62 ), adv. [a- on -f loft, 
vyhich properly meant air.} 1. On high : 
hig^ above the ground or the earth. 2 
Naud v In the top ; overhead. 

al'o-in V^l'S-ln), n , Chem. A bit- 
ter. r ^c^lline, purgative sub- 
re ur^ng in the aloe or its 
juice. X 

alone' (d-lon'), a^[all -f- one.] 
Quite Dy one's self c\r itself; specif. : 
a Solitary ; as, to\be alone, b 
Being, considered, or taiken, with- 
out anything more or any c->ne else; Aloe, a Entire plant 
only*'; as, to live by bread alo-xr \ c (much reduced) ; 6 Sin- 
Sob ; exclusive. Rare, d Unique* ; gle flower (i)« 
rare ; matchless. — Syn. See solidary. 
BSPThe adj. alone commonly follows its noun. 

— - adv. Solely ; simply ; exclusively. \ 

along' fd-iong'; 62), adv. [AS. andlaxng.'] 1. Length- 
wise ; — now usually used with by ; as, it lives along by the 
wall. 2. In a line, or progressively ; onwardy as, the boat 
goes along smoothly ; come along. 3. In corhipany ; co- 
ir ; — used with with ; as, he protested along*, with the 
go along with me. 4. At length ; as, to be iki 1 all 
?. — prep. By the length of ; lengthwise of. 



ALTAIR 




t ' Va »» 



a-long', adv. [AS. gelang owing to.] Now used only in : 
along of, along on {often shortened to long of) , owing 
to ; on account of. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

a-long'shore' (-shor'; 57), adv. Along the shore or coast. 

a-long'side' (-sldO, adv. & prep. Along or by the side; 
side by side_with ; — often used with of. 

a-loof (d-loof), adv. At or from a distance; apart; 
away; — commonly, in a figurative sense, in: to stand, 
keep, or hold, aloof (from), to take no part (in) or show 
no sympathy (with). — a-loof'ness, n. 

al'0-pe'ci-a (al'6-pe'shi-d ; -si-d),ra. [L.,fr. Gr. &\uire K [a, 
fr. &X«7T77£ fox, because loss of the hair is common 
among foxes.] Med. Loss of the hair ; baldness. 

a-loud' (d-loud'), adv. Loudlv ; audibly. 

a-low' (d-lo') ( adv. Below. Chiefly Naut. 

alp (alp), n. < [L. Alpes the Alps.] A lofty mountain. Spe- 
cif, leap.'] , in pi., the highest chain of mountains in Europe. 

al-pac'a (al-pak'd), n._ [Sp., fr. Peruvian.] A kind cf 
domesticated llama with fine long woolly hair; also, its 
hair or a thin kind of cloth made wholly or chiefly of it. 

al'pen-glow' (al'pen-gloO, n. A reddish glow seen neur 
sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains. 

al'pen-horn' (-horn'), alp'horn' (alp'hcm'), n. [C. 
Alpenhorn.'] A wooden horn about three feet long, curv- 
ing upward and flaring toward the front, used among 
the Swiss, now chiefly by cowherds. 

al'pen-StOCk' (al'pen-stokO, n. [G.; Alp+stock stick.] 
An iron-pointed staff used in mountain climbing. 

al-pes'trine (al-pes'trm), a. [LL. alpestris.'] 1. Pert, to 
the Alps, or high mountains. 2. Dot. Subalpine. 

al'pha (al'fd), n. [L., fr. Gr. &\^a, of Semitic origin.] 

1. The first letter [A, a] of the Greek alphabet, corres- 
ponding to English A, a. 2. Hence, the first or begin- 
ning; formerly, also, the chief. 

alpha and omega, the beginning and the end ; hence : 
the chief ; the whole. Rev. i. 8 ; xxii. 13. 

al'pha-D8t (-bet), n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. &X<£a and 
/3^ra, the first two Greek letters.] 1. The letters of a 
language in their customary order; a series or set of letters 
or signs which form the elements of a written language. 

2. The rudiments; elements; AB C.— v. t. To alphabetize. 
aFpha-foet'ic (-bet'ik) \ a. Of, pertaining to, or in the 
al'pha-bet'i-cal (-i-kal) ( order of, the letters of the 

alphabet. — aFpha-be'c'i-cal-ly, adv. 

al'pha-bet-ize (al'fd-bet-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). To arrange alphabetically. 

alpha rays. Physics & Chem. Rays of low penetrating 
power emitted by radioactive substances, and capable of 
slight deflection by a strong magnetic or electric field. 

Al-phe'us (al-fe'&s), n. [Gr. 'AX^eios.] See Arethusa. 

alp'horn'. = alpenhorn. 

al-pho'sis (al-fo'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dX0<5s leprosy.] 
Med. Absence of pigment in the skin, either congenital, 
as in albinism, or produced by disease, as in forms of leu- 
coderma. 

Al'pine (al'pin; -pin), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or like, the Alns 
or [I. c] any lofty mountain. 2. Pert, to, or growing in, 
a mountain zone so lofty as to have an arctic climate. 

al'pin-ist, n. A climber of the Alps or lofty mountains. 

al-read'y (pl-red , i), adv. [all + ready.'} Prior to some 
specified time ; previously. 

Al-sa'tian (al-sa/shon), a. Pertaining to Alsatia, or Alsace, 
in Germany, or to Alsatia, the precinct of Whitefriars in 
London, where formerly a Carmelite monastery stood, 
and whither lawbreakers formerly resorted for sanctuary. 

— n. An inhabitant of either of these places. 

al'sike (al'sik), n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A Euro- 
pean clover (Tri folium hybridum) with pinkish or white 
flowers ; Swedish clover. 

Al Si-rat' (as se-rat'). [Ar. al-sirat the road.] a In the 
Koran, generally, the "right way" of religion, b In 
Moslem tradition, the bridge to paradise over the infernal 
fire. It is narrower than a spider's web, and from it the 
wicked soon fall into hell. 

al'so (61'so; ol'so), adv. & conj. [From AS., lit., all so; 
hence, "quite so."] In the same manner (as something 
else); likewise; hence: in addition; as well; too. 
Syn. Also, too, likewise are used in adding one proposi- 
tion or consideration to another. Also adds to a statement 
something which may be affirmed equally with what pre- 
cedes. Too is less formal than also. Likewise is more for- 
mal and slightly more explicit than also ; but it no longer 
necessarily implies specific likeness or connection. 

alt (alt), a. Music. High in the scale. — n. The octave 
above the treble staff. 

Al-ta'ian (al-ta'yon), a. Pert, to the Altai Mountains 
of central Asia or designating peoples or languages of the 
Ural-Altaic linguistic group. — n. Any Altaian individual ; 
specif., a member of a Tatar tribe of the Altai Mountains. 

Al-ta'ir (ai-ta'ir), n. [Ar. al-falr the flying.] A star of 
the first magnitude in the constellation Aquila ; Alpha (a) 
Aquilae. 



lie, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sola; eve, event 'end, recent, maker; ice, 111; 51d, obey, Orb, odd, soit, < 
tt, >kn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oifl; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdj 



connect; 
verdure (87); 



ALTAR 



31 



ALVINE 



1. A raised struc- 




Ancient Roman Altar, 
in the Museum at Aries. 



ttl'tar f81'ter); n. [AS., fr. L. nltare.] 
ture, or any structure or place, on 
which sacrifices are offered or 
incense is burned in religious wor- 
ship. 2. In the Christian church, 
the Communion table. 3. leap.'] 
Astron. The constellation Ara. 

al'tar-age (-aj),7i. Eccl. a The 
offerings made upon the altar, 
or to a church, b A fund to pro- 
vide for the saying of Masses 
at an altar. 

al'tar-piece' (-pes'), n. The dec- 
orative work of art above and 
behind an altar; reredos. 

alt-az'i-muth (alt-az'i-mwth), 7i. 
[ altitude -}- azimuth. ] Astron. 
An instrument for simultaneously 
observing the azimuth and altitude of a celestial body. 

al'ter (61'ter), v. t. [From F., fr. LL., fr. L. alter other.] 

1. To make otherwise ; make different without changing 
into something else ; vary ; modify. 2. To geld. Colloq. 

— v. i. To become different ; change. 
al'ter-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being altered. 
al'ter-ant (-ant), a. Altering. — n. A thing that alters. 
al'ter-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of altering ; _ state of 

being altered. 2. Result of altering; modification. 

al'ter-a-tive (61'ter-a-tiv), a. Causing alteration ; specifi- 
cally, Med., gradually changing, or tending to change,_a 
morbid state into one of health without sensible change in 
the evacuations. — 72.*- An alterative medicine or treatment. 

al'ter-cate (al'ter-kat ; 61'-), v. i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cas- 
ing. [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercari, fr. alter another.] 
To contend warmly in words ; dispute ; wrangle. 

al'ter-ca'tion (-ka/shim), n. Warm contention in words; 
controversy ; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. 

al'tern (al'tern ; 61'-), a. [L. alternus.] Alternate. 

al-ter'nate (al-tur'nat; al'ter-), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of 
alternare to alternate, fr. alternus, fr. alter other.] 1. 
Occurring or succeeding by turns ; one following the^ other ; 
first one and then the other by turns ; hence, reciprocal. 

2. Every other ; every second ; as, read the alternate lines. 

3. Bot. a Distributed, as leaves, singly 
at different heights of the stem, and at 
equal intervals as respects angular diver- 
gence, b Alternated with other organs. 

— n. A substitute; one designated or 
authorized to take the place of another, 
if necessary, in performing some duty. 
— al-ter'nate-ly, adv. — nate-ness, n. 

al'ter-nate (al'ter-nat ; 61'-), v. t.; -nat'- 
et> (-naVed) ; -naming. _ To perform by 
turns, or in succession ; interchange reg- 
ularly ; cause to alternate. — v. i. 1. To 
happen, succeed, act, or the like, by 
turns, or in alternation ; follow reciprocally ; — often used 
with with. 2. Elec. Of a current, to reverse periodically 
and rapidly in direction of flow. Also, to produce, or be 
operated by, a current that alternates. 
al'ter-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of alternating; alternate 

succession, performance, or occurrence. 
al-ter'na-tive (al-tiir'nd-tiv ; 61-), a. 1. Offering a choice 
(strictly a necessary one) of two (or, loosely, several) 
things ; offering for choice a second thing or proposition. 
2. Disjunctive ; as, an alternative conjunction. — n. 1. An 
offer or statement of two things, one of which may, or 
strictly must, be chosen, but not both; also, either of the 
things offered. 2. A choice or off " of choice between 
more than two things or courses ; hence, any of the things 
so offered. — al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. 

Syn. Alternative, choice, option, election, prefer- 
ence imply opportunity to choose. An alternative, as 
strictly used, offers two things, of which Gne must be 
chosen. A choice offers the opportunity, wi'.hout com- 
pulsion, of choosing between two or more things. Option 
| stresses still further the liberty o f choice. Election 
emphasizes the selective element ii making a choice ; 
preference, the desire or predilection that accompanies 
the act of choosing. 
al'ter-na'tor (al'ter-na'ter ; 81'-), n. Ehc. An electric 
generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents. 
al-thae'a, (al-the'd), n. 1. Any malvaceous plant of the 
genus (Althaea) including the marshmallow and hollyhock. 
2. Also al-ths'a. A malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus syric- 
cus) with showy flowers. 
alt'horn' (alt 'horn'), n. {alt + horn.] Music. An instru- 
ment of the saxhorn family, used in military music. 
al-though', al-tho' (61-tho'), cory. [all + thougn.] Grant 
all this ; supposing that ; notwithstanding ; thr ugh. 
Syn. Although, though. Although, origirtf.lly mor; 
emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with ii. 




Alternate 
Leaves. 



al-tim'e-ter (al-tim'e-ter), n. [LL. ; altus high +metrum, 
Gr. ukroov measure.] An instrument for taking altitudes, 
as a quadrant, sextant, etc. — al-tim'e-try (-trt), n. 

al'ti-scope (al'tf-skop), n. [L. altus high + -scope."] An 
extensible telescopic tube with elbows having reflectors eo 
arranged that the observer can by its use see over or 
around obstacles. 

al-tis'o-nant (al-tis'o-ndnt), a. [L. altus high-f sonant.'] 
High-sounding; lofty or pompous. 

al'ti-tude (-tud), n. _ [L. altitudo, It. altus high.] 1. Ex- 
tent upward ; vertical, or perpendicular, elevation above 
a given level, esp. above sea level. Also, elevation in de- 
gree, rank, etc. 2. Astron. Elevation above the hori-on. 
— Syn. See height. — al'ti-tu'di-nal (-tu'di-nal), a. 

al'to (al'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [It., high.] Music, a The 
part sung by the highest male or lowest female, or contralto, 
voice, between tenor and soprano, b An alto voice or 
singer. 

aFto-CU'mu-lus (aFto-ku'mu-lws), n. [L. altus high -f L. 
& E. cumulus.] Meteor. A fleecy cloud formation 
consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets 
with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows. 

al'to-geth'er (ol'too-getb'er), adv. Without exception ; 
wholly ; completely. — n. A whole ; tout ensemble. 

al'to-re-lie'vo (al'to-re-le'vc) ; pi. -vos (-voz)ln. [It. alto- 

|| al'tO-ri-lie'VO (al'to-re-lya'vo) ; pi. -vi (-ye) / rilievo.] 
Sculp. High relief ; sculpture in high relief. 

aFto-stra'tUS (al'to-stra'tfts), 7i. [L. altus high + ~L. & E. 
stratus.] Meteor. A cloud formation similar to cirro- 
stratus, but heavier and at a lower level. 

al'tru-ism (al'troo-iz'm), n. [From F., fr. It. altrui of or 
to others, L. alter another.] Regard for, and devotion to, 
the interests of others ; — opposed to egoism or selfishness. 

al/tru-ist, n. One who believes in or practices altruism. 

al'tru-io'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of or pertaining to altruism ; 
actuated by a regard for the welfare of others ; — opposed 
to egoistic or selfish. — al'tru-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

al'U-d3l (al'u-del), 7i. [F., fr. Ar. al-uthal] Chem. One 
of the series of pear-shaped or bottle-shaped pots, open 
at both ends, used to form a condenser in sublimation. 

al'u-la (-Id), n.; L. pi. -is. (-le). [NL., dim. of L. ala a 
wing.] Zo'ol. The bastard wing of birds. 

al'um (al'um), n. [OF., fr. L. alumen alum.] The 
sulphate of potassium and aluminium, KA1(S04)2*12H20, 
used in medicine as a styptic and astringent. Also, any of 
a series of double sulphates isomorphic with this alum. 

a-lu'mi-na (d-lu'mi-nd), n. [L. alumen, aluminis, alum.] 
The oxide of aluminium. Alumina is the most widely 
distributed earth, and is the chief constituent of all clays. 

a-lu'mi-nate (-nat), n. Chem. A salt of aluminium 
hydroxide, formed when the latter acts as a weak acid. 

a-lu'mi-nif'er-OUS (d-lu'im-nifer-Ss), a. [L. alumen 
alum + -ferous.] Containing alum or aluminium. 

al'u-min'i-um (al / u-min'i-£m), or a-lu'mi-num cd-lii'mi- 
num),7i. [NL.See alumina.] A bluish silver-white malleable 
metal, notable fcr its lightness (sp. gr., about 2.6) and its 
resistance to oxidation. It is the most abundant metallic 
element, but always occurs in combination. Symbol, 
Al; at. wt., 27.1. 

tig" Aluminum is the common form in commerce in the 
United States ; aluminium is generally used in Great 
Britain and by chemists in the United States. 

a-lu/mi-nog'ra-phy (d-lu'mi-nog'rd-fT),^. [aluminium 
+ -graphy.] Art or process of producing, and printing 
from, aluminium plates, as in lithography. 

a-lu'mi-no-ther'my (d-lu'mi-no-thur'mi^n." [aluminium 
+ Gr. depart heat.] The production of heat by the 
chemical combination of aluminium. See thermite.. 

a-lu'mi-nous (-nils), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alum 
alum.] Pert, to or containing alum or alumir^ 

a-lu'mi-num (-num), n.= aluminium, .r 

a-lum'nus (-liim'nus), n. masc. ; pi. -ni (-nl). [L _ f r , a \ ere 
to nourish.] A graduate of a college or othe{r msi itution 
of learning. — a-luin'na (-nd), n. fern.; ^?. _ NJE ; ( - 
al'um-root' (al'um-root'), 7i. _ Bot. 3l Ajr y of sc xrp] . 
(genus Heuchera), of the saxifrage family, with astringent 
roots. b The crane's-bill (GeraniurA maculati 
somewhat resembling the preceding in foliage, 
al'u-nite (al'u-nlt), n. [F.] fain. A hydrous sulphate oi 
potassium and aluminium, j£(A10)3(SO.j)2-3H20, occur- 
ring in crystals or massive 
al-ve'o-lar (al-ve'6-ldr : al've-6-ldr), a. Of, pertainir- 
or resembling, alveoli; Anal., pertaining to the part',* the 
jaws wfiere th? sockets for the teeth are situatea 
al've-o-'ate (al've-6-lat ; 51-ve'-), al've-o-lat'ed (-la\ id), 

a. Pitted like a honeycomb. 
al-ve'o-iUS (al-ve'6-lus), n.; L. pi. -li (Jl). [L. $ 
alveus?i hollow.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A small cavity t pit, 
as a so- 'set for a tooth, an air cell of the lungs, etc. 
al'vine (al'vin ; -vln), a. [L. alvus l^eWy.] Of, fr< \ 
or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines. 



571 



■Mum. 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); box; yet; zh = « in axure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Prouunciatic n. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Sigi s, etc, precede V-»cabulary. Foreign Word. ■*■ combined ™-'t w 



M 



ALWAY 



32 



AMBITION 



\ 



\ 



al'way (61'wa ; 61'wa'), adv. Always. Archaic. 

al'ways (61'waz; -waz), adv. At all times; ever; perpet- 
ually ; cbntinually ; invariably ; uniformly. 

a-lys'sum. (d-lis'wm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aXvaa-oy, name of a 
plant.] 1. Any of a genus (Alyssum) of brassicaceous Old 
World herbs, with small yellow flowers. 2. Sweet alyssum. 

am (am). [AS. am, eom.] The first person singular pres- 
ent indicative of the verb be. 

am'a-da-vat' (am'd-dd-vat'), n. [From Ahmadabad, 
India.] Zo'dl. A small Indian song bird (Estrelda aman- 
dava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. 

Am'a-dis (am'd-dis), n. [Sp., lit., love of God.] Amadis 
of Gaul ; hence, a constant lover. 

Amadis of Gaul, the hero of a cycle of romances of 
chivalry. He is the illegitimate son of the King of Gaul, 
and has many adventures in winning his ladylove, Oriana. 

am'a-dou (am'd-doo), n ; [F.] A spongy substance 
prepared from certain fungi (Polyphorus fomentarius and 
allies), chiefly used as a tinder, after soaking in a strong 
solution of niter; — called also punk and German tinder. 

a'mah (a'ma ; am'd), n. [Pg. amo.] A nurse ; esp.,awet 
nurse ; also, any female servant. Oriental. 

A-mai'mon, or A-may'mon (d-ma'mon ; d-ml'-), n. A 
mythical king of the East, one of the principal devils who 
might be temporarily bound or restrained from doing hurt. 

a-main' (d-man'), adv. [a- on + main power.] 1. With 
might ; violently. 2. At full speed ; also, at once. 

Am'a-lek-ite (am'd-lek-It), n. [Heb. 'Amaleki.'] Bib. 
Originally, one of a marauding Bedouin tribe settled about 
Kadesh, who, according to Gen. xxxvi. 12, were descended 
from Esau ; later, probably, any marauding nomad. 

a-mal'gam (d-mal'gdm), n. [F. amalgame."] 1. An 
alloy of mercury with another metal or other metals. 
2. A mixture, compound, or union of different things, 
forming a uniform whole. 

a-mal'ga-mate (-gd-mat), v. t. & %.; -mat/ed (-mat'ed) ; 
-mat'ing. To unite or mix so as to form an amalgam. 
— Syn. Consolidate, combine, coalesce. See join. 

a-mal'ga-ma'tion (-ma/shun), n. Act or process of amal- 
gamating ; state of being amalgamated ; also, an amalgam. 

a-maFga-ma'tor (-ma/ter), n. One who, or that which, 
amalgamates. 

Am'al-thse'a, Am'al-the'a (am'Sl-the'd), n. [L. Amal- 
thea, Gr. ' AnaXdeia.] Class. Myth. The nurse of Zeus 
described as a goat. The horn of Amalthsea was one of 
the goat's horns which became filled with whatever its pos- 
sessor wished, hence called horn of plenty, or cornucopia. 

am'a-ni'ta (am'd-nl'td), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dfiaplrai a sort 
of fungus.] Any of various fungi (genus Amanita), mostly 
very poisonous, often mistaken for edible mushrooms. 

a-man'U-en'sis (d-man'u-en'sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., 
fr. a, ab + manus hand.] One employed to write what 
another dictates, or to copy what another has written. 

a-mar'a-cus (d-mar'd-kws), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. 
d/jdpaKos.] The Cretan dittany (Amaracus dictamnus). 

am'a-ranth (am'd-ranth ),n. [From L., fr. Gr. A/xapafi-os 
d- not + fiapalueif to wither.] 1. An imaginary unfading 
flower. Poetic. 2. Any of various plants, including sev- 
eral cultivated for their green, purple, or crimson flowers. 

am'a-ran'thine (-ran' thin), a. _ 1. Of or pertaining to 
amaranth. 2. Unfading ; undying. 3. Purplish. 

am'a-ryFli-da'ceous (am'd-nl'i-da'shus), a. Belonging 
to a large family (Amaryllidacese) of plants (order Lili- 
ales), the amaryllis family, having perfect, often handsome, 
flowers, with the tube of the perianth adnate to the ovary. 
The family includes the amaryllis, narcissus, and agave. 

Am'a-ryl'lis (-ril'is), n. 1. A rustic maid or sweetheart, — 
in various pastoral poems. 2. [Z. c] A bulbous plant 

-niAmaryllis belladonna) with fragrant, rose-colored lily- 
jjtos flowers ; also, any of various closely related plants. 
The\fl° wer of any of these plants. 

a-mass' (d-mas'), v. t. & i. [F. amasser, LL. amassare ; 
L. ad 4^ ?osso lump, mass.] To collect into a mass or 
heap • gatii£ r a great quantity of ; accumulate ; as, to 
amass a foriW e -— s y n « See accumulate.— : a-mass'a- 
•yie a a-mass*' er » n - — a-mass'ment (-ment), n. 

v , ' ate' (d-maf), v.'t- [OF.] To daunt. From Archaic. 
-teur' (am'd-tfir' ;•■ am'd-tyr), n. [F., fr. L. amator 
lover fr. amare to love.j, 1- One who is attached to or 
cultivates a particular pujsuit study, or science from 
taste, without pursuing it professionally. 2. Specif., in 
spo->< s and esp, athletics, a player ° r athlete not rated as 

a professional. — am'a-teur'ish, S*t isn-ly, adv. — 

-isJ-'-ness, n. — teur'ism (-Tz'm), n. s* < . 
Sj .1. Amateur, dilettante agree in implying £he culti- 
v? ion of an art or study for amusement or personal 8 ratl " 
fit "on, as opposed to its professional pursuit. But 
di tante nbw commonly suggests the elegant termer. 

A-aif 'ti (a-ma/te), n. A violin made by a member of the 
d tamiiy of Cremona (16th and 17th centui es). 
•live (am'c-f:'), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to 
''ull of lo ye ; am atory. \ 



am'a-tive-ness, n. In phrenology, the faculty supposed to 

influence sexual desire ; propensity to love. 
am'a-to-ry (-to-rf), a. [L. amatorius.] Pert, to, causing, 

or expressing, sexual love. — am/a-to'ri-al (-to'ri-dl), a. 
am/au-ro'sis (am'6-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &navpuiris, 

fr. &fiavp6s dim.] A decay of sight from loss of power in 

the optic nerve, without perceptible external change. — 

am'au-rot'ic (-rot'ik), a. 
a-maze' (d-maz'), v. t.; a-mazed' (-mazd') ; a-maz'ing 

(-maz'ing). [a- + maze.~\ 1. To bewilder ; stupefy. Obs. 

2. To confound, as by fear or wonder; astound. — Syn. 
See surprise. — n. Bewilderment due to fear, surprise, or 
wonder. Chiefly Poetic. — a-mazed' (d-mazd'), p. a. — 
a-maz'ed-ly (d-maz'ed-11), adv. — a-maz'ed-ness, n. — 
a-maz'ing (d-maz'ing), p. a. — a-maz'ing-ly, adv. 

a-maze'ment (d-maz'ment), n. 1. State of being amazed; 
overwhelming wonder. 2. Frenzy ; madness. Obs. 

Am'a-ZOn (am'd-zon), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Kfia^v.'] 1. Gr. 
Myth. One of a race or nation of female warriors with 
whom the Greeks repeatedly warred. 2. [Often I. c] A 
tall, strong, masculine woman ; a virago. 

Am'a-ZO'ni-an (-zo'ni-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or 
like, an Amazon ; warlike. 2. Of or pertaining to the 
river Amazon in South America. 

am'a-zon-ite (am'd-zon-Tt), n., or Amazon stone. [From 
the river Amazon.] Min. A variety of microcline of a 
verdigris-green color. 

am'bage (am'baj), n. ; pi. -bages (L. am-ba'jez ; E. Sm'- 
ba-jez). [L. ambages ; ambi- + agere to drive.] A circuit; 
a winding ; hence : a circumlocution ; — usually in pi. 

am-ba'gious (-ba/jits), a. [L. ambagiosus.'] Circum- 
locutory; circuitous. gious-ly, adv. gious-ness, n. 

am-ba'ry (am-ba'rf), n., or ambary hemp. [Hind, am- 
bard, ambari."] A valuable East Indian fiber plant 
(Hibiscus cannabinus) or its fiber. 

am-bas'sa-dor (am-bas'd-der), em-bas'sa-dor (em-), n. 
[F. amoassadeur, It. ambasciatoreJ] 1. An envoy or minister 
of state. Obs. or Hist., except: a A minister of high 
rank sent on a mission by one sovereign or state to another ; 
— ; usually called ambassador extraordinary, b A 
minister of the highest rank accredited to a foreign court 
to reside there and represent his sovereign or country ; — 
formerly called ambassador ordinary or resident am- 
bassador. 2. Hence, sometimes, an official messenger. — 
am-bas^a-do'ri-al (-do'ri-al), a. [embassy. I 

am'bas-sage, am'bas-sy. Less usual forms of embassage,! 

am'ber (am'ber), n. [F. ambre, Sp. dmbar, fr. Ar. 'anbar 
ambergris.] 1. A yellowish translucent resin, found fossil. 
It takes a fine polish, and by friction becomes strongly 
electric. 2. Amber color, or something amber-colored. 

3. Ambergris. Obs. — a. Made of amber ; amber-colored. 
am'ber-gris (am'ber-gres), n. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray 

amber.] A waxy substance found floating in tropical 
seas, and as a morbid secretion in the sperm whale, whence 
it is all believed to come. It is valued in perfumery. 

am'bi-dex'ter (am'bi-deks'ter), a. [LL., fr. L. ambo both 
+ dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) right hand.] Using 
both hands with equal ease ; hence : two-sided ; double- 
dealing. — n. 1. An ambidexter person. 2. A double- 
dealer. — am'bi-dex-ter'i-ty (-deks-ter'i-ti), n. 

am'bi-dex'tral (-deks'trol), a. Pertaining to, or located 
on, both sides. 

am'bi-dex'trous (-trus), a. 1. Using both hands with 
equal ease. 2. Unusually dexterous ; versatile. 3. Prac- 
ticing or siding with both parties; double-dealing. — 
am/bi-dex'trous-ly, adv. — anVbi-dex'trous-ness, n. 

am'bi-ent (Sm'bT-ent), a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to 
go around ; amb- around \ire to go.] 1. Moving round. 
Rare. 2. Encompassing ; circumfused ; as, the ambient air. 

am'bi-gu'i-ty (-gu'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality of 
being ambiguous ; also, an ambiguous word or expression. 

am-big'u-OUS (am-bTg'u-fts), a. [L. ambiguus, fr. 
ambigere to wander about, waver ; amb- around + agere 
to drive.] Doubtful; uncertain, esp. as to meaning; 
capable of being understood in either of two or more senses. 
— Syn. See equivocal. ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. 

am/bit (am'bit), n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go 
around.] 1. Circuit ; compass ; precinct. 2. Bounds ; limits. 

am-bi'tion (am-bish'ftn), n. [F., fr. L. ambitio a going 
around, esp. of candidates in Rome, to solicit votes.] 1. 
A canvassing or soliciting. 06s. 2. An eager or inordi- 
nate desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or 
attainment ; also, an object of such desire. 
Syn. Ambition, aspiration imply strong desire for 
advancement. Ambition has personal advancement or 
preferment as its end ; it may be praiseworthy. Aspira- 
tion implies as its object something felt to be above one, 
the striving after which is uplifting or ennobling ; as, 
aspiration after holiness. Aspiration is sometimes deroga- 
torily used (esp. in plural) of ambition felt to be un- 
warranted ; as, his aspirations must be nipped in the bud. 

— v. t. To seek after ambitiously or eagerly ; covet. Rare. 



are, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, e^ent end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
r .72s, menu; food, foot; out \ oil; chair; go; sing", iijk; ttien, ilun; nature, verdure (87); 



AMBITIOUS 



33 



AMETHYST 



am-bi'tiOUS (-ws), a. 1. Possessing, or controlled by, 
ambition. 2. Strongly desirous ; — used with of or the 
infinitive ; as, ambitious of fame. 3. Springing from, 
characterized by, or indicating, ambition ; as, an ambi- 
tious style. — am-bi'tious-ly, adv. — am-bi'tious-ness, n. 
am'ble ( am'b'l ), v. i. ; -bled (-b'ld); -bling (-bling). 
[From F., fr. L. ambulare to walk.] To go at an amble. 
— n. 1. An easy gait of a horse in which the legs on either 
side are lifted together ; loosely, any easy gait. 2. An easy 
movement suggestive of a horse's amble. — amtler, n. 
am-blyg'O-niteCam-blig'o-nit),?!. [Gr. a/z/SXus dull -\-yo>vla 
angle •+- -ite; — from its obtuse angle of cleavage.] Min. 
A nuophosphate of aluminium and lithium, Li(AlF)P04. 
am'bly-o'pi-a (am'bll-o'pT-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &nff\vuirla; 
&n@\vs blunt, dim + «<£ eye.] Med. Incipient amauro- 
sis. — am'bly-op'ic (-op'ik), a. 
am/bo (am'bo), n. ; pi. E. -bos (-boz), L. -bones (-bo'- 
nez). [LL. ambo, Gr. auPwy any rising, a pulpit.] A large 
pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. 

Am-boy'na (am-boi'nd), or Am-boi'na, n. An island 
and city of the Moluccas. 

Amboyna, or Amboina, button. Med., a chronic conta- 
gious affection of the skin, prevalent in the tropics. 
— A. wood, the mottled and curled wood of a fabaceous 
tree ( Lingoum indicum)oi India and the Malay Archipelago. 

am'broid (am'broid), n. [amber + -oid.~\ Amber in large 
pieces, produced from small pieces by a fusion process. 

am-bro'si-a (am-bro'zhi-d ; -zi-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. hp.$po<j'ia., 
fr. afiPpoTos immortal ; &- not + jSporos mortal.] 1. Class. 
Myth. The substance which, with nectar, formed the food 
and drink of the gods, and made immortal those who partook 
of it. Ambrosia was sometimes represented as used as a per- 
fume or unguent. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draft. 

am-bro'si-a'ceous ( -zi-a'shus ), a. Bot. Belonging to a 
family {Ambrosiacese) of herbs, the ragweed family, having 
heads of flowers subtended by an involucre of bracts. 

am-bro'si-al (-bro'zhi-dl ; -zi-dl), a. 1. Consisting of or 
like ambrosia ; delicious. 2. Divinely excellent or beauti- 
ful. — am-bro'si-al-ly, adv. 

am-bro'si-an (-an), a. Ambrosial. 

Am-bro'si-an (-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or established 
by, St. Ambrose. 

Ambrosian chant, a method of antiphonal singing or 
chanting. — A. hymn, the Te Deum. 

am/bro-type (am'bro-tlp), n. [Gr. auPporos immortal + 
-type^\ A photograph taken on glass, with the lights repre- 
sented in silver and the shades by a dark background. 

am'bry (am'brT), n. ; pi. -bries (-briz). [From OF., fr. L. 
armarium chest, cupboard, orig. for arms, L. arma arms.] 
1. A repository; esp., a niche, cupboard, or locker. 2. 
Almonry. Incorrectly so used. 

ambs'ace (amz'as ; amz'-), n. [OF. ambesas ; ambes both 
(L. ambo) + as ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw at 
dice ; hence : last chancej bad luck ; thing of no account. 

am'bu-la'crum (am / bu-la'krum), n. ; L. pi. -lacra (-krd). 
[L., an alley or covered way.] Zo'ol. One of the radial 
areas of echinoderms, along which run the chief nerves, 
blood vessels, and water tubes. — am/bu-la'cral (-krdl), a. 

am'bu-lance (am'bu-ldns), n. [F., fr. L. ambulare to 
walk.] 1. A field hospital following an army. 2. A 
covered vehicle for conveying the sick or injured, as from 
the field of battle, to a hospital, etc. 

am'bu-late (-lat), v. i. [L. ambulare to walk.] To walk ; 
move about. Rare. — am'bu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

am'bu-la-to-ry (-ld-to-rl), a. 1. Of or pertaining to walk- 
ing ; fitted for walking. 2. Not stationary ; movable. 

— n. ; pZ. -ries (-nz ). Arch. A place to walk in, as a gallery. 

am'bus-cade' (am4)ws-kad'), n. [F. embuscade.J 1. A 
lying in wait, concealed, to attack an enemy by surprise; 
snare ; ambush. 2. Mil. A body of troops in ambush ; 
the place of ambush, — v. i. To lie in ambush. — am'bus- 
cad'er (-kad'er), 7i. — am'bus-ca'do (-ka'do), n. Obs. 

am'bush (am'bobsh), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL. imboscare ; 
in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood.] 1. To station in 
ambush. 2. To attack by ambush; waylay.— v. i. To 
lie in ambush ; lurk. — n. 1. Arrangement of troops in 
concealment to attack an enemy unexpectedly ; hence : 
unseen peril ; trap ; snare. 2. A concealed station where 
troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. — 
am'bush-er, n. — am'bush-ment (-ment), n. 

a-meer', a-mir' (d-mer'), n. [See emir.]^ A Mohamme- 
dan noble, esp. a ruling prince of Afghanistan or of Sind. 

am'el-cqrn/ (am'el-korn'), n. [G. amelkorn.'] A kind of 
wheat similar to spelt, cultivated in Europe for its starch. 

a-mel'io-rate (d-mel'yo-rat), v. t. & i. ; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; 
-rat'ing. [ L. ad -j- meliorare to make better. ] To 
improve ; meliorate. — Syn. See improve. 

a-mel'io-ra'tion ( -ra'shun ), n. Act or result of amel- 
iorating ; improvement. 

a-mel'io-ra-tive (-ra-tiv), a. Tending to ameliorate ; pro- 
ducing amelioration or improvement. 



a / men'(a / men' ; often — in singing always — a'men'), adv. 
& interj. [L., fr. Gr. 6.nrjv, Heb. amen certainly, truly.] 
So be it ; verily ; assuredly ; — a term of solemn ratification, 
esp. in religious ceremony.— n. 1. The word "amen," 
its utterance or use. 2. The assent or ratification expressed 
by "amen." — v. t. To say "amen" to; sanction. 

a-me'na-ble (d-me'nd-b'l), a. [F. amener to lead ; a (L. 
ad)-\-mener to lead, L. minare, minari, to threaten, drive 
animals, in LL. to lead ; L. minae threats.] 1. Liable to 
be brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; 
accountable. 2. Willing to yield or submit ; responsive ; 
tractable ; as, amenable to reason, threats, coaxing. 
— Syn. See responsible. — a-me'na-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-ti), n. 
— a-me'na-ble-ness, n. — a-me'na-bly, adv. 

amen corner. A corner on either side of the pulpit in a 
church, where the seats were often occupied by especially 
fervent worshipers. Local, U. S. 

a-mend' (d-mend'), v. t. [F. amender, L. emendare ; e 
(ex)-\-mendum, menda, fault.] 1. To free, as conduct, 
from fault or error ; correct ; of a text, to emendate ; hence, 
Archaic : to mend ; repair. 2. To change for the better ; 
improve ; better. 3. In parliamentary procedure, to alter 
formally. — v. i. To reform ; become better. — Syn. See 
mend. — a-mend'a-ble, a. 

a-mend'a-to-ry (d-menMd-to-rl), a. Corrective. 

| a'mende' ( a/maNd' ; E. d-mend', formerly the usual 
pron.), n. [F.] A fine, penalty, or reparation made for a 
wrong. 

amende honorable (o'no'ra'bF ), a form of reparation 
for a crime or injury consisting in such a formal and hu- 
miliating acknowledgement of offense and apology as will 
restore the injured or offended honor of the one wronged. 

a-mend'er, n. One who amends. 

a-mend'ment (d-mend'ment ), n. 1. An alteration or 
change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; 
reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies: 
Any_ alteration made or proposed to be made in a bill or 
motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. 

a-mends' (d-mendzO, n. sing. & pi. [F. amendes, pi.] 

1. Compensation for a loss or injury ; recompense ; repara- 
tion ; — now used esp. in to make amends. 2. Improve- 
ment, esp. in health. Obs. — Syn. See reparation. 

a-men'i-ty (d-men'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. amenite, 
~L.amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] Quality or state of 
being pleasant or agreeable ; civility; suavity ; also, esp. in 
pi., an act, pursuit, civility, or the like, expressing or fur- 
thering pleasantness or smoothness of social intercourse. 

a-men'or-rhe'a, or -rhce'a (-o-re'd), 
+ Gr. /xr]p month -J- p&v to flow. ] 
absence or suppression of the menses. 

|| a men'sa et tho'ro (a men'sd et tho'ro). [L.] Lit., from 
table and bed ; — used of a kind of divorce (called also legal 
separation) which leaves the parties husband and wife, but 
discharges them from the duty of living together. It is 
abolished in some States oi the United States, and in Great 
Britain is superseded by the judicial separation. 

am'ent (am'ent ; a'ment),n. [L. amentum thong, strap.] 
An inflorescence consisting of a close, bracted spike f 
usually deciduous when mature ; a catkin. See inflores- 
cence, Illust. — am'en-ta'ceous (am'en-ta'shiis), a. 

a-men'ti-a (d-men'shi-d), n. [L.] Med. Imbecility ; total 
want of understanding. 

a-merce' (d-murs'),t;. t. ; a-merced' (d-murst') ; a-merc'- 
lng (-mur'sing). [AF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy, 
liable to a punishment.] l.To punish by a pecuniary pen- 
alty, the amount of which is discretionary with the court. 

2. To punish; mulct. — a-merce'a-ble, a. — a-merce'- 
ment (-ment), n. — a-merc'er, n. 

A-mer'i-can (d-mer'i-kdn), a. [After Americus Vespu- 
cius.] Of or.pertaining to America or the United States. 

— n. 1. A native of America ; orig., an American aborigine ; 
now, a person of European descent born in America. 
2. A citizen of the United States. 

American eagle, the bald eagle, which is represented on 
the coat of arms of the United States. — A. plan, in hotels, 
a plan whereby guests pay for room and board together ; 
— contrasted with European plan. 

A-mer'i-ca'na (d-mer'I-ka'nd ; -kan'd), n. pi. [America 
-\--ana.'] Literary, ethnographic, historical, or other mat- 
ters relating to America. 

A-mer'i-can-ism (d-meVi-kdn-iz'm), n. 1. Attachment 
to the United States. 2. A custom, word, or phrase pecul- 
iar to America or to the United States. 

A-mer'i-can-ize (-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-TzTng). 
To render American; assimilate to the Americans in 
customs, ideas, etc. i-za'tion (-T-za'sh2n ; -I-za'-), n. 

Am/er-ind' (am'er-indO, n. [American + /radian.] An 
American Indian or Eskimo. — Am'er-in'di-an (-In'di- 
dn), Am/er-in'dic (-dik), a. 

ames'ace. Obs. var. of ambsace. 

am'e-thyst (am'e-thfst), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
inidva-Tos without drunkenness, a remedy for drunken- 



n. [ NL. ; a- not 
Med. Unnatural 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



AMETHYSTINE 



34 



AMONGST 



ness, the amethyst, supposed to have this power ; A- not + 
tieOvetv to be drunken.] Min. a A clear purple or blu- 
ish violet crystallized quartz, much used as a jeweler's 
stone, b A purple variety of corundum, called specifically 
Oriental amethyst. — am'e-thys'tine (-this'tin), a. 

am'e-tro'pi-a (am'e-tro'pi'-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. &perpos irreg- 
ular -f-opi'a.] Med. Abnormal refractive condition of the 
eye, as in myopia, astigmatism, etc. trop'ic (-trop'ik) , o. 

Am-for'tas (am-for'tas), n. See Parsifal, Klingsor. 

Am-ha'ra (am-ha'ra), n. A member of a Semitic tribe of 
northern Abyssinia. 

Am-har'ic (am-har'lk ; am-ha'rik), n. The official and 
court language of Abyssinia. — Ani-har'ic, a. 

a'mi-a-bil'i-ty (a'mT-d-biPi-ti), n. Quality of being amia- 
ble ; sweetness of disposition. 

a'mi-a-ble (a/mT-d-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. amicabilis friendly, 
amicus friend.] 1. Lovable; admirable; also, lovely; 
desirable ; as, an amiable prospect. 2. Good-naturedly 
amicable ; sweet-tempered ; as, an amiable remark or 
person. — Syn. Agreeable, charming, pleasing. See lov- 
able. — a'mi-a-ble-ness, n. — a'mi-a-bly, adv. 

am'i-an'thUS (am'i-an'thSs), n. [L. amiantus, Gr. &fil- 
avros XiOos (lit., unsoiled stone) a greenish t stone, like 
asbestos ; 4- not + fjnalveiv to stain ; from its incombusti- 
bility.] Min. Fine silky asbestos. 

am'i-ca-bil'i-ty (am'i-kd-bil'i-ti), n." Quality or state of 
being amicable. 

am'i-ca-ble (am'T-kd-b'l), a. [L. amicabilis. ] Friendly ; 
arising from or exhibiting friendliness. — am/i-ca-ble- 
ness, n. — am'i-ca-bly, adv. 

Syn. Peaceable, harmonious, kind, friendly. — Amicable, 
friendly. Neither of these words denotes great warmth 
of affection. Friendly (though less strong than friendship) 
implies cordiality, or at least good will ; as, a friendly nod, 
call. Amicable often implies little more than absence 
of a disposition to quarrel ; as, an amicable adjustment. 
amicable numbers, Math., two numbers each of which 
is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other. 

am/ice (am'is), n. [ME. amyse.] R. C. Ch. An oblong 
piece of white linen worn about the neck and shoulders, 
under the alb and chasuble, by priests at Mass. 

am'ice, n. [From OF. fr. LL. almucium, almucia, 
aumucia.] Eccl. A hood, or hooded cape, made of, or 
lined with, fur (usually gray), formerly worn by the clergy. 

a-mid' (d-mid'), prep. In the midst of ; amidst. 

am'ide (am'id ; -id), n. Also am'id. [ammonia + -ide.] 
Chem. A compound resulting from replacement of an 
atom of hydrogen in ammonia by an_ element, or of one 
or more atoms of hydrogen in ammonia by univalent acid 
radicals. — a-mid'ic (d-mTd'ik), a. 

am'i-din (am'i-din), n. [Prob. through F. fr. L. amylum 
starch.] Chem. Starch modified by heat so as to become 
a transparent mass, like horn. 

am'i-do (am'i-do ; d-me'do), am'i-do-, a. & pref. [From 
amide.] Chem. a Pert, to or containing amidogen ( NH2 ) 
united to a radical of acid character ; — disting. from 
amino, b Less correctly, but very commonly, = amino. 

a-mid'o-gen ( d-mid'6-jen ; d-me'do-) , n. Chem. The rad- 
ical NH2, which is known only in combination, and may 
be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one 
hydrogen atom has been removed. 

am'i-dol (-dol; -dSl), n. [amide + 1st -ol.] Photog. A 
salt of a diamino phenol, used as a developer. 

a-mid'ships (d-mid'ships), adv. Naut. In or toward the 
middle of a ship, esp. with regard to her length. 

a-midst' (d-midst'), a-mid' (d-mid'), prep. In or into the 
midst or middle of ; among. — Syn. See among. 

fl a-mi'go (a-me'go), n. ; pi. amigos (-gos). _ [Sp., fr. L. ami- 
cus.] A friend ; — a Spanish term specif, applied in the 
Philippine Islands to friendly natives. 

am'ine (am'in; d-men'), n. Also -in. [ammonia -f-me.] 
Chem. One of a class of strongly basic substances derived 
from ammonia by replacement of hydrogen by one or 
more univalent hydrocarbon radicals. 

am'i-no (am'i-no; d-me'no), am'i-no-, a. & pref. [From 
amine.'] Chem. Pert, to or containing the group NH2 
united to a radical other than an acid radical. Cf . amtdo. 

a-mir' (d-mer'). Var. of ameer. 

Am/ish (am'ish), a. Of or pertaining to, or named from, 
Jacob Ammann, or Amen, a strict Mennonite of the 17th 
century ; pertaining to or designating his followers. 

— n. pi. Eccl. Hist. The Amish Mennonites. 

a-miss' (d-mis'), adv ; [a- -f miss.] Astray ; faultily ; im- 
properly ; wrongly ; ill. — a. Wrong ; faulty ; improper; — 
used only in the predicate ; as, what is amiss here ? 

am/i-to'sis (am'i-to'sis), n. [ NL. ; a- not + mitosis. ] 
Biol. Cell division in which there is first a simple cleav- 
age of the nucleus without change in its structure, fol- 
lowed by the division of the cytoplasm; direct cell divi- 
sion : — opposed to mitosis. — am'i-tot'ic (-tot'ik), a. 
— am'i-tat'i-cal-ly (-l-kdl-I), adv. 




Ammonite. 



am'i-ty (am'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From F., fr. L. 
amicus friendly.] Friendship ; friendly relations. — Syn. 
Harmony, friendliness, good will, peace. 

am'me'ter (-me'ter), n. [ampere + -meter!] Elec. An in- 
strument for measuring the amperage of a current. 

Am'mon (am'on), n. [ L., fr. Gr. "A/xjtow, fr. Egypt, amen. 
See Amon.] Egypt. Myth. = Amon. 

Am'mon, n. sing. & pi. [ Heb. 'Ammon] Bib. A people 
(usually called the children of Ammon) east of the 
Jordan, belonging to the Aramaean branch cf the Semites. 

am-mo'ni-a (a-mo'm-d), n. [From sal ammoniac] 1. 
Chem. An extremely pungent gaseous compound of hy- 
drogen and nitrogen. 2. Popularly, ammonia water, the 
aqueous solution of the gas; — called also aqua ammonia 
and spirits of hartshorn. 

am-mo'ni-ac (-ak), am'mo-ni'a-cal (am'6-nl'd-kdl), a. 
Of, pertaining to, or like ammonia. 

am-mo'ni-ac (-ak), n., or gum ammoniac. [From L., 
fr. Gr. &fi/io)vtaK6v a gum said to distill from a tree near 
the temple of Jupiter Ammon.] The aromatic gum resin 
of a Persian herb (Dorema ammoniacum) of the celery 
family. [with ammonia. I 

am-mo'ni-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Combined or impregnated! 

am-mon'ic (d-mon'ik ; a-mo'nik), a. Of or pertaining to 
ammonia or the radical ammonium. 

am-monl-fi-ca'tion (d-mSn'i-fi-ka/shMn), n. [ammonia 
+ -fication.] 1. Impregnation with ammonia or ammoni- 
um compounds. 2. Production of ammonia from nitroge- 
nous organic matter, esp. by the action of bacteria. 

am-mon'i-fy (d-mon'i-fl), v. t. & i., -tied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. 
To subject to, or to produce or undergo, ammonification. 

Am'mon-ite (am'on-it), n. Bib. One of the people 
called Ammon. 

am'mon-ite, n. [L. cornu Ammonis horn of Ammon.] 
Any of various fossil cephalopod shells. 

am-mo'ni-um (a-mo'ni-um), n. The 
strongly basic radical, NEU, in salts 
formed by ammonia and acids. Its 
compounds resemble those of the alkali 
metals. 

am'mu-ni'tion (am'u-nTsh'ftn), n. [F. 
amunition, formerly used for munition. 
See munition.] 1. Military stores or pro- 
visions. Obs. 2. Articles used in charging 
firearms and ordnance, as powder, shot, etc._ 3. Any stock 
of missiles. — v. t. To provide with ammunition. 

am-ne'si-a (am-ne'sY-d; -zi-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &nvrj<rla 
forgetfulness.] Med. Defect of memory, esp. for certain 
words. — am-ne'sic (-sik; -zik), -nes'tic (-nes'tik), a. 

am'nes-ty (am'nes-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From L., fr. 
Gr. &/j.vT)<TTla a forgetting, deriv. of &- not + nvaadai to 
remember.] 1. Forgetfulness ; oblivion ; an overlooking. 
Now Rare. 2. An act of the sovereign power granting 
oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense. 

— v. t. ; -tied (-tid) ; -ty-ing (-tT-ing). To grant amnesty to. 

am'ni-on (am'ni-on), n. ; pi. E. -nions (-onz), L. -nia 
(-ni-d). [Gr. kp.vlov, dim. of djtwos lamb.] A thin mem- 
brane forming a closed sac about the embryo of a reptile, 
bird, or mammal. — am'ni-ot'ic (-ot'Tk), a. 

a-moe'ba (d-me'bd), n.; pi. E. -BAS (-bdz), L. -B,E (-be). 

t [NL., fr. Gr. A/xoi/3i7 change.] Any 
of several microscopic rhizopods 
common in stagnant fresh water. 
Amcebas are the simplest animals. 

am'ce-bse'an ( am'e-be'dn ), a. Also 
am'ce-be'an. [Gr. inoiPalos alter- 
nate.] Alternately answering. 

a-moe'bic (d-me'bik), a. Like or 
pert, to an amoeba; caused by 
amcebas or amcebalike organisms. 

a-mce'boid (-boid), a. [amoeba + 
-oid.] Like an amoeba, esp. in 
its movements or changes of shape. 

a-mok' (-mok'),n. A nervous mala- 
dy of the Malays, marked by a murderous frenzy. See amuck. 

a-mo'le (a-mo'la), n. [Mex. Sp.] 1. Any part of a plant 
having detergent properties, and used in place of soap. 

2. Any of a number of plants so utilized. 

A'mon (a'mon), n. [Egypt, dmen, prop., the hidden.] 
Egypt. Myth. At first a deity of reproductive forces, but 
later united with the sun god and called "the father of 
the gods," and eventually conceived of as a supreme 
deity, with the other gods as his members or parts. He is 
often represented as ram-headed. 
a-mong' (d-mung') \ prep. [AS. onmang, ongemang, 
a-mongst' (-mtingst') / gemang, in a crowd or mix- 
ture.] 1. In or into the midst of; surrounded by; in 
connection with ; as, he fell among thieves. 2. In the 
number or class of ; as, "blessed art thou among women." 

3. To each of by way of dispersion or distribution; as, 
he left his money to be divided among them. 4. By the 




Amceba. 1 Nucleus ; 2 
Contractile Vacuole; 
3 Food Vacuoles. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



AMORETTO 



35 



AMPLENESS 



joint action, consent, or knowledge of ; as, to quarrel among 

themselves. 

Syn. Among, amidst. Among denotes a mingling or 

Intermixture with distinct or separable objects ; as, among 

the people. Amidst denotes literally in the midst or middle 

of, hence surrounded by (distinct or separable objects, or a 

single object). See between. 

■\ am/O-ret'to (am'6-ret'o; It. a'mS-ret'to), n. ; It.pl. 
-Ti (-te). [It.] A little or infant love ; a cupid. 

am'0-rist (am'o-nst), n. A professed lover ; a gallant. 

Am'o-rite (-rlt), n. [Heb. ha-Emri.] Any ofan ancient 
Palestinian people mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions 
of Sargon, and in the Bible (2 Sam. xxi. 2 ; Amos ii. 9-10). 

II a'mo-ro'so (a'mo-ro'so), adv. & a. [It., a.] Music. In 
a soft, tender, amatory style. 

am'O-rous (am'6-rus), a. _ [From OF., fr. LL. amorosus, 
fr. L. amor love.] 1. Inclined tolove ; having a propensity 
to love, or sexual enjoyment ; loving ; fond ; as, an amorous 
disposition. 2. Affected with love ; in love ; enamored. 3. 
Of, relating to, or produced by, love ; as, amorous delight ; 
amorous songs. — Syn. Tender, passionate, ardent. See 
fond. — am'o-rous-ly, adv. — am'o-rous-ness, n. 

a-mor'phism (d-mor'fiz'm), n. Amorphous quality. 

a-mor'phous (-fus), a. [Gr. &nop<t>os; &- not + fiop<f>ri 
form.] 1. Having no determinate form ; shapeless ; specifi- 
cally, of solids, not crystallized in the ultimate texture, as 
glass. 2. Of no particular kind or character ; anomalous. — 
a-mor'phous-ly, adv. — a-mor'phous-ness, n. 

a-mort' (d-mort'), a. [F. a to-\-mort death.] As if dead; 
lifeless; spiritless; dejected. [amortized. I 

a-mor'tiz-a-ble (d-mor'tiz-d-b'l), a. Capable of being| 

a-mor'ti-za'tionC-ti-za'shun), n. [See amortize.] Actor 
process of amortizing a debt, etc. ; also, the sum so applied. 

a-mor'tize (d-mor'tlz; -tiz), v. t.; -tized (-tlzd, -tizd) ; 
-tiz-ing. [LL. amortisare, admortizare, or F. amortir ; 
L. ad -f- mors death.] 1. To sell in mortmain. 2. To 
clear off, liquidate, or otherwise extinguish, as a debt, usu- 
ally by a sinking fund. — a-mor'tize-ment (-tiz-ment) , n. 

A'mos (a/mus), n. [Heb. 'Amos.'] Bib. a A Hebrew 
prophet of the 8th century B. c. b The Bqok of Amos 
in the Old Testament. 

a-mo'tion (d-mo'shim),ra. [L. amotio.] Removal ; ousting. 

a-mount' (d-mount r ), v. i. [OF. amonter to increase, 
ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the moun- 
tain) upward.] To rise, reach, or extend in quantity, 
number, effect, substance, or influence ; — used with to. — 
n. 1. Sum total of two or more sums or quantities ; aggre- 
gate. 2. Effect, substance, value, significance, or result ; as, 
the amount of the testimony is this. — Syn. See sum. 

a'mour' (a/moor'),?!. [F., fr. L. amor love.] Love mak- 
ing ; a love affair ; usually, an illicit love affair. 

a'mou'rette' (a/moo'ret'), n. [F.] A petty amour. 

a-move' (d-moov'), v. t. [L. amovere; ex-\-movere to 
move.] To dismiss or remove from an office or station. 

am/pe-lop'siS (am/pe-lop'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ap.ire\os 
vine+oi/'ts appearance.] Hort. Any plant of the genus 
(Parthenocissus) including the Virginia creeper. 

am-per'age (am-par'aj ; am'per-aj), n. The strength of a 
current of electricity measured in amperes. 

am-pere' (am-par') \ n. [After A. M. Ampere, French 



j am'pere' (aN'par') / electrician.] The practical unit # of 
electrical current ; the current produced by one volt acting 
through a resistance of one ohm. 

ampere hour. Elec. The quantity of electricity delivered 
in one hour by a current averaging in strength one ampere. 

am-pere'me'ter (am-par'me'ter), am'per-om/e-ter (am'- 
per-om'e-ter), n. Elec. An ammeter. 

ampere turn. Elec. A unit equal to the product of one 
complete turn (of a coiled conductor) into one ampere of 
current. 

am'per-sand (am'per-sand ; am'per-sand'), n. [Corrupt. 
of and per se and, i. e., 6? by itself makes and.] The 
character fcf, &, or &. 

llam'phi- (am'fi-)^ [Gr. &ij.4>1. See ambi-.] A prefix in 
words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both 
sides, about, around, as in amphibious, amphitheater. 

am'phi-ar-thro'sis (am'fT-ar-thro'sTs), n. [NL. See 
amphi- ; arthrosis.] Anat. Articulation admitting slight 
motion. It includes symphysis and syndesmosis. 

Am-phib'i-a (am-fib'I-d), n. pi. [See amphibious.] 
Zobl. A class of vertebrates including the frogs, toads, 
newts, etc. They are mostly oviparous and pass through 
an aquatic larval stage called a tadpole, in which they have 
gills, afterwards losing the gills and breathing by lungs. 

am-phib'i-an (-i-an), a. Amphibious ; of the Amphibia. — 
n. An amphibious animal or plant ; one of the Amphibia. 

am-phib'i-OUS (-us), a. [Gr. d/z0£/3ios living a double life ; 
d/x0f-(-/3tos life.] 1. Able to live both on land and in 
water, as frogs, beavers, certain plants, etc. 2. Of, pert, to, 
or adapted for, both land and water. 3. Of a mixed nature ; 
partaking of two natures or lives. — am-phib'i-ous-ly, 
adv. — am-phib'i-ous-ness, n. 



am'phi-bole (arn'fT-bo]),n. [F.,fr. Gr. &n<t>l0o\os doubtful.] 
A silicate of calcium and magnesium and usually one or more 
other metals, as iron. Asbestos and hornblende are varieties. 

am/phi-bol'ic (-bol'Tk), a. Of or pert, to amphibology; 
ambiguous ; equivocal ; specif., uncertain or irregular. 

am-phib'o-lite (am-fTb'o-lIt), n. [_amphibole + -ite.] Pe- 
trog. A rock consisting essentially of amphibole. When 
schistose, it is usually known as a hornblende schist. 

am'phi-bol'o-gy (am'fi-bol'6-jT), n. [L. amphibologia, 
for amphibolia, fr. Gr. d/z</>i/3o\Za, with the ending -logia, 
as if fr. Gr. 6.p.<pi0o\os irregular + \6yos speech.] A phrase, 
discourse, or proposition, susceptible of more than one 
interpretation ; also, the ambiguity so caused. 

am-phib'o-lous (am-fTb'6-lus), a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. 
&n4>if3o\os thrown about, doubtful.] Capable of two mean- 
ings ; ambiguous. 

am-phib'o-ly (-IT), n. [L. amphibolia.] = amphibology. 

am'phi-brach (am'fi-brak), n. [L. amphibrachys, Gr. 
&iuf>L(3paxvs short at both ends ; &p.cpl+(3pa.xvs short.] 
Pros. A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, or 
accented, the others short, or unaccented ( w — ") ; as, habere 
(or, in modern English verse, pro-phet'ic). 

am'phi-chro'ic (am'fi-kro'ik) fa. [amphi- -f- Gr. xp«5a 

am'phi-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'ik) J color.] C7iem._ Ex- 
hibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in 
the color test change red litmus to blue and blue to red. 

am/phi-cce'lous (-se'lfe), a. [Gr. &p<piKoi.\os hollowed all 
round ; &n<j>l + koTXos hollow.] Concave on both sides. 

am-phic'ty-on ( am-f ik'ti-on ), n. [From L., fr. Gr. d/itfuK- 
rvoves, pi. prob. orig. 6.p.4>iKTioves dwellers around, neigh- 
bors.] Gr. Hist. A deputy to an amphictyonic council. 

am-phic/ty-on'ic _(-on'ik), a. Of or pert, to the amphic- 
tyons or an amphictyony. 

amphictyonic council, the council held by the deputies of 
the states associated in an amphictyony. 

am-phic'ty-o-ny (-fTk'ti-6-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [Gr. 
&H<piKTvovia.] Gr.^ Hist. A league of tribes associated 
to protect, and maintain worship in, the temple of a deity. 

am/phi-go-ry (am'fi-go-rf), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz), am'phi- 
gou'ri (-goo're), n.; pi. -ris (-rez). [F. amphigouri.] 
A nonsense verse or composition. gor'ic (-gor'ik), a. 

am-phim'a-cer (am-fim'd-ser), n. [L. amphimacrus, Gr. 
&fi<pifj.aKpos ; 6lh4>1 -f- tiaKpos long.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. A 
foot of three syllables, long, short, and long. 

Am-phi'on (am-fl'on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A.p,4>lwv.] A son of 
Zeus and Antiope. He built the walls of Thebes by charm- 
ing the stones into place with the music of his lyre. 

am'phi-ox'us (am'fi-ok'sus), n. [NL. ; amphi- + Gr. 
6§us sharp.] A lancelet. 

am'phi-pod (am r f i-pod) , n. Any crustacean of the suborder 
(Amphipoda) comprising the sand fleas and_allied forms. 

am-phip'ro-Style (am-fip'ro-stll ; am'fi-pro'stil), a. [L. 
amphiprostylos, Gr. &.p.<f>iirp6<rTv\os.] Arch. Having a 
portico at either end.— n. An amphiprostyle building. 
— am-phip'ro-sty'lar (-stl'ldr), a. 

am/phis-bae'na (am'fis-be'nd), n. [L., fr. Gr. &n<f>laPaiva.; 

h.p.<i>i% on both ends+^at^ety to go.] A fabled serpent 

with a head at each end, and moving either way. 
am-phis'ci-i (am-f lsh'i -1)1 n. pi. [Gr. hp.4>lcnaos throw- 
am-phis'ci-ans (-i-dnz) / ing a shadow both ways.] The 

inhabitants of the tropics, whose shadows vary from north 

to south with the shifting of the sun. 
am'phi-sty'lar (am'fi-stl'ldr), a. [amphi— t-Gt. o-tOXos 

pillar.] Arch. Having columns at both ends, or, more 

rarely, on both sides. 

am'phi-the'a-terUam'fi-the'd-ter), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 
am'phi-the'a-trej &p,<j>Ldea.Tpoi> ; 6.p.^l +6eaTpov theater. 

1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats 

about an arena. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater 

in f orm. — am'phi-the-at'ric (-the-at'rfk), am'phi-the- 

at'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. — at'ri-cal-iy, adv. 
Am'phi-tri'te (-trl'te), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ap.<t>iTpiTT}.] Gr. 

Myth. A Nereid, wife of Poseidon and goddess of the sea. 
Am-phit'ry-on (am-fit'rT-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'An4>iTpvuv.] 

Class. Myth. The husband of Alcmene, 

in whose guise Zeus visits her and begets 

Hercules. 
am'pho-ra (am'fo-rd), n. ; L. pi. -nm (-re). 

[L., fr. Gr. &p,4>op€vs, d/xqSKjSopeus, a two- 
handled jar; d.p.4>l + <popevs bearer.] 

Class. Archseol. A jar or vase of a certain 

type. Seelllust. 
am'ple (am'p'l), a.; am'pler ( am'pler ) ; 

-plest (-plest; 24). [F. , fr. L. amplus.] 

1. Large; big; spacious; as, an ample 

house. 2. Fully sufficient ; abundant ; 

liberal ; as, an ample fortune. 3. Not con- 
tracted or brief ; diffusive ; as, an ample 

narrative. — Syn. Full, extensive ; wide ; 

plentiful, plenteous, copious ; bountiful, 

munificent. — am'ple-ness, n. 




Amphora. (^5) 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. j| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



AMPLEXICAUL 



36 



ANABASIS 




am-plex'i-caul (am-plek'sT-k61), a. [L. amplexus encir- 
cling + caulis stem.] Bot. Clasping or embracing a stem, 
as a leaf. See leaf, Illust. 

am'pli-a'tiontam'pli-a'shnn) , n. [L..ampliatio, f r. ampliare 
to widen, amplus ample.] Enlargement ; amplification. 

am'pli-a-tive (am'pli-a-tiv), a. Giving a fuller meaning to 
something already known or known in part. 

am'pli-fi-ca'tion (am'pli-fi-ka'shnn), n. Act of ampli- 
fying; that by which a thing or statement is amplified. — 
am-plif'i-ca-to-ry (am-pliPi-kd-to-n), a. 

am'pli-fPer ( am'pli-fl'er ), n. One who, or that which, 
amplifies. 

am'pli-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fled (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. amplifier, 
L. amplificare. See ample ; -ey.] 1. To render larger, 
more intense, or the like ; — used esp. of telescopes, micro- 
scopes, etc. 2. Rhet. To enlarge by adding particulars 
or illustrations, by the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical 
effect ; expand. — v. i. To speak or write with amplifica- 
tion ; expatiate. 

am'pli-tude (-tud), n. [L. amplitude."] 1. State or quality 
of being ample ; extent of surface or space ; size. 2. 
Largeness ; breadth ; abundance ; fullness, as of intellectual 
powers. 3. Astron.^ The arc of the horizon between the 
true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle 
passing through any star or object ; the complement of azi- 
muth. 4. Physics. The extent of a vibratory movement, 
as of a pendulum, measured from the mean position to an 
extreme, or measured, as used by some, from one extreme 
to the opposite, a quantity double the preceding. 

am'ply (-pli), adv. In an ample manner. 

am-pul'la (am-pul'd), n. ; L. pi. -lm (-e). [L.] 1. Rom. 
Antiq. A more or less globular flask with 
two handles (rarely one). 2. Eccl. a A cru- 
et for the wine and water at Mass. b A 
vase for holy oil ; a chrismatory. 

am'pul-la'ceous (am'pii-la'shzts), a. Like 
an ampulla ; flask-shaped ; bladderlike. 

am'pu-tate (am'pii-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed 
(-tat'ed) ; -tat/ing. [L. amputatus, p. p. 
of amputate; ambi- around + putare to Ampulla, 1. 
prune.] To cut off (a limb or portion of a limb, or projecting 
part) ; — usually distinguished from excise. 

am'pu-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act or process of amputating. 

am'pu-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who amputates. 

am-ri'ta, am-ree'ta (am-re'td), n. [Skr. amrta.] Hindu 
Myth. Immortality ; also, the nectar conferring immor- 
tality. — a. Ambrosial ; immortal. 

a-muck' (d-miik'), a. [Malay amoq furious.] Possessed 
with murderous frenzy. — adv. In a murderous frenzy. 
to run amuck, to rush out in frenzy and attack every one 
met ; assail recklessly and indiscriminately. 

am'u-let (am'u-let), n. [L. amuletum.] Some small 
object worn as a charm against evil, and often inscribed 
with a magic incantation or symbol. — Syn. See talisman. 

a-mus'a-ble (d-muz'd-b'l), a. That can be amused. 

a-muse' (d-muz'), v. t.; a-mused' (-muzd') ; a-mus'ing 
(-muz'ing). [F. amuser to cause to muse or waste time; 
a (L. ad) + OF. muser. See muse, v.] 1. To distract; 
bewilder. Obs. 2. To entertain or occupy pleasurably; 
divert; as, to amuse with pictures, stories, etc. 3. To 
beguile ; delude ; as, to amuse with idle promises. Archaic. 
Syn. Recreate, please, entertain, divert. — Amuse, en- 
tertain, divert. We are amused by ( or with ) that 
which occupies the time lightly and pleasantly; as, to 
amuse one's self with a camera. That which entertains 
makes a larger demand on one's attention and frequently 
implies more or less formal expedients or contrivances ; 
as, to entertain one's self with a book. We are diverted 
by that which turns our thoughts aside to livelier interest 
than the regular routine ; as, her gossip was highly diverting. 
Both amuse and divert apply esp. to that which tickles our 
sense of humor, and in this sense are often followed by at. 

a-muse'ment (d-muz'ment), n. State of being amused; 
also, that which amuses. — Syn. Diversion, entertain- 
ment, recreation, relaxation, avocation, pastime, sport. 

a-mus'er (d-muz'er), n. One who, or that which, amuses. 

a-mus'ing (d-muz'ing), p. a. Giving amusement. 

a-mu'sive (d-mu'ziv ; -siv), a. Tending to amuse. 

a-myg'da-la'ceouS (d-mig'dd-la'shns), a. Bot. Belong- 
ing to a family {Amygdalacese) of trees and shrubs, the 
almond, or plum, family, distinguished by the single pistil 
with united carpels, and the drupe, or stone fruit. 

a-myg'da-late (d-mig'dd-Iat) \a. Like, pertaining to, or 

a-myg'da-line (d-nug'dd-lTn) J made of, almonds. 

a-myg'da-loid (-loid), n. [Gr. &iivySa\op almond + -oid.] 
Petrog. Any igneous rock containing small cavities pro- 
duced before solidification by steam, and afterwards filled, 
wholly or in part, by deposits, esp. of agate, quartz, calcite, 
and the zeolites. 

a-myg'da-loid (-dd-loid) \a. 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Pert. 

a-myg'da-loi'dal (-loi'dSl)/ to, or of the nature of, amyg- 
daloid. 



am'yl (am'il), n. [L. amylum starch -f -yl.] Chem. A 
univalent hydrocarbon radical, CsHh, compounds of 
which occur in fusel oil, fruit essences, etc. 

am'y-la'ceous (am'i-la'shnsha. [SeeAMYL.] Pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, starch ; starchy. 

amyl alcohol. See alcohol. 

am/y-lene (am'i-len), n. Chem. Any of a group of iso- 
meric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The 
colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene 
is a mixture of different members of the group. 

a-myl'ic (d-mil'ik), a. Chem. Of or pertaining to amyl. 

a-myPo-gen (d-mil'o-jen), n. {amylum + -gen.] Chem. 
That part of the starch granule or granulose which is 
soluble in water. 

am'y-lo-gen'ic (am'i-lo-jen'Ik) , a. 1. Of or pert, to amylo- 
gen. 2. Forming starch ; — applied specif, to leucoplasts. 

am'y-loid (am'i-loid) 1 a. {amylum -f- -oid.~\ Like or con- 

am/y-loPdal (-loi'ddl) / taining amylum ; starchlike. 

am/y-loid (am'i-loid), n. A nonnitrogenous starchy food; 
a starchlike substance. 

am'y-lol'y-sis (-lol'i-sis),n. {amylum + -lysis.] Chem. 
Conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins 
and sugar, esp. by enzymes. — am'y-lo-lyt'ic (-lo-lit'ik), a. 

am'y-lop'sin (-lop'sin), n. \amylum + Gr. 5V;« appear- 
ance.] Chem. The diastase of the pancreatic juice. 

am'y-lose (am'i-los), n. Chem. Any of the starch group, 
(CeHio05)x, of the carbohydrates, as starch, dextrin, cel- 
lulose, etc. 

am'y-lum {-Yum), n. [L. See amyl.] Starch. 

an (an), or a, a., or indefinite article. . [AS. an one. See 
one.] One or any, — without emphasis on the number. 
K5F 3 In present usage an is invariably used before words 
beginning with a vowel sound, as an enemy, an hour, an 
oak ; and a is invariably used, except as noted below, before 
words beginning with a consonant sound, as a table, a 

.woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a oneness, such a one, 
a history, a historian, a hypothesis, a hotel. Some writers, 
however, use an before words beginning with h in an 
unaccented syllable, as an historian, an hotel ; and British 
writers often use an before such words as union, ewe, 
euphony, etc., beginning with the sound of y (u=yoo). 

an. or an' (an), conj. 1. And. Obs. or Dial. 2. If. Archaic. 

an-. A prefix denoting not, without, etc. See A-, not. 

-an (-an). A suffix used : 1. Primarily, to fcrm adjectives, 
and signifying : of, belonging to, pertaining to. 

Examples : metropolitan, of, belonging to, or pertaining 
to, a metropolis ; suburban, of, belonging to, or pertaining 
to, a suburb ; Roman, Armenian, etc., of, belonging to, 
or pertaining to, Rome, Armenia, etc. 
2. Secondarily, to form nouns, as: a In zoology, to form 
nouns in the singular for plural group names and denoting : 
one of the. 

Examples : crustacean, molluscan, etc., one of the Crus- 
tacea, Mollusca, etc. 

D In place names, nouns denoting : a native or inhabit- 
ant of. 
Examples: Roman, a native or inhabitant of Rome; 
Belgian, a native or inhabitant of Belgium, etc. 

an'a- (an'd-). [Gr. &va on ; in comp., on, up.] A prefix in 
words from the Greek (sometimes through LL. and F.) 
denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, 
again, anew, or (intensively) greatly or excessively. 

-a'na (-a/nd; -an'd). [The neut. pi. ending of Latin 
adjectives in -anus.] A suffix denoting a collection of bib- 
liography, anecdotes, literary gossip, or other facts or 
pieces of information concerning something, as in Ameri- 
cana, etc.; — also used as a noun, a'na. 

a'na (a'nd; an'd), adv. [Gr. Lva (used distributively).] 
Med. Of each an equal quantity; — used in prescriptions. 

an / a-bse'na(an / d-be'nd),n. [NL., fr. Gr. bvafialveiv to go 
up.] An individual, or a mass of individuals, of a genus 
(Anabsena) of fresh-water algae that often contaminate 
reservoirs, giving a pronounced fishy taste and odor, and 
sometimes a cloudy appearance, to the water. 

An'a-bap'tist (an'd-bap'tist), n. Eccl. Hist. One of a sect, 
originating in Switzerland in 1523, which rejected infant 
baptism, and held that the church is composed only of 
those baptized on confession of faith. Immersion became 
the only mode of baptism. — An'a-bap'tism (-tiz'm), n. 

an'a-bas (an'd-bas), n. [Gr. d^a/3ds, deriv. of bvb. up -\ 
fiaiveiv to go.] Any of a 
genus (Anabas) of small 
perchlike fishes of south- 1 
eastern Asia and Africa.' 
One species can travel con- 
siderable distances over- 
land, and is said to climb 
trees. Anabas. 

a-nab'a-sis (d-nab'd-sYs), n. ; pi. -SES (-sez). [Gr. &v&fia- 
<ns.] Lit., a journey upward ; a military advance ; — 
referring to Cyrus's expedition against Artaxerxes and the 
adventurous retreat, related in Xenophon's "Anabasis." 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Qse, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ANABOLIC 



37 



ANAMORPHOSIS 



an-ab'O-lism (an-ab'o-liz'm), a. [Gr. &va0o\-fi something 
heaped up; &.t>a+@o\v a stroke.] Biol. Constructive 
metabolism; — opposed to katabolism. — an'a-boFic, a. 

an'a-branch (an'd-branch), n. [anastomosing -\-branch.~\ 
A branch of a river which reenters the main stream ; also, 
a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. Australia. 

arPa-car/di-a'ceous (-kaVdi-a'shus), a. [NL. ; Gr. &v& 
similar to + napola heart ; — the fruit being likened to a 
bird's heart.] Bot. Belonging to a large and widely dis- 
tributed family (Anacardiacese) of trees and shrubs (or- 
der Sapindales), the cashew family, which yield a milky or 
resinous, sometimes (as in the sumac) poisonous, juice. 

an-ach'ro-nism (an-ak'ro-mz'm), n. [Gr. avaxpovio-yx>s, 
fr. Lvaxpovl^eLv to refer to a wrong time ; ava + xpbvos 
time.] 1. An error in chronology by which events are mis- 
placed in order, esp. one by which an event is placed too 
early. 2. Anything incongruous because its surroundings 
are not appropriate in time. 

an-ach'ro-nis'tic (-nTs'tlk), a. Characterized by anach- 
ronisms ; of the nature of, or involving, anachronism. 

an-ach'ro-nous (-niis), a. Containing or being an anachro- 
nism ; anachronistic. — an-ach'ro-nous-ly, adv. 

an-ac'la-sis (an-ak'ld-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avax\a<ns. 
See anaclastic.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. An exchange of 
place between a short syllable and a preceding long one. 

an'a-Clas'tic (an'd-klaVtik), a. [Gr. avajcXdv to bend 
back and break; reflect (light); ava + xXav to break.] 
1. Optics. Pert, to, or produced by, refraction. 2. Pros. 
Relating to or constituting anaclasis. 

an'a-Cli'nal (-kll'ndl), a. [ana- + Gr. ic\lveivJ\ Physi- 
cal Geog. Descending in a direction opposite to the dip 
of strata ; as, an anaclinal river ; — opp. to cataclinal. 

an'a-CO-lu'thon (-ko-hl'thon), n.; L. pi. -tha (-thd). 
[Gr. avajcoXovdos, -ov, deriv. of &v- not-\-6.Ko\ov6os follow- 
ing.] Gram. A want of grammatical sequence or coher- 
ence in a sentence ; an expression in which the latter part 
does not syntactically correspond with the first part. 

an'a-con'da (-kon'dd), n. 1. Any large snake that crushes 
its prey ; a boa. 2. Zool. A large snake (Eunectes muri- 
nus) of the boa family, of tropical South America. 

A-nac're-on'tic (d-nak're-on'tlk), a. Pert, to, or after the 
light and graceful style of, the Greek lyric poet Anacreon. 
— n. A poem after the style of Anacreon's lyrics. 

an'a-cru'sis (an'd-kroo'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avaKpovats, 
fr. avaKpoveiv to push back ; hvLv + upoveiv to strike.] 
Pros. One or two unaccented syllables prefixed to a verse 
properly beginning with an accented syllable. 

an'a-crus'tic (-krus'tik), a. Of or pert, to anacrusis. 

an'a-dem (an'd-dem), n. [From L., fr. Gr. avdSrjua, deriv. 
of &va up -f- Selv to bind.] Garland ; fillet ; wreath. Poetic. 

an'a-di-plo'sis (-dT-pl5'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. avaSlirXwo-is ; 
ava+bnrXovv to double.] Rhet. ^ Repetition of the last 
word or of any prominent word in a sentence or clause, 
at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea. 

an-ad'ro-mous (an-ad'ro-mus), a. [Gr. avabponos running 
upward ; ava + Sp6p.os a running.] Zool. Ascending 
rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding. 

a-nae'mi-a, a-ne'mi-a (d-ne'mi-d), n % [Gr. kva.ip.la; 6.-, 
iv-, not _+ alua blood.] Med. A deficiency in the blood or 
its constituents causing pallor, heart palpitation, and debil- 
ity. — a-nse'mic, a-ne'mic (-ne'mik; -nem'ik), a. 

an-a^r-O^bi-a (an-a'er-o'bi-d)) n. pi. [NL. anaerobia ; 

an-a'er-obes (an-a'er-obz) / an- not + aero- + Gr. 0los 
life.] Bacteriol. Anaerobic bacteria. [free oxygen. I 

an-a'er-ob'ic (-ob'ik), a. Able to live in the absence of) 

arPees-the'si-a, arPes-the'si-a (an'es-the'sT-d; -zhi-d). n. 

[Gr. avaurQ-r\aia; av- not + a"adr]<ns feeling.] Entire or 
partial loss or absence of feeling ; general or local insensi- 
bility usually due to disease, hypnotism, or an anaesthetic. 

an'aes-thet'ic, an'es-thet'ic (-thet'ik), a. Med. a Capa- 
ble of rendering insensible, b Marked by, or connected 
with, insensibility.— n. An agent that anaesthetizes, as co- 
caine (local anaesthetic) or ether (general anaesthetic). 

an-aes'the-tize, an-es'the-tize (an-es'the-tlz), v. t. ; -tized 
(-tlzd) ; -tiz'tng (-tlz'ing). To render insensible by an 
anaesthetic. — arPses-thePi-za'tion, arPes-thePi-za'tion 
(an'es-thePi-za'shun ; -I-za'-), n. 

an'a-glyph (Sn'd-glif), n. [Gr. avayXvfox anaglyptic; 
&va-\-y\v(l)eiv to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or 
embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. 
— an'a-glyph'ic (-glTf'ik), a.— arPa-glyp'tic (-gl!p'tTk),a. 

an'a-glyp'tiCS (-gllp'tiks), 7i ; (See -ICS.) [Gr. avayXvwTOS 
embossed.] Art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc. 

an'a-gO'ge (-go'je), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avaywyrj a leading 
up ; &va -f- aycoyh a leading, &7«j> to lead.] The mystical 




an'a-gram (an'd-gram), n. [From F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. \6.va 
up, back-r-7p<i0«ii/ to write.] The change of one word or 
phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. — 
an'a-gram-mat'ic (-gra-mat'Tk), -mat'i-cal (-kal), a. 



a'nal (a'nal), a. Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus. 

an-al'cite (an-aPsIt), n. [Gr. avaXjcfc weak + -ite.~] Min. 
A white or slightly colored zeolite, crystalline or massive. 

an'a-lects (an'd-lekts) \ n. pi. [Gr. avakexra, fr. avaXt- 

an'a-lec'ta (an'd-lek'td)J yeiv to collect; dva + Xkytiv 
to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. 

an'a-lep'tic (-lep'tlk), a. [Gr. &pa\rjwTui6s restorative.] 
Med. Restorative ; giving strength. — n. A restorative. 

an-al'gen (an-al'jen)\ n. [Gr. avaXyrjs painless.] Pharm. 

an-al'gene (;jen) J A derivative of quinoline, used as 
an antipyretic and analgesic, as in rheumatism. 

an'al-ge'si-a (an'al-je'si-d; -zi-d),ri. [NL., fr. Gr. avaXyjt- 
a-ia; av- not + 0X7^0-1$ sense of pain.] Insensibility to pain. 

an/al-ges'ic (an'al-jes'ik), a. Med. Pertaining to, or pro- 
ducing, analgesia. — n. An analgesic agent. 

an'a-log'ic (-d-loj'TkMa. 1. Founded on, of the nature of, 

an'a-log'i-cal (-i-kdl)J or implying, analog^'. 2. Having 
analogy ; analogous. — an'a-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-nal'O-gist (d-naP6-jist), n. One who analogizes. 

a-nal'o-gize (-jlz), v. i. ; -gized ; (-jlzd) -giz'ing (-jizTng). 
To employ, or reason by, analogy ; show or seek analogy. 

a-naPo-gOUS (-gus), a. [From L., fr. Gr. AvaXoyos pro- 
portionate ; ava-\-\6yos ratio.] Having analogy , bearing 
some resemblance or proportion. — Syn. Correspondent, 
similar. — a-naPo-gous-ly, adv. — a-naPo-gous-ness, n. 

an'a-logue (an'd-log), n. [F.] 1. That which is analo- 
gous to some other thing. 2. Biol. An organ with similar 
function to an organ of another animal or plant, but differ- 
ent in structure and origin ; as, the gill of a fish is the ana- 
logue of a lung in a quadruped ; — disting. from homologue. 

a-naPo-gy ( d-naP6-ji ), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). 1. Resem- 
blance of relations ; agreement between things in some 
circumstances but not_ in others. 2. Logic. A form of 
inference in which it is reasoned that if two (or more) 
things agree with one another in one or more respects, they 
will (probably) agreein yet other respects. 3. Biol. Cor- 
respondence in function between organs or parts of differ- 
ent structure and origin ; — disting. from homology. — 
Syn. See RESE1TBL.ANXE. 

arPa-lyse, an'a-lys'er, etc. Vars. of analyze, etc. 

a-naPy-sis (d-nal'i-sis),™., pi. -SES (-sez). [Gr.d^dXuo-is, 
fr. di'aXiieij' to unloose, resolve; &vd up+Xvew to loose.] 
1. A resolution of anything into elements ; an examination 
of component parts separately, or in relation to the whole, 
as of the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a 
tune, the ideas in an argument, etc. ; also, a statement of a 
resolution so made. See synthesis. 2. Chem. a Separa- 
tion of substances, by chemical processes, into their 
constituents, b Determination of one or more ingredients 
of a substance either as to kind or amount. 3. Math, a 
Investigation of problems by algebra, b Generically, any 
of those methods that are based on considerations of 
number, as opposed to geometric intuition, c Often, the 
differentia] and integral calculus. 

arPa-lyst (an'd-list), n. One who analyzes. 

an'a-lyPic (-lit'Tk) \a. [ Gr. avaXvriKos.'] Of or pertain- 

an'a-P/Pi-cal (-i-kal) J ing to analysis ;_ resolving into ele- 
ments or constituent parts. — arPa-lyt'i-cal-ly, adv. 
analytic, or analytical, geometry, geometry subjected to 
algebraic treatment by means of coordinates. — a. lan- 
guage. See INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGE. 

an'a-lyPics (-lit'Tks), n. (See -ics.) The science of analysis. 

an'a-lyze, an'a-lyse (an'd-llz), v. t.; -lyzed or -lysed 
(-llzd) ; -lyz'ing or -lys'ing (-lizlng). To resolve into 
elements or constituent parts ; separate or discriminate the 
parts of in relation to the whole and to one another ; sub- 
ject to analysis. — an'a-lyz'a-ble, an'a-lys'a-ble (an'd- 
llz'd-b'l), a. — an'a-lyz'er, an'a-lys'er (-Hz'er), n. 

ArPa-mese'. Var. of Annamese. 

aiPam-ne'sis (aVam-ne'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avap.vij<nt, 
fr. &vap.ip.vT]crK€tv to recollect.] A recalling to mind; 
recollection. — arPam-nes'tic (-nes'tik), a. 

an'a-mor'pho-SCOpe (an'd-mor'fo-skop), n. [anamorpho- 
sis + -scope. ] An instru- 
ment, as a cylindrical mirror, 
for giving a normal picture of 
a picture or image that is 
distorted by anamorphosis. 

ana-mor'pho-sis (-mor'fo- 
sis; -mor-fo'sis ), n. ; pi. 
-ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. dva- 
p.bp4>ix>(TVS ; ava again + pop4>T\ 
form.] 1. A distorted projec- 
tion or representation of an 
image, which, when viewed 
in a certain manner, as by re- 
flection from a curved mirror, 
appears regular and in pro- 
portion ; deformation of an 
image. 2. Process of making 
such distorted images. 




Anamorphoscope. A Dis- 
torted Picture ; B Mirror, 
showing Normal Image. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



ANANDROUS 



38 



ANCIENT 



an-an'droUS (an-an'drus), a. [an- not + -androus.] Bot. 
Having no stamens ; — applied to pistillate flowers. 

An'a-ni'as (an'd-nl'as), n. Bib. a A follower of the Apos- 
tles, who, with his wife, Sapphira, was struck dead for 
lying. Acts v. Hence, often, Colloq., a liar, b A Christian 
disciple at Damascus, to whom Paul was sent after his 
conversion. Acts ix. C A Jewish high priest before whom 
Paul was tried. Acts xxiii. 

an'a-paest, an'a-pest (an'd-pest), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 
AvaTraiiTTos, i. e., a dactyl reversed ; &v&. back + iraleiv to 
strike.] Pros, a A foot of three syllables, the first two 
short or unaccented, the last long or accented (« « — ). b 
An anapaestic verse. — an'a-paes'tic, -pes'tic (-pes'tik), a. 

a-naph'o-ra (d-naf'o-rd),n. [L., fr. Gr. &i>a4>opa; d^dup, 
back. + <j>kpeiv to carry.] Rhet. Repetition of a word or of 
words at the beginning of successive clauses. 

an-aph'ro-dis'i-ac (an-af'ro-diz'i-ak), a. [an- not + Gr. 
A0po5«7ia/c6s of venery.] Med. Capable of lessening 
sexual desire. — n. An anaphrodisiac agent. 

an'a-plas'ty ( an'd-plas'ti ), n. [ana- + -plasty^ Surg. 
Plastic surgery. — an'a-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. 

an'ap-tot'ic (-ap-tot'ik). a. [ana-back + Gr. irraiTucos 
belonging to case.] Philol. Having lost, or tending to 
lose, inflections by phonetic decay, as in English. 

ail 'arch (an'ark), n. [Gr. fivapxos without a head; Lv- 
not -f- &pxv beginning, first place, government.] An 
author or aider of anarchy, or of lawless revolt. 

a-nar'chic (d-nar'kik) la. Of, pertaining to, involving, or 

a-nar'chi-cal (-kT-kdl) / of the nature of, anarchy. 

an'arch-ism, (an'dr-kiz'm), n. 1. The principles under- 
lying anarchy; esp., the theory that all government is 
an evil. At its best, anarchism stands for a society made 
orderly by good manners rather than by law ; at its worst, 
for a terroristic resistance to all present government and 
social order. 2. Advocacy or practice of anarchistic prin- 
ciples ; esp., anarchistic revolution ; terrorism. 

an'arch-ist (-kist), n. Advocate of anarchy or anarchism. 

an'arch-y (-ki), n. [Gr. Lvapxlo..] 1. State of society 
where there is no law or supreme power ; hence, a state of 
lawlessness or political disorder. 2. Confusion ; disorder. 
Syn. Anarchy, lawlessness. Anarchy implies the 
total absence or suspension of government ; lawlessness 
is less definite than anarchy, and signifies rather a preva- 
lent or habitual disregard of existing law and order. 

an-ar'tlirous (an-ar'thr&s), a. [Gr. avapOpos; &v- -f 
tpdpov joint, the article.] Gr. Gram. Used without the 
article ; as, an anarthrous substantive. 

an-as'tig-mat'ic (an-as'tig-mat'ik), a. [an- not + astig- 
matic.'] Optics. _ Not astigmatic ; — said esp. of a lens or a 
lens system consisting of a converging lens and a diverging 
lens of equal and_ opposite astigmatism but different focal 
lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism. 

a-nas'to-mose (d-nas'to-moz), v. i.; -mosed (-mozd) ; 
-mos/ing (-moz'ing). To intercommunicate by anasto- 
mosis ; join or unite like the parts of a network ; hence, to 
coalesce ; interjoin. 

a-nas'to-mo'sis (-mo'sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. &va- 
CTOjuoxns opening, deriv. of LvL + arSfia mouth.] 1. 
Anat. & Biol.^ Union of one vessel with another, as of 
veins and arteries, or sap vessels in plants. 2. Union or in- 
tercommunication of any system or network of lines, 
branches, streams, etc. — a-nas'to-mot'ic (-mot'ik), a. 

a-nas'tro-phe (d-nas'tro-fe), n. [Gr. i.vaarpo4>rj, deriv. of 
b.vh.-\-oTpk4>(.iv to turn.] Rhet. Inversion of the natural 
order of words ; as, echoed the hills for the hills echoed. 

an'a-tase (an'd-tas), n. [Gr. Lva.Ta.ais a stretching out ; — 
alluding to the length of its crystals.] = octahedrite. 

an'a-the'ma (an'd-the'md), n. ; pi. -themata (-them'd-td). 
[L. anathema,^ Gr. kvoBypa.. See 2d anathema.] A thing 
devoted to a divinity or to sacred purposes. 

a-nath/e-ma (d-nath'e-md), n. ; pi. -mas (-mdz). [L. 
anathema, fr. Gr. ivadepta thing devoted, esp. to evil, a 
curse, fr. Lvand'evai to set up as a votive gift, dedicate ; Lva. 
+ Ti9kvai_ to set.] 1. A solemn ban or curse pronounced 
by ecclesiastical authority, esp. with excommunication. 
2. A curse. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. — 
Syn. See curse. 

a-nath'e-ma mar'a-natb/a (mar'd-nath'd). [Gr. &v&9e- 

fia Mapav d0&.] An expression occurring in 1 Cor. xvi, 22, 
formerly thought to be a double curse, or a curse intensi- 
fied by a prayer. Marantaha is now considered to be two 
Aramaic words used in supplication or invocation, and 
meaning literally "Our Lord cometh," or, more probably, 
"O (or Our) Lord, come!" 

a-nath/e-ma-tize (-tlz), v. t. & %.; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'ing 
(-tlz'ing). To pronounce an anathema against ; to curse. 
— a-nath'e-ma-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'sh&n ; -tl-za'sh&n), n. 

An'a-to'ti-an (an'd-to'li-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Ana- 
tolia, or, loosely, Asia Minor. 

an'a-tom'ic (an'd-tom'ikMa. Of or relating to anatomy. 

an'a-tom'i-cal (-T-kdi) J — an'a-tom'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-nat'o-mist (d-nat'o-mist), n. One skilled in anatomy. ' 



a-nat'o-mize {-m\z),v.t.; -mized (-mTzd) ; -miz'ing (-mlz'- 
ing). 1. To dissect so as to display or examine the struc- 
ture and use of the parts. 2. To discriminate carefully; 
analyze. — a-nat'o-mi-za'tion (-mJ-za'shim ; -ml-), n. 

a-nat'o-my (-mi), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [From F., fr. L., 
fr. Gr. dvaropji dissection, fr. &v& + rkp.veiv to cut.] 1. 
Art of dissecting an animal or plant to discover the situa- 
tion, structure, and economy of the parts. 2. The science 
of the structure of animals or plants. 3. Structure or 
organization of an animal or plant. 4. Act of dividing 
anything to examine its parts ; analysis. 5. A skeleton. 

a-nat'ro-pous (d-nat'ro-piis), a. [ana- up -\--tropous."] 
Bot. Of the ovule, inverted at an early period in its 
development, so that the micropyle is bent down to the 
funicle, to which the body of the ovule is united. 

a-nat'io. Var. of annatto. 

-ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency. Suffixes forming nouns, and 
signifying : 1. Primarily : a Act of. 

Examples: continuance, act of continuing ; resistance, 
act of resisting; emergence or, less usually, emergency, 
act of emerging ; appearance, act of appearing ; radiance, 
act of radiating, radiation. 
b Quality or state of. 

Examples : contingency, or rarely, contingence, quality 
or state of being_ contingent ; radiance, radiancy, con- 
venience, convenience, exigency, Quality or state of 
being radiant, etc. 

2. Secondarily, a (particular) thing that exhibits, or is 
produced by, or causes (the quality, state, or action 
denoted by the word in its primary senses) ; that which, or 
a thing that, is (of the nature indicated by the corres- 
ponding adjective in -ant or -ent). 

Examples : contingency, that which is contingent ; 
prominence, protuberance, contrivance, that which is 
prominent, protuberant, contrived; convenience, that 
which causes convenience, a thing that is convenient. 

an'CeS-tor (an'ses-ter), n. [OF. ancestre, fr. L. antecessor 
one who goes before, deriv. of antecedere, fr. ante before + 
cedere to go.] 1. One from whom a person is descended ; 
a progenitor ; forefather. 2. Biol. A progenitor (living in 
an earlier geological period) of a more recent or existing 
species or group. 3. Law. One from whom an estate has 
descended ; — correlative of heir. 

an-ces'tral (an-ses'trdl), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, 
or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors. 

an'ces-tress (an'ses-tres), n. A female ancestor. 

an'ces-try (-tri), n. Ancestral lineage; hence: birth; 
honorable descent. 

An-chi'ses (an-kl'sez), n. [L.,fr.Gr.'A7x^s.] See /Eneas. 

an'chor (an'ker), n. [AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See 
anchoret.] An anchoret. Obs. 

an'chor, n. [AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, fr. Gr. ayK.vpa.~\ 
1. An instrument attached to a ship or 
other vessel by a line or cable so that when 
cast overboard it will lay hold of the earth 
by a fluke or hook and hold the vessel in 
place; also, anything similarly used. 2. 
Something like, or suggestive of, a ship's 
anchor, as a contrivance to hold the end Common An- 
of a bridge cable, a metal tie or a cramp, chor. aa Stock; & 
etc. — v. t. 1. To place at anchor ; secure Shank; cc Flukes; 
by anchor. 2. To fix ; fasten. — v. i. l. da Arms - 
To cast anchor ; come to anchor. 2. To stop ; rest. 
at anchor, anchored. 

an'chor-age (ar/ker-aj), n. 1. Act of anchoring, or con- 
dition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchor- 
ing or where ships anchor. 3. Something on which one may 
depend for security ; ground of trust ; as, he was the anchor- 
age of my hopes. 4. A toll for anchoring. 

an'cho-ress (an'ko-res; 24), n. A female anchoret. 

an'cho-ret (-ret), an'cho-rite (-rlt), n. [From F., fr. L., 
fr. Gr. &vaxo>pyTr]s, it. foaxupeZv to go back; d^d-f- 
xupeiv to give place.] One who renounces the world to 
live in seclusion, esp. for religious reasons ; hermit ; recluse. 
— Syn. See hermit. — an'cho-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. 

an'chor-less (an'ker-les), a. Without an anchor or stay; 
hence : drifting ; unsettled. 

an-cho'vy (an-cho'vi ; an'cho-), n.; pi. -vies (-viz). [From 
Sp. or Pg.] Any of a number of small herringlike fishes of 
the Mediterranean, used for pickling or making a sauce. 

anchovy pear. The fruit, often pickled, of a West Indian 
tree (Grlas cauHflora) somewhat resembling the mango; 
also, the tree itself. 

an'chu-sin (an'ku-sin), n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, 
Gr. ti.yxovo-a.'] Chem. A red coloring matter got from 
alkanet and related plants. 

an'chy-lose (an'ki-los), an'chy-lo'sis, etc. Vars. of ankv- 

LOSE, ANKYLOSIS, etc. 

an'cient (an'shent), n. [Corrupt, fr. ensign."] 1. An 

ensign. Obs. or R. 2. The bearer of an ensign. Obs. 

an'cient, a. [F. ancien, fr. LL., fr. L. ante before.] 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ken, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ANCIENTLY 



39 



ANGEL 



1. Old ; aged. 2. Hence : a Of persons, venerable ; hoary ; 
also, experienced ; wise, b Of conditions or things, an- 
tique ; old-fashioned. 3. Belonging to times long past. 
4. Specif.: a Belonging to the historical period beginning 
with the earliest known civilizations (those of Egypt and 
Chaldea), and generally taken as extending to the fall of 
the Western Roman Empire (a. d. 476). b Pertaining to 
the ancients or to their times; as, ancient history. 5. 
Former ; bygone ; sometime. Archaic. — Syn. Anti- 
quated, obsolete. See old. 

— n: 1. An aged being. 2. One who lived in antiquity; 
pi., the civilised peoples of antiquity ; esp., the classical 
nations. 3. A classical author ; a classic. — aa'cient-ly, 
adv. — an'cient-ness, n. 

Ancient of Days, a Biblical title of the Deity. Dan. vii. 
9. — the ancient regime, or [F.] ancien regime (aV- 
syaN' ra'zhem'). the former political and social system, esp. 
that of France before the Revolution of 1789. 

an'cient-ry (-ri), n. Antiquity; what is ancient. 

an'cil-la-ry (an'sT-la-rT), a. [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla 
female servant.] Lit., of or pert, to a maidservant ; hence, 
subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid ; auxiliary. 

an-cip'i-tal (an-sTp'i-talHa. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two- 

an-cip'i-tous (-sip'i-tits)/ headed ; ambi- on both sides -j- 
caput head.] Bot. Two-edged, instead of round. 

an'cle. Var. of ankle. 

an'con (an'kon), n. ; L. pi. ancones (an-ko'nez). [L., fr. Gr. 
&yKo>v elbow.] Anal. The elbow. 2. Arch. A console of 
a cornice. — an-CO'ne-al (arj-ko-ne-di), a. 

-ancy. See -ance. 

and (and), conj. [AS. and.] 1. A particle expressing the 
general relation of connection or addition, and used to con- 
join word with word, clause with clause, or sentence with 
sentence. 2. In order to; — used instead of the infinitival 
to after try, come, go, send, and (Colloq. or Dial.) vari- 
ous other verbs ; as, try and do it. 3. If ; though. 06s. 
and so forth, and others or more of the same or of similar 
kind ; further in the same or similar manner ; and the rest. 
The abbr. etc. (etcetera), or &c, is usually read and so forth. 

An'da-lll'sian (an'dd-lu'zhdn ; -shdn), a. Of or pert, to 
Andalusia, an old division of southern Spain, or its people. 

— n. One of the people of Andalusia. 

an'da-lu'site (-sit), n. Min. A silicate of aluminium, 
AUSiOs, first discovered in Andalusia, Spain. 

Qan-dan'te (an-dan'ta; an-dan'te), a. [It., lit., going.] 
Music. Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing. 

— n. An andante movement or piece. 

11 an'dan-ti'no (an'dan-te'no), a. [It., dim. of andante.] 
Music. Rather quicker, or (as used by some) somewhat 
slower, than andante. — n. A piece ox movement in this 
time. [the Andes. I 

An-de'an (an-de'an ; an'de-dn), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, | 

an'des-ite(an'de-zTt),n. Petrog. An eruptive, usually dark 
grayish, rock, similar to trachyte. 

and'i'ron (and'I'urn), n. [OF. andier.] A utensil for 
supporting wood in a fireplace ; a firedog. 

an'dro-clin'i-um (aVdro-klm'i-um),^. [NL. ; Gr. &vhp, 
&i>8pos, man -f- kKLvti bed.] Bot. A clinandrium. 

An'dro-clus (an'dro-klus), or An'dro-cles (-klez), n. [L., 
fr. Gr. 'Ai-Spo/cX^s.] A Roman slave said to have been 
spared i n the arena by a lion from whose foot he had extract- 
ed a thorn years before. 

an-droe'ci-um (an-dre'shT-wm), n.; L. pi. -cia (-shT-d). 
[NL. ; andro- + Gr. oIkos house.] Bot. The aggregate of 
microsporophylls in the flower of a seed plant ; the stamens 
and their appendages collectively. — an-drce'cial(-shdl), a. 

an-drog'y-nous (an-droj'I-nus), a. [L. androgynus, Gr. 
ivSpoywos ; i-vijp, &p8pos, man -f- ywrj woman.] 1. Her- 
maphroditic. 2. Bot. Bearing both staminate and pistil- 
late flowers in the same cluster. — an-drog'y-ny f-ni), n. 

an'droid (an'droid) , a. [Gr. 6.v8poei8r)s ; h.vi\p man -f- elSos 
form.] Resembling a man. — n. An automaton of human 
form. — an-droi'dal (an-droi'ddl), a. 

An-drom'a-Che (an-drom'd-ke), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AvSpo- 
ni-xvl I Q Homer's "Iliad," the noble wife of Hector. 

An-drom'e-da (-e-dd), n. ; gen. -E-DiE (-de). [L., fr. Gr. 
'AvSpofieSr).] 1. Gr. Myth. A daughter of Cepheus and 
Cassiopeia, who, to avert a disaster, was exposed to a sea 
monster. She was rescued by Perseus and became his 
wife. 2. Astron. A northern constellation directly south 
of Cassiopeia, between Pegasus and Perseus. 

An'dro-mede (an'dro-med) \n. A stron. Any of a show- 

An-drom'e-did (an-drom'e-did) J er of meteors appearing 
yearly about the 24th of November, and seeming to radi- 
ate from a point in the constellation Andromeda ; — called 
also Bielids, because connected with Biela's comet. 

an'dro-sphinx (an'dro-sfTnks), n. [Gr. kvi,p, 6.v8p6s, a 
man -f- sphinx.] A man-headed sphinx. See sphinx. 

-an'drous (-an'drus). [Gr. &vfip, & v 8p6s, a man.] Bot. 
An adjectival termination denoting the presence of 
stamens ; as in monandrous, diandrous, gynandrous, etc. 




Anemometer. 



An'dva-rf ( an'dwa-re ), n. [ Icel. ] Norse Myth. A 
dwarf whom Loki robs of his hoard and of a ring. On the 
ring Andvari lays the curse that it shall be the bane of all 
possessors. 

a-near' (d-ner'), prep. & adv. Near. Rare. 

an'ec-dot'age (an'ek-dot'aj ), n. Anecdotes collectively. 

an'ec-dot'al (-dot/ol), an'ec-dbt'ic (-dot'Ik), a. Of or 
pertaining to anecdotes. 

an'ec-dote (-dot), n. [F., fr. Gr. LvkKhoros not published ; 
6.v- not + Ik8otos given out.] A particular or detached 
incident or fact of an interesting nature ; a biographical 
incident. — Syn. See story. — an'ec-dot'ist (-dot'ist), n. 

a-nele' (d-nel'), v. t. [ME. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, 
L. oleum.] To anoint ; also, give extreme unction to. 06s. 

an'e-lec'triC ( an'e-lek'trik ), a. [ an- not + electric. ] 
Physics. Not becoming electrified by friction. — n. An 
anelectric substance. 

a-ne'mi-a, a-ne'mic, etc. Vars. of anaemia, anemic, etc. 

an'e-mo- (an'e-mo-). Combining form fr. Gr. avep,os, wind. 

a-nem'o-gram (d-nem'6-gram), n. A record made by an 
anemograph. 

a-nem'o-graph (-graf), n. A recording anemometer. 

an'e-mog'ra-phy (an'e-mog'rd-fi), n. 1. A description of 
the winds. 2. Art of recording the direction and force 
of the wind. — a-nenVo-graph/ic (d-nem'o-graf'ik), a. 

an'e-mol'O-gy (an'e-mol'6-ji), n. The science of the wind. 

— an'e-mo-log'i-cal (-mo-loj'i-kdl), a. 
an'e-mom'e-ter (an'e-mom'e-ter), n. 

An instrument for measuring the forcef 
or velocity of the wind ; a wind gauge. 

— an'e-mo-met'ric (-mo-met'rik), 
an'e-mo -met'ri-cal (-n-kal), a. 

an / e-mo-met'ro-graph(an / e-mo-met'- 
ro-graf), n. An anemograph, esp. one 
that records the pressure, velocity, and 
direction of the wind. 

an'e-mom'e-try (-mom'e-trT), n. Act 
or process of ascertaining the force or 
velocity of the wind. 

a-nem'O-ne (d-nem'6-ne ; L. an'e-mo'- 
ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. hvep-iovq, fr. ai>ep.os 
wind. ] 1. Any of a genus (Anemone) of ranunculaceous 
plants, having flowers without petals, but with petaloid 
sepals. See inflorescence, Illust. 2. A sea anemone. 

an'e-moph'i-lous (an'e-mof'i-las), a. Bot. Fertilized by 
the wind. — aii'e-moph'i-ly (-11), n. 

a-nem'o-SCOpe (d-nem'o-skop), n. Any contrivance for in- 
dicating, or for indicating and recording, the direction of the 
wind ; also, a device to foretell changes in the weather. 

an'e-mq'sis (an'e-mo'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avepos wind.] 
A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings 
are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds 
upon the trunk ; wind shake. 

a-nenst' (d-nenst') 1 prep. [AS. onefen, onemn ; an, on, on 

a-nent' (d-nent') /_+ efen even, equal.] 1. Beside. 06s. 

2. About ; concerning ; in respect to. 

an'er-oid (an'er-oid), a. [a- not + Gr. vrjpos wet, "moist + 

-oid.] Containing no 

liquid; — designating a 

kind of barometer in 

which the atmospheric 

pressure, in bending the 

thin corrugated top of a 

partially exhausted me- 
tallic box, is made to 

move a pointer. — n. An 

aneroid barometer. 
an'es-the'si-a, an'es- 

thet'ic. Vars. of AN.ES- Aneroid Barometer, a Exhausted 
THESIA, ANAESTHETIC. Box connected with Levers b 

an'eu-rysm, -rism (an'- and c to actuate Pointer (d) . 
u-riz'm), n. [Gr. iveOpvapa, 6.vevpv<rp6s, an opening ; &i>& 
up + evpvs wide.] Med. A soft, pulsating, arterial tumor, 
containing blood. — an'eu-rys'mal, -ris'mal (-riz'mal), a. 

a-new' (d-nu'), adv. Over again ; in a new form ; afresh. 

an-frac^tU-OS'i-ty (an-frak'ty-os'r-ti), «.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
Sinuosity. 

an-frac'tu-OUS (-frak'tu-us), a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. an- 
fractus a winding; an- for ambi- -J- frangere, fractum, 
to break.] Winding ; full of turns ; sinuous ; tortuous. 

an'gel (an'jel), n. [From OF., fr. L. angelus, Gr. ayyeXos 
messenger, messenger of God, angel.] 1. A supernatural 
messenger of God ; a spiritual, celestial being, superior to 
man in power and intelligence. 2. A messenger. Rare. 

3. A minister or pastor of a church ; — so called in the 
Apocalypse, in ecclesiastical history, and by some modern 
sects. 4. A person like an angel in goodness or loveliness. 

5. A former English gold coin bearing the image ot the 
archangel Michael ; — worth $3,428 in the money ot to-day. 

6. Attendant spirit ; genius ; demon. 7. A nonproiessional 
financial backer of a play, circus, or the like. Slang. 




B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ANGELET 



40 



ANGRY 



an'gel-et (an'jel-et), n. [OF.] 1. An obsolete English 
gold coin worth half an angel. 2. A little angel. 

angel fish. Zool. A large shark ( Squatina squatina ) 
with pectoral fins extending like wings when spread. 

an-gel'ic (an-jel'ik) \a. Belonging to angels; resembling, 

an-gel'i-cal (-i-kdl) / characteristic of, or of the nature of, 
an angel ; heavenly ; divine. — an-gel'i-cal-ly, adv. 

an-gel'i-ca (-kd), n. [NX.] Bot. An apiaceous plant (genus 
Angelica), esp. an aromatic species (A. archangelica) of 
which the leafstalks are candied as a confection ; also, this 
confection or an infusion formerly made from the plant. 

angelica tree. The Hercules'-club. 

an'gel-ol'a-try ( an'jel-31'd-tn ), n. [angel -\ — latry.J 
Worship paid to angels. 

an'gel-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. {angel + -logy.'] A discourse 
on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. 

An'ge-lus (an'je-lus), n. [L. See angel.] _ R. C. Ch. 
a A form of devotion commemorating Christ's incarnation, 
said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell, 
called the Angelus Bell, b The Angelus bell. 

an'ger (ar/ger), n. [Icel. angr affliction, sorrow.] 1. 
Trouble; affliction; vexation; also, physical pain or 
smart of a sore, etc. Obs. 2. A strong passion or emotion 
of displeasure or antagonism excited by what is regarded 
as an injury or insult done by another, or by the intent 
to do such injury. 

Syn. Displeasure, choler, temper, exasperation, irritation, 
vexation, resentment, passion, indignation,-' wrath, ire, 
rage, fury. — Anger, indignation, wrath, ire, rage, 
fury agree in expressing the feelings aroused by wrong or 
injury. Anger is keen or hot displeasure (usually with a de- 
sire to punish) at what is regarded as an injury or in- 
justice ; as, "Moses' anger waxed hot." Indignation is 
deep and intense, often generous, anger in view of what 
is mean, cruel, shameful, or in any way unworthy or 
ignoble ; as, a righteous indignation at corruption. Wrath 
and ire (chiefly poetical) express the feelings of one 
bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of 
anger ; fury, an excess of rage, verging on madness ; as, 
to fly into a rage ; the fury of an avenger. 

— v. t. 1. To make angry ; cause to smart ; inflame. Obs. 
2. To excite to anger ; enrage ; provoke. 

an'ger-ly, adv. Angrily. Obs. or Poetic. 

An'ge-vin (an'je-vin), An'ge-vine (-vln; -vTh), a. Of or 
pert, to Anjou in France, a former province now chiefly 
comprised in the department of Maine-e t- Loire ; specif., 
designating the Plantagenets, descendants of Geoffrey, 
Count of Anjou. — n. A native or inhabitant of Anjou ; 
also, a member of an Angevin royal house. 

an'gi-na (an'ji-nd ; commonly an-jl'nd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
dyx°»"7 a throttling.] Any inflammatory affection of the 
throat or fauces, esp. one causing suffocative spasms. 

an'gi-na pec'to-ris (pek'to-ns). A painful disease accom- 
panied by a sense of suffocating contraction of the chest. 

an'gi-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji) n. [From Gr. hyyeiov a vessel + 
-logy.] The anatomy of the blood vessels and lymphatics. 

an'gi-o'ma (an'ji-o'md), n. ; L. pi. -omata (-o'md-td). 
[NL., fr. Gr. Lyyelov a vessel + -oma.] Med. A tumor 
chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. — an'gi-om'a- 
tOUS (-om'd-tus; -o'md-tSs), a. 

an'gi-O-sperm (an'jl-o-spurm), n. [From Gr. byyelov a 
vessel + -sperm.] Any plant of the class ( Angiospermse) 
having the seeds in a closed ovary. sper'mous, a. 

an'gle (arj'g'l), n. [AS. angel.] A fishhook or fishing 
tackle.— v. i.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). 1. To fish 
with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To 
use some bait or artifice ; intrigue. 

an'gle, n. [F., fr. L. angulus.] 

1. The inclosed space near the 
point where two lines meet ; cor- 
ner. 2. Geom. a The figure 
formed by two meeting lines 
(plane angle) or planes (dihe- 
dral angle) , or by three or more 
planes meeting in a point (solid 
angle) . b Difference in direction . 
of two lines. 3. A projecting or ^W-^gJ-ygg 
sharp corner ; an angular object F',F",F'") BD Acute 
or space. — Syn. See CORNER. Angle ; E (or E', E". E'") 

— V. i. & t. 1. To turn, bend, or BD Obtuse Angle; CBD 
move at an angle or in angles. ^ traigh ^ A ? gle j,?^ D 

2. To drive into an angle ; corner. Reflex ^^ ; B Vertex. 
an'gled (ar/g'ld), a. Having or forming an angle or angles. 
angle iron. Mech. A bent piece for joining parts of a 

structure at an angle; specif., a rolled 
iron or steel bar of L section, for struc- 
tural ironwork. 

an'gle-me'ter (an'g'l-me'ter), n. An instru- 
ment to measure angles ; esp., a clinometer. 

an'gle-pod/t-podO.rc. A plant {Vincetoxi- 
cum gonocarpos) of the southern United 
States which has an angled pod ; also, any 
of several other species of the same genus. 



E Ar 





Angle Iron. 



an'gler (an'-gler), n. 1. One who angles. 2. A fish (Lophius 
piscatorius) having a very large mouth and fleshy ap- 
pendages on the head, by which latter it is said to lure 
other fish within reach. 

An'gles (-g'lz), n. pi. A Germanic people who, with the 
Saxons and Jutes, conquered England in the 5th century 
A. D. From their name come the words England and 
English. — An'gli-an (-gli-dn), a. & n. 

an'gle-Slte (ar/gle-slt), n. [From the Isle of Anglesey] 
Min. Lead sulphate, PbS04, found massive or in white or 
slightly colored orthorhombic crystals. It is an ore of lead. 

an'gle-worm' (an'g'l-wurmO, n. An earthworm. 

An'gli-can (ar/gli-kon), a. 1. English ; esp., of or pert, to 
the Church of England and churches in communion with 
it. 2. Of, pert, to, or designating, the High Church party of 
the Church of England. — - n. A member of an Anglican 
church or the Anglican party. can-ism (-iz'm), n. 

[| An'gli-ce (-se),_ adv. [NL.] In the English language or 
fashion ; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn. 

An'gli-cism (-siz'm), n. 1. Anglicized language or idiom. 
2. Quality of being English ; an English characteristic. 

An'gli-cize (-slz), v. t. &i.; -cized (-slzd) ; -ciz'ing (-sTz / - 
Ing) . To make or become English ; Anglify. — An'gli- 
ci-za'tion (-si-za'shim; -sT-za'shun), n. 

An'gli-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing. To Anglicize. 

An'glo- (ar/glo-). [L. Angli the Angles.] A combining 
form meaning the same as English. 

An'glo-Af'ri-can, a. & n. Native of Africa, but of 
English descent. 

An'glo-A-mer'i-can, a. Of, pert, to, or designating, the 
English and Americans, or Englishmen who have made 
America, esp. the United States, their home. — n. An 
Englishman who has made America, esp. the United 
States, his home; often, a child or descendant of such a 
settler; also (in central western U. S. A.), any child whose 
parents were born in America and speak English. 

An'glo— Cath/o-lic, a. Designating, or pertaining to, the 
church as affected by the Reformation in England 
(16th century); Anglican; — sometimes restricted to the 
ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of Eng- 
land.— n. One who claims that the Church of England 
is by historic descent a part of the Catholic Church (in- 
cluding the Roman Church and the Greek Church also 
as parts). — An'glO-Ca-thol'i-cism (-kd-thol'i-siz'm), n. 

An'glo— Chi-nese', a. Pertaining to the English and 
Chinese, or England and China. 

An'glo-French', a. 1. Of or pert, to England and France. 
2. Designating, or relating to, Anglo-French. — n. The 
French language as spoken in England after the Norman 
Conquest, esp. the form used by the Anglo-Normans. 

An'glo-In'di-an (-in'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the 
English in India, or the English and East Indian peoples, 
languages, customs, etc. — n. One of the English race 
born or resident in the East Indies. 

An'glo-ma'ni-a (-ma'ni : d), n. Prejudice in favor of 
English customs, institutions, etc. ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. 

An'glo-Nor'man (-nor'mdn), n. One of the English Nor- 
mans or the Normans who lived in England after the Con- 
quest ; also, the form of French spoken by them and their 
descendants. — An'glo-Nor'man, a. 

An'glo-phile (-fll ; -f II) \n. One who upholds English policy 

An'glo-phil (an'gio-fil)/ or manner. 

An'glo-phobe (-fob), n. A person actuated or affected by 
Anglophobia. 

An'glo-pho'foi-a (-fo'bi-d), n. \_Anglo--\--phobia.] In- 
tense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. 

An'glO-Sax'on (-sak'sun;-s'n), n. 1. a In pi. The Low 
German tribes which conquered southern and eastern 
England and southern Scotland in the 5th and 6th cen- 
turies, b A member of the nation created by these tribes 
(together with native and Danish elements) which ruled 
England until the Norman Conquest. _ 2. A person 
belonging to, or descended from, the mixed race which 
forms the English nation. 3. The language of the Anglo- 
Saxons (sense 1). — a. Of or pert, to the Anglo-Saxons or 
their language. — An'glo-Sax'on-ism (-iz'm), n. 

An-go'la (an-go'ld), n. A corruption of Angora. 

An-go'ra (-go'rd), n. [ From Angora, city of Asia Minor.] 
A cloth, fringe, shawl, or the like, of Angora wool. 
Angora cat, a variety of domestic cat with very long, 
silky hair. — A. goat, a kind of domestic goat, with long 
silky hair (called A. wool) which is the true mohair. 

an'gos-tu'ra bark (an'gos-too'rd). [From Angostura, in 
Venezuela.] An aromatic bark, used as a tonic, obtained 
from a South American rutaceous tree(Cusparia angostura). 

an'gri-ly (ar/gn-1!), adv. In an angry manner. 

an'gri-ness (an'gn-nes), n. Quality or state of being angry. 

an'gry (arj'gri), a.; an'gri-er (-gn-er); -gri-est. [See 
anger.] 1. Troublesome ; vexatious. 06s. 2. Inflamed 
and painful, as a sore. 3. Affected with anger ; enraged. 
4. Showing, or proceeding from, anger. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; 51d, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



m 



ANGUILLIFORM 



41 



ANKH 



Syn. Angry, passionate, irascible. One is angry who 
is actually manifesting anger ; one is passionate who is 
quickly or easily moved to an outburst of wrath. One is 
irascible who is by temperament prone to anger, but not 
necessarily to violent wrath. As applied to speech, 
passionate implies vehemence, but not necessarily anger. 

an-guil'li-form (an-gwll'i-form), a. [L. anguilla eel+ 
-form.~] Eel-shaped. 

an'guine (an'gwin), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] 
Of, pertaining to, or like, a snake or serpent. 

an'guish (an'gwish), n. [F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia 
narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, 
difficult, fr. angere to press together.] Extreme pain of 
either body or mind ; excruciating distress ; — rarely used 
in pi. — Syn. Agony, pang, torture, torment. See dis- 
tress. — v. t. & i. To distress, affect, or suffer with anguish. 

an'gU-lar (-gu-ldr), a. [L. angularis.] 1. Of or pert. 
to an angle or angles ; having or forming an angle ; sharp- 
cornered. 2. Measured by an angle ; as, an angular 
opening of 30°. 3. Fig.: Lean, lank; sharp and stiff in 
character. — an'gu-lar-ly, adv. 

an'gu-lar'i-ty (an'gu-lar'i-tT), n .; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quali- 
ty of being angular. 2. In pi. Angular outlines ; sharp 
corners. 

an'gU-late (an'gu-lat)'la. [L. angulatus,p.-p.oi angular e 

an'gu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) J to make angular.] Having angles ; 
angled; as, angulate leaves. — an'gu-late-ly, adv. 

an'gu-la'tion (-la'shim), n. Act of making angular; 
angular formation or shape. 

an-gus'tate (an-gus'tat), a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of 
angustare to narrow.] Narrowed. 

an-hun'gered (an-hun'gerd), a. Hungry. Archaic. 

an-hy'dride (an-hl'drld; -drid), n. Also -drid. [See 
anhydrous.] Chem. a An oxide of a nonmetallic body or 
an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting 
with water, or of being formed from an acid by abstrac- 
tion of water, or of uniting with basic oxides to form salts. 
b A compound formed by abstraction of water. 

an-hy'drite (an-hl'drit), n. [See anhydrous.] _ Min. 
Anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaS04, usually massive, and 
white or slightly colored. 

an-hy'drous (an-hl'drus), a. [Gr. &i>v8pos wanting water.] 
Destitute of water, esp. water of crystallization. 

a'ni (a'ne), n. [Native name.] Any of three species of 
black birds (genus Crotophaga) of the cuckoo family, of 
the warmer parts of America. 

a-night' (d-nlt'),a-nights' (-nits'), adv. At night. Archaic. 

an'il (an'il), n. [From F., Sp., or Pg., fr. Ar. an-riil, al- 
riil indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark blue, nili indigo, 
indigo plant.] 1. A West Indian fabaceous shrub (Indi- 
gofera anil), one of the sources of indigo. 2. Indigo. Rare. 

an'ile (an'il; -il), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus old woman.] 
Old-womanish ; hence, imbecile. — a-nil'i-ty (d-nil'i-ti), n. 

an'i-Iine (-i-lm; -len), n. Also -lin. [anil indigo (from 
which it is obtainable ) + -ine. ] Org. Chem. An oily, 
poisonous, basic liquid, < CeHsNEfo, colorless when pure, 
now chiefly made from nitrobenzene, used in making dyes. 

an'i-mad-ver/sion (an'i-mad-vur'shun), n. [L. animad- 
versio. See animadvert.] Remark by way of criticism 
and usually of censure; adverse criticism; blame. 
Syn. Censure, reproach, aspersion, condemnation, 
criticism, stricture, reflection. — Animadversion, criti- 
cism, stricture, reflection. An animadversion is a 
critical observation or remark, usually adverse, sometimes 
carping ; as, animadversions prompted by hate. A criticism 
is a more explicit expression of judgment, implying previous 
scrutiny ; as here compared (cf. review) it is commonly 
unfavorable ; as, explanations intended to forestall criticism. 
Stricture always implies censure, which may be either ill- 
natured or judicious ; as, his strictures on English customs 
displayed much bad temper. Reflection implies some im- 
putation or aspersion cast (often indirectly) upon its ob- 
ject; as, the reflections on his honesty were entirely gratui- 
tous. 

an'l-mad-vert' (-vurt'), v. i. [L. animadvertere ; animus 
mind -f- advertere to turn to. See advert.] 1. To notice. 
Rare or Archaic. 2. To consider or remark by way of 
criticism or censure. — Syn. Comment, criticise, censure. 

an'i-mal (an'i-mal), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul.] 
1. Any member of the group of living beings typically 
endowed with sensation and voluntary motion, as dis- 
tinguished from a plant. 2. One of the lower animals; 
a brute or beast, as distinguished from man. 
Syn. Animal, brute, beast. In ordinary literal use, 
animal refers to sentient beings, as distinguished from 
plants and inanimate objects ; brute, to animals regarded 
as irrational or savage; beast, usually to four-footed ani- 
mals. Fig., as applied to human beings, animal stresses 
the ascendancy of the animal nature ; brute, dullness of 
the sensibilities, or unrestrained passion; beast, surrender 
to appetite or sensual indulgence ; as, one may speak 
of a prize fighter as a superb animal, of a cruel husband 
as a brute, of a drunkard as making a beast of himself. 



— a. 1. Of, relating to, resembling, or derived from, ani- 
mals or their characteristics. 2. Pertaining to the merely 
sentient part of a creature, as disting. from the intellectual, 
rational, or spiritual part ; as, animal appetites. 

an'i-mal'cu-la (-mal'ku-ld), n., pi. of animalculum. 

an'i-mal'cu-lar (-mal'ku-ldr), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
resembling, animalcules. 

an/i-mal'cule (-mal'kul), n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, 
dim. of animal."] 1. A small animal, as a spider. Obs. 
2. A minute animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked 
eye. Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown 
to be motile plants, as desmids and diatoms. 

an'i-mal'cul-ism (-ku-liz'm), n. Biol. A former theory 
which sought to explain certain physiological and pathologi- 
cal phenomena by means of animalcules. Cul-ist(-list),n. 

an'i-mal'cu-lum (-Him), n.; L. pi. -la (-Id). [NL.] An 
animalcule. 

an'i-mal-ism (an'T-mal-iz'm), n. 1. State, activity, or 
enjoyment of animals ; mere animal life; sensuality. 2. The 
doctrine that men are mere nonspiritual animals. 

an'i-mal-ist, n. 1. A believer in or advocate of animalism. 
2. An artist representing chiefly animals. 

an'i-mal'i-ty (-mal'i-tT), n. Animal life; animalism. 

an'i-mal-ize (an'i-mdl-Iz), v.t.; -IZED(-Izd); -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
Ing). To render animal in nature; specif., to reduce to 
animalism ; sensualize. i-za'tion (-l-za'shwn ; -T-za'-j, n. 

an'i-mal-ly, adv. As to bodily qualities ; physically. 

an'i-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. [L. 
animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul.] 1. To 
give natural life to; make alive; quicken. 2. To give 
powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To 
give spirit or vigor to; rouse. — Syn. Enliven, inspirit; 
stimulate, exhilarate, inspire, urge, prompt, incite. — 
(-mat), a. Alive ; living ; animated. — an'i-mat'er (-er), n. 

an'i-mat'ed (-mat'ed), p. a. Alive; full of life or spirit; 
lively. — an'i-mat'ed-ly, adv. — Syn. See lively. 

an'i-mat'ing (-mat'ing), p. a. Causing animation; life- 
giving; inspiriting; rousing. — an'i-mat'ing-ly, adv. 

an'i-ma'tion (-ma/shim), n. Act of animating; state of 
being animate or animated. — Syn. Liveliness, vivacity, 
spirit, airiness, sprightliness ; enthusiasm, ardor. 

|| a'ni-ma'to (a'ne-ma'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Ani- 
mated ; with animation. 

an'i-ma'tor (an'i-ma'ter), n. [L.] One who, or that 
which, animates. 

an'i-me (an'i-ma ; -me), n. [F. anime.] Any of various 
resins or oleoresins, as, copal, esp. a soft variety, or elemi. 

an r i-mism (-mTz'm),n. [L. anima soul.] 1. The doctrine 
that the soul is the vital principle. 2. The belief that all 
objects have a natural life or vitality or an indwelling soul. 

an'i-mist (-mist), n. A believer in animism. 

an'i-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. Of or pertaining to animism. 

an'i-mos'i-ty (-mos'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. ani- 
mosite, fr. L. animositas.] 1. Spiritedness or courage. 
Obs. 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; 
active enmity. — Syn. See hostility. 

an'i-mus (an'i-mus), n.; L. pi. -Mi(-ml). [L., mind.] 
Mind; will; animating spirit ; also, inclination; disposi- 
tion ; bad or malicious intention or disposition. 

an'i-on (an'I-on), n. [Gr. bvi&v, neut. 6j>i6v, p. pr. of 
kvikvau to go up.] Chem. a The product evolved at the 
anode in electrolysis. It is regarded as electronegative 
with regard to the cation, b In general, a negative ion. 

an'ise (an'is), n. [F. anis, L. anisum, Gr. avicrov.~\ A 
plant (Pimpinella anisum) of the celery family, cultivated 
for its carminative and aromatic seeds ; also, the seeds. 

an'i-seed (an'I-sed), n. The seed of the anise. 

an'i-sette' (an'i-sef ; -zet'), n. [F.] A kind of liqueur 
flavored with anise. 

anl-som/er-ous (an'I-som'er-iis), a. [an- not + isomer- 
ous.'] Bot. Not isomerous. 

an-i'so-met'ric (an-I'so-met'rTk), a. [an- not + isomet- 
ric] Not isometric ; unsymmetrical ; — of crystals with 
three unequal axes. 

an-i'so-me-tro'pi-a (-me-tro'pi-d), n. [NL. See an- not; 
isometropia.] Unequal refractive power in the eyes. 

an-i'SO-trop'ic (-trop'ik), a. [an- not + isotropic] Not 
isotropic; as: & Physics. Exhibiting different properties, 
as of light transmission, compressibility, conductivity for 
heat, etc., when tested in different directions ; aeolotropic; 
as, dichroic bodies are optically anisotropic, b Plant 
Physiol. Assuming different positions in response to 
external stimuli, as light and electricity. — an'i-SOt'ro-py 
(an'I-sot'ro-pi), n. 

an'ker (an'kcr), n. [D. anker, fr. LL. anceria, ancheria.] 
An old Dutch and German liquid measure equal to about 
9-10.5 United States gallons (wine gallons). 
an'ker-ite (-It), n. [After Prof. Anker of Austria.] A 
mineral related to and resembling dolomite, but containing 
much iron. 
ankh (ank), n. [Egypt.] Egypt. Archseol. A tau cross 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zli = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ANKLE 



42 



ANOMALISM 



with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred em- 
blem, symbolizing generation or enduring life; the crux 
ansata. 

an'kle (Srj'k'l), n. [AS. ancleow.] The joint between the 
foot and the leg ; also, the region of this joint ; the tarsus. 

an'klet (-klet), n. Something embracing the ankle, as an 
ornamental ring or a fetter. 

an'kus (ar/kiis), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. ahhuca.] An ele- 
phant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a 
short-handled boat hook. India. 

an'ky-lose, an'chy- (-ki-los), v. t. & i.; -losed (-lost); 
-los'ing. To affect or be affected with ankylosis. 

an'ky-lo'sis, an'chy- (-lo'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &yidi\u<ris, 
fr. &yKv\odi> to stiffen.] 1. Med. Stiffness or fixation of a 
joint ; formation of a stiff joint. 2. Anat. & Zo'dl. Union 
of bones or hard parts to form a single bone or part. 

an'ky-los-to-mi'a-sis (-los-to-ml'd-sis), n. [NL. ; An- 
kylostoma, var. of Agchylostoma -\ — tern's.] Med. A 
disease (hookworm disease) due to parasitic nematodes 
(often of the genus Agchylostoma) in the small intestine. 
They may cause severe anaemia by sucking the blood from 
the intestinal walls. 

an'ky-lot'ic (-lot 'Ik), a. Med. Of, pertaining to, or 
marked by, ankylosis. 

an 'lace (an'las), n. An old broad form of dagger. 

an'na (an'd), n. [Hindi ana."] An East Indian money of 
account, tV. rupee, or about 2 cents. 

an'na -berg-ite (an'd-burg-It), n. [From Annaberg, Sax- 
ony.] ^Min. Hydrous nickel arsenate, Ni3(As0.i)2'8H20, 
occurring in apple-green masses or capillary crystals. 

an'nal-ist (an'dl-Tst), n. A writer of annals. 

an'nal-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. Of or pert, to annals. 

an'nals (-dlz), n. pi. ; sing, annal (-dl). [L. annalis (sc. 
liber), pi. annates (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annu3 year.] 
1. A relation of events in chronological order; as, the 
annals of the revolution. 2. Historical records; chroni- 
cles; history; as, "the short and simple annals of the 
poor." 3. In sing. The record of a single event or item. 
4. A periodic publication, containing records of discov- 
eries, transactions of societies, etc. 

An'na-mese' (an'd-mez'; -mes'), n. 1, sing. & pi. One of 
a Mongolic race which occupies mainly Cochin China and 
the coast regions of Annam and Tonkin. 2. The Anna- 
mese language. — a. Of or pertaining to Annam or the 
Annamese. 

an'nates (an'ats), an'nats (-ats), n. [Deriv. of L. annus 
year.] Eccl. Law. The first fruits of a benefice. 

an-nat'to (a-na'to), n. A reddish dye prepared from the 
pulp around the seeds of a tropical tree (Bixa orcllana). 

an-neal' (d-nel'), v. t. [AS. anselan; an on + ielan to 
burn.] 1. To subject to high heat and then cool, so as to 
soften thoroughly and render less brittle. 2. To heat, as 
glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix colors laid on 
them. 3. Fig.: To temper or toughen ; make enduring. 

an'ne-lid (an'e-lld), a. [F. annelide, deriv. of L. ancllus 
a ring.] Zo'dl. Of or pert, to the phylum (Annelida) 
including the earthworms, marine worms, leeches, and 
their allies. — an-nel'i-dan (a-nel'I-ddn), a. & n. 

an-nex' (d-neks'), v. t. [From F., fr. L. annexus, p. p. of 
annectere to bind to ; ad + nectere to tie.] 1. To join 
(one thing, usually something smaller or subordinate, to 
another) ; attach ; affix ; append. 2. To attach as a 
consequence, condition, etc., as a penalty to a prohibition. 
— Syn. See attach. 

an-nex' (d-neks' ; an'Sks), n. Something annexed ; as : 
a An additional stipulation or statement to a writing, as on 
a rider, b A subsidiary building, or wing, to a building. 

an'nex-a'tion (an'ek-sa'shun), n. 1. Act of annexing; 
attachment ; addition. 2. The thing or things annexed. 

an-nex'ment (d-neks'ment), n. Act of annexing, or the 
thing annexed ; appendage. Rare. 

an-ni'hi-la-ble ( d-nl'hl-ld-b'l ), a. Capable of being 
annihilated. 

an-ni'hi-late (d-nl'hi-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. annihilatus, p. p. of annihilare ; ad + nihilum, 
nihil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to nothing; as, a body 
cannot be utterly annihilated. 2. To destroy the form 
or essential character of, so that the thing as such no 
longer exists ; as, to annihilate an army. 3. To destroy 
the force, etc., of; make void ; as, to annihilate an argu- 
ment. — Syn. SeeDESTROY. — an-ni'hi-la-tive (-la-tiv), a. 

an-ni'hi-la'tion (-la'shtin), n. Act of annihilating; state 
of being annihilated. 

an-ni hi-la'tion-ism (-Tz'm), n. Theol. The theory that 
the wicked shall cease to exist after this life. tion-ist, n. 

an-ni'hi-la'tor (d-nl'hi-la'ter) , n. One who, or that which, 
annihilates. 

an'ni-ver'sa-ry (anT-vur'sd-n), a. [L. anniver sarins; 
annus year -j- vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. Returning 
with the year; annual. 2. Of or pert, to an anniversary. 
— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. The annual return of the day of 



a past event, esp. a notable event. 2. An anniversary 
celebration. 

|| an'no Do'mi-ni (an'o d5m'i-nl). [L., in the year of [our] 
Lord, i. e., Jesus Christ.] In the (specified) year of the 
Christian Era. Abbr., A. D. ; as, A. D. 1887. 

an'no-tate (an'6-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed); -tat'ing. 
[L. annotatus, p. p. of annotare to annotate ; ad-\-notare 
to mark.] To explain or criticize by notes. — v. i. To 
make notes or comments. — an'no-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. 

an'no-ta'tion (-ta'shim), n. An annotating; note made in 
annotating. — Syn. See remark. 

an-nounce' (d-nouns'), v. t.; an-nounced' (a-nounsf); 
-nounc'ing (-noun'sing). [From OF., fr. L. annuntiare ; 
ad-\-nuntiare to relate, nuntius messenger.] 1. To give 
public notice, or first notice, of ; publish ; proclaim. 2. To 
give notice of the arrival or presence of. — Syn. Herald, 
promulgate. See declare. — an-noune'er (d-noun'ser), n. 

an-nounce'ment (-mSnt), n. Act of announcing; that 
which announces; publication; declaration. 

an-noy' (d-noi'), n. [OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio 
in hatred.] Annoyance. Archaic— -v. t. 1. To disturb 
or irritate, esp. by continued or repeated acts ; tease ; vex. 
2. To molest, harm, or injure ; as, to annoy the enemy. 

— Syn. See harass. — an-noy'er, n. 

an-noy'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of annoying; state of being 
annoyed ; molestation ; vexation. 2. That which annoys. 

an-noy'ing, p. a. That annoys ; molesting ; vexatious. — 
an-noy'ing-ly, adv. — an-noy'ing-ness, n. 

an'nu-al (an'u-dl), a. [From F., fr. L. annualis, fr. annus 
year.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year ; coming or happening 
once a year ; yearly. 2. Done in a year ; reckoned by the 
year. 3. Lasting only a year or, of plants, one growing 
season. — n. 1. A thing happening or recurring yearly ; 
esp., a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything 
that lasts but one year or season; specif., a plant (often 
designated by O, O, or ©) which completes its growth 
in a single year or growing season. — an'nu-al-ly, adv. 

an-nu'i-tant (d-nii'i-tdnt), n. One entitled to an annuity. 

an-nu'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From F., fr. LL., fr. 
L. annus year.] 1. An amount _ payable yearly. 2. 
Finance. The sum made up of a series of equal payments 
to be made annually or of tener ; also, the right to receive 
such a series of payments, or the investment which it 
represents. 

an-Mll' (d-nul'), v. t.; an-nulled' (-mild') ; an-nul'ling. 
[From F., fr. LL., fr. L. ad to + nullum nothing.] 1. To 
annihilate. 2. To nullify ; abolish. — Syn. See abolish. 

an'nu-lar (an'u-ldr), a. [L. annularis, anularis, fr. 
annulus, anulus, ring.] Pertaining to a ring; forming, 
or marked with, a ring or rings; ringed; ring-shaped. 

— an'nu-lar-ly, adv. 

an'nu-late (-lSt) la. Of, furnished with, or having, a 
an'nu-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ ring or rings; ringed. See root, 

Illust. 
an'EU-la'tion (-la'sh&n), n. Formation of rings; a ring. 
an'nu-let (an'u-let), n. A little ring; specif., Arch, a small 

molding or ridge forming a ring, as on a capital. 
an-nul'menf (d-niil'ment), n. Act of annulling; state of 

being annulled. 
an'nu-lus (an'u-lfc),n.; pi. L. -li (-11), E.-luses (-l#s-ez). 

[L., better anulus.] A ring; a ringlike part, structure, 

marking, space, or the like. — an'nu-lose (-los), a. 
an-nun'ci-ate (d-nun'shi-at),t\ t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 

[L. annuntiatus, p. p. of annuntiare.] To announce. 
an-nun'ci-a'tion (-sl-a'shwn; -shi-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of 

announcing; announcement. 2. a The announcement of 

Christ's incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to Mary. 

b [cap.] The church festival (March 25th) in memory 

of this ; Lady Day. 
Annunciation lily. The common white lily (Lilium 

candidum), usually introduced by painters in pictures 

of the Annunciation. 
an-nun'ci-a-tive (d-nun'shT-a-tiv), a. Announcing. Rare. 
an-nun'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, 

announces; specif., any of several mechanical signaling 

devices, which indicate, as by a pointer, bell, or light, the 

place where attendance is required. 
an'ode (an'od), n. [Gr. &j>a up+656s way.] Elec. The 

positive terminal of an electric source. Cf. cathode. 
a-nod'ic (d-nod'ik), a. Elec. Of, pertaining to, or 

emanating from, an anode ; as, anodic rays. 
an'O-dyne (an'6-din), a. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. AviiSwos free 

from pain; hv not+oSw?/ pain.] Serving to assuage 

pain ; soothing. — n. An anodyne drug or agent. 
a-noint' (d-noint'), v. t. [From OF. p. p., fr. L. inungere; 

in+ungere, unguere, to anoint.] 1. To smear or rub 

over with oil or an unctuous substance ; also, to spread 

over, as oil. 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, as a 

sacred rite, esp. for consecration. 3. To beat; chastise. 

Humorous. — a-noint'er, n. — a-noint'ment (-ment), n. 
a-nom'a-lism (d-nom'd-liz'm), n. Anomaly. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; 51d, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, oSnnect; 
use, unite, fim, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ANOMALISTIC 



43 



ANTEATER 



a-nom'a-lis'tic (a-n6m'd-lTs'tTk)la. Of or pertaining to 

a-nom'a-lis'ti-cal (-lis'tl-kdl) / an anomaly. 

a-nom'a-lous ( d-nom'd-lus ), a. [L. anomalus, Gr. 
&v63Ha\oi irregular; &v- not+d/uaXos even.] Deviating 
from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; 
irregular. — Syn. Exceptional, unusual, singular, peculiar. 
— a-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. — a-nom'a-lous-ness, n. 

a-nom'a-ly (-IT), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L. anomalia, Gr. 
&po3ixa\ia. See anomalous.] Deviation from the common 
rule ; irregularity ; anything anomalous. Specif. : Astron. 
a The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as 
seen from the sun. b The angle measuring apparent irregu- 
larities in the motion of a planet. 

a-non' (d-non'), adv. [Lit., in one (moment) ; AS. on in + 
an one.] 1. At once. Archaic. 2. Soon ; in a little while ; 
as, I will come anon. 3. At another time ; then ; again ; as, 
ever and anon. — inter j. Immediately ! Hence, at your 
service ! 

an'o-nym (an'6-nTm), n. One who is anonymous ; some- 
times, a pseudonym. 

an'o-nym'i-ty (an'o-nTm'T-tl), n. Quality or state of being 
anonymous ; also, that which is anonymous. 

a-non'y-mous (d-non'i-mus), a. [Gr. &i>uwimos; iw not 
-\-5iwfia, ofofia, name.] Nameless ; of unknown name ; 
also, of unknown or unavowed authorship. — a-non'y- 
mous-ly, adv. — a-non'y-mous-ness, n. 

A-noph'e-les (d-nof'e-lez), n. [Gr. dvoxpeXris hurtful.] A 
genus of mosquitoes whose bite is the usual, or only, means 
by which man is infected with the malaria parasite. 

an-or'thite (an-or^thTt), n. [Gr. Lv- not+6p66s straight 
(Spdrj, sc. yuvia, right angle).] Min. A white, grayish, or 
reddish feldspar, CaAMSiO^. It occurs in many igneous 
rocks. — an'or-thit'ic (an'or-thit'ik), a. 

an-or'tho-scope (an-or'tho-skop), n. {an- not-f-or£no— H 
-scope.~] An instrument for producing optical illusions 
with two revolving disks, on the principle of the zoetrope. 

an-or/tho-site (-sit), n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar 
(fr. Gr. &v- not + bpdos straight) + -ite.~] Petrol. A 
granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a 
soda-lime feldspar, usually labradorite. 

an-OS'mi-a (-os'mi-d), n. [NL., fr. an- not-f-Gr. 6<rnr) 

ismell.] Med. Loss or impairment of the sense of smell. 

an-Oth'er (a-nutfe/er), pron. & a. \_an a, one -{-other.'] 
1. One more, by way of addition ; an additional one, simi- 
lar in likeness or effect ; as, eat another piece. 2. Not the 
same ; different ; — often used with to, from, or, now usu- 
ally, than ; as, try another way than that. 3. Any or some 
other; any one else; some one else; as, "Let another 
man praise thee." 

fW As a pronoun another may have the possessive another's, 
the pi. others, with poss. pi. others'. It is much used in op- 
position to one ; as, one went one way, another another. It 
is also used with one in a reciprocal sense; as, "love one 
another," that is, let each love the other or others. 

an-Oth'er— gates' (-gats'), a. [another -{-gate, gait, way.] 
Of another sort. Obs. — an-oth'er-guess', a. Archaic. 

an'sa (an'sd), n.; L. pi. -sje (-se). [L.] Astron. Part 
of a heavenly body having the appearance of a handle, 
as the projecting part of Saturn's rings. 

an'sate (an'sat) \ a. [ L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle. ] 

an'sat-ed (-ed) / Having a handle, or handle-shaped part. 
ansate cross, the crux ansata. See ankh. 

an'ser-ine (-ser-in; -in), a. [L. anserinus, fr. anser 
goose.] Pert, to or like a goose ; hence, stupid. 

an'ser-0US (-us), a. Gooselike; silly; simple ; anserine. 

an'swer (an'ser), n. [AS. andswaru; and- against -\-swe- 
rian to swear.] 1. A reply to a charge, question, call, 
argument, etc. ; also, a correct or adequate reply. 2. A re- 
sponsive or retaliatory action; as, the answer to the 
affront was a blow. 3. A solution, the result of a mathe- 
matical operation. 4. Law. Specif., a counter statement 
of facts replying to the complaint, as distinguished from a 
demurrer. — Syn. See reply. 

— v. i. 1. To make an answer ; respond. 2. To render ac- 
count ; be responsible or accountable ; make amends ; as, I 
will answer for the damages. 3. To be or act in return. 
Hence : a To serve the purpose ; be or act as adequate or 
sufficient ; as, this will answer for a handle ; a few will 
answer. b To respond ; to conform ; correspond ; suit ; — 
chiefly used with to; as, his manner answers to his feeling. 

— v. t. 1. To speak in defense against; as, to answer a 
charge. 2. To make answer to ; reply to ; as, he could not 
answer her question. 3. To respond to satisfactorily ; meet 
successfully by way of explanation, argument, justification, 
etc. ; as, this answers my needs ; he cannot answer their 
argument. 4. To be or act in return or response to ; as : a 
To comply with, or fulfill or satisfy, as an order, obligation, 
or demand ; as, the servant answered the bell, b To render 
account to ; as, he shall answer you. c To atone for ; be 
punished for. d To correspond to ; suit. 

an'swer-a-Me (-d-b'l), a. 1. Liable to be called to account ; 





3C 



A A Ants. 



accountable ; responsible. 2. Capable of being answered, or 
refuted. 3. Correspondent ; conformable ; hence, compara- 
ble. 4. Proportionate ; suitable. — Syn. See responsible. 
— an'swer-a-ble-ness f n. — an'swer-a-bly, adv. 

an'swer-er, n. One who answers. 

ant (ant), n. [ME. ante, amete, 
emete, AS. semete.~\ Any of certain 
social hymenopterous insects con- 
stituting a family (Formicidse) ;' 
emmet ; pismire. 

ant-. See anti-. 

-ant (-dnt). [F. -ant, or 
L. -antem, -entem, ace. 
p. pr. ending, nom. -ans, 
-ens.] A suffix used to 
form : a Adjectives, often 
clearly with the force of a 
present participle ; as in 
errand, defiant, valiant,' 
etc. b Nouns denoting a 
person or thing as agent ; 
as in claimant, secant, Ant. a Winged Female ; 6 Male ; 
servant etc. c Worker, or Neuter. Enlarged. 

aii'ta (an'td), n.; L. pi. ant.e (-te). [L.] Arch. A 
species of _ pier produced 
by thickening a wall at its 
termination, and treated 
architecturally as a pilas- 
ter, with capital and base. 

ant-ac'id (ant-as'id), n. 
A counteractive of acid- 
ity, as of the stomach. 

An-tse'us (an-te'&s), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. 'Avralos.) Gr. 
Myth. A giant of Libya, 
invincible in wrestling 
while he touched the 
earth, his mother. Hercu- 
les, holding him off the' 
ground, throttled him. 

anjtag'o-nism ( an-tag'6- 

niz'm), n. [ Gr. LvraywiapLa, deriv. of IlvtI + Lykv 
contest.] Opposition of action ; also, an opposing agent 
or principle. 

an-tag'O-nist (-nist), n. One who contends with another, 
esp. in combat ; adversary ; opponent. — Syn. Enemy, foe, 
rival, competitor. See opponent. 

an-tag'o-nis'tic (-nis'tik) \a. Opposing in combat. — 

an-tag'o-nis'ti-cal ^-ti-kd])/ an-tag'o-nis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

an-tag'o-nize (an-tag'6-nTz), v. t. & i. ; -nized (-nlzd) ; 
-niz'ing (-nlz'Tng). 1. To contend with; oppose actively. 
2. To cause to oppose ; make an opponent of. Colloq. 

ant-al'ka-line (ant-al'kd-lln ; -lin), a. Counteracting or 
preventing alkalinity, —n. An antalkaline agent. 

ant-arc'tic (ant-ark'tlk), a. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
&.vrapKTiKos ; LvtL + ap/cros bear.] Opposite to the north, 
or arctic, pole ; relating to the south pole or the region 
about it ; — applied esp. to a circle, or parallel of latitude, 
distant from the south pole 23° 28'. 

An-ta'res (an-ta'rez), n. [Gr. 'A.i>r&pris; &vrl similar to 
-{-"ApTjs Mars. From its red color.] The chief (first- 
magnitude) star in Scorpio ; Alpha (a) Scorpii ; — called 
also Scorpion's Heart. 

ant'ar-thrit'ic (ant'ar-thrit'ik), a. Med. Counteracting 
or alleviating gout. — n. A remedy for gout. 

ant'astn-mat'ic (ant'az-mat'ik ; ant'as-), a. Med. Oppos- 
ing or relieving asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma. 

ant bear. Zool. The great anteater (Myrmecophaga 
jubata) of South America, an edentate having shaggy gray 
fur with a black band across the chest and a white stripe 
on the shoulder. 

ant cattle. Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended 
by ants for the sake of their honeydew. 

ant COW. Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew. 

an'te- (an'te-). [L. ante before.] A prefix meaning 
before, used to form nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 
Examples : antetaste, a taste before, a prior taste, /ore- 
taste ; ant eporch, a porch before, an anterior (or entrance) 
porch ; anfepalatal, situated before the palate ; ante-Mo- 
saic, belonging to the time before Moses ; antedate, n., a 
date before, a prior date ; antedate, v., to date before. 

an'te (an'te), n. [See ante-.] Poker, a A player's stake 
put in the pool after seeing his hand but before drawing 
other cards, b Loosely, a stake put in by each player be- 
fore seeing his hand, as in a jack pot. — v. t. & i. To stake 
(the ante) ; — often with up. Hence, to pay one's part. 

ant'eat'er (ant'et'er), n. 1. Any of certain edentates, as the 
aard-vark and ant bear, which feed largely or entirely on 
ants. They have a long narrow snout, a long tongue, and 
enormously developed salivary glands. 2. Any of several 
other mammals which feed largely on ants. 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K « ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ANTECEDE 



44 



ANTHRACNOSE 



an'te-cede' (an'te-sed'), v. t. & i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'ed); -ced'- 
ing. [L. antecedere; ante-{-cedere to go.] To go before 
in time or place ; precede ; surpass. 

an'te-ced'ence (-sed'ens) \n. Act, fact, or state of going be- 

an'te-ced'en-cy (-en-si) / fore ; precedence ; priority. 

an'te-ced'ent (-ent), a. [L. antecedens, p. pr.] 1. Going 
before in time ; prior ; preceding. 2. Presumptive. 
antecedent drainage, Phys. Geog., a system of water- 
courses established before the deformation of the surface 
which it drains, and persisting after the deformation has 
taken place and in spite of it. Cf . consequent drainage. 
Syn. Antecedent, preceding, precedent, foregoing, 
previous, prior, former, anterior agree in implying 
temporal succession. Antecedent (opposed to subse- 
quent, consequent) and preceding (opposed to succeeding, 
following) differ in that -preceding usually applies to that 
which goes immediately before (as, the preceding day), 
whereas antecedent often suggests an indefinite interval; as, 
a period antecedent to the Conquest. Antecedent, unlike 
preceding, often involves logical, as well as temporal, con- 
nection or dependence ; as, an antecedent cause, probability. 
Precedent often applies to that on whose going before 
the validity or effectiveness of something else depends ; as, 
conditions precedent. Foregoing (opposed to following) 
applies almost exclusively to statements. Previous and 
prior (opposed to subsequent) are often used convert ibly, 
esp. with to. But prior sometimes implies a closer relation 
than previous ; thus, a previous obligation is one merely 
earlier in time, whereas a prior obligation may be one that 
takes precedence. Former (opposed to latter), more defi- 
nitely than prior, implies comparison. Anterior (opposed 
to posterior) , also comparative in force, applies to position, 
usually in space. 

i— to. 1. That which goes before in time ; that which pre- 
cedes. 2. In pi. The earlier events of one's life ; previous 
principles, conduct, course, history. 3. Gram. A noun or 
noun equivalent, whether word, phrase, or clause, referred 
to by a pronoun. 4. Logic. That which is the ground 
for something else, as the condition of a hypothetical 
proposition. 5. Math. The first of the two terms of 
a ratio ; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. 
— an'te-ced'ent ly, adv. 

an'te-ces'sor (an'te-ses'er; an'te-ses'er), to. One who goes 
before ; predecessor. 

an'te-cham/ber (an'te-cham'ber), to. [From F., fr. It., fr. 
L. ante before+camera vault.] _ A chamber before the 
chief apartment and leading into it. [chapel. I 

an'te-chap'el (-chap'el), n. A vestibule or anteroom to a| 

an'te-choil"' (-kwlr'), to. A space inclosed or reserved at the 
entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. 

an'te-date' (-dat'), n. Prior date.— v. t. 1. To date before 
the true time ; assign to, or put at, an earlier date. 2. To 
precede in time; come before in date. 3. To anticipate; 
take before the true time. 

an'te-di-lu'vi-an (an'te-di-lii'vi-dn), a. Of or relating to 
the period before the Deluge ; hence, antiquated. — n. An 
antediluvian person ; hence, one behind the times. 

an'te-fix' (an'te-fiks'), n.; pi. E. -fixes (-fik'sez; 24), L. 
-fixa (-fik/sd). [L. ante before -\-fixus 
fixed.] Class. Arch, a An ornament 
at the eaves, concealing the ends of the 
joint tiles of the roof, b An ornament 
of the cymatium of a cornice. — an'te- 
fix'al (-fTk'sdl), a. 

an'te-lope (-lop), to. [From OF., fr. Gr. 
&v66\o\p, -ottos.] Zo'dl. Any of a group of ru- 
minants constituting, with the oxen, sheep 
and goats, a family (Bovidse), but distin- 
guishable from the true oxen chiefly by Antefix, a. 
being lighter and more graceful, and by having upward and 
backwardly directed horns. 

an'te-me-lid'i-an (-me-rTd'i-an), a. [L. antemeridianus. 
See ante- ; meridian.] Being before noon. 

II an'te me-ri'di-em (me-rid'i-em). [L.] Before noon. 
Abbr., A. M. 

|| an'te mor'tem (an'te mSr'tem). [L.] Before death ; — 
generally used adjectively ; as, an ante-mortem statement. 

an'te-mun'dane (-mifri'dan), a. Being or occurring before 
the creation of the world. 

ail/te-na'tal (-na'tdl), a. Being or coming before birth. 

an-ten'na (an-ten'd), n.; pi. L. -n,e (-e), E. -naz (-dz). 
[L., yard of a sail.] 1. Zo'dl. A movable, segmented 
organ of sensation on the head of insects, myriapods, and 
crustaceans. In insects they are popularly called horns, 
and also feelers. 2. Wireless Teleg. An elevated conductor 
consisting of a wire or wires supported in the air for directly 
transmitting or receiving electric waves. 

an-ten'nule (-ul), to. A small antenna or like appendage. 

an'te-nup'tial (an'te-nup'shal), a. Preceding marriage. 

an'te-pas'chal (-pas'kal), a. Coming before the Pass- 
over or Easter. 

an'te-past (an'te-past), to. [ante- + L. pastus pasture, 




food.] A foretaste; specif., formerly, a first course to 

whet the appetite. 
an'te-pen'di-um (-pen'di-um), to.; pi. L. -dia (-d), E. 

-diums. [LL., fr. L. ante+pendere to hang.] Eccl. The 

hanging or screen in front of an altar ; frontal. 
an'te-pe'nult (-pe'nult ; -pe-nultO, to. [L. antepaenultima 

(sc. syllaba) antepenultimate. See penult.] Pros. The 

last syllable except two of a word, as -syl- in monosyllable. 

— an'te-pe-nul'ti-mate (-pe-nul'ti-mat), a. & to. 
an'te-pe-nul'ti-ma (-pe-nul'ti-md), to.,- pi. L. -m^e (-me), 

E. -mas (-mdz). [L. antepaenultima.'] Antepenult. 
an'te-pran'di-al (-pran'di-dl), a. Preceding dinner. 
an-te'ri-or (an-te'rl-er), a. [L., comp. of ante before.] 

1. Being before in time ; antecedent. 2. Being before, or 
toward the front, in place ; — opposed to posterior. — Syn. 
See antecedent. — an-te'ri-or 'i-ty (-5r'i-ti), to. — an-te'- 
ri-or-ly, adv. 

an'te-ro- (an'te-ro-). A combining form (as if from a L. 

anterus) meaning anterior ; front, as in : an'te-ro-in-f e'- 

ri-or, a. In front and below. 
an'te-room' (an'te-room'), to. A room before, or serving as 

an entrance to, another room ; a waiting room. 
an'te-ro-pos-te'ri-or (an'te-ro-pos-te'n-er), a. 1. Zo'dl. 

Extending or directed from front to back or head to tail. 

2. Bot.= MEDIAN. 

an'te- ver'sion (-vur'shwn), to. [See antevert.] Med. A 
displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, so that its 
whole axis is directed further forward than usual. 

an'te-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [L. antevertere ; ante-\-vertere 
to turn.] Med. To displace by anteversion. 

ant-he'li-on (ant-he'li-on ; an-the'li-on), to.; pi. L. -lia 
(-li-d), E.-ions (-onz). [on^--t-Gr. iJXios sun.] An 
atmospheric phenomenon, chiefly of alpine or polar 
regions, consisting of a colored ring or rings surrounding 
the shadow of the spectator 's_ own head as projected on a 
cloud or on a fog bank, opposite the sun. 

an'thel-min'tic (an'thel-min'tik), a. [anti— [-Gr. iXpivs, 
-ivdos, worm.] Med. Expelling or destroying intestinal 
worms. — to. An anthelmintic remedy. 

an'them (an'them), to. [AS. antefen, fr. LL., fr. Cur. <W- 
4>a>vov antiphon, anthem, deriv. of Lvrl over against-1- 
<f>a)vri sound, voice.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung respon- 
sively ; now, a prose composition, usually a selection from 
the Psalms, set to sacred music. 2. A song of praise or 
gladness.— v. t. To celebrate with anthems. Poetic. 

an-the'mi-on (an-the'mi-on), to.; pi. L. -mia (-mi-d), E. 
-mions (-onz). [NL., 
fr. Gr. i.v6knwv flower.] 
An ornament consisting 
of floral or foliated forms 
arranged in a radiating 
cluster, but always flat, 
as in relief sculpture or 
in painting. 

an'ther (an'ther), to. ~ - 

[From F., fr. L. fr. Gr. Anthemion from the Erechtheum. 
&vdr)p6s flowery, avOos flower.] In seed plants, the part of 
the stamen which develops and contains pollen. 

an'ther-id (-id), to. An antheridium. 

an'ther-id'i-um (-id'i-Mm), to.; pi. L. -idia (-d), E. -tdiums 
(-wmz). [NL. ; anther + -ibiov (a Gr. diminutive ending).] 
Bot. The male gametangium of the sexual generation in 
cryptogamous plants. — an'ther-id'i-al (-dl), a. 

An'thes-te'ri-a (an'thes-te'ri-d), to. pi. [Gr. hvdearnpia.'] 
Gr. Relig. An annual Athenian festival occurring on the 
11th, 12th, and 13th of the month called Anthesterion 
(closely corresponding to February). Cf. Parentalia. 

an-tho'di-um (an-tho'di-um),TO.; pi. L. -DiA(-d), E.-ums 
(-umz). [NL.,fr. Gr. &i>du5r)s like flowers.] Bot. A head or 
capitulum; specif., the head in composite plants, formerly 
called a "compound flower." See inflorescence, Illust. 

an-thol'o-gy (an-thol'6-ji),TO.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [Gr. 

iivdoKoyla, deriv. of avdos flower + Xeyetv to gather.] 
A collection of "flowers" (beautiful passages) of literature; 
a collection of poems or epigrams. — an'tho-log'i-cal 
(an'tho-loj'i-kdl), a. — an-thol'o-gist (an-thol'o-jist), n. 

an'tho-phore (an'tho-for) , to. [Gr. &vdo<j>6pos bearing flow- 
ers.] Bot. An elongated internode of the receptacle be- 
tween the calyx and corolla, forming a stipe on which the 
gyncecium and corolla are borne, as in the pinks. 

an'tho-tax'y (an'tho-tak'sT), to. [antho- + Gr. t&£is order.] 
Bot. _ The arrangement of flowers in a cluster ; the science 
treating of inflorescence. 

an'thra-cene (an'thrd-sen), to. [Gr. av9pa£ coal.] Chem. 
A crystalline hydrocarbon, CelL-CalL-CelL, accom- 
panying naphthalene in coal-tar distillation. 

an'thra-cite (-sit), to. [L. anthracites a kind of blood- 
stone, fr. Gr. &i>Opaidrr)s like coals, avdpa£, -okos, coal.] 
A hard natural coal, differing from bituminous Coal in con- 
taining little volatile matter. — an'thra-cit'ic (-sit'ik), a. 

an-thrac'nose (an-thrak'nos), to. [Gr. av0pa%, -clkos, car- 




ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ANTHRACOID 



45 



ANTICOHERER 



buncle + vb<ros disease. ] Bot. _ A common plant disease 
caused by several species of fungi. 
an'thra-COid (an'thrd-koid), a. {anthrax + -oid.] Re- 
sembling anthrax in action ; of the nature of anthrax. 
an'thra-quin'one (-kwm'onj-kwi-non'), 1 *. [anthracene -{• 
quinone. ] Chem. A yellow crystalline compound, 
C6H4-C202*C6H4, obtained by oxidation of anthracene. 
an'thrax (an'thraks), n. [L., fr. Gr. avQpa.% coal, carbun- 
cle.] Med. 1. a A carbuncle, b A malignant pustule, a 
characteristic lesion of the disease anthrax. 2. An infec- 
tious, and usually fatal, bacterial disease of animals, esp. 
cattle and sheep, sometimes transmitted to man ; also, 
the microorganism causing this disease. 
an'thro-po- (an'thro-po- ; an-thro'-). A combining form 

from Greek avdponros, human being, man. 
an'thro-po-cen'tric (-sen'trik), a. Assuming man as the 
center or ultimate end ; — applied to interpretations of the 
universe, or to philosophical methods, whose sole aim is to 
analyze human interests. 
an'thro-po-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis) In. The science or study 
an'thro-pog'e-ny (an'thro-poye-nT)/ of human generation, 
or the origin and development of man. 
an / thro-pog r ra-phy_(an / 'thr6-pog'rd-fi), n. Anthropology 
treating of the distribution of the human race, as distin- 
guished by physical character, language, institutions, and 
customs. 

an'thro-poid (an'thro-poid), a. Resembling man ; — esp. 
used of certain apes. — n. An anthropoid ape. 

an'thro-po-log'ic (-po-loj'ik; an-thro'-)) a. Of or pert, to 

an'thro-po-iog'i-cal (-loj'i-kal) _ J anthropology ; be- 

longing to the nature of man. — ■ -log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

an'thro-pol'o-gist (an'thro-pol'o-jistT.n. One versed in an- 
thropology. 

an'tluro-pol'O-gy (an'thro-pol'o- ji) , n. The science of man; 
specif. : a The science of the human organism, b The sci- 
ence of man in relation to physical character, distribution, 
the origin and classification of races, environmental and 
social relations, and culture. 

an'thro-pom'e-try (-pom'e-trT), n. Art or practice of meas- 
uring the parts of the human body. — an'tiiro-po-met'ric, 
-met'ri-cal (-po-met'nk ; -ri-kol), a. 

an'thro-po-mor'phic (an'thro-po-mor'f Tk ; an-thro'-), a. 
Of or pert, to anthropomorphism. 

an'thro-po-mor'phism (-fTz'm), n. [Gr. LvQpwKb^op^ of 
human form ; avdpw-wos man + (j.op4>v form.] Representa- 
tion of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, with human at- 
tributes ; also, ascription of human characteristics to things 
not human. — an'thro-po-mor'phist (-fist), n. 

an'thro-po-mor'phite (-fit), n. _ An anthropomorphist ; 
specif, [cap.] , one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed 
that God has a human form, etc. 

an'thro-po-mor'phize (-fiz), v. t. & i. To attribute human 
form or personality to. 

an'thro-po-mor^pho'sis (-mor-fo'sis), n. Transformation 
into the form of a human being. 

an'thro-po-mor'phous (-mor'fus), a. Human in form. 

an'thro-po-nom'ics (-nom'iks) \n. (See -ics.) [_an- 

an'thro-pon'O-my _(an'thr6-pon'6-mi)J thropo- +Gr. pofMos 
law, rule.] The science of the laws of the development of 
the human organism relative to other organisms and to en- 
vironment . — an'thro-po-nom'i-cal (-po-nom'I-kdl ; an- 
thro'-), a. 

an'thro-pop'a-thism (-pop'd-thiz'm)ln. [Gr. ivOpw-rro- 

an'thro-pop'a-thy (-pop'd-thi) _ J iraBeia humanity. 
See anthropo- ; -pathy.] Ascription of human feelings or 
passions to a deity or to an object in nature. 

an'thro-poph'a-gi ( an'thro-pof'd-iT ), n. pi.; sing, -gus 
(-giis). [L., fr. Gr. &vdpo}7ro<payos Citing men; avdponros 

man + 4>ayeiv to eat.] Man-eaters; cannibals. 

an'thro-po-phag'ict-po-faj'ik; an-thro'-) \a. Relating to 

an'thro-po-phag'i-cal (-faj'i-kdl) / anthropophagy. 

an'thro-poph'a-gite (an'thro-pbf'd-jTt), n. A cannibal. 

an'thro-poph'a-gous (-gus), a. Feeding on human flesh. 

an'thro-poph'a-gy (-ji), n. Cannibalism. 

ant'hyp-not'ic (ant'hip-not'ik). Var. of antihypnotic. 

au'ti- (an'ti-). [Gr. kvrl against.] A prefix signifying in 
general opposite, against, counter, contrary, reverse, 
and, sometimes, spurious, counterfeit. The prefix anti- 
is chiefly used : 1. To form nouns, anti- having the force 
of an attributive limiting a noun, and meaning : a Opposed 
or opposite in action or position, counter, opposing, and 
hence, sometimes, spurious. 
Examples : Antichrist, lit., one who opposes Christ; a 
spurious Christ ; antiprism, a prism opposite or reversed. 
b Contrary or opposite of in kind, the reverse of. 

Examples : aniz'climax, the opposite or reverse of a 
climax ; antihero, the opposite or reverse of a hero. 
2. To form adjectives and nouns, anti- having the force of 
a preposition limiting a noun expressed or implied in the 

) word to which anti- is prefixed, and meaning : acting 



counter to, opposed to, hostile to, counter, hence, pre* 
ventive of. 

Examples : antirust, preventive o/rust ; oniihydrophobic, 
acting counter to hydrophobia ; anta'-Athenian, hostile to 
or opposing Athens or what is Athenian. 

an'ti (an'tl ), n.; pi. antis ( -tlz ). A person opposed to a 
practice, law, policy, movement, etc. Colloq. 

an'ti-ar (an'ti-ar), n. [Jav. ant jar.] A virulent poison pre- 
pared in Java from the gum resin of the upas tree. 

an'ti-bod'y (-bod'i), n. Physiol. Chem. Any of various 
substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful 
foreign bodies, such as toxins or bacteria producing toxins. 

an'tic (-tik), a._ [Var. of antique.] 1. Odd ; fantastic ; gro- 
tesque. 2. Frolicsome ; lively. Obsoles. — n. 1. A buffoon ; 
merry-andrew ; the "fool" of the old play. 2. An odd im- 
agery or device. 3. A grotesque trick ; piece of buffoonery ; 
caper. — v. i. To perform antics. 

an'ti-cath'ode (-tTiath'od), n. The part of a vacuum 
tube opposite the cathode. See Rontgen ray, Illust. 

an'ti-chlor (an'ti-klor), n.[_anti- + chlorine.] Chem. Any 
substance (esp. sodium thiosulphate) used in removing the 
excess of chlorine or bleaching liquor left in paper pulp or 
stuffs after bleaching. — an/ti-chlo-ris'tic (-klo-ris'tik), a. 

An'ti-christ (an'ti-krist), n. 1. One who denies or opposes 
Christ; esp., a great antagonist expected to fill the world 
with wickedness, but to be conquered forever by Christ at 
His second coming. 2. [I. c] A pretended Christ. 

an'ti^hris'tian (an'ti-kris'chdn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Antichrist ; also, opposed to the Christian religion. 

an-tic'i-pant (an-tis'i-pont), a. Anticipating; expectant. 

an-tic'i-pate (-pat), v. t.; -pat'ed (-pat'ed) ; -pat'ing. [L. 
anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate ; ante + a 
deriv. of capere to take.] 1. To do, take up, or deal with, 
before another ; preclude or prevent by prior action ; as, 
he anticipated the arrest by surrendering himself. 2. To 
take up, use, or introduce before the proper or normal 
time; as, to anticipate one's income. 3. To be before 
(another) in doing or acting ; forestall ; as, we anticipated 
the action of the enemy. 4. To foresee (a wish, command, 
etc.) and execute it beforehand. 5. To foretaste or foresee ; 
as, we are anticipating the pleasure of your visit. — Syn. 

See EXPECT, FORESTALL. 

an-tic/i-pa'_tion (-pa'shwn), n. 1. Act of anticipating. 2. 
Previous view or impression of what 
is to happen ; expectation ; foretaste ; 
as, the anticipation of the joys of 
heaven. 3. Hasty notion; intuitive 
preconception. 4. Music. The com- 
mencing of one or more tones of a 
chord with or during the chord pre- 
ceding, where it forms a momentary 
discord. — Syn. Preoccupation, preclusion; prelibation; 
expectation, foresight, forethought. 

an-tic'i-pa-tive (an-tis'i-pa-tiv), a. Anticipating; con- 
taining anticipation. — an-tic'i-pa-tive-ly, adv. 

an-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), n. One who anticipates. 

an-tic'i-pa-to-ry (-pd-to-rf), a. Forecasting; of the nature 
of anticipation. — an-tic'i-pa-to-ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. 

an'tick. Obs. var. of antic, antique. 

an'ti-clas'tic ( an'ti-klas'tik ), a. [ anti- + Gr. kKSlv to 
break.] Having opposite curvatures at a given point, 
like the surface of a saddle ; — opposed to synclastic. 

an'ti-cler'i-cal (-kler'i-kal), a. "Opposed to the clergy 
or clericalism, or, in Europe, to the influence of the Roman 
Catholic clergy in public affairs. 

an'ti-Cli'max (-kll'maks), n. Rhet. A sentence or pas- 
sage in which the ideas fall off in dignity or importance 
at the close ; — the opposite of climax. 

an'ti-cli'nal (-kli'nal), a. [an^'-+Gr. /c\iW> to incline.] 
Pertaining to, or having inclination in, opposite directions ; 
of or pertaining to an anticline. Cf. synclinal. 

an'ti-cline (an'ti-klm), n. Geol. A fold or arch of rock 
strata dipping in opposite a 

directions from an axis. V-^^^ W : ^^^ ^^^<!' ' : ^^c-^ 

an'ti-cli-no'ri-um (-klT-no'- K^^^^^^^^^> 1 
ri-um), n.; pi. L. -ria (-d), ^^^^^^^i?3^x*^^^^^| 
E. -riums. [NL. ; anti- + \*Z<^'Zi£g£M30^ v^SkN^ 
Gr. KhLvtiv to incline + 5pos b 

mountain.] Geol. A series of Cross Section of Strata show- 
anticlines and synclines so ing Anticline. a& Axial Plane, 
grouped that, taken together, they have the general outline 
of an arch ; — opp. 
to synclinorium. 

an'tic-ly (an'tik-li), 
adv. In an antic 
manner; oddly. 

an'ti-co-her'er (an'~ 
ti-ko-her'er ), n. 
Wireless Teleg. A device, one form of which consists of a 
scratched deposit of silver on glass, used in connection 
with the receiving apparatus for reading wireless signals. 



sky 



W 



ism 



Anticipation, 4. 




Anticlinorium 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



B 



D 



F 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



ANTICORROSIVE 



46 



ANTIQUATION 



The electric waves falling on this device increase its resist- 
ance several times. 

an'ti-cor-ro'sive (an'tT-ko-ro'siv), a. Preventing corrosion. 

an'ti-cy'clone (an'ti-sl'klon), to. Meteor, a A condition 
of the atmosphere opposite, as regards direction of the 
wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a 
cyclone ; also, the high-pressure area where this condition 
centers and where winds blow spirally outward, b An 
atmospheric disturbance on the edge or front of such an 
area. — an'ti-cy-clon'ic (-sT-klon'ik), a. 

an'ti-dot'al (an'ti-dot'dl ; an'ti-do'tdl), a. Acting as, or of 
the nature of, an antidote. — an'ti-dot'al-ly, adv. 

an'ti-dote (an'ti-dot), to. [From L., fr. Gr. iumSdrov, 
deriv. of &vH against +SiS6vat to give.] 1. A remedy to 
counteract the effects of poison ; — used with against, for, 
or to. 2. Whatever tends to prevent or counteract evil 
that something else might produce. 

an'ti-fe'brile (-fe'bril ; -feb'ril), a. & to. Febrifuge. 

an'ti-fe'brine (-fe'brin ; -feb'nn), to. Acetanilide. 

an'ti-fed'er-al-ist (-fed'er-al-Tst), to. One of a party op- 
posed to a federative government ; specif. {_cap.~\ , a member 
of the party, led by Thomas Jefferson, which opposed the 
adoption of the Constitution of the United States. — 
an'ti-fed'er-al, a. — an'ti-fed'er-al-ism (-Tz'm), to. 

an'ti-fei/ment (-fur'ment), to. Any substance tending to 
check fermentation. 

an'ti-fric'tion (-frik'shun), to. Something to lessen fric- 
tion. — a. Tending to lessen friction. 
antifriction metal, any alloy, as Babbitt metal, used in 
bearings, etc., to lessen friction. 

An-tig'o-ne (an-tig'6-ne). [L., fr. Gr. 'Avriyovq.'] Gr. 
Myth. A faithful daughter of CEdipus and Jocasta. She 
performs funeral rites over the body of her brother Poly- 
nices against the command of her uncle, Creon. 

an'ti-he'lix (aVti-he'liks^TO. Anat. The curved elevation 
of the ear cartilage. See ear, Illust. 

an'ti-hy'dro-pho'bic (an'ti-hl'dro-fo'bik ; -fob'Tk),a. Pre- 
ventive of hydrophobia. — to. An antihydrophobic agent. 

an'ti-hyp-not'ic (-hip-not'ik), a. Med. Tending to pre- 
vent sleep. — to. An antihypnotic agent. 

an'ti-im-pe'ri-al-ism (-im-pe'ri-dl-iz'm), n. Opposition 
to imperialism ; specif. : a After the Spanish- American war 
(1898), the attitude or principles of those opposing territo- 
rial expansion. U. S. b The attitude or principles of those, 
often called Little Englanders, opposing the extension of 
the empire and the closer relation of its parts, esp. for com- 
merce and imperial defense. Eng. — an'ti— im-pe'li-al- 
ist, to. — an'ti-im-pe'ri-al-is'tic ( Ts'tTk), a. 

aH'ti-lith'iG (-lith'Tk), a. Med. Preventive or destructive 
of urinary calculi. — to. An antilithic agent. 

an'ti-log'a-rithm (-log'd-ritfe'm), to. Math. The number 
corresponding to a logarithm. 

an-til'o-gy (an-til'6-ji),TO.; pL-gies (-jiz). [Gr. &j>Ti\oyla, 
fr. AvrLXoyos contradictory ; IlvtL against + \eyeu> to speak.] 
A contradiction in terms or ideas. 

an'ti-lynch'ing (an'tT-lin'ching), a. Opposed to lynching. 

an'ti-ma-cas'sar (-md-kas'dr), to. A cover to protect the 
back or arms of a chair, sofa, etc. ; a tidy. 

an'ti-mask', -masque' ( an'ti-mask' ), to. A grotesque 
interlude between the parts of a mask. 

an'ti-mere (an'ti-mer), to. [anti- + -mere.'] Zo'dl. One 
of opposite corresponding parts symmetrical with respect 
to the main axis, as the halves of bilaterally symmetrical 
animals or parts ; — distinguished from metamere. — an'ti- 
mer'ic (-mer'ik),a.— an-tim'er-ism (an-tTm'er-iz'm),TO. 

an'ti-mo-nar'chic (an'ti-mo-naVkik), an'ti-mo-nar'cbi- 
cal (-ki-kdl), a. Opposed to monarchy. [antimony. | 

an'ti-mo'ni-al (-mo'ni-al), a. Of, pert, to, or containing,! 

an'ti-mon'ic (-mon'Tk), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or derived 
from, antimony, in its valence of five. 

an'ti-mo'ni-ous ( -mo'ni-ws ), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or 
derived from, antimony, in its valence of three. 

an'ti-mon-SOOn' (-mon-soon')^. Meteor. The upper, con- 
trary-moving current of the atmosphere over a monsoon. 

an'ti-mo-ny (an'tT-mo-nT), to. [LL. antimonium. ] An 
element of metallic appearance and crystalline structure, 
tin-white in color, hard and brittle, used chiefly in alloys 
to give hardness and the property of expanding on solidifi- 
cation. Its compounds are used in medicine and in the arts. 
Symbol, Sb (L. Stibium) ; at. wt., 120.2 ; sp. gr. 6.7. 

antimony glance. Stibnite. 

an'ti-mo-nyl' (an'ti-m6-nil'),TO. \_antimony-\--yl!] Chem. 
A univalent radical, SbO, composed of antimony and 
oxygen. It forms a series of salts, of which the best known 
is antimonyl potassium tartrate, or tartar emetic. 

an'ti-node' (-nod'), to. Physics. That point of a vibrating 
body which lies midway between two adjacent nodes. 

an'ti-no'mi-an (an'ti-no'ml-an), n. Eccl. Hist. One who 
maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral 
law is of no use or obligation, on the ground that faith 
alone is necessary to salvation. an-ism (-lz'm), to. 



an-tin'o-my (an-tYn'o-mi'), to.; pi. -Mies (-m¥z). [From 
L., fr. Gr. &vTivonia; 6lvtI against + vbnos law.] 1. Op- 
position of one law or rule to another. 2. An opposing 
law or rule of any kind. 3. Metaph. A contradiction 
between two principles each of which is taken to be true, 
or between inferences correctly drawn from such principles. 

An'ti-o'chi-an (an'ti-o'ki-an), a. Of or pert, to Antioch, 
esp. Antioch in Syria, or the Seleucidan kings of Syria, 
who usually bore the name Antiochus. — An'ti-o'cbi-an,n. 

An-ti'O-pe ( an-tl'6-pe ), to. [ Gr. 'Avnoirr,. ] Gr. Myth. 
The mother by Zeus of Amphion and Zethus. See Dirce. 

an'ti-pa-thet'ic (an'ti-pd-thet'ik) \a. Naturally contrary; 

an'ti-pa-thet'i-cal (-pd-thet'i-kol)/ marked by antipathy. 

— an'ti-pa-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

an-tip'a-thy (an-tip'd-thi), to.; pi. -thies (-thiz). [From 
L., fr. Gr. &i>TLTra6eia; _ &vtI against + iradelv to suffer.] 
1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling ; settled aversion ; re- 
pugnance ; as, hatred and antipathy led to war. 2. Contra- 
rietyin nature ; incompatibility ; repugnancy of qualities ; 
as, oil and water have an antipathy. 3. One who, or that 
which, occasions antipathy. 

&W Antipathy is often opposed to sympathy. It is often 
used with to, against, or between; also, sometimes, with for. 
Syn. Dislike, disinclination, reluctance, antagonism, hos- 
tility ; distaste, disrelish, detestation, aversion, repugnance, 
disgust, abhorrence, loathing, nausea. — Antipathy, aver- 
sion, repugnance, disgust agree in the idea of in- 
tense dislike. Antipathy implies an instinctive or 
constitutional dislike, sometimes manifested in an involun- 
tary shrinking or recoil from its object. Aversion {to 
now rarely from) expresses a fixed and settled, sometimes 
even a cherished, distaste, usually exhibited in a voluntary 
avoidance of its object. Repugnance adds the implica- 
tion of antagonism or opposition. Disgust is repugnance 
to what is offensive to one's taste or feelings. 

an'ti-Pe-la'gi-an (an'ti-pe-la'ji-an), a. Opposed to Pela- 
gius or his doctrines. See Pelagianism. — to. An opponent 
of Pelagius or Pelagianism. 

an'ti-pe/ri-od'ic (an'ti-pe'ri-od'ik^a. Med. Preventive of 
periodic returns of paroxysms or exacerbations of disease, 
as in intermittent fevers. — n. An antiperiodic remedy. 

an'ti-phlo-gis'tic (an'ti-fio-jis'tilO.a. Med. Counteract- 
ing inflammation. — to. An antiphlogistic agent or diet. 

an'ti-phon ( an'ti-fon ), to. [ See anthem. ] 1. A musical 
response, as in a chant. 2. A piece of devotional verse or 
prose responsively sung as a part of the liturgy ; specif., a 
verse said or sung before and after the psalms. 

an-tiph'O-nal (an-tif'o-ndl), o. Of or pert, to antiphony. 

— to. A book of antiphons. — an-tiph'o-nal-ly, adv. 
an-tiph'o-na-ry (-na-ri), to.; pi. -ries (-riz). A book con- 
taining a collection of antiphons, esp. those of the breviary, 
with their musical notes. — an-tiph'o-na-ry, a. 

an-tipb/o-ny (-6-ni), to.; pi. -nies (-niz). 1. A musical 
response ; also, antiphonal chanting or singing. 2. A 
musical piece, as an anthem, sung alternately Jby^ parts of a 
choir or congregation. — an'ti-phon'ic (an'ti-fon'ik), a. 

an-tiph'ra-sis (an-tif'rd-sis), to. [L., fr. Gr. &j>r*0pa<ns, 
fr. 6.vTi4>pa.$€iv to express by antithesis.] Rhet. Use of 
words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning. 

an-tip'o-dal (an-tlp'6-dal), a. 1. Pertaining to the antip- 
odes ; opposite on the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. 

an'ti-pode (an'ti-pod), n.;pl. -podes (-podz). One of the 
antipodes ; a direct opposite. 

an-tip^O-de'an (an-tip'S-de'dn ; aVti-po'de-an), a. Of or 
pertaining to the antipodes or an antipode ; antipodal. 

an-tip'o-des (an-tip'6-dez), to. pi. In senses 2 & 3 some- 
times erroneously used as a sing. [L., pi. fr. Gr. &i>tIttovs 
with the feet opposite ; kvrl against + irovs, iro56s, foot.] 
1. Those who live on the diametrically opposite side of the 
globe. 2. The regions or country of the antipodes. 3. The 
directly opposite or contrary feelings, opinions, etc. 

an'ti-pole' (an'ti-pol'), to. Opposite pole ; direct opposite. 

an'ti-pope' (-pop'), to. One elected, or claiming to be, pope 
in opposition to the pope canonically chosen. 

an'ti-py'ic (-pi'ik), a. [071(1-+ Gr. irvov, vvos, pus.] Med. 
Preventing suppuration. — to. An antipyic medicine. 

an'ti-py-ret'ic (-pl-reVik), a. & to. [anti- -f- Gr. Trvpcrds 
fever.] Febrifuge. 

an'ti-py'rine, or -rin (-pl'rin), to. A white, crystalline, basic 
substance used to relieve pain, fever, and rheumatism. 

an'ti-qua'ri-an (-kwa'ri-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to antiqua- 
ries or antiquities. — to. An antiquary. an-ism, to. 

an'ti-qua-ry (an'ti-kwa-ri), a. [L. antiquarius.'] Antiqua- 
rian. — to. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A student of old times through 
relics ; one who collects or studies antiquities. 

an'ti-quate (-kwat), v. t.; -quat'ed (-kwat'ed); -quat'ing. 
[L. antiquatus, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, 
obsolete, or antique ; make void as out of date. 

an'ti-quat'ed (-kwat'ed), p. a. 1. Grown old. 2. Bygone; 
obsolete ; old-fashioned. — Syn. See OLD. 

an'ti-qua'tion (-kwa'sh&n), to. [L. antiquaUo. - ] Act ot 
making, or state of being, antiquated ; obsoleteness. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event 2nd, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
■Else, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, irjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ANTIQUE 



47 



ANYWISE 



an'tique (an'tfk). Obs. var. of antic. 
an-tique' (an-tek/), a. [F., fr. L. antiquus, anticus, old, 
ancient, fr. ante before.] 1. Old ; belonging to antiquity, 
esp. to ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Old, as respects the 
present age or modern time; antiquated. 3. Belonging 
to the style of antiquity ; old-fashioned. — Syn. Ancient. 
See old. — n. 1. In general, anything very old; esp., a 
relic or object of ancient art. 2. Print. A style of type. 
See type. — an-tique'ly, adv. — an-tique'ness, n. 
an-tiq'ui-ty (-tik'wi-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality of 
being old or ancient ; ancientness. 2. Ancient times, esp. 
those before the Middle Ages. 3. The ancients. 4. A 
relic, monument, etc., of ancient times ; — usually in pi. 

an'ti-rat'Uer (an'ti-rat'ler), n. A mechanical device to 
prevent rattling, as of the fifth wheel of a carriage. 

an'ti-re-mon'sfrant (-re-mon'strdnt), n. One opposed to 
remonstrance; specif, [cap.], one of the Dutch Calvinistic 
party that opposed the Remonstrants or Arminians. 

an'ti-rent' (-rent'), a. Opposed to the payment of (land) 
rent ; specif. \cap. ] : a Designating a political party 

! (1839-47) in the State of New York, that supported those 
tenants of the patroons who resisted the collection of rents. 
D Designating a movement or agitation in Ireland against 
the payment of rent to absentee landlords, as in 1843 and in 
1881— an'ti-rent'er (-er), n.— an'ti-rent'ism (-iz'm), n. 

anti-Sab'ba-ta'ri-an (-sab'd-ta'ri-an), n. Eccl. One who 
denies the moral obligation of observing the Sabbath day. 

an-tis'cians (an-tTsh'anz), an-tis'ci-i (-i-I), n. pi. [L. an- 
tiscii, Gr. (lvtIctkloi, pi. ; kvrl 4- <ma shadow.] Inhabit- 
ants of the earth living on different sides of the equator and 
casting shadows at noon in opposite directions. 

an'ti-scor-bu'tic (an'ti-skor-bu'tik), a. Med. Counter- 
acting scurvy. — n. A remedy for scurvy. 

an'ti-HSem/i-tism (-sem'i-tiz'm),7i. Opposition to, or ha- 
tred of, Semites, esp. Jews. — an'ti-Sem'ite (-It), n. — 
an'ti-Sem-it'ic (-se-mit'ik), a. Sem-it'i-cal-ly, adv. 

an'ti-sep'sis (-sep'sis), n. [NL. See anti-, sepsis.] Preven- 
tion of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms. 

an'ti-sep'tic (-tik), a. 1. Tending to prevent or arrest pu- 
trefaction, pus formation, etc., by destroying, or arresting 
the growth of, the bacteria causing it. 2. Med. & Surg. 
Using, or pertaining to the use of, antiseptics. — n. An an- 
tiseptic substance. — an ti-sep'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. — an'- 
ti-sep'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

an'ti-sep'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm),n. Med. The systematic 
practice of antisepsis. — an'ti-sep'ti-cist, n. 

an'ti-sep'ti-cize (-slz), v. t. To treat with antiseptics. 

an'ti-Slav'er-y (-slav'er-i), a. Opposed to slavery. 

an'ti-so'cial (-so'shdl), a. Tending to interrupt or destroy 
social intercourse ; averse to society, or hostile to its exist- 
ence ; as, antisocial principles ; crime is antisocial. 

an'ti-SO'cial-ist, n. One opposed to doctrines and^practices 
of socialists or socialism. — an'ti-SO-cial-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. 

an'ti-spas-mod'ic (-spaz-mod'ik), a. Med. Preventing or 
allaying spasms. — n. An antispasmodic agent. 

an-tis'tro-phe (an-tis'tro-fe), n. i [L., fr. Gr. i.vTiarpo(f>rfl 
In the Greek choral dance or song, a part answering to a 
previous strophe. — an'ti-stroph'ic (an'tl-strof'ik), a. 

an'ti-the'ism (an'ti-the'iz'm), n. Doctrine opposed to 
theism, usually in its narrow sense. 

an-titb/e-sis (an-tith'e-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 
LvTlBeats, deriv. of hvri against + riBevai to set. 1 1. 
Rhet. An opposition or contrast of words or ideas. 
2. Opposition ; contrast ; an opposite. 

an'ti-thet'ic (an'ti-thet'ik^an'ti-Uiet'i-cal (-i-kal),a. Of 
or pertaining to antithesis ; opposing ; contrasted. — an'ti- 
thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

an'ti-tox'ic (an'ti-tok'sik), a. Counteracting poison. 

an'ti-tox'in (-sin), n. Also -ine. Any of certain soluble 
chemical compounds, or antibodies, in.the blood that have 
the power of neutralizing some specific poison, esp. a spe- 
cific poison produced in the body by pathogenic bacteria. 
The antitoxin that is injected in the treatment of diphthe- 
ria is blood serum from horses that have been rendered im- 
mune to diphtheria by previous inoculations. 

an'ti-trade' (an'ti-trad') , n. An upper tropical wind blow- 
ing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind, 
beyond which, in the north temperate and the south tem- 
perate zones, it becomes a surface wind. 

an-tit'ra-gUS (an-tit'rd-gus), n. [From Gr. &vTirpayos.'] 
Anat. A certain prominence of the external ear. See ear. 

an'ti-Trirj/i-ta'ri-an (an'ti-trm'i-ta'ri-an), a. Denying 
the doctrine of the Trinity. 

an'ti-type (an'ti-tTp'), n. [Gr. iLvrlTvirot of corresponding 
form.] That which is represented or shadowed forth by an 
earlier "type," the reality of which a "type" is the pro- 
phetic symbol (see type, n. 2) ; as, Christ is the antitype of 
many of the "types" of the Jewish ritual. — an'ti-typ'ic 
(-tfp'ik), an'ti-typ'i-cal (-tTp'i-kdl), a. 

an'ti-ve'nin (-ve'nYn), n. Also -nene, -nine, [anti- 4- 
L. venerium poison. ] Physiol. Chem. An antitoxin 




produced in the serum of blood by repeated injections of 
venom ; also, the antitoxic serum thus obtained. 

an / ti-zy : mot'i''. (an'ti-zl-mot'lk^a. Med. Preventing fer- 
mentation or decomposition. — n. An agent so used. 

ant'ler (ant'ler), n. [From OF., fr. L. ante beioie+oculus 
eye.] The entire horn, or any branch 
of the horn, of an animal of the deer 
family. See horn. — ant'lered 
(-lerd), a. 

ant'li-a (ant'li-d), n. ; L. pi. & geni- 
tive sing, -lle (-e). [L., a pump, 
Gr. &vr\la hold of a ship.] Zo'ol. 
The spiral tubular proboscis of lepi- 
dopterans. 

ant lion. Any of a genus (Myrmele- 
on) of neuropterous insects the larva 
of which digs a pit, lying in which it Ant l er of Red Deer. 
catches insects, esp. ants, that fall in. £ Brow da ii * 

an-t03'ci (an-te'sT), an-t03'cians c Ba £$ An'tler ^ 
(-snanz), n. pi. [ML,, antoeci, fr. Gr. Sur-royal, or Crown, 
pi. avroiicoi; Lvrl opposite 4- oZkos Antlers, 
house.] Those who live under the same meridian, but equi- 
distant north and south of the equator. — an-tce'cian 
(-shan), a. 

An-to'ni-o (an-to'm-o). See Shylock; Portia. 

an'to-no-ma'si-a (an'to-no-ma'zhi-d ; an-ton'o-), n. [L., 
fr. Gr. &vTopofjLaaia, deriv. of &vrl-\-5vop.a name.] Rhet. 
The use of an epithet, official title, or the like, instead of the 
proper name of a person ; as when his majesty is used for a 
king ; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of 
an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon. 

an'to-nym (an'to-nim), n. [Gr. &vtwpviiIcl a word used 
in place of another ; LvtI + bvona, owfia, word.] A 
word which is the opposite in meaning of another word in 
the same language ; — contrasted with synonym. 

an'tre (an'ter), n. [F., fr. L. antrum."] A cavern. Archaic. 

an-trorse' (an-trors r ), a. [L. ante+versum turned.] Biol. 
Directed forward or upward. — an-trorse'ly, adv. 

an'trum (an'trum), n. ; L. pi. antra (-trd). [L., fr. Gr. 
avTpov.~] A cavern or cavity; esp., Anat., a cavity or sinus. 

an-trus'tion (an-trus'chSn), n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] 
A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in the 
palace and the field. — an-trus'tion-ship, n. 

A-nu'bis (d-nu r bis),n. [L.] Egypt. Myth. A jackal god 
of the necropolis, conductor (with Thoth) of the dead. 

a-nu'ran (-ran), n. [_an- not+Gr. ovpa tail.] Zo'ol. Any 
of an order (Anura) comprising the majority of existing 
amphibians, marked by absence of the tail in the adult, 
including the frogs, toads, and tree toads. — a-nu'ran, a. 

a-nu'rotiS (-rus), a. Tailless. [alimentary canal. 

a'nus (a'm/s),™. [L.] Anat. The posterior opening of the| 

an'vil (an'vil), n. [AS. anfilt, onfiltJ] 1. A block, 
usually of iron faced with steel, on 
which metal is shaped, as by ham- 
mering. 2. Anything resembling an 
anvil in shape or use. Specif. : a Anat. 
The incus. See incus, b The fixed 
jaw in a measuring instrument, as 
in a micrometer caliper. Anvil, a Horn ; &, c 

— v. t. ; -vtled (an'vild) or -vtlled ; Holes for Set Chis- 
-vtl-ing or -vrx-LiNG. To form or els.SwageBlocks.etc. 
shape on an anvil ; hammer out ; as, anviled armor. 

anx-i'e-ty (ang-zl'e-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. anxietas, 
fr. anxius. See anxious.] Painful uneasiness over an im- 
pending or anticipated ill ; concern about a future or uncer- 
tain event. — Syn. Misgiving, worry. See care. 

anx'ious (ank'shws), a. [L. anxius, fr. anger e to pain, 
choke.] 1. Disquieted over a possible or impending ill; 
concerned or solicitous, esp. as to a future or unknown 
thing ; — used with for, about, etc. ; as, anxious about 
one's health. 2. Accompanied with or causing anxiety ; 
worrying ; as, anxious toil. 3. Earnestly desirous ; as, anx- 
ious to please. — anx'icus-ly, adv. — anx'ious-ness, n. 

an'y (en'i), a. & pron. [AS. &nig, fr. an one.] One indif- 
ferently out of a number ; one (or, as pi., some) indiscrim- 
inately of whatever kind or quantity. — Syn. See some. 

— adv. To any extent ; in any degree ; at all. 
an'y-bod'y (-bodl), n. & pron. Any person ; any one. 
an'y-hOW (-hou), adv. cfe_ conj. In any way or manner 

whatever ; at any rate ; in any event. 
an'y-one (-wun), n. One taken at random rather than by 

selection ; anybody ; — commonly written as two words. 
an'y-thing (-thing), n. Any object, act, state, event, or 

fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other. 

anything but, not at all or in any respect ; as, impudence 

is anything but funny. 

— adv. In any measure ; anywise ; at all. 
an r y-way (-wa), an'y-ways (-waz), adv. & conj. Any- 
wise ; at all ; in any case. 

an'y-where (-hwSr), adv. In any place. 
an'y-wise (-wlz), adv. In any wise, or way ; at all. 




^ 



B 



D 






H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



AONIAN 



48 



APISHNESS 




A-o'ni-an (a-o'ni-an), a. [L. Aonius, Gr. *A.6pios, fr. 
'A.ovla.~} Of or pertaining to Aonia, the region of the 
mountains Helicon and Cithaeron, in ancient Bceotia, or 
pertaining to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. 

a r O-rist (a'6-nst), n. [Gr. a.6pioros indefinite ; d- not+ 
dpi$eiv to define, opos limit.] Gram. A tense of the 
Greek verb which denotes simply that an action or occur- 
rence took place in an indefinite past time. 

a'O-ris'tic (-ris'tik), a. 1. Indefinite; undetermined. 2. 
Of or pertaining to the aorist tense. 

a-or'ta(a-or'td), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a.opTtj, fr. &etpeii>to lift.] The 
great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all 
the body except the lungs. — a-or'tic (-tik), a. 

a'ou-dad (a'6"6-dad), n. [Moorish name.] A wild sheep 
(Ovis tragelaphus) of North Africa. 

a-pace' (d-pas') ? adv. At a 
quick pace ; quick ; fast. 

A-pa'che (d-pa'cha; commonly 
-pach'e), n. 1. Any of a group of 
warlike nomad Indians, orig. of 
New Mexico and Ari z o a n. 2. 
(pron. a'pash') 



pi. APACHj.3 (F. 
a'pash'). [F.] A 
member of a pow- 
ertul gang or class 
of criminals in- 
festing the streets 
of Paris and no- 
torious for their 
desperate and vi- 
cious character, 
ap'a-nage. Var. 

Of APPANAGE. 

a'pa-re'jo (a'pa- 

ra'ho ), n.; pi. Aoudad (Ovis tragelaphus). 

-jos (-hoz; Sp. -hos). [Sp.] A kind of packsaddle of 

stuffed leather or canvas. 
a-part' (d-partO, adv. [F. d part ; a (L. ad)-f part part.] 

1. Separately in regard to space or company ; aside ; as, to 
stand apart from the test. 2. Separately as to purpose, use, 
character, or consideration ; independently ; as, apart from 
his ill temper he is very likable. 3. Aside ; away ; as, jesting 
apart. 4. In two or more parts ; asunder ; as, to break apart. 

-4-part'ment (d-part'ment), n. [F. appartement, fr. L. 
ad+pars, partis, part.] 1. A suite, or set, of rooms. 
2< A room in a building — Syn. See room. 

ap'a-thet'ic (ap'd-thet'IkHa. Void of feeling; passionless; 

ap'a-thet'i-cal (-i-kal) / indifferent. — Syn. See pas- 
sive. — ap'a-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ap'a-thy (ap'd-thi), n. ; pi. -thies (-thiz). [From L., fr. Gr. 
&Tra£eia; d-not + ?rd0os. suffering fr. vaOtlv to suffer.] 1. 
Want of feeling ; lack of passion, emotion, or excitement ; 
dispassion ; as, the apathy of despair. 2. Indifference 
to what ordinarily stirs the feelings or activities ; as. he 
views with apathy the sorro -s of others. — Syn. Insen- 
sibility, unconcern, stoicism. . 

ap'a-tite (-tit), n. [Gr. d7rdr»7 deceit, it having been often 
mistaken for other minerals.] Min. Calcium phosphate- 
fluoride, CaFCa4(P04)3, or less commonly phosphate-chlo- 
ride, CaClCai(P04)3, occurring variously in six-sided 
prisms, granular masses, or with fibrous structure, etc. 

ape (ap), n. [AS. apa.~] 1. Any monkey, esp. one of the 
larger, tailless Old World forms. 2. An imitator ; mimic. 

— v. t.; aped (apt) ; ap'ing (ap'Ing). To mimic. — Syn. 

See IMITATE. 

a-peak' (d-pek'), adv. & a. Naut. In a vertical line. 

Ua'per'QU' (a'par'su'), n.; pi. apercus (-su'). [F., prop, 
p. p. of apercevoir to perceive.] 1. A first view or glance, 
or the perception or estimation so obtained. 2. Hence, a 
brief or detached view ; conspectus ; sketch. 

a-pe'ri-ent (d-pe'ri-ent), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of ape- 
rire to uncover, open ; a- = ab- + parire, parere, to bring 
forth.] Med. Gently opening the bowels; laxative.— n. 
An aperient medicine or food. 

a-pe'ri-Od'ic (a-pe'ri-od'ik), o. [a- not+periodic.'] 1. Of 
irregular occurrence ; not periodic ; as, an aperiodic fever. 

2. Physics. Not having periodic vibrations ; deadbeat; 
as, an aperiodic galvanometer. 

a-per'i-tive (d-per'i-tlv). a. & n. Aperient. 

a-pert' (d-purf), a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of 

aperire. See aperient.] Open; evident; undisguised; 

bold. — a-pert'ly, adv. — a-pert'ness, n. All Archaic. 
ap'er-ture (ap'er-tur), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See 

aperient.] An opening ; gap ; hole. — Syn. See orifice. 
ap'er-y (ap'er-i), n.; pi. aperies (-iz). Apish action. 
a-pet'al-ous (d-pet'al-fts), a. Having no petals. 
a'pex (a'peks), n.; pi. E. apexes (-pek-sez; 24), L. apices 

(ap'i-sez). [L., summit.] The tip, point, or angular 

summit of anything, as of a mineral vein. 
a-phaer'e-SJS (d-fer'e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. &<palpe<nt, deriv. 



of &tt6 from + aipeiv to take.] The dropping of a letter or 
syllable, usually an unaccented initial vowel, from the be- 
ginning of a word ; as in mid for amid, lone for alone — 
aph'ae-ret'ic (aFe-ret'Ik), a. 

aph'a-nite (af'd-nlt), n. [Gr. b.<i>o.vi ] s invisible ; d- not-f- 
Qalveadai to appear.] Petrog. a A dark, heavy variety of 
diorite, of such close texture that its separate grains are 
invisible to the naked eye. b Any rock of similar texture. 

aph/a-nit'lC (-nit'ik), a. . Containing, or of the nature of, 
aphanite. 

a-pha'si-a (d-fa'zhi-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &<f>aata; d- not+ 
<j>apai to speak.] Total or partial loss of the use or under- 
standing of language, the vocal organs remaining intact. 
It results from injury or disease of the brain. 

a-pha'si-ac (-zi-ak), a. & n. Aphasic. 

a-pha'sic (d-fa'sik ; -zik), a. Of, pert, to, or affected by, 
aphasia; speechless. — n. A person suffering from aphasia. 

a-phel'ion (d-fel'ywn; -fe'li-on), n.; pi. L. -lia (-yd; 
-li-d), E. -lions {-yunz; -onz). [Gr. diro + tJXios sun.] 
Astron. That point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is 
farthest from the sun. 

a-phe'li-ot'ro-pism (d-fe'll-ot'ro-piz'm), n. [See apo-; 
heliotropic] Plant Physiol. Negative heliotropism. 
— a-phe'li-o-trop'ic (-o-trop'ik), a. 

aph'e-sis (af'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &<f>e<ns a letting go, 
deriv. of Gr. &ir6 + ikvai to let go.] The gradual loss of a 
short, unaccented, initial vowel. — a-phet'ic (d-fet'ik), a. 

a'phid (a'fid; af'id), n. A plant louse. 

a'phis (a'fis), n.; pi. aphides (af'i-dez). Zool. An aphid. 

aph'lo-gis'tic (aflo-jis'tik), a. [Gr. &<t>\6y lotos not inflam- 
mable ; d- not + <p\oyio-Tos. See phlogiston.] Flameless ; 
as, an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of platinum wire is 
kept incandescent by alcohol, without flame. 

a-pho'ni-a (d-fo'ni-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d^w^a, fr. 
a.<po}vos voiceless; d- not-r-^w^ voice.] Med. Loss of 
voice or vocal utterance, due to disorder of the vocal cords. 

a-phon'ic (d-fon'ik), a. 1. Phon. Having no sound or 
pronunciation ; also, voiceless or nonvocal. 2. Med. Per- 
taining to, or characterized by, aphonia. 

aph'o-rism (af'6-riz'm), n. [From F., fr. Gr. 6.cpopion6s 

definition, pithy sentence, fr. &.<t>opli;eiv to define; &w6 

irom+dpLfav to separate.] 1. A definition of a principle. 

2. A pithy, compendious sentence stating a general doc- 
trine or truth. Loosely, a maxim. — Syn. See axiom. 

— aph'o-ris'mic (-riz'rmk), -ris-mat'ic (-riz-mat'ik),a. 
aph'o-rist (af'6-rist), n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. 
aph'o-ris'tic (-ris-tik), a. In the form of, or of the nature 

of, an aphorism. — aph/o-ris'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

apb/O-rize (a.f'6-rlz), v. i. To make aphorisms. 

aph/ro-dis'i-ac (af'ro-diz'i-ak), a. [Gr. &<j>poSioiaK6s 
pertaining to sensual love, fr. 'A<f>po5lTT) Aphrodite.] 
Exciting venereal desire; provocative of, or inclined to, 
venery. — n. A thing, as a drug, that excites to venery. 

Aph / ro-di , te(-dI'te),n. IGr.'A^poSirrj.'] Gr.Relig. The god- 
dess of love and beauty, probably originally an Oriental god- 
dess of vegetation and the reproductive forces of nature. She 
was identified by the Romans with Venus. See heph^estus. 

aph'tha (af'thd), n. [Sing, of aphthae.] Med. a One of 
the specks called aphthae, b Thrush (the disease). 

aph'tha? (-the), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. a<pOo. eruption, thrush.] 
Med. Pearl-colored specks or flakes on the lips, in the 
mouth, stomach, etc., due to minute parasitic fungi. 
They often characterize thrush. — aph'thous (-thus), a. 

aph'thoid (-thoid),a. [aphtha +-oid.} Med. Of the nature 
of aphthae ; resembling thrush. 

a-phy Pious (d-fil'us), a. [Gr. a<j>vX\os; d- not -f <f>{>Wov 
leaf.] Having no foliage leaves. — a-phyl'ly (-1), n. 

a'pi-a'ceous (a'pi-a'shus), a. [L. apium parsley, celery.] 
Belonging to a large family (Apiacese) of plants, the 
celery, parsley, or carrot family, having a dry, seedlike 
fruit of two carpels. They are mostly herbs. 

a'pi-an (a'pi-dn), a. [L. apianus.~\ Of or pert, to bees. 

a'pi-a'ri-an (-a'ri-dn ; 3), a. Pert, to beekeeping or bees. 

a'pi-a-rist (a'pT-d-rist), n. One who keeps an apiary. 

a'pi-a-ry (a'pi-a-ri), n. pi. -ries (-riz). [L. apiarium, fr. 
apis bee.] A place where bees are kept ; a collection of 
hives or colonies of bees kept for their honey. 

ap'i-cal (ap'i-kdl), a. At, near, or belonging to, an apex. 

ap'i-ces (ap'i-sez), n„ L. pi. of apex. 

a-pic'u-late (d-pik'u-lat), o. Bot. Terminated abruptly by 
a small, distinct point, as a leaf. See leaf, Illust. 

a'pi-CUl'ture (a'pT-kiil'tyr), n. [L. apis bee+E. culture.} 
The rearing of bees. — a'pi-cul'tur-ist (-kul'yjr-lst), n. 

a-piece' (d-peV), adv. [a- (orig. the indet. article) -f- 
piece.'] To or for each by itself ; each ; as the share ot each. 

A'pis (a'pYs), n. [L., fr. Gr., fr. Egypt. Hapi.] Egypt. 
Relig. A sacred bull worshiped by the ancient Egyptians. 
A new Apis was believed to be born on the death of the old. 

ap'ish (ap'ish), a. Having the qualities oi an ape ; prone 
to servile imitation ; hence, fantastically silly or affected. 

— ap'ish-ly, adv. — ap'ish-ness, n. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



APIVOROUS 

a-piv'o-rous (a-piv'6-rws), a. [L. apis bee -f -vorous."] 
Zo'dl. Feeding on bees; — said esp. of certain birds. 

ap'la-cen'tal (ap'ld-sen'tdl), a. Having or developing no 
placenta, as the monotremes and most marsupials. 

ap'la-nat'ic (-nat'ik), a. [ a- not + Gr. irXavaTitcbs wan- 
dering.] Optics. Free from spherical aberration; as, 
an aplanatic lens, which is composed of two or more 
parts of different curvatures. 

ap'lite (ap'llt), n. [Gr. dirXoos simple -f -ite.] Petrog. A 
fine-grained granite, almost entirely of quartz and feldspar, 
and generally occurring in dikes. — ap-lit'ic (ap-lit'ik),a. 

I| a'plomb' (a/ploN'), n. [ F., fr. d to + plomb lead. ] Per- 
pendicularity ; hence : assurance of manner or action ; 
self-possession. — Syn. See confidence. 

ip-noe'a (Sp-ne'd), n. [ NL. ; a- not + Gr. -irvorj, irvoiij, 
breath.] Med. a Partial privation or suspension of breath. 
b Asphyxia. — ap-noe'al (-dl), ap-noe'ic (-ik), a. 

ap'o- (ap'6-). [Gr. &iro-, fr. &irb from, away.] A prefix 
signifying from, away from, off, or asunder, detached, 
separate; as in apostasy, lit., a standing off ; apostle, one 
sent away. Apo- may appear as ap- before a vowel or 
as aph- before an aspirate; as, ap/iaeresis. 

a-p6c'a-lypse (d-pok'd-lips), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 6.ttok&- 
Xi^is, fr. 6.iroKa\virT€iv to uncover ; &ir6 from + ndkv-KTtiv 
to cover.] 1. [cap.] The last book of the New Testament ; 
— called also The Revelation of St. John the Divine. 2. 
Anything viewed as a revelation ; a disclosure. 

a-poc'a-lyp'tic (-lTp'tik) "la. Of or pertaining to a revela- 

a-poc'a-lyp'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) / tion, or, specif., to the "Reve- 
lation of St. John ;" containing, of the nature of, or having 
to do with, prophetic revelation. lyp'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ap'o-car'pous (ap'o-kar'pus), a. Bot. Having the carpels 
of the gyncecium separate, as in the buttercup; — op- 
posed to syncarpous. 

a-poc'o-pate (d-pok'6-pat), v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of 
apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocope."] Gram. To cut short 

' by apocope. — a-poc'o-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. 

a-poc'O-pe (-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. &iroKOTrri a cutting off.] 
Gram. Omission of the last letter or syllable of a word. 

a-poc'ry-pha (d-pok'ri-fd), n. pi., but often erroneously 
used as sing, with pi. -phas (-fdz). [L. apocryphus apoc- 
ryphal, Gr. &tt6kpv4>os hidden, spurious, deriv. fr. &irb from 
+ KpvwTtiv to hide.] Writings or statements of doubtful 
authorship or authority ; as : [cap.] a Certain writings 
found in the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, but 
not a part of the Hebrew Bible. They are accepted as ca- 
nonical by the Eastern Church and the Roman Catholic 
Church, but are rejected by Protestants. They are desig- 
nated by Roman Catholics'as deuterocanonical. b A body 
of other writings to which a fictitious authorship was at- 
tributed, including a number of gospels, epistles, and 
apocalypses produced in the early Church. 

a-poc'ry-phal (-fdl), a. 1. Of or like the Apocrypha. 
2. Not canonical ; fictitious; false. — Syn. See fabulous. 
— a-poc'ry-phal-ly, adv. — a-poc'ry-phal-ness, n. 

a-poc'y-na'ceous (d-pos'T-na'shfts), n. pi. [Gr. iiroicvvov 
dogbane ( L-wb from + xixav, nvvbs, dog ) + -aceous.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family of plants { Apocynacese) , the dog- 
bane family. They are chiefly tropical herbs, shrubs, or trees 
having a milky juice, and often showy flowers. The oleander 
and the periwinkle are cultivated species. Most of the 
plants are poisonous ; some have edible fruit. 

ap'od (ap'od), ap'o-dal (ap'o-ddl), a. [Gr. &>oi*, 
&iro5os ; footless ; &- not + tto6s foot. ] 1. Footless. 
2. Zoo7. Destitute of pelvic fins, as eels. 

ap'o-deic'tic (-6-dIk'tTk), ap'o-dic'tic (-dik'tik) \a. [Gr. 

ap'o-deic'ti-cal (-ti-kdl^ap'o-dic'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)j &tro5eiK- 
tik6s (or fr. L., fr. Gr.), deriv. of &tt6 from + SemvOvai to 
show.] Logic. Involving or expressing necessary truth ; ab- 
solutely certain ; also, clearly demonstrable. — ap'O-deic'ti- 
cal-ly, ap'o-dic'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

a-pod'o-sis (d-pod'6-sis), n. ; L. pi. -ses (-sez) : [L., fr. Gr. 
&Tr68o(ns, deriv. of &irb back + 8i8bvai to cive.] Gram. 
The conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the 
result ; — distinguished from protasis. 

a-pog'a-my (d-pog'd-mi), n. {apo- + -gamy."] 1. Evo- 
lution. Interbreeding of a segregated group of individ- 
uals not having any common character differentiating them 
from those from which they are segregated. 2. Bot. a The 
development of buds in place of ovules, b The absence of 
sexual function. Cf. parthenogenesis. — ap'o-gam/ic 
(ap'6-gam'ik), a-pog'a-mous (d-pog'd-mfts), a. 

ap'o-gee (ap'6-je), n. [Gr. Lvbyaiov, deriv. of diro from -f 
yaia, yrj, earth.] 1. Astron. That point in a heavenly 
body's orbit which is farthest from the earth ; — now prop- 
erly said only of the moon. Opp. to perigee. 2. Farthest or 
highest point; culmination. — ap'o-ge'an (-je'dn), a. 
ap'0-ge-Ot'ro-pism (-je-ot'r6-piz'm), n. Bot. Negative 
geotropism. — ap'o-ge'o-trop'io (-je'S-trop'ik), a. 





APOSIOPESIS 

A-polla fd-p51'o),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AirbWuv.] Gr. Relig. The 
god of manly youth and beauty, 
of poetry, mujc, and oracles. He 
was also god of sealing, the send- 
er and stayer of plagues, and the 
bringer of sudden death. In late 
times, he was identified with the 
sun god Helios. See Arte. 'is. 

A-pol'los (d-p61'os),n. [Gr.\- ttoX- 
Xws.] Bib. An eloquent Alexan- 
drian Jew who t.jntinued Paul's 
work at Corinth. 

A-poPly-on (-i-on;-y5.n), n. [G. 
&iro\\vwi> destroying.] The angei 
of the bottomless pit; ^baddon. 
In "Pilgrim's Progress,'" ^e is a 
fiend overcome by Christian. 

a-poFo-get'ic (-6-jet'ik) \a. [ Gr. Apollo of the Belvedere. 

a-pol'O-get'i-Cal (-l-kal)J AttoXg 'j7Twc6i.fr. &iro\oye~urOai t<l 
speak in defense of; &irb from •*■_ X670S speech.] De- 
fending by discourse ; of the nature or *n apology. — a-poF- 
o-get'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-poFo-get'ics (-Tks) , n. (See -ics.) That branch of theolo- 
gy which formally defends, on grounds of reason, the 
divine origin and authority of Christianity. 

ap'o-lo'gi-a (ap'o-lo'ji-d^n. [L.]An apology, esp. in sense 1. 

a-poFo-gist (d-pol'6-jlst), n. One who makes an apology. 

a-poPo-gize (-jlz), v. i. ; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing (-jlz'ing). 
To make an apology. — a-pol'o-giz'er (-jlz'er), n. 

ap'0-logue (ap'o-log), n. CL. apologus, Gr.^ birokoyos; 
&tto from + Xbyos speech.] A fictitious story intended to 
convey a moral truth ; a moral fable. 

a-poFo-gy (d-poF6-jT), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [From L., fr. 
Gr. kiroKoyla.. See apologetic] 1. Something said or 
written in defense of what appears to others to be wrong, or 
of what may be liable to disapprobation ; justification. _ 2. 
An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for an im- 
proper or injurious remark or act. 3. Whatever serves, or 
appears to serve, as an excuse for the absence of something j 
a makeshift ; as, a hasty apology for a dinner. 
Syn. Explanation, justification, vindication, excuse. — 
Apology, excuse. An apology implies that- one has 
been, at least apparently, in the wrong ; it may offer 
palliating circumstances, or frankly acknowledge error 
and express regret. An apology is in place when one has 
been guilty of a breach of propriety or decorum, and may 
involve humiliation. An excuse implies neglect, which 
it explains or extenuates. 

ap'o-mor/phine ( ap'o-mor'fTn ; -fen), n % Also -phin. 
[apo- •{-morphine.] Chem. An artificial crystalline 
alkaloid obtained from morphine. It is a powerful emetic. 

ap'o-neu-ro'sis (-nu-ro'sis), n. ; pi. -roses (-sez). [NL., 
fr. Gr. &irovevpo)cris, fr. hwovevpow to pass into a tendon. 
See neurosis.] Anat. Any of the thicker and denser of 
the deep fasciae which cover, invest, and form the termina- 
tions and attachments of, certain muscles. They often 
differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. — ap'O- 
neu-rot'ic (-nu-rot'ik),a. 

ap'O-pemp'tic (ap'o-pemp^tYk), a. [Gr. iiroirenimicbs, 
&iroireiJ.irea> to send away.] Addressed to one departing ; 
valedictory ; as, apopemptic songs. 

a-popb/a-sisXd-pof'd-sis),?!. [NL., fr. Gr. &Trb<f>a<ns denial, 
fr. d7ro0d^ai to speak out, deny.] Rhet. A formal declining 
to make a favorable point, done so as to insinuate it. 

ap'oph-thegm (ap'o-them), n., ap'oph-theg-mat'ic 
(-theg-mat'ik), a., etc. Vars. of apothegm, etc. 

a-poph'y-ge (d-pof'i-je), n. [Gr. &Tro4>vyrj escape, in 
arch, the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base 
or capital.] Arch. The small hollow curvature given to 
the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands 
to meet the edge of the fillet ; a scape. 

a-poph/yl-lite (d-pof'i-llt ; ap'o-fiFlt), n. [apo- + Gr. <j>v\- 
Xop leaf, from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] Min. 
A hydrous silicate of potassium and calcium, closely related 
to the zeolites, usually occurring in transparent square 
prisms or white or grayish masses. 

a-poph'y-sis (d-pof'i-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. ; 
&irb4>vais offshoot.] Anat. A process of a bone, esp. of a 
vertebra. 1 

ap'o-plec'tic (ap'6-plek'fik), n. One liable to or having 
apoplexy. 

ap'o-plec'tic, or, less commonly, ap'o-plec'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), 
a. Of the nature of, relating to, or causing, apoplexy ; af- 
fected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy. 

ap'O-plex'y (ap'o-plek's^.n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. &tto- 
ir\ri^ia, fr. &Troir'\ri<r<reiv to cripple by a stroke ; iirb from-}- 
ir\-t)<TcreLv to strike.] Med. Sudden diminution or loss of 
consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually due 
to effusion of blood or serum into the brain or the spinalcord. 

a-port' (d-port'; 57), adv. Naut. On or toward the port, 
or left, side ; — said esp. of the helm. 

ap'o-sFo-pe'sis (ap'o-sT'o-pe'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. &iro<Tt.- 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



APOSIOPETIC 



50 



APPELLATIVE 



<5>7nj<r«, fr. inroaiwtrav to be quite silent.] Rket. A 
figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, 
as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind ; 
as, "I declare to you that his conduct — but I cannot speak 
of that here." — ap'o-si'O-pet'ic (ap/^-sI'o-pet'ik), a. 

a-pos'ta-sy (d-pos'td-sT), n.; pi. -tasies (-slz). [From F., 
fr. L., fr. Gr. k-Koaraala. defection, deriv. of biro from+ 
cravat, to stand.] Abandonment of what one has 
voluntarily professed; a to til desertion from one's faith, 
professions, principles, or pady, esp. from one's religion. The 
fall of man is sometimes called the first apostasy. 

a-pos'tate (-tSt), n. One who has apostatized.— a. Per- 
taining to, or characterized by, apostasy ; renegade. 

a-pos'ta-tize (-td-tlz), v. i.; -tized (-tizd) ; -tiz'ing (-tiz'- 
ing). To commit apostasy. 

ap'os-teme (ap'os-teni).ra. [Deriv. of Gr. d7r6trT77Ma sepa- 
ration of pus into an ulcer.] Med. An abscess. 

| a po-Ste'ri-o'ri (a pos-te'rf-o'rl). [L. ; a (ab) -^posterior 
latter.] Logic. Characterizing reasoning by generaliza- 
tion from facts, pr inference of causes from effects; — the 
reverse of a priori. 

a-pos'til, a-pos'tille (d-pos'tYl), n. [F. apostille.'] A 
marginal note ; an annotation. 

a-pos'tle (d-poV'l), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. &t6(tto\os 
one sent forth ; deriv. of &tt6 + orkWtiv to send.] 1. 
One of the twelve disciples of Christ, sent forth to preach 
the gospel ; more widely, any of various others so sent forth 
by Christ or, as Paul and Barnabas, soon after His death. 
2. The first Christian missionary in any region ; also, one 
who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any 
important belief or system. — a-pos'tle-ship, n. 

A-pos'tles' Greed (d-poV'lz). A creed of unknown origin, 
formerly ascribed to the apostles, and orig. a baptismal 
confession, beginning : "I believe in God the Father Al- 
mighty, Maker of heaven and earth : and in Jesus Christ 
his only Son our Lord." 

a-pos'to-late (-to-lat), n. Office or mission of an apostle. 

ap'os-toPic (ap'os-tol'ik), ap'os-tol'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 1. Of 
or pertaining to an apostle, or the apostles, their times, or 
their spirit. 2. Papal. 3. Of or relating to the Catholic 
Apostolic Church. — ap'os-toPi-cism (ap'os-tol'i-sTz'm), 
a-pos'to-lic'i-ty (d-pos'to-lis'i-tT), n. 
apostolic fathers, Christian writers born early enough to 
have been pupils of the apostles or of those who had been 
taught by the original apostles. — a. see, a see founded 
and governed by an apostle; specif., the Roman Catholic 
Church, from the belief that the Pope is the successor of St. 
Peter, the only apostle who has apostolic successors. 

a-pos'tro-phe (d-pos'tro-fe), n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. 6.irooTpo4>ii 
a turning away, deriv. of &.tt6 from + arpkfoiv to turn. 
(2 & 3) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, omitting of a 
letter, Gr. hir6orpo<t>os. ] 1. Rhet. Act of suddenly 
breaking off in a discourse and addressing, in the second 
person, some person or thing, absent or present. 2. Gram. 
Omission of a letter or letters from a word, as in call'd for 
called. 3. Punctuation. The mark ['] used : a To indi- 
cate an omission of one or more letters or figures, b To 
denote the possessive case, in which use it orig. markedan 
omission of the letter e, as in child's, men's, C In writing 
one form of the plural of letters and figures; as, two a's 
and three 7's. d To mark the close of a quotation. 
See quotation mark. — ap'os-tropb/ic (ap'os-trof'ik),*!. 

a-pos'tro-phize (-flz), v. t. & i.; -phized (-flzd) ; -phiz'ing 
(-flz'ing). 1. To address by or in apostrophe. 2. To con- 
tract by apostrophe, or mark with an apostrophe [']. 

a-poth'e-ca-ry (d-poth'e-ka-rT), n.; pi. -RiES (-riz). [From 
F., fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. 
Airodrjicrj, deriv. fr. &iro away + rddkvai to put.] One who 
prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal use. 
apothecaries' measure, a system of fluid measures used 
by apothecaries. That used formerly in Great Britain and 
still in the United States is : 1 gallon (Cong., 231 cu. in.) 
=8 pints; 1 pint (O) = 16 (fluid) ounces: 1 ounce (fg) =8 
(fluid) drams; 1 dram (f 3) =60 minims (TTl). The impe- 
rial system now used in Great Britain is : 1 gallon (277.274 
cu. in.) =8 pints; 1 pint = 20 ounces ; 1 ounce = 8 drams ; 
1 dram = 60 minims. — apothecaries' weight, a system 
of weights used for compounding medical prescriptions. 
See troy, a. 

ap'O-thegm Hap'o-them), n. Gr. iiir6<p9eyua thing ut- 

ap'oph-thegmj tered, apothegm, deriv. of &ir6 from + 
<f>6eyye<r8ai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive say- 
ing ; a sententious precept or maxim. — Syn. See axiom. 
— theg-mat'ic (-theg-mat'Tk),-theg-mat'i-cal(-i-kdl), a. 

ap'o-them (ap'6-them), n. [Gr. &ir6 + dkua that which is 
placed.] Geom. The perpendicular from the center to a 
side of a regular polygon. 

ap'o-the'o-sis (ap'S-the'S-sTs ; d-poth'e-o'sisXn.; pJ.-oses 
(-sez). [L., fr. Gr. dirofleoxris, fr. inroOtovv to deify.] 
1. Deification. 2. Exaltation, as of a person or ideal. 

ap'o-the'o-size (ap'o-the'6-slz), v. t. To deify ; glorify. 

Ap'pa-lach'i-an tea (ap'd-lach'i-dn ; -la'chi-dn). a The 
leaves of either of two shrubs {Ilex glabra and I. vomUoria) 



of the eastern United States, locally used as a tea ; also, a 
plant of either species, b A withe-rod (Viburnum cassi- 

. noides) of the same region. 

ap-palF (d-p6F), v. t. [OF. apalir to grow or make pale; 
a (L. ad) -4- pale pale.] To overcome, depress, or discour- 
age with fear or horror ; dismay. — Syn. See dismay. 

ap-palFing, p. a. Such as to appall. — Syn. See fearful. 

ap'pa-nage, or ap'a- (ap'd-naj), n. [From F., fr. OF. 
apaner to nourish, deriv. of L. ad-\-panis bread.] 1. Pro- 
vision made by a sovereign or prince for the younger 
members of his family, as by a grant of lands ; loosely, any 
property appropriated as a perquisite. 2. That which be- 
longs by custom or right ; a natural endowment. 

ap'pa-ra'tus (-ra't&s), n.; pi. -ratus; -ratuses (-t2s-ez; 
24). [L., fr. apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad+ 
parare to make ready. ] 1. Things provided as means to 
an end. 2. A set of implements or utensils for a given 
work ; any complex instrument or appliance for a specific 
action or operation ; machinery ; mechanism. 

ap-par'el (d-par'el), n. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad)-\-pareil 
like, deriv. of L. par equal.] 1. Clothing; dress; garb. 

2. Eccl. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on 
albs and some other vestments. See alb, Illust. 3. Naut. 
The equipment of a ship, as masts, sails, etc. — v. t. ; -eled 
or -elled (-eld) ; -el-ing or -el-ling. 1. To furnish with 
apparatus ; equip. 2. To clothe. 3. To deck ; embellish. 

ap-par'ent (d-par'ent ; d-par'-), a. [OF. aparant, p. pr. of 
aparoir. See appear.] 1. Open to view; visible. 2. 
Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident. 

3. Appearing as actual to the eye or mind ; seeming ; — dis- 
tinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, actual, 
true, or real. — Syn. Distinct, obvious, certain, indubita- 
ble. — ap-par'ent-ly, adv. 

ap'pa-ri'tion (ap'd-nsh'wn), n. [F., fr. L. apparitio.'] 1. 
Act of becoming apparent ; appearance. 2. Semblance ; as- 
pect. 06s. 3. The thing appearing ; visible object ; form. 4. 
A preternatural or unexpected appearance ; ghost ; spec- 
ter; phantom. — Syn. See ghost. — -ri'tion-al (-51), a. 

ap-par'i-tor (a-par'i-tor), n. [L., fr. apparere. See ap- 
pear.] An officer executing the orders of magistrates. 

ap-peacb/ (d-pech'), v. t. [From OF.] To impeach. 06s. 

ap-peal r (d ; peF), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. appellare to 
approach, invoke.] 1. Law. a To charge with a crime or 
offense; accuse. Hist, b To take an appeal of. 2. To 
challenge. Archaic— v. i. 1. Law. To make or take an 
appeal. 2. To call on another to decide a matter contro- 
verted, to vindicate one's rights, conduct, taste, etc. 
Hence : To call on one for aid or sympathy ; — used with to. 

—n. 1. Law. a A formal accusation of a heinous offense 
with a demand for punishment for the private injury. 
Hist.^ b A proceeding by which a cause is brought to a 
superior court for reexamination; also, right of taking 
such proceeding. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. 
3. A call on a person, a faculty of mind, or any kind of 
authority, for proof or decision in one's favor ; as, an appeal 
to reason, to arms. 4. A call for help or favor ; entreaty ; as, 
an appeal for pardon. — ap-peaPing-ly, adv. 

ap-peaPa-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being appealed; 
admitting of appeal. 

ap-pear/ (d-per'), v. i. [From F., fr. L. apparere to 
appear ; ad-\-parere to come forth.] 1. To come or be in 
sight; become visible. 2. To attend before some authority, 
tribunal, or superior, either in person or by attorney, to 
answer a charge, plead a cause, etc. 3. To come before the 
public ; as, his book appeared last year. 4. To become 
visible or clear to the mind ; be obvious or manifest ; as, 
his kindness appears in his acts. 5. To seem ; look ; as, he 
appears wiser than he is. — Syn. See seem. 

ap-pear'ance (-per'dns), n. 1. Act of appearing. 2. Sem- 
blance ; external show. 3. Manner of appearing ; look ; 
aspect ; air. 4. A thing seen ; phenomenon ; apparition. 
Syn. Appearance, aspect. Appearance refers to the 
outward look or semblance ; aspect, to a particular phase 
of appearance, or to appearance regarded as characteristic 
or significant ; as, the sky, which already had a gloomy 
appearance, suddenly assumed a threatening aspect. 

ap-peas'a-ble (d-pez'd-b'l), a. Capable of being appeased. 

ap-pease' (d-pez'), v. t.; -peased' (-pezdO ; -peas'ing. 
[OF. apaisier, fr. a (L. ad)-\-pais peace, L. pax, pacts.'] 
To make quiet ; calm ; still ; allay. — Syn. Conciliate, 
propitiate, compose, allay. See pacify. — ap-peas'er, n. 

ap-pease'ment (-ment), n. Act of appeasing, or state of be- 
ing appeased ; pacification ; satisfaction. 

|] ap'peP (a/peP), n. [F., prop., a call.] Fencing. A smart 
stamp of the foot, orig. as a warning of intent to attack. 

ap-pePlant (d-pel'dnt), o. [L. appellans, p. pr.] Appeal- 
ing. — n. One who appeals. 

ap-pePlate (-at), a. [L. appellatus, p. p.] Pertaining to, 
or taking cognizance of, appeals. 

ap'pel-la'tion (ap'e-la'shiin), n. 1. Act of calling by a 
name. 2. An appellative. — Syn. See name. 

ap-pella-tive (d-peFd-tiv), n. 1. A common noun or 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Sim, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; natyre, verdure (87); 



APPELLEE 



51 



APPOINTOR 



name. 2. The word by which a person or thing is called ; 
aDDellation : title ; descriptive name. — a. 1. Of or pert, 
to a common name ; denominative. 2. Gram. Common, 
as opposed to proper ; naming or designating a class. 

ap'pel-lee' (ap'e-le'), n. Law. The person against whom 
an appeal is taken. 

ap-pel'lor (d-pel'6r ; ap'e-lor'), n. Law. One who appeals ; 
esp., Hist., one who appeals (accuses) another of a crime. 

ap-pend' (d-pend'), v. t. [L. appendere or F. appendre, 
deriv. of L. ad+pendere, v. i., to hang, pendere, v. t., to 
hang.] 1. To hang or attach, as by a string, so as to sus- 
pend. 2. To add as accessory ; annex. — Syn. See attach. 

ap-pend'age (d-pen'daj), n. 1. Something appended to a 
principal or greater thing ; an appurtenance. 2. Biol. A 
subordinate part ; esp., a limb of an articulate animal. 
Syn. Appendage, appurtenance refer to something 
regarded as additional, and also as subsidiary, to another 
object. Appendage implies a certain closeness of attach- 
ment or connection, and emphasizes, sometimes even to 
mild contempt, the idea of subordination ; as, the caudal 
appendage. Appurtenance usually implies possession of 
the subsidiary by the principal object ; as, a bed with all 
its appurtenances of mattresses, pillows, etc. 

ap-pend'ant (-ddnt),a. Hanging ; annexed; adjunct. — n. 
Anything attached as incidental or subordinate to some- 
thing else. — ap-pend'an-cy (-ddn-si), n. 

ap'pen-dec'to-my (ap'en-dek/to-mlHn. [appendix -f- -ec- 

ap-pend'i-cec/to-my (d-pen'di-sek'-)/ tomy.~\ Surg. Exci- 
sion f the vermiform appendix. 

ap-pen'di-ces (d-pen'di-sez), n., L. pi. of appendix. 

ap-pen'di-ci'tis (-si'tis), n. [NL. ; appendix + -itis.~\ 
Med. Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. 

ap-pend'i-cle (d-pen'di-k'l), n. [L. appendicula, dim, of 
appendix.] A small appendage. 

ap'pen-dic'U-lar (ap'en-dik'u-ldr), a. Of or relating to an 
appendicle, or appendage, as the vermiform appendix. 

ap-pen'dix (d-pen'diks), n. ; pi. E. -dlxes (-dik-sez ; 24), L. 
-dices (-di-sez). [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere to ap- 
pend.] 1. Something appended ; appendage ; adjunct. 2. 
Matter added to a book but not necessarily essential to its 
completeness, as a body of notes. 3. Anat. & Zo'ol. An 
outgrowth; appendage; specif., the vermiform appendix. 
Syn. Appendix and supplement (as applied to matter 
subjoined to a book). Appendix is used of matter 
appended to what is relatively complete in itself. Supple- 
ment implies additional matter essential to complete 
treatment, but suggests large compass, and often material 
added after some lapse of time and separately published. 

ap-pen'dix ver'mi-for'mis ( vur'ml-for'mTs ). [ NL. ] 
Anat. The vermiform appendix. 

ap'per-ceive' (ap'er-sev'), v. t.; -ceived' (-sevd'); -ceiv'- 
ING. [F., apercevoir, fr. L. ad-\-percipere, perceptum, 
to perceive. See perceive. ] 1. To perceive ; comprehend. 
2. Psychol. Broadly, to bring into clear attention ; specif., 
to interpret or explain (new ideas) in terms of the old ; 
recognize, identify, interpret, subsume, or reject (an idea) ; 
hence, to adjust (new knowledge) to what is already known. 

ap'per-cep'tion (-sep'shiin), n. \_ap- (for L. ad to) + 
perception.'] Psychol, a Perception involving self-con- 
sciousness, b Cognition through the relating of new ideas 
to familiar ideas. — ap'per-cep'tive (-tiv), a. 

ap'per-tain' (-tan'), v. i. [From F., fr. L. appertinere ; 
ad + pertinere. See pertain.] To belong or pertain, as 
by right, nature, or custom ; relate. — Syn. See pertain'. 

ap'pe-tence (ap'e-tens), n. Appetency. 

ap'pe-ten-cy (-ten-si), n.; pi. -ctes (-siz). [L. appetentia, 
fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See appetite.] 
1. Fixed and strong desire ; esp., natural desire ; craving; 
appetite. 2. An instinctive propensity in animals to per- 
form certain actions, as in aquatic fowls to swim. 

ap'pe-tite (-tit), n. [From F., fr. L. appetitus, fr. appe- 
tere to strive after, long for; ad-\-petere to seek.] 1. An 
inherent or habitual desire or propensity for some personal 
gratification of body or mind ; craving. 2. Desire for, or 
relish of, food or drink. 3. An object desired. Archaic. 
— Syn. Longing, hunger, appetency, passion. 

ap'pe-ti'tive (-tl'tiv), a. Having or giving appetite. 

ap'pe-tize (ap'e-tlz), v. t. To make hungry; whet the 
appetite of. — ap'pe-tiz'er, n. 

ap'pe-tiz'ing (-tizTng), p. a. Exciting appetite. 

Ap'pi-an (ap'i-dn), a. [L. Appius, Appianus."] Rom. 
Hist. Of or pert, to Appius, or the gens of the Appii. 
Appian Way, the great paved highway from ancient 
Rome to Brundusium, now Brindisi, begun by Appius 
Claudius Csecus about 312 b. c. 

ap-plaud' (d-plod'), v. i. [L. applaudere ; ad+plaudere 
to clap the hands.] To express approbation loudly, em- 
phatically, or significantly. — v. t. 1. To show approval 
cf by clapping the hands, acclamation, etc. 2. To praise ; 
approve. — Syn. Extol, magnify. — ap-plaud'er, n. 
ap-plause' (d-ploz'), n. [L. applaudere, applausum, to 
applaud.] Act of applauding ; public approbation. — Syn. 
Acclaim, acclamation, plaudits ; commendation. 



ap-plau'sive (2-plo'siv), a. Expressing applause. 

ap'ple lap''!), n. [AS. seppel, aepl."\ 1. The pome fruit of 
any of a genus (Malus) of trees of the family including the 
quince, pear, hawthorn, medlar, etc. It is of the same 
order (Rosales) as the rose, or, according to some, of the 
same family (Rosaceae). 2. A tree that bears apples. 
3. Any of various vegetable products or growths suggestive 
of an apple : — chiefly with a qualifying word ; as, the love 
apple, or tomato ; the oak apple, a kind of oak gall, etc. 
Apple of Discord, Gr. Myth., a golden apple inscribed, 
"for the beauty," which Eris threw among the gods at the 
marriage of Peleus and Thetis. See Paris, 1. — a. of 
Peru, a coarse solanaceous herb (Physalodes physalodes), 
bearing pale blue flowers and a bladderlike fruit. 

ap'ple- jack' (-jak'), n. Apple brandy. U. S. 

ap-pli'ance (d-pll'dns), n. 1. Compliance. 06s. 2. Ap- 
plication. 3. Thing applied ; device. — Syn. See device. 

ap'pli-ca-bil'i-ty (ap'H-kd-bil'i-ti), n. The quality of 
being applicable ; pertinence. 

ap'pli-ca-ble (ap'lT-kd-b'l), a. Capable of being applied; 
fit, suitable, or right to be applied. — ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. 

— ap'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

ap'pli-cant (-kdnt), n. One who applies for something. 

ap'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. applicatio. See apply.] 
1. Act of applying ; as : a A laying on ; as, the application 
of ointment to a sore, b Employment ; use. c Assiduous 
attention ; as, applicationto work, d Request. 2. A thing 
applied ; specif., a means. 3. Capacity or fact of being prac- 
tically applied or used ; relevancy. 4. Logic. The denotation, 
or extension, of a term or the valid instances of a proposition. 
— Syn. See effort. 

ap'pU-ca-tive (ap'li-ka-tiv), a. Capable of being applied 
or used ; applicatory. 

ap'pli-ca-to-ry (-kd-to-n), a. Having the property of 
applying ; applicative ; practical. — n. That which applies. 

ap-plied' (3-plid'), p. a. Put to practical use; pursued 
for some end outside its own domain ; — said of various 
sciences, and distinguished from pure. Also, sometimes, 
concerned with concrete problems or data rather than 
with fundamental principles ; as, applied sociology ; — dis- 
ting. from abstract or theoretical. 

[1 ap'pli'que' (a/ple'ka'), a. _ [F.] Put on, as patterns on 
textiles ; also, done or made in this way ; as, applique work. 

— v. t. ; -pli'qued' (-ple'kad') ; -pli'que'ing. To apply by 
way of ornament. Colloq. 

ap-ply' (a-pll'), v. t.; -plied' (a-plld'); -ply'ixg. [OF. 
apZier,fr.L. apph'care to attach to ; ad + plicare to fold.] 
1. To place in contact ; put or adjust (one thing to an- 
other) ; — used with to. 2. To use for a particular purpose, 
or in a particular case ; appropriate ; devote ; as, apply this 
check to some charity. 3. To connect (with), or pronounce 
as fitting or relative (to) ; bring to bear (on) ; as, to apply 
an epithet to a person. 4. To fix closely ; engage and employ 
diligently, or with attention ; as, apply yourself to study. 5. 
To betake ; address ; refer ; — used reflexively ; as, I 
applied myself to him for help. 

— v. i. 1. To have connection (with) or relevancy (to) ; to 
have some agreement or analogy. 2. To make request ; 
have recourse (to) with a view to gain something ; as, he 
applied to me for help. 3. To apply or address one's 
self ; attend closely (to). 

H ap-pog'gia-tu'ra (ap-pod'jd-too'rd), n. ; E. pi. -ras (-rdz). 
[It., fr. appoggiare to lean, rest.] Music. An accessory 
tone preceding an essential tone, as an embellishment of 
melody. It is generally written as a note of smaller size. 

ap-point' (2-point'), v. t. [OF. apointier to prepare, 
arrange, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, 
restore ; L. ad-\-punctum point.] 1. To fix with power or 
firmness ; establish ; as, God appointed the foundations of 
the earth. 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, 
decision, or mutual agreement ; constitute ; ordain ; pre- 
scribe ; as, to appoint a day for trial. 3. To assign, desig- 
nate, or set apart, by authority ; as, to appoint an estate to 
a person ; to appoint each one to his task. 4. To furnish in 
all points ; equip. Obs. or R., except in p. p.; as, a^well- 
appointed army. 5. To arraign. Obs. — Syn. See allot. 

— v. i. To ordain ; determine. — Syn. See furnish. — 
ap-point'er, n. — ap-poin'tive (poin'tiv), a. 

ap-point'ee' (a-poin'te'), n. A person appointed ; one to 
whom an estate is appointed. 

ap-point'ment (a-point'ment), n. 1. Act of appointing : 
a Stipulation ; esp., an engagement for a meeting, b A 
directing or ordaining. C Designation of a person tohold 
an office, discharge a trust, etc. 2. That which is appointed 
or the result of appointing : a Agreement ; compact, 
b Decree ; established order or constitution, c An office, 
station, or position ; an assigned duty or service, d Equip- 
ment ; furniture ; outfit ; — chiefly in pi. ; as, the beautiful 
appointments of his house. — Syn. See office. 

ap-poin'tor' (d-poin'tor'; d-poin'ter), n. Law. One who 
appoints an estate to another (called appointee). 



B 



D 



F 



Q 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
t combined with. = equals. 



M 



APPORTION 



52 



APRIL FOOL 



ap-por'tion (a-por'shun ; 57), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. 
L. ad + portio.~\ To assign in just proportion ; portion out ; 
allot. — Syn. See allot. 

ap-por'tion-ment ( : ment), n. Act of apportioning or one 
of "the parts apportioned. 

ap-pos'a-ble (d-poz'd-b'l), a. Anat. Capable of being ap- 
plied one to another, as the thumb and fingers of the hand. 

ap-pose' (d-poz'), v. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing. [F. ap- 
poser to set to ; a (L. ad)+poser to put, place. See 
pose.] To place opposite or before ; apply. 

ap'po-site (ap'6-zit), a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere 
to put to; ad+ponere to put.] Very applicable; well 
adapted; fit; relevant. — Syn. See pertinent. — ap'po- 
site-ly, adv. — ap'po-site-ness, n. 

ap'po-si'tion (-zish'wn), n. 1. Act of apposing. 2. Gram. 
The setting of a word or phrase beside another or in a par- 
allel construction without a connective ; esp., as between 
two nouns or noun equivalents, the setting of one beside 
the other as an attributive, or as an explaining or limiting 
adjunct, as in "John, the apostle ;" also, the relation so 
established ; as, in the example, "John" and "apostle" are 
in apposition, or "apostle" is in apposition to "John." 

ap-pos^i-tive ( 3-poz'i-tTv ), a. Of, relating to, or in, 
apposition, — n. A word or phrase in apposition. 

ap-prais'al (d-praz'dl) , n. Act of appraising ; also, the 
value fixed in appraising ; appraisement. 

ap-praise' (d-praz'), v. t.; -praised' (-prazd') ; -prais'ing. 
[ad--\-praise.~] 1. To set a value on ; estimate the worth 
of, esp. officially ; apprize. 2. To estimate ; conjecture. 
— ap-prais'a-ble, a. — ap-prais'er (-er), n. 

ap-praise'ment (-ment), n. Appraisal. 

ap-pre'ci-a-ble (d-pre'shT-d-b'l), a. Capable of being 
appreciated; perceptible. — ap-pre'ci-a-bly, adv. 

ap-pre'ci-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. ap- 
pretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to appraise ; ad-\-pretiare to 
prize, pretium price.] 1. To price or value ; estimate 
justly. 2. To recognize or feel the worth of ; esteem duly. 
3. To raise the value of ; — opp. to depreciate. 4. To be 
sensible of; distinguish. — v. i. Torise in value. — Syn. 
See estimate. — ap-pre'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

ap-pre'ci-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 1. The act of appreciating. 
2. A critique, or critical estimate, esp. a sympathetic one. 
A Gallicism. 

ap-pre'ci-a-tive (S-pre'shT-a-tYv), a. Having or showing 
appreciation. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-d-to-rT), a. Showing appreciation; ap- 
preciative. — ap-pre'ci-a-to-ri-ly, adv. 

ap'pre-hend' (ap're-hend'), v. t. [L. apprehendere ; ad -f- 
prehendere to seize.] 1. To seize. Archaic. 2. To 
arrest. 3. To become conscious or sensible of as (really or 
imaginarily) existing; to anticipate, esp. with fear; as, he 
apprehends danger in every sound. 4. To lay hold of with 
the understanding; interpret the meaning of; as, to 
apprehend the significance of a symbol, —v. i. 1. To 
think ; understand. 2. To be apprehensive ; fear. — Syn. 
Perceive, conceive, grasp, imagine. — ap'pre-hend'er, n. 

ap'pre-hen'si-ble (-hen'sT-b'l) , a. That may be apprehend- 
ed or conceived. — ap'pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. 

ap'pre-hen'sion (-hen'shun), n. 1. Act of apprehending. 
2. Opinion; conception; sentiment. 3. The faculty by 
which ideas are conceived ; understanding. 
Syn. Seizure, arrest ; perception, anticipation ; dread, dis- 
trust, suspicion; uneasiness, _ anxiety, concern, solicitude; 
presage, premonition ; misgiving, foreboding, presentiment. 
— Apprehension, misgiving, foreboding, presenti- 
ment. Apprehension denotes disquieting anticipation 
of evil, usually with dread ; as, he was in a state of nervous 
apprehension. Misgiving implies such a premonition of 
evil as saps resolution and confidence ; as, misgiving seized 
them as to the result. Foreboding implies deeper and 
more ominous conviction ; as, oppressed with gloomy fore- 
bodings. Presentiment suggests an antecedent impression, 
usually vague, of impending misfortune ; as, a presentiment 
of evil deterred him. 

ap'pre-hen'sive (-srv), a. 1. Capable of apprehending, 
or quick to apprehend ; apt ; discerning. 2. Anticipative 
of something unfavorable ; fearful of what may be about 
to happen ; — now the usual sense. 3. Sensible ; feeling. 
Rare. — ap'pre-hen'sive-ly, adv. — hen'sive-ness, n. 

ap-pren'tice (d-pren'tis), n. [From OF. apprendre to 
learn, L. apprendere, apprehendere, to apprehend. See 
apprehend.] One bound by legal agreement to serve 
another for a certain time in consideration of instruction 
in an art or trade, and formerly, usually, of maintenance. 

— v. t.; -ticed (-tist) ; -tic-ing (-tis-ing). To bind or 
indenture as an apprentice. tice-ment (-ment), n. _ 

ap-pren'tice-ship, n. Service or state of an apprentice; 
time during which an apprentice serves. 

ap-pressed/ (3-presf), a. Bot. & Zool. Pressed close to, 
or lying against, something for its whole length. 

ap-prise' (a-prlz'), v. t.; -prised' (-prlzd') ; -pris'ing 
(-priz'ing). Also ap-prize'. [F. appris, fern, apprise, 



p. p. of apprendre to learn, teach, inform.] To giye 
notice ; inform. — Syn. Acquaint, advertise, advise. 

ap-prize', v. t.; -prized' (-prlzd'); -priz'ing (-priz'ing). 
[From OF., ultimately of same origin as E. appraise."} 
To appraise. — ap-prize'ment (-ment), n. — ap-priz'er, n. 

ap-proach' (a-proch'), v. i. & t. [OF. aprochier, LL. 
appropiare; L. ad-\-propiare to draw near.] To come or 
go near ; draw nigh ; approximate ; also, to make advances 
to. — n. 1. Act of approaching. 2. In pi. Maneuvers to- 
ward securing personal relations ; advances ; as, to make 
approaches to the rich or powerful. 3. A way by which 
a place can be approached ; access. 4. Golf. ' A stroke 
to land the ball on the putting green. — ap-proach'a-ble,a. 

ap'pro-bate (ap'ro-bat), v. t. [L. approbatus, p. p. o£ 
approbare to approve.] To approve; sanction officially. 

ap-pro-ba'tion (-ba'shim), n. Act of approving ; approval ; 
sanction ; commendation. — Syn. See admiration. 

ap'pro-ba-tive (ap'ro-ba-tiv), a. Approving, or implying 
approbation ; expressing approbation. 

ap'pro-ba- tive-ness, n. 1. Quality of being approbative. 
2. Love of approbation. 

ap'pro-ba / to-ry(-ba / to-ri),o. Approbative; commendatory. 

ap-proof (d-prooF), n. 1. Trial; proof; test. Archaic. 

2. Approval; commendation. 

ap'pro-pin'quate (ap'ro-pin'kwat), v. i. & t. [Deriv. of L. 
ad + propinquus near.] To approach ; come near. Archa- 
ic. — ap'pro-pin-qua'tion (-pin-kwa'shun), n. 

ap'pro-pin'qui-ty (-kwi-tT), n. Nearness; propinquity. R. 

ap-pro'pri-a-ble (d-pro'pri-d-b'l), a. Capable of being 
appropriated or of appropriation. 

ap-pro'pri-ate (-at), a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appro- 
priare; ad + propriare to appropriate, proprius one's 
own, proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person; 
hence: belonging peculiarly ; suitable ; fit ; proper. — Syn. 
See fit. 

— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To take to one's 
self ; claim to the exclusion of others ; as, no one may ap- 
propriate a common benefit. 2. To assign to a specific per- 
son or use ; as, to appropriate money for a battleship. 

3. To suit. Archaic. 

ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an appropriate manner. 
ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. Quality or state of being appro- 
priate. 
ap-pro'pri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of appropriating. 

2. That which is appropriated ; esp., money set apart by 
formal action to a specific use. 

ap-pro'pri-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Appropriating; making, or 
tending to, appropriation ; as, an appropriative act. 

ap-pro'pri-a'tor (-a^ter), n. One who appropriates. 

ap-prov'a-ble (d-proov'd-b'l), a. Worthy of being approved. 

ap-prov'al (-S1), n. Act of approving ; approbation ; sanc- 
tion. — Syn. See admiration. 

ap-prove' (d-proov'), v. t. [OF. aprouer to cause to profit.] 
Eng. Law. To make profit or use of, esp. by inclosing 
waste or common land. 

ap-prove', v. t. ; -proved' (-proovd') ; -prov'ing (-proov'- 
Ing). [From OF., fr. L. approbare ; ad + probare to ap- 
prove.] 1. To prove ; confirm. Obs. 2. To make proof of ; 
demonstrate ; as, an opportunity to approve one's courage. 

3. To sanction officially ; ratify ; confirm. 4. To regard as 
good ; commend. — v. i. To have a favorable opinion (of) ; 
judge favorably ; — often used with of. — ap-prov'er 
(-proov'er), n. — ap-prov'ing, p. a. 

ap-prox'i-mate ( d-prok'si-mat ), a. [ L. approximatus, 
p. p. of approximare to approach. See ad- ; proximate.J 
1. Approaching ; proximate ; resembling nearly. 2. Near 
to correctness; nearly exact.— n. An approximation.^ 
(-mat), v. t. ; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. 1. To carry or 
advance near to ; cause to approach. 2. To come near to ; 
approach. — v. i. To approach. — ap-prox'i-mate-ly, adv. 

ap-prox'i-ma'tion (-ma'shiin), n. 1. Act or resuk of 
approximating. 2. An approach to a correct estimate, or 
conception, etc., or to a given quantity, quality, etc. 

ap-pulse' (d-piils' ; ap'uls), n. [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, 
appulsum, to drive to.] Approach ; impulse ; also, impact. 

ap-pur'te-nance (d-pur'te-ndns), n. [From AF., deriv. fr. 
L. appertinere. See appertain.] That which appertains to 
something ; adjunct ; something incident to another princi- 
pal or more important thing. — Syn. See appendage. 

ap-pur'te-nant (-ndnt), a. Annexed to some more impor- 
tant thing ; accessory ; incident. — n. An appurtenance. 

a'pri-cot (a'prT-kot ; Sp'rT-), n. [F. abricot, fr. Sp. or Pg., 
fr. Ar., fr. Gr. irpauco/aa, pi., fr. L. praecoquus, praecox, 
early ripe.] The oval, orange-colored fruit of a certain 
tree (Prunus armeniaca) of the plum family, inter- 
mediate in flavor between a peach and a plum ; also, the 
tree. See fruit, Illust. 

A'pril (a'pril),n. [L. Aprilis.2 The fourth month of the 
year, having 30 days. 

April fool. One who is sportively imposed upon on the 
first day of April, called "All Fools' Day." 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, soia; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRIORI 



53 



ARAGONITE 



8 a' pri-o'ri ( a' prT-o'n ; a' prl-o're ). [ L., fr. a (ab) + 
prior former.] Opp. to a posteriori, a Logic. Charac- 
terizing reasoning that deduces consequences from defini- 
tions formed, or principles assumed, or infers effects from 
known causes ; deductive or deductively, b Presumptive ; 
presumptively; without a determining examination. — 
a'pri-or'i-ty (a'pri-or'I-ti), n. 

a'pron (a'prun; a'piirn), n. [OF. naperon, dim. of nape, 
cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa napkin, table 
napkin. The initial n was confused with n of the article 
an.] 1. An article of dress worn on the fore part of the 
body as a covering or to protect the clothes. 2. Something 
like, or suggestive of, an apron, as : a A piece of waterproof 
material used as a protection from rain, etc., as before the 
seat of a vehicle, b A shield of planking, brushwood, or 
the like, below a dam, along a sea wall, etc. C An endless 
' belt for conveying material of any kind, d Fort. A covering 
of metal, concrete, or the like, for the superior slope, to pro- 
tect it from effects of the blast. 

— v. t. To put an apron on ; provide with an apron. 

ap'ro-pos' (ap'ro-po'), adv. & a. [F. a propos ; a (L.ad) -f- 
propos purpose.] 1. Opportunely ; seasonably ; opportune ; 
seasonable. 2. With respect (to) ; to the purpose ; suitably ; 
— introducing an incidental observation suited to the oc- 
casion, though not strictly belonging to the narration. Apro- 
pos may be used with of or to. 

apse (aps), n. ; pi. apses (ap'sez ; 24). [See apsis.] Arch. 
A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, usually 
semicircular in plan. — ap'si-dal (ap'sT-ddl), a. 

ap'sis ( ap'sis ), n.;pl. -sides ( -sT-dez ). [ L. apsis, Gr. 
a\pls &\j/28os, a fastening, hoop, wheel, bow, arch.] 1. Astron. 
In an orbit, the point at which_ the distance of the body 
from the center of attraction is either greatest {higher 
apsis), or least {lower apsis). 2. Arch. An apse. 

apt (apt), a. [L. aptus.~\ 1. Fit or suited; suitable ; appro- 
priate ; as, an apt expression. 2. Having a habitual ten- 
dency (see the Syn., below). 3. Ready ; especially fitted or 
qualified ; quick to learn ; prompt ; expert. 
Syn. Qualified ; inclined, prone ; likely, liable, subject. — ■ 
Apt, likely, liable, subject come into comparison as ex- 
pressing tendency. Apt suggests habitual, sometimes in- 
herent, predisposition ; likely emphasizes the idea of 
probability ; as, an impulsive person is apt to blunder ; 
an angry dog is likely to bite. But apt and likely are 
often interchanged. Liable properly implies openness or 
exposure to something burdensome or disadvantageous; 
as, children are liable to be imposed upon. Subject 
denotes constant or rooted liability ; as, he is subject to 
fits of passion. See pertinent. 

ap'ter-al (ap'ter-dl),a. 1. Zo'dl. Apterous. 2. Arch. Hav- 
ing one or both end porticoes, but no lateral columns. 

ap'ter-OUS (ap'ter-us ), a. [Gr. airrepos wingless; d- not + 
■xrepov wing. ] Zo'dl. Wingless. 

ap'ter-yx (-iks), n. [NL. ; Gr. d- not + irrkpv£ wing.] Zo'dl. 
Any of a genus ( Apteryx) of New 
Zealand flightless ratite birds 
related to the extinct moas, hav- 
ing hairlike plumage of various 
shades of gray and brown. They 
are approaching extinction. 

apt'i-tude (ap'ti-tud), n. [F.,fr. 
LL., fr. L. aptus apt.] 1. Natu- 
ral or acquired capacity for a par- Apteryx {A. mantellD . (§) 
ticular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect ; 
as, an aptitude for commanding. 2. General fitness ; adap- 
tation ; as, the aptitude of an expression to an idea to be con- 
veyed. 3. Readiness in learning ; aptness. — Syn. See gift. 

apt'ly (apt'll), adv. In an apt manner. 

apt'ness, n. Quality or state of being apt. 

ap'y-ret'ic (ap'i-ret'ik), ap'y-rex'i-al (apl-rek'si-al), a. 
[a- not-]- pyretic.'] Med. Without fever ; afebrile. 

ap'y-rex'i-a (-rek'sT-d) In.. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. inwp^la; 

ap , y-rex / y(ap'i-rek , si)J d-not + irvpeaa-eif to be feverish, 
fr. irvp fire.] Absence or intermission of fever. 

Ila'qua (a'kwd), n. J±,.] Water. 
aqua ammonia? (S-mo'nY-e) [L'], the aqueous solution 
of ammonia; — of ten called aqua ammonia. — a. f ortis (for'- 
tis) [L., strong water], nitric acid. — a. regia (re'ji-d) [L., 
royal water ], Chem., a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric 
acids, which will dissolve gold or platinum. — a. tofana 
(to-fa'nd), a fluid ( probably arsenical ) used for secret 
poisoning, made by a Sicilian woman named Tofana, in 
the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned 
more than 600 persons. — a. vitae (vl'te) [L., water of life ; 
cf . eau de vie, usquebaugh] , formerly, alcohol ; hence, 
brandy or other ardent spirit. 

a^ua-ma-rine' (-md-ren'), n. [L. aqua marina sea water.] 
A transparent beryl, typically bluish green, used as a gem. 

aq'ua-relle' (ak'wd-rel'), n. [F., fr. It. acquerello, fr. ac- 
qua L. aqua.] A drawing in water color. — aq'ua-rel'list,??. 

a-qua'ri-um (d-kwa'rl-ftm ; 3), ».; pi. E. -riums (-umz), 
L. -ria (^d). # [L., neut. of aquarius relating to water.] 
1. An artificial pond, or a vessel of water, in which living 




aquatic animals or plants are kept. 2. A place for the 
care and exhibition of such aquatic collections. 

A-qua'ri-us (-us), n.; gen. -rii (-1). [L., adj., relating to 
water; n., a water carrier.] Astron. a A constellation 
south of Pegasus, pictured as a water bearer ; the Water 
Bearer, b The eleventh sign [«] of the zodiac, which the 
sun enters about January 20th. 

a-quat'ic ( d-kwat'Ik ), a. [L. aquaticus. See aqua.] 
Of or pertaining to water ; growing in or frequenting 
water. — n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. In pi. Sports 
or exercises practiced in or on the water. 

a'qua-tint' (a'kwd-tinf ; ak'wd-), aqua-tin'ta (-tin'td), 
n. [It. acqua tinta dyed water.] Etching with aqua fortis, 
giving the effect of a watercolor or India-ink drawing. 

aq'ue-duct (ak'we-dukt ), n. [ L. aquaeductus; aquae, 
gen. of aqua water -\-ductus a leading.] 1. a Any conduit 
for water, esp. one for a large quantity of flowing water. 
b A structure for conveying a canal over a river or hollow, 
2. Anat. A canal or passage in a part or organ. 

a'que-ous (a'kwe-ws), a. 1. Of, or of the nature of, water, 
or abounding with it ; watery ; as, an aqueous vapor. 2. 
Produced by water ; as, an aqueous solution, 
aqueous humor, Anat., a limpid fluid filling the space 
between the crystalline lens and the cornea of the eye. 

Aq'ui-la (ak'wi-ld), n.; gen. -~lm (-le). [L., an eagle.] 
Astron. A northern constellation, pictured as an eagle, in 
the Milky Way, southerly from Lyra and Cygnus, contain- 
ing the first-magnitude star Altair ; the Eagle. 

aq'ui-line (ak'wi-lm; -lln), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila 
eagle.] 1. Of or like an eagle. 2. Curving ; prominent, 
like the beak of an eagle ; — applied esp. to the nose. 

a-quose' (a-kwos' ; a'kwos), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. 
aqua.] Watery ; aqueous. 

a-quos'i-ty (d-kwos'I-ti), n. Wateriness. 

ar (ar), n. A measure of area. See are, n. 

-ar (-dr). 1. [L. -aris, akin to -alis.] An adjective 
suffix signifying, in general, belonging or pertaining to, 
like, of the nature of, or the like ; -ary; -al; as, consular, 
globular, insular, piacular, popular, etc. 2. An ending 
representing L. -arius, -arium, or more commonly its F. 
form -ier, equiv. to -ary ; as in bursar, mortar, vicar, etc. 

Ar'ab (ar'db), n. 1. A Semite of the race which from the 
earliest known time has occupied the Arabian peninsula 
and now has spread over a much wider habitat. 2. A horse 
of Arabian breed. 3. = street Arab. — a. Arabian. 

ar'a-besque' (ar'd-besk'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. Arabo Arab.] 
A kind of ornamentation consisting of 
a fantastic pattern of plants or fruits, 
foliage, etc., often with figures of men 
or animals (except in Moorish and Ar- 
abic art), and usually in combination 
with a geometric design. — a. Relating 
to or exhibiting arabesque. 

A-raHri-an (d-ra'bi-dn), a. Of or per- 
taining to Arabia or Arabs ; Arabic.— 
n. A native of Arabia ; an Arab. 

Ar'a-bic (ar'd-bik), a. [L. Arabicus.] Arabesque. 

1. Of or pertaining to Araoia or the Arabians. 2. \l. c."} 
Chem. Pert, to or designating a colorless acid, probably of 
the formula (C6HioOs)2-H20, an important constituent of 
gum arabic and other gums. 

Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., 
and the cipher 0. 

— n. The (Semitic) language of the Arabs. 

Ar'a-bist (-bist), n. One versed in Arabic. 

ar'a-ble ( ar'd-b'l ), a. [L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow.] Fit 
for, or cultivated by, plowing or tillage.— n. Arable land. 

Ar'a-by (ar'd-bT), n. [F. Arabie, L. Arabia Arabia.] 
Arabia. Archaic or Poetic. 

a-ra'ceous (d-ra'shus), a. [See arum.] Bot. Belonging to a 
large family {Aracese) of plants, the arum family (order 
Arales), chiefly tropical, having the flowers in a fleshy 
spike, or spadix, subtended by a leafy bract, or spathe. It 
includes the cuckoopint and jack-in-the-pulpit. 

A-rach'ne (d-rak'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr., fr. 6.p6.xvrj spider.] 
Gr. Myth. A Lydian maiden turned into a spider by 
Minerva for presuming to compete with her in weaving 
and embroidery. 

a-rach'nid (-n!d), n. [Gr. tpax^v spider. 1 Zo'dl. Any of 
a class {Arachnida) of arthropods including j;he spiders, 
scorpions, and allies. — a-rach/ni-dan (-nl-ddn), a. & n. 

a-rach/noid (-noid), a. [Gr. dpaxweiSfc like a cobweb; 
dpdx'T? spider, spider's web + «I5os form. ] 1. Anat. 
Pertaining to or designating a certain thin membrane of 
the brain and spinal cord between the dura mater and pi a 
mater. 2. Bot. Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose 
hairs or fibers ; cobwebby. — n. An arachnid. 

ar'a-gon-ite (ar'd-gon-Tt), n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] 
Min. A mineral composed, like calcite, of calcium carbon- 
ate, CaC03, but differing from calcite in its orthorhombic 
crystallization, greater density, less distinct cleavage, etc. 




B 



D 



G 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, a equals. 



M 



ARALIACEOUS 



54 



ARCH- 



a-ra'li-a'ceous (d-ra'li-a'sh&s), a. Bot. Belonging to an 
important family (Araliacese) of plants, the ginseng fam- 
ily, distinguished from apiaceous plants mainly by the dru- 
paceous fruit. The family includes the ginseng, the English 
ivy, etc. . _ . 

Ar'a-mae'anHaVd-me'an), a. Aramaic, — to. 1. A Semite 

Ar'a-me'an J of the branch occupying the Biblical Aram 
(Syria and Mesopotamia) and neighboring territories; 
more broadly, a Semite of the branch including the Assyri- 
ans, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Canaanites, 
as well as the Aramaeans proper ; very broadly, an individ- 
ual of any Hamitic, Semitic, or related people. 2. The 
speech or tongue including the languages spoken by the 
Aramaeans. 

Ar'a-ma'ic (-maTk), a. Of or pert, to the Biblical Aram 
(See Ara&lean, to., 1) ; esp., of, pert, to, or in, the language 
called Aramaic. — n. A tongue including a group of Sem- 
itic languages and dialects of which the most important are 
Syriac, Biblical and Palestinian Aramaic, and Samaritan. 

A-rap'a-hoe (d-rap'd-ho), n. ; pi. -hoes (-hoz). An Indian 
of a warlike nomadic tribe of the Algonquian stock, now 
mostly settled in Oklahoma and Wyoming. 

ar'a-pai'ma (ar'd-p!'md),TO. A pikelike fresh-water food fish 
(family Osteoglossidaa) of S. America. It becomes fifteen 
feet long and is said to be the largest fresh-water fish. 





Arbalest. 

1. One having power to 
2. One having absolute 



Arapaima (Arapaima gigas). (g B ) 

ar'a-ro'ba (-ro'bd), n. [Tupi.] 1. Goa powder. 2. A 
fabaceous tree (C entrolobium robustum) of Brazil, hav- 
ing handsomely striped wood ; — called also zebrawood. 

ar'au-ca'ri-a (-6-ka'n-d), n. Any of a genus ( Araucaria) 
of pinaceous trees, mostly South American and Australian. 

A'ra-wak (a'ra-wak), to. An Indian of one of the most 
extensive linguistic stocks of South America, its tribes 
dwelling as far south as southern Bolivia and north 
throughout the Antilles. The Arawaks are mostly savages 
of low culture. — A'ra-wa'kan (-wa'kan), a. 

ar'ba-lest (ar'bd-lest)ln. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. arcu- 

ar'ba-list (ar'bd-list) J ballista; arcus bow -f- ballista a 
military engine. ] 
Antiq. A kind_ of 
crossbow consisting 
of a steel bow set in 
a shaft of wood. — 
ar'ba-lest'er, ar'ba-list'er, to. 

ar'bi-ter (ar'bi-ter), to. [L.] 
decide a dispute ; an arbitrator, 
power of judging and determining. 

ar'bi-tra-ble (-trd-b'l), a. 1. Subject to arbitrary deci- 
sion ; discretionary. 2. Subject to decision by arbitra- 
tion ; referable to an arbitrator or arbiter. 

ar'bi-trage (-traj), to. [F. ] 1. Arbitration. Archaic. 
2. Commerce. Traffic in which the profit arises from the 
difference of value of the same commodity in different 
markets at the same time. — ar'bi-tra-gist (-tra-jist), n. 

ar'bi-tral (-trdl), a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or pertaining to 
arbiters or arbitration ; as, arbitral jurisdiction. 

ar-bit'ra-ment (ar-bTt'rd-ment), to. [OF. arbitrement.] 
1. Right or power of deciding ; free will. 2. Act of decid- 
ing as an arbiter ; an arbitration. 3. Arbitrator's award. 

ar'bi-tra-ry (ar'bi-tra-ri), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter.'] 
1. Depending on will or discretion ; discretionary. 2. Ex- 
ercised according to, or based on, one's own will or caprice ; 
hence : absolute, despotic, or tyrannical (with reference to 
the will) ; capricious, uncertain (with reference to the ca- 
price). — ar'bi-tra-ri-ly (-ri-H), adv. — ar'bi-tra-ri-ness.n. 

ar'bi-trate (-trat), v. t. & i.; -trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; -trat'ing 
[L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to give judgment, fr. 
arbiter. ,] 1. To hear and decide, or to act, as arbitrator ; 
hence : to decide ; determine. 2. To submit to arbitration. 

ar'bi-tra'tion (-tra'shun), to. Act of arbitrating ; esp., the 
hearing and determining of a cause in controversy by a 
person or persons either chosen by the parties involved or 
appointed. The decision given is called an award. 

ar'bi-tra-tive (ar'bi-tra-tiv), a. Of or pert, to arbitration ; 
relating to or designating a tribunal for arbitration. 

ar'bi-tra'tor (ar'bi-tra'ter), to. 1. A person, or one of two 
or more persons, chosen to settle a difference between 
parties in controversy ; an arbiter. 2. One who is clothed 
with absolute power of deciding. = arbiter, 2. 

ar'bi-tress (ar'bi-tres), to. A female arbiter. * 

ar'blast (-blast), -blast-er. Vars. of arbalest, -balester. 

ar'bor, ar'bour (ar'ber), to. [ME. herber, herbere, 
properly, a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium."] 
A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, 
branches of trees, or other plants, for shade ; a bower. 



ar'bor, to. [L., tree, beam.] Mech. a A main shaft or 
beam, b A spindle or axle of a wheel, c A lathe mandrel. 

Arbor Day. A day in late April or early May, appointed in 
most of the United States for planting trees and shrubs. 

ar-bo're-al (ar-bo're-al ; 57), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
like, a tree or trees. 2. Attached to or frequenting trees. 

ar-bo're-OUS (-us), a. [L. arbor eus, fr. arbor tree.] 
Like a tree, as in form or structure, in distinction from an 
herb or a shrub ; arboreal ; arborescent. 

ar'bo-res'cent (ar'bo-res'ent), a. [L. arbor escens, p. pr. 
of arborescere to become a tree, arbor tree.] Resembling 
a tree; treelike. — ar'bo-res'cence (-ens), to. 

ar'bo-re'tum (-re'twm), n.; pi. E. -tums (-twmz), L. -eta 
(-td). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place where trees 
are cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. 

ar'bo-ri-CUl'ture (ar'bo-ri-kul'tyr), to. [L. arbor tree + 
cultura culture.] Cultivation of trees and shrubs. 

ar'bo-rous (-riSs), a. Of, relating to, or formed by, trees. 

ar'bor Vl'tae, or ar'bor-vi'tSB (ar'bor-vl'te), to. [L. arbor 
vitae tree of life.] Any of certain evergreen trees of the 
pine family, often cultivated for ornament and as hedges. 

ar'bour (ar'ber). Var. of arbor, bower. 

ar'bute (ar'but), to. [L. arbutus.] A European arbutus; 
the strawberry tree. Archaic or Poetic. 

ar'bu-tus (ar'bu-tus ; ar-bu'tiis ; the first is the correct 
Latin accentuation, but the second is now preferred by 
many for sense 2) , n. [L., the strawberry tree.] 1. Any 
tree of a genus (Arbutus) of shrubs or trees of the heath 
family. The fruit is a scarlet berry. 2. Short for trailing 
arbutus, a trailing plant (Epigzea repens) of the heath 
family of the United States, blossoming in early spring. 

arc (ark), n. [F., fr. L. arcus bow, arc] 1. Geom. A 
portion of a curved line. 2. An object of an arclike cur- 
vature. 3. Elec. A sustained luminous glow formed under 
certain conditions when a break is made in an electric cir- 
cuit. It is used in various kinds of lights, called arc lights. 

— v. i. ; arcked or arced (arkt) ; arck/ing or arc'ing 
(aVking). Elec. To form an electric arc. 

ar-cade' (ar-kad'), to. [Through F., It., & LL., fr. L. arcus 
arch.] 1. Arch, a 
A series of arches 
with their columns 
or piers, b A long 
arched building or 
gallery. 2. An 
arched or covered 
way or avenue, as 
between shops. — 
^./-CAD'EDt-kad'- 
ed); -cad'ing. To 
form as, or furnish 
with, an arcade or 
arcades ; — used esp. 
in p. a., ARCADED. 




Arcade. 



Ar-ca'di-a (-ka'di-d), to. Also, Poetic, Ar'ca-dy (ar'kd-di), 
A mountainous district of Greece, which was reputed to be 
inhabited by a simple, contented, pastoral people. Fig., any 
region or scene of simple pleasure and quiet. 

Ar-ca'di-an (ar-ka'di-dn), a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, Arcadia ; ideally rural. — Syn. See rural. 

ar-ca'num (-niim), to.; pi., L. -cana (-nd), E. -nums. [L., 
fr. arcanus secret, arcere to inclose.] 1. A secret ; mystery ; 
— chiefly in pi. 2. Alchemy. An extract of the ulterior or 
vital nature of a thing ; hence, a secret remedy or nostrum. 

II arc'— bou'tant' (ar'boo'taN'), to./ pi. arcs-boutants 
(-taN'). [F.] Arch. A flying buttress. 

arch (arch), to. [F. arche, fr. LL. area (see ark), confused 
with arcus (cf. arc).] 1. Arch. A structural member, 
usually curved and made up of separate wedge-shaped 
solids with their joints at right angles to the curve. 2. Any 





Arches : 1 Round (Ext. Extrados ; Int. 
Intrados ; imp. Imposts ; k Keystone ; 
sp. Springers ; v Voussoirs) ; 2 Horse- 
•hoe ; 3 Lancet ; 4 Rampant. 

place covered by an arch ; archway. 3. Any curve in the 
form of an arch. 4. Something in the form of an arch ; as, a 
croquet arch. 5. Aeronautics. A down curve at the end of 
a wing surface ; also, camber, or curve fore and aft. 

— v. t. & v. i. 1. To cover or provide with an arch or arches. 
2. To form into an arch. 

arch (arch), a. [See arch-, the prefix.] 1. Chief ; eminent. 
2. [From the use of arch in arch rogue, arch wag, arch 
knave, etc.] Cunning ; sly ; esp., sportively mischievous ; 
roguish. — Syn. See mischtevous. — to. A chief. 06s. 

arch- (arch-, except in archangel and derivatives, where 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



ARCHffiAN 



55 



ARCHIVOLT 




it is ark-. Many of these compounds have variable 
accent, dependent on position and emphasis. In 
titles, esp. when the name follows, the stronger accent 
is commonly on arch-; as, Arch'bish'op Cuth'bert, the 
Arch'duke' Hen'ry, etc.). [AS. arce-, erce-, L. arch-, 
archi-, Gr. dpx-, &PX'-- See archi-.] A prefix, used 
in titles and descriptive appellations, meaning chief, prin- 
cipal, prime, as in archbishop, archdeacon. 

Ar-chae'an, Ar-che'an (ar-ke'an), a. [Gr. dpxaTos 
ancient, fr. dpxv beginning.] Geol. Ancient ; pertaining 
to or designating the oldest known system of rocks. 

ar'chae-o-log'ic, ar'che-o-log'ic ( aVke-6-loj'ik) \a. [Gr. 

ar'chge-o-log'i-cal, ar'che-o-log'i-cal (-T-kal) J dpxaio- 

XoyiKos. ] Relating to archaeology or antiquities. log'- 

i-cal-ly, adv. [cialist in archaeology.] 

ar'chae-ol'o-gist, ar'che-ol'o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. A spe-| 

ar'chae-ol'o-gy, ar'che-ol'o-gy (-51'6-jT), n. [Gr. dpxaio- 
Xoyia; Apxcuos ancient + X670S discourse.] The study of 
antiquities ; the study of the art, customs, etc., of ancient 
peoples as shown in their monuments, relics, etc. 

ar'chae-op'ter-yx ( : op'ter-iks), n. [NL. ; Gr. &pxa.Zos an- 
cient Gr. irrepv£ wing.] Pa- 
leon. A fossil bird (consti- 
tuting the genus Archseop- 
teryx) being the earliest and 
most primitive bird known. 

Ar'chae-o-zo'ic (aVke-6-zo'- 
ik), a. [Gr. Lpxcuos ancient 
+ $Q>ov animal.] Geol. Per- 
taining to or designating the 
earliest era of geological his- 
tory, the era of the Archaean 
rocks. See Archaean. 

— n. The Archaeozoic era. 

ar-cha'ic (ar-ka'ik), a. [Gr. 
dpxaiKos old-fashioned, fr. 
dpxatos ancient.] Of or char- 
acterized by antiquity or ar- 
chaism ; antiquated. — Syn. 
See old. 

ar'cha-ism (ar'ka-Tz'm), n. 
[Gr. dpxa.i"crp6s, fr. dpxaios 
ancient, fr. dpxi7 beginning.] 
1. The use of an ancient, ob- 
solete, or old-fashioned dic-„ 
tion, idiom, or style in speech, Remains of Arch£eopteryx.( J ff ) 

art,. etc. 2. An antiquated word, idiom, or the like. 

ar'cha-ist, n. An antiquary ; also, one who uses archaisms. 

ar'cha-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of the nature of an archaism ; 
using archaisms ; pretending to be archaic. 

ar'cha-ize (aVka-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing 
(-Tz'ing). [Gr. dpxatfety.] To make appear archaic 
or antique; to use archaisms. — ar/cha-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

arch/an'gel (ark'an'jel; see arch-), n. [L. archangelus, 
Gr. dpxdT7«Xos.] 1. A chief angel. 2. The angelica ( Ange- 
lica archangelica). — arch'an-gel'ic (-an-jel'ik), a. 

arch'bish-op (arch'bish'wp ; see arch-), re. [From AS., 
fr. L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. dpxie?rio'/co7ros.] A chief 
bishop ; a prelate at the head of an ecclesiastical province, 
or one of equivalent honorary rank. Abbr., abp. — arcb/- 
bish'op-ric (nk), n. 

arch'dea'con (-de'k'n; see arch-), n. [AS. arcediacon, 
L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. &pxiSl6.kovos.] A chief deacon, 
next below a bishop in rank. — arch/dea'con-ate (-at), n. 
— arcb/dea'con-ry (-n), n. — arch'dea'con-ship, n. 

arch/du'cal (arch'dii'kal), a. Of or pertaining to an arch- 
duke or archduchy. 

arch'duch'ess (-duch'es; see arch-), n. Consort of an 
archduke ; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. 

arch'ducb/y (-duch'I), n.; pi. -duchies (-iz). Territory 
of an archduke or archduchess. [family of Austria.] 

arch/duke' (-duk' ; see arch-), n. A prince of the imperial| 

Ar-che'an. Var. of Arch^an. 

arched (archt), a. Made as or with an arch or curve. 

ar'che-gone (aVke-gon), n. Bot. An archegonium. 

ar^che-go'ni-ate (ar'ke-go'ni-at), a. Bot. Bearing archego- 
nia, as the bryophytes and pteridophytes. 

ar'che-go'ni-um (-go'm-um), n.; L. pi. -nia (-0). [NL., 
fr. Gr. ipxeyovos the first of a race.] Bot. The flask- 
shaped female sex organ in the bryophytes and pterido- 
phytes and some gymnosperms. It bears the egg, or 
obsphere, which produces the sporophyte. 

arch'en'e-my (arch'en'e-mi), n. Chief enemy; Satan. 

ar-chen'ter-on (ar-ken'ter-on), n. [archi- + Gr. Ivrepov 
intestine.] Zo'dl. The primitive enteron or digestive sac 
of a gastrula. — ar'chen-ter'ic (ar'ken-ter'ik), a. 

ar'che-ol'o-gy (aVke-61'6-ji), ar'che-o-log'i-cal, etc. Vars. 

Of ARCHEOLOGY, etc. 

arch'er (ar'cher), n. [From OF., fr. LL. arcarius, fr. L. ar- 
ena bow.] 1. A bowman • one who uses the bow and arrow. 
See soldier,, Illust. 2. leap.'] Astron. = Sagittarius. 



arcb/er-y (-?), n. 1. Art or practice of, or skill in, shoot- 
ing with a bow and arrows. 2. An archer's outfit of bows, 
arrows, etc. 3. Archers collectively. 

ar'che-spore (ar'ke"-spor), n. [arche- = archi--\-spore.] 
Bot. The cell or group of cells that gives rise to the spore 
mother cells. — ar'che-spo'ri-al (-spo'rf-al), a. 

ar'che-type (ar'ke-tlp), n. [From L., deriv. of Gr. &pxe- = 
dpxt- first + tvttos stamp, pattern.] The original pattern 
or model of a work, or the model from which a thing is 
formed. — ar'che-typ'al (ar'ke-tlp'al ; ar-ket'i-pal), a. 

arch'fiend' (arch'fend'), n. The chief fiend; esp., Satan. 

ar , chi-(ar / ki-). [L. archi-, Gr. dpxi-, a prefix fr. same root as 
dpxetJ' to be first, dpxi7 beginning, dpxos chief.] A prefix sig- 
nifying chief, arch (as in architect, ar c/u'episcopal); or in 
Biol. & Anat., usually, primitive, original, ancestral. 

ar'chi-blast^ (-blast), n. [archi- -+- -blast.] Zo'dl. The form- 
ative material or protoplasm of the egg. 

ar'chi-carp (aVki-karp), n. [archi- + -carp."] Bot. The fe- 
male sexual organ in ascomycetous fungi. It consists nor- 
mally of a filamentous portion, the trichogyne, and a fertile 
portion which after fertilization is known as an ascogonium. 

ar'chi-di-ac'O-nal (-dl-ak'6-nal), a. Of or pertaining to an 
archdeacon or his office. 

ar'chi-e-pis'co-pal (aVki-e-pis'ko-pal), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to an archbishop or his office. 

ar'chi-e-pis'co-pate (-pat), n. Office, tenure, or state of 
an archbishop; an archbishopric. 

ar'chil (ar'kil), n. [From OF., fr. It. or OSp.] A violet 
dye got from several lichens ; also, any plant yielding it. 

Ar'chi-lo'chi-an (ar'ki-lo'kT-an), a. [L. Archilochius.] 
Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Greek satiric 
poet Archilochus, of the 7th century b. c, regarded as 
inventor of various lyric forms, and famous for bitter and 
vindictive lampoons. — n. An Archilochian verse. 

ar'chi-mage (ar'ki-maj), n.; pi. -mages (-maj-ez). Also 
ar'chi-ma'gUS (-ma'gus); L. pi. -gi (-ma'jl). [archi- + 
L. magus, Gr. n&yos, a Magian. ] A great magician or 
enchanter. 

ar'chi-man'drite (-man'drlt), n. [From L., fr. LGr. 
&PXt-/J-avSplTTis ; dpxt- (E. arch-) + p.av5pa an inclosure.] 
East. Ch. a A chief of a monastery, corresponding to 
abbot in the Roman Catholic Church, b A superintendent 
of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or 
father provincial, in the Roman Catholic Church. 

Ar'chi-me'de-an (-me'de-an ; -me-de'an), a. Of or pert, 
to Archimedes (287P-212 b. a), a celebrated Greek mathe- 
matician and mechanician. 

Archimedean, or Archimedes', screw, adevice for raising 
water, attributed to Archimedes, consisting of a tube wound 
spirally around an axis or of a coarse screw incased in an 
open cylinder. 

ar'chi-raime' (ar'kT-mlm'), n. [From L., fr. Gr. dpx/ptMoi- 
See mime.] Class. Antiq. A chief mime or buffoon ; 
esp., one who at a funeral imitated the deceased in appear- 
ance and manner. 

arch'iag (ar'ching), p. pr. & vb. n. of ARCH, v. 

ar'chi-pe-lag'ic (ar'kl-pe-laj'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, an archipelago. 

ar'chi-pel'a-go (-ki-peFd-go), n.; pi. -goes, -gos (-goz). 
[From It., fr. Gr. dpxt- + ire\ayos sea.] 1. [cap.] The 
Grecian Archipelago, or ^Egean Sea, between Greece and 
Asia Minor. It is studded with small islands. 2. Any sea 
or broad sheet of water interspersed with islands ; also, 
such a group of islands. 

ar'chi-tect (ar'ki-tekt), n. [From L., fr. Gr. dpxirkrow 
chief artificer, master builder ; dpxt- (E. archi-) -f- toctuv 
workman.] 1. A person skilled in, or a professional student 
of, architecture ; one who plans and oversees the construc- 
tion of buildings, etc. 2. A contriver ; designer ; maker. 

ar'chi-tec-ton'ic (-tek-ton'Ik) la. Of or pertaining to a mas- 

ar'cbi-tec-ton'i-cal (-i-kal) J ter builder or constructor ; 
of or relating to architecture ; constructive. 

ar'chi-tec'tur-al (-tek'tur-al), a. Of or pertaining to archi- 
tecture. — ar'chi-tec'tur-al-ly, adv. 

ar'chi-tec'ture (aVki-tek'tyr), n. [L. architectural 1. 
Art or science of building, esp. for the purposes of civil life. 
2. Construction, in general ; structure. 

ar'chi-trave (-trav), n. [F., fr. It., fr. archi- -f- trave beam, 
L. trabs.] Arch, a The lowest division of an entablature, 
resting on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See 
column, Illust. b The group of moldings, or other member, 
above and on both sides of an opening, as a door. 

ar'chi-val (ar'ki-val ; ar-kl'val), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
contained in, archives, or records. 

ar'chives (ar'klvz), n. pi. [F. archives, pi., L. archivum, 
archium, fr. Gr. hpx^ov government house, rd dpxeta 
archives, fr. dpx*7 fir st place, government.] 1. A place for 
keeping public records. 2. Public records ; — also in sing. 
— Syn. Registers, annals, chronicles. See record. 

ar'chi-vist (ar'ki-vlst), n. A keeper of archives, or records. 

ar'chi-volt (-volt), n. [From F., fr. It.] Arch, a The 



B 






D 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. — equals, 



M 



ARCHLY 



56 



ARGILLITE 



architectural member surrounding a curved opening, as of 
an arch, b More commonly, the ornamental work on the 
wall face of the stones of an arch. 

arch'ly (arch'li), adv. In an arch manner; roguishly. 

arch'ness, n. Quality of being arch ; roguishness. 

ar'chon (ar'kon), n. [L., fr. Gr. &px«"> apxavros, p. pr. 
of Apxeip to rule.] 1. Antiq. One of the chief magis- 
trates in ancient Athens. 2. One of certain officials and 
dignitaries of the Byzantine empire and modern Greece. 
3. A ruler or presiding officer. 

ar'chon-tate (ar'kon-tat), n. An archon's term of office. 

arch'jpriest' (arch'prest'; see arch-), n. A chief priest ; 
specif. : Eccl. Hist, a In early times, a priest who acted 
as the chief assistant or as the vicar of a bishop in a cathe- 
dral, later called dean; also, a priest in charge of the 
clergy in a large town, later called rural dean, b The 
title of the head of the Roman Catholic secular clergy in 
England from 1598 to 1623, when succeeded by a vicar 
apostolic. — arch priest'hood, n. — arch/priest'ship, n. 

arch/way' (arch'wa 7 ), n. A way under an arch. 

-archy. [Gr. -apxla, it. dpx6s chief. See arch-.] A suffix 
properly meaning a rule, ruling ; as in monarchy, a rule 
of one ; oligarchy, the rule of a few. 

ar'ci-iorm (aVsT-form), a. [L. arcus bow -f- -form."] Hav- 
ing the form of an arch ; curved. 
/ arc light. See arc, n., 3. 

arc'o-graph (ar'ko-graf), n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph."] 
Any of several instruments for drawing an arc without the 
use of compasses or geometrical processes. 

arc'tic (ark'tTk), a. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. &pktik6s, 
fr. &pktos a bear, also a constellation so called.] Pert, to, 
or situated under, the northern constellation called the 
Bear (applied specif, to a circle or parallel of latitude 
23° 28' from the pole) ; relating to, or characteristic of, the 
north polar regions ; frigid.— n. 1. The arctic circle, pole, 
or regions. 2. A kind of waterproof overshoe. U. S. 

Arc'tO-gse'a (-to-je'd), n. [NL. ; Gr. aptcros the north + 
yaia, yrj, land.] Zoogeog. A realm or primary division in- 
cluding North America (except Central America), Europe, 
Asia, and Africa. — Arc'to-gee'an or -ge'an (-je'dn), 
Arc'to-gae'al or -ge'al (-je'cl), a. 

Arc-tu'rus (ark-tu'rws), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ApxroDpos, prop., 
bearward ; apuros bear -f- ovpos ward, guard.] A fixed star 
of the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes ; Alpha 
(a) Bootis. 

arc'u-ate (ar'ku-atHa. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to 

arc'u-at'ed (-at'Sd) / bow.] Curved like a bow. 

-ard (drd). [Orig. same word as E. hard.'] A suffix in 
words mostly from the French, and usually^ denoting one 
who does something excessively or something discredit- 
able, as in coward, sluggard, drunkard. 

ar'deb (ar'deb), n. [Ar.] A unit of capacity used in 
Egypt and neighboring countries. It varies greatly in 
different places, being equal at Cairo to about 5.2 bushels ; 
at Alexandria, to about 7.5 bushels ; at Gondar, to about 
4 quarts, etc. The Egyptian customs ardeb is 5.447 
Imperial, or 5.619 U. S., bushels (1.980 hectoliters). 

ar'den-cy (aVden-sJ), n. Quality or state of being ardent. 

ar'dent (-dent), a. [F. ardant, p. pr. of ardoir to burn, L. 
ardere.] 1. Hot or burning ; fiery. 2. Glowing ; shining. 
3. Passionate ; fervent ; vehement in the passions or affec- 
tions. — Syn. Intense, fierce, arduous, eager, zealous, fer- 
vid. See fervent. — ar'dent-ly, adv. 
ardent spirits, strong, distilled alcoholic liquors as whisky, 
brandy, etc. 

Ar'dois' sys'tem (ar'dwa'). Naut. A widely used system 
of electric night signals in which a series of double elec- 
tric lamps ( white and red ) is arranged vertically on a 
mast, and operated from a keyboard below. 

ar'dor, ar'dour (ar'der), n. [From OF., fr. L. ardor, fr. 
ardere to burn.] 1. Burning heat; fire; flame. 2. 
Warmth or heat of passion or affection; zeal. — Syn. 
Eagerness, zeal. See fervor. 

ar'du-OUS (-dji-ws), a. [L. arduus steep, high.] 1. Steep 
and lofty ; hard to climb. 2. Laborious ; difficult. — Syn. 
See hard. — ar'du-OUS-ly (ar'du-us-li), adv. ness, n. 

are (ar), n. [F., fr. L. area. See area.] Metric System. 
The area of a square of which each side is ten meters in 
length (about 119.6 square yards, or .025 acre). 

are (ar). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron.] The present indica- 
tive plural of the verb be. 

a're-a (a're-d), n. ; pl.E. areas (-dz), L., chiefly in biolo- 
gy, are,e (-e). [L. area a broad piece of level ground.] 
1. Any plane surface. 2. The sunken space or court af- 
fording access and light to a basement. 3. A particular ex- 
tent of surface ; region ; tract on the earth. 4. Geom. The 
superficial contents of a figure ; surface within the lines of 
a figure. 5. Extent ; range ; as, a wide area of thought. 

a're-al (-dl), a. Of the nature of, or pert, to, an area ; as, 
areal interstices (the spaces inclosed by the reticulate ves- 

Scls of lC3,VCS). 

ar'e-ca(ar'e-kd; d-re'kd), n. [NL., fr. Pg„ fr. Kanarese 



adiki. ] Any of various palms, of which one ( Areca 
catechu) yields the betel nut. 

a-re'na (d-re'nd), n.; pi. E. -nas (-ndz).L. -n.e (-ne). [L. 
arena, harena, sand, sandy place.] 1. Roman Antiq. The 
area, usually sanded, for the spectacles in an amphitheater. 
2. Place of public contest or exertion ; sphere of action. 

ar'e-na'ceous (ar'e-na'shijs), a. [L. arenaceus.] Sandy. 

ar'e-nic'o-lous^-nik'o-lus), a. [L. arena sand + -colous.] 
Zool. Inhabiting, or burrowing in, sand. 

ar'e-O- (ar'e-6-; a're-6-). A combining form fr. the Gr. 
"Aptjs, gen. "Apeos of Ares, or Mars, Martian, used in 
astronomy; as in : ar'e-o-cen'tric (-sen'trik), having Mars 
as the center or origin; ar'e-og'ra-phy (-og'rd-fi), a de- 
scription of the surface of the planet Mars ; ar'e-ol'o-gy 
(-ol'6-ji), the scientific investigation of Mars. 

a-re'o-la (d-re'o-ld), n.; pi. E. -las (-ldz), L. -im (-le). 
[L., dim. of area.] A small area, esp. about something, as 
about a vesicle or pustule. — a-re'o-lar (-ldr), a. 

a-re'o-late (d-re'6-lat) 1 a. Divided into small spaces, or 

a-re'0-lat'ed (-laVed) J areolae. 

a're-o-la'tion ( a're-o-la'shwn ; Sr'e- ), n. Division into 
areola? ; also, an areola or small space. 

ar'e-ole (ar'e-ol ; ar'-), n. [F. areole.] An areola. 

Ar / e-op , a-gite(ar / e-op'd-gTt; -jlt),n. [FromL.,fr.Gr.'Ap«- 
oTraylTvs.] A member of the tribunal of the Areopagus. 

Ar'e-op'a-gUS (-gus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ApeLoirayos, and 
"Apeios 7r 0,70s, hill of Ares (Mars' Hill).] A hill west of the 
Acropolis, Athens, where sat a high court, in later times 
cognizant only of capital crimes ; also, the court. 

A'res (a'rez), n. [L., fr. Gr. "Ap^s.] Gr. Relig. The Greek 
god of war, and sometimes of pestilence, son of Zeus and 
Hera, and lover or consort of Aphrodite. The Romans 
identified him with Mars. 

|| a'rgte' (a/rat'), n. [F.,_lit., fishbone, ridge, sharp edge, 
fr. L. arista beard of grain.] Geog. An acute and rugged 
crest of a mountain range or of a subsidiary ridge between 
two mountain gorges. 

Ar'e-thu'sa (ar'e-thu'sd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Apk9ovaa.] _ 1. 
Class. Myth. A wood nymph who, pursued by the river 
god Alpheus, was changed by Artemis into a stream which 
ran under the sea, and mingled with the river. See Hes- 
peiudes, 1. 2. [I. c] Any of a genus (Arethusa) of bog or- 
chids, with a single linear leaf and purple scapose flower. 

ar'gal (ar'gal) \n. [Mongolian.] A large wild sheep 

ar'ga-li (-gd-li)J (Ovis argali), 
remarkable for its large horns, 
which inhabits the mountains 
of northeastern Asia. The 
name has been applied to other 
wild sheep, as the bighorn of 
America. 

Ar'gand lamp (ar'gand). [Af- 
ter the inventor, Aime Argand, 
of Geneva.] A lamp with a 
tubular wick and burner ad- ! 
mitting air both inside and' 
outside of the flame. 

ar'gent (-jent), n. [F., fr. L. 
argentum silver.] 1. Silver, 
or money. Archaic. 2. Whiteness ; 
Fig. & Poet. 3. Her. Silver, — represented in engraving 
by a plain white surface. — a. Silver ; silvery ; white. 

ar-gen'tal (ar-jeVtal), a. Of or pertaining to silver ; re- 
sembling, containing, or combined with, silver. 

ar-gen'te-ous (-te-iis), a. [L. argenteus.] Silvery, as a 
plant having silky or silvery hairs. 

ar-gen'tic (-tik), a. Pertaining to or containing silver, 
esp., Chem., in its higher valence. Cf. argentous. 

ar'gen-tif'er-ous (ar'jen-tTf'er-iis), a. [L. argentum silver 
+ -ferous.] Producing or containing silver. 

ar'gen-tine (ar'jen-tin; -tin), a. Pert, to silver; silvery. 
— n. Silver ; any of various materials resembling silver. 

Ar'gen-tine (-ten; -tin), a. Of or pertaining to the South 
American republic of Argentina. — n. A native or inhabi- 
tant of Argentina. — Ar'gen-tin'e-an (-tln'e-an), n. 

ar'gen-tite (ar'jen-tlt), n. [L. argentum silver.] Min. 
Native silver sulphide, Ag2S, a mineral of metallic luster 
and dark lead-gray color. It is a valuable ore of silver. 

ar'gen-tol (-tol;-tol), n. [L. argentum silver -f- 3d -ol.] 
Pharm. An organic silver compound derived from quino- 
line. It is used as an antiseptic and astringent. 

ar-gen'tOUS (ar-jen'tiis), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or 
containing, silver in its lower valence. Cf. argentic. 

ar'gil (ar'jil), n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, Gr. &p- 
7tXXa argil, &py6s white.] Clay; esp., potter's clay. 

ar'gil-la'ceous (-ji-la'shus), a. [L. argillaceus.] Clayey. 

ar'gil-lif'er-OUS (-lYf'er-«s), a. [L. argilla white clay -f- 
-ferous.] Producing, or abounding in, argil, or clay. 

ar'gil-lite (ar'jT-Ht), n. [Gr. &p7iXXo$ clay -\--lite.] Petrog. 
Argillaceous schist or slate; porcellanite. It is bluish or 
blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. 




Argal {Ovis argali). 

anything white. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &m, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



ARGIVE 



57 



ARM 



Ar'give (ar'jlv ; -gTv), a. [L. Argivus.] Of or pertaining 
to the Achaean city of Argos or the surrounding territory .of 
Argolis ; hence (after Homer), of or pertaining to the Greeks 
in general. — n. A Greek of Argos, or, freely, any Greek. 

Ar'gO (ar'go), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Apy6>.] Gr. Myth. 1. The fif- 
ty-oared ship in the prow of which Athena inserted a piece 
of the speaking oak of Dodona. See Argonaut ; jason. 2. 
Astron. A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, 
through which the Milky Way passes, lying principally 
between Canis Major and the Southern Cross. 

ar'gol (-gol), n. Crude tartar. 

ar'gon (-gon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ipyov, neut. of ipyos inac- 
tive.] Chem. A colorless, odorless, inert gaseous element oc- 
curring in the air, in volcanic gases, etc. Symbol, A ; at. 
wt., 39.88. 

Ar'gO-naut (-go-not), n. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. 'Apyu Argo 
+ vavr-qs sailor.] 1. Gr.Myth. One of the band of heroes, 
including Jason, who sailed in the "Argo" to Colchis. 2. 
One of those who went to California in search of gold 
shortly after its discovery there in 1848. U. S. 3. [Z. c] 
Zo'dl. The paper nautilus. — Ar'gO-nau'tic (-no'tik), a. 

ar'go-sy (ar'go-sl), ».; pi. -stes (-siz). [Earlier ragusy, fr. 
ragusa, meaning orig., a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship; 
esp., a merchant vessel of the largest size. 

ar'got (-go; -got), n. [F.] The conventional jargon of a 
class, esp. of thieves or vagabonds. — Syn. See cant. 

ar'gue (ar'gu),t\ i.; -gued (-gud) ; -gu-ing. [F. arguer, fr. 
L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear.] 1. To offer 
reasons for or against something ; reason. 2. To contend 
in argument ; dispute ; — used with with. — v. t. ^ 1. To 
debate ; discuss ; treat by reasoning. 2. To manifest by 
reasoning ; prove ; as, many laws argue many sins. 3. To 
persuade by reasons. — Syn. See discuss. — ar'gu-a-ble 
(ar'gu-d-b'l), a. — ar'gu-er, n. 

ar'gu-fy (ar'gu-fT), v. t. & i.; -tied (-fid) ; -fy'tng. [argue 
+ -fy-] Colloq. or Dial. 1. To prove ; signify ; matter. 2. 
To argue, or argue with, pertinaciously. 

ar'gu-ment (-gu-ment), n. [F., fr. L. argumentum.] 1. 
Proof ; evidence. Archaic. 2. A reason or reasons offered 
for or against something ; reasoning. 3. Argumentation ; 
discussion ; disputation. 4. The subject matter or topic of 
anything ; also, an abstract ; summary, as of a book. 5. 
Matter of dispute. Archaic. 

ai'gu-men-ta'tion (-men-ta/sh2n), n. 1. Act of forming 
reasons., making inductions, drawing conclusions, and ap- 
plying them to the case in discussion ; a process of reason- 
ing ; argument. 2. Debate ; discussion. 

ar'gu-men'ta-tive (-men'td-tiv), a. Pertaining to argu- 
ment ; given to argument ; disputatious. — ar'gu-men'ta- 
tive-ly, adv. — ta-tive-ness, n. 

Ar'gUS (ar'gus), n. [L., fr. Gr. "Apyos.'] Gr.Myth. The 
hundred-eyed son of Zeus and Niobe. Hermes charmed 
him to sleep and killed him. See Io. 

Ar'gus— eyed' (-Id'), a. Vigilant and sharp-sighted. 

ar-gyr'O-dite (ar-jir'6-dit), n. [Gr. bpyvpub-qs rich in sil- 
ver.] Min. A rare steel-gray mineral of metallic luster, 
composed of silver, germanium, and sulphur (AgsGeSe). 

ar'gy-rol (ar'ji-rol), n. [Gr. apyvpos silver + 3d -ol.] 
Pharm. Silver vitellin, a silver compound used in treating 
inflammations of mucous membranes. 

a'ri-a (a'rl-d; a'rT-d), n. [It., ultimately fr. L. aer air.] 
Music. A melody ; esp., an elaborate, accompanied melody 
sung by a single voice, in operas, cantatas, etc. 

Ar'i-ad'ne (ar'i-ad'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ApiaS??/.] Gr. 
Myth. Daughter of Minos, King of Crete. She fell in love 
with Theseus, and gave him a clew of thread to guide him 
out of the labyrinth. See Minotaur. 

Ar'ian (ar'yan ; ar'i-dn). Var. of Aryan. 

A'ri-an (a'rT-an ; 3), a. Of or pertaining toArius (d. 336), 
or his doctrines, esp. the doctrine that Christ, though no- 
blest of all created beings, was not the Eternal Son of God 
nor of the same substance as the Father. — n. An adherent 
of the doctrines of Arius. — A'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

-a'ri-an. A compound suffix, forming adjectives and nouns. 
It refers chiefly to persons, and denotes : a Occupation 
and the like, as veterinarian, antiquarian, b Age, as octo- 
genarian, c Religious and social affiliations, as Unita- 
rian. See -ARY, -AN. 

ar'id (ar'id), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry.] 1. Dry; 
barren. 2. Wanting in interest or life. — Syn. See dry. 

a-rid'i-ty(d-rid'i-ti),n. ; pZ.-TrEs(-tTz). [L. ariditas.] State 
or quality of being arid ; dryness ; also, a thing that is arid. 

A'ri-el (a'ri-el; 3), n. [Heb. Ariel.'] l.Myth. & Fiction. 
a In the demonology of the Cabala, a water spirit, b In 
medieval folk lore, a graceful spirit of the air. C In Shake- 
speare's "Tempest," an airy, tricksy spirit, changing shape 
at will to serve Prospero, his master. 2. Astron. See Uranus. 

a'ri-el, n., or ariel gazelle. [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] A 
gazelle {Gazella arabica) of Arabia and adjacent regions. 



A'ri-es (-ez), 



gen. Artetis (d-rl'e-tis). [L., ram.] 



Astron. a A constellation between Pisces and Taurus, 



pictured as a ram ; the Ram. b The first sign [ T] of the 
zodiac. The sun enters it about March 21st. 

a'ri-et'ta (a'rT-et'd)ln. [It. arietta, dim. of aria ; F. art- 

ar'i-ette' (ar'i-et') / ette.] Music. A short aria, or air. 

a-right' (d-rlt'), adv. Rightly; correctly. 

ar'il (ar'Tl), n. [LL. arilli dry grapes.] An exterior cov- 
ering or appendage of certain seeds, developing as an out- 
growth from the funicle. The scarlet coating of the seeds of 
climbing bittersweet is a true aril. — ar'il-late (-T-lat), 
-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. 

ar'il-lode (-i-lod),n. [NL. arillus aril -fist -ode.] Bot. A 
false aril ; an aril-like growth originating from the micro- 
pyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. 
The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode. 

A-ri'on (d-rl'on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Apiwv.] A Greek poet of 
Lesbos, a renowned player on the lyre, who, robbed by 
sailors, cast himself into the sea, and is fabled to have been 
saved by a dolphin drawn to the ship by his music. 

ar'i-ose (ar'i-os; ar'T-os'), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria air.] 
Characterized by melody, as distinguished from recitative. 

|| a-ri-o'so (a-re-o'so), adv. & a. [It.] Music. In the 
smooth and melodious style of an air ; ariose. 

a-rise' (d-rlz'), v. i.; pret. a-rose' (-roz') ; p. p. a-ris'en 
(-riz''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. a-ris'ing (-rTz'Ing). [AS. arisan; 
a-\-risan to rise.] 1. To ascend; rise. 2. To come into 
action, being, or notice ; become operative, sensible, or visi- 
ble. 3. To proceed ; issue ; spring. — Syn. See rise. 

Ar'is-tae'US (ar'is-te'iJs), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Apiaralos.] 
Class. Myth. A son of Apollo, deified as patron of flocks, 
shepherds, the vine, the olive, and beekeeping. 

a-ris'tate (d-ns'tat), a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista awn.] 
Bot. Having a pointed, beardlike appendage ; awned. 

ar'is-tOC'ra-cy (ar'is-tok'rd-si), n.; pi. -ciES (-siz). [Gr. 
kpiaTOKparia. ; apiaTos best + upareiv to be strong, rule.] 
1. Rule by the best ; hence, government by a relatively 
small, privileged class. Also, a state thus governed, or the 
governing body. 2. The nobles or chief persons in a state ; 
a privileged class ; popularly, those regarded as superior to 
the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect. 

Cf. DEMOCRACY. 

a-ris'to-crat (d-ris'to-krat ; ar'Ts-), n. 1. One of the 

aristocracy. _ 2. One having the sympathies, habits, and 
temper of mind common among a ruling class. 3. One who 
favors an aristocracy as a form of government. 

ar'is-to-crat'ic (aVis-to-krat'ik ; d-ris'-)! a. 1. Of or per- 

ar'is-to-crat'i-cal (-krat'i-kal) _ / taining to an ar- 
istocracy ; as, an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of 
aristocracy ; characteristic of, or originating with, the aris- 
tocracy ; as, aristocratic manners. i-cal-ly, adv. 

ar'is-tol (ar'Ts-tol; -tol), n. [Gr. apiaros best + 3d -ol.] 
Pharm. A red-brown powder prepared from thymol and 
iodine, used as a substitute for iodoform. 

ar'is-to-lo'chi-a'ceous (aVIs-to-lo'ki-a'shws), a. [L. aris- 
tolochia a plant useful in childbirth, fr. Gr. dptcrroX6x«a; 
apiffros best -f- \oxeia childbirth.] Bot. Belonging to a fam- 
ily (Aristolochiacese) , the birthwort family, of chiefly tropi- 
cal erect 'or climbing herbs or shrubs (order A ristolochiales). 

Ar'is-to-te'li-an (-te'li-an ; -tel'yan),a. Of or pertaining 
to Aristotle, the Greek philosopher (384-322 B. a). — n. A 
follower of Aristotle ; an adherent of Aristotle's theories or 
of theories supposed to be Aristotle's. 
Aristotelian logic, the logic of Aristotle, the central 
achievement of which was the doctrine of the syllogism ; 
more broadly, the traditional or formal logic following the 
line of development inaugurated by Aristotle. 

a-ris'tO-typeMd-riVto-tipO, n. [Gr.apto-roj best -\- -type.] 
Photog. Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated 
with silver chloride in gelatin ; now, any such process using 
silver salts in collodion or in gelatin ; also, a print so made. 

a-ris'tu-late (-tu-lat), a. [Dim. fr. aristate.] Bot. Having 
a short beard or awn. 

a-rith'me-tic (d-rith'me-tTk), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
d.piBp.rjTLKfi fr. &piBp.riTiK6s arithmetical, &pidp.eiv to num- 
ber, bpidfios number.] 1. Science of numbers; art of 
computation by figures. 2. A treatise on this science. 

ar'ith-met'i-cal (aVith-met'i-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to 
arithmetic ; according to the method of arithmetic. — 
ar'ith-met'-i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-rith'me-ti'cian (d-rith'me-tish'an ; arlth-), n. One 
skilled in arithmetic. 

ar'ith-mom'e-ter (ar'Tth-mom'e-ter), n. [Gr. dp\Sy.lx num- 
ber -f- -meter.] A calculating machine. 

ark (ark), n. [AS. arc, fr. L. area, fr. arcere to inclose.] 
1. A chest or coffer. 2. Jewish Hist. The oblong chest, 
kept in the holy of holies, in which were the two tables of 
stone containing the Ten Commandments ;_ — called also 
Ark of the Covenant. 3. The vessel in which Noah and 
his family were preserved during the Deluge {Gen. vi.) ; 
hence, any place of refuge. 

arles (arlz), n. pi. Earnest money. Scot. 

arm (arm), n. [See arms.] Mil. a A branch of the mili- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



ARM 



58 



AROMATIC 




Armadillo {Tolypeutes 
triclnctus) . 



tary service; as, the infantry, cavalry, artillery, and en- 
gineers are the arms of the modern army, b A weapon of 
offense or defense. 

arm, v. t. [F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pi., arms. 
See arms.] 1. To furnish with weapons. 2. To cover or 
furnish with any strengthening »r protective covering. 
3. To equip or fit out for action or operation. — v. i. To 
provide one's self with arms ; take arms. 

arm, n. [AS. arm, earm.~] 1. A human upper limb, esp. 
the part between shoulder and wrist. 2. Something like, 
or suggestive of, an arm ; as : a The fore limb of a verte- 
brate, as of a bear, b A limb of an invertebrate animal. 
C A slender part of an instrument, machine, or mechanical 
appliance, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum, d 
Naut. The end of a yard ; also, the part of an anchor from 
the crown to the fluke. See anchor, e An inlet from the 
sea or other body of water, f A support for the elbow, at 
the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Power ; might; 
strength ; as, the arm of the Lord. 

ar-ma'da (ar-ma/dd), n. [Sp., fr. LL. armata, fr. L. ar- 
mare to arm.] A fleet of armed ships; specif., the Span- 
ish, or Invincible, Armada, sent by Philip II. of Spain 
against England, in 1588. It was dispersed, and in great 
part destroyed, by the English fleet and by storms. 

ar'ma-dil'lo (aVmd-dil'o), n.; pi. -los (-oz). [Sp., dim. of 
armado armed.] A burrow- 
ing, chiefly nocturnal eden- 
tate mammal (family Dasy- 
podidse) of South and tropical 
America, having the body and 
head incased in an armor of 
small bony plates._ When at- 
tacked, some species can curl 
up into a ball, presenting the 
armor on all sides. 

Ar'ma-ged'don (ar'md-ged'on), n. [L. Armagedon (Vul- 
gate), Gr. , kpnayzbhu>v.~\ The place of a great battle to be 
fought out on "the great day of God" between the powers 
of good and evil ; — symbolically named, probably with ref- 

[ erence to the actual battlefield of Megiddo, an ancient town 
of Palestine, near which the Canaanites under Sisera were 
defeated. Rev. xvi. 16. 

ar'ma-ment ( ar'md-ment ), n. [L. armamenta, pi., uten- 
sils, esp. ship's tackle, fr. armare to arm.] 1. A body of 
forces equipped for war. 2. Mil. & Nav. All the guns, 
torpedoes, small arms, etc., of a ship, a fortification, or 
coast-defense system. 3. Any equipment, or act of equip- 
ping, for resistance. 

ar'ma-ture (-tyr), n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm.] 
1. Armor ; whatever is worn or used to protect and defend 
the body. Hence, a covering suggestive of such armor; as : 
a A covering of fiat wire about a cable, b Biol. An organ 
or structure serving as, or comparable to, a weapon of 
offense or defense, as the teeth, the thorns of plants, etc. 

1 2. Magnetism. A piece of soft iron or steel used to con- 
nect the poles of a magnet or magnets. 3. Elec. a That 
part of a dynamo-electric machine carrying the conductors 
by the relative movement of which latter through the 
magnetic field an electric current is induced (as in the 
dynamo), or which are caused to move through this field 
(as in the motor) by a current passing through them. 
b The metallic coating of a Leyden jar. 

— v. t. Elec. To furnish or provide with an armature. 

arm'chair 7 (arm'char 7 ), n. A chair with arms to support 
the elbows or forearms. 

armed (armd), p. a. Furnished with arms : 

Ar-me'ni-an (ar-me'nT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Arme- 
nia, Armenians, or their language. — n. 1. A native or in- 
habitant of Armenia. 2. The Armenian language. 

ar'met (ar'met), n. [F., dim. of arme arm.] A kind of me- 
dieval helmet. See helmet, Illust. 

arm'ful (arm'fool), n.; pi. -euls (-fdols). As much as the 
arm can hold. 

arm'hole' (-hoF), n. 1. The armpit. 2. A hole for the 
arm in a garment ; armscye. 

ar'mi-ger (ar'mi-jer), n.; pi. E. -gers, L. armigeri (ar- 
mij'er-I). [L., armor-bearer.] An esquire ; one next in 
degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. 

ar'mil-la-ry (-la-ri), a. [L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, 
armus arm.] Pertaining to or resembling a bracelet ; con- 
sisting of rings or circles. 

arm'ing (ar'nring), n. 1. Act of furnishing with, or of tak- 
ing up, arms. 2. The arms or equipment so furnished. 3. 
A part or fitting put upon a thing to complete it or fit it for 
action ; as : a The tallow with which a sounding lead is 
armed, b The armature of a magnet. 

Ar-min'i-an (ar-min'T-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius 
(1560-1609), a Dutch Protestant theologian, whose doc- 
trines were those adopted by the Wesleyans of Great 
Britain and the Methodists of America.— n. Eccl. Hist. 
A believer in Arminianism. — Ar-min'i-an-ism (-iz'm), to. 




b Gorget of sliding 
splints ; C Shoulder- 
piece ; d Pallette ; e 
Breastplate; / Bras- 
sart ; g Elbowpiece ; 
h Skirt of taces ; I 
Tuille ; t Gauntlet; 
I Cuisse ; m Knee 
piece ; n Jamb ; o 



ar-mip'o-tent (ar-mTp'o-t?nt), a. [L. armipotens.] Pow- 
erfulin arms ; mighty in battle. o-tence (-tens), n.Rare. 

ar'mi-stice (ar'mi-stTs), to. [F., fr. L. arma arms-j-stare, 
statum, to stand still.] A brief suspension of hostilities by 
agreement ; a truce. 

arm'let (arm'let), to. 1. A small arm, as of the sea. 2. A 
bracelet or band for the upper arm ; also, a bandlike sleeve. 

|| ar'moire' (ar'mwar'), to. [F. See ambry.] A kind of 
large cupboard ; an ambry. 

ar'mor, ar'mour (ar'mer), to. [From F., fr. L. armatura.'] 
1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering 
worn to protect one's person in bat- 
tle. 2. Steel or iron plating on ships 
or forts for protection from artillery 
fire. 3. Any similar protective cover- 
ing, as a diver's suit. —v. t. To equip 
with armor. 

ar'mor-er, ar'mour-er (er), to. 1. 
One who makes or repairs armor or /. 
arms. 2. One in charge of arms and 
armor, as, formerly, of a knight. 

ar-mo'ri-al (ar-mo'ri-dl ; 57), a. 
[From armory.'] Belonging to ar- 
mor, or to heraldic arms. 

Ar-mor'ic (ar-mor'ik)Ta. Of or pert. 

Ar-mor'i-can (-T-kdn)J to Armori- 
ca, now called Bretagne or Brittany, 
in France, or its people. — to. A 
native of Armorica. 

ar'mor-y, ar'mour -y (ar'mer-T), to.; 
pi. -ies (-iz). 1. Armor. 2. A place 
where arms are deposited; esp., U. 
S., a large building including also a 
drill hall, offices, etc. 3. A factory 
where rifles, pistols, etc., are made. 
U. S. 4. That branch of heraldry pi a t e Armor, a Hel 
which treats of coat armor. 5. Ar- met with Beaver 
morial bearings. 

ar'mo-zeen' Har'mo-zen'), to. [F. 

ar'mo-zine' / armoisin.] A thick, 
plain silk, _ generally black, and 
used for clerical robes and mourning 
bands. 

arm'pit' (arm'pit'), n. The hollow or 
pit, beneath the junction of the arm Solleret 
and shoulder. 

arms (armz), to. pi. [From F., fr. L. arma arms.] 1. Instru- 
ments of offense or defense. 2. Exploits of war ; military 
service. 3. Her. The hereditary armorial ensigns of a 
family ; hence, similar devices adopted by a government. 

arm/scye' (arm'sl'), n. An armhole in a garment. 

ar'mure (ar'mur), n. [F. See armor.] 1. A variety of 
twilled fabric of silk or wool, or a mixture, woven plain, 
ribbed, or in a small design. 2. The loom harness used for 
a certain weave. 

ar'my (ar'mT), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [F. armie, fr. LL. ar- 
mata, fr. L. armare to arm.] 1. A body, esp. an organized 
body, of men armed for war. The commissioned officers in 
the United States Army rank as follows : general, lieuten- 
ant general, major general, brigadier general, colonel, lieu- 
tenant colonel, major, captain, first lieutenant, and second 
lieutenant ; the noncommissioned officers : sergeant and 
corporal. 2. A large body of persons organized to advance 
a cause. 3. A great number ; host ; array. 

army worm. The larva of a certain noctuid moth 
(Leucanta unipuncta), 
or, often, of other re- 
lated species. Army 
worms travel in multi- 
tudes, destroying grass 
and crops. 

ar'ni-ca (ar'nY-kd), n. 1. 
Any of many herbs (ge- 
nus Arnica) of the as- 
ter family. 2. The rhi- 
zome and roots of one 
species {Arnica mon- 
tana) used medicinally, 
or a preparation of them. Army Worm (Leucania unipuncta) 

ar'oid (ar'oid; ar'-), a- about Vs nat - slze - a Ima s° ; b 
roi'de-OUS (d-roi'de- Pu P a "> c Larva. 
us), a. [arum-f-oi'd.] Bot. Belonging to the arum family 

a-roint' (d-roinf), interj. Stand off I Begone 1 — used by 
Shakespeare and after him by others. 

a-ro'ma (d-ro'md), n.; E. pi. -mas (-mdz). [L., fr. Gr. &p<a- 
lia.~\ The quality or principle of a substance that consti- 
tutes its fragrance; agreeable odor. — Syn. See smell. 

ar'0-mat'ic (ar'3-mat'Tk), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or con- 
taining, aroma; fragrant; strong-scented. 2. Chem. De- 
rived from, or characterized by the presence of, the benzine 
nucleus : — said of a large class of cyclic organic compounds. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circils, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



AROMATIZE 



59 



ARSACID 



This use of aromatic arose from its ordinary use as de- 
scriptive of the odorous compounds, as oil of wintergreen, 
of this class. Syn. See redolent. 

— n. A plant, drug, or medicine having fragrance, and, usu- 
ally, a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon, etc. 

a-ro'ma-tize (d-ro'md-tlz), v. t. To render aromatic. 

a-rose' (d-roz'), pret. of arise. 

a-round' (d-round'), adv. 1. Circularly ; on every side ; 
round. 2. In a circuit ; all about ; as, he walked around. 
3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, standing around. 
Colloq., U. S. — prep. 1. Encircling ; about ; in a direc- 
tion that turns about ; as, the wheel turns around the axle. 
2. From one part to another of ; at random through ; 
about ; as, to walk around the room. Colloq., U. S. 

a-rous'al (-rouz'dl), n. An arousing ; state of being aroused. 

a-rouse' (d-rouz'), v. t. & i. ; -roused' (-rouzd') ; -rous'- 
ing. To excite to action from a state of rest ; stir ; rouse. 

a-row' (d-ro'), adv. In a row ; successively ; in order. 

j| ar-peg'gio (ar-ped'jo), re.; pi. -gios (-joz). [It., deriv. of 
arpa harp. ] Music. The produc- 
tion of the tones of a chord in rapid 
a chord thus played. 



WHtteiC ft* 



Arpeggio. 



succession ; 

ar'pent (ar'pent; F. ar/paN'Hn. [F. 

ar'pen (ar'pen) / arpent, 

fr. L. arepennis."] 1. An old French 
measure of land varying in value with the locality from .84 
to 1.28 acres. 2. A linear measure, the length (about 12 
rods) of the side of a square arpent. Local, Canada. 

ar'que-bUS, ar'que-bus-ier/. Vars. of harquebus, harque- 
busier. [any ardent spirit. | 

ar'rack (ar'ak), re. [Ar. 'araq.~] In Turkey, India, etc.,| 

ar-raign' (d-ran'), v._ t. [Through OF., fr. L. ad + ratio 
reason, LL., cause, judgment.] 1. Law. To call or set (a 
prisoner) at the bar of a court to answer an indictment. 2. 
To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, 
taste, or other tribunal. — Syn. Impeach, denounce. — re. 
Arraignment; as, clerk of the arraigns. [arraigned.! 

ar-raign'ment (-ment), re. An arraigning; state of being | 

ar -range' (d-ranj'), v. t.; -ranged' (-ranjd') ; -rang'ing 
(-ran'jing). [From OF., fr. a (L. ad)-\-rengier, rangier. 
See range, v. t.~] 1. To put in proper order ; dispose in the 
manner intended, or best suited for the purpose. 2. To ad- 
just ; settle ; prepare. 3. Music. To adapt (a composition) 
to voices or instruments for which it was not originally 
written. — Syn. Adjust, range, classify. 

ar-range'ment (-ment), re. 1. Act, manner, or result of 
arranging, or state of being arranged ; disposition ; adjust- 
ment. 2. Preparatory proceeding or measure; prepara- 
tion. 3. Something made by arranging parts or things 
together ; a combination ; as, an arrangement in gray and 
white. — Syn. Disposal, disposition, distribution. 

ar'rant (ar'dnt), a. [Var. of errant, wandering.] 1. Wan- 
dering ; vagrant ; as in: thief arrant, now thief errant, a 
robber outlaw. 2. Notoriously or preeminently bad. — 
ar'rant-ly, adv. 

ar'ras (ar'ds), n. [From Arras, France.] Tapestry; a 
screen or hangings of tapestry. — ar'rased (-dst) , a. 

ar'ra-sene' (aVd-sen'), re. [From arras.] A material con- 
sisting of a central cord covered with a pile of wool or silk, 
used for working the figures in embroidery. 

ar-ras'tra (ar-ras'trd), or, more correctly, ar-ras'tre (-tra), 
n. [Sp. arrastreJ] A rude drag-stone mill for pulverizing 
ores, esp. those containing free gold. 

ar-ray' (d-ra'), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + ret, roi, 
order, arrangement.] 1. To dispose in order, as troops ; 
draw up ; marshal. 2. To deck ; adorn with dress ; dress. 

— n. 1. Order ; a regular and imposing arrangement ; hence, 
order of battle. 2. An annual assembling of the militia. 06s. 
or Hist., Eng. 3. The body of persons placed in order; 
hence, a body of soldiers. 4. An imposing body of things 
displayed in a series, line, or the like ; as, an array of figures. 
5. Dress ; rich or beautiful apparel. 

ar-ray'al (d-ra'al), n. Act or process of arraying; that 
which is arrayed or disposed ; array. 

ar-rear' (d-rer'),re. 1. Therear. Archaic. 2. That which 
is unpaid but due ; — usually in pi. 
in arrear or arrears, backward ; in debt. 

ar-rear'age (-aj), n. 1, State of being in arrear, or behind- 
hand. 2. That which remains unpaid and overdue ; arrears. 

ar-rest' (d-resf), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad+ 
restare to stop, rest.] 1. To stop ; check. 2. Law. To 
take or keep in custody by authority of law. 3. To seize 
on and fix ; hold ; catch ; seize on and fix the attention of ; 
as, her mind was arrested by a sudden thought. — Syn. 
Obstruct, delay, detain ; apprehend, capture. See stop. 

— n. 1. Act of arresting. 2. A decree or sentence, esp. of a 
French court. Obs. — Syn. Check, stoppage, custody, 
imprisonment, seizure, detention. — ar-rest'er, n. 

at-rest'ment (-ment), n. 1. The arrest of a person or his 
effects ; esp., Scots Law, a process of attachment analogous 
to garnishment. 2. A stoppage ; check ; detention. 



|| ar'r§t' (a'rg'; d-rgt'), n. [F.] A judgment ; decree. 

ar-ride' (d-rld'), v. t. [L. arridere ; ad + rider e to laugh.] 
To smile at or upon, as in scorn or derision (Obs.), or with 
approbation ; hence, to please ; as, "It arrides me not." 

ar-riere' (d-rer'), re. [F. arriere, fr. L. ad+retro back- 
ward.] That which is behind ; the rear ; — chiefly in sense 
of rear, subordinate ; as in : arriere guard, a rear guard ; 
arriere tenant, a subordinate tenant, etc. 

[| ar'riere'-ban' (a'ryar'baN' ; d-rer'ban'), re. [F.] A proc- 
lamation as of the French kings, calling their vassals tc 
war ; dbo, the body of such vassals. 

ar'ris (ar'is), n. [OF. areste, fr. L. arista beard of grain, 
fishbone.] Arch. The sharp edge formed by the meeting 
of two surfaces, esp. in a molding. 

ar-riv'al (d-riy'dl), n. 1. Act of arriving. 2. The person 
or thing arriving or that has arrived. 

Syn. Arrival, advent. Arrival denotes the reaching of 
a destination and implies precedent movement. Advent 
is particularly applied to an important or even momen- 
tous, arrival ; as, the advent of spring ; Christ's advent. 

ar-rive' (d-rlv'), v. i. ; -rived' (-rivd') ; -riv'ing (-rlv'Tng). 
[From OF., fr. LL. arripare to come to shore; L. ad-\- 
ripa river bank.] 1. To come to the shore ; now, to come 
in progress by water or land ; reach a place ; — often with 
at. 2. To gain or compass an object or attain a state by 
effort, study, etc. ; — with at. 3. To come ;— said of time. 
Syn. Arrive, come. Arrive implies more definitely than 
come the attainment of a destination. 

—v. t. To reach ; come to. Archaic. 

ar-ro'ba (ar-ro'ba), n. _ [Sp. & Pg., fr. Ar. arrub' the fourth 
part.] 1. a A Spanish weight used in Mexico, South 
America, etc., usually equal to 25.36 lbs. avoir, or 1 1.51 kg. 
b An old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil, 32.38 lbs, 
avoir, or 14.61 kg. 2. A liquid measure of varying value, 
used in Spain and Portugal and their former possessions. 
That for wine usually = 4.26 U. S. gals. (3.55 imp. gals, or 
16.14 1.) ; for oil, 3.32 gals. (2.77 imp. gals, or 12.56 1.). 

ar'ro-gance (ar'6-gdns), n. Also ar'ro-gan-cy (-gdn-si). 
[F., fr. L. arrogantia.~\ Act or habit of arrogating ; quality 
of being arrogant. — Syn. Haughtiness, hauteur, assump- 
tion, lordliness, presumption, disdain, insolence. 

ar'ro-gant (-gant), a. [F., fr. L. arrogans, p. pr.] 1. Mak- 
ing, or disposed to make, exorbitant claims of rank, estima- 
tion, or importance ; assuming ; haughty. 2. Containing, 
or marked with, arrogance. — ar'ro-gant -ly, adv. 
Syn. Proud, disdainful, overweening, haughty, supercili- 
ous ; bold, forward, presuming, presumptuous, audacious ; 
lordiy, lofty, overbearing, domineering ; insolent, insulting. 
— Arrogant, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious, 
insolent, insulting. One is arrogant who is disposed to 
claim for one's self, often aggressively, more consideration 
than is warranted or justly due; as, Lord Clarendon was 
arrogant and overbearing. One is presumptuous who is 
self-assertive beyond the bounds of modesty, or forward to 
take undue liberties ; :as, a presumptuous boy. Haughty 
implies consciousness, often disdainful, of superiority, esp. 
arising from pride of birth or station. Supercilious im- 
plies a lofty and contemptuous demeanor, verging upon in- 
solence ; as, a supercilious stare. Insolent suggests gross and 
offensive disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting im- 
plies a personal affront, often indicative of scorn or triumph. 

ar'ro-gate (ar'6-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. [L. 
arrogatus, p. p. of arrogare to take to one's self ; ad -f- ro- 
gare to ask.] To assume or claim unduly, proudly, or pre- 
sumptuously. — Syn. See usurp. — ga'tion(-ga'shwn),n. 

|| ar'ron'disse'ment' (a'roN'deVm'aN'), re.,- pi. -ments (F. 
-maN'). [F.] The largest division of a French department. 
It is divided into cantons. 

ar'row (ar'o), re. [AS. arewe, earh.~] The missile weapon 
used with a bow. 

ar'row^head' (-hedO, n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. 
Anything like, or suggestive of, an arrowhead ; as : a Such a 
stroke or mark, as on a drawing to mark a limit, indicate a 
note, etc.; specif., a stroke used in the cuneiform characters. 
b The dart of an egg-and-dart molding. C Bot. Any of a 
genus (Sagittaria) of plants of the water-plantain family, 
several species of which have arrow-shaped leaves. 

ar'row-root 7 (-root'), n. A West Indian plant (Maranta 
arundinacea) , having tuberous starchy roots ; also, a 
nutritive starch obtained from its rootstocks. 

ar'row-WOOd' (-woTad'), re. Any of several shrubs having 
tough pliant snoots, formerly used to make arrows, as, in 
the United States, the sorrel tree and certain viburnums. 

ar'row-y (-1), a.; -row-i-er; -i-est. Consisting of, or full 
of, arrows ; like, or suggestive of, an arrow ; swift ; darting. 

ar-roy'o (d-roi'o),re.; pi. -os (-oz). [Sp.] A watercourse ; 
also, a small, often dry, gully or channel. 

Ar-sac'id (ar-sas'id), re.; pi. ARSAdD^ (-T-de) or Arsac- 
ddes ( -Tdz ). [L. Arsacidae, pi., fr. Arsaces, Gr. 'Apo-ax^s, 
Arsaces, founder of the dynasty.] A member of a dynasty 
of Parthian and Armenian rulers and princes, originating 
in the revolt of the Parthians against the Seleucidae about 
250 b. c., and continuing in power in Parthia until her over- 



B 



D 



M 



H 



J I 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ARSENAL 



60 



ARTIFICE 



throw by the Persian Sassanidae in A. D. 224, and in Arme- 
nia until A. D. 428, latterly merely as Persian governors. 

ar'se-nal (ar'se-nal), n. [It. arsenate dock, fr. Ar. dar- 
gind'ak house of industry.] A public establishment for 
storing or making arms and military equipments.^ 

ar/se-nate (-nat), n. Chem. A salt of arsenic acid. 

ar/se-nic (-nik), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. hpawiKov, &p- 
peviKov yellow orpiment, fr. &paeviKos or &ppeviic6s mas- 
culine, apprjv male, on account of its strength.] 1. One 
of the elements, a solid, brittle, very poisonous substance 
of tin-white to steel-gray color and metallic luster. Sym- 
bol, As; at. wt., 74.96. 2. Arsenious oxide, AS2O3, a sweet- 
ish, highly poisonous substance used in medicine as an 
alterative ; — called also white arsenic. 

ar-sen'ic (ar-sen'ik). a. Chem. Pert, to or containing ar- 
senic; — said of compounds in which arsenic is pentavalent. 

ar-sen'i-cal ( ar-sen'i-kal), a. Pertaining to or containing 
arsenic. 

ar'se-nide (-nld ; -nid), n. Chem. A binary compound of 
arsenic with a positive element or radical. 

ar-se'ni-ous (ar-se'ni-us), <z._ Of or pert, to, consisting of, 
or containing trivalent arsenic. 

ar/se-nite (ar'se-nlt), n. Chem. A salt of arsenious acid. 

ar'se-ni'u-ret'ed H-ni'u-ret'ed), a. Chem. Combined with 

ar'se-ni'u-ret'ted / arsenic; as, arseniureted hydrogen. 

ar-sen'o-py'rite (ar-sen'o-pT'rlt ; ar'se-n6-) ? ft. \_arsenic-{- 
pyrite.'] Min. A hard, tin-white or grayish ore, FeAsS, 
occurring in crystals, or in masses or grains ; — called also 
arsenical pyrites and mispickel. It is the chief ore of 
arsenic. 

ar'sine (aVsTn; -sen), n. [From arsenic] Chem. Arse- 
niureted hydrogen, Asll3, a colorless inflammable gas, with 
an odor like garlic. It is a deadly poison. 

ar/sis ( ar'sis ), n. ; pi. arses ( -sez ). [ L., fr. Gr. fipo-is a 
lifting.] 1. Pros. The unaccented part of a foot. The true 
ancient meanings of arsis and thesis have commonly been 
reversed through a misunderstanding (see def. 2). 2. Popu- 
larly, the strong or accented syllable of a foot. 

ar'son (-siin), n. [OF., fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] 
The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of 
another ; also, the similar burning of other property, in- 
cluding one's own house. 

art (art), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis."] 1. Skill in perform- 
ance, acquired by experience, study, or observation; 
knack. 2. Human contrivance or ingenuity, as in adapt- 
ing natural things to man's use. 3. A branch of learning; 
a science, esp. one, as grammar or logic, serving chiefly as a 
discipline or as an instrument of knowledge ; specif. : in pi. 
The branches of learning taught in the academical course 
of colleges. 4. Learning or the field of learning. 5. The 
general principles of any branch of learning or of any craft ; 
as, the art of war. 6. Systematic application of knowl- 
edge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupa- 
tion requiring such knowledge or skill ; a craft ; as, me- 
chanical or industrial L arts. 7. Application of skill and 
taste to production according to aesthetic principles; such 
application to the production of beauty by imitation or 
design, as in painting and sculpture ; as, he prefers art to 
music. 8. Skillful plan ; device; also, cunning ; artifice. 
9. The black art; magic. — Syn. Aptitude, dexterity, 
adroitness ; contrivance, profession, business, trade, call- 
ing; duplicity. See science. 

art. 2d pers. present indicative sing, of the verb be. 

ar-tel' (ar-tel' ; Russ. ar-tyel'), n. [Russ. artel ', fr. Tatar 
ortak el the people.] An association of independent laborers 
for collective work with division of profits. Russia. 

Ar'te-mis (ar'te-mis). [L., fr. Gr. "Apre/us.] Gr. Relig. A 
goddess, most typically the vir- 
gin huntress, goddess of wild 
nature, who is associated with 
the moon, as her twin brother, 
Apollo, is with the sun. The Ro- 
mans identified her with Diana. 

ar-te'ri-al (ar-te'ri-al), a. Of or 
pert, to an artery or arteries. 

ar-te'ri-al-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized 
(-Tzd) ; -iz'iNG^Iz'ing). To trans- 
form (venous blood) into arterial 
blood by oxygenation in the lungs. 
— ar-te'ri-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'- 
shiin ; -I-za'shim), n. 

ar-te'ri-o-scle-ro'sis (-6-skle-ro'- 
sls), n. [NL. ; Gr. &pTvpla artery 
+ sclerosis.'] Med. Abnormal 
thickening and hardening of the 
walls of the arteries, esp. of the' . 
intima, occurring mostly in old Artem, - S - (or P ian a> of 
age. — -scle-rot'ic (-rot'ik), a. 




Versailles. 



ar-te'ri-ot'o-my (-ot'6-mT), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. Ap- 
■ntptoTOfila ; dprripla. + rou-q a cutting.] Med. The opening 
of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 




Ideal Section of Artesian Well. 



ar'ter-y (ar'ter-i), n.; pi. -teries (-Tz). [L. arleria, fr. Gr. 
dpTijpi'a.] Anat . One of the tubular branching vessels that 
distribute the blood from the heart through the body. 

Ar-te'sian (ar-te'zhan), a. [F. artesien.] Of or pertain- 
ing to Artois, an- 
ciently called Ar- 
tesium,inFia.nce. 
Artesian well. 
[ Usually I. c] a 
A well made by 
boring till water 
is reached which, 
from internal 
pressure, flows 
spontaneously, b 
Loosely, any deep bored well. U. S. 

art'ful (art'fool), a. 1. Performed with, or characterized 
by, art or skill. Archaic. 2. Produced by art ; artificial. 
3. Using or showing much art ; dexterous. 4. Cunning; 
crafty ; sly ; designing. — Syn. See cunning. — art'iul-ly, 
adv. — art'ful-ness, n. 

ar-thral'gi-a (ar-thral'ji-d), n. [NL. ; arthro- + -algia."\ 
Med. Neuralgic pain in a joint. — ar-thral'gic (-jik), a. 

ar-thri'tis (ar-thri'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. & P dpZ™ gout, fr. fip- 
dpov joint.] Med. Inflammation of the joints ; esp., gout. 
— ar-thrit'ic (-thnt'ik), ar-thrit'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

ar'thro-, or arthr-. A combining form fr. Gr. apdpov joint. 

ar 'thro-mere (ar'thro-mer), n. Zodl. One of the body 
segments of articulate animals. 

ar'thro-pod (-pod), n. Zodl. A member of a phylum (Ar- 
thr opoda) consisting of animals with articulated body and' 
jointed limbs. The insects, arachnids, and crustaceans are 
its most important classes. — ar-throp'o-dal (ar-throp'o- 
dal), a. — ar-throp'o-dous (-dus), a. 

ar-thro'sis (ar-thro's_is), n. [From Gr. fipflpwcris fr. &p9pov 
joint.] Anat. An articulation or suture uniting two bones. 

ar'thro-spore (ar'thro-spor),n. Bacteriol. A bacterial rest- 
ing cell, — formerly considered a spore (cf. endospore), 
but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. — 
ar/thro-spor'ic (-spor'ik), ar-thros'po-rous (ar-thros'p6- 
rus; aVthro-spo'riis), a. 

Ar-thu'ri-an (ar-thu'ri-an), a. Of or pertaining to King 
Arthur or his knights ; as, Arthurian legend. 

ar'ti-choke (ar'ti-chok), n. [It. articiocco.] 1. A tall plant 
(Cynara scolymus) of the aster family, or its edible flower 
head. 2. The Jerusalem artichoke, or its edible root. 

ar'ti-cle (-k'l), n. _ [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint.] 
1. A clistinct portion of any writing consisting of two or more 
particulars, or treating of various topics. Hence : A clause 
in a contract, treaty, or the like. 2. A literary composition 
forming an independent part of a periodical, cyclopedia, 

[etc. 3. Subject ; matter ; concern. Obs. 4. A distinct part. 
5. Something considered by itself ; also, a thing of a particu- 
lar class or kind. 6. Gram. Any of the English words a, an, 
the, used before nouns to limit or define their application ; 
also, any of their equivalents in other languages. 7. Point 
of time ; moment ; as, in the article of death. Archaic. 

— v. t.; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-kling). 1. To formulate in 
articles. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles, 
as in a court. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipula- 
tion ; as, he was articled to an attorney.— v. i. To agree by 
articles ; bargain ; covenant. Obsoles. 

ar-tic'u-lar (ar-tik/u-lar), a. [L. articularisJ] Of or per- 
taining to a joint or joints; as, an articular disease. 

ar-tic'u-late ( -lat ), a. [L. articulatus, p. p. of articulate 
to utter distinctly, prop., to divide into joints. See arti- 
cle.] 1^ Jointed ; formed with joints. 2. Characterized by 
division into words and syllables ; spoken intelligibly. 3* 
Expressed or formulated clearly and logically. 4. Made 
up of complementary parts. 5. Expressed in articles, or 
in separate items or particulars. Archaic. late-ly, adv. 

— (-lat), v. i. & t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 1. To 
join by articulation. 2. To utter, or utter in, articulate 
sounds ; enunciate. 

ar-tic'u-la'tion (-la'sh«n), n. 1. A joint or juncture be- 
tween the bones of an animal. 2. Bot. a A joint or connec- 
tion between two parts capable of spontaneous separation, 
as the base of a leafstalk or of the peduncle of a flower, b 
A node or thickened portion of a stem, or the interval be- 
tween two such portions. 3. Act of putting together with a 
joint or joints ; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. Utterance 
of articulate sounds, as in pronunciation. 5. An articulate 
utterance or an elementary sound ; esp., a consonant. 

ar-tic'U-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, articu- 
lates. 

ar'ti-fact (ar'ti-fakt), n. [L. ars, artis, art + facer e, 
factum, to # make. ] 1. Archseol. A product of human 
workmanship, esp. of simple aboriginal art. 2. Biol. A 
structure or appearance in a tissue or cell due to death or 
the use of reagents, and not present during life. 

ar'ti-fice (-fts), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, 
artis, art + facer e to make. ] 1. A handicraft. Obs. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ARTIFICER 



61 



ASCEND 



2. Workmanship ; a skillfully contrived work. 3. Artful or 
skillful contrivance ; ingenuity. 4. Crafty device ; an artful, 
ingenious, or elaborate trick. 

Syn. Device, contrivance, expedient ; plot, intrigue, machi- 
nation; blind, sleight, shift, evasion; cheat, fraud, deceit, 
imposition, imposture ; maneuver, stratagem, wile, trick, 
ruse, subterfuge, finesse. — ■ Artifice, maneuver, strata- 
gem, wile, trick, ruse, subterfuge, finesse agree in the 
idea of indirect or misleading devices. Artifice is the most 
general term for an artful or ingenious expedient or contri- 
vance ; as, to condescend to artifice. Maneuver conveys 
the idea of adroit and dexterous management ; stratagem, 
of a more or less elaborate plan to entrap or circumvent. 
Wile implies mastery of the arts of beguiling and whee- 
dling; trick suggests less insinuating, more mischievous or 
annoying, procedure, often with the further implication of 
something mean or underhanded. A ruse is a crafty expe- 
dient to divert attention from one's real purposes ; a sub- 
terfuge, a shift or evasion for escape or concealment ; as, 
the ruse of wearing a disguise ; the plea of indisposition was 
a subterfuge. Finesse suggests diplomacy, and connotes 
nicety and subtlety of execution ; as, the finesse of a shrewd 
diplomat. 

ar-tif'i-cer (ar-tif'i-ser), n. 1. A skilled or artistic worker ; 
mechanic ; craftsman. 2. Mil. One who prepares the 
shells, fuses, etc., in a military laboratory. 3. One who 
makes or contrives ; deviser; framer. — Syn. See workman. 

ar'ti-fi'cial (ar'ti-fish'al), a. 1. Made or contrived by art; 
— opposed to natural. 2. Feigned; fictitious; as, to speak 
in an artificial voice. 3. Artful ; skilled ; crafty. Obs. 
4. Cultivated; not indigenous. — ar'ti-fi'cial-ly, adv. — 
ar'ti-fi'cial-ness, n. 

Syn. Assumed, affected, imaginary, fabulous; unnatural, 
sham, false, forged, adulterate, bastard, fictitious, facti- 
tious, spurious, supposititious, counterfeit. — Artificial, 
fictitious, factitious, spurious, supposititious, coun- 
terfeit. The first three terms may or may not imply 
intent to deceive, the last three always do. Artificial (cf. 
artifice) may refer to mode of production (opposed to 
natural, but not necessarily to real ; as, artificial ice, artificial 
light), or to imitative purpose (opposed to both natural and 
real; as, artificial flowers, an artificial leg), or to general 
effect (opposed to genuine, sincere ; as, an artificial manner ; 
the artificiality of fashionable life) . Fictitious (opposed to 
true, real) applies to what is feigned or imagined ; as, ficti- 
tious names, fictitious securities. Factitious (opposed to 
spontaneous, intrinsic) implies something "got up" or 
created by labor or effort ; as, a factitious demand ; it may 
also be applied to what arises rather from convention than 
from nature. A thing may be factitious, without being 
necessarily fictitious ; as, /acetous/contrasted with fictitious, 
value. That is spurious which is not what it purports to 
be ; supposititious implies a fraudulent substitution for 
the genuine; counterfeit, a forged imitation of it. 

ar'ti-fi'ci-al'l-ty (-i-al_'i-ti), n._ Artificial state, quality, or 
appearance ; that which is artificial. 

ar'ti-fi'cial-ize (aVtT-fTsh'dl-iz), v. t. To render artificial. 

ar-til'ler-ist (ar-til'er-ist), n. A person skilled in artillery 
or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. 

ar-til'ler-y (-T), n. [OF. artillerie, artcillerie, munitions 
of war.] 1. Munitions of war. Obs. 2. Specif. : Missile 
engines and weapons, as catapults, arbalests, slings, bows, 
etc., with their missiles. 3. Mounted guns, in distinction 
from small arms ; cannon ; ordnance. 4. That branch of 
the army which handles the artillery. 5. The science of 
artillery or gunnery. — ar-til'ler-y -man (-man), n. 

artillery Wheel. A kind of heavily built dished wheel with 
a long axle box, used on gun carriages ; hence, a wheel of 
similar construction for use on automobiles, etc. 

ar'ti-san, ar'ti-zan (ar/ti-zon), n. [F. artisan, fr. It. arti- 
giano.] One trained in some mechanic art ; a handicrafts- 
man ; mechanic. — Syn. See artist, workman. 

art'ist (ar'tist), n. [_F. artiste, ~LL.artista,ir.~L.ars. See 
art, n.] 1. A learned man ; also, a man of science. 06s. 
2. An artisan. Obs. 3. One who professes and practices 
an art in which imagination and taste preside over the exe- 
cution, esp. a fine art, as painting or sculpture. 4. One 
who shows trained skill or rare taste in any art or occupa- 
tion, as a highly skilled cook, expert barber, etc. Cf. 
artiste. 

Syn. Artist, artisan. An artist is skilled in a fine art ;"an 
artisan is employed in a manual or mechanic art. 

flar'tiste' (ar'tesf), n. [F.] A performer, as a dancer, 
whose work shows unusual aesthetic quality ; one whose 
work may be considered as a "fine art," as a skillful cook. 

ar-tis'tic (ar-tis'tik) \a. Of or pert, to art or artists ; show- 

ar-tis'ti-cal (-tT-kal)J ing taste or skill. ti-cal-ly, adv. 

art'ist-ry (ar'tist-rl), n. 1. Works of art collectively; 
pursuit of art. 2. Artistic effect or quality ; artistic ability. 

ar'ti-zan. Var. of artisan. 

art'less (art'les), a. 1. Wanting or not showing art, knowl- 
edge, or skill; uncultured; rude. 2. Free from art, guile, 
or craft; simple and sincere ; ingenuous; honest. — Syn. 
Unaffected, unsophisticated, naive ; open, frank, candid. 
See simple. — art'less-ly, adv. — art'less -ness, n. 



art square. A patterned square of ingrain carpet woven 
in one piece for a rug. 

a'rum (a'nim; 3), n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. 6.pov.~\ Bot. Any 
plant of the araceous genus ( Arum) including the cuckoo- 
pint ; also, Hort., any plant of several related genera. 

a-run'di-na'ceous (d-run'di-na'shws), a. [L. arundina- 
ceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pert, to a reed ; reedlike or 
canelike. 

a-rus'pex ( d-riis'peks ), a-rus'pice (-pis), a-rus'pi-cy 
(-pi-si), etc. Vars. of haruspex, haruspice, etc. 

Ar'val (ar'val), a. [L. arvalis pertaining to arvum culti- 
vated land.] Rom. Relig. Designating, or pertaining to, a 
body of priests, nominally twelve, called Fratres Arvales 
(Arval Brethren or Brothers), who presided over an annual 
festival in May and offered sacrifices for the lustration of 
the fields and to secure increase of fruits. 

-a-ry (-d-ri; -a-n). [L. -arius, -arium, whence also OF. 
-ier, AF. -er, and F. -aire in learned words.] A suffix 
forming : 1. Adjectives, with the sense of : pertaining 
to, connected with; as in arbitrary, primary, necessary, 
mercenary, voluntary, etc. 2. Nouns, with the sense of: 
a A person belonging to or engaged in; as in notary, 
actuary, lapidary, b A thing belonging to or connected 
with; place for; as in aviary, lapidary (book about gems), 
ovary, granary. 

-ary. [L. -aris.'] An adjective suffix denoting: pertaining 
to; of the kind or nature of; as in capillary, exemplary, 
military, etc. A variant of -ar. 

Ar'yan (ar'yan; ar'i-an), n. [Ski. arya excellent, honor- 
able.] 1. A member of that Caucasic race of which one 
branch early occupied the Iranian plateau, and another 
entered India, where they conquered and amalgamated 
with the primitive inhabitants. 2. A member of the race 
which spoke the ancient Aryan tongue ; loosely, an Indo- 
European. 3. The parent tongue of the Indo-European 
languages; Indo-European speech in general. — Ar'yan, a. 

ar'y-te'noid (ar'i-te'noid; d-nt'e-noid), a. [Gr. 6.pvraivo- 
eiSrjs shaped like a ladle.] Anat. Pertaining to or desig- 
nating two small cartilages situated at the upper back part 
of the larynx. The vocal cords are attached to them. See 
larynx. — n. An arytenoid cartilage. — ar'y-te-noi'dal 
(-te-noi'dal) , a. 

as (as), n.; pi. asses (as'ez; 24). [L. as."] 1. The Roman 
libra, or pound. 2. A Roman bronze coin, originally weigh- 
ing about a pound, but reduced finally to half an ounce. 

as (az), adv., conj., & rel. pron. [AS. eal swa, lit., all 
so; hence, quite so.] 1. Like; in the same manner or de- 
gree; equally; no less than; as, you shall reap as you sow; 
ye shall be as gods. 2. In the idea, character, or condi- 
tion of; as, Mr. Irving appeared as Hamlet. 3. While; 
when ; as, he trembled as he spoke. 4. Because ; since ; 
as, he could read, as he had been to school. 5. Expressing 
concession; — often nearly equiv. to though; as, easy as it 
is to swim, not all can do it. 6. That : a Expressing a 
result, after so and such; — now used only with the infin- 
itive with to; as, "Be so good as to come." b As a relative 
pronoun ; — now used only with antecedent such, same, 
etc. ; as, give such as you have, c As a conjunction ; as, I do 
not know as he will go. Now Colloq. 7. For instance ; 
by way of example ; thus. — Syn. See because. 
as it were, a phrase used to qualify a statement that might 
otherwise seem too strong. — as well, also ; besides. — as 
well as, equally with ; no less than. — as yet, until now ; 
up to the present time. 

as'a-iet'i^da Has'd-fet'i-dd), n. [NL. asa (fr. Per. aza 

as'a-f oet'i-da J mastic) +L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum 
resin of various Oriental plants of the celery family. 

A-saph'ic (d-saf'Tk), a. Bib. Of or pertaining to Asaph, 
chief musician of the sanctuary (1 Chron. xvi. 5), or the 
musical guild or hereditary choir of "the sons of Asaph" 
(1 Chron. xxv. 1, 2) founded by him; as, Asaphic psalms. 

as-bes'ti-form (as-bes'ti-f orm ; az-), a. [L. asbestos -+- 
-form.~\ Having the form or structure cf asbestos. 

as-bes'tOS (as-bes'tos; az-)ln. [L. asbestos a kind of min- 

as-bes'tus (as-bes'tws; az-)j eral unaffected by fire, Gr. 
acr/3ec7ros inextinguishable.] A variety of amphibole oc- 
curring in delicate fibers or in fibrous masses, used in fire- 
proof clothing , curtains , roofing , etc . — as-bes'tine (-tin ) , a. 

as'bo-lin (as'bo-lin; az'-), n. [Gr. &07S0X0S soot.] Pharm. 
An acid, brownish yellow, oily liquid, got from wood soot. 

As-ca'ni-US (as-ka'ni-ws),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AaKavios.'] Class. 
Myth. The son of ^Eneas. He founded Alba Longa in Italy. 

as'ca-rid (as'kd-rid), n. [Gr. ia-Kapls an intestinal worm.] 
Zo'dl. Any roundworm of the family (Ascaridae, typegenus 
Ascaris) including the common roundworm, parasitic in 
the human intestines, and the pinworm. 

as-cend' ( a-send' ), v. i. [ L. ascendere; ad -f- 'scandere 
to climb, mount. ] 1. To move upward; mount; rise; — 
opp. to descend. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense ; pro- 
ceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to 
noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to 
ancient times, from one note to another of higher pitch, 



I 



B 



D 






H 



I 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ASCEND ABLE 



62 



ASHKENAZIC 



etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity. — 
Syn. Rise, mount, climb, soar, tower. 

«— v. t. To go or move upward upon or along ; climb ; 
mount ; go to the top of. 

Syn. Ascend, mount, climb, scale agree in the idea of 
upward movement. Ascend ( opp. to descend ) is the most 
general term. Ascend and mount are often, but not al- 
ways, interchangeable ; thus, one mounts or ascends the 
stairs ; one ascends (not mounts) a mountain ; one mounts 
(not ascends) a horse. To climb is to ascend with effort. 
Scale implies a steep or difficult climb. 

as-cend'a-ble (d-sen'dd-b'l),as-cend'i-ble (-di-b'l),a. Pos- 
sible to ascend. 

as-cend'ance (a-senMans)ln. Act of ascending; also, as- 

as-cend'ence (d-sen'dais) J cendancy. 

as-cend'an-cy (-dan-si)'ln. Governing or controlling in- 

as-cend'eil-cy (-den-sT)J fluence; domination; power. 
Syil.Sway, control, predominance, preponderance, domin- 
ion, authority, sovereignty, supremacy. — Ascendancy, 
supremacy. Ascendancy implies paramount influence ; 
supremacy, supreme authority or power. 

as-cend'ant (-dant)l n. 1. Astrol. The horoscope, — sup- 

as-cend'ent (-dent)/ posed to have a commanding influ- 
ence on a person's life and fortune. Hence : to be in the 
ascendant, to have commanding power or influence. 2. 
Ascendancy. 3. An ancestor. — a. 1. Rising toward the 
zenith ; hence : rising ; ascending. 2. Superior ; predomi- 
nant; surpassing; ruling. 

as-cend'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of ascend, v. Hence, p. a. : a 
Rising, b Bot. Rising obliquely upward, generally from 
a more or less prostrate base or point of attachment. 

as-cen'sion (d-sen'shun), n. [F., fr. L. ascensio, fr. as- 
cendere.] 1. Act of ascending ; ascent. 2. a The visible 
ascending of Jesus on the fortieth day after His resurrection. 
Acts i. 9. b [cap.] Ascension Day. — Syn. See ascent. 

as-cen'sion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to ascension or ascent; 
tending upward ; as, the ascensional force of a balloon. 

Ascension Day. The Thursday, forty days after Easter, 
on which is commemorated Christ's ascension. 

as-cen'sive (d-sen'slv), a. 1. Rising; tending to rise, or 
causing to rise. 2. Gram. Augmentative ; intensive. 

as-cent' (d-sent'), n. [Formed like descent. See ascend.] 
1. Act of rising ; rise. 2. Way or means by which one as- 
cends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place ; upward slope. 
4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it 
makes with a horizontal line ; inclination ; rising grade ; as, 
a road has an ascent of five degrees.^ 5. A going back in 
time or order of genealogical succession. 
Syn. Ascent, ascension. Ascent, not ascension, is the 
regular term when climbing is referred to. Either ascent 
or ascension may denote the movement of that which rises 
through the air or through space : as, the ascent of vapors 
from the earth; the ascension (not ascent) of our Lord. 
Sometimes ascent stresses the mere fact, ascension the ac- 
tion or process, of ascending. 

as'csr-tain' (as'er-tan'), v. t. [OF. acertener ; a (L. ad)-f- 
certain certain.] 1. To learn for a certainty by trial, ex- 
amination, or experiment ; get to know. 2. To make (a 
thing) certain to the mind ; free from obscurity or doubt ; 
make sure of ; fix. Archaic. — as'cer-tain'a-ble, a. — 
as'cer-tain'a-ble-ness, n. — as'cer-tain'a-bly, adv. 

as'cer-tain'ment (-ment), n. Act of ascertaining. 

as-cet'ic (a-set'ik), a. [Gr. &<tkt]tuc6s, fr. aanetv to exer- 
cise.] Of or pert, to ascetics or their practices ; austere. — 
Syn. See strict.— n. One who devotes himself to a soli- 
tary and contemplative life, with rigorous discipline of self ; 
hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial. — 
Syn. See hermit. — as-cet "i-cal, a. — as-cet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

as-cet'i-cism ( -I-sTz'm ), n. 1. Condition, practice, or 
mode of life, of ascetics. 2. Doctrine that the carnal or 
material world is evil or despicable, and that salvation is 
gained by mortification of the flesh. 

as-cid'i-an (a-sid'i-an),n. Zool : Any simple or compound 
tunicate, as a sea squirt. — as-cid'i-oid (-oid), a. & n. 

as-cid'i-um (-um), n.; L. pi. -ia (-a). [NL., deriv. of Gr. 
&<tk6s bag.] Bot. A pitcher-shaped or flask-shaped organ 
or appendage of a plant, as the sacs of the bladderwort. 

as-ci'tes (d-sT'tez), n. [L.,fr. Gr. &<tkIttis (sc.vwjos dis- 
ease), fr. &<tk6s bladder, belly.] Med. A collection of serous 
fluid in the abdominal cavity ; dropsy of the peritoneum. 

as-cle'pi-a-da'ceous (as-kle'pi-d-da/shus), a. [Deriv. of L. 
asclepias a certain plant.] Belonging to a vast family 
(Asclepiadaceee) of plants, the milkweed family (order 
Gentianales) , mostly with milky juice and regular flowers. 

As-cle'pi-a-de'an (as-kle'pi-d-de'dn), a. Of, pert, to, or 
designating, a variety of logacedic verse, so called after the 
Greek poet Asclepiades. Some make it choriambic verse, 
with a spondee, two (or three) choriambi, and an iambus. 

— n. Pros. An Asclepiadean verse. 

As-cle'pi-us (as-kle'pi-ws), As-kle'pi-os (-5s), n. [Gr. 
'AcTKX777ri6j.] Gr. Relig. In Homer, a mortal hero, a physi- 
cian ; later, the god of medicine and healing, a son of Apollo 
slain by Zeus for attaining such skill that he raised the dead. 




as'CO-carp ( as'ko-karp ), n. £ ascus + -carp. ] Bot. In 
ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped 
body within which the asci are collected, and which consti- 
tutes the mature fructification ; — called also spore fruit. 

as'co-go'ni-um (-go'ni-&m), n.; L. pi. -gonia (-go'ni-d). 
[NL. ; ascus +root of Gr. ylyvecrdai to be born.] Bot. a 
The fertilized portion of the archicarp in ascomycetous 
fungi, b Sometimes, the archicarp itself. 

as'co-my-ce'tous (-ml-se'tus),a. [NL. ; ascus + Gr. ^qj, 
juntos, fungus.] Bot. Belonging to a class (Ascomycetes) 
of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphse, and by hav- 
ing their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. The class com- 
prises the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. 

as'co-spore (as'ko-spor), n. [ascus + spore.'] Bot. One of 
the spores contained in an ascus. See ascus, Illust. — as'- 
CO-spor'ic (-spor'ik), as-COS'po-rous (as-kos'po-riis; 
as'ko-spo'rus), a. 

As'cot (as'kot), a. Designating, or pertaining to, the fa- 
mous race course and horse races at Ascot Heath, in , 
Berkshire, England ; as, Ascot week in June. — n." 
II. c] A broad neck scarf tied to appear as in the 
Illust. 

as-cribe' ( ds-krlb' ), v. t.; as-cribed' ( -krlbd' ) ; 
-crib'ing (-krlb'ing). [L. ascribefe to ascribe ; 
ad -f scribere to write.] 1. To attribute, refer, 
or assign, as to a cause or source ; as, his death was Ascot. 
ascribed to a poison. 2. To attribute, as a quality ; con- 
sider or allege to belong ; as, to ascribe honor to God. — 
Syn. See refer. — as-crib'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

as-Crip'tion (ds-knp'shun), n. [L. ascriptio.] Act of as- 
cribing; also, that which is ascribed; specif., Eccl., a sen- 
tence or passage ascribing praise to God, repeated by the 
preacher after the sermon. 

as'cus (as'kus), n.; pi. asci (as'I). [NL., fr. Gr. &<tk6s a 
bladder.] Bot. The membranous oval or 
tubular sporangium in ascomycetous fungi. 

-ase (-as; sometimes -az). Chem. A suffix 
used in forming the names of enzymes, 
often by being added to the name, or part 
of the name, of a substance decomposed by 
the enzyme ; as in casease, urease. 

a-sep'sis(d-sep'sis),n. [NL. ; a-not + sep- 
sis.! Aseptic state, as of a wound ; aseptic 
methods or treatment, as in surgery. 

a-sep'tic (-tik), a. [a- not + septic."] 1. 
Free from harmful organisms, as pus-form- 
ing bacteria ; — said of wounds, instruments, 
dressings, etc. 2. Characterized by the at- Tw ~ Asci show . 
tempt to maintain freedom from harmful j ng Asco- 
organisms; — said of surgical methods, spores; also 
treatment, etc. three Paraph- 

— n. An aseptic substance or preparation. y ses ' 

a-sep'ti-cism (-ti-slz'm), n. Aseptic treatment or theory. 

a-sep'ti-cize (-slz), v.t.; -cized (-slzd); -ciz'ing (-slz'ing). 
To render aseptic ; treat with aseptics. 

a-sex'u-al (d-sek'shu-dl; 87 ), a. Biol. Having no sex; 
without sexual action. — a-sex'u-al-ly, adv. 

a-sex'tl-al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shiin ; -I-za'-), n. Act or process 
of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy. 

As'gard (as'gard), n. [Icel. asgarSr; ass god + garSr 
yard.] Norse Myth. The abode or citadel of the gods, 
situated at the zenith and reached only by the bridge Bifrost. 

ash (ash), n. [AS. sesc] A common oleaceous timber and 
shade tree (genus Fraxinus), 
or its wood. 

ash, n., sing, of ashes. 
(dPAsMs rare in the singular, 
except in naming a chemical 
or geological product, or as a 
qualifying or combining word. 

a-shamed' ( d-shamd' ), p. a. 
Affected by shame. 

A-Shan'ti H d-shan'te ; d- 

A-Shan'teej shan'-), n.; pi. 
-TIS, -TIES(-tTz), or-TEEs(-tez). 
A native of Ashanti, a native 
kingdom of western Africa. 
The Ashantis are a vigorous 
and warlike race of Negroes. 

ash/en (ash'en), a. Of or pert, 
to the ash tree or its wood. 

ash'en, a. Consisting of or Ash Leaf and Fruit, 
resembling ashes ; of a color between brown or white and 
gray. 

ash/es (ash'Sz; 24), n. pi. [AS. asce, xsce, axe.] 1. The 
earthy or mineral parts of combustible substances, remain- 
ing after combustion; — often fig. 2. The remains of the 
human body when burned, or when "returned to dust" by 
natural decay. 3. Fine lava thrown out by a volcano. 
Ash/ke-naz'ic (Ssb/ke'-naz'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the 
Ashkenazim. 





ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sold; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ASHKENAZIM 



63 



ASPIRATOR 




Ashur. 
Asiatic. 



Ash'ke-naz'im (Ssh'ke'-naz'im), n. pi. [Heb., fr. Ashkenaz 

a certain people of the Old Testament, also, in rabbinical 

literature, Germany or the southern and western part of it.] 

The Jews of middle and northern Europe as opposed to the 

Sephardim, or Jews of Spain and Portugal. 

ash'lar (ash'ler), or, less commonly, ash'ler, n. [Through 

OF. & LL., fr. L. axis plank, axle.] Masonry. Hewn or 

squared stone ; masonry of such stone. 

a-shore' (d-shor'; 57), adv. On, to, or toward, the shore. 

Ash'tO-reth (ash'to-reth), n.; pi. -taroth (-td-roth ;-roth). 

[Heb.] The Phoenician and Canaanitish goddess Astarte. 

A'shur (a'shoor), n. [Assyrian.] Assyrian Myth. The god 

of military prowess and empire. 

Ash Wednesday. The first day £ 

of Lent. 
ash'wort' ( ash'wurt' ), n. A 
weed (Senecio tomentosus) of 
the southeasternllnited States, 
having ashy-white hairy leaves. 

ash'y (ash'i), a. ; ash'i-er; 
ash'i-est. 1. Of, pertaining to, 
or filled with, ashes. 2. Ash- 
colored; ashen. 
A'sian (a'shdn ; a'zhan), a. & n. 

A'si-arch (a'shT-ark), n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. 'A<rtapxvs'> 
'Atria Asia + dpx& ruler.] A civil and priestly official of 
high honorary rank in the Roman province of Asia, who 
presided over the public games and religious rites. 

A'si-at'ic (a'shi-at'Jk ; a'zhi-), a. Of, pert, to, or charac- 
teristic of, Asia or its inhabitants. — n. A native of Asia. 
Asiatic cholera, a malignant disease, originating in Asia 
and often epidemic in other lands. It is marked by diarrhea, 
vomiting, cramps, and lividity, rapidly passing into a col- 
lapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction or fever. 

a-side' (d-sld'), adv. 1. On or to one side ; out of the way; 
apart; as, to step aside. 2. Out of one's thoughts; off; 
away ; as, put aside fear. 3. So as not to be heard by 
others. — n. Something spoken aside, as an actor's re- 
mark which the other players are supposed not to hear. 

as'i-nine (as'i-nln), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass.] Of, 
having the qualities of, or attributed to, the ass, as stupid- 
ity or obstinacy. Cf. ass. — as'i-nin'i-ty (-nln'i-ti), n. 

-a-sis (-d-sis). [L. -asis, Gr. -a<ns.] A suffix forming names 
of diseases ; as in psoriasis, elephantiasis, etc. 

SSk (ask), v. t. [AS. dscian, acsian.^ 1. To inquire of; 
question. 2. To request ; petition ; solicit. 3. To demand ; 
claim ; expect. 4. To proclaim in church for marriage ; — 
said of the banns and the persons. 5. To invite. 
Syn. Ask, request, beg. Ask is the generic term. To re- 
quest is to ask formally or politely ; as, my master requests 
your company. Beg implies still more of deference or re- 
spect, and as a conventional term of politeness has in a 
measure displaced both ask and request; as, to beg one's 
pardon ; I beg you to be seated. See inquire. 

— v. i. 1. To request ; petition. 2. To make inquiry. 

a-Skance' ( d-skans' ) \ adv. Sideways ; obliquely ; hence : 

a-skant' (d-skant') / with disdain, envy, or suspicion. 

ask'er (as'ker), n. One who asks. 

a-skew' (d-sku'), adv. & a. Awry. — Syn. See crooked. 

a-Slant' (d-slant'), adv. & a. Slanting; obliquely.— prep. 
In a slanting direction over; athwart. 

a-sleep' (d-slep'), a. & adv. 1. In or into a state of sleep 
or inactivity ; dormant. 2. Dead. 3. Numbed. 

a-slope' (d-slop'), adv. & a. Slopingly; aslant. 

As'mo-de'US (az'mo-de'iis ; as'-). [From L., fr. Gr. 'A<ryuo- 
6"aios.] In Jewish demonology, an evil spirit; later, the 
king of the demons. 

asp (asp), n. The aspen. Poetic or Rare. 

asp, n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ao-irls.2 1. A small venomous snake 
of Egypt and adjacent countries, usually identified as a 
species of cobra (Naja haje). The asp of Cleopatra was 
probably the horned viper (Cerastes cornutus). 2. Any of 
various other poisonous snakes, as the common viper. 

as-par'a-gUS (as-par'd-gus), n. [L., fr. Gr. aairapayos, 
aa^apayos.'] 1. Any of a large genus (Asparagus) of Old 
World perennial plants having much branched stems, linear 
cladophylls, and minute scalelike leaves. 2. The tender 
shoots of one species (A. officinalis), used as food. 

as'pect (as'pekt), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, 
to look at; ad-\-spicere, specere, to look.] 1. Act of look- 
ing at ; gaze. Rare. 2. Astrol. The situation of planets or 
stars with respect to one another, or the visual angle formed 
by their light rays. Astrology taught that the "aspects" 
of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs for good 
or evil. 3. Position facing a particular direction, or the part 
so facing. 4. Look ; countenance ; mien ; air. 5. Appear- 
ance ; view. 6. Aeronautics. A view of a plane from a given 
direction, usually from above ; more exactly, the manner of 
presentation of a plane to a fluid through which it is moving 
or to a current. — Syn. See appearance. 

asp'en (as'pen; as'-), n. [AS. sesp, xps.~\ Any of several 
species of poplar (genus Populus), esp., either of two 




species (P. tremula, of Europe, and P. tremuloides, of the 
United States), the leaves of which are swayed by a very 
light breath of air. — a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, 
the aspen ; hence : quivering ; tremulous. 
as'per (as'per), n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, It. MGr. aairpov, 
ainrpos, white.] A Turkish money of account (formerly a 
silver coin), of little value ; the 120th part of a piaster. 
as-per'ges (Ss-pur'jez), n. [L., thou shalt sprinkle.] R. C. 
Ch. a The service or ceremony of sprinkling altar, clergy, 
and people with holy water, b [_cap.) The anthem "Asper- 
ges me, Domine, hyssopo," etc. (Ps. li. 7, Douay Ver. 1. 9), 
with which thexelebrant begins the ceremony of sprinkling 
with holy water at High Mass. C An aspergillum. 
as^per-gil'lunUaVper-j'Tl'um), n.; pi. -la (-d). Also as'per- 
gill'. [LL. aspergillum, fr. 
L. aspergere. See asperse.] 
R. C.Ch. A brush used to sprin- , 
kle holy water. 
as-per'i-ty (as-per'i-ti), n.; pi. 
^,-ties (-tiz). [L. asperitas, fr. 
asper rough.] Roughness ; un- Aspergillum. 

evenness ; harshness. — Syn. Moroseness, crabbedness, 
sourness. See acrimony. 

as-perse' (-purs'), v.t.; -persed' (-purst') ; -pers'ing. [L. 
asper sus, p. p. of aspergere to sprinkle; ad + sparger e to 
strew.] 1. To sprinkle ; besprinkle. 2. To bespatter with 
foul reports or calumnious charges; slander; calumniate. 
Syn. Slander, libel, belie, defame, blacken, besmirch ; 
calumniate, traduce, vilify, malign ; disparage, depreciate, 
decry. — Asperse, defame, slander, calumniate, tra- 
duce, vilify, malign have in common the idea of falsely 
or maliciously assailing the character of another. To 
asperse is to cast injurious or offensive imputations on ; to 
defame is to detract from one's honor or reputation by 
more open and positive charges. To slander or calumni- 
ate is to circulate false or malicious reports of the words or 
actions of another. To traduce is to hold up to ridicule or 
contempt. To vilify is to degrade by defamatory reports. 
To malign is to speak evil of maliciously. 

as-pers'er (as-pur'ser),re. One who asperses. 

as-per'sion (-pur'shiin), n. 1. Act of aspersing. 2. A sprin- 
kling ; shower ; spray. 3. A calumnious remark ; calumny. 

as'per-SO'ri-um (ayper-so'ri-um), n.; pi. L. -ria (-d), E. 
-riums (-umz). [LL.] 1. R. C. Ch. The stoup, basin, or 
other vessel for holy water in a church. 2. An aspergillum. 

as'phalt (as'falt), n. Also as-phal'tum (as-fal'tum). [F. 
asphalte, fr. Gr. aa^aXroj.] 1. A brown to black bitumen 
found in natural beds ; mineral pitch. 2. An asphaltic com- 
position used in paving, cementing, etc.— (as'falt ; as-falt') f 
v. t. To cover with asphalt. 

as-phal'tic (as-fal'tik), a. Of or like asphalt. 

as'pho-del (Ss'fo-del), n. [FromL., fr. Gr. &<r<f>6§e\os. See 
daffodil.] 1. Any of a genus (Asphodelus) of hardy 
plants several species of which are cultivated for their 
flowers. 2. A plant belonging to any of several related 
genera (as Asphodeline). The asphodel of the early 
English and French poets is the daffodil. The asphodel of 
the Greek poets is supposed to be a narcissus. 

as-phyx'i-a (as-flk'si-d), n. [Gr. i.<r<t>vtla; d- not -f- a<f>v- 
$eiv to throb.] Suspended animation due to lack of oxygen 
and excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. 

as-phyx^i-ant (-dnt), a. Med. Producing asphyxia; as- 
phyxiating. — n. An asphyxiating agent. 

as-phyx'i-a te (-at),v.£.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To bring 
to a state of asphyxia ; suffocate. 

as-phyxl-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of asphyxiating ; suffo- 
cation, [phyxiates.l 

as-phyx'i-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, as- 1 

as'pic (as'plk), n. [F.] The asp (serpent). Chiefly Poetic. 

as'pic, n. [F., fr. Pr. espic, L. spica ear, spike.] The 
spike lavender (Lavandula spica), yielding a volatile oil 
(oil of spike). 

as'pic, n. [F.] A savory meat jelly containing bits of fowl, 
game, fish, hard-boiled eggs, etc. 

as-pir'ant (as-plr'dnt), a. Aspiring.— n. One who aspires. 

as'pi-rate (as'pi-rat).v. £.;-rat / ed (-rat'ed); -rat'ixg. [L. 
aspiratus, p.p. of aspirare; ad + spirare to breathe.] To 
utter with a breathing, or aspirate.— (-rat), n. 1. Gram. 
& Phon. a The sound of A, or the letter h; also, any simi- 
lar sound or breathing, or the symbol for it. b A sound fol- 
lowed by, or combined with, a sound as of h; also, a fricative 
or spirant. 2. A mark of aspiration ['] used in Greek; 
the spiritus asper, or rough breathing. 

as'pi-rate (as'pi-rat))a. Pronounced with, or accompanied 

as'pi-rat'ed (-rat'ed)/ by, an h sound. 

as'pi-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. 1. Act of breathing ; a breath. 
2. Act of aspiring ; ardent desire or longing for what is 
elevated or above one. 3. a Gram. & Phon. Pronunciation 
of an aspirate ; also, the aspirate, b A drawing out by suc- 
tion ; specif., Med., the removal of fluids from a cavity by 
means of the aspirator. — Syn. See ambition. 

as'pi-ra'tor (as'pT-ra'ter), n. An apparatus, as a suction 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



L 



K e ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals- 



M 



ASPIRATORY 



64 



ASSIDUOUS 



pump, for producing a movement of a fluid by suction ; 
specif., Med., an instrument for the removal, by suction, of 
the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. 

as-pir'a-to-ry (as-plr'd-to-ri), a. Of or pertaining to aspi- 
ration ; suited to the inhaling of air or to suction. 

as-pire' (as-plr'), - ^ i.; -piked' (-plrd') ; -pir'ing (-pir'ing). 
[F. aspirer, L. aspirare.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; 
to seek to attain something high or great ; long ; — used 
with to or after. 2. To rise ; tower ; soar. — as-pir'er, n. 

as'pi-rin (aVpi-rin), n. Pharm. A white crystalline com- 
pound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the 
salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines. 

a-squint' (d-skwint'), adv. & a. With the eye askance. 

ass (a=), n. [AS. assa.] 1. Any of several quadrupeds 
(genus Equus), smaller than the horse, and having longer 
ears, a shorter mane, and shorter hair on the tail. The 
domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has be- 
come the type of obstinacy and stupidity. 2. A dull, 
stupid fellow ; a dolt. 

assa-fet'i-da, as'sa-foet'i-da. Vars. of asafetida. 

as'sa-gai, as'se-gai (aVd-gl ; as'e-), n. [Pg. azagaia, fr. a 

Berber word.] 1. A slen- *=-~~, 

der hard-wood spear usu-' — ' ■ «—- -* 

ally tipped with iron, used p ° int of Assagai. 

by certain South African tribes ; a kind of light javelin. 2. 
A South African cornaceous tree (Curtisiafaginea), from 
the wood of which these spears are made. — v. t. To pierce 
with an assagai. 

as-sai' (d-sl 7 ), n. [Native Brazilian name.] A slender Bra- 
zilian palm {Euterpe edulis) bearing dark purple fruit ; 
also, a drink made from the fruits by. infusion. 

as-sail' (d-saK), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad)-\-saillir to 
burst out, L. salire to leap.] To attack violently ; assault. 

— Syn. See attack. — as-sail'a-ble, a. 
as-sail'ant (-ant), a. _ Assailing. — n. One that assails. 
as-sail'er, n. An assailant. 

as-sail'ment (-ment),n. Act of assailing; attack; assault. 
As'sa-mese' (as'd-meV ; -mes'), a. Of or pert, to Assam. 

— n. 1. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Assam. The 
Assamese are an agricultural people of mixed race. 2. The 
language of Assam, an Indo-European tongue. 

as-sart' (a-sarf), n. [OF. essart, deriv. of L. ex + sarire, 
sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] O. Eng. Law. a Act of 
grubbing up trees or bushes, as in converting forest land 
into arable, b A piece of land cleared for cultivation ; a 
clearing. — v. t. O. Eng. Law. To grub up, as trees ; 
commit an assart upon. 

as-sas'sin (d-sas'in), n. [F., fr. Ar. hashshash, hashishi, 
one who has drunk of hashish.'] 1. \_cap.~\ One of a Mo- 
hammedan secret order which fanatically practiced secret 
murder (committed under the influence of hashish, it is 
said). 2. One who kills by surprise or secret assault. 

as-sas'si-nate (-i-nat), v.t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] To kill by sur- 
prise or secret assault. — Syn. See kill. 

as-sas'si-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of assassinating; a 
killing by treacherous violence. 

as-sault' (a-solf), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. ad + 
saltus a leaping, salire to leap.] 1. A violent onset or 
attack ; onslaught, literally, as by means of blows, weapons, 
etc., or figuratively, as by means of words, arguments, etc. 
2. Law. An apparently violent attempt, or a willful offer 
with force or violence, to do hurt to another, without the 
actual doing of the hurt threatened, as by lifting the fist or 
a cane in a threatening manner. The actual doing of the 
hurt constitutes a battery. Often loosely used, and regularly 
used in Scots Law, to include the battery. Assault is both a 
civil and a criminal offense. — Syn. Invasion, incursion, on- 
set, storm. 

— v. t. To make an assault on ; attack. — Syn. See attack. 

— as-sault'er, n. 

as-say r (d-sa'), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial. See essay, n.], 

1. Trial ; attempt ; essay. Obs. 2. Examination and deter- 
mination as to weight, measure, quality, etc. ; test. Specif., 
analysis, as of an ore, to determine the amount of one or 
more ingredients. 3. The substance to be assayed ; also, the 
tabulated result of assaying. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To try ; test ; attempt. Obs. or Archaic. 

2. To subject to assay, or analysis. — as-say'er (-er), n. 
as-sem/blage (d-sem'blaj), n. 1. Act of assembling ; state 

of being assembled. 2. A collection of individuals or of 
particular things ; an aggregation ; as, a political assem- 
blage. 3. The fitting together of parts and pieces, as of 
machinery. — Syn. See assembly. 

as-sem'ble (-b'l), v. t.; -bled (-b'ld); -bung (-blmg). 
[From F., fr. LL. assimulare to collect; L. ad + simul 
together.] 1. To collect into one place or body ; convene ; 
congregate. 2. To fit together the parts of. — v. i. To 
meet together ; convene ; congregate. — as-sem'bler, n. 

as-sem/bly (-bit), n.; pi. -blies (-blfz). [F. assembUe.] 
1. A gathering of persons, esp. for deliberation and legisla- 



tion, for worship, or for social entertainment ; a concourse. 

2. Specif.: In some States of the U. S., the legislature, or 
the popular branch of it ; — called also General Assembly. 

3. Act of assembling ; state of being assembled. 4. Mil. A 
signal, as by drum, for troops to assemble, or fall in. 
Syn. Company, group, collection, meeting, convention, 
assemblage. — Assembly, assemblage. An assembly 
consists only of persons ; an assemblage, of either persona 
or (less commonly) things. As used of persons, assembly 
is more formal than assemblage, and usually implies a body 
that has met and is acting in concert for some common end. 

as-sem'bly-man (-man), n. ; pi. -men (-men). A member of 
an assembly, esp. [often cap.] of the lower branch of a 
State legislature. Cf. assembly, n., 2. 

as-sent' (d-sent), v. i. [From F. assenh>,fr. L. assentire, 
assentiri ; ad + sentire to feel, think.] To admit a thing 
as true ; express^ one's agreement, acquiescence, concur 
rence, or concession. 

Syn. Agree, concur, accede, acquiesce, accord, consent, 
— Assent, consent. Assent implies primarily an act oj 
the understanding, and applies to opinions or propositions ; 
as, he was convinced and assented to the statement. Con- 
sent involves the will or the feelings, and denotes com- 
pliance with what is requested or desired ; as, I hope you 
will consent to go. But neither assent nor consent neces- 
sarily implies approval. Assent may also apply to actions 
or proposals which involve a less degree of interest or feel- 
ing than consent ; as, one may assent to the opening of a 
window ; but one consents to be surgically operated upon. 

— n. Act of assenting ; consent ; acquiescence, 
as/sen- ta'tion^aVen-ta'shwn), n. Ready assent; esp., in- 
sincere, flattering, or obsequious assent. 

as-sen'tor (d-sen'tor), n. One who assents; specif., Eng. 
Law, one of the voters, in addition to the proposer and 
seconder, required to indorse the nomination of a candi- 
date for election, as to Parliament. 

as-serf (d-surt'), v. t.^ [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to 
join to one's self, claim, maintain ; ad + serere to join.] 
1. To maintain ; vindicate a claim or title to ; as, to assert 
one's rights. 2. To affirm; state positively; asseverate. 
to assert one's self, to demand and enforce recognition 
of one's rights or claims. 

Syn. Maintain, defend, vindicate ; declare, allege ; aver ; 
uphold, support, advocate, plead. — Assert, maintain, 
defend, vindicate. To assert is to state or claim posi- 
tively, sometimes even obtrusively or aggressively ; as, to 
assert one's innocence, one's rights, etc. To maintain is 
to uphold what one has asserted. To defend is to main- 
tain against attack. To vindicate is to defend success- 
fully. See claim. 

as-sert'er, as-ser'tor (d-sur'ter), n. One who asserts. 

as-ser'tion (-sur'sh&n), n. Act of asserting; thing asserted. 

as-ser/tive (-tiv), a. Positive; affirming confidently; dog- 
matic. — as-ser'tive-ly, adv. — as-ser'tive-ness, n. 

as-ser'tO-ry (-to-n), a. Affirming; assertive. 

ass'es' bridge (as'ez; 24). [A translation of L. pons asi- 
norumJ] The proposition that "The angles at the base of 
an isosceles triangle are equal to one another." Humorous. 

as-sess' (d-ses'), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL. 
assessare to assess, L. assidere, asses- 
sum, to sit by, in LL. to assess.] 1. To fix 
the rate or amount of. 2. To apportion (a 
sum to be paid) in the nature of a tax, fine, 
etc.; impose according to an apportion- 
ment. 3. To tax. 4. To value, esp. for 
taxation. 

as-sess'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That can be as- 
sessed ; liable to assessment. Asses' Bridge. 

as-sess'ment (-ment), n. Act of assess- TrianekT&fcif 
ing ; value or amount assessed. ij nes drawn for 

as-ses'sor (-er), n. [L., lit., one who sits demonstration 
beside.] 1. One who sits by another, as forming Asses' 
next in dignity, or as an adviser ; an Bridge dbce. 
associate in office. 2. One appointed to assess property for 
taxation. — as'ses-SO'ri-al (as'e-so'ri-dl; 57), a. 

as'set (as'et), n. Any article or part of one's assets. 

as'sets (-ets), n. pi. [OF. asez enough, fr. L. ad + satis.] 
Law. a The property of a deceased person subject by law 
to the payment of his debts and legacies, b The entire 
property of a person, corporation, or estate, applicable or 
subject to the payment of his or its debts. 

as-sev'er-ate (d-seVer-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously ; ad 
-\-severus severe.] To affirm or aver positively or solemnly. 

— Syn. See affirm. 

as-sev'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Positive affirmation or as- 
sertion ; solemn declaration. 

as'si-du'i-ty (as'i-du'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). Quality or 
state of being assiduous ; diligence. 

as-sid'U-OUS (d-sidlu-ws), a. [L. assiduus, fr. assidere to 
sit near ; ad-\-sed.ere to sit.] Constant in, or done with con- 
stant, application or attention ; devoted ; attentive ; unre- 
mitting ; persistent. — Syn. Diligent, sedulous, unwea* 




ale, senate, c&re, Sm, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; lee.Ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ASSIDUOUSLY 



65 



ASSURE 



ried, unintermitted, persevering, indefatigable. See busy. 
— as-sid'u-ous-ly, adv. — as-sid'u-ous-ness, n. 
OS-sign' (d-sln'), v. t. [F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad-\- 
signare to mark, designate, signurn mark.] 1. To ap- 
point; allot; as, to assign a soldier to a post. 2. To 
specify ; designate ; point out authoritatively or exactly ; as, 
to assign a day for trial. 3. Law. To make over to another,as 
for the benefit of creditors. — Syn. See allot. 

— v. i. To make over property to another, as in furtherance of 
a trust or for the benefit of one's creditors. 

— n. 1. An agent. 2. An assignee. 

as-sign'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. That may be assigned, allot- 
ted, or designated. 2. That may be attributed (to). 3. 
That may be adduced as accounting (for). — as-sign'a- 
bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — as-sign'a-bly, adv. 

as'sig-nat (as'ig-nat ; F. a/se'nya'), n. [F., fr. L. assigna- 
tus, p. p. See assign, v.] One of the notes, bills, or bonds, 
issued as currency by the revolutionary government of 
France (1789-96), and based on the security of state lands. 
By gradual depreciation they became nearly worthless. 

as'sig-na'tion (as'Tg-na'shim), n. 1. An assigning ; ap- 
portionment. 2. An appointment for a meeting ; — chiefly 
of love affairs, and commonly in a bad sense. 3. A making 
over by transfer of title ; assignment. 4. Thing assigned. 

as'sign-ee' (as'i-ne'), n. Law. A person to whom an assign- 
ment is made. [signment.j 

as-sign'er (d-sln'er), n. One who assigns, or makes an as-| 

as-sign'ment (-ment), n. Act of assigning; that which is 
assigned. 

as'sign-or' (as'i-nor'), n. Law. An assigner. 

as-sim'i-la-ble (d-sim'i-ld-b'l), a. That may be assimi- 
lated. — as-sim'i-la-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-t!), n. 

as-sim'i-late (-lat), v.t.; -lat'ed (-laVed); -lat'ing. [L. 
assimilatus,p.p.oiassimilare ;ad-\-similar eto make like, 
similis like.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity. 
2. To liken ; compare. 3. Phon. To conform ( a sound, usu- 
ally a consonant ) to a neighboring sound, as in the change 
of ad- to an- in the formation of announce, from Lat. an- 
nuntiare (ad + nuntiare). 4. To appropriate so as to incor- 
porate into itself ; absorb, as nourishment. B „ 

— v. i. To be or become assimilated. 
as-sim'i-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act or process of assimi- 
lating. 

as-sim'i-la-tive (d-sTm'i-la-tiv), a. Tending to, or char- 
acterized by, assimilation ; that causes assimilation. 

as-sim'i-la-to-ry (d-slm'i-ld-to-ri), a. Assimilative. 

as-sist' (d-sist'), v. t. [L. assistere; ad-\-sistere to cause 
to stand, fr. stare to stand.] To give support to ; aid ; suc- 
cor. — Syn. Second, back, support, relieve, befriend, sus- 
tain, favor. See help. — v.i. 1. To lend aid ; help. 2. To be 
present as a spectator. A Gallicism. 3. Euchre. To order 
the adoption of the trump turned ; — a term used by the 
dealer's partner. — n. Baseball. Act of a player who handles 
the ball in assisting to a put-out (actual or possible). 

as-sist'ance (d-sis'tdns), n. Help; aid. 

as-sist'ant (-tdnt), a. That assists; helping; specif., acting 
as a subordinate. — n. One that assists ; a helper. 

as-size' (d-sTz'), n. [OF. assise, in pi. assembly, tax, im- 
post, deriv. of L. assidere to sit by; ad-\-sedere to sit.] 1. 
Lit., an assembly ; hence, a decree or enactment made by it ; 
edict ; as, the Assize of Arms, an English edict of 1181 re- 
quiring every man to maintain armsaccording to hisrankand 
condition. 2. A statute or ordinance regulating weights and 
measures, or the weight, measure, or proportions of ingre- 
dients, or the price of articles sold in the market. Hist. 3. 
A fixed or customary standard of number, quantity, quality, 
weight,measure,etc. ; as,lawsregulating the assize of bread. 
4. A judicial inquest, an action to be decided thereat, the 
writ for instituting it, or the jury's finding. 5. Hence : [_Usu- 

| ally in plJ] a The periodical sessions of the judges of the 
superior courts in every county of England, b The time or 
place of holding a court of assize ; the court itself, or a ses- 
sion of it. 

as-SO'C-ia-ble (d-so'shd-b'l), a. Capable of being asso- 
ciated or joined. 

as-so'ci-ate (-shT-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. as- 
sociatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join, socius 
companion.] 1. To join as a friend, companion, partner, or 
confederate ; as, to associate others with us in business. 
2. To join ; combine ; as, gold associated with copper. 

— v. i. To unite in company or action ; keep company ; 
— implying intimacy. 

— (-at), a. 1. Closely. joined with another, as in interest, ac- 
tion, etc. ; as, an associate judge. 2. Admitted to some, 
but not all, rights and privileges ; as, an associate member. 

— (-at), n. 1. One often in company with another com- 
panion ; — implying intimacy or equality. 2. One having 
aa interest in common with another, as a partner, a con- 
federate, a colleague in office, etc. ; specif. : a An associate 
member of an association or institution ; as, an Associate 
of the Royal Academy, b In some colleges and universities, 



an academic title conferred upon one who has completed a 
course shorter than the ordinary one necessary for a degree ; 
as, an Associate in Science (Abbr., A. Sc.) ; an Associate in 
Arts (Abbr., A. A.). 3. Anything closely or usually con- 
nected with another. — Syn. Mate, fellow, ally, coadjutor 
comrade, accomplice. 

as-SO'ci-a'tion (-sl-a'shun; -shT-a'shim), n. 1. Union ; con- 
nection. 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally 
associated with a thing ; as, the association of ideas. 3. 
Union of persons in a company or society for a common 
purpose ; as, a literary association. 

Syn. Association, society, club agree in the idea of a body 
of persons united in a common interest. Association ar.d 
society are practically interchangeable. Often, however, 
association suggests a somewhat larger inclusiveness than 
society, whether with regard to the objects of the organization 
or admission to it. A club is usually a more private body 
than eitherof the others, and is often purely social. 

as-so'ci-a'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pertaining to association, 
or an association. 

as-SO'ci-a-tive (d-so'shT-a-tiv), a. Tending or leading to, 
or characterized by, association. 

as-SOil' (d-soil'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. absolvere. See ab- 
solve.] Archaic. 1. To absolve. 2. To expiate. 

as'SO-nance (as'6-ndns), n. 1. Resemblance of sound. 
2. Pros. A rime in which the last accented vowel and those 
which follow it in one word correspond in sound with simi- 
larly situated vowels of another word, the consonants of the 
two words being unlike ; as in baby and lady. 

as'SO-nant (-ndnt), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to 
correspond to in sound ; ad-\-sonare to sound.] Pert, to, 
or marked by, assonance. 

as-sort' (d-sort'), v. t. [F. assortir ; a (L. ad)+sortir to 
draw lots, get by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot.] To 
distribute into classes ; classify. — v. i. 1. To agree ; suit ; 
fall into a class or place. 2. To consort or associate (with). 

as-sort'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of assorting ; assorted con- 
dition. 2. Thing formed by assorting, as a group or class, 
or a collection distributed into sorts or kinds. 

as-suage' (d-swaj'), v. t. & %.; -suaged' (-swajd') ; -suag'- 
ing (-swaj'ing). [From OF., fr. L. ad + suavis sweet.] To 
allay ; mitigate ; lessen ; appease ; pacify. — Syn. Soothe, 
calm, relieve. See alleviate. — as-suage'ment, n. 

as-sua'sive (d-swa'sTv),a. Mitigating ; soothing. — n. An 
assuasive remedy ; a lenitive. 

as-sume' (d-sum'), v. t.; as-sumed' (-sumd') ; -sum'ing 
(-sum'ing). [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + 
emere to take, buy.] 1. To take up or into ; adopt ; as, to 
be assumed into a partnership. Specif.: To receive into 
heaven. Rare. 2. To take to or on one's self, as without 
authority or inexcess of whatisproper ;put on ;as,toassume 
authority. 3. To pretend to possess ; as, to assume a virtue. 
4. To take upon one's self (to do or satisfy) ; undertake ; as, 
to assume a debt. 5. To take for granted ; suppose. — 
as-sum'a-ble (d-sum'd-b'l), a. 

Syn. Put on, counterfeit, sham, affect, pretend, simulate, 
feign. — Assume, afreet, pretend, simulate, feign agree in 
implying false or deceptive appearances. To assume is to 
take to one's self in appearance only ; as, to assume an air 
of grief. To aflect is to make a show of possessing, usually 
for effect ; as, to affect ignorance. Pretend implies overt 
profession of what is false ; as, to pretend to be insane. To 
simulate is to assume the appearance or characteristics of 
something ; as, to simulate insanity (by imitating its signs). 
Feign implies more invention than pretend, less specific 
counterfeiting than simulate ; feign and simulate are often 
interchangeable. See postulate. 

as-sum'ing (d-sum'ing), p. a. Pretentious; presump- 
tuous ; arrogant. 

as-sump'sit (d-sump'sit; d-sum'sit), n. [L., he under- 
took.] Law. a An action on contract to recover damages 
for a breach of a contract, b A contract, not under seal, 
on which such an action will lie. 

as-sump'tion (d-sump'sh&n), n. 1. Act of assuming ; spe- 
cif., act of taking upon one's self unduly or presumptuously. 
2. The thing assumed ; supposition ; specif., the minor prop- 
osition in a categorical syllogism. 3. The taking of a per- 
son up into heaven ; hence, the festival of the assumption of 
the Virgin Mary, held August 15. — Syn. Supposition, 
postulate ; arrogance. 

as-SUmp'tive (-tiv), a. Assumed, or capable of being 
assumed ; characterized by assumption ; .assuming. 

as-sur/ance (d-shdor'dns), n. 1. Act of assuring. 2. Insur- 
ance. See insurance. 3. State of being assured, or sure : 
a Security ; safety, b Certitude ; certainty. 4. Firmness of 

[mind ; confidence ; self-reliance. 5. Impudence ; audacity. 
— Syn. See confidence, trust. 

as-sure' (d-shoor'). v. t. ; as-sured' (d-shoord') ; -sur'ing. 
[From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad-\-securus secure.] 1. To se- 
cure, as against change or risk ; insure (see insure). 2. To 
affiance. Obs. 3. To confirm ; give confidence to ; as, his 
kindly manner assured them. 4. To make sure, or certain ; 
as, to assure a person of one's friendship. 5. To declare 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ASSURED 



66 



ASTROPHOTOMETRY 



solemnly to (a person) ; as, I assure you there is nothing 
to fear. — v. i. To take out insurance; to insure (see 
insure). Chiefly British. 
■ftS-sured' (d-shoord'), p. a. Made sure; insured; certain; 
bold to excess.— n. A person or the persons whose life or 
property is insured ; — used chiefly with the. Cf . INSURED. 

— as-sur/ed-ly (a-shoor'ed-li), adv. — as-sur'ed-ness, n. 
jis-sur'er (-er), n. One who assures. 

as-surg'ent (d-sur'jent), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr., fr. L. 
assurgere to rise up.] Ascending; specif., Bot., rising 
obliquely ; — said of stems. — as-surg'en-cy (-jen-sT), n. 

As-syr'i-an (d-sTr'i-dn), a. Of or pert, to Assyria, the Assyri- 
ans, or their language.— n. 1. An individual of the ancient 
Semitic race forming the Assyrian nation or, widely, the 
Babylonian nation. 2. The language of the Assyrians. 

As-syr'i-ol'o-gy (-ol'S-ji), n. [Assyria + -logy."] The 
study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria. 

— As-syr'i-ol'o-gist (-ol'o-jlst), n. 

As-tar/te (as-tar'te), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Aordpr?;.] The 
Phoenician goddess of fertility and of love. She was also re- 
garded by the classical nations as a moon goddess. 

a-Stat'ic (d-stat'Ik), a. [a- not + static] Magnetism. 
Having little or no tendency to take a definite position or 
direction. — a-stat'i-cal-ly, adv. i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. 

as-tat'ki (as-tat'ke) , n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pi. of 
ostatok. ] A thick liquid residuum obtained in the dis- 
tillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel. 

as'ter (as'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. ho-r-qp star.] 1. Any of vari- 
ous herbaceous plants (genus Aster and allied genera) hav- 
ing heads with both discoid and radiate flowers ; also, any of 
the common garden plants derived from a related plant (Cal- 
listephus hortensis ) ; as, the China aster, German aster, 
etc. 2. Biol. A star-shaped figure of achromatic substance 
found chiefly in cells dividing by mitosis ; a cytaster. It 
consists of a central mass (the centrosphere, in animal 
and some plant cells often containing a centrosome) and 
radiating fibers {aster rays). 

-as'ter. [L. -aster. ] A suffix denoting originally either di- 
minutiveness or partial resemblance, and now, in Eng- 
lish, denoting inferiority or worthlessness ; as in gram- 
maticasfer, medicaster, poetaster, etc. 

as'ter-a'ceous ( as'ter-a'shfts ), a. [ L. aster aster -f- 
-aceous.'] Bot. Belonging to a family {Asteracese) of plants, 
the aster, or thistle, family, which is the largest and most 
highly developed family of seed plants, and one of world- 
wide distribution. 

as-te'ri-at'ed (as-te'ri-at'Sd), a. [Gr. dorepios starry, fr. 
b.GTT\p star.] Exhibiting asterism. See asterism, 3. 

as'ter-isk (as'ter-Tsk),?i. [From L.,fr. Gr. darepioxos, dim. 
of haTT)p star.] 1. A figure of a star [*] used in printing 
and writing as a reference mark. 2. Anything shaped like 
a star. — v. t. To mark with an asterisk. 

as'ter-ism (-ter-Tz'm), n. [Gr. do-repio-po*. ] 1. Astron. 
a A constellation, b A small group of stars. 2. Print. 
Three asterisks placed thus, *** or ***, for special reference. 
3. Cryst. The optical phenomenon of a star-shaped 
figure exhibited by some crystals by reflected light, as in 
asteriated sapphire, or exhibited by transmitted light, as 
in some mica. 

as-te'ri-um (as-te'rY-iim), n. _ [NL. See aster.] A non- 
terrestrial element indicated in the spectra of many stars. 

a-Stern' (d-sturn'), adv. 1. Backward ; to the rear. 2. Be- 
hind a vessel ; in the rear. 

as'ter-oid (as'ter-oid ), a. [Gr. dtrrepoeiSfc ; dor^p star + 
eZSosform.] Starlike. — n. Astron. A starlike body ; esp., 
one of the many small planets having orbits between Mars 
and Jupiter. — as'ter-oi'dal (-oi'ddl), a. 

As-ter'o-pe(as-ter'6-pe),rc. [Gr. ' ko-Tepbirv.'] See Pleiades. 

as'the-ni'a ( as'the-nl'd ; as-the'ni-d ), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
hadkvtia. ; d- not -+- adkvos strength.] Med. Want or loss of 
strength ; debility. — as-then 'ic (as-then'ik), a. 

asth'ma (az'md; aVmd) , n. [Gr. 5.0-dna short-drawn 
breath. ] A disease characterized by difficulty of breathing, 
a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expecto- 
ration. — asth-mat'ic (-mat'ik), a. & n. 

as'tig-mat'ic (as'tig-mat'ik), n. Affected with, or per- 
taining to, astigmatism. 

a-stig'ma-tism (d-stig'md-ti'z'm), n. [a- not -f-Gr. arly- 
pa, -paros, prick of a pointed instrument, spot.] A defect 

t of the eye or of a lens in consequence of which rays from 
one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus caus- 
ing imperfect images or indistinctness of vision. 

a-Stir' (d-stur'), adv. & a. Stirring ; in activity or motion. 

a-Stom'a-tous (d-stom'd-tws; d-sto'md-), a. [a- not + 
stomatous.~\ Biol. Not having a mouth, or stoma. 

as-ton'ied (as-ton'Td), p. p. & p. a. fr. astony. Archaic. 

as-ton'ish (ds-ton'ish), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. ex out+ 
tonare to thunder.] To strike with sudden fear, wonder, 
or surprise ; amaze. — Syn. See surprise. ish-er (-er),n. 

as-ton'ish-ing, p. a. Very wonderful ; amazing. 



as-ton'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. State of one astonished; 
esp., amazement. 2. The object causing such an emotion. 

as-ton'y (ds-ton'i), v. t.; -ton'ied (-id) ; -ton'y-lng. [See 
astonish.] To stun; astonish; amaze. Archaic. 

as-tound' (ds-tound' ), a. [p. p. of ME. astonen to aston- 
ish. ] Stunned ; astounded. Archaic— v. t. To astonish. 
— Syn. See surprise. 

as'tra-chan. Var. of astrakhan. 

a-Strad'dle (d-strad''l), adv. Straddling; astride. 

As-trse'a (as-tre'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Aarpala, fr. dorpeuos 
starry.] Class. Myth. Goddess of justice, the last of the 
divinities to leave the earth at the end of the Golden Age. 

as'tra-gal (as'trd-gdl), n. [From L., fr. Gr. dorpd-yaXos.] 
1. The astragalus. 2. Arch. A small convex molding of 
rounded surface ; a bead. 

as-trag'a-lus (as^trag'd-lus), n. [L. See astragal.] A nat. 
One of the proximal bones of the tarsus of man and the 
higher vertebrates ; the ankle bone ; huckle bone. In man it 
forms with the tibia and fibula the ankle joint ; in quadru- 
peds it forms with the tibia the hock. 

as'tra-khan (as'trd-kan ; as'trd-kan'), n. Also as'tra-chan. 
The skin, or pelt, of stillborn or young lambs of Astra- 
khan, the curled wool of which resembles fur ; also, a rough 
cloth imitating it. 

as'tral (aVtrdl), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. 
dorpo*'.] 1. Pertaining to, coming from, or like, the stars; 
starry. 2. Of a nature particularly susceptible to sidereal 
influences; as, the astral body by which Paracelsus and 
his followers explained astrological influences and presenti- 
ments. 3. Theosophy. Consisting of, belonging to, or desig- 
nating, a kind of supersensible substance next above the 
tangible world in refinement ; as, astral spirits, 
astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no inter- 
ruption of the light upon the table is made by the flattened 
ring-shaped reservoir containing the oil. 

a-Stray' (d-stra'), adv. & a. Wandering; straying. 

as^trict' (as-trikt'), v. t. [L. astrictus. See astringe.] To 
bind up ; confine ; restrict ; also, to bind by a moral or legal 
obligation. — as-triCtion (-tnk'shfin), n. 

as-tric'tive (-trik'tiv), a. Binding; astringent. — n. An 
astringent. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

a-stride' ( d-strTd' ), adv. With one leg on each side; be- 
striding; astraddle. 

as-tringe' (as-trinjO, v. t. ; -tringed' (-trinjd') ; -tring'ing 
(-trin'jing). [L. astringere, p. p. astrictus; ad + strin- 
gere to draw tight.] To bind fast ; constrict ; compress. 

as-trin'gen-cy (-tnn'jen-si),n. Quality of being astringent. 

as-trin'gent (-trin'jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr.] 

1. Drawing together the tissues ; binding ; contracting. 

2. Stern ; austere. — n. An astringent medicine or other 
substance. — ■ Syn. See sour. 

as'tro- (as'tro-). Combining form from Greek aarpop, star. 

as'tro-labe (as'tro-lab), n. [From F. or LL., fr. Gr.dorpo- 
Xa0ov; aarpov star + \ap.$avet.v to take.] An instrument 
for observing the positions of the heavenly bodies, now 
superseded by the sextant. 

as-trol'o-ger (as-trol'6-jer), n. A practicer of astrology. 

as-trol'0-gy (-ji ), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. &<rrpo\oyia, 
deriv. of aarpov star + Xoyos discourse.] Lit., the science 
of the stars : a Astronomy. Obs. b The art or science (still 
believed in by some) which treats of the influences of the 
stars _ on human affairs, and of foretelling events by the 
positions and aspects of the stars. — as'tro-log'ic (as'tro- 
loj'ik),-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

as / tro-me / te-or-ol / 0-gy(-me / te-or-ol , 6-ji), n. Investigation 

jai the supposed relation between the heavenly bodies and 
the weather. 

as-tron'o-mer (-tron'6-mer), n. One versed in astronomy. 

as'tro-nom/ic (as'tro-nom'ik), a. Astronomical. 

as'tro-nom'i-cal (-i-k#l), a. Of or pert, to astronomy; in 
accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. 
— as'tro-nom'i-cal-ly, adv. 

astronomical day, a period equal to the mean solar day, 
but beginning at noon instead of at midnight, its twenty- 
four hours being numbered from 1 to 24 ; also, the sidereal 
day, as being most used by astronomers. — a. telescope, 
a telescope having a simple eyepiece, and exhibiting inverted 
images of objects. 

as-tron'0-my (as-tron'o-mT ), n. [ From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
aarpovoula ; aarpov star -f- peueiv to regulate.] 1. The sci- 
ence which treats of the heavenly bodies, their magnitudes, 
motions, constitution, etc. 2. A treatise on this science. 

as'tro-pho-tog'ra-phy (as'trS-fo-tog'rd-flO.n. The applica- 
tion of photography to astronomical ends. By photogra- 
phy eclipses, sun spots, spectra, etc., are studied, new aster- 
oids discovered , and vast numbers of otherwise invisible 
stars and nebulae accurately charted. — as'tro-pho'to- 
graph'ic (-fo'tS-graf'ik), a. 

as'tro-pho-tom'e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. Astron. A photom- 
eter for measuring the brightness of stars and other heav- 
enly bodies. — as'tro-pho-tom'e-try (-trl), ». — as'tro- 
pho'to-met'ri-cal (-fo'tS-mSt'ri-kdl), a. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; 51d, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ASTROPHYSICAL 



67 



ATHERMANCY 



as'tTO-phys'ics (as'tro-fiz'iks)^. (See -ics.) The science 
dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of the 
heavenly bodies. — as'tro-phys'i-cal, o. 

as'tro-sphere (aVtr6-sfer),ri. Biol. The centrosphere ; also, 
the entire aster exclusive of the centrosome. See aster, to. , 2. 

a-Strut' (d-strut'), a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or purled out ; 
swelling; in a swelling manner. Archaic. 2. In a strutting 
manner; with a strutting gait. 

as-tu'cious (as-tu'shus), a. [F. astucieux.] Astute. Rare. 

as-tute' (as-tut'), a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning.] 
Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty. — 
Syn. Keen, penetrating, skilled, cunning, wily. See shrewd. 
— as-tute'ly, adv. — as-tute'ness, n. 

As-ty'a-nax (as-tl'd-naks), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Karvdva^.] 
Gr. Myth. The son of Hector and Andromache, hurled by 
the Greeks from the walls of Troy, that he might not 
restore the kingdom as predicted by Calchas. _ 

a-Sty'lar (d-stl'ldr),>a. [a- not + Gr. ctDXos pillar.] Arch. 
Without columns or pilasters. 

a-SUn'der (d-sun'der), adv. [a- on + sunder ; AS. on sun- 
dran.] Apart ; separate from each other ; into parts. 

As'ur. Var. of Ashur. 

a-sy'lum (d-sl'lum), n.; pi. E. -lums (-lumz), L. -la (-Id). 
[L., fr. Gr. a.<rv\ov. fr. dauXos inviolable ; d- not + <tv\oi> 
right of seizure.] 1. An inviolable sanctuary where, esp. in 
ancient times, criminals and debtors found shelter, as a tem- 
ple, altar, etc. 2. Any place of retreat and security. 3. In- 
stitution for the relief of the destitute or afflicted. 

a-sym/me-try (d-sim'e-trT), n. Want of symmetry. — 
as'ym-met'ric (as / i-met'rik),-met / ri-cal (-ri-kdl),a. 

as'ymp-tote (as'im-tot), n. [Deriv. of Gr. &- not + <tvuttI- 
irT&.v to fall together.] Math. A line that approaches nearer 
to some curve than any assignable distance, but would never 
meet it, even if indefinitely prolonged. 

as'ymp-tot'ic (-tot'Tk), as'ymp-tot'i-cal (-T-kal), a. Of or 
pertaining to an asymptote. tot'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-syn'chro-nous (a-sin'kro-nus), a. [a- not + synchro- 
nous.'] Not simultaneous ; not concurrent in time ; — 
opposed to synchronous. — a-syn'chro-nism (-niz'm), to. 

as'yn-det'ic (aVm-det'ik), a. Using asyndeton ; not joined 
by conjunctions. — as'yn-det'i-cal-ly, adv. 

a-syn'de-ton (d-sTn'de-ton), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. d- not-f- 
cvvdeTos bound together.] Rhet. A figure that omits the 
connective ; as in, "I came, I saw, I conquered." 

at (at), prep. [AS. set.] Primarily at expresses the rela- 
tion of presence or contact in space or time, or of direc- 
tion toward. Hence it implies : > 1. Simple p±esence or 
position in, on, by, or near, or the like; as, at the center; at 
home ; at hand ; at the door ; at sea and on land ; at school ; 
at the helm ; at the wedding ; sick at heart ; out at the elbows. 

2. Position, object, or end directed toward; as, go in at the 
door ; he could not get at him ; aim at a mark ; to wink, 
laugh, be angry, etc., at one; to hint at; at first; at best. 

3. A relation of action in, or occupation with ; as, to pull at 
an oar ; at work ; at meat (eating). 4. In a posture, circum- 
stance, or mode of ; as, the stag at bay ; at war ; at ease ; at 
your service ; at fault ; at random. 5. Because of as a source, 
cause, or occasion ; as, sad at the sight ; at his command. 6. 
Position or order in time ; as, at present ; at parting ; at 
twenty-one ; at once. 

Syn. At, in. When reference to the interior of any place is 
made prominent, in is used ; when a place is regarded as 
a mere local point, at is more commonly used ; as, to look 
for a book in the library ; to meet a friend at the library ; there 
are many churches in London ; the king was crowned at Lon- 
don. In is used before the names of countries or districts and 
(usually) of large cities ; as, we live in America, in New York. 
At is commonly employed before names of houses, institu- 
tions, villages, small towns; as, Milton was educated at 
Christ's College ; money collected at the customhouse. But 
with names of towns and cities usage varies greatly. In re- 
gard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year ; 
as, at 9 o'clock in the morning, on July 5th, in the year 1775. 

at'a-bal (at'd-bal), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum.] A ket- 
tledrum ; _ a kind of tabor, used by Moors. 

a-tac'a-mite (d-tak'd-mlt), to. [From the province of 
Atacama, Chile, where found.] Min. A basic chloride of 
copper, Cu2Cl(OH)3, transparent or translucent and of 
various shades of green, usually in prismatic crystals. 

at'a-ghan (at'd-gan). Var. of yataghan. 

At'a-lan'tat-lan'tdhTO. [L.,fr.Gr. 'AraXavrv.'] Gr. Myth. 
A heroine, beautiful and fleet of foot, who took part in the 
Argonautic expedition and in the Calydonian boar hunt (see 
Meleager). In another legend she challenged her suitors 
. v .o a race, death being the penalty of defeat, her hand the 
prize. Hippomenes defeated her, dropping on the course 
three golden apples, given him by Aphrodite, which Ata- 
lanta stooped to pick up. 

At'a-lan'tis (-tis), to. Var. of Atlantis. 

at'a-mas'co lil'y (-mas'ko lil'i). A bulbous amaryllida- 
ceous plant (Atamosco atamasco) of the southeastern 
United States, _ bearing a single, white, lilylike flower; 
also, any of various other plants of the same genus. 



a-taunt' (d-tont' ; -tant') \ adv. [F. autant as much (as 

a-taun'to (-ton'to ; -tan'to)/ possible).] Naut. Fully 
rigged ; hence : fully in order ; shipshape. 

a-tav'ic (d-tav'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a remote ancestor, 
or to atavism. 

at'a-vism (at'd-viz'm), n. [L. atavus ancestor.] Biol. 
Recurrence in a descendant of characters of a grandparent 
or more remote ancestor; reversion to a more primitive 
type. — at'a-vis'tic (-vls'tlk), a. 

a-tax'i-a (d-tak'sl-d), n. [Gr. Arabia, fr. Sltoktos out of 
order; d- pot -f- toktos ordered.] Med. a Irregularity in 
disease or in the functions, b Inability to coordinate vol- 
untary movements. — a-tax'ic (-sik), a. 

ate (at; in England usually et), preterit of EAT. 

a'te (a'te), to. [Gr. &ry.] Blind impulse leading men on to 
ruin ; — sometimes personified [cap.] and in the Greek 
tragedies often made an avenging spirit like Nemesis. 

-ate (-at; -at). [From L. -atus, the p. p. ending of 1st 
conj. verbs.] A suffix used to form : 1. Participial adjec- 
tives equivalent to those formed by the ending -ed; as in 
desola£e,seda£e, innate, ornate, temperaie. Causative verbs 
are formed from such adjectives. 2. Verbs formed (on the 
analogy of causative verbs from adjectives in -ate) by Eng- 
lishing Latin verbs of the 1st conjugation, as in fascinate, 
venerate, concentrate, etc., or by adding the suffix to Latin, 
or sometimes other elements where no corresponding Latin 
verb exists; as in felicitate, capacitate, camphora^e. 3. a 
Participial nouns ; as, legaie, one deputed, mandate, some- 
thing commanded, precipitate, something thrown down, b 
Chem. Names of the salts and esters formed from those 
adds whose names end in -ic (except a few whose names be- 
gin with hydro-, as hydrocyanic, hydriodic) ; as, sulphate 
from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also 
used in the case of a few other compounds ; as, alcoholaie. 4. 
[L. -atus, not the participle ending.] Nouns denoting office 
or function, or the persons having it ; as, tribunaie, marquis- 
ate, episcopate. 

|| a'te-lier' (a'te-lya'), to. [F.] A workshop ; a studio. 

II a tem/po (a tem'po). [It.] Music. In time; — used to 
direct a return to the regular or an indicated time.* 

Atb/a-li'ah (ath'd-ll'd), to. Bib. An impious queen of Ju- 
dah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel. 2 Kings xi. 

Atb/a-na'sian (ath'd-na'zhdn ; -shi-dn), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to Athanasius (d. 373), bishop of Alexandria, who advo- 
cated the homoousian doctrine against Arianism. 
Athanasian Creed, a formulary of faith (once attributed to 
Athanasius) beginninginEnglish,"Whosoeverwillbe saved." 
It is also commonly called the Quicungue vult, from its first 
two words in Latin. It is used in the Church of England on 
certain feasts, and inthe Roman Catholic Church on certain 
Sundays. It is not in the prayer book of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in the United States. 

a-thail'a-sy (d-than'd-si), n. [From Gr. Ldavaaia.; &- not 
+ Oavaros death.] Deathlessness ; immortality. 

Ath / a-pas , can(atn / d-pas , kdn),a. Pertaining toordesignat- 
ing an extensive linguistic stock of North American Indians 
including the Navahos and Apaches. — n. An Athapascan 
Indian. 

a'the-ism (a'the-Tz'm), to. 1. Disbelief in, or denial of, the 
existence of a God, [or Supreme Being. 2. Godlessness. 

a'the-ist, to. [Gr. aOeos without god ; d- not + Oeos god.] 
One who holds to atheism. — Syn. See infidel. 

a'the-is'tic (a'the-is'tik) \a. 1. Pert, to, implying, or con- 

a'the-is'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / taining, atheism ; — applied to 
things ; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. 2. Dis- 
believing the existence of a_ God ; impious ; — applied to 
persons ; as, an atheistic writer. is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

atb/el-ing (ath'el-ing), to. Also [AS. asSeling noble, fr. 
seSelo nobility, good family.] An Anglo-Saxon prince or 
nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal 
family. 

A-the'na (d-the'nd),TO. [Gr. 'Aft^J Gr.Relig. One of the 
greater Olympian deities, preeminent as 
a civic goddess, wise in the industries of 
peace and the arts of war. The Romans 
identified her with Minerva. 

ath'e-nae'um'l (ath'e-ne'&m), to. ; pi. E. 

atb/e-ne'um / -ums (-ftmz), L. -n^:a 
(-d). [L. Athenaeum, Gr. 'Ad-qvaiop the 
Athenseum.] 1. [cap.] Gr. Antiq. A 
temple of Athena, at Athens, where schol- 
ars and poets read their works and in- 
structed students. 2. A literary or scien- 
tific association or club. 3. A building 
or an apartment where a library, period- 
icals, and newspapers are kept for use. 

A-the'ni-an (d-the'ni-dn), a. Of or 
pertaining to Athens. — to. A native of 
Athens. 

a-ther'man-cy (d-thur'man-si), to. In- 
ability to transmit radiant heat ; — 
opposed to diathermancy. 




B 



D 






H 



J 



K 



Athena Parthenos. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ATHERMANOUS 



68 



ATROPHY 



a-ther'ma-noUS (d-thur'md-nus), a. [Gr. &- not -\-6epfial- 

petv to heat.] Not transmitting radiant heat ; — opp. to 

diathermanous. 
ath/e-to'sis (ath'e-to'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fifleros not 

fired.] Med. An affection marked by peculiar tremors of 

the fingers and toes, occurring most frequently in children. 
a- thirst' (d-thurst'),a. 1. Thirsty. 2. Eager; longing. 
ath'lete (ath'let), n. [ From L., fr. Gr. iBXrirns prize fighter, 

&9\eii> to contend for a prize, &6\os contest, adXov prize.] 

Cne trained or fit to contend in exercises requiring great 

physical agility and strength. 
ath-let'ic ( ath-let'ik) , a. 1. Of or pertaining to athletes 

or athletics. 2. Befitting an athlete ; strong ; robust. — 

ath-let'i-cal-ly, adv. — ath-let'i-cism (ath-let'i-siz'm), n. 
ath-let'ics (ath-let'iks), n. (See-ics.) Art of training by 

athletic exercises ; the games and sports of athletes. 
a-thwart' (d-thworf), adv. [a- on + thwart.'] 1. Across, 

esp. obliquely. 2. So as to thwart ; perversely. — prep. 1. 

Across; fig., in opposition to. 2. Naut. Across the length, 

direction, or course of. 
a- tilt' (d-tilt'), adv. & a. 1. In the manner of one tilting, 

or thrusting. 2. In the position of a cask tilted. 
-a'tion (-a'shun), -tion, -ion. [L. -ationem or -tionem : cf. 

F. -ation or -tion.] Suffixes denoting in general : 1. Act of. 
Examples: formation, act of forming; production, act of 

producing; decoration, act of decorating ; invention, act 

of inventing; demoralized ion, act of demoralizing. 

2. Condition of, state of, or quality of. 

Examples : moderation, state or quality of being moder- 
ate ; repletion, state of being replete ; dejection, state of 
being dejected ; demoralization, state of being demoralized. 

3. A thing that (is produced, formed, made, etc., by the 
action denoted by the root word) ; that which, or a thing 
that (performs the action denoted by the root verb). 

Examples : formation, that which is formed ; production, 
that which is produced ; decoration, that which, or a 
thing that, decorates; conclusion, that which concludes. 

•ative. [L. -ativus.] An adj. suffix with the sense of 
tending to, of the nature of, relating to. 

Atlan-te'an (at'lan-te'dn), a. [L. Atlanteus.] 1. Pert, 
to or resembling Atlas ; strong. 2. Of or pert, to Atlantis. 

at-lan'tes (at-lan'tez), n. pi.; sing, atlas (at'lds). [L. 
See Atlas.] Arch. Figures or half figures of men used 
as columns to support an entablature ; telamones. 

At-lan'tic (-tTk), a. [L. Atlanticus.] 1. Of or pert, to 
Mt. Atlas in Libya. 2. Designating, or pert, to, theocean 
between Europe and Africa on the east and America on 
the west. 

At-lan'ti-des (-ti-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 'ArXavriSes.] Gr. 
Myth. 1. a = Pleiades, 1. b = Hespertdes, 1. 2. The 
inhabitants of Atlantis. 

At-lan'tis (-tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A-rXavrk.] A mythical 
island west of the Pillars of Hercules, said by ancient writ- 
ers to have been sunk beneath the ocean by an earthquake. 

At'las (at'lds), n.; pi. E. Atlases (-ez; 24), L. Atlantes 
(at-lan'tez). [L., fr. Gr. "ArXos, fr. root of tXtjixu to bear.] 
1. Gr. Myth. In Homer, a divinity in charge of the pil- 
lars which upheld the heavens ; later, a Titan forced to sup- 
port the heavens on his head and hands ; still later, a king 
metamorphosed into a lofty mountain. 2. [I. c] Sing, of 
atlantes. 3. [I. c] Anat. The first vertebra of the neck. 

4. [1. c] A collection of maps in a volume ; — said to be 
so called from the picture of Atlas supporting the world, 
often formerly prefixed to such collections. 5. [I. c] A work 
exhibiting subjects in a tabular form or arrangement ; as, a 
historical atlas. 6. [I. c] A large size of paper. See paper. 

At'li (at'le), n. [Icel. Atli Attila.] Ahorse Myth. A king 
who marries Gudrun after Sigurd's death. She slays him 
to avenge his treachery to her brothers. 

at'man (at'mdn), n. [Skr. atman.] Hinduism, a The 
life principle, soul, or individual essence, b leap.] The 
universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. 

at-mol'o-gy ( at-mol'6-ji ), n. [ Gr. &rp.6s vapor + -logy. ] 
Physics. The science of the laws and phenomena of aque- 
ous vapor. — at'mo-log'i-cal (at'mo-loj'i-kdl), a. — at- 
mol'o-gist (at-mol'6-jist), n. 

at-mol'y-sis (-i-sis), n. [Gr. &tu6s vapor + -lysis."] Act or 
process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibihty 
by transmission through porous substances. 

at'mo-lyze (at'mo-llz), v. t. To subject to atmolysis. — at'- 
mo-ly-za'tion (-lT-za'shun; -11-za'-), n. — at'mo-lyz'er, n. 

at-mom'e-ter (at-mom'e-ter),n. [Gr.&rpos vapor -\— meter.] 
An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from 
a moist surface. — at'mo-mefric, a. — at-mom'e-try, n. 

at'mos-phere (at'mos-fer), n. [Gr. &th6s vapor + acpalpa 
sphere. ] 1. The whole mass of air surrounding the earth ; 
also, the gaseous envelope of any heavenly body; as, the 
atmosphere of Mars. 2. Any surrounding or pervading 
influence ; as, the social atmosphere of a place. 3. The air 
in any place. 4. Physics. The pressure of the air at the sea 
level (about 14.7 lbs. to the sq. inch), used as a unit. 



at'ttlOS-pher'ic (-fer'ik ), a. 1. Of or pert, to the atmos- 
phere ; as, atmospheric air. 2. Caused, or operated on, by 
the atmosphere ; pneumatic ; as, an atmospheric effect ; 
an atmospheric engine. — at'mos-pher'i-cal (-fer'I-kdl), 
a. — at'mos-pher'i-cal-ly, adv. 

U a-to'le (a-to'la), n. [Mex. Sp.] A porridge or gruel of 
maize meal. Sp. Amer. 

a-toll' (d-tol'; at'ol), n. [Native name in the Indian 
Ocean.] A coral island or islands consisting of a belt of 
coral reef surrounding a central lagoon. 

at'om (at'iim), n. [From L., fr. Gr. aro/Mos uncut, 
indivisible, as n., atom ; & not+ro/ioj cut.] 1. One of the 
minute particles postulated in atomism. 2. In the atomic 
theory, the smallest particle of an element that can exist. 
See atomic theory. 3. A particle ; jot. 

a-tom/ic (d-t6m'ik)la. 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. 

a-tom'i-cal (-I-kdl) / Very minute; tiny. i-cal-ly, adv. 

atomic theory or hypothesis, Cliem. & Physics, the theory 
that all material substances consist of minute particles, 
or atoms, of a few kinds, all of the same kind being uni- 
form in size, weight, and other properties. According to 
recent discoveries the atom is to be conceived of as a com- 
plex system whose components (subatoms) are in rapid 
orbital motion. According to one hypothesis the atom of 
each element represents a stable arrangement of electrons, 
and radioactive change is a process due to some disturb- 
ing force, resulting in the expulsion of electrons and the 
formation of a new stable arrangement, that is, the atom 
of another element of lower atomic weight. — a. weight, 
Chem., the relative weight of the atom of an element, 
referred to some element, as oxygen or hydrogen, taken as 
a standard. In this book oxygen at 16 is the basis. 

at'o-mic'i-ty (at'o-mis'i-ti^n. Chem. a Equivalence ; va- 
lence. See valence, b The number of atoms in the molecule 
of an element. C The number of replaceable atoms or groups 
in the molecule of a compound. 

at'om-ism (at'um-Tz'm), n. Philos. The doctrine that the 
universe is composed of simple, minute, indivisible particles, 
or atoms. — at'om-ist, n. — at'om-is'tic, a. 

at'om-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
reduce to atoms or to fine spray. — at'om-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

at'o-my (at'6-mT), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). An atom; mite. 

at'o-my, n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A 
skeleton. Obs. or Jocular. 

at one. In concord or friendship ; in agreement. 

a-tone' (d-ton'), v. i.; a-toned' (-tond') ; a-ton'ing (-ton'- 
mg). [From at one.] 1. To agree. Obs. 2. To make 
amends for an offense, —v. t. 1. To set at one ; reconcile. 
Obs. 2. To expiate. 

a-tone'ment(-ment),n. 1. Reconciliation ; concord. Archa- 
ic. 2. _ Satisfaction or reparation ; expiation ; amends ; — 
used with for. 3. Specif., the redeeming effect of Christ's 
obedience, suffering, and death. — Syn. See propitiation. 

a-ton'er (d-ton'er), n. One who atones for something. 

a-ton'ic ( d-ton'ik ), a. 1. Med. Characterized by atony ; 
as, an atonic disease. 2. Gram. Unaccented; as, an atonic 
syllable. 3. Phon. Without tone or vocality ; voiceless ; surd. 

— n. 1. Gram. A word or syllable with no accent. 2. Phon. 
An element of speech produced by the breath alone without 
voice ; a breathing. 3. Med. A remedy for organic excite- 
ment or irritation. 

at'O-ny (at'o-ni), n. [Gr. irovia slackness ; &- not + tovos 
tone. ] 1. Med. Want of tone, or vital energy ; weakness 
of the system, or of any, esp. a contractile, organ. 2. 
Phon. Weakness from lack of stress, or accent. 

at'ra-bil'ioUS (at'rd-bil'y&s), a. [From L. atra bilis, lit., 
black bile.] Affected by "black Mle," or melancholy. Cf. 
humor, n., 2. — at'ra-bil'i-ar (-bil'i-dr), a. 

afra-men'tous (-men'tus), a. [L. atr amentum ink, fr. 
ater black.] Black like ink ; inky ; inklike. 

A'treus (a'troos ; a'tre-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Arpeus.] Gr. 
Myth. A son of Pelops, and king of Mycenae. Thyestes, 
his brother, seduced the wife of Atreus and plotted his 
death. Atreus, feigning reconciliation, killed three sons of 
Thyestes and served them to him at a banquet, whereupon 
Thyestes cursed the house of Atreus. See ^Egisthus. 

a- trip' (d-trip'), adv. Naut. a Just hove clear of the 
ground; — said of the anchor, b Sheeted home, hoisted 
taut up, and ready for trimming ; — said of sails, c Hoisted 
up and ready to be swayed across ; — said of light yards. 

a'tri-um (a'tri-um), n.; L. pi. atria (-d). [L.] 1. Roman 
Antiq. The chief room in a house. 2. Anat. Any of vari- 
ous cavities; esp., the main part of an auricle of the heart. 

a-tro'cious (d-tro'shus), a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce.] 
Savagely brutal; outrageously cruel or wicked. — Syn. See 
flagrant. — a-tro'cious-ly, adv. — -cious-ness, n. 

a-troc'i-ty ( d-tros'i-ti ), n. ; pi. -ties ( -tiz ). State or qual- 
ity of being atrocious ; also, an atrocious deed. 

a-troph'ic (d-trof'ik), a,. Of, pert, to, or showing, atrophy. 

at'ro-phy (at'ro-f! ), «. [From L., fr. Gr. Lrpotpla; &- not 
-f- rpk4>uv to nourish. ] A wasting away, or lack of growth, 
from want of nourishment. — v. t. & i.; -phied (-fid); 
-phy-ing. To cause atrophy of ; be affected by atrophy, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



ATROPIN 



69 



ATTIRE 



at'ro-pine (at'ro-pin; -pen), ft. Also at'ro-pin. [From 
Atropa, generic name of belladonna.] A poisonous alkaloid 
extracted from the belladonna and other nightshades, re- 
markable for its power to dilate the pupil of the eye. 

at'ro-pism (-piz'm), n. Morbid condition of the system 
from misuse of atropine. 

At'ro-pos (-pos), ft. [Gr. 'Arpoiros, fr. Lrpoiros inflexible.] 
See fate, «. , 4. 

at'ta-bal (at'd-bal). Var. of atabal. 

IJat-tac'ca (at-tak'ka). [It., fr. attaccare to fasten, 
attack.] Music. Attack at once; — a direction at the 
end of a movement to begin the next immediately. 

at-tach' (d-tach'), v. t. [OF. atachier, F. attacher.~] 1. To 
take by legal authority, esp. under a writ as a means of 
enforcing payment of a debt. 2. To take ; seize. Obs. 3. To 
bind ; fasten ; tie ; connect. 4. To assign by authority ; ap- 
point. 5. To connect by ties of love or self-interest ; at- 
tract. 6. To ascribe or attribute ; affix ; — used with to. 
Syn. Affix, annex, subjoin, append, unite, join, add. — 
Attach, affix, annex, subjoin, append agree in the idea 
of joining one object to another. Attach ( opposed to de- 
tach) is the most general term. Affix differs from attach, 
when at all, in suggesting a slight degree of subordination of 
the second object to the first — an implication carried still 
further in annex ; as, to affix a stamp to an envelope, one's 
signature to a document, etc. ; to annex conquered territory. 
Append implies that the object added is supplemental or 
accessory to the principal thing ; as, to append notes to a 
chapter; subjoin, that one object is added below, or at the 
end of, another ; as, to subjoin a postscript to a letter. 

— v. i. To adhere ; be attached. [ment. 
at-tach'a-ble, a. That may be attached ; liable to attach- 1 
Dafta'che' (a/ta/sha'), n.; pi. -cats (-shaz'). [F.] A 

person attached as a member to a suite or staff, specifically 
to an embassy. 

at-tach'ment (d-tach'ment), n. 1. Act of attaching; state 
of being attached ; specif., close adherence or affection ; fi- 
delity. 2. That by which one thing is attached to another ; 
connection ; as, the attachments of a muscle. 3. Something 
attached; adjunct of an instrument, machine, or other 
object. 4. Law. A seizure or taking into custody under 
legal process ; the writ commanding such seizure. 
Syn. Adherence, fidelity ; affection, love. — Attachment, 
aflection, love. Affection is confined to sentient beings; 
attachment may apply to inanimate objects. Attachment 
connotes strong liking or even devotion ; affection, rather 
warmth and tenderness of sentiment. Affection implies a 
feeling more settled and regulated, less intense or ardent, 
than love, which alone of the three may connote passion. 
Thus, to one's friends any one of the three terms may be 
applicable; to the members of one's own family, love or af- 
fection, but scarcely attachment; to God, love (in the sense 
of reverent devotion), but not affection or attachment. 

at-tack' (d-tak'), v. t. [F. attaquer, It. attaccare, of same 
(uncertain) origin as F. attacherJ] 1. To fall upon with 
force ; assault. 2. To assail with unfriendly language ; cen- 
sure. 3. To set to work on, as on a task or problem. 4. To 
begin to affect ; begin to act upon injuriously ; as, attacked 
by fever. — v. i. To make an onset or attack. 
Syn. Attack, assail, assault all denote a forcible onset. 
Attack is the generic term, the others specific. To assail 
is to make a sudden and violent attack, or to attack re- 
peatedly; to assault, to attack physically by a hand-to- 
hand approach or by unlawful violence. In the figurative 
sense, assault is less common than assail. 

— n. 1. Act of attacking ; onset ; assault ; — opp. to defense. 
2. An access of disease; fit of sickness. 3. A setting to 
work upon some task, etc. ; beginning of action. 

at-tain' ( d-tan' ), v. t. [OF. ataindre, fr. L. attingere; ad 
+ tangere to touch, reach. ] 1. To reach or come to by 
motion ; arrive at ; as, he attained the opposite _ shore. _ 2. 
To reach or achieve by continued effort ; accomplish ; gain ; 
compass; as, to attain success, to attain perfection. — < 
Syn. See obtain. — v. i. To come or arrive by motion, 
growth, or effort ; reach. 

at-tain'a-ble (-d-b'l),a. That may be attained.— at-tain'- 
a-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'i-ti), at-tain'a-ble-ness, n. 

at-tain'der (-der), n. [OF. ataindre to accuse, convict.] 
1. Extinction of the civil rights of a person, on sentence of 
death or outlawry; state of having one's civil rights so 
extinguished. 2. A stain or staining; dishonor. Obs. 

at-tain'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of attaining. 2. That 
which is attained ; mental acquirement ; accomplishment. 
— Syn. See acquirement. 

at-taint' (d-tant'), v. t. [OF. ataint, p. p. of ataindre. 
See attainder.] 1. Law. To affect by attainder. 2.To 
accuse. Archaic. 3. To affect injuriously ; infect ; taint ; 
corrupt. 4. To stain; sully; disgrace.— n. 1. A touch; a 
touch in tilting. Archaic. 2. Stain; taint; disgrace. 

at-tain'ture (d-tan' tur), n. Attainder ; fig., disgrace ; stain. 

at'tar (St'dr), ft. [Per. 'atar perfume, essence, Ar.'t7r,fr. 
'atara to smell sweet. ] A perfume got from flowers, esp. 
from rose petals, chiefly those of the damask rose. 



at-tem'per (d-tem'per), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. attem- 
perare. See ad-; temper.] 1. To reduce, modify, or mod- 
erate, by mixture ; temper ; as, sweet attempered with 
bitter. 2. To soften ; soothe ; temper ; as, to attemper rigid 
justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion ; reg- 
ulate. 4. To suit; adapt. 
KIP'This verb is now mostly replaced by temper. 

at-tempt' ( d-tempt' ), v. t. [ From OF., fr. L. attentare to 
attempt ; ad + tenlare, temptare, to touch, try. ] 1. To 
make trial or experiment of; try; endeavor to do; as, to 
attempt to sing. 2. To tempt. Archaic. 3. To try to sub- 
due ; attack ; assail ; — esp. in : to attempt the life of, 
that is, to try to kill. — Syn. See try. 

— n. Act of attempting ; trial ; endeavor. 

at-tempt'a-ble ( d-temp'td-b'l ), a. Capable of being at- 
tempted : open to attempts. 

attend' ( d-tend' ), v. t. [OF. atendre to expect, wait, fr. 
L. attendere to stretch, (sc. animum) apply the mind to ; 
ad + tendere to stretch. ] 1. To heed. Obs. 2. To care 
for; look after; take charge of; as, to attend a machine. 
3. To go or stay with as a companion, nurse, or servant ; 
accompany in order to serve ; escort ; as, the king attended 
by his nobles. 4. To be present with ; accompany ; as, a 
measure attended with ill effects. 5. To be present at ; as, 
to attend church. 6. To wait for; await. Obs. — Syn. 
Escort, follow, conduct. See accompany. — v. i. 1. To 
pay attention or regard ; heed ; listen ; — usually used with 
to; as, one cannot attend to many things at once. 2. Tu 
accompany or be near at hand in pursuance of du>.;^^3, to 
attend on a committee. 3. To take charge (of/ /Nook 
(after); — used with to; as, to attend to a mat^j of 
business. 4. To stay ; delay. Obs. \^ 

at-tend'ance (d-ten'ddns), n. 1. Act or fact of attenct^ig. 
2. The persons attending ; retinue. ^ 

at-tend'ant (-ddnt), a. Attending. — Syn. Accompany ^, 
consequent. — n. 1. One who attends. 2. That wJij'h 
accompanies ; a concomitant. .a 

at-tent' (d-tent'), a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. Se ■ 
attend, v. t.~] Attentive; heedful; intent. Arcfiaic. 

at-ten'tion (d-ten'shwn), ft. [h.attentio."] 1. a Act or state 
of attending, or heeding ; earnest consideration, thought, or 
regard;- — esp. in to pay, or give, attention, b Themental 
power or faculty of giving attention, or considering or 
regarding earnestly ; as, to call, attract, arrest, draw, or 
fix one's attention. 2. Mil. Attitude of readiness for ac- 
tion on receiving orders. 3. Act of civility or courtesy. — 
Syn. Care, heed, application ; respect. 

at-ten'tive ( -tiv ), a. 1. Heedful ; observant. 2. Heedful 
of the comfort of others ; courteous. — Syn. Mindful, re- 
gardful. — at-ten'tive-ly, adv. — at-ten'tive-ness, n. 

at-ten'u-ant ( d-ten'u-dn ) , a. [L. attenuans, p. pr. of at- 
tenuare. See attenuate.] Making thin, as fluids ; attenu- 
ating; diluent. — ft. Med. A diluent. 

at-ten'u-ate (-u-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) j-at'ing. [L,.at- 
tenuatus, p. p. ; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin.] 

1. To make thin, or slender. 2. To make less viscid or 
dense. 3. To lessen in amount, force, or value ; weaken. — 
v. i. To become thin, fine, or less. — ( -at ), a. Attenuated. 

at-ten'u-a'tion (-a'sh&n) , n. Act or process of attenuating ; 

state of being attenuated. 
at'ter-cop( at'er-kop), n. [AS. attercoppa a spider ; attor 

poison -j- coppa head, cup.] Obs. or Dial. 1. A spider. 

2. A peevish or malignant person. 

at-test' (d-test'), v. t. [L. attestari; ad + testari to wit- 
ness, testis witness. ] 1. To bear witness to ; affirm to be 
true or genuine ; specifically, to authenticate by signing as 
a witness ; authenticate officially. 2. To afford proof of ; 
manifest. — Syn. See vouch. — v. i. To bear witness ; tes- 
tify ; — used with to. — n. Witness ; attestation. 

at'tes-ta'tion (at'es-ta'shun), n. Act of attesting. 

At'tic (at'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to Attica, or Athens, in 
Greece. 2. Marked by qualities characteristic of the Atheni- 
ans ; hence, when applied to literary or artistic style : sim- 
ple, pure, and refined ; classical. 

Attic faith, inviolable faith. — A. salt, A. wit, poignant, 
delicate wit. 

at'tic, n. [ In sense a, fr. F. attique, orig. meaning, Attic. ] 
Arch, a A low story or wall above the main order of a fa- 
cade, in the classical styles, b A room behind that part of 
the exterior ; all the space of rooms next below the roof. 

At'ti-Cism (at'T-sTz'm), n. A peculiarity or characteristic 
of Attic Greek, noted for its purity and elegance. 

At'ti-cize (-sTz), v. t.; -cized (-sTzd) ; -ciz'ing. [Gr. drrt- 
dteLv. ] To make conformable to the language, customs, 
etc., of Attica. — v.i. 1. To side with the Athenians. 2. 
To use the Attic idiom or style ; conform to the customs 
or modes of thought of the Athenians. 

at-tire' (d-tlr'), v. t.; -tired' (-tTrd'); -tir'ing (-tlr'Tng). 
[From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + tire rank, row.] To dress; 
array ; esp., to clothe elegantly or splendidly ; apparel. 

— n. 1. Dress ; clothes ; that which dresses or adorns ; esp., 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ATTIREMENT 



70 



AUGMENT 



elegant or splendid clothing. 2. The antlers, or antlers and 
scalp, of a stag or buck. 

at-tire'ment (d-tlr'ment), n. Attire; adornment. 

at'ti-tude (at'i-tud), n. [F., deriv. of L. aptus suited.] 1. 
Posture ; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose. 
2. Position or bearing as indicating action, feeling, or 
mood ; as, a threatening attitude. — Syn. See position. 

at'ti-tu'di-nize (-tu'dwriz), v. i.; -nized (-nlzd); -niz'ing 
(-nlz'ing). To assume or practice attitudes; pose. 

at-torn' (d-turn''), v. i. [OF. atorner to direct, attorn; a 
(L. ad) + torner to turn.] 1. Feudal Law. To turn one's 
homage and service to another as lord. 2. Modern Law. To 
agree to become tenant to another as owner or landlord. 

al-tor'ney (d-tur'ni), re.; pi. -neys (-niz). [OF. atorne, 
p. p.] 1. Substitute; proxy; agent. Obs. 2. Law. A legal 
agent, esp. one (an attorney at law) qualified to act for 
suitors and defendants in legal proceedings. 

at-tor'ney-gen'er-al (-jen'er-ol), re. ; pi. attorney-gen- 
erals or attorneys-general. Law. The chief law officer 
of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the 
law-executing power is a party, and to advise the supreme 
executive whenever required. 

at-tor/u.ey-ship, n. Office or profession of attorney. 

at-torn'ment (a-turn'ment),n. [OF. atornement. See at- 
torn.] Law. The agreement oracknowledgmentbyatenant 
that he holds his tenement of a new person as his superior 
or landlord ; hence, in bailments, the acknowledgment by a 
bail' * th'it he holds the property on behalf of a new party. 

at-tr^ct' (d-trakf), v. t. [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; 
ad- - trahere to draw.] 1. To draw to or toward one's self 
or ;t self ; as, to attract one's attention, esp., to cause to ap- 
p*, ich, adhere, or combine ; act on by attraction ; as, a 
n ngnet attracts iron. 2. To draw by influence of a moral or 
e otional kind ; invite ; allure ; entice ; as, to attract friends, 
pFre, etc. ; attracted by beauty. — at-tract'a-ble, a. — at- 
v'act'a-ble-ness, n. 

* trac- tion (-trak/shun), n. 1. Act, process, or power of at- 
tracting. 2. Physics. A force acting mutually between par- 
ticles of matter and tending to draw them together. 3. That 
which attracts. — Syn. Allurement, enticement, charm. 

at-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Having the power or quality of 
attracting. — at-trac'tive-ly, adv. — at-trac'tive-ness, n. 

at-trac'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, attracts. 

at'tra-hent (at'rd-hent), a. [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attra- 
here. See attract, v. £.] Attracting; drawing. 

at-trib'ute (d-tnb'ut), v. t.; -trib'ut-ed (-u-ted) ; -ut-ing 
(-u-ting). [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere ; ad -{-tribuere 
to bestow.] To ascribe ; to consider, give, or bestow (some- 
thing) as due or appropriate to ; impute ; assign. — Syn. 
See refer. — at-trib'ut-a-ble, a. 

at'tri-bute (at'n-but), n. 1. That which is attributed; es- 
sen f; 1 or necessary property or characteristic ; as, justice 
and iercy are attributes of God. 2. Reputation. Poetic. 3. 
Paint. & Sculp. A conventional symbol of office, character, 
or identity, added to any particular figure ; as, a club is the 
attribute of Hercules. 4. Gram. A word denoting an attri- 
bute or quality. — Syn. See quality. 

at'tri-bu'tion (-bu'shun), n. Act of attributing; also, an 
ascribed quality or character. 

at-trib'u-tive (a-trib'u-tiv), a.^ Attributing; pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, an attribute. Specifically : Gram. 
Designating an adjective or other adjunct word when stand- 
ing with its qualified noun to denote the qualification as as- 
sumed instead of predicated ; as in yellow gold, village 
school ; — distinguished from the predicative and absolute 
use, as in "the gold is yellow," where yellow is used predi- 
catively, or absolutely. — n. Gram. An attributive word. — 
at-trib'u-tive-ly, adv. — at-trib'u-tive-ness, n. 

at-trite' (d-trTf), a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad-\- 
terere to rub.] Worn by friction. Obs. or R. — at-trit'ed 
(3-trTt'ed), a. Rare. 

at-tri'tion (a-trish'wn), n. Act of rubbing together; act of 
wearing ; state of being^orn ; abrasion ; friction. 

at-tune' (o-tun'), v. t.; -tuned' (-tund'); -tun'ing (-tun'- 
ing). [ad- + tune."] To tune; make melodious or harmo- 
nious ; adjust to, or use with, the right pitch, or tone. 

a-twain' (d-twan'), adv. [a- on + twain."] In twain ; asun- 
der ; as, to break atwain. Obs. or Poetic. 

a-tween' (d-twen'), adv. or prep. Between. Archaic. 

a-typ'ic (d-tip'ik)la. [See A- not.] That has no type ; devoid 

a-typ'i-cal (-i-kal)j of typical character; irregular; unlike 
the type. — a-typ'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Hau'bade' (o'bad'), re. [F.] Music to be performed or 
sung at dawn ; hence, any morning concert. 

au'burn (6'biirn), a. [From OF., fr. LL. alburnus 
whitish, L. albus white.] Reddish brown. 

auc'tion (Sk'shtm), n. [L. audio, lit., an increasing, fr. au- 
gere, auctum, to increase.] 1. A public sale of property to 
the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed for the purpose. 
G^ In the U. S. the more prevalent expression is "to 
sell, or put up, at auction ;" in England, "to sell by auc- 



tion ;" "to put up to auction." 2. Increase; growth. ,4 
Latinism. Obs. 3. A variety of the game of bridge in which 
the players bid for the privilege of naming the trump and 
playing with the dummy for that deal, there being heavy 
penalties for a player's failure to make good his bid. 

— v. t. To sell at auction. 
auction bridge. = auction, re., 3. 

auc'tion-eer/ (-er'), n. A person who sells, or makes a 
business of selling, at auction. — v. t. To auction. 

auction pitch. Cards. A game, resembling seven-up, in 
which the other players make bids to the eldest hand for 
the privilege of determining the trump suit by "pitching" 
or leading a card of the suit chosen. 

au-da'cious (6-da'shus), a. [From F., fr. L. audacia 
audacity, audax, -acis, bold.] 1. Daring ; adventurous ; 
as,anoudaciouslook,speaker, etc. 2. Bold in indecorum, 
wickedness, or the like ; presumptuous ; insolent. 3. Com- 
mitted with, or proceeding from, audacity. — au-da'cious- 
ly, adv. — au-da'cious-ness, n. 

au-dac'i-ty (6-das'i-ti), n. Quality of being audacious. 
Syn. Impertinence, sauciness, impudence, presumption, 
assurance, hardihood, shamelessness, insolence, effrontery. 
— Audacity, effrontery. Audacity implies bold and open 
disregard of convention, decorum, or moral restraint ; ef- 
frontery is shameless and impudent audacity; as, the beg- 
gar's audacity was entertaining ; the author had the effront- 
ery to ask a favor of the man he had insulted. 

au'di-bil'i-ty (o'dT-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being audible. 

au'di-ble (6MT-b'l), a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire to 
hear.] Capable of being heard ; actually heard. — au'di-ble- 
ness, n. — au'di-bly (-bit), adv. 

au'di-ence (-ens), n. [F., fr. L. audientia, fr. audire to 
hear.] 1. Act or state of hearing ; as : to give audience, 
that is, to give ear ; to listen. 2. Opportunity of being 
heard ; admittance to a hearing. 3. A formal hearing or 
interview. 4. An auditory ; an assembly of hearers. 

au'di-ent (-ent), a. [L. audiens, p. pr.] Listening. 

au'dile (6'dTl), n. [L. audire to hear.] Psychol. One whose 
thoughts take the form of mental sounds or of internal 
discourse. Cf. motile, visualizer. 

au'di-om'e-ter (6'di-om'e-ter), n. [L. audire to hear -f- 
-meter.'] Acous. An instrument by which the power of 
hearing, or the audibility or intensity of sounds, can be 
measured. — au'di-om'e-try (-tn), n. 

au'dit (6'dit), n. [L. auditus a hearing, audire to hear.] 

1. An audience ; a hearing. 06s. 2. An examination in 
general ; esp., a formal or official examination and authen- 
tication of accounts ; an account as adjusted by auditors. 

— v.t.^ To examine and adjust, as an account. 
au-di'tion (S-dTsh'&n), n. [L. auditioJ] Act, power, fac- 
ulty, or sense of hearing ; hearing. 

au'di-tive (6'di-tTv), a. Auditory. 

au'di-tor (o'di-ter), n. 1. A hearer; listener. 2. A person 
appointed to audit an account or accounts. 

au'di-to'ri-um (-to'rf-Mm), n.; pi. E. -riums (-ri-&mz), L. 
-ria (-ri-d). [L.] The part of a church, theater, or other 
public building, assigned to the audience. 

au'di-tO-ry (6'di-to-rf), a. [L. auditorius."] Of or per- 
taining to hearing or the sense or organs of hearing. 

—re. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. An assembly of hearers; audience. 

2. An auditorium. 

Auf 'kla-rung (ouf'kia-rdong), n. [G., enlightenment.] 
The philosophic movement of the 18th century which gave 
rise to the skepticism of Voltaire, the naturalism of Rous- 
seau, the sensationalism of Condillac, the political doctrines 
of the leaders of the American Revolution, and the specula- 
tions of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. 

Au-ge'an ( 6-je'dn ), a. Gr. Myth. Of or pert, to Augeas, king 
of Elis, whose stable contained 3,000 oxen, and was un- 
cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a day by turning 
the rivers Alpheus and Peneus through it. Hence, contain- 
ing, or requiring the removal of, a great accumulation of 
filth ; exceedingly filthy or corrupt. 

au'gend (6'jend), n. See addend. 

au'ger (6'ger), n. [AS. nafegar, orig., a nave borer ; nafu 
nave of a wheel + gar spear.] A carpenter's tool for boring 
holes larger than those of a gimlet. 

aught (ot), n. Also ought. [AS. awiht; 
a ever + wiht creature, thing.] 1. Any- 
thing ; any part. 2. [a naught, taken as 
an aught J] In arithmetic, a cipher; 
hence, fig., a naught, a nothing. 

— adv. At all ; to any extent. 
au'gite (8'jit), n. [L. augites, Gr. ai>- 

ylr-qs, fr. avyfy brightness.] Min. An 
aluminous variety of pyroxene, usually 
of black or dark green, occurring in igne- 
ous rocks, such as basalt ; sometimes, 
any pyroxene. — au-git'ic(6-jit'ik), a. 
aug-ment' (6g-ment') ( v. t. & i. [L. 
augmentare, fr. augmentum increase.] 1. To enlarge 
or increase in size, amount, or degree; make bigger. 




1, 2, Screw Au- 
gers^, Tapering 
Pod Auger. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, men ii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



AUGMENT 



71 



AUSPICIAL 



2. Gram. To'add an augment to. — Syn. See increase. — 

aug'ment (og'ment), n. 1. Increase. Obs. 2. Gram. A 
vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to 
mark past time, as in Greek, and Sanskrit verbs. 

aug-ment'a-ble, a. Capable of augmentation. 

aug'men-ta'tion (og'men-ta'shun), n. Act of augment- 
ing ; state of being augmented ; that which augments. — 
Syn. Increase, enlargement, growth, extension, addition. 

aug-men'ta-tive (og-men'td-tlv), a. Having the quality or 

*" power of augmenting. — n. Gram. A word expressing with 
augmented force the idea of the term from which it is de- 
rived, or a suffix or other element used to form such words. 

aug-ment'er (-ter), to. One who, or that which, augments. 

au'gur (6'giir), to. [L.] l.Rom.Relig. A member of the 
highest class of official diviners of ancient Rome. 2. One 
who fortells events by omens ; a soothsayer ; diviner. 

—v. t. To predict or foretell, as from omens ; betoken ; 
portend. — Syn. Forebode, presage, prognosticate, proph- 
esy, forewarn. See foretell.— v. i. _ 1. To make an 
augury ; prognosticate. 2. To foretell or indicate an issue ; 
— followed by well or ill with for or of; as, it augurs 
well for our success. 

au'gu-ry (o'gu-rT), to.; pi. -rtes _(-riz). [L. augurium."] 
1. Art or practice of auguring ; divination. 2. An omen ; 
prognostication ; presage. 3. A rite, ceremony, or obser- 
vation of an augur. 

au-gust' (6-gust'), a. [L. augustus."] Having an aspect of 
solemn dignity or grandeur; majestic; also, exalted in 
birth, character, state, or authority. — Syn. Grand, mag- 
nificent, noble, stately, dignified, imposing, solemn, awful. 

Au'gUSt (6'gzist), to. The eighth month of the year, having 
31 days ; — socalled after Augustus Caesar (63b. c. -a.d. 14). 

Au-gus'tan (6-gus'tdn), o. Of or pert, to Augustus Caesar 
or his age or times, or any age (esp. thatof Queen Anne in 
England) likened to his ; hence : correct in taste ; classical. 
Augustan age, in any national literature, the period of 
its highest state of purity and refinement; — so called 
because the reign (27 b. c.-a. d. 14) of Augustus Caesar was 
the golden age of Roman literature. 

— n. A writer in an Augustan age. 
Au'gus-tin'i-an (6'gus-tTn'T-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining 

to St. Augustine (a. d. 354-430), bishop of Hippo in north- 
ern Africa, or his doctrines, esp. absolute predestination 
and the immediate efficacy of grace. 2. Designating any 
of several orders deriving their name from St. Augustine. 

— to. Eccl. Hist. A follower of St. Augustine ; specif. : a 
A member of an Augustinian order, b One who maintains 
that grace is effectual absolutely and creatively, not rela- 
tively and conditionally. — Au'gUS-tin'i-an-ism (-Iz'm), 
Au-gis 'tin-ism (6-gus'tin-Iz'm), n. 

au-gust'ly, adv. In an august manner. 

au-gUSt'ness, to. August quality. 

auk _ (ok), to. [Icel. _ alka.\ Any sea bird of a certain 
family (Alcidse) of diving birds with 
short wings and tail and a heavy 
body ; esp., the extinct great auk 
(Plautus impennis), and the razor- 
billed auk (Alca torda). 

auk'let (ok'let), to. [auk + -let.] 
Any of several small auks (genus 
Simorhynchus and allied genera). 

au'lic (6'llk), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 
avXiKos, fr. av\rj hall, court.] Of 
or pertaining to a court ; courtly. 

aunt (ant), to. [OF. ante, L. amita a 
father's sister.] The sister of one's 
father or mother; also, an uncle's 
wife. 

aunt'iel(an'ti), n. Aunt ; — familiar 

aunt'y / or affectionate. Often used 
in the southern United States of aged 
negro women. 

au'ra (o'rd), to.; L. pi. aur^e (-re). 
[L., breeze, air, Gr. aupa.] 1. Any subtle, invisible emana- 
tion or exhalation. 2. Elec. A draft, or motion of the air, 
caused by electric repulsion, as when the air near a charged 
metallic point is set in motion. Z.Med. The peculiar sensa- 
tion, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or 
limbs toward the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy 
or hysterics. — au'ral (o'rdl), a. 

au'ral (o'rdl), a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the 
ear or the sense of hearing. 

au-ran'ti-a'ceous (6-ran'ti-a'shus), a. Bot. Pert, to or 
resembling the orange {Citrus aurantium) or the group 
to which it belongs. 

au'rate (6'rat), to. [aurum 4- -ore.] A salt of auric acid. 

au're-ate (6're-at), a. {L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, au- 




Great Auk (fg) . 




R. C. Theol. A celestial crown or accidental reward added 
to the bliss of heaven, for those who have especially tri- 



umphed in their conflict with the world, the flesh, and the 
Devil. 2. A halo, actual or figurative. 3. In fine art, the indi- 
cation of a halo around the head or the whole body of a sacred 
personage. In painting, it is often indicated by a narrow 
circle at a distance from the head ; in relief sculpture, by a 
frame or band ; and in church statuary, by a gilded ring 
maintained by slight supports. See glory, halo, nimbus, 
vesica PISCIS. 

au'ric (6'rlk), a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pert, to gold. 
2. Chem. Pert, to, or derived from, gold; — said of those 
compounds in which gold is trivalent ; as, auric oxide. 

au'ri-cle (Q'rl-k'l), to. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear.] 1. 
Anat. a The external ear ; pinna, b A chamber of the heart 
that receives the blood from the veins. 2. Bot. & Zo'dl. An 
earlike lobe, process, or appendage. 

au-ric'u-la (o-rik'ii-ld), to. [L. auricula ear. See auri- 
cle.] A yellow-flowered primrose (Primula auricula), na- 
tive of the Alps ; — called also bear's-ear. 

au-ric'u-lar (-ldr), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ear or 
sense of hearing. 2. Told in the ear; told privately. 3. 
Recognized or received by the ear ; known by hearing ; as, 
auricular traditions. 4. Anat. Pertaining to the auricles 
of the heart. — n. Zo'dl. One of the loose-webbed feathers 
overlying the opening of the ear of birds ; — usually in pi. 

au-ric'u-late ( -lat ), a. Bot. & Zo'dl. Having ears or auri- 
cles. See leaf. 

au-rif'er-OUS (6-rTf'er-us), a. [L. aurifer; aurum gold -f- 
ferre to bear.] Gold-bearing. [human ear.l 

au'ri-form (6'rT-f6rm), a. Shaped like an ear, esp. a| 

Au-ri'ga (6-rI'gd), n.; gen. Auriga (-je). [L.] Astron. 
A constellation between Perseus and Gemini, pictured as a 
man driving a chariot or wagon ; the Charioteer ; the Wag- 
oner. It contains the star Capella. 

au'ri-lave (6'ri-lav),n. [L. auris ear -f-Zauare to wash.] An 
instrument for cleansing the ear, consisting of a small piece 
of sponge on an ivory or bone handle. 

au'n-SCOpe(-skop), to. [L. auris ear -{--scope."] Instrument 
for examining the ear. — au-ris'co-py (6-ris'ko-pT), n. 

au'rist (6'rTst), n. [L. auris ear.] Med. One skilled in 
treating disorders of the ear. 

au'rochs (6'roks ; ou'roks), to. [G. auerochs."] The Euro- 
pean bison (Bos bonasus), once widely distributed, but 
now nearlv extinct. 

au-rofra (8-ro'rd; 57), n. [L.] 1. The light of dawn. 
2. Rise; dawn; beginning. 3. [cop.] Class. Myth. The 
Roman personification of dawn ; the goddess of the morn- 
ing. 4. The aurora borealis or aurora australis. 
au-ro'ra aus-tra'lis (6s-tra'lis) [L.], a phenomenon in 
the Southern Hemisphere corresponding to the aurora 
borealis of theNorthern. — a. bo're-a'lis (bo're-a'lis) [L.], 
an atmospheric phenomenon consisting, usually, of streams 
of light radiating upward and outward toward the east and 
west from the north-polar region, visible only at night, and 
supposed to be of electrical origin ; the northern lights. It is 
seen best in the arctic regions. 

au-ro'ral (-ral), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the 
aurora ; rosy. — au-ro'ral-ly, adv. 

au-ro're-an (-re-an), o. Auroral. 

au'rous (6 f rus),a. 1. Containing gold. 2. Chem. Per- 
taining to, or derived from, gold; — said of compounds in 
which gold is univalent. Cf . auric. 

au'rum (o'rum), n. [L.] Gold. See gold. 

aus'CUl-tate (os'kftl-tat), v. %.& t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tak- 
ing. To practice auscultation ; examine by auscultation. 

aus'CUl-ta'tion (os'kwl-ta'shun), n. [L. auscultatio, fr. 
auscultare to listen.] 1. Act of listening. 2. Med. Act of 
listening to sounds in the body, esp. the chest and abdomen, 
to detect disorders. — aus-CUl'ta-tive (os-kul'td-tiv), a. 

aus'cul-ta'tor (os'k&l-ta'terXn. [L., listener.] Med. a One 
who practices auscultation, b A stethoscope. 

aus-cul'ta-to-ry (ps-kul'td-to-r!), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
used in, auscultation. 

H Aus'gleich (ous'gllK), n.; Ger. pi. -gleiche (-e). [G.] 
Agreement ; compromise ; arrangement ; — applied specif, to 
various treaties between Austria and Hungary, esp. to that 
of 1867. A part of this established the political union of the 
two, in the form of a dual government, with control of mat- 
ters of foreign relations, war, and finance relating to common 
affairs of government ; another part regulated the customs, 
banking, currency, etc. 

aus'pex (Ss'peks), n.; pi. auspices (-pi-sez). [L. See 
auspice.] Roman Relig. An augur. See augur, n., 1. 

aus'pi-cate (os'pi-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
To begin, or enter on, as if with auspices ; inaugurate. 

aus'pice (os'pis), n. [L. auspicium, fr. auspex a bird 
seer, augur ; avis bird 4- specere, spicere, to see.] _ 1. 
Divination from omens, primarily from the flight of birds. 
2. An omen; sign. 3. Protection ; patronage and care ; — 
usually in pi. ; as, under the auspices of the king. 

aus-pi'cial (6s-pTsh'dl), a. 1. Of or pertaining to auspices 
or divination. 2. Auspicious. 



B 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zfh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E xp la na tions of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



AUSPICIOUS 



72 



AUTOMATA 



aus-pi'ciouS (6s-pish'us), a. [See auspice.^ 1. Having 
omens or tokens, esp. favorable ones; predicting good, 
2. Prosperous ; fortunate. 3. Favoring. — Syn. See pro- 
pitious. — aus-pi'cious-ly, adv. — aus-pi'cious-ness, n. 

aus'ter (os'ter), n. [L.] The south wind; — usually leap.] 
a personification. Hence, the south. 

aus-tere' ( 8s-ter' ), a. [F. austere, L. austerus, fr. Gr. av- 
orqpbs, fr. afteiv to parch. ] 1. Sour and astringent; rough 
to the taste. 2. Severe or strict ; rigorous ; stern. 3. Una- 
dorned ; severely simple. — Syn. See strict. — tare'ly, adv. 

aus-ter'i-ty (os-ter'i-ti), w. Quality of being austere; an 
austere or ascetic practice. 

austral (os'tral), a. [L. australis, fr. auster the south 
wind.] Southern. 

Aus'tral-a'sian (os'tral-a'shan), a.^ Of or pertaining to 
Australasia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Australasia. 

Aus-tra'li-an (6s-tra'li-dn ; -tral'yan), a. Of or pertaining 
to Australia. 

Australian ballot, Law, a system of balloting or voting, 
orig. used in South Australia, in which the manner of polling 
votes is such that secrecy is compulsorily maintained and 
the ballot used is furnished by the government. 

— n. 1. One of the aborigines of Australia. 2. A native or 
citizen of the Australian commonwealth. 

Aus-tra'sian ( os-tra'shan; -zhan ), a. Of or pertaining to 
Austrasia,the eastern dominions of the Merovingian Franks, 
which lay mainly between the Meuse and the Rhine. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of Austrasia. 

Aus'tri-an (Ss'tn-an), a. Of or pertaining to Austria. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of Austria or, loosely, of 
Austria-Hungary. 

Austro-. Combining form for Austria. 
Aus'tro-Hun-ga'ri-an, a. Of or pert, to the monarchy of 

Austria-Hungary. See Ausgleich. 
Aus'tro-Ma-lay'an, a. Of or pert, to Australia and the 

Malay Archipelago. 
au-then'tic (6-then'tTk), a. [From F., fr. L. authenticus 

coming from the real author, Gr. avdevrucos, fr. avdevrris 

one who does anything himself.] 1. Having authority. 06s. 

2. Having a genuine original or authoritative source ; genu- 
ine ; real ; as, an authentic paper. 3. Of approved author- 
ity ; true ; credible ; as, an authentic report. — Syn. Au- 
thoritative, trustworthy. — au-then'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

au-then'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. Authentic. Archaic. 

au-then'ti-cate (-ti-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. 
1. To render authentic ; give authority to, as by legal for- 
malities. 2. To prove authentic ; determine as genuine. — 
Syn. See confirm. — au-then/ti-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. 

au'then-tic'i-tyX 6'then-tTs'i-ti ), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing authentic. 

au'thor ( 6'ther ), n. [From OF., fr. L. auctor, fr. auger e 
to increase, produce.] 1. The beginner of anything ; hence : 
creator ; originator. 2. One who composes or writes some- 
thing, as a book; a composer; also, an author's writings. 
— au'thor-ess, n. fem. — au-tho'ri-al (6-tho'n-al), a. 

au-thor'i-ta'ri-an (6-thor'T-ta'ri-dn), a. Advocating the 
principle of obedience to authority as opposed to individual 
liberty. — n. One who advocates this principle. 

au-thor'i-ta-tive (6-thor'i-ta-tiv),a. 1. Having, or proceed- 
ing from, authority ; entitled to obedience or credit ; as, 
authoritative orders, teaching, etc. 2. Having an air of 
authority ; dictatorial ; peremptory. — au-thor'i-ta-tive- 
ly, adv. — au-thor'i-ta-tive-ness, n. 

au-thor'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. autorite, fr. L. 
auctoritas.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to 
command or to act ; dominion ; jurisdiction. 2. Govern- 
ment ; those exercising power or command; — 'usuallyin pi. 

3. Power due to opinion or esteem ; influence of character, 
station, or mental or moral superiority, or the like. 4. One 
claimed, or appealed to, in support of opinions, actions, 
measures, etc. Hence: a Testimony; witness, b A prece- 
dent ; previous decision of a court. C A book or its author. 
d Justification; warrant. 

au'thor-i-za'tion (6'thor-T-za'shun; -T-za'shun ), n. Act of 
authorizing ; sanction ; warrant. 

au'thor-ize (6'thor-Iz),tf. t.; -izED(-Tzd); -iz'ing (-TzThg). 
1. To clothe with authority; empower. 2. To give legal 
sanction to ; legalize. 3. To establish by authority, as by 
usage ; sanction ; as, expressions authorized by usage. 4. 
To sanction or confirm by some authority ; warrant ; as, to 
authorize a report. — Syn. See ratify. — au'thor-iz'er, n. 

au'thor-Ship, n. 1. Quality or state of being an author; 
function or dignity of an author. 2. Source; origin. 

au'to (6'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). Colloq. for automobile. 

au'tO- (6'tS-). 1. Combining form fr. Gr. avros, self; as in 
automobile, self-propelled; autobiography, etc. 2. An 
abbr. of automobile, used to denote self-moving, self- 
propelling; as in autoboat, autocar, etc., an automobile 
boat, car, etc. 

au'to-bi-og'ra-phy (-bT-Sg'rd-fi), n.; pi. -phies (-fTz). A 
biography written by the subject of it ; memoirs of one's 



life written by one's self. — au'to-bi-og'ra-pher (-fer), n. 

— au'to-bi'o-graph'ic (-bl'6-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-1- 
kal), a. — graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

au'to-car' (6'to-kaV), n. An automobile. 

au'to-ceph'a-lous ( -sef'd-lus ), a. [Gr. aiTOKe<pa\os inde- 
pendent. See auto- ; cephalous. ] Eccl. Independent or 
self-governing; — usually applied to churches which are in 
full communion with one another but which have no com- 
mon government, as the Eastern churches of Russia, Rou- 
mania, Greece, Montenegro, Cyprus, Servia, etc. 

au-toch'thon (6-tok'thon; -thon), n.; pi. E. -thons 
(-thonz; -thonz), L. -thones (-tho-nez). [L., fr. Gr. abro- 
x8uv from the land itself ; avros self + x®&>v earth, land.] 
One sprung from the ground he inhabits ; a native ; an abo- 
riginal;— usually in pi. — au-toch'tho-nism(-th6-niz'm),n. 

au-tOCh'tho-nous (-nus) , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, an autochthon ; aboriginal ; native. ous-ly, adv. 

au-toch'tho-ny (-ni), n. Autochthonous condition. 

au'to : clave (6'to-klav), n. [F.; fr. Gr. avros self+L. 
clavis key.] A strong metallic vessel, gas-tight when 
closed, used for heating liquids under pressure. 

au'to-co-her'er (6'to-ko-her'er), n. Wireless Teleg. A self- 
restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector. 

au-toe'ra-cy ( 6-tok'rd-sT ), n. ; pi. -cies ( -siz ). [Gr. avro- 
Kpareia. See autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived 
power ; absolute supremacy. 2. Supreme governing power 
in an individual ; authority of an autocrat. 

au'tO-crat (S'to-krat), n. [Gr. avTOKparrjs; abrSs self + 
Kpdros strength.] An absolute sovereign ; a monarch rul- 
ing by claim of absolute right ; despot. 

au'to-crat'ic (-krat'ik)! a. Of, pertaining to, or of the char- 

au'to-crat'i-cal (-i-kal)J acter of, an autocrat. — Syn. See 
despotic. — au'to-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

U au'to-da-f e' ( ou'to-dd-fa' ; 6'-), n.; pi. autos-da-f£ 
(ou'tos- ; o'toz-). [Pg., act of the faith.] The ceremony ac- 
companying the pronouncement of judgment by the Inqui- 
sition, followed by execution by the secular authorities; 
hence, the execution alone ; esp., the burning of a heretic. 

U au'to-de-fe' ( ou'to-da-fa' ), n.; pi. autos-de-fe. [ Sp., 
act of faith.] = auto-da-fe. 

au'to-de-tec'tor, n. = autocoherer. 

au-toe'eious (6-te'shus), a. [auto- + Gr. olda house.] 
Bot. Passing through all its stages on the same host, as 
some parasitic fungi. Cf. heteroscious. — au-toe'eism 
(-siz'm), n. 

au-tog'a-my (6-tog'd-mT), n. Self-fertilization ; Bot., fer- 
tilization of a flower by its own pollen. — au-tog'a-mous 
(6-tog'd-mus), a. [eration.j 

au'to-gen'e-sis (o'to-jen'e-sis),?!. Biol. Spontaneous gen-| 

au / tO-ge-net'ic(-je-net'Tk),a. 1. Biol. Pert, to autogene- 
sis; self -generated. 2. Phys.Geog. Pert, to, controlled by, 
or designating, a system of self-determined drainage, or one 
developed solely by headwater erosion. i-cal-ly, adv. 

au'to-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. Autogenous. 

au-tog'e-nous (o-toj'e-nusj.a. [Gr. avToyevris. See auto-; 
-genous.] 1. Self-generated; produced independently. 2. 
Phys. Geog. = autogenetic, 2. — au-tog'e-nous-ly, adv. 
autogenous soldering: or welding:, the process of uniting 
pieces of metal by fusing them together without solder. 

au-tog'e-ny (o-toj'e-m), n. Biol. Spontaneous generation. 

au'tO-graph (o'to-graf), n. [From L., fr. Gr. avroypafos au- 
tographic; avros self -\-yp&4>ei.v to write.] That written with 
one's own hand ; an original, or author's own, manuscript ; 
a person's own signature or handwriting. 

au'to-graph'ic (6'to-graf'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, an autograph. 2. Of an instrument, self-record- 
ing; of a record, recorded by such an instrument. — au'to- 
graph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. — au'to-graph'i-cal-lyjadv. 

au-tOg'ra-phy(6-tog'rd : fi),?i. The science of autographs ; an 
autograph, or a collection of autographs. 

au'to-harp' (S'to-h'arpO.n. A zitherlike musical instrument, 
provided with dampers which, 
when depressed, deaden some 
strings, leaving free others that 
form a chord. 

au'to-hyp-no'sis (6'to-hTp-no'- 
sis),n. Self-induced hypnotism. 

— au'to-hyp-not'ic ( 6'to-hip- 
not'ik), a. 

au'to-hyp'no-tism (-hTp'no-tiz'm), n. 
au'to-in-fec'tion, n. Med,. Poisoning 

originates in the organism itself. 
au'tO-in-OC'u-la'tion, n. Med. Inoculation of a person 

with virus from his own body. 
au'to— in-toxl-ca'tion, n. Med. Poisoning, or state of being 

poisoned, from toxic substances produced in the body. 
au'to-ki-net'ic ( -ki-neVik ; -kl-ngt'ik ), a. Self -moving; 

moving automatically. 
All-tol'y-CUS (5-tol'i-kus),n.[L.,fr.Gr.A&r6Xw«>s.] Class. 

Myth. Mercury's son, famous as the prince of thieves. 
au-tom'a-ta (6-tom'd-td), n., L. pi. of automaton. 




Autoharp. 
Autohypnosis. 
by a virus that 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



AUTOMATIC 

au / tO-mat / ic(6 , to-mat'ik),a. [See automaton.] 1. Hav- 
ing an inherent power of action. 2. Self-acting or self- 
regulating ; — applied esp. to machinery or mechanical 
devices. 3. Not voluntary ; not depending on the will. — 
Syn. See spontaneous. 

automatic firearm, gun, pistol, etc., one in which the 
force of the recoil ejects the empty shell and brings a fresh 
cartridge into firing position. The recoil also operates the 
firing mechanism, except in pistols, which usually require a 
separate trigger-pull for each shot. 
— n. A machine or apparatus that operates automatically ; 
esp., an automatic firearm. — au/to-mat'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 
— au'to-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
au-tom/a-tism (o-tom'd-tiz'm), n._ 1. State or quality of 
being automatic ; also, an automatic act or habit of acting. 
2. a Physiol. The power or fact of movement (1) inde- 

. pendently of external stimuli, as the beating of the heart ; 
or (2) directly from the effect of external stimuli but in- 
i dependently of conscious control, b Psychol. Any psychic 
phenomenon,whether a feeling, thought, sensation, or motor 
impulse, which appears in consciousness with apparent 
spontaneity, being due neither to an act of will, ordinary 
association, nor to any objective stimulation ; a conscious 
state issuing from subliminal consciousness ; also, such phe- 
nomena collectively or in general. C Philos. The theory 
that consciousness does not control action, but is a mere 
adjunct of physiological changes. 

au-tom'a-ton ( 6-tom'd-ton ), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E.-tons 
(-tonz). [L., fr. Gr. avronaros self-moving.] 1. A thing re- 
garded as capable of spontaneous motion or action. 2. A 
self-moving machine, esp. one made to imitate the motions 
of men, birds, etc. 3. A living being acting in a mechani- 
cal or involuntary manner. 

au'to-mo'bile ( 6'to-mo'bTl ), a. Containing means of pro- 
pulsion within itself ; self-propelling. 

au'to-mo'bile (-mo'bfl; -mo-bel'), n. [F.] An automobile 
vehicle or mechanism ; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable 
for general use on a street or roadway. mo'bil-ist, n. 

au'to-nom/icC-nom/TlO.a. 1. Self-governing; autonomous. 
2. Plant Physiol. Due to internal causes or influences; 
spontaneous. — au'to-nom'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — au/to- 
nom'i-cal-ly, adv. 

au-ton'o-mist, (o-ton'o-mTst), n. An advocate of au- 
tonomy. 

au-ton'O-mous (o-ton'o-mus), a. [Gr. avrovo^os; olvtos self 
+ vefxeiv to assign, hold sway.] 1. Of or pertaining to an 
autonomy. 2. Independent in government; self-govern- 
ing. 3. Plant Physiol. = autonomic, 2. 

au-ton'o-my (-mi), n. Quality or state of being autono- 
mous ; the power or right of self-government. 

au'to-plas'ty (6'to-plas'ti ), n. Surg. The repairing of 
lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neigh- 
boring part, to supply a deficiency caused by disease or 
wounds. — au'tO-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. 

au'top-sy ( 6'top-si ) , n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [Gr. alroipia, fr. 
airroTTTos seen by one's self ; avros -j- ottos seen. ] 1. Per- 
sonal observation ; ocular view. 2. Med. Dissection of a dead 
body to learn the cause, seat, or nature of a disease, or the 
cause of death ; post-mortem examination. 

au'tO-Sta-bil'i-ty (o'to-std-bTl'i-ti), n. Mech. Stability 
due to the automatic action of self-operative mechan- 
ism ; also, stability due to the inherent qualities, as the shape 
and proportions alone. 

au'tq-sug-ges^tion (p'to-swg-jes'chim), n. Med. Self-sug- 
gestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from 
another, esp. in hypnotism, and often productive of dis- 
turbance of function of one or more organs. 

au'to-tox-se'mi-a, or -tox-e'mi-a (-tok-se'mT-d), au'to- 
tox'i-ca'tion (-tok'sT-ka'shun), au'to-tox'i-co'sis (-ko'- 
sis), au'to-tox'is, n. [NL. See auto-; toxemia, toxic] 
Med. = auto-intoxication. — au'to-tox'ic, a. j 

aa'to-tox'in (-tok'sm), n. Med. Any toxin produced by 
tissue changes within the body. 

au'to-trans-fqrm'er (o'to-trans-for'mer), n. Elec. A trans- 
former in which part of the primary winding is used as a 
secondary winding, or vice versa ; — ■ called also a compen- 
sator or balancing coil. 

au'to-type' (6'to-tIpO, n. 1. A facsimile. 2. Photog. The 
carbon process ; also, a picture made by this process. See 
carbon process. — au'to-typ'ic (-tTp'Tk), a. 

au'to-ty-pog'ra-phy (-tl-pog'rd-fT), n. A process by which 
drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft 
metal plate, from which the printing is done as from 
copperplate. 

au-tot'y-py (6-tot'i-plf; S'to-tlp'Y), n. Art or process of 
making autotypes. 

au'tumn (6'tihn), n. [From OF., fr. L. autumnus.'] The 
season between summer and winter, often, esp. in America, 
called fall. 

au-tum'nal (6-tum'ndl), a. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, 
autumn. — au-tum'nal-ly, adv. 

au'tun-ite (6'tfin-It), n. [From Autun, France, its locali- 



73 



AVENGER 



ty. ] Min. A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and cal- 
cium occurring in tabular crystals and in micalike scales. 

aux'a-nom'e-ter (ok'sd-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. avZaveLv to 
cause to increase -f -met er.] An instrument for determin- 
ing and measuring the rate of growth in plants. 

aux-e'to-phone (ok-se'to-fon), n. [Gr. ai/£ rrrds that may 
be increased + -phone. ] A pneumatic reproducer for a 
phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the prin- 
ciple of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones 
than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer. 

aux-il'iar (og-zil'ydr), a. & n. Auxiliary. Archaic. 

aux-il'ia-ry (-yd-rf), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium 
help, aid.] Conferring aid or help ; assistant. 
Syn. Ancillary, aiding, helping ; subservient, subordinate, 
subsidiary. — Auxiliary, subsidiary agree in the idea of 
furnishing aid. Subsidiary usually implies subordinate 
rank or position, which auxiliary may or may not imply. 
auxiliary vessel, yacht, etc., one equipped with sails and 
with an engine and propeller for use when there is no wind 
or when the wind is adverse. 

— n. ; pi. -RiEs(-riz). 1. One that aids or helps ; an assistant. 
2. In pi. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. 3. 
Gram.^ A verb (as have, be, may, do, shall and will, can, 
must, in English) which helps to form the voices, moods, 
tenses, etc., of other verbs. 4. Naut. An auxiliary vessel, 
esp._ a yacht. Cf . naval auxiliary. 

a-vail' (d-vaK), v. i. [ME. availen, fr. a- -f- F. valoir to be 
worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, be worth.] To be of use ; 
to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish 
the object in mind. 
to avail of, to avail one's self of. 

— v. t. 1. To advantage or profit ; benefit ; help. 2. To pro- 
mote ; assist. Obs. 

to avail one's self of, to make use of ; to take advantage of. 

— n. 1. Profit ; benefit. Archaic. 2. Advantage toward suc- 
cess ; effective advantage; as, of avail; of no avail. 3. In 
pi. Proceeds. — Syn. Use, benefit, utility, profit, service. 

a-vail'a-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being available. 

a-vail'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Capable of availing ; having suf- 
ficient power, force, or efficacy for the object ; effectual ; 
valid ; as, an available plea. Obs. or Archaic, exc. in Law. 
2. Such as one may avail one's self of ; usable. — a-vail'a- 
ble-ness, n. — a-vail'a-bly, adv. 

av'a-lanche (av'd-lanch), n. [F., fr. avaler to descend, fr. 
aval down ; a ( L. ad ) + val, L. vallis, valley.] A large 
mass of snow and ice, or of earth, rocks, etc., sliding swiftly 
down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. 

— v. i. To slide or slip down in the form of, or after the 
manner of, an avalanche, i 

Av'a-lon (-Ion ), n. [F.] In medieval romance, an ocean 
island, "not far on this side of the terrestrial paradise." 

a-vant r — COU'ri-er ( d-vant'koo'n-er ; d-van'-; a-vaN'koo'- 
ri-er), n. [F. avant-courrier, lit., advance courier.] A per- 
son dispatched before another person or company, to give 
notice of his or their approach ; specif., in pi., formerly, the 
scouts, skirmishers, or advance guard of an army. 

[] a'vant'-garde' (a'vaN'gard'), n. [F.] Vanguard. 

av'a-rice ( av'd-ris ), n. [ F., fr. L. avaritia, fr. avarus 
avaricious.] Excessive or inordinate desire of gain; covet- 
ousness; cupidity. 

av'a-ri'cious (-rish'iis), a. Actuated by avarice; greedy of 
gain. — Syn. Rapacious, griping, sordid. See covetous. 
— av'a-ri'cious-ly, adv. — av'a-ri'cious-ness, n. 

a-vast' (d-vast'), interj. [Corrupt, fr. D. houd vast hold 
fast.] Naut. Cease ! stop ! stay ! 

av'a-tar/ (av'd-tar' ), n. [ Skr. avatara descent. ] Incarna- 
tion; embodiment; epiphany. 

a-vaunt' (d-vont' ; -viint'), interj. [F. avant before ; fr. L. 
ab + ante before.] Begone ! depart ! 

a've ( a've ; a'va ), interj. [L., hail, be well.] Hail ! farewell ! 
— a salutation. — n. 1. The salutation ave ; esp. [cap.~], 
an Ave Maria. 2. [ cap. ] a The time when the Aves are 
said, b One of the beads of a rosary, which are counted as 
the Aves are said. 

A've Ma-ri'a (a'va ma-re'a)] pi. Ave Marias, Ave Ma- 

A've Ma'ry (a've ma'ri) J rtes. [L. ave hail, Maria 
Mary.] The salutation of Gabriel (Luke i. 28) and of Eliza- 
beth (Luke i. 42) to the Virgin Mary, combined, as now 
used in the Roman Catholic Church, with a prayer to 
Mary. 

av'e-na'ceous (aVe-na'sbSs), a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena 
oats.] Of or resembling oats or the oat grasses. 

a-venge' (d-venjO.v. t.; a-venged' (d-venjd') ; a-vexg'ing 
(-ven'jing). [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay 
claim to, avenge, revenge.] To take vengeance for; exact 
satisfaction for. — i;. *. To take vengeance. — a-veng'er, n. 
Syn. Vindicate, requite, retaliate, revenge. — Avenge, re- 
venge. To avenge is to inflict punishment, either in behalf 
of one's self or of others, for the sake of vindication or just 
retribution; to revenge is to inflict pain or injury in re- 
sentful or malicious retaliation ; as, to avenge the injuries 
of the helpless ; Plato held that revenge is wrong. 



D 



H 




J 



K 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, ilrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



M 



AVENS 74 

av'ens (aVenz), n. [OF. avence.'] Any of a genus (Geum) 
of perennial rosaceous herbs, having white, purple, or 
yellow flowers with plumose styles ; esp., the common avens 
(G. urbanum) or the purple, or water, avens (G. rivale). 

av'en-tail, av'en-tayle(av'en-tal),TC. [SeevENTAiL.] Ar- 
mor. The movable front of a helmet. 

Av'en-tine (-tin; -tin), n. [L. Aventinus. ] One of the 
seven hills of Rome (see Seven Hills), in early times an 
asylum for refugees. — Av'en-tine, o. 

a-ven'tu-rine ( d-ven'tti-rin ), n. [F.] 1. A kind of brown- 
ish glass with gilt spangles interspersed throughout its sub- 
stance. 2. Min. A translucent quartz spangled through- 
out with scales of mica or other mineral. 

av'e-nue ( aVe-nu ), n. [F., fr. avenir to come to, L. ad- 
venire; ad + venire to come.] 1. An opening of access or 
egress ; a way of approach or of exit ; — often used fig. ; as, 
an avenue of escape. 2. Any broad passageway bordered 
on each side by trees. 3. A broad street. — Syn. See way. 

a-ver' (d-vfirO, v. t. ; a-verred' (d-vurd') ; a-ver'ring. 
[F. averer, fr. LL., fr. L. ad + verus true.] 1. Law. To 
avouch or verify ; prove or justify. 2. To affirm confident- 
ly ; declare positively. — Syn. affirm. 

av'er-age (aVer-aj), n. [OF. average, or LL. averagium.'] 
1. Any of certain small charges defrayed by the master of a 
vessel. 2. A loss less than total to cargo or ship, or a charge 
arising from it, or the equitable distribution of it. 3. A 
mean proportion, or medial sum or quantity, derived from 
unequal sums or quantities ; an arithmetical mean. 4. Any 
medial estimate derived from a comparison of diverse spe- 
cific cases ; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, 
etc. ; as, the high individual average of our citizenship. 
Syn. Average, mean. In common usage, average (usual- 
ly a.) suggests little more than ordinary, the "common run," 
often implying general conformity to prevailing standards ; 
as, the average man, average ability. Mean implies a mid- 
dle between two extremes ; as, the happy mean. 

— a. 1. Pert, to an average or mean; medial; ordinary; 
usual. 2. According to the laws of average. 

— v. t.; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing (-a-jmg). 1. To find the aver- 
age of ; reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number ac- 
cording to a given proportion. 3. To do, accomplish, get, 
etc., on an average, — v. i. To amount to, or to be, on an 
average ; as, their losses will average five dollars each. — 
av'er-age-ly, adv. 

a-ver'ment ( d-vur'ment ), n. Act of averring ; that which is 
averred ; affirmation ; allegation. 

A-ver/nus (-nus ),n. [L.] The infernal regions ; — socalled 
after a small deep lake near Naples in the crater of an ex- 
tinct volcano, celebrated in Roman myth for its mephitic 
vapors and supposed connection with the infernal regions. 

Av'er-ro'ism (av'e-ro'iz'm), n. The doctrines of the 
Arabian philosopher Averroes (Ibn Roshd), a. d. 1126-98, 
an interpreter of Aristotle. He taught that from God ema- 
nates the active intellect, which is the source of all lower 
intellects ( sense perception, imagination, memory, discur- 
sive reason, etc.), and that these return again to God. — 
Av'er-ro'ist (-1st), n. — Av'er-ro-is'tic (-ro-is'tik), a. 

a-verse' (d-vfirs' ), a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See 
avert.] 1. Having an aversion ; disliking ; reluctant ; op- 
posed. 2. Bot. Turned away from the stem or axis. " Cf. 
adverse. — Syn. See adverse, reluctant. — a-verse'- 
ness, n. 

a-ver/sion (d-vur'shwn), n. 1. A state of mind in which 
attention to an object is coupled with dislike of it and desire 
to turn from it. 2. Act of averting. Rare. 3. Antipathy or 
opposition in qualities. 4. An object of dislike or repug- 
nance. — Syn. Dislike, repugnance, disgust. See antipathy. 

a-vert' (d-vurt'),'". t. [L. avertere; a + vertere to turn.] 
To turn aside or away ; ward off or prevent the occurrence 
or effects of. — Syn. See prevent. — a-vert'i-ble, a. 

A'ves ( a'vez ), n. pi. [L., pi. of avis bird. ] Zo'ol. The class 
of vertebrates consisting of the birds. 

a'vi-a-ry (a'vi-a-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. aviarium, fr. 
avis bird.] A place, as a house, for keeping birds confined. 

a'vi-ate (-at), y. i. To fly, or navigate the air, in an aero- 
plane or heavier-than-air flying machine. Colloq. 

a'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Art or science of locomotion by 
aeroplanes. 

a'vi-a'tor (a/vT-a'ter), n. 1. One who is occupiedwith, or 
expert in, aviation. 2. The driver or pilot of an aeroplane, 
or heavier-than-air flying machine. — a'vi-a'tress (a'vi-a'- 
tres), a'vi-a'trix (a'vi-a'trlks), n. fern. 

a'vi-CUl'ture (a'vi-kul'tyr), n. [L. avis bird + cultura cul- 
ture.] Rearing and care of birds. 

av'id (aVId), a. [L. avidus, fr. avere to long.] Eager; 
greedy. — av'id-ly, adv. 

a-vid'i-ty ( d-vTd'i-tf ), n. 1. Greediness; eagerness; 
strength of desire. 2. Chem. The strength of an acid or 
base, or its capability of displacing other acids or bases 
from their salts, as measured under strictly equitable con- 
ditions. — Syn. See cupidity. ____ 




AVULSION 

a'vi-fau'na (a'vY-fo'nd), n. [NL.; L. avis bird -f- E. 
fauna. ] Zo'ol. The birds, or all the kinds of birds, consid- 
ered collectively, of a given region. — a'vi-fau'nal (-ndl), a. 

a-vi'S0 (d-vl'zo), n. ; pi. -sos (-zoz).|[Sp.] 1. Information ; 
notification. 2. A dispatch boat. 

av'o-ca'do ( av'o-ka'do ),n.; pi. -DOS ( -doz ). [Corrupt, fr- 
Mexican 
ahuacatl .] 
The pulpy 
fruit of a tropi- 
cal American 
lauraceous tree 
(Persea per- 
sea) ; the alli- 
gator pear. It 
is usually eaten 
as a salad,with 
vinegar. Also, 
the tree itself. 

av'o-ca'tion 
(-ka'shwn), n. 
[L. avocatio, 
ir.avocare,-ca- 

tus , to call Avocado, showing Flowering Branch and 
away ;a,ab+ Section of Fruit. 

vocare^ to call.] 1. State of being called away ; diversion of 
attention ; distraction. 2. A subordinate occupation. 3. 
[Usually in pi. J Customary employment ; vocation ; usual 
pursuits ; — the use of the word in the singular in this sense 
is avoided by the best writers. — Syn. See vocation. 

a-voc'a-to-ry (d-vok'd-to-rT), a. Summoning away or back. 

av'o-cet, av'o-set ( av'6-set ), n. [ F. avocette. ] Any of 
several shore birds 
(genus Recur vi- 
rostra) having long 
legs, webbed feet, 
and a slender upwan 
curved bill. 

a-void' (d-void'),v. t. [From OF., 
fr. es (L. ex) + voidier to emp- 
ty . See void, a.] 1. To empty ;k, 
void. Obs. 2. To make void, asr^- 
a contract ; annul ; vacate. 3.lV 
To keep away from ; shun ; ab- ~i 
stain from ; as, to avoid bad 
company. 4. To expel. Obs. 

a-void'a-ble, a. Capable of being avoided. 
Syn. Escape, elude, evade, shun, eschew. — Avoid, shun 
agree in the idea of keeping away from something, or out of 
contact with it, and often may be interchanged. But shun, 
more than avoid, suggests shrinking or even abhorrence. 

a-void'ance (-dns ), n. 1. Act of avoiding. 2. Act of be- 
coming, or state of being, vacant ; — esp. of a benefice. 

a-void'er (-er), n. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. 

a-void'less, a. Unavoidable ; indefeasible. 

av'oir-du-pois' (aVer-du-poiz'), n. [ME. aver de peis, 
avoir de pois, goods of weight ; OF. aveir, avoir, goods 
+ de of -f- peis, pois, weight, L. pensum.J 1. Avoirdupois 
weight. 2. Weight ; heaviness. Colloq. 
avoirdupois weight, the common system in English- 
speaking countries for weighing all commodities except 
precious stones, precious metals, and drugs. In it 16 drams 
(dr.) make 1 ounce (oz.) ; 16 ounces, or 7,000 grains (gr.), 
make 1 pound (lb.). 

a-VOUCb/ (d-vouch'), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL. advocare to 
recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, L. advocare 
to call to ; ad + vocare to call.] 1. To maintain as true ; 
vouch for ; guarantee ; as, I will avouch its truth. 2. To as- 
sert positively, deliberately, or openly ; avow ; as, he did not 
avouch his intentions. 

— n. Evidence ; declaration. Obs. or R. 

a -VOUCh'ment (-ment), n. Act of avouching. 

a-VOW' (d-vou'), v. t. & i. [OF. avouer.] To vow. 06s. — 
n. A vow or determination. Archaic. 

a-VOW', v. t. [F. avouer ; a (L. ad) -f- vouer to vow, fr. L. 
votum vow.] To declare openly ; own or acknowledge 
frankly. — Syn. See acknowledge. — a-VOW'er, n. 

a-VOW'al (-ol), n. A frank declaration or acknowledgment. 

a-VOWed' (d-voud') , p. a. Openly acknowledged or declared ; 
admitted. — a-vow'ed-Iy, adv. — a-vow'ed-ness, n. 

a-VOW'ry (d-vou'rf), n. ; pi. -RiES.(-riz). [OF. avouerie."] 
1. Advocacy, patronage, or protection ; also, a patron ; 
patron saint. Obs. 2. Act of one who avows anything; esp., 
the act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of re- 
plevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. # 

a-Vlll'sion (d-vul'shwn), n. [L. avulsio.'] 1. A tearing 
asunder; a forcible separation. 2. Law. The sudden re- 
moval of land from the estate of one man to that of an- 
other, as by a sudden change in the course of a river. The 
property in the part thus separated continues in the origi- 
nal owner. Cf. alluvion. 




European Avocet. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na^re, verdure (87) ; 



AVUNCULAR 



75 



AXUNGE 



a-VUn'CU-lat (d-vun'ku-ldr), a. FX. avunculus uncle.] Cf 
or pert, to, or like, an uncie or, jocosely, a pawnbroker. 

a-wait' (d-waf), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + waitier, 
gaitier, to watch. See wait.] 1. To watch for. Obs. 2. To 
wait for; stay for; expect. 3. To be in store for; be ready 
or in waiting for. — v. i. To wait ; stay in waiting. 

a-wake' (d-wak'), v. i. & t.; pret. a-woke' (d-wok'), 
a-waked' (d-wakf) ; p. p. a-waked', Obs. or R. awoke, 
Obs. awaken or awoken ; p. pr. &vb. n. a-wak'ing. [AS. 
awsecnanipret. awoc), and dwacian (pret. awacode).'] To 
cease to sleep; come out of, or rouse from, sleep or, fig., 
a sleeplike state; wake. 

— a. Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep. 
a-wak'en (d-wak''n), v. t. & i. [AS. dwsecnan, dwsecnian, 

v. i. ; on- + wsecnan to wake.] To rouse from sleep ; awake. 

— Syn. Arouse, wake, excite, stir up, call forth. 
a-wak'en-er, n. One who, or that which, awakens. m 
a-ward' (d-w8rd'), v. t. [OF. eswarder consider, decide; es 

(L. ex) + warder, gardcr, to observe, keep.] _ To adjudge; 
grant or give after due deliberation, consideration of relative 
merits, or the like.— n. 1. A judgment ; the decision of ar- 
bitrators ; a granting or giving after due deliberation or a 
consideration of relative merits. 2. That which is awarded. 

— a-ward'a-fcle, a. — a-ward'er, n. 

a-ware' (-war'), a. [AS. gewxr, fr. wser wary.] 1. Watchful. 
Rare. 2. Cognizant ; conscious ; informed ; as, aware of the 
enemy's plans; aware that the enemy has gone. — Syn. 
See conscious. 

a-ware'ness, n. Quality or state of being aware; mere ap- 
prehension of an object without active attention to it. 

a-wasn' (d-wosh'), adv. & a. 1. \ /ashed by the waves or 
tide. 2. Floating in the water. 

a-way' (d-wa'), adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on qn+ 
weg way.] 1. From a place ; hence ; as, go away. 2. Aside ; 
in another direction ; as, he turned his eyes away. 3. From 
one's possession ; as, take it away from him. 4. From a state 
or condition of being into extinction or termination; out of 
existence ; as, the sound faded away. 5. On ; in continuance ; 
without intermission or delay; as, sing away; come right 
away. Colloq. 6. Absent ; gone ; at a distance; as, the mas- 
ter is away from home. 

awe (8),n. [Icel. agi.~\ 1. Great fear; terror. Obs.^ or R. 2. 
Reverential fear such as is felt for the Divine Being ; pro- 
found reverence; solemn wonder. 3. Power to inspire dread 
or reverential fear. — Syn. See reverence. 

— v. t.; awed (6d) ; aw'ing. To strike or inspire with awe. 
a-wea'ry (d-we'rT),a. Weary. Poetic. 

a-weath'er (d-weth'er) , adv. Naut. On the weather, or wind- 
ward, side; — opposed to alee. 

a-weigh' (d-wa'), adv. & a. Naut. Just clear cf the ground 
and hanging perpendicularly ; — said of the anchor. 

awe'less (6'les), a. Var. of awixss. 

awe'some (6'sum), a. Causing, or expressive of, awe or 
terror. — awe'some-ly, adv. — awe'scmc-ness, n. 

aw'ful (6'fool), a. 1. Filling with awe. 2. Filled with awe. 
Obs. 3. Reverential ; law-abiding. Now Rare. 4. Frightful; 
monstrous ; exceedingly bad, monotonous, long, etc. ; — 
used intensively. Slang. — Syn. See fearful. — aw'ful-ly, 
adv. — aw'ful-ness, n. 

a- while' (d-hwll'), adv. For a while ; for a short time. 

awk'ward ( ok'werd ), a. [ Icel. ofugr ( neut. ofukt ) turning 
the wrong way + E. -ward."] 1. Perverse ; untoward. Obs. 
2. Not dexterous; clumsy; ungraceful. 3. Not easily pan- 
aged or effected ; embarrassing ; as, an awkward affair. — 
awk'ward-ly, adv. — awk'ward-ness, n. 
Syn. Unhandy, bungling, blundering, maladroit; inelegant, 
stiff, constrained ; unwieldy, ponderous, lumbering ; boor- 
ish, clownish, lubberly, gawky, clumsy, ungainly, uncouth. 

— Awkward, clumsy, ungainly, uncouth. Awkward 
implies lack of dexterity or grace, whether bodily or men- 
tal; as, awkward, in one's gait, awkward at handling tools. 
Clumsy implies heaviness or stiffness of movement ; it also 
applies to that which is misshapen or awkwardly formed ; as, 
clumsy ringers, elephant, boots. Fig., clumsy denotes what 
is ill-contrived or bungling ; as, a clumsy excuse. Ungainly 
applies chiefly to awkwardness of carriage, gait, or gesture; 
as, an ungainly figure, strut. Uncouth implieswantof train- 
ing or lack of refinement ; as, uncouth manners, speech, etc. 

awl (81), n. [AS. al, eel, eal.~\ A pointed instrument for pierc- 
ing small holes, as in leather or wood. [irreverent.! 

aw'less, awe'less (6'les), a. Without awe; fearless;! 

awl'wort' (81'wurt'),n. A small aquatic brassicaceous plant 
{Subularia aquatica) with awl-shaped leaves. 

awn ( on ), n. [ Iceh ogn, pi. agnir. ] One of the barbed 
appendages constituting the beard of a head of barley, 
oats, some kinds of wheat, and other grasses ; hence, any 
small pointed process. — awned (6nd), a. 

awn'ing, n. 1. A rooflike cover, esp. of canvas, extended 
over or before a place. 2. A shelter resembling an awning. 

awnless, a. Bot. Destitute of an awn. 

awn'y (on'i), a. Having awns; bearded. 

a-woke' (d-wok'), pret. & p. p. of AWAKE. 



a-wry' (d-rl'), adv. & a. [a- on, in -\-wry."] 1. Turnedto one 
side; not straight or true. 2. Aside from truth, or ri^ht 
reason ; perverse or perversely. — Syn. See crooked. 

ax, axe (aks),n.;pL*AXES (2k'sez;24). [ AS. sex, acas.~\ 

1. A common tool for hewing, chopping, or splitting wood. 

2. An axhammer. — v. t. To dress or trim with an ax. 
ax'ham'mer (-ham'er), n. An ax for dressing or spalling 

the rougher kinds of stone, having two opposite cutting 
edges. — ax'ham'mered (-erd), p. a. 

ax'i-al ( ak'si-dl ), a. Of, pert, to, or constituting, an axis. 

ax'il (-sil ), n. [L. axilla armpit.] Dot. The distal angb 
or point of divergence between a branch or leaf and its axis. 

ax'ile (-sil; -sil), a. Belonging to, or situated in, the axis. 

ax-il'la ( ak-sil'd ),n.; L. pi. -L2E ( -e ). [ L. ] 1. Anat. The 
armpit. 2. Bot. An axil. 

ax'il-lar (ak'si-ldr), a. Axillary. — n. Zool. One of the inner- 
most feathers on the under surface of the wing. 

ax'il-la-ry (-la-rf), a. 1. Anat. Of or pertaining to the an~.- 
pit. 2. Bot. Situated in, rising from, or pertainingto, an axil. 

— n.; pi. -RTES(-riz). Zool. An axillary. 

ax'i-nite (;nlt), n. [ Gr. 6£lvv an ax. ] Min. A borosilicate 
of aluminium and calcium, commonly found in crystals. 

ax'i-om (-itm), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 6£iw/j.a., fr. 6£iovv to 
think worthy, 6.£ios worthy. ] 1. Logic & Math. A self- 
evident truth. 2. An established principle in some art or 
science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally 
received ; as, the axioms of political economy. 
Syn. Saw, byword, dictum, precept, motto, maxim, apho- 
rism, apothegm, adage, proverb, saying.- — Axiom, maxim, 
aphorism, apothegm, adage, proverb, saying agree in 
denoting a sententious expression of a general truth. An 
axiom is a self-evident or universally accepted truth taken 
for granted. A maxim is a rule or precept sanctioned by 
experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns 
of life; as, he should put his high maxims into practice. An 
aphorism is a short and pithy sentence expressing some 
general truth or sentiment; as, "the great aphorism, that 
there is an external world." An apothegm is a terse and 
sententious aphorism. An adage is a saying of long-estab- 
lished authority and universal application ; as.it is an adage 
that "murder will out." A proverb is an adage couched, usu- 
ally, in homely and vividly concrete phrase ; as, the prov- 
erb that "a rolling stone gathers no moss." A saying is any 
brief current or habitual expression ; as, the old saying that 
"the empty vessel makes the greatest sound." 

axl-o-mat'ic (-o-mat'ik^ax'i-o-mat'i-cal (-i-kal),a. Per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an axiom ; self-evident. — ax'i- 
o-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ax'is (ak'sis), n.; pi. AXEs(-sez). [L. axis axis, axle. 3 
1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a 
body that actually or supposedly revolves on it. _ 2. a Anat. 
(1) The second vertebra of the neck of the higher verte- 
brates, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen 
of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid 
process, or peg. (2) Any of various central or axial parts, b 
Bot. The stem on which organs are arranged. 3. Math. A 
straight line with respect to which the different parts of a 
magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a 
cylinder, that is, the straight line joining the centers of the 
two bases; the axis of a cone; the axis of a circle, etc. 
4. Fine Arts, a An imaginary line supposed to pass 
through a design, to which are referred the different parts 
of the design, b In a_ working drawing, a line actually drawn 
and used as the basis of measurements. 

ax'is, n. [L. axis."] A deer _ {Cervus axis) of India and 
other parts of southern Asia, having rusine antlers and 
white-spotted body ; — called also axis deer. 

ax'le (-s'l), n. [ME. axel in axeltre, fr. Icel. oxultre; oxull 
axle + tre tree.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel 
revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse 
bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or car- 
riage. 3. The axis of a heavenly body. Obs. or Poetic. 

ax'le-tree' (-tre 7 ), n. [ Icel. oxultre. ] The bar or shaft on 
the ends of which opposite wheels of a vehicle revolve. 

Ax'min-ster (aks'mTn-ster), n., or Axminster carpet. 
1. A variety of Turkey carpet, made of strips of worsted 
chenille, so colored as to produce a pattern, on a stout 
jute backing; — formerly made (1755-1835) at Axmin- 
ster, England. 2. A similar but cheaper carpet, resembling, 
but better than, moquette. 

ax'o-lotl(ak's6-lot'l),7i. [Native name.] Any of several larval 
salamanders (genus Am- 
bystoma) found in the 
mountain lakes of Mex- 
ico and the western 
United States. They are 
esteemed as food by 
the natives in Mexico. Axolotl (*). 

ax'seed' (aks'sed'), n. A European fabaceous plant (Co- 
ronilla varia) naturalized in the eastern United States, 
with umbels of pink and white flowers and angular pods. 

ax'unge^ak'sunjO.w. [F.axonge,L,.axungia;axis wheel 




B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



AY 



76 



BABOO 



4- ungere to" grease.] Fat ; grease ; esp., the fat of pigs or 
geese ; usually, Pharm., lard prepared for medicinal use. 

ay. Var. of aye. 

ay (I), inter j. Ah! alas! 

a'yah (a'yd), re. [Pg. aia.] A native nurse for children; 
also, a lady's maid. India. 

aye, or ay (a), adv. [Icel. ei.] Always; ever; continually. 

aye, or ay (I), adv. Yes; yea.— n. An affirmative vote. 

aye'— aye' (I'lO, re. A nocturnal lemur {Daubentonia 
madagascariensis) of Madagascar. 

Ayr'shire (ar'sher; -shir), re. [From Ayrshire, Scotland.] 
One of a Scotch breed of dairy cattle. Ayrshires are hardy, 
of medium size, and, usually, of a white-and-brown color. 

U a-yun'ta-mien'to (a-yoon'ta-myan'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-tos). 
[Sp.] 1. A municipal government. 2. The townhouse ; the 
seat of a municipal government ; esp. \cap.~] , the central 
offices of the government of the Philippines at Manila. 

a-za'le-a (d-za'le-d), re. [NL., fr. Gr. &t aXeos dry, — because 
supposed to grow best in dry ground.] Any of various shrubs 
(genus Azalea) closely related to the rhododendron. 

a-zan' (d-zan'), re. [Ar. adhan."] The Mohammedan call 
to prayer, usually uttered by the muezzin, five times a day, 
from the minaret of a mosque. 

az'a-role (az'd-rol), re. [F. azerole, fr. Ar. az-zo'rur."] 
The pleasantly flavored fruit of a malaceous shrub (Cratae- 
gus azarolus) of southern Europe; also, the shrub itself. 

A-za'zel (d-za'zel ; az'd-zel), n. [Heb. 'Azazel.~] The leg- 
endary leader of those sons of God who took wives among 
the "daughters of men." (See Gen. vi. 2-4.) Milton 
makes him an associate of Satan. 

a-zed'a-rach (d-zed'd-rak)> n. [F. azedarac, Sp. acedera- 
que, Pers. azaddirakht noble tree.] The China tree, or the 
cathartic and emetic bark of its roots. 

az'i-muth (az'i-muth), re. [From F., fr. Ar. as-sumut."] 
Astron. & Geodesy. An arc of the horizon measured clock- 
wise between the south point of the horizon and the verti- 
cal circle passing through the center of any object. — 
az'i-muth/al (-muth'dl ; -mu'thal), a. muth'al-ly, adv. 

az'ine (az'in ; -en), n. [From azote.] Also -in. Org. Chem. 
Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a six- 
membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at 
least one other noncarbon atom, as of nitrogen, oxygen, or 

Sulphur. Cf. DIAZINE, TRIAZINE, OXAZINE, THIAZINE. 

az'o- (az'6-). [See azote.] Chem. A combining form (also 
used adjectively, azo) sometimes loosely used to form 



names of compounds having nitrogen variously combined. 
For specific and more customary use, see diazo-. 

a-ZO'ic (d-zo'ik), a. [Gr. d- not + fan? life.] Geol. Des- 
ignating, or pert, to, geologic time which antedates life. 

az'0-im'ide (az'6-im'Id ; -id), re. Also -id. [azo- -+- imide.'] 
Chem. =Hydrazoic acid. 

az'ole (az'ol; d-zol'),re. [From azote.] Org. Chem. Any 
of a large class of compounds having a five-membered ring 
containing an atom of nitrogen and ai. least one other non- 
carbon atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). Cf. azine. 

a-ZO'ni-um (d-zo'ni-rem), a. [azo- + -onium, as in ammo- 
nium.~] Org. Chem. Designating, or pertaining to, a class 
of compounds (the azonium bases) possessing basic 
properties due to a peculiar grouping of nitrogen atoms. 
They have the general formula R< I ^>R / . 

NR"OH 

az'ote (az'ot ; d-zot'), re. [F. fr. Gr. d- not + fcoi7 life ; — 
because it is incapable of supporting life.] Nitrogen. Rare. 

az'Ot-ed (az'6-ted ; d-zot'ed), a. Nitrogenized ; nitrogenous. 

az'oth (az'oth), re. [LL. azoch, azoth, or F. azoth, fr. Ar. 
az-zauq mercury.] Alchemy, a The first principle of met- 
als, i.e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in 
all metals, b The "universal remedy" of Paracelsus. 

a-ZOt'ic (d-zot'ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to azote, or nitro- 
gen ; nitrogenous ; nitric ; as, azotic gas ; azotic acid. Rare. 

az'o-tize (az'o-tlz), v. t. To nitrogenize. 

Az'ra-el (az'ra-el ), re. [Ar. 'Azra'il.'] Jewish & Moham. 
Myth. The angel of death, who watches over the dying, 
and separates the soul from the body. 

Az'tec (az'tek), re. An Indian of the tribe which founded the 
Mexican empire conquered by Cortez in 1519; loosely, any 
Indian of the territories under Aztec influence. 

Az'tec-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to the Aztecs; also, 
pert, to or designating the linguistic stock of the Aztecs ; 
Nahuatlan. 

az'ure (azh'dr; a'zhur), re. [Through F., Sp., & Ar., fr. 
Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color.] 1. 
Azure color ; the clear blue of the sky ; also a pigment or dye 
of this color. 2. Her. Blue, — represented in engraving by 
horizontal lines. 3. The blue vault above ; the unclouded 
sky. — a. Sky-blue ; cerulean ; also, cloudless. 

az'u-rite (azh'u-rlt), re. Min. Blue basic carbonate of 
copper, 2CuC03-Cu(OH)2. It is an ore of copper. 

az'y-gOUS (az'i-gi/s), a. [Gr. &.$vyos ; d- not -f- $vybv yoke.] 
Odd ; not one of a pair ; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula. 



B 



B(be) ; pi. B's or Bs (bez). 1. The second letter of the 
English, Latin, and cognate alphabets. It corresponds 
in position, value, and form to the Greek Beta and the Phoe- 
nician and Hebrew Beth. B is phonetically and etymolog- 
ically related to p, f, v, m, and w, letters representing sounds 
having close organic affinity to its own sound (see Guide to 
Pron., § 12). 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a 
The second in a series ; second in order or class ; sometimes, 
the numeral 2 ; as, Company B ; column b or b. b [cap.] 
Music. The seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale 
of C major) , or the second tone in its relative minor scale 
(that of A minor). 

B or b, re. ; pi. b's or bs (bez). The letter B, b, or its sound. 

baa (ba), v. i. To cry "baa;" bleat as a sheep.— re. The 
cry of a sheep; bleat. 

Ba'al (ba r al),re.;pZ. E.Baals, H.BAALrM^ba'd-lTm). [Heb. 
ba'al lord.] Any of a multitude of local deities of the ancient 
Semitic races, in general regarded as authors of the fertility 
of the soil and of the increase of the flocks. 

Ba'al-ism (ba'dl-iz'm), re. Worship of Baal; idolatry. — 
Ba'al-ish, a. — Ba'al-ist (-ist), Ba'al-iie (-It), re. 

Bab (bab), re. [Per.] Lit., gate ; — a title given to the founder 
of Babism, from Bab-ud-Din, the title assumed by him. 

bab'bitt (bab'it), re. Babbitt metal; specif., a Babbitt- 
metal lining for a bearing brass.— v. t. To line or furnish 
with Babbitt metal. 

Bab'bitt met'al. Also Bab'bitt's met'al (bab'its). 
[After Isaac Babbitt, of Massachusetts, inventor of the 
method of using soft metals in journal boxes.] a A soft 
white antifriction metal variously composed of copper, 
antimony, and tin. b Any of several alloys similarly used. 

bab'bletbaV'l), v.i., :-bled (-'Id) j-bling.^ 1. To utter words 
indistinctly or unintelligibly ; utter inarticulate sounds. 2. 
To talk idly or fatuously ; chatter ; prate. 3. To make a con- 
tinuous murmuring noise, as a brook. — Syn. Prattle, gossip. 

— v.t. l.To utter indistinctly or incoherently. 2. To disclose 
by too free talk, as a secret.— re. 1. Idle talk ; senseless prat- 
tle. 2. Inarticulate speech ; a confused murmur. — bab'ble- 
ment, (-ment), re. — bab'bler (-ler), re. 

babe (bab), re. An infant; baby. 



Ba'bel (ba'bel), re. 1. Bib. The city and tower, in the land 
of Shinar, where the confusion of languages is related [Gen- 
esis xi.) to have occurred. 2. Fig.: A structure impossibly 
lofty ; a visionary scheme. 3. [Often I. c] A place or scene 
of noise and confusion. 

Bab'i (bab'e), re. [See Babism.] A follower of the Bab. 

ba'bies' -breath' ( ba'biz-breth' ), re. Also ba'by's- 
breath'. 1. A tall European silenaceous plant (Gypsophila, 
paniculata), cultivated for its small fragrant white or pink 
flowers. 2. Any of several other plants having delicately 
scented flowers, as the grape hyacinth, wild madder 
{Galium mollugo), etc. 

bab'i-rous'sa, bab'i-rus'sa (bab'i-roo'sd ; ba'bi-), re. [F. 
babiroussa, 
f r. Malay 
babl hog + 
rusa deer.] A 
large hoglike 
quadruped 
(Babiru s s a 
babyrussa)oi 
the East In- 
dies, some- 
times domes- 
ticated. 

B a b ' i s m 
(bab'iz'm), 
Bab' i - i s m 
(bab'e-iz'm),re 




Babiroussa (male). 



The doctrine of a modern religious panthe- 
istical sect in Persia, founded about 1844 by Mirza Ali Mo- 
hammed ibn Radhik (1820-1850), who assumed the title 
"Bab-ud-Din" (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism forbids 
concubinage and polygamy, and also mendicancy, the use 
of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, and 
discountenances asceticism. — Bab'ist, re. 
ba'boo, ba'bu (ba'boo), re. [Hind, babu.'] A Hindu, esp. 
a Bengali, gentleman; — often [cap. - ] used as a title an- 
swering to Mr. or Esquire. Also, a native clerk who writes 
English ; disparagingly, any native more or less educated in 
English. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Orn, iip, circi5s, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BABOON 



77 



BACKHANDEDNESS 



ba-boon' (ba-b6on')> n. [F. babouin, fr. baboue grimace.] 
Any of certain large apes (of Papio and allied genera) with 
doglike muzzles. They inhabit Africa and Arabia. — ba- 
boon'er-y, n. — baboon'ish, a. 

ba-bOOSh' Uba-boosh'), n. [Ar. babush, fr. Per. papush.] 

ba-bouche' J A kind of Oriental heelless slipper. 

ba-bul' (ba-bool r ; ba'bool), n. [Per. babul a species of 
mimosa.] Any of several gum-yielding trees (genus Aca- 
cia) ; specif., the Egyptian thorn (A. vera). 

fca'by (ba'bi),7i.;pL-BiES (-biz). [Dim. of babe.] l.Anin- 
fant of either sex ; a babe. 2. A doll. Obs. 3. The minute 
reflection which one sees of one's self in the pupil of an- 
other's eye. Obs. or Archaic. 4. A person or thing like a 
baby, as in character or size. — v. t. ; -bied (-bid) ; -by-ing. 

1. To treat as a baby ; humor ; fondle. 2. In various games, 
as polo and football, to play (the ball) with gentle strokes so 
as to avoid losing control of it. — ba'by-hood, n. — ba'by- 
ish, a. — ba'by-ism (-iz'm), n. 

baby act. The act of a baby ; an act childishly weak ; the act of 
an infant or minor at law ; also, an act, or statute exempting 
from liability, as for infancy or limitation of time ; — chiefly 
used with an implication of cowardice or baseness ; as in: to 
plead the baby act, to set up inexperience, weakness, legal 
infancy, or the like, as an excuse or defense. Colloq. 

baby bond. Finance. A bond having a face value of $100 
(instead of S500 or SI ,000). Cant or Slang, U. S. 

baby farm. A place where nursing and care of babies 
are offered for hire^ — baby farmer. — baby farming. 

Bab'y-lon (bab'i-lon), n. A luxurious and magnificent 
ancient city in the Euphrates valley. Hence, fig. , any great 
and luxurious city ; also, in allusion to the Babylonian cap- 
tivity of the Israelites, a place of captivity or exile. Also, 
the allegorical Babylon of the Apocalypse. (Rev. xiv. 8, 
xvii., xviii.) — Bab'y-lo'nish (-lo'msh), a. 

ba'ca-la'0 (ba'ka-la/o), n.; pi. -LAOS (-oz). [Sp. codfish.] 
A large West Indian grouper (Mycteroperca falcata), an 
important food fish. 

bac'ca-lau're-ate (bak'd-16're-at), n. [LL. baccalaureus 
a bachelor of arts, corrupted fr. baccalaris, under the influ- 
ence of L. laurus laurel. See bachelor.] The degree of 
bachelor conferred by universities and colleges. 
baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a ser- 
mon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. 

|| bac'ca-rat', bac'ca-ra' (bak'a-ra/ ; F. ba/ka/ra'), n. [F.] 
A French gambling game of cards. 

bac'cate (bak'at), a. [L. baccatus, fr. bacca berry.] Pulpy 
throughout like a berry ; also, bearing berries. 

Bac'chae (-e), n. pi. [Gr. B6.kxo.l.] .The women compan- 
ions of Dionysus (Bacchus) in his journeys through the 
East ; also, the women participants in the Bacchanalia. 

bac'cha-nal (-d-nal), a. Of or relating to Bacchus or the 
Bacchanalia; bacchanalian. — n. 1. A devotee of Bac- 
chus; a celebrant of the Bacchanalia; reveler; carouser. 

2. In pi. The Bacchanalia. 3. A drunken revelry ; orgy. 
Bac'cha-na'li-a (-na'li-d), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. fr. Baccha- 

nalis bacchanal, fr. Bacchus.'] 1. A festival of Bacchus. 

2. [I. c] A drunken feast or revel. 
bac'cha-na'li-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to the Bacchanalia or 

to drunken revelry. — bac'cha-na'li-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 
bac'chant (bak'dnt), n. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr.] A 

devotee in the orgiastic worship of Bacchus ; hence : a bac- 
r chanal ; reveler. — bac'chant, a. 
bac-chante' (bd-kant' ; bak'dnt ; bd-kan'te), n. [F.] A 

maenad, or a woman devotee of Bacchus. 
Bac'chic (bak'ik) \a. Of or pertaining to Bacchus or his 
Bac'chi-cal (-i-kdl)J rites; hence [often I. c], jovial or 

riotous with intoxication. 
Bac'chus (-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Bokxos-] Class. Myth. The 

god of wine ; Dionysus. See Dionysus. 
bac-cif 'er-0US (bak-sTPer-Ss)', a. [ L. baccifer ; bacca berry 

+ ferre to bear.] Bearing berries. 
bac'ci-form (bak'sT-form), a. [L. bacca berry + -form.'] 

Having the form of a berry. 
bac-civ'o-rous (bak-siv'6-rus), a. [L. bacca berry + 

-vorous.] Eating, or subsisting on, berries. 
bach'e-lor (bach'e-ler), n. [OF. bachelor young man, fr. 

LL. baccalaris, baccalarius.] 1. A young knight serving 

under another's standard; hence, a novice in arms. 2. 

\Usually cap.] One who has taken the first degree in the 

liberal arts, or in some branch of learning at a college, school, 

or university. 3. A man of any age who has not married. 

4. a The crappie. b Sometimes, any male animal when 

without a mate during the breeding time ; esp., a male fur 

seal from three to six or more years old, prevented from 

breeding by the older males. — bach'e-lor-hood, n. — 

bach'e-lor-ship, n. 
bach'e-lor's-but'ton, n. Any of several flowers the heads 

of which resemble buttons ; esp., the cornflower. 
ba-cil'lar (ba-sil'dr ; bas'i-ldr)Ta. [L. bacillum little staff.] 
bac'il-la-ry (bas'i-la-ri) J 1. Rod-shaped ; consisting 

of small rods or rodlike bodies. 2. Bacteriol. Pertaining to 

or resembling bacilli. 



ba-cilli-form (bd-sll'i-form), a. Rod-shaped; bacillar. 

ba-cil / luS(bd-sTl / ws),n.;pL-ciLLi(-T). [NL.,fr. L. bacillum, 
dim. of L. baculum stick.] Any of a genus (Bacillus) of 
rod-shaped, flagellate, microscopic vegetable organisms 
(bacteria), some of which are harmless while others cause 
disease ; loosely (esp. in pi.), any bacterium. 

back (bak), n. [D. bak tray, bowl.] A shallow vat; a tub. 

back, n. [AS. bxc] 1. The hinder part of the body, or, of 
animals, the upper part, from the neck to the end of the 
spine. 2. The part of anything on the side opposite the front 
or face ; the hinder or rear part. 3. The upper part of any- 
thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part ; as, the back 
of the hand. 4. The part opposite that which fronts the 
speaker or actor ; the part not generally seen. 5. Specif.: a 
The part of a cutting tool opposite its edge, b The part of 
a book or its leaves where it is sewed when bound, c The 
upright hinder part of a chair or sofa above the seat, d In 
certain games, a position, originally a defensive one, behind 
the front line of players, esp. that nearest the goal ; also, a 
player stationed in such a position. Backs are sometimes 
called full back, half back, quarter back, etc., according to 
their relative positions behind those in the front line, 
at one's back, close behind, as in support or pursuit ; as, 
the president had the country at Ms back. 

—v.t.l.To furnish with a back ; also, to form the back of ; be 
at the back of. 2. To support or help ; uphold ; second ; — 
often used with up; as, to back up a friend. 3. To bet on 
the success of. 4.To get on the back of ; mount. 5. To drive, 
force, or cause to move or act, backward. 6. To write upon 
the back of, as by way of countersigning, indorsing, or label- 
ing ; as, to back a warrant ; to back a note, 
to back water, Naut., to reverse the action of the oars, 
paddles, or propeller ; — often fig. 

— v. i. 1. To move or go back. 2. Naut. To change direction 
against the sun, or contraclockwise . — said of the wind. 
Opposed to veer. 

to back and fill, Naut., to manage a sail so that the wind 
alternately retards and propels the vessel ; — often fig. — to 
b. down, to b. out, fig., to retreat or withdraw from a 
position ; as, to back out of a bargain. Colloq. 
back, adv. [Shortened from aback.] 1. To or toward the 
rear. 2. In or into time past ; ago ; as, some years back. 3. 
To or toward a former place, condition, or station. 4. In 
withdrawal from a statement^promise, or undertaking ; as, 
he took 6a c k his words. 5. In concealment or reserve ; in 
one's own possession ; as, to keep back the main facts. 6. 
In return, repayment, or requital. 

— a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear. 2. Being in arrear ; 
overdue. 3. Moving or operating backward ; as, back action. 

4. Phon. Pronounced with closure or narrowing of the oral 
passage at, or toward, the back of the mouth ; guttural ; velar. 

5. No longer current ; as, back numbers of a magazine. — 
Syn. See posterior. 

back'bite' (bak'blt'), v. t. & i. To censure meanly or spite- 
fully (one absent) ; slander (one absent). — back'bit'er, n. 

back'bcard'' (-bord'; 57), n. A board fastened across the 
back to make the figure erect. — back'board', v. t. 

back'bone' (-bon'), n. 1. The column of bones (vertebrae) in 
the back ; the spine. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, a 
backbone. 3. Firmness; moral principle. 

back'door' (-dor' ; 57 ) , a. Acting from behind and in conceal- 
ment; backstairs; as, backdoor intrigues. 

back'er (bak^er), n. One who backs, or supports, a person 
or thing, as in a contest. 

back'fall' (-ioY), n. A falling back ; that which falls back ; 
specif., Wrestling, a fall on the back. 

back'gam-mon (bak'gam-un ; bak-gam'un),n. [Prob.fr. 
back, adv. + gammon game, because the men are often set 
back. See game.] 1. A certain game of chance and skill. 
2. A game won at backgammon before the loser has thrown 
off a man or got clear of his adversary's home table. 

back'gam/mon, v. t. To defeat at backgammon ; usually, to 
beat so as to win a backgammon (def. 2). 

background' (bak'ground'), n. 1. Ground or surface that 
is in the rear or behind. 2. That which is back of any- 
thing and against which it is viewed, as, in a picture, the 
part of the scene farthest from the spectator, or the surface 
between and above the principal figures. 3. A place in 
obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. 

back'hand' (-hand'), n. 1. The hand, or a stroke with the 
hand, turned backward; a backhanded stroke. 2. Hand- 
writing in which the letters slope down from left to right. 

— a. Backhanded. 

back'hand'ed, a. 1. Made, asa blow or stroke, with the back 
of the hand, or with the back of the hand turned in the direc- 
tion of the stroke. 2. Acting by indirection ; awkward ; in- 
sincere ; sarcastic ; as, a backhanded remark, a backhanded 
compliment. 3. Inclining, turning, or the like, to the left ; 
as, backhanded letters; a backhanded, or left-hai.de „, 
rope which, having strands and yarns of the same twist, 
is very pliable. — back'hand'ed-ly, adv. — back'hand'- 
ed-ness, n. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. iNumoers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BACKHOUSE 



78 



BADNESS 



back'house' ( bak'hqus'), n. A building back of the main 
building; esp., a privy. 

back'ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, backs. 2. 
That which forms the back of anything, often for strength 
or stability. 3. Support or aid given to a person or cause. 
4. Indorsement, as of a warrant by a magistrate. 

back'lash' (-lash'), n. Mach. The jarring reaction, or 
striking back, caused in badly fitting machinery by irregu- 
larities in velocity or a reverse of motion ; also, play or 
movement in the connected parts resulting from looseness. 

back'log' (bak'lSg'; 62), n. A large log of wood forming 
the back of a fire on the hearth. U. S. 

back'set' (-set'), n. 1. A setting back ; reverse ; check. 2. A 
thing thrown back in its course, as an eddy. 

backsheesh, back'shish. Vars. of baksheesh. 

back'side' (-sld'), n. 1. The back side; — now written as 
two words. 2. (-sld') The posteriors ; rump ; — often in pi. 

back'slide' (bak'slTd'; bak'slTd'), v. %.; for prin. parts see 
slide. To slide back ; esp., to abandon gradually a religion 
once professed. — back'slid'er (bak'slld'er), n. 

back stairs. Stairs in the back part of a house; specif., in 
a palace, the private stairs used for other than state visitors ; 
hence, fig.: a private or indirect way ; an underhanded or 
intriguing way or course. 

back'stairs' (bak'starzO, back'stair 7 , a. Indirect; secret; 
intriguing, — as if finding access by the back stairs. 

back'stay'tbak'staO.n. l.Naut. A stay extending from the 
masthead to the side of a ship and slanting aft. 2. Any of 
various devices to support, strengthen, etc., at the back. 

back-stitch' (-stTch'), n. A stitch made by setting the needle 
back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front 
of the end, thus producing an overlapping stitch. 

— v. t. & i. To sew with backstitches. [handed stroke.l 
back'stroke' (-strokO, n. A stroke back; recoil; aback-| 
back'sword' (-sord'; 57), n. 1. A sword with but one cut- 
ting edge ; a broadsword. 2. = singlestick. 3. A fencer 
with the backsword. — back'sword'ing, vb. n. — sword'- 
man, -swords'man (-sordz'mdn), n. 

back'ward (bak'werd), back'wards (-werdz), adv. [back, 
adv. + -ward, -wards."] 1. Toward the back ; toward the 
rear. 2. With the back in advance or foremost ; as, to ride 
backward. 3. From a better to a worse state. 4. In the 
direction from which a person or thing came or went ; re- 
versely ; contrarily ; as, to read backward. 5. Toward or in 
past time or events ; ago. 

back'ward (bak'werd) , a. 1. Directed or turned to the back 
or rear, or in a reverse or opposite direction. 2. Done in a 
reverse way ; reversed. 3. Situated toward the back or rear. 
06s. or R. 4. Lagging or hanging back in action or progress; 
specif. : a Unwilling ; averse ; reluctant ; hesitating ; bash- 
ful ; loath, b Slow in learning ; dull ; inapt ; as, a backward 
child, c Late or behindhand in growth, change of seasons, 
etc. ; as, a backward season. 

back'ward-a'tion (bak'wer-da'shwn), n. [ backward -f 
-ation.] London Stock Exchange. The seller's postpone- 
ment of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the 
buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter ; also, the 
premium so paid. See contango. 

back'ward-ly, adv. In a backward direction or manner. 

back'ward-ness, n. State or condition of being backward. 

back'wash 7 (bak'wosh'), n. Water or waves washed or 
thrown back, as by the paddle wheels or oars of a boat. 

back'wa'ter (-wo'ter),™. 1. Water turned back,as bya dam. 
2. A body of water so turned or held back. 

back'woods' (-wobdz'), n. pi. The forests or partly cleared 
grounds on the frontiers. — back'woods'rnan (-man), n. 

ba'con (ba'k'n), n. [OF., fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of 
bacon, ham.] The back and sides of a pig salted and 
smoked ; formerly, also, pork. 

Ba-CO'ni-an (ba-ko'nT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Sir 

; Francis Bacon (1561-1626) or his works or doctrines. 
Baconian theory, the theory that Sir Francis Bacon was 
the author of Shakespeare's dramatic works. 

— n. One who supports or believes in Baconian doctrines ; 
also, a believer in the Baconian theory. 

bac-te'ri-a (bak-te'rT-d), n. pi. [See bacterium.] 
markable group 2,"«J # 
of widely distrib- 1 •„• • •£ ^*^ 
uted vegetable • *••"* $■ 
microorganisms. 1 ^/ 
Many species are 
active agents in 
converting dead|» I 
organic matter 
into soluble food 
materials ior 
plants; some 
have the power 
of fixing atmos- 
pheric nitrogen 



re- 



*~--% 





Bacteria, showing : 
-J (1) The common 
•*s».E8 Micrococcus of 
suppuration ; (2) 
the Streptococcus 
of erysipelas ; (3) 
the Bacillus of pear blight, showing the 
process of cell division ; (4) the Bacillus 
of vinegar fermentation. All X 1000. 
many are concerned in fermentation; and many are 
pathogenic, or disease-causing. 



bac-te'ri-al (bak-te'ri-dl),a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, or caused by, bacteria. 

bac-te'ri-cide (-sld), n. [bacterium + -cide.] A substance 
that destroys bacteria. — bac-te'ri-cid'al (-sld'dl), a. 

bac'te-rin (bak'te-rin), n. Med. A bacterial vaccine. 

bac-te'ri-o-log'i-cal ( bak-te'n-o-loj'i-kdl ), a. Pertaining 
to bacteriology. 

bac-te'ri-ol'o-gy (bak-te'n-ol'6-ji), n. [bacterium + 
-logy.'] The science which deals with bacteria. — bac-te'- 
ri-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. 

bac-te'ri-ol'y-sis (-ol'i-sis), n. [N'L.;bacterium-\--lysis.2 
1. Chemical decomposition brought about by bacteria 
without the addition of oxygen. 2. The destruction or 
dissolution of bacterial cells. ri-G-lyt'ic (-6-lit'ik), a. 

bac-te'ri-os'co-py (-os'ko-pi), n. [bacterium -f- -scopy.] 
Microscopic examination or investigation of bacteria. 
— bac-te'ri-o-scop'ic (-o-skop'fk), a. — scop'i-cal-ly 
(-i-kal-i), adv. — bac-te'ri-os'co-pist (-os'ko-pist), n. 

bac-te'ri-um ( -te'n-um ), n.; pi. -RiA (-d). [NL., fr. 
Gr. QaKTripiov, dim. of Paxrpov a staff.] 1. Any of a large 
genus (Bacterium) of rod-shaped bacteria, including both 
beneficial and pathogenic species. 2. Sing, of bacteria. 

bac'te-roid (bak'te-roid) 1 a. [bacterium + -oid.] Resem- 

bac'te-roi'dal (-roi'dal) / bling bacteria ; bacterial. 

bac'te-roid, n. [See bacterium ; -oid.] Bot. A minute 
organism found in the root tubercles of nitrogen-fixing 
plants, as leguminous crops. Bacteroids are regarded as 
degenerate or modified bacteria. See nitrobacteria. 

Bac'tri-an (bak'tri-dn), a. Belonging to Bactria, an ancient 
country in Asia ; as, the Bactrian, or two-humped, camel. 

ba-CU'li-form (bd-kuli-form), a. [L. baculum rod + 
-form.] Rod-shaped; as, baculiform chromosomes. 

bac'u-line (bak'u-lin; Am), a. [L. baculum rod.] Of or 
pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod. 

bad (bad), a.; compar. worse (wurs); superl. worst 
(wurst). [ME. bad, badde, prob. fr. AS. bseddel hermaph- 
rodite.] l.Of the natureof moral evil; wicked. 2.Injurious ; 
deleterious ; hurtful. 3. Offensive ; disagreeable ; annoying. 
4. Inadequate ; unfit. 5. Defective ; faulty ; not good legal- 
ly; invalid. 6 111; sick. 7. Severe ; as, a bad cold. 
Syn. Poor, inferior, imperfect ; pernicious, detrimental, nox- 
ious, baneful, mischievous ; immoral, corrupt, vicious, evil, 
ill, wicked, naughty ; wrong, sinful, criminal, iniquitous, ne- 
farious. — Bad, evil, ill, wicked, naughty. Of these words, 
bad alone is now used in a privative sense, often implying 
little more than thedefect or absenceof good qualities.or lack 
of value ; as, a bad correspondent, bad English, bad debts, a 
bad job. Positively, bad often applies to that which is inju- 
rious or hurtful (as, bad for the health, a bad fall), and partic- 
ularly to that which is in its nature morally reprehensible ; 
as, a bad man, bad conduct, bad language. Evil is chiefly 
applied to what is morally bad (rarely, in present usage, to 
persons) ; it often has a more or less sinister or baleful con- 
notation ; as, evil deeds, an evil life. Ill, as a synonym for 
evil, now occurs chiefly in a few combinations, such as ill will, 
ill temper, etc. Its chief use is adverbial. Wicked implies 
the actual contravention or violation of moral law ; as, wicked 
designs. Naughty was once serious, but is now trivial, in 
its application ; as, a naughty child. 

bad blood, harsh, angry feeling; bitterness; resentment; 
as, there is bad blood between them. 

bad'der-locks (bad'er-loks), n. A large black seaweed 
( Alaria esculenta) often eaten as a vegetable in Europe. 

bade (bad), pret. of bid. 

badge (baj), n. [ME. bage, bagge.] 1. A distinctive mark, 
token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person. 2. A mark 
or token. — v. t. To mark or distinguish with a badge. 

badg'er (baj'er), n. [Earlier bqgeard^] 1. A carnivorous bur- 
rowing quadruped 
(genus Meles, etc.), 
withlongclawsonthe 
forefeet. 2. In Aus- 
tralia : a A bandicoot. 
b A rock wallaby. C 
A wombat. 3. A 
brush made of badg- 
er's hair, as for the^ 
use of artists. 

— v. t. To bait like a Badger, 

badger ; tease or annoy persistently ; worry ; irritate. 

badg'er (baj'er), n. [ME. bager.] A hawker ; huckster. Now 
Dial. Eng. — v.t. To beat down; cheat; barter; bargain. 

|| ba'di-nage' (ba/de'nazh'; bad'T-naj), n. [F., fr. badiner 
to joke, OF., be silly, badin silly.] Playful raillery. — Syn. 
See banter, — v. t.; -naged' (-nazhd'; -najd) ; -nag'ing 
(-nazn'Tng; -naj-ing). To affect or effect by badinage, j 

bad'ly (bad'li), adv. In a bad manner. 

bad'min-ton (bad'min-tun), n. [From the name of the 
seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A prepara- 
tion of claret, spiced and sweetened. 2. A game similar 
to lawn tennis, played, usually, with a shuttlecock. 

bad'ness, n. Quality or state of being bad. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



BAEDEKER 



Bae'de-ker (baMe-ker), re. Any of the guidebooks issued 
by Karl Baedeker. 

baff ( baf ), v. t. & i.; baffed (baft) ; baff'ing. [ Scot. ] To 
strike ; beat ; make a baff. Scot, or Golf. — re. A blow ; 
stroke ; thud ; Golf, a stroke in which the sole of the club 
hits the ground and drives the ball aloft. Scot, or Golf. 

baffle (bafl), v. t.; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). 1. Tocheat ; 
delude; bewilder; confound. Obs. or R. 2. To check or de- 
feat by perplexing ; thwart ; foil; as, the question baffled him. 
3. To beat about ; check or turn in its course ; as, a ship 
baffled by the wind. — Syn. See frustrate.— v. i. To 
struggle in vain. — n. Mech. Something to deflect, check, 
or otherwise regulate, flow, as a plate or wall for deflecting 
gases or other fluids, as in a steam-boiler flue. 

baf 'fle-ment (-ment) , re. Act or process of baffling, or of 
being baffled ; frustration ; check. 

baffler (baf'ler), n. One who, or that which, baffles. 

baff'y (baf'i),re. [See baff, v. £.] Golf. A short wooden club 
having a face with a deep pitch or loft. 

bag (bag), re. [ME. bagge.~\ 1. A sack or pouch for holding 
something. 2. Any of various pouchlike objects, as : a A de- 
pendent fold of skin containing a gland or other organ, as the 
udder of a cow. b A sac or cavity within the body for con- 
taining a fluid or secretion, as the poison bag of a snake 
(see fang, Illust.), the honey bag of a bee, etc. cThepart 
of anything flexible that bags ; as, the bag of a sail. 

— v. i. ; bagged (bagd) ; bag'ging. To swell or bulge like a 
full bag. — v. t. 1. To swell out ; distend. 2. To put into a 
bag ; specif., to put (game) into a bag ; hence, to kill or cap- 
ture in hunting. 3. To seize ; capture ; entrap. 

bagasse' ( ba/gas' ), re. [ F. ] Sugarcane asit comes crushed 
from the mill. It is often dried and used as fuel. 

bag'a-telle' (bag'd-tel'), re. [F., fr. It. bagattella.'] 1. A 
trifle. 2. A game played with a cue and balls on an oblong 
board having at one end cups, or cups and arches. 

bag'gage (bag'aj), re. [F., bagage, fr. OF. bague bundle.] 

1. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which one takes on 
a journey; — now usually called luggage in Great Britain. 

2. The clothes, tents, utensils, etc., of an army; impedi- 
menta. 3. A worthless or disreputable woman; hence, 
playfully, any young woman. 

bag'ging (-Ing), re. Cloth or other material for bags. 

bag'gy (-i),a.; -gi-er; -gi-est. Likeabag; loose; flabby. 

bag'man (-man), re. A commercial traveler. 

bagn'io (ban'yo), re.; pL-ios (-yoz). [It. bagno bath, fr. L. 
balneum.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc. 06s. 
2. In the Orient, a place for confining slaves; hence, a 
prison. 3. A brothel. 

bag'pipe' (bag'plp 7 ), re. A kind of musical 
wind instrument, of which one pipe, resem- 
bling an oboe with eight holes, sounds the 
air and the others are drones. — bag'pip'- 
er (-plp'er), re. 

bag'wig' (bag'wig'), re. A wig, in use in 
the 18th century, with the hair at the 
back of the head inclosed in a silk bag. 

bag' worm/ (bag'wurmO, re. Any of several 
lepidopterous insects (esp. Thyridopteryx 
ephemeraeformis ) which, in the larval 
state, construct a baglike case of silk, bits 
of leaves, twigs, etc., and carry it about for protection. 

bah (ba), inter j. An exclamation of extreme contempt. 

Ijba-ha'dur (bd-ho'dobr; bd-ha/-),.re. [Hind, bahddur 
hero, champion.] A Mohammedan title of respect given to 
important personages. India. 

Ba-hai' (bd-ha'e), re.; pi. Bahais (-h'a'ez). A member of 
the sect of the Babis consisting of the adherents of Baha, 
the elder half brother of Mirza Yahya of Nur, who 
succeeded the Bab as the head of the Babists. — Ba-ha'isitt 
(bd-ha'iz'm), re. — Ba-ha'ist, re. 

bai'gnoire' ( ben'war' ), re. [ F., lit., bathtub.] A box of 
the lowest tier in a theater, where the partitions are low. 

bail (bal), re. [F. bailie bucket, pail.] A scoop or other vessel 
used in bailing out water. — v. t. & i. 1. To lade; dip and 
throw. 2. To dip or lade water from. 

bail, v. t. [OF. baillier to deliver, L. bajulare to keep in 
custody, bajulus burden bearer.] Law. a To deliver 
in trust for a special purpose, b To set free on the under- 
taking of another to be responsible for the due appearance 
of the person set free ; to procure the release of in this way. 

— re. Law. The security so given, the person or persons 
giving it, or the temporary delivery or release. 

bail, re. [ME. beyl.~\ 1. A hoop ; ring ; a half hoop serving 
as a support, as for a wagon cover. 2. The arched handle 
of a kettle, pail, etc. 

— v. t. To provide with hoops ; to hoop. 
bail, n. [OF. bail, bailie.'] 1. An outer defense or fortification 

of palisades or stakes; — usually in pi. Obs. 2. The outer 
wall, or one of the outer walls, of a feudal castle ; hence : 
the space it inclosed ; a court. 3. A kind of frame to con- 




Bagpipe. 



79 BALANCE 

fine the head of an ox or cow. Dial. Eng. or Australia. 
4. Cricket. Either of two crosspieces placed end to end on 
the wicket. 

— v. t. To secure or confine, as by means of a bail. 
to bail up. a To secure by means of a bail; as, to bail up a 
cow at milking time. Dial. Eng. & Australasia, b To cause 
(a person) to stand still for the purpose of robbing him. 
Also, to stop ; hold secure ; overcome. Australasia. 

— v.i. To stop, as at the command of a robber ; halt ; yield ; 
— used with up. Australasia. 

bail'a-ble (bal'd-b'l), a. Capable of being bailed. 

baiFee' (-e'), re. Law. The one to whom property is bailed. 

bail'er (bal'er), re. One who, or that which, bails, or lades. 

bail'er, re. Cricket. A ball bowled so that it hits and 
removes one or both bails. 

bai'ley (ba'll),re.; pi. -leys (-liz). 1. The bail of a castle. 
Obs. 2. A prison or court of justice ; — used in certain proper 
names ; as, the Old Bailey in London. Eng. 

bail'ie (bal'I), re. 1. A bailiff. 06s. 2. In Scotland, an 
officer corresponding to the English alderman. 

bail'iff (-if), re. [OF. baillif custodian, fr. L. bajulus por- 
ter.] 1. In England, an agent appointed by a lord to 
look after estates held of him ; hence : a The title of the 
chief magistrates of various towns and of the keepers of 
some royal castles, b The steward of the lord of a manor, 
etc. 2. a Eng. Law. A sheriff's deputy, b In the United 
States, sometimes, a sheriff 's officer or constable. 3 . An over- 
seer, under steward, or agent of an estate. 4. Any of vari- 
ous magistrates in countries other than England, as the 
French bailli, the Scotch bailie, etc. 

bail'i-wick (-i-wik), re. \_bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] 
Law. The office or jurisdiction of a bailie or bailiff. 

bail'ment (bal'ment), re. Law. Act of bailing, [to another.] 

bairor' (bal'or'; bal'er), re. Law. One who bails property! 

!| bain / -ma / rie' (baN'ma/re' ), re.; pi. bains-marie ( baN'-), 
[F.] Avesselfor holding hot water in which another vessel 
may be heated at a temperature not above that of boiling 
water, as in preparation of food or drugs. 

Bai-ram' (bl-ram' jbl'ram), re. [Turk, bairam!] Either of 
two Mohammedan festivals, of which one (Lesser Bairam) 
is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan and the 
other (Greater Bairam) seventy days afterwards. 

bairn (barn), re. [Scot., fr.AS. fr. 6erare to bear.] A child. 
Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

bait (bat), re. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture.] 1. A thing, 
esp. food, used as a lure in catching fish or other animals. 2. 
A lure. 3. A halt for rest or to take food, as on a journey. 

bait, v. t. [ME. baiten, beiten, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, 
orig., to cause to bite, fr. bita to bite.] 1. To worry (an an- 
imal) by setting on dogs; esp., to harass or torment with 
dogs for sport. 2. To set on and worry by biting and tear- 
ing. 3. To persecute, harass, or torment wantonly or ma- 
liciously.' 4. To give food and drink to (a horse, or the 
like), esp. on the road ; feed (an animal). 5. To furnish or 
cover with bait_, as a hook. 6. To allure or entice with bait. 

— v. i. 1. To bite and tear, as in worrying a bear. 2. To 
take food ; feed. 06s., except of animals. 3. To take food 
on a journey ; hence : to halt ; sojourn. — bait'er, re. 

baize (baz), re. [For bayes, pi. fr. OF. baie; F. bai bay- 
colored.] 1. A kind of coarse woolen stuff. 2. A dra- 
pery, table cover, or the like, of baize. 

bake (bak), v. t.; baked (bakt) ; bak/lng (bak'ing). [AS. 
6acare.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat. 
2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat. 3. To 
harden by cold; as, "the earth. . .is baked with frost." 4. 
To cake. 06s. or Colloq. — v. i. 1. To do the work of 
baking something. 2. To become baked, as bread. 

— re. Act, process, or result of baking ; as, to get a good 
bake on the bread. Colloq. 

baked'-ap'ple, re. The fruit of the cloudberry. 

bake'house' (bakliousO, re. [AS. bsechus. See bake, v. t.; 
house.] A house for baking; a bakery. 

bake'meat' (bak'meV), re. A pie ; baked pastry food. 06s. 

bak'en (baV'n). Obs. or Archaic p. p. & p. a. of bake. 

bak'er (bak'er),re. One who, or that which, bakes; as : a A 
person whose business it is to bake, b A portable oven for 
baking. U. S. — a baker's dozen, thirteen. 

bak'er-y (-1), re. A place for baking bread, pastry, etc. 

bak'ing (-Tng),re. 1. Act or process of baking. 2. The quan- 
tity baked at once, as of bread; a batch. 

bak'sheeshl (bak'shesh), re. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshi- 

bak'shish J dan to give.] In the Orient, esp. Egypt and 
the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a "tip." 

Balaam (ba'ldm), re. 1. Bib. A prophet who was 
rebuked by the ass he rode. See Numbers xxii. 8-xxiv. 
2. [Z. c] A paragraph or matter describing something 
wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column ; — an allu- 
sion to the miracle of Balaam's ass speaking. Slang. 

bal'ance (bal'dns), re. [F., fr. L. bilanx, bilancis, having 
two scales ; 6is twice + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An instrument 
for weighing, being, in its simplest form, a beam or lever 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BALANCER 



80 



BALLADE 



balanced in the middle and supporting a scale or pan at each 
end. 2. The imaginary balance which Justice or Fortune 
uses. 3. [cap.] Astron. = libra. 4. Horol. A vibrating 
wheel operating with a hairspring to regulate the movement 
of a timepiece. 5. A counterpoise used in weighing. 6. Equi- 
poise between the weights in opposite scales; hence: equi- 
poise ; equilibrium ; specif., mental equipoise ; composure ; 
steadiness. 7. An equality between the sums total of the two 
sides of an account ; also, the excess on either side. 8. a A 
balancing ; act of weighing mentally ; estimate, b A move- 
ment in dancing. 9. The remainder ; rest ; — an incorrect 
use. 

— v. t. ; -anced (-anst) ; -anc-ing (-an-sing). 1. To weigh m 
a balance. 2. To weigh (two things) by each other ; compare 
in relative force, value, etc. ; as, to balance the chances on 
either side. 3. To counterbalance (one thing by, with, or 
against another) ; set off (against or with) ; as, a door bal- 
anced by a window on either side. 4. To bring to an equi- 
poise ; hence, to poise or arrange so that opposing forces 
neutralize each other. 5. To equal in number, weight, 
force, or proportion ; counterpoise ; neutralize. 6. To com- 
pute the difference between the debits and credits of (an 
account) ; to bring about an equality in the debits and the 
credits of. 7. Dancing. To move toward, and then back 
from, reciprocally ; as, to balance partners. 

— v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side ; be in equi- 
poise ; be equal. 2. To fluctuate ; waver. 3. Dancing. To 
move toward a person or couple, and then back. 

bal'anc-er (bal'dn-ser), n. One who, or that which, 
balances ; specif. : a An acrobat, b Zo'ol. One of a pair of 
small club-shaped organs of dipterous insects, believed to 
assist in balancing or to be sense organs. 

balance reef. Naut. The last reef used in a fore-and-aft sail, 
taken diagonally from the throat to the close reef cringle of 
the leech ; also, frequently, the ordinary last, or close, reef 
used to steady the ship. 

balance Sheet. Bookkeeping. A paper showing a tabular 
statement of the balances of the open accounts of a busi- 
ness, the debit and credit balances footing up equal. 

balance wheel. A wheel to regulate motion. 

bal'as (bal'as), n., or, now usually, balas ruby. [F. 
balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from 
Badakhshan, where this ruby is found.] A variety of ruby 
spinel of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. 

bal'a-ta (bal'd-td), n. [Sp.] 1. A West Indian sapotaceous 
tree (Bumelia retusa). 2. The bully tree (Mimusops 
globosa); also, its milky juice (balata gum), which when 
dried is chicle, or chicle gum. See chicle. 

ba-laus'tine (bd-los'tin), n. [L. balaustium blossom of 
pomegranate tree, Gr. Pa\av<TTiov.~] The pomegranate tree. 

D ba / la / yeuse / (ba/la'yuz'), n. [F., lit., a female sweeper.] 
A protecting ruffle or frill, as of silk or lace, sewed close 
to the lower edge of a skirt on the inside. 

bal-bo'a (bal-bo'a), n. [Sp.] A Panama 
money of account. Its value is $1.00. 

bal-ferig'gan (bal-bng'dn), 
n. A knitted cotton fabric 
for either hosiery or under- 
wear, resembling the fine 
unbleached fabric of 
hosiery made at Balbrig- 
gan, Ireland. 

bal'co-ny (bal'ko-m), n.; 
pi. -nies (-niz). [It. bal- 
cone.2 A projecting plat- 
form inclosed by a parapet 
or railing and usually rest- 
ing on brackets. Also, an 
interior projecting gallery 
in a public building. 

bald (bold), a. [ME. balled, ballid.'] 1. Destitute of the 
natural or common covering, as of hair, on the head or top. 
2. Destitute of ornament ; bare, 
bald eagle, the common eagle (Hallasetus 
leucocephalus) of North America ; 
— from the white feathers of the 
head and neck of bald eagles sever- 
al years old. — b. rush, any 
of a genus (Psilocarya) of 
American cyperaceous 
plants. 
bal'da-chin (bal'dd-kTn),n. 
[LL. baldachinus, balde- 
chinus, a silk canopy 
carried over the Host, fr. 
Bagdad (see Gaz.), It. 

' Baldacco, whence the silk ' 
came.] 1.^ A canopy borne 
in processions, placed over 
an altar, etc. 2. Arch. A 
structure in the form of a 
canopy, supported by col- 




Balcony with Ealustrade. 




Bald Eagle 



umns, suspended from the roof, or projecting from the wall, 
generally placed over an altar. 
bal'da-quin (bal'dd-kTn). Var. of baldachin. 
Bal'der (bol'der), Bal'dr (Icel. bal'd'r), n. [Icel. Baldr.] 
Teut. Myth. The son of Odin and Frigg, the god of light 
and peace, and of the good, beautiful, eloquent, and wise. 
bal'der-dash ( bol'der-dash ), n. Senseless jargon; non- 
sense ; trash. — v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors. 
bald'head' (bold'hed'), n. A bald-headed person. 
bald'-head'ed (-hed'ed ; 24), a. Having a bald head. 
bald'ly, adv. In a bald manner ; barely ; meagerly. 
bald'ness, n. Quality or state of being bald. 
bald'pate' (-pat 7 ), n. A bald-headed person. 
bald'pate', bald'-pat/ed (-pat'ed ; 24), a. Bald-headed. 
Baldr, n. Var. of Balder. 

bal'dric (bSl'drik), n. [From OF., fr. OHG. balderich.] A 
belt worn over the shoulder and across the body to support 
a sword, bugle, etc. 
Bald'win (bold'wm ), n. [From OF., fr. G. Balduin.'] A 

bright red, moderately acid, winter apple. U. S. 
bale, bal'er, etc. Vars. of bail, to lade, bailer, etc. 
bale (bal), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu.~\ 1. Evil ; an evil 

influence. Chiefly Poetic. 2. Pain ; calamity ; sorrow. 

bale, n. [OF., fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, ball.] A large 

bundle bound up for storage or transportation. — v. t. ; 

baled (bald) ; bal'lng (bal'ihg). To make up in a bale. 

bale, n. [See balefire.] A great fire or blazing pile ; specif., 

a funeral pyre ; a signal fire. Archaic. 
ba-leen/ (bd-len'), n. [F. baleine whale, whalebone, L. 

balaena whale.] Whalebone. 
bale'fire' (bal'flrO, n. [AS. bselfyr the fire of the funeral 
pile ; bsel fire, flame +fyr fire.] A great fire in the open 
air ; a funeral pyre (Obs.) ; signal fire ; alarm fire. 
bale'ful (-fool), a. 1. Full of bale, or deadly influence ; de- 
structive. 2. Full of pain, grief, or sorrow ; woeful. — Syn. 

See pernicious. — bale'ful-ly, adv. 1 ul-ness, n. 

balk (bok), n. [AS. balca ridge.] 1. A ridge of land left 
unplowed. 2. A hindrance ; disappointment ; check. 3. A 
large beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tiebeam of a 
house. 4. A blunder or slip ; a mistake ; also, an omitting or 
skipping. Obs. or Colloq. 5. That part of a billiard table 
between a balk line and the nearest cushion ; in the balk-line 
game any of the eight outside divisions of the table made 
by the' four balk lines, jj 6. Baseball. Any of various illegal 
motions, made by the pitcher, calculated to deceive a bats- 
man or base runner as to where the ball will be thrown. 
— v. t. 1. To make a balk in (land). Obs. 2. To avoid; 
shun ; skip. 3. To check ; frustrate ; foil ; thwart. — Syn. 
See frustrate. |— v. i. To stop short and refuse to go, as 
a horse ; jib ; swerve. 
Bal-kan' (bal-kan' ; bol'kan), a. Of or pert, to the Balkan 
peninsula (bounded by the Adriatic, ^Egean, and Black 
seas) or the Balkan mountain range, which crosses Bulgaria 
from east to west, or the people of these regions. 
balk line, a A line across a billiard table near one end, 
marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in be- 
ginning a game, b Also, in billiards, one of four lines drawn 
parallel to the cushions, dividing the table into nine com- 
partments, used in the balk-line game, 
balk'y (bok'i), a. ; balk'i-er ; -i-est. Apt to balk, as a 

horse. See balk, v.i. 
ball (bol), n. [ME. bal, balled] 1. Any roundish body or 
mass ; a sphere or globe. 2. The globe, or earth ; any celes- 
tial body ; orb. 3. A game in which a ball is thrown, kicked, 
or knocked ; esp., now, baseball. 4. In certain games, a ball 
delivered, as by throwing, bowling, etc., in a certain way ; 
specif., Baseball, a pitched ball, not struck at by the bats- 
man, which fails to pass over the home base not higher 
than the batsman's shoulder nor lower than his knee. Cf. 
strike. 5. A globular missile for an engine of war ; now, 
esp., any rounded or elongated solid missile for a firearm. 
6. A drink of liquor ; — esp. in : high ball, a drink of 
whisky diluted in a tall glass. Slang. 

ball-and-socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves 
; within [a socket so as to admit of rotary mo- 
tion in every direction within certain limits. 
— v. t. & i. To form or gather into a ball. 
ball, n. [F. 6aZ,fr. OF. baler to dance, fr.LL. 

ballare.'] A social assembly for dancing. 
bal'lad (bal'ad), n. [OF. balade, fr. Pr. bal- 
lada dancing song, ballar to dance. ] 1. A 
simple song of any kind; now, specif., a ro- 
mantic song, often with simple instrumental 
accompaniment. 2. A popular kind of short, 
esp. romantic, narrative poem adapted for 
singing. — v. i. To make or sing ballads, 
bal-lade'tbd-lad'),^. [F. See ballad,?!.] A 
form of French versification, sometimes imi- Ball-and- 
tated in English, in which three or four rimes Socket Joint 
recur through three stanzas of eight or ten in 
lines each, the stanzas concluding with the same refrain, 
and the whole poem with an envoy. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BALLAD MONGER 



81 



BAN 



ballad monger. A seller or maker of ballads ; a poetaster. 

baFlad-ry (baFad-rl), n. Ballad poetry. 

bal'last (baFdst), n. [D.] 1. Naut. Any heavy substance 
put into the hold of a vessel to give stability, or to deter- 
mine her trim in the water. 2. Anything heavy put into 
the car of a balloon to steady it. 3. That which gives, or 
helps to maintain, stability in character, conduct, or the 
like. 4. Gravel, broken stone, etc., such as is laid in a 
roadbed to make it solid. — v. t. 1. To steady or equip, as 
a vessel, with ballast. 2. To steady in mind or conduct. 
3. To burden; weigh down. 06s. or Ar- 
chaic. 4. To fill in, as the bed of a rail- 
road, with gravel, stone, etc. 

ball bearing. Mech. _ A bearing in which 
the journal or revolving part turns upon 
loose hardened steel balls converting sliding 
into rolling friction ; also, any of the balls. 

ball COCk. An automatic device consisting 
essentially of a valve and a floating ball at 
the end of a lever, the rise or fall of the ball 
causing the lever to shut or open the valve. 

bal'let' (bal'a'; occas. bal'et), n. [F., fr. 
It. balletto, dim. of hallo dance.] 1. An 
artistic dance performed as a theatrical 
entertainment, or as an interlude, esp. by 
women. 2. Those who perform the dance. 

ball'-flow'er, n. Arch 




If 

Ball Bearing 
of a Bicycle. 
A Axle; B 

Nut ; C Outer 
Cone ;D Balls; 
F Flange of 
Wheel,GFork. 
An ornament resembling a ball 





One form of Ballista. 



placed in the hollow of a circular 
flower, — usually inserted in a 
hollow molding. It is a charac- 
teristic ornament of the English 
Gothic of the 13th century. 

bal-lis'ta ( bo-Es'td ), n. ; pi. 
-TM (-te). [L., fr. Gr. J3 aWeiv to Ball-flowers. " 

throw .J An ancient military engine for hurling large missiles 

bal-lis'tic(-tik),a. lballista+-ic] 
Of or pertaining to ballistics. 

bal-lis'tics(-tiks),7i. (See-ics.) The 
science or art of hurling missiles 
by an engine; the science of the 
motion of projectiles. 

ballis-tite (bal'is-tlt), n. [See bal- 
lista.] A smokeless powder con- 
sisting essentially of soluble cellu- 
lose nitrates and nitro-glycerin. 

bal-loon' (ba-loon' ),n. [F.ballon.h. balle ball.] 1. A bag 
made nonporous and filled with 
hydrogen gas, heated air, etc., so 
as to rise and float in the atmos- 
phere, esp. one with a car attached 
for aerial navigation. 2. The out- 
line inclosing words represented 
as coming from the mouth of a 
pictured figure. — v. %. 1. To go 
up, or voyage in, a balloon. 2. To 
expand or puff out, like a balloon. 

balloon foresail, balloon jib. 
Naut. A large, light sail set, usu- 
ally, between the foretopmast 
head and the end of the bowsprit 
or jib boom with the clew led far 
abaft the foremast, used chiefly 
by yachts. 

bal-loon'ist, n. One who sails a 
balloon; aeronaut. 

balloon vine. A handsome tropi- 
cal American sapindaceous vine (Cardiospermum hallcaca- 
oum), bearing numerous large ornamental bladdery pods. 

ballot (baFut), n. [It. ballotta, fr. balla ball, bale.] 
1. Orig., a little ball used for secret voting ; hence, any ob- 
ject, esp. a printed ticket, used in secret voting. 2. Act or 
system of secret voting by balls or by tickets, or ballots ; 
loosely, act of voting by a written or printed ticket whether 
secretly or not. 3. A ticket used in voting. 4. The whole 
number of votes cast at an election or in a given district. 

— v. i. & t. To vote or decide by ballot. 

ballotte'ment' ( biFlot'maN'; E. bd-lbVment ), n. [ F. ] 
Obstetrics. Repercussion. 

balFroom/ (bol'room/), n. A room for balls or dancing. 

ball valve. A valve in which a ball fits into a spherical 
seating and regulates the aperture by its rise and fall, 
due to suction and its own weight. 

balm (bam), n. [From OF., fr. L. balsamum balsam, Gr. 
fiah<jOii±ov.~] 1. Any of a genus (Melissa) of menthaceous 
plants, of which one (M. officinalis) is a common garden 
herb. 2. a The resinous and aromatic exudation from 
balsam-jielding trees, b Any fragrant ointment. 3. Any- 
thing that heals or that mitigates pain. 
balm of Gilead (glFe-ad), any of several plants; as: 
a A small African and Asiatic evergreen tree (Balsamea 
meccanensis) of which the leaves yield, when bruised, an 
aromatic scent ; also, a balsam from this tree, the bairn of 
Gilead of commerce, b The balsam fir. 




I Modern 
J spherical 
Balloon. 



balm'My (baml-ll), adv. In a balmy manner. 

balm'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being balmy. # , 

Bal-mor'al (bal-mor'dl), n. [From Balmoral Castle, in 
Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A kind of figured woolen 
petticoat, worn next to the dress. 2. A kind of laced boot 
or shoe. 3. A kind of Scotch cap. 

Bal'mung (bal'mobng), n. [G.] Myth. Siegfried's sword. 

balm'y (bam'I), a.; balm'i-er; -i-est. Having the qual- 
ities of balm ; aromatic ; fragrant ; soothing ; mild. 

bal'ne-al (baFne-dl), a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or per- 
taining to a bath. — baFne-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 

baFne-oFo-gy (-oF6-ji), n. [L. balneum bath + -logy."] 
The science of bathing, or, esp., of the therapeutic use, 
external and internal, of natural mineral waters. 

baFne-o-ther-a'pi-a (-6-ther-a'pi-d ; -ther'd-pFdhbal'ne-o- 
ther'a-py (-ther'd-pi),n. [L. balneum bath +E. therapy.] 
Treatment of disease by baths. 

bal-op'ti-con (bal-op'tl-kon), n. [Gr. fiaheiv to throw -|- 
stereoph'con.] See projector. 

bal'sa (bal'sd; bal'sd), n. [Sp. balsa."] 1. A raft or float, 
as in the Philippines. 2. Naut. A raft made of two cylin- 
ders of metal or wood joined by a framework, as for life- 
saving or for landing through surf. 

bal'sam ( bol'sam ), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its 
resin, Gr. fiakaauov. ] 1. a An aromatic substance 
flowing from certain plants, but not necessarily remaining 
liquid, b Any of various preparations having a ba) samic odor. 
2. a Any of several balsam-yielding trees, b Any impatiens, 
esp. the common garden species (Impatieris balsamina), 
bearing very irregular flowers, and a seed capsule that bursts 
with great force when ripe. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, 
or restores. 

balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, sirupy balsam obtained 
from a tropical American fabaceous tree (Toluiferv 
pereirse), and used as a stomachic, expectorant, etc. 

— v. t. To treat with balsam. 

baFsa-me-a'ceous (boFsd-me-a'sttus ; baF-), a. Belong- 
ing to a family (Balsameacese) of tropical trees or shrubs 
having mostly pinnate leaves, small flowers, ana dry fruits. 
They yield commercial gums, balsams, and oils. 

balsam fir. An American tree of the pine family (genus 
Abies) yielding a balsam ; — called also balm of Gilead. 

bal-sam/ic (bol-sam'ik; bal-),a. Containing, resembling, or 
having the qualities of, balsam ; soothing. 

baFsam-if'er-ous (bol'sd-mif'er-'us ; bal'-), a. [balsam -f- 
-ferous.~] Producing balsam. 

baFsa-mi-na'ceous (baFsd-mi-na'shus), a. Belonging to a 
family (Balsaminacese) of plants (order Geraniales) dis- 
tinguished from geraniaceous plants by the irregular flowers. 
The type is the impatiens. 

bal'sa-mum (bol'sd-mum; bal'-), n. [L.] Balsam. 

Bal-tha'sar, or -tha'zar (bal-tha'zdr), ». Var. of Bel- 
shazzar. 

Bal'tic (bol'tik), a. Of or pertaining to the sea that sepa- 
rates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and 
Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea. 

BaFti-more o'ri-ole (bol'ti-mor; 57). A common Ameri- 
can oriole 
(Icterus 
galbula), 
so named 
because 
its colors 
(black 

and orange) are like 
those of the coat of arms 

of Lord Baltimore ; called 1|b^ Baltimore 

also golden robin and >|lpvY Oriole. (£) 

hangbird. ^Vm I 

bal'US-ter ( baFus-ter ), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. L. balau- 
stium wild pomegranate flower, Gr. (5a\avaTiov ; — from 
the shape.] An upright support of the rail of a balustrade. 

baFus-trade' (-trad'), n. [F., fr. It. balaustrata.] A row 
of balusters topped by a rail. See balcoxy, Illust. 

bam (bam), n. An imposition ; cheat ; hoax ; trick. Slang. 

— v.t.& i. ; BAiniED ( bamd ) ; baai'ming. To impose upon 
the credulity of ; hoax ; cheat ; wheedle. Slang. 

||bam-bFno (bam-be'no), n.; It. pi. -m (-ne). [It] A 

baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ. 
bam-boo' (bam-boo'), n. [Malay bambu.] Any of various 

tropical woody or treelike grasses (genus Bambos or other 

related genus, as Arundinaria, Dendrocalamus, etc.). 

The bamboos are used in building, for furniture, poles, 

canes, etc., and the young shoots for food. 
bam-boo'zle (-z'l), v. t. & i. ; -zled (-z'ld) ; -zllxg (-zlmg). 

To deceive by trickery; hoax. — bam-boo'zler (-zler). 

Both Colloq. 
bam'bu-sa'ceous ( banFbu-sa'shus ), a. Resembling the 

bamboo ; belonging to the bamboo tribe. 
ban (ban), n. [ F. ban or LL. bannum, of G. origin.] 1. A 

public proclamation or edict. 2. In feudal times, the sum- 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



D 



G 



J 



K 



M 



BAN 



82 



BANK 



moning of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for mili- 
tary service ; also, the body of vassals themselves. Now, in 
the French military system (pron.,baN),the younger portion 
1 of the national guard, the older reserve being called the 
arriere ban. In the German system (pron. ban), one of the 
i divisions of the Landwehr or the Landsturm, — called first 
Ban and second Ban. 3. In pi. See banns. 4. Ecclesiasti- 
cal interdict, anathema, or excommunication. 5. A curse, 
bringing evil. 6. An authoritative prohibition. 7. Con- 
demnation or prohibition, as by public opinion. 

— v. t. ; banned (band) ; ban'ning. 1. To curse ; invoke 
evil upon. 2. To forbid ; interdict. 

ban (ban), n. [Serv. & Hung, ban.] An ancient title of 
the warden of the southern marches of Hungary ; now, a 
title of the governor of Croatia and Slavonia. 

ban'al (ban'dl;ba'ndl),a. [F.] Commonplace ; hackneyed. 
— Syn. See trite. 

ba-nal'i-ty (bd-nal'i-tf), n.; pi. -tees (-tTz). Something 
banal ; a commonplace. 

ba-na'na (bd-na'nd; bd-nan'd), n. [Sp., the fruit.] Bot. 
A large perennial herbaceous tropical plant (Musa sapi- 
entum), with large simple leaves ; also, its edible fruit. 

banc (bank), ban'CUS(ban'kus), n. [OF. banc, LL. ban- 
cus.] Bench (on which judges of a court sit). 
in banc, in banco (banco ablative of bancus), in full court, 
or with full judicial authority. 

ban'ca (barj'ka), n. [Sp., fr. Tag. bangca.] A kind of boat or 
canoe, used in the Philippines. 

band (band), n. [ME. band, bond, Icel. band: In sense 5 fr. 
F. bande.] 1. Anything used to confine the body or limbs, 
as a fetter; as, every one's bands were loosed. Archaic 
or Fig. 2. A cord, string, or ligament with which anything 
may be tied or held in place. 3. That which unites or re- 
strains by an immaterial force or influence, as a moral, 
spiritual, or legal force; a bond or tie; as, matrimonial 
bands. 4. A thin flat strip of any material ; esp., a flat 
strip or fillet used to bind around an object. 5. A narrow 
strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, as 
the neckband or collar of a shirt, formerly expanded in- 
to a wide ruff, or, pi., a pair of strips hanging from the 
neck in front, as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 

6. Anything resembling a flat strip, as a series ot ornaments. 

7. A company of persons, as of musicians, associated or 
acting together. — Syn. See company. 

— • v. t . & i. 1. To bind, tie, or mark with a band. 2. To]unite 
in a troop or company, or in a conspiracy. 

band'age (ban'daj), n. [F.] 1. A woven fillet or strip 
used in dressing wounds, etc. _ 2. Any flexible strip simi- 
larly used. — v. t.; -aged (-dajd); -ag-ing (-da-jing). To 
bind, dress, or cover with a bandage. 

ban-dan'na 1 (ban-dan'd) , n. [Hind, bandhnu a certain mode 

ban-dan'a / of dyeing.] A silk or cotton handkerchief hav- 
ing a uniform ground, usually of red k or blue, with simple 
white or yellow figures. 

band'box' (band'boks'), n. A light box of pasteboard or 
thin wood for holding collars, caps, bonnets, etc. 

ban-deau' (ban-do' ; ban'do), n.; pi. -deaux (-doz'). [F.] 
A narrow band or fillet, as for the hair. 

ban'de-role,ban'de-rol(ban'de-rol), n. [F. banderole.'] 1. 
A little banner, flag, or streamer. 2. A ribbon bearing an 
inscription or a device ; a scroll representing such a ribbon ; 
specif., Arch., a sculptured band often bearing an inscrip- 
tion. 3. = bannerol, 2. 

ban'di-COOt (-dT-koot), n. [Telugu pandi-kokku pig-rat.] 
1. A very large rat (Nesokia bandicota) of India and 
Ceylon. 2. Any of a genus (Perameles) of small insectivo- 
rous and vegetarian marsupials of Australia, Tasmania, 
and New Guinea. 

ban'dit (-dit), n.; pi. -dits (-dits), or -ditti (-dit^i). [It. 
bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire to proclaim, banish, pro- 
scribe.] An outlaw ; hence : a brigand ; lawless marauder. 

band'mas'ter, n. Conductor of a musical band. 

ban'dog' (ban'dog'; 62), n. \band + dog.] Adogkept 
tied or chained, either as a watchdog or because ferocious. 

ban'do-leer' (-d6-ler'),n. Also ban'do-lier'. [F. bandou- 
liere, fr. Sp. bandolera, fr. banda band.] 1. A belt slung 
over the shoulder by soldiers, to carry cartridges. 2. An 
ammunition box carried on such a belt. 

ban'do-line (ban'do-lTn ; -len), n. A glutinous pomatum 
used to keep the hair in form, or to make it glossy. 

ban-dore' (ban-dor' ; ban'dor), n. [From Sp. or Pg., fr. L. 
pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three 
strings, fr. Gr. iravSovpa.] Music. An old-time stringed 
instrument resembling the guitar. 

ban'dy (ban'dl), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). 1. An old form of 
tennis or a stroke in this game. Obs. 2. The^ game of 
hockey; also, a hockey stick.— v. t.; -died (-did); -dy- 
ing. 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball. 2. To give and 
receive reciprocally ; exchange ; as, to bandy jokes. 3. To 
toss about in dispute or discussion. — v. i. To contend. R. 

ban'dy, a. Curved laterally, esp. with the convex side 



outward;— of legs.— ban'dy-leg'ged (-leg'ed ; -legoV), a. 

bane (ban), n. [AS. bana murderer.] 1. That which destroys 
life; esp., deadly poison. 06s., except in ratsbane, hen- 
bane, etc. 2. Destruction; murder; death. Obs. 3. Any 
cause of ruin, or of lasting injury ; harm ; woe. — Syn. 
Ruin, injury, pest. — v. t. To kill ; injure. Obs. 

bane'ber-ry ( -ber-i ),n.; pi. -ries ( -iz ). The acrid poison- 
ous berry of any of a genus (Actsea) of ranunculaceous 
plants ; also, any of the plants. 

bane'ful (-fool), a. Poisonous ; deadly; injurious. — Syn. 
See pernicious. — bane'ful-ly, adv. — bane'ful-ness, n. 



bang (bang), n. Var. of bhang. 



bang ( bang ), v. t. [ Icel. banga to hammer. ] To bearA 
or thump with a resounding or a violent blow. — v. i. 
To strike noisily or violently ; make a loud noise as if by 
striking ; as, the shutter banged; to bang on the piano. 

— n. 1. A resounding blow ; thump ; whack. 2. A sudden 
loud noise, as from a heavy blow or an explosion. 3. Dash ; 
bounce ; go. Colloq. — adv. With a violent blow, clap, or 
noise ; also, all of a sudden. Colloq. 

bang, v. t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a horse. 

— n. The front hair, or part of it, cut short and even and 
worn hanging down over the forehead. 

ban'gle (ban'g'l), n. [Hind, bangri bracelet, bangle.] An 
ornamental circlet, as of glass, gold, or silver. 

bang'ster (bang'ster), n. A victor. Obs. or Dial. 

ban'ian (ban'ydn),TC. [FromSkr. vanij merchant.] 1. One 
of a Hindu caste of merchants who eat no meat. 2. A 
loose shirt or undervest worn in India. 3. = banyan. 

banian tree. = banyan. 

ban'ish (ban'ish), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. OHG. bannan 
to summon, ban ban.] 1. To condemn to leave a country 
by sovereign authority. 2. To drive out from or as from a 
home, wonted place, or the like. 

Syn. Banish, exile, transport, expel agree in the idea of 
enforced removal. To be banished is to be compelled, by 
public edict or sentence, to leave a country. Exile differs 
from banishment in applying to removal under constraint 
from one's own country only; in admitting compulsion of 
circumstances as well as formal sentence or decree ; and in 
emphasizing the element of enforced absence rather than 
the expulsion itself. Thus, Russians and foreigners alike 
may be banished, but only Russians exiled to Siberia. 
Dante banished from Florence, spent his later years in 
exile. Exile is also loosely used for prolonged but voluntary 
absence from one's native land in the fulfillment of some 
purpose. Transport refers specifically to the banishment 
of convicts, usually to a penal colony. To expel is to eject 
or banish summarily or authoritatively, commonly in dis- 
grace ; it applies to ejection from institutions or societies as 
well as from a place or country. 

ban'ish-ment (-ment), n. Act of banishing, or state of 
being banished. — Syn. Expatriation, ostracism, expul- 
sion, proscription, exile, outlawry. 

ban'is-ter (ban'is-ter), n. [Corrupt, fr. baluster.] A bal- 
uster ; in pi., the balustrade of a staircase. 

ban'jo (ban'jo), n.; pi. -jos (-joz). [Corrupt.fr. bandore.] 
A kind of stringed musical instrument having a body like a 
tambourine. — ban'jo-ist, n. 

ban'jo-rine' (ban'jo-ren'), n. [From banjore, var. of banjo.] 
Music. A kind of short-necked banjo tuned a fourth higher 
than the common banjo. Colloq. 

bank (bank), n. [M'E.banke ; akintoE. bench.] 1. A ridge 
of earth; anything shaped like a ridge of earth. 2. A shoal, 
shelf, or shallow in the sea bottom. Cf. shoal. 3. A steep 
acclivity or slope, as of a hill. 4. The margin of a water- 
course; the ground bordering a river, ditch, lake, pond, etc. 
5. The cushion of a billiard table. 6. Aeronautics. The 
lateral inclination of an aeroplane as it rounds a curve ; as, 
a bank of 45°. — Syn. See shore. 

— v.t. 1. To raise or forma bank about. 2. To heap or pile up. 
3. Billiards & Pool. To drive (a ball) to the bank, or cush- 
ion ; specif., to pocket (the object ball) by playing itagainst 
a cushion or cushions. — v. i. 1. To rise in a bank or banks, 
as smoke or clouds ; — usually used with up. 2. Aeronau- 
tics. To tilt sidewise in rounding a curve, as an aeroplane. 

bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. banc, of G. origin, and akin to E. 
bench.] 1. A bench for rowers in a galley ; also a tier of 
oars. 2. A tier or row of keys, as in an organ. 3. A group 
or series of objects arranged near together. — v. i. To 
group in a bank ; as, the transformers were banked. 

bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig., bench, table, counter, 
of G. origin ; akin to E. bench.] 1. Orig., a money chang- 
er's table; now, an office for banking purposes. 2. For- 
merly, a fund, esp. a joint fund, for use in business ; now, 
Gaming, the fund of the dealer or banker. 3. In dominoes, 
etc., a fund of pieces from which the players draw._ 4. An 
establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue of 
money, as in facilitating the transmission of funds by 
drafts, checks, etc., discounting, and the like. 

— v. i. 1. To do business as a banker ; — chiefly in p. pr. & 
vb. n.; as, a banking house. 2. To deposit money in a 



ale, senate, care 
use, unite, urn, 



e, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; (hen, thin; na(ijre, verdure (87); 




BANKABLE 83 

bank. 3. To wager ; rely ; — used with on. Colloq. — v. t. 
To deposit in a bank. 

bank'a-ble (bank'd-b'l), a. Receivable as good at a bank. 

bank bill. 1. A bank note. Chiefly U. S. 2. In general, 
a bill of exchange issued or accepted by a bank. 

bank discount. A sum equal to the interest at a given 
rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time 
of discounting until it becomes due. 

bank'er (bank'er), n. A vessel employed in the cod fishery 
on the banks of Newfoundland. 

bank'er, n. 1. One (a person or corporation) that conducts 
a bank. 2. Gaming. One who keeps the bank. 

bank'ing, n. Business consisting in the custody, loaning, 
exchange, or issue of money. 

bank note. A promissory note issued by a bank, usually, 
now, one payable to bearer on demand, and intended to 
circulate as money (often called a bank, bill in the United 
States). In England, specif., a Bank of England note. 

bank rate. The discount rate fixed by a bank or banks. 

bank'rupt (-rupt), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. banca bank -f- 
rotta broken, fr. L. rupta, fem. p. p. of rumpere to break. 
At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench (i. e., 
money table) broken.] 1. One whose property becomes 
liable to administration under the bankrupt laws. 2. One 
who becomes unable to pay his debts ; an insolvent per- 
son. 3. One judicially declared bankrupt ( in sense 1 ). 

— a. 1. Being a bankrupt ; unable to pay, or discharged 
from paying, one's debts. 2. Relating to bankrupts or 
bankruptcy. — v. t. To make bankrupt ; impoverish. 

bank'rupt-cy (-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). State of being actu- 
ally or legally bankrupt. 
ban'ner (ban'er), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. bandum 

banner.] 1. A piece of cloth attached 

by its edge to a pole or staff and used 

as a standard by a king, a knight, or 

the like; — now chiefly used historically 

or figuratively, as of a nation's flag. See 

flag, Illust. 2. An ensign displaying,_as 

in a procession, some distinctive device 

or motto. 3. Bot. The upper petal of a 

papilionaceous flower; vexillum or 

standard. — a. Having or deserving the 

banner of a leader ; foremost ; exemplary ; 

leading ; as, a banner class. 
ban'ner-et (-er-et), n. [OF. baneret.'] 

Orig., a knight who could lead vassals_ 

under his own banner; hence, the ranking title of such a 

knight, those of this rank later constituting an order of 

knighthood, now extinct. 

ban'ner-et', ban'ner-ette' (-et'), n. A small banner. 
ban'ner-ol (-51), n. 1. Var. of banderole. 2. Specif. : A 

flag about one yard square displayed at funerals of great 

men, as in Great Britain. 
ban'nock (-uk), n. [Gael. bonnach.~] A kind of round 

flat oatmeal or barley cake or bread. Scot. & North. Eng. 
banns (banz), n. pi. Also bans. [See ban.] Notice of a 

proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place 

prescribed by law. 
ban'quet (ban'kwet; 24), n. [F., fr. an It. dim. of banco 

bench.] 1. A feast, often ceremonious and followed by 

speeches. 2. Fort. — banquette, 1. — Syn. See eeast. 

— v. t.& i. To treat, or regale one's self, with a banquet. 
ban r quet-er, n. One who banquets. 
ban-quette r (ban-ket'), n. [F.] 1. Fort. A raised way 

for soldiers and guns inside a parapet. 2. A kind of bench- 
like upholstered seat ; hence, a narrow window seat; also, a 
raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. 
3. A sidewalk. Eng., & Local, U. S. 

Ban'quo (barj'ko; -kwo),n. In Shakespeare's "Macbeth," 
a brave and ambitious Scottish thane and fellow general 
with Macbeth. After his murder, his ghost appears to 
Macbeth only, at the royal banquet. 

bans, n. pi. See banns. 

ban'shee, ban'shie (ban'she), n. [Gael, bean-shith fairy; 
bean woman + sith fairy.] Celtic Folklore. A supernatu- 
ral being believed to warn a family of an approaching death. 

ban'tam (-tam), n. [From Bantam, Java, as the source of 
the original breed.] A fowl of any of many small breeds. 

ban'ter (-ter), v. t. To address with jest or ridicule; rally. 
— v. i. To use banter ; — often used with with. — n. 1. 
Language uttered by way of ridicule or wanton jest ; good- 
humored raillery; pleasantry. 2. An instance or act of 
such raillery. — ban'ter-er, n. — ban'ter-ing-ly, adv. 
Syn. Banter, badinage, persiflage, raillery agree in 
the idea of good-humored jesting. Banter is playful 
quizzing or rallying, usually upon something which lays 
one open to ridicule ; badinage is more trifling and deli- 
cate, persiflage more frivolous or flippant, raillery 
keener and often more sarcastic, than banter; as, he was 
bantered for his blunder ; friendly badinage ; smooth and 
shallow persiflage; their raillery galled him. 

Ban'ting-ism (ban'tmg-iz'm), n. A method of reducing 
corpulence by avoiding food rich in farinaceous, saccharine, 



Banner, 2. 



BARATHEA 

or oily matter ; — after William Banting, a London cabinet- 
maker who used it. — Ban'ting-ize, v. i. 

bant'ling (bant'ling), n. An inf ant ; — of ten depreciatory. 

Ban'tU (ban'too), n. A member of one of the great family 
of Negroid tribes of equatorial and southern Africa. 

ban'yan (ban'yan), n., or banyan tree. [Sometimes the 
space sheltered by the tree is the market place of banians.] 
A kind of East Indian tree (Ficus bengalensis). Its 
branches send out aerial roots that form additional tnfnks. 

ban'zai' (ban'za'e), inter). [Jap. ten thousand years, for- 
ever.] May you live ten thousand years 1 — used in saluta- 
tion of the emperor and as a battle cry. Japan. 

ba'o-bab (ba'6-bab ; ba'6-bab), n. An African bombaca- 
ceous tree (Adansonia digitata) which yields an edible 
gourdlike fruit. 

bap'tism (bap'tiz'm), n. 1. A baptizing; esp., the Chris- 
tian sacrament of application of water to a person by im- 
mersion or sprinkling. 2. Any act or experience by which 
one is purified, initiated, named, or the like, as if in baptism 
(sense 1). — bap-tis'mal (bap-tiz'mal), a. mal-ly, adv. 

Bap'tist (bap'tist), n. 1. One who administers baptism; 
specif., John, forerunner of Christ. 2. One of a denomi- 
nation of Christians who maintain that baptism should be 
by immersion and be administered to believers only. 

bap'tis-tsr-y (bap'tis-ter-i), n.; pi. -teries (-iz)l Arch. A 

bap'tis-try (bap'tis-trT), n.; pi. -tries (-trfz) /separate 
building, or part of a church, used for baptismal services. 

bap-tize' (bap-tiz'), v. t.; -tized' (-tlzd') ; -tiz'ing (-tiz'- 
ing). [From F., fr. L. baptizare, fr. Gr. Pairri^tiv, fr. /9<i- 
■kthv to dip in water.] 1. To immerse in water, or to 
sprinkle water on, as a religious ceremony ; administer bap- 
tism to. 2. To cleanse; purify. 3. To christen (because 
a name is given to infants at baptism) ; name. — v. i. To 
administer baptism. — bap-tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. 

bar(bar), n. [F., barre, fr. LL. barra.'] 1. A slender, 
rigid piece of wood, metal, or other material, as one used 
for a lever, support, fastening, etc. 2. A piece of some 
substance in shape like, or likened to, a bar ( in sense 1 ) ; 
also, the quantity in such a piece; as, a bar of gold, of 
soap. 3. A broad shaft, band, or stripe, as of color. 
4. Her. A horizontal stripe, being usually one of a set, 
and occupying one fifth or less of the 
field. The term bar sinister is errone- 
ously used for baton, a mark of illegiti- 
macy. 5. Far. a In pi. The transverse 
ridges on the roof of a horse's mouth. 
b The space in front of the molar teeth 
of a horse, in which the bit is placed, c A 
solid mouthpiece in a bridle, d The 
part of the wall of a horse's hoof which 
is bent inward toward the frog at the Shield showing 
heel on each side, and extends toward Two Bars, 
the center of the sole. 6. Music. _ A vertical line across 
the staff, before the initial metrical 
accent. 7. Arch. One of the strips 
separating and supporting the glass of 
a window. 3. Anything which ob- 
structs; obstruction; barrier. 9. A 



^M^ 



¥- 



m 



bank, as of sand or gravel, esp. at the *• 2 Bar s ; 3 Double 
mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing Bar * 

navigation. 10. Law. a The railing that incloses the place 
where prisoners are stationed, or where the business of the 
court is transacted in civil cases, b Hence, the court itself. 
C The whole body of lawyers in any jurisdiction ; also, the 
profession of a lawyer. 11. Any tribunal ; as, the bar of 
public opinion. 12. A counter over which liquor or food is 
passed to customers ; hence, the part of the room behind 
the counter. 13. Lace Making. In needle-point lace, the 
joining thread crossing open spaces and finished with cord- 
ing, knots, or buttonhole stitch ; — called also bride. 
Syn. Obstacle, obstruction, hindrance, impediment, bar- 
rier. Bar, barrier agree in the idea of hindrance or ob- 
struction. Bar often suggests ingress or egress as being that 
to which the obstacle is opposed ; barrier suggests rather 
advance, progress, or attack ; as, the bars of a prison, of a 
gate ; a barrier reef. Barrier usually implies greater mag- 
nitude or extent than bar. 

— v.t. barred (bard) ; bar'ring. 1. To fasten, surround, 
confine, or obstruct by or as if by bars. 2. To exclude or 
shut out ; hinder ; prevent ; prohibit ; as, access to the 
king was barred. 3. To exclude from consideration ; to ob- 
ject to. 4. To mark with bars; stripe. 

bar (bar), prep. Except; but; as, bar none. 

Bar-ab'bas (bd-rab'ds; bar-ab'ds), n. Bib. The prisoner 
whose release was demanded of Pilate by the multitude 
in preference to Christ's. See Matt, xxvii. 15-21. 

Ba-rac'a (bd-rak'd), n. An international, interdenomina- 
tional organization of Bible classes of young men ; — 
alluding to Hebrew Berachah ("blessing"), occurring in 
2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii. 3. Cf. Philathea. 

bar'a-the'a (bar'd-the'd), n. A soft fabric with a kind of 
basket weave and a diapered pattern. 



D 



G 



H 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BARB 



84 



BARIE 



barb (barb), re. [F. barhe, fr. L. barba beard.] 1. A man's 
beard. Obs. 2. An appendage suggestive of a beard at 
the mouth of an animal. 3. A plaited linen covering for the 
throat, worn by nuns. 4. In pi. Paps, or little projections, 
of the mucous membrane, under the tongue in horses and 
cattle, esp. as inflamed and swollen. 5. The point that pro- 
jects backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc. ; hence, any sharp 
projection similarly oblique. 6. Zo'dl. One of the side 
branches of the shaft of a feather. See feather, Illust. 

— v. t. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, etc. 

barb, re. [From F., fr. It.] 1. One of a race of horses noted 
for speed and endurance, brought to Spain by the Moors. 
2. One of a breed of domestic pigeons related to the car- 
riers, having a short broad beak. 

bar-ba'ri-an (bar-ba'ri-an; 3),re. [See barbarous.] 1. A 
foreigner, esp. in speech and manners ; — following _ the 
Greek and Roman use, and usually depreciative. This is 
the use in the New Testament. 2. A man in a rude, uncivi- 
lized state. 3. A person devoid of culture.— a. 1. Foreign. 
2. Uncivilized; savage. — bar-ba'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), re. 
Syn. Barbarous, barbaric, savage, untutored, unlettered, 
rude. — Barbarian, barbarous, barbaric, savage. Barba- 
rian expresses little more than the oppositeof civilized ; bar- 
barous may also express the harsh and brutal side of civi- 
lized life ; as, the barbarian hordes of Asia ; the barbarous 
pleasures of the chase. Barbaric refers to the crudeness of 
taste and fondness for gorgeous display characteristic of un- 
civilized peoples ; as, barbaric magnificence. Savage occa- 
sionally denotes a ruder civilization than barbarian ; it some- 
times expresses greater harshness than barbarous ; as, savage 
cruelty. 

bar-bar'ic (-bar'ik), a. [L. barbaricus, Gr. /SapjSapucos.] 
1. Barbarian; foreign; — often of the nations of the East. 
Cf. barbarian, re., 1. 2. Of, pert, to, or resembling, uncivi- 
lized people ; barbarian in style. — Syn. See barbarian. 

bar/ba-rism (bar'ba-riz'm) , re. 1. A word or expression not 
in standard usage. 2. Uncivilized state ; ignorance of arts, 
learning, and literature. — Syn. See solecism. 

bar-bar'i-ty (bar-bar'i-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Cruelty ; 
inhumanity; also, a cruel act. 2. Barbaric style, or viola- 
tion of good taste, in art. 

bar'ba-rize (bar'ba-rlz), v. i. & t. To become or make 
barbarous. — bar'ba-ri-za'tion (-n-za'shun), re. 

bar'ba-rous (-rus), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. /3dpj3apos, strange, 
foreign ; later, slavish, rude, ignorant.]^ 1. Not classical or 
pure ; — said of language ; hence, unpolished or unidiomatic 
in language. 2. Speaking a foreign language ; barbarian ; 
orig., not Hellenic. 3. Being in the state of a barbarian ; un- 
civilized ; peopled with barbarians ; as, a barbarous tribe or 
country. 4. Cruel; inhuman; brutal. 5. Harsh-sounding, 
like barbarian speech. — Syn. See barbarian. — bar'ba- 
rous-ly, adv. — rous-ness, re. 

bar'bate (-bat), a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard.] Bearded; 
Bot., beset with long stiff hairs. 

bar/be-cue (bar'be-ku), re. [From native name in Guiana.] 
1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole 
for a feast. 2. A social entertainment at which one or more 
large animals are roasted or broiled whole. U. S. 

— v. t. ; -cued (-kud) ; -cu'ing. To roast or broil whole, as 
an ox or a hog. 

barbed (barbd; baVbed), a. Barded. See bard, v. t., 1. 
barbed (barbd), p. a. Having a barb or barbs. 

barbed wire, a wire or strand of twisted wires, armed with 

barbs or sharp points. 
bar'bel (bar'bel), re. [OF., fr. L. barbus, fr. barba beard.] 

1. A slender tactile process on the lips of a fish. 2. A large 

European cyprinoid fresh-water fish (Barbus vulgaris), 

with four barbels on its upper jaw. 
bar'bel-late {bar'be-lat; bar-bel'at), a. [See 1st barb.] 

Bot. Having short stiff hairs, often barbed. 
bar'ber (bar'ber), re. [From OF., fr. L. barba beard.] 

One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard and 

to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. — v. t. To shave, 

trim, or dress the beard or hair of. 
bar'ber-ry (-ber-T),re.; p£.-RiES (-iz). [OF.5eroere,LL. ber- 

beris, barbarisJ] Any of a genus (Berberis) of shrubs, of 

which one (B. vulgaris) bears oblong red berries, often made 

into a preserve. 
bar'bet (-bet), re. [F., fr. barbe beard.] Any of numerous 

tropical nonpasserine birds (families Capitonime and Buc- 

conidse), having a large stout bill beset with bristles. Cf. 

PUFF BIRD. 

bar-bette' (bar-bet'),^. [F.] l.Fort. A mound of earth 
or a platform on which guns are mounted. 2. Nav. An 
armored parapet protecting a gun platform. 

bar'bi-can (bar'bi-kan), re. [From F., fr. LL.] Fort. An 
outer defensive work of a city or castle, esp. a large tower. 

bar'bi-cel (-sel), re. [Dim. fr. L. barba beard.] One of the 
small processes on barbules of feathers. 

bar'bo-tine (-bo-tin), re. [F.] Ceramics. Slip. 

bar-bu'do (bar-boo'do), re. ; pi. -dos (-doz). [Sp., bearded ; 
— alluding to the barbudo's barbels.] Any of several 



threadfin fishes, esp. one (Polydactylus virginicus) of 

Florida, the West Indies, etc. 
bar'bule (bar'bul), re. [L. barbula, dim. fr. barba beard.] 

One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a 

feather. 
Bar 'can (-kan), a. Of or pert, to Barca, in North Africa. 
bar'ca-role, bar'ca-rolle (-kd-rol), re. [Through F. fr. It. 

barca bark, barge.] Music, a A popular melody sung by 

Venetian gondoliers, b Music imitating such a song. 
bard (bard), re. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A professional poet and 

singer, as among the ancient Celts. 2. A poet. 
bard (bard), re. Also barde. [F. barde."] A piece of armor 

for a horse. — v. t. 1. To equip or accouter with bards. 

2. Cookery. To cover (meat) with a slice of bacon. 
bard'ic (bar'dik), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, 

the bards or their poetry. 
bare (bar), a. [AS. bser.] 1. Naked; nude. 2. Bareheaded. 

3. Not concealed from the understanding ; open to (the 
mental) view ; exposed ; as, he laid bare his thoughts. 4. 
Destitute of worth, ornament, or the like; plain; un- 
adorned ; bald ; as, the bare truth. 5. Destitute of the usual 
furnishing, contents, or the like ; as, bare rooms, bare hooks. 
6. Threadbare ; much worn. 7. Mere ; unaccompanied by 
anything else or more ; as, a bare majority ; bare necessi- 
ties. — Syn. See mere. 

— v. t.; bared (bard) ; bar'ing. To make bare. 
bare'back' (-bak'), adv. & a. On a horse's bare back. 
bare'f aced' (-fast'), a. 1. With the face uncovered ; not 

masked. 2. Without concealment ; hence : shameless ; au- 
dacious. — barefacedly, adv. — bare'f aced'ness, re. 

bare'foot (-foot), a. & adv. Having or with the feet bare. 

bare'foot-ed, a. Having the feet bare. 

||ba'rege' (ba'razh'), re. Also ba'rege' (ba'rezh'). [F. 
barege, fr. Bareges, the town.] A gauzelike dress fabric. 

bare'head'ed (bar'hed'ed ; 2-1), bare'head', a. & adv. Hav- 
ing the head uncovered ; with the head uncovered. 

bare'leg'ged (-leg'ed ; -legd' ; 24), o._ Having the legs bare. 

bare'ly, adv. 1. Nakedly. 2. Without concealment or 
disguise. 3. Merely ; only. Archaic. 4. But just ; with no 
excess ; hence : scarcely ; hardly. — Syn. See hardly. 

bare'ness, re. State or quality of being bare. 

bare'sark (bar'sark), re. [Lit., bare sark (shirt), altered 
fr. berserk.'] A berserk, or Norse warrior who fought 
without armor. — adv. Without shirt of mail or armor. 

Cf. BERSERK. 

bar'gain (bar'gen ; -gin), re. [From OF.] 1. An agreement 
between parties settling what each shall give and receive in 
a transaction ; agreement ; compact. 2. Thing acquired by 
bargaining ; often, a purchase, or, fig., a transaction, in re- 
spect to its advantageousness or the opposite ; (when not 
qualified) an advantageous purchase ; as, to make the best 
of a bad bargain. — Syn. See contract. 
into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated. 

— v. i. 1. To negotiate over an agreement ; haggle. 2. To 
contract for the exchange of property ; — used with with or 
for. — v. t. To transfer for a consideration ; barter ; trade. — 
bar'gain-er (bar'geVer),bar'gain-or'(-6r' ;bar'gen-or),re. 

barge (barj), re. [OF., fr. LL. barga.~\ 1. A small seagoing 
sailing vessel ; a bark. Obs. 2. Any of various boats ; as : 
a A roomy boat, usually flat-bottomed, used chiefly in in- 
land waterways, b Nav. A large, double-banked boat for 
the flag officer of a flagship, c A large pleasure boat, gen- 
erally ornamented and used on state occasions, d A double- 
decked vessel towed by a tug or steamboat ; — used esp. for 
large pleasure parties. U. S. 3. A large omnibus, as for 
excursions. Local, U.S. 

barge'board' (-bord'), re. 
Arch. A piece of board 
covering the roof tim- 
bers that project over 
gables. 

bargs'cou'ple (-kup''l), 
re. Arch. One of the two 
rafters in a gable which 
project beyond the gable 
wall and carry the over- 
hang. 

barge'course' (-kors ; ),re. 
Arch. The tiling or slates 
on the sloping edges of a gable roof. 

bar-gee' (bar-je'), re. A bargeman. Eng. 

barge'man (barj'man), re. The man who manages a barge, 
or one of the crew of a barge. [tune. 

bar'ghest (bar'gest) , re. A goblin fabled to portend misf or- 1 

bar'ic (bar'Tk), a. Chem. Of or pertaining to barium. 

bar'ic, a. [Gr. /3apos weight.] Physics. Of or pertaining 
to weight, esp. the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as 
measured by the barometer ; barometric. 

bar'ie (bar'i), n. [ Gr. /Sapus, fern. /3apeTa, heavy.] Physics. 
A pressure equal to that of 75 centimeters of mercury, 
or nearly one atmosphere. , ^^ 




1 Bargeboard. On the right it is 
cut away to show 3 Bargecouple ; 

2 Bargecourse. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event. Snd, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, fcro« up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87); 




Bark, 2. 
One who tends a bar for the 



BARILLA 85 

ba-rilla (bd-rll'd), to. [Sp. barrilla.] Either of two Euro- 
pean species (Salsola kali and Salsola soda) of saltwort 
yielding soda ash ; also, the alkali got from this ash or 
from the ashes of any kelp. 

ba'rite (ba/rlt; bar'It), to. Native sulphate of barium, 
BaS04, a common mineral in metallic veins. From its 
high specific gravity (4.3-4.6) it is often called heavy spar. 

bar'i-tone (bar'I-ton). Var. of barytone. 

ba'ri-um (ba'ri-um; bar'I-), to. [NL., fr. Gr. (iapus heavy.] 
A chemical element of the alkaline-earth group. It is a 
silver-white or pale yellow malleable metal, but occurs only 
in combination. Symbol Ba; at. wt., 137.37. 

bark (bark), to. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Bot. The tough ex- 
ternal covering of a woody perennial stem or root. 2. 
Specif. : a Tan bark, or spent bark, b Pharm. Peruvian 
bark. — v. t. 1. To treat with an infusion of bark ; tan. 
2. To strip the bark from ; peel. 3. To abrade the skin 
from. 4. To cover or inclose with or as with bark. 

bark, v. i. [AS. beorcan.] 1. To utter its characteristic 
short, explosive cry ; — said of the dog, hence, also, of the 
fox, etc. ; — often used with at. 2. To clamor ; specif., to 
solicit patronage, as for a cheap show or shop, by crying 
out its merits, etc., at the entrance. Slang or Cant. 3. 
To cough. Colloq. 

to bark up the wrong tree, fig., to make a mistake in the 
pursuit of an object ; make an unwarranted stir, esp. of 
accusation or attack. _ [toit.l 

— n. The short, explosive cry of the dog, or a sound likened| 

bark, barque (bark), n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. 
LL.] 1. Formerly, a 
small sailing vessel or 
a rowboat. Now, 
Poet., any vessel or 
boat. 2. Naut. A 
three-masted vessel 
with foremast and 
mainmast square- 
rigged and mizzen- 
mast fore-and-aft 
rigged. 

bar'keep'er (bar'kep'er), n 
sale of liquors. 

bark'en-tine, bar'quen-tine (-ken-ten), n. [See bark, a 
vessel.] Naut. A three-masted vessel with the foremast 
square-rigged, and the other masts fore-and-aft rigged. 

bark'er (bar'ker), to. One who, or that which, barks wood. 

bark'er, to. An animal or person that barks. 

Bar'kis (b'ar'kls), n. A carrier in Dickens's "David Cop- 
perfield," in love with Clara Peggotty, to whom he proposes 
marriage by a message worded, "Barkis is willin'." 

bark'y (b'ar'kl), a. Covered with or containing bark. 

bar'ley (bar'li), to. [AS. bserlic] A cereal grass (Hordeum 
vulgar e); also, its seed or grain, used for food and in 
making malt liquors. 

bar'ley-corn' (-kSmO, to. 1. A grain, or "corn," of barley. 
2. An old measure of length ; one third of an inch. 
John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley 
as the source of malt liquor or whisky ; hence, the liquor. 

bar'low (bar'lo), to., or barlow knife. [From name of 
the maker.] A kind of one-bladed jackknife. U. S. 

barm (barm), n. Yeast formed on brewing liquors. 

bar 'maid' ( bar'mad' ), to. A girl or woman who attends 
the customers of a bar, as in a tavern. 

Bar'me-cide (bar'me-sid), to. A member of the Bar'me- 
cides (-sldz), a wealthy Persian family of medieval times. 
Of one of them it is told, in the "Arabian Nights," that he 
invited the hungry beggar Schacabac to a feast, at which 
the host made a pretense of serving and eating imaginary 
viands. Hence : Barmecide feast, any illusion of plenty. 

barm'y (b'ar'ml), a. Full of barm or froth; fig., flighty. 

barn (barn), 7i. [AS. berern, bern; bere barley -\-ern, sern, 
a close place. ] 1. A covered building chiefly for storing 
grain, hay, etc., but often, in the United States, used in part 
for stables. 2. Hence : A building in which to keep horses, 
their feed, vehicles, etc. U. S. 

Bar'na-bas (baVnd-bds), to. [L. Barnabas or Gr. Bapva- 
/9as.] Bib. A surname of Joses, a Levite of Cyprus, com- 
panion of Paul on his first missionary journey. 

bar'na-cle (-k'l),7i. 1. A bernicle goose. 2. Any of numer- 
ous small marine crustaceans ( order Cirripedia ), found 
attached to rocks, floating logs, etc. 

bar'na-cles (-k'\z),n. pi. [ME. bernak, bernacle, sing.] 
1. Farriery^ An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, 
to restrain him. 2. Spectacles. Colloq., Eng. 

Barn'burn'er (barn'bur'ner), to. [In allusion to the fable 
of the man who burned his barn to rid it of rats.] A mem- 
ber of the radical reform section of the Democratic party 
in New York, about 1850, which supported Van Buren ; — 
opposed to Hunker. Political Cant, U. S. 

barn'Storm'er (-stor'mer), to. [barn+storm, v.] 1. An 
itinerant actor who plays in barns, as was formerly often 



BARRATRY 



done in rural districts. 2. An inferior actor, or one who 
plays in the country away from the larger cities. 

bar'o-cy'clon-om'e-ter ( bar'6-sl'klon-om'e-ter ), n. [Gr. 
Papos weight + cyclone -f- -meter.'] Meteor. An aneroid 
barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and 
printed directions designed to determine the existence of 
a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles. 

bar'o-gram (bar'6-gram), n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + -gram.] 
Meteor. A tracing usually made by the barograph, 
showing variations of atmospheric pressure. 

bar'o-graph (-graf), n. [Gr. /Sapos weight 4- -graph.] A 
self-registering barometer. — bar'o-graph'ic (-graf'Ik), a. 

ba-rom'e-ter (bd-rom'e-ter), n. [Gr. 0dpoy weight + -me- 
ter.] An instrument for determining the weight or pres- 
sure of the atmosphere, and hence for predicting changes of 
weather, ascertaining heights, etc. 

bar'o-met'ric (baVo-met'rlk) \a. Of, pert, to, or made by, 

bar'0-mef ri-cal (-met'rl-kal)J the barometer. 

ba-rom'e-try (bd-rom'e-trl), to. The art or process of 
making barometrical measurements. 

bar'on (bar'un), to. [OF., fr. LL. baro man.] 1. Eng. 
Hist. A tenant holding directly from the lord paramount 
(in England the king) by honorable service. 2. a In Great 
Britain, a nobleman of the lowest rank ; also, the grade or 
rank itself, b A nobleman of corresponding rank in any 
of various other countries. 3. Cookery. Two loins or sir- 
loins not cut apart at the backbone ; as, a baron of beef. 

bar'on-age (-aj),7i. The whole body of barons or peers ; the 
dignity or rank of a baron. 

bar'on-ess (-es), to. A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds 
the baronial title in her own right. 

bar'on-et (-et), to. A dignity or degree of honor next below a 
baron and above a knight; a holder of this dignity. Brit- 
ish baronets are commoners, with hereditary title of Sir. 

bar'on-et-age (-aj), to. 1. State or rank of baronet. 2. Bar- 
onets collectively. [baronet. I 

bar'on-et-cy (-si), to.; pi. -ctes. Rank or patent of a| 

ba-rong' (ba-rong'), to. [Native name.] A kind of knife or 
sword with thick back 
and thin edge, used by 
the Moros. 

ba-ro'ni-al (bd-ro'nT-al), Barong 

a. Pert, to or befitting a baron or a barony. 

bar'o-ny (bar'6-nl), to.; pi. -nies (-nlz). The fee, do- 
main, dignity or rank of a baron. 

ba-roque' (bd-rok'), a. [F.] 1. Grotesque; in corrupt 
taste. Specif. : Arch, a Of, pertaining to, or designating, 
a style of decoration characteristic of the decline in the 
Renaissance style, b Rococo. 2. Irregular in form; — 
said esp. of a pearl. — to. Baroque work or style. 

bar'o-SCOpe (bar'o-skop), to. [Gr. 0apos weight + -scope.] 
1. Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of 
the atmosphere. 2. Physics. An apparatus for showing 
that objects in air lose weight equal to that of the air dis- 
placed by them.— bar'o-scop'ic (-skop'Ik), a. 

ba-rouche' (bd-roosh'), n. [Through G., It., & LL., fr. L. 
birotus two-wheeled; bi- = bis twice 4- rota wheel.] A 
four-wheeled carriage with a seat in front for the driver, 
two double seats inside facing each other, and a folding top. 

barque, bar'quen-tine. Vars. of bark, barkentine. 

bar'rack (bar'dk), to. [From F., fr. It., fr. LL. barra bar.] 
[Usually in pi.] 1. Mil. A building or set of buildings for 
lodging soldiers, esp. in garrison. 2. A plain and large 
building; a row of workmen's houses joined together. 

bar'ra-cu'da (bar'd-koo'dd), to. [Native name.] Any of a ge- 
nus {Sphyrsena) of pike- 

like "?*" ^^ w^^ ..- ^.^ 
rine fish- - 

es. The 
great 

barracuda (S. barracu- 
da) of the West Indies, 
Florida, etc., is often six 
feet or more long, and as dangerous as a shark. 

bar'rage (bar'aj), to. [ F. ] Engin. A bar or obstruction 
placed in a watercourse, as to increase the depth of water. 

Ibar'rage' (ba/razh'; E. bar'aj), to. [F. barrage in tir 
de barrage barrage fire.] Mil. A barrier to the advance 
or retreat of enemy troops, established by rapid and con- 
tinuous artillery or machine-gun fire concentrated on a 
designated area of ground. 

bar'ra-mun'di (baVd-mun'de), to. =ceratodus. 

bar'ra-tor (bar'd-ter), to. Also bar'ra-ter. [OF. barateor 
deceiver, fr. barater to deceive.] One guilty of barratry. 

bar'ra-trous (-trus), a. Law. Tainted with or constitut- 
ing barratry. — bar'ra-trous-ly, adv. 

bar'ra-try (-trl), to. 1. The purchase or sale of office or 
preferment in church or state. 2. Maritime Law. A 
fraudulent breach of duty on the part of a master of a ship 
to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo. 3. Law. 
Practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits or quarrels. 




Great Barracuda 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; ytt; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, (j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BARREL 



86 



BASE HIT 



bar'rel (-?!), n. [F. baril.'] 1. A round bulging vessel or 
cask, of greater length than breadth, and having flat ends 
or heads. 2. The quantity constituting a full barrel. In the 
United States, the barrel for liquids is, usually, 313^ gal- 
lons; for flour, it is 196 lbs. Abbr., bbl.; pi. bbls. 3. A 
drum or cylinder or similarly round part, hollow or solid ; 
as : a The case holding the mainspring of a watch or clock. 
b The metal tube of a gun. c The cylinder in which a piston 
travels, d The body of a windlass or a capstan, e Mach. 

) A tumbling barrel, or rumble. 

— v. t. ; -reled (-eld) or -relled ; -rel-ing or -rel-ling. 
To put or pack in a barrel or barrels. 

barrel organ. An instrument for producing music by the 
action of a revolving cylinder studded with pegs upon a 
series of valves admitting air from a bellows to pipes. 

bar'ren (bar'en), a. [OF. brehaing, fern, brehaigne, ba- 
raigne.2 1. Incapable of producing offspring ; sterile ; — 
of females. 2. Of plants, not fruitful. 3. Not producing 
vegetation, or useful vegetation ; sterile ; as, barren land. 
4. Unproductive ; unprofitable ; empty ; as, barren rever- 
ies. 5. Mentally dull ; stupid ; as, a barren mind. — n. 1. 
A tract of barren land. 2. In pi. Level, more or less 
wooded tracts of land, commonly characterized by a light 
sandy soil and a distinctive biota; as, pine barrens, oak 
barrens, etc. U. S. — bar'ren-ly, adv. — bar'ren-ness, n. 

bar'ret (bar'et), n. [F. barrette, fr. It. berretta.] A kind 
of small cap; esp., abiretta. 

bar'ret-ter (bar'et-er; ba-ret'er), n. [Coined fr. OF. ba- 
re^ er to exchange. Cf.BARTER.] Wireless Teleg. A thermal 
cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when 
subjected to the influence of electric waves. 

bar'ri-cade' (baVi-kad'), n. [F., fr. It. or_Sp. ;orig., a bar- 
ring up with casks.] 1. Mil. A fortification, as in a 
street, hastily made of anything that will obstruct progress. 
2. Any barrier obstructing passage. — v. t. ; -cad'ed 
(-kad'ed) ; -cad'ing. To fortify or close with a barricade or 
barricades ; obstruct. 

bar'ri-ca'do (-ka'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). A barricade. 

— v. t.; -doed (-dod), -do-ing. To barricade. 
bar'ri-er (bar'i-er), n. [F. barriere, fr. barre bar.] 1. An 

obstacle to stop an enemy, as a fence or stockade or a for- 
tified frontier town. 2. Any obstruction or object serving 
to separate or limit ; as, Hist., the lists at a tournament ; a 
mountain barrier between two countries. 3. Any limit or 
boundary ; as, the barrier between instinct and reason. — 
Syn. See bar. , [excepting; as, barring accident. 

bar 'ring (bar'Tng), prep, or conj. Excluding by exception ; 

|| bar'ri-oCbaVre-o), n. ; pi. barrios (-os). [Sp.] In Spain anc 
countries colonized by Spain, a ward, village, or district 
(varying locally) constituting part of a municipality. 

bar'ris-ter (bar'is-ter), n. [ From bar, n. ] Counselor at 
law ; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar in the superior 
courts, as disting. from an attorney or solicitor. Eng. 

bar'room/ (bar'room'), n. A room containing a bar, or 
counter, at which liquors are sold. 

bar'row (bar'o), n. [From AS. beran to bear.] A support 
having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which 
things can be transported by hand. 

bar'row, n. [AS. bearg, bearh.'] A castrated hog. 

bar'row, n. [AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound.] A 
large sepulchral mound; a tumulus. 

bar'ru-let (bar'oo-let), n. [Dim. of bar, n.] Her. A 
diminutive of the bar, having one fourth of its width. 

bar'ry (baVi), a. [F. barre. - ] Her. Of the field, trav- 
ersed horizontally by an even number of 
bars of two alternating colors. 

bar sinister. See bar, n., 4. 

bar'tend'er (-ten'der), n. A barkeeper. 

bar'ter (-ter), v. i. & t. [OF. barater to 
cheat, exchange.] To traffic or trade, or 
traffic or trade in, by exchange of com- 
modities ; — disting. from sell and pur- 
chase. — Syn. See sell. — n. Act or 
practice of bartering. — bar'ter-er, n. Barry. 

bar'ti-zan (bar'ti-zdn; bar'ti-zan'), n. Arch. A small 
overhanging structure for lookout or defense; — a word 
first used by Sir Walter Scott. The word 
had "no existence in the times to which 
it is attributed." — bar'ti-zaned, p. a. 

Bart'lett (bart'let), n. A popular pear 
which originated in England about 1770 
and was distributed in America by 
Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Mass. 

bar-to'ni-a (bar-to'm-d), n. [NL., after 
B. S. Barton, American botanist.] Any 
of several large-flowered plants (genus 
Mentzelia) of western America. 

Ba'ruch (ba'ruk ; bar'uk), n. Bib. 1. 
Secretary of the prophet Jeremiah, and reputed author of 
the book of Baruch. 2. The book of Baruch, in the Prot- 
estant Apocrypha. 





Bartizan. 



ba-ry'ta (bd-rT'td), n. '[Gr. /Sapi* heavy.] Monoxide of 
barium. — ba-ryt'ic (-rit'ik), a. 

ba-ry'tes (bd-rl'tez),n. [Gr. papvs heavy.] Min. = barite. 

bar'y-tone, bar'i-tone (bar'i-ton), n. [F. baryton, fr. Gr. 
(iapvrovos ; fiapvs heavy + twos tone.] 1. A male voice 
intermediate between, and partaking of, the bass and the 
tenor ; a person having such a voice. 2. Greek Gram. A 
word with no accent on the last syllable, the grave accent 
being understood. — a. Music. Grave and deep in tone ; 
pertaining to or designating the barytone ; performing the 
barytone ; as, a barytone voice, part, etc. 

bas'al (baVdl), a. Pert, to or forming the base. 

ba-salf (bd-solt'; bas'olt), n. [L. basaltes a dark Ethio- 
pian marble. ] Any of several dark basic rocks of volcanic 
origin, chiefly of triclinic feldspar and pyroxene (usually 
augite) ; hence, any dark nonporphyritic, aphanitic. igne- 
ous rock without vitreous luster. — ba-salt , ic(bd-sol / tik),a. 

bas'cule (bas'kuT), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an 
apparatusin which one end counterbalances the other. 

bascule bridge. A counterpoised or balanced drawbridge. 

base ( bas ), n. [F., fr. L. basis, fr. Gr. /Sdcris a stepping, 
step, a base, pedestal.] 1. The bottom of anything con- 
sidered as its support ; that on which a thing rests for sup- 
port; foundation. 2. Fig., the fundamental or essential 
part of a thing ; groundwork. 3. Arch, a The lower part of 
a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature 
or especially ornamented, b The lower part of a complete 
architectural design, as of a monument. 4. Geom. The line 
or the surface constituting that part of a figure on which it 
is supposed to stand. 5. Fort. The exterior side of the poly- 
gon, orthe imaginary line connecting the salient angles of 
two adjacent bastions. 6. The chief ingredient of any- 
thing, viewed as its fundamental constituent ; as : a Chem. 
A compound capable of reacting with acids to form salts ; 
as, lime and ammonia are bases ; specif., the hydroxide 
of a positive element or radical, b Gram. Stem ; theme. 

7. The point or line from which a start is made in any 
action or operation; as, a given line is taken as a base in 
surveying. 8. A starting place, station, or goal in various 
games. 9. The old game prisoner's base (which see). 
10. Math. The number from which a mathematical table 
is constructed ; as, the base of a system of logarithms. 11. 
Mil. A place protected by fortifications or by natural 
advantages, from which the operations of an army pro- 
ceed. 12. Bot. & Zo'dl. That part of an organ by which 
it is attached to another more central organ. 13. [See 
base low.] A bass sound, part, voice, instrument, or 
singer. See bass, the usual spelling. 

Syn. Ground; support; basis, foundation. — Base, basis, 
foundation agree in denoting the bottom of anything con- 
sidered as its support. Base has usually literal, basis, 
chiefly figurative, senses-; as, the base of a pyramid, the basis 
of exchange. Foundation stresses more than either the 
idea of a solid underlying groundwork ; as, the foundation 
of a building. 

— v. t.; based (bast); bas'ing (bas'ing). 1. To form or 
make a base, or foundation, for. 2. To put on a base or 
basis ; found ; establish ; — used with on or upon. 

base (bas), a.; bas'er (bas'er) ; bas'est (-est; 24). [F. bas 
low, LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble. ] 1. Of little 
height ; low ; short. Archaic. 2. Low in place ; low in 
price ; cheap. Obs. 3. Deep or grave in sound. See bass. 
4. Of humble birth ; lowly. Archaic. 5. Illegitimate by 
birth. Archaic. 6. Inferior in quality ; mean. 7. Of "little 
comparative value, as metals inferior to gold and silver. 

8. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin. 9. 
Morally low; ignoble. 10. Suitable to an inferior person or 
position; menial. 11. Not classical or correct ; as, base 
Latin. 12. Eng. Law. Servile ; being such as was char- 
acteristic of the villeins; hence, held by villenage; as, 
base services, base tenure, base tenant. 

Syn. Dishonorable, worthless, ignoble, infamous, sordid, 
degraded, ioul, servile, despicable, contemptible, vile, mean, 
petty, small. — Base, vile, mean. Base (opposed to high- 
minded) expresses extreme moral turpitude ; vile (opposed 
to pure, noble), foulness or depravity; mean (opposed to 
generous, magnanimous), pettiness; as, base ingratitude 
vile insinuations; to take a mean advantage. 

base'ball' (-bol'), n. A certain well-known game of ball ; 
also, the ball used in the game. [ the base of something . I 

base'board' (-bord'; 57), n. A board situated at or forming! 

base'born' (-born'), a. 1. Of low parentage ; plebeian. 2. 
Born out of wedlock ; illegitimate. 3. Vile ; mean. 

base'-burn'er, n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is in 
a hopper or chamber and feeds the fire as it burns. 

Ba'se-dow's dis-ease' (ba'ze-doz). [After Basedow, a 
German physician.] Med. A kind of goiter marked by 
prominence of the eyeballs and inordinate action of the 
heart ; exophthalmic goiter. 

base hit. Baseball. A hit by which the batsman makes 
first base without error by an opponent, except when a base 
runner is forced out by the play. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BASELESS 



87 



BASTARD 



baseless, a. Without a base or foundation ; groundless. 

base level. Phys. Geog. The level below which a land 
surface cannot be reduced by running water. 

base'ly, adv. In a base manner. 

base'man (bas'mdn), »., or base man. A man stationed 
at a base, as in baseball (usually baseman). 

base'ment (-ment ), n. 1. The lowest or basal part of any- 
thing considered as a structure; as, the basement of a 
promontory. 2. Arch. The lower part of the wall or walls of 
a building ; also, the story behind this part. 3. Popularly, 
the floor in a building next below the principal floor. 

base'ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being base. 

bash (bash), v. t. To strike heavily ; smash. Dial. Eng. & 
Scot. — n. A heavy blow. Dial. Eng. & Scot. 

ba-shaw' (bd-sho'),n. [See pasha.] 1. A Turkish title, now 

| written pasha. 2. Fig. : A magnate or grandee. 

bash'ful (bash'fdbl), a. Very or excessively modest; shy; 
J diffident; retiring; as, a bashful child; indicating exces- 
sive modesty; as, bashful looks. — Syn.SeeSHY. — bash'- 
ful-ly, adv. — bash'ful-ness, n. 

bash'i-ba-ZOUk' (-I-bd-zook'), n. [Turk, bashi-bozuq one 
whose clothes are not uniform.] A soldier belonging to 
irregular Turkish troops, notoriously turbulent and cruel. 

bas'ic (bas'ik),a. 1. Of or pert, to the base or essence ; fun- 
damental. 2. Chem. Pert, to, of the nature of, or contain- 
ing, a base. Specif. : a Having base-forming constituents 
present in excess; as, basic salts, b Alkaline in reaction. 
3. Petrog. Having the metallic oxides present in larger 
amount than about 50 per cent. 4. Metal. Pert, to, or 
made by, a process (basic process) in which the converter 
or hearth has a basic, or not siliceous, lining, and basic 
material is added to the molten charge ; as, basic steel. 

ba-sic'i-ty (ba-sis'f-ti), n. Quality or state of being basic. 

ba-sid'i-O-my-ce'tOUS (bd-sid'I-o-ml-se'tus), a. [From 
Basidiomycetes ; basidium + Gr. ijlvktjs, uvk-qtos, fungus.] 
Bot. Belonging to a large class {Basidiomycetes) of fungi, 
having a septate mycelium, and bearing the spores^on a 
basidium. The class includes many parasitic fungi and 
the mushrooms, puff balls, etc. 

ba-sid'i-um (-sid'i-um), to. ; L. -pi. -IA (-d). [NL., dim. of 
Gr. /Sd<m base.] Bot. A special form 
of conidiophore or sporophore char- 
acteristic of basidiomycetous fungi. 

ba'si-fixed' (ba'si-fikst'), a. [L. 
basis base -j- E. fixed.'] Attached 
or fixed by the base, as a stamen. 

bas'il (baz'il), n. [From OF., fr. L. 
basilicus royal, Gr. (3a.aikLK.6s, fr. 
pWiXeus king.] Any of several men- 
thaceous plants, esp. common, or 
sweet, basil (Ocimum basilicum) 
and bush, or lesser, basil (O. minimum), 
which are used in cookery. 

bas'i-lar (bas'i-ldr)la. Relating to, or situated at, the 

bas'i-la-ry (-la-rT) / base ; also, basal ; fundamental. 

Ba-sil'i-an (bd-sil'i-dn), a. Of, pertaining to, or estab- 
lished by, Basilius (St. Basil the Great). 

ba-sil'ic (bd-sil'ik), a. [See basilica.] Anal. Designating 
a large vein of the upper arm. 

ba-sil'i-ca (-i-kd).TO. [L.,fr. Gr. /SaatXt/ci?, fr. /SacnXuos. See 
basil.] 1. Rom, Antiq. An oblong 
public hall of exchange or assembly. 
2. An early Christian church building 
of a simple oblong type. 

Ba-sil'i-ca, or Ba-sil'i-cse (-se), n. 

pi. [Prob. fr. Gr. fiaaikiKa. vbp.nj.a 
royal laws.] A Greek digest or codi- 
fication in sixty books of the laws of 
Justinian, for the Byzantine empire, 
published about the beginning of the 
10th century. 

ba-sil'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 1. Royal ; king- 
ly. 2. Basilican. 

ba-sil'i-can _(-kdn), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to a basilica. 

bas'i-lisk (baz'i-lisk ; bas'-), to. [From 
L., fr. Gr. (3a.cri\io-Kos little king, kind 
of serpent.] 1. A fabulous serpent, 
lizard, or dragon, whose breath, and 
even look, was fatal. 2. Any of several Bj^^iV 
I tropical American lizards (genus Bas- 
iliscus) remarkable for a membra- 
nous bag on the head that can be 
filled with air, and for an erectile crest 
along the back. 

ba'sin (ba's'n; 26), to. [OF. bacin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bac- 
ca water vessel.] 1. A wide hollow utensil, usually circular 
and with sloping sides, for holding water, milk, etc. ; any of 
various hollow vessels used in the arts, etc. 2. The quantity 
a basin holds. 3. A hollow or inclosed place containing wa- 
ter, as a pond. 4. The entire tract of country drained by a 
river and its tributaries. — ba'sined (-s'nd), a. 




Basidia. 
the leaves 



of 




Ground 
plan of St. Paul's, 
Rome. 1 Narthex ; 
2 Nave ; 3, 3, 3, 3 
Side Aisles ; 4 Al- 
tar ; 5 Bema ; 6 
Apse ; 7, 7 Transept. 



[OF. bassinet, bacinet, little 
steel helmet. 




A Basinet; 
B Camail. 



bas'i-net (bas'T-ne't), n. 
basin.] A kind of light 

ba'sis (ba'sis), n. ; pi. bases (-sez). [L. ba- 
sis. See base, n.] 1. Foundation ; base. 
2. Chief component. 3. Groundwork ; fun- 
damental principle. — Syn. See base. 

bask ( bask ), v. i. & t. [OScand. badask 
to bathe one's self.] To lie in warmth ; 
be exposed, or expose, to genial heat. 

bas'ket ( bas'ket; 24 ), to. 1. A vessel of 

interwoven osiers, rushes, splints, or other 

flexible material. 2. The contents of a 
basket. 3. Basket Ball. The goal. 

basket ball, or bas'ket-ball' (-bol 7 ), n. An indoor game 
played with an inflated ball and elevated basketlike goals ; 

also, the ball used. 

bas'ket-ry (-ri), to. Art of making baskets ; also, baskets 
collectively, or work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. 

basket Stitch. A kind of stitch in which the threads cross 

like plaited osiers; esp., in embroidery, a couching stitch 
worked over a cord to give the appearance of basketry. 

bas'ket-work' (bas'ket-wurkO, n. Wickerwork. 

basking shark. Zool. One of the largest species of sharks 
(Cetorhinus maximus), inhabiting the northern Atlantic, 
so called from its habit of basking at the surface. It is some- 
times 40 feet long, but has minute teeth and is harmless. 

Basque (bask), n. 1. One of a people, of a peculiar ethnical 
type, dwelling in the Pyrenees region, near the Bay of Bis- 
cay ; also, their unique agglutinative language. 2. [I.e.] A 
short skirt of a body garment, now only of a woman's dress 
bodice ; also, a bodice with such a skirt. Now often, a fitted 
waist. — Basque, a. 

bas'-re-lief (ba/re-lef; bas'-), n. _ [F. bas-relief ; bas low 
+ relief raised work.] Sculpture in low relief, but usually 
higher than the flat relief of a coin. See relief. 

bass (bas), n. Bast. 

bass, n. ( see plural, to., Note ). [ AS. bears, bsers. ] Any of 
numerous edible spiny-finned fresh-water and marine fishes, 
as the sea bass of southern Europe (Dicentrarchus labrax) 
and, in America, the black bass (Micropterus salmoides 
and M. dolomieu), striped bass {Roccus lineatus), and 
calico bass {Pomoxis sparoides). 

bass (bas ), to. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See base, a.] 1. A 
bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. Music, a The lowest part 
in the harmony of a composition, or a male voice that sings 
this part, b A singer or instrument having a bass voice, 
part, or compass. — a. Deep or grave in tone ; of low pitch ; 
pert, to, or performing the bass ; as, a bass voice. 

Bas-sa'ni-o (bd-sa'ni-o), n. See Portia. 

bas'set (bas'et ; bd-set'), to. [F. bassette, fr. It. bassetta.] 
A game at cards resembling faro. 

bas'set (bas'et), to. Geol. & Mining. The outcropping 
edge of a geological stratum, — v.i. To incline upward so 
as to appear at the surface, as a vein of coal ; crop out. 

bas'set, n., or basset hound. [F. basset.] A variety of 
small hound with a long body and short legs. 

basset hom. Music. A reed instrument answering to an alto 
or tenor clarinet, of a compass from 2\ to nearly 4 octaves. 

bas'si-net (bas'i-net), n. [F., dim. of bassin basin.] A 
wicker basket, hooded at one end, used as a cradle ; also, 
a child's perambulator of similar shape. 

bas'SO (bas'o ; It. bas'so), n.; pi. E. -sos (-oz), It. -si< 
(-se). [It.] Music, a = 3d bass, 2. b The contrabass. 
basso pro-fun'do (pro-fun'do) [It. profondo deep] , a, 
deep bass voice with compass extending to about D be- 
low the bass staff ; a person having such a voice. 

bas-SOOn' (bd-soon'), to. [F. basson. ] Music. A 
wind instrument of the double reed kind, with a I 
compass of three octaves. 

bas'sc— re-lie'vo (bas'5-re-le'vo ), | bas'so- 
ri-lie'vo (It. b'aVso-re-lye'vo), to.; pi. E. 
-vos (-voz) ; It. bassirilievi (-se, -ve). [It. 
basso-rilievo.] Bas-relief. 

bass viol (bas). Music. An instrument of the violj 
family used for playing bass. 

bass'WOOd' (bas'wobdO, n. 1. Any of a genus (Tilia, y 
esp. T. americana) of trees of the linden family ; a 
linden ; also, the wood of the tree. 2. Incorrectly, the 
tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) or its wood. 

bast (bast), to. [AS. bsest.] l.Bot. = phloem. 2. The 
strong woody fiber from the phloem of various trees, 
esp. the linden, used in making ropes, cordage, etc. 

bas'tard (bas'tdrd), to. [OF.] 1. An illegitimate 
child. 2. A sweet Spanish wine. — a. 1. Illegitimate 
by birth. 2. Not genuine ; spurious; as, to speak a bas- 
tard French; specif., of various plants, false; as, 
bastard toadflax, bastard indigo, etc. 3. Of an un- 
usual or abnormal make or shape ; not of standard 
size ; as, bastard type. Obs. or Technical. 
bastard file, a file of a cut intermediate between Bas- 
coarse»and fine. — b.wing, a small jointed process on soon, 
a bird's wing, bearing a few short quill3 ; alula. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in u. icn, aen (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



BASTARDIZATION 



88 



BATTENER 




bas'tard-ize (bas'tdr-dlz), v.t.; -tzed (-dizd); -iz'ing 
(-dlz'mg). To make or prove to be a bastard. — bas'- 
tard-i-za'tion (-T-za'shiin ; -I-za'shun), n. 

bas'tard-ly, a. Bastardlike ; baseborn ; spurious. Obs. 

bas'tar-dy (bas'tdr-di), to. 1. Illegitimacy. 2. The procrea- 
tion of a bastard child. 

baste (bast), v. t.; bast'ed (bas'ted ; 24) ; bast'ing (-ting). 
1. To beat; cudgel. 2. Cookery. To wet (roasting meat, 
etc.) with melted butter, fat, or other liquid. 

baste, v. t. [OF. bastir.] To sew leosely, or with long 
stitches, esp. temporarily. 

bas-tile' Hbas-tel'; bas'til), to. [F. bastille fortress, OF. 

bas-tille'/ bastir to build.] 1. Feud. Fort. A defensive 
tower or elevated work. 2. [cap.] A former castle or for- 
tress in Paris, used as a prison, esp. for political offenders. 
It was stormed July 14, 1789, by the populace, who demol- 
ished it. In this sense usually spelled Bastille. 

bas'ti-nade' (bas'tT-nad' ). Var. of bastinado. 

bas'ti-na'do (-na'do), to.; pi. -does (-doz). [Sp. bastonada, 
fr. baston a stick.] A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel; 
specifically, the Oriental punishment of beating an offender 
on the soles of his feet.— v.t.; -DOED(-dod); -do-ing. To 
cudgel, esp. on the soles of the feet. 

bast'ing (bas'ting), to. Act of one who bastes, or stitches 
loosely ; also, the thread so used. 

feas'tion (bas'chun), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. LL. bastire 
to build.] Fort. A work project- 
ing from the main inclosure, with 
two flanks. — bas'tioned(-chimd) ,o. 

bas'to(bas'to),n. [Sp.] Ace of clubs, 
in quadrille and omber. 

Ba-SU'tO (bd-soo'to), to.; pi. -tos 
(-toz). One of a warlike South 
African people of the Bantu stock. 

bat (bat), n. [AS. bait.} 1. A stout, 
solid stick; a club; a club with 
one end thicker or broader than Bastion, 

the other, used in baseball, cricket, a Gorge ; bb Flanks ; 

etc. 2. In badminton and similar £j^f. n ' «?£&■*». 
, , i% T • i . Kamps e Banquette; 
games, a racket. 3. In cricket, f F ace . Extending 
baseball, etc., a batsman; batter, from the Flanks bb are 
4. A lump, piece, mass, or wad, as the Curtains, 
of moist clay; — still used in ceramics. Specif. : Part of a 
brick with one whole end. 5. A sharp blow. Colloa. or 
Slang. 6. A spree. Slang, U. S. 

— v.t.& i. ; bat'ted (bat'ed ; 24) ; bat'ttng. To strike or 
hit with or as with a bat. 

bat, n. [From ME. back, backe, balke.] Any of an order 
(Chiroptera) of placental mammals having their fore 
i limbs modified to form wings. They are the only mam- 
mals capable of true flight. 

Ba-ta'vi-an (bd-ta'vT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the 
Batavi, an ancient Teutonic tribe, or Batavia, or Holland. 
— n. A native of Batavia ; a Dutchman. 

batch (bach ). Short for bachelor. Slang or Colloq. 

batch (bach), n. [AS. bacan to bake.] 1. Quantity of bread 

, baked at one time. 2. A quantity of material for one opera- 
tion, as of dough for a baking. 3. A quantity produced at 
one operation or taken at a time ; lot; as, a batch of letters. 

bate (bat), v. t. & i.; bat'ed (bat'ed; 24) ; bat/ing. [From 
abate.] 1. To abate; deduct; as, he would not bate a 
penny. 2. To lower; moderate; — now chiefly in with 
bated breath, etc. 

bate, v. i. [ F. battre de I'aile. ] To beat the wings with 
impatience ; — said of the falcon, hawk, etc. 

bate, n. A solution, usually of dung, used by tanners 
after liming, to remove the lime and soften the hides. 

ba-teau' (ba-to'), n. ; pi. -teaux (-toz'). [F., fr. LL. batel- 
lus, fr. battus, batus, boat.] A boat; esp., a flat-bottomed 
boat with tapering ends. French Canadian & Local U. S. 

batement light (bat'ment). Arch. A window or one division 
of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill curved 
or inclined, as where it follows the rake of a staircase, or fits 
the arched head of a light below. 

bat'fish' (bat'fish'), to. [From bat, the animal.] Any of 
several fishes, as a pediculate fish 
(Ogcocephalusvespertilio) com- 
mon in the West 
Indies, the flying 
gurnard of the 
Atlantic ocean 
{Cephalacan r 
thus spinarella), and a Cali- 
fornia sting ray (Myliobatis 
calif ornicus). 

bat'fowl' (-foul') v.i. [From 
bat a stick. ] To capture 
birds by night by dazzling them with a light. — fowl'er,TO. 

bath (bath), n. [Heb.] An ancient Hebrew liquid meas- 
ure equal to one tenth of the kor, and corresponding to the 
ephah of dry measure. It contained about ten gallons. 




Batfish (Ogcocepha- 
lus vespertiho) . (|) 



bath (bath), to.; pi. baths (bathz). [AS. bseS.] 1. Act of 
subjecting the body, or part of it, for cleanliness, comfort, 
health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, mud, or the like. 
2. State of being covered with a fluid, as sweat. 3. Water 
or other medium for bathing. 4. A place where persons may 
bathe. 5. A building arranged for bathing, or (usually in 
pi.) a building containing a series of apartments arranged 
for bathing. 6. Chem., etc. A medium, as water, air, sand, 
or oil, for regulating the temperature of anything placed in 
or upon it ; also, the vessel containing such medium. 7. Any 
liquid in which objects are dipped to be acted on by it ; 
also, the vessel holding the liquid. — v. t. To put into a bath. 

Bath brick. A brick prepared (orig. near Bath, Eng.) from 
calcareous or siliceous earth, used to clean knives, etc. 

Bath chair. A kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids 
at the hot springs at Bath, Eng. 

bathe (bath), v. t. ; bathed (bathd) ; bath'ing (bath'ing). 
[AS. baSian, fr. bseS bath.] 1. To wash by immersion, as 
in a bath ; subject to a bath. 2. To lave ; wet. 3 . To sur- 
round, or envelop, as wate^r does a person immersed in it. 

— v. i. 1. To bathe one's self ; take a bath. 2. To immerse 
one's self as if in a bath.— to. The immersion of the body 
in water, etc. — bath'er (batfe'er), to. 

ba-thst'ic (bd-thet'ik), a. Having, or marked by, bathos. 

bath'house' (bath'hous'), to. A bath (sense 5); also, a 
house used as a dressing room, or containing a dressing 
room or rooms, for bathers. 

bath'o-lite (bath'6-llt) In. [Gr. /3d0os depth + -lite, -lith.~] 

bath'o-lith (-6-lith) / Geol. A great mass of intruded 
igneous rock, which stopped in its rise considerably below 
the surface. — bath'o-lit'ic, -lith'ic, a. 

ba-thom'e-ter ( bd-thom'e-ter ), to. [ Gr. (Sd0oy depth + 
-meter. 2 An instrument for measuring depth of water, 
esp. by the pressure upon a tube of mercury. 

bat'horse' (bat'hors'; ba'-; bat'-; bo'-), n. [F. bat pack 
saddle + E. horse."] A horse that carries baggage, as of an 
officer or others, during a campaign. 

ba'thos (ba'thos), to. [Gr. PaOos depth, 0a06s deep.] Rhct. 
A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the commonplace ; 
the effect of anticlimax. 

Bath-she'ba(bath-she'bd;bath'she-bd),TO. Bib. The wife 
of Uriah the Hittite, whom David married after causing 
Uriah's death. She was the mother of Solomon. 

ba-thym'e-ter (bd-thim'e-ter), n. [Gr. QaSvs deep -{-meter.'] 
An instrument for sounding depths at sea ; bathometer. 

ba-thym'e-try (bd-thim'e-tri), to. Art or science of sound- 
ing, or measuring depths in the sea. — bath'y-met'ric 
(bath'i-met'rik), -met'ri-cal (-met'ri-kal), a. 

bat'ing (bat'ing), prep. [Strictly p. pr.] Excepting. 

ba-tiste' (ba-tesf), to. [F.] A kind of fine cotton muslin. 

bat'man (bat'mon ; ba'-; bat'- ; bo'-), to. [ F. bat pack sad- 
dle + E. man.] A man in charge of a bathorse and its load. 

bat'— mon'eyGmun'i), to. [F. bat pack saddle + E. money.] 
Mil. An allowance, as to officers, for the transport of bag- 
gage in the field. 

ba'ton' (ba'tSN'; bat'un), to. [F. baton, OF. baston, "LL. 
basto.] 1. A staff or truncheon borne as < 
a symbol of office. 2. Her. An ordinary • 
with its ends cut off, and of one fourth the 
breadth of the bend sinister, borne sinister 
as a mark of bastardy. 3. Music. The stick 
or wand with which a leader beats time, as 
for an orchestra. 

ba-tra'chi-an (bd-tra'ki-on), a. & to. [Gr. 
jSarpdx^ios of afrog, /Sdrpaxosfrog.] Zo'ol. 
& = amphibian, b In a narrower sense : 

= ANURAN. Baton (i7er - ) - 

bats'man (bats'man), to. The one who wields the bat in 
baseball, cricket, etc. 

bat'tail-OUS (bat'a-lus), a. [OF. bataillos.] Arrayed for, or 
fit or eager for, battle. Archaic. 

bat-talia (ba-tal'yd; bd-tal'yd), to. [LL. battalia battle, 
body of troops, or It. battaglia.] 1. Order of battle. Obs. or 
R. 2. An army in battle array. Obs. 

baMal'ion ( bd-tal'ywn ), to. [F. bataillon, fr. It. batta- 
glione.] 1. An army in battle array. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. Any considerable division of an army organized to act 
together ; in pi., forces. 3. Mil. An infantry command of 
two or more companies, the tactical infantry unit. 

bat'tel (bat''l), to. College accounts for provisions from the 
kitchen and buttery ; loosely, the whole college accounts ; 
— only in pi., exc. when used adjectively. Univ. of Oxford, 
Eng. — v. i. To have such an account. — bat'tel-er, n. 

bat'ten (baf'n ), v. i. & t. [Icel. batna to grow better.] To 
thrive ; fatten in ease and luxury. 

bat'ten, n. [F . baton stick, staff.] 1. A strip of sawed tim- 
ber used for flooring, etc. 2. A stnpof wood for nailing across 
two other pieces, to cover a crack, to hold tarpaulin, etc. 

— v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. ten-er, n. 

batten down to fasten down with battens, as the hatches 
of a vessel with tarpaulin over them. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sola; eve, event ena, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fkm, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BATTER 



89 



BDELLIUM 




Battering-ram. 



bat'ter (bat'er ), v. t. & i. [OF. batre, fr. LL. battere, for 
L. batuere to beat.] To beat with successive blows ; beat so 
as to bruise, shatter, or demolish. — n. 1. Cookery. A 
semiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten 
together. 2. Print. A bruise on the face of a plate or of 
type in the form; also, the faces or type so injured. 

bat'ter, n. One who wields a bat, as in baseball ; batsman. 

bat'ter, v. i. & t. To slope gently backward, as a wall, siding, 
etc. — n. Arch. An inward upward slope of the exterior 
face of a wall, usually with diminishing thickness. 

bat'ter-er, n. One who, or that which, batters. 

bat'ter-ing— ram', n. A military engine of antiquity usu- 
ally consisting of a huge iron-tipped 
beam mounted or hung so as to be ^^ ,l 

used to beat down walls. 

bat'ter-y (bat'er-T), n. ; pi. -ter-ies 
( -iz ). [ F. batterie, fr. battre. See 
1st batter, v. t.~] 1. Act of battering 
or beating. 2. Law. The unlawful 
beating of another. 3. Assault with 
artillery ; bombardment. Obs. 4. 
Mil. a Any emplacement where ar- 
tillery is mounted, b Two or more pieces of artillery under a 
single command. C A tactical division, usually of from 4 to 6 
guns, of artillery organized as a unit of command. b.Nav. 
The guns, or any group of the guns, of a warship. 6. Elec. a 
An apparatus of one or more cells for generating voltaic elec- 
tricity, b Any combination of apparatus for producing a'unit- 
ed electrical effect. 7. A number of similar machines or de- 
vices, as of boilers, crushing stamps, or lenses, arranged in a 
group or set. 8. Baseball. The pitcher and catcher together. 

bat'ting (bat'ing),^. 1. Act of one who bats ; use of a bat. 

2. Cotton carded in sheets, for use in quilts, etc. Ml 
bat'tle (-'1), n. _ [F. bataille, OF., battle, battalion, L. bat- 
talia, battualia, exercises of soldiers and gladiators, batu- 
ere to beat.] 1. A general encounter between armies or 
ships ; engagement. 2. A combat between two individuals. 

3. Fighting of or as of armed forces ; war. 4. Battalion. Obs. 
Syn. Engagement, action, encounter, skirmish, brush ; con- 
test, combat, conflict, fight, fray, affray. — Battle, engage- 
ment, action. Battle, the most forcible term, is commonly 
used of a general and prolonged combat; an engagement 
may be a general encounter, as between entire armies, or 
a minor encounter, as between subdivisions or outposts. 
Action suggests especially the idea of active, frequently 
sharp, offensive and defensive operations. See encounter, 

CONTEST, DISPUTE. 

— v. i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tung (-ling). To contend in battle. 
bat'tle, v. t. To equip with battlements. Obs. or Poetic. 
bat'tle— ax' \n. Mil. A kind of broadax formerly used as 
bat'tle— axe'/ an offensive weapon. 

bat'tle-dore (-dor ; 57), n. [ME. batyldoure an instrument 
for beating.] A kind of light flat bat used in striking a 
shuttlecock ; also, the play of battledore and shuttlecock. 

— v. t. & i. To toss back and forth. 

bat'tle-ment (-ment), n., or bat'tle-ments (-ments), n. pi. 
[ME. batelment.] A para- __ . a 

| pet with open spaces, sur- 
mounting the walls of an- 
cient fortified buildings, 
later used as a decorative 
feature. — bat'tle-ment- 
ed (-men-ted), a. 

bat'tle-ship' ( -ship' ), n. 
Naval. One of a class of the 
largest and most heavily Battlements. AAMerlons ; BBB 
armed and armored vessels. Crenels; C Machicolations. 

flbat'tue' ( ba'tii'; bd-tu/ ), n. [ F., fr. battre to beat. ] 
1. Hunting. Act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for 
game. 2. Hence, wanton slaughter, as of helpless crowds. 

bat'ty (bat'i), a. Belonging to or resembling a bat. 

ba-tule' ( bd-tool'; bat'iil ), n., or batule board. [ See bas- 
cule.] A springboard. 

bau'ble (b6'b'l), n. [ME. babel.] 1. A trifling piece of fin- 
ery; a gewgaw. 2. The fool's scepter. Obs. or Hist. 

Bau'cis and Phi-le'mon ( bo'sTs, fi-le'mon ). [ L., fr. Gr. 
Ba0»cis, 3>i\i7jua>i>.] Class. Myth. An aged Phrygian woman 
and her husband who were rewarded for entertaining Zeus 
and Hermes traveling in disguise. 

bau^de-kin (bo'de-km),baud'kin(b6d / kin),n. [OF. baude- 
Quin. See baldachin.] A rich medieval cloth with gold 
warp and silk woof, with embroidery; later, a rich bro- 
cade or shot silk. 

baulk (bok). Var. of balk. 

bau'son (bS's'n), n. [OF. baucent, bauqant, spotted with 
white.] A badger, which has a white spot on its face. Ar- 
chaic. Hence, Scot., bau'son-faced' (-fast'), o. 

baux'ite (bo'zit), n. [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Aries.] 
Min. A native ferruginous hydrate of alumina. 

Ba-va'ri-an (bd-va'ri-dn ; 3), a. Of or pertaining to Bava- 
ria. — n. A native or inhabitant of Bavaria. 




baw'cock (bo'kok), n. [From F. beau fine -f- coq cock (the 
bird).] A fine fellow ; — jocose and familiar. 

bawd (bod), n. A procurer or, now esp., a procuress. 

bawd'ry (-rl),n. 1. The practice of procuring. 2. Illicit in- 
tercourse. Obs. 3. Obscenity. 

bawd'y (bod'i), a. Characteristic of a bawd; lewd; ob- 
scene. — bawd'i-ly (-i-li), adv. — bawd'i-ness, n. 

bawl (b61), v. i. & t. [Icel. baula to low, bellow, or LL. 
baulare to bark.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound ; 
to shout. 2. To cry loudly, as from pain ; howl. — n. A 
loud, prolonged cry ; outcry. — bawl'er, n. 

bax'ter (bak'ster), n. [AS. bsecestre, fern, of baecere baker.] 
A baker ; orig., a female baker. Scot. & Early Eng. 

bay (ba), n._ [F. baie, fr. LL. baia.] Geog. An inlet of 
the sea, similar to, but smaller than, a gulf. 

bay (ba), n. [F. baie, bee, OF. baee, an opening, fr. baer, 
beer, to open, be open.] 1. A principal compartment of a 
part or of the whole of a structure as marked off by beams, 
pillars, buttresses, etc. 2. Specif. : a Arch. A window with 
its usual setting or framing, as jambs, etc. b A compart- 
ment in a barn for grain in the stalk or for hay. C Naut. 
The forward part of a ship on each side between decks, often 
used as a ship's hospital. 3. A recess or indentation, as 
that formed by part of a plain within a curve in a hill 
range. 4. A tract of land (usually of prairie more or less 
surrounded by woods) containing a deep accumulation of 
humus, muck, or peat. U. S. 

bay, n. [F. baie,h. L. baca.] 1. The laurel tree (Laurus 
nobilis) ; hence, in pi., garland bestowed for victory or ex- 
cellence, anciently consisting of laurel branches. 2. Any 
of several shrubs or trees more or less resembling the laurel. 

bay, v. i. [OF. baier, abaier.~] To bark, esp. with deep, 
prolonged tones, as a dog in the chase.— v. t. 1. To bark 
at ; to beset with barking. 2. To utter, as a welcome, 
by barking. 3. To bring or drive to bay. — n. 1. The baying 
of dogs. 2. [From OF. abai, the extremity to which the 
stag is reduced when surrounded by the barking dogs.] 
State or position of one obliged to face an antagonist or a 
difficulty, when escape is impossible ; — in at, or to, bay. 

bay, a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius.~] Reddish brown ; — used 
chiefly of horses. — n. A bay animal; esp., a bay horse. 

ba'ya-dere' (ba'yd-der'), n. [From F. bayadere, fr. Pg., fr. 
bailar a dance.] A female dancer and singer of southern 
India, esp. one attached to a temple. 

ba-ya'mo (ba-ya'mo), n.; pi. -mos (-moz). Meteor. A 
violent thunder squall occurring on the south coast of 
Cuba, esp. near Bayamo. 

bay'-ant'ler, n. [See bez-antler.] The second tine (from 
the base) of a stag's antler. See antler, Illust. 

bay'ard (ba'drd), n. 1. [OF., bay horse; bai bay -f- -ard. 
See bay, a.; -ard.] A bay horse. 2. [cap.] (Fr. pron. 
ba/yar'). In the old romances, Rinaldo's wonderful bay 
steed. 3. In mock heroic, any horse ; — commonly in blind, 
or bold, bayard. — a. Bay-colored ; — esp. of a horse. 

Bay'ard (ba'drd), n. A gentleman of high courage and 
honor ; — so called in allusion to the Chevalier de Bayard 
(1473P-1524), the Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche 
(knight without fear and without reproach). 

bay'ber-ry (ba'ber-i), n. 1. The fruit of the bay tree. 2. A 
certain West Indian myrtaceous tree (Pimenta acris). 3. 
The fruit of the wax myrtle, or the shrub itself. 

bay'o-net (ba'o-net), n. [From F. ; — bayonets were first 
made at Bayonne, France.] Mil. A weapon of the 
dagger kind made to fit on the muzzle end of 
a musket or rifle. — v. t. 1. To stab with a bayo- 
net. 2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. 

bay'OU (bl'oo), n. [N. Am. Indian bayuk, in F. 
spelling bayouc, bayouque.] An inlet from the 
Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river. 
Southern U. S. 

bay rum (ba). A fragrant cosmetic and medicinal 
liquid, originally distilled from leaves of the West 
Indian bayberry, but now chiefly prepared from 
essential oils, alcohol, and water. 

bay tree. The laurel tree (genus Laurus). 

bay window. Arch. A windowed bay or recess 
in a room. 

bay'wood' (ba'wood'), n. Any of several kinds of 
mahogany, esp. that from the Gulf, or Bay, of 
Campeche. 

ba-zaar'H6d-zar'), n. [Ultimately fr. Per. Bayonets, 

ba-zar' / bazar.] 1. In the East, an exchange, 1 Trian- 
market place, or assemblage of shops. 2. A spa- gular ; 2 
cious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, Trowel. 
as at a fair ; also, a fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, 
etc., commonly for a charitable object. 

bdel'li-um (del'i-wm), n. [L., fr. Gr. /SStXXioi'.] 1. A 
substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12 ; Num. xi. 7), 
variously taken to be a gum or resin, a precious stone, or a 
pearl. 2. A gum resin got from various balsameaceous 
trees (genue Balsamea), similar ""O myrrh. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in' azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BE 



90 



BEAR 



be (be), v.i.; pref. was (woz) ; p. p. been (see been, in Vo- 
cabulary); p. pr. & vb. re. be'ing. [AS. beon to be, b'lom 
I am.] This verb, often called the substantive verb, is defec- 
tive, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other 
root's, those of is, was. The various forms of be in the indic- 
ative' and subjunctive moods are as follows: indicative: 
present, sing., 1st person, am ; 2d, art, [you] are ; 3d, is. 
PL, 1st, 2d, and 3d persons, are. Preterit, sing., 1st and 3d 
persons, was ; 2d, wast. PL, 1st, 2d, and 3d persons, were. 
Subjunctive : present, sing, and pi., 1st, 2d, and 3d pers., be. 

1. To hold or obtain as true with respect to some condition, 
thing, or quality ; as, "Blessed are the merciful." 2. To exist; 
have place as a fact among facts ; specif., to live ; as, "To be 
or not to be." 3. a To come into existence; happen; as, the 
bride to be. b To continue in existence ; last ; as, this cannot 
be forever. 4. To exist with reference to a certain place or 
condition ; as, to be here ; to be at ease. 5. To signify; mean; 
as, what is it to you? 6. To belong or pertain; befall; — 
usually with to or unto; as, woe be unto you ! 

be-. [AS. be, and in accented form bl.~] A prefix used to 
form: 1. Transitive and intransitive verbs from verbs, and 
denoting that an action is done all around, on all sides, all 
over, completely, thoroughly, utterly, or the like. 

Examples : begirdle, to girdle all around or completely; 
beset, to set, or set upon, on all sides; beblotch, to blotch 
completely, or all over; bescorn, to scorn thoroughly or 
utterly, etc. Many verbs formed with be- aremere intensives 
of the primary verb ; as, bemuddle, begrudge, etc. 

2. Transitive verbs from verbs, and denoting that an action 
is done for, to, at, on, over, against, etc. 

Examples: besigh, to sigh for; beride, to ride upon; be- 
shout, to shout at ; behowl, to howl at, etc. 

3. Transitive verbs from adjectives or nouns, and denoting 
to cause to be; to make; hence, sometimes, to call. 

Examples: begrim, to make grim; bebrother, bemadam, 
to call brother, madam. 

4. Transitive verbs from nouns, and denoting to affect 
with; to affect by means of; hence, to cover with, pro- 
vide with. 

Examples : bewitch, to affect with witchcraft ; bespangle, 
to cover with spangles. 

5. Transitive verbs from nouns, denoting to deprive of 
(what is indicated by the noun) ; — 'now only in behead. 

beach (bech), n. 1. Pebbles collectively; shingle. 2. The 
shore of the sea or of a lake washed by the waves, esp. the 
sandy or pebbly part ; strand. — Syn. See shore. 

— v.t.&i. To run or drive (as a boat) on to a beach ; strand. 
beach comber. A loafer or vagrant along the seacoast, esp. 

one who gets his living from the products or the refuse of 
the beach. 

beach flea. Any of numerous species of amphipod crusta- 
ceans (family Orchestiidse) living on sea beaches, and leap- 
ing like fleas. 

beach'y (bech'T), a. Having a beach or beaches; pebbly. 

bea'con (be'k'n), n. [AS. beacen, becen.J 1. A signal ; 
esp., a signal fire on a pole, building, or other eminence. 
2. A watchtower or signal station. 3. A signal or mark 
erected on an eminence near the shore to guide mariners. 

— v. t. & i. To furnish with, or shine as, a beacon. 
bea'con-age (-aj), n. Charges levied for the maintenance 

of beacons ; also, beacons collectively. 
bead (bed), n. [ME. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, 
gebed, prayer.] 1. A little perforated ball to be 
strung on a thread and used in a rosary (whence : 
to tell beads, to bid beads, etc., to be at prayer) A- 
or for ornament. 2. Any small globular body; as : 
a One of the effervescent bubbles in liquors, or the 
foam or head formed by them, b A drop of liquid, 
as of sweat. C A small knob of metal on a firearm 
near the muzzle, used for a front sight ; whence : 
to draw a bead, to take aim. d Chem. A glass i ^-i < 
drop of flux, as borax, used as a solvent and color D"" 
test before the blowpipe, e Assaying. The glob- 
ule of precious metal got by cupellation. 3. Arch. 
a A small projecting molding of rounded surface. 
b Any of various pieces, as a parting strip, usually Moldings, 
having a section somewhat like such a molding. A Cock ' 

— v. t. & i. To ornament or provide with, or to Bead; 
form, beads or beading. n'^\. 

bead'ing, n. 1. Act of one that beads. 2. Material b^'s- C 
or a part consisting of a bead or beads ; beads col-g eac j an( j 
lectively. Butt;.E 

bea'dle (be'd'l), re. [From OF., fr. OHG. bitil, Double- 
pitilJ] 1. An apparitor whose office it is to walk q £ ir K ec * 
before dignitaries ; a mace bearer ; specif., an of- Bead, 
ficer in a university who precedes processions of officers and 
students. Eng. In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Ox- 
ford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 2. An inferior 
parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as to 
keep order in church, chastise petty offenders, etc. 

bea'dle-dom (-dum), n. The characteristics of beadles as a 
class ; hence : red-tapism ; stupid officialism 




bea'dle-ship (-ship), n. The dignity or office of beadle. 

bead'rolT (bed'rol'), re. 1. R. C. Ch: A catalogue of per- 
sons for whose souls' rest a certain number of prayers are 
to be said. Hist . 2. Any catalogue ; series. 

bead'— ru'by (bed'-), re. A small two-leaved American con- 
vallariaceous plant {Unifolium canadense), having spicate 
white flowers and ruby-red berries. 

beads'man, bedes'man (bedz'man), re. 1. One paid to 
pray for his benefactor._ 2. An almshouse pauper required 
to pray for the soul of its founder ; hence : in England, an 
almsman ; in Scotland, a licensed beggar. — beads'wom'- 
an, re. fern. 

bead'work 7 (bed'wurk'), re. 1. Ornamental work in beads. 
2. Joinery. Beading. 

bead'y (bed'i), a. 1. Beadlike; small, round, and glisten- , 
ing. 2. Covered or adorned with or as with beads. 

bea'gle (be'g'l), re. [ME. begle.] A small, short-legged, 
smooth-coated hound, with pendulous ears. 

beak (bek), n. [F. bee, fr. Celtic] 1. a The bill, or nib, of a 
bird, or of some other animal, as a turtle, b The long suck- 
ing mouth of some insects and other invertebrates. 2. Any- 
thing beaklike ; as : a The tapering tube of a retort, b The 
spout of a vessel. C Nav. A metal-shod beam projecting 
from the prow of an ancient galley, to pierce the vessel of 
an enemy, d Naut. The part of a ship before the fore- 
castle, e Arch. A continuous slight projection ending in an 
arris or narrow fillet ; that part of a drip from which the 
water is thrown off. 3. A magistrate. Slang, Eng. — 
beaked (bekt), a. 

Syn. Beak, bill. In ordinary usage, beak is applied to birds 
of prey, and is associated with striking or tearing, or with 
prominence in size or shape ; as, an eagle's, vulture's, hawk's 
beak. Bill is the common term applied to all other birds or 
fowls; as, a robin's bill, duck's bill. ' 

beak'er (-er).re. [ME. biker, fr. LL. bicarium.'] 1. A large, 
wide-mouthed drinking cup, supported on a standard. 2. A 
deep, open-mouthed, thin vessel of glass, copper, etc., often 
with a projecting lip, used by chemists and others. 

beak'i'ron (-Vurn), re. [From bickern.] The horn of an 
anvil; also, a small anvil having a horn ; a bickern. 

beam(bem),re. [AS.beam.] l.Any large and relatively long 
piece of timber or metal prepared for use. 2. A principal 
horizontal timber or metal support of a building or ship. 3. 
The extreme breadth of a vessel. 4. A cylinder of wood in 
a loom, on which the warp is wound ; also, the cylinder on 
which the cloth is rolled, — one being called the fore beam, 
the other the back beam. 5. The bar of a balance, from 
which hang the scales. 6. The pole of a carriage. Obs. or 
Poetic. 7. A long quill feather. 8. Steam Engine. A lever 
having an oscillating motion on a central axis, connected at 
one end with the piston rod and at the other with the crank 
or its equivalent. 9. The main stem of an antler. 10. A 
ray or collection of parallel rays of light or of heat ; as, the 
sun's beams. Also used fig. ; as, a beam of comfort. 
Syn. Beam, ray. In popular usage, a ray is a single line 
of light ; a beam is a broader shaft of light, or a collection 
of parallel rays. 

on the beam, Naut., in a line with a vessel's beams, or at 
right angles with the keel. — to be on her b. ends, Naut., 
to incline so much on one side that her beams approach a 
vertical position : — said of a vessel. 

— v. t. To send forth ; radiate ; emit, as light. — v. i. To 
emit beams, as of light. 

beam'ing (bem'mg), p. a. Emitting beams; radiant. — 
Syn. _ See radiant. — beam'ing-ly, adv. , 

beam'ish, a. Beaming. Archaic. 

beam'y ( bem'I), a. 1. Emitting beams of light ; radiant. 
2. Resembling a beam ; massive. 3. Having horns, or ant- 
lers. 4. Naut. Having considerable beam. — Syn. See 

RADIANT. 

bean (ben), re. [AS. bean.'] 1. a The seed of any of certain 
leguminous plants (esp. Faba faba and species of Phaseo- 
lus). b Any of various beanlike seeds or fruits; as, a 
coffee bean. 2. Any plant that yields beans. 

bean caper. Any of a certain genus (Zygophyllum) of 
fleshy-leaved plants, esp. a small tree (Z. fabago) of the 
Levant, the flower buds of which are used as capers. 

bean tree. Any of various trees having fruit more or less 
resembling a bean pod, as the catalpa. 

bear (bar), v. t.; pret. bore (bor), formerly bare (bar); 
p. p. born (born), borne (born) (see Note, below) ; bear'- 
tng. [AS. bero ?!.] 1. To support and move ; carry; con- 
vey. 2. To render or give, as testimony. 3. To conduct ; 
— said of persons. Obs. 4. To manage or direct; be- 
have^ 5. To possess and use, as a function or power ; 
exercise. 6. To possess or have; wear; as, to bear a 
sword ; to bear a name. 7. To hold in the mind ; enter- 
tain; harbor; as, to bear one a grudge. 8. To support 
or sustain; to hold up. 9. To sustain, or be answerable 
for, as blame, expense, etc. 10. To be capable of; to 
suffer or sustain without injury or change ; as, this cloth 
will bear washing. 11. To endure ; tolerate ; as, he cannot 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BEAR 



91 



BEAUSEANT 



bear teasing. 12. To sustain, or have on; as, the tablet 
bears this inscription. 13. To press ; thrust ; drive ; as, he 
was borne to excess by his prejudices. 14. To bring forth 
or produce ; yield ; as, this plant bears berries, 
f^* In the passive form of this verb, the best modern 
usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of given 
birth to, when not followed by by (the mother). In the ac- 
tive form, borne alone is used as the past participle. 
Syn. Uphold, maintain ; undergo, abide, endure, stand, 
brook. — Bear, endure, stand, brook agree in the idea 
of sustaining something trying or painful. Bear may refer 
to either small or great, temporary or permanent, discom- 
forts or ills ; as, I could not bear the heat ; to bear the brunt 
of battle. Endure refers chiefly to bearing great or lasting 
hardships or evils ; stand (often in negative constructions) 
is more colloquial, and implies bearing something without 
flinching ; as, to endure exile, ignominy ; he could not stand 
teasing. Brook (in negative constructions only) implies a 
certain self-assertion in resisting ; as, to brook no restraint. 

— v. i. 1. To carry burdens ; suffer, as in carrying a burden. 

2. To endure with patience. 3. To press ; — used with on, 
upon, against. 4. To take effect ; have influence or force. 
5. To relate ; refer ; — used with on or upon. 6. To be sit- 
uated, as to the point of compass, with respect to some- 
thing else ; to have or take a certain bearing or direction ; 
as, the land bears N. by E. 7. To produce fruit. 

bear, n. [AS. bera.] 1. Any of a family (Ursidse) of large, 
heavy quadrupeds, with plantigrade feet, long shaggy hair, 
and rudimentary tail ; as : the European brown bear (Ursus 
arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly 
bear (U. horribilis), and the American black bear (U. 
Americanus). They are carnivorous, but feed largely on 
fruit and insects. 2. An animal likened to a bear ; as, the 
ant bear. 3. [cap.] Astron. See ursa major, ursa minor. 
4. A brutal, coarse, uncouth, or morose person. 5. Stock 
Exchange. A person who sells securities or commodities 
for future delivery in expectation of a fall in price. 

— v. t. Stock Exchange. To endeavor to depress the price 
of, or prices in ; as, to bear the market. 

bear'a-ble (bar'd-b'l), a. Capable of being borne or en- 
dured ; tolerable. — bear'a-ble-ness, n. — bear'a-bly, adv. 

bear'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. 1. An ericaceous plant (Arctosta- 
phylos uva-ursi) having tonic, astringent foliage and red 
berries. 2. The large cranberry (Oxy coccus macro car pus). 

3. A holly {Ilex decidua) of the southern United States. 
beard (berd), n. [AS. beard."] 1. The hair that grows on 

the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of a man ; — often exclud- 
ing the mustache. 2. Any of certain appendages likened 
to the beard ; as : a Long hairs about the face in animals, 
as in the goat, b Bot. Bristlelike, often barbed, hairs or 
awns ; as, the beard of grain. 3. Any of various points or 
projections ; as : a A barb as on an arrow, crochet needle, 
etc. b Print. That part of a type which is between the 
shoulder of the shank and the face. 

— v. t. 1. To take by the beard ; pluck the beard of (a man), 
in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the face ; defy. 

beard'ed (ber'dSd ; 24) , a. Having a beard. 

beard'less, a. Having no beard. 

beard'tongue' (berd'tung') ,n. Any of a genus (Pentstemon) 
of plants, with a bearded, tongue-shaped sterile stamen._ 

bear'er (bar'er), n. 1. One that bears, sustains, or carries. 
2. A pallbearer. 3. A tree or plant yielding fruit. 4. Com- 
merce. One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order 
for the payment of money. 

bear garden, a A place where bears are kept for diversion 
or righting, b Fig., any place where riotous conduct is com- 
mon or permitted. 

bear grass. Any of several species of a genus (Yucca) of 
American liliaceous plants with grasslike foliage; also, 
either of two somewhat similar plants (Quamasia esculenta 
and Dasylirion texanum). Southern & Western U. S. 

bear'ing (-ing), n. 1. Act or process of one that bears. 
2. The manner in which one bears one's self; carriage. 
See deportment, Syn. 3. Her. Any single emblem or 
charge in a coat of arms ; — usually in pi. 4. Patient en- 
durance. 5. An object, surface, or point that supports. 6. 
Arch. That part of any member of a building which rests 
upon its supports. 7. Mach. A part in which a journal, 
pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves. 8. Purport ; mean- 
ing. 9. a The situation or direction of one point or object 
with respect to another or the points of the compass, b 
Hence, fig., relation ; connection. 10. Power or time of pro- 
ducing, giving birth, or of yielding fruit ; also, that which is 
borne; crop. 

bearing rein. A short rein looped over the check hook or 
the hames to keep the horse's head up ; a checkrein. 

bear'ish (-ish), a. Like a bear in manner, feeling, etc.; 
hence, rough or harsh in temper or manners; gruff. 

bear leader. One who leads about a performing bear; 
facetiously, one in charge of a young man on his travels. 

bear's'-breech' (barz'brech'), n. A species of acanthus 
(Acanthus mollis) having rough-pubescent leaves. 

bear's'— ear', n. The auricula. 



bear's'-foot', n. A kind of hellebore (Helleborusfoetidus), 

bear'sMn' (bar'skln'), n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A 
coarse, shaggy woolen cloth for overcoats. 3. A cap made 
of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers. 

bear'ward (-word'), n. A bear keeper, or ward. 

bear'wood' (-wood'), n. See cascara buckthorn. 

beast (best), n. [OF. beste, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any four- 
footed animal, as distinguished from birds, reptiles, fishes, 
and insects; esp., one of the larger animals. 2. Fig., a 
coarse, brutal, or degraded person. — Syn. See aneual. 

beast'ly (-11), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or having the form, nature, 
or habits of, a beast. 2. Brutal ; filthy. — Syn. Bestial, 
brutish, irrational, sensual, degrading. — beast'li-ness, n. 

beat (bet), v.t.; pret. beat; p. p. beat, beat'en (bef'n); 
p. pr. & vb. n. beat'ing. [AS. beatan.] 1. To strike re- 
peatedly, often with the effect of impelling, pulverizing, 
working, thrashing, etc., implied. 2. To tread, as a path. 
3. To punish by blows ; thrash. 4. To overcome in a con- 
test, game, etc. ; vanquish ; surpass. 5. To measure or 
mark off by strokes ; as, to beat time. 6. To range over in 
the chase, striking bushes, etc., to rouse game. 7. Mil. 
To give the signal for by beat of drum or other instrument ; 
as, to beat a retreat. 8. To cheat ; defraud ; — often used 
with out. Colloq. — Syn. Pound, bang, buffet, maul, 
drub, thump, thwack, pommel, cudgel, belabor; conquer, 
defeat, vanquish, overcome. 

— v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly, and with force ; as, to beat at 
a door. 2. To come, act, dash, or fall with force ; as, waves 
beating on the shore. 3. To move with pulsation or throb- 
bing; as, the heart beats. 4. Music & Acoustics. To 
make a beat (see beat, n., 4). 5. Naut. To make progress 
to windward by tacking or wearing. 6. To range or scour a 
region for or as for game. 7. To make a sound when struck ; 
as, the drums beat. 8. Mil. iTo drum. 9. To win the 
victory. Colloq. 10. To undergo a process of beating, 
as eggs. — Syn. See throb. 

— n. 1. A stroke ; blow. 2. A recurring stroke ; throb. 3. 
Musip. a The rise or fall of the hand, baton, foot, etc., 
marking the divisions of time and the accent ; a division of 
the measure so marked, or the accent, b A grace resembling 
a short trill. 4. In a watch or clock, the stroke or sound 
made by the action of the escapement. 5. a Music & 
Acoustics. A sudden swelling of a sound recurring regu- 
larly and due to the interference of sound waves of slightly 
different periods of vibration ; also, the pulsation so pro- 
duced, b Hence, the phenomenon resembling this in other 
wave motions, as of light. 6. A round or course often gone 
over ; as, a watchman's beat . 7. In Mississippi, a subdivi- 
sion of the county. 8. Naut. An act of beating to wind- 
ward. 9. An unprincipled sponger on others. Slang. 10. 
One that beats, or surpasses, another or others ; as, the beat 
of him. Colloq. 11. Act of one that beats, or surpasses, a 
person or thing ; hence, Newspaper Cant., act of publish- 
ing news before competitors ; also, the news itself. 

beat (bet), p. a. [Prop. p. p.] Weary; fatigued. Colloq. 

beat'en (bet''n), p. a. i. Wrought, or worked upon, by beat- 
ing. 2. Vanquished ; baffled. 

beat'er, (-er), n. One who, or that which, beats. 

be'a-tif'ic (be'd-tif'Ik), a. Having power to impart blissful 
enjoyment ; making blessed. 

be-atl-fi-ca'tion (be-at'i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of beatify- 
ing, or state of being beatified. 

be-at'i-fy (-at'i-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid); -fy'lng. [L. beati- 
ficare, beatus happy -f- facer e to make.] 1. To pronounce 
or regard as supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. 
2. To bless with celestial enjoyment. 3. R. C. Ch. To 
ascertain and declare publicly (a deceased person) to be one 
of "the blessed." 

beat'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of beat. 

be-at'i-tude (be-at'i-tud), n. [L. beatitudo.] 1. Felicity 
of the highest kind; blessedness. 2. Any of the declara- 
tions (called the Beatitudes) made in the Sermon on the 
Mount (Matt. v. 3-12)with regard to the blessedness of 
those having specified virtues. — Syn. See happlxess. 

Be'a-tllce (be'd-tris), n. [L. beatrix she that makes 
happy.] 1. (pron. be'd-tris ; It. ba'a-tre'cha). A noble 
Florentine lady idealized by Dante. 2. In Shakespeare's 
"Much Ado about Nothing," a witty young lady who rails 
at love, but by a trick is made to fall in love with Benedick. 

bean (bo), n.; pi. F. beaux (E.pron. boz), E. beaus (boz). 
[F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, L. bellus pretty, fine. ] 
1. A man who dresses with great care and in the latest 
fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays atten- 
tions to, a lady; escort; lover. — beau'ish, a. 

beau' i-de'al (bo'I-de'dl). [F. beau ideal.] Lit., (the) ideal 
beautiful ; hence, an ideal or faultless standard or model. 

Hbeau' monde' (moNd'). [F.] The fashionable world. 

beau'pot' (bo'pot'). Var. of boughpot. 

beau'se'ant' (bo'sa'aN'), n. [F. beauceant, baucant.] 
The black-and-white standard of the Knights Templars; 
also, their battle cry. See flag, Illust. 



D 



G 



H 



K 



K = ch in G. icii, ach (5U); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BEAUTEOUS 



92 



BEDROOM 




beau'te-OUS (bu'te-ws), a. Full of beauty ; beautiful to see. 
— beau'te-ous-ly, adv. — beau'te-ous-ness, n. 

beau'ti-fi/er (-ti-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, beautifies. 

beau'ti-ful (-fool),o. Having the qualities which constitute 
beauty; full of beauty, — n. That which is beautiful. — 
Syn. Handsome, lovely, fair, pretty. See comely. — beau'- 
ti-fuHy, adv. — beau'ti-ful-ness, n. 

beau'ti-JEy (-fl), v. t. & i.; -fled (-fid) ; -ey'ing. [beauty 
+ -fy-i To make, or to become, beautiful; adorn; em- 
bellish. — Syn. Grace, ornament, decorate, deck. — beau'- 
ti-fi-ca'tion (-ff-ka'shun), n. 

beau'ty (bii'ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From OF., hJh.bellus 
pretty.] 1. That quality or combination of qualities which 
gratifies the eye or ear, or which delights the intellect or 
moral sense by its grace or fitness to the end in view; the 
beautiful. 2. A particular grace or excellence; anything 
beautiful ; as, the beauties of nature. 3. A beautiful per- 
son or thing; esp., a beautiful woman. 

beauty spot. A patch or spot put on the face to heighten 
the beauty by contrast ; hence, a naevus or a mole. 

beaux (boz), n., pi. of beau. 

bea'ver (be'ver), n. [AS. beofor.J 1. Any of a genus 
(Castor) of am- 
phibious rodents 
having palmated 
hind feet and a 
broad, flat tail. 2. 
The fur of the bea- yfl 
ver. 3. A hat made,- %; 
formerly, of bea- 1 
ver fur, now usu- a 
ally of silk. 4. A| 
heavy, felted wool- 
en cloth , used chief- 
ly for overcoats. 

bea'ver, n. IF. ba- Beaver. (£) 

mere, fr. bave slaver, foam, OF., also prattle, drivel.] That 
piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face ; 
later, the visor. See armor, Illust. 

be-bee'rine (be-be'rTn; -ren), n. Chem. An amorphous 
alkaloid, C18H21O3N, resembling quinine and obtained 
from the bark of the bebeeru and other plants. 

be-bee'ru (-be'roo), n. [Native name.] A tropical South 
American lauraceous tree (Nectandra rodioei ). Its bark 
yields bebeerine; its wood is known as greenheart. 

b3-calm' (be-kam'), v. t. 1. To calim 2. Naut. To keep 
from motion or progress by lack of wind. 

be-came' (be-kam'), pret. of become. 

be-cause' (-koz'), adv. & conj. [by -f cause.'] By or for 
the cause that ; for the reason that ; since. 
Syn. Because, for, since, as, inasmuch as. Because 
'assigns a cause or reason immediately and explicitly; as, 
I hid myself, because I was afraid. For is less immediate; it 
regards the statement to which it is subjoined as relative- 
ly independent, and adduces for it some reason, proof, or 
justification ; as, I hid myself, for [i. e., as I may add by 
way of explanation] I was afraid. Since (orig. denoting se- 
quence in time) is less formal and more incidental than be- 
cause; as assigns a reason even more casually than since; 
each of them often begins its sentence ; as, Since (or As) I 
was afraid, I hid myself. Inasmuch as assigns a reason 
in a somewhat concessive or qualified fashion ; as, Inas- 
much as [1. e., in view of the fact that] I was afraid, I hid 
' myself. 

because of, by reason of ; on account of. 
II bec'ca-fi'co (bek'a-fe'ko), n.; pi. -cos (-koz). [It., fr. 
beccare to peck -\-fico fig.] Any of various song birds, esp. 
the garden warbler ( Sylvia hortensis ), esteemed by 
Italians as a table delicacy. 

|1 be'cha'mel' (ba'sha/mel'), n. [F. bSchamel, after Louis 
de Bechamel, steward of Louis XIV.] Cookery. A white 
sauce of butter, flour, white stock, seasoning, and cream. . 
be-chance' (be-chans'), v. t. & i. To befall; chance. 
be-charm' (-charm'), v. t. To charm. See be-, 1. 
U bficne' de mer/ (bash 7 de mar'). [F., lit., a sea spade; an 

alteration of Pg. bicho do mar sea slug.] A trepang. 
Bech/u-a'nas (bech'66-a'ndz), n. pi. A division^ of the 
Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi rivers. 
beck (bek), n. [AS. becc.~] A small brook, esp. one with 
a stony bed ; also, the valley in which a brook flows. Eng. 
beck, v. i. & t. To signal or call by a nod, or by a motion of 
the head or hand. Archaic, — n. A significant nod, or 
motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. 
beck'ern (bek'ern). Var. of beaktron. 
beck'et (bek'et ; 24), n. Naut. A simple device for holding 
something in place, esp. a small grommet, or a loop of rope 
with a knot at one end to catch in an eye at the other. 
becket bend. A sheet bend. See knot, Illust. 
beck'on (bek''n), v. i. & t. [AS. bycnian, beacnian, fr. 
beacen a sign.] To signal, call, or the like, by or as by a mo- 
tion of the hand, finger, or head. — n. A signaling gesture. 
be-cloud' (be-kloud'), v. t. To obscure; dim; cloud. 



be-come' (be-kiim'), v. i. ; pret. -came' (-kam') ; p. p. 
-come' ; p. pr. & vb. n. -com'ing (-kum'ing). [AS. becum- 
an to come to, happen.] 1. To come ; get (to a place) ; go. 
06s. 2. To pass from one state to another ; come to be. 
to become of, to be the state or place of ; be the end of. 

— v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; befit ; accord with, as in 
character ; as, that does not become you. 

be-com'ing (-kum'ing), p. a. Suitable; appropriate or fit. 
— Syn. Seemly, comely, decorous, decent, proper. — be- 
com'ing-ly, adv. — be-com'ing-ness, n. 

Becque'rel' rays' (bek'rel' raz'). Physics. Radiations first 
observed by the French physicist Henri Becquerel. They 
consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma rays. 

bed (bed), n. [AS.] 1. a An article of furniture to sleep or 
rest in or on; a couch ; specif., a flat sack or mattress filled 
with some soft material, or this with the bedclothes added, 
or the bedstead, mattress, and bedclothes together as pre- 
pared for sleeping, b A bedstead. _ Colloq. or Cant. 2. 
Specif. : Marriage bed ; hence, marriage. 3. A plat, or level 
piece, of ground in a garden. 4. A mass or heap suggestive 
of a bed (sense 1) ; as, a bed of rock. 5. The bottom of any 
body of water ; as, the ocean bed. 6. Geol. & Mining. A 
layer ; seam ; stratum. 7. A flat surface or extended base 
upon which something rests ; as : &Masonry. (1) A horizon- 
tal surface of a stone in position ; as, the upper and lower 
beds. (2) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile, b Mech. 
A foundation for a machine, or a solid support on which its 
work is done ; as, the bed of a press, c The superficial earth- 
work or ballast of a railroad. 

— v. i. ; bed'ded ; bed'ding. 1. To go to bed. 2. To lie on 
or as on a bed. 3. To form a compact cluster or bedlike 
layer. — v. t. 1. To put to bed ; lodge. 2. To cohabit with. 
Obsoles. 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To plant 
or arrange, as plants, in a bed or beds. 5. To embed ; rest ; 
as, bedded on a rock. 6. To lay flat or in order ; place in a 
recumbent position. 

be-dab'ble (be-dab''l), v. t. To dabble thoroughly. 

be-dash' (-dash'), v. t. To bespatter ; to dash against. 

be-daub' (-dob'), v. t. To daub greatly or all over. 

be-daz'zle (-daz''l), v. t. To dazzle greatly or utterly. 

bed'bug' (bed'bugO, n. A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipter- 
ous insect (Cimex lectularius) , sometimes infesting houses 
and esp. beds. In England called simply bug. 

bed'cham'ber (-cham'ber), «. A bedroom. 

bed'clothes' (-klothz'), n. pi. Coverings for a bed. 

bed'ding (-Ing), n. A bed and its bedclothes; materials for 
a bed or beds. Cf. bed, n., 1 a. 

be-deck' (be-dek'), v. t. To deck out; adorn; grace. 

be'del, be'dell (be'd'l; be-del'). Vars. of beadle. 

bedes'man. Var. of beadsman. — bedes'wom'an, n. fem. 

be-dev'll (be-dev''l), v. t. To treat devilishly ; as : a To pos- 
sess with a devil, b To throw into confusion ; worry, c To 
bemuddle ; spoil by changing or corrupting. — be-dev'il- 
ment (-ment), n. 

be-dew' (-du'), v. t. To moisten with or as with dew. 

bed'fellow (bed'fel'o), n. One who shares one's bed. 

Bedford cord (bed'ferd). A firm cloth with heavy ribs. 

be-dight' (be-dlt'), v. t.; -dight' or -dight'ed; -dight'ing. 
To deck out ; array. Archaic. 

be-dim' (-dim'), v. t. To make dim; becloud. 

be-diz'en (be-diz''n; -dl'z'n), v. t. To dress out; esp., to 
adorn tawdrily. — be-diz'en-ment (-ment), n. 

bed'lam (bed'lam), n. [ME. Bedlem, Bethlem, Bethle- 
hem.] 1. [cap.] The hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem 
in London, long used as a^ hospital for lunatics. 2. A 
lunatic asylum. _ 3. A lunatic. Obs. 4. Any place of up- 
roar and confusion. — a. Of or fit for a madhouse. 

bed'lam-ite (-It), n. A madman. it'ish (-Tt'ish), a. 

bed'— mold'ing \n. Arch. The molding of a cornice imme- 

bed'— mould'ingj diately below the corona and above the 
frieze; also, any molding below a deep projection. 

Bed'OU-in (bed'oo-in; bed'06-en), n. [F. bedouin, fr. Ar. 
bedavn rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert.] A no- 
madic Arab of the Arabian, Syrian, or North African des- 
erts. — a. Pertaining to the Bedouins ; nomad. 

bed'pan' (-pan'), n. 1. A pan for warming beds. 2. A 
shallow chamber vessel for use in bed. 

bed'plate' (-plat'), n. A plate or framing used as a bed or 
support for something, as the foundation framing or plate 
of a machine or an iron plate forming a bottom for a furnace. 

bed'post' (-post'), n. One of the four standards that sup- 
port a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead. 

be-drab'ble (be-drab''l), v. t. To drabble greatly, [gling.l 

be-drag'gle (-drag''l), v. t. To draggle greatly ; soil by drag-| 

be-drench' (be-drench'), v. t. To drench through ; soak. 

bed'rid' (bed'rldO, o. Bedridden. 

bed'rid'den (-'n),a. [AS. bedreda, bedrida; bed, bedd, bed 
+ ridda rider.] Confined to the bed by sickness or infir- 
mity ; hence : decrepit ; worn out. 

bed rock. The solid rock under superficial formations. 

bed'room' (-room'), n. A room for a bed ; lodging room. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofo; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BEDSIDE 



93 



BEGEM 



bed'side' (bed'sid'), n. Side of a bed ; place beside a bed. 

bed'sore' (-sor' ; 57), n. Med. A sore due to pressure against 
the bed, especially common in wasting diseases. 

bed'spread' (-spred'), n. A counterpane. U. S. 

bed'staff (-staF), n.; pi. -staves (-stavz'). A staff or 
wooden pin formerly used in some way about a bed, and 
often serving as a weapon. 

bed'stead (-sted), n. A framework to support a bed. 

bed'straw' (-stro'), n. Any of a genus (Galium) of rubi- 
aceous herbs, anciently used as straw for beds. 

bed'tick' (-tTk/), n. A flat, oblong tick, bag, or casing of 
stout cloth used to inclose the materials of a bed. 

bed'time' (-tlm'), n. The time to go to bed. 

bed'ward (-werd), -wards (-werdz), adv. Toward bed. 

bee (be), n. [AS. beo.] 1. Any of a superfamily (Apoidea, 
including several families and many genera) of hymenop- 
terous insects which store up pollen for food (beebread), 
and often, also, honey. Many are of solitary habits ; others, 
as the honeybee, are social and form highly organized colo- 
nies. 2. A neighborly gathering to work for some one, or for 
some joint concern ; as a quilting or a husking bee. U. S. 

bee (be), n. [AS. beah ring.] Naut. A piece of hard wood 
bolted to the side of the bowsprit, having sheaves to reeve 
the fore-topmast stays through ; — called also bee block. 

bee balm. The garden balm. See balm, n., 1. 

bee beetle. A beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in 
beehives. 

bee'bread' (be'bred'), n. A brownish, bitter substance 
consisting of pollen, stored up by bees in honeycomb cells. 

beech (bech), n. [AS. bece.] Any of a genus (Fagus) of 
fagaceous hardwood trees _ having 
smooth gray bark and an edible nut. 
— beech/en (bech''n), a. 

beech/drops' (-drops'), n. 1. A plant 
(Leptamnium virginianum), of the 
broom-rape family, parasitic on beech 
roots. 2. Improperly, the squawroot. 

beech mast. Beechnuts, esp. as they 
lie under the trees. 

beech'nuf (-nut'), n. The edible nut 
of the beech tree. 

beech'y ( -5 ) , a. Of, pert, to, or abound- 
ing in, beeches. 

bee eater. Any of a family (Meropidse) 
of brightly colored, slender-billed Old 
World picarian birds. 

beef (bef), n. [From OF., fr. L. bos, 
bovis, ox.] 1. pi. beeves (bevz), or, 

' esp. in U. S., beefs. Any of a genus 
(Bos) of ruminant quadrupeds, esp. 
the domestic species (B. taurus) in- 
cluding the bull, cow, and ox, in their 
full-grown state; esp., an ox or cow 
fatted for food. 2. The flesh of a beef used for food, 
veal. 3. Human flesh ; brawn. Colloq. 

beefeat'er (-et'er), n. 1. One who eats beef ; hence, a large, 
fleshy person. 2. One of the yeomen of the royal guard in 
England. 

bee fly. Any of a numerous family {Bombyliidse) of flies, 
many of which somewhat resemble bees. 

beefsteak' (bef'stak'), n. A slice of beef, esp. from the 
hind quarter, suitable for broiling or frying. 

beef -wif ted (bef'wit'ed ; 24), a. Stupid; dull. 

beefy (-1), a. ; beef'i-er (-i-er) ; beef'i-est. Having much 
beef; resembling beef; brawny. 

bee gum. A hollow gum tree from which beehives are made ; 
hence, a beehive. Southern & Western U. S. 

bee'hive' (be'hiv'), n. A hive for bees. 

bee killer. Any of a family (Asilidse) of large and vora- 
cious, insectivorous, two-winged flies ; a robber fly. 

bee line. The shortest line from one place to another, like 
that which a bee makes to its hive when laden with honey. 

Be-el'ze-bub (be-el'ze-bub), n. [L., fr. Gr. BeeAfe/3oi>/3.] 
1. Bib. The prince of the devils; hence, the Devil or 
a devil. 2. In Milton's "Paradise Lost," the fallen angel 
next to Satan in power. 

bee martin. The kingbirdrwhich sometimes eats bees. 

been (bin; or, esp. Brit., ben), p. p. of be. 

bee plant. Any plant much frequented by bees for honey ; 
specif. : a A heavy-scented capparidaceous herb (Cleome 
serrulata), with copious pink flowers, b A figwort (Scro- 
-phularia cali/ornica) of the Pacific slope. 

beer (ber), n. [AS. beor.] 1. A brewed liquor made with 
malted grain, commonly barley, and flavored with hops, 
broadly including ale ; often, this liquor when having a 
small, or light alcohol content, as distinguished from ale, 
which has a relatively large alcohol content. 2. Any of 
various fermented but undistilled liquors. 

beer, n. Weaving. One of the groups, into which the 
threads of the warp are divided. 
beer'y (ber'T), a. Of, like, affected by, or due to, beer. 




Beech Leaf, Ripe 
Bur, and Nut, en- 
tire and in section. 

Cf. 



beesf ingS, biesf ingS (bes'tmgz), n. pi. [AS. by sting.] 
The first milk given by a cow after calving. 

bees'wax' (bez'waks'), n. Wax secreted by bees, for mak- 
ing the honeycomb. — v. t. To treat with beeswax ; wax. 

bees'wing', n. A film formed in port and some other wines 
after long keeping ; also, wine in which this appears. 

beet (bet), n. [AS. bete, fr. L. beta.'] A certain biennial 
plant (genus Beta), cultivated as a vegetable and as a 
source of sugar ; also its large edible root. See beetroot, 
Note. 

bee'tle (be't'l), n. [AS. bietel, bitel, bytel, mallet.] 1. A 
heavy hammering or ramming instrument, usually with a 
wooden head. 2. A wooden pestle or bat for any of vari- 
ous domestic uses. 3. A machine in which fabrics are 
finished by being hammered over rollers. — v. t. ; -tled 
(-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). To beat, drive, or ram with or as 
with a beetle. 

bee'tle, n. [ AS. bitula, fr. bitan to bite. ] 1. Any coleop- 
terous insect having four wings, the outer pair being stiff 
cases covering the others when folded. 2. Popularly, any 
of various insects more or less like a beetle (in sense 1), as 
the cockroach. 

bee'tle, a. Projecting ; lowering. — v. i. To project so as to 
overhang; jut. 

bee'tle— browed' (-broud'), a. Having prominent, over- 
hanging brows ; hence : lowering ; sullen. 

bee'tle-head' (-hed'), n. {beetle a mallet + head.] A stu- 
pid fellow. — bee'tle-head'ed, a. 

bee tree. 1. A hollovv tree in which bees have a nest. 2. 
The basswood, or American linden. 

beef root', n., or beet root. The root of the beet. 
id^ In British usage the root is always called beetroot (one 
word) ; in the United States beet is used for the whole plant 
or its root, in the same way as turnip and carrot. 

beeve (bev), n. [From beeves, pi. of beef.] A beef. 

beeves (bevz), n., pi. of beef. 

bee wolf. The larva of the bee beetle. ' 

be-falf (be-fol'), v. i.; for prin. parts see fall. [AS. 
befeallan; be- -\-feallan to fall.] 1. To fall due ; pertain. 
Archaic. 2. To happen. 

be-fif (be-fif), v. t.; -fit'ted; -fit'ting. To be suitable to ; 
become. — be-fif ting, p. a. — be-fif ting-ly, adv. 

be-fog' (-fog'), v. t.; -fogged' (-fogd'); -fog'ging (-Tng). 
To involve in fog ; hence : to confuse ; mystify. 

be-foof (-fool'), v. t. To delude or lead into error; deceive. 

be-fore' (-for'; 57), adv. [AS. beforan; be--\-foran before.] 
1. On the fore part ; in front ; as, the battle was before and 
behind. 2. In advance ; as, he rode before to clear the way. 

3. In time past ; previously ; as, it never happened before. 

4. Earlier ; sooner ; as, we dine at six, not before. 

— prep. 1. Preceding in space, time, dignity, order, right, or 
worth. 2. Farther onward in place or time ; as, quiet years 
were before him. 3. In presence or sight of ; face to face 
with ; as, he stood before the king. 4. Under the cognizance 
or jurisdiction of ; as, the question before the court. 
before the mast, Naut., as a common sailor, because the 

[ sailors live forward of the foremasts. 

— conj. 1. Previous to the time when ; as, before the battle 
began. 2. Sooner than; rather than; as, he will starve 
before he will steal. 

be-f ore'hand' (-hand') , adv. In advance, as by way of fore- 
thought. — a. Forehanded. 
be-fore'time' (-tlm'), adv. Formerly; aforetime. -« 

be-friend' (-trend'), v. t. To act as a friend to ; favor ; aid. ' 
be-fud'dle (-fud'T), v. t. To confuse, as with liquor. 
beg (beg; Turk, ba), n. [Turk.] A title of honor in^Turkey 
and in some other parts of the East. See bey. 
beg (beg), v. t.; BEGGED(begd); beg'ging. [ME. beggen.] 
1. To ask for as a charity, esp. habitually ; as, he begs his 
bread. 2. To entreat or supplicate for; beseech. 3. To 
make petition to ; entreat. 4. To take for granted ; assume 
without proof ; as, to beg the question. 
Syn. Crave, solicit, petition, pray, beseech, entreat, im- 
plore, supplicate, importune. — Beg, beseech, entreat, 
implore, supplicate, importune agree in the idea of 
urgent asking. Beseech implies greater solicitude or 
earnestness than beg; as, he begged me to give him food; he 
besought them to save him from the mob. To entreat is 
urgently to solicit or petition ; as, we vainly entreated, them 
to remain. Implore implies either increased fervor of en- 
treaty, or greater humility, or both ; as, to implore forgive- 
ness. Supplicate expresses extreme, sometimes even 
desperate, urgency of entreaty, and implies still greater 
humility ; as, he supplicated him for mercy. To importune 
is to solicit persistently, often with wearisome pertinacity ; 
as, her importunities at last prevailed. See ask. 

— v. i. 1. To ask alms or charity, esp. habitually. 2. To 
make petition ; supplicate. 3. To ask for a point, or three 
additional cards and a new trump ; — said of the eldest 
hand in seven-up. 

be-gaf (be-gat'). Archaic pret. of beget. I 

be-gem' (-jem'), v. t. To adorn with or as with gems. «- 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BEGET 



94 



BEL-ESPRIT 



fee-get' (be-get/), v. t. ; pret. be-got' (-got'), Archaic -gat' 
(-gat') ; p. p. be-got', -got'ten (-gof'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
-get'ting. [AS. begitan to get ; be--\-gitan to get.] 1. To 
procreate as a father or sire ; generate. 2. To produce as 
an effect ; cause to exist. — be-get'ter, n. 

beg'gar (beg'er), n. 1. One who begs, as a petitioner or as 
one who makes it his business to ask alms. 2. An indigent 
person ; — a contemptuous or sarcastic use. 3. A rogue, 
wretch, or low fellow ; also used playfully ; as, a good- 
hearted little beggar. — v. t. 1. To reduce to beggary ; 
impoverish. 2. To cause to seem poor or inadequate ; as, to 
beggar description. — beg'gar-dom (-dum).n. hood, n. 

feeg'gar-lice', or beg'gar's-lice 7 , n. The prickly or ad- 
hesive fruits of species of bedstraw, tick trefoils, or stick- 
seeds, which cling readily to clothing; also, the plant. 

beg'gar-ly (-11), a. Resembling, or suitable for, a beggar; 
indigent; mean. — beg'gar-li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

beg'gar-ticks', or beg'gar's-ticks', n. 1. The achenes of 
species of bur marigold ; also, the plant. 2. = beggar-lice. 

beg'gar-weed' (-wed'), n. 1. Any of various plants that 
grow in waste ground, as knotweedi species of dodder, tick- 
seed, etc. 2. A fa baceous plant {Meibomia tortuosa) culti- 
vated for fodder. 

beg'gar-y (-T) , n. ; pi. -games (-iz). 1. Act of begging ; state 
or quality of being a beggar. 2. Beggars collectively ; a re- 
sort of beggars. — Syn. Indigence, want, penury. 

Beg'hard (beg'drd; be-gard'), n. [F. begard, beguard. 
See Beguine.] Eccl. Hist. One of a former association of 
religious laymen living under the same general regulations 
as the Beguines ; — a nickname. 

be-gin' (be-gin'),t;. i.; pret. be-gan' (-gan') ; p. p.be-gun' 
(-gun') ; p. pr. & vb. n. -gin'ning. [AS. beginnan.~\ 1. To 
do the first act or the first part of an action ; take the first 
step ; start. 2. To come into existence ; commence. 
Syn. Begin, commence are identical in meaning. Begin 
is preferred, except in more formal use. 

— v. t. 1. To set about ; commence. 2. To trace or lay the 
foundation of. — be-gin'ner (-er), n. 

be-gin'ning (-Tng), n. 1. Commencement of an action or 
state. 2. An initial point of time or space ; the first part or 
initial stage of anything. 3. First cause ; origin ; source. — 
Syn. Inception, opening, origin, outset, foundation. 

fee-gird' (be-gurd'), v. t. 1. To bind with a band or girdle ; 
gird. 2. To surround as with a band ; encompass. 

beg'ler-beg' (beg'ler-beg'), n. [Turk, beglerbeg.'] The 
governor of a province of the Ottoman Empire, next in 
dignity to the grand vizier. 

be-gnaw' (be-n6'), v. t. To gnaw; eat away; corrode. 

beg'ohm 7 (beg'om'), n. Elec. A unit of resistance equal 
to one billion ohms, or one thousand megohms. 

be-gone' (be-gon'), interj. Go away! depart! get you gone! 

be-go'lli-a (-go'ni-d), n. [After Michel Begon, French pa- 
tron of botany.] Bot. Any of a genus {Begonia) of tropical 
flowering herbs or undershrubs, much cultivated. 

be-got' (-got'), be-got'ten (-'n). See beget. 

be-grime' (-grim'), v. t. To soil with grime or dirt. 

be-grudge' (-griij' ), v. t. To grumble at; envy the posses- 
sion of. — be-grudg'ing-ly, adv. 

be-guile' (-gli'), v. t.; -guiled' (-gild') ; -guil'ing (-gll'ing). 
1. To delude by guile or craft ; deceive. 2. To deprive by 
guile ; cheat ; — used with of or out of; as, "Let no man 
beguile you of your reward." 3. To charm ; amuse ; divert ; 
as, she beguiled the children with fairy tales. 4. To while 
away ; as, to beguile the time with sleep. — Syn. Insnare, 
mislead ; entertain. See while. — be-guile'ment(-ment),n. 

Beg'uin (beg'in; as mod. Fr., ba/gaN'), n. _ [F. beguinJ] 
A Beghard. 

Beg'uine (beg'Tn; ba'gen'), n. [Fr. beguine; fr. Lambert 
le Begue (the Stammerer), the founder of the order. (Du 
Cange.)~\ A woman belonging to one of certain religious 
and charitable associations or communities in the Nether- 
lands and elsewhere, whose members do not renounce the 
right of private property nor take perpetual vows. 

be'gum (be'gum), n. [Hind, begam.] In India, a lady of 
exalted rank, as a queen, princess, or the like. 

be-gun' (be-giin'), p. p. & p. a. of begin. 

be-half (be-haf), n. [ME. on-behalve in the name of, fr. 
AS. healf half, side, part.] Side; part; interest; affair; 
defense ; — only in prepositional phrases; as, in behalf of. 

be-have't-hav'),^.; BE-HAVED'(-havd'); -hav'ing (-hav'- 
Ing). To carry; conduct; — used reflexively; as, he be- 
haved himself well.— v. i. To act; conduct one's self or 
itself; also (.without a qualifying word), to act or conduct 
one's self well or properly ; as, you must behave. 

be-hav'ior, be-hav'iour (-hav'yer), n. Act or manner of 
behaving; conduct; deportment; sometimes, good behavior. 
Syn. Bearing, demeanor, conduct. — Behavior, conduct. 
Behavior applies to our mode ot acting in the presence ot 
others or toward them, and oiten relers to purely external 
relations or to particular instances ; it is especially used 
with reterence to children. Conduct applies rather to the 

I general tenor ot our actions (particularly in their ethical 



relations) in the more serious concerns of life ; when used of 
specific actions, it implies their moral aspects more defi- 
nitely than behavior. 

be-head' (-hed'), v. t. To sever the head from ; decapitate. 

be-head'al (-51), n. Beheading. . . 

be-held' (-held'), pret. & p. p. of behold. 

be'he-moth (be'he-moth ; be-he'moth), n. _ [Heb. behe- 
moth, prop., pi. of behemah beast.] An animal, probably 
the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15-24. 

be-hest' (be-hSst'), n. [ AS. behxs promise. ] That which 
is willed or ordered ; command. — Syn. See mandate. 

be-hind' (-hind'), adv. [AS. behindan; be- + hindan 
hind.] 1. Back in place or time ; as, to stay behind. 2. 
Not yet produced or exhibited to view ; remaining ; still to 
come ; as, there is stronger evidence behind. 3. In a back- 
ward state ; behindhand ; in arrears ; as, he is behind in his 
rent. 4. After the set or proper time ; late ; slow, as a 
watch. 5. Toward the back ; as, to look behind. 

— prep. 1. In a place, state, or time departed from by (the 
one referred to) ; as, what he left behind him. 2. Inferior to 
in dignity, attainments, etc. ; as, behind the class. 3. Of 
time, after; later than ; [as, behind time. 4. On or at the 
back side of ; in the rear of. Specif. : a At the back of, by 
way of support ; supporting, b In back of, so as to be con- 
cealed, c To or at the back of, so as to be out of notice or 
consideration. 5. In a backward direction from (one's 
self) ; as, he looked behind him. — Syn. See after. 

be-hind'hand' (-hand'), adv. & a. 1. In arrears finan- 
cially ; in debt. 2. Behind the times ; late. 

be-hold' (-hold'), v. t. & i.; pret. be-held' (-held'); p. p. 
-held', Archaic -hold'en (-hol'd'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -hold'- 
ing. [AS. behealdan, lit., to hold; be--\-healdan to hold.] 
To have or keep in sight; look at; watch. Archaic. 
Hence, now usually, to see. — Syn. Scan, gaze upon, re- 
gard, descry, view. — interj. Lo ! look ! 

be-hold'en (-hol'd'n), p. a. Obliged; indebted. 

be-hold'er (-der), n. A spectator. — Syn. See looker-on. 

be-hoof ' (-hoof), n. [ ME. to bihove for the use of, AS. be- 
hof advantage.] Advantage ; benefit ; interest ; use. 

be-hoove' (-hoov'), be-hove' (-hoov'; -hov'), v. t.; -hooved' 
(-hdovd').-HOVED'(-hoovd' ; -hovd') ; -hoov'ing, -hov'ing. 
[AS. behofian to have need of. See behoof.] To be neces- 
sary for (now only of moral necessity) ; to be proper for or in- 
cumbent on ; — chiefly impersonal ; as.it behooves you to go. 
— v. i. To be fit or incumbent; befit ; — chiefly impersonal. 

|| beige (bazh), a. [F.] Having the natural color; — said of 
woolen fabrics.— n. A soft woolen dress fabric. 

be'ing (be'mg), p. pr. & p. a. of be. Existing. — n. 1. Ex- 
istence, as opposed to nonexistence ; life; mortal existence. 
2. Existence in relation to a specified place or condition ; — 
as, my being there was a mere chance. 3. That which 
exists ; as : a [cap.~\ God ; — with a qualifying word [also 
capitalized], esp. supreme, infinite, etc., as in the Su- 
preme Being, b A human being ; person." 

be-jew'el (be-ju'el ; be-jdo'- ; 86), v. t. To deck with jewels. 

Bel (bel; bal), n. [Babylonian.] One of the chief gods in 
Babylonian mythology. 

be-la'bor, be-la'bour ( be-la'ber ), v. t. 1. To ply ; work 
carefully upon. 2. To beat soundly; thrash. 

be-late' (be-laf), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed; 24) ; -LAT'iNG(-ing). 
To retard or make late ; delay. 

be-lat'ed (-lat'ed; 24), p. a. Overtaken by night; delayed. 

be-lay' (-la'), v. t. [AS. belecgan. See be- ; lay to place.] 
Naut. To wind (a running rope, etc.) round a pin, cleat, 
or the like, so as to hold secure ; make fast or stop by so 
doing ; — often used in the imperative ; hence, Colloq., in 
the imperative : Quit ! That's enough ! 

belaying pin. Naut. A strong pin round which ropes are 
belayed to make them fast. 

belch (belch), v. i. [AS. bealcian.'] 1. To eject wind or 
gas spasmodically from the stomach through the mouth ; 
eructate. 2. To eject its contents, as a gun ; issue spas- 
modically, as fire from a volcano.— i?. t. 1. To eject (gas) 
from the stomach. 2. To eject, esp. violently ; vent forci- 
bly; emit; — often used with out or forth; as, the guns 
belched forth their fire. — n. An eructation ; a spasmodic 
ejection. — belch'er, n. 

belch'er (bel'cher), n. [After Jim Belcher, English pugi- 
list.] A blue neckerchief having large white spots with 
dark blue spots at their centers. 

bel'dam Ubel'dam), n. [From bel- (F. bel, belle, fair, 

bel'damej beautiful) -\-dame."] 1. A grandmother. 2. 
An old woman, esp. one ugly or loathsome ; a hag. i 

be-lea'guer (be-le'ger), v. t. [D. belegeren; be- (= E. be-) 
•jrleger bed, camp, army.] To surround with an army; 
hence : to beset ; encompass. — be-lea'guered (-gerd), p. a. 

bel'em-nite (bel'em-nit; be-lem'nlt), n. [Gr. /3eXe/iw»' 
dart.] Paleon. A 
kind oi conical cal- 
careous lossil ; a 
thunderstone. 

||bel'-es-prit'(bel'gs- Belemnite. Exterior view. 




ale, senate, care, am, Account, arm. ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BELFRY 



95 



BELLWORT 



pre'), n. ; p<,. beaux-esprits_ (bo'zes-pre 7 )- [F., fine wit.] 
A fine genius, or person of wit. 
bel/fry (-M), to.; pi. -fries (-friz). [OF. berfrei, berfroi."] 

1. Mil. A movable tower formerly used in sieges. 2. A 
bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building ; 
a campanile. 3. A room for a bell in a tower, or a cupola, 
turret, or framework to hold a bell. — bel'fried (-frTd), a. 

Bel'gi-an (beFji-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium. 
Belgian block, a nearly cubical block of some tough stone, 
esp. granite, for street paving. — B. hare, a rufous-red va- 
riety of domestic rabbit._ — B. marble. See rance. 

— to. A native or inhabitant of Belgium. 

Bel'gic (-jik), o. [L. Belgicus.~\ Of or pert, to the Belgse 
(an ancient people of Low German stock, prob. ancestors of 
the modem Belgians) or the Netherlands or Belgium. 

Be'li-al (be'li-al ; bel'yal), to. [Heb. belt ya'al; belt with- 
out +ya'al profit.] 1. A word in the Scriptures and in 
rabbinical and apocryphal literature, commonly taken as 
meaning primarily "worthlessness." In later Jewish lit- 
erature and in the New Testament it became identified 
with Satan, as meaning the spirit of evil or lawlessness. 

2. In Milton's "Paradise Lost," one of the fallen angels. 
be-lie' (be-li'), v. t. ; -lied' (be-lid' ); -ly'lng (-ll'ing ). 1. 

To tell lies about ; slander. 2. To misrepresent ; as, he is 
honest, or his face belies him. 3. To falsify ; be false to, or 
show to be false; as, he belied his human nature; "novels 
belie their name, and offer nothing new." — be-li'er, n. 

be-lief (be-lef ), to. [ME. bileafe, bileve. See believe.] 
1. A state or habit of mind in which trust is placed in some 
person or thing; trust ; confidence. 2. Theol. A persuasion of 
the truths of religion ; faith. 3. Conviction or feeling of the 
truth or reality of something ; as, it is true, according to 
my belief ; belief in one's own activity. 4. The thing be- 
lieved ; doctrine ; creed. 

Syn. Assent, credence, assurance, reliance, faith, persua- 
sion, conviction. — Belief, faith, persuasion, conviction 
agree in the idea of assent. Belief and faith differ chiefly 
in that belief, as a rule, suggests little more than intellectual 
assent ; faith implies also trust or confidence ; as, one in 
whom persuasion and belief had ripened into faith. A per- 
suasion is an assured opinion ; as, it is my persuasion that 
he is bad. Persuasion sometimes implies that this assur- 
ance is induced by one's feelings or wishes, rather than by 
argument or evidence; conviction stands for a fixed and 
settled belief ; as, his belief is likely to have been persuasion 
rather than conviction. 

be-liev'a-ble (-lev'd-b'l), a. Capable of being believed. 

be-lieve' (-lev'), v.i.; -lteved' (-levd'); -liev'ing. [AS. 
gelefan, gelyfan."] 1. To have faith or confidence ; — used 
with in, on, or upon. 2. To exercise belief or faith, esp. 
as to the truths of religion. 3. To think; judge. — v. t. 
To exercise belief in ; regard, accept, or hold as true ; also, 
to think; consider. — bs-liev'er (-leVer), to. 

be-liev'ing, p. a. That believes. — be-liev'ing-ly, adv. 

be-like' (be-llk'), adv. [be- (for by) -{•like.'] Probably ; per- 
haps. Obs. or Archaic. 

be-lit'tle (be-lit'1), v. t.; -lit'tled (-'Id); -lit'tling. To 
make little or less ; speak of in a depreciatory way. 

bell (bel), to. [AS. belle. .] 1. A hollow, often cup-shaped me- 
tallic vessel, giving forth a ringing sound 
on being struck. 2. Specif. : a A bell, as 
of a clock, rung to tell the hours ; also 
(usually in pi.), the stroke of such a bell, j" J^Z^ 
esp. on shipboard, b The time so indi- 
cated ; Naut., a half hour. 3. Anything 
in the form of a bell ; as : a The corolla of 
a flower, b The flaring mouth of a trum- 
pet or other wind instrument, c The 
body of a helmet. 

— v. t. 1. To provide with a bell. 2. To make bell-mouthed, 
or flaring. — to bell the cat, to do a daring or risky deed ; 
— alluding to the fabie cf the mice who would put a bell 
upon the cat's neck, but found none 
bold enough to do it. 

—v. i. To take the form of a bell; 
specif., develop bells, or corollas; 
blossom. 

bell, v. i. & t. [AS. bellan.'] To bel- 
low, as a rutting deer. 

— n. Bellow ; roar ; boom. 
bella-don'na (bel'd-don'd), to. [It., 

lit., fine lady.] A European solana- 
ceous poisonous plant (Atropa bel- 
ladonna), with reddish bell-shaped 
flowers and shining black berries ; — 
called also deadly nightshade. 

belladonna lily. A bulbous plant 
( Amaryllis belladonna) having fra- 
grant rose-colored lilylike flowers; 
also, its flower. See Amaryllis. 

bel'lar-mine (bel'ar-mm; -men), to. 
A' stoneware jug of a pattern origi- 
nated in the 16th century to bur- 




1 Electric Bell : 
2 Hand Bell. 




Belladonna (Atropa 
belladonna) . (| ) 




Bellarmine. 




lesque Cardinal Bellarmine ( 1542-1621 ) ; — called also 
graybeard, longbeard. 

bell bird. Any of several birds whose notes 
are likened to the sound of a bell; esp.: a 
The campanero (Chasmorhyncus niveus) 
of South America, b A honeysucker (Mano- 
rhina melanophrys) of Australia or one 
( Anthornis melanura) of New Zealand. 

bell COt or cote. A small or subsidiary con- 
struction, frequently corbeled out from the 
walls of a structure, and used to contain and 
support one or more bells. 

belle (bel), n. [F., fern, of bel, beau. See 
beau.] A beautiful girl or woman; esp., a girl or woman 
whose personal charms make her attractive in society. — 
belle'dom (bel'dum), n. 

bel-ler'ic (be-ler'Ik), n. [F. belleric, fr. Ar. balllaj, Per. 
baltlah.~] The fruit of an East Indian tree (Terminalia 
bellerica). It is a variety of myrobalan. 

Bel-ler'o-phon (be-ler'6-fon), to. [L., fr. Gr. BeXXepo<£o>i'.] 
Gr. Myth. A Corinthian hero 
who slew the chimera, with the 
aid of the winged horse Pegasus. 

U belles'-let'tres (beTlet'r'), to. 
pi. [F.] Polite or elegant liter- 
ature, esp. literature in which 
imagination and taste are pre- 
dominant. — Syn. See litera- 
ture. — belle-tris'tic (bel'le- 
tris'tik), a. 

bell'flow'er (bel'flou'er),™. Any 
of a large genus (Campanula) 
of plants with bell-shaped flow- 
ers ; a campanula. 

bell'flow'er, n. [F. bellefleur, 
lit., beautiful flower.] A kind 
of apple. The yellow bellflower 
is a large winter apple. 

bePli-COSe (bel'i-kos ; bel'i- Bellerophon and Pegasus, 
kos'), a. [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, bellum war.] 
Inclined to contention ; pugnacious. — Syn. See bellig- 
erent. — bel'li-cose'ly, adv. 

bel'li-COS'l-ty (bel'T-kos'T-tT), to. Bellicose inclination. 

bel-lig'er-ence (be-li j'er-ens) 1 to. Quality of being bellig- 

bel-lig'er-en-cy (-lij'er-en-si)J erent; status of a belliger- 
ent ; act or state of waging war. 

bel-lig'er-ent (-ent), a. [L. belligerans, p. pr. of bellige- 
rare to wage war, deriv. of bellum war + gerere to wage.] 
1. Waging war; carrying on war. 2. Pertaining or tend- 
ing to war; warlike; pert, to belligerents.— -to. A bellig- 
erent nation, state, or person. — bel-lig'er-ent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Irascible, choleric ; disputatious, wrangling, quarrel- 
some, contentious, litigious; bellicose, pugnacious. — Bel- 
ligerent, bellicose, pugnacious, quarrelsome, conten- 
tious, litigious agree in the idea of aptness to contend. 
Belligerent implies warlikeness or actual hostilities ; belli- 
cose, inclination to fight. Pugnacious differs from belli- 
cose in applying more to disposition ; it does not suggest 
pettiness or ill nature, as does quarrelsome. Conten- 
tious often suggests perversity and tiresome persistence in 
dispute. Litigious implies fondness for legal contention. 

bell jar. A kind of glass vessel open at the bottom and 
closed at the top, like a bell.. [crier. 

bell'man (bel'man), to. A man who rings a bell, as a town 

bell metal. A hard alloy or bronze, consisting, usually, o: 
three to four parts of copper to one of tin, for making bells. 

bell'-mouthed', a. Flaring at the mouth. 

bel'o-man'cy (-o-man'sT) , to. [Gr. /SeXos arrow + -mancyJ] 
Divination by means of arrows. Cf. Ezek. xxi., 21. 

Bel-lo'na (be-lo'nd), n. [L., fr. bellum war.] RomanMyth. 
Goddess of war, closely associated with Mars. 

bel'low (bel'o), v. i. [AS. bylgean.) To make a hollow, 
loud noise, as a bull ; hence : to bawl ; clamor. — v. t. To 
emit with a bellow ; — often used with out or forth. 

— to. A loud, deep, resounding cry or noise, as of a bull ; roar. 

bel'low-er, n. One who, or that which, bellows. 

bel'lows (bel'oz; -us),n. sing. & pi. [AS. belg, belig, bag, 
bellows, belly. Bellows 
orig. was a n. pi.] 1. A de- 
vice which, by alternate ex- 
pansion and contraction, 
draws in air through a hole 
and expels it forcibly 
through a tube. 2. The 
lungs. 3. The expansible 
part of the ordinary pho- 
tographic camera. 

belTweth'er (beKweth/er), 
to. A wether, or ram, which old Roman Lamp, with figure 
leads the flock, with a bell of man using a pair of Bellows, 
on his neck. 

bell'wort' (-wurt 7 ), to. Bot. a Any campanulaceous plant. 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BELLY 



96 



BENEDICTION 



b Any liliaceous plant of a certain genus (Uvularia) having 
yellow bell-shaped flowers. U. S. 
foel'ly (bel'i), n. ; pi. -lies (-iz). [AS. belg, belig, bag, bel- 
lows, belly.] 1. The part of the human body between the 
thorax, or breast, and the thighs ; also, the cavity of this 
part, containing the stomach, intestines, etc. ; abdomen. 

2. The under part of the body of an animal. 3. Appetite 
or need for food. 4. Obs. a The bowels, b The womb. 
5. The internal cavity of the body ; hence, any part likened 
to it in its interior or middle position or in being hollqw ; as, 
the belly of a ship. 6. The part of anything which re- 
sembles the human belly in protuberance; bulging part; 
as, the belly of a flask ; also, the front or lower surface of 
anything, as opposed to the back. Specif. : a The part of a 
sail that swells out when filled with wind, b The upper 
plate of the sounding box of instruments of the violin class. 

— v. t. & i. ; -lied (-Id) ; -lying. To swell or bulge out. 
bel'ly-band' (-band'), n. A band that passes around or un- 
der a horse's belly to hold the saddle, harness, etc. ; girth. 

b3-long' (be-long' ; 62) ; v.i. [be- -f- ME. longen to belong.] 
[Usually construed with to or, archaically, unto; formerly 
sometimes used with an indirect object.] 1. To be con- 
nected (with) as an adjunct, attribute, function, duty, part, 
or the like. 2. To be the property (of) or suitable (for). 

3. To be bound (to) or connected (with), by some rela- 
tion, as of birth, residence, dependency. 

be-long'ing (be-15ng'Tng), n. A thing or person that belongs 

to one ; specif., in pi. : goods ; effects. 
be-love' (-ltiv'), v. t. To love ; hold dear ; — now only in pas~ 

sive, and with of (Archaic or Poetic) or by. 
be-loved' (as p. p. be-luvd'; as adj. be-liiv'ed or be-luvd'), 

p. p. & p. a. Loved.— (be-luv'ed; be-luvd'), n. A loved one. 
be-low' (-15'), adv. [be- by + low, a.] In a lower place, with 

respect to any object ; beneath. Specif. : a On the earth, as 

opposed to the heavens, b In hell, or the regions of the 

dead ; in Hades, c Below stairs ; downstairs ; below deck. 

d In or to a court of inferior jurisdiction. 

— prep. 1. Under, or lower than, in place, rank, value, etc. ; 
not so high as. 2. Unworthy of ; unbefitting ; beneath. 
Syn. Below, under, beneath. Below applies to that 
which is anywhere in a lower plane ; under, to that which 
is below in or nearly in a vertical line ; as, the Mississippi 
enters the Gulf many miles below St. Louis ; the valley lay 
far below us ; under a tree ; "Neither do men light a candle, 
and put it under a bushel." Beneath is a somewhat 
literary equivalent of both below and (esp.) under; as, 
"heaven above, or . . . the earth beneath." Figuratively, 
belovj and under differ in the immediacy of the inferiority 
expressed ; thus, one officer may be below another in rank, 
without being under him in immediate subordination. Be- 
neath often suggests unworthiness ; as, beneath one's notice. 

Bel-shaz'zar (bel-shaz'dr), n. Bib. The last king of 
Babylon. See Daniel v. 

belt (belt), n. [AS. belt.] 1. A broadish strip of leather, 
cloth, or the like, used to girdle the person. 2. Any strip, 
stripe, or series of things like, or suggestive of, a belt (in sense 
1) ; as : a A band or stripe, as of color, around or across 
an organ or part, b Geog. A narrow passage or strait. C. 
Biogeog. An area distinctively characterized by its species 
or forms of life ; as, a pine belt, d A series of thick armor 
plates extending along the water line of an armored vessel. 

3. Mach. A broad, flexible, usually endless, band passing 
round two or more pulleys, cylinders, or the like, for com- 
municating motion. 4. A blow or whack, as with the fist. 
Slang. 

— v. t. 1. To encircle or invest with or as with a belt. 2. To 
gird or equip by means of a belt. 3. To gird on, as a sword. 

4. To beat with a belt ; hence, Slang, to strike violently. 
Bel'tane (bel'tan), n. [Gael, bealltainn, bealltuinn.] The 

first day of May (Old Style). 

belt'ed (bel'ted; 24), a. 1. Having or wearing a belt. 2. 
Marked by a belt or band, as of a distinctive color. 

belt'ing, n. Material for a belt or belts ; belts collectively. 

be-lu'ga (be-loo'gd), n. [Russ. byeluga, fr. byely white.] 
The white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), a cetacean of 
the dolphin family. It becomes about ten feet long. 

bel've-dere' (bel've-der' ; -va-da/ra), n. [It., fr. bello, bel, 
beautiful + vedere to see.] In Italian architecture, a build- 
ing commanding a fine prospect. ve-dered'(-ve-derd'),a. 

!|be"ma (be'md), n. ;pLbemata (-md-td). [Gr. (2t)ho. step, 
platform.] In early Christian churches and the modern 
Greek Church, the part reserved for the higher clergy ; the 
inner or eastern part of the chancel. See basilica, Jllust. 

be-maze' (be-maz'), v. t. To bewilder; stupefy. 

be-mean' (be-men'),[>. t. To make mean; lower; — usually 
with a reflexive ; as, can you so bemean yourself ? 

be-mire' (-mlr'), v. t. To befoul with mud or dirt. 

Le-moan' (-mon'), v. t. To express grief for by moaning; 
bewail. — v. i. To lament ; grieve. — Syn. See deplore. 

be-mock' (be-mok'; 62), v. t. To mock; mock at. 

be-mud'dle (-mud''l), v. t. To muddle; confuse. 

ben (ben) , n., ben nut. [ Ar. ban the ben tree. ] The seed 



of certain'tropical trees (Moringamoringaa.ndM. aptera), 
yielding a very fluid fixed oil. 

be-name' (be-nam'), v. t.; p. p. -named' (-namd'), -nempi', 
-nempt'ed. To name ; call. 06s. or (in p. p.) Archaic. 

bench (bench), n. [AS. bene.'] 1. A long seat, differing 
from a stool in its length. 2. A thwart, or seat, in a boat. 
3. The seat where the judges sit in court ; hence, office or 
dignity of judge. 4. The judges collectively, or a judge, 
sitting in court; also, a court; as, the bench questioned 
him. 5. A seat where a number of officials sit together ; 
hence, the officials themselves, or the dignity of their office. 
6. A long worktable. 7. A platform or series of raised 
boxes where animals, as dogs, are exhibited ; also, the ex- 
hibition itself. 8. A natural terrace, as in a river valley. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a bench or benches. 2. To seat 
on a bench, esp. of justice or honor. 3. To exhibit (ani- 
mals, esp. dogs) in a bench show.— v. i. To sit on a bench. 

bench'er, n. One who sits on a bench ; as : a An oarsman. 
b One who frequents tavern benches, c Eng. Law. One of 
the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court. 

bench mark. A mark affixed to a permanent object in tidal 
observations, or in a survey, to furnish a datum level. 

bend (bend),?;, t.; bent (bent) orBEND'ED; bend'ing. [AS. 
bendan, fr. bend band, bond, bindan to bind.] 1. To strain 
to tension by a band or string ; — now used only of the bow, 
and understood in sense 4, from the resulting curve. 
2. Fig., to make tense; strain. Archaic. 3. Naut. To 
fasten, as a sail to its yard or stay, etc. 4. To strain or 
move out of a straight line ; crook or curve by straining ; as, 
to bend a bow ; to bend the knee. 5. To cause to bow, stoop, 
or yield ; subdue. 6. To turn ; deflect ; hence : incline ; dis- 
pose. 7. To apply closely or with interest ; direct ; as, to 
bend one's mind to a subject. — v. i. 1. To be moved or 
strained out of, or away from, a given line ; crook ; curve ; 
specif., to incline. 2. To bend the body in submission or 
reverence, as in prayer ; bow ; fig., to yield ; submit. 3. To 
have a direction away from a given line. 4. To apply one's 
self closely or vigorously ; as, to bend to the oars. 5. To 
direct one's self ; turn. Archaic. 

— n. 1. Act of bending ; a turn from a straight or a given 
line or direction ; state of being bent. 2. A bent thing or 
part ; curve ; crook. 3. In pi. Naut.The thickest and strong- 
est planks in the sides of a ship, mere generally called wales ; 
also, the frames or ribs. 

bend, n. 1. Naut. A knot by which a rope is made fast. 

2. [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See band.] Her. One 
of the honorable ordinaries, consisting of a band extending 
diagonally across the field from dexter chief to sinister base. 

3. Leather Trade. The half of a butt, or hide trimmed of 
the thinner parts. See b.we, Illust. 

bend'er (ben'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, bends; 
specif., a pair of pliers. 2. A sixpence. Slang, Eng. 

bend Sinister. Her. An ordinary like a bend, but drawn 
from the sinister chief to the dexter base ; 
— a mark of bastardy. 

bene (ben), n. [AS. ben.] A prayer; 
boon. Archaic. 

be-neath' (be-neth'; -nefch'\ adv. [AS. 
beneoSan, benySan ; be- + neoSan, 
nySan, downward, beneath.] 1. In or 
to a lower place than some other place ; 

below. 2. Specif. : a On earth ; below. ^~ 

Obs. or Archaic, b Beneath the earth ; Bend Sinister, 
in hell or Hades. 3. Directly below something : under- 
neath; specif., underground. 4. Lower in rank, dignity, 
quality, or the like. Archaic. 

— prep. Lower than in place, rank, dignity, excellence, 
power, etc. ; below ; hence : unworthy of ; lowering to ; as, 
beneath one's dignity. — Syn. See below. 

ben'e-dic'i-te (beVe-dTs'i-te;-dI'si-te),zn£er7. [L., (imper- 
ative pi.) bless ye.] Bless you ! — an exclamation of desire 
or often of surprise, remonstrance, or the like.— n. [cap.] 
The canticle, in the Book of Common Prayer, beginning : 
"O all ye Works of the Lord, bless ye the Lord ! " 

Ben'e-dick (ben'e-dik), n. [From L. benedictus blessed.] 
1. In Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing," a young 
lord of Padua, a confirmed bachelor, who marries Beatrice, 
after a courtship which is a contest of wit and raillery. 2. 

[1. C.] = BENEDICT. 

ben'e-dict (-dikt), n. [See Benedick.] A married man; 
usually, a man newly married, esp. one long a bachelor. 

Ben'e-dic'tine (-dik'tin), a. Of or pertaining to St. Bene- 
dict or the monks of his order.— n. 1. A member of the 
order of monks (sometimes called Black Monks, from their 
clothing) established by St. Benedict about 529. 2. [I. c] 
A liqueur somewhat like chartreuse. 

ben'e-dic'tion (-dik'shun), n. [L. benedictio. See beni- 
son.] 1. Act of blessing; a blessing ; specif. : a The shor/. 
prayer with which public worship is closed, b R. C. Ch. 
[cap.] The Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, *in 
which the priest blesses the people by silently making the 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice,ll]< old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BENEDICTORY 97 

sign of the cross over them with the monstrance, in which 
the Host has been placed. 2. Happiness ; state of grace. 
— Syn. See blessing. 

ben'e-dic'to-ry (-to-ri), a. Of or expressing benediction. 

Ben'e-dic'tUS (-dik'tus), n. [L., blessed.] 1. a The short 
canticle (Ps. cxviii. 2G ; Matt.xxi. 9) usually following the 
Sanctus in the Roman Catholic Mass. b Its English 
version, "Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the 
Lord," etc. 2. The song of Zacharias at the birth of John 
the Baptist (Luke i. 68), beginning, "Blessed be the Lord 
God of Israel." 3. A musical setting of either of these. 

ben/e-fac'tion (-fak'shun), n. [L. bene/actio, fr. bene- 
facere to do good to one ; bene well + facere to do.] Act 
of benefiting or a benefit conferred, esp. in charity. — Syn. 
Gift, present, donation, gratuity, boon, alms. 

ben/e-fac'tor (-ter), n. [L.] One who confers a benefac- 
tion or benefits. — ben/e-fac'tress (-tres), n. fern. 

be-nef'ic (be-nef'Tk), a. [L. beneficus.] Beneficent. 

ben'e-fice (ben'e-fis), n. [Through F. & LL. fr. L. benefi- 
cus beneficent.] 1. An ecclesiastical living or church pre- 
ferment; esp., a rectory, vicarage, or perpetual curacy. 2. A 
feudal estate in lands ; a fief. — v. t. To endow or invest 
with a benefice. — ben'e-ficed (-fist), p. a. 

be-nef'i-cence (be-nef'i-sens), n. [L. beneficentia, fr. 
beneficus beneficent.] 1. Active goodness, kindness, or 
charity. 2. A beneficent act, gift, or work. 

be-nef'i-cent (-sent), a. Doing good; actively kind. 

be-nef'i-cent-ly, adv. In a beneficent manner. 

ben'e-fi'cial (ben'e-fisb/al), a. 1. Conferring benefits ; ad- 
vantageous. 2. Receiving benefit ; as, the beneficial owner 
of an estate. — ben'e-h'cial-ly, adv. — fi'cial-ness, n. 
Syn. Useful, serviceable, helpful ; lucrative, remunerative, 
advantageous, profitable. — Beneficial, advantageous, 
profitable. Eensficial refers to that which is in general 
productive of good ; advantageous, to that which more 
directly conduces to personal advancement or to some 
special end ; profitable, to that which yields useful or 
lucrative returns. 

ben/e-fi'ci-a-ry (-fish'i-a-ri; -fish'a-n), a. 1. Holding, or 
held as, a benefice ; of or pertaining to the holding of a 
benefice ; holding by feudal tenure ; feudatory. 2. Be- 
stowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts, — n.; pi. -ries 
(-riz ). 1. One Who holds a benefice. 2. One who receives 
anything as a gift ; one who receives a benefit or advantage ; 
specif.: a The person designated to receive the income of a 
trust estate, b The person who is to receive the proceeds or 
benefits accruing under a policy of insurance, an annuity, etc. 

b8n/6-fit (ben'e-fit), n. [F. bienfait, L. benef actum; bene 
well + factum, p.p. of facere to do.] 1. Act of kindness; 
favor ; gift. 2. Whatever promotes prosperity and happi- 
ness ; advantage ; profit. 3. Specif.: a Pecuniary advantage 
or profit, b Pecuniary help in sickness, old age, etc. 4. A 
play, concert, etc., the proceeds of which are given to some 
particular person or purpose. — Syn. Sendee, use, avail. 
benefit of clergy, Law, the privilege, claimed by the me- 
dieval clergy, later by anyone who could read, of demand- 
ing a trial and punishment by an ecclesiastical court (which 
could not inflict the death penalty) when accused of crime 
before a temporal court. — b. society or association, a 
form of association by which life insurance, sick allowances, 
etc., are secured by means of dues or assessments. 

— v. t. & i. To give, or to receive, benefit ; profit. 

be-nempt', be-nempt'ed. See rename. Archaic. 

be-net r (be-net'), v. t. To cover or catch with a net ; insnare. 

be-nev'o-lence (be-nev'o-lcns), n. 1. Quality of being be- 
nevolent ; disposition to do good ; charitableness. 2. An 
act of kindness ; good done. 3. Eng. Hist. A compulsory 
contribution or tax levied by pretended prerogative right. 

be-nev'o-Ient (-lent), a. [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well 
+ volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish.] Having a disposi- 
tion to do good; charitable. — Syn. Generous, liberal, mu- 
nificent, philanthropic. — be-nev'O-lent-ly, adv. 

Ben'ga-lese' (ben'gd-leV; -leV), a. Of or pertaining to 
Bengal.— n. sing. & pi. A native of Bengal. 

3en-gal'i (ben-gol^e), a. Of or pertaining to Bengcl.—n. 

1. A native of Bengal. 2. The language spoken in Bengal, 
a Sanskritic dialect of the analytic type. 

ben'ga-line (ber/gd-len), n. A soft, fine, corded fabric of 

silk and wool, resembling poplin. 
be-night' (be-nlt'), v. t. To overtake by, or involve in, 

night or darkness, literally or figuratively. 
be-llight'ed, p. a. i. Overtaken by night or darkness. 

2. Involved in, or due to, ignorance or moral darkness. 
be-nign' (-nin'), a. [From OF., fr. L. benignus; bene well 

-f-root of genus kind.] 1. Kind or gentle in disposition; 
gracious. 2. Showmg kindness, gentleness, etc. ; kindly. 3. 
Of a mildkind ;a.s,a.benignt\imoT. — Syn. SeeBENiGNANT. 

be-nig'nan-cy (be-mg'nan-sl), n. Benignant quality or 
state; kindliness. 

be-nig'nant (-nant), a. [Deriv. of L. benignus. See be- 
nign.] Kindly (to inferiors or dependents) ; gracious. 
Syn. Kind, propitious, genial, salubrious, salutary, favor- 



BENZOIN 

able, benign. — Benignant, benign. Benignant is of tener 
used of persons ; benign, chiefly of influences or aspects. 

be-nig'nant-ly, adv. In a benignant manner. 

be-nig'ni-ty ( be-nlg'nl-tl ), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being benign. 2. A kind deed ; a favor. 

be-nign'ly (be-nln'li), adv. In a benign manner. 

ben/i-son (ben'i-z'n; -s'n), n. [From OF., fr. L. benedic- 
tio, fr. benedicere to bless ; bene (adv. of bonus good) -+• 
dicere to say.] Blessing ; benediction. 

Ben'ja-min (ben'jd-min), n. [Heb. Binyamxn] Bib. 
Jacob's youngest son (Gen. xxxv. IS), or the tribe de- 
scended from him. 

ben'ja-min, n. [Corrupt, of benjoin, earlier form of ben- 
zoin.'] Gum benzoin. See benzoin, 1. 

benjamin bush. The spicebush. See benzoin, 2. 

ben'ne (ben'e), n. [Malay bijen.] The sesame (Sesamum 
indicum), from the seeds of which benne oil is expressed. 

ben/net (ben'et ; 24), n. [F. benotte (OF. beneeite), fr. L. 
benedicta, fern, of benedictus, p. p., blessed.] The yellow 
avens of Europe (Geum urbanum) ; also, either of two 
American species (G. virginianum and G. canadense). 

bent (bent), pret. & p. p. of bend. Hence : p. a. 1. Changed 
by bending ; crooked ; as, a bent pin. 2. Strongly inclined 
toward something ; resolved ; determined ; bound ; set ; as, 
he is bent on mischief. 

bent, n. [See bend.] 1. Turn or inclination in a particular 
direction ; tendency ; course. 2. A leaning or bias ; ten- 
dency of mind. 3. Tension; energy; impetus. Archaic. 
4. Power of endurance; capacity; — in the phrase to the 
top of one's bent, or the like. 

Syn. Turn, inclination, tendency, disposition, predisposi- 
tion, prepossession, penchant, prejudice, bias, proclivity, 
propensity, proneness. — Bent, bias, proclivity, propen- 
sity, proneness agree in the idea of a strong, often innate, 
tendency or disposition. Bent, the widest term, denotes a 
fixed tendency of the mind; bias applies particularly to the 
judgment, through which it is regarded as acting with per- 
manent force on the character ; as, a bent toward mathemat- 
ics ; the bias of class prejudice. Proclivity denotes a ten- 
dency of more compelling force than bent; propensity 
implies also fondness or appetite. Proneness suggests evil 
tendency. 

bent, n. [AS. beonet.] 1. Also bent grass. Any of 
numerous stiff, wiry grasses. 2. The seeding stalk or head 
of the plantain (Plantago major and P. lanceolata). Eng. 
3. Any field or broken ground ; uninclosed pasture ; a 
moor ; a heath. Obs. or Archaic. 

ben'thal (ben'thal), a. [See benthos.] Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the benthos, or bottom of the sea. • 

Ben'tham-isni (ben'thanwz'm), n Utilitarianism as 
taught by Jeremy Bentham, in which themoralityof actions 
is estimated by their utility. "The greatest happiness of 
the greatest number" was Bentham's criterion of moral 
goodness. — Ben'tham-ite (ben'tham-It), n. 

ben'thes (-thos), n. [XL., fr. Gr. Qkvdos depth of the sea.] 
The bottom of the sea, esp. of the deeper ocean zones; 
hence, Biol., the fauna and flora of the sea bottom ; — op- 
posed to plankton. — ben-thon'ic (ben-thon'Ik), a. 

bent'y (ben'ti), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
bent, or coarse grass stalk. 2. Abounding in bents. 

be-numb' (be-num'), v. t. [AS. beniman; be- -\-niman to 
take. See numb, a.] To deprive of sensation or sensibility, 
as by cold ; deaden. 

ben-zal'de-hyde (ben-zal'de-hld), n. [oenzene + alde- 
hyde.] Chem. Benzoic aldehyde. 

ben'zene (ben'zen; ben-zen'), n. [From benzoin.] Chem. 
A volatile, inflammable, colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, 
CsHg, of ethereal odor, used as an illuminant, as a solvent 
for fats and resins, as a material in making dyes, etc. 

benzene nucleus or ring. Chem. A ring of six carbon 
atoms believed to exist in all the so-called j-| 

"aromatic" compounds. The six atoms are 
united in some way, not well understood. In h 
benzene, six hydrogen atoms are attached to 
the ring (see Illust.) ; substitution of one orH 
more of these by other atoms or groups gives 
the various benzene derivatives. 

ben'zi-dine (ben'zi-din ; -d~2n),n. [FromEEN- 
zrNE.] Chem. A basic substance, (CelisXHsh, 
got from nitrobenzene, and crystallizing in 
silvery scales, used in making dyes. 

ben'zine (ben'zm; -zen), n. 1. A volatile inflammable 
liquid derived from petroleum and used in cleaning, dyeing, 
painting, etc. 2. An inflammable liquid distilled from coal 
tar, used as a solvent for fats, resins, etc. 
KiPBoth liquids are mixtures of hydrocarbons.^ 

ben'zo-ate (-zo-at), n. A salt or ester of benzoic acid. 

ben-ZO'ic(ben-zo'Tk), a. Pert, to, or derived from, benzoin. 

benzoic acid, CeH5-C02H, an acid occurring in benzoin, 

but commercially prepared from toluene. 

ben'ZO-in (ben'zo-in; -zoin), n. [From Ar. luban-jawx 

incense from Sumatra (named Java in Arabic).] 1. A 



H 



C-H 

I 
C-H 



Benzene Nu- 
cleus 
(Kekule's 
Formula). 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = en in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, y Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BENZOL 



98 



BESPOKE 



balsamic resin obtained from a tree (Styrax benzoin) of 
Malacca, Sumatra, and Java. It is used as a stimulant and 
as a perfume. Called also gum benzoin, benjamin, and 
gum benjamin. 2. Any plant of a small genus (Benzoin) of 
aromatic lauraceous shrubs or, rarely, trees, native of east- 
ern North America and eastern Asia. One (B. benzoin) 
is known as the spicebush, spicewood, or benjamin bush. 
ben'zol (ben'zol; ben'zol), n. Also -zole. Chem. A mix- 
ture of hydrocarbons obtained in refining coal tar. 
ben'zo-phe'none (-zo-fe'non),n. [benzene- + phenol -f-lst 
-one.'] Chem. A crystalline ketone, CeHsCOCeHs, pro- 
duced by distillation of calcium benzoate and in other ways. 

ben'ZO-yl (ben'zo-il), n. Chem. A univalent radical, C6H5- 
CO, known only in combination, as in benzoic acid, C6H5- 
CO-OH. 

Be'O-wulf (ba'6-woolf), n. A prince and, later, king who is 
the hero of an Anglo-Saxon epic. He slays a man-eating 
monster and overcomes a dragon which guards a treasure. 

be-paint' (be-pant'), v. t. To bedaub with paint. 

be-queath' (-kweth'), v. t. [AS. becweSan to say, be- 
queath ; be- + cweSan to say.] 1. To give or leave by will. 
Some restrict bequeath and bequest to personalty, devise 
to realty. 2. To hand down ; transmit. 3. To give ; offer. 
Archaic. 

be-quest'(-kwe'st'),TO. [ME.biquest, corrupted ir.biquide; 
be- + AS. cwide a saying, fr. cweSan to say.] Act of be- 
queathing ;_ also, that which is left by will. 

be-rate' (-rat'), v. t.; -rat/ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. To rate 
or chide vehemently ; scold. — Syn. See reprove. 

Ber'ber (bur'ber), n. A Hamite of northern Africa west of 
Tripoli. 

ber/ber-ine (bur'ber-in ; -en), n. Also -in. [From Berberis, 
generic name of the barberry.] Chem. An alkaloid, 
C20H17O4N, used in medicine as a tonic and antiperiodic. 

|]ber/ceuse' (ber'suz'), n.; pi. berceuses (F. -suz'). [F.] 
Music. A cradle song. 

be-reave' (be-rev'), v. t.; -reaved' (-revd'), -reft' (-reft'); 
-reav'ing. [AS. bereafian.] 1. To deprive; dispossess; 
— used with of before the person or thing taken away. 2. 
To take away (from). Obs. — Syn. Dispossess, divest. 
f2^ Bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. 
We say : bereaved, or less usually bereft, of a relative by 
death ; bereft of hope and strength. 

be-reave'ment (-ment), n. State or fact of being bereaved. 

Ber'e-ni'ce's Hair or Locks (ber'e-nl'sez). Astron. = 
Coma Berenices. 

berg (burg), n. A great mass of ice. Short for iceberg. 

bsr'ga-mot (bur'gd-mot), n. [From F., fr. It, prob. fr. 
Turk, beg-armudi, lit., prince's pear.] 1. A fine juicy vari- 
ety of pear. 2. A variety of orange {Citrus aurantium ber- 
gamia) whose rind yields an essential oil used in perfumery ; 
also, the essence from this. 3. Any of several mints. 

[i berg'schrund' (berK'shroont'), n. [G., _ lit., mountain 
gap.] Phys. Geog. The crevasse or series of crevasses, 
usually deep and often broad, frequently occurring near 
the head of a mo^tain glacier, about where the neve 
field joins the valle. portion of the glacier. 

Berg'son-ism (berg'swn-iz'm), n. The philosophy of Henri 
Bergson (1859- ), a professor of the College de France. 
Bergson conceives the world as a process of "creative evo- 
lution" in which the novelty of the successive phenomena, 
rather than the constancy of natural law, is the significant 
fact. — Berg-so'ni-an (berg-so'ni-dn), n. & a. 

ber'i-ber/i (ber'i-ber'i), n. [Singhalese beri weakness.] 
An acute disease, chiefly of India and Ceylon, marked by 
inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great 
muscular debility, painful rigidity, and cachexy — ber/i- 
ber'ic ( :k), a. 

be-rime^ be-rhyme' (be-rTm'), v. t. To mention in rime 
or verse ; to rime about ; — often depreciatory. 

ber'lin' (bur'lm'; bur'lm), n. 1. A four-wheeled carriage 
with a separate sheltered seat behind the body, invented 
in the 17th century in Berlin. 2. Short for Berlin wool, 
fine worsted for fancywork. 

berm Uburm), n. [F. berme. ] A narrow shelf, path, or 

bermej edge, as along a bank ; a bench. 

Ber'nar-dine (bur'ndr-dln), a. Of or pertaining to St. 
Bernard of Clairvaux, or the branch of Cistercian monks 
instituted (1115) by him. — n. A Bernardine monk. 

ber'ni-cle (bur'nl-k'l), n., or bernicle goose. A large Euro- 
pean wild goose (Branta leucopsis), breeding in., the far 
north. 

ber-ret'ta (be-ret'd), n. Var. of biretta. 

ber'ry (ber'i), n.; pi. -ries (-iz). [AS. berie, berige.] 
1. In general, any pulpy fruit of small size, irrespective of 
its structure, as the strawberry, raspberry, checkerberry, 
hagberry, hip of the rose," etc. 2. Bot. Any simple fruit 
having a pulpy or fleshy pericarp, as the currant, grape, 
cranberry, or banana. See prutt, Illust. 3. The dry seed 
or kernel of certain plants ; as, the coffee berry. 4. One of 
the eggs of a fish or lobster. 



ber'ry, v. i. ; -rted (-Id) ; -ry-ing. 1. To produce berries. 
2. To gather berries. 

ber-seem' (bur-sem'), n. [Ar. bershim clover.] A succu« 
lent Egyptian clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum ), exten- 
sively cultivated as a forage plant and soil-renewing crop. 

ber'serk (bur'surk) In. [ Icel. berserkr.] In Norse folklore, 

ber'serk-er (-er) J one of a class of wild warriors or 
champions of the heathen age, supposed to assume animal 
shapes, as of the bear and wolf, and then to be seized with 
frenzy and to be invulnerable to fire and iron. 

berth (burth), n. [From root^ of bear to produce.] 1. 
Naut. a Sufficient room in which to maneuver under way 
or to swing at anchor ; — esp. in phrases ; as, to give a wide 
berth to. b The place where a ship lies at anchor or at a 
wharf ._ 2. An allotted place ; appointment ; situation. 3. A 
place in a ship to sleep in; a long boxlike sleeping place 
on the side of a ship's cabin, a stateroom, or a railroad car. 

—v. t. To give a berth to. 

ber'tha (bur'thd), n. [From Bertha, proper name, deriv. 
fr. OHG.] A kind of cape or Collar, sometimes of lace. 

Ber'tillon' sys'tem (ber'te'yoN'). [After Alphonse Ber- 
tillon (1853-1914), French anthropologist.] A system for 
the identification of persons by a physical description based 
upon anthropometric measurements, notes of markings, 
deformities, color, impression of thumb lines, etc. 

ber'yl (ber'il), n. [F. beryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. /3i7- 
pvWos.] A mineral or gem of which the aquamarine and 
emerald are varieties. It is a silicate of beryllium and alu- 
minium, Be3 Al2(Si03)e. — ber'yl-line (-i-lin),o. 

be-ryl'li-um (be-nl'i-tim), n. [NL., fr. beryl] A rare 
metallic element, occurring only combined. Symbol, Be; 
at. wt., 9.1. 

be-seecn' (be-sech'), v. t.; pret. & p. p. -sought' (-sSt'), 
Obs. or R. -seeched' (-secht') ; p. pr. & vb. n. -seecb/ing. 
[ME. bisechen, biseken; be- + sechen, seken, to seek.] 

1. To ask or entreat with urgency ; supplicate. 2. To ask 
earnestly for; beg. — Syn. See beg. — be-seech'er, n. — 

be-seech'ing, p. a. — ing-ly, adv. — ing-ness, n. 

be-seem' (-sem'), v. i. To seem (well, ill, etc.) for (one) ; 
hence : to befit ; become ; — used with an object construed 
as a dative ; as, it ill beseems you to go thus. 

be-seen' (-sen'), p. a. Archaic or Obs. 1. Seen ; appearing. 

2. Decked ; adorned ; clad. 3. Accomplished ; versed. 
be-set' (-set'), v. t.; pret. & p. p. -set'; p. pr. & vb. n. 

-set'ting. [AS. besettan; 6e--f- settan to set.] 1. To 
stud with prominences. 2. To set upon on all sides; 
perplex ; harass. 3. To hem in ; surround. — Syn. Inclose, 
besiege, encircle, encompass. — be-set'ment, n. 

be-show' (be-sho'), n. A food fish ( Anoplopoma fimbria) 
related to the scorpaenoids of the North Pacific. 

be-shrew' (-shroo'), v. t. To curse; call down evil upon; 

— now used only in imprecations or playfully. Archaic. 
be-side' (-sld'), adv. [be- by + side.] = besides, adv. 

— prep. 1. At or by the side of ; near by ; hence, compared 
with. 2. Over and above. = besides, prep., 2. 3. To one 
side of ; by; aside from. 06s., except in certain figurative 
uses; as, beside the question. 

Syn. Beside, besides. In present usage, beside is used, 

with rare exceptions, as a preposition only. Besides is 

also used as a preposition, but chiefly as an adverb. 

beside one's self, out of one's senses; crazy. — b. the 

mark, aside from the point aimed at ; irrelevant ; as, his 

question was beside the mark. 
be-sides' (be-sldz'), adv. Over and above; in addition; 

moreover (moreover being more formal and emphatic) ; 

else. — prep. 1. At or by the side of. = beside, prep., 1. 

2. Over and above; in addition to; other than. 
be-siege' (-sej'), v. t. To beset with arjned forces ; lay siege 

to ; beleaguer. — Syn. Environ, invest, encompass. — 

be-sieg'er (-sej'er), n. 
be-slob'ber (-slob'er), v. t. To befoul with slobber. 
be-smear' (-smer'), v. t. To smear, esp. generally or largely. 
be-smirch' (be-smurch'), v. t. To smirch or soil. 
be-smoke' (-smok'), v. t. To fill or affect with smoke. 
be-smut' (-smut'),v. t. To blacken or foul with smut or soot. 
be-snow' (be-sno'), v. t. [AS. besniwan; be- + sriiwan 

to snow.] To cover or whiten with or as with snow. 
be'som (be'zum), n. [AS. besma.] 1. A brush of twigs 

for sweeping; a broom. 2. Bot. The broom. 
be-sot' (be-sot'), v. L; -sot'ted (-ed; 24); -sot'ting. To 

make sottish, dull, or stupid; stupefy. 
be-sot'ted, p. a. Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated. 
be-SOUght' (-sot'), pret. & p. p. of beseech. 
be-span'gle (-span'g'l), v. t. To adorn or beset with span- 
gles. 
be-spat'ter (-spat'er), v. t. To spatter all over or greatly. 
be-speak' (-spek'), v. t.; for prin. parts see speak. 1. To 

speak for beforehand ; engage or stipulate for in advance. 

2. To betoken ; indicate, as by appearances. 3. To address. 

Archaic. L __ jJ 

be-spit' (be-spTf), v. t. To daub or soil with spittle. 
be-spoke', pret. & p. p. of bespeak. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, etrn, up, circus, menu; food, toot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BESPOT 



99 



BEULAH 



be-spot' (be-spot'), v. t. To mark with or as with spots. 

be-spread' (-spred'), v. t. To spread or cover over. 

be-sprent' (-sprenf), p. p. [ME. bespreynt, p. p. of oe- 
sprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan._ 
Sprinkled over ; strewed. [largely. 

be-sprin'kle (-spnrj'k'l), v. t. To sprinkle, esp. all over or 

Bes'se-mer Steel (bes'e-mer). Steel made from cast iron 
by burning out carbon and other impurities by a blast of 
air ; —after Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898). 

best (best), a.; used as superl. of good. [AS., contr. fr. 
betest, betst. See better.] 1. Having good qualities in 
the highest degree ; most excellent ; as, the best cloth ; the 
best road. 2. Most productive of good; most advanta- 
geous, serviceable, etc. ; as, the best way to do a thing. 3. 
Most ; largest ; as, he spent the best part of a week here, 
best man, the principal groomsman at a wedding. 

— adv. ; used as superl. of well. 1. In the best way ; to the 
most advantage. 2. In the best or highest degree ; to the 
fullest extent ; most. 

— n. That which is best ; the best part. 

— v. t. To get the better of. Colloq. 

be-stain' (be-stan'), v. t. To stain, esp. greatly or all over. 
be-stead' (be-sted'), v. t.; pret. & p. p. -stead' or -sted'. 

[be- + stead.] 1. To put in a certain situation or condition; 

locate ; — only in p. p. 2. To serve ; assist ; avail, 
bes'tial (bes'chal),a. [F.,fr. L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast.] 

1. Belonging to a beast, or to beasts as a class; animal. 

2. Having the qualities of a beast ; specif. : a Brutish ; 
irrational, b Beastly ; sensual. — Syn. Brutal, carnal, vile, 
low, depraved, filthy. — bes'tial-ly, adv. 

bes-tial'i-ty (bes-chal'i-ti ; bes'chi-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ttes 
(-tiz). State or quality of being bestial; beastly indul- 
gence ; brutality. 

bes'tial-ize (bes'chdl-Tz), v. t. To make bestial ; brutalize. 

bes'ti-a-ry (bes'ti-a-ri),n.; pZ. -ries (-riz). [LL. bestiari- 
um.] A moralizing or allegorical description of beasts. 

be-suck' (be-stTk'), v. t.; for prin. parts'see stick. 1. To 
stick over ; specif., to bedeck. 2. To pierce ; transfix. 

be-Stir' (-stur'), v. t. & i. To stir up ; rouse. 

be-stow' (-sto'), v. t. 1. To deposit ; stow. 2. To quarter ; 
lodge. 3. To give or confer, as in marriage ; — often used 
with on or upon. — Syn. See give. — be-StOW'al (-stom- 
al), n. — be-stow'ment (-mcnt), n. 

be-Strad'dle (-s_trad''l), v. t. To bestride. 

be-strew' (-stroo'), v. t. To strew, esp. generally or in a 
litter or confusedly ; scatter. 

be-Stride' (-strid'), v. t.; for prin. parts see stride. 1. To 
stand or sit astride of ; straddle. 2. To stride over or across. 

be-Strode' (-strod'), pret. & p. p. of bestride. 

be-Strow' (-stro'), v. t. To strow. Var. of bestrew. 

be-stuck' (-stuk'), pret. & p. p. of bestick. 

bet (bet), n. [Prob. from ME. abet abetting.] Something 
staked or pledged, as between two parties, upon the 
outcome of some contest, future event, or other contin- 

! gency ; act of giving such a pledge ; wager. — v. t. & i. ; 

' pret. bet, also bet'ted (-ed ; 24) ; p. pr. & vb. n. bet'- 
ting. To stake on the event of a contingent issue ; wager. 

be'ta (bg*td; ba'td), n. [Gr. /Stjto..] The second letter 
[B, 0] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English 
B. Beta is used variously for classifying, as to designate the 
second in importance, brightness, etc., the second in a 
series, the position of substituting atoms or groups in a 
chemical compound, etc. 

be'ta-ine (be'td-In ; -en), n. Also -in. [From Beta, generic 
name of the beet.] Chem. A sweetish nonpoisonous crys- 
talline base, (CH 3 )3N(OH)CH 2 C0 2 H, found in beet juice 
and other plant substances and in putrefying flesh. 

be-take' (be"-tak'), v. t.; for prin. partssee take. To have 
recourse to ; resort ; go ; — used reflexively ; as, to betake 
one's self to one's heels, that is, to run away. 

be'ta rays (be'td ; ba'td). Physics. Penetrating rays, readily 
deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radio- 
active substances. 

be'tel (be't'l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil vettilei, lit., a mere leaf.] 
A climbing species of pepper {Piper betle). Its leaves are 
chewed, with its nutlike seed (betel nut) , and a little lime 
from burnt sea shells, by East Indian natives. 

Bet'el-geuse'Ubet'el-guz'), n. [F. Betelgeuse.] Astron. 

Bet'el-geux' / A variable star of the first magnitude, near 
one shoulder of Orion ; Alpha (a) Orionis. 

beth'el (beth'el), n. [Heb. beth-el house of God.] 1. A 
hallowed spot or structure; — from Bethel in Palestine. 
Gen. xxviii. 19. 2. A place of worship for seamen. 

Be-thes'da (be-thez'dd), n. 1. Bib. A certain pool at 
Jerusalem. John v. 2. 2. A hallowed place; chapel. 

be-think' (-think'), v. t. ; for prin. parts see think. To call 
to mind ; recall ; think ; consider ; — generally reflexive. — 
Syn. Recollect, remember, reflect. — v. i. To consider ; 
reflect. Archaic. 

Beth'le-hem (beth'le-hem; -em), n. [Heb. beth-lekhem 
house of food.] 1. A town in Judea. 2. = bedlam, 1 & 2. 
be- thought' (be-thot'), pret. & p. p. of bethink. 



be-tide' (-t!d'), v. ».; -tid'ed (-tld'ed) ; -tid'ing (-tiding). 
[ME. bitiden; bi-,be- -f- tiden, fr. AS. txdan to happen, 
txd time.] To befall ; come to pass. 

be-times' (-timz'), adv. [be- (for by) + time; that is, by 
the proper time.] 1. In good season or time; early. 
2. In a short time ; forthwith. — Syn. See early. 

be-to'ken (-to'k'n), v. t. 1. To foreshow by present signs; 
presage. 2. To signify (by some visible object) ; evidence. 
— Syn. Portend, indicate, mark, note. — be-to'ken-er, n. 

be'tol (be'tol; -tol), n. [beta + naphthoZ.] A white crys- 
talline compound, C17H12O3, used as a remedy for rheuma- 
tism and other complaints. 

|| be'ton' (ba/toN'), n. [F. beton concrete, fr. L. bitumen 
bitumen.] Masonry. Concrete made by mixing gravel or 
other material with a mortar of cement and sand. 

bet'o-ny (bet'6-nl), n.; pi. -nles (-niz). [F. betoine, Jr. L. 
betonica, vettonica.] A plant (Betonica officinalis), of 
the mint family, formerly used in medicine. 

be-took' (be-tobk'), pret. of betake. 

be-toss' (-tos' ; 62). To toss violently or much ; agitate. 

be-tray' (-tra'), v. t. [be- + OF. tra'ir betray, L. tradere.] 

1. To deliver to the enemy by treachery or fraud, in viola- 
tion of trust ; as, an officer betrayed the city. 2. To prove 
faithless or treacherous to ; fail or desert in need. 3. To 
lead into error, sin, or danger. 4. To seduce (as under 
promise of marriage) and then abandon. 5. To violate the 
confidence of, as by disclosing a secret. 6. To disclose ; re- 
veal unintentionally ; as, to betray one's ignorance. 7. To 
show or indicate (a thing not obvious).— v. i. To perform 
the act of betraying. — be-tray'er, n. 

be-tray'al ( -tra'dl ), n. Act of betraying ; fact of being be- 
trayed. 

be-troth' (be-troth'; -troth/; 62), v. t. [be- + troth, i.e., 
truth."] 1. To promise to take (in marriage) ; plight one's 
troth to. Archaic. 2. To contract or engage (to anyone) 
for marriage ; affiance ; — esp. of a woman. 

be-troth'al (be-troth'dl; -troth'dl; 62 ), n. Act of betroth- 
ing ; fact of being betrothed ; affiance ; espousal. 

be-troth'ment (-mcnt), n. Betrothal. 

bet'ter (bet'er), n. One who bets, or lays a wager. 

bet'ter, a.; used as compar. of good. [AS. betera, adj., 
and bet, adv.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater 
degree than another ; as, a better house than mine. 2. Pref- 
erable, as in regard to rank, value, fitness, safety ; as, it is 
better to laugh than to cry. 3. Improved in health. 

— adv. ; used as compar. of well. 1. In a superior or more 
excellent mainer. 2. In a higher or greater degree ; more. 

— n. 1. That which is better. 2. A superior, as in merit, 
rank, etc; — usually in pi. 3. Advantage, superiority, or 
victory ; — usually used with of. 

— v. t. 1. To improve in condition, as morally, physically, 
socially. 2. To surpass in excellence; excel. — Syn. Mel- 
iorate, ameliorate, mend, amend, correct, emend, reform, 
advance, promote. See improve. 

bet'ter-ment (-ment), n. 1. A making better; improve- 
ment. 2. Law. An improvement of an estate which ren- 
ders it better than mere repairing would do. 

bet'ter-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being better. 

2. Excess in fineness of gold or silver over the standard. 
bet'tor (bet'er), n. One who bets; a better. 

bet'ty (bet'i ), n. ; pi. -ties (-iz ). [For Elizabeth, proper 
name.] A man who busies himself with womanish affairs. 
Contemptuous. 

bet'u-la'ceous (bet/£-la'shus), a. [L. hetula birch tree.] 
Belonging to a family {Betulacese) of trees and shrubs, the 
birch family, including the birch, alder, and hazel. 

be-tween' (be-twen'), prep. [AS. betweonum; be- by + a 
form fr. AS. two, two.] 1. In the interval (of space or 
time) which separates; betwixt; as, a lot between two 
houses ; between nine and ten o'clock. 2. From one to 
another of; as, no word passed between them. 3. In com- 
mon to ; by the united action of ; as, they killed six brace 
between them. 4. In connection with the mutual or recip- 
rocal action or interaction of; affecting the mutual or 
reciprocal relation of ; as, a struggle between authority and 
liberty. 5. In point of comparison of ; as, to choose between 
courses. 

Syn. Between, among. Between, in its literal sense, 
applies to only two objects. When used of more than two 
objects, it brings them individually into the relation ex- 
pressed ; as, the three survivors had but one pair of shoes 
between them. Among always implies more than two ob- 
jects ; as, among the survivors were two children. 

— adv. In an intermediate position or relation in space or 
time ; in the interval ; at intervals. 

be-twixt' (-twikst'), prep. & adv. [AS. betweox, beiweohs, 
betweoh; be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two.] Between. 

Beu'lah (bu'ld), n. [Heb. be'ulah married.] 1. Israel ; — 
allegorically so called. Isaiah lxii. 4. 2. In Bunyan's" Pil- 
grim's Progress," a land of peace and quiet where pilgrims 
await their summons to cross the river of Death. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. 



in Gujde to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



M 



BEURRfi 



100 



BIBLIOPOLIST 




Bevel, 2. 
Having the slant of a bevel ; slant- 



D beur're' (bil'ra'), n. [F., fr. beurre butter.] Bot. A pear 

having soft and melting flesh ; — used with a distinguishing 

word ; as, Beurre d'Anjou ; Beurre Clairgeau. 
bev'el (beVel), n. 1. The angle which one surface or line 

makes with another when not at right 

angles. 2. An instrument for drawing 

angles or for adjusting the surfaces of 

work to a given inclination ; — called 

also a bevel square, —v. L; -ELED(-eld) (c 

Or -ELLED J -EL-ING or -EL-LING. To CUt 

or shape to a bevel angle.— v. i. To 
incline; slant.— a. 
ing; oblique. 

bev'er-age (bev'er-aj), n. [OF. bevrage,ix. beivre to drink, 
L. bibere.] Liquid for drinking; drink. ^ 

bev'y (bev'i), n. ; pi. bevies (-iz). A company ; assembly, — 
of girls or ladies, quails, larks, roes. — Syn. See flock. 

be-wail' (be-wal'), v. t. & i. To express deep sorrow for ; la- 
ment ; bemoan. — Syn. See deplore. — be-wail'er, n. 

be- ware' (be-war'), v. i.; ( as an inflected verb) -wared' 
(-ward'); -war'ing (-war'ing). [be, imperative of verb 
be -{-ware, a.] To be on one's guard; to take care; — 
commonly used with of or lest. — v. t. To take care of ; 
have a care for ; avoid. 

be-weep' (-wep'), v. t. & i.; pret. & p. p. be- wept/ (-wept'). 
[AS. bewepan. See be- ; weep.] To weep over; deplore; 
bedew with tears. — be-weep'er, n. 

be-wil'der (be-wil'der), v. t. [be- + wilder."] 1. To cause to 
lose one's bearings ; as, bewildered in a forest. Archaic. 
2. To confuse, as by a multiplicity of details; also, to 
daze, as by a blaze of light ; dumf ound. — Syn. To perplex, 
confound, mystify. See puzzle. 

be-wil'dered (-derd).p.a. Lost and perplexed ; hence: con- 
fused ; dazed ; also, mazy ; bewildering. dered-ly, adv. 

be-wil'der-ing, p. a. Confusing ; perplexing. 

be-wil'dei'-ment (-der-ment), n. State or fact of being 
bewildered ; also, a bewildering tangle or confusion. 

be-witch'(-wich'),v. 1. 1. To affect (esp. to injure) by witch- 
craft or sorcery. 2. To charm; fascinate. — Syn. Enchant, 
charm, entice. See captivate. — be-witch'er (-er), n. — 
-witch'er-y (-wich'er-i), n. witch'ment (-ment), n. 

be-witch'ing, p. a. Fascinating ; enchanting. 

be-wray' (-ra'), v. t. [be- + AS. wregan to acouse, betray.] 
To betray; expose; divulge. Obs. or Archaic. 

bey (ba), n. [Turk, beg.] A governor of a district in the 
Turkish dominions; also, a title of courtesy. 

bey'lic, bey'lik (-lik), n. The jurisdiction of a bey. 

be-yond' (be-yond'), adv. [AS. begeondan, prep, and 
adv.; be- -f- geond yond, yonder.] Farther away; at a 
distance; yonder. — prep. 1. Of space or time : On or to 
the farther side of ; farther on or away than. 2. Out of 
the reach or sphere of ; as, beyond medical aid. 3. Above, 
as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind; as, 
beyond expectation.— n. That which is on the farther 
side or beyond, esp. beyond the present life. 

bez'ant (bez'ant ; be-zant'), n. [F. besant, fr. LL. Byzan- 

f tins Byzantine.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium, or Con- 
stantinople, circulated in Europe from the 6th to the 15th 
or 16th century, varying in value between the English sover- 
eign and half sovereign. Also, a silver coin of this period. 
2. Arch. A disk used in ornament. 

bez'-ant'ler (bez'ant'ler ; baz'-), n. [L. bis twice (through 
OF. bes-) -f- E. antler.'] The second branch of a stag's 
horn ; the bay-antler. See antler. 

bez'el (bez'el), n. [From an old form of F. biseau sloping 
edge.] 1. A sloping edge or face, esp. on a cutting tool. 
2. Jewelry, a The oblique side or face of a cut gem; 
specif., the upper part of a brilliant projecting from the 
setting, b The part of a setting that holds a gem. C The 
grooved rim or flange in which a watch crystal is set. 

be-zique' (be-zek'), n. [F. besigue.] A kind of ca r d game. 

be'zoar (be'zor), n. [From F., fr. Ar., fr. Per. pad-zahr; 
pad protecting + zo.hr poison.] 1. Antidote. Obs. 2. Any 
of various concretions found chiefly in the alimentary or- 
gans of certain ruminants, and once used as antidotes to 
poison. 

be-zo'ni-an (be-zo'ni-an), n. [It. bisogno, prop., need.] 
A recruit or raw soldier ; hence: a low fellow ; beggar. Obs. 

bhang, bang (bang), n. [Hind, bhang, fr. Skr. bhahga.] 
1. The hemp plant. India. 2. A narcotic and intoxicant 
made in India, etc., of dried hemp leaves and seed capsules. 

bhees'ty, bhees'tie (bes'ti), n. [Per. bihishtl, lit., heav- 
enly.] A water carrier, as to a household. India. 

Bhil (bel), n. One of a low-caste aboriginal race of western 
and central India, skilled in the use of the bow. 

bi- (bl-). [L.] A prefix signifying, in general, two, used 
in forming adjectives denoting : 1. Two, two- . . . ; 
twice . . .; doubly .... 
Examples : biconvex, doubly convex ; bipetalous, having 
two petals, fwo-petaled, etc. ; inpinnate, pinnate with the 
sections or divisions pinnate ; bipinnatifid, etc. 



2. a Occurring or coming every two . . . ; lasting two . . . 
Examples : biennial, occurring or appearing every two 

years, lasting two years; biweekly, occurring or appear- 
ing every two weeks. 

b Occurring or coming twice a,...', — in this sense equiva- 
lent to semi-, which is preferable ; as in biweekly. 

3. Specif. : a Chem. Denoting the presence of two atoms 
or equivalents of the constituent to the name of which bi- 
is prefixed, or that this constituent is present in double the 
proportion of the other component, or in double the 
ordinary proportion ; as in bicarbonate. Bi- and di- are 
sometimes interchangeable, but di- is usually preferred. 
b Anat. Often indicating connection with, or relation to, 
each of two symmetrically paired parts or points (indi- 
cated) ; as, biauricular, bi-iliac, etc. 

bi-an'gu-lar (bl-arj'gu-ldr), a. Having two angles. 

bi-an'nu-al (-an'u-dl), a. Semiannual. See bi-, 2b. 

bi'as (bi'ds), n.; pi. biases (-ez; 24). [F. biais.] 1. A di- 
agonal or slant, esp. across a fabric. 2. Bowls. The peculi- 
arity in construction or shape of a bowl causing it to swerve 
when rolled ; also, the tendency of the bowl to swerve. 3. 
A propensity of the mind ; bent ; inclination. — Syn. Prej- 
udice, partiality. See bent. 

—a. Slanting ; diagonal to the texture or outline ; — applied 
to fabrics. 

—adv. In a slanting manner; obliquely. 

— v. t.; -ased or -assed (bl'dst) ; -as-ing or -as-sing. To 
give a bias to ; incline ; influence ; prejudice. 

bi'au-ric'u-lar (bl'o-rik'u-ldr), a. Anat. a Having two 
auricles, b Of or pert, to the two auditory openings ; as, 
the biauricular diameter of the skull. 

bi'au-ric'U-late (-lat), a. Bot. & Anat. Having two auri- 
cles, as a leaf. 

bi-ax'i-al (bl-ak'sT-al), a. Optics. Having two axes; as, 
biaxial polarization. — bi-ax'i-al-ly, adv. 

bib (bib), v. t. & i.; bibbed (bibd) ; bib'bing. [L. bibere.] 
To drink; sip; tipple. Obs. or Dial.— n. [The bib receives 
what the child slavers.] 1. A small protective piece of 
cloth worn over the breast, esp. by children. 2. An arctic 
fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod. 3. A bibcock. 

bi-ba'ci0US (bi-ba'shus), a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere 
to drink.] Addicted to drinking. bac'i-ty (-bas'T-tT), n. 

bibb (bib), n. 1. Naut. A side piece bolted to the hounds 
of a mast to support the trestletrees. 2. A bibcock. 

bib'ber (bib'er), n. A tippler; — chiefly in composition. 

bib'ble-bab'ble (bib''l-bab"l), n. _ Idle talk ; babble. 

bib'COCk 7 (-kok'), n. A faucet having a bent-down nozzle. 

II bi'be-lot' (be'blo' ; bTb'lo), n. ; pi. -lots (be'bloz' ; bTb'- 
loz; F. be'blo'). [F.] A small decorative article of virtu. 

Bi'ble (bl'b'l), n. [F., fr L. biblia, pi., fr. Gr. /3t/3X(a, pi. 
of l$iS5\lov, dim. of /3t'j9Xos book, prop., Egyptian papy- 
rus.] 1. The Book, by way of eminence ; i. e., the book of 
writings accepted by Christians as inspired by God and of 
divine authority; the Scriptures. 2. A book containing 
the sacred writings of any religion. 3. [Z. c] A book 
looked upon as authoritative. 

Bib'li-cal (bib'li-kol), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, 
or in accord with, the Bible. — Bib'li-cal-ly, adv. 

Bib'li-cist (bib'li-sist), n. One versed in, or who adheres 
to, the letter, or literal teachings, of the Bible. 

bib'li-O- (-S-). A combining form from Greek @if3\[ov, book. 

bib'li-O-clasm (-klaz'm), n. [biblio- + Gr. KXavto break.] 
Destruction or mutilation of books, esp. the Bible. 

bib'li-O-clast (-klast), n. One given to biblioclasm. 

bib'li-o-graph' (-6-grafO, n. A bibliographer. 

bib'li-Og'ra-pher (-li-og'rd-fer), n. [Gr. /3i/3\io7pd<£os ; 
/St/SXt'o^ book + ypa<f>eiv to write.] One who writes, or is 
versed in, bibliography. 

bibli-og'ra-phy (-fi), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). 1. The history 
or description of books and manuscripts. 2. A list of 
books relating to a given subject or author. — bib'li-O- 
graph'ic (-o-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

bib'li-Ol'a-try (-ol'd-tn), n. Book worship, esp. of the 
Bible. — bib'li-ol'a-ter (ter), -ol'a-trist, n. 

bibli-ol'o-gy (biVli-ol'o-ji), n. Bibliography. — bib'li-O- 
log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kal), a. 

bib'li-O-man'cy (-6-man'sT), n. Divination by books, esp. 
by passages of Scripture. ' 

bibli-O-ma'ni-a (-ma'ni-d), n. A mania for acquiring 
books. — bib'li-o-ma'ni-act-ak^w.cfe a. — ma-ni'a-cal, a. 

bib'li-Op'e-gy (-op'e-ji), n. [biblio- + Gr. ir-qyvvvai to 
make fast.] Art of binding books. 

bib'li-o-phile (bib'li-S-fll ; -fil), or -phil(-fil), n. [biblio- 
+ Gr. 4>l\os friend.] A lover of books. 

bib'li-oph'i-lism (-of'i-lTz'm), n. Love of books. — bib'- 
li-oph'i-list (-list), n. — bib'li-oph'i-lis'tic (-lis'tik), o. 

bib'li-o-pole' (bib'li-o-polO, n. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. 
/3i/8Xioj' book + •ttwXtjs seller.] One who sells books, esp. 
rare ones.— bib'li-O-pol'ic (-pol'ik),bib / li-0-pol'i-cal,a. 

bib'li-op'o-lism (-op'6-liz'm), n. The trade or art of sell- 
ing books. — bibli-op'o-Ust, n. 



ale, senate, care» am, occounfc, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd. soft, connect; 
use, iiftfte, ttrn, tip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BD3LI0THEC 



101 



BIG-ENDIANS 



bibli-O-thec (biVli-6-thek;-oth'ek), n. [See bibliotheca.] 

A library or librarian. 
bibli-O-the'ca (-the'kd), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. PtfXlov book 

+ Orjict] case, box.] A library. the'cal (-the'kdl), a. 

Bib'llSt (bib'llst; bl'bllst), n. 1. One who makes the 

Bible the sole rule of faith. 2. A Biblicist. 
bib'u-lous (bib'u-lus), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink.] 

1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy. 2. Inclined 
to drink ; addicted to tippling. — bib'u-lous-ly, adv. 

bi-cam'er-al (bi-kam'er-al), a. [bi- + camera.'} Of or 
including two chambers, or legislative branches. 

bi-cap'SU-lar (-kap'su-ldr), a. Bot. Having two capsules. 

bi-car'bon-ate (-kar'bon-at), n. A carbonate containing 
two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base (as sodi- 
um). Bicarbonate of soda is a white, crystalline sub- 
stance, commonly called cooking soda, salerafus, etc. 

bi-car'i-nate _(-kar'i-nat), a. Having two carinate, or 
keel-like, projections, as the upper palea of grasses. 

bice (bis), n. [F. bis dark gray.] Paint. A kind of blue 
or green pigment. 

bi-cen'te-na-ry (bl-sen'te-na-ri), a. Of or pertaining to 
two hundred, esp._200 years. — n. = bicentenxlal, n. 

bi'cen-ten'ni-al (bl'sen-ten'i-dl), a. 1. Consisting of 200 
years. 2. Occurring every 200 years, — n. The 200th year 
or anniversary, or its celebration. 

bi-ceph'a-lous (bl-sef'd-lus), a. [bi- + Gr. Ke<j>ak-q head.] 
Having two heads. 

bi'ceps (bl'seps), n. [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput 
head.] Anat. A muscle having two heads or origins ; esp., 
the large flexor muscle of the front of the upper arm. 

bi-chlo'ride (bi-klo'rid; -rid),n. SeeBi-, 3. Specif. : Mer- 
curic chloride, a strongly corrosive and antiseptic substance 
often called corrosive sublimate. 

bi-chro'mate (-kro'mat), n. Chem. A dichromate ; specif., 
potassium dichromate. 

bi-cip'i-tal (-sip'i-tal), a. [L. biceps, bicipitis. See bi- 
ceps.] Anat. a Having two_ heads or origins, as certain 
muscles, b Pertaining to a biceps muscle. 

bick'er (bik'er), v. i. 1. To contend petulantly; wrangle. 

2. To move quickly and unsteadily, as a flame or light; 
quiver.— n. Contention; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. 

bick'ern (-em), n. [F. bigorne. See bicorn.] A kind of 
anvil. See beakiron. 

bi'col'or, bi'coFour (bi'kuFer) 1 a. [L. bicolor; bi- + co- 

bi'col'ored, bi'col'oured (-erd) J lor color.] Of two colors. 

bi-con'cave (bi-kon'kav), a. Concave on both sides. 

bi-con'vex (-veks), a. Convex on both sides. 

bi'corn (bi'korn), a. [L. bicornis; bi- + corny, horn.] 
Two-horned; crescentlike. — bi-cor/nous (bl-kor'mis), a. 

bi-cor'po-ral (bl-kor'po-rdl), a. Having two bodies. 

bi'cron (bi'kron; bik'ron), n. Physics. A unit equal to 
one billionth (.000,000,001) of a meter. Symbol, ay.. 

bi-cus'pid (bl-kiis'pid), a. [SeeBi-, 1; cuspidate,] Hav- 
ing two points, as some teeth.— n. Human Anat. Either 
of the two double-pointed teeth on each side of each jaw. 

bi-cus 'pi-date (-pi-dat), a. Bicuspid. 

bi'cy-cle (bl'si-k'l), n. [bi- + Gr. kvk\os circle, wheel.] 
A light vehicle hav- 
ing two wheels one 
behind the other 
and propelled by 
the feet acting on 
treadles. — v. i.; 
-cled (-k'ld ) ; 
-cling (-klmg). To 
ride a bicycle. — bi'- 
cy-cler (-kler), n. 

bi-cycTic (bl-slk'- 
lik), a. [bi- + cyc- Bicycle. 

lie.'] 1. Consisting of, or arranged in, two cycles, circles, 
or, Bot., whorls. 2. Relating to bicycles. 

bi'cy-clism (bl'si-kliz'm), n. Habit or art of bicycling. 

bi'cy-clist (-kllst), n. One who rides a bicycle ; a bicycler. 

bid (bid), v. t.; pret. bade (bad), bid, 06s. bad; p. p. 
bidden (bid''n), bid ; p. pr. & vb. 71. beo'ding. [From AS. 
biddan, but early confused with AS. beodan to offer, 
command. Bid now has the form of ME. bidden to ask, 
but the meaning of ME. beden to command.] 1. To 

v offer to pay (a certain price, as for a thing put up at auc- 
tion), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done 
under a contract). 2. To order ; command. 3. To invite ; 
request to come. 4, To express or utter, as a wish, a greet- 
ing, etc. 5. To entreat; beg; pray. Obs. or Archaic. — 
Syn. Proffer, tender, propose; direct, charge, enjoin. 
to bid beads, to pray with beads ; distinguish each bead 
by a prayer. Cf. bead, n., 1. 

— v. i. To make a bid. [plan bids fair to succeed. | 
to bid fair, to offer a good prospect ; seem likely ; as, the| 

— n. 1. Act of one who bids something ; an offer. 2. That 
which is bid, or offered ; the amount that is bid. 

bi-darTsa (bl-dar'kd), bi-dar'kee (-ke), n. [Russ. bai- 
darka.~] A portable boat made of stretched skins. Alaska. 




bid'da-ble (bid'd-bl), a. Obedient; docile. _ 

bid'dance (-dns), n. Act of bidding ; invitation; command, 

bid'der (bld'er), n. One who bids. 

bid'ding, n. 1. Act of making bids ; an offer of a price. 2, 
Command ; order. 3. An invitation or summons. 
bidding prayer, a R. C. Ch. The prayer for the souls of 
benefactors said before the sermon, b Angl. Ch. The 
prayer before the sermon with petitions for specified 
objects or classes of persons. 

bid'dy (bid'I), n.; pi. -dies (-iz). A hen or chicken. 

bid'dy, 7i.; pi. , -dies (-iz). [For Bridget, proper name.] 
An Irish serving girl or woman; a maidservant. Colloq. 

bide (bid), v. i.; pret. bode (bod); pret. & p. p. bid'ed 
(bld'ed; 24), p. pr. & vb. n. bid'lxg (bld'Ing). [AS. 
bidan.2 1. To dwell; abide. 2. To continue in a place, 
state, or action; continue to be.— v. t. 1. To wait for; 
— now only in : to bide one's time, that is, to await one's op- 
portunity, etc. 2. To encounter; withstand ; as, to bide the 
storm ; also, to endure ; tolerate; as, I cannot bide liquors. 

bi'dent (bl'dent), n. [L. bidens, -enlis, two-pronged; bi~ 
+ dens tooth.] A two-pronged instrument. 

bi-den'tal (bl-den'tdl), n. [L.] Rom. Antiq. A place 
struck by lightning, which was consecrated to Jupiter 
Fulgur and inclosed by a structure; also, the structure. 

ta-den'tal, bi-den'tate (-tat), a. Two-toothed. 

bi-det' (M-def; be'de'), n. [F.l 1. A small horse, esp. 
for pack or courier service. 2. A form of sitz bath. 

bid r ri, bid'ree (bid r re), n. [Hind, bidri, fr. Bidar, in In- 
dia.] A pewterlike alloy used for making ware inlaid with 
goldor silver; — called also tutenag. Also, the ware. 

Bie'lid (be'lid), n. [From Biela's comet.] Astron. See 
Andromede. 

bi-en'ni-al (bi-enl-dl), a. [L. biennalis, fr. biennium a 
space of two years; bis twice -f- annus year.] 1. Taking 
place once in two years. 2. Continuing or lasting for two 
years. — n. 1. Something which takes place once in 
two years. 2. A biennial plant ; a plant that lasts only two 
years, producing leaves the first year, and fruit and seed 
the second, as the carrot and beet. — bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

bier (ber), n. [AS. b£r, b&re.'] A litter; — now used only 
of the frame on which a corpse is placed, or borne to the 
grave. 

biest'ings. Var. of beestings. 

bi-fa'cial (bl-fa'shdl), a. 1. Having the opposite surfaces 
alike. 2. Having two fronts or faces. 

bi-fa'ri-OUS (bi-fa'ri-2s; 3), a. [L. bifarius; bi- + fari to 
speak.] Twofold ; arranged in two rows. cus-ly, adv. 

biff (bif), n. A blow; a whack. — v. t.; beffed (bift); 
Bnr'rNG. To hit a blow ; whack. Both Slarig, U. S. 

bif'fin (bif'in), 7i. [For beefing, from being red like raw 
beef.] 1. An English variety of apple, often sold after 
being dried in the oven. 2. Hence : Any apple baked and 
flattened into a cake. Eng. 

bi'fid (bi'fid), a. [L. bifidus; bi-. 4- root of findere to 
split.] Split into two equal lobes or parts. — bi'fid-ly, adv. 

bi-fi'lar (bi-fl'lar), a. Two-threaded; involving the use of 
two threads.— n. A bifilar micrometer. — bi-fi'iai-ly, adv. 

bi-flag'el-late (-fiaj'e-lat), a. Having two flagells. 

bi-fo'cal (bi-fo'kcl), a. Having two foci; specif., panto- 
scopic. — 7i. A bifocal glass. 

bi'fold (bi'fold), a. Twofold; double. 

bi-fo'li-ate (bl-fo'li-at), a. Two-leaved. 

bi-fo'li-O-late (-li-o-lat), a. Bot. Having two leaflets. 

bi'forked (bi'forkt), a. Bifurcate. 

bi'form (bi'form), a. Having or combining characteristics 
of two forms, as a satyr. — bi 'formed (-formd), a. 

Bif'rost (bei'rost), n. Plcel. bifrost.'] Norse Myth. The 
rainbow bridge connecting Asgard and the lower world. 

bi-fur'cate (bi-fur'kat) \ a. Two-pronged ; 

bi-for'cat-ed (-kat-ed ; b!'fSr-kat / ed)/ two-forked. 

bi-fur'cate (bi-fir'kat ; bl'ffe-kat), v.i. To divide into two 
branches. — bi'iUT-ca'tion (bl'fur-ka'shSn), n. 

big (big), a.; big'ger (-er) ; big'gest. 1. Strong; valiant. 
Obs. 2. Large in size, bulk, or extent. 3. Pregnant. 
4. Having greatness, fullnc-"3, inflation, or the like. — 
Syn. Bulky, massive, gross. See great. 

big'a-mist (big'd-mist), ;•<-. One who practices bigamy. 

big'a-mous (-mus^a. Guilty of bigamy ; involvingbigamy. 
— big'a-mous-ly. adv. 

big'a-my (-ml), n. [From L. bigamus twice married ; bi- + 
Gr. yafj.o% marriage.] Act of ceremonially marrying one 
person when already legally married to another. 

big'ar-reau 7 (big'd-roO \n. [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarri va- 

big'a-rc-un' (big'd-roon')/ riegated.] A race of cherries 
having r x sweet flavor and firm flesh. 

big'-^nd'i-an (big'en'di-an), a. Pertaining to the big end 
of u.n egg or to the Big-endians ; particular about matters of 
little consequence ; foolish or fatuous, esp. in controversy. 

Big'— end'i-ans, n. pi. In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," 
a religious party (satirizing the English Catholic party) in 
Lilliput. They made it a matter of duty to break their 



G 






H 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in thi* worU, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BIGG 



102 



BILLOW 




Bighorn. " 
(Ovis canadensis) 



eggs at the big end, and were regarded as heretics by the 
Little-endians ( the Protestant party ) and by the law. 

bigg, or big (big), to. [ME. big, bigge, fr. Icel. bygg.] 
The four-rowed variety of barley. Dial. Eng, 

big'ger (-Sr), a., compar. of big, a. 

big'gin (-in), n. Also -gen. [F. beguin.] A child's cap ; 
cap ; nightcap, specif., Eng., the coif of a sergeant at law. 

big'gin, n. A kind of coffeepot in which the coffee is held 
in a percolator, invented about 1800 by one Biggin. 

big'horn' (-horn 7 ), to. The wild sheep (Ovis canadensis) 
of the Rocky Mountains. 

bight (bit), n. [AS. byht, fr. bugan to 

[ bend.] 1. A corner ; bend ; angle, hol- 
low. 2. Geog. A bend or curve, as in 
a river ; specif., a sharp bend in a coast, 
forming an open bay ; also, the bay 
itself. 3. Naut. The double part of a 
rope when bent ; loop. 

big'ly (big'li), adv. [From big, a.] 
1. Violently. Obs. 2. In a swelling, 
blustering manner; haughtily; pom- 
pously. 

big'ness, to. Quality or state of being big. 

big-no'ni-a (big-no'ni-d),TO. [NL. ; after the Abbe Big- 
non.] Bot. Any of a large genus ( Bignonia ) of American, 
mostly tropical, climbing shrubs with showy, somewhat 
tubular flowers. It includes the cross vine. 

big-no'ni-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. [NL. See bignonia.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family (Bignoniacese) of trees, shrubs, and 
(rarely) herbs, having opposite leaves and somewhat irregu- 
lar flowers. It includes the bignonia, catalpa, etc. 

big'ot (big'wt), to. [F. bigot bigot, hypocrite, in OF. a 
name once given to the Normans in France.] One obstinately 
and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, etc. — 
Syn. See enthusiast. 

big'ot-ed (-ed ; 24), a. Obstinately and blindly attached to 
some creed, opinion, practice, ritual, or the like; illiberal 
toward others' opinions. — Syn. Prejudiced, intolerant, 
narrow-minded. — big'ot-ed-ly, adv. 

big'ot-ry (-ri),n.; 2?J.-ries (-riz). State of mind of a bigot ; 
also, acts or beliefs ensuing from such a state. 

big tree. The giant sequoia (Sequoia washingtoniana). 

big'wig 7 (-wig 7 ), to. A person of consequence. Jocose. 

|| bi'jou' (be'zhoo'; be'zhoo ), ».;_ pi. bijoux (-zhod 7 ; 
-zhooz' ; be'-). [F.] An elegant trinket ; jewel. 

Ubi'jou'te-rie' ( be'zhoo't'-re' ; be-zhoo'te-re), to. [F.] 
Bijoux collectively. — bi-jou'try (be-zhoo'tri), n. 

bi'jju-gate (bi'joo-gat; bl-joo'gat), a. [L. bi- + jugatus, 
joined.] Bot. Of a pinnate leaf, having two pairs of 
leaflets. [lips, as a corolla. I 

bi-la'bi-al (bl-la'bT-al), bi-la'bi-ate (-at), a. Having two) 

bila-mel'lar ( bl 7 ld-mel 7 dr ; -lam'e-ldr), bi-lam'el-late 
(-lam'e-lat), -el-lat 7 ed (-lat 7 ed), a. Having two lamellae. 

bi-lam'i-nar (bl-lam'i-ndr), bi-lam'i-nate (-nat), -nat'ed 

(-nat'ed), a. Having two laminae. 
. bil'an-der (bil'dn-der ; bi'ldn-), to. [D. bijlander; bij by 
+ land land.] Naut. A small two-masted merchant ves- 
sel, used only for coasting, or on canals, as in Holland. 

bi-lat'er-al (bl-lat'er-dl), a. Having two sides; affecting 
two sides or two parties. er-al-ly, adv. al-ness, n. 

bil'ber-ry (bil 7 ber-T), to. 1. The European whortleberry 
(V actinium myrtillus). 2. Any similar plant or its fruit. 

bil'bo (bil'bo), to.; pi. -boes (-boz). [From Bilbao, in 
Spain.] 1. A rapier; sword. 2. In pi. An iron fetter 
having shackles sliding on a long bar or bolt. 

bile (bll), n. [L. bilis.] 1. The yellow, or greenish, viscid 
fluid secreted by the liver. 2. Fig., choler; ill humor. 

bile'stone' (bil'ston 7 ), n. A gallstone, or biliary calculus. 

bilge (bilj), to. [Variant of bulge."] 1. The bulge of a 
cask, usually in the middle. 2. Naut. a That part of a 
ship's underwater body extending outward from the keel to 
the part having the sharpest curvature, b The space next 
the keelson of a ship.— v. i. ; bilged (biljd); bilg'ing 
(bil'jing). 1. Naut. To spring a leak in the bilge; to 
rest on the bilge; — said of a vessel. 2. To bulge.— v. t. 
1. Naut. To fracture, or stave in, the bilge or bottom of 
(a vessel). 2. To bulge. 
bilge keel. Shipbuilding. A keel secured for a distance 
along a ship about at the turn of the bilge on either side, 
to check rolling; — called also bilge piece. 
bilge water., Naut. Water that collects in the bilge. 
bilg/y (bil'ji), a. Having the smell of bilge water. 
bil'i-a-ry (bil'i-d-n; -yd-ri), a. [L. bilis bile.] Physiol. 
Of, pert, to, or conveying, bile. — biliary calculus, Med., 
a gallstone ; concretion formed in the gall-bladder or its 
duct. 
bi-Un'e-ar (bT-lTn'e-dr), a. Of, pertaining to, or included 

by, two lines; as, bilinear coordinates. 
bi-lin'gual (-lir/gwdl), a. [L. bilinguis; bi- -{-lingua 
tongue, language.] Containing, consisting of, expressed in, 
or using, two languages. gual-ism, n. gual-ly, adv. 



bil'ious (bYl'yus), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Dis« 
ordered in respect to the bile; dependent on, due to, or 
characterized by, an excess of bile. 2. Choleric ; ill-tem- 
pered. — bil'ious-ly, adv. — bil'ious-ness, n. 

bi-lit'er-al (bl-lit'er-dl), a. Consisting of two letters. — to. 
A word, syllable, or root of two letters. lit'er-al-ism,TO. 

bilk (bilk), v. t. 1. To evade payment of. 2. To frustrate or 
disappoint; deceive; defraud. — n. 1. A cheat; a trick; a 
hoax. 2. An untrustworthy person ; a cheat. 

bill (bil), n. [AS. bile.] 1. The beak, or nib, of a bird. 

2. A similar beak in other animals, as the turtles. — Syn. 
See beak. — v. i. To join bills, as doves ; caress fondly. 

bill, n. [AS. bill, bil.'] 1. A kind of obsolete military 
weapon having a hook-shaped blade. 2. A cutting instru- 
ment with a hook-shaped point, used in pruning, etc. 

3. One who wields a bill ; a billman. 
bill, to. The bell, or boom, of the bittern. 

bill, n. [LL. billa, for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., 
seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. A written document 
(orig. under seal) ; a note. Obs. 2. A document con- 
taining a petition or prayer. 3. A draft of a law presented 
to a legislature for enactment. 4. Law. A declaration in 
writing stating the wrong complained of in an action ; as, 
a bill of complaint ; true bill. The bill in equity includes 
a prayer for relief. 5. A placard, poster, handbill. 6. a 
= bill of exchange, b A promissory note j; — now used 
only, in the United States, of bank notes, treasury notes, 
and silver certificates ; as, a ten-dollar bill. 7. An account 
of goods sold or services rendered with the price or charge. 
8. Any paper containing a statement of particulars; as, 
a bill of fare ; a bill for a font of type. 
bill of exchange, an unconditional written order from 
one person to another to pay to some person designated a 
certain sum therein named. Abbr., BIE. or b.e. — b. of 
lading, an account of goods shipped by any one, signed 
by the agent or owner of the transportation line, thus 
forming a receipt for the goods. Abbr., B / L. or b.l. — b. of 
sale, a written instrument for the transfer of personal 
property. Abbr., B/S. or b. s. 

— v. t. 1. To make a bill, or list, of ; as, to bill goods. 
2. To advertise by bills, or posters; placard with bills. 

bil'la-bong' (bil'd-bong 7 ), to. [Native name.] In Aus- 
tralia, a blind channel leading out from ariver ; — sometimes 
called an anabranch. 

bill/board 7 (bil'bord 7 ), to. Naut. A projection or ledge fixed 
on the bow of a vessel for the anchor to rest on. 

bill'board', to. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on 
which bills are posted ; a bulletin board ; a hoarding. 

bill book. Com. A book in which is kept an account of 
notes, bills of exchange, etc. 

bil'let(bil'et; 24), to. [Dim. of 4th bill] 1. A note; short 
letter. 2. A written order or ticket ; specif., Mil., an official 
requisition upon a person for the lodging of a soldier. 3. 
Quarters or place to which one is assigned, as by a billet ; 
berth ; position ; place. — v.t. 1. Mil. To direct by a billet 
where to lodge ; hence, to quarter. 2. To assign a billet to. 

bil'let, to. [F. billette, fr. bille log, round stick.] 1. A 
small stick of wood, as for firewood. 2. Metal. A bar of 
metal. 3. Arch. A kind of ornament in Norman moldings. 

4. Saddlery, a A strap that enters a buckle, as the ends of 
the reins, b A loop that receives the end of a buckled strap. 

B bil'let-doux'^biFe-doo' ; F. be 7 ye 7 doo'),TO.; pi. billets- 
doux (bil'S-dooz' ; F. be'ye'doo'). [F. billet note + doux 
sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note. 

biU'fish 7 (bil'fish 7 ), to. 1. Any of numerous fishes having 
long slender jaws like a bird's bill, as the saury or the 
marine or fresh-water garfishes. 2. A sailfish or spearfish. 

billhead 7 (-hed 7 ),TO. A printed form of spaced paper, usually 
with a business address or card at the top, used for making 
out bills, or accounts of charges. 

bil'liard (bil'ydrd), n. Billiards. A carom. Colloq., U. S. 

bil'liards (bil'ydrdz), n. [F. billard billiards, OF. billart 
staff, cue, bille log. ] Any of several games played on an 
oblong table, surrounded by an elastic ledge or cushion, 
with balls impelled by a cue. — bil 7 liard-ist, n. 

bil 7 lings-gate 7 (bil 7 ingz-gat 7 ), n. 1. leap.] A fish mar- 
ket, in London, notorious for foul and abusive language, at 
the former city gate called Billingsgate. 2. Coarsely abu- 
sive, foul, or profane language. 

bil'lion (-yjin), n. [F., fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of 
million million.] In French and American numeration, a 
thousand millions (1,000,000,000) ; in English and German 
numeration, a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). 

bil 7 lion-aire' (-ar 7 ), n. One whose wealth is a billion or 
more, as of dollars or francs. 

bil 7 lionth (bil 7 yftnth), a. The ordinal of a billion.— to. 
The billionth part of a unit. [a bill.l 

bill 7 man (bil'mdn), n. A man who uses, or is armed with,| 

bil'lon (bil 7 un), to. [F.] Coinage. An alloy of gold or 
silver with some baser metal; esp., an alloy of silver with 
more than its weight of copper, tin, or the like. 

bil 7 low (bTl'o), to. An undulation of waters ; a wave, esp. 1 



ale, senate, care, am,occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BILLOWY 



103 



BIPINNATISECTED 



one of great size ; fig., an overwhelming flood or great body 
in onward motion. — Syn. See wave. — v. i. To rise and 
roll in waves ; surge. [billows. I 

biFlow-y (-0-1), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling,! 

bill'post / er (bil'pos'terHn. One whose occupation is to 

bill'sUck'er (bil'stik'er) J post handbills or posters in public 
places. — bill'post'ing, bill 'sticking, n. 

bil'ly (bil'i), n. ; -lies (-iz). [For Willie, pet form of Wil- 
liam.'] 1. A bludgeon ; club. 2. A bushman's kettle ; a 
cylindrical tin vessel with separate lid and a wire bail. 
Australia. 

bil'ly-cock' (-kok'), n., or billycock hat. A round, low- 
crowned, soft felt hat ; a wide-awake ; sometimes, a stiff 
felt hat, or bowler. British. 

billy goat. A male goat. Colloq. i[two lobes.l 

bi-lo'bate (bl-lo'bat), bi-lo'bat-ed (-bat-ed ; 24), a. Having! 

bi-loc'U-lar (bi-lok'u-ldr), a. Divided into two cells or com- 
partments. 

bil'sted (bil'sted), n. The sweet gum. U. S. [Africa.] 

bil'tong (bil'tong), n. [S. African D.] Jerked meat. »S.| 

bim'a-nous (bTm'd-nus), a. Zo'ol. Two-handed. 

bi-man'u-al (bi-man'u-al), a. Done with, or requiring the 
use of, both hands. — bi-man'u-al-ly, adv. 

bi-mes'tri-al (-mes'trT-al), a. [L. bimestris ; bi—\-mensis 
month.] Continuing two months ; bimonthly. 

bi'me-tal'lic (bl'me-tal'ik), a. 1. Composed of two met- 
als. 2. Using a double metallic standard (as gold and 
silver) for coins or currency ; of or pert, to bimetallism. 

bi-met'al-lism ( bl-met'al-iz'm ), n. Use of two metals (as 
gold and silver) to form at the same time, in combination, 
the standard of value ; usually, such use under conditions of 
free coinage to either metal with the right of debtors to dis- 
charge their debts at their option in either of the two metals 
at a ratio fixed by law. 

bi-met'al-list (-1st), n. An advocate of bimetallism. 

bi-month'ly (-miinth'li), a. Done or occurring every two 
months ; lasting two months ; rarely, semimonthly, or bi- 
weekly. See bi-, 2 a & b. 

bin (bin), n. [ AS. binn manger, crib. ] A box, frame, crib, 
or inclosed place, used as a receptacle.— v. t.; binned 
(bind) ; bin'ning. To put into a bin ; as, to bin wine. 

bi r na-ry (bl'nd-n), a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, 
two at a time. ] Compounded, consisting of, or character- 
ized by, two things or parts ; as, a binary compound. 
binary star, Astron., a double star whose members revolve 
round their common center of gravity. — b. theory, 
Chem., the theory that all chemical compounds consist of 
two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities. 

bi'nate (blfeiat), a. [L. bini two by two.] Bot. Double ; 
growing in pairs or couples. — bi'nate-ly, adv. 

bind (bind), v. t.; pret. & p. p. bound; p. pr. & vb. n. 
blnd'lng. [AS. bindan, past tense band, bundon, p. p. 
bunden. ] 1. To tie or confine with a cord, band, chain, or 
the like. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force 
or influence of any kind; as, frost binds the streams. 
3. Specif., to cause to cohere ; give consistency to by means 
of an agent, as by an egg in a food mixture. 4. To cover as 
with a bandage; bandage; — often used with up; as, to 
bind up a wound. 5. To make fast (a thing about or upon 
something) by or as by tying. 6. To protect or strengthen 
by a band or binding, often ornamental. 7. To sew or 
fasten together and inclose in a cover, as a pamphlet or 
book. 8. To prevent or restrain from customary or 
natural action ; as, certain drugs bind the bowels. 9. Fig., 
to oblige, restrain, or hold by authority, law, duty, prom- 
ise, vow, affection, or other moral or social tie. 10. Law. 
To place under legal obligation to serve ; indenture ; as, 
to bind an apprentice; — sometimes used with out; as, 
bound out to service. 

to bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to 
appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. 

■— v. i. 1. To perform the act of tying something ; as, to reap 
and bind. 2. To grow stiff ; cohere. 3. To be restrained 
from motion, or from customary action, as by friction ; as, 
the wheel binds. 4. To exert a binding or restraining in- 
fluence. 

— n. 1. That which binds or ties; act of binding; state of 
being bound. 2. Music. A tie, slur, or brace. 

bind'er (bln'der), n. One who binds ; that which binds, as 
a machine, a cord or band, a bondstone, a cement, etc. 

bind'er-y (bln'der-T), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). A place where 
books, etc., are bound ; a bookbinder's establishment. 

bind'ing, n. 1. Act or process of one who, or that which, 
binds. 2. A thing that binds, as the fastening of the sections 
of a book, esp. this fastening with the cover. 

bind'weed' (blnd'wed'), n. Any convolvulus. 

bine (bin), 71. [Var. of bind.] Any twining stem or flexible 
shoot ; specif. : a The stem of the hop. b The woodbine. 
C The bindweed. 

bin'na-cle (bm'd-k'l), n. [For bittacle, through Pg., fr. L. 
habitaculum dwelling place.] Naut. A case, box, or 
stand holding a ship's compass and a lamp for use at night. 



bin'O-Cle (-6-kl), n. [F., fr. L. bini two at a time -f- oculua 
eye.] Optics. A binocular telescope, field glass, etc. 

bin-OC'U-lar (bTn-ok'u-ldr ; bl-nok'-), a. Pertaining to or 
using both eyes at once ; also, adapted to the use of both 
eyes.— n. A binocular glass, as an opera glass. — bin- 
oc'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'I-ti), n. — bin-oc'u-lar-ly, adv. 

bi-no'mi-al (bT-no'mi-dl), a. [6i- + L. nomere name.] 
Consisting of two terms ; pertaining to binomials ; as, a bi- 
nomial equation. — n. 1. Alg. An expression consisting of 
two terms connected by the sign plus [+] or minus [ — ]. 
2. Biol. A name consisting of two terms ; as, Ranunculus 
acris (the tall buttercup) is a binomial. 

bi-nu'cle-ar ( bl-mi'kle-dr ), bi-nu'cle-ate (-at), a. Hav- 
ing two nuclei. 

bi'o-. Combining form from Gr. /Sfos life. 

bi'o-blast (bl'6-blast), n. Biol. See biophore. 

bi-OC'el-late (bl-os'e-lat), o. Having two ocelli. 

bi'o-cliem'is-try (bI'6-kem'is-trT), n. The chemistry of 
living organisms ; biological chemistry. — bi'o-chem'ic 
(-kem'ik), -i-cal (-T-kdl), a. chem'ist, n. 

bi'o-dy-nam'ics _ (bl'6-di-nam'iks ; _ -di-), n. (See -ics.) 
Physiology treating of the active vital phenomena of or- 
ganisms ; — opposed to biostatics. — bi'o-dy-nam'ic (-lk), 
bi'o-dy-nam'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

bi'o-gen (bl'6-j?n), n. Biol. See biophore. 

bi'o-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis)lra. Biol. The doctrine that the 

bi-Og'e-ny (bl-oj'e-nT) / genesis of living organisms can 
take place only through living germs or parents. — bi'o- 
ge-net'ic (bl'6-je-net'ik), a. 

bi'0-ge-Og'ra-phy (-je-6g'rd-fT), n. [bio- + geography."] 
The branch of biology which deals with the geographical dis- 
tribution of animals and plants. It includes both zooge- 
ography and phytogeography. — bi'o-ge'o-graph'ic (-je 7 - 
o-graf'ik), a.— bi'o-ge'o-graph'i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. 

bi'o-graph (bl'o-graf), n. A cinematograph. 

bi-og'ra-pher (bT-og'rd-fer), n. One who writes biography. 

bi'o-graph'ic (bT'o-graf'ik), a. Biographical. 

bi'O-graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to biography. 
— bi'o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

bi-Og'ra-phy (bl-og'rd-fT), n.; pi. -phies (-f!z). [Gr. 0io- 
ypa<t>ta ; /SZos life + yphftiv to write.] 1. The written history 
of a person's life. 2. Biographical writings or composition 
in general. 

bi'o-log'i-cal (bT'o-lojI-kdl), a. Of or relating to biology. 
— bi'o-log'ic (-Yk), a. — bi'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

bi-ol'o-gist (bl-ol'o-jist), n. One versed in biology. 

bi-oPo-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. The science of life ; the branch of 
knowledge which treats of the origin, development, struc- 
ture, functions, distribution, etc., of plants and animals. 

bPo-mag'net-ism (bT'o-mag'net-Tz'm), n. Animal mag- 
netism. mag-net'ic (-mag-net'Tk), a. 

bi-om/e-try (bl-om'e-tri), n. 1. Calculation of the probable 
duration of human life. 2. Biol. The statistical study of 
variation. — bi'o-met'ric (bPo-met'rlk), -ri-cal (-ri-kdl), 
a. — met'ri-cal-ly, adv. 

bi'on (bl'on), n. [Gr. fii&v living.] Biol. The physiologi- 
cal individual. 

bi'o-nom'ics (bT'o-nomTks), n. (See-ics.) [bio- + -nomics 
as in economics.] Ecology. — bPo-nom'ic (-ik), — bi'o- 
nom'i-cal, a. — bi-02v'o-mist (bl-on'6-mist), n. 

bi'o-phore, bi'0-phor Ibi'S-for^^n. Biol. The smallest 
body of matter capable of life ; the hypothetical ultimate 
supramolecular vital unit (Weismann). The biophore 
more or less nearh; answers to bioblast (Altmann), pangen 
(de Vries); plasome (Wiesner), biogen (Verworn). 

bi'o-SCope (-skop), n. 1. A view of life; that which gives 
such a view. 2. A cinematograph. 

bi'o-Stat'ics (-stat'iks), n. (See -ics.) fBiol. The study of 
the structure of organisms in relation to their functions ; — 
opp. to biodynamics. — bi'o-Stat'ic, -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

bi-0'ta (bl-o'td), 71. [NL. See biotic] Biol. The animal 
and plant life of a region. 

bi-Ot'lC (bl-ot'ik), a. [Gr. PiamicSs pert, to life.] Biol. 
Relating to life ; as, the biotic principle. 

bi'0-tite (bl'6-tlt), n. [After J. B. Biot, French physicist.] 
Min. A species of mica, generally black or dark green, 
common in crystalline rocks. It is a silicate of iron, magne- 
sium, potassium, and aluminium. — bi'o-tit'ic (-tit'ik),a. 

bip'a-rous (bip'd-rus), a. Zo'ol. Bringing forth two young 
at a birth. 

bi-par'tite (bT-p'ar'tit), a. 1. Being in two parts ; haying 
two correspondent parts, as a legal writing. 2. Divided 
into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf. 

bPpar-ti'tion (bl'par-tish'un), n. Division into two parts. 

bi'ped (bi'ped), n. [L. bipes; bi- + pes, pedis, foot.] A 
two-footed animal, as man or a fowl. — bi'pe-dal (bl'pe- 
ddl, bip'e-), a. 

bi-pet'al-OUS (bl-pet'51-iis), a. Having two petals. 

bi-pin'nate (bT-pin'at), bi-pin'nat-ed (-at-ed), a., bi'pin- 
nat'i-fid (bI'pT-nat'1-fTd), a., bi'pin-nat'i-par'tite (-paV- 
tlt), a., bi'pin-nat'i-sect (-sSkt), bi'pin-natl-sect'ed, a. 
Doubly pinnate, pinnatifid, etc. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






BIPLANE 



104 



BISULCATED 



bi'plane' (bl'plan'), n. Aeronautics. An aeroplane having 
two supporting planes. — a. Aeronautics. Having, or 
consisting of, two superposed planes, aerocurves, or the 
like ; of or pertaining to a biplane ; as, a biplane rudder. 

bi-po'lar (bi-po'ldr), a. Having two poles; as, a bipolar 
dynamo ; Anat., specif., of cells, running out into a process 
at each end. — bi'po-lar'i-ty (bl'po-lar'i-ti), n. 

Bi'pont (bi'pont), Bi-pon'tine (bl-pon'tin), a. Relating 
to Zweibriicken (Lat. Bipontium), in Bavaria; — said of 
certain editions of the classics, the first printed at Zwei- 
briicken, the last at Strassburg, about 1800. 

bi-quad'rate (bl-kwod'rat), n. Math. The fourth power, 
or the square of the square. — bi'quad-rat'ic (bl'kwod- 
rat'ik), a. & n. [rays. I 

bi-ra'di-ate (-ra'dT-at), -at'ed (-at'ed; 24), a. Having two| 

bi-ra'mous (bl-ra'mus), a. Having, or consisting of, two 
branches. 

birch (burch), n. [AS. birce, bierce, beorc."] 1. Any of a 
genus (Betula) of trees, many of which are valuable for 
timber, and some of which are cultivated for ornament. 
The outer bark of most species consists of soft, mem- 
branous, easily separable layers. 2. The wood or timber of 
the birch. 3. A birch twig or twigs, for flogging. 

— v. t. To whip with a birch. 

birch/en (bur'ch'n), a. Of or relating to birch. 

bird (burd), n. [ME. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, 
AS. bridd.] 1. The young of any 
animal. Obs. or Dial. 2. Any 
member of a class ( Aves) of warm- 
blooded verte- 
brates having the 
body more or less 
completely cov- 
ered with feath- 
ers. 3. Among 
sportsmen, a 
game bird. 4. A 
clay pigeon. 5. A 
person or thing 
of peculiar char- 
acter, as in ex- 
cellence, oddity, 
incapacity, offen- 
siveness, etc. Col' 
loq. or Slang. 
bird of paradise, any of a 
number of very beautiful 
birds of New Guinea and 
adjacent islands, notable 
for their brilliant colors 
and elegant plumes. — b. 
of passage, a migratory 
bird. — b. of prey, Zobl., 
any earn i vorous bird of the 
group chiefly represented 
by the hawks, eagles, and 
vultures (order Raptor es), 
and the owls (Striges, a 




Bird. 1' Forehead ; 2 Crown ; 
3 Occipital Region ; 4 Lore ; 5 
Auricular Region ; 6 Breast ; 
7-8 Abdomen ; 9 Under Tail 
Coverts; 10 Tail; 11 Primaries; 
12 Secondaries ; 13 Upper 
Wing Coverts ; 14 Bastard 
Wing ; 15 Scapulars, 
suborder of Coraciiformes, or, with some, of Raptores). 

— v. i. To catch or shoot birds. 

bird'call' (-kol'), n. The note or cry of a bird, or a sound 
imitating it ; also, an instrument, as a whistle, for imi- 
tating a birdcall. 

bird'lime' (dim'), n. {bird -f- lime viscous substance.] A 
viscid substance smeared on twigs to catch small birds that 
light thereon ; hence, anything that insnares. — v. t. To 
smear with or as with birdlime ; catch with birdlime. 

bird'man 7 (burd'man'), n. An aeronaut ; aviator. Colloq. 

bird's '-eye' (burdz'I'), a. 1. Seen from above, as if by a 
flying bird ; hence, general ; not minute. 2. Marked with 
spots suggesting birds' eyes ; as, bird's-eye maple.— n. Any 
oi various small bright-colored flowers, as a species of prim- 
rose {Primula farinosa), the germander speedwell, etc. 

bird's'— foot', bird'— foot', n. Any of various plants having 
leaves or flowers suggesting the foot of a bird, as a small 
yellow vetch (genus Ornithopus) having bent and jointed 
pods; — chiefly attributive, as in :bird's-foot fern, a small 
European fern (Cheilanthes radiatd) ; bird's-foot trefoil, a 
trefoil (esp. Lotus corniculatus) with clawlike pods ; bird's- 
foot violet {Viola pedata) , which includes the pansy violet. 

bird'wom'an (burd'woom'an), n. An aviatress. Colloq. 

bi'reme (bi'rem), n. [L. biremis; bi- + remus oar.] A 
galley with two banks of oars. 

bi-ret'ta (bi-ret'd), or ber-ret'ta (be-ret/d), n. [From It., 
fr. LL., fr. L. birrus, birrum, a cloak.] A square cap 
sometimes worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic 
Church, and by others. 

Mr 'linn (ber'lin), bir'ling (-ling), n. [Gael. biorlinn.] 
A galley or large rowing vessel used about the Western 
Islands (Hebrides), Scotland. 

birr (bur), n. 1. Force, as of the wind or of an onslaught ; 
onward rush; impetus. 2. Bodily force exerted against 



something; a blow or push. 3. A whirring sound.— v.i.; 
birred (burd); birr'ing. To make, or move with, a whir. 

birth (bflrth), n. 1. Act or fact of coming into life, or of be- 
ing born ; also, act of bringing forth. 2. That which is born 
or produced. 3. Lineage ; descent ; sometimes, noble de- 
scent ; as, a man of good birth. 4. The condition to which 
one is born ; inherited state, disposition, or tendency ; as, an 
artist by birth. 5. Origin ; beginning ; as, the birth of a new 
party. — Syn. Parentage, extraction, lineage, race, family, 

birth'day' (-da'), n. 1. Day of birth, origin, or commence- 
ment. 2. The anniversary of one's birth. 

birth'mark' (-mark'), n. Some peculiar mark or blemish 
on the body at birth ; a naevus. 

birth'night' (-nit' ), n. The night when a person is born; 
the anniversary of that night ; formerly, in England, specif., 
the celebration on the evening of a royal birthday. 

birth/place' (-plas'), n. Place of birth or origin. 

birth'right' (-rlt/), n. Any right belonging by birth. 

birth'root' (-root'), n. Trillium, esp. a certain species 
{Trillium erectum) having an astringent rootstock. 

birth/wort' ( -wurt' ), n. 1. Any of several species of a 
genus {Aristolochia) of plants the aromatic roots of 
which are reputed to aid in parturition. 2. = birthroot. 

bis (bis), adv. [L. bis twice, fr. root of duo two.] Twice; 
— used to direct or ask repetition, as of a passage of music. 

Bi-sa'yan (be-sa'yan). Var. of Visayan. 

bis'cuit (bis'kit), n. ; p/.-cuiT or -cuits (see plural, n., 
Note). [F., fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to 
cook.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, baked hard in flat 
cakes; — usually called cracker in the U. S. 2. A small 
cake of bread raised and shortened, or made light with soda 
or baking powder. U. S. 3. Unglazed earthenware after 
the first baking. 

||bise (bez), n. [F.] A cold, dry north wind of southern 
Europe. It is nearly the same as the mistral. 

bi-sect' (bi-sekt'), v. t. [L. bi- + secare, sectum, to cut.] 
To divide into two parts or, Geom., into two equal parts. 
— bi-sec'tion (-sek'shwn), n. — bi-sec'tor (-ter ; -tor), n. 

bi-sec'trix (-triks), n. ; pi. -trices (bT'sek-trl'sez). A bi- 
sector ; specif., a line bisecting the angle between the optic 
axes of a biaxial crystal. 

bi-ser'rate (bl-ser'at), a. 1. Doubly serrate; having the 
serratures serrate, as in some leaves. See leaf, Illust. 2. 
Zool. Serrate on both sides. 

bi-sex'u-al (-sek'shu-al),a. Of both sexes; hermaphrodite. 

bish'op (bish'up), n. [AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus 
overseer, bishop, Gr. lirlaKoiros ; i-wl over + okowos inspec- 
tor.] 1. A spiritual overseer or director. 2. Eccl. A clergy- 
man of the highest order in various Christian churches. 
3. Chess. A certain piece that can move diagonally only. 4. 
A chief priest of a non-Christian religion. 5. A beverage of 
port wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. 

— v. t. To appoint as bishop ; make a bishop of. 

bish'op, v. t. [From the name of the scoundrel who first 
practiced it. Youalt.] Far. To make (a horse) seem 
younger, by operating on the teeth. 

bish'op-ric (-r!k), n. [AS. bisceoprice; bisceop bishop + 
rice dominion.] 1. A diocese. 2. The office of a bishop. 

bish'op's-cap', n. The miterwort. 

Bis'ka-ra boil, Biskara button (bis'kd-ra). [From Biskra, 
in Algeria.] Med. = aleppo boil. 

bis'muth (biz'muth; bis'mwth),n. [G] Chem. A brittle, 
reddish white metallic element. Symbol, Bi; at. wt., 
208.0. — bis'muth-al {-a\), a. — bis'muth-ic (-Ik; -mu'- 
thik), a. — bis'muth-OUS (biz'mwth-ws ; bis'-), a. 

bi'son (bl'sun), n. [L., a wild ox, fr. Gr. @i<rwi>.] Either 
of two species of large bovine quadrupeds, with massive 
shaggy fore quarters and head ; a The European bison, or 
aurochs {Bos bonasus). b The American bison, or 
buffalo (Bos bison). 

bisque (bisk), n. [F.] A thick, rich soup made esp. of 
crawfish or other shellfish or of flesh of birds or rabbits. 

bisque, n. [Corrupt, of biscuit."] = Biscuit, 3. 

bisque, n. [F.] In tennis, etc., odds of a point to be taken 
when desired ; in croquet, odds of an extra turn. 

bis-sex'tile (bT-seks'til), a. [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bis- 
sextus{bis twice + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of 
the_ calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, 
which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the inter- 
calation of a day.] Containing or designating the day inter- 
calated in leap years in the Julian calendar. — n . Leap year. 

bis'terHbis'ter), n. [F. bistre.'] Paint. A dark brown pig- 

bis'trej ment used in water color ; also, its color. 

bis'tort (bis'tort), n. [L. bis -{-.tortus, p. p. of torquere to 
twist.] A European herbaceous plant {Polygonum bis- 
torta) ; also, the American species (P. bistortoides). The 
twisted root is used as an astringent. 

bis'tou-ry (-too-ri),n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [F. bistouri."] A 
kind of small slender knife used in surgery. 

bi-sul'cate (bl-sul'kat )la. 1. Having two grooves. 2. 

bi-SUl'cat-ed (-kat-ed) J 'Cloven ; — of a foot or hoof. 



K = ch in G. icli, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



BISULPHATE 



105 



BLACK BOOK 



bi-SUl'phate (bT-sul'fat), n. An acid sulphate. 

bit (bit), pret. & p. p. of bite. 

bit, n. [AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite.] 1. The biting or 
cutting edge or part of a tool. 2. Any of various cutting 
tools or parts ; as : a The cutting iron of a plane, b A tool 
for drilling or boring. 3. The part of a key which enters the 
lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. 4. The part of a 
bridle, usually of steel, which is inserted in a horse's mouth, 
together with its appendages. 5. Anything that curbs or 
restrains. 

— v. t. ; bit'ted ; bit'ting. To put a bridle or bit on ; curb ; 
check ; bridle. 

bit, 7i. [AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite.3 .1. Apart of anything 
such as may be bitten off ; morsel ; bite. 2. A small part of 
anything ; little ; jot. 3. Somewhat ; something, but not 
very great. 4. A short time ; a little while ; as, to rest a 
bit. Colloq. 5. Specif., of money: a A small coin; as, a 
threepenny bit. Eng. b A small silver coin (as the Mexi- 
can real, formerly current); now, usually, the sum of 123^ 
cents (generally in the phrases two bits, four bits, six bits). 
A long bit is fifteen cents ; a short bit, ten cents. South- 
ern & Western U. S. 

bitch (bich), n. [AS. bicce.] 1. The female of the canine 
kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. Opprobriously, a 
woman, esp. a lewd woman. Now Low. 

bite (bit), v. t.; pret. bit; p.p. bit'ten (bit''n), bit; p.pr. 
& vb. n. bit'lng (blt'ing). [AS. bitan.] 1. To seize with 
or as with the teeth, jaws, or a jawlike organ, so as to 
enter, nip, or grip the thing seized ; to wound or pierce 
with a fang, proboscis, or similar organ. 2. To cut, gash, 
or pierce, as an edged weapon. 3. To cause sharp pain or 
smarting to; also, to act upon harmfully; hurt; as, frosts 
bite the leaves. 4. To act on chemically ; corrode ; eat ; as, 
the acid bites the plate. 5. To seize ; impress ; affect pro- 
foundly. 6. To cheat ; trick ; take in. Colloq. 
to bite the dust, to fall in death. 

— v. i. 1. To bite something. 2. To be pungent, as mus- 
tard. 3. To take a bait ; take a tempting offer. 4. To cor- 
rode, or eat, as a mordant. 5. To produce an impression ; 
as, such thoughts bite. 6. To take or keep a firm hold ; 
as, the anchor bites. 

— n. 1. Act or manner of biting. 2. A morsel ; as much as is 
taken at a bite. 3. Food ; victuals. 4. A wound made by 
biting. 5. The hold or grip by which friction is created or 
purchase obtained, as of one part of a machine on another 
part. 6. The smart, tang, or penetrating effect of a sharply 
impinging sensation. 

bit'er (bit'er), 7i. One who, or that which, bites. _ 

bit'ing, p. a. That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caus- 
tic' — bit'ing-ly, adv. 

bit'stock' (bit'stok'), n. A stock for rotating a bit ; a brace. 

bitt (bit), 7i. On a ship, a fixed vertical timber or iron cast- 
ing, usually one of a pair, for securing hawsers, ropes, etc. 

— v. t. Naut. To put round the bitts, as a cable. 
bit'ten (bif'n), p. p. of bite. 

bit'ter (-er), a. [AS. biter.'] 1. Having or designating a 
peculiar, characteristically disagreeable taste, as of hops. 
2. Painful; distressful; grievous. 3. Characterized by 
severity or cruelty ; harsh ; caustic.^ 4. Expressing grief or 
pain; as, oz^er[tears. — Syn. Acrid, sharp, pungent ; cut- 
ting, severe. See sour. 

to the bitter end. [Perh. from or confused with bitter end 
of a ]cable (see below).] To the last extremity, however 
calamitous. 

— v. t . & i. To make or become bitter. 

— n. 1. That which is bitter. 2. Bitter beer. Eng. 
bitter end. [See bitt, ti.] Naut. The inboard end of a 

cable. Cf. to the bitter end, under bitter, a. 

bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. 

bit'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner. 

bit'tern (bTt'ern), ti. [From bitter, a.] The bitter liquor 
in salt works after the salt has crystallized out. 

bit'tern, n. [From F. butor.] Any of certain small or me- 
dium-sized birds of the heron fam- 
ily, noted for their booming cry. 

bit'ter-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being bitter. 

bit'ter-root' (-roof) , n. A portula- 
caceous plant [Lewisia rediviva), 
giving name to the Bitterroot 
Mountains and Bitterroot River. 
It bears handsome pink flowers. 

bit'ters Gerz), n. pi. A liquor, gen- 
erally spirituous, in which a bitter 
herb, leaf, or root is steeped. 

bitfter-sweet' (-er-swet'), a. Min- 
gling bitter and sweet. — n. 1. A 
climbing poisonous plant (Sola- 
num dulcamara ) of the night- 
shade family, with purple flowers 
and oval red berries. It has a taste 



(A) 




European Bittern 
(Botaurus siellaris). 



at first sweetish and then bitter. 2. An American climbing 



shrub (Celastrus scandens) the yellow capsule of which 
opens and discloses a red aril. 

bit'ter-weed' (-wed'), n. Any of several American plants 
containing a bitter principle ; as : a Ragweed, b Horse- 
weed. C A sneezeweed (Helenium tenuifolium). 

bit'u : lith'ic (bitj}-lith'ik),a. [toymen -f-Gr. \lOos stone.] 
Designating a paving of broken stone cemented with bi- 
tumen or asphalt. — n. Bitulithic pavement. 

bi-tu'men (bi-tu'men; bit/ji-), n. [L. bitumen.] Origi- 
nally, mineral pitch, or asphalt (see asphalt) ; hence, any . 
of a number of inflammable mineral substances including 
asphalt, the semisolid tars, petroleum, and naphtha. — bi- 
tu'mi-nize (bi-tu'mT-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing 
(-niz'ing). — ■ bi-tu/mi-ni-za'tion (-ni-za'shim ; -nl-), n. 

bi-tu'mi-nous (-nws), a. Having the qualities of, com- 
pounded with, or containing, bitumen. 

bi'va'lent (bl'va'ltnt; biv'd-), a. [bi- + L. valens, p. pr. 
See valence.] Chem. Having a valence of two. — bi'- 
ya'lence (-lens), bi'va'len-cy (-len-si), n. 

bi'valve (bl'valv), n. A mollusk having a shell consisting 
of a right and a left valve connected by a hinge, as an oyster. 

—a. Having a shell composed of two such valves. — bi'- 
valved (-valvd), bi-val'vu-lar (bi-val'vu-lar), a. 

biv'ouac (blv'wak; bTv'66-ak), n. [F., prob. fr. G. bei- 
wache, or beiwacht ; bei by -j-wachen to watch.] An en- 
campment for a short stay with only an improvised shelter, 
if any.— v. i.,-ouacked (-wakt; -oo-akt); -ouacking. To 
encamp, as for the night, without tents or housing. 

bi'week'ly (bl'wek'li), a. Occurring or appearing every 
two weeks ; also, semi weekly. — n. A biweekly publication. 
— bi'week'ly, adv. 

bi-zarre' (bi-zar'), a. [F., fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, 
liberal.] Characterized by unnatural or sensational con- 
trasts : fantastical. — Syn. See fanciful. 

blab (blab), v. t. & i.; blabbed (blabd) ; blab'blng. 1. To 
talk foolishly or idly; chatter; babble. 2. To speak, talk, 
or tell unnecessarily or thoughtlessly.— n. 1. One who 
blabs ; a telltale. 2. Idle talk ; taletelling. — blab'ber, n. 

black (blak), a. [AS. Msec] 1. Destitute of light, or in- 
capable of reflecting it ; of the darkest or a very dark color, 
the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as, 
black as ebony. 2. Having dark skin, hair, and eyes ; of a 
race characterized by dark pigmentation ; — said : a Of Ne- 
groes, Negritos, and native Australians; as, the black 
races ; black law (a law referring to colored people), b Of 
dark-skinned non-European peoples; as, "the black [Hin- 
du] officers." 3. Soiled with dirt ; foul. 4. Dismal, gloomy, 
or forbidding, like darkness ; as, black despair. 5. Desti- 
tute of moral light or goodness ; wicked. 6. Expressing 
menace or discontent ; threatening ; sullen ; foreboding ; as, 
black looks. 7. Evil or baneful as a result of magic ; con- 
nected with dark or forbidden practices ; as, the black art ; 
black magic. — Syn. Dark, murky, pitchy, inky, dusky, 
swart, ebon, atrocious. 

— ti. 1. The darkest color. 2. A black pigment or dye. 3. 
Black clothing ; also, formerly (usually in pi.), a black gar- 
ment or dress. 4. A stain ; spot. 5. A Negro, Negrito, or 
native Australian; loosely, a person of any dark-skinned 
race. 

—jadv. Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously. 

— "v. t. 1. To make black ; sully. 2. To make black and 
shining, as boots. 

black'a-moor (blak'd-aiGor), n. \black-\-Moor.] A black; 
esp., an African black ; a negro or negress. 

black art. Art of conjurers and witches ; necromancy. 

black'— a— vised' (-vlst'; -vlzd'), a. Dark-visaged; swart. 

black'ball' (-bol'), n. A ball of black color, esp. one used as 
a negative in voting; — usually two words.— 1>. t. To vote 
against or reject by or as if by voting with a black ball. 

black'ber-ry (blak'ber-i), n. The fruit of any of many 
species of brambles, black or very dark purple when ripe ; 
also, any of the plants. 

blackberry lily. An iridaceous garden plant (Gemmingia 
chinensis), with pointed linear leaves and clusters of orange- 
colored lilylike flowers and a blackberry like mass of seeds. 

black bindweed, a The black bryony ( Tamus communis). 
b A twining herb (Polygonum convolvulus), naturalized in 
America from Europe, and frequently a troublesome weed. 

black'bird (-burd), n. 1. Any of various birds of which the 
males are largely or entirely black ; as, in the United States, 
the crow blackbird, the redwing, etc. 2. A black; esp., 
Australia, a Melanesian or Papuan. Cant. 

black'bird-er (-bur-der), n. A slave ship. Cant. 

black'bird-ing, n. Kidnaping of blacks to be sold as slaves ; 
also, Australia, the act or practice of importing "black- 
birds" for service on Queensland plantations. Cant. 

blackboard' (-bord'; 57), n. Any dark smooth surface for 
writing on, drawing on, etc., with chalk or crayons. 

black book, a Any of various official books so called from 
the color of their binding, the style of their type, or the 
nature of their contents, b A book registering the names of 
students, soldiers, or others liable to censure or punish- 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |, Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BLACKBOY 



106 



BLANCH 



merit. Eng. — to be in one's black books, to have in- 
curred one's displeasure. 

black'boy' (-boi'), to. See grass tree. 

black'cap' (-kap'), to. 1. Any of various birds with black 
crowns, as a small European warbler (Sylvia atricapilla) , 
the chickadee (Parus atricapillus), etc. 2. A species of 
raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) having black fruit. 

black'cock' (-kok'), to. The male of the black grouse. 

black damp. = choke damp. 

black death. A virulent form of plague which ravaged Asia 
and Europe in the 14th century. 

black diamond, a In pi. Coal, b = carbonado. 

black dog. The spirit of ill humor, melancholy, or dumps ; 
as, to be under the black dog. 

black'en (blaV'n), v. t. 1. To make black or dark ; darken. 
2. To defame; sully. — Syn. Vilify, slander, calumniate.— 
v. i. To grow black or dark. — black'en-er, to. 

black'-eyed' Su'san. a The coneflower, or yellow daisy 
( Rudbeckia hlrta) . b The bladder ketmie. 

Black'feet', n. pi. A certain tribe of Algonquian Indians. 

black'fel'low (-fel'o), to. An Australian aboriginal. 

black'fish' (-fish'), to. 1. a Any of several small, toothed 
whales (genus Globicephala) . b Sometimes, any of certain 
other larger whales. C A small food fish (Dallia pectoralis) 
of Alaska and Siberia, able to revive after having been long 
frozen. 2. Any of various dark -colored fishes, as the tautog, 
the black sea bass of the Atlantic coast, etc. 

black flag. The flag of a pirate, often bearing a skull and 
crossbones ; a signal of defiance to society. 

black fly. Any of several small, venomous, two-winged flies 
(genus Simulium), having aquatic larvae. U. S. 

Black'foot' (blak'fobt'), a. Of or pertaining to the Black- 
feet ; as, a Blackfoot Indian. — n. A Blackfoot Indian. 

Black Friar. A Dominican friar ; sometimes, a Benedictine. 

black grouse. A large grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) of Europe 
and western Asia. The male [blackcock) is chiefly black, 
with white wing patches. 

black'gliard (blag'ard), to. [black + guard."] 1. The scul- 
lions and lower menials of a great household. 06s. 2. A 
person of low character, esp. one who is scurrilous or abu- 
sive ; a scoundrel, -—v. t. To revile or abuse scurrilously.— 
v.i. To act as a blackguard. — black'guard, a. — black'- 
guard-ism (-Tz'm), to. — black'guard-ly, a. & adv. 

black gum. A cornaceous tree ( Nyssa sylvatica ) of the 
eastern United States, having small blue-black drupaceous 
fruits ; — called also tupelo, sour gum, and pepperidge. 

Black Hand. [A trans, of Sp. mano negra. ] a A former 
anarchistic society of Spain, b A lawless or blackmailing 
secret society, esp. among Italians. U. S.^ 

black haw. a A caprifoliaceous shrub (.Viburnum pruni- 
folium) bearing cymes of white flowers and bluish black 
drupes, b The sheepberry (V. lentago), a shrub of some- 
what similar appearance. 

Mackliead' (blak'hed'), to. 1. A scaup duck. 2. a Med. 
Comedo, b Veter. A fatal infectious disease of turkeys, 
peacocks, etc., attacking esp. the liver and caecum. 

black'heart' (blak'hart'), to. A heart cherry having a dark 
flesh and skin. 

black hole. A dungeon or dark cell in a prison ; a military 
lockup or guardroom ; — commonly with allusion to the 
Black Hole, a cell, 14 ft. 10 in. by 18 ft., in a fort at Cal- 
cutta, into which 146 English prisoners were crowded on 
the night of June 20, 1756. Only 23 survived till morning. 

black horehound. An ill-smelling European herb (Ballota 
nigra), of the mint family with dark purple flowers. 

black'ing, n. A preparation that makes things black, esp. 
one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes or to stoves. 

black'ish, a. Somewhat black. — black'ish-ly, adv. 

black' jack' (blak'jak'), n., or black jack. 1. A vessel for 
beer, ale, etc., originally of tar-coated leather. 2. Bot. A 
common small oak (Quercus marilandica) of the eastern 
United States. 3. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color 
wines, spirits, etc. 4. A pirate flag ; _ the black flag. 5. A 
small leather-covered club or billy weighted at the head and 
having an elastic shaft. 6. Mining. Sphalerite, or zinc 
blende ; also, sometimes, dark hornblende. 
black knot. See knot, to., 6 b. 
black lead (led). Graphite or plumbago. 
black'leg' (-leg/), to. 1. A swindler, esp. in gambling. Col- 

loq. 2. A strike breaker ; — so called in opprobrium. 
black letter. A style of type. See type. 
Dlack'-let'ter, a. 1. Printed or written in black letter. 
2. Inauspicious ; unlucky ; as, black-letter days. Cf . red- 
letter, a. — black'-let'tered, o. 
black list. A list of persons thought deserving of censure, 

punishment, or adverse discrimination. 
black-list' (blak'lisf), v. t. To put in a black list, 
black'ly (blak'li), adv. In a black manner; darkly, in 

color ; gloomily ; threateningly ; atrociously. 
black Magellanic cloud. See coalsack. 
black'mail' (-mal'), to. [black + mail tribute.] 1. A trib- 
ute anciently exacted on the Scottish border by freebooting 



chiefs for protection from pillage. 2. Extortion by intimi- 
dation, esp. by threats of public accusation or exposure. 

— v. t. To exact blackmail from. — black'mail er (-er), n. 

black Maria. The closed wagon in which prisoners are car- 
ried to or from jail. Colloq. 

black medic. A trailing fabaceous herb (Medicago lupu- 
lina), closely allied to the hop clover. 

Black Monk. A Benedictine monk. 

black'ness, to. Quality or state of being black. 

black'poll' (-pol'), to. A North American warbler (Dendro- 
ica striata) the male of which, when in full plumage, has 
the top of the head black. 

Black Republican. A member of the Republican party 
considered as favoring the cause of the negroes ; — first 
applied in Civil War times by proslavery men. U. S. 

Black Rod. Abbr. for Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod: 
a The usher to the Chapter of the Garter, who carries a 
black rod. Eng. b In British colonies, an usher in the 
legislature. 

black'root' (blak'roof), to. Bot. The Culver's root. 

black'smith' (-smith'), to. [black (from the color of the 
metal) + smith."] A smith who works in iron with a forge. 

black snake, or black'snake' (-snak'), to. 1. Any of 
several snakes of a black or very dark color. 2. A long 
heavy whip of braided leather or rawhide. 

black'Strap' (blak'strap'), to. 1. A mixture of spirituous 
liquor (usually rum) and molasses. 2. Any common wine 
of the Mediterranean. Sailors' Cant. 

black'thorn' (-thorn'), to. 1. A European thorny tree or 
shrub of the almond, or plum, family. See sloe. 2. In 
the United States, either of two hawthorns (Crataegus 
douglasii and C. tomentosa). 

black vomit. Med. A copious vomiting of dark-colored 
matter. It is one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow 
fever. Also, the disease itself. 

black'work' (-wurk'), to. 1. Blacksmith's work. 2. Forg- 
ings, rolled work, etc., not having a bright finish. 

blad'der (blad'er), to. [AS. blsedre, blseddre.] 1. Anat. & 
Zo'dl. A membranous sac serving as a receptacle of a fluid 
or containing gas ; often, specif. ,the urinary bladder. 2. Fig. , 
something inflated, empty , or unsound. 3. A vesicle or blister. 

bladder campion. A plant (Silene vulgaris), of the pink 
family, having white flowers with a much inflated calyx. 

blad'der-fish' (-fish'), to. = globefish. 

bladder ketmie or ketmia. A malvaceous garden plant 
(Hibiscus trionum), having purple-centered yellow flowers. 

blad'der-nose' (-noz'), to. The hooded seal. 

bladder nut. The bladderlike seed pod of any of a genus 
(Staphylea) of shrubs bearing white flowers succeeded by 
inflated capsules. 

bladder pod. Any of various plants having inflated pods, as 
any of certain American brassicaceous herbs (genera Physa- 
ria and Lesquerella) , the Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) , etc. 

bladder worm. The bladderlike larval stage of a tape- 
worm ; a cysticercus or coenurus ; a hydatid. 

blad'der-wort' (-wQrf), to. Any of a large genus (Utricu- 
laria) of aquatic or bog plants with small saclike vesicles 
on the leaves, serving as traps for animal life. 

blad'der-y (-1), a. Having bladders ; resembling a bladder. 

blade (blad), to. [AS. blzed leaf, blade (of an oar).] 1. A 
leaf of a plant, esp. of an herb. 2. Bot. The flat or ex- 
panded portion of a leaf, esp. of grass. See leaf, Illust. 
3. The thin cutting part of an instrument, as of a knife or 
sword. 4. A sword ; also, one who bears an edged weapon. 

5. An object or part suggestive of the blade of a leaf, sword, 
etc. ; as, the blade of an oar, a propeller, screw driver, etc. 

6. Phon. The upper surface of the front of the tongue, be- 
hind the tip, or point. 7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or 
reckless fellow. 

blade'bone' (-bon'), n. The scapula ; shoulder blade. 

blad'ed (blad'ed; 24), a. Having a blade or blades. 

blain (blan), to. [AS. blegen.] An inflammatory swelling 
or sore. [ble-ness, to.— blam'a-bly (-bit), adv. 

blam'a-ble (blam'd-b'l), a. Faulty; culpable. — blam'a- 

blame (blam), v. t.; blamed (blamd) ; blam'ing (blam'ing). 
[From F., fr. OF., fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. 
also, to blame, fr. Gr. fiXaa^viielp to speak ill, blaspheme, 
/3\&<r077M°s evil speaking.] To censure ; find fault with ; re- 
proach. — Syn. See censure. — to. 1. Expression of dis- 
approbation; censure. 2. Culpability; fault. — Syn. Rep- 
rehension, condemnation, reproach. 

blame'ful (blam'fdol), a. 1. Blameworthy. 2. Censorious. 

blame'less, a. Free from blame or fault. — blameless- 
ly, adv. — blameless-ness, to. 

blame'wor'thy (-wfir'thT), a. Deserving blame; culpable; 
reprehensible. — blame'wor'thi-ness (-thi-nes), to. 

blanch (blanch), a. [F. blanche, fern, of blanc white. See 
blank, a.] 1. White ; pale. 06s. 2. a Eng. Law. Designat- 
ing a white rent, or one paid in silver, b Scots Law. Specif., 
designating a nominal or very small duty paid as a quit- 
rent, or the tenure held by such payment. 3. Her. Argent. 

blanch, v. t. & i. [See blench.] To turn aside or back ; 
blench ; as, to blanch a deer. 



ale, senate, cSre, am,occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, men ii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, irjk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BLANCH 



107 



BLAZE 



blanch (blanch), v. t. [F. blanchir, fr. blanc white.] To 
take the color out of and make white ; bleach ; specif. : a 
Confectionery & Cookery. To make white by removing 
the skin of, as by scalding ; as, to blanch almonds ; also, to 
whiten or scald, as meat, by plunging into boiling water and 
afterwards into cold, b To give a white luster to (silver, 
before stamping, in the process of coining), with acids, etc. 
C To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin. — v. i. To 
grow or become white. — blanch'er, n. 

blanc-mange' (bld-manzh' ;-mauzh'J,n. [F. blanc-man- 
ger, lit., white food.] A dessert made from gelatinous or 
starchy substances and milk, and shaped in a mold. 

bland (bland ), a. [ L. blandus. ] I. Smooth and soothing ; 
gentle; suave; as, a bland temper; bland persuasion. 
2. Not drastic or irritating ; not stimulating ; as, a bland 
oil. — Syn. See suave.— blandly, adv. — bland'ness, ?i. 

blan'dish (blan'dlsh), v. t. & i. [F. blandir, fr. L. blan- 
diri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] To flatter; caress; ca- 
jole. — blan'dish-er, n. — blan'dish-ment {-meat), n. 

blank (blank), a. [F. blanc, fern, blanche, fr. OHG. blanch 
shining, bright, white.] 1. White or pale in color. 2. Free 
from writing, printing, or marks; — said of checks, official 
documents, etc. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited ; as, 
he stood dismayed and blank. 4. Empty ; void ; fruitless ; 
as, a blank day. 5. Lacking characteristics that give vari- 
ety ; as, a blank wall ; a blank existence. 6. Lacking ani- 
mation ; expressionless ; vacant ; as, blank faces. 7. Abso- 
lute ; downright ; unmixed ; as, blank atheism. 8, Showing 
an unbroken surface where an opening, notch, or the like, 
is usual, esp. as a result of being unfinished ; hence, not in 
a finished form ; as, a blank key. one without the slots ; a 
blank arch, arcade, window, etc. , that is, a semblance of 
one without an opening. 9. prosody. Designating the un- 
rimed iambic pentameter verse (blank verse) characteris- 
tic of English dramatic and epic poetry- — Syn. See empty. 

— n. 1. Any void space, as in a written or printed instru- 
ment ; an interval void of action, result, etc. ; as, a long 
blank in his history. 2. A paper not written or printed on, 
or having blank spaces to be filled in, as a blank ballot or 
deed. 3. The bull's-eye of a target ; hence, anything aimed 
at. 4. A lot or a lottery ticket by which nothing is gained. 

5. Mech. A piece of metal prepared to be made into some- 
thing (as a coin, key, screw, etc. ) by a further operation. 

6. Blank verse ; unrimed poetry. 

— v. t. 1. To nonplus ; foil ; disconcert. Archaic. 2. To 
make void ; annul ; frustrate. 3. To curse ; — a euphemism. 
4. Sport. To keep from scoring. Colloq. 

blan'ket (blar/ket; 24), n. [From AF., fr. OF. blanquet, 
blanchet, a white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white.] 1. A 
heavy, loosely woven covering, usually of wool and having a 
nap, used for beds ; also, a similar covering used as a robe, 
as a cover for a horse or dog, etc. 2. Any piece of cloth 
similar in appearance or use. 

— a. Intended to cover a number of different things, require- 
ments, conditions, etc. ; as, a blanket policy ; a blanket 
clause. 

— v. t. 1. To cover with or as with a blanket. 2. To take the 
wind out of the sails of (a vessel) by sailing to windward of 
her. 3. To toss in a blanket, as by way of punishment. 

blank'ly (blarjk'li), adv. In a blank manner ; specif. : Vacu- 
ously ; directly ; flatly ; point-blank ; utterly ; completely. 

blank'ness, n. Quality or state of being blank. 

U blan'quette' (blaVkef), n. [F., fr. blanc white.] Cook- 
ery. A white fricassee ; also, a mince of white meat, as of 
chicken, veal, or lamb, served with veloute sauce, etc. 

Man-quillo (blan-kel'yo), n. [Sp., dim. of bianco white.] 
Either of two large, valuable food fishes (Caulolatilus 
chrysops of the West Indies, Florida, etc., and C. princeps 
of southern California) related to the tilefish. 

blare (blar), v. i. & t.; blared (blard) ; blar'lng. [ME. 
blaren to cry, weep.] To sound loud and harsh, as a trum- 
pet ; hence, to proclaim loudly. — n. The noise made in 
blaring ; the harsh noise of, or one like that of, a trumpet. 

blar'ney (blar'nl), n. [From Blarney, village and castle near 
Cork, Ireland.] Smooth, wheedling talk ; flattery. Colloq. 
Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney Castle, Ireland, said to 
make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney. 

— v. t. To influence by, or subject to, blarnev ; wheedle. 

I! bla/se/ (bla'za'), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.~] Having the sen- 
sibilities deadened by excess of enjoyment ; surfeited. 

blas-pheme' (blas-fem'), v. t.; -pheiled' (-femd') ; -pHEMf- 
lng (-fem'Ing). [L. blasphemare. See blame, v.] 1. To 
speak of, or address, with impious irreverence. 2. To re- 
vile ; abuse. — v.i. To utter blasphemy. — blas-phem'er,n. 

blas'phe-mous (blas'fe-mus).a. Uttering blasphemy; pro- 
fane. — blas'phe-moos-ly, adv. — mous-ness, n. 

blas'phe-my (blas'fe-mi), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [L. blas- 
phemia, Gr. ^Xaer^T^ta.j 1. In Jewish law, cursing or 
reviling God or the king, who was God's representative ; in 
later usage, pronouncing the forbidden name of God (see 
tetragrammaiox). 2. Indignity offered to God in words, 



writing, or signs ; also, act of claiming the attributes or pre- 
rogatives of deity. 3. Abusive expression or action; 
calumny ; vilification. 

Syn. Sacrilege ; imprecation, execration, anathema, male- 
diction, profanity, cursing, swearing. — Blasphemy, pro- 
fanity, cursing, swearing agree in the idea of impious 
or irreverent speech. Blasphemy, the strongest term, is 
intentional indignity offered to God or sacred things ; pro- 
fanity includes all irreverent reference to holy things. 
Swearing is properly a broader term than cursing, which 
properly implies imprecation. 
blast (blast), n. [AS. blaest a puff of wind, a blowing, or the 
kindred Icel. blastr.] 1. A violent gust of wind. 2. A 
forcible stream of air or other gas from an orifice ; hence, 
the continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal 
is subjected in a furnace. 3. The exhaust steam from an 
engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and 
thus creating an intense draft through the fire ; also, the 
draft created. 4. Mil. & Nav. The exterior rush of gases 
and air at the discharge of a cannon, causing a great and 
sudden air pressure at the sides and rear of the muzzle. 
5. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument ; as, a 
blast of a trumpet. 6. A sudden pernicious effect, as if by 
a noxious wind ; blight. 7. Act of rending, or attempting 
to rend, masses of rock, earth, etc., by an explosive; also, 
the charge used. — Syn. See wind. 

— v. i. To become withered or blighted. 

— v. t. 1. To injure as by a noxious wind ; wither ; blight ; 
ruin. 2. To rend by an explosive. 

-blast (-blast). [Gr. /SXacrros sprout, shoot.] A suffix used 
in naming certain embryonic or formative structures, etc., 
esp. the germ lavers of the embrvo ; as, epiblast, hypoblast. 

blast'ed(blas'ted;24),p.a. 1. Blighted ; withered. 2. Con- 
founded ; accursed ; detestable ; — a mild imprecation. 

blas-te'ma (blas-te'md), n.; pi. -teil-vta (-te'md-td). 
[XL., fr. Gr. p\a<n~n[j.a. bud, sprout.] Biol. The primi- 
tive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows. 

blast'er (blas'ter), n. One who, or that which, blasts. 

blast'ment (blast'ment), n. Blasting process or influence. 

blas'to- (blas'to-). A combining form from Greek /SXa- 
crros, sprout, shoot, used in biology, botany, etc., to indi- 
cate connection with, or relation to, a bud, budding, a 
germ, and esp. the early stages of the embryo. 

blas'to-ccele (-sel), n. Embryol. The cavity of the blastula, 
or segmentation cavity. See blastcla. 

blas'to-cyst (-sist), n. Embryol. a The germinal vesicle. 
b A blastodermic vesicle. 

blas'to-derm (-durm), n. Embryol. A membrane formed by 
repeated segmentation of the blastomeres ; specif., that 
early formed by the actively segmenting part of the eggs of 
most vertebrates. — blas'to-der'mic (-dur'mik), a. 

blas'to-disc, or blas'to-disk (blas'to-disk), n. Embryol. 
The germinal disk. 

blas'to-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sTs),n. Biol, a Reproduction by 
budding, b The theory of the transmission of inherited 
characters by germ plasm ; — opposed to pangenesis. 

blas'to-mere (blas'to-mer), n. Embryol. One of the large 
cells formed as a result of the first few cell divisions of the 

pcrcr 
c OO" 

blas'to-pore (-por ; 57), n. Embryol. In embryos, the prim- 
itive opening into the archent'ti on or cavity formed by 
gastrulation. — blas'to-por'ic (-por'ik), a. 

blas'to-sphere (-sfer),;r. Embryol. a A blastula. b The 
blastodermic vesicle of the mammalian egg. 

blas'tll-la (-tu-ld), n. [XL., dim. of Gr. /SXaaros sprout.] 
Embryol. A form of embryo in the early development of 
many animals. 

blat (blat), v. i. ; blat'ted ; -tl\g. To cry, as a calf or sheep ; 
bleat. — v.t. To utter raucously or inconsiderately. Colloq. 

bla'tan-cy (bla'tan-si), n. Blatant quality. 

bla'tant (-tant), a. 1. Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; clam- 
oring. 2. Offensively obtrusive ; coarse. 3. Conspicuous 
and unmistakable; evident; as, a blatant fraud. — Syn. 
See vociferous. — bla'tant-ly, adv. 

blath'er (blath'er; blath'-),r.i. & t. Also bleth'er(bleth'-). 
[Icel. blaSra.'] To talk foolishly. — n. Foolish talk. 

blath'er-skite (-skit), n. A blustering or noisy, talkative 
fellow; also, nonsense. Dial, or Colloq., U. S. 

blat'ter (blat'er), v. i. & t. [L. blaterare.'] To prate ; bab- 
ble ; patter. — n. A sound of prating, pattering, or the like. 

blau'bok' (blou'bok'), n. [D. blauwbok, lit., blue buck.] 
1. A South African antelope (Ozanna leucophaea), now 
exterminated, closely related to the sable antelope. 2. Any 
of several small African antelopes (genus Cephalophus), 
some of which are no larger than a hare. 

blaze (blaz), n. [AS. blaese, blase.] 1. A glowing flame ; a 
fire. 2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat ; as, 
the blaze of noon. 3. An active display of any quality; 

• outburst; as, a blaze of wratb. 4. Splendor; effulgence; 
glare ; as, a blaze of glory. — v. i. ; blazed (blazd) ; blaz'lng 
(blaz'Ing). 1. To burn with bright flame ; glow. 2. To be 
resplendent or conspicuous, as with light. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explana tions of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BLAZE 



108 



BLIND 



— v. t. 1. To cause to blaze ; burn. 2. To shine with ; be 
resplendent with. — Syn. See flame. 

blaze, v. t. [ME. blasen to blow.] 1. To blow as with a 
trumpet. 2. To make public far and wide ; render con- 
spicuous ; as, to blaze a matter abroad. 

blaze, n. 1. A white markjon the face of an animal; esp., 
a white stripe running down the face to the lips. 2. A spot 
made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark.— v. t. To 
mark (a tree, path, etc.) by blazes. 

blaz'er (blaz'er), n. 1. Anything that blazes or glows. 
2. A light jacket, usually bright-colored, for wear at ten- 
nis, cricket, or other sport. 3. The dish used directly over 
the flame of a chafing-dish lamp or the coals of a brasier. 

blazing Star, a A comet. Obs. b A brilliant center of 
attraction ; cynosure, c Any of several American plants 
having conspicuous flower clusters, as a melanthaceous 
plant (Chamaslirium luteum) , or a purple-flowered astera- 
ceous plant (Lacinaria squarrosa). 

bla'zon (bla'z'n), n. [From F. blason coat of arms, OF., 
shield.] 1. Her. a A heraldic shield ; also, a coat of arms. 
b The proper description or representation of heraldic or 
armorial bearings. 2. Description or representation of any- 
thing; esp., ostentatious display or description ; show. 

—v. t. 1. To ^depict or inscribe in colors ; display. 2. To 
deck; adorn. 3. Her. To describe (heraldic or armorial 
bearings) in technical language; popularly, to delineate 
(armorial bearings). — bla'zon-er, n. — bla'zon-ment, n. 

bla'zon-ry (-ri) ,n. 1. = blazon, n., la. 2. A coat of arms; 
an armorial bearing or bearings. 3. Artistic or brilliant 
representation or display. 

-ble. A suffix usually appearing as -able or -ible. See -able. 

bleach (blech), v. t. [AS. blsecan to grow pale.] To make 
white or [whiter ; (blanch ; whiten. — Syn. See whiten.— 
v.i. To grow white or lose color; whiten.— n. 1. Act or 
process of bleaching ; also, a chemical for bleaching. 2. Color, 
or degree of whiteness, obtained by bleaching. 

bleach'er (-er), n. 1. a One who bleaches, b A vessel used 
in bleaching. 2. A roofless seat for spectators at outdoor 
games ; — usually in pi. U. S. 

bleach'er-y (-i),n.;pl. : eries (-iz). A place or an establish- 
ment where bleaching is done. _ [chloride of lime. I 

bleaching powder. A powder for bleaching ; specif., | 

bleak (blek), a. 1. Exposed and, usually, desolate; swept 
by cold winds. 2. Cold and cutting; as, a bleak blast. — 
bleak'ish, a. — bleakly, adv. — bleak'ness, n. 

bleak, n. A small European river fish ( Alburnus lucidus) 
of the carp family. 

blear (bier), a. 1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; — said 
of the eyes. 2. Causing, or caused by, dimness of sight ; dim. 
— n. A bleared state or appearance ; that which blears the 
eyes. — v. t. To make blear, as the eyes ; dim, as the sight ; 
hence: to deceive; hoodwink. — blear'— eyed' (-Id'), a. 

blear'y (bler'i), a. Somewhat blear; blear-eyed. 

bleat (blet), v. i. [AS. blsetan."] To make the noise of, or 
one like that of, a sheep, goat.or calf.— v. t. To utter with 
a bleat.— n. The cry of a sheep, goat, or calf, or a sound 
resembling it. — bleat'er, n. 

bleb (bleb), n. A vesicle; blister; bubble. — bleb'by, a. 

bled (bled), pret. & p. p. of bleed. 

blee (ble), n. [AS. bleo.~] Complexion; hue. Archaic. 

bleed (bled), v. i. ; bled (bled) ; bleed'ing. [AS. bledan, it. 
blod blood.] 1. To emit blood; specif., to lose or shed 
one's blood by a wound or so as to die ; as, to bleed for one's 
country. 2. Fig., to feel extreme pain or anguish, as from 
sorrow, sympathy, or pity ; — in my (his, etc.) heart bleeds 
for (him, me, etc.). 3. To draw blood from the body ; let 

' blood ; as, the old-time doctors bled for various ills. 4. To 
issue or pass away with the flowing of blood, as from an 
incision. 5. Bot. To exude water or sap. 6. To pay or lose 
money ; have money extorted. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To let blood from. 2. To lose, or let drop, as 
blood. 3. To draw money from (one) ; induce to pay ; as, 
the gamblers bled him till his money was gone. Colloq. 
4. To draw the sap from (a tree). 5. To drain or empty 
of liquid, gas, or other contents that will run out, as a steam 
cylinder, a leaking buoy, an air reservoir, etc. — bleed'er, n. 

bleeding heart. A garden plant ( Bikukulla spectabilis ) 
with racemes of deep pink, drooping, heart-shaped flowers. 

blenVish (blem'ish),v : t. [OF. blemir to strike, injure, 
soil, bleme pale.] To injure or impair; mar; sully. —n. Any 
mark of deformity or injury ; flaw ; defect. — blem/ish-er,ra. 
Syn. Spot, stain, taint, defacement, disfigurement, de- 
formity ; imperfection, failing, fault; defect, flaw. — 
Blemish, defect, flaw. Blemish applies to what is 
superficial as marring the appearance of an object ; as, a 
blemish of ink. Defect implies the lack or want (which may 
or may not appear superficially) of something essential to 
completeness or perfection ; as, a defect in the organs of 
vision. A flaw is a defect in continuity or cohesion ; as, a 
flaw in a crystal. 

blench (blench), v. i. & t. [See blanch.] To grow pale. 




Blenheim Spaniel. 




Ocellated Blenny or Butterfly Fish 
of Europe (Blennius ocellaris) . 



blench, v. i. [AS. blencan to deceive.] 1. To flinch; 

shrink ; start back or aside ; quail. 2. To turn aside. Obs. 

— Syn. See shrink. — blench'er, n. 
blend (blend), v. t. ; blend'ed or blent (blent) ; blenjd'ing. 

1. To mix; mingle; hence, to confuse. 2. Of whisky, 
coffee, wine, etc., to prepare by mingling different varieties 
or grades. — Syn. Merge, fuse, amalgamate, commingle. 
See mingle.— v. i. To unite intimately, esp. so as to form a 
uniform or harmonious mixture or whole ; merge. 

— n. A thorough mixture of things ; blending. 

blende (blend), n. [G., fr. blenden to blind.] 1. Sphalerite. 

2. Any of several minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides, with 
somewhat bright but nonmetallic luster. 

Blen'heim span'iel (blen'em; -Im). [From Blenheim 

Palace, England.] A variety 

of small spaniel, having a short 

head and very long ears. 
blen'ni-oid (blen'i-oid), a. 

\blenny -f- -oidJ] Zo'dl. Of, 

pertaining to, or resembling, 

the blennies. 
blen'ny (blen'i), n. ; pi- -ntes 

(-iz). [L.blennius,Gx.fi\kvvos, 

fr. (3\ej>i>a slime, mucus.] Any 

of numerous jugular, chiefly salt-water 

fishes (family Blenniidx and allies), 

found about rocky 

shores. 
blent (blent), pret.& p.p. 

of blend, to mix. 
bleph'a-ri'tis (blef'd-n'- 

tis),n. [NL. ; Gr. p\b- 

<f>apoj> eyelid + -itis.'] 

Med. Inflammation of 

the eyelids. a-rit'ic 

(-rit'ik), a. 
bles'bok' (bles'bok'), n. 

[D., fr. bles a blaze on the forehead -f- bok buck.] A South 

African bubaline antelope (Bubalis albifrons), resembling 

the bontebok. 
bless (bles), v. L; blessed (blest ; in verse, or in liturgical 

reading, the p. p. is sometimes pron'd bles'ed), blest; 

bless'ing. [AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. blod 

blood.] 1. To consecrate or hallow by religious rite or 

word ; as, "God blessed the seventh day." 2. To pray for 

the happiness of ; invoke or confer supernatural favor and 

well-being upon; as, "Bless them which persecute you." 

3. To make happy ; confer prosperity or happiness on ; as, 
blessed with good health. 4. To guard ; keep ; protect. 
Obs., exc. in exclamations ; as, "God bless me!" 5. To 
praise or glorify. 6. To make the sign of the cross upon, as 
against evil powers ; cross (one's self). Archaic. 

bless'ed (bles'ed; 24; sometimes, as inverse, blest) p. a. 
1. Hallowed ; holy. 2. Favored with blessings ; happy. 3. 
Enjoying, or pert, to, spiritual happiness ; R. C. Ch., beati- 
fied. 4. Used euphemistically or ironically (for cursed or the 
like) ; as, not a blessed soul came near. — bless'ed-ly, adv. 

bless'ed-ness, n. Blessed state or quality. — Syn. Beati- 
tude, felicity, bliss. See happiness. 

bless'er, n. One who blesses. 

bless'ing, n. 1. Act of one who blesses ; benediction. 2. A 
means of happiness or welfare ; a beneficent gift. 3. Hence : 
a Bib. A gift. Gen. xxxiii. 11. A Hebraism, b Praise; 
worship, c A curse. Euphemistic. 
Syn. Blessing, benediction. Blessing is the general 
term, benediction being now practically confined to the 
official and authoritative invocation of divine favor by a 
priest or other clergyman, esp. at the close of public worship. 

blest (blest), pret. & p. p. of bless. — p. a. Blessed. 

blet (blet), n. [F. blet, blette, soft from being too ripe.] A 
kind of internal decay in fruit. 

blew (bloo; 86), pret. of blow. 

blight (bllt), v. t. & i. To affect, or be affected, with blight ; 
blast ; hence : to ruin ; frustrate. — n. 1. Any disease or in- 
jury of plants resulting in withering, decay, or cessation of 
growth. 2. Any insect causing blight. 3. Act of blight- 
ing ; state or result of being blighted. 4. Anything that 
frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. 

blind (blind), a. [AS.] 1. Sightless. 2. Unable or un- 
willing to discern, understand, or judge; as, blind to de- 
fects. 3. Existing apart from intelligent direction; as, 
blind will. 4. Difficult or impossible to see ; dim ; hidden ; 
as, a Wind path. 5. Specif.: Designating a ditch, drain, or 
the like, that consists of a cut in the soil filled with irregular 
or rounded stones allowing the passage of water between 
them. 6. Having no opening for light or passage, as a 
wall; blank. 7. Having but one opening, as an alley. 
8. Unintelligible ; also, illegible ; as, blind writing. 9. Of 
or pert, to blind persons. — Syn. See purblind. 

— v. t. 1. To make blind. 2. To dazzle. 3. To obscure ; 
dim, as by outshining. 

— n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, Oxn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



BLINDAGE 



109 



BLONDE 




a screen ; cover, as a window shutter, a blinker for a horse, 
etc. 2. A place or means of concealment ; ambush. 3. 
Something to mislead one, or to conceal a covert design ; 
a subterfuge. 

blind'age (blln'daj), n. Mil. A protection, esp. any earth- 
covered screen supported by a framework, for an advanced 
trench or approach. 

blind'er (blln'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 

2. A blinker for a horse. 

blind'fish' (bllnd'fish'), n. Any of several small fishes with 

rudimentary, functionless 

eyes, found in the waters of 

caves. 
blind'fold'Cblind'fold'),?.*. 

[AS. blind blind -f- prob. 

fellan, fyllan, to fell, Blindfish (Amblyopsis spelseus) . 

strike down.] To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage ; 

hinder from seeing, physically or mentally ; as, blindfolded 

by prejudices. — a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded ; 

hence : thoughtless ; heedless ; reckless ; as, blindfold fury. 
blind'ing, p. a. Making blind or as if blind ; obscuring. 
blind'ly, adv. In a blind manner. 
blind'man's buff (bllnd'manz). [See buff a buffet.] A 

play in which a blindfolded person tries to catch some one 

of the company and tell who it is. 
blind'ness (-nes), n. State or quality of being blind. 
blind'sto'ry (-sto'riXn.; pi. -stories (-riz). Arch. A story 

without windows ; specif., the triforium of a Gothic church 

without windows in the outer wall. 
blind tiger. A place where intoxicants are secretly sold 

without a license. Slang, U. S. 
blind'wqrm 7 _(-wurm'), n. A small, burrowing, snakelike 

lizard with minute eyes, esp. a species ( Anguis fragilis) of 

Europe, popularly believed to be blind ; the slowworm. 
blink (blink), v. i. 1. To look or glance with eyes half shut ; 

see indistinctly. 2. To wink ; twinkle with or as with the 

eye. 3. To look evasively or with indifference ; ignore a 

thing, though seeing it ; as, he blinks at their peccadillos. 

4. To shine, esp. intermittently ; twinkle. — Syn. See wink. 

— v. t. 1. To shut out of sight ; evade ; shirk ; ignore ; as, to 
blink the question. 2. To cause to blink. 

— n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. Glimmer ; sparkle ; as, a 
blink of light. 3. Naut. The dazzling whiteness about the 
horizon caused by reflection of light from fields of ice at 
sea ; ice blink. 

biink'azd (blirjk'drd), n. 1. One who blinks with or as 
with weak eyes. 2. One who is stupid or obtuse. 

blink'er (-er), n. 1. One who blinks. 2. Either of two flaps 
on a horse's bridle to prevent sight of objects at his side or 
behind him ; hence, an obstruction to sight or discernment. 

3. In pi. A kind of goggles used to shield the eyes. 
bliss (blis), n. [AS. blis, bliSs, fr. bliSe blithe.] 1. Blithe- 

someness ; gladness. 2. Exalted happiness ; heavenly joy. 
3. A cause of bliss or felicity.— Syn. Blessedness, beati- 
tude, felicity, joy, enjoyment. See happiness. 

bliss 'fill (-fool), a. Full of, characterized by, or causing, 
bliss. — bliss'f ul-ly, adv. — bliss'ful-ness, n. 

blis'ter (blis'ter), n. 1. A vesicle of the skin containing 
watery matter, or serum. 2. Any cavity resembling a blis- 
ter (sense 1), as an air bubble in a casting. 3. A vesica- 
tory; a blistering plaster or other agent.— v. t.&i. l.To 
affect or be affected with aiblister or blisters; have a blister 
form. 2. To pain or injure as if by a blister.— a. Desig- 
nating blister steel (which see), or bars or the like of it. 

blister beetle. a A beetle which, when dried and powdered, 
is used to raise blisters on the skin, esp, 
that called canlharis (Cantharis vesicaloria)i 
or Spanish fly, by druggists, b Any beetle 
of the family (Meloidse) to which the can- 
tharis belongs, some being injurious to 
vegetables. 

blister copper. Metallic copper of a black 
blistered surface. It should be 96- 99 per 
cent pure. 

blister steel. Crude steel formed from 
wrought iron by cementation ; — so called 
from its blistered surface. 

blis'ter-y (blis'ter-i), a. Full of blisters. 

blite (bllt), n. [L. blitum, Gr. PXItov.'] 
Any of several chenopodiaceous herbs in- An American 
eluding the strawberry blite (Blitum capi- ?i, ls ^ er Beetle 
tatum), bearing a red pulpy calyx, and the )^ cavXa mt ' 
wild spinach. 

blitbe (bllth), a. [AS. bKSe blithe, kind.] Jocund in dis- 
position; joyous; glad; cheerful. — Syn. See jocular. 
— blithe'ly, adv. 

blithe'some (-sum), a. Cheery ; gay. some-ly, adv. — 

-some-ness, n. 

bliz'zard (bliz'ard), n. A dry, cold, violent storm, with 
high wind and fine driving snow. — bliz'zard-ly, a. 

bloat (blot), v. t. 1. To cause to swell up, as with air or 
liquid effusion ; make turgid. 2. To inflate ; puff up : make 





vain. — v. i. To puff out ; swell — a. Bloated; puffy.— n. 

1. One who, or that which, is bloated ; esp., a drunkard, 
Slang. 2. Veter. Flatulent distention of the abdomen, 
due to eating watery foods and eating too rapidly. 

bloat, v. t. To cure (herrings) in smoke. See bloater. 

bloat'er, n. 1. The common herring, esp. when large and 
cured by being salted, smoked, and half dried. 2. Also 
bloater whitefish. A North American whitefish (Argy- 
rosomus prognathus) of the Great Lakes. 

blob (blob), n. 1. A small viscid drop, globule, or lump. 

2. A sound as of a bubble breaking, or of something, as a 
fish, breaking through the surface of the water.— v. t. To 
blot; mark; splotch. — v. i. To boil or bubble; also, to 
make a sound as of breaking the surface of water. 

blob'ber (blob'er),ra. &v. Blubber.— a. Thick or swollen, 
as the lips ; blubber. 

block (blok), n. [F. bloc.} 1. A bulky, solid piece of 
wood, stone, or the ^/-s. g^ cj 
like, usually with 
one or more flat 
faces. 2. A block- 
head. 3. The wood- 
en block (sense 
1) on which con- 
demned persons 
are beheaded. 4. 
A mold or form 
on which articles 
are shaped or dis- Block, 5." A Wooden Block with a rope 
played. 5. A passed through the Swallow and over the 
grooved pulley or she ^' e (1); 2 Strap; 3 Breech -B Dou- 
?heave inn frnme ~ le Block; C Iron-strapped Block; D 
snea\e in a irame L ong _ Tackle Block; E Snatch Block; 
or shell provided F Clewline Block; G 4-sheaved Block; 
with a hook, eye, H Square-checked Block; I Gin Block; 
or strap, by which J Fiddle Block. 

it may be attached. 6. A quantity, number, or section of 
something dealt with as a unit. 7. A row of houses or 
shops, esp. when built in contact so as to form one building. 

3. A city square ; also, the length of one side of such a 
square. 9. A stop ; hindrance ; obstacle. 10. In Aus- 
tralia, one of the large lots into which public land, when 
opened to settlers, is divided by the government. 11. 
Cricket. The position of a batsman or his bat when the 
ball is about to be bowled, before the bat is lifted for strik- 
ing. 12. Sports & Games. An obstruction of an oppo- 
nent's play. 

— v. t. 1. To obstruct or stop by obstructing; blockade. 
2. To sketch, plan, or shape without working up details ; 
as, the image was roughly blocked; — used with out or, 
sometimes, in. 3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block, 
as a hat. 4. To secure, support, or provide, with blocks. 
5. Sports & Games. To check or foil, as a play or player, 
by interposition or a counterplay ; specif., Cricket, to stop 
(the ball) with the bat without attempting to hit it. 

block-ade' (blok-ad'), n. 1. The shutting up of a place by 
troops or ships so as to prevent ingress or egress. 2. The 
force maintaining a blockade. 3. An obstruction to passage. 
Syn. Blockade, siege. A blockade differs from a siege in 
that the latter technically implies attack on the place in- 
vested, which the former does not ; also, blockade commonly 
refers to operations by water ; siege, to land operations. 

—v.t.; -ad'ed (-ad'ed) ; -ad'ing (-ad'ing). To subject to 
a blockade. — block-ad'er (-ad'er), n. 

block'head' (blok'hed'), n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. 

block'bouse' (-housO, n. 1. Mil. A structure of heavy 
timbers for military defense, with sides 
pierced for gun fire and, often, a pro- 
jecting upper story. 2. A house of 
squared logs. West. & So. U. S. 

block'ish, a. Like a block ; stupid ; 
dull.— block'ish-ly, adv. — block'- 
ish-ness, n. 

block system. Railroads. A system ° ne io T m of Block- 
by which the track is divided into house, 
short sections, or blocks, as of three or four miles, and 
trains are run by the guidance of signals (block signals) 
so that no train, enters a section until the preceding train 
has left it. [tially refined.] 

block tin. Commercial tin cast into blocks and only par-| 

block'y (blok'I), o. Filled with, or characterized by, blocks 
or patches, as of contrasting light and shade. 

blol'ly (blol'i), n. 1. A nyctaginiaceous shrub or small tree 
[Pisonia obtusata) of Florida and the West Indies, with 
oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. 2. = snowberry,2. 

blond, blonde (blond), a. [F., fair, light.] 1. Of a fair color ; 
light-colored. 2. Anthropol. Having yellowish brown, 
flaxen, or light auburn hair, blue or gray eyes, and pale or 
rosy white skin. 

blond, fern, blonde, n. [F.] 1. A blond person ; a person 
of fair complexion with light hair and eyes. 2. [In this 
sense usually blonde.] A kind of pillow-made silk lace, 
orig. of the color of raw silk, but now usually dyed. 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN-; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Sign*, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BLOOD 



110 



BLOWFLY 



blood (blud), n. [AS. Hod.] 1. The fluid, commonly red 
in vertebrates, which circulates in the heart, arteries, and 
veins of animals. 2. The shedding of blood ; act of killing ; 
as, "His blood be on us." 3. Relationship by descent from 
a common ancestor (half blood when through one parent 
only, whole blood when through both parents); kinship; 
hence : kindred ; race. 4. Descent ; lineage ; esp., honorable 
birth ; royal lineage ; as, a prince of the blood. 5. Temper ; 
state of the passions; hence, anger; as, my blood was up. 

6. A man of fire or spirit; a gay, showy man; a rake. 

7. Animal appetite; fleshly nature. 8. The juice of any- 
thing, esp. if red ; as, the blood of the grape. 

— v. t. 1. To bleed ; also, to stain or wet with blood. Ar- 
chaic. 2. To give (as hounds or soldiers) a taste or sight of 
blood. 

blood'ed (blud'ed; 24), a. Having (such) blood; of approved 
breed ; of the best stock. 

blood'guilt'y (-giFtT ) , a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. 

blood'hound' (-hound'), n. One of a breed of large, power- 
ful dogs remarkable for their acute sense of smell. 

blood'i-ly, adv. In a bloody manner. 

blood'i-ness, n. State of being bloody. 

blood'less, a. [AS : blodleas.'] 1. Destitute of blood. 
2. Not attended with bloodshed. 3. Without spirit or 
activity. 4. Cold of heart; unfeeling. — blood'less-ly, adv. 

blood'let'ting (-let'ing), n. Act or process of letting blood, 
or bleeding, as by opening a vein or by cupping. 

blood money. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, 
of another's life. 

blood'root' (-root'), n. 1. A plant (Sanguinaria cana- 
densis), of the poppy family, having a 
red root and red sap and bearing a 
white flower. 2. The tormentil. Eng. 

blood'shed' (-shed'), n. Also blood'- 
shed'ding. The shedding of blood, esp. 
human blood ; slaughter. 

blood'shot' (-shot 7 ), a. [blood + shot 
variegated.] Red and inflamed ; suf- 
fused with blood; — said of the eye. 

— n. A bloodshot condition. 
blood'stain' (-stSn'), n. A discolora- 
tion caused by blood. 

blood'stone' (-ston'), n. A stone con- 
sisting of green chalcedony sprinkled 
with red jasper, as if with blood. 

blood'suck'er (-suk'er), n. 1. Any ani- 
mal that sucks blood; esp., a leech. 
2. An extortioner. 

blood'thirst'y (-thurs'tT), a. Eager to 
shed blood; cruel. — blood'thirst'i-ly, 
adv. — blood'thirst'i-ness, n. 

blood'wite' (blud'wlf), n. Alsoblood'- 
Wit 7 . [AS. blodwite ; blod blood + wit e fine.] Early Eng. 
Law. a A fine (distinct from weregild) for the shedding of 
blood, payable to the king, lord, or other superior. Hence, 
a penalty, b The right to levy the fine ; also, exemption 
from payment of it. 

blood'wort' (-wurt'),™. Any of various flowers ; as:a Any 
of a family (Hsemodoracese)oi plants with red roots, includ- 
ing one (Gyrotheca capitata) of the redroots. b = Blood- 
root, 1. 

blood'y (-1), a.; blood'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, containing, or resembling, blood. 2. Smeared or 
stained with blood. 3. Given, tending to, or involving, the 
shedding of blood ; bloodthirsty ; murderous ; cruel. 
Syn. Bloodstained, ensanguined, gory, sanguinary ; blood- 
thirsty. — Bloody, sanguinary. 4. Bloody alone applies 
to that which is covered with blood or is of the nature of 
blood ; as, bloody hands. Sanguinary applies to that which 
is attended by, or bent upon, bloodshed ; as, a sanguinary 
war. For both these senses of sanguinary the more em- 
phatic bloody may also be used ; as, a bloody war. 

•—v. t.; blood'ied (-id) ; blood'y-ing. To make bloody; to 
stain or wet with blood. 

bloom (bloom), n. [ Icel. blom, blomi.'] 1. a A blossom; 
flower ; also, flowers collectively, b The flowering state. 2. 
A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor. 3. The rosy 
color of the cheek ; flush ; glow. 4. The delicate powdery 
coating on some fruits and leaves; also, any surface coating 
suggestive of this; as, the bloom on newly struck coins. 
5. A mineral frequently found as an efflorescence; as, 
cobalt bloom; antimony bloom. 

— v. i. 1. To produce or yield blossoms ; blossom ; flower. 
, 2. To be in a state of vigorous, growing youth. 3. To be 

rosy or warm-colored ; glow. — v. t. 1. To cause to blossom 
or flourish. 2. To bestow a bloom on ; make blooming or 
radiant ; impart a bloom to ; cloud, as a varnished surface. 

bloom, n. [AS. bloma lump.] Iron Manuf. a A mass of 
wrought iron from the forge or puddling furnace, b A 
large bar of steel hammered or rolled from an ingot. 

bloom'er (bloom'er), n. [After Mrs. Bloomer, an Ameri- 
can, who sought to introduce this costume.] 1. A woman's 




Bloodroot, 1 



costume consisting of a short dress and loose trousers gath- 
ered at the ankles. 2. In pi. Loose trousers gathered near 
the knee, worn by women in gymnasium practice, etc. 

bloom'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Iron Manuf. A 
furnace and forge in which blooms are made. 

bloom 'ing, p. a. 1. Blossoming; flowering. 2. Thriving 
in health, beauty, and vigor. — bloom'ing-ly, adv. 

bloom'y (blodm'i), a. 1. Full of bloom ; flourishing. 2. Cov- 
ered with bloom, as fruit. 

blos'som (bloVum), n. [AS. blostm, blosma, blostma."} 

1. The flower of a seed plant; bloom. Blossom is more 
commonly used than flower or bloom when the reference 
is to plants producing edible fruits. 2. A blooming period 
or stage of development. — v. i. 1. To flower ; bloom. 

2. To flourish and prosper. — blos'som-y (-1), a. 

blot (blot), n. 1. Backgammon.^ A single man left ex- 
posed. 2. A weak or exposed point. 

blot, n. 1. A spot ; stain ; blur. ^ 2. A spot on reputation ; 
stain ; disgrace. 3. An obliteration of something written or 
printed ; an erasure.— v. 2.; BLOT'TED(-ed; 24); blot'ting. 
1. To spot, stain, or bespatter. 2. To impair; mar. 3. To 
paint, esp. coarsely ; daub. 4. To obliterate, as writing with 
ink; cancel; — generally used with out. 5. To obscure; 
eclipse ; as, a dense haze blotted everything. 6. To dry, as 
writing, with blotting paper or sand. — Syn. Expunge, 
efface, cancel ; smutch, tarnish, blur; sully, disgrace.— v. i. 

1. To make a blot or blots, as ink. 2. To take a blot ; be- 
come blotted ; as, this paper blots easily. 

blotch (bloch), n. 1. A blot or spot, as of ink. 2. Med. A 
large pustule, or a coarse eruption.— v.t. To cover with 
blotches ; make or cause a blotch. — blotch'y(-T), a. 

blot'ter (blot'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, blots; 
esp ; , something to absorb superfluous ink. 2. A book in 
which entries of transactions or occurrences are made as 
they take place, as in recording accounts, arrests, etc. 

blotting paper. An unsized, spongy paper for absorbing 
ink from fresh manuscript. 

blouse (blouz ; blous; F.blobz), n. [F.] 1. A loose shirt- 
like overgarment of various lengths and styles. 2. Hence : 
a The undress uniform coat of the United States army. 
b A loose waist, usually belted, worn by women or children. 

bloused (blouzd), a. Wearing a blouse ; also, made full like 
a blouse ; as, a bloused front to a waist. 

blow (bio), v. i.; pret. blew (bloo ; 8G) ; p. p. blown" (blon) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. blow'ing. [AS. blowan to blossom.] To 
flower; bloom.— v. t. To cause to blossom; put forth 
(blossoms or flowers).— n. Blossom; flower; bloom. 

blow, n. [ME. blaw, blowe.'] 1. A forcible stroke with the 
hand, fist, or some instrument. 2. A sudden or forcible act 
or effort ; assault. 3. Something that causes suffering or 
loss (esp. when sudden) ; a sudden calamity. 
Syn. Buffet, knock, rap, stroke ; shock, disaster, reverse. — 
Blow, stroke. Blow implies violence or force ; stroke, 
rather suddenness or definiteness or precision. 

blow, v. i.; pret. blew (bloo ; 8G) ; p. p. blown (blon), Occa- 
sional or Dial, blowed (blod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. blow'ing. 
[AS. blawan to blow, as wind.] 1. To move, as air, esp. 
rapidly or with power. 2. To send forth a forcible current 
of air or gas, as from bellows. 3. To sound on being blown 
into, as a trumpet. 4. To produce a noise by blowing, as 
in hissing or whistling, etc. 5. To pant; puff 6. Of ceta- 
ceans, to eject the moisture-laden air from the lungs 
through the blowholes or blowhole. 7. To be carried or 
moved by the wind. 8. To talk loudly; boast. Colloq. 
to blow hot and cold, to favor a thing at one 'time and 
treat it coldly at another. — to b. over, to pass away ; 
cease; as, the trouble blew over.— to b. up, to explode; 
as, the magazines blew up. 

— v.t. ; 1. To force a current of air upon or through, as with 
the mouth. 2. To cause to sound, as an organ or a trumpet 

3. To spread by report ; publish ; disclose. 4. To drive by a 
current of air ; impel. 5. To inflate, as with pride ; puff up. 
6. To form by inflating, as with air. 7.To clear of contents 
by forcing air through. _ 8. To burst, shatter, or destroy by 
an explosion ; — used with up, down, open, etc. 9. To put 
out of breath ; cause to blow from fatigue. 10. To deposit 
eggs or larvae upon or in (meat, etc.). 11. To spend (mon- 
ey), or spend money upon ; esp., to spend freely ; — often 
used with a reflexive or with in. Slang. 

to blow up, to inflate. 
blow, n. 1. Act of one who or that which blows ; a blowing. ' 

2. Metal. A single heat, or operation, of the Bessemer con- 
verter ; alsoi the quantity of metal so treated. 3. An egg, 
or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of 
depositing it. 4. A boast ; also, boasting ; brag. 

blOW/er (-er), n. One who, or that which, blows ; as : a Any 

device for producing a current of air, as a rotary fan. 

b A braggart. Slang. 
blow^fish' ( : fish'), n. 1. A puffer or any similar fish which 

can inflate its body. 2. The wall-eyed pike. 
blow'fly' (-fll'), n. Any of various true flies that deposit 

their eggs or maggots on meat, or in wounds, etc. 



BLOWGUN 



111 



BLUESTOCKING 




Blowtorch. 



blow'gun' (blo'gun'), re. A tube through which an arrow 
or other projectile may be blown by the breath. 

blow'hole' (-hoi 7 ), re. 1. A hole for the escape of air or gas ; 
esp., a nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or 
other cetacean. 2. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, 
etc., come to breathe. 3. Founding. A defect in a cast- 
ing due to a bubble of air. 

blow'ing, re. 1. Act or action denoted by blow, v. i. & t. 
2. Veter. A sound produced by the vibration of the nos- 
trils in some horses (called high blowers) in breathing. It is 

; not an unsoundness and is not connected with "roaring." 

blown (blon), p. p. & p. a. from blow, v. Hence : p. a. 1. 
Swollen ; inflated ; distended, as cattle gorged with green 
food, which develops gas. 2. Stale ; worthless ; tainted. 3. 
Out of breath ; tired ; exhausted. 4. Flyblown. 

blow'— out', n. Act of blowing out ; place where something 
has blown out, as in the bursting of an automobile tire. 

blow'pipe' (blo'pip'), n. 1. An instrument for directing a 
jet of air or gas into a fire or flame so as to increase the heat. 
2. A blowgun ; blowtube. 

blow'torch' (-torch'), n. A small automatic blast lamp or 
torch, used in plumbing, etc. 

blow'tube' (-tub'), 7i. 1. A blowgun; 
also, a similar instrument, com- 
monly of tin, used by boys ; 2. Glass 
Making. A long wrought-iron tube, 
on the end of which the workman 
gathers a quantity of "metal" 
(melted glass), and through which 0^~i 
he blows to expand or shape it. 

blow'y (blo'i), a.; blow'i-er (-i-er); 
blow'i-est. Windy. 

blowze (blouz), n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman ; wench. Obs. 

blowzed (blouzd), a. Having high color, as from exposure 
to the weather ; ruddy-faced ; blowzy ; disordered. 

blowz'y (blouz'i), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat and rud- 
dy ; high-colored ; frowzy. — Syn. See slovenly. 

blub'ber (blub'er), re. 1. The fat of whales or other large 
marine mammals yielding oil. 2. Act of blubbering. — v. i. 
To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face.— v. t. To swell 
or disfigure (the face) with weeping.— a. Swollen; thick; 
as, blubber lips. 

blub'ber -y (-T), a. 1. Swollen ; protuberant. 2. Like blub- 
ber ; gelatinous and quivering. 

blu'cher (bloo'cher; -ker), re. [From the Prussian general 
Blucher.] A kind of half-boot; also, a 
shoe in which the tongue and toe are of one 
piece. 

bludg'eon (bluj'un), re. A short club with 
one end loaded or thicker than the other.— 
v. t. & i. To hit with or as with a bludgeon. 

blue(bloo ; 86), a.; BLu'ER(-er);BLu'EST.[F. 
bleu, OF. also blou, blau, blef, LL. blavus, 
of G. origin.] 1. Having the color of the 
clear sky, or a hue resembling it. 2. Spe- Blucher Shoe, 
cif . : a Of a flame, pale without redness or glare ; hence, of 
the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of 

[ ghosts or devils ; as, the air was blue with oaths, b Of the 
skin, livid, esp. with cold or from a blow. C Designating 
venous blood, which shows blue through the skin, as dis- 
ting. from the red, or arterial, blood, d Magnetism. Desig- 
nating the south (south-seeking) pole of a magnet, which is 
usually left of its natural steel-blue color; also, the mag- 
netism of this pole ; — opp. to red. 3. Low in spirits ; mel- 
ancholy. 4. Suited to produce low spirits ; gloomy in pros- 
pect ; as, things looked blue. Colloq. _ 5. Severe or over- 
strict in morals ; suiting one overstrict in morals. 6. Liter- 
ary ; — used of women. See bluestocking. Colloq. 

— re. 1. A certain color of the spectrum; blue color. 2. 
Something blue in color, as a badge of ribbon ; specif., the 
sky or the sea. 3. A pigment or dye that colors blue. 4. A 
person dressed in blue or belonging to an organization 
whose uniform or badge is blue, as : a A Union soldier in the 
Civil War. b An English university athlete, one of Cam- 
bridge being called a light blue, one of Oxford, a dark blue. 
5. In pi. [Short for blue devils. - ] Low spirits ; melancholy. 
Colloq. 6. A pedantic woman ; a bluestocking. Colloq. 

— v. t. & i. ; blued (blood ; 86) ; blu'ing or blue'ing. To 
make or turn blue. 

blue baby. Med. An infant with congenital heart malfor- 
mation producing cyanosis. 

Blue'beard' ( bloo'berd' ; 86 ), re. The hero of a story of the 
same name. _ He marries a beautiful maiden, Fatima, who 
enters a forbidden chamber and discovers the remains of six 
previous wives. A bloodstain betrays her to Bluebeard, and 
she is saved from death only by the arrival of her brothers. 

blue'bell' (-bel'), re. Any of various plants bearing blue, 
more or less bell-shaped, flowers, as a campanula {Campa- 
nula rotundifoha, often called bluebell of Scotland or 
harebell), a European species {Scilla nonscripta) of 
squill ; certain American species of clematis, speedwell, etc. 





Bluebird. 



blue'ber-ry (-ber-i), re. The edible, blue or blackish berry 
of any of several species of plants (genus Vaccinium) ; also, 
the shrub itself. The blueberry contains many minute 
seeds, the huckleberry contains ten nutlets. 

blue'bird' (-btird'), n. A small song bird (Sialia sialis) of 
the northern United States. The 
male is bright blue above, with* 
the breast reddish. 

blue blood. The blood of noble or 
aristocratic families ; also, a per- 
son of such a family. The phrase 
originated in Spain, where light- 
complexioned persons claimed 
freedom from Moorish or Jewish 
admixture. 

blue'bon'net ( bloo'bon'et ; 24, 
86), n., or blue bonnet. A broad, 
flat Scottish cap of blue wool, or 
one wearing such a cap ; a 
Scotchman. 

blue'book' (-book'), re., or blue 
book. 1. A parliamentary pub- 
lication with blue paper covers. 
Eng. 2. A register or directory of persons of social promi- 
nence. Colloq., U. S. 

blue'bot'tle ( -bot"l ), re. 1. A European plant ( Centaurea 
cyanus) of the aster family, having flower heads with blue, 
pink, or white bottle-shaped rays ; bachelor's-button ; corn- 
flower. It is a common escape in the eastern United 
States. 2. Any of several species of large true flies having 
the body steel-blue ; esp., the blowfly (Calliphora erythro- 
cephala), or a more iridescent fly (Lucilia csesar). 

blue'cap' (-kap'), re. 1. The blue titmouse (Parus, or 
Cyanistes, cseruleus). 2. A Scotchman ; a bluebonnet. 

blue'coat' (-kot'), re. One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a 
sailor, or a policeman. — blue'— coat'ed, a. 

blue'^CUTls', re., or, oftener, blue curls. 1. Any of a genus 
(Trichostema) of plants, of the mint family, having very 
irregular blue flowers. 2. The self-heal (Prunella vul- 
garis). 

blue devil. 1. A baleful demon. 2. In pi. Apparitions sup- 
posed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tre- 
mens ; hence, very low spirits. 

blue'— eyed', a. Having blue eyes. 
blue-eyed grass, any of various grasslike iridaceous plants 
(genus Sisyrincliium) having delicate blue flowers. 

bhie'fish' (bloo'fish' ; 86), re. A voracious sea fish (Cheilo- 
dipterus saltatrix), highly valued as a food fish. Also, any 
of various other fishes, as the saury, the greenfish (Girella 
nigricans), etc. 

blue'gill' (-gil'). A large sunfish (Lepomis pallidus) of the 
Mississippi valley. It is an excellent food fish. 

blue grass. Any of several, mostly valuable, grasses (genus 
Poa) having bluish green stems, including the Kentucky 
blue grass (P. pratensis). 

blue gum. Any of several Australian eucalypti. 

blue'hearts' (bloo'harts' ; 86), re. An American blue- 
flowered scrophulariaceous herb (Buchnera americana). 

blue'ing. Var. of bluing. 

blue'jack' (-jak'), re., or blue jack. 1. Blue vitriol. 2. An 
inferior oak (Quercus brevifolia) of the southern U. S. 

blue'jack'et (-jak'et; 24), re. An enlisted man in the navy ; 
— often as distinguished from a marine. 

blue jay. The common jay (Cyanocitta cri- 
stata) of the eastern United States,with hand- 
some crest and with upper parts chiefly 
bright blue ; also, in the western United 
States, any of several other jays. 

blue laws. Certain laws of extreme rigor 
early enacted in the New Haven colony ; 
hence, any puritanical laws. 

blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. 

blue mass. Pharmacy. A preparation of 
mercury from which are formed "blue pills." 

blue'ness, re. Quality or state of being blue. 

blue'— pen'cil, v. t. To edit, or excise from, 
with a blue pencil; — said of printer's copy. 

blue peter. Naut. A blue flag with a white 
square in the center, used as a signal for 
sailing, to recall boats, etc. 

blue pill. Med. a A pill of prepared mer- 
cury, used as an aperient, etc. b Bhie mass. 

blue print. Often blue'print' (bloo'prmt' ; 
86), re. A blue photograph. See cyanotype. 

blue'— sky' law. A law to protect the public against dis- 
honest investment companies ; — so called because the 
promises made by some such companies are as boundless or 
alluring as the blue sky, or because "designed to clear 
away the clouds and fogs lrom the simple investor's hori- 
zon." Colloq. Hence, blue-sky legislation, etc. Colloq. 

blue'StOCk'ing (bldo'stSk'Ing ; 86), re. A literary woman ; a 
female pedant ; — orig. depreciatively so called, alluding to 
certain 18th-century gatherings attended by literary 




Bluejacket. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zl» = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BLUESTOCKINGISM 



112 



BOAST 



"lions," of whom a certain one always wore ordinary blue 
worsted stockings. Colloq. — a. Having or affecting learn- 
ing or literary tastes. — blue'stock'ing-ism (-Iz'm), n. 
fclue'stone' (-ston 7 ), n. 1. Blue vitriol. 2. A building or 
paving stone of bluish gray color ; specif., a sandstone 
quarried in New York State, near the Hudson River. 
blu'et (bloo'et; 24, 86), n. [F., dim. of bleu blue.] A deli- 
i cate rubiaceous plant (Houstonia ccerulea) of the United 

I States, with bluish flowers and tufted stems. Called also 

innocence, quaker-ladies, etc. | 

blue vitriol. Sulphate of copper, CuS04 # 5H20, r a blue crys- 
tallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. 

blue'weed' (-wed'), n. A prickly boraginaceous weed (Echi- 
um vulgare) of Europe, naturalized in the United States, 
with handsome blue flowers. 

blue'wood 7 (-wood 7 ), n. A rhamnaceous chaparral shrub 
(Condalia obovata) of western Texas and northern Mexico. 

l)lulf ( bluf ), a. 1. Having a broad, flattened front. 2. Ris- 
ing steeply with a flat or rounded front, as a coast. 3. Ab- 
rupt ; roughly frank ; brusque. 

i Syn. Short, abrupt, unceremonious, uncivil, impolite, 
rude, surly, blunt, brusque, curt, crusty. — Bluff, blunt, 
brusque, curt, crusty agree in the idea of abruptness. 
Bluff connotes heartiness, good nature, unconventionality ; 
as, bluff honesty. Blunt implies disregard for others' feel- 
ings, and for the amenities of life ; as, a Hunt reply. 
Brusque suggests a (real or apparent) tartness of temper 
and ungraciousness of speech ; as, a brusque refusal. Curt de- 
notes rude conciseness ; as,acwr2answer. Crusty adds to curt 
the implication of greater crabbedness or harshness, some- 
times belying kindness of heart ; as, a crusty old bachelor. : 

— n. A high, steep bank. 

bluff, v. t. 1. Poker. To deter (an opponent) from betting 
by a show of assurance. 2. To deceive by manner, speech, 
or expression, so as to accomplish some hidden purpose or 
ward off some danger.— v.i. To bluff an opponent by a 
fictitious show of strength. — n. Act of bluffing. 

bluff 'ly, adv. Abruptly ; bluntly. 

bluff'ness, n. Bluntness_of manner; abruptness. 

blu'ing, or blueing (bldq'ing ; 8Q), n. Something to give a 
bluish tint, as a preparation of indigo used in laundering. 

blu'ish, a. Somewhat blue. — blu'ish-ness, n. 

blun'der (blun'der), v. i. [ME. blunderen, blondren, to 
stir, confuse, blunder.] 1. To move clumsily ; flounder and 
stumble. 2. To make a gross error or mistake, as through 
ignorance, stupidity, overconfidence, or confusion. — v. t. 

1. To cause to blunder. 2= To utter awkwardly ; — usually 
used with out ; as, he blundered out an apology. 3. To do 
or treat blunderingly ; bungle. — n. A gross error. — Syn. 
See error. — blun'der-er, n. 

blun'der-buss (-bus), n. [Either fr. blunder + D. bus 
tube, box, or corrupt, fr. D. 
donderbus (lit.) thunder 
box, gun.] 1. An obsolete 
short firearm, with a flar- 
ing muzzle and a large bar- Blunderbuss. 
rel holding a number of balls. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. 

blunge (blunj), v. t.; blunged (blunjd) ; blung'ing (blun'- 
jing). To blend, beat up, or mix in, water, as clay. 

blung'er (blun'jer), n. A wooden implement for mixing the 
clay in potteries ; also, a pug mill, or a vat with stirrers. 

blunt ( blunt ), a._ [ ME. blunt not sharp, stupid.] 1. In- 
sensitive ; obtuse in feeling or spiritual perception. 2. Dull 
in understanding ; stupid. 3. Having a thick edge or point, 
as an instrument ; dull. 4. Abrupt in address or manners. 
Syn. Blunt, dull, obtuse, stupid come into comparison 
primarily as associated with sensibility or perception. 
Blunt so used implies a certain (sometimes temporary) 
callousness or lack of nice perception. Dull implies a 
heavy, sluggish habit of mind, or a lack of vividness and in- 
tensity ; obtuse, lack of sensitiveness, and even a certain 
impenetrability to emotions or ideas. Stupid denotes ex- 
cessive dullness, when the faculties are, as it were, be- 
numbed. In reference to pointed or edged tools blunt and 
dull (opposed to sharp, keen) are sometimes interchanged. 
In present usage, however, blunt appears to be more com- 
monly used of instruments or tools so made that a cross 
section near the edge subtends a relatively large angle ; 
dull, of a tool or instrument whose edge or point has lost 
its keenness or sharpness by use. An ax, even when sharp, 
is a blunt instrument as compared with a razor ; a dull pen- 
cil is made so by use, but one may purposely put a blunt 
(not a dull) point on a pencil in sharpening it. See bluff. 

-— v. t. & i. 1. To make or become blunt. 2. To repress or 
weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power. 

blunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner or state. 

blunt'ness, n. Quality or state of being blunt. 

blur (blur), v.t.; blurred (blurd); blur'ring. 1. To ob- 
scure by making confused and uncertain in f orm'or outline ; 
make indistinct and confused. 2. To cause imperfect 
vision in ; dim. 3. To sully ; blemish. — Syn. Spot, blot, 
stain, disfigure.— v. i. To become blurred or obscure.— 
n. 1. That which obscures without effacing ; a stain ; blot. 

2. A dim, confused appearance ; indistinctness of vision. 




blur'ry, a. Full of blurs ; blurred. 

blurt(blurt),v.£. To utter suddenly and unadvisedly ; — com- 
monly used with out. — n. Act of blurting out something. 
blush (blush), v.i. [ME. bluschen to shine, look, turn red.] 

1. To become red, esp. in the cheeks or face, from some 
mental shock, as shame or confusion ; flush. 2. To grow or 
be red or rosy. — v. t. 1. To redden. Rare. 2. To express 
or make known by blushing. — n. 1. A glance ; look ; blink. 
06s., except in at, or in, first blush. 2. A suffusion of the 
face with red, as from shame or confusion. 3. A red or 
rosy tint. — blush'er, n. — blush'ful (-fool), a. 

blus'ter (blus'ter), v. i. 1. To blow fitfully with violence 
and noise, as wind ;_be windy and boisterous, as the weather. 

2. To talk with noisy violence; swagger.— v. t. To utter or 
do with noisy violence ; bully.— n. 1. Fitful noise and vio- 
lence, as of a storm. 2. Noisy, boastful language. — Syn. 
Boisterousness, tumult, turbulence, boasting, swaggering, 
bullying. — blus'ter-er (-er), n. — blus'ter-ing-ly, adv. 

blus'ter-ous (-us), a. Inclined to bluster. 

bo'a (bo'd), n.; pi. boas (bo'dz). [L., a kind of water ser- 
pent.] 1. Any large snake that crushes it prey. 2. A 
long, round scarf of fur, feathers, etc., for the neck. 

boa constrictor. A large nonvenomous snake (Boa con- 
strictor) of tropical America. 

Bo'a-ner'ges (bo'd-nur'jez), n. [Gr. Poavepyes, of Aramaic 
origin ; cf. Heb. benai hargem, lit., sons of thunder.] 1. As 
a pi. An appellation given by Christ to James and John. 
Mark iii. 17. 2. Construed (erroneously) as a sing., with 
pi. -ges or -gesses. A declamatory or vociferous preacher 
or orator. 

boar ( bor ; 57 ), n. [AS. &d>.] 1. The uncastrated male of 
swine. 2. The wild hog (Sus scrofa). See wild boar. 

board (bord ; 57), n. [AS. bord board, plank, and also ship- 
board.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, relatively broad, 
and long. 2. A table; esp., a table for food. 3. Hence : 
What is served on a table ; provision, usually as furnished 
for pay. 4. A table at which a council or court is held ; 
hence, a council, or authorized assembly ; as, a board of 
trade, of directors, trustees, etc. 5. A square or oblong of 
thin material used or arranged for some special purpose, as 
a chessboard. 6. Pasteboard; specif., Bookbinding, the 
stiff foundation piece for the side of a book cover. A book 
bound in boards has the outside covering of paper, instead 
of doth or leather. 7. In pi. The stage in a theater. 8. [In 
this use orig. a different word meaning border, margin."] 
The border or edge of anything; as, seaboard; specif., 
Naut.: a The side of a ship, b A tack. 
by the board, over the board, or side ; as, the mast went 
by the board. Fig.: to go by the board, to suffer com- 
plete destruction. — on b. a On shipboard ; in a ship or 
a boat ; on board of. b In or into a railway car, train, or the 
like. U. S. 

— v.t. 1. To cover with boards or boarding. 2. To come up 
against, or alongside of (a ship), as to attack. 06s. 3. To 
go on board of, as a ship. 4. To enter (a railroad car or 
similar vehicle). U. S. 5. To furnish with regular meals, or 
with meals and lodgings, for compensation. 6. To place at 
board, for pay ; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable. 

— v. i. 1. To obtain or have meals, or meals and lodgings, 
statedly for compensation. 2. Naut. To tack. 

board, v. t. [F. aborder.J To approach ; accost. 06s. 

board'er ( bor'der ; 57 ), n. 1. One who boards at the table 
or house of another. 2. One who boards a ship. 

board foot. A volume equal to that of a board 1 ft. X 1 ft. 
X 1 in., or 144 cubic inches, used in measuring lumber. 
Thus a board 2" X 4" X 12' contains eight board feet. 

board'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of board, v. Hence : n. Boards 
collectively ; a covering of boards. 

boarding house, a house where boarders are taken. — 
b. school, a school in which pupils are boarded and lodged 
as well as taught. 

board measure. Measurement in board feet. 

board rule. A measuring stick, provided with various 
scales, for finding without calculation the number of board 
feet in a board, joist, or the like. 

board walk. A walk or promenade constructed of plank- 
ing, esp. one along the beach at a watering place. U. S. 

boar'fisb/ (bor'fish'; 57), n.^ Any of several fishes of differ- 
ent genera which have a projecting hoglike 
snout. 

boar hound. A large dog used in hunting 
wild boars ; esp., the great Dane or any of 
certain allied breeds of continental Europe. 

boar'ish, a. Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 

boast (bost),i;.i. [ME. bosten,boost- 
en, v., bo st, boost, n.] To vaunt one's 
self ; brag ; as, to boast of success. 
Syn. Bluster, vapor, crow ; swagger, Head of Australian 
flourish, vaunt, brag. — Boast, Boarfish (Histiopterus 
vaunt, brag agree in the idea of recurvirostris). ( 5 \j) 
vainglorious and ostentatious speech. Boast is the general 
term ; vaunt is more literary and emphasizes the idea of 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BOAST 



113 



BCEOTIAN 



Boatbill. 




vain display ; brag is more colloquial and suggests boastful 
exaggeration of what one is, has, has done, or can do. 

— v. t. 1. To speak of or display ostentatiously or vain- 
gloriously. 2. To show or exhibit asone'sown; a.s,toboast 
a name. [occasion of exultation. | 

— to. 1. Boasting; bragging. 2. The cause of boasting ;| 
boast, v. t. Stonecutting. To shape roughly with a broad 

chisel (boaster) in preparation for finer work. 

boast'er, to. One who boasts. 

boast'ful (-fool), a. Given to, or full of, boasting ; braggart. 
— boast'ful-ly, adv. — boast'ful-ness, to. 

boast'ing-ly, adv. In a boasting manner. 

boat (bot), to. [AS. bat.] 1. A small open vessel, or water 
craft, usually moved by oars or paddles ; any vessel for navi- 
gating the water. 2. A vehicle or utensil suggestive of a 
boat, as a stone boat, gravy boat, etc. — y. t. To transport 
or place in a boat. — v. i. To go or row in a boat. 

boat'bill' (-bil 7 ), to. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) 
of South America, related 
to the night herons, or an 
allied species (C. zeledoni) 
of Central America. 

boat hook. Naut. An iron 
hook with a point on the back, 
fixed to a long pole, to pull or 
push into place a boat, raft, 
log, etc. 

boat'ing, to. 1. Boats col- 
lectively. 2. Act or practice 
of rowing or sailing, esp. as 
an amusement. 

boat 'man (bot'man), to. A 
man who manages a boat. — 
boat'man-ship, to. 

boat'swain (bot'swan ; naut. 
bo's'n),TO. On a war vessel, a 
warrant officer having charge 
of the rigging, anchors, cables, cordage, etc. Also, on some 
merchant ships, a superior seaman having similar duties. 

bob (bob ), to. [ME. bob bunch, bobben to strike.] 1. A 
bunch or cluster, as of leaves, flowers, or grapes ; hence : 
anything hanging so as to play loosely, or with a short ab- 
rupt motion; appendant. 2. A knob, ball, or weight at the 
end of a rod or line ; as, the bob of a pendulum, the bob of a 
plumb line, etc. 3. Angling, a A knot of worms or of rags 
used in angling, as for eels ; a bunch of rags, bait, feathers, 
and hooks, b A float. 4. A horse's docked tail ; a bobtail. 
5. A short, jerking motion ; act of bobbing. 6. A blow ; a 
rap. 7. [Cf. OF. bobe trickery.] A jeer, jibe, or trick. 8. 
The refrain of a song; specif., a short and abrupt refrain, 
often of only two syllables. 9. (pi. bob.) A shilling. Slang, 
Eng. 10. A bobsled. U. S. 

— v. t. ; bobbed (bobd) ; bob'bing. 1. [OF. bober to trick.] 
To cheat ; filch. 2. To mock ; make sport of ; jeer ; jibe. 3. 
To cause to move in a short, jerking manner ; move, as the 
head, with a bob. 4. To make with a bob, or short, jerky 
up-and-down motion ; as, to bob a curtsy. 5. To cut short, 
as the hair. 6. To strike with a quick, light blow. 

— v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion ; play to and fro 
or up and down. 2. To angle with a bob. See bob, to., 3. 

bob'ber-y (-er-i), to. ; pi. -beries (-iz). A squabble ; tumult. 

bob'bin (-in), to. [F. bobine.] 1. One of the small pins or 
cylinders used to hold the threads in making pillow lace. 
2. A spooler reel used to hold yarn or thread, as in spin- 
ning machines, or to hold wire ; also, a spool or reel of yarn, 
thread, or wire. 3. A fine cord or narrow braid. 

bob'bi-net' (bob'i-neV ; bob'i-net), to. A kind of machine- 
made lace or netting of cotton or silk. 

bob'ble (bbVl), v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). To bob 
continually. — to. A bobbing motion. Both Colloq. 

bob'by ( : i), to. ; pi. -bies (-iz). [After Sir Robert Peel, who 
reorganized the London police.] A policeman. Slang, Eng. 

bob'cat' (-kat'), to. A lynx, esp. the bay lynx {Lynx rufus). 

bob'o-link (-6-link), to. An American song bird (Doli- 
chonyx oryzivorus) related to 
the blackbirds and meadow larks. 

bob'sled' ( bob'sled' ),bob'sleigb/ 
(-sla 7 ), to. A short sled, esp. one of 
a pair joined by a reach or cou- 
pling ; also, the compound sled so 
formed ; a double-ripper. U. S. 

bob'stay' (-sta 7 ), to. Naut. A stay 
to hold the bowsprit down. 

bob'taiF (-tal'), to._ An animal (as 
a horse or dog) with a short tail. 

— o. Having the tail cut short ; 
hence : deficient ; abbreviated. 

— v. t. To dock the tail of ; cut 
short ; curtail. — bob'tailed', a. 

bob veal. Veal too immature to 
be suitable for food. 




Male Bobolink. 



Bobwhite. 




bob'white (bob'hwTf), to. [From the note.] Any of various 
species of North American quail ; 

— commonly called quail in t h e 
North and partridge in the South. 
See quail. 

bo-cac'cio(bo-ka'cho), to.; pi. -cios 
(-choz). A large and abundant 
rockfish (Sebastodes paucispinis) 
of the California coast. 

bock (bok), to., or bock beer. [G. 
bockbier, corrupt, of einbecker 
bier, from Einbeck in Germany.] A 
kind of beer brewed, usually early 
in spring, from concentrated wort. 

bode (bod), v. t. & i. ; bod'ed (bod'- 
ed ; 24) ; bod'ing (-ing). [AS. bo- 
dian to announce, tell, bod com- 
mand, message.] To indicate by 
signs, as future events ; portend ; 
augur. 

bode, to. [AS. boda.~\ A messenger; a herald. Archaic. 

bode, pret. & p. p. of bide. Abode. 

bode'ment (bod'ment), to. An omen; prophecy. 

bod'ice (bod'is), n. [Prop. pi. of body.] 1. A corset ; stays. 
Obs. 2. a A close-fitting outer waist of a woman's dress. 
b A woman's garment reaching from waist to breast, often 
worn in some European national costumes ; loosely, a wide 
belt or girdle. 

bod'ied (-id), a. Having a body ; — usually in composition; 
as, able-bodied. 

bod'i-less (-i-les), a. Having no body ; immaterial. 

bod'i-ly (-T-li), a. 1. Having a body, or material form; 
physical ; corporeal ; as : bodily fear, apprehension of phys- 
ical injury. 2. Of or pertaining to the body. 
Syn. Bodily, physical, corporeal, corporal. Bodily 
has the sense of belonging to the body ; it is opposed to 
mental; as, bodily pain. Physical, often synonymous with 
bodily, applies also to that which the body has in common 
with all material objects and is thus opposed to psychical, 
spiritual, moral; as, the physical universe; physical cour- 
age. Corporeal refers more specifically to substance or na- 
ture ; it is opposed to immaterial, spiritual ; as, the corpo- 
real frame. Corporal, originally synonymous with bodily, 
now applies almost exclusively to bodily infliction of some 
sort ; as corporal (never corporeal) punishment. * 

— adv. 1. In bodily form ; in the body. 2. In respect to, 
or so as to affect, the whole body ; all at once ; completely. 

bod'ing (bod'Tng), to. Prognostic ; omen. — a. Foreboding; 
ominous. — bod'ing-ly, adv. 

bod'kin (bod'kTn), to. [ME. boydekyn dagger.] 1. A dag- 
ger. Obs. 2. Needlework. A sharp-pointed implement for 
making holes. 3. A kind of pin used by women to fasten 
the hair. 4. A blunt needle with a large eye for drawing 
tape, etc., through a loop or a hem. 

bod'y (bod'i), to.; pi. bodies (-Tz). > [AS. bodig.] 1. The 
total organized substance of an animal or plant, living or 
dead. 2. The trunk, or main part, as distinguished from 
the limbs and the head ; the central or principal part, as 
distinguished from smaller connected parts, as of a tree, 
army, country, structure, etc. 3. Specif. : a The nave or 
central portion of a church, b The bed or box of a vehicle, 
on or in which the load is placed. C The hull or a section 
of the hull of a ship; as, the after body; the fore body. 
d Print. The part of a type between the shoulder and 
feet, by the depth of which the size is indicated ; as, a non- 
pareil face on an agate body. See type, Illust. e Aero- 
nautics. The central, longitudinal framework of a flying 
machine, to which are attached the planes or aerocurves, 
passenger accommodations, controlling and propelling ap- 
paratus, fuel tanks, etc. 4. A person ; a human being ; 

— often in composition ; as, anybody. 5. A kind or form of 
matter; a material substance. 6. A number of individuals 
or things collectively, usually as united, organized, system- 
atized, or acting together, for some purpose ; as, a legis- 
lative body ; a body of troops. 7. That part of a garment 
covering the body. 8. A distinct mass or portion of matter ; 
as, a body of cold air. 9. Geom. A figure that has length, 
breadth, and thickness ; any solid figure. 10. Consistency ; 
thickness ; substance ; strength ; as, paint of good body. 
Syn. Body, corpse, carcass. Body refers to the animal 
organism, living or dead. Corpse and carcass (of man and 
beast respectively) refer to the dead body. 

body corporate, Law, a corporation. — b. politic, a cor- 
poration ; usually, specif., the state. 

— v. t.; bod'ied (-id) ; bod'y-lng. To furnish with or as 
with a body ; embody. 

body color or colour. Pigment that is opaque as laid on 
paper or canvas, often made so by an admixture of white. 

bod'y-guard' (bod'I-gardO, to. 1. A guard to protect the 
person. 2. Retinue ; attendance. 

body snatching. Law. The unauthorized removal of a 
dead body from the grave. — body snatcher. 

Bce-O'tian (be-o'shan) , a. Of or pertaining to ancient Bceo- 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BOER 



114 



BOLT 



tia, noted for its heavy atmosphere and its dull-witted peo- 
ple ; hence : stupid ; dull. — to. One of the people of Bceotia. 

Boer (boor), to. [D., a farmer.] A colonist or farmer in 
South Africa of Dutch, or rarely, Huguenot descent. 

bog (bog), n. [Ir. & Gael, bog soft, moist.] A piece of wet 
spongy earth consisting chiefly of decayed vegetable mat- 
ter ; quagmire ; marsh ; morass. — v. t.&i.; bogged (bogd) ; 
bog'ging (bog'Ing). To sink, as into a bog ; mire. 

bog asphodel. Either of two melanthaceous bog plants 
(Abama ossifraga of Europe and A. americana of the 
United States) resembling the true asphodel. 

bo'gey (bo'gi), to.; pi. -geys (-giz). Also bogie. 1. A 
goblin ; bugbear. 2. Golf. A given score or number of 
strokes for each hole, against which players compete. 

bog'gle (bog''l), to. Var. of bogle. 

bog'gle, v. i. ; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [See bogle, to.] 

1. To hesitate as if suddenly frightened or impeded ; take 
alarm ; exhibit indecision. 2. To do anything awkwardly. 
3. To play fast and loose; dissemble. — Syn. Double, 
stickle, demur. — to. 1. Act of boggling. 2. A scruple ; dif- 
ficulty ; demur ; also, blunder ; botch. — bog'gler (-ler), to. 

bog'gy (-1), a.; bog'gi-er (-I-er) ; -gi-est. Like, consisting 

of, or containing, a bog or bogs. 
bo'gie (bo'gi), to. 1. = 1st bogy. 2. Golf. — bogey, to., 2. 
bo'gie, n. Also bogey, -gy. A low, strong truck or cart. 
bo'gie (bo'g'l ; bog''!), to. [W. bwgwl threatening, fear, 

bwg , bwgan, a bogle.] A goblin ; specter ; bogey. 
bog oak. See bogwood. ""•"' 

bog orchis. A small European orchid {Malaxis paludosa) 

with inconspicuous green flowers. 
bog ore. M in. Bog iron ore, a variety of hematite. 
bog'trot'ter (bog'trot'er), to. One who lives in a boggy 

country ; — 'applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. 
bo'gUS (bo'gils), a. Spurious; sham. Cnlloq., U. S. 
bog'wood' (bog'wdod'), to. The black wood of trees, as oak, 

preserved in peat bogs, much used for making ornaments. 
bo'gy (bo'gi), to. ; pi. -gies (-giz). Also bogey, bogie. A 

specter ; hobgoblin ; bugbear. 
bo'gy, to. A truck. See 2d bogie. _ 
bo-hea' (bo-he'), to. [From Wu-i, the name of the hills 

in China where this tea is grown.] A kind of black tea. 
Bo-he'mi-an (bo-he'mi-dn), a. 1. Of or pert, to Bohemia. 

2. Unconventional; free and easy. — to. 1. A native of 
Bohemia. 2. The language of the Czechs, a Slavic dialect. 

3. In highly civilized communities, one who makes a live- 
lihood by, or is much interested in, art, literature, or other 
intellectual pursuits, and who takes an attitude of protest 
against, or of indifference to, the common conventions of 
society. — Bo-he'mi-an-ism (-iz'm), to. 

boil (boil), v. i. [From OF., fr. L. bullire to bubble.] 1. To 
be agitated by the generation and rising of bubbles of 
vapor; — said of a liquid. 2. To be agitated like boiling 
water ; seethe ; as, the waves boil. 3. To be excited with 
passion ; as, my blood boiled with anger. 4. To be in boil- 
ing water, as food in cooking.— v. t. l.To heat tothe boiling 

( point, which, for water at sea level, is 212° Fahrenheit (100° 
Centigrade). 2. To form by boiling ; subject to the action 
of heat in a boiling liquid. — to. Act or state of boiling. 

boil, to. [AS. byle.J A hard, inflamed, suppurating tumor, 
caused by bacteria. 

boil'er (boil'er), to. 1. One who boils something. 2. A ves- 
sel in which anything is boiled. 3. A strong metallic vessel 
in which steam is generated for driving engines. 4. A tank 
or reservoir in which hot water is stored. 

boil'er -y (-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-Iz). A place and apparatus 
for boiling something. 

bois'ter-OUS (bois'ter-fts), a [ME. boistous.'] 1. Rough 
or rude ; strong. Obs. 2. Tumultuously violent ; rough ; 
turbulent. — Syn. Loud, roaring, violent, stormy, turbu- 
lent, furious, tumultuous, noisy, impetuous, vehement. — 
bois'ter-ous-ly, adv. — bois'ter-ous-ness, to. 

bo'lar (bo'ldr), a. Of or pert, to bole, or clay ; clayey. 

bo'las (bo'las), to. sing. & pi. [Sp., lit., balls.] A kind of 
missile weapon consisting of balls fastened to the «ads of a 
thong or cord; — used by the Gauchos of South America, 
and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal. 

bold (bold), a. [AS. bald, beald.~] 1. Forward to meet 
danger ; brave. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and con- 
tempt of danger ; daring ; as, a bold deed. 3. In a bad 
sense, too forward ; rude ; impudent. 4. Somewhat over- 
stepping usual bounds ; as, bold views ; a bold imagination. 
5. Steep ; abrupt ; prominent ; as, a bold shore. 6. Con- 
fident ; certain. Obs. 7. Markedly conspicuous ; striking 
the eye; as, marbles inlaid in bold patterns. — Syn. Cou- 
rageous, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, valiant, audacious, 
stout-hearted, adventurous, confident. 

bqld'-faced 7 (bold'fast'), a. 1. Bold in manner or expres- 
sion; indecorously forward. 2. Print. Having a con- 
spicuous or heavy face, as the type used for the words de- 
fined in this book. 

bold'ly, idv. In a bold manner or state. 




bold'ness, to. State or quality of being bold. — Syn. Brav- 
ery, intrepidity, dauntlessness, hardihood, brazenness, as- 
surance. See confidence, courage. 

bole (bol), to. The trunk or stem of a tree. 

bole, to. Any of several varieties of friable, earthy clay. 

bo-lec'tion (bo-lek'shun), bi-lec'tion (bl-), to. Arch. That 
portion of a group of moldings which ^mSyLJ^h 

projects beyond the general surface of mrj»yf^^S^i 

bo-le'ro (bo-la'ro), to.; pi. -ros (-roz). Bolection Molding. 

& [Sp.] 1. Music. A Spanish dance in 3-4 time, or the music 

for it. 2. A kind of short outer waist garment for women. 

bo'lide (bo'lid ; bol'Id), to. [F., fr. L. bolis, fr. Gr. po\ls 

missile.] A brilliant meteor, followed by a train of light or 

sparks, esp. one that explodes. 

bol'i-var (bol'I-vdr; Sp. b6-le'var), to. [Amer. Sp., after 
Simon Bolivar, "the Liberator."] A silver coin and mone- 
tary unit of Venezuela, equal to one franc, or 19.295 cents. 

Bo-liv'i-an (bo-llv'i-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Bolivia, in 
South America.— to. A native or inhabitant of Bolivia. 

bo'li-via'no (bo'le-vya'no), to.; pi. -nos (-noz; Sp. -nos). 
[Amer. Sp.] A money of account of Bolivia, equal to 38.932 
cents. 

boll (bol), to. [AS. bolla.] The pod or capsule of a plant, 
esp. of flax or cotton. — v. i. To form a boll ; go to seed. 

bol'lard (bol'drd), to. An upright wooden or iron post, as in 
a boat or on a dock, around which to fasten a rope. 

boll weevil. A grayish weevil (Anthonomus grandis) 
about a quarter of an inch long, which infests the cotton 
plant, laying its eggs in the squares and bolls. 

boll 'worm' (bol'wurmO, to. The larva of a noctuid moth 
(Heliothis armigera) which 
devours the bolls or unripe 
pods of the cotton, and also 
maize, beans, etc. 

bo'lo (bo'lo), to._; pi. -los 
(-loz). [Sp.] A kind of large 
single-edged knife, resem- 
bling a machete. Phil. I. 

Bologna sausage, or Bo- 
lo'gna (bo-lo'nyd), to. A 
large sausage of beef, veal, 
and pork , m inced , seasoned, 
and inclosed in a skin. 

Bolo-gnese' (bo'lo-nyez' ; -nyes'), a. 
logna.— to. A native of Bologna. 

bo'lo-graph (bo'lo-graf), to. [Gr. £oX^ stroke + -graph.] 
An automatic record or tracing made with the bolometer. 

bo-lom'e-ter (bo-lom'e"-ter),TO. [Gr./SoAi? stroke + -meter.] 
Physics. An electrical instrument for measuring minute 
quantities of radiant heat, esp. in different parts of the 
spectrum, by measuring the changes in resistance of a 
blackened platinum strip exposed to the radiations. — 
bolo-met'ric (bo'16-met'rlk), a. 

Bol'she-vi-ki' (bol'she-ve-ke'), to. pi. ; sing, bolshevik 
(-vek'). [Russ., lit., the larger; — so called because orig. 
the majority group of the party.] In Russian politics, the 
radical wing of the Social Democratic party, so called. 
The Bolsheviki favor terroristic tactics. 

bol'ster (bol'ster), to. [AS.] 1. A long pillow or cushion 
for a bed. 2. A soft pad, cushion, or support like, or sug- 
gestive of, a bolster. 3. Any of various solid objects sug- 
gestive of a bolster, or cushion ; as : a Arch. A rounded 
projection, as the baluster in the Ionic capital, b A plate of 
iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, c 
A short timber or block set horizontally upon a post for a 
bearing surface, as for girders. 

— v. t. 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. 
2. To support, hold up, or maintain, esp. with t 
difficulty ; — often used with up. 

bolt (bolt), to. [AS.] 1. A shaft or missile for a 
crossbow or catapult ; esp., a short, stout, blunt- 
headed arrow ; a dart. 2. Lightning ; thunder- 
bolt. 3. A sliding catch or fastening ; the portion 
of a lock shot or withdrawn t>y the key. 4. A 
shackle ; fetter. 5. A strong pin used to fasten or 
hold something in place, often having a head at 
one end and a screw thread on the other. 6. A-_ 
compact package or roll of cloth, often of about 9?,^ er0, 
forty yards. 7. [From bolt, v.] Act of bolting, f eam ' 

— v. t. 1. To shoot ; discharge. 2. To utter precipitately ; 
blurt out. 3. To swallow without chewing. 4. U. S. Poli- 
tics. To refuse to support, as a policy or a nomination of 
one's party. 5. To fasten or secure with or as with a bolt or 
bolts ; shackle ; restrain. 6. Sporting. To cause to start 
or spring forth ; dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc. 7. To 
absent one's self from, as a recitation or lecture, without 
leave or notice. College Slang, U. S. — v. i. 1. To start 
forth like a bolt, or arrow ; dart off. 2. U. S. Politics. To 
bolt the nominee, policy, etc., of one's party. 



Bollworm and Adult Moth. (§) 
Of or pert, to Bo- 




ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BOLT 



115 



BONNET 



bolt (bolt), v. t. [OF. buleter, fr. LL. buletare, buratare.~\ 
To sift (flour from bran) with a bolter ; hence, to separate, 
assort, refine, or purify, as if by sifting. 

bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt ; suddenly ; straight ; 
unbendingly. — bolt upright, perpendicular ; straight up. 

bol'tel (bol'tel), n. Arch, a The ovolo or torus, b One of 
the shafts of a clustered column. 

bolt'er (bol'ter), n. One who, or that which, bolts ; specif., 
a cloth, sieve, or machine for sifting flour. 

bolt'heatiV (bolt'hed'), n. 1. The head of a bolt. 2. Chem. 
A long straight-necked glass vessel for chemical distilla- 
tions ; — called also matrass or receiver. 

bolt'rope' (-rop'), n. Naut. A rope stitched to the edges 
of a sail, awning, etc., or the fine quality of hemp rope used. 

bo'lUS (bo'lus), n. ; pi. -luses (-ez ; 24). [LL.] A rounded 
mass of anything ; esp., a large pill, as for a horse. 

bomb (bom; or, esp. Brit., bum ), n. [F. bombe, fr. L. 
bombus a humming, Gr. /36/ijSos.] 1. Mil. A shell ; esp., 
a spherical shell. 2. Any similar missile or device ; as, a 
dynamite bomb, pyrotechnic bomb. 3. A small war vessel 
carrying bomb-throwing mortars. 

bom/ba-ca'ceous (bom'bd-ka'shws), a. [LL. bombax cot- 
ton.] Belonging to a family {Bombacacese) of trees, the 
silk -cotton trees, having palmate leaves and a capsular fruit 
containing seeds invested with copious silky hairs. 

bom/bard (bom'bdrd ; bum'-), n. [F. bombarde, LL. bom- 
barda, fr. L. bombus -f- -ard. See bomb.] 1. An obsolete 
piece of heavy ordnance. 2. = bomb, n. 3. 

bom-bard' (bom-bard' ; bum-), v.t. To attack with artillery ; 
esp., to throw shells, shot, etc., at or into; also used fig. 

bom'bar-dier' (bom'bdr-der' ; bum'-), n. [F.] 1. An artil- 
leryman ; gunner. Obs. or Hist. 2. Specif., a non-com- 
missioned officer of a certain rank in the British artillery. 

bom-bard'ment (bcm-bard'ment ; bum-), n. Act of bom- 
barding ; a sustained attack upon a fortified place with 
shot, shell, etc. 

bom'bar-don (bom'bdr-don ; bom-bar'-), n. [It. bombar- 
done.~\ Music, a A deep-toned instrument of the oboe or 
bassoon family ; hence, a bass reed stop on the organ, b A 
valved brass instrument, the bass tuba, resembling the 
ophicleide in tone. C The lowest-toned saxhorn. 

bom'ba-sine'. Var. of bombazine. 

bom'bast (bom'bast ; bum'-), n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. 
bombax.'] 1. Stuffing ; padding. Obs. 2. High-spunding 
words ; inflated style ; fustian. — a. High-sounding ; inflated. 

bom-bas'tic (bom-bas'tik ; bum-), a. Characterized by 
bombast. — Syn. Tumid, pompous, grandiloquent. See 
turgid. — bom-bas'ti-cal, a. — bom-bas'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

bom'ba-zine', or -sine' (bom'bd-zen' ; bum'-), n. [From 
F., fr. L. bombycinus silken, bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. 
j9o/i0u£.l A twilled dress fabric with a silk warp and a 
worsted welt. 

bomb'proof' (bom'proof ; see bomb), a. Secure against the 
explosive force of bombs. — n. A bombproof structure. 

bomb'shelF (-she!'), n. An explosive projectile ; a shell. 

bom'by-cid (bom'bi-sid), a. Of or pert, to the family 
(Bombycidse) including the silkworms of the genus (Bom- 
byx) of which the common silkworm moth {B. mori) is the 
type. — n. A bombycid worm or moth. 

bom'byx (-bTks), n. [L.] The silkworm (genus Bombyx). 

Bon (bon), n. [Jap.] A great Buddhist festival of Japan, 
held July 13 to 16, when the spirits of ancestors are sup- 
posed to revisit the household altars ; — sometimes called 
by foreigners Feast of Lanterns. 

bo'na-ci' (bo'na-se'), n. [Amer. Sp. bonasi.] Any of 
several groupers (genus Mycteroperca) of Florida, the West 
Indies, etc., valuable as food fishes. 

Bo'na De'a (bo'nd de'd). [L., good goddess.] Rom.Relig. 
An ancient goddess of fertility, worshiped only by women. 

Q bo'na fi'de (fi'de). [L.] In or with good faith ; without 
fraud or deceit ; as, he acted bona fide ; a bona fide sale. 

bo-nan'za (bo-nan'zd), n. [Sp., prop., calm, fair weather, 
prosperity, L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich ore body ; 
hence, anything that yields a large income. Colloq., U. S. 

Bo'na -part 'ist (bo'nd-paVtist), n. One attached to the 
policy or family of Bonaparte or the Bonapartes. — Bo'na - 
part'ism (-tiz'm), n. 

bon'bon' (boN'boN 7 ; bon'bonO, n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon 
very good, bon good.] A sweetmeat ; a sugarplum. 

|| bon'bon'niere' (boN'bo'nyar'), n. [F.]. A small fancy 
box or dish for bonbons. 

bond (bond), tt. [AS. bonda, bunda, husband, householder, 
fr. Icel. bondi husbandman, bua to dwell.] 1. A house- 
holder ; husband ; also, peasant ; husbandman. Obs. 2. A 
vassal ; serf ; slave. Archaic. — a. In servitude ; captive. 

bond, n. [Same word as band a fastening.] 1. That which 
binds ; band ; ligament ; shackle ; manacle. 2. In pi. State 
cf being bound ; imprisonment. 3. A binding force or influ- 
ence ; a uniting tie. 4. Moral or political duty or obliga- 
tion. 5. A binding agreement ; covenant. 6. a A writing 
under seal by which a person binds himself, usually, to pay 
a certain sum on or before a future day appointed, b Fi- 



nance. Such an instrument, or, loosely, an interest-bearing 
certificate, issued by a government or corporation. 7. One 
who acts as bail or surety. 8. State of goods when a bond 
has been given that the duty on them will be paid, or of 
goods stored in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid. 
9. A connection in which adjacent parts of a structure 
overlap and are so bound together ; a timber, stone, or the 
like, so overlapping. 10. Chem. A unit of chemical attrac- 
tion ; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often repre- 
sented in formulas by a short fine or dash. — Syn. Chains, 
fetters, captivity. 

— v. t. 1. To dispose in building, as bricks, so as to secure 
solidity. 2. To put under bond ; specif.: a To secure the 
payment of duties on (goods, etc.) by giving a bond, b To 
mortgage (property), c To convert into a debt secured by 
bonds. 3. To bind together ; connect. — v. i. To hold to- 
gether or solidify by or as by means of a bond or binder. 

bond'age (bon'daj), n. 1. Hist. Villein service or tenure. 
2. Slavery. 3. Obligation ; tie of duty ; subjection to com- 
pulsion. — Syn. Thralldom, bond service. See servitude. 

bond'ed (bon'ded ; 24), p. a. Placed under, or covered by, 
a bond, as for payment of customs duties, 
bonded warehouse, a warehouse for bonded goods. 

bond'er (-der), n. 1. One who places goods under bond or 
in a bonded warehouse. 2. Masonry. A bonding stone or 
brick ; a bondstone. 

bond'hold'er (bond'hol'der), n. A person who holds a 
bond, esp. a holder of a money bond or bonds of a govern- 
ment or corporation. — bond'hold'ing, a. & n. 

bond'Hiaid' (bond'mad'), n. A female slave. 

bond'man (-man), n. 1. A bond, or peasant; churl. 
Hist. 2. A serf ; villein ; man slave. 

bond servant. A slave ; one bound to service without wages. 

bonds'man (bondz'man), n. 1. A bondman. 2. Law. A 
surety on a bond. 

bond'stone' (bond'ston'), n. Masonry. A stone running 
through a wall from face to face ; a binding stone. 

bond'wom'an (bond'wdbm'an), n. A woman slave. 

bone (bon), n. [AS. ban.] 1. One of the pieces or parts 
of a vertebrate's skeleton, or the tissue composing it. 
2. Any of various other hard animal substances or struc- 
tures, as whalebone. 3. In pi. The skeleton ; the body. 4. 
A bone with meat adhering to it, used as an article of food. 
5. Something originally or usually made of bone, ivory, or 
the like, as (in pi.) dice, clappers, dominoes. 6. A stay of 
whalebone, steel, etc., as for a corset. 7. [In form bones, 
but construed as sing.] One who performs with bones ; 
specif., one of the end men in a negro minstrel performance. 

— v. t.; boned (bond); bon'ing (bon'Ing). To take out 
bones from the flesh of. 

bone black, or bone'black' (bon'blak 7 ), n. Chem. The 
black substance made by calcining bones in close vessels. 

bone oil. An ill-smelling oil distilled from bones. It is used 
in denaturing alcohol and in preparing certain antiseptics. 

bone'set' (bon'seV), n. A coarse herb (Eupatorium perfo- 
liatum) of the aster family, with white-rayed flower heads. 
It is diaphoretic and tonic. 

bone'set'ting, n. The setting of broken bones. 

bon'fire' (bon'fTr / ), n. [Orig., a fire of bones, i. e., for con- 
suming corpses.] ^ A large fire built in the open air as an 
expression of public joy, for sport, etc. 

bon'go (borj'go), n.; pi. bongos (-goz). Either of two large 
antelopes (Boocercus eurycerus of West Africa, and B. 
isaaci of Fast Africa) whose flesh is esteemed as food. 

bon'ho-mie', bon'hom-mie' (bon'6-me' ; F. bo'no'me';- 
n. [F.] Good nature ; pleasant and easy manner. 

Bon'i-face (bon'i-fas), n. [L. Bonifacius, BonifatiuSj 
masc. proper name.] The sleek, jolly landlord in Far- 
quhar's "The Beaux' Stratagem" ; hence, an innkeeper. 

bon'i-ness (bon'i-nes), n. Quality of being bony. 

bo-ni'to (bo-ne'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [From Sp. or Pg., 
fr. LL. boniton.] Any of several different marine fishes, 
esp. of the mackerel family. 

|| bon' mot' (boN' mo') ; pi. bons mots (boV moz' ; F. mo'). 

• [F., good word.] A witty repartee; a piquant, adroit, or 
happy expression. 

|| bonne (bon ; almost bun), n.; pi. bonnes. [F.] A maid- 
servant. 

bon'net (bon'et; 24), n. [OF. bonet, bonete, fr. LL. bon- 
neta, bonetum.] 1. A soft woolen cap worn by men and 
boys in Scotland. 2. A covering for the head, worn by 
women and children out of doors, usually tied on with 
strings. 3. A headdress analogous to a bonnet, as the 
feathered headdress of an American Indian. 4. Some- 
thing suggestive of a bonnet ; as : a A cowl for a chimney. 
b A cover for an open fireplace. C Automobiles. The 
metal cover or shield over the motor ; hood, d NauL An 
additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or 
foresail in moderate winds. 5. An accomplice of a gambler, 
auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or bid ; a decoy. 

— v. t. To dress or provide with a bonnet. 



V 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BONNET PIECE 



116 



BOOT 



bonnet piece. A gold coin of the time of James V. of 
Scotland, on which was stamped the bonneted head of the 

I king. Its intrinsic value was about $3.50. 

I] bon'net' rouge' (bo'ne' rodzh') ; pi. bonnets rouges 
(bS'ne' roozh'). [F.] The red cap adopted by extremists 
in the French Revolution ; hence : a revolutionist ; a Red 
Republican. »,«.,- 

bon'ny (bon'I), a.; -ni-er (-er); -ni-est. Also bon'nie. 
[Prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good.] 1. Good-looking ; 
comely. 2. Gay ; cheerful ; blithe. 3. Fine ; strong. Obs. or 
Dial. — bon'ni-ly (-Hi), adv. — bon'ni-ness, n. 

bon'ny-clab'ber (-klab'er), n. [Ir. bainne milk + clabar 
mire, bonnyclabber.] Coagulated sour milk. 

bon'spiel (bon'spel), n. [Scot.] A match between clubs, 
esp. at curling. Mostly Scot. 

bon'te-bok (bon'te-bok), n. [D., lit., spotted buck.] A 
■ South African antelope (Bubalis pygargus) of a peculiar 
purplish red color with white face and rump. 

(] bon' ton' (boN 7 toN'). [F., good tone, manner.] Fashion- 
able manner or style ; high society. 

bo'nus (bo'nus), n. ; pi. -nuses (-ez ; 24). [L. bonus good.] 
Something given beyond what is usual or is strictly due ; 
specif.: a A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or 
other privilege granted to a company, b An extra dividend. 
C Money, or other valuable, given in addition to an agreed 
compensation, d Life Insurance. An allotment of surplus 
to a policyholder ; — in America usually called dividend. 

li bon' vi'vant' (boN' ve'vaN') ; pi. bons vivants (don' ve'- 
vaNz' ; F. -vaN') ; fern. || bonne' vi'vante' (bon' ve'vaNtO ; 
pi. bonnes vivantes (ve'vaNts' ; F. -vaNt'). [F., good liv- 
ing.] A lover of good living ; esp., a gourmet. 

bon'y (bon'i), a.; bon'i-er (-er) ; bon'i-est. Like, consist- 
ing of, full of, or pert, to, bones ; having conspicuous bones. 

bonze (bonz; bon'ze), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr., Jap. bonzo.~\ A 
Buddhist or Foist priest, monk, or nun,orig. of Japan. 

bOO (boo), inter j. An exclamation imitative of the low of a 
cow, used to indicate contempt, aversion, etc., or to 
frighten. — v. i.; booed (bood) ; boo'ing. 1. To low, as a 
cow. 2. To say or utter "boo" ; hoot. 

boo'by(boo'bi), n.; pi. -BiEs(-biz). [Sp. bobo dunce, idiot.] 
1. A dunce ; a stupid fellow. 2. In card playing, etc., the 
player whose score is lowest. 

Boodh (bood), Bood'dha (-a), etc. Vars. of Buddha, etc. 

boo'dle (boo'd'l), n. 1. The whole collection or lot; caboo- 
dle. Contemptuous. 2. Bribe money ; graft. Polit. Cant. 

— v. i.; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To obtain money 
by political corruption. Polit. Cant. — boo'dler (-dler), n. 
All U. S. 

boo'hoo' (boo'hoo' ; boo'hoo'), n. The sound or act of loud 
weeping or laughter.— (boo'hoo' ; boo'hoo'), v. i.; -hooed' 
(-hood') ; -hoo'ing. To bawl ; also, to hoot ; shout. 

book (book), n. [AS. boc, fr. boc, bece, beech ; because the 
Saxons wrote runes on pieces of beechen board.] 1. A 
written or printed narrative or record, or a series of such ; 
esp., a literary composition. 2. A collection of tablets or 
sheets, as of wood, ivory, or paper, strung or bound to- 
gether ; as, a blank book ; an account book. 3. A part or 
subdivision of a literary work ; as, the tenth book of "Para- 
dise Lost." 4. \_cap.; usually the Book.] The Bible. 
5. A libretto ; hence, the text of a play. 6. A record of 
bets, esp. of bets on horse races; hence : to suit one's 
book, to meet one's desires, mental attitude, or circum- 
stances. 7. Card Playing. A certain number of tricks or 
of cards forming a set when taken or held by one side, as 
six tricks in whist. 8. A commercial packet of certain 
commodities, as of gold leaf. 

by the book, according to a book regarded as authorita- 
tive ; in the ^prescribed way ; correctly ; as, to speak or play 
by the book. — in one's bad books, in disfavor with one. 
— in one's books, or in one's good books, in favor with 
one. — without b. a By memory, b Without authority. 

— v. t. To enter, write, or register ina book or list, esp. so 
as to engage service or accommodation ; hence, to engage 
conveyance for. — v. i. To register one's name or buy a 
ticket so as to engage something. 

book'bind'er (-bln'der), n. One whose occupation is to 
bind books. — book'bind'er-y (-i) , n. — book'bind'ing, n. 

book'case' (bobk'kas'), n. A case with shelves for books. 

book'ish, a. 1. Fond of, or learned in, books. 2. Charac- 
terized by or affecting literary form or precision ; hence : 
formal ; pedantic. — book'ish-ly, adv. ish-ness, n. 

book'keep'er (book'kep'er), n. One who keeps accounts; 
one whose business or profession is bookkeeping. 

book'keep'ing, n. Art or practice of keeping, as_ in account 
books, a systematic record of business transactions. 

book'land (book'land), n. [AS. bocland; boc book + land 
land.] O. Eng. Law. Orig., land granted by a book, or 
charter ; hence, any land not folkland. 

book'let, n. A little book. 

book'mak'er (-mak'er), n. A maker of books; as : a A 
compiler, b One who makes a book of bets 



book'man (-man), n. 1. A studious man ; a scholar. 2. 
One who has to do with the sale of books. Colloq. 

book'mark' (-mark'), n. Something placed in a book to 
guide in finding a particular page or passage. 

book'plate' (-plat'), n. A label placed upon or in a book, 
showing its ownership or its position in a library. 

book'rack' (book'rak'), n. A rack for supporting an open 
book ; also, a rack for holding a number of books. 

book scorpion. Any of an order (Pseudoscorpionida) of 
minute arachnids found among papers. 

book'sell'er (bobk'sel'er), n. One who sells books. 

book'shelf (-shelf), n. A shelf for books. 

book'shop' (-shop'), n. A bookstore. 

book'stack' (-stak'), n. A fixed rack provided with book- 
shelves ; esp., one of a system in a library stack room. 

book'stall' C-stSl'), n. A stall where books are sold. I 

book'stand' (-stand'), n. A bookstall; also, a bookrack. 

book'store' (-stor; 57), n. A store where books are the main 
commodity sold. U. S. and, locally, Canada. 

book'worm' (-wurm'), n. 1. An insect larva that injures 
books. 2. A person unusually devoted to reading or 
studying books. 

boom (boom), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar.] 1. Naut. 
A long spar used esp. to extend the bottom of a sail. 
2. A long spar or beam projecting from the mast of a 
derrick to support or guide the body to be lifted. 3. 
Mil. A chain cable or line of connected spars extended 
across a waterway to obstruct navigation. 4. Lumbering. 
a A line of connected floating timbers used to confine saw 
logs, or the like ; also, the inclosed area, b An obstruction 
of floating logs, or the like, retarding the flow of a stream. 

boom, v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a hollow sound, as 
waves or cannon or a bittern. 2. To move with a booming 
noise, as 'a ship. 3. To have a rapid growth in market 
value, in resources and population, or in popular favor, as 
a town or district.— v. t. 1. To give forth with a reso- 
nant or booming sound j — usually used with out. 2. To 

[xause a rapid growth or increase of in favor, price, etc.; as, 
to boom a stock, town, candidate. 

—n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon. 2. A strong, 
rapid, and expanding growth in market value, development, 
favor, etc. ; as, a boom in real estate. 

boom'er (bobm'er), n. One who booms; West. U. S., one 
who joins a rush of settlers, as to a newly opened district. 

boom'er-ang (-ang), n. [From native name in Australia.] 

1. A curved or angular club used, mainly by 
the natives of Australia, as a missile weapon. 
It can be hurled so that its flight will bring it 
back near to the place whence it was thrown. 

2. Any story or project, esp. a scandalous one, 
which reacts against its originator. 

boon (boon), n. [Icel. bon petition.] A thing 
asked, granted, or enjoyed, as a benefit or favor ; 
a gift. — Syn. See present. 

boon, a. [F. bon good, L. bonus."] 1. Kind ; 
bountiful. Archaic or Poetic. 2. Jovial ; con- 
vivial ; — chiefly in boon companion. 

boor (boor), n. [D. boer farmer, boor.] 1. A 
peasant; rustic; esp., a clownish couatryman. 

2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant ; esp. 
[_cap.~\ , a Boer. 3. A rude, ill-bred, or clownish person. 

boorish (bobr'ish), a. Like a boor; clownish; uncul- 
tured. — boor'ish-ly, adv. — boor'ish-ness, n. 
Syn. Rustic, awkward, clumsy, ungainly ; surly, sullen, 
crabbed, churlish, clownish, loutish. — Boorish, churlish, 
clownish, loutish. Boorish refers to gross lack of breed- 
ing or to rudeness of manner ; churlish, to surliness or 
incivility, often of speech. Clownish suggests ungainly rus- 
ticity ; loutish, stupid clumsiness. 

boost (boost), v. t. & i. To lift or push from behind ; give a 
boost to ; hence, to assist or advance ; as, to boost a candi- 
date ; to boost prices.—- n. A push or shove that aids one in 
rising or advancing, lit. or fig. Both Colloq., U. S. 

boost'er (boos'ter), n. One who, or that which, boosts; 
specif. : Elec. An instrument or machine for regulating 
or modifying the electromotive force in an electric circuit ; 
— so called because used to "boost," or raise, the pressure 
in the circuit. A dynamo is sometimes so used. 

boot (boot), n. [AS. bot remedy, compensation.] 1. Rem- 
edy ; help. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Something given to equal- 
ize an exchange ; — only in : to boot, in addition ; into the 
bargain ; besides. 3. Profit ; advantage ; avail ; use. Ar- 
chaic. — v. t. 1. To remedy. 06s. 2. To profit ; avail ; as, 
what boots it?— v. i. To be of avail ; — used impersonally. 

boot, n. [Cf. boot profit, or booty.] Booty. Obs. or R. 

boot, n. [OF. bote, LL. botta.'] 1. A covering, usually of 
leather, for the foot and more or less of the leg. Cf. 
shoe. 2. Of a coach : a A seat at the side for attendants. 
Obs. b A place for baggage at either end of a stagecoach. 

3. A bootlike instrument of torture for the leg. 4. A 
partial covering for the hoof and leg of a horse, intended 
to prevent injury from interference. 5. An apron or 




Boomer- 
angs. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, uni, up, circus, menu ; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



BOOTBLACK 



117 



BORROW 



cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a 
vehicle, to protect from rain and mud. 6. Something 
like, or suggestive of, a boot (in sense 1); as: a In a 
grain elevator, the box in which the lower pulley runs. 
b A leather case attached to a cavalry saddle to contain 
a carbine. C In a reed pipe of an organ, the box or com- 
partment containing the reed. See reed pipe, Illust. 

— v. t. 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. 2. To torture 
with the boot. 3. To kick with a booted foot. U. S. 

boot'black' (boot'blak'), n. One who polishes boots. 

boot'ed (boot'ed ; 24), a. 1. Wearing boots, as for riding ; 
as, a booted squire. 2. Zo'dl. Having a continuous horny, 

' bootlike covering ; — said of the tarsus of some birds. 

boot-ee' (boo-te'), re. A kind of boot or shoe for a woman 
or child. Cant. 

Bo-b'tes (bo-o'tez), re. ; gen. Boons (-tis). [L., fr. Gr. 
/Secerns herdsman, fr. /3o0s ox.] Astron. A northern con- 
stellation containing the bright star Arcturus. 

booth (booth; booth), n. [Prob. fr. ODan. ooS\] 1. A 
frail temporary house or shed. 2. A covered stall or tempo- 

' rary structure_at a fair, polling place, etc. 

boot/hose' (bodt'hoz'), n. sing. & pi. Outside hose in lieu 
of boots or as a leg covering in addition to boots. 

boot'i-kin (boot'i-kin), n. [boot 4- kin.'] 1. A little boot ; 
also, a covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the 
gout. 2. An instrument of torture ; the boot. 

boot'jack' (-jak 7 ), n. A device for pulling off boots. 

boot'leg' (-leg'), v. i. To carry liquor about on the person 
and sell it where the sale of liquor is prohibited. Slang, U.S. 

bootless, a. [From boot profit.] Unavailing; useless. — 
Syn. See useless.— boot'less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. 

boots (boots), n. ; pi. in form, but construed as sing. A ser- 
vant, as at a hotel, who cleans, blacks, and polishes boots. 

boot'— top'ping, n. Naut. a The process of cleaning a ves- 
sel's hull about the water line and coating it with some 
material to prevent fouling, b That portion of a vessel's 
hull between the light and the load water lines (that 
portion being usually painted red). 

boot'— tree', n. An instrument to stretch, or preserve the 
form of, a boot or shoe. 

boo'ty (boo'ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. butin.] 1. Spoil, 
esp. that taken in war; plunder. 2. Any rich gain. 
Syn. Booty, plunder, loot, pillage, spoil agree in denot- 
ing that which is seized by violence. Booty and plunder 
are alike used of seizures in war or by robbery or theft. 
Booty often suggests richness, plunder the considerable 
amount or varied character, of the spoil. Loot is strictly the 
booty, sometimes illicitly or dishonorably taken, from a 

| sacked city. Spoil (commonly in pi.) and pillage usually 
suggest the violence of the seizing. In recent usage spoil is 
often applied to the emoluments of office, regarded as the 
rightful booty of a victorious political party. 

booze (booz), v. i.; boozed (boozd) ; booz'ing. To drink 
immoderately, esp. liquor ; tipple.— re. A carouse ; also, 
what is drunk; liquor. Colloq.— booz'er (booz'er), n. 

booz'y (-1), a. Somewhat intoxicated; fuddled. Colloq. 

bo-peep' (bo-pep'), n. A sudden looking out and with- 
drawing, so as to startle some one (as by children in play). 

bo'ra (bo'rd), n. [It., dial. var. of borea north wind, L. 
boreas.~] A violent, cold, northeast wind of the Adriatic. 

bo-rac'ic (bo-ras'ik), a. = Boric. 

bo'ra-cite (bo'ra-slt), n. Min. A borate and chloride of 
magnesium, MgvCUBieOso, occurring in glassy crystals and 
in softer, white masses. It is strongly pyroelectric. 

bor'age (bur'aj), n. [From OF., fr. LL.] A rough-hairy 
blue-flowered European herb (Borago officinalis), used 
medicinally, and also in salad. 

bo-rag'i-na'ceous (bo-raj'i-na'shus), a. [NL. See bor- 
age.] Bot . Belonging to a family ( Boraginacese ) of 
herbs, shrubs, or trees, the borage family, including the 
heliotrope and forget-me-not. 

bo'rate (bo'rat), n. Chem. A salt or ester of boric acid. 

bo'rat-ed (-ed), a. Impregnated with borax or boric acid. 

bo'rax (-raks), n. [F., fr. Ar. buraq, Pers. burah.J A 
crystalline, slightly alkaline borate of sodium, Na2B.i07, 
used as a flux, cleansing agent, antiseptic, etc. 

Bor'deaux' (bor'do'), n. Wine from the Bordeaux region, 
France, or any similar wine. White varieties are chiefly 
the sauternes; red varieties are usually called claret. 

Bordeaux mixture. A fungicidal mixture composed of 
blue vitriol, lime, and water. 

bor'der (bor'der), n. [F. bordure, OF. bordeure, fr. border 
to border, bord a border.] 1. The outer part or edge ; 
margin. 2. A boundary or frontier. 3. An ornamental or 
finishing strip or stripe along or near the edge, as of a gar- 

| ment ; hence, a narrow flower bed. 
Syn. Bound, boundary, limit, confine, margin, verge, edge, 
rim, brink, brim. — Border, margin, verge, edge, rim, 
brim, brink agree in the idea of a bounding or dividing 
line or surface. A border is that part of a surface just 
within its boundary line or the boundary line itself ; as, the 
border of a rug ; the border country. A margin is a border 
definite in width or made distinctive ; as, the margin of a 



page. Verge denotes an extreme or remote border ; as, on 
the verge of ruin. An edge is a sharply defined terminating 
line or part ; rim, usually applies to the edge of something 
circular or curving ; brim, to the upper rim of a hollow 
vessel ; as, the edge of a table ; the rim of a cup ; full to the 
brim. Brink denotes the edge of something steep ; as, the 
brink of a precipice. 

the border, the borders, the contiguous districts of Scot- 
land and England. 

— a. Pertaining to a boundary district or frontier; hence : 
rude ; unconventional ; as, border life. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a border. 2. To be or have next 
to ; touch or be touched, as by a border. — v. i. 1. To 
touch at the edge or boundary ; — used with on or upon. 

2. To approach ; verge ; as, to border upon insanity. 
bor'der-er (-er), n. A dweller on a border or frontier. 
border rider. A freebooter on the border of Scotland 

and England. 

bor'dure (bor'clyr), n. [F. bordure. See border, re.] 1. 
Her. A border about the shield. 2. A border. Archaic. 

bore (bor; 57), v. t.; bored (bord); bor'ing (bor'ing). 
[AS borian.] 1. To penetrate (a body), as by turning an 
auger, gimlet, drill, or the like, against it ; to pierce. 2. To 
make (a hole, well, passage, etc.) with or as with an auger. 

3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort ; as, to bore one's 
way through a crowd. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or 
by dullness, or by forcing one's presence upon ; afflict with 
ennui. 

— v. i. 1. To bore a hole. 2. To be pierced by a boring in- 
strument. 3. Of a horse, to shoot out the nose or toss it in 
the air. 

— n. 1. A hole made by boring, or an opening like, or lik- 
ened to, one so made. 2. A round internal cavity, as of a 
pipe or tube ; specif. , the tubular cavity of a jirearm ; in mod- 
ern breechloading ordnance, that in front of the breech- 
block. 3. Size, or diameter, of a hole ; caliber. 4. A person 
or thing that wearies by prolixity, dullness, etc. 

bore, re._ [Icel. bara wave.] Phys. Geog. a A tidal flood 
with high abrupt front, due to a rapidly narrowing inlet 
or channel. The bores of the Humber, Trent, and Severn 
in England are commonly called eagres, b Loosely, a very 
high and rapid tidal flow, as at the Bay of Fundy. 

bo're-al (bo're-al), a Pert, to Boreas; hence, northern. 

bo^re-as (bo're-as), n. [L. boreas, Gr. Bopeas.] The north 
wind ; — usually [cap.] personified. 

bore'cole' (bor'koF), n. Kale. " 

bore'dom (bor'dum), n. State of being bored; ennui. 

bor'er (bor'er), re. One who bores ; that which bores, as 
a tool, the shipworm, certain beetles, etc. 

bo'ric (bo'rik; 57), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, boron. 
boric acid, any acid derived from boric oxide ; specif., a 
white crystalline substance, B (OH) 3, obtained from its salts. 

bo'ride (bo'rld; -rid), re. Chem. A binary compound of 
boron with a more positive (basic) element or radical. 

bor'ing (bor'ing), re. 1. Act or process of one who, or that 
which, bores. 2. A hole made by boring ; a bore. 3. A chip 
or cutting made by boring ; — usually in pi. 

born (born), p. p. & p. a. of bear, v. t. Hence : p. a. 
Having from birth a certain character ; inborn ; as, a born 
poet. See Note at end of bear, v. t. 

borne (born; 57), p. p. of bear. Supported; carried; 
brought forth (by the mother) ; defrayed, etc. See bear,v.<. 

bor'ne-ol (bor'ne-ol ; -61), re. [Borneo + 1st -ol.~] Chem. A 
kind of camphor,_CioHi7-OH, corresponding to true cam- 
phor, into which it is converted on oxidation. 

born'ite (bor'nlt), n. [After I. von Bom, Austrian miner- 
alogist.] Min. A brittle, metallic-looking sulphide of 
copper and iron, Cu3FeS3. It is a valuable ore of copper. 

bo'ron (bo'ron), re. [NL. SeeBORA^.] Chem. Anonme- 
tallic element occurring naturally only in combination, as in 
borax and boric acid. Symbol, B ; at. wt., 11. 

bo'ro-sil'i-cate (bo'ro-sil'i-kat), re. Chem. A double salt 
of boric and silicic acids, as in the minerals tourmaline, 
datolite, etc. 

bor'ougn (bur'6), re. [AS. burh, burg, fortified place or 
town.] 1. In England : a A town, or urban constituency, 
that sends a member or members to Parliament, b An 
incorporated town with special privileges conferred by 
royal charter. 2. A form of municipal corporation in gen- 
eral like an incorporated town or village. Local, U. S. 

bor'OUgh-English, re. Eng. Law. A custom or right by 
which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, 
or sometimes to the youngest daughter or collateral heir. 

bor'ough-mon'ger (-mun'ger), re. One who buys or sells 
the parliamentary seats of boroughs. 

bor'rel (bor'el), a. 1. Of the laity. Archaic. 2. Unlearned ; 
rude ; rough. Archaic. 

bor'row (bor'o), v. t. [AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge.] 
1. To receive with the implied or expressed intention of 
returning or giving an equivalent in kind ; — opposite of 
lend. 2. Arith. In subtraction, to take (one or more) 
from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. * equals. 



M 



BORROWER 



118 



BOULE 



next lower. 3. To copy ; imitate ; adopt.— v. %. To borrow 
something. — n. 1. A pledge ; surety. Obs. 2. Early Eng. 
Law. A tithing or frankpledge. — bor'row-er, n. 

bors'hold'er (bors'hol'der), n. [ME. borsolder.~] Eng. 
Law. The chief of a borrow, or tithing; headborough. 
Later, a parish officer corresponding to the petty constable. 

bort (bort) In. Material consisting of imperfectly crystal- 

bortz (borts)J lized or coarse diamonds or of fragments 
made in cutting good diamonds. — bort'y (bor'tT), a. 

bos'cage (bos'kaj), n. Also bos'kage. [OF., grove, fr. LL. 
boscus thicket.] A growth of trees or shrubs ; thicket. 

bosch'bok (bosh'bok; D. bos'-), n. [D., bosch wood + 
bok buck.] A small South African harnessed antelope 
(Tragelaphus sylvaticus) frequenting forests. 

boscb/vark' (-vark' ;D.bos f -),n. [D., bosch wood + varken 
pig.] A Soutb African wild hog (Potamochcerus africanus). 

bosh (bosh), n. [Turk.] Empty talk ; trash. Colloq. 

bosh, n. ; pi. boshes (-ez ; 24). 1. In pi. The lower part of a 
blast furnace, sloping inward, or the widest space at the 
top of this. 2. In forging and smelting, a cooling trough. 

bosk (bosk), n. [See bosket.] A thicket; small wood. 

bos'kage, n. Var. of boscage. 

bos'ket, bos'quet (bos'ket), n. [F. bosquet.'] A thicket. 

bosk'y (bos'ki), o. 1. Woody or bushy. 2. Caused by 
boscage; as, bosky shadows. 

Bos'ni-an (boz'nT-an), a. Of or pert, to Bosnia.— n. A 
native of Bosnia, esp. a member of the tall, Slavic-speaking, 
predominating race. 

bos'om (booz'um), n. [AS. bosm.] 1. The breast of a 
human being. 2. The breast as the seat of the passions, 
affections, and thoughts ; as, "anger resteth in the bosom 
of fools." 3. Affectionate embrace or compass; fold. 
4. Something suggestive of the breast ; as, the bosom of the 
earth. 5. The part of a garment worn over the breast ; as, a 
shirt bosom. — a. 1. Of or pert, to the bosom. 2. Intimate ; 
familiar ; trusted ; as, a bosom friend.— -v. t. l.To inclose 
or carry in the bosom ; cherish. 2. To conceal ; embosom. 

bos'quet (bos'ket), n. Var. of bosket. 

boss (bos; 62), n. [OF. boce.] Any protuberant part; a 
round, swelling part or body, as a knoll of rock or a pad for 
smoothing ; a knoblike process ; a stud ; as, a boss of wood ; 
a boss on a shield. 

— v. t. 1. To emboss. 2. To ornament with bosses ; stud. 

boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or super- 
intendent ; a manager ; specif., a political dictator. — boss, 
a.Slang,U.S. — v.t. To hold mastery over ; direct. Colloq., 
chiefly U. S.—v. i. To be master. Colloq., chiefly U. S. 

boss'ism (bos'iz'm ; 62), n. The rule, practices, or system 
of bosses, esp. political bosses. Slang, U. S. 

boss'y (-1), a. Inclined to play the boss. Colloq., U. S. 

boss'y (-i), a. Ornamented with bosses ; studded. 

Bos'ton (bos'tun; 62), n. [From Boston, a city of Massa- 
chusetts.] 1. [I. c] [F.] A game at cards, played by four 
persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each. 2. A form 
of the waltz characterized by the dancer's rising on the ball 
of the foot and descending during the same beat. 

Bos-well'i-an (boz-wel'i-an), a. Like or pert, to Dr. 
Johnson's biographer, James Boswell (1740-95), whose 
hero worship resulted in a faithful but often uncritical 
record of details. — Bos'well-ize (boz'wel-Iz ), v. i. & t. — 
Bos'well-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

bo-tan'ic (bo-tan'ik) 1 a. Of or pertaining to botany. — 

bo-tan'i-cal (l-kal) J bo-tan'i-cal-ly, adv. 

bot'a-nist (bot'd-nist), n. One who is a specialist in, or a 
student of, botany. 

bot'a-nize (-nlz), v. i. ; -nized (-nizd) ; -niz'ing (-nizTng). 
To collect plants for botanical investigation ; study plants 
in the field. — bot'a-niz'er (-nlz'er), n. 

bot'a-ny (bot'a-ni), n. [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. 
fHoraviKos botanic, fr. Poravrj plant, fr. Poo-kclp to feed.] 
1. Science of plants ; biology dealing with plants. 2. A 
book that treats of this science. 

botch (boch), to. [OF. boche, dial, for boce a boss.] 1. A 
swelling on the skin. Obs. 2. A patch clumsily put on. 3. 
Clumsy work ; bungle.— v. t. 1. To mark with or as with 
botches. 2. To mend ; repair ; esp., to patch clumsily. 3. 
To combine, express, or do in a bungling way ; mar. 

botch'er (boch'er), n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. 
a tailor or cobbler. 2. A clumsy workman ; a bungler. _ 

botch'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -ertes (-iz). Clumsy workmanship. 

botch'y (-1), a. Botched ; poorly done. — botch'i-ly, adv. 

bote (bot), n. [Old form of boot; — used in composition. 
See 1st boot.] 1. = 1st boot, n. 2. Law. a Repair of 
buildings, fences, bridges, etc., or an assessment for this 
purpose, b A right of a tenant to take timber or other 
things to make repairs or for other necessaries. 

bot'fly' (bot'fli 7 ), n. Any of many dipterous insects (family 
Estridse) whose larvae are parasitic in horses, sheep, etc. 

both (both), a. or pron. [ME. bothe, bape, fr. Icel. baSir.] 
The one and the other ; the two. — conj. & adv. 1. As 
well; not only; equally ; — used with and; as, both the 




quick and the dead. 2. As well; also; too; as, "malice 

mars logic and charity both." 
both'er (both'er),?;.^. To annoy ; worry ; perplex.— v. i. To 

feel care or anxiety.— n. One who, or that which, bothers ; 

state of perplexity or annoyance ; embarrassment ; worrv. 
both'er-a'tion (-a'shim), n. A bothering ; state of being 

bothered ; a thing that bothers. Colloq. 
both'er-some (-sum), a. Causing bother, or worry. 
bo tree (bo). [Singhalese bo, Skr. bodhi, prop, enlighten- 
ment, akin to buddha. Cf. Buddha.] The pipal tree ; 

specif, [.cap.], the sacred tree under which Gautama is 

said to have received the heavenly light. 
bot'ry-oid (bot'ri-oid)\a. [Gr. f36rpvs a cluster of grapes 
bot'ry-oi'dal (-oi'dal) J + -oid.] Having the form of a 

bunch of grapes. — bot'ry-oi'dal-ly, adv. 
bot'ry-ose (-os), a. Bot. Botryoid. 
bots, botts (bots), n. pi.; sing, bot, bott. The larvae of 

the botfly, esp. the species infesting the horse. [boot. I 

bot-tine' (bo-ten'), n. [F.] Small boot ; lady's boot ; half) 
bot'tle (bof'l), 7i. [From F., fr. LL.] 1. A hollow vessel, 

usually of glass or earthenware, with a narrow neck or 

mouth and without handles. 2. The contents of a bottle ; 

hence, fig., intoxicating liquor. — v. t.; -tled (-'Id); 

-tling (-ling). To inclose in or as in a bottle or bottles. 
bot'tle, n. [OF botel, dim. of F. botte bundle.] A bundle, 

esp. of hay. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 
bot'tle-hokVer, n. An attendant on a pugilist in a prize- 
fight. He holds a bottle of water. Hence, a backer, or 

second. Cant, or Colloq. 
bottle imp. = Cartesian devtl. 
bot'tle-nose' (-noz'), n. Any of several cetaceans of the 

dolphin family, esp. one (Tursiops, 

tursio) common in the 

North Atlantic. 
bottle pool. A game 

of pool played with 

two object balls, 

?he "pool^bottk! Bottlenose (Turstops lursio). ft, 
which is stood upside down. Scoring is done for making a 
carom, pocketing an object ball, or overturning the bottle 
after hitting an object ball. 

bot'tler (bot'ler), n. One who, or that which, bottles. 

bottle tree, a Any of several Australian trees (genus 
Sterculia, esp. ,S. rupeslris) so called from the swollen 
trunk. See kurrajong. b The sour gourd. 

bot'tom (bot'um), n. [AS. botm.] 1. The part of any- 
thing under and supporting the contents or bulk ; as, the 
bottom of a chair ; under surface ; base. 2. That which 
underlies a thing ; foundation ; groundwork. 3. Bed of a 
body of water. 4. Low alluvial land along a river ; a dale ; 
valley. 5. The lowest part of anything; foot. 6. Naut. 
The part of a ship ordinarily under water ; hence, a ship. 
7. Power of endurance ; as, a horse of good bottom. 

— a. Of or pert, to the bottom ; lowest ; as, bottom prices. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a bottom, as a chair. 2. To found 
or build ; base ; — used with on or upon. 3. To reach to 
the bottom of ; understand fully. — v. i. 1. To rest, as 
upon an ultimate support ; be based or grounded ; — usu- 
ally used with on or upon. 2. To reach or impinge against 
the bottom, as when a piston strikes the end of a cylinder. 

bot'tom-less, a. Having no bottom ; unfathomable. 

bot'tom-ry (-rT), n. [From bottom, sense 6.] Maritime 
Law. A contract by which a ship is hypothecated as 
security for repayment (upon a successful termination of 
the voyage) of a loan for the use of the ship.^ 

botts. Var. of bots. 

bou'doir' (boo'dwar'), n. [F., fr. bonder to pout, sulk.] 
A lady's(formerly, sometimes, a gentleman's) private room. 

bough (bou),n. [AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder.] 1. An 
arm or branch of a tree, esp. a main branch. 2. A gallows. 
Archaic. 

Syn. Branch, limb, shoot, offshoot, twig, sprig, spray. 
— Bough, limb, branch. Branch, the general term, ap- 
plies to large or small divisions or subdivisions of a tree ; 
bough, ordinarily, to the larger ones ; a limb is common- 
ly a large branch. 

bough'pot' (bou'pot' ; dial, boo'pot'), n. Also bow'pot'. 
A vase for cut flowers or boughs ; also, a bouquet. 

bought (bot), pret. & p. a. of buy. 

bought'en (bot''n), p. a. Purchased; — now chiefly in 
Poetic use ; or (Dial. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.) applied to 
things not obtained or produced at home. 

bou'gie'tboo'zhe' ;boo'ji),n. [F., fr. Bougie.town of North 
Africa.] 1. A wax candle. 2. Med. A long flexible instru- 
ment fcr introduction into the urethra, esophagus, etc. 

[1 bou'illa'baisse' (boo'ya/bes' ; -bas'),_n. [F.] Cookery. 
A highly seasoned stew of fish and various vegetables. 

D bou'illon'^ (boo'yoN' ; bool'yoN'), n. [F., fr. bouillir to 
boil.] A kind of clear beef or meat soup or broth. 

boul'der (bol'der), n. Var. of bowlder. 

boule (boo'le), n. [Gr. tfcwXi?.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A legisla- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Ckrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BOULEVARD 



119 



BOW-BELLS 



tive council of elders or chiefs ; a senate. 2. The legislature 
of modern Greece. 

bOU'le-vard (boo'Ie-vard ; F. boo'l'-var'), n. [F., fr. G. 
bollwerk bastion.] A public walk or street on the site of 
demolished fortifications ; hence, a broad avenue. 

boule'work' (bool'wurk'). Var. of bubxwork. 

boul'ter (bol'ter), n. A long fishing line with many hooks. 

boun (boun), v. t. & i. To prepare ; dress ; start. Archaic. 

bounce (bouns), v. t.; bounced (bounst) ; bounc'ing (boun r - 
sTng). [ME. bunsen.] 1. To thump. Obs. 2. To cause to 
bound or rebound. 3. To proclaim or address with big talk ; 
bully. Colloq. 4. To eject violently, as from a room ; dis- 
charge unceremoniously, as from employment. Slang, U. S. 

— v. i. 1. To strike or thump so as to rebound, or to make a 
sudden noise ; knock loudly. 2. To leap or spring suddenly ; 
bound. 

— n. 1. A heavy, sudden, often noisy, blow or thump. 2. A 
sudden leap or bound ; rebound. 3. Bluster ; brag ; boast- 
ing, 4. A peremptory discharge or expulsion. Slang, U. S. 

— adv. With a sudden leap ; suddenly. 

bounc'er (boun'ser), n. 1. One who bounces. 2. A 
boaster ; a bully ; a liar ; also, a bold lie. Colloq. 3. Some- 
thing big ; as, a bouncer of a fish. 4. A man employed at a 
theater, hotel, etc., to eject disorderly persons. Slang, U. S. 

bounc'ing (-sing), a. 1. Stout ; buxom. 2. Excessive ; big. 
bouncing Bet, common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). 

bound (bound), n. [OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, fr. LL. bu- 
tina, bodina, bodena, bonna.] 1. The limiting line; 
hence : that which limits ; limit ; confine ; — usually in pi.; 
as earth's remotest bounds. 2. In -pi. Borderland ; also, 
the tract within bounds ; domain ; as, on my bounds. 

— Syn. Term , termination, barrier, bourne, verge ; border, 
march, precinct. 

— v. t. 1. To limit ; terminate ; inclose ; restrain ; confine. 
2. To name the boundaries of ; as, to bound France. — v. i. 
To have its boundary (on) ; adjoin. 

bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir to leap, 
resound.] 1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or 
with a succession of springs or leaps. 2. To rebound, as a 
ball. — Syn. See skip.— v.t. To cause to rebound; bounce. 

— n. 1. A quick leap ; a spring ; jump. 2. A rebound. 
bound, a. [p. p. of ME. bounen to prepare, fr. boun 

prepared, fr. Icel. buinn, p. p. of bua to dwell, prepare.] 
Prepared ; ready to go ; going ; as, homeward bound. 

bound, p. a. [See bind.] 1. Restrained or fastened by a 
band, bond, or the like ; tied ; confined. 2. Inclosed in a 
binding or cover, as a book. 3. Under legal or moral 
restraint or obligation. 4. Constrained or compelled ; des- 
tined ; certain ; — followed by the infinitive ; as, it is bound 
to happen. 5. Resolved ; as, I am bound to do it. Colloq., 
U. S. 6. Constipated ; costive. 
bound up in, entirely devoted to ; inseparable from. 

bound'a-ry (boun'da-n), n. ; pi. -RiES (-riz). [From bound 
a limit.] That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, 
or marks a bound, as of a territory. 

bound'en (boun'd'n), p. p. & a. [Old p. p. of bind.] 

1. Under obligation, as for a favor ; obliged ; beholden. 2. 
Made obligatory; binding; — chiefly in bounden duty. 

bound'er (-der), n. 1. One who, or that which, bounds. 

2. An apparently prosperous and inherently vulgar person 
of obtrusive manners. Colloq., Eng. 

bound'less, a. Without bounds; illimitable; infinite. 

boun'te-OUS (boun'te-us), a. [OF. bontif, fr. bonte. See 
bounty.] 1. Characterized by bounty ; liberal ; munifi- 
cent ; — of persons or agents ; as, a bounteous giver. 2. 
Liberally bestowed ; plentiful ; — of things ; as, a bounte- 
ous harvest. — boun'te-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. 

boun'ti-ful (boun'ti-fool), a. 1. Free in giving; liberal. 
2. Plentiful. — Syn. Generous, munificent, bounteous. See 
liberal. — boun'ti-ful-ly, adv. — boun'ti-ful-ness, n. 

boun'ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. bonte goodness, kind- 
ness, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good.] 1. Liberality in giv- 
ing; generosity. 2. That which is given liberally. 3. A 
reward; esp., a premium to induce men to enter public 
service, or to encourage an industry. — Syn. Munificence, 
generosity, beneficence. See subsidy. 

bounty jumper. One who, during the latter part of the 
Civil War, enlisted in the United States service to get the 
bounty, and then deserted. Colloq. 

bou-quet' ( boo-ka' ), n. [F., fr. bousquet, bosquet, thicket, 
dim. of LL. boscus.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 

2. A perfume ; aroma, as of wine. 

Bour'bon (boor'bun), n. 1. A member of the noble French 
family of Bourbon, whose members founded dynasties in 
France (Henry IV., 1589), Spain (Philip V., 1700), and 
Naples (Charles III., 1735). 2. A ruler or politician who 
clings obstinately to ideas adapted to past conditions. 

3. [Z. c] Bourbon whisky. — Bour'bon-ism (-Iz'm), n. 
Bourbon lily, the common white lily (IAlium candidum). 

— b. whisky, whisky produced from corn in Bourbon 
(local pron. bur'bun) County, Kentucky ; hence, a similar 
whisky from a mash of corn only or chiefly corn. 



bour'don (boor'don), n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one 
used for carrying litters.] A pilgrim's staff. 

bour'don, n. [F. See burden a refrain.] Music, a A 
drone bass, as in a bagpipe ; a monotonous undersong or 
accompaniment. See burden (of a song), b An organ 
stop, usually of 16 feet tone. 

bourg (boor; boorg), n. [F.] A town or village, esp. one 
neighboring a castle, one on the Continent of Europe, or a 
French market town. 

bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. Print. A size of type. See type. 

II bourgeois' (boor'zhwk'), n.mascMF., fr. bourg town.] 

II bour'geoise' (-zhwaz'), n. fern. j In France, a person 
of middle rank in society, i. e., below a gentleman and 
above a peasant ; sometimes, in any country, one of similar 
rank, esp. one of the shopkeeping class. — |] bour'geois', 
a. masc, || bour'geoise', a. fern. 

|| bour'geoi'sie' (-zhwa'ze'), n. [F.] Bourgeois people. 

bour'geon. Var. of burgeon. 

bourn, bourne (born), n. [AS. burna.] A rivulet ; a burn. 

bourn Hborn; boorn), n. [F. borne.] 1. Bound; bound- 
bourne j ary ; limit. 2. Realm. Obs. or Poetic. 

bourse (boors), n. [F., purse, exchange, fr. LL., fr. Gr. 
Pvpaa hide.] An exchange ; esp. [cap.] , the stock ex- 
change ofJParis, or of any of various other European cities. 

bouse (booz ; bouz), n. Drink ; esp., alcoholic drink ; also, 
a carouse. — v. i. & t. To drink ; carouse. See booze. 

bouse (bous), v. t. & i. Naut. To pull or haul with a tackle. 

bou'stro-phe'don (boo'stro-fe'don ; bou'-), n. [Gr. /Sou- 
cTpo<i>T)86v turning like oxen in plowing ; 0ovs ox + arpe- 
</>eu' to turn.] An ancient mode of writing lines alter- 
nately from left to right, and from right to left. 

bous'y (booz'i ; bouz'i), a. Drunken ; sotted ; boozy. 

bout (bout), n. 1. A going and returning, as in mowing ; 
a turn ; a round. 2. A conflict ; contest ; trial ; set-to. 

|| bOU / ton / niere , (boo / to / nyar / ), n. [F., buttonhole.] A bou- 
quet for the buttonhole. 

|| bouts'-ri'mes' (boo're'ma') ,n.pl. [ F. bout end + rime 
rimed.] Riming words proposed to fill out verses. 

bo'vine (bo'vin ; -vin), a. [LL. bovinus, fr. L. bos, bovis, 
ox, cow.] Of, pert, to, or like, the ox or cow or an animal 
of the ox kind ; hence : sluggish and patient ; dull.— n. An 
animal of the ox kind. 

bow (bou), v. i. [AS. bugan.] 1. To bend ; stoop. 2. To 
bend the head, knee, or body in reverence, submission, 
civility, or assent. 3. (pron. bo) To bend ; curve. 

— v. t. 1. (pron. bou) To cause to incline ; bend. 2. To in- 
fluence powerfully ; incline ; as, he bows all to his will. 3. 
To bend or incline.as the head or body, in respect, grati- 
tude, assent, submission, or condescension. 4. To pros- 
trate ; depress ; crush ; as, bowed down with grief. 5. a To 
express by bowing ; as, to bow one's thanks, b To usher 
(in or out) with bowing. 6. (pron. bo) To cause to 
become curved, or bow-shaped. 

— n. (pron. bou) An inclination of the head, or a bending 
of the body, in respect, submission, condescension, etc. 

bow (bou), n. 1. The forward part of a vessel, or of an 
airship or dirigible balloon. 2. One who rows in the bow. 

bow (bo), n. [AS. boga, fr. bugan to bend.] 1. Anything 
bent, or curved, as the rainbow ; 
a bend. 2. A weapon 
made of elastic material, 
as a strip of wood, with 2 N 
a cord to connect 

•the two ends when 
bent, and by which 
an arrow is pro- 
pelled. 3. A struc- 
ture of curved form./ 
4. A bow-shaped I 
contrivance or im- 
plement, as : a The 
U-shaped piece, 
about the neck of/ 
an ox fastening it\ 
to the yoke ; the 
yoke itself, b Mu- 
sic. The implement 
(orig. curved), with 

a number of horse- 1 Classical (Cupid's) Bow; 2 Chinese 
hairs stretchedfrom Bow in Quiver ■ 3 African Cane Bow ; 

- i . „„ j „„„ j • 4 Brazilian Indian Bow ; 5 Hindu 

end to end, used m Bow 6 Modern Bow. 
playing on an in- 
strument of the violin class. C A knot, esp. an ornamental 
slipknot, formed by doubling a ribbon or string into one or 
two loops. 5. A stroke of the bow in playing a viol instru- 
ment ; as, the up bow. 

— v.t.& i. Music. To play with a bow. 

— a. Bent like a bow. 

Bow'-bells' (bo'belz'), n. pi. The bells of Bow Church, or 
St. Mary-le-Bow (so called from the bows, or arches, of its 
steeple), nearly in the center of London ; cockneydom. 




D 



H 



J 



K 



K = eh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BOW COMPASS 



120 



BOYARD 



bOW compass (bo), a An arcograph. b A small pair of 
compasses one leg of which carries a pencil, pen, or point. 
C A pair of compasses with a bow or arched plate riveted 
to one of the legs, and passing through the other. 
bowd'ler-ize (boud'ler-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
Ing). After Dr. Thomas Bowdler, an English physician, 
who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 
1818.] To expurgate, as a book. 
bow'el (bou'el), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. botellus a 
small sausage, botulus sausage.] 1. An intestine ; entrail, 
esp. of man ; gut ; — usually in pi. 2. In pi. The interior of 
anything, as of the earth. 3. In pi. The seat of pity or kind- 
ness ; tenderness ; compassion. 

— v. t. -eled or -eixed (-eld) ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To dis- 
embowel. 

bow'er (bou'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bows, or 
bends. 2. Naut. An anchor carried at the bow. 

bow'er, n. [G. bauer peasant, OHG. giburo ; — from the 
figure sometimes used for the knave in cards.] In euchre, 
the knave (right bower) of the trump suit, or the knave 
(left bower) of the suit of the same color as the trump. 
The joker is often called the best bower. 

bow'er (bo'er), n. A performer with a bow on the violin, etc. 

bow'er (bou'er), n. [AS. bur chamber, cottage.] 1. A 
rustic cottage or retreat. 2. A chamber ; esp., a lady's pri- 
vate apartment. Now only Poetic. 3. A leafy or wooded 
shelter or arbor. — v. t. To embower ; inclose. 

bower bird. Any of certain oscine birds of the Australian 
region that build bowers, or runs, used as playhouses and 
to attract the females, not as nests. 

bow'er-y (-1), a. Like a bower ; full of bowers. 

bow'er-y, n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). [D. bouwerij."] A farm 
with its buildings (among the Dutch settlers of New 
York). — a. I cap. 2 Characteristic of the Bowery ( a cer- 
tain street in New York City, formerly notorious for 
cheap resorts, tawdry display, etc.) ; hence : flashy ; vulgar. 

bow'fin' (bo'fTnO, n. A voracious ganoid fish ( Amia calva), 




Bowfin 
(Amia calva). (i) 

little valued as food, of the Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, 
etc. ; the mudfish. 

bOW hand, a Archery. The hand that holds the bow, i. e., 
the left hand ; hence : on the bow hand, away from the 
mark or correct place or opinion, b Music. The hand 
(normally the right) that draws the bow. 

bow'head' (bo'hed'), n. The Arctic right whale. 

bow'ie knife (bo'I ; boc/T). [From its inventor, Col. James 
Bowie (d. 1836).] A kind of long, strong, curved knife. 

bow'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of bow. 

bow'knot' (bo'notO, n. A kind of knot. See knot, 1. 

bowl (bol), n. [AS. bolla.2 1. A concave vessel, usually 
hemispheric, to hold liquids, etc. 2. Specif., a drinking 
vessel for wine, etc. ; hence, convivial drinking. 3. The 
hollowed or bowl-shaped part of a thing, as of a spoon, 
pipe, etc. 

bowl, n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud.] 1. A ball for 
rolling on a level surface in play, esp. one having one side 
weighted so as to give it a bias. 2. [In the form bowls, 
construed as a sing.] a A game, popular in Great Britain 
from early times, played with biased balls on a level green- 
sward, b Ninepins, skittles, or tenpins. Z.Mach. A cylin- 
drical roller or drum, as for an antifriction bearing, in pairs 
for pressing, etc. 4. A delivery of the ball in bowling. 

— v. i. 1. To play with or at bowls. 2. To roll a ball on a 
plane, as in the game of bowls. Z.Cricket. To serve the ball 
to the batsman with a smooth movement of the arm ; — 
(listing, from throw or jerk. 4. To move rapidly and 
smoothly, as a ball.— v. t. l.To roll or deliver, as a bowl or 
cricket ball. 2. To roll or carry smoothly on or as on wheels. 
3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled ; — often used with 
over, down. ,4. Cricket. To put out (a batsman) by bowl- 
ing ; — often used with out. 

bowl'der, bOUl'der (bol'der), n. Any detached and round- 
ed or worn mass of rock larger than a cobblestone. 

bow'leg' (bo'leg 7 ), n. A crooked leg, esp. one bowed out- 
ward. — bow'-leg'ged (-leg'ed ; -legd'), a. 

bowl'er (bol'er), n. One who bowls. 

bowl'er, n. [From 2d bowl.] A derby hat. Eng. 

bow'line (bo'lTn ; -lln), n. 1. Naut. A rope used to keep 
the weather edge of the sail taut forward. 2. A bowline 
knot. See knot, 1. — on a bowline, Naut., close-hauled. 

bowl'ing (bol'ing), n. The sport of playing bowls, or ten- 
pins, or the game itself. — bowling alley, an alley for 
playing bowls. — b. green, a level greensward for bowling. 

bowls (bolz), n. See 2d bowl, a ball, 2 b. 

bow'man (bo'man), n. An archer. 

bow'man (bou'mSn), n. The front oarsman in a boat. 



bown, bowne (boun). Vars. of boun. 

bow pen (bo). Bow compasses one leg of which carries 

a drawing pen. See bow compass. 
bow'pot' (bou'poV ; dial. boo'-). Var. of boughpot. 
bowse. Var. of bouse. 
bow'shot' (bo'shof), n. The distance traversed by an 

arrow shot from a bow, approximately 300 yards for the 

English long bow formerly used in war. 
bow'sprit ( bof sprit; bou'- ), n. Ibow + sprit. 2 Naut. A 

large spar projecting forward from the stem of a vessel. 
bow'string' (bo'string'), n. The string of a bow. — v. t.; 

-stringed (-stringdO or -strung (-strung'). To strangle 

with a bowstring. 
bow window (bo). A bay window, esp. a curved one. 
bow'wow' (bou'wouO, n. An imitation of a dog's bark ; the 

bark of a dog ; also, a dog. — v. i. To bark ; fig., to snarl. 
bow'yer (bo'yer), n. One who makes or sells bows ; also, 

Rare, an archer. 
box (boks), n. A buffet on the head or ear with the hand. 

— v. i. To fight with the fist; specif., to spar with gloves. 

— v. t. To strike with the open hand or the fist. 

box (boks), n. [AS. box, L. buxus, Gr. irvfys.'] An ever- 
green shrub or small tree (genus Buxus, esp. B. semper- 
virens), widely used for hedges and borders. 

box, n. [AS.] 1. A receptable of any firm material char- 
acteristically having, or adapted for having, a lid or cover. 
2. A present in a box ; a gift ; esp., a Christmas gift. 3. The 
driver's seat on a carriage or coach. 4. The quantity that 
a box contains. 5. A limited compartment in a public 
place, as in a theater, or its occupants. 6. In a stable or 
railroad car, a compartment for a horse. 7. A boxlike 
shed ; as, a sentry box. 8. A small country house ; as, a 
shooting box. 9. Mach. A receptacle like, or suggestive 
of, a box, as a journal bearing. 10. A hole cut into the trunk 
of a tree for collecting its sap. 11. Baseball. The space 
where the pitcher stands ; also, that for the batter. 

— v. t. l.To furnisb with boxes or inclose like a box. 2. To 
inclose in or as in a box ; confine ; stow ; — often used with 
up or in. 3. Arch. To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., 
so as to bring to a required form ; — usually used with out 
or up. 4. Naut. To boxhaul. 

to box the compass, Naut., to name the 32 points of the 
compass in their order ; fig., to make a complete turn. 

box'ber-ry(-ber-i), n. 1. Wintergreen (Oaultheria procum- 
bens). 2. Partridge berry (Mitchella repens). 

box calf. A kind of calfskin tanned with chrome salts ; 
— from the square markings on the grain made in rolling. 

box coat, a A thick overcoat for driving, sometimes with 
a cape, b A plain outer coat, fitted only at the shoulders. 

box elder. A tree (genus Rulac, esp. R. negundo) of the 
eastern United States, related to the maple. 

box'er (bok'ser), n. One who boxes. 

Box'er, n. A member of a Chinese secret society (lit., the 
"righteous league of fists") which in 1900 spread through 
the northern provinces of China in an uprising which 
culminated in a siege of the legations in Peking. 

box'haul' ( boks'hoF ), v. t. Naut. To put ( a square- 
rigged vessel \ on the other tack by luffing into the wind 
and then veering short round on her heel. 

box'ing, vb. n. 1. Act of inclosing in a box. 2. Material 
used for boxes or casings. 3. A boxlike inclosure ; casing. 
Boxing Day, the first week day after Christmas, a legal 
holiday on which Christmas boxes are given. The night 
of this day is Boxing Night. Eng. 

box'ing, n. Act of fighting with the fists ; sparring. 

boxing glove. A large mitten or glove, padded on the 
back, for use in sparring. 

box kite. A kite consisting of two rectangular boxes, or 
cells open on two sides, horizontally. 

box office. Theaters. The office where 
admission tickets are sold. 

box oyster. A choice large oyster. 

box plait or pleat. A plait that 
doubles both to the right and left. 

box Stew. A stew of superior oysters. 

box tail. Aeronautics. In a flying ma- Box Kite, 

chine, a tail or rudder, usually fixed, resembling a box kite. 

box'thorn' (boks'thorn'), n. Any of a genus (Lycium) of 
solanaceous plants, some of which are cultivated for their 
evergreen foliage or their ornamental flowers or berries. 

box'wood' (boks'wdod / )> n. The very close-grained, tough, 
hard wood of the box (Buxus) . 

boy (boi), n. 1. A male child from birth to puberty ; youth ; 
familiarly, a man. 2. A male servant ; specif., as in China, 
India, or South Africa, a male servant, laborer, or slave of a 
native or inferior race ; also, a man of such a race. 

bo-yar' (bo-yar'; boi'dr), bo-yard' ( bo-yar'; boifdrd ), n. 
[Russ. boyarin.~\ 1. A member of a Russian aristocratic 
order (abolished by Peter the Great) next below that of the 
ruling princes. Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania. 
2. Erroneously, a Russian landed proprietor. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BOYCOTT 



121 



BRAIN 



boy'cott (boi'kot), v. t. [From Captain Boycott, a land 
agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] 1. To subject 
to a boycott. 2. To refrain from the use of ; keep aloof 
from. — n. A combining to withhold, or to prevent others 
from holding, business or social relations with a tradesman, 
employer, etc. [being a boy.l 

boy'hood (boi'hood), n. State, condition, or period of| 

boy'ish, a. Like, pert, to, or after the manner of, a boy. — 
Syn. See youthful. 

boy scout. Orig., a member of the Boy Scouts, an organiza- 
tion of boys founded in 1908, by Sir R. S. S. Baden-Pow- 
ell, to promote good citizenship by creating in them a 
spirit of civic duty and of usefulness to others. Hence, a 
member of any similar organization elsewhere. 

brab'ble (brab^l), v. %. To dispute noisily; brawl, — n. 
Broil ; wrangle. — • brab'ble-ment, n. Both Archaic or Dial. 

brace (bras), n. [OF., the two arms, embrace, fathom, L. 
bracchia (outstretched) arms, pi. of bracchium arm.] 1. 
Warlike preparation ; harness. Obs. 2. Print. A curved 

line 1 1 1 connecting two or more words or lines ; thus, .° , > ; 

or, in music, connecting staves. 3. Mech. A curved imple- 
ment for holding and turning bits, etc. 4. That which 
connects or fastens, as a clamp. 5. In pi. Suspenders. 6. A 
cord or rod for producing or maintaining tension, or a piece 
of material used to transmit, divert, or resist pressure. 7. 
Naut. A rope rove through a block at the end of a yard to 
swing it horizontally. 8. A pair ; a couple ; — orig. of dogs. 
9. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly, as 
a bandage or prop. 10. State of being braced, tight, or re- 
sistant ; tension. — Syn. See couple. 

— v. t.; braced (brast) ; bracking (bras'ing). 1. To bind, 
connect, support, or gird with or as with braces. 2. To give 
tone or firmness to ; stimulate ; — often used with up. 3. To 
draw tight ; strain ; make firm ; as, to brace a bow ; to brace 
the nerves. 4.To place in a position for resisting pressure ; 
hold firmly. — v. i. To get tone or vigor ; rouse one's ener- 
gies ; — used esp. with up. Colloq. 

brace game. A game in which one or more participants 
are swindled or cheated, esp. by preconcerted action. Cant. 

bracelet (bras'let ; 24), n. [F., dim. of OF. bracel armlet, 
braz arm, L. bracchium.'] 1. An ornamental band worn 
about the arm, chiefly by women. 2. A handcuff. Colloq. 

brac'er (braVer), n. 1. That which braces ; a brace. 2. A 
guard for the arm or wrist. 3. A tonic or stimulant. 

brach (brach ; brak), n. Alsobrach'et (brach'et ; 24). [F. 
brachet a hunting dog.] A bitch of the hound kind. 

bra'chi-al (bra'ki-dl ; brak'-), a. [L. brachialisJ] Pert, to, 
of the nature of, or resembling, a brachium or arm. 

bra'chi-ate (-at), a. Bot. Having wide-spreading branches 
arranged in alternate pairs, as the maple ; decussate. 

brach'i-O-pod' (brak'i-o-pod'). n. [brachium -\--pod."] Any 
of a class (Brachiopoda) of animals, formerly classed as 
mollusks, having symmetrical bivalve shells within which is 
a pair of "arms" bearing tentacles, by which a current of 
water is made to bring the microscopic food to the mouth. 

bra'chi-um (bra'ki-um jbrak'i-um ), n. ; L. pi. -chia (-d). 
[L- brachium or bracchium arm.] Anat. The part of the 
arm or fore limb from the shoulder to the elbow. 

brach'y- (brak'i-). A combining form from Greek fipaxvs, 
short; as, frracAycephalic, orac/iygraphy, etc. 

brach'y-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'ik) \a. [brachy- + Gr. Ke<f>a\ri 

brach'y-ceph'a-lous (-sef'd-lus)/ head.] Anthropom. 
Short-headed or broad-headed ; having a cephalic index of 
above 80. — brach'y-ceph'a-ly (-sef'd-li), n. 

brach'y-dome (brak'i-dom), n. Cryst. See dome, n., 4. 

bra-chyg'ra-phy (brd-kTg'rd-fi), n. Stenography ; — now 
chiefly used of disused systems. 

bra-Chyl'0-gy(-kil'6-ji),n. [Gr. ^payv\oyla. See brachy- ; 
-logy.] Conciseness ; brevity ; a condensed expression. 

brach'y-u'ran (brak'I-u'rdn), o.[NL. Brachyura; brachy- 
+ Gr. ovpa tail.] Of or pertaining to a suborder {Brachy- 
ura) of decapod crustaceans consisting of the common 
crabs. — n. A brachyuran crustacean. 

bracking (braVing), p. a. Strengthening ; invigorating. 

— n. A brace ; also, braces collectively. 

brack (brak), n. A crack or breach ; a flaw, esp. in cloth. 

brack'en (brak''n), n. A brake, or large fern. 

brack'et (-et ; 24), n. 1. Arch., Mech., etc. A laterally pro- 
jecting member to support weight or re- 
sist pressure or strain. 2. Hence : a A 
shelf supported by a bracket, b A gas fix- 
ture or lamp holder projecting from a 
wall, column, orthelike. 3.1nwritingand 
printing, eitherof thecharacters [] .called 
also square brackets, or, rarely, either of 
the characters ( ) , called also round brack' 
ets and now commonly parentheses, used 
to set something off from the context. 
Also, sometimes, a brace. 

— v.t. To place within brackets; connect 
by, or furnish with, a bracket or brackets. Bracket, 1. 





Flower of Campanula 
medium, showing: 1 
Bractlets ; 2 Bract. 



brack'et-ing (-Tng), n. Arch. A series or group of brackets; 
brackets collectively. 
brack'ish (-ish), a. [From brack salt water.] Saltish, as 
water in saline soil ; distasteful. — brack'ish-ness, n. 
bract (brakt), n. [L. bractea a thin plate of metal.] Bot. 
a A leaf from the axil of which a 
flower or floral axis arises, b A 
leaf borne on the floral axis itself, 
esp. one subtending the flower ; — 
more properly called bractlet. — 
brac'te-al (brak'te-dl), a. — te- 
ate (-at), a. — bract'ed, a. 

brac'te-ole ( brak'te-ol ), n. [L. 
bracteola.] Bot. = bract, b. — 
brac'te-o-late (-6-lat), a. 

bract'let (brakt'let). = bract, b. 

brad (brad), n. A kind of thin, small nail. 

brad'awl' (brad'61'), n. A straight awl with chisel edge. 

brae (bra ; bre), n. [Icel. bra eyelid.] Hillside ; slope ; 
bank; a hill. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

brag (brag), v. i. bragged (bragd) ; brag'ging. [ME. brag- 
gen to resound, blow, boast.] To talk boastfully ; boast. — 
Syn. See boast, — v. t. To boast of ; vaunt. — n. 1. Boast- 
ing ; ostentatious pretense or self-glorification. 2. Thing 
bragged of .3. One who brags ; boaster ; braggart. 4. A game 
at cards similar to poker. — a. Archaic. 1. Brisk ; val- 
iant. 2e Boasting ; spirited ; conceited. — brag'ger (-er) , n. 

brag / ga-do'ci-o(brag / d-do / shT-o),n. [FromBraggadocchio, 
a braggart in Spenser's " Faerie Queene."] 1. A braggart ; 
swaggerer. 2. Empty boasting ; brag. 

brag'gart (brag'drt), n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, brag- 
ging.] A boaster. — a. Boastful. gart-ism (-iz'm), n. 

Bra'gi (bra'ge), Bra'ge, n. [Icel. Bragi.~] Norse Myth. 
One of the ^sir, god of poetry, and husband of Ithunn. 

Brall'ma (brii'md; popularly often bra'md), n. [From 
Brahmaputra. River, India.] One of a breed of large domes- 
tic fowl, having a small comb and feathered legs. 

Brah'ma (bra'md), n. Hindu Myth. The first member 
of the Hindu trinity ; the Creator. 
Brahma (neuter), or Brahm, as it 
is also written, denotes the supreme 
soul or essence of the universe, and 
is conceived as comprising the 
trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. 
Brahma (masculine) is the personi- 
fication of the supreme Brahm, and 
is conceived as the creator of the 
world. 

Brah'man (-man), n.; pi. -mans 
[ Skr. Brahmana. ] A Hindu of the 
highest, or sacerdotal, caste. 

Brah-man'ic (bra-man'ik), -i-cal 
(-i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to the Brah- 
mans or their doctrines and worship. 

Brah'man-ism (-iz'm), n. The pan- 
theistic religion or the system of 
doctrines and institutions of the Brahmans and orthodox 
Hindus. Socially, the great institution of Brahmanism is 
the caste system, now dominant throughout India. 

Brah'man-y (bra'man-i), Brah'min-y (bni'mm-i), a. Of 
or pert, to the Brahmans ; Brahmanic. 
Brahmany, or Brahminy, kite, a kitelike bird of prey 
(Haliastur Indus) found from India to Australia. 

Brah'min (-mm), -min'ic. Vars. of Brahman, etc. 

braid ( brad), v. t. [AS. bregdan tomove to and fro, to weave.] 

1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as threads ; 
plait. 2. To bind (the hair) as with a braid. 3. To trim, 
ornament, or outline with braid.— n. 1. A plait, band, or 
narrow fabric formed by intertwining different strands. 

2. A string or band for confining the hair. 3. A narrow 
fabric for binding, trimming, etc. — braid'er, n. 

brail (bral), n. [OF. braiol, braioel, braiel, a band around 

the breeches, fr. braies, pi., breeches, L. 

braca, bracaeJ] Naut. A rope fastened 

to the leech or corner of a sail, by which 

the sail can be hauled up or in, as in 

furling. — v.Z.Tohaulup by the brails ; 

— used with up. 
|| Braille (bra'y' ; E. bral),n. A system 

of printing or writing for the blind in 

which tangible points or dots are used as 

thecharacters. ItwasinventedbyLouis 

Braille (1809-1852), a French teacher 

of the blind. 
brain (bran), n. [AS. bragen, brsegen.'] _^_ 

1. a In vertebrate animals, the large ^ 

mass of nerve tissue inclosed in the~~< 

skull or cranium, regarded as the seat A fishing boat with 

of consciousness. It includes the cere- Mainsail partly 

brum in front and above, and the g. 1 ^, 1 - 1 ^ 

smaller cerebellum below at the back. 




Brahma. 




Brails. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



D 






G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



BRAINLESS 



122 



BRAVERY 



b In many invertebrates, a large ganglion more or less corre- 
sponding to the brain of a vertebrate. 2. Understanding ; 
intellect ; — often in the pi. 
—v. t. To dash out the brains of ; hence : to destroy ; defeat. 
brain'less, a. Without understanding ; witless. 
brain/pan/ (bran'pan'), n. The cranium proper. 
brain'sick' (-sik'), a. Disordered in, or due to disorder of, 
the mind. — brain'sick'ly, adv. — brain'sick'ness, n. 
braise(braz),v.i. braised (brazd) ;brais'ing. [F. braiser, 
fr. braise coals.] Cookery. To stew or broil in a covered 
kettle or pan. — n. Charcoal powder ; breeze. 
brais'er (braz'er), n. A kettle or pan for braising. 
brake (brak), n. 1. Any of a genus (Pteris) of ferns (esp. : 
P. aquilina and related species), with ternately compound 
fronds ; less properly, any fern. 2. A thicket ; a brushwood. 
brake, n. 1. A machine for bruising the woody part of flax or 
hemp so as to separate it from the fiber. 2. Any of various 
instruments for breaking, bruising, or kneading. 3. Any of 
several devices consisting essentially of a lever, as a pump 
handle, esp. a long one for several persons to use._ 4. A frame 
for confining a horse while being shod ; also, an inclosure to 
restrain cattle, horses, etc. 5. Any device for retarding or 
stopping by friction ; as, a brake on a wagon wheel, on a bi- 
cycle, etc. 6. = break, a carriage. 

— v. t. braked (brakt)_; brak'ing (brak'ing). 1. To crush or 
break (flax or hemp) in a brake. 2. To apply a brake to ; re- 
tard or stop by a brake. 3. To furnish or equip with a brake 
or brakes. — v. i. To manage a brake. 

brake'age (brak'aj), n. Action of a brake ; use of a brake. 

brake'man (-man), n. Also, especially Brit., brakes'man 
(braks'-). A man in charge of a brake or brakes. 

brak'y (brak'i), a. Full of brambles, shrubs, or ferns. 

Bram/ah {properly bram'd; often bra'md or bra'md), n. 
Joseph Bramah (1748-1814), English inventor; — used at- 
tributively to designate certain devices invented by him, as 
a kind of desk, pen, lock, etc. 

bram'ble (bram'b'l), n. [AS. bremel, brembel, brsembel.] 
Any of a genus (Rubus) of rosaceous, often prickly, shrubs, 
including the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, 
prickly shrub. 

bram'bling (-blfng), n. A handsoms Old World finch 
(Fringilla montifringilla). 

bram'biy (-bli), a. Full of or like brambles. 

bran (bran), n. [OF. bren."] The broken coat of the seed 
of grain separated from flour or meal by sifting or bolting. 

branch (branch), n. [F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw/] 

1. A shoot growing from the main stem of a plant or from 
one of the primary divisions of the stem. 2. Any divi- 
sion extending like a branch ; ramification. 3. Specif. : 
a A small stream ; a creek. Local, U. S. b In a bridle, 
either of the two parallel pieces of metal which act as 
levers upon the curb chain ; — usually in pi. 4. Genealogy. 
A division of a family descended from a particular ancestor. 
5. A member, part, section, or the like, of any complex 
body, work, department, etc. ; as, a branch of knowledge, 
of botany. 6. A subordinate local office, as of a bank. — 
Syn. Limb, offshoot, twig, sprig. See bough. 

— v. i. To shoot, spread, or spring off or out, in branches ; 
ramify ; diverge, —v.t. 1. To divide into or as into branches. 

2. To embroider with figures of flowers or foliage. 
branch'er, n. Falconry. A young hawk that has left the 

nest and takes to the branches of the trees. 
bran'chi-a (bran'kt-d), n. ; pi. -cmm (-e). [L., fr. Gr. /9pAy- 

xia, pi. of p P a.yxLov.~] Zool. A gill. — bran'chi-al (-dl), 

bran'chi-ate (-at), a. 
bran'chi-o-pod' (-S-podO.n. [Gr. Pp&yxwv fin, pi. 0p&yx<.a 

gills -\r-pod.~] Zool. Any of a suborder {Branchiopoda) of 

phyllopods. Their feet were supposed to serve as gills. 
branch'let (branch'let), n. A little branch. 
branch'y (bran'chi), a. Full of or bearing branches. 
brand (brand), n. [AS. brand, brond, brand, sword, from 

byrnan, beornan, to burn.] 1. A piece of wood partly 

burnt, whether still burning or not. 2. A sword. Archaic. 

3. A mark put on criminals with a hot iron ; hence : any 
mark of infamy or vice; stigma. 4. A mark made by 
burning with a hot iron, as to designate ownership, 
quality, etc. ; any mark made for such a purpose, as with a 
stencil ; hence : quality ; grade ; sort ; class ; make ; as, 
a good brand of flour . 5. Bot. Any rust fungus producing 
a burnt appearance in plants. 6. A branding iron. 

— v. t. To make a brand upon ; hence : to mark as infamous ; 
stigmatize ; as, to brand a man as a thief. 

brand'er (bran'der), n. One who, or that which, brands. 

brand goose. [Prob. brand -f- goose.] The European brant. 

bran'died (bran'did), p. a. Impregnated with brandy. 

bran 'dish (-dish), v. t. [F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, 

, OHG. brant brand.] To move or wave, as a weapon ; to 
shake or flourish, — v. i. To glitter; coruscate.— n. A 
Nourish, as with a weapon. — bran'dish-er, n. 
Syn. Flourish, flaunt, wave, shake, flutter. — Brandish, 
flourish, flaunt agree in denoting a waving motion 



Brandish implies menace or threat ; flourish, parade, 
bravado, or triumph ; flaunt, impudent or brazen ostenta- 
tion or display. 

brand'ling (brand'lihg), n. [See brand, n.; -ling.] A 
small dunghill earthworm (Allolobophora foetida), used 
as bait. It is yellowish with brownish purple rings. 

brand'-new', a. Perfectly new ; quite new. 

bran'dy (bran'di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [From older brandy- 
wine, brandwine, D. brandewijn, fr. branden to burn, 
distill + wijn wine.] A spirituous liquor distilled from 
wine ; hence, any similar distilled liquor, as from the fer- 
mented juice of peaches, cherries, or apples. — v. t.; -died 
(-did) ; -dy-ing. To flavor, blend, or treat with brandy. 

bran'gle (brar/g'l), n. & v. i. Wrangle ; brawl ; squabble. 

brank (brarjk), n., or, more commonly, branks (branks), 
n. pi. An iron frame having a triangular piece entering 
the mouth, formerly used for correcting scolding women. 

bran'— new'. Var. of brand-new. 

bran'ny (bran'i), a. Of, like, or containing bran. 

brant (brant), n. Any of several species of small dark geese. 

bran'tail' (bran'talO, n. [For brandtail.J The European 
redstart ;^ — so called from its red tail. 

brash (brash), n. 1. A fit of sickness ; also, rash or eruption. 
2. A burst of rain. 

brash, a. Hasty ; impetuous ; hence, saucy. Colloq. 

brash, a. Brittle, as vegetables or, especially, timber. — n. 

1. Rubbish, as clippings of hedges, fragments of ice, etc. 

2. Wood that is brash, or brittle. — brash/y (-1), a. 
bra'sier (bra/zher). Var. of brazier. 

bras'i-lin (braz'i-lin), n. Chem. A substance, CieHuOs, 
from brazilwood in yellow crystals, white when pure. It is 
colored intensely red by alkalies on exposure to air, being 
oxidized to bra-sii'e-in (brd-zil'e-in), C16H12O5. 

brass (bras), n. [AS. braes.'] 1. An alloy of copper, and 
zinc, with, sometimes, tin. 2. Money in general ; cash. Dial, 
or Colloq. 3. In pi. Brass utensils, ornaments, musical in- 
struments, etc. 4. Mach. Any of the brass, bronze, or gun- 
metal linings or steps in a bearing. 5. An engraved or fig- 
ured brass plate, as a memorial tablet. 

bras'sage (bras'aj), n. [F., from brasser to stir, as fused 
metal, OF. bracier.] The sum levied to pay the expense 
of coinage ; — sometimes, less properly, called seigniorage. 

bras'sard (bras'drd; brd-sardO, n. [F.] A brassart; 
also, a badge worn on the arm ; armlet. 

bras'sart (bras'drt),rc. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm.] Armor 
for the arm, esp. the upper arm. See armor, Illust. 

brass band. Music. A band of musicians who play upon 
wind instruments made of brass. 

bras'si-ca'ceous (bras'i-ka'shus),a. [L. brassi ca cabbage.] 
Belonging to the family (Brassicacese) of herbs including 
the cabbages, mustards, cresses, turnips, and radishes. 

[| bras'siere' (bra'syar'), n. [F.] A form of woman's under- 
waist stiffened with whalebones, or the like, and worn, 
often over the corsets, to support the breasts. 

brass'y (bras'i),a.,- brass'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of, pert, 
to, or like, brass. 2. Impudently bold; brazen. 3. Degener- 
ate ; base. — brass'i-ly, adv. — brass'i-ness, n. 

brass'y (bras'i),n.; pi. -ies (-Tz). Golf. A wooden club 
soled with brass. 

brat (brat), n. [AS. bratt cloak, fr. Celtic] A child; off- 
spring ; — now usually contemptuous. 

bratch'et (brach'et). Var. of brachet. 

brat'tice (brat'is), n. [ME. bretasce, bretage, parapet, 
OF. bretesche wooden tower, LL. breteschia, bertresca.] 
1. Fort. A temporary construction of wood erected as an 
advanced work or on such a work. Obs. or Hist. 2. A 
wooden partition, as in a mine for controlling ventilation - 
or as a support to a roof or wall. 

— v. t.; -ticed (-1st) ; -tic-ing (-is-ing). Mining. To provide 
with a brattice ; — often used with up. 

braun'ite (broun'It), n. [After M. Braun, of Gotha.] 
Min. A brittle silicate of manganese, 3Mn203-MnSi03. 

bra-va'do (brd-va'do ; -va/do), n.; pi. -does or -dos (-doz). 
[Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag. See brave.] Boastful 
behavior ; ostentatious show of bravery. — Syn. See brav- 
ery. — v. i. To show bravado ; storm. 

brave (brav), o.; brav'er (brav'er) ; brav'est (-est ; 24). 
[F., fr. It. bravo (orig.) fierce, wild.] 1. Courageous ; as, a 
brave man, act ; — opposed to cowardly. 2. Superior ; excel- 
lent ; fine. Archaic. 3. Making a fine show or display ; as, 
brave clothes. — Syn. Gallant, daring, valiant, valorous, 
bold, heroic, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, stout-hearted. 

— n. 1. A brave person. 2. A bully ; a bravo. 3. A North 
American Indian warrior. 4. A challenge ; defiance. Archaic. 

— v. t.; braved (bravd) ; brav'ing (braVing). 1. To en- 
counter with courage and fortitude ; dare. 2. To adorn ; 
make showy. Obs. 3. To make brave ; embolden.— v. i. To 
vaunt or boast. — brave'ly, adv. — brave'ness, n. 

brav'er-y (brav'er-I), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Quality of 
being brave ; courage. 2. Brave show ; fine dress. 
Syn. Bravery, bravado. Bravery stands for the quality 
(see courage) of which bravado is the pretense. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; £0; sing-, iijk; ihen, thin; nature, ver4ure (87); 



BRAVO 



123 



BREAK 



[it.] 



bra'VO (bra'vo ; bra'vo ) ; n. ; pi. -voes or -vos (-yoz). 
A daring villain ; a bandit or professional assassin. 

bra'VO (bra'vo), inter j. [It.] Well done ! excellent ! good ! 

— n.; pi. bravos (-voz). An exclamation of "bravo." 

bra-VU'ra (bra-voo'rd), n. [It.] 1. A show of daring or 
brilliancy ; dash. 2. A florid, brilliant style of music. 

brawl (brol), n. [F. branle a sort of dance, shake.] A 
kind of sprightly dance or its music. Obs. 

brawl, v. i. [ME. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to 
cry, make a noise.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. 
2. To make a loud confused noise, as a stream running over 
stones. — n. Noisy quarrel ; wrangle ; a noise likened to 
wrangling. — Syn. See dispute. — brawl'er, n. 

brawn (bron), n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. OHG. 
brato flesh.] 1. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or 
leg ; muscular strength. 2. Flesh of a boar. 



-i-est. Muscu- 
disease of 



brawn'y (bron'i), a.; brawn'i-er (-i-er) 
lar ; fleshy ; strong. — brawn'i-ness, n. 

brax'y (brak'si; brak'-), n. A fatal infectious 
sheep, closely resembling anthrax. 

bray (bra), v.t. [OF. breier to pound, grind, OHG. breh- 
han to break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. 

bray, v. i. [F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry.] To utter 
a loud harsh cry ; — now chiefly used of the ass, or donkey. 
— v. t. To make or utter (a bray). — n. A harsh cry or 
noise ; esp. the cry of an ass. — bray'er, n. 

bray'er (-er),n. One who, or that which, brays, or grinds; 
specif., an implement for spreading ink in hand printing. 

braze (braz), v. t.; brazed (brazd) ; braz'ing (braz'ing). 
[F. braserj] 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an 
alloy of copper and zinc. 2. To harden. 

braze, v. t. [AS. brsesian, fr. braes brass. See brass.] To 
make, cover, or ornament with or as with brass. 

bra'zen (bra'z'n), a. _ [AS. brxsen.~\ 1. Pertaining to, 
made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and 
loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent ; shameless. 
brazen age, Myth., the bronze age. — b., or molten, sea, 
Jewish Antiq., a large laver or basin of copper or bronze 
in Solomon's temple. 1 Kings vii. 23-26 ; 2 Chron. iv. 2-5. 

— v. t. 1. To face brazenly ; carry (out or through) impu- 
dently or shamelessly. 2. To make bold or brazen; 
harden. — bra'ze_n-ly, adv. — bra'zen-ness, n. 

bra'zen-faced' (-fast'), a. Impudent ; shameless. 

bra'zier (bra/zher), n. [ME. brasiere.~\ An artificer who 
works in brass. 

bra'zier, n. [From F., fr. braise live coals, OF. bre'se.'] A 
pan for burning coals. 

bra-ziP (brd-zTP), n. [ME. brasil, LL. brasile; perh. from 
Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf . brazier a pan) ; or Ar. wars 
plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to 
the wood from its color, and King Emanuel of Portugal 
(1469-1521) is said to have given the name Brazil to the 
country in South America because it produces this wood/ 
Brazilwood. [tive or inhabitant of Brazil 

Bra-zil'ian (-yon), a. Of or pertaining to Brazil. — re. A na- 

Bra-ziP nut (bra-ziP)- An oily 3-angled nut, the seed of a 
tree (Bertholletia excelsa) of Brazil. 

bra-ziPwood' (-wood'), n. [See bra- 
zil.] 1. The hard, heavy dyewood of 
a redwood {Biancsea sappan). See 
SAPAN wood. 2. The similar wood of 
various tropical American caesalpinia- 
ceous trees. 

breach (brech), n. [AS. brece (in 
comp.) a (broken) piece, fr. brecan to 

i break.] 1. Act of breaking ; state of 
being broken ; gap or opening made by 
breaking ; rupture ; break. 2. A break- 
ing of waters, as over a vessel ; the 
waters themselves ; surge ; surf. 3. A 
breaking or infraction of a law obli- showi arrange . 
gation, or tie ; violation ; as, a breach mentof nuts; 2Nut. 
of trust. 4. A breaking up of amicable 
relations ; rupture ; as, a breach of friendship. 5. A bruise ; 
wound. — Syn. Rent, cleft, chasm, rift, disruption ; frac- 
ture ; infringement ; quarrel, dispute, difference. 
breach of promise, violation of one's plighted word, esp. 
of a promise to marry. 

— v. t. To make a breach or opening in. 

breacb/y (-?), a. 1. Having a breach or breaches. 2. Apt 
to break fences ; as, breachy cattle. 

bread (bred), n. [AS. bread fragment, morsel, bread.] 1. 
An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, 
kneading, and baking. 2. A piece or portion of bread ; 
roll ; loaf ; as, an altar bread. Now chiefly Eccl. 3. Food ; 
sustenance. 4. Beebread. 
—v. t. Cookery. To cover with bread crumbs. 

bread and butter, or (esp. when used adjectively) bread- 
and-butter, n. Bread spread with butter ; hence, Colloq., 
livelihood. As an attributive adjective phrase : a Juvenile ; 
boyish or girlish, b Associated with getting a livelihood ; 
workaday ; prosaic. 




Brazil Nut. 1 Fruit 




Breadfruit. 1 Fruit; 2, 3 
Staminate and Pistillate 
Flower clusters. 



bread'fruit' (-froot'), n. The large round fruit of a Poly- 
nesian moraceous tree (Ar- 
tocarpus communis) ; also, 
the tree. The fruit, when 
baked, somewhat resembles 
bread. 

bread'nut't-niit'), n. The nut 
of a moraceous tree (Brosi- 
mum alicastrum) of Jamai- 
ca and Mexico. It is roasted 
and ground into a flour. 

bread'roo^ (-roof), n. The 
edible, farinaceous root of a 
fabaceous plant (Psoralea 
esculenta). West. U. S. 

bread'stufP (bred'stuf), n. 
That of which bread is made ; 
also, bread ; biscuit ; — used 
chiefly in the pi. 

breadth (bredjth), n. [AS. 
brsedu, iv.brad broad.] 1. Distance or measure from side 
to side ; width. 2. Anything with reference to, or as meas- 
ured by, its width, or breadth. 3. Spaciousness ; extent ; 
distance. 4. Largeness ; liberality, as of ideas. 5. Fine 
Arts. Quality of having the details so massed as to pro- 
duce an impression of largeness and unity. 

breadth/ways' (-waz') 1 adv. In the direction of the 

breadth/wise' (-wTzO / breadth. 

bread'win'ner (bred'win'er), n. A member of a family 
whose labor supplies its food ; also, a means of livelihood. 

break, brake (brak), n. A kind of large wagonette. 

break (brak), v. t.; pret. broke (brok), Archaic brake; 
p. p. bro'ken (bro'k'n), Obs. or Archaic broke ; p. pr. & 
yb. n. break'ing. [AS. brecan."] 1. In general, to separate 
into parts or fragments by concussion or stress ; separate vi- 
olently. 2. Hence : a To cut or tear up (game or fowl) ; 
carve, b To rupture the surface of ; specif., to plow (land) 
preparatory to sowing ; — sometimes used with in or up. c 
To crack the skin of or bruise, as the head ; wound. 3. To 
destroy, impair, disable, or overcome by or as by breaking ; 
shatter ; crush ; specif., to destroy the completeness or ar- 
rangement of ; as, to break a set ; to break ranks. 4. To de- 
stroy the tone, firmness, or resiliency of ; specif. : a To re- 
duce to subjection ; as, to break a colt, b To bankrupt ; 
ruin. C To cashier ; degrade ; dismiss ; deprive (of), d To go 
beyond or exceed (a record). 5. To lay open by or as by 
breaking ; burst in, through, or out ; force a way into ; pene- 
trate. 6. Hence : a To transgress or violate ; as, to break a 
law. b To lay open, as a purpose ; disclose. C To impart, as 
news. 7. To destroy the continuity of ; as : a To terminate ; 
interrupt ; as, to break joints (as in bricklaying) ; to break 
silence ; to break one's fast ; to break one's journey, etc. b 
To open or interrupt (an electric circuit or current) ; — op- 
posed to make. C To lessen or avert the shock of, as the 
wind, d To change the direction of, as a line. 8. To cause in 
(one) the discontinuance (of a habit or practice) ; also, with 
off, to discontinue. — Syn. Dispart, rend, tear ; shatter, 
batter ; violate, infringe, demolish ; burst, dislocate, to 
break bread, to partake of or dispense bread or food, 
as in the Communion. — to b. bulk, to destroy the en- 
tirety of a load, package, etc., as in beginning co unload. 
— to b. in. a To force in ; as, to break in a door, b To 
train ; discipline ; as, to break in a horse. — to b. on the 
wheel, formerly, to execute or torture by stretching upon a 
wheel or frame and breaking the limbs with an iron bar. — 
to b. the ic3, to get through first difficulties ; introduce 
a subject. — to b. up, to dissolve ; put an end to. 

— v. i. 1. To come apart, usually with suddenness and vio- 
lence ; part ; burst asunder ; curl over and fall in foa^, as 
waves. 2. To disintegrate or dissolve ; as, the frost brsals 
before the sun. 3. To fail, weaken, or succumb as if by 
breaking ; specif.: a To give way ; as, the enemy broke be- 
fore them, b To be overwhelmed with grief ; as, my heart 
is breaking. C To lose health or strength, d To become 
bankrupt ; fail. 4. To burst forth violently ; as, a cry broke 
from his lips 5. To come suddenly (into sight or notice) ; 
specif., to dawn. 6. To change abruptly, as in the gait, in 
direction, etc. 7. To cease to have relations ; fall out ; as, to 
break with a friend. 8. Music. To fail in musical quality, as 
the voice of a singer ; also, to change in tone, as a boy's 
voice at puberty. 9. Of fish, to leap wholly or partly out of 
water, as after the bait. 

— n. 1. An act or the action of breaking ; rupture ; fracture ; 
also, the action of breaking in or forth ; irruption ; as, a 
break for freedom ; break of day ; hence, dawn. 2. An effect 
of, or the condition produced by, breaking; a gap, rent, or 
breach ; specif. : a A cessation ; pause ; as, a break in the 
conversation, b A caesura. C An interruption in continuity 
in writing or printing ; also, marks [. . .] indicative of such 
interruptions, d A change of direction, esp. abrupt ; as, a 
break in a wall ; a break of a cricket ball. 3. a Elec. An 
opening or lack of continuity in a circuit, interrupting the 



D 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



BREAKABLE 



124 



BRETON 




electric current, b Teleg. A commutator, c Stock Exchange. 
A sudden and abrupt decline of prices. Amer. 4. Music, a 
An abrupt change in the quality or pitch of a tone, b The 
point where one register changes to another, as of a voice or 
an instrument. 5. Sports and Games, a Tenpins. A failure 
to get a strike or a spare on a frame, b Pool. The shot that 
scatters the balls, as at the opening of a game. C A sequence 
of successful shots in billiard or pool games or in croquet ; a 
run. 6. A blunder, esp. in saying or doing something out of 
place. Colloq. Amer. 
break'a-ble (brak'd-b'l), a. Capable of being broken, 
break 'age (brak'aj), n. Act or result of breaking ; a break ; 
articles broken ; allowance for things broken. 
break'bone' fe'ver (-bon'). Dengue. 
breakdown' (-doun'), n. 1. A breaking down ; downfall ; 
failure. 2. A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance. 
break'er (brak'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. 
2. Naut. A small water cask. 3. A wave breaking into 
foam, as against the shore. — Syn. See wave. \\ 

break'fast (brek'fdst), n. [break + fast.] 1. The first 
meal of the day, or the food then eaten. 2. A meal after 
fasting. — v. i. & i. To eat, or to furnish with, breakfast. 
break'neck' (brak'nek'), a. Involving danger of a broken 

neck ; as, a breakneck pace. 
break'-up', n. Disruption ; dispersion. 
break'wa'ter (brak'wo'ter), n. A structure for breaking the 
force of waves, as a sea wall, 
bream (brem), n. [F. breme, OF. bresme.] 1. A European 
fresh-water cyprinoid fish ( A bra- 
mis brama). 2. a Any of various 
marine fishes (family 
Sparidsc), as the 
schnapper, porgy, 
and scup. b Any of 
various fresh-water 
sunfishes. 

bream, v. t. Naut. 
To clean, as a ship's 

bottom. European Bream. (|) 

breast (brest), n. [AS. breost.J 1. The fore or ventral 
part of the body between the neck and the belly. 2. Either 
of the two protuberant glands on the chest in man and 
some other mammals, in which, in the female, the milk is 
secreted ; a mamma ; teat. 3. Something like, or sugges- 
tive of, the human breast, or bosom ; as, the breasts of a 
hill, specif. : a The face of a working in a mine, b In a plow, 
the front part of the moldboard. 4. The seat of conscious- 
ness, esp. of the emotions ; hence : courage ; spirit. 
— v. t. To meet with the breast ; struggle with or oppose 

manfully ; as, to breast the waves ; to breast adversity. 
breastbone' (brest'bon'), n. The sternum. [throat. I 

breast'pin' (-pin'), n. A pin worn on the breast or at the| 
breast'plate' (-plat'), n. 1. A plate or the like covering or 
protecting the breast, as a piece of defensive armor, a piece 
against which a workman presses in operating a breast 
drill, a strap across a horse's breast, etc. 2. Jewish Antiq. 
A vestment of the high priest, set with twelve gems bearing 
the names of the tribes of Israel. 
breast'plow' H-plou'),n. A kind of plow, for cutting 
breast 'plough'/ turf, driven by the breast of the workman. 
breast 'rail' (-ral'), n. The upper rail of a parapet. 
breast'sum'mer (-sum'er), n. [breast + summer a beam.] 
Arch. A beam, girder, or lintel placed horizontally over an 
opening, as a window, to support the superstructure. 
breast'work' (-wurk'), n. Fort. A defensive work of 

moderate height, hastily thrown up. 
breath (breth), n. [AS. breed.] 1. Odor. Obs. 2. A vapor or 
exhalation; esp., a fragrant emanation, or the air charged 
with it. 3. Air inhaled and exhaled in respiration. 4. A very 
slight breeze. 5. Power of respiration ; hence : life ; strength. 
6. A single respiration ; hence : a single act ; an instant ; as, 
all at one breath. 7. Act or power of breathing naturally or 
freely ; as, out of breath ; also, time to breathe ; respite. 8. 
Gentle exercise, quickening respiration. 9. That which is 
produced by the breath, as a film of moisture on a cold ob- 
ject, or an utterance ; hence : the slightest effort ; a trifle. 
10. Phon. Voiceless expiration, as in uttering /, k, p, s, t, 
etc. Cf. VOICELESS. 

under one's breath, in a whisper or low tone. 
breath'a-ble (breth'd-b'l), a. Fit or suitable for breathing ; 

respirable. 
breathe (breth), v. %.; breathed (bretfed); breath'lng. 
1. To exhale an odor or perfume. 2. To respire ; hence : 
to take breath ; rest ; also, to live. 3. To pass like breath ; 
exhale; blow gently.— v. t. 1. To exhale. 2. To inject by 
breathing ; infuse ; — used with into. 3. To respire. 4. To 
utter, esp. softly or secretly ; whisper. 5. To express ; man- 
ifest ; give forth ; as, the whole book breathes unrest. 6. 
To suffer to take breath, or recover natural breathing ; rest, 
as, to breathe a horse. 7. To promote free respiration in ; 
exercise. 8. To put out of breath ; exhaust. 9. Phon. To 
utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. 



breather (breth'er), n. 1. A person or creature that 
breathes. 2. That which puts one out of breath or stimu- 
lates breathing, as violent exercise. Colloq. 
breath'ing (breth'ing), vb. n. 1. Respiration ; hence : a A 
pause for respiration ; delay, b Promotion of respiration ; 
act of exercising, c Utterance ; communication by words. 
2. Inspiration ; also, aspiration or ardent desire. 3. Air 
in gentle motion ; also, a vent or breathing place. 4. The 
sound expressed by the letter h; aspirate; aspiration. 5. 
Gr. Gram. A mark ['], called rough breathing, used to in- 
dicate aspiration, or a mark ['], called smooth breathing, 
used^ to indicate the absence of aspiration, as in & pa (pron. 
ho^ra) and &pa {pron. o'ra) ; — called also, respectively, 
spiritus asper and spiritus lenis. 
breathless (breth'les), a. 1. Without breath ; hence, dead. 
2. Spent with action ; out of breath. 3. Holding the breath 
because of fear, expectation, or intense interest. 
brec'cia (brech'd), n. [It.] Geol. A rock of angular frag- 
ments cemented together. — brec'ci-at'ed (-i-at'ed), o. 
bred (brSd), pret. & p. p. of breed. 

brede (bred_),n. [See braid.] Braid ; embroidery. Archaic. 

breech (brech), n. [See breeches.] 1. The buttocks. 2. 

The hinder or lower part ; esp., the rear part of a firearm, 

behind the bore. 3. The bottom of a block, or pulley. 

(brech ; brich), v. t. To furnish with breeches or a breech. 
breech'block' (brech'blok'), n. Ordnance. In the mecha- 
nism of breech-loading firearms, the steel block which closes 
the rear of the bore against the force of the charge. 
breech'cloth' (-kloth' ; 62), n. A cloth around the breech. 
breech/es (brTch'ez; 24), n. pi. [AS. brec, pi. of broc 
breech, breeches.] 1. An outer garment worn by men, 
covering the hips and thighs. 2. Trousers. Colloq. 
breeches buoy. In the life-saving service, a pair of canvas 
short-' egged breeches de- 
pending from an annular 
or beltlike life buoy, 
running on a hawser ex- 
tending from the ship to 
the land, to take off pas- 
sengers. 
breech'ing (brTch'ing; 
brech'-), n. 1. A whip- 
ping on the breech. 2. 
Part of a harness which 
passes round the breech 
of a horse. 3, The breech i B reechesBi 
or breech action of a gun. 
breech'load'er ( brech'- 
lod'er) , n. A breech-load- 
ing firearm. 
breech'-load'ing, a. Receiving the charge at the breech. 
breech plug. Ordnance. A plug for closing the breech 

of a gun, as of a field gun ; a breechblock. 
breech screw. Ordnance. A breechblock having an inter- 
rupted screw. 
breed (bred), v. t. ; bred (bred) ; breeding. [AS. bredan to 
nourish, cherish, fr. brod brood.] 1. To produce as off- 
spring ; bear ; beget. 2. To bring up ; nurse and foster. 3. To 
be the birthplace of ; as, a rugged country breeds a hardy 
race. 4. To cause; produce; as, to breed disease. 5. To 
propagate, as any kind of stock. — Syn. Engender, gener- 
ate, gender, nourish, rear, train. 
— v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young ; be with young. 2. To 

have birth ; originate. 3. To raise a breed ; get progeny. 
— n. 1. A race or variety related by descent and, in general, 
similar; stock; strain. 2. Class ; sort ; kind. 3. Brood. Obs. 
breed'er (-er), n. One who, or that which breeds. 
breed'ing, n. 1. Act of one who breeds ; esp., propagation of 
animals or plants. 2. Nurture ; bringing up. 3. Deportment, 
esp. good deportment, regarded as the result of one's up- 
bringing ; manners. — Syn. See education. 
breeze (brez), to., breeze fly. [AS. briosa.~] Any of various 

horseflies and botflies that torment animals. 
breeze, n. [F. braise cinders, live coals.] Refuse, as that 
left in making coke or charcoal. 
breeze, n. [F. brise, or Sp. briza, brisa."] 1. A gentle wind. 

2. A flurry of excitement. Colloq. — Syn. See wind. 
breez'y (brez'i),a.; breez'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Having 

breezes ; airy. 2. Fresh ; brisk ; vivacious. Colloq. 

breg'ma (breg'md), n. [Gr. ppeyfia front of the head.] 

Craniol. The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal 

sutures of the skull. — breg-mat'ic (breg-mat'Ik), a. 

bre'hon vbre'hon), n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An ancient 

L Irish lawyer or judge. The brehons were abolished in the 

reign of James I (1603-25). 
bre-loque' (bre-lok'), n. [F.] A seal or charm for a watch 

chain. 
breme (brem), n. Fierce : furious; stormy. Obs. or Poetic. 
brest'sum'mer. Var. of breastsummer. 
breth 'ren (breth/ren), to., pl.ol brother ; — used in solemn 
address, and of religious sects or their members. i 

Bret'on (bret'un ; bnt'un ; F. bre-toN'), a. Of or relating 




Suoy;' 
2, 3, 4 Tackle » 
for hauling back "and forth ; 5 
Supporting Block running on 
the Hawser, 6. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, um, up, circus, menu; food, f dot; out, oil; chair; go; si riff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BREVE 



125 



BRIER 



to Bretagne (Brittany, formerly called Armorica) or the 
Bretons.— n. A native of Bretagne; also, the language of 
the Bretons, related to Welsh. 
breve (brev), n. [It. breve or F. breve, fr. L. brevis short.] 

1. Music, a A note equivalent to one half (or one third) of 
the long in the Middle Ages, b The longest modern note, 
rarely used, equivalent to two semibreves. 2. Law. An 
original writ ; any writ or precept under seal, issued out of 
any court. 3. A curved mark [ « ] used to indicate a short 
vowel or syllable. 

bre-vet' (bre-vet' _; breVet), n. [F., fir. L. brevis short.] 
Mil. A commission giving an officer higher nominal rank 
than that for which he receives pay ; an honorary promo- 
tion of an officer. — v. t. ; bre-vet'ted ; -vet'ting ; or 
brev'et-ed ; -et-ing. To confer rank on by brevet. — a. 
Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as, brevet officer; 
brevet rank. [of a brevet officer. 

bre-vet'cy (-si), n. ; pi. -ctes (-siz). Mil. Rank or condition! 

bre'vi-a-ry (bre'vi-a-n), n. ; pi. -ejes (-riz). [L. brevia- 
rium abridgment, fr. breviarius abridged.] In the Roman 
Catholic and Eastern churches, a book containing the 
daily public or canonical prayers for the canonical hours. 

bre-vier' (braver'), n. _ [Prob. orig. used in printing a 
breviary.] Print. A size of type. See type. 

brevl-ros'trate (breVi-ros'trat), n. [L. brevis short + E. 
rostrate."] Zo'dl. Short-billed. 

brev'i-ty (brev'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. brevitas, fr. 
brevis short.] 1. Shortness of duration ; briefness of time. 

2. Shortness in speech or writing ; conciseness. 

brew (broo), v. t. [AS. breowan.] 1. To prepare, as beer, 
by steeping, boiling, and fermentation, or infusion and fer- 
mentation. 2. To foment or prepare as if by brewing; 
f>lot ; concoct, as mischief.— v. i. 1. To brew beer or other 
iquor. 2. To be in preparation ; be forming or gathering, as 
a storm.— n. That which is brewed. — brew'er, n. 

brew'age (-aj),». Malt liquor; also, a brewing. 

brew'ers' grains (broo'erz). The insoluble residue left from 
the grain in making beer, much used for fodder. 

brew'er-y (-er-i), n. ; pi. -erces (-iz). A building and appa- 
ratus for brewing. 

brew'house 7 (-hous 7 ), n. A brewery. 

brew'ing, n. 1. Act or process of preparing liquors which 
are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at 
once. 3. A mixing together ; concoction. 

brew'is (broo'Ts), n. [OF. & F. brouet."] 1. Broth or pot- 
tage, properly that in which beef has been boiled. 2. Bread 
soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, etc. 

bri'ar (brl'er). Var. of brier. 

Bri-a're-an (brl-a're-dn ; 3), a. Pertaining to or like Bri-a'- 
re-us (-us), one of the hundred-handed giants of Greek 
mythology ; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed. 

bri'ar-wood' (brl'dr-wd&d 7 ). Var. of brier wood. 

brib'a-ble (brlb'd-b'l), a. Capable of being bribed ; venal. 

bribe (brlb), n. [F., a lump of bread, scraps, LL. briba 
scrap of bread.] 1. A price, gift, or favor bestowed or 
promised in order to pervert or corrupt a person in a position 
of trust, as an official. 2. That which seduces ; seduction ; 
allurement. — v. t. ; bribed (brlbd) ; brtb'ing (brlb'ing). 
To give promise, influence, or gain by a bribe. — v. i. To 
bribe a person ; practice bribery. — brib'er (brlb'er), n. 

brib'er-y (brlb'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). Act or practice of 
giving or taking bribes. 

bric'-a-brac' (brik'd-brak 7 ), n. [F. bric-a-brac."] Curious 
or antique articles of virtu ; odd knickknacks. 

brick (brik), n. [F. brique.] 1. A building and paving 
material made from moist clay molded into blocks and 
hardened in the sun or by fire ; also, one of these blocks. 
2. Any of various oblong rectangular masses. 3. A good 
fellow. Slang. — v. t. To lay, pave, or the like, with bricks. 

brick'bat 7 ( -bat 7 ), n. A fragment of a brick. 

brick'kiln 7 (-kil 7 ; -kiln 7 ), n. A kiln, or furnace, in which 
bricks are baked, or burnt ; also, a pile of green bricks 
arched to receive underneath the fuel for burning them. 

bricklaying, n. Act, occupation, or art of laying bricks, or 
building with bricks. — brick1ay 7 er, n. 

brickie (brik''l), a. [ME. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. 
brecan, E. break.] Brittle. Obs. or Dial. 

brisk'work 7 (-wurk 7 ), n. Work of or with bricks. 

bri-COle' (bri-kol';brik'ul),n. [F.] 1. A catapult. 2. In 
court tennis, the rebound of a ball from a wall ; also, the 
side stroke or play by which the ball is driven against the 
wall ; fig., indirect action or stroke. 3. Billiards. A shot 
in which the cue ball is driven first against the cushion. 

brid 7 al (brld'dl), n. [AS. brydealo. See 1st bride ; ale.] A 
nuptial festival or ceremony ; a marriage. — a. Of or per- 
taining to a bride or a wedding ; nuptial. 

bride (brld), n. [AS. bryd.] A woman newly married, or 
about to be married. 

bride, n. [F.] 1. A loop, bar, or tie in needlework, etc. 
2. A bonnet string. [a wedding feast. I 

bride-cake 7 (-kak 7 ), n. Rich or highly ornamented cake for| 



bride'groom 7 (-groom 7 ), n. [AS. brydguma; bryd bride + 
guma man, the r being perhaps due to confusion with 
groom.] A man newly married, or about to be married. 

bride'maid 7 en (-mad 7 'n), n. A bridesmaid. Archaic. 

brides'maid 7 (brldz'mad 7 ), n. A maid or woman who at- 
tends a bride at her wedding. 

brides 'man (-man), n. A groomsman. 

bride'well (brld'wel), n. A house of correction ; loosely, a 
jail ; — from a former house of correction in London. Eng. 

bridge (bnj), n. [AS. brycg, bricg.] 1. A structure erected 
over a de- %$ 
pression or 



■UAA^lPTT 1 !'' 




Masonry 
ML 



Bridge. 



BEBl B lg 




A A Bridgeboards; 
T Tread; R Riser. 
1. The headgear with 



an obstacle, 
as a river, 
railroad,etc, 
carryinga 
passageway for foot 
passengers,vehicles, 
etc. 2. A gangway i'l) ftirff 
for boats. 3. Naut. 
A platform elevated 
above the rail and 
extending across or 
over the deck of a 
vessel. 4. Anything jg 
like, or suggestive 
of, abridge .-specif.: Bottom-road Bridge. - j 

a The upper bony part of the nose, b The arch for the 
strings on a violin, guitar, etc. C The pons Varoli:. d A low 
separating wall, usually of fire brick, in a furnace, e Den- 
tistry. A device for securing artificial crowns, in spaces 
where teeth are missing, by anchorage to natural teeth as 
abutments, f Elec. A device to measure the resistance of a 
wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit. 
5. A card game resembling whist, in which one hand is 
played as a dummy. [bridges on or over. I 

—v. t.; brtdged (brfjd) ; brtdg'ing. To build a bridse or| 

bridge'board 7 (-bord 7 ), n. Arch. A notched board to sup- 
port the treads and risers of wooden stairs. . 

bridge-head 7 (-hed 7 ), n. Fort. A 
defensive work covering or com- 
manding the extremity of a bridge 
nearest the enemy ; tete-de-pont. 

Bridg'et-tine. Var. of brigittine. 

bridg'ing (bnj'ing), p. pr. & vb. 
n. of bridge. Specif. : vb.n. Arch. 
The braces, or system of bracing, 
used between timbers to stiffen 
them and distribute the weight. 

bli'dle (brl'd'l), n. [AS. bridel] 
which a horse is governed, consisting of headstalf, bit, and 
reins. 2. A restraint ; curb ; check. 3. A scold's bridle. See 
brane. 4. The action of a person who bridles, or assumes a 
dignified or offended air. 5. Something suggestive of a bri- 
dle ; as, a strip of metal joining two parts in a machine ; 
a similar piece, as a band or flanges, for restraining motion. 

— v. t.; -deed (-d'ld); -dling (-dling). l.To equip with a 
bridle. 2. To restrain, guide, or govern with or as with a 
bridle. — Syn. Check, curb, control, master, subdue. 

— v. i. To hold up the head and draw in the chin, as anex- 
pression of pride, scorn, or resentment. — bri 7 dler, n.' 

bridle path. A path or way allowing, or open only to, the 
passage of saddle horses and pack horses. 

bri 7 dle-wise 7 , a. Responsive to the action of the reins. 

bri-doon' (bri-doon'), n. [F. bridon.] The snaffle and rein 
of a double bridle (one having both snaffle and curb bits). 

Brie (bre), n., Brie Cheese. A kind of cream cheese made 
in the district of Brie, France ; also, any similar cheese. 

brief (href), a. [F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis.] 1. Short; 
curtailed. 2. Concise ; terse ; succinct ; condensed. 
Syn. Brief, short. Brief commonly refers to duration 
only ; short, to either duration or linear extent or to both ; 
as, a brief interview ; a short sermon, time, man. 

—adv. Briefly. Obs. or Poetic. 

—n. 1. A_ short, concise writing or letter; hence: a sum- 
mary ; epitome. 2. a An apostolic brief, or kind of papal 
letter less formal than the bull, b Any formal letter or dis- 
patch. 3. Law. a A writ, b A concise statement of a cli- 
ent's case for instruction of counsel, or of the points of a 
legal argument. 
in brief, in short ; briefly. 

— v. t. 1. To make an abstract or abridgment of. 2. To pro- 
vide with, or instruct by, a brief ; hence, to retain as counsel. 
Eng. 3.Toexpress briefly. — brief'ly,adi\ — brief 'ness,n. 

brief'less, a. Having no brief ; without clients. 

bri'er (brl'er), n._ [AS. brer, brser.] 1. Any plant with a 
woody stem bearing thorns or prickles, as the blackberry. 
2. A group of brier bushes ; also, a thorn or twig of a brier. 

bri'er, n. [F. bruyere.] 1. The tree heath (Erica arbor ea) 
of southern Europe. Its root is used in making tobacco 
pipes. 2. A pipe of brierwood. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals! 



M 



BRIER ROOT 



126 



BRITISHER 




Brig. 



brieiTQOt (bri'er). Brierwood. 

bri'er-wood' (-wood'), to. 1. The root wood of the brier; 
also, any of various other woods used in the manufacture of 
tobacco pipes. 2. A pipe made of this wood. 

bri'er-y (-1), a. Full of briers. — to. A briery place. 

brig (brig), to. [Short for brigantine.] Naut. Atwo-masted, 
square-rigged vessel. 

brig, to. On a United States 
man-of-war, the place of con- 
finement for offenders. 

bri-gade' (brT-gad'), to. [F., fr. 
It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, 
briga quarrel.] 1. Mil. A body 
of troops consisting of two or 
more regiments, or similar units, 
commanded by a brigadier gen- 
eral. 2. Any body of persons or- 
ganized for acting or marching together ; as, a fire brigade ; 
the Boys' Brigade. 

— v. t. ; -gad'ed (-gad'ed ; 24) ; -gad'ing. 1. To form into a 
brigade, or into brigades. 2. To classify. 

brig'a-dier' (brTg'd-der'), to. [F.] Mil. One commanding 
a brigade ; specif. : a In the United States army, a brigadier 
general, b In the British service, an officer of any rank 
temporarily in command of a brigade. 

brigadier general. Mil. An officer commanding a brigade, 
ranking next above a colonel. See army. 

brig'and (brlg'and), to. [F., fr. OF. brigant light-armed 
soldier, LL. brigans.] A lawless fellow who lives by plun- 
der; a freebooter. — brig'and-age (-dn-daj), to. — brig'- 
and-ish, a. — brig'and-isin (-diz'm), n. 

brig'an-dine (-an-den ; -din), to. [F., fr. OF. brigant.'] A 
medieval coat of body armor consisting of scales or plates. 

brig'an-tine (-ten ; -tin), to. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigan- 
tino, orig., a piratical vessel.] A two-masted, square-rigged 
vessel differing from a brig in not having a square mainsail. 

bright (brlt), a. [AS. beorht, bryht.] 1. Radiating or re- 
flecting light ; not dark. 2. Transmitting light ; clear ; trans- 
parent. 3. Resplendent with charms ; as, bright beauty. 4. 
Keen ; intelligent ; also, cheerful ; cheery. 5. Illustrious ; 
glorious. 6. Brilliant in color ; as, bright red. 7. Naut. 
Of woodwork, scraped and cleaned, but not painted. 
Syn. Luminous, lustrous, splendid, resplendent, effulgent, 
refulgent, radiant, shining, brilliant, sparkling, gleaming, 
flashing, glittering, glistening, lucid, clear ; illustrious, wit- 
ty, clever, vivacious, sunny. — Bright, shining, brilliant. 
Bright (opposed to dull) applies to any object which 
emits or reflects light; as, a bright fire, a bright sword; 
shining, to objects which emit or reflect light strongly or 
steadily ; brilliant, to those which gleam or flash. 

— to. Splendor ; brightness. Poetic. — adv. Brightly. 
bright'en (brlt''n), v. t. & i. 1. To make or grow bright. 

2. To improve or relieve ; make or become cheerful ; as, to 

brighten one's prospects. — bright'en-er, to. 
bright'ly, adv. In a bright manner. 
brightness (brlt'nes), to. Quality or state of being bright. 

— Syn. Radiance, luster, resplendence, effulgence, glory. 
Bright's' dis-ease' (brlts' di-zez'). [After Dr. Richard 

Bright of London.] Med. Any of several forms of kidney 

disease attended with albumin in the urine. 
Brig'it-tine (briyT-tln ; -ten), to. A member of an Augus- 

tinian order founded, for men as well as women, by St. 

Bridget (or Brigit) of Sweden about 1344. 
brill (bril), to. A European flatfish (Bothus rhombus), 

allied to the turbot, esteemed as food. 
bril'liance (bril'yans), to. Brilliancy. 
bril'lian-cy (-ydn-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Quality or state 

of being brilliant ; glitter ; great brightness, 
brilliant (-ydnt), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine, 

sparkle, fr. L. beryllus 

beryl.] 1. Sparkling ; 

very bright. 2. Distin- 
guished by admirable 

qualities ; splendid ; 

shining. — Syn. See 

bright. — to. 1. A 

diamond or other gem 

cut in a particular form 

with numerous facets ; 

also, the form itself. 

2. Print. A size of 

type. See type. 3. A 

kind of cotton goods, 

figured in the weaving, 

and sometimes hav- 
ing a colored design. 

Description of Illustra- 
tion: Brilliant. A, B 
Top and Side View of 
American cut; 1 Ta- 
ble, 2 Star facets, 3 Main facets. 4 Corner facets, 5 Girdle 
(all above the girdle is the Bezel, all below is the Pavilion), 6 
Culet ;CTop of 20th-century cut;/) Marquise ;£'Briolette. 




bril'lian-tine (-yan-ten), to. [F. brillantine."] 1, An oily 
composition used to make the hair glossy. 2. A kind of 
dress fabric, as of mohair or goat's wool, glossy on both sides, 
and resembling alpaca. 

bril'liant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner. 

brim (brim), to. [AS. brymme edge, border.] 1. Edge or 
margin, as of a fountain or of the water in it ; brink ; bor- 
der. 2. Rim or upper edge of a dish or other vessel. 3. The 
rim of a hat. — Syn. See border. — v. t . & i. ; brimmed 
(brimd) ; brim'ming. To fill, or be full, to the brim. 

brim'ful' (brim'fdol' ; often — in poetry usually — brim'- 
fo61), a. Full to the brim ; completely full. 

brim'mer (-er) , to. A brimful bowl ; a bumper. 

brim'stone (-ston),TO. [ME. brimston,bremston, bernston, 
brenston. See burn, v. t. ; stone.] 1. Sulphur. 2. A spit- 
fire ; virago. — brim'ston'y (-ston'i), a. 

brin'ded (brm'ded; 24), a. Brindled. 

brin'dle (-d'l), to. Brindled state or color; also, a brindled 
animal — brin'dle, a. 

brin'dled (-d'ld) , a. [ Dim. fr. brinded. ] Having dark streaks 
or spots on a gray or tawny ground. 

brine (brin), n. [AS. bryne.] 1. Water strongly impreg- 
nated with salt ; pickle ; hence: any strong saline solution ; 
fig., tears. 2. The ocean ; water of an ocean, sea, etc. 

— v. t. To steep or pickle in brine. 

bring (bring), v. t.; pret. & p. p. brought (brot) ; p. pr. & 
vb. to. bringing. [AS. bringan.] 1. To convey to the 
place where the speaker is or is to be. 2. To procure in or as 
in exchange ; fetch ; produce ; as, coal brings 6 dollars a 
ton ; vice brings disgrace. 3. To carry or conduct ; move ; 
as, to bring into contact. 4. To persuade ; induce ; draw ; 
lead ; guide ; as, they could not bring themselves to believe 
it. 5. To advance ; adduce ; Law, to prefer, as a charge ; 
institute, as an action. 6. To cause to come or to become ; 
as, my letter brought him. ■— bring'er, to. 
Syn. Bear, fetch, transport. — Bring, fetch. To bring is 
simply to come with ; to fetch is to go to, get, and bring. 
to bring home, to prove conclusively ; cause one to feel 
or appreciate by personal experience ; as, to bring home a 
charge of treason. — to b. to book, a To compel to 
give an account, b To compare with an admitted authority. 

brin'ish (brln'Ish), a. Somewhat briny. 

brink (brink), to. [Dan. brink."] Edge, margin, or border, 
esp. of a steep place, as of a precipice. — Syn. See border. 

brin'y (brln'i), a. brin'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. Like brine; 
salty. — brin'i-ness (-i-nes), to. [yeast, and eggs.j 

|| bri'oche' (bre'osh'), to. [F.] A light cake of flour, butter, | 

bri'o-lette' (bre'6-let'), to. [F.] An oval or pear-shaped 
diamond cut in triangular facets. See brilliant, Illust. 

bri'o-ny. Var. of bryony. 

bri-quette' (bri-ket'), n. [F., little brick ] A brick-shaped 
mass, usually of fine stuff with a cementing material. 

Bri-se'is (brl-se'is), to. [Gr. BpianLs.] In Homer's "Iliad," 
a beautiful captive girl whom Agamemnon takes from 
Achilles to replace Chryseis. 

Bri'sin-ga-men' (bre'sen-ga-men'), to. [From Icel., fr. brl- 
singr flame + men necklace.] See Freya. 

brisk (brisk), a. 1. Full of activity ; lively ; spirited ; quick. 
2. Effervescing, as liquors ; sparkling. — Syn. Agile, nim- 
ble, quick ; sprightly, vivacious, gay, spirited, animated. 
See active. — v. t. &. i. To make or become brisk. — 
brisk'ly, adv. — brisk'nsss, to. 

bris'ket (bris'ket ; 24), n. [ME. bruskette.] In quadrupeds 
used as food, the breast. 

bris'tle (bris'l), to. [AS. byrst.] A short, stiff, coarse hair. 
— v. t.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). 1. To cause to stand 
up, as the bristles of an angry hog. 2. To furnish with a 
bristle or bristles. 3. To make bristly ; ruffle. — v. i. 1. To 
stand erect, like bristles. 2. To appear as if covered with 
bristles ; as, the fort bristles with guns. 3. To show defi- 
ance or indignation, i 

bris'tle-tail' (-tal'), to. Any of various wingless insects (or- 
der Thysanura) bearing slender bristlelike appendages at 
the end of the body. 

bris'tly (bns'li), a. Bristlelike ; rough. 

Bris'tol board i-t^l), n. A kind of fine, smooth, usually un- 
glazed, pasteboard ; — after Bristol, in the west of England. 

brit, britt (brlt), to. The young of the common herring ; also, 
certain small species of herring. 

Bri-tan'ni-a (bri-tan'i-d), to. [L.] I.' Orig., Great Britain, 
esp. its southern part. Now, Poetic or Rhetorical, the 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or the 
female figure symbolizing it. 2. [I. c] Short for britannia 
metal, a white alloy, usually of tin, antimony, and copper. 

Bri-tan'nic (-ik), a. [L. Britannicus.] British; — now 
rare except in His, or Her, Britannic Majesty. 

Brit'i-cism (brit'I-sTz'm), to. A linguistic usage, word, 
phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain or the British. 

Brit'ish (-Ish), a. Of or pert, to Great Britain or its inhab- 
itants. — to. 1. The language of the ancient Britons ; Cym- 
ric. 2. Collective pi. The people of Great Britain. 

Brit'ish-er, to. A subject of Great Britain of British descent. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



BRITON 



127 



BRONCHITIS 



Brit'on (bnt'un), n. [OF. Breton, L. Britto, Brito.] 1. A 

member of one of the tribes inhabiting Britain before the 

Anglo-Saxon invasions. 2. A native, or British-born, sub- 
ject of Great Britain, esp. an Englishman. 
brit'tle (brit''l), a. [From AS. brSotan to break.] Easily 

broken ; fragile ; not tough or tenacious. — brit'tle-ness, n. 

Syn. Frangible, breakable ; fragile, frail ; weak, feeble, 

infirm, slight. — Brittle, fragile, frail. Brittle refers to 

substances. Fragile has a wider range than brittle (as, spun 

glass is both brittle and fragile; a spider's web is fragile, but 

not brittle), and applies esp. to objects easily broken or of 

delicate constitution. Frail and fragile are often converti- 
ble, but frail usually implies the greater weakness. 
brittle star. An ophiuran. 
britz'ka, brits'ka (bnts'kd), n. Also britzs'ka. [Pol. 

bryczka.] A long roomy carriage with a calash top. 
broach (broch), v. i. & t. Naut. Used only in : to broach 

to, to veer suddenly into the wind, so as to lay the sails 

aback, and risk capsizing. 
broach, n. [F. broche.] Any of various pointed things; as 

a spit for roasting meat, a tool for tapping casks, a reamer, 

a kind of church spire, etc. — v. t. 1. To stab ; pierce, esp. 

with a spit ; fix on or as on a spit. 2. To tap, as a cask to 

draw liquor ; hence: a To draw, as wine ; shed, as blood. 

b To open for the first time, as a mine. 3. To make public ; 

put forth ; introduce in conversation ; as, to broach a sub- 
ject. 
broach'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, broaches. 
broad (brod), a. [AS. brad.'] 1. Wide ; extended in breadth ; 

— opposed to narrow. 2. Spacious ; vast ; as, broad plains. 

3. Extended, in the sense of diffused or expanded ; clear ; 

full ; as, broad daylight. 4. Plain ; evident ; obvious ; as, a 

broad hint ; also, pronounced ; strongly marked ; as, a broad 

Scotch accent. 5. Unrestrained in language ; esp., indeli- 
cate ; coarse. 6. Extended in amount or range ; general ; 

comprehensive ; as, honest in the broadest sense. 7. Liberal ; 

catholic/as in ideas. 8. Main and essential ; general ; as, the 

broad outlines of a plan. 9. Of a vowel, uttered with a wide 

opening of the articulating organs, as a in father, man. 

Syn. Large, ample, wide, roomy, extensive, expanded ; 

tolerant. — Broad, wide are often convertible ; as, a broad 

or wide street, ribbon, margin ; but broad applies esp. to sur- 
faces or areas as such. Wide applies also to apertures, or to 

that which opens or spreads ; as, wide wounds ; widespread. 

Broad Church, Eccl., in the Church of England and 

affiliated churches, a party holding liberal views as to doc- 
[ trine and fellowship. — B. Churchman. 
— adv. Broadly; — now chiefly in phrases; as: broad 

awake, fully awake ; wide awake. 
— n. l.The broad part of anything, as of the hand. 2. An 

expansion of a river ; a flooded fen. Eng. 
broad arrow. An arrow-shaped mark placed on British 

ordnance and government stores. 
broad'ax' Wbrod'aksO, n. An ax with a broad 
broad'axe'j blade, as any of various battle-axes, 

or an ax for hewing. 
broad'brim' (-brim'), n. 1. A hat with a very 

broad brim, as that of Quakers. 2. [cap!} 

Hence : A Friend ; a Quaker. Sportive. 
broad'cast' (-kast'), n. A casting or throwing of seed in all 

directions. — a. Cast or dispersed, or scattering, in all di- 
rections ; widely diffused. — adv. So as to spread widely. 
broad'cloth (-kloth ; 62), n. A kind of fine smooth woolen 

cloth, usually of double width. 
broad'en (-'n), v. i. & t. To grow, or to make, broad. 
broad'ish, a. Somewhat broad. 
broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. 
broad'ness, n. Quality or state of being broad. 
broad'piece' (-pes'), n. An old English gold twenty-shilling 

piece; — so called after the introduction, in 1663, of the 

guinea, which was narrower and thicker. 
broad seal. The public seal of a country or state, 
broad/side' (brod'sid'), n. 1. Naut. The side of a ship 

above the water line, from bow to quarter. 2. A broad sur- 
face of any object, as of a house, etc. 3. All the guns, collec- 
tively, that can be trained to fire to one side of a ship, or 

their simultaneous discharge. 4. A! so broad'sheet'. Print. 

A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on 

one side only. 
broad'sword' (-sord 7 • 57), n. A sword with a broad blade 

and a cutting edge: esp., a claymore. 
Brob'ding-nag (brob'ding-nag), n. Incorrectly Brob'- 

dlg-nag. In Swift's "Gu' liver's Travels," an imaginary 

country where everything i=> on an enormous scale. 
Brob'ding-nag'i-an (-nag'i-.tn), a. Incorrectly Brob'dig- 

nag'i-an. Colossal; gigantic. — n. A giant. 
bro-cade' (bro-kad'), n. [Sf.. brocado, fr. LL. brocare to 

prick, figure (textile fabrics).] Silk stuff woven with gold 

and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, fo- 
liage, etc. — bro-cad'ed (-kad'ed; 2±), p. a. 
bro'ca-tel (bro'kd-tel ; brok'a-), n. Also broc'a-telle' 

(brok'd-tel'). [F. brocatelle.] A kind of figured fabric, 

usually of wool and silk, as for tapestry, upholstery, etc. 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



Broad 
Arrow. 



brOC'CO-li (broV6"-li), n. [It.] A hardy variety of cauli- 
flower (Brassica oleracea botrytis). 

bro'chette' (bro'sheV), n. [F.] Cookery. A small skewer. 
|| en bro'chette' (aN) [F.], on a brochette ; skewered. 

bro-chure' (bro-shiir'), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch.] A 
pamphlet ; a treatise or article published in pamphlet form. 

brock (brok), n. [AS. broc, W. broch.'] A European badger ; 
— sometimes used as an opprobrious appellation. 

Brock'en spec'ter or spec'tre (brok''n). [Trans, of G. 
Brockengespenst.] A mountain specter (which see), esp. 
that observed on the Brocken, in the Harz Mountains. 

bro'gan (bro'gdn), n. A kind of stout, coarse shoe. 

brbg^ger-ite (brug'er-Tt), n. [After W. C. Brogger, Nor- 
wegian mineralogist, who discovered it.] Min. A radioac- 
tive mineral provisionally classed as a variety of uraninite. 

brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog shoe.] 1. A brogan. 
2. A dialect pronunciation or accent, esp. one such as often 
characterizes the Irish pronunciation of English. 

broid'er (broid'er), v.t. [F. broder, confused with E. braid.] 
To_ embroider. Archaic. — broid'er-y (-er-i), n. Archaic. 

broil (broil), n. [F. brouiller to disorder.] A confused dis- 
turbance ; a brawl. — Syn. Contention, fray, affray, tu- 
mult, altercation, dissension, discord. See dispute. 

broil, v. t. [AF. broiller to burn, OF. bruillir to be hot.] 
1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. on a 
gridiron or live coals. 2. To subject to great (commonly 
direct) heat. — v. i. To be subjected to heat, as meat over 
the fire. — n. Act of broiling ; also, something broiled. 

broil'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, broils ; as : a One 
who cooks by broiling, b A utensil used in broiling, c A 
young fowl for broiling. Colloq. d A very hot day. Colloq. 

broil'er, n. One who excites broils, or brawls. 

bro'kage (bro'kaj), n. Brokerage. Brokage is now little 
used, exc. in marriage brokage, which is the common form. 

broke (brok), pret. & obsoles. p. p. of break. 

broke, v. i.; broked (brokt) ; brok'ing (brok'ing). To 
deal as or through a broker ; traffic. Rare, exc. in comb. 

bro'ken (bro'k'n),p.p. of break, v.t. Hence : p.a. 1. a Vio- 
lently separated or fractured, b Subdued ; crushed ; as, a 
broken spirit. C Made infirm or weak, as by disease, age, or 
hardships, d Violated, as a vow. e Ruined financially ; 
bankrupt. 2. Disconnected ; bent ; also, rough ; uneven ; as, 
a broken surface. 3. Imperfectly spoken ; as, broken Eng- 
lish. — bro'ken-ly, adv. — bro'ken-ness, n. 

bro'ken-heart'ed (-har'ted ; 24, 109), a. Utterly depressed 
by grief or despair. — Syn. Heartbroken, disconsolate, in- 
consolable, comfortless, woebegone, forlorn. 

broken wind. Veter. = heaves. 

bro'ken-wind'ed (109), a. Veter. Affected with heaves. 

bro'ker (bro'ker), n. [ME. brocour.] 1. A dealer in money, 
notes, drafts, stocks, etc. 2. A go-between in affairs of love 
or marriage. Obs., exc. specif.: A hired marriage agent. 

bro'ker-age (-aj), n. The business of a broker, or his fee, 
reward, or commission. 

bro'mal (bro'mal), n. [bromine + aZdehyde.] Chem. An 
oily fluid, CBr3*C0H, related to bromoform as chloral is to 
chloroform, and got by action of bromine on alcohol. 

bro'mate (bro'mat), n. Chem. A salt of bromic acid. — 
v. t. To combine or impregnate with bromine. 

brome grass (brom). Any of a genus (Bromus) of mostly 
coarse, troublesome weeds, having large spikelets. 

bro-me / ]i-a / ceous(bro-me'lI-a / shus),a. [After Olaf ZJromeZ 
(1639-1705), Swedish botanist.] Bot. Belonging to a large 
family {Bromeliacese) of monocotyledonous tropical plants, 
including the pineapple. 

bro'mic (bro'mik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing bromine, 
esp. in its valence of five (the next to its highest). 

bro'mide (bro'mId;-mid),n. Alsobro'mid. 1. Chem. A 
binary compound of bromine with another element or a 
radical. 2.. A person conventional and commonplace in his 
habits of thought and conversation. Cf . Philistine, n. , and 
Sulphite. Slang. — bro-mid / ic (bro-mld'ik), a. Slang. 

bro'mine (-mm; -men), n. Also bro'rnin. [Gr. ffp&nos 
stink.] Chem. An element which at ordinary temperatures 
is a deep reddish brown, ill-smelling, caustic liquid, emit- 
ting a brownish vapor. Symbol, Br; at. wt., 79.916. 

bro'mism (bro'miz'm), n. Med. A diseased condition pro- 
duced by the excessive use of bromine or its compounds. 

bro'mo-iorm (bro'mo-form), n. Ibromine + formyl] 
Chem. A colorless liquid, CHBr.3, having an agreeable odor 
and sweetish taste, and resembling chloroform in its effects. 

bro'mo-gel'a-tint-jel'd-tinha. [bromine + gelatin.] Pho- 
tog. Designating a process of preparing dry plates with an 
emulsion of bromides and silver nitrate in gelatin. 

bro'mol (bro'mol; -mol), n. [Abbr. fr. trioromophenoZ.] 
Pharm. A crystalline substance (chemically, tribromo- 
phenol, CeHzBnOH) used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

bron'chi (bror/kl), n., pi. of bronchus. 

bron'chi-a (-ki-d), n. pi. n\L.,fr. Gx.fi p6yx<.a..\ Thebron- 
chior, esp., the subdivisions of them. — bron'chl-al (-dl),a. 

bron-chi'tis (bron-kl'tis), n. [NL. ; bronchus + -itis.] 
Med. Inflammation of the bronchi. chit'ic (-kit'ik), a. 



C 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equais. 



M 



BRONCHO 



128 



BRUNT 



bron'cho, bron'co (bror/ko), n.; pi. -chos, -cos (-koz). 
[Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A small hardy horse or pony of 
the plains of western North America. 

bron'cho-bust'er, bron'co-bust'er (-bus'ter), n. One who 
breaks bronchos ; hence, a cowboy. Slang, Western U. S. 

bron'cho-cele (bron'ko-sel), n. [Gt. (3poyxoKT]\7]; Ppoyxos 
windpipe + K17X77 tumor.] Med. See goiter. 

bron-chot'o-my (brorj-kot'o-mi), n. [Gr. fipoyxos wind- 
pipe + -tomy.] Surg. An incision into the windpipe or 
larynx, as in tracheotomy and laryngotomy. 

bron'chUS (bron'kits),n.; pi. -chi (-kl). [NL.,fr.Gr./Sp6y- 
xos windpipe.] Anat. One of the subdivisions of the tra- 
chea, or windpipe, esp. either of the two primary divisions. 

bron'to-graph ( bron'to-graf ), n. [Gr. Ppovrii thunder + 
-graph.'] Meteor. A tracing showing the phenomena at- 
tendant on thunderstorms. 

bronze (bronz), n. [F., fr. It. bronzo.] 1. An alloy chiefly 
of copper and tin. 2. A statue, bust, or the like, of bronze. 
3. A yellowish or reddish brown; color of bronze, — v. t.; 
bronzed ; bronz'ing. To give the appearance of bronze to. 

bronze age. a The culture period between the stone and 
iron ages, characterized by the widespread use of bronze 
implements, b Myth. The age of war and lawlessness 
which succeeded the silver age. 

bronz'ite (bron'zlt), n. Min. A ferriferous variety of en- 
statite, often having a bronzelike luster. 

brooch (broch ; brooch), n. [Var. of broach, n.] An orna- 
mental clasp, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it. 

brood (brood), n. [AS. brod.] 1. Progeny or young, esp. of 
such as breed from eggs ; specif., those hatched or cared for 
at one time. 2. A particular kind bred ; breed. — v. 1. 1. To 
sit on or incubate (eggs) ; hatch. 2. To think anxiously or 
moodily upon ; ponder. — v. i. 1. To sit on and cover eggs 
or young to hatch or protect them ; hence, to sit quietly, as 
if brooding. 2. To have the mind dweU continuously or 
moodily on a subject ; — usually used with over or on. 

— a. Kept for breeding from ; as, a brood mare. 

brood'er (brood'er), n. 1. One who broods. 2. A pen or coop 
capable of artificial heating and used 
for raising young fowl. 

brood'y (-T), a. Inclined to brood. 

brook (brook), n. [AS. broc] Anatu- 

1 ral stream of water smaller ^than a 
river or creek. 

brook, v. t. [AS. brucan to use, en- 
joy.] To bear ; endure ; — chiefly in 
negative constructions; as, he will 
brook no rival. — Syn. See bear. 

brook'let, n. A little brook. 

brook'lime' (-11m'), n. [ME. brok 
brook + lemeke, leomeke, a kind of * 
plant, AS. hleomoc] 1. A scrophu ^ 
lariaceous plant ( Veronica beccabun- 
ga) having small blue racemose flowers. 2. The water cress. 

brook'weed' (-wed'), n. Either of two small white-flowered 
primulaceous herbs (Samolus valerandi of Europe and S. 
floribundus of U. S.).; water pimpernel. 

brook'y (-1), a. Full of brooks. 

broom (broom), n. [AS. brom.] 1. Any of several Euro- 
pean fabaceous shrubs, esp. a certain one (Cytisus sco- 
parius) having slender branches, small leaves, and yellow 
flowers. 2. An implement for sweeping, orig. one made of 
twigs of broom. — v. t. To sweep with or as with a broom. 

broom, corn. A variety of sorghum having a jointed stem 
bearing a stiff -branched panicle, of which brooms are made. 

broom rape. Any of various orobanchaceous plants, chiefly 
fleshy yellowish or whitish plants, parasitic on the roots of 
the broom, clover, etc. 

broom'stick' (-stikO, n. The handle of a broom. 

broom'y (-1), a. Of or pertaining to broom ; overgrown with 
broom ; resembling broom or a broom. 

broth (broth ; 62), n. [AS. bro8.~\ Liquid in which flesh (or, 
sometimes, barley or rice) has been boiled ; thin soup. 

broth'el (broth'el ; broth'el), n. [ME., fr. AS. breoSan to 
ruin, destroy, p. p. broSen.] 1. A lewd man or woman ; 
prostitute. 06s. 2. A house of lewdness or ill fame. 

broth'er (brutfe/er),7i.; pi. -ers (-erz) or brethren (breth- 
ren). See brethren. [AS. broSor.] 1. A male considered 
in his relation to another having the same parents (whole 
brother), or one parent only in common (half brother). 
2. One of a common family or race ; hence, broadly, a fellow 
man, associate, fellow member of a profession, etc. 

broth/er-hood (-hood), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
brothers or a brother. 2. An association of brothers, as 
monks ; a fraternity ; guild. 3. The whole body of men 
engaged in the same business or profession. 

broth'er-in-law', n.; pi. -ers-in-law. The brother of 
one's husband or wife, or the husband of one's sister. 

Brother Jonathan. The United States personified ; — a 
humorous appellation. [brothers. 

broth'er-ly (-li), a. Of, pertaining to, or becoming to,| 
Syn. Kind, affectionate, tender, fraternal. — Brotherly, 




. One form of Brooder. 
1 Hover ; 2 Sun Room. 




fraternal. Brotherly often connotes more warmth of 
feeling or intimacy than fraternal. 

— adv. Like a brother. — brotb/er-li-ness, n. 
brough'am (broo'um ; broom ; bro'um), n. [After Lord 

Brougham.'] A form of light, closed car- 
riage. See Illust. 

brought (brot), pret. & p. p. of 
bring. 

brow (brou), n. [AS. bru.] 
1. The eyebrow. 2. The fore- 
head. 3. General air or expres- 
sion of the countenance ; mien. 
4. Edge or projecting upper Brougham, 

part of a steep place ; as, the brow of a hili. 

brow'beat' (brou'beV), v. t. To bear down, or abash, with 
stern looks or with arrogant speech ; bully. 

brown (broun), a. [AS. brun.] Of any of various shades of 
dusky color between black and red or yellow. — n. 1. A 
brown color. 2. Any pigment or dye which colors brown. 
— v. t. & i. To make or become brown. 

brown Bess. The old flintlock smoothbore musket, with 
bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. 

brown bill, [brown + bill cutting tool.] A kind of bill or 
halberd painted brown, formerly used by foot soldiers. 

brown bread, a Dark-colored bread now made of unbolted 
wheat flour ; Graham bread, b Dark-colored steamed bread 
made, usually, of rye and Indian meal, Graham or wheat 
flour, molasses, etc. ; — often called Boston brown bread. U. S. 

brown coal. Lignite. 

Brown'i-an (broun'I-an), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert 
Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the common- 
ness of the Brownian movement or motion, or rapid 
vibration of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid. 

brown'ie (-1), n. Also brown'y. Folklore. A good-natured 
goblin supposed often to work around the house by night. 

brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown. 

brown'stone' (-ston'), n. A reddish brown sandstone used 
for building. 

brown study. Reverie. 

brown'-tailed' moth. A tussock moth (Euproctis chry- 
sorrhea), whose larvae injure many trees. The moth has 
white wings, the female having a brown-tipped abdomen. 

browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot.] Ten- 
der shoots or twigs, fit for food of cattle ; green food. — v. t. ; 
browsed (brouzd) ; brows'ing. 1. To eat or nibble off, 
as tender branches. 2. To graze. — v. i. To browse the 
shoots of shrubs or trees. — brows'er (brouz'er), n. 

bruc'ine (broos'In; -en), n. Also bruc'in. [After James 
Bruce, Scottish traveler.] Chem. A poisonous alkaloid, 
C23H26O4N2, found, with strychnine, in seeds of nux vomica 
and other plants of the same genus (Strychnos). 

bruc'ite (-It), n. [After Dr. A. Bruce, of New York.] Min. 
Native magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2. 

bru'in (broo'In), n. [D. bruin brown.] A bear ; — so called 
in popular tales and often [cap.] personified. 

bruise (brooz), v. t.; bruised (broozd) ; bruis'ing. [AS. 
brysan; or fr. OF. bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver.] 1. 
To injure, as by a blow, without laceration ; contuse. 2. To 
batter or indent, as with the fists. 3. To break, as in a mor- 
tar ; crush ; triturate. — v. i. To fight with the fists ; box. 

— n. An injury without laceration, as from a blow with a 
blunt instrument; a contusion. [pugilist. | 

bruis'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A| 

bruit (broot),w. [F. , fr. LL. brugitus.] 1. Noise ; din. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Report; rumor. 3. {Fr. pron. brwe.) Med. An 
abnormal sound heard on auscultation. — v. t. To report ; 
noise abroad. 

|| Bru'maire^Cbru'mSr'), n. See Revolutionary calendar. 

bru'mal (broo'mal), a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter.] 
Of or pertaining to winter ; winterlike. 

brume (broom), n. [F. brume winter, mist, L. bruma win- 
ter.] Mist ; fog. Rare. — bru'mous (broo'mi/s), a. Rare. 

brum/ma-gem (brum'a-jem), a. [From Birmingham, 
Eng., a great market for gilt toys, etc.] Counterfeit ; gaudy 
but cheap or worthless. 

bru-net' (broo-net'), a. [F. brunet, brunette, dim. of brun, 
fem. brune, brown, fr. OHG. brun.] Anthropol. Of dark 
pigmentation ; having brown or olive skin and brown or 
black hair and eyes ; — used esp. of dark Caucasians. 

— n. A person displaying predominant brunet traits. 

bru-nette' (-net'), n. [F.] A brunet girl or woman. 

Brun'hild (brdon'hilt), n. [G. Brunhilde, MHG. PriXn- 
hilt, OHG. Brunihilt, a Valkyrie.] Ger. Myth. In the 
Nibelungenlied, a queen whom Siegfried, by magic, wins 
and later tames for Gunther. When she learns the deceit 
from Siegfried's wife, Kriemhild, she induces Hageji to 
murder Siegfried. 

Brttn'ne-hil'de (brun'e-hil'dS), n. See Siegfried. 

Bru-no'ni-an (broo-no'nl-an), a. [LL. Bruno Brown.] Of 
or pert, to Brown, esp., in U. S., to Brown University. 

brunt (brunt), n. 1. An onset ; attack. 06s. 2. The force of a 
blow ; shock or greatest violence, as of an onset or struggle. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, frrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BRUSH 



129 



BUCKLE 



brush (brush), n. [OF. brosse, broisse, LL. brustia.] 1. A 
kind of implement composed of bristles, or the like, set in a 
back or handle. 2. The bushy tail of some animals, esp. of 
the fox. 3. Something suggestive of a brush (in sense 1) ; 
specif. : Elec. a One of the pieces of some conducting 
material, esp. copper or carbon, bearing against a commu- 
tator or collector to give passage to an electric current, b A 
brushlike electric discharge. 4. Optics. A striated bundle of 
light rays. 5. Act of brushing, rubbing, or grazing. 

— v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. 

2. To touch or rub as with a brush ; graze lightly or quickly. 

3. To remove with or as with a brush. — v. i. To move so as 
to graze, skim over, or sweep anything. 

brush, n. [From OF.] 1. Branches of trees lopped off. 2. 
A thicket of shrubs or small trees ; underbrush. 

brush, v. i. To move nimbly in haste ; rush away. 

brush, n. 1. A short, brisk encounter. 2. A short contest, 
trial, or spurt of speed. [cutting brush. I 

brush hook. A short heavy hook, or cutting implement, f or | 

brush turkey. A large gallinaceous bird {Talegalla latha- 
mi) of eastern Australia ; also, any of several allied species 
of New Guinea, the Arrou or Aru, Islands, etc. 

brush wheel, a A toothless wheel used to turn another by 
the friction of bristles, buff leather, or the like on the edge 
in contact, b A kind of revolving polishing wheel, used by 
turners, lapidaries, etc. 

brush/wood (brush'wdod).™. A thicket of shrubs and small 

I trees ; also, small branches cut off. [brushwood. I 

brush/y (-1), a. Covered with, or abounding in, brush or| 

brush'y (-T), a. Resembling a brush ; shaggy ; rough. 

brusque (broosk; brusk), a. [F., fr. It. brusco brusque, 
tart, sour.] Rough and short in manner ; abrupt ; bluff. — 
Syn. See bltjef. — brusque'ly, adv.— brusque'ness, n. 

|| brus'que-rie' (briis'ke-re'), n. [F.] Brusqueness. 

Brussels carpet (briis'elz). Carpet of worsted yarns fixed 
in a linen web, the worsted being drawn up in loops to 
form the pattern ; — originally made in Brussels, Belgium. 

Brussels sprouts. A variety of cabbage producing numer- 
ous little green heads (sprouts) resembling small cabbages. 

|] brut (brut), a. [F.] Lit., natural, raw, or crude ; — applied 
orig. to new and unmanipulated sparkling wine, but now to 
champagne with one to three per cent of liqueur added. 

bru'tal (broo'tdl), a. Of, like, or pert, to, a brute ; brutish. 
— Syn. Beastly; savage, inhuman. — bru'tal-ly, adv. 

bru-tal'i-ty (broo-tal'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
of being brutal ; savageness. 2. A brutal act. 

bru'tal-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i. To make or become brutal ; bru- 
tify. i-za'tion (brob'tdl-i-za/shwn ; -I-za'shim), n. 

brute (broot), a. [F. brut, masc, brute, fem., L. brutus 
irrational.] 1. Irrational ; unthinking ; as, the brute crea- 
tion ; brute beast. 2. Without life or sensibility ; inani- 
mate ; soulless ; as, the brute forces of nature. 3. Of, pert. 
to, or like, a brute beast ; hence : brutal ; savage ; also, 
coarse ; sensual. — Syn. Brutish, animal, bestial, beastly. 

—n. 1. A beast. 2. A brutal person. — Syn. See animal. 

bru'ti-fy (broo'ti-fI),v. t. & i.; -fled (-fid) ; -fy/ing. [brute 
+ -/2/-1 To make or become like a brute ; brutalize. 

bru'ting (broo'ting), vb. n. [AS. bryttian to divide in frag- 
ments.] Process of cutting diamonds by rubbing one 
against another. 

brut'ish (broot'ish), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, a brute ; 
irrational ; stupid ; coarse. — Syn. Insensible ; unfeeling, 
savage, cruel, brutal, inhuman ; gross, sensual, bestial. 
— brut'ish-ly, adv. — brut'ish-ness, n. 

Bryn'hild(briin'hilt), n. [Icel. Brynhildr.'] I eel. Myth. 
A Valkyrie condemned to become a mortal, and placed in an 
enchanted fortress. Sigurd wakes her from her enchanted 
sleep, but, as a result of a magic drink, forgets her and mar- 
ries Gudrun. He later wins Brynhild for his brother-in-law 
Gunnar. Brynhild procures the murder of Sigurd, but slays 
herself and is burned on his pyre. 

bry-ol'o-gy (brl-ol'6-ji), n. [Gr. (ipvov moss + -logy."] 
Botany that relates to the mosses. — bry'o-log'i-cal (brl'- 
5-loj'i-kal), a. — bry-ol'O-gist (brl-ol'6-jist), n. 

bry'o-nin (brl'o-nm), n. Chem. A white substance, 
C34H48O9, the bitter principle of the root of bryony. 

bry'o-ny (brl'6-ni), n. ; pi. -nles (-niz). [L. bryonia, Gr. 
(ipvwvLa, fr. fipvtiv to swell.] Any of a genus {Bryonia, 
esp. B. alba and B. dioica) of cucurbitaceous vines, with 
white or yellowish flowers, and powerfully cathartic roots. 
bry'o-phyte (-fit), n. [Gr. ppvov moss + 4>vt6v plant.] 
Bot . Any moss or liverwort (phylum Bryophyta). — bry- 
o-phyt'ic (-flt'ik), a. 
bryo-zo'an (brl'o-zo'an), a.&n. _ [NL. Bryozoa, the class 

name ; Gr. fipvov moss + £yov animal.] Polyzoan. 
bu'ba-line (bu'bd-lln; -lln), a. Of the genus (Bubalis) of 

antelopes including the bubalis, hartebeest, and allies. 
bu'ba-lis (-lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /Sou/2 aXis an African ante- 
lope.] A large antelope (Bubalis buselaphus) of Egypt, 
the Sahara, Arabia, and Syria. 
bub'ble (but/'l), n. 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air 
or gas. 2. A small body of air or gas within a liquid. 3. A 




globule of air or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid, as 
glass. 4. Anything wanting firmness, solidity, or reality ; a 
false show ; delusive scheme. 5. A bubbling, as of water. 
bubble and squeak, beef and cabbage fried together. 

— v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). 1. To rise in or form 
bubbles. 2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bub- 
bles ; to gurgle or warble, as the nightingale. — v. t. l.To 
cause to bubble. 2. To cheat ; delude. — bub'bly, a. 

bub'by (biib'i), n. A woman's breast. Now vulgar. 

bub'by, n. A small boy ; — used in familiar address. U. S. 

bu'bo (bu'bo),n. ; pi. -boes (-boz). [LL. bubo groin, swell- 
ing in the groin, Gr. f}ovt3coi>.~\ Med. An inflammatory 
infectious swelling of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin. 

DU-bon'ic (bu-bon'Ik), a. Pertaining to buboes ; character- 
ized by or attended with buboes ; as, the bubonic plague. 

bu-boh'o-cele (bu-bon'6-sel), n. [Gr. /Sou/Sw^ groin + -cele.J 
Med. An inguinal hernia, esp. the kind in which the hernial 
pouch descends only to the groin, forming a swelling. 

bue'eal (biik'al), a. [L. bucca cheek.] Anat. Of or per- 
taining to the cheeks or the cavity of the mouth. 

bue'ean (biik'an; bw-kan'), v. [F. boucan; a word of 
American origin.] A wooden frame or grid for roasting, 
smoking, or drying meat over fire. 

— v. t. To expose (meat) in strips on a buccan. 
bue'ea-neer' (buk / d-ner / ), n. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner 

to smoke or broil meat or fish, to hunt wild beasts.] A pi- 
rate ; esp., one of the piratical adventurers who preyed on 
the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. 

buc'ci-nal (biik'si-ndl), a. [L. bucina, buccina, a crooked 
horn.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet ; trumpetlike. 

bu-cen'taur (bu-sen'tor), n. [Gr. /Sous ox + Kevravpos cen- 
taur.] 1. A 
fabulous mon- 
ster, half ox, 
half man. 2. 
[ It. bucento- 
ro.] The state 
barge of Venice 
in the time of 
the doges. Bucentaur, 2. (rf v) 

Bu-ceph'a-lUS (bu-sef'd-lws), n. [L., fr. Gr. /9oi//c££aXos> 
lit., ox-headed.] The war horse of Alexander the Great ; 
jocosely, any horse. 

bu'ehu (bu r ku ; boo'koo), n. [Zulu bucu a mixture of aro- 
matic leaves.] The aromatic leaves of several South African 
rutaceous shrubs (genus Barosma), used in medicine. 

buck (buk), n. Lye or suds for washing clothe i ; also, Obs., 
the clothes to be washed.— v. t. To wash (clothes) in buck. 

buck, n. [AS. bucca, bue, he-goat.] 1. The male of deer, 
antelopes, goats, hares, or rabbits. 2. A dashing young fel- 
low ; a dandy. Archaic. 3. A male Indian or negro. Col- 
log., U. S. 4. In various card games, an object passed from 
one dealer to the next to prevent mistakes as to the position 
of the deal. Cant. 

buck,v.z*.To springwitha quick plunging leap ; as, a horse 
bucks. — v. t. To throw by bucking. — n. Act of bucking. 

buck, v. t. To butt or charge against. Collog. or Slang. 

buck, v. i. Used only in : to buck up, to dress up, or 
race up. Colloq. or Dial. 

buck, v. t. Mining. To break up or pulverize, as ores. 

buck, n. 1. A sawbuck. 2. Gymnastics. A thick leather- 
covered vaulting block. 

buck basket. A clothes basket. 

buck bean. A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) growing in 
bogs, having racemes of white or reddish flowers. 

buck'ber-ry (buk'ber-i), n._ A huckleberry (Gaylussacia 
ursina) of the southern United States, eaten by deer. 

buck'board'' (buk'bord' ; 57), n. A four-wheeled vehicle 
having a long elastic board or frame bearing the seat. 

buck-een' (buk-enO, n. In Ireland, a young man of the 
lesser gentry, or a. younger son of the poorer aristocracy 
aping the style of living of the rich. Anglo-Irish. 

buck'et (buk'et ; 24), n. [ME. boket.~] 1. A vessel in which 
to hold, hoist, or carry something, as water, coal, etc., or a 
vessel likened to such a one. 2. The valved piston of a lifting 
pump. — v. t. 1. To draw or lift in or as in buckets. 2. To 
ride (a horse) hard; Colloq., to drive forward hurriedly. 

buck'et, v. t. Stock Gambling. 1. To deal with (an order) 
in or as in a bucket shop. 2. To cheat ; swindle. Slang. 

bucket shop. A place for making bets on current exchange 
prices of stocks, grain, etc., by going through the form of 
a purchase or sale with no actual buying or selling. 

buck'eye' (buk'lO, n. Any of several American trees (genus 
JEsculus, esp. M. glabra) of the 
horse-chestnut family. 

buck'hound' (-hound 7 ), n. A 
hound for hunting deer. 

buck'ish, a. Dandified ; foppish. 
— buck'ish-ly, adv. — -ish- 

HGSS 71, 

buck'le (buk''l), n. [OF. bode Buckeye(^sculus glabra). 
boss of a shield, ring, fr. L- buc- Leaf and Fruit. ( 1 y) 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



M 



BUCKLER 



130 



BUGLE 



cula, dim. of bucca cheek.] 1. A device of a frame and 
tongue used for uniting two loose ends, as of a belt or strap. 
2. A buckle-shaped device used chiefly by women to adorn 
the hair, waistband, shoes, etc. 3. A distortion, as a bend 
or twist in a metal tube. 4. A curl of hair. Obs. or Archaic. 
— v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling. 1. To fasten with a buckle. 
2. To prepare for action ; apply ; — generally reflexive ; as, 
he buckled himself to the work. 3. To bend permanently ; 
distort by bending. — v. i. 1. To prepare for a contest, as, 
orig., by buckling on armor ; to apply one's self with vigor ; 
as, to buckle down to work. 2. To grapple ; struggle ; — usu- 
ally with with. 3. To bend permanently or so as to distort. 

buck'ler (buk'ler),n. [OF. bocler a shield with a boss, fr. 
bode, boucle, boss. See buckle, to.] A kind of shield worn 
on the arm. — v. t. To shield ; defend. 

buck'O (buk'o), to. ; pi. buckoes (-oz). A blustering, bully- 
ing fellow ; a bully. 

buck'ra (buk'rd), to. [In the language of the Calabar coast, 
buckra means "demon, a powerful and superior being." 
J. L. Wilson."] A white man. —a. White ; white man's ; 
strong; good. Both Negro Terms of Southern U. S. 
& West Indies. 

buck'ram (-ram), to. [OF. boqueran.] 1. Formerly, a fine 
fabric for garments, etc. 2. A coarse stiffened cloth of linen, 
hemp, or cotton. 3. Stiffness ; precise formality ; starchi- 
ness of manner. — a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff ; pre- 
cise. — v. t. To stiffen with buckram ; stiffen. 

buck'saw' (buk'so'), to. A saw set in a frame and used for 
sawing wood on a sawbuck, or sawhorse. 

buck'shot' (-shot'), to. A coarse leaden shot. 

buck'skin' (-skin 7 ), to. 1. The skin of a buck. 2. 'A strong, 
soft dressed leather, usually yellowish or grayish ; also, a 
kind of cream-white closely woven woolen cloth. 3. a A 
person clothed in buckskin, esp. leap.'] an American soldier 
of the Revolutionary War. b In pi. Breeches of buckskin. 

buck'thorn' (-thorn'), to. 1. Any of a genus (Rhamnus) of 
trees or shrubs some of which have thorny branches. 2. A 
sapotaceous tree {Bumelia lycioides) of the southern 
United States. 

buck'tooth' (-tooth'), to. Any tooth that juts out. 

buck'wheat' (-hwef), to. [buck beech tree + wheat."] An 
herb (genus Fagopyrum) cultivated for its triangular 
seeds, which are ground into flour. Also, the seed or the flour. 

bu-COl'lC (bu-kol'ik), a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. fiovnohiKos, fr. 
fiovKohos cowherd, herdsman.] Pastoral ; rustic. — to. 

1. A pastoral poem ; eclogue ; idyl. 2. A rustic ; farmer. 
Humorous. — Syn. See rural. — bu-COl'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

bud (bud), to. [ME. budde."] 1. Bot. An undeveloped shoot 
or stem ; a small axillary or terminal protuberance on the 
principal axis of a plant, consisting of rudimentary foliage 
or floral leaves. 2. Biol. A protuberance which develops 
into a new organism. 

— v. i. ; bud'ded ; bud'ding. To put forth buds ; begin to 
develop ; hence, to be like a bud in youth, growth, or prom- 
ise. — Syn. Sprout, germinate, blossom. 

— v. t. l.To put forth as buds ; cause to bud. 2.Hort. To 
graft by inserting a bud from one plant into the bark of 
another. 

Bud'dha (bood'd), to. [Skr. buddha wise.] The title of an 
incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a 
deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama 
Siddhartha (d. about 480 B. a), the founder of Buddhism. 

Bud'dhism (-Tz'm), to. A religion of central and eastern 
Asia. It teaches that life is sorrow, and presents release 
from existence ( Nirvana) as the greatest good, which may 
only be attained by escape from the causal nexus (Karma) 
whereby the unenlightened suffer endless rebirths. — Bud'- 
dhist (-1st), to. — Bud'dhist, Bud-dhis'tic (bood-is'tik), a. 

bud'dle (bud''l ; dial. bd6d''l), to. [E. dial., to cleanse ore, 
also a vessel for this purpose.] Mining. An apparatus, 
esp. an inclined trough or plane, where stamped ore is 
washed by running water. 

budge (buj), to. A kind of lambskin fur. — a. Lined or 
trimmed with budge, as a scholar's gown ; hence, scholastic. 

budge, v. i. & t. ; budged (bujd) ; budg'lng. [F. bouger to 
stir, fr. L. bullire. See boll, t;. i.] To move ; stir ; specif., 
usually with a negative, to give way resistingly. 

budg'et (buj'et ; 24), to. [F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. 
boge, bouge, leather bag, L. bulga.] 1. A bag or sack with 
its contents. 06s. 2. A stock ; store ; accumulation ; as, 
a budget of news. 3. The annual financial statement made, 
for the ensuing year, in the British House of Commons. 
4. Any similar statement. — budg'et-a-ry, a. 

buff (buf), to. [Formerly buffe buff, buffalo, F. buffle buf- 
falo.] 1. A sort of superior leather made of buffalo skin. 

2. A military coat of buff. 3. The bare skin. Colloq. 4. The 
color of buff ; a saddened yellowish orange. 5. A polishing 

'• wheel covered with buff leather. 6. A buff stick. 7. Med. 
The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. 

— a. Made of or like buff ; of the color of buff. 

— v. t. 1. To polish with a buff. 2. To give a buff or velvety 
surface to (leather). 3. To color or stain buff. 




Head of Cape Buf- 
falo. (&) 



buff, v. t. To take or deaden the shock of, as a buffer. 

— to. A buffet ; blow ; — now used only in blindman's buff. 
buf'fa-lo (buf 'a -15) , to. ; pi. -loes or -los (-loz). [Sp. Inifalo, 

fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of Afri- 
can stag or gazelle ; also, the wild ox ; 

fr. Gr. /3oi)/8aXos buffalo.] 1. Any of 

several species of wild ox (genus Bos), 

as the water buffalo (B. bubalus) of 

India, the American bison (B. bison), 

and the South African Cape buffalo 

(B. caffer). 2. Short for buffalo robe, 

BUFFALO FISH. 

buffalo berry. The edible scarlet berry of either of two 
shrubs (Lepargyrea argentea and L. canadensis), of the 
oleaster family, of the western United States, having silvery 
foliage ; also, either of these shrubs. 

buffalo bush. Either shrub bearing the buffalo berry. 

buffalo fish. Any of several large fishes of the sucker family, 
mostly found in the Mississippi valley. 

buffalo moth. The larva of the carpet beetle. 

buffalo nut. The oily drupaceous fruit of the rabbitwood 
(Pyrularia pubera) ; also, the shrub itself. 

buffalo robe. The skin of the American bison, prepared 
with the hair on, formerly much used as a lap robe. 

buffer (buf'er), to. [Prop., a striker. See buffet a blow.] 
Anything serving to deaden a shock or to bear the brunt of 
opposing forces ; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. 

buffer, to. [ME. buff ere stammerer.] A fellow ; esp., an 
elderly man. Chiefly Humorous or Disparaging. 

buffer, to. 1. One who polishes with a buff. 2. A wheel for 
buffing ; a buff. 

buf-fef (boo-fa' ; buf'et ; F. bii'fe'), to. [F.] 1. A cupboard 
or set of shelves for displaying plate, china, etc. ; sideboaid. 
2. (pron. boo-fa'; bii'fe'). A counter for refreshments; a 
restaurant, as at a railroad station. 

buffet (buf'et ; 24), to. [OF., a slap in the face, buffe blow.] 
A blow, as with the hand ; a slap ; hence, any blow or 
stroke. — v. t. 1. To strike with the hand or fist ; box ; 
cuff. 2. To affect as with blows ; strike repeatedly ; contend 
against. — v. i. 1. To box ; strike ; contend. 2. To make 
one's way by blows or struggling. — buf f et-er, to. 

buf fle-head' (-'1-hed'), to. [F. buffle buffalo + E. head.] A 
small North American 
duck (Charitonetta 
albeola) allied to the 
goldeneye ; the butter- 
ball. 

U buffo (boof'fo), n. 
masc; pi. buffi (-fe). 
[It.] A comic actor or 
singer in an opera. 

buf-foon' (bu-foon'), to. 
[F. bouffon, It. buffo- 
ne.] A man who makes 
a practice of amusing 
others by tricks, antic 
gestures, etc. ; a clown. 
— buf-f oon'ish, a. 

buf-foon'er-y (er-i), to. 
pi. -ertes # (-Iz). Arts Buffiehead. (!) 

and practices of a buffoon. [in polishing. | 

buff Stick. A strip of wood covered with buff leather, usedj 

buff wheel. An emery wheel. Cf. 1st buff, to., 5. 

buffy (buf'i), a. 1. Of a buff, or somewhat buff, color. 
2. Physiol. Pert, to a buffy coat or its color. 
buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red 
corpuscles have so settled that the coagulum is nearly 
colorless. 

bug (bug), to. [W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, bugbear.] 1. A 
bugbear ; bogy. Obs. 2. Popularly, an insect of almost any 
kind ; esp., a beetle or an insect that crawls like a beetle. In 
England, now chiefly Dial., "bug" usually signifying the 
bedbug. 3. The bedbug. 

bug'a-boo' (bug'd-boo'), to. [bug goblin 4- boo, inter j.] An 
imaginary object of fright ; a bugbear ; bogy. 

bug'bane' (-ban'), to. A perennial ranunculaceous herb 
(Cimicifuga racemosa) with a wandlike raceme of white 
flowers supposed to be distasteful to insects. 

bug'bear' (-bar'), to. [bug goblin + bear the animal.] 
Something frightful, as a specter ; anyt hin g imaginary that 
arouses needless fear. 

bug'ger (bug'er), to. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus a Bul- 
garian, also, a heretic ; — buggery was attributed to Bul- 
garian heretics.] 1. A sodomite. 2. A wretch ; — some- 
times used playfully. Low. 

bug'ger-y (-1), to. Sodomy. 

bug'gy (-T), a. ; -gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. Infested with bugs. 

bug'gy, to.; pi. -gles (-Tz). A light vehicle or carriage. 

bu'gle (bu'g'l), to. An oblong glass bead, commonly black, 
as for ornament on clothing. — bu'gle, a. 

bu'gle, to. [F.] Any of a genus ( Ajuga, esp. A. reptans) of 
annual menthaceous plants. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



BUGLE 



131 



BULL PEN 



buculus a steer, dim. 
1 



of bos ox.] 
2 




bu'gle, n. [OF., fr. 

1. A buffalo; 
buffalo's horn. 
Obs. 2. A hunts- 
man's horn. 3. 
A brass or cop- 
per wind instru- 
ment, shorter V^ Jr 1 Huntsman's Bugle 

than the trum- v 2 Military Bugle. 

pet, curved, and sometimes keyed. — v. t. & i.; -gled 
(-g'ld); -gling (-gling). To sound with or like a bugle; 
also, to summon by a bugle call. — bu'gler (-gler), n. 

bu'gle-weed' (-wed'), n. Any of agenus (Lycop us) of mints; 
esp. L. virginicus, mildly narcotic and astringent. 

bu'gloss (bu'glos), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. PovyXua-vos 
oxtongue ; /3oDs ox + yX&o-o-a tongue.] Any of a genus 
(Anchusa, esp. A. officinalis) of rough, hairy, Old "World 
boraginaceous herbs. 

bug'seed' (bug'sed'), n. A chenopqdiaceous annual herb 
(Corispermum hyssopifolium) having flat, oval seeds. 

bu'hach (bu'hach), n. [Servian bukhacha fleawort.] A 
yellowish powder, the dried and ground flower heads of cer- 
tain species of chrysanthemums, used as an insecticide. 

buhl (bool), buhl'work' (-wurk'), n. [From A. Ch. Boulle, 
French wood carver.] Furniture. Cabinetwork inlaid with 
tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc. 

buir'stone', burr 'stone' (bur'stSn'), n. Any siliceous rock 
used for millstones. 

build (blld), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. built (bilt), or, Archaic, 
build'ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. build'ixg. [AS. byldan to build, 
bold house.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice ; fabri- 
cate ; make. 2. To construct after the manner of a builder ; 
fashion ; create by gradual means ; as, to build a reputa- 
tion. 3. To settle, or establish, and preserve ; as, he builds 
his hopes on your fidelity. 4. Games. To form (as a member 
or word) by combination, or to raise (a denomination). — 
Syn. Erect, raise, found, frame. — v. i. 1. To perform the 
act, or follow the business, of building something. 2. To 
rest or depend, as on a foundation ; rely. 

— n. Form of construction ; general figure ; make. 

build'er (bil'der), n. One who builds ; one whose occupa- 
tion is to build or to manage building operations. 

build'ing, n. 1. Act of making, erecting, or establishing. 

2. That which is built, as a house, barn, factory, etc. 3. Art 
of constructing edifices ; architecture. 

Syn. Building, edifice, structure. Building is the 
common term. Edifice usually applies to large and elegant 
buildings only. Structure retains more often the sense 
of something constructed in a particular way, or, like edifice, 
is used ot buildings of some size or magnificence. 

bulb (bulb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. /3oX/S6s.] 1. A large bud, 
usually subterranean, emitting roots from below, and bear- 
ing overlapping, scalelike leaves, as in the lily, onion, tulip, 
etc. 2. A fleshy tuber or corm resembling a bulb. 3. A bulb- 
shaped expansion or part ; as, the bulb of a thermometer ; 
specif., Anat., a rounded enlargement of one end of a part ; 
as, an end bulb of a nerve, etc. — bul-ba'ceous (bul-ba / - 
shus), a. — bulb'ar (bul'bdr), a. 

bulb-if'er-ous (bul-blf'er-us), a. Bot. Producing bulbs. 

bulb'i-form (bul'bi-form), a. Bulb-shaped. 

bulb'il (bul'bil), n. Bot. A small or secondary bulb ; usually, 
an aerial bulb or deciduous bud, produced in the leaf axils, 
as in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers, as insomeonions. 

bulb'let, n. Bot. A small bulb ; a bulbil. 

bulb'OUS (bul'biis),a. Alsobulb'ose ( : bos). [L. bulbosus.'] 
Having or containing bulbs ; bulblike in shape or structure. 

bul'bul (bdol'bdbl), n. [Per.] A Persian song bird, prob- 
ably a kind of nightingale (Luscinia hafizi) ; also, any of 
several Asiatic and East African singing birds. 

Bul'gar (bdbl'gar; bill'-), n. [Orig. a name for the Tatars 
settled in what is now Bulgaria.] A Bulgarian. 

Bul-ga'ri-an (b<561-ga'rT-an ; bul- ; 3), n. 1. One of a people 
of Bulgaria, of Finnic origin. 2. The language of the Bul- 
garians, a Slavonic dialect. — a. Of or pertaining to Bulga- 
ria or the Bulgarians. 

bulge (bulj), n. 1. A swelling, protuberant part, as in a wall. 
2. The bilge of a vessel, or of a cask. 3. Advantage ; esp., a 
slight but telling advantage ; — used chiefly in to get, or 
have, the bulge on. Slang. — Syn. See projection. — v. i. 
& t.; bulged (buljd) ; bulg'lng (bul'jing). To swell or jut 
out ; bend outward. — bulg'y (bul'ji), o. [vex face.| 

bulg/er (bul'jer), n. Golf. A driver or a brassy with a con-| 

bU-lim'i-a (bu-lim'T-d), n. [XL., fr. Gr., fr. /3o0s ox + 
Xinos hunger.] Med. A morbid, insatiable hunger; also, 
the disease characterized by it. — DU-lim/ic (-Ik), a. 

bulk (bulk), n. A small projecting structure, as before a 
shop ; a stall. 

bulk, n. [ME. bulke, bolke, heap.] 1. Magnitude or vol- 
ume; spatial dimension; esp., great extent; imposing di- 
mension. 2. The body of a man or an animal, living or 
dead ; esp., the trunk. 3. A body ; a mass ; an aggregate. 
4. The main mass or body ; largest or major portion. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. 



Syn. Size, volume, mass, bigness, largeness. — "Bulk, vol- 
ume, mass. Bulk commonly implies an object of more or 
less definite shape ; volume often applies to that which can- 
not be considered as having outline (as in a volume of water) ; 
mass stresses the idea of solidity and coherence. 

— v. i. 1. To swell or expand ; — used with up. 2. To be of 
bulk ; to be weighty, significant, or impressive. 

bulk'head' (bulk/hed'), n. 1. Naut. Any of the upright 
partitions separating the compartments of a vessel. 2. A 
structure to resist the pressure of earth or water. 3. A box- 
like structure rising above a floor, roof, etc., as for a cover 
for an elevator or stairway. U. S. 

bulk'y (bul'kl), a.; bulk'i-er (-kl-er) ; -i-est. Of great 

bulk ; big ; large ; massive. — bulk'i-ly, adv. i-ness, n. 

Syn. Bulky, massive, ponderous. Bulky refers to volu- 
minous size ; massive refers to solidity ; ponderous, to 
weight and size together, often implying unwieldiness. 

bull (bool), n. A grotesque blunder in language. 

bull, n. [L. bulla bubble, stud, LL., seal, stamp.] A papal 
letter sealed with a bulla, or with a red-ink imprint of the 
device on the bulla. It is more formal than the brief. 

bull, n. [ME. bule, bul, bole.~] 1. The male of any bovine or 
of certain other animals, as of the elephant ,_whale, fur seal, 
etc. 2. One suggestive of a bull, as in size, violence, roaring. 
3. \_cap.~] Astron. = Taurus. 4. Slock Exchange. One 
expecting, or trying to effect, a rise in price. 

— v. t. To try to raise the price of (stocks). 

— a. Large or big of its kind ; as, a bull lathe. 
bulla (bobl'a; bul'd), n.; pi. -l^: (-e). [L., bubble. 

2d bull.] 1. A round leaden seal at- 
tached toapapalbull. 2.Med. A bleb ; 
vesicle. 

bul'lace (bool'as), n._ [F. fceZoce.] A 
wild or half-domesticated European 
plum (Prunus spinosa insititia). 

bullate (bobl'at ; bul'-), a. [L. bulla- 
tus, fr. bulla bubble.] Appearing as 
if blistered ; as, a bullate leaf. 

bull'dog' (bobl'dog' ; 62), n. 1. One of 
a variety of short-haired, powerful, 
courageous dogs ; — so named, prob- 
ably, from being formerly employed in 
baiting bulls. 2. a A cannon, esp. on 
shipboard. 06s. b A pistol or a re- 
volver, now confined to one of large 
caliber and short barrel. 3. a A sher- 
iff's officer. Obs. b In the universities 
of Oxford and Cambridge, a proctor's Bulla, 1, of Pope Six- 
attendant. Colloq. tus IV. (f) 

— a. Characteristic of or like a bulldog ; stubborn. 
bull'doze' (-doz'), v. t. ; -dozed (-dozd') ; -doz'ing (-doz'- 

lng). To restrain or coerce by intimidation. Colloq., U. S. 

buil'doz'er (-doz'er), n. One who bulldozes. Colloq., U. S. 

bul'let (bool'et; 24), n. [F. boulet cannon ball, dim. of 
boule ball.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, 
to be shot from a firearm. 

bul'le-tin (-e-tin), n. [F., deriv. of It. bulla, bolla, a bull. 
See 2d bull.] 1. A brief statement of news to the public, 
esp. from an acknowledged authority. 2. A periodical pub- 
lication, esp. one containing proceedings of a society. 

— i'. t. To state in a bulletin or bulletins. 

bull'fight' (bool'fit'), bull'fight'ing, n. A spectacle in 
which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an 
arena for public amusement. — bull'fight'er (-er), n. _ 

bulFfinch/ (-finch'), n. Any of several fringilline birds, 
esp. a European species {Pyrrhula eurovsea), having the 
breast, cheeks, and throat red, and remarkable for its 
power of learning to whistle musical airs. [leap. Eng.\ 

bull'fincn', n. A hedge too high for a mounted hunter to| 

bull'irog' (-frog'), n. A very large North American frog 
(Rana catesbiana or, sometimes, R. aurora). 

bull 'head' (bool'hed'), n. 1. Any of various large-headed 
fishes, as certain catfishes (Ameiurus nebulosus and A. 
melas), the miller's-thumb, sculpin, etc. 2. A stupid fel- 
low ; lubber. Colloq. 

bull'liead'ed, a. Blindly stubborn or impetuous. 

bul'lion (bdbl'yim), n. 1. Coinage. Gold or silver consid- 
ered merely as so much metal ; as, the bullion in a silver 
dollar; specif., gold or silver in bars or ingots. 2. Heavy 
twisted fringe, esp. of fine gold or silver wire for epaulets. 

bul / li-rag. Var. of bullyrag. 

bull'ish (-ish), a. 1. Pert, to or resembling a bull; head- 
strong. 2. Stock Exchange. Inclined to "bull" the market ; 
tending to rise in price ; as, a bullish feeling or market. 

Bull Moose. U. S. Politics. [_Often I. c] A follower of 
Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912, 
or a member of the Progressive party. Cant. 

bull'ock (bobl'uk), n. [AS. bulluc young bull.] 1. A young 
bull. Obs. or Dial. 2. An ox or steer. 

bull pen. 1. A pen for a bull or bulls. 2. The barracks in a 
lumbering camp. Cant. 3. An inclosure in which prisoners 
are kept in time of riot. Colloq., Western U.S. 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



BULLPOUT 



132 



BUNTLINE 




bull'pout' (-pout'), n. The common bullhead (Ameiurus 

nebulosus) or related catfish. 
bull'— roar'er, n. A slat of wood tied to the end of a thong, 

making an intermittent roaring when whirled. It is used 

in religious rites by some savages, and survives as a toy 

among civilized peoples. 
Bull's Eye (boolz). Astron. = Aldebaran. 
bull's'-eye' (boolz'I 7 ), n. 1. Naut. A small perforated oval 

wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it. 

2. A disk of glass in a deck, floor, etc., to let in light. 3. A 
circular or oval opening for air or light. 4. A lens of short 
focal distance, or a lantern with such a lens. 5. The center 
of a target ; also, a shot which hits it. 6. A kind of hard 
globular candy. 

bull terrier. One of a breed of dogs produced by crossing 
the bulldog and terrier, possessing much of the 
strength and courage of the former with the 
activity of the latter. 

bul'ly (bool'i), n. ; pi. -LIES 
(-Iz). 1. A sweetheart or 
darling ( of either sex ) ; — 
often used as an epithet. 
Obs. 2. A blustering fel- 
low, more insolent than 
courageous. 3. Specif. : a 
The protector of a prosti- 
tute, b A hired ruffian or 
bravo. Obsoles. Bull Terrier. 

— a. 1. Jovial ; dashing ; — esp. in : bully boy, a term of 
address. 2. Fine ; excellent. Slang. 

— interj. Good ! Well done ! Slang. 

— v. t. ; -lied (-id) ; -LY-iNG. To intimidate by manner or by 
threats. — v. i. To act the bully. — Syn. Bluster, swag- 
ger, hector, domineer. 

bul'ly (bool'i), n., bully beef. [F. bouilli boiled meat, fr. 
bouillir to boil. Formerly bouilli was used on the labels of 
canned beef.] Pickled or canned beef. 

bul'ly-rag (bool'i-rag), v. t. To intimidate by bullying; 
scold abusively ; rally contemptuously ; badger. 

bully tree. Any of several West Indian sapotaceous trees. 

bul'rush' (bobl'rush'), n. [ME. bulrysche, bolroysche.~] 
Any of various large rushes growing in wet or overflowed 
land, as the common rush {J uncus effusus), the club-rush 
(genus Scirpus), etc. 

bul'tow (bobl'to), n. A trawl ; a boulter ; the mode of fish- 
ing with a boulter or spiller. 

bul'wark (bool'wdrk), n. 1. A solid, wall-like, defensive 
structure ; rampart. 2. Any means of defense or protection. 

3. The side of a ship above the upper deck ; — usually in pi. 

— v. t. To fortify or secure with or as with a bulwark. 
bum (bum), v. t. & i. Also bumb. To make, or sound with, 

a humming noise ; to din. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
bum, v. i. To guzzle or drink to excess ; sponge upon others, 
as for drink ; lead the life of a vagabond. Slang, U. S. 

— n. Slang, U.S. a A spree. _ b A guzzler or idle drunkard 
or vagabond ; a sponger of drinks, or the like. 

bum'bail'iff (-bal'If), n. A bailiff ; — contemptuous.- Eng. 

bum/ble-bee' {-b'\-ht'),n. [ME. bumblen to hum -\-bee.] 
Any of a genus (Bombus) of true bees, mostly of large size ; 
— so called from the humming noise made in their flight. 

bum'ble-pup'py (-piip'i), n. Card Playing. Whist played 
in an unscientific way. 

bum'boat' (-bo?-'), n. A boat conveying provisions, fruit, 
etc., for sale to vessels in port or off shore. 

bum'kin (bum'kin), n. [boom a beam + -kin.'] Naut. A 
bumpkin. [visible means of support. Slang, U. S.\ 

bum'mer (bum'er), n. An idle, worthless fellow without! 

bump (bump), v. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, 
as the bittern ; boom. — n. The noise made by the bittern. 

bump, v. t. To strike, as against or with something large or 
solid ; thump. — v. i. To come in violent contact with some- 
thing. — n. 1. A thump ; heavy blow. 2. A swelling due to a 
bump, or blow. 3. Phren. One of the protuberances on the 
cranium associated with the various "faculties." Colloq. 

bump'er (bum'per), n. That which bumps or causes a 
bump ; also, anything deadening a bump or shock. 

bump'er, n. 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, esp. in 
drinking a toast. 2. Anything unusually large or great. 
Colloq. — v. t. To fill brimful, as a cup, wineglass, etc. ; 
also, to toast with a bumper. — v. i. To drink bumpers. 

bump'kin (bump'kin), n. [See bumkin.] 1. Naut. A pro- 
jecting beam or boom. 2. A country lout. 

bump'tious (bump'shus), a. Self-conceited ; forward. — 
bump'tious-ly, adv. — bump'tious-ness, n. 

bump'y (bum'pi), a. Covered with bumps. 

bun, bunn (bun), n. A kind of cake or bread; commonly, 
a slightly sweetened, often spiced, raised cake or biscuit. 

bunch (bunch) , n. 1. A protuberance ; hump ; knob ; lump. 
2. A cluster, as of grapes. 3. A group or number of things 
of the same kind, as of cattle. — Syn. See bundle. 

■— v. i. & t. 1. To swell out or form into a bunch or bunches. 
2. To gather in a bunch or bunches. 



bunch'ber-ry (bunch'ber-i), n. The dwarf cornel (Cornus 
canadensis). 

bunch'flow'er (-flou'er), n. A melanthaceous plant (Melan- 
thium virginicum), bearing a panicle of small greenish 
flowers ; also, any other species of the same genus. 

bunch'y (biin'chi), a. Swelling out or growing in bunches. 

bun'co (bun'ko). Var. of bunko. 

bun'combe, bun'kum (-kum), n. [From Buncombe, a 
county of North Carolina.] Speechmaking to gratify con- 
stituents, or to gain public applause ; anything said, writ- 
ten, or done for mere show. Cant or Slang, U. S. 

|| Bund (boont), n.; G. pi. Bunde (biin'de). [G.] A league, 
esp. that of the German states. 

bund(bvind),n. [Hind, band.'] l.Anartificialembankment, 
as a dike. India. 2. An embanked quay. China, Japan, etc. 

bun'der (bun'der), n. [Pers. bandar a landing place.] In 
the East, a landing place ; quay ; pier ; harbor. 

UBun'des-rat'jBun'des-rath' (bobn'des-ratO.n. [G.] Lit., 
federal council, esp. of the German Empire. 

bun'dle (bun'd'l), n. [ME. bundel.] 1. A number of things 
bound together ; a loose package ; roll. 2. A number taken 
together ; a group ; lot. 3. Bot . A fascicle composed of 
strands of conducting tissue traversing the body of a plant, 
Syn. Bundle, bunch, parcel, package, pack, packet 
apply to things done up for storage or transportation. A 
bundle is a collection of articles bound or rolled together ; 
as, a bundle of papers. A bunch is a collection of things, 
usually of the same sort, fastened closely together ; as, a 
bunch of keys, of flowers. A parcel is a bundle of moderate 
or small size. A package is something packed, esp. for 
transportation ; as, an express package. A pack is a bundle 
to be carried on the back, esp. by a peddler ; as, a peddler's 
pack. A packet is a small package or parcel. 

— v. t. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 1. To tie or bind in a 
bundle or roll. 2. To hustle or hurry unceremoniously. — 
v. i. 1. To prepare for departure ; hurry. 2. To sleep or lie, 
as lovers, on the same bed without undressing. Hist. 

bung (bung), n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a 

cask ; also, the bunghole. — v. t. To stop with a bung ; 

hence, Slang, to bruise so as to unfit for action. 
bun'ga-low (bun'gd-lo), n. [Bengali bangla.] A type of 

single- storied house or 

cottage, usually with a 

wide veranda. 
bung'hole' (bung'hol'), 

n. The orifice stopped 

by a bung. 
bun'gle (bun'g'l), v. i. & 

t. ; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling Bungalow. 

(-gling). To act, work, make, or perform in a clumsy or 

awkward manner. — n. A clumsy or awkward performance ; 

botch. — bun'gler (-gler), n. — bun'gling, p. a. 
bun'ion (bun'yun), n % An inflamed swelling on the foot, 

usually on the first joint of the great toe. 
bunk (biink), n. A case or frame attached to a wall to serve 

as a bed, as in a ship.— v.i. To go to bed in a bunk. Colloq. 
bunk'er (bunk'er), n. [Scot, bunker, bunkart, a bench, or 

low chest, serving for a seat.] 1. A large bin ; esp., one of 

several large compartments for coal on shipboard. 2. Golf. 

Any rough hazardous ground on the links ; esp., an artificial 

hazard with built-up faces. 

— v. t. Golf. To drive (the ball) into a bunker. 
bun'ko (bun'ko), n. Also bun'co. A swindling game or 

scheme. — v. t. To swindle by a bunko game. 

bun'kum. Var. of buncombe. 

bunn. Var. of bun,' a cake. 

bun'ny (bun'i), n. A rabbit or a squirrel ; — a pet name. 

Bun'sen burn'er (boon'sen). A kind of burner for gas, con- 
sisting, usually, of a straight tube, with small holes for the 
entrance of air at the bottom. The air and gas mix and 
burn with intense heat and a blue sootless flame. It was 
invented by W. R. Bunsen, a German chemist. 

bunt (bunt), n. 1. A disease of wheat changing the kernels 
to a mass of dark, ill-smelling spores. 2. Either of the two 
fungi (Tilletia tritici or T. fastens) causing the disease; 
— more often called stinking smut in the U. S. 

bunt, n. 1. The bagging portion of a fishing net or the like. 
2. Naut. The middle part of a square sail, which bags or 
bulges when the sail is spread and is gathered in a bunchy 
roll on the yard when the sail is furled. 

bunt, v. t. & i. 1. To butt or push with or as with the horns. 
2. Baseball. To bat or tap (the ball) slowly within the in- 
field by meeting it with the bat without swinging at it. 

— n. Act of bunting ; specif., Baseball, a bunted ball. 

bun'ting (bun'ting), n. [ME. bonten to sift.] A thin woolen 
stuff, used chiefly for flags ; also, a cotton stuff imitating 
this ; hence, flags collectively, as of a ship. 

bun'ting, n. Any of various oscine birds (genus Emberiza or 
an allied genus), usually included in the finch family. 

bunt'line (bunt'lin ; -lin), n. [bunt part of a sail + line.] 
Naut. One of the ropes attached to the foot of a sail, used 
to haul the sail up to the yard for furling. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
Ose, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, ver4ure (87); 



BUNYA 



133 



BURNET 



bnn'ya (bun'yd) or bun'ya-bun'ya, re. [Native name.] 
An Australian coniferous tree (Araucaria bidwillii), 
bearing edible seeds about two inches long. 

bun'yon (bur/yim). Var. of bunion. 

buoy (boi; boo'i ; bwoi), n. [D.boez, fr.F. ooreee.] 1. Naut. 
A float ; esp., a floating object moored to the bottom to mark 
a channel, anchor, rock, etc. 2. A life buoy. — v.t.& i. 1. 
To keep from sinking in a fluid ; float ; hence : to support ; 
sustain ; — with up. 2. To mark by or as by a buoy or buoys. 

buoy'age (boi'aj; boo'i-aj; bwoi , -),n. Buoys collectively ; 
a system of buoys ; the providing of buoys. 

buoy'an-cy (-an-si), re.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Property of 
floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the at- 
mosphere. 2. Power possessed by a fluid of bearing up a 
body that is in it ; upward pressure exerted by a fluid on a 
body immersed in it or floating on it. It is equal to the 
weight of the fluid displaced. 3. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. 

buoy/ant (-ant), a. 1. Having the quality of rising or float- 
ing in a fluid. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid. 3. Light-hearted. — 
Syn. See elastic. — buoy'ant-ly, adv. 

bur, burr (bur), re. [ME. burre burdock.] 1. Any rough or 
prickly envelope of a fruit, as of the chestnut ; also, any weed 
bearing burs. 2. Something that clings like a bur. 

— v.t. ; burred (burd) ; bur'ring. To remove burs from. 

bu-ra' (boo-ra'Hre. A snowstorm resembling the blizzard, 

bu-ran' (-ran') J on the steppes of Central Asia. 

bur'ble (bur'b'l), v. i. To bubble. Dial, or Colloq. 

bur'bot (-bSt), re. [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard.] Either of 




Burbot of Europe (Lota lota) . 

."two fresh-water fishes (Lota maculosa and L. lota), of 
the cod family, having barbels on the nose and chin. 

bur'den (bur'd'n),re. [ME. burdoun bass in music, F. bour- 
don.'] 1. The verse repeated in a song; chorus; refrain. 
2. That which is often repeated or dwelt on ; main topic ; 
gist. 3. The drone of a bagpipe. 

bur'den, re. [AS. burden.] 1. Thing borne; load; hence: 
care; responsibility. 2. Thing borne with labor or diffi- 
culty ; hence : a burdensome lot ; grievous fate. 3. The bear- 
ing of loads ; as, a beast of burden. 4. Capacity of a vessel 
for carrying cargo ; weight of the cargo. — Syn. See load. 

— v. t. To encumber with weight ; load; hence : to oppress. 

bur'den-some (-swm), a. Grievous to be borne ; oppressive. 

— Syn. Weighty, cumbersome, onerous, troublesome. See 
heavy. — bur'den-some-ly, adv. — some-ness, re. 

bur 'dock (bur'dok), n. [bur^ + dock the plant.] Any of a 
genus ( Arctium) of coarse biennial asteraceous.plants with 
burlike involucres. 

bu'reau (bii'ro ; bu-ro'), n.; pi. E. -reaus (-roz), F. -reaux 
(E. pron. -roz). [F., a writing table, OF. burel drugget, 
often used to cover a table, bure coarse woolen cloth.] 

1. An office where business requiring writing is transacted. 

2. Hence : A government department or office, or subdivi- 
sion thereof, for the transaction of public busines's. 3. A 
chest of drawers for clothes, often with a mirror. U. S. 

bu-reau'cra-cy (bu-ro'krd-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). {bureau 
+ -cracy.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of gov- 
ernment by departments, or bureaus, each under a chief ; 
loosely, officialism; also, government conducted on this 
system. 2. Government officials collectively. 

bu'reau-crat (bu'ro-krat), n. An official of a bureau, esp. 
one confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. — bu'- 
reau-crat'ic (-krat'Ik), a. — bu'reau-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

bu-rette' (bu-ret'), n. [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] 
Chem. An apparatus, essentially a graduated glass tube, 
for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measur- 
ing the liquid or gas received or discharged. 

burg (burg), n. [AS. burh, burg.] 1. A fortified town. Obs. 
2. A town or city. Colloq., U. S. 

burg'age (bur'gaj), n. [From burg.] Eng.& Scots Law. 
a In England, a form of privileged tenure of real property 

| by which lands are held of the king or other lord at a certain 
yearly rent, b In Scotland, a kind of tenure by the service 
(now nominal) of watching and warding. 

bur'gee (bur'je), n. Naut. A swallow-tailed or triangular 
flag used as a distinguishing pennant. 

bur'geon (-jwn), v. i. [F. bourgeon a bud.] 1. To sprout ; 
bud. 2. To grow forth, as a feather. — jv. t. To put forth ; 

— used chiefly with out or forth. 
— n. A bud ; sprout. 

bur'gess (-jes), n. _ [OF. burgeis, fr. burc fortified town,"fr. 
LL. burgus fort, city.] 1. An inhabitant or, strictly, a free- 
man of a borough. 2. a The person elected to represent a 
borough, corporate town, or university in Parliament. Eng. 
b Before the Revolution, a representative in the popular 
branch (House of Burgesses) of the legislature of Vir- 
ginia ; — now called delegate. 




burgh (burg ; Scot, bur'6, -u), n. [See borough.] Orig., 
a borough ; usually, a kind of incorporated Scottish town. 

burgh'al (bur'gal), a. Of or pertaining to a burgh. 

burgh'er (bur'ger), n. A freeman of a burgh or borough. 

bur'glar (-gler), n. [LL. burglator, burgulator, fr. LL. bur- 
gus fortified place.] Law. One guilty of burglary. 

bur-gla'ri-ous (bur-gla'n-Ss), a. Pertaining to burglary; 
constituting the crime of burglary. OUS-ly, adv. 

bur'glar-ize (bur'gler-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
ing). To enter burglariously. Colloq. 

bur'gla-ry (-gld-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Law. Breaking 
and entering the dwelling house of another, in the night- 
time, with intent to commit a felony therein, or, as fixed by 
some statutes, such breaking and entering of any of various 
buildings by night or day. [Facetious] 

bur'gle (-g'l), v. i.& t. To commit burglary. Colloq. &\ 

bur'go-mas'ter (bur'go-mas'ter), n. [D. burgemeester ; 
burg_ borough + meester master.] A chief magistrate of a 
municipal town of Holland, Flanders, or Germany, corre- 
sponding to mayor in the United States. 

bur'go-net (-net), n. [F. bourguignotte, because the Bur- 
gundians first used it.] A kind of light steel cap or helmet. 

bur'grave (bur'grav), n. [G. burggraf; burg fortress + 
graf count.] German Hist. Orig., one appointed to the 
command of a town or castle ; now, one ruling by right a 
town or castle with the attached hereditary domain. 

Bur-gun/di-an (bur-gun'di-an), a. Of or pert, to Burgundy, 
the ancient kingdom or duchy, or the former province in 
eastern France. — re. A native or inhabitant of Burgundy. 

Bur'gun-dy (bur'gun-dT), re. Wine made in Burgundy, 
France, or a wine resembling it. 

bur'i-al (ber'I-dl), re. [AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury.] 
Act of burying ; sepulture ; interment. 

bur'i-er (-er), re. One who buries. 

bu'rin (bu'nn), re. [F.] A pointed steel cutting tool, used 
by an engraver on metal in line engraving. 

bu'ri-on(-ri-on),re. The 
house finch (Carpoda- ^ — — 

cus mexicanus). -LJffll 

burke (burk), v. t.; Bunn. 

burked (burkt); burk'ing. [After William Burke of Edin- 
burgh, executed for the crime in 1829.] To murder so as to 
produce few marks of violence, in order to obtain the body 
to sell for dissection. 

burl (burl), n.^ [ME. burle stuffing, knot in cloth.] 1. A 
knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. A knot or excrescence 
on a tree. — v. t. To dress or finish up (cloth). 

bur'lap (bur'lap), n. Also bur'laps (-laps). A fabric of jute 
or hemp, used for bagging, curtains, etc. 

bur-lesque' (bur-lesk'), a. [F., fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla 
jest, mockery.] Tending to excite laughter or contempt by 
extravagant images, or by incongruous contrast, as when a 
trifling subject is treated with mock gravity or vice v ersa. 

— re. 1. Burlesque representation ; also, an instance of it. 2. 
A composition in burlesque style, as a parody, travesty, 
caricature, or extravaganza. — Syn. See caricature. 

— v. t. & i.; -lesqued' (-leskt') ; -les'quing (-les'king). To 
mock or make ludicrous by, or to employ, burlesque. 

bur'ly (bur'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. [ME. burlich, 
borlich, strong, excellent.] 1. Large or stout of body; 
bulky. 2. Coarse and rough ; boisterous ; bluff. — Syn. 
See stout. — bur / li-ly (-li-li), adv. — bur'li-ness, re. 

Bur'man (-man), a. & re. Burmese. 

bur marigold. Any of a genus (Bidens) of coarse astera- 
ceous herbs, the achenes of which are called beggar licks. 

Burmese' (bur'mez' ; -meV), re. 1. sing. & pi. A native or 
the natives of Burma. 2. The language of the Burmese, of 
which the alphabet is Pali. — Burmese', a. 

burn (burn), re. [See bourn a stream.] A brook; rivulet. 
Dial. Eng. & Scot. 

burn, v. t. ; burned (burnd) or burnt (burnt) ; burn'ing. 
[AS. bsernan, bernan, v. t.] 1. To consume by fire ; reduce 
to ashes by heat or fire. 2. To injure or change destructive- 
ly by fire or heat ; scorch ; scald ; blister ; singe ; char ; sear. 
3. To submit to fire or heat for an economic purpose ; bake ; 
as, to burn clay. 4. To make or produce by fire or heat ; as, 
to burn a hole. 5. To affect as if by the action of fire or 
heat ; as, to burn the mouth with pepper. 6. Chem. To 
cause to undergo combustion; oxidize. _7.To cauterize. 

— v. i. 1. To be on fire ; undergo combustion. 2. To undergo 
some change, esp. some injury, by fire or heat ; as, the meat 
burns. 3. To feel, or to appear, as if on fire or excessively 
heated. 4. Chem. To undergo combustion of any kind. 

— re. 1. A hurt, injury, or other effect caused by burning. 
2. Process of burning. 3. A disease in vegetables. See 
brand, re., 5. 

burn'er (bur'ner), re. 1. One who, or that which, burns any- 
thing. 2. Part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the name 
is produced. 

bur'net (bur'net), re. [From F. brunet brownish, dim. of 
brun brown.] Any of a genus (Sanguisorba) of plants, esp. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



BURNING BUSH 



134 



BUSTER 



the common burnet OS. sanguisorba), a species often oc- 
curring in fields of sainfoin, which it much resembles. 

burning bush. Any of several plants, esp. either of two 
American shrubs (Evonymus americanus and E. atropur- 
pureus) having bright red capsules. 

burning glass. A convex lens for producing an intense heat 
by converging the sun's rays. # 

bur'nish (bur'nish), v. t. [OF. burnir, brunir, to make 
brown, polish, brun brown, OHG. brun.~\ To make smooth 
and bright; polish. — Syn. See polish. — n. Effect of 
burnishing ; gloss ; brightness^— bur'nish-er, n. 

bur-noose', bur'nous ( bur-noos' ; bur'noos ), n. [Ar. bur- 
nus a kind of cap.] A cloaklike garment and hood woven 
in one piece, worn by Arabs and Moors. 

burn'sides (burn'sTdz), n. pi. Side whiskers. Colloq., U. S. 

burnt (burnt), pret., p. p., & p. a. of burn. 

burr (bur), n. The prickly envelope of a fruit. See bur. 

burr, bur, n. 1. A circle. Obs. 2. Mech. a A thin flat piece 
of metal, formed from a sheet by punching, b A small 
washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down. 

3. Any rounded knot or excrescence on a tree. See knot. 

4. The external opening of the ear. 5. A thin ridge or 
roughness left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, etc. 
6. Phon. A trilled pronunciation of the letter r; any rough 
pronunciation ; as, to speak with a burr. 7. A whirr ; a 
rough humming sound. — v. i. To speak or pronounce 
with a burr. — v. t. 1. To form into a burr, or projecting 
edge ; as, to burr over the end of a brass tube. 2. To pro- 
nounce with a burr ; as, to burr one's r's. 

burr (bur), n. Also buhr. 1. = buhrstone. 2. A knob, 
boss, or mass of siliceous rock in softer formations. 3. A 

' whetstone. 4. = 3d clinker, 2. 

bur reed. A plant (genus Sparganium) having elongated 
linear leaves and globose burlike fruit. 

bur'rel (bur'el), n. A sort of pear. = beurre. 

bur'ro (bdor'o ; bur'o), n. ; pi. -ros (-oz). [Sp.] A donkey, 
or ass. Southwestern U. S. 

bur'row (bur'o), n. [See borough a town.] A hole in the 
ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and 
habitation ; a similar passage, excavation, or place of re- 
treat ; a shelter. — v. i. 1. To excavate a hole, as in the 
earth, esp. one to lodge in. 2. To lodge or nest in a burrow ; 
hence, to hide. — v. t. To make burrows in or to construct 
by burrowing. — bur'row-er, n. 

burr'stone' (bur'ston'). Var. of buhestone. 

bur'ry (bur'i), a. Abounding in, containing, or resembling, 
a bur or burs ; prickly. 

burr'y, a. Characterized by a burr or burrs. 

bur'sa (bur'sa), n.; L. pi. -sm (-se). [LL. See bourse.] 
Anat. A sac or saclike cavity. 

bur'sar (-ser), n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa. See bourse.] 
A treasurer, or cash keeper, as of a college ; a purser. 

bur'sa-ry (bur'sd-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Treasury of a 
college or monastery. 2. In Scotland, a scholarship or 
charitable foundation in a university or school. 

|| Bur'SChen-SChaf V (boor'shen-shaff), n. ; pi. -schaften 
(-shaf'ten). [G.] In Germany, any of various associations 
of university students formed to support liberal ideas, or 
the organization formed by affiliation of the local bodies. 

burse (burs), n. [LL. bursa or F. bourse. See bourse.] 
1. Eccl. An ornamental flat case or pocket of silk or bro- 
cade. 2. A students' hall, or college. 

bur'si-form (bur'si-form), a. [LL. bursa purse + -form._ 
Shaped like a purse. [flammation of a bursa. 

bur-si'tis (bur-sl'tis),n. [NL. ; bursa + -itis.'] Med. In- 

burst (burst), v. i.; burst, also, Inelegant or Dial., 
burst'ed ; burst'ing. [AS. berstan.~] 1. To fly apart or in 
pieces ; break open ; explode. 2. To exert pressure that 
causes something to give way ; hence, to appear or depart 
suddenly and unexpectedly ; — usually used with forth, 
out, away, into, upon, etc. 3. To break into sudden ac- 
tivity ; specif., to exclaim ; — usually used with forth, out. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to burst. 2. To produce as an effect of 
bursting ; as, to burst a hole through the wall. 

— n. 1. Act of bursting ; also, that which bursts forth or out ; 
as, a burst of thunder, applause, passion. 2.Any brief vio- 

1 lent activity or effort ; a spurt. 3. Result of bursting ; a 
breach. — burst'er, n. 

bur'then (bQr'tfe'n), -then-some, etc. Vars. of burden, etc. 

bur 'ton (bur't'n), n. Any of several kinds of light tackle, 
usually (when used without a qualifying term) one with a 
single and a double block. 

bur 'weed' (-wed'), n. Any plant having burlike fruit, as the 
cocklebur, burdock, etc. 

bur'y (ber'i), v. t. ; bur'ied (-id) ; bur'y-ing. [AS. byrgan, 
byrigan.2 1. To deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with 
funeral ceremonies ; inter ; inhume. 2. To cover over out of 
sight. 3. To put away or out of sight as if in the grave ; as : 
a To hide in oblivion or obscurity, b To put away finally ; 
to have done with ; as, to bury strife. C To submerge or 
engross ; — used with in ; as, buried in grief. — Syn. In- 
tomb, inurn ; conceal ; overwhelm, repress 




bus (bus), n.; pi. busses (bus'ez; 24). [Abbrev. frem 
omniums.] An omnibus. Colloq. 

bus'by (biiz'bi), n. ; pi. -bies (-biz). A kind of British mili- 
tary headdress or cap. 

bush (boosh), n. [ME. bosch, busch, bosk, busk."] 
1. A shrub ; esp., a thick, densely branched shrub or a 
cluster of shrubs. 2. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike 
branch of a tree. 3. A shrub or branch, as of ivy, 
hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign ; 
hence, a tavern sign. 4. A bushlike mass, as of 
foliage or feathers. 5. Specif. : Hunting. The 
tail, or brush, of a fox. 6. Uncleared or unculti- 
vated country, esp. woodland or land covered 
with shrubby vegetation. 

— v. t. 1. To set bushes for ; support or cover 
with bushes ; as, to bush peas. 2. To use a bush 
harrow on (land), or cover (seeds) by using a • t5usb y- 
bush harrow. — v. i. To branch thickly like a bush. 

bush, n. [D. bus a box or F. boucher to plug.] Mech. A 
detachable lining used esp. as a bearing to reduce friction. 

— v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining. 

bush buck. = boschbok. [but mostly of upright habit. I 

bush clover. A plant (genus Lespedeza) allied to clover,) 

bush cranberry. The cranberry tree. 

bush'el (boosh'el), n. [OF. boissel, deriv. of L. pyxis box, 
Gr. 7ru£i's.] 1. A dry measure containing 4 pecks, or 32 
quarts. Abbr., bu. 2. A measure holding a bushel. 3. A 
weight assumed as the equivalent of the bushel measure. 

bush'el, v. t. Tailoring. To repair or put in order, as men's 
garments. — v. i. To repair garments. — bush'el er, 
bush'el-ler (-er), bush'el-man, n. All U.S. 

bush'ham'mer (-ham'er), n. A hammer having a serrated 
face, as of rows of pyramidal points, for dressing stone. 

||Bu'shi'do' (boo'she'do'), n. [Jap. bu military -+- ski 
knight -f- do way, doctrine, principle.] The unwritten code 
of mpral principles regulating the actions of the Japanese 
knighthood, or Samurai ; the chivalry of Japan, [bushy. I 

bush'i-ness (bot>sh'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being| 

bush'ing (-ing), n. Mech. A bush, or detachable lining. 

Bush'man (boosh'man), n.; pi. -men (-men). 1. One of a 
native race of nomadic hunters of South Africa. 2. [I. c] 
A woodsman ; specif., Australia, one who lives or travels 
in the bush, or uncleared country. 

bush'rang'er (-ran'jer), n. One who ranges in the bush; 
esp., in Australia, an escaped convict living in the bush. 

bush'whack'er (-hwak'er), n. One accustomed to beat 
about through bushes ; hence, a guerrilla ; orig., as used by 
the Federal troops, a Confederate guerrilla in the Civil 
War. U. S. — bush'whack'ing, n. 

bush'y (-1), a. ; bush'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Full of, or over- 
grown with, bushes. 2. Thick and spreading like a bush. 

bus'ied (biz'Td), pret. & p. p. of busy. 

bus'i-ly (biz'i-li), adv. In a busy manner. 

busi'ness (biz'nes), n. [busy + -ness.'] 1. State of being 
busy. Obs. 2. That which busies, or engages one's 
time, attention, or labor, as a principal serious employment ; 
as, the business of life ; business before pleasure. 3. That 
which one has to do or should do ; duty ; mission ; as, that is 
no business of ours. 4. Affair ; matter ; — used indefinitely ; 
as, a strange business. 5. Mercantile transactions ; traffic 
in general ; trade ; as, a knowledge of business. 6. A com- 
mercial or industrial establishment or enterprise; as, he 
owns a large business. — Syn. See trade. 

busi'ness-like' (biz'nes-llk'), a. Characterized by or exhib- 
iting business qualities ; hence : practical ; thorough. 

busk (busk), n. [F. buhc.j A thin elastic strip worn in 
the front of a corset. 

busk, v. t. & i. [Icel. buask to get ready.] To prepare ; 
make ready. Archaic, Dial., or Scot. — busk'er, n. 

bus'kin (bus'km), n. [Prob. fr. OF. or D.] 1. A covering 
for the foot, coming some distance up the leg ; a half-boot. 
2. = cothurnus, the high boot of tragic actors in ancient 
Athens, which is, hence, symbolical of tragedy. Cf . sock. 3. 
Fig., tragedy ; the tragic vein or drama. 

bus'kined (-kind), a. 1. Wearing buskins. 2. Hence, of 
or pertaining to tragedy ; tragic ; lofty. 

buss (bus), n. & v. t. & i. Kiss; smack. 

buss. Var. of bus, omnibus. 

bust (bust), n. [F. buste, fr. It. busto."] 1. A piece of 
sculpture representing the upper part of the human body. 
2. The part of the human body between head and waist. 

bust, v. t. & i. 1. To burst. Dial, or Vulgar. 2. To be 
ruined financially. Slang, U. S. 3. To tame ; break. Col- 
loq., Western U. S. 

bus'tard (bus'tdrd), n. [From OF., fr. L. avis tarda, lit., 
slow bird.] Any of a family {Otididx) of large Old World 
game birds, related to the cranes and plovers. The great 
bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest European land bird. 

bust'er (bus'ter), n. 1. Dial, or vulgar for burster. 2. 
Something huge or stupendous. Slang. 3. A roistering 
blade ; also, a spree. Slang. 4. A fierce wind ; specif, a cold, 
violent southwesterly wind in New Zealand or Australia. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin, nature, verdure (87) ; 



BUSTIC 



135 



BUTTERWEED 



bus'tic (buVtik), n. A sapotaceous tree (Dipholis salici- 
folia) of southern Florida and the West Indies. 

bus'tle (bus''!), v. i.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). To move 
about busily and noisily or with commotion. — n. Act of 
one who bustles ; stir ; agitation. — Syn. See stir. 

bus'tle, n. A kind of pad or form worn on the back below 
the waist, by women, to extend the skirts. 

bus'tling (bfls'lmg), p. a. Agitated; tumultuous; charac- 
terized by confused activity. — bus'tling-ly, adv. 

bus'y (biz'i), a.; bus'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. [AS. bysig.~\ 1. En- 
gaged in some business ; hard at work. 2. Constantly or 
actively at work ; active ; as, busy thoughts ; busy hands. 3. 
Crowded with business or activities ; as, a busy street. 4. 
Officious ; foolishly or intrusively active. 5. Characteristic 
of, pert, to, or indicating, diligence ; as, the city's busy hum. 
6. Telephone. In use ; — ■ said of a line. 
Syn. Occupied, employed, attentive ; industrious, diligent, 
assiduous, sedulous ; laborious, hardworking, painstaking, 
persevering, indefatigable, tireless, untiring, unwearied, 
unremitting. — Busy, industrious, diligent, assiduous, 
sedulous agree in the idea of application. One is busy who 
is actively engaged, either habitually or for the time being ; 
as, busy as a bee ; too busy to eat. Industrious implies 
habitual devotion to labor ; as, industrious habits. Diligent 
implies earnest application to a specific pursuit, not nec- 
essarily general tndustriousness ; as, a diligent student of 
the classics. Assiduous implies studied and unremitting, 
sedulous, painstaking and persevering, application to a 
business or enterprise ; as, assiduous in attendance. 

— v. t. & i. ; bus'ied (biz'id) ; bus'y-ing. To make, keep, or 
be, busy ; to employ ; occupy. 

bus'y-bod'y (blz'i-bod'i), n.; pi. -bodies (-Tz). One offi- 
cious in the affairs of others ; a meddling person. 

but (but), prep. & conj. [AS. butan without, on the outside, 
except, besides ; be- + utan outward, without, fr. ut out.] 

1. Outside of ; without ; except ; save ; as,_ all went but me ; 
none but the brave. Hence : that (in various negative con- 
structions where that alone is now felt to be more logical or 
natural) ; as, there is no doubt but he is here (now usually, 
there is no doubt that he is here). 2. a Only; no more 
than ; as, he is but young ; I can but hear, b No more or less 
than ; just ; as, if they kill us, we shall but die. 3. If not ; as, 
no man may come, but he have warrant. 4. That not ; — in 
expressions where, by ellipsis of a pronoun, but has the 
force of a negative relative ; as, "There is no man of worth 
but has a piece of singularity." 5. On the contrary ; yet ; 
however ; — introducing a coordinate but adversative term ; 
as, he boasted not of his courage, but of his skill. 

Syn. But, however, still, nevertheless, yet. But marks 
opposition without emphasizing it ; as, this is not winter, 
but it is almost as cold. However is weaker, and throws the 
opposition into the background. Still, like nevertheless and 
yet, states more strongly the opposition, implying a conces- 
sion in what precedes. Nevertheless implies that the con- 
cession has no real bearing on the question. Yet implies 
that, however extreme the concession, the consequence natu- 
rally to be expected does not follow. See except. 

but, n. The conjunction but ; also, an objection such as is 
often introduced by but. 

bu'tane (bu'tan), n. [L. butyram butter. See butter.] 
Chem. An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, 
of the methane series. 

butch'er (booch'er), n. [OF. bochier, orig., slaughterer of 

, buck goats, fr. boc a buck goat.] 1. One whose business is 
to slaughter animals.ordresstheirflesh, formarket ; a dealer 
in meat. 2. A slaughterer ; one who kills in large numbers 
or brutally. — v. t. 1. To slaughter as a butcher does. 2. 
To garble ; botch; mangle. [on thorns. I 

butcher bird. Any of certain shrikes that impale their prey | 

butch/er-ly, a. Like a butcher; savage; bloody. 

butch'er's— broom', n. A European convallariaceous plant 
(Ruscus aculealus), of which the twigs are used as whisk 
brooms. 

butch'er-y (-er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Slaughterhouse. 

2. The business of a butcher ; — now only attributive. 

3. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when extensive or 
brutal ; great or cruel slaughter. — Syn. See massacre. 

but'ler (but'ler) ,n. \_¥ .bouteillier bottle bearer, cupbearer.] 
A manservant in charge of the wines and liquors, now usu- 
ally the head servant, having charge, also, of the plate, etc. 
— but'ler-ship, n. 

butler-y (-T), n.; pi. -leries (-Iz). [F. bouteillerie store- 
room for wine. See butler.] A butler's pantry or buttery. 

butt, but (but), n. A flounder or flatfish, esp. the halibut. 

butt, n. [From F. fr. LL. butta.'] 1. A large cask or vessel, 
esp. for wine or beer. 2. As a measure, two hogsheads. 

butt, n. [F. but butt, aim, at least for senses 4 a & 6, but 
confused with F. bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. OF. 
boter, buter, to push, butt, strike.] 1. The thicker end 
(of anything) or the part at the bottom, source, or the 
like. 2. Carp. A kind of hinge. 3. A bound ; goal. 

4. a The target in archery; now, usually, a mound or 
bank on which the mark or target is set up to be shot at 



in archery ; any target, b Ground set apart as an archery 
range ; hence, any range for target practice ; — called 
also the butts. 5. A mound of earth, usually in the rear 
of a target, to catch projectiles from artillery, rifles, etc., 
which pass through or miss the tatget, or which are fired 
in proving. 6. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt 
is directed. 7. A push, thrust, or sudden blow given by the 
head of an animal. 8. Leather Trade. The part of a hide 
or skin corresponding to the animal's back and sides. 

— v. i. [Sense 1 is fr. OF. boter to push.] 1. To strike or 
thrust, now esp. with the head or horns ; hence, to go or 
drive headfirst. 2. To project ; — used with out, into, etc. 
3. To join at the butt end, or outward extremity ; abut ; — 
used with on, against, etc. — v. t. 1. To strike, esp. with 
the head or horns ; drive or push by butting. 2. To touch 
or meet with the butt, or end ; to abut on ; also, to cause to 
abut; — 'used with on, upon, against. 3. To join end to 
end without overlapping. 

butte (but), n. [F.] A conspicuous isolated steep hill or 
small mountain. Western U. S. & Canada. 

but'ter (but'er), n. [AS. butere, L. butyrum, Gr. ffoOrv- 
pov.J 1. The fatty substance obtained from milk or cream 
by agitation, as by churning. 2. Any butterlike sub- 
stance; as: a In old chemistry, an anhydrous chloride, as 
butter of antimony or zinc, b Any of certain concrete 
fatty oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, 
as butter of cacao. C A preserve of fruit, as apples, peaches,, 
or plums, ste.ved to a butterlike consistency. 
butter and eggs, any of several plants having flowers 
of two shades of yellow, esp., in the United States, the 
toadflax {Linaria linaria). 

— v. t. To cover or spread with butter. 
but'ter-balF (-bol'), n. The bufflehead. 
but'ter-bur' (-bur'), n. An asteraceous plant (Petasitea 

petasites) the broad soft leaves of which are said to have 
been used in England to wrap up butter. 

but'ter-cup' (-kup'), n. Any of various yellow-flowered spe- 
cies of crowfoot (genus Ranunculus) ; esp., the tall butter- 
cup (R. acris) or the meadow crowfoot (R. bulbosus). 

bUt'ter-fish' (-fish'), n. Any of several fishes, mostly so 
called from their slippery coating of mucus, as the dollar- 
fish (Poronotus triacanthus) , a common food fish. 

but'ter-fly' (-fll'), n.; pi. -flies (-fliz'). [AS. buter-flege, 
buttor-fieoge.'] 1. Any of various diurnal lepidopterous 
insects, often brightly colored, having a slender body and 
very large wings. 2. Something suggestive of a butterfly. 

butterfly fish. Any of various fishes so called from their 
variegated colors, or broad winglike fins, or both ; as : 
a The ocellated blenny (see blenny, Illust.). b Esp., any 
of numerous small brilliantly colored fishes (family Chseto- 
dontidse), of tropical seas, having a narrow deep body 
and dorsal and anal fins partly covered with scales. 

butterfly valve. Mech. a A kind of double clack valve, b A 
damper or throttle valve in a pipe, con- 
sisting of a disk turning on a diametral 
axis. 

butterfly weed. Either of two orange- 
flowered milkweeds {Asclepias tube- 
rosa and A. decumbens) of the eastern and 
southern United States; — called also 
■pleurisy root. 

but'ter-ine (but'er-en ; -in), n. Artificial 
butter, or oleomargarine, esp. when made Butterfly Valve, b. 
with neutral lard and with addition of genuine butter. See 

OLEOMARGARINE. 

but'ter-is (-is), n. [The same word as buttress.] Farriery. 
A steel instrument used in 
paring the hoofs of horses. It 
is pushed by shoulder pressure. 

but'ter-milk' (-milk'), n. The 
liquid remaining from cream or \_23"* BuUeris. 

milk from which the butter has been churned. 

but'ter-nut' (-nut'), n. 1. The edible oily nut of a cer- 
tain American wal- 
nut tree (Juglans 
cinerea) ; also, the 
tree. 2. The souari 
nut. 3. Something 
resembling the but- 
ternut in color, as 
the brown home- 
spun clothes of the 
Confederate sol- 
diers in the Ameri- 
can Civil War. 

but'ter-scotch' 
(but'er-skoch'), n. 
A kind of candy, 
mainly of sugar and 
butter. Colloq. 

but'ter-weed' 
(-wed'), n. Any of 






without, Husk 



D 



G 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



BUTTERWORT 



136 



BYE 





1 Butt Joint with 
double straps ; 2 
Lap and Butt Joint. 



various plants so called from their yellow flowers or their 
smooth, soft foliage ; as : a The horseweed. b A ragwort 
(Senecio lobatus) of the southern United States. 

but'ter-WOlt' (biit'er-wurtO, n. Any of a genus {Pingui- 
cula) of plants so called on account of the mucilage secreted 
by the leaves to capture insects. 

but'ter-y (-1), a. Having the qualities or look of butter; 
containing, or spread with, butter. 

but'ter-y (but'er-I ; colloq. but'ri), n. ; pi. butteries (-iz). 
[OF. boterie place for keeping bottles, prop., a place for 
keeping casks, or butts.] 1. A room or rooms where liq- 
uors or other provisions are kept. 2. In some English col- 
leges, a room where beer, wine, refreshments, etc., are 
kept for sale to students. 

butt joint. Mech. Any joint made by fastening the parts 
together butt to butt, usually with a \ 
strengthening strap or straps ; hence, 
a joint so strengthened as a combined 
lap and butt joint. 

but'tock C-wk), n. [From butt end.] 
1. The part at the back of the hip ; in 
pi. , rum p. 2. Naut. The convex after- 
most part of a ship above the water 
line ; — now often in pi. 

but'ton (buf'n), n. [F. bouton button, bud.] 1. A knob, 
disk, or the like, to be sewn on an article of dress, usually 
as a catch. 2. A small fastening, knot, or piece suggestive 
of a button. 3. A small knob, piece, or growth suggestive of 
a button ; as : a Fencing. A guard on the tip of a foil, b 
Assaying. A globule of metal remaining after fusion, as at 
the bottom of a crucible or cupel, c In electrical apparatus, 
a push button. dAbud. eThe rounded receptacle of arose, 
the flower head of certain composite plants, a little round 
seed vessel, etc. f A small rounded fruit, as an immature 
mushroom, etc. 

— v. t. To furnish or fasten with a button or buttons. — v. i. 
1. To admit of being fastened by a button or buttons. 2. 
To head prematurely, as cauliflower. 

but'ton-ball' (-bol'), n. = buttonwood. 

but'ton-bush' (-boosh'), n. An American rubiaceous shrub 
(Cephalanthus occidentalis) ; — from its globular head of 
flowers. 

but'ton-er, n. One who, or that which, buttons. 

but/ton-hole' (-bol'), n. The hole or loop for a button. — 
v. t. 1. To hold by the button, as for conversation. 2. To 
furnish with buttonholes. — but'ton-hoPer (-hol'er), n. 

buttonhole Stitch. A kind of closely worked loop stitch 
used to make a firm finish on the edge 
of material, as in buttonholes. 

but'ton-hook' (-hook'), n. A hook for 
catching a button and drawing it 
through a buttonhole. 

but'ton-mold', -mould' (-mold'), n. A 
disk, as of wood, to be made into a 
button by covering with cloth. Buttonhole Stitch 

but'tons (buf'nz), n. sing. A boy serv- ovei ; Couching, 
ant or page ; — alluding to the buttons on his livery. Colloq. 

button snakeroot. Any of a genus (Lacinaria) of plants 
with long spikes of buttonlike flower heads. 

button tree, a Any of a genus (Conocarpus) of shrubs 
or trees, having hard, tough wood and buttonlike fruits. 
b The buttonwood. 

but'ton-weed' (buV'n-wedO, n. Any of certain weeds (as 
Diodia teres and several species of Spermacoce). 

but'ton-wood' (-wood'), n. Any of the plane trees (genus 
Platanus) ; — from the globose, pendent fruits. 

but'ton-y (-1), a. Ornamented with buttons; buttonlike. 

but'tress (-res), n. [OF. bouterez, fr. bouter, boter, to 
push.] 1. Arch. A projecting structure 
to support a wall or building. 2. Something 
like a buttress in function or appearance ; 
as : a A projecting part of a mountain, b 
Fort. A counterfort. — v. t. To furnish or 
support with a buttress ; prop. 

butt shaft. An arrow, blunt or without a 
barb. 

butt weld. Mech. A butt joint made by 
welding. See weld. 

bu'tyl (bu'til), n. [L. outyrum butter + 
-yl.] Chem. Any of four isomeric univa- 
lent organic radicals, C4H9. With hydroxyl 
they form butyl alcohols, C4H9OH. 

bu'ty-lene (bu'tl-len), n. [From butyl.] 
Chem. Any one of three isomeric hydro- 

' carbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. 

bu'ty-ra'ceous (bQ'ti-ra'shws), a. [L. 
butyrum butter.] Like, or having the 
qualities of, butter. 

bu'ty-rate (bu'ti-rat), n. A salt or ester of butyric acid. 

bu-tyr'ic (bu-tir'ik), a. Pert, to, or derived from, butter. 
butyric acid, an acid, C3H7CO2H, of the acetic acid 
series. It gives the disagreeable odor to rancid butter. 





Buttress. 



buse buzzard.] 



bu'ty-rin (bu'ti-rm), n. Chem. Any of the three glyceryl 
butyrates, liquid substances derived from glycerin and 
butyric acid, one, C15H26O6, of which contributes to the 
peculiar flavor of butter. 

bu'ty-rom'e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. [L. butyrum butter + 
-meter.'] An instrument for determining the amount of 
fatty matter or butter contained in milk. 

bux'om (buk'sum), a. [AS. bugan to bend + -sum, E. 
-some.] 1. Pliable ; obedient. Archaic. 2. Having health, 
vigor, and comeliness, with a gay, lively manner; plump 
and rosy ; jolly. — bux'om-ly, adv. — bux'om-ness, n. 

buy (bl), v. t.; pret. & p. p. bought (bot) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
buy'ing (bl'ing). [AS. bycgan.] 1. To acquire (property) 
by giving a price ; purchase ; — opposed to sell. 2. To get 
at a price, cost, or sacrifice ; as, to buy pleasure with pain. 
3. To redeem, as by a ransom ; — now only in a figurative 
theological sense. 4. To constitute the purchasing equiva- 
lent of ; as, that which no gold can buy. 5. To hire ; bribe ; 

— sometimes used with over. 

to buy oft, to induce to abstain, by some consideration. 

— to buy out, to purchase the share_or interest of, as 
in a business. 

— v. i. To perform the"act of buying something. 

to buy in, or into, to obtain a place, footing, or in- 
terest by purchase, as in a stock company or a regiment. 

— n. A buying ; thing bought or to be bought. Colloq. 
buy'er (bl'er), n. One who buys, as a purchasing agent. 
buzz (buz), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make a low, 

continuous humming or sibilant sound, as that made by 
bees. — v. t. 1. To utter or give forth with a buzz. 2. To 
talk to incessantly or confidentially. Colloq. 3. To cause to 
buzz ; as, a fly buzzing its wings. — n. 1. A continuous 
humming sound, as of bees ; confused murmur ; hum. 2. 
A whisper or rumor, as a report spread secretly. 

buzz, y. t. Also buz'za (buz'd). To empty to the last 
drop in drinking ; as, to buzz a bottle. Eng. 

buzz'ard (buz'drd), n. [buzz, v. + -ard.] Any buzzing 
insect, as a cockchafer or dor. 

buz'zard (buz'drd), n. [F. busard, 
1. Any of numerous heavy, slow-fly- 
ing hawks (genus Buteo and allied 
genera). 2. Any of various other birds 
of prey; esp., Southern U. S., the 
turkey buzzard. 

— a. Buzzardlike ; stupid. 
buzz'er, n. One who, or that which, 

buzzes, as a kind of electric call. 

buzz saw. A circular saw. 

buzz'wig' (buz'wigO, n. A large bushy 
wig (in this sense usually written buzz 
wig), or a person wearing it ; jocosely, 
a person of consequence ; a bigwig. 

by (bT), prep. [AS. 67, big, near to, by, 
of, from, after, according to.] 1. In 
proximity to ; near. 2. Along, over, or 
through ; as, to go by the road. 3. In, on, or at ; as, perils 
by sea. 4. Past ; near to and then on beyond ; as, he passed 
by him. 5. Near or through as regards time ; as, by day, by 
night ; also, not later than ; as, by two o'clock. 6. To the 
amount of, involving comparison ; as, better by far. 7. 
After ; according to ; with. 8. With respect to ; as, he did 
well by her. 9. Through the medium of ; as, to hang by 
a thread. 10. With the witness or sanction of; — used 
in oaths. 

Syn. By, through, with, as expressing means, instrumen- 
tality, agency. By emphasizes the idea of agency ; through, 
that of means or cause ; with, that of instrument ; as, the 
mark was made by me, through inadvertence, with a pencil, 
by all means, most assuredly ; certainly. — by and by, 
before long ; soon ; at some future time. — by no means, 
in no possible way ; decidedly not. — by the way, in pass- 
ing ; incidentally. 

— adv. l.Near; nearby. 2. Near in passing ; past ; beyond ; 
as, a bird flew by. 3. Aside ; as, to put by. 

— a. Out of the way ; aside. 

— n. Less usual var. of bye ; — esp. in by the by. 

by-. The word by (see above), used in composition, and 
meaning esp. : Aside or apart from the main or common ; 
out of the way ; side ; private ; as, by-path, hence : second- 
ary; aside; incidental; extra; as, fry-play; oy-name. 

by'— bid'der, n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of 
the auctioneer or owner, to run up the price. 

bye (bl), n. [See by, prep.] 1. Something aside or 
secondary. Obs., exc. in : by the bye, by the way (see be- 
low). 2. a Cricket. A run made on a ball that passes the 
batsman without touching the bat or any part of the person 
except the hand, b In various sports, after pairs are drawn, 
the position or turn of one left without an opponent, who 
advances to the next round without playing, c Golf. The 
hole or holes of a stipulated course remaining unplayed at 
the end of a match. — by the bye, or by, apropos; paren- 
thetically, in passing ; by the way ; it may be said. 




Buzzard, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



BY-ELECTION 



137 



CABLE 



— a. Aside as regards position, direction, purpose, impor- 
tance, etc. } incidental ; secondary ; as, a bye consideration. 

by'-e-lec'tion n. An election held by itself, not at the 
time of a general election. 

bye'— low', or bye'— lo', inter j. Hush ; lullaby. 

by'-end', n. Also bye'-end'. A subordinate end ; a pri- 
vate end or interest ; secret purpose ; selfish advantage. 

by'gone' (bl'gon' ; 62), a. Past ; gone by. — n. Something 
gone by or past. 

by'— law', n. 1. A local law. Obs. 2. A law or regulation 
made by a corporation or an association or unincorporated 
society. 3. A secondary law. 

by'-name', n. 1. A secondary name ; esp., a cognomen, 
surname, or sobriquet. 2. A nickname. 

by'-pass' f n. 1. Mech. A side or secondary passage, as for 
a pipe. 2. Elec. A shunt. 

by'pasf (bl'past'), a. Past; gone by. Cf. bygone. 

by'path' (bl'path'j, n.;_ pi. bypaths (-pathz'). Aside, 
private, indirect, or retired path or way. 

by'play' (-pla'), n. Action aside or apart, as in conversation, 
or, on the stage, apart from the main action. 

by'— prod'uct, n. Something having a market value of its 
own produced, as in manufacture, from material left over 
in the production of the chief product. 

byre (blr), n. A cow house. 

byr'nie (btir'ni), n. [Icel. brynja."} A coat of linked mail. 



by'road' (bT'rod'), n. A side road, or one not a main road. 

By-ron'ic (bl-ron'Ik), a. Having the characteristics, or 
in the style, of Byron or his writings, which are marked by 
the portrayal of pride, cynical scorn, irony, and remorse. 

bys'sus (bis' us), n. [L. byssus fine linen or cotton, Gr. 
(3v(t<tos.~] 1. A very fine cotton, linen, or silk fabric of the 
ancients. 2. Zool. A tuft of filaments by which certain 
bivalves, as the mussel, fasten to rocks, etc. 

by'stand'er (bl'stan'der), n. One standing near; one pres- 
ent but not taking part. — Syn. Looker-on, spectator. 

by'-talk' (bl'tok'), n. Talk aside ; small talk. 

by'way' (-wa'), n. A secluded or obscure way ; side path. 

by'word' (-wurd'), n. 1. A proverb or proverbial saying. 

2. A person or thing taken proverbially as a type ; — - usu- 
ally in a bad sense ; hence, an object of scorn or derision. 

3. A by-name ; nickname. 4. A word or phrase often 
used, as for emphasis, affectation, etc. ; a pet expression. 

by'work' (bl'wurk'), n. Work aside from regular work. 

By-zan'tine (bT-zan'tm ; biz'an-tin ; -tin), a. 1. Of, per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, Byzantium or the Byzantine 
Empire. 2. Arch. Pert, to or designating a style of archi- 
tecture, developed in the Byzantine Empire chiefly in the 
5th and 6th centuries, characterized by a central dome over 
a square space, brick walls, and marble and mosaic incrus- 
tation. — n. A native or inhabitant of Byzantium (now 
Constantinople), or, sometimes, of Constantinople. _ 



D 



c 



C(se). 1. The third letter of the English alphabet. The 
Latin form was derived from the Greek Gamma and Sem- 
itic Gimel, and in early Latin the letter had the sound of 

j o as in go and that of k. C had orig. only the sound of k in 
Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. In Modern English it has the 
value k before a, o, u, or a consonant other than h, and the 
value s before e, i, or y. See Guide toPron. §§ 13-15. 2. As a 
symbol, used to denote or indicate : a The third in a series ; 
third in order or class ; sometimes, the numeral 3; as, Com- 
pany C ; A, B,and C. b Music. (1) The keynote of the nor- 
mal or "natural" major scale, which has neither flats nor 
sharps in its signature ; also, the third note of its relative 
minor scale (that of A minor). (2) In notation, any symbol 
representing this tone, as a note on a certain line or space 
of a staff. See clef, Illust. (3) On a keyboard, any key 
giving this tone. (4) C after the clef is the mark of common 
time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four tJt fourths 
or crotchets) ; for alia breve time it is written SfZ. 3. As 
a numeral, C stands for 100. CC stands for k 200, CCC 
300, and so on. C stands for 100,000. 

C or c, n. ; pi. c's or cs (sez). The letter C or its sound. 

C, a. Having the general form of the letter C. 
C, or cee, spring, a spring in the form of the letter C. 

Ca'a-ba (ka'd-bd ; ka'bd), n. Also Kaaba. [Ar. ha' bah, 
fr. ka'b cube.] The small stone building at Mecca, which 
contains the famous stone fabled to have been changed to 
black by the sins of those who have touched it. The 
Caaba is the chief object of pilgrimage of Mohammedans. 

Cab (kab), n. [Abbr. fr. cabriolet. ~] ' 1. A kind of closed 
carriage, usually a public vehicle ; a cabriolet. 2. The cov- 
ered part of a locomotive. 

cab, n. [Heb. gab, fr. qabab to hollow.] A Hebrew dry 
measure approximately equal to two quarts. 

ca-bal' (kd-bal'), n. [From F., fr. LL. cabbala cabala, fr. 
Heb. qabbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine.] 

1. The secret artifices of a few persons united in a close 
design ; intrigue. 2. A secret association of a few design- 
ing persons ; a junto. — I Syn. See combination. 

— v. i. ; -balled' (-bald') ; -bal'ltng. To unite in or form 
a cabal ; intrigue. 

cab'a-la, cab'ba-la (kab'd-ld), n. [See cabal.] 1. A kind of 
occult theosophy or mystical interpretation of the Scrip- 
tures among Jewish rabbis and certain medieval Christians. 

2. Secret or esoteric doctrine or science in general ; occult- 
ism ; mystic art ; mystery. — cab'a-lism,rc. — cab'a-list^n. 

cab'a-lis'tic (-Hs'tik) la. Of or pert, to the cabala or 

cab'a-lis'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)/ cabalists; mystic. 

ca-bal'ler (kd-bal'er), n. One who cabals. 

|| ca'bal-le'ro (ka'bal-ya'ro), n.; pi. -ros (Sp. -ros). [Sp.] 
1. A knight or cavalier ; gentleman. 2. An ancient Span- 
ish dance of stately character. 

cab'al-line (kab'd-lln ; -lin), a. [L. caballinus, fr. caballus 
a nag.] Of or pert, to horses ; equine, 
caballine fountain or spring, the fountain of Hippo- 
crene. See Hippocrene. Hence, source of inspiration. 

cab'a-ret ( kab'd-ret ; ka'ba-re' ), n. [F.] 1. A tavern ; 
a house where liquors are retailed. Now Obs. or R., ex- 
cept : A French drinking house. 2. A small table or tray 



with suitable vessels for use as a set or service for tea, cof- 
fee, etc. 3. (pron. in this sense kab'd-ret' or ka/ba're'). 
In the United States, a cafe or restaurant where performers 
dance or sing on the floor between the tables, after the 
practice of certain French taverns ; hence, an entertain- 
ment of this nature. 

cab'as (kab'd ; kd-ba'), n. [F.] 1. A flat basket for figs, 
etc. 2. A lady's flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag. 

cab'as-set (kab'd-set), n. [F.] A kind of helmet. See hel- 
met, Illust. 

cab'bage (kab'aj), n. [F. caboche head.] 1. A common 
vegetable of many varieties, derived from a European 
cruciferous plant (Brassica oleracea). 2. The terminal 
bud of certain palm trees ; — called also palm cabbage. 

— v. i.; -baged .(-ajd) ; -bag-ing (-a-jing). To form a cab- 
bagelike head ; as, to make lettuce cabbage. 

cab'bage, v. t.; -baged (-ajd) ; -BAG-raG_(-a-jTng). To Dur- 
loin ; pilfer. — n. Pieces of cloth cut off in cutting out gar- 
ments and kept by tailors as perquisites. 

cabbage tree. Any of several trees the heart of which is 
eaten like cabbage by the natives of Australasia (as Nuytsia 
floTibunda or the fan palms Livislona australis and L. iner- 
mis). 

cab'ba-la, cab'ba-lism, etc. Vars. of cabala, etc. 

cab'by (kab'I), n.; pi. -bies (-iz). A cabman. Colloq. 

ca'ber (ka'ber), n. [Gael, cabar."] A pole or beam, esp. 
one used in Gaelic games for tossing as a trial of strength. 

cab'in (kab'in), n. [From F., fr. LL. capanna.] 1. A 
frail temporary shelter, as a soldier's tent._ Obs. 2. A 
small house, esp. a rude one. 3. A room in a ship for 
officers or passengers; specif., in the U. S. navy, the 
quarters of the captain or admiral. — v. i. & t. To lodge 
in or as in a cabin. [and cabin passengers of a ship.l 

cabin boy. A boy whose duty is to wait on the officers! 

cab'i-net (kab'I-net), n. [F.] 1. A little cabin, or hut. 
Obs. 2. A small room or retired apartment ; a boudoir. 
3. A case, set of drawers, or cupboard to contain jewels 
specimens, or other articles. 4. Originally, a private rooia 
for consultations, esp. of a sovereign's confidential advisers 
or of the chief ministers of a government ; now, the council 
meeting or consultation held in such a place. 5. A body 
of advisers such as meets in a cabinet (sense 4), esp. the 
advisory council of the sovereign or of the chief executive 
of a nation. 

— a. 1. Of or pertaining to a cabinet or private place ; pri- 
vate ; secret. 2. Suitable, as to size, beauty, value, etc., for 
a cabinet, or small room ; as, a cabinet picture ; cabinet or- 
gan. 3. Of or pertaining to a political cabinet. 

cab'i-net-mak'er (-mak'er), n. One whose occupation is to 
make or do fine woodwork. — cab'i-net-work' (-wurk'). n. 

ca'ble (ka'b'l), n. [From F., fr. LL. capulum, caplum, a 
rope.] 1. A strong rope of 10 or more inches in circum- 
ference ; hence, a very strong wire rope or a chain for haul- 
ing, fastening, etc. 2. Elec. A waterproof insulated bun- 
dle of wires, often twisted round a core, as for submarine 
telegraphy. 3. A cablegram. Colloq. 

— v.t.& i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). To transmit or 
communicate by a submarine cable. 



G 



H 



J 



.K 



K = ch in G. ich, acii (50); don; yet; zti^x in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CABLE CAR 



138 



CADET 




Cabrilla of California (Para- 



Cable car. A car made to be moved on a cable railroad 

by an endless cable operated by a stationary motor. 

ca'ble-gram' (ka'b'l-granV),?*. [cable + -gram.] Ames- 
sage sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. 

ca'ble-laid' Mad'), a. Naut. Composed of three plain-laid 
ropes laid together left-handed. See cordage, Jllust. 

ca'ble'S, or ca'ble, length (ka'b'lz). The length of a ship's 
cable; specif., a maritime measure of about 100 fathoms. 

ca'blet (ka'blet), n. [Dim. of cable.'] A cable-laid rope 
less than ten inches in circumference. 

cab'man (kab'mdn), n. A cab driver. 

ca-bob' (kd-bob'), n. [Hind, kabab.l Meat roasted in small 
pieces on a skewer and seasoned ; also, in India, roast meat 
in general ; — now always in pi. Oriental. 

ca-boched'. Var. of caboshed. 

U ca'bo'chon' (ka/bo'shSN'), n. [F.] Jewelry. A stone 
of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted; also, the 
style itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon. 

ca-boo'dle (kd-boo'd'l), n. A collection ; crowd ; pack ; kit ; 

— used with whole. Slang, U. S. 

©a-boose' (kd-boos'), n. 1. Naut. A deck room for cook- 
ing; galley. 2. Railroads. A car used on freight or 
construction trains for workmen or the train crew. U. S. 

ca-boshed' (-bosht'), a. [F. caboche head.] Her. Of an ani- 
mal's head, borne full-faced and not showing any neck. 

cab'o-tage (kab'6-taj), n. [F.] Coast navigation or trade. 

ca-bril'la (ka-brel'ya ; kd-bril'd), n. [Sp., prawn.] Any of 
various edible serranoid 
fishes (genus Serranus 
and re- 
1 a t e d 
genera) ; 
also, the 
red hind 
(E pi- 
nephelus guttatus) 

' other grouper. 

cab'ri-o-let' (kab'rl-o- - "labrax clathratus) . (A) 
la'), n. [F., dim. of . 

cabriole a leap, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat.] A kind of 
light one-horse carriage with two seats and often with a 
calash, canopy, or extension top ; a cab. 

Ca-ca'O (kd-ka'o; kd-k'a'o), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kakauatl.] 

1. A South American sterculiaceous tree 
( Theobroma cacao), now also cultivated in 
the West Indies, Mexico, etc., for its seeds. 

2. The seeds of this tree, 
used in making cocoa and 
chocolate. 

cach'a-lot (kash'd-lot),n.[F. 

fr. Sp.] The sperm whale. 
cache (kash), n. [F., fr. 

cacher to hide.] A hiding 

or storing place, as for goods, 

treasure, or provisions ; esp., 

a hole or mound for hiding 

stores of provisions, ammu- 
! nition, etc. ; also, that which 

is hidden in a cache. 
^- v. t. & i. ; cached (kasht) ; 

cach'ing (kash'ing). To put, 
I hide, or store, in a cache. 
ca-chec'tic (kd-kek'tik), a. 

Pertaining to, or characterized by, cachexia. 
H cache'pot' (kash'po' ; kash'pot), n. [F. ; cacher to hide -f- 

pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot. 
Uca'chet' (ka/she'), n.; pZ.-CHETS (-shez'). [F.j 1. A seal, 

as of a letter. 2. Peculiar stamp or character ; distinctive 

mark. 3. A flat capsule for inclosing ill-tasting medicine. 
ca-chex'i-a (kd-kek'si-dHn. [L. cachexia, Gr. Kaxt^ia; 
Ca-Chex'y (kd-kek'sT) J kukos bad + e£is condition.] 

Med. General ill health and malnutrition due to a chronic 

constitutional affection. 
cach'in-nate (kak'i-nat), v. i.; -nat'ed; -nat'ing. [L. 

cachinnare.~\ To laugh loudly or immoderately. _ 
cach'in-na'tion ( kak'i-na'shun ), n. ['L.cachinnatio.] 

Loud or immoderate laughter, as of a hysterical person. 
cach'O-long (kash'6-long), n. [F.] Min. An opaque bluish 

white or pale yellow opal, containing a little alumina. 
ca'chou' (ka'shod'), n. [F. See catechu.] An aromatic pill 

or pastil used to sweeten the breath. 
ca-chu'cha (kd-choo'chd), n. [Sp*] An Andalusian dance 

in triple time, resembling the bolero. 
ca-Cique' (-sek' ) , n. [Sp. , from the language of Haiti.] A na- 
tive chief or petty king in the West Indies, Peru, Mexico, etc. 
cack'le (kak''l), v. i.; -led (-'Id); -ling (-ling). [Imita- 
tive.] 1. To make the sharp, broken noise or cry of a hen. 

2. To laugh or chatter with a noise like a hen's cackle. 

— v. t. To utter with cackles. — n. Act or noise of cack- 
ling ; idle talk; prattle. — cackler (-ler), n. 




Cacao. 1 Leaves ; 2 Pod 
3 Single Seed. 



cac'o-de'mon, cac'o-dae'mon (kak'6-de'm8n),n. [Gt.k<iko- 
dalfiuv, lit., bad demon.] An evil spirit; a devil. 

cac'o-dyl (kak'o-dll), n. [Gr. Ka/cwd-ns ill-smelling (k<zk6s 
bad + 5£eiv to smell) + -yl.] Chem. a An arsenical rad- 
ical, As(CHs)2, whose compounds are noted for their vile 
smell and poisonous properties, b A polymer of the radical, 
or As2(CH3)4, a colorless, poisonous liquid of off ensive odor. 

— cac'o-dyl'ic (-dil'ik), a. 

cac'o-e'thes (-e'thez), n. [L., fr. Gr. kokoij0ijs of bad 

habits.] A bad custom or habit ; mania. 
ca-cog'ra-phy (kd-kog'rd-fi),n. [Gr. kokos bad -f- -graphy.] 

Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. — -cog'ra-pher (-fer), 

n. — cac'O-graph'ic (kak'o-graf'ik), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 
cac'o-mix'le (kak'6-mis"l ; -mik's'l), n. [Mex. caco- 

mixtl.] A carnivore (Bassariscus astutus) related to 

and resembling the raccoon. 
ca-coph'0-ny (kd-kof'6-ni),n.; pi. -ntes (-niz). [Gr./co/co- 

4>o}j>ia; Hands bad + <l>03vq sound.] Harsh sound ; discord. 

— ca-coph'o-nous (nfis), a. — ca-coph'o-nous-ly, adv. 
cac-ta'ceous (kak-ta'shws), a. Bot. Belonging to a large 

family (Cactacese) of plants, the cactus family, having 
fleshy stems and branches with scales or spines instead 
of foliage leaves. 

cac'tUS (kak'tits), n. ; pi. E. -tuses (-ez), L. -ti (-tT). [L., a 
kind of prickly plant, Gr. k&ktos.] Any cactaceous plant. 

Ca-CU'mi-nal (kd-ku'mi-ndl), a. [L. cacumen, -minis, 
top, point.] Phon. Of certain consonant sounds, formed 
or articulated with the tip of the tongue turned up and 
back ; cerebral ; inverted ; as, English r in some pronunci- 
ations is cacuminal. 

Ca'cus (ka'k&s), n. [L.] Roman Myth. A giant slain 
by Hercules for stealing from him the cattle of Geryon. 

cad (kad), n. [Abbr. fr. cadet.] 1. An inferior assistant or 
confederate, as of a thimblerigger (Dial. Eng.) ; a familiar 
friend ; chum. Eng. 2. A conductor of an omnibus. Obs. 
Eng. 3. A man or boy who hangs about to assist the stu- 
dents in sports ; at Oxford, any townsman. English College 
Cant. 4. A lowbred, presuming person ; a mean, vulgar 
fellow. Colloq. 

ca-das'tral (kd-das'tral), a. [F.] Of or pert, to a cadastre 
or landed property. 

cadastral survey, map, or plan, strictly, a survey, 
map, or plan for the purpose of making a cadastre ; hence, 
commonly, one made on a very large scale. 

oad'as-tra'tion (kad'ds-tra'shun), n. Act or process of 
making a cadastre or cadastral survey. 

ca-das'tre) (kd-das'ter), n. [F. cadastre!] An official state- 

ca-das'terj ment or register of the quantity, value, and 
ownership of real estate for apportionment of taxes. 

ca-da'ver (kd-da'ver), n. [L., fr. cadere to fall.] A dead 
body, esp. a human one. — ca-dav'er-ic (-dav'er-Tk), a. 

ca-dav'er-OUS (-daVer-«s), a. Of, pertaining to, or having 
the qualities of, a cadaver ; esp., pale ; ghastly. — ca-dav'- 
er-ous-ly, adv. — ca-dav'er-ous-ness, n. 

cad^die, cad'dy (kad'i), n. [From cadet.] 1. One who 
waits about for chances to do errands or other odd jobs. 
2. An attendant who carries a golf player's clubs, etc. 

cad'dis, cad'dice (kad'is), n. [ME. caddas, Scot, caddis 
lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth.] Worsted yarn ; crewel ; 
esp., a worsted ribbon or binding for garters, etc. 

cad'dis, cad'dice, n. A caddis worm. 

cad'dis fly. Any of an order (Trichoptera) of four-winged 
insects having (except in one genus) aquatic larvae, 
called caddis worms, which live in, and drag about, a 
silken case covered with bits of shell, gravel, etc. 

cad'dish (-Tsh), a. Like a cad ; lowbred and presuming. 

— cad'dish-ly, adv. — cad'dish-ness, n. 
cad'dy (kad'i). Var. of caddie. 

cad'dy, n.; pi. -dies (-iz). [Malay kati weight of 1| 
pounds.] A small box, can, or chest, orig. one for tea. 

cade (kad), n. [F., fr. Pr.] A European juniper {Juni- 
periXs oxycedrus). Its wood yields by destructive distilla- 
tion oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid. 

cade, a. Left by the mother and bred by hand; pet. 

ca'dence (ka'dens), n. [From LL., fr. L. cadere to fall.] 
1. a Rhythmical flow or modulation of sound ; rhythm. 
b The measure or beat of any rhythmical motion, as of 
music. 2. A fall of the voice in utterance. Z.Music. a The 
close or fall of a strain; the subsidence of melody or chord 
sequence to a harmonic close, b A concluding strain. C A 
trill or other closing embellishment. — ca'denced (-denst) , a. 

ca'den-cy (ka'den-sT), n. 1. Cadence, or rhythmical flow. 2. 
Her. Descent of a younger branch of a family from the main 
line ; status of a cadet, or member of a younger branch. 

ca'dent (-dent), a. [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. Falling. 
Archaic. 2. Having cadence, or rhythmical flow. 

ca-den'za (kd-dent'sd), n. [It.] Music. A parenthetic 
flourish or flight of ornament in the course of an aria, 
concerto, or other solo piece, commonly just before the 
final cadence or a final section. 

ca-det' (-det'), n. [F. (in sense 1), dim. fr. L. caput head.] 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm. ask, sofo; eve, event end. recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure ^/;; 



CADETCY 



139 



CAJUPUT 



1. A younger brother or son ; youngest son ; also, a younger 
branch of a family, or a member of it. 2. a A gentleman who 
enlisted in a regiment, as a volunteer private, to acquire 
military skill and obtain a commission. 06s. except Hist. 
b A young man in training for military or naval service. 
Students at Annapolis are, since a change in the law in 1902, 
officially called midshipmen. 3. A young man who makes 
a business of ruining girls to put them in brothels. Slang. 

ca-det'cy (kd-det'si), n. A military or naval cadetship. 
ca-det'ship (-ship),n. Cadet's position, rank, or commission. 
Ica'dette' (ka/def), n. [F., fern, of cadet.'] A younger 
daughter or sister. 
cadge (kaj ; kaj), v. t. & i. 1. To hawk or peddle. Dial. 

2. To sponge ; beg. Dial, or Slang, Eng. — cadg'er, n. 
ca'di (ka'dl ; ka'di), n. [Ar. qddl.] An inferior magistrate 

or judge among Mohammedans. 

Cad-me'an (kad-me'dn), a. Also Cad-mse'an (-me'dn). 
Of or pertaining to Cadmus. — Cadmean victory, a vic- 
tory that ruins the victors as well as the vanquished. 

cad'mi-um (kad'mT-&m) : n. [NL., fr. L. cadmia calamine, 
Gr. KaSnela.j Chem. A tin-white, malleable, ductile metal- 
lic element. Sp. gr., 8.6 ; symbol, Cd ; atomic weight, 1 12.4. 

Cad'mus (-mi/s), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kadfios.] Gr. Myth. A 
prince of Phoenicia who slew a dragon and sowed its teeth. 
From these sprang armed men who fought together till but 
five were left. They, with Cadmus, founded Thebes. Cad- 
mus is said to have introduced the alphabet into Greece. 

|| ca'dre (ka/dr'), n. [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. 
quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] 1. A frame or framework ; 
scheme. 2. Mil. The framework or skeleton of a regi- 
ment or other military unit, usually consisting of at least 
the commissioned and noncommissioned officers ; also, the 
officers of a regiment forming the staff, or a list of them. 

ca-du'ce-US (kd-du'se-i*s),n.; pi. -cei (-se-T). [L.] Class. 
Antiq. A herald's staff of office ; specif., the staff 
of Hermes, or Mercury. — ca-du'ce-an (-se-dn) , a. 

ca-du'ci-ty (-sT-t!), n. [LL. caducitas. See cadu- 
cous.] 1. Caducous quality or state ; tendency to 
fall ; perishableness ; transitoriness. 2. Senility. 

ca-du'COUS (-kus), a. [L. caducus falling, cadere 
to fall.] 1. Falling off ; dropping away ; Bot., fall- 
ing off very early. 2. Transitory; fleeting. 

C£e-cil'i-an (se-siPi-dn), n. [L. caecilia a kind of 
lizard, fr. caecus blind.] Zo'ol. Any of an order 
(Gymnophiona) of wormlike limbless amphibians 
of tropical countries. 

cse'cum (se'kum), n. ; L. pi. -ca (-kd). [L. caecus 
blind.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A cavity open at one end 
only ; esp., the blind pouch or sac in which the large intes- 
tine begins and into which the ileum opens ; the blind gut. 
— cae'cal (-kdl), a. 

Cae'no-zo'ic. Var. of Cenozoic. 

cses'al-pin'i-a'ceous (seV al-pin'i-a'sh&s) , a. [From Andrea 
Cesalpino, Italian botanist.] Bot. Belonging to a family 
(Cxsalpiniacex) of shrubs and trees typified by a large 
genus (Csesalpinia) of tropical trees having showy flowers, 
bipinnate leaves, and, often, spiny branches. 

Cse'sar (se'zdr), n. 1. The cognomen of Caius Julius Caesar ; 
hence : a Title of the Roman emperor, b An emperor cf the 
Holy Roman Empire ; a kaiser. 2. Any emperor or auto- 
crat. — Cae-sa're-an, Cse-sa'ri-an (se-za'n-dn ; 3), a. 
Cesarean operation or section, Surg., the operation of 
taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls 
of the abdomen and uterus. Julius Caesar is reported to 
have been so brought into the world. 

Cae'sar-ism (se'zdr-iz'm), n. Absolute government such 
as that of a Roman Cassar ; imperialism. — Cae'sar-ist, n. 

cse'si-oas (se'zi-ws), a. [L. caesius.] Bluish gray. 

cae'si-um (se'zi-um), n. [NL., fr. L. caesius bluish gray.] 
Chem. A soft, silvery metal much like rubidium and 
potassium. Sp.gr., 1.84; symbol, Cs; at. wt. 132.81. 

cses'pi-tose^, caes'pi-tose'ly. Vars. of cespitose, etc. 

C3e-SU'ra (se-zu^rd; se-sii'rd), n.; pi. E. -ras (-rdz),L.-R^2 
(-re). [L., division, stop, fr. caedere, caesura, to cut off.] 

1. Gr. & hat. Pros. A break in a verse caused by the 
ending of a word in a foot at any of certain recognized 
places near the middle of the verse ; — loosely used to in- 
clude diasresis. A caesura is commonly marked ||. Thus : 

Arma vilrumque ca|no || Tro|jae qui | primus ab | oris. 

2. Modern Pros. A rhythmic break, usually a sense pause, 
about the middle of a verse. 3. Music. A pause marking a 
rhythmic point of division in a melody ; also, loosely, the 
preceding accented note. 

CSe-SU'ral (-rdl), a. Of or pertaining to a caesura. 

Uca'fe' (ka'fa'), n. [F.] 1. A coffeehouse; restaurant; 
now, a certain class of restaurant, or often, in the United 
States, erroneously, a barroom. 2. Coffee. 

cat 'e-te'ri-a (kaf'e-te'n-d ; ka'fa-ta-re'a), n. A restaurant or 
cafe at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept 
at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. U. S. 




caf-fe'ic (kd-fe'Yk), a. [See coffee.] Chem. Pert, to or 
designating an acid, C6H3(OH)2CH:CHC02H, got in yel- 
low crystals by boiling caffetannic acid with alkali. 

caf'fe-ine (kaf'e-Tn ; -en), n. Also -in. Pharm. A stimulant 
alkaloid, C8H10O2N4, found in coffee, tea (see THEiNE),etc. 

caf'fe-ol ( kaf'e-ol; -51 ), n. Chem. The aromatic oil of 
coffee, C8H10O2, developed by roasting. 

caffe-tan'nic (-tan'Ik), a. \caffe\z + tannic."] Chem. 
Pertaining to or designating a crystalline acid, CisHuOs, 
obtained from coffee berries. 

Caff re (kaf'er). Var. of Kafir. 

caftan (kaf'tdn ; kaf-tan'), n. [Turk, qaftan.] A long- 
sleeved gown fastened by a girdle, worn in the Levant. 

cage (kaj), n. [F.,fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus 
hollow.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of open- 
work, for confining birds or other animals. 2. A place of 
confinement for malefactors. Obs. 3. Fig., that which 
confines ; place or state of imprisonment. 4. Something 
suggestive of a cage in form or purpose ; as : a The box or 
inclosed platform of an elevator or lift ; a cagelike struc- 
ture moving in a shaft, b The steel and iron skeleton of a 
modern high building, c Ordnance. An openwork steel sup- 
port for rapid-firing or other guns, d Baseball. The catch- 
er's wire mask ; also, a place inclosed for practice, e In polo 
on skates, the structure used as the goal. 

— v. t.; caged (kajd) ; cag'ing (kaj'ing). To confine in or 
as in a cage. 

cageling, n. A bird confined in a cage. 

|| Ca'got' (ka/go'), n. [F.] One of a people or caste of 
unknown origin formerly inhabiting the valleys of the 
Pyrenees. They were, until the French Revolution, polit- 
ical and social outcasts. Sometimes, an outcast or pariah. 

Hcallier' (ka/ya'), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quater- 
num. See quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were 
folded into four parts.] 1. A number of sheets of paper 
or leaves of a book put loosely together, as for binding. 
2. A report of legislative proceedings, etc. 

ca-hin'ca root (kd-hTn'kd). Also cainca root. [Native 
name of a Brazilian species of CMococca.] a The root of a 
tropical American rubiaeeous shrub (Chiococca racemosa), 
used as a purgative and diuretic, b The root of an allied 
South American species (C. anguifuga), a celebrated an- 
tidote for snake poison. 

ca-hoot' (kd-hoot'), n. Partnership; — used in the sing., 
or sometimes in the pi. with sing, meaning, after in, or 
in the pi. in : to go cahoots, to go shares. Slang. 

cai'man (ka'mdn), n. Var. of cayman. 

Gain (kan), n. The brother of Abel ; hence, a murderer. ' 

Cai'no-zo'ic (kl'no-zo'ik). Var. of Cenozoic. 

U casque' (ka/eV), n. [F., fr. Turk, qaiq boat.] Naut. A 
light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus. 

U Qa' i'ra' (sa/e'ra/). [F.] A French popular song of the 
Revolution with the refrain "ga ira," ("it will go on"). 

cairn (karn), n. [Gael, earn, gen. cairn, heap.] A heap of 
stones for a memorial or mark. — cairned (karnd), a. 

caim'gorrn' (kam'gorm'), n., or Cairngorm stone. Min % 
A yellowish or smoky-brown variety of quartz crystal found 
esp. in the Cairngorm (mountain), in Scotland. 

cais'son (ka/son), n. [F., fr. caisse case, chest.] 1. Mil. 
a A chest to hold ammuni- 
tion, b An ammunition 
wagon for mobile artil- 
lery. 2. a Civil Engin. A = _ 
water-tight chamber with- s 
in which submarine con- 
struction or the like is car- 
ried on. b A hollow float- 
ing box or boat used as a 
floodgate for a dock or ba- 
sin, c A "camel" for float- _ 
ing a sunken vessel. See Caisson, 2. A AirLock.communi- 
CAMEL, n., 2. eating with interior ; B Bottom ; 

Caisson disease. Med. A C Cutting Edge ; D Masonry, 
disease induced by remaining unduly long in an atmos- 
phere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It 
is marked by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. 

cai'tiff (ka'tif), a. [OF. caitif, fr. L. captivus captive.] 
Base ; wicked and mean ; despicable. — n. A mean, despica- 
ble person. 

caj'e-put (kaj'e-pwt), n. 1. Var. of cajuput. 2. The Cali- 
fornia laurel (Umbellularia calif ornica) . 

ca-jole' (kd-jolO, v. t. & %.; -joled' (-jold') ; -jol'ing (-join- 
ing). [F. cajoler.] To deceive with, or persuade by, fair 
words or other false persuasives ; wheedle ; coax. 

ca-jole'ment (-ment), n. Act of cajoling ; cajolery. 

ca-joPer (-jol'er), n. One who cajoles. 

ca-joPer-y (-jol'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). Act of cajoling. 

Ca'jun (ka'jun), n. [Corrupt, of Acadian.] In Louisiana, 
a person reputed to be of Acadian French descent. 

caj'U-put (kaj'«-put), n. [Of Malayan origin ; kayu tree -f- 
putih white.] An East Indian myrtaceous tree (Melaleuca 




D 



F 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CAKE 



140 



CALEFACTIVE 



leucadendron) yielding a pungent greenish oil (oil of 
cajuput), used as a stimulant and anodyne. 
cake (kak), n. 1. A small mass of dough baked ; esp., such a 
mass of unleavened dough baked on both sides by turn- 
ing. 2. A sweetened mixture of flour and other ingredients 
baked in a loaf or mass. 3. A griddlecake ; pancake. 4. 
Matter congealed or molded into a solid mass, esp. into a 
rather flat form ; as, a cake of soap. 

— v. t. & i.; caked (kakt) ; cak'ing (kak'ing). To form or 
harden into a cake or mass. 

cake'walk' (-wSkO, to. A form of entertainment, of Amer- 
ican negro origin, in which a prize of cake is given for 
what are considered the most accomplished steps and 
figures in walking, usually to a musical accompaniment. 

— v. i. To do, or walk as in, a Cakewalk. — cake'walk'er, re. 

CaFa-bar' bean (kal'd-baV ; kal'd-bar). The highly poison- 
ous seed of a climbing fabaceous plant (Physostigma 
venenosum) of tropical Africa. It is used as a myotic, and in 
tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases. 

cal'a-bash (kal'd-bash), re. [From Sp., fr. Ar. qar' gourd -f- 

aibas dry.] 1. A gourd. 2. The hard-shelled fruit of a cer- 
i tain tropical American tree (calabash tree) ; also, the tree 

itself (Crescentia cujete), of the bignonia family. 3. A 

utensil made from a calabash. 
cal'a-ba-zil'la (kal'd-ba-sel'ydXre. [Mex. Sp., dim. of Sp. 

calabaza gourd.] A wild squash (Cucurbita fcetidissima) 

of California and Mexico, having a very large root. 
caFa-ber, cal'a-bar (kal'd-ber), re. [F. Calabre Calabria.] 

Orig., a kind of deep-brown squirrel fur, from Calabria; 

now, in commerce, the gray fur of a Siberian squirrel. 
cal'a-boose^ (kal'd-boos'), re. [Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A 

prison ; a jaii. Local, U. S. 
ca-la'di-um ( kd-la'di-um ), re. [NL., fr. Malay kaladi, 

name of a plant.] Hort. a Any cultivated plant of a 

genus (Cyrtospadix) of South American aroids. b The 

taro, or elephant's-ear. 
tara-man'CO (kal'd-man'ko), re. ; pi. -coes (-koz). A check- 
ered, satin-twilled woolen stuff ; also, a garment of it. 
CaTa-man'der wood (kal'd-man'der). The hazel-brown 

wood of an East Indian tree (Diospyros Mrsuta) of the 

ebony family. 
cal'a-ma-ry (kal'd-mS-ri), re. ; pi. -ries (-r?z). [LL. cala- 

marium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen.] A squid. 
cal'a-mine (-mln; -min), re. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. cadmia.~\ 

Min. a A native hydrous silicate of zinc, (ZnOH)2 SiC>3. 

b Native zinc carbonate, ZnC03 ; smithsonite. 

— v. t.;^ -mined (-mind; -mind); -min'ing (-min'ihg). To 
coat with calamine. 

cal'a-mint (-mint), re. [L. calamintha, Gr. KakanlvOtj, 
KaXa./j.t.vOos.'] Any of a genus (Clinopodium, syn. Cala- 
mintha) of menthaceous herbs or undershrubs of the 
north temperate zone ; esp., a species ( Clinopodium 
calamintha) often called calamint balm. 

Ca-lam'i-tOUS (kd-lam'i-tus), a. [L. calamitosus."] Pro- 
ducing, or attended with, calamity ; making wretched. — 
Syn. Deplorable, distressful, afflictive, wretched, griev- 
ous, baleful, disastrous, adverse, unhappy, sad, unfortu- 
nate. — ca-lam'i-tous-ly, adv. — ca-lam'i-tous-ness, n. 

Ca-lam'i-ty (-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L : calamitas.~] 
1. A state of deep distress or misfortune ; misery. 2. Any 
great misfortune. — .Syn. Catastrophe, cataclysm ; mis- 
hap, mischance; affliction, adversity. See disaster. 

cal'a-mus (kal'd-mus), n.; L. pi. -m (-mi). [L., a reed.] 
The sweet Hag ( Acorus calamus) or its aromatic root. 

ca-lash/ (kd-lash r ), n. [ F. caleche; of Slavonic origin.] 
1. A kind of light, low-wheeled carriage with a top or 
hood. 2. A carriage hood or top that can be thrown back. 
3. A kind of hood formerly worn by ladies. 

cal'a-thus (kal'd-thSs), , re.; L. pi. -thi (-thT). [L., fr. Gr. 
KaXados.'] Class. Antiq. A yase-shaped basket ; esp., a 
woman's workbasket. In art it often typifies maidenhood. 

cal-ca'ne-um (kal-ka'ne-um), re.; L. pi. -nea (-ne-d). [L., 
the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] Anat. The great bone 
of the heel. 

cal'car (kal'kar), re. ; L. pi. -carta (kal-ka'ri-d). [L., a spur, 
fr. calx, calcis, heel.] Bot. & Zool. A spur. 

cal'ca-rate (-kd-rat), a. [LL. calcaratus. See calcar.] 
Having a calcar, or spur ; spurred. 

cal-ca're-OUS ( kal-ka're-us ; 3), a. [L. calcarius. See 
calx.] Of the nature of, or consisting of, or containing, 
calcite or calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. 

Cal'ce-ate (kal'se-at), a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of calceare to 
shoe, calceus shoe, calx, calcis, heel.] Wearing shoes ; shod. 

Cal'ce-afed (kal'se-at'ed), a. Calceate. 

cal'ce-i-form' (-i-form'), a. [L. calceus shoe -4- -form."] 
Shaped like a slipper, as the lip in flowers of certain orchids. 

Cal'ce-O-la'ri-a (kal'se-6-la'ri-d), n. [NL., fr. L. calceola- 
rius shoemaker, fr. calceolus a little shoe.] Any of a genus 
(Fagelia) of plants, of the figwort family, cultivated for 
their pouch-shaped flowers, which are mottled with yellow 
or purple. They are chiefly natives of South America. 

cal'ces (kal'sez), n., L. pi. of calx. 



Cal'chas (kaTkds), re. [L., fr. Gr. KAX X as.] Gr. Myth. 
The prophet of the Greeks in the Trojan War. 

cal'cic (kal'slk), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] Derived from 
or containing calcium or lime (calcium oxide). 

cal-cifer-0US (kal-sif'er-us), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + 
-ferousJ] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or 
carbonate of lime. 

cal-cif'ic (-ik), a. Calciferous. 

cal'ci-fi-ca'tion (kaFsi-fi-ka'shiin), re. Process of calcify- 
ing; conversion into lime; deposition of insoluble lime 
salts in a tissue or the like. 

cal'ci-fy (kal'si-fl), v. t. & i. ; -ited (-fid) ; -py'ing. [L. 
calx, calcis, lime + -fy.~] To make or become stony or cal- 
careous by deposition or secretion of salts of lime. 

cal'ci-mine (-min ; -mm), to. Also kalsomine. [L. calx, 
calcis, lime.] A kind of white or colored wash for a ceiling 
or other plastering. — v. t. ; -mined (-mind ; -mind) ; 
-min'ing (-mln'ing). To wash or cover with calcimine. 

caFci-na'tion (-na'shwn), to. Act, process, or product of 
calcining. 

cal-cin'a-to-ry (kal-sin'd-to-ri ; kal'sin-), a. Serving for 
calcination. 

cal-cine' (kal-sin'; kal'sin), v. t. & i.; -cined' (-sind'; 
-sind) ; -ctn'ing. [From F., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] 1. 
To make or become powdery or friable by heat. 2. To 
oxidize, as by heat. 

cal'cite (kal'slt), to. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] Min. Native 
calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , including chalk, marble, etc. 

cal'ci-um (-si-#m), to. [NL.,fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] 
Chem. A soft silver-white metal, occurring only in combi- 
nation. Sp. gr. 1.56; symbol, Ca; at. wt., 40.07. 

calcium carbide. A crystalline solid, CaC 2 , colorless 
when pure, but often resembling gray limestone. It is 
used for the generation of acetylene. 

calcium chloride. Chem. A compound, CaCk, used as 
a drying agent and in making chlorine. 

calcium light. See limelight. 

calc'— Sin'ter, to. [G. kalksinter ; kalk (L. calx, calcis) 
lime + sinter sinter.] Calcareous sinter, or travertine. 

calc'-spar', calc'spar', to. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime + E. 
spar."] Calcite. 

calc'-tu'fa, calc'-tuff, to. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime + E. 
tufa."] Min. Calcareous tufa. See tufa, travertine. 

cal'CU-la-ble (kal'ku-ld-b'l), a. That may be calculated. 

cal'cu-late ( -lat ), v. t. ; -lat'ed ( -lat'ed ; 24 ) ; klat'ing. 
[L. calculatus, p. p. of calculare to calculate, calculus a 
stone used in reckoning, calx, calcis, limestone.] 1. To 
determine by mathematical processes ; reckon ; compute. 
2. To adjust for a purpose ; adapt. 3. To plan ; expect ; 
think; "reckon." Local, U. S. 

— v. i. 1. To forecast consequences ; estimate. 2. To count 
or rely ; — used with upon or on. 

cal'cu-la'tion (-la'shwn), to. 1. Act, process, or result of 
calculating ; reckoning ; estimate. 2. An expectation based 
on circumstances ; forecast*. — Syn. See prudence. 

cal'cu-la-tive (kal'ku-la-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to cal- 
culation ; involving, or inclined to, calculation. 

cal'CU-la'tor (-latter ),n. 1. One who calculates. 2. a A set 
or book of tables for facilitating computations, b A calculat- 
ing machine, i. e., a machine for the mechanical perform- 
ance of mathematical operations. 

Cal'cu-lous (-lws), a. 1. Hard like a stone ; gritty. 2. Med. 
Caused or characterized by a calculus or calculi. 

cal'cu-lus (-lws), to.; pi. -li (-11). [L. calculus. See cal- 
culate.] 1. A solid concretion formed in the body, as in 
the bladder or kidneys. 2. A method of computation ; 
esp., a branch of higher mathematics (differential and 
integral calculus) by which problems involving motion or 
constant variation are solved. 3. A book containing the 
principles of this science. 

cal-da'ri-um (kal-da'n-ftm ; 3), to.; pi. -ria (-d).[L.,fr. cal- 
dus, calidus, hot.] The hot room of the Roman thermae. 

cal-de'ra (kal-da'rd), to. [Sp., lit., a caldron.] Phys. Geog. 
a A very large crater produced by a gigantic explosion, 
usually open at one side, b A crater produced by fusion of 
the core of a volcano and the falling in of its summit. 

cal'dron, caul'dron (kol'drwn), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. 
L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, 
warm, calere to be warm.] A large kettle or boiler. 

Hca'leche' (ka/lesh'), n.; pi. caleches (-ez ; F. -lesh'). 
[F.] 1. = calash ; — usually with reference to continental 
European countries. 2. In Quebec, Canada, a two-wheeled 
vehicle with a folding hood or top. 

Cal'e-do'ni-a (kal'e-do'ni-d), n. [L.] Scotland. — Cal'O- 
do'ni-an (-an), a. & n. All Poet, or Rhetorical. 

caFe-fa'cient (kaFe-fa'shent), a. [L. calefaciens, p. pr. of 
calefacere to warm ; calere to be warm + facere to make.] 
Making warm ; heating. — to. A calefacient remedy. 

cal'e-fac'tion (-fak'shiin),TO. [L. calef actio.'] A warming; 
state of being warmed. — caFe-fac'tive (-tiv), a. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, sott, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CALEFACTORY 



141 



CALLA LILY 



Cal'e-iac'tO-ry (-fak'to-rT), a. [L. calefactorius.] Making 
hot ; producing or communicating heat. — n. An apart- 
ment in a monastery warmed and used as a sitting room. 

cal'e-fy (kal'e-fl), v. t. & i.; -pied (-fid); -fy'ing. [L. 
calere to be warm + -fy.~\ To make or grow warm or hot. 

cal'en-dar (-en-ddr), n. [L. kalendarium an account book, 
kalendae, calends.] 1. A system of reckoning time ; an or- 
derly arrangement of the divisions of time, as years, months, 
etc., adapted to civil life. 2. A table or set of tables show- 
ing the divisions of a given year, referring the days of each 
month to the days of the week, etc. 3. A pattern. 06s. 4. 
A list ; schedule ; esp., Law, a list of causes to be tried. 

— v. t. To enter or write in a calendar ; register. 

cal'en-der (-der), n. [Per. qalandar.] One of a sect or 
order of wandering mendicant dervishes. 

Cal'en-der (-der), n. [From LL., fr. L. cylindrus cylinder.] 
A machine for calendering cloth, etc. — v. t. To press, as 
cloth, paper, etc., between rollers so as to glaze or water it. 
— cal'en-der-er, n. 

cal'ends, kaFendS (kal'endz), n. pi. [From AS., fr. L. 
kalendae, calendae, calends.] The first day of the month, 
among the ancient Romans. 

ca-len'du-ia (kd-len'du-ld), n. [NL., fr. L. calendae the 
calends, when the plant was supposed to blossom.] Any 
of a genus {Calendula) of asteraceous plants, the pot mar- 
igolds, natives of temperate regions. 

cal'en-ture (kal'en-tur), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. L. calere to be 
warm.] Med. A tropical fever attributed to heat. Obs. 

Ca-les'cent (kd-les'ent), a. [L. calescens, p. pr. of cale- 
scere, inchoative of calere to be warm.] Growing warm ; 
increasing in heat. — ca-les'cence (-ens), n. 

calf (kaf),n.The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. 

calf (kaf), n.; -pi. calves (kavz). [AS. cealf.] 1. The 
young of the cow ; also, the young of any of various other 
large mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, whale, etc. 
2. Leather made of calfskin. 3. An awkward or silly 
youth. Colloq. 4. A small mass of ice set free from a coast 
glacier or from an iceberg or floe. 

calfskin' (-skm'), n. 1. The skin of a calf. 2. = calf, 2. 

Cal'i-ban (kal'i-ban), n. A savage and deformed slave in 
Shakespeare's "Tempest." 

cal'i-berW-ber), n. [F. calibre."] 1. Gunnery. The diam- 

cal'i-brej eter of a projectile or of the bore of a firearm. 2. 
The diameter of a round body ; esp., the internal diameter 
of a hollow cylinder. 3. Capacity of mind ; hence : degree 
of excellence or importance ; quality. 

cal'i-brate (-brat), v. t.; -brat'ed (-brat'ed); -brat'ing. 
To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; 
also, to determine or rectify the graduation of. — call- 
bra'tion (-bra/shun), n. 

Dca-li'che (ka-le'cha), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. caliche, a 
pebble in a brick, a flake of lime.] Min. Any of various 
mineral deposits ; specif. : a Native Chile saltpeter, con- 
taining from 50 to 75 per cent of sodium nitrate, b A cal- 
careous deposit, sometimes gold-bearing, of Arizona. 

cal'i-cle (kal'I-k'l), n. [L. caliculus, dim. of calix, -lids, 
cup.] Zo'dl. Any of various cuplike cavities or structures, 
as one of the cavities of a coral containing the polyps. 

cal'i-co (kal'I-ko), n. ; pi. -coes or -cos (-koz). [So called 
because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 
1. Orig., cotton cloth of any kind imported, first in 1631, 
from India and the East ; also, later, any of various cotton 
stuffs of European make. 2. Plain white cotton cloth. 
Eng. 3. A kind of cheap cotton cloth printed with a v figured 

1 pattern. U. S. — a. Looking like calico ; — often applied 
to an animal, as a horse, marked with conspicuous patches 
of color. Colloq., U. S. 

cal'i-co-back' (-bak'), n. The calico bass. 
calico bass. An edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxis sparoi- 
des) of the United 
States, allied to the 
sunfishes ; — called 
also strawberry bass. 
calico bush. The 
mountain laurel 
(Kalmla latifolia) ; — 
called also calico 
flower and calico 
tree. U. S. 

ca'lif, cal'i-fate, etc. 
Vars. of caliph, etc. T CaUco Kass ' ^ 

Cal'i-for'ni-an (kal'i-for'ni-an), a. Cf or pert, to Califor- 
nia. — n. A native or inhabitant of California. 

cal'i-for'nite (-nlt),n. [It is found in Siskiyou County, 
California.'] Min. A compact variety of vesuvianite of an 





cal'i-pash (kal'i-pash ; kal'i-pash'), n. A fatty greenish 
part of a turtle next to the upper shell, esteemed as food. 

cal'i-pee (kal'i-pe ; kall-pe'), n. A fatty yellowish part of 
a turtle attached to the lower shell, esteemed as food. 




Calipers. 

1 Outside 

2 Inside. 



cal'i-per, calli-per (kalT-per), n. [From caliber.] 
instrument with two legs, usually bent and 
joined with a hinge or spring, used to meas- ■ 
ure the thickness of objects or the dis- 
tance between surfaces ; — usually in pi. 
2. A graduated rod or rule with one fixed 
and one sliding jaw ; a caliper rule. 

— v.t.& i. To measure by calipers. 

caliper, or calliper, rule. A rulelike scale 
with an adjustable jaw. 

ca'liph, ca'lif (ka'lif ; kalTf), n. [From F., 
fr. Ar. khalTfah.] Successor ; — a title of the successors 
of Mohammed as temporal and spiritual rulers , now 
claimed by the sultans of Turkey. 

cal'i-phate (kal'i-fat),n. Office or dominion of a caliph. 

cal'i-sa'ya bark ( kal'i-sa'yd ). Pharm. A yellow variety 
of Peruvian bark (from Cinchona calisaya), containing at 
least two per cent of quinine. See Peruvian bark. 

cal'is-then'ics, cal'lis-then'ics (-Is-then'iks), n. (See-ics.) 
[Gr. kclWos beauty + adkvos strength.] Science, art, or 
practice of bodily exercise to promote strength and 
gracefulness. — cal'is-then'ic, cal'lis-then'ic (-Ik), a. 

cal'i-ver (kal'i-ver; kd-le'ver), n. [From caliber.] Axj 
early form of harquebus. 

ca'lix (ka'liks ; kal'iks), n.; pi. calices (kall-sez). [L.] 

1. A cup. 2. = calyx. Rare. 

calk, caulk (kok), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. calcare, fr. calx 
heel.] l.To drive oakum, cotton, etc., into the seams of 
(aboat, etc.) to prevent leaking. 2. Mech. To tighten (a 
joint formed by overlapping metal plates, as in a boiler 
or a ship's hull) by driving the edge of one plate hard 
down on or into the surface of the other with a calking 
iron ; hence, to make water-tight or steam-tight, as a boiler, 
by such means ; also, to hammer, as a plate, the edge of a 
rivet, etc., in so doing. 3. To^stop up the crevices of, as 
windows. 

calk, n. 1. A metal point on the shoe of a horse or an ox to 
prevent slipping. 2. An instrument with sharp points, 
worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping. 
U. S. — v. t. 1. To furnish with calks. 2. To wound 
with a calk, as a horse's leg. 

calk'er (kok'er), n. A calk on a shoe. 

calk'er, caulk'er, n. One who calks ships, etc. 

calk'in (kok'm; kal'km), n. = 2d calk, l._ 

call (kol), v. t. [AS. ceallian.] 1. To utter in a loud or 
distinct voice ; hence : to read over (a list, or roll, of 
names) loudly ; proclaim ; announce, esp. with authority ; 
as, to call a halt.^ 2. To summon with a call; summon; 
also, Archaic, to invite or bid. 3. To rouse from sleep, 
or summon to get up, by a call. 4. To invoke ; appeal to. 
5. To call for; bring into action or discussion, as a law 
case. 6. To attract (animals) by an imitative call. 7. To in- 
vite or command, to meet; convoke, as Congress. 8. To 
summon to a particular duty, office, or employment. 9. To 
name ; address. 10. To regard or characterize as ; consider ; 
as, do you call that fair? ll.To estimate or consider as 
being approximately ; as, they call the distance ten miles. 
12. To demand payment of ; as, to call a loan. 13. Poker. 
To summon to a show of hands, by seeing the bet. 14. Bil- 
liards, Pool, etc. To name or designate the particulars (as 
to the balls, the pocket, etc.) of (a shot about to be played). 
U. S. — Syn. Assemble, collect, convene ; invite, bid. 
to call back, a To recall, or summon back, b To take 
back ; retract. — to c. up. a To summon from below ; re- 
call, as to the mind, b To summon before a court or the 
like ; to bring under consideration ; as, to call up a bill in a 
legislative body. 

— v. i. 1. To speak in a loud distinct voice ; cry ; shout. 

2. To make a brief visit. 

— 7i. 1. Act of calling or that which is made or done by way 
of calling. 2. A roll call; as, the call of the House. 3. A 
name or thing called or indicated by calling ; as, his call 
was "heads." 4. A summons or invitation ; a bidding ; as : 
a A summons or signal on a drum, bugle, etc. b A divine 
vocation or prompting to a special service or duty ; also, an 
invitation to become the pastor or minister of a church. 
5. A requirement or appeal ; also, the occasion of the re- 
quirement ; demand ; claim ; specif., a duty, need, or occa- 
sion. 6. A short, usually formal, visit ; as, to make a call on 
a neighbor. 7. Hunting. A note or strain blown on the horn 
to encourage the hounds. 8. The cry of a bird or other ani- 
mal ; also, a noise or cry, or a pipe, whistle, or other instru- 
ment to call birds, etc., by imitating their note or cry. 9. A 
demand for the payment of money ; an assessment. 10. 
The right to demand a certain amount of stock, grain, or 
other commodity, at a fixed price, at or within a_ certain 
time agreed on. In stock gambling the transaction is closed 
by payment of the difference in value, if any, in favor of the 
holder of the call. Cf. put. Brokers' Cant. — ; Syn. Shout, 
cry ; summons, convocation ; invitation, bidding ; demand, 
requirement, appeal, requisition ; visit. 

cal'la (kal'd), n., or calla lily. Hort. A familiar cultivated 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CALLER 



142 



CAM 



araceous plant (Aroides aethiopicum), with a large 

white spathe and a yellow spadix. 
call'er (koFer), n. One who, or that which, calls. 
cal'let (kal'et ; kal'et ; 24), n. A trull or prostitute. Obs. 
Cal-lig'ra-phy (kd-lig'rd-fi), n. [Gr. Ka\\iypa<f>La; /cdXXos 

beauty 4- ypafciv to write.] 1. Fair or elegant writing or 

Eenmanship. 2. Handwriting or penmanship in general ; 
and. — cal-Ug'ra-pher (-fer), cal-lig'ra-phist (-fist), n. 

cal'U-graph'ic (kal'i-graf'ik), a. Of or pert, to calligraphy. 

call'ing (kol'ing), n. 1. Act of one that calls (in any 
sense) ; as : a A crying aloud, b A convocation, as of Par- 
liament. C An invitation ; a summons. 2. Vocation ; busi- 
ness. — Syn. See occupation. 

Cal-li'o-pe (ka-ll'6-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaXXt67n7; koXKos 
beauty -f- 6\j/, biros, voice.] 1. Class. Myth. The Muse of 
eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. [Z. c] A musical instru- 
ment consisting of a series of steam whistles played by keys. 

cal'li-pash, cal'li-per, callis-then'ic. Vars. of calipash, 

CALIPER, etc. 

Cal-lis'tO (kd-lis'to), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaXXicrrw.] Gr. 
Myth. A nymph loved by Zeus, and changed into a bear 
by Artemis. Zeus placed her in the sky as a constellation. 

cai'li-thump 7 (kal'i-thump'), n. A boisterous parade, with 
blowing of tin horns and other discordant noises ; also, a 
burlesque serenade ; a charivari. U. S. 

Call loan. A loan repayable on demand. 

call money. Money loaned or ready to be loaned on call. 

cal-los'i-ty (kd-los'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 
quality of being callous ; callousness. 2. A hard or thick- 
ened place on the skin, or on the bark of a plant. 

cal'lous (kal'us), a. [L. callosus, fr. callum, callus, cal- 
lous skin.] 1. Hardened ; having a callosity or callosities. 
2. Insensible ; unfeeling. — Syn. Hard, indurated. — cal'- 
lous-ly, adv. — cal'lous-ness, n. 

cal'loused (-iist), a. Rendered callous ; hardened. 

cal'low (kal'o), a. [AS. calu.'] 1. Unfledged, as a bird. 
2. Immature ; green ; as, a callow youth. 3. Pertaining 
to an unfledged bird or a youth. 

cal'lUS (-us), n.; pi. E. calluses (-ez; 24), L. calli (-T). 
[L. 1. a A callosity, b A substance exuded around the 
fragments of a broken bone and aiding repair. 2. Bot. 
The soft parenchymatous tissue which forms over any 
wounded surface of a stem. — v. i. To form a callus. 

calm (kam), n. [F. calme, prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, Gr. 
Kadfia burning heat.] Freedom from motion or disturb- 
ance ; tranquillity ; quiet ; serenity ._ — v. t. & i. To make 
or become calm. — Syn. Still, quiet, allay, pacify, tran- 
quilize, soothe, compose.— a. 1. Not stormy ; still ; quiet. 
2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion ; tranquil. 
Syn. Cool, composed, collected, unruffled, tranquil, serene, 
placid, peaceful. — Calm, tranquil, serene, placid, 
peaceful. Calm, primarily applied to sea or weather, usu- 
ally conveys an implicit contrast with its opposite, stormy, 
end suggests freedom, real or assumed, from agitation 
of whatever sort. Tranquil implies a more settled inher- 
ent quiet than calm, with less suggestion of previous agita- 
tion overcome; as, "the tranquil beauty of Greek sculp- 
ture." Serene suggests a lofty and unclouded tranquillity ; 
as, a serenity unruffled by cares. Placid connotes content- 
ment, and suggests an unruffled and equable aspect or tem- 
per ; as, the placid common sense of Franklin. Peaceful 
implies repose, or attainment of undisturbed tranquillity. 

calm'a-tive (kal'md-tiv ; kam'd-tTv), a. Producing a calm- 
ing effect ; sedative. — n. A calmative medicine. 

calm'ly, adv. In a calm manner or way. 

calm'ness, n. State or quality of being calm. 

calm'y (kam'i), a. [From calm, n.] Calm. Poetic. 

Cal'O-mel (kal'6-mel), n. [Gr. nahhs beautiful -f- ueXas 
black.] Chem. Mercurous chloride, HgCl, much used in 
medicine as a mercurial, purgative, and anthelmintic. 

Cal'o-res'cence (kal'o-res'ens), n. [L. calor heat.] Phys- 
ics. Transmutation of obscure heat rays into light rays. 

ca-lor'iC (kd-16r'ik),n. [L. calor heat.] 1. Physics. The 
principle of heat, a supposed imponderable fluid to which 
the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly er- 
roneously ascribed. 2. Heat. — a. Of or pertaining to heat. 
— cal'o-ric'i-ty (kaFo-ris'i-ti), n. 

cal'0-rie (kal'6-n), n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] Physics. 
Any of several thermal units ; as : a The amount of heat 
(small calorie) required to raise the temperature of one gram 
of water one degree centigrade, b The amount of heat 
(large, or great, calorie) required to raise a kilogram of water 
one degree centigrade ; i. e., 1,000 small calories. 

CaFo-rif'ic (-rif'ik), a. [L. calorificus ; calor heat -\-facere 
to make.] Producing heat ; heating. 

ca-lor/i-fi-ca'tion (kd-lor'i-fi-ka'shiin), n. Production of 
heat, esp. animal heat. 

caFo-rif'ics (kal'o-nf'iks), n. (See -ics.) [See calorific.] 

1. Physics. The science of heat ; esp., the old doctrine 
ascribing the phenomena of heat and combustion to caloric. 

2. The technics of artificial heating. 



See 




cal'o-rim'e-ter (-rim'e-ter), n. [L. color heat + -merer.] 
Physics. An apparatus for measuring quantities of heat. 

— caFo-rim'e-try (-tri), n. — ca-lor'i-met'ric (kd-lor'i- 
met'rik), -met'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. 

ca-lotte' (kd-lot'), n. [F., dim. of cale a sort of flat cap.] A 
close, plain skullcap, as of Roman Catholic ecclesiastics, etc. 

cal'0-yer (kal'6-yer ; kd-loi'er), n. [F., fr. NGr. K a\6yepos, 
lit., good old man.] A monk of the Eastern Church. 

cal'pac U kal'pak ), n. [ Turk, qalpaq. ] A large cap of 

cal'packj sheepskin, felt, or the like, worn by Orientals. 

caFte-tep'on (kaFte-tep'on), n. [Mex. acaltetepon.] Se 
Gila monster. 

cal'trop (kal'trop) \n. [AS. coltrseppe, calcetreppe, a sort 

cal'trap (kaFtrdp)/ of thistle.] l.Mil. An instrument with 
four iron points so disposed that when it lies 
on the ground one point always projects up- 
ward. 2. Bot . Any of several plants bearing 
stout spines on the fruit or flower heads ; as : 
a The star thistle, b Any species of either of 
two genera (Tribulus and Kallstrcemia) of 
the bean-caper family. 

cal'u-met (kaFu-met), n. [F., fr. L. cala- Caltrop. 
mus reed.] The ceremonial pipe, or pipe of peace, of the 
North American Indians. 

ca-lum'ni-ate (kd-lum'ni-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- 
ing. [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calurnniari to calumniate. 
See calumny.] To accuse falsely and maliciously ; slander. 

— Syn. See asperse. — v. i. To utter calumnies. 
ca-lum'ni-a'tion (-a'shim), n. Act of calumniating ; slan- 
dering ; also, a calumny. 

ca-lum'ni-a'tor (-lum'ni-a'ter), n. One who calumniates. 

ca-lum'ni-a-to-ry (kd-lum'ni-d-to-ri), a. Calumnious. 

ca-lum'ni-ous (-us), a. Containing or implying calumny; 
slanderous. — Syn. Defamatory, opprobrious, libelous. 

caFum-ny (kaFum-m), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. calum- 
nia,_ fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive.] False accusation 
maliciously made or reported to injure another ; slander. 

cal-va r ri-a (kal-va'ri-d) \n. [L. calvaria. See Calvary.] 

cal-va'ri-um (-va'ri-um)j Anat. The domelike upper por- 
tion of the cranium. — cal-va'ri-al (-dl), a. 

Cal'va-ry (kaFvd-n), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, deriv. 
of calvus bald.] 1. The place, outside the ancient city of 
Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified. Luke xxiii. 33. 
2. [Z. c; pL-rtes (-riz).] R. C. Ch. A representation 
in the open air, as on a hill near a city, of the crucifixion of 
Christ ; _ also, a series of representations, as in a chapel, of 
the various scenes of Christ's Passion ; sometimes, the 
church or chapel provided with such representations. 

calve (kav), v. i.; calved (kavd) ; calv'ing. [AS. ceal- 
fian.'] 1. To give birth to a calf ; — said of the cow, doe, 
etc. 2. To separate or break so that a calf or calves become 
detached ; — said of an iceberg or glacier. — v. t. To give 
birth to (a calf). 

Cal'vin-ism (kaFvm-iz'm), n. The doctrines of the French 
theologian John Calvin (1509-64), including election or 
predestination, limited atonement, total depravity, effectual 
calling, and the perseverance of the saints. Calvinism em- 
phasizes the sovereignty of God in the bestowal of grace. 

Cal'vin-ist (-ist), n. A follower of Calvin; an adherent of 
Calvinism. 

Cal'vin-is'tic (-Ts'tik) \ a. Of or pert, to Calvin or Cal- 

CaFvln-is'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / vinism ; following Calvin. 

cal-vi'ti-es (kal-vish'i-ez), n. [L.] Med. Baldness. 

calx (kalks), n.; pi. E. calxes (kalk'sez; 24), L. CALCES 
(kal'sez). [L., limestone.] The friable residue left when 
a metal or mineral has been calcined. 

caFy-ces (kaFi-sez), n., L. pi. of calyx. 

ca-lyc'i-nal (kd-lis r i-ndl) \a. Bot. & Zo'dl. Pertaining to 

caFy-cine (kal'i-sin ; -sin) / or resembling a calyx. 

cal'y-cle (kal'i-k'l), n. [L. caly cuius small flower bud, 
dim. of calyx."] Bot. An epicalyx. — ca-lyc'U-lar (kd- 
lik'u-ldr), a. — ca-lyc'u-late (kd-lik'u-lat), a. 

CaFy-do'ni-an (kaFI-do'ni-dn), a. Of or pert, to Calydon, 
an ancient city of iEtolia, in Greece. 

Calydonian boar hunt, Gr. Myth., the pursuit, by a band 
of heroes, of the boar sent by Artemis to ravage Calydon. 
Meleager slew the boar. 

Ca-lyp'SO ( kd-lip'so ), n. [ L., fr. Gr. KaXu^oj. ] 1. In 
Homer's "Odyssey," a sea nymph who kept Odysseus 
seven years on her island, Ogygia. 2. [Z. c.] Bot. A bog 
orchid (genus Cytherea), having a single white flower va- 
riegated with purple, pink, and yellow. 

ca-lyp'tra (kd-lip'trd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KaXvwTpa a covering 
for the head.] Bot . a In mosses, a thin hood or cap cov- 
ering the mouth of the capsule, b Any caplike covering. 

ca'lyx (ka'llks ; kaFiks), n. ; pi. E. calyxes (-ez ; 24), L. 
calyces (kaFi-sez). [L., fr. Gr. KdXt>|.] Bot. The exter- 
nal, usually green or foliaceous, part of a flower. 

cam (kam), n. Mach. A rotating or sliding piece or pro- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; suig\ irjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CAM AIL 



143 



CAMPANULACEOUS 




A Cam. 



jection, as on a wheel, for moving, or receiv- 
ing motion from, a roller, pin, or the like, 
moving against its edge. 

ca-mail' (kd-maF), n. [F. camail, Pr. cap- 
malh, fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.'] 
A hood or neck guard of chain mail, esp. one 
hanging from the basinet or other headpiece. 
See basinet. — ca-mailed' (kd-mald'), a. 

|| ca'ma'ra'de-rie' (ka/ma/ra/d'-re'; -rad'e-re), 
n. [F.] Comradeship ; good-fellowship. 

ca'ma-ril'la (kam'a-ril'd ; Sp. ka'ma-rel'ya), 
n. [Sp.] 1. A small chamber, as a king's pri- 
vate audience chamber. 2. A company of se- 
cret and irresponsible advisers of one in au- 
thority, as a king ; cabal ; clique ; set. 

cam/as (kam'as), n. [Amer. Indian name.] Any of a genus 
(Quamasia, esp. Q. quamash) of liliaceous plants of the 
western United States. 

cam'ber (-ber), n. [OF. cambre bent, curved.] Slight con- 
vexity of a member or part ; also, a piece of timber having 
a camber. — v. t. & i. To give camber to ; to have camber. 

cam/bist (-bist), n. [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. cambio 
exchange. See change.] A banker or exchange broker ; 
also, a book giving the exchange values of moneys, weights, 
and measures of various countries. 

Cam'bi-um (-bi-um), n. [LL., exchange.] Bot. The soft 
tissue from which new wood and bark originate in dicotyle- 
donous and gymnospermous shrubs and trees. 

Cam'bri-an (-brl-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Wales (LL. Cam- 
bria) ; Welsh. Poetic. 2. Geol. Of, pertaining to, or desig- 
nating, the earliest division of the Paleozoic era and the 
lowest systems of Paleozoic rocks. Plant fossils are scarcely 
recognizable, but every great animal type except the verte- 
brate is represented in the fossils of the Cambrian. 

— n. 1. A native of Cambria, or Wales. Poetic. 2. Geol. 
The Cambrian period or system. 

cam'bric (kam'brik), n. [From Cambrai (Flemish Kame- 
rik), a city of France.] 1. A fine, thin, white linen fabric. 
2. A similar fabric of hard-spun cotton, often figured. 

cambric tea. A beverage of hot water, esp. with milk and 
sugar, and little or no tea. 

came (kam), pret. of come. 

came (kam), n. A slender grooved rod of cast lead, used, 
in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together 
the panes or pieces of glass ; a lead. 

cam'el (kam'el), 7i. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. naurfkos ; 
of Semitic origin.] 1. Either of two large ruminants 
peculiarly adapted for life in desert regions. The Arabian 
camel, or dromedary {Camelus dromedarius), has one 
large dorsal hump ; the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) 
has two. 2. A water-tight structure used to assist a vessel 
in passing through shallow water, or to raise sunken ships, 
remove rocks, etc. By admitting water, the camel may be 
sunk and attached to an object. As the water is pumped out, 
the camel tends to rise and lift that to which it is attached. 

cam'el-eer' (-er r ), n. A camel driver ; also, a soldier mounted 
on a camel. 

ca-mel'li-a (kd-mel'i-d ; -mel'yd), n. [After G. J. Kamel, 
or Camelh, a Jesuit.] An evergreen greenhouse shrub 
(Thea japonica), with red or white double roselike flowers. 

Ca-meFo-pard (kd-mel'o-pard ; kam'el-6-pardO, n. [LL. 
camelopardus, fr. L., fr. Gr. nanrj\oTrapoa\i,s ; KanrjXos 
camel + 7rdp5aXis leopard.] 1. The giraffe. 2. \_cap.~] 
Astron. A northern constellation between Cassiopeia aDd 
Ursa Major; the Giraffe. 

Cam'e-lot (kam'e-lot), n. In Arthurian legend, the place 
where King Arthur had his palace and court. 

cam'el's hair (kam'elz). 1. The hair of the camel. 2. 
Cloth made of camel's hair ; also, a fabric imitating this. 

Ca'mem'bert' (ka/maVbar'), n., or Camembert cheese. 
A kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity 
of Camembert, near Argentan, France. 

Ca-me'nae (kd-me'ne), n. pi.; sing. Camena (-nd). [L.] 
Rom. Myth. Orig., nymphs of fountains or springs, later 
identified with the Greek Muses. 

cam'e-0 (kam'e-o), n. ; pi. -eos(-oz). [It. cammeo.] A 



opposed to 



gem carved in relief; also, relief carving; 
intaglio. 

cam'er-a (kam'er-d), n. ; pi. E. -eras (-dz), L. -ER2E (-re). 
[LL.^ chamber. See chamber.] 1. A chamber; Law, a. 
judge's chamber ; as, in camera. 2. A camera obscura ; 
esp., Photog., an apparatus so arranged that the image 
can be thrown on a surface sensitive to light. 

Cam'er-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to a camera, or chamber ; of 
or pertaining to a council, or chamber, having the manage- 
ment of state expenditures, etc. ; hence, of or pert, to 
cameralistics. 

cam'er-al-ist, n. An economist who pays undue or exclu- 
sive attention to public revenue as a measure of national 
prosperity. — cam'er-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. 

cam'er-al-is'tic (-iVtik), a. Of or pert, to public finance. 

K = ch iii G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 





cam'er-al-is'tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) Science of finance. 

cam/e-ra lu'ci-da ( kam'e-rd lii'si-dd ). [ LL. camera 
chamber -+- L. lucidus, lucida, 
lucid, light.] Optics. An instru- 
ment which, by means of a prism or 
mirrors, causes an apparent image 
of an external object to appear as 
if projected upon a plane surface, 
so that the outlines may be con- 
veniently traced. 

cam'e-ra ob- 
scu/ra(ob-sku'- 
rd). [LL. cam- 
era chamber + 
L. obscurus, ob- 
scura, dark.] 
Optics. A dark- 
ened chamber 
or box having Camera Lucida. 1 Diagram showing path 
an aperture of light rays. 2 Camera Lucida attached to 
through which microscope ; a Eyepiece of Microscope ; 
light from exter- ° P rism - 
nal objects enters to form an image on the surf ace opposite. 

Cam/er-o'ni-an (-er-o'nT-dn), n. A follower of Richard 
Cameron (d. 1G80), Scottish Covenanter and field preacher. 

Ca-mil'la (kd-mil'd),n. [L.] In Vergil's "jEneid," a fleet 
maiden, queen of the Volsci, slain by the Trojans. 

|| ca-mi'sa (ka-me'sa), n. [Sp. See chemise.] A shirt or 
chemise ; also, a kind of waist worn by women. 

cam/i-sade' (kam'i-sad') ; pi. -sades (-sadz')l n. [F. cami- 

cairPi-sa'do (-l-sa'do) ; pi. -sadoes (-sa'doz)J sade.] Mil. 
A night attack, orig. one in which the soldiers wore shirts 
over their armor as a means of recognition. Archaic. 

Cam'i-sard (kam'i-zard), n. [F., fr. Pr. camisa shirt.] 
One of the French Protestant insurgents of the Cevennes 
who, in 1702, rebelled against Louis XIV. because of per- 
secutions following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 

ca-mise' (kd-meV), n. [Ar. qamlc.] A light, loose shirt, 
smock, or tunic. 

cam'i-sole (kam'i-sol), n. [F.] 1. A kind of jacket or 
jersey with sleeves, formerly worn by men. 2. A woman's 
negligee jacket. 3. A kind of strait-jacket. 

Cam/Ian (kam'lan), n. In Arthurian legend, the battle in 
which Arthur was mortally wounded. 

cam'let (-let), n. [F. camelot.] 1. A beautiful Oriental 
fabric, or an imitation of it. 2. A garment of this material. 

cam'o-mile, cham'o-mile (-6-mil), n. [From F., fr. L., 
fr. Gr. x a M<*tM T ?^ 0I '> Ift-i earth 
apple.] 1. Any of a genus (An- 
themis) of Old World asteraceous 
herbs, esp. a certain European 
species (A. nobilis). This and re- 
lated species contain a bitter an- 
tispasmodic and diaphoretic prin- 
ciple. 2. Any plant of an allied 
genus {Matricaria). 

Ca-mor'ra (kd-mor'd; It. ka- 
mor'ra), n. [It.] A secret organi- 
zation formed at Naples, Italy, anc 
for political and for criminal ends. — C 
mor'rism ( -T z'm), n. —Ca-mor'rist, 

|| ca'mou'flage' (ka/moo'fiazh' ; kan 
Co-flazh'), n. [F., fr. camoufler to di 
guise.] Mil. The disguising or co 
cealing of a camp, battery, arsenal, si 
the like by means of shrubbery, screens, 
paint, etc. ; also, a disguise, or disguises, so 
used, or the art of applying such disguises. 

camp (kamp), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. campu3 
plain, field.] 1. The spot on which tents, 
huts, etc., are erected for shelter. 2. A 
tent or a collection of tents, huts, etc. ; en- 
campment. 3. The body of persons en- 
camped. 4. Fig., military service or life. 
5. A camping out or encamping. 6. A body of partisans 
or the position defended _ by them. 7. A lodge or local 
division of certain patriotic societies. U. S. 

— v. t. To put into camp ; to afford lodging for. — v. i. 
To lodge in a camp ; — often used with out. 

cam-paigrt' (kam-pan'), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. L. 
Campania the plain about Naples, campus field.] 1. A 
series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a 
war. 2. A series of operations to bring about some result. 

— v. i. To serve in, or go on, a campaign. — cam-paign'er, n. 
cam'pa-ni'le (kam'pa-ne'la), n.; pi. It. -nixi (-ne'le), E. 

-niles (-laz). [It., fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] A bell 

tower, esp. one built separate from a church. 
cam/pa-nol'o-gy (kam'pd-nol'6-jt), n. [LL. campana bell 

+ logy?] Science or subject of bells ; art of ringing bells. 
cam-pan/u-la (kam-pan'u-ld), n. _ [LL., dim. of campana 

bell.] Any of various herbs bearing bell-shaped flowers. 
cam-pan/u-la'ceous (-la'shus), a. Belonging to a large 




Camomile 

{Anthemis 

nobilis) . 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



CAMPANULATE 



144 



CANCER 



family (Campanulacese) of herbs, shrubs, and trees ; tbe 
bellflower family, having an acrid juice, alternate leaves, 
and rather showy flowers. 
cam-pan'u-late (kam-pan'u-lat), a. Bell-sbaped. 

Camp'bell-ite (kam'bel-It ; kam'el-), n. Eccl. A member 
of the denomination called Disciples of Christ; — called 
Campbellite from the founder, Alexander Campbell (1788- 
1866), although the sect repudiates tbe nickname. 

camp chair. A light chair that can be folded compactly. 

cam-pes'tral (kam-pes'trdl), a. [L. cam pester, fr. campus 
field .] Relating to a level field ; specif., growing in or inhab- 
iting a field or an open flat country. 

camp follower. A civilian accompanying an army, as a 
sutler, servant, etc. 

cam'phene (kam'fen ; kam-fen'), n. Chem. A solid terpens, 
C10H16, resembling, and related to, camphor. 

cam'phine (kam'fen; kam-fen'), n. [From camphor.] 1. 
Rectified oil of turpentine. 2. A mixture of this substance 
with alcohol, used as an illuminant. 

cam'phol (kam'fol ; -fol). See borneol. 

cam/phor (kam'fer), n. [From F., fr. Ar. kafur."] A well- 
known gumlike, crystalline substance, CioHk.0, obtained 
from a large evergreen lauraceous tree (Cinnamomum 
camphora) found chiefly in Japan and Formosa. 

cam'pho-ra'ceous (kam'fo-ra'shws), a. Of the nature of 
camphor ; like camphor. 

cam'phor-ate (kam'fer-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at/ing 
(-at'Ing). To impregnate or treat with camphor. 

cam-phor'ic (kam-for'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or de- 
rived from, camphor. 

cam'phcr-ous (kam'ier-Ss), a. Camphoraceous. 

cam'pi-on (kam'pi-wn), n. Any of various plants (genera 
Lychnis and Silene), of the pink family, including several 
handsome garden species. 

camp meeting. A religious gathering held, esp. by Meth- 
odists, for conducting a series of religious services in the 
open air or in a tent in some retired spot. 

cam'po (kam'po ; kam'po), n. ; pi. -pos (-poz). [It. See 
campus, camp.] In Italy, an open place in a town, some- 
times smaller and less important architecturally than a 
piazza. 

camp Stool. A light stool that can be folded up compactly. 

cam'pus (kam'pus),«. [L., a field.] l.[L. pZ.CAMPi(-pi).] 
Roman Antiq. An open space, as for martial exercises. 2. 
The grounds of a college or school about the buildings or 
within the main inclosure. U. S. 

cam'py-lot'ro-pous (kam'pT-loVro-pus), a. 
curved + -tropous.'] Bot. Having the nu- 
cellus and its integuments so curved that 
the apex is brought near the base ; — said 
of an ovule or seed like that of the chick- 
weed, goosefoot, etc. 

cam' wood' (kam'wood 7 ), n. The hard wood 
of an African fabaceous tree (Baphia niti- Campylotro- 
da) used as a dyewood. poU s Seed of 

can (kan), v. t. & i.; pres. sing., 1st & 3d Chickweed in 
pers. CAN, 2d CANST (kanst), pi. CAN ; pret. section. En- 
could (kood). Can, inf., is obs., except larged. ^ 
Scot, or dial., and the participles are now lacking in 
standard English. [AS. cunnan. The present lean (AS. 
iccann) was orig. a pret.] 1. To know; understand. Obs. 
or, as v. i., Archaic. 2. As an auxiliary : To be able (to 

[ do, accomplish, etc., what is indicated by the verb — ex- 
pressed or understood — with which can is used) ; as, he 
can walk ; I will do what I can. 

Syn. Can but, cannot but. Can but is equivalent to can 
only; as, I can but speak ; I can do no more. Cannot but 
is equivalent to cannot help, and often expresses moral ne- 
cessity or constraint ; as, we cannot but go. See may. 

can, n. [AS. canne.'] 1. A drinking cup. 2. A vessel or 
case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms ; 
as, a can of tomatoes ; an oil can; a milk can. A\so,U. S., 
a glass or earthenware jar used in preserving food. 

— v. t. ; canned (kSnd) ; can'ning. To put in a can or cans ; 
to preserve by sealing up in a can or cans. Cf . tin. Chiefly 
U.S. 

Ca'naan (ka'nan), n. [L. Chanaan, Gr. Xavaav, Heb. 
Kna'an."] 1. Anc.Geog. Aregion corresponding vaguely to 
modern Palestine. It was the "Lar of Promise" of the 
Israelites . 2. Hence : A land of prom" ^e ; heaven. 

Ca'naan-ite (-It), n. 1. Bib. A descendant of Canaan, the 
son of Ham and grandson of Noah. Gen. x. 2. A member 
of one of the races or peoples occupying Palestine before 
the Hebrews. 

Ca'naan-it'ess (-Tt'es), n A woman of Canaan. 

Ca'naan-it'ish (-Tt'ish), a. Of or pertaining to Canaan or 
the Canaanites, or like a Canaanite. 

D ca-na'da (ka-nya'dd), n. [Sp.] A small canon; a glen; 
also, an open valley. Local, Western U. S. 

Can'a-da bal'sam (kan'd-dd). The turpentine yielded 
by the balsam fir. It is a yellowish, viscid liquid, solidify- 



KanTrvXos 




ing in time to a transparent mass, and is much used as a 

transparent cement, esp. in microscopy. 
Canada robin. The cedar bird. 
Ca-na'di-an (kd-na'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Canada. 

Canadian hemp, a common North American plant 

(Apocynum cannabinum) of the dogbane family, bearing 

greenish white flowers and long linear pods. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of Canada. 

ca-naille' (kd-nal'; F. ka'na'y'), n. [F., prop., a pack of 
dogs, L. canis dog.] The lowest class of people ; rabble. 

can'a-kin (kan'd-kln). Var. of cannikin. 

ca-nal' (kd-nal'), n. [F., fr. L. canalis.J 1. Anat. & 
Zool. A duct ; a tubular passage or channel. 2. A water- 
course ; a channel. 06s., exc. : in physical geography, an 
arm of the sea, approximately uniform in width ; — used 
chiefly in proper names; as, Portland Canal; Lynn 
Canal. 3. An artificial channel filled with water, designed 
for navigation, irrigation, etc. 4. Any of various narrow 
seasonal markings on the planet Mars. They are thought 
by many astronomers to be due to vegetation. 

canal boat. A boat for use on a canal (sense 3). 

can a-lic'u-lar (kan'd-lik'u-ldr), a. Anat. & Zool. Pert, 
to, like, or provided with, a canaliculus or canaliculi. 

can'a-lic'u-late (-lik'u-lat) \ a. [L. canaliculars chan- 

can'a-lic'U-lat'ed (-lat'ed) / neled.] Channeled ; grooved. 

can'a-lic'u-lus (-lus), n.; pi. -li (-11). [L., dim. of canalis 
channel. See canal.] Lit.,a small groove or channel ; Anat. 
& Zool., a minute canal, esp. in bone. 

canal i-za'tion (kd-nal'i-za'shwn ; kan'd-ll-), n. 1. Act of 
canalizing. 2. A system of canals or conduits. 

ca-nal'ize (kd-nal'Iz; kan'd-liz), v. t. To provide with 
canals ; make like a canal. 

ca-nal'ler (kd-nal'er), n. Also ca-nal'er. One who works 
on a canal boat ; also, a canal boat. 

Uca'na'pe' (ka'na/paO.n- [F., orig., a couch with mos- 
quito curtains. See canopy.] 1. A sofa or divan. 2. 
Cookery. A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, 
on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served. 

ca-nard' (kd-nard' ; F. ka/niir'), n. [F., lit., a duck.] An 
extravagant or absurd report set afloat to hoax the public. 

Can'a-rese'. Var. of Kanarese. 

ca-na'ry (kd-na'ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [From the Canary 
Islands.] 1. An antiquated dance resembling the jig. 2. 
Wine made on the Canary Islands, resembling Madeira. 
3. A canary bird. 4. A light yellow color, like that of a 
canary bird. 5. Short for canary grass, etc. 

— v. i. To perform the canary (dance). Obs. 

canary bird. A small finch (Serinus canaria) native 
of the Canary Islands, the Azores, etc., now the commonest 
of all cage birds. 

canary grass, a A Canary Island grass (Phalaris canari- 
ensis) , producing canary seed, b Any species of peppergrass 
(genus Lepidium), the pods of which are sometimes fed to 
cage birds. 

canary seed. The seed of the canary grass, used as food 
for cage birds. 

ca-nas'ter (kd-nas'ter), n. [Sp. canasta. See canister.] 
A kind of coarse tobacco for smoking, formerly imported 
from South America in rush baskets. 

can'can (kan'kan; F. kaVkaNM, n. [ F. ] A rollicking 
French dance accompanied by indecorous or extravagant 
postures and gestures. — can'can-ing, p. a. 

can'cel (kan'sel), v. t. ; -celed (-seld), or -celled ; -cel- 
ing or -cel-ling. [From F., fr. OF., fr. L. cancellare to 
make like a lattice, to cross out, fr. cancelli lattice, dim. 
of cancer lattice.] 1. To cross and deface, as a word ; 
mark out by or as by a cross line or lines ; hence : to annul 
by such marking or in any other way ; destroy ; revoke. 2. 
To neutralize or counterbalance ; as, an injustice may can- 
cel a previous kindness. 3. Print. To suppress or omit; 
dele. — Syn. Obliterate, efface, expunge; abrogate. See 
erase, abolish. 

— n. 1. The suppression of matter in type or in print. 2. 
Matter thus suppressed, or the page or passage after new 
matter has been substituted. 

can'cel-er, can'cel-ler (-er), n. One who, or that which, 
cancels ; specif. , a hand stamp or instrument for canceling. 

can'cel-late (-se-lat) \a. 1. Marked with numerous cross- 

can'cel-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ ing lines or ridges; lattice-like; 
reticulated. 2. Cancellous. 

can'cel-la'tion (-se-la'shwn), n. 1. Act, process, or result of 
canceling. 2. Act of marking^with cross lines, or state of 
being so marked ; reticulation. 

can'cel-lous (kan'se-lus), a. Anat. Having a spongy or 
porous structure. 

can'cer (kan'ser), n. [L., crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac] 
1. [cap.; gen. Cancri (karj'krl).] Astron. a A northern 
zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo, pictured 
as a crab ; the Crab, b The fourth sign [@] of the zodiac, 
the first point of which is the summer solstice, or the 
northern limit of the sun's course in its declination. 
See sign, solstice, tropic. 2. Med. Any of various 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CANCERATE 



145 



CANISTER 



malignant tumors characterized by unlimited tendency to 
proliferation in the tissues and, usually, by a setting up of 
secondary diseased growths. Cancers are much varied in 
growth. 

— v. t. To eat into or eat like a cancer. 

can'cer-ate (-at), v. i. & t.; -at 7 ed (-at'ed) ; -at 7 ing (-at 7 - 
ing). [LL. cancer atus eaten by a cancer. See cancer.] To 
grow into a cancer ; become or make cancerous. — can 7 - 
cer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

can'cer-ous (-iis), a. Like a cancer; affected by cancer. 

can'cer-root', n. Any of several orobanchaceous root para- 
sites, as the squawroot, beechdrops, etc. 

can'cri-nite (karj'krT-nit), n. [After Count Cancnn, a 
Russian.] Min. A silicate and carbonate of sodium, cal- 
cium, and aluminium, occurring in igneous rocks. 

can'cri-zans (-zdnz), a. [LL., p. pr. of cancrizare, fr. L. 
cancer crab.] Lit., moving backward, like a crab ; specif., 
Music, having the theme or subject repeated backward ; 
— said of a canon. , 

can'croid (kan'kroid), a. \_cancer + -oid. J 1. Loot. 
Resembling a crab. 2. Med. Like a cancer ; as, a cancroid 
tumor. — n. Med. A form of cutaneous cancer. 

can'de-la'brum (kan'de-la'brSm), n.; pi. L. -bra (-brd) 
(candelabra is often used as a sing., with pi. candela- 
bras), E. -brums (-brumz). [L., fr. candela candle.] A 
large ornamental candlestick, with several branches. 

can'dent (kan'dent), a. [L. candens.~] Incandescent. 

can-des'cence (kdn-des'ens), n. Incandescence. 

can-des'cent (-ent), a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of can- 
descere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.] Glowing; daz- 
zling ; incandescent. — can-des'cent-ly, adv. 

can'did (kan'did), a. [From F., fr. L. candi-dus white, 
candere to be white.] 1. White. Archaic. 2. Fig.: a Il- 
lustrious. Obs. b Clear; pure; immaculate. Archaic. 3. 
Free from undue bias ; fair ; just ; impartial. 4. Open ; 
frank ; ingenuous ; outspoken. — Syn. See prank. 

can'di-da-cy (-df-dd-si), n. State of being a candidate. _ 

can'di-date (-di-dat), n. [L. candidatus, prop., clothed in 
white.] One who offers himself, or is put forward, as an 
aspirant or contestant for an office , privilege, or honor. 

can'did-ly, adv. In a candid manner. 

can'did-ness, n. Quality of being candid. 

can/died (-did), p. a. 1. Preserved in or with sugar, as 
fruit. 2. Converted into sugar or candy ; crystallized; con- 
gealed, as sirup. 3. Fig.: Honeyed ; sweet ; flattering. 

Can'di-ot (kan'di-ot), Can'di-ote (-ot), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to Candia ; Cretan. — n. A Cretan. 

can'dle (-d'l), n. [AS. candel, L. candela, fr. candere to 
glitter.] 1. A slender rounded body of tallow, wax, or the 
like, containing a wick, burned to give light. 2. Something 
suggestive of a candle ; as, a Roman candle. 3. Photom. 
A kind of candle used as a standard or unit of illumination. 
It is usually of spermaceti, and is made, as in the British 
standard candle, so as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 
7.8 grams, per hour. See candle power, below. 

— v. t. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To test or examine, as 
eggs, by holding between the eye and a candlelight, or 
(hence) any light. 

can'dle-ber'ry (-ber 7 !), n. 1. The candlenut. 2. The wax 

myrtle or its berry. 
can'dle-fish 7 (-fish 7 ), n. A very oily food fish (Thaleichthys 

pacificus) of the north Pacific, 

allied to the smelt. 
candle foot. 
) Photom. The 

illumination 

produced by a 

British standard candle at a dis- vaJsgs^ i-anaiensn. 

tance of one foot ; — used as a unit of illumination.. 
can'dle-light 7 (-lit 7 ), n. 1. Light of a candle or candles; 

artificial light. 2. Nightfall ; twilight. 
Can'dle-mas (-mds), n. [AS. candelmsesse.'] 1. The feast 

of the Purification of the Virgin Mary. Candles for sacred 

uses are then blessed. 2. More fully Candlemas Day. The 

day or date of this feast (February 2d). 
Can'dle-nut (-nut 7 ), n. The fruit of a tree or shrub (Aleu- 

rites moluccana) of some of the South Sea islands, used 

by the natives as a candle; also, the tree* itself. 
can'dle-pin 7 (-pin'), n. Tenpins. 1. A form of pin slender 

and nearly straight like a candle. 2. [In form candlepins, 

but construed as sing.~\ The game played with such pins. 
candle power. Photometry. Illuminating power, reckoned 

in terms of the light of a standard candle. Cf . candle foot. 
can'dle-Stick 7 (-stik 7 ), n. A utensil to support a candle, 
can'dle-wood (-wood 7 ), n. l.Pine or other resinous wood, 

split fine for burning, as on a hearth, in place of candles. 

2. Any of several resinous trees or shrubs (as Fouquieria 

splendens and Amyris balsamifera). 
Can'dor, can'dour (kan'der), n. [L. candor, fr. candere. 

See candid.] 1. A disposition to treat subjects with fair- 

ness; impartiality. 2. Outspokenness ; frankness. 




can'dy (-dT), n. ; pi. -dies (-dTz). [F. candi, sucre candi, 
fr. Ar. & Per. qand cane sugar.] A preparation, usually 
flavored, made of sugar or molasses boiled down and crys- 
tallized ; any sweetmeat made of, or coated with, sugar or 
molasses.— v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -dy-ing. 1. To conserve or 
preserve by boiling with sugar, as fruit. 2. Fig., to make 
appear pleasant, as if covered with candy ; sweeten. 3. To 
form into sugar crystals ; as, to candy sirup. 4. Fig., to in- 
crust or cover with a substance like or suggestive of crystal- 
lized sugar or candy, as frost ; — often used with over; as, 
plants candied over with frost. — v. i. To become coated 
with, or to form, sugar crystals. 

can'dy-tuft 7 (-tuft 7 ), n. Any of a genus (Iberis) of brassi- 
caceous plants cultivated for their white or pink flowers. 

cane (kan) , n. [OF., fr. L. canna, Gr. nawa, kolpptj^] 1. 
Bot. Any hollow or pithy jointed stem, usually slender and 
more or less flexible, as the stem of the rattan, of the sugar 
cane, or of any of various bamboos ; also, one of the plants 
themselves. 2. Hort. One of the stems of certain bush 
fruits, esp. a shoot springing directly from the base of the 
plant, as in the raspberry. 3. A walking stick ; a staff. 

— v. t. ; caned (kand) ; canning (kan'ing). 1. To beat with 
a cane. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan, as 
chairs. 

canetrake 7 (kan'brak 7 ), n. A thicket of canes. 

ca-nel 7 la (kd-nel'd), n. [LL., dim. of L. canna a. reed ; — 
from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark.] The aromatic 
bark of the whitewood, or wild cinnamon (Canella winte- 
rana), of South Florida and the West Indies ; — called also 
canella bark. It is used as a condiment and in medicine 
as a tonic. 

ca-neph 7 o-ros (kd-nef'o-ros), n. fern., pi. -rce (-re) ; or ca- 
nepb/o-rrs (-riis), pi. -ri (-rl) ; or 
ca-neph 7 o-ra (-rd), pi. -bje (-re). 

[L., fr. Gr. navr)<p6pos ; Kaveou a 
basket of reed -f- <j>op6s bearing.] 1. 
Gr. Antiq. One of the maidens who 
bore upon their heads baskets con- 
taining the sacred utensils and offer- 
ings in religious festivals. 2. Arch. 
A representation of the foregoing, 
as on a frieze. 
can'er (kan'er), n. One who canes 
something, as chairs. 

[From 
white.] 




ca- 



Canephoros. From a 
Greek vase. 



Pg. canga yoke.] A square 




ca-nes 7 cent ( kd-nes'ent ), a 

L. canescens becoming 

Growing white or whitish. 

nes'cence (-ens), n. 
cangue (kang), n. [F., fr. 

wooden collar, three or four feet 

across, in which the neck and 

(usually) the hands are confined ; 

— used in China in punishing 

certain minor crimes. 
Ca-nic 7 u-la(kd-nik , u-ld),7i. [L., 

dim. of canis dog.] Astron. 

The Dog Star. 
ca-nic'u-lar (-ldr), a. 1. Of or 

pert, to the rising of the Dog 

Star. 2. Of or pert, to the dog 

days (about mid-August). Cangue and Prisoner. 

can 7 i-cule (kan'i-kul), n. [F.] The period of the dog days, 
can'i-kin. Var. of cannikin. 
ca-nine' (kd-nin' ; ka 7 nin), a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog.] 

1. Of or pert, to the family {Canidsz) consisting of the dogs, 

wolves, jackals, and foxes ; doglike. 2. Anat. Pert, to or 

designating the pointed tooth next to the incisors, or one 

of like shape. — n. 1. Anat . A canine tooth. 2. A dog. 

Colloq. or Humorous. 
can'ions (kan'yunz), n., pi. [Sp. canon or F. canon, orig., 

tube, pipe. See 1st cannon.] Ornamental rolls formerly 

worn around the lower ends of the legs of breeches. 
Ca'nis (ka'nis) , n. [L., a dog.] Zo'dl. The principal genus 

of the dog family {Canidae), including the domestic dogs, 

and most wild dogs, wolves, and jackals. 
I Ca'nis Ma'jor; gen. Canis Majoris (md-jo'ris; 57). 

[L., larger dog.] Astron. A 

constellation to the south- 
east of Orion, containing 

Sirius, the Dog Star. 
|| Ca'nis Mi'nor ; gen. Canis 

Mlnoris (ml-no'ris; 57). 

[L., lesser dog.] Astron. 

A constellation to the east 

of Orion, containing Pro- 

cyon. 
can'is-ter (kan'is-ter) , n. [L. 

canistrum a reed basket, 

Gr. Kkvaarpov, fr. nawa, 

k6.vvtj, reed.] 1. A small box Canis Major. 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CANKER 



146 



CANT 



or case for tea, coffee, etc. 2. Mil. A kind of case shot for 
close-range artillery fire. 
Can'ker (karj'ker), n. [AS. cancer, fr. L. cancer cancer.] 

1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer ; esp., a spreading gan- 
grenous ulcer of the mouth. 2. Hort. a Any disease of trees 
causing slow decay of the bark and wood, b = clubroot. 
3. A cankerworm. 4. That which corrodes, corrupts, or 
destroys. — v. t. To affect or consume with canker or as a 
canker ; corrupt ; eat away. — v. i. To be or become dis- 
eased, or as if diseased, with canker. 

can'ker-OUS (kan'ker-Ss), a. Like, or of the nature of, 
canker or a canker ; gangrenous ; also, corroding. 

canker rash. Scarlet fever. 

can'ker— root', n. Any of several plants with astringent 
roots; as: a The marsh rosemary (1). b The goldthread. 

can'ker-WOrm/ (-wurm'), n. Any of various insect larvae in- 
jurious to plants; esp., U. S., the larva of either of two 
geometrid moths (Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita 
vernata) which injure fruit and shade trees. 

can'ker-y (-T ) , a. Cankerous ; cankered. 

can'na ( kan'd ), n. [ L., a reed. ] Any of a genus {Canna, 
typifying the family Cannacese ) of tropical American plants, 
with large leaves and irregular flowers ; also, a flower of 
any such plant. 

can'na -bin (-d-bin), n. [L. cannabis hemp.] Chem. A 
resin _ extracted _ from hemp. It is regarded as the active 
principle to which the narcotic effects of hashish are due. 

can'nel coal, or can'nel (kan'el), n. [Corrupt, fr. candle 
coal.'] A coal containing much volatile matter and burn- 
ing with a bright flame. 

|| can'ne-lon' (ka'n'-loN'), n.; pi. -lons (F. -Ion'). [F.] 
Cookery. a A hollow stick or roll of baked puff paste. 
b A roll of highly seasoned minced meat baked or fried. 

can'ne-lure (kan'e-lur), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] 
A groove or fluting. — can'ne-lured (-lurd), a. 

can'ner (kan'er), n. One who cans fruit, meat, etc. 

can'ner-y ( -er-I ), n.; pi. -neries (-Tz). A place where the 
business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. 

can'ni-bal (-I-bdl), n. [Sp. canibal, car'ibal, fr. name of 
the Caribs. ] A human being that eats human flesh ; hence, 
any animal that devours its own kind. — can'ni-bal, a. 

can'ni-bal-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Act or practice of cannibals. 

2. Murderous cruelty ; bloodthirsty barbarity, 
can'nie. _ Var. of canny. 

can'ni-kin (-kin), n. A small can or drinking vessel. 

can'ni-ly (-11), adv. In a canny way or manner. 

can'ni-ness, n. State or quality of being canny. 

can'non (kan'an), n.; pi. -nons (-Snz), collectively -non. 
[From F., fr. It., fr. L. canna reed, tube.] 1. A piece of 
ordnance or artillery ; a firearm discharged from a carriage 
or mount ; a gun. 2. Mech. A hollow spindle or shaft con- 
taining another spindle having an independent motion. 3. 
[F. canon, prop., a hollow bit.] A smooth round horse 
bit ; — called also cannon, or canon, bit. 4. The canon, 
or ear, of a bell. 5. Billiards. A carom. Chiefly Eng. 6. a 
The cannon bone, b The part of the leg where the cannon 
bone is situated. 

— v. i. 1. To discharge cannon. 2. To collide or strike vio- 
lently, esp. so as to rebound ; to strike and rebound. — v. t. 
l.To cannonade. 2. To cause to rebound by violent collision. 

can'non-ade' (-ad'), n. Act of discharging cannon to de- 
stroy an army, or to batter a town, fort, etc. — v. t.; 
-ad'ed ( -ad'ed ) ; -ad'tng. To attack with heavy artillery. 

cannon ball. Strictly, a round solid missile for a cannon ; 
popularly, any missile for cannon. 

cannon bone. [F. canon, prop., a tube.] In hoofed quad- 
rupeds, the bone from the hock joint to the fetlock. 

can'non-eer' (kan'un-er'), n. An artillery gunner. 

can'non-ry (-rf), n. 1. Cannonading. 2. Artillery. 

can'not (kan'not). Am, is, or are, not able; — the more 
usual form of can not. 

can'nu-la (kan'u-ld), n. [L., a small reed, dim. of canna 
a reed, tube. ] Surg. A small tube, as of metal or India 
rubber, for insertion into the body, as for drainage. 

can'nu-late (kan'u-lat) \ a. Hollow ; affording a passage 

can'nu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) / through its interior length for 
wire, thread, etc. ; as, a cannulated (suture) needle. 

can'ny, can'nie (kan'i), a.; -Ni-ER(-I-er) ; -ni-est. 1. Know- 
ing ; prudent ; cautious. Archaic, Scot. 2. Shrewd ; sharp. 

3. Frugal ; thrifty ; — a sense used by English writers as 
describing a characteristic Scotch quality. Archaic, Scot. 

4. In a superstitious sense, safe to deal with ; trustworthy. 
Scot. 5. Quiet ; as, a canny hour ; gentle, as of speech ; 
careful. Scot. 6. Comfortable ; snug. Scot. [quietly. I 

— adv. In a canny manner ; cautiously ; carefully ; gently ; | 
ca-noe' (kd-noo'), n. ; pi. canoes (-nooz'). [Sp. canoa, orig. 

due to a misreading of L. [s^capha boat.] Any light boat 

of a primitive peo- x . , „ 

ple.oroneofsimi- #V Algonquian Canoe, 

lar type; usually, . 

a frail craft pro- \__ f ™ , *illll| | | ilililii*w»' 11 "* 

pelled only by 




paddling. — v. i. ; -noed' (-nood') ; -noe'ing. To paddle, 
sail in, or voyage in, a canoe. — ca-noe'ing, n. — ca- 
noe'ist, n. 

can'on (kan'un),n. [AS., rule, fr. LL., fr. Gr. navav rule, 
rod.] 1. An ecclesiastical law or rule; specif., one en- 
acted by a council and confirmed by the Pope or sovereign. 
2. A law or rule not ecclesiastical ; a general rule, law, or 
truth ; as, a canon of art. 3. A critical standard ; criterion. 
4. The collection or list of Biblical books received as genuine 
and inspired. 5. Liturgies. Of the Mass, that part begin- 
ning after the Sanctus with the prayer "Te igitur." It 
contains the fixed rule regulating the " sacrifice " of the 
Mass. 6. Music. A composition in two or more voice parts, 
employing imitation (see imitation, 3) in its strictest form. 
7. A chronological list or calendar, serving as a basis for 
early chronology. 8. R. C. Ch. A catalogue of saints. 9. 
Print. The largest size of type (48 points) having a specific 
name. 10. The part of a bell by which it is suspended ; — 
called also ear and shank. 

can'on, n. [From OF., fr. L. canonicus, fr. canon canon.] 
Eccl. One of a body of dignitaries forming a sort of coun- 
cil to a bishop, or connected with a collegiate church. 

ca'non (kan'yun ; Sp. ka-nyon' ), can'yon (kan'yun ), n. 
[Sp. canon tube, hollow.] A valley with high, steep sides. 
Western U. S. & Mex. — Syn. Chasm, gorge, ravine. 

can'on-ess (kan'un-es), n. A woman living in a commu- 
nity or college under a rule but not under a perpetual 
vow ; hence, a woman who holds a canonry in a conventual 
chapter. 

ca-non'i-cal (kd-non'I-kal), a. Of, established by, or con- 
forming to, a canon or canons. — ca-non'i-cal-ly, adv. 
canonical hour, a Eccl. Any of certain times of the day 
appointed for the offices of prayer and devotion (now 
seven, viz., matins with lauds, prime, tierce, sect, nones, 
vespers, and compline) ; also, any of these offices, b In 
England, any of the hours (now from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m.) be- 
fore or after which marriage cannot be legally performed 
in any parish church. 

ca-non'i-cals (-kdlz), n. pi. The dress prescribed by canon 
to be worn by an officiating clergyman. 

ca-non'i-cate (-kat), n. Office of a canon; canonry. [ical.| 

can'on-ic'i-ty (kan'tm-is'i-ti), n. Quality of being canon- 1 

can'on-ist (kan'un-Ist), n. One skilled in the canon law. 
— can'on-is'tic (-Is'tik), can'on-is'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. 

can'on-ize (-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). 1. To 
declare (a deceased person) a saint ; put into the canon of 
saints. 2. To glorify. 3. To include in a canon ; make ca- 
nonical. — can'on-i-za'tion ( -I-za'shun ; -I-za'shun ), n. 

canon law. The body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the 
early Christian Church, chiefly setforth in the "Corpus Juris 
Canonici," and, with later additions, still constituting the 
law of the Roman Catholic Church. 

can'on-ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). Eccl. The benefice of a 
canon or a canoness ; the dignity or office of a canon. 

can'on-ship, n. Canonry. 

Ca-no'pic (kd-no'pik), a. [L. Canopicus."] Of or pertain- 
ing to Canopus, a city of ancient Egypt. 
Canopic jar, Egypt. Archseol., any of the four jars con- 
taining the principal intestines of a deceased person, and 
buried with the mummy. — C. vase. Archseol. a A Cano- 
pic jar. b A kind of Etruscan cinerary urn having a cover in 
the form of a human head. 

Ca-no'pus (-pus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kavunos a town of 
Egypt.] 1. Astron. A star of the first magnitude in the 
constellation Argo, not visible north of 37° north latitude ; 
Alpha (a) Argus. 2. ( pi. Canopi [-pi]). A Canopic jar or 
vase. 

can'0-py (kan'6-pi), n.; pi. -pies (-piz). [Through OF. & 
LL.,fr. Gr. Kuvunrdov a. bed with mosquito curtains, k&vioiJ/ 
gnat.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, 
or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred 
object, etc., chiefly as a mark of honor. 2. An overhanging 
shelter or shade ; a covering. 3. Arch. An ornamental 
rooflike structure projecting from a wall or supported on 
pillars. — v. t. ; -pied ( -pid ) ; -py-ing ( -pi-ing ). To cover 
with or as with a canopy. 

ca-no'rous (kd-no'r2s; 57), a. [L. canorus, from canor 
melody, fr. canere to sing.] Melodious ; musical ; ring- 
ing ; resonant.^ca-no'rous-ly,adv. — ca-no'rous-ness, n. 

can't (kant; kant). Contraction for cannot. Colloq. 

cant (kant), n. [OF., edge, angle.] 1. An outer or ex- 
ternal angle, as of a building. 2. An oblique line, surface, 
or face. 3. A sudden thrust producing a change of direc- 
tion or position ; also, the bias or turn so given. 4. An in- 
clination or slope ; tilt. — v. t. 1. To give a cant to ; bevel. 
2. To incline ; set at an angle ; tip. 3. To turn or throw 
off or out by tilting. Syn. Incline, slant, slope. — v. i. To 
lean ; tilt ; turn. — a. Having canted corners or sides ; also, 
inchned ; oblique ; sloping. 
cant, n. 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking; a 
whine. 2. The idioms of speech in any sect, class, or 
occupation, as: a The secret jargonof thieves, gypsies, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, um, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CANTABLLE 



147 



CAPACIOUSNESS 



b The professional or technical jargon of lawyers, doctors, 
etc. 3. Phraseology used merely out of convention ; esp., 
affected use of religious or pious phraseology" ; hypocrisy. 
Syn. Cant, jargon, argot, lingo, slang. Cant, jargon, 
argot, and lingo apply primarily to the phraseology of a 
class ; slang does not. Cant usually connotes depreciation 
or contempt. Jargon adds the implication of unintelligi- 
bility except to the initiated ; as, the jargon of astrology. 
Argot denotes specifically the' secret jargon of thieves. 
Lingo is contemptuous for any foreign language or peculiar 
dialect (esp. one not understood), and also for technical 
cant regarded as a dialect. Slang usually refers to the pop- 
ular but unauthorized (and usually ephemeral) vogue of 
odd, grotesque, or strained words or turns of speech. 

— v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, 
singsong tone, as a beggar ; hence, to beg. 2. To talk with 
an affectation of religion, piety, philanthropy, or the like ; 
to practice hypocrisy ; as, a canting fanatic. 

[ can-ta^bi-le (kan-ta'be-la), a. [It., fr. cantare to sing.] 
Music. Suitable for singing; melodious and flowing in 
style ; — opposed to recitativo or parlando. — n. Canta- 
bile style, or a piece or passage of this style. Cf. bravura, 2. 

Can'ta-brig'i-an (kan'td-bnj'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Cam- 
bridge [in L. form Cantabrigia], England, or its univer- 
sity. — n. A native or resident of Cambridge ; esp., a stu- 
dent or graduate of Cambridge University, England. 

can'ta-le'ver (kan'td-le'ver ; -leVer). Var. of cantilever. 

can'ta-loupe, can'ta-loup (-loop; -lop), n. [From F., fr. 
It. ; — from the castle of Cantalupo, in Italy, where first 
grown in Europe.] A variety of muskmelon having a 
furrowed rind and reddish flesh ; loosely, any muskmelon. 

can-tan'ker-OUS (kan-tarj'ker-us), a. Exhibiting ill nature ; 
contentious. OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, n. All Colloq. 

can-ta'ta (kan-ta'td), n. [It., fr. cantare to sing.] Music. 
A choral composition arranged somewhat dramatically. 

|i can'ta-tri'ce (kan'ta-tre'cha ; F. kaVta/tres'), n.; pi. It. 
-TRici (-tre'che), F. -trices (F. -ties'). [It. & F. (fr. 
It.).] A female professional singer. 

can-teen' (kan-ten'), n. [F. cantine, fr. It. cantina cellar, 
bottle case.] 1. Mil. A sort of sutler's shop connected 
with a post, etc., for supplying extra provisions, liquors, • 
etc., to the enlisted men. 2. Mil. A chest or box con- 
taining utensils, used by officers, etc. 3. A small vessel or ' 
flask used by soldiers, travelers, etc., for carrying liquid. 

cant'er, n. One who uses cant, as a beggar or hypocrite. 

can'ter (kan'ter), n. [Abbr. of Canterbury."] A gait re- I 
sembling the gallop, but moderate and easy. — v. i. & t. | 
To move , or cause to go, in or as in a canter. — can'ter-er, n. 

Can'ter-bur-y (-ber-i; -ber-i), n. 1. A city in England, i 
seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all ! 
England). It contained the shrine of Thomas a Becket, to ! 
which pilgrimages were formerly made. 2. A stand with ! 
divisions for music, loose papers, etc. 

Canterbury bell, any of several species of plants (genus ' 
Campanula, esp. C. medium, C. trachelium, and C. glo- I 
merata) cultivated for their handsome bell-shaped flowers, j 

— C. gallop, pace,' rack, trot, etc., a gentle gallop, etc., j 
such as was supposed to have been used by pilgrims riding i 
to Canterbury ; a canter. 

can-thax'i-des (kan-thar'I-dez), n. pi. [See castharis.] ! 
1. PI. of cantharis. 2. [Also construed as a sing.'] Med. 
A preparation of certain dried blister beetles, or Spanish 
flies (see blister beetle), used as a diuretic, vesicatory, | 
etc. It was formerly considered an aphrodisiac. 

can'tba-ris (kan'thd-ns), n.;pl. can'THarides (kan-thar'- 
I-dez). [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. 
Kavdapls.] The Spanish fly. See blister beetle. 

cant book. A wooden lever with a movable iron hook near 
the end ; — used for canting or turning over logs, ^ etc 

can'tbus (kan'- 
thus), n.; pi. -thi 
(-thl). [XL.,fr.Gr. 
Kavdos.] Anat. The 
corner on each side of the eye where the upper and under 
eyelids meet. 

ca'n'ti-cle (kan'ti-k'l), n. [L. canticulum, dim, of canti- 
cum song, fr. canere, cantum, to sing.] 1. A song ; esp., a 
Scriptural hymn or chant used in church services. 2. In pi. 
[_cap.] In the Old Testament, the Song of Solomon. 

can'ti-le'ver (-le'ver; -leVer), n. A projecting beam or 
member supported only at one end ; esp., Engineering, 
either of two beams or trusses projecting from piers so that 
when joined they form a span of a bridge. 



m 



Shield with 
Canton in dex- 
ter chief. 




Cant Hook. 




Part of Cantilever Bridge over the Firth of Forth. 

can'til-late (kan'ti-lat), v. t. [L. cantillatus, p. p. of can- 
tillare to sing low, dim. of cantare to sing.] To chant, esp. 
as in Jewish synagogues. — can'til-la'tion (-la'shSn), n. 



can'tle (-t'l), n. [OF. cantel, dim. of cant edge, corner.} 

1. A corner ; a segment or slice. 2. The upwardly pro- 
jecting rear part of a saddle, opposite to the pommel. 

cant'let (kant'let), n. [Dim. of cantle.] A small cantle; 
j a piece ; a fragment. 
can'to (kan'to), n.; pi. -TOS (-toz). [It.] 1. A song. 06s. 

2. One of the chief divisions of a long poem ; a '* book. " 
can'ton (kan'ton; kan-ton'), n. [F., fr. OF. cant edge, 

corner.] 1. Her. A rectangular division \ . i ^ --=> 
of the shield, occupying the upper, usually 
dexter, corner. 2. A division, part, or 
section. 3. A small territorial division ; 
esp., one of the states of the Swiss confed- 
eration. — v. t. 1. To divide into can- 
tons, or districts. 2. To separate off or 
out by dividing or cutting ; — used with 
out or from. Archaic or Obs. 3. To al- 
lot quarters to, as to troops. 

can'ton-al (kan'ton-dl), a. Of or pert, to a 
canton ; of the nature of a canton. 

Can'ton-ese' (kan'ton-ez' ; -es'),a. Of or pert, to Canton, 
as Canton, China. — n. A native or inhabitant of Canton. 

Can'ton flan'nel (kan'ton). A stout cotton fabric having 
a long fleecy nap, used for underclothes, draperies, etc. 

can'ton-ment (kan'ton-ment ; kan-toon'-), n. 1. The can- 
toning of troops. 2. Mil. The place, as in a town, as- 
signed to troops for quarters. 

can'tor (kan'tor), n. [L., a singer, fr. canere to sing.] A 
singer; esp., the leader of a church choir; a precentor. 

can'tUS (kan'tz/s), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. canere to sing.] 
Music. A song ; the plain chant of ancient type ; the giv- 
en melody or theme ; also, the principal voice. 

Ca-nuck' (kd-nuk'), n. In Canada, a French Canadian; in 
the United States, often, any Canadian. Slang. 

can'vas ( kan'vds ), n. [ From F., fr. LL. canabacius 
hempen cloth, canvas, L. cannabis hemp, fr. Gr. Kcwva.- 
0i.s. ] 1. A strong cloth of hemp, flax, or cotton, used 
for tents, sails, etc. 2. Something made of canvas, as a sail, a 
tent, etc., or on canvas, as a painting. 3. A coarse cloth 
so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the 
needle, as in tapestry or worsted work. 

can'vas-back' (-bak'), n. A North .American wild duck 
(Aythya vallisneria) highly esteemed for its flesh. 

can'vass (kan'vds), v. t. 1. To toss in or as in a canvas 
sheet, etc., for sport or punishment. 06s. 2. To examine 
in detail mentally; scrutinize; sift; discuss. 3. To go 
through (a district ),or go to (persons), in order to solicit 
orders, votes, etc. — v. i. To solicit or seek orders, sup- 
port, votes, etc. ; solicit; as, to canvass for a book. 

— n. Act of canvassing. — can'vass-er, n. 

can'y (kan'I), a. Made or consisting of cane or canes. 

can'yon (kan'yHn), n. Var. of canon. 

| can-zo'ne (kan-tso'na), ».; pi. -in (-ne). [It., a song, fr. 
L. cantio, fr. canere to sing.] 1. A song or ballad. 2. 
Music. A setting of such a poem, or a similar instru- 
mental piece. 

can'zo-net' (kan'zo-net'), n. [It. canzonetta."] A short 
song, or vocal piece, commonly light and graceful. 

caout'chouc (koo'chook ; kou'-), n. [F., fr. S. Amer. name.] 
A tenacious, elastic substance got from the milky juice of 
many tropical plants ; India rubber ; gum elastic 

cap (kap), n. [AS. cseppe, fr. LL. cappa.] 1. A covering 
for the head; esp.: a One of lace, muslin, or the like, for 
women or infants, b One usually with a visor and without 
a brim, for men and boys, c One used as a badge of rank, 
office, or dignity. 2. Something resembling, or suggestive 
of, a cap ; as a coveting for the top or end of a thing for 
protection or ornament, a percussion cap,_ the pileus of a 
plant, the kneecap, etc. 3. A size of writing paper ; as, 
flat cap; foolscap; legal cap. 

— v. t. ; capped (kapt) ; cap'plvg. 1. To cover with or as 
with a cap ; cover the top or end of. 2. To crown ; overlie. 
3. To match ; furnish an equal, or an offset, to ; as, to cap 
a proverb. 4. To salute by removing the cap. 

to cap the climax, to top or exceed the climax ; reach the 
utmost limit in action or words, as of absurdity. 

— v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. 

ca'pa-bil'i-ty (ka'pd-bll'I-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity of being capable ; capacity ; esp., intellectual power. 
2. Capacity of being used, improved, or developed. 3. A 
feature, condition, faculty, or the like, capable of develop- 
ment or improvement ; — usually in pi. 

ca'pa-ble (ka'pd-b'l), a. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. capere to take, 
contain.] 1. Able to receive ; having capacity. 2. Capa- 
cious ; comprehensive ; adequate. 06s. 3. Having abil- 
ity ; efficient ; competent. — Syn. Fitted, effective, skillful. 
— ca'pa-ble-ness, n. — ca'pa-bly (-bll), adv. 

ca-pa'cious (kd-pa'sh2s), a. [L. capax, -ads, fr. capere to 
take.] Able to contain much ; large ; spacious. — Syn. 
Full, extensive, wide, broad, roomy, large, considerable. — 
ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. — ca-pa'cious-ness, n. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, y Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



D 






G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



CAPACITATE 



148 



CAPITULATION 





ca-pac'i-tate (kd-pas'i-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'- 
ing. To render capable ; enable ; qualify. 

ca-pac'i-ty (kd-pas'i-tl ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Power of 
receiving or containing ; hence : extent of room or space ; 
content ; volume. 2. Power of receiving and holding ideas, 
knowledge, etc. ; active mental power. 3. Ability ; capa- 
bility ; possibility of being or of doing. 4. Relation ; charac- 
ter ; position ; as, in the capacity of a guide. 5. Law. Legal 
qualification, competency, power, or fitness. — Syn. Facul- 
ty, talent, skill, efficiency, cleverness. 

Cap'a-neus (kap'd-nus; kd-pa'ne-iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ko- 
iraveOs.'] See Seven against Thebes. 

cap'-a-pie' (kap'd-pe'), adv. Often cap-a-pie, though 
not in modern F. [OF. (de) cap a pie from head to foot, fr. 
L. caput head + pes foot.] From head to foot ; at all points. 

ca-par/i-son (kd-par'i-siin), n. [F. caparacon, deriv. of 
Sp. capa cloak.] 1. An ornamental cover- 
ing, or housing, for a horse ; trappings. 2. 
The clothing or dress and ornaments of men 
or women ; outfit. — v. t. To 
cover with a caparison ; hence, 
to dress richly. 

cape (kap), n. [F., fr. LL. 
cappa.~] A sleeveless garment, 
or part of a garment, hanging 
from the neck over the back, 
arms, and shoulders. 

Cape, n. [F. cap, It. capo, fr.L. 
caput head, point.] 1. A point 
or extension of land jutting Caparison of 13th Century, 
out into a sea, lake, or river. 

2. \_cap.; usually the Cape.] Some particular cape, as 
Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope ; familiarly, the Cape 
Province ( formerly Cape Colony ) ; — often used attribu- 
tively ; as, Cape region, Cape diamond, etc. 

cap'e-lin (kap'e-lin ; kap'lin),n. [_F.capelan,caplan,cape- 
lin, lit., needy priest.] A small marine fish (Mallotus 
villosus ) of 
the smelt 
family, used 
as food and 
as a bait for 
the cod. Capelin (Mallotus 

cap'e-line villosus). '*Wr + 

(kap'e-lin), n. [F., prop., armor for the head.] Armor. A 
small skullcap of steel or iron worn by foot soldiers in the 
Middle Ages. Obs. exc. Hist. See helmet, Illust. 

Ca-pel'la (kd-pel'd), n. [L., dim. of caper a goat.] A star 
of the first magnitude in Auriga ; Alpha (a) Aurigae. 

ca'per (ka'per), v. i. [For capreoll. See capriole.] To 
leap or jump about in a sprightly way ; skip ; dance. — n. 
A frolicsome leap ; a skip ; a jump, as in mirth or dancing ; 
a prank. — ca'per-er n. 

ca'per, n. [F. capre, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kairicapvs. ] Any of a 
genus (Capparis) of shrubs ; esp., a low prickly shrub (C. 
spinosa) often cultivated in southern Europe for its green- 
ish flower buds, which are pickled and used in sauces, etc. ; 
also, usually in pi., the flower buds themselves. 

cap'er-cail'lie Hkap'er-kal'yi ; -zi; -i), n. [Gael, capull- 

cap'er-caiFziej coille.'] The largest European grouse (Te- 
trao urogallus). 

ca'pi-as (ka'pi-as; kap'T-as), n. [L., thou mayest take.] 
Law. A writ or process commanding an officer to take 
the body of the person named. 

cap'il-la'ceous (kap'i-la'shus), a. [L. capillaceus hairy, 
fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments ; capillary. 

cap'il-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
capillary. 2. Physics. The action, due to surface tension 
and best observed in capillary tubes, by which the surface 
of a liquid where in contact with a solid, is elevated or de- 
pressed ; capillary action. 

Cap'il-la-ry ( kap'i-la-ri ; kd-pil'd-n ), a. [L. capillaris, 
fr. capillus hair. ] 1. Resembling a hair ; very slender ; 
as, a capillary tube. 2. Pert, to capillary tubes or vessels, 
or to capillarity. 

capillary attraction, c. repulsion, the apparent attrac- 
tion or repulsion exhibited in capillarity. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-r!z). 1. A capillary tube or vessel. 2.Anat. 
A minute, thin-walled vessel ; esp., one of the minute blood 
vessels connecting arteries and veins. 

cap'i-tal (kap'i-tdl), a. [F., fr. L., fr. caput head.] 1. Hav- 
ing reference to, or involving the forfeiture of, the head 
or life ; punishable with death ; as, a capital offense. 2. 
Initial ; — now only in capital letter ( see below ). 3. Of 
primary importance ; vital ; chief. 4. Chief, in a political 
sense, as being the seat of government ; as, a capital city. 
5. Of first-rate quality ; excellent. 6. Of or pert, to capital ; 
as, capital stock. — Syn. Cardinal, leading, prominent. 
capital letter, Print., a leading or heading letter, used at 
the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain 
words, usually distinguished from the small (lower-case) let- 
ters by both different form and larger size. — c. stock or 



fund, a = capital, n. 3. b The amount (whether paid in or 
not) representing the total face value of all the shares of a 
corporation ; — often called simply capital. 

— n. 1. A capital letter. 2. A capital city. 3. A stock of 
accumulated wealth ; as : a The amount of property owned 
at a specified time, b The amount of such property used for 
business purposes. C An aggregation of ( economic ) goods 
used to promote the production of other goods, instead of 
being valuable solely for purposes of immediate enjoyment. 
4.See capital stock or fund, b, under capital, a. ^.Any- 
thing that serves to increase one's power or influence. 

cap'i-tal, n. [L. capitellum, prop., dim. of caput head.] 
The head, or uppermost,, 



member, of a column, 
pilaster, etc. 

cap'i-tal-ism (-iz'm), 
n. 1. The state of hav- 
ing capital; the posi- 
tion of a capitalist. 2. 
An economic system in 
which capital or capi- 
talists play the princi- 
pal part ; the power or 
influence of capital, as 
when in the hands of a 
few. „ 

cap'i-tal-ist, n. One Roman Corinthian, 
who has capital ; esp., 
a person of large prop- 
erty which is or may 
be employed in busi- 
ness. — cap'i-tal-is'- 
tic (-ls'tik), a. 

cap'i-tal-i-za'tion (-1- 
za'shun ; -I-za'shun) ,n. 
Act, process, or result 
of capitalizing. 

cap'i-tal-ize (-Iz), v. t.; 
-ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). 1. To con- 
vert into, or use as, 
capital. 2. To compute 
the present value of (a 
periodical payment) ; 
to convert, as income, 




Composite. 




Moorish. Byzantine. 

Capitals (Arch.). 



into an equivalent capital sum. 3. To write or print with 

an initial capital, or in capital letters. 
cap'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital manner or degree. 
cap'i-tate (-tat), a. [L. capitatus.~\ Headlike; specif.: 

Bot. a Gathered into a head, as a flower, b Enlarged and 

globose, as a stigma. 
cap'Ma'tion ( -ta'shim ), n. QL. capitatio poll tax. ] 1. A 

levying of a tax or charge on each person. 2. A poll tax. 

3. Any uniform payment or fee payable by each person. 
Cap'i-tol (kap'i-tol), n. [ L. capitolium, fr. caput 

head. ] 1. The ancient 

temple of Jupiter at 

Rome on the Capitoline 

hill. 2. The edifice at 

Washington in which 

Congress holds its ses- 
sions ; also {often I. c] , 

a statehouse, U. S. 
Cap'i-to-line (kap'- 

i-to-lIn ; kd-pTt'6- 

lln), a. £j^ggg 

Desig- MBW 
nating.^^ggfff! 
or pert. 

to, one of the seven 
hills of Rome, the 
ancient Capitol The Capitol at Washington, 

upon it, or the gods whose cult centered there, esp. Jupi- 
ter Optimus Maximus.— n. One of the seven hills of Rome. 

ca-pit'U-lar (kd-pit^-ldr), n. [L. capitulum small head, 
chapter, dim. of caput head.] 1. Eccl. A member of a 
chapter. 2. = capitulary, 2. — a. 1. Eccl. Of or pert, 
to a chapter. 2. Bot. Growing in, or pertaining to, a 
capitulum. 3. Anat. Pertaining to a capitulum. 

ca-pit'u-la-ry (-la-ri), n.; pi. -rtes (-nz). 1. A member 
of a chapter, esp. of an ecclesiastical or a masonic chapter. 
2. An ordinance ; chiefly, in pi., a collection of ordinances. 

— a. Of or pertaining to a chapter, esp. an ecclesiastical 
or a masonic chapter. [lum or capitula.l 

ca-pit'u-late (-lat), a. Having, or consisting of, a capitu-| 

ca-pit'u-late (-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. [LL. 
capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to distinguish by chap- 
ters.] To surrender on conditions agreed upon; make 
terms of surrender. 

ca-pit'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. A statement of the heads 
of a subject ; summary. 2. The making of terms or 
conditions; an agreement; a treaty. Obs. exc. specif.; 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (lien, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CAPITULATION DAY 



149 



CAPTIVATION 



as : Any of the conventions by which the Porte granted 
special rights to foreigners. 3. Act or agreement of one 
who capitulates, or surrenders. 

Capitulation Day. The 13th day of August, a legal holi- 
day in the Philippines, commemorating the capitulation of 
Manila to the American troops in 1898. 

ca-pit'U-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who capitulates. 

ca-pit'u-lum (-pitlji-liim), n. ; L. pi. -la (-Id). [L., a small 
head.] 1. Anat. & Zo'dl. A knoblike protuberance of any 
part, as at the end of a bone or cartilage. 2. Bot. An in- 
florescence consisting of a close rounded or flattened cluster 
of sessile flowers, as in the clover and daisy. See inflores- 
cence, Illust. 

ca'ple, ca'pul (ka'p'l), n. A horse. Obs. 

ca'pon (-pon), n. [AS. capun, L. capo, Gr. kLitosv.'] A cas- 
trated cock, esp. one fattened for the table. 

cap'o-nier', cap'o-niere' (kap'6-neP), n. Also cap'on- 
niere'. [F. caponniere, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage 
for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge. See capon.] 
Fort. A work made crosswise in the ditch to sweep it 
with flank fire or to cover a passageway. 

cap'o-raP (kap'6-raP), n. [F.] A kind of cut tobacco. 

ca-poP (kd-poP; formerly kap'wt), n. [F.] Piquet and 
Imperial. A winning of all the tricks, —v. t.; -pot'ted; 
-pot/ting. To win all the tricks from. 

|| ca'po-tas'to (ka'po-taVto), n. [It.] Music. A sort of 
bar or movable nut attached to the finger boardof a lute 
or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uni- 
formly the pitch of all the strings. 

ca-pote' (kd-poP), n. [Sp., fr. LL. capa cape, cloak.] 1. 
A long cloak or overcoat, properly, one with a hood. 2. A 
kind of bonnet with strings, for women and children. 3. A 
leather top or hood for a cabriolet or other vehicle. 

Cap'pa-ri-da'ceous (kap'd-ri-da'shits), a. [L. capparis 
caper.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Capparidacese) of 
herbs, shrubs, or trees, the caper family, distinguished from 
the related brassicaceous plants by the 1-celled capsule. 

cap'per (kap'er), n. 1. A maker or seller of caps. 2. One 
who, or that which, caps (in various senses of the verb). 
3. A by-bidder ; a decoy, as for gamblers. Slang, U. S. 

cap're-o-late ( kap're-6-lat ; kd-pre'- ), a. [L. capreolus 
tendril.] Bot. Having a tendril or tendrils. 

cap'ric (kap'rik), a. [L. caper a goat.] Chem. Pertaining 
to or designating a fatty acid, C9H19CO2H, occurring in 
butter, coconut oil, etc., and having a slight goatlike odor. 

|| ca-pric'cio (ka-prePcho),n.; pi. It. -ci (-che), E. -cios 
(-choz). [It.] A caper ; trick ; caprice. 

|| ca'pric-cio'so (ka'pret-cho'so), a. & adv. [It.] Music. 
In a free, fantastic style ; — used as a direction. 

Ca-price' (kd-preV), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper, capra, 
goat.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, 
due to a whim or fancy ; a freak ; fantastic notion. 2. 
The mental disposition or state which produces or is sub- 
ject to such changes ; capriciousness. 
Syn. Humor, fancy, whim, whimsey, quirk, freak, vagary, 
crotchet. — Caprice, freak, whim, vagary, crotchet 
agree in the idea of a sudden or arbitrary fancy, desire, or 
change of mind. Caprice emphasizes the lack of apparent 
motive, and implies a certain willfulness or wantonness ; 
this implication is even stronger in the adj. capricious; as, 
they had no reason for the act except the caprice of their 
good pleasure. Freak denotes an impulsive, seemingly 
causeless, change of mind, like that of a child or a lunatic. 
A whim is a mental eccentricity ; it suggests not so much 
a sudden as a quaint, fantastic, or humorous turn or in- 
clination. Vagary suggests still more strongly an erratic, 

I extravagant, or irresponsible character. A crotchet is a 
perversely heretical or whimsical opinion on some (often) 
unimportant or trivial point. 

ca-prPcious (-prish'us), a. 1. Fanciful. 06s. 2. Governed 
or characterized by caprice ; freakish ; apt to change sud- 
denly and without reason ; changeable. — Syn. Whimsi- 
cal, fickle, crotchety, fitful, unsteady, inconstant. — ca-prP- 
cious-ly, adv. — ca-pri'cious-ness, n. 

Cap'ri-corn (kapTT-korn) ) n. ; L. gen. -ni (kap'ri-kor'nT). 

Cap'ri-cor'nus (-kor'nus)/ [L. capricornus; caper goat 
+ cornu horn.] Astron. a A southern zodiacal constella- 
tion between Sagittarius and Aquarius, pictured as a goat ; 
the Goat, b The tenth sign [l$>] of the zodiac, which the 
sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21st. 

cap'ri-fi-cate (kap'ri-fi-kat ; kd-priPi-), v. t. [L. capri- 
ficare."] To subject to, or cause to ripen by, caprification. 

Cap'ri-fi-ca'tion (kap'ri-fi-kjpshfin), n. [L. caprificatio, 
fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus 
the wild fig ; caper goat + ficus fig.] An artificial method 
of pollinating the cultivated fig to insure its ripening, by 
suspending in the tree fruits of the caprifig containing 
the fig wasp ( Blastophaga grossorum) . The insects emerge 
from the caprifigs and enter the edible figs, effecting 
cross-poll inat ion. 
cap'ri-fi-ca'tor (kapTi-fT-ka'ter ; kd-prif'i-), n. One who 

performs the process of caprification. 
cap'ri-fig' (kap'ri-figQ, n. [L. caprificus."] Bot. a The 




Capstan. 



wild fig (Ficus carica sylvestris) of southern Europe and 
Asia Minor, b The fruit of this tree, commonly used for 
caprificating the edible fig. 

cap'ri-fo'li-a'ce-ous (-fo'li-a'shus), a. [LL. caprifolium 
honeysuckle ; L. caper goat -{-folium leaf.] Bot. Belong- 
ing to a family (Capri foliacese) of plants, the honeysuckle 
family, consisting of woody vines, shrubs, or perennial herbs 
having opposite estipulate leaves and, often, showy flowers. 

cap'ri-form (kap'ri-form), a. [L. caper goat -+- -form."] 
Goat-shaped. 

cap'ri-ole (-51), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper goat.] 1. A 
leap or caper, as in dancing. Rare. 2. A kind of leap 
that a horse makes with all fours without advancing. 

—v. i. ; cap'ri-oled (-old) ; -ol'ing. To perform a capriole. 

ca-pro'ic (kd-pro'Ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to or designat- 
ing a fatty acid, CsHu • CO2H, found in company with 
capric acid. It is a colorless oil with a faint rancid odor. 

cap'si-cum (kap'si-kum), n. [NL.,fr. L. capsa box, chest.] 
Any of various tropical herbs and shrubs, of the nightshade 
family, yielding very pungent berries called chilies or pep- 
pers ; also, the dried and pulverized fruit of these plants. 

cap-size' (kap-siz'), v. t. & i.; -sized' (-slzd') ; -siz'ing 
(-sTz'ing). To upset or overturn, as a vessel. 

cap'stan (kap'stdn), n. [From F. or Pr., fr. Sp., fr. L., fr. 
capere to hold.] A vertical revolving 
drum or cylinder much used, esp. on 
shipboard, for exerting power by trac- 
tion on a cable drawn around it. 

cap'su-lar (-su-ldr), a. Of, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a capsule. — < 
cap'su-la-ry (-la-n), a. 

cap'su-late (-su-lat) \a. Inclosed in, 

cap'su-laPed (-lafed)J or formed in- 
to, a capsule. 

cap'sule (-sul), n. [L. capsula a little 
box, fr. capsa case.] 1. Anat. A membrane or saclike 
structure inclosing a part or organ. 2. Bot. Any closed 
vessel containing spores or 
seeds ; specif., in seed plants, a 
dry, dehiscent, usually many- 
seeded, fruit composed of two 
or more carpels. See fruit, 
Illust. 3. Med. A small cylin- 
drical or spherical envelope 
for offensive doses of medicine. 
capsules of the brain, Anat., 
layers or laminae of white 
matter in the cerebrum. 

cap'tain(-tin),n. [From OF., 
fr. LL., fr. L. caput head.] 
1. A chief or headman ; a 
leader. 2. Mil. An officer of 
the army or marine corps. Capsules, 2: a Datura ; a , 
See army. 3. Nav. A naval Poppy ; c Gentian, 

officer entitled to command a man-of-war. See navy. 4. 
Naut. The commanding officer, or master, of a vessel. 5. A 
person having authority over others acting in concert ; as, 
in sports, the leader of a side or team. — v. t. To act as 
captain of ; to lead. — cap'tain-cy (-si), cap' tain-ship, n. 

cap'tion (kap'shun), n. [L. captio, fr. capere to take.] 

1. Act of taking or seizing ; seizure ; esp. : a Chiefly Scots 
Law. Arrest, by legal process, b In early times, the 
taking, by way of tax, by the sovereign of a percentage 
of goods exported. 2. Law. That part of a legal instru- 
ment, as an indictment, which shows where, when, and by 
what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. 3. A 
heading of a chapter, section, page, etc. Chiefly U. S. 

cap'tious (-shus), a. 1. Apt or calculated to entrap or 
entangle subtly ; insidious ; also, due to a caviling spirit. 

2. Apt to catch at _ faults ; caviling ; carping. — Syn. 
Faultfinding, hypercritical, censorious, severe. — cap'- 
tious-ly, adv. — cap'tious-ness, n. 

cap'ti-vate (-ti-vat), v. t.; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. [L. 
captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, captivus cap- 
tive.] 1. To capture ; subdue. Now Rare. 2. To acquire 
ascendancy over by art or attraction ; fascinate. 
Syn. Charm, fascinate, enchant, bewitch, transport, rav- 
ish, enrapture. — Captivate, charm, fascinate, enchant, 
bewitch agree in the idea of a strong attraction. To 
captivate is to enthrall or capture the fancy by some 
special excellence, with no particular implication of magic 
influences ; as, a hero captivates a romantic girl ; captivating 
frankness. Charm has lost its original connotation of mag- 
ic and implies simply the attractive power of that which 
gives delight ; as, there was a charm in his voice. Fascinate 
still suggests the exercise as it were of an irresistible spell, 
sometimes with implication of an effort to resist ; as, a fasci- 
nating subject. In enchant and bewitch the original con- 
notation is often latent ; enchanting commonly suggesting 
such compelling qualities as hold and bind, bewitching, such 
engaging graces as draw and allure ; as, enchanting music, 
a bewitching smile. 

cap^i-va'tion (-va'shim), n. A captivating. Chiefly Fig. 




D 



H \ 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CAPTIVE 



150 



CARBON PAPER 




Cap'tive (kap'tYv), n. [L. captivus, fr. caper e to take.] 
1. A prisoner, esp. in war. 2. One captivated by beauty, 
excellence, or affection. — a. 1. Made or held prisoner, esp. 
in war ; kept in confinement or bondage ; as, to hold one 
captive. 2. Charmed ; captivated. 3. Of or pert, to cap- 
tivity. — v. t. To capture ; captivate. 

cap-tiVi-ty ( kap-tiv'i-ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of 
being a captive ; bondage. — Sy n. Imprisonment, confine- 
ment, servitude, slavery, thralldom, serfdom. 

cap'tor (kap'tor ), n. One who captures a person or thing. 

capture (kap'tur), n. [L. captura.] 1. Act of seizing by 
force or stratagem. 2. Thing captured; prize; prey. — 
Syn. Seizure, apprehension, arrest. — v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; 
-tur-ing. To take captive^ seize by force or stratagem. 

ca-puche' ( kd-poosh' ; -pooch' ), n. [Deriv. of LL. capu- 
tium, fr. cappa cloak.] A hood ; cowl, esp. of a Capuchin. 

Cap'u-Chin (kap'u-chin ; kap'u-shen' ), n. [F., fr. It. cap- 
puccio hood.] 1. A Franciscan monk of an austere branch 
wearing a pointed capuche. 2. [I. c] A hooded cloak for 
women. 3. [ I. c. ] Any of a genus ( Cebus ) of long-tailed 
American monkeys (esp. C. capucinus). 

Cap'U-let (kap'u-let), n. See Romeo. 

Ijca'put (ka'piZt; kap'ut), n.; L. pi. capita (kap'i-td). 
[L., the head.] 1. Anat. Head; specif., a knoblike pro- 
tuberance. 2. The top of a thing. 3. Formerly, a ruling 
council of the University of Cambridge, Eng. 

cap'y-ba'ra (kap'i-ba'rd), n. [Sp. capibara, it. the native 
name.] A large South 
American rodent 
(Hydrochoerus hy- 
drochoerus), largely 
aquatic in habit. It 
is the largest existing 
rodent. It is related to 
the guinea pig. 

car (kar), n. [From 
OF., fr. L. carrus.'] 
1. A vehicle moved 
onwheels; specifi- Capybara. 

cally : a A chariot of war or of triumph. Poetic, b A ve- 
hicle for use on a railroad ; as, freight car, trolley car, etc. 
C An automobile. 2. [cap.] The seven stars of the Great 
Bear ; — called also Charles's Wain or Wagon, also often 
the Dipper. 3. The cage of an elevator, or lift. 4. The bas- 
ket, box, or cage of a balloon. 5. A floating perforated box 
for keeping fish, lobsters, etc., alive. U. S. 

Hca'ra-ba'o (ka'ra-ba'o), n.; pi. carabaos (-oz). [Native 
name.] A water buffalo. Phil. I. 

car/a-bin (kar'd-bTn), car'a-bine (-bin), n. A carbine. 

car'a-bi-neer', -nier/ (kar'd-bi-ner'), n. [F. carabinier."] 
A soldier, esp. a cavalry soldier, armed with a carbine. 
See soldier, Illust. 

car'a-cal (kar'd-kal), n. [F. caracal, fr. Turk, qarahqu- 
laq; qarah black + qulaq ear.] A lynx (Lynx caracal), 
native of Africa and Asia, reddish brown in color, with the 
ears black and tipped with long black hairs. 

ca'ra-ca'ra (ka'rd-ka'rd ; kd-ra'kd-ra'), n. [Tupi cara- 
card.~] Any of certain species of large hawks, mostly South 
American, of vulturelike habits ; as : the common caracara 
(Polyborus tharus), the black caracara (Ibycter ater), etc. 

car'ack, car'rack (kar'dk), n. [From F., fr. LL. carraca.'] 
A kind of large ship ; a galleon. Obs. or Hist. 

car'a-cole (-d-kol), car'a-col (-kol), n. [From F., fr. Sp. 
caracol, lit., snail.] Manege. A half turn to right or left; 
any turn in a zigzag course. — v. i. ; -coled (-kold) ; -col- 
ing. To perform a caracole, or move in caracoles. 

ca'ra-CUl' (ka'rd-kobl' ; pop. kar'd-kul), n. See karakul. 

ca-rafe' (kd-raf r ), n. [F.] A kind of glass water bottle. 

car'a-geen, car'a-gheen. Vars. of carrageen. 

car/am-Wla (kaVdm-bo'ld),™. [Pg.] An East Indian tree 
( Averrhoa carambola) of the sorrel family ; also, its acid 
fruit, eaten as a preserve. 

car'a-mel ( kar'd-mel ), n. [ F. ] 1. Burnt sugar, used for 
coloring and flavoring. 2. A kind of confection. — v. i. & t. 
To turn into caramel. — car'a-mel-ize (-Tz), v. t. & i. 

ca-ran'goid (kd-rar/goid), a. [Carangus^ the type genus 
+ -oid.~\ Zo'ol. Of or pert, to a large family (Carangidse) 
of marine acanthopterygian fishes containing the pompanos 
cavallas, etc. 

car'a-pace (kar'd-pas),ra. [F.,fr. Sp.] A bony or chitinous 
case covering an animal's back, as the turtle's upper shell. 

car'a-pax (-paks), n. [NL.] = carapace. 

car'at (kar'at), n. [F., fr. Ar., fr. Gr. Ke.pb.Tiov little horn, 
carob bean, a carat.] 1. A unit of weight for precious 
stones, as diamonds, being 200 milligrams (or about 3| 
grains troy). 2. A twenty-fourth part; — used in stating 
the proportionate fineness of gold ; as, 14 carats fine, i. e., 
being 14 parts gold and 10 alloy. 

car'a-van (kar'd-van ; kar'd-van'), n. [From F., fr. Per. 
karwan a caravan.] 1. A company traveling together, 
esp. through a desert or dangerous country. 2. A covered 



vehicle of any of various sorts ; as : a In the 17th and 
18th centuries, a vehicle for carrying a number of people ; 
— now called a van. b Now, a large covered wagon 
variously used, as for conveying wild beasts for exhibition, 
for moving furniture, etc., as a traveling house, etc. ; a van. 

car'a-van'sa-ry ( -van'sd-rl ), n.; pi. -ries (-rTz). Also 
car'a-van'se-rai (-se-ri). [From F., fr. Per. karwan- 
sarai; karwan caravan -f- sard'i palace, inn.] 1. A kind 
of rude inn, in the East, where caravans rest. 2. A large 
hotel or inn. 

car'a-vel (kar'd-vel), n. [Through F., Sp., & L., fr. Gr. 
K6.pa.0os a kind of ship.] Naut. Any of several kinds of 
vessels, usually small sailing vessels. 

car'a-way (-d-wa), n. [Through F. & Ar., fr. Gr. K&pov.'] 
A biennial apiaceous plant (Carum carui) having seeds 
with aromatic smell and pungent taste. [acid.j 

car'ba-mate (kar'bd-mat), n. A salt or ester of carbamicj 

car-bam/ic (kar-bam'ik), a. {carbon + omido.] Chem. 
Pertaining to or designating an acid, NH2 • CO2H, occurring 
as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate. 
It may be regarded as an amino derivative of formic acid. 

car'ba-mide ( kar'bd-mld ; -mid ), n. [car&onyl -J- amide.] 
Chem. Urea. 

car 'bide (kar'bld ; -bid), n. Chem. A binary compound of 
carbon ; specif., calcium carbide (which see). 

Car'bine (-bin), n. [From F., fr. carabin carabineer.] A 
short, light rifle or, formerly, musket, used esp. by cavalry. 

car'bi-neer/ (-bi-ner'). Var. of carabineer. 

car'bo-hy'drate (kaVbo-hi'drat), n. Chem. Any of a group 
of compounds, including the sugars, starches, celluloses, 
etc., composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

car'bo-late (kar'bo-lat), n. Chem. A salt of carbolic acid. 

Car'bo-lafed (-lat'ed), a. Impregnated with carbolic acid. 

car-bol'iC (kar-bol'ik), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] 
Designating a substance technically called phenol, esp. in 
solution. See phenol. 

car'bo^lize (kar'bo-llz), v. t.; -lized (-lizd) ; -liz'ing (-Hz'- 
Ing). Med. To wash or treat with carbolic acid. 

car/bon (-bon), n. [From F., fr. L. carbo coal.] 1. Chem. 
An elementary substance occurring native as the diamond 
and also as graphite, and forming a constituent of coal and 
carbonates and of all organic compounds. Symbol, C ; at. 
wt., 12.00. 2. Elec. A carbon rod or pencil used in an 
arc lamp, or a piece of carbon used as an element of a vol- 
taic battery. 

car/bo-na'ceous (kaVbo-na'shfts), a. Pertaining to, com- 

i posed of, or containing carbon. 

car'bo-na'do (-bo-na'do), n. ; pi. -does or -dos (-d5z). 
[From Sp., fr. L. carbo coal.] A piece of flesh or fish scored 
across, seasoned, and broiled. — v. 1. 1. To score across and 
broil ; hence, to broil. 2. To cut ; slash. Obs. 

car bo-na'do (-na'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [Pg., carbon- 
ated.] An opaque, dark-colored variety of diamond, found 
in Brazil, and used for drills ; — called also black diamond. 

ICar'bo-na'ro (-na'ro), n.; pi. -nari (-re). [It., a coal 
man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, 
organized in the early part of the 19th century for the 
purpose of changing the government into a republic ; — 
usually in the -pi. — Car/bo-na'rism (-riz'm), n. 

car'bon-ate (kaVbon-at), n. Chem. A salt or ester of car- 
bonic acid. — v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To car- 
bonize. 2. Chem. To convert into a carbonate ; impregnate 
with carbonic acid. — car'bon-a'tion (-a'shitn), n. 

carbon dioxide. A heavy colorless and odorless gas, CO2, 
which extinguishes flame and is unfit ior breathing. Plants 
absorb it from the air and decompose it, assimilating the 
carbon, and returning most of the oxygen. See carbonic 
acid. 

car-bon'ic (kar-bon'Ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or obtained 
from, carbon. 

carbonic acid, Chem., an acid, H2CO3, existing only in 
solution and reacting with bases to form carbonates. It 
breaks up readily into water and carbon dioxide (often 
called carbonic acid or carbonic acid gas). 

car'bon-if'er-OUS (kar'bon-if'er-its), a. [carbon + -fer- 
ous.~] 1. Producing or containing carbon or coal. 2. 
\_cap.~] Geol. Of, pert, to, or designating, a Paleozoic 
period following the Devonian, or the system of rocks 
formed during this period ; — so called from the great coal 
beds in the system. Specif., designating : a The entire 
period between the Devonian and the Triassic. b The period 
between the Devonian and the Permian. C The period of 
the coal measures ; — called also Pennsylvanian. 

car'bon-ize (kaVbon-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
Jng). 1. To reduce to a residue of carbon as by fire; char. 
2. To impregnate or combine with carbon. — car'bon-i- 
za'tion (-T-za'shftn ; -T-za'-) , n. 

carbon monoxide. Chem. A colorless, odorless gas, CO, a 
product of the incomplete combustion of carbon. It burns 
with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide. It is very 
poisonous. 

carbon paper. Thin paper coated with a preparation of 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CARBON PROCESS 



151 



CARDITIS 



lampblack, or of some color, used in making written 
copies. Pressure on the back causes the color to be trans- 
ferred to paper laid against it. 

Carbon process. Photog. A printing process depending on 
the effect of light on gelatin sensitized with potassium di- 
chromate. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and 
a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. 

car'bon-yl (kar'bon-Il), n. [ carbon + -yl. ] Chem. The 
bivalent radical CO, occurring only in compounds, as 
the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. 
Though denoted by the same formula as carbon monoxide, 
it is chemically distinct. — car'bon-yl'ic (-Tl'ik), a. 

Carbonyl chloride. Chem. A colorless gas, COCI2, formed 
from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence 
of light, and hence sometimes called phosgene. 

car'bo-run'dum (-bo-run'dum), n. [carbon 4- corundum^ 
A compound of carbon and silicon, SiC, harder than emery. 

car-DOX'yl (kar-bok'sil), n. [carbon + oxygen -\ — yl.~] 
Chem. The univalent radical CO -OH, the characteristic 
group of almost all the organic acids, as formic, acetic, 
and benzoic acids. — car'box-yl'ic (-sil'ik), a. 

car'boy (kar'boi), n. A large globular glass bottle, esp. 
one inclosed in wickerwork or a box, as for carrying acids. 

car'bun-cle (-bun-k'l), n. [From OF., fr. L. carbunculus, 
dim. of carbo coal.] 1. Formerly, any of several deep red 
minerals, as the ruby ; now, the garnet cut in convex form 

1 without facets. 2. A painful local inflammation of the sub- 
cutaneous tissue, larger than a boil and often fatal. 3. A 
pimple or red spot due to intemperance. 

car-bun'cu-lar (kar-bun'ku-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a car- 
buncle ; like a carbuncle ; inflamed. 

car'bu-ret (-bu-ret), n. [From carbon.] Chem. A carbide. 
Archaic. — v. t.; -ret'ed or -ret'ted ; -ret'ing or -ret'- 
ting. To combine or impregnate with carbon, or, esp., with 
a volatile carbon compound ; as, to carburet water gas by 
passing it over or through benzene, to increase its illumi- 
nating power. 

car'bu-ret'ant (-ret 'ant), n. Any carbureting agent. 

car'bu-ret'or, car'bu-reftor (-ret'er), n. That which car- 
burets, as an apparatus by which 
air is mingled with the vapor of 
petroleum oil. 

car'bu-rize (-riz), 
v. t. ; - r 1 z e D 
(-rizd) ; -riz'ing 
(-riz'Tng) .To com- 
bine or impregnate 
with carbon ; as, 
to carburize iron. 
— car'bu-ri-za'- 
tion (-ri-za'shun ; 
-rl-za'shun), n. — 
car'bu -riz'er 
(-rlz'er), n. 

car'ca-jou(-kd-jdo; 
-zhoo), n. [Can. 
F. corrupt, of an 
Indian name of the 
wolverene.] Zool. 
The wolverene. 
Sometimes, the 
Canada lynx, the 
cougar, or the 
American badger. 

car'ca-net (-kd- 
net), n. [Dim. fr. 
F.,fr.LL.] An or- 
namental chain, necklace, or collar, usually of gold or jew- 
eled. Archaic. 

car'case (kar'kds), n. Var. of carcass. 

car'cass (-kds), n. ; pi. -casses (-ez ; 24). [From F., fr. It. 
carcassa.'] 1. A dead body of a beast or (now only in con- 
tempt) of a human being. 2. The living material, or physi- 
cal, body. 06s. or Contemptuous. 3. Anything from 
which the vital principle is gone. 4. The abandoned and 
decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as 
a ship ; the skeleton of a thing, as of a building. — Syn. 

, See body. 

car'cel (-sel), n. Photom. A light standard much used in 
France, being the light from a lamp (Car eel lamp) of stated 
size and construction consuming 42 grams of colza oil per 
hour with a flame 40 millimeters in height. Its illuminat- 
ing power is from 8.9 to 9.6 British standard candles. 

Carcel lamp. [After B. G. Carcel (d.1812), the inventor.] 
a A French mechanical lamp, in which the oil is pumped 
to the wick tube by clockwork, b See carcel. 

car'ci-no'ma (-sT-no'md),n.; L. pi. -nomata (-md-td). [L., 
fr. Gr. KapKlvuna, fr. ko.pk.Ivos crab, cancer. See-OMA.] 
Med. Any of a class of cancers, typically painful and tender, 
arising from epiblastic or hypoblasticepithelia. The neigh- 
boring lymphatic glands become large and tender. Carcino- 
mata include the majority of malignant tumors. 




Float-ff 
bure 
Float 



control 
'lever 
valve 



as to regulate 
gasoline supply through C; D Needle 
Valve regulating flow of gasoline to 
Mixing Chamber E through Spraying 
Nozzle F, through which it is drawn by 
engine ; G Auxiliary Air Inlet Valve 
controlled by Spring H, adjusted by K ; 
L Exit to engine ; M Throttle Valve. 



card (kard), n. [F. carte, L. charta, Gr. x&ptvs a leaf of 
paper.] 1. A playing card. 2. In pi. A game or games 
played with cards ; card playing. 3. A person or thing 
compared to, or thought of as resembling, some card, the 
effect of playing which in a game is in mind ; — used with 
adjectives, as sure, good, safe, likely, doubtful, etc. 4. A 
flat, stiff, usually rectangular, piece of paper or thin paste- 
board, variously used ; as, a post card, indicator card, 
Easter card, birthday card. 5. A program of, or a form for 
keeping a record of, the items of races, games, etc. ; hence, 
an attraction ; as, a drawing card. 6. A published note of 
explanation, request, etc. , as in a newspaper. U. S. 

— v. t. 1. To place or fasten on, or by means of, a card. 
2. To provide with a card. 

card, n. [F. carde teasel, thistle head, card, fr. L. carduus, 
cardus, thistle.] 1. An implement for raising a nap on 
cloth. 2. An instrument for combing cotton, wool, flax, 
hair, etc. — v. t. To comb with or as with a card. 

car'da-mom (kaVdd-mum) , n. Also -mum, -mon (-mun). 
[From L., fr. Gr. KapS&fiwuoi'.'] 1. The aromatic capsu- 
lar fruit of any of several Oriental plants of the ginger 
family, used as a condiment, etc. 2. A plant that pro- 
duces cardamoms (esp. Elettaria cardamomum and spe- 
cies of Amomum). 

card'board' (kard'bord^; 57), n . A stiff compact paste- 
board of various qualities, for making cards, etc. 

card'ease' (4caV), n. A case for visiting cards. 

car'de-CU (kar'de-ku), n. [From quart d'ecu.2 An old 
French silver coin worth about 24 cents. 

card'er (kar'der), n. One who, or that which, cards wool, 
flax, etc. 

car'di-ac (-dT-ak), a. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. Kapola heart.] 
Anat. 1. Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the heart. 2. 
Of, pertaining to, or designating, the part of the stomach 
into which the esophagus opens, or the whole stomach ex- 
cept the narrow pyloric end. 3. Med. Exciting action in 
the heart ; cordial. — n. A medicine that excites action in 
the heart ; a cordial. — car-di'a-cal (kar-dl'd-kdl), a. 

car'di-al'gi-a (kar'di-al'ji-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KapdiaXyla; 
Kapdla heart + o.\yos pain.] Med. A burning or gnaw- 
ing pain, or feeling of distress, usually a symptom of indi- 
gestion, referred to the region of the heart ; heartburn. 

car'di-gan (kar'di-gdn), n., or cardigan jacket, [After 
an Earl of Cardigan.] A warm jacket of knit worsted. 

car'di-nal (-ndl), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo hinge, that 
on which anything turns or depends.] 1. Of fundamental 
importance ; chief ; principal. 2. Of or pert, to a cardinal 
or the cardinals. 3. Of or designating the bright red color 
of a cardinal's hat, cassock, etc. 
cardinal bird, or c. grosbeak, any 
of several brightly colored American 
song birds of the finch family. — 
c. flower, the brilliant red flower of 
an American herbaceous plant {Lo- 
belia cardinalis) ; also, the plant. 

— c. number or numeral, a primary 
number or numeral used in simple 
counting, etc. — c. points, Geog., the 
four principal points of the compass. 

— c. virtues, preeminent virtues; 
among the ancients, prudence , jus- 
tice, temperance, and fortitude, to 
which some modern writers add faith, 
hope, and charity. 

car'di-nal, n. 1. R. C. Ch. One of 
the ecclesiastical princes appointed 
by the Pope, and constituting his 
council. 2. A woman's short hooded 
cloak, orig. of bright red cloth. 3. Cardinal Bird (Cardt- 
a Cardinal red (see cardinal, a., 3). nalis cardinalis). (i) 
D A dyestuff for dyeing cardinal red, obtained as a by- 
product in the manufacture of magenta. — car'di-nal- 
ship', n. 

car'di-nal-ate^-at), n. Office, rank, or dignity of a cardi- 
nal ; the cardinals collectively. 

car'di-nal-ly, adv. In a cardinal manner or degree ; funda- 
mentally. 

car'di-O- (kar'di-o-). Combining form from Greek Kapbla, 
heart, as in cardiograph, cardiology, cardiometer, etc. 

car'di-C~graph / (-graf ), n. Physiol. An instrument that, 
when in contact with the chest, registers graphically the 
comparative duration and intensity of the heart's move- 
ments. — car'di-o-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. 

car r di-oid (kaVdT-oid), n. [Gr. KapSio-eiS-hs heart-shaped; 
Kapdla heart 4- elSos shape.] Math. The one-cusped epi- 
cycloid traced by any point of a circle that rolls all round 
on an equal circle. 

car'di-ol'o-gy (-0F0-J1), n. The science that treats of the 
heart and its functions. 

car-di'tisOiar-dl'tisJ.n. [NL. ; Gr. Kapola heart + -itis.J 
Med. Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart. 




D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. =1 equals. 



M 



CARDOON 



152 



CARMINE 



Car-dOOn' (kar-d6on'), n. [From F., fr. LL., fr. L. car- 
duns, cardus, thistle.] A kind of large edible thistlelike 
plant (Cynara cardunculus) , related to the artichoke. 

care (kar), n. [AS. earn, cearu.~] 1. Grief; sorrow. 06s. 
2. A burdensome sense of responsibility ; anxiety ; con- 
cern. 3. Serious attention of mind ; heed ; as, have a care ; 
take care. 4. Charge ; oversight ; as, addressed in care of. 
5. A person or thing that is an object of care, or concern. 
Syn. Care, concern, solicitude, anxiety agree in the idea 
of mental burden or troubled thought. Care implies a dis- 
quieting sense of oppression ; as, a careworn face. Concern 
implies anxious thought, often inspired by interest or re- 
gard ; as, concern for a friend's safety. Solicitude suggests 
greater uneasiness than concern, but is less distressing than 
anxiety ; it often implies fond or tender care ; as, he showed 
a constant solicitude for his daughter's welfare. Anxiety is a 
disturbing uneasiness regarding what is future or uncertain. 

— v. i. ; cared (kard) ; car'ing (kar'ing). 1. To have, feel, 
or exercise, care. 2. a To have an inclination or wish ( to ) ; 
as, I do not care to go. b To have a fondness or affection ; 

— usually with for; as, he does not care for me. 
ca-reen' (kd-ren'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. carina keel of a 

ship.] Naut. a To cause (a vessel) to lean over on one 
side ; also, to clean, calk, or repair (a vessel in this position). 
b To cause to be off the keel, or to heel over. 

— v. i. To lie or heel over. — n. Act or process of careening. 
ca-reer/ (kd-rer'), n. [F. carriere race course, highroad, 

street, L. carrus wagon.] 1. A race course. Obs. 2. A 
running ; course, esp. a swift one ; hence : speed ; full speed ; 

— chiefly in such phrases as in full career. 3. General 
course of action or conduct, as in a calling or in some 
undertaking, esp. when notable ; as, Washington's career as 
a soldier. 

— v. i. To move or run rapidly. — v. t. 1. To cause to 
career, as a horse. 2. To go over or across in a career. 

care'ful (kar'fool), a. 1. Full of care ; anxious. Archaic. 
2. Filling with care ; painful. Obs. or Archaic. 3. Tak- 
ing care or heed ; cautious. 4. Marked by care ; done with 
care. — care'ful-ly, adv. — care'ful-ness, n. 
Syn. Watchful, vigilant ; guarded, chary ; heedful, thought- 
ful, prudent, judicious, cautious, wary, circumspect, dis- 
creet. — Careful, cautious, wary, circumspect, dis- 
creet. Careful suggests watchfulness, without necessary 
implication of danger ; cautious implies some contingency 
against which one guards ; as, carefully made prepara- 
tions ; he is too generous to be cautious. Wary suggests 
more strongly than cautious, suspicion of danger and alert- 
ness or vigilance ; as, the mouse ran warily across the 
room. Circumspect rather implies attentive deliberation 
or habitual prudence, esp. in matters of peculiar delicacy 
or difficulty ; as, be wise and circumspect. Discreet sug- 
gests esp. caution with respect to speech or conduct ; as, 
a secret may safely be intrusted to a discreet man. 

Sare'less (kar'les), a. 1. Free from care, anxiety, or solici- 
tude ; as, careless infancy. 2. Having no care ; uncon- 
cerned ; also, not taking proper care ; heedless ; inatten- 
tive ; as, he was careless of his clothes. 3. Not receiving 
or exhibiting care : a Not attended to or cared for ; as, a 
careless trifle, b Done, made, caused, or the like, with- 
out attention to rule or system ; unstudied ; spontaneous ; 
as, a careless speech, c Done, said, or caused, without 
due care ; negligent ; heedless ; as, a careless mistake. — 
Syn. Unconcerned, thoughtless, negligent, inattentive, un- 
studied. — care'less-ly, adv. — care'less-ness, n. 

car'er (kar'er), n. One who cares. 

ta-ress' (kd-res'), n. [Through F., It., & LL., fr. L. carus 
dear.] An act of endearment ; an embracing or touching 
with tenderness. — v. t. To treat with tokens of fondness, 
affection, or kindness ; fondle. — ca-ress'er, n. 
Syn. Pet, coddle, caress, fondle. — Caress, fondle. Ca- 
ress suggests softness of touch, and implies tenderness, 
but not undue familiarity. To fondle is to handle, or 
toy with, the object of affection, and often suggests lack 
of dignity. 

ca-res'sive (-iv), a. Of the nature of a caress; expressing 
endearment. 

iar/et (kar'et ; ka'ret ; 3), n. [L. caret there is wanting.] 
A mark [ A ] used by writers and proof readers to indicate 
that something interlined or in the margin belongs in the 
place marked. 

care'worn' (kar'worn'; 57), a. Worn with care. 

car/go (kar'go), n. ; pi. -goes or -gos (-goz). [Sp., fr. 
cargar to load.] The lading or freight of a ship or other 
vessel ; load ; freight. — Syn. See freight. [grebe. I 

car/goose' (-goos'), n.; pi. -geese' ,(-geV). The crested) 

Car'ib (kar'ib), n. [See cannibal.] An Indian of a lin- 
guistic stock now chiefly confined to Brazil and Guiana, 
but formerly occupying also the Lesser Antilles. 

Car/ib-be'an (-i-be'dn), a. Of or pertaining to the Caribs, 
or the Caribbean Sea. — n. A Carib. 

1 ca-ri'be (ka-re'ba ; kar'i-be), n. [Sp., a cannibal.] Any 
of several South American fresh-water fishes (genus Ser- 
rasalmo) , remarkable for their voracity. 

car'i-bou ( kar'f-boo; kar'T-boo' ), n. ( See plural, 




Note.) [Can. F., fr. Amer. In- 
dian, prop., pawer, scratcher.] 
Any of several species or varie- 
ties of reindeer of northern 
North America and Greenland. 
car'i-ca-ture (kar'i-kd-tijr), ». 
[It. caricatura, fr. 
caricare to charge, 
overload, exagger- 
ate.] 1. A distor- 
tion by exaggera- 
tion, producing a 
grotesque or ridic- 
ulous effect, as in 
a picture. 2. A 
picture, figure, or 
description show- 
ing such exaggera- 
tion of the peculi- 
arities of a person 

or thing. Caribou {Rangifer caribou). 

Syn. Caricature, burlesque, parody, travesty. A cari- 
cature is a ludicrous exaggeration or distortion of char- 
acteristic or peculiar features. A burlesque is an imita- 
tion made grotesquely incongruous either by treating a 
trifling subject in mock-heroic vein, or by giving to a seri- 
ous subject a frivolous turn. A parody treats a ridicu- 
lous subject in the exact style (esp. in its mannerisms) 
of some serious and (usually) well-known composition or 
writer ; in a travesty the subject remains unchanged, but 
the style is made extravagant or absurd. 
— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -Turing. To make a caricature of. 
— car'i-ca-tur'ist (kar'i-kd-tfl'rist ; kar'i-kd-tu'nst), n. 
ca'ri-es (ka'rT-ez), n. [L.] Med. Decay ; esp., ulceration 
of bone in which the bone is carried away piecemeal. 
car'il-lon (kar'i-lon; F. ka/re'yoN'), n. [F., a chime of 
bells, orig. of four bells.] 1. Music, a A set of bells 
played by machinery or by finger keys, b An instrument, 
or an attachment to one, imitating in sound a carillon of 
bells. See glockenspiel. 2. A tune adapted for a carillon 
of bells, or a composition suggesting or using bells. 
ca-ri'na (kd-rl'nd), n.; L. pi. -km (-ne). [L., keel.] Bot. 

& Zool. A keel. — ca-ri'nal (-ndl), a. 
car'i-nate (kar'T-nat) \ a. [L. carinatus,ir. canno keel.] 
car'i-nat'ed (-nat'ed) \ Keel-shaped ; as, a carinate sepal. 
car'i-ole, car'ri-ole (-51), n. [From F., fr. L. carrus 

wagon.] A small, light, open one-horse carriage. 
ca'ri-0US (ka'n-us; 3), a. Med. Affected with caries. — 

ca'li-OS'i-ty (ka'rl-os'i-tT ; kar'i-), n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). 
cark (kark), n. [F. car que, dial, form of charge. See 
charge.] Care ; worry. — v. t. & i. To burden with care ; 
trouble ; fret ; labor anxiously. — cark'ing, p. a. All Obs. 
or Archaic. 
carl (karl), n. [Icel. karl a male, a man.] 1. A man of 
the peasantry or common people. Archaic or Hist. 2. A 
base fellow ; churl. Scot, or Archaic. 
car'line tbis'tle (kar'lin). [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg. 
carlina."] Any of a genus (Carlina) of thistlelike plants 
of the Mediterranean region, esp. one (C. acaulis) the 
root of which was formerly valued as a medicine, and one 
(C. vulgaris) used as a weatherglass on account of its 
hygroscopic involucral scales. 
car 'ling (kar'llng), n. Naut. One of the short timbers 
running, lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse deck 
beam to another ; — usually in pi. 
Car'lism (kar'liz'm), n. Adherence to Don Carlos of 
Spain (1788-1855) or his successors, or, formerly, to Charles 
X., King of France from 1824-^30; the principles, plans, 
or claims of either of these parties. — Car 'list (-list), n. 
Car'Io-vin'gi-an (kar'16-vm'ji-dn), a. Carolingian. 
U car'ma'gnole' (kar'ma'nyol'),?!. [F.] 1. Costume. Orig., 
a kind of jacket with short skirts, a large collar, and sev- 
eral rows of metal buttons, worn in the south of France. It 
was brought to Paris in 1792 and was adopted by the ar- 
dent revolutionists. To it were added large black woolen 
trousers, a waistcoat of scarlet or of blue, white, and red, 
and a red cap, the name being extended to this costume. 
2. A popular or Red Republican song and dance, of the 
time of the first French Revolution (1789-1799). 3. A 
soldier of the French Revolution, 
car 'man (kar'mdn), n. A man employed to drive, or to 
convey goods in, a car or cart ; a carter. 
Car'mel-ite (-mel-it), n. R. C. Ch. A friar of a mendicant 
order established on Mt. Carmel, Syria, in the 12th cen- 
tury ; a White Friar. 
car-min'a-tive (kar-min'd-tiv ; kar'mY-na-tiv), a. [From 
F., fr. L. carminare to card, hence, to cleanse, carmen a 
card for wool.] Expelling wind from the alimentary canal ; 
relieving colic or flatulence. — n. A carminative agent. 
car'mine (kar'mTn ; -mln), n. [F. carmin.] The coloring 
matter of cochineal, having a rich red, crimson, or purplish 
red color ; also, this color. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CARNAGE 



153 



-CARPOUS 



car'nage (-naj), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 
1. Flesh ; a collection of carcasses. 2. Great destruction 
of life, as in battle ; slaughter. — Syn. See massacre. 

car'nal (-nal), a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] 
Of or pertaining to the body as the seat of the appetites ; 
animal ; fleshly ; hence : material ; temporal ; worldly ; — 
opp. to spiritual. 
carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse. 

car-nal'i-ty (kar-nal'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Fleshliness; 
fleshly lust, or indulgence of lust ; sensuality ; worldliness. 

car 'rial-lite (kar'nal-It), n. [After von Carnall, a Prus- 
sian.] Min. A native hydrous chloride of potassium and 
magnesium, KMgCl3 • 6H2O, valuable as a source of potas- 
sium. 

car'nal-ly, adv. In a carnal manner. 

car-nas'si-al (kar-nas'i-al), a. [F. carnassier carnivo- 
rous, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Zo'dl. Pert, to or designat- 
ing certain teeth, the last pair of premolars of the upper jaw 
and the first pair of true molars of the lower jaw. — n. A 
carnassial tooth. 

car-na'tion (kar-na'shun), n. [F., the flesh tints in a 
painting, deriv. of L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. A light rosy 
pink, or, often, a deeper crimson color; a shade of red. 
2. In pi. Paint. The flesh-tinted parts. 3. Any of many 
cultivated, usually double-flowered, varieties of the pink. 

car-nau/ba (kar-nou'bd), n. [Pg., prob. fr. native name.] 
The Brazilian wax palm. Its wax is used in candles. 

Car-nel'ian (-nel'yan ), n. [For cornelian; influenced by 
L. carneus fleshy, because of its color.] Min. A reddish 
variety of chalcedony, often used for seals. 

car'ne-OUS (kar'ne-us), a. [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, 
flesh.] Consisting of or like flesh. 

car'ni-fy (-m-fl), v. i. & t.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fling). 
[LL. carnificare, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to 
make.] To form, or turn into, flesh ; become like flesh. 

— car'ni-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 

car'ni-val (-vdl), n. [It. carnevale, prob. deriv. of L. caro, 
carnis, flesh -4- levare to take away.] 1. The season or fes- 
tival of merrymaking before Lent, observed esp. in Italy. 
2. Any merrymaking, feasting, etc., esp. when indecorous. 

Car-niv'o-ra (kar-niv'o-rd), n. pi. Zo'dl. An order of 
mammals, mostly carnivorous, including the dogs, cats, 
bears, seals, etc. — car'ni-vore (kar'ni-vor), n. 

car-niv'o-rous (-rws), a. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, 
flesh + vorare to devour.] 1. Eating flesh. 2. Of or 
pertaining to the Carnivora. — car-niv'O-rous-ly, adv. 

car/nose (kaVnos; kar-nos'), a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, 
carnis, flesh.] Of, pertaining to, or like, flesh ; fleshy. 

car-nos'i-ty (kar-nos'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being fleshy. 2. Fleshy substance or 
growth ; specif., Med., an abnormal fleshy excrescence. 

Car'no-tlte (kar'no-tit), n. [Af ter_ Carnot, a Frenchman.] 
Min. A hydrous vanadate of uranium, potassium, etc. It is 
radioactive and has been used as a source of radium. 

car'ob (kar'ob), n. An evergreen tree (Ceratonia siliqua) 
of the Mediterranean region, bearing red racemose flowers ; 
also, its pulpy legume, used esp. as fodder. 

ca-roche' (kd-roch'; -rosh'), n. [From OF., fr. It., fr. L. 
carrus wagon.] An old form of stately carriage or coach. 

car'ol (kar'ul), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. xopauX^s one 
who accompanies a chorus on the flute.] 1. A round or 
ring dance accompanied with song. Archaic. 2. A song, 
usually of joy, exultation, or mirth ; a lay. 3. A song of 
praise or devotion ; a popular song or ballad of religious 
joy, or the music of such a song ; as, a Christmas carol. 

— v. i. & t. ; -oled (-21d) or -olled ; -ol-ing or -ol-ltng. 
1. To sing, esp. joyfully. 2. To praise or celebrate in song. 

— car'ol-er, car'ol-ler, n. 

Car 'o-li'na pink' (-6-11'nd). a The wild pink. bPinkroot. 

Car'o-line (kar'6-lin ; -lin), a. Of or pertaining to Charles 
(LL. Carolus), as Charles the Great (Charlemagne), 
Charles I. or Charles II. of England, etc. 

Car'o-lin'gi-an (-lm'ji-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the 
second Frankish dynasty of kings and emperors, succeed- 
ing the Merovingian. The dynasty began with Pepin the 
Short and continued from 752 to 911 in Germany and to 
987 in France. It is so called from Charles Martel, father 
of Pepin, or from Charlemagne, Pepin's son. 

Car'o-lin'i-an (-i-dn), a. 1. Of or pert, to Charles (LL. 
Carolus), esp. Charles the Great, or Charlemagne. 2. Of 
or pertaining to Carolina (as North or South Carolina, or 
the region in which they are located). 

— n . A native or inhabitant of North or South Carolina. 
car'O-lus (kar'o-l&s), n. ; pi. E. caroluses (-ez; 24), L. 

caroli (-11). [LL., Charles.] Any of various coins 
issued under monarchs of this name ; specif., an English 
gold coin of the reign of Charles L, orig. worth 20s. 
($4.8665), later 23s. (§5.59). 

car'om (kar'um), n. 1. Billiards. A shot in which the 
cue ball strikes each of two object balls. 2. A similar shot 
in other games. — v. i. To make a carom. 

ca-rot'id ( kd-rot'id ), a. [ Gr. KapasrlScs, pi. fr. K&pos 



heavy sleep; — from the belief that the carotid arteries 
caused drowsiness.] Anat. Designating the chief artery 
or pair of arteries which pass up the neck and supply the 
head ; hence, pertaining to or near such artery or arteries. 

— n. A carotid artery. — ca-rot'id-al (-i-ddl), a. 

U ca'rotte' (ka'rot'), n. [F., prop., carrot.] A cylindrical 
roll of tobacco ; as, a carotte of perique. 

ca-rous , al(kd-rouz / dl),n. [See carouse.] 1. A jovial feast 
or festival; a carouse. 2. Erroneous for carrousel, 1. 

— Syn. Banquet, revel, orgy, carouse. 

Ca-rouse' (kd-rouz'), n. [From F., fr. G. garaus finishing 
stroke, the emptying of the cup in drinking a health ; gar 
entirely + aus out.] 1. A cupful drunk up ; large draft ; 
a toast. Obs. 2. A drinking match or bout ; carousal. 

— v. *.; -roused' (-rouzd') ; -rous'ing. To drink deeply ; 
take part in a carousal. — ca-rous'er, n. 

ca'rou-sel'. Var. of carrousel. 

carp (karp), v. i. [From Scand., but influenced by L. 
carpere to pluck, calumniate.] To talk complainingly, 
censoriously, or cavilingly ; cavil. 

carp, n. (See plural, Note.) A kind of soft-finned, fresh- 
water fish {Cyprinus carpio). very prolific and tenacious 
of life ; also, any of various allied fishes. 

-carp (-karp). A suffix from Greek Kapiros, fruit; as, 
endocarp, schizocarp, pleurocarp. 

car/pal (kar'pal), a. [From carpus.] Anat. Of or per- 
taining to the wrist. — n. A wrist bone. 

car-pa'le (kar-pa'le), n.; pi. -lia (-li-d). [NX. See car- 
pus.] Anat. A carpal bone, esp. one of the distal series 
articulating with the metacarpals. 

Car-pa'thi-an (kar-pa'thi-dn), a. Pert, to or designating 
a range of mountains in Austria-Hungary. 

car'pel (kar'pel), n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. Kapiros fruit.] 
Bot. In seed plants, a kind of spore-bearing organ consid- 
ered as part of the pistil. It is a modified leaf. — car'pel- 
la-ry (-a-ri), a. 

car 'pel-late (-at), a. Bot. Having carpels. 

car'pen-ter (-pen-ter), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. car- 
pentum wagon.] An artificer in timber ; a framer and 
builder of houses, ships, etc. — car'pen-ter-ing, n. 

carpenter bee. Any of various bees (genus Xylocopa and 
allied genera) that gnaw long galleries in sound timber. 

car'pen-try (kaVpen-tn), n. The work of a carpenter. 

carp'er (kar'per), n. One who carps; a faultfinder. 

car'pet (kar'pet; 24), n. [From OF., fr. LL. carpeta, 
carpita, woolly cloths, L. carpere to pluck, card (wool).] 
1. A heavy woven or felted fabric; esp., a floor covering 
made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the 
floor. 2. A covering suggestive of a carpet, as in softness, 
etc. ; as, a carpet of leaves. — v. t. To cover or furnish 
with or as with a carpet. [nally made of carpet. I 

car'pet-bag' (-bag'), n. A traveler's portable bag, origi-| 

car'pet-bag'ger (-bag'er),n. One traveling with a carpet- 
bag ; — a term of contempt orig. for itinerant wildcat 
bankers of the West, later esp. for Northerners who went 
south after the Civil War to live, esp. to seek profit under 
the often corrupt Reconstruction governments. Slang, U. S. 

carpet beetle or carpet bug. A small beetle {Anthrenus 
scrophularise) which, in the 
larval state, does great damage 
to carpets, etc. ; — called also buf- 
falo bug. 

car'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materi- AH f&S I ] 
als for carpets ; carpets. 

carpet knight. A knight who r 
has spent his time in ease and Lar P«tiieeue. x a. 
luxury, as in a lady's boudoir. Contemptuous. 

car'pet-weed' (-wedO, n. A prostrate weed (Mollugo ver- 
ticillata) of North America, that forms a mat over the 
ground. 

-car'pic (-kar'pik). Combining form equiv. to -carpous. 

carp'ing (kar'pmg), p. a. Faultfinding; captious. 

car'po-gO^ni-um (kar'po-go'ni-um), n.; L. pi. -goxia 
(-d). [NL. ; Gr. Kapiros fruit + root of ylyveadai to be 
born.] Bot. In some thallophytes, as the red algas, the 
flask-shaped basal portion of the procarp, in which the 
egg is formed, and which develops into the sporocarp or 
cystocarp after fertilization. — car'po-go'ni-al (-51), a. 

car-pol'0-gy (kar-pol'6-ji), n. [Gr. Kapiros fruit + -logy.'] 
That branch of plant anatomy which relates to the struc- 
ture of fruit and seeds. — car'po-log'i-cal (kaVpo-loj'I- 
kal), a. — car-pol'o-gist (kar-pol'6-jist), n. 

car-poph'a-gous (kar-pof'd-gus), a. [Gr. Kapiros fruit + 
-phagous.~] Feeding on fruits. 

car'po-phore (kar'po-for), n. [Gr. Kapiros fruit 4- -phore.'] 
Bot. a In fungi, the stalk of a sporocarp. b A slender pro- 
longation of the floral axis between the carpels, as in the 
geranium and many apiaceous and brassicaceous plants. 
C Incorrectly, the stipe of an ovary. 

-car'pous (-kar'pus). [From Gr. Kapw6s fruit.] A suffix sig- 
nifying having (such) fruit or (so many) fruits; as, syn- 
carpous, monocarpous. 





D 






G 



H 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); DON; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals, 



M 



CARPUS 



154 



CARTWHIP 



tiar'pus (kar'pfts), n, ; pi. carpi (-pi). [NL., fr. Gr. icapiros 
wrist.] Anat. The wrist, or wrist bones collectively. 

car'rack. Var. of carack. 

car'ra-geen' (kar'd-genO, n. Also car'ra-gheen'. [From 
Carragheen or Carrigeen, Ireland.] A kind of cartilagi- 
nous seaweed which forms commercial Irish moss. _ 

car'riage (kar'Ij), n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, fr. 
carier to cart. See carry.] 1. Act of carrying ; convey- 
ance, esp. of goods. 2. The price or expense of carrying. 
3. Act of carrying by assault ; capture. 4. Act ormannerof 
conducting measures or projects ; management. 5. Manner 
of carrying one's body or self ; bearing ; demeanor. 6. That 
which carries or conveys ; as : a A wheeled vehicle for per- 
sons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort, b A ve- 
hicle or support carrying a fixed burden ; as, a gun carriage. 

car 'rick bend (kar'ik). Naut. See knot, 1. 

car'rick bitts. Naut. The bitts supporting the windlass. 

car'ried (kar'Td), pret. & p. p. of carry. • 

car'ri-er (-i-er), n. One who, or that which, carries, as : a A 
bearer ; messenger, b One who carries goods for hire. C 
A mechanism by which something is supported and moved 
or is driven, d A carrier pigeon, e A conduit for water, etc. 
I Chem. A catalytic by whose agency some element or group 
is transferred from one compound to another ; as, iron is a 
carrier of oxygen. 

carrier pigeon. Orig., and in popular usage, a pigeon used 
to carry messages ; technically, one of a certain fancy breed 
of pigeons of large size. The pigeons actually used for 
carrying messages or flying races are properly called homing 
pigeons. See homing pigeon. 

car'ri-ole. Var. of cariole. 

car'ri-on (-un), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. caro flesh.] 
The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal. 

— a. Of or pertaining to carrion ; feeding on carrion. 

S| car-roc'cio (kar-rot'cho), n. ; pi. carrocci (-che). [It. 
See caroche.] A car which accompanied the army and 
bore the standard of an Italian free city of the Middle 
Ages. The carroccio also bore a bell and, usually, a crucifix. 

car'rom. Var. of carom. 

|| car'ro-ma'ta (kaVro-rna'ta), n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] In the 
Philippines, a kind of light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle. 

dar'ron-ade' (kar'ft-nad'), n. [From Carron, in Scotland.] 
A kind of obsolete, short, light iron cannon of large bore. 

var'ron Oil (kar'wn). A lotion of equal parts of linseed 
oil and limewater, used as an application to burns and 
scalds ; — first used at the Carron ironworks in Scotland. 

car'rot (kar'ut), n. [F. carotte, L. carota.] A biennial api- 
aceous plant (Daucus carota) ; also, its edible yellow or or- 
ange-red, usually spindle-shaped, root. — car'rot-y (-T), a. 

car'rou-sel' (ka/'oo-zel'), n. [F., fr. It., carosello.] 1. A 
sort of tournament in which knights or cavalrymen, divided 
into troops, execute various evolutions, and often, formerly, 
allegorical dances, scenic shows, etc. 2. A merry-go-round. 

Car'ry (kar'I), v. t.; -ried (-id); -ry-ing. [OF. carier, 
charier, fr. car, char, car. ] 1. To convey, or transport, 
while supporting, orig. in a cart or car ; to bear ; transfer ; 
take. 2. To cqaduct ; lead ; guide ; impel ; move. 3. To 
transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) 
to another ; as, to carry the war into Asia ; to carry an 
account to the ledger ; to carry a number in adding. 4. 
Golf. To cover (a distance) or pass (an object) at a 
single stroke ; as, to carry a bunker from the tee. 5. To 
convey by extension or continuance ; extend. 6. Hunting. 
To follow, as the scent. 7. To get or obtain, as by effort 
or force; capture. 8. To succeed in; win; secure the 
adoption or passage of, as a motion. 9. To support ; 
sustain ; hold ; bear ; bear about ; as, to carry a wound ; 
to carry an unborn child. 10. To have as an attribute, 
property, or the like ; to bear the aspect of ; to show or 
exhibit; to imply; to involve. 11. To bear (one's self) ; 
behave. 12. To hold (a weapon or standard) in a certain 
prescribed way, practically vertically at the right side ; — 
often used imperatively in commands ; as, carry sabers ! 
carry arms ! 13. To sustain the weight of ; bear ; as, 

Eillars carry an arch. 14. Com. To bear the charges or 
urden of having. 15. To produce, as crops ; to yield ; 
to support, as cattle. I6.T0 make good or valid ; support ; 
sustain ; as, the decision in this case carries the other. 

— v. i. 1. To act as bearer. 2. To have or exert propulsive 
power; as, some rifles carry a mile. 3. To hold the head, 
etc. ; as, a horse carries well when he holds his head high, 
with arching neck. 

to carry on, to keep behaving or acting in. a certain way ; 
esp., Colloq., to behave or act in a wild, rude, romping, 
or boisterous manner. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). 1. Mil. The position assumed in re- 
sponse to the order "carry arms," "carry sabers," or the 
like. 2. Range, as of a gun or projectile. 3. A portage 
between navigable waters. U. S. & Canada. 

car'ry-all' (-6F), n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.'] A kind of 

light, covered carriage for four or more persons. U. S. 

cart (kart), n. [AS. crset, or Icel. kartr.] 1. Any of 





various vehicles, as a chariot. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle 
for transporting bulky or heavy articles. 3. Alight business 
or delivery wagon. 4. An open two-wheeled pleasure car- 
riage. — v. t. To carry or convey in or as in a cart, 
cart'age (kar'taj), n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2. The 
price paid for carting. 

carte, Ijquarte (kart), n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth.] Fenc- 
ing. A certain posi- 
tion in thrusting or 
parrying. 

carte (kart), n. [F. 
See 1st card.] 1. 
Bill of fare ; — used 
esp. in a la carte. 
2. Short for carte 

de VISITE. 

U c a r t e' blanche' 
(kart 7 blaNsh') [F., Thrust and Parry in Carte, 

lit., white paper.], blank paper with a person's signature, 
etc., given to another with permission to superscribe what 
he pleases; unconditional power. — )| c. de vi'site' (deve'- 
zet') ; pi., cartes de visiTE (kart) . [F.] a A visiting card. 
b A portrait photograph, about 2\ x 3f in., close-trimmed. 

car'tel (kar'tel; kar-tel'), n. [F., dim. deriv. fr. L. charta 
paper.] 1. Letter of defiance or challenge, as to a duel. 
2. A written agreement between opposing nations. 

cart'er (kar'ter), n. One who carts ; a teamster. 

Car-te'sian (kar-te'zhan), a. [From Renatus Cartesius, 
Latinized form of Rene Descartes.'] Of or pertaining to 
the French philosopher Rene Descartes, his writings, 
theories, or methods. 

Cartesian devil, diver, or imp, Physics, a hollow glass fig- 
ure placed in a vessel of water having! 
a cover so arranged that pressure] 
forces the water into the figure, which! 
hangs suspended, sinks, or floats, ac- 
cording to the pressure ; — called also 
bottle imp. 

—n.A follower of Descartes ; an adherent of Car- 
tesian philosophy. — Car-te'sian-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

Car'tha-gin'i-an (kar'thd-jin'i-an), a. Of or 
pert, to ancient Carthage, in Africa. — n. An 
inhabitant of Carthage. 

Car-thu'sian (kar-thu'zhan), n. A member of 
a very austere religious order, founded 
near Chartreuse, France, by St. Bruno, 
in 1086. 

car'ti-lage (kar'tT-laj), n. [L. carti- 
lago.] Anat. 1. A translucent elastic 
tissue composing most of the skeleton 
of the embryos and very young of all vertebrates ; gristle. 
2. A part or structure composed of cartilage. 

car'ti-lag'i-nous (kar'ti-laj'i-nws), a. 1. Composed of, con- 
taining, or pertaining to, cartilage. 2. Zo'ol. Having the 
skeleton mostly of cartilage, as the sharks. 

Car'tist (kar'tlst), n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, docu- 
ment. See chart. ] _ In Spain and Portugal, one who 
supports the Constitution. 

car'to-gram (kar'to-gram), n. [F. cartogramme. See 
1st CARD ; -GRAM.] A map showing statistics geographi- 
cally, by shades or curves ; a statistical map. 

car'to-graph (-graf), n. [F. carte map + E. -graph.] A 
map or chart. 

car-tog'ra-phy (kar-tog'rd-fi),n. [See 1st card ; -graphy.] 
The making of charts or maps. — car-teg'ra-pher (-fer), n. 
— car'to-graph'ic (kiir'to-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal, a. 

car'to-man'cy (kar'to-man'si), n. [See 1st card ; -mancy.] 
Divination by means of playing cards. 

car'ton (kar'ton), n. [F.] 1. Pasteboard, as for boxes; 
also, a pasteboard box. 2. A white disk or circle within 
the bull's-eye of a rifle target ; a shot which strikes this. 

car-toon' (kar-t6on'),?i. [F. carton, fr. L. charta paper.] 1. 
Fine Arts. A full-size design or study to serve as a model, 
as of a fresco. 2. A large pictorial sketch. 3. A pictorial 
caricature. — car-toon', v. t. — car-toon'ist, n. 

car-tOUChe', car-touch' (-toosh'), n. [F. cartouche, fr. 
It., fr. L. charta paper.] 1. In some fireworks, the case 
holding the inflammable materials. 2. Arch, a A scroll- 
shaped ornament, b A tablet of ornamental form. 3. 
Astron. A curve exhibiting the varying visibility of an ob- 
ject, as of a canal on Mars. ^.Archseol. An oval or ob- 
long figure, as on monuments, containing a sovereign's 
name. See hieroglyphic, Illust. 

car'tridge (kar'tnj), n. [From F. cartouche. See car- 
touche.] 1. A case, capsule, shell, or bag, as of metal or 
pasteboard, holding an explosive charge, esp. for a fire- 
arm, and in small arms and some cannon holding also the 
projectile. 2. Photog. a A small case or capsule of chem- 
icals, b A roll of protected films for insertion in a camera. 

car'tU-la-ry (kar'tj-la-ri). Var. of chartulary. 

cart'whip' (kart'hwTp'), v. t. To punish with a cart whip. 

— v. »'. To move with violent sinuosities, like a cart whip. 



gl 



Cartesian Devil. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CARUCATE 



155 



CASINO 



Built with 




1 Carvel-built ; 2 Clinker- 
built ; 3, 4 Section at a rib. 



Car'U-cate (kar'6"6-kat), n. [LL. carucata, carrucata, fr. 
carruca plow.] A measure of land and unit for assessment, 
formerly in use in England, equiv. to the hide or plowgang. 

car'un-cle (kar'urj-k'l ; kd-rurj'-), n. [L. caruncula, dim. 
of caro flesh.] 1. A naked fleshy excrescence, as the 
wattles and comb of certain birds. 2. Bot. An excres- 
cence or outgrowth from the seed coat at or near the hilum 
of a seed. — ca-run'cu-lar (kd-rurj'ku-ldr), ca-run'cu- 
late (-lit), ca-run'cu-lous (-life), a. 

carve (karv), v. t.; carved (karvd), Obs. or Archaic 
carv'en; carv'ixg. [AS. ceorfan.] 1. To cut; esp., to 
cut in an artistic manner ; to sculpture. 2. To cut into 
pieces or slices, as meat at table. — v. i. 1. To cut up 
meat. 2. To divide and assign as in carving at table; 
serve ; minister. — n. A carving ; a carving stroke or cut. 

car'vel (kar'vel), n. A caravel. 

car'vel-built', a. Shipbuilding. 
meeting flush at the seams. 

carv'entkar'v'n), p. a. Wrought 
by carving ; ornamented by 
carving ; carved. 

carv'er (-ver), n. One who, or 
that which, carves. 

carv'ing, n. 1. Act or art of one 
who canes. 2. Carved work ; 
decorative sculpture. 

car'y-at'id (kar'I-at'id), n.; pi. 
E. -ids (-idz), L. -ides (-i-dez). 
[From L., fr. Gr. Kapvandes, 
lit., priestesses in the temple of Artemis at Caryse, in 
Laconia.] Arch. A draped female figure supporting an 
entablature. 

car'y-o-ki-ne'sis (karOf-o-ki-ne'sis), car'y-o- 
ki-net'ic (-net'ik), etc Vars. of karyokixe- 
sis, etc. 

car'y-o-phyl-la'ceous (-fT-la'shus), a. [Gr. 
KapvopuWov clove tree ; napvov nut -f- QbWov 
leaf.] Bot. 1. = silexaceous. 2. Having a 
corolla of five long-clawed petals inclosed in a 
tubular calyx, as in the pink. 

car'y-op'sist-bp'sis), n. ; pi. -opses (-sez), -op- 
sides (-op'si-dez). [Gr. napvov nut kernel 4- 
o^is appearance.] Bot . A small-celled, dry, in- 
dehiscent fruit, with fruit and seed in a single 
grain, as in wheat, barley, and other grasses. 
See fruit, Illust. 

Ca-sa'ba, or Cas-sa'ba, meFon (kd-sa^bd). 
[From Kassaba, in Smyrna, Asia Minor, 
whence the melon was introduced.] A type 
of winter muskmelon. 

cas'a-reep. Var. of cassareep. 

ca-sa'va. Yar. of cassava. 

cas'ca-bel (kas'kd-bel), n. [Sp., prop., a little 
bell.] In certain muzzle-loading cannon, a projection at 
the rear of the breech. 

cas-cade' (kas-kad'), n. [F., fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare 
to fall.] 1. A waterfall less than a cataract. 2. Some- 
thing suggestive of a cascade ; specif. : a A kind of firework. 
b A fall of gathered lace, etc., on a dress. 

— v. i.; -cad'ed (-kad'ed) ; -cad'esg. To fall in a cascade. 

cas'ca-ra buck'thorn' (kas'kd-ra). A buckthorn (R/iam- 
nus purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, 
yielding cascara sagrada ; — called also bearwood. 

Cas'ca-ra sa-gra'da (kas'kd-ra sa-gra'da ; the drug is pop- 
ularly called kas-ka'rd or kas-kar'd). [Sp. cascara sa- 
grada, lit., holy bark.] Pharm. The bark of a California 
buckthorn, used as a mild cathartic or laxative. 

cas'ca-ril'la (kas'kd-rll'd ), n., or cascarilla bark. [Sp. 
cascarilla a small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cas- 
cara bark.] 1. Pharm. The aromatic bark of a West 
Indian euphorbiaceous shrub (Croton eluteria). It is 
used as a tonic and stomachic. 2, The shrub itself. 

cas'ca-ron' (kas'kd-ron' ), n. [Sp. cascaron.] Lit., an 
eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be 
thrown by revelers at balls, carnivals, etc. Western U. S. 

case (kas), n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. coder e to fall, hap- 
pen.] 1. An instance of the kind_; a special state of affairs ; 
as, a case of injustice. 2. Condition ; actual state of things 
or affairs ; as, that being the case, we will not go ; specif., 
physical condition. 3. Med. & Surg. A patient under treat- 
ment ; an instance of sickness or injury. 4. Law. A suit or 
action ; a cause. 5. A person peculiar in some way ; a char- 
acter. Slang. 6. Gram. One of the forms, or of the inflec- 
tional changes in form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, 
which indicate its sense relation to other words; as, the 
objective case denotes the relation of object. Loosely, the 
sense relation itself. — Syn. Situation, circumstances ; 
plight, predicament ; contingency, conjuncture, event. 

case, n. [OF. casse, fr. L. capsa, fr. capere to hold.] 1. A 
box, sheath, or covering. 2. A box and its contents ; 
quantity in a box ; hence, set. 3. Print. A shallow divided 
tray for type. The upper case contains capitals, accented 




Caryatid 

from the 

Erechtheum. 



and marked letters, etc. ; the lower case, the small letters, 
figures, etc. 4. An inclosing frame or framework ; as, a 
window case. 5. A pair ; couple ; brace ; as, a case of pistols. 
6. Bookbinding. A book cover that is separately made 
complete before fastening in the stitched sheets. 7. The 
cavity in the head of the sperm whale which contains sper- 
maceti and a fine oil. [in a case ; incase. I 

— v. t. ; cased fkast) ; cas'en'G (kas'Tng). To inclose or put| 
ca'se-ate (ka'se-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'esg (-aV- 

Ing). [L. caseatus mixed with cheese, fr. caseus cheese.] 
Med. To become cheesy ; undergo caseous degeneration. 

ca'se-a'tion (-a'shftn), n. 1. Conversion into cheese. 2. 
Med. Caseous degeneration. 

case'-bay', n. Arch. Any bay or division of a roof or 
floor, except a tail-bay, comprising two principals with 
the joists or purlins between them. 

case bottle, a A bottle fitting into a case with others. 
b A bottle having a protecting case. 

case'hard'en (kas'har'd'n), v. t. 1. To harden superfi- 
cially, as iron or steel. 2. To render insensible to good 
influences or external impressions. 

ca'S3-in (ka'se-m), n. [L. caseus cheese.] A proteid pre- 
cipitated from milk, esp. by rennet, important in cheese. 

ca'se-in'o-gen (-in'6-jen), n. [casein 4- -gen.] Physiol. 
Chem. The specific proteid of milk. See casein. 

case knife. A knife carried, or such as is kept, in a sheath 
or case, such knives formerly being often used at table : 
hence, a table knife. Haw.! 

case law. Law. Law made by decided cases ; judge-made] 

case'mate (kas'mat), n. [F.] 1. Fort. A bombproof 
chamber, as for cannon. 2. In ships of war, an armored 
inclosure where guns are mounted. — case'mat'ed, a. 

case'ment (-ment), n. 1. Arch. A window sash opening 
on hinges ; hence, chiefly Poetic, a window with such a 
sash or sashes. 2. An incasement ; casing. ment-ed, a. 

ca'se-ose (ka'se-os), n. [casein + -o.se.] Physiol. Chem. 
A soluble product, as proteose, formed in the gastric and 
pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen. 

ca'se-OUS (-us), a. [L. caseus cheese.] Of, pert, to, or 
like, cheese ; having the qualities of cheese ; cheesy, 
caseous degeneration, M ed. , a morbid process in which 
the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy 
substance. 

ca-sern', ca-serne' (kd-zurn'; ka'zern), n. [F. caserne. ] 
Mil. One of a series of buildings in garrison towns, 
usually near the ramparts, used as barracks. 

case Shot. A collection of small projectiles contained in a 
case. See canister. 

case system. Law. The system of teaching law in which 
the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive 
study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use 
of textbooks for reference and collateral reading. 

case'worm' (kas'wurm 7 ), n. A worm or larva that makes 
a case or tube to protect its body, as the caddis worm. 

cash (kash), n. [It. cassa box, case, fr. L. capsa.'] 1. 
Money, esp. ready money. 2. Money or its equivalent 
paid promptly after purchasing ; as, to sell goods for cash, 

— v. t. To pay or receive cash for ; as, to cash a check. 
cash, n. sing. & pi. [Tamil &: Kanarese kasu.~] 1. Any 

of various coins of small value in India, China, etc. ; esp., 
a Chinese (and Japanese) alloyed copper coin, worth about 
XT of a cent. 2. A Chinese money of account, of such 
value that 48 cash coins equal 100 cash of account. 

ca-shaw' (kd-sho'). Var. of cushaw. U. S. 

C-ash'book' (kash'bookO, n. Bookkeeping. A book in 
which is kept a record of all money received or paid out. 



ca-shew' (kd-shoo' 



[F. acajou, fr. Brazilian native 



name.] A tropical tree (Anacardium occidentale), native 
of America, but naturalized in all warm countries ; also, 
its edible nut (cashew nut) yielding a sweet oil. 

cash-ier' (kash-er'), n. [F. caissier.] 1. One who has 
charge of money. 2. One who has charge of payments 
and receipts (moneys, checks, notes, etc.), as in a bank. 

cash-ier', v. t. [From D., fr. F., fr. L. cassare to annul, 
cassus empty, useless.] 1. To discharge; dismiss with 
ignominy from military sendee or a place of trust. 2. To 
discard ; cast off. 

cash-ier's' check (kash-erz'). Banking. A check drawn 
by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier. 

cash'mere (kash'mer, kash'mer'), n. 1. A shawl of cash- 
mere (sense 2). 2. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., 
originally made in Cashmere (Kashmir), India, from tke 
soft wool of goats ; also, a dress fabric imitating it. 

ca-shoo' (kd-shoo'). Yar. of catechu. 

cash register. A device for recording the amount of cash 
received, usually having an automatic adding machine 
and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale. 

cas'i-mere (kas'i-mer), cas'i-mire. Yars. of cAssmERE. 

cas'ing (kas'ing), n. Something that incases, or material 
for incasing ; a case. 

ca-si'no (kd-se'no), n. ; pi. E. -NOS (-noz), It. -NT (-ne). [It., 
dim. of casa house, L. casa cottage.] 1. In Italy, a kind 
of country house. 2. A building or room for social meet- 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); con; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CASK 



156 



CASTIGATE 



5ngs, amusements, etc. 3. = cassino. 4. In England 
and the United State?, a house designed after the style of 
"an Italian casino, either one-storied or with at least one 
front pretending to be so. 

cask (kask), to. [Sp. casco potsherd, cask.] 1. A barrel- 
shaped vessel of staves, hoops, and heads, usually for 
liquids ; — a generic term for barrel, hogshead, pipe, butt, 
keg, etc. 2. Sometimes, such a vessel larger or smaller than 
the ordinary barrel, as the hogshead, keg, etc. 3. A cask 

' and its contents ; hence, the quantity a cask will hold. 

cas'ket (kas'ket ; 24), to. 1. A small chest or box, as for 
jewels 2. A coffin, esp. an expensive one. U. S. 

Cas'pi-an (kaVpi-an), a. Of or pert, to the Caspian Sea. 

casque (kask ), to. [F., fr. Sp. casco. See cask.] Apiece 
of armor for the head; a helmet. — casqued (kaskt), a. 

Cas-sa'ba mel'on. See Casaba melon. 

Cas-san'dra (kd-san'drd), to. [L., fr. Gr. Ka<r<rav8pa.2 
Gr. Myth A daughter of Priam of Troy. Apollo, who 
loved her, made her prophetic, but, becoming angry_ with 
her, decreed that no one should believe her prophecies. 

cas r sa-reep (kas'd-rep), to. A preparation made, in the 
West Indies, by boiling the sap of the bitter cassava. 
It is the basis of the dish called pepper pot. 

cas-sa'tion (ka-sa'shun), n. [F.] Act of annulling, can- 
celing, or quashing ; abrogation. 

cas-sa'va (kd-sa'vd), to. [From F., fr. Sp., fr. Haitian Jca- 
sabiJ] Any of several plants (genus Manihot, esp. Manihot 
manihot, the bitter cassava) cultivated in the tropics for 
their rootstocks, which yield a nutritious starch ; also, the 
starch. Cf. cassareep. 

cas'se-role (kas'e-rol; kaVe-rol'), to. [F.] 1. A sauce- 
pan. 2. Chem. A small round dish with a handle. 3. 
Cookery. A mold of boiled rice, mashed potato, or paste, 
baked, and filled with vegetables or meat. 4. A covered 
earthenware baking dish. 

|| cas'sette' (ka/set'), to. [F., dim. of casse case.] 1. A 
casket. 2. Photog. A plate holder. 

cas'sia (kash'd; -l-d), to. [L., fr. Gr. navala; of Semitic 
origin.] 1. An inferior kind of cinnamon ; also, any of 
the trees (genus Cinnamomum) that produce it. 2. Any of 
various plants (genus Cassia), of warm regions, which bear 
pods having laxative pulp; also, the pulp. 

cas'si-mere (kaVT-mer), to. Also ker'sey-mere. A thin 
twilled woolen cloth, used for men's garments. 

cas'si-nette' (kaVT-nef), to. A cloth with a cotton warp, 
and a woof of very fine wool or of wool and silk. 

cas-si'no (kd-se'no), to. [It. casino a small house, gaming 
house. See casino.] A certain game at cards. 

Cas'si-O-ber'ry (kas'i-6-beVi), to._ [NL. cassine, from 
the language of the Florida Indians.] _ 1. The yaupon 
(Ilex vomitoria) or its fruit. 2. The fruit of a shrub (Vi- 
burnum obovatum) of the southern United States. 

Cas'si-O-pe'ia (kas'i-o-pe'yd), to. [L.,fr. Gr. Kaaaioireia.] 

1. See Andromeda. 2. [gen. Cassiopeia (-ye).] Astron. 
A northern constellation between Andromeda and Ce- 
pheus ; — named in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabu- 
lous king of Ethiopia. 

Cassiopeia's Chair. Astron. A group of stars in the 
constellation Cassiopeia, crudely resembling a chair ; also, 
the entire constellation. 

cas-sit'er-ite ( ka-sit^er-Tt ), n. 
[Gr. KaaaLrepos tin.'] Min. 
Native tin dioxide, Sn02; tin- 
stone, a mineral usually brown or 
black in color. It is the chief 
source of metallic tin. 

cas'sock (kas'wk), to. [From F., | 
fr. It. casacca.] l.Eccl. aAlong 
close-fitting garment worn by cer- 
tain clergy under their surplices, by vergers as an outer 
garment, etc. b A shorter, light, double-breasted coat or 
jacket, usually of black silk, worn under the Geneva gown. 

2. a The clerical^ office, esp. that of an Anglican clergy- 
man, b One wearing a cassock ; esp., a clergyman. 

cas'socked (-ukt), p. a. Wearing a cassock. 

cas'S0-wa-ry (-6-wa-rT), to.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Malay ka- 
suari.] Any of several large ratite birds (genus Casuarius) 
of New Guinea, Australia, etc., related to the emu. 

cast (kast), v. t.; pret. & p. p. cast ; p.pr. & vb. to. cast'- 
ing. 1. To throw ; fling. 2. Hence : a To project or 
impel as if by throwing ; as, to cast a shadow, b To de- 
posit or place, esp. in a decisive or violent manner ; as, to 
cast a man into prison. C To deposit (a ballot) formally 
or officially ; give (a vote), d To direct or bestow ; as, to 
cast a glance upon something. 3. To throw off, out, or 
away ; as, the horse cast a shoe. 4. a To shed ; molt. 
b To bring forth ; bear ; esp., to slink. C To vomit, d 
To reject as unfit or disqualified ; throw off ; discard. 5. 
To throw down ; overthrow ; specif.: a To throw on or to 
the ground, b To defeat in a lawsuit ; as, to be cast in 
damages. C To find guilty ; convict ; condemn. Obs. or 




Cassiopeia's Chair. 



Dial. 6. To compute ; reckon ; calculate ; specif. : a To cal- 
culate astrologically ; as, to cast a horoscope, b To conjec- 
ture ; forecast. 7. To consider; contrive ; plan. Obs. or R. 
8. To put into proper shape; arrange; dispose; specif.: 
a Art. To arrange, dispose, or adjust (formerly colors, 
now only draperies). bTo allot (as the parts of a play 
among actors) ; to allot or assign the parts of (a play) ; 
also, to assign (an actor) for a part. 9. To throw up, or 
form by throwing up, as earth, a mound, etc. Obs. or 
Archaic. 10. To form (liquid material) by pouring it 
into a mold and letting it harden ; to found ; as, to cast 
iron. 11. Specif., Print., to stereotype or electrotype. 

12. To turn; twist; specif.: a Naut. To veer or turn. 
Obs. or R. b To turn (the balance or scale) ; hence : to 
make preponderate ; decide ; as, a casting vote. — Syn. 
See throw. — to cast away, to wreck. 

— v. i. 1. To throw ; project ; specif. : a To throw dice, b 
To throw forth a line in angling, esp. one with a fly. 2. To 
vomit. 3. To consider ; plan ; scheme. 4. To add figures. 
5. To conjecture ; forecast. 6. To receive form or shape in 
a mold. 7. To turn or twist ; specif. : a To warp ; twist out 
of shape, b Naut. To turn ; veer ; also, to tack ; wear ship. 
8. Hunting. To make a cast (sense 18), as hounds. 

— to. 1. The act or manner of casting; a throw. 2. Dis- 
tance to which a thing can be thrown. 3. a A throw 
of dice ; also, the number or aggregate thrown, b A stroke 
of fortune ; hence : fortune ; chance. 4. A turn ; change of 
direction or course ; specif. : a A turn of the eye ; hence : 
a look ; glance ; expression, b A fixed turn, twist, or 
bent ; a warp. 5. An assistance rendered by giving one a 
ride on his way ; a "lift." 6. The thing or quantity thrown ; 
as, a cast of seed. 7. A throwing down, off, etc. ; also, that 
which is cast ; hence : the mass of undigested feathers, 
bones, etc., thrown up from a hawk's or owl's stomach; 
also, the excrement of the earthworm or lugworm ejected 
in a convoluted mass. 8. Computation; reckoning; esp., 
addition ; also, conjecture ; forecast. 9. Form into which 
anything is thrown ; arrangement ; disposition ; as, "A neat 
cast of verse." Hence, specif. : The assignment of parts 
in a play to the various actors ; also, the set of actors. 10. 
Act of casting, or founding; also, the quantity of metal 
cast at a single operation. 11. An impression or mold; a 
pattern. 12. Thing formed in a mold or form ; a casting. 

13. Med. A formation in cavities of various diseased or- 
gans, composed of effused plastic matter ; as, renal casts 
from the kidneys. 14. Form ; appearance ; style ; as, a 
peculiar cast of countenance. 15. A tendency to any 
color ; a tinge ; a hue. 16. A degree ; a dash ; a tinge, as of 
some quality. 17. Kind; sort ; stamp; type. 18. Hunt- 
ing. A scattering of the hounds in various directions to 
search for a lost scent ; — also fig. 19. a A throw of a 
fishing line, net, sounding lead, etc. ; also, that which is so 
thrown or used; specif., Angling, the flies attached to 
the line at one time, b A place adapted to fishing or an- 
gling. 20. Falconry. The number (a couple) of hawks let 
go at one time from the hand ; hence, of other birds, a 
couple. — Syn. See turn. 

Cas-ta'li-a(kas-ta'li-d),TO. [L.,fr. Gr. KWraXJa.] A foun- 
tain on Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 

Cas-ta'li-an (-an), a. Of or pertaining to Castalia or the 
Muses. 

cas'ta-net (kas'td-net; kas'td-net'), to. 
fr. L. castanea chestnut.] An instru- 
ment consisting of two small ivory or 
wooden shells clicked together in ac- 
companiment to dances and music; 
— usually in pi. 

cast'a-way' (kast'd-wa 7 ), a. Thrown 
away ; cast adrift. — to. 1. One who, 
or that which, is rejected. 2. A ship- 
wrecked person. 

casts (kast) , to. [Pg. casta race, prop., 
unmixed race, L. castus pure.] 1. 
One of the hereditary classes into which the native society 
of India is divided. 2. a Any similar division or class of soci- 
ety, b The position conferred by the caste system or principle. 

cas'tel-lan (kas'te-lan), to. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. 
castellanus of a castle, castellum castle.] A governor 
or warden of a castle. 

cas'tel-la-ny (-la-nT), to.; pi. -ntes (-niz). Office or juris- 
diction of a castellan ; territory or jurisdiction of a castle. 

cas'tel-lat'ed (-lSt'ed), p. a. 1. Built or formed like a 
castle ; battlemented. 2. Provided or dotted with castles. 

cas'tel-la'tion (-la'shiin), to. A castellated structure. j 

cast'er (kas'ter), to. 1. One who, or that which, casts. 
2. A vial for condiments at the table ; a cruet ; also, a stand 
to hold a set of cruets. 3. A small wheel on a swivel, on 
which furniture is supported. 

cas'ti-gate (kas'ti-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare ; castus pure + agere to 
drive.] To punish ; chastise, as with words or blows. 



[From F., fr. Sp., 




Castanets. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CASTIGATION 



157 



CATALEPTIC 



cas'ti-ga'tion (kaVty-ga'sbSn),n. Punishment ; esp.. severe 
punishment or reproof. 

Cas'ti-ga'tor (kaVtT-ga'ter), n. One wbo castigates. 

cas'ti-ga-to-ry '(-gd-to-rT), a. Of or pertaining to a casti- 
gator or castigation ; punitive ; corrective. 

Cas'tile soap (kas'tel ; kas-tel'). [From Castile, Spain.] 
A kind of fine hard soap made from olive oil. 

Cas-til'ian (kas-til'ydn), n. 1. An inhabitant or native 
of Castile, in Spain. 2. The standard form of the Spanish 
language. — a. Of or pert, to Castile, or its inhabitants. 

cast'ing, p. pr.& vb. n. of cast. Hence : n. 1. Act of one 
who, or that which, casts. 2. That which is cast, as in a 
mold. 

casting: voice, c. vote, the decisive voice or vote of a pre- 
siding officer when the votes are equally divided. 

cast iron. See iron. 

cast'-i'ron, a. Made of cast iron ; hence : hard ; rigid. 

cas'tle (kas , 'l), n. [From AS., fr. OF., fr. L. castellum, 
dim. of castrum fortified place, castle.] 1. A large fortified 
building or set of buildings ; fortress ; citadel ; stronghold, 
esp. of a prince or nobleman. 2. Anything resembling 




(Castle: The Louvre in Paris, before 1527. 1 Fortified ap- 
proach ; 2 Moat ; 3 Drawbridges ; 4 Towers flanking main 
entrance ; 5 Donjon, or Keep ; encircled by its Foss ; 6 
Angle Towers for defence of outer wall ; 7 Chapel ; 8 Gal- 
lery between the donjon and the north wing ; 9 Grand 
Staircase. The enclosing buildings contain guardrooms, 
storehouses, living apartments, halls of assembly, etc. 

or likened to a castle ; as : a A massive or imposing house 
or mansion, b A small wooden defensive tower, as on an 
elephant's back, c Chess. = rook. 

— v. t.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-lmg). 1. To put or inclose in 
or as in a castle. 2. Chess. To cause (the king) to castle. 

— v. i. Chess. To move the king two squares toward 
a castle and then (as part of the same move) the castle to 
the square next past the king ; also, of the king, to move 
as above. 

cas'tled (kas''ld), a. 1. Having a castle or castles; sup- 
porting a castle. 2. Fortified ; turreted. 

Cast'— off 7 , a. Cast or laid aside ; castaway ; discarded ; as, 
cast-off clothes. — n. 1. Act of casting off. 2. A person or 
thing that has been cast off. 

cas'tor (kas'ter), n. [L., the beaver, Gr. icao-Tup."] 1. The 
beaver. Rare. 2. Castoreum. 3. A hat, esp. of beaver fur. 
4. A light drab color. 

cas'tor, n. A vial or cruet ; a caster. 

Cas'tor, n. [L., fr. Gr. Kdo-rwp.] 1. Class. Myth. See 
Dioscuri. 2~.Astron. See Gemini. 

cas-to're-urn (kas-to're-um), n. [L. Seelst castor.] An 
orange-brown substance, with a penetrating odor, secreted 
by the beaver, used in medicine and by perfumers. 

Cas'tor-oil' plant. A slightly woody Asiatic plant (Ricinus 
communis ) naturalized in all the tropics, and bearing 
castor beans which yield a cathartic oil, castor oil. 

oas'tra-me-ta'tion (kas'trd-me-ta'shun), n. [From F., 
fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off.] Mil. The 
making, or laying out, of a camp. 

cas'trate (kas'trat), v. t.; -trat-ed (-trat-ed); -trat-ing. 
[L. castratus, p. p. of castrare to castrate.] 1. To emas- 
culate ; geld. 2. To mutilate ; esp. to expurgate, as a book. 

cas-tra'tion (kas-tra'shun), n. Act of castrating. 

Cas'u-al (kazh'u-dl; kaz'-), a. [From F., fr. L. casualis, 
fr. casus. See case.] 1. Happening without design and un- 
expectedly ; coming by chance. 2. Coming without regular- 
ity ; incidental. 3. Uncertain ; precarious. 06s. 4. Having 

1 the air of a chance or unpremeditated occurrence ; cursory. 
5. Superficial ; not penetrating or thorough ; also lacking 



foresight, plan, or method ; careless. — Syn. Fortuitous, 
occasional, unforeseen, unpremeditated. See accidental. 

cas'u-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. A condition of things in which 
chance rules. 2. The doctrine that all things exist or are 
controlled by chance. — cas'u-al-ist, n. 

cas'u-al-ly, adv. Without design ; accidentally ; fortui- 
tously ; by chance ; occasionally ; incidentally ; by the way. 

cas'u-al-ty (-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Chance; accident ; 
contingency. 2. An unfortunate occurrence ; a mishap. 3. 
In pi. Mil. & Nav. Losses caused by death, wounds, dis- 
charge, capture, or desertion. — Syn. See accident. 

cas'u-ist (kazh'u-ist; kaz'- ), n. [L. casus fall, case.] 
One skilled in, or given to, casuistry. 

cas'u-is'tic (-Ts'tTk) \ a. Of or pert, to casuists or casu- 

cas'u-is'ti-cal (tT-kdl)/ istry. — cas'u-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

Cas'u-ist-ry (kazh'u-is-trT ; kaz'-),n. ; pi. -istries (-triz). 
1. Science or doctrine dealing with questions of right or 
wrong in conduct. 2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false 
reasoning or teaching as to duties and morals. 

Hca'sus (ka'sus), n. [L., lit., a fall, falling.] An event: 
occasion ; combination of circumstances ; case. — ca'sua 
belli (bel'I) [L.] , an event or combination of events which 
is a cause of war, or may be alleged as a j ustifi cation of war. 

cat (kat), n. [AS.] 1. A carnivorous domesticated quad- 
ruped (Felis domestica) which is the type of a family 
( Felidse_ ) including the lion, tiger, leopard, puma, chee- 
tah, various species of tiger cats, wild cats, lynxes, etc. ; 
also, any member of the family. 2. A person suggestive in 
some way of a cat, as a spiteful woman. 3. Short for 
catfish. 4. a A strong tackle used to hoist an anchor to 
the cathead of a ship ; b A catboat. 5. Any of certain 
games, or things used in them : a Tipcat, b The pointed 
stick batted in tipcat, etc. c The bat used in tipcat, d A 
game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, 
one old cat, two old cat, etc. 6. A cat-o'-nine-tails. 

— v. t. ; cat'ted ; cat'ting. Naut. 1. To bring, as an an- 
chor, up to the cathead. 2. To flog with a cat-o'-nine-tails. 

cata-, cat-, cath-. [Gr. Kara-, Kar- (before vowels), koB- 
(before aspirates), fr. Kara down.] A prefix in words of 
Greek origin (sometimes coming through Latin) and in 
compounds on Greek analogies. It denotes down, down- 
ward, away, in accordance with, against, very, com- 
pletely, but in English its separate force is often not felt. 

cat'a-chre'sis (kat'd-kre'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Karaxp-n<ns ; 
Kara against + xPV ff ^ at - 1° use.] Misuse of words or abuse 
of terms : a Rhetoric. A figure by which one word is 
wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested 
from its true signification, b Philol. The use of a word 
in an improper form through mistake as to its origin, as 
calcariferous for calciferous. — cat'a-chres'tic (-kres'- 
tik), cat'a-chres'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. — ti-cal-ly, adv. 

cat'a-cli'nal (-kll'nal), a. \_cata- -f- Gr. kKLvuv to incline.] 
Geol. Descending in the direction toward which strata 
dip ; as, a cataclinal valley ; — opposed to anaclinal. 

cat'a-clysm ( kat'd-kliz'm ), n % [ From L., fr. Gr. icara- 
k\v<t(i6s; Kara downward, against + kXv^civ to wash.] 
1. A flood of water ; deluge. 2. Any violent change involv- 
ing sudden and great alterations of the earth's surface; 
hence, fig., an upheaval, esp. social or political. — cat'a- 
clys'mal (-klTz'mdl), cat'a-clys'mic (-mik), a. 

cat'a-comb (-kom), n. [From It., fr. LL. catacumba."] 
A subterranean place of burial, esp. one consisting of pas- 
sages with side recesses for tombs ; — usually in pi. 

cat'a-COUS'tics(-koos'tiks ; -kous'tiks), n. (See -ics.) [cata- 
+ acoustics.'] Physics. That part of acoustics which treats 
of reflected sounds or echoes. See acoustics. 

cat'a-di-op'tric (-dl-op'trfk) \ a. Physics. Pert, to, pro- 

cat'a-di-op'tri-cal (-tn-kdl) / duced by, or involving, both 
reflection and refraction of light. 

cat'a-di-op'trics (-triks),«. (See -ics.) The science treating 
of catadioptric phenomena. 

ca-tad'ro-mous (kd-tad'ro-mws), a. Zo'dl. Living in fresh 
water, and going to the sea to spawn, as the eel ; — opposed 
to anadromous. 

cat'a-falque (kat'd-falk), n. [F., fr. It. catafalco scaffold, 
funeral canopy.] A temporary structure sometimes used 
to hold the remains in funeral solemnities. 

Cat'a-lan (-Ian), a. [Catalan Catald, fern. Catalana."] 
Of or pert, to Catalonia. — n. A native or inhabitant cf 
Catalonia ; also, the language spoken in Catalonia, Valen- 
cia, and vicinity, in part of southern France, etc. It is a 
Romance language, an offshoot of Provencal with affinities 
toward Spanish. 

cat'a-lec'uC (-lek'tik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. KaraKrjKTtKos in- 
complete, deriv. of Kara down + \i)ytiv to stop.] Pros. 
Wanting a syllable at the end. 

cat'a-lep'sy (kat'd-lep'sT), n. [Gr. KardX^i? a seizure ; de- 
riv. of Kara down + \apfiaveiv to seize.] Med. A sudden 
suspension of sensation and volition, with muscular rigidity. 

cat'a-lep'tic (-lep'tik), a. Of or pert, to catalepsy ; resem- 
bling catalepsy ; affected with catalepsy ; as, a cataleptic 
fit, patient, etc. — n. A person subject to catalepsy. 



D 



F 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Number^ refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CATALEPTIFORM 



158 



GATE 



cat'a-lep'ti-iorm (kat'd-lep'tT-form), a. [cataleptic -f- 
form.~] Med. Like, or of the nature of, catalepsy. 
cat'a-logue (kat'd-log), n. Also cat'a-log. [F., fr. L., fr. 

Gr. KaraXoyos list ; Kara down, completely + Xeyeiv to pick 
out, count.] A list ; register ; esp.,a list of names, titles, or 
articles arranged, usually, alphabetically. — ■ Syn. See list. 

— v. t.; -logued (-logd) ; -logu'ing (-log'ing). To make a 
list or catalogue of ; insert in a catalogue. — v. i. To make, 
or work upon, a catalogue. — cat'a-logu'er (-log'er), n. 
Also cat'a-log'er. 

|| catalogue' rai'son'ne' (F. pron. ka/ta/16g' re / z6 / na / ). 
[F.] Lit., reasoned catalogue ; a catalogue of books, etc., 
classed according to their subjects. 

ca-tal'pa (kd-tal'pd), n. [NL., fr. the language of the Indi- 
ans of Carolina.] Any of a small genus (Catalpa) of Ameri- 
can and Asiatic broad-leaved bignoniaceous trees, bearing 
long pods. 

ca-tal'y-sis (-T-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. kc.t6.\v- 
ms dissolution, deriv. of nark wholly + \veiv to loose.] 
Chem. Acceleration of a reaction (orig. decomposition only) 
produced by the presence of a substance (called the cata- 
lytic agent or catalyzer ) which itself appears to remain 
unchanged. 

cat'a-lyt'ic (kat'd-lit'ik), o. Pertaining to, characterized 
by, or causing, catalysis. — n. Chem. An agent employed 
in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc. 

cat'a-lyze (kat'd-llz), v. t.; -lyzed (-llzd) j-lyz'ing (-llz'- 
lng) . To subject to, or decompose by, catalysis. — -lyz'er,, n. 

cat'a-ma-ran' (kat'd-md-ran'), n. [Tamil kattu a bind- 
ing + maram tree.] 1. A kind of raft or float made of 
logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by 
paddles or sails. 2. Any vessel with twin hulls side by side. 

cat'a-me'ni-a (-me'm-d), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. to. KaTafj.rjvia.2 
Physiol. The menses. — cat'a-me'ni-al (-51), a. 

Cat'a-mount (kat'd-mount), n. [_cat + a for of + mount."] 
Any of various wild animals of the cat family ; in America, 
usually, the cougar or a lynx. Now chiefly U. S. 

cat'a-moun'tain (kat'd-moun'tin), or cat'-o'-moun'- 
tain (kat'6-), n. Any of various wild animals of the cat fam- 
ily ; esp. : a The European wild cat. b The leopard. 

ca-taph'o-re'sis (kd-taf'o-re'sTs), n. [NL. ; cata- + Gr. 
<j>6pr)<ris a bearing.] Med. Electric osmose, used in intro- 
ducing drugs into the body. — ca-taph'o-ret'ic (-ret'Ik), a. 

Cat'a-phract (kat'd-frakt), n. [From L., deriv. of Gr. /card 
wholly + 4>pa(7(xeLv to inclose.] Mil. Antiq. A coat of mail 
for the whole body, or a soldier clad in one. 

cat'a -plasm (-plaz'm), n. [L. cataplasma, deriv. of Gr. 
Kara down, wholly + ir\a<r<ret.v to form.] Med. A poultice. 

cat'a-pult (-pult), n. [L. catapulta, fr. Gr. /cara7reXr7js.] 
Class. Antiq. 1. An engine for 
throwing stones, arrows, spears, 
etc. 2. A forked stick with elas- 
tic bands for throwing small 
stones, etc.— v. t. & i. To throw 
from or as from a catapult. 

Cat'a-ract (-rakt),n. [L. cata- ^ 
racta a waterfall, Gr. Kara- 4 
paKTt)S, deriv. of Kara, down -f- m 
firiyvvvai to break, or kpkacrtiv to 
strike.] 1. In pi. Sluices; flood- 
gates ; — ■ usually in cataracts of Catapult, 1. 
heaven. Obs. 2. A waterspout. 06s. 3. A waterfall, esp. a 
large and precipitous one. 4. A deluge ; flood. 5. Med. An 
opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule. 

ca-tarrh / (kd-tar'), n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. tcarappoos a run- 
ning down, rheum, deriv. of nark down + ptlv to flow.] 
Med. An inflammatory affection of a mucous membrane, 
esp. of the nose or air passages. — ca-tarrh'al (-dl), a. 

ca-tas'ta-sis (kd-tas'td-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. Karao-TCKTis, fr. KaOiffrkvai to set in order ; Kara 
down + larky at to place.] 1. Drama. The height or 
acme of the action, which is to be followed by the catas- 
trophe. It is preceded by the protasis and epitasis. 2. 
Rhet. That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in 
which is set forth the subject matter to be discussed. 

ca-tas'tro-phe (-tro-fe), n. [L. catastropha, Gr. KaTaarpo- 
<j>ri; Kara + (TTp'&j>eiv to turn.] 1. An event producing 
a subversion of the order of things ; a final event, usually 
calamitous ; hence, sudden calamity. 2. The final event in 
a romance, drama, etc., in a drama following the catastasis ; 
denouement. 3. Geol. A violent and widely extended change 
in the surface of the earth. See catastrophism. — Syn. 
See DISASTER. 

cat'a-stroph'ic (kat'd-strof'Tk), a. Of, or pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, a catastrophe. 

ca-tas'tro-phism (kd-tas'tro-fTz'm), n. Geol. The doc- 
trine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have 
been caused by the sudden action of violent physical 
causes. Cf. unteormitarian. — ca-tas'tro-phist (-fist), n. 

Ca-taw'ba (kd-to'bd), n. A light-red variety of American 
grape ; also, a light-colored rich-flavored wine made from it. 

cat'bird' (kat'buroV), n. An American song bird (Galeo- 





scoptes carolinensis) allied to the mocking 

note resembles at times thef~ 

mewing of a cat. 
cat block. Naut. A heavy 

iron-strapped block with a large 

hook, used in catting the anchor. 
cat'boat' (-botf), n. A sailboat 

rigged with a single mast set - 

forward and a single large gaff- 

and-bpom sail. 
cat brier. Any of several smilaxei , 

esp., the common greenbrier (Smilax 

rotundifolia) and other prickly 

species. 

cat'call' (-kolO.n. A sound like the cry of a cat, often form- 
erly made in theaters to show dissatisfaction. — v. i. & t. 
To sound a catcall ; deride or assail with catcalls. 

catch (kach), v. t.; pret. & p. p. caught (kot) ; p. pr. & 
yb. n. catch'ing. [From OF. deriv. of L. captare, v. 
intens. of caper e to take.] 1. To capture or seize, as after 
pursuit ; take ; get. 2. Hence : a To insnare ; entangle. 
b To reach or get to, esp. in time ; overtake ; as, to catch a 
train. C To come on by surprise ; surprise ; detect ; as, 
to catch one stealing. 3. To take or contract by sympathy, 
or by or as if by contagion, infection, or exposure, as a 
disease. 4. To lay hold on, as if capturing ; as, the fire 
caught the woodwork ; to catch one's hand. 5. To reach 
with a blow ; hit or strike ; as, he caught him a blow on 
the head. 6. a To grasp or intercept and hold (anything 
moving through the air) ; as, to catch a ball, b To seize 
(an occasion or opportunity) when it is passing or pre- 
senting itself. 7. To arrest the attention, fancy, etc., of ; 
please ; charm. 8. To apprehend mentally. 9. To seize 
and retain ; fasten with or as with a catch ; as, to catch 
down a raw edge of cloth with a thread. 

— - v. i. 1. To make captures. 2. To take hold, as fire ; spread. 
3. To take and retain hold, as a hook. 4. To be held or im- 
peded by entanglement or obstruction ; as, the kite caught 
in the tree. 5. To make a snatch or catch ; move in order 
to, or as if to, snatch ; — often with at. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of catching ; specif. : Act of catching the 
ball in various games ; also, a player who catches ; catcher. 
2. That which catches, as a catching or insnaring question, 
a device for fastening, etc. 3. That which is, or is to be, 
caught or taken ; as, a good catch of fish. 4. Something or 
some one desirable to be caught, esp. as a husband or wife. 
5. A snatch, or small fragment ; a scrap, as of song. 6. 
Music. Orig., a round for three or more unaccompanied 
voices, written out as one continuous melody, each suc- 
ceeding singer "catching" up a part in turn. Later, such a 
round on words combined with ludicrous effects. 7. Agric. 
The germination of a field crop, esp. to such an extent 
that replanting is unnecessary. 

catch'all' (kach'oF), n. A general receptacle. 

catch crop. Any crop grown between the rows of another 
crop or intermediate between two successive crops. — 
catch'-crop'ping, n. 

catch'er (-er), n. One who catches; specif., Baseball, the 
player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball 
when pitched. 

catch'fly' (-fll'), »./ pi. -eltes (-fllz). Any of various sile- 
naceous plants having a viscid secretion on the stems or in- 
florescence to which small insects adhere. 

catch'ing, p. a. 1. That catches ; of diseases, infectious ; 
contagious. 2. Captivating ; alluring ; taking. 

catch'ment, n. Act of catching] also, what is caught. 

catchment area, catchment basin. The entire area from 
which drainage is received by a reservoir, river, or the like. 

catch'pen-ny (-pen-i), a. Made for getting small sums of 
money, as from the unwary. — n. A catchpenny thing. 

catch'pole', catch'polT (-poT), n. [From a dial, form of 
OF. chacepol, chacipol, taxgatherer.] A sheriff's officer, 
esp. one who makes arrests for debt. 

catch 'up (kach'wp), cat'sup (kat'sup), n. [Malay kechap.'] 
A table sauce made of tomatoes, mushrooms, or walnuts. 

catch'weight' (kach'watO, n. Sport. The weight of a con- 
testant as he happens or chooses to be, instead of as fixed 
by an agreement or by rule. 

catch'word' (kach'wurd'), n. 1. Print. The first word of 
a page inserted at the right-hand bottom corner of the 
preceding page, below the line. 2. A word so placed or 
used as to catch the eye or attention ; as : a Either of the 
words printed over the first and last columns of a page of a 
dictionary, cyclopedia, etc., being reprints of the headings 
of the first and last entries or articles on the page, b Among 
theatrical performers, the cue word, c A word or phrase 
caught up and repeated for effect ; as, the catchword of a 
political party, etc. 

catch'y (-1), a. ; catch'i-er (-i-er) ; catch/i-est. 1. Catch- 
ing; taking. 2. Entangling. 3. Fitful. 

cat© ( kat ), n. [From earlier acate, prop., purchase, fr. 
OF. acat."] A choice viand ; a dainty ; — usually in pi. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; ^chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CATECHETIC 



159 



CATHEDRATIC 



Cat'e-chet'iC (kat'e-ket'ik) 1 a. [Gr. kottjx^ikos. SeeCATE- 

cat'e-chet'i-cal (-I-kdl) J chize.] 1. Of or pertaining 
to instruction in the rudimentary Christian doctrines. 2. 
Pertaining to or using questions and answers, as in teaching. 

cat'e-chin (kat'e-chln ; -kin), to. Chem. A crystalline com- 
pound contained in catechu ; — called also catechuic acid. 

cat'e-cbism (kat'e-kiz'm), n. [See catechize.] 1. In- 
struction by question and answer. 2. A book containing 
a summary of principles, esp. of religious doctrine, in the 
form of questions and answers. 3. A set of formal ques- 
tions put to candidates, etc. 

cat'e-chist (-kist), to. One who instructs by question and 
answer, especially in religious matters. 

cat'e-chis'tic ( -kis'tik ) 1 a. Of or pertaining to a cate- 

cat'e-chis' ti-cal ( -ti-kdl ) j chist or catechism. 

cat'e-chi-za'tion, cat'e-chi-sa'tion (-ki-za'shun ; -kT-za'- 
shun), to. Act of catechizing. 

cat'e-chize, cat'e-chise (-kTz), v. t.; -chized, -chised 
(-klzd) ; -chiz'ing, -chis'ing (-klz'ing). [From L., fr. Gr. 
KdTT/xtf eiv, lit., to resound, impress by word of mouth ; /card 
+ -qxtiv to sound.] 1. To instruct by question and answer, 
esp. in religion. 2. To question in detail, -chiz'er (-er), to. 

cat'e-chu (kat'e-choo ; -shoo),_n. Alsoca-shoo' (kd-shoo'). 
[Malay kachu, Kanarese kachu.] Any of several dry, 
earthy, or resinlike, astringent substances, got from certain 
tropical plants, and used in tanning, dyeing, etc. 

cat'e-chu'ic (-choo'Tk ; -shoo'Tk), a. Of or pert, to catechu ; 
as, catechuic acid, or catechin. 

cat'e-chu'men (-kii'men), to. [L. catechumenus, fr. Gr. 
Ka.T7)xoviiei>os instructed.] One receiving rudimentary 
instruction, esp. in Christian doctrines ; neophyte. 

Cat'e-gor'e-maHc (-gor'e-mat'ik), a. [Gr. Ka.rr)y6p-np.a 
predicate.] Logic. Capable of being employed by itself as 
a term ; significant in itself, as not involving by its nature 
reference to anything else; as, "man" is a categorematic 
word ; — opposed to syncategorematic. 

Cat'e-gor'i-cal (-gor'i-kdl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or in the 

, form of, a category. 2. Not hypothetical ; unconditional. 
— cat'e-gor'i-cal-ly, adv. — cat'e-gor'i-cal-ness, to. 

cat'e-go-ry (kat'e-go-rT), to.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. categoria, 
deriv. fr. Gr. /card down + root of &yopeveu> to harangue, 
assert.] 1. Logic. One of the highest classes to which the 
objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by 
which they can be arranged in a system ; an ultimate con- 
ception. 2. A class or division, as for discussion ; as, spe- 
cies, genus, family, etc., are biological categories. 

Cat'e-lec'trode (kat'e-lek'trod), to. \_cata- -f electrode.'] 
Physics. = CATHODE. 

cat'e-lec-trot'o-nus (-lek-trot'6-nws), to. [NX.; cata- + 
electro- + Gr. tovos tone.] Physiol. The condition of 
increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode 
or negative electrode, on the passage of an electric current 
through it. — cat'e-lec'tro-ton'ic (-lek'tro-ton'ik), a. 

Ca-te'na (kd-te'nd), to.; -pi. -NjE (-ne). [L., a chain.] A 
chain ; esp., a series of things connected with each other. 

Cat'e-na'ri-an (kat'e-na/n-an; 3), a. [L. catenarius, fr. 
catena chain.] Like or pertaining to a chain or a catenary. 

cat'e-na-ry (kat'e-na-n ; k&-te'nd-ri),n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 
Math. A certain curve, approximately that assumed by a 
chain suspended freely by its ends. — cat'e-na-ry, a. 

cat'e-nate (kat'e-nat),;u.£.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. To 
connect in a series of links or ties ; form into a catena ; link. 

cat'e-na'tion (-na'shzm), to. Connection of links, as in a 
chain ; a regular or connected series. 

ca-ten'U-late (kd-ten'u-lat), a. [L. catenula, dim. of 
catena chain.] Having a chainlike form or appearance. 

ca'ter (ka'ter), v. i. [OF. acater to buy, provide.] 1. To 
provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. 2. To 
supply what is needed or desired ; — used with for or to. 

Cat r er-an (kat'er-an), n. [Gael, ceatharnach.] An irreg- 
ular soldier or marauder of the Scottish Highlands. 

ca'ter-COr/nered (ka'ter-kor'nerd ; kat'er-), a. [F. quatre 
four + E. cornered.'] Diagonal. Dial. 

ca'ter-cous'in (ka'ter-kuz/'n), n._ An intimate friend; — 
usually taken as originally meaning a fourth cousin. 

ca'ter-er (-er), to. One who caters ; esp., a provider of pro- 
visions and service at banquets, etc. — ca'ter-ess, to. fern. 

cat'er-pillar (kat'er-pil'er) , to. [From OF., fr. LL. cattus 
cat + L. pilosus hairy.] The wormlike larva of a butter- 
fly or moth, or any similar larva of other insects. 

cat'er-waul (-wol), v. i. [cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a 
cat.] Of cats, to make a kind of harsh cry ; hence, to cry 
as cats. — to. Act of caterwauling. 

Cates (kats), to. pi. Provisions; dainties. See cate. 

cat'falF (kat'fol'), to. Naut. A rope or chain used in hoist- 
ing the anchor to the cathead. 

cat'fish' (-fish' ), to. Any of various fishes, esp. those of cer- 
tain physostomous scaleless species constituting a family 
(Siluridse), having long barbels (which have been likened 
to a cat's whiskers ) about the mouth. 



cat'foot'ed (-fo"6t'ed ; 24), a. 1. Having a short high foot 
with arching toes ; — said of certain dogs, as the pointer. 
2. Soft-footed like a cat ; stealthy or noiseless in walking. 

cat'gut' (-gut'), to. 1. A tough cord variously used, made 
from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep. 2. A violin ; 
stringed instruments collectively. 3. A fabaceous plant 
(Cracca virginiana) of the eastern United States, with 
attractive yellow and pink flowers. 

cath-. Variant of cata-. 

cat'— hammed' (-hamd'), a. Thin and flat from side to side 
of the thigh, with an incurving of the rear line ; — said of 
some horses and cattle, esp. dairy cattle. 

Cath'a-ran (kath'd-rdn) , to. One of the Cathari; a puri- 
tan ; a Catharist. — a. Catharistic. 

Cath'a-ri (-rl), n. pi. [LL., fr. Gr. Kadapos pure.] Eccl. 
Hist. Lit., the pure ; hence, the members of any of various 
sects which aimed at giving a practical protest to real or 
fancied corruption, as the Novatians of the 3d century, the 
Manichasans, and any of various dualistic sects of the later 
Middle Ages. 

Cath'a-rine wheel (kath'd-rTn). Var. of Catherine wheel. 

Cath'a-lism (-riz'm), to. The principles of the Cathari. 

Cath'a-rist (-rist),_TO. [From LL., fr. Gr. aadapos clean, 
pure.] One professing greater purity of life than others ; a 
puritan ; one of the Cathari. — Cath'a-ris'tic, a. 

cat'harp'ing (kat'h'ar'ping ; -pin), or, more commonly, 
cafhaip'in, n. Naut. One of the short ropes or iron 
cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so 
as to give freer sweep to the yards. 

Ga-thar'sis (kd-thar'sis), to. [NL., fr. Gr. Kadapens. See 
cathartic] 1. Med. A natural or artificial purgation of 
any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc. 2. Philos. 
= katharsis. 3. Psychotherapy. The process of relieving 
an abnormal excitement by reestablishing the association 
of the emotion with the memory or idea of the event that 
first caused it, and of eliminating it by complete expression 
(called the abreaction). 

Ca-thar r tiC (-tik), a. [Gr. KadapriKos, fr. Kadalpeiv to 
cleanse, Kadapos pure.] Cleansing the bowels ; purgative. 
cathartic acid, the bitter purgative principle of senna. 

— to. A cathartic medicine ; often, a mild purgative. 

Ca-thay' (ka-tha'), to. [LL. Cataya, of Tatar origin.] 
China ; — an old name, now only in literary use. 

cat'head' (kat'hed'),TO. Naut. A projecting timber or iron 
near the bow of a ship, to which the anchor is hoisted. 

ca-the'dra (kd-the'drd ; kath'e-drd), to. [L., fr. Gr. Ka6e- 
opa. seat.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, teacher, 
or any person in high authority. 

ca-the'dral (kd-the'dral), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or con- 
taining, the cathedra; as, a cathedral church. 2. Ema- 
nating from the cathedra ; authori- 
tative. — n. The church containing 
the bishop's cathedra ; as, St. Paul's 
Cathedral, London ; improperly, 
in nonepiscopal churches, any of 
various large or impor- 
tant churches ; as, the 
cathedral (of the state 
church of Prussia) in 
Berlin. 




> 



Plan of Salisbury Cathedral, England. 1 Principal West 

Doorway ; 2, 3 Aisles of Nave ; 4 North Porch ; 5 Tower ; 

6, 6 Pulpits; 7 Throne; 8 Altar; 9 Font; 10, 11 Choir 

Aisles ; 12, 13 East or Choir Transept ; 14 Sacristy ; 15 

_ Cloister ; 16 Chapter House. 

cath'e-drat'ic (kath'e-drat'Yk), a. 1. Law. Of or pert, to 
the bishop's cathedra or the episcopal see ;_ as, cathedratic 
right. 2. Pronounced ex cathedra ; authoritative. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CATHERINE WHEEL 



160 



CAUSE 




Catherine 
wheel, 1. 



Cath'er-ine wheel (kath'er-in). [After St. Catherine of 
Alexandria, who is represented with a 
wheel, in allusion to the attempt to torture 
her on a spiked wheel or wheels.] 1. A 
representation, esp. in heraldry, of a wheel 
with spikes projecting from the rim. 
2. Pyrotechny. A revolving piece of fire- 
works suggestive of a rose window. 

cath'e-ter (kath'e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kaderrip 
thing let down or put in ; deriv. of icard 
down + ikvai to send.] Med. Any of various instruments 
for passing along mucous canals ; esp. a tubular instrument 
to draw off the urine. — cath'e-ter-ize (-Iz), v. t. 

cath'ode (-od), n. [Gr. koJBo&os descent ; /card down + 656s 
way.] Elec. The negative terminal of an electric source, or 
more strictly, the electrode by which the current leaves an 
electrolyte on its way back to the source. Cf. anode. 

cathode rays. Physics & Chem. Rays projected from the 
cathode of a vacuum tube in which an electric discharge 
takes place. They consist of negative ions or electrons. 
By impinging on solids they generate RSntgen rays. 

ca-thod'ic (kd-thod'ik),a. Also ka-thod'ic. Physics. Of, 
pert, to, or emanating from, a cathode ; as, a cathodic ray. 

Ca-thod'o-graph (-6-graf),n. [cathode + -graph.'] Physics. 
A picture produced by the Rbntgen rays ; a radiograph. 

cath'q-lic (kath'6-lik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. /cafloXi/cos, fr. ko.0' 
8\ov in general ; Kara, down, concerning + 6\os whole.] 1. 
Universal or general ; specif., affecting mankind as a whole. 
2. Broad in sympathies or understanding ; liberal. 3. Of or 
pert, to the church universal. Hence : a [cap.] Designating, 
or pertaining to, the Western Church after its separation 
from the Eastern Church, which assumed the title of Or- 
thodox, b [cap.] Designating, or pertaining to, the Roman 
Catholic Church or Roman Catholics. 

— n. [cap.] A member of a Catholic church ; esp., a Roman 
Catholic. — ca-thol'i-cal-ly (kd-thol'i-kal-i), adv. 

ca-thol'i-cism (-siz'm), n. 1. Faith or system of, or adher- 
ence to, the catholic church, or [cap.'] a Catholic church, 
esp. the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Catholicity. Rare. 

cath'o-lic'i-ty (kath'6-lis'i-tT), n. 1. State or quality of 
being catholic ; liberality. 2. Catholicism. 

ca-thol'i-cize (kd-thol'I-sTz), v. t. & i.; -cized (-slzd); 
-ciz'ing. To make or become catholic or [cap.] Catholic. 

ca-thol'i-CO-n (_-kon), n. [Gr. KaOohiubs, neut. naOokwov uni- 
versal.] A universal remedy ; a panacea. 

Cat'i-on (kat'I-on), n. [Gr. Kara downward + I6v, neut., 
going.] Chem. a The product evolved at the cathode in 
electrolysis, b In general, a positive ion. Cf. anion. 

cat'kin (-kin), n. An ament. 

cat 'like' (-Ilk'), a. Like a cat ; hence : stealthy ; noiseless. 

cat'ling (-ling), n. [cat + 1st -ling.] 1. A little cat; a 
kitten. 2. Catgut ; a catgut string. Rare. 

cat'mint' (-mint'), n. Catnip. 

cat'nip (-nip), n. Also cat'nep (-nep). [cat + nip, dial, of 
nep catnip.] A common plant (Nepeta cataria) of the 
mint family, having aromatic, strong-scented herbage. 

cat'-o'-moun'tain. Var. of catamountain. 

cat'-o'-nine'-tails' (kat'6-nln'talz'), n. An instrument 
consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to 
a handle, used in flogging. 

ca-top'trics (kd-top'triks), n. (See-ics.)_ [Gr. KaroirrpiKos 
of or in a mirror.] Optics that deals with reflected light, 
esp. light reflected from mirrors. — ca-top'tric (-tnk), a. 

Ca-tOS'tO-mid (kd-tos'to-mid), a. [Gr. kcltu down + 
croud mouth.] Of or pert, to a family (Catostomidse) of 
physostomous fresh-water fishes consisting of the suckers. 

— n. A catostomid fish. 

ca-tos'to-moid (-moid), a. & n. = Catostomtd, a. & n. 

cat rig. Naut. A rig consisting of a single mast placed 
very far forward and carrying a single large sail extended by 
a gaff and long boom. — cat'— rigged' (kat'rigd'), a. 

cat's'-claw' (kats'klo'), n. _ 1. In the southwestern United 
States, any of several prickly mimosaceous shrubs (as 
Acacia greggii and Mimosa biuncifera.) 2. In pi. In 
England : a The kidney vetch, b The bird's-foot trefoil. 

cat's cradle. A child's game played with a string looped 
over the fingers. 

cat's'-eye', n. A gem 
opalescent like the 
eye of a cat. 

cat's'-paw', n. 1. 
Naut. A light air 
which ruffles the sur- 
face of the water in 

patches d u r i n g a ' Cat s Cradle. First Figure, 
calm. 2. A dupe; tool. 3. A kind of hitch. See knot, Illust. 

cat'stick' (kat'stik'), n. A stick or club used in the game 
of trapball or of tipcat. 

cat'sup (kat'sup). Var. of catchup. 

cat'-tail', n. A tall marsh plant (Typha lati folia), with 
long, fiat leaves, and flowers in a close cylindrical spike. 

cat'ta-lo (kat'd-lo), n.; pi. -loes or -los (-loz). [cattle + 




buffalo.] A hybrid produced by breeding a domestic animal 
of the ox kind with an American buffalo or bison. 
cat'tish (kat'ish), a. Catlike ; feline. 
cat'tle (kaf'l), n. [OF. catel, LL. captale, capitate, 
goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitalis chief, caput 
head, capital, stock.] 1. Live stock, now usually quad- 
rupeds, kept as property or for use ; esp., bovine animals. 
2. By extension, such animals as vermin, insects, etc., 
and, contemptuously, human beings. Obs. or Archaic. 

cat'ty (kat'i), n.; pi. catties (-iz). [Malay kati. See 
caddy.] 1. A weight of the East Indies, China, etc., com- 
monly equal to about (in China by treaty, exactly) \\ lbs. 
av. (604.8 grams). 2. The Siamese chang of 2f lbs. av. 

Cau-ca'sian (ko-ka'shdn ; -kash'an), a. 1. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Caucasus or its inhabitants. 2. Designating, or 
pertaining to, the division of mankind comprising the 
chief races of Europe, North Africa, and southwestern 
Asia, named the Caucasian race on the supposition that 
the people of the Caucasus were typical of the race. — n. 
A member of any of various native peoples of the Caucasus, 
or of the Caucasian race. — Cau-caslc (-kas'ik), a. 

cau'cus (ko'kiis), n. 1. A meeting of the members or 
leaders of a party or faction to decide on policies or candi- 
dates to be supported. U. S. 2. In England, an organization 
or committee within a political party, sometimes elected, 
which exercises more or less control over the political action 
of the party ; also, such a system. 

cau'dal (-dal), a. [L. cauda tail.] Like, or pertaining to, 
a tail ; having a tail-like appendage. 

cau'date (-dat), cau'dat-ed (-dat-ed), a. [L. cauda tail.] 
Having a tail or tail-like appendage. 

cau'dex (-deks), n. ; pi. L. -dices (-di-sez), E. -dexes (-dek'- 
sez; 24). [L.] Bot. The woody base of a perennial plant. 

cau'di-cle (ko'di-k'l), n. [Dim. of L. cauda tail, append- 
age.] Bot. The slender, stalklike appendage of the pollen 
masses in orchidaceous plants. 

cau'dle (-d'l), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. calidus warm.] 
A kind of warm drink for sick persons, esp. a mixture of 
wine or ale with eggs, bread or gruel, sugar, and spices. 

caught (kot), pret. & p. p. of catch. 

caul (kol), n. [ME. calle, kelle.] An investing membraro. 
Obs., except : a The great omentum, b A part of the 
amnion sometimes covering the head of a child at birth. 

caul'dron. Var. of caldron. 

cau-les'cent (ko-les'ent), a. [L. caulis stalk, stem.] Bot. 
Having a leafy stem above ground. 

cau'li-cle (ko'li-k'l), n. [L. cauliculus, dim. of caulis 
stem.] Bot. A rudimentary stem. 

cau-lic'u-lus (ko-lik'u-lus), n.; pi. -li (-11). [L., little 
stalk.] Arch. In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight 
stalks rising out of the lower leafage and ending in leaves 
that seem to support the small scrolls. 

cau'li-flow'er (ko'li-flou'er), n. [From F. choufleur, lit., 
cabbage flower ; deriv. of L. caulis cabbage and fios, floris, 
flower.] A variety (Brassica oleracea botrytis) of the 
cabbage in which the head consists of the thick flower 
cluster instead of the leaves ; also, the head. 

cau'li-form (-f6rm), a. [L. caulis^ stalk + -form.] Bot. 
Having the form of a stem, or caulis. 

cauline (ko'lin; -lln), a. [From caulis.] Bot. Growing 
on, or belonging to, a stem ; specif., growing on the upper 
portion of a stem, as opposed to basal or radical. 

cau'lis (-lis), n.; L. pi. caules (-lez). [L., a stem.] Bot. 
The stalk or stem of a plant. 

caulk, caulk'er, etc. Vars. of calk, calker, etc. 

cau'lome (ko'lom), n. [Gr. kclv\6s stem -j- -ome as in 
rhizome.] Bot. A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, 
viewed as a whole. — cau-lom'ic (ko-lom'ik), a. 

cau'ma (ko'md), n. [L., fr. Gr. navfia a burning heat.] 
Med. Great heat, as in fever. — cau-mat'ic (ko-mat'ik), a: 

caus'a-ble (k6z'd-b'l), a. Capable of being caused. 

caus'al (koz'dl), a. Relating to, implying, containing, or 
of the nature of, a cause or causes. — n. Gram. A causa- 
tive word or form. — caus'al-ly, adv. 

cau-sal'i-ty (ko-zal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Causal qual- 
ity, agency, operation, or relation. 

cau-sa'tion (-za'shSn ), n. 1. Act of causing ; also, act or 
agency producing an effect. 2. Causality. 

caus'a-tive (koz'd-tiv ), a. 1. Acting as a cause ; causing. 
2. Gram. Expressing causation. — n. A causative word or 
form. — caus'a-tive-ly, adv. — caus'a-tive-ness, n, 

cause (k6z), n. [F., fr. L. causa.] 1. That which occasions 
or effects a result. 2. A person or thing that is the occasion 
of an action or state ; a reason ; motive. 3. Law. A 
ground of action ; also, a suit or action in court ; case. 
4. Any subject of discussion or debate. 5. The side of a 
question, or a movement, advocated and upheld by a per- 
son or party ; as, the temperance cause. 
Syn. Cause, reason, motive. Motive is used with refer- 
ence to actions only. A cause is that which produces an 
effect ; it is that without which the result would not have 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CAUSELESS 



161 



CEASELESS 



been. A reason is that which explains or justifies a result. 
Thus, the cause of a railroad accident may have been the 
failure of the air brakes to work ; the reason for the acci- 
dent, carelessness in inspection ; the motive in being care- 
less, a desire to get through quickly. See occasion. 

— v. t. ; caused (kozd) ; caus'ing (koz'Tng). To be the cause 
of ; effect ; bring about. — Syn. Create, produce, occasion, 
originate, induce. — cause'less, a. 

U cause'rie' (koz're 7 ; koz're), n. [F., fr. causer to chat.] 
Informal talk or discussion, as about literary matters. 

Cause'way (koz'wa), n. [causey 4- way.'] 1. A raised way 
across wet ground. 2. A highway or paved way. Hist. 
3. = causey, in various senses. — v. t. 1. To pave with 
cobblestones, pebbles, or the like. 2. To provide with a 
causeway ; make a causeway through or of. 

cau'sey (ko'zT), n. ; pi. -seys (-ziz). [OF. cauchie, fr. LL. 
(via) calciata, fr. calciare to make a road.] 1. A cause- 
way. Now Rare. 2. A highway. 06s. or Hist. 3. A paved 
way. Now chiefly Scot. 4. A paved area or piece of ground 
as before a door. Chiefly Scot. 

caus'tic ( kos'tik ), a. [ From L., fr. Gr. Kavaruibs, fr. 
kolUiv to burn.] 1. Capable of destroying, or eating away, 
by chemical action ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; satirical ; sting- 
ing ; cutting ; as, caustic remarks. 3. Optics. Pertaining 
to or designating the envelope of rays emanating from a 
focus and reflected or refracted by a curved surface. The 
envelope is called a caustic surface; a plane section of it, 
a caustic curve, — n. A caustic substance. 

caus-tic'i-ty (kos-tis'i-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
caustic ; corrosiveness ; as, the causticity of potash. 2. Se- 
verity of language ; as, the causticity of a retort. 

cau'tel (ko'tel), n. [From F., fr. L. cautela caution, caver e 
to take care.] An artifice ; trick. Obs. or Archaic. 

cau'te-lOUS (-te-lus), a. Crafty ; cautious. 06s. 

cau'ter (ko'ter), n. [F. cautere, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kavrrjpiov 
a branding iron, fr. KaUiv to burn.] A hot iron for searing 
or cauterizing. 

cau'ter-i-za'tion (-l-za'shwn ; -T-za'shun), n. Med. Act of 
searing some part by means of a cautery or caustic ; also, 
the effect of such application. 

cau'ter-ize (ko'ter-Tz),v. t.; -ized <-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-IzTng). 
To burn or sear with or as with a cautery or caustic. 

cau'ter-y (-1), n.; pi. -teries (-iz). Med. ^ A searing, as 
with a hot iron or a caustic ; the agent used in cauterizing. 

Cau'tion (-shun), n. [F., a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere 
to be on one's guard.] 1. Security ; also, a surety. Chiefly 
Scots Law. 2. A warning against evil ; a word, act, or the 
like, that conveys a warning. 3. Prudence in regard to 
danger ; cautiousness ; needfulness. 4. A precaution. Obs. 
5. Something or somebody so remarkable or extreme as to 
excite alarm or astonishment ; as he's a caution. Slang. — 
Syn. Care, watchfulness ; counsel, admonition. 

— v. t. To notify of danger ; warn. — Syn. See warn. 
cau'tion-a-ry (-a-r i ) , a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of , a cau- 
tion; specif., cautioning; warning; as, cautionary signals. 

Cau'tlOUS (ko'shws), o. Attentive to examine probable con- 
sequences of acts so as to avoid danger ; prudent ; wary. — 
Syn. Watchful, discreet, guarded, heedful, scrupulous. See 
careful. — cau'tious-ly, adv. — cau'tious-ness, n. 

Cav'al-cade' (kaVdl-kad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. LL. caballi- 
care to go on horseback, L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. 
KaflaM^s.] A procession of persons on horseback. 

cav'a-le'ro, or -lie'ro (-d-le'ro) , n. [From Sp.] = cavalier. 

cav'a-lier/ (kaVd-ler'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. LL., fr. L. cabal- 
lus an inferior horse.] 1. A horseman ; esp., a knight. 2. A 
gay, sprightly military man ; hence, a gallant. 3. \_cap.~] 

| One of the court party in England in the time of Charles I. ; 
— contrasted with Roundhead. — a. 1. Gay ; easy ; frank. 
2. Supercilious ; disdainful ; haughty. 3. [cap.] Of or relat- 
ing to the Cavaliers. — v. i. To play the cavalier; act in a 
cavalier manner ; be haughty. 

cav'a-lier'ism (-Tz'm), n. The practice or principles of 
cavaliers, esp. of the 17th-century Cavaliers; also, an ex- 
pression characteristic of the Cavaliers. 

cav'a-lierly, a. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a 
cavalier ; knightly ; haughty. 

ca'va-lier', or ca'va-lie're, ser-ven'te (ka'va-lyar' ser- 
ven'ta; ka'va-lye'ra). [It.] Lit., a serving cavalier; a 
lover of, or a gallant attentive to, a married lady. 

ca-val'la (kd-val'd), n. Also ca-val'ly (-1). [From Pg. or 
Sp.] Any of 
various 
acanthop- 
tery gi a n 
fishes (genus 
Carangus) 
allied to the 
pompano ; 
esp., a ma- 
rine food 
fish (Caran- 
gus hippos) of tropical American waters. 




Cavalla (Caran- 
gus hippos) . 



cav'al-ry (kaVal-ri), n. ; pi. -rtes (-riz). [F. cavalerie, fr. 
It. See cavalier.] 1. Horsemanship, esp. that of a knight. 
Obs. 2. Mil. The part of a military force that serves on 
horseback. 3. Horsemen, horses, etc., collectively. — cav'- 
al-ry-man, n. 

ca'va-ti'na (ka'vd-te'nd), n. [It.] Music. Orig., a melody 
of simpler form than the aria ; — a term now variously and 
vaguely used. 

cave (kav), n. [F., fr. L. cavus hollow.] 1. A hollow place 
in the earth; cavern; den. 2.Eng. Politics. A secession, 
or a group of seceders, from a political party ; — ss 
called from the expression Cave of A-dul'lam (d-dul'dm), 
applied by John Bright to a group of seceders from the 
Liberal party in 1866. See 1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2. 

— v. i.; caved (kavd) ; cav'ing (kav'ing). To hollow out. 
Obs., exc. in : to cave in, to cause to cave or fall in ; hence, 
also, to fall in or down. 

ca've-at (ka've-at), n. [L. caveat let him beware.] 1. Law. 
A notice to an officer not to do a certain act until the partj 
notifying is heard in opposition. Specif.: U. S. Patent 
Laws. A notice given to the Patent Office of the caveator's 
claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent 
to another person for the same alleged invention upon an 
application filed during the life of the caveat without notice 
to the caveator. 2. A caution ; warning. 

|jca've-at emp'tor (emp'tor). [L. ] Law. Let the pur- 
chaser beware (that is, he buys at his own risk). 

ca've-a'tor (-a'tor), n. Law. One who enters a caveat. 

Cav'en-dish (kav'en-dish), n. A kind of plug tobacco. 

cav'ern (-ern), n. [From F., fr. L. caverna, fr. cavus hol- 
low.] An underground cavity ; a cave, esp. a large cave. 

— &.t. 1. To place in or as in a cavern. 2. To hollow out, 
or form by hollowing out. 

cav'ern-OUS (-er-nus), a. Full of caverns ; of the nature of 
or like a cavern ; hollow. — cav'ern-ous-ly, adv. 

cav'es-SOn (kav'e-sim), n. [F. cavecon, fr. It., fr. LL. 
capitium a head covering, hood, fr. L. caput head.] 
A kind of stiff noseband, as of iron, used in breaking and 
training horses ; also, a halter with such a noseband. 

|| ca-vet'to (ka-vet'to), n. ; pi. It. -vetti (-te), E. -vettos 
(-toz). [It., fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] Arch. A concave 
molding in which the curve, usually a quarter circle, is 
much less produced than that of a scotia. See molding. 

cavl-ar' \ (kav'I-ar' ; ka/vyar') , n. Prepared and salted roe of 

cav'i-are'j the sturgeon or other large fish, used as a relish. 

cav'il (kav'Tl), v. i.; -iled or -illed (-ild) ; -il-ing or 
-il-ling. [L. cavillari to practice jesting, censure, cavilla 
bantering jests, sophistry.] To make captious or frivolous 
objections or criticism. — v. t. To cavil at. — n. A cap- 
tious or frivolous objection ; quibble. — cav'il-er, -il-ler, n. 

cav'i-ty (kav'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. cavus hollow.] 
A hollow place ; a hollow. — Syn. See hole. 

ca-vort' (kd-vort / ), v. i. To prance; caper; — said of a 
horse or its rider. Colloq., U. S. 

ca'vy (ka'vi), n.; pi. cavtes (-viz). [From cavia, the 
generic name, fr. Carib cabiai.] 1. Any of several short- 
tailed, rough-haired, rodents (family Caviidse), of South 
Americaandthe WestIndies,alliedto the porcupines, and in- 
cluding the guinea pig and capybara. 2. Specif., aguineapig. 

caw (ko), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. Of crows, rooks, ravens, 
etc. : To utter their call or cry. 2. To make a sound sug- 
gestive of such a cry. — n. The cry made in cawing. 

Ca^/ton (kaks'twn), n. 1. Bibliog. Any book printed bv 
William Caxton (1422-1491). He used only black-letter 
type. 2. Print. A kind of type like that used by Caxton. 

B^=($J)i35 iine i? in brcfcier Cajcton. 

Cay-enne' (ka-en' ; ki-en'), n. 1. A town and island in 
French Guiana. 2. [Usually I. c] Cayenne pepper. 
Cayenne, or red, pepper, a very hot, pungent powder 
made from the fruits or seeds of several species of capsicum. 

cay'man (ka/man ), n. ; pi. -mans (-mdnz). [From the lan- 
guage of Guiana.] Any of several tropical American alli- 
gators constituting a genus (Caiman). 

Ca-yu'ga (ka-yoo'gd), n. An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe 
formerly inhabiting western New York, now mostly in 
Ontario, with a few in New York and some in Oklahoma. 

Ca-yuse' (kl-iis'), n. 1. An American Indian of a certain 
Western tribe. 2. [I. c] An Indian pony. Western U. S. 

ca-zique' (kd-zek'). Var. of cacique. 

cease (ses), v. i.; ceased (sest) ; ceas'ing. [ F. cesser, fr. 
L. cessare, intens. fr. cedere to withdraw.] 1. To come to 
an end ; desist. 2. To become extinct ; pass away. Obs. 
Syn. Leave off, discontinue, pause, end, stop, quit. — 
Cease, stop, quit. Stop applies primarily to action ; 
cease applies also to states ; as, a train stops, but does not 
cease; the noise it makes both stops and ceases ; one's love 
may cease, but scarcely stop. Stop is the everyday, cease 
the more lettered or poetical, word. Quit, as a synonym 
for slop, cease, is now an Americanism ; as, he Quit coming. 

— v. t. 1. To put a stop or end to. Obs. 2. To leave off ; 
discontinue.— n. Cessation; — now only in without cease. 

cease'less, a. Without stop ; incessant. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CECROPIA MOTH 



162 



CELTICISM 



Cecropia moth (se-kro'pT-d). A large silkworm moth 
(Samia cecropia), the largest motb of the eastern United 
States. Its larva feeds on many forest and fruit trees. 
Ce'crops (se'krops), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ke«poi/'.] In Greek 
tradition, a hero said to have been the first king of Attica. 
He was represented as half snake. 
ce'dar (-der),«. [F. cedre.ir. L,. cedrus,Gr.K(8pos.] Any of 
a large number of evergreen trees, chiefly of the pine family, 
having fragrant, durable wood. [North America. 

Cedar Bird. A waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum) of temperate! 
ce'darn (-dern), a. Of or pertaining to the cedar. Poetic. 
C3de (sed), v. t.; ced'ed (sed'ed) ; ced'ing. [L. cedere to 
withdraw, yield.] To yield ; surrender ; give up. 

Ce-dil'la (se-dil'd), n. [Sp. cedilla, dim. of zeta the letter 
z, Gr. £rjTa, because z was formerly written after the c to 
indicate sibilancy.] A mark under the letter c [thus, c] to 
show that it is to be sounded like s, as in facade. 

ced'u-la (sed'u-ld; Sp. tha/doo-la), n. [Sp. cedula. See 
schedule.] In Spanish countries, any of various certifi- 
cates, etc. ; as : a A personal registration tax certificate ; 
also, the tax. Phil. I. b Any of certain securities issued in 
some South and Central American countries. 

cee (se), n. The letter C, c. 

ceil (sel), v. t. [OF. c(i)eler, prob. fr. L. caelare to carve, 
confused with F. del sky, canopy, L. caelum, sky.] 1. To 
overlay or line, as a wall ; wainscot. Obs. 2. To furnish 
with a ceiling. 

ceil'ing, n. 1. Act of one who ceils a room, vessel, etc. 
2. The lining or covering of a room, esp. that overhead. 

Cel'a-donCsel'd-don^n. [F. celadon.'] Pale sea-green color. 

Ce-lae'no (se-le'no), n. [L., fr. Gr. KeXaiPtb, prop., the black 
one.] 1. See Harpy. 2. See Pleiades. 

C8l'an-dine (sel'dn-dln), n. [OF. celidoinc, fr. L., fr.Gr. 
xe\t.56t>ios pert, to the swallow, fr. x«Xiocjz> swallow.] An 
herb (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with 
yellow flowers. 

Cel'e-brant (-e-brant), n. One who celebrates a public 
religious rite ; esp., the officiating priest at the Mass. 

cel'e-brate (sel'e-brat), v. t.; -brat'ed (-brat'ed) ; -brat'- 
ing. [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, cele- 
brate, celeber famous.] 1. To perform publicly and with 
appropriate rites ; solemnize. 2. To honor by, or observe 
with, solemn rites or ceremonies of joy and respect, or by 
refraining from business ; keep, as a holiday. 3. To pro- 
claim ; publish abroad. 4. To extol ; sound the praises of. 
Syn. Celebrate, commemorate, keep, observe, sol- 
emnize. Celebrate emphasizes outward ceremonies or 
demonstrations ; commemorate, the idea of calling to 
remembrance in some way ; as, we celebrate the Fourth of 
July, and thus commemorate the birth of American inde- 
pendence. Keep, as also observe, applies primarily to 
religious occasions or ceremonies ; as, to keep the Sabbath ; 
to observe the rites of the church. To solemnize is to per- 
form (esp. the marriage ceremony) according to a ritual. 

— - v. i. To perform a religious ceremony (esp. the Eucha- 
rist), or to observe a festival, holiday, or the like. 

Cel'e-brat'ed (sel'e-brat'ed ; 24), n. a. Distinguished; re- 
nowned. — Syn. Famous, famed, illustrious. See eminent. 

ceFe-bra'tion (-bra'shun), n. Act or process of celebrating, 
or state of being celebrated. 

cel'e-bra'tor (sel'e-bra'ter), n. One who celebrates. 

ce-leb'ri-ty (se-leb'n-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being celebrated ; renown. 2. A celebrated person. Colloq. 

ce^ler'i-ty (-ler'i-ti), n. [L. celeritas, fr. celer swift.] Ra- 
pidity of motion ; speed. — Syn. See velocity. 

C3l r er-y (sel'er-i), n. [F. celeri, fr. Gr. ozhivov parsley.] 
A European herbaceous apiaceous plant (Apium graveo- 
lens), the blanched leaf -stalks of which are eaten as a 
salad and also cooked. 

ce-lss'ta (se-les'td), n. [F. celesta.'] A keyboard instru- 
ment giving its tones from steel plates struck by hammers. 

Ce-les'tial (se-les'chal), a. [Frorn OF., fr. L. caelestis, fr. 
caelum heaven.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sky, or visi- 
ble heavens. 2. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the 
spiritual heaven ; heavenly ; divine. 3. Of or pert, to the 
Chinese Empire (see Celestial Empire, below), or, 
Humorously, the Chinese people. 

Syn. Celestial, heavenly. Celestial usually suggests 
the more conventionalized notions of heaven, pagan or 
Christian ; as, a celestial visitant. Heavenly is more apt 
to suggest spiritual qualities; as, "your heavenly Father." 
Celestial City, the heavenly Jerusalem. — C. Empire, 
the Chinese Empire ; — so called from the Chinese words, 
T'ien Ch'ao, "Heavenly Dynasty," as being the kingdom 
ruled over by the dynasty appointed by Heaven. — 
c. globe, Astron., a globe on whose surface the constella- 
tions, fixed stars, and circles of the celestial sphere are de- 
picted. — c. horizon, c. latitude, c. longitude. See 
horizon, latitude, longitude, c. sphere, a sphere of 
indefinitely great radius, of which the apparent vault or 
dome of the sky forms half. 

— n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven ; a heavenly being. 
2. \_cap.] A native of China ; a Chinese. Colloq. 




ce-les'tial-ly, adv. In a heavenly manner. 

Cel'es-tine (sel'es-tin; -tin; se-les'tin), n. Eccl. Hist. 
A monk of an austere branch of the Benedictine Order 
founded in the 13th century by Pietro di Morone, who 
became Pope Celestine V. 

cel'es-tite (sel'es-tlt ; se-les'-), cel'es-tine (-tin; -tin), n. 
[LL. caelestinus blue.] Min. Native strontium sulphate, 
SrS04, commonly white, but occasionally delicate blue. 

ce'li-ac. Var. of cceliac. 

cel'i-ba-cy (sel'i-bd-si ; se-lib'd-sT), n. State of being un- 
married ; single life, esp. of a bachelor or of one bound by 
vows not to marry. 

cel'i-bate (sel'T-bat), n. [L. caelibatus, fr. caelebs unmar- 
ried.] An unmarried person. — a. Unmarried ; single. 

cell (sel), n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella.] 1. A very small close 
apartment, as in a prison. 2. A small « ■_ 
religious house attached to a monastery 
or convent. 3. A small hollow recep- 
tacle, as in a honeycomb. 4. Elec. A 
receptacle containing electrodes and 
an electrolyte for generating electricity i 
or for producing electrolysis. 5. Anat. & 
Zool. a A small cavity or compartment, 
as a calicle inclosing a zooid in hydroids 
and corals, b A case or covering for pro- 
tection of the eggs or young of insects, 
etc. C One of the areas bounded by veins 
in an insect's wing. 6. Bot. a One of the 
compartments of an ovary, or the whole 
interiorof a simple monocarpellary ovary. c 
b = A theca. 7. Biol. The structural Plate (negative 
unit of which animals and plants are pole) ; C Carbon 
built up, consisting of a minute mass of Plate (positive 
protoplasm, generally containing a nu- pole), 
cleus, and inclosed in a covering, or cell wall. 

cella (sel'd), n.; pi. -LiE (-e). [L.] Arch. The part of an 
ancient Greek or Roman temple within the walls, as dis- 
tinct from open porticoes and other outside parts. 

cePlar(seFer),w. [OF. celier, 
fr. L. cellarium pantry, cella, 
storeroom.] 1. A room or set 
of rooms below the surface of 
the ground, generally under 
a budding, used esp. for keep- 
ing provisions and other I4..K 
stores. 2. Short f or w 1 N E 5-- jj3|£ 

CELLAR. $3r%yv 

— v. t. To place or store in ' 6 " |tK$K|&wr 
or as in a cellar. K^£>^W 

cel'lar-age (-aj), ^. 1. Cellar 
space. 2. Charge for storage 
in a cellar. 

cel'lar-er (-er), n. A monas- 
tic steward or butler. 

cellar-et' (-et'), n. A cabi- Diagram of an Animal Cell, 
net for holding a few bottles 1 Attraction Sphere inclosing 
of wine or liquor. two Centrosomes ; 2 Plastids 

Cel'list, 'cel'list (chel'ist), lying in the Cytoplasm ; 3 Nu- 

„ » * 1 . tiV n„ ' cleolus; 4Chromatinnetwork; 

n in A P l ^n X ^?^ifex Cell °- 7 5 Limn network; 6 Karyo- 

cellO, 'cerlO (chel'o), n.; pi. some ; 7 Vacuole ; 8 Metaplas- 
-LOS (-oz). A violoncello. mic bodies ; 9 Nuclear Mem- 

Cel'lU-lar (sel'u-ldr), a. [L. brane bounding the Nucleus. 
cellula a little cell.] Consisting of, characterized by, or per- 
taining to, a cell or cells. 

cel'lule (-ul), n. A small cell. 

cel'lu-li'tis (-ll'tis),n. [NL. See cellular ; -itis.] Inflam- 
mation of cellular tissue, esp. that next to the skin. 

cel'lu-loid (-u-loid), n. [cellulose + -oid.] A substance, 
essentially soluble guncotton and camphor, resembling 
ivory in texture and color, but often variously colored. 

Cel'lu-lose (-los), n. _[F.] An inert substance, the chief 
component of the solid part of plants, of linen, paper, etc. 

cel'lu-lous (-l&s), a. Full of or consisting of cells or cel- 
lules ; having a cellular form ; cellulose. 

ce'lom (se'lom). Var. of ccelom. 

Cel'si-US (sel'si-ws ; -shi-us), n. A centigrade scale or ther- 
mometer. See centigrade. Abbr., Cels., or C. 

celt (selt), n. [LL. celtis a chisel.] Arclieeol. A primitive 
chisel or ax-shaped stone or metal implement. 

Celt (selt), Kelt (kelt), n. [L. Celtae, Gr. KeX- 
toI, KeXrat, pi.] 1. A member of a race of central 
and western Europe, described by the Romans 
as tall, blond, and large-bodied. 2. An individual 
of any of various Celtic-speaking peoples, includ- 
ing the ancient Gauls and Britons and the mod- 
ern Bretons, Welsh, Irish, and Gaelic Scotch. 

Cslt'ic (sel'tik), Kelt'ic (kel'tik), a. Of or per- Neolithic 
taining to the Celts or their language. — n. A Celt, 
group of languages divided into Cymric and Gadhelic. 

Celt'i-cism (sel'ti-siz'm), n. A Celtic custom, expression, 
or idiom ; also, attachment to Celtic customs. 





ale, senate, care, am, occount, firm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CELTIUM 



163 



CENTESIMO 



cel'ti-um (sel'shY-fcm), re. [NL., fr. L. Celtae^ Celts.] 
Chem. A supposed new element of the rare-earth group. 
Symbol, Ct (no period). 

ce-ment' (se-ment' ; sem'ent), n. [F. ciment, fr.~L. cae- 
mentum an unhewn stone, chips of marble, from which 
mortar was made.] 1. A substance used in a soft state to 
join bricks in building, to cover floors, etc., which after- 
wards becomes hard like stone. 2. Any substance used for 

! making bodies adhere to each other, as glue, paste, etc. 
3. Mining. Gravel consolidated by clay, silica, or other 
binding material. 4. Petrog. _ The fine-grained ground 
mass or glass of a porphyry ; residual uncrystallized mate- 
rial ; — called also base. 5. The powder used in cementa- 
tion (which see). 6.Bond of union ; that which unites firmly. 

— (se-ment') , v. t. 1. To unite or stick by or as by a cement. 
2. To overlay with cement ; as, to cement a cellar bottom. 

— v. i. To become cemented. — ce-ment'er, re. 
cem'en-ta'tion (sem'en-ta/shizn ; se'men-), n. 1. Act or 

process of cementing ; state of being cemented. 2. Proc- 
ess of surrounding a solid, as iron or green glass, with the 
powder of some other substance, as charcoal or sand, and 
heating the whole so that the solid is changed, as into steel 
or porcelain, by chemical combination with the powder. 

cem'e-ter-y (sem'e-ter-i), re.; pi. -terles (-Tz). [L. coe- 
meterium, fr. Gr. koihtittjpiov sleeping chamber, burial 
place, fr. Koifiav to put to sleep.] A place set apart for 
burial of the dead ; graveyard ; necropolis. 

ce-nac'u-lum (se-nak'u-lum), re.; pi. -la (-Id). [L.] Ro- 
man Antiq. The supper room ; a banqueting room. 

ce'nes-the'si-a, -the'sis, etc. Vars. of ccen.esthesia, etc. 

Cen'O-bite (sen'6-blt ; se'no-blt), n. [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. 
kolv 6/3tos ; Koivoi common + /Stos life.] One of a religious 
order dwelling in a convent community ; — opp. to ancho- 
ret, or hermit. — cen'o-bit'ic (-bit'ik), -bit'i-cal (-I-kal), a. 

cen'o-bit'ism (sen'6-bTt'Iz'm ; se'no-), re. State, system, 
or practice of a cenobite or cenobites. 

cen'o-by (sen'6-bi ; se'no-),n.; pi. -bies (-b!z). [L. coeno- 
bium, fr. Gr. koivoQiov community life. See cenobite.] A 
conventual establishment or religious community. 

ce'no-gen'e-sis, or cae'no- (se'no-jen'e-sis ; sen'6-), re. 
[Gr. K.a.ivbs new -f- -genesis."] Biol. The processes in the 
development of an individual which do not repeat the 
phylogeny of the group to which the individual belongs; 
— opposed to palingenesis. ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 

Cen'O-taph (sen'6-taf ), re. [From L., fr. Gr. k€voto.4>iov ; 
htos empty + rd<£os burial, tomb.] An empty tomb or a 
monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. 

Ce'no-zo'ic ( se'no-zo'Tk ; sen'6-), a. [Gr. aaivbs recent + 
fo>i7 life.] Geol. a Pert, to or designating the era extending 
from the close of the Mesozoic to the present and including 
the Tertiary and Quaternary ; — called atfso Age of Mam- 
mals, b = Tertiary. — Ce'no-zo'ic, n. 

cense (sens), v. t. [For incense.] To perfume with odors 
from burning gums and spices ; offer incense to. 

cen'ser (sen'ser), n. [For incenser.] A vessel for perfumes, 
esp. one to burn incense in. 

cen'sor (-sor ; -ser), n. [L., fr. censer e to value, 
tax.] 1. One of two magistrates of ancient 
Rome who took the census, and who became 
overseers of morals and conduct. 2. One who 
acts as an overseer of morals and conduct ; 
esp., an official empowered to examine written 
or printed matter in order to forbid publication 
if objectionable. 3. A faultfinder; censurer. 

— v. t. To subject to the action of a censor. 
cen-so'ri-al (sen-so'n-dl ; 57), a. Belonging to, 

or characteristic of, a censor. 

cen-SO'li-OUS (sen-so'rT-us ; 57), a. 1. Addicted to censure ; 
apt to condemn. 2. Implying or expressing censure. — 
Syn. Faultfinding, carping, caviling, condemnatory. — 
cen-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ri-ous-ness, re. 

cen'sor-ship (sen'sor-ship ; sen'ser-), re. State, office, or 
power of a censor. 

cen'sur-a-ble (-shiir-d-bT), a. Deserving of, or subject to, 
censure ; blamable. a-ble-ness, re. a-bly, adv. 

cen'sure (-shur), n. [L. censura, fr. censer e to value, tax.] 
1. Judgment; sentence; reprimand. Obs., exc. Eccl. 2. 
Act of finding fault with, or condemning as wrong ; hostile 
criticism. 3. Correction ; recension, esp. in literary criti- 
cism. — Syn. Blame, reproof, condemnation, reproba- 
tion, disapproval, disapprobation, reprehension, reflection. 

— v.t.& i.; -sured (-shurd) ; -sur-ing. 1. To judge ; con- 
demn ; sentence. Obs. 2. To find fault with or condemn 
as wrong ; criticize adversely. 

Syn. Upbraid, chide, rebuke, reprove, admonish, blame, 
condemn, reprobate. — Censure, blame, condemn, rep- 
robate agree in the idea of an unfavorable opinion. To 
censure is to criticise adversely. To blame is to find 
fault with as culpable. Condemn is more judicial, and 
implies an adverse judgment. To reprobate is to condemn 
strongly or with detestation. 
cen'sur-er (sen'shur-er), re. One who censures. 




Censer. 



cen'sus (-sus), n. [L., fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. Roman 
Hist. A numbering of the people, and valuation of their 
estates, for taxation, etc. 2. An official enumeration of the 
population of a country, city, or other place, generally 
with classified social and economic statistics. 

— v. t. To take a census of ; count in a census. 

cent (sent), 7i. [F., hundred, L. centum.] 1. A hundred ; — 
used only in per cent (see per cent). 2. The 100th part of 
the unit in various monetary systems ; also, a coin of this 
value ; esp. : In the United States. Canada, Mexico, and 
elsewhere, the 100th of a dollar, a coin of alloyed copper. 
The sign j5, which always follows the numeral (as, 1£, 10£), 
is read cent or cents. Abbr., ct.; pi. cts. 

cen'tal (sen'tal), re. [L. centum a hundred.] A weight of 
100 pounds avoirdupois. — a. Relating to a hundred, or to 
the use of the cental. 

cen'tare' (sen'tar'; F. saVta*'). Var. of centiare. 

cen'taur (senator), re. [L. Centaurus, Gr. Kevravpos.] Gr. 
Myth. One of a race, half man and half horse, of descend- 
ants of Ixion, dwelling in the mountains of Thessaly. 

Cen-tau'rus (sen-to'rus), 7i.; gen. Centauri (-rl). [L.] 
Astron. A southern constellation between Crux and Hy- 
dra ; the Centaur. Its brightest star, Alpha (a) Centauri, 
is the nearest known star. 

Cen'tau-ry (sen'to-rT), n. [From L., fr. Gr. Kevravpiov, fr. 
the centaur Chiron.] Either of two Old World gentiana- 
ceous herbs (Chlora perfoliata and Erythrgea centaurium) 
with medicinal properties reputedly discovered by the cen- 
taur Chiron ; hence, any erythrasa. 

cen-ta'vo (sen-ta'vo; Sp. than-ta'vo), n.; pi. -vos (-voz ; 
Sp. -vos). [Amer. Sp., prop., hundredth.] Asmallcoinand 
money of account, usually the hundredth of a peso. 

cen'te-na'ri-an (sen'te-na/n-dn ; 3), a. Of or pertaining to 
a hundred years. — n. A person a hundred years old. 

cen'te-na-ry (sen'te-na-ri), a. [L. centenarius, fr. centum 
a hundred.] Of or pert, to a period of 100 years ; centennial. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A century. 2. A centennial. 

cen-ten'ni-al (sen-ten'i-dl), a. [L. centum hundred + an- 
nus year.] 1. Of, pert, to, or completing a space of 100 
years. 2. Lasting or aged 100 years. — n. A 100th anni- 
versary or its celebration ; a centenary. ni-al-ly, adv. 

cen-ten'ni-um {-um), n.; pi. -nia (-a). [NL.] A space of 
one hundred years ; a century ; a centenary. 

cen'ter, cen'tre (sen'ter), n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, 
fr. Gr. nkvrpov sharp point, center of a circle.] 1. The mid- 
dle point of a circle or sphere, equally distant from every 
point of the circumference. 2. Middle or central point 
or part of anything, or something at or in the middle ; as, 
the center of an army. 3. That about which a body 
revolves or rotates ; hence : a point of concentration ; a 
point about which things, influences, etc., concentrate, or 
from which they proceed ; as, a religious center. 4. The 
middle point of the earth, or the earth itself as being the 
middle point of the universe. 5. Mech. a One of the two 
conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is 
held, and about which it revolves, b A conical recess, or 
indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive 
the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a 
lathe. 6. [Usually cap. as used of a particular group.] 
Those members of a legislative assembly, as the Moderates 
in France or the Roman Catholic party in Germany, who 
occupy benches in the center of the chamber. See left, n., 
right, n. 7. Mil. That portion of an army between the two 
wings. 8. a That division of a target between the bull's-eye, 
or innermost division, and the inner, b A shot that strikes it. 
center, or centre, of gravity, that point in a body about 
which all the parts exactly balance each other. 

— v. i. ; -tered or -tred (-terd) ; -ter-ing or -tring. To be 
centered. — v. t. 1. To place or fix in or at the center. 2. To 
collect to a point ; concentrate. 3. To furnish or mark with 
a center; specif., Optics, to adjust (a lens or objective) so 
that its plane is perpendicular to the optical axis. 

cen'ter-bit', cen'tre-bit' (-bit'), n. A bit with a sharp 
pyramidal center point and two side cutting flanges, used 
for boring wood across the grain. 

cen'ter-board', cen'tre -board' (-bord'; 57), re. Naut. In a 
sailing vessel, a device, usually a broad board or slab of 
wood or metal, pivoted at the forward lower corner so that 
it can be raised within a watertight casing, or lowered to in- 
crease the area of lateral resistance and thus prevent leeway. 

cen'ter-ing (-Tng), cen'tring (-tnng), n. Also centre- 
ing. 1. Act of one that centers. 2. A substructure on 
which a masonry arch or vault is built until self-supporting. 

cen'ter-piece', cen'tre-piece 7 (-pes'), re. A piece put in 
the center of anything ; specif., an ornament for the center, 
as of a table, ceiling, etc. ; a central article or figure. 

cen-tes'i-mal (sen-teVi-maD. a. [L. centesimus hun- 
dredth.] Hundredth ; pertaining to, or divided into, hun- 
dredths. — cen-tes'i-mal-ly, adv. 

cen-tes'i-mo (sen-teVi-mo), re.; pi. It. -mi (-me), Sp. -mos 
(-moz ; Sp. -mos). [It. & Sp.] The hundredth part of a lira, 
or, in Uruguay, of a peso. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with, = equals. 



M 






CENTI- 



164 



CERAMICS 




cen'ti- (sen'tT-). 1. [L. centi-, fr. centum hundred.] A 
combining form signifying hundred. 2. [F. centi-.] A 
combining form used, chiefly in the metric system, to 
signify hundredth part; as, centimeter, centigram, etc. 

cen'ti-are' (sen'ti-ar' ; F. saN'tyar'), n. [F. centiare; centi- 
(L. centum) + are.'] A measure of land equal to one square 
meter. 

cen'ti-grade (sen'tT-grad), a. \centi- + L. gradus degree.] 
Consisting of a hundred degrees or divisions ; specif. , of or 
pert, to the centigrade thermometer (abbr., C), on 
which the distance between the freezing point and boiling 
point of water is divided into 100 equal parts, or degrees, 
so that 0° C. corresponds to 32° F., and 100° C. to 212° F. 
This thermometer is called also Celsius thermometer, after 
its inventor Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer. 

cen'ti-gram, cenfti-gramme (-ti-gram), n. [F. centi- 
gramme.'] A weight equal to one 100th of a gram. 

cen'ti-li'terU-le'ter), n. [F. centilitre.] A measure of vol- 

cen'ti-li'trej ume equal to one 100th of a liter. 

cen'time' (saVtem'; san'tem), n. [F.] The hundredth 
part of a franc, or about £ of a cent. 

cen'ti-me'terHsen'tT-me'ter), n. [F. centimetre.] Ameas- 

cen'ti-me'tre/ ureof length equal to one 100th of a meter. 

cen'ti-me'£er-gram'-sec , ond,a. See abbr. C. G. S., more 
commonly used. 

cen'ti-mo (sen'te-mo), n.; pi. -mos ('-moz). [Sp. cen- 
timo : ] The hundredth part of a peseta, colon, or bolivar. 

cen'ti-pede (-ped), n. [L. centipeda; centum hundred + 
pes, pedis, foot.] Any of numerous myria- 
pods with a long flattened body, and the an- 
terior legs mod- 
ified into poison 
fangs. 

cen'ti-stere 
(sen'tl-ster ; F. 

saVte-star'), n. .. =*^ mi^&r-s' /SjpWSBfff 

[F. centistere.] _ „ ~ . , ,~* 

One hundredth Centipede. (|) 

of a stere, or cubic meter ; 0.353 cubic foot. 

cent'ner (sent'ner), n. [G., a hundredweight, fr. L. cente- 
narius of a hundred.] 1. A commercial hundredweight 
in several Continental countries, generally 50 kilograms, or 
110.23 lbs. 2. A weight {metric centner) of 100 kilograms 
or 220.46 lbs. 3. The cental. 

cen'to (sen'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [L.] 1. A patchwork. 
Obs. 2. A literary or musical work formed of selections. 
3. Any work, as a map, composed of incongruous parts. 

cen'tral (-trdl), a. Relating to, situated in or near, or con- 
taining or constituting, the center ; equidistant or equally 
accessible from certain points ; fig., chief ; dominant. 

Jj cen-traF (sen-traF), n. [Amer. Sp.] A sugar mill which 
works for several plantations. 

cen'tral-ism (sen'trdl-iz'm), n. Centralization or the cen- 
tralizing system, or advocacy of this system, esp. in govern- 
ment. — cen'tral-ist, n. — cen'tral-is'tic, a. 

cen-tral'i-ty (sen-tral'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of 
being central ; central position. 

cen'tral-i-za'tion (sen'trdl-i-za'sh&n), n. Act or process of 
centralizing, or state of being centralized. 

cen'tral-ize (sen'trdl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
Yng). To bring to a central point ; bring under one system 
or control. — cen'tral-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central manner or situation. 

cen'tre (sen'ter). Var. of center. 

cen'tri- (sen'tri-). See centro-. 

cen'tric (-trik), a. 1. Placed in or at the center or middle ; 
central. 2. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, a center; 
specif., Physiol., of or pertaining to a nerve center. 

cen-tric'i-ty (sen-tns'i-ti), n. Centric quality or state. 

cen'tri-cal (-tri-kdl), a. Central; centric. 

cen-trif'U-gal (sen-trif'u-gdl), a. [centri- + L. fugere to 
flee.] 1. Proceeding from the center ; designating a force 
(centrifugal force) directed outward when a body is made 
to move in a curved path. 2. Bot. Inflorescence. — deter- 
minate. — n. 1. A centrifugal machine, or a drum in such 
a machine. 2. Centrifugal sugar ; — often in pi. 
centrifugal sugar, sugar freed from liquid by a machine 
acting by centrifugal force. 

cen-trif'u-gal-ize (-Iz), v. L;-ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'Tng). 
To subject to centrifugal action, esp. so as to separate sub- 
stances of different densities or states of aggregation. — 
cen-trif'u-gal-i-za'tion (-I-za'sh&n; -I-za'-), n. 

cen-trii'U-gal-ly, adv. In a centrifugal manner. 

cen-trip'e-tal ( tnp'e-tdl), a. \centri- + L. peter e to 
move toward.] 1. Proceeding or directed toward the cen- 
ter ; designating a force (centripetal force) directed toward 
the center. 2. Bot. Inflorescence. = indeterminate. 
— cen-trip'e-tal-ly, adv. 

cen'trist (sen'tnst), n. [F. centriste."] Polit. A member 
ol the center (see center, n., 6) ; esp., one of the French 
Moderate party. 

cen'tro- (sen'tro-), cen'tri- (sen'trT-). Combining forms 



from Greek nkvrpov, or Latin centrum, E. center ; as cen- 
trosome, centrifugal, etc. 

cen'tro-bar'ic (-bar'ik), a. [Deriv. of Gr. nevrpov center + 
/Sdpos weight.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to 
the process of finding it. 

cen'tro-some 7 (sen'tro-som'), n. [centro- + 2d -some.'] 
Biol. A minute protoplasmic body found in the cytoplasm, 
less often in the nucleus, of many animal and some plant 
cells, which takes an important part in mitosis. 

cen'tro-sphere' C-sfer'), n. 1. Geol. The nucleus or central 
part of the earth, forming most of its mass ; — disting. from 
lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc. 2. Biol. The central mass 
of an aster fromwhich the rays extend and within which 
the centrosome lies when present ; the attraction sphere. 

cen'trum (-triim),n.;pZ.E. -trums (-trwmz),L.-TRA(-trd). 
[L.] 1. A center. 2. Anat. The body of a vertebra. 

cen-tum'vir (sen-tiim'ver), n.; L. pi. -viri (-vi-rl). [L. 
centum hundred + vir, pi. viri, man.] Rom. Hist. One 
of a civil court of about 100 judges or jurors. vi-ral, a. 

cen-tum'vi-rate (-vT-rat), n. The office of a centumvir, or of 
the centumviri ; the centumviri collectively. 

cen'tu-ple (sen'tii-p']), a. [Cf. L. centuplex; centum hun- 
dred + plicare to fold.] Hundredfold. — v. t. ; -pled 
(-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). To increase a hundredfold. 

cen-tu'pli-cate (sen-tu'pri-kat), a . & n. Hundredfold.— 
(-kat), v. t. To centuple. 

cen-tu'ri-al (-ri-al), a. [See century.] Of or relating to 
a century ; as, a centurial sermon. 

cen'tu-ried (sen'ty-rid), a. Having lasted for a century or 
centuries ; established for centuries. 

cen-tu'ri-on (sen-tu'ri-wn), n. [L. centurio, fr. centuria. 
See century.] Roman Hist. A captain of a century. 

cen'tu-ry (sen't5-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. centuria, fr. 
centum hundred.] 1. Roman Hist, a A division of the 
Roman army, of varying size, originally of 100 men. b A 
civil division, formed for voting. 2. Any body of 100 men 
or of 100 things. 3. A period of 100 years; specif., one of 
the hundred-year divisions of the Christian Era. 

century plant. A Mexican fleshy-leaved species of agave 
{Agave americana), commonly cultivated as a house plant. 
It does not flower until eight years or more old, whence it 
was formerly believed not to blossom until 100 years old. 

ceorl (keorl; cherl), n. [AS. See churl.] O. Eng. Hist. 
A freeman who was not a noble ; a churl ; a villein ; — dis- 
tinguished from a noble or a slave. — ceorl'ish, a. 

cepb/a-lal'gi-a (sefd-lal'ji-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kecj>a\a\yla ; 
Ke<t>a\r) head + &\7os pain.] Med. Headache. 

ceph/a-lal'gic (-laFjik), a. Med. Relating to, or affected 
with, headache. — n. A remedy for the headache. 

ce-phaFic (se-faFik), a. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. /ce^aXij head.] 
1. Of, pert, to, directed toward, or /^TX I 
situated near, the head. 2. Curing 
or relieving disorders of the head, 
cephalic index, Craniom., the 
ratio of the breadth of the cra- 
nium to the length, usually ex- 
pressed by a number denoting 
hundredths of the length, which ?L | Jri 
ordinarily is measured irom the„ C~'7t -* 
glabella to the most prominent C|Pjahc Index. Outhne 

part of the occiput. As often used, 2 ,' a brachycephalic.cra- 
an index of SO or above indicates niumasseenfrom above. 
brachycephaly; oi less than 80, The dotted linesrindi- 
dolichocephaly. cate the measurements 

— n. A medicine for headache, from which the index is 
or other cephalic disorder. calculated. 

ceph'a-li-za'tion ( seFd-li-za'shim ; -li-za'- ), n. Zqol. 
Domination of the head in animal life by localization of im- 
portant organs or parts in or near the head ; — a sign of 
progress toward higher organization. 

ceph'a-lom'e-ter (-lom'e-ter), n. [Gr. Ke4)a\ri head ■+• -me- 
ter.] An instrument for measuring the head or skull. — 
ceph'a-lom/e-try (-trf), n. 

ceph/a-lo-pod' (seFd-16-podO, n. [Gr. Kt<j>a\i) head + 7rous, 
7to56j, foot.] Zool. Any of the highest class {Cephalopoda) 
of mollusks, containing the squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses, 
etc., having around the front of the head a group of mus- 
cular arms, usually furnished with prehensile suckers. 

ceph/a-lo-tho'rax (-tho'raks), n. [Gr. Ke<}>a\r) head + tho- 
rax.] Zool. In the Arachnida and the higher Crustacea, the 
anterior division of the body, consisting of the united head 
and thorax. [head.| 

ceph'a-lOUS (sef'd-lus), a. [Gr. ice<t>ak-h head.] Having aj 

Ce'pheus (se'fus_; se'fe-ns), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kr}<j>evs.] l.Gr. 
Myth. An Ethiopian king, father of Andromeda, placed 
among the stars after his death. 2. Astron. \_gen. Cephei 
(-fe-T).] A constellation between Cygnus and the north 
pole of the heavens ; the Monarch. 

CO-ra'ceous (se-ra'shws), o. [L. cem wax.] Waxy. 

ce-ram'ic (se-ram'Tk), a. [Gr. KepapLKos, fr. atpa/ios earth- 
enware.] Of or pertaining to pottery. 

ce-ram'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Art of making things of 
baked clay, as pottery, tiles, etc. 




ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, sou, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tfaen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CERARGYRITE 



165 



CERTAIN 




s?^ 



ce-rar'gy-rite (se-rar'jT-rIt),n [Gr. /cepos horn i + apyvpos 
silver.] Native silver chloride, AgCl, a white to pale 
yellow or gray mineral, darkening on exposure to light; 
horn silver. It can be cut with a knife, like lead or horn. 

ce-ras'tes (se-ras'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kepaar-qs, prop., 
horned, icepas horn.] The horned viper. See viper. 

ce'rate (se'rat). n. [L. ceratum, deriv. of cera wax.] 
Pharm. A form of unctuous preparation for external use, 
consisting of wax, rosin, or the like, mixed with lard. It is 
stiff er than an ointment. 

ce'rat-ed (-rat-ed), p. a. [L. ceratus.] Covered with wax. 

ce-rat'o-dus (se-rat'6-dus ; ser'd-to'dus), n. [NL. ; Gr. k«- 
pas, Keparos, horn + 65ous tooth.] An Australian dipnoan 
fish (genus Neoceratodus), known also as salmon and bar- 
ramundi. It reaches a length of six feet and is esteemed 
as food. 

cer'a-toid (ser'd-toid), a. [Gr. /cepas, Keparos, horn + 
-oid.] Horny ; hornlike ; also, horn-shaped. 

Cer'ber-US (sur'ber-tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kipficpos.'] Class. 
Myth. A three-headed dog with 
a serpent tail, and with serpents 
about the body, guarding _ the 
entrance to the infernal regions. 
— Cer-be're-an (sur-be're-dn), a. 

cer-ca'ri-a (sur-ka'ri-d), n.; pi. 
-klje (-e). [NL., fr. Gr. n'epKos 
tail.] Zo'ol. A larval stage of 
trematode worms, having the 

| shape of a tadpole with its body 
terminated by a tail-like append- v 
age. See fluke. — cer-ca'ri-an ^ -«^f *to 
(-an), a. & n. Hercules carrying off Cer- 

Cere (ser), v. t.; cered (serd); berus. From a vase. 
cer'ing (ser'ing). [L. cerare to cover with wax.] To 
wrap in or as in a cerecloth. 

cere, n. [L. cera wax.] Zo'ol. A soft swollen area, typical in 
birds of prey and in parrots, in which the nostrils open. 

ce're-al (se're-al), a. [L. Cerealis pert, to Ceres, and, 
hence, to agriculture.] Of or pert, to gram or the grasses 
producing it. — n. Any grass yielding grain used for food, 
as wheat, rice, etc., or the grain so produced. 

Ce're-a'li-a (-a'li-a), n. pi. [L.] l.The Cerialia. See Ceres. 
2. The cereal grasses. 

cer'e-bel'lum (seVe-bel'wm), n. ; pi. E. -bums (-&mz), L. 
-ia (-d). [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] A large lobe of the 
dorsal part of the brain. It is concerned in the coordina- 
tion of movements. — cer'e-bel'lar (-dr), a. 

cer'e-bral (ser'e-brdl), a. [L. cerebrum brain.] 1= Of or 
pertaining to the brain ; also, of or pert, to the cerebrum. 
2. Phon. Designating, or pert, to, a class of consonants 
in Sanskrit and other Indian languages (written t, th, 
d, dh, n), developed from the dentalsby turning the 
tongue up and inverting the tip so that its under surface 
touches the hard palate. 

— n. Phon. A cerebral consonant or sound. 

cer'e-brate (brat), v. i.; -brat'ed (-brat'ed) ; -brat'ing 
(-braVIng). Physiol. To exhibit brain activity or to expe- 
rience mental activity. [conscious or unconscious.] 

cer'e-bra'tion (-bra'sbi/n), n. Action of the brain, whether| 

cer'e-bric (ser'e-brTk ; se-reb'rik), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
derived from, the brain or cerebrum. 

cer'e-bri'tis (ser'e-brl'tis), n. [NL. ; cerebrum + -Ms.'] 
Med. Inflammation of the cerebrum. 

cer'e-bro-spi'nal (-bro-spl'ndl), a. Anat. Of or pert, to 
the brain and spinal cord. 

cerebrospinal meningitis, or c. fever, or, in full, 
epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, Med., a dangerous 
epidemic and endemic febrile disease due to microorganic 
infection, characterized by inflammation of the mem- 
branes of the brain and spinal cord. It is not contagious. 

Cer'e-brum. (ser'e-brum), n.; pi. E. -brums (-brumz), L. 
-bra •(-brd). [L., the brain.] The hemispheres of the 
brain, in man the largest part of the brain, filling the 
entire upper portion of the skull. It is the part most 
concerned in the voluntary and conscious mental processes. 

Cere'clotb/ (ser'kloth' ; 62), n. [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] 
Cloth, or a cloth, treated with melted wax, or with gluti- 
nous matter, used esp. for wrapping a dead body. 

cered (serd), a. Zo'ol. Provided with a cere. 

cere'ment (ser'ment), n. A cerecloth, or any shroud for 

the dead ; — usually in pi. 
cer'e-mo'ni-al (ser'e-mo'nT-dl), a. Of or relating to, char- 
acterized by, or of the nature of, ceremonies or ceremony. 
Syn. Ritual ; precise, punctilious, studied, stiff, prim ; cere- 
monious, formal. — Ceremonial, ceremonious, formal. 
Ceremonial applies only to things ; ceremonious, to either per- 
sons or things. That is ceremonial which relates to, or con- 
sists in, outward forms or ceremonies; as.the ceremonial 
gown. Ceremonious applies to that which is characterized 
jby ceremony (often elaborate or pompous), or to one ad- 
dicted to a punctilious observance of formalities ; as, they 
, took ceremonious leave. Formal, as compared with cere- 
monial, suggests set form or procedure rather than exter- 



nal rites (as. a formal call) ; as compared with ceremonious, 
formal suggests rigor, stiffness, or restraint, rather than 
show or pomp ; as, his manner is formal and old-fashioned. 

— n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies enjoined by law or 
by custom, as in worship ; ritual. 2. A ceremonial usage or 
formality ; a rite. — cer'e -mo'ni-al-ism (-Iz'm),n. — cer'- 
e-mo'ni-al-ist, n. — cer'e-mo'ni-al-ry, adv. 

cer'e-mo'ni-OUS (ser'e-mo'ni-usj.a. 1. Ceremonial. 2. Ac- 
cording to prescribed or customary forms, punctilious. 
— Syn. See ceremonial. ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

cer'e-mo-ny (ser'e-mo-nl), n. ; pi. -monies (-niz). [From 
OF., fr. L. caerimonia.] 1. A formal act or series of acts, 
often symbolical, prescribed by law, custom, or authority 
in matters of religion, of state, etc. 2. A rite or observance 
regarded as a mere form ; loosely, anything done ceremo- 
niously. 3. Ceremonial observances or usages collectively 
or as an established method ; specif., the social behavior re- 
quired by strict etiquette ; formality ; also, a formal or con- 
ventional act of civility or etiquette. 4. Ceremonial state 
or display. Archaic. 5. A ceremonial symbol, as a scepter. 
Obs. 6. A sign ; portent. Obs. 

Syn. Observance, ritual, solemnity ; form, rite. — Form, 
ceremony, rite. A form is an established method of 
procedure ; as, social forms. Ceremony is more specific 
than form, and implies certain outward acts, usually 
impressive or dignified, associated with some religious, 
public, or state occasion ; as, the marriage ceremony. 
Rite suggests more definitely a solemn, religious, or 
secret character ; as, the rites of the Greek Church. 

Ce / res (se'rez), n. [L. Ceres, also, corn, grain.] Roman 
Relig. A daughter of Saturn and Ops, goddess of growing 
vegetation. Sfte was identified with Demeter. Her feast, 
the Ce'ri-a'li-a (se'n-a'li-d), was celebrated on April 19, 
honoring the young vegetation. 

ce're-US (se're--us), n. [L., wax candle, cera wax ; — from 
the columnar shape of one species.] Any of a genus (Ce- 
reus) of cactaceous plants of the western United States and 
tropical America, including the night-blooming cereus (C. 
grandiflorus) bearing large fragrant white flowers that 
open about midnight. 

ce'ri-a (se'ri-d), n. See cerium. 

Ce'ri-a'li-a, n. pi. See Ceres. [Producing wax. 

ce-rif'er-OUS (se-rTf'er-fts), a. [L. cera wax -f- -ferous.] 

cer'iph (serif). Var. of serif. 

ce-rise' (se-rez'), a. [F., a cherry.] Of the color of the 
bright red cherry. — n. A cerise color. 

ce'rite (se'rlt), n. [From cerium.] Min. A hydrous sili- 
cate of cerium and allied metals, generally brownish. 

ce'ri-um (se'rT-um), n. [NL., fr. Ceres, name of an aster- 
oid.] Chcm. Araremetallicelement,malleableandductile. 
Symbol, Ce; at. wt., 140.25. Its oxide, ceria, a rare earth 
(see earth, n., 9), is used in incandescent mantles. 

cerium metals. Chem. A group of related rare earth met- 
als : cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, and neodymium. 

CSr'nu-OUS (sur'nu-&s), a. [L. cernuus with the face 
turned toward the earth.] Inclining ; nodding ; pendulous* 

ce'ro (se'ro), n.; pi. -ROS (-roz). [Corrupt, fr. Sp. sierra 
saw, sawfish, cero.] A large food and game fish (Scom- 
beromorus cavalla), of the mackerel family, found in the 
West Indies ; also, the related pintado (S. regalis). 

ce-rog'ra-phy (s£-rog'rd-fi),n. [Gr.^poswax -\--graphy.] 
Art of making forms or designs in, upon, or with, wax. — 
ce-rog'ra-phist (se-rog'rd-fist), n. 

ce-ro'le-in (se-ro'le-Tn), n. [L. cera wax + E. olein.] A 
constituent (about 5%) of beeswax — probably a mixture 
of fatty acids. 

ce-roon' (-roon'). Var. of seroon. 

ce'ro-plas'tic (se'ro-plas'tik), a. [Gr. ktipottXclo-tikos for 
modeling in wax ; Krjpos wax + ir\a.aaeiv to form, mold.] 
Fine Arts, a Relating to the art of modeling in wax. 
b Modeled in wax ; as, a ceroplastic figure. 

ce-rot'ic (se-rot'ik), a. [L. cerotum a pomade, Gr. K^purov, 
fr. K-rjpos wax.] Chem. Pertaining to or designating a fatty 
acid, C26Ha202 (?), occurring free in beeswax. 

ce'ro-type^se'ro-tlpO.n. [Gr. Krjpos wax + -type!] A print- 
ing process of engraving on a surface of wax spread on a 
steel plate, for electrotyping. 

ce'ro-US (se'riis), a. Zo'ol. Pert, to or resembling a cere. 

ce'rous, a. [cerium + -ous.] Chem. Pert, to or containing 
cerium in the trivalent state ; as, cerous compounds. 

-cerous. A combining form from Greek nkpas, horn. 

cer'tain (sur'tln), a. [F., fr. L. certus, orig. p. p. of cernere 
to perceive, decide.] 1. Fixed ; stated ; settled ; as, at a cer- 
tain rate. 2. Sure or dependable ; reliable ; unfailing ; as, a 
certain remedy. 3. Not to be doubted or denied ; indubita- 
ble. 4. Assured in mind ; sure. 5. Thoroughly established, 
as a belief or trust ; hence, of a person : determined ; stead- 
fast. Obs. or Archaic. 6. Destined ; sure ; — followed by 
an infinitive ; as, it is certain to happen. 7. One or some 
specific (thing or person not further described) ; as. a cer- 
tain town. — Syn. True, undeniable, unquestionable, un- 
doubted, indisputable, undoubting, positive. See sure. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach(50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



CERTAINLY 



166 



CHAIN 



cer'tain-ly, adv. With certainty ; without fail ; surely. 

cer'tain-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. A fact unquestion- 
ably established. 2. Quality, state, or fact of being certain, 
externally or mentally ; certitude. 

Cer/tes (sur'tez; -tiz; rarely, in poetry, monosyllabic), 
adv. [F., prop, a pi. f em.] Certainly; verily. Archaic. 

cer'ti-ffa-ble (sur'tT-ffd-b'l), a. Capable of being certified. 

Cer-tif'i-cate (sur-tif f-kat), n. [F. certificat, fr. LL. certi- 
ficatus, p. p. of certificare to certify.] 1. A certified state- 
ment ; a written testimony to the truth of any fact ; any- 
thing that certifies. 2. A written declaration legally 
authenticated. 

certificate of deposit, a written formal statement from 
a bank that a person has on deposit an amount stated. 

— (-kat), v. t.; -cat/ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. l.To verify or 
attest by certificate. 2. To furnish with, or authorize or li- 
cense by, acertificate. — cer-tifi-ca-to-ry (-i-kd-to-rf), a. 

Cer'ti-fi-ca'tion (sur'tT-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of certifying ; 
state of being certified. 2. A certified statement ; certificate. 

Certified Check (sur'ti-fid). Banking. A check certified to 
be good by the bank upon which it is drawn by the signa- 
ture of (usually) the cashier or paying teller with the word 
"good, " orits equivalent, across the face of the check. U. S. 

cer'ti-ffer (-fT'er), n. One who certifies. 

cer'ti-fy (sur'ti-fi), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. certifier, 
fr. LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facers to make.] 
1. To attest authoritatively ; verify. 2. To testify to in writ- 
ing. 3. To give certain information to ; assure. 4. Banking. 
To guarantee (a check) as good. U. S. See certified check. 
— v. i. To vouch or attest by a certificate. 

Cer'ti-O-ra'li (sur'shi-6-ra'rT ; 3), n. [From certiorari to 
be certified ; — a term in the Latin form of the writ.] Law. 
A writ to call up records, for review or relief. 

Cer'ti-tude (sur'ti-tud), n. State of being mentally certain ; 
mental assurance as to a belief or opinion. 

ce-ru'le-an (se-foo'le-dn), a. & n. [L. caeruleus.] Azure. 

ce-ru'menCse-rcx/men),^. [NL.,fr. L. cera wax.] Earwax. 

Ce-ru'mi-nous (se-roo'mT-nus), a. Physiol. Pertaining to 
or secreting cerumen ; as, the ceruminous glands. 

Ce'ruse (se'roos; se-roos'), n. [F. ceruse, L. cerussa.] 
1. White lead. 2. A cosmetic containing white lead. 

ce'rus-site (se'ru-slt), n. Min. Native lead carbonate, 
PbC03, occurring in transparent crystals, with an adaman- 
tine luster, and also massive. 

cer'vi-cal (sur'vi-kdl) , a. [L. cervix, -ids, neck.] Anat . Of 
or pertaining to the neck. 

cer'vine (sur'vln ; -vin), a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer.] 
Of or pertaining to the deer. 

cer'vix (-viks), n. ; pi. E. -vrxES (-ez; 24), L. -vices (-vi- 
sez). [L.] Anat. & Zo'dl. The back part of the neck ; also, 
the neck, or constricted portion, of an organ or part, as of 
the womb. [bling a deer.l 

cer'void (-void), a. [L. cervus deer + -oid.~\ Zo'dl. Resem-| 

Ce-sa're-an (se-za're-dn), Ce-sa'ri-an, etc. Vars. of Ce- 
sarean, etc. 

ces'pi-tose' (ses'pi-tos'), a. [L. caespes turf.] Pert, to or 
resembling turf ; matted or tufted. — ces'pi-tose'ly, adv. 

cess (ses), n. [For sess, fr. assess.] An assessment ; tax. 
Obs., Local, or Dial. Eng. — v. t. To assess ; tax. 

Cess, n. [Contr. fr. success.'] Luck; — chiefly in: bad 
cess to, bad luck to. Anglo-Irish. 

ces-sa'tion (se-sa'shun), n. [F., fr. L. cessatio, fr. cessare. 
See cease.] Act or fact of ceasing ; a stop. — Syn. Rest, 
stay, pause, discontinuance, intermission, interval, respite, 
interruption, recess, remission. 

ces'sion (sesh'im), n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way.] 
A yielding or surrender, as of rights, to another ; ceding. 

cess'pipe' (ses'pipO, n. A pipe for carrying off waste 
water, etc. , from a sink or cesspool. 

cess'pif (-pi t'), n. A pit to receive garbage, night soil, etc. 

cess'pooF (-pool'), n. A cistern in a drain to collect 
sewage; fig., any receptacle of filth. 

cest (sest), n. [L. cestus.] A woman's girdle ; a cestus. 

ces'tode (ses'tod), n. [Gr. nearos girdle.] Zo'dl. A member 
of a certain class (Cestoda) of internally parasitic worms, 
including the tapeworm. — ces'toid (-toid), a. & n. 

U ces'tui (ses'twe), pron. [OF.] Law. He ; the one. 
cestui que, or qui, trust (ki trust) [AF., lit., he who 
trusts], a person who has the equitable and beneficial 
interest in property held by a trustee. — c. que, or qui, 
use (us) [AF., lit., he who uses], a person for whose use 
land, etc., is granted in trust to another. 

ces'tUS (-tiis), n. [L., girdle, Gr. wards, lit., stitched, 
embroidered.] Antiq. A girdle, esp. that of Aphrodite (or 
Venus), which gave the wearer the power of exciting love. 

ces'tUS, n. [L. caestus, cestus.] Antiq. A covering for 
the hands of boxers, made of 
leather bands, and often loaded 
with lead or iron. 

ce-su'ra, ce-su'ral. Vars. of cm- ., 

SURA, CESURAL. - 

ce-ta'cean (se-ta'shcm), n. [L. Cestus. 




cetus whale, fr. Gr. kijtos.] Zo'dl. Any of an order 
(Cetacea) of aquatic, mostly marine, mammals, consisting 
of the whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc. — a. Of or pert, 
to the cetaceans. — ce-ta'ceous (-shus), a. 

Ceylon-ese' (se'lon-ez' ; -es'), a. Of or pertaining to Cey- 
lon. — n. sing. & pi. A native or inhabitant of Ceylon. 

Ce'yx (se'iks), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ki7v£.] See Halcyone. 

C. G. S. An abbreviation for centimeter-gram-second ; — ■ 
applied to a system of units much employed in physical 
science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, 
the gram of weight or mass, and the second of time. 

Chab'a-Site (kab'd-slt) \ n. [Gr. xa/3aftos prop, x^ci^los, 

Chab'a-zite (kab'd-zTt)/ a kind of rock.] Min. A hydrous 
silicate, essentially of calcium and aluminium, occurring in 
glassy crystals varying in color from white to yellow or red. 

Cha'bouk, Cha'buk (cha'book), n. [Hind, chabuk horse- 
whip.] In the Orient, a long whip, as for flogging. 

Chac'ma (chak'md), n. [Native name.] 1 South African 
baboon (Papio porcarius), — the largest baboon. 

chae'ta (ke'td), n. ; pi. -tm (-te). [NL., fr. Gr. xairrj hair.] 
Zo'dl. A spine ; bristle ; seta ; esp. of a chaetopod. 

Chae'10-dont (ke'to-dont), n. [Gr. xo-lrr, hair -f -odont.] 
Any of a genus (Chsetodon) of small brilliantly colored 
carnivorous tropical fishes. 

Chse'tOg-nath (ke'tog-nath), n. [Gr. Kalrrj hair + yv&Bos 
jaw.] Any of a class {Chxtognatha) of small free-swim- 
ming marine worms. 

chae'to-pod (ke'to-pod), a. [Gr. x°-lvt\ hair + -pod.] 
Zo'dl. Belonging to a class (Chsetopoda) of annelids or 
segmented worms having the segments, or a part of them, 
provided with unjointed appendages bearing setae. — n. 
A chaetopod worm. — chae-top'o-dous (ke"-top'o-dus), a. 

Chafe (chaf), v. t.; chafed (chaft) ; chaf'ing (chafing). 
[OF. chaufer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to warm ; calere 
to be warm + facer -e to make.] 1. To rub in order to 
stimulate and warm. 2. To rub so as to wear away ; fret ; 
gall ; as, to chafe a cable ; chafe one's finger. 3. To an- 
ger ; fret ; irritate. ; — Syn. Vex, excite, inflame. — v. i. 1. 
To rub ; move, as one body on or against another, so as to 
cause friction. 2. To be vexed ; fret. 

— n. 1. Heated state of mind or temper ; fret ; fury. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Friction ; also, injury or wear caused by friction. 

Chafer (chafer), n. [AS. ceafor.] Any of various scara- 
basoid beetles, as the June beetle ; esp., the cockchafer. 

Chaf'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). [See chafe, v. t.] Iron 
Manuf. An open furnace or forge in which blooms are re- 
heated before being wrought into bars. 

Chaff (chaf), n. [AS. ceaf.] 1. The husks of grains and 
grasses separated from the seed by threshing, winnowing, 
etc. 2. Anything light and worthless ; refuse. 3. Light, jest- 
ing talk ; banter ; raillery. — - v. t. & i. To banter ; rally. — 
Syn. See ridicule. — chaffer (-er), n. 

Chaffer (chafer), n. [AS. ccap bargain, price + faru a 
journey; hence, orig., agoing to bargain, to market.] 1. 
Traffic. Obs. 2. Bargaining ; haggling about price. — v. i. 
To bargain or negotiate ; esp., to haggle about terms. — 
v. t. 1. To trade in ; exchange. Obs. 2. To cause to be, 
go, pass, etc., by chaffering; — used with away, down, 
forth ; as, to chaffer away time. — chaf 't er-er, n. 

Chaffinch (chaf inch ; chaf-), n. [AS. ceaffinc. See chaff ; 
finch.] A common European finch (Fringilla cwlebs), 
having a cheerful song and often kept as a cage bird. 

Chaff weed' ( chaf wed' ), n. A low, glabrous, branching, 
primulaceous herb (Centunculus minimus) with chafflike 
leaves ; — called also bastard, or false, pimpernel. 

chaffy (-T), a. ; chaff/i-er ; -i-est. 1. Abounding in or 
resembling chaff. 2. Light or worthless as chaff, as talk or a 
letter. 3. Bot. a Paleaceous, b Covered with scales. 

Chafing dish (chafing). A vessel for cooking on the table, 
or for keeping food warm, as by a lamp or hot water. 

Cha-gritf (shd-grin' or, esp. Brit., -gren'),n. [F.] Mental 
disquietude due to wounded pride, failure, disappointment, 
etc. ; acute vexation ; mortification. — Syn. See vexation. 

— v. t. To excite chagrin in ; mortify ; — chiefly in the passive. 
Chain (chan), n. [F. chaine, fr. L. catena.] 1. A series of 

links or rings, usually of metal, b, 

joined together. 2. That which A ; 

confines, fetters, or secures; 

bond ; fetter ; hence, esp. in pi. A . 

imprisonment; bondage; as, 

the chains of habit 3. A _ series A closed KinematicChain 

of things connected as if in a composed of the four 

chain ( sense 1 ) ; as, a chain of Links a, b, c, d, carrying 

mountains ; a chain of events, respectively the eight El- 

4. Surveying. A chainlike meas- f^^formfrfgVhe^urn 2 : 
urmg instrument.The engineer's ing Pairs Ai Bi, B2C2. A2 
chain is 100 ft. long; the D2, and the sliding Pair 
surveyor's chain, 66 ft. long. Ci Di. 

5. Naut. An iron link, plate, or bar held (in large 
vessels) by a chain bolted to the side of a vessel to hold the 
deadeyes ; — usually in pi. Also, in pi., the channels. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sSft. connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



CHAIN GANG 



167 



CHAMELEON 



6. Kinematics. A mechanical combination consisting of 
two or more links (see link) ; specif., a closed chain, one 
in which the fixing of one part defines the movement of 
every other part (thereby making a machine). 

— v. t. 1. To fasten, secure, or connect with or as with a 
chain. 2. Hence : To fetter ; restrain ; enslave. 

chain gang. A gang, esp. of convicts, chained together. 

Chain mail. Flexible armor of interlinked metal rings. 

Chain pump. A pump operating by an endless chain (usu- 
ally bearing disks or lifts that fit to a tube through which 
the ascending part passes). 

chain shot. Mil. A kind of shot consisting of two balls or 
half balls united by a short chain. 

Chain stitch. 1. A kind of ornamental stitch. 2. Machine 
Sewing. A loop stitch. Cf . lock stitch ; see stitch. 

Chain'work' (chan'wiirk'), n. Work looped or linked after 
the manner of a chain ; specif., chain-stitch work. 

Chair (char), n. [OF. chaiere, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kadedpa; xard 
down + root of 'i{e<rda.i to sit.] 1. 
A movable single seat with a back. 
2. A seat of authority, state, or 
dignity, as of a chief magistrate ; an 
office of authority, dignity, etc., as; 
that of professor, or the like ; as, 
the chair of mathematics in a col- 
lege. 3. A chairman. 4. A sedan 
chair. Obs. 5. Railroads. Any sup- 
port or carriage of a rail ; specif., an iron or steel block or 
plate securing a rail to a sleeper or tie. 

— v. t. 1. To place in a chair, esp. of office ; enthrone. 2. To 
carry in triumph on a chair or seat. Eng. 

Chair 'man (-man ), n. 1. The occupant of a chair of 
authority; esp., a presiding officer. 2. One whose business 
it is to convey persons in a chair. — Chair'man-Ship, n. 
— chair'WOnVan (char , w66m / an), n. fern. 

Chaise (shaz), n. [F., chair, chaise, carriage, for chair e pul- 
pit.] 1. A two- or four-wheeled, 
usually one-horse, carriage with 
a calash top and the body hung 
on thorough-braces. 2. A post 
chaise; loosely, any light car- 
riage or pleasure cart. 

cha-la'za (kd-la'zd), n. ; pi. -zm 
(-ze). [NL.,fr. Gr. xaXafa hail.] 
1. Bot. The point at which the 
nucellus and integuments of an 
ovule are united. 2. Embryol. Either of a pair of spiral 
bands in the white of a bird's egg, holding the yolk in place. 

Chal-ced/O-ny ( kal-sed'o-nT ; kal'se-do-nT ), n. ; pi. -nies 




Chair, 5, with rail in 
position on sleeper. 




(-mz). [L. chalcedonius.] A 
quartz, commonly pale blue or gray, w: 
chal'cid (kal'sid),n., or chalcidfly. [Gr 



translucent variety of 
with waxlike luster. 
xaX/<6s copper ; — 
referring to their metallic colors.] Any of a very large 
group of hymenopterous insects, mostly parasitic, in the 
larval state, on the larvag or pupae of other insects. 

Chal'CO-cite (-ko-sit), n. [Gr. xoXkos copper.] Min. Native 
copper sulphide, CU2S, a mineral of black or dark gray 
color and metallic luster, occurring in crystals or massive. 

Chal-COg'ra-phy (kal-kog'rd-fT), n. [Gr. xo-^kos copper, 
brass + -graphy.] Act or art of engraving on copper or 
brass, esp. for printing. — chal-COg'ra-pher (-fer), n. 

ChaTco-py'rite (kal'ko-pi'rlt ; -pirlt), n. [Gr. xgXkoj cop- 
per + pyrite; — from its color.] A brass-yellow sulphide 
of copper and iron, CuFeS2, an important ore of copper. 

Chal-da'ic (-da'Tk), a. Of or pert, to Chaldea; Chaldean. 

Chal-de'an (-de'an), a. Of or pert, to Chaldea or its people ; 
hence, of or pert, to astrology, magic, etc. — n. 1. One of 
an ancient Semitic tribe that became the dominant people 
of Babylonia. 2. A person versed in Babylonian lore, esp. 
astrology ; a soothsayer. 3. Language of the Chaldeans. 

Chal'dee' (kal'de' ; kal-de'), a. Chaldean ; Chaldaic. — n. 
A Chaldean or the Chaldean language ; also,_ improperly, 
Biblical Aramaic, which is a western Aramaic. 

Chal'dron (chol'drun), n. [OF. Same word as caldron.] 
A nearly obsolete English dry measure for coal, lime, etc., 
commonly equal to 32 bushels. 

Cha-let' (sha-la'; shale'; shal'a), n. [F.] 1. A herds- 
man's cabin in the 
Swiss mountains, # 
or a small wooden * 
cottage of the Al- 
pine regions, esp. 
of Switzerland. 
2. A cottage, esp. 
a country house, 
built in the style of 
the Swiss chalets. 

chal'ice ( chal'is ), 
n. [OF.,fr. h.calix 
cup.] 1. A goblet 
or drinking cup. Chalet. 




Nov Poetic or in Elevated Use. 2. The cup used in admin- 
istering the Lord's Supper. 3. A flower cup. 

chal'iced (-ist), a. Cup-shaped; having a cup-shaped 
blossom. 

Chalk (chok), n. [AS. cealc lime, fr. L. calx limestone.] 

1. Min. A soft limestone, white, gray, or buff in color, 
chiefly composed of the shells of foraminifers. 2. Chalk, 
like material, esp. that used in crayons ; a piece of such 
material. 3. A score, or account of credit; hence : credit; 
trust. 4. A mark or line made with chalk ; specif., a point 
scored in a game, often recorded with chalk. Eng. 

— v. t. 1. To treat or mix with chalk ; whiten with chalk ; 
hence : to make pale ; bleach. 2. To write or outline with 
chalk ; specif., 06s. or Colloq., to record in chalk (esp. an 
account) ; score ; charge. — chalk'y, o. 

Chalk'i-ness (-i-ness), n. Chalky quality. [tophus. 

chalk'stone' (-ston'), n. l.A mass of chalk. 2. Med. A 
chal'lenge (chal'enj ; 24), v. t.; -lenged (-enjd) ; -leng- 
tng (-en-jTng). [OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, 
dispute, fr. L. calumniari to attack with false accusations. 
See calumny.] J.. Mil. To question, and demand the coun- 
tersign from. 2. Law. To object to ; take formal exception 
to. 3. To object to the reception of the vote of (a voter). 
U. S. 4. To take exception to ; question ; dispute. 5. To 
claim as due, as respect, etc. 6. To call or invite defiantly, 
as to a contest ; defy ; dare ; as, to challenge criticism. 

— v.i. 1. To challenge a person, right, act, or the like. 2. Of 
a hound, to give tongue on finding the scent. 3. To make 
a challenge ; utter or write a challenge. 

— n. Act of challenging ; that which is said or done in chal- 
lenging. — chal'lenge-a-ble, a. — challeng-er, n. 

chal'lis (shal'I ; chal'is), n. Formerly, a soft and delicate 
woolen and silk dress fabric without gloss; now, often 
spelt chal'lie (shal'i), a cotton or wool dress fabric, usu- 
ally figured, of very light weight. 

fl Cha'lu'meau' (sha'lii'mo'), n.; pi. -MEAUX (-moz'; F. 
-mo'). [F. See shawm.] Music, a Anciently, a rural or 
pastoral pipe or flute. bThe medieval shawm, c The lowest 
register of the clarinet (e to e') . 

ChaFy-be'an Kkal'T-be'dn ; kd-lib'e-an), a. [L. chaly- 
be'ius, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. xaXm£.] Of or pertaining to 
the chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor 
celebrated as workers in iron and steel. 

Cha-lyb'e-ate (kd-lib'e-at), a. [See Chalybean.] Impreg- 
nated with salts of iron ; having a taste due to iron. •— n. 
A chalybeate water, liquid, or medicine. 

Chal'y-bite (kal'i-blt), n. Min. Siderite. 

Cham (kam). Var. of khan, a ruler. 

Cha-made' (shd-mad'), n. [F., fr. Pg. chamada, fr. cna- 
mar to call, fr. L. clamare.] Mil. A signal for a parley 
made by beat of drum or sound of trumpet. Archaic. 

cha-mse'le-on (kd-me'le-wn), n. Var. of chameleon. 

Cham'Der (cham'ber), n. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, 
LL., chamber, Gr. Kanapa anything with an arched cover- 
ing.] 1. A room in a house ; esp., a bedroom. 2. The recep- 
tion room of a great personage. 3. a In pi. Rooms for single 
persons in a lodging house or tenement, or arranged in sets 
for offices, etc. b Law. A room or rooms where a lawyer or 
judge transacts business ; — usually in pi. 4. A hall for de- 
liberative meetings. 5. A legislative, judicial, or deliberative 
body ; an assembly ; esp., a division of a parliament or leg- 
islature ; as, the Chamber of Deputies ; also, a voluntary 
board or council for some business purpose ; as, a chamber 
of commerce. 6. A vessel for urine ; chamber pot ; — a 
euphemism. 7. A compartment ; an inclosed space. 8. That 
part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the 
charge ; in a revolver, any compartment of the cartridge cyl- 
inder. — Syn. See room. 

— v. t. & i. To put or lodge in or as in, or to furnish with, a 
chamber"; inclose ; confine. — cham'bered(cham'berd),p. a. 

chamber concert. A concert of chamber music. 
Cham'ber-er (-er), n. 1. An attendant in a chamber. Obs. 

2. A frequenter of ladies' chambers ; a gallant. Archaic. 
Cham'ber-lain (-lm), n. [From OF., fr. OHG. chamerling, 

chamarlinc ; hammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling.'] 
1. An attendant on a monarch or nobleman in his bed- 
chamber {Archaic), or in his private chambers ; hence, in 
Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 2. A steward ; 
esp.: a A treasurer or receiver of public money, b A noble- 
Oman's high steward or factor. — cham'ber-lain-Ship', n. 

Cham'ber-maid' (-mad'), n. A maidservant who has the 
care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, etc. 

Chamber music. Vocal or instrumental music adapted 
to performance in a chamber, or small apartment or audi- 
ence room, esp. concerted music for solo instruments. 

U chanVbran'le (shaVbraN'l'), n. [F.] Arch. An orna- 
mental bordering or framelike decoration around the sides 
and top of a door, window, or fireplace. 

Cham'bray (sham'bra), n. [From Cambrai, France.] A 
gingham woven in plain colors with linen finish. 

cha-me'le-on (kd-me'le-#n), n. [From L., fr. Gr. x^ac 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. « equals. 



M 



CHAMELEONIC 



168 



CHANGE 




Common Chameleon 



Like a chameleon; 




Chamois. 



Mcop; xa/xaJ on 
the ground -f- 

: \kuv lion.] 1. 
Any of various 
lizards notable for 

| changing theircol- 
or. 2. A person 
likened to a cha- 
meleon, as for 
changeableness. 

cha-me'le-on^ic (kd-melT-on'ik), a. 
changeable ; inconstant. 

Cham'fer (cham'fer), n. [F. chanfrein, fr. p. p. of chan- 
fraindre; chant edge + OF. fraindre to break, L. f ran- 
ger e. ] The surface formed by cutting away an angle of a 
timber, stone, etc. — v. t. 1. Carp. To furrow ; groove ; 
flute. 2. To make a chamfer on ; bevel. 

Cham'fron (-fron), n. Also Cham'frain (-frm). [F. chan- 
frein."] _ In medieval armor, the headpiece for a horse. 

Cham'ois (sham'i ; sha/mwa'; shd-moi'; see note below), 
n. [F.] 1. A small goatlike antelope (Rupicapra 
tragus) of the mountain ridges of Europe and 

] southwestern Asia. 2. Also chammy, shammy. 
A soft, pliant leather, originally of the skin of 
the chamois. 

VW* The meaning of the word 
rendered chamois in Deut. xiv. 5 
is disputed. 

K3P _ Some distinguish in pro- 
nunciation between the word 
as used to designate the animal 
and as used to designate the 
leather or as a verb, using the 
French pron. ( sha/mwa' ) for 
the name of the animal only. 

— (sham'i ; shd-moi' : see note 
under the noun), v. t.; cham'-m 
OISED (sham'id; shd-moid' ); 

i cham/ois-ing (sham'i-Tng; shd- 
moi'ing). To prepare or dress 
after the manner of chamois leather. 

cham'o-mile (kam'6-mll). Var. of camomile. 

champ (champ), v. t. & i. To bite and chew with force and 
noise ; munch. — n. Act of champing, as of a horse. 

Cham'pac, -pak (cham'pak ; chum'puk),n. [Hind, cham- 
pak, Skr. campaka.] An East Indian tree (Michelia 
champaca) related to the magnolia. 

Cham-pagne' (sham-pan'), n. [F. See champaign.] A 
white sparkling wine made in the old province of Cham- 
pagne, France ; also, loosely, any wine of that type. 

Cham-paign' (-pan'),?*. [OF. champaigne ; same word as 
campagne. SeecAMPAiGN.] 1. A plain; level field. 2.Coun- 
try that is flat and open. 3. A battlefield ; also, a military 
campaign. Obs. 4. Open or level expanse, as of water. 

— a. Of, of the nature of, or relating to, flat, open country. 
cham'pak. Var. of champac. [perty.l 
cham'per-tor (cham'per-ter), n. Law. One guilty of cham-| 
Cham/per-tous (-tws), a. Law. Of the nature of champerty. 
Chain'per-ty (-ti), n. [F. champart field rent, L. campi 

pars ; champ (L. campus) field -f- part (L. pars) share.] 
Law. A proceeding by which a person having no legitimate 
concern in a suit bargains to aid in or carry on its prosecu- 
tion or defense in consideration of his receiving, in the event 
of success, a share of the matter in suit. Champertous con- 
tracts were formerly always illegal. 

Cham-pi'gnon (sham-pin'yun ; cham-; F. shaVpe'nyoN'), 
n. [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See 
camp.] Orig., any fleshy fungus; now, a certain edible 
mushroom {Marasmius oreades). 

Cham'pi-on (cham'pi-un), n. [F., fr. LL. campio, fr. L. 
campus (battle) field.] 1. A contestant or fighter, esp. m 
behalf of another or a cause ; defender. 2. One formally 
acknowledged supreme in a branch of athletics or game of 
skill, and ready to contend with any qualified challenger. 
3. Anything awarded first prize or place in competition. 

— v. t. 1. To challenge^ ; defy. Obs. 2. To attend or defend 
champion. — cham'pi-on-ess, n. fern. 

Cham/pi-on-Ship^, n. Act of championing, or state of being 
champion ; position or office of champion ; advocacy. 

||champ / le-ve'(shamp / le-va';F.shaN / -),a. [F.] Art. Hav- 
ing the ground engraved or cut out in parts to be filled with 
enamel. 

Chance (chans), to. [OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a falling 
(as of the dies), L. cadere to fall.] 1. The happening of 
events ; the way in which things befall ; fortune ; hap ; as, 
the chance of war. 2. Something that befalls as the result 
of unknown or unconsidered forces ; the issue of uncertain 
conditions; a fortuity; often, Archaic, mishap; misfor- 
tune. 3. That which happens to one ; fortune ; luck ; lot. 
Obsoles. 4. A possibility or likelihood of anything happen- 
ing ; as, the chances are against it ; hence, opportunity ; as, 
a chance to escape. 5. A hypothetical agent or mode of 



activity other than a force, law, or purpose ; fortune ; fate ; 
— often personified. 6. Connection of events not relevant 
to the interest of the observer, or such a connection result- 
ing from accidental causation. 7. Degree of probability. 
—v.i.; chanced (chanst) ; chanc'ing (chan'smg). To hap- 
pen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation; 
happen; come to pass. — Syn. See happen, — v. t. To 
risk ; — usually used with it as object. Colloq. 

— a. Happening by chance ; casual. 

chance'ful (-fool), a. 1. Dependent on chance; casual. 
Archaic. 2. Full of chance or chances ; eventful. 

chan'cel (chan'sel), n. [OF., fr. L. cancelli lattices, cross- 
bars. The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or 
crossbars.] Eccl. & Arch, a That part of a church reserved 
for the clergy, b All that part of a church east of the nave, 
including the choir proper and sanctuary. 

Chan'cel-ler-y (chan'sel-er-i), n.; pi. -lertes (-iz). 1. The 
position, court, or department of a chancellor ; hence, the 
office of the secretary or notary of a court or of an embassy, 
consulate, or other diplomatic legation. 2. The building or 
room where a chancellor's office is. 

Chan'cel-lor (-er), n. [F. chancelier, fr. LL. cancellarius 
chancellor, fr. L. cancelli crossbars, which surrounded the 
judgment seat.] 1. A secretary, esp. an official one of a no- 
bleman, prince, or king. 2. Specif., Diplomatics, the chief 
secretary of an embassy or other legation. 3. [cap.] a The 
Lord Chancellor, or Lord High Chancellor, the chief 
chancery, or equity, judge in England, b Any of various 
other high officials ; esp., the Chancellor of the Excheq- 
uer, the highest finance minister of the British government. 

4. A law officer who acts as_ vicar-general for a bishop. 

5. The head of some universities. 6. The chief minister of 
state in Austria-Hungary or in the German Empire. 7. A 
judge in a statutory court of chancery, specif, the presiding 
judge. U. S. — chan'cel-lor-ship', n. 

Chance'-med'ley (chans'med'li), n. [Prop., a mingled 
(OF. medlee, meslee, p. p. fern.) chance.] 1. Law. Acci- 
dental homicide, not entirely without fault, but without 
evil intert. 2. Haphazard action. 

chan'cer-y (chan'ser-i), n. [F .chancellerie,ir.'L'L.cancella~ 
ria, fr. L. cancellarius. See chancellor.] 1. In England, 
orig., the office or bureau of the king's chancellor ; later, the 
court presided over by the Lord Chancellor, which was the 
highest court of judicature next to the House of Lords until 
1875, when it became a division of the High Court of Jus- 
tice, with equity jurisdiction only. 2. In the United States, a 
court of equity. 3. Chancery practice or principles ; equity. 
4. A court of record or office of public records ; archives. 5. 
A chancellor's court or office, or the building or room where 
it is ; a chancellery. 

in chancery, a In litigation in a court of chancery ; also, 
under the superintendence of the Lord Chancellor, b Fig., 
in a helpless or awkward position (alluding to the former 
proverbial dilatoriness of chancery causes) . 

chan'cre (sharj'ker), n. [F. See cancer.] Med. A venereal 
sore or ulcer; specif., the initial lesion of true syphilis; — 
called also hard, or indurated, chancre. 

chan'croid (-kroid), n. [chancre + -oid.~] Med. A non- 
syphilitic venereal sore, resembling a chancre in some ex- 
ternal characters ; — called also soft cho-^cre. 

Chan'crous (shar/kriis), a. Med. Of the nature of a chan- 
cre ; having chancres. 

Chanc'y (chan'sT), a. [From chance, n.~] 1. Lucky ; fortu- 
nate. Scot. 2. Uncertain ; risky. Colloq. or Dial. 

chan'de-lier/ (shan'de-leV), n. [F. See chandler.] A 
branched candlestick, lamp stand, gas fixture, or the like, 
esp. one hanging from the ceiling. 

Chand'ler ( chan'dler ), n. [F. chandelier candlestick, 
maker or seller of candles, deriv. of L. candela candle.] 

1. A maker or seller of candles. 2. A dealer in groceries, 
provisions, small wares, etc. ; as, a ship chandler. 

cnan/dler-y (-1), n.; pi. -dlertes (-iz). 1. A place where 
candles, etc., are kept, or where a chandler does business. 

2. a Candles and other lighting materials, b The commodi- 
ties sold by, or the business of, a chandler. 

Chang (chang), n. [Siamese.] A weight ; — see catty, 2. 

Change (chanj), v. t.; changed (chanjd); changing (chan'- 
jing). [F. changer, fr.LL. cambiare to exchange, barter, L. 
cambire.] 1. To alter by substituting something for, or by 
giving up for something else ; put or take another or others 
in place of. 2. Specif. , to give or receive smaller denomina- 
tions of money (technically called change) or money of 
another currency for ; as, to change a gold coin or a bank 
bill. 3. To give and take reciprocally ; exchange ; — often 
used with with. 4. To make different ; turn ; convert. 

— v. i. l.To be changed. 2. Of the moon, to pass from one 
phase to another. 3. To make a change of place or circum- 
stances ; shift ; — often used with about. Specif., Colloq., to 
change vehicles, as cars. 4. To change one's clothes. Colloq. 

— to. 1. Act or fact of changing, as in conditions or circum- 
stances ; variety. 2. A place where men meet to transact 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; natu re, verdure (87); 



CHANGEABILITY 



169 



CHAQUETA 



business ; exchange ; — now chiefly with on or upon and 
of ten erroneously written 'change. 3. Any variation ; alter- 
ation ; mutation. 4. Changefulness ; caprice. 06s. 5. Change 
of key ; modulation in music. 6. Of the moon, a passing from 
one monthly revolution to another ; also, a passing from one 
phase to another. 7. That which makes a variety, or may be 
substituted ; as, a change of clothes. 8. a Money given in 
exchange for money of a higher denomination, b The bal- 
ance returned when payment is made by a coin or note ex- 
ceeding the sum due. 9. Music. Any order in which a set of 
bells is struck, other than that of the diatonic scale, to which 
the bells are tuned ; — chiefly in pi. See change ringing. 
change of life, the change that takes place in the life of 
a woman when menstruation ceases, usually between the 
ages of forty-five and fifty ; also, the period of this change ; 
— called also menopause, climacteric. 

Change'a-bil'i-ty (chan'jd-bil'i-ti) , n. Changeable quality. 

change'a-ble (chan'jd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of changing ; mu- 
table ; variable. 2. Appearing different in different lights 
or circumstances. a-ble-ness, n. a-bly (-bli), adv. 

change'ful (chanj'fool), a. Full of change ; uncertain. 

Change'less, a. That does not change. less-ness, n. 

Change'ling (chanj'lTng), n. 1. One apt to change ; waver- 
er ; turncoat. Archaic. 2. One left or taken in place of an- 
other ; esp., a child supposed to have been exchanged se- 
cretly for another by fairies or elves. 3. Hence, a simpleton ; 
idiot ; imbecile. Archaic. 

Chang'er (chancer), n. 1. One who changes the form of 
anything. 2. A money changer. Archaic. 

Change ringing. Music. The continual production, without 
repetition, of changes on bells. When a set (ring) of bells 
for change ringing is struck from treble, or highest, to tenor, 
or lowest, the bells are said to be in the position of rounds. 
Changes are variations from this striking order according 
to certain rules. See change, n., 9. 

cnan'nel (chan'el), n. [OF. chanel, fr. L. canalis. See 
canal.] 1. The bed of a natural stream. 2. The deeper 
part of a waterway. 3. Geog. A strait, or narrow sea, be- 
tween two portions of land. 4. An artificial hollow bed 
for water or other flowing substance to run through. 5. A 
closed course or conduit, as a tube. 6. That through which 
anything passes ; means or medium of passing, conveying, 
or transmitting ; as, we heard the news through different 
channels. 7 A long gutter, groove, or furrow. 8. [For 
chain wale. ] Naut. One of the flat ledges bolted to the 
outside of a vessel, to spread the shrouds. 

— v. t.; -neled (-eld)or -nelled; -nel-ing or -nel-ling. 
1. To form a channel in ; groove. 2. To convey through or 
as through a channel. 

channel iron. A rolled iron bar of l_j section. 

Chan'son (shan'son; F. shaVsoN'), n.; pi. 
-sons (-sonz ; -son'). [F., fr. L. cantio song.] 
A song, esp. a lyric in French intended for 
singing. Channel Iron. 

|| chan'son' de geste' (shaN'soN' de zhest') 
[F., prop., song of history] , any Old French epic poem hav- 
ing for its subject events or exploits of early French history, 
real or legendary, and written originally in assonant verse. 
The most famous one is the Chanson de Roland. 

Hchan'son-nette' (shan'son-eV ; F. shaVso'net'), n.; pi. 
-nettes (-ets' ; -net'). [F., dim. of chanson^] A littlesong. 

Chant (chant), v. t. [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of 
canere to sing.] 1. To sing. 2. Music. To sing or recite 
after the manner of a chant ; intone. 3. To talk or tell of 
monotonously. 4. To praise (a horse) falsely, or sell by so 
doing. Slang or Colloq. — v. i. 1. To sing. 2. Music. 
To sing a chant ; intone. 3. To utter or repeat a state- 
ment monotonously. 

— n. l.Song ; melody. 2.Music. A short, simple melody or 
phrase characterized by the reciting of an indefinite number 
of syllables to one tone, used in public worship. 3. A com- 
position chanted or for chanting. 4. A singing modulation 
of the voice in speaking. 

|| Chan'tage' (shaN'tazh' ; chan'taj), n. [F.] Blackmail. 

Chant'er (chan'ter), n. 1. One who chants; a singer or 
songster ; specif., a chorister. 2. The chief singer or priest 
of a chantry. 3. A deceitful horse dealer or jockey. See 
chant, v. t., 4. Colloq. 4. In a bagpipe, the flute or finger 
pipe on which the melody is played. 5. The hedge sparrow. 

|| Chan'te-relle' (F. shaN'te-rel'), n. [F., fr. clxanter to sing. 
See chant, v. t .] Music. The highest or melody string of 
some stringed instruments, as the violin, banjo, etc. 

Chan'te : relle' (shan'te-rel' ; chan'te-reF), n. [F.] A cer- 
tain edible mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius). 

Chant'ey (shan't!; chan'tT), n.; pi. -eys (-tiz). Naut. A 
song sung by sailors in rhythm with their work. 

Chan'ti-cleer (chan'ti-kler), n. [From the name of the cock 
in the "Romance of Reynard (the Fox)"; F. chanter to 
chant + clair clear.] A male barnyard fowl ; a cock. 

chan'tress (chan'tres), n. [OF. chanteresse."] A female 
chanter or singer ; a songstress. 

Chan' try (chan'trf), n. 1. An endowment for the chanting 





of Masses and offering of prayers. 2. A chapel, altar, or 
part of a church or, a body of priests, so endowed. 

cha'OS (ka'os), n. [L., fr. Gr. xoos, fr. root of xalveiv to 
gape.] 1. A chasm ; abyss. Obs. 2. The unorganized state 
of primordial matter before the creation of orderly forms in 
the universe. Cf. cosmos. 3. Disordered collection or 
state ; confused mixture. 4. Philos. A state of things in 
which chance is supreme. — Syn. See confusion. j 

Cha-Ot'ic (ka-ot'ik), a. Resembling chaos ; confused. ' 

Chap (chap), v. t. & i.; chapped (chapt) or chapt; chap'- 
ping. To open or crack in slits or chinks ; split ; cause the 
skin of to crack or be rough. — n. A cleft, crack, or chink. 

Chap (chop ; chap), n. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering 
of a jaw ; — usually in pi. 

Chap (chap), n. [Short for chapman.'] 1. A buyer ; cus- 
tomer. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. A man ; boy ; fellow. Colloq. 

Hcha'pa-ra^'os (cha'pii-ra'hos), n. pi. [Mex. Sp.] Overalls 
of sheepskin or leather, usually open at the back, worn esp. 
by cowboys ; — often called chaps. 

chap'ar-raF (chap'd-ral'), n. [Sp., fr. chaparro evergreen 
oak.] A thicket,of dwarf evergreen oaks ; any dense thicket 
of stiff or thorny shrubs, etc. It is esp. characteristic of 
Mexico and the southwestern United States. 

chaparral cock ; Jem. chaparral hen. A bird (Geococcyx 
californianus) of southwestern North America, 
of the cuckoo family, noted for running with 
great speed ; — called also road runner. 

Chap'book' (chap'book'), n. Any of the small 
books, as ballads, tracts, tales, 
etc., formerly sold by chapmen. 

Chape (chap), n. [F., fr. LL.] 
1. The metal mounting or trim- 
ming of a scabbard or sheath at 
its upper end. 2. The piece at 
the back of some buckles by 
whichtheyarefastenedtoastrap. Chaparral Cock. (ft) 

Cha'peau' (sha'po'), n.; pi. -peaux (-poz'; F. -po'). [F., 
fr. OF. chapel hat. See chaplet.] A hat. 

Hcha'peau' bras' (bra'). [F. chapeau hat + bras arm.] 
A hat made to be compressed and carried under the arm. 

Chap'el (chap'el), n. [OF. chapele, fr. LL. capella, orig., 
a short cloak (cappa, capa) ; later, a reliquary, chapel (be- 
cause the building where St. Martin's cloak was preserved 
came to be called capella). .] 1. A subordinate place of 
worship. 2. A room, recess, or cell, in a church, containing 
an altar and separately dedicated. 3. A church used by 
others than members of an established church. British. 
4. A chapel service, as at a college or university. 5. A choir 
of singers belonging to a chapel, as of a prince ; hence, the 
choir, or the orchestra, or both, at the court of a prince or 
nobleman. 6. Print, a Formerly, a-printing office, b An as- 
sociation or meeting of the workmen in a printing office. 

chap'el-mas'ter (chap'el-mas'ter), n. A director of music 
in a chapel ; the director of a court choir or orchestra. 

Chap'el-ry (chap'el-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. The district 
of a chapel. 2. A chapel with its precinct and appurtenances. 

chap'er-on (shap'er-on ; -on), n. [F.] A person, esp. a ma- 
tron, who accompanies a young unmarried lady in public, 
for propriety. — v. t. To attend as a chaperon ; escort. — 
chap'er-on'age (-on'aj ; -on'aj), n. 

Chap'falFen (chop'fol"n ; chap'-), a. Having the lower 
chap, or jaw, drooping, as>from humiliation. 

Chap'i-ter (chap'i-ter), n. Arch. A capital. Archaic. 

Chap'lain (-lin),7i. [F. chapelain, fr. LL., fr. capella. See 
chapel.] 1. The priest or minister of a chapel. 2. A clergy- 
man officially attached to the army or navy, to a public in- 
stitution, or to a family or court. 3. A clergyman or layman 
chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc. — 
chap'lain-cy (-si), -n. — chap'lain-ship, n. 

chap'let (-let), n. [F. chapelet, OF. chapel hat, garland, 
dim. fr. L. cappa. See cap.] 1. A garland or wreath for the 
head. 2. R. C. Ch. A string of beads, a third of a rosary, 
used in praying. 3. A string of beads;. necklace. 4. Arch. 
A small molding carved into beads, pearls, etc. 

chap'man (-man), n. [From AS., fr. ceap trade + man 
man.] 1. One who buys and sells ; merchant ; dealer. Obs. 
or Archaic. 2. A peddler ; hawker. 

Ucha-po'te (cha-po'ta), n. [Mex. Sp., prob. fr. a native 
name.] The Mexican persimmon {Diospyros texana). 

Chap'py (chap'I), a. Full of chaps ; cleft ; gaping. 

chaps (chaps ; shaps), n. Short for chaparajos. 

Chap'ter (chap'ter), n. [F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. 
of caput, lit., head.] 1. A main division of a book, treatise, 
or the like, or something suggestive of such. 2. Liturgies. 
A short passage of Scripture chanted or recited by the offici- 
ant between the last psalm and the hymn. 3. A regular 
meeting of the canons of a church, or of monks, knights, 
members of a fraternity, or the like ; also, a body of those 
who Lold such a chapter. 

— v. t. To divide into, or arrange in, chapters, as a book. 

|| cha-que'ta (cha-ka'ta), n. [Sp.] A jacket; specif., in 
Texas, a cowboy's heavy jacket of leather or cloth. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E xpl an a tions of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CHAR 



170 



CHARM 



char (char ; char), n. A turn of work ; a job. Rare or Dial. 

— v.t.& i. To do chars. See chare. 

Char (char), v. t.; charred (chard) ; char'ring. 1. To re- 
duce to charcoal or carbon by heat. 2. To burn partially ; 
scorch. — Syn. See scorch. — v. i. To burn to charcoal ; 
burn. — n. A charred substance ; charcoal. 

Char, n. (See plural, Note.) [Gael, ceara, lit., blood- 
colored, cear blood. From its red belly.] Any of a genus 
(Salvelinus) of trouts having small scales. 

|| char'-a-bancs' (sha'ra-baN'), n.; pi. chars-a-bancs (F. 
sha'ra-baN'). [F.] A long, light, open vehicle, with trans- 
verse benches or seats facing forward. 

Char'act (kar'akt), n. [OF.] A distinctive mark or stamp ; 
a letter, figure, or sign, etc. Obs. or Archaic. 

char'ac-ter (-dk-ter), n. [L., an instrument for marking, 
character, Gr. x a P ai <Trjp, fr- x a P& <T(X€ <- v to make sharp, en- 
grave.] 1. A sign or token placed on an object to indicate 
some special fact, as ownership or origin ; a brand or stamp. 
2. Hence : a A graphic symbol ; esp., a graphic symbol used 
in recording language, as a letter, b Writing or printing. 
C Style of writing or printing ; as, the German character. 
d A private mode of writing ; cipher. 3. Appearance or out- 
ward trait viewed as a token of real nature, origin, or the 
like. 4. A distinguishing trait or characteristic or the sum 

1 of such traits or characteristics ; kind ; sort ; nature ; as, a 

| man of fine character; the character of the soil. 5. A 
description of the character (sense 4) of a person or of a 
thing; esp., a written statement as to behavior, habits, 
competency, etc., given by an employer to an employee. 
6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity ; status ; as, in his 
character as a judge. 7. Reputation ; repute. 8. A person 
regarded as embodying peculiar or notable traits. 9. One of 
the persons of a drama or novel. 10. Distinctive character ; 
individuality, esp. as distinguished by moral excellence. 

— Syn. See disposition. 

<— v. t. l.To engrave ; write. 2. To symbolize ; represent ; 
figure. Archaic. 3. To characterize. 

Char'ac-ter-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. 1. Pertaining to, or serving 
to constitute, the character ; distinctive ; typical. 2. Serv- 
ing as a character. — Syn. See distinctive. — n. 1. A 
distinguishing trait, quality, or property ; element of char- 
acter. 2. Math. The index or integral part (whether 
positive or negative) of a logarithm. — Char'ac-ter-is'ti- 

cal (-ti-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. 

Syn. Peculiarity, mark, lineament, trait, feature. — Char- 
acteristic, trait, feature. A characteristic is a mark or 
quality which characterizes, or distinguishes. A trait is a 
somewhat sharply defined characteristic. A feature is a 
prominent detail or part. [characterizing.! 

Char'ac-ter-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun), n. Act or process of| 

Char'ac-ter-ize (kar'dk-ter-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). 1. To indicate or delineate the character of; 
describe. 2. To be a characteristic of ; mark the character 
of. 3. To give character to. 

Char'ac-ter-less, a. Without character or individuality. 

Char'ac-ter-y (kar'dk-ter-i ; formerly also kd-rak'ter-T), n. ; 
pZ.-teries (-iz). Act of expressing thought by characters or 
symbolism ; characters or symbols collectively. 

Cha-rade' (shd-rad' or, esp. in British usage, shd-rad' ), n. 
[F.] A verbal or acted enigma based on a word with two or 
more significant parts, each of which, as well as the word 
itself, is to be guessed from the representations. 

Char'bon (shar'bon ; F. shar'boN'), n. [F., coal, charbon.] 
The disease anthrax. See anthrax, 2. 

Char'coaP (char'kol 7 ), n. 1. Carbon made from vegetable 
or animal substance ; esp., coal made by charring wood in a 
kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. 2. Fine Arts. 
A piece of charcoal used in drawing ; also, a drawing made 
with this.— v. t. 1. To blacken, mark, write, or draw with 
charcoal. 2. To asphyxiate with charcoal fumes. 

Chard (chard), n. 1. The tender leafstalks of the artichoke, 
blanched for table use. 2. A beet {Beta cicla) with large 
leaves and succulent stalks, often cooked as a potherb. 

Chare (char), Char (char ; char), n. [AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, 
occasion, business.] A turn of work, odd job, or task, esp. 
of household work ; a chore ; esp., in pi., chores. 

— v. t. & i. To work at odd jobs ; do chores. 

Charge (charj), v. t.; charged (charjd) ; charg'ing (char'- 
jing). [OF. chargier, fr. LL. carricare,ir. L. carrus wag- 
on.] 1. To load ; lade. 2. To place a charge, as of powder, 
within or upon. 3. To place a heraldic bearing on, as on a 
shield. 4. To task or load mentally ; — used with with ; as, to 
charge the mind with a duty. 5. To command, instruct, or 
exhort with authority ; as, to charge a jury. 6. To accuse ; 
censure. 7. To lay to one's charge; impute; ascribe. 8. To 
subject to a pecuniary charge or liability ; make liable for. 
9. To fix or demand as a price. 10. To place something as 
a debt to the account of ; debit. 11. To bring (a weapon) to 
a position of attack. 12. To bear down on ; attack. 

1 Syn. Charge, accuse. Charge implies something laid on 
one, and often connotes formality or gravity ; accuse is 
commonly more immediate and personal, and often sug- 



gests rather directness or sharpness of imputation or cen- 
sure. See refer. 

— v. i. 1. To deliver a charge, asa judge. 2.To demand or 
set a price ; as, to charge high for goods ; also, to make a deb- 
it, as in an account book. 3. To make a charge, or impet- 
uous onset ; rush. 4. To squat on its belly, with head on 
its forepaws, and be still ; — said of a dog. 

— n. 1. A load ; burden. 2. Quantity, as of powder, elec- 
tricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, bat- 
tery, furnace, etc., is fitted to hold, or holds, at one time. 3. 
Her. A bearing. 4. Pecuniary burden ; expense ; — usually 
in pi. 5. Price demanded. 6. An entry or account of some- 
thing due. 7. A duty or task laid on a person ; responsibil- 
ity ; trust. 8. A person or thing intrusted to another ; a trust. 
9. Order; mandate; an instruction or instructions, esp. 
official ; specif., Law, the statement made by the judge to 
the jury, at the close of a trial, of the principles of law in- 
volved, etc. 10. An accusation of a wrong; allegation. 
11. An impetuous onset or attack, as of troops. — Syn. 
Care, custody; management, office; assault. See price. 

|] Change' (shaVzha'),*. [F.] A charge d'affaires. 

Charge'a-ble ( char'jd-b'l ), a. 1. Burdensome ; trouble- 
some. Archaic. 2. That may properly be charged. 

|] char'ge' d'affaires' (shaVzha' da/far'), n.; pi. charges 
d'affaires (shaVzha'). [F., charged with affairs.] A tem- 
porary substitute for an ambassador or minister plenipo- 
tentiary ; also, an inferior diplomatic representative accred- 
ited to the minister for foreign affairs of another state. 

Charg'er (char'jer), n. A large platter for carrying meat. 
Archaic or Literary. 

Charg'er, n. One who, or that which, charges; esp., a horse 
ridden in a charge ; an officer's horse for battle or parade. 

char'i-ly (char'i-11), adv. In a chary manner ; carefully. 

Char'i-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being chary ; caution. 
2. Carefully preserved state ; integrity. Obs. 

Char'i-ot (char'I-ot), n. [F., fr. char car, L. carrus.'] A 
kind of wheeled vehicle, as a light four-wheeled pleasure 
carriage; esp., among the ancients, a two-wheeled car or 
vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. — v. t. & i. 
To go or ride, or to convey or carry, in or as in a chariot. 

char'i-Ot-eer'Oer'), n. 1. One who drives a chariot. 2. [cap.'] 
Astron. See Auriga. — v. t. To drive as charioteer. 

Char'ism (kar'iz'm), n. [Gr. x°-P^na gift.] Theol. A 
special divine or spiritual gift ; a grace. — Char'is-mat'ic, a. 

Cha-ris'ma (kd-riz'md), n.; pi. charismata (-md-td). 
[NL.] A charism ; — chiefly in pi. 

Char'1-ta-ble (char'i-td-b'l), a. [F.j 1. Exhibiting charity, 
or Christian love. Archaic. 2. Liberal in benefactions ; 
generous. 3. Of or pertaining to, or springing from, charity ; 
relating to almsgiving. 4. Liberal in judging others ; leni- 
ent. — Syn. Kind, beneficent, benevolent ; forgiving. — 
char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — char'i-La-bly, adv. 

Char'i-ty (char'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. charite, fr. L. 
caritas dearness, love, fr. carus dear, loved.] 1. Christian 
love and benevolence. 2. More generally, love ; good will ; 
an act or feeling of affection or benevolence. 3. Liberality 
in judging men or actions. 4. Good will to the poor or suf- 
fering ; generosity ; almsgiving ; hence, public relief of the 
poor. 5. In pi. Acts or works of benevolence to the poor. 
6. Whatever is given the needy ; alms. 7. A gift, as by a 
person's will, for some beneficial public use ; also, an insti- 
tution founded by such a gift, as a hospital, a school, etc. 

Cha'ri-va'ri (sha're-va're ; shd-re / vd-re / ), «• [F.] A mock 
serenade of discordant noises, made by beating kettles, etc. 

chark (chark), v. t. To burn to charcoal ; char ; coke (coal). 

Char'la-tan (shar'ld-tdn), n. [F., fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. 
ciarlare to prate.] One who prates much in his own favor, 
and makes unwarrantable pretensions ; a quack. — Syn. 
See impostor. — charla-tan'ic (-tan'ik), a. 

char'la-tan-ry (shar'ld-tdn-rf), n. Alsochar'la-tan-ism. 
Undue pretensions to skill ; quackery. 

Charles's Wain (charl'ziz). Also Charles' Wain. [Charles 
(Charlemagne) + wain.] Astron. The Dipper. 

char'lock (char'lok), n. [AS. cerlic] The wild, or field, 
mustard (Brassica arvensis). 

char'lotte (shar'lot), n. _ [F., fr. Charlotte, fem. proper 
name, fr._ Charles.] A kind of pudding of fruit, gelatin, or 
the like, inclosed in cake or bread. 

Char'lotte russe' (shar'lot roos' ; F. pron. shar'lot' riis'). 
[F., lit., Russian charlotte.] A dish composed of whipped 
cream or custard inclosed in sponge cake. 

Charm (charm), n. [F . charme,ir.L.. carmensong, verse, in- 
cantation.] l.Orig., the reciting of a magic verse ; incanta- 
tion ; hence, any action, process, or thing believed to have 
such power ; talisman ; spell. 2. Anything worn to avert ill 
or to secure good fortune; amulet. 3. That which fasci- 
nates; alluring quality. 4. Any small decorative object 
worn on the person, as a seal on a watch chain. — Syn. 
Spell, conjuration, enchantment; fascination, attraction. 
See TALISMAN. 

— v. t. l.To affect by or as by a charm ; fascinate ; bewitch ; 

enchant ; as, to charm a snake. 2. To endow with super- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CHARMER 



171 



CHATTER 



natural powers by means of charms ; esp. , to protect by 
spells or charms ; as, a charmed life. 3. To subdue by some 
secret power, or by that which gives pleasure ; hence : to 
allay ; assuage. 4. To attract irresistibly ; delight exceed- 
ingly ; enchant ; fascinate ; bewitch. — Syn. Allure, de- 
light, transport, enrapture. See captivate. [fascinating, j 

■—«.*. 1. To use charms or magic. 2. To act as a charm ; be | 

charm/er, n. One who charms, or has power to charm. 

charm'ing, p. a. Working a charm or charms; hence: 
pleasing greatly ; fascinating. — Syn. Enchanting, be- 
witching, captivating, delightful ; lovely, amiable, winning, 
attractive. — charm'ing-ly, adv. — charm'ing -ness, n. 

char'nel (char'nel), a. [F., carnal, in OF. also as n., a place 
for corpses, fr. L. carnalis. See carnal.] Fit for or being a 
burial place ; sepulchral ; ghastly. — n. A burial place ; 
usually, a charnel house ; mortuary chapel. 

charnel house. A place for the dead or bones of the dead. 

Cha'ron (ka'ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. X&puv.] 1. Class. Myth. 
The son of Erebus and Nox. He ferried souls over the Styx. 
2. A ferryman. Humorous. 

char'poy (char'poi),». Alsochar'pai (-pT). [Hind, char-pal, 
fr. Per. char pal; char four + pal foot.] The common 
light bedstead or cot of India. Anglo-Ind. 

|J char'qui (char'ke), n. [Sp., fr. native name in Peru.] 
Jerked beef ; beef or other meat cut into long strips and 
dried in the wind and sun. 

Char'ry (char'i), a. Pertaining to or like charcoal. 

Chart (chart), n. [F. charte charter, formerly also map, fr. 
L. charta sheet of paper.] 1. A map ; esp. : a A map for 
navigators, b An outline geographical map. 2. A graphic 
representation, as by curves, of fluctuations, as of tempera- 
ture, prices, etc. 3. A sheet, as of paper, on which informa- 
tion is given in tabular form. — Syn. See map. 

— v. t. To lay down in a chart ; map. 
Char-ta'ceous (kar-ta'shfe) , a. [L. chartaceus. See char- 
ter.] Resembling, or of the nature of, paper ; papery. 

Char'ter (char'ter), n. [OF. & F. chartre, fr. L. chartula a 
little paper, dim. of charta leaf of paper.] 1. A deed. 
Archaic. 2. An instrument in writing from the sovereign 
power of a state or country, granting or guaranteeing 
rights. 3. A writing from the authorities of an order or 
society (as the Freemasons) creating a lodge or branch. 
4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. 5. Com. 
Short for charter party. 

— v. 1. 1. To grant a charter to. 2.To hire or let by charter 
party. 3. To hire, esp. for exclusive use. Colloq. 

Char'ter-er (-ter-er), n. One who holds by charter. 

Charter party. [From F. ; lit., a divided, or indentured, 
charter.] Commerce. A mercantile lease of a vessel, as a ship. 

Chart'ism (char'tiz'm), n. [F. charte charter.] The prin- 
ciples or practices of a party in England who, from about 
1836 to 1848, contended for universal adult male suffrage 
and other electoral reforms as stated in the National, or 
People's, Charter. — Chart'ist (char'tist), n. 

chart'less, a. Without a chart ; also, uncharted. 

char-tog'ra-pher (kar-tog'rd-fer), char'to-graph'ic, char- 
tog'ra-phy, etc. Vars. of cartographer, etc. 

U char'treuse' (shar'truz'), n. [F.] 1. [cap.~] A Carthusian 
monastery. 2. A liqueur made by Carthusian monks. 

Char'tU-la-ry (kaVtu-la-ri),ri.; pl- -Ries (-riz). [LL. cartu- 
larium, chartularium.'] A register of charters ; cartulary. 

Char'wom/an (char'woom'dn ; char'-), n. [See chare 
chore.] A woman hired for odd jobs of domestic work, or 
for such work by the day. 

Char'y (char'i ; cha'ri ; 3), a.; char'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. [AS. 
cearig careful, cearu, caru, care.] 1. Held, regarded, or 
done cautiously or with reserve or deliberation; charac- 
terized by care or caution. 2. Reserved ; shy ; fastidious ; 
also, frugal ; sparing. — Syn. See frugal. 

Cha-ryb'dis (kd-rib'dis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xdpu/35is. ] A 
whirlpool, sometimes dangerous, on the coast of Sicily op- 
posite the rock Scylla on the Italian coast. It was personi- 
fied by the ancients as a female monster. See Scylla. 

Chase (chas), v. t. & i. ; chased (chast) ; chas'ing. [OF. cha- 
cier, deriv. of L. captare to strive to seize. SeeCATCH.] l.To 
cause to depart or flee by threatening evil; put to flight. 

2. To follow (that which flees) in order to, or as if to, harm 
it ; follow persistently or regularly. 3. Specif., to hunt ; as ; 
to chase the moose. — Syn. See follow. 

— n. 1. Act of chasing or pursuing, as an enemy or game ; 
pursuit; hunting; specif., with the, the hunting of wild 
beasts. 2. Eng. Law. A liberty or franchise to hunt within 
certain limits of land, or to keep beasts of the chase therein. 

3. An open hunting ground in which game is bred and 
hunted. Eng. 4. That which is hunted, as an animal. 5. 
Those who follow the chase ; the hunt. 

Chase, n. [F. chasse, fr. L. capsa box, case.] 1. Print. A 
rectangular iron frame into which pages or columns of type 
are fastened for printing or to make plates. 2. A prolonged 
hollow ; a groove or furrow ; as : a The part of a cannon 
from the trunnions to the mouth or the swell of the muzzle. 
1) A groove or channel. — v. t. To groove or indent. 



chase, v. t. [Contr. of enchase.] To ornament (a metal 
surface) by embossing, engraving, or the like. 

Chas'er (chas'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chases; 
a hunter ; pursuer. 2. A horse for steeplechasing ; steeple- 
chaser. 3. Naut. A gun at the bow {bow chaser) or in the 
stern {stern chaser) of a vessel, for use when chasing or 
being chased. 4. A small potion of a mild drink, as water, 
taken after liquor. Colloq., U. S. 

chas'er, n. One who, or that which, chases or engraves. 

chas'ing (chas'ing), n. 1. Action of pursuing, hunting, etc. 
2. Steeplechasing. 3. Dancing. = chasse. 

chas'ing, n. Act or art of ornamenting metal by embossing 
or engraving ; also, the design or piece so produced. 

Chasm (kaz'm),n. [From L., fr. Gr. xac^a, fr. xaiWi*' to 
gape.] A deep breach, as in the earth ; cleft ; fissure ; rift. 

Chas'my (kaz'mi), a. Abounding in chasms ; also, like, or 
of the nature of, a chasm ; abyssal. 

|| Chasse (shas), n. A small potion of spirituous liquor taken 
after coffee, tobacco, etc. ; — orig. chasse'— ca'fe' (shas'- 
ka'fa') [F.], lit., "coffee chaser." 

Hchas'se' (sha/sa'), n. [F.] Dancing. A kind of gliding 
step.— v. i. ; -sed' (-sad') ; -se'ing. To make a chasse. 

Chasse'pot' (shas'po'), n. [After Antoine A. Chassepot, 
French inventor.] Firearms. A kind of breech-loading cen- 
ter-fire rifle, taking a paper cartridge. It was used by the 
French in 1870. 

Chas'seur' (sha/sur'), n., [F.] 1. A hunter; huntsman. 
2. Mil. One of a body of light troops trained for rapid 
movements. 3. An attendant wearing a plume and sword. 

Chas'sis (sha'se), n. ; pl. chassis (sha'sez). [F. chassis."] 

1. Ordnance. In coast-artillery gun mounts, the movable 
railway along which the top carriage and gun move. 2. The 
under part of an automobile, consisting of the frame under 
the body with the wheels and machinery. 

Chaste (chast), a. [F., fr. L. castus pure, chaste.] 1. Inno- 
cent of unlawful sexual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Unmar- 
ried ; virgin. Obs. 3. Pure ; modest ; decent. 4. Pure in 
design and expression ; refined, as art. — chaste'ly, adv. 

Chas'ten (chas''n), v. t. [OF. chastier, fr. L. castigare to 
chastise ; castus pure 4- agere to drive.] 1. To discipline ; 
chastise ; — usually of divine chastisement. 2. To purif) 
from errors or faults ; refine. 3. To keep from excess ; sub- 
due ; temper. — Syn. See punish. — chas'ten-er, n. 

Chaste'ness (chast'nes), n. State or quality of being chaste 
(now esp. in sense 4). 

Chas-tise' (chas-tlz'), v. t.; -tised' (-tTzd') ; -tis'lng (-tlz'- 
Tng). [See chasten ; -ize.] 1. To punish, as with stripes. 

2. To purify ; chasten. Archaic. — Syn. See punish. 
— Chas-tis'er (-tlz'er), n. [correction. 

Chas'tise-ment (chas'tiz-ment), n. Action of chastising;! 

chas'ti-ty (chas'ti-ti), n. State or quality of being chaste 
(now esp. in senses 1 & 3). 

Chas'u-ble (chaz'u-b'l; chas'-), n. [F., fr. LL. casubula, 
cassibula, casula, a hooded garment.] Eccl. The outer 
vestment of the celebrant at the Eucharist. 

Chat (chat), v.%. ; chat'ted ; chat'tlng. [From chatter.] 
To talk in a light and familiar manner. 
Syn. Chat, chatter, prate, prattle. To chat is to talk 
in light, easy, and pleasant fashion ; as, we chatted over the 
trifles of our journey. To chatter is to talk aimlessly, in- 
cessantly, and (often) very rapidly ; to prate is to talk 
idly ; as, you chatter like a crow ; "a prating fool shall fall." 
To prattle is to talk artlessly and freely, like a child. 

— v. t. To chatter ; prate ; also, to tell in a gossipy way. Obs. 

— n. 1. Light, familiar talk ; causerie ; gossip. 2. Any of 
several birds so called from their notes, as the stonechat. 

chat, n. [F. chat cat, catkin.] The inflorescence or seed of 
various plants. 

U cha'teau' (sha'to'), n.; pl. -teaux' (-toz'; F. -to'). [F., 
a castle.] 1. A feudal castle in France. 2. A manor house 
or a gentleman's countryseat. — a. Designating various 
French wines made upon private estates or chateaux ; as, 
in Cha'teau' La'fite' (la'fet'), Y'quem' (e'kem'), etc. 

Cha'te-lain' {F. sha't'-laN' ; E. shat'e-lan), n. [F. chate- 
lain.~\ A castellan. Obs. as an Eng. title. 

Chat'e-laine (shat'e-lan jF.sha't'-len'),?!. [F. chatelaine.'] 
1. Mistress of a chateau. 2. An ornamental clasp or brooch 
worn at a woman's waist, with a chain for keys, etc. 

Cha-toy'ant (shd-toi'dnt ; F. sha'twa'yaV), a. [F. p. pr., 
deriv. of chat cat.] Having a changeable luster, or color, 
like that of a changeable silk, or of a cat's eye in the dark. 

— n. A hard stone, as the cat's-eye, which presents on a 
polished surface, and in the interior, a wavy luster. 

Chat'tel (chat''l), n. [OF. chatel; another form of catel. 
See cattle.] 1. Law. Any item of movable or immovable 
property except real estate, or the freehold, or the things 
which are parcel of it. 2. Sometimes, a slave. 

chat'ter (chat'er), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To utter rapid, 
inarticulate, but speechlike sounds. 2. To jabber ; prate. 
3.To make a noise by rapid collisions, as the teeth. 4. To 
vibrate rapidly in cutting, as a tool, causing fine undula- 
tions or ripples {chatter marks). — Syn. Sec chat. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CHATTERBOX 



172 



CHEER 



To utter rapidly, idly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly. — n. 

Chattering, as of a magpie or monkey ; idle or unintelligible 

rapid talk ; prattle. 2. The act or noise of a tool that chatters. 

Chat'ter-box' (-boksO, n. An incessant chatterer. Colloq. 

Chat'ter-er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chatters. 

2. Any of various passerine birds. 

chatter mark. 1. Mach. See chatter, v. i., 4. 2. Geol. 
One of a series of short curved cracks, transverse to the 
striae, on a glaciated rock surface. 
chat'ty (chat'i), a. ; -ti-er (-i-er) ; -ti-est. Given to chat ; 

talkative. — chat'ti-ness (-l-nes), n. 
Chauffer (shof'er ; chof '-), n. Kind of small portable stove 
or furnace. 

II chauffeur' (sho'fQr'),". [F., lit., stoker.] One who man- 
ages the running of an automobile, often, specif., one who 
does so for hire. — |i chauf'feuse' (-fuz'), n. fern. 
chaunt, chaunt'er, etc. Vars. of chant, etc. Rare or Arch. 
||chausses (shos ; formerly, as Eng., chou'sez), n. pi. [F.] 
The medieval garment or garments, worn by men to cover 
the legs and feet and the body below the waist ; also, the 
early medieval armor of linked mail for the same parts. 
|| Chaus'sure' (sho'siir'), n. [F.] A foot covering of any 
kind ; a shoe, boot, or the like. 

Chau-tau'qua (shd-to'kwd), a. [From Chautauqua lake, 
town, and county, in western New York.] Of or pert, to 
the Chautauqua system (of education) , a system of home 
study established in connection with the summer schools 
assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by Bishop J. H.Vincent. 

Uchau'vin' (sho'vaN'), n. [F. ; — so called from Nicolas 
Chauvin of Rochefort, a veteran soldier of the First Repub- 
lic and Empire, whose demonstrative patriotism and attach- 
ment to Napoleon came to be ridiculed by his comrades.] 
1. F. Hist. One of those veterans of the First Empire who, 
after the fall of Napoleon, professed an unbounded admira- 
tion for his person and acts. 2. Hence, any person affected 
with exaggerated patriotism.military enthusiasm or thelike. 

Chau'vin-ism (sho'vm-Tz'm), n. Blind devotion to a lost 
cause ; hence, exaggerated patriotism. — Chau'vin-ist, n. 
— chau'vin-is'tic (-is'tTk), a. 

Chaw (cho), v. t. & n. Chew. Now Vulgar. 

Chay (sha), n. Corruption of chaise. Illiterate. 

Chay (cha ; chl) \ n. Also choy, choya. [ Tamil 

Chay'a (chl'd ; cha'd) j shaya. ] The root of an East In- 
dian rubiaceous plant {Oldenlandia umbellata) which 
yields a red dye similar to madder ; also, the plant itself. 

Cheap (chep), n. [AS. ceap bargain, sale, price.] 1. A bar- 
gain or bargaining. Obs. 2. Market place. Obs. 

Cheap, o. [Abbr. fr. "good cheap" a good purchase or bar- 
gain.] 1. Of small cost or price. 2. Of comparatively small 
value ; of slight esteem. 3. Finance. Of money, obtainable 
at a low rate of interest. — adv. Cheaply ; as, to work 
cheap. — cheap'ly, adv. — cheap'ness, n. 

Cheap'en (chep''n), v. t. 1. To bargain or chaffer for. 
Archaic or Dial. 2.To beat down or lower the price of; 
depreciate. — v. i. To become cheap. — cheap'en-er, n. 

Cheat (diet), n. [Prob. a form of escheat."] 1. A deception ; 
fraud ; imposture. 2. Law. The obtaining of property from 
another by an intentional active distortion of the truth. 
3. A swindler ; impostor. 4. Anything made primarily for 
show ; a sham. 5. Chess (the grass). — Syn. Delusion, 
artifice, trick, swindle, humbug, deceit, finesse. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To deceive, esp. so as to defraud ; trick. 2. 
To beguile. — cheat'er, n. 

Syn. Defraud, swindle, dupe, trick, cozen, gull, chouse, 
hoax, bamboozle, fool, outwit, circumvent, overreach, 
beguile, mislead, hoodwink, delude. — Cheat, defraud, 
swindle, dupe imply fraudulent dealings. Cheat usually 
implies a certain degree of cunning or trickery ; as, to cheat 
at cards. Defraud implies a taking or withholding by 
fraud ; as, to defraud one's associates. To swindle is to 
cheat or defraud grossly and deliberately, often by taking ad- 
vantage of a confidence inspired by plausible misrepresen- 
tations ; as, to swindle customers with false prospectuses. 
To dupe is to delude or cheat by imposing on credulity. ,j 

Che-bee' (che-bek'), n. The least flycatcher. 

Check (chek), n. [OF. eschec, fr. Ar., fr. Per. shahking.2 
1. Chess. A word of warning denoting that the king is in 
immediate danger. 2. A rebuke ; reprimand. Archaic or 
Dial. 3. A repulse or reverse ; hindrance of progress ; a 
sudden arrest or stop ; setback. 4. Phon. A sudden stop- 
page of the breath as in pronouncing p, 6, etc. ; a stop. 
5. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action ; restrain- 
ing influence. 6. Short for checkrein. 7. Control or super- 
vision to secure or insure accuracy, correctness, or the like. 
8. A mark to indicate that something has been examined or 
compared. 9. A written order directing a banker to pay 
money. 10. A ticket or token by which a thing or person 
may be identified ; as, a trunk check. 11. In certain games 
at cards, esp. gambling games, a counter, or token for 
money (cf . chip). Hence the slang phrase to hand, or pass, 
in one's checks, that is, to die. U. S. 12. Arch., Mason- 
ry, Cabinet-making, etc. A rabbet, or rebate ; a rabbet- 
shaped cutting. 13. A crack or small chink, as in timber. 



14. A pattern in squares, like those of a checkerboard ; a 
square in such a design ; cloth having such a figure. — 
Syn. Setback, interruption, obstruction ; censure, reproof * 
tally, counterbalance ; ticket, draft. 

— v. 1. 1. Chess. To put (a king) in check. 2. To reprimand. 
Archaic or Dial. 3. To put a sudden restraint on; stop 
temporarily. 4. To restrain ; curb. 5. To rein. Poetic. 6. To 
verify by a token or other check ; put a mark against (an 
item) after verification. 7. To make checks, or chinks, in 
(timber). 8. To mark with a check pattern; checker.' — 
Syn. Bridle, repress ; obstruct, interrupt ; tally. See stop. 

— v. i. 1. Chess. To put a king in check. 2. To make a sharp 
stop ; pause. 3. a Falconry. To turn, when in pursuit of 
proper game, and fly after other and baser game ; — used 
with at. b Hunting. To stop or pause, as on losing the 
scent ; — said of dogs. 4. To draw a check, as upon a 
banker. Colloq., U. S. 5. To crack open, as wood. 

— a. 1. Serving to check, control, secure, or the like ; as, 
check weight ; check stopper ; serving to verify or rectify ; 
as, a check experiment. 2. Checkered ; checked. 

check'er (chek'er), n. One who, or that which, checks. 

Check'er, Cheq'uer (chek'er), n. [OF. eschequier chess- 
board.] 1. A chessboard. Obs. 2. In form checkers, but 
construed as sing. A game played on a checkerboard by 
two persons, each having 12 pieces, or "men"; — called 
draughts in British usage, except in dialect. 3. A piece in 
the game of checkers. U. S. 4. A square or spot suggestive 
of those of a chessboard ; a pattern of such squares or spots. 

— v. t. 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard. 
2. To variegate or diversify ; esp., to subject to frequent 
alternations of prosperity and adversity. 

check'er (chek'er), n. Also chequer. [From the spotted 
fruit.] 1. Either of the service trees (genus Sorbus) of Eu- 
rope ; — called also checker tree. 2. In pi. The fruit of 
either of these trees. 

check'er-ber/ry (-beVi), n. 1. The spicy red fruit of the 
American wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) ; also, the 
plant. 2. Incorrectly, the partridge berry. 

check'er-board' (-bord'), n. A board with (usually) 64 
squares of alternate colors, used for playing checkers. 

Check'ered, cheq'uered (-erd), p. a. 1. Marked with alter- 
nate squares, or checks, of different color or material. 2. 
Diversified or variegated ; marked by constant alternation, 
as of bad and good fortune ; as, a checkered life. 

check'ers (-erz), n. See 2d checker, n., 2. 

check'er-work', cheq'uer-work' (-wurkO, n. Work check- 
ered in pattern or arrangement. 

check line. A checkrein. 

Check list. 1. A list by or on which things may be checked 
off, as a list of voters' names. 2. A list, usually alphabetic 
and numbered, of species, genera, etc. 

Check'mate (chek'mat), interj. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. 
shah mat checkmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he 
died, is dead.] Chess. An exclamation by a player when he 
makes a move that puts the opponent's king in check from 
which there is no escape ; — now commonly mate. — n. 1. 
Cftess. Act of checkmating an opponent's king ; also, state 
or position of a king checkmated ; a mate. 2. A complete 
check ; utter defeat. — v. t. ; -mat-ed (-mat-ed) ; -mat-ing. 

1. Chess. To check (an adversary's king) so that escape is 
impossible ; mate. 2. To defeat completely. 

check'rein' (-ran'), n. 1. A short rein fastened to the saddle 
of a harness to prevent a horse from lowering its head. 2. A 
branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a 
span or pair with the bit of the other horse. 

Check'row' (-roO, n. One of a series of rows of corn, trees, 
etc., which divide land into checks or regular squares. 

Cheek (chek), n. [AS. ceace, ceoce.~\ 1. The side of the face 
below the eye and above, and to the side of, the mouth. 

2. Saucy talk ; assurance ; impudence. Colloq. or Slang. 

3. In general, side. 4. Something suggestive of, or likened 
to, the human cheek in position or form ; as, a side post 
of a door, gate, etc., a projection on a mast supporting the 
trestletrees, etc. ; — usually in pi. 

cheek by jowl, side by side ; in close intimacy. 

— v. t. To speak impudently or saucily to ; to face. Slang. 
cheek'y (chek'I), a. Brazen-faced; impudent. — cheeki- 
ly, adv. — cheek'i-ness, n. All Colloq. 

Cheep (chep), v. i. & t. [Imitative..] To utter, or utter in, 
faint shrill sounds, as a young bird ; peep. — n. Act or 
sound of cheeping ; peep ; squeak. — Cheep'er, n. 

Cheer (cher), n. [OF. chiere face, LL. cara.] 1. Face. 06s. 
or Archaic. 2. Feeling ; state of mind or heart ; as, " be of 
good cheer." 3. Gayety ; animation. 4.That which is pro- 
vided for entertainment, esp. at table ; viands ; food ; as, a 
table loaded with good cheer. 5. That which cheers or 
gladdens. 6. A shout or acclamation of joy, applause, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To infuse good cheer or hope into. 2. To make 
cheerful ; enliven. 3. To urge on or encourage, now esp. by 
shouts or cheers. 4. To salute with shouts of approval, wel- 
come, or the like. — Syn. Gladden, inspirit, comfort, con- 
sole, refresh, exhilarate, animate, applaud. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CHEERER 



173 



CHEVAL 



— v. i. H.To be in (some) state or temper of mind. 06s. 2. 
To grow or be cheerful ; — used with up. 3. To shout ap- 
plause, triumph, etc. — cheer'er, n. 
cheer 'fill (-fool), a. Having or showing good spirits. — 
Syn. Lively, animated, gay, lightsome, gleeful, blithe, 
jocund, jolly, joyous, sunny, happy. — cheer'ful-ly, adv. 

Cheer'ful-ness, n. Quality or state of being cheerful. 
Syn. Cheer, gladness, joy, merriment, jollity, gayety, ex- 
hilaration, mirth, hilarity, glee. — Cheerfulness, mirth, 
hilarity, glee. Cheerfulness (opposed to gloom) implies a 
bright and equable temper, which shows itself in the face, 
the voice, the actions ; it suggests a strong and spontane- 
ous, but quiet, flow of good spirits. Mirth implies less a 
disposition than a transient state, and suggests outward 
manifestations of merriment. Hilarity implies more 
boisterous, glee livelier, more exultant or demonstrative, 
merriment than mirth. Glee sometimes means exultation 
that is uncanny or sinister ; as, ghoulish glee. 

Cheer'less (-les), a. Without cheer; joyless; comfortless. 
— Syn. Gloomy, sad, disconsolate, dejected, melancholy, 
forlorn. — cheer'less-ly, adv. — cheer'less-ness, n. 

Cheer'ly (cher'li), adv. Cheerily ; heartily. Archaic. 

Cheer'y (cher'i), a.; cheer'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Cheerful; 
lively ; gay. — cheer'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. — cheer'i-ness, n. 

Cheese (chez), n. [AS. else, fr. L. caseus.] 1. The consoli- 
dated curd of milk, used as food ; also, a cake of this. 2. A 
form like that of a cheese, as a mass of pressed apple pom- 
ace, or the fruit of the dwarf mallow. 3. A low curtsy made, 
as by schoolgirls, by whirling rapidly and then suddenly 
sinking the body ; — so called from the cheeselike form as- 
sumed by the dress as the body sinks. 

Cheese (chez), n. [Cf. Per. chiz thing.] Anything thor- 
oughly satisfactory ; the right thing. Slang. 

Cheese, v. t. To stop ; leave off ; — used esp. in the exclama- 
tion cheese it, stop! look out! Slang and Dial. Eng. 

Cheese'cake' (-kak'), n. Originally, a kind of cake contain- 
ing cheese ; now, one filled with soft curds, sugar, etc. 

Cheese'cloth' (-kloth' ; 62), n. A thin, unsized, loose-woven 
cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds. 

Cheese'par'ing (-par'ing), n. A paring of cheese rind; 
hence, a worthless bit; fig., miserly economizing; parsi- 
mony. — a. Scrimping ; mean ; miserly. Colloq. 

Chees'y (-1), a. ; chees'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. Having the 
taste, consistency, or appearance of cheese. 

Chee'taL (che't&),n. [Hind. chlta.] An animal (Acinonyx 
jubatus) of the cat family, of India, Persia, etc., often 
trained to hunt. It is of about the size of a leopard. 

II Chef (shef), n. [F.] A chief person ; esp., a head cook. 

(I Chef '-d'eeu'vre (she'du'vr'), ».; pi. chefs- (she'-). [F.] 
A masterpiece ; a capital work in art, literature, etc. 

chei'lo-plas'ty (kT'lo-plas'ti). Var. of chiloplasty. 

chei'ro- (kl'ro-), chei-rog'ra-phy, etc. Vars. of chiro-, etc. 

Che'la (cha'la), n. [Hind, chela, orig., slave, fr. Skr. ceta, 
cetaka, slave, servant.] In India, a disciple or novice. 

Che'la (ke'la), n.; pi. -L2E (-le). [NL., fr. Gr. xv^v claw.] 
The pincerlike organ or claw borne by certain of the limbs 

f of crustaceans and arachnids. — che'late (ke'lat), a. 

Chel'i-form (kel'i-form ; ke'li-), a. [Gr. xvM + -form."] 
Zo'ol. Like a chela in form ; pincerlike, as a crab's claw. 

Che-lo'ni-an (ke-lo'ni-an), a. [Gr. x^vy a tortoise.] Of 
or pert, to the tortoises or turtles.— n. A tortoise or turtle. 

Chem'ic (kem'ik), a. 1. Alchemic ; hence, counterfeit. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Chemical. Poet, or Archaic— n. A chemist. Obs. 

Chem'i-cal (-i-kal), a. l.Of or pert, to chemistry or, for- 
merly, alchemy ; characterized by, produced by, or used in, 
the forces and operations of chemistry. 2. Acting by chem- 
ical agency. — n. A substance got by chemical process, or 
used to produce chemical effect. — chem'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Che-mise' (she-mez'), n. [F., fr. LL. camisa shirt, thin 
dress.] A woman's shirtlike undergarment, or shift. 

Chem'i-sette' (shem'i-zet'), n. [F.] 1. A sleeveless under- 
garment, or bodice, worn by women. 2. A similarly shaped 
ornamental adjunct of a dress. 

Chem'ism (kem'iz'm), n. Chemical activity or affinity; 
also, chemical property or relationship. 

Chem'ist (kem'ist), n. [Shortened from alchemist.'] 1. 
One versed in chemistry ; formerly, an alchemist. 2. A 
druggist. British. 

Chem'is-try (-is-tri), n. 1. Science of the composition of 
substances, and of their transformations. 2. An applica- 
tion of chemical theory and method to a particular subject. 

Chem'O-tax'is (-6-tak'sis), n. [c/iemical -f- -taxis.'] Biol. 
The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organ- 
isms, as bacteria, etc., to chemical substances in solution. 

Che-mot'ro-pism (ke-mot'ro-pTz'm), n. [c/iemical + -tro- 
pism.] Plant Physiol. The sensitiveness exhibited by va- 
rious plant organs to dissolved chemical substances. 

Che-nille' (she-nel'),n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] A kind of 
tufted cord used for trimming, fringes, etc. 

Che'no-pod (ke'no-pod ;ken'6-),n. [Deriv.ofGr.x^f.x^os, 
goose + irovs,iro86s,ioot.] Any of afamily (Chenopodiacse) 
of plants, the goosefoot family, typified by a genus (Che- 



nopodium) of glabrous or mealy herbs, the goosefoots or 
pigweeds. — che'no-po'di-a'ceous (-po'dl-a'shus), a. 

cheque (chek), n. A check, or written order to pay money ; 
— the usual spelling in England. 

cheq'uer (chek'er). Var. of checker. 

cher'ish (cher'ish), v. t. [F. cherir, fr. cher dear, L. cams.] 
1. To hold dear ; treat or keep with tenderness and affec- 
tion ; hence : to nurture with care ; protect and aid. 2. To 
harbor in the mind ; cling to. — Syn. Nurse ; entertain, 
encourage, comfort, support. See foster. — cher'ish-er, n 

Cher'o-kee' (cher'5-ke'), n. 1. An Indian of a tribe of Iro- 
quoian stock now mostly settled in Oklahoma, where they 
have their own newspapers and books, and a native alpha- 
bet. 2. The language of the Cherokees. 

Che-root' (she-root' ; che-), n. [Tamil shuru^u, prop., a 
roll.] A kind of cigar truncated at both ends. 

Cher'ry (cher'I), n. ; pi. -ries (-iz). [OF. cherise, dial, form 
of F. cerise, fr. LL.,fr. L. cerasus cherry tree, Gr. Kepaaos. 
The form cherry (cf. pea) is due to the French form being 
taken as a plural.] 1. Any of several species of a genus 
(Prunus) of trees bearing fruit in the form of globose 
drupes ; also, the fruit or wood. 2. A peculiar shade of red, 
like that of certain cherries. — a. Like a red cherry in color. 

Cherry bounce. Cherry brandy. Colloq. 

cherry brandy. Brandy in which cherries have been steeped. 

cher'so-nese (kur'so-nez ; -nes), n. [From L., fr. Gr. xh<ros 
land + vrjaos island.] A peninsula. Rare, except in some 
proper names; as, the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea. 

chert (churt), n. A mineral of neutral or dark color, closely 
allied to flint. — chert'y (chur'ti), a. 

Cher'ub (cheVub), n.; pi. cherubs (-ubz), but the Heb. pi. 
cherubim (-u-bim ; -oo-bim) is also used. In English both 
cherubim^ the Hebrew plural, and cherubin, a form 
appearing in the Vulgate, have been treated as singular, as 
plural, and as collective. [Heb. kerub.] 1. A mysterious 
composite being described in Ezekiel i. and x. Also, a rep- 
resentation of a cherub, esp. the winged figure used in con- 
nection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. 
Ex. xxv. 18. 2. One of an order of angels, usually below the 
seraphim. 3. A conventional representation of a cherub 
(sense 2). 4. a A beautiful or beloved woman, b A beautiful 
child. — che-ru'bic (che-roo'bik), a. hi-cal-ly, adv. 

cher'vil(chur^vil),n. [AS. cerfille,ir.'L.,iT.Gr.xaipk4>v\\ov; 
xa.lptii> to rejoice + <t>v\\ov leaf.] 1. An apiaceous plant 
(Anthriscus cerefolium), with aromatic leaves used in 
soups and salads. 2. Any of several other plants of the same 
genus or family ; — usually with an attributive, as the wild, 
or cow, chervil (A. sylvestris). 

chess (ches), n. 1. A kind of grass (Bromus secalinus) 
troublesome in wheat fields. U. S. 2. The darnel. U. S. 

chess ? n.; pi. chess or chesses. Mil. One of the planks 
forming the transverse flooring of a pontoon bridge ; — 
usually in the pi. 

chess, n. [OF. esches, ace. pi. of eschec check. See 1st 
check.] A game of pure skill, played on a board (chess- 
board), usually by two persons, with sets of 16 pieces 
(chessmen). 

ches'sy-lite (ches'i-llt), n. Min. The mineral azurite, 
found in fine crystallizations at Chessy, near Lyons, France. 

chest (chest), n. [AS. cest, cist, fr. L. cista, fr. Gr. kI<ttt)J] 

1. A large box, esp. one with a lid, as for keeping valuables. 

2. The place for the keeping of the money of a public insti- 
tution ; treasury ; also, the fund itself. 3. Com. A case in 
which tea, opium, etc., are transported ; hence, the quan- 
tity which such a case contains. 4. The part of the body 
inclosed by the ribs and breastbone ; thorax. 5. Mech. A 
tight receptacle or box, usually for gas, steam, liquids, etc. ; 
as, the steam chest of an engine. 

Ches'ter-field'i-an (ches'ter-fel'dT-an), a. Of, pertaining 

to, or characteristic of, the fourth Earl of Chesterfield 

(1694-1773), distinguished for his elegant manners and for 

his "Letters," on manners, conduct, etc., to his son. 
chest'nut (ches'nut), n. [For chesten-nut, fr. OF. chas- 

taigne chestnut, fr. L., 

fr. Gr. KaaTavka, it. 

Gr., Kao-rava, a city of 

Pontus, where chestnut 

treesabounded.] l.The 

edible nut of any tree of 

a genus (Castanea) of 

the beech family; also, 

wood^ofinv'of Them Chestnut (Castanea dentata) : 
Ichestnu? color -"a 1Leaves andAments; 2Burs ; 3Nut. 
bright reddish brown. 3. The horse-chestnut. Eng. 
4. A horny callosity on the inner sides of the legs of the 
horse or the forelegs only of the ass and zebra. 5. An old 
joke or retold story. Slang. 

— a. Reddish brown. 

chest register. See register, n., 3. 

Ilche-val' (she-val'), n. ; pi. -vaux (-voO- [F.] A horse. 




G 



H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation^ 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






CHEVAL-DE-FRISE 



174 



CHILD 



Che-val'— de-frise' (she-val'de-frez'), n.; commonly in pi. 
chevaux-de-frise (she-vo'-). [F. ; cheval horse + Frise 
Friesland, where first used.] 1. Mil. A defense consisting 
of timber or an iron barrel traversed with spikes. 2. A pro- 
tecting line of spikes along the top of a wall. 
Che-val' glass (she-val'). A swinging mirror large enough 
to reflect the full-length figure. 

Chev'a-lier' (sheVd-ler'), n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See 
cavalier.] 1. A knight. Archaic or Hist. 2. Esp., in 
France, a noble of the lowest rank. 3. A member of any of 
certain orders of knighthood ; also, in France, a member of 
an order of merit ; as, a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
4. A cadet of the old French nobility. 5. A chivalrous man ; 
cavalier ; gallant. 6. Her. A horseman fully armed. 

che-vaux'-de-frise', n., pi. of cheval-de-frise. 

|iche-ve-lure' (she-v'liir'), n. [F._] A head of hair. 

chev'er-el (chev'er-el), chev'er-il (-il), n. [OF. chevrel 
kid, dim. fr. L. caper goat.] Kid leather. Obs. 

Uche-vet' (she-ve'), n. [F., fr. L. capitium head covering, 
fr. caput head.] Arch. The extreme end of the chancel or 
choir of a church ; the rounded or polygonal part at the east 
end of a church. 

Chev'i-ot (chev'i-ut; che'vi-ftt), n. 1. One of a breed of 
sheep originating in the Cheviot Hills. 2. \l. c] A fabric 
made from the wool of Cheviots. 

Chev'ron (shev'rim), n. [F., fr. chevre goat, L. capra she- 
goat.] 1. A rafter. Rare or French. 2. A figure or device 
of two bands meeting at an angle, used in heraldry ,_ or worn 
on the sleeve as a mark of military rank. 3. A unit of this 
shape used in art and architecture, as in a molding. 

Chevron bones. The V-shaped bones articulating with 
the spinal column in the caudal region of many vertebrates. 

Chev'ron-wise' (shev'run-wIzO, adv. Like a chevron. 

Chev'ro-tain (shev'ro-tan ; -tin), n. [F. chevrotain, OF. 
chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chievre goat. See chevron.] 
Any of several very small, hornless, deerlike ruminants 
(constituting the family Tragulid.Ee) of tropical Asia, the 
Malay Islands, and West Africa. 

Chev'y (chev'I), n.; pi. chevies (-iz). Eng. 1. A cry used 
in hunting. 2. A hunt ; chase. 

chev'y, chiv'y (chev'i, chiv'i), v. t. & i. ; -ied (-id) ; -y-ing. 
To chase or run ; pursue ; throw. Chiefly Dial. Eng. 

Chew (choo ; chu), v. t. & i. [AS. ceowan.'] 1. To bite and 
grind with the teeth ; masticate. 2. To meditate or plan. 

— n. Act of chewing ; also, that which is chewed ; a portion 
suitable for chewing ; quid ; cud. 

Chewing gum. A preparation of chicle, spruce 
gum, or other plastic insoluble substance, used 
as a masticatory. 

Che-wink' (che-wink'), n. A common North 
American bird (Pipilo 
erythrophthalmus) of the 
sparrow family ; — so 
called from its note. 

Chey-enne' (shl-en'), n. 
One of a warlike Algon- 
quian tribe of Indians, 
now mostly on reserva- 
tions in Oklahoma and 
Montana. 

Chi 'a (che'a), n. [Sp.] Any of several salvias of Mexico and 
the southwestern United States, from the seeds of which a 
beverage is prepared ; also, the beverage. 

Chi'an (ki^dn) , a. Of or pertaining to Chios, modern Scio, 
an island in the ^Egean Sea. — n. An inhabitant or native 
of Chios ; also, Chian wine. 

Chi-an'ti (ke-an'te), n. [It.] Wine from the region of the 
Chianti Mountains, Tuscany, esp. a dry red piquant variety. 

Ichia'ro-SCU'ro (kya'ro-skoo'ro) 1 n. [It., clear dark.] 1. 
Chia'ro-o-scu'ro (-6-skoo'ro) J Pictorial art that em- 
ploys only light and shade. 2. Arrangement of thel ight and 
dark parts, as in a picture. — chia'ro-SCU'rist (-rist), n. 

chi-as'ma (kl-az'md), n.; pi. -mata (-td). [NL., fr. Gr. 
deriv. of x'afeii' to mark with ax-] Anat. A decussation or 
intersection; specif., the optic chiasma. as'mal, a. 

Chi-as'tO-lite (kl-as'to-llt), n. [Gr. xiclotos marked with 
a x + -lite.'] Min. A soft, impure andalusite the crystals 
of which appear tessellated in cross section ; made. 

[Ichiaus (chous; choush), n. [Turk, chaush.~\ A Turkish 
messenger, sergeant, or the like. 

Chi-bouk' \ (chT-book' ; -book'), n. [From F., fr. Turk. 

chi-bouque' J chibuq.J A Turkish tobacco pipe, usually 
long-stemmed with a bowl of baked clay. 

|| Chic (shek), n. [F.] Artistic cleverness ; good form ; style. 
Colloq. — a. Characterized by chic. Colloq. 

U Chfca-lo'te (che'ka-lo'ta), n. [Sp.] A white-flowered 
prickly poppy ( Argemone platyceras), of Mexico and the 
southwestern United States. 

Chi-cane' (shi-kan'), n. [F.] Trickery, esp. in legal pro- 
ceedings ; sophistry. — v. i. ; -caned' (-kand') ; -can'ing 
(-kan'ing). To use shifts, subterfuges, or artifices ; quibble. 




Chewink 



— y. t. To quibble over; also, to affect by chicanery. 

Chi-can'er-y (shi-kan'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Sharp 
practice ; trickery ; sophistry. — Syn. See deceit. 

Chick (chik), n. 1. A chicken, esp. a young one. 2. A child 
or young person. 

chick'a-dee' (chik'd-de'), n. Any of various titmice ; — 
from the note. 

chick'a-ree' (-re'), n. The red squirrel 
(Sciurus hudsonicus) ; — from its cry. 

Chick'a-saw (chik'd-s6),w. An Indian 
of a tribe of Muskhogean stock, now in 
Oklahoma. 

Chick'en (-en; 24), n. [AS. cicen, cy- 
cenf\ 1. A young cock or hen ; also, the 
young of various other birds. 2. A barn- 
yard fowl of any age. 3. Short for prai- 
rie chicken (Western U.S.) or Mother 
Carey's chicken. 4. A young or inex- 
perienced person ; a child. 

Chicken breast. Med. Abnormal pro- 
jection of the breastbone and of the ster- 




Chickadee. 



nal region, often a symptom of rachitis. — — breast' ed, a. 

chick'en-heart'ed, a. Timid ; cowardly. 

chicken pox. An acute, contagious, eruptive disease, chiefly 
of children. 

Chick'-pea', n. [F. pois chiche, fr. L. cicer."] A fabaceous 
herb {Cicer arietinum) of southern Europe, or its seed. 

chick'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of various weeds of the pink 
family, the seeds and young foliage of which birds eat. 

Chic'le (chik''l; chik'le; Sp. che'kla), n. [Amer. Sp.] 
A gumlike substance got from the bully tree or the sapo- 
dilla, much used in making chewing gum. See balata. 

Chi'co(che'ko),w. The common greasewood. Western U.S. 

Chic'0-ry (chik'o-ri), n. [F. chicoreejr. It., fr. L., fr. Gr./ct- 
X°pa> Kixbpeia.l; A common perennial plant (Cichorium 
intybus), with blue flowers, cultivated for its roots and as 
a salad plant ; also, its root, roasted for mixing with coffee. 

Chide (chid), v. i. & t.; pret. chid (chid), sometimes chid'- 
ed (chid'ed) ; p. p. chtd (chid), chid'den (chid''n), chid'- 
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. chdd'ing (chid'ing). [AS. cidan.~] To 
find fault ; scold ; make, or effect with, a noise as of scold- 
ing or brawling. — Syn. Blame, rebuke, censure, reproach, 
reprehend, reprimand. See reprove. — chid'er (chid'er),7i. 

chief (chef), n. [OF., fr. a LL. form for L. caput head.] 
1. Her. The upper third part of the field of an escutcheon, 
or a band occupying it. 2. The head or leader of any body 
of men ; one in authority ; the principal actor or agent. 
3. Most valuable portion ; as, the chief of their strength. 
Syn. Chief, chieftain,' commander, leader, head. 
Chief implies hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan 
or, oftener, superiority in civil, rather than military, office 
or rank ; as, the chief of police. Chieftain is practically 
limited to the captain of a band of robbers, or to the head of 
a Highland (or similar) clan ; as, a robber chieftain. Com- 
mander implies authority over a military or naval body ; 
leader, influence or directing power, as in a political party 
or an enterprise; head, authority or executive power. 

— a. 1. Highest in office or rank. 2. Principal or most em- 
inent ; most distinguished ; having most or leading influ- 
ence ; foremost, as in place, importance, etc. — Syn. Head, 
leading, main, paramount, prime, supreme, vital, especial ; 
great, grand, eminent, master. 

— adv. Chiefly ; principally. Archaic. 

chiefly (-11), adv. 1. In the first place; above all; espe- 
cially. 2. For the most part ; mostly. 

chieftain (-tin).n. [OF. chevetain, fr. LL. capitanus."} 
A chief ; commander. — Syn. See chief. — chief tain-cy 
(-si), n. — chieftain-ship, n. 

Chiffon (shif'on; F. she'foN'), n. [F., lit., rag.] 1. An 
ornament of a woman's dress, as of ribbon, lace, etc. 2. A 
kind of soft gauzy silk material. 

chif fo-nier' (shlf'6-ner'), n. Also chif fon-nier'. [From 
F., fr. chiffon rag.] An ornamental cabinet ; specif., a high 
chest of drawers, often having a mirror. 

|[ chi'gnon' (she'nyoN' ; shin'yon), n. [F.] A knot or mass 
of hair worn by a woman at the back of the head. 

chig'oe (chig'o)\w. A species of flea (Sarcopsylla pene- 

chig're (chig'er) / trans ) of the West Indies and South 
America. The fertile female burrows under the skin. 

Chi'la-ca-yo'te (che'la-ka-yo'ta), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. xilotl 
ear of corn + ayotli gourd.] 1. Any of several cucurbita- 
ceous plants of Mexico and the southwestern United 
States. 2. The fruit of any of these plants, the pulp of which 
is cooked and eaten as a dessert. 

chil'blauV (chil'blan 7 ), n. A blain, or inflammatory swell- 
ing, due to exposure of the feet or hands to cold. 

child (child), n.; pi. children (chil'dren). [AS. did."] 
l.An infant ; baby. 2. A young person of either sex ; hence, 
a person who exhibits innocence, obedience, trustfulness, or 
the like. 3. A youth of noble birth. By modern writers spelt 
archaically childe or chylde by way of distinction. 4. A son 
or daughter ; Law, a legitimate offspring. 5. Any descend- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
nse, unite, vkrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CHILDBEARING 



175 



CHINQUAPIN 



ant. 6. A person having a characteristic, as of resemblance 
or dependence, suggestive of the relationship of a child ; as, 
a child of God, of toil, of the people. 
with child, pregnant ; as, to be with child. 

Child'bear'ing, n. The bringing forth of a child or children. 

child'bed' (-bed'), n. State of a woman in labor. 

child'birth' (-burth'), n. Act of bearing a child ; labor. 

childe (child), n. See child, n., 3. 

Chil'der (chil'der). Obs. or dial. pi. of child. 

Chiyder-mas (chil'der-mds), n. [AS. cildamaesse ; lit. 
child mass.] Holy Innocents' Day, or December 28 ; — 
usually called Childermas Day or Childermastide. 

cnild'hood (chlld'hdod), n. State or time of being a child. 

child'ing, a. Bearing children ; parturient ; hence : produc- 
tive ; fruitful. Archaic. 

Child'ish, a. 1. Pert, to or like a child. 2. Puerile ; trifling ; 
weak. — Sy n. See childlike. ish-ly, adv. — -ness, n. 

child'less, a. Having no child. — childless-ness, n. 

Child'Hke', a. Resembling, or pertaining to, a child ; be- 
coming a child ; characteristic of a child ; meek ; submis- 
sive ; dutiful. — child'like'ness, n. 

Syn. Simple, innocent, trustful, confiding ; childish, infan- 
tile, infantine ; weak, frivolous, foolish, silly. — Childlike, 
childish, infantile, infantine. Childlike suggests those 
qualities of childhood worthy of respect or emulation ; 
childish, its less pleasing and less admirable character- 
istics. Infantile and infantine, as designating the qual- 
ities of earliest childhood, are practically interchangeable. 

childly, a. Like or belonging to a child ; childish. 

child'ness, n. Quality or state of being a child. 

chil'dren (chil'dren), n., pi. of child. 

Chil'e-an (chil'e-an), a. Of or pertaining to Chile. — n. A 
native or resident of Chile. 

chil'i (chil'i), n.; pi. chllies (-iz). Also chile, chilli. 
[Sp., fr. Mexican chilli.'] The red pepper. 

Chil'i-ad (kil'i-ad), n. [Gr. x^tas, -d<5os, fr. x^ot a thou- 
sand.] 1. A thousand. 2. A period of a thousand years. 

chil'i-archl(-ark), n. [Gr. xi\t.apxvs> x'Mcipxos; x^'°i. a 
thousand -f- <ipx°* leader, apx^v to lead.] Class. Antiq. 
The commander of a thousand men. 

chil'i-asm (-az'm), n. [Gr. x tAtacr M°s> fr. x tAt <*s. See 
chiliad.] Theol. The doctrine of the millennium, or the 
reign of Christ on earth for a thousand years. 

chil'i-ast (-ast), n. [Gr. x L ^ taa " r V s - See chiliasm.] One 
who believes in chiliasm. — chiPi-as'tic (-as'tik), a. 

chili, or chilli, sauce. A condiment sauce made with 
chilies, tomatoes, and spices, cooked in vinegar. 

Chill (chil), n. [AS. cele, cyle.~] 1. A sensation of cold at- 
tended with convulsive shaking. 2. A moderate but disa- 
greeable degree of cold. 3. A check to enthusiasm ; dis- 
couragement. — a. 1. Moderately cold ; chilly. 2. Affected 
depressingly by cold ; shivering. 3. Cool in manner ; for- 
mal. 4. Discouraging ; depressing. — v. i. 1. To cool. 

2. To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling, as cast 
iron. — v. t. 1. To strike with a chill ; make chilly. 2. To 
check, as enthusiasm ; dispirit. 3. Metal. To cool suddenly 
at the surface so as to harden. — chill 'er, n. 

ChilPing, p. a. Making chilly or cold ; depressing ; as, a 
chilling manner. — chill'ing-ly, adv. 

chill'ness, n. Quality or state of being chill. 

Chill'y (chil'i), a. ; chill'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. Moderately or 
disagreeably cold. — ChilPi-ly, adv. — chill'i-ness, n. 

Chi'lo-plas'ty Ukl'lo-plas'ti), n. [Gr. x^Xos lip + -plas- 

Chei'lo-plas'tyj ty.] Surg. A plastic operation on the lip. 

Chiltern Hundreds (chll'tern). [AS. Cittern tub Chiltern, 
high hills in Buckinghamshire.] Three hundreds, in Buck- 
inghamshire, England, the stewardship of which is now a 
nominal office under the Chancellor of the Exchequer with 
a salary of 20 shillings and the fees of the office. The sole 
importance of this sinecure lies in the fact that the nom- 
ination to it is used to enable a member of Parliament to 
resign his seat, on the plea that he holds an office of honor 
and profit under the crown, to do which constitutes a dis- 
qualification. 

Chi-mse'ra (ki-me'rd; kl-), n. [L.] 1. [cap. & I. c] Var. 
of chimera. 2. Any of a small group (Holocephali), and 
esp. of a genus (Chimxra) , of marine elasmobranch fishes. 

chim'ar (chTm'dr). Var. of chtmer, robe. 

Chime, Chimb (chim), n. [AS. dm, in ximstan base of a 
pillar.] The chamfered edge of a cask, etc. ; a chine. 

Chime (chim), n. [OF. cymbe, cymble, fr. L. cymbalum. 
See cymbal.] 1. Mechanical arrangement for chiming a 
bell or set of bells. 2. A set of bells musically attuned. 

3. The music from such a set of bells ; — usually in pi. 

4. Music ; melody ; harmony. — v. i. ; chimed (chimd) ; 
chlm'lng (chTm'ing). 1. To sound harmoniously, as bells. 
Archaic. 2. To recite ; utter singsong. 3. To sound, or 
sound in, chimes. 4. To harmonize ; agree. — v. t. 1. To 
give forth in chimes. Archaic. 2. To strike, as a bell, so as 
to produce a musical sound. 3. To bring, effect, utter, etc., 
by chiming. — chim'er (chim'er), n. 

Chim'er (chim'er; shim'er), chi-mere' (chi-mer'; shi- 
nier'), n. [OF. chamarre, F. simarre, fr. Sp. chamarra, 



zamarra, a coat of sheepskins, a sheepskin.] A loose upper 
robe, esp. one worn by a bishop. 

chi-me'ra, chi-mse'ra (ki-me'rd; kl-), n.; pi. -ras (-rdz). 
[L. chimaera chimera, Gr. x'M<"pa, lit., she-goat.] 1. 
\_cap.~] Gr. Myth. A monster represented as vomiting 
flames, and, usually, as having a lion's head, goat's body, 
and dragon's or serpent's tail, killed by Bellerophon. 2. a 
A horrible illusion or phantasm ; hobgoblin ; bogy, b A 
wild fancy ; a vain or visionary conception. 

Chi-mer'ic (-mer'Ik), a. Chimerical. 

chi-mer'i-cal (-I-kal), a. 1. Merely imaginary; fantastic. 
2. Inclined to entertain chimeras ; fanciful ; visionary. — 
Syn. Vain, delusive. See visionary. cal-ly, adv. 

Chim'ney (chim'ni),n.;pZ. -neys (-niz). [F. cheminee, it. 
LL.,fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace.Gr. kctuvos.] 1. Fire- 
place ; hearth. 06s. or Dial. 2. An upright flue, as of brick 
or stone, for smoke, often that part above the roof. 3. A 
tube, usually of glass, placed around a flame to create a 
draft. 4. The smokestack of a locomotive, steamship, etc. 

Chimney piece. 1. A picture, piece of tapestry or the like, 
placed as an ornament over a fireplace. 2. A decorative 
construction over and around the opening of a fireplace ; 
often, a mantel or shelf over a fireplace. 

chimney pot. A pipe, as of earthenware or sheet metal, 
placed at the top of a chimney to increase the draft, etc. 

chim-pan'zee (chlm-pan'ze ; chim'pan-ze / ), n. [From na- 
tive name.] An anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus) of equa 
torial Africa, smaller and less ferocious than the gorilla. 

chin (chin), n. [AS. tin.] The lower extremity of the face, 
below the mouth; the point of the under jaw. — v. t.; 
chinned (chind) ; chin'ning. To raise (one's self) from a 
position in which one hangs by the hands with arms fully 
extended until the chin is level with the hands. 

Chi'na (chi'nd), n. Porcelain ware, or porcelain, originally 
brought from the Far East ; loosely, crockery in general. 

chi'na bark (kl'nd). [See quinine.] a = cinchona, 2. b 
Bark of a Brazilian rubiaceous shrub (Cascarilla hexandra). 

Chi'na-ber'ry (chl'nd-ber'i), n. 1. A soapberry (Sapindus 
marginatus) of the southern U. S. and Mexico; — called 
also wild China tree. 2. The China tree or its fruit. 

ChPha-man (-man), n. A male Chinese. 

Chi'na-town' (-tounO, n. The Chinese quarter in a city. 

China tree. A handsome Asiatic meliaceous tree {Melia 
azedarach) , planted as a shade tree throughout the south- 
ern United States and in tropical countries. 

chi'na-ware' (-war'), n. China. 

chnVca-pin (chin'kd-p!n). Var. of chinquapin. 

Chinch (chinch), n.„ or chinch bug. 1. The bedbug. 2. A 
fetid hemipterous insect (Blissus leucopterus) very de- 
structive to grass and grains. 

chin-chil'la (chm-chil'd)^ n. [Sp.] 1. A small rodent 
(Chinchilla lanigera), with pearly gray fur, of Peru and 
Chile ; also, its fur. 2. A long-napped, tufted woolen cloth. 

Chin'COUgh' (chm'koF; 62), n. Whooping cough. 

chine (chin) . Var. of chime, of a cask. 

Chine, n. [OF. eschine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, 
shin.] 1. The backbone ; also, a piece of the backbone 
of an animal with adjoining parts, cut for cooking. 
2. A ridge; crest, — v. t.; chined (chind) ; chin'ing 
(chln'ing). To cut through or break the backbone of. 

|| chi'ne' (she'na'), a. [F., p. p. of chiner to dye threads of a 
fabric so as to produce a figure, fr. Chine China.] Colored 
or figured after a real or supposed Chinese fashion ; — ap- 
plied esp. to fabrics that have a mottled appearance and 
figures with indistinct outlines. — n. Chine fabric, as silk. 

Chi-nese' (chl-nez' ; -neV), o. Of or pert, to China or its 
people. 

Chinese puzzle, a puzzle such as those made by the 
Chinese ; hence, fig., something intricate and arbitrary or 
mechanical in its form or application. — C. wall, the 
famous defensive wall, 35 feet high, 21 feet thick, extending 
for 1,250 miles between Mongolia and China proper. 
— C. white, a Zinc white. bA certain pigment made of 
barium sulphate. — C. windlass, a differential windlass. 

— n. sing. & pi. l.A native of China. 2. The monosyllabic 
language of the Chinese. 

Chink (chink), n. A small, narrow cleft or fissure ; crack. — 
v. t. To crack ; also, to fill the chinks of. — chink'y, a. 

Chink, n. [Imitative.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal 
lightly struck. 2. Coin ; money. Slang. — v. t. & i. To 
make, or cause to make, a short, sharp, metallic sound. 

chin'ka-pin (chin'kd-pin). Var. of chinquapin. 

Chi-nook' (chi-nook'), n. 1. A Flathead American Indian 
of any of various Western tribes. 2. A jargon of Chinook 
and other Indian words mingled with English and French, 
used by Indians and traders of the Northwest. 3. [I. c] a A 
warm, moist, southwest wind blowing on the coast of Ore- 
gon and Washington, b A certain warm, dry wind which de- 
scends from the mountains in the Rocky Mountain region. 

chin'qua-pin (chir/kd-pin), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] 
1. The dwarf chestnut (Castanea purnila) of the United 
States ; also, its sweet, edible nut. 2. A related tree (Cas- 



D 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CHINTZ 



176 



CHLORO- 




tanopsis chrysophylla), of California and Oregon; also, 
its edible nut. 
Chintz (chints), n. [A pi. fr. Hind, chhint.'] Originally, 
painted or stained calico from India; now, cotton cloth 
printed with flowers, etc., and often glazed. 
Chip (chip), v. t.; chipped (chipt) ; chip'ping. 1. To pare 
(bread) by cutting off the crust. Obs. 2. To cut or hew 
with an ax, chisel, etc. 3. To break or crack off a bit or bits 
of, as of crockery. — v. i. To break or fly off into bits. 
to chip in, to put chips or money into the pool at cards ; 
hence, to join in with others, as in making a fund. Colloq. 
— n. 1. A fragment or bit, as of wood, etc., chopped, cut, 
i or broken off. 2. Hence: a Cookery. A thin slice of a fruit, 
a potato, etc. b A counter in poker, etc. 3. Wood, palm 
leaf, straw, etc., split into slips for making hats, etc. 
4. Anything valueless or trivial ; also, anything dried up or 
flavorless. 5. A piece of dried dung, used for fuel ; as, buf- 
falo chips. 6. A crack or the like caused by chipping. 
Chip, v. i. To utter a cry represented by chip. — n. Act of 

chipping ; sound made by a bird, etc., that chips. 
Chip, n. Wrestling. A trick, or special attack. 
chip'munk (chip'munk), n. [From Amer. Indian name.] 
Any of a genus 
(Tamias) of small 
striped terrestrial 
American rodents 
of the squirrel fam- 
ily ; — often called 
ground squirrel, 

striped squirrel. r^J^^ t 

Chip'per (chip'er), Chipmunk. (*) 

i a. Lively ; cheerful ; brisk. Colloq., U. S. 
Chip'per, v. i. To chirp or chirrup ; twitter ; babble. 
Chip'pe-wa (chip'e-wa). Var. of Ojibwa. 
chipping sparrow or bird. A small sparrow (Spizella 
socialis) which often builds its nest about dwellings. 

Chip'py (chip'!), n.; pi. -pies (-iz). The chipping sparrow. 

chirk (churk), v. i. 1. To make a strident noise; creak. 
Obs. or Scot. 2. To chirp; chirrup. Archaic or Dial. 
3. To grow cheerful ; — used with up. Colloq., U. S. 

Chirm (churm), v. i. [AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out.] To 
chirp ; make a chirm, as birds. — n. Noise ; din ; hum, esp. 
of voices, bird notes, or the like. 

Chi'ro- (kl'ro-). Combining form fr. Gr. x^P, x«P°*> hand. 

Chi-rog , ra-phy](kI-rog'rd-fi), n. Art of writing or engross- 
ing; handwriting. — chi'ro-graph'ic.tkl'ro-graf'ik), a. — 
chi-rog'ra-pher Osl-rog'rd-jer), n. 

Chi'ro-man'cy (kl'ro-man'si ), n. Divination by examina- 
tion of the hand ; palmistry. — chi'ro-man'cer (-ser), n. 

Chi'ron (kl'ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xelpuv.) Gr. Myth. A 
centaur, son of Cronus, renowned for wisdom and skill in 
medicine. Accidentally wounded by Hercules, he resigned 
his immortality as an expiation for Prometheus. 

Chi-rop'O-dist (kl-rop'6-dist), n. [chiro- + Gr. ttovs, irodos, 
foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet ; esp., 
one who removes corns and bunions. — Chi-rop'o-dy, n. 

Chi-rop'ter (kl-rop'ter), n. [chiro- + Gr. irrepov wing.] 
Any of the order (Chiroptera) consisting of the bats. 

Chirp (churp), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a short, sharp 
sound, as small birds or crickets.^ 2. To speak or utter 
sounds likened to the chirping of birds. — v.t. 1. To utter 
by chirping. 2. To salute, or urge on, by or as by chirping. 

— n. A short, sharp note, as of some birds or insects. 

Chirr (chur), v. i. Also chirr e. [Imitative.] To make the 
vibrant or trilled sound peculiar to_ grasshoppers, cicadas, 
etc., and some birds, or a sound like it. — n. The noise made 

\ by one that chirrs. 

chir'rup (chir'wp), v. i. [Cf. chirp.] To chirp, esp. repeat- 

, edly and with a lively effect. — v. t. 1. To utter by chir- 
ruping. 2. To quicken or animate by chirruping ; to cheer 
up. — n. Act or sound of chirruping. 

chir'rup-y (-1), a. Cheerful ; lively ; chatty. 

Chi-rur'geon (kl-rur'jun), n. [F '. chirurgien, fr. Gr., fr. 
xelp hand + epyov work.] A surgeon. — Chi-rur'ger-y 
(-jer-i), n. — chi-rur'gi-cal (-jT-kal), a. All Archaic. 

Chis'el (chiz'el), n. [OF., fr. LL. cisellus.~\ A tool with a 
cutting edge at the end of a blade, used in shaping wood, 
stone, etc. — v. t . & i. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or 
-el-ling. To cut or work with a chisel. 

Chis'eled, Chis'elled(-eld), p. a. l.Cut, shaped, or wrought 
with a chisel. 2. Appearing as if chiseled ; clear-cut. 

Chit (chit), n. A child; also, a person likened to a child; 
esp., a pert girl. fc 

chit, n. A shoot or sprout. 

Chit, chit'ty (chit'i), n. [Hind, chitti."] A short letter; a 
memorandum ; certificate ; voucher. India, China, etc. 

Chit'chat (chit'chat), n. [From chat.] Small talk. 

Chi'tin (kl'tin), n. [See chiton.] The horny substance 
forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, 
crustaceans, etc. — chi'tin-ous (-ti-niis), a. 

Chi'ton (kl'ton), n. [Gr. xwiv.] 1. Gr. Antiq. The gar- 




ment or wrap commonly worn next the skin by both sexes 
in classical times. 2. Any of an order (Pla- 
cophora, type genus Chiton) of mollusks 
that cling to Tocks like limpets. 
Chit'ter-ling (chit'er-lmg),n. 1. The small- 
er intestines of swine, etc., esp. as cooked; 
— usually in pi. 2. A frill; ruff. Obs. 

Chiv'al-ric (shiv'dl-rik ; shi-val'rik), a. 
Relating to chivalry ; chivalrous. 

Chiv'al-rous (shiv'dl-rus),a. [OF.chevale- 
rus, fr. chevalier. See chivalry.] 1. Like, 
or characteristic of, a knight of feudal 
times ; esp., valiant ; valorous ; warlike. 
Obs., exc. as in sense 3. 2. Pert, to chiv- 
alry or knight-errantry regarded as a sys- 
tem ; as, chivalrous society or ideals. 3. 
Of, pert, to, characteristic of, or possessing 
the qualities of, the ideal knight of the age 
of chivalry ; disinterestedly devoted to the 
cause of the weak or oppressed ; valorous 
and generous to foes. — Syn. See gal- Double Chiton 
lant. — chiv'al-rous-ly, adv. 

Chiv'al-ry (-ri), n. [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight. See 
chevalier.] 1. Mounted men at arms. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. A body of knights; hence: gallant warriors ; brave 
gentlemen. 3. Rank or characteristics of a knight ; esp., 
valor, dexterity in arms, honor, courtesy, etc. 4. The dig- 
nity or system of knighthood ; the spirit, usages, or man- 
ners of knighthood ; the practice of knight-errantry. 5. The 
traditional qualities of the ideal knight, as honor, protec- 
tion of the weak, generosity to foes, and gallantry. 

Chive (chlv), n. [OF. chive, dial, form of F. cive, fr. L. 
cepa, caepa, onion.] A perennial plant (Allium schasno- 
prasum) allied to the onion ; — chiefly in pi. 

chiv'y (chiv'i). Var. of chevy. 

Chlam'y-date (klam'i-dat), a. [L. chlamydatus dressed in 
a chlamys.] Zool. Having a mantle, as a mollusk. 

Chla'mys (kla'mis ; klam'is), n. ; pi. L. chlamydes (klam'- 
l-dez), E. chlamyses (kla'mis-ez; or /y\ 
klam'is-). [L., fr. Gr. x^M^-] Class An- 
tiq. A short oblong mantle fastened with a 
clasp. 

Chlo-an'thite (klo-an'thit), n. [Gr. x ^6r} 
verdure + &i>0os flower.] Min. A native 
arsenide of nickel, NiAs2, white or grayish 
with metallic luster, and usually massive. 

Chlo'e (klo'e), n. [L., fr. Gr. XX6r;.] See 
Daphnis and Chloe. 

Chlo'ral (klo'ral), n. [F. or G. ; F. chlore 
(or G. chlor) chlorine + F. oZco(h)ol.] 1. 
Chem. A pungent oily liquid, CC13-CHO, 
obtained by action of chlorine on alcohol. 
2. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline sub- 
stance, got by treating chloral (def. 1) with 
water, and used to induce sleep. 

Chlo'ral-ism (-iz'm), n. Med. A morbid 
condition of the system resulting from 
habitual use of chloral. Phocion wear- 

Chlor-al'um (klor-al'wm), n. Ichloro-, 2 + ingaChlamys. 
aluminium.] An impure aqueous solution of chloride of 
aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

Chlo'rate (klo'rat), n. Chem. A salt of chloric acid. 

chlor'hy'drate (klor'hl'drat), n. = hydrochloride. 

chlor 'hy'dric j-drik), a. — hydrochloric. 

chlo'ric (klo-rik),a. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, 

chlorine, esp. in a valence of five. 
chlo'rid-ate (klo'ri-dat), v. t. 1. Photog. To treat with a 

chloride. 2. Metal. = chloridize. 
Chlo'ride (-rid; -rid), n. Also -rid. Chem. A compound of 

chlorine with another element or radical. 
chlo-rid'ic (klo-rid'ik), a. Of or pert, to a chloride; 

containing a chloridei 
Chlo'rid-ize (klo'rf-dlz), v. t. 1. Metal. To combine with 

chlorine. 2. Photog. = chloridate. 
chlo'rin-ate (klo'rf-nat), v. t.; -at'ed (-nat'ed) ; -at'ing 

(-nat'ing). Chem. To treat, or cause to combine, with 

chlorine, as for bleaching or for extracting gold from its 

ores. — chlo'rin-a'tion (-na'shun) , n. 
chlo'rine (klo'rin ; -ren), n. Also -rin. [Gr. x^upbs green- 
ish yellow.] Chem. An element, ordinarily isolated as a 

poisonous, greenish yellow, suffocating gas. Symbol, CI; 

at. wt., 35.46. Chlorine is abundant in common salt. 
Chlo'rite (-rlt), n. [Gr. x^wptTis, fr.xXwpos light green.] 

Min. Any of a group of common native hydrous silicates, 

usually green, associated with, and much like, the micas. 
Chlo'rite, n. [chlorous + -ite.'] Chem. A salt of chlorous 

acid ; as, chlorite of sodium. 
Chlo'ri-toid (klo'rT-toid), n. {chlorite + -oid.~\ Min. A 

native silicate of aluminium and ferrous iron (with magne- 
sium), H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07, occurring usually in brittle folia. 
Chlo'ro- (klo'ro-). 1. Combining form from GreekxXwp6s, 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ose, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CHLOROFORM 



177 



CHOPHOUSE 



light green; as c/iZoroplast, chlorophyll. 2. Chem. A com- 
bining form of chlorine, as in chloralum, chloroiorm. 

Chlo'ro-form (-form), n. [chloro-, 2 + formyl.~] Chem. A 
colorless sweetish volatile liquid, CHCh, with ethereal odor, 
formed (for example) by treating alcohol with chloride of 
lime and slaked lime. It is a powerful solvent, and is used 
as an anaesthetic. — v. t. To anaesthetize with chloroform. 

Chlo-rom'e-ter (klo-rom'e-ter), n. [chloro-, 2 + -meter.'] 
An instrument or apparatus for determining the chlorine 
available for bleaching in chloride of lime or the like. 

Chlo'ro-phane (klo'ro-fan), n. [chloro-, 1 + Gr. <t>alvtiv to 
show.] A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, emits a 
beautiful green light. 

chlo'ro-phyll, chlo'ro-phyl (-fil), n. [chloro-, 1 + -phyll.~] 
The green coloring matter of plants. 

Chlo'ro-phyFloilS (-fil'us) \a. Pertaining to, or having the 

Chlo'ro-phyl'lose (-os) j nature of, chlorophyll. 

Chlo'ro-plast (klo'ro-plast), n. [chloro-, 1 + -plast.J Biol. 
A plastid containing chlorophyll, developed only in cells 
exposed to the light. 

chlo-ro'sis (klo-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. x^pos light green.] 
1. Med. An anaemic disease of young women, characterized 
by a grayish yellow hue of the skin and by menstrual disor- 
ders ; green sickness. 2. Bot. A disease in plants causing 
loss of the green color, the chloroplasts not acting. 

Chlo'ro-spin'el (klo'ro-spTn'el ; -spi-neP), n. [chloro-^ 1 -f- 
spinel.] Min. A grass-green variety of spinel, containing 
aluminium and iron, and colored by copper. 

Chlo'rous (klo'rus), a. [See chlorine.] Chem. Of, pert, to, 
or derived from, chlorine ; — said of compounds of chlorine 
in which this element has a valence of three. 

Chock (chok), n. 1. A wedge or block to fill in a space or to 
prevent motion, as of a cask. 2. Naut. A form of casting or 
a wooden piece, usually at the side of the upper deck, for 
ropes to run through. — v. t. 1. To provide, fasten, or 
wedge, with a chock or chocks. 2. To put (a boat) upon 
chocks. — adv. As close or tight as possible. 

chock'a-block 7 (chok'd-blok'), a. 1. Naut. Hoisted as high 
as the tackle will admit. 2. Hence : crowded ; packed full. 

Chock'-fulF, choke'-fulP, a. Full to the extreme limit. 

Choc'0-late (chok'6-lat), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. chocolatl.] 1. A 
preparation of roasted cacao seeds, or a beverage made with 
it. 2. The color of chocolate ; dark brown. 

Choc' taw (chok'to), n. An Indian of a tribe of Muskho- 
gean stock, now dwelling in Oklahoma. 

Choice (chois), n. [OF. chois, fr. choisir to choose.] 

1. Act of choosing ; preference of one thing to another ; 
also, right of choosing ; option. 2. Best part ; that which 
is preferable ; the pick. 3. A sufficient number to choose 
among ; also, a choice supply. 4. Thing or person chosen. 
5. Care in choosing ; discrimination. 06s. 6. An alternative. 
— Syn. See alternative. 

— a. 1. Worthy of being chosen; select; superior. 2. Se- 
lected with care. 3. Discriminative. 4. Preserving or using 
with care ; — used with of. — Syn. Precious, exquisite, 
uncommon, rare ; chary, careful. See dainty. — choice'ly, 
adv. — choice'ness, n. 

Choir, quire (kwlr), n. [OF. cuer, F. chceur, fr. L. See 
chorus.] 1. An organized company of singers, esp. in 
church service. 2. That part of a church appropriated to 
the singers. In an oriented cruciform church, it is east of the 
transept. 3. Any of the nine orders of angels. 4. A company 
of dancers, or dancers and singers ; any company ; band. 

— v. t . & i. To sing in concert, as a choir. Poetic. 
Choke (chok), v. t.; choked (chokt) ; chok'ing (chok'Tng). 

[ME. cheken, choken.] 1. To stifle or to strangle ; suffo- 
cate. 2. To stop by or as by choking ; suppress ; smother. 
3. To check the growth, progress, or action of. 4. To ob- 
struct by filling up or clogging ; congest. 5. To fill chock- 
full. — Syn. Throttle. — v. i. l.To stifle or strangle. 2. 
To be obstructed ; stick. — n. l.Act or sound of choking. 

2. A constriction, as in a chokebore. 3. A neckcloth; 
"choker." Slang. 

choke'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. The small berrylike astringent 
fruit of an American genus (Aronia) of malaceous shrubs, 

' with small white or pink flowers ; also, the shrub. 

Choke'bore' (-bor 7 ; 57), n. In a shotgun, a bore narrowed 
toward the muzzle, to prevent undue scattering of shot. 

choke'cher'ry (^heVi), n. Any of several species of wild 
cherries, or their small astringent fruit. 

choke damp. A heavy gas essentially carbon dioxide. 

choke'-fulP. Var. of chock-full. 

choke pear. Any pear with an astringent taste. 

chok'er (chok'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes. 
2. A cravat or necktie that encircles the neck; also, a 
high collar. Slang. 3. Elec. A choking coil. Colloq. 

chok'ing (chok'Tng), p. pr., p. a., & vb. n. of choke. 
Choking coil, Elec, a coil of small resistance and large 
inductance, used in an alternating-current circuit to im- 
pede or throttle the current, or to change its phase ; — 
called also reactance coil or reactor. 



chok'y, chok'ey (chok'i), a. Tending or inclined to choke, 
as with emotion. 

cho'ky (cho'ki), n. ; pi. -kies (-kTz). [From Hind, chaukl 
watching, guard.] 1. A station, as for collection of customs, 
for palanquin bearers, police, etc. Anglo-Ind. 2. Specif. ; 
a lockup ; a jail. Anglo-Ind., or Slang, Eng. 

Chol'a-gogue (kol'd-gog),n. [Gr. xo\ayu>y6s : \o\r) bile 4- 
tyuybs leading.] A medicine promoting discharge of bile. 
— chol'a-gog'ic (-goj'Ik), a. & n. 

ChoPer (kol'er), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. \otepa cholera, 
fr. x<>Aos, X0X17, bile.] 1. Bile, formerly thought to cause 
irascibility. 06s. 2. Biliousness. Obs. 3. Irascibility. 

Chol'er-a (-a), n. [L., a bilious disease. See choler.] 
1. Choler ; bile. 06s. 2. Med. Any of several diseases ; 
esp. : a Cholera morbus, b A disease, rapidly developed 
and commonly fatal, due to a spirillum called the comma 
bacillus {Microspira comma), and characterized by 
vomiting, rice-water discharge, cramps, and collapse ; — 
more fully Asiatic Cholera. — choFer-a'ic (kol'er-a'Tk^a. 
chol'er-a in-fan'tum ( Tn-fan'twm ) [L. infantum of 
children], a disease of infants, attended with vomiting and 
diarrhea. — c. mor'bus (mor'bus) [L. morbus disease], 
acute inflammation of the digestive tract, with vomiting 
and cramps. 

Chol'er-ic ( kol'er-Tk ), a. 1. Characterized by choler. 
Hence : a Irascible, b Bilious. 06s. 2. Causing bilious- 
ness. 06s. 3. Angry; wrathful. — Syn. See irascible. 

ChoPer-ine (kol'er-m ; -In), n. [Cf. F. cholerine.) Med. 
a The precursory symptoms of cholera, b The first stage 
of Asiatic cholera, c A mild form of cholera. 

ChoPer-oid (koPer-oid), a. [cholera + -oid.] Like cholera. 

cho-les'ter-in (ko-les'ter-Tn)\n. [Gr. X0X17 bile + arepeos 

ChO-les'ter-ol (-tLr-ol; -51) / stiff , solid.] Physiol. Chem. 
A crystalline alcohol, C2?H45-OH -f H2O, tasteless and 
odorless, found in numerous animal products and tissues. 

choPic (koPik), a. [Gr. xoXt«6s, from X0X17 bile.] Physiol. 
Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. 

chon'dri-ry (kon'dri-fT), v. t. & i. [Gr. xbvbpos cartilage -f 
-fy.-l To convert, or be converted, into cartilage. — ChorP- 
dri-fi-ca'tion (kon'dn-fT-ka'shftn), n. 

Chon'dro-dite (kon'dro-dlt), n. [Gr. xo"Spw8r]s granu- 
lar.] Min. A member of the humite group, yellow to red, 
often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone. 

Chon'droid (kon'droid), a. [Gr. xo^pos cartilage -j- -oid."] 
Resembling cartilage. 

Chon-dro'ma (kon-dro'md), n. ; L. pi. -dromata (-dro'md- 
td; -drom'd-td). [NL. ; Gr. xo^poj cartilage -j- -oma.~\ A 
cartilaginous tumor or growth. 

Chon-drot'O-my (kon-droVo-mT), n. [Gr. xwSpos carti- 
lage + -tomy.] The cutting or dissection of cartilage. 

Choose (chooz), v. t. ; pret. chose (choz) ; p. p. ceo'sen 
(cho'z'n), 06s. chose ; p. pr. & vb. n. choos'ing. [AS. 
ceosan."] 1. To make choice of. 2. To think proper; 
please; — used with infinitive object; as, he did not 
choose to go. 3. To wish ; desire. Vulgar or Colloq. 

— v.i. 1. To make a selection. 2. To have choice, or alter- 
native ; — no\/ used only with a negative and but; as, he 
cannot choose but go. — choos'er, n. 

Syn. Elect, prefer, select, pick, cull, single out. — Choose, 
select, pick, cull. Choose is the generic term ; it is to 
take or fix upon something by an act of the will, esp. in 
accordance with a decision of the judgment ; as, refuse 
the evil, and choose the good. Select suggests more 
definitely a preference based on a discrimination among a 
number of objects ; as, he was selected to deliver his clasa 
valedictory. Pick implies a careful selection ; cull, a 
nice or fastidious gleaning. 
chop (chop), v. t.; chopped (chcpt); chop'plng. To cut 
by striking, esp. repeatedly, with a sharp instrument. 

— y. i. 1. To make a quick stroke, or repeated strokes, as 
with an ax. 2. To go, come, or make some movement, sud- 
denly or violently ; — used esp. with in or into. 

— n. 1. Act of chopping; a cutting stroke. 2. A piece 
chopped off ; a slice or small piece, as of meat. 3. A crack, 
or chap. 06s. 4. A snap of the jaws or mouth. 5.0f waves- 
etc., a short, abrupt motion. 6. A stretch of choppy sea. 

chop, v. t. To change or exchange. 06s. 

to chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical 

terms ; argue sophistically. 
— v. i. l.To make an exchange. 06s. 2. To shift suddenly, 

as the wind ; veer. — n. A barter ; exchange. 
chop, n. 1. A jaw ; — usually in pi. 2. In pi. The jaws with 

the space between them ; the fleshy parts about the mouth ; 

mouth cavity ; fauces. — v. t. To utter (words) in a hurried, 

indistinct fashion. 
chop (chop), n. [Hind, chhap stamp, brand.] 1. In India 

and China, an official seal or stamp ; also, a license, permit, 

or clearance. 2. In the China trade, a brand on goods; 

hence, a brand of goods. 3. Quality ; brand. 
chop'falFen (chop / fol / 'n), a. = chapfallen. 
chop'house / (chop'housO, n. A restaurant where chops, 

etc., are sold ; an eating house. 



D 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



CHOPHOUSE 



178 



CHRISTIANITY 




ChopllOUSe', n. A customhouse. China. 

cho-pine' (cho-pen' ; chop'in), n. Also chop'in (chop'Tn). 
[Cf. OF. chapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.~] A clog, or 
patten, having a thick sole, or raised on a stilt. 

chop'per (chop'er), n. One who, or that which, chops. 

Chop'ping, a. Large and vigorous ; — said of a child. 

Chop'ping, p. pr. & vb. n. of (any) chop, v. Hence : p. a. 
1. [From chop to barter.] Shifting or changing suddenly , as 
the wind. 2. [From chop tocut.]Breakinginshort,abrupt 
waves, making boats move jerkily ; as, a chopping sea. 

Chop'py (chop'i), a. Full of cracks, or chaps; chappy. 

chop'py, a. Rough, with short, tumultuous waves. 

Chop'py, a. Variable ; — said of the wind. 

Chop'stick 7 (chop'stik'), n._ [A Pidgin English translation 
of the Chinese name, which means : hasteners, speedy 
ones.] One of two small sticks or slips of wood, ivory, etc., 
used by the Chinese and some others in taking food. 

Chop SU'ey or SOQ'y (chop soo'i). [Chin. (Cantonese) shap 
sul odds and ends, fr. shap for sap to enter the mouth -j- 
sui small bits pounded fine.] A dish consisting typically 
of bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., .and sliced 
meats, fried and flavored with sesame oil. U. S. 

Cho-ra'gUS (ko-ra'gus), n. ; pi. -ragi (-jl). [L., fr. Gr. x°pa- 
76s; x°pbs chorus + ayeiv to lead.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A 
chorus leader. _ 2. The leader of a chorus or choir or a 
band of any kind. — cho-rag'ic (ko-raj'Ik; -ra'jik), a. 

Cho'ral (ko'rdl), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
choir or chorus ; adapted to be sung in chorus or harmony. 

— cho'ral-ly, adv. 

ChO-ral', ChO-rale' (ko-ral'; ko'rdl), n. Music. A hymn 

tune ; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison. 
Chord (kord),n. [L. chorda gut, string of a gut, Gr. x°pt>V-} 

1. String of a musical instrument. Now © 

chiefly Poet, or Fig. 2.Anat. A cord. 3. 

Geom. A right line intersecting a curve ; a 

secant ; specif., the segment of the line be- 
tween two points of its intersection with the 

curve. 4. Engin. In a truss, one of the 

chief members, usually horizontal, braced 

by the web members. 5. [For accord, 

n.] Music. A combination of tones Chords, 3." AC, 

sounding simultaneously and in harmonic AB, Chords. 

relation. — v. i. Music. To accord ; harmonize. 
Chore (chor),n. [Same word as chare day work.] A 

small or odd job ; in pi., the daily light work of a household 

or farm. U. S. & Dial. Eng. 
Cho-re'a (ko-re'd),TO. [NL.,fr.Gr.xop€t'adance.] St. Vitus's 

dance, a disease attended with convulsive twitchings, etc. 

— cho-re'al (-dl), cho-re'ic (-ik), a. 

cho'ri-amb (ko'n-amb ; kor'i-), n. Also cho'ri-am'bus 

; (-am'biis). [L. choriambus, Gr. xoplap-fios; xopelos a tro- 
chee + iap/3os iambus.] Pros. A foot of four syllables, the 
first and last long, and the others short (-""-); that is, a 
trochee andan iambus united. 

Cho'ri-am'bic (-am'bik), a. [L. choriambicus, Gr. %o- 
piaju/JiKos.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, 

' choriambs. — n. A choriamb ; also, a choriambic verse. 

Cho'ric* (ko'rTk ; kor'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a chorus. 

cho'ri-6n (ko'ri-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xbp<-ov.~\ Membrane en- 
veloping the fetus of mammals, and inclosing the amnion. 

Cho'rist (ko'rist ; kor'ist), n. One of a chorus or choir. 

ChOr'is-ter (kor'Ts-ter), n. 1. A singer in a choir; specif., 
a choir boy. 2. One who leads a church choir. U. S. 

Cho-rog'ra-phy (ko-rog'rd-fi),?i. [FromL.,fr.Gr.x«poYpa- 
<{>La ; xwpos place + ypatpeiv to describe.] 1. Art of describing 
or mapping a particular region. 2. A description, map, or 
chart of a particular region, or its physical conformation 
and features. — cho-rog'ra-pher (ko-rog'rd-fer), n. — 
cho'ro-graph'ic (ko'ro-graf'Ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

cho'roid (ko'roid ; 57), a. [Gr. xopoeidrjs; x°p<-ov chorion 
+ e!5os form.] Anat. Pertaining to or designating any of 
several delicate vascular membranes or structures, as the 
membrane between the sclerotic and retina of the eye. 

— n. Anat. The choroid coat of the eye. 
Cho'roid-i'tis (ko'roid-I'tis), n. [NL. ; choroid + -itis.'] 

Med. Inflammation of the choroid of the eye. 

Chor'tle (chor't'l), v. t. & i. ; -tled ; -tling. A word coined 
by Lewis Carroll_ (Charles L. Dodgson), and usually ex- 
plained as a combination of chuckle and snort. Humorous. 

Cho'lUS (ko'rus; 57), n. [L., a dance in a ring or with 
song, a chorus, a band of dancers and singers, Gr. x°P°s-] 
1. In Greek drama, a company of singers or chanters act- 
ing as a unit. 2. The part of the drama sung by the 

. chorus. 3. A company like, or a single character in the 
part or the functions of, the Greek chorus. 4. Music, a 

< A company of singers singing in concert ; choir, b The 
simultaneous song of a number of persons. C A composi- 
tion to be sung by voices in concert, d A part of a song 
recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a 
company of singers who join in singing such parts. 5. Fig., 
utterance by a number simultaneously or in unison. 

— v. i. & t. To sing or exclaim in chorus. 



chose (choz), pret. & obs. p. p. of choose. 

Chose (shoz), n. [F., fr. L. causa reason.] Law. A thing; 
a piece of personal property. 

Cho'sen (cho'z'n), p. p. of choose. Specif. : p. a. Selected 
from a number ; picked out ; choice ; in Theol., elect. 

Chough (chiif), n. [ME. choughe, koweJ] Any bird of an 
Old World genus (Pyrrhocorax), of the crow family, with 
red legs and glossy black plumage. 

Chouse (chous), v. t. ; choused (choust) ; chous'ing. [Said 
to be fr. Turk chaush a messenger or interpreter, one of 
whom in 1G09 cheated Turkish merchants in England.] To 
cheat. Colloq. — n. Obs. 1. A swindler. 2. A dupe. 

Chow (chou ; cho), n. [Chin. chou.~\ A prefecture or dis- 
trict of the second rank in China ; the chief city of such a 
district ; — often part of the city's name, as in Foochow. 

chow'chow' (chou'chou'), a. Mixed; miscellaneous. — n. 
1. Mixture ; hodgepodge ; esp., chopped mixed pickles. 2. 
One of a Chinese breed of domestic dogs of medium size, 
with thick close hair of a red or black color, remarkable 
for having the tongue black. 

chow'der (-der),ra. [F. chaudiere pot.] A dish of fresh 
fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. 

chow'ry (chou'n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Hind, chaunrl."] 
A fly flap, as the tail of a yak, used in India. 

Chre'ma-tis'tic^ (kre'md-tis'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or occu- 
pied in, the gaining of wealth. — n. = chrematistics. 

Chre'ma-tis'tiCS (-tlks), n. [Gr. XP'JMaTio-riKi? (sc. rexvi) 
the art of traffic, fr. xpvvara goods, money.] (See -ics.) 
The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the 
science, of political economy. 

chres-tom/a-thy (kres-tom'd-thi), n.; pi. -thies (-thTz). 

[Gr. xP^TTopafleia ,* xpyvros useful -f- /JLaOeif to learn.] A 
selection of passages to be used in acquiring a language. 

Chrism (krfz'm), n. [AS. crisma or OF. cresme; both fr. 
LL., fr. Gr. xpto"M a » f f - xp 1 '"" to anoint.] East & R. C. 
Churches. Consecrated oil used in baptism, etc. — Chris'- 
mal (krfz'mal), a. 

chris'ma-to-ry (knz'md-to-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. 
chrismatorium.] A vessel, or a place, for the chrism. 

chris'om (-um), n. [See chrism.] 1. = chrism. 2. A 
white cloth, robe, or mantle thrown over a child when 
baptized. 3. A child in its chrisom. 

Christ (krlst), n. [L. Christus, Gr. Xpiaros, fr. xpwr°* 
anointed.] 1. The Messiah, whose coming was prophesied 
by the Jews. 2. Jesus, as fulfilling this expectation. 

Chris'ta-del'phi-an (kris'td-del'fl-dn), n. [Christ + Gr. 
&5e\(/>6s brother.] One of a religious sect founded in the 
United States about 1850 by John Thomas, M. D. They 
reject the Trinity and the natural immortality ot the soul, 
believing that only the righteous receive eternal life. 

Christ'cross' (kris'kroV ; 62), n. Often written crisscross. 

1. The mark of the cross^ (typically thus, ►{« ), as formerly 
put before the alphabet in a hornbook, etc., or as made 
(thus, X) by a person as a substitute for his signature. 2. 
The alphabet. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

Christ' cross'-row', criss'cross'-row' (-roO, n. The al- 
phabet. Archaic or Dial. Eng. 

chris'ten (kris^n), v. t. [AS. cristnian to make a Chris- 
tian,^, crzsieraa Christian, 'L.christianus.'] 1. To baptize ; 
also, to name at or as at baptism. 2. To use for the first 

' time. Colloq. 

Chris'ten-dom (-dum), n. 1. Christianity (sense 2). Obs. 

2. Christians as a body; the church. 3. The Christian 
world, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. 

Christ'hOOd, n. State of being Christ. 

Chris'tian (kris'chdn) , n. 1. One who believes, or professes 
or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ. 2. A human 
being as distinguished from a brute. Colloq. or Dial. 3. 
A decent or respectable person. Colloq. or Slang. 4. The 
hero of Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress.'" 

— a. 1. Professing, or belonging to, Christianity. 2. Pert, 
to Christ or His religion. 3. Characteristic ot or becoming 
Christian people. 4. Of or pert, to a Christian or Christians. 
5. Human as distinguished from brutal. Now only Colloq. 
or Humorous. 

Christian Era, the era in use in all Christian countries, 
reckoned from the supposed date of Christ's birth. This 
date is now generally thought to be about lour years too 
late. — C. name, the name given in baptism as distinct 
from the family name ; first name ; given name. — C. 
Science, a system of healing disease of mind and body 
which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that 
sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full under- 
standing of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and 
healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker 
Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its 
teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents. 

Cliris'tian-ism (-iz'm), n. The religious system, _ tenets, 
or practices of Christians ; — often used depreciatively. 

Chris'ti-an'i-ty (kris'chi-an'i-ti ; kris-chan'-), n.; pi., in 
sense 3 only, -ties (-tiz). 1. The religion of Christians. 2. 
State or fact of being a Christian ; Christian character. 3. 
A Christian religious system. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, ilrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CHRISTIANIZATION 



179 



CHRYSAROBIN 



Chris'tian-i-za'tion (kris'chdn-i-za'shwn ; -I-za'shiin), n. 
Act or process of Christianizing. 

Chris'tian-ize (kris'chdn-Tz), v. t. To make Christian. 

— v. i. To become Christian. Rare. 

Chris'tian-like' \a. Befitting a Christian. — adv. In a 

Chris'tian-ly (-11) J manner becoming a Christian. 

Christ'less (krlst'les), a. Without Christ or faith in 
Christ ; unchristian. — Christ'less-ness, n. 

Christ'like, a. Resembling Christ. — Christ'like-ness, «. 

Christ'ly, a. Of or pertaining to Christ ; Christlike. 

Christ'mas (kns'mds), n. [Christ + mass.] An annual 
festival (December 25) in memory of the birth of Christ. 

Christ'mas-tide' (-tid 7 ), to. The season of Christmas. 

Christmas tree. An evergreen tree, usually set up indoors, 
decorated with ornaments, hung with presents for distribu- 
tion, and illuminated on Christmas Eve or Christmas 
night. 

Chris-tol'o-gy (kris-tol'o-jT), to. That department of the- 
ology which treats of Christ ; a doctrine or theory about 
Christ. — Chris'to-log'i-cal (kris'to-loj'i-kal), a. 

Chris-toph'a-ny (-tofd-m), to.; pi. -nies (-niz). [Christ 
+ Gr. <j>aivetv to show.] One or all of the appearances of 
Christ after resurrection, as recorded in the Gospels. 

Christ's'— thorn', n. Any of several prickly or thorny shrubs 
of Palestine, as a species (Zizyphus vulgaris) which bears 
the jujube and is thought to have been the plant used for 
the crown of thorns (John xix, 2, 5). 

Chro'ma- (kro'md-). See chromo. 

Chro'ma (kro'md), to. [Gr. XP&M& color.] Color intensity 
or purity ; degree of freedom from gray. 

Chro'mate (kro'mat), n. A salt of chromic acid. 

Chro-mat'ic (kro-mat'ik), a. [FromL.,fr. Gr. xpw/iaTiws 
suited for color (in music, chromatic), fr. xp&p-a, xpup- aT0 *> 

1 color.] 1. Of or pert, to color or colors. 2. Music. Pro- 
ceeding by the smaller intervals (semitones) of the scale, 

f instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. 

Chro-mat'ics (-iks), to. (See -ics.) Science of colors. 

Chro'ma-tin (kro'md-tin), n. [Gr. xP"Ma» xp^oltos, 
color.] Biol. A protoplasmic substance in the nucleus of 

| cells, which stains deeply with basic stains. Chemically 
it consists^ largely of proteid compounds of nucleic acid. 

chro'ma-tism (-tTz'm), to. [Gr. xp^juarto-^os a coloring.] 

1. Optics. Chromatic aberration. 2. Bet. Abnormal 
coloration of the normally green parts of plants. 

Chro'ma-to- (kro'md-to-). See chromo-. 
chro'ma-to-phore' (-to-fcV), to. # 1. Zo'61. A pigment cell, 

esp. one capable of changing its form or size, causing 

changes of color in the translucent skin, as in cephalopods. 

2. Bot. One of the color bodies or plastids in plant cells. — 
chro / ma-to-phor , ic(-for / ik),-toph , o-rous (-tof'6-rus), a. 

Chro'ma-to-scope' (-skopO, to. l.Astron. A reflecting tel- 
escope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, to pro- 
duce a ringlike image of a star. 2. An instrument for com- 
bining rays of different colors to form compound colors. 

Chro'ma-trope (kro'md-trop), to. 1. Physics. An instru- 
ment for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light by 
means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored. 2. A de- 
vice in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleido- 
scopic effects. 

Chro'ma-type (-tip), n. Photog. A picture made upon paper 
sensitized with potassium dichromate or some other chro- 
mium compound ; also, the process of making such pictures. 

Chrome (krom), to. [F., fr. Gr.xp&p-a color.] 1. Chro- 
mium. 2. Dyeing. Potassium dichromate. — v.t. Dyeing. 
To treat with a solution of potassium dichromate. 

-Chrome (krom). A suffix from Greek xp&p-a, color. 

Chrome alum. Chem. A dark violet substance, KCr- 
(S04)2*12H20, chromium potassium sulphate, analogous 
to, and crystallizing like, common alum. 

Chrome red. Any pigment prepared from the basic 
chromate of lead. 

Chrome Steel. An alloy of chromium with ordinary steel. 
It is fine-grained and very hard. 

Chrome yellow. A brilliant pigment essentially neutral 
lead chromate, PbCr04. 

Chro'mic (kro'mik), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained 
from, chromium, in its higher valences. 

Chro'mite (-mlt),n. 1. Min. A mineral of the spinel group, 
usually iron-black, composed of iron, chromium, and oxy- 
gen, FeCr204. 2. Chem. A salt of chromous acid. 

Chro'mi-um(-mi-wm),7i. [NL. See chrome.] Chem. Agray- 
ish white metal, hard, brittle, and difficult to fuse ; — so 
called from the varied color of its compounds. Sp. gr., 6.8 ; 
symbol, Cr; at. wt., 52.0. 

Chro'mo (-mo), n.; pi. -mos (-moz). A chromolithograph. 

chro'mo- (kro'mo-), chro'ma- (kro'md-), chro'ma-to-. 
Combining forms from Greek xp&na, xp&naros, color. 

Chro'mo-gen (kro'mo-jen), n. 1. Physiol. Chem. A sub- 
stance which readily becomes a coloring matter. 2.Dyes.a 
A compound not itself a dye, but containing one or more 
color-forming groups. bA colorless derivative of naphtha- 
lene which, when applied to wool and oxidized, d yes the 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. 



wool brown. 3. Plant Physiol. The color contents of the 
plant body. 

Chro'mo-gen'ic (-jen'Tk), a. 1. Producing color; as, chro- 
mogenic bacteria. 2. Of or pert, to a chromogen. 

Chro'mo-gram (kro'mo-gram), n. One of the three partial 
negatives used in the process of color photography. 

Chro'mo-lith'o-graph (-lith'6-graf), n. A lithographic pic- 
ture printed in colors. — chro'mo-li-thog'ra-phy, n. 

chro-mom'e-ter (kro-mom'e-ter), n. An apparatus for com- 
paring the color of a substance with some standard. 

Chro'mo-pho'to-graph (kro'mo-fo'to-graf), to. A photo- 
graph in colors. — -pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tog'rd-fi), n. 

chro'mo-plast (kro'mo-plast), n. Bot. A plastid containing 
red or yellow pigments. 

chro'mo-scope (kro'mo-skop), n. An optical instrument for 
combining colored images so as to produce a picture in nat- 
ural colors. 

Chro'mo-some (-som), to. Biol. One of the small bodies, or- 
dinarily definite in number in the cells of a given species, 
into which the chromatin of a cell nucleus resolves itself 
previous to mitosis. 

Chro'mo-sphere (-sfer),n. Astron. A ruddy gaseous layer of 
incandescent hydrogen, helium, etc., surrounding the sun ; a 
similar layer aboutastar. — chro'mo-spher'ic (-sfer'ik), a. 

Chro'mous (kro'mus), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or 
derived from, chromium ; — said esp. of compounds in 
which this element is bivalent. 

Chron'ic (kron'ik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. xp°"'k°s concern- 
ing time, fr. xpbvos time.] 1. Continuing a long time ; of 
a disease, of long duration ; — opposed to acute. 2. Hence 
(of an invalid or of one having an unpleasant habit, 
characteristic, or the like), having long had the affliction or 
habit ; confirmed ; as, a chronic sufferer from gout ; a 
chronic grumbler. 3. Continuous ; constant ; as, chronic 
war. Syn. — See inveterate. — chron'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

Chron'i-Cle (kron'i-k'l), to. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
XpoyiKa, neut. pi. fr. xP 0J/tK °s- See chronic] 1. A his- 
torical account of events in the order of time ; a history ; 
esp., a simple chronological record. 2. In pi. [cap.~] Two 
books of the Old Testament, following 2 Kings. — Syn. 
Register, annals. — v. t.; -cled (-k'ld), -cling (-kling). To 
record in or as in a chronicle. — chron'i-cler (-kler), n. 

chrono-. Combining form from Greek xp°v°*> time. 

Chron'o-gram(kron'6-gram),TC. 1. An inscription, sentence, 
or phrase, in which certain letters express a date or epoch. 
2. A record made by a chronograph. 

chron'o-graph (-graf ), n. An instrument for measuring and 
recording time. 

Chro-nol'o-ger (kro-nol'S-jer), to. A chronologist. 

chron'o-log'ic (kron'6-loj'ik), a. Chronological. 

chron'o-log'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. Pert, to chronology ; arranged 
in the order of time. — chron'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

chro-nol'O-gist (kro-nol'6-jist), to.. One who investigates 
and arranges dates ; one versed in chronology. 

chro-nol'o-gize (-jlz), v. t. To arrange chronologically. 

Chro-nol'o-gy (kro-nol'6-ji),n.;pZ.,-GiES(-jIz) : 1. Science 
of measuring time by regular periods, and dating and ar- 
ranging events. 2. A chronological table, list, or the like. 

chro-nom'e-ter (-nom'e-ter), to. A timepiece, esp. one of a 
very exact portable kind. 

Chron'o-met'ric (kron'o-met'rik)^. Pert, to a chronome- 

chron'o-met'ri-cal (-ri-kdl) / ter or chronometry. 

chro-nom'e-try (kro-nom'e-trf), to. Art of measuring 
time, esp. by periods or divisions. 

Chron'o-pho'tO-graph (kron'o-fo'to-graf), to. One of a set 
of photographs of a moving object taken to exhibit succes- 
sive phases of the motion. 

-chroous. [Gr. xpws, xp°°s, color.] An adjective suffix 
denoting colored. 

chrys'a-iid (kris'd-lid), to. A chrysalis. — chrys'a-lid, a. 

chrys'a-lis (-JIs), n.; pi. E. -uses (-lis-es; 24), L. 
-SALiDES (kri-sal'i-dez). [From 
L., fr. Gr. xP vcra ^k the golden 
pupa of butterflies, xpucros gold.]! 
The pupa stage of insects (esp/ 
butterflies). 

chrys-an'i-line (-an'i-lm ; -len), to. 
[Gr. xp uo "°s g°ld + E. aniline.'] 
Chem. A yellow crystalline com- 
pound, C19H16N3, obtained as a by- 
product in the manufacture of ros- 
aniline ; — called also phosphine. 
It is chiefly used in dyeing leather. 

chrys-an'the-mum (-the-m&m),n. 
[L., fr. Gr. xp v<t ° s gold + avdefioi' flower.] 
An ornamental cultivated plant derived 
from several species of a genus ( Chrysan- 
themum) of the aster family; also, its 
large double flower head of any of many 
shades of red, yellow, and white. 

Chrys / a-ro'bin(krTs / d-ro'bin), n.[Gr. xpwrosgold + E. ara- 
roba + -zn.] Chem. A bitter yellow compound, C30H26O7, 




Chrysalis of a 

Swallowtail 

Butterfly. 

Nat. Size. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



CHRYSEIS 



180 



CICADA 



forming the essential constituent of Goa powder. It is used 
locally and internally in skin diseases. 

Chry-se'iS (krT-se'is), re. [L., fr. Gr. Xpu^ts.] In Homer's 
"Iliad," a maiden, daughter of a priest of Apollo, captured 
by the Greeks and given to Agamemnon. Apollo sent a 
pestilence on the Greeks which ceased only when she was 
returned. Cf. Briseis. 

chrys'el-e-phan'tine (kns'el-e-fan'tin), a. [Gr. xpwros 
gold + Ak&p&vTtvos of ivory, IXe0as ivory, elephant.] 
Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. 

Chry'sene (krl'sen), n. [Gr. xpvcros gold.] A hydrocarbon, 
C18H12, white when pure, yellow when impure (whence 
the name) as obtained from coal tar. 

Chrys'o-ber'yl (kns'o-ber'il), re. [From L., fr. Gr. ; jamais 
gold + PvpvWos beryl.] A native compound of aluminium 
and beryllium, containing a little iron. It is commonly yel- 
low or pale green, and is sometimes used as a gem. 

Chrys'0-chlore(-klor;57),re. [Gr. xp^oSs gold + x^upos 
light green.] Any of a genus (Chrysochloris) of South African 
moles, remarkable for the iridescent hairs mingled with 
the fur. 

Chrys'O-COl'la (-kol'd), re. [L., fr. Gr. xpv<r6KoWa gold 
solder, a mineral used in soldering gold ; xP Vff os gold -\-k6Wo. 
glue.] Min. A hydrous silicate of copper, CuSi03 • 2H2O, of 
a blue to green color. 

chrys'o-lite (kris'6-llt), re. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr.; 
xpvffos gold + \[0os stone.] A magnesium iron silicate, 
(Mg-FehSiO-i, usually olive-green, often used as a gem; — 
called also olivine. Also, formerly, any of several yellow 
or greenish gems. 

chrys'o-prase (-praz), re. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. ; 
xpvaos gold + trpaaov leek. J A light green chalcedony. 

Chrys'O-tile (-til), re. [Gr. xpvtros gold + rt'Xos fiber.] The 
fibrous variety of serpentine. It is one kind of asbestos. 

Chtho'ni-an (tho'ni-dn), a. [Also cap.'] [Gr. xOovios in or 
under the earth, fr. x^y, x^ovos, earth.] Designating, or 
pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld. 

Chub (chub), re. 1. A common European fresh-water 
cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus cephalus). 2. In America : 
a Any of various cyprinoid fishes, b Locally, any of several 
very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. 

chub'by (chub'!), a.; -bi-er (-i-er) ; -bi-est. Like a chub; 
short, plump, and round. — chub'hi-ness (-i-nes), re. 

Chuck (chuk), v. %., v. t., & re. [Imitative.] Cluck. 

Chuck, re. A word of endearment, as for a child, wife, etc. 

Chuck, re. 1. A part of a side of dressed beef, including 
most of the neck and the parts 
adjacent. 2. A contrivance for hold- 
ing work or a tool in a machine. 

Chuck (chuk), v. t. l.To strike gently; 
tap. 2. To toss or throw, esp. with a 
short action of the arm. — re. 1. A DnU Chuck, 
slight blow or pat under the chin. 2. A toss or jerk. 

chuck'-full'. Var. of CHOCK-FULL. 

chuck'le (chuV'l), v. i.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). [From 
chuck to cluck.] 1. To laugh in a suppressed manner, as 
from inward satisfaction. 2. To cluck. — re. Act or sound 
of chuckling. — chuck'ler, re. 

Chuck'le, a. Clumsy ; lumpish. 

chuck'le-head' (-hed'), n. A blockhead. Colloq. 

Chuck'-will's-wid'ow, re. A goatsucker ( Antrostomus 
carolinensis) of the southern United States, resembling, 
but larger than, the whippoorwill ; — so called from its note. 

Chud'dar (chud'dr), re. [Hind, chadar a sheet, a square 
of cloth.] A sheet or square of cloth, worn as a mantle or 
shawl, or spread over a Mohammedan tomb. Anglo-Ind. 

Chu'fa (choo'fd), re. [Sp.] A kind of sedge (Cyperus es- 
culentus) of southern Europe, cultivated in many coun- 
tries. It produces small tubers of which hogs are fond. 

Chuff (chuf), re. A rustic or boor. 

Chuff 'y (-1), a. Clownish ; churlish ; rough ; surly. — chuff '- 
i-ly (-1-I1), adv. — Chuff 'i-ness, re. All Obs. or Dial. 

Chug (chug), re. A sound represented or imitated by the 
pronunciation of chug. 

Chuk'ker (chuk'er), or chuk'kar (-dr), re. [Hind, chahhar, 
chakar, Skr. cakra a wheel.] A period of play at pony polo. 

chum (chum), re. A roommate, esp. at college; also, an 
intimate friend. — v. i. ; chummed (chumd) ; chum'hing. 
To live or associate as a chum or chums. Both Colloq. 

Shum, re. 1. Chopped fish, lobsters, or the like, thrown 
overboard to draw fish, as in trolling or fishing with seines. 
2. Refuse or scrap fish, as in a fish cannery ; also, the 
pulp left after expressing oil from menhaden. U. S. 

— v. i. To fish with the aid of chum. 

Chum'my (-1), a. Intimate ; sociable. Colloq. 

Chump (chump), re. 1. A short, thick piece of wood ; block. 
2. Blockhead ; dolt. Colloq. or Slang. 

chu-nam' (chdo-nam'), re. [Hind, chuna, fr. Skr. curna 
powder, dust ; or a Dravidian word.] Prepared lime, esp. 
that made of calcined shells, chewed with betel leaves or 
areca nuts ; also, a fine building plaster, susceptible of high 
polish. India & China. 




chunk (chunk), re. A short, thick piece, person, or horse. 
Colloq. — ^Chunk'y (-1), a. Colloq., U. S. 

church (church), re. [AS. circe, cirice, fr. Gr. Kvpiaabv the 
Lord's house, Kvpios lord, nvpos power.] 1. A building for 
public Christian worship. 2. Christians collectively ; the 
whole body of Christ's followers. 3. A body of Christian 
believers of the same creed, rites, and ecclesiastical author- 
ity ; a denomination ; as, the church at Ephesus ; the Ro- 
man Catholic Church. 4. Organized Christianity, as in a 
nation ; ecclesiastical power, authority, or government ; 
as, church and state. 5. The clerical profession. 6. Church 
service ; divine worship. 7. Any body of worshipers ; a re- 
ligious society or organization ; as, the Jewish church. 

— v. t. To perform a church service or ceremony for or with, 
as for a woman after recovery from childbirth. 

Church'go'er (-go'er), re. One who goes to church, esp. 
habitually. — church'go'ing, a. & re. 

church'ly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, church. 

church'man (-man), re. 1. An ecclesiastic ; a clergyman. 
2. An adherent of the church, esp. an established church ; 
in the United States, esp. a member of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church. — church'man-ship, re. 

Church text. The Old English or black-letter style of 
type as used in ecclesiastical work, as on stained glass 
windows, on monuments, etc. ; also, Print., a tall, slender 
form of black letter, often used in ecclesiastical work. 
GE^ STfjis line is in nonpareil church teit 

Church'ward'en (-wor'd'n), re. 1. A lay officer in Anglican 
churches whose duties include the care of church property. 
2. A clay tobacco pipe with a long stem. Slang. 

church' worn/an (-woom'on), re. 1. A woman member of 
the church, esp. of an Anglican church. 2. A woman 
active in the church. 

Church'yard' (-yard'), re. The inclosure about a church, 
often, esp. formerly, used as a burial ground. 

Churl (churl), re. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, 
man, husband.] 1. A freeman without rank. Now Hist. 
2. A rustic ; a boor. 3. A rough, surly, ill-bred fellow. 
4. A selfish miser ; a niggard. 

churl'ish (chur'lish), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or like, a 
churl. 2. Wanting pliancy; unyielding; as, a churlish 
soil. Now Fig. — Syn. Surly, sullen, crabbed. See 
boorish. — churl'ish-ly, adv. — churl'ish-ness, re. 

Churn (churn), re. [AS. cyrin.~\ 1. A vessel in which milk or 
cream is agitated in making butter. 2. Any of various 
vessels or apparatus suggestive of a butter churn. — v._ t. 

1. To agitate in a churn, to get butter. 2. To agitate vio- 
lently ; make, as foam, by thus doing. — v. i. To perform 
the operation of churning. — churn'ing, re. 

churr (chur), re. A vibrant or_ whirring noise such as that 
made by the cockchafer, partridge, etc. — v. i. To make a 
churr. — v. t. To utter by churring. 

Chute (shoot), re. [F. chute, prop., a fall.] 1. A quick or 
steep descent, as in a riyer; rapid. 2. An inclined plane, 
channel, or trough for sliding things down ; a flume. 

Chut'ney (chut'ni), n. Also chut'nee. [Hind, chatni.'} 
A kind of spicy pickle or condiment. 

Chy-la'ceous (kl-la'shus), a. Physiol. Possessed of the 
properties of chyle ; consisting of chyle. 

Chyle (kll), re. [Gr. x^°s juice, chyle, x^ v .to pour.] 
Physiol. A modification of lymph occurring in the lac- 
teals, in the lymphatics leading from the small intestine, 
and in the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, from 
which it is poured into the subclavian veins. It contains 
globules of emulsified fat, derived from chyme, giving it a 
milky appearance. 

chy'li-f ac'tion (kl'li-fak'shiin ; kTl'i-) , chy 'li-fi-ca'tion (-f 1- 
ka'shun), re. [chyle -J- L. facere to make.] Physiol. The 
formation of chyle. 

Chy'li-fac'tive (-fak'tiv), a. Physiol. Producing, or con- 
verting into, chyle ; having the power to form chyle. 

chy-lif , er-OUS(ki-lif , er-ws),o. [chyle + -ferous.'] Physiol. 
Transmitting, or conveying, chyle ; as, chyliferous vessels. 

chy'lous (ki'lus), a. Physiol. Consisting of or like chyle. 

chyme (klm), re. [L. chymus chyle, Gr. xvp-bs juice, 
xeeii> to pour.] Physiol. The pulpy semidigested food 
in the small intestine. 

chym'ic (kim'ik), chym'ist (-1st), chym'is-try (-Ys-trT), 
etc. Obs. or archaic vars. of chemic, etc. 

chy-mif'er-ous (kl-mif'er-res), a. Physiol. Bearing or con- 
taining chyme. 

chy'mi-fi-ca'tion (kl'mi-fT-ka'sh&n ; kim'? : ), re. [chyme -f 
L. facere to make.] Physiol. The conversion of food into 
chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice. 

Chy'mous (kl'mus), a. Physiol. Of or pert, to chyme. 

ci-bo'ri-um (si-bo'ri-wm), re.; pi. -ria (-d). [LL., fr. L. 
ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. nifiupiov a seed vessel of the Egyp- 
tian bean.] 1. Arch. A canopy, usually standing free and 
supported on four columns, and covering the high altar. 

2. R. C. Ch. A pyx. 

ci-ca'da (si-ka'dd), re. ; pi. E. -bas (-ddz), L. -dje (-de). [L.] 
Any of various large homopterous insect3 (family Cica- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CICALA 



181 



CINQUECENTO 




didse, esp. genus Cicada) , often called locusts, with stout body 
and large transparent wings. The male produces long shrill 
notes by vibrating membranes on the under side of the 
abdomen. [ada.] A cicada.) 

ci-ca'la (si-ka'ld),n. [It., fr. L. cic-\ 

cic'a-trice (sik/d-trfs), n. [F.] A 
cicatrix. 

Cic'a-tri'cial (-tr Tsh'al) , a. Relating 
to, or having the character of, a 
scar, or cicatrix. 

Cic'a-tri'cle (sik'd-tnk"l),n. l.Bot 
A cicatrix. 2. Embryol. The small 

I disk of protoplasm on the yolk of an 
egg, from which the embryo devel- 
ops ; the tread. 

Ci-ca'tlix (si-ka'tnks ; sik'd-triks), 
n.; pi. -trices (sik'd-tri'sez). [L.] 
1. The skin or film which forms over 
a wound, later contracting to form 
the scar. 2. A scar orscarlikemark, 
esp. one caused by the previous at- 
tachment of a part or organ, as, Cicada. 
Bot., the mark left on the stem after the fall of a leaf or 
the hilum of a seed. 

Cic'a-trize (sik'd-trlz), v. t. & u; -trized (-trizd) ; -triz'- 
ing (-triz'ing). To heal with the formation of a cicatrix. — 
Cic'a-tri-za'tion (-trT-za'shun ; -trl-za'shun), n. 

Cic'e-ly (sis'e-li ; sis'li), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L. seselis, Gr. 
akaeXi, creo-eXis.] Any of various apiaceous plants (genera 
Myrrhis, Washingtonia, etc.). 

Ci'ce-ro'ne (che'cha-ro'na ; E. sis'e-ro'ne), n.; pi. It. -roni 
(-ne), E. -rones (-nez). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman ora- 
tor.] One who acts as a guide to local curiosities. 

Cic'e-ro'ni-an (sTs'e-ro^nT-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
resembling, Cicero or his style ; hence, eloquent. 

Cicb/lid (sTk/lid), n. [Gr. kix^v a ^ m d of sea fish.] Anyof 
a large family (Cichlidse) of fresh-water acanthopterygian 
fishes, somewhat resembling the American sunfishes. 

Ci-cho'ri-a'ceous (si-ko'rT-a'shus), a. [L. cichorium chic- 
ory.] Belonging to a family (Cichoriacese) oi composite 
herbs or shrubs, the chicory family, having milky juice and 
all the flowers of the head ligulate. 

D ci'cis-be'o (che'chez-ba'o ; si-sis'be-o), n.; pi. It. cicisbei 
(-e), E. -beos (-oz). [It.] The recognized gallant of a mar- 
ried woman ; a cavalier servente. 

Cid (sid ; Sp. theth), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seyid lord.] In Span- 
ish literature, a title of Ruy, or Rodrigo, Diaz de Bivar, an 
11th-century champion of Christianity and of the royalty. 

-cide. 1. [L. -cida, fr. caedere to kill.] A suffix signifying 
killer, destroyer; as in matricide. _ 2. [L. 'tidium.] 
A suffix signifying a killing ; as in homicide. 

Ci'der (sl'der), n. [F. cidre, fr. L., fr. Gr. aUepa a fer- 
mented liquor.] The expressed juice of apples (or formerly 
of some other fruits), used for drinking,rnakingvinegar,etc. 

Ci'der-kin (-kin), n. [cider + -kin.'] A kind of weak cider 
made by steeping the refuse pomace from cider making. 

|[ ci'-de-vant' (se'de-vaN'), a. [F., formerly.] Former. 

ci-gar' (si-gar'), n. [Sp. cigarro.] A small roll of tobacco 
for smoking. 

cig'a-rette' (sig'd-ret'), n. [F.] Lit, a little cigar; a little 
roll of finely cut tobacco for smoking, usually wrapped in 
paper ; also, such a roll of some other material, as cubebs. 

Cil'i-a (sil'i-d), n. pi. ; sing, cilitjm (-iim). [L. cilium eye- 
lid.] 1. The eyelashes. 2. Biol. Hairlike processes, as of 
a cell, capable of a vibratory movement. 3. Hairlike proc- 
esses of certain plants forming a fringe, as in mosses.^ 

cil'i-a-ry (-d-ri), a. Anal. & Biol, a Of or pert, to cilia. 
b Pert, to or designating certain structures of the eyeball. 

cil'i-ate (-at), a. Bot. & Zool. Provided with cilia; as, a 
ciliate leaf ; ciliate infusorians. 

cil'i-at'ed (-at'ed ; 24), a. Ciliate; as, ciliated^ epithelium. 

Cil'ice (sil'is), n. [F. fr. L. cilicium a covering, orig. of 
Cilician goat's hair.] Haircloth ; also, a kind of haircloth 
undergarment ; a hair shirt. 

Ci-li'cian (si-lish'dn), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Cilicia, 
in Asia Minor. — n. A native of Cilicia. 

Cil'i-O-late (sil'i-6-lat), a. Biol. Minutely ciliate. 

cil'i-um, n., sing, of cilia. 

Ci'mex (si'meks), n.; pi. ctmices (siml-sez). [L., a bug.] 
A bedbug (genus Cimex). Obs. 

Cim-me'ri-an (si-me'ri-dn), a. Of or pert, to the Cimme- 
rians or their abode ; hence, shrouded in gloom or darkness. 

— n. One of a mythical people described in Homer's 
"Odyssey" as dwelling in a realm of mist and gloom. 

Cinch (sinch), n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A 
strong girth for a pack or saddle. Western U. S. 2. A tight 
grip ; also, a sure or easy thing. Slang, U. S. — v. t. 
1. To girth tightly. 2. To get a sure hold on. Slang, U. S. 

Cinch, n. A variety of auction pitch ( see auction pitch ) 
in which a draw to improve the hand is added. — v. t. In 
the game of cinch, to protect (a trick) by playing a higher 
trump than the five. 



cin-cho'na (sin-ko'nd), n. [From the wife of Count Chin- 
chdn, viceroy of Peru in the 17th century.] Peruvian bark, 
cin-chon'ic (-kon'ik), a. Of or pert, to cinchona. 

cin'cho-nid'i-a (sTn'ko-nid'I-dHn. Also -din. [From cin- 
cin-chon'i-dine (-kon'i-dtn) J chona.] Chem. A crys- 
talline alkaloid, C19H22ON2, found in certain kinds of cin- 
chona, similar to quinine, but less powerful, 
cin'cho-nine (sin'ko-nin; -nen), n. Also -nin. [From cin- 
chona.] Chem. A white crystalline alkaloid, C19H22ON2, 
found in various species of either of two genera {Cinchona 
and Remijia) of rubiaceous trees. 

cin'cho-nism (sin'ko-niz'm), n. Med. A condition pro- 
duced by excessive use of cinchona or its alkaloids, esp. 
quinine, and marked by deafness, headache, etc. 

cin'cho-nise (-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing (-niz'- 
mg). To impregnate or treat with cinchona or its alkaloids ; 
to produce cinchonism in. — cin'cho-ni-za'tion (-ni-za'- 
shun; -nl-za'shun), n. 

cinct (sirjkt), a. Girt; encircled. Poetic. 

cinc'ture (sirjk'tyr), n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, 
to gird.] 1. Act of girding or girdling; surrounding; 
also, an inclosure. 2. That which surrounds, as a belt or a 
girdle.— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. To gird or girdle. 

Cin'der (sin'der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross.] 1. Slag from 
a metal furnace ; dross. 2. A partly burned combustible ; 
specif. : a A hot coal without flame ; ember, b A partly 
burned coal capable of further burning without flame. 
C In pi. Loosely, ashes. 3. Volcanic scoria. 

— v. t. To burn or reduce to cinders. 

Cin/der-ei'la (-51 r d), n. [Dim. fr. cinder. ~\ The heroine of 
a well-known popular tale ; hence, a scullery maid, etc. 

Cin'der-y (-1), a. 1. Of or like, or composed of, cinders; 
full of cinders. 2. Blackened or soiled with cinders. 

Cin/e-mafo-graph (-e-mat'6-graf), n. [Gr. Klvwa, ki- 
vrniaros, morion -| — graph."] 1. A machine for projecting 
a series of pictures, succeeding each other so rapidly as to 
produce the illusion of continuous motion. 2. A camera 
for taking pictures to be used in this machine. See moving 
picture. — cin'e-ma-tog'ra-pher ( -md-tog'rd-fer ), n. 
— cin'e-mat'o-graph'ic ( -mat'o-graf'ik ), a. — cin'e- 
maVo-graph'i-cal-ly (-T-kal-T), adv. 

cin'e-o-graph^ (sin'e-o-graf'), n. [Gr. Kivetv to move -f- 
-graph.] A picture as projected on a screen by a cinemato- 
graph, representing objects in motion ; a moving picture. 

Cin'e-ol (sin'e-ol; -51), n. [From NL. oleum cinae oil of 
wormseed, by transposition.] Chem. A liquid, CioHisO, of 
camphorlike odor, contained in many essential oils. 

Cin'e-ra'ri-a (-ra'ri-d), n. [NL., fr. L. cinerarius pert, 
to ashes, fr. cinis ashes ; — from the ash-colored down on 
the leaves.] A handsome asteraceous pot plant (Senecio 
cruentus), having ample heart-shaped leaves and large 
clusters of flower heads with white, red, or purple rays. 

cin'e-ra'ri-um (-um), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L.] A place to 
receive the ashes of the cremated dead. 

cin'er-a-ry (sTn'er-a-ri), a. [L. cinerarius^] Pert, to, or 
used for, ashes, esp. of the cremated dead. 

ci-ne're-OUS (si-ne're-us) '\a. [L. cinereus; cineritius, 

cin'er-i'tious (sm'er-Tsh'us)/ cineritius.] Like ashes; 
ash-colored ; ashy ; ashen. 

Cin'gu-lum (sin'gu-lwm), n . ; p i. -la (-Id). [L., a girdle.] 
Biol. Any of various bands, zones, or girdlelike structures. 

Cin'na-bar (sin'd-bar), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. /ciwd- 
£api.] 1. Min. Red mercuric sulphide, HgS, the only 
important ore of mercury. 2. Artificial red mercuric 
sulphide, chiefly used as a pigment. 

cin-nam'ic (sT-nam'ik ; sin'd-mik), a. Pert, to, or got from, 
cinnamon, as in : cinnamic acid, C6HsC2H2-C02H, which 
is found also in storax, balsam of Peru, etc., and is now 
extensively made from certain benzene derivatives. 

Cin'na-mon (sin'd-mun),?i. [FromF.,fr. L ,fr. Gr.,«wd- 
liu}fj.ov, Kivvafxov.] 1. The aro- 
matic bark of any of several 
lauraceous trees (genus Cin- 
namomum, esp. C. zeylani- 
cum of Ceylon), much used as 
a spice. 2. Any tree that yields 
cinnamon. 

cinnamon stone. Min. A 
variety of garnet. 

Cinque (sink), n. [F. cinq,, 
fr. L. quinque five.] Five,j 
esp. in cards or dice. 

cin'que-cen'tist ( chen'kwa- 
chen'tist ), n. An Italian, 
esp. a poet or artist, of the 
16th century. 

D cin'que-cen'to (-to), n. [It., 
five hundred, abbr. for fifteen 
hundred, and hence the ICth 
century, i. e., 1501 to 1C00.] 
The 16th century, regarded 
esp. as a period in the develop- 




Cinnamon {Cinnamomum 
zeylanicum ) Leaves and 
Flowers. (£) 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CINQUEFOIL 



182 



CIRCUMFUSE 





ment of Italian art and literature. In it the Italian renais- 
sance reached its height and began to decline. 

cinque'foiF (sTnk'foilO, n. Icinque five -f- foil.'] 1. Any 
of several plants of a genus (Potentilla) 
of the rose family, having digitate 
leaves. 2. A decorative design likened 
to the leaf or flower of the cinquefoil, as, 
Arch., an ornament having five cusps. 

Cin'que-pace 7 (sirj'ke-pasO, n. Icinque 
+ pace.] A kind of lively dance. Obs. 

Ci'on (sl'on), n. [OF. cion. See scion.] 
A shoot or bud of a plant ; hence, a 
descendant. See scion. Cinquefoil, 2. 

ci'pher (sl'fer), n. [OF. cifre, fr. Ar. gifr empty, cipher, 
cafara to be empty.] 1. Math. A symbol 
(written 0) denoting absence of all magni- 
tude or quantity ; naught ; zero. 2. Loose- 
ly, any Arabic figure or number. 3. A per- 
son or thing of no weight, or influence ; a 
nonentity. 4. A private alphabet, system of Cipher, 5. 
characters, or the like, contrived for secret writing; a 
cryptograph. 5. A combination of letters ; a device or mon- 
ogram. 

— v. i. 1. To use figures in a mathematical process. 2. To 
calculate ; revolve in the mind. Colloq., U. S. — v. t. l.To 
write in or as in cipher. 2. To calculate ; figure ; — some- 
times used with out. 3. Hence, to calculate ; contrive ; — • 
sometimes used with out. Colloq., U. S. 

Cip'O-lin (sip'o-lin), n. Also || ci'pol-li'no (che'pol-le'no) ; 
pi. -ni (-ne_). [It. cipollino, prop., a little onion; — in 
allusion to its overlying zones.] A whitish marble, from 
Rome, with greenish zones and mottles of talc. 

Cir-cas'sian (ser-kash'an) , n. 1. An individual of a group of 
tribes of the Caucasus, of Caucasian race but not of Indo- 
European speech, noted for their physical beauty and 
bravery. Many have emigrated to Turkish territory to es- 
cape Russian oppression. 2. The language of the Circas- 
sian tribes, not known _ to be related to any other family. 
3. Any native or inhabitant of Circassia. 

Cir'ce (suf'se), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kip*?;.] Gr. Myth. In 
Homer's "Odyssey," a sorceress who changed some of 
the companions of Odysseus into animals. Odysseus, 
protected by an herb given him by Hermes, compelled her 
to restore his comrades, and remained with her for a year. 

Cir-ce'an, Cir-cae'an (ser-se'an), a. Pertaining to, or hav- 
ing the characteristics of, Circe; pleasing, but noxious. 

Cir-cen'sian (-sen'shan), a. [L. Circensis.] Of, pertain- 
ing to, or held in, the Circus, at Rome. 

Cir'ci-nate (sur'si-nat), a. [L. circinatus, p. p., deriv. of 
Gr. xlpKivos circle.] Ring-shaped; specif., Bot., rolled 
up on the axis with the apex as a center. nate-ly, adv. 

cir'cle (sur'k'l), n. [F. cercle, fr. L. circulus, dim. of 
circus circle.] 1. A closed plane K 

curve exactly alike throughout, all of 
its points being equidistant from 
a point within called the center; a 
ring. 2. The surlace bounded by 
such a curve. 3. Of a heavenly body: 
a Formerly, sphere of revolution; 
now, orbit ; also, period of revolution. 
b The sphere or orb. 4. A halo, as 
around the moon. 5. Something hav- Circle. A-BDiameter; 
ing in general a circular form; as: c Center; CD, CA, 
a A ring ; circlet, b A crown. C A 
circus ring, d A group of tiers of 
seats in a theater; as, the dress 
circle, e Astron. An instrument of 
observation, the graduated limb of 
which consists of an entire circle 




CB Radii ; EKF Arc 
on C h or d EF ; ELFK 
(area) Segment on 
Chord EF ; ACD 
(area) Sector ; GH 
Secant ; TPM Tan- 
6. gent at point jP," 



Compass; circuit. 7. A set or con- EKFBFDA Cir- 
nected series; cycle; round, as of cumference.^ 
pleasures. 8. Logic. A fallacious form of reasoning in which 
the conclusion is, in some form, assumed in the hypothe- 
sis. 9. A company bound by a common tie ; a coterie ; set. 
10. A territorial division or district ; specif. [G. kreis], in 
Germany, a division for local government, analogous to the 
English county. 11. Circuit of action or influence ; realm ; 
sphere. 

— v. t. & i.; -cxed (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klmg). l.To encompass 
by or as by a circle; surround. 2. To revolve around. 

Cir'cler (sur'kler), n. One who, or that which, circles. 

Cir'clet (-klet; 24), n. A little circle; esp., an ornament 
such as a ring or a bracelet. 

Cir'CUit (-kit), n. [F., fr. L. circuitus; circum around -j- 
ire to go.] 1. The circumference of any space ; compass. 
2. The space within a circle, or within limits. 3. Act of mov- 
ing or revolving round, as in a circle or orbit. 4. A regular 
or appointed journeying from place to place in the pur- 
suit of one's calling, as of a judge or a preacher. 5. A 
route over, or district through, which one periodically jour- 
neys, as the district in which a judge or itinerant Metho- 



dist preacher works. 6. In electricity, the complete path, 
or, by extension, any part of the path, of an electric cur- 
rent, including, usually, the generating device. 

-— v. i. & t. To go or go around in a circuit. 

Circuit binding. A book binding having flexible projec- 
tions, circuit edges, that close in the edges of the book. 

cir-CU'i-tOUS (ser-ku'i-tiis), a. Going round in a circuit; 
roundabout. — cir-cu'i-tous-ly, adv. — tous-ness, n. 

cir-CU'i-ty(-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). A going round in a 
circle or circuit ; circuitousness ; roundabout proceeding. 

cir'CU-lar (sur'ku-ldr), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a circle ; 
in the form of, bounded by, or moving in, a circle ; round. 
2. Moving or happening in a cycle of repetition. 3. Cir- 
cuitous ; roundabout ; indirect. 4. Addressed to, affecting, 
or pertaining to, a circle, or number of persons. 5. Con- 
tinuing indefinitely by mere repetition ; as, respiration is 
a circular process. 

circular numbers, Arith., those whose powers terminate 
in the same digits as the numbers themselves ; thus 
5< = 625, 63 = 216, 112 = j_21. — c. sailing, a = spheri- 
cal sailing, b Great circle sailing. — c. saw, a thin 
steel disk with teeth on its periphery, used by revolving it 
at high speed ; also, the machine comprising such a saw 
as its chief essential. Called also buzz saw. 

— w. 1. A circular letter, note, or paper, usually printed and 
distributed to various persons. 2. A long sleeveless cloak, 
not shaped to the figure. 

cir'cu-lar'i-ty (dar'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being circular. 

cir/cu-lar-ize (sur'ku-ldr-Iz), v. t. 1. To make circular. 
2. To send circulars to. — cir'cu-lar-i-za'tion (-I-za'- 
shun ; -T-za'-), n. — cir/cu-lar-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

Cir/cu-lar-ly, adv. In a circular manner. 

cir/CU-late (-lat), v. i. & t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. 

1. To move or revolve in a circle or circuit, as the blood. 

2. To pass or cause to pass about from place to place, 
person to person, etc., as money ; diffuse; disseminate. 

Cir/cu-la'tion C-la'shfin), n. 1. Act of circulating. 2. The 
movement of the blood in the vessels of the body or of the 
cytoplasm in plant cells. 3. Act of passing from place to 
place or from person to person, or the extent to which this 
takes place ; dissemination or distribution, or the measure 
of it, as of a book, or a periodical. 4. Currency ; circulating 
coin, notes, bills, etc. 

Cir'cu-la-tive (sur^ku-la-tiv), a. Promoting or showing cir- 
culation ; circulating. 

cir/cu-la'tor (sur'ku-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, cir- 
culates. 

Cir'CU-la-tO-ry (-ld-to-ri), a. Of or pertaining to circular 
tion, as of the blood, air, etc. 

cir'cum- (sur'kwm-). A prefix from Latin circum, meaning 
around, about, or round about. 

Cir'cum-am'bi-ent (-arr/bT-ent), a. Surrounding ; inclos- 
ing ; encompassing. — cir/cum-am'bi-en-cy (-en-si), n. 

cir/cum-am'bu-late (-bu-lat), v. t. & i. [L. circumambu* 
latus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around ; circum 
4- ambulare to walk.] To walk around or about. — cir/- 
cum-am'bu-la'tion (-la'sh&n), n. — am'bu-la'tor, n. 

cir'cum-bend'i-bus (-ben'di-b&s), n. A roundabout or in- 
direct way or process ; a circumlocution. Jocular. 

cir/cum-cise (sur'k&m-slz), v. t.; -cised (-slzd) ; -cis'ing, 
[L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere ; circum + caedere 
to cut.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of. 2. Script. To purify 
spiritually. — cir'cum-cis'er (-slz'er), n. 

cir'cum-ci'sion (-sizh'wn), n. Act of circumcising (sense 1), 
— a religious rite of the Jews, Moslems, etc. 

cir-cum , fer-ence(ser-kum , fer-ens), n. [L. circumferential 
circum 4- ferre to bear.] 1. The perimeter of a circle ; 
hence, in general, periphery, circuit, or bound. 2. Some- 
thing circular. Obs. 

cir-cum/fer-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Pertaining to the circum- 
ference ; encompassing ; encircling. 

cir'cum-flex (sur'kwm-fleks), n. [L. circumflexus a bend- 
ing around, deriv. of circum + flectere to bend.] Gram. 
A mark ( A , ", later ") orig. used in Greek over long vowels 
to indicate a compound (rising-falling) tone, and thence in 
in other languages to mark length, contraction, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To flex, or bend, round. 2. To mark or pronounce 
with a circumflex. 

— a. 1. Gram. Designating, or relating to, the circumflex. 
2. Bent or bending round. 

cir'cum-flex'ion (-flek'shtm), n. Act of bending round ; 
also, a winding about ; a circuity. 

cir-cum'flu-ent (ser-kum'floo-ent ; 86), o. [Deriv. of L. 
circum 4- fluere to flow.] Flowing round. 

cir-CUm/flu-OUS (-us), a. [L. circumfluus.] 1. Circum- 
fluent. 2. Flowed round ; surrounded, as by water. 

Cir'CUm-fo-ra'ne-OUS (sur'kwm-fo-ra'ne-Ms), a. [L. cir- 
cumforanus found in markets ; circum -{-forum market.] 
Going from market to market ; hence : vagrant ; quack. 

cir'cum-fuse' C-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd'); -fus'ing 
(-fuz'Tng). [L. circumfusus, p. p., deriv. of circum 4- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (£7); 



CIRCUMFUSION 



183 



CISPADANE 



cir/cum- 



fundere to pour.] To spread or diffuse round, 
fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n: 

cir'cum-gy-ra'tion (-ji-ra'sh&n), n. A turning round; 
revolution. — cir'cum-gy'ra-to-ry (-jl'rd-to-n), a. 

cir 'cum- j accent (-ja'sent), a. [L. circumjacens, p. pr., 
deriv. of circum + jacere to lie.] Lying round ; surround- 
ing. — cir'cum-ja'cence (-sens), -ja'cen-cy (-sen-sT), n. 

Cir'cum-lo-CU'tion (-16-ku'shzm), n. [L. circumlocutio, 
deriv. of circum + loqui to speak.] Use of many or 
several words to express what might be expressed by few or 
only one ; roundabout language. — Syn. See redundancy. 

cir'cum-loc'u-to-ry (-18k/u-t6-ri), a. Characterized by 
circumlocution ; periphrastic ; roundabout. 

cir'cum-nav'i-ga-ble (-nav'i-gd-b'l), a. Capable of being 
sailed round. 

Cir'cum-nav'i-gate (-gat), v.t. [L. circumnavigates, p. p., 
deriv. of circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail round. 
— nav'i-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. — nav'i-ga'tor, n. 

Cir'cum-nu'tate (-nu'tat), v. i.; -tat-ed (-tat-ed) ; -tax- 
ing (-tat-ing). To exhibit or pass through circumnutation. 

Cir'cum-nu-ta'tion (-nu-ta'shun_), n. Plant Physiol. The 
tendency exhibited by the growing portions of a plant to 
describe irregular curves or ellipses. 

cir'cum-po'lar (-po'ldr), a. Surrounding a pole. 

cir'cum-ro-ta'tion (-ro-ta'shwn), n. Act of turning or 
going round, as of a wheel ; circumvolution ; rotation. 

cir'cum-ro'ta-to-ry (-ro'td-to-ri), a. Turning round. 

Cir'cum-SCis'sile (-sis'il), a. Bot. Dehiscing, as a capsule, 
by a transverse fissure around the circumference. 

cir / cum-scribe'(-skrlb'),'u.£.,' -scribed' (-skribd') ; -scrib'- 
ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum 
+ scribere to write, draw.] 1. To draw a line round ; 
bound ; hence, to limit, esp. narrowly. 2. Geom : To draw, 
or be drawn, round so as to touch at as many points as pos- 
sible. — Syn. Restrict, confine, abridge, restrajn ^environ, 
encircle, inclose, encompass. scrib'er (-skrib'er), n. 

cir'cum-script (sur'kum-skript), a. [L. circumscripta.] 
Limited; circumscribed. 

cir'cum-scrip'tion (-skrip'shun), n. 1. Act_ of circum- 
scribing; state of being circumscribed; limitation; re- 
straint. 2. Outline or periphery of a body. 3. A circum- 
scribing thing. 4. A circumscribed space or place ; district. 
5. Definition or limitation of meaning. Archaic. 

Cir'cum-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Of or pert, to circumscription. 

Cir'cum-SO'lar (-so'ldr), a. Astron. Situated near, sur- 
rounding, or revolving about, the sun. 

Cir'cum-spect (sur'kwm-spekt), a. [L. circumspectus, p. 
p. of circumspicere to observe ; circum + spicere, specere, 
to look.] Watchful on every side ; cautious ; prudent. — 
Syn. See careful. — spect-ly, adv. — spect-ness, n. 

Cir'cum-spec'tion (-spek'shzm), n. Circumspect action or 
behavior; caution; prudence; watchfulness; wariness. 

cir'cum-spec'tive (-spek'tiv), a. Cautious; watchful. 

Cir'cum-Stance (sur'kurn-stans), n. [L. circumstantia, fr. 
circumstans, p. pr., deriv. of circum + stare to stand.] 
1. A condition, fact, or event accompanying or determin- 
ing the occurrence of another fact or event ; specif. : a An 
essential condition of the fact or event ; a primary qualifica- 
tion. D An accessory condition ; a nonessential or casual de- 
tail. 2. In pi. Conditions in regard to worldly estate or 
means ; as, in easy circumstances. 3. The sum of the essen- 
tial conditions or attendant facts of a matter or subject ; 
environment ; significant state of affairs ; — used in sing. 
only ; as, "All are the sons of circumstance." 4. Hence, spe- 
cif. : a The formality of any event ; the carrying put of 
code, ceremonial, or convention, b Significance ; impor- 
tance ; as, a matter of circumstance. 5. An event, detail, 
or incident ; as, circumstances in his career. 6. Copious or 
circumstantial detail ; circumstantiality ; — used in_ sing. 
only ; as, he spoke with circumstance of his difficulties. — 
Syn. Occurrence, situation, position, item. See event. 

— v. t.; -stanced (-stanst); -stanc'ing (-standing). To 
provide with circumstances ; esp., to garnish with detail. 

ClT'cum-stanced (-stanst), p. a. Placed in a particular 
position or in certain circumstances ; situated. 

Cir'cum-stan'tial (-stan'shdl), a. 1. Consisting in, pert. 
to, or dependent on, circumstances; as, circumstantial 
evidence. 2. Incidental ; having relation, but not essential. 
3. Abounding with circumstances ; particular. 4. Of or 
pert, to circumstances, or conditions of material welfare. 
Syn. Detailed, precise, exact, minute, particular. — Cir- 
cumstantial, particular, minute. Circumstantial im- 
plies fullness of, particular more specific and precise 
attention to, details in a description or narration ; minute, 
the omission of nothing, however trivial or unimportant. 
circumstantial evidence, evidence that tends to prove a 
fact in issue by proving other events or circumstances 
which, in common experience, are usually or always 
attended by the fact in issue. 

Cir'cum-Stan'ti-al'i-ty (-shT-alf-tY), n. State, characteris- 
tic, or quality of being circumstantial ; particularity or mi- 
nuteness of detail ; also, a circumstantial matter ; detail. 



circumstantial manner. 
To support by circum- 



cir'cum-stan'tial-ly, adv. In a 

cir'cum-stan'ti-ate (shl-at), v. t. 
stances ; exhibit with or in detail. 

cir'cum-val'late (-val'at), v. t.; -lat-ed (-at-ed); -lat- 
ing. [L. circumvallatus, p. p., deriv. of circum -f- vallare 
to wall, vallum rampart.] To surround with or as with a 
rampart, wall, or line of trenches. — a. Surrounded with or 
as with a wall, etc. ; — often in circumvallate papillae (of 
the tongue). — cir'cum-val-la'tion (-va-la'shun), n. 

cir'cum-vent' (-vent'), v. t. [L. circumventus, p. p., deriv. 
of circum -f- venire to come.] 1. To surround or en- 
compass, as by craft or stratagem; lay traps for, as in 
speech. 2. To gain advantage over by stratagem; delude. 
3. To go round ; circuit. — Syn. See frustrate. — cir'- 
cum-ven'ter, cir/cum-vent'or, n. 

cir'cum-ven'tion (-ven'sh&n), n. Act of circumventing. 

Cir'cum-ven'tive (-tTv), a. Tending to circumvent. 

cir-CUm'VO-lant (ser-kiim'vo-ldnt), a. [L. circumvolans, 
p. pr.] Flying around. 

cir'cum-vo-lu'tion (sur'kum-vo-lu'shun), n. 1. A rolling 
or wrapping round. 2. a A fold of something rolled or 
bent, b A roundabout procedure ; esp., circumlocution. 

cir'cum-volve' (-volv'), v. t. & i. [L. circumvolvere, 
-volutum; circum + volv ere to roll.] To revolve. 

cir'cus (sur'kSs), n. [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 
1).] 1. Roman Antiq. A level oblong space with tiers 
of seats on three sides, and divided lengthwise by a bar- 
rier, around which was a course for chariot races, games, 
and public shows. 2. An inclosure for exhibition of feats 
by horsemen, acrobats, etc. Hence, the company of per- 
formers, or the performance. 3. A circle or ring. Rare. 

cirl bunting (surl). A handsomely marked European 
bunting (Emberiza cirlus). 

Cirque (surk), n. [F.] 1. A circus. Archaic. 2. A circle 
or circular space or arrangement of objects. 3. Geol. A 
deep, steep-walled, amphitheatric recess in a mountain. 

Cir'rate (sir'at), a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus 
a curl.] Zo'dl. Bearing cirri. 

Cir'rhi-, Cir'rho-. For various words beginning cirrhi- or 
cirrho-, see the preferable forms in cirri- and cirro-. 

cir-rho'sis (si-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kippos orange-col- 
ored.] Med. A change consisting in induration and con- 
traction due to excessive formation of connective tissue, as 
of the liver. — cir-rhot'ic (-rot'ik), a. 

cir'ri (sir'I), n., pl.'ot cirrus. 

Cir'ri-ped(sir'i-ped), n. [L. cirrus curl -(- pes, pedis, foot.] 
One of an order (Cirripedia) of degraded marine crusta- 
ceans including the barnacles and certain allies. 

cir'ro— CU'mu-lUS (sir'6-ku'mu-lus), n. \_cirrus + cumu- 
lus.'] Meteor. A cloud form of small, white, rounded masses 
at a high elevation, usually in lines and regular groupings 
forming the so-called mackerel sky. 

cir'rose (sir'os ; si-ros'), a. [See cirrus.] 1. Bearing a cir- 
rus or cirri. 2. Like cirri or tufted or curly hair. 

Cir'ro-stra'tive ( sir'6-stra'tiv ), a. Tending to cirro- 
stratus formation. 

cir'ro— Stra'tus (sir'6-stra'tSs), n. [cirrus + stratus.] Me- 
teor. A fairly uniform layer of high stratus haze, darker 
than cirrus. It often consists of ice crystals. 

cir'rous (sir'&s), a. Cirrose. 

Cir'rus (sir'fis), n.; pi. cirri (-T). [L., lock, curl.] 1. a A 
tendril of a plant, b Any of various flexible appendages of 
animals. 2. Meteor. A white, filmy variety of cloud. 

cir'SOid (sur'soid), a. [Gr. wpo-os a dilated vein + -oid.] 
Med. Varicose. 

cis- (sis-). [L. cis on this side.] A prefix denoting on this 
side, as in cisalpine, cisatlantic, etc. 

Cis-aFpine (-al'pin; -pin), a. [L. Cisalpinus ; cis -f- 
Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither (Roman) side of the Alps ; 
— opposed to transalpine. 

Cis'at-lan'tic (sis'at-lan'tik), a. On this side (the side of the 
writer or speaker) of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Cis'CO (sis'ko), n. ; pi. -cos (-koz). The lake herring ( Argy- 
rosomus artedi) ; A also, any of various 

other whitefishes lm< of the same genus, as 




Cisco {Argyrosomus 
artedi). (I) 

the mooneye cisco (A. hoyi) of Lake Michigan, the bloater 
(A. prognathus), etc. 

Cis-mon'tane (sis-mon'tan), o. [cis- -f- L. mons moun- 
tain.] On this side (the side of the writer or speaker) of 
the mountains, esp. of the Alps ; — opp. to ultramontane. 

cis'pa-dane' (sis'pd-dan'), a. [cis- + L. Padanus pert, 
to the Padus or Po.] On the hither (usually the Roman) 
side of the river Po. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. icli, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers lefer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations Used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, a equate, 



M 



CISSOID 



184 



CIVIL 




Dis'soid (sYs'oid), n. [Gr. Ktaaotibiis like ivy ; Kiaobs ivy + 
eUos form.] Geom. A curve A 
invented by Diodes (? 180 
B. c.) for the purpose of solv- 
ing the celebrated Delian Bi/ C \\0 

problem of the ancient geom- 
etry, viz., to duplicate a cube, 

or to construct two geomet- , 

rical means between two F L G 

given line segments. Cissoid of Diodes. A BED 

Cist (sist), n. [L. cista box, Generating Circle ; C Center ; 
chest, Gr./c^rT/.] Class. Ar- f CD Diameter ;FEG Asym?- 
chseol. A box or chest, esp. tote ' 

for sacred utensils. [pulchral chest or chamber. 

Cist (sist ; JF.kTst),n. [W.,achest,L.cis<a.] Archseol. Ase- 

cis-ta'ceoUS (sis-ta'shws), a. [Gr. /daros, nlodos, rockrose." 
Bot. Of or belonging to a family (Cistacese) of shrubs or 
somewhat woody herbs, the rockrose family, having regu- 
lar, often showy, flowers. 

Cis-ter'cian (sis-tur'shdn), n. Eccl. A monk of a branch 
of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Citeaux 
(LL. Cistercium), in France. — Cis-ter'cian, a. 

Cis'tern (sis'tern), n. [OF., cisterne fr. L., fr. cista box.] 
1. An artificial reservoir or a tank for water or other 
liquids. 2. A sac or cavity containing fluid in an organism. 

cist'vaen (kist'vin), n. [W. cistfaenJ] Archseol. A chest 
or box-shaped tomb in a barrow, esp. one designed for 
urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead. 

Cit (sit), n. Short for citizen; — usually contemptuous. 

cit'a-del (sTt'd-del), n. [From F., fr. It. cittadella, dim. 
of citta city, L. civitas.'] 1. A fortress in or near a fortified 
city. 2. In general, a strong fortress. 

Ci-ta'tion (sl-ta/shun), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. citare to 
cite.] 1. An official summons to appear, as before a court ; 
any summons. 2. Act of citing a passage, as^ from a book ; 
also, the passage ; quotation. 3. Enumeration ; mention. 

ci'ta-to-ry (sl'td-to-rl), a. Citing, or summoning. 

cite (sit), v. t. ; ctt'ed (slt^ed) ; cit'ing. [F. citer, L. citare, 
intens. of cire, ciere, put in motion, excite.] l.To summon 
before a court. 2. To summon or call, in general ; arouse to 
action. 3.To quote, as from a book. 4. To bring forward, 
or refer to, by way of example, proof, etc. 
Syn. Adduce, repeat, quote, extract. — Cite, quote. To 
quote is to reproduce exactly the words of another ; as, 
he quoted from memory many passages from Shakespeare. 
To cite is to adduce an author or a passage as evidence or 
as authority ; as, he cited a case to support his contention. 

Cith'a-ra (sith'd-rd), n. [L. cithara, Gr. tudapa.] Music. 
An ancient instrument of the lyre class. 

cith'er (sith'er), n. [See cithara.] Music. The cithara; 
loosely, a modification of it, as the cittern, zither, etc. 

cith'ern (sTth'ern). Var. of cittern. 

Cit'ied (sit'Id), a. Like a city; made into a city; con- 
taining, or occupied by, a city or cities. 

Cit'i-fied (sit'i-fld), a. Aping or having city manners. 

Cit'i-zen (sTt'I-zen), n. [OF. citeain, fr. cite city.] 1. An 
inhabitant of a city or town, esp. one who enjoys its priv- 
ileges. 2. A civilian, as opposed to a soldier, policeman, 
etc. 3. A member of a state ; one who owes allegiance 
to a government, and is entitled to protection from it; 

1 — opposed to alien. 4. Loosely, an inhabitant of a 
country ; denizen ; occupant. — Syn. See inhabitant. 

Cit'i-zen-ry (-ri), n. Citizens collectively. 

Cit'i-zen-ship', n. State of being a citizen. 

Cit'ole (sit'ol ; now often si-tol', after the French), n. [OF. 
citole, fr. L. cithara.'] Music. A kind of small (obsolete) 
dulcimer. — cit'ol-er (sit'6-ler), n. 

Cit'ra- (sit'rd-). A prefix from Latin citra, denoting on this 
side of, on the hither or nearer side; cis-; — opp. to ul- 
tra- or trans-; as, cz'iromontane. 

Cit'ral (sit'ral), n. [citron + aZdehyde.] Chem. A liquid 
aldehyde, CgHis-CHO, in oil of lemon, oil of orange, bay 
leaves, etc., and also formed by oxidation of geraniol. It is 
used in perfumery. 

Cit'range (sit'ranj), n. [C^rus + orange] A citrous fruit 
produced by a cross between the sweet orange and the tri- 
foliate orange (Citrus trifoliata). 

Cit'rate (slt'rat), n. A salt or ester of citric acid. 

citre-OUS (sit're-ws), a. Lemon-colored; citrine. 

Cit'ric (-rik), a. [See citron.] Chem. Pertaining to or 
designating a tribasic acid, C3H40H-(C02H)3, extracted 
from lemons, currants, etc. 

cit'rine (-rin), a. Like a citron or lemon ; specif., yellow. 

— n. A yellow variety of quartz used as a gem. 

Cit'ron (-run), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L., fr. Gr. uLrpov citron.] 
1. The fruit of a tree related to the lemon and the orange, 
originally of tropical Asia ; also, the tree itself (Citrus me- 
dica genuina) ; also, the thick rind of the fruit as used 
in preserves and confections. 2. A citron melon. 

cit'ron-el'la (sTt'run-el'd), n., or citroneila grass. [See 
citron.] A fragrant grass ( Andropogon nardus) of south- 
ern Asia, which yields citroneila oil, used in perfumery 




Civet Cat (Viverra civetta). (fa) 



citron melon. A kind of watermelon used like the true 
citron in preserves, etc. 

Cit'ron-wood' (sit'run-wdod 7 ), n. l.The wood of the citron 
tree. 2. The wood of the sandarac tree. 

Cit'roilS (-tus), a. Of or pertaining to the genus (Citrus) of 
rutaceous trees including the orange, citron, lemon, lime, etc. 

cit'tern (-ern), n. [L. cithara, Gr. Kidapa.] Music. An ob- 
solete lutelike instrument played with a quill. 

Cit'y (sit'I), n.; pi. cities (-iz). [F. cite, fr. L. civitas citi- 
zenship, state, city, civis citizen.] 1. A town ; esp., loosely, 
any large or noted town ; orig. in British usage, usually, a 
cathedral town. 2. In the United States, an incorporated 
municipality, variously governed. 3. The citizens of a city. 

4. In Canada, a municipality of the highest class, varying in 
character in the different provinces. 5. Antiq. a A central 
place to which the confederated families living in the vicin- 
ity went for common purposes, as worship, protection, etc. 
b The confederacy of clans resorting to such a center; 
hence : the political body formed by such a community ; a 
city-state. 

City editor. 1. On London newspapers, the editor corre- 
sponding to the financial editor of newspapers in the 
United States. 2. The editor in charge of city news, 
having direct control of the local reporters. U. S. 

cit'y-fied (sit'i-fld). Var. of citified. 

Cit'y-state', n. A state in which the sovereignty is vested 
in the free citizens of an independent city and extends over 
the territories under its direct control. The typical city- 
state is that of classical antiquity, as Athens and Rome. 

Civ'et (sTv'et), n. [F. civette, deriv. of Ar. zubad, zabad.] 

1. A thick yellow- 
ish substance, of a 
strong, musky 
odor, found 
in a pouch 
near the sex- 
ual organs 
in civet cats. 
It is used in 
perfumery. 

2. = CIVET 
CAT. 

Civet cat. Any of various catlike carnivorous animals re- 
lated to the mongooses. 

civfic (sTv'ik), a. [L. civicus, fr. civis citizen.] Of or per- 
taining to a citizen, or a city, or citizenship ; civil. 

civ'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. 1. Civic organization or system; 
principles of civil government. 2. Devotion, adherence, or 
conformity, to civic principles, duties, or rights. 

civ'ics (-iks), 7i.. (See -ics.) Science of civil government. 

Civ'il (-il), a. [L. civilis,it. civis citizen.] l.Of, pertain- 
ing to, or made up of, citizens, or pert, to the state ; as, 
civil magistrate ; civM war ; civil life. 2. Characteristic of 
or befitting a citizen or citizens ; esp., courteous ; urbane ; 
often, ordinarily polite. 3. Characteristic of or befitting a 
developed social^ community ; civilized. 4. Pert, to civic life 
and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, etc. 

5. Law. a Relating to the private rights of individuals, b 
Considered as to legal rights or status ; legal ; — disting. 
from natural ; as, civil death. 6. Used and legally recog- 
nized for the purposes of ordinary life ; — said of divisions 
of time ; as, civil year ; civil^ day. 7. Of, pert, to, or in ac- 
cordance with, the Roman civil law or [cap.] the modern 
Civil law (see in phrases, below). 

Syn. Polished, refined, suave, well-bred ; polite, courteous, 
courtly, urbane, affable, complaisant, gracious ; elegant, 
respectful, condescending. — Civil, polite, courteous, 
courtly, urbane, affable, complaisant, gracious. Civil 
commonly suggests the bare fulfillment of the ordinary re- 
quirements of social intercourse ; as, he was barely civil in 
his answer. Polite is more positive than civil ; it commonly 
implies thoughtf ulness for the feelings of others, united with 
polish of manners ; as, his manner was unembarrassed, his 
whole demeanor polite. Courteousimpliesmoreconsiderate 
and dignified, courtly more high-bred, stately, and formal, 
observance of due civilities ; as, he signified his acceptance 
with courteous brevity ; a courtly and stately old gentleman. 
Urbane adds the implication of suavity and elegance ; affa- 
ble, of ease and often condescension ; as, the French are 
noted for their urbanity ; he takes pains to appear affable. 
Complaisant implies an obliging and (sometimes) yielding 
disposition ; gracious, a sereneand benignant bearing. 
civil engineer, one who practices or is versed in c. engi- 
neering, which deals with the designing, construction, and 
maintenance of public works, as roads, bridges, tunnels, 
canals, etc. — c. law. a Roman Law. The peculiar local 
law of a state, and specif, of Rome ; also, the customary law 
or thatadopted by the people, b [ Usually written Civil law.] 
The body of private law that has developed from the Roman 
law in states where the legal system is still substantially 
Roman. — c. service, broadly, the public service other than 
that of the army and navy ; in a more restricted sense, all 
branches of the public service that are not military, naval, 
legislative, or judicial. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



CIVILIAN 



185 



CLAQUE 



Politeness ; courtesy, 
Urbanity, affability, 

Act of civilizing, or 



Ci-vil'ian (sY-vfl'yan), n. 1. Law. A teacher, practitioner, 
student, or the like, of the civil law of Rome or of the Civil 
law. 2. One whose pursuits are those of civil life. 

Ci-vil'i-ty (-i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Polite education or 
training ; hence, good breeding. 2. 
a civil act or expression. — Syn. 
complaisance, courtesy. 

civ'i-li-za'tion (siv'i-li-za'shun), n. 
civilized state ; relative advancement in social culture. 

Civ'i-lize (siv'i-liz),*;.*. ; -lized (-llzd) ; -liz'ing (-liz'ing). 
To reclaim from savagery ; educate ; refine ; humanize. 

civ'i-liz'er (siv'i-llz'erj.n. One who, or that which, civilizes. 

Civ'il-ly (-li), adv. In a civil manner. 

civ'ism (siViz'm), n. Principles of citizenship; the virtues 
and sentiments of a good citizen ; — orig. a translation of 
F. civisme, devotion to, or favorable attitude toward, the 
French Revolution (1789). [clabber. I 

Clab'ber (klab'er), v. i. To curdle, as milk. Cf. bonny-| 

Clack (klak), v. i. 1. To talk rapidly and continually; 
chatter. 2. To cackle ; cluck, as a hen. 3. To make a 
clack. — v. t. To utter inconsiderately ; blab. — n. 1. A 
sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by 
striking something. 2. Anything causing a clacking noise. 
3. Loud, confused noise, as of voices ; loud, continual, im- 
portunate or foolish talk ; chatter ; prattle. 4. The tongue. 
Contemptuous. 5. A talkative person ; gossip. 

Clack'dish 7 (klak'dish'), n. A_ wooden dish with a movable 
lid that clacks, formerly carried by beggars. 

Clack'er, n. One who, or that which, clacks. 

Clack valve. Mach. A valve, esp. one hinged at one edge, 
which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clack. 

Clad(klad), pret. & p. p. of clothe. 

Clad'o-phyll (klad'o-fil), n. [Gr. k\6.Sos a sprout + -phyll."] 
A form of phylloclade consisting of a single internode. 

Claim (klam), v. t. [OF. clamer to cry out (il claime he 
cries out), fr. L. clamare to cry out, call.] 1. To seek to 
obtain by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right ; de- 
mand as due ; as, to claim a reward. 2. To assert as a 
fact, right, or relation meriting concession or acknowledg- 
ment. See Syn. 3. To ask or call for ; require ; demand ; — 
used of things ; as, this subject claims our attention. 
Syn. Claim, assert, maintain. It is an error to use claim 
in the sense of assert or maintain when there is no question 
of right, title, advantage, etc., thus : "He asserts, alleges, or 
maintains (not claims) that Plato was Aristotle's_ teacher." 

— v. i. To deduce a right or title ; to assert a claim. 

— 71. 1. A demand of a right ; assertion of a right or fact as 
meriting acknowledgment. 2. A title to a thing in posses- 
sion of another ; also, a title to anything which another 
should concede to, or confer on, the claimant ; as, a claim 
on a house, on one's kindness. 3. Thing claimed ; as, a min- 
ing claim. — claim'a-ble, a. — claim'er, n. 

claim'ant (-ant), n. One who asserts a right or title. 

Clair-au'di-ence (klar : 6'dT-ens), n. [F. clair clear + F. 
& E. audience a hearing. See clear.] Act of hearing, or 
the ability to hear, sounds not normally^ audible ; — 
claimed as a special faculty in connection with spiritual- 
istic mediumship, or the like. Cf . clairvoyance. — clair- 
au'di-ent (-ent), a. &'n. 

clair'-ob-scure' (klar'ob-skur'), n. = chiaroscuro. 

clair'schach (klar'shdK), n. Also clair'sho (-sho). [Gael. 
& Ir. clair seach.~] The old Celtic harp with wire strings. 

Clair-voy'ance (klar-voi'ans),n. [F.] 1. A power of discern- 
ing objects not normally perceptible, of reading thoughts, 
etc., as that attributed to certain persons (mediums). 2. 
Clear-sightedness ; penetration ; sagacity. 

clair-voy'ant (-ant) , a. [F. ; clair clear + voyant seeing.] 
Having or pert, to clairvoyance. — n. A clairvoyant person. 

Clam (klam), n. Any of various bivalve mollusks, esp. of 

, certain edible species, as the round clam, or quahog {Venus 
mercenaria) , and the long, or soft, clam (Mya arenaria). 

— v. i. To dig or gather clams. 

Clam, v. t. ; clammed (klamd) ; clam'htng. To daub, smear, 
or clog, as with glutinous matter. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. 

f Eng. — n. Clammy or viscid matter ; also, clamminess. 

Claimant (kla'mant), a. [L. damans, p. pr. of clamare to 
call.] 1. Clamorous. 2. Demanding notice ; crying. 

Clam'a-to'ri-al (klam'd-to'rT-al ; 57), a. [L. clamator a 
bawler.] Zo'dl. Belonging to a large suborder or superfam- 
ily (Clamator es) of passerine birds with simple vocal muscles 
and little power of singing.as the flycatchers and kingbirds. 

clam'bake' (klam'bak'), n. The baking of clams, esp. on 
heated stones with a covering of seaweed, often with other 
food, as corn ; hence, a gathering at which clams are so 
cooked, or a quantity of clams so cooked. U. S. 

Clamper (klam'be'r), v. i. & t. [ME. clambren, clameren, 
to heap together, climb.] To climb, as by scrambling. 

— n. Act of clambering. — clam'ber-er, n. 
Clam'mi-ness (-i-nes) , n. Clammy state or quality. 
Clam'my (-1), a.; -mi-er (-i-er) ; -mi- est. Soft and 

coldly damp and adhesive. 



sticky ; 



clam'or, Clam'our (-er), n. [From OF., fr. L. clamor, fr. 
clamare to cry out.] 1. A great outcry or vociferation. 
2. A continued violent expression of discontent ; popular 
outcry. 3. Any loud, esp. continued, noise. — v. i. To 
make a clamor. — v. t. 1. To disturb with clamor ; hence, 
to address loudly. 2. To utter clamorously. 

Clam'or, Clam'our, v. t. 1. Bell Ringing. To quicken the 
repetition of the strokes on (bells) just before ceasing to 
ring them. 2. To put an end to the noise of ; stop ; silence. 

clam'or-er, clam'our-er, n. One who clamours. 

clam'or-ous (klam'er-us), a. Full of, or of the nature of, 
clamor ; vociferous ; noisy. — Syn. See vociferous. — 
clam'or-ous-ly, adv. — clam'or-ous-ness, n. 

Clamp (klamp), n. 1. Something rigid that holds or binds 
things together. 2. Any of various instruments or ap- 
pliances having parts brought together, as by a screw or 
screws, for holding or compressing anything. 

— v. t. To fasten with or place in, a clamp. 

Clamp, n. A heavy tread, as of a horse's feet ; tramp. — 
v. i. To tread heavily ; clump. 

clamp'er (klam'per), n. An instrument of iron, with prongs, 
attached to a boot or shoe to prevent slipping ; a creeper. 

Clam'shelF (klam'shel'), n. The shell of a clam.^ 

Clan (klan), n. [Gael, clann offspring.] 1. A social group 
comprising a number of households the heads of which 
claim descent from a common ancestor, as in the Scottish 
Highlands. 2. A social group all the members of which are 
of common descent, traced in but one line. 3. A clique, set, 
society, or party. Contemptuous. 

Clan-des'tine (klan-des'tin), a. [L. clandestinus, fr. clam 
secretly.] Conducted with secrecy ; private ; underhand. 
— Syn. Hidden ; stealthy, sly, surreptitious, furtive. See 
secret. — clan-des'tine-ly, adv. — tine-ness, n. 

Clang (klang), v. i. [Prob. fr. L. clanger e.'] To give out 
or cry with, a clang ; resound. — v. t. To strike together 
with a clang. — n. 1. A loud sound like that made by col- 
liding pieces of metal. 2. Music. Quality of tone ; timbre. 

cian'gor (klan'ger; klang'er), n. [L., fr. clangere to re- 
sound.] Sharp, harsh, resonant sound, as of a trumpet. 

— v. i. To make a clangor ; clang. gor-OUS (-us), a. 

Clank (klank), n. [Imitative.] A sharp, brief, ringing sound, 

duller than a clang, and deeper and stronger than a clink. 

— v. i. To make, or sound or move with, a clank. — v. t. To 
cause to sound with a clank. 

clan'nish (klan'ish), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
a clan ; disposed to associate only with one's clan or clique ; 
actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a 
clan. — clan'nish-ly, adv. — clan'nish-ness, n. 

Clans'man (klanz'man), n. One of a clan. 

Clap (klap), v.i. /clapped (klapt) or clapt ; clap'ping. [AS. 
clappan.~\ 1. To make a clap, clack, or clatter ; come 
together or to with a clap or bang; as, the door clapped. 
2. To strike the hands together in applause. 3. Fig., to en- 
ter upon anything with alacrity and briskness ; — used with 
to or into. 

— v. t. 1. To strike resoundingly ; bring together or to with a 
clap, as a door. 2.aTo strike (the hands) together to ex- 
press applause. bTo applaud by clapping. 3. To strike or 
slap with the hand by way of approbation or encourage- 
ment ; as, to clap a person on the back. 4. Hence, to strike 
with a flat surface in order to smooth or flatten ; — some- 
times used with out. 5. To put, place, apply, set, thrust, 
etc., vigorously and effectually ; as, to clap a man into jail ; 
to clap a suit on one. 6. To make or contrive hastily ; — 
used with together or up. Obs. or Colloq. 

to clap eyes on, to set eyes on ; see. Colloq. 

—n. 1. A thing that makes a sharp, explosive noise ; a clap- 
per. 2. Aloud noise made by or as by the sudden impact of 
hard surfaces; esp., a peal, as of thunder. 3. The sound 
made by striking the hands together, or the act of so doing, 
esp. to express applause ; hence, applause. 4. A resounding 
blow, as with the hand. 5. A sudden happening; esp., a 
stroke of fortune, usually bad fortune. 

Clap'board Odap'bord ; colloq. klub'ord, -erd), n. 1. Orig., 
a narrow size of board. Eng. 2. A narrow board, thicker 
at one edge than at the other, for weatherboarding frame 
buildings. U. S. — v. t. To cover with clapboards. U. S. 

Clap'per (-er), n. 1. That which claps or makes a noise; 
specif.: a The tongue of a bell, b The human tongue, esp. 
of a loquacious person. Colloq. C One of a pair of flat sticks, 
bones, etc., held between the fingers and clapped, as by a 
negro minstrel ; — often called bones. 2. One who claps, or 
applauds. 

Clap'per-Claw' (klap'er-klo' ; dial, also klap'er-klo', -kla 7 ), 
v. t. Archaic or Dial. liTo claw with the hand and nails ; 
thrash. 2. To abuse with the tongue ; revile. 

Clap'trap' (klap'trap'), n. A trick, device, or expression 
designed to gain applause ; also, language or show for this 
purpose. 

Claque (klak), n. [F.] A body of paid applauders at a 
theatrical performance ; any body of truckling applauders. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E x pl a n ations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CLAQUfiR 



186 



CLAW 



Claq'uer (klak'er), or || cla'queur' (kla'kur'), n. [F. cla- 
queur.'] One of a claque. 

ilar'ence (klar'ens), n. [From Clarence, an English duke- 
dom.! A closed four-wheeled carriage, seating four. 

Clar/en-ceux, Clar'en-cieux (klar'en-su), n. [AF.] Short 
for Clarenceux King-of- Arms. See king-of-arms. 

Clar'en-don (klar'en-dwri), n. A style of type. See type. 

Clare'—ob-scure' (klar'ob-skur'), n. [L. clarus clear + ob- 
scurus obscure.] = chiaroscuro. 

Clar'et (klar'et), n. [From F., fr. clair clear, L. clarus."] 
1. Any red Bordeaux wine ; also, any of various other 
red wines. 2. The color of claret ; a purplish red. 

claret cup. See cup, n., 8. 

clar'i-bel'la (klar'I-bel'd), n. [NL. ; L. clarus clear + 
bellus fine.] Music. A soft, sweet stop, or set of open 
wood pipes, in an organ. 

clar'i-fi-ca'tion (klaVi-fT-ka'shwn), n. A clarifying. 

Clar'i-fy (klar'i-fl), v. t. & i.; -fled (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [From 
F., fr. L., fr. clarus clear + facere to make.] To make or 
become pure and clear ; clear. — clar'i-fi'er (-fl'er), n. 

Clar'i-net' (-net'), n. [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine a kind 
of bell, fr. L. clarus clear.] Music. A wind instrument con- 
sisting of a bell-mouthed tube with a single reed ; — some- 
times called clarionet. — clar'i-net'ist, -net'tist, n. 

Clar'i-on (-un), n. [OF., fr. LL. clario, claro, fr. L. clarus 
clear.] 1. A kind of trumpet with clear, shrill tones. Now 
Poetic. 2. The sound of or as of a clarion. Poetic. — v. i. 
To give out a clarion sound ; blow the clarion. — v. t. To 
proclaim with or as if with a clarion. 

clar'i-o-net' (klar'I-6-neV), n. See clarinet. 

Clar'i-ty (klar'i-ti), n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear.] 

1. Brilliancy ; splendor. Obs. 2. Clearness. 

Cla'ro (kla'ro), a. [Sp.] Light-colored and, generally, 
mild ; — said of cigars. Cant. 

clar'y (klar'i), n. Any of various salvias, as a species (Sal- 
via sclarea ) of southern Europe cultivated as a pot herb, 
esp. in England, a species (S.'horminum) cultivated chief- 
ly for its ornamental floral leaves, etc. 

clash (klash), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a clash. 2. To 
collide. — v. t.^ 1. To produce, as a sound, by a collision. 

2. To strike with a clash. — n. 1. A loud noise resulting 
from collision ; a collision. 2. Opposition ; conflict. 

Clasp (klasp), v. t. ; clasped (klaspt) or claspt ; clasp'ing. 
[ME. claspen, clapsen.] 1. To fasten together with or as 
with a clasp. 2. To cling or entwine about ; loosely, to 
surround; inwrap; specif., to embrace. 3. To seize with or 
in the hand. — n. 1. Any of various forms of catch or 
hook. 2. An embrace ; a grasp. — clasp'er (klas'per), n. 

Clasp knife. A large knife with a blade or blades folding 
into the handle. 

Class (klas), n. [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, 
fleet.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as possess- 
ing common characteristics or as having the same status ; 
as, the educated class; the lower classes. 2. Specif., the 
system of dividing society thus ; caste ; social rank, esp. high 
rank ; as, the feeling of class; hence, the classes, the up- 
per classes. 3. a A body of students grouped together as pur- 
suing equivalent studies ; a form, b An assemblage of stu- 
dents, as for recitation. C In the United States, a body of 
students graduating from an institution in the same year ; 
as, the class of 1910. 4. A group of persons, things, quali- 
ties, etc. , having common characteristics ; set ; kind. 5. Bot. 
& Zo'dl. A comprehensive group of animals or plants, form- 
ing a category ranking above an order and below a phylum. 
6. A division, grouping, or distinction based on grade or 
quality ; as, goods of the second class ; to travel first class. 

— v. t. 1. To classify. 2. To refer to a class or its class. 

— v. i. To be classified or classed. 

Class day. In American colleges and universities, a day 
of the commencement season on which the senior class 
celebrates the completion of its course by the reading of the 
class histories and poem, delivery of the class oration, etc. 

class'er (klas'er), n. One who classes or assorts. 

clas'sic (klas'ik), n. 1. A work, esp. in literature or art, 
of the highest class and of acknowledged excellence, or its 
author ; — used esp., usually in pi., of ancient Greek and 
Latin works or authors. 2. One who follows classical rules or 
models. 3. One learned in the literature of Greece and 
Rome, or a student of classical literature. 

Clas'sic (klas'ik) la. [L. classicus relating to the classes 

Clas'si-cal (-i-kdl)J of the Roman people, and esp. to the 
first class ; hence, of the first rank.] l.Of or relating to the 
first class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; standard. 2. Of 
or pert, to the ancient Greeks and Romans or their culture, 
esp. their authors, artists, etc. 3. Versed in,or devoted to, 
the classics. 4. Characteristic of, pert, to, or characterized 
by, classicism. 5. Noted because of literary or historical as- 
sociations ; as, classic Oxford. G.Eccl. Of or pert, to a clas- 
sis, esp. in the Reformed Church, or the system of polity of 
which it is a part. — Clas'si-cal-ly, adv. 



Clas'si-cal-ism (klas'T-kal-iz'm), n. Adherence to, or prac- 
tice of, classical scholarship, style of writing, art, etc. 

Clas'si-cal'i-ty (-kal'I-ti), n. 1. Quality of being classical, 
as in literary or artistic style. 2. Classical scholarship. 
3. A piece or instance of classical work or style ; a classi- 
cal feature. 

Clas'si-cism (-I-siz'm) , n. 1. Conformity to, or adoption of, 
classical style. 2. A classical idiom or expression. 3. The 
principles and characteristics of Greek and Roman litera- 
ture and art, considered as embodying formal elegance, sim- 
plicity, dignity, and correctness of style, and just and lucid 
conception and order ; hence, an established and elaborated 
form or style marked by clearness, finish, and repose. 

Clas'si-cist (-sist), n. 1. An advocate or follower of classi- 
cism. _ 2. One learned in the classics. 

Clas'si-cize (-slz), v.t. & i. ; -cized (-sizd) ; -ciz'ing (-slz'- 
Ing). To make classic ; follow or affect classic style or form. 

Clas'si-fi'a-ble (-fl'd-b'l), a. That may be classified. 

clas'si-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shwn), n. l.Act of classifying. 2. 
Result of classifying ; systematic arrangement in classes. 

Clas'si-fi-ca'to-ry (klas'HT-ka'to-ri ; kla-sif'i-kd-to-ri), a. 
Pertaining to or involving classification ; tending or de- 
signed to classify ; taxonomic. 

clas'si-fi'er (-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, classifies. 

clas'si-fy (-fl), v. <.;-fied (-fid) -fy'ing. [L. classis class 
+ E. -fy.~] To distribute into classes ; arrange in classes. 

clas'sis (klas'is), n.; classes (-ez). [L. See class, n.] 
Eccl. A judicatory in certain churches, as the Dutch 
and other Reformed churches, intermediate between the 
consistory and the synod ; formerly, in England, a judica- 
tory consisting of the elders or pastors of the parishes or 
churches of a district ; also, the jurisdiction of a classis. 

class'mate' (klas'mat'), n. One belonging to the same 
class with another, as at school or college. 

clas'tic (klas'tik) , a. [Gr. Kkaarbs broken, fr. tc\av to break.] 
1. Capable of being taken apart, as to show internal struc- 
ture ; — applied to anatomical models. 2. Geol. Fragmen- 
tal ; made up of fragments or discrete particles ; as, sand- 
stone and conglomerate are clastic rocks. 

Clat'ter (klat'er), v. i. [AS. clatrung a rattle.] 1. To 
make, or to move with, a clatter ; rattle. 2. To chatter ; 
prattle. — y. t. To cause to clatter or rattle. — n. 1. A 
rattling noise, esp. of hard bodies colliding. 2. Commo- 
tion ; disturbance. 3. Rapid, noisy, or idle talk ; chatter. 

clat'ter-er, n. One who clatters. 

Clau'di-an (klo'di-an), a. Of or pert, to any of several cele- 
brated Romans bearing the name Claudius, or the gentes 
(one patrician, the other plebeian) to which they belonged ; 
esp., of, pert, to, or connected with, the emperors who be- 
longed to the patrician gens, viz., Tiberius, Caligula, Clau- 
dius (esp.), and Nero, or their time (a. d. 14-68); as, 
Claudian literature. 

Clau'di-us (klo'di-ws), n. [L.] See Virginia, Hamlet. 

clause (kloz), n. [F., fr. LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula 
clause, prop., close of a rhetorical period, close, fr. clau- 
dere to shut, end.] 1. A separate portion of a discourse 
or writing ; a distinct article in a formal document. 2. In 
grammar, a simple sentence constituting a member of a 
complex or compound sentence. Clauses are principal, 
when they contain the main verb of the sentence ; subordi- 
nate, when they have merely the value of a single part 
of speech, or when they serve merely to limit thejprincipal 
clause. 

claus'tral (klSs'tral), a. [See cloister.] Cloistral. 

cla'vate (kla'vat), a. [L. clava club.] Club-shaped. 

clav'e-cin (klav'e-sin), n. [F.] The harpsichord. 

clav'e-cin-ist, n. A player on the clavecin. 

clav'i-chord (klav'i-kord), n. [L. clavis key + chorda 
string.] Music. An instrument with a keyboard and set of 
strings, now superseded by the pianoforte. 

Clav'i-cle (-k'l), n. [From F., fr. L. clavicula, dim. of 
clavis key.] Anat. A bone of the shoulder girdle, joined 
to the breastbone and the shoulder blade, and called in 
man collar bone. — cla-vic'u-lar (kld-vik'u-ldr), a. 

cla'vi-er (kla'vi-er; kld-ver'), n. [F.., fr. L. clavis key.] 

1. The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. 

2. (pr on. kld-ver') [G.klavier.] A keyboard stringed instru- 
ment, as the pianoforte. 

Clav'i-form (klav'i-form), a. [L. clava club -f -form.'] 
Club-shaped; clavate. 

claw (klo),n. [AS. clawu, cla, clea, cleo.'] 1. A sharp nail 
on the finger or toe of an animal, esp. when slender and 
curved. 2. Any of various similar sharp curved processes, 
esp. if at the end of a limb, as those on the legs of insects, 
etc. ; sometimes, loosely, the limb, if it ends in such a proc- 
ess. 3. One of the pincerlike organs terminating certain 
limbs of some crustaceans (as the lobster), scorpions, etc. 
4. Anything like, or suggestive of, an animal's claw, as the 
forked end of a hammer. 

— y. t. & i. To tear, scratch, seize, dig, scrape, or the like, 
with or as with claws or nails. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; (lien, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CLAY 



187 



CLEFT 



Clay (kla), n. [AS. clseg.'] 1. A widely distributed earth 
used in making pottery, brick, etc. It is pure kaolin or, 
more often, a mixture of this with other material, chiefly fine- 
ly eroded quartz, feldspar, and mica. 2. Loosely, earth ; 
mud. 3. Poetry & Script. Earth in general, as repre- 
senting the constituents of the human body ; hence, the 
human body. 

— v. t. To treat daub, cover, etc., with clay. — clay'ey (-1), a. 
clay'more' (-mor'), n. [Gael, claidheamh sword -j- mor 

large.] A large two-edged sword of the ancient Scottish 
Highlanders; erron., their basket-hilted broadsword. 

clay pigeon. A saucer of baked clay or other material to be 
thrown with a scaling motion from the trap, for a target in 
trap shooting. 

clay-to'ni-a (kla-to'nT-d), n. [NL., after Dr. John Clayton, 
American botanist.] Any of a genus (Claytonia) of suc- 
culent portulacaceous herbs, having racemose or cymose 
flowers, as the spring beauty (C. virginica). 

-tie, -Cllle. [F., or L. -cuius, -cula, -culum.'] A noun 
suffix forming diminutives ; as in molecule, corpuscZe, etc. 

Clead'ing (kled'Tng), n. 1. Clothing. Scot. 2. A lining or 
covering, of wood, felt, etc., as for an engine cylinder, a 
shaft, etc. 

Clean (klen), a. [AS. claene."] 1. Free from what defiles; 
untarnished; unadulterated; unsoiled. 2. Specif. : a Of a 
ship, having the bottom not fouled ; also, having an empty 
hold, b Print. Of proofs, having few or no corrections ; of 
copy, legible, free from interlineations, etc. 3. Free from 
moral defilement ; pure. 4. Script. Free or freed from cere- 
monial defilement ; of food or of animals, not defiling ; fit to 
eat. 5. Habitually clean ; cleanly ; as, a clean animal. 6. 
Free from obstructions, unevenness, or imperfections; as, 
clean timber ; a clean anchorage. 7. Free from errors and 
vulgarisms ; correct ; chaste ; as, a clean style. 06s. or Ar- 
chaic. 8.Without imperfection or remainder ; complete; ab- 
solute ; as, a clean sweep. 9. Well-proportioned ; shapely ; 
trim ; as, clean limbs. 10. Clever ; dexterous ; not bungling ; 
as, a clean trick ; clean work. 

— adv. 1. Cleanly ; as, the floors must be clean swept. 2. 
Quite ; wholly ; as, he jumped clean over the fence. 

— v. t. To render clean ; purify. 

Syn. Clean, cleanse. Clean is the word in common and 
literal use for the removal of dirt ; cleanse, while some- 
times implying a thorough cleaning (as, dyeing and cleans- 
ing, to cleanse silk), lis used in the more elevated senses 
associated with purification. 

— v. i. To undergo or perform the process of cleaning. 
Clean'er (klen'er), n. One who, or that which, cleans; 

specif., any of various devices or machines for cleaning. 
Clean'ly (klen'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Habitually 
clean or kept clean. 2. Cleansing ; conducing to cleanness. 

— clean'li-ly (-li-li), adv. — clean'li-ness, n. 
Clean'ly (klen'li),|ach;. In a clean manner or degree. 
clean'ness (klen'nes), n. Quality or state of being clean. 
Cleanse (klenz), v. t.; cleansed (klenzd); cleans'ing. 

[AS. clsensian, fr. clsene clean.] To render clean ; clean. 

— Syn. See clean, v. t. — cleans'er (klen'zer), n. 
Clear (kler ), a. [OF. cler, fr. L. clarus clear, bright, loud, 

renowned.] 1. Free from all that dims, blurs, or obscures ; 
luminous ; as, the clear stars ; fair ; not cloudy ; as, clear 
weather. Hence, unclouded, as by passion ; serene ; bright 
or cheerful ; as, a clear countenance. 2. Free from contami- 
nation or admixture or blemish ; clean ; pure ; as, clear 
white ; a clear complexion. 3. Distinctly heard, seen, or un- 
derstood ; audible, perceptible, or discernible ; plain ; as, a 
clear speech or statement. 4. Able to see or perceive dis- 
tinctly or keenly ; keen ; discriminating ; as, clear intellect. 
5. Free from doubt ; certain ; sure ; — of persons ; as, I am 
not clear about it. 6. Free from guile, guilt, or stain ; unsul- 
lied ; innocent. 7. Free from burden, limitation, etc. ; as : a 
Free from charges, etc. ; net ; as, clear profit, b Without 
qualification ; absolute ; sheer. C Free from encumbrance or 
obstruction ; as, the rope is clear ; a clear view, d Without 
unevennesses or projections, as knots, branches, etc. ; clean ; 
as, clear timber, e Without, or emptied of, burden, con- 
tents, or cargo, as a ship after unloading. I Free from debt ; 
unincumbered, g Without deduction or diminution ; full ; 
entire. 

Syn. Intelligible, plain, distinct ; luminous, transparent, 
limpid, pellucid ; lucid, perspicuous. — Clear, perspicu- 
ous, lucid are here compared with reference to qualities 
of thought or style. Clear may apply to both ideas and 
their expression ; perspicuous and lucid, now only to 
style. That is clear which is free from obscurity ; as, that 
he meant to do right is clear. Perspicuous lays more 
stress on the medium of expression regarded for itself ; as, 
perspicuous expression is likely to be concise. Lucid has 
special reference to clearness of order or arrangement ; as, 
a short and lucid demonstration. 

— adv. Clearly. 

— y. t. 1. To make clear, as by illumination ; free from mud- 
diness, clouds or cloudiness, etc. ; as, the water soon cleared 
itself. 2. To make clear mentally ; enlighten ; as : a To make 



perspicacious ; as, to clear the reason ; to give clear under- 
standing to ; as, to clear a person in regard to something, b 
To make intelligible and consistent ; as, to clear one's 
thoughts ; to free from obscurity or doubt ; relieve of per- 
plexity. 3. To free from imputation, as of guilt ; vindicate ; 
— often used with from or of before the thing imputed, or 
reflexively ; as, to clear one's self of a false charge. 4. To re- 
move so as to leave something clear ; as, to clear snow from 
a walk. 5. To render (the eyes or sight) clear or keen, as by 
strengthening, removing motes, etc. 6. To free from con- 
tact or entanglement ; disentangle ; as, to clear a hawser. 7. 
To leap or pass by or over without touching. 8. To free from 
obligation or incumbrance ; as : a To pay or discharge, as a 
debt ; — often used with off. bTo free (a ship or cargo) by 
payment of customs duties, harbor fees, etc. 9. To gain 
without deduction ; net. 10. To pass (a check, ticket, bill, 
etc.) through the clearing house ; loosely, to get the cash for. 

— v. i. 1. To become clear. 2. Naut. To get permission 
to leave port (clear out or outward) or to discharge cargo 
(clear in or inward) . 3. Banking. To exchange checks 
and bills and settle balances. 

to clear out, to run away ; decamp. Collog. — to c. up, 
to become clear, as the weather. 

— n. Clearance ; unobstructed space. — clear'er, n. 
Clearance (kler'ans), n. 1. Act of clearing. 2. Mech. The 

distance by which one object or part clears another, or the 
clear space between them. 3. Settlement of debts or 
claims ; passage of checks, etc., through the clearing house. 

Clear'ing, n. 1. Act or process of one that clears. 2. A tract 
of land cleared of wood, as for cultivation. 3. Com. a A 
method adopted by banks and bankers for making an ex- 
change of checks, etc., and settling differences of account ; 
also, any similar method for adjusting accounts, b In pi. 
The gross amount of the balances so adjusted, 
clearing house, an institution for carrying on the busi- 
ness of clearing. See clearing, 3. [distinctly.! 

Clear'ly, adv. In a clear manner or degree. — Syn. See| 

Clearness (kler'nes), n. Quality or state of being clear. 

Clear'starch' (-starch'), v. t. & i. To stiffen and dress with 
clear, or colorless, starch. — clear'starch'er, n. 

clear'sto'ry. Var. of clerestory. 

clear'wing' (-wing'), n. A moth having the wings largely 
devoid of scales and transparent ; esp., any moth of a family 
(Sesiidae) the larvae of many of which injure fruit trees and 
vegetables, or any of certain hawk moths. 

Cleat (klet), n. [ME. clete wedge.] 1. A wedge-shaped piece 
fastened on something to act as a support, check, etc., as 
for a rope on a spar ; hence, a device, usually having two 
arms, used to secure a line. 2. A strip, as of wood, fastened 
across something to give strength, hold in position, etc. 

— v. t. To secure to or by a cleat. 

cleav'a-ble (klev'd-b'l), a. That can be cleft, or divided. 

Cleav'age (-aj), n. 1. Act of cleaving, or splitting, or state 
of being cleft ; division. 2. Biol. Cell division ; specif. : 
Embryol. The series of mitotic divisions of the egg which 
results in the formation of the blastomeres and changes the 
single-celled egg into a multicellular embryo ; segmentation ; 
also, any mitotic division of that series. 

Cleave (klev), v. i.; pret. cleaved (klevd), Archaic clave 
(klav) ; p. p. cleaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. cleav'ing. [AS. 
cleofian, clifian.~] To adhere closely ; cling ; hold to. 

Cleave, v. t.; pret. cleft (kleft), cleaved (klevd), Archaic 
clave (klav), Rare clove (klov) ; p. p. cleft, cleaved, or 
clo'ven (klo'v'n), Obs. or Poetic clove; p. pr. & vb. n. 
cleav'ing. [AS. cleofan."] 1. To part, divide, or pierce by 
force, as with a cutting blow or, as water or air, by cutting 
into or through ; split or rive ; cut ; — also used fig. 2. To 
separate as if by cutting ; cut into ; penetrate ; divide in 
position ; as, the ship's prow cleaves the waves ; a cavern 
cleaves the rock. — Syn. See tear. 

— v.i. 1. To part ; separate, as parts of bodies. 2. To make 
a way by or as by cutting ; — used with through. 

Cleav'er (klev'er), n. One who, or that which, cleaves, as a 
butcher's instrument for cutting up carcasses. 

Cleav'ers (-erz), n. Any of various bedstraws (esp. Galium 
aparine) having the stems beset with hooklike prickles. 

Cleek(klek),n. [Scot., a hook.] Akindofiron-headed golf club. 

Clef (kief), n. [F., fr. L. clavis key.] A 
character used in musical notation to de- 
termine the position and pitch of the 
scale on the staff. 

cleft (kleft), pret. & p. p. of cleave, to 
part. Hence : p. a. 1. Divided ; split. 2. 
Bot. Divided slightly more than half- 
way to the midrib, with narrow sinuses. 
See leaf, Illust. 

cleft palate, Med., congenital fissure 
of the roof of the mouth. | 

Cleft, n. [ME.cK/*.] 1. A space or open- r.or haas.Qlef. 
ing made by splitting ; fissure. 2. One of Clef, 

the hollow spaces in the bottom of a horse's hoof. — Syn. 
Crack, crevice, chasm, chink, cranny. 



G . Treble . or 
Violin, Clef' 




D 



I 






G 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CLEISTOGAMIC 



188 



CLINCH 



cieis'to-gam'ic (klTs'to-gam'ikUa. Pertaining to or exhib- 

Cleis-tOg'a-mous (-tog'd-mfts) / iting cleistogamy. 

Cleis-tOg'a-my (klis-tog'd-mi), «.. [Gr. aXeio-ros closed + 
-gamy.] Bot. The production of, or the state of having 
(usually in addition to ordinary flowers), small flowers 
which never open and are self-pollinating, as in the violet. 

Cleith'ral (kllth'rdl), a. [Gr. nXeWpov a bar for closing; 
pi., lattice.] Anc. Arch. Roofed over ; covered in ; — 
said of certain temples. Opposed to hypsethral. 

Clem'a-tis (klem'd-tis),^. [L.,fr. Gr. icX-qnarts, fr. nXfjua 
twig.] Any of various flowering vines or erect herbs (genera 
Clematis and Atragene) of the crowfoot family. 

Clem/en-cy (-en-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [L. dementia, fr. 
clemens mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare ; 
leniency or an act or instance of it. 2. Mildness of the ele- 
ments. — Syn. Mildness, indulgence, lenity. See mercy. 

Clem'ent Gent), a. Mild in temper and disposition; com- 
passionate ; lenient. — clem'ent-ly, adv. 

Clem'ent-ine (-en-tin; -tin), a. Of or pert, to Clement, 
esp. St. Clement of Rome, Pope Clement V., or Pope 
Clement VIII. 

Clench (klench), v. t. [See clinch.] 1. To clinch. 2. To 
set closely together, as the teeth, the hands. 3. To grasp 
firmly ; grip. 

— n. A thing that clenches ; a clinch. 
clench'er, n. Var. of chincher. 

Cle-O'me (kle-o'me), n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] Bot. 
Any of a large genus (Cleome) of herbs or low shrubs of the 
caper family, natives of tropical and warm regions. They 
have rank-scented foliage and mostly showy flowers. 

Clepe (klep), v. t.; clep'ed (klep'ed; klept); clep'ing 
(klep'ing). [AS. cleopian, clipian, clypian.~] To call, or 
to call upon ; esp., to call by name. Obs. or Archaic. 

Clep'sy-dra (klep'sT-drd), n. ; pi. E. -dras (-drdz), L. -dr,e 
(-dre). [L., from Gr. KXe\pv5pa ; KXeirreiv to steal + vb~a>p 
water.] A contrivance for measuring time by the graduated 
flow of a liquid, as water, through a small aperture. 

Clept (klept). Obs. var. of cleped, preterit of clepe. 

clere'sto'ry, clear'sto'ry (kler'sto'n), n.; pi. -stories 
(■riz). That part of a church above the roofs of the other 
parts, containing windows for lighting the interior ; hence, 
a similar construction in a building, railroad car, etc. 

cler'gy (klur'ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [From OF., fr. L. cleri- 
cus priest.] Eccl. The body of men formally ordained to the 
service of God, in distinction from the laity. [minister. I 

Cler , gy-man(-mon),n. A member of the clergy ; anordained| 

cler'ic (kler'ik), n. [AS., fr. L. clericus. See clerk.] A 
clergyman. — a. Clerical ; of or pert, to the clergy. 

Cler'i-cal (-I-kal), a. [LL. clericalist 1. Of or pert, to the 
clergy or a clergyman. 2. Of or pert, to a clerk or copyist ; 
consisting of clerks. — n. 1. A clergyman. 2. One of a 
party, esp. in politics, favoring ecclesiastical influence in a 
nation. 

Cler'i-cal-ism (-Tz'm), n. Clerical principles ; excessive de- 
votion to the clerical interests ; undue influence of the 
clergy ; sacerdotalism. — cler'i-cal-ist, n. 

Clerl-cal'i-ty (-kal't-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Clerical quali- 
ty, office, state, or characteristic. [educated class. | 

Cler'i-sy (-si), n. [LL. clericia.'] The literati, or well-| 

Clerk (klurk ; in England still commonly kliirk), n. [Either 
OF. clerc, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, both fr. L., fr. 
Gr. K\rjpiKos of the clergy, KXfjpos lot, allotment, clergy.] 

1. A clergyman ; ecclesiastic. Now chiefly Legal or Hist. 

2. A layman who performs some minor ecclesiastical office. 

3. A person who can read, or read and write; scholar. 
Archaic or Hist. 4. One employed to keep records, have 
charge of correspondence, etc. 5. A salesman or sales- 
woman, esp. at retail. U. S. 

— v. i. To act or work as a clerk ; — used with it. — clerk'- 
li-ness, n. — clerk'ly, a. & adv. — clerk'ship, n. 

Cle'ruch (kle'rook ; -ruk), n. [Gr. kXtjpovxos; nXijpos lot, 
allotment + «x«" to hold.] Gr. Antiq. A citizen who re- 
ceived an allotment of land in a conquered country and 
(usually) migrated to ft, but without loss of his citizenship. 

Cleve'ite (klev'It ; kla/ve-It), n. [After P. T. Cleve, Swed- 
ish chemist.] Min. A crystallized variety of uraninite from 
Norway. It is rich in helium, and is markedly radioactive. 

Clev'er (klev'er), a. 1. Possessing quickness of intellect, 
skill, dexterity, or talent. 2. Showing skill ; as, a clever 
trick. 3. Appropriate ; convenient ; agreeable ; as, a boat 
clever in a seaway. Obs., Colloq., or Dial. 4. Good-na- 
tured ; obliging. Dial, or Colloq. — Syn. See dexterous, 
smart. — clev'er-ly, adv. — clev'er-ness, n. 

Clev'is (-is), n. A U-shaped piece of metal at the end of the 
tongue of a plow, wagon, etc. 

Clew, Clue (kloo ; 86), n. [AS. cleowen, cliwen."] 1. A ball 
of thread, yarn, or cord ; in legend, a ball of thread used in 
guiding one's way out of a labyrinth. 2. That which guides 
in any doubtful or intricate matter. 3. Naut. a A lower 
corner of a square sail, or the after lower corner of a fore- 
and-aft sail, b A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. 



C In pi. A combination of small cords by which a hammock 
is suspended. 

— v. t.; clewed, clued (klood) ; clew'ing, clu'ing. l.To 
roll into a ball, as a hedgehog ; — used with up. 2. To point 
by or as by a clew ; — used with out. 3. To follow or track 
as by a clew. 4. Naut. To haul (a sail) up to a yard or mast, 
as for furling ; — used with up. 

Cli-an'thus (kll-an'thus), n. [NL. ; Gr. xXet-, akin to kXcos 
glory -f- avdos flower.] Hort. Any of a genus (Donia, esp. 
D. speciosa) of fabaceous vines, often cultivated. 

|| Cli'che' (kle'sha'), n.; pi. cliches (F.-sha'). [F. cliche, fr. 
clicher to stereotype.] A stereotype plate or any similar 
reproduction of ornament or lettering. 

Click (klik), n. Mach. A detent, pawl, or ratchet. 

Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise, as that made by the cock- 
ing of a gun. 2. Phon. Any of a class of sounds made by 
smacking the tongue, occurring esp. in certain South Afri- 
can languages. 3. Wrestling. A chip, or trick, by which 
the antagonist is suddenly tripped up. 

— _ v. i. & t. To make, or cause to make, a click. 

Click beetle. A snapping beetle. 

click'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, clicks. 

Cli'ent (kll'ent), n. [L. cliens, -entis, for cluens, fr. L. 
cluere to hear one's self called, to be called.] 1. Roman 
Hist. One of a class of dependents attached to the patrician 
families. 2. A dependent ; one under the protection of 
another. 3. Law. One who consults a legal adviser or sub- 
mits his cause to his management. 

Cli'ent-age (kle'en-taj), n. Clientele. 

cli-en'tal (kll-en'tdl ; kll'en-), a. Of or pertaining to a client. 

Cli'en-tele' (kll'en-tel' ; -tel'), n. [L. clientela.'] A body of 
clients ; clients collectively ; hence, the body of those who 
habitually adhere or resort to a person for professional ad- 
vice or the like ; a body of followers or frequenters, as of a 
theater, hotel, etc. 

cliff (klif ), n. [AS. clif.~\ A high, steep face of rock. 

Cliff dweller. One of the race of American Indians who 
erected their dwellings upon ledges and in recesses in the 
walls of canons and cliffs in the southwestern United States 
and northern Mexico. They were doubtless of the same 
race as the present Pueblo Indians. — cliff dwelling. 

Cliffy (klif'i), o. Having, or abounding in, cliffs ; craggy. 

Clift (klift), n. A cliff. Now Rare. 

Cli-mac'ter-ic (kll-mak'ter-Tk ; kli'mak-ter'Tk), a. [From 
L., fr. Gr., fr. kXluclkttip round of a ladder, kXI/j-o.^ ladder.] 
1. Relating to or constituting a climacteric ; critical. 2. = 
climactic. — n. 1. A period in human life in which some 
great change (as, in woman, the menopause) in the constitu- 
tion or health occurs or may occur. 2. Any critical period. 
grand, or ( Obs. ) great, climacteric, or the climac- 
teric, the sixty-third year of human life. 

Cli'mac-ter'i-cal (kli'mak-ter'i-kal), a. Climacteric. 

Cli-mac'tic (kll-mak'tik), a. Of or pert, to a climax. 

Cli'mate (kll'mat), n. [F. climat, fr. L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. 
K\lp.a,-aTos, slope, supposed slope of the earth, a region 
of the earth, nXlveiv to slope. ] The average condition of 
a place in relation to various atmospheric phenomena as 
temperature, moisture, etc. 

cli-mat'ic (kll-mat'ik), a. Of or pertaining to climate. 

Cli'ma-tol'O-gy (kll'md-tol'o-ji), n. Science of climates and 
their phenomena. — Cli'ma-tol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

Cli'max (-maks ), n. [L., fr. Gr. K\Tjua£ ladder, staircase, 
kXIvciv to lean.] 1. Rhet. A figure in which ideas in a sen- 
tence or paragraph are so arranged that each succeeding 
idea rises above its predecessor in force. 2. Popularly, the 
last or highest member of a rhetorical climax ; hence : high- 
est point ; culmination. — Syn. See culmination. 

Climb (kllm), v. i. & t. [AS. climban.'] 1. To ascend or 
mount, esp. by using the hands and feet, or, fig., by or as by 
continued effort ; ascend. 2. Bot. To ascend in growth by 
twining or by means of tendrils, aerial roots, etc. 3. To 
slope upward. — Syn. See ascend. — n. Act of climbing ; 
a place to be climbed. — climb'a-ble, a. 

Climb'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, climbs ; as : a A 
plant that climbs, b A device to assist in climbing poles, as 
a spurred boot or a spike attached to a boot. 

Climb'ing, p. a. That climbs. 
climbing fumitory, a papaveraceous vine (Adlumia 
fungosa) with feathery leaves and large clusters of pretty 
white or pinkish flowers. 

Clime (kllm), n. [L. clima. See climate.] A region or 
climate ; fig., atmosphere. Poetic or Rhetorical. 

Cli-nan'dri-um (kli-nan'drT-wm), n.; L. pi. -dria (-d). 
[NL. ; Gr. kXIvij bed + &vvp> i-^Spos, man.] Bot. In or- 
chids, a cavity in the apex of the column between the anther 
sacs, often containing the stigmatic surface. 

cli-nan'thi-um (-thi-&m), n.; L. pi. -thia (-d). [NL. ; Gr. 
kXIptj bed + avdos flower.] Bot. The receptacle of the 
florets in the head of a composite plant. 

Clinch (klmch), v. t. [AS. clencan (in comp.) to hold fast, 
clinch.] 1. To fix securely, as with nails ; to bend over the 
point of (something driven through) so as to hold fast ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ase, unite, dm, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87) ; 



CLINCHER 



189 



CLOISONNE 



to fasten in this way. 2. To make conclusive, as an argu- 
ment ; clench. — v. i. 1. To clinch something. 2. To seize 
one another firmly, or to seize another firmly, as in wres- 
tling or fighting. U. S. 

— n. 1. Act or process of clinching. 2. A clinched fastening ; 
that which clinches ; a clamp ; a holdfast ; as, to secure any- 
thing by a clinch. 3. Naut. A kind of knot. 4. A play upon 
words ; pun. Now Rare. 

Clinch'er (klm'cher), n. One who, or that which, clinches ; 
as : a A tool for clinching nails, b A clincher tire. C That 
which ends a dispute ; a decisive argument. Colloq. _ 

Clincher tire. A tire having beads or flanges on each side of 
its inner periphery which fit into the turned-over edges of 
the wheel rim. See pneumatic tire, Illust. 

Cling (kling), v.i.; clung (kiting) ; cling'ing. [AS. clingan, 
to adhere, shrink, shrivel.] l.To adhere closely, as a wet 
garment ; stick or hold fast, as by embracing. 2. To keep 
near. — v. t. 1. To shrink ; shrivel. Obs. 2. To cause to 
cling, as by pressing closely. — cling'er, n. 

cling'ing, p. a. That clings. — cling'ing-ly, adv. 

Cling'stone' (-ston'), n. A stone which in certain varieties 
of peach adheres closely to the flesh; hence, any peach 
having such a stone. 

Cling'y (-1), a. Apt to cling ; adhesive ; tenacious. 

Clin'ic (klm'ik), n. Med. a Instruction of a class by ex- 
amination and treatment of patients in its presence, b The 
gathering of students at a clinical lecture. C An institution 
connected with a medical college or hospital devoted to the 
free treatment of patients. — a. Clinical. 

Clin'i-cal (-I-kal), a. [From Gr., fr. n\ivri bed.] Of or 
pertaining to a sick bed or deathbed ; specif.: a Med. Of, 
pert, to, or by means of, a clinic, b Eccl. Administered or 
made on a sick bed or deathbed ; as, clinical baptism. 

Cli-ni'cian (kli-nish'an), n% Med. One versed in clinical 
medicine or surgery. 

Clink (kllrjk), v. i. 1. To make a clink, or tinkling sound. 
2. To rime ; jingle. 3. To move with a clinking sound ; as, 
he clinked over the pavement. — v. t. To cause to clink. 

— n. 1. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, as from the colli- 
sion of sonorous bodies. Cf . clank. 2. Rime ; assonance ; 
jingle. 3. The sharp note of certain birds, as the stonechat. 

Clink, n. A prison or prison cell. Colloq., Eng. 

Clink'er (-er),«. One who, or that which, clinks, or makes a 

sharp, ringing sound; specif., in pi. (Slang), fetters. 
clink'er, n. [See clinch.] One who, or that which, clinks, 

or clinches. 
Clink'er, n. [From clink.'] 1. A kind of brick. 2. A brick 

with vitrified surface, or a mass of bricks run together in 

the kiln. 3. Vitrified stony matter, as in a furnace. 

— v. i. To make clinkers in burning, as slaggy coal. 
Clink'er-built', a. Shipbuilding & Boilers. Having the 

external planks or metal plates so put on that the edges 
overlap from above downward like clapboards. See cae.- 

VELBUTLT, Illust. 

Clink'stone' (klTrjk'ston'), n. {clink + stone; — alluding 
to its sonorousness.] A kind of igneous rock. = phonolxte. 

cli'no-. Combining form from Gr. Kkivtiv to incline. 

Cli'no-Chlore (kll'no-klor ; 57), n. [clino- + Gr. x*wp6spale 
green.] Min. A silicate of aluminium and magnesium, 
HsMgoAbSisOis, usually containing iron ; ripidolite. 

Cli'no-graph (-graf), n. 1. An instrument for ascertaining 
the deviation of a boring, as for a well or mining shaft, 
from the vertical. 2. A drawing instrument having two 
straight edges united by a hinge, and capable of being set 
at any desired angle. 

Cli-nom'e-terCkll-nom'e-ter), n. Any of various instruments 
for measuring or indicating angles of slope, eleva- 
tion, or inclination. The surveying clinometer is a 
hand instrument consisting of a 
short telescope, bubble tube, and 
graduated vertical 
arc. 

cli'no-met'ric (kl I '- 
no-met'rik), a. 1. 
Pert, to, or ascer- 
tained by, the cli- 
nometer. 2. Pert, 
to oblique crystal- 
line forms, or to 
solids having ob- Clinometer, 

lique angles between the axes. 

Clin'quant (klin'kant), a. [OF.] Glittering, as tinsel; 
tinseled ; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. — n. 
[F.] Imitation gold leaf ; tinsel. 

Clin-to'ni-a (klm-to'm-d), n. [NL., after De Witt Clinton, 
American statesman.] Bot. Any of a genus (Clintonia) of 
convallariaceous plants, bearing large, ribbed, basal leaves 
and an umbel of yellow or greenish flowers on a naked scape. 

Cli'o (kll'o), n. [L., fr. Gr. KXetw the proclaimed] Class. 
Myth. The Muse of history. 

Clip (klip), v. t. & i.; clipped (klTpt) or clipt; clip'ping. 
[AS. clyppan to embrace, clasp.] 1. To embrace ; hug. 



© ©J 










i- — = 


— - —w - ' 


\ H __/3 








\7': 1 ^f{ 


snpjn 


,, '. !■.' in. 


iii^ 




■:-v, CJ.| 



Archaic or Dial. 2. To clutch ; hold tightly. — n. 1. Em- 
brace. Obs. 2. That which clips, or clasps ; any of various 
devices for clasping and holding tightly; specif., Far., a 
crescent-shaped ear drawn up from the outer surface of a 
horseshoe at the toe or side wall to prevent the shoe from 
shifting on the foot. 

Clip, v. t. [ME. clippen.J 1. To cut, cut off, or snip ; esp., 
to cut or trim the hair or fleece of ; shear. 2. To curtail ; 
cut short ; as, to clip one's words. — v. i. 1. To clip or cut 
anything. 2. [Perh. a different word.] To fly swiftly. 
3. To move swiftly. Colloq. — n. 1. In pi. Shears. Chiefly 
Scot. 2. A clipping ; shearing ; esp., the product of a single 
shearing of sheep. 3. Act of clipping. 4. A sharp blow, as 
with the hand. Colloq. 5. A rapid gait. Colloq. 

Clip/per (klip'er), n. 1. One who. or that which, clips some- 
thing. 2. One who, or that which, clips, moves swiftly, or 
runs or scuds along ; as : a A fast horse, b Xaut. A kind of 
fast-sailing vessel, with a sharp bow. 3. A person or thing 
of striking excellence of its kind. Slang. 

Clip'ping, p. a. 1. That clips, or cuts, as with shears ; that 
clips, or moves swiftly. 2. First-rate ; excellent. Slang. 

Clip'ping, n. 1. Act of cutting or trimming. 2. That which 
is clipped off or out of something ; as, a newspaper clipping. 

Clique (klek), n. [F., fr. OF. cliquier to click.] 1. A small, 
exclusive social set. 2. Principle or system of cliques. — 
Syn. See coterie. — v. i. To associate in a clique. Colloq. 
— cli'quish (kle'kTsh), a. — cli'quish-ness, n. 

Cli'quy, cli'quey (kle'ki), a. Forming, or given to forming, 
cliques. 

cli'to-ris (klT'to-ris ; klit'6-ris), n. [NL., fr. Gr. k\cito P U, 
fr. KXeUiv to shut up.] Anat. A small organ at the upper 
part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male. 

Clo-a'ca (klo-a'kd), n.; pi. -Ci (-se). [L.] 1. A sewer or a 
privy. 2. Zo'dl. The common chamber into which the intes- 
tinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, rep- 
tiles, amphibians, and many fishes. 3. Fig., a channel or re- 
ceptacle for moral filth. — Clo-a'cal (-kal), a. 

Cloak (klok), n. [OF. cloque cloak (from the bell-like 
shape), bell.] 1. A loose outer garment. 2. That which 
conceals ; a blind ; disguise ; mask. — v. t. To cover with or 
as with a cloak ; hide ; conceal. — Syn. See dissemble. 

Cloak'ing, n. Material of which cloaks are made. 

cloak'room' (klok'room'), n. A room where cloaks, over- 
coats, etc., may be deposited for a time. 

|| Cloche (klosh), n. [F., prop., bell.] 1. A gardener's bell 
glass._ 2. Aeronautics. An apparatus used in controlling 
certain kinds of aeroplanes, and consisting principally of a 
steering column supported by a universal joint at the base, 
which bears a hemispherical flange or bell to which are 
attached the cables for controlling the wing-warping de- 
vices, elevator planes, and the like. 

Clock (klok), n. An ornamental figure or figured work on 
the ankle or side of a stocking. — v. t. To ornament with 
figured work, as the side of a stocking. 

Clock, n. [OF. cloque bell, or LL. clocca.'] Any of various 
devices for measuring and indicating time ; a timepiece, 
esp. one not intended to be carried on the person. 
t^^What o'clock, nine o'clock, etc., are for what of the 
clock , nine of the clock, etc. 

Clock'wise' (-wiz'), a. & adv. Like the motion of the hands 
of a clock ; — said of motion that is dextrorotatory. 

clock'work' (-wurk'), n. The machinery of, or machinery' 
suggestive of that of, a clock. 

Clod (klod), n. [ME. clodde, for clot. See CLOT.] 1. A lump 
or mass, esp. of earth. 2. The soil ; earth. 3. That which is 
earthy, as the body in comparison with the soul. 4. A stupid 
fellow ; dolt. 5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature. 

clod'dish (kiod'ish), a. Stupid. — clod'dish-ness, n. 

clod'dy (-1), o. Consisting of, or full of, clods. 

Clod'hop'per (-hop'er), n. 1. A rude, rustic fellow. 2. In pi. 
Heavy shoes, as those of plowmen. — clod'hop'ping, a. 

Clod'pate' (klod'pat 7 ) In. A blockhead ; dolt. — clod'- 

Clod'poll' (klod'pol') / pat'ed (-pat'ed ; 24), a. 

Clog (klog), n. [ME. clogge stump, block.] 1. A weight, as 
a log, on a man or an animal to hinder motion. 2. That 
which impedes motion ; any encumbrance. 3. A kind of 
stout shoe with a thick, usually wooden, sole ; also, a light 
form of this used in dancing. 4. _A dance by one wearing 
clogs. 5. A clog almanac, a primitive kind of calendar, 
formerly used, made by cutting notches and figures on the 
four edges of a clog, or sq uare piece of wood, brass, or bone. 

— v. t.; clogged (klogd) ; clog'ging. 1. To encumber; 
hamper. 2. To obstruct ; choke up. 3. To embarrass ; per- 
plex. — Syn. Impede, obstruct, restrain, restrict. See 
hamper. — v. i. To become clogged. 

Clog dance. A dance performed by a person wearing clogs, 
or thick-soled shoes. — clog dancer. 

Clog'gy (klog'i), a.; -gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. 1. Cloglike; 
characterized by clogs. 2. Clogging, or tending to clog. 

|| Cloi'son'ne' (klwa'zS'na' ; E. kloi'zo-na'), a. [F., parti- 
tioned.] Inlaid between partitions ; — said of a kind of 
surface decoration in enamel. 







G 



H 



J 



K 



L 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






CLOISTER 



190 



CLOVE 



Clois'ter (klois'ter), n. [OF. cloistre, fr. LL., fr. L. claus- 
trum bar, bolt, bounds, claudere, clausum, to close.] 1. A 
monastic establishment. 2. A covered passage on the side 
of a court, usually having one side walled and the other an 
open arcade or colonnade. 

Syn. Cloister, monastery, nunnery, convent, abbey, 
priory. Cloister stresses the idea of seclusion from the 
world ; convent, of community of living. A cloister or con- 
vent for monks is called a monastery (a term occasionally 
synonymous with convent in its broader sense) ; for nuns, a 
nunnery (a sense to which popular usage tends to restrict 
convent). A monastery or nunnery governed by an abbot 
or an abbess is an abbey ; by a prior or prioress, a priory. 

— v. t. 1. To confine in a cloister ; seclude from the world. 
2. To surround with a cloister ; make a cloister of. 

Clois'tral (-tral) , a. Pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister. 

Clon (klon ; klon), n. [Gr. k\uv a twig or slip.] Hort. A 
group of cultivated plants composedof individuals propa- 
gated vegetatively from a single original seedling or stock. 
Clons differ from races and strains in failing to come true 
from seed. Many so-called varieties are properly clons. 

Clon'ic (klon'ik), a. [Gr. k\6vos violent motion.] Med. 
Having an irregular, convulsive motion ; as, clonic spasm. 

Cloop (kloop), n. [Imitative.] The sound made when a cork 
is forcibly drawn from a bottle. — v. i. To make a cloop. 

Close (klos), a.; clos'er (-er) ; clos'est. [OF. clos, L. 
clausus, p. p. of claudere to close.] 1. Shut fast ; closed. 

2. Narrow ; confined ; as, close quarters. 3. Strictly con- 
fined ; guarded. 4. Out of the way of observation ; hidden. 
5. Secretive ; reticent. 6. Oppressive ; causing lassitude ; as, 
a close room, day, etc. 7. Near in space, time, or thought ; 
— often with to; as, flowers growing close to the wal. 8. 
Dense ; solid ; compressed ; as, close texture ; close writing. 
9. Fitting tightly or exactly ; as, a close bonnet ; short ; as 
to cut grass close. Fig., exact ; strict ; as, a close transla- 
tion. 10. Intimate ; confidential. 11. Parsimonious ; stingy. 
12. Accurate ; precise. 13. Phon. Uttered with a relatively 
contracted opening of the mouth ; as, English e (eve) is a 
close vowel, as compared with the "open" a (man). 14. 
Closed to public competition or admission ; as, a close cor- 
poration, that is, one that fills its own vacancies. 15. 
Closed to hunters or fishermen ; — of a season when game 
or fish may not lawfully be taken. 16.Nearly equal or bal- 
anced. 17. Difficult to obtain ; as, money is close. — Syn. 

See NEAR, PARSIMONIOUS. 

close communion, communion in the Lord's Supper re- 
stricted to those baptized by immersion. 

— adv. Closely. 

— (kl5z), v. t.; closed (klozd) ; clos'ing (kloz'Tng).l. To 
stop, or fill up ; shut. 2. To inclose ; encompass ; confine. 

3. To bring to an end ; conclude. 4. To bring together 
the parts of ; unite ; as, to close the ranks. 

Syn. Close, end, conclude, finish, terminate. Close 
usually implies action on something regarded as in some 
sense oven ; as, to close an account, a debate. End conveys 
a stronger sense of finality, as of a process completed ; as, 
the summer is ended. Conclude is more formal, and applies 
esp. to transactions, proceedings, or somewhat methodical 
writings ; as, he concluded his speech with an appeal for aid. 
; Finish implies that what one set out to do is done ; often, 
therefore, it denotes the completion of the final act in a 
process ; as, I have just finished reading this book. Ter- 
minate implies the setting of a limit in time or space ; as, 
the sickness terminated his career. See shut. 

— v. i. l.To come together ; unite ; coalesce, as parts sepa- 
rated. 2. To come close or near ; hence, to grapple ; engage 
at close quarters. 3. To end ; terminate. 4. To agree ; — 
used with on, upon, with. 

— n. Conclusion ; ending ; end. 

Close (klos), n. [OF. clos inclosure.] 1. An inclosed place ; 
esp., a plot of inclosed land, as about a building ; pre- 
cinct. 2. A narrow entry ; alley. Scot. & Local Eng. 

Closed chain (klozd). Chem. An arrangement of 
atoms which is represented in the graphical 
formula as a chain whose ends are joined, form- 
ing a ring ; — opp. to open chain. See chain, 6. 

close'tist'ed (klos'f Is'ted ; 24), a. Stingy. 

close'-hauled' (-hold'), a. Naut. With 
sail set for sailing as nearly as possi- 
ble against the wind. 

Close'ly (klos'li), adv. In a close 
manner. 

Close'ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being close. — Syn. 
Narrowness, oppressive- 
ness, strictness, secrecy, 
privacy; compactness, 
conciseness; nearness, 
intimacy ; tightness, stin- 
giness, penuriousness, parsimony ; literalness, fidelity. 

Clos'er (kloz'er), n. One who, or that which, closes. 

Clos'et (kloz'et; 24), n. [OF. closet little inclosure. See 
close, n..] 1. A small room for privacy. 2. A monarch's 




Close-hauled Sloop. 



or potentate's private chamber for counsel or devotions. 

3. A small apartment, or recess in a room, for clothing, etc. 

4. A water-closet. — v. t. To take into a closet for a secret 
interview. — a. Used only attributively. 1. Secret ; 
private. 2. Working in, or fitted for use or enjoyment only 
in, a place of seclusion, private study, or speculation ; as, a 
closet reformer. 

clo'sure (klo'zhur; 87), n. [OF., fr. L. clausura, fr. clau- 
dere to shut.] 1. That which incloses or confines ; inclo- 
sure. 2. That which closes or shuts. 3. A conclusion ; end. 
Rare. 4. Parliamentary Practice. A method of ending de- 
bate and securing an immediate vote, as by moving that 
"the question be now put" ; cloture. See previous ques- 
tion. — v. t . & i. ; -sured (-zhurd) ; -sur-ing. Parliamen- 
tary Practice. To subject to, or make use of, a closure ; 
end by closure, as a debate. 

Clot (klot), n. [ME. clot clod.] A mass ; lump, as of coag- 
ulated matter. — v. i. & t. ; clot'ted ; clot'ting. To co- 
agulate, thicken, or form into a clot. [bur. I 

Clot'bur' (-bur'), n. 1. The burdock. Local. 2. = cockle-| 

cloth (kloth ; 62), n.; pi. cloths (klothz ; kl8ths), except in 
the sense of garments, when it is clothes (klothz). [AS. 
clap.~\ 1. A pliable fabric made by weaving, felting, etc. ; 
commonly, fabric of woven cotton, woolen, or linen fiber, 
for garments, etc. ; esp., a woolen fabric. 2. Specif. : a A 
tablecloth, b Naut. Canvas ; one of the breadths of canvas 
sewed together to make a sail. 3. a Clothing. 06s. b In pi. 
See clothes. 4. The distinctive dress of any profession, 
esp. of the clergy ; hence, with the, the clergy. 

Clothe (kloth), v. .t. ; clothed (klothd) or clad (klad) ; 
cloth'ing (klotfe'ing). 1. To provide with garments, or 
clothes ; to dress. 2. To cover or invest as with a garment. 

clothes (klothz), n. pi. 1. Covering for the body ; dress. 
2. Bedclothes. — Syn. Garments, clothing, apparel, attire, 
vesture, raiment, garb, costume, habit, habiliments. 

Clothes-line' (-lin'), n. A line, as of rope or wire, on which 
clothes are hung to dry. 

Clothes'pin' (-pin'), n. A forked piece of wood, or a small 
spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line. 

Clothes'press' (-prey), n. A receptacle for clothes, as a 
chest or wardrobe. [clothes.] 

C-loth'ier (kloth'yer), n. One who makes or sells cloths or| 

cloth'ing (-ing),'n. Garments in general ; clothes ; dress. 

Clo'tho (klo'tho), n. [L., fr. Gr. KAw0d>, lit., the spinner.] 
Class. Myth. The youngest of the three Fates. See fate. 

Clot'ty (klot'i), a. Clotted or inclined to clot. 

clo'ture' or F. clQ'ture' (klo'tiir'), n. = closure, 4. 

cloud (kloud), n. [Prob. fr. AS. clud a rock or hillock.] 1. 
A visible mass of fog or haze suspended at some distance 
above the surface of the earth. The chief varieties of clouds 
are : Cirrus, cumulus, stratus, nimbus, cirro-stratus, 
cirro-cumulus, and cumulo-stratus (see these terms). 2. A 
mass or volume of smoke or flying dust. 3. A dark or 
opaque vein or spot, as in marble ; a blemish or defect. 4. 
Something having a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect. 

5. A great crowd ; vast collection ; as, a cloud of witnesses. 
— v. t. 1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds. 2. 

To darken ; obscure ; render gloomy or sullen. 3. To black- 
en ; sully, as one's character. — v. i. To grow cloudy. 

Cloud'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. A raspberry (Rubus chamsemo- 
rus) of north temperate regions, bearing large white flowers 
and edible, amber-colored fruit. 

Cloud'— burst', n. A sudden and very copious rainfall. 

Cloud'land' (-land'), n. The realm of visionary hypothesis 
or uncertain speculation; also, realm of poetic imagination. 

cloud'less, a. Without a cloud ; clear ; bright. 

Cloud'let (-let), n. A little cloud. 

cloud'y (kkmd'i), a.; cloud'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Con- 
sisting of, or pertaining to, a cloud or clouds. 2. Overcast or 
marked with or as with clouds. 3. Confused ; obscure. 
4. Clouded by gloom, anxiety, or ill temper. — cloud'i-ly, 
adv. — cloud'i-ness, n. 

dough (kluf ; klou), n. A cleft in a hill ; ravine. 

clout (klout), n. [AS. clut a little cloth, piece of metal.] 
1. A piece of cloth ; shred ; rag. Archaic or Dial. 2. Swad- 
dling clothes ; — chiefly in pi. Archaic or Dial. 3. The 
center of the target at which archers shoot, or an arrow that 
hits this mark. 4. A blow, as with the hand. Colloq. or Dial. 

-—v. t. 1. To patch or mend. 2. To guard with an iron 
plate, as an axletree ; also, to stud with nails, as a timber or 
a boot sole. 3. To give a blow to ; strike. Colloq. or Dial. 

clout, n. [ME. clut.] A clod ; hence, a loutish person. 

Clove (klov), n. [AS. clufe ear of grain, clove of garlic] 
One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales 
of a large bulb, as in garlic. 

Clove, n. [F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit., nail of 
clove, L. clavus nail.] The dried flower bud of a tropical 
tree (Caryophyllus aromaticus) of the myrtle family, used 
as a spice ; also, the tree. 

Clove (klov), pret. & archaic p. p. of cleave. 
clove hitch, Naut., a kind of knot. See knot, 1. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CLOVEN 



191 



COADUNATE 



Clo'ven (kloVn), p. p. & p. a. from cleave, v. t. 
cloven foot or hoof, a cleft hoof as of ruminants ; — often 
used allusively as implying a devilish character, Satan be- 
ing often represented with cloven hoofs. 

Clo'ven-IOOt'ed, a. Having the foot cleft, as the ox. 

Clove pink. Any variety of pink of a certain species (Dian- 
thus caryovhyllus) having a rich, clovelike fragrance. 

Clo'ver (klo'ver), n. [AS. clsefre.] 1. Any of a genus (Trifo- 
lium) of low herbs, having trifoliated leaves and flowers in 
dense heads ; trefoil. 2. Any of several other related plants ; 
as : sweet clover (Melilotus), bush clover (Lespedeza), etc. 

down (kloun), n. 1. A rustic ; churl. 2. An ill-bred fellow ; 
a boor. 3. A buffoon in a play, circus, etc. 

Clown'er-y (kloun'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Clownish be- 
havior ; buffoonery. 

Clown'ish (kloun'ish), a. Of or resembling a clown. — Syn. 
Coarse, rough ; uncivil, ill-bred, untutored. See boorish. 
— clown'ish-ly, adv. — clown'ish-ness, n. 

Cloy (kloi), v. t. [OF. doer to nail up, OF. do nail, L. cla- 
vus.] To glut, as the appetite ; surfeit. — Syn. See satiate. 

Club (klub), n. [ME. clubbe, clobbe.] 1. A heavy staff of 
wood ; cudgel. 2. Hence : a A weapon of wood, wood and 
stone, or metal, for delivering rough blows ; a war club. 
b A stick or bat used in various games with a ball. 3. Naut. 
a A light spar to which the foot of a gaff topsail is bent to 
extend its spread beyond the gaff and to improve its set. 
b A small spar at the after part of the foot of a staysail or 
jib, to which the sheet is attached. 4. Playing Cards. Any 
card of the suit (called clubs) having a figure like the clover 
leaf, or trefoil. 5. An association of persons to promote a 
common object, or for good-fellowship, etc., esp. one jointly 
supported and meeting periodically. 6. The house, rooms, 
or the like, of a club (sense 5). — Syn. See association. 

— v. t. ; clubbed (klubd) ; club'bing. 1. To beat with or as 
with a club. 2. To unite in a club ; combine. 3. To raise or 
defray by a proportional assessment ; as, to club the expense. 
to club a musket, Mil., to turn the breech uppermost, so 
as to use it as a club. 

— v. i. 1. To form a club ; combine for the promotion of 
some common object ; unite. 2. To pay an equal or pro- 
portionate share of a common charge or expense. 

Club'ba-ble, Club'a-ble (klub'd-b'l), a. Suitable for mem- 
bership in a club ; sociable. Colloq. 

Club'foot 7 (-foot'), n. Med. a {pi. clubfeet.) A short, dis- 
torted foot, b The deformity which such a foot exhibits ; 
talipes. — club'foot'ed (-fobt'ed ; 24), a. 

Club'hauF (-hoi'), v. t. Naut. To put (a vessel) on the 
other tack, when in danger of going into irons, by dropping 
the lee anchor as the vessel's head comes to the wind and 
hauling on a hawser from the lee quarter to the anchor until 
the vessel pays off on the other tack, then cutting the haw- 
ser. Clubhauling is done only in an extreme emergency. 

Club moss. A lycopod ; — from the club-shaped strobiles 
in which the sporangia of some species are borne. 

Oiub'root' (-root'), n. Bot. A common disease of cabbages 
and related plants, due to a myxomycete or slime fungus 
(Plasmodiophora brassicx) which develops swellings on 
the roots, causing their decay. 

Club'-rush', n. 1. The cat-tail or reed mace. 2. Any of 
various sedges (genus Scirpus) ; bulrush. 

Club topsail. Naut. A gaff topsail having its foot bent on 
a club (see club, »., 3 a). It is often of great size and is 
used principally upon yachts. 

Cluck (kluk), v. i. To utter the call of a brooding hen. — 
v. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her 
chickens. — n. The call of a hen to her chickens. 

Clue (kloo ; 86), n. & v. Clew. See clew. 

Clum'ber (klum'ber), n. [From an estate of the Duke of 
Newcastle.] A kind of spaniel having short legs and a stout 
body. 

Clump (kliimp), n. 1. An unshaped mass ; lump. 2. Clus- 
ter ; group. — v. t. To arrange in a clump ; cluster. 

Clump, n. A heavy tramping sound. — v. i. To tread clum- 
sily or heavily. — clump'ish, a. — clump'y (klum'pi), a. 

Clum/sy (klum'zi), a.; clum'si-er (-zi-er) ; -si-est. With- 
out skill or grace ; awkward ; unhandy ; unwieldy ; hence : 
ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate ; as, a clumsy per- 
son ; clumsy fingers ; clumsy gesture ; a clumsy excuse. — 
clum'si-ly, adv. — si-ness, n. — Syn. See awkward. 

clunch (klunch ; dial, kloonsh), n. Indurated clay. 

Clung (klung), pret. & p. p. of cling. 

Clu'pe-id (klod'pe-id; 86), a. [L. clupea a small river 
fish.] Belonging to a large family (Clupeidse) of soft-finned, 
mostly marine, teleost fishes, including the herrings, sar- 
dines, shad, menhaden, etc. — n. A clupeid fish. 

Clu'pe-oid (kloo'pe-oid), a. [NL. Clupea, the type genus 
(L. clupea a small river fish) -f- -oid.] Zo'ol. Pert, to [or 
resembling the herring family (Clupeidse). — n. Aclupeoid 
fish. 

Clus'ter (klus'ter), n. [AS. cluster, clyster."] A number of 
_ things of the same or a similar kind growing or collected to- 



gether ; bunch ; group. — v. i. & t. To grow, gather, or 
unite in a cluster or clusters. 

clus'ter-y (klus'ter-i), a. [From cluster, n.] Growing in, 
or full of, clusters ; like clusters. 

Clutch (kliich), n. A nest complement of eggs (i. e., the 
usual number laid by a bird before beginning to sit) ; also, 
a brood of chicks, or, sometimes, geese, etc. 

clutch, v. t. [AS. elyccean.] 1. To close tightly; clinch. 
2. To seize or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws ; — 
often used fig. ; as, to clutch power. — v. i. To reach (at 
something) as if to grasp ; snatch. — n. 1. A claw, talon, or 
hand in the act of grasping firmly ; — used esp. in pi., and 
often fig. for power. 2. A gripe with or as with the fingers or 
claws ; grasp. 3. A coupling for connecting two working 
parts ; any device for gripping an object. 

Clut'tar (kliit'er), n. A confused collection ; hence : crowded 
confusion ; disorder. — v. t. To crowd together in disorder ; 
disarrange. — v. i. 1. To run together in disorder. 2. To 
make a confused noise ; bustle. 

Clydes'dale (klldz'dal), n. One of a breed of heavy draft 
horses originally from Clydesdale (Lanarkshire), Scotland. 

Clyp'e-ate (klip'e-at)la. [Deriv. of L. clypeus shield.] Scu- 

clyp'e-at'ed (-at'ed) J tate. 

clys'ter (klis'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kkvar-qp, fr. n\vt;eiv to 
wash off or out.] Med. An enema. 

Cly'tem-nes'tra (kll'tem-neVtrd), n. [L., fr. Gr. KXurat- 
\xvr\o7 pa.] Gr. Myth. Half sister of Helen and wife of Aga- 
memnon. During Agamemnon's absence at Troy she took 
^Egisthus as paramour, and afterwards with him assassi- 
nated Agamemnon. See Orestes. 

Cly'ti-e (klish'i-e; kll'tT-e; commonly kll'te), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. KXvrn?.] Class. Myth. An ocean nymph who pined 
away for love of Apollo and was changed into the heliotrope. 

Clytie knot (kli'te). In hair dressing, a loose, low coil at 
the back of the head, like the knot on the head of the bust 
of Clytie (1868) by George Frederick Watts (1817-19G4). 

cne'mi-al (ne'ml-al), a. [Gr. kvvp-v the tibia.] Anat. & 
Zo'ol. Of or pertaining to the shin or shinbone. 

CO-, pref. [See com-.] 1. A form of com-, signifying in gen- 
eral with, together, in conjunction, jointly. In Latin, 
it occurred before vowels, h, and gn. In English, co- has 
become a living formative, and may occur indifferently 
before vowels or consonants. 2. Co- is specif, used : a In 
mathematics, to indicate the corresponding function of 
the complement of an arc or angle, as in cosine, cotangent, 
etc. b In astronomy, to indicate the complement of the 
declination, latitude, etc., that is, the difference between 
90° and the declination, latitude, etc., as in codeclination. 

coach (koch), n. [F. coche, fr. G., fr. Hung, kocsi, fr. Kocs, 
village in Hungary.] 1. A kind of large, close, four-wheeled 
carriage. 2. a One who coaches a student, b An instructor 
in athletics. 3. Railroads. A first-class passenger car, as 
disting. from a drawing-room car, sleeping car, etc. ; some- 
times, any passenger car. 

— v. t. 1. To convey in, seat in, or provide with, a coach. 2. 
To prepare (another) for examination, or for a contest, by 
private instruction. Colloq. 3. Baseball. To direct the 
movements of (a base runner). 

coach dog. One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany 

carriages ; the 

Dalmatian dog. 
coach'er (koch'er)^ 

n. 1. A coachman. 

06s. 2. A coach 

horse. 3. One who 

coaches. 
coach^fel'low 

(koch'fel'o),n.One 

of a pair of horses 

used to draw a 

coach ; henca, a 

comrade. 
coach horse. A 

horse used or 

adapted for drawing a coach. 
coach'man (koch'men), n. 1. A man whose business is to 

drive a coach or carriage. 2. Angling. An artificial fly with 

white wings, peacock-green body, and brown-hackle legs. 
CO-ac'tion (ko-ak'shiin), n. [L. coactio.] Force ; compul- 
sion, either in restraining or impelling ; control. 
CO-ac'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Compelling. 2. Acting together. 
CO-ad'ju-tant (ko-aj'oo-tant ; SO), a. Mutually assisting. 

— 7i. An assistant. 

co'ad-ju'tor (ko'a-joo'ter; 86), n. [L. See co-; aid.] 1. 
One who aids or assists. 2. a R. C. Ch. The assistant of a 
bishop or of a priest holding a benefice. bCh.ofEng. An 
assistant to a bishop or lower church dignitary. C Ch. of 
Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch. A bishop appointed or conse- 
crated as assistant to a diocesan bishop, with right of suc- 
cession. — co'ad-ju'tress, -trix, n. fern. 

CO-ad'u-nate (ko-acLJl-nat), v. t. [L. coadunatus, p. p. of 
coadunare.] To unite into one ; combine. 




Coach Dog. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviatjons-nseg in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |i Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



COADUNATE 



192 



COBDENISM 



co-ad'u-nate (-nat), -u-na-tive (ko-ad35-nS-tYv), a. United. 

CO-ad'u-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Union in one body; unity. 

co'ad-ven'tur-er ( ko'iid-ven' tj3r-er ) , n. A fellow adventurer. 

CO-a'gen-cy (-a'jen-si), n. Agency in common. 

CO-a'gent (-jent), n. A joint agent ; an associate in an act. 

CO'ag-u-la-ble (ko-ag'u-ld-b'l) , a. That can be coagulated. 
— co-ag'u-la-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-ti), n. 

co-ag'u-late (-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulate to coagulate, deriv. of 
cogere, lit., to drive together.] 1. To curdle or congeal ; 
esp. , to change from a liquid to a curdled state by chemical 
action. 2. To compact in a mass. — (-lat), a. Coagulated. 

CO-ag'u-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Action of coagulating; state 
of being coagulated ; curdling ; clotting. 

CO-ag'u-la-tive (-la-tTv), a. Having the power to cause 
coagulation or the property of coagulating. 

CO-ag'U-la'tor (-la'ter), n. That which causes coagulation. 

CO-ag'U-lin (-ITn), n. Physiol. Chem. Any of a class of 
substances developed in animal organisms by the injection 
of bacterial cultures and possessing the property of coagu- 
lating albuminous substances. 

CO-ag'U-lum(-l&m),n.;pZ.-LA (-ld).[L.] A coagulated mass. 

coak (kok), n. Carp, a A kind of tenon. See scarf, Illust. 
b A dowel or pin of hard wood or metal. — v. t. Carp. To 
fasten or unite by a coak or coaks. 

coal (kol), n. [AS. col.] 1. A piece of glowing carbon or 
charred wood or the like ; ember. 2. = charcoal. 3. A 
black, or brownish black, solid, combustible mineral dug 
from beds or veins in the earth and used as fuel. Coal 
consists mostly of carbon and has been formed by partial 
decomposition of vegetable matter without free access of 
air, under the influence of moisture. — v. t. 1. To char. 
2. To supply with coal. — v. i. To take in coal. 

COal'er (kol'er), n. One wholly or chiefly employed in trans- 
porting or supplying coal, as a vessel, railway, or person. 

CO'a-lesco' (ko'd-les'), v. i.; co'a-lesced' (-lest') ; -lesc'- 
ING (-les'ing). [L. coalescere, coalitum; co- + alescere to 
grow up, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. To grow together. 2. 
To unite in one body or product. — Syn. See mingle. 

CO'a-les'cence (-ens),n. Act cr state of growing together, 
or of uniting by natural affinity or attraction. 

CO'a-les'cent (-ent), a. Growing together; coalescing. 

coal'fish/ (kol'fish'), n. [From its dark back.] 1. A fish 
(Pollachius carbonarius) of the cod family ; — called also 
pollack. 2. The beshow. 3. The sergeant fish. 

coal gas. Gas made from coal, esp. by distilling bituminous 
coal. It is used for lighting and heating. 

CO'a-li'tion (ko'd-lish'un), to. 1. A coalescing ; union. 2. A 
union ; alliance. — CO'a-li'tion-ist, n. 

CO'a-lize (ko'd-llz), v. t. To enter into or form a coalition. 

coal measures. Geol. Strata of coal with the attendant 
rocks ; specif., a series of the Carboniferous system includ- 
ing the larger part of the workable coal beds of the world. 

coal Oil. Petroleum, or oil refined from it ; esp., kerosene. 

Coal'pit' (kol'pit'), n. 1. A place where charcoal is made. 
06s. or U. S. 2. A pit where coal is dug. 

coal'sack' (kol'sak'), n. \_coal + sack a bag.] Astron. Any 
of the spaces in the Milky Way which are very black, owing 
to nearly complete absence of stars ; esp. [cap.~\ , the large 
space near the Southern Cross sometimes called the Black 
Magellanic Cloud. 

coal tar. Tar obtained by distillation of bituminous coal. 

COal'y (kol'i), a. Of, pertaining to, like, or containing, coal. 

coam/ing (kom'ihg), to. 1. A raised frame, as around a 
scuttle or the like, to keep out water. 2. Naut. One of the 
raised pieces around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening 
in the deck, to keep out water ; — usually in pi. 

CO'ap-ta'tion (ko'ap-ta'shun), to. [L. coaptatio, fr. coap- 
tare to fit together ; co- -f- aptare to fit.] Adaptation or 
adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone. 

co'arb (ko'arb), to. [Ir. comharba.~\ Eccl. Hist. In Celtic, 
Irish, and Scottish churches, the abbot of a monastery, 
considered as successor of the founder. 

CO-arc'tate (ko-ark'tat),a. [L. coarctatus, p. p., deriv. of 
co- + arct are to press together.] Biol. Pressed together; 
closely connected; specif., Entom., having the abdomen 
separated from the thorax only by a constriction. 

coarse (kors ;57),a. ; coars'er (kor'ser); coars'est. [From 
the noun course ;cf. of course in the common manner of 
proceeding, common, and hence, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 
1. Common ; of inferior quality or appearance ; mean ; 
hence, of metals, unrefined. 2. Large in bulk, or composed 
of large particles ; gross ; — opposed to fine. 3. Harsh or 
rude, as opposed to delicate or dainty; unrefined; indeli- 
cate ; vulgar. — Syn. Broad, loose, low ; immodest, inde- 
cent, sensual, lewd. — coarse'ly, adv. — coarse'ness, n. 

Coars'en (kor's'n), v. t. & i. To make or turn coarse. 

coast (kost), n. [OF. coste rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa 
rib, side.] 1. The seashore, or land near it. 2. The fron- 
tier ; border. Archaic. 3. A declivity suited to coasting, 
as on a sled or bicycle ; also, a slide or run down it. — Syn. 
See shore. — v. i. 1. To move by the side ( of a place ) ; 



to pass ( by, along, etc. ) ; esp., to sail by or near the shore ; 
sail along a coast. 2. [Cf . OF. coste hill, hillside.] To slide 
downhill, as on a sled. U. S. & Canada. 3. To ride, glide, 
or move by or as by thej force of gravity, as on a bicycle 
without pedaling, or as an aeroplane. — v. t. To sail by 
or near ; follow the coast line of. 

coast'al (kos'tdl), a. Of or pert, to a coast; as, coastal 
traffic ; bordering on a coast ; as the Atlantic coastal plain. 

coast'er (kos'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, coasts ; 
esp., a vessel sailing along a coast, or engaged in coasting 
trade. 2. A round low tray or stand, usually of silver, for- 
merly often on wheels, for making a decanter "coast" the 
circuit of the dinner table. 

coaster brake. A brake in a freewheel cycle, operated by re- 
verse pressure on the pedals ; — so called because it permits 
coasting with the feet on the pedals. Loosely, the whole ar- 
rangement of freewheel clutch and such a brake. U. S. 

coast guard, a A body of men orig. employed along the 
coast to prevent smuggling ; now, under control of the 
admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. Eng. b The force em- 
ployed in life-saving stations along the coast. U. S. c Any 
military or naval force employed in guarding a coast line. 

coast/wise' (kost'wlzO, coast/ways' (-waz'), adv. & a. 
By way of or along the coast. 

coat (kot), n. [OF. cote, fr. LL. cota, cotta, tunic] 1. An 
outer garment fitting the upper part of the body, esp. such 
a garment worn by men. 2. A petticoat ; skirt ; — usually 
in pi. Obs. or Dial. 3. Bib. A tunic. 4. A coat of arms. 

5. Vesture of a class, profession, or office; cloth. Obs. 

6. The natural covering or integument on animals, as of 
fur, hair, etc., suggestive of a garment. 7. A covering layer 
of anything ; as, the coats of the eyeball ; a coat of paint. 
coat of arms [F. cotted'armes, a light garment worn over 
armor in the 15th and 16th centuries, often charged with 
the heraldic bearings of the wearer], Her., a complete 
armorial composition ; the bearings of any person. 

— v. t. To cover with a coat. 

coat card. A card bearing a coated figure ; the king, queen, 
or knave of playing cards. Cf. court card. 

coat'ep' (kot'e'), n. A close-fitting coat with short flaps. 

CO-a'ti (ko-a'tej ko'd-ti), n. [From native name.] Either 
of the two species of a tropical American genus (Nasua) of 
mammals allied to the raccoon ; — called also co-a'ti— 
mon'di (-munMI), co-a'ti— mun'di, n. 

coat'ing, n. 1. A coat, or covering. 2. Cloth for coats. i 

CO— au'thor, n. A joint or associate author. 

coax (koks), v. t. 1. To make a fool of. Obs. 2. To influ- 
ence by gentle courtesy, flattering, or fondling; wheedle. 
3. To obtain, induce, or effect by such acts ; as, to coax a 
smile from a person. — Syn. Flatter, entice, beguile, in- 
veigle, fawn. — v. i. To coax a person ; use coaxing. 

— n. One who coaxes. — coax'er, n. Colloq. 

CO-ax'al (ko-ak/sdl) ) a. Math. Having coincident axes, as 

CO-ax'i-al (-si-dl) j ellipses and hyperbolas. 

COb(kob),n. [ME.] 1. A male swan. 2. A lump or piece of 
anything, as of coal, ore, or stone, not too large to be 
handled by one person ; also, a rounded heap or mass of 
something, as of grain or hay, of hair, bread, etc. 3. = 
corncob. 4. A short-legged, stocky, rather small horse, 
esp. one with an artificially high stylish action. 5. The old 
Spanish dollar. Obs. Hence, cob money. U. S. 

COb, v. t. ; cobbed (kobd) ; cob'bing. To strike ; thump ; 
specif., to beat on the buttocks with something flat. 

cob, cobb (kob), n. A sea gull ; esp., the black-backed gull 
(Larus marinus). 

CO'balt (ko'bolt; -bolt), n. [G. kobalt, fr. kobold, kobel, 
goblin, MHG. kobolt.'] A tough, lustrous, reddish white 
metal related to, and occurring with, iron and nickel. 
Symbol, Co; at. wt, 58.97. 

CO-bal'tic (ko-bol'tik), a. Pert, to or containing cobalt, esp. 
in its valence of three. 

co'balt-ite (ko'bolt-It ; ko'bolt-), co'bart-ine (-in; -In), n. 
Min. Native sulpharsenide of cobalt, CoAsS, nearly silver- 
white to grayish in color. It is used in manufacturing smalt. 

CO-bal'tous (ko-boFtus ; ko'bol-tus ; ko'bol-), a. Pert, to or 
containing cobalt, esp. in its valence of two. 

co'bang. Var. of kobang. 

Cob/ble(kob''l),n. 1. A cobblestone. 2. Cob coal; — chiefly 
in pi. — v. t.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). To pave with 
cobblestones. 

cob'ble, v. t. & i. To make or mend coarsely ; patch, as shoes. 

COb'bler (-ler), n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A clumsy work- 
man ; botcher. 3. A drink made of wine, sugar, lemon, etc., 
and pounded ice. U. S. 

COD'ble-Stone' (-'1-ston'), n. A naturally rounded stone 
larger than a pebble, esp. one such as is used in paving. 

cob coal. Coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg 
to that of a football ; — called also cobbles. 

Cob'den-ism (kob'den-iz'm), n. The political and eco- 
nomic doctrines of Richard Cobden (1804-65), English 
statesman and economist. His national policy was for 
peace and free trade. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, brb,,6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menli; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdjjire (87); 



COBLE 



193 



COCKMATCH 




COlble (ko'b'l ; kob''l), n. [From an old form of W. ceubal 
skiff.] 1. A short flat-bottomed rowboat. Scot . 2. A kind 
of flat-bottomed boat used in sea fishing. Eng. 

COb'nut' (kob'nut'), n. The filbertlike fruit of any of several 
cultivated varieties of hazel ; also, any of these plants. 

co'bold. Var. of kobold. 

co'bra (ko'brd; kob'rd), n., or co'bra de ca-pel'lo (ko'brd 
dekd-pel'o). [Pg. cobra de capello serpent of 
the hood.] A very venomous snake (Naja 
tripudians) of the warm parts of Asia, esp. 
India; also, any of various other related 
snakes. 

COb'web' (kob'weV), n. \_cob spider (AS. cop- 
pa, in cpmp.) + web."] 1. The network 
spread by a spider. 2. A single thread & 
spun by a spider or by an insect larva. \g* 
3. Anything suggestive of a spider web tesf 
as being flimsy, clogging, entan- 
gling, etc. — v. t. To cover with 
cobwebs. — cob'web'by (-T), a. 

COb'work' (kob'wurk'), a. Built 
of logs, etc., laid horizontally, 
with the ends joined at the cor- 
ners, as in a log house. 

CO'ca (ko'kd), n. [Sp., fr. Peru- 
vian cuca.~\ A certain South 
American shrub (Erythroxylum 

coca) or its dried leaves, which are a powerful nerve stim- 
ulant, and yield cocaine. 

CO'ca-ine (ko'kd-m ;-en ; colloq. and commonly ko-ku.n') ,n. 
Also -in. Chem. A bitter crystalline alkaloid, C17II21O4N, 
obtained from coca leaves, and used as a local anaesthetic. 

CO-ca'in-ism (ko-ka'in-iz'm ; ko'kd-), n. Med. Morbid 
condition due to habitual and excessive use of cocaine. 

CO-ca'in-ize ( -Iz ), v. t. To treat or anaesthetize with co- 
caine^ — CO-ca'in-i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn; -I-za'sh&n), n. 

COC'coid (kok'oid), a. \_coccus -\- -oid.] Bot. Pertaining to 
or resembling a coccus ; specif., Bacteriol., globose. 

COC'CO-Uih(kok'6-liith),7i. [Gt.kSkkos a grain, seed + -lith.] 
Geol. A minute calcareous body found in chalk and deep-sea 
ooze. 

coc'cu-lus in'di-cus (kok'u-lus ln'di-kfcs). [NL. cocculus 
(see coccus) + L. indicus of India. ] The very poisonous 
berry of an East Indian vine (Anamirla cocculus) of the 
moonseed family. 

COC'cus (kok'&s), n.; pi. cocci (-si). [NL., fr. Gr. kokkos 
a grain, seed.] 1. Bot. a One of the separable carpels of a 
schizocarp, as that of the mallow, b The spore mother cell 
in certain hepatics. 2. A spherical bacterium. 

COC'cyx (kok'siks), n.; pi. -cyges (-sl'jez). [L., cuckoo, 
Gr. k6kkv£ cuckoo, coccyx ; — from resembling in shape the 
cuckoo's beak.] Anat. The lower end of the vertebral column 
in man and certain apes. — coc-cyg'e-al (kok-sij'e-dl), a. 

Co'chin (ko'chTn), «._ [From Cochin China.] One of a 
breed of large domestic fowls, having densely feathered legs 
and feet. Buff, black, and white varieties are raised. 

COCh'i-neal (koch'I-nel), n. [From F., fr. Sp. cochinilla, 
dim. fr. L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, coccum kermes 
berry, Gr. kokkos berry, esp. kermes insect, used to dye 
scarlet. Cochineal was formerly supposed to be a seed.] A 
dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of an 
insect (Coccus cacti) native to Mexico, Central America, etc. 

cochineal fig. A cactaceous plant (Nopalea coccinellifera) 
widely cultivated as a host for the cochi- 
neal insect. 

COCh'le-a (kok'le-d), n. ; pi. -le,e (-e). [L., 
snail, snail shell, Gr. /coxXfas fr. «6xAos 
shellfish with a spiral shell.] Anat. A 
division of the labyrinth of the ear, like a 
snail shell in form. — COCh'le-ar (-dr), a. 

COCh'le-ate (kok'le-at) \a.Having the form 

COCh'le-at'ed (-at'ed) / of a snail shell. 

Cock (kok), n. A small conical pile of hay, 

, or of dung, turf, etc. — v. t. To [put into . 
a cock or cocks, as hay. Cochineal Fig. 

COCk, n. [OF. coque, coche, ship, vessel.] A cockboat. 

COCk, n. [AS. coc] 1. The male of the common barnyard 
fowl; also, the male of any of various, esp. gallinaceous, 
birds. 2. A cock's crow ; — chiefly with first, second, or 
third, as indicating points of time. 3. A weathercock. 4. A 

1 chief person ; leader. 5. A faucet, tap, valve, or the like. 6. 
» The hammer in the lock of a firearm or its cocked position ; 

I as, at half cock. 7. Curling. The tee. [story.l 

cock-and-bull story, an idle, extravagant, or rambling] 

— v. t. & i. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back 
and set it for firing. — a. Male ; — applied to birds, and, 
sometimes, to other animals ; as, a cock lobster. 

cock, v. i. 1. To strut ; swagger. 2. To turn or stick up, as 

the ear. — n. Act of cocking or the turn or tilt so given. 

cock, v. t. 1. To set erect ; turn or set up or to one side, esp. 

in a pert, knowing, or defiant way ; as, to cock the ears. 

2. Specif., to turn (the eye) obliquely and partly close its 




3. To turn up the 




Pink Cockatoo (Cacatua 
leadbealeri) . 



lid, as an expression of derision, etc. 
brim of (a hat). 

COCk'-a-bon'dy (kok'd-bon'dT), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [W. 
coch a bon ddu red with a black stem or trunk. Oxf. E. 
D.~] Angling. A kind of artificial fly, without wings. 

cock-ade' (kok -ad'), n. [F. cocarde, fr. coq cock ; — as sug- 
gesting a cock's comb.] A rosette, knot, or similar device, 
worn on the hat as a badge. 

Cock-agne' (-an'). Var. of Cockaigne. 

cock'-a-hoop' (kok'd-hoop'), a. Boastful ; elated. 

Cock-aigne' (kok-an'), n. [F. cocagne.] 1. An imaginary 
country of idleness and luxury. 2. The land of cockneys ; 
cockneydom ; humorously, London and its suburbs. 

COCk'a-leek'ie (kok'd-lek'I), n. [cock + leek.'] A soup of 
capon boiled with leeks, a favorite Scottish dish. 

cock'a-lo'rum (-lo'rxim ; 57), n. A little cock ; hence, a 
conceited or self-important man, esp. a small one. 

COCk'a-teel' (kok'd-tel'), n. [D. kaketielje (Oxf. E. D.), ul- 
timately fr. source of E. cockatoo.] A small Australian par- 
rot (Calopsitta novse-hollandix) , common as a cage bird. 

cock'a-too' (-too'), n. [Malayan kakalua.] Any of various 
parrots (subfamily Cacatuinse, esp. those of 
the genus Cacatua), almost exclusively of the 
Australian region, many having handsome 
crests and brilliant plumage. 

COCk'a-trice (kok'd-trIs;-tns),7i. [OF. coca- 
triz crocodile, a kind of fish or snake which 
is an enemy of the crocodile, orig., an ichneu- 
mon.] 1. A fabulous serpent with 
deadly glance, said to be hatched by a 
reptile from a cock's egg. 2. Bib. A ven- 
omous serpent not identified. 

COCk bead. Joinery. A bead so 
molded or applied as to project 
beyond a surface. 

cpck'bill' (-biF), v. t. Naut. To 
incline in a vertical direction, , 
as the yards or the anchor. 

cock'boat' (-bof), n. A small 
boat ; esp., a tender. 

COCk'brain' (-bran'), n. A gid- 
dy, rash person. — cock'— 
brained' (-brand'), a. 

cock'chaf'er (-chaf'er), n. A large European scarabaeoid bee- 
tle (Melolontha vulgaris) often destructive to vegetation. 

COCk'crow' (-kro'Hn. The time at which cocks first crow; 

COCk'crow'ing / early morning. 

cocked (kokt), p. a. Turned or tilted up. 
cocked hat. a A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a 
peaked crown, thus making its form triangular, b A game 
similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used. 

COCk'er (kok'er), v. t. [ME. cokeren.] To pamper. 

COCk'er, n. 1. One who patronizes or conducts cockfights. 
Obs. 2. A cocker spaniel. 

COCk'er-el (-el), n. A young domestic cock. 

cocker spaniel. One of a breed of small or medium-sized 
spaniels kept for hunting or for pets. 

COCk'et (kok'et; 24), n. Eng. Law. A certificate, now dis- 
used, that goods have been entered and have paid the duty. 

COCk'eye' (-!'), n. [cock to turn up + eye.] A squint eye. 

COOk'fight' (-fit'), n. A contest of gamecocks armed, usu- 
ally, with metal spurs. — cock'fight'ing, n. & a. 

COCk'horse' (-hors'), n. A child's rocking-horse. 

cock'ie-leek'ie (kok'i-lek'i). Var. of cockaleekie. 

COCk'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being cocky. Colloq. 

COCk'ing, n. Cockfighting ; also, woodcock shooting. 

cock'ish, a. Cocklike ; cocky. ish-ly, adv. ness, n. 

COCk'le (kok''l), 71. [AS. coccel, cocel.] Any of several 
plants growing in grainfields, as the darnel. 

cock'le, n. [F. coquille shell, fr. L., fr. Gr. Koyx^iov.] 
1. Any of a certain genus (Cardium) or 
allied genera of bivalve mollusks, esp. a com- 
mon edible European species (C. edule). 
The shell is somewhat heart-shaped and has' 
convex radially ribbed valves. 2. A cockle- f 
shell. 3. a A small light boat, b A confec- 
tion of flour and sugar, with a motto. U. S. < 
4. In pi. Short for cockles of the heart, 
depths of the heart ; inmost feelings. 

COCk'le, n. Any of various forms of stove. 

cock'le, v. t. & %. ; -led (-'Id) ; -ling. To pucker ; wrinkle. 

— n. Pucker ; wrinkle. 

COCk'le-bur' (kok''l-bQr'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Xanthi- 
um) of ambrosiaceous plants including a number of coarse 
weeds having rough leaves and prickly burlike heads ; — 
called also clotbur. 2. The burdock. 

COCk'ler (-ler), n. One who collects and sells cockles. 

cock'le-Shell' (-'1-shel'), n. 1. One of the shells or valves of 
a cockle; loosely, also, a scallop shell, etc., such as that 
formerly worn by pilgrims. 2. A light boat ; a cockboat. 

cock'loft' (kok'loft' ; 62), n. An upper attic ; a loft. 

cock'match' (-mach'), n. A cockfight. 




Cockle. 



D 



F 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. 5= equals. 



M 



COCKNEY 



194 



COERCE 



cock'ney (kok'ni), to. ; pi. -neys (-nTz). [Deriv. of ME. cok 
cock + nay, neye, for ey egg, AS. seg.] A native or a long- 
established resident of London, esp. one native of the East 
End and talking with a certain characteristic dialectal pro- 
nunciation. — a. Of or relating to or like cockneys. — cock'- 
ney-dom (-dwm), to. — ney-ism (-iz'm),n. — ney-ish,a. 
COCk'ney-fy (-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'ing). [cock- 
ney + -fy.~\ To make cockney or like a cockney. Colloq. 
COCk'pif (-pit'), to. 1. An inclosure for cockfights. 2. The 
pit of a theater. Obs. 3. Naut. a An apartment in old sail- 
ing war vessels, forming quarters for junior officers, and 
occupied by the wounded in engagements, b In small ves- 
sels, a space aft lower than the deck. 4. In some aeroplanes 
an inclosure for the pilot or a passenger. 

COCk'roacb/ (-roch'), n. [Sp. cucaracha.] Any of a family 
(Blattidse) of orthopterous insects, usually of flattened 
form and nocturnal habits. Many species are house pests. 

.cocks'comb' (koks'komO, to. 1. a A cock's comb or crest. 

I b = coxcomb, in various senses. 2. A garden plant (genus 
Celosia) of the amaranth family, having showy blossoms. 

COCks'head' (-hed'), to. A fabaceous herb (Onobrychis 
caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods. 

cock'shut' (kok'shut'), n. Evening twilight. Obs. or Dial. 

cock'shy' (kok'shl'), to.; pi. -shies (-shiz). A throw, or 
shy, at an object set up as a mark ; also, the mark or target. 

CQCk'spur 7 (kok'spfiV), to. 1. A cock's spur. 2. A species 
(Crataegus crus-galli) of hawthorn having long, straight 
thorns ; — called also cockspur thorn. 

COCk'sure' (-shoor' ; kok'shoor' ; 109), a. 1. Perfectly safe. 
Obs. < 2. Wholly trustworthy ; of certain issue. 3. Quite 
certain ; as, I felt cocksure of going. Colloq. 

cock'swain. Var. of coxswain. 

COCk'tail' (kok'tal'), n. 1. a A horse with docked tail. 
b A horse nearly but not quite of pure breed. 2. A person 
passing for a gentleman, but underbred. Slang, Eng. 3. 
Any of various spirituous mixed drinks. Chiefly U. S. 

cock'y (-T), a. ; cock'i-er ; -i-est. Pert ; conceited. Colloq. 

cock'y-ol'ly, or cock'y-ol'y, bird (kok'i-ol'i). A pet name 
for any small bird. 

CO'CO (ko'ko), to., or (in sense 2) COCO palm. Less cor- 
rectly, cocoa. [Sp. & Pg. coco.'] 1. A tall pinnate-leaved 
palm (Cocos nucifcra) of the tropics. 2. The coconut, or 
fruit of the coco palm. 

CO'COa (ko'ko ; orig. ko-ko'd), to. [Corrupted fr. cacao."] 
1. = cacao, 1. 2. The pulverized seeds of the cacao or the 
beverage prepared from them. 

CO'coa-nut' (ko'ko-nut 7 ), to. The coconut. 

CO'co-bo'lo (ko'ko-bo'lo), n. [Sp. cocobolo, prob. fr. a na- 
tive name.] A beautiful dark-colored hard wood of un- 
certain origin. It is used in cabinetmaking, etc. 

CO'CO-nut (ko'ko-nuV), to. Also cccoanut. The well-known 
fruit of thejeoco, or coco palm (Cocos nucifera). 

CQ-COOn' (ko-koon'), to. [F. cocon, fr. Pr. coucoun, fr. coco 
shell. ]_ Zo'ol. a The silky envelope in which the larvze of 
many insects pass the pupa stage, b Any of various other 
protective coverings produced by animals, as by spiders. 

CO-COOn'er-y (-er-i), to./ pi. -ies (-Tz). A place for raising 
silkworms ; also, a depot for collecting cocoons. 

Co-cy'tus (ko-sl'tus), to. [L., fr. Gr. Kukvtos, lit., a wail- 
ing.] Class. Myth. A river of Hades. 

COd (kod), to. [AS. codd small bag.] A husk; pod (cf. 
PEASECOD). Now Chiefly Dial. 

COd, to. An important soft-finned food fish (Gadus callarias) 
of the colder parts of the North 
Atlantic. 




(ft) 

CO'da(ko'dd),w. [It., tail.] M usic. A few closing measures 
added beyond the formal end of a composition, esp. of one 
in canon, rondo, or sonata form. 

cod'dle (kod''l), v. t.; -dled (-'Id); -DLiNG(-ling). 1. To 
parboil, or soften by boiling ; stew, as fruit. 2. To treat 
with excessive tenderness ; pamper. 

Code (kod), to. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, stem of a tree, 
board smeared with wax to write on ; hence : a book ; a writ- 
ing.] 1. Any systematic body of law, esp. one given statu- 
tory force ; digest. 2. Any system of principles or rules 
relating to one subject, or a formal statement of them. 
3. A system of signals for communication, as in telegraphy ; 
also, a system of words or other symbols arbitrarily used to 
represent words or phrases for brevity or secrecy. 

— v. t.; cod'ed (kod'ed) ; cod'ing (kod'Tng). To put in, or 
into the form of, a code ; as, to code a system of laws. Colloq. 

CO-decli-na'tion (ko-deVlT-na'shun), to. See co-, 2 b. 

CO'de-fend'ant (ko'de-fen'dant), to. A joint defendant. 

CO-de'ine (ko-de'm ; ko'de-en), to. Alsoco-de'ia (kS-de'yd), 



co-de'in. [Gr. K&Seia poppy head.] Chem. A crystalline 
alkaloid, C18H21O3N, associated in opium with morphine, 
and of similar but feebler action. [short coda. 

||C0-det'ta (ko-det'ta), to. [It., dim. of coda tail.] Music. A 

CO'dex (ko'deks), to. ; pi. codices (kod'i-sez ; ko'di-). [L." 
1. A code. Rare. 2. A manuscript book, as of Scripture. 

cod'fish' (kod'fishO, to. The cod. 

codg'er (koj'er), to. A singular or odd person ; a fellow. 

cod'i-ces (kod'i-sez; ko'di-), to., pi. of codex. 

cod'i-cil (kod'i-sil), to. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex code.] 




process, or result of codifying. 

co'di-fy (ko'di-fl ; kod'i-), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. {code 
+ -fy-1 To reduce to a code, as laws. 

cod'ling (kod'ling), cod'lin (-lin), to. 1. A small, immature 
apple ; hence, an apple of inferior grade. 2. A variety of 
apple elongated in shape, of several horticultural forms. 

Cod'ling (kod'ling), to. _ [Dim. of cod the fish.] 1. A young 
cod. 2. Any of certain gadoid fishes (genus Phycis and 
allied genera). They are among those called hake. 

COd'piece' (-pes'), to. [cod a bag + piece.] A flaplike ap- 
pendage at the front of men's breeches as formerly made. 

co'ed^, or co'— ed r (ko'ed') , to. A female student in a coed- 
ucational institution. Student Slang, U. S. 

CO-ed'u-ca'tion (ko-edMS-ka'shun), to. Joint education of 
both sexes at one institution. — co-ed'u-ca'tion-al (-dl), a. 

CO'ef-fi'cient (ko'e-fish'ent), a. Cooperating. — to. 1. A 
joint agent. 2. Math. Any symbol or group of symbols 
placed before another or others as a multiplier. 3. Physics. 
A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, ex- 
pressing the amount of some change or effect under certain 
conditions as to temperature^ length, volume, etc. ; as, the 
coefficient of expansion, friction, etc. 

coe'horn (ko'horn), to. [From its inventor, Baron Coe- 
horn.] Mil. A kind of small portable bronze mortar. 

-ccele (-sel)._ [Gr. koI\ov a hollow, or KoiXia belly.] A 
suffix denoting cavity, ventricle, or chamber of the body. 

cce-len'ter-ate (se-len'ter-at), to. [Gr. koTXos hollow + 
Ivrepov an intestine.] Zo'ol. Any of a phylum (Coelente- 
rata) of invertebrate, usually radially symmetrical, animals, 
includ'ng the corals, sea anemones, jellyfishes, etc. 

coe-len'ter-on (-ter-on), to.; pi. -tera (-0). [NL.] Zo'ol. 9. 
The internal cavity of ccelenterates, which performs not 
only the functions of a digestive tract, but also those of the 
ccelom of higher animals, b The archenteron. 

cceli-ac, ce'li-ac (se'li-Sk), a. [From L., fr. Gr. koiXiclkos, fr. 
KoiXla belly, koIXos hollow.] Pert, to the cavity of the 
abdomen. 

coe'lom (se'lom) 1 to. [Gr. KolXu/ia a hollow, koIXos hollow.] 

coe'lome (se'lom) J Zo'ol. The body cavity or perivisceral 
cavity of most metazoans above the sponges and ccelen- 
terates. The body cavity of vertebrates (in mammals hay~ 
ing two chief parts, thorax and abdomen) is a true dis- 
tinct coelom. 

CO-emp'tion (ko-emp'shwn), to. [L. coemptio, fr. co'emere 
to buy up.] 1. Engrossing of commodities. 2. Roman 
Law. A form of nominal purchase used as a form of mar- 
riage or to enable a woman to substitute a fiduciary tute- 
lage for a legal one. [CCEN^STHESIS.I 

cce'nses-the'si-a (se'nes-the'si-d ; sen'es-), to. [NL.] =| 

cce'naes-the'sis (se'nes-the'sis ; sen'es-), to. Also ce'nes- 
the'sis. [NL. ; Gr. Koivbs common -\-ala6rjais sensation.] 
Psychol. _ The undifferentiated complex of organic sensa- 
tion forming the essence of our sense of body and bodily 
condition _; the general mass of sensation as distinguished 
from specific sensations ; vital sense. 

CC3-nen'chym (se-nen'kim) \ to. [ NL. coenenchyma ; Gr. koi- 

CCe-nen'cny-ma (-ki-md) / vbs common + parenchyma.] 
Zo'ol. The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids 
of a compound actinozoan or coral. It may be soft or more 
or less calcified. — cce-nen'chy-mal (-ki-mdl), a. 

coe'no-sarc (se'no-sark ; sen'o-), to. [Gr. koivos common + 
<rdp£, crapicds, flesh.] Zo'ol. The common soft tissue which 
unites the polyps of a compound hydroid or coral. — cce'no- 
sar'cal (-sar'kdl), a. — cce'no-sar'cous (-k&s), a. 

coe-nu'rus (se-nu'rus), to. [NL. ; Gr. koivos common + 
ovpk tail.] The larva of a tapeworm (Tsenia camurus) 
which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing 
the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers, 
or gid. The adult is parasitic in the dog and wolf. 

co-e'qual (ko-e'kwdl), a. Being on an equality, as in rank, 
age, or extent. — to. One coequal with another. — CO'e- 
qual'i-ty (ko'e-kwol'i-ti), to. 

co-erce' (ko-urs'), v. t. ; -erced' (-first') ; -erc'ing (-Qr'smg). 
[L. coercere; co- + arcere to shut up, compress.] To re- 
strain by force, esp. by law or authority ; repress ; also, to 
constrain or compel (to do something or to a certain action 
or state) ; as. he was coerced into obedience ; he was co- 
erced to vote for them. — v. i. To use coercion. 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, arn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (£/j; 



COERCIBLE 



195 



COHESIVENESS 




CO-er'ci-ble (ko-ur'si-b'l), a. Capable of being coerced. 
CO-er'cion (-ur'shun), n. Act, process, or power of coercing ; 

constraint. — Syn. See force. 
CO-er'cive (-siv), a. Serving or intended to coerce. — CO- 

er'cive-ly, adv. — co-er'cive-ness, n. 
CO'es-sen'tial (ko'e-sen'shal), a. Having one essence or 

being. — co'es-sen'tial-ly, adv. sen'ti-al'i-ty, n. 

CO'es-tab'lish-ment (-es-tab'lish-ment), n. Joint establish- 
ment. 
CO'e-ta'ne-OUS (ko'e-ta'ne-us), a. [L. coaetaneus; co- -f 

aetas age.] Of the same age or duration ; contemporary. 
CO'e-ter'nal (ko'e-tur'nal), a. Equally eternal. — CO'e-ter'- 

nal-ly, adv. — co'e-ter'ni-ty (-ni-ti), n. 
CO-e'val (ko-e'val), a. [L. coaevus; co- + aevum age.] Of 

the same age ; coetaneous. — n. A contemporary. 
CO'ex-ec'u-tor (ko'eg-zek'u-ter), n. A joint executor. 
CO'ex-ec'u-trix (ko'eg-zeVu-triks), n. A joint executrix. 
CO'ex-ist' (ko'eg-zTsf), v. i. To exist together. — co'ex- 

ist'ence (-zis'tens), n. — co'ex-ist'ent (-tent), a. & n. 
CO'ex-tend' (ko'eks-tend'), v. t. & i. To extend through the 

same space or time with another. — co'ex-ten'sion (-ten'- 

shiin), n. — CO'ex-ten'sive (-ten'sTv), a. 
COf fee_(kof'i ; 62), n. [Turk, qahveh, Ar. qahwah wine, 

coffee.] 1. A drink made by 

infusion or decoction from tke 

roasted and ground or pounded 

seeds of a certain shrub or small 

tree (genus Coffea, chiefly C. 

arabica) of the madder family. 

2. The seeds obtained from 

the berry of this shrub; also, 

the shrub. 
coffee-house' (-hous'), n. A 

house of entertainment where 

coffee and other refreshments Coffee. 1 Flowering Branch 

are supplied. with Leaves Q) ; 3 Fruit 

COffee nut. The fruit of the Ken- *» section (i) ; 4 Seeds (*) . 

tucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica) ; also, the tree itself. 
CCf 'fee-pot' (kof'i-pot'), n. A covered pot in which coffee 

is prepared, or from which it is served. 
COf'fee-room' (-room'), n. A public room where coffee and 

other refreshments are served. 
Coffee tree, a The tree that yields coffee, b The Kentucky 

coffee tree. C The cascara buckthorn. 
coffer (-er), n. [OF. cofre, fr. L. cophinus, fr. Gr. k6<£ij>os.] 

1. A casket, chest, or trunk, esp. one for valuables. 2. Fig., 
treasure or funds ; — usually in pi. 3. Something like, or 
suggestive of, a coffer (sense 1), as the chamber of a canal 
lock or a cofferdam. — v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. 2. To 
form with or in, or to furnish with, a coffer or coffers. 

COffer-dam' (-dam'), n. 1. A water-tight inclosure from 
which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a 
river, etc.). 2. A water-tight structure fixed on the side of 
a ship, for making repairs below the water line. 

coffin (kof'in; 62), n. [OF. cofin basket, receptacle, L. 
cophinus. See coffer, n.] 1. A chest or case for a corpse. 

2. Far. The hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot, in which 
is the coffin bone. — v. t. To inclose in or as in a coffin. 

coffin bone. The foot bone of the horse and allied animals 
inclosed within the hoof, corresponding to the third pha- 
lanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. 

COf fie (kof'l), n. [Ar. qafilah caravan.] A train of men or 
beasts ; esp., a slave caravan, as in Arabia, Africa, etc. 

COg (kog), v. t. ; cogged (kogd) ; cog'ging. Obs. or R. 1. To 
cajole ; wheedle ; cozen. 2. To obtrude or thrust in by false- 
hood or deception ; as, to cog in a word ; also, to palm off. 
to cog a die, to direct its fall fraudulently; to cheat in 
throwing dice. 

— v. i. 1. To deceive ; cheat. 2. To jest or quibble ; also, to 
wheedle ; cajole. Obs. — n. A trick ; deception. Archaic. 

COg, n. Mach. A tooth, cam, or the like, for transmitting 
motion ; esp., a gear-wheeled tooth. 

COg, n. Carp. A kind of tenon or projection on a beam re- 
ceived into a notch or mortise in 
another beam.— v. t. & i. Carp. To 
connect, as timbers or joists, by means 
of a tenon or cog ; to cock. 

COg, n. [ME. cogge.'] 1. A kind of early 
ship, broad, with bluff prow and stern. Cog (Carp.) . 
2. A cockboat. [conclusiveness.! 

CO'gen-cy (ko'jen-si), n. Quality or state of being cogent ;| 

CO'gent (ko'jent), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive 
together, force ; co- + agere to drive.] Compelling or con- 
straining ; esp., appealing forcibly to the mind_ or reason ; 
convincing. — Syn. Telling, effective, persuasive ; power- 
ful, potent, strong. — co'gent-ly, adv. 

COg'ger (kog'er), n. One who cogs dice ; a sharper. 

COg'i-ta-ble (koj'T-td-b'l), a. Thinkable. 

COg'i-tate (-tat), v. t. & i.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. 
cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect on ; co — |- agitare to 
drive, agitate, meditate on.] To think ; ponder over ; plan. 




COg'i-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. Act or state of cogitating. 

COg'i-ta-tive (kqj'i-ta-tTv), a. Having the faculty of think- 
ing or the power to think ; also, given to cogitation. — 
cog'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. — cog'i-ta-tive-ness, n. 

COg'i-ta'tor (koj'I-ta'ter), n. One who cogitates. 

CO'gnac (ko'nyak), n. [F.] A superior French brandy made 
from wine produced at or near the town of Cognac. 

COg'nate (kog'nat), a. [L. cognatus; co- -\- gnatus, natus, 
p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born.] 1. Allied by 
blood, esp. on the mother's side. 2. Proceeding from the 
same stock or root ; allied, as languages. 3. Of the same 
or similar nature. — n. One cognate with another. 

COg-na'tion (kog-na'shwn), n. Cognate relationship. 

COg-ni'tion (-nlsh'wn), n. [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, co- 
gnitum,to become acquainted with, know ; co- + noscere, 
gnoscere, to get a knowledge of.] 1. Act or fact of know- 
ing ; also, knowledge. 2. That which is known. 

COg'ni-tive (kog'nT-tTv), a. Of or pert, to cognition; pos- 
sessing or characterized by cognition. 

COg'ni-za-ble (kog'ni-za-b'l ; kon'i-), a. 1. Capable of being 
known. 2. Subject to judicial cognizance. 

COg'ni-zance (kog'ni-zans ; kon'i-zans ; the 2d pron. is still 
common in legal use), n. [OF. conoissa7t.ce, It. LL., fr. 
L. cognoscere to know.] 1. Apprehension by the under- 
standing ; conscious recognition or identification ; hence : 
heed; notice ; — used esp. in to have cognizance of. 2. The 
range of what may be known by observation. 3. Law. a Ju- 
risdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide con- 
troversies. bThe judicial hearing of a matter, c An acknowl- 
edgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a 
thing done or fact alleged. Eng. 4. A distinguishing mark, 
emblem, or badge, as a heraldic bearing, crest, etc. 

COg'ni-zant (-zemt), a. Having cognizance (of) ; aware. — 
Syn. See sensible. 

COg'nize (kog'niz), v. t. To know ; perceive ; recognize. 

COg'ni-zee' (kog'nT-ze' ; kon'i-ze'), n. Law. One to whom a 

Qfine of land is acknowledged. See fine, n, 3. 

COg'ni-ZOr' (kog'ni-zor' ; kon'i-), n. [AF. conissour, prop., 
a knower.] Law. The party (defendant) who acknowl- 
edges the right of the cognizee in a fine. 

COg-no'men (kog-no'men), n.; pi. E. -mens (-menz), L. 
-Nomina (-nom'i-nd). [L. ; co- + (g)nomen name.] 
1. Among the ancient Romans, the last of the three names 
of a person. Originally this was merely a third personal 
name, but later denoted his house or family. 2. A surname. 
— cog-nom'i-nal (-nom'i-n21). a. 

COg-nosce' (kog-nos'),^. t. [L. cognoscere. See cognition.j 
To take judicial cognizance of ; inquire into, or determine, 
judicially, esp. with respect to insanity. Scots Law. 

COg-nos'ci-ble (kog-nos'i-b'l), a. Cognizable. — n. A cog- 
nizable thing. — cog-nos'ci-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

D CQg-no'vit (kog-no'vit), n. [L., he has acknowledged.] 
Law. A common-law pleading for authorizing entry of 
judgment and issue of execution. 

CO-gon' (ko-gon'), n. [Sp., prob. fr. a native name.] A tall, 
coarse grass (Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippine 
Islands and adjacent countries, used for thatching. 

cog'wheel' (kog'hwel'), n. A wheel with cogs, or teeth. 

CO-hab'it (ko-hab'it), v. i. [L. cohabitare ; co- + habitare 
to dwell.] 1. To inhabit or live in company, or in the same 
place. 2. To live together as husband and wife. — CO-hab'- 
it-ant (-ant), n. — CO-hab'i-ta'tion (-l-ta'shfm), n. 

co-heir' (ko-ar'), n. A joint heir. — co-heir'ess, n. fern. 

CO-here' (ko-her'), v. %.; -hered' (-herd') ; -her'ing (-her'- 
lng). [L. cohaerere, cohaesum;co- + haerere to adhere.] 

1. To stick together ; cleave ; be united. 2. To be united or 
connected by some common principle or relationship, as by 
subordination to one purpose cr idea ; to follow naturally 
and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in 
reasoning ; to be logically consistent. — Syn. See adhere. 

CO-her'ence (-her'ens) \n. 1. A sticking together; cohe- 

CO-her'en-cy (-en-si) / sion. 2. Connection or congruity 
due to a common principle or relationship ; consistency. 
Syn. Coherence, cohesion. Usage tends to restrict 
cohesion to the physical, coherence to the figurative, 
sense ; as, the cohesion of clay ; the coherenceoi an argument. 

CO-her'ent(-ent),o. 1. Sticking together; cleaving. 2.Com- 
posed of mutually dependent or related parts ; consistent. 
3. Logically consistent. — co-her'ent-ly, adv. 

CO-her'er (-er), n. Elec. Any device in which an imper- 
fectly conducting contact between conductors loosely rest- 
ing against each other is materially improved in conduc- 
tivity by the influence of Hertzian waves. 

CO-he'sion (ko-he'zhun), n. 1. Act or state of cohering. 

2. Physics. That form of attraction by which the particles 
of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or 
unlike. Cf . adhesion. — Syn. See coherence. 

CO-he'sive (-siv), o. 1. Causing to cohere. 2. Cohering or 
sticking together, as in a mass ; tending to cohere. — CO- 
he'sive-ly, adv. — co-he'sive-ness, n. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, acli (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with, = equals, 



M 



COHOBATE 



196 



COLLABORATE 



COTlO-bate (ko'ho-bat), v. t.; -bat'ed (-bat'ed) ; -bating 
(-bat'ing). [LL. cohobare.2 Chem. To repeat the distilla- 
tion of, pouring back the distilled liquor. 

CO'hort (-hort), n. [L. cohors, prop., an inclosure.] 1. In 
the Roman army, one of the ten divisions of a legion. 2. 
Any band or body of warriors ; fig., a company ; band. 

CO'hosh (ko'hosh ; ko-hosh'), n. Any of several related 
American medicinal plants, as the black cohosh (Cimicl- 
fuga racemosa), and blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalic- 
troides), furnishing drugs used in nerve diseases, etc. 

CO-hune' (ko-hoon'), n., or cohune palm. A Central and 
South American pinnate-leaved palm (Attalea cohune). 
Its very large and hard nuts are made into fancy articles, 
and also yield an oil used as a substitute for coconut oil. 

COif (koif ) , n. [ OF. coife, f r. LL. , fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, 
miter.] 1. A cap ; specif. : a A close-fitting cap, like a small 
hood, b A defensive skullcap, usually of iron or_ steel, for- 
merly worn by soldiers, as under the hood of mail. 2. The 
order or rank of a sergeant at lav/, who formerly wore a 
white coif. — v. t. To cover or dress with or as with a coif. 

[| coif 'feur'. (kwa/f fir'), n. [F.] A hairdresser. 

coif 'fure' (kwa/f iir' ; koif'ur), n. [F.] A headdress, or man- 
ner of dressing the hair. 

coign, coicne (koin), n. A var. spelling of coin, quoin, a 
projecting corner, wedge, etc. ; — chiefly used in : coign of 
vantage, a position advantageous for action or observation. 

COil (koil), v. t. & i. [OF. coillir, fr. L. colligere; col- = con- 
+ legere to gather.] To wind cylindrically or spirally. — n. 

1. A series of rings, or a spiral, of cable, rope, or the like, 
when coiled ; also, a single ring of such a series. 2. A series 
of connected pipes in rows, layers, or windings. 

COil, n. A noise, tumult, bustle. Archaic. 

coin (koin), n. [F., fr. L. cuneus wedge.] 1. A corner, cor- 
ner stone, or wedge. See quoin. 2. A piece of metal marked 
and issued by government authority to be used as money ; 
also, such pieces collectively. 

— v. t. 1. To make (coins) by stamping ; ^ convert (metal) 
into coins ; mint. 2. To make ; fabricate ; invent, as a word. 

— v. i. To make coins ; mint. — coin'a-ble, a. 
COin'age (-aj), n. A coining, or that which is coined. 
CO'in-cide' (ko'in-sid') , v. i.; -cid'ed (-sid'ed) ; -ctd'ing. 

[LL. coincidere ; co- -f- L. incidere to fall on ; in Reader e 
to fall.] 1. To occupy the same place in space or the same 
period in time. 2. To correspond exactly ; agree ; concur. 

— Syn. See agree. 

CQ-in'ci-dence (ko-ir/sT-dens), n. 1. Condition or fact of 
coinciding. 2. An instance of coinciding. 

co-in'ci-dent (-dent), a. Having coincidence; concurrent; 
consonant. — Syn. See contemporary. dent-ly, adv. 

CO-in'ci-den'tal (-den'tal), a._ Characterized by coinci- 
dence ; of the nature of a coincidence. den'tal-ly, adv. 

CO-in'di-ca'tion (-di-ka'sh im), n. One of several signs indi- 
cating the same fact ; as, a coindication of disease. 

COin'er (koin'er), n. One who coins, as a counterfeiter. 

CO'in-here' (ko'in-her'), v. i. To inhere or exist together, as 
in one substance. 

CO'in-her'ence (-her'ens), n. The concurrent existence of 
two or more qualities, attributes, or activities, in one sub- 
ject or substance. — co'in-her'ent (-ent), a. 

CO'in-her'it-ance (-her'i-tans), n. Joint inheritance. 

CQ-in'stan-ta'ne-OUS (ko-i n'st an-ta'ne- u s ) , a . Simultaneous. 

CO'in-SUr'ance (ko'm-shoor'ans), n. Insurance jointly with 
another or others ; specif. , fire insurance in which the in- 
surer is treated as insuring himself to the extent of that part 
of the risk not covered by his policy. 

CO'in-SUre' (-shoor'), v. t. & i. To insure jointly with an- 
other or others ; insure upon the basis of coinsurance. 

coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.J _ Prepared fiber from the 
husk of the coconut, used in making cordage, matting, etc. 

cois'trel (kois'trel) \n. Obs. or Archaic. 1. A lad or 

COis'tril (kois'trTl) / groom in charge of a knight's horses. 

2. A mean, paltry fellow ; varlet. 

CO-Ftion (ko-ish'un), n. [L. coitioJ] Sexual intercourse. 

coke (kok), n. Bituminous coal deprived of its volatile con- 
stituents by heating in a retort or oven. — v. t. & i ; coked 
(kokt) ; cok/ing. To change into coke. 

cokes (koks), n. A simpleton ; a gull. Obs. 

Ucol (kol; kol), n. [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] A pass 
between adjacent peaks in a mountain chain ; any such de- 
pression ; — orig. used of the western Alps. 

COl- (kol-). An assimilated form of com- (which see). 

cola (ko'lo). Var. of kola. 

|| co'la, n., L. pi. of colon. See 2d colon & 3d colon, 2. 

CO-la'bor-er (ko-la'ber-er), n. A fellow, or joint, laborer. 

COl'an-der (kuFan-der), n. A vessel having the lower part 
perforated for a sieve or a strainer. 

CO-lat'i-tude (ko-lat'i-tud). See co-, 2 b. 

COl-can'non (kol-kan'im ; koFkan-tm), n. [See cole. The 
-cannon part is of uncertain origin.] An Irish dish of 
potatoes, cabbage, etc., boiled and mashed together. 

eoFchi-cum (kol'ki-k&m ; commonly koFchi-), n. [L., a 
plant with a poisonous root.] 1. Any of a large genus 



(Colchicum) of melanthaceous bulbous Old World herbs. 
2. A drug, used esp. in rheumatism and gout, prepared from 
the seeds or corm of a species (C. autumnale) of this genus. 
COl'co-thar (kol'ko-thdr), n. [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. 
Ar. qolqotar, perh. fr. Gr. xaXKavdov.'] Chem. A reddish 
brown oxide of iron left as a residue when copperas is highly 
heated. It is used to polish glass and also as a pigment. 
COld (kold), a. [AS. cold, ceald.~\ 1. Decidedly below the 
normal temperature, usually taking the sensations of the 
human body as a standard ; specif. : a Gelid ; frigid, b Not 
heated ; as, a cold bath. C Medieval Physiol. Of a nature 
characterized by cold ; as, a cold constitution. See com- 
plexion, d Destitute of bodily heat ; as, the cold hand of 
the dead (cf. cold-blooded). 2. Markedly deficient in the 
emotions (ardor, zeal, hearty sympathy, etc.) or passions ; 
indifferent or apathetic ; unresponsive ; unimpassioned ; 
cold-blooded.^ 3. Chilling ; discouraging ; as, cold comfort. 
4. Experiencing the sensation produced by cold ; as, to be 
cold 5. Deficient in power to warm or kindle fancy, emo- 
tion, etc. ; spiritless ; dull. 6. Sports, a Faint ; — said of a 
scent, b Distant from anything concealed ; — said of one 
seeking it. 7. Fine Arts. Suggestive of cold. See cool. 

— n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth ; in physics, 
a temperature below the freezing point of water ; as, fifteen 
degrees of cold (17° F., — 15° C, etc.). 2. Chilliness, or a 
similar sensation due to fear or depression. 3. Med. A dis- 
ordered state, generally infectious, and often following ex- 
posure ; catarrh. 4. Cold weather ; frost. 

cold'— blood'ed, a. 1. Having cold blood ; — said of animals 
(esp. of vertebrates of the classes below birds) whose body 
temperature varies with that of the surrounding medium. 
2. Sensitive to cold ; — ■ said of persons. 3. Lacking in feel- 
ing. 4._Not thoroughbred. 

cold chisel. A chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for 
cutting cold metal. 

cold'— heart'ed, a. Wanting human sympathy ; unfeeling. 

coid'ly, adv. In a cold manner ; without ardor or feeling. 

COld'ness, n. State or quality of being cold. 

COld'-short 7 , a. Metal. Brittle when cold (that is, below a 
red heat). — cold'-short'ness, n. 

cold sore. A vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth 
as the result of a cold, or in the course of any febrile disease. 

cole (kol),ri. [AS. caZorlcel. kal,ix. L. caulisstem, cabbage 
stalk, cabbage.] Any of various species of the genus (Bras- 
sica) including the cabbage; esp., the rape (B. napus). 

COle'man-ite (kol'man-It), n. [After W. T. Coleman of 
San Francisco.] Min. A hydrous borate of calcium occur- 
ring massive and in colorless or white monoclinic crystals. 

CoFe-op'ter (kol'e-op'ter; ko'le-), n. [From Gr. K o\e6s 
sheath •+■ irrepdv wing.] Zo'ol. A coleopterous insect ; a 
beetle. — COl'e-op'ter-an (-an), a. & n. 

CoFe-op'ter-OUS (-its), a. Zool. Belonging to an order (Cole- 
optera) of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils, hav- 
ing the anteriorpair of wings (elytra) hard and horny and 
serving as coverings for the posterior membranous pair. 

CoFe-O-rbi'za (-o-rl'zd), n.; pi. -zm (-ze). [NL. ; Gr. koXcos 
sheath + pif a root.] Bot. The sheath of the radicle in some 
plants, through which the roots burst in germination. 

COle'slaw' (koFs^O, n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] A 
salad made of sliced or chopped cabbage. 

CO r le-US (ko'le-iis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /coXeos a sheath; — re- 
ferring to the manner in which the stamens are united.] 
Any of a genus (Coleus) of menthaceous plants, esp. of 
species (as C. blumei) from which garden varieties with 
variegated leaves are derived. 

COle^Wort' (-wurtO, n. [cole + wort. 2 1. = cole. 2. A 
variety of cabbage not forming a compact leafy head. 

CoFi-bri (koFi-bri; ko'le'bre'), n. [F., or Sp. colibri, fr. 
Caribbean name.] Any humming bird. 

col'ic (koFik), a. Of or pert, to the colon or colic. 

CoFic, n. [F. colique, fr. L. colicus colicky, deriv. of, Gr. 
koKov the colon.] A paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due 
to spasm, obstruction, or distention. — coFick-y (-ik-i),o. 

COl'ic-root' (koFik-root 7 ), n. 1. Either of two bitter Amer- 
ican liliaceous herbs (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea), 
with a tuft of basal leaves and a long spike of yellow or 
white flowers. 2. Any of several other plants reputed to 
cure colic, as the blazing star (Lacinaria squarrosa). 

COFic-weed' (-wedO, n. In the United States : a Dutch- 
man's-breeches. b Squirrel corn, c A small yellow-flowered 
weed {Capnoides flavulum) of the poppy f amdy. 

CoFin (koFm), n. The American quail or bobwhite (which 
see) ; also, a bird of related species. 

-CO-line (-ko-lTn; -lm). See -colous. 

CoFi-se'um (kol'i-se'Sm). Var. of Colosseum. 

CO-li'tis (kS-H'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. k6\ov the colon + -itis.] 
Med. An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its 
mucous membrane. 

col-lab'o-rate (ko-lab'6-rat), v. i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'- 
ing. [L. collaborare ; col- + laborare to labor.] To labor 
together ; work or act jointly. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature,ver4ure (87); 



COLLABORATION 



197 



COLLIERY 



COl-lab'o-ra'tion ( -ra'shiin ), n. Act of collaborating. 
COl-lab'o-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. One who collaborates. 
col-lapse' (ko-laps'), v. i.; -lapsed' (-lapsf) ; -laps'ing. 

{X. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse ; col- + labi to 
all.] 1. To fall or shrink together abruptly, as the sides of 
a vessel ; 'cave in ; hence, to fall into, or to be reduced 
to, a more compact form, as for transportation ; as, boats 
made to collapse. 2. To break down or fail abruptly and 
utterly. — n. An act or instance of collapsing. 

COl-laps'i-ble (-lap'sT-b'l), a. Capable of collapsing. 

COl'lar (kol'dr), n. [OF. colter, fr. coi neck, L. collum."] 1. 
A band, chain, or the like, worn or placed round the neck for 
dress, ornament, restraint, etc. 2. An encircling and confin- 
ing strap or band, or something likenedto one; specif., 
Mech., a ring or round flange used for various purposes, as 
for restraining motion within given limits. 3. Zo'ol. Any of 
various structures or markings likened to a collar, as a band 
of specially colored feathers about a bird's neck. 

— 1 v. t. 1. To put a collar on. 2. To seize by the collar. 3. 
To lay hold of ; get control of. Colloq. 

collar bone. The clavicle. 

COl'lardS (kol'erdz), n. pi. [Corrupted fr. colewort.] A 
variety of kale, used as a green vegetable. Southern If. S. 

COHar-et' (kol'dr-et' ; kol'dr-et) , COllar-ette' (kol'dr-et'), n. 
[F. collerette. See collar.] A small collar; specif., a 
woman's collar or cape of lace, fur, or other material. 

COl-late' (ko-lat'), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [See 
collation.] 1. To compare critically, as texts. 2. To 
examine (a set of sheets or a book) in order to verify the 
order and number of signatures and pages. 3. Eccl. To 
admit and institute (a cleric) to a benefice ; — with to. 

COl-lat'er-al (-lat'er-al), a. [LL. collateralis ; col- + L. 
lateralis lateral.] 1. Accompanying as a secondary fact, 
or acting as a secondary agency ; subordinate. 2. Designat- 
ing, or pertaining to, an obligation or security attached to 
another to secure its performance ; hence, secured by addi- 
tional obligation or security ; as, a collateral loan. 3. Ac- 
companying one another as coordinates, or accompanying 
another as coordinate with it ; — sometimes with to. Hence : 
parallel in space ; side by side ; as, collateral fibers ; con- 
comitant in time ; as, collateral events ; coordinate in rank 
or function ; as, collateral proofs ; corresponding in purport 
or reference ; as, collateral histories. 4. Belonging to the 
same ancestral stock, but not in a direct line of descent ; as, 
brothers, cousins, etc., are collateral relatives ; — disting. 
from lineal. — n. 1. Onewho,or that which, is collateral. 
2. Collateral security. — col-lat'er-al-ly, adv. 

COl-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [From OF., deriv. of L. collatus 
(as p. p. of conferre) ; col- -f- latum (as supine of ferre to 
bear).] 1. A reading from, or conference upon, some edify- 
ing book, at a gathering of the members of a monastery at 
close of day. 2. Eccl. The refreshment taken at this gath- 
ering, which was permitted to the monks, if wearied during 
fasts ; also, now, a slight meal allowed in the morning on fast 
days. 3. Hence, any light meal or repast. 4. A conference 
or consultation, esp. one held informally ; also, an informal 
treatise, address, sermon, or the like. 5. Eccl. Institution of 
a cleric to a benefice. 6. Act ofbringing together, as manu- 
scripts, books, etc., for comparison, verification, etc. ; act of 
collating. 7. Civil Law. An act corresponding to the hotch- 
pot of the common law. 

COl-la'tive (-tiv), a. [L. collativus brought together.] 1. 
Having the quality or power of conferring ; — often with of. 
2. Eng. Eccl. Law. Passing, held, or conferred by colla- 
tion ; — said of livings of which the bishop is patron in 
right of his see, and distinguished from presentative. 

COl-la'tor f-ter) , n. One who collates. 

COl'league (kol'eg),n. [F .collegue, fr. L. collega; col- -f- 
root of legare to send or choose as deputy.] An associate in 
a profession or a civil or ecclesiastical office or employment ; 

— not used of partners in business. — Syn. Helper, assist- 
ant, companion, confederate. — col'league-ship, n. 

COl-league' (ko-leg'), v. i.; -leagued' (-legd'); -lea'gutng 
(-le'ging). To enter into an alliance ; combine. 

Collect (kol'ekt), n. [From LL., fr. L. collecta a collection 
in money, assemblage, fr. colligere to collect.] Any of cer- 
tain short ritual prayers used in the Western churches. 

COl-lect' (ko-lekf), v. t. [L. collectus, p. p. of colligere to 
bind together ; col- + legere to gather.] 1. To gather into 
one body or place ; assemble. 2. To demand and obtain 
payment of. 3. To gather (specimens or examples), as for 
study or ornament. 4. To infer ; gather. Now Rare. 5. To 
regain command of (one's self, one's powers) ; rally. — 
Syn. See gather. — v. i. To assemble ; accumulate. 

COHec-ta'ne-a (kol'ek-ta'ne-d), n. pi. [Neut. pi. from L. 
collectaneus collected.] Passages collected from various 
authors ; a miscellany, an anthology, or the like ; — some- 
times used as a collective sing. 

COl-lect'ed, p. a. 1. Gathered together. 2. Self-possessed. 

— Syn. See cool. — col-lect'ed-ly, adv. ed-ness, n. 

COl-lect'i-ble (-lek'ti-b'l), a. Capable of being collected. 
COl-lec'tion (-lek'shftn), n. 1. Act or process of collecting or 



gathering. 2. That which is collected; accumulation. 

3. Act of collecting one's self; state of being collected. — 

Syn. Assembly, assemblage, group ; mass, heap, aggregate. 

col-lec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Formed by gathering or collecting. 

2. Characteristic of, or relating to, a group of individuals. 

3. Having plurality of origin or authority. 4. Gram. & 
Logic. Treating a number of objects as a group, whole, or 
aggregate ; thus, a collective noun names a collection or 
aggregate of individuals by a singular form, as assembly, 
army, jury, etc., and takes a singular verb when the aggre- 
gate is thought of as a whole (collective singular), but 
often takes a plural verb when the component individuals 
are in mind (collective plural). 

collective fruit, Bot., a fruit arising by coalescence of the 
ripening ovaries of a mass of distinct flowers, as the mul- 
berry, pineapple, etc. ; — called also multiple fruit, [body.l 

— n. 1. Gram. A collective noun or name. 2. A collective! 
col-lec'tive-ly, adv. In a collective manner. 
col-lec'tiv-ist(-tTv-ist),n. Amember or adherentof a school 

of economists which accepts the theories of the socialists 
(see socialism, 1), but withholds approval from revolution- 
ary sentiments or measures. — col-lec'tiv-ism (-Iz'm), n. 

COFlec-tiv'i-ty (kol'ek-tiv'i-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being collective. 2. The collective sum, aggregate, or mass 
of anything ; specif., the people as a body ; the state. 

COl-lec'tor (ko-lek'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, col- 
lects. 2. An official deputed to collect ; as, a tax collector. 

col-lec'to-rate (-to-rat), n. The jurisdiction, residence, 
office, or staff of a collector. 

col-lec'tor-ship, n. = collectorate. 

col-leen' (k3-len'; kol'en), n. [Ir. cailinf] Girl; maiden. 
colleen bawn (bon) [cf. Ir. ban fair], a blonde girl. Irish. 

COl'lege (kol'ej),n. [F '.college, fr. L. collegium,ir. collega. 
See colleague.] 1. A body of persons engaged in common 
pursuits, or having common interests, and sometimes, by 
charter, peculiar rights and privileges. 2. A company; 
assemblage. 3. A society of scholars or friends of learning 
incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher 
branches of knowledge ; also, a building or buildings used 
by them. 4. An institution for special instruction, usually 
of a professional kind ; as, a college of music. 5. A course of 
study, as, in Continental (and formerly Scottish) universi- 
ties, a series of lectures. 6. A prison. Slang, Eng. 

College ice. A portion of plain ice cream served with crushed 
fruits, sirups, nuts, etc. ; a sundae. 

COl'leg-er (kol'ej-er), n. A member of a college ; specif., at 
Eton, one of the boys on the foundation. 

COl-le'gi-al (ko-le'ji-21), a. Of or pertaining to a college or a 
body of colleagues ; collegiate. 

COl-le'gi-al-ism (-iz'm),n. Eccl. Hist. A theory of church 
polity which defines the church as a society of voluntary 
members (collegium) independent of the state (to which it 
voluntarily subjects itself), self-governing, and with the 
highest authority vested in the whole body of members ; — 
contrasting with episcopalism and territorialism. 

COl-le'gi-an (-an), n. 1. A member of a college ; a college 
student or graduate; also, one on a college foundation. 
2. An inmate of a prison, esp. a debtor's prison. Slang, Eng. 

Col-le'gi-ate (-at), a. Of, pert, to, constituted as, or of the na- 
ture of, a college, or a body of colleagues. ate-ly, adv. 

collegiate church, a A church which, though not a 
cathedral, or bishop's church, has a college, or chapter of 
canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as West- 
minster Abbey, b In Scotland, a church having two or 
more joint incumbents or pastors, c In the U. S., a church 
or an association of churches possessing common revenues 
administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers. 

COl-len'chy-ma (ko-ler/ki-md), n. [NL. ; Gr. KoXka glue + 
parenchyma.'] Bot. A tissue of cells which are thickened at 
the angles and frequently elongated. 

COl'let (kcl'et ; 24), n. [F., dim. fr. L. collum neck.] 1. A 
metal band, collar, or ring; in a watch, a small collar 
pierced to receive the inner end of the hairspring. 2. Jew- 
elry. A circle or flange in which a precious stone is set. 

— v. t. To furnish or surround with a collet, or collar. 
COl-lide' (ko-lid'), v. i. & t. ; -lid'ed (-lTd'ed) ; -lid'ing. 

[L. collider e-lisum ; col-+laedere to strike.]To come into 

collision; clash. 
col'lie (kbl'i), n. 

The Scotch 

shepherd dog. 
col'lied (id), 

pret. & p. a. of 

COLLY, V. t. 

col'lier (-yer), ». 

1. A worker or 
dealer in coal ; 
esp., a coal miner. 

2. A vessel for 
carrying coal. 

col'lier-y (I), n.; 

pi. -LIERTE (-Tz). 

Place where coal is dug ; a coal mine with its buildings, etc. 




Rough-haired Collie. 






J 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



COLLIGATE 



198 



COLORABLY 



COlli-gate (kSFi-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ;-gat'ing. [L. 

, colligatus, p. p. of colligare ; col- + ligare to bind.] 1. To 
tie or bind together. 2. To bring together (isolated facts) 
under one conception or hypothesis. 

COl'li-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act or process of colligating. Q 

COl'li-mate (-T-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -matting. 
[Prob. deriv. of L. collineare to direct in a straight line ; 
col- + linea line.] Physics & Astron. To render parallel, 
as rays of light ; adjust the line of sight of (a level, etc.). — 
COlli-ma'tion (-ma/shun), n. 

COl'li-ma'tor (kol'i-ma'ter), n. Optics, a A device as a tube 
with a convex lens for producing a beam of parallel rays for 
use in a spectroscope, in collimating certain instruments, 
esp. transits, or the like, b A tube having at one end a con- 
vex lens, and at its principal focus a slit, — used for pro- 
ducing a beam of parallel rays, as in the spectroscope ; also, 
a lens so used. 

COl-lin'e-ar (ko-lin'e-dr), a. [SeecoL-; linear.] Lying 
in the same straight line. — COl-lin'e-ar-ly, adv. 

COl-lin'si-a (ko-lm'si-d), n. [NL., after Zaccheus Collins, 
American botanist.] Any of a genus (Collinsia) of annual 
herbs of the figwort family, bearing irregular, whorled flow- 
ers of shades of blue, lilac, and white. 

COl-li'sion (ko-lizh'un), n. [L. collisio, fr. collider e. 
See collide.] Act or instance of colliding ; clash. — Syn. 
Conflict, clashing, encounter, opposition. 

COl'lo-cate (kol'o-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See couch.] To set or 
place, esp. side by side. 

Cpllo-ca'tion (-ka/shim), n. Act of placing, or state of be- 
ing placed, with something else ; arrangement. 

COl-lo'di-on (ko-lo'di-un), n. [From Gr. noWa glue + 
e!5os form.] Chem. A viscous solution of guncotton or 
pyroxylin in alcohol and ether, used to form films by evapo- 
ration, as for photographic use, on a wound, etc. 

col-logue' (ko-log'), v. i.; -logued' (-logd') ; -lo'guing 
(-lo'ging). To talk or confer secretly ; intrigue. Colloq. 

COl'loid (kol'oid), a. [Gr. koWo. glue + -oid.~\ Resem- 
bling glue or jelly ; gelatinous. — n. A gelatinous or other 
substance permeable by crystalloid solutions, and not at 
all or but very slightly diffusible through animal or vege- 
table membranes. — col-loi'dal (k3-loi'ddl), a. 

COl'lop (kol'wp), n. [ME. colloppe, coloppe, colhoppe.] 
1. A small slice of meat, esp. of bacon, cooked or intended 
for cooking. 2. A small portion or slice of anything.^ 

COl-lo'qui-al (ko-lo'kwi-dl), a. ' Pertaining to, or used in, 
conversation, esp. familiar conversation ; hence, informal. 
— col-lo'qui-al-ly, adv. 

col-lo'qui-al-ism (-iz'm), n. A colloquial quality or style ; 
also, a colloquial expression. 

COl'lo-quy (kol'6-kwi ), n.; pi. -quies (-kwiz) : [L. collo- 
quium, fr. colloqui to converse ; col- + loqui to speak.] 
Mutual discourse ; conversation ; esp., a somewhat formal 
conference or debate. — col'lo-quist (-kwist), n. 

COl'lo-type (kol'6-tlp), n. [Gr. koXKo. glue + -type.] A 
photomechanical print made directly from a hardened 
film of gelatin or other colloid ; also, the process of making 
such prints. The albertype, phototype, and heliotype are 
forms of collotype. — col'lo-typ'y (-tip'!), n. 

COl-lude' (ko-liid'), v. i.; -lud'ed (-lud'ed) ; -lud'ing. [L. 
colludere, -lusum; col- + ludere to play.] To have 
secretly a joint part in an action, esp. a fraudulent^ or de- 
ceitful one ; conspire ; connive. — col-lud'er (-liid'er), n. 

COl-lu'sion (-lu'zhun),n. Act of colluding; deceit ; fraud. 
Syn. Collusion, connivance. Collusion implies a play- 
ing into another's hands for fraud or deceit. Conniv- 
ance, without involving active participation, implies a 
winking at wrongdoing, or guilty assent to it. 

COl-lu'sive (-siv), a. Characterized by, or of the nature 
of, collusion. — col-lu'sive-ly, adv. — col-lu'sive-ness, n. 

col'ly (kol'x), v. t.; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. [See coal.] To 
render black or dark, as if with soot. Archaic. 

COl-lyr'i-um (ko-lir'I-iim), n.; pi. L. -LYRiA (-a), E. 
-iums (-umz). [L., fr. Gr. KoWvpiov poultice, eye salve.] 
A medicated, or (loosely) any, application for the eyes; 
usually, an eyewater. 

col'o-cynth (kol'o-sTnth), n. [From L., fr.' Gr. k6\o- 
kw9Ls.] A Mediterranean and African cucurbitaceous 
plant (Citrullus colocynthis) ; also, its fruit. The pulp is 
very bitter, and a strong purgative. 

CO-lugne' (ko-lon')\ n. A perfumed toilet liquid, com- 
posed of alcohol and aromatic oils; — after Cologne in Ger- 
many. Called also Cologne water and eau de Cologne. 

Co-lom'bi-an (ko-lom'bi-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Colom- 
bia, in South America. — n. A native or citizen of Colombia. 

CO-lon' (ko-lon'), n.; pi. E. colons (-lonz'), Sp. colones 
(ko-lo'nas). [Amer. Sp.] Monetary unit of Costa Rica, 
equal to 46.5 cents ; also, a gold coin of Chile, worth $7.30. 

co'lon (ko'lon), n.; pi. E. -lons (-lonz), L. -la (-Id). [L., 
fr. Gr. Kokov.i Anat. That part of the large intestine 
extending from the caecum to the rectum. 
colon, n. [L. colon a portion of a poem, Gr. k&\qp limb, 



member, clause of a sentence.] 1. [pi. colons.] Punc- 
tuation. The character [:] used to separate parts of a 
sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly 
independent. 2. [pi. cola.] Pros. A member or section 
of a rhythmical period, composed of a group of from two 
to six feet, made a rhythmic unit by a principal accent. 

COlo'nel (kur'nel), n. [F., fr. It. colonnello, prop., the 
chief of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna.] Mil. 
The commanding officer of a regiment. See army. 

COlq'nel-cy (-nel-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Also colo'nel- 
Ship. Mil. The office, rank, or commission of a colonel. 

CO-lo'ni-al (ko-lo'nl-dl), a. Of or pertaining to a colony 
or colonies, specif, the thirteen British colonies which 
formed the United States of America. — n. A citizen or 
inhabitant of a colony. — CO-lo'ni-al-ly, adv. 

COl'o-nist (kol'6-nTst), n. A member or inhabitant of a 
colony ; one engaged in the founding of a colony. 

COl'o-nijZa'tian (kol'o-ni-za'shwn ; -nl-za'-), n. Act of 
colonizing, or state of being colonized. 

COl'o-ni-za'tion-ist, n. An advocate of colonization, esp., 
U. S. Hist., of Africa by negroes from the United States. 

Col'O-nize (-nTz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing (-nlz'ing). 
1. To establish a colony or colonies in. 2. To gather, 
settle, or establish in a colony. 3. To settle (a district, etc.) 
with illegal voters. — v. i. To remove to, and settle in, a 
distant country ; establish a colony. — col'o-niz'er, n. 

COl'on-nade' (kol'^nad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. colonna col- 
umn.] Arch. A series or range of columns at regular inter- 
vals, carrying (usually) an architrave. — COl'on-nad'ed, a. 

COl'O-liy (kol'o-nl), n. ; pi. -nies (-nTz). [L. colonia, fr. 
colonus farmer, colere to cultivate, dwell.] 1. A com- 
pany of people transplanted from their motljer country 
to a remote land, but remaining subject to the parent 
state ; loosely, any distant territory dependent on a ruling 
power. 2. The district colonized ; settlement. 3. A 
group of people so situated as to resemble a colony (def . 1 ) ; 
as, a colony of artists in Paris. 4. Biol. A collection 
of organisms of the same kind living in close association. 

COl'0-phon (-fon), n. [L., finishing stroke, Gr. koXo^wj'.] 

1. An inscription formerly put at the end of a book or 
manuscript, often with the scribe's name, the title, etc. 

2. An emblem, usually a device assumed by the pub- 
lishing house, on the title page or at the end of a book. 

COl'O-pho'ny (-fo'm; ko : lof'6-ni), n. [From Gr., fr. 
Ko\o<f><j)i>ios of Colophon in Ionia.] Rosin. 

CoFo-quin'ti-da (kol'o-kwin'ti-dd), n. Colocynth. 

COl'or, COFour (kul'er), n. [OF. colour, color, L. color."] 1. 
A property of visible phenomena, distinct from form and 
from light and shade, depending on the effect of light of 
different wave lengths on the retina. 2. A particular 
variety of the above quality ; as, the colors of the rainbow ; 
— strictly, excluding black and white. 3. Complexion ; 
esp., the hue of good health ; also, the flush caused by 
blushing. 4. That which is used to give color ; a paint ; 
pigment. 5. In pi. A distinguishing colored badge, dress, or 
device, as of a jockey. 6.A national flag, ensign, etc., flown 
by a ship, or the flag or standard of a body of infantry, cav- 
alry, etc. ; — usually in pi. 7. In pi. U. S. Navy. A salute 
to the flag at 8 A. m. or sunset, on hoisting or lowering it. 
8. Mining. Valuable mineral ; esp., gold shown by wash- 
ing earth or crushed ore in a pan ; also, a particle of the 
valuable substance. 9. Outward semblance, esp. such as 
hides the real character ; aspect. 10. Pretext ; show of 
reason; also.^ formerly, excuse; disguise. 11. Variety of 
character; kind; species. 12. Law. An appearance or 
semblance of a right, authority, office, or the like. 13. 
a Art. The tone, scheme, or harmony of colors in a 
painting; coloration in producing effects; as, he is a 
master of color ; also, in an engraving or monochrome, an 
effect of coloration produced by chiaroscuro, b Literature. 

. The free use of words or descriptions strong in concrete 
suggestiveness or vivid in respect of the images which they 

[arouse; as, dialect is often employed to give local color. 
C Acoustics. Timbre ; clang. 

Syn. Color, hue, tint, tinge, shade. Color is the generic 
term. Hue, in poetry or elevated prose, is often synony- 
mous with color. More specifically, hue suggests some mod- 
ification of color ; as, the shining green changed to a less viv- 
id hue. Tint sugcests a slight or delicate touching with any 
color ; as, a pale tint of red ; tinge implies more of interfusion 
or stain ; as, clouds tinged with rose. Shade expresses de- 
gree of color ; as, use a darker shade of green. 

— v. t. 1. To alter or determine the hue or tint of ; give 
color to ; dye ; paint ; stain. 2. To alter as if by dyeing or 
painting; misrepresent, disguise, or give a false, usually 
a specious, appearance to ; gloss ; palliate ; excuse. 3. To 
imbue with a distinguishing quality likened to color, as a 
literary work. — v. i. To acquire or change color. 

col'or-a-ble, col'our-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Capable of 
being colored. 2. Specious; plausible; also, feigned; 
deceptive. — Syn. See specious. — col'or-a-bly, col'- 
our-a-bly, adv. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COLORADO 



199 



COMA 



COl'O-ra'do (kol'6-ra'do), a. [Sp., red.] Medium in color and 
strength ; — said of cigars. Cant. 

COl'or-a'tion (kuFer-a'shim ; kol'6-ra'-), n. Act or art of col- 
oring ; state or mode of being colored. 

Ijcodo-ra-tur' (ko'16-ra-toor'), n. [G.] Colorature. 

|j COlo-ra-tu'ra (ko'16-ra-tdo'ra), n. [It.] Colorature. ^ 

CoFor-a-ture (kul'er-d-tur ; kol'6-rd-), n. Music. Florid 
ornaments, as runs, trills, or rapid passages in vocal music. 

col'or-blind'jCoFour-blind^a. Affectedwithcolor blind- 
ness. 

color, or colour, blindness. Total or (usually) partial 
inability to distinguish or recognize colors ; Daltonism. 

COl'ored, COl'oured (kul'erd), a. 1. Having color. 2. Of 
some other race than the Caucasian or white ; — applied 
esp. to negroes and persons having negro blood. 3. Spe- 
cious ; plausible. [who uses colors. I 

COl r or-er,COl'OUr-er,n. Onewho,or that which, colors ; one| 

COFor-if'ic (kul'er-if'ik ; koFo-rif'-), a. [L. color color + 
facere to make.] Capable of communicating color or tint ; 
loosely, pertaining to color. 

COl'or-im'e-ter (kuFer-im'e-ter ; koF6-nm'-), n. An instru- 
ment for measuring depth of color, as of a liquid, by com- 
parison with a standard ; a chromometer. 

COl'or-im'e-try (-e-trT), n. Measurement of the depth of 
color of a substance by the use of the colorimeter. — CoF- 
or-i-met'ric (-i-met'rik), -ri-cal (-rf-kal), a. 

COFor-ing, COFour-ing, n. Act of applying or giving color, 
the effect so produced, or that which produces color. 

COl'or-ist, coFour-ist, n. One who colors ; an artist who 
excels in the use of color. 

coFor-less, col'our-less, a. Without color. 

color, or colour, line. The line of social distinction be- 
tween white and colored races. Chiefly U. S. 

color, or colour, sergeant. A sergeant who carries or 
attends the colors. 

co-los'sal (ko-los'al), a. Of the size of a colossus; gigan- 
tic ; huge. — Syn. See monstrous. — co-los'sal-ly", adv. 

CoFos-se'um (kol'o-se'um), n. Also CoFi-se'um (kol'i-). 
An amphitheater Jmilt by Vespasian and Titus about A. d. 
80, and in great part still stand- 
ing, southeast of the Forum in 
Rome ; — often used as a name 
for theaters, etc. 




J , Colosseum at Rome. 

Co-los'si-an (ko-losh'T-an ; -losh'an), a. Of or pert, to Co- 
lossae, ancient city of Phrygia, Asia Minor. — n. 1. A native 
of Colossae ; esp., a member of its Christian church. 2. In pi. 

' The Epistle to the Colossians, in the New Testament. 

C0-l0S'SUS(-lbVus),w. ;pl. L.-si (-I),E.-susEs(-sus-ez ; 24). 
[L., fr. Gr. wXoo-o-os.] 1. A statue of gigantic size ; as, the 
Colossus of Rhodes, the statue of Apollo at Rhodes, made 
by Chares about 280 b. c, celebrated as one of the Seven 
Wonders of the World. 2. Anything of gigantic size or 
overawing greatness. 

CO-los'trum (-trum), n. [L., beestings.] The first milk 
secreted, up to a few days after delivery. Cf. beestings. 

CO-lot'O-my (ko-lot'6-mi), n. [Gr. k6\ov colon + -tomy.~_ 
Surg. An operation for opening the colon. [etc. 

col'our, coFour-a-ble, coFour-a'tion, etc. Vars. of color, 

-CO-IOUS (-ko-lfts), -CO-line (-ko-lln; -lln). [L. colere to 
inhabit.] Suffixes used to denote inhabiting, growing or 
living in, on, or among ; as in axemcolous, inhabiting, or 
burrowing in, sand; saxicoline, inhabiting or growing 
among rocks. [porteur's work. I 

col'por'tage (koFpor'taj; koFpor'tazh'), n. [F.] A col-| 

COl'por'teur (kol'por'ter ; koFpor'tur'), n. [F., one who 
carries on his neck, deriv. of col (L. collum) neck + porter 
(L. portare) to carry.] A hawker ; specif., one who goes 
about distributing religious tracts or books. 

COlt (kolt), n. [AS. colt.'] 1. The young of the horse (in 
its broadest sense). 2. One resembling a colt, esp. in youth 
and inexperience. — v. t. To befool. 06s. 

COl'ter (kol'ter), n. Also COul'ter. [AS. culler, fr. L. cutter 
plowshare, knife.] A cutter on a plow to cut the sward. 

Colt'ish (koFtish), a. Like, or pert, to, a colt ; frisky. 

COlts'fooF (kolts'foof), n. A perennial herb (Tussilago 
farfara) of the aster family, demulcent and expectorant. 

CoFu-brine (koFu-brln ; -brin), a. [L. colubrinus, fr. co- 
luber serpent.] 1. Pert, to or like a snake ; hence : 
cunning; crafty. 2. Zo'ol. Of or pert, to a subfamily 



columbinus, fr. 




Columbine. 



(Colubrinse), a family {Colubridx), or a suborder (Colu- 

brina), of snakes, esp. those of comparatively small size, 

with dilatable mouths and no poison glands, including 

the familiar harmless snakes of Europe and North America. 
CO-lu'go (ko-loo'go), n. ; pi. -gos (-goz). The flying lemur. 
COl'um-ba'ri-um (kol'iim-ba'ri-um ; 3), n. ; pi. -baria (-d). 

[L., fr. columba a dove.] Roman Antiq. A vault for ciner- 
ary urns, or, in pi., the niches in it. 
coFum-ba-ry (kol'um-ba-rT), n.; pi. -rtes (-riz). [See 

columbarium.] A dovecote ; a pigeon house. 
Co-luirFbi-a ( ko-liim'bi-d ), n. America; the United 

States ; — in honor of Columbus. Poet. 
Co-lum'bi-an (-«n), a. [From Columbia.] Of or pert. 

to the United States, or America, or Christopher Colum- 
bus. — Columbian spirit, a purified form of wood alcohol. 
— n. \l. c] Print. A size of type. See type. 
CoFum-bine (koFum-bln), n. [It. Colombina."] The maid 

beloved by Harlequin, in Italian masked comedy or the 

English harlequinade. 
coFum-bine (koF-um-bTn; -bYn), a 

columba dove.] Of or pertain- 
ing to a dove ; dovelike. 
coFum-bine (-bin), n. [LL. 

columbina.~] Any of a genus 

(Aquilegia) of ranunculaceous 

plants having showy flowers 

with spurred petals. 
CO-lum , bite(k6-lum / bIt),n. [See 

COLUMBIUM.] Min. A native 

black compound of iron and colum- 

bium, Fe(CbOs)2, often containing 

manganese, and grading into tantalite. 
co-lum'bi-um (-bi-wm), n. [NL., fr. 

Columbia the United States.] Chem. 

A rare metal of steel-gray color ; — 

called also niobium. Symbol, Cb (or 

Nb) ; at. wt., 93.5. 
Columbus Day. The 12th day of 

October, on which day in 1492 Colum- 
bus discovered America ; — called also 

Discovery Day. It is a legal holiday in many States. 
COFu-meFla (koFu-meFd), n.; pi. -l,e (-e). [L., dim. of 

columen column.] Any of various parts of an animal or 

flower like, or suggestive of, a column. 
COFumn (koFum), n. [L. columna fr. columen, culmen.'] 

1. Arch. A kind of supporting pillar; esp., a pillar with 

shaft, base, and capital, the shaft being 

round. 2. Anything like, or suggestive 

of, such a column in form, position, or 

function; as, a column of air, water, 

etc. ; the spinal column in man ; a 

column of figures. 3. Print. One of 

two or more upright sections separated 

by a rule or blank. 4. Mil. & Nav. A 

formation of soldiers or ships placed one 

behind another. — Syn. See pillar. — 

coFumned (kSFwmd), a. 
CO-lum'nar (ko-lum'ndr), a. Formed in 

columns ; having the form of a column or 

columns. 
CO-lum/ni-a'tion (ko-lum'ni-a'shwn), n. 

Employment or system of arrangement of 

columns in a structure. 
CO-lure' (ko-lur' ; ko'lur), n.; pi. -lures 

(-lurz'; -lurz). [L. coluri, pi., fr. Gr. at 

KoKovpoi (sc. ypafi/xai lines) the co- 

lures; k6\os docked + ovpa tail; — be- 
cause away from the equator (as in 

Greece) a part is always below the hori- 
zon.] Either of two great circles of the 

celestial sphere intersecting at the poles, 

one passing through the equinoctial 

points, the other at right angles to it. 
CO'ly (ko'li), n.; pi. colies (-liz). [NL. 

colius, prob. fr. Gr. koXios a kind of 

woodpecker.] Any of a small group of 

peculiar nonpasserine African birds 
(genus Colius, family Colidao ) ; — called 

mouse birds from the manner in which 

they creep about on trees 




Column. 1 Cor- 
nice ; 2 Frieze ; 
3 Architrave ; 4 
Capital; 5 
Shaft ; 6 Base ; 
7 Pedestal. 



D. koolza- 
Cole or its 



COFza ( koFzd ), n. [ F., fr. 

ad, prop., cabbage seed.] 

seed. 

colza oil. Rape oil. 
COXU-. A prefix from Latin 

cum, signifying with, to- 
gether, in conjunction, 

very, etc. See co-. 
CO'ma(ko'md),n. [NL.,fr., 

Gr.K&fia lethargy.] A state - 

of profound insensibility, due to disease, injury, or poison. 




Long-tailed Coly 
(Colius macTourus). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Nuinbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



COMA 



200 



COMET 




Coraatula (A ntedon rosacea) . 
C Dorsal cirri. 



CO'ma (ko'md) , n. ; pi. com^e (-me). [L., hair, fr. Gr. k6ait?.] 
1. Astron. A nebulous mass surrounding the nucleus of a 
comet, and with it constituting tbe comet's bead. 2. Bot. A 
tuft or bunch, as of branches, hairs, etc. 3. A blur of light 
partly surrounding an image produced by a lens, due to a 
form of aberration. 

|| Co'ma Be're-ni'ces (ber'e-nT'sez) ; gen. Com,e Bereni- 
ces (ko'me). [L.] Astron. A small constellation north of 
Virgo and between Bobtes and Leo ; Berenice's Hair. 
CO'mal (ko'mal), a. Bot. Of or pertaining to a coma. 

Co-man'che (ko-man'che), n. An Indian of a warlike 
tribe of nomads of Shoshonean stock, now in Oklahoma. 

Co-man'che-an (-an), a. [From Comanche, town and 
county, Texas.] Geol. Pert, to or designating a period of 
the Mesozoic next after the Jurassic ; — called also Lower 
Cretaceous and Shastan. — Co-man'che-an, n. 

CO'mate' (ko'maV ; ko'mat'), n. \_co- + mate.'] Companion. 

CO'mate (ko'mat), a. [L. comatus, deriv. of coma hair.] 
Having hair, esp. a short tuft of hairs ; hairy. 

com'a-tose (kom'd-tos; ko'md-), a. Relating to or like 
coma ; lethargic. — com'a-tose'ly, adv. 

CO-mat'U-la (kS-mat^i-ld), n.; L. pi. -lm (-le). [NL., fr. 
L. comatulus having hair 
neatly curled.] Zo'dl. A 
crinoid (genus Antedon or 
a related genus) of radiate 
form. Adult comatulse be- 
come detached and clinj 
to seaweeds, etc. Callei 
also feather star. 

comb (kom), n. [AS. 
camb.~\ 1. A toothed in- 
strument for adjusting, 
cleaning, or confining the 
hair, or for adornment. 
2. A currycomb. 3. The 
fleshy crest, or caruncle, 
on the head of the domes- 
tic fowl and certain other 
gallinaceous birds. 4. A 
thing resembling, or sug- 
gestive of, a cock's comb, as the crest of a wave. 5. Any of 
various toothed instruments resembling, or suggestive of, 
a comb (sense 1 or 2). 6. A honeycomb, or similar mass 
of cells. 

— v. t. To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust with or as with a 
comb. -~iy. i. Naut. To roll over or break, as a wave crest. 

comb (koom ; kom). Var. of coomb, a valley. 

COm'bat (kom'bat; kum'bat), v. i. [F. combattre; com- 
-f battre to beat, L. battuere to strike.] To contend, as 
with an opposing force ; fight. — v. t. To oppose by force, 
argument, etc. ; resist. — Syn. Withstand, repel. — n. 
1. A fight ; contest. 2. A duel ; single combat. — Syn. 
Battle, conflict, contention, strife. See contest. — com/- 
bat-a-ble (-d-b'l ; kom-bat'd-b'l), a. — com'bat-er, n. 

COm'bat-ant (-bat-ant), a. Contending, or disposed to 
contend. — n. One who engages in combat ; a combater. 

com'ba-tive (-bd-tiv ; kom-bat'iv), a. Disposed to com- 
bat ; pugnacious. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

combe Var. of coomb. 

comb'er (kom'er), n. One who, or that which, combs, as : 
a One whose occupation is combing wool, flax, etc. b A 
machine for combing wool, etc. C A long, curling wave. 

com-bin'a-ble (kom-bln'd-b'l), a. That may combine or be 
combined. 

com'bi-na'tion (kom'bi-na'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
combining ; state of being combined. 2. A union or aggre- 
gate made by combining one thing with another, as of per- 
sons or states to effect a purpose. 3. In pi. Math. The differ- 
ent sets into which a number of individuals, as letters, may 
be grouped. 4. The series of letters or numbers chosen in 
setting the mechanism of a keyless lock (combination 
lock) ; also, the mechanism operating by the series. — COIIl'- 
bi-na'tion-al (-na'shwn-dl), a. 

Syn. Alliance, association, union, league, confederacy, 
coalition, clique, coterie, gang, combine, party, faction, 
cabal, junto. — Combination, combine, party, fac- 
tion, cabal, junto. Combination and party may or 
may not be opprobrious ; faction, cabal, and junto com- 
monly are. A combination is a union for mutual sup- 
port in effecting a purpose ; combine is a colloquialism, 
esp. in the U.S., for combination ; as, the coal combine. A 
party is a number of persons united in support of some 
opinion, cause, or principle ; it usually implies a similar 
body in opposition. Faction often suggests a smaller 
body than parly, and commonly implies selfish ends and 
unscrupulousness. A cabal is a small secret combination, 
seeking private or sinister ends by scheming or intrigue. 
Junto oftener than cabal suggests intrigue for party or 
political, as well as for private, ends. See aggregate^ 

COm'bi-na-tive (kom'bT-na-tiv ; kom-bln'd-). a. Tending 
or able to effect combination ; marked by, pert, to, or re- 
sulting fiom, combination ; specif., Math., combinatorial. 



COm'bi-na-to'ri-al (kom'bi-nd-to'ri-al ; kom-bin'd-), a. 
Math. Of, pertaining to, or effected by, combinations. 

com-bine' (kom-bln'), v. t. & i. ; -bined' (-bind') ; -bin'ing 
(-bln'Ing). [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- -j- bi- 
nus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] To unite or join. — 
Syn. See join. — (kom-bln'; commonly kom'bln), n. A 
combination, esp. of persons to effect a commercial or politi- 
cal object. Colloq., U. S. — Syn. See combination. 

comb'ing (kom'ing), n. 1. Act or process of using a 
comb or combs. 2. Product of combing; specif., hairs 
combed out ; — usually in pi. 

Com-bust' (kom-busf), a. [L. combustus, p. p. of com- 
burere to burn up.] Astrol. So near the sun as to be ob- 
scured or overpowered by the sun's light. Obs. 

com-bus'ti-bil'i-ty (-bus'ti-bil'i-ti), n. The quality of 
being combustible. 

com-bus'ti-ble (-bus'ti-b'l), a. 1. Capable of combus- 
tion ; inflammable. 2. Easily kindled or excited ; fiery. — 
n. A thing that is combustible. — com-bus'ti-ble-ness, n. 

COm-bus'tion (-chun), n. 1. Act or instance of burning; 
chemical combination of a substance with, usually, oxygen 
so rapidly as, generally, to produce heat and light. 
2. Violent agitation ; confusion ; tumult. 

COm-bus'tive (kom-bus'tiv), a. Tending or able to effect 
combustion; pertaining to, or marked by, combustion. 

Come (kum), v. i.; pret. came (kam) ; p. p. come (kum) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. com'ing (kum'mg). [AS. cuman.J 1. To 
approach ; as, he came to me ; — opposed to go. 2. To 
arrive at, or appear on, a scene of action ; to move into, 
or appear in, the field of interest ; as, he came to the res- 
cue ; his case came to trial. 3. To approach or arrive in 
time, sequence, or order; as, day comes; to come of age ; 
after joy comes sadness; also, to approach in kind or 
quality; as, brute pain comes near to human. 4. To 
appear as issuing from a source or as entering into being ; 
to appear, or get to be, in the course of development or 
change ; follow ; emanate ; result ; also, to happen ; befall ; 
occur ; as, to come into bloom ; no harm will come to you ; 
an idea came into his head ; to come untied ; come true ; 
come into fashion. 5. To extend or reach from point to point 
or along a space ; as, breeches coming to the knees ; also, 
fig., to extend or reach in relations of interest or of effect on 
the sensibilities ; as, his death came very near to me. 6. To 
be favorably moved ; yield. — Syn. See arrive. 
to come about, a To come to pass ; to arrive ; happen, [b 
Naut. Of a vessel, to turn so as to sail on the other tack. — 
to c. by, to attain ; gain ; acquire. — to c. to. a Naut. (with 
accent on to) To luff ; bring the ship's head nearer the wind ; 
anchor. Cf.TO go about, under go. b (with accent on to) 
To recover, as from a swoon. C To reach ; amount to ; as, 
the taxes come to a large sum. 

— v. t. To act or practice ; as, to come a dodge over him. 
Slang or Colloq. 

come'— at'— a-ble (kiim'at'd-b'l), a. Capable of being come 
at, or attained ; accessible. Colloq. 

CO-me'di-an (ko-me'di-dn), n. 1. An actor in comedy. 
2. A writer of comedy. 

| CO / me / di-enne'(ko / ma / dyen'),n./em. ; pi. -ennes (-dyen/). 
[F.] An actress who plays comedy. 

CO-me'di-et'ta (ko-me'di-et'd ; It. ko-ma'di-et'ta), n. [It.] 
Drama. A brief or slender comedy. 

com'e-do (kom'e-do), com'e-don (-don), n.; pi. -dones 
(-do'nez). [L., a glutton. See comestible.] Med. A 
small mass of secretory matter occluding the excretory 
duct of a sebaceous gland, esp. on the face ; a blackhead. 

come'down' (kumMoun'), n. A downfall ; esp., a degrad- 
ing or humiliating concession or setback. 

com/e-dy (kom'e-di),n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [F. comedie, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. KWfj.u)5ia ; k&hos a festal procession, or an ode sung at 
it + bdbeiv to sing.] 1. A drama of light and amusing, 
rather than serious, character, and typically having a, 
happy ending; also, the dramatic quality characteristic 
of comedies. 2. Theory or art of composing or acting 
comedies. 3. Matter suitable for comedy. 4. Any 
literary composition treating a theme suitable for com- 
edy or after the manner of comedy. [comely. I 

come'li-ness (kum'li-ncs), n. Quality or state of being| 

come'ling (-ling), n. A newcomer ; immigrant. Archaic. 

come'ly (kum'li),-a.; -li-er (-li-er); -li-est. [AS. cym- 
lic; cyme beautiful + -lie. See like, a.] 1. Pleasing or 
agreeable to the sight; good-looking. 2. Suitable; be- 
coming ; decent. Archaic. 

Syn. Comely, beautiful. Comely, as applied to per- 
sons, is a term of lower praise than beautiful. 

com'er (kum'er), n. One who comes, or has come. 

CO-mes'ti-ble (ko-mes'ti-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. comesus, 
comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat ; com- + edere to eat.] 
Eatable. — n. A comestible thing ; — usually in pi. 

com'et (kom'et ; 24), n. [From L., fr. Gr. kom^ttjs comet, 
prop., long-haired, deriv. of kohv hair.] _ A kind of heavenly 
body, often having a long nebulous train, or tail. Comets 
are now commonly regarded as erratic members of the 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COMETARY 



201 



COMMENDATORY 



solar system, usually of very small mass. Periodic comets 
move in an ellipse, others in a parabola or hyperbola. 

— com'et-a-ry (-a-rl), a. — co-met'ic (ko-met'ik), a. 
CO-meth'er (ko-metb/er), n. Dial, or Colloq., Brit. 1. Mat- 
ter ; affair. 2. Friendly communication or association. 

to put the, or one's, comether on, to get under one's in- 
fluence ; beguile ; wheedle. 

Com'et-oid (kom'et-oid), a. Resembling, or connected with, 
a comet, in either physical appearance or elements of the 
orbit, as an asteroid or a meteor. 

comet seeker, comet finder. A telescope, usually of 
low power and short focal length, affording a wide field 
of view and used in searching the sky for comets. 

com/fit (kum'flt), n. [F. confit, prop, a p. p. fr. confire to 
preserve, L. conficere to prepare ; con- + facere to make.] 
A dry sweetmeat or confection, esp. one consisting of a 
seed, or a piece of fruit or root, coated with sugar. 

— v. t. To make into a comfit ; preserve. [Archaic. 
COm'fi-ture (-fi-tur),n. [F. confiture. A comfit. Obs. or 
Com'fort (kum'fert), n. [OF. confort, Ix. conforter, v._ 

1. Strengthening aid ; solace ; consolation. _ 2. State or 
feeling of having relief, cheer, or consolation ; freedom 
from pain, want, or anxiety. 3. That which gives or 
brings comfort. — Syn. See ease. 

— v. t. [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much ; 
con- + fortis strong.] 1. To aid ; — now only in legal use, 
as in aid and comfort. 2. To impart strength and hope to ; 
usually, to relieve of mental distress ; console. 

Syn. Cheer, revive, encourage, enliven, invigorate, in- 
spirit, refresh, animate, console, solace. — Comfort, con- 
sole, solace. Comfort suggests relief afforded by im- 
parting positive cheer, hope, or strength, as well as by 
diminution of pain ; as, a mother comforts her sobbing 
child. Console, the more formal term, emphasizes rather 
the alleviation of grief or the mitigation of the sense of loss 
than the communication of pleasure ; as, the presence of 
friends consoles us in bereavement. Solace often sug- 
gests relief from weariness, despondency, or loneliness, 
rather than from grief or pain ; as, to solace one's self with 
books when fretted by cares. 

COm'fort-a-ble (kum'fer-td-b'l), a. 1. Affording comfort, 
consolation, or aid. 2. In a state of comfort ; as : a 
Cheerful. Obs. b In a state of content ; at ease, c Fairly 
adequate ; sufficient, but not in excess ; as, a comfortable 
fortune. Colloq. 3. Marked by an appearance of com- 
fort ; easy and undisturbed ; as, a motherly, comfortable 
woman. — n. A stuffed or quilted cover for a bed. U. S. — 
com'fort-a-ble-ness, n. — com'for-ta-bly, adv. 

COm'fort-er (-ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, gives 
comfort, as aid, consolation, cheer, etc. 2. [cap.] Bib. 
The Holy Spirit. 3. = comfortable, n. U. S. 

Com'fort-less, a. Having or affording no comfort or com- 
forts. — Syn. Forlorn, desolate, cheerless, miserable. 

COm/frey (kiim'fri), n.; pi. -freys (-frTz)._ [OF. confire.'] 
Any of a genus {Symphytum) of boraginaceous plants, 
esp. a rough hairy perennial (S. officinalis) used in cough 
mixtures, etc. 

com'ic (kom'Ik), a. [From L.,fr. Gr. kuuikos.'] 1. Relating 
to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. 2. Causing mirth, as 
being humorous, witty, etc. — Syn. See laughable. 

COm'i-cal (-I-kdl) , a. 1. Belonging to comedy ; hence, trivial ; 
low. Obs. 2. Exciting mirth ; droll ; laughable. — Syn. 
Humorous, funny. See laughable. — com'i-cal-ly, adv. 

— com'i-cal-ness, com'i-cal'i-ty (-i-kal'i-ti), n. 
com'ing (kum'ing),p.a. That comes ; approaching.— n. 1. 

Act of approaching; advent. 2.The Second Advent of Christ. 
coming in, income or revenue ; — usually in pi. (com- 
ings in). — c. out, a social debut. Colloq. 

CO-mi/no (ko-me'no), «.,; pi. -nos (-noz). [Sp. camino.] 
A path or trail ; also, a journey. Southwestern U. S. 

CO-mi'ti-a (ko-mish'T-d), n. pi. [L.] Roman Antiq.^ An 
assembly of the people convened to act on matters officially 
submitted to it. — CO-mi/tial (-mish'dl), a. 

Co-mi'ti-um (ko-mish'i-iim), n.; pi. -tia (-a). [L. ; com- 
+ ire, itum, to go.] In ancient Rome, the place at the foot 
of the Capitol, between the Rostra and the Senate House, 
where the comitia and law courts convened. 

CO'mi-ti'va (ko'me-te'va), n.; pi. -tive (-va). [It.] 

, A body of followers ; — applied to the lawless or brigand 
bands in Italy and Sicily. 

COm'i-ty (kom'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. comitas, fr. 

comis courteous, kind.] Mildness and suavity of man- 

' ners ; courtesy. — Syn. Civility, good breeding, good will. 

COm'ma (kom'd), n. [L. part of a sentence, fr. Gr.Ko/^a 
clause, Koirreiv to cutoff.] 1. [pi. commata (kom'd-td).] 
Pros, a A short phrase or word group less than a colon. 
b Either part of a dactylic hexameter as divided by the 
caesura; also, the caesura itself. 2. [_pl. commas (-dz).] 
Punctuation. A point [,] used to mark the smallest struc- 
tural division of a sentence. 3. \_pl. commas (-dz).] Music. 
A minute interval or difference in pitch. 

Comma bacillus. A bacterial microorganism (Microspira 
comma) causing Asiatic cholera ; cholera bacillus. 



COm-mand' (ko-mand'), v. t. [OF. comander, fr. L. com- -f- 
mandare to commit to, command.] 1. To direct author- 
itatively ; charge ; enjoin. 2. To have at command ; have 
command over ; have under control or at disposal ; as, to 
command a large vocabulary. 3. To dominate in situa- 
tion, as by height ; overlook ; as, the height commands the 
valley. 4. To require or demand authoritatively ; — some- 
times used with of or from. 

Syn. Bid, dictate, require, prescribe, order, enjoin, direct, 
instruct. — Command, order, enjoin, direct, instruct. 
Command implies more formal and official, order, more 
peremptory, sometimes even arbitrary, exercise of author- 
ity ; as, a captain commands or orders his men ; a land- 
owner orders a trespasser off his premises. Enjoin, direct, 
and instruct are all less imperative than command or 
order. Enjoin adds to the idea of authority that of press- 
ing admonition ; direct and instruct suggest rather busi- 
ness or official relations. 

— v. i. 1. To have or exercise direct authority ; give an 
order or orders ; be commander. 2. To dominate or 
overlook, as from a superior position. 

— n. 1. Act of commanding ; bidding. 2. A thing com- 
manded ; as : a An order ; a commandment, b A force under 
a commander. C A position in which one commands, as a 
military post. 3. Faculty or power of commanding ; as, a 
good command of language. — Syn. Control, sway, power, 
authority, dominion ; mandate, injunction, charge, behest. 

COm'man-dant' (kom'dn-danf), n. [F., orig. p. pr.] A 
commander; commanding officer. 

COm'man-deer' (-der'), v. t. [D. kommandeeren, lit., to 
command.] 1. Mil. To compel to perform military 
service. 2. To seize arbitrarily or forcibly. Colloq. 

COm-mand'er (ko-man'der), n. 1. One who commands; 
hence, a chief or leader. 2. a Navy. An officer ranking 
next below a captain. See navy, b The chief officer of an 
army or of any division of it. C The administrator of a medi- 
eval religious (esp. military) commandery ; also, the chief 
officer, or one of certain higher officers, in a secret or honor- 
ary order. — Syn. See chief. 

com-mand'er-y (-der-T), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. The office 
or rankof a commander, as in an order of knighthood. 2. 
The jurisdiction of a commander ; specif. : a A district or a 
manor under a commander of an order of knights ; a pre- 
ceptory ; later, a pension or benefice attached to the office of 
a commander, b An assembly or lodge in some secret orders. 

com-mand'ing, p. a. That commands. — Syn. Authori- 
tative, imperative, imperious. — com-mand'ing-ly, adv. 

com-mand'ment (-mand'.ment), n. Act of commanding ; 
power of command ; what is commanded ; specif., Bib., one 
of the Ten Commandments. See Exodus xx. 1-17. 

COm-man'do (ko-man'do), n. ; pi. -DOS, -does (-doz). [D. 
See command, v. t.] In South Africa, a military body or 
command ; also, sometimes, an expedition or raid. 

COm-mem'O-rate (-mem'o-rat), v.t.; -rat'ed; -rat'ing. 
[L. commemoratus, p. p., deriv. of com- + memorare to 
mention, memor mindful.] To call to remembrance ; 
serve as a memorial of. — Syn. See celebrate. — com- 
mem/o-ra'tor, n. 

COm-mem'O-ra'tion (-ra'shtm), n. Act of commemorat- 
ing; a memorial. — com-mcm'o-ra'tion-al (-21), a. 

com-mern'o-ra-tive (-ra-tiv), a. Also com-mem'o ra- 
to-ry (-to-ri) . Intended to commemorate, as a monument. 

com-mence' (ko-mensO, v. i. & t.; -menced' (-menst') ; 
-menc'ing (-men'sing). [F. commencer, fr. L. com- + ini- 
tiare to begin.] To originate ; start ; begin. — Syn. See 
begin. — com-menc'er (-men'ser), n. 

com-mence'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act, fact, or time, of 
commencing. 2. The day when, or the ceremonies at 
which, degrees are^ conferred by colleges and universities. 

COm-mend r (ko-mend'), v. t. [L. commendare ; com- -f- 
mandare to intrust, enjoin, command.] 1. To commit, 
intrust, or give in charge for care. 2. To recommend as 
worthy of confidence or regard. 3. To mention with 
approbation ; praise. 4. To mention by way of courteous 
remembrance. Archaic. 5. a Eccl. To bestow in com- 
mendam. 06s. or R. b Feudalism. To commit or 
place as vassal under the protection of a lord ; — used 
reflexively or of land. 

com-mend'a-ble, a. Worthy of being commended ; laud- 
able ; praiseworthy. — com-mend'a-bly, adv. 

COm-men'dam (kom-men'dam), n. [LL. dare in com- 
mendam to give into trust.] Eccl. a The custody of a 
benefice by one to whom it was given in charge {in cum- 
mendam), temporarily or for life ; also, the enjoyment cf 
the revenues so received. The practice was abolished in 
England in 1836. b A benefice so held. 

com'men-da'tion (kom'en-da'shwn), n. 1. Act of com- 
mending or that which commends. 2. Compliments; 
greeting ; — usually in pi. Archaic. 

com-mend'a-to-ry (ko-menMd-to-n), a. 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or serving for, commendation. 2. Holding a bene- 
fice in commendam ; also, held in commendam. 







G 



H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



"(k5-ses^£), ». L 

1. (fee -win 
taiak. 1- 

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r; L L¥C a Tie 
" ~- - - inoc asd. tbi^f 



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z^: ::-. :■:- ~e^_ ~ - . - - - - ~_j: 

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food, foot 



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-• 



COMMODORE 



203 



COMMUNICATION 



commodious ; convenience ; accommodation ; opportunity ; 
profit ; benefit ; advantage ; expediency ; interest ; com- 
modiousness. Obs. or Archaic, except Legal. 2. That 

[ which affords convenience or advantage, esp. in commerce, 
including everything movable that is bought and sold 
(except animals). 3. A parcel or quantity of goods. 06s. 

com'mo-dore' (kom'o-dor' ; 57), n. [Prob. a corruption of 
commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military 
order who holds a commandery.] 1. Naval. An offi- 
cer next above a captain and below a rear admiral ; specif.: 
a In the British navy, a captain commanding a squadron 
or a division of a fleet, b In the United States navy, an offi- 
cer commanding a squadron, division, ship of the first class, 
etc., having a rank corresponding to that of brigadier gen- 
eral in the army. Since 1899 the grade has been abolished 
except as a rank to which captains with Civil War service 
are retired. 2. Naut. a The senior captain of a line of ships. 
D The president or chief officer of a yacht club or boat club. 

com'mon (kom'un), a. [OF. comun, fr. L. communis ; 
com- + munis ready to be of service.] 1. Belonging or 
pertaining to the community at large ; public ; subject 
to rights of common ; as, the common pasture. 2. Shared 
equally or similarly by two or more or by all the members 
of a group, kind, etc. ; specif., resulting from, involving, 
or expressing concordance ; as, _ to make common cause 
against the enemy. 3. Belonging or pertaining to many 
or to the majority ; general or prevalent ; as, a matter of 
common knowledge ; specif., Archaic, widely known or 
talked of. 4. Of frequent occurrence or appearance ; 
familiar. 5. Hence : a Of the usual type or standard. 
b Below the ordinary standards ; second-rate. 6. Designat- 
ing the more prevalent or familiar type of anything; 
as, common salt. 7. Habitual, professed, or confessed ; 
as, a common scold, nuisance, etc. 8. Gram, a As 
used of nouns in Latin, Greek, etc. : That may be either 
masculine or feminine, b Of variable (short or long) 
quantity. 9. Impure ; unclean. Rare. 
Syn. General, public, popular, universal ; frequent, cus- 
tomary, usual, familiar ; mediocre, mean, cheap, trite, 
stale, threadbare, commonplace ; plebeian, inelegant, or- 
dinary, vulgar. — Common, ordinary, vulgar. Com- 
mon, as here compared (see general, mutual), implies 
the lack of distinguishing, conspicuous, or exceptional 
qualities ; positively, it suggests the usual, everyday, or 
familiar. It often connotes the inferior, plebeian, or 
cheap ; as, the common herd. Ordinary expresses more 
definitely accordance with the regular order or run of 
things. It commonly implies qualities not above, often 
below, the average ; as, above the reach of ordinary men. 
Vulgar applies primarily to that which is of the people ; 
as, the vulgar tongue. As here compared, it connotes lack 
of refinement, propriety, or taste ; as, a vulgar remark. 
common carrier, Law, one who undertakes the office of 
carrying goods or persons for hire and for all persons in- 
differently. — c. chord. Music = triad (which see). — 
c. council, in a city, the representative (legislative) body, 
or its lower • branch. See alderman. — c, or vulgar, 
fraction, a fraction in which both numerator and denomi- 
nator are expressed, thus : £, §, f. — c. law. a The gen- 
eral and ordinary law of a country or community, as dis- 
tinguished from its subdivisions, local law, equity, etc. b 
The unwritten law (esp. of England) that is binding be- 
cause of immemorial usage and universal reception ; — 
often in distinction from statute law. Hence, any simi- 
larly developed system of jurisprudence. — c. noun, 
Gram., a noun or name noting any one of a class ; an ap- 
pellative ; as man, whip, day. — C. Pleas. Law. Short 
for Court of Common Pleas. See under court. — c. 
prayer, the liturgy, contained in the Book of Common 
Prayer, which all the clergy of the Church of England are 
enjoined to use. With some modifications it is used in 
the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. — 
c. school, in the United States, a public elementary 
school. — c. sense, good, sound, ordinary sense ; normal 
intelligence. — c. stock, ordinary capital stock not 
sharing the privileges of preferred stock. — c. time, 
Music, that variety of time in which the measure consists 
of two or of four equal portions, esp. that having four 
crotchets to the bar, and designated £. 

— n. 1. The people ; community ; also, commonalty. Obs. 2. 
Land held in common, as by all members of a community. 
3. Law. The right of taking a profit in the land of another, 
in common either with the owner or with other persons. 4. 
Eccl. A service suitable for any festival of a certain class ; 
as, the common of the dedication of a church ; — opposed 
to proper. 

common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on 
another's land. 

— v. i. 1 o have something in common ; specif. : a To partici- 
pate. Obs. bio enjoy or exercise a right in common. C To 
board together ; to eat at table in common. 

com'mon-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Held in common. 2. Al- 
lowed to pasture on public commons. 

com/mon-age (-aj), n. 1. Right of pasturing on a com- 



mon ; state of being held in common ; that which is so 
held. 2. The commonalty ; also, a body of commoners. 

com'mon-al-ty (kom'un-al-tl), n. 1. The common peo- 
ple ; the commons ; — disting. from nobility. 2. The body 
or general membership of a body corporate ; as, the mayor 
and commonalty of London. 

com/mon-er (-er),n. 1. Citizen; burgess. Obs., exc. spe- 
cif. : A member of the London Court of Common Council. 
2. One of the commonalty. 3. A member of the House of 
Commons. 4. In some English colleges, as at Oxford, a stu- 
dent who pays all university charges. 

com'mon-ly, adv. Usually ; ordinarily. 

com'mon-ness, n. State or quality of being common. 

com/mon-place' (-iZn -plas' ), n. 1. Anything common or 
trite ; a platitude. 2. A passage noted for reference, in a 
commonplace book. 3. That which is commonplace. 
Syn. Commonplace, platitude, truism. A common- 
place is a stock idea or expression, often suggesting lit- 
tle more than the obvious and conventional. Platitudo 
adds the suggestion of a flat or trite remark made with 
an air of importance or novelty. A truism is a self- 
evident truth. 

— a. Ordinary ; trite. — com'mon-place'ness, n. 

commonplace book. A book in which "commonplaces," 
or passages noted as important for reference, or other 
matters are recorded. 

com'mons (kom'unz), n. pi. 1. The mass of the people, 
as distinguished from the nobility ; commonalty. 2. [cap.] 
The House of Commons ; — usually used with the. 3. Pro- 
visions for a common table, as in colleges ; fare. 

com'mon-weal', n., or common weal. Commonwealth. 

com'mon-wealth' (-welth'), n. 1. Public welfare. Now 
Rare. 2. The people constituting a state ; hence, a state, 
as the English state under Cromwell, any of the individual 
States of the United States, etc. — Syn. Realm, republic. 

com'mo-ran-cy (kom'o-ran-sl), n. _ A dwelling, abiding, 
or ordinary residence in a place ; habitation. Chiefly Law. 

com'mo-rant (-rant), a. [L. commorans, p. pr. of com- 
morari to abide ; com- -f- morari to delay.] Ordinarily 
residing ; inhabiting ; abiding ; dwelling. 

com-mo'tion (ko-mo'sh&n), n. 1. Disturbed or violent 
motion ; agitation. 2. Public disturbance ; riot ; tumult. 

com-move' (-moov'), v. t.; -moved' (-moovd'); -mov'ing 
(-mobv'Ing). [From OF., fr. L. commovere, -motum; 
com- + mover e to move.] 1. To put in motion ; disturb ; 
unsettle. 2. To stir to emotion ; excite. 

com'mu-nal (kom'u-nal; ko-mu'nal), a. Of or pertaining 
to a commune ; hence, belonging to a simple social life. 

com'mu-nal-ism (-Iz'm), n. System of political and social 
organization substantially the same as communism, 2. — 
com'mu-nal-ist (1st), n. — com mu-nal-is'tic, o. 

com/mu-nal-ize (-Iz), v. t. To render communal; sub- 
ject to the rights, methods, organization, or ownership of a 
commune or community. — com'mu-nal-i-za'tion (-1- 
za'shtm ; -I-za'shftn), n. — com'mu-nal-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

com'mu-nard (kom'u-nard), n. [F.] A communalist ; 
specif, [cap.], one who supported or participated in the 
Commune of Paris in 1871. 

com'mune (kSm'un), n. [F., fr. commun common.] 1. 
The common people ; the commons ; Hist., any of various 
bodies treated as a unit, as the members of a municipal 
corporation, etc. 2. The smallest administrative dis- 
trict in France, or the inhabitants or government of such 
a district ; a similar district elsewhere. 3. [cap.] With 
the : a The government in Paris (1792-94) established by 
usurpation of sl ->reme power by commissioners chosen by 
the sections of Paris, a part of the rule of which is known 
as the "Reign of Terror" (1793-94). b The insurrec- 
tionary governme «t in possession of Paris from March 18 
to May 27, 1871. 

com'mune, n. Communion ; intercourse. 

com-mune' (ko-mun' ; kom'un), v. i.; -muned' (-mund') ; 
-mun'ing. [OF. co xmuner to put in common.] 1. To 
converse together ; confer ; now, specif., to converse inti- 
mately. 2. To receive the Communion. 

COm-mu'ni-ca-ble (ka-mu'ni-kd-b'l),a. 1. Capable of com- 
municating or r ' Heing communicated. 2. Communicative ; 
ready to convt., sc. — com-mu'ni-ca-bil'i-ty, com-mu'- 
ni-ca-ble-nes& n. 

com-mu'ni-cani (-mu'nT-kant), n. 1. One who is entitled 
to partake of thi Cc nmunion ; a church member. 2. One 
who communical t i. — a. Communicating. 

com-mu'ni-cate (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communi- 
cate, communis common.] 1. To impart ; convey. 2. 
To make known; recount, as a secret. — v.i. 1. Eccl. To 
take part in the Communion. 2. To have intercourse; 
hold or aflord communication ; be connected. 

com-mu'ni-ca'tion (-ni-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or fact of 
communicating. 2. Intercourse by words i letters, etc. , 
interchange of thoughts or opinions. 3. That which is 
communicated or imparted. 4. Act or means ol communi- 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



COMMUNICATIVE 



204 



COMPASS 



i 



eating, or passing from place to place ; a connecting pas- 
sage. — Syn. Correspondence, conference, intercourse ; 
news, intelligence, message. 

jsom-mu'ni-ca-tive ( ko-mii'nT-ka-tTv ), a. 1. Inclined to 
communicate ; 06s., diffusive. 2. Of or pertaining to 
communication. — com-mu'ni-ca-tive-ness, n. 

com-mu'rii-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
communicates. 

com-mun'ion (-mun'yiin), n. 1. Act of sharing ; commu- 
nity of condition or relation. 2. Intercourse between 
persons ; esp., intimate intercourse. 3. A body of Chris- 
tians of a common faith and discipline. 4. [cap.] The 
celebration of the Lord's Supper. 5. The psalm or anti- 
phon said or sung at Communion. — Syn. Share, partici- 
pation, fellowship, converse ; unity, concord, agreement. 

eom'mu-nism (kom'u-niz'm), n. 1. A system of social 
organization in which goods are held in common. 2. A 
system of social organization where large powers are given 
to small political units, or communes ; communalism. 3. 
Any system of social organization involving common owner- 
ship of the means of production, and some equality in the 
distribution of the products of industry. 

com'mu-nist (-nlst), n. 1. An adherent of communism. 

2. [ cap. ] A supporter of the Paris Commune ; Commu- 
nard. — Syn. See socialist. 

com'mu-nis'tic ( -mu-ms'tik ), a. 1. Of or pert, to com- 
munism or communists ; as, communistic theories. 2. Of 
or pert, to or supporting the Commune of Paris. 3. Zo'ol. 
Living or nesting in common, as certain birds ; commensal. 

Com-mu'ni-ta'ri-an (ko-mu'ni-ta'ri-an ; 3), 7i. A mem- 
ber of a communistic or similar body. 

com-mu'ni-ty (ko-mu'ni-ti ), n.; pi. -nities (-tiz). 1. A 
body of people or animals living in the same place, under 
the same conditions. 2. Society at large ; commonwealth ; 
the public. 3. Joint ownership or participation ; as, a com- 
munity of interests. 4. Common character ; likeness. 

Com'mu-nizs (kom'u-nIz),_ v. t. ; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing 
(-nTz'ing). To subject to rights of communism or common 
property rights ; make common. ni-za'tion, n. 

Com-mut'a-ble (ko-mut'd-b'l), a. Capable of being com- 
muted, or interchanged. mut'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

COm'mu-tate (kom'u-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'- 
ING. Elec. To turn or direct (a current or currents), esp. 
so as to form a current continuous as to direction. 

com'mu-ta'tion (-mu-ta'shun), n. # 1. Act of commut- 
ing ; substitution, as of a less thing for a greater. 2. 
That which is given or paid in substitution. 

Commutation ticket. A ticket issued by a railway com- 
pany, etc., at a reduced rate, for a certain number of 
trips between specified places. 

com-mut'a-tive (ko-mQt'd-tiv ; kom'u-ta-tTv), a. Of, per- 
taining to, or effecting commutation. 

com'mu-ta'tor (kom'u-ta/ter), n. Elec. a A device for 
reversing the direction of an electric current, b An at- 
tachment for the armature of a dynamo for commutating 
the induced currents in the armature conductors, or in a 
motor for conveying the current to the conductors. 

com-mute' (ko-mut'), v. t.; -mut'ed (-mut'ed) ; -mut'ing. 
[L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change.] 
1. To exchange ; interchange ; substitute. 2. To substi- 
tute (for one exaction or obligation) another that is less ; 
as, to commute a sentence from death to imprisonment. 

3. Elec. To commutate. — v. i. 1. To compensate ; 
serve as a substitute. 2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in 
gross, esp. at a reduced rate, instead of part by part. 

com-mut'er (-mut'er), n. One who commutes; esp., one 

who travels on a commutation ticket. 
ccm-mu'tu-al (ko-mu'tu-ol), a. Mutual ; reciprocal. 
CO'mose (ko'mos ; ko-mos'), a. [L. comosus hairy, from 

coma hair.] Bot. Bearing a coma, or tuft of soft hairs. 
com'pact (kom'pakt), n. [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, 

p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with ; com- + pa- 

cisci to make an agreement.] An agreement or covenant ; 

contract. — Syn. See contract. 
COm-pact' (kom-pakt'), a. [L. compactus, p. p. of com- 

pingere to join ; com- -J- pangere to fix.] 1. Composed or 

made ; — used with of. 2. Closely united or packed ; solid ; 

dense ; also, lying or arranged in a narrow compass ; close. 

3. Brief ; pithy ; not diffuse. — Syn. Firm, close. — v. t. 

1. To press closely together; join firmly; consolidate. 

2. To form by connecting firmly. — com-pact'ly, adv. 
— com-pact'ness, n. 

ccm-pan'ion (-pan'yim), n. Naut. aThe hood or covering 
at the top of a companionway. b A companionway. 

com-pan'ion, n. [F. compagnon, fr. LL. companio; L. 
com- + panis bread.] 1. One who accompanies, or is asso- 
ciated with, another or others ; associate ; comrade. 2. A 
fellow ; — in contempt. 06s. 3. A member of an order of 
knighthood ; now, one of the lowest grade in certain or- 
ders. 4. One of a pair or set of like or matched things ; as, a 
companion to a picture. — Syn. Fellow, mate, comrade, 
compeer. — v. t. To attend ; accompany 



com-pan'ion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Fitted to be a companion ; 
agreeable; sociable. — com-pan'ion-a-ble-ness, n. 

companion ladder. Naut. A ladder leading down a com- 
panion hatchway. 

com-pan'ion-ship, n. Quality or state of being a compan- 
ion ; fellowship ; association. 

com-pan'ion-way' (-wa ; ), n. Naut. A set of steps leading 
below from the deck ; the passageway occupied by them. 

com'pa-ny (kum'pd-nT), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [F. compa- 
gnie, OF. compaignie, fr. compaigne company, fr. (as- 
sumed) LL. compania. See companion.] 1. Fellowship ; 
society ; friendly intercourse. 2. An assemblage of indi- 
viduals ; band ; retinue. 3. A companion or companions. 4. 
Society in general ; people assembled for social intercourse. 
5. Guests or visitors. 6. An association of persons for a 
joint purpose, esp. for carrying on business. 7. Those mem- 
bers of a partnership firm whose names do not appear in 
the firm name. Colloq. 8. A body of actors in a theater 
or play. 9. Mil. A body of soldiers ; specif., a subdivision 
of a regiment of infantry under a captain. 10. Crew of a 
ship, including the officers. 

Syn. Gathering, concourse, assembly, assemblage, body ; 
group, circle, party, coterie, set ; throng, crowd, flock, 
multitude, host ; band, troop, crew, gang. — Company, 
band, troop, crew, gang. Company is the general 
term for either a temporary assemblage or a permanent 
association of individuals ; as, a crowd met him at the 
train, and the faces of many in the company were familiar 
to him ; a military company ; a joint-stock company. A 
band (specif., a company of musicians; as, a brass band) 
is a company united by a common tie or purpose ; as, the 
band of exiles who plotted his overthrow. Troop (specif., 
a band of soldiers or, in pi., soldiers collectively; as, the 
British troops) often suggests the idea of a throng or mul- 
titude ; as troops of friends. Crew, as here compared, 
has always a derogatory connotation ; as, a crew of mis- 
chievous critics. Gang has a strongly opprobrious or 
contemptuous connotation ; as, a gang of robbers. 

— v. t. ; -need (-nid) ; -ny-ing. To accompany. Archaic. 
com'pa-ra-ble (kom'pd-rd-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of 

being compared. — com'pa-ra-fole-ness, n. bly, adv. 

com-par'a-tive (kom-par'd-tiv), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
to comparison. 2. Proceeding from or by comparison; 
as, comparative anatomy, philology, etc. 3. Of an ad- 
jective or adverb, expressing an increased (or, with a 
negative, a less) degree of the attribute or quality denoted 
by the simple form. 4. Estimated by comparison; 
relative. — n. Gram. The comparative degree or the form 
denoting it. See compare, v. t., 3. tive-ly, adv. 

com-pare' (kom-par'), v. t.; -pared' (-pard') ; -par'ing 
(-par'ing). [L. comparare, fr. compar equal to another ; 
com- + par equal.] 1. To represent as similar ; liken ; — 
used with to. 2. To examine the qualities of in order to 
discover resemblances or differences ; bring into compari- 
son ; — usually used with with. 3. Gram. To inflect or 
otherwise modify ( an adverb or adjective) so as to denote 
degrees of quality, quantity, or relation ; to state the posi- 
tive, comparative, and superlative forms of. 
BS^One object is compared with another when the two are 
set side by side, in order to show their relative merits, or 
to bring out their characteristic qualities ; to another, be- 
cause of a real or (frequently) imagined similarity. 

— v. i. 1. To be like or equal ; admit, or be worthy, of com- 
parison. 2. To vie ; assume a likeness or equality. 

— n. Comparison ; — now chiefly in beyond, or past, com,' 
pare. — com-par'er, n. 

Com-par'i-son (-par'i-sun), n. 1. Act of comparing ; specif., 
Gram., modification of an adjective or adverb to denote de- 
grees of quality, quantity, or relation. 2. State of being 
compared ; also, a state, quality, or relation admitting of 
being compared. 3. Rhet. A figure by which one person or 
thing is compared to another, or the two are considered 
with regard to some common property or quality. 
Syn. Comparison, simile, metaphor. Comparison is 
the general term ; it usually implies, as distinguished from 
simile, that the objects compared belong to the same class, 
or are more alike than different; as in : "The staff of his 
spear was like a weaver's beam." A simile is an imagi- 
native comparison between objects essentially unlike, ex- 
cept in certain aspects ; as in : " A little cloud like a man's 
hand." A metaphor imaginatively identifies one object 
with another, and ascribes to one qualities of the other ; 
where the simile declares that A is like B, the metaphor as- 
sumes that A is B ; as in : "The spirit of man is the candle 
of the Lord." A metaphor may usually be expanded into a 
simile, and a simile may be condensed into a metaphor. 

com-part' (kom-parf), v. t. [L. compartiri; com- + par- 
tiri to share.] To mark out into parts or subdivisions. 

COm-part'ment (-ment),n. [F. compartiment, fr. OF. com- 
partir to divide.] One of the parts into which an inclosed 
space is divided ; a separate division, as of a structure. 

COm'pass ( kum'pds ), n. [ F. compas, fr. LL. compassus 
circle ; L. com-+ passus step.] 1. Boundary or circumfer- 
ence. 2. An inclosed space ; area ; extent ; hence ; limits ; 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, son., connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COMPASSABLE 



205 



COMPLEMENT 



reach ; bounds ; esp. moderate bounds ; as, within the com- 
pass of his sight. 3. Music. The range of tones within the 
capacity of a voice or instrument. 4. A passing round ; cir- 
cuit. 5. An instrument for describing circles, transferring 
measurements, etc., essentially consisting of two pointed 
branches or legs joined at the top by a pivot or (as in the 
beam compass for large circles) connected by a bar on which 
they may slide ; — usually in pi. 6. An instrument for de- 
termining directions by a magnetized needle or bar which 
indicates the magnetic north and south. — Syn. See range. 

— a. Circular; curved; specif., semicircular. 

— v. t. [F. compasser to arrange, regulate, ponder.] l.To 
purpose ; contrive ; plot. Obs. or Law. 2.To make the cir- 
cuit of. 3. To inclose on all sides ; surround. 4. To reach ; 
get within control ; accomplish. 5. To curve. Tech. 

com'pass-a-ble, a. That can be compassed. 

compass card. The circular card of a mariner's compass, 
on which are marked the 32 points. 

com'pass-es (-ez ; 24), n. pi. See compass, n., 5. 

com-pas'sion (kom-pash'un), n. [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. 
compati to have compassion ; com- + poii to bear, suffer.] 
Lit., suffering with another ; hence : sorrow or pity for an- 
other's distress or misfortunes ; sympathy. — Syn. See pity. 

Com-pas'sion-ate (at), a. 1. Disposed to pity. 2. Pitiable. 
Obs. — Syn. Sympathizing, tender, merciful.— (-at), v.t . ; 
-at'ed ; -at'ing. To pity ; sympathize with. ate-ly, adv. 

Compass plant. Any of several plants (as Silphium lacinia- 
tum and Lotus americanus) whose leaves or branches tend 
to arrange themselves on the axis so as to indicate the 
cardinal points of the compass. 

com-pat'i-bil'i-ty (kom-pat'i-bil'T-tT), n. Quality of being 
compatible ; as, compatibility of tempers. 

Com-pat'i-ble.(kom-pat'i-b'l),a. [F.,deriv. of L. compati. 
See compassion.] Capable of coexisting in harmony ; — 
usually used with with. — Syn. See consonant. — com- 
pat'i-ble-ness, n. — com-pat'i-bly, adv. 

COm-pa'tri-ot (kom-pa'tri-«t), n. [FromF .,ir. 1 L.compatri- 
ota; com- + patrioia native.] A fellow countryman, — a. 

[ Of the same country. — com-pa'tri-ot'ic (-ot'ik), a. 

COm-peer' (-per'), n. [From F., fr. L. compar ; com- + 
par equal.] An equal ; a peer ; also, companion ; mate. 

COm-pel' (kom-pel'), v. L; -pelled' (-peld') ; -pel'ling. 
[L. compellere, -pulsum, to drive together, compel ; com- 
+ pellere to drive.] 1. To drive or urge irresistibly ; con- 
strain. 2. To take by force ; exact. 3. To drive together 
or gather in a crowd or company. A Latinism. 4. To 
force to yield ; overpower ; subjugate. — Syn. Force,oblige, 
coerce, necessitate, drive, influence, move. — COm-pel'la- 
ble (-a-b'l),adj. pel'ler (-er), n. 

Com/pel-la'tion (kom'pe-la'shim), n. [L. compellatio, fr. 
compellare to accost.] Act of addressing or calling upon ; 
style of address or salutation ; an appellation. 

com-pel'la-tive (kom-pel'd-tiv), a . & n. Appellative. 

Com'pend (kom'pend), n. A compendium. 

COm-pen'di-OUS (kom-pen'di--us), a. [L. compendiosus."] 
Containing the substance in small compass ; abridged ; 

[ summarized ; — esp. of literary work. — Syn. Short, brief, 

, summary, condensed, succinct. See concise. — com-pen'- 
di-ous-ly, adv. — com-pen'di-ous-ness, n. 

com-pen'di-um (-Sm), n. ; pl.E. -diums (-«mz]), L. -dia 
(-d). [L. compendium that which is weighed, saved, or 
shortened, a short way, compendere to weigh ; com- -f- 
pendere to weigh.] A condensed summary of the main heads 
of a subject or work. 

Syn. Compendium, abridgment, epitome, abstract, 
synopsis denote large content in comparatively small 
compass. Compendium implies in general the inclusion 
within small compass of a large subject or system ; abridg- 
ment always implies the reduction to smaller compass 
of a larger work, with retention of relative completeness ; 
epitome denotes a concise summary, by main heads ; an 
abstract is a summary of essential points ; a synopsis is 
such an ordered exhibition of the salient points of a sub- 
ject or treatise as may be apprehended at a glance. 

com'pen-sate (kom'pen-sat; kom-pen'sat), v. t.; -sat'ed 
(-sat'ed) ; -sat'ing. [L. compensatus, p. p. of compen- 
sare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, fr. 
compendere to weigh. ] 1. To be equivalent to ; make 
amends for. 2. To make equal return to ; requite suit- 
ably. 3. Mech. To provide with means of counteracting 
variation ; counteract (variation or varying parts). — Syn. 
See pay.— v.i. To make amends ; supply an equivalent. 

com'pen-sa'tion (kom'pen-sa'shwn), n. 1. Act or principle 
of compensating. 2. That which compensates ; equivalent ; 
recompense ; amends ; remuneration ; indemnification. 

com-pen'sa-tive (kom-pen'sd-tiv), a. Compensatory. 

com/pen-sa'tor (kom'pen-sa'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, compensates ; — applied esp. to various mechanical 
devices, as, Elec, a transformer in which the primary and 
secondary are combined as a single coil. 

COm-pen'sa-tO-ry ( kom-pen'sd-to-n ), a. Serving for or to 
give compensation ; making amends ; making up for loss. 



com-pete' (-pet'), v. i.; -pet'ed (-pet'Sd) ; -pet'ing. [L. 
competere, competitum to strive after together ; com- -f- 
petere to seek.] To contend in emulation or rivalry. 

com'pe-tence (kom'pe-tens) In. 1. Means sufficient for 

com'pe-ten-cy (kom'pe-ten-sT)/ comfort without superflu- 
ity. 2. State of being competent. 

com'pe-tent (-tent), a. [F. competent, p. pr. of computer 
to be competent, fr. L. competere. See compete.] 1. 
Answering to all requirements ; adequate ; fit ; capable. 
2. Properly belonging ; — used with to. Chiefly Law. 3. 
Legally qualified or capable. — com'pe-tent-ly, adv. 

com'pe-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. 1. Act of competing ; emulous 
contest ; rivalry. 2. Com. & Economics. The effort of two 
or more parties, acting independently, to secure the custom 
of another party by the offer of the most favorable terms. 
Syn. Competition, emulation, rivalry. Competition 
implies a struggle or contest between two or more persons 
for the same object ; emulation, an ardent ambition or 
desire to equal or excel. Neither term connotes, as a 
rule, depreciation ; emulation is commonly regarded a3 
honorable or praiseworthy ; as, emulation among students 
incites to industry. Rivalry oftener suggests a personal 
contest for selfish ends, resulting in envy and jealousy ; 
as, the rivalry between those who seek public favor. 

com-pet'i-tivo (kom-pet'i-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
based on, competition ; competitory ; as, a competitive 
examination. — com-pet'i-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

com-pet'i-tor (-ter), n. One who competes ; a rival. 

com-pet'i-to-ry (-tS-ri), a. Acting in competition ; of, per- 
taining to, or subject to, competition. 

com-pet'i-tress (-tres), n. A woman who competes. 

com/pi-la'tion (kom'pi-la'shim), n. 1. Act or process of 
compiling. 2. That which is compiled ; esp., a literary 
work compiled from other books or documents. 

com-pile' (kom-pil'), v. t.; -piled' (-plld') ; -pil'ing (-pll'- 
tng). [F. compiler, fr. L. compilare to plunder.] 1. To 
collect (literary materials) into a treatise or volume. 2. To 
compose out of existing materials, esp. from other books 
or documents. — com-pil'er, n. 

com-pla'cence (-pla/sens) \ n. 1. Calm contentment; esp., 

com-pla'cen-cy (-sen-si) / self-satisfaction. 2. Disposition 
to please ; affability ; complaisance. 3. A source of gratifica- 
tion or joy. 

Syn. Complacency, complaisance. Complacency 
implies serene self-satisfaction ; complaisance, the desire 
to induce an agreeable sense of satisfaction in others. 

COm-pla'cent(-sent),a. [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. 
of complacere; com — f- placer e to please.] 1. Satisfied; 
esp., self-satisfied. 2. Feeling or showing complaisance ; 
obliging. — com-pla'cent-ly, adv. 

COm-plain' (-plan'), v.i. [¥.complaindre,lr.'LL. ; com- -f- 
L. plangere tostrike, beat the breast in grief , lament.] l.To 
give utterance to grief, pain, discontent, or the like. 2. To 
make accusation. — Syn. Repine, grumble, grieve, mur- 
mur. — plain'er, n. — plain'ing-ly, adv. 

COm-plain'ant (-ant), n. One who makes complaint, esp. 
that in an action at law. 

com-plaint' (-plant'), n. [F. complainte.'] 1. Expression 
of grief, pain, or resentment. 2. Law. A formal allegation 
or charge against a party. 3. Cause or subject of complaint. 
4. Ailment ; disease. — Syn. Lamentation, murmuring, 
sorrow, grief ; illness, disorder, malady. 

com'plai-sance' (kom'pla-zans' ; kom-pla'zans), n. Dis- 
position to please ; obliging compliance. — Syn. Civility, 
courtesy, affability, good breeding. See complacency. 

com'plai-sant' (-zant'j -zdnt), a. [F. complaisant, p. pr. 
of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. 
See complacent.] Disposed to please ; courteous ; obliging. 
— Syn. See civtl. — com'plai-santly, adv. 

COm'pla-nate (kom'pld-nat ; kom-pla'nat), a. [L. compla- 
natus, p. p. of complanare to make plane.] Flattened ; 
made level. — com'pla-na'tion (kom/pld-na'shwn), n. 

com-plect' (kSm-plSkt'), v. t. [L. complecti. See com- 
plex,c] Toplaittogether ;interweave. — com-plect'ed, a. 

COm'ple-ment (kom'ple-ment), n. [L. complementum. See 
complete.] 1. That which completes 
oris complete ; as : a The added word 
completing a predication ; as in, they A' 
made Saul king, b The quantity or 
number required to fill out or complete 
a thing ; also, full quantity, number, 
or amount ; full allowance ; as, the regi- 
ment has its complement of men. C 
That which is required to supply a de- C B 

ficiency ; one of two parts necessary to Complement, 2. 
a perfect whole; as, justice and love Angle ACB = 90°. 
are complements. 2. The amount of ^ g ' e r ^f * n ^¥ C 
angle /arc by which a given angle or ££« re'spe^ly 
arc falls short of 90 . 3. JSav. Ihe f ang i e £)CB and 
entire force of officers and crew al- arc DB, and vice 
lowed to a ship. 4. Music. The in- versa, 
terval which, with a given interval, completes the octave. 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



COMPLEMENT 



206 



COMPOSITE 



Syn. Complement, supplement. A complement is 

that which makes up or supplies a deficiency ; it often im- 
plies two things which mutually complete each other and 
together constitute a whole. Supplement implies an 
addition to what has already relative completeness ; it 
does not imply a mutual dependence of the parts. 

Com'ple-ment (kom'ple-ment' ; kom'ple-ment'), v. t. 1. 
To supply a lack. 2. (Also v. i.) To compliment. 06s. 

com'ple-men/tal (-men'tdl), a. Of the nature of a com- 
plement. 

com'ple-men'ta-ry (-td-rT), a. 1. Forming a complement ; 
serving to complete. 2. Mutually or reciprocally complet- 
ing; — said of two or more things. 

COm-plete' (kom-plet'), a. [L. completus, p. p. of com- 
plere to fill up ; com- -f- plere to fill.] 1. Filled up ; with 
no part lacking. 2. Concluded ; completed. 3. Perfectly 
equipped or skilled. — Syn. Entire, perfect, total. See 
whole. —v.t.; -plet'ed (-plet'ed) ; -plet'ing. To bring to 
entirety or perfection ; perfect; fulfill; finish. — Syn. Per- 
form, execute ; achieve, realize, effect, consummate, accom- 
plish, effectuate. — com-plete'ly, adv. — plete'ness, n. 

com-ple'tion (kom-ple'shiin), n. Act of making, or state 
of being, complete. 

com-ple'tive (-tiv),a. [L. completivus."] Making complete. 

com-ple'to-ry (kom-ple'to-n), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). Eccl. 
= complin. — a. Serving to complete. 

COm'plex (korn'pleks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of com- 
plecti to entwine around, comprise ; com- + plectere to 
twist.] 1. Composed of two or more parts ; not simple. 2. 
Complicated ; intricate. — Syn. Implicated, entangled, 

i twisted, interlaced, mazy, perplexed, involved. 

1 complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed 
number in the numerator or denominator or in each. — 
c. sentence, Gram., a sentence having one principal 
clause and one or more subordinate clauses (see clause) ; 
as in "The roof is so old that the rain comes through it." 

— ra. A whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts. 

com-plex' (kom-pleks'), v. t. ; -plexed' (-plekst') ; -plex'- 
ing. To make complex or make into a complex. 

Com-plex'ion (kom-plek'shun), n. [F., fr. L. complexio. 
See complex, a.] 1. The combination in a certain pro- 
portion of the qualities hot, moist, cold, dry, in medieval 
times supposed to determine the nature of a body, plant, 
etc. ; also, the analogous combination of the four bodily 
humors (blood, phlegm^ yellow bile, and black bile). Hist. 

2. Constitution or habit of body or mind ; temperament. 

3. Hue of the skin, esp. of the face. 4. General appear- 
ance or aspect ; character ; as, the complexion of the news. 

— COm-plex'ion-al (-dl), a. Now Rare. 
com-plex'ioned (-shimd), a. _ Having a certain complex- 
ion ; — often used in composition ; as, dark-complexioned. 

com-plex'i-ty (-si-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being complex. 2. That which is complex ; a complication. 

com'plex-ly, adv. In a complex manner. 

com'plex-ness, n. Quality or state of being complex. 

com-plex'us (-sus), n.; pi. complexus. [L., an embrac- 
ing.] 1. A complex ; an aggregate of parts ; a complica- 
tion. 2. Anat. A broad muscle of the back of the neck. 

com-pli'a-ble (kom-pll'd-b'l), a. Apt to yield ; compliant. 

— com-pli'a-ble-ness, n. — com-pli'a-bly, adv. 
com-pli'ance (-dns), n. _ 1. Act of complying ; yielding ; 

conformity. 2. Disposition to yield ; complaisance. — 
Syn. Concession, submission, consent, obedience, perform- 
ance, acquiescence, assent. — com-pli'an-cy (-an-sl), n. 

COm-pli'ant (-pll'dnt), a. Yielding; complaisant. — Syn. 
See obedient. — com-pli'ant-ly, adv. 

uom'pli-ca-cy ( kom'pll-kd-si ), n.; pi. -cms (-siz). 1. 
Quality of being complicate. 2. A complicated thing. 

©om'pli-cate (-kat), a. [L. complicatus, p. p. of compli- 
cate to fold together ; com- + plicare to fold.] 1. Com- 
?lex; complicated. 2. a Bot. = conduplicate. b Zo'dl. 
'olded longitudinally one or more times ; — said of in- 
sects' wings. — (-kat) , v. t. ; -cat'ed j-cat'ing. 1. To fold 
or twist together ; combine so as to make intricate or diffi- 
cult.— v. i. To become complicated. 

com'pli-cat'ed (-kaVed), p. a. Consisting of parts intri- 
cately combined ; difficult of separation, solution, or the 
like. — com'pli-cat'ed-ly, adv. — com'pli-cat'ed-ness, n. 

COm'pli-ca'tion (-pli-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of complicating; 
state of being complicated ; intricate or confused relation 
of parts ; complexity. 2. Med. A disease or diseases, or 
adventitious circumstances, coexistent with and modifying 
a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it. 

som'plice (kom'plls), n. [F., fr. L. complex, -plicis, 
confederate.] An associate ; accomplice. Archaic. 

com-plic'i-ty (kom-plis'i-ti),«.; pi. -plicities (-tiz). 1. 
State of being an accomplice. 2. Complexity. Rare. 

COm-pli'er (-pll'er), n. One who complies. 

com'pli-ment (kom'plT-ment), n. [F., through It. & Sp. 
fr. L. complete to fill up.] 1. A ceremonious expression of 
approbation, civility, or admiration ; a flattering speech or 
attention. 2. A ceremonious greeting ; — usually in pi. 3. 



A complimentary gift; gratuity. Archaic or Dial. Eng.~ 
Syn. Praise, commendation, encomium ; blandishment, 
obsequiousness, servility, sycophancy ; flattery, adulation. 
- — Compliment, flattery, adulation. A compliment 
is a courteous expression of commendation, whether sin- 
cere or merely formal. Flattery is never sincere ; it plays 
on self-love or vanity by artful or obsequious praise. 
Adulation is servile and fulsome flattery. 

— (kom'pli-ment' ; kom'pli-ment'), v. t. 1. To make or pay 
a compliment to. 2. To present (one with something) by 
way of compliment. — v. i. To use or pass compliments. 

com'pli-men'ta-ry (-men'td-rT),<z. 1. Expressive of compli- 
ment. 2. Given to or using compliment ; — said of persons. 
— com'pli-men'ta-ri-ly, adv. 

com'plin 1 (korr/plm), n. [From OF., fr. LL. completa the 

com'pline/ religious exercise which closes the day's serv- 
ice.] The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary ; the 
seventh and last of the services of the canonical hours in the 
Western Church; the last prayer of the day, to be said 
after sunset. 

com'plot (kom'plot), n. [F.] A plotting" together. 

com-plot' (kom-plot'), v. t. & i. To conspire. plot'ter,n. 

Com'plu-ten'sian (kom'ploo-ten'shdn), a. [L. complu- 
tensis.2 Of pr pertaining to Complutum, now Alcala. de 
Henares, Spain ; as, the Complutensian Polyglot or Bible. 

com-plu'vi-um (kom-ploo'vl-um ; 86), n.; pi. -via (-d). 
[L.] Roman Antiq. A square opening in the roof of the 
atrium (which see) toward which the roof sloped, and 
through which the rain fell into the impluvium, or cistern. 

com-ply' (kom-pll'), v. i.; -plied' (-plld') ; -ply'ing. 1. To 
be ceremoniously courteous. 06s. 2. To yield or acquiesce ; 
consent ; conform. 

com-po'nent (kom-po'nent), a. [L. componens, p. pr. of 
componere. See compound, v. £.] Serving or helping to 
form ; composing ; constituent. — n. 1. A component 
part ; an ingredient. 2. Mech. One of the factors from 
which a resultant force, velocity, acceleration, etc., may 
be compounded, or into which it may be resolved. 
Syn. Component, constituent, ingredient, element. 
Component applies to the parts which make up a com- 
pound ; constituent, so far as it differs from component 
(with which it is often exactly synonymous), connotes 
more definitely the essential or formative character of the 
parts. Ingredient primarily suggests a mixture (such as 
a drink, a medicine) rather than a compound. Element 
adds to the idea of constituent parts or principles the sug- 
gestion of certain basic or ultimate qualities, esp. as ap- 
plied to immaterial or intangible things. 

com-po'ny (-po'nT)la. [F. compone, OF. also couponne.'] 

com-po'ne (-po'na)J Her. Divided intot-™™- — ™— — — 
squares of two alternate tinctures in a sin- 
gle row ; — said of a bearing. 

Com'port (kom'port), n. [See compote.] A 
kind of dish for use in serving fruit or des- 
sert. 

corn-port' (kom-port' ; 57), v. t. [From F., 
fr. LL., fr. L. comportare to bring togeth- 
er; com — (- portare to carry.] To carry; Bordure Corn- 
conduct ; — with a reflexive pronoun ; as, pony, 
to comport one's self with dignity. — v. i. To agree, accord, 
or suit (with) ; as, his acts comport with his promises. 

com-port'ment (-ment), n. Behavior ; deportment. 

com-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
Ing). [F. composer; com- + poser to place.] l.To form 
by putting together ; fashion or construct, as a sentence, a 
symphony, or a picture. 2. To constitute ; in the passive, to 
be made up (of) ; as, classics compose his library ; his li- ' 
brary is composed of classics. 3. Print. To set (type). 4.To 
adjust, regulate, or arrange. 5. To calm ; quiet ; esp., to dis- 
pose or adjust, as one's self or one's mind, to calmness. — 
v. i. To practice composition, as of literary or musical 
work, or in printing. 

com-posed' (-pozd'), p. a. 1. Put together, esp. well or with 
art. 06s. 2. Free from agitation. — Syn. See cool. — 
com-pos'ed-ly (-poz'ed-li), adv. — ed-ness, n. 

com-pos'er (-poz'er), n. One who composes; specif., an 
author ; esp., a writer of music. 

composing stick. Print. A tray, usually of metal, 
which the compositor holds in his 
left hand, and in which he arranges 
the type in words and lines. 

com-pos'ite (kom-poz'it; kom'po- 
zit), a. [L. compositus, p. p. of 
componere. See compound, v. <.] 
1. Made up of distinct parts or 
elements ; compounded. _ 2. \_cap.~] 
Arch. Pert, to or designating a 
modification of the Corinthian 
order, combining the Ionic volutes 
with the Corinthian acanthus-circled bell. See 2d capital, 
Illust.; order. 3. Bot. Belonging to, or having the 
characters of, an immense natural group {Compositse) of 
dicotyledonous plants, embracing the most highly de- 





Composing Stick. 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COMPOSITELY 



207 



COMPUTATION 



veloped families in the vegetable kingdom, and charac- 
terized by having the small flowers or florets borne in 
dense involucrate heads resembling single flowers, as in the 
daisy, dandelion, aster, ragweed, etc. 
composite number, Math., a product of two or more 
integers each greater than 1. — c. photograph or portrait, 
a photograph produced by the combination of several dis- 
tinct photographs on the same plate, or by making one 
print from several negatives. _ , 

— n. A composite thing ; a composition, combination, or 
compound. — Syn. See aggregate. 

com-pos'ite-ly, adv. In a composite manner. 

com'po-si'tion (kom'po-zish'un), n. 1. Act or art of 
composing ; as : a Art or practice of writing, b Fine Arts. 
Combination of the parts of a work of art to form a har- 
monious whole. C Print. The setting up of type. 2. 
Manner of being composed ; make-up ; as, a picture of ex- 
cellent composition; also, of persons, constitution, esp. 
of the mind ; as, there is much good in his composition. 3. 
State or quality of being put together ; conjunction.^ 4.An 
aggregate ; a composite substance. 5. A literary, musical, or 
artistic production, esp. one showing care in arrangement ; 
often, an essay or translation done as an educational exer- 
cise. 6. Ap agreement, esp. to settle differences ; terms of 
settlement ; compromise. 

composition of forces, velocities, etc., Mecn., the 
finding of a single force, velocity, or the like (called the result- 
ant), which shall be equal in effect to two or more given 
ones (called the components). 

com-pos'i-tor (kom-poz'i-ter), n. One who composes; 
esp., one who sets type. 

com/pos men'tis (kom'pos men'tis). [L.] Law. Being of 
sound mind, memory, and understanding. 

COm'post (kom'post), n. [OF., fr. L. compositus, p. p. See 
composite.] 1. A composition ; compound. 2. A mixture 
for fertilizing, esp. one composed of peat, leaf mold, manure, 
lime, or the like, mingled and decomposed. 

com-po'sure (kom-po'zhur), n. 1. Composition ; constitu- 
tion. Obs. or R. 2. Calmness ; repose. — Syn. See equa- 
nimity. 

com'po-ta'tion (kom'po-ta'shwn), n. [L. compotatio; 
com- + potare to drink.] A drinking or tippling together. 

COm'pote (kom'pot), n. [F., fr. OF. composteJ] 1. A 
preparation of fruit in sirup. 2. A comport. 

COm'pound (kom'pound), n. [Malay kampung a village.] 
In the East Indies, etc., an inclosure containing a house, 
outbuildings, etc., esp. one occupied by foreigners. 

COm-pound' (kom-pound'), v. t. [L. componere, -posi- 
tum; com- + ponere to put.] 1. To put or unite to- 
gether into a whole, or to form in this way ; combine ; mix. 
2. To compose ; constitute. Obs. 3. To adjust by 
agreement ; compromise ; specif., to accept a considera- 
tion for forbearing prosecution of (a felony). 4. To mod- 
ify or change by combination with another thing or part. 
5. Elec. To wind the field magnets of (a dynamo) so that 
it will be excited by both a shunt and a series current. 
— v. i. To effect a composition ; agree ; settle by compromise. 

com/pound (kom'pound), a. 1. Composed of, or formed by 
union of, several elements or parts ; composite. 2. Gram. 
Beinp a compound ; as, a compound word. 
compound chain. See chain, n., 6. — c. control, Aero- 
nautics, a system of control in which one manipulation, as, 
of a rudder, may be effected by moving a lever in one di- 
re :tion, and a different manipulation by moving it in 
a lother direction. Cf. cloche. — c. engine, Mach., an 
engine, esp. a steam engine, in which the working fluid that 
lias been used in a high-pressure cylinder is made to do 
further service in a larger, low-pressure cylinder. — c. 
flower, the head of flowers in a composite plant. See an- 
thodium. — c. interest, interest both on the original prin- 
cipal and on accrued interest from the time it fell due. — c. 
leaf, Bot., a leaf consisting of two or more distinct leaflets 
on a common axis, as in pinnate and palmate leaves. — c. 
number, Math., a number involving different denomina- 
tions, or more than one unit, as 3 yds. 2 ft. 5 in. — c. sen- 
tence, Gram., a sentence having two or more subjects, 
predicates, or clauses, esp. one having coordinate prin- 
cipal clauses, as distinguished from a complex sentence. 

— n. 1. That which is formed by union or mixture of ele- 
ments or parts ; a composition. 2. A substance formed by 
chemical union of ingredients in definite proportions by 
weight. 3. A word formed of two or more elements, esp. of 
two or more distinct words ; as, homesick, steamboat, well- 
known, bull's-eye, etc., are compounds. — Syn. See ag- 
gregate. 

COm-pound'er, n. One who compounds. 

COnVpra-dor', -dore'tkom'prd-dor' jkom'pra-dor'),™. [Pg. 
comprador a buyer.] A Chinese agent, adviser, and facto- 
tum employed by a foreign establishment to deal with the 
Chinese, in China, the Philippines, etc. 

Com'pre-hend' (kom'pre-hend'), v. t. [L. comprehendere, 
hensum; com- + prehendere to grasp.] 1. To appre- 
jend the meaning of ; understand. 2. To contain ; em- 



brace ; include. 3. To include by construction or implica- 
tion ; imply. — Syn. Comprise, inclose, embody, involve ; 
imagine, conceive, grasp. See contain. [prehensible.l 

conVpre-hen'si-biPi-ty (-bIl'T-tI),n. Quality of being com-| 

Com / pre-hen , 3i-ble(-hen , si-b'l),a. Capable of being com- 
prehended ; intelligible. — com'pre-hen'si-bly, adv. 

com'pre-hen'sion (-shun), n. 1. Act of comprehending, 
containing, or comprising. 2. Comprehensiveness. 3. Logic. 
The totality of attributes which make up the notion signified 
by a general term ; sum of the characteristics distinguish- 
ing a class ; intension. 4. Power, act, or process of grasp- 
ing with the intellect ; understanding ; perception. 

COm'pre-hen'sive (kom'pre-hen'slv), a. 1. Including 
much ; extensive ; full ; as, a comprehensive description. 
2. Of wide comprehension, or mental grasp. — com'pre- 
hen'sive-ly, adv.— -com'pre-hen'sive-ness, n. 

com-press' (kom-pres'), v. t. [OF. compresser, L. compres- 
sare, freq. of L. comprimere to compress ; com- -+- pre- 
mere to press.] To press or squeeze together ; condense. — 
Syn. Consolidate, compact, abridge. See condense. 

com'press (kom'pres), n. l.\Med. A folded cloth or pad 
applied to a part, esp. with a bandage to give due pressure. 
2. An apparatus for compressing cotton bales, etc. 

COm-press'i-ble (kom-pres'i-b'l), a. That can be com- 
pressed. — com-pressl-bil'i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

com-pressed' (-presf), p. a. 1. Pressed together; reduced 
in volume by pressure. 2.&Bot. Flattened lengthwise, b 
Zo'dl. Specif., narrow from side to side, and deep, as the 
body of many fishes ; — opp. to depressed. 

com-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. Act of compressing ; state 
of being compressed. — com-pres'sion-al (-31), a. 

com-pres'sive (-pres'iv), a. Compressing ; having power or 
tendency to compress. — com-pres'sive-ly, adv. 

com-pres'sor (-er), n. [L.] Anything that serves to com- 
press, as a muscle, a surgical instrument, a machine for 
compressing, etc. 

com-pres'sure (-presh'ur), n. Compression. 

com-prise', corn-prize' (-prlz'), v. t.; -prised', -prized' 
(-prlzd') ; -pris'ing, -priz'ing (-prlz'ing). [F. compris, 
p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See compre- 
hend.] To comprehend or include. — Syn. Embrace, 
encircle, inclose, involve, imply. See contain. 

Com'pro-mise(kom'pr6-mIz),n. [Y.compromis, It. ~L.com- 
promissum a mutual promise to abide by an award, deriv. 
of com- -f- promittere to promise.] 1. A settlement reached 
by mutual concessions. 2. A committal to something dis- 
creditable, hazardous, or objectionable ; a prejudicial con- 
cession ; surrender ; as, a compromise of character. 3. The 
result of concession or adjustment ; hence, Colloq., a thing 
intermediate between two different things ; as, the bird 
looks like a compromise between a hawk and an owl. 

— v. t.; -mised (-mlzd) ; -mis'ing (-miz'ing). l.To bind by 
mutual agreement. Obs. 2. To adjust and settle by mutual 
concessions. 3. To imperil or injure (the reputation, credit, 
etc., of a person) by exposure to suspicion, or discredit. — 
v. i. To come to agreement by concession. — com'pro- 
mis'er (-mlz'er), n. 

compt (kount) , compt'a-ble, etc. Obs. vars. of count, etc. 

COmp'tO-graph (komp'to-graf ; koun'-), n. [F. compter to 
count + -graph.\\ A machine for adding numbers and 
making a printed record of the sum. 
KWComptograph is a trade-mark name. 

comp-tom'e-ter (komp-tom'e-ter), n. [See count; -me- 
ter.] A calculating machine ; an arithmometer. 
BSjP 'Comptometer is a_trade-mark name. 

COmp-trol'ler (kon-trol'er), n. [Erroneous for controller.'] 
A controller ; a public officer whose duty it is to examine 
and certify accounts. — comp-trol'ler-ship, n. 

COm-pul'sion (kom-pul'shun), n. [L. compulsio. See 
compel.] Act of compelling ; state of being compelled ; 
subjection to force. — Syn. See force. 

COm-pul'sive (-siv), a. Compelling ; exercising compul- 
sion. — com-pul'sive-ly, adv. — com-pul'sive-ness, n. 

COm-pul'so-ry (-pul'so-n), a. 1. Obligatory; enforced. 2. 
Compulsive. — com-pul'so-ri-ly, adv. — so-ri-ness, n. 

COm-punc'tion (-purjk'shiin), n. [OF., fr. L. compunctio, 
fr. compungere, -punctum, to prick ; com- + pungere to 
prick, sting.] Poignant uneasiness due to a sense of guilt ; 
remorse ; now often, mere regret for slight wrong. — Syn. 
See regret. — com-punc'tious (-shus),a. — tious-ly,adv. 

COm'pur-ga'tion (kom'pur-ga'shim), n. [L. compurga- 
tio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly.] Law. The clearing 
of an accused person by the oaths of persons who swear to 
his veracity or innocence. 

com'pur-ga'tor (kom'pur-ga'ter), n. A witness to the 
veracity of an accused person. 

com-pur'ga-to-ry (k5m-pur'ga-t6-ri), a. Of or pert, to a 
compurgator or compurgation. 

com-put'a-ble (kom-put'a-b'l ; kom'pu-ta-b'l), a. Capa- 
ble of being computed. — com-put'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. 

com'pu-ta'tion (kom'pu-ta'shim), n. Act, system, or re- 
sult, of computing. — Syn. Reckoning, calculation. 



B 



D 



H 



J 



K 



' K = ch in G. ich, ach(50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



COMPUTE 



208 



CONCERT 



com-pute' (kom-put'), v. t. & i.; -put'ed (-put'ed) ; -put'- 
ing. [L. computare. See count, v. t.~] To determine by cal- 
culation ; reckon. — Syn. Number, estimate, enumerate. 
—7i. Computation; — now chiefly in beyond compute. 
com-put'er (-put'er), n. One who computes. 
com'pu-tist (kom'pu-tist ; kom-put'ist), n. One skilled or 
employed in computing ; formerly, an accountant. 

COm'rade (kom'rad ; -rad), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, 
camera, chamber, chamber fellow.] Orig., a chamber fellow ; 
hence : a mate ; close companion. rade-ship, n. 

com'rade-ry (-ri),n. Camaraderie; the spirit of familiarity, 
etc., existing between comrades; comradeship. 

Com'ti-an (kom'tT-dn; koN'-), a. Relating to the French 
philosopher Auguste Comte (1798-1857), his writings, or 
doctrines. Cf. positivism. 

Com'tism (-tTz'm), n. = positivism. — Com'tist(-tTst),n. 

Co'mus (ko'rnus), n. [L., fr. Gr. kuuos a revel.] Roman 
Myth. The god of festive joy and mirth, represented as a 
winged youth with face flushed with wine. In Milton's 
"Comus," he is a son of Circe and Bacchus, and tries to 
entrap the innocent by his "brewed enchantments." 

COIi (kon) v. t. ; conned ( kond ) ; con'ning. [Orig. same 
as can am able, perh. also confused somewhat with ME. 
cunnen to try, AS. cunnian."] To study; commit to 
memory ; regard studiously. 

Con, adv. [Abbr. from L. contra against.} Against; on 
the negative side ; — the antithesis of pro. — n. The op- 
posing argument, voter, etc. 

con, conn, v. t. & i. [F. conduire, fr. L. conducere. See 
conduct.] Naut. To direct the steering of (a vessel). 

Con-. A prefix meaning with, together. See com-. 

CO-na'tion (ko-na'shun), n. [L. conatio."] Psychol. The 
power or act which directs or impels to effort of any 
kind, whether muscular or psychical. 

con'a-tive (kon'd-tiv; ko'nd-),a. 1. Pert, to conation. 2. 
Gram. Expressive of endeavor ; as, a conative verb. 

CO-na'tuS (ko-na'tus), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. conari to at- 
tempt.] 1. Striving: inclination; conation. 2. An in- 
born or natural tendency, impulse, or effort. 

con-cat'e-nate (kon-kat'e-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); 
-nat'ing. [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to con- 
catenate ; deriv. of con- -f- catena chain.] To link together ; 
unite in a series or chain. — o. Linked together ; forming a 
chain or series, as certain unicellular organisms. 

Con-cat'e-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. 1. Union in a linked series. 
2. A series or order of things depending on each other, as if 
linked together ; a chain. 

COn'cave (kon'kav), a. [L. concavus; con- + cavus hol- 
low.] 1. Hollow ; void. Obs. 2. Hollow and curved or round- 
ed ; — said of the interior of a curved surface or line, in op- 
position to convex. — n.A concave line or surface. — v. t.; 
-caved (-kavd) ; -cav-ing (-kav-Tng). To make concave. 

con-cav'i-ty (kon-kav'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being concave ; a concave. 

COn-ca'vo— con'cave (kon-ka'vo-kon'kav), a. Concave or 
hollow on both sides ; double concave. See lens, Illust. 

COn-ca'VO— COn'vex, a. 1. Concave on one side and convex 
on the other, as an eggshell or some lenses. See lens, Illust. 
2. Specif., in optics, having the concave side with a smaller 
radius of curvature than that of the convex side. 

con-ceal' (kon-seV),v. t. [OF. conceler (3d sing. pres. con- 
ceile) , fr. L. concelare ; con- + celare to hide.] To hide or 
withdraw from observation or sight ; withhold knowledge 
of. — Syn. See hide. — con-ceal'a-ble, a. 

con-ceal'ment (-ment), n. [OF. concelement."] Act or prac- 
tice of concealing ; also, state of being concealed. 

con-cede' (-sed'), v. t.; -CED'ED(-sed'ed)_; -ced'ing. [L. con- 
cedere, concessum ; con- + cedere to yield.] 1. To yield or 
suffer to pass ; surrender ; admit to be true ; acknowledge. 
2. To grant, as a privilege. — v. i. To yield ; make conces- 
sions. — Syn. See grant. — con-ced'er (-er), n. 

COn-ceit' (-set'), n. [ME. conseyte, conceyte, conceipt."] 
1. Conception ; personal judgment or opinion ; as, wise 
in one's own conceit. 2. Favorable opinion; — esp. in: 
out of conceit with, dissatisfied with ; conceit of one's 
self, self-confidence. 3. An overweening pride ; vanity. 
4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion ; a witty thought 
or turn of expression ; whim ; quip. 5. Imagination ; lively 
fancy. 6. A fancy article. Obs. — Syn. See pride. 

— v. t. 1. To conceive ; apprehend. Obs. 2. To imagine ; sup- 
pose. Archaic. 3. To take a fancy to. 06s. or Dial. 4. To 
think to (one's self) ; flatter (one's self). 

Con-ceit'ed (kon-set'ed), a. 1. Intelligent; imaginative; 
clever. Obs. 2. Having a flattering opinion of one's self ; 
vain. 3. Whimsical ; notional. Obs. or Dial. — Syn. 
Vain, proud, opinionated, egotistical. — COn-ceit'ed-ly,adt>. 

con-ceiv'a-bil'i-ty (-sev'd-bil'I-ti), n. Quality of being con- 
ceivable. 

con-ceiv'a-ble (kon-sev'd-b'D, a. Capable of being con- 
ceived, imagined, or understood. — con-ceiv'a-bty, adv. 



con-ceive' (-seV), v. t.; -ceived' (-sevd')s -ceiv'ing. [OF. 
conceivre, conceveir, fr. L. concipere, -ceptum, to take, 
conceive ; con- + capere to seize.] 1. To become pregnant 
with ; produce in the womb. 2. To take into one's mind; 

I form a conception of ; imagine. 3. To apprehend by reason 
or imagination ; comprehend ; understand. 
Syn. Think, suppose, fancy, suspect, imagine, realize. — 
Conceive, imagine, realize (in their nontechnical uses) 
imply the formation of a mental representation. Con- 
ceive suggests the apprehension or grasping of something 
as a notion ; imagine, its more or less definite picturing as 
an image ; as, one can conceive, but scarcely imagine, a 
world of four dimensions. Conceive is often used in modest, 
imagine, in vague, Indefinite, and (really or ironically) 
cautious expressions of opinion ; as, there is, I conceive, a 
better plan ; I imagine his case is the worst. To realize 
is to bring before the mind as real ; as, shadowy forms 
which the imagination realizes. 

— v. i. 1. To become pregnant. 2. To have a conception, 
idea, or opinion ; think. — COn-ceiv'er, n. 

con-cent' (kon-sent'), n. [L. concentus, deriv. of con- + 
canere to sing*] Concert of voices ; harmony. Archaic. 

con-cen'terU-sen'ter), v. t. & i. To draw or direct to a com- 

con-cen'trej mon center ; concentrate. 

con'cen-trate (kon'sen-trat ; kon-sen'trat), v. t. & i.; 
-trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; -trat'ing. [con- + L. centrum cen- 
ter.] 1. To bring to or toward, or to approach, a common 
center ; gather into one body or force ; fix ; as, to concentrate 
the attention on a subject ; to concentrate troops at a cer- 
tain point. 2. To increase in strength by diminishing bulk 
or by purifying ; condense ; as, concentrated ammonia, con- 
centrated ore. — Syn. Consolidate, compact, intensify. 
See condense. [chemistry. 

— n. That which has been concentrated, as in mining orl 
con'cen-tra'tion (kon'sen-tra'shwn), n. 1. Act of con- 
centrating; state of being concentrated. 2. Specif., close 
mental application, absorption, or exclusive attention. 

COn-cen'tra-tive (kon-sen'trd-tlv), a. Serving to concen- 
trate ; marked by concentration. cen'tra-tive-ness, n. 

COn^cen-tra'tor (kon'sen-tra'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, concentrates. 

con-cen'tric (kon-sen'tnk)l a. Having a common center. — 

con-cen'tri-cal (-tn-kdl) / con-cen'tri-cal-ly, adv. 

con/cen-tric'i-ty (kon'sen-tris'i-ti), n. State or quality oi 
being concentric. 

con'cept (kon'sept), w. [L. conceptus, fr. concipere to 
conceive.] A notion, thought, or mental impression ; idea. 

COn-cep'ta-cle (kon-sep'td-k'l), n. [L. conceptaculum, fr. 
concipere to receive. See conceive.] Bot. a Orig., a 
follicle. _ b In certain plants, a cavity, opening outward, 
containing reproductive cells. 

Con-cep'ti.on (kon-sep'shim), n. 1. Act of becoming preg- 
nant ; state of being conceived. 2. That which is conceived : 
esp., the embryo or fetus. 3. Power or function of forming 
abstract and universal ideas. 4. The image, idea, or notion, 
of anything formed in the mind. 5. Original idea ; design. — 
Syn. Idea, notion, apprehension, comprehension. 

con-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Capable of, or pert, to, conceiving. 

con-cep'tu-al (-tfl-dl), a. [See concept.] Of or pertaining 
to conception or concepts. 

con-cep'tu-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. Metaph. A theory, inter- 
mediate between realism and nominalism, that univorsals 
exist in the mind as subjects of discourse or as predicates 
which may be properly affirmed of reality. See nominal- 
ism, realism. — cep'tu-al-ist, n. — al-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. 

COn-cern' (-sum'), v. t. [F. concerner, fr. LL., fr. L. co.i- 
cernere to mix together ; con- -f cernere to separate, sif,"., 
perceive, see. ] 1. To relate or belong to ; affect the in- 
terest of. m 2. To engage by feeling or sentiment ; make 
anxious ; interest ; — usually reflexive or passive ; as, do 
not concern yourself. 3. To implicate ; give (one) a share 
in ; — now only in the passive ; as, to be concerned in a riot. 
Syn. Concern, affect. Concern implies the bearing or 
influence, afxect, the direct operation or action, of one 
thing on another. 

— v. i. To be of importance. Obs. 

— n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one ; business ; af- 
fair ; as, everyday concerns. 2. That which affects the wel- 
fare or happiness ; interest ; as, all mankind's concern is 
charity. 3. Regard ; solicitude. 4. A business organization ; 
as, a banking concern. 5. A contrivance or thing, esp. one 
that causes some difficulty or perplexity. — Syn. Anxiety ; 
matter ; moment. See care. 

con-cern'ing, prep 



). Pertaining to ; regarding, 
urn'ment), n. 1. That in which 



con-cern'ment (-surn'ment;, n. ±. mat in wnich one is 
concerned ; concern. Archaic. 2. Relation ; bearing. 3. Im- 
portance ; consequence. 4. Concern ; participation ; inter- 
position. 5. Solicitude ; anxiety. 

con-cert' (-surt'), v. t. & i. [F. concerter, It. concertare, 
prob. fr. L. concertare to contend ; con- +certare to strive.] 
1. To plan together ; settle by agreement. 2. To plan ; de- 
vise. 3. To arrange (music) in parts. Rare, exc. [in p. p., 
concertea,a.TTa.ngedin parts for several voices or instruments. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CONCERT 



209 



CONCORDAT 




Con'cert (kon'sert ), to. 1. Agreement in a design or plan ; 
simultaneous action ; harmony ; as, to work in concert. 2. 
Musical accord or harmony. 3. A musical entertainment 
in which several voices or instruments take part. 
concert of Europe, or European concert, an agreement 
or understanding between the chief European powers to 
take only joint action in the (European) Eastern Question. 

con'cer-ti'na (-ser-te'nd), to. A small musical instrument 
on the principle of the accordion. 

[| con/cer-ti'no (kon'cher-te'nohTO. ; 
pi., It. -tini (-te'ne), E. -tlnos 
(-te'noz). [It., dim. of concerto.] 
Music. A small concerto. 

U Con-cert'meis'ter ( kon-tsert'- 
mls'ter), n., or concert master. 
[G. concert-meister.'] Music. 
The first violinist or leader of the 
strings in an orchestra, who sits 
next to the conductor and trans- 
mits his wishes to the players. 

D COn-cer'tO (kon-cher'to ; kon- 
sur'-), to.; pi. -tos (-toz). [It.] Concertina. 

Music. A composition in which one instrument (or, some- 
times, more than one) stands out in bold relief. 

Con-ces'sion (kon-sesh'im), to. [L. concessio. See con- 
cede.] 1. Act of conceding or yielding ; admission. 2. A 
thing or point yielded ; acknowledgment ; admission ; grant. 

COn-ces'sion-aire' (kon-sesh'im-ar') "In. [F. concession- 

|| cqn/ces'sion/naire' (koN'seVyo'nar')/ naire.'] The bene- 
ficiary of a concession or grant. 

con-ces'sion-a-ry (kon-sesh'&n-a-rT), a. Of or pertaining 
to a concession. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). A concessionaire. 

con-ces'sion-er (-er), n. = concessionaire. _ U. S. 

COn-ces'sion-ist, n. One who favors concession. 

COn-ces'sive (-ses'rv), a. 1. Of the nature of, or making for, 
concession. 2. Gram. Expressive of concession, as "though" 
in : "let justice be done, though the heavens fall." 

conch (korjk; also, konch or konsh), to.; pi. conchs 
(korjks) ; conches (kon'chez ; -shez ; 24). [L. concha, Gr. 
*t>yxn-] 1« Any of various 
large spiral marine shells of 
several genera (as Strombus 
and Cassis). Conchs are often 
converted into a kind of horn. 

2. In works of art, the shell 
used by. Tritons as a trumpet. 

3. One of the lower class of 
whites of the Bahama Islands 
or Florida Keys ; — from their 
gathering the conch. Colloq. 

4. = 1st concha, 1. 
con'cha (kor/kd), n.; pi. -cu& 

(-ke). [See conch.] 1. Arch. 
The plain semidome of an apse ; 
sometimes, the apse as a whole. 
2. The external ear; also, the 
deep concavity of the external 
ear. See ear, Illust. 

D con'cha (kon'cha), to. [Sp., Small Conch of Florida.(i) 
shell.]_ A cigar of small size and tapered at both ends. 

COn-chif'er-OUS (kon-kifer-fts), a. [L. concha conch + 
E. -ferous.'] 1. Producing or having shells. 2. Zool. Of 
or pertaining to a class of mollusks (Conchifera, now equiv. 
to Lamellibranchiata) including the oyster, clam, etc. 

COn'choid (korj'koid), to. [Gr. Koyxottb-qs ; noyxn shell + el- 
Sos form.] Math. A curve of the fourth degree, invented 
and mechanically constructed by Nicomedes ( ? 180 b. c. ) 
as serving both to trisect an angle and to duplicate a cube. 

Con-Choi'dal (kon-koi'ddl), a. [From Gr., fr. Koyxn shell + 
eI5os form.] Min. Having elevations or depressions in 
form like one half of a bivalve shell. 

COn-chol'o-gy (-kol'6-ji), n. \_conch + -logy. ,] Zoology deal- 
ing with shells or mollusks. — con-chol'o-gist (-jist), to. 

con'cho-scope (korj'ko-skop), to. [L. concha mussel shell 
-f- -scope.] An instrument for examining parts of the nose. 

|| con'cierge' (koN'syerzh'), to. [F.] In France (and other 
foreign countries ) , a doorkeeper ; janitor, [of a concierge . | 

|| COn / ci3r / ge-rie / (-syeVzhe-re'),TO. [F.] The office or lodge | 

COn-cil'i-ate (kon-sil'I-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at/ing. 
[L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw together, 
unite, fr. concilium council.] 1. To gain (good will or 
favor, etc.). 2. To render accordant ; reconcile. 3. To win 
oyer from hostility ; gain the good will of. — Syn. Recon- 
cile, propitiate, appease. See pacify. 

Con-ciFi-a'tion (-a/shun), to. Act of conciliating; state of 
being conciliated. 

con-cil'i-a-tive (-sTl'i-a-tiv), a. Conciliatory. 

con-cil'i-a'tor (-a'ter), to. One who conciliates. 

con-cil'i-a-to-ry (-d-to-n), a. Tending to conciliate. 

COn-cin'ni-ty (-sTn'i-tT), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. concinni- 
tas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful.] Har- 




mony or fitness ; skillful adaptation of parts ; elegance of 
style, literary or artistic. 
Con-cise' (-sis'), a. [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of con- 
cidere to cut to pieces ; con- + caedere to cut.] Express- 
ing much in few words ; condensed ; brief. — con-cise'ly, 
adv. — con-cise'ness, n. 

Syn. Summary, compendious, pregnant, sententious ; 
laconic, curt ; pointed, neat, terse, succinct, pithy, crisp. 
— Concise, terse, succinct, compendious, senten- 
tious, laconic, curt imply brevity in speech. Concise 
(opposite of diffuse) implies clean-cut brevity due to excision 
of the superfluous ; as, "that energy of epithet, so concise 
and telling." Terse adds to concise the implication of 
finish, elegance, or point ; as, terse as an epigram. Suc- 
cinct implies compression, often with a touch of crispness. 
Compendious emphasizes rather the large or weighty 
inclusiveness of the matter summarized ; as, man is a 
compendious image of the world. Sententious suggests 
the pithiness of an aphorism ; as, the Chinese are grave 
and sententious. Laconic implies a certain disdain for 
mere words and a determination to use no more of them 
than may be necessary ; it often suggests pithiness and 
sometimes brusqueness ; as in Caesar's Veni, vidi, vici 
(I came, I saw, I conquered). Curt denotes excessive 
brevity or rude conciseness ; as, a curt answer. 

con-ci'sion (-sTzh'un), to. 1. A cutting off. 2. Conciseness. 

COn'clave (kon'klav), to. [F., fr. L. conclave a room that 
may be locked up ; con- + clavis key.] 1. A set of rooms 
in which the Roman Catholic cardinals are secluded while 
choosing a pope. 2. The meeting of cardinals to choose a 
pope ; hence, the body of cardinals. 3. A private meeting. 

con'clav-ist (-klav-Tst), n. One of the two persons, a 
secretary (usually an ecclesiastic) and a servant, allowed 
to attend a cardinal in the conclave. 

con-Chide' (kon-klood' ; 86), v. t.; -clud'ed (-klood'ed) ; 
-clud'lng. [L. concludere, -clusum; con- + claudere to 
shut.] 1. To include ; confine. Obs. 2. To shut off ; restrain; 
limit ; estop ; bar ; as, the defendant is concluded by his own 
plea. 3. To bring to an end ; close ; finish. 4. To reach as an 
end of reasoning ; infer, as from premises ; as, to conclude 
that a statement is true. 5. To bring about as a result ; ef- 
fect. 6. To make a final determination or judgment con- 
cerning; judge; decide. — Syn. Decide, determine, ar- 
range, settle ; terminate, end. See close, infer. 

— v. i. 1. To come to an end ; terminate. 2. To form a final 
judgment ; reach a decision or agreement. clud'er, to. 

COn-clu'sion (kon-kloo'zhun ; 86), to. 1. The last part ot 
anything ; close ; end. 2. Final decision ; result ; outcome. 
3. The summing up of a discourse. 4. An inference or de- 
duction ; a reasoned judgment ; as, he came to the conclw 
sion that he must go. 5. Logic. The inferred proposition 
of a syllogism ; the necessary consequence of the conditions 
asserted in two related propositions called premises. See 
syllogism. 6. Law. An estoppel or bar. 

Con-clu'sive (-siv), a. Putting an end to debate or ques- 
tion ; decisive ; final. — Syn. Ultimate, convincing, unan^ 
swerable. — con-clu'sive-ly, adv. sive-ness, to. 

COn-COOt' (-kokt'), v. t. [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere 
to cook together, digest ; con- + coquere to cook.] 1. To 
digest. 06s. 2. To perfect or refine by heat. Obs. 3. To 
prepare by combining ingredients ; to invent ; make up. — 
con-coct'er, con-coc'tor, to. — con-coc'tive (-tiv), a. 

con-coc'tion (-kok'shun),n. Act of concocting ; that which 
is concocted. 

con-com'i-tance (-kom'i-tdns)l to. State, fact, or instance 

con-com'i-tan-cy (-tan-si) J of being concomitant. 

con-com'i-tant (-tdnt), a. [L. concomitans, p. pr. of con- 
comitari to accompany ; con- + comitari to accompany, 
comes companion.] Accompanying ; conjoined ; attend- 
ing ; as, concomitant circumstances. 

Syn. Attendant, accessory ; coincident, synchronous, con- 
current. — Concomitant, concurrent. Concomitant 
emphasizes the idea of attendance or association ; concur- 
rent, that of synchronous existence, often of cooperation. 

— to. That which accompanies. — con-com'i-tant-ly, adv. 
con'cord (korj'kord ; kon'-), to. [F. concorde, L. concordia, 

fr. concors agreeing ; con- + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. State 
of agreement ; — opp. to discord. 2. Agreement by stipu- 
lation ; covenant ; treaty. 3. Music. An agreeable combina- 
tion of tones simultaneously heard ; harmony. 4. Gram. 
Agreement in inflection between words grammatically con- 
nected, as in gender, number, person, case. 

Con'cord (kon'kord), to. An American variety of grape 
with large dark blue, firm-fleshed, and well-flavored fruit. 

con-cord'ance (kon-kor'dans), to. 1. Agreement ; accord- 
ance, as of opinion. 2. An alphabetical index of the prin- 
cipal words in a book, citing the passages in which they occur. 

con-cord'ant (-dant), a. Agreeing; correspondent; har- 
monious. — con-cord'ant-ly, adv. 

con-cor'dat (-kor'dat), to. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. concordare to 
agree, bring into union.] 1. A compact ; covenant. 2. An 
agreement between the Pope and a government for regulat- 
ing ecclesiastical matters. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONCORDIA 



210 



CONDITION 



Con-cor'di-a (kon-kor'dY-d), ra. [L.] Roman Relig. Con- 
cord, a goddess to whom temples were dedicated, usually 
at the conclusion of peace after civil war. 

con-cor'po-rate (-po-rat), v. t. & %.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; 
-rat'ing. To unite in one body ; incorporate. Archaic. 

COn'COUrse (kon'kors ; kon'- ; 57), n. [F. concours, L. con- 
cursus, fr. concurrere to run together.] _ 1. A flocking 
together,, as of people ; any moving, flowing, or running 
together. 2. An assemblage ; a gathering. 3. An open space, 
as in a park, where several roads or paths meet. 4. Concur- 
rence ; cooperation. 

con-cres'cence (kon-kres'ens),n. [L. concrescentia.'] Biol. 
A growing together ; a union or coalescence of parts origi- 
nally separate. 

con'crete (kon'kret ; kon-kret'), a. [L. concretus, p. p. of 
concrescere to grow together ; con- -f- crescere to grow.] 
1. United in growth ; compounded or coalesced. 2. Of the 
nature of, or characterized by, direct experience ; belong- 
ing to actual things or events ; real ; not abstract, ideal, or 
general ; as, the taste of sugar is a concrete example of 
sweetness. 3. Specific in application ; particular ; — opp. to 
abstract or general; as, names of individuals (as, John, 
Mary) are concrete, those of classes (as boy, girl) are ab- 
stract. — Syn. See special. 

concrete number, a number applied to a particular ob- 
ject or magnitude ; as in three men, five yards, etc. Cf. ab- 
stract number, under abstract, a. 

— n. 1. A mass formed by concretion of particles. 2. A mix- 
ture of sand, gravel, or the like, with cement or tar, etc., 
used for sidewalks, buildings, etc. 3. Logic. A concrete 
term, idea, or thing. 4. A concrete form or object. 

COn-crete' (kon-kret'), v. t.; -cret'ed (-kret'ed) ; -cret'- 
ing. 1. To form into a mass, as by cohesion or coales- 
cence ; solidify. 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete. 

— v. i. To unite or coalesce ; solidify, harden, or congeal. 
con'crete-ly, adv. In a concrete manner. 
con'crete-ness, n. Quality or state of being concrete. 
con-cre'tion (kon-kre'shun), n. Act or process of concret- 
ing ; state of being concreted ; also, a concreted mass. 

con-cre'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Pert, to, or formed by, con- 
cretion ; producing or containing concretions. 

con-cre'tive (kon-kre'tiv), a. Promoting, or tending to, 
concretion. — con-cre'tive-ly, adv. 

Con-CU'bi-nage (-ku'bT-naj), n. The cohabiting of a man 
and a concubine ; state of being a concubine. The practice 
of concubinage is lawful under some primitive systems, as 
the ancient Hebrew. 

con-cu'bi-na-ry (-na-ri), a. Relating to, living in, or sprung 
from, concubinage. 

Con'cu-bine (korj'ku-bTn), n. [F., fr. L. concubina; con- 
+ cubare to lie down.] A woman who cohabits with a man 
without being his wife ; a kept mistress. 

Con-CU'pis-cence (kon-ku'pl-sens), n. Lust, esp. sexual lust. 

Con-CU 'pis-cent (-sent), a. [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of con- 
cupiscere, deriv. of con- + cupere to desire.] Lustful. 

con-cu'pis-ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Concupiscent. 

con-cur' (kon-kur'), v. i.; -curred' (-kurd') ;- cur'ring. 
[L. concurrere to run together, agree ; con- + currere to 
run.] 1. To run together ; meet. Obs. 2. To happen to- 
gether ; coincide. 3. To act jointly ; combine. 4. To unite or 
agree (in nature, opinion, etc.) ; accord. — Syn. Combine, 
coincide, acquiesce, approve. See agree. 

con-cur'rence (-kur'ens), n. 1. Act of concurring. 2. Com- 
petition or rivalry. Rare. 3. A coincidence, as of events, of 
jurisdiction, etc. 4. Geom. The meeting of lines, surfaces, 
etc. ; also, a point common to three or more lines. 

con-cur'ren-cy (-en-si), n. Concurrence. 

con-cur'rent (-ent), a. 1. Running together; conjoined ; 
associate ; existing or happening at the same time. 2. Meet- 
ing in, or directed to, the same point ; as, concurrent lines. 
3. Acting in conjunction ; agreeing; cooperating. 4. Joint 
and equal in authority or jurisdiction. — Syn. Uniting, ac- 
companying, coincident, united. See concomitant. 

— n. 1. A joint or contributory cause. 2. A rival ; an oppo- 
nent. Rare. — con-cur'rent-ly, adv. 

con-cuss' (-kus'), v. t.; -cussed' (-kusf) ; -cuss'ing. [L. 
concussus, p. p. of concutere. See concussion.] 1. To 
shake ; agitate ; jar. 2. Law. To coerce. Rare or Scot. 

COr.-CUS'sion (-kush'un), n. [L. concussio, fr. concutere, 
-cussum, to shake violently ; con- -j- quatere to shake.] 1. 
A shaking ; agitation ; shock of collision. 2. Med. A condi- 
tion of lowered functional activity, without visible struc- 
tural change, produced in an organ by a shock. — Syn. See 
shock. — con-cus'sive (-kus'iv), a. 

cond (ktind; kond), cund, v. t. [F. conduire to conduct, 
fr. L. conducere. See conduct.] Naut. To con (a ship). 

COn-demn' (kon-dem'), v. t.; -demned' (-demd'); -demn'- 
ing (-dem'ing; -dem'mng). [L. condemnare; con- + 
damnare to condemn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong ; 
censure. 2. To declare the guilt of ; make manifest the 
faults or unworthiness of. 3. To pronounce guilty ; also, 
to sentence ; doom ; — often used with to before the pen- 



alty. 4. To fine : amerce ; — with in before the penalty. 
Obs. or Bib. 5. To pronounce or find guilty : convict ; — 
with of before the crime or fault. 6. To pronounce to be un- 
fit for use ; adjudge to be forfeited ; as, the ship and her 
cargo were condemned. 7. To pronounce incurable ; as, he 
had been condemned by several physicians. 8. Law. To 
pronounce to be taken for public use, under the right of 
eminent domain. 9. To block or shut up, as a window. A 
Gallicism. — Syn. Blame, reprove, reproach, upbraid ; 
convict. See censure. [condemnation.! 

con-dem'na-ble (-dem'nd-b'l), a. Worthy or capable of| 
con'dem-na'tion (kon/dem-na'shun), n. 1. Act of con- 
demning ; state of being condemned. 2. Ground for con- 
demning. 
con-dem'na-to-ry (kon-dem'nd-to-rT), a. Condemning ; im- 
posing condemnation. 
con-demn'er (-dem'er ; -dcm'ner), n. One who condemns. 
con-den'sa-bil'i-ty (kon-den'sd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of be- 
ing condensable. 
con-den'sa-ble (-den'sd-b'l), a. That can be' condensed. 
con-den'sate (-sat), a. Made dense ; condensed. Obs. or 
Archaic. — n. Chem. & Physics. A product of condensa- 
tion. — ' (-sat) v. t. & i. To make or become dense. Obs. or 
Archaic. 
con'den-sa'tion (kon'den-sa'shun), n. 1. Act or process of 
condensing or of being condensed ; state of being condensed ; 
also, a product of condensation. 2. Physics. Reduction 
from one form to another and denser form, as air to the con- 
dition of a liquid, or steam to water. 3. Chem. A rearrange- 
ment or concentration of the different constituents of one 
or more substances into a distinct compound ; as, the con- 
densation of oxygen into ozone. 
con-dense' (kon-dens'), v. t. & i.; con-densed' (-denst') ; 
-dens'ing. [L. condensare; con- + densare to make dense, 
densus dense.] 1. To make or become more close, compact, 
or dense ; compress ; concentrate. 2. Chem. & Physics. To 
subject to condensation. 

Syn. Compact, unite, combine ; harden, thicken, solidify ; 
boil down, intensify ; reduce, diminish, lessen; concentrate 
compress, contract ; abridge, epitomize. — Condense, con- 
centrate, compress, contract imply reduction in com- 
pass, but not necessarily in content. Condense denotes 
reduction to greater compactness, usually of what is more 
or less homogeneous ; concentrate implies reduction 
either by massing about a single point, or by elimination 
of all save essential elements ; as, to concentrate troops, a 
chemical solution ; compress implies reduction by relative- 
ly uniform pressure or by other influence applied or exerted 
from without ; as, to compress air, a bale of cotton ; con- 
tractimpliesadrawing together, usually through some force 
exerted from within, sometimes by combination or elision. 
COn-dens'er (-den'ser), n. 1. One who, or that which, con- 
denses. 2. Specif. : a An instrument for compressing air or 
gases, b An apparatus for concentrating electricity by in- 
duction, as the Leyden jar. c A lens or mirror for concen- 
trating light upon an object, d Any of various apparatus 
for condensing vapors to a liquid or solid state. 
con-den'si-ble (-den'si-b'l), a. Less correct form of con- 
densable. 
con'ds-scend' (kon'de-send'), v. i. [F. condescendre, L. 
condescendere ; con- -j- descender e. See descend.] 1. To 
stoop or descend ; waive the privilege of rank or dignity. 2. 
To defer ; assent. Obs. 

Syn. Condescend, deign, vouchsafe. Condescend 
implies a courteous or patronizing waiving of real or as- 
sumed superiority ; as, his insolent condescension. Deign 
implies gracious condescension ; it often occurs in negative 
sentences implying a haughty or contemptuous refusal ; 
as, he did not deign to answer my very proper question. 
Vouchsafe (often ironical) implies the granting or conces- 
sion of something as a favor or indulgence. 
con'de-scend'ence (-de-sen'dens), n. 1. Condescension; 

concession. 2. A specification of particulars. Scot. 
con'de-scend'ing-ly, adv. In a condescending manner. 
con'de-scen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Act of condescending ; vol- 
untary descent from one's rank or dignity in intercourse 
with an inferior. — Syn. Complaisance, courtesy, affability, 
con-dign' (kon-dln'), a. [F. condigne,h. condignus very 
worthy ; con- + dignus worthy.] 1. Deserved ; adequate ; 
suitable. Archaic, exc. of punishment. 2. Worthy, deserv- 
ing. Obs. or Archaic. — con-dign'ly, adv. 
Syn. Condign is often wrongly used, of punishment, as if 
exactly synonymous with severe. Condign punishment 
will be severe only when the crime merits severity. 
COn'di-ment (kon'di-ment), n. [L. condimentum, fr. con- 
dire to pickle, season.] Something to give relish to food ; 
a pungent appetizer, as pepper ; seasoning. 
con'dis-ci'ple (kon'di-sl'p'l), n. [L. condiscipulus. See 
disciple.] A fellow disciple or student; a schoolfellow. 
con-di'tion (kon-dish'un), n. [F., fr. L. conditio agree- 
ment, condition.] 1. Something established or agreed 
upon as a requisite to the doing or taking effect of some- 
thing else ; a stipulation or provision ; hence, an agree- 
ment determining one or more such prerequisites. 2. That 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CONDITIONAL 



211 



CONFABULATE 



which exists or takes place as an occasion or requisite of 
something else ; prerequisite. 3. That which limits or 
modifies the existence or character of something ; a quali- 
fication ; as, the new conditions of his life. 4. A mode or 
state of being ; as : a Social estate ; rank, b Character ; dis- 
position. Archaic. 5. A characteristic ; trait. 06s. 6. State 
of being fit, as for work ; — used in in, or out of, condition. 
7. Logic. A proposition on the truth of which the truth of 
another proposition is directly dependent. 8. Gram. A 
clause expressing a condition, or prerequisite. 9. In colleges, 
etc., the requirement made of a student who is conditioned ; 
also, the subject in which he is conditioned. See condition, 
v. t., 3. U. S. — Syn. Situation, station, case, plight, pre- 
dicament ; requisite, article, arrangement. See state. 

— v. i. To make conditions ; stipulate. — v. t. 1. To stipu- 
late ; bargain for. 2. To limit by, or subject to, conditions. 
3. In an educational institution, to require a student to 
pass a new examination, or to make up a specified study, as 
a condition of retaining a certain standing. U. £. 

COn-di'tion-aKkon-dish'un-al), a. 1. Containing, implying, 
subject to, or depending on, a condition or conditions ; not 
absolute ; as, a conditional promise. 2. Specif. : Gram. & 
Logic. Expressing, containing, or implying a condition or 
supposition. — con-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

con-di'tion-al'i-ty (kon-dish'tm-al'i-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being conditional. 

con-di'tioned (-dish'imd), p. a. Subjected to conditions. 

con-dole' (-dol'), v.i. /-doled' (-dold') ;-dol'ing (-dol'ing). 
[L. condolere; con — \- dolere to feel pain, grieve.] 1. To 
lament. Obs. 2. To express or feel sympathetic sorrow ; — 
usually used with with. — v. t. To express one's sympa- 
thetic sorrow at (another's misfortune) or for (another). 

COn-dole'ment, n. 1. Condolence. 2. An expression of sym- 
pathy ; — in this sense chiefly in pi. 

con-do'lence (-do'lens), n. Expression of sympathetic sor- 
row or grief. — Syn. See pity. 

CC-n-dol'er (-dol'er), n. One who condoles. 

COn'do-min'i-um (kon'do-min'T-Sm), n. [XL. See con-; 
dominium:.] Joint dominion or sovereignty ; specif., Roman 
Law, joint ownership. 

con'do-na'tion (kon'do-na'shun), n. Act of condoning. 

COn-done'(kon-don'), v. t.; -doned' (-dond') ; -don'ing. [L. 
condonare, -donatum, to remit, forgive ; con- -f- donare to 
give.] To forgive (an offense), esp. tacitly, by treating the 
offender as if the offense had not been committed. — Syn. 
See excuse. 

CC-n'dor (kon'dor), n. [Sp., fr. Peruvian cuntur.'] 1. A 
very large American vulture 
(Sarcorhamphus gryphus) of 
the highest Andes. It has th*e 
head and neck bare, with_ a 
white neck ruff. 2. A large bird 
of prey (Gymnogyps californi- 
anus) of California, now nearly 
extinct. It is related to the South 
American condor 3. (Sp. pron. 
kon-dor'); Sp. pi. condores 
(kon-do'ras). A gold coin of South 
America, worth S7.30 in Chile and 
S4.866 in Ecuador ; — so called 
from the figure of a condor which 
it bears. 

CC-n'dot-tie're (kon'dot-tyar'a), 
n. ; pi. -tieri (-e). [It., captain.] 
In the 14th and 16th centuries, a military adventurer who 
sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party. 

Con-duce' (kon-duV), v. i. [L. conducere to bring together, 
conduce ; con- + ducere to lead.] To lead or tend, esp. with 
reference to a favorable result ; contribute ; — used with to 
or toward. 

con-duc'i-ble (-duVT-b'l), a. Conducing; tending; contrib- 
uting. — con-duc'i-bly, adv. 

Syn. Advance, promote, forward, subserve, contribute, re- 
dound. — Conduce, contribute, redound. To con- 
duce (to) is to lead to or make for, some (usually desirable) 
result. To contribute (to) is more directly to take part in 
effecting a result. To redound (to) is to contribute, as if by 
the returning of an action or influence upon itself, esp. to 
a result considered as advantageous or prejudicial. 

CC-n-du'cive (-du'siv), a. Leading or tending ; helpful ; con- 
tribute. — con-du'cive-ness, n. 

con'duct (kon'dukt), n. [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. 
conducere, conductum. See conduce.] 1. Act or method 
of conducting ; guidance. 2. Convoy ; escort ; also, guide. 
06s. 3. Act or manner of carrying on, as a business ; man- 
agement ; direction. 4. Manner of conducting or carrying 
one's self ; behavior. — Syn. See behavior. 

COn-duct' (kon-dukt'), v. t. 1. To lead ; guide ; escort. 2. To 
have the direction of ; manage ; carry on. 3. Specif. : Music. 
To direct (a musical performance) as leader. 4. To behave 
(one's self ). 5. To be a channel or medium for. 




Condor, 



Syn. Regulate, superintend, supervise, administer, direct, 
manage. — Conduct, direct, manage. Conduct em- 
phasizes the idea of immediate supervision or personal 
leadership ; as, to conduct negotiations. Direct emphasizes 
the idea of authority, and implies issuance of orders or in- 
structions ; as, to direct the construction of a ship. Man- 
age suggests primarily the handling of details; it often 
implies contrivance or address ; as, to manage a theater. 

— v. i. 1. To be, or show, the way. 2. To act as a con- 
ductor, as of heat, electricity, a musical performance, etc. 
3. To conduct one's self ; behave. Chiefly U. S. 

COn-duct'ance (kon-duk'tdns), n. [conduct, v. 4- -ance."] 
Elec. Conducting power ; — the reciprocal of resistance. 

con-duct'i-ble (-duk'tT-bT), a. Capable of conducting or 
being conducted. — con-duct'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

con-duc'tion (-duk'shim), n. 1. Act of conducting or 
conveying, as water through a pipe. 2. Physics. Trans- 
mission through a conductor ; also, conductivity ; — dis- 
ting., in the case of heat, from convection and radiation. 

COl^duc-ti'tious (kon'duk-tlsh'us), a. [L. conducticius, 
-itius, hired.] Hired ; open to, or kept for, hire. 

con-duc'tive (kon-duk'tiv), a. Possessing conductivity. 

con'duc-tiv'i-ty (kon'duk-tiv'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
Physics. Quality or power of conducting, as heat. 

con-duc'tor (kon-duk'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
conducts. 2. A guide ; director. 3. A person who conducts, 
manages, or carries on, as a business ; a director. 4. Music. 
The director of an orchestra or chorus. 5. One in charge 
of a public conveyance, as a street car, or, U. S., a railroad 
train. 6. Something that forms a channel or the like, as, 
esp. U. S., a nearly vertical leader for rain water on a build- 
ing. 7. Physics. A substance or body readily transmitting 
electricity, heat, or the like. 8. A lightning rod. — con- 
duc'tqr-ship, n. — con-duc'tress (-tres ; 24), n. fern. 

con'duit (kon'dit), n. [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, con- 
duit.] 1. A channel, as a pipe or a natural passage, for con- 
veying fluid; aqueduct; canal. 2. A structure from which 
water issues, as for distribution ; specif., a fountain. 06s. or 
Archaic. 3. A tube or trough for receiving and protecting 
electric wires, as for telephones, electric railways, etc. 

con-du'pli-cate (kon-du'plT-kat), a. [L. conduplicatus, 
p. p. of conduplicare. See duplicate.] Bot. Folded 
lengthwise ; — of leaves or petals. 

con'dyle (kbr/dil), n. [L. condylus joint, Gr. k6vSv\os.'] 
An articular prominence on a bone, esp. when occurring in 
pairs. — con'dy-lar_(-di-ldr), a. — con'dy-loid (-loid), a. 

con'dy-lo'nia J-di-lo'md), n.; pi. -lomata (-lo'md-td; 
-lom'd-td). [XL., fr. Gr. Kovbv\wua, fr. koi>5v\os knuckle.] 
Med. A wartlike growth on the skin or adjoining mucous 
membrane, usually near the anus or genitals. — con'- 
dy-lom'a-tOUS (-lom'd-tzls ; -lo'md-tf<s), a. 

cone (kon), n. [L. conus, Gr. k&ws.] 1. Geom. a A solid 
generated by rotating a right triangle 
about one of its legs. D A solid 
bounded by a circular or other closed 
plane base and the surface formed by 
line segments joining every point of 
the border of the base to a common 
point called the vertex, c A conical sur- 
face ; any surface traced by a moving 
right line passing through a fixed ver- 
tex. 2. Anything more or less like a 
geometrical cone ; specif., Mach., a 
conical or conoidal piece or part, as for 
a pulley or to form a race for ball bear- 
ings. 3. In trees of the pine family and in 
certain tropical trees, as the sago palm, 
a mass of ovule-bearing or pollen-bearing scales ;a strobile. 

— v. t.; coned (kond) ; con'ing (kon'ing). To render cone- 
shaped ; bevel like the circular segment of a cone. 

cone bearing. Mach. A journal bearing containing a taper 
sleeve capable of endwise movement for taking up wear. 

cone'flow'er (kon'fiWer), n. A rudbeckia. 

cone'— nose', n. A large hemipterous insect (Conorhinus 
sanguisuga) often found in houses,, 
esp. in the southern and western 
United States. It bites severely, and 
is a species of kissing bug. 

CO'ne-pa'teH ko'na-pa'ta ; -t'l ), n. 

CO'ne-pa'tl / [Mex. conepatl.'] A large 
skunk {C onepatus mapurito) of Mex- 
ico and Central and South America 
having the whole back white. 

CO'ney (ko'nT ; kun'i), n.; pi. coneys 
(-niz). Var. of cony. 

COn'fab (kon'fab ; k2n-fab'). Colloq. 

for CONFABULATION, CONFABULATE. 

con-fab'u-late (kon-fab'u-lat), v. *.; 
-lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'lng. [L. con- Cone-nose. Nat. size. 
fabulatus, p. p., deriv. of con- + fabulari to speak, fr. 
fabula. See fable.] To talk familiarly together ; chat. 




Right Circular 
Cone. 




D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |; Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONFABULATION 



212 



CONFIRM 



COn-fab'U-la'tion (kon-fab'u-la'shun), to. Conversation; 
chat. [familiar talk ; colloquial.! 

COn-fab'u-la-tO-ry (-fab'fi-ld-to-ri), a. Of the nature of| 

COn-far're-a'tion (-far'e-a'shwn), to. [L. confarreatio, fr. 
confarreare to marry ; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a 
spelt cake, fr. far a sort of grain.] The most sacred form 
of marriage among the Romans, characterized esp. by the 
initiation of the bride into the household worship of her 
husband, thus coming under his manus. 

COn-fect' (kon-fekf), v. t. [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere 
to prepare. See comfit.] To prepare, or make up, by com- 
pounding ; form ; make ; specif. : a To preserve or pickle ; 
make a confection of. b To construct ; form ; make. 

con'fect (kon'fekt), to. A confection ; comfit. 

con-fec'tion (kon-fek'shun), to. 1. A making or preparing 
by combining ingredients. 2. A composition of drugs, esp. 
one with a sweetening agent. 3. A preparation of fruits or 
roots, etc., with sugar ; sweetmeat ; preserve. 4. A ready- 
made or made-up piece of apparel, esp. a woman's stylish 

' coat, mantle, or the like, furniture, etc. A Gallicism. 

— v. t. To mix or prepare as a confection. 

con-fec'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). 1. A confec- 
tioner. Archaic. 2. A place where confections are made 
or kept. 3. A comfit ; a sweetmeat. 

— o. Of or pert, to confections or their making. _ 
con-fec'tion-er (-er), to. One whose occupation is to make 

or sell confections, candies, etc. 

con-iecftion-er-y (-cr-i ; -Sr-T), to. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Sweet- 
meats in general ; confections ; candies. 2. The confection- 
er's art, business, or place of business. 

CMl-fed'er-a-cy (kon-fed'cr-d-si), n. ; pi. -cfes (-sTz). 1. A 
league or compact for mutual support or common action ; 
alliance. 2. A combination of persons for unlawful pur- 

[ poses. 3. The body formed by persons, states, etc., united 

| by a league ; confederation. 4. [cap.] Hist. With the, 
the Confederate States of America. 

COn-fed'er-ate (-er-at), a. [L. confoederatus, p. p. of con- 
foederare to join by a league ; con- + foederare to estab- 
lish by treaty or league, foedus league, compact.] 1. United 
in a league ; confederated. 2. [cap.] Designating, or pert. 
to, the Confederate States of America. — to. l.One united 

i with others in a confederacy or confederation ; an ally ; also, 
an accomplice, in a bad sense. 2. [cap.] An adherent of the 

I Confederate States of America or their cause. — Syn. See 

ABETTOR. 

— (-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To unite in a 
league or confederacy. 

con-f ed'er-a'tion (-er-a'shun) , to. 1. Act of confederating ; 
state of being confederated ; league ; alliance. 2. Confed- 
eracy ; a body of independent states more or less perma- 
nently united for joint action. — Syn. See alliance. 

Con-fed'er-a-tive (-fed'er-a-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to a 
confederation or confederates. 

con-fer' (-fur'), v. t. ; -ferred' (-ffird') ; -fer'ring. [L.con- 
ferre, lit., to bring together ; con- + fcrre to bear.] l.To 

[ grant ; bestow. 2. To compare. Abbr., cf. Archaic, exc. im- 
peratively. — Syn. See give. — v.i. To converse; con- 
sult ; compare views. — Syn. Counsel, advise. 

COn'f er-ee' (kon'fer-e'), n. 1. One conferred with, or taking 
part in a conference. U. S. 2. One upon whom something 
is conferred. 

Con'fer-ence (kon'fer-ens), to. 1. Act of conferring; seri- 
ous consultation or discussion ; formerly, conversation in 
general. 2. A bestowing; bestowal. 3. A meeting for 
consultation or discussion ; specif. : a A meeting of the 
two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to 

| adjust differences between them, b [cap.] Meth. Church. 
A stated meeting of preachers and others invested with au- 
thority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters. C A vol- 
untary association of Congregational churches of a district ; 
also, the district. [conference.! 

con'fer-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Relating to conference or a[ 

con-fer'ment (kon-fur'ment), n. A conferring. 

con-fer'ra-ble (kon-ffir'd-b'l), a. That may be conferred. 

con'fer-ree' (kon'fer-e'). Var. of conferee. 

con-fer'rer (kon-fur'er), n. One who confers. 

con-fer/va (kon-ffir'vd), to.; pi. -vm (-ve). [L., a kind of 
water plant.] Any of the threadlike green algaa that form 
a scum in ponds or ditches. 

Con-fer'void (-void), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, any 
confervalike alga. — n. An alga of this type. 

Con-fess' (kon-fes'), v. t. [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, 
p. p. of confiteri; con- + fateri to confess.] 1. To 
acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. 

2. To admit as true ; assent to ; concede, as a judgment. 

3. To profess belief in ; declare adhesion to. 4. To disclose, 
as a cause ; manifest. Now Poetical. 5. Eccl. a. To make 
known or acknowledge (one's sins) or to tell or acknowledge 
the sins of (one's self), as to God, or to a priest in order to 
receive absolution, b To hear or receive such confession 
from ; shrive. — Syn. See acknowledge. — v. i. 1. To 
make confession, esp. to God or to a priest; also, of a 



priest, to hear confession. 2. To make acknowledgment; 
own ; — used with to. — con-fess'er, n. 

con-fess'ed-ly (-ed-11), adv. By confession ; admittedly. 

COIl-fes'sion (-fesh'im), n. 1. Act of confessing ; acknowl- 
edgment ; admission of a debt, obligation, or crime ; 
admission or concession, as of a statement open to ques- 
tion. 2. Eccl. Acknowledgment of sin, esp. to a priest 
to obtain absolution. 3. Acknowledgment of belief ; pro- 
fession of faith. 4. What one confesses. 5. A form, as in 
public worship, for general acknowledgment of sinfulness. 
6. A confession of faith. 7. A church or body of Christians 
having a particular confession of faith ; a communion. 8. 
Eccl. a The tomb of a martyr or confessor, b An altar built 
over the tomb, c The crypt or shrine, or the part of the 
altar, in which the relics are placed, d The high altar in a 
basilica which stood directly over the altar on the martyr's 
tomb, e The building inclosing these two altars. 

con-fes'sion-al (-al), a. Pertaining to a confession, esp. a 
confession of faith. — n. 1. The recess, seat, or inclosed 
place where a priest sits to hear confessions. 2. Act or prac- 
tice of confessing to a priest. 

con-fes'sion-a-ry (-a-rf) a. Of or pertaining to confession. 

con-fes'sor ( -fes'er ), to. 1. One who confesses, as a fault. 
2. One who avows belief, esp. in religion or in Christ. 3. A 
priest who hears confessions. — con-fes'sor-ship, to. 

]| C0n-fet'ti(k6n-fet'te), to., pi. ; sing. -FETTo(-to).[It.] Bon- 
bons; confections; also, plaster or paper substitutes for 
bonbons, often thrown at carnivals, weddings, etc. 

COn'fi-danf, to. masc, con'fi-dante', n.fem. (kon'fi-danf ; 
kon'fT-dant'). [F.] One to whom secrets are confided. 

con-fide' (kon-fld'), v. i.; -fid'ed (-fid'ed) ; -fid'ing. [L. 
confidere; con- + fidere to trust.] To put or have faith 
(in) ; trust. — v. t. 1. To tell or impart confidentially. 
2. To intrust ; commit ; — used with to. 

con'fi-dence (kon'f I-dens), to. 1. Act of confiding ; trust ; 
belief. 2. State of feeling sure ; assurance. 3. State of 
mind characterized by reliance on one's self or one's 
circumstances; self-confidence. 4. Assurance; boldness. 
5. That in which faith is put or reliance had. 6. Relation 
or state of trust or intimacy ; as, to speak to one in confi- 
dence. 7. A communication made in confidence. 
Syn. Audacity, effrontery, impudence, impertinence, pre- 
sumption, assurance, boldness, hardihood, aplomb. — Con- 
fidence, assurance, boldness, hardihood, aplomb sug- 
gest cool or unabashed bearing or behavior. Confidence 
may imply either proper self-reliance or obtrusive self- 
sufficiency. Assurance is stronger than confidence; it im- 
plies either quiet self-possession (as, "I take assurance to be 
the faculty of possessing a man's self, or of saying and do- 
ing indifferent things without . .. uneasiness") or cool im- 
pudence. Boldness adds to assurance the implication of 
brazen or shameless demeanor. Hardihood implies pre- 
sumption or audacity. Aplomb suggests assurance of poise 
and imperturbability. See trust. 

confidence game, trick (or the like). Any swindling opera- 
tion in which advantage is taken of the victim's confidence 
in the swindler. Hence, confidence man, onewho practices 
the confidence game. 

con'fi-dent (-fi-dcnt), a. 1. Trustful ; confiding. 06s. 2. 
Having confidence.- — Syn. Well assured, sure ; self-reliant, 
undaunted; impudent, presumptuous. See hopeful, 
sure. — to._ A person in whom one confides ; a confidant. 

COn'fi-den'tial (-den'shdl), a. 1. Communicated in confi- 
dence ; secret. 2. Indicating, or inclined to, close intimacy 
or communication in confidence. 3. Enjoying, or treated 
with, confidence. — con'fi-den'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-Sl'i-ti), to. — 
con'n-den'tial-ly, adv. — con'fi-den'tial-ness, to. 

con'fi-dent-ly (kon'fi-dent-li), adv. With confidence. 

con-fid'er (kon-fid'er), to. One who confides. 

con-fid'ing (kon-fld'ing), a. That confides; trustful. — 
con-fid'ing-ly, adv. — con-fid'ing-ness, to. 

con-fig'u-ra'tion (-fig'u-ra'shwn), to. [L. configuratio, 
fr. configurare to form from or after.] Relative disposi- 
tion of parts ; the form which this produces ; figure ; con- 
tour. — Syn. See form. [may be confined. I 

con-fin'a-ble (kon-fln'd-b'l), a. Also con-fine'a-ble. That| 

con-fine' (kon-fTn'), v. i.; -fined' (-find') ; -fin'ing (-fln'- 
Ing). [F. con finer.] To be contiguous ; border ; — used 
with on, with, or to. Rare. — v. t. To restrain within 
limits ; imprison ; inclose ; keep close ; secure. — Syn. 
Bound, limit ; immure ; circumscribe, restrict. 
to be confined, to be in childbed ; to be brought to bed. 

con'fine (kon'fin ; in senses 3 and 4, kon-fln'), to. [F. 
confins, pi., fr. L., fr. confinis bordering; con- -f- finis 
end, border.] 1. A boundary ; limit ; also, a frontier ; — now 
in pi. 2. Region; — usually in pi. 3. Confinement. Poetic. 
4. Prison. Obs. — con-fine'less (kon-fln'les ; kon'fin-), a. 

con-fine'ment (kon-fln'ment ), to. 1. Act of confining, or 
state of being confined; restraint. 2. Restraint within doors, 
esp. by sickness, as from childbirth. 

con-firm' (-f firm'), v.t. [OF. confermer,ix.'L.confirmare; 
con + firmare to make firm, firmus firm.] 1. To make 
firm or firmer; establish; strengthen, as in a habit or 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



^ 



CONFIRMABLE 



213 



CONFUTE 



opinion. 2. To validate by formal assent ; ratify. 3. Eccl. 
To administer confirmation to. 4. To give new assurance 
of the truth of ; verify. 

Syn. Authenticate, corroborate, establish, strengthen, 
sustain, make good, ratify, attest, seal. — Confirm, cor- 
roborate, authenticate. To confirm is to give certainty, 
often to that before regarded as doubtful ; as, his conduct 
confirms my suspicions. Corroborate suggests particularly 
the strengthening of one statement or piece of evidence by 
another ; as, the bystanders corroborated his story. To au- 
thenticate is to confirm as genuine or entitled to credit. 
See RATIFY. 

COn-firm'a-ble ( -fur'md-b'l ), a. Capable of confirmation. 

COn'iir-ma'tion (kon'fer-ma'shun), to. 1. Act of confirming. 
?.. Corroboration or verification ; as, the report lacked con- 
firmation. 3. Validation by formal assent ; ratification. 4. 
That which confirms, as a statement or circumstance ; a cor- 
roboration ; proof ; convincing testimony. 5. Eccl. A rite 
supplemental to baptism and admitting to full church privi- 
leges. In the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches, it is 
one of the seven sacraments. 

con-firm'a-tive (kon-fur'md-tiv), a. Confirmatory. 

COn-firm/a-tO-ry (-to-ri), a. Serving to confirm ; corrobo- 
rative ; — commonly used with of when predicative. 

con-firmed' (-furmd'), p. a. Made firm or firmer ; as : a 
Fortified, b Of a disease, chronic, c Inveterate ; habitual. 
— Syn. See inveterate. [firms. I 

COn-firm'er (kon-fur'mer), n, One who, or that which, con-[ 

Con'firm-or' (kon'fer-mor' ; kon-fur'mer), to. Law. He 
who makes a confirmation of title to another. 

con-fis'ca-ble (kon-fls'kd-b'l), a. Liable to confiscation. 

con'fis-cate (kon'fis-kat ; kon-fis'-), a. [L. confiscatus, 
p. p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest ; 
con- -+- fiscus basket, treasury.] Confiscated. 

— v. t.; -cat'ed (-kaVed); -cat'ing. 1. To seize as for- 
feited to the public treasury ; appropriate to the public use. 
2. To seizeby or as by public authority ; — a loose use. 

Con/fis-ca'tion (kon'fis-ka'shun), to. A confiscating; state 
of being confiscated ; properly, the seizure of private prop- 
erty to the public use as being forfeited. 

Con'fis-ca'tor (kon'fis-ka'ter), n. One who confiscates. 

con-fis'ca-to-ry (kon-fTs'kd-to-ri), a. Effecting, or of the 
nature of, confiscation ; characterized by confiscations. 

•j con-fi'te-or (kon-f It'e-or), to. [L., I confess. See con- 
fess.] R. C. Ch. A form of prayer in which public con- 
fession of sins is made ; — from its opening word in Latin. 

COn'fi-ture (kon'fi-tyr), to. [F.] A confection. 06s. 

COn-fla'grant (kon-fla'grdnt), a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of 
conflagrare ; con- -\-flagrare to blaze.] Burning ' t blazing. 

COn'fla-grate (kon'fld-grat),v.i.<fc t. [L.con./Za0ra£us,p.p.] 
To burst into, or set on, fire ; burn. 

con'fla-gra'tion (kon/fld-gra'shiin), to. A fire ; esp., a large, 
destructive fire. 

con-flate' (kon-flat'), v. t. ; -flat'ed (-flat'ed) ; -flatting 
(-flat'Ing). [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow to- 
gether ; con- + flare to blow.] To blow or fuse together ; 
join ; weld. Rare. — a. Blown or brought together ; consoli- 
dated in one. — con-ila'tion (-fla'shun), to. 

Con-flicf (-flikt'), v. i. [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere 
to conflict ; con- + fligere to strike.] 1. To maintain a con- 
flict ; contend ; strive. 2. To meet in collision or opposition ; 
clash. — Syn. Contest, combat, battle. 

con'flict (kon'fl!kt),TO. 1. Astrife for mastery ; fight ; battle ; 
esp., a prolonged contest. 2. Competition or opposing ac- 
tion ; antagonism, as of ideas or acts. 3. A dashing togeth- 
er ; violent meeting. — Syn. Collision, combat, contention, 
battle, encounter. See contest. 

con-flict'ing, p. a. Being in conflict, collision, or opposi- 
tion ; contending ; contradictory ; incompatible. 

con-flic'tion (kon-flik'shwn), to. Act of conflicting, or state 
of being in conflict. 

con-flic'tive (-tlv), a. Tending to conflict ; conflicting. 

con'flu-ence (kon'floo-ens ; 86), to. 1. A flowing together; 
junction of streams, or the stream or body so formed ; a 
place of meeting. 2. Act of flocking, or coming together ; 
concourse ; as, a vast confluence of people. 

Con'flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of conflu- 
ere, -fluxum; con- + fluere to flow.] Flowing together; 
united or blended in a combined whole ; combining to form 
one. — to. A confluent stream; loosely, a tributary. 

con'flux (-fluks), to. A flowing together ; confluence. 

con-fo'cal (kon-fcVkdl), a. Math. Having the same foci. 

Con-form' (kon-form'), v. t. [F. conformer, L. conformare, 
-formatum; con- + for mare to form, forma form.] To 
make like ; bring into harmony or agreement, as with law. 
Syn. Accommodate, adapt, adjust, agree, correspond, har- 
monize, suit, fit ; reconcile, settle, compose. — Conform, 
adapt, adjust, accommodate imply a bringing or coming 
into correspondence. To conform (to) is to bring into har- 
mony or accordance with something, usually a pattern, ex- 
ample, or principle ; as, to conform one's life to certain rules 
of conduct. To adapt (to) is to fit or suit to something ; it 
implies (esp.) modification, often with the added suggestion 



of pliability or address ; as, to adapt one's self to a new envi- 
ronment. Adjust (to) implies close and exact conformity or 
correspondence, esp. such as exists between the parts of a 
mechanism ; it suggests less of flexibility or tact, more of 
ingenuity or calculation, than adapt ; as, to adjust one's ex- 
penditures to one's means. Accommodate (to) implies, 
rather more than adjust, a somewhat marked variance ordis- 
crepancy between the objects brought into (often merely 
superficial) agreement or harmony ; as, to accommodate 
one's self to one's surroundings. 

— v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony ; comply ; — used with 
to or with. 2. To be a conformist. 

con-form', a. [L. conformis ; con- + forma form.] Of the 
same form ; similar in import ; consistent ; conformable. 

con-form'a-bil'i-ty (kon-for'md-bil'i-ti), to. Quality or 
state of being conformable. 

con-form'a-ble (-for'md-b'l), a. 1. That conforms; simi- 
lar ; consistent ; proper. 2. Ready to follow directions ; 
submissive ; compliant. 3. Geol. Parallel (or nearly so) anil 
continuous ; — said of strata. — con-f orm'a-ble-ness, n. 
— con-f orm'a-bly, adv. 

Con-form'ance(-mans),TO. Actof conforming ; conformity. 

con'for-ma'tion (kon'for-ma'shun), to. 1. Act of conform- 
ing ; adaptation. 2. Fashioning of anything by symmet- 
rically arranging its parts ; shaping. 3. State or quality of 
being conformed ; agreement ; structure or form as de- 
pendent upon the arrangement of parts. — Syn. See form. 

con'for-ma'tor (kon'for-ma'ter), to. [L., a framer.] An 
apparatus for taking the conformation of anything, as of 
the head for fitting a hat. 

con-f orm'er (kon-f or'mer), to. One who conforms. 

con-form'ist (-mist), to. One who conforms ; esp., in Eng- 
land, one who conforms to the Established Church. 

con-form'i-ty (-mi-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Correspond- 
ence in form, manner, or character ; agreement ; — followed 
by to, with, or between. 2. Action, or an act, of conforming 
to something established, as law or fashion ; compliance. 3. 
Religious compliance ; esp., in England, compliance with 
Established Church usages. 

con-found' (kon-found'), v. t. [F. confondre, fr. L. oon- 
f under e, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to 
pour.] 1. To bring to ruin or naught. 06s. or Archaic. 
2. To waste ; spend. 06s. 3. To damn ;■ — used in the im- 
perative as a mild imprecation ; as, Confound you ! 4. To 
put to shame ; abash ;— usually in passive. 5. To confute. 
Archaic. 6. To throw into confusion or disorder ; perplex ; 
dismay. 7. To mix up ; mistake for another ; confuse ; as, 
the verbs sit and set are often confounded. — Syn. Be- 
wilder, baffle ; astonish, amaze, astound. See embarrass. 

con-f ound'ed, p. a. 1. Confused ; abashed ; discomfited ; 
perplexed. 2. Damned ; — commonly used as a mild im- 
precation or as an intensive. — adv. Confoundedly. 

Con-f ound'ed-ly, adv. In a confounded manner. 

COn-f ound'er (-foun'der), to. One who confounds. 

con'fra-ter'ni-ty (kon'frd-tur'ni-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
[LL. confraternitas. See fraternity.] A body of men 
united for some purpose, esp. for religious or charitable 
service or in some profession ; brotherhood. 

con'frere' (koN'frar' ; kon-), to. [F. confrere."] A fellow 
member of a brotherhood or society ; colleague. 06s. or R., 
except as French, con'frdre' (koN'frar'). 

con-front' (kon-frunf), v. t. [F. confronter, LL. confron- 
tare ; L. con- + frons forehead, front.] 1. To face, esp. 
hostilely. 2. To cause to face or meet ; as, to confront one 
with a fact. 3. To contrast ; compare. 

con'fron-ta'tion (kon'friin-ta'shun), to. Act of confronting. 

con-front'ment (kon-f runt'ment) , to. Confrontation. 

Con-fu'cian (kon-fii'shan), a. Of or relating to Confucius, 
the great Chinese philosopher and teacher (551-478 B. C.), 
or his teaching or followers. — to. A Confucianist. 

Con-fu'cian-ism (-shan-Tz'm), to. The system of morality 
taught by Confucius and his disciples, based on ancestor 
worship and filial piety. — Con-fu'cian-ist, to. 

con-fuse' (-i\xz r ),v.t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ;-fus'ing (-fuz'Tng). 
[F. confus confused, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. 
See confound.] l.To bring to ruin or naught. 06s. 2. To 
perplex ; disconcert ; abash. 3. To throw into disorder ; mix 
or blend indiscriminately ; render indistinct or obscure. 
4. To mistake for another ; as, to confuse wealth with 
money. — Syn. Disorder, disarrange, confound, obscure, 
distract. See embarrass. [ner.j 

COn-fus'ed-ly(-fuz'ed-lT ; -fuzd'li), adv. In a confused man-| 

con-fus'ed-ness, to. State of confusion. 

con-fu'sion (-fu'zhSn), to. 1. Overthrow; ruin. 06s. or R. 
2. State of being disconcerted or abashed ; discomfiture. 3. 
Act of confusing ; state of being confused. — Syn. Disar- 
ray, jumble ; tumult, turmoil ;_ bewilderment, embarrass- 
ment, abashment. — con-fu'sion-al (-al), a. 

con'fu-ta'tion (kSn'fu-ta'shiin), n. 1. Act of confuting. 
2. That which confutes. 

con-fute' (kon-f ut'), v. t.; -fut^ed (-fut'ed) ; -fut'tng. [L. 
confutare to check (a boiling liquid), repress, confute.] 1. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. (J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



CONFUTER 



214 



CONGRUOUS 



To overwhelm by argument ; prove false or defective ; si- 
lence ; refute. 2. To bring to naught ; confound. — Syn. 
See deny. — con-fut'er (kon-fut'er), n. 
|| con'ge' (koN'zha' ; E. kon'je), n. Also, as Anglicized, 
con'gee. [F., leave, fr. L. commeatus a leave of absence, 
deriv. of com- + meare to go.] 1. A ceremonious leave- 
taking. 2. A bow or curtsy, originally on taking leave. 

3. Unceremonious dismissal ; — only in the form congS. 

4. Arch. A molding of concave, quarter-round profile, tan- 
gent to a vertical surface and followed by a fillet parallel 
to that surface. See molding, Illust. 

con-gear (kon-jel'), v. t. [ F. congeler, L. congelare, 
-gelatum ; con- + gelare to freaze, gelu frost.] To change 
from a fluid to a solid state, as by cold ; freeze. — v. i. To 
grow hard, stiff, or thick, as from cold, coagulation, or 
crystallization. — con-geal'a-ble, o. 

con-geal'ment, n. Act or process of congealing ; congelation. 

con'gee (kon'je"), n. Anglicized form of conge. 

Con-gee' (kon-je'), v. i. To make one's congee. Archaic. 

Con'gee, COn'jee (kon'je), n. [Tamil kanji.] Water in 
which rice has been boiled, used for starching, for invalids' 
diet, etc. Anglo-Ind. 

Con'ge-la'tion (kon'je-la'stran), n. 1. Act of congealing ; 
state of being congealed. 2. Product of congealing. 

COn'ge-ner (kon'je-ner), n. [L., of the same race or kind ; 
con- + genus, -neris, birth, kind, race.] One allied in 
nature, character, or action ; one of the same genus. 

COn'ge-nei/ic (-ner'Ik), Con-gen'er-OUS (kon-jen'er-'Ss), a. 
Allied, as in cause or origin ; kindred ; Biol., of the same 
genus. 

Con-gen'ial (kon-jen'yal), a. [con- + genial.'] 1. Partaking 
of the same nature ; kindred ; sympathetic. 2. Naturally 
adapted ; suited to the disposition. 
Syn. Congenial, kindred, sympathetic. Congenial, 

[ as used of persons, implies similarity or community of 
disposition, temperament, interests, or tastes ; as applied 
to things, it expresses suitability or adaptation ; as, con- 
genial companions. Kindred implies affinity in nature, or 
the possession of cognate or allied qualities ; as, kindred 
souls, phenomena. Sympathetic is used, often somewhat 
colloquially, to suggest more subtle oresoteric affinities than 
congenial or kindred ; as, a sympathetic appreciation. 

con-ge'ni-al'i-ty (kon-je'm-al'i-ti ; -jen-yal'-), n. Quality of 
being congenial. 

con-gen'i-tal (-jSn'i-tal), a. [L. congenitus. See con-; 
genital.] Existing at, or dating from, birth; connate. 
— Syn. See innate. — n. A person having some congeni- 
tal disease or defect. — con-gen'i-tal-ly, adv. 

con'ger (kon'ger), n., or conger eel. [F. congre, L. conger, 
congrus.] A kind of large sea eel (Leptocephalus conger). 

COn-ge'ri-es (kon-je'ri-ez), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. congerere. 
See congest.] A collection of particles, parts, or bodies 
into one mass ; heap ; aggregation. 

con-gest' (-jest'), v. t. [L. congestus, p. p. of congerere to 
bring together ; con- + gerere to bear.] 1. To aggregate ; 
accumulate. Obs. 2. To cause overfullness of the blood 
vessels of (an organ or part). 3. To affect with overcrowd- 
ing. — v. i. To gather ; become congested. 

COn-ges'tion (-jes'chun), n. 1. Med. Overfullness of the 
capillary and other blood vessels in any locality or organ ; 
local hyperaemia. 2. Overcrowded state. [congestion.] 

COn-ges'tive (-tlv),a. Pert, to.indicating, or attended with, | 

COn'gi-us (kon'ji-us), n. ; pi. congii (-1). [L.] Roman An- 
tiq. A liquid measure, about three quarts. 

COn-glo'bate (kon-glo'bat), a. [L. conglobatus, p. p. of con- 
alobare to conglobate.] Conglobated. — v. t. & i. ; -bat-ed 

| (-bat-ed) ;-bat-ing. Tocollect or form into a ball or rounded 
mass. — COn'glo-ba'tion (kon'glo-ba'shun), n. 

Con-globe' (kon-glob'), v. t. & i. To conglobate. 

COn-glom'er-ate (-glom'er-at), a. [L. conglomeratus, p. p. 
of conglomerare to roll together ; con- + glomerare to 
wind into a ball.] 1. Gathered into a ball or a mass, or 

[ consisting of parts so collected ; clustered. 2. Geol. Of the 
nature of a conglomerate. — n. 1. That which is compacted 

| or massed together from various sources ; accumulation. 2. 
Geol. A rock composed of gravel or shingle embedded in a 
finer material, as sand, which acts as a natural cement ; 
pudding stone. [mass. 

— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed ; -at'ing. To gather into a coherent| 
COn-glom'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of conglomerating ; 

state of being conglomerated. 2. A collection ; a mixed co- 
herent mass. 
con-glu'ti-nate (kon-gldo'tT-nat ; 86), a. [L. conglutinatus, 
p. p. of conglutinare to glue ; con- + glutinare to glue, 
gluten glue.] Glued together ; adhesively united. 

— v. t. & i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. To glue or stick 
together. — con-glu'ti-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 

con-glu'ti-na-tive (-nt-tiv), a. Tending to conglutinate ; 

exhibiting conglutination. 
Con'gO (kon'go) , con'gOU (-goo), n. [Chin, kung-fu labor.] 

A kind of black tea. 
Con'go group (kon'go). [From Congo red.] A group of 



artificial dyes with an affinity for vegetable fibers, so that 
no mordant is required ; called also benzidine dyes. 

Congo red. Chcm. An artificial red dye from which the 
Congo group received its name. 

Congo snake. An eel-like amphibian (Amphiuma means), 
of the southeastern United States, having two pairs of very 
short limbs, each ending in two or three toes. 

con-grat'u-lant (kon-grat^l-lant), a. Congratulating. 

con-grat'u-late (-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
congratulatus, p. p. of congratulari to wish joy abun- 
dantly ; con- + gratulari to wish joy, gratus pleasing.] 1. 
To rejoice together (with). Obs. 2. To offer congratulations. 
7^°' o h T j j eel or ex P ress sympathetic satisfaction at. 
Obs. 2. To address with expressions of sympathetic pleas- 
ure at some event happily affecting the person addressed ; 
felicitate. 3. To salute ; greet. Obs. — Syn. See felicitate. 

con-grat'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. A congratulating; an ex- 
pression of sympathetic pleasure. 

con-grat'u-la'tor, n. One who congratulates. 

con-grat'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-ri), a. Expressive of, or disposed 
to, congratulation. 

con'gre-gate (kon'gre-gat), a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of 
congregare to congregate ; con- -f- gregare to collect into 
a flock, grex flock.] Assembled ; congregated. 

— (-gat), v. t. & i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. To collect 
into a crowd, mass, or assemblage ; assemble. 

con'gre-ga'tion (-ga'shwn), n. 1. Act of congregating ; state 
of being congregated. 2. A collection or mass of separate 
things. 3. An assembly of persons, esp. one meeting for re- 
ligious worship and instruction. Qt.Anc. Jewish Hist.The 
whole body of the Jewish people. 5. New Eng. Hist. In the 
colonies in which the Congregational Church was estab- 
lished, the whole body of people of a settlement, town, or 
parish having its particular place of worship, now called the 
society or parish; — distinguished from the church, or body 
of communicants. 6. a A company or order of religious per- 
sons, b R. C. Ch. A body of cardinals to which is intrusted 
some department of the church business ; as, the Congrega- 
tion of the Propaganda, which has charge of missions. 

COn'gre-ga'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Pert, to a congregation; 
conducted, or shared in, by a congregation. 2. [cap.'] 
Belonging to Congregationalism or Congregationalists. 

COn'gre-ga'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Church organiza- 
tion which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled 
brotherhood of each local church. 2. [cap.] The faith and 
polity of a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches 
which recognize each local church as independent in eccle- 
siastical matters, but which are united in fellowship and 
joint action. — Con'gre-ga'tion-al-ist, n. 

con'gre-ga-tive (kon'gre-ga-tiv), o. Tending to congregate ; 
marked by congregating. tive-ness, n. 

con'gre-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who congregates. 

COn'gress (kon'gres), n. [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. 
-gressus, to assemble ; con- + gradi to go, gradus step.] 
1. Meeting ; encounter ; interview. 2. A gathering or assem- 
bly, esp. of representatives to consider matters of common 
interest. 3. The body of senators and representatives of a 
nation, esp. of a republic, constituting its chief legislative 
body. The Congress of the United States is a bicameral body 
consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of 
Representatives, or lower house. The united body of Sena- 
tors and Representatives for any term of two years for 
which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is one 
Congress. 4. [cap.] The lower house of the Spanish Cor- 
tes. 5. Sexual commerce ; coition. 

Syn. Convention, convocation, council, diet, conclave, par- 
liament, legislature. 

— v. i. To meet in a congress. [rial in the sides.] 
COn'gress boot or gaiter. A high shoe having elastic mate-| 
con-gres'sion-al (kon-gresh'wn-al), a. Of or pert, to a con- 
gress, esp. [cap.] the Congress of the United States. 
— con-gres'sion-al-ist, con-gres'sion-ist, n. 

Con'gress-man (kon'gres-man), n. A member of the Con- 
gress of the United States, esp. of the House of Represen- 
tatives. 

con'greve (kor/grev), n. [After Sir William Congreve 
(1772-1828), English inventor.] 1. Short for Congreve 
rocket, a form of rocket formerly used in war. 2. Short for 
Congreve match, an early friction match. 

con'gru-ence (kon'grdo-ens), n. Congruity ; harmony. 

con'gru-en-cy (-en-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Congruence. 

con'gru-ent (-ent), a. [L. congruens, p. pr.] Possessing 
congruity ; suitable ^agreeing. — con'gru-ent-ly, adv. 

con-gru'i-ty (kon-groo'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 
quality of being congruous ; agreement ; correspondence ; 
also, an instance of being congruous. 2. Geom. Exact coin- 
cidence throughout ; — said of figures superposed. 

Con'gru-OUS (kon'groo-iis), a. [L. congruus, fr. congruere 
to come together ; agree.] 1. Suitable ; accordant ; har- 
monious ; correspondent ; consistent. 2. Accordant with 
what is proper, reasonable, or right ; hence, fitting, proper, 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, am, up. circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CONGRUOUSLY 



215 



CONNECTIVE 



or the like. 3. Math, a Congruent, b Geom. Superposable 
so as to be coincident throughout. — Syn. See conso- 
nant. — con'gru-ous-ly, adv. — con'gru-ous-ness, n. 

con'ic (kon'Tk), n. Math. A conic section. 

con'ic (kon'Tk) \a. [Gr. kuvikos. See cone.] In the form 

con'i-cal (-i-kol)j of or resembling a geometrical cone; 
round and tapering to a point ; pert, to a cone. 
conic section, Geom., a curve formed by the intersection 
of a right cone and a plane, as the ellipse, parabola, and 
hyperbola. — c. sections, that branch of geometry which 
treats of the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola. 

con'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Math. The doctrine of conic 
sections. 

CO-nid'i-a (ko-nid'T-a), n., pi. of contdtum. 

co-nid'i-al (ko-nTd'T-51) \a. Bot. Pertaining to, resembling, 

-CO-nid'i-an (ko-nid'i-5n)/ or producing, conidia. 

CO-nid'i-O-phore' (-nid'T-o-for 7 ),?*. [conidium + -phore.~\ 
Bot. A special enlarged hyphal branch of the mycelium in 
certain fungi, which produces successive conidia. 

CO-nid'i-um (ko-md'i-iim), n.; pi. -ia (-a). [NL., fr. Gr. 
kovis dust.] Bot. An asexual spore separated off from the 
summit of a conidiophore. 

CO'ni-fer (ko'nT-fer), n. [L., fr. conus cone + ferre to 
bear.] Any of an order ( Pinales ) of mostly evergreen 
trees and shrubs, including not only those of the pine 
family, bearing true cones, but those of the yew family, 
bearing a berrylike or drupaceous fruit. 

CO-nif'er-OUS (ko-nif'er-iis), a. Bearing cones, as the pine 
and fir ; also, belonging to the order (Pinales) of conifers. 

co'nine (ko'nin ; -nen),n. Also co'nin, co'ni-ine, co'ni-a, 
etc. [From L. conium hemlock, Gr. Koweiov.] Chem. 
A liquid alkaloid, CsHnN, with a stupefying odor, found 
in the poison hemlock {Conium maculatum). It is a power- 
ful poison, producing paralysis of the motor nerves. 

COn-jec'tur-a-ble (kon-jek'tyr-a-b'l), a. That may be 
conjectured. — con-jec'tur-a-bly, adv. 

COn-jec'tur-al (-al), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
conjecture. 2. Given to conjecturing. al-ly, adv. 

Con-jec'ture (-tur), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, -jec- 
tum, to throw together, infer, conjecture ; con- + jacere to 
throw.] 1. Inference from signs or omens ; divination. 06s. 
2. Inference from defective or presumptive evidence ; sur- 
mise ; guess. — v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. To arrive 
at by conjecture ; infer ; surmise. — v. i. To form conjec- 
tures. — con-jec'tur-er (-er), n. 

Syn. Suspect, imagine, fancy, presume, think, suppose, sur- 
mise, guess. — Conjecture, surmise, guess. To conjec- 
ture is to form an opinion or j udgment on what is recognized 
as insufficient evidence. To surmise is to imagine, or to in- 
dulge a suspicion, on still slighter grounds. To gucssis, prop- 
erly, to hit on (or to attempt to hit on) either at random or 
from uncertain or ambiguous evidence ; as, to guess a riddle. 

con'jee. Var. of 3d congee. 

COn-join' (kon-join'), v. t. & i. [F. conjoindre, fr. L. con- 
jungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join.] To join to- 
gether, as in action, purpose, etc. ; combine ; unite. 

COn-joint' (-joint'), a. [F.] 1. United; connected; associ- 
ated. 2. Pert, to, made up of, or carried on by, two or more 
in combination ; joint. — con-joint'ly, adv. 

Con'ju-gal (kon'jdb-gal), a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux hus- 
band, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, marry.] Per- 
taining to marriage ; appropriate to matrimony ; connubial. 
— Syn. See matrimonial. — con'ju-gal-ly, adv. 

con'ju-gal'i-ty (-gal'i-ti),n. Conjugal state. 

con'ju-gate (-gat), a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. oiconjugare to 
unite ; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke.] 
1. United, esp. in pairs or in marriage ; coupled. 2. Gram. 
Of the same derivation, and, hence, generally, of kindred sig- 
nification ; — said of words. 3. Bot. Bijugate. 4. Math. 
Presenting themselves simultaneously and being inter- 
changeable in the enunciation of properties ; — used with 
reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc. 

— n. A word of the same derivation with another, and there- 
fore, generally, resembling it in meaning. 

— (-gat), v. t. ; -gat'ed (-gaVed) ; -gat'ing. Gram. To inflect 
(a verb), or give in order its forms in the several voices, 

| moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. — v. i. Biol. To unite 
in conjugation. 

con ju-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of joining, or state 
of being joined, together ; union ; conjunction. 2. Gram. 
a A schematic arrangement of the inflectional forms of a 
verb, b A class of verbs having the same type of inflec- 
tional forms. C Act of conjugating, or inflecting, a verb. 3. 
Biol. The fusion of two unicellular organisms by a process 
analogous to fertilization among higher organisms. — COn'- 
ju-ga'tion : al (-51), a. — ga'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Con'ju-ga-tive (kon'joo-ga-tiv), a. Pert, or tending to con- 
jugation ; characterized by, or having power of, conjugation. 

Con-junct' (kon-jiinkt'), a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See con- 
join.] United ; associated ; combined. 

Con-junc'tion (-jurjk'shfin), n. 1. Act of conjoining ; state 



of being conjoined ; union. 2. The meeting or passing of 
two or more heavenly bodies in the same degree of the 
zodiac. 3. An instance of conjunction ; union ; association. 
4. Occurrence together ; concurrence or combination, as of 
events. 5. Gram. An indeclinable word which joins sen- 
tences, clauses, phrases, or words. A coordinating con- 
junction, as and, but, or, joins expressions that are coordi-, 
nate, or equal in rank ; a subordinating conjunction, as 
though, if, as, since, introduces a phrase as subordinate to 
another. — con-junc'tion-al, a. al-ly, adv. 

con'junc-ti'va (kon'junk-tl'vd), n. [NL.] The mucous 
membrane which lines the eyelid and is reflected over the 
fore part of the eyeball. — con'junc-ti'val (-val), a. 

con-junc'tive (kon-junk'tiv), a. 1. Connective. 2. Done 
or existing in conjunction. 3. Specif. : Gram, a Of the 
nature of a conjunction, b Connecting the meaning as well 
as the construction ; copulative. C Designating, or pertain- 
ing to, the mood of the verb capable of use only in conjunc- 
tion with another verb ; subjunctive. — n. Gram, a A con- 
junctivcword ; a conjunction, b The conjunctive mood, or a 
verb in that mood. — con-junc'tive-ly, adv. 

con-junc'ti-vi'tis (-junk'tT-vI'tTs), n. [NL. ; conjunctiva 
-f- -itis.~] Med. Inflammation of the conjunctiva. 

con-junct'ly, adv. Conjointly ; together. 

con-junc'ture (kon-junk'tur), n. 1. A joining together; 
conjunction. 2. Now usually, a complication or combi- 
nation of events or circumstances ; esp., a crisis ; juncture. 

Con'ju-ra'tion ( kon'joo-ra'shun ; 86), n. 1. Act of con- 
juring ; now usually, the practice of magic ; incantation. 
2. Solemn entreaty or appeal. Archaic. 3. A magic expres- 
sion used in conjuring ; conjuring trick ; charm ; spell. 

COn-jure' (see below), v. i. ;-jured' ;-jur'ing. [F. conjurer, 
fr. L. conjurare to swear together, conspire ; con- + 
jurare to swear.] 1. To conspire. 06s. 2. (kun'jer) To 
summon or command a devil, spirit, etc., by invocation or 
a spell ; practice magic ; juggle. — v. I. 1. (kon-jobr') To 
charge or call on solemnly. 06s. 2. (kon-joor') To 
entreat earnestly ; implore. 3. (kun'jer) To summon or 
constrain, as a devil, by invocation or a spell. 4. (kun'jer) 
To affect or effect by conjuration ; call forth or send away 
by magic. — Syn. Supplicate, pray, beseech ; invoke. 
to conjure up (kun'jer), to call up or cause to exist or 
appear to exist as if by magic ; as, to conjure up a story. 

con'jur-er, con'jur-or (kun'jer-er ; dcfs. 2, 3 kon-joor'er), n. 

1. A magician ; also, a juggler. 2. One bound by a common 
oath with others. 3. One who solemnly entreats or charges. 
KlF^In sense 1 usually conjurer; 2, 3 usually conjuror. 

con'jur-y (kun'jer-i), n. Practice of magic ; conjurer's art, 
conn (kon), n. & v. Naut. Var. of con; — now apparently 
the more usual form. 
COn'nate (kon'at ; ko-nat'), a. [L. connatus; con- -f- natus 
born, p. p. of nasci."\ 1. Congenital ; inborn. 2. Born or 
originated together. 3. Agreeing in nature ; cognate ; con- 
genial. 4. Biol. Congenitally united ; firmly united. See 
leaf, Illust. — con'nate-ly, adv. _ [nate I 

COn-na'tion (ko-na'shim), n. State or quality of being con- 1 
con-nat'u-ral (ko-naOJ-r51), a. 1. Connected by nature; 
united in nature ; inborn ; inherent ; natural. 2. Of the same 

nature ; allied ; cognate. nat'U-ral-ly, adv. 

Con-nect' (-nckt'), v. t. [L. connecter e,-nexum; con- + 
nectere to bind.] 1. To join together, as by something 
intervening ; associate ; combine. 2. To associate (a per- 
son or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, 
business, or affair. — v. i. 1. To join, unite, or cohere. 

2. To meet or make connections for transference of pas- 
sengers, or change of means of communication. 

Con-nect'ed-ly, adv. In a connected manner. 

con-nect'er, con-nec'tor (-nek'ter), n. One who, or that 
which, connects. 

con-nec'tion (-nek'shun), n. 1. Act or process of connect- 
ing ; state of being connected ; junction ; union ; relation- 
ship. 2. Specif. : a Continuity or coherence of words or ideas. 
b Contextual relation ; context. C Relation of things mutu- 
ally involved ; as, knowledge and wisdom may have no con- 
nection. 3. That which connects ; bond ; tie. 4. A relation 
of personal intimacy ; specif. : a Sexual relation or inter- 
course, b Relation in a practical or active way ; a having to 
do ; as, the affair may succeed in spite of his connection 
with it. C Relationship by family ties ; as, a man of good 
connections. 5. A person connected with others by some 
tie, esp. by marriage or remote blood relationship. 6. A body 
of persons associated, or with whom one is associated, in 
some common interest. 7. [In Eng., officially and invari- 
ably spelled connexion."] A denomination ; sect ; — used of 
Methodists or related bodies. 8. The act, event, or means of 
communication or of continuation of a journey ; as, I hope 
to make connections at Boston. — Syn. Junction ; associ- 
ation, dependence ; intercourse. — con-nec'tion-al (-51), o. 

COn-nec'tive (ko-nek'tiv), a. Connecting, or adapted to 
connect. — connective tissue, Anat., a tissue, typically 
of white, elastic fibers, that binds together other tissues. 

— n. That which connects ; esp. Gram., a conjunction. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. leu, acu (oO); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONNECTIVITY 



216 



CONSENT 



con'nec-tiv'i-ty (kon'ek-tfv'i-ti), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing connected. 

con-nec'tor (ko-neVter), n. = connecter. 
con'ner (kun'er; kon'er), n. [AS. cunnian to examine, 
tempt.] One who tests or examines ; a tester. Archaic. 
con'ner (kon'er), n. One who cons ; a peruser. 
con'ner, n. [From con to conduct. See cond.] Naut. 
One who cons, or conds. 
con-nex'ion (ko-nek'shwn),n. Connection. British. 

con-nip'tion (ko-nTp'shun), n. A fit of passion, rage, 
hysteria, or the like ; a paroxysm. Vulgar or Colloq., U. S. 

con-niv'ance (-nlv'ans), n. 1. Act of conniving ; feigning 
of ignorance. 2. Law. Specif., corrupt or guilty assent to 
wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in it, but 
knowledge of it, and failure to prevent or oppose it. — Syn. 
See collusion. 

con-niv'an-cy (-an-sT), n. Act of conniving ; connivance. 

Con-nive'(-niv'), v. i. ; -NrvED'(-nlvd') ; -niv'ing (-niv'ing). 
[L, connivere to shut the eyes, connive.] 1. To feign igno- 
rance ; pretend not to look (at something distasteful or ir- 
regular). 2. Hence, sometimes, to have a secret understand- 
ing (with). — con-niv'er (-er), n. 

con-niv'ent (ko-niv'ent), a. [L. connivens, p. pr.] Biol. 
Brought close together ; converging. 

con'nois-seur' (kon'I-sur'; -sur'), n. [F. (obs. spelling), 
deriv. of L. cognoscere to become acquainted with.] One 
competent to act as a critical judge of an art or in a matter 
of taste. 

Syn. Connoisseur is often contrasted with amateur and 
dilettante (see amateur). It implies trained and discrimi- 
nating judgment of what is rare or choice, esp. in art. 

COn'no-ta'tion (kon'6-ta'shftn), n. [L. con- + notatus, 
p. p. of notare to mark.] Act of connoting ; that which is 
connoted. — Syn. See denotation. 

Con-no'ta-tive (ko-no'td-tiv ; kon'o-ta-tiv), a. 1. Implying 
something additional ; pert, to connotation. 2. Logic. Bear- 
ing connotation. — connotative term. Logic. A term 
which denotes a subject and implies one or more attributes. 

Con-note' (ko-not'), v. t.; -not'ed (-not'ed) ; -not'ing. [See 
con- ; note.] To suggest ; indicate, or mean along with, or 
in addition to, the essential or primary signification. 

Con-nu'bi-al (ko-nii'bT-al), a. [L. connubialis, fr. connu- 
bium marriage ; con- -f- nubere to veil, marry.] Of or pert, 
to marriage ; conjugal. — Syn. See matrimonial. — con- 
nu'bi-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. — nu'bi-al-ly, adv. 

co'no-dont (ko'no-dont), n. Gr. [«wos cone H — odont."] 
Paleon. Any of certain minute toothlike fossils found in 
Paleozoic rocks, probably the jaws of annelids. 

CO'noid (ko'noid), n. [Gr. KcovoeiSris conical ; k&vos cone -j- 
eUos form.] Geom. A solid formed by the revolu- 
tion of a conic section about its axis. — o. Like a 
conoid. — CO-noi'dal (ko-noi'dal), a. 

COll'quer (korj'ker), v. t. [OF. conquerre, fr. L. 
conquirere, -quisitum, to seek for, bring together, 1 
LL., to conquer ; con- + quaerere to seek.] 1. Conoid. 
To gain or acquire by or as by force ; vanquish ; overcome. 
2. To gain in war, or by overcoming obstacles ; win. 3. To 
subdue or overcome by mental or moral power ; surmount ; 
as, to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc. — v. i. To be 
victorious. — con'quer-a-ble, a. 

Syn. Overpower, overthrow, discomfit, beat, crush, sub- 
ject, humble, master, vanquish, defeat, subdue, subjugate, 
reduce, overcome, surmount. — Conquer, vanquish, de- 
feat, subdue, subjugate, reduce, overcome, surmount 
imply a bringing under one's power by energy or force. Con- 
quer usually implies the gaining possession or mastery of 
something (less often of some one) ; vanquish, the complete 
overthrow or discomfiture of some one (less often of some- 
thing) by force ; as, conquered territory, to conquer a bad 
temper ; he was vanquished in single combat. Vanquish is 
more likely than conquer to refer to a single engagement. To 
defeat is to beat or check, esp. for the time being ; it does not 
imply the finality of vanquish. Subdue implies reduction to 
(often) permanent submission or subserviency ; subju- 
gate, complete subjection, as under a yoke. Reduce implies 
a bringing to capitulation or surrender ; it applies esp. to a 
beleaguered town or fortress. Overcome implies esp. the 
getting the better of objects other than material ; surmount 
applies esp. to difficulties and obstacles. 

con'quer-or, n. One who conquers. — Syn. See victor. 

COn'quest (-kwest), n. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. conquirere. 
See conquer.] 1. Act or process of conquering. 2. That 
which is conquered ; specif. : a Territory definitively ap- 

Eropriated in war. b A person whose favor or hand has 
een won. 3. Feudal Law. Acquisition of property by pur- 
chase or other means than inheritance ; acquisition ; also, 
the property so acquired. — Syn. Triumph, mastery, sub- 
jection, subjugation, reduction. See victory. 
the Conquest, Eng. Hist., the Norman Conquest. 
COn / san-guin / e-ous (kon'sarj-gwin'e-us), a. [L. consan- 
guineus ; con- + sanguis blood.] Of the same blood ; 
akin ; descended from the same ancestor ; of or pert, to 
persons so related. See half blood. ous-ly, adv. 




COn/san-guin'i-ty (-i-tT), n. 1. Relationship by blood ; kin- 
ship. 2. Close relation ; affinity. — Syn. See affinity. 

COn'science (kon'shens), n. [F., fr. L. conscientia, fr. con- 
sciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious ; con- -f- 
scire to know.] 1. Consciousness of the moral goodness 
or badness of one's own conduct or motives, together with 
a feeling of obligation to do right or be good ; — often used 
esp. with reference to feelings of remorse for ill-doing. 
Hence, a faculty, power, or principle conceived to decide as 
to the moral quality of one's own thoughts or acts, enjoin- 
ing what is good. 2. Conformity to the dictates of con- 
science; conscientiousness. 3. Inmost thought or sense; 
consciousness. Obs. or Archaic. 

in conscience, in all conscience, in deference or 
obedience to conscience or reason ; in reason ; reasonably. 

conscience Clause. A clause in a general law exempting 
persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance there- 
with, — as from taking judicial oaths, service, etc. 

con/science-less, a. Having no conscience ; unprincipled. 

conscience mdney. Money paid to relieve the conscience 
by rendering or restoring, usually anonymously, what has 
been wrongfully acquired or withheld. 

con/sci-en'tious (-shi-en'shus), a. Influenced or governed 
by, or conformed to, the dictates of conscience. — Syn. 
Exact, faithful, just, upright. See scrupulous. — con'sci- 
en'tious-ly, adv. — con'sci-en'tious-ness, n. 

con'scion-a-ble (kon'shiin-d-b'l), a. Accordant with good 
conscience ; just ; reasonable. — con'scion-a-bly, adv. 

con'scious(-shus), a. [L. conscius; con- + scire to know.] 
1. Knowing jointly or mutually. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Aware 
or sensible (of an inward state or outward fact). 3. Having 
a sense of guilt or fault. 4. Self-conscious. 5. Mentally 
awake ; in, belonging to, or endowed with, consciousness. 6. 
Involving consciousness of something ; as, conscious guilt. 
7. Deliberate ; intentional. — con'scious-ly, adv. 
Syn. Conscious, aware. Conscious applies primarily to 
that which is felt as within one's self ; aware, to that 
whichis perceived as without one's self. 

con'scious-ness, n. 1. Direct knowledge or perception of 
the presence of any object, state, or sensation. 2. That 
which includes knowledge, esp. knowledge of one's own 
existence, condition, sensations, actions, etc. 3. That 
state of being, or form of existence, characterized by 
sensation, emotion, thought, etc. ; mind in the broadest 
sense. 4„ A totality of conscious states ; a mind. 5. A state 
of consciousness or a form of mental activity. 

con'script (kon'skript), a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of con- 
scribere to write together, enroll ; con- + scribere to write.] 

1. Enrolled ; chosen. 2. Enlisted by compulsion, as a soldier 
or an army. 

conscript fathers, a The "enators of ancient Rome, b 
The legislators or administrators of any political unit. 

— n. A recruit secured by conscription. 

con-script' (kon-sknpt'), v. t. To enroll by compulsion for 
military or naval service ; draft. 

con-scrip'tion (-sknp'shun), n. Act of conscripting. 

con'se-crate (kon'se-krat), a. [L. consecratus, p. p. of 
consecrare to consecrate ; con- -f- sacrare to consecrate, 
sacer sacred.] Consecrated ; sacred. — v. t. ; -crat'ed 
(-krat'ed) ; -crat'ing. 1. To make or declare sacred ; set 
apart, dedicate, or devote to God's service or worship. 

2. To hallow ; sanctify. — Syn. See dedicate. cra'tor 

(-kra'ter), n. — COn'se-cra-tO-ry (kon'se-kra-to-ri), a. 

con'se-cra'tion (-kra'shun), n. Act or ceremony of conse- 
crating ; state of being consecrated ; dedication. 

con'se-cu'tion (-ku'shwn), n. [L. consecutio. See conse- 
quent.] 1. Logical sequence ; chain of reasoning.^ 2. A 
succession ; series ; sequence. 

con-sec'u-tive (kon-sek'u-tiv), a. [See consequent.] 1. 
Following in regular order ; with no interval ; successive ; as, 
fifty consecutive years. 2. Made up of successive ele- 
ments ; marked by logical sequence. 3. Gram. Expressing 
consequence ; as, a consecutive clause. 4. Music. Having 
a parallel sequence ; — said of certain interval progressions 
forbidden in strict harmony ; as, consecutive fifths. — con- 
sec'u-tive-ly, adv. — con-sec'u-tive-ness, n. 
Syn. Consecutive, successive apply to objects which 
follow one another in order or uninterruptedly. Consecu- 
tive is more emphatic, emphasizing the immediacy of the 
succession and the regularity or fixedness of the order. 

con-sen'su-al (kon-sen'shu-al), a. [See consensus.] 1. 
Law. Existing or made by mere mutual consent, with- 
out the intervention of any further act or of writing. 

2. a Physiol. Designating involuntary action or move- 
ment accompanying, or correlative with, voluntary action 
or movement, b Psychol. Designating involuntary action 
or movement accompanied by sensation or consciousness. 

3. Involving sensation apart from thought or volition ; in- 
volving organic feelings and the like. sen'SU-al-ly, adv. 

COn-sen'SUS (-sen's&s), n. [L. See consent.] Agreement 

in opinion, custom, or function ; accord. 
COn-sent' (-sent'), v. i. [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, 

-sensum, to feel together, agree ; con- + sentire to feel.] 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



^ 



CONSENTANEITY 



217 



CONSISTORY 



1. To give consent ; agree. 2. To give approval ; comply. 

Syn. See assent. — n. 1. Voluntary accordance with, 

or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another ; 
acquiescence ; approval ; permission ; assent. 2. Agreement 
as to action or opinion ; accord ; sympathy ; — now chiefly 
in with one consent, by common consent. 3. Correspond- 
ence in parts, qualities, or operations ; harmony. Archaic. 

COn-sen'ta-ne'i-ty (kon-sen'td-ne'i-ti), n. Consentaneous 
quality or state. 

COn'sen-ta'ne-OUS (kon'sen-ta'ne-us), a. [L. consenta- 
neus.] 1. Agreeing; consistent. 2. Unanimous. — con'- 
sen-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. — con'sen-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. 

con-sent'er, n. One who consents. 

COn-sen'ti-ence (kon-sen'shT-ens ; -shens), n. 1. Sensuous 
impression apart from intellectual admixture ; also, unity 
of consciousness felt as arising from mere sensation apart 
from intellectual processes. 2. Agreement ; coordination. 

con-sen'ti-ent (kon-sen'shi-ent ; -shent), a. Agreeing ; con- 
curring. 

COn'se-quence (kon'se-kwens), n. 1. That which is conse- 
quent ; that which follows something on which it depends ; 
result. 2. Logic. An inference. 3. Chain of causes and 
effects ; consecution. 4. Act of following something else as 
a result ; relation of an effect to its cause. 5. Assumed im- 
portance ; consequentiality. 6. Importance with respect to 
what comes after ; value ; moment ; hence : importance in 
rank or position ; social distinction. — Syn. Result, end. 

See IMPORTANCE. 

in consequence, as a result or effect ; consequently ; 
hence. — in c. of, by reason of ; as the effect of. 
COn'se-quent (-kwent), a. [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of 
consequi to follow ; con- + sequi to follow.] 1. Follow- 
ing as a result, inference, or natural effect. 2. Observing, 
or marked by, logical sequence. 

consequent drainage, Phys. Geog., a system of stream 
courses developed in harmony with the general slope of the 
surface, and therefore descending from axes of elevation or 
toward axes of depression ; — opp. to antecedent drainage. 
— n. 1. An event or phenomenon which follows another 
without implication of causal connection. 2. Logic. An in- 
ference. 3. Math. The second term of a ratio. 
COn'se-quen'tial (-kwen'shal), a. 1. Of the nature of, or 
following as, a consequence, result, or logical inference. 
2. Of consequence ; important. 3. Assuming consequence ; 
self-important. — se-quen'tial-ly, adv. — tial-ness, n. 
COn'se-quen'ti-al'i-ty (-kwen'shT-al'i-ti), n. Consequential 
quality or state ; specif. : a Logical consecution, b Air of im- 
portance ; self-importance. 
con'se-quent-ly (kon'se-kwent-li), adv. By consequence; 
by natural or logical sequence. — Syn. See therefore. 
COn-serv'an-cy (kon-sfir'vdn-si), n. Conservation (2 a). 
COn'ser-va'tion (kon'ser-va'shun), n. 1. A conserving, pre- 
serving, or protecting ; preservation. 2. a Official supervi- 
sion, as of a river or forest, b A division, as of a forest, under 
such supervision. — con'ser-va'tion-al (-dl), a. 
conservation of energy, or c. of force, the principle 
that the total energy of any material system, though 
transformable, can be neither increased nor diminished 
by any action between the parts. 
con-serv'a-tism (kon-sur'vd-tiz'm), n. 1. Conservative 
principles, practices, or disposition ; opposition to change. 
2. \_cap.'] Specif.: The principles and practice of the Con- 
servative party in Great Britain ; Toryism. 
con-serv'a-tive (-tiv), a. 1. Conserving ; preservative. 2. 
[cap.~\ Designating, or pertaining to, a political party which 
favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of 
government ; as, the Conservative party in Great Britain 
was formerly called the Tory party. 3. Tending or disposed 
to maintain existing institutions or views ; opposed to change 
or innovation. 

— n. 1. A conservative person or thing. 2. \_cap.~] A member 
of the Conservative party. — COn-serv'a-tive-ly, adv. — 
con-serv'a-tive-ness, n. 

I con'ser/va'toire' (koVser'va/twar' ; kon-sur'vd-twaV), n. 
[F.] A public place of instruction in any special branch, 
esp. music and the arts ; a conservatory. 

con'ser-va'tor (kon'ser-va'ter ) , n. One who preserves from 
injury ; a preserver ; keeper ; guardian ; custodian. 

con-serv'a-to-ry (kon-sur'vd-to-ri), a. Fitted to conserve ; 
preservative. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A place for safe- 
keeping of things. Obs. 2. A greenhouse; specif., a 
small greenhouse attached to a dwelling. 3. A public 
place of instruction, esp. for music. Chiefly U. S. 

con-serve' (kon-surv'), v. t.; -served' (-survd') ; -serv'- 
ing. [F. conserver, L. conservare ; con- -f- servare to 
guard.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state ; preserve. 
2. To preserve, as fruits, etc. Obsoles. — Syn. Save, 
maintain, sustain, uphold ; defend, protect, shield, secure. 

— (kon-surv' ; kon'surv), n. 1. That which is conserved ; a 
sweetmeat prepared and preserved with sugar ; in pi., pre- 
serves. 2.Pharm. A medicinal confection made of undried 



vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined 
sugar so as to form a uniform mass. See confection, 2. — 
con-serv'er, n. 

COn-sid'er (kon-sTd'er), v. t. & i. [F. considerer, L. con- 
siderare, -sideratum.] 1. To look, or to look at, atten- 
tively ; examine. Archaic. 2. To think; ponder; study. 3. 
To heed or regard ; treat with consideration ; variously : a 
To show sympathetic regard for. bTo requite ; remunerate. 
Obs. cTo regard highly ; respect ; esteem. 4.To view, as in 
a certain relation ; as, considered as plays they are fail- 
ures ; also, to look upon as being ; think ; believe ; as, he is 
considered rich. 

Syn. Contemplate, cogitate, weigh, revolve, reflect, de- 
liberate, ponder, muse, meditate, ruminate. — Consider, 
reflect, deliberate, ponder, muse, meditate, rumi- 
nate. To consider is to view with fixed thought. To 
reflect is to turn one's thoughts back upon something ; it 
implies quiet or serious consideration. To deliberate is 
to weigh mentally ; the word usually implies a pause for 
mature consideration. To ponder is to weigh with long 
and anxious attention. To muse is to be immersed in 
silent reflection. Meditate implies a more definite direc- 
tion or focusing of thought. To ruminate is to muse or 
to reflect (often placidly, sometimes stolidly) on the same 
recurring themes. 

COn-sid'er-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of consideration ; of 
importance ; notable. 2. Rather large in amount, extent, 
etc. — n. A considerable amount, extent, etc. Colloq., U. S. 

— con-sid'er-a-bly, adv. 

con-sid'er-ate (-at), a. Given to or showing sober reflection ; 
regardful, or taking account of, consequences ; careful, esp. 
of others' rights, feelings, etc. — Syn. See thoughtful. 

— con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. — ness, n. 
con-sid'er-a'tion (-a'shun),n. 1. Act or process of consider- 
ing; careful thought ; deliberation. 2. Attentive respect or 
notice ; appreciative or sympathetic regard. 3. Claim to no- 
tice or regard ; importance ; as, a man of high considera- 
tion. 4. Result of considering ; matured opinion. 5. That 
which is, or should be, considered as a ground of opinion or 
action ; motive ; reason. 6. A recompense ; fee ; compensa- 
tion. — Syn. See reputation. 

con-sid'er-ing, prep. In view of ; taking into account. 
con-sign' (-sin'), v.t. [F. consigner, fr. L.' consignare,-sig- 

natum, to seal, sign ; con- + signare, fr. signum mark.] 1. 

To mark with the sign of the cross, as in confirmation. 06s. 

2. To give, transfer, or deliver, formally. 3. To give in 
charge ; intrust. 4. Com. To send or address (as by bill of 
lading) to an agent, to be used, cared for, or sold. 5. To as- 
sign ; set apart. — Syn. Hand over_, resign. — v. i. To yield 
consent ; subscribe. Obs. — con-sign'a-ble, a. 

con'sig-na'tion (kon'sTg-na/shun), n. Act of consigning. 

con'sigja-ee' ( kon'sT-ne' ; -sT-ne' ), n. One to whom some- 
thing is consigned or shipped. 

con-sign'er (kon-sin'er), n. = consignor. 

con-sign'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of consigning; also,, 
that which is consigned. 2. The writing by which any- 
thing is consigned. [something.] 

con-sign'or (-sln'er; kon'sT-n&r'), n. One who consignsl 

con-sist' (kon-sist'), v. i. [L. consistere to stand still or 
firm ; con- + sistere cause to stand, stare to stand.] l.To 
stand firm; hold together. Archaic. 2. To be comprised 
(in) ; to inhere (in) as the cause, substance, or foundation. 

3. To be composed or made up (of). 4. a To exist, or be 
capable of existing (with). bTo be consistent or harmoni- 
ous (with). 

Syn. Consist of, consist in. To consist of is used in 
indicating the parts or material of which a thing is com- 
posed ; to consist in is used in defining its nature (esp. 
when immaterial or abstract), or designating that in 
which it is comprised or on which it depends. 

con-sist'ence (-sis'tens) In.; pi. -ences (-ez), -encies 

COn-sist'en-cy (-sis'ten-sT) J (-siz). l.A standing or adher- 
ing together ; firmness or degree of firmness. 2. Firmness ®f 
constitution or character ; durability ; persistency. 3. A 
solid part, substance, or particle. Obs. or Archaic. 4.Agree- 
ment or harmony ; congruity ; correspondence. 

COn-sist'ent (-tent), a. 1. Possessing firmness; solid. 2. 
Having agreement with itself or with something else ; hav- 
ing harmony among its parts ; congruous. 3. Living or act- 
ing conformably to one's own belief or professions. — Syn. 
See consonant. — con-sist'ent-ly, adv. 

con'sis-to'ri-al (kon'sTs-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. Of or pert, to a 
consistory. 

con-sis'to-ry (kon-sis'to-ri ; kon'sis-to-ri), n.; pi. -ries 
(-riz). [L. consistorium meeting place, fr. consistere. See 
consist.] l.A place of assembly ; esp., a council chamber ; 
hence, any solemn assembly or council. Now_ Chiefly Hist. 
2. Any of various church tribunals or governing bodies. See 
senses below. 3. In the Church of England, the spiritual 
court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or com- 
missary ; also, the place of holding its sessions. 4. In the 
Roman Catholic Church, the papal senate or a session of it. 
5. In some Reformed churches, the lowest court, composed 



D 



G 



U 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONSOCIATE 



218 



CONSTITUENT 




of the minister and elders of an individual church. In the 
Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, the deacons also are 
included. 6. Freemasonry. The organization which confers 
the degrees of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Free- 
masonry from the 19th to the 32d inclusive. 

COn-SO'ci-ate (kon-so'shi-at), a. [L. consociatus, p. p. of 
consociare to associate, unite ; con- + sociare to join, 
unite. See social.] Consociated ; associate. — n. An asso- 
ciate. — (-at), v. t. & i. To associate together. 

con-so'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shwn ; -si-a'shun), n. Act of conso- 
ciating ; also, an association, as of churches. 

COn-SOl' (kon-sol' ; kon'sol), n., sing, of consols. 

con-sol'a-ble (kon-sol'd-b'l), a. That can be consoled. 

con'so-la'tion (kon'so-la'shun), n. 1. Act of consoling; 
state of being consoled ; also, one who, or that which, con- 
soles. 2. In some card games, a fine paid by the loser. — 
Syn. Comfort, solace, alleviation, relief. 

con-sol'a-to-ry (kon-sol'd-to-rT), a. Consoling. 

con-sole' (kon-sol'), v. t.; -soled' (-sold') ; -sol'ing (-sol'- 
lng). [L. consolari, p. p. -atus; con- + solari to con- 
sole.] To cheer in distress or depression ; soothe. — Syn. 
Solace, sustain, support. See comfort. — con-sol'er, n. 

COn'sole (kon'sol), n. [F., a bracket.] 1. Arch. A bracket- 
like member used to support a cornice or 
a bust, or used for ornament. 2. A table 
with ornamental supports. 3. Music. 
An organ key desk, when bracketed out, 
or separate from the body of the organ. 

COn'sole ta'ble. A table whose top is 
carried, at least in part, by one or more 
consoles ; pier table. Consoles support- 

COn-SOl'i-date (kon-sol'i-dat), a. [L. ing a cornice. 
consolidatus, p. p. of consolidare to make firm ; con- 
+ solidare to make firm, solidus solid.] Consolidated. 

— v. t. &L; -dat/ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'ing. To make or be- 
come solid ; unite or press into a compact mass ; bring or 
come into close union. — Syn. Combine, compact, com- 
press, solidify. See join. — con-sol'i-da'ior, n. 

Con-soFi-da'tion (-da'shiin), n. Act or process of consoli- 
dating ; state of being consolidated ; combination. 

COn-SOls' (kon-solz' ; kon'solz), n. pi. [From consoZidated 
(annuities).] The British funded government securities. 

(1 con'som'me' (koN'so'ma' ; kon'so-ma'), n. [F., lit., fin- 
ished.] Concentrated broth of meat and vegetables; 
often, a thin soup such as a dilution of this. 

Con'so-nance (kon's6-nans),n. 1. Agreement or congruity; 
harmony ; accord. 2.Physics. Sympathetic vibration ; res- 
onance. Some apply resonance to the sympathetic vibra- 
tions of connected parts, as the strings and sounding boards 
of an instrument, and consonance to that of independent 
things, as two unconnected musical strings, or two electrical 
circuits. — Syn. Consistency, unison, suitableness, agree- 
ableness. 

Con'SO-nan-cy (-nan-si), n. Consonance. 

COn'so-nant(-nant), a. [L. consonans, -antis, p. pr. of con- 
sonare to sound together, agree ; con- -f- sonare to sound.] 
1. Having agreement ; consistent ; according. 2. Harmoniz- 
ing ; accordant, as tones. 3. Consonantal. 4. Physics. Pert, 
to or exhibiting consonance ; resonant. 
Syn. Consonant, accordant, consistent, compatible, 
congruous. Consonant (with or to) and accordant 
(with or to) express agreement or harmony with a con- 

[ current circumstance, or conformity to an accepted 
standard ; they imply the negation of discord ; as, her 
sentiments were consonant with their inclinations ; this is 
consonant to our observation ; a sense quite accordant with 
the text. Consistent (with) denotes such agreement or 
harmony as implies the negation of contradiction ; as, be 
as complaisant as is consistent with uprightness and self- 
respect. Those things are compatible which are capable 
of existing together in harmony. Congruous (with or to) 
implies agreement or correspondence in nature or quali- 
ties ; as, his ideas and his diction are congruous. 

— n. An articulate sound characterized by friction, squeez- 
ing, or stoppage of the breath in some part of the mouth. It 
is usually sounded with a more open sound called a vowel. 
Also, a letter or character representing such a sound. 

COn'SO-nan'tal (-nan'tal), a. Of the nature of a consonant ; 
pertaining to, or marked by, consonants. 

OOn'SO-nant-ly, adv. In consonance ; in accord. 

COn'SOrt (kon'sort ; -sort), re. [L. consors, -sortis ; con- 
+ sors lot, fate, share.] 1. A partner, companion, or col- 
league. Obs. 2. a A wife or husband ; spouse, b Of ani- 
mals, a mate. 3. Naut. A ship accompanying another. 
4. A company ; group ; combination. Obs. or R. 5. Con- 
currence or accord ; association. 6. [Perh. confused with 
concert."] Harmony of sounds ; concert. 06s. or Hist. 

eon-sort' (kon-s6rt'), v. i. To unite ; associate ; also, to ac- 
cord ; agree. — v. t. To escort or attend ; accompany. 06s. 

COn-spec'tus (-spek'tus), n. _ [L.] A general survey ; esp., 
a sketch or outline of a subject ; synopsis. 

COU-spic'u-OUS (-spik/u-Ss), a. [L. conspicuus, fr. con- 
spicere to get sight of, perceive ; con- + spicere, specere, 



to look.] Obvious to the eye or mind ; manifest ; hence : 
striking ; eminent ; distinguished. — Syn. See prominent. 

— con-spic'u-ous-ly, adv. — u-ous-ness, n. 
con-spir'a-cy (-spir'd-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Act of con- 
spiring ; combination for an evil purpose ; a plot. 2. A gen- 
eral tendency, as of circumstances, to one event ; harmonious 
action. 3. Law. An agreement by which two or more per- 
sons confederate to do something unlawful. 

Syn. Conspiracy, plot, intrigue, machination. A 
conspiracy is a combination, usually secret, of persons for 
evil or unlawful ends. Plot stresses more the idea of a 
carefully devised and secret plan or contrivance for mis- 
chievous or treacherous ends ; it may or may not involve 
more than one person. Intrigue usually implies more 
complicated scheming than plot, and more petty or under- 
hand dealings. Machination (usually in pi.) emphasizes 
the crafty and tortuous processes of plotting. 
con-spir'a-tor (-spir'd-ter), n. One engaged in a conspiracy. 

— Syn. See abettor. spir'a-tress (-tres), n. fern. 

Con-spire' (kon-spir'), v. i. ; -spired' (-splrd') ; -spir'ing 

(-splr'ing). [F. conspirer, L. conspirare to blow to- 
gether, harmonize, agree, plot ; con- + spirare to breathe, 
blow.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret one to do 
something wrong ; plot together. 2. To concur or work to 
one end ; agree. — Syn. Unite, combine, complot, confed- 
erate. — v. t. To plot ; plan. — con-spir'er (-splr'er), n. 

Con'sta-ble (kfin'std-b'l), n. [OF. conestable, fr. LL. cone- 
stabulus, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, equerry ; 
comes count (L., companion) + L. stabulum stable.] 1. A 
high medieval court officer; orig., the chief groom of the 
stable ; later, the chief officer of the household, army, or the 
like ; as, the Constable of France ; the Lord High Constable 
of England. 2. The keeper of a royal castle or a fortified 
town. 3. Orig., a military officer; now, any of various 
officers charged with the keeping of the peace, execution of 
judicial warrants, etc. — con'sta-ble-ship', n. 

COn-stab'U-la-ry (kon-stab'ti-la-ri), a. Of or pertaining to 
constables. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Constables collec- 
tively. 2. An armed force of a government, distinct from the 
regular army ; a police force organized on military lines. 

con'stan-cy (kon'stdn-si), n. 1. Steadfastness or firmness 
of mind ; fidelity. 2. State of being constant ; stability. 
Syn. Attachment, adherence, faith ; loyalty, fealty, alle- 
giance ; truth, honesty, integrity ; devotedness, ardor, eager- 
ness, earnestness, zeal ; fidelity, faithfulness. — Constancy, 
fidelity, faithfulness. Constancy (see also firmness) 
implies steadfastness of attachment or adherence, esp. in 
love or friendship ; as a fellow of plain and unaffected con- 
stancy. Fidelity implies unswerving loyalty or allegiance, 
not only to a person, but also to a principle, a duty, a trust ; 
as, he never thought of swerving from his fidelity to the 
exile. Fidelity is|pften used of exact adherence or literal 
correspondence to an original ; as, extreme fidelity in a 
translation. Faithfulness often implies a warmer or more 
personal relation than fidelity. 

con'stant (-stdnt), a. [L. constans, -antis, p. pr. of con- 
stare to stand firm, be consistent ; con- + stare to stand.] 

1. Firm or steadfast ; resolute ; also, faithful ; true ; 2. 
Fixed ; invariable ; uniform ; invariable under given condi- 
tions. 3. Continually recurring ; regular ; persistent. 4. Con- 
fident ; positive ; also, certain. 06s. — Syn. See continual. 

—n. l.That which is unchanging or invariable. 2. A numer- 
ical quantity expressing some relation, property, or condi- 
tion, that retains the same value provided conditions remain 
unchanged. — con'stant-ly, adv. 

con'stel-late (kon'ste-lat ; kon-stel'at), v. i. & t. To shine 
with united radiance ; unite in one luster, as stars. 

COn'stel-la'tion (kon'ste-la'shwn), n. [F., fr. L. constella- 
tio ; con- + stellatus. See stellate.] 1. Configuration 
of the stars, esp. at one's birth ( cf . horoscope ) ; hence, 
06s., character as determined by "one's stars." 2. Any of 
various arbitrary groups of fixed stars, or a division of the 
sky including such a group ; — also used figuratively. 

COn-stel'la-tO-ry (kon-stel'd-to-rT), a . Of the nature of, 
relating to, or resembling, an asterism or group of stars. 

COn'ster (kon'ster). Obs. or dial. var. of construe. 

con'ster-na'tion (-ster-na'shwn), n. [L. consternatio, fr. 
consternare to overcome, consternere to prostrate ; con- 
+ sternere to throw down.] Amazement or horror that 
confounds the faculties ; dismay. — Syn. See fear. 

con'sti-pate (kon'sti-pat), v. t.; -pat'ed (-paVed) ; -pat'- 
ing. [L. constipatus, p. p. of constipare ; con- + stipare 
to crowd together.] 1. To compress ; condense. Now Rare. 

2. Med. To render costive. 

con'sti-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. 1. Condensation ; compres- 
sion. Now Rare. 2. Med. A state of the bowels in which the 
evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestine be- 
comes filled with hardened feces ; costiveness. 

con-stit'u-en-cy (kon-stTt^l-en-si), n.; pZ.-cies (-sYz). A 
body of constituents, as the voters in a given district; 
loosely, the residents of such a district ; also, the district. 

COn-Stit'u-ent (-ent), a. [L. constituens, -entis, p. pr.] 
1. Serving to form or make up ; component. 2. Having 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, umte, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



/ 



CONSTITUTE 



219 



CONTACT 



power to elect or appoint. 3. Having power to form or revise 
a constitution. — n. 1. One who constitutes another his 
agent ; a principal ; specif., one of those who elect a repre- 
sentative to a legislature. 2. That which constitutes, or 
composes ; component ; element. — Syn. See component. 

con'sti-tute (kon'sti-tut), v. t. ; -tut'ed (-tut'ed) ; -tut'ing. 
[L. constitutus, p. p. of constituere to constitute ; con- + 
statuere to place.] 1. To station in a given place, state, or 
character; esp., to appoint or ordain to the office or func- 
tion of ; as, we constituted him captain ; constituted au- 
thorities. 2. To set up ; establish, as a law, a proceeding, 
etc. 3. To form ; make up, as being the constitutive element 
or elements. — con'sti-tut'er, n. 

con'sti-tu'tion (-tu'shim), n. 1. Act or process of consti- 
tuting, esp. of enacting, establishing, or appointing. 2. Nat- 
ural structure, texture, or conformation. 3. The aggregate 
of the physical and vital powers of an individual ; also, tem- 
perament ; disposition. 4. Mode of organization of a social 
group. 5. An authoritative ordinance ; also, an established 
law or custom. 6. The fundamental, organic law or princi- 

Eles of government of a nation, society, or other organized 
ody of men, embodied in written documents or implied in 
institutions and customs ; also, a written instrument em- 
bodying such organic law. 

con'sti-tu'tion-al (-a\), a. 1. Belonging to, inherent in, or 
affecting the constitution (of body or mind). 2. Pertain- 
ing to the composition of anything ; essential. 3. In ac- 
cordance with, or relating to, the constitution of a state, etc. 
4. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitu- 
tion ; as, constitutional government or rights. 5. Loyal to 
or supporting the constitution. — n. An exercise ; esp., a 
walk for one's health or constitution. Colloq. 

con'sti-tu'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. Adherence to, or gov- 
ernment according to, constitutional principles or forms; 
also, a constitutional system of government. 

con'sti-tu'tion-al-ist, n. An adherent of some particular 
constitution, or an advocate or student of, or a writer on, 
constitutionalism or constitutions. 

con'sti-tu'tion-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being constitutional ; esp., accordance with the 
governmental constitution. 

con'sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. 1. In accordance with, or in 
respect of, the constitution ; naturally. 2. In accordance 
with the governmental constitution ; legally. 

COn'sti-tU'tive (kon'sti-tii'tiv), a. 1. Tending or assisting 
to constitute, or compose ; elemental ; essential. 2. Having 
power to enact, establish, or create. 3. Being_ a formative 
element or necessary attribute. — con'sti-tu'tive-ly, adv. 

COn-Strain' (kon-stran'), v. t. [OF. constreindre, fr. L. 
constringere ; con- -f- stringer e to draw tight.] 1. To com- 
pel ; force. 2. Hence, to force or produce unnaturally. 3. 
To secure by bonds ; confine. 4. To clasp tightly ; com- 
press. 5. To hold back by force ; restrain. — Syn. Drive, 
impel, urge, press. — con-strain'a-ble, a. 

con-strained 7 (kon-strand'), p. a. Marked by constraint; 
forced. — con-strain'ed-ly, adv. 

con-straint' (-strant') , n. [OF. constrainte,"] 1. Act of 
constraining ; state of being constrained ; also, that which 
constrains ; compulsion. 2. Repression ; embarrassment ; 
unnaturalness. — Syn. Coercion, necessity. See force. 

Con-strict' (-strikf), v. t. [L. constrictus, p. p. of constrin- 
gere. See constrain.] To draw together ; bind ; cramp. — 
Syn. Contract, tighten, squeeze. 

COn-stric'tion (-strik'shun), n. Act of constricting ; state 
of being constricted ; hence, anything that constricts or a 
part that is constricted. [tion.l 

con-stric'tive (-tiv), a. Of, pert, to, or marked by, constric-| 

COn-Stric'tor (-ter), n. 1. That which constricts. 2. Zo'dl. 
A serpent that kills its prey by crushing it in its coils. 

con-stringe'(-strmj'), v. t. ; -stringed' (-strTnjd') ;-string'- 
ing (-strin'jtng). [L. constringere. See constrain.] To 
draw together ; contract ; constrict. 

con-strin'gent (-strin'jcnt), a. Causing constriction. 

con-stru'a-ble (kon-str6o'd-b'l), a. That may be construed. 

COn-struct' (-strukf), v. t. [L. constructus, p. p. of con- 
struere to bring together, construct ; con- + struere to 
pile up, set in order.] 1. To put together the constituent 
parts of (something) ; build. 2. To devise ; set in order. — 
Syn. Erect, make, fabricate. — con-struct'er, n. 
con-struc'tion (-struk'sh&n), n. 1. Process or art of con- 
structing ; composition ; also, a thing constructed ; struc- 

/ ture. 2. Form or manner of constructing ; structure ; ar- 
rangement. 3. Gram. Arrangement and connection of words 
in a_ sentence ; syntactical arrangement ; also ; act of con- 
struing, esp. in translating. 4. Interpretation or explana- 
tion of a declaration or fact. — con-struc'tion-al (-al), a. 
con-struc'tion-ist, n. One who puts a certain construction 
on some instrument, as the United States Constitution. 

Con-struc'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Qualified for, or given to, con- 
structing. 2. Pert, to or resembling construction. 3. De- 
rived from, or depending on, construction, or interpretation ; 
as, a constructive crime. — COn-StTUC'tive-ly, adv. 



con-struc'tive-ness, n. Tendency or ability to construct. 

con-struc'tor (-ter), n. One who constructs; constructed 

con'strue (kon'stroo ; kon-stroo'), v. t.; -strued (-strood ; 
-strood') ; -stru-ing. [L. construere. See construct.] 
1. Gram. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or 
clause) so as to exhibit the structure or discover the sense ; 
also, to translate. 2. To put a construction on ; explain 
the sense or intention of ; interpret. — v. i. 1. To analyze 
syntax, esp. in connection with translating ; also, to admit 
of being construed. 2. To infer ; — formerly used with of. 

— n. Gram. An act of construing ; also, the statement or 
translation made in accordance with a given construction. 
— con'stru-er (kon'stroo-er ; kon-stroo'er), n. 

Con'sub-Stan'tiaK-sub-stan'shcil), a. [L.consubstantialis.'] 
Of the same kind or nature ; having the same substance or 
essence. — con'sub-stan'ti-al'i-ty, n. — stan'tial-ly, adv. 

COn'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. t. To regard as, or make 
to be, united in one common substance or nature. — v. i. 
1. To adhere to the doctrine of consubstantiation. 2. To 
become united in substance. 

COn / SUb-Stan / ti-a'ticn.(-shT-a'shun), n. Theol. The actual 
substantial presence of the body of Christ with the Eucha- 
ristic bread and wine. 

COn'sue-tude (kon'swe-tiid), n. [L. consuetudo. See cus- 
tom.] Custom ; habit. 

con'sue-tu'di-na-ry (-tu'di-na-rT), a. Customary. 

COn'sul (koVsftl), n. [L.] 1. Roman Hist. Either of the 
two joint chief magistrates of the republic. 2. Ft. Hist. 
One of the three joint chief magistrates of the republic from 
1799 to 1804. 3. An official of a government residing in some 
foreign country to care for the commercial interests of the 
citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its 
seamen. [consul ; as, consular dignity. I 

con'su-lar (-su-ldr), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a| 

con'su-late (-lat), n. [L. consulatus.~\ Consular jurisdic- 
tion, term of office, or official premises. 

con'sul-ship (-sul-ship), n. Office or state of a consul. 

COn-SUlt' (kon-sult'), v. i. [L. consultare, fr. con&ulere to 
consult.] To seek another's opinion or advice ; confer. — 
v. t. 1. To take counsel to bring about ; devise ; contrive ; 
Obs. or Archaic. 2. To ask the advice or opinion of ; refer 
to. 3. To have regard to; consider; as, to consult one's 
wishes.— (kon-sult' ; kon'sult), n. A consultation. Rare. 

Con-sult'anK-sul'tant), n. One who consults ; specif., a con- 1 
suiting physician. 

con'sul-ta'tion (kon'sitl-ta'shun), n. Act of consulting ori 
conferring ; _ a council or conference. | 

COn-SUlt'a-tive (kon-sul'td-tiv), a. Pertaining to consulta- 
tion ; having the privilege or right of conference ; advisory. 

COn-sult'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Advisory; consultative. 

COn-SUlt'er (-ter), n. One who consults. 

COn-SUm/a-ble (-sum'd-b'l), a. Capable of being consumed. 

COn-SUrne / (-sum / ), v. t. ; -suMEr/(-sumd') ; -sum'ing (-sum'- 
mg). [L. consumere to take wholly, consume ; con- -f- su- 
mere to take ; sub + emere to buy.] l.To destroy, as by 
decomposition, waste, or fire. 2. To use up; expend; de- 
vour. — Syn. Swallow up, engulf, waste, spend, squander, 
lavish, dissipate, burn up. — v. i. To waste away or suffer 
destruction. — con-sum/er (-sum'er), n. 

con-sum'ed-ly (-sum'ed-li), adv. Excessively. 

con-sum/ing (-sum'ing), p. pr. & p. a. from consume. — 
con-sum'ing-ly, adv.^ — con-sum r ing-ness, n. 

con-sum/mate (kon-siim'at ; kon'su-mat), a. [L. consum- 
matus, p. p. of consummare to accomplish, sum up ; con- 
+ summa sum.] Consummated ; carried to the utmost ; 
complete ; perfect. — con-sum'mate-ly, adv. 

con'sum-mate (kon'su-mat ; kon-sum'at), v. t. & i. ; -mat'- 
ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'jng. 1. To bring to, or arrive at, com- 
pletion ; finish ; perfect ; achieve. 2. To complete by inter- 
course ; — said of marriage. 

con'sum-ma'tion (kon'su-ma'shwn), n. Act of consum- 
mating ; state of being consummated ; completion. 

con'sum-ma-tive (kon'su-ma-tiv ; kon-sum'd-tiv),a. Serv- 
ing to consummate ; completing. 

con'sum-ma'tor (-ma'ter), n. [L.] One who consummates. 

COn-SUmp'ti-bletkon-sump'ti-b'l^a. [L,.consumptus,p.p. 
of consumere to consume + -ible.~] Capable of being con- 
sumed, as by wear, decay, etc., in being used. — n. Any 
consumptible object. 

con-sump'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act or process of consuming ; 
state of being consumed ; waste ; destruction. 2. Med. 
Wasting of the body, esp. from pulmonary tuberculosis; 
hence, tuberculosis itself. 3. Economics. The use of (eco- 
nomic) goods resulting in the diminution or destruction of 
their utilities ; — opposed to production. 

con-sump'tive (-tiv), a. Of or pert, to wasting; affected 
with, or inclined to, consumption. — n. One affected with 
consumption. sump'tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

con'tact ( kon'takt ), n. [L. contactus, fr. contingere 
-tactum, to touch on all sides. See contingent. ] 1. A 
touching or meeting of bodies. 2. Elec. The junction of 
two conductors through which a current passes ; also, a spe- 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONTAGION 



220 



CONTEST 



cial part made for a temporary or momentary connection. 
3. Mil. Proximity sufficiently close to permit of constant 
communication or observation. — v. t. & i. To bring into 
contact ; enter into, or be in, contact ; touch. 

Con-ta'gion (kon-ta'jun), n. [L. contagio. See contact.] 
1. a Transmission of a disease by direct or indirect contact. 
b A contagious disease. C A medium to transmit disease, 
as a virus. 2. Hence : a Poison, b Contagious influence, 
as of miasmata. 3. Communication of any influence to the 
mind or heart ; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. 

COn-ta'gioilS (-jws), a. [L. contagio sus.'] 1. Communicable 
or spreading by contagion. See infectious disease, under 
infectious. 2. Conveying contagion ; hence, noxious. — 
con-ta'gious-ly, adv. — con-ta'gious-ness, n. 

con-ta'gi-um (-ji-wm), n. ; pi. -gia (-jl-d). [L.] Med. Con- 
tagion ; contagious matter. 

COn-tain' (-tan'), v. t. [F . contenir,fr.'L.continere,-tentum ; 
con- -f- tenere to hold.] 1. To hold within fixed limits ; in- 
clude. 2. To have capacity for ; hold ; be equivalent to. 3. 
To restrain (one's self). 4. To be a multiple of; or to be 
divisible by, (generally) without a remainder. 
Syn. Have, keep, retain ; hold, include, inclose ; compre- 
hend, comprise, embrace, embody, take in, cover. — Con- 
tain, hold, comprehend, comprise, embrace, include. 
To contain is to have (something) within, or as an element, 
fraction, or part ; hold stresses the idea of capacity to con- 
tain, or of keeping or retaining ; as, the bookcase contains 
(i. e., actually has in it) fifty volumes, but holds (i. e., is 
capable of containing) r. larger number ; the compound con- 
tains iron, which it holds in solution. But the distinction is 
often disregarded. To comprehend (so also comprise) 
is to contain, usually within a more or less definite (often 
compendious) class, scope, or limit ; embrace usually im- 
plies a somewhat more extensive compass ; as, his discus- 
sion of heredity is comprehended in one chapter ; this essay 
comprises much that is witty, learned, and wise ; his works 
embrace a large circle of topics. To include is to comprise, 
esp. as a constituent or subordinate element of a whole, or 
as a part of a total ; as, thirty days, including Sundays. 

— v. i. To restrain one's self. 

con-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, contains. 

con-tam'i-nate(-tam'i-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'- 
ing. [L. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare to bring into 
contact, contaminate, contamen contagion ; con- + root of 
tangere to touch.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact ; de- 
file; pollute. — Syn. Sully; infect; poison; befoul, dese- 
crate, debauch, dishonor, taint. — (-at), a. Contaminated. 
Archaic. — con-tam'i-na'tor, n. 

Con-tam'i-na'tion _(-na'shun),_7i. Act or process of contami- 
nating ; state of being contaminated ; also, that which con- 
taminates. 

con-tam'i-na-tive (-na-tTv), a. Tending to contaminate. 

COn-tan'gO (k on-tan 'go ),tz.; pZ.-GOES (-goz). London Stock 
Exchange. Premium or interest paid on a settlement day 
by a buyer to the seller to be allowed to defer payment until 
a future settlement ; — the opposite of backwardation. 

B conte (koNt), 7i.; pi. contes (F. koNt). [F.] A short nar- 
rative or tale, esp. of surprising or marvelous events. 

COn-temn' (kon-tem'), v. t.; -temned' (-temd'; formerly 
-tem'ned) ; -temn'ing (-tem'ing; -tem'nihg ). [L. con- 
temner e, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise.] 
To view or treat with contempt ; scorn. — Syn. See despise. 

COn-tem'per (-tem'per), v. t. [L. contemperare, -tempera- 
turn; con- -f- temper are to temper.] To temper; blend; 
moderate. Obs. or R. 

contemplate (kon'tem-plat ; kon-tem'plat), v. t. ; -plat'ed 
(-plat'ed) ; -plat'ing. [L. contemplatus, p. p. of contem- 

1 plari to contemplate; con- + templum temple.] 1. To 
view or consider with continued attention ; meditate on. 2. 
To have in view as contingent or probable, or as an end or 
intention ; look forward to. — Syn. Behold, study, ponder, 
muse, reflect on ; intend, design, plan, propose, purpose. — 
v. i. To think studiously ; ponder ; meditate. 

Con'tem-pla'tion (kon'tem-phi/shim), n. Act of contem- 
plating ; meditation ; expectation ; intention. 

Con-tem'pla-tive (kon-tem'pld-tiv), a. Pert, to, of the na- 
ture of ,or addicted to.contemplation. — Syn. See pensive. 
— tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. [plates. I 

Con'tem-pla'tor (kon'tem-pla/ter), n. One who contem-| 

COn-tem'po-ra'ne-OUS (kon-tem'po^ra'ne-us), a. [L. con- 
temporaneus ; con — \- tempus time.] Contemporary. 
— Syn. See contemporary. — con-tem/po-ra'ne-ous-ly, 
adv. — ous-ness, n. 

con-tem'po-ra-ry (-tem'po-ra-n), a. \_con- + L. tempora- 
rius belonging to time, tempus time.] 1. Living, occurring, 
or existing at the same time ; contemporaneous ; hence, his- 
torically present. 2. Of the same age ; coeval. 
Syn. Contemporary, contemporaneous, synchronous, 
simultaneous, coincident agree in the idea of existing, 
living, or occurring at the same time. In contemporary 
and contemporaneous (of which contemporary is applied 
more often to persons, contemporaneous to events) the time 
regarding which agreement is implied is indefinite ; as, a 
history of one's contemporaries ; their reigns were contem- 



poraneous. Synchronous implies an exact correspondence 
between the (usually brief) periods of time involved ; simul- 
taneous more often denotes agreement in the same point or 
instant of time. Coincident applies to events regarded as 
happening (sometimes in a notable or singular manner) at 
the same time. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One contemporary with another. 
con-tempt' (-tempt'), n. [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere. 

See contemn.] 1. Act of contemning ; the feeling with which 
one regards something esteemed mean, vile, or worthless ; 
disdain ; scorn. 2. State of being despised ; disgrace. 3. An 
act or expression denoting contempt. 4. Law. Willful diso- 
bedience to, or open disrespect of, a court of justice or a leg- 
islative body. — Syn. Derision, mockery,contumely,neglect. 
con-tempt'i-ble (-temp'ti-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of, or held in, 
contempt ; despicable. 2. Scornful ; contemptuous. 06s. 

— con-tempt'i-ble-ness, n. — con-tempt'i-bly, adv. 
Syn. Vile, low, mean base, despicable, pitiful, paltry, 
sorry, insignificant, inferior, groveling. — Contemptible, 
despicable, pitiful, paltry. Contemptible applies to 
whatever is worthy of contempt ; despicable often implies 
keen and scornful, sometimes indignant, disapprobation. 
Pitiful suggests such littleness or insignificance as stirs con- 
temptuous pity. Paltry suggests pettiness or worthlessness. 

COn-temp'tU-OUS (-temp'tu-ws),a. Expressing contempt or 
disdain. — con-temp'tu-OUS-ly, adv. — -tu-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Haughty, scornful, disdainful, arrogant, insolent, su- 
percilious.contumelious. — Contemptuous, scornful, dis- 
dainful. Contemptuous expresses one's attitude toward 
what is deemed contemptible, or mean, vile, or worthless ; as, 
he replied with contemptuous brevity. Scornful implies 
proud, often mocking, sometimes scathing, contempt ; as, 
scornful rejection of the offered conditions of peace. Dis- 
dainful implies haughty, sometimes even insolent, disre- 
gard or contempt. 

con- tend' (-tend' ), v. i. [OF. contendre, fr. L. contendere, 
-tentum; con- + tender e to stretch.] To strive in opposi- 
tion or rivalry ; compete ; also, to strive in debate ; argue. 

— v. t. To maintain ; assert ; argue. — con-tend'er, n. 
COn'tent (kon'tent ; kon-tent'), n.; usually in pi., con- 
tents. [L. contentum, p. p. neut. of contmere. See con- 
tain.] 1. That which is contained, as in a cask, bale, or 
room ; the matter treated in a document or the like. 2. Con- 
stituent or significant part or element ; the substance (of a 
discourse, idea, etc.) as opposed to the form ; real meaning. 
3. Power of containing ; capacity ; extent ; size. 4. Geom. 
Quantity of space or matter within certain limits. 5. Amount 
contained ; as, the sulphur content of a sample of coal. 

COn-tent' (kon-tent'), a. [F., fr. L. contentus, p. p. of con- 
tinere to hold together, restrain. See contain.] 1. Hav- 
ing the desires limited by what one has ; satisfied. 2. Will- 
ing; assenting. — n. 1. State of being content; esp., 
habitual satisfaction or mental ease and quietude ; content- 
ment. 2. That which makes one content. 

— v. t. To make content. 

Syn. Suffice, satisfy, appease, gratify. — Content, satis- 
fy. To content is to bring to the point where one is not 
disquieted or disturbed by desire, even though not every 
wish is gratified ; to satisfy is to appease fully one's desires. 

con-tent'ed (-ten'ted ; 24), p. a. Content. — con-tent'ed- 
ly, adv. — con- tent'ed-ness, n. 

con-ten'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act or instance of contending ; 
a violent effort to obtain, or to resist, something. 2. A 
point or position taken in contending, or arguing. 
Syn. Struggle, strife, contest, conflict, combat, quarrel, 
feud ; controversy, dissension, litigation, variance, disagree- 
ment, debate ; competition, rivalry, emulation. — Conten- 
tion, strife imply a struggle between two or more parties 
and are occasionally used in a good or a neutral sense. More 
commonly, strife is the stronger word, implying violent or 
angry discord, contention suggesting rather altercation 
in words,_ or a factious or quarrelsome temper. 

con-ten'tious (-shus), a. Given to, relating to, involving or 
characterized by, contention. — Syn. Quarrelsome, pugna- 
cious, dissentious, wrangling, perverse. See belligerent. 

— con-ten'tious-ly, adv. — con-ten'tious-ness, n. 
con-tent'ment (kon-tent'ment), n. Act or process of con- 
tenting ; state or fact of being contented. 

C0n-ter'mi-n0US (kon-tur'mi-nus), a. [L. conterminus.'] 
Having the same bounds, or limits. mi-nous-ly, adv. 

con-test' (kon-test'), v. t. [F. contester,ix. L. contestari to 
call to witness ; con- + testari to be a witness, testis wit- 
ness.] 1. To contend about or for ; oppose ; dispute ; as : 
to contest an election, that is, to dispute the declared 
result. 2. To striye earnestly to gain, hold, or maintain. 
3. Law. To litigate. — Syn. Controvert, debate, argue. 

— v. i. To engage in contention, or emulation ; contend ; 
strive ; vie ; — used with with. 

con'test (kon'test), 7i. Earnest struggle for superiority, vic- 
tory, defense, etc. ; competition ; strife ; argument ; an en- 
counter, as in arms. 

Syn. Battle, conflict, combat, fight, affray, fray, dispute, 
altercation, contention. — Contest, conflict, combat, 
fight, affray, fray. Contest is now applicable to any 
struggle, whethei friendly or hostile, for a common object. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, ud, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






/ 



CONTESTABLE 



221 



CONTRABAND 



Conflict implies a closer engagement, as in actual fighting. 
Combat is less commonly used in a fig. sense ; it implies 
esp. an armed encounter, often for the determination of a 
dispute. Fight literally implies a hand-to-hand conflict ; it 
ranges in dignity from a spiritual struggle to actual fisticuffs. 
Affray and fray (occasionally more dignified in connotation) 
commonly refer to a tumultuous disturbance or brawl. 

COn-test'a-ble (kon-tes'td-b'l), a. That may be contested. 

Con-test'ant (kon-tes'tdnt), n. One who contests. 

con'tes-ta'tion (kon'tes-ta'shwn), n. Contention. 

COn-test'er, n. One who contests. 

COn'text (kon'tekst), n. [L. contextus, fr. contexere to 
weave, join together ; con- -f- texere to weave.] The part or 
parts of a discourse that precede, follow, or are intimately 
associated with, any particular passage or word and de- 
termine its meaning. 

Con-tex'tu-al (kon-teks'tu-al), a. Of or pertaining to the 
context. — con-tex'tu-al-ly, adv. 

Con-tex'ture (kon-teks'tur), n. _ 1. Arrangement and union 
of constituent parts ; constitution ; texture. 2. A body or 
structure made by the interweaving of parts ; a fabric. 

COll'tig-na'tion (kon'tig-na/shun), n. [L. contignatio, fr. 
contignare to join with beams ; con- + tignum beam.] A 
framing together or joining, as of beams and boards ; also, 
a framework ; formerly, a stage or floor. Archaic. 

COn'ti-gTl'i-tyCkon'tl-gu'i-ti),?*. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. State 
of being contiguous ; intimate association, or relation. 2. 
A continuous mass or series ; a stretch. 

COn-tig'U-OUS (kon-tlg'u-ws), a. [L. contiguus.] In con- 
tact ; touching ; also, loosely, near, though not in contact ; 
adjoining. — Syn. Conterminous, abutting. See adja- 
cent. — con-tig'u-ous-ly, adv. — con-tig'u-ous-ness, n. 

COn'ti-nence (kon'tT-nens), n. Self-command; self-re- 
straint, esp. as to sexual indulgence. 

con'ti-nen-cy (-nen-si), n. Continence. 

COn'ti-nent (-nent), a. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. 
of continere to hold together, to repress.] 1. Exercising 
restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; 
temperate ; specif., self-restrained as to sexual indulgence. 
2. Restrictive. Obs. — n. 1. That which contains any- 
thing ; receptacle. 2. A continuous extent or mass, esp. of 
land ; mainland. 3. One of the grand divisions of land on 
the globe, usually regarded as six : — North America, 
South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 
the Continent, the mainland of Europe, as distinguished 
from the islands, esp. the British Isles. 

COn'ti-nen'tal (-nen'tal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or character- 
istic of, a continent. 2. [cap.'] Of or pert, to the main- 
land of Europe. 3. [cap."] Amer. Hist. Of or pert, to the 
confederated colonies in the time of the Revolution. 

— n. 1. One belonging to a continent or the Continent. 2. 
Amer. Hist, [cap.] A soldier in the Continental army. 

COn'ti-nent-ly, adv. In a continent manner. 

COn-tin'gence (kon-tin'jens), n. Contact; touching. 

COn-tin'gen-cy (-jen-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sjlz). 1. Quality or 
state of being contingent. 2. That, as a result or an event, 
which is contingent. 3. An adjunct or accessory ; an inci- 
dental. — Syn. Casualty, accident, chance. 

COn-tin'gent (-jent), a. [L. contingens, -entis, p. pr. of 
contingere to touch on all sides, happen ; con- -f- tangere 
to touch.] 1. Liable, but not certain, to occur ; possible. 
2. Happening from unforeseen causes, or subject to unfore- 
seen conditions ; chance. 3. Dependent (on a preceding ul- 
certain event or situation) ; conditional. 4. Dependent for 
effect on something that may or may not occur, as ; a con- 
tingent estate. ; — Syn. Provisional, casual, fortuitous. 

— n. 1. That which is contingent. 2. That which falls to one 
in a division or apportionment ; esp., a quota of troops. 

COn-tin'U-a-ble (ju-d-b'l), a. That may be continued. 

Con-tin'u-al (-u-Sl), a. 1. Marked by continuity ; continu- 
ous. 2. Occurring in steady and rapid succession ; very fre- 
quent ; often repeated. — con-tin'u-al-Iy, adv. 
Syn. Uninterrupted, unintermitted, unremitting, unbro- 
ken, connected, continued ; uniform, regular, invariable ; 
unceasing, ceaseless, continuous, constant, incessant ; eter- 
nal, endless, everlasting ; perpetual, perennial ; undying, 
imperishable, enduring, permanent. — Continual, con- 
tinuous, constant, incessant, perpetual, perennial. 
Continualimpliesa close or unceasing succession or recur- 
rence, continuous, an uninterrupted continuity or union, 
of objects or parts ; as, terms of continual recurrence ; a 
continuous series. As applied to objects in the singular, con- 
tinual also often stresses the idea of going on in time, rather 
than (like continuous) that of unbroken connection or sub- 
stance ; thus, continual industry implies that one is always 
at it ; continuous labor, that the work itself is performed at 
a stretch. Continuous refers to both time and space ; contin- 
ual, only to time ; as, a continuous (not continual) expanse ; 
a continual (or continuous) noise. Constant implies a uni- 
form, persistent, or "standing " occurrence ; as, constant mis- 
takes. Incessant implies ceaseless activity ; perpetual, 
unfailing repetition or lasting duration ; as, an incessant 
cough ; perpetual colds. Perennial suggests exhaustlessnesa 



or constant renewal ; as, "the perennial feeling of silent 
worship." 

con-tin'u-ance (-tTn'u-dns), n. 1. A continuing in a state or 
course ; duration ; stay. 2. Uninterrupted succession ; con- 
tinuation. 3. Law. Adjournment to a fixed future day. 4. A 
continuation or sequel. — Syn. See continuation. 

con-tin'u-ant (-ant), n. [L. continuans, p. pr.] Phon. 
A consonant sound which may be prolonged in utterance, 
as the sound of f, v, etc. ; — opp. to abrupt sounds, or 
stops, as p, b, etc. Also, a letter representing such a sound. 

con-tin'u-ate (-at), a. Uninterrupted; continued. 

con-tin'u-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. 1. Act or state of continu- 
ing ; state of being continued. 2. Act of carrying on or 
resuming after an interruption ; also, that which extends, 
increases, supplements, or carries on. 3. In pi. Trousers ; 

taiters ; stockings. Slang. 
»yn. Continuation, continuance, continuity. Con- 
tinuation suggests prolongation or resumption ; con- 
tinuance, duration, perseverance, or stay ; continuity, 
uninterrupted or unbroken connection, sequence, or extent. 

con-tin'u-a-tive (-tin'u-a-tiv), a. Causing or expressing 
continuance ; specif., Gram., serving to connect the parts 
of the sentence, or to continue it. — n. Gram. A continua- 
tive word or particle. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

con-tin'u-a'tar (-a'ter), n. A continuer. 

con-tin'ue (kon-tTn'u), 1 ?;. i. ; -tin'ued (-ud) j-tin'u-ing. [F. 
continuer, L. continuare, -tinualum, to connect, con- 
tinue, fr. continuus. See continuous.] 1. To remain in a 
given place or condition ; abide ; stay. 2. To be durable ; en- 
dure ; last. 3. To be constant in any course ; persist ; perse- 
vere. — v. t. l.To protract or extend in duration ; persist 
in. 2. To carry onward ; extend ; prolong ; produce ; of a 
legal proceeding, to keep on the calendar or undecided. 3. 
To retain ; suffer or cause to remain ; as, continued in office. 
continued fraction, Math., a fraction whose numerator 
is an integer and whose denom- a 
inator is an integer plus a a > _i_ 
fraction whose numerator is , , _■_ — 

an integer and whose denomi- ° ' 9. 

nator is an integer plus a frac- c' -f- ... 

tion, and so on. — c. proportion, Math., a proportion in 
which the consequent of each ratio is the antecedent of 
the next ; as, 

4:8: : 8 : 1G : : 16 : 32, ox±=*=^-=. . . 

bed 

COn-tin'u-er (kon-tin'u-er), n. One who continues. 

con'ti-nu'i-ty (kon'ti-nu'i-ti),?*.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being continuous. — Syn. See continuation. 

COn-tin'll-OUS (kon-tin'u-iis), a. [L. continuus, fr. conti- 
nere to hold together.] Having contiguity of parts ; with- 
out break, cessation, or interruption ; unbroken ; continued 
— Syn. See continual. — con-tin'u-ous-ly, adv. 

COn-tin'u-um(-wm), n. ; pi. coNTiNUA(-d). [L., neut. of con- 
tinuus continuous.] That which is continuous and self- 
same, or in which a continuous and fundamental common 
character is discernible. 

cqn'to (kon'to), n. ; pi. contos (-toz). [Pg.] Lit., a mil- 
lion ; specif., one million reis, worth $546.15 in Brazil, or 
$1,081.44 in Portugal. 

con-tort' (kon-tort'),!?. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of contorquere 
to twist ; con- + torquere to twist.] To twist ; twist to- 
gether ; turn awry ; bend. — Syn. Wrest, pervert, distort. 

COll-tor'ticn (-tor'shim), n. Act of contorting, or state nf 
being contorted ; a twisting or writhing. 

con-tor'tion-ist, n. An acrobat who contorts his body into 
unnatural postures. 

con-tor'tive (-tiv), a. Causing, characterized by, or tending 
to, contortions or twisting. 

COn'tOUr 7 (kon'toor' ; kon'toor'), n. [F., fr. contourner to 
mark the outlines ; con- + tourner to turn.] The outline 
of a figure or body ; esp., the outline of a coast, mountain, 
or the like ; also, a line or lines representing such an out- 
line. — Syn. See form. 

COll-tOur' (kon-toor'), v.t. 1. To make in contour ; also, to 
construct, as a road, in conformity to a contour, as of a 
hill. 2. To form the contour of. 

con/tour 7 f eath'ers. The feathers that form the general cov- 
ering of a bird, determining the contour of the body. 

con'tour' line. A line connecting the points on a surface, 
as of a mountain, that have the same elevation. 

con'tra- (kon'trd-). A prefix from Latin contra, signifying 
against, contrary, in opposition, etc. 

Con'tra-band (-band), n. [It. contrabbando ; contra -\- ban- 
do ban, proclamation.] 1. Illegal or prohibited traffic. 2. 
Contraband goods; also, smuggled goods. 3. Short for 
contraband of war. 4. A negro slave who, during the 
Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union 
lines ; — from a decision of General Butler's that such 
slaves were contraband of war. U. S. 

contraband of war, that which, by international law, 
cannot be supplied to one belligerent except at the risk 
of seizure and condemnation by the other. 

— a. Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty ; forbidden. 



D 



E 



F 






G 



J 



K 



K = eh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONTRABANDIST 



222 



CONTRITE 



con'tra-band-ist ( kon'trd-ban-dlst ), n. One engaged in 
contraband traffic, as a smuggler. 

con'tra-bass' (-bas 7 ), a. Music. Double bass ; — applied to 
any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed dou- 
ble bass. — n. Music. The largest and deepest-toned in- 
strument of the viol family ; the violone. — con'tra-bass'- 
ist (-bas'ist ; kon'trd-bas'ist), n. 

con'tra-bas'so ( -bas'o ), n. [ It. contrabbasso. ] Music. 

= CONTRABASS. 

con'tra-clock'wise (-klok'wTz 7 ), a. & adv. Opposite to the 
motion of the hands of a clock ; — said of levorotatory 
motion. 

con-tract' (kon-trakt'), v. t. [L. contractus, p. p. of contra- 
here to contract ; con- + trahere to draw.] l.To establish 
or undertake by contract. 2. To betroth ; affiance. 3. To 
bring on ; incur ; acquire. 4. To draw together ; reduce ; 
shorten or lessen ; specif., Gram., to shorten by omitting a 
letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or sylla- 
bles to one, as in ne'er for never. 5.To draw together so as 
to wrinkle ; to knit (the brow). — Syn. Abridge, epitomize. 
See incur. — v. i. 1. To make a contract. 2. To become 
contracted or reduced ; shrink. — Syn. See condense. 

contract (kon'trakt), n. 1. Law. An agreement, esp. one 
legally enforceable, between two or more persons to do or 
forbear something ; bargain ; covenant ; also, the written 
evidence of such an agreement. 2. The formal agreement 
of marriage or of betrothal. 3. The department or prin- 
ciples of law having to do with contracts (in sense 1). 
Syn. Arrangement, agreement, bargain, compact, cove- 
nant, understanding, convention, pact. — Contract, agree- 
ment, bargain, compact, covenant imply a mutual 
arrangement between two parties. Agreement is the most 
general term ; it often implies little more than a mutual 
understanding. Contract applies esp. to such formal agree- 
ments as are legally binding ; bargain, esp. to agreements 
regarding purchase and sale. A compact is a stronger and 
more solemn contract, often applying to alliances between 
states ; covenant often has specific reference to solemn 
religious engagements. 

COn-tract'ed (kon-trak'ted ; 24), p. a. 1. Drawn together; 
shrunken ; wrinkled ; shortened. 2. Narrow ; illiberal. 3. 
Bargained for ; betrothed. ed-ly, adv. — • -ed-ness, n. 

con-tract'i-ble (-ti-b'l), a. Capable of contraction. — 
con-tract'i-bil'i-ty, con-tract'i-ble-ness, n. 

con-trac'tile (-trak'til), a. Tending or able to contract; 
contractive. — con'trac-til'i-ty (kon'trak-til'i-tT), n. 

con-trac'tion (kon-trak'shi/n), n. 1. Act or process of con- 
tracting ; state of being contracted. 2. The shortening of a 
word, or of two words, by omission of a letter or letters, or 
by reducing two or more syllables to one ; also, the result 
of such a shortening ; as, ne'er for never ; don't for do not. 

con-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Tending or able to contract ; per- 
taining to or causing contraction. 

con-trac'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who contracts to do anything 
for another, esp. to perform work or supply articles on a 
large scale at a certain price or rate. 2. That which con- 
tracts, shortens, or narrows, as a muscle. 

con'tra-dance', con'tra-danse' (kon'trd-dans'). Vars. of 

CONTREDANCE. 

Con'tra-dict' (-dikt'), v. t. [L. contradictus, p. p. of con- 
tradicere to speak against ; contra + dicere to speak.] 1. 
To assert the contrary of ; deny the truth of ; impugn. 2. To 
resist ; oppose. Obs. 3. To be contrary or opposed to ; go 
counter to. — v. i. To oppose in words ; gainsay. — con'- 
tra-dict'a-ble (-dTk'ta-b'l), a. — con'tra-dict'er, n. 

con'tra-dic'tion (kon'trd-dik'shun), n. 1. An assertion of 
the contrary. 2. Direct opposition ; absolute logical incom- 
patibility, as of a statement that a thing is and is not in 
the same way and at the same time ; inconsistency. 3. 
That which is contradictory. N 

con'tra-dic'tious (-shizs), a. 1. Self-contradictory. Obs. 
or Archaic. 2. Inclined to contradict or cavil. 

con'tra-dic'tive (-tiv), a. Contradictory. 

con'tra-dic'tor (-ter), n. One who contradicts ; contradictor. 

COn'tra-dic'tO-ry (-to-ri), a. Tending to contradict ; of the 
nature of, or given to, contradiction. — Syn. See oppo- 
site. — dic'to-ri-ly, (-Mi), adv. — dic'to-ri-ness, n. 

con'tra-dis-tinc'tion (-dis-tirjk'shitn), n. Act of contradis- 
tinguishing ; distinction by contrast ; — chiefly in in contra- 
distinction to. — con'tra-dis-tinc'tive (-tink'tlv), a. 

con'tra-dis-tin'guish (-tin'gwlsh), v. t. To distinguish by 
a contrast ot opposite qualities. 

con'tra-fa-got'to (-fd-got'to), n.; pi. E. -tos (-toz), It. 
-ti (-te). [It.] Music. The double bassoon. 

con'tra-in'di-cant (-In'di-kdnt), a. Med. Rendering a (par- 
ticular) method of treatment unadvisable. — n. Any con- 
traindicant symptom or condition. 

con'tra-in'di-cate (-in'dl-kat), v. t. Med. To indicate a 
remedy or treatment contrary to (that which the general 
tenor ot the case would seem to require). — con'tta-in'di- 
ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. 

con-tral'to (kon-tral'to ; -tral'to), n.; pi. E. -tos (-toz), 



It. -Ti (-te). [It., fr. contra -f- alto alto.] Music, a The 
part sung by the lowest female voice, intermediate between 
tenor and soprano, b A contralto voice or singer. 

con'tra-plex (kon'trd-pleks), a. {contra- + -plex, as in 
duplex.] Teleg. Pertaining to the sending of two messages 
in opposite directions at the same time. See diplex. 

con'tra-po-si'tion (kon'trd-po-zish'wn), n. A placing over 
against ; opposition ; antithesis. 

con-trap'tion (kon-trap'shun), n. A contrivance ; a new- 
fangled device. — CO-n-trap'tious (-shiis), a. Both Colloq. 

COn'tra-pun'tal (kon'trd-pun'tdl), a. [It. contrappunto 
counterpoint.] Music. Of, or according to the rules of, 
counterpoint. pun'tal-ly, adv. 

con'tra-pun'tist (-tist), n. One skilled in counterpoint. 

con'tra-ri'e-ty (-rl'e-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). 1. State or 
quality of being contrary. 2. Something contrary to some- 
thing else ; an inconsistency ; discrepancy. [manner. I 

con'tra-ri-ly (kon'trd-rl-li ; kon'tra-), adv. In a contrary! 

con'tra-ri-ness (-nes), n. Contrariety. 

con-tra'ri-ous (kon-tra'rf-us ; kon-trar'I-tis ; 3), a. Hav- 
ing contrariety ; perverse. Archaic. 

con'tra-ri-wise' (kon'trd-ri-wlz' ; kon'tra-rY- ), adv. 1. On 
the contrary. 2. Conversely. 3. Perversely ; contrarily. 

con'tra-ry (kon'trd-rT ; kon'tra-), a. [F. contraire, fr. L. 
contrariuSyiT.contraa.ga.mst.'] 1. Opposed ; contradictory ; 
inconsistent. 2. Opposed to one's interests or desires; 
unfavorable ; — now only of wind, weather, etc. 3. Oppo- 
site in direction. 4. Given to opposition ; perverse. — 
Syn. Adverse, repugnant, hostile, inimical. See opposite. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Either of two things or objects hav- 
ing contrary or opposite qualities. 2. The opposite of what 
has been already said or posited. 

by contraries, by way of opposition ; contrary to expec- 
tation. — on the contrary, in opposition; on the other 
hand. — to the c, to an opposite purpose or intent ; on 
the other side. 

COH^tra-ry (kon'trd-ri - ; kon-tra'ri; -trar'i), v. t.; -ried 
(-rid) ; -ry-ing. To act contrary to ; oppose ; contradict. 
Obs. — (kon'trd-ri ; kon'tra-), adv. Contrarily ; contrari- 
wise ; counter. 

con-trast' ( kon-trast' ), v. i. [F. contraster, fr. It., fr. 
LL., fr. L. contra + stare to stand.] To form a contrast. 
— v. t. To put in, or set off by, contrast. 

con'trast (kon'trast), n. 1. Opposition or unlikeness of 
associated things or qualities, esp. as shown by comparison. 
2. A thing or quality in such contrast to another. 

con'tra-val-la'tion (-trd-va-la'shftn), n. Fort. A series of 
works confronting the walls of an invested place to isolate 
completely the defenders and safeguard the besiegers against 
sallies ; also, their construction. 

con'tra-vene' (kon'trd-ven'), v. t.; -tra-vened' (-vend'); 
-ven'ing (-ven'Ing). [LL. contravenire ; L. contra + 
venire to come. ] 1. To go or act contrary to ; infringe, as a 
law. 2. To oppose in principle or effect ; defeat. — Syn. 
See deny. — con'tra-ven'er (-ven'er), n. 

con'tra-ven'tion (-ven'shun), n. Act of contravening ; trans- 
gression ; violation. 

con'tra-yer'va (kon'trd-yur'vd), n. [Sp. contrayerba, lit., 
a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. L. contra 
+ herba herb.] 1. A tropical American moraceous plant 
(Dorstenia contrayerva), the aromatic root of which is 
stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic. 2. A West Indian plant 
(genus Aristolochia) similarly used. 

con'tre-dance', con'tre-danse' (kon'tre-dans'), n. [Cf. F. 
contredanse (fr. E. country-dance).] A form of dance based 
upon the country-dance, in which the partners are face to 
face, or in opposite lines. 

con'tre-temps' (keN'tr'-taN'), n.; pi. -temps (F. -taN'). 
[F. ; contre (L. contra) + temps time, fr. L. tempusJ] 
An untoward accident ; hitch. 

con-trib'ut-a-ble (kon-trib'u-td-b'l), a. That may contrib- 
ute or be contributed. 

con-trib'ute (kon-trib'ut), v. t.; -ut-ed (-u-tSd) ; -ut-ing 
(-u-tmg). [L. contributus, p. p. of contribuere to bring to- 
gether, add ; con- + tribuere to grant.] To give in common 
with others. — v. i. To give a part to a common stock ; lend 
aid to a common purpose. — Syn. See conduce. 

con'tri-bu'tion (kon'tri-bu'shwn), n. 1. A levy or impost, 
esp. an extraordinary one ; tax. 2. Act of contributing ; 
that which is contributed. 3. Specif., a writing for a 
publication, as a periodical or other joint work. 

con-trib'u-tive (kon-trfb'u-tlv), a. Contributing, or tend- 
ing to contribute. — COn-trib'U-tive-ly, adv. 

con-tlib'u-tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, contrib- 
utes ; specif., a writer of articles for a periodical, etc. 

Con-trib'u-to-ry(-to-rT), a. 1. Contributing ; subject to levy. 
2. Of the nature of or forming a contribution ; entering, 
given, occurring, or acting as a contribution, share, or aid, 
as in effecting an end or result. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One 
who, or that which, contributes, as toward bearing a bur- 
den, in payment of rents, etc. 

Con'trite (kon'trit), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of con- 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CONTRITELY 



223 



CONVERSATION 



lerere to grind, bruise ; con- -f- terete to rub, grind.] 1. 
Broken down with grief and penitence ; humbly penitent ; 
repentant ; sorrowful. 2. Proceeding from contrition ; as, 
contrite sighs. — con'trite-ly, adv. trite-ness, n. 

con-tri'tion (kdn-trish'im), n. State of being contrite. 
Syn. Regret, compunction, penitence, repentance, self-re- 
proach. — Contrition, penitence, repentance. In theo- 
logical usage, contrition denotes deep sorrow for sin, grow- 
ing out of love toward God ; but it has, also, a more general 
application. Penitence and repentance imply sorrow for 
what is past, and purposed amendment, — penitence em- 
phasizing the element of feeling ; repentance, new purpose. 

COn-triv'a-ble (-trlv'd-b'l), a. That may be contrived. . 

COn-triv'ance (kon-trlv'dns), n. 1. Act or faculty of con- 
triving ; also, disposition of parts or causes by design ; 
adaptation. 2. A thing contrived or used in contriving ; 
a device. — Syn. Plan, scheme, project, design, artifice, 
shift ; invention, machine. See device. 

con-trive' (kon-trlv'), v. t . ; con-trtved' (-trTvd') ; -trtv'- 
ing (-triv'ing). [OF. controver, fr. con- -{-trover to find.] 
1. To form, fabricate, or make, by ingenuity ; devise. 2. To 

■ effect ;bringaboutbydevke,scheme,orstratagem. — Syn. 
Invent, discover, plan, design, project, plot.— v. i.Tomake 
devices; plan; scheme; plot. — Con-triv'erC-trTv'er),?!. 

con-trol' (-troV),v.t.; -trolled' (-trold r ) ; -trol'ling. [F. 
controler,ir. contre(L.contra) -{-rdleToW, catalogue.] l.To 
check or regulate (payments, etc.). 2. To exercise restrain- 
ing or directing influence over; curb. — Syn. Restrain, 
rule, govern, guide, hinder, direct ; counteract, subdue. 

— n. 1. Power or authority to control. 2. One that serves to 
control ; as : a Reserve ; restraint, b A check ; controller. C 
Mach. The complete apparatus used to control a mecha- 
nism in operation; specif., Aeronautics, the mechanism, 
as the cloche, controlling the rudders and ailerons, d Clima- 
tology. Any of the physical factors determining the climate 
of a place, as latitude, distribution of land and water, etc. 

Con-troFla-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being controlled. 

con-trol'ler (-er), n. 1. An officer for checking expendi- 
ture ; a comptroller. 2. One who, orthat which, controls, or 
governs ; as, Elec, any electric device for controlling a cir- 
cuit or system. — con-trol'ler-ship, n. _ [trol.l 

Con-troPment (-ment),rc.Poweroract of controlling ; con-| 

COn'tro-ver'sial (kon'tro-vur'shdl), a. _ Subject or relating 
to, or consisting of, controversy ; disputatious. — COn'- 
tro-ver/sial-ist, n. — con'tro-ver'sial-ly, adv. 

COn'tro-ver'sy (kon'tro-vur'si), n. ; pZ.-siEs(-siz). [L. con- 
troversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed ; con- 
tro- = contra + versus, p. p. See version.] Act or instance 
of controverting; esp., a discussion, dispute^ or debate; 
sometimes, a quarrel. — Syn. Disputation, disagreement, 
altercation, contention, strife. See dispute. 

COu'tro-vert (kon'tro-vurt ; kon'tro-vurt'), v. t. To debate, 
dispute, or oppose in words ; contest ; oppose. — Syn. See 

• deny. — con'tro-verfer, n. — vert'ist, n. 

con'tu-ma'cious (kon'tu-ma'sh&s^a. Exhibiting contuma- 
cy ; obstinate. — Syn. Stubborn, unyielding, headstrong, 
perverse, disobedient ; unruly, refractory, intractable, in- 
subordinate. — ma'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. 

COn'tU-ma-cy (kon'tu-md-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [L. con- 
tumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent.] Quality or state of 
being contumacious ; pertinacious resistance to authority. 

COn'tu-me'li-OUS (-me'li-tis), a. Exhibiting contumely. — 
Syn. See opprobrious. — con'tu-me'li-ous-ly, adv. 

COu'tU-me-ly (kon'tu-me-li), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). _ [L. con- 
tumelia.~] 1. Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and 
contempt ; scornful insolence ; disdain. 2. An instance or 
exhibition of contumely (sense 1) ; insult. 

Con-tuse' (kon-tuz'), v. t.; -tused' (-tuzd') ; -tus'ing (-tuz'- 
Ing). [L. contusus, p. p. of contundere to beat, crush ; con- 
+ tundere to beat.] To bruise ; injure or disorganize a part 
of without breaking the skin. 

con-tll'sion (kon-tu'zhiin), n. 1. Act or process of contus- 
ing ; state of being contused. 2. A bruise. 

CO-nun'drum (ko-nun'drum), n. 1. A kind of riddle or 
puzzling question of which the answer is a pun or involves 
a pun. 2. A thing that puzzles. — Syn. See enigma. 

COn'va-lesce' (kon'vd-les'), v. i.; -lesced' (-lest') ; -lesc'- 
ING. [L. convalescere ; con- -f- valescere to grow strong, 
valere to be strong.] To recover health and strength, esp. 
gradually, after sickness ; get better. 

con'va-les'cence (-les'ens), n. The gradual recovery of 
health and strength after disease or weakness ; period 
during which such recovery takes place ; state of the body 
during this period. 

con'va-les'cent (-les'ent), a. 1. Recovering from sickness 
or debility ; partially restored to health or strength. 2. 
Of or pert, to convalescence or convalescents. — n. One 
who is recovering from illness. 

con'val-la'ri-a'ceous (kon'vd-la'rT-a'shus), a. [L. con- 
valhs a valley.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Convallari- 
acese) of monocotyledonous herbs, including the aspara- 
gus. They have a fleshy, baccate fruit and perfect flowers 



COn-vec'tion (kon-vek'shi/n), n. [L. convectio, fr. con- 
vehere to bring together ; con- -f- vehere to carry.] A con- 
veying or transmitting ; esp., Physics, transfer or transmis- 
sion, as of heat, by means of currents in liquids or gases. Cf . 
conduction, 2. — • con-vec'tion-al (-dl), a. 

con-vec'tive (-vek'tlv), a. 1. Serving for conveying ; trans- 
porting; as, the convective force of water. 2. Pert, to, of 
the nature of, or caused by, convection. tive-ly, adv. 

[| con've-nance' (koNV-niiNs'), n. [F., fitness.] Pro- 
priety ; conventional usage ; in pi., the conventionalities. 

cpn-vene' (kon-ven'), v. i.; -vened' (-vCnd') ; -ven'ing. [L. 
convenire ; con- + venire to come.] To come together, as 
in one body ; assemble. — Syn. Meet, congregate, collect, 
unite. — v. 1. 1. To cause to assemble ; convoke. 2. To sum- 
mon before a tribunal. — con-ven/er (-ven'er), n. 

oon-ven'ience (-ven'yens), or, now less commonly, con- 
ven'ien-cy (-yen-sT), n.; pi. -ces (-sez), -cies (-siz). 1. 
State or quality of being convenient, as of place, time, etc. 
2. Freedom from discomfort or trouble ; personal ease. 3. A 
convenient condition or time. 4. That which promotes com- 
fort or advantage ; specif., an appliance or utensil for per- 
sonal ease or comfort. 

con-ven'ient (-yent), a. [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, 
p. pr. of convenire. See convene, v. i.~\ 1. Fit ; adapted ; 
proper. Archaic. 2. Suited to or affording ease, comfort, or 
advantage ; saving trouble. 3. Near at hand ; easy of access. 
Colloq. or Dial. — Syn. Suitable, adapted, fitted, handy, 
commodious. — con-ven'ient-ly, adv. 

con'vent (kon'vent),n. [L.conve?i^usameeting,LL. also a 
convent. See convene, v. ij] 1. A community of recluses, as 
monks, friars, or esp. (popularly) nuns, devoted to a reli- 
gious life under a superior. 2. A monastery or nunnery ; esp. 
(popularly), a nunnery. — Syn. See cloister. 

COn-vent'^kon-vent'), v. t. & i. To convene. Obs. 

COn-ven'ti-cle (-ven'tT-k'l), n. [L. conventiculum, dim. of 
conventus."] 1. An assembly. 06s. 2. An assembly for 
religious worship, esp. a secret or illegal one. 

COn-ven'ti-cler (-klcr), n. One who supports or frequents 
conventicles ; opprobriously, a separatist. 

COn-ven'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act of convening. 2. A body of 
persons, as delegates, members of a party, etc., met for a 
common purpose ; as, a political convention. 3. Agreement 
or an agreement ; contract ; covenant. 4. General concur- 
rence as the basis of any custom, opinion, orthelike ; hence: 
fixed custom or usage ; conventionality.^ 5. A rule or usage 
based on general agreement ; a conventionalism. 

con-ven'tion-al (-dl), a. _ 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
convention or a convention ; growing out of, or depending 
on, custom or general agreement ; formal. 2. Fine Arts. 
Following conventions in design, technique, or conception. 

COn-ven'tion-al-ism (-iz'm),n. Adherence to that which 
is conventional ; that which is conventional. 

con-ven'tion-al-ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a conven- 
tion. 2. One who is conventional ; a formalist. 

con-ven'tion-al'i-ty (-al'i^tT),™.; pZ.-TiEs(-tTz). State or 
quality of being conventional, esp. in social intercourse; 
also, that which is established by conventional use ; a con- 
ventional usage, practice, or thing. 

con-ven'tion-al-ize (-dl-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To 
make conventional ; conform to (conventional rules. — 
con-ven'tion-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn ; -I-za'shim). 

con-ven'tion-al-ly, adv. In a conventional manner. 

COn-ven'tU-al (-ven'ty-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, a convent. — n. 1. An inmate of a convent. 2. leap.'] 
R. C. Ch. One of a branch of the order of Franciscans noted 
for their convents and mitigated rule. 

con-verge' (-vurj'), v. i.; -verged' (-vurjd'); -verg'ing. 
[L. convergere; con--\-vergcre to turn, incline.] To tend 
to one point or line ; incline and approach nearer together ; 
— opp. to diverge. — v. t. To cause to converge. 

con-ver'gence (-vur'jcns)l n.; pL-cences (-jen-sez), -gen- 

con-ver'gen-cy (-jen-si) J cies (-siz). Act, condition, or 
quality of converging ; tendency to one point. 

con-ver'gent (-jent), a. Tending to one point or focus or 
line ; approaching each other. 

con-vers'a-ble (-vur'sd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being readily 
conversed with ; also, disposed to converse. 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or suitable for, converse or social intercourse. — 
con-vers'a-ble-ness, n. — con-vers'a-bly, adv. 

con'ver-sance (kon'ver-sdns), n. State or quality of being 
conversant ; familiar acquaintance. 

con/ver-sant (kon'ver-sdnt), a. [L. conversans, p. pr. of 
conversari to associate with.] 1. Accustomed to dwell. 
Obs. 2. Having frequent or familiar intercourse ; intimately 
acquainted. 3. Familiar by use or study ; well-informed. — ■ 
Syn. Acquainted, learned, versed, practiced. 

COn'ver-sa'tion (-sa'shiiii), n. [OF. conversacion, fr. L. 
conversatio. See converse.] 1. An abiding. Obs. 2. Man- 
ner of living ; conduct. Arc/tat c. 3. Social interchange or in- 
tercourse. 4. Sexual intercourse ; as, criminal convti sation 
(see under criminal). 5. Colloquial discouise ; also, an in- 
stance of this ; talk. 6. Occupation, as with an object ot 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 









K = chinG. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CONVERSATIONAL 



224 



CONVULSIONARY 



study ; hence, close intimacy. — Syn. Communion, famili- 
arity ; conference, dialogue, colloquy, chat. 

con'ver-sa'tion-al (kon'ver-sa'shwn-dl), a. 1. Ready to 
converse ; given to conversation. 2. Of, pertaining to, or 
appropriate to, conversation. — con'ver-sa'tion-al-ly, adv. 

con'ver-sa'tion-al-ist, n. A conversationist. 

con'ver-sa'tion-ist, n. One who converses much or well. 

|| con / ver-sa / zi-0 , ne (kon / ver-sat / se-o / na), n. ; pi. E. -zio- 
nes (-naz), It. -zioni (-ne). [It.] A meeting, esp. in the 
evening, for conversation and social recreation. 

con-verse' (kon-vurs'), v. i. ; -versed' (-vursf) ; -vers'ing. 
[F. converser, fr. L. conversari to associate with ; con- + 
versari to be turned, live, vertere to turn.] l.To hold 
intercourse ; deal ; traffic ; associate familiarly ; — usually 
used with with. 2. To be occupied ; be familiar from inter- 
course or study ; as, to converse with books. Archaic. 3. 
To interchange thoughts and opinions in speech ; talk ; — 
used with with before a person ; with on, about, concern- 
ing, etc., before a thing. — Syn. See talk. 

con'verse (kon'vurs), n. 1. Intercourse; intimate asso- 
ciation. 2. Familiar discourse ; conversation ; talk. 

con'verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p. See convert, v. t.~] 
Turned about ; reversed or opposite in order or relation ; 
acting oppositely or contrarily. — n. 1. In general, that 
which is related to something else in a way that is converse, 
or turned ; the opposite. 2. Logic. A proposition obtained 
byconversion ; as, the converse of "no virtue is vice "is "no 
vice is virtue" ; the converse of "all men are animals" (the 
universal affirmative) is "some animals are men" (conver- 
sion in this case being called conversion per accidens). 
— con'verse-ly (kon'vers-li ; kon-vurs'-), adv. 

con-vers'er (kon-vur'ser), n. One who converses. 

COn-ver'sion(-shun),n. 1. Act of converting; stateofbeing 
converted. 2. Theol. A spiritual and moral change attend- 
ing a change of belief, with conviction, from what is false or 
worldly to what is true or godly. 3. Law. a A wrongful 
appropriation of, and dealing with, the property of another 
as it it were one's own. b Equity. The exchange of prop- 
erty of one nature to property of another nature, as of real 
to personal. 4. Logic. Act of interchanging the terms of a 
proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the 
predicate, or the contrary. See 3d converse 2. 5. Math. 
A. change or reduction of the form of a proposition or ex- 
pression ; esp., the reduction by multiplication from a frac- 
tional to an integral form. 

COn-vert' (-vurt'),u. t. [L. convertere, -versum; con- + ver- 
tere to turn.] 1. To turn. 06s., exc. : Logic. To change (a 
proposition) so that the subject becomes the predicate. See 
3d converse, 2. 2. To change or turn from one belief or 
course to another. 3. Theol. To produce spiritual conver- 
sion in (any one). 4. To change from one state to another ; 
transform; transmute. 5. To divert from one use to an- 
other; Law, to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. 6. To 
exchange for an equivalent ; make conversion of ; as, to con- 
vert goods into money ; to convert paper, or fiat, money, 
that is, change it for specie. 7. To change the chemical na- 
ture of, in manufacture ; as, to convert starch into sugar. — 
Syn. See transform. — v. i. To be converted. 

COn^vert (kon'vurt), n. A person converted in opinion or 
practice; esp., Theol., one who experiences conversion. 
Syn. Convert, proselyte. Convert implies a hearty, 
usually genuine, embracing of a creed, opinion, or doctrine 
previously rejected or, at least, not accepted. Proselyte 
is properly an adherent of one system (esp. religious) who 
has transferred himself or been gained over, to another, 
often suggesting unworthy or ulterior motives. 

con-vert'er (kon-vur'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
converts ; specif. : a Steel Manuf. The vessel used in the 

\ Bessemer process. D Elec. A device for changing electrical 
energy from one form to another, now only by mechanical 
rotation ; as, a frequency converter, a phase converter, etc. 

con-vert'i-bil'i-ty (-ti-bil'I-tT), n. Convertible quality. 

con-vert'i-ble (-ti-b'l), a. Capable of being converted. — 
Syn. See reciprocal. — vert'i-ble-ness, n. — i-bly, adv. 

con'vert-ite (kon'ver-tit), n. A convert. Archaic. 

con'vex (-veks), a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, 
concave, fr. convehere to bring together.] Rising or swell- 
ing into a spherical or rounded form ; regularly protuberant 
or bulging ; — in opposition to concave. — n. A convex 
body, surface, or part. — con'vex-ly, adv. 

con-vex'i-ty (kon-vek'sT-ti), n. Convex state or quality. 

con-vex'o— con'cave (kon-vek'so-kon'kav), a. Optics. Con- 
vex on one side and concave on the other. [ble convex. I 

con-vex'o-con'vex, a. Optics. Convex on both sides ; dou-| 

COn-vey' (kon-va'), v.t. [OF. conveier, convoier, to escort, 
convey, fr. LL. conviare; L. con- + via way.] l.To bear 
from one place to another; carry; transport. 2. To carry 
away or remove, esp. secretly ; euphemistically, to steal. 
Cant, or Archaic. 3. To serve as a medium or conduit for ; 
transmit. 4. To impart, as by language. 5. To transfer or 
deliver to another, as the title to property by a deed. 6. To 
manage, esp. with privacy or craft. Obs. 



con-vey'a-ble (kon-va'd-b'l), a. That may be conveyed. 

con-vey'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of conveying. 2. Means or 
way of conveying ; esp. : a A written instrument for con- 
veying the title to property, b A vehicle ; carriage. 

COn-vey'anc-er (-dn-ser), n. Law. One whose business is 
conveyancing, or the drawing of deeds, leases, or the like, 
for transferring the title to property. 

COn-vey'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, conveys. 

con-vey'or (-er), h. One who, or that which, conveys ; a 
conveyer ; esp., a mechanical carrier. 

con-vict' (kon-vikt'), p. a. [L. convictus, p. p. See con- 
vince.] Proved or found guilty. — v. t. To prove or find 
guilty. — Syn. Confute, convince, confound. 

con'vict (kon'yikt), n. One convicted of, and under sen- 
tence for, a crime. — Syn. Malefactor, criminal, felon. 

con-vic'tion (kon-vik'shun), n. 1. A convicting ; state of 
being convicted. 2. A convincing of error, or compelling 
admission of a truth ; confutation. 3. State of being con- 
vinced ; strong persuasion or belief. — Syn. See belief. 

con'yict-ism (kon'vik-tiz'm), n. The system of trans- 
porting convicts to penal settlements ; also, the convict class. 

con-vic'tive (kon-vik'tiv), a. Producing conviction. 

COn-vince'(-vms'), / y. t.; -viNCED'(-vinst') ; -vinc'lng (-vin'- 
sing). [L. convincere, -victum, to refute, convict, prove ; 
con- + vincere to conquer.] l.To overpower. Obs. 2. To 
overcome and persuade by argument ; satisfy by proof. 3. 
To convict. Archaic. 

con-vince'ment (-ment), n. Mental or religious conviction. 

con-vine'er (-vin'ser), n. One who, or that which, con- 
vinces. 

con-vin'ci-ble (-vTn'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being convinced. 

con-vinc'ing-ly (-sing-li), adv. In a convincing manner. 

con'vive (kon'vlv; F. koN'vev'), n. [L. conviva.'] A fellow 
banqueter or feaster ; a comrade at table. 

con-viv'i-al (kon-viv'i-al ), a. [L. convivialis, fr. convi- 
vium feast ; con- + vivere to live.] Of or relating to a 
feast or entertainment ; festive ; gay. — Syn. See social. 

con-viv'i-al'i-ty ( : al'i-tT), n. The good humor or mirth in- 
dulged in on festive occasions ; convivial spirit or humor. 

con-viv'i-al-ly, adv. In a convivial manner. 

con'vo-cate (kon'vo-kat), v. t. To convoke. 

con'vo-ca'tion (-ka'shftn), n. [See convoke.] 1. Act of 
convoking. 2. An assembly of persons convoked. 3. Ch. 
of Eng.^ A provincial assembly of the clergy, by their rep- # 
resentatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. 4. Prot. 
Epis. Ch. a A diocesan convention of a voluntary organi- 
zation of clergy and some of the laity, to promote interest 
in diocesanmissiqns, etc. ; hence, the organization itself, or 
the territorial division represented, b Any similar meeting. 
— Syn. Meeting, assembly, congregation, congress, diet, 
convention, synod, council. — con'vo-ca'tion-al (-dl), a. 

con'vo-ca'tor (kon'vo-ka/ter), n. One who convokes an as- 
sembly ; also, a member of a convocation. 

con-voke' (kon-vok'), v. t.; con-voked' (-vokt') ; -vok'ing 
( -vok'ing ). [L. convocare, p. p. -atus ; con- -j- vocare to 
call.] To call together ; assemble by summons ; summon. 

COn-VOk'er (kon-vok'er), n. One who convokes. 

con'vo-lute (kon'vo-lut), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of con- 
volvers See convolve.] Rolled together, one part on an- 
other. — con'vo-lut'ed (-lut'ed), a. — lute-ly, adv. 

con'vo-lu'tion (-lu'shun), n. 1. A rolling or coiling to- 
gether ; a winding. _ 2. A winding or fold, as of something 
rolled or folded on itself ; a coil, whorl, or sinuosity. 

con-volve' (kon-volv'), v. t. & i. ; con-volved' (-volvd'); 
-volv'ing. [L. convolver e, -volutum; con- + volvere to 
roll.] To roll or wind together. 

COn-VOl'VU-la'ceouS (-vol'vu-la'shws), a. Bot. Belonging to 
a large_ family (Convolvulacese), the morning-glory family, 
of trailing or twining vines, erect herbs, shrubs, or even trees. 

Con-VOl'VU-luS (-lus), n.; pi. E. -luses (-ez; 24), L. -Li 
(-11). _ [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around ; — 
from its twining stems.] Any of a genus {Convolvulus) of 
erect, trailing, or twining herbs (typifying the family Con- 
volvulacese) including species called bindweed or, some- 
times, morning-glory. 

con-voy' (-voi'), v. t. [F. convoyer. See convey.] 1. To 
accompany ; guide ; conduct. Archaic or Scot. 2. To 
accompany for protection, by sea or land ; escort. 

con'voy (kon'voi), n. 1. Act of convoying, or attending for 
defense ; state of being so attended. 2. One that convoys 
another ; escort. 3. Conducting channel, medium, or way. 

[ Obs. 4. One that is convoyed ; esp., a merchant vessel or 
wagon train having an armed escort. 

Con-VUlse' (kon-vuls'), v. t.; -vulsed' (-vfilst') ; -vuls'ing. 
[L. convulsus,p. p. of convellereto tear up, shake ; con- + 
vellere to pluck, pull.] To shake violently, lit. or fig. ; agi- 
tate greatly. — Syn. Disturb, shake, tear, rend. 

con-vul'sion (-viil'shiin), n. 1. A violent and involuntary 
contraction or series of contractions of the muscles; 
spasm; — usually in pi. 2. Any violent irregular agita- 
tion ; tumult. — Syn. See paroxysm. 

COn-VUl'sion-a-ry (-a-rl), a. 1. Pert, to, or of the nature 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50);. boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



CONVULSIVE 



225 



COPPER GLANCE 



of, convulsion. 2. [cap.] Of or pert, to the Convulsion- 
aries. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). One who has convulsions; 
specif. [cap.] , one of a body of Jansenist fanatics in France, 
early in the 18th century, who in their religious mania ex- 
hibited convulsions and effected supposed cures. 

COn-VUl'sive (-siv), a. Of the nature of a convulsion ; 
characterized by, or attended with, convulsions or spasms. 
— con-vul'sive-ly, adv. — con-vul'sive-ness, n. 

co'ny, co'ney (ko'nf ; kun'i), n. ; pi. -nies or -neys (-niz). 
[OF. connin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony.] 1. A 
rabbit ; esp., the European rabbit. 2. A hyrax. 3. A pika. 

COO (koo), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make the characteristic 
cry of the pigeon, or a sound suggestive of it. 2. To con- 
verse in a loving way ; as, billing and cooing. — v. t. To 
utter, express, or effect with a coo or coos._— n. The 
sound made in cooing. — COO'er, n. — COO'ing-ly, adv. 

COO'ey, COO'ee (koo'I ; -e), n. [Of imitative origin.] A 
peculiar cry uttered by the Australian aborigines as a 
call to attract attention, and also in common use among 
the Australian colonists. 

COOk (kobk), n. [AS. coc, fr. L. cocus, coquus, fr. coquere 
to cook.] One who prepares food to eat by cooking. 

— v. t. 1. To prepare (food) by boiling, roasting, baking, 
broiling, etc. ; prepare or treat (anything) by heat. 2. To 
prepare ; hence : tamper with ; falsify ; — often with up ; 
as, to cook up a story. Colloq. 3. To ruin ; spoil. Slang. 

— v. i. 1. To do the work of a cook. 2. To be cooked, 
cook'er, n. One who, or that which, cooks something ; esp., 

a special vessel or apparatus in which something is cooked. 

cook'er-y (-er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Art, process, or 
practice of cooking. 2. A place for cooking. 

Cook'shop' (-shop'), n. An eating house. 

cook'y, cook'ie (-1), n. ; pi. -ies (-iz). A form of small cake ; 
in the U. S., a small, flat, usually sweetened cake. 

COOl (kool), a. [AS. col."] 1. Moderately cold; lacking in 
warmth. 2. Not retaining or < admitting heat ; as, a cool 
dress. 3. Not ardent or passionate ; deliberate ; self-pos- 
sessed. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike ; as, a cool man- 
ner. 5. Quietly impudent ; audacious. 6. Stated, estimated, 
or the like, with calm deliberation or without exaggeration ; 
as, he left him a cool million. 7. Fine Arts. Producing a 
sense of coolness ; — applied to green, blue, and violet col- 
ors or tones ; — contrasted with warm. 
Syn. Calm, composed, collected, self-possessed, unruffled, 
unmoved, imperturbable, nonchalant, tranquil. — Cool, 
composed, collected, imperturbable, nonchalant. 
Cool (see officious) implies freedom from heat, passion, or 
excitement ; as, cool as a veteran. Composed suggests 
calmness or tranquillity ; collected, self-possession, esp. in 
the face of difficulty or danger ; both are opposed to 
distracted. That is imperturbable which is not readily 
abashed or disconcerted ; as, imperturbable common sense. 
Nonchalant implies indifference or unconcern. 

— v. i. & t. 1. To become or make cool. 2. To calm ; allay. 

— adv. In a cool manner ; coolly. Colloq. — n. 1. Something 
that is cool ; cool time, place, etc. 2. Coolness. 

COOl'er (kobl'er), n. That which cools something ; as : a 
Something that abates heat or, fig., passion, b A vessel used 
to cool liquids, etc. C A cooling drug, d A prison. Slang. 

coo'lie, coo'ly (koo'li), n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). [CI. Hind, kuli, 
quli.] In India, China, etc., a native unskilled laborer or 
porter ; also, elsewhere, a cheap laborer from the Orient. 

COOl'ish, a. Somewhat cool. 

COOl'ly (kool'li), adv. In a cool manner. 

cool'ness, n. Quality or state of being cool. 

COOm, coomb (koom), n. Scot, or Local, Eng. 1. Soot. 2. 
Refuse, as coal dust, grease from axle boxes, etc. 

COOmb, combe, comb (koom ; kom), n. [AS. cumb.] 1. A 
narrow ravine-like valley. Eng. 2. A hollow in a hillside. 
Local, Eng. & Scot. 

coon (koon), n. 1. A raccoon. 2. A negro. Slang, U.S. 

COOn'can (koon'kan), n. Card Playing. A game in which 
each player tries to form three or four of a kind or sequences. 

COOp (koop), n. 1. A cage or small inclosure, as for poul- 
try ; pen. 2. A place of confinement. — v. t. To confine 
in a coop ; confine narrowly ; — used esp. with up or in. 

COOp'er (koop'er; kobp'er), n. One who makes or repairs 
barrels, casks, etc. — v. t. To do the work of a cooper on. 

COOp'er-age (-aj), n. Work done by a cooper, or the pay for 
it ; also, a cooper's shop. 

CO-dp'er-ate (ko-op'er-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. codperatus, p. p. of cooperari to cooperate ; co- + 
operari to work.] _ 1. To act or operate jointly with another 
or others. 2. To join in cooperation (sense 2). 

CO-bp'er-a'tion (-a'shim), n. 1. A cooperating; concurrent 
effort or labor. 2. The association, or collective action, of 
persons for their common benefit, esp. in an industry. 

CO-bp'er-a-tive (-op'er-a-tTv), a. Operating jointly to the 
same end ; of or pert, to cooperation ; as : a cooperative 
store, one where the owners make_their purchases and 
share in the profits and losses. — CO-bp'er-a-tive-ly, adv. 

co-bp'er-a'tor (ko-op'er-a'ter), n. One who cooperates. 

COOp'er-y (koop'er-i; kobp'er-f ), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). A 



cooper's work, or place of work ; also, the product of his work. 
CO-8pt' (ko-opf), v. t. [L. cooptare; co- +- optare to 

choose.] To choose or elect to be a fellow member. 
co'op-ta'tion (ko'op-ta'shim), n. Act of cobpting ; selection ; 

choice. — CO-op'ta-tive (ko-op'td-tiv), o. 
CO-or'di-nal (ko-or'dl-nal), a. 1. Of the same order. 

2. Math. Having, or determined by, (so many) coordinates. 
CO-Sr/di-nate (-or'dl-nat), a. [co- + L. ordinatus, p. p. 

of ordinare to regulate.] 1. Equal in, or of the same, 

rank, order, or importance ; not subordinate ; as, coordinate 

clauses. 2. Pert, to or involving coordination or coordinates. 

— n. 1. One who, or that which, is coordinate. 2. Math. 
Any of two or more magnitudes that determine position, 
as of points, with reference to certain fixed points, lines, 
or planes. — (-nat), v. t. & i.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'- 
ing. 1. To make or become coordinate. 2. To adjust ; 
harmonize. — CO-dr'di-nate-ly, adv. 

CO-or'di-na'tion (-na'shim), n. Act of coordinating ; state of 
being coordinate ; harmonious adjustment, [coordinate. I 

CO-or'di-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. Coordinating, or tending to| 

COOt (koot), n. 1. Any of a genus (Fulica) of ducklike 
birds of the rail family, with lobes along the sides of the 
toes. 2. Any North American species of scoter. 

cop (kop), n. [AS., top.] l.Top; crest. Obs. or Dial. 2. A 
conical mass of thread, yarn, etc., wound on a spindle, tube, 
etc. 3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound. 

cop, n. A policeman. Slang. 

co-pai'ba (ko-pa'bd; -pl'bd), n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Braz. cu- 
pauba.] Pharm. A stimulant and diuretic oleoresin got 
from several species of a genus (Copaiva) of South Ameri- 
can and African caesalpiniaceous trees. 

CO-pai'va (-vd), n. [NL.] Pharm. = copaiba. 

co'pal (ko'pdl), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. copalli resin.] A resin 
from any of various tropical trees, used in varnishes. 

CO'palm/ ( ko'pam' ), n. The yellowish, fragrant balsam 
yielded by the sweet gum ; also, the tree. See storax. 

CO-par'ce-na-ry (ko-par'se-na-n), n.; pi. : ries (-riz). 1. 
Law. Joint heirship. 2. Copartnership ; joint ownership. 

CO-par'ce-ner (ko-par'se-ner), n. Law. A joint heir. 

CO-par/ce-ny (-nf), n. Law. Coparcenary. 

CO-part'ner (ko-part'ner), n. Joint associate ; partner; 
sharer. — co-part'ner-ship, n. 

cope (kop), v. i. [Prob. fr. ME. coupen to strike, OF. couper. 
See coup.] 1. To contest hostilely ; struggle ; now usual- 
ly, to contend on equal terms or with some success ; match ; 

— used with with. 2. To meet with ; encounter. Archaic. 

— v. t. Obs. or Archaic. 1. To encounter ; meet. 2. To 
requite ; match (with). [the end of a beam. 

cope, v. t. To notch ; hence, Arch. & Engin., to shape, as 

cope, n. [LL. capa.] 1. A kind of ecclesiastical hoodec 
cloak. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, a cope, as a 
vault or canopy ; esp., the vault of heaven ; hence : vertex ; 
height. — v. t. To cover or furnish with a cope or coping. 

CO'peck (ko'pek), n. Var. of kopeck. 

cope'mate' (kop'mat 7 ), copes'mate (kops'-), n. Obs. 
1. An antagonist. 2. A partner ; comrade ; associate. 

CO'pe-pod (ko'pe-pod), a. [Gr. K&irr) an oar + -pod.] Zool. 
Of, like, or pert, to, a large order (Copepoda) of mostly mi- 
nute crustaceans, found in both fresh and salt water and 
important as food for fishes.— n. A copepod crustacean. 

— CO-pep'0-dan (ko-pep'6-ddn), a. & n. 0-d0US, a. 

cop'er (kop'er), n. A dealer ; specif., a horse dealer, esp. one 

of doubtful integrity. Eng. 

Co-per/ni-can (ko-pur'ni-kdn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Copernicus (1473-1543), who taught the relationship of sun 
and planets now accepted as the true one. [ing touch. I 

Cope-stone 7 (kop , ston / ), n. A stone for a coping ; fig., finish-) 

COp'i-er (kop'i-er), n. 1. One who copies, as from an origi- 
nal ; a copyist. 2. An imitator. [with a sloping top.l 

Cop'ing (kop'ing), n. The highest course of a wall, often| 

CO'pi-OUS (ko'pi-ws),a. [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance.] 
1. Having or yielding an abundance ; abounding (in) ; 
hence : full of thought, information, or the like ; profuse in 
words. 2. Large in amount ; plentiful ; abundant. — 
Syn. Ample, plenteous, rich, exuberant, overflowing. See 
plentiful. — co'pi-ous-ly, adv. — co'pi-ous-ness, n. 

cop'per (kop'er), n. \JA\..cuper, fr. L. cuprum, fr. Cyprus, 
anciently renowned for its copper mines.] 1. A common 
metal, reddish in color, ductile, malleable, and very ten- 
acious, and one of the best conductors of heat and elec- 
tricity. Symbol, Cu; at. wt., 63.57. 2. Something made of 
copper, as: a A copper (or bronze) coin, b A vessel, esp. a 
large boiler. — v. t. To cover, coat, or sheathe with copper. 

cop'per, n. [Cf. 2d. cop.] A policeman ; a cop. Slang. 

COr/per-as (-as), n. [F. couperose.] Ferrous sulphate, 
FeS04-7H20, a green substance used in ink, in dyeing 
blacks, etc. ; — called also green vitriol. 
BS^The term copperas formerly included the green, blue, 
and white vitriols, the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. 

cop'per ba-ril'la (ba-rel'ya). Native copper in granular form 
mixed with sand. It is an ore brought from Bolivia. 

copper glance. = chalcocite. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






COPPERHEAD 



226 



CORD 



COp'per-head' (kop'er-hed'), n. 1. A poisonous snake ( Ag- 
kistrodon contortrix) of the eastern United States, allied 
to the rattlesnake, but without rattles. 2. leap.'] A North- 
erner who sympathized with the South during the Civil 
War ; — a nickname. U. S. 

cop'per-ish (-ish), a. Somewhat coppery. 

cop'per— nick'el, n. Niccolite. 

cop'per -plate' (-plat'), n. 1. A plate of copper on which a 
design or writing is engraved or etched. 2. An impression 
from such a plate. 3. Copperplate engraving or printing. 

copper pyrites. = chalcopyrite. 

COp'per-smith' (-smith'), n. 1. A worker in copper. 2. A 
barbet {Xantholsema hsematocephala) of India ; — so 
called from its ringing notes. 

cop'per- worm' (-wurm'), n. The teredo. 

cop'per-y (-i), a. Containing or like copper. 

Cop'pice (-Xs),n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper to cut, fr. cop, 
colp, a blow, fr. L.,fr. Gr. k6\cuj>os a blow, buffet.] l.A 
thicket or grove of small trees ; copse. 2. Coppice wood col- 
lectively ; underwood ; brushwood. — v. t. ; -piced (-ist) ; 
-pic-ing (-is-ing). To cause to grow in the form of a cop- 
pice ; cut back so as to produce shoots from old stumps. 

COp'ple-crown' ( kop''l-kroun' ), n. A crested crown; a 
bird's crest, as that of the lapwing; also, U. S., a fowl 
having a crest. — cop'ple-crowned' (-kround'),a. 

cop'ra (kop'rd), n. [Malayalam koppara or Hind. 
khopra.] Dried coconut meat, yielding coconut oil. 

cop-rae'mi-a, cop-re'mi-a (kop-re'mi-d), n. [NL.; Gr. 
Ko-wpos dung -f- -semia.] Med. Blood poisoning due to re- 
tention of feces. — cop-rse'mic, cop-re'mic (-re'mik), a. 

cop'ro-lite (kop'ro-ITt), n. [Gr. Koirpos dung + -lite.'] 
Paleon. A piece of petrified dung ; a fossil excrement. 

CO-proph'a-gous (ko-prof'd-gus) a. [Gr. Koirpos dung + 
-phagous.] Feeding upon dung, as do certain insects. 

copse (kops), n. [Contr. from coppice.] A coppice. 

Copt (kopt), n. An Egyptian of the native race descended 
from the ancient Hamites ; a member of the Coptic Church, 
the native Christian church of Egypt. 

Cop'tic (kop'tik),a. [Cf. Ar. qity Egypt, Copts, qibfi, 
qubfi, Copt.] Of or pert, to the Copts or Coptic. — n. 
The Hamitic language of the Copts, extinct except in 
liturgical use. 

cop'u-la (kop'u-ld), n.; pi. E. -las (-ldz), L., Rare, -zm 
(-le). [L.,bond.] Gram. l.A word (esp. a form of the verb 
be) used as expressing simply the relation between subject 
and predicate. 2. Logic. The term or verbal sign expressing 
affirmation or negation. [in sexual intercourse.! 

COp'U-late (-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. To unite| 

cop'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n._ l.Act of coupling or joining; 
union ; conjunction. 2. Coition. 

Cop'u-la-tive (-la-tTv),a. [L. copulativus.] Serving to con- 
nect ; as, a copulative conjunction. Hence, Gram. : a In- 
volving or containing connected clauses, b Of the nature of 
a copula ; as, a copulative verb, that is, an intransitive verb 
taking a noun complement, as in : John became king ; he 
seemed a hero. — n. A copulative word. tive-ly, adv. 

cop'u-la-to-ry (-Id-to-rT), a. Pertaining to copulation. 

cop'y (kop'I ), n.; pi. copies (-Tz). [F. copie, fr. L. copia 
abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript ; co- + root of 
opes riches.] 1. An imitation or reproduction of an origi- 
nal work. 2. That which is to be imitated or reproduced ; 
pattern or example, as of penmanship. 3. Manuscript or 
printed matter to be set up in type. 4. An individual one of 
a number of books, engravings, or the like, reproducing the 
same composition or work. — Syn. Transcript, counter- 
feit. See DUPLICATE. 

— v. t. & i. ; cop'ied (-id) ; cop'y-ing. l.To make a copy or 
copies of ; write, print, engrave, or paint, after an original ; 
reproduce. 2. To imitate. 

copy book. A book in which copies, as of penmanship, 
are written or printed for learners to imitate. 

Cop'y -hold' (-hold'), n. In England and Ireland, tenure 
of lands by copy of the roll or record of a manorial court. 

COp'y -hold'er (-hol'der), n. 1. Eng. Law. One holding 
land in copyhold. 2. a A device for holding copy, la Print. 
One who reads copy for a proof reader. 

Cop'y-ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of copy, -y. 
copying ink, any ink suitable for writings of which copies 
by impression are to be taken on copying paper by pressure 
in a copying press. 

Cop'y-ist, n. A copier ; transcriber ; imitator. 

cop'y -right' (-rlt'), n. The exclusive right to reproduce, 
publish, and sell, etc., the matter and form of a literary or 
artistic work. — v. t. To secure a copyright on. — cop'y- 
right'a-ble (-rlt'd-b'l), a. — cop'y-right'er, n. 

coque'li-cot' (kok'le-ko'), n. [F.] The corn poppy (Papa- 
ver rhosas) ; also, its bright orange-scarlet color. 

CO-quet' (ko-kef), n. A coquette ; — formerly the common 
spelling. — v. t. & i. ; -quet'ted ; -quet'ting. To treat or 
act as, or like, a coquette ; flirt. — a. Coquettish. 

CO'quet-ry (ko'ket-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Conduct, art, 
or appearance of, or like that of, a coquette. 




Coracles. 
l.The calcareous or horn- 




Co-quette' (ko-ket'), n. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquet- 
tish, orig., cocklike, strutting, fr. coq cock.] A woman who 
seeks to attract men's admiration or affection for mere 
self-gratification, as to gratify vanity ; a flirt. — co-quet'- 
tish (-ket'Ish), a. — C0-quet'tish-ly, adv. 

CO : quil'la nut (ko-kel'yd). [Pg. coquilho or Sp. coquillo, 
dim. of coco a coconut.] The fruit or nut of a piassaba 
palm (Atlalea funifera) of Brazil. Its hard, brown shell 
is much used by turners. 

CO-qui'na (ko-ke'nd), n. [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A soft, 
whitish stone, formed of broken shells and corals cemented 
together, found in the southern United States. 

cor-. Var. of com-. 

cor'a-ci'i-form (kor'd-sl'i-form), a. [Gr. K 6pa| crow, raven 
+ -form.] Of or pert, to a large and heterogeneous order 
{Coracii formes) of arboreal nonpasserine birds including 
the rollers, owls, nightjars, humming birds, kingfishers, 
woodpeckers, etc. 

COr'a-cle (kor'd-k'l), n. \yj.corwgl,cwr- 
wgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, round body, car- 
cass.] A small boat made by covering a 
wicker frame with hide, cloth, etc., — used 
by the ancient Britons, and still used in 
Wales and Ireland. 

cor'a-coid (-koid), a. [From 
Gr. KopaKoeib-qs ; nopal; crow 
+ elSos form.] Designating 
a process or a cartilage bone 
of anyof many vertebrates, 
extending from the scapula to 
or toward the sternum. 

COr'al (-dl), n. [OF. coral, 
L. corallum, Gr. /copaXXiov.] 
like skeleton of any of various mostly 
compound marine animals (chiefly ac- 
tinozoans) , the individual polyps of which 
arise by budding ;also, the entire animal. 
2. Ovaries of a lobster ; — from their 
color when cooked. 3. A child's toy of 
coral or the like.— a. Red like coral. 

COr'al-ber'ry (-ber'i), n. An American 
caprifoliaceous dwarf shrub (Symphori- 
carpos symphoricarpos), with clusters^ 
of white flowers succeeded by red berries. 

COr'al-lif'er-OUS (kor'3-lTf'er-«s), a. [L. End of a Branch of 
corallum coral + -ferous.] Producing Red Coral with 
coral. _ expanded Polyps. 

cqr'al-line (kor'd-lTn ; -lTn), a. Composed of coral or coral- 
lines ; also, coral-red. — n. l.A kind of red calcareous alga. 
2. Any coral-like animal. 

cor'al-lite (lit), n. [L. corallum coral.] Zo'ol. That part 
of the skeleton of a coral formed by a single polyp. 

cor'al-loid (-loid), a. Like coral in form or appearance. 

cor'al-loi'dal (-loi'ddl), a. Coralloid. 

C0-ral'lum(k6-ral'wm),n.; pZ. -LA(-d). [L.] Zo'ol. The 
entire skeleton of a compound coral, consisting of corallites. 

coral reef. Phys. Geog. A reef, often of great extent, 
made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the 
solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. 

cor'al-root' (kor'dl-roof), n. Any of a genus (Corallo- 
rhiza) of root-parasitic orchids that send up yellow or 
white stems from large bunches of coralloid roots. 

| cor' an'glais' (kor' aVgle'). [F.] Music, a = English 
horn, b An organ stop of similar tone. 

CO-ran'tO (ko-ran'to), n. = courante, a dance. 

COr'ban (kor'ban), n. [Heb. qorban.] Jewish Antiq. An 
offering devoted to God. See Mark vii. 11, R. V. 

COr'beil (kor'bel), n. [F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula little 
basket.] Arch. A sculptured basket of flowers, fruit, etc. 

Cor'bel (-bel), n. [OF., prop., raven, dim. of corp.L. corvus, 
raven.] 1. A supporting projection from the face of a 
wall. 2. A short timber placed lengthwise under a girder to 
afford a bearing, as on the cap of a trestle. — v. t. ; -beled 
(-beld) or -belled ; -bel-ing or -bel-ling. To furnish with, 
or support by, a corbel. [tion of corbels. 

cor 'bel-ing, cor'bel-ling, n. Corbel work or the construe- 1 

cor'bie, cor'by (kor'bi), n. Also corbie crow. [See cor- 
bel.] A raven, or the common black crow. Scot. 

cor'bie-step' (-step'), n. Arch. One of the steps in which 
a gable wall is often finished in 
place of a continuous slope ; — 
called also crowstep. 

cord (kord), n. [F. corde, fr. L. 
chorda catgut, chord cord, Gr. 
xop&y}.] 1. A string or small rope ; 
also, such string as a material. 2. 
A hangman's rope. 3. A tendon or^ 
nerve. 4. A cubic measure used' 
esp. for cut wood, now legally, U. 
S., a pile 8 ft. by 4 ft. by 4 ft. (128 
cu. ft.). 5. A cordlike rib on a 
textile fabric ; also, a ribbed fab- Gable with Corbiesteps. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CORDAGE 



227 



CORN 



ric, esp. corduroy ; in pi., trousers or breeches of corduroy. 

6. Any moral influence by which one is held or drawn as 

if by a cord ; as, the cords of discipline. 
—v. t. l.To furnish, bind, or connect, with a cord or cords. 

2. To pile up (wood, etc.) in cords, 
cord'age (kor'daj), n. 1. Cords or ropes collectively; 

esp., the ropes in a ship's rigging. 

2. The number of cords, as of 

wood, on a given area. 
COr'date (-dat), a. [L. cor, cordis, 

heart.] Heart-shaped ; as, a cor- 
date leaf. See leaf, Illust.~ 

cor'date-ly, adv. 
COrd'ed (kor'ded ; 24), a. 1. Bound, 

fastened, or wound about, with 

cords. 2. Made of, having, or pro- 
vided with, cords, or cordlike 

ridges ; in form of cords. 3. Striped 

or ribbed with cords or cordlike 

lines ; twilled ; as, a corded cloth. 
Cor-deli-a (kor-de'li-d; -del'yd), 
See Lear 




Cordage. A Plain-laid, 
or Hawser-laid, Rope ; 
B Shroud -laid Rope, 
four strands and a 
heart or core, a; C Ca- 
ble-laid Rope, three 
plain-laid ropes laid to- 
gether wi.th a left- 
handed twist. 



Cor'de-lier/ (kor'de-ler'), n. [F.,fr. 
cordelle small cord, dim. fr. corde 
string, rope. See cord.] l.Eccl. Hist. A Franciscan; — so 
called from the girdle of knotted cord. 2. A member of a 
French political club of the first Revolution, which met in 
an old Cordelier convent in Paris. 

cord'er (kor'der), n. One who, or that which, applies a cord. 

COr'dial (kc-'jal; kord'yal), a. [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor 
heart.] 1. Of the heart ; hence : vital ; internal. Obs. or 
R. 2. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 3. Hearty ; 
sincere ; warm ; as, cordial words. 

Syn. Real, unfeigned ; ardent, zealous, vigorous, hearty. — 
Cordial, hearty. Cordial implies warmth and sincerity 
of feelings and manner ; hearty adds the suggestion of hon- 
esty and simplicity, often, also, of vigor or energy ; as, a 
cordial greeting ; a hearty welcome, handshake. 

— n. 1. Any invigorating and stimulating preparation. 2. 
An aromatized and sweetened spirituous beverage ; aliqueur. 
— cor'clial-ly, adv. — cor'dial-ness, n. 

cor-dial'i-ty (kor-jal'T-ti ; kor'di-al'-), n. Cordial quality ; 
warmth of regard ; heartiness. 

cor'di-form (kor'di-form), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart + 
-form.'] Heart-shaped. 

Cor'dil-le'ra (kor'dil-ya'rd ; kor-dTPer-d), n. [Sp., lit., little 
rope or cord.] A mountain range or system, orig. one of the 
ranges of the Andes ; sometimes, the main mountain axis of 
a continent. — cor/dil-le'ran (-ran), a. 

COrd'itS (korMIt), n. Mil. A smokeless powder composed 
of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and mineral jelly. 

cor'do-ba (kor'do-va), n. [Prob. fr. the Spanish explorer 
Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba.] The monetary unit of 
Nicaragua, equivalent to the United States gold dollar. 

COl'don (kor'don), n. [F., fr. corde cord.] 1. Fort, a In 
stone works, an ornamental projecting course along the 
line of a parapet, b The coping of the scarp wall. 2. Arch. 
A stringcourse. 3. A line of sentinels, guards, or the like, 
or of military posts, around a place. 4. A cord or ribbon 
worn as a badge or decoration. 

COr'don-net' (kor'do-net' ; F. kor'do'ne'), n. [F., dim. of 
cordon. See cordon.] Thread, or small cord, made of 
linen, cotton, or silk, used for tassels, fringes, etc. 

Cor 'do-van (korM6-vdn), a. Of or pert, to Cordova (Sp., 
Cordoba), Spain; hence [I. c], made of the leather called 
cordovan. — n. [I. c] A soft, fine-grained, colored leather, 
orig. made at Cordova; Cordovan leather; cord wain. 

COr/du-roy' (kor'du-roi' ; kSr'du-roi'), n. [Prob.^ for F. 
corde du roi king's cord.] 1. A durable cotton fabric, with 

I piled surface, like velvet, raised in ridges. 2. In pi. Trousers 
or other garments of corduroy. Colloq. — a. 1. Made of or 
like corduroy. 2. Designating a road, bridge, or the like, 
formed of logs laid side by side transversely. — v. t. To 
form (a road, etc.) of logs laid side by side transversely. 

Cord'wain (kord'wan), n. [OF. cordouan, fr. Sp. cordo- 
bdnj\ Cordovan leather. Archaic. 

cord'wain-er (-er), n. A worker in cordwain ; shoemaker. 

cord'y (kor'di), a.; cord'i-er (-di-er) ; cord'i-est. Of or 
like cord ; having cords or cordlike parts. 

Core (kor; 57), n. 1. The carpel, or hard central part, in 
fruits of the apple family. 2. The central part of anything, 
esp. as being a residue ; a part enveloped in something dif- 
ferent ; essential part. 3. Portion of a mold which shapes 
the interior of a hollow casting. 4t.Elec. a The central, con- 
ducting wires (of a cable), b A bar of iron, a bundle of iron 
wires, or the like, used to concentrate and intensify an in- 
duced magnetic field, as in a transformer, induction coil, or 
armature. 5. The heart or most vital part, as of timber. 

— v. t.; cored (kord) ; cor'ing. To take out the core of. 
CO're-li'gion-ist (-re-lT j'un-Tst) , n. One of the same religion. 
CO'ie-op'sift (ko're-op'sis ; koVe-^rc. [NL. ; Gr. «6pis bug + 



S\pis sight, in allusion to the achene.] Any of a large 
genus (Coreopsis) of asteraceous plants, including several 
garden plants having heads with yellow or crimson rays. 

cor'e-plas'ty (kor'e-plas'tT), n. [Gr. Koprj pupil + -plasty."] 
Surg. A plastic operation on the pupil of the eye, as for 
forming an artificial pupil. plas'tic (-plas'tlk), a. 

COr'er (kor'er), n. One who, or that which, cores; an 
instrument for coring fruit ; as, an apple corer. 

CO're-spond'ent (ko're-spon'dent), n. A joint respondent? 
as in a divorce suit. — CO're-spond'en-cy (-den-sT), n. 

corf (korf), n. ; pi. corves (korvz). 1. Formerly, any basket ; 
now, a kind of large round basket. Eng. & Scot. 2. Mining. 
Formerly, a basket of hazel rods for handling ore, coal, etc. ; 
now, the "tub," wagon, or truck, so used. Eng. & Scot. 

Cor'fi-ote (kor'fT-ot), n. A native of the island of Corfu. 

Cor'fute (kor'fut), n. Var. of Corfiote. 

CO'ri-a'ceous (ko'n-a'shus ; kor'i-; 57), a. [L. coria- 
ceus, fr. corium leather.] Leatherlike ; tough. 

CO'ri-an'der (-an'der), n'. [F. coriandre, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kopl- 
awoi>.~\ A certain apiaceous herb (Coriandrum sativum). 
Its aromatic seeds are stomachic and carminative. 

Co-rin'tM-an (ko-nn'thi-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Corinth, 
a city of ancient Greece, noted for luxury and licentious- 
ness ; hence, profligate. 2. Arch. Of, pert, to, or designat- 
ing, the lightest and most ornate of the three Greek orders, 
characterized esp. by its bell-shaped capital enveloped with 
acanthus leaves. 3. Yachting. Amateur. U. S. 
Corinthian brass or bronze, a celebrated metal of 
antiquity, an alloy of gold, silver, and copper. 

— n. 1. A native or citizen of Corinth. 2. A gay, licentious 
person. Obs. 3. a A fashionable man about town; esp., a 
man of means, given to sport, b A yachtsman ; esp., one who 
sails his own yacht. U. S. 4. In pi. Bib. Either of the two 
Epistles to the Corinthians. 

CO'ri-um (ko'n-um), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L., leather.] The 
derma, or deeper vascular and sensitive layer of the skin ; 
also, the corresponding layer of the mucous membranes. 

cork (kork), n. 1. Bot. A tissue in the stems of most 
woody plants, making up the greater part of what is known 
as bark. 2. The thick light tissue of this kind in the cork 
oak of southern Europe and northern Africa. 3. a A piece of 
cork, or any of various objects made of cork, b Esp., a stop- 
per cut out of cork for a bottle, cask, etc., also, a similar 
stopper of other material. — v. t. 1. To furnish, fit, or stop 
with cork or a cork ; hence : to hold in reserve, as if sealed ; 
restrain ; confine ; — often used with up. 2. To' blacken 
with burnt cork. — v. i. To become corked, as wine. 

COrk'age (kor'kaj), n. A charge for each bottle of wine un- 
corked and served, as at an inn, esp. when bought elsewhere. 

cock cambium. Bot. = phellogen. 

corked (korkt), a. Tainted or spoiled by the cork (sup- 
posedly) ; — said of w T ine and other liquors. 

COrk'er (kor'ker), n. Something conclusive; a "settler"; 
also, a person or thing of an extraordinary kind. All Slang. 

COrk / SCrew / (kork'skroo'), n. An instrument with a screw 
or a spiral for drawing corks from bottles. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to proceed or to press forward in a winding way. Col- 
loq. 2. To give a spiral form to. — v. i. To proceed in a 
winding course. Colloq. 
cork'wood' (-wood'), n. Any one of several trees or shrubs 
having light or corky wood ; esp., in the United States, 
a small tree (Leitneria floridana), with shining deciduous 
leaves, flowers borne in aments, and a drupaceous fruit. 
cork'y (kor'ki), a. ; cork'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. Of the nature 

of or like cork ; hence : a Dry ; shriveled up. b Light, 

buoyant, or skittish. Colloq. — cork'i-ness, n. 
conn (korm), n. [Gr. kop/j.6s trunk of a tree (with the 

boughs cut off), fr. nelpeiv to shear.] Bot. A short, bulb- 
like fleshy stem invested with a few thin membranes or scale 

leaves, as in the crocus and gladiolus. 
cor'mo-phyte (k6r'mo-fIt),«. [See corm, -phyte.] Bot. A 

vascular plant whose axis is differentiated into stem and 

root ; — opp. to thallophyte. phyt'ic (-fit'Ik), a. 

Cor'mo-rant (kor'mo-rant), n. [OF.] 1. Any of a genus 
(Phalacrocorax) of dark-colored voracious 

totipalmate sea birds having under the 

beak a sac in which they hold captured 

fish. 2. A greedy or gluttonous person. 
— a. Ravenous ; voracious. 
cor'mus (-miis), n. [NL., 

fr. Gr. Kopfios tree trunk.] 

1 Bot. a = corm. b The 

plant body in the higher 

plants, exhibiting segmen- 
tation into stem and leaf 

units; — opp. to thallus. 

2. Zo'ol. The entire body, 

colony, or polypary of a* 11 

compound animal. 
corn (k6rn), n. [AS.] 1. A 

grain, as of powder. Now 




Cormorant. 



F 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



CORN 



228 



CORONAL 



Chiefly Dial. 2. A small, hard seed, esp. of a cereal grass, 
as wheat, rye, etc. 3. Collectively, the seeds of any cereal 
grass used for food ; grain ; in the United States, usually, 
specif., Indian corn; maize. 4. Any plant that produces 
corn. — v. t. 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains ; 
now, to salt slightly, as in brine ; as, to corn beef. 2. To 
granulate, as gunpowder. 3. To feed with (in the U. S.) 
Indian corn or (in Scotland) oats. 

corn (korn), n. [L. cornu horn.] 1. A horny induration and 
thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toes, 
due to friction or pressure. 2. Veter. An affection, or 
affected part, of the fore hoofs of horses, due to bruises. 

COr-na'ceous (kor-na/shws), a. [L. cornus cornel, fr. cor- 
nu horn.] Belonging to a family (Cornacece) of trees, 
shrubs, or herbs, the dogwood family, including as the 
most important members the cornels and sour gums. 

corn'cob' (korn'kobO, n. The chaffy axis on which the ker- 
nels of Indian corn, or maize, are arranged. U. S. 

Corncockle. An annual hairy weed (Agrostemma 
githago) of the pink family, having bright red flowers. It 
is common in grainfields. 

corn crake. A common European short-billed rail (Crex 
crex) which frequents grainfields. 

corn'dodg'er (kornMoj'er), n. A cake made of the meal of 
Indian corn, baked hard under embers. U. S. 

cor'ne-a (kor'ne-d), n. [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, 
cornu a horn.] Anat. The transparent part of the coat of 
the eyeball covering iris and pupil. — cor'ne-al (-al), a. 

COr'nel (-nel), n. [OF. cornille, fr. LL. cornolium cornel 
tree, L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, from its hard wood.] Any of 
a genus (Cornus) of shrubs and small trees, rarely herbs, 
typifying a family (C ornaceas) ja.nd including the dogwoods. 

cor-nel'ian (kor-nel'ydn), n. [F. cornaline, OF. corne- 
line.] Min. A variety of chalcedony. = carnelian. 

COr'ne-OUS (k8r'ne-iis), a. [L. corneus.'] Horny. 

CQr'ner (-ner), n. [OF. cornier e, cornier, fr. LL. fr. L. 
cornu horn, end, point.] 1. The point or place where 
two converging lines, sides, or edges meet ; angle. 2. A posi- 
tion from which retreat is impossible ; as, to get a person in 
a corner. 3. A secluded place ; a nook. 4. An edge or ex- 
tremity ; hence, any quarter or part ; as, the four corners of 
the earth. 5. A piece designed for a corner, as a protecting 
cap for the corner of a book ; also, a design for a corner or- 
nament. 6. Com. The state of things produced by persons 
who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or 
property, and thus compel those who need such stock or 
property to buy of them at their own price. 
Syn. Corner, angle. Corner commonly applies to the 
space included, or the projection formed, by the converg- 
ing sides of a material structure. Angle has usually the 
more technical sense of the space included between, or the 
degree of inclination of, two converging lines or planes. 

— v. t. 1. To provide with corners. 2. To put or set in a cor- 
ner. 3. To drive into a corner (in sense 2). 4. Com. To bring 
about a corner in. — v. i. To form, have, or come to, a cor- 
ner or angle. U. S. 

corner stone. 1. A stone in a corner, esp. such a stone at 
the foundation of a principal angle, laid at the formal 
inauguration of the erection of a building. 2. Hence : 
Something of fundamental importance. 

cor'ner-wise' (-wIzO, adv. So as to form a corner; also, 
from corner to corner ; diagonally. 

cor'net (kor'net jkor-net'),™. [From F.,fr.LL.,fr.L. cornu 
horn.] 1. Music. = cornet-a-pistons. 2. A hollow cone 
formed of a sheet of paper rolled up, as to hold candy, etc. 
3. The white headdress of Sisters of Charity. 4. Mil. 
Formerly, a commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, 
who carried the standard. 5. Naut. A pennant or flag (in 
the U. S. navy only the latter) used in signaling. 

cor'net-a-pis'tons (kCr'net-d-pis'tons ; F. kor'ne'a-pes'- 
toNO.n.; pi. cor- 

NETS-A-PISTONS 

(kor'nets-; F. 
kor'ne'za-). [F.] 
Music. A treble 
brass wind instru- 
ment, 1 i k e t h e 
trumpet, haying a 
cupped mouth- 
piece and valves^ Cornet-a-pistons, 
moved by small pistons or sliding rods ; a cornet. 

cor'net-cy (kor'net-si), n. Commission or rank of a cornet. 

COr'net-ist, cor-net'tist, n. A player on the cornet. 

corn'field' (kom'fekF), n. A field in which corn is grown. 

corn'flow'er (-flou'er), n. Corn cockle ; also, the bluebottle. 

COr'nice (kor'nis), n. [F. corniche, It. cornice.] l.Arch. 
A horizontal member (typically molded and projecting) 
which crowns a composition, as a facade (see column, 
Illust.) ; hence, the top course of the wall when treated as 
acrowning member. By extension, a similar member in a 
piece of furniture, as a cabinet or bookcase. 2. In uphol- 
stery, etc., a decorative band to conceal curtain hooks or 




rings, support picture hooks, etc. — v. t. ; -niced (-nist) ; 
-nic-ing (-nis-ing). To crown with or as with a cornice. 

Cpr-nic'U-late (kor-mk'u-lat), a. [L. corniculatus.] Hav- 
ing horns or small hornlike processes. 

Cor-nif'er-OUS (-nif'er-&s), a. [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] 
Geol. Pert, to or designating an epoch, or a formation 
(called also Onondaga limestone), of the Middle Devo- 
nian ; — from the hornlike nodules of chert contained in 
its limestone. 

Cor'nish (kSr'msh), a. Of or pert, to Cornwall in England, 
Cornishmen, or Cornish. — n. The Celtic dialect which 
survived in Cornwall until the 18th century. [wall.l 

Cor'nish-man (-man), n. A native or inhabitant of Corn- 
corn lily. See rxiA. 

corn mayweed, a The field camomile ( Anthemis arven- 
sis). b The scentless camomile (Matricaria inodora). 

corn meal. Meal made of corn ; specif. : in Scotland, 
oatmeal ; in U. S., Indian meal. 

corn pith. The central portion of the stalk of Indian corn, 
used for making paper, packing the hulls of war vessels, etc. 

corn pone. Corn bread, esp. when made without milk or 
eggs ; also, a loaf of it. Southern U. S. [ping corn. 

corn popper. A sievelike utensil with a lid, used in pop- 
corn rose, a The field poppy (Pa-paver rhozas) ; — callec 
also corn poppy, b The corn cockle. 

corn salad. Any of several half-succulent herbs (genus 
Valerianella) sometimes used for salad. 

corn'stalk' (korn'stok'), n. A stalk of corn. 

COrn'starch/ (-starch'), n. Starch made from Indian corn, 
esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc. U. S. 

COr'nu (kor'nu), n.; pi. cornua (-nu-d). [L.] A horn, or 
anything shaped like or resembling a horn. 

COr'nu-CO'pi-a (-nu-ko'pi-d), n. [L. cornu copiae horn of 
plenty.] 1. The horn of Amalthasa, or horn of plenty, an em- 
blem of abundance. 2. An abundance. 3. A hollow cone. 

cor'nus (kor'nus), n. [L., fr. cornu horn.] A cornel. 

cor-nute' (kor-nut'), v. t. To bestow horns upon ; esp., to 
cuckold. Archaic. 

cor-nut'ed (-nut'ed), p. a. [L. cornutus horned, fr. cornu 
horn.] 1. Horned ;_ horn-shaped. 2. Cuckolded. Rare. 

COr-nu'tO (kor-nu'to), n. [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.] A 
man that wears the horns ; a cuckold. 06s. or Archaic. 

corn'y (kor'ni), a. 1. Of or pert, to corn. 2. Producing, or 
abounding in, com or grain ; having grains of com. 

corn'y, a. Pertaining to or having corns on the feet. 

cor'0-dy (kor'o-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [LL. corrodium, 
corredium, conredium, furniture, provision.] Old Law. 
An allowance of provisions for maintenance, as of meat, 
drink, or clothing ; also, the hereditary right to this. 

C0-rol'la(k6-rol , d), n. [L.,dim. of corona crown.] Bot. The 
petals of a_ flower collectively; the inner, usually bright- 
colored perianth, or floral envelope immediately surround- 
ing the sporophylls. 

CQr'ol-la-ry (kor'o-la-n or, esp. Brit., ko-roFd-rT), n.; pi. 
-RIES (-riz). [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. 
See corolla.] 1. A deduction, consequence, or addi- 
tional inference, from a proved proposition. 2. Some- 
thing that naturally follows ; a result. 

cor'ol-late (kor'o-lat) \a. Bot. Having a corolla; like a 

cor'ol-lat'ed (-lat / ed;24)j corolla. 

CO-ro'na (ko-ro'nd), n.; pi. L. -nm (-ne), E. -nas (-ndz). 
[L., crown.] 1. A crown. 
2. Meteor. A circle some- 
times seen around a lumi- 
nous body, as the sun or 
moon. It is due to diffrac- 
tion by suspended particles 
of ice or of moisture. 3. 
Astron. A luminous enve- 
lope around the sun, seen 
only during a total eclipse. 

4. Arch. The projecting 
part of a classic cornice. 

5. The top or crown, as of 
a tooth or of a skull; also, 
Bot., an appendage at the Corona. Astron. 
top, as the pappus of the dandelion. 

Co-ro'na Aus-tra'lis (os-tra'lis) ; gen. Corona Austra- 
lis (ko-ro'ne) [L., southern crown] , Astron., a southern 
constellation, adjoining Sagittarius on the south ; the 
Southern Crown. — C. Bo're-a'lis (bo're-a'lis ; 57) ; gen. 
CoRONiE Borealis (ko-ro'ne) [L., northern crown], As- 
tron., a northern constellation between Hercules and Bo- 
otes ; the Northern Crown. 

COr'o-nach (kor'6-naK), n. [Gael, coranach; comh with -J- 
ranaich a roaring.] A dirge. Scot. & Irish. 

COr'o-nal (kor'6-nal ; ko-ro'nal), a. 1. Of or pert, to a co- 
rona, as the sun's corona, a king's crown, etc. 2. Anat. Ly- 
ing in the direction of the coronal suture. 
coronal suture, Anat., a suture extending across the skull 
between the parietal and frontal bones. 

— (kor'6-nal), n. A circlet for the head ; crown ; coronet. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, ikxn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verqure (87) ; 



CORONARY 



229 



CORRELATE 



cor'o-na-ry (kor'6-na-rl), a. 1. Of or pert, to a crown. 

2. Anat. Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet. 

coronary cushion, in the horse and allied animals, the 

band of tissue which secretes the horny wall of the hoof. 
cor/o-nate (-nat), v. t. [L. coronare to crown, fr. corona. 

See crown.] To crown. 
COr / o-na / tion (-na'shim), n. Act or solemnity of crowning; 

also, the crowning part or feature of something. 
COr'0-ner (kor'6-ner), n. [OF. cor one crown, L. corona.'] 

A public officer whose chief duty is to inquire, by an 

inquest held before a jury, into the cause of any death 

supposedly not due to natural causes. 
COr'0-net (-net), n. [OF. coronete, dim. of corone crown.] 

1. A crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than 
12 3 4. 




5 6? 

English Coronets : 1 Prince of Wales ; 2 Younger Son and 
Brother of the Blood Royal ; 3 Nephew, etc., of the Blood 
Royal ; 4 Duke ; 5 Marquis ; 6 Earl ; 7 Viscount ; 8 Baron. 

sovereignty. 2. An ornamental fillet or wreath worn 

round the temples, esp. as part of a woman's headdress. 

3. The part of a horse's pastern where skin and horn adjoin. 

CO-ro'ni-f orm (ko-ro'ni-f orm ; ko-ron'i-), a. [L. corona 

crown + -form.'] Crown-shaped. 
CO-ro'ni-um (ko-ro'ni-iim), n. [NL. ; corona + -ium.j 
A gaseous and probably nonterrestrial substance forming 
the chief constituent of the solar corona. 
COr'po-ral (kor'po-rdl), n. [F. cap oral, formerly also corpo- 
ral, fr. It., fr. capo head, chief, L. caput.] l.Mil. Thelowest 
noncommissioned officer. See army. 2. Nav. An assistant 
to the master-at-arms, — now called master-at-arms, 1st, 
2d, or 3d class. 
eor/po-ral, a. [F. corporel, L. corporalis, fr. corpus body.] 
1. Bodily ; personal. 2. Corporeal. Obs. — Syn. See bodily. 
— cor/po-ral-ly, adv. 

COr'po-ral, n. Also cor'po-ra'le (-rale). [LL. corporale.] 
Eccl. A linen cloth used in the Eucharist ; communion cloth. 
cor'po-ral'i-ty (-ral'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or qual- 
ity of being a body or having a body ; corporeality. 
corporal's guard. A detachment such as would be in 
charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc. ; hence, derisively, 
a very small number of persons. 
COr'po-rate (kor'po-rat), a. [L. corporatus, p. p. of corpo- 
rare to shape into a body, corpus body.] 1. Combined into 
one body ; united. 2. Law. Incorporated ; as, a corporate 
town. 3. Belonging to a corporation, or incorporated body ; 
as, corporate property. 4. Pert, to or having a body ; cor- 
poreal. Archaic. [regards, the body.] 
cor'po-rate-ly, adv. 1. In a corporate capacity. 2. In, or as| 
COr'po-ra'tion (-ra'shan), n. 1. Law. Any body consisting 
of one or more individuals treated by the law as a unit ; esp., 
such a body consisting of persons and endowed by law with 
the right to perpetual succession and to act as a single per- 
son; as, a municipal corporation, business corporation, 
etc. The rights and liabilities of a corporation are distinct 
from those of the individuals composing it. 2. The abdo- 
men, or belly, esp. when protuberant. Colloq. & Vulgar. 
COr'po-ra-tive (kor'po-ra-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a corporation. 
cor'po-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. A member of a corporation. 
cor-po're-al (kor-po're-51 ; 57), a. [L. corporeus, fr. corpus 
body.] 1. Of the nature of, consisting of, or pert, to, matter 
or a material body ; physical. 2. Corporal. Obs. or R. — 
Syn. See bodily. — cor-po're-al-ly, adv. — al-ness, n. 
CO-r-po're-al'i-ty (-al'T-tT), n. Corporeal state or quality. 
cor'po-re'i-ty (kSr'po-re'i-ti), n. State or quality of having 

a body or being a body. 

COr'po-sant (k6r'po-zant), n. [It. or Pg. corpo santo holy 

body, or L. corpus sancti body of a saint.] St. Elmo's fire. 

Corps (kor ; pi., korz ; 57), n. sing. & pi. [F., fr. L. corpus 

body.] 1. {pron. kors; later korps). A corpse. 06s. 2. A 

body of men organized or under common direction ; esp., an 

organized military division ; as, the Marine Corps. An army 

corps is a main body containing two or more divisions of a 

large army, organized as a complete army, and comprising 

all arms. 

Corpse (korps ; rarely kors), n. [ME. cors, corps, body, 

OF. cors, later corps, fr. L. corpus body.] The dead body 

of a human being. — Syn. See body. 



cor'pu-lence (kor'pu-lens), -len-cy (-len-sl), n. Bodily 
bulk ; esp., excessive fatness ; fleshiness ; obesity. 

Cor'pu-lent (kor'pti-lent), a. [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus 
body.] Bulky ; very fat ; obese. — Syn. See stout. 

cor'pus (kor'pus), n. ; pi. corpora (-po-rd). [L.] 1. The 
body of a man or an animal, esp. when dead. Now Humor- 
ous. 2. A body or collection of writings or the like. 3. The 
main body ; esp., the principal of a fund, estate, etc. 
cor'pus cal-lo'sum (kd-lo'sum) ; pi. corpora callosa 
(-sd) [NL., callous body], Anat., the great band of 
commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheres in 
man and the higher mammals. — C. Chris'ti (krls'tl ; -ti) 
[L., body of Christ], R. C. Ch., a festival in honor of the 
Eucharist, observed on the first Thursday after Trinity 
Sunday. — C. Ju'ris Ca-no'ni-ci (kd-non'i-sl), the body 
of canon law. It was orig. compiled by Gratian, a monk 
of Bologna, and there were later included in it various 
compilations. — C. Ju'ris Ci-vi'lis (si-vl'lis), the body 
or the Civil or Roman Law, made up of the Code or Co- 
dex, Pandects or Digest, Institutes, and Novels, compiled 
and promulgated under Justinian's authority, A. D. 528-534. 
Cf. civil law. — c. stri-a'tum (stri-a'tum) ; pi. corpo- 
ra strla.ta (-td) [NL., striate body], Anat., either of a 
pair of large ganglia of the brain situated beneath and ex- 
ternal to the anterior cornua of the lateral ventricles and 
forming part of their floor. 

cor'pus-cle (kor'pus-'l), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of cor- 
pus body.] 1. A minute particle ; specif., an electron. 2. 
Anat. A protoplasmic cell, as those floating free in the 
blood, lymph, or pus. — ccr-pus'cu-lar (kor-pus'ku-ldr), a. 

cor-pus'cule (kor-pus'kul), n. A corpuscle. 

cor-rade' (ko-rad r ), v. t. & i. [L. corradere, -rasum, to 
scrape together ; cor- + radere to rub.J Geol. To erode. 

COr-ral' (ko-raF ; Sp. ko-raF), n. [Sp., fr. corro ring, L. 
currere to run.] An inclosure for confining or capturing 
animals, as cattle ; also, one for defense and security. 

— (ko-raF), v. t.; -ralled' (-raid 7 ) ; -ral'ling. 1. To con- 
fine in or as in a corral. 2. To form (wagons) into a corral. 
3. Hence : To get and keep ; capture. Colloq., U. S. 

cor-ra'sion (ko-ru'zhun), n. [See corrade.] Geol. The 
detachment and removal of rock material by running water 
or by glaciers, waves, or wind. 

cor-rect' (ko-rekt'), a. [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to 
make straight, correct ; cor- + regere to lead straight.] 

1. Conforming to a just, acknowledged, or conventional 
standard, as of manners or morals, of artistic style, of 
taste, etc. 2. Conforming to fact or truth ; as, a correct 
copy ; of reasoning, according with logical principles. 
Syn. Accurate, exact, precise, nice, right, proper, true, 
faultless, perfect, strict, definite, rigorous, scrupulous, par- 
ticular, punctilious, prim. — Correct, accurate, exact, 
precise, nice imply conformity to standard, fact, or 
truth. Correct denotes scarcely more than freedom from 
fault or error as judged by some (usually) conventional or 
acknowledged standard ; as, correct dress, style, deport- 
ment. Accurate implies, more positively, conformity to 
fact or truth attained by the exercise of care ; as, an accu- 
rate investigation, statement, observer. Exact emphasizes 
the strictness or rigor of the agreement, which neither ex- 
ceeds nor falls short of the fact or standard ; as an exact 
likeness ; his exact words. Precise stresses rather sharpness 
of definition, or such scrupulous exactness as often verge3 
on excess ; as, he says precisely what he means. Nice im- 
plies still greater, occasionally excessive, fineness of obser- 
vation or discrimination ; as, the distinction, though nice, 
is of importance. 

— v. t. 1. To make or set right ; bring to the standard, as of 
truth or propriety ; remove the faults of ; amend. 2. To re- 
prove or punish for faults ; chastise. 3. To counteract by op- 
posite qualities or tendencies ; neutralize. 4. Physics, etc 
To alter or adjust so as to bring to some standard or re- 
quired condition. 

Syn. Mend, emend, reform, better, improve, rectify. — 
correct, rectify. Correct is to bring into conformity with 
some standard or rule ; rectify, to set right, make good, or 
remedy, with special reference to a mistake or defect or its 
results ; as, to correct proof ; to rectify an error in an account. 
Cor-rec'tion (-rek'shwn), n. 1. Act of correcting; as: a 
Amendment ; rectification, b Rebuke ; punishment ; disci- 
pline ; chastisement. C Neutralization of noxious qualities. 

2. That which is substituted for something wrong ; an 
emendation. 3. A quantity applied by way of correcting, as 
for inaccuracy in an instrument ; as, azimuth correction. 

cor-rec'tion-al (-dl), a. Pert, to correction ; reformatory. 
cor-rec'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to rectify or amend. — n. A 

corrective agent ; something that corrects. 
cor-rect'ly, adv. In a correct manner. 
cor-rect'ness, n. State or quality of being correct. — Syn. 

Accuracy, exactness, precision, propriety. 
cor-rec'tor (-rek'ter), n. One who, or that which, corrects. 
cor're-late' (kor'e-lat' ; kor'e-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed; 

-laVed) ; -lat'ing. \_cor- + relate.] To have correlation. — 

v. t. To connect by disclosure of a mutual relation. 
cor're-late (kor'e-lat ), n. Either of two related things, esp. 

such that one directly implies the other. 



H 









K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



CORRELATION 



230 



CORYDON 



COr're-la'tlon (kor'e-la'shun), n. A mutual or reciprocal 
relation, as of part to part or of a part to a whole ; also, 
act of bringing into or determining such relation. 

eor-rel'a-tive (ko-rel'd-tiv), a. 1. Having, indicating, or 
involving a reciprocal relation ; mutually related. 2. Gram. 
Having a mutual relation ; corresponding and regularly 
used together ; as, "either" and "or" are correlative con- 
junctions. — Syn. See reciprocal. — n. 1. That which 
stands in a reciprocal relation to something else. 2. Specif. : 
a Gram. Either of two correlative words or expressions, b 
Physics, etc. A correlative force, c Biol. A correlated char- 
acteristic structure, etc. — cor-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. 

COr-rep'tion (ko-rep'shun), n. [L. correptio, fr. corripere 
to chide, to shorten.] A shortening in pronunciation ; in 
Class. Pros., the shortening of a syllable to less than its 
normal time. 

cor're-spond' (koVe-spond.'), v. i. \_cor- + respond.'] 1. To 
answer in character, function, amount, etc. ; to suit, agree, 
or match ; — used with with or to. 2. To have intercourse, 
esp. by letters ; — used with with. — Syn. Comport, ac- 
cord, harmonize. 

cor're-spond'ence (-spon'dens), n. 1. Act or state of corre- 
sponding ; mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement. 2. 
Intercourse by letters ; also, the letters. 

cor're-spond'en-cy (-den-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Corre- 
spondence (now only in sense 1). 

cor're-spond^ent (-dent), a. Answering (to something) in 
fitness, quality, size, function, etc. ; corresponding. — n. 

1. Something that corresponds ; a correlative. 2. One with 
whom intercourse is carried on by letters. 3. A person who 
contributes news regularly to a periodical. 4. Com. One 
who has regular commercial relations with another, esp. 
with a business house at a distance. 

cor're-spond'ing (-spon'ding), p. a. 1. Correspondent. 

2. Communicating by letters. — cor're-spond'ing-ly, adv. 
COr're-spon'sive (-spon'sTv), a. Mutually responsive. 
cor'ri-dor (kor'I-dor ; -dor ; 57), n. [F., fr. It. or Sp. ; prop., 

a runner, hence, a long line, gallery, fr. L. currere to run.] 
A gallery or passageway connecting several apartments. 

cor'ri-gen'dum (-jen'dum), n.; pi. -genda (-dd). [L.] (A 
fault or error to be corrected. 

cor'ri-gi-ble (kor'i-jl-b']), a. [From LL., fr. L. corrigere to 
correct.] Capable of, or submissive to, correction. — cor/- 
ri-gi-bil'i-ty (-jT-bTl'i-ti), n. — cor'ri-gi-bly (-blT), adv. 

COr-ri'val (ko-rl'val), n. & a. [L. corrivalis.'] Rival. 

COr-rob'O-rant (-rob'6-rant), a. Corroborating; of medi- 
cines, invigorating ; tonic. — n. Anything that is corrobo- 
rant ; specif. , a tonic. 

cor-rob'o-rate (-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed); -rat'ing. 
[L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate ; cor- 
+ roborare to strengthen, robur strength.] To make more 
certain ; confirm ; establish. — Syn. See confirm. 

COr-rob'o-ra'tion (-ra'shwn), n. Act of corroborating ; also, 
that which corroborates. [tending to corroborate.! 

cor-rob'o-ra-tive (-rd-tfv; -ra-tiv), a. Corroborating or| 

COr-rob'O-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. One who corroborates. 

cor-rob'o-ra-to-ry (-rd-tfi-ri), a. Tending to corroborate ; 
corroborative. 

cor-rob'o-ree' (ko-rob'S-re'), n. [Native name.] 1. A noc- 
turnal festivity of the Australian aborigines, with dances, 
etc. 2. A festivity or social gathering, esp. one of a noisy 
character ; tumult ; uproar. Australia. 

cor-rode' (ko-rod'), v. t. ; -rod'ed (-rod'ed) ; -rod'ing. [L. 
corrodere, -rosum; cor — |- rodere to gnaw.] 1. To eat 
away by degrees, as if by gnawing ; diminish gradually by 
chemical action or the like; — now disting. from erode. 
2. To consume ; wear away. — Syn. Canker, rust, waste. 

— cor-rod'i-ble (ko-rod'i-b'l), a. 

Cor-ro'sion ( -ro'zhun ), n. 1. Act, process, or effect of cor- 
roding. 2. A product of corroding. 

cor-ro'sive (-sYv), a. 1. Corroding, as an acid. 2. Having 
the quality of fretting or vexing. — n. That which corrodes. 

— cor-ro'sive-ly, adv. — sive-ness. n. 
corrosive sublimate. See bichloride. 

cor'ru-gate (kor'o6-gat), a. [L. corrugatus, p. p. of cor- 
rugare; cor- + rugare to wrinkle.] Wrinkled; furrowed. 

— (-gat), v. t. & i. ; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. To form or 
shape in wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves ; 
wrinkle ; furrow. 

cor'ru-ga'tion (-ga'shftn), n. Act of corrugating; also, a 
wrinkle or groove of a corrugated surface. 

COr-rupt' (ko-rupt'), a. [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere 
to corrupt ; cor- -f- rumpere to break.] 1. Changed from a 
sound to a putrid state ; tainted. 2. Changed from a state 
of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a bad state. 
Syn. Adulterated, spoiled, polluted, contaminated, vicious, 
debased, depraved, perverted, vitiated, unsound. — Cor- 
rupt, vitiated, depraved, perverted. Corrupt implies 
a loss of original soundness, integrity, or purity ; vitiated, 
that an object is faulty, defective, or invalid ; depraved, 
marked or unnatural deterioration ; perverted, a turning 
from the proper course. 



— v. t . 1. To make putrid or putrescent ; putrefy ; taint. 2. 
To change from good to bad ; vitiate ; debase. 3. To draw 
aside from rectitude and duty ; pervert. 4. To falsifv, as a 
text. 5. To spoil ; consume ; as, "where moth and rust doth 
corrupt." — v. i. To become putrid, or vitiated or debased. 
cor-rupt'er, n. One who, or that which, corrupts. 
cor-rupt'i-ble (-rup'ti-b'l), a. Capable of being corrupted; 
subject to decay or vitiation. — COr-rupt'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'I- 
ti), n. — cor-rupt'i-bly (-blT). adv. 
cor-rup'tion (-shun), n. Act of corrupting ; state of being 
• corrupt ; as : a Decay, b Putrid matter, c Loss of purity or 
integrity ; depravity. — Syn. Putrescence, pollution, de- 
filement, contamination, adulteration, taint. 
corruption of blood, Law, the taint or impurity of blood 
of a person which at common law was held to result from 
attainder of treason or felony, so that the attainted per- 
son's estate escheated at once, and he was disabled from 
retaining^ or transmitting any estate, rank, or title. 

cor-rup'tion-ist, n. One whose practices are corrupt or 
whose influence is corrupting, esp. in politics. 

cor-rup'tive (-tiv), a. Corrupting, tainting, or vitiating. 

cor-rupt'ly, adv. In a corrupt manner. 

cor-rupt'ness, n. State or quality of being corrupt. 

cordage (kSr/saj ; F. kor'sazh'), n. [F. See corset.] The 
waist or bodice of a woman's dress. 

cor'sair (kor'sar), n. [ F. corsaire, fr. LL. cursarius, 
corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course.] A privateer, 
esp. of the Barbary Turks or Saracens. In Europe generally 
a corsair was regarded as a pirate ; hence, a pirate. 

corse (kors), n. [OF. cors. See corpse.] Corpse. A rchaic. 

corse'let, cors'let (kors'let), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors body. 
See corpse.] Armor for the body. 

COr'set (kor'set ; 24), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors body.] 1. In 
the Middle Ages, a kind of outer garment with laced waist 
or bodice. 2. A woman's inner laced bodice or waist used 
chiefly to shape or support the body ; stays-; — often in pi. 

— v. t. To dress in a corset. 

Cor'si-can (kor'si-kan), a. Of or pert, to Corsica or its in- 
habitants, who are typical of the Mediterranean race. — n. 
A native of Corsica ; also, the Corsican dialect of Italian. 

Hcor'tege' (kor'tezh'), n. Also COr-tege r (kor-tezh'). [F. 
cortege, fr. It. corteggio, fr. corte court.] A train of attend- 
ants ; procession. 

Cor/tes (kor'tes), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] In 
Spain, the national legislature. 

cor'tex (-teks), n. ; pi. cortices (-ti-sez). [L., bark.] 1. Bot. 
Bark. 2. Anat. The outer or superficial part of an organ, as 
a kidney ; esp., the outer layer of gray matter of the brain. 

COr'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, cortex, 
esp. the cortex of the brain or kidneys. 

cor'ti-cate (kor'ti-kat) \a. [L. corticatus."] Covered with 

cor'ti-cat'ed (-kat'ed) / bark or with a cortex. 

cor'ti-cose (-kos) \ a. [ L. corticosus. ] 1. Resembling 

COr'ti-COUS (-kws) j bark. 2. Having a cortex ; corticate. 

CO-run'dum (k6-run'dwm),7i. [From Hind., fr. Skr. kuru- 
vinda ruby.] Native alumina, or aluminium oxide, AI2O3, 
the hardest mineral except the diamond. When pure and 
transparent it constitutes the sapphire, Oriental ruby, 
Oriental amethyst, etc. 

CO-rus'cant (-rjis'kant), a. Glittering intermittently. 

cor'us-cate (kor'ws-kat; ko-riis'kat), v. i.; -cat'ed (-kat/- 
ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. coruscare to flash.] To glitter or gleam 
in flashes. — Syn. Glisten, sparkle, flash. See scintillate. 

cor'us-ca'tion (kor'us-ka'shiin), n. A coruscating ; a sud- 
den flash or play of light. 

Ilcor/vee' (kor'va'), n. [F. corvee, fr. LL. corvada, corro- 
gata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat together ; cor- -j- rogare to 
ask.] 1. Feudal Law. Unpaid labor due from a vassal to 
his lord. 2. Economics. Unpaid or but partially paid labor 
exacted from laboring classes, esp. for the construction or 
repair of highways, bridges, etc. 

cor/vet (kor'vet) In. [F. corvette, fr. L. corbita a ship 

COr-vette' (kor-vet')J of burden, corbis basket.] Naut. A 
war vessel, usually with but one tier of guns, ranking next 
below a frigate in the old sailing navies. 

CQS/vine (kor'vln ; -vm), a. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus raven.] 
Of or pertaining to the crow ; crowlike. 

Cor'vus {-vus),n.; gen. Corvi(-vi). [L., raven.] Astron. A 
constellation adjoining Virgo on the south and containing 
four bright stars which mark the corners of a quadrilateral. 

Cor'y-bant (kor'i-bant), n.; pi. L. -bantes (-ban'tez), E. 
-bants. [L. Corybas, Gr. Kopu/Jas.] Gr. Relig. One of 
the mythical attendants of Cybele, supposed to accompany 
her with wild music and dances in her wanderings by 
torchlight over the mountains ; also, one of the priests of 
Cybele, who with orgiastic processions and rites simulated 
her wild train. — Cor'y-ban'tic (-ban'tik), a. 

CO-ryd'a-lis (ko-rfd'd-lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KopvSaWts a 
crested lark, fr. icSpvs helmet. ] Any of a large genus (Cap- 
noides ) of papaveraceous herbs, with very irregular flowers. 

Cor'y-don (kor'i-don), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kopvduu.'] A rustic 
swain ; — a proper name used in poetry, etc. 



^ic, senate, care, am, account, arm, as±c, sou*; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
^;;, unite, fira, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; tben, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



CORYMB 



231 



COTILLON 



COr'ymb (kor'Ymb ; -im), n. [From L., frGr. ic6pvp0os cluster 
of flowers.] Bot. A form of inflorescence in which the out- 
ermost flowers expand first. See inflorescence, Illust. 
CO-rym'bose (ko-rim'bos ; kor'im-bos'), a. Bot. Pert, to or 

resembling a corymb ; borne in a corymb. bose-ly, adv. 

COr'y-phae'US (kor'i-fe'us), n.; pi. -rami (-1). [L., fr. Gr. 
Kopv<t>alos leader of the chorus, fr. Kopvcpi} head, top.] 
The leader of the chorus, esp. in the Greek drama. 
|] co'ry'phee' (ko're'fa'), ».; pi. -phees (E. 45zf; F. -fa'). 

[F.] A leading ballet dancer. 
CO-ry'za (ko-rl'zd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. icSpvt a catarrh.] Med. 

Nasal catarrh ; cold in the head. 
CO-se'cant (ko-se'kdnt), n. [For co. secans, an abbr. of 
NL. complementi secans.'] Trig. The secant of the com- 
plement of an arc or angle. Abbr., cosec or esc (no period). 
CO-seis'mal (ko-sis'mal)la. Pert, to or designating a line 
CO-seis'mic (ko-sls'mik) / or zone at all points of which the 
intensity of shock produced by an earthquake isthe same ; 
as, coseismal lines ; a coseismic chart. — CO-seis'mal, n. 
CO'sey (ko'zi). Var. of cozy. 

cosh'er (kosh'er), v. t. [Ir. coisir feast.] To pet ; pamper. 
CO-sig'na-tO-ry (ko-sig'nd-to-n), a. Signing jointly or in 
common. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One of the joint signers of 
a document, as a treaty. 
CO'si-ly. Var. of cozily. 

CO'sine (ko'sln), n. [For co. sinus, an abbr. of NL. com- 
plementi sinus.] Trig. The sine of the complement of an 
arc or angle. Abbr., cos (no period). 
co'si-ness (ko'zi -nes). Var. of coziness. 
COS-met'ic (koz-met'ik), a. [Gr. koctjm7tik6s skilled in 
l decorating, fr. Koapos order, ornament.] Beautifying, 
esp. the complexion or hair. — n. m Any external application 
intended to beautify the complexion or hair. 
COS'mic (koz'mik), a. 1. Of or relating to the cosmos; 
hence, expansively vast, catholic, and grandiose. 2. Harmo- 
nious ; orderly. 3. Of or pert, to cosmism. 
cosmic dust, fine particles, probably meteoric, constantly 
falling in small amount upon the earth from space. 
CQS'mi-cal (-mT-kal), a. 1. = cosmic. 2. Occurring near 
sunrise. — COS'mi-cal-ly, adv. 

cos'mism (-miz'm), n. The philosophy of cosmic evolution, 

esp. as interpreted by John Fiske, 1842-1901.— COS'mist.n. 

cos-mog'o-nal (koz-mog'o-ndl), cos'mo-gon'ic (koz'mo- 

gon'ik), a. Of or pertaining to cosmogony. 
COS-mog'o-ny (koz-mog'6-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [Gr. 
noopoyovla ; Kocrpos world -f- root of yiyveaOai to be born.] 
The creation or origination of the world or universe, or a 
theory regarding this. — COS-mog'O-nist (-nist), n. 
COS-mog'ra-pher (-rd-fer),rj.. One who studies or practices 
cosmography. 

cos'mo-graph'ic (koz'mo-graf'ikHa. Of or pert, to cos- 

COS'mo-graph'i-cal (-i-kdl) J mography. 

COS-mog'ra-phy (koz-mog'rd-fT), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). [Gr. 

Kocrp.oypa<j>ia ; Kovpos world + ypa<t>eiv to write.] A general 

description of the world or of the universe, or the science 

that treats of the constitution of the whole system of worlds. 

COS'mo-log'i-cal (koz'mo-loj'i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to 

cosmology. 
cos-mcl'o-gist(koz-mol'6-jist), n. One versed in cosmology. 
COS-mol'o-gy (-mol'o-ji),n. [cosmos + -logy.] Metaphys- 
ics which treats of the character of the universe as an or- 
derly system, or cosmos. 
COS'mo-plas'tic (koz'mo-plas'tTkXa. [cosmos + -plastic] 
Pert, to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the 
world independently of God ; world-forming. 
COS / mo-pol'i-tan(-pol , i-tan),a. [See cosmopolite.] 1. Be- 
longing to all, or most of, the world ; not local. 2. At home 
in any country ; without local prejudices. — n. One who is 
cosmopolitan. — cos'mo-pol'i-tan-ism (-fz'm), n. 

COS-mop'O-lite (koz-mop'o-lit), n. [Gr. Koo-poTroXirijs ,' koct- 
fxos world + iroXirrjs citizen, iroXis city.] 1. A cosmo- 
politan person. 2. A plant or animal found in most parts of 
the world. — COS-mop'o-li-tism (-lT-tiz'm), n. 

COS'mo-ra'ma (koz'mo-r'a'md), n. [Gr. Kocrpos world -\-8pa- 
p.a. sight.] An exhibition of views of various parts of the 
world. — COS'mo-ram'ic (-ram'ik), a. 

cos'mos (koz'mos),n. [NL., fr. Gr. noapos order, harmony, 
the world.] 1. The universe conceived as an orderly and har- 
monious system ; — contrasted with chaos. 2. Any harmo- 
nious and complex system complete in itself. 3. Order; 
harmony. 4. Any of a genus (Cosmos) of asteraceous 
plants, usually with very showy flowers, natives of tropical 
and subtropical America. 
COSS. Var. of KOS. 

Cos'sack (kos'dk), n. [Russ. kozak, kazak.] One of a 

warlike, pastoral people of Russia, skillful as horsemen, 

often employed in the Russian cavalry and field artillery. 

Cossack post. Mil. An outpost of four men, forming one 

of a single line of posts substituted for the more formal 

sentinels and pickets. [treat as a pet ; pamper. I 

COS'set (-et ; 24), n. A pet lamb ; hence, a pet.— v. t. To| 

COSt (kost ; 62), v. i. ; pret. & p. p. cost ; p. pr. & vb. n. 



cost'ing. [OF. coster, fr. L. constare to stand at, cost ; 
con-+stare to stand.] 1. To require to be given, expended, 
or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, etc. ; to be in 
price. 2. To require or cause to be borne or suffered. 3. To 
estimate the cost of production of an article. Brit. 
[E#*The intransitive nature of cost is shown by the fact 
that it cannot be used in the passive with either the price 
or the indirect object as subject; thus, "this cost you a 
dollar" cannot be changed into "a dollar was cost you by 
this" nor into "you were cost a dollar by this." 

— n. l.The amount or equivalent paid, given, or charged, or 
engaged to be paid or given, for anything ; also, that which 
is sacrificed to get anything. 2. Loss of any kind ; detriment. 
3. Outlay, as of money, time, labor, etc. 4. In pi. Law. In a 
general sense, expenses incurred in litigation ; as : a Those 
payable to the attorney or counsel by his client, esp. when 
fixed by law ; — commonly called fees, b Those given by the 
law or the court to the prevailing party against the losing 
party. — Syn. See price. 

COS'ta (kos'td), n.; pi. cost.e (-te). [L.] Anat. A rib or 
a part likened to a rib. — COS'tal (-tal), a. 

cos'tard (-tdrd), n. 1. A large English variety of apple. 

2. The head. Contemptuous or Humorous. 
COS'tate (-tat), a. [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.] Ribbed. 
COS'ter-mon'ger (-ter-murj'ger), n. [costard + monger.] 

Apple seller ; hawker of fruit or vegetables. Chiefly Eng. 
COS'tive(-t!v),a. [OF. costeve, p. p., fr. L. constipare. See 

constipate.] Retaininghardenedfecalmatterinthe bowels ; 

constipated ; also, causing constipation. tive-ness, n. 

COSt'ly (kost'li ; 62), o.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Of great 

cost ; expensive. 2. Gorgeous ; sumptuous ; rich. Poetic. 

3. Extravagant. Archaic. — COSt'li-ness, n. 
Syn, High-priced, expensive, dear ; splendid. — Costly, 
expensive, dear. Costly applies to that which costs much ; 
it usually implies sumptuousness, rarity, or the like ; as, 
cosily apparel. Expensive applies to that which is high- 
priced, esp. beyond the thing's value or the buyer's means ; 
as, expensive habits ; an expensive luxury. Dear (as opposed 
to cheap) commonly suggests exorbitance of price. 

COSt'ma-ry (kost'ma-n ; 3), n. [L. costum an Oriental aro- 
matic plant + Maria Mary.] An asteraceous garden plant 
(Chrysanthemum balsamita) closely allied to tansy. 

COS'trel (kos'trel), n. [OF. coster el, LL. coster ellum a 
liquid measure.] A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, 
with ears for suspending it at one's waist ; pilgrim's bottle. 

COS'tume (kos'tum; kos-tum'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. consuetu- 
do custom.] 1. Manner or kind of dress, arms, furniture, 
etc., of a place, period, class, etc., esp. as represented in art. 
2. Dress in general, including ornaments and the style of 
wearing the hair. 3. A character dress of a particular 
period or locality, worn in the drama, at fancy balls, etc. 

4. A suit or dress of outer garments, esp. for a woman. 
COS-tume' (kos-tumO, v. t.; -tumed' (-tumd') ; -tum'ing 

(-tum'ing). To provide with, or to put on, a costume. 
COS-tum/er (kos-tum'er ; kos'tum-er), n. One who makes, 

or deals in, costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc. 
COS-tum'i-er (kos-tum'i-er), n. [F.] A costumer. 
CO'sy (ko'zi). Var. of cozy. 

Cot (kot),n. [AS. cot, cote, cottage.] l.A small house ; cot- 
tage. 2. A cover or sheath ; as, a cot for a sore finger. 
COt, n. [Hind, khdt bedstead, bier.] A portable or small 

bed, as of canvas stretched on a frame. 
CO-tan'gent (ko-tan'jent), n. [For co. tangens, abbr. of 
NL. complementi tangens.] Trig. The tangent of the com- 
plement of an arc or angle. Abbr., cot (no period). — co'- 
tan-gen'tial (ko'tan-jen'shal), a. 
cote (kot), n. [See cot a small house.] 1. A cottage or hut. 
Obs. or Hist. 2. A shed or inclosure for small domestic 
animals, as sheep or doves. 

COte, v. t. To pass bv ; outstrip. Obs. or Archaic. 
U co'teau' (ko'to'), n. ; pi. coteaux (F. -to' ; E. -toz'). [F., 
a hill.] Canada & U. S. 1. A hilly upland including the 
divide between two valleys. 2. The side of a valley. 
co-tem'po-ra'ne-ous (ko-tem'po-ra'ne-us), co-tem'po-ra- 
ry, etc. Vars. of contemporaneous, etc. 
CO-ten'ant (ko-ten'dnt), n. A tenant in common, or a joint 
tenant. — co-ten'an-cy (-dn-sl), n. — co-ten'ure (-ur), n. 
CO'te-rie (ko'te-ri ; -re ; F. ko't'-re'), n. [F.] A set or circle 
of persons who meet familiarly, as for social purposes. 
Syn. Coterie, clique, set. Coterie stresses the notion of 
selectness or of congeniality ; clique heightens the impli- 
cation of an often selfish or arrogant exclusiveness ; set is 
more colloquial ; as, we three formed a little coterie in the 
household ; the London exclusive clique ; the fast set. 
CO-ter'mi-nous (ko-tur'mi-nus), a. Conterminous. 
CO-thur'nus (ko-thur'nus), n. Also CO'thurn (ko'thQrn ; 
ko-thurn'). [L., fr. Gr. nbdopvos.] A high, thick-soled, 
laced boot, worn by ancient Greek and Roman tragic actors. 
CO-tid'al (ko-tld'dl), a. Indicating an equality in the tides, 
esp. high tides ; as: cotidal lines, lines passing through 
places that have high tide at the same time. 
CO-til'lion Hko-tll'yun; F. ko'te'yoN'), n. [F. cotillon, 
II co-til'lonj orig., petticoat, OF. cote coat.] 1. Orig., a 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals, 



M 



COTQUEAN 



232 



COUNSEL 




lively French quadrille ; also, any of various quadrilles ; m 
the United States, a series of round dances with fanciful 
evolutions ; a german. 2. Music for a cotillion. 
COt'quean (kot'kwen), n. {.cot cottage + quean woman.] 

1. A vulgar scolding woman. Archaic. 2. A man who 
busies himself with household affairs. 

Cots'WOld (kots'wold ) , n. One of a breed of large ,long-wooled 
sheep ; — so called from the Cotswold Hills, in England. 

COt'ta-bUS (kot'd-bus), n. [L., fr. Gr. kotto.Pos.'] An amuse- 
ment at ancient Greek drinking parties, consisting in throw- 
ing wine from a cup into some vessel, aiming to have it 
strike without spilling, so as to give out a ringing sound. 

COt'tage (kot'aj), n. [From cox a cottage.] A small house ; 
loosely, any of various dwelling houses, as a modest country 
or suburban dwelling, or a house of any size or cost at the 

1 seashore or other resort. m . 

COt'tag-er (-a-jer), n. One who lives in a cottage ; specif., in 
Great Britain, a rural laborer. 

COt'ter, cot'tar (-er), n. [LL. cottarius, coterius.j 1. A 
cottager ; cottier. 2. In Scotland, a peasant occupying a 
small holding. 3. An Irish cottier. 

COt'ter, n. A pin or a taper piece of wood or metal used to 
fasten together parts of a machine or structure ; a key. 

COt'ti-er (-i-er), n. [OF. cotier.] A cottag- 
er; specif., in Ireland, formerly, a tenant 
holding a small farm on a rack rent. 

COt'ton (kof'n), n. [F. coton, Sp. algoddn 
cotton, cotdn printed cotton, cloth, Ar. 
qutun, alqutun, raw cotton.] 1. A soft, 
white, fibrous substance composed of the 
hairs clothing the seeds of various malva- 
ceous plants (esp. of the genus Gossypium). 

2. The cotton plant or crop. 3. Fabric made Cotter, a Cot 
of cotton. 4. Thread spun from cotton. 5. ter, fastening 
Any downy cottonlike substance produced together parts 
by plants. bandc. 

— v. i. l.To succeed ; develop well. Obs. 2.To agree ; make 
friends ; — usually used with with. Colloq 

3. To take a liking; — used 
with to. Colloq. 

cotton batting. Cotton in 

sheets or rolls for quilting, 
upholstering, etc. [nel.I 

cotton flannel. = Cantonflan-| 

cotton gin. A machine to sepa- 
rate the seeds from cotton. 

cotton grass. Any of a genus 
(Eriophorum) of cyperaceous 
plants. Delicate capillary bris- 
tles surround the achenes and 
elongate at maturity, resem- 
bling tufts of cotton. 

COtton seed, or, usually collec- 
lively, cot'tpn-seed' (-spd / ), C otton.lFl oweri ngBranch; 
n. The seed of the cotton plant. 2 F k 3 s | (§) 
See cotton. ' 

cottonseed meal. A meal made from hulled cotton seeds 
after the oil has been expressed. [(Lepus floridanus) .1 

COt'ton-taiF (kot^'n-tal 7 ) ,n. The common American rabbit | 

COtton waste. Refuse yarn of cotton mills. 

cot'ton-weed' (kot^n-wed 7 ), n. = cudweed. 

COf ton-wood' (-wood 7 ), n. Any of various American species 
of poplar having a cottony tuft about the seeds. 

COtton wool. Raw cotton. 

COt'ton-y (-1), a. 1. Covered with hairs, like cotton; 
downy. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton ; soft, like cotton. 

COt/y-le'don (kot'i-le'dun), n. [L., navelwort, Gr. kotvXtj- 
Scov a cup-shaped hollow, KorvKrj anything hollow.] Bot. 
The first leaf, or one of the first pair or whorl of leaves, 
developed in seed plants ; — called also seed leaf. 

COt'y-le'don-al (-le'dun-al; -Yed'un-al), a. Cotyledonous. 

COt'y-le'don-ous (-us), a. Bot. Pertaining to or having a 
cotyledon or cotyledons. 

COt'y-loicl (kot'i-loid), a. £L. cotyla, cotula, cup + -oid.~\ 
Anat. & Zo'dl. a Shaped like a cup. b Pert, to a cotyloid 
cavity. — cotyloid cavity, an acetabulum. 

couch (kouch), n. [F. couche. See couch, v. £.] 1. A 
structure, as a bed or lounge, for repose or sleep. 2. Any 
place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc. 

— v. t. [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, L. collocare to 
lay, put ; col- + locare to place.] l.To lay on a bed or rest- 
ing place. 2. To deposit in a bed or layer. 3. To overlay ; 

| embroider or set (with). Obs. or R. 4.Tolower; bend down; 
depress.asa partof the body, alance, etc. 5. Toput into lan- 
guage ; express ; — with in or under. 6. To conceal ; in- 
clude or involve darkly. 7. Obs. Med. To treat (a cataract) 
by turning down the opaque lens of the eye with a needle. 

~v. i. l.To lie down or recline ; lie. 2.To lie down for con- 
cealment ; hide ; be included or involved darkly. 3. To 
crouch. 06s. 4. To lie or be situated ; as, couching close to- 
gether, [squatting.] 

COUCb/ant (kouch'ant), a. Lying down ; often, of an animal,! 






COU'chee (koo'sha ; koo'sha'), n. [F. couchie a sleeping 
place, taken for F. coucher. See couch, v. £.] A reception 
held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign. Obs. 

couch'er (kouch'er), n. One who, or that which, couches. 

couch grass. [See quitch grass.] Any of various grasses 
having creeping rhizomes by which they spread rapidly. 

COUCh'ing, vb. n. l.Act of one who couches. 2. A method of 
embroidery by which a design is wrought 
by means of threads, cords, etc., laid up- 
on the surface of a material and secured 
by fine stitches. 

COU'gar (koo'gdr), n. [F. couguar, fr. a 
native name in South America.] A large Couching. 
tawny quadruped ( Felis concolor ) of the cat family, 
found from British America to Patagonia. 

cough (kof; 
62), v. i. To 
expel air, or 
obstructing 
or irritating 
matter, from 
the lungs or 
air passages, 
in a sudden, 
noisy man- 
ner. — v. t. 
1. To expel 

by cough- c ( , } 

mg; — used BO 

with up or out. 2. To bring to a specified state by cough- 
ing ; as, he coughed himself hoarse. 

— n. 1. Act of coughing. 2. The more or less frequent repeti- 
tion of coughing, a symptom of disease ; an ailment mani- 
festing itself in involuntary coughing. — CQUgh'er, n. 

could (kood), pret. & dial. & obs. p. p. of can. [AS. cuSe. 
The I was inserted under influence of should, would."] V/as, 
should be, or would be, able ; — used as an auxiliary. 

COU'lee Hkoo'lT, F. koo'la'), n. [F. coulee, fr. couler to 

|| cou'lee'J flow.] 1. Geol. A stream or sheet of lava. 2. The 
bedof a stream when deep and having inclined sides; — 
distinguished from canon. Western North America. 

COU-lisse' (koo-les'), n. [F., fr._ couler to glide.] 1. A 
grooved piece of timber, as an upright of a sluice. 2. A side 
scene in a theater, or the space between the side scenes. 

[| couloir' (koo'lwar'), n. [F., a strainer.] 1. A deep gorge ; 
gully on a mountain side. 2. A dredging machine. 

COU-lomb' (koo-lom'), n. [After Charles A. de Coulomb, 
French physicist.] The practical unit of quantity in elec- 
trical measurements ; the quantity transferred by a current 
of one ampere in one second. 

coul'ter (kol'ter). Var. of colter. 

cou-mar'ic (koo-mar'ik ; koo'md-nk), a. [From cou- 
marin.] Org. Chem. Pert, to or designating a white crys- 
talline acid, C9H8O3, of which coumarin is the anhydride. 

COU'ma-rin (koo'md-rin), n. [F.] Chem. The concrete 
essence of the tonka bean, a white crystalline substance, 
C9H6O2, of vanillalike odor, used in flavoring. Coumarin 
occurs also in some other plants, and is made artificially. 

COU'ma-rou (-r6o), n. [F.] The tonka-bean tree ; its seeds. 

COUn'cil(koun r sil),n. [F.concz7e,fr.L. concilium ; con- -f- 
calare to call.] 1. An assembly convened for consultation, 
advice, or agreement. 2. Specif. : a Eccl. An assembly of 
ecclesiastics convened to consider doctrine or discipline or 
questions between church and state, b In the New Testa- 
ment, an assembly of the authorities, esp. the Sanhedrin. 
Matt. x. 17, Mark xiv. 55, etc. 3. A body constituted as a 
more or less permanentadvisory or legislative body ; specif. : 
a A council of state, b In the British colonies, etc., a body 
assisting the governor in executive or legislative matters (or 
in both). C A legislative or administrative body of a society, 
institution, or corporation, esp. of a municipal corporation ; 
as, a city or county council. 4. Deliberation in a council 
or council chamber ; consultation ; — used after to, in, etc. 
COUn'cil-man (-man), n. A member of a council, esp. of the 
common council of a city ; a councilor. See alderman. , 
coun'ci-lor, COUn'cil-lor (-si-ler), n. A member of a coun- 
cil, as of a council advisory to a chief magistrate. 
COUn'sel (-sel),?z. [[F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. root of 
consulere to consult.] 1. Mutual advising ; deliberation 
together. 2. Exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence. 

3. Advice, esp. that given as the result of consultation. 

4. Theol. One of the advisory declarations of Christ, by 
some held not to be absolutely binding, but to have been 
given as an aid to attaining approximate moral perfection. 

5. Deliberate purpose ; design. 6. A secret opinion or pur- 
pose ; hence, a secret or confidence. Obs. 7. One who gives 
advice, esp. a lawyer who gives advice in legal matters ; a 
barrister ; collectively, the legal advocates united in con- 
ducting a case. — Syn. See advice. 

to keep one's counsel, to be reticent as to knowledge, 
opinion, or intentions. 
— v. t. ; -seled (-seld) or -selled ; -sel-ing or -sel-ling. 1« 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



COUNSELOR 



233 



COUNTERSINK 



To give advice to ; advise. 2. To recommend, as an act or 
course. — v. i. To take counsel ; deliberate. 

coun'se-lor, coun'sel-lor (-se-ler), n. 1. One who coun- 
sels ; an adviser. 2. A lawyer acting as counsel ; barrister. 

count (kount),v.£. [OF. conter, later compter, ir.L. compu- 
tare to reckon, compute ; com- + putare to reckon, settle.] 

1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, in order to find 
the whole number of units in a collection ; number. 2< To 
take into account ; include in reckoning. 3. To name the 
numerals in regular succession up to and including (a spec- 
ified numeral). 4. To ascribe; impute. Archaic. 5. To 
esteem ; consider. — v. i. 1. To count articles ; also, to 
name numerals in order. 2. To take account or note ; — 
used with of. Obs. 3. To reckon ; rely ; depend ; — with on 
or upon. 4. To be of account or value ; as, every vote counts. 

— n. 1. Act of numbering, or the number ascertained by 
counting. 2. A reckoning; accounting. 3. Regard, notice, or 
value. Archaic. 4. Law. A particular allegation or charge, 
in a declaration or indictment, separately stating the cause 
of action or prosecution. 

Count, n. [F. comte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, com- 
panion.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, corre- 
sponding in rank to an English earl or a German graf . 
count palatine, a Formerly, the proprietor (earl) of a 
county palatine. Eng. See county palatine, b In Ger- 
many, orig., a high judicial officer of the emperors ; aft- 
erward, the holder of a fief, to whom was! granted the right 
to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. 

count'a-ble (koun'td-b'l), a. Capable of being numbered. 

COUn'te-nance (-te-nans), n. [F. contenance demeanor, 
fr. L. continentia continence, LL., also, demeanor, fr. L. 
continere to hold together, repress, contain.] 1. Mien 
or conduct. Obs. 2. Look or expression of the face, esp. 
as indicative of a mental state ; as, his countenance fell. 
3. The face ; visage. 4. Bearing or facial aspect giving ap- 
proval ; hence : favor ; support ; aid. — Syn.^ See face % 

— v. t. ; -nanced (-nanst) ; -nanc'ing (-nan'sing). To give 
countenance to ; favor. — COUn'te-nanc-er (-nan-ser), n. 

COunt'er(-ter), n. [OF. contouer, fr. LL. computatorium, 
prop., computing place, L. computare. See count, v. i.] 1. 
A. device, as a piece of metal or ivory, used in reckoning. 

2. An imitation or token coin of base metal ; hence, a 
coin. 3. A kind of table, as in a shop, on which money is 
counted and over which business is transacted. 

COUnt'er, n. 1. One who counts. 2. A speed counter. 
COUn'ter (koun'ter), adv. [F. contr e, fr. L. contra against.] 

1. In the wrong way ; contrary to the 
right course. 2. Contrary ; contrariwise. 
—a. Contrary ; opposite ; opposed. — n. 
l.The opposite or contrary. 2. Naut. 
The portion of a vessel's stern from the 
water line to the extreme outward swell 
or overhang of the body. 3. The breast 
of a horse. 

coun'ter, v. t. 1. To meet. Obs. or R. 

2. To encounter, oppose, combat, or 
the like. — v. i. 1. To make a counter move, attack, or the 
like. 2. To deliver a counter (sense 2). — n. 1. Fencing. 
A kind of circular parry. 2. Act of giving a blow when 
receiving or parrying one, as in boxing; also the blow 

' given. 

COUn'ter- (koun'ter-). A prefix denoting : a In combination 

with a verb : action opposite, reciprocal, retaliatory, or 

complementary to the action of the verb. D In combination 

with nouns or adjectives : opposition, reciprocalness, etc. 
COUn'ter-act' (-akt'), v. t. To act in opposition to ; hinder, 

defeat, or neutralize by contrary agency. — Syn. See 

neutralize. — coun'ter-ac'tion (-ak'shftn), n. — coun'- 

ter-ac'tive (-ak'tlv) , a. 
COUn'ter-baFance (-bal'ans), v. t. To oppose with an equal 

weight or power ; countervail ; balance. 
COUn'ter-baFance (koun'ter-bal'ans), n. 1. A weight that 

balances another ; a counterpoise. 2. Influence or power 

which offsets another. 
COUn'ter -blast' (-blast'), n. A blast in opposition toanother ; 

specif., a vigorous controversial speech or writing. 
COUn'ter-bore' (-bor' ; 57), n. A flat-bottomed enlargement 

of the mouth of a cylindrical hole. Cf. countersink, n. 
COUn'ter-bore' (koun'ter-bor'), v. t. To form a counterbore 

in ; also, to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore. 
COUn'ter-change' (-chanj'), v. t. 1. To exchange ; change ; 

shift. 2. To checker ; diversify. 
coun'ter-charge' (-charj'), v. t. To charge in opposition, 

contradiction, or reply. 
COUn'ter-charge' (koun'ter-charj'),7i. An opposing charge. 
COUn'ter-check' (koun'ter-chek'), n. 1. A check; stop; 

rebuke. 2. A check to restrain or control a check. 
COUn'ter-check' (koun'ter-chek'), v. t. To check by counter- 
action. 
coun'ter-claim' (koun'ter-klam'), n. An opposing claim. 
COUn'ter-claim' (koun'ter-klam'), v. t. & i. Law. To pre- 




Counter, Naut. 
C Counter. 



sent or demand by way of counterclaim. — COUn'ter- 
claim'ant (-ant), n. 

coun'ter-clock'wise' (-klok'wlz'), a. Contraclockwise. 

coun'ter-cur'rent (koun'ter-kur'ent),n. A current running 
in an opposite direction. 

COUn'ter-feit (-fit), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire 
to counterfeit ; contre (L. contra) -f- faire to make, L. fa- 
cere.'] Given or assuming the appearance of something gen- 
uine or original fspurious ; as, counterfeit coins ; a counter- 
feit virtue. — Syn. Forged, fictitious, false. See artificial. 

— n. 1. That which is made in imitation of something with a 
view to deceive. 2. An impostor ; a cheat. 3. Likeness ; por- 
trait ; counterpart. Obs. or Rare. 

Syn. Counterfeit, forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used 
of imitations of coin, paper money, etc., which depend upon 
engraved designs for identity. Forgery is more properly 
applied to the fraudulent making, change, or imitation of a 
written or printed document. 

— v. t. To imitate, esp. for deceiving ; make a counterfeit of. 
— v. i. 1. To dissemble ; pretend. 2. To make counterfeits, 
esp. of money. [maker of false money. 

coun'ter-feit'er (-fTt'er), n. One who counterfeits; esp., a 

COUn'ter-foiF (koun'ter-foiF), n. [counter- + foil a leaf.] 
The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which 
are noted the main particulars of the part issued. 

COUn'ter-fort' (-fort'), n. [F. contrefort.] A kind of buttress 
to strengthen a revetment, cofferdam, etc. 

cqun'ter-glow' (-glo'), n. Astron. A faint patch of nebulous 
light near the ecliptic and opposite the sun. 

COUn'ter-ir'ri-tant (-u'l-tant), n. An irritant to produce 
irritation so as to relieve another existing irritation. 

COUn'ter- jump'er (koun'ter-jiim'per), n. A salesman in a 
shop ; a shopman ; — used contemptuously. Colloq. 

COUn'ter-mand' (koun'ter-mand' ; koun'ter-mand), v. t. 
[From F., fr. contre (L. contra) -\- mander to command 
L. mandare.~\ To revoke (a former command) ; cancel (an 
order) by a contrary order. 

coun'ter-mand (koun'ter-mand; koun'ter-mand'), n. A 
contrary order ; a revoking order or act. 

coun'ter-march' (koun'ter-march'), n. 1. A marching 
back ; retrocession. 2. Mil. An evolution by which a body 
reverses its direction. 3. Reversal of conduct or action. 

coun'ter-march' (koun'ter-march' ; koun'ter-march'), v. i. 
& t. Mil. To execute a countermarch. 

COUn'ter-rnine'(koun'ter-mln'), n. 1. Mil. An underground 
gallery excavated to intercept and destroy an enemy's mine. 
2. A stratagem for defeating a stratagem or attack. 

COUn'ter-mine' (koun'ter-mln'), v. t. & i. To oppose or 
frustrate by a countermine. [plementary wall. I 

COUn'ter-mure' (koun'ter-mur), n. Mil. A second or sup-| 

COUn'ter-mure' (koun'ter-mur'), v. t. & i. To fortify with a 
wall behind another wall. 

coun'ter-pane' (koun'ter-pan'), n. [Corrupted fr. counter- 
point a coverlet.] A coverlet for a bed. 

COUn'ter-part' (-part'), n. 1. A part or thing corresponding 
to another ; a copy ; facsimile. 2. A person closely resem- 
bling another. 3. A thing that serves to complete or com- 
plement something else. 

coun'ter-plot' (-plot'), n. A plot opposing a plot. 

COUn'ter-plot' (koun'ter-plot' ; koun'ter-plot'), v. t. & i. To 
oppose (a plot) by plotting. 

COXin'ter-point' (koun'ter-point'), n. [From OF., fr. L. cul- 
cita cushion^ mattress + puncta pricked ; — properly, a 
quilted covering.] A coverlet. Obs. or Archaic. 

COUn'ter-point', n. [F. contr epoint.'] Music, a A melody 
added to a melody as an accompaniment, b The art of 
composite melody. 

COUn'ter-poise'(-poiz'),n. 1. A counterweight. 2. An equal 
opposing power or force. 3. Equilibrium. 

— v . t. ; -poised' (-poizd') ; -pois'ing. 1. To counterbalance. 
2. To weigh (one thing) against another. 

coun'ter-ref 'or-ma'tion, n. An opposing reformation ; spe- 
cif, [cap. ; usually written Counter Reformation], the 
reformatory movement in the Roman Catholic Church 
which followed the Protestant Reformation. 

COUn'ter-SCarp' (koun'ter-skarp'), n. Fort. The exterior 
slope or wall of the ditch. 

COUn'ter-shaft' (koun'ter-shaft'), n. Mach. An interme- 
diate shaft for receiving and transmitting motion. 

COUn'ter-sign' (koun'ter-sln' ; koun'ter-sln'), v. t. To sign 
on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing) ; hence, 
to sign in addition to the signature of another, for authenti- 
cation or confirmation. 

COUn'ter-sign' (koun'ter-sTn'), n. l.The signature of a per- 
son to a writing already signed by another, as to authenticate 
it. 2. Mil. A secret signal, as a word or phrase, which must 
be given by any one wishing to pass a sentry or guard. 

COUn'ter-sig'na-ture (-sig'nd-tyr), n. The signature made 
by one who countersigns anything. 

COUn'ter-sink' (koun'ter-sirjk'), v. 1. 1. To chamfer (a hole) 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



COUNTERSTROKE 



234 



COURSE 



(a 



to receive the head of a screw, bolt, etc. 2. To cause 
screw bolt, etc.) to sink even with or below the surface. 

— n. A countersunk hole ; a tool for countersinking a hole. 
COUn'ter-Stroke' (-strok'), n. A stroke or blow in return. 
coun'ter-ten'or (-ten'er), n. Music. A high tenor. 
COUn'ter-vail' (koun'ter-val'), v. t. [From OF., fr. contre 

(L. contra) + valoir to avail, L. valere to be strong, avail.] 
To act against with equal force ; counterbalance ; compen- 
sate. — Syn. See neutralize. ' [fronting. 06s. I 

coun'ter-view' (koun'ter-vQ'), n. Act or position of con-| 

coun'ter-weigh' (koun'ter-wa'), v. t. & i. To weigh against ; 
counterbalance. 

COlin'ter- weight' (koun'ter-wat'), n. An equivalent oppos- 
ing weight ; a counterpoise. — coun'ter-weight'ed, p. a. 

coun'ter-work 7 (-wurk'), n. _ Any work done counter to 
another work, as in fortifications. 

coun'ter-work' (koun'ter-wurk'), v. t. To work in opposi- 
tion to ; counteract. — v. i. To work to the contrary. 

COUnt'ess (koun'tes), n. [F. comtesse."] The wife or widow 
of an earl (British or Irish), or of a count (on the Conti- 
nent); also, a lady having the same dignity in her own right. 

COlint'ing-hOUSe' (koun'ting-hous') \n. Place where a 

COUnt'ing-room' (koun'ting-room') J merchant, trader, or 
manufacturer keeps his books and transacts^ business. 

count'less, a. Incapable of being counted ; innumerable. 

count palatine. See under 2d count, n. 

COUn'tri-fied (kun'trl-fld), or, less properly, COUn'try- 
fied, p. a. Having a rustic look and manners ; rustic. 

COUn'try (-tri), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [F. contree, fr. LL. 
contrata, fr. L. contra on the opposite side.] 1. A region or 
tract of land of undefined extent ; a district ; as ; wild coun- 
try. 2. An inhabited region of more or less definite limits, or 
the people of a region ; as, the country of the MacGregors. 
3. The territory of a nation ; a state distinct as to name and 
people (as England or Germany). 4. Land of one's birth, al- 
legiance, or citizenship. 5. The people of a state or district ; 
the nation. 6. Rural regions, as opposed to city or town. 7. 
Law. A jury ; — so called because originally the jury was a 
body of men chosen from the country or neighborhood, a 

' jury trial being called trial by the country, and the liti- 
gants being said to put themselves upon the, or their, 
country. 

— a. 1. Pertaining or peculiar to one's own country ; native. 
2. Rural ; rustic ; as, country life. 3. Destitute of refine- 
ment ; unpolished ; not urbane ; as, country manners. 

COUn'try-dance', n. A kind of dance in which some of the 
couples dance between parallel lines formed by others. 

COUn'try-man (-man), n. 1. A man or inhabitant of a 
(given) country ; also, a compatriot. 2. A rustic ; farmer. 

coun'try-seat' (-set'), n. A country residence of some pre- 
tensions. 

coun'try-side' (-sid'), n. A country neighborhood. 

coun'try-wom'an (-woom'an), n. 1. A woman of a (given) 
country ; also, a woman of the same country. 2. A woman 
of the country, or rural districts. 

COUn'ty (koun'tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. conte, fr. LL. 
comitatus. See count.] 1. An earldom. Obs. or Hist. 2. In 
Great Britain and Ireland : a The inhabitants of a county 
(sense b). b The chief administrative territorial division. 3. 
In the United States, the largest division for local govern- 
ment in all States except Louisiana, where it is called par- 
ish. 4. = count, the title. Obs. 5. One of the larger admin- 
istrative divisions in various British colonies, as Canada, 
Jamaica, New Zealand, and Australia. 

County palatine. In England, a county of which the earl 
(count) originally had royal powers with exclusive civil and 
criminal jurisdiction. The counties palatine are now Lan- 
cashire, Cheshire, and Durham. 

county seat. In the United States, a town where the county 
business is transacted ; — in England, called county town 
or shire town. 

I) coup (koo), n. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. Ko\a<f>os a buffet.] Lit., a 
blow ; esp., a sudden or unexpected strokeor stratagem. 
coup do grace' (degr'aV), a stroke given in mercy to end 
the suffering of a victim or condemned person ; hence, a 
decisive, finishing stroke. 

COU'pe' (koo'pa'), n. [F., fr. coupe, p. p., cut.] 1. A four- 
wheeled closed carriage for two 
persons inside, with an outside 
seat for the driver. Also, an au- 
tomobile of similar character. 
2. An end compartment of a 
Continental diligence; also, a 
half compartment at the end of 
a car or carriage on British rail- 
ways. Cou P e - , 

COU-pee' (k&o-pe' ; kd&p'e), n. [F. coupe, n., properly p. p. 
of couper to cut.] A salute in dancing made by resting on 
one foot and passing the other forward or backward. 

COU'ple (kup''l), n. [F., fr. L. copula bond, band ; co- + 
apere, aptum, to join.] 1. That which links two things 




together ; bond ; tie ; leash. 2. Two of the same kind con- 
nected or considered together ; pair ; brace. 3. A male and 
female paired together ; esp., a man and woman married or 
betrothed, or acting as partners at a dance. 4. Elec. A pair 
of substances capable of acting together as an electric source 
when dipped in an electrolyte ; — called also voltaic couple. 
5. Mech. A pair of equal parallel forces, acting in opposite 
directions, and tending to produce rotation. 
Syn. Couple, pair, brace, yoke. Couple applies to two 
things of the same sort, regarded as in some way associ- 
ated ; but it often means no more than two. Pair applies to 
two things which belong or are used together, often so that 
one is useless or defective without the other ; it also applies 
to a single object composed of two corresponding or com- 
plementary parts. Brace commonly applies to a pair of 
certain birds or animals (as, a brace of ducks) ; occasionally, 
to a pair of inanimate objects (as, a brace of pistols) ; rarely, 
to persons, with contemptuous or humorous connotation 
(as, a brace of scoundrels). Yoke applies to a pair of ani- 
mals (or, contemptuously, persons) linked together. 

— y. t. ; -pled (kup''ld) ; -pling (-ling). 1. To link or tie ; 
join. 2. To marry. Obs. or Colloq. — v. i. 1. To wed. 
2. To come together, forming a pair or pairs. 

COU'ple-ment (kup''l-ment), n. Union ; a pair. Obs. 

COU'pler (-ler), n. One who, or that which, couples, as a 
link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars. 

COU'plet (-let), n. [F., a stanza, dim. of couple.~\ 1. Two 
successive lines of verse that rime. 2. A pair ; couple. 

COU'pling (-ling), n. 1. Act of bringing or coming together ; 
connection. 2. Mach. A contrivance to couple adjacent 
parts or objects. 3. The joining of, or the part of the body 
joining, the hind and fore quarters of a dog, horse, etc. 

COU'pon (koo'pon), n. [F., fr. couper to cut.] 1. Com. A 
certificate of interest due, to be cut from a bond and pre- 
sented for payment. 2. A section of a ticket showing the 
holder to be entitled to something. 

COUr'age (kur'aj), n. [OF. corage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. 
cor heart.] 1. Mind ; spirit ; temper ; disposition. Obs. 
2. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter 
danger and difficulties without fear, or with firmness ; valor. 
Syn. Daring, fearlessness, resolution, hardihood, audacity, 
firmness, mettle, pluck, bravery, dauntlessness, gallantry, 
boldness, intrepidity, valor, prowess, fortitude, heroism. — 
Courage, bravery, dauntlessness, gallantry, bold- 
ness, intrepidity, valor, prowess, fortitude, heroism. 
Courage (the generic term) is that firmness of spirit which 
meets danger without fear. Bravery to daring, often defi- 
ant, courage ; dauntlessness, lofty and unintimidated, 
gallantry, dashing and adventurous, courage. Boldness 
is the opposite of (sometimes the outgrowth of resistance 
against) timidity ; intrepidity is cool fearlessness ; valor, 
personal bravery, esp. in battle ; prowess, valor united 
with skill. Fortitude is passive courage, esp. in enduring 
pain or adversity. Heroism is contempt of danger from a 
noble and self-forgetful devotion. 

COU-ra'geous (ku-ra'jiis), a. Possessing, or characterized 
by, courage ; brave. — Syn. Gallant, bold, daring, valiant, 
valorous, intrepid, fearless, hardy, stout. — C0U-ra'ge0US* 
ly, adv. — cou-ra'geous-ness, n. 

COU-rante' (koo-rant'; F. koo'raNt'), n. [F. courante, fr. 
courant, p. pr.of courir to run, L. currere."] An old-fash- 
ioned dance with a running or gliding step ; also, its music. 

COU'ri-er (koo'rT-er; koor'T-er), n. [F. courrier, fr. courir 
to run, L. currere."} l.A special, swift messenger. 2. An at- 
tendant on travelers who looks out for their convenience at 
hotels and on the way. 

cour'lan (koor'lan; F. koor'liiN'), n. [F., prob. fr. native 
name.] Either of two large long-billed, rail-like American 
birds (constituting the genus Aramus and family Arami- 
dse) noted for their loud cries. 

Course (kors ; 57), n. [F. cours, course, fr. (cours through 
L. cursus) L. currere, cursum, to run.] 1. Act of running 
or moving from one point to another ; progress ; passage. 
2. Ground or path traversed ; track ; way. 3. a A single 
charge of opposing knights in a tourney. Obs. or Hist, b 
Hence : Any round or bout in sport. 4. Motion or progress 
considered as to its direction, goal, or manner, or with re- 
gard to time ; as, to steer a course ; the course of an argu- 
ment ; in the course of a year. 5. Customary or established 
sequence of events ; succession ; order ; turn. 6. Method of 
procedure ; conduct ; behavior. 7. An orderly or regular se- 
ries of motions, acts, or proceedings ; as, a course of medi- 
cine, lectures, etc. 8. That part of a meal servedat onetime, 
with its accompaniments. 9. Arch. & Engin. A continu- 
ous level range or layer, as of masonry, cement, concrete, 
etc. 10. Naut. aThe lowest sail on any square-rigged mast 
of a vessel. bA point of the compass. 11. In pi. The cata- 
menia. — Syn. Road, route ; career. 
— v. t.; coursed (korst) ; cours'ing. l.To pursue. 2. To 
cause, as dogs, to pursue game. 3. To run through or over. 
— v.i. l.To take or follow a course. 2.To run as in a race 
or in hunting. 3. To move with speed ; race ; as, the blood 
courses through the veins. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



COURSER 



235 



COVERER 




Courser (Cursorius galllcus). (s) 



COUTS'er (kor'ser; 57), n. 1. One who courses or hunts. 

2. [Through F. & LL.] A 
swift or spirited horse ; a 
racer or a war horse. Poet. 

3. Any of a small genus 
(Cursorius) of birds re- 
lated to the plovers, in- 
habiting Africa and south- 
ern Asia, and remarkable 
for speed in running. 

COUrs'ing, n. The pursuit 
of running game with dogs 
that follow by sight in- 

' stead of by scent. 

Court (kort : 57), n. [OF. court, cort, fr. LL., fr. L. cohors, 
cors, gen. cohortis, cortis, inclosure, court, crowd.] 1. An 
uncovered area partly or wholly inclosed by buildings, walls, 
etc. 2. A building or buildings in a courtyard ; hence, a 
stately country house. Obs., exc. in proper names. 3. An 
inclosed open space like a short street. 4. A space for play- 
ing one of various games with a ball, as tennis ; also, a base 
division in such a court. 5. A courtlike section of a museum 
or exhibition. 6. The residence of a sovereign or other digni- 
tary ; palace. 7. The retinue of a sovereign or person high 
in authority ; also, a prince or sovereign and his officials as a 
political body; as, the court of France. 8. Any formal 
assembling of the retinue of a sovereign. 9. Attention 
shown to a person in power or to one whose favor, affec- 
tion, or interest is sought ; homage ; courtship ; as, to make 
court; to pay court. 10. a The place where justice is admin- 
istered. bThe persons duly assembled under authority of 
law to administer justice ; a judicial tribunal, or those con- 
stituting it. cThe session of a judicial assembly. ll.Abody 
of directors, delegates, or the like, qualified to superintend 
the affairs of an organization (cf . General Court). 12. A 
localjbranch or lodge, as of a secret society. 
Court of Common Pleas. 3. Eng. Law. One of the former 
three superior courts of common law at Westminster, b In 
some States of .the United States a similar common-law 
court. 

— v. t. 1. To seek the favor of by attention or flattery. 2.To 
seek the affections of ; woo. 3. To attempt to gain ; solicit ; 
seek ; as, to court favor. 4.To allure ; attract. — v. i. To 
play the lover ; woo. 

Court'-bar'on, n. Eng. Law. Orig., the court in which a 
lord exercised his private jurisdiction ; later, a civil court 
only, presided over by his steward. The court of criminal ju- 
risdiction , presided over by the steward, was the court— leet. 

court card. A corrupted form of coat card. 

COUr'te-ous (kur'te-us ; kort'yus ; 57), a. [OF. curteis, cor- 
teis, F. courtois. See court.] Of courtlike manners ; char- 
acterized by courtesy. — Syn. See civil. — COUl'te-OUS- 
ly, adv. — cour'te-ous-ness, n. 

COur'te-san, or -zan (kor'te-zan ; kur'-), n. [F. courtisane, 
fr. courtisan courtier; or fr. It. or Sp. See court.] A 
court mistress ; loose woman ; prostitute. 

COur'te-sy (kur'te-si; kor'te-sT; 57), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). 
[ From OF. curteisie. See courteous. ] 1. Politeness ; 
civility ; courtliness. 2. Anactof civility or respect. 3.Favor 
or indulgence, as disting. from right; as, a title given by 
courtesy. 4. = curtsy. — Syn. Urbanity, complaisance, 
affability, courteousness, refinement. — v. i. = curtsy. 

courtesy title. A title assumed by a person, or popularly 
conceded to him, but to which he has no valid legal claims, 
as the title "Lord" for the younger son3 of British dukes 
and marquises. 

court hand. A handwriting used in records, as of a court. 

court 'house' (kort'hous' ; 57), n. 1. A building for courts 
and public meetings. 2. A county town ; — so called in 
some of the Southern States, as Virginia. U. S. 

COUrt'ier (kort'yer; 57), n. 1. One in attendance at the 
court of a prince. 2. One who courts favor ; flatterer. 

court' -leet', n. See court-baron. 

COUrt'iy, a. 1. Elegant ; polite ; flattering. 2. Disposed to 
favor the policy or party of the court. — Syn. See civil. — 
adv. Politely ; elegantly. — court'li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

court'-mar'tial (kort'mar'shal), n. ; pi. courts-martial. 
A court of military or naval officers for the trial of one be- 
longing to the army or navy, or of offenses against military 
or naval law. — v. t.; -tialed (-shald), -tialled ; -tial- 
ing, -tial-ling. To subject to trial by a court-martial. 

court'— plas'ter, n. Sticking plaster of silk or other fabric 
coated, usually, with a mixture of isinglass and glycerin. 

court'ship (kort'shTp ; 57), n. 1. Act of paying court ; esp., 
act of wooing. 2. Courtliness. 06s. 

court'yard' (-yard'), n. A court or inclosure attached to a 
house, castle, or palace. 

COUS'in (kiiz''n), n. [F. cousin, cousine, fr. LL. fr. L. con- 
sobrinus the child of a mother's sister, cousin ; con- + sobri- 
nus a cousin by the mother's side, soror sister.] 1. Any one 
collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister ; 
also, Law, any of the next of kin except parent or child ; — 



Obs., exc. as in def. 2, or as fig. ; as in "our American cous- 
ins." 2. The son or daughter of one's uncle or aunt, called 
more fully own, first, or full, cousin, or cousin-german ; 
also, a relative descended the same number of steps by a 
different line from a common ancestor. The children of 
first cousins are second cousins to each other. The child of 
one's first cousin is properly called first cousin once re- 
moved. 3. A person or thing akin to, or of the same kind as, 
another. 4. A title used by a sovereign in addressing a noble- 
man of his own country or another sovereign. 

— v. t. To call (one) cousin as if akin. Archaic. 
cous'in-ger'man (-jur'mun), n.; pi. cousins-german. [F. 

cousin germain. See German, a.] A first cousin. 

cous'in-hood (-hood), n. State or condition of a cousin; 
also, the collective body of cousins ; kinsfolk. 

COUS'in-ly, a. & adv. Like or becoming a cousin. 

COUS'in-ry_(kuz''n-rT) n. Cousins or kinsfolk collectively. 

COUS'in-ship, n. Quality, state, or relationship of a cousin. 

Hcou'teau' (koo'to'), n.; pi. -teaux {F. -to'; E. -toz'). 
[F.] A knife ; esp., a large knife. 

couth (kooth), obs. pret. & p. p. of can. Specif., as p. a. 
[See could.] Known ; familiar ; noted. Cf. uncouth. Obs. 

COU-til' (koo-til'; F. koo'te'), n. Also COU-tille' (koo-tll'). 
cou-telle' (-tel'); [F. coutilJ] A close-woven fabric used 
for mattresses, corsets, etc. 

COU-vade' (koo-vad'), n. [F., Pr. couvado. See covey.] 
A primitive custom in accordance with which when a child 
is born the father takes to his bed or submits to fasting and 
purification. 

cove (kov), n. [AS. cofa room.] 1. A retired nook, esp. a 
sheltered inlet. 2. A strip of prairie extending into wood- 
land : also, a recess in the side of a mountain ; a gap. Chiefly 
U. S. 3. Arch, a A concave molding, b A member whose 
section is~a concave curve, as of a ceiling. 

— v. t. & i.; coved (kovd) ; cov'ing. To arch over, 
cove, n. [A Gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] 

A boy or man of any age or station ; chap. Slang. 
co-vel'line (ko-vel'In; -in)\n. [After Covelli, discoverer.] 
CO-vel'lite (ko-vel'It) j Min. _ A native sulphide of 

copper, CuS, occurring commonly in dark blue masses. 
COV'e-nant (kuv'e-nant), n. [OF., fr. covenir to agree, L. 
convenire. See convene.] 1. An agreement or stipula- 
tion. 2. The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures. 

3. The solemn compact between members of a church. 

4. \_cap.~] Hist. Any of several agreements, for the defense 
and furtherance of Presbyterianism, made by the Scottish 
Presbyterians, esp. one called the National Covenant, 
made in 1638 against episcopacy, or, more commonly, one 
called The Solemn League and Covenant, agreed to in 
1643 by the English and Scottish Parliaments. b.Law. a 
An undertaking or promise of legal validity, b The common 
law form of action to recover for breach of such a contract. 
— Syn. See contract. 

— v. i. & t. To enter into, or promise by, a covenant. — Syn. 
Agree, contract, bargain, stipulate. 

COV'e-nant-er (-nan-ter), n. One who covenants; specif. : 
[_cap.~\ Scot. Hist. An adherent of the National Covenant 
(1638) or the Solemn League and Covenant (1643). 

Cpv'e-nan-tor' (-nan-tor'), n. The party to a covenant who 
is bound to perform the obligation. 

Cov'en-try (kuv'en-tn ), n. A town in Warwickshire, Eng. 
to send to, or bein, Coventry, to exclude, or be excluded, 
from society or from the society to which one belongs. 

COV'er (-er),v. t. [OF. covrir, fr. "L.cooperire; co--\-operire 
to cover.] 1. To place a covering over ; also, to overspread 
or envelop; clothe. 2. To invest (one's self with some- 
thing) ; — used with with ; as, he covered himself with 
glory. 3. To hide from sight ; conceal. 4. To brood or sit 
on ; incubate. 5. To extend thickly over ; as, soldiers cov- 
ered the country. 6. To overwhelm ; spread over. 7. To 
shelter, as from evil ; protect ; as, cavalry covered the retreat. 
8. To remove from remembrance ; remit. 9. To be suffi- 
cient for ; include ; embrace ; as, money to cover expenses. 
10. To put the usual covering or headdress on. 11. To 
copulate with (a female) ; — said usually of a stallion. 12. 
To pass over (a distance), as a train. 13. To bring or hold 
within range, as of a gun. 14. To place one's money or 
stake upon or in equal jeopardy with ( the money or stake 
of one's opponent) in wagering. 15.Mi7.To stand or march 
directly behind ( another man or unit). — Syn. Screen, 
shield. 

— n. 1. Something laid, set, or spread on, about, or over an- 
other thing ; envelope ; lid. 2. Anything which veils or con- 
ceals ; screen ; cloak. 3. Shelter ; protection. 4. Covert for 
game. 5. The table requisites for one person at a meal. 

Cov'er-age (kuv'er-aj), n. The aggregate of risks covered 

by the terms of a contract of insurance. 
cover crop. A catch crop planted, esp. in orchards, as a 

protection to the soil in winter, as well as for the benefit 

of the soil when plowed under in spring. 
COV'er-er, n. One who, or that which, covers. 



D 









G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



COVERING 



236 



COZEN 



COV'er-ing (kuv'er-Tng), n. Anything which covers or con- 
ceals, as a roof, a screen, wrap, lid, etc. 

COV'er-let (-let), COV'er-lid (-lid), n. [ME. coverlyte, prob. 
fr. F. couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus.] The up- 
permost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. 

COV'er— point', n. The fielder or player in the games of 
cricket, lacrosse, or ice hockey who supports "point." 

co-versed' sine (ko-vurst')- \_co -( = co- in cosine) -f- versed 
sine.'] Geom. The versed sine of the complement of an arc 
or angle. Abbr., covers (no period). 

COV'ert (kuv'ert), a. [OF., p. p. of covrir. See cover, v. t.] 
1. Covered over ; secret. 2. Sheltered ; retired. 3. Law. 
Under cover, authority, or protection (of her husband) ; — 
said of a married woman. — Syn. Covered, insidious, con- 
cealed. See secret. — n. 1. A covering ; esp., a place that 
covers and protects. 2. A thicket affording cover for game. 
3. Zo'dl. One of the special feathers covering the bases of a 
bird's wing and tai.l quills. — COV'ert-ly, adv. 
covert cloth, a twilled diagonal, usually waterproof and 

[ made in mixtures, for tailoring. — c. coat, a short light 
overcoat for wear as a dust coat, or in riding, shooting, etc. 

COV'er-ture (-er-tur), n. 1. Covering; defense; hiding. 2. 
Law. Status of a woman during marriage. 

COV'et (-et; 24), v. t. & i. [OF. coveitier, fr. a deriv. of 
L. cupidus eager, cupere to desire.] To wish for, or to 
wish, with eagerness or inordinate desire, esp. culpably. 
— Syn. Desire. See envy. — cov'et-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

COV'et-er, n. One who covets. 

COV'et-OUS (-e-tus), a. [OF. coveitos.] 1. Very desirous. 
Archaic. 2. Inordinately eager to obtain (esp. money) ; 
avaricious. — cov'et-ous-ly, adv. — cov'et-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Covetous, avaricious. Covetous implies esp. ex- 
cessive desire for what belongs to another ; avaricious, 
greed of wealth with a view to hoarding it. 

COV'ey (-T), n. ; pi. -eys (-Tz). [OF. covee, fr. cover to brood 
on, L. cubare to lie down.] 1. A brood or hatch of birds ; a 
small flock, as of partridges. 2. A company ; bevy. — Syn. 
See flock. 

cov'in (-in),n. Also-ine. [OF. See covenant.] 1. Private 
compact. Obs. 2. Law. Conspiracy. 3. Deceit. Archaic. 

COV'ing (kov'ing), n. [See 1st cove, 3.] Arch, a A cove 
or series of coves, b The splayed jambs of a flaring fireplace. 

COV'in-OUS (kuv'In-iis), a. Law. Collusive ; fraudulent, i 

cow (kou), v. t. To depress with fear. — Syn. See frighten. 

COW (kou), n.; pi. cows (kouz) ; old pi., now chiefly poetic, 
kine (kin). [AS. cu.] The mature female of any bovine 
animal, or of any animal the male of which is called bull. 

COW'age (kou'aj). Var. of cowhage. 

CO'walk'er (ko'wok'er), n. A phantasmic or "astral" body 
considered separable from the physical body. 

COW'ard (kou'erd), a. [OF. couard, fr. coe, coue (L. coda), 
tail + -ard ; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or 
perh., turning tail, like a scared dog.] 1. Destitute of cour- 
age ; cowardly. 2. Due to, or expressive of, base fear. — n. 
A person who lacks courage ; poltroon ; craven ; dastard. 

COW'ard-ice (-er-dis), n. Want of courage ; pusillanimity. 

COW'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage ; pusillanimous ; not 
brave. 2. Befitting a coward. — COW'ard-li-ness (-li-nes),n. 
Syn. Cowardly, pusillanimous, poltroon, craven, das- 

! tardly, recreant. Cowardly implies a weak or ignoble, 
pusillanimous, a mean-spirited and contemptible, lack of 
courage. Poltroon, craven, and dastardly are terms of 
extreme opprobrium. Poltroon implies arrant cowardice ; 
craven, abject pusillanimity ; dastardly, esp. the cowardly 
or skulking execution of an outrageous or malicious design. 
Recreant, as here compared, implies cowardly submission. 

COW'bane' (kou'baV), n. Any of several poisonous apia- 
ceous plants, as the water hemlock (Cicuta maculata). 

COW'belF (-bel'), n. 1. A bell hung about the neck of a cow 
to indicate her whereabouts. 2. The bladder campion. 

COW'ber-ry (kou'ber-i), n.^ The berry or fruit of any of 
several shrubs that grow in pastures ; also, any of these 
shrubs ; specif. : a The mountain cranberry, b The partridge 
berry. U. S. 

COW'bind' (-bind'), n. White bryony (Bryonia alba). 

cow'bird' (-burd'j, n., or cow blackbird. A small North 
American blackbird (Molothrus ater). 

cow'boy' (-boiO, n. A cattle herder, esp. one of a 
class of mounted 
herdsmen of thel 
western United' 
States. 

cow'catch'er (-kach'- 
er),n. Astronginclined "» sga«— 

frame in front of a locomotive ^J%" bird.(i) 

• to throw aside obstructions. 
U.S. 

cow'er (-er), v. i. [ME. cou- ' 
ren.~] To stoop by bending the 
knees ; crouch ; hence : to crouch in fear ; quail. — Syn. 
See fawn. 

COW^fish' (-fish'), n. 1. a Any of various small cetaceans, b 
A sirenian. 2. Any of various trunkfishes. 




COW'hage(-aj), n. Alsocow'age. [Hind. kawanch,koanch.] 
A fabaceous plant (Stizolobium pruriens), with pods cov- 
ered with barbed hairs that cause intense itching. 

COW'herb' (-hurb' ; -QrbO, n. A silenaceous herb (Vaccaria 
vaccaria), with corymbose pink flowers. 

COW'herd' (-hfird'), n. One who tends cows at pasture. 

COW'hide' (-hid'), n. 1. The hide of a cow or leather from 
it. 2. A coarse whip of rawhide or of braided leather. 

— v. t. To flog with a cowhide. 

cowl (koul), n. [AS. cuhle, cugle, cugele, fr. L. cuculla, 
cucullus, hood.] 1. A monk's hood. 2. A kind of elabo- 
rate chimney pot. — v. t. 1. To garb with a cowl ; make 
monkish. 2. To cover as with a cowl. 

cowl, n. [AS. cufl, fr. L. cupella, dim. of L. cupa tub.] A 
large water tub, esp. one with two ears, or handles, for car- 
rying. Archaic or Dial. 

cowled (kould or, esp. in poetry, kou'led), p. a. 1. Wearing 
a cowl ; hooded. 2. Bot. Hood-shaped ; cucullate. 

COW'lick' (kou'lik'), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry 
(usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow. 

COWl'Staff/ (koul'stafO, n. [cowl a vessel + staff.] A staff 
or pole on which a vessel, as a cowl, or other burden, is sup- 
ported between two persons, for carrying. Archaic & Dial. 

CO'work'er (ko'wur'ker), n. One who works with another. 

COW parsnip. Any of a genus (Heracleum) of coarse apia- 
ceous herbs, with compound umbels of, generally, white 
flowers. 

cow'pea' (kou'pe'), n. A fabaceous plant (Vigna sinensis) 
more nearly related to the bean than to the pea ; also, its 
edible seed. 

Cow'per's gland (kou'perz; koo'perz). [After the discov- 
erer, William Cowper, Eng. surgeon.] Anat. Either of two 
small glands discharging into the male urethra. 

COW'— pilot, n. A handsomely banded coral-reef fish 
{Abudefduf saxatilis) of Florida and the West Indies. 

cow'pox' (-poksO, n. A pustular disease of a cow's udder, 
which, by vaccination, protects man from smallpox. 

cow'-punch'er, n. A cowboy. Colloq. U. S. 

COW'riel (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [Hind, kauri.] The shell 

COW'ry / of any of various marine gastropods (genus Cy- 
prsea), used as money in parts of Africa and Asia. 

COW'slip' (-slip'), n. [AS. cuslyppe.] 1. A species of prim- 
rose (Primula officinalis), with drooping umbels of fra- 
grant yellow flowers. Great Brit. 2. Marsh marigold. U. S. 

COW tree. [Cf. Sp. palo de vaca.] a A South American 
moraceous tree (Brosimum galactodendron) yielding a rich 
milky juice which can be used as food, b Any of several 
other trees yielding a similar juice, whether edible or not. 

COW'wheat / (-hweV), n. Any plant of a hemiparasitic genus 
(Melampyrum) of the figwort family ; specif., a certain 
weed (M. arvense) found in European wheat fields. 

COX'a (kok'sd), 7i.; pi. cox^e (-se). [L., the hip.] 1. Anat. 
The hip or hip joint. Rare. 2. Zo'dl. The first segment of 
the leg of an insect or other arthropod. 

COX-al'gi-a (-sal'ji-d), n. [NL., fr. L. coxa hip + Gr. \7ods 
pain.] Med. Pain in the hip. — COX-al'gic (-jik), a. 

COX'COmb'' (koks'kom / ), n. [For cock's comb.] 1. Hist, a 
A strip of red cloth notched like a cock's comb, which 
licensed jesters wore in their caps, b The jester's cap with a 
coxcomb. 2. The top of the head, or the head itself. Hu- 
morous. 3. A vain, showy fellow ; fop. 4. Bot. = cocks- 
comb. — COX-Comb'i-cal (koks-kom r i-kdl ; -kom'i-), a. 

cox'comb'ry (-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). The manners, or an 
act characteristic, of a coxcomb ; foppishness. 

COX'swain, COCk'swain (kok'swan; naut. kok's'n), n. 
\_cock a boat + swain ; hence, the master of a boat.] The 
steersman of a ship's boat, a racing shell, etc. 

coy (koi), a. [OF. coi, fr. L. quietus quiet.] 1. Shrinking 
from approach or familiarity; reserved; shy;_ — usually 
applied to a girl or young woman, sometimes with the im- 
plication of coquetry. 2. Disdainful. Obs. — Syn. Modest, 
bashful, demure. See shy. — v. t. To caress ; stroke. 06s. — 
v. i. To be coy ; — used chiefly with it. Rare. — coy'ly, 
adv. — coy'ness, n. 

coy-o'te (kl-o'te; ki'ot), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. coyotl] 
The prairie wolf (Canis latrans) of North America. 

|| co'yo-til'lo (ko'yo-tel'yo ; kl'6-), n. [Mex. Sp. dim. See 
coyote.] A low rhamnaceous shrub (Karwinskia hum- 
boldtiana) of the southwestern United States and Mexico. 

coy'pu (koi'poo), n. [Native name.] A South American 
aquatic rodent (Myocastor coy pus). 
produces the fur called nutria. 

COZ (kuz), n. Cousin; — used 
in familiar address. 

coze (koz), n. A friendly chat. 

coz'en (kuz''n), v. t. & i. 
[From cousin, hence, 
lit., to deceive through "^ 

pretext of relation- 
ship.] To cheat ; de- 
ceive, esp. by petty arts 
or some paltry deceit. 




Coypu. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COZENAGE 



237 



CRAMMER 



COZ'en-age (-aj), n. 1. The art or practice of cozening ; arti- 
fice ; fraud. 2. An act of deceit or fraud. 

COZ'en-er (-er), n. One who cheats or defrauds. 

CO'zy (ko'zi), a.; -zi-er (-zi-er) ; -zi-est. Also CO'sy, CO'- 
sey. 1. Snug ; comfortable. 2. Chatty. Eng. — Syn. See 
snug. — n. A wadded covering for a teapot to keep the 
contents hot. — co'zi-ly, adv. — co'zi-ness, n. 

C Q D In radiotelegraphy, the letters signified by the code 
call formerly used (cf. SOS) by ships in distress, formed 
by combining the code call C Q (formerly used as a general 
call for all stations) with D for "distress." 

crab (krab), n. [AS. crabba.~\ 1. Any of a suborder (Brachy- 

■ ura) of crustaceans having a short, broad, and, usually, 
flattened shell, a small abdomen curled up under the body, 
and short antennas. 2. [cap.] Astron. = Cancer. 3. A 
crab louse. 4. Any of various machines, orig. with claws, 
for moving heavy weights. 5. In pi. [Origin uncertain.] 
At hazard, the lowest throw, or two aces. 
to catch a crab. Of a rower : a To fail to raise the oar clear 
of the water on the recovery, b To miss the water alto- 
gether in making a stroke. 

— v. i. ; crabbed (krabd) ; crab'bing. To fish for or catch 
crabs ; — chiefly in crabbing. 

crab, n. [Perh. fr. 1st crab ; cf . crab, a.] 1. A crab apple. 
2. A sour, or crabbed, ill-tempered person. — a. [Cf. 
crabbed.] Of or pert, to the crab apple or crab tree ; like 
the crab apple ; sour ; harsh-tasting ; rough. 

crab, v. t. & i. 1. Of hawks, to scratch or claw ; fight. 2. To 
find fault with ; criticize adversely. Colloq. Eng. 

crab apple, a A small, wild, sour apple, b Any of several 
cultivated apples having rather small acid fruit. 

crab'bed (krab'ed ; 24), p. a. [See crab the animal, crab 
crab apple. ] 1. Characterized by or manifesting peevish- 
ness, moroseness, or sourness ; cross. 2. Obscure or intri- 
cate, as a book. 3. Cramped ; irregular, as writing. — Syn. 
See sullen. — crab'bed-ly, adv. — bed-ness, n. 

crab^ber (-er), n. Onewho fishes for crabs; also, a kind of 
boat used in crab fishing. 

crab'stick' (krab'stik'), n. 1. A stick, cane, or cudgel, of 
crab-tree wood. 2. Fig., a crabbed, ill-natured person. 

crab tree. A crab-apple tree. 

crack (krak), v. i. [AS. cracian.] 1. To make a sharp, 
sudden sound in or as in breaking. 2. To brag ; boast. Obs. 
or Dial. 3. To talk ; gossip. Scot, or Dial. 4. To break 
with or without complete separation into parts. 5. To be- 
come cracked ; — said of the voice ( see crack, v. t., 8). — 
v. t. 1. To break or burst with a sharp sound ; break or 
fracture (anything hard or brittle) with or without separa- 
tion of the parts. 2. Hence : aTo rend or burst, as the heart 
with grief ; make unsound ; craze, b To empty, as a bottle 
of wine, as if by cracking ; open and drink, c To break into ; 
esp. in : to crack a crib, to break into a house, store, etc. 
Thieves' Cant.. 3. To utter smartly and sententiously, as a 
joke. 4. To strike with a sharp noise ; slap. Colloq. 5. To 
cause to make a sharp noise ; snap, as a whip. 6. To move 
sharply or with a jerk ; snatch or whip. Colloq. 7. To dam- 
age irreparably ; destroy practically, as a reputation or 
credit. 8. To impair the musical quality or clearness of ; — 
said of thevoice. 9. To laud ; extol ; praise ; — 'Usedwith up. 
Colloq. 10. Chem. Todissociate by the process of cracking. 

— n. l.A sharp, sudden sound ; the sound of anything sud- 
denly burst or broken. 2. Hence : a A shot, as with a rifle. 
Colloq. bA sharp, resounding blow. Colloq. 3= The time a 
crack lasts; instant. Colloq. 4. A boast; boasting; also, a 
lie. Archaic or Dial. Eng. 5. Talk; gossip; also, a good 
story ; joke ; in pi., news. Scot. & Dial. 6. A partial separa- 
tion of parts, with or without a perceptible opening ; chink ; 
crevice. 7. Rupture; flaw; breach or unsoundness. 8.Abro- 
ken tone of the voice, as when changing at puberty. 9. Men- 
tal flaw ; a touch of craziness ; also, 06s., a crack-brained 
person. 10. A thing or person fit to be boasted of ; a racer, 
athlete, vessel, etc., of superior excellence. Colloq. 11. A 
burglar ; also, burglary. Thieves' Cant. 

— a. Of superior excellence ; having qualities to be boasted 
of. Colloq. 

crack^a-jack'(krack'd-jak'),n. Also crack'er-jack'. An 

individual of marked ability, esp. in some sport. Slang. 

—a. Of marked ability or excellence. Slang. 

crack'brain' (-bran'), n. A crack-brained person. 

crack'-brained' (krak'brand'), a. Crazy ; reasonless. 

cracked (krakt), p. p. & p. a. of crack. 
cracked spirits, Chem., spirits made in cracking. 

crack'er (-er), n. l.One who, or that which, cracks. 2. A 
boaster ; braggart. 3. A firecracker. 4. A bonbon or package 
of sweets, etc., containing an explosive to be exploded by 
pulling the ends sharply ; — called also cracker bonbon. 
5. One of the lower class of whites of the southern United 
States, esp. Georgia and Florida, inhabiting the hills or 
backwoods ;— a nickname. U.S. 6. A thin, dry biscuit, usu- 
ally hard or crisp. U. S. 7. The cracking, or snapping, part 
at the_ end of a whiplash ; a snapper ; — also used fig. 

crack'ing, p.pr. & vb. n. of crack, v. Specif. : n. A process 




Cradle, Mining. 



in which the complex hydrocarbons composing petroleum, 
or other similar oils, are broken up by heat and, usually, 
pressure, into lighter hydrocarbons of simpler formulae. 
Cracking is extensively used in producing commercial gaso- 
line, and in enriching illuminating gas. 

crack'le (-'1), v. i.; -led (-'Id); -ling (-lTng). [Dim. of 
crack.] To make small, sharp, sudden noises, frequently 
repeated ; crepitate. — v. t. To crack or break with slight 
crushing rapidly repeated. — n. 1. The noise of slight and 
frequent cracks, or reports ; crackling. 2. Fine Arts. A pe- 
culiar cracked surface, as in some kinds of pottery , etc. ; also, 
pottery ( called also crackleware ) having such a surface. 

crack'led (-'Id), a. 1. Fine Arts. Having the appearance 
of being covered with minute cracks. See crackle, n., 2. 

2. Having the rind crisp and brittle ; — said of roast pork. 
crack'ling (-ling), n. 1. The making of repeated small, 

sharp cracks, or reports. 2. The crisp rind of roasted pork. 

3. [Usually in pi.] a Refuse of tallow melting, used as 
food for dogs, b The crisp residue of fat, esp. hogs' fat, after 
the lard or fat has been removed. U. S. & Dial. Eng. 

crack'nel (-nel), n. 1. A hard, brittle kind of cake or bis- 
cuit. 2. A piece of pork fried crisp. 

cracks'man (kraks'man), n. A housebreaker or burglar. 

crack'y (krak'i), a. [From crack, n.] Having cracks ; in- 
clined to crack. 

-Cracy. [Gr. -Kparla (as in Srjp:oKpaTla democracy ), fr. Kparos 
strength, rule.] A suffix denoting government, sway, or au- 
thority ; as in autocracy, democracy, etc. 

cra'dle (kra'd'l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol.] 1. A bed or cot 
for a baby, usually on rockers 
or pivots ; hence, place of origin 
or nurture. 2. Something sug- 
gestive of a baby's cradle ; as : 
a A supporting or protecting 
framework, as a workman's 
suspended scaffold or part of 
one, a support or backing for 
work, as the ribbing of a vaulted 
ceiling to be covered with plas- 
ter, etc. b An attachment on a 
scythe to lay the grain in a 
swath ; also, the scythe and at- 
tachment together. cSurg. A protecting framework for an 
injured part, as to keep the weight of the bedclothes from a 
broken leg. d A framework or apparatus moving upon ways 
or rollers, to support, lift, or carry vessels, heavy guns, etc. 
e A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking mo- 
tion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, f Mining. A 
rocking device used in washing out auriferous earth by hand. 

— v. t.; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). l.To lay to rest or 
rock in or as in a cradle. 2. To nurse or train in infancy. 3. 
To mow with a cradle scythe. 4. To place or support in or 
on a cradle ; raise or transport, as a vessel by means of a 
cradle. 5. Mining. To wash in a cradle. — v. i. To mow 
grain with a cradle. See cradle, n. 2 b. 

craft (kraft), n. [AS. crseft strength, skill, art, cunning.] 
1. Art or skill ; hence: an occupation requiring this ; a man- 
ual art. 2. A power ; faculty ; aptitude ; knack. 3. Cun- 
ning, art, or skill, in a bad sense ; artifice ; guile. 4. Those 
engaged in any trade collectively ; guild. 5. Naut. A ves- 
sel ; vessels of any kind collectively. — Syn. See trade. 

craft'l-ly (kraf'ti-lT), adv. In a crafty manner. 

craft'i-ness, n. Crafty quality. 

crafts'man (krafts'man), n. One who practices some trade 
or manual occupation ; artificer ; artisan ; sometimes, an 
artist. — Syn. See workman. — craf ts'man-ship, n. 

craft'y (kraf'ti), a.; craet'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Skill- 
ful ; ingenious. Archaic. 2. Skillful at deceiving others ; 
cunning ; wily ; artful. — Syn. See cunning. 

crag (krag), n. [W. craig or Ir. & Gael, creag.] A steep, 
rugged, broken cliff or projecting rock. — crag'ged 
(krag'ed ; 24), a. — crag'gy (-1), a. — crag'gi-ness, n. 

crags'man (kragz'man), n. One accustomed to, or expert 
in, climbing crags or cliffs. 

crake (krak), n. Zo'dl. Any of various rails, esp. the corn 
crake and other short-billed kinds. 

cram (kram), v. t.; crammed (kramd) ; cram'ming. [AS. 
crammian.] 1. To press, esp. in filling, or in thrusting one 
thing into another ; stuff. 2. To fill to satiety with or as 
with food. 3. To fill the mind of (a person), as with false 
stories. Slang. 4. To prepare (a person) in a subject by 
hasty and superficial study, as for an examination ; also, 
(usually with up) to get a knowledge of (a subject) by cram- 
ming. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To eat greedily and to satiety ; 
stuff. 2. To cram a subject (see cram, v. t., 4). Colloq. 

— n. l.A crammed state; crush. 2.Act of cramming, or in- 
formation so acquired. All Colloq. 

cram'DO (kram'bo), n. 1. A game in which one person 
gives a word, to which another finds a rime. 2. A riming 
word ; rime. Contemptuous. 

cram'mer (kram'er), n. One who, or that which, crams. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



!< 



L 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. i| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 




Cramp, 2. 



CRAMOISIE 238 

cram'oi-sy, cram'oi-sie (kram'oi-zl; -e-zT), a. [F. era- 
moisi crimson.] Crimson. Archaic. 

cramp (kramp), n. 1. A device, usually of iron bent at the 
ends, to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, 
etc. 2. A tool, esp. a frame with a tightening 
screw, for holding things together. 3. That 
which confines or contracts ; a restraint ; hin- 
drance. 4. Cramped state or part ; a constraint. 
5. [F. crampe.~] Med. a Spasmodic and pain- 
ful involuntary contraction of a muscle or 
muscles, b A paralysis of certain muscles, due 
to excessive use ; as, writer's cramp. 

— a. 1. Knotty ; hard to understand or decipher. 
2. Contracted ; confined. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to have a cramp. 2. To com- 
press ; restrain ; hamper. 3. To cause (the front wheels of a 
vehicle) to be out of line with the hind wheels, as in making 
a turn. 4. To fasten or hold with or as with a cramp. 

cramp'et, cramp'ette (kramp'et), n. 1. The chape of a 
sword scabbard. 2. = crampon, 2. 

cramp'fisb/ (-fish'), n. The torpedo (fish). 

cramp iron. An iron cramp. = cramp, n.,1. 

cram'pon (kram'pon), n. Also cram-poon' (kram-poon'). 
[F., fr. OHG. chramph crooked.] {Usually in pi.] 1. A 
form of hooked clutch, or dog, for raising objects. 2. An 
iron plate with sharp points, worn on the shoe to gain or 
keep a foothold. 

cran'ber-ry (kran'ber-T), n. [Prop, crane-berry ; the blos- 
som and stem are fancied to resemble the head and neck of 
a crane.] The bright red, acid berry produced by any of a 
genus {Oxycoccus) of plants of the heath family ; also, 
any of the plants (esp. O. macrocarpus and 0. oxycoccus). 

cranberry tree. A tree or shrub ( Viburnum opulus) of the 
honeysuckle family, with white 
flowers and red berries. It is cul- 
tivated under the names guelder- 
rose and snowball tree. 

cran'dall (kran'ddl), n. Stonccut- 
ting. A kind of hammer for dress- 
ing soft stone. 

crane (kran), n. [AS. cran.~\ 1. 
Any of a small family (Gruidse) 
of tall wading birds superficially 
like the herons, but more nearly 
related to the rails. 2. The great 
blue heron (Ardea herodias) ; — 
called also blue crane. U. S. 3. A 
machine for raising, transporting, 
and lowering heavy weights, com- 
monly by a projecting swinging 
arm. 4. Any arm that swings 
about a vertical axis at one end, 
used for supporting a weight. European Crane. 

— v. t.; craned (krand) ; cran'ing (kran'Tng). l.To raise 
or lift by or as by a crane. 2. To stretch (the neck) 
as a crane does. — v. i. To stretch out 
one's neck, as in order to see bet- 
ter; hence : to look before leap- 
ing ; hesitate. 

crane fly. Any of a family (Tipu- 
lidse) of very long-legged, slender, 
dipterous insects which resemble 
large mosquitoes, though they do 
not bite. 

crane's'-bill', crane s'bill' 

(kranz'bil 7 ), n. [From the long 
slender beak of the carpels.] Any 
species of geranium. 

cra'ni-al (kra'm-dl), a. Of or per- 
taining to the cranium. 

cra'ni-ate (kra'm-at), # a. Zo'dl. 
Having a skull or cranium, as the 
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphib- 
ians, and fishes (Craniata). — n. 
A craniate animal. 

cra'ni-oFo-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. One versed in, or a student 
of, craniology. 

cra'ni-ol'o-gy (-81'6-ji), n. The science which deals with the 
shape, size, indications, etc., of skulls (esp. human skulls). 
— cra'ni-o-log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kal), a. 

Cra'ni-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. An instrument for measur- 
ing skulls. 

cra'ni-om/e-try (-om'e-trT), n. The science or technic of the 
measurement of skulls. — cra'ni-o-mct'ric (-o-met'nk), 
cra'ni-o-met'ri-cal (-rT-kal), a. — met'ri-cal-ly, adv. 

Cra'ni-OS'co-py (-os'ko-pi), n. Examination of the skull; 
formerly, phrenology ; now, a department of craniology. — 
cra'ni-os'co-pist T-pTst), n. 

cra'ni-um (kra'ni-itm), n.; pi. E. -ntcms (-umz), L. -nia 
(-d). [NL., fr. Gr. Kpavlov.~] Anat. a The skull of a verte- 
brate, b The part of the skull inclosing the brain ; brainpan. 

crank (krank), n. [ME. cranke.] 1. Mach. A part or arm 





Jib Crane. A Trolley ; 
B Hoisting Block; C 
Chain; D Hoist oper- 
ated by Crank E. 



CRAVE 

at right angles to a shaft to impart or receive motion. 2. A 
bend ; turn ; winding. 06s. 3. A twist or turn in speech, or 
anything fantastic in action, manner, etc. 4. A turn of the 
mind;crotchet;caprice;also,apersonhavingacrank.CoZZog. 

— v. t. 1. To bend into the shape of a crank. 2. To furnish 
with, or move or operate by, a crank. — v. i. 1. To crook ; 
wind and turn. 2. To turn a crank. 

crank, a. 1. Out of gear ; loose ; shaky. 2. Naut. Very 
easily inclined by any external force, as that of the wind on 
the sails ; — said of a vessel. 

crank, a. Vigorous; sprightly; inclined to exult. Obs.orDial. 

crank'i-ly (krarjk'T-li), adv. In a cranky manner. 

crank'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being cranky. 

cran'kle (kran'k'l), v. t. & i. ; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kling (-kling). 
To bend, turn, or wind. Obs. — n. A bend or turn. 

crank shaft, or crank'shaft', n. A shaft that turns, or is 
driven by, a crank. 

crank'y (krank'!), a.; crank'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Out of 
gear or order ; crank, as machinery. 2. Ill-tempered ; irrita- 
ble ; also, eccentric ; crotchety. 3. Naut. Crank. 

cran'nied (kran'id), a. Having crannies. 

cran'nog (kran'Sg), n. Erroneously also cran'noge (kran'- 
oj). [From Celtic] Scot. & Irish Antiq. A hut built 
upon piles in a lake or bog ; by extension, a platform or 
artificial island apparently used as a stronghold, and per- 
haps supporting several huts. Cf . lake dwelling. 

cran'ny (kran'i), n. pi.; -nies (-iz). A small, narrow open- 
ing ; crevice. 

crape (krap), «._ [F. crepe, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped.] 
1. A kind of thin, crimped fabric, made of raw silk ; also, a 
similar cotton or woolen fabric. Black crape is much used as 
a sign of mourning. 2. A piece of crape for some purpose, as 
a mourning band.— v.t. ; craped (krapt) jcrap'ing (krap'- 
lng). To make crimped or crinkled ; crimp, as the hair. 

Crap'pie (krap'i), n. A North American fresh-water fish 
(Pomoxis annularis) related to the sunfish, black bass, etc. 

craps (kraps), n. A gambling game played with two dice ; — 
called also crap shooting, crap game. The odds are 251 
to 244 against the caster. 

crap'u-lence (krap'u-lens), n. 1. Sickness occasioned by 
intemperance. 2. Great intemperance, esp. in drinking. 

crap'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. crapulentus.] Of or pertaining 
to crapulence ; also, crapulous. 

crap'u-lous (-u-rSs), a. [L. crapulosus.] 1. Marked by 
gross intemperance in drinking or eating. 2. Sick from in- 
dulgence in liquor ; also, resulting from drunkenness. — 
crap'u-lous-ness, n. 

crap'y (krap'T), a. Resembling, or abounding in, crape. 

crash (krash), n. Coarse, heavy linen cloth, as for towels. 

crash (krash), v. t. [ME. craschen.] 1. To break violently 
and noisily ; smash ; shatter. 2. To cause to crash, or sound 
noisily ; also, to force, or force to go, with a crashing noise ; 
as, to crash one's way through a thicket. — v. i. To break 
with violence and noise ; make a crash, or loud sound. 

— n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of many things 
falling and breaking at once; the shock of collision and 
breaking. 2. Ruin ; failure, as of a business house. 

cra'sis^ (kra'sis),^. _ [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. Kpaa-is 
a mixing, combination.] Gram. A contraction of two 
vowels into one long vowel or diphthong ; synaeresis. 

crass (kras), a. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross.] Gross ; very 
stupid or unrefined. — Syn. See crude. — crass'ly, adv. 
— crass'ness, n. [obtuseness.j 

cras'si-tude (kras'i-tud), n. Coarseness ; grossness ; mental| 

cras'SU-la'cequs (-u-la'shws), a. [From NL. Crassula, the 
type genus, dim. fr. L. crassus thick.] Bot. Of or belong- 
ing to a family (Crassulaceae) of succulent herbs including 
the orpine and other stonecrops, the common house- 
leek, etc. 

cratch (krach), n. [F. creche, fr. OHG. krippa."] A crib or 
rack, esp. for fodder; specif., the manger at Bethlehem 
where Christ was laid. Obs., Archaic, or Dial. Eng. 

crate (krat), n. [L. cratis hurdle.] 1. A large wickerwork 
basket to transport china, crockery, etc. 2. A box or case 
made of wooden slats, with interspaces. — v. t. ; crat'ed 
(krat'ed ; 24) ; crat'ing. To pack in a crate. 

Cra'ter (kra'ter), n. [L., Gr. Kparrip, fr. nepavvvvai to mix.] 
1. Class. Archseol. A somewhat bowl-shaped vessel, orig. 
for mixing wine. 2. a Geol. The funnel-shaped opening of a 
volcano or geyser, b [cap. ; genitive crateris (krat'er-is).] i 
Astron. A southern constellation between Corvus and Leo ; 
— • called also the Cup. 

cra-ter'i-form (krd-ter'i-form ; kra'ter-), a. [L. crater ■+■ 
-form.'] Having the form of a crater, or bowl. 

craunch (kranch; kronen), v. t. & i. & n. Crunch. 

era -vat' (krd-vaV), n. [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, one 
of a body of Austrian troops from whom in 1636 the cravat 
was adopted in France.] A neckcloth, chiefly for men. 

crave (krav), v. t.; craved (kravd) ; crav'ing (krav'ing). 
[AS. crafian.'] _ 1. To ask earnestly ; beg. 2. To long for ; 
hence : to require ; need. — Syn. Seek, beseech, implore, 
entreat, supplicate. See long. — v. i. To desire strongly. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd: eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, lira, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CRAVEN 



239 



CREDITOR 



cra'ven (kra'v'n), a. [ME. cravant, cravaunde.] Avow- 
edly defeated or afraid ; cowardly ; spiritless. — Syn. See 
cowardly, — n. An avowed coward; a recreant. — Syn. 
Poltroon, dastard, caitiff. — v. t. To make craven. 

cra'ven-ette' (kraVn-ef), to. Cloth (or sometimes leather) 
made waterproof by special chemical processes. 
V^T'Cravenette is a trade-mark name. 

cra'ven-ly (kra'v'n-li), adv. In a craven manner. _ 

cra'ven-ness, n. Craven quality or state ; cowardliness. 

crav'er (krav'er), n. One who craves. 

eraw (kro), n. [ME. crawe.] 1. The crop of a bird or in- 
sect. 2. The stomach of an animal. 

Craw'fish'Ckro'fishO.cray'fish' (kra'-), to. [OF. crevice, fr. 
OHG. krebiz crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion 
with E. fish.] Any of a family {Astacids) of numerous 
fresh-water crustaceans closely resembling the lobster, but 
much smaller. 

crawl (krol), to. [Cf. kraal.] An inclosure of stakes and 
hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish, turtles, etc. 

crawl, v. i. [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble 
with the hands.] 1. To move slowly by drawing the body 
along the ground, as a worm ; of a person, to move slowly on 
hands and knees ; creep. 2. Hence : To move or advance 
like a worm, as slowly, abjectly, etc. 3. To advance or 
spread by extending stems or branches, as a plant ; creep ; 
trail. 4. To feel as if, or to be, swarming with crawling 
things. — Syn. See creep. 

— to. Act or motion of crawling ; creep, 
crawl'er, to. One who crawls. 

crawl Stroke. Swimming. A racing stroke, in which the 
swimmer, lying flat on the water with face submerged, takes 
alternate overhand arm strokes while moving his legs up 
and down alternately from the knee. 

cray'fish'. Var. of crawfish. 

cray'on (kra'on), to. [F., a crayon, lead pencil, fr. craie 
chalk, L. creta.] 1. A drawing implement of clay, plum- 
bago, chalk, or the like. 2. A crayon drawing. — v. t. To 
draw or sketch, or to draw upon, with or as with a crayon. 

craze (kraz), v. t. & i.; crazed (krazd) ; craz'ing (kraz'- 
Jng). [ME. crasen to break.] 1. To crush ; shatter. 06s. 
2. Pottery. To produce minute cracks on the surface or 
glaze of. See crackle, to., 2. 3. To weaken or destroy, as 
one's health. Obs. or Archaic. 4. To render insane or to 
become insane. 

— to. 1. A break or defect. Obs. or Dial. 2. A mania, or tem- 
porary passion or infatuation. 3. Craziness ; insanity. 4. In 
pottery, a crack in the glaze or enamel. — Syn. See fashion. 

cra'zi-iy (kra'zi-li), adv. In a crazy manner. 

cra'zi-ness, to. State of being crazy. 

Cra'zy (kra'zi), a.; -zi-er_ (-zi-er ) ; -zi-est. 1. Full of 
cracks or flaws ; unsound ; liable to break down. 2. Broken, 
weakened, or disordered in intellect ; insane. 3. Distracted 
with desire, excitement, etc. ; inordinately desirous. Col- 
loq. — Syn. See insane. 

crazy bone, a place at the back of the elbow where the 
ulnar nerve rests against the inner condyle of the humerus. 
When it is struck a curious and painful tingling is felt. — 
g. weed, the loco weed. 

creak (krek), v. i. [ME. crehen to croak.] To make a pro- 
longed sharp, squeaking sound. — v. t. To cause to creak. 

— to. The sound of creaking. — creak'y (-1), a. 

cream (krem), n. [F. creme, fr. LL. chrisma chrism. See 
chrism.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk. 2. 
Hence : a A fancy dish prepared from cream, etc., or so as 
to resemble cream, b A creamlike emulsion or cosmetic. 
C The part of any liquor that rises and collects on the sur- 
face, d A sirupy liqueur. See creme. 3. The choicest 
part of a thing. 4. The color of cream ; a very light yellow, 
cream of tartar, purified tartar. See tartar, 1. 

— v. i. To form, or become covered with, cream ; hence : 
to mantle ; froth. — v. t. 1. To skim the cream from. 2. To 
furnish with or as with cream. 

cream'cups' (-kups'), n. Any of several Californian papav- 
eraceous annual plants (esp. Meconella calif ornica) hav- 
ing pale yellow flowers. 

cream'er (-er), to. 1. Something for separating cream from 
milk. 2. A vessel for holding cream, esp. a small pitcher. 

cream'er-y (-er-i), to. ; pi. -ertes (-Tz). 1. An establishment 
where butter is made or where milk and cream are sold or 
prepared for market. 2. A place or an apparatus in which 
milk is set for creaming. 

cream'y (-T), a.; cream'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Containing or 
resembling cream ; creamlike ; luscious. 

cre'ance (kre'ans), to. [F. creance, lit., credence, fr. L. cre- 
dere to trust.] Falconry. A fine, small line fastened to a 
hawk's leash when it is first lured. 

crease (kres). Var. of creese, a dagger. 

crease, to. 1. A line or mark made by folding any pliable 
substance ; any similar mark. 2. Cricket. One of the lines 

f defining the limits of the bowler and the batsman. 

— v. t. ; creased (krest) ; creas'ing. To make a crease in 
or on ; wrinkle. — v. i. To become creased. 



creas'er (kres'er), to. One who, or that which, creases, as 
any of various tools for creasing cloth, leather, metal, etc. 

creas'y (kres'I), a. Characterized by, or full of, creases. 

cre-ate' (kre-af ), a. [L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create.] 
Created. Archaic. — v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To 
bring into being ; cause to exist ; produce. 2. To produce 
as a work of thought or imagination. 3. To invest with a 
new form, office, or character ; constitute ; appoint. 

cre-a'tion (-5'shun), n. 1. Act of creating; fact of being 
created. Specif., act of causing to exist, or fact of being 
brought into existence, as by divine power; esp. [often 
cap., and with "the"'], the act of bringing the universe or 
this world into existence. 2. That which is created ; that 
which is caused to exist by God or man, as the world or a 
work of art ; also, creatures collectively. 

cre-a'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to creation. 

cre-a'tion-ism (kre-a'shun-Tz'm), to. 1. Philos. The doc- 
trine that the world came into being out of nothing through 
an act (or series of acts) of a transcendent Creator. 2. Theol. 
The doctrine that the human soul is separately created in 
each individual born ; — opposed to traducianism. 

cre-a'tion -ist (-ist), to. An adherent of creationism; also, 
one who believes that distinct species of animals or plants 
were separately created. — cre-a'tion-is'tic (-Is'tTk), a. 

cre-a'tive (-tTv), a. 1. Having the power or quality of 
creating ; originative. 2. Productive ; — used witn of. 

cre-a'tor (-ter), to. 1. One who, or that which, creates. 2. 
Specif.: [cap.] The Supreme Being; — used with the. — 
cre-a'tor-hodd, cre-a'tor-ship, to. 

crea'tur-al (kre'tur-al), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a creature or creatures. 

crea'ture (kre'tjir), to. [F. creature, L. creatura.] 1. Any- 
thing created ; anything not self -existent ; esp. : a A living 
created being, b A domestic animal. Rural U.S. C A 
thing that promotes man's comfort, esp. food or drink; 
hence, humorously, liquor, esp. whisky. 2. A person who 
owes his rise and fortune to another ; a servile dependent. 

creature comforts. Things, as food or drink, that minister 
to the comfort of the body. 

crea'ture-ly (-li), a. Creatuial ; characteristic of a creature. 

|| creche (kresh), to. [F.] 1. = day nursery. 2. Sometimes, 
a foundling hospital. 

cre'dence (kre'dens), to. [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, 
-entis, p. pr. of credere to believe.] 1. Belief ; credit ; — 
usually said of belief formed lightly on the basis of indirect, 
esp. oral, testimony ; as, to give credence to gossip. 2. A 
kind of sideboard, of the Renaissance, used chiefly as a 
repository for valuable plate and vessels. 3. A small table 
beside the Communion table, holding the bread and wine 
before they are consecrated. [ble. Obs. | 

cre'dent (-dent), a. 1. Believing; trustful. Rare. 2. Credi-j 

cre-den'tial (kre-den'shal), a. Giving a title to credit or 
confidence ; accrediting. Rare. — n. 1. That which gives 
a title to credit or confidence. 2. Testimonials accrediting a 
person ; — usually in pi. 

cred'i-bil'i-ty (kred'i-bil'i-ti), to. Quality of being credible, 
or an instance of it. 

cred'i-ble (kred'I-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of being cred- 
ited or believed; trustworthy. — cred'i-bly (-bli), adv. 

credit (-it), to. [F. credit, L. creditum loan, prop, neut, 
of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, lend, believe.] 1. 
Reliance on the truth or reality of something ; belief ; 
faith. 2. Quality of being generally believed or worthy of 
belief ; trustworthiness. 3. Reputation ; esp., good reputa- 
tion. 4. A source of honor ; as, to be a. credit to one's family. 
5. Commerce, a Trust given or received ; mercantile repu- 
tation entitling one to be trusted, b Time given for pay- 
ment, as for anything sold on trust. 6. Bookkeeping, a En- 
try, in an account, of a payment or other value received. Cf. 
debit, b The side (right-hand) of an account on which such 
entriesare made. 7. Balance in a person'sf avor in an account. 

— v. t. 1. To confide in the truth of ; believe. 2. To bring 
into credit ; bring honor or repute upon. 3. Bookkeeping. 
To enter on the credit side ; give credit for. 4. To give credit 
for; attribute or ascribe; — used with to or with; as, to 
credit a man with good intentions ; to credit good inten- 
tions to a man. 

Syn. Credit, accredit. To credit is to believe ; to ac- 
credit, to invest with credit or authority ; as, to credit a 
legend ; an accredited agent. 

cred'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Deserving or possessing reputa- 
tion or esteem ; estimable. — cred'it-a-bly, adv. 

|| cre'dit/ fon'cier' (kra'de' fSN'sya')- [F. ; credit credit + 

fonder relating to land, landed.] A variety of credit, con- 
sisting of a loan upon landed property. 

|| cre'dit' mo'bilier' (kra'de' mo'be'lya' ; Eng. kred'Tt mo- 
bel'yer). [F. ; credit + mobilier personal, pert, to personal 
property.] A variety of credit, consisting of a loan upon 
personal movables, or personal property. 

cred'i-tor (kred'I-ter), to. 1. One who gives mercantile 
credit ; hence, one to whom money is due ; — opp. to debtor. 
2. Bookkeeping. The credit side of an account. Abbr., Cr. 



D 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; z,h = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. ■ equals. 



M 



CREDO 



240 



CRESTFALLEN 



Cre'do (kre 7 do), n.; pi. -DOS (-doz). [L., I believe.] 1. 

[Usually cap. 2 Either the Apostles' or the Nicene Creed, 

in church service, or a musical setting for it. 2. A creed. 
cre-du'li-ty (kre-duli-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Belief ; esp., 

a disposition to believe on insufficient evidence. 
cred'u-lOUS (kredlu-lfe), a. [L. credulus, fr. credere to 

believe.] 1. Inclined to believe, esp. on slight evidence. 

2. Based upon, or proceeding from, credulity ; as, credu- 
lous superstition. — cred'u-lous-ly, adv. — ious-ness, n. 

Cree (kre) , n. An Indian of a certain Algonquian tribe living 
in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 

creed (kred), n. [AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe (begin- 
ning the Apostles' Creed), credere to believe.] 1. An 
authoritative formula of the essential articles of Christian 
faith; esp., the Apostles', the Xicene, or the Athanasian 
Creed. The creed usually means the Aposties' Creed. 2. 
Any formula of faith or opinions, as in science, politics, etc. 

creed'al, a. Of or pert, to a creed or creeds. 

creek (krek), n. 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and ex- 
tending farther inland than a cove. 2. A stream of water, 
smaller than a river ; a rivulet. U. S. & British Colonies. 

3. A narrow or winding passage. Obs. 

Creek, n. An Indian of one of a number of confederated 
tribes, mostly of Muskhogean stock, now in Oklahoma. 

creel (krel), n. 1. A wickerwork basket, as for fish. 2. 
Spinning. A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding 
unwinding bobbins ; any frame for holding the bobbins or 
spools from which a machine is fed. 

creep (krep)j v. i.; crept (krept) ; creep , lng. [AS. creo- 
pan.~\ 1. To move along with the body prone or close to 
the ground or floor ; crawl. 2. To move at a creeper's gait 
or in a creeper's manner, as slowly, stealthily, or timor- 
ously. 3. Of plants, to spread by means of prostrate or 
clinging stems. 4. To have a sensation as of insects 
creeping on the skin. 5. To slip or become slightly dis- 
placed ; as, the creep of a belt on a pulley or of a rail on a 
railroad. 

Syn. Creep, crawl are often interchanged. In modern 
usage crawl, more commonly than creep, is applied to 
worms and reptiles. Fig., creep emphasizes the idea of 
slowness or stealthiness ; crawl, abjectness or servility. 

— n. 1. Act of creeping. 2. A distressing sensation, like that 
occasioned by the creeping of insects ; a f eeling of apprehen- 
sion or horror ; — often, Colloq., in pi., with the, the creeps . 

creep'er (-er), n. 1. One that creeps, as an insect or a reptile. 
2. Any of various (mostly small) birds, which creep about 
on trees, bushes, etc. 3. Bot. A creeping plant. 4. Any of 
various tools, implements, etc. ; as : a A kind of grapnel or 
drag, b A fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent 
slipping. C Either of a pair of spikes fastened at the foot to 
aid in climbing poles, etc. ; — usually in pi. U. S. d Any de- 
vice for causing material to move steadily from one part of a 
machine to another, e A small, low iron, or dog, between 
the andirons. Obs. [manner. | 

creep'ing-ly, adv. By a creeping movement ; in a creeping! 

creep'y (krep'i), a. ; creep'i-er (-I-cr) ; -i-est. 1. Marked 
by creeping, or slow motion. 2. Having or producing a 
creeping sensation. 

creese, or kris (kres), n. [Malay kris.] A dagger used 
by the Malays, having a serpentine blcde. 

cre-mate' (kre-mat' ; kre'mat) ,v. t. ; -mat'ed (-mat'- 
ed ; kre'mat-ed) ; -iLvr'rNG. [L. crematus, p. p. of 
cremare to burn.] To burn ; incinerate, as a corpse. 
— cre-ma'tor (kre-ma'ter), n. 

cre-ma'tion (kre-ma'shtin), n. A burning, esp. of 
the dead. 

crem/a-to-ry (krem'd-to-ri ; kre'md-), a. Of or pert. 
to cremation. — n. A furnace or an establishment 
for cremating dead bodies or refuse. 

E creme (kram), n. [F.] Cream ; specif., any of vari- 
ous sirupy liqueurs, the principal flavoring being 
usually specified ; as, creme de menthe (demaxt'), 
cream of mint. 

Cre-mo'na (kre-mo'ndXn. A superior kind of violin, r re ese. 
formerly made at Cremona, Italy, esp. one of those 
made by the Amati family, Guarnerius, or Stradivarius. 

cre / nate (kre'nat), a. [XL. crena notch.] Having a scal- 
loped edge, as a leaf. See leap, Illust. 

cre-na'tion (kre-na'sh&n), n. 1. A crenate formation; a 
rounded projection, as on the edge of a leaf. 2. State of 
being crenate. 

cren'a-ture (kren'd-tur ; kre'nd-), n. A crenation; also, 
sometimes, a notch or indentation, as between crenations. 

cren'el (kren'el), n. Also cre-nelle 7 (kre-nel')- TOF., deriv. 
of (assumed) L. crena notch.] One of the embrasures in a 
battlement. See battlement, Illust. — v. t. ; -eled (-eld) 
or -exled ; -el-lng or -el-ling. To crenelate. 

cren'el-ate, cren/el-late (-at), v. t.; To furnish with battle- 
ments, [ating; also, a battlement. I 

cren'el-a'tion, cren'el-la'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of crenel-| 

cren'u-late (kren'u-lat)\a. [Dim. of crenate.'] Minutely 

cren'a-lat'ed (-lat'ed) J crenate. 




cren'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. A minute crenatioa. 2. 
State of being minutely crenate or scalloped. 

cre / 0-dont (kre / 6-dont), n. [Gr. icpkas flesh + 68ovs, oSSvros, 
tooth.] Paleon. Any of an order (Creodonta) of primitive 
carnivorous mammals showing relationship to the primitive 
ungulates. 

cre'ole (kre / ol),re. [F. Creole, Sp. criollo, fr. an American 
negro word.] 1. [Usually cap.] a A person of French or 
Spanish descent bom and raised in a colonial or remote re- 
gion, esp. a tropical region, b A white descendant of the 
French or Spanish settlers of Louisiana or some other of the 
Gulf States, _ preserving their speech and culture. C The 
French patois spoken in Louisiana. 2. A negro born in 
America ; — more properly, creole negro. 3. A person of 
mixed Creole and negro blood, speaking a dialect of French 
or Spanish. — a. [Usually cap.] 1. Designating a Creole ; 
of Creole blood and culture. 2. Pert, to, or characteristic 
of, a Creole or Creoles. 

Cre'on (kre^on), n. [Gr. Kpeuv.] Gr. Myth. Brother-in- 
law of (Edipus, who espoused the cause of Eteocles against 
Polynices. He became king of Thebes after the death of 
his nephews. See Antigone. 

cre'o-sol (kre'o-sol ; -sol), n. [creosote -f 2d -ol.] Chem. A 
colorless aromatic liquid, C8H10O2, resembling carbolic acid, 
got from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. 

cre / 0-SOte (-sot), n. [Gr. icpkas, gen. Kpeccs, flesh + aufap 
to preserve.] 1. An oily, antiseptic liquid got by distillation 
of wood tar. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and 
their ethers. 2. A similar substance from coal tar. 

creosote bush. A shrub (Covillea mexicana) of the bean- 
caper family, found in American desert regions, having 
very resinous foliage with a strong odor of creosote. 

llcrgpe (krap; E. krap), n. [F.] Crape; also, any of 
various crapelike fabrics. 

crgpede Chine (d'-shen') [F. de Chine of China] , Canton 
crape or an inferior gauzy fabric resembling it. — c. lisse 
(les) [F. lisse smooth] , smooth, or unwrinkled, crape. 

crep'i-tant (krep'i-tant), a. Crackling ; rattling. 

crep'i-tate (-tat), v. z'.^-tat'ed (-tat'ed); -tat'lng. [L. 
crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack.] To 
make a crackling sound ; crackle. [crackling noise. I 

crep / i-ta / tion(-ta , shiin), n. Act of crepitating ; crackling ; a| 

crept (krept), pret. & p. p. of creep. 

cre-pus'cle (kre-pusH) 1 n. [L. crepusculum, fr. creper 

cre-pus'cule (-pus'kfil)/ dusky.] Twilight. 

cre-pus'cu-lar (-ku-ldr), a. 1. Pert, to or like twilight; 
dim. 2. Flying by twilight. — cre-pus'cu-lous (-lus), a. 

cre-scen'do (kre-shen'do ; -sen'do), a. & adv. [It., fr. cre- 
scere to increase.] Music. Gradually increasing in force 
and fullness of tone ; — a direction, indicated by the mark 

' , by the word crescendo, or by cresc. or cres. — n. 

An increase in force, stress, or volume of sound, or a passage 
rendered with such. 

cres'cent (kres'ent), n. [From OF., fr. 
increase.] 1. The increasing moon, or ( 
new moon, or a representation of it. 2. A I 
crescent-shaped object; specif., the em-| 
blem of the Turkish empire. — a. 1. In- 
creasing; growing. 2. Shaped like the' 
new moon. 

cres'cive (kresTv), a. Increasing; growing. 

cre'soKkre^sol ; -sol), n. [From creosote.] 
CAem.Anyoneof three isomeric substances, 
CH3 • C6H4 • OH, resembling phenol. They 
are obtained from coal tar and wood tar as colorless, oily 
liquids or solids, and are used as disinfectants. 

cress (kres), n. [AS. cresse, cerse.] Any of numerous 
brassicaceous plants, mostly with edible pungent leaves, 
often used in garnishing food, etc. 

cres'set (kres'et ; 24), n. [OF.] An iron vessel for hold- 
ing an iUuminant, as burning oil or pitchy wood. 

Cres'si-da (-I-dd), n. The beautiful daughter of Calchas, 
proverbial for infidelity to her lover. See Teoilus. 

cress'y (kres'i), a. Abounding in cresses. 

crest (krest), n. [OF. create, L. crista.] 1. A tuft or 
process on the upper part of the head of a bird or animal, 
as the comb of a cock. 2. The plume, or other decora- 
tion, worn on a helmet, as by a knight ; hence, a helmet. 
3. Her. A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually 
above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, 
and the like. 4. High spirits ; pride ; courage. 5. Some- 
thing suggestive of a crest, esp. as being the head, crown, 
or top ; as : a A peak, summit, or ridge, as of a mountain 
or hill, b The ridge or top of a wave, c The upper 
curve or ridge of the neck of a horse or other quadruped ; 
sometimes, specif., the mane on this part, d Arch. The or- 
namental ridging of a roof, canopy, etc. ; also, a finial. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest ; to top ; 
crown. 2. To reach the crest of, as a wave. — v. i. To form 
or rise to or in a crest. 

crest 'faU'en (krest , f61 / 'n), a. With drooping crest; hence : 
dispirited ; dejected ; cowed. 




Turkish 
Crescent. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CRESYLIC 



241 



CRINOID 



Per- 



cre-syl'ic (kre-sil'ik), a. [From creosote.] Chem 
taining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. 

cre-ta'ceous (kre-ta'shws), o. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta 
chalk.] 1. Having the qualities of, or abounding in, 
chalk. 2. [cap.] Geol. Pert, to or designating the last Meso- 
zoic period and the corresponding system of rocks, either : 
(1) the entire period between the Jurassic and the Tertiary, 
divided into Upper and Lower; or (2) the upper of these 
divisions, the lower being called the Comanchean. Chalk 
and coal deposits mark this era. — n. leap.} Geol. Ihe 
Cretaceous period or system. 

Cre'tan (kre'tan), a. Of or pertaining to Crete. — n. A 
native or inhabitant of Crete. 

cre'tic (-tik), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. KprjTinos 
(sc. irovs foot), prop., a Cretan foot.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. A 
foot of one short syllable between two long ones ( - - - ). 

cre'tin (kre'tin), n. [F. cretin, fr. a dial, form meaning 
prop., Christian, hence, human being, fr. L. Christianus.~\ 
One afflicted with cretinism. — cre'tin-uUS (#s), a. 

cre'tin-ism (-iz'm), n. Endemic or inherited idiocy accom- 
panied by physical deformity (esp. goiter), frequent in cer- 
tain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps. 

cre-tonne' (kre-ton' ; kre'ton), n. [F., fr. Creton, village 
in Normandy.] A strong unglazed cotton cloth often used 
for covering furniture, for curtains, etc. 

Cre-U'sa (kre-Q'sa), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kpeovaa.'] See Medea. 

cre-vasse' (kre-vas'), n. [F.] A deep crevice, as in a 
glacier or in an embankment ; U. S., a break in a levee. 

— v. t. ; -vassed' (-vast') ; -vass'ing. To open or fissure with 
crevasses. 

crev'ice ( krev'is ), n. [OF. crevace, fr. crever to break. 
fr. L. crepare to crack, break.] A narrow opening result- 
ing from a split or crack. — ■ crev'iced (-1st), o. 

crew (kroo), pret. of CROW. 

crew, n. [From older accrue accession, reenforcement, 
hence, company, crew.] 1. Any band or force of armed 
men. 2. A company ; assemblage ; throng. 3. Those who 
man a ship, collectively. 4. Any smallbody of men regarded 
as associated, as by common occupation; as, a train crew. 
5. Naut. & Nav. A small body of men working under a 
petty officer or assigned to a particular duty ; as, the carpen- 
ter's crew, boat's crew. — Syn. Gang, party. See company. 

crew'el (-el), n. Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 

crew'el-WO-rk' (-wtirk'), n. Embroidery in crewels. 

Crib (krib), n. [AS. cribb.~] 1. A manger or rack for feeding 
animals. 2. A stall for oxen or other cattle. 3. A hut or 
hovel, or a small, narrow room. 4. An osier or wickerwork 
basket ; a crate or bin. 5. A small bedstead with high sides, 
often of openwork, for a child. 6. A box, bin, building, etc., 
usually of open or slat construction, as for storing grain, 
salt, etc., to form a weir, etc. 7. Card Playing. In cribbage, 
the cards discarded for the dealer to use in scoring. 8. A 
small theft ; anything purloined ; hence, School Cant, an il- 
legitimate aid to a student, as a translation, key, etc. 9. A 
house, store, etc. ; as, to "crack a crib." Thieves' Cant. 

— v. t. ; cribbed (kribd) ; crib'bing. 1. To shut up or con- 
fine in a narrow habitation ; cage ; hence, to cramp. 2. To 
provide with, or put in, a crib or cribs. 3. To pilfer ; steal ; 
plagiarize. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To steal; plagiarize; esp., 
School Cant, to use a crib. 2. = crib-bite. 

Clib'bage (krib'aj), n. [From crib to pilfer.] A certain 
game at cards, played by two, three, or four persons. 

crib'ber, n. One who, or that which, cribs. 

Crib'-bite', v. i. Veter. To exhibit the vice of crib biting. 

crib biting. Veter. A vice in some horses in which the animal 
grasps the manger or other object with the teeth and swal- 
lows air ; — called also cribbing and wind sucking. 

crib'ri-form (krib'n-form ; kri'bri-), a. [L. cribrum 
sieve -4- -form.'] Resembling a sieve ; pierced with holes. 

Crib'work' (krTb'wurk'), n. Framework formed by logs 
arranged as in the walls of a log cabin or as in a crib ; a 
structure made with cribs ; also, a crib. 

crick (krik),n. A painful spasmodic affection of the muscles, 
as of the back. — v. t. To turn so as to cause a crick. 

crick'et (krlk'et ; 24), n. A low stool. 

crick'et, n. [OF. crequet, criquet.~\ Any of a family (Grylli- 
dse) of leaping orthopterous insects, noted for the chirping 
notes produced by the males by rubbing together specially 
modified parts of the fore wings. 

crick'et, n. A certain outdoor game played with bats, ball, 
wickets, etc. — v. i. To play cricket. — crick'et-er, n. 

cri'coid ( krl'koid ), a. [ Gr. KpUos ring + -old. ] Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, a cartilage of the larynx, with which 
the arytenoid cartilages articulate. 

— n. The cricoid cartilage. 

Cried (krid), pret. & p. p. of CRY. « 

cri'er (kri'er), n. One who cries or makes proclamation. 

crime (krlm), n. [F., fr. L. crimen judicial decision, 
charge, fault, crime.] 1. An omission of a duty com- 
manded, or the commission of an act forbidden, by a public 
law. 2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from 
misdemeanor or other minor offense ; hence: any aggra- 



vated offense against morality or the public welfare ; any 
sin ; wrongdoing. — Syn. Wickedness, iniquity, wrong. 

Cri-me'an (krl-me'an ; krl-), a. Of or pert, to the Crimea, a 
peninsula in southern Russia. 

crim'i-nal (krim'I-nal), a. 1. Involving, or of the nature 
of, a crime. 2. Relating to crime or its punishment. 3. 
Guilty of crime. — n. One who has committed a crime, 
criminal conversation, Law, unlawful intercourse with 
a married woman (considered as a tort) ; adultery ; — 
usually abbreviated, criin. con. — c. law, that branch of 
jurisprudence which relates to crimes. 

crirnl-nai'i-iy (-l-nal'I-ti), n. Quality or fact of being 
criminal. [to a criminal degree. I 

crim'i-nal-ly (krim'i-nal-i), adv. In a criminal manner, or| 

crim'i-nal-oid (-oid), n. Criminol. A person born with 
criminal tendencies. 

crim'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'ing. [L. 
criminatus, p. p. of criminare to criminate. See crime.] 
To accuse of crime ; incriminate ; censure strongly. 

crim/i-na'tion (-na'shftn), n. Act of criminating; accusa- 
tion ; strong censure. 

Crim'i-na-tive (knm'T-na-tiv), a. Leading to or involving 
crimination ; charging with crime. 

crim'i-na-to-ry (-nd-to-ri), a. Relating to, or involving, 
crimination ; accusing ; as, a criminatory conscience. 

crim'i-nol'O-gy (-nol'6-ji), n. [L. crimen crime + -logy."] 
Study of crime or criminals. — crim/i-no-log'ic (-n6-15j'- 
lk), -log'i-cal (l-kal), a. — crim'i-nol'o-gist, n. 

Crimp (krimp), 71. One whose business is to lure, entrap, or 
force men into nautical, or, formerly, military service. 

crimp, v. t. 1. To fold or plait in small regular undula- 
tions ; give a wavy appearance to. 2. To pinch and hold ; 
seize. 3. To fold the edge of (a cartridge case) inward so 
as to confine the charge. 4. To gash, as the flesh of a 
fish to render it more crisp when cooked. 5. To form 
(leather) into the required shape, as in making boot 
uppers or saddles. 6. [Cf. crimp one who entraps.] To en- 
trap into military or sea service ; impress. 

— n. 1. Act or product of crimping ; a small undulation or 
wrinkle or a formation due to a series of them. 2. Hair 
which has been crimped ; — usually in pi. — crimp'er, n. 

Crim'ple (krfm'p'l),'y.i. cfc t. [Dim. of crimp, v.t.] To wrin- 
kle ; curl. Now Chiefly Dial., or inform crim'pled, p. a. 

Crimp'y (krim'pi), a. ; crimp'i-er (-pi-er) ; -i-est. Having 
a crimped appearance ; frizzly. 

crim/son (krim'z'n), n. [Deriv. of Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez 
crimson, kermes (which see), fr. Skr. krmija produced by 
a worm ; krmi worm + jan to generate.] 1. A deep red 
color tinged with blue ; also, red color in general. 2. Any 
pigment or dye which colors crimson. — a. Of the color 
crimson ; deep red ; hence, bloody. 

— v. t. & i. To make or become crimson. 

cringe (krinj), v. %.; cringed (knnjd) ; cringing (krin'- 
jing). 1. To contract one's muscle involuntarily ; shrink ; 
cower. 2. To draw one's self together in fear or servility ; 
wince ; hence, to show servile deference. — Syn. See fawn. 

— n. Servile civility. — Cling'er (krin'jer), n. 

crin'gle (krir/g'l), n. Naut. An iron or rope thimble or 
grommet at the edge or corner of a sail.for making it fast ; 
also, in light sails, an eyelet in the sail itself. 

cri'nite (krl'nlt), a. [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to pro- 
vide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.] Having hair or a 
hairlike tail ; hairy. 

cri'nite (krl'nlt ; krinlt), n. A fossil crinoid. 

crin'kle (krirj'k'l), v. i. & t. ; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kxing (-kling). 
1. To turn or wind in and out ; also, to move in waves ; 
ripple. 2. To rustle, as stiff 
wrinkle. — crin'kly (-kll), a. 

crin'kle-root' (krirjk'l-rootO, n. 
(Dentaria diphylla), with a 
knotted succulent and pungent 
rootstock. 

crin'kum-cran'kum ( - k u m - 
krSr/kum). n. Something fulL 
of twists and turns ; a twist ; a^ 
whimsey or whim. Colloq. 

cri'noid (krl'noid; 
krln'oid), n. [Gr. *cpi- 
vov lily + -oid.] Any 
of a large group {Cri- 
noidea) of echino- 
d e r m s , mostly at- 
tached by the part op- 
posite the mouth and 
having, typically, a 
more or less cup- 
shaped body with five 
or more featherlike 
arms ; a sea lily, stone 
lily, or feather star. 

— a. Of or pertaining 
to crinoids ; crinoidal. Crinkleroot. 



cloth. — n. A winding ; 
An American toothwort 




■ 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 



CRINOIDAL 



242 



cri-noi'dal (kn-noi'del ; kri-), a.^ Of or pert, to crinoids; 
consisting of or containing crinoids. 

crin'o-line (krin'6-lin ; -len), n. [F., fr. crin hair, L. cri- 
m's.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth. 2. A woman's skirt of 
any stiff material ; also, a hoop skirt. 

cri'num (krl'num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. uplvov lily.] Any of a 
large genus (Crinum) of bulbous amaryllidaceous plants, 
of tropical and subtropical regions, bearing showy flowers. 

cri'o-sphinx' (krl'o-sfinks'), n. [Gr. zcpios ram + cQlyZ 
sphinx.] A ram-headed sphinx. 

crip'ple (krip''!),™. [AS. cry-pel, fr. AS. creopan tocreep.] 
1. One who creeps, halts, or limps; a lame person; one 
partially disabled. 2. Swampy ground, often covered with 
thickets ; bog. Local, U. S. — a. Lame ; halting. — v. t. ; 
-pled (-'Id) ; -pling (-ling). To deprive of the proper use of a 
limb, esp. of a leg ; to lame ; disable. — crip'pler (krip'ler), n. 

Cris (kres). Var. oi creese. 

Cri'sis (krl'sis), n.; pi. crises (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. Kpi<ris,ir. 
Kpivuv to separate.] l.That change in a disease which in- 
dicates whether the result is to be recovery or death. 2. De- 
cisive moment ; turning point ; also, time of difficulty or 
danger ; as, a crisis in his career. — Syn. See juncture. 

crisp (krisp), a. [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus.] 1. Curly; in 
curls or ringlets ; as, crisp hair. 2. Roughened into small 
curls, frets, waves, or folds. 3. Brittle ; friable ; short ; as, 
crisp pastry. 4. Having characteristics of crisp substances ; 
sharp and clear ; as, a crisp style ; crisp remarks ; also, 
firm and fresh, as vegetables. — Syn. See sharp.— n. That 
which is crisp, as a brittle kind of candy. 

— v. i. & t. l.To form into curls ; ripple. 2.To make or be- 
come crisp, as in cooking. 

cris'pate (kris'pat) "la. [L. crispatus curled.] Having a 

Clis'pat-ed (-pat-ed)j crisped appearance. 

Cris-pa'tion (kris-pa/shftn), n. 1. A curling, or state of 
being curled ; undulation. 2. A very slight contraction. 

crisp'er (krls'per), n. One who, or that which, crisps. 

Cris'pin (-pin),ra. A shoemaker; — so called from Saint 
Crispin, the patron of shoemakers. 

crisp'ly (knsp'li), adv. In a crisp manner. 

crisp'ness, n. Quality or state of being crisp. 

crisp'y (kns'pi), a.; crisp'i-er (-pT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Formed 
into short, close ringlets ; curly. 2. Crisp ; brittle. 

Cris'sal (kris'dl), a. Zo'dl. Of or pert, to the crissum. 

Cliss'cross' (kris'kroV ; 62), n. [Corrupt, of Christcross."] 
1. A crosslike mark made for a signature. 2. A child's 
game played with crossed lines. — a. Crossed ; marked by 
crossings. — adv. In a way to cross something else. — 
v. t. To mark or cover with cross lines. 

criss'cross'-row'. Var. of christcross-row. 

Cris'sum (kris'iim), n.; pi. crissa (-d). [NL.] Zo'dl. 
That part of a bird surrounding the cloacal opening, or 
the feathers covering that region ; the under tail coverts. 

Cris'tate (kris'tat) \a. [L. cristatus, fr. crista crest.] Hav- 

cris'tat-ed (-tat-ed)j ing a crest ; crested. 

cri-te'ri-on (krl-te'rT-un), n. ; pi. L. -ria (-a), E. -rions 
(-unz). [Gr. Kpirripiov a means for judging, npiT-qs de- 
cider, judge, Kplveiv to separate.] A standard of judg- 
ing ; rule ; test. — Syn. Measure, rule, test. See standard. 

crith (krith), n. [Gr. apid-h a barleycorn, a small weight.] 
Physics. A unit for estimating the weight of gaseous 
substances ; — the weight of a liter of hydrogen at 0° cen- 
tigrade, and 760 millimeters barometric pressure. It is 
0.0899 of a gram, or 1.387 grains. 

CliVic (krit'ik), n. [L. criticus, Gr. kpitikos, prop., able 
to discuss, Kplveiv to judge, discern.] One who expresses a 
judgment on any matter with respect to its value, truth, 
beauty, etc. ; esp., one skilled in judging the merits of lit- 
erary or artistic works ; also, opprobriously, one given to 
harsh or captious judgment. — a. Critical. 

Clit'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 1. Inclined to criticize; esp., cap- 
tious ; censorious. 2. Exercising, or qualified to exercise, 
careful judgment ; nicely judicious. 3. Of the nature of, 
or pert, to, criticism or critics ; as, a critical essay. 4. Pert. 
to or indicating a crisis, or turning point ; decisive ; cru- 
cial ; as, the critical moment ; attended with risk ; dan- 
gerous ; as, a critical situation. 5. Physics, Math., etc. 
Pert, to or designating a transition point at which some 
property suffers a finite change ; as, the parabola is a criti- 
cal curve through which a conic passes from an ellipse into 
a hyperbola. — crit'i-cal-ly, adv. — crit'i-cal-ness, n. 
critical temperature, Physics, any temperature marked 

- by a transition ; specif., the temperature above which a 
substance can exist only in the gaseous state, no matter 
whr.t the pressure. 

Clit'ic-as'ter (krit'ik-as'ter), n. [See -ASTER.] An infe- 
rior or contemptible critic. — crit'ic-as'try (-as'tn), n. 

Crit'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. 1. A critical judgment, or de- 
tailed examination and review ; esp., an unfavorable judg- 
ment or opinion; censure. 2. The rules and principles 
which regulate the practice of the critic. — Syn. See ani- 

' MADVERSION, REVIEW. 

crit'i-cize,crit'i-cise (-sTz).v.i. &t. ;-ctzed,-cised (-sTzd) ; 



CROOK 

To judge as a critic; esp., to find 




criticizes, 
careful 
2. Act or art 



-CIz'lNG, -CIS'lNG. 

fault 
crit'i-ciz 
cri-tique 

analysis of any subject ; criticism ; review, 
of criticism. — Syn. See review. 
croak (krok), v. i. & t. 1. To make, or utter with, a 
croak, or similar hoarse, dismal sound. 2. To grumble; 
forebode (evil), esp. habitually. — n. The hoarse, harsh cry 
of a frog or raven ; any similar sound. 
croak'er (-er), n. 1. An animal that croaks ; as : a A frog. 
b Any of various Lshes that produce croaking or grunting 
noises, as certain grunts and surf fishes. 2. One who croaks ; 
a habitual grumbler ; a foreboder of evil. 
croak'y, a. Characterized by, or of the nature of, a croak. 
Cro'at (kro'at), n. A native of Croatia, in Austria-Hungary ; 
esp., one of the native Slavic-speaking race. 
Cro-a'tian (kro-a'shdn), a. Of or pertaining to Croatia.— 
n. A Croat ; also, the Slavic language spoken in Croatia. 
Cro'ce-in (kro'se-in), n. [L. croceus yellow, fr. crocus saf- 
fron.] Any of several yellow or scarlet artificial dyes. 
cro-Chet' (kro-sha' ; British commonly kro'sha), n. [F. 
crochet small hook.] A kind of knitting done with a 
hooked needle. — v. t. tfc i. ; -cheted' (-shad') ; -chet'ing 
(-sha'Tng). To knit with a crochet needle or hook. 
cro-cid'o-lite (kro-sTd'o-Ht), n. [Gr. kpokLs nap on cloth + 
-lite.'] A lavender-blue or leek-green mineral of the amphi- 
bole group, essentially a silicate of iron and sodium. 
crock (krok), n. l.The loose black particles collected from 
combustion ; soot ; smut. 2. Coloring matter that rubs off 
from cloth. — v. t. & i. To soil with, or give off, crock. 
crock, n. [AS. croc, crocca.] A piece of crockery, esp. of 
coarse earthenware ; an earthen pot, jar, or pitcher. 
crock'er-y (-er-i), n. Earthenware; crocks collectively. 
crock'et (-et ; 24), n. [OF. croquet, dial, form of F. crochet. 
See crochet.] Arch. An ornament, often resembling 
curved foliage, on the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc. 
croc'0-dile (-6-dIl), n. [L. crocodilus, fr. Gr. Kpo/c65et\os.] 
Any of a genus {Crocodilus) of large, thick-skinned, long- 
tailed, aquatic reptiles, of tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, 
and America. Cf. alligator. Also, in a wider sense, any 
crocodilian. 
crocodile bird. An African ploverlike bird which alights 

upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites. 
crocodile tears. False or affected tears ; hypocritical sor- 
row ; — derived from the old fiction that crocodiles weep 
over those they devour, or to allure human prey. 
croc'o-dil'i-an (-dil'i-an) , a. Of or pert, to an order {Croco- 
dilia) of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alliga- 
tors, and related extinct forms. — croc'o-diPi-an (-an), n. 
cro'co-ite (kro'ko-It), cro-co'i-site (kro-ko'i-slt), n. [Gr. 
kpokos saffron.] Min. Native lead chromate, PbCr04j 
— called also red lead ore. 

cro'cus (kro'kus), n. [L., saffron, fr. Gr. *p6/cos.] 
Any of a large genus (Crocus) of bulb- 
ous plants of the iris family, with sol- 
itary long-tubed flowers. 2. Chem. A , 
deep yellow powder; esp., oxide ferric, 
used as a polishing powder and pigment. 
Cf. rouge. 
Croe'sus (kre'sws), n. [L., fr. Gr. KpoZ- 
o-os.] A king of Lydia of the 6th cen- 
tury b. c, renowned for his vast wealth ; 
hence, a very rich man. 
croft (kroft ; 62), n. [AS.] A small in- 
closed field or agricultural holding, esp. 
one adjoining a house. Great Britain. 
cr offer (krof'ter), n. One who rents 
and tills a croft. Chiefly Scot. 
crom'lech (krom'lek), n. [W. cromlech; 
crom bent, concave + llech flat stone.] 
Archseol. a A dolmen, b A circle of 
monoliths, usually inclosing a mound. 
cro-mor'na (kro-mor'nd), n. [F. cro- 
morne, fr. G. krummhom crooked horn, 
cornet, an organ pipe turned like a 
trumpet.] Music. A certain reed stop in 
the organ, resembling the oboe in quality of tone. 
crone (kron), n. [OD. kronie an old sheep, OF. carogne 
carrion.] A withered old woman. 
Cro'nus (kro'nus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kpdvos.] Gr. Myth. A 
Titan, son of Uranus and Gaea, who dethroned his father 
and was in turn dethroned by his own son Zeus. His wife 
was Rhea. He was a god of harvests and was identified 
by the Romans with Saturn. 
cro'ny (-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). An intimate companion. 
crook (krdok), n. [ME. crok.] 1. Any bent or hooked 
appendage, part, contrivance, or implement ; as : a A hook ; 
esp., a pothook, b A shepherd's staff. cA bishop's staff; 
crosier, d A crooked piece of timber ; a knee. 2. Act of crook- 
ing ; state of being crooked ; a bend or turn ; specif., bow of 




Crocus. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Dse, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot-; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CROOKBACK 



courtesy or reverence. 3. A sharper, swindler, thief, forger, or 
the like. Cant.—v.t.&i. To turn from a straight line ;bend. 

crook'back', n. A crooked back ; hence, a hunchback. 

ClOOk'ed (krobk'ed ; 24), a. 1. Characterized by a crook, 
or curve ; bent. 2. Not straightforward ; deviating from 
rectitude. 3. False ; dishonest ; fraudulent ; as, crooked 
dealings. — crook'ed-ly, adv. — crook'ed-ness, n. 
Syn. Curved, oblique, aslant, asquint, twisted, distorted, 
wry, awry, askew. — Crooked, awry, askew. Crooked 
is the general term for that which (lit.) is itself not straight 
or which (fig.) deviates from rectitude. Awry applies to 
that which is out of a straight line ; in its fig. sense it sug- 
gests error or perversity. Askew implies decided slant or 

I obliquity ; in its fig. sense it suggests contempt or disdain. 

Crookes space (krdoks). [After Sir William Crookes, 

i Eng. chemist.] Physics. The dark space within the nega- 
tive-pole glow at the cathode of a vacuum tube, observed 
only when the vacuum is high enough to give a striated 
discharge. 

Crookes tube. [See Crookes space.] Physics. _ A vacuum 
tube in which the vacuum (Crookes vacuum) is so nearly 
complete that molecular actions have free play. 

crook'neck' (krook'nek'), n. Either of two varieties of 
squash with recurved necks. 

crool (krool), v. i. [Imitative.] To make a repeated, low, 
liquid or gurgling sound. 

croon (kroon), v. i. [ME. croinen."] l.To make a continu- 
ous hollow sound, as cattle in pain ; bellow. Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. 2. To hum or sing in a low tone. — v. t. To sing in a 
low tone ; hum. — n. The sound made in crooning. 

crop (krop), n. [AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of 
corn.] 1. A pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of many 
birds, serving to receive food; craw. 2. The top, head, 
or highest part, esp. of a plant or tree. Now % Chiefly 
Dial. 3. The handle of a whip ; specif., a riding whip 
with a loop instead of a lash. 4. Of grain or fruit, that 
which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single field, or of 
a single kind, or in a single season ; the product of the 
field, whether gathered or growing ; harvest. Also used fig., 
as, the ice crop. 5. [From the v.] Act or product of crop- 
ping ; as : a Hair cut short, b An earmark made by crop- 
Eing. 6. An entire tanned cowhide. 7. The depression be- 
ind the shoulders of a cow. 

— v. t.; cropped (kropt), or, rarely, cropt ; crop'ping. 1. 
To cut off the tops or tips of ; bite, pull, or snip off ; pluck ; 
reap. 2. To clip the ears or, sometimes, hair, etc., of. — v. i. 

1. To yield a crop or crops. 2. To come or appear, as from 
concealment ; — usually used with out, forth, or up. 

crop'-eared' (-erd'), a. 1. Having the ears cropped ; — for- 
merly done as a means of identification, or, in persons, as a 
punishment. 2. Having the hair cropped, so that the ears 
are conspicuous ; — used esp. of the English Puritans, or 
Roundheads. 

crop'per (krop'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, crops, 
or snips off. 2. One who raises a crop, esp. on another's 
land. 3. A severe fall, as from a horse ; hence, a failure or 
collapse ; — chiefly in to come (fall, get) a cropper. 
Colloq. or Slang. 

cro-quet' (kro-ka/ ; Brit, commonly kro'ka, -ki), n. 1. An 
outdoor game in which wooden balls are driven 

[ with mallets through a series of arches set in the 

[ground. 2. Act of croqueting. — v. t. & %.; 
-queted' (-kad') ; -quet'ing (-ka'mg). To drive 
away (an opponent's ball), after placing one's 
own against it, by striking one's own ball with 
the mallet. 

cro-quette' (kro-kef), n. [F., fr. croquer to 
crunch.] Cookery. A fried ball made of minced 
meat, rice, etc. 

crqre (kror ; 57), n. [Hind, karor, Skr. koti."] Ten 
million ; specif., ten million rupees (written Rs. 
1,00,00,000), or about §3,244,300. Anglo-Ind. 

Cro'sier, cro'zier (kro'zher), n. [OF. croce, fr. 
LL. crocea, crocia. The word was confused with 
F. croisier cross-bearer, fr. OF. crois cross.] The 
pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot, being the sym- r^gier 
bol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God. ^ rosi ' 

cross (kros ; 62), n. [ME. crois, fr. OF. crois, fr. L. crux; 
also, ME. cros, AS. cros, Olr. cros, fr. L. crux.'] 1. A gib- 
betlike structure, anciently used in crucifying malefactors ; 
specif., with the, the cross on which Christ was crucified. 

2. A representation of the cross, as for the symbol of 
Christ's death or for a heraldic bearing. Also, the ensign 
and chosen symbol of Christianity ; fig., the Christian reli- 
gion or religious experience^ See Illust., in next column. 

3. Specif. : a A monument in the form of a cross, or sur- 
mounted by a cross ; as, a boundary cross; esp., a cross in 
a market place, b A cruciform badge, ornament, etc., as a 
staff borne before an archbishop as a sign of his office. C 
The crusader's symbol ; hence : to take the cross, to take 
the crusader's vows. 4. A cross on a coin ; a coin. Obs. 5. 
Affliction or trial as a test of Christian patience or virtue ; 



243 CROSSING 

also, trial ; misfortune ; as, to bear one's cross. 6. Any fig- 



1 



ure or mark formed 
by the intersection n 
of two straight^ ^ 
fines ; specif., such 
a cross as a signa- 
ture. 7. A crossing ; 
a crossed position 
or state ; specif. : a 
The intersection of 
two lines or ways. 
b Elec. An acciden- 
tal contact between 
two conductors. 8. 
A mixing of breeds ; 
crossbreed ; hybrid. 
— v. t. 1. To put or 
lay across or 
athwart ; also, to lie 
or pass across ; in- 
tersect. 2. Naut. 
To set in position 
across the mast (a 
yard or, formerly, a Cross 
sail) on a square- 
rigged vessel. 3. To 
make the sign of 
the cross on or over. 
4. To cancel by 
marking crosses on 





*#* 




1 Latin ; 2 Calvary ; 3 Patri- 
archal or Archiepiscopal ; 4 Papal ; 
5 Lorraine ; 6 Greek ; 7 Celtic ; 8 
Maltese ; 9 St. Andrew's ; 10 Tau ; 
11 Pommee ; 12 Botonee ; 13 Fleury ; 
14 Avellane ; 15 Moline ; 16 Pattee ; 
17 Fourchee ; 18 Crosslet ; 19 Quad- 
rate ; 20 Potent (Jerusalem). 

or over, or drawing a line across ; — usually used with out 
or off. 5. To draw or write something, as a line, across ; as, 
to cross one's t's. 6. To move across or past ; as : a To 
traverse ; as, to cross a stream, b To cause to pass or move 
over; as, the general crossed his army at this ford, c To 
meet and pass ; as, your letter crossed mine. 7. To meet or 
confront, as something in one's way ; to encounter, esp. in 
opposition. 8. To cause to interbreed ; hybridize. — v. i. 1. 
To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass, or to extend, 
from side to side or from place to place ; — often used with 
over. 3. To meet and pass, as letters. 4. To interbreed. 

— prep. Across. Archaic or Colloq. 

— a. 1. Not parallel ; lying, falling, or passing athwart ; trans- 
verse. 2.Contrary ;adverse. 3. Ill-humored. 4.Involvingmu- 
tual interchange ; reciprocal. 5. Crossbred. — Syn. See 

PEEVISH. 

cross'bar' (kros'bar'), n. 1. A transverse bar or piece. 2. A 
transverse line or stripe. — v. t. ; -barred' (-bard 7 ) ; -bab.'- 
ring. To provide or mark with crossbars. 

cross'bilF (-bil'), n. Any of a genus (Loxia) of finches 
having mandibles strongly curved and crossing each other. 

cross'bones' (-bonz'), n. pi. Two leg or arm bones placed 
or depicted crosswise. 

cross'bow' (-bo'), n. A medieval weapon for discharging 
quarrels, stones, etc., formed of a bow set cross- 
wise on a stock. — cross'bow'man (-man), n. 

cross'bred' (-bred'), p. a. Hybrid; mongrel. 

cross'breed' (-bred'), n. A breed or an individual 
produced from parents 
of different breeds or 
kinds ; hybrid. — v. t. 
& i. ; -bred' (-bred') ; 
-breed'ing. To hybrid- 
ize ;cross ;specif., Hort., 
to breed between two varieties of the same species. 

cross'— bun', n. A bun or cake marked with a cross, 
commonly eaten on Good Friday. 

cross'CUt' (kros'kut'), a. 1. Made or used for crosscutting ; 
as : crosscut saw, one set to cut across the grain of wood, 
as distinguished from a splitsaw or ripsaw. 2. Cut across, 
or transversely jhavingtransverseorobliquecuts ;as :cross- 
cut file, one with two crossing series of cuts, one finer than 
the other. — n. A cut across ; a direct path or way transverse 
or oblique to the main path or way. — v. t. To cut across. 

Crosse (kros ; 62), n. [F., crosier, hooked stick.] The racket 
used to throw and catch the ball in lacrosse. fgj 

cross'— ex-am'ine, v. t. & i. Law. To examine or question, 
esp. as a check to a previous examination. — cross'— 
ex-am'i-na'tion, n. ex-am'in-er, n. 

cross'— eye', n. See strabismus. — cross'— eyed' (-Id'), a. 

cross'— I3r'ti-li-za'tion, n. Bot. Fertilization by cross- 
pollination. — cross'-fer'ti-lize, v. t. 

cross'-grained' (-grand'), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers 
transverse or irregular. 2. Perverse ; contrary. 

cross'hatch' (kros'hach'), v. t. & i. To cut, engrave, or 
furrow with two sets of parallel lines crossing one another. 

cross'head' (kros'hed'), n. Mach. A beam or bar across 
the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and 
carrying a knuckle pin. 

cross'ing, n. 1. A point of intersection, as where two roads 
cross. 2. A place where anything is_ crossed ; esp., a paved 
walk across a street. 3. Contradiction ; opposition. 




One form of Crossbow. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



!< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



y 



M 



CROSSLET 



244 



CROW'S-FOOT 



Crosslet (kro's'le't; 24), n. A small cross, esp. heraldic. 
Grossly, adv. In a cross manner. 
MOSS'nesS, n. Quality or state of being cross. 
OTOSS'piece' (kros'pes'), n. A crosswise piece. 
cross'— pol'li-na'tion, n. Bot. Deposition of pollen from 

one flower on the stigma of another, as by insects. 
cross'— pur'pose, n. A counter or opposing purpose. 
cross'— ques'tion, v. t. To cross-examine ; question closely. 
cross'— re-f er', v. t. & i. To refer across or from one place to 

another ; make cross references. 
cross reference. A reference made from one part of a book 

or register to another part. 
cross'road' (kros'rod' ; 62), n. 1. A road that crosses a 

main road or runs across country between main roads. 

2. Place where two or more roads intersect ; — often in pi. 
cross'ruff' (-ruf), n. Whist. The play in which partners 

trump different suits, and lead for that purpose. 
cross'— stitch', n. A form of stitch, or a kind of needlework, 

in which the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of 

one stitch crossing that of the other, forming a square. 
cross'tie' (-ti'), n. A tie placed across something for support, 

as a railroad sleeper. — cross'tied', a. 
cross'trees 7 (-trez'), n. pi. Naut. Two horizontal pieces 

of timber or metal supported by trestletrees at a masthead, 

and spreading the upper shrouds to support the mast. 
cross'way' (-wa'), n. A crossroad or crosscut. 
cross wires. Fine wires or threads, usually of spider-web 

platinum wire or ruled on glass, mounted as a reticle in 

the focus of the objective of optical instruments,>nd used 

to define the line of sight with accuracy. 
Cross'wise' (-wlz'), adv. In the form of a cross; also, 

athwart ; across ; hence : perversely ; contrarily. 
crotch (kroch), n. 1. A fork ; esp., a forked pole or stake 

to prop something. 2. The angle formed by the parting of 

two legs or branches ; fork. — crotched (krocht), a. 
crotch'et (kroch'et; 24), n. [F. crochet, prop., a little 

hook.] 1. A small hook or hooklike instrument. 2. 

Music. A quarter note. See note. 3. A perverse fancy ; 

whimsey. — Syn. See caprice. 
crotch'et-y (-1), a. 1. Given to, or full of, crotchets. 

2. Of the nature of a crotchet. — crotch'et-i-ness, n._ 
cro'ton (kro'tun), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kpotoiv a tick (which 

the seeds resemble).] Any of a genus (Phyllaurea, esp. P. 

variegata) of plants, cultivated for their ornamental foliage. 
Cro'ton bug (kro'tun). [From the Croton water of New 

York.] A small, active, winged species of cockroach 

{Phyllodromia germanica) ; — called also water bug. 
croton oil. A viscid, acrid fixed oil got from the seeds of a 

small East Indian euphorbiaceous tree (Croton tiglium). 
Crouch (krouch), v. i. 1. To bend or stoop low, with bent 

legs, as an animal waiting for prey, or in fear. 2. To bend 

servilely ; fawn ; cringe. — v. t. To bow or bend low. 
croup (kroop), n. [F. croupe.~\ The posterior part of the 

back of a quadruped, esp. the horse. 
Croup, n. [Scot.] An affection of the larynx or trachea, 

marked by a sharp, ringing cough and difficult breathing. 
crou'pi-er (kroo'pi-er ; kroo-per'), n. [ F., prop., one who 

sits on the croup, and, hence, in the second place.] l.One 

who presides at a gaming table and collects and, usually, 

pays the stakes. 2. One who, at a public dinner, sits at the 

lower end of the table as assistant chairman. 
croup'ous (kroop'iis), croup'y (-1), a. Of or pert, to croup. 
j| crou'stade' (kroo'stad'), n. [F., fr. croute a crust, OF. 

crouste.J Cookery. A kind of crisp patty, made of bread, 

rice, cornstarch, hominy, etc., to receive some filling. 
U crou'ton' (kroo'toN'), n. [F. crouton, fr. croute _a crust.] 

Cookery. A small piece of bread toasted or fried crisp, 

used in soups, in garnishing, etc._ 
crow (kro), v. i.; pret. crew (kroo), chiefly in sense 1, or 

crowed (krod) ; p. p. crowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. crow'ing. 

[AS. crawan.'} 1. To make the loud shrill sound char- 
acteristic of a cock. 2. To utter an expression of joy, 

exultation, or defiance. 
crow, n. [AS. crawe a crow (sense 1), fr. crawan to crow.] 

1. Any of various species (genus Corvus and allies) of large, 
usually entirely glossy black, oscine birds, with harsh and 
unmusical notes. 2.The cry of the cock ; crowing. 3. A bar 
of iron with a beak, crook, or claw ; esp., a crowbar. 

as the crow flies, in a straight line. 

crow'bar' (-bar'), n. A bar of iron, usually wedge-shaped 
at the working end, used as a lever, etc. 

crow'ber-ry (kro'ber-I ) , n. 1. A heathlike arctic shrub (Em- 
petrum nigrum) ; also, its black, insipid berry. 2. The large 
cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus). U. S. 

crow blackbird. Any of several black-plumaged grackles. 

crowd (kroud),n. [Corn. 
crowd or W. crwth."] 1. 
Anancient Celticmusical 
instrument with a shal- 
low body and six strings. 

2. (dial, krood.) A fiddle 
or fiddler. 06s. or Dial. Crowd, 






1 Imperial Crown (Charle- 
magne's); 2 Crown of Eng- 
land. 



crowd (kroud), v. i. [AS. crudanJ] 1. To push or drive on; 
hasten. 2. To urge forward ; force one's self. 3. To collect 
in numbers ; throng. — v. t. 1. To shove or push. 2. To 
press, force, or thrust, as into a smaller space or time ; 
cram ; as, to crowd a day's work into an hour. 3. To fill 
or occupy to excess or obstruction ; as, a crowded room. 4. 
To put pressure upon ; press by solicitation ; urge. Colloq. 
to crowd sail, Naut., to carry an extraordinary amount of 
sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of the vessel. 

— n. l.A large number of persons or things closely massed 
together. 2. A great number of persons; esp., the people; 
populace. — Syn. See multitude. 

crowd'er (kroud'er ; dial, krood'er), n. One who plays on 
a crowd ; a fiddler. 06s., Hist., or Dial. Eng. * 

crowd'er (kroud'er), n. One that crowds, or shoves. 

crow'ioot' (kro'foof), n.; pi., except sense 1, -feet (-fef). 
1. [pi. -foots (-foots') ; incorrectly, -feet.] Any of a 
genus (Ranunculus) of plants, typifying a family (Ra- 
nunculaceae) , of which some have lobed 
leaves suggestive of a crow's foot ; a butter- 
cup. Also, any of various other plants with J 
parts suggestive of a bird's foot, as a spe- 
cies of geranium, plantain, etc. 2. Naut. A 
number of divergent small cords roved 
through a long block. Z.Mil. A caltrop. 4. Crowfoot, 4. 
A zinc electrode, somewhat resembling a crow's foot, used 
in some electric cells. 

crow'keep'er (-kep'er), n. A person employed to scare off 
crows ; hence, a scarecrow. 06s. 

crown (kroun),n. [OF.corone.fr. L. corona crown, wreath.] 
1. A garland or fillet for the 
head, esp. as a reward of vic- 
tory or a mark of distinction ; 
hence : something given for 
successful effort ; reward. 2. 
A royal headdress or cap of 
sovereignty ; a diadem. Cf. 
tiara. 3. Hence : a Imperial 
or regal power ; sovereignty. 
b The sovereign in a mon- 
archy or autocracy ; — used 
with the. 4^ Something suggestive of a crown ; as, the crown 
of a hill ; the crown, or top part, of a tooth, a cut gem, an 
arch, or arched surface, etc. 5. Anything that imparts 
beauty, dignity, or finish ; also, the highest state or qual- 
ity of anything. 6. Top of the head ; the head. 7. The 
part of a hat or other headwear covering the crown of 
the head. 8. Any of several coins (orig., one bearing a 
crown), as : aA certain British coin worth 5 shillings. bA 
krone. cA krona. 9. A representation of a crown as a her- 
aldic bearing, a watermark, etc. 10. Bot. a = corona, b 
The junction of stem and root in a seed plant. C The head of 
foliage in a tree or shrub. 11. Naut. The end of the shank 
of an anchor next to the arms. 12. = corona, in various 
senses, as a halo, a tonsure, etc. 13. Short for crown lens. 

— v. t. l.To place a crown upon; invest with a crown; 
hence, to invest with royalty. 2. To bestow something on as 
a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense ; adorn. 3. To top, 
cap, or surmount, as with a crown. 4. To form or furnish 
the topmost or finishing part of ; perfect ; glorify. 5. Check- 
ers. To make a king of a man that has reached an oppo- 
nent's king row,as by placing another piece on it to indicate 
that it is a king. 6. To make convex, as a road or a roof ; — • 
often used with up. 

crown'al (-al), n. A coronet ; crown ; coronal. Archaic. 

crown colony. A colony of the British Empire not hav- 
ing responsible self-government. 

crown'er (kroun'er), n. One who crowns. 

crown'er (kroun'er ; kroon'er), n. A coroner. 06s. or Dial. 

crown'et (kroun'et), n. A coronet. 06s. 

crown glass. Window glass blown and whirled into a 
disk, with a central knot, the bull's-eye, left by the worker's 
rod ; hence, a glass (an alkali-lime glass) the same as this in 
composition. Cf. flint glass. [laria imperialis) .1 

crown imperial, n. A handsome species of fritillary (Fritil-\ 

crown'land' (kroun'land'), n. 1. Land of the crown. 2. 
In Austria, one of the provinces, or largest administrative 
divisions, as Bohemia. 

crown lens. The convex lens of an achromatic lens, made 
of crown glass (see achromatic lens, Illust.) 

crown'piece' (kroun'pes'), n. l.A piece or part forming 
tbecrown.or top.asof a bridle. 2. [Properly crown piece.] 
A coin. See crown, 8. 

crown prince. The heir apparent to a crown or throne, 

crown princess. The wife of a crown prince. 

crown saw. A cylindrical rotary saw. 

crown wheel. Mach. A wheel with cogs or teeth set in 
its rim at right angles to its plane. 

crown'work' (kroun'wurk'), n. Dentistry. The application 
of artificial crowns to teeth ; also, a piece of such work. 

crow's'— foot', n.; pi. crow's-feet. 1. Something suggestive 
of a crow's foot ; as, one of the small wrinkles that appear 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, forn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



CROW'S NEST 



245 



CRUX 




Cruciate 
Flower. 




with age at the outer corners of the eyes. bA contrivance 
consisting of two pieces fastened together crosswise to sup- 
port a post. 2. = crowfoot, in various senses. 
Crow's nest. Naut. A box or perch near the top of a 
mast, esp. in whalers, built for the man on the lookout. 
croze (kroz), n. Coopering. The groove in the staves of 
casks, barrels, etc., for receiving the edge of 
the head ; also, a tool for making it. 
Cro'zier (kro'zher). Var. of crosier. 
cru'cial (kroo'shdl), a. [F., fr. L. crux, 
cruris, cross.] 1. Having the form of a 
cross ; cruciform. 2.0f the nature of ,or relat- 
ing to, a supreme trial or a final choice ; deci- 
sive ; as, a crucial test ; a crucial moment. 
cru'ci-ate (-shi-at), a. [L. cruciatus, p. p., 
deriv. of crux, crucis'cross.] Cross-shaped 
or marked with a cross. 
Cru'ci-ble. (-sT-b'l), n. [LL. crucibulum a hanging lamp, 

earthen crucible.] 1. A pot, as of 

I clay, porcelain, or platinum, for 

melting and calcining metals, ores, 

I etc. 2. A hollow at the bottom of a 

f furnace, to receive the melted 
metal. 3. A severe trial or test ; 
as, the crucible of affliction. Crucibles. 

Crucible steel. A superior cast steel made either by melting 
blister steel, in crucibles, or by fusing together wrought 
iron, carbon, and flux in crucibles. 

Cru'ci-fer (-fer), n. [L. See cruciferous.] l.Eccl. One who 
carries a cross. 2. Any brassicaceous plant ; a cress ; — in 
allusion to the four petals, which resemble a Maltese cross. 

Cru-cif'er-OUS (krob-sif'er-tZs), a. [L. crux, cruris, cross 
-f- -ferous.] 1. Bearing a cross. 2. Bot. Brassicaceous. 

Cru'ci-fix (kroo'sT-fiks), n. [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixus ; 
L. crux, cruris, cross + figere, fixum, to fix.] A represen- 
tation of Christ on the cross ; loosely, the cross. 

cru'ci-fix'ion (-fik'shun), n. 1. Act of crucifying; esp., 
the execution of Christ on the cross. 2. Death on a cross. 

Cru'ci-form (kroo'sT-form), a. [L. crux, cruris, cross + 
-form.'] Cross-shaped ; as, a cruciform flower. 

cru'ci-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. crurifier, 
deriv. of L. crux, cruris, cross + figere to fix.] 1. To 
put to death by nailing or otherwise fastening to a cross 
of execution. 2. Fig., to subdue ; mortify. 

crud'dle (krud''l ; kr66d''l). Obs. or dial. var. of curdle. 

crude(kr6od),a. ; crud'er (krood'er) jcrud'est. [L.crudus 
raw.] 1. In a natural state ; not cooked or prepared by heat ; 
raw. 2. Unripe ; immature ; imperfect. 3. Wanting finish, 
grace, tact, taste, or other quality characteristic of matu- 
rity or culture. 4. Unalleviated ; undisguised ; bare ; as, 
crude facts or necessities. — cra&e'ly, adv. — crude'ness.n. 
Syn. Undigested, green, inexperienced, unrefined, raw, 
crass. — Crude, raw, crass. Crude and raw suggest 
lack of finish, polish, or assimilation, raw often also sug- 
gesting lack of seasoning or experience. Crass adds to 
the implication of crude, that of density or grossness ; as, 
crass materialism. 

Cru'di-ty (kroo'di-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being crude ; crudeness. 2. That which is crude. 

cru'el (kroo'el), a. [F., fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See 
crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others ; destitute of 
mercy or pity ; savage ; merciless. 2. Causing, fitted to 
cause, or attended by, pain, grief, or misery ; as, a cruel 
fate ; cruel war. — Syn. See ferocious. — cru'el-ly, adv. 

cru'el-ty (-el-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or state 
of being cruel. 2. A cruel deed ; inhuman treatment. 

cru'et (kroc/et ; 24), n. [AF., dim. fr. OF. crue, cruie.] A 
bottle ; esp., a small glass bottle for vinegar, pepper, or the 
like, for the table ; a caster. 

cruise (krooz), v. %.; cruised (kroozd) ; cruts'ing. [Prob. 
fr. D. kruisen to zigzag, cruise, deriv. of OF. crois cross.] 
To sail about or to and fro, as in search of an enemy or for 
pleasure. — v.t.To cruise over or about. 

— 7i. A sailing to and fro, as for pleasure. 

•ruis'er (krobz'er), n. One who, or that which, cruises; 
specif., a man-of-war less heavily armed and armored than 
a battleship and, hence, of superior speed. A battle cruiser 
is comparable in displacement with the dreadnought and 
superdreadnought, and has in its main battery guns of equal 
caliber, but fewer of them. 

crul'ler (krul'er), n. A small sweet cake made of a rich egg 
batter, twisted and fried brown in deep fat. 

crumb (krum), n. Also, commonly till 19th century, crum, 
[AS. cruma.] 1. A small fragment or piece, as of bread. 2. 
Fig., a little ; bit. 3. The soft part of bread ; — disting. 
from crust. — v.t. & i. 1. To break into crumbs, as bread. 
2. Cookery. To cover, thicken, or dress with crumbs. 3. To 
remove crumbs from ; as, to crumb the table. Colloq. 

crum'ble (krum'b'l),«. t.&i. ;-bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
[Freq. of crumb, v. t.] To break into small pieces; hence, 
to fall to decay. — n. Crumbling or crumbled substance. 

crum'bly (-bit), a. Easily crumbled; friable. 

crum'my (krum'I), a. ; -mi-er (-I-er) ; -mi-est. 1. Full of 



crumbs ; soft, as the crumb of bread. 2. Slang, a Plump; 

comely ; buxom. Eng. b Inferior ; cheap. U. S. 

crump (kriimp; kroomp), v. t. & i. To crunch, [griddle.l 

crump'et (krum'pet; 24), n. A kind of cake cooked on a| 

crum'ple (-p'l), v. t. & i.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-pllng). 

[Dim. fr. AS. crump, crumb, crooked, bent.] To draw or 

press into wrinkles or folds ; rumple. — n. A wrinkle, 

fold, or crease made by crumpling ; a crumpled part. 

crum'pled (krum'p'ld), p. a. Wrinkled, creased, or fur- 
rowed by or as if by pressing or crushing ; also, bent, as in 
a spiral curve ; as, the cow with the crumpled horn. 

crunch (krunch), y. i. & t. To chew, or to grind or press, 
with force and noise ; as, the wheels crunched through the 
snow. — n. _Act or noise of crunching. 

cru'node (kroo'nod), n. [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. 
node.] Geom. A point where a curve crosses itself ; a double 
point with two real tangents. 

cru'or (kroo'or), n. [L., blood.] Physiol. The cloUed por- 
tion of coagulated blood ; gore. 

crup'per (krup'er; kroop'er), n. [From OF., fr. croupe 
croup.] 1. Harness. A leather loop passing under a horse's 
tail to hold the saddle. 2. The rump of a horse ; croup. 

cru'ra (kroo'rd), n., pi. of crus. 

cru'ral (kroo'rdl), a. Of or pert, to the leg. 

crus (krus), n. ; pi. crura (kroo'rd). [L., the leg.] Anat. 
& Zo'dl. 1. That part of the hind limb between the femur, 
or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus ; shank. 2. Any of various 
parts likened to a leg, or (in pi.) to a pair of legs, as the ten- 
dinous attachments of the diaphragm to the bodies of the 
lumbar vertebrae. 

cru-sade' (kr6o-sad')> n. [F. croisade, for OF. croisiie, 
fr. a verb signifying to mark (one's self) with a cross, fr. 
L. crux cross.] 1. Any of the seven (some reckon nine) 
military expeditions undertaken between 1096 and 1270 by 
Christian powers to recover the Holy Land from the Mo- 
hammedans. 2. Any hostile expedition under papal sanc- 
tion. 3. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm. 

— v. i. ; -sad'ed (-sad'ed) ; -sad'ing. To engage in a crusade. 
cru-sad'er (-sad'er), n. One engaged in a crusade. 
cru-sa'do (-sa'do), n.;pl. -does or -dos (-doz). [Pg. cru- 

zado, prop., marked with a cross.] An old Portuguese coin 
of gold or silver, of various values. 

cruse (kroos ; krooz), n. A vessel for water, oil, etc. 

crush (kriish), v. t. [OF. cruissir, fr. LL. cruscire.] l.To 
compress or braise between two hard bodies ; squeeze so as 
to destroy the natural condition or shape. 2. To reduce to 
fine particles by pounding or grinding. 3. To overwhelm as 
if by pressure or weight. 4. To force by pressure ; squeeze. 
5. To drink, as wine. — v. i. To be or become crushed. 

— n. 1. Act of crushing; violent compression. 2. Violent 
crowding, or a great crowd. 

crush'er, n. One who, or that which, crushes. 

crush hat. A hat not injured by compressing, as a soft 
felt hat ; specif., an opera hat. 

crust (krust), n. [L. crusta.] 1. The hardened surface 
part of bread ; also, a piece of this or of any dry or hard 
bread. 2. The cover or case of a pie. 3. A hard external 
covering ; shell ; incrustation ; as : a Med. A hard mass of 
dried secretions, blood, or pus. b Geol. The exterior, 
relatively cool portion of the earth. C A hardened surface 
upon snow. dAn incrustation on the inside of bottles of 
wine ; a deposit of tartar, etc. Cf . beeswing. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To incrust ; become incrusted. 2. To form or 
harden into crust ; as, the dirt was crusted on the glass. 

Crus-ta'ce-a (krus-ta'she-d),n. pi. [NL., fr. L. crusta rind, 
shell.] Zo'dl. A large class of arthropods, principally 
aquatic, comprising the lobsters, shrimps, crabs, barna- 
cles, etc., commonly having the body covered with a firm 
crustlike shell. — crus-ta'cean (-shan), a. & n. , 

crus-ta'ceous (-shws), a. 1. Pert, to, forming, or of the na- 1 
ture of, crust or shell ; having a crustlike shell, covering, or 
scab. 2. Zo'dl. Belonging to the Crustacea. Obs. 

crust/y (krus't!), a.; crust'i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Hav- 
ing the nature of crust ; characterized by a crust. 2. Having 
a harsh exterior, or a short, rough manner. — Syn. See 
bluff. — crust'i-ly (-ti-li), adv. — crust'i-ness, n. 

crutch (kruch), n. [AS. crycc.~] 1. A staff with a cross- 
piece at the top, used to support the lame in walking. 
2. The part of a saddletree that supports the pommel, or a 
forked leg rest constituting the pommel of a sidesaddle. 3. 
Something resembling a crutch in shape or use, a.s, Naut., a 
support for a fore-and-aft boom when the sail is stowed. 4. 
The crotch of a human being. 

— v. t. To support on a crutch or crutches ; prop up. 
Crutched (kriicht), o. Marked with the sign of the cross. 
crux (kruks), n. ; pi. E. CRUXES_(-ez ; 24), L. cruces (kroo'- 

sez) ; gen. sing, crucis (kroo'sis). [L., cross, torture, 
trouble.] 1. [f/sed as a Latin word.] A cross, as in her- 
aldry ; specif, [cap.], Astron., the Southern Cross. 2. Any- 
thing very puzzling or difficult to explain. 
crux an-sa'ta (an-sa'td),a tau cross with a loop at the top. 



D 



Q 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CRY 



246 



CUCKING STOOL 



ery (kn), v. %.; cried (krTd) ; cry'ing. [F. crier, L. quiri- 
tare to cry, scream.] 1. To make a loud call or cry, as in 
prayer, pain, anger, etc. ; shout. 2. To lament audibly ; 
shed tears with or without sound ; weep. 3. Of an animal, to 
utter its characteristic call. — v. t. 1. To implore ; — now 
used chiefly in to cry quarter. 2. To utter loudly ; shout ; 
proclaim. 3. To affect, effect, or cause to be, by weeping ; 
as, to cry one's self to sleep. 

to cry down, to decry ; depreciate. — to cry quits, to 
declare one's self clear, or declare one's self even \v||h 
another, as for past favors or injuries. 

— n. ; pi. cries (kriz). 1. A loud utterance expressing strong 
and, usually, somewhat sudden emotion, as of pain, fear, 
joy, etc. 2. A loud calling out of words, as for announcement 
or entreaty. 3. A loud shout ; an outcry. 4. Importunate 
supplication ; entreaty. 5. Common report ; fame. 6. The 
utterance of the general opinion, feeling, or desire ; the pub- 
lic voice. 7. A watchword or battle cry. 8. A characteristic 
call of an animal. 9. The giving voice of hounds in chase ; 
hence, a pack of hounds. 10. A fit of weeping. 

cry'ing (krl'ing), p. a. That cries ; hence : calling for no- 
tice ; compelling attention ; notorious ; as, a crying evil. 

cry'o- (krl'6-). A combining form from Greek Kpvos, icy 
cold, frost. 

cry'O-gen (-jen), n. A substance for obtaining low tempera- 
tures ; a freezing mixture. — cry'o-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 

cry'0-lite (kri'6-llt), n. Min. A fluoride of sodium and 
aluminium, Na3AlF6, found in Greenland, usually in white 
cleavable icy-looking masses. H., 2.5; sp. gr., 2.95-3.0. 

cry-om'e-ter (krl-om'e-ter), n. Physics. A thermometer 
for the measurement of low temperatures. 

cry-oph'o-rus (krl-6f'6-rws), n. 
[NL. ; cryo- + Gr. <j>kpeiv to 
bear.] Physics. An instrument 
to illustrate the freezing of ^ 
water by its own evaporation. ^^ Cryophorus. 

cry-os'co-py (-os'ko-pT), n. The determination of the freez- 
ing points of liquids. 

crypt (knpt), n. [L. crypta, Gr. kpvtttti, fr. Gr. KpvirrSs 
hidden.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under ground ; esp., 
a vault under the main floor of a church, as for burial. 
2. Anat. A simple gland or glandular cavity ; follicle. 

cryp'tic (knp'tik), a. 1. Hidden; secret; occult. 2. Zo'dl. 
Adapted to conceal ; as, cryptic coloring. 

cryp'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. Cryptic. 

cryp'to- (krip'to-). Combining form from Greek /cpvirros, 
hidden, covered, secret. 

cryp'to-Clas'tic (-klas't lk) , a. [crypto- + Gr. k\5.v to break.] 
Petrog. Made up of extremely minute fragmental particles. 

cryp'to-crys'tal-line (-kns'tdl-in ; -in), a. Indistinctly 
crystalline. 

cryp'to-gam. (krip'to-gam), n. Bot. Orig., any cryptoga- 
mous plant ; now, in popular usage, a plant of any group be- 
low the seed plants, or spermatophytes. Cf. phanerogam. 

cryp'to-gam'ic (-gam'ik), a. Cryptogamous. 

cryp-tog'a-mous (knp-tog'd-mws), a. Bot. Belonging to a 
subkingdom ( Cryptogamia ) of older systems of classifica- 
tion, embracing all plants not producing flowers or seeds ; — 
contrasted with phanerogamous. 

cryp^to-gen'ic (krfp'to-jen'Tk), cryp-tog'e-nous (krip- 
toj'e-nws), a. Med. Of obscure origin, as certain diseases. 

cryp'to-gram (krip't6-gram), n. A writing in cipher. — 
cryp'to-gram'mic (-gram'ik), a. 

cryp'to-graph (-graf), n. Cryptogram, or cipher. 

cryp-tog'ra-phy (knp-tog'rd-fi), n. Act or art of writing 
in secret characters ; also, secret characters, or cipher. — 
cryp'to-graph'ic, a. — cryp-tog'ra-phist, n. 

cryp'tO-nym(krTp't6-nim),«.. [crypto- -f-Gr.tWtaname.] 
A secret name ; a name by which a person is known only 
to the initiated. — cryp-ton'y-mous (krip-ton'i-m&s) , a. 

crys'tal (kris'tdl), n. [F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, 
ice, Gr. Kpho-raWos, fr. Kpvos icy cold, frost.] 1. Quartz 
transparent or nearly so, or a piece of it, as one cut for orna- 
ment or for use in magic. 2. Something resembling crystal, 
as clear water, etc. 3. A body formed by an element or 
compound solidifying so that it is bounded by plane surfaces 
symmetrically arranged, which are the external expression 
of a definite internal structure. 4. Glass of superior bril- 
liancy, madeintoarticlesfor the table, etc. ; flint glass ; also, 
a piece of this material, or such glassware collectively ; — 
called also crystal glass. 5. The glass over a watch dial. 

— a. Consisting of or resembling crystal ; clear. 
crystal gazing. The practice of crystal vision (which 

see), conceived as a method of divination. 
crys'tal-lif'er-OUS (-if'er-ws) \a. [L. crystallum crystal + 
crys'tal-lig'er-ous (-ij'er-us)J -ferous, -gerous.'] Produc- 
ing, or containing, crystals. 

crys'tal-line (kris'tal-in ; -In), a. 1. Consisting or made 
of crystal. 2. Resembling crystal ; pure ; transparent. 3. 
Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a crystal or crystals. 
crystalline lens, Anat., a transparent lens-shaped body in 
the eye, which serves to focus the rays of light. 




Crystallites. 



a Trichite ;o,c,d other 
forms. 

Gr. KpvcrraWos crystal 




crys'tal-lite (-tal-Tt), n. [See crystal.] Min. A minute 
mineral form like 
those in glassy vol- 
canic rocks, not 
having a definite 
crystalline outline, 
but marking the 
first step in crystal- 
lization. — crys'- 
tal-lit'ic(-it'ik),a. 

crys'taf-li'tis (-I'tis), n. pSTL 
+ -itis.'] Med. Inflammation of the crystalline lens 

cry'stal-liz'a-ble (-Iz'd-b'l), a.^Capable of being crystallized. 

crys'tal-li-za'tion (-l-za'shi/n), n. 1. Act or process of crys- 
tallizing ; state of being crystallized. 2. The body formed by 
the process. 

crys'tal-lize (-Tz), v. t. & i. ; -lized (-Izd) ; -liz'ing (-Tz'ing). 
1. To form into crystals ; assume crystalline character or 
form. 2. To assume, or cause to assume, a fixed and definite 
form. 

crys'tal-Io-graph'ie (-o-graf 'ik ) \a. Pert, to crystallography. 

crys'tal-lo-graph'i-cal( T-kal) J — graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

crys'tal-log'ra-phy (-og'rd-f i), n. [Gr. upvo-raWos crys- 
tal + -graphy.] Science treating of the system of forms 
among crystals, their structure, and forms of aggregation. 

crys'tal-loid (kris'tdl-oid), a. [Gr. tcpvaraWos crystal -f- 
-oid.2 Crystal-like ; of the nature of a crystalloid. — n. 
Chem. A substance which in solution diffuses readily 
through animal membranes and, generally, is capable of 
being crystallized. Cf . colloid. 

crys'tal-lo-man^cy (-o-man'si), n. [Gr. KpuaraWos crystal 
-j- -mancy.~\ Divination by crystal gazing. . 

crys'tal-lose (-os), n. Chem. The sodium salt of saccharin, 
like saccharin intensely sweet. 

crystal vision. Psychol. Visual images aroused by con- 
centrated gazing upon a crystal in or on which the objects 
seem to be seen ; also, the faculty of seeing such images. 

Cte'noid (te'noid; ten'oid), a. [Gr. /crete, nrevos, comb + 
-oid.~\ Zo'dl. Having a comblike margin. 

Cten'O-phore (ten'6-for; te'no-), n. [Gr. tcrek, 
Krevbs, comb + -phorej] 1. Any of a class (Cte- 
nophora) of ccelenteratesconsisting of free-swim- 
ming jellyfishes that swim chiefly by means of 
meridional bands bearing comblike plates. 2. 
One of these bands. 

cuar'ta (kwiir'td), n. _ [Amer. Sp.] A long 
whip of rawhide ; a quirt. Southwestern U. S. 

CUb (kub), n. 1. The young of the fox, bear, wolf, 
lion, tiger, etc., or, sometimes, of the whale. 2. A boy or 
girl; esp., an awkward, ill-mannered boy. Jocose or Con- 
temptuous. 

Cu'ban (ku'ban), a. Of or pertaining to Cuba or its in- 
habitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cuba. 

cub'by-hole' (kub'T-hol 7 ), n. A snug place, as for hiding. 

cube (kub), n. [F. cube, L. cubus, Gr. «6/3os a cube, a cu- 
bical die.] 1. Geom. The regular solid of 
six equal square faces. 2. Math. The third 
power ; the product got by taking a number 
or quantity three times as a factor ; as, 8 is 
the cube of 2, for 2 X 2 X 2 = 8. 

—v.t.; cubed (kubd) ;cub'ing (kub'ing).To 
raise to the third power ; form the cube of. 

CU'beb (kii'beb), n. [F. cubebe, fr. Ar. kaba- Cube. 

bah.] The aromatic berry of a climbing shrub (Piper cu- 
beba) of the pepper family, native to Java and Borneo. 

cube root. That factor of a quantity which when cubed 
produces the quantity ; thus, 2 is the cube root of 8. See 
root, n., 3. 

cu'bic (ku'bik)^ la. 1. Having the form or properties of a 

CU'bi-cal (-bY-kal)J cube. 2. [Inthis sense usually cubic."] 
Three-dimensional ; esp., as used with a unit of length, de- 
noting the volume of a cube one edge of which has the 
length of that unit ; as, a cubic foot, cubic centimeter, etc. 
Abbr., c. or cu. 3. Math. Of third degree, order, or power. 

CU'bi-cle (ku'bi-k'l), n. [L. cubiculum, fr. cubare to lie 
down.] A sleeping place, esp. one partitioned off from a 
large dormitory. 

cub'ism (kub'iz'm), n. Painting. A movement or phase 
in postimpressionism (which see). — CUb'ist (-ist), n. 

cu'bit (ku'blt), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus, elbow, ell, cubit.] 
A linear measure, orig. the length from the elbow to the 
end of the middle finger ; in English measure, 18 inches. 

CU'bit-al (ku'bi-tdl), a. [L. cubitalisj] 1. Anat. Of or 
pert, to the cubitus. 2. Of the length of a cubit. 

cu'bi-tus (-tws), n. [L., elbow.] Anat. a The forearm, b 
The ulna. 

cu'boid (ku'boid), a. Approximately cubic in shape; spe- 
cif., Anat., designating the outermost of the distal row of 
tarsal bones of many of the higher vertebrates. — n. 1. 
Math. A rectangular parallelepiped. 2. Anat. The cuboid 
bone. — CU-boiMal (ku-boiMdl), a. 

cuck'ing stool ( kflk'ing ). A kind of chair in which, for- 



Ctenoid 
Scale. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CUCKOLD 



247 



CULTIVATE 




L. cucullus hood.] 
of a violet. 
[L. cucullus hood -f- 



merly, scolds, dishonest tradesmen, etc., were strapped, to 

be pelted and hooted, or, sometimes, to be ducked. 
SUCk'old (kuk'wld), n. [OF. coucuol, cucuault.] A man 

whose wife is unfaithful to him. — v. t. To make a cuckold 

of (a husband). — cuck'old-ly, a. Archaic. 
CUCk'old-ry (kuk'SldTi), n. State or quality of being a 

cuckold; also, practice of making cuckolds. 
CUCk'oo (kook'ob),n. [Imitative.] 1. a A 

European bird 

(Cuculus cano- 

rus) that lays its 

eggs in the nests 

of other birds for 

them to hatch, b 

Any bird of the 

same family 

(Cuculidse) a s 

the above, as \? 5 =r?LA>-«=,^^^ > ' Cuckoo 

the common 

North American 

cuckoos (Coc- 7 

cyzus erythrophthalmus, the black-billed, and C. ameri- 

canus, the yellow-billed), which usually incubate their 

own eggs. 2. The call of the cuckoo. 

— v. t. To repeat monotonously, as a cuckoo does its call. — 
v. i. To utter the call of the cuckoo, or a sound like it. 

CUCk'oo-flow'er (-flou'er), n. 1. A bitter cress (Car- 
damine pratensis) of Europe and America, with lilac-pur- 
ple flowers. 2. The ragged robin. 3. The wood sorrel. 

CUCk'oo-pint' (-pint'), n. A common European arum 
(Arum maculatum), with lanceolate erect spathe and 
short purple spadix ; — in England, called also wake-robin. 

CUCkoo spit. 1. A frothy secretion exuded on plants by the 
larvae of spittle insects ; — called also toad spittle and frog 
spit. 2. An insect secreting this ; a spittle insect. 

CU'CUl-late (kiFku-lat ; ku-kul'at) \a. [LL. cucullatus, fr. 

CU'cul-lat'ed (-laVed ; -at-ed) 
Hooded or hood-shaped, as the leai 

CU-CUl'li-form (ku-kiil'i-form), a. 
-form.'] Hood-shaped; cowl-like. 

CU'eum-ber (ku'kum-ber), n. [L. cucumis, cucumeris.~\ 
The oblong succulent fruit of a cucurbitaceous vine (Cucu- 
mis sativus), cultivated as a vegetable ; also, the vine. 

Cucumber tree, a Any of several American magnolias 
(esp. Magnolia acuminata) , said to be so called on account 
of a slight resemblance of the young fruit to a small cu- 
cumber, b The tulip tree. 

CU-CU'mi-form (ku-ku'mT-form), a. [L. cucumis cucum- 
ber + -form.'] Having the form of a cucumber. 

CU-ClU/bit (-kur'bit), n. In sense 1, also CU-CUr'bite. [L. 
cucurbita a gourd.] 1. Chem. A vessel for distillation, 
used with, or forming part of, an alembic. Archaic. 2. A 
cucurbitaceous plant. 

CU-CUr'bi-ta'ceousC-bT-ta/shws^a. [L. cucurbita a gourd.] 
Belonging to a family (Cucurbitacese) of chiefly herbaceous 
tendril-bearing vines, mostly tropical, including the cucum- 
ber, melon, squash, pumpkin, and gourd. 

cud (kud), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu.] A portion of food 
brought up into the mouth from the first stomach by a 
ruminating animal, to be chewed a second time. 

cud'bear (kud'bar), n. t [After Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a 
Scot, who first brought it into notice. ] A dyestuff , a form 
of archil ; also, the lichen yielding it. See archil. 

eud'dle (kud''l), v. t. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). To em- 
brace closely ; fondle. — v. i. To lie close or snug ; nestle. 

•—n. A close embrace ; act of nestling. 

CUd'dy (kud'i), n. 1. Naut. A small cabin; also, the galley 
or pantry of a small vessel. 2. Any small room or closet. 

cudg'el (kuj'el), n. [AS. cycgel.] A short club. 
to take up the cudgels for, fight or contend vigorously 
in behalf of. 

— V. t. ; -ELED, -ELLED J -EL-ING, -EL-LING. To beat With a 
cudgel. [think. 
to cudgel one's brains, to exercise one's wits ; try to| 

cudg'el-er, or cudg'el-ler (-er), n. One who cudgels. 
cud'weed' (kud'wed'), n. A plant with silky or cottony 

herbage, as any of various asteraceous plants (genera Gna- 

phalium, Antennaria, Filago, etc.) 
Cue (ku), n. [F. queue, fr. L. coda tail.] 1. A tail-like 

twist or plait of hair worn at the back of the head ; queue. 

2. A tapering rod used to impel the balls in billiards, etc. 

3. A file of persons waiting ; queue. 

cue, n. [Prob. fr. letter q, as the initial sound of some word, 
perh. L. quando ; when.] 1. The last words of a speech, or 
the end of an action, in a play, as indicating the time for the 
next speaker or actor. 2. Any catchword ; hint ; intimation. 
3. The part one has to perform in or as in a play ; the 
proper or expedient course to take ; as, his cue is to mag- 
nify the importance of his work. 4. Humor ; mood ; dispo- 
sition ; as, nobody was in the cue to dance. 

—• v. t.; cued (kud) ; cu'ing (kiting). To braid ; twist. 



|| cuer'po (kwer'po), n. [Sp. cuerpo, fr. L. corpus body. J 
The body; — in phrase in cuerpo, dressed so that the 
figure is exposed ; hence, naked or uncovered. 

CUff (kuf), v. t. To strike with or as with the palm or flat 
of the hand ; buffet ; slap. — n. A blow so made. 

CUff, n. An ornamental band covering the wrist, as a stiff 
linen band attached to the shirt sleeve. 

Cu'iic. Var. of Kufic. 

cui-rass' (kwe-ras'), n. [F. cuirasse, deriv. of L. coria- 
ceus of leather, corium leather, hide.] 1. A piece of armor, 
orig. of leather, covering the body ; also, the breastplate of 
such a piece. 2. Zool. An armor of bony plates, or other 
protective structure. 

— v. t. To cover or armor with or as with a cuirass. 

CUi/ras-sier' (kwe'rd-ser'), n. [F.] A mounted soldier 
wearing a cuirass. See soldier, Illust. 

|| cuir'-bou'illi' (kwer'boo'ye'), n. [F.] Leather sof- 
tened by boiling or soaking and pressed into shape. 

D CUi-sine' (kwe-zen'), n. [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen.] 
The kitchen ; culinary department ; also, style of cooking. 

CUisse (kwis), CUish (kwish), n. [From OF., fr. cuisse 
thigh, L. coxa hip.] In pi. [cuisses (kwls'ez) or, Obs., 
cuishes] , defensive plate armor for the thighs, esp. in front ; 
in sing., a thigh piece. 

culcb. Var. of_cuLTCH. 

Cul'dee (kul'de), n. [Prob. fr. Gael, cuilteach; cf. Ir. 
ceilede.] One of a class of early anchorets of Scotland, Ire- 
land, and Wales. — Cul-de'an (kiil-de'dn), a. 

|| cul'-de-sac' (kii'd'-sak' ; kul'de-sak'), n.; pi. cdls-de- 
sac (ku'-; kiilz'-). [F., lit., bottom of a bag.] A passage 
with only one outlet, as a blind alley. 

-cule. See -cle. 

CU'let (ku'let), n. [OF., dim. of cul bottom, breech, L. 
cuius.] 1. Jewelry. The small horizontal facet forming the 
bottom of a brilliant ; collet. 2. In medieval armor, the part 
over the rear of the body below the waist. 

cu'li-cid (-li-sid), a. [L. culex, -ids, gnat.] Zool. Like or 
pert, to the mosquito family (Culicidee). — n. A mosquito. 

CU'li-na-ry (ku'li-na-ri), a. [L. culinarius, fr. culina 
kitchen.] Of, pert, to, or suited for, the kitchen or cookery. 

cull (kill), v. t. [OF. cuillir, coillir. See coil.] 1. To 
separate ; select ; choose and gather or collect, as flowers. 2. 
To subject to culling ; as, to cull a field ; to cull a book. — 
Syn. See choose. — n. Something, esp. something inferior 
or worthless, culled out. 

CUl'len-d8r (kiil'en-der), n. Var. of colander. 

CUl'lion (kul'yun), n. [OF. couillon, fr. coil scrotum, L. 
coleus.] A mean or base fellow. — cullion-ly, a. 

CUl'ly (-1), n.; pi. -lies (-iz). A dupe; a gull. — v. t.; 
cul'lied (-id) ; cul'ly-ing. To trick, cheat, or impose on. 

culm (kulm), n. [L. culmus stalk.] Bot. The jointed stem 
of a grass. — v. i. Bot. To form or grow into a culm. 

culm, n. 1. Soot ; smut. Obs. 2. a Refuse coal or coal dust. 
b Anthracite, esp. in small nodules, [impure anthracite.) 

CUl-mif'er-OUS (kiil-miFer-ws), a. Abounding in culm, as| 

CUl'mi-nate (kul'mi-nat), v. i.; -nat/ed (-nat'ed); -nat/- 
ing. [L. culmen top.] 1. To reach its highest altitude or the 
meridian. 2.To reach the highest point, as of rank, number, 
size, power, glory, etc. 

cul'mi-na'tion (kuFmT-na'shSn), n . Act of culminating; 
also, culminating position or degree ; summit ; acme. 
Syn. Culmination, climax, acme, zenith. Culmi- 
nation designates the attainment by anything of its highest 
point. Climax suggests more definitely the movement or 
ascent which leads to the culminating point ; acme, the 
culminating point itself ; as, the climax of a play ; the 
acme of his fame. Zenith, the point of the heavens highest 
overhead, differs from acme (in its fig. sense) in connoting 
more of luster or splendor ; as, the zenith of his career. 

CUFpa-biTi-ty (-pd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being culpable. 

CUl'pa-ble (kiiFpd-b'l), a. [From F., fr. L. culpabilis, fr. 
culpare to blame, culpa fault.] Deserving censure or 
blame ; censurable. — cul'pa-ble-ness,w. — CUl'pa-bly,adu. 

cul'prit (-prit), n. 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a 
crime, as in court. 2. One guilty of a crime or a fault. 

cult (kult), n. [F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, colere 
to cultivate.] 1. Worship, esp. according to specific rites ; 
as, the cult of Apollo. 2. Hence: a The rites and cere- 
monies of a religion, b Great devotion to a person, idea, or 
thing, esp. such devotion viewed as a sort of intellectual fad. 

cultch, culch (kulch), n. 1. Rubbish; debris; refuse. 
Local. 2. Oyster shells and other objects laid down on 
oyster grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the 
spawn of the oyster ; also, the spawn. 

CUl'ti-va-ble (kul'ti-vd-b'l), a. Capable of being culti- 
vated. — va-biFi-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. — cul'ti-vat'a-ble, a. 

CuFti-vate (kQFti-vat), v. t.; -vat'Ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. 
[LL. cultivatus, p. p. of cultivare to cultivate, cultivus 
cultivated, fr. L. cultus, p. p. of colere to till, cultivate.] 
l.To prepare, or to prepare and use, or to work (land), for 
the raising of crops ; till. 2. To raise, or foster the growth of, 
by tillage or by labor and care. 3. To civilize ; refine , as, to 



D 



(m 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



CULTIVATION 



248 



CUPPING GLASS 



cultivate one's mind. r 4.To devote time and thought to; 
foster ; cherish ; as, to cultivate friendship, art. 5. To seek 
the society of ; court intimacy with. 

Cul'ti-va'tion (kul'ti-va'shun ), n. Art or act of cultivat- 
ing ; state of being cultivated ; culture. 
ul'ti-va'tor (kul'tl-va'ter), n. 1. One who cultivates. 
2. An implement or machine used to loosen the earth and 
kill weeds around crops growing in hills, rows, or drills. 

cul'trate (kul'trat) \a. [L. cultratus knife-shaped, from 

cul'trat-ed (-trat-ed)J cutter knife.] Sharp-edged and 
pointed ; shaped like a pruning knife, as a crow's beak. 

cul'tur-al (-tyr-al), a. Of or pertaining to culture. 

Cul'ture (-tjlr), n. [L. cultura, fr. colere to till, culti- 
vate.] 1. Cultivation ; tillage. 2. Cultivation of micro- 
organisms, as bacteria, for scientific study or medical use ; 

' also, the product of such cultivation. 3. Act of improving 
or developing by education, discipline, etc. 4. The enlight- 
enment and discipline acquired by mental and moral 
training ; refinement. 5. The characteristic attainments 

i of a people or social order ; as, Greek culture. 6. Cartog- 

1 raphy. Those details of a map, collectively, which repre- 
sent other than natural features, as symbols for bridges, 
meridians, and parallels. [Poetic or Fig.l 

— v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. To cultivate. Chiefly] 

CUl'tured (-tyrd), p. a. 1. Cultivated. 2. Characterized by 

| mental and moral training ; refined. 

cul'tur-ist, n. A cultivator ; also, an advocate of culture. 

CUl'tUS ( : tus), n. sing. & pi.; E. pi. -tuses (-ez; 24). [L., 
cultivation, culture.] A cult. 

cul'ver (kul'ver), n. [AS. culfre.~\ A dove ; a pigeon. 

CUl'ver-in (-ver-in), n. [From F., fr. couleuvre adder, L. 
coluber ,*colubra.~\ Originally, a rude sort of musket, later 
{16th and 17th centuries), a long cannon. 

Cul'ver's root or phys'ic (kul'verz). [After a Dr. Culver, 
who used it.] a The root of a tall scrophulariaceous herb 
(Leplandra virginlca) common in eastern North America, 
used as an active cathartic and emetic, b The plant itself. 

CUl'vert (-vert), n. A transverse drain under a road, rail- 
road, canal, etc. ; an arched drain or sewer. 

Cu-mae'an (ku-me'dn), a. [L. Cumaeus.] Of or pert, 
to the ancient city of Cumae, orig. a Greek colony, in Italy ; 
as, the Cumsean sibyl, said to have sold the Sibylline Books. 

CUm'ber ( kum'ber ), v. t. [From encumber, or fr. OF. 
combre barrier, fr. LL. cumbrus, combrus."] l.To trou- 
ble ; harass ; perplex. 2. To hinder ; embarrass ; rest on as 
a troublesome or useless load ; burden.— n. l.That which 
cumbers. 2. State or quality of being cumbered ; hindrance. 

CUm'ber-SOme (-sum), a. 1. Burdensome ; embarrassing ; 
vexatious. 2. Uselessly troublesome ; unwieldy. 

CUm/brous (-brfts), a. Rendering action or motion diffi- 
cult ; unwieldy ; burdensome. 

cum'in (kum'in), n. Also cum'min. [From F., fr. L., 
fr. Gr. kvhivov.~\ A dwarf apiaceous plant (Cuminum cymi- 
num), native to Egypt and Syria, grown for its pungent 
aromatic seeds. 

cum'mer-bund' (kum'er-bund'),n. [Hind, kamarband, fr. 
Per. kamar loins + band fastening.] A sash ; girdle. India. 

cum'quat. Var. of kumquat. 

Clim'shaw (kum'sho),?! [Amoy kam sia, Chin, kan hsieh, 
grateful thanks ; — a phrase used by beggars.] A present ; 
a gratuity ; — a term used in Chinese ports. 

cn'mu-late (ku'mu-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat/ing. 
[L. curnulatus, p. p. of cumulare to heap up, cumulus 
heap.] To heap together ; accumulate. 

CU'mu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of cumulating; a heap; 
accumulation. — (-lat), a. Heaped up. 

CU'mu-la-tive (-la-tlv), a. 1. Composed of accumulated 
parts ; formed or increasing by additions. 2. Subject to 
cumulation ; that is to be, or may be, added to something 
else ; as, cumulative evidence. Specif., Finance, of divi- 
dends, etc., accruing, if unpaid when due, so as to be 
added to what is to be paid in the future. 

CU'mu-lo- (ku'mu-16-), Meteor. Combining form of cumu- 
lus; as in : cu'mu-lo— cir'rus, a small cumulus cloud at a 
high elevation, having the whiteness or delicacy of the 
cirrus ; cu'mu-lo— cir'ro— stra'tus, the rain cloud of 

[ the thunderstorm ; cu'mu-lo— nim'bus, a mountainous 
cloudy mass of condensed vapor from whose base fall 
showers of rain, snow, etc. ; cu'mu-lo— stra'tus, a cloud 
combining the features of cumulus and stratus. 

CU'mu-lous (ku'mu-lus), a. Like cumulus clouds. 

CU'mu-lllS (-His), n. ; pi. -Li (-11). [L., a heap.] 1. A heap. 
2. A massy cloud form having a flat base and rounded 
outlines, often piled up like a mountain. 

cunc-ta'tion (kunk-ta'shun), n. [L. cunctatio,ir. cunctari 
to delay.] Delay. Rare. — cunc'ta-tive, a. Rare. 

Cunc-ta'tor(-ter),w. Onewho delays, or lingers. Cf.FABiAN.a. 

CU'ne-al (ku'ne-dl), a. [L. cuneus a wedge. See coin.] 
Pertaining to a wedge ; wedge-shaped. 

cu'ne-ate (ku'ne-at), cu'ne-at'ed (-at'Sd), a. [L. cune- 
atus.~] Wedge-shaped ; as, a cuneate leaf. See leaf, Illust. 

CU'ne-at'ic (ku'ne-at'lk), a. Cuneate; cuneiform. 



;«Wri 




mw 


Wmm 


^mm^ 


WfoifflM&M 



Cuneiform Writing, 
on the British coasts, the 




Cunner. ^ '») 
(Tautogolabrus adspersus.) 
3. Crafty, sly, or artful. 4. 



cu-ne'i-form (ku-ne'Y-form ; ku'ne-I-fSrm'), a. [L. cuneus 
a wedge + -form.'] Wedge- 
shaped ; — applied esp. to the 
characters anciently used in 
writing in Persia, Assyria, etc., 
or to the writing itself. 

— n. Cuneiform characters or 
writing. 

cu-nic'u-lus (ku-nik'u-liis), n. ; 
pi. -uli (-11). [L., rabbit, rab- 
bit burrow.] An underground 
passage, as of a drain. 

Cun'ner (kiin'er), n. Either of 
two species of wrasse : one 
(Crenilabrus melops) found 
other (Tautogolabrus ad- 
spersus) abundant on t h e 
rocky shores of New England. | 

cun'ning (-Ing), a. [From the 
p. pr. & vb. n. fr. AS. cunnan 
to know, be able.] 1. Skillful ; 
dexterous. 2. Wrought with 
or exhibiting skill or ingenuity. 
Prettily or piquantly interesting. U. S. 
Syn. Deceitful, designing, crafty, tricky, politic, sharp, sub- 
tle, insidious, stealthy, foxy, artful, sly, wily. — Cunning, 
crafty, artful, sly, wily agree in implying an aptitude for 
attaining an end by secret or devious means. Cunning im- 
plies skill, esp. in overreaching or circumventing ; it often 
suggests a low order of intelligence ; as, a dark, cunning, 
roguish countenance. Crafty implies more secret or un- 
derhand devices than cunning, and frequently suggests an 
adroitness at deception acquired by experienee. Artful im- 
plies more insinuating indirectness of dealing ; as, she had, 
by artful conduct, insinuated herself into his favor. Sly im- 
plies a somewhat vulgar turn for what is covert or double ; 
as, words of sly import. Wily implies the subtle use of tricks 
and stratagems, esp. in attack or defense ; as, the wily fox. 

— n. 1. Skill ; dexterity. Archaic. 2. Faculty or act of using 
stratagem ; deceit ; craft. 

Ctm'ning-ly, adv. In a cunning manner. 

cup (kup), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup.] 1. A small 
vessel used chiefly to drink from. 2. The containing part of 
a drinking vessel that has a stem and a foot. 3. A thing 
suggestive of a cup (in sense 1), as a cupping glass; a 
cup-shaped organ or part, as a socket or recess in which 
something turns. 4. A drinking vessel and its contents ; a 
cupful. 5. The wine of the Communion. 6. Fig., some- 
thing allotted to one as a portion to be received or endured ; 
as, "let this cup pass from me." 7. In pi. Repeated pota- 
tions ; indulgence in intoxicating drinks. 8. A beverage 
made of liquor, sweetened and flavored and, usually, iced ; 
— specif, named from the base ; as, claret cup, etc. 9. 
Sporting. An ornamental cup or other vessel offered as a 
prize. — in one's cups, drunk. 

— v. t. ; cupped (kupt) ; cup'ping. 1. Med. To subject to 
cupping. 2. To receive, take, or place in or as in a cup. 

cup'bear'er (-bar'cr), n. One whose office it is to fill and 
hand the cups in which drink is served. 

CUp'board (kub'erd), n. \_cup + board."] A closet with 
shelves for cups, dishes, food, etc. ; any small closet. 

CU'pel (ku'pel), n. [F. coupelle, dim. of coupe cup.] A 
small, shallow, porous cup, esp. of bone ash, used in assay- 
ing. — (ku'pel; ku-peF), v. t.; -peled (-peld), -pelled' 
( ku-peld' ) ; -pel-ing, -pel'ling. To refine in a cupel. 

CU'pel-la'tion (ku'pe-la/sh&n), n. Act or process of refining 
gold or silver, etc., in a cupel. 

cup'ful (kup'fdol), n.; pi. cuppuls (-foolz). As much as a 
cup will hold ; in cookery, a half pint. 

Cu'pid (ku'pid), n. [L. Cupido, lit., desire.] Roman Myth. 
The god of love, son of Venus, represented as a naked, 
winged boy with bow and arrow. See Eros, Psyche. 

CU-pixFi-ty (ku-pid'i-ti), n- [p a cupidite, L. cupiditas,lx. 
cwpidus longing, cupere to long for.] Eager desire, esp. 
for wealth ; avarice. 

Syn. Lust, appetite, longing, greed, avidity. — Cupidity, 
greed, avidity agree in the idea of inordinate desire. 
Cupidity applies to covetousness of wealth ; greed, to 
insatiate and selfish craving or desire ; avidity (commonly 
in "with avidity"), to eager or ardent relish or appetite. 

CU'po-la (ku'po-ld), n.; pi. -las (-ldz). [It., fr. L. cupola 
little tub, small vault, cupa tub.] 1. A roof, less often a 
ceiling, hemispherical or nearly so. 2. Loosely, a small 
structure on top of a roof or building for a lookout, to com- 
plete a design, etc. 3. A furnace resembling a blast fur- 
nace, but smaller, used for melting metals, as in foundries. 

— v. t. ; -laed ( -ldd ) ; -la-ing ( -ld-ing ). To construct or 
furnish with a cupola. [operation.! 

cup'per (kup'er), n. One who performs the cupping| 
cup'ping (kup'ing), n. The drawing of blood to the sur- 
face of, or from, the body to relieve internal congestion. 
cupping glass. A glass cup in which a partial vacuum is 
produced, in the process of cupping. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, seft, connect; 
use, unite, Cirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CUP PLANT 



249 



CURL 



CUP plant. A tall yellow-flowered asteraceous plant (Sil~ 
■phium perfoUatum) of the United States having the up- 
per leaves connate around the stem. 

cup'py (kup'i), a. 1. Hollow ; cuplike ; also, full of cups, or 
small depressions. 2. Characterized by cup shakes. 

CU'pram (ku'prdm), n. [L. cuprum copper + E. ammo- 
nia.] Ammoniacal copper carbonate, used as a fungicide. 

CU'pre-OUS (ku'pre-us), a. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum cop- 
per.] Containing copper, or resembling copper ; coppery. 

CU'pric (-prik), a. Chem. Of or containing copper, in its 
valence of two. [_-ferous.~] Yielding copper. 

CU-prif'er-OUS (ku-prif'er-us), a. [L. cuprum copper + 

CU'prite (ku'prlt), n. Min. Native cuprous oxide, or rec 
oxide of copper, CU2O, an important ore ; — called also 
red copper and red, or ruby, copper ore. [valence of one. I 

CU'prous (-prus), a. Chem. Of or containing copper, in its| 

|) CU'prum (ku'prum), n . [L.] Chem. Copper. 

CUp'seed' (kiip'sed'), n. A handsome menispermaceous vine 
(Calycocarpum lyoni) of the southern United States. 

Clip Shake. A fissure that sometimes forms between the 
annual rings of a tree or timber. 

CU'pule (ku'pul), n. [F., fr. LL. cupa cup.] Bot. A cup- 
shaped involucre with hard, coherent bracts, as an acorn cup. 

Cur (kur), n. 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. 2. A worthless, 

1 snarling fellow. Contemptuous. 

cur'a-ble (kur'd-b'l), a. Capable of being cured. — cur'- 
a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), cur'a-ble-ness, n. — cur'a-bly, adv. 

CU'ra-cao' (ku'rd-so'; koo'-), n. [From Curacao, island 
of the Dutch West Indies, prob. from use of bitter peelof 
oranges from Curacao.] A liqueur flavored, chiefly, with 
the dried peel of the bitter Curacao orange. 

CU'ra-cy ( ku'rd-sT ), n. ; pi. curacies ( -siz ). The office or 
employment of a curate. 

CU-ra'reHkoo-ra're), n. A resinoid extract prepared by 

CU-ra'ri/ South American Indians as an arrow poison, 
which paralyzes the motor nerves ; also, the plant (Strych- 
nos toxifera or a related species) whose bark yields this. 

CU'ra-rize (ku'rd-rlz ;k6o-ra'rIz),i;.2. ;-rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'- 
ing (-riz'Tng). To bring under the influence of curare. — 
CU'ra-ri-za'tion (-n-za'shun ; -rl-za'shiin), n. 

CU'ras-SOW (ku'rd-so ; ku : ras'o), n. [From the island of Cu- 
ragao.~\ Any of a subfamily (Cracinse) of large 
arboreal gallinaceous birds of South and Cen- 
tral America. 

cu'rate (kii'rat), n. [LL. curatus, prop., one 
having the cure (L. euro) of souls.] Orig., any 
clergyman ; now, usually, an as- 
sistant of a rector or vicar. 

CUr'a-tive (kur'd-tiv), a. Relat- 
ing or tending to the cure of dis- 
eases. — n. A remedy. 

CU-ra'tor (ku-ra'ter), n. [L., fr. 
curare to take care of, cura 
care.] 1. Law. In various legal 
systems, as the Roman and Scots 
law, a kind of guardian, as one ap- /mag \l|l ~2b 
pointed to manage the affairs of a 
minor past the age of puberty or -=5 
of any person legally incompe- 
tent, as a lunatic. 2. A person 
having the care of anything ; a Crested Curassow. 
keeper or custodian of a museum, library, or the like. — CU'- 
ra-to'ri-al (ku'rd-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. — cu-ra'tor-ship, n. 

CU'ra-tO-ry (ku'rd-to-ri), n. 1. The office, duties, or juris- 
diction of a curator. 2. A body of curators. 

curb (kurb), v. t. [F. courber to bend, curve, L. curvare, 
fr. curvus bent, curved.] 1. To guide and manage, or re- 
strain, as with a curb ; restrain ; confine. 2. To furnish with 
a curb, as a sidewalk. 3. Teleg. To make (transmitted sig- 
nals) shorter and sharper by reducing the retardation, thus 
increasing the speed of transmission. 

— n. 1. A chain or strap attached to the upper part of the 
branches of a bit, used for restraint by drawing against the 
lower jaw of the horse. 2. That which restrains or subdues ; 
check. 3. An inclosing frame, border, or edging, orig. and 
usually, one curvilinear in shape ; as : the coaming round 
the mouth of a well or shaft ; a flat ring, usually of wood, on 
which a complete section of the lining for a shaft or well is 
built, etc. 4. An edging of upright stones or the like set 
along a margin as a limit or protection. 5. The street as a 
market for stocks and bonds. 6. Veter. A swelling on the 
back of the hind leg of a horse, just behind the lowest part 

f of the hock joint. [for leverage.' 

curb bit. A bit with side pieces (branches) , 

curb roof. A roof having a double slope! 

curb'stone', n. A stone set as a curb to a 
sidewalk. 

CUT-CU'li-0 (kur-ku'lT-o),n. ; pi. -lios (-oz). 
[L., a grain weevil.] Any snout beetle, Curb Roof. 
esp. one that injures fruit, as the plum curculio (Cono- 
trachelus nenuphar). 





cur'cu-ma (kQr'ku-md), n. [NL„ fr. Ar. kurkum."] Any 
of a genus (Curcuma) of zinziberaceous tropical plants 
with tuberous roots. Some species yield starch or arrowroot ; 
one (C. longa) yields turmeric. 

cur'cu-min (-ku-mln), n. Chem. 1. A yellow crystalline 
substance, C21H20O6, the coloring principle of turmeric, or 
curcuma root. 2. An artificial orange-yellow dye. 

curd (kurd), n. The coagulated substance formed from 
milk ; — disting. from the whey. — v.t.& i. To coagulate 
or thicken ; curdle. 

CUT'dle (kur'd'l), v. t. & i.; -dled (-d'ld), -dling (-dllng). 
[From curd.] 1. To change into curd ; coagulate. 2. To 
congeal ; thicken. [ness, n 

CUrd'y (-dl), a. Like, or full of, curd ; coagulated. — curd'i . 

Cure (kur), n. [OF. cure care, L. cura care, medical care, 
cure.] 1. Spiritual charge ; care of souls ; hence, a 
curacy. 2. Medical care ; method of medical treatment. 
3. Act of healing, or state of being healed. 4. Means of 
removing disease or evil ; remedy. 5. Process or method 
of curing (fish, pork, etc.). 

— v. t.; cured (kurd) ; cur'tng (kur'ing). 1. To heal; re- 
store to health, soundness, or sanity. 2. To subdue or re- 
move (an ailment) by remedial means ; heal. 3. To prepare 
for keeping ; preserve, as by drying. 4. To vulcanize (caout- 
chouc, gutta percha, etc.). 

Syn. Cure, heal. Cure and heal, in their literal senses, 
apply to both wounds and diseases and are often inter- 
changed. In modern usage, however, cure is oftener 
applied to restoration to health after disease ; heal, to 
restoration to soundness after a wound or lesion. Fig. a 
similar distinction often holds ; as, to cure (not heal) mis- 
trust, to heal (not cure) a breach between friends. 

— v. i. 1. To restore health. 2. To become healed. 3. To be 
or become cured, as hay. 

i CU're' (kii'raO, n. [F.] A parish priest. 

cure'— all', n. A remedy for all diseases or ills ; panacea. 

cure'less, a. Incurable. — cure'less-ly, adv. 

CU-ret'tage (ku-rct'aj ; F. kii're'tazh'), n. [F.] Surg. 
Scraping or cleaning by means of a curette. 

CU-rette' (kii-reV), n. [F., fr. curer to cleanse.] Surg. A 
scoop for removing foreign bodies, growths, etc., from the 
walls of a cavity. — v. t. Surg. To scrape with a curette. 

CUr'few (kur'fu), n. [OF. covrefeu; covrir to cover -+• 
feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a 
regulation that fires be covered or put out on the ringing 
of a bell at a fixed hour in the evening ; hence, the ringing, 
time of ringing, or the bell. 2. The ringing of an evening 
bell as a signal, as for children to retire from the streets. 

U CU'ri-a (ku'rf-d), n.; pi. curee (-e). [L., in sense 1, in 
LL., court.] 1. Roman Antiq. a A political subdivision 
of a tribe in early Rome, b The place of assembly of such a 
division or of the senate. 2. Formerly, in England : a The 
lord's house, or the courtyard about it ; specif., the king's 
hall, b Any court held in the king's name. 3. \_cap^\ The 
papal court. — CU'ri-al (-al), a. 

CU'ri-al-ism (-dl-iz'm), n. The system or policy of a curia or 
court, esp. of the papal Curia ; Vaticanism ; ultramonta- 
nism. — cu'ri-al-ist, n. — al-is'tic (-is'tik) a. 

Cu'rie' point (ku'reO. Physics. The temperature, lying 
above the red heat, at which certain bodies, such as iron, 
nickel, magnetite, etc., lose the property of ferromagnet- 
ism, and become paramagnetic. 

Cu'rie's' law (kii'reV). Physics. The law, established 
by Pierre Curie (1859-1906), that magnetic susceptibility 
is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature. 

CU'ri-0 (ku'ri-o), n. ; pi. curios (-oz). [Abbr. of curios- 
ity."] A curiosity, or article of virtu. 

CU'ri-O-log'ic (-S-loj'ikHa. [Gr. nvptoXoyiKos speaking lit— 

CU'ri-O-log'i-cal (-i-kal)j erally (applied to curiologic hiero- 
glyphics )/] Designating, or pert, to, hieroglyphics repre- 
senting things by their pictures instead of by symbols. 

CU'ri-OS'i-ty (-os'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Careful atten- 
tion ; fastidiousness. Obs. 2. Disposition, often a meddling 
disposition, to inquire into anything. 3. That which is curi- 
ous, or fitted to excite or reward attention. 

CU'ri-OUS (ku'ri-tis), a. [OF. curios, L. curiosus careful, 
inquisitive, cura care.] 1. Scrupulous ; nice. Obs. 2. Exhib- 
iting nicety ; artfully or elaborately constructed. 3. Careful 
or anxious to learn ; habitually inquisitive ; prying. 4. Ex- 
citing attention or inquiry ; strange ; rare. — CU'ri-OUS-ly, 
adv. — cu'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. Inquiring, inquisitive, prying, meddling, intrusive. 
— Curious, inquisitive, prying. Curious implies desire 
to learn (esp.) what does not concern one; inquisitive, 
habitual and impertinent curiosity ; prying, officious or 
meddling inquisitiveness. 
Curl (kurl), v. t. & i. 1. To twist, bend, or form into ring- 
lets, as the hair. 2. To deck with or as with curls. Obs. 3. 
To form into a curved shape ; twist ; coil. — n. 1. A spiral 
lock of hair ; ringlet. 2. A spiral or winding form, as of 
smoke ; coil. 3. Act of curling ; state of being curled. 4. A 
disease of potatoes in which the leaves are curled and mal- 
formed ; any similar plant disease. 



D 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, ate, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



M 



CURLER 



250 



CURVET 




European Curlew. 
(Numenius ar quota). 



curl'er (kur'ler), n. 1. One who, or that which, curls 

anything. 2. A player at the game called curling. 
CUr'lew (kur'lu), n. [F. courlieu, courlis.J Any of a 
genus (Numenius) of birds of 
the snipe family. 
curl'i-cue (kur'li-ku), n. Also 
curl'y-cue. Something curled or 
spiral, as a flourish made with a pen 
or with skates. Colloq. 
curl'i-ness, n. Quality or state of 

being curly. 
curl'ing (kur'llng), n. 1. Act or 
state of one that curls. 2. A game 
in which rounded stones are hurled 
along ice toward a mark, or tee. 

curl'y (kur'll), a.; curi/i-er (-11- 
er) ; -i-est. Curling or tending to 
curl ; having curls. 

curl'y-cue. Var of curlicue. 

cur-mudg'eon (kiir-muj'un), n. An avaricious, churlish 
fellow ^ niggard ; miser. — cur-mudg'eon-ly, a. 

curr (kur), v. i. To make a murmuring sound, as of doves, 
owls, or cats. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

cur'rach\(kur'd; koor'aK), n. [Gael, curach or Ir. cura- 

cur'ragh/ chan.] A coracle. Scot. & Ireland. 

cur'ra-jong. Var. of kurrajong. 

cur'rant (kiir'dnt), n. [F. corinthe (raisins de Corinthe 
raisins of CorinttO currant (in sense 1), fr. Corinth in 
Greece, whence, probably, the raisins were first imported, 
the berry receiving the name from its resemblance to these 
raisins.] 1. A small seedless raisin, produced chiefly in the 
Levant. 2. The acid berry of any of several shrubs of a ge- 
nus (Ribes) of the gooseberry family, used chiefly for jellies 
and jam ; also, any of the shrubs. 

cur'ren-cy (-en-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Continuous flow- 
ing ; course. Now Rare. 2. State of being current ; general 
acceptance or reception ; circulation, as of bank notes. 3. A 
circulating medium of exchange, including coin, govern- 
ment notes, and bank notes. 

CUr'rent (-ent), a. [OF. cur ant, p. pr. of curre to run, L. 
currere.] 1. Running ; moving ; fluent. Archaic. 2. Now 
passing, as time ; belonging to the present time ; as, the 
current month. 3. Passing from person to person, or from 
hand to hand ; circulating ; as, a current coin. 4. Fitted 
for general acceptance or circulation; not counterfeit. 
5. Commonly acknowledged or accepted ; in vogue ; as, 
the current meaning of a word. — Syn. See prevailing. 

— n. 1. A flowingor passing; onward motion; hence : a 
body of fluid moving in a certain direction ; a stream. 2. 
General course or movement. 3. Elec. A movement of elec- 
tricity analogous to the motion of a stream of liquid, or the 
rate of such a movement. — Syn. See stream. 

ClU'rent-ly, adv. 1. In a current. Now Rare. 2. In current 
use ; usually ; prevailingly. 

CUr'ri-cle (-T-k'l), n. [L. curriculum a running, race 
course, curr ere to run.] A two-wheeled, two-horse chaise. 

cur-ric'u-lum (ku-rik'u-lum), n.; pi. E. -lums (-lumz), 
L. -la (-Id). [L. See curricle. ] A specified or regular 
course of study, as at a university. 

cur'ri-er (kur'i-er), n. One who curries leather. 

cur'ri-er-y (-er-i), n. The trade of a currier of leather, or 
the place where currying is done. 

CUr'nsh (kur'ish), a. Pert, to or like a cur ; quarrelsome ; 
also, base ; ignoble. — cur'rish-ly, adv. rish-ness, n. 

Clir'ry (kur'I), v. t.; -RiED(-id); -ry-ing. [ OF. conreer, 
correer, to prepare, furnish, curry (a horse) ; cor- (L. 
com-) -j- roi, rei, arrangement, order. ] 1. To dress the 
hair or coat of (a horse, ox, etc.) with a currycomb and 
brush. 2. To dress or prepare (leather) by scraping, 
cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring. 3. To beat 
(a person) ; bruise ; drub. 

to curry favor [orig. to curry favel, in which favel means a 
fallow or yellowish horse] , to seek or gain favor by flattery 
or attentions. 

CUT'ry (kur'1), n. ; pi. -rtes (-iz). [Tamil kari.~\ 1. A kind 
of highly spiced condiment. It originated in India. 2. A 
stew, as of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry. — v. t.; 
CUr'ried (-id) ; cur'ry-ing. To flavor or cook with curry. 

CurTy-comb' (-kom'), n. A kind of comb used in groom- 
ing a horse. — v. t. To comb with a currycomb. 

CUrry powder. Cookery. A powder containing some of 
the chief ingredients of curry as turmeric, spices, etc. 

curse (kurs), v. t.; cursed (kurst) or curst; cuRs'rNG. 
[AS. cursian."] 1. To call on divine or supernatural power 
to send injury upon ; swear at. 2. To use profanely insolent 
language against ; blaspheme. See blasphemy, Syn. 3. To 
bring great evil on ; harass ; torment ; as, he was cursed 
with intemperance. — v. i. To utter curses ; swear. 

— n. 1. A prayer or invocation for injury to come upon one ; 
malediction ; oath. 2. That which is cursed or accursed. 3. 
Evil that comes as if in response to imprecation, or as retri- 
bution. 4. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune. 



Syn. Curse, imprecation, execration, malediction, 

oath, anathema. Curse implies desire or threat of evil, 
declared solemnly or upon oath. Imprecation denotes an 
invocation of evilor calamity ; execration, an expression of 
intense hatred or utter detestation. Malediction is a more 
general term for bitter reproach or proclamation of evil 
against some one. Oath, as here compared, denotes a blas- 
phemous calling to witness of God or sacred things. Anath- 
ema is specif, the solemn curse of the church ; in ordinary 
usage it has become a synonym for imprecation. 

CUrs'ed (kur'sed ; 24 ; the pret. and p. p. are ordinarily 
pron'd kurst), p. a. 1. Being under a curse ; damned. 2. 
Deserving a curse ; execrable ; hateful. 3. Of a vicious dis- 
position ; cantankerous ; — usually curst. Archaic or Dial. 

curs'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of curse. — Syn. See blasphemy. 

cur'sive (kur'siv), a. [LL. cursivus. See course.] Of writ- 
ing, running ; having the letters joined and the angles often 
rounded. Cf . uncial. — n. A cursive character or a manu- 




cur- 
cur'so- 

Characterized by haste ; superficial ; careless. — cur'so-rf- 
ly (-ri-lT), adv. — cur'so-ri-ness, n. 
Syn. Hasty, passing ; unmethodical, disconnected irregu- 
lar, fitful, desultory ; rambling, roving, discursive. — Cur- 
sory, desultory, discursive. Cursory implies hasty, often 
superficial, running over a subject ; as, he dismissed the mat- 
ter with a cursory mention. Desultory implies a disconnect- 
ed or aimless leaping or passing from one thing to another ; 
as.desuttory studies. Discursive suggests a ranging or ram- 
bling, sometimes digressively, over a wide field ;as, his lec- 
ture was a discursive consideration of education in general. 

curst. See cursed. 

curt (kurt), o. [L. curtus."] 1. Short ; abbreviated. 2. Short 
or brief in language ; esp., short to a fault ; rudely concise. 
— Syn. See bluff, concise. 

cur-tail' (kur-tal' ; formerly kur'tal), v. t. [See curtal.] 
To cut off the end, or any part, of ; shorten ; abridge. 
— cur-tail'er, n. — cur-tail'ment (-ment), n. 

cur'tail (kur'tal), n. Arch. The scroll termination of any 
architectural member, as of a step (curtail step), usually 
at the foot of a flight, etc. 

CUr'tain (kur'tin ; -t'n), n. [OF. cortine, curtine, fr. LL. 
cortina curtain.] 1. A hanging screen, usually admitting of 
being drawn back or up at pleasure. 2. Fort. That part 
of a bastioned front connecting two neighboring bastions. 
3. Arch. That part of a wall between two pavilions, towers, 
etc. — v. t. To furnish or inclose with a curtain or curtains. 

curtain lecture. A querulous "lecture" by a wife to her 
husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. 

curtain raiser. Theat. A short piece, usually of one scene, 
with few characters, used to open a performance. 

CUr'tal (kur'tal), a. [OF. courtault having a docked tail, 
court short, L. curtus.~\ Made or being short ; curt ; brief ; 
laconic. 06s. or Archaic. — n. Anything cut short. Obs. 

cur'tal ax or axe, cur'tle ax or axe, cur'tel-asse (kur'- 
tel-as). Corruptions of cutlass. 

CUr'te-sy (-te-sT), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [See courtesy.] Law, 
The life estate or the tenure which a husband has in the 
lands of his deceased wife. 

CUr'ti-lage (-tT-laj), n. [From OF., fr. cortil courtyard, LL. 
cortis court.] A yard within the fence about a dwelling. 

curt'ly (kurt'll), adv. In a curt manner. 

curt'ness, n. The quality of being curt. 

curt'sy \(kfirt'si) ; pi. -sies, -seys (-siz). A var. of cour- 

CUTt'sey/ tesy. Rare, exc. specif. : An act of civility per- 
formed by women, consisting of a slight depression of the 
body with bending of the knees. — v. i. & t. ; -sied, -seyed 
(-sid) ; -sy-ing, -sey-ing. To make a curtsy (to). 

CU'rule (ku'robl), a. [L. curulis.'] Roman Hist. 1. Desig- 
nating a kind of seat, in form like a camp stool with curved 
legs and ornamented with ivory or made of ivory, appropri- 
ated to the highest dignitaries. 2. Privileged to sit in a cu- 
rule chair ; of the highest rank, [curved ; a bend ; curve.l 

cur'va-ture (kur'vd-tyr), n. Act of curving ; state of being) 

curve (kurv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved.] Bent continu- 
ously without angles ; curved. — n. 1. A curving ; a bend- 
ing continuously without angles ; also, that which is curved ; 
a line that bends continuously without angles ; flexure. 2. 
Math. Analytically, a line or lines that can be precisely de- 
fined by an equation or equations ; geometrically or kine- 
matically, the path of a point gliding along an axis round 
which turns a plane while the axis turns around the point in 
the plane. — v. t . & i. ; curved (kurvd) ; curv'ing. 1. To 
move in a curve ; to take or have the form of a curve ; bend ; 
crook. 2.To deviate, or cause to deviate, from the ordinary 
projectile path, as a baseball. — curv'ed-ness, n. 

cur'vet (kur'vet; kur- vet' ), n. [It. corvetta, dim. fr. L. 
curvus curved.] Manege. A certain leap of a horse. 

cur-vet' (kur-vet' ; kur'vet), v. i. ; cur-vet'ted or -vet-ed ; 
-vet'ting or -vet-ing. 1. To make a curvet ; leap ; bound. 
2. To frisk ; frolic. — v. t. To cause to curvet. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



CURVILINEAL 



251 



CUTCH 



CUT'vi-lin'e-al (kuVvT-lTn'e-al) "la. Made up of, or bounded 

cur'vi-lin'e-ar (kGr'vi-lin'e-dr)/ by, curved lines. 

cur'vi-ty (kur'vi-tl), to. State of being curved. Obs. or R. 

Cush (kush), n. Bib. The eldest son of Ham ; hence, also, 
the "land of Cush," usually identified with Ethiopia. 

CUSh'at (kush'at ; kdbsh'at), to. [AS. cusceote.] The ring- 
dove, or wood pigeon, of Europe. 

CU-shaw'(ku-sho'),n. [Cf. Chin, ku shou ripened gourd.] 
A long-necked squash (Cucurbita moschata) grown in the 
Southern United States ; — called also China squash. 

CUSh'ion (kobsh'un), n. [OF. coissin, cuissin, deriv. of 
L. coxa hip.] 1. A soft pillow or pad to rest on or against. 
2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use ; as : 
a A pillow used in making lace, b A pincushion. C The 
elastic lining on the inner side of the rim of a billiard table. 
d Mech. An elastic medium, as of air or steam, for reduc- 
ing shock. 

— v. t. 1. To seat or place on or as on a cushion. 2. To fur- 
nish with cushions. 3. To cover up, as if under a cushion. 4. 
Mech. To check gradually so as to minimize shock, as by re- 
tarding with an elastic medium. 

cushion tire. A thick solid-rubber tire, as for a bicycle, 
with a hollow groove running lengthwise on the inside. 

CUSh'ion-y (kobsh'wn-T), a. Like a cushion ; soft ; pliable. 

cusk (kusk), n. 1. A large edible marine fish (Brosme 
brosme) allied to the cod ; — called also tusk and torsk. 
2. The burbot (Lota maculosa). 




Cusk. 
cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end., 




1. 



Having a 



CUSP (kusp), to. [L 

Astrol. The first entrance of 

any "house." 2. A pointed 

end ; apex ; peak ; as : a As- 

tron. Either point, or horn, 

of the crescent moon or other 

crescent-shaped luminary, b 

Arch. A triangular projec- 
tion, as from the intrados 

of an arch, c Anat. & Zo'ol. 

A prominence or point, esp. 

on the crown of a tooth, d 

Bot. A sharp and rigid point. 
— v. t. To furnish with a cusp or cusps. 
CUS'pat-ed (-pat-ed), a. Also CUSped (kuspt). 

cusp or cusps ; also, cusp-shaped ; cuspidate. 
CUS'pid (kus'pid), to. Anat. A canine tooth. 
CUS'pi-dal (-pi-dal), a. Like, or of the nature of, a cusp ; 

also, pertaining to, or furnished with, a cusp. 
CUS'pi-date (-pi-dat) \a. [L. cuspidatus pointed.] Having 
CUS'pi-dat'ed (-dat'ed)/ a cusp or cusps; terminating in a 

point. See leaf, Illust. — CUS'pi-da'tion (-da/shun), to. 
CUS'pi-dor (-dor; -dor; 57), to. [Pg. cuspideira, fr. cuspir 

to spit.] A spittoon. U. S. 
CUSS (kus), to. [See curse.] Slang, U. S. 1. A curse. 

2. Fellow ; beast ; — by way of reproach or contempt, or 

humorously, or with no definite meaning. 
CUSS'ed, a. Cursed. — CUSS'ed-ly, adv. Both Vulgar, U. S. 
CUSS'ed-ness (-ed-nes), to. Disposition to willful wrongdo- 
ing; perversity; obstinacy. Slang or Colloq., U. S. 
CUS'SO (koos'o; ku'so), to. Pharm. The dried pistillate 

flowers of an Abyssinian rosaceous tree (Hagenia abyssi- 

nica), used as an anthelmintic, esp. to expel the tapeworm. 
CUS'tard (kuVtdrd), n. [Prob. same word as ME. crus- 

tade a pie with a crust, fr. L. crustatus crusted. ] A 

sweetened mixture of milk and eggs, baked or boiled. 
CUStard apple, a A small West Indian tree (Annona reticu- 
lata ; also, its yellowish fruit, the soft, rather insipid pulp 

of which is edible, b The sweetsop (A. squamosa). 
CUS-to'di-al (kus-to'di-dl), a. Relating to custody. 
CUS-to'di-an (-an), to. One who has custody, as of a public 

building ; a keeper. — CUS-to'di-an-ship', to. 
CUS'tO-dy (kus'to-dT), n. [L. custodia, fr. custos guard.] 

1. A keeping or guarding. 2. Judicial or penal safe-keeping ; 

as to persons, imprisonment ; as to things, charge. 3. State 

of being guarded ; restraint ; confinement. 
CUS'tom (-turn), to. [OF. custume, costume, fr. L. con- 

suetudo, -dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, deriv. of con- 

+ suere to be accustomed.] 1. A habitual or usual course 

of action ; a usage or practice. 2. The whole body of prac- 
tices or conventions which regulate social life ; recognized 

usage. 3. Law. Long-established practice considered as un- 
written law. 4. A rent from a feudal tenant to his lord ; also, 

the obligation to render, or right to receive, this. 5. In pi. 

Duties, tolls, or imposts imposed on imports or ( rarely) ex- 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals, 



ports. 6. Habitual buying of goods ; business support or 
patronage. — Syn. See habit. — o. 1. Made or done to 
order; as, custom clothes; custom work. 2. Dealing in 
things made to order, or doing work only when it is ordered ; 
as, a custom shoemaker. 

cus'tom-a-ble ( -d-b'l ), a. Subject to customs ; dutiable. 

CUS'tom-a-ri-iy (-a-ri-11), adv. In a customary manner. 

cus'tom-a-ri-ness, to. Quality of being customary. 

CUS'tom-a-ry (-a-ri), a. 1. Agreeing with, or established by, 
custom ; habitual. 2. Law. a Liable to, or holding by pay- 
ment of, customs or dues ; as, customary tenure, lands, etc. 
b Holding, or held by, or owing its validity as law to, cus- 
tom ; as, customary tenants ; customary service or estate. 

— Syn. See usual. [of a manor or district.! 

— to. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A book or body of customary laws, as| 
CUS'tom-er (-er), to. [A doublet of customary, a .] 1. One 

who regularly or repeatedly deals in business with a trades- 
man or business house ; a purchaser. 2. A fellow ; chap ; 

— usually with qualifying adjective, as queer, ugly, etc. 
CUS'tom-house' (kus'tum-hous'), n. The building where 

customs and duties are paid, and vessels entered or cleared. 

Hcus'tos (kus'tos), to.; pi. custodes (kus-to'dez). [L., 
guard, keeper.] Custodian ; superintendent. 

CUS'tU-mal (kus'tja-mal), a. Of or pert, to the customs of a 
manor, city, etc., or to customs duties. — to. A customary. 

cut (kut), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. cut ; p. pr. & vb. to. cut'ting. 
[ME. cutten, kitten, ketten.~\ 1. To penetrate, divide, or 
sever with or as with an edged instrument ; cleave ; gash ; 
slash ; as, to cut bread, hay, flowers, etc. 2. To divide, sep- 
arate, or sever in a way suggesting the action of an edged 
instrument or its result. 3. Specif., to divide or sepa- 
rate (a pack of cards) by removing cards from the top. 
4. To make less or reduce, as if by cutting off some part ; 
as : to cut a play ; to cut rates. 5. To intersect ; cross, as 
lines. 6. To form by cutting, as a garment, etc. 7. To 
strike sharply as in cutting, as with a whip. 8. To hurt the 
sensibilities of ; as, the rebuke cut him. 9. To perform a 
surgical operation upon, as castration or lithotomy. 10. 
To refuse to recognize ; to ignore socially ; as, to cut a per- 
son in the street. Colloq. 11. To absent one's self from; 
as, to cut an appointment, a recitation, etc. Colloq. 12. To 
perform ; as, to cut a caper, etc. Colloq. 13. Sports, a 
Cricket. To deflect (a bowled ball) to left of the player at 
point, with a chopping movement of the bat. b Billiards, 
etc. - To drive (an object ball) to either side by hitting it 
fine. cLawn Tennis, etc. Tostrike (a ball) with the racket 
inclined so as to put a certain spin on it. 
to cut a figure, to be conspicuous; show prominently. 

— to cut a tooth or one's teeth, to have a tooth or 
teeth cut through the gum in developing. — to cut off. a 
To end ; specif., to cause to die an untimely death ; destroy ; 
as, cut off in his youth, b To interrupt ; as, to cut off com- 
munication, steam, c To intercept ; as, to cut off retreat._ 

— v. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool ; as, this knife 
cuts well. 2. To admit of incision or severance, as by a cut- 
ting instrument ; as, cheese cuts easily. 3. To use a cutting 
instrument. 4. Togo across something ; make a short cut ; 

— usually used with across. 5. To move away quickly ; to 
make off ; — formerly used with away or off. Colloq. 6. To 
make a stroke as with a sword or whip. 7. To divide a pack 
of cards into two portions in order to decide the deal or 
trump, or in order to change the order of the cards. 8. In 
lawn tennis, cricket, etc., to make a cut. 

— to. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument ; cleft ; 
gash; slash. 2. An excavated notch, passage, or channel; 
furrow ; groove. 3. A straight or easy passage or course. 4. 
Manner in which a thing is cut or formed ; style ; fashion. 5. 
That which is cut or cut off ; a severed portion. 6. An en- 
graved block or plate for printing or the impression there- 
from. 7. Act of cutting ; as : a A blow with a knife edge, 
whiplash, etc. b Act of removing a part, as of a writing ; act 
of reducing or dividing as if by use of a knife ; also, the part 
removed. 8. Sports. The act of cutting the ball, or the spin 
so given to the ball. See cut, v. t. 13 C 9. That which wounds 
the feelings ; a slight. 10. Absence at a time appointed for 
attendance. 11. [Perh. a different word.] One of several 
pieces, as of straw, as used in drawing lots. 

— p. a. 1. That has been subjected to the action of cutting ; 
specif.: a Formed, shaped, or fashioned by cutting ; as, cut 
stone ; cut nails, b Castrated, c Reduced, as prices or rates. 
2. Bot. Separated into sharp-pointed lobes ; — said of foli- 
age or floral leaves. 3. Drunk ; tipsy. Slang. 
cut glass, glass shaped or ornamented by cutting, or grind- 
ing, and polishing. — cut money, money consisting of coins 
cut into pieces, formerly often used for lack of the smaller 
denominations. 

CU-ta/ne-OUS (ku-ta'ne-ws), a. [L. cutis skin.] Of or per- 
taining to the skin ; existing on or affecting the skin. 

CUt'a-way' (kut'd-wa'), a. Of a coat, having the skirts cut 
away in front so as not to meet at the bottom. — to. A cut- 
away coafc. Colloq. 

CUtch (kiich), to. Catechu. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



M 



CUTCHERRY 



252 



CYCLONICAL 



cut-cher'ry (ku-cher'i), cutch'er-y (kuch'er : i), n. [Hind. 
kachahri.] A public office for administrative or judicial 
business ; also, any administrative office. India. 

cute(kut), a. /cirr'ERCkut'er) ;-est. [Abbr. of acute."] Colloq. 
1. Clever or shrewd. 2. Attractive by reasonof daintiness or 
picturesqueness, as achild. — CUte'ly,adu. — CUte'ness, n. 

CUt r — grass', n. Any grass having the edges of the leaf 
blade beset with minute hooked prickles. 

CU'ti-cle (ku'ti-k'l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis skin.] 

1. A skin or membrane ; in vertebrates, the epidermis. See 
skin. 2. A very thin skin or film covering the surface of a 
plant body. — CU-tic'U-lar (ku-tik'u-ldr), a. 

CU'till (-tin), n. [L. cutis skin, outside.] PlantPhysiol. A 

waxy substance which, combined with cellulose, constitutes 

the cuticle in plants. [or deeper layer of the skin. I 

CU'tis (-tis), n., or || cu'tiS ve'ra (ve'rd). [L.] Thederma,| 
CUt'lass (kut'lds), n. Also CUt'las. [F. coutelas, fr. L. 

cultellus small knife, culter knife.] A short, heavy, curved 

sword, used esp. as a weapon for sailors. 
CUt'ler (-ler), n. [F. coutelier, fr. LL., fr. "L. cultellus. 

See cutlass.] One who makes, deals in, or repairs, cutlery. 
CUt'ler-y (-T), n. Edged or cutting instruments collectively. 
CUt'let (-let ; 24), n. [F. cbtelette, prop., little rib, dim. of 

cote rib, L. costa.] A small piece of meat, as of veal, cut 

from the ribs or leg, for broiling or frying. 
CUt'-ofi 7 , n. 1. That which shortens, as a nearer road. 

2. Engin. Act of shutting off the working fluid, as steam, 
from an engine cylinder; also, the point at which this 
occurs, or the mechanism for effecting it. 

CUt'-Ollf, n. 1. Elec. Adeviceby which a circuit or part of a 
circuit may be disconnected ; a circuit breaker. 2. A device 
for allowing an internal-combustion engine that regularly 
exhausts through a muffler to exhaust directly into the air. 

CUt'purse' (kut'pursO, n. One who cuts purses to steal them 
or their contents (an act common when men wore purses at 
their girdles) ; hence, a pickpocket. 

CUt'ter (kut'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, cuts. 

2. Naut. a A broad, square-sterned 
boat for stores and passengers 
by ships of war. t> A one- 
masted vessel rigged much like 
a sloop, and having a deep, 
often heavily weighted, keel. 

C = REVENUE CUTTER. 3. A 

small, light sleigh. 

CUt'throat' (kut'throt 7 ), 
One who cuts throats; 
murderer ; an assassin. 

—a. 1. Murderous ; cruel. 
Z.Cards. Designating a 
game or play, as in eu- 
chre, played by three, 
each playing for himself. 

•Ult'ting (kut'ing), n. 1. 
Act or process of one Cutter, 2b. The;. outline of the hull 
that cuts. 2. Something is shown, and the mass of lead, 
cut, cut off, or cut out. 3. Hort. Any 
severed portion of a plant used for prop- 
agation. — a. 1. Adapted to cut. 2. 
Chilling ; piercing ; as, a cutting wind. 

3. Severe ; sarcastic ; as, a cutting re- _L 
mark. — Syn. See sharp. 

CUt'tle (-'D, n. A cuttlefish. 
Cut'tle-fish' (-fish'), n. [AS. cudele.] 

Any member of any of several genera 

(esp. Sepia) of ten-armed dibranchiate 

cephalopods, differing from the squids 

in having a calcareous internal shell, 

known in commerce as cuttle bone. 
CUt'wa'ter (kut'wo'ter), n. The fore 

part of a ship's stem. 
CUt'worm' (-wurm'), n. A caterpillar 

which eats off young plants of cabbage, 

corn, etc., by night, usually at the 

ground. The common cutworms are 

larvae of certain genera (esp. Agrotis) of noctuid moths. 
cy'an-am'ide Jsl'an-am'ld ; 

sl-an'd-mld ;-id),n. Also-id. 

[See cyanic ; amide.] Chem. 

A crystalline, weakly basic 

substance, CN • NH2, various- 
ly got, as by action of ammo- 
nia gas on cyanogen chloride. 
Cy'a-nate (sl'd-nat), n. A salt 

or ester of cyanic acid. 
Cy-an'ic (sl-an'ik), a. [Gr. 

nbavos a dark blue substance.] 

1. Pertaining to or contain- 
ing cyanogen. 2. Blue. 

cyanic acid, Chem. , a strong 

colorless acid, HOCN, got Cutworm, a Larva ; <f Head of 

by heating cyanuric acid. Larva ;&Pupa ; c Adult Moth. 





Cuttlefish. 




A compound of cyanogen 
esp., potassium cyanide. 



cy'a-nide (si'd-nld; -nid), n. 
with an element or radical ; 

— v.t. To treat with a cyanide 
cy'a-nite (-nit), n. [See cyanic] Min. A native silicate of 

aluminium, AhSiOs, occurring commonly in blue thin- 
bladed triclinic crystals and crystalline aggregates. 

cy-an'O-gen (sl-an'6-jen), n. [See cyanic; -gen.] Chem. 
a A radical, CN, composed of carbon and nitrogen, in 
hydrocyanic acid and the cyanides. Some of its compounds 
are intensely blue. See Prussian blue, to A certain color- 
less, inflammable, poisonous gas, (CN)2. 

cy'a-nop'a-thy (sl'd-nop'd-thi), n. [See cyanic; -pathy.] 
Med. A disease in which the body is colored blue on its sur- 
face, arising from imperfect arterialization of the blood. 

cy/a-no'sis (-no'sis), n. [NL. See cyanic] Med. A condi- 
tion in which, from insufficient aeration of the blood, the 
surface of the body becomes blue ; cyanopathy. 

Cy-an , o-type(sT-an , o-tIp),ri. [See cyanic ; type.] A method 
of producing photographic prints, usually blue, by the use 
of paper, linen, or the luce, coated with a compound of cyan- 
ogen and iron ; also, a print so obtained ; a blue print. 

cy'a-nu'ric (sl'd-nu'rik), a. [See cyanic; uric] Chem. 
Pert, to or designating a white, crystalline acid,CsN3(OH)3, 
obtained from cyanic acid by polymerization. 

Cyb'e-le (sib'e-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. KvfikXr,.] The great 
nature goddess of the ancient peoples of Asia Minor, — 
primarily, a deification of the earth as the sustainer and 
reproducer ; secondarily, the nourishing mother of man, 
giver of the arts of life, and founder and upholder of cities 
and nations. See Corybant. 

cy'cad (sl'kad), n. [From Cycas, the type genus.] Any 
of a family (Cycadacese) of mostly tropical gymnospermous 
plants, including the sago palm, intermediate in appear- 
ance between tree ferns and palms. 

cyc'a-da'ceous (sik'd-da'shus), a. Pertaining or belong- 
ing to the family {Cycadacese) comprising the cycads. 

cyc'la-men (sik'ld-men), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kvkXLulvos, kvkXo.- 
/u's.] Any of a small genus {Cyclamen) of primulaceous 
plants, having pretty, nodding, white or pink flowers ; also, 
a flower of this genus. 

cy'cle (si'k'l), n. [L. cyclus, fr. Gr. kvk\os ring, circle, 
cycle.] 1. An imaginary circle in the heavens ; one of the 
celestial spheres. 2. An interval or period of time occupied 
by one round or course of events recurring in the same 
order in a series ; as, the cycle of the seasons. 3. A com- 
plete course of operations returning to the original state ; 
circle ; round. 4. An age ; a long period. 5. The circle of sub- 
jects connected with the exploits of a hero or heroes ; as, the 
Arthurian cycle. 6. Thermodyn. A series of operations in 
which heat isimparted to (or taken away from) a working 
substance which by its expansion gives up a part of its inter- 
nal energy in the form of mechanical work (or being com- 
Eressed increases its internal energy) and is again brought 
ack to its original state. See four-cycle, two-cycle. 7. 
Short for bicycle, tricycle, etc. 

— v. i.; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klTng). 1. To pass through a 
cycle ; recur in cycles. 2. To ride a cycle. — cy'cler (-kler), n. 

cy'cle-car' (-kaV), n. A light four-wheeled vehicle, usually 
having a narrow tread and propelled by an internal-com- 
bustion engine of the motor-cycle type. 

cyclic (sTk'lik ; sl'klik), a. 1. Of or pert, to a cycle or cir- 
cle ; moving in cycles ; as, cyclic time ; a cyclic poem. 2. 
Chem. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, a closed chain or 
ring formation. — cyc'li-cal, a. [a bicycle. I 

cy 'cling (sl'klmg) , n. Act or practice of riding a cycle, esp. | 

cy'clist(-klist), n. One who rides a cycle, esp. a bicycle. 

cy'clo-graprU-klo-graf),™. [Gr. k&kXos circle + -graph.] 1. 
= ARCOGRAPH. 2. Photog. A special form of camera giving 
a panoramic view of the entire periphery of an object, as 
a vase. 

cy'cloid (sl'kloid), n. [Gr. KVKXoetSrjs ; kI)k\os circle + elSos 
form.] Geom. A curve traced by a 
point on the radius of a circle roll- 
ing in a plane along a line in the 
plane. — a. Circular. — cy-cloi / - 
dal (sl-kloi'dal), a. Common Cycloid. 

cy-clom'e-ter (sl-klom'e-ter), n. V • Tracing point. 
[Gr. kvk\os circle + -meter.] A device, actuated by the 
revolution of one of the road wheels, for indicating the 
distance traveled by a bicycle or similar vehicle. 

cy'clone (sl'klon), n. [Gr. kvkX&v moving in a circle, 
deriv. of kvkXos circle.] 1. A violent storm characterized 
by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmos- 
pheric pressure. This center moves onward, often at 
twenty or thirty miles an hour. 2. In general, a condition 
of the atmosphere characterized by a central area of 
pressure much lower than that of surrounding areas, anda 
system of winds blowing inward and around (clockwise in 
the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the north- 
ern), as in the hurricane, typhoon, and tropical storms ; — 
called also a low area storm. Cf. anticyclone. 3. A tor- 
nado. Middle U. S. — cy-clon'ic (sl-klon'ik), -i-cal, o. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fiirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (lien, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



CYCLOPEAN 



253 



CYPRIOTE 



Cy'clo-pe'an (sl'klo-pe'dn), a. Pertaining to, or characteris- 
tic of, the Cyclopes ; huge ; massive. 
cy'clo-pe'di-a H-pe'dT-d), n. [NL.; Gr. kvkXos circle + 
cy'clo-pae'di-a/Traifota the bringing up of a child, education, 
deriv. of irals child.] An encyclopedia. 
cy'clo-pe'dic 1 (sl'klo-pe'dik ; -ped'Ik), a. Belonging to the 
cy'clo-pse'dicj circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; of 
the nature of a cyclopedia ; hence, of great range, extent, or 
amount ; as, a man of cyclopedic knowledge. 
cy'clo-pe'dist 1 (sl'klo-pe'dist), n. A maker of, or writer for, 
cy'clo-pae'dist/ a cyclopedia. 

Cy'clops (sT'klops), n.; pi. Cyclopes (sl-klo'pez). [L., fr. 
Gr. KvuXajip, lit., round-eyed.] Class. Myth. One of a 
race of giants having but one eye, and that in the middle 
of the forehead, fabled to inhabit Sicily, and, in later 
tradition, said to assist in the workshops of Hephaestus 
(Vulcan), under Mt. Etna. Homer makes them shepherds. 

Cy'clo-ra'ma (sT'klo-ra'md), n. [Gr. kvkXos circle + 8pap.a 
sight.] A pictorial view extended circularly, so that the 
spectator is surrounded as if by things in nature. 

cy-clos'to-mate (sl-klos'to-mat), cy'clo-stom'a-tous (sl 7 - 
klo-stom'd-tus ; -sto'md-tus), a. Zo'dl. Having a circular 
mouth; specif., cyclostome. 

Cy'clo-Stome (sl'klo-stom), a. [Gr. kvkXos circle -f- ar6p.a, 
-aros, mouth.] Zo'dl. Of or pert, to the lowest class (Cycle- 
stomata) of craniate vertebrates, consisting of the lampreys 
and hagfishes. — n. A cyclostome animal. 

cy'clo-style (-stll), n. [Gr. kvkXos circle + style a pen.] 
A kind of manifolding apparatus. A stencil is made by 
writing or drawing with a pen containing at its end a 
small wheel which makes minute punctures in the paper. 

Cyg'net (sig'net ; 24), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. kvkvos.] A young swan. 

Cyg'nus (-nus), n. ; gen.^ Cy gni (-nT). [L.,aswan.] Astron. 
A northern constellation 
between LyTa and Pega- 
sus, in the Milky 'Way ; the 
Swan. It contains the 
bright star Deneb. 

cyl'in-der (sil'In-der), n. 
[From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
KvXivSpos, fr. KvXivbeiv to 
roll.] 1. Geom. a The 
surface traced by one side 
of a rectangle rotated 
round the parallel side as 
axis. bThe volume gener- 
ated by a rectangle so 
rotated. 2. Any body hav- 
ing the form of a cylinder ; as : a Mech. The piston chamber 
in an engine, b The barrel of a pump, c Print. The 
revolving platen or bed which produces the 
impression or carries the type in a cylinder 
press, d The turning chambered breech of a 
revolver. 3. Archseol. A cylindrical seal used, esp. 
by the Babylonians and Assyrians, as a means of 
signing clay tablets, or as an amulet ; also, a cylin- 
drical clay tablet with cuneiform inscriptions. 

— v. t. To furnish with a cylinder, or to subject to 
the action of a cylinder. 

cy-lin'dric (si-lin'dnk), -dri-cal (-dn-kal), a. Of, pert, to, 
or having the form of, a cylinder. dri-cal-ly, adv. 

Cyl'in-droid ( sil'in-droid ), n. [Gr. k\iXlv5 P os cylinder + 
-oid.~] A surface, volume, or body resembling a cylinder, 
but having elliptic right sections. 

Cylix (si'lTks ; sil'iks), kyOix (kl'- ; kil'-), n.; pi. cylices 
(sTFi-sez), kylikes (kil'i-kez). [Gr. 
kvXi£.] Class. Archseol. A two-han- 
dled drinking cup with a shallow bowl 
set on a stem and foot. 

Cyl-le'ni-an (si-le'nT-dn), a. Of orpert. 
to Mt. Cyllene, in southern Greece, fa- „ .. 

bled birthplace of Hermes ; hence, of Cylix. 

or pert, to Hermes, god of commerce, thieving, lying, etc. ; 
as, the Cyllenian art, or thievery. 

Cy'ma (sl'md), n. ; L. pi. -us. (-me). [NL., fr. Gr. Kvua. See 
cyme.] Arch. A member or molding having a wavelike pro- 
file. It is common in Greek and Greco-Roman art. 
The||cy'ma rec'ta is hollow above and swelling below; the 
llcy'ma re-ver'sa is swelling above and hollow below. 

Cy-mar/ (sT-mar'), n. [F. simarre.] A loose robe or gar- 
ment, esp. a chemise, worn by women ; — a literary word. 

Cy-ma'ti-um (sT-ma'shi-wm), n. ; pi. -tia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. 
KVfi&Ttop, dim. of Kpna. wave.] A capping or crowning mold- 
ing in classic architecture. Also, often, a cyma. 

cym'bal (sim'bdl), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. kvuQoXov, 
fr. icvfiffr}, kvh0os hollow vessel.] Music. One of a pair 
of brass half globes or flat plates for clashing together. 
— cym'baled (-bald), a. — cymlial-er, cym'bal-ist, n. 

cyme (sim), n. [L. cyma cabbage sprout, Gt.Kv^a, prop., 
anything swollen, hence, also, cyme, wave.] Bot. a Any 
determinate, or centrifugal, inflorescence. See inflores- 




Cygnus, Astron. 




Cylinder. 




cence, Illust. b Hence : Any flat or convex inflorescence of 
this type containing many flowers, as in the forget-me-not. 

cy'mene (sT'men), n. [Gr. Kb\j.ivov cumin.] Chem. Any of 
three isomeric hydrocarbons, CH3-CeH4-C3H7, disting. as 
ortho-, meta-, and paracymene. Par'a-cy'mene, or ordi- 
nary cymene, is a colorless liquid of pleasant odor obtained 
from oil of cumin, oil of caraway, camphor, etc. 

cy 'mo-gene (sl'mo-jen), n. An inflammable gaseous petro- 
leum product used for producing low temperatures. 

cy'mo-graph (-graf), n. [cyma + -graph.] 1. An instru- 
ment for making tracings of the outline of profiles, mold- 
ings, etc. 2. Var. of kymograph. — cy'mo-grapn'ic, a. 

Cy-mom'e-ter (sl-mom'e-ter), n. [Gr. Kv^a wave + -meter.'] 
Elec. An instrument to determine the frequency of electric 
wave oscillations, esp. in connection with wireless telegraphy. 

cy'mo-phane (sl'mo-fan), n. [Gr. Kvp.a wave + ^aiveadtn 
to appear.] Min. Chrysoberyl, esp. an opalescent kind. 

cy'mo-SCOpe (-skop), n. [Gr. nv^a wave + -scope.] Any of 
various devices to detect the presence of electric waves. 

cy'mose (sl'mos ; sl-mos'), a. [L. cymosus full of shoots. 
See cyme.] Bot. Of the nature of, or derived from, a cyme; 
bearing, or pert, to, a cyme. See inflorescence, Illust. 

Cym'ric (kim'rTk), Kym'ric, a. [W. Cymru Wales.] Of, 
pert, to, or designating, the Celtic tribes of Wales or their 
speech, or peoples speaking Celtic of the same branch as 
Welsh. — n. The Welsh language or group of languages. 

Cym'ry (-ri), Kym'ry, n. [W., pi.] The Welsh race. 

cyn'ic (sin'ik), n. [See cynic, a.] 1. leap.] Philos. One of 
a Greek school of philosophers who taught that virtue is the 
only good, and that its essence is self-control and independ- 
ence. Later, the term symbolized, popularly, moroseness 
and contempt for others' opinions. 2. Hence : A misan- 
thrope; esp., one who believes human conduct to be di- 
rected wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence. 

cyn'ic (sin'ik) la. [From L., fr. Gr. kwlkos, prop., dog- 

cyn'i-cal (-i-kal)J like, fr. kiW, kwos dog.] l.Surlv; snarl- 
ing ; currish. Rare. 2. Of or pert, to the Dog Star. 3. [cap.] 
Of, pert, to, or resembling the doctrines of, the Cynics. 4. Of 
the character of a cynic; disbelieving in the sincerity or 
unselfishness of human motives. — cyn'i-cal-ly, adv. — 
cyn'i-cal-ness, n. 

Syn. Cynical, misanthropic, pessimistic. Cynical im- 
plies a sneering disbelief in sincerity and rectitude ; mis- 
anthropic, a rooted dislike of men and aversion to society ; 
pessimistic, a distrustful and gloomy view of things. 

cyn'i-cism (-siz'm), tu_ Cynical quality, theory, or practice. 

cy'no-sure (si'no-shoor ; sin'6-), n. [L. Cynosura the 
constellation Cynosure, Gr. Kwoaovpa, lit., dog's tail; 
kvcov, kvv6s, dog + ovpa tail.] 1. \_cap.] The constella- 
tion Ursa Minor, or Lesser Bear, containing the North 
Star. 2. A center of attraction or attention. • 

Cyn'thi-a (sm'thi-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kwdla.] Artemis ; — 
from Mt. Cynthus, where she and Apollo were born; 
hence, the moon personified. 

Cyn'thi-us (-us), n. [L.] Apollo. Cf. Cynthia. 

cy'per-a'ceous (sl'per-a'shus ; sip'er-), a. [Gr. Kv-n-eipos 
sedge.] Belonging to a family (Cyperacese), of monocoty- 
ledonous plants, the sedge family, distinguished from the 
grasses chiefly by the solid stems, and by the fruit, which is 
an achene instead of a grain. 

cy'pher (sl'fer), n. Cipher. 

cy' pres' (se 7 pra'). Also cy'pres', adv. [OF. si pres so 
nearly (as may be).] Law. Lit., as nearly (as may be) ; — 
used of a certain rule for equitably construing wills. 

cy'press (sl'pres), n. [OF. cipres, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kvirapio- 
aos.] 1. Any of a genus (Cupressus) of pinaceous trees, 
having dark evergreen scalelike leaves and symmetrical 
habit ; also its wood. The species commonly cultivated 
in southern Europe and western Asia (C. sempervirens) , 
being often planted about tombs, has become an emblem 
of mourning. 2. Any of several pinaceous trees of allied 
genera as the bald cypresses ( Taxodium distichum and T. 
imbricarlum) of the southern United States. 

cy'press (sl'pres), n. Alsocy'prus (-prRs). [ME. cipres. 
cypirs.] Any of various early fine textile fabrics ; esp., a 
thin, transparent stuff like crape. Obs. or Hist. 

cypress Vine. A convolvulaceous garden plant (Quamoclit 
guamoclit), with red or white tubular flowers and finely 
dissected leaves. 

Cyp'ri-an (sTp^rT-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cyprus, the 
island, as being the reputed birthplace of Aphrodite; 
also (in allusion to Aphrodite worship), lewd or licentious. 

— ?i. _ 1. One of the people of Cyprus. 2. A lewd woman. 

cy-prin'o-dont(si-pnn'6-dont ; sT-prI'no-),n. [Gr. Kvirplfos 
a kind of carp + 68ovs, oSovtck, tooth.] Any of a large family 
(Cyprinodontidse) of small soft-finned fishes, including the 
killifishes and related minnows. 

cyp'ri-noid ( sTp'ri-noid ; sT-prl'noid ), a. [Gr. nnrplvos a 
kind of carp + -oid.] Zo'dl. Like or pert, to fishes of 
the carp family (Cyprinidae). — n. One of the carp family. 

Cyp'ri-ote (sTp'ri-ot), Cyp'ri-ot (-ot), a. [F. Cypriot.] Of 
or pertaining to Cyprus ; Cyprian. — n. An inhabitant of 
Cyprus ; also, the Cypriote Greek dialect. 



D 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, (j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



CYPRIPEDIUM 



254 



DAD 




eyp'ri-pe'di-um (sip'rT-pe'di-um), n. [NL., fr. L. Cypris 
Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] Any of a genus 
(Cypripedium) of orchids including the 
lady's-slippers. 

cy'prus, n. See 2d cypress. 

cyp'se-la (sip'se-ld), n.; pi. -lm 
(-le). [NL., fr. Gr. Kv^k\n hol- 
low vessel.] Bot. An achene hav- 
ing two carpels and with adher- 
ent calyx tube, as in the asters. 
See fruit, Illust. 

Cy 're-na'ic (sl're-na'ik ; sTr'e-) , a . 
Pert, to Cyrenaica, an ancient 
country of northern Africa, or 
Cyrene, its chief city, or a school 
of philosophy founded by Aris- 
tippus (436P-356? b. a), a na- 
tive of Cyrene. — n. A native of 
Cyrenaica ; also, a disciple of 
the school of Aristippus, who 
taught that pleasure is the chief 
end of life. 

cy-ril'lic (si-nl'ik), a. Pert, to 
or designating the old Slavic al- 
phabet reputed to have been invented by Cyril, a mission- 
ary to the Slavs in the 9th century. In its present form it is 
the alphabet of Russia, Bulgaria, and Servia. 

Cyst (sist), n. [Gr. mans bladder, sac] I.Med. A closed ab- 
normally developed sac containing fluid or semifluid morbid 
matter. 2. Bot . a In many algae, a resting spore formed by 
the breaking up of portions of the filaments or the inclosing 
of cell groups, and their investment by a sheath or envelope. 
bAn air vesicle in certain algae. cThe spore case in certain 
fungi. 3. Zo'dl. A sac or capsule ; — usually including the 
contained organisms, as reproductive bodies, embryos, etc. 

cys-tec'to-my (sis-teVto-mi), n. Surg. Excision of a cyst. 

cysti-. Var. of cysto-. 

cyst'ic (sis'tTk), a. Of, like, or pertaining to, a cyst ; also, 
of or pertaining to the gall bladder or urinary bladder. 

Cys'ti-Cer'CUS (-ti-sur'kws), n.; pi. -cerci (-sur'sl). [NL. ; 
cysti- + Gr. /cep/eos tail.] Zo'dl. The larval form of certain 
species of tapeworms haying the head and neck of a tape- 
worm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid. [der. | 

cys-ti'tis (sis-tl'tTs), n. [NL.] Inflammation of the blad-j 

cys'to- (sis'to-), cys'ti- (-tl-). [Gr. kvo-tis bladder.] Com- 



A Cypripedium. 



bining forms used in Anat. & Biol., usually to denote like' 
ness to, or connection with, a bladder or cyst. 

cys'to-carp (sis'to-karp), n. Bot. The form of sporocarp 
produced in the red alga; (Rhodophycese) after fertilization 
of the procarp. — cys'to-car'pic (-kar/pik), a. 

cys'to-cele (-sel), n. Med. Hernia in which the urinary blad- 
der protrudes ; vesical hernia. _ 

cyst'oid (sis'toid), a. Bladderlike; resembling a cyst. 

cys'tO-SCOpe (sis'to-skop) , n. Med. An instrument for in- 
specting the interior of the bladder. 

cys-tot'O-my (sis-tot'6-mT), n. Operation of cutting into 
the bladder, esp. to remove stones. 

cy'tas-ter (sT'tas-ter), n. [Gr. /euros hollow vessel + aster.'] 
Biol. An achromatic aster (see aster, 2), as distinguished 
from a karyaster. 

-cyte (-sit). A suffix from Greek kvtos, hollow vessel, used 
to denote a cell; as leucocyte, phagocyte, etc. [rodite.| 

cyth/er-e'a (sith'er-e'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kvdepeia.] Aph-| 

cy'tO-gen'e-sis (sl'to-jen'e-sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. kvtos hollow 
vessel + -genesis."] Biol. Cell formation or development. 
— cy'to-gen'ic (-jen'ik), -ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 

cy-tol'O-gy (sl-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. kvtos hollow vessel -f- 
-logy.] Biology treating of cells. 

cy-tol'y-sis (si-tol'i-sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. kvtos hollow vessel 
+ -lysis.] Physiol. The dissolution or degeneration of 
cells or neurons. 

cy'to-plasm (si'to-plaz'm), n. [Gr. kvtos hollow vessel + 
TrXao-fia a mold.] Biol. The protoplasm of the cell 
exclusive of the nucleus. — cy'to-plas'mic (-plaz'mik), a. 

czar (zar; tsar), tsar (tsar), n. [Russ. tsar', fr. L. Caesar 
Caesar.] A king ; an emperor ; specif., the popular title of the 
emperor of Russia. — czar'dom (-dum), tsar'dom, n. 

czar'e-vitch (zar'e-vich; tsar'-), tsar'e-vitch (tsar'e-vich ; 
Russ. tsa-ra'vich), n. [ Russ. tsarevich. ] A son of a czar 
of Russia ; — formerly a title, now replaced by grand duke. 

cza-rev'na (za-reVnd; tsa-), tsa-rev'na (tsa-rev'nd), n. 
[Russ. tsarevna.] A daughter of a czar of Russia; — 
formerly a title, now replaced by grand duchess. 

Cza-ri'na (za-re'nd; tsa-), tsa-ri'na (tsa-re'nd), n. The 
wife of a czar of Russia. 

czar 'ism (zar'iz'm; tsar'-), tsar'ism (tsar'-), n. Auto- 
cratic government such as that of Russia ; absolutism. 

Czech (chek), n. An individual of the most westerly 
branch of the Slavs, chiefly inhabiting Bohemia and Mora- 
via. Also, the language of the Czechs ; Bohemian. _ , 



D 



D(de). 1. The fourth letter of the English alphabet, into 
which it comes through the Latin and Greek from the 
Phoenician and Hebrew. Etymologically d is related most 
nearly to t and th ; as, E. deep, G. iief ; E. daughter, G. ioch- 
ter, Gr. dvyarnp, Skr. duhitr. See Guide to Pron. § 20. 2. 
As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a Fourth in order 
or class ; as, Class D. b Math. [I. c] Differentiation. C 
[cap.] Music. The second tone in the model major scale 
(that of C) ; also, a key giving this tone, or a symbol rep- 
resenting it. 3. As a numeral, D stands for 500. 

D (de), n.; pi. D's, Ds (dez). Also dee; pi. dees (dez). 
1. The letter D, d, or its sound. 2. An object like the letter 
D in shape or outline, as an eye of metal at the end of a 
harness trace. — a. Having the general form of the (capi- 
tal) letter D ; as, D valve. 

dab # (dab), v. t. & i.; dabbed _ (dabd) ; dab'bing. 1. To 
strike or hit with a sudden motion ; to peck. 2.To strike or 
touch gently, as with a soft or moist substance ; tap ; also, 
to apply by striking in that way ; to strike or pat with a 
dabber. — n. 1. A gentle blow, as with some soft substance ; 
also, a peck, thrust, or sharp slap. 2. A flattish soft or moist 
mass. 3. A small amount, portion, or the like. 

dab (dab), n. Any flatfish ; esp., any of several flounders. 

dab, n. An expert. Colloq. 

dab'ber (dab'er), n. One who, or that which, dabs, as a pad 
used by printers, engravers, etc., to apply ink, color, etc., 
evenly to a surface. 

dab'ble (dab''l), v. t.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). [Freq. 
of dab.] To wet by splashing or by little dips or strokes ; 
spatter. — v. i. 1. To paddle or splash in water, as with the 
hands. 2. To work superficially. 

dab'bler (-ler), n. One who dabbles ; a dilettante. 

dab'chick' (-chikO, n. The little grebe (Podiceps fluvia- 
tilis), or the pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), 
both remarkable for quickness in diving. 

dab'ster (-ster), n. Dial, or Colloq. 1. One who is skilled ; 
an expert ; adept. 2. A dabbler at anything ; an unskilled 
hand. 

D da ca'po (da ka'po). [It., from (the) head or beginning.] 
Music. From the beginning ; — a direction to repeat. 

dace (das), n. Any of various fishes of the carp family. 




dachs'hund' (daks'hiSont' ; daks'hdond), n. [G., lit., badger 
dog.] One of a breed of 
hounds used for hunt- 
ing the badger, fox, etc. 

Da'cian (da'shdn), a. Of 
or pert, to ancient Dacia 
(country north of the 
Danube) or its inhabit- 

da'cite (-sit), n. [From Dachshund. (&) 

L. Dacia. See Dacian.] A volcanic or intrusive rock of pla- 
gioclase and quartz, with biotite, hornblende, or pyroxene. 

da-COit' (dd-koif), n. 
[Hind, dakait.] One of 
a class of murderous 
robbers, in India, who 
act in gangs. Cf . thug. 

da-coit'y (-1), n.; pi. 
-ies (-Iz). [Hind, da- 
kaiti.] Robbery by da- 
coits in armed gangs. 

dac'tyl (dak'til), n. 
[From L., fr. Gr. 8Aktv- 
Xos finger, dactyl.] 
Prosody. A foot of three 
syllables (- « •« ), one 
long and two short, or, 
in modern verse, one ac- 
cented and two unac- 
cented ; as, L. tegmine, 
E. mer'ci-ful. — dac- 
tyl'ic (dak-ttl'ik), a. 

dac'ty-lol'o-gy (dak'ti- 
lol'6-ji), n. [See dac- 
tyl; -logy.] Art of 
communicating ideas by 
signs made with the fin- 
gers, as in the manual 
alphabets of deaf-mutes. 

dad (dad), n. Father ; — 
a familiar term. 




Dactylology. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, <kn, up, circiis, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



DADDLE 



255 



DAMASK 




dad'dle (dad'T). Var. of diddle, to cheat. 

dad'dy (-i),n. ; pi. -dies (-Tz). Dad ; — a familiar diminutive. 

daddy longlegs. The harvestman (an arachnid). 

da'do(da'do; da'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [It. dado die, 
cube, pedestal.] 1. That part of an archi- 
tectural pedestal between base and surbase. 
2. The lower part of the wall of an apart- 
ment when specially decorated. 

dse'dal (de'ddl), a. [L. daedalus, fr. Gr. 8al- 
SaXos ; — also alluding to Daedalus.] 1. Cun- 
ningly formed or working ; ingenious ; intri- 
cate. 2. Variegated ; rich. 

Daed'a-lus (ded'd-lus ; de'dd-), n. [L., fr. Gr. AaiSaXos, lit., 
the cunning worker.] Class. Myth. An Athenian expelled 
for murder to Crete, where he designed the Labyrinth. Cast 
into the Labyrinth by Minos, he escaped, with his son Ica- 
rus, by means of artificial wings. Daedalus reached Sicily in 
safety ; but Icarus flew too near the sun, the wax of his wings 
melted, and he was drowned in the sea thenceforth called' 
Icarian. — Dse-dal'ian (de-dal'ydn), a. 

dee'mon (de'mon), dse-mon'ic, etc. Vars. of demon, etc. 

dafi (daf), v. t. 1. To doff. Obs. 2. To thrust (aside) ; put 
off ; — used esp. in to daff the world aside. 

daf/fo-dil (daf'o-dil), n. [Formerly affodylle, prop., the 

i asphodel, LL. affodillus, fr. L., fr. Gr. Ao-<£65eXos.] A spe- 
cies of narcissus (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) with large 
yellow single or double flowers. 

daf'fo-dilly (daf'6-dil'i), daf'fy-down-diHy (daf'i-doun-). 
Dial, or poetic vars. of daffodil. [imbecile ; also, insane. I 

daft (daft), a. [ME. dafte, defte, stupid, also,meek.] Foolish;! 

dag (dag), n. A kind of large pistol. Obs. 

Da'gan (da'gan),n. Babylonian. Myth. God of the earth. 

dag'ger (dag'er), n. 1. A short weapon used for stabbing. 
2. Something like, or suggestive of, a dagger ; as, in print- 
ing, a mark of reference [t] ; obelisk. — v. t. To pierce 
with a dagger ; stab. 

dag'gle (dag'']), v. t. & %.; -gled ( : 'ld) ; -gling (-ling). To 
clog or soil with mud or mire ; trail about in mud or wet. 

dag'lock' (dag'lokO, n. A dirty or clotted lock of wool 
on a sheep, hair on a dog, or the like. 

Da'go (da'go), n. ; pi. -gos or -goes (-goz). [Also I. c] A 
person of Spanish, Portuguese, or, now usually, Italian, 
descent. Slang, U. S. 

da'go-ba (da'go-bd), n. [Singhalese dagabaJ] In India, a 
shrine, usually architectural, over sacred relics. 

Da'gon (da'gon), n. [Heb. Dagon.] Bib. A god of the 
Philistines, probably an agricultural deity. The common 
supposition that he was represented as half man and half 
fish rests on a doubtful etymology of the name. 

da-guerre'O-type (dd-ger'o-tip), n. [From L. J. M. Da- 
guerre, French inventor + -type."] An early kind of pho- 
tograph produced on a silver surface, or the process used. 

— v. t. To represent by or as by daguerreotype. — da- 
guerre'o-typ'ist (-tTp'ist), n. — o-typ'y (-tip'!), n. 

da'ha-be'ah (da'hd-be'd), n. [Ar. dhahabiyah.'] A long, 
light-draft house boat, 
lateen-rigged, and now 

| often propelled wholly or 
partly by engines, used 
on the Nile. 

dahl'ia (dal'yd ; also often 

I dal'yd or dal'yd), n. [NL., 
after A. Dahl, Swedish 
botanist.] 1. Any of a 
genus (Dahlia) of aster- 
aceous tuberous-rooted 
herbs, cultivated for their 
flowers. 2. A flower or 
tuber of this genus. Dahabeah. 

Da-ho'man (da-ho'mdn), a. Of or pert, to Dahomey, in 
West Africa, or its inhabitants. — n. A Dahoman Negro. 

da-boon' (dd-hoon'), n. An evergreen shrub or small tree 
(Ilex cassine) of the southern United States, bearing red 
drupes ; — called also dahoon holly, 
dai'ly (da'li), a. Happening, belonging to, done, or issued, 

i each or every day. — n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). A daily news- 

l paper. — adv. Every day ; day by day. 
Syn. Daily, diurnal. Daily is used of ordinary matters ; 
diurnal is commonly either astronomical or poetic. 
dai'mi-ate (dl'mi-at), dai'mio-ate (-myo-at), n. Also 
dai'mi-ote. Territory, jurisdiction, or office of a daimio. 
dai'mio (dl^myo), n. ; pi. daimio or -mios (-myoz). [Jap., 
fr. Chin., lit., great name.] One of the feudal nobles of 
Japan under the old regime. Cf. shogun. 
dai'mon (dl'mon), n. [Gr. Salnuv.] = demon; — a trans- 
literation of the Greek. — dai-mon'ic (dl-mon'Ik), a. 
dain'ti-ly (dan'ti-lT), adv. In a dainty manner. 
dain'ti-ness (-nes; 24), n. Quality of being dainty. 
dain'ty (dan'tf), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. deintie deli- 
cacy, orig., dignity, honor, L. dignitas, fr. dignus worthy.] 
Something that arouses favor or pleasure ; now esp., a 




delicacy. — a. ; -ti-er (-tl-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Delicious to the 
palate ; toothsome. 2. Of a delicate beauty or charm. 
3. Having or exhibiting delicate taste; nice; fastidious, 
esp. as to food or material comforts. 

Syn. Dainty, delicate, exquisite, choice, rare. Dainty 
implies slightness and elegance ; delicate, fineness, sub- 
tlety, or (often) fragility ; exquisite, consummate niceness 
or delicacy of workmanship, perception, or susceptibility ; 
choice, picked excellence, the result of a finely discriminat- 
ing selection ; rare, uncommon merit or excellence. 
dai'ry (da'rl ; dar'i ; 3), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [ME. deierie, 
fr. deie, daie, maid, AS. dajoe.] 1. A place, as a room or 
building, where milk is kept and made into butter or cheese. 

2. The business of producing milk, butter, and cheese. 

3. Hence : A dairy farm, or the cows of a farm. — dai'ry- 
maid', n. — dai/ry-man (-mdn), n. — wom'an, n. 

dai^ry-ing, n. The business of conducting a dairy. 

da'is (da'is ; das), n. [OF. deis table, L. discus quoit, dish, 
LL., table, fr. Gr. 81<tkos quoit, dish.] A raised platform 
in a hall or large room. 

dai'sy (da'zi), n. ; pi. -sies (-ziz). [AS. dseges-eage, lit., 
day's eye.] 1. A low European plant (Bellis perennis) of 
the aster family, having heads with small white or pink rays 
and yellow disks ; — called, in U. S., English daisy. This 
is the daisy of classical literature. 2. A rather tall leafy- 
stemmed plant (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) of the 
same family, having larger heads with long white rays ; — 
called also oxeye daisy. 

dak, dawk (dok; dak), n. [Hind, dak."] Prop., transport 
by relays of men and horses ; hence : post ; mail ; also, any 
arrangement for transportation by relays. India. 

da'ker hen (da'ker). The corn crake. 

Da-ko'ta (dd-ko'td), n. An Indian of the Siouan tribes 
inhabiting the plains of Dakota. See Sioux, Siouan. 

dal(dal),n. [Hind. dal.~\ Split pulse. East Indies. "' 

dale (dal), n. [AS. das/.] A vale ; valley. 

dales'man (dalz'mdn), n. One living in a dale ; specif., one 
of the inhabitants of the valleys in the north of England. 

dalles (dalz), n. pi. [F. dalle trough.] A rapid, esp. one in 
a rocky gorge. Northwestern U. S. & Canada. 

dal'li-ance (dal'i-dns), n. Act of dallying ; trifling ; play ; 
esp., amorous or wanton play. 

dai'ly (dal'i), v. i.; -lied (-id); -ly-ing. [OF. dalier.J 
1. To act playfully ; sport ; esp., to play amorously. 2. To 
trifle, play, or be light (with a person or matter). 3. To 
waste time ; idle. — Syn. See trifle. — dal'li-er, n. 

Dal-ma'tian (dal-ma/shdn), a. Of orpert. toDalmatia.— n. 

1. One of the Slavic-speaking people inhabiting Dalmatia. 

2. The coach dog ; — in full Dalmatian dog. 
dal-mat'ic (dal-mat'ik), n. [LL. dalmatica.'] 1. In the 

Western Church, a vestment of deacons and bishops, re- 
sembling the alb. 2. A similar robe for state occasions. 

|]dal se'gno (dal sa'nyo). [It., from the sign.] Music. A 
direction to go back to the sign ^ and repeat from it. 

Dal'ton-ism (dol'twn-Tz'm), n. Color blindness, esp. blind- 
ness to the color red ; — so called from, and described by, 
the chemist John Dalton (17G6-1844), who had this infirm- 
ity. — Dal-to'ni-an (dol-to'ni-on), a. 

dam (dam), n. 1. A barrier to prevent the flow of a liquid ; 
esp., a bank or wall across a watercourse. 2. A body of 
water confined or held by a dam ; specif., a mill pond. 3. A 
barrier to keep back water, fire, or gas, as in mining. 

— v. t. ; dammed (damd) ; dam'ming. To provide with, or 
obstruct or restrain by or as by, a dam. 

dam, n. [See dame.] Female parent, esp. of a quadruped. 

dam'age ( dam'aj ), n. [OF. deriv. of L. damnum dam- 
age.] 1. Loss or detriment due to injury ; hurt ; harm. 2. 
In pi. Law. The estimated reparation in money for detri- 
ment or injury sustained. — Syn. See injury. 

— v. t.; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing (-a-jing). To occasion dam- 
age to ; harm ; impair. — v. i. To receive damage ; be in- 
jured or impaired. — dam'age-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

dam/an (-an), n. A small, herbivorous, ungulate mammal 
(Procavia syriaca) of Palestine, Syria, etc. ; the cony of the 
Old Testament ; also, any of various other allied species. 

Da-ma'ra (da-ma'ra), n_. A native of Damaraland. 

Dam'a-scene (dam'd-sen ; dam'd-sen'), a. 1. Of or per- 
taining to Damascus, a city of Syria. 2. [I. c] Of or pertain- 
ing to damask or damascening. — n. 1. A native or inhabit- 
ant of Damascus. 2. [_l. c] Damascene work. 

dam'a-scene' (dam'd-sen'; dam'd-scn ), dam'as-keen' 
(-ds-ken'), v. t. To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a pe- 
culiar wavy marking produced in the manufacture, or with 
designs inlaid in another metal, or etched, etc. 

da-mas'CUS (dd-mas'kws), n. Short for Damascus blade, a 
bladeof damasksteel ;orfor Damascus steel, damask steel. 

dam'ask (dam'dsk), n. [From the city Damascus, famous 
for its silks and steel.] 1. Silk woven with an elaborate 
pattern of flowers, etc. 2. Linen with a pattern made by 
difference in direction of threads of uniform color. 3. Dam- 
ask steel, or its peculiar markings. 4. A deep rose color. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DAMASKEEN 



256 



DANGLE 



— a. l.Pert. to, or coming from, Damascus. 2. Made of, or 
provided with, damask. 3. Made of or resembling damask 
steel. 4. Of or designating the color of a damask rose, 
damask rose, a large, pink, very fragrant, hardy rose 
(Rosa damascena), native to Asia Minor. — d. steel, an 
clastic steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, or- 
namented with wavy lines, formerly much valued for sword 
blades ; Damascus steel. 

— v. t. 1. = damascene. 2. To weave or adorn with the or- 
namentation characteristic of damask. 

Cam'as-keen', v. t. — damascene. 

dam/bon-ite (dam'bon-It), n. [Prob. fr. a native name.] 
Chem. A crystalline substance, CsHi606 • 3H2O, a dimethyl 
derivative of inosite, found in a certain kind of caoutchouc. 

dame (dam), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. domina mistress, lady, 
dominus master, lord.] 1. a A woman of rank, station, 
or authority, as the wife of a lord, the mistress of a house- 
hold, etc. Archaic, b A schoolmistress. Rare. 2. [cap."] A 
title equivalent to Lady, Madam, Mistress, Miss, used in 
address. Obs. or Archaic, except in personifications ; as, 
Dame Nature, etc. 3. A matron ; an elderly woman. 

dame's gilliflower, rocket, or violet. The garden rocket 
(Hesperis matronalis). See rocket, n. 

dam/i-a-na (dam'i-a'nd; -an'd), n. [NL. ; of uncertain 
origin.] Pharm. A Mexican drug obtained from several 
plants and used as a stimulant, tonic, and aphrodisiac. 

dam'mar (dam'dr ; dd-mar'), n. Also dam'mer. [Jav. & 
Malay. damarJ] 1. A resin derived from various pinaceous 
trees (genus Dammara), in Australia, New Zealand, and 
the East Indies, used largely for making colorless varnish. 
2. A similar resin got from various other East Indian trees. 

damn (dam), v. t.; damned (damd) ; damn'ing (dam'ing; 
dam'ning). [OF. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, 
to condemn, damnum damage, penalty.] 1. To adjudge 
guilty ; sentence ; doom. Archaic. 2. Theol. To doom to 
eternal punishment. 3. To condemn as invalid, illegal, 
wicked, or faulty ; usually, to condemn as a failure ; esp., to 
pronounce adverse judgment on (a work of art or literature, 
esp. a play). 4. To bring ruin upon ; be the ruin of. 5. To 
swear at, using "damn." — v. i. To curse ; swear. 

— n. Utterance of the word "damn" as an oath. 

dam'na-ble (dam'nd-b'l), a. 1. Deserving to be con- 
demned or reprobated. 2. Worthy of imprecation; exe- 
crable. — dam'na-ble-ness, n. — dam'ma-bly, adv. 

dam-na'tion (dam-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of damning; state 
of being damned. 2. A cause of being damned ; a sin de- 
serving of, or exposing one to, everlasting punishment. 

dam/na-to-ry (darn'nd-to-ri), a. Expressing, imposing, or 
causing condemnation or damnation.^ 

damned (damd; poet, or rhetorical, dam' hed) , p. p.& p. a. 
from damn ; — now chiefly used profanely as an expression 
of strong dislike, or execration. 

Dam'O-cles (dam^o-klez), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aa/wocA?}*.] A 
flatterer whom Dionysius I., tyrant of Syracuse, rebuked, 
for his constant praise of the happiness of kings, by seating 
him at a banquet beneath a sword hung by a single hair. 

dam'oi-selle' (dam'i-zel'), dam'o-seF, dam'o-zel' (dam'- 
6-zel'), etc. Vars. of damsel. Archaic. 

Da'mon (da'mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. A.6.jxu>v.~] A Pythagorean 
whose friend Pythias (properly Phintias) was condemned to 
death by Dionysius I.-, of Syracuse (43(>-367 b. c). When 
Pythias asked for time to arrange his affairs, Damon 
pledged his life for his friend's return. Pythias returned, 
and Dionysius pardoned him. 

damp (damp), n. 1. A noxious exhalation or gas. Obs., exc: 
A gaseous product formed in coal mines, etc. Cf . fire damp. 
2. Moisture ; humidity. 3. Dejection ; depression of spirits. 

— a. 1. Dejected ; stupefied. Archaic. 2. Moist ; humid. 

— Syn. See moist. — v. t. 1. To affect with or as with a 
noxious exhalation ; choke ; stifle, as a fire or a sound. 2.To 
depress ; deaden ; restrain, as action. 3. To render damp. 

damp'en (dam'p'n), v. t. & i. l.To depress or deaden. 2. 
To make or become damp or moist. — damp'en-er, n. 

damp'er (-per), n. One that damps, or checks; as : a A 
valve or plate to regulate the draft in a stove, furnace, etc. 
b A contrivance, as in a pianoforte, to deaden vibrations. 
C Elec. A device, as a nonmagnetic conductor, to diminish 
or destroy the oscillation of a suspended magnetic needle or 
freely moving coil, d Elec. A copper piece placed around, 
or embedded in, each of the pole pieces of a synchronous 
machine, or placed between them, to decrease hunting. 

damp'ness, n. Quality or state of being damp. 

dam'sel (dam'zel), n. [OF. damoisele gentlewoman,"fr. 
LL., dim. fr. L. domina, fem., dominus, masc. See dame.] 
1. A young maid or a young man of gentle birth. 06s. or 
Poetic. 2. A young unmarried woman ; a girl ; maiden. 

dam'son (-z'n), n., or damson plum. [ME. damasin the 
Damascus plum.] A small dark purple plum, originally 
from Asia Minor ; also, the tree producing it. 

Dan (dan), n. [OF. dam, dan, master, L. dominus. See 
dame. ] A title equivalent to Master or Sir. Obs. or Ar- 
chaic, except in personification ; as, Dan Cupid. 



Dan (dan), n. [Heb. Dan."] Bib. 1. A son of Jacob. 2. A He- 
brew tribe, part of which settled in northern Palestine, 
from Dan to Beersheba, from limit to limit ; throughout, 
— Dan and Beersheba being respectively the northern and 
southern limits of ancient Palestine. 

Dan'a-e (dan'a-e), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aavi.ij.'] Class. Myth. 
The mother of Perseus by Zeus, who visited her as a golden 
shower in the tower where her father had imprisoned her. 

Da-na'l-des (dd-na'i-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. A(wat5es.] 
Gr. Myth. The fifty daughters of Danaiis, all but one (Hy- 
permnestra) of whom slew their husbands, the sons of 
^Egyptus, at their father's command. For this they were for- 
ever doomed to fill a broken cistern (or to draw water in a 
sieve) in Hades. — Dan'a-id (dan'a-id), n. [naides.I 

Dan'a-us (dan'a-iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aava6s.~\ See Da-| 

dance (dans), v. i.; danced (danst) ; danc'ing (dan'smg). 
[OF. dander.'] 1. To perform a regulated series of move- 
ments, commonly to music ; to trip, glide, or leap rhythmi- 
cally. 2. To move nimbly or merrily. 

— v. t. 1. To perform, or take part in, as a dancer. 2. To 
cause to dance. 3. To cause to be, or to effect, by dancing. 

— n. 1. A measured leaping, tripping, or stepping in unison 
with music or rhythmic beats. 2. A round of dancing ; also, 
a social assembly for dancing ; a ball. 3. Music. A tune for 
dancing. 4. The complicated aerial movements of a swarm 
of some insects, as midges, gnats, and certain butterflies. 

danc'er (dan'ser), n. One who dances. 

dan'de-li'on (dan'de-H'iZn), n. [F. dent de lion lion's 

tooth, fr. L. dens tooth + leo Hon.] A well-known cichori- 

aceous weed (Taraxacum taraxacum). 
dan'der (-der), n. Anger or temper ; — used esp. in : to have 

one's dander up, to be angry. Colloq. 
dan'di, n. Var. of 2d dandy. 
Dan'die Din'mont (dan'di dm'mont), or Dan'die, n. One 

of a breed of terriers originating in the country about 

the English and Scottish border. 

dan'di-fy(-di-fl),v. t. 

To cause to resemble 
a dandy ; make dan- 
dyish. 

dan'di-prat (-prat), 
n. 1. A small coin 
current in England 
in the ICth century. 
2. A little, insignifi- 
cant, or young per- 
s o n ; a pygmy ; — 
usually in sport or 
contempt. Archaic. 

dan'die (dan'd'l), v. t. ; -deed (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 1. To 
move up and down in affectionate play, as an infant. 2. To 
fondle ; toy with ; pamper. — dan'dler (-dler), n. 

dan'dniff (-drwf ), n. Also dan'driff. A scurf that forms on 
the head and comes off in small scales or particles. 

dan'dy (-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). 1. One who gives undue 
attention to dress ; fop. 2. Anything especially excellent of 
its class. Slang or Colloq. 3. a A light two-wheeled cart, as 
an iron handcart for carrying ore, fuel, etc. Eng. b Short 
for dandy roll. — dan'dy-ish, a. — dy-ism, n. 

dan^dy, dan'di (dan'di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz), -dis (-dTz). 
[Hind, dandi, fr. dand an oar.] Anglo-Ind. 1. A boat- 
man of the Ganges. 2. A member of an order of mendi- 
cants. 3. A kind of litter consisting of a cloth hammock 
hung from a bamboo pole. 

dan'dy-prat. Var. of danddprat. 

dandy roll, dandy roller. Paper Making. A roller which 
impresses the watermark. 

Dane (diin),n. [LL. Demi, pi.] 1. A native or inhabitant 
of Denmark, or person of Danish descent. 2. = great Dane. 

Dane'law' (dan'160, n. Also Dane'lagh' (-laic' ; -la'). [AS. 
Denalagu.~] Eng. Hist. The Danish Taw anciently in force 
in the northeastern part of England held by the Danes dur- 
ing their invasion ; also, that part of England. 

Dane'wort' ( dan'wurt' ), n. A dwarf herbaceous elder 

[^(Sambucus ebulus) of Europe, with purplish flowers and 
a nauseous odor ; — called also Dane's-blood. 

dan'ger (dan'jer), n. [OF. dangier, deriv. of L. dominium 
power, property.] 1. Authority ; jurisdiction ; hence, reach 
or range, as of a missile. Archaic. 2. Exposure or liability to 
loss, pain, or other evil ; risk ; also, a case or cause of danger. 
Syn. Danger, peril, jeopardy, hazard, risk. Danger 
implies some contingent evil (esp. harm or injury) in pros- 
pect. Peril is instant or impending danger. Jeopardy 
implies exposure to extreme or dangerous chances. Haz- 
ard implies danger from something fortuitous or beyond 
one's control ; it is not so strong a term as jeopardy. Risk, 
more often than hazard, implies a voluntary taking of 
doubtful or adverse chances. 

dan'ger-OUS (dan'jer-tts), a. Attended with danger; per- 
ilous. — dan'ger-ous-ly, adv. — dan'ger-ous-ness, n. 

dan'gle (dar/g'l), v. i. ;-gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). 1. To 
hang loosely with a swinging or jerking motion. 2. To be a 
hanger-on or dependent ; to hang about any one. — v. t. To 




Dandie Dinmont Terrier. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; na^yre, verdure (87); 



DANGLER 



257 



DASH 



cause to dangle. — n. Act of dangling ; also, anything that 
dangles ; as, a dangle of curls. — dan'gler (-gler), n. 

Dan'iel (dan'yel), n. [Heb. DaniyeW] Bib. A Hebrew 
prophet, captive at Babylon. Dan. ii. 14, v. 17, vi. 16. 

Dan'ish (dan'ish), a. Of or pert, to the Danes or their lan- 
guage or country. — n. The language of the Danes. 

Dan'ite (dan'It), n. 1. A descendant of Dan ; an Israelite 
of the tribe of Dan. Judges xiii. 2. 2. [In remembrance of 
the prophecy in Gen. xlix. 17, "Dan shall be a serpent by 
the way," etc.] One of an alleged secret association (the 
Danite Band) of Mormons, formed about 1837, to which 
many crimes and atrocities have been attributed. 

dank (dank), a. Damp; wet; esp., disagreeably moist. — 
Syn. See moist. — dank'ish, a. — dank'ly, adv. 

Dan'ne-brog (dan'e-brog), n. [Dan.] The national flag of 
Denmark. See flag, Illust. 

fldan'seuse' (daVsuz'), n. ; pi. -seuses (F. -suz r ). [F., fr. 
danser to dance.] A female dancer ; esp., a ballet dancer. 

Dan'te-an (dan'te-an; dan-te'an), a. Of or pertaining to 
the poet Dante (1265-1321) or his writings; Dantesque 
(which see). — n. A student or admirer of Dante. 

Dan-tesque' (dan-tesk'), a. [It. Dantesco.'] Of orjpert. to 
Dante; Dantean; esp., characteristic of or resembling 
Dante or his work, which is distinguished by sublimity and 
vividness of imagination, austerity of feeling, and brooding 
and subtle reflection. [on the river Danube. I 

Da-nu'bi-an (da-nu'bT-an), a. Pertaining to or bordering! 

dap (dap), v. i.; dapped (dapt) ; dap'ping. 1. Angling. To 
drop, or fish by dropping, the bait gently on the water ; to 
dibble. 2. To dip gently or quickly into water, as a bird. 

Daph'ne (daf'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ad^.] 1. Gr. Myth. 
A nymph pursued by Apollo, from whom she escapes by 
being transformed into a laurel tree. 2. [I. c] a The laurel. 
D Any of a genus (Daphne) of thymelasaceous shrubs, often 
with fragrant apetalous flowers, including the mezereon and 
spurge laurel. 

Daph'nis (-nis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ad<£m-] Class. Myth. A 
Sicilian shepherd, son of Hermes and inventor of bucolic 
poetry. — Daphnis and Chlo'e (klo'e), a pair of lovers, in 
a certain Greek pastoral romance. 

dap'per (dap'er), a. [ME. daper.J Little and active; 
spruce ; trim. — Syn. See finical. 

dap'ple (-'1), n. 1. Dappledstate or appearance ; spotting ; 
clouding. 2. A dappled animal, as a hor6e. — v. t. ; dap'- 
pled (-'Id) ; -pling (-ling). To variegate with spots. 

dar/bies (dar'bTz), n. pi. Manacles ; handcuffs. Cant. 

Dar'by and Joan (dar'bi and jon; jo-an'). A married 
couple, esp. an elderly couple, who live in conjugal felicity. 

Dar'dan (dar'dan), Dar-da'ni-an (dar-da'm-an), a. & n. 
[L. Dardanus, Dardanius.~] Trojan. 

dare (dar), v. i.; pret. durst (durst) or dared (dard) ; p. p. 
dared ; p. pr. & vb. n. dar'ing. [AS. ic dear I dare, imp. 
dorste, inf. durran.~] To have sufficient courage for a pur- 
pose ; not to be afraid ; venture. 

E^The present dare is an original preterit, so that the 
3d pers. sing, is dare, now often replaced by dares. 

— v. t. ; dared (dard) ; dar'ing. 1. To have courage for ; 
venture to do, meet, or undertake. 2. To meet defiantly ; 
challenge. 

— n. 1. Act of daring ; challenge. 2. Daring. Rare. 
dare, v. t. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 1. To terrify ; to daunt. 2. To 

daze ; paralyze ; dazzle and fascinate ; as, to dare larks by 
means of mirrors, etc. 

dare'-dev'il, n. A recklessly bold fellow. — a. Reckless. 

dar'er (dar'er), n. One who dares. 

dar'ic (dar'ik), n. [Gr. SapeiKos, of Per. origin.] A gold 
coin of ancient Persia worth about S5.50 and bearing on 
one side the figure of an archer ; also, a silver coin bearing 
the same design. 

dar'ing (dar'ing), p. a. Bold ; audacious ; venturesome. — 
Syn. See rash. — dar'ing-ly, adv. — dar'ing-ness, n. 

da'ri-ole' (da/n-ol'), n. [F.] A shell or cup of pastry filled 
with custard, whipped cream, crushed macaroons, etc. 

dark (dark), a. [AS. deorc.'] 1. Destitute, or partially 
destitute, of light ; not receiving, reflecting, or radiating 
light ; not light-colored ; as, a dark room. 2. Destitute of 
moral or spiritual light ; wicked ; as, dark deeds. 3. Desti- 
tute of sunniness or cheer ; gloomy ; as, the dark side of 
things. 4. Not clear to the understanding ; obscure ; hid- 
den ; secret ; as, a dark saying. 5. Reticent ; secretive ; 
silent ; as, keep dark about it. 6. Destitute of knowledge ; 
unenlightened ; as, the Dark Ages. 

Syn. Unintelligible, mysterious, enigmatical, recondite, 
abstruse, indistinct, faint ; ambiguous, uncertain ; dim, 
vague ; opaque, obscure. — Dark, opaque, obscure, 
dim, vague. Dark implies total or partial absence of 
light ; opaque, imperviousness to light ; obscure, insuf- 
ficiency of light, as when something is overclouded or 
covered ; dim, lack of brightness, clearness, or distinct- 
ness ; vague (archaic in its literal sense) is synonymous 
with the others in its fig. sense only ; as, a dark room ; an 
opaque substance ; a misty and obscure atmosphere \a.dim 
light ; "vague, unseeing eyes." 



Dark Ages (a'jSz ; 24). See Mdddle Ages. — d. horse, 
in racing, and hence in political cant, a little-known com- 
petitor that unexpectedly wins. Collog. — d. lantern, a 
lantern with a single round opening which closes to con- 
ceal the light. — d. room, a room that can be kept closed 
to daylight or other strong light, for the developing of 
photographic plates. — d. star, Astron., an invisible or 
very feebly luminous star. 

— n. 1. Absence of light ; darkness ; a dark place or time ; 
night ; nightfall. 2. A dark color or shade, as in a painting. 

3. State of being secret or obscure ; often, underhand se- 
crecy ; as, to plot in the dark; also, ignorance ; as, to be in 
the dark about anything. 

— v. i. & t. To darken ; obscure ; cloud. Archaic. 
dark'en (dar'k'n), v. i. To grow dark ; become obscure. — 

v. t. 1. To make dark or black ; obscure. 2. To dim ; blind ; 
as, "Let their eyes be darkened." 3. To cloud, obscure, or 
perplex ; as, to darken counsel by ill-considered words. 

4. To cast a gloom on; as, a life darkened by disease. 

5. To make foul ; sully. — dark'en-er, n. 
dark'ey. Var. of darky. 

dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark. [grow, or make, dark.] 

dar'kle (dar'k'l), v. i. & t.; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kllng. To be,| 
dark'ling (dark'ling), adv. In the dark. — a. Occurring in 

darkness ; darksome ; obscure. 
dark'ly, adv. In a dark manner. 
dark'ness (dark'nes), n. 1. State or quality of being dark ; 

as : a Blackness ; gloom, b Dark quality in color, c State of 

ignorance or error ; hence, wickedness, d State of trouble. 

e Privacy ; secrecy, f Obscurity. 2. Blindness. 
dark'some (-sum), a. Darkish ; gloomy. Chiefly Poetic. 
dark'y, dark'ey (dar'ki), n.; pi. darkies, darkeys (-kiz). 

A negro. Colloq. 
dar'ling (dar'lmg), n. [AS. deorling, fr. deore dear + 1st 

-ling.'] One dearly beloved. — a. Dearly beloved. 
darn (darn), v. t. To mend with interlacing stitches. — v. i. 

To do darning, —n. Act or result of darning ; place darned. 
dar'nel (dar'nel), n. An annual grass (Lolium temulen- 

tum) having awned flowering glumes. It 

is a common weed in grainfields. 
darning needle, a A long strong needle 

used in darning, b A dragon fly. 
darrein (dar'an; da-ran'), a. [OF. dar- 
rein, derrain, deriv. of L. de + retro 

back, backward.] Law. Last ; dernier ; 

as in : darrein presentment, the last 

presentation to an ecclesiastical benefice ; 

darrein resort, dernier, or last, resort. 
dart (dart), n. [OF.] 1. A short lance or 

javelin ; hence, any sharp-pointed mis- 
sile weapon, as an arrow ; — also used 

fig. 2. Something resembling a dart, as 

an insect's sting ; specif., Dressmaking, 

a short seam uniting two edges where a 

piece has been cut away in order to fit a 

garment to the figure, as in a bodice or 

skirt. 3. A darting movement. 
— v. t. & i. 1. To throw with a sudden 

effort, as a dart; hurl. 2. To throw or 

move suddenly or rapidly ; shoot. 
dart'er (dllr'ter), n. One who, or that 

which, darts; as: a =_snakebird. b 

Any of many small American fresh-water 

fishes (genus Etheostoma and allied 

genera). 
dar'tle (dar't'l), v. t. & i.; -tled (-t'ld) ; 

-tling (-tling). To dart repeatedly; — frequentative of 

dart. Rare. 
dar'tre (dar't'r), n. [F., eruption, dandruff.] Med. Any 

herpetic disease of the skin ; tetter. See herpes. — dar'- 

trous (dar'trus), a. 
Dar-win'i-an (dar-win'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to the 

naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (1809-82), his theories, 

or his followers. — n. An advocate of Darwinism. 
Dar'win-ism (dar'wm-Tz'm), n. The theory of the origin 

and perpetuation of new species of animals and plants by 

natural selection and survival of the fittest, propounded by 

Charles Robert Darwin, and first publicly stated in 1858. 
dash (dash), v. t. [ME. daschen.~\ 1. To strike violently or 

crushingly ; hence : to shatter ; crush. 2. To knock, throw, 

hurl, or thrust (something away or out, or against, upon, 

or into something else) violently or suddenly. 3. To hurl 

against so as to splash ; hence : to throw on roughly, as color 

on a canvas ; to splash or give a splashed appearance to. 

4. To ruin ; bring to naught, as one's hopes. 5. To put to 

shame ; also, to abash ; depress ; as, to dash one's spirits. 

6. To qualify or adulterate by throwing in something ; as, 
to dash truth with fiction. 7. To form, write, or sketch 
rapidly or carelessly ; as, to dash off a ietter. — ; v. i. To 
rush ; hurl itself or one's self, esp. so as to strike violently. 

— n. 1. Violent collision of two bodies ; crash. 2. A sudden 
or discouraging check ; abashment. 3. The striking or 




G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DASHBOARD 



258 



DAYBREAK 



breaking of a liquid in violent motion, or the sound of this. 

4. A small quantity dashed, or appearing as if dashed, into 
or on anything ; touch ; tinge ; as, a dash of pepper in soup. 

5. A stroke or line [ — ] used to denote a sudden pause, an 
omission, etc. 6. A sudden onset or rush. 7. Energy in style 
or action ; spirit. 8. An ostentatious show. Colloq. 9. a A 
dashboard, b A churn dasher. — Syn. See vein. 

dash'board' (dash'bord' ; 57), n. A screen on the fore part 
of a vehicle, to intercept mud, etc. 

dash'een' (dash'en'), n. A tropical aroid (genus Caladium), 
having an edible farinaceous root. 

dash'er (dash'er), n. 1. One who dashes ; specif., one who 
makes a display ; a dashing person. Colloq. 2. That which 
dashes or agitates ; as, the dasher of a churn. 3. A dash- 
board or splashboard. U. S. 

dash'ing, a. 1. Characterized by dash, or spirit ; spirited. 
2. Given to display ; showy ; stylish. 

fiash'pot' (-pot'), n. Mach. A pneumatic or hydraulic device 
for cushioning a movement. 

dash'y(-i), a. ; DASH'i-ER(-i-er), -i-est. 
Characterized by dash or dashes ; esp., 
ostentatiously fashionable ; showy. 

das'tard (das'tdrd), n. [ME. dastard 
dullard, coward.] A coward ; pol- 
troon ; esp., one who slyly does mali- ijau 
cious acts. — a. Cowardly ; dastardly. 

das'tard-li-ness( : tdrd-li-nes),n. Qual- 
ity or state of being dastardly. 

das'tard-ly, a. Characteristic of a das- 
tard ; marked by arrant cowardice. — 
Syn. See cowardly. 




Section of Dashpot. 
The piston a falls 
freely until, passing 
the large air holes b, 
it is checked by the 
das'tard-y (das'tdr-di), n. Dastardh- resistance of the re- 
ness. Archaic. maining air, which 



das'y-ure (das'i-ur), n. [Gr. daaOs 




Dasyure (Dasyurus 
viverrinus) . 



escapes si owly 
thick, shaggy + oipa tail.]" Any of a through the cock c. 
genus (Dasyurus) of arboreal, carnivorous, marsupial mam- 
mals of the Australian region, resem- 
bling the martens in habits. 

da'ta (da'td), n., pi. of datum. 

da-ta'ri-a (dd-ta'ri-d), n. [LL., fr. L. 
datum given.] R. C. Ch. SeeDATARY. 

da'ta-ry (da'td-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 
[LL. datarius.~\ R. C. Ch. a The 
chief officer, now a cardinal, of the 
papal curia, charged esp. with investi- 
gating the fitness of candidates for 
benefices in the gift of the papal see. 
b The office or function of a datary ; 
— called also dataria. 

date (dat), n. [F. datte, L. dactylus, 
fr. Gr. Sa/cruXoy.] 1. The fruit of a species of palm tree 
(Phoznix dactylifera), constituting a staple food in north- 
ern Africa and western Asia, and also largely imported into 
other countries. 2. The palm (date palm, a tall tree 
with pinnate leaves) which yields this fruit. 

date, n. [F., fr. LL. data, fr. L. datus given, p. p. of dare 
to give.] 1. That statement affixed to a writing, coin, etc., 
which specifies the time, and often the place, of making. 
2. A given point or period of time ; as, books of an early 
date. 3. Duration ; age. 4. A time to which anything is 
referred as present, as to usage, style, knowledge, etc. ; — 
chiefly in : out of date, obsolete ; antiquated ; and up, or 
down, to date, up to the modern or present standard of 
style. 5. An appointment for a specified time. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; dat'ed (dat'ed) ; dat'ing. 1. To express the time of 
execution in ; as, to date a letter, bond, etc. 2. To ascertain, 
estimate, or give the date of. — v. i. 1. To reckon chrono- 
logically. 2. To be dated ; bear date ; — usually with from. 

date'less (dat'les), a. Without date; as: a Undated. 

b Endless. C So old as not to be assignable to any age. 
date plum. The persimmon (genus Diospyros) . 
da'tive (da'tTv), a. [L. dativus appropriate to giving.] 

1. Gram. Designating, or pert, to, the case of a noun which 
expresses the relation of indirect or remoter object, gener- 
ally indicated in modern English by to or for with the ob- 
jective. 2. Law. a In one's gift ; capable of being given, 
appointed, or disposed of at will, as an office, b Removable, 
as distinguished from perpetual^ ; — said of an officer. 

— n. The dative case, or a word in it. 

[jda'to (da'to), dat'to (dat'o), n.; pi. -tos (-tos_; E. -toz). 
[Tag. & Sp.] Phil. I. 1. The headman of a barrio or town. 

2. The chief of a Moro tribe, usually subject to a sultan. 
dat'0-lite (da.t'6-llt), n. [From Gr. 5 arelad at to divide + 

-lite ; in ref . to the granular structure of a massive variety.] 
Min. A native basic borosilicate of calcium commonly oc- 
curring in glassy, greenish crystals. It is used as a gem. 
da'tum (da'twm), n. ; pi. data (-td)._ [L.] Something given 
or admitted, as a fact on which an inference is based. 
ICP^ The use of data as a singular is erroneous. 
datum plane or level, a plane or level assumed or used as a 
basis of reckoning in measuring heights and depths. 




da-tu'ra (dd-tu'rd), n. [NL., fr. Hind, dhatura, Skr. dhattZ- 
ra.] The thorn apple (genus Da- 
tura). See Jimson WEED. 

daub (dob), v. t. [OF. dauber to 
plaster, fr. L. dealbare to white- 
wash, plaster; de -j- albare to 
whiten, albus white.] 1. To cover, 
coat or smear with soft, adhesive 
matter, as plaster, mud, etc. ; plas- 
ter ; besmear. 2. To paint unskill- 
fully. — v. i. l.To do daubing; 
apply plaster, paint, etc., coarsely 
and unskillfully. 2. To put on a 
false show. Obs. 

— n. 1. Material, as plaster, used to 
daub masonry walls, etc. 2. Any- 
thing daubed on ; a smear. 3. An Branch of Datura, 
act or case of daubing. 4. A picture a Section of Capsule, 
unskillfully painted. 

daub'er, n. ^One who, or that which, daubs. 

daub'er-y (-er-i), n. Daubing ; specious practice. 

daub'y (-1), a. Like a daub ; of the nature of a daub ; also, 
given to daubing. 

daughter (d6'ter), n. [AS. dohtor, dohter.'] 1. A human 
female considered with reference to her parents or either 
of them, or, more remotely, to any ancestor or ancestors ; a 
female descendant ; also, a woman of a given country, faith, 
etc. ; as, daughters of Egypt, of the church, etc. 2. A daugh- 
ter-in-law. 3. A maiden. Archaic. 4. Anything (regarded 
as feminine) considered with reference to its origin. 

daugh'ter-in-law 7 , n.; pi. daughters-in-law. The wife 
of one's son. 

daugh'ter-ly, a. Becoming a daughter ; filial. 

daunt (dant ; dont), v. t. [OF. danter to tame, L. domitare, 
v. intens. of domare.~] To repress or subdue the courage of ; 
cow ; intimidate. — Syn. See dismay. 

daunt'less, a. Not to be daunted; undaunted. 

daunt'less-ly, adv. In a dauntless manner. 

daunt'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being dauntless. — 
Syn. See courage. 

dau'phin (do'fin), n. [F., prop., a dolphin, fr. L. delphinus. 
See dolphin.] The eldest son of the king of France ; — a 
title used from 1349 to 1830. [phin ; — a title. 

dau'phin-ess (-es), or dau'phine (-fen), n. Wife of the dau-| 

dav'en-port (dav'en-port ; 57), n. 1. A kind of small writ- 
ing desk, usually ornamental. 2. A kind of large square 
settle or divan. 

Da'vid (da'vid), n. [Heb.] Bib. The youngest son of Jesse 
of Bethlehem. While a shepherd boy, he slew Goliath with 
his sling, and charmed Saul with his harping ; later, he was 
driven with his bosom iriend Jonathan, Saul's son, into 
outlawry. After Saul's death, David became king of Israel. 

dav'it (dav'it ; da'vit), n. Naut. a A spar used as a crane to 
hoist the anchor flukes to the top of the 
bow. b One of a pair of curved arms 
having a tackle to hoist or lower boats, 
stores, etc. 

Da'vy Jones' (da'yT jonz'). The spirit 
of the sea ; sea devil. 
Davy Jones's looker (jon'ziz), the 
ocean, or ocean bottom, esp. as the 
final resting place of those drowned or 
buried at sea. 

Da'vy lamp'. See safety lamp. 

daw (do), n. [ME. dawe.'] 1. A jack- 
daw. 2. A simpleton. a a Davits b. 

daw'dle (-d'l), v. i. & t. -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To 
waste time in trifling employment ; trifle ; to waste by 
trifling. — Syn. See trifle. — daw'dler (do'dler), n. 

dawk. Var. of dak. 

dawn (don), v. i. 1. To begin to grow light in the morning. 
2. To begin to appear, develop, or give promise ; as, dawn- 
ing youth. 3. To begin to make a sensible mental impres- 
sion _; — used with on or upon ; as, the fact began to dawn 
on him. — n. 1. Daybreak. 2. First appearance ; rise. 

day (da), n. [AS. daeg.'] 1. The time of light between one 
night and the next ; hence : the light ; sunshine. 2. The 
period of the earth's, or, Astron., of any heavenly body's, 
revolution on its axis. 3. The mean, or average, solar day 
of 24 hours, used in the ordinary reckoning of time. 
4. Those hours allotted by usage or law for work. 5. The 
conflict or contention of the day ; as, to win the day. 6. A 
specified time or period ; age ; as, in Chaucer's day. 
day of grace, a Time for repentance, b In pi. In commerce, 
the days (3 or more) immediately following the day when 
a bill or note becomes due according to its face, which are 
allowed to the debtor to make payment in. They are now 
abolished in most States. 

day 'book' (-boW), n. A book in which events or transac- 
tions of the day are recorded ; a journal. 

day'break' (-brak'), n. The first appearance of light in the 
morning, or the time of it ; dawn. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; smg, i^k; (lien, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



DAYDREAM 



259 



DEAL 



day'dream' (da'drem'), n. A pleasant reverie ; hence, a de- 
lusional experience, as of unsubstantial happiness. 

day'flow'er (da'flou'er), n. Any of a genus (Commelina) of 
monocotyledonous plants, mostly with bright blue ephem- 
eral flowers in small cymes. 

day-fly' (-fllO, n. A shad fly or May fly. See ephemerid. 

day laborer or labourer. One who works by the day or for 
dally wages, esp. an unskilled laborer. 

day letter, day lettergram. See lettergram. 

day'lighf (da'llf), n. 1. The light of day. 2. Daytime. 

day lily, a Any of various liliaceous plants (genus Hemero- 
callis, esp. H. fulva and H. /lava) having long narrow basal 
leaves and yellowish flowers ; also, the flower, b Any plant 
or its white or violet flower of a related genus (Niobe). 

day nursery. A public nursery, where young children are 
cared for while their mothers are at work. 

days'man (daz'man), n. [From day in the sense of day 
fixed for trial. .] An umpire ; mediator. Archaic. 

day'spring' (da'sprTng'), n. Beginning of the day ; dawn. 

day'— Star', n. 1. The morning star. 2. The sun. Poetic. 

daytime' (-tlmO, n. Time during which there is daylight. 

daze (daz), v. t. ; dazed (dazd) ; daz'ing. [ME. dasen.'] To 
stupefy with excess of light, with a blow, with cold, or with 
fear, grief, etc. ; stun ; dazzle. — n. State of being dazed. 

daz'zle (daz' '1), v. i.; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-ling). [Freq. of 
daze.~] 1. To be overpowered by light. 2. To excite ad- 
miration by brilliancy ; to "shine." — v. t. 1. To confuse 
the vision of by excess of light, by moving lights, etc. 2. To 
bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. 

— n. Act of dazzling ; state of being dazzling ; dazzling light. 

de-. [L. de from, down, away ; also fr. F. de-, OF. des-, 
deriv. of L. de- or L. dis-. See dis-.] A prefix denoting : 
1. Down; as in depose. 2. Separation ; off ; away ; as in 
desist. 3. Intensification; completely; quite; as in 
denude. 4. Reversing or undoing of an action, or depriv- 
ing or ridding of, or freeing from, what is expressed by the 
second part of the word ; as in decapitate, denaturalize. 

dea'con (de'k'n), n. [AS. diacon, fr. L., fr. Gr. Siclkovos serv- 
ant, minister.] A subordinate officer of varying functions 
in Christian churches. — v. t. 1. To read aloud each line of 
(a psalm or hymn) before singing it ; — usually used with 
off. U. S. 2. To pack (fruit, etc.) with the best on top ; fal- 
sify. Colloq. U.S. — dea'con-ess, n. fem. — con-ship, n. 

dea'con-ry (-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). The office of deacon; 
also, diaconate ; deaconship ; deacons collectively. 

dead (ded), a. [AS. dead.'] 1. Deprived or destitute of life. 
2.Hence : Extinct ; extinguished ; disused ; obsolete. 3. Re- 
sembling the dead as being devoid of activity, energy, 
power, or effect ; as : a Lifeless ; without warmth or fervor ; 
as, dead conservatism ; also, lacking in elasticity or resili- 
ence ; as, a dead ball, b Inactive, inoperative, or ineffectual ; 
as, a dead law. C Dull ; tame ; quiet ; as, a dead social 
season, d Having lost its meaning, significance, or useful- 
ness ; as, a dead religious form, e Unproductive ; unprof- 
itable ; unsalable ; as dead stock in trade, f Sports. Out of 
play (permanently or temporarily^ ; — said of a ball, piece, 
or player under certain conditions in various games, g Elec. 
Carrying no current, or producing no useful effect ; — said 
of a conductor or a wire, h Print. Having been used, or 
not to be used ; — said of copy after composition and of 
type ready to be distributed. 4. Numb or insensible, as a 
limb ; unconscious ; as, a dead faint ; deathlike ; as, a dead 
sleep. 5. Bereft or devoid of intellectual or spiritual powers 
or sensibilities ; indifferent ; as, dead to human pity ; want- 
ing in religious spirit and vitality ; as, dead faith ; dead 
works. 6. a Without tang or taste ; as, a dead wine, t> Hav- 
ing no fire, warmth, or glow ; as, a dead coal ; a dead cigar. 
C Dull ; lusterless ; as, a dead eye ; drab is a dead color, as 
compared with crimson, d Of a sound, dull or muffled. 

7. Not endowed with life ; inanimate ; as, dead matter. 

8. Entire ; absolute ; as, a dead calm, loss, stop. 9. Unre- 
lieved ; unbroken ; uniform ; as, a dead level ; a dead wall. 
10. Of pulls, strains, etc.: characterized by the utmost 
effort or exertion, physical or mental, or by such effort 
without the production of movement. 11. Acting with full 
or unrelieved force ; as, a dead weight. 12. Sure as death ; 
quite certain ; also, exact ; direct ; as, a dead shot ; in a dead 
line. — Syn. Inanimate, deceased, extinct. See lifeless. 
dead center or point, Math., in a crank and connecting 
rod, either of the two posi- 
tions at the ends of a stroke 
when the crank and rod are 
in the same straight line. — 
d. dog, a person or thing 
whose value has departed. 
— d. heat, a heat or course 
between horses, boats, etc., in which they 
reach the goal at the same instant, so that 
neither wins. — d. letter, a That which 
has lost its force or authority ; as, that law Dead Center, 
has become a dead letter, b A letter which 4,BDeadCen- 
is undeliverable because of defective ad- ters ; C Crank.; 
dress, lack of postage, or contravention of L Lever. 





some postal regulation. Dead letters are sent to a depart- 
ment of the general post office (the dead-letter office) 
to be opened, and returned to the writer or destroyed. 

— d. line, a limiting line the crossing of which by certain 
persons, as military prisoners, subjects them to the penalty 
or liability of being instantly shot. — d. nettle, any of a 
genus (Lamium) of menthaceous plants having leaves re- 
sembling those of the nettle, but destitute of stinging 
hairs. — d. reckoning, Naut., the method of finding a 
ship's position, without celestial observations, from the dis- 
tances and courses sailed. 

— n. 1. One who is dead ; — now usually with the, and 
meaning, chiefly collectively, those who are dead. 2. The 
most quiet or deathlike time ; as, the dead of winter. 

— adv. 1. Absolutely ; utterly ; as, dead ripe ; dead tired. 
2. With sudden and entire, or almost entire, stoppage of 
motion or action ; as, he stopped dead. 3. Directly ; ex- 
actly ; as, they ran dead away from us. 

dead'beat' (ded'beV), a. Physics. Making a beat without 
recoil ; giving indications by a single beat or excursion. 

dead'en (ded''n), v. i. [From dead, a.] To become dead ; 
lose life, force, or the like. — v. t. 1. To make as dead ; 
impair in vigor or sensation ; blunt. 2. To lessen the velocity 
of. 3. To make vapid or spiritless, as wine. 4. To deprive of 
gloss or brilliancy. 5. To render impervious to sound, as a 
wall. — dead'en-er, n. 

dead'en-ing, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, deadens 
anything. 2. That which deadens anything. 

dead'eye' (-T 7 )» n. Naut. A wooden block, encircled by a 
rope or an iron band, with holes to receive the 
lanyard, as in fastening a shroud to a chain 
plate on a vessel's side (see chain, n., 5). 

de?d'fall / (ded'fol'), n. A trap constructed so 
that a gate, log, or other weight falls upon the 
animal and kills or disables it. 

dead'head' (-hed'), n. One who is admitted 
without payment to theaters, trains, etc. Col- 
loq. — v.t. & i. To treat as a deadhead ; act 
or play the deadhead. Colloq. 

dead'house' (-hous'), n. A morgue ; a mortuary. 

dead'lighf (-lit'), n. 1. Naut. aA strong shut- 
ter to fit ports or cabin windows and keep out 
water, b A piece of heavy glass in a deck or 
ship's side to admit light. 2. A skylight made 
so as not to open. 

dead'li-ness (-U-nes), n. Quality of being deadly. 

dead'lock' (-lok'), n. Such a clashing or opposi- 
tion of affairs or interests as renders progress 
impossible ; a complete obstruction of action. 

dead'ly (-li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Causing, or 
capable of causing, death ; as, a deadly blow. 2. Aiming or 
willing to destroy ; implacable ; as, deadly hatred or ene- 
mies. 3. Like or pertaining to death ; deathly. 
Syn. Deadly, mortal, fatal. Deadly applies to what 
causes, or is capable of causing, death, or is relentless or to 
the death. Mortal applies to the immediate cause of 
death, but not to a death-dealing instrument or agency ; 
as, a mortal wound, a mortal disease (but not, a mortal 
arrow or poison). Like deadly, it may refer to that which 
is implacable or to the death. Fatal applies to that which 
will cause, or has caused, death. 

deadly nightshade. = belladonna, 1. — d., or mortal, 
sin, R. C. Ch., a willful and deliberate transgression that 
takes away divine grace and involves the death of the soul ; 

— disting. from venial sin. 

— adv. 1. In a fatal manner ; mortally. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. In a manner or degree resembling, or as if due to, death ; 
as, deadly pale. 

dead'ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being dead. — Syn. 
Lifelessness ; inertness, languor ; spiritlessness, coldness, 
indifference ; flatness, insipidity, vapidness. 

dead'WOOd' (ded'woodO, n. 1. Wood dead on the tree; 
dead trees or branches ; hence, useless material. 2. Ship- 
building. The vertical flat supporting portion at either end 
of a wooden ship ; hence, the vertical flat part of an iron or 
steel ship at the stern. 

deaf (def), a. [AS. deaf.~\ 1. Wanting, or deprived of, the 
sense of hearing, wholly or in part. 2. Unwilling to hear ; 
determinedly inattentive. — deafly, adv. — deafness, n. 

deafen (def'n), v. t. 1. To make deaf. 2. To make inau- 
dible ; drown ; — said of sounds. 3. To deaden, as a wall. 

deaf-mute', n. A person both deaf and dumb. 

deal (del), n. [AS. d§&7\ 1. A portion ; share ; an indefi- 
nite amount. 2. A good or great deal. Colloq. 

deal, v. t. ; dealt (delt) ; deal'ing. 1. To give in portions 
or as one's portion ; distribute ; apportion ; — often used 
with out. 2. To bestow ; deliver, as blows. 3. Card Play- 
ing. To distribute (cards) to the players, as at the begin- 
ning of a game ; to give, as a particular card, in distribut- 
ing ; as, to deal the cards ; to deal one an ace. — v. i. 1. To 
make distribution of shares. Obs., except specif. : Card 
Playing. To make distribution of the cards ; act as dealer. 



dd Dead- 
eyes ; C 
Chain 
Plate. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K >= ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DEAL 



260 



DEBUTANTE 



2. To contend ; treat in opposition ; — used with with. 3. 
To have to do ; variously : to have intercourse, have busi- 
ness relations, be concerned, or be occupied ; — used with 
with or in. 4. To conduct one's self ; behave. 5. To do a 
distributing or a retailing business ; — used with in ; as, he 
deals only in silks. 

— n. Act of dealing ; hence : a Apportionment, b Card 
Playing. The process of dealing cards to the players ; also, 
a single round of play, ending when all the cards dealt at 
one time are used ; a hand. C An act of buying and selling ; 
a bargain. Colloq. d A secret arrangement, as in political 
bargains. Cant, U. S. 

deal, n. [Prob. fr . D. deel a plank.] 1. A board of fir or 
pine, cut to any of several specified sizes. Eng. 2. Pine 
or fir wood ; deals collectively. 

deal'er (-er), n. One who deals ; specif., a trader ; esp., one 
who buys and sells goods without altering their condition. 

deal'fish' (-fish'), n. [From deal a plank.] Any of several 
very long, thin, deep-sea fishes (genus Trachypterus). 

dealing, n. 1. Intercourse ; traffic ; — usually in the pi. 
2. Method of business or manner of conduct. 

dean (den), n. [OF. deien, fr. L. decanus chief of ten, 
decern ten.] 1. Eccl. a A head over ten monks in a monas- 
tery, b In a cathedral church, or any church having a chap- 
ter of canons, the head of the chapter. 2. Any of certain 
college supervisors of junior students. Eng. 3. The chief 
administrative officer, under the president, of a college or 
university faculty or department. The dean often has 
supervision of the conduct and studies of the students. 4. 
The chief or senior of a body of men, as of a diplomatic 
corps ; — so called by courtesy. — dean'ship, n. 

dean'er-y (den'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Office, jurisdic- 
tion, or official residence of a dean. 

dear, dere (der), a. [AS. deor brave, severe. Oxf. E. D.~] 
Hard ; severe ; grievous ; dire. Obs. or Archaic. 

dear (der), a. [AS. deore.] 1. Worthy ; honorable. Obs. 
2. Highly valued or esteemed ; loved ; — in forms of address 
merely an expression of politeness ; as, dear sir. 3. Costly ; 
expensive ; high-priced. 4. Heartfelt ; earnest. — Syn. See 
costly. — n. A dear one ; darling. — adv. Dearly ; at a high 
price ; fondly. [curtained sides. U. S.\ 

dear'born (-burn), n. A kind of four-wheeled carriage with| 

dear'ly, adv. In a dear manner. 

dear'ness, n. Quality or state of being dear. 

dearth (durth), n. 1. Dearness ; costliness. Obs. 2. Scar- 
city which renders dear ; want ; lack ; esp., famine. 

dear'y, dear'ie (der'i), re. A little dear; darling. Familiar. 

death (deth), n. [AS. deaS.] 1. Cessation of all vital func- 
tions without capability of resuscitation ; act or fact of 
dying. 2. Theol. Cessation of spiritual life. 3. [Often 
cap.'] Personified : The destroyer of life, conventionally rep- 
resented as a skeleton with a scythe. 4. State of being dead ; 
as, with eyes closed in death. 5. Anything so dreadful as to 
be like death. 6. Loss of life in society ; the being deprived 
of certain rights and privileges ; civil death (see civil, 5 b). 
7. Total privation or loss ; extinction ; annihilation ; as, the 
death of a language. 8. Murder ; bloodshed ; as, a man of 
death. 9. Cause or occasion of loss of life ; as, that blow was 
the death of him. 

Syn. Death, decease, demise. Death is the general word 
for the termination of any form of existence ; decease and 
demise apply only to human beings. 'Decease is the legal 
term ; in ordinary use it is slightly euphemistic or rhetori- 
cal. Demise refers esp. to the death of a ruler or illustri- 
ous person ; of ordinary persons it is grandiloquent. 

death/bed 7 (deth'bed / ), n. The bed in which a person dies ; 
hence : the closing hours of life ; last sickness. 

death bell. A bell tolled to announce a death. 

death/blow' (-bloO, n. A mortal or crushing blow. 

death cup. A very poisonous mushroom ( Amanita phal- 
loides) of wide distribution. 

death'ful (deth'fool), a. 1. Deadly ; bloody ; as, a deathful 
scene. 2. Like death ; as, deathful stillness. 

death'less (-les), a. Not subject to death ; immortal. 

death'less-ness, n. State or quality of being deathless. 

death'like', a. 1. Deadly. Obs. 2. Like death ; deathly. 

death'ly, a. 1. Deadly ; mortal. 2. Like death. 3. Pert, to 
death. Poetic. — adv. Deadly ; as, deathly pale. 

death mask. A cast of the face of a dead person. 

death rattle. A rattling sound sometimes made by air pass- 
ing through mucus collected in the throat of a dying person. 

death's'-head' (deths'hed 7 ), n. A human skull as the em- 
blem of death. 

deaths'man (-man), n. An executioner. Archaic. 

death warrant. 1. A warrant for the execution of a death 
sentence. 2. Fig., that which puts an end to hope or joy. 

death-watch 7 (deth'woch') , n. 1. Any of several small in- 
sects that make, with the head, a ticking sound, supersti- 
tiously thought to presage death, esp., any of several small 
beetles (family Ptinidse). 2. The guard set over a criminal 
before his execution. 

death'y (deth'i), a. & adv. Deathly ; as, deathy paleness. 



de-ba'cle (de-ba'k'l ; -bak''l), re. [F. deb&cle, fr. deb&cler 
to unbar ; de- + bacler to bolt, L. baculum stick.] 1. A 
breaking up of ice in a stream, or the rush of water, etc. 
that follows ; a violent and destructive flood. 2. A sudden 
break-up ; stampede ; rout. 

de-bar' (de-bar'), v. t. ; -barred' (-bard') ; -bar'ring. [F. 
debarrer.] To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar; ex- 
clude ; deny ; — usually used with from. — -bar'ment, n. 

de-bark' (-bark'), v. t. & i. [F. debar que; de- (L. dis-) + 
barque bark.] To disembark. — de'bar-ka'tion, re. 

de-base' (de-bas'), v. t.; -based' (-bast') ; -bas'ing (-bas'- 
Ing). [de- + base.] To reduce to a lower state or grade of 
worth, dignity, purity, etc. ; degrade ; depreciate. — Syn. 
See abase. — de-bas'er (-bas'er), n. 

de-base'ment (-ment), re. Act of debasing; state of being 
debased ; anything involving or causing degradation. 

de-bat'a-ble (-bat'd-b'l), a. Liable to be debated ; open to 
question or dispute ; disputable. 

de-bate' (-bat'), v. i. ; -bat'ed (-bat'ed) ; -bat'ing. [OF. de- 
batre, fr. L. de + batuere to beat.] To dispute ; hence: to 
deliberate ; consider ; to discuss or examine by argument. — 
v. t. 1. To strive or fight for ; contest. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. To strive to maintain by reasoning ; dispute ; discuss the 
arguments on both sides of (a question). 3. To discuss with 
one's self ; consider ^deliberate upon. — Syn. See discuss. 

— re. 1. Contest ; strife. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Contention in 
words or arguments ; discussion ; controversy. 

de-bat'er (de-bat'er), n. One who debates. 

de-bauch' (-boch'), v. t. [F. debauchery 1. To lead away ; 
seduce ; render disloyal. Obs. 2. To lead away from purity, 
virtue, or excellence ; corrupt ; pollute ; seduce. — v. i. To 
indulge to excess in sensual pleasures, esp. eating and drink- 
ing. — n. 1. An act or occasion of debauchery. 2. De- 
bauchery. — de-bauched' (b6cht'),p.a. — de-bauch'er, n. 

deb'au-chee' (deb'o-she'), n. [F. debauche.] One given to 
debauchery. 

de-bauch'er-y (de-boch'er-i), re.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Ex- 
cessive indulgence of the sensual appetites. 2. Corruption 
of fidelity ; seduction from virtue or duty. 

de-bauch'ment (-ment), n. Act of debauching; state of 
being debauched ; debauchery. 

de-beige' (de-bazh'), n. [F. de of -f- beige the natural color 
of wool.] A kind of woolen or mixed dress goods. 

de-ben'ture (de-ben'tur), n. [L. debentur (they) are due.] 
A writing or certificate acknowledging, and serving as a 
voucher for, a debt; often, specif., any of various instru- 
ments (often called debenture bonds) issued, esp. by a 
corporation, as evidences of debt, usually under seal and 
secured by a charge on property. 

de-bil'i-tate (-bil'I-tat). v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed); -tat'ing. 
[IL.debilitatus, p. p. of debilitare to debilitate, fr. debilis 
weak.] To weaken. — de-bil'i-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. 

de-bil'i-tat'ed (-tat'ed), p. a. Enfeebled. — Syn. See weak. 

de-bil'i-ty (-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. debilitas, fr. de- 
bilis weak ; de -f- habilis able.] Weakness ; feebleness. 

deb'it (deb'it), re. [L. debitum what is due, debt, fr. de- 
bere to owe.] Bookkeeping. An entry, in an account, of 
something owed ; also, the left-hand, or debtor, side of an 
account. Cf . credit. — v. t. To charge with, or as, a debt. 

deb'o-nair', deb'o-naire' (deb'6-nar'), o. Also deb'on- 
naire'. [OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good disposition ; 
de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire disposition.] 
1. Of good disposition ; kindly. 2. Affable and courteous ; 
characterized by grace and light-heartedness. — deb'o- 
nair'ly, adv. — deb'o-nair'ness, re. 

Deb'o-rah (deb'-o-rd),re. [Heb. Deborah.'] Bib. A Hebrew 
prophetess who helped free the Israelites, and celebrated 
the victory in a famous song of triumph. See Judges iv., v. 

de-bosh' (de-bosh'). Archaic or Scot. var. of debauch. 

de-boUCh'(de-boosh'), , y.'i. [F. deboucher ; de- (L. dis-) -f- 
bouche mouth, L. bucca cheek.] 1. Mil. To march out 
from a confined spot, as a wood, into open ground. 2. To 
emerge ; issue. — v. t. To cause to debouch. 

de-bOUCh' (de-boosh'), || de'bou'che' (da'boo'sha'), re. [F. 
deboucM.] Mil. An outlet in works for the debouching of 
troops. [ing-l 

de-bouch'ment (de-boosh'ment),re. Mil. Act of debouch- 1 

Ude'bris' (da'bre'), re. [F., fr. OF. debrisier to break.] 

1. Rubbish, esp. such as results from destruction; ruins. 

2. Geol. Accumulation of detached fragments. 

debt (det), re. [F. dette, fr. LL., fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. 

of debere to owe, prop., have on loan; de -f- habere to 

have.] 1. That which is due from one person to another ; 

obligation ; liability. 2. A sin ; trespass. 
debt'or (-er), re. 1. One who owes a debt. 2. Bookkeeping. 

The debit side of an account, or an entry there made. 
|| de'but' (da'bii' ; de-bu'), re. [F., fr. debuter to begin.] A 

beginning ; hence, a first appearance before the public, as 

of an actor ; specifically, entrance into society. 
U dSWtant' (da'bii'taN'; deb'u-tant'), re. masc, fldS'bu'- 

tante' (-taNt' ; -tant'), re. fern. [F.] One making a debut. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DECA- 



261 



DECEPTIVENESS 



dec'a- (dek'd-). A prefix from Gr. Skua, ten. 

dec'ad (dek'ad), n. A decade. Now Rare. 

dec'ade (-ad), n. [F. decade, L. decas, -adis, Gr. Sex&s, 
fr. 6e/ca ten.] A group of ten ; esp., a period of ten years. 

de-ca'dence Hde-ka'dens, -den-si; dek'd-), n. [From 

de-ca'den-cy / LL., fr. L. de + cadere to fall.] A falling 
away ; decay ; decline ; a period of retrogression or decline 
in art or letters. — Syn. See deterioration. 

de-ca'dent (de-ka'dent ; dek'd-), a. Characterized by de- 
cadence. — n. 1. One who, or that which, is decadent. 2. 
Specif.: One of a school of French writers of the er.d of the 
19th century, who cultivated the abnormal, artificial, and 
neurotic, as the poets Baudelaire, Verlair.e, and Mallarme. 
Their cult is now commonly called symbolism. 

dec'a-gon (dek'd-gon), n. \_deca- + Gr. yuvia angle.] A 
polygon, esp. a plane polygon of ten angles and ten sides. 
— de-cag'O-nal (de-kag'o-nal), a. 

dec'a-gram Hdek'd-gram), n- [F. decagramme.'] Amet- 

dec'a-gramme/ ric measure of weight equal to 10 grams, 
or 0.3527 oz. Abbr., Dg. 

dec'a-he'dron (-he'dron), n.; pi. E. -drons (-dronz), L. 
-dra (-drd). Also, less correctly, -e'drcn. [_deca- + Gr. 
Upa base.] A polyhedron of ten faces. — dac'a-he'dral, a. 

de-C-al'ci-fy (de-kal'si-fl), v. t.; -ci-FXED (-fid); -ci-fy'en-g 
(-fl'ing). To deprive of calcareous matter ; thus, to decal- 
cify bones is to remove the mineral, and leave only the or- 
ganic, part. — de-cal / ci-fi-ca'tion(de-kal / si-fi-ku'shun),n. 

de-caFco-ma'ni-a (de-kal'ko-ma'ni-d), n. [F. dccalcoma- 
nie.] Art or process of transferring pictures and designs, 
as from specially prepared paper, to china, glass, etc. ; also, a 
picture or design prepared to be so transferred. 

de / ca-les r cence(de / kd-les , £ns), n. [L. decalescens, -entis, 
growing warm.] Metal. The sudden absorption of heat ob- 
served when metals in process of heating pass certain tem- 
peratures. Cf. recalescence. — de'ca-les'cent (-ent), a. 

dec'a-li'terUdek'd-le'ter), n. [F. decalitre.'] A metric 

dec'a-li'tre] measure of volume equal to 10 liters, or G10.23 
cu. in., or 2.64 gals. Abbr.,jDZ. 

Dec'a-logue (-log), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. hena. 
ten + Xoyos speech.] [Sometimes I. c] The Ten Com- 
mandments. 

dec'a-me'terUdek'd-me'ter), n. [F. decametre.] A metric 

dec'a-me'trej measure of length equal to 10 meters, or 
32.809 ft. Abbr., Dm. 

de-camp' (de-kamp'), v. i. [F. decamper ; de- (L. dis-) -f- 
camp camp.] 1. To break up a camp, esp. secretly. 2. To 
depart suddenly ; run away ; — generally used disparagingly 
or humorously. — de-canip'nient, n. 

dec'a-nal (dek'd-nal; de-ka'nal), a. [L. decanus dean.] 
Pertaining to a dean or deanery. 

dec'ane (dek'an), n. [See deca-.] Chem. Any of several iso- 
meric liquid hydrocarbons, C10H22, of the methane series. 

de-cant' (de-kant'), v. t. [F. decanter to pour off ; L. de + 
canthus lip of a vessel.] To pour off gently, as liquor, so as 
not to roil. — de'ean-ta'tion (de'kan-ta'shi/n), n. 

de-cant'er (de-kan'ter), n. A vessel used to decant liquors, 
or to receive decanted liquors. 

d9-cap'i-tate (-kap'i-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'lng. 
[LL. decapitatus, p. p. of decapitare; L. de + caput 
head.] To behead. — de-cap'i-ta'tion (-ta'shSn), n. 

dec'a-pod (dek'd-pod), a. \deca- + -pod.] Having ten feet 
or legs. — n. One 
of an order (De- 
capoda)oi deca- 
pod crustaceans 
which includes 
the shrimps, lob- 
sters, crabs, etc. 

de-car'bon-ate 
(de-kaVbon-at), A Decapod (PaUemonetes vulgaris) of the 
v. t. To deprive Atlantic coast of America. 

of carbon or carbonic acid. 

de-car'bon-ize (-Iz), v. t. Also de-car'bu-rize (-bu-rlz). 
To deprive of carbon. i-za'tion (-i-za'sn£n ; -I-zH'-), n. 

dec'are' (dek'ax' ; dek-ar'), n. [F. decare.] A metric meas- 
ure of surface equal to 10 ares, or 0.2471 acre. 

dec'a-stere (dek'd-ster), n. [F. decastere.] A metric meas- 
ure of capacity equal to 10 steres, 10 cubic meters, or 13.0S 
cu. yd. 

dec'a-style (dek'd-stil), a. [Gr. Sexdo-nAos ; Seica ten 4- <rrv- 
Xos colamn.] Arch. Having ten columns across the front. 

— n. A decastyle building. 

dec'a-syl'la-ble (dek'd-sil'd-b'l), n. A line of ten syllables. 

— dec'a-syl-lab'ic (-sT-lab'Ik), a. 

de-cathlon (de-kath'lon), n. [See deca-; pentathlon.] 
In the modern Olympic games, a composite contest consist- 
ing of ten events : a 100-meter run, a broad jump, putting 
the shot, a running high jump, a 400-meter run, throwing 
the discus, a 100-meter hurdle race, pole vaulting, throwing 
the javelin, and a 1500-meter run. 

de-cay' (de-ka'), v. i. [OF. decaeir, decair, to decline, fall, 
L. de 4- cadere to fall.] 1. To pass gradually from a sound 




or prosperous state to one of imperfection, adversity, or 
dissolution ; decline ; fail. 2. To decrease in numbers, vol- 
ume, or intensity, or in health or vigor. 3. To rot. 
Syn. Deteriorate, decline, wither, waste, spoil ; decompose, 
putrefy, rot. — Decay, decompose, putrefy, rot imply 
dissolution or disintegration. Decay and decompose do 
not necessarily convey repulsive implications ; putrefy 
always, rot frequently, implies offensive odor. Decay, the 
general term, suggests such deterioration or decline as is 
incident to the nature of things. Decompose stresses the 
idea of disintegration, but is sometimes euphemistic for 
putrefy or rot. Putrefy, in nontechnical usage, suggests 
offensively decaying animal matter. Rot, the most vigor- 
ous term, may or may not imply offensiveness or foulness ; 
fig., it differs from decay in suggesting stagnation or cor- 
ruption rather than decline. 

— v. t. To cause to decay. 

— n. 1. Gradual failure ; corruption ; rottenness ; decline. 

2. Decrease in numbers, volume, or intensity. 3. Ruin ; di- 
lapidation. 4. A decline in health ; a disease ; esp., phthisis. 

de-cease' (de-ses'), n. [F. deces, fr. L. decessus departure, 
death, decedere to depart, die ; de + cedere to withdraw.] 
Death. — Syn. See death. — v. i. To die. 

de-ce'dent (de-se'dent), n. A deceased person. U. S., and 
chiefly Legal. 

d3-ceit' (-set'), n. [OF. deceite, fr. L. decipere, deceptum."] 
An attempt or disposition to deceive ; a trick ; fraud. 
Syn. Fraud, imposture, trickery, chicanery ; double-deal- 
ing, duplicity, dissimulation ; craft, artifice, treachery, wili- 
ness, cunning, deception, deceitfulness, guile ; sophistry, 
intrigue, tergiversation. — Deceit, deception, deceit- 
fulness, duplicity, guile, chicanery. Deceit common- 
ly emphasizes the habit or practice, deception, the act, of 
deceiving ; deceit always implies design, deception may 
be unintentional. Deception, not deceit, applies to the state 
of being deceived. Deceitfulness implies a disposition 
or tendency to deceive. Duplicity is intentional and (of- 
ten) sustained double-dealing. Guile implies esp. craft and 
insidiousness of artifice. Chicanery (or chicane) implies 
subterfuge, sophistry, and trickery, esp. in legal proceedings. 

de-ceit'ful (-fool), a. Full of deceit ; fraudulent ; insincere. 
— Syn. Deceptive, misleading. See fallacious. — de- 
ceit'ful-ly, adv. — de-ceit'ful-ness, n. 

de-ceiv'a-ble (-sev'd-b'l), a. 1. Deceitful. Archaic. 2. Ca- 
pable of being deceived. — de-ceiv'a-fcly, adv. 

de-ceive' (-sev'), v.t.; -ceived' (-sevd'); -ceiv'ixg. [OF. 
deceivre, fr. L. decipere to catch, deceive ; de + caper e to 
take, catch.] 1. To lead into error ; impose upon ; mislead. 
2. To beguile; while away. Archaic. — v. i. To use or 
practice deceit. — de-ceiv'er, n. 

De-cem'ber (-sem'ber), n. [From F., fr. L. December, fr. 
decern ten ; — this being thelOth month among the early Ro- 
mans.] The 12th and last month of the year, having 31 days. 

De-cem'brist (-brist), n. Russian Hist. One of those who 
conspired for constitutional government against the Em- 
peror Nicholas on his accession at the death of Alexander I., 
in December, 1825. 

de-cem'vir (-ver), n. ; pi. E. -vers (-verz), L. -vtri (-vT-rl). 
[L., fr. decemviri, pi. ; decern ten + vir a man.] 1. One of 
a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. 2. A member 
of any body of ten men in authority. — de-cem'vi-ral, a. 
de-cem'vi-rate (-vi-rat), n. 1. The office or term of office 
of the Roman decemvirs. 2. A body of ten rulers. 
de-cen'a-ry, de-cen'na-ry (de-sen'd-rl), a. [LL. decen- 
narius, fr. decena, decenna, a tithing.] Eng. Hist. Of or 
pertaining to a tithing. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A tithing. 
de'een-cy (de'sen-si), n. ; pi. -ctes (-siz). 1. Quality or 
state of being decent in words or behavior ; proper formal- 
ity ; modesty. 2. That which is decent, or proper. 
de-cen'na-ry (de-sen'd-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. decennis 
of ten years ; decern ten -\-annus year.] A period of ten years. 
de-cen'ni-al (-1-51), a. Consisting of ten years ; happening 
every ten years. — de-cen'ni-al, n. 
de-cen'ni-urn (-um), n.; pi. E. -Nrcirs (-2mz),L. -nia (-d). 
[L., fr. decennis of ten years; decern ten -f- annus year.] 
A period of ten years ; as, the present decennium. 

de'eent (de'sent), a. [L. decens, -centis, p. pr. of decere to 
be fitting.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, etc. ; becom- 
ing ; fit. 2. Free from immodesty or obscenity ; modest. 

3. Comely ; shapely. Archaic. 4. Moderate, but com- 
petent ; hence : respectable ; fairly good ; as, a decent for- 
tune. — de'cent-ly, adv. — de'eent-ness, n. 

de-cen'ter, de-cen'tre (de-sen'ter), v. t. To place out of 
center ; render or make eccentric. 

de-cen'tral-i-za'tion (-tral-I-za'shSn ; -I-za'-), n. Act of 
decentralizing, or state of being decentralized. 

de-cen'tral-ize (-sen'trdl-Iz), v. t. To deprive of centraliza- 
tion ; — said esp. of authority. 

de-cep'tion (de-sep'shim), n. [F. deception, L. deceptio, 
fr. decipere. See deceive.] 1. Act of deceiving ; fact of 
being deceived. 2. That which deceives or is intended to 
deceive ; artifice ; cheat ; fraud. — Syn. See deceet. 

de-cep'tive (-t!v), a. Tending to deceive. — Syn. See fal- 
lacious. — de-cep'tive-ly, a. — de-cep'tive-ness, n. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



DECERN 



262 



DECLIVOUS 



de-cern' (de-sura'), v. £. [L- decernere. See decree.] Scots 
Law. To decree ; adjudge. 

— v. i. To distinguish; specif., to discern clearly. 

dec'i- (des'I-). [F. deci-, L. decimus tenth, fr. decern ten.] 
A prefix signifying tenth; specif. , Metric System, signify- 
ing a tenth of the unit following it ; as, declare, decigram. 

dec'i-are' (des'i-ari), n. [F. declare."] A metric measure 
of surface equal to ta are, 10 sq. meters, or 11.96 sq. yd. 

de-cide' (de-sld'), v. t. & z.; -ctd'ed (-sTd'ed) ; -cid'ing. 
[L. decider e, decisus ; de + caedere to cut, cut off.] To de- 
termine ; settle ; conclude. — de-cid'a-ble (-sld'd-b'l), a. 

de-cid'ed (de-sld'ed), p. a. 1. Free from ambiguity ; clear. 

2. Free from doubt or wavering ; determined. — de-cid'- 
ed-ly, adv. — de-cid'ed-ness, n. 

Syn. Decided, decisive. Decided denotes, as applied to 
things, that which is definite or beyond mistake, doubt, or 
question ; with personal application, it characterizes one 
that is resolute or determined. Decisive is usually applied 
to things to imply finality or conclusiveness. 

de-cid'u-a (de-sTc£ji-d), n. [NL., fr. L. deciduus. See decid- 
uous.] Anat. The portion of the mucous membrane lining 
the uterus which undergoes special modifications in prepa- 
ration for and during pregnancy, and is cast off at par- 
turition. — de-cid^u-al (-al), a. 

de-cid'U-ous (-sid/ji-ws), a. [L. deciduus, fr. decider e to 
fall off ; de -f- cadere to fall.] 1. a Falling off at maturity, 
or at certain seasons, as the antlers of deer, or leaves, fruits, 
etc. Cf. persistent, b Bot. Having leaves of this type ; — 
opp. to evergreen. 2. Transitory. OUS-ness, n. 

dec'i-gram Hdes'i-gram), n. [F. decigramme.'] A met- 

dec'i-grammej ric weight, equal to .1 gram, or 1.5432 
grains. Abbr., dg. 

dec'i -li'terW-le'ter), n. [F. decilitre.] A metric measure of 

dec'i li'tre j volume, equal to .1 liter, or 6.1 cu. in. Abbr., dl. 

de-cii'lion (de-sll'ywn), n. [L. decern ten + the ending of 
million.] The number denoted by a unit with 33 zeros an- 
nexed (in French and American notation) or with 60 zeros 
annexed (in English notation). — de-cil'lionth (-yiinth), o. 

dsc'i-mal (des'I-mdl), a. [F. decimal, fr. L. decimus 
tenth, decern ten.] Numbered or proceeding by tens, each 

unit being ten times the unit next smaller. mal-ly, adv. 

decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is 
some power of 10, usually signified by a point or dot 
(decimal point) putattheleft of the numerator.as .2 = $j, 
.25 = foa. — d. system, a system of decimal notation. 

— n. A decimal fraction. 

dec'i-mal-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-TzTng). To 
reduce to a decimal system ; as, to decimalize the currency. 

dec'i-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'tng. [L. 
decimatus, p. p. of decimare to decimate, decimus tenth.] 
1. To take the tenth part of. 2. To select by lot and punish 
with death every tenth man of. 3. To destroy a consider- 
able part of. ma'tion (-ma'shiin), n. ma'tor, n. 

D de'eime' (da/sem'), n. [F.] A French copper coin equal 
to ten centimes. 

dec'i-me'terHdes'i-me'ter), n. [F. decimetre.] A metric 

dec'i-me'tre J measure of length, equal to .1 meter, or 3.937 
in. Abbr., dm. 

de-ci'pher (de-sT'fer), v.t. 1. To translate from secret char- 
acters, or ciphers, into intelligible terms. 2. To find out the 
meaning of ; make out, as words partly obliterated. 3. To 
depict. Obs. — de-ci'pher-a-ble, a. 

de-ci'sion (-slzh'wn), n. 1. Act of deciding; settling by a 
judgment ; settlement ; conclusion. 2. A report of a con- 
clusion, esp. of legal determination of a question or cause. 

3. Quality of being decided ; ready determination. 

I Syn. Firmness, constancy, steadfastness, fortitude, cour- 

| age, determination, resolution, resoluteness, resolve, met- 
tle, pluck, grit, nerve, backbone. — Decision, deter- 
mination, resolution, pluck, grit. Decision is the 
power or habit of promptly and definitely deciding, esp. on 
a course of action ; as, decision of character. Determina- 
tion implies adherence with a fixed, sometimes obstinate, 
purpose to a course of action once settled on ; as, a man of 
dogged determination. Resolution implies constancy and 
courage, esp. in the face pf difficulty or danger ; as, he 
fought with resolution. Pluck implies spirited and in- 
domitable resolution, esp. against odds ; as, manly pluck. 
Grit implies_stamina and staying power. 

de-ci'sive (-sl'slv), a. 1. Able to decide a question ; final ; 
conclusive. 2. Marked by prompt decision. — Syn. See 
decided. — de-ci'sive-ly, adv. — de-ci'sive-ness, n. 

dec'i-Stere (des'I-ster),?i. [F. decistere.] A metric measure 
of capacity = .1 stere(.l cu.meter),or 3.53cu.ft. Abbr., dst. 

deck (dek), v. t. [D. delcken to cover.] 1. To cover ; over- 
spread. Obs. or R. 2. To dress ; array ; adorn. 3. To fur- 
nish with a deck, as a vessel. — Syn. See adorn. — n. 
1. A floorlike platform of a ship. 2. A flat space or floor 
likened to a ship's deck. 3. A pack of playing cards. 

4. Aeronautics. A main aeroplane surface, esp. of a 
biplane or multiplane. 

deck'er, n. A vessel having a deck or decks ; — used esp. in 
composition ; as, a single-decfcer. 



deck hand. A common sailor, esp . one employed on steamers 
or coasting vessels. 

deck'le (dek''l), n. Also deck 'el. Paper Making, a A sepa- 
rate thin wooden frame used to form the border of a hand 
mold, b A curb on either side of the apron in a paper ma- 
chine to confine the flowing pulp. 

deckle edge. The rough edge of paper left by the deckle, or 
one imitating this. — deck'le-edged', o. 

de-claim' (de-klam'), v. i. & t. [L. declamare ; de -j- cla- 
mare to cry out.] To speak or deliver rhetorically ; make, 
or utter in, a formal speech ; harangue. — de-claim'er, n. 

dee'la-ma'tion (dek'la-ma'shun), n. 1. Act or art of de- 
claiming ; rhetorical delivery. 2. A set speech or harangue. 

de-clam'a-to-ry (de-klam'd-to-rl), a. 1. Pert, to declama- 
tion. 2. Pretentiously rhetorical ; bombastic ; noisy. 

dee'la-ra'tion (dek'ld-ra'shun), n._ 1. Act of declaring. 
2. That which is declared or proclaimed, or the instrument 
containing it. 3. Law. a In common-law practice, the first 
pleading in an action, consisting of the plaintiff's statement 
of his cause of complaint and demand for relief, b A solemn 
statement allowedto be made by witnesses, etc., instead of 
the oath, in most jurisdictions, and involving the penalties 
of perjury for its violation. 4. Card Playing, a In bezique 
and other games, an announcement during the play of 
points scored by a player, b The announcement of the 
trump suit. — Syn. Proclamation, announcement, avowal. 

de-clar'a-tive (de-klar'd-tiv), de-clar'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. 
Making declaration ; explanatory ; affirmative. 

de-Clare' (-klar'),?\£. ;-clared' (-klard') ;-clar'ing (-klar'- 
mg). [F. declarer, fr. L. declarare ; de + clarare to make 
clear, clarus clear, bright.] 1. To make known explicitly 
and plainly ; proclaim. 2. To make declaration of ; assert ; 
affirm. 3. To make full statement of (goods, etc., subject 
to duties, etc.) as. being in one's possession or ownership. 
4. Card Playing, a In bezique and other games, to an- 
nounce (the points already made by a player), usually by 
laying the scoring cards face upward on the table, b To 
make (a certain suit) trumps, as at bridge. 
Syn. Aver, asseverate, maintain, protest ; announce, pro- 
claim, promulgate, advertise, herald, blazon, bruit. — De- 
clare, announce, proclaim, promulgate. To declare 
is to make known explicitly and plainly, esp. formally and 
publicly ; as, to declare one's intentions. To announce 
is to declare by anticipation or to make known publicly, 
esp. for the first time ; as, to announce the arrival of a 
guest. To proclaim is to announce with the widest pub- 
licity ; as, t®>. proclaim peace. To promulgate is to pro- 
claim or make known more widely (often officially) what is 
already known by some persons ; as, to promulgate a decree. 

— v. i. To make a declaration ; proclaim one's self. 

de-clen'sion (-klen'shun), n. 1. Descent ; slope. 2. Deteri- 
oration ; decline. 3. Act of declining ; refusal. 4. Gram. 
Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., according to the gram- 
matical cases ; also, the inflectional class of a word declined 
by cases ; as, a noun of the first declension. 

de-clen'sion-al (-dl), a. Belonging to declension. 

de-clin'a-ble (-klln'd-b'l), a. That may be declined. 

decli-na'tion (dek'li-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of declining ; as: 
deviation or swerving ; decay or decline ; refusal or with- 
drawal ; Gram., declension. 2. Astron. The angular dis- 
tance of any object north or south from the celestial equa- 
tor. 3. The angle made by the magnetic needle with the 
true north-and-south line. [a declination or refusal. I 

de-clin'a-to-ry (de"-kfin'd-to-ri),a. Containing or involving! 

de-clin'a-ture (-tiir), n. Act of declining or refusing. 

de-Cline' (de-klln'), v. i.; -clined' (-klTnd') ; -clin'ing 
(-klm'ing). [F '.decliner, fr. L. declinare to turn aside, in- 
flect (a part of speech), avoid; de + dinar e to incline.] 
1. To turn aside ; deviate ; stray. 2. To draw toward a 
close, decay, or extinction ; fail ; sink ; diminish ; as, declin- 
ing strength ; the day declines. 3. To bend or lean down- 
ward ; hang down ; hence, to sink or stoop (to). 4. To turn 
away ; refuse, — v.t. 1. To bend downward ; depress. 2. 
To put or turn aside ; to refuse ; reject ; avoid. 3. Gram. To 
inflect (a noun or adjective). 

Syn. Reject, repudiate, repel, refuse. — Decline, refuse 
agree in expressing the opposite of consent. Decline is the 
more courteous term ; refuse is more positive, often imply- 
ing decided, even ungracious, rejection of what is offered. 

— n. 1. A falling off ; diminution or decay ; also, the period 
when a thing nears extinction. 2. a A gradual sinking and 
wasting away, b Any wasting disease; esp., pulmonary 
consumption. 3. Declivity. 

de-clin'er (-klm'er), n. One who, or that which, declines. 
dee'li-nom'e-ter (dek'li-nom'e-ter), n. An instrument for 

measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. 
de-cliv'i-tous (de-kliv'i-tus), o. Moderately steep. 
de-cliv'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). [L. declivitas, fr. 

declivis sloping, downhill ; de -f- clivus a slope, a hill.] 

1. Deviation from the horizontal ; gradual descent ; slope. 

2. A descending surface ; slope ; — opposed to acclivity. 
de-cli'VOUS (de-kli'vus), a. Sloping, esp. downward : 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, um, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; jfo; s\ng, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DECLUTCH 



263 



DEDANS 



de-clutch' ( de-kluch' ), v. i. To disengage a clutch, esp. 

of an automobile. 

de-COOt' (de-kokt'), v. t. [L. decoctus, p. p. of decoquere to 

boil down; de+coquere to cook, boil.] To prepare by 

boiling ; digest, as in hot water. 
de-coc'tion (-kok'shun), n. 1. Act or process of decocting. 

2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water. 
de'co-here' (de'ko-her'), v. t. Elec. To restore (a coherer) 

to the normal condition. — v. i. Of a coherer, to return to 

the normal condition. See decoherer. — de'co-her'ence, n. 
de'CO-her/er (de'ko-her'er), n. Elec. A device for restoring 

a coherer to its normal condition after it has been affected 

by an electric wave. 
de'co-he'sion (-he'zhSn), n. Elec. Act of decohering. 
de-COl'late (de-kol'at), v. t.; -lat-ed (-at-ed); -lat-ing. 

[L. decollatus, p. p. of decollate to behead ; de + collum 

neck.] To behead. — de'col-la'tion (de'ko-la'shun), n. 
I) de'col'le-tage' (da'ko'l'-tazh'), n. [F. See decollete.] 

Costume. The upper border or part of a decollete corsage. 
|| de'col'le-te' (da'ko'l'-ta'), a. [F., p. p. of decolleter to 

bare the neck and shoulders.] 1. Leaving the neck and 

shoulders uncovered. 2. Wearing a decollete gown. 
de-col'or, de-col'our (de-kul'er), v. t. To deprive of color ; 

bleach. — de-col'or-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 
de-COl'OT-ant (-ant), a. Capable of removing color ; bleach- 
ing. — n. A substance that removes color, or bleaches. 
de-cql'or-ize, -col'our-ize (-Tz), v. t. To decolor ; whiten. 

i-za'tion (-i-za'shun; -I-za'-), n. iz'er (-Tz'er), n. 

de'com-pose' (de'kom-poz'), v. t. & i.; -posed' (-pozd') ; 

-pos'ing (-poz'Ing). To separate into the constituent 

parts; to resolve into original elements or into simpler 

compounds ; bring to dissolution ; rot ; decay. — Syn. See 

decay. — de/com-pos'a-blej-poz'd-b'l), a. 
de-COm/po-si'tion (de-kom'po-zish'un), n. Act or process 

of decomposing ; decomposed state ; decay. 
de'com-pound' (de'kom-pound'), v. t. 1. To compound 

with a compound. 2. To decompose. — a. 1. Compound 

of what is already compounded. 2. Bot. Having divisions 
r themselves compound ; — said of leaves. See leaf, Illust. 
' dec'o-rate(dek'o-rat), v. t. ; -RAT'EDC-rat'ed) ; -rat/ing. [L. 

decoratus, p. p. of decorate, fr. decus ornament.] 1. To 

deck ; adorn ; embellish. 2. To award a decoration of honor 

to. — Syn. See adorn. 
dec'o-rat'ed (-6-rat'ed), p. a. Ornamented ; embellished. 

Decorated Style, Arch., the matured English Gothic of 

the middle period, corresponding to the French Rayonnant. 
dec'O-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of adorniwg ; decorating. 

2. An embellishment ; ornament. 3. A mark of honor, as a 

medal, to be worn on the person. 
Decoration Day. = Memorial Day. U. S. 
dec'o-ra-tive (dek'6-ra-tiv), a. Suited to decorate ; adorn- 
ing. — dec'o-ra-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 
dec'o-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. One who decorates; specif., an 

artist or artisan who decorates houses, esp. in the interior. 
de-core' (de-kor'), v. t. To decorate. Archaic. 
de-CO'rous (de-ko'rus; dek'o-rus ; 57), a. [L. decorus, fr. 

decor comeliness, beauty.] Suitable to a character, or to 

the time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; proper ; seemly ; 

befitting. — de-co'rous-ly, adv. — de-co'rous-ness, n. 

Syn. Decent, fitting, seemly ; demure, sedate, staid, sober. 

— Decorous, demure, sedate, staid. That is decorous 

(see decorum) which is proper and becoming, esp. as 

judged by formal or conventional standards. Demure 

implies an affectation of decorum or modesty, often with a 

suggestion of coyness. Sedate implies composure and 

soberness of character or speech. Staid implies a more 

settled gravity, an even stronger negation of volatility or 

frivolity, than sedate. 
de-cor'ti-cate ( de-kor'tT-kat ), v. t. ; -ti-cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; 

-cat'ing. [L. decorticatus, p. p., deriv. of de + cortex 

bark.] To divest of the bark, husk, or coating. 
de-CO'rum (de-ko'rwm; 57), n. ; pi. E. -rums (-riimz). L. 

-RA (-rd). [L., prop. neut. of decorus. See decorous.] 

1. Propriety of manner or conduct ; dignity ; seemliness ; 

that which is seemly. 2. A seemly and fitting act. 

Syn. Decency ; dignity, loftiness, stateliness, majesty ; 

fitness, propriety, appropriateness ; modesty. — Decorum, 

dignity, propriety. Decorum (see decorous) applies esp. 

to that which is decent or becoming in manners or conduct ; 

it often implies little more than absence of all that is un- 
seemly. Dignity suggests such becoming elevation of 

style, manner, or conduct as arises from inner nobility or 

worth, or from a proper consciousness of one's position 

or responsibilities. Propriety refers more to consonance 

with recognized standards of what is fitting or correct. 
de-coy' (de-koi'), n. [D. kooi cage, inclosure for trapping 

wild fowl.] 1. A place into which wild fowl, esp. ducks, 

are enticed. 2. Anything intended to lead into a snare ; 

lure ; bait ; specif., a fowl, or imitation of one, used to entice 

birds within gunshot. 3. One employed to lead a person 

into a position where he may be swindled or the like. 
— v. t. To lead into danger by artifice ; entrap ; insnare ; al- 

lure ; entice. — Syn. Entice, lure, inveigle. See allure. 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Q Foreign Word. 



de-crease' (-kres'), v. i. & t.; -creased' (-krest') ; -creas'- 
ing. [OF. decreistre, fr. L. decrescere to grow less ; de + 
crescere to grow.] To diminish gradually in size, degree, 
number, duration, or the like, or in strength or quality. 
Syn. Lessen, decline, diminish, dwindle, wane, fall off, 
shrink, waste, abate, subside. — Decrease, diminish, 
dwindle agree in the idea of lessening. Decrease com- 
monly suggests a process going on in that which grows less ; 
diminish often suggests a lessening by taking something 
away ; consequently decrease is chiefly used as an intransi- 
tive verb, referring to the process, and diminish as a transi- 
tive verb, implying the operation of an outside agent ; as, 
a flood, the cold, the length of the autumn days, decreases ; 
the army was diminished by disease. Dwindle implies be- 
coming smaller and smaller, usually to insignificance or even 
contemptibleness. 

de-crease' (de-kres' ; de'kres), n. 1. A becoming less ; grad- 
ual diminution ; decay. 2. Amount of diminution. 

de-cree' (de-kre'), n. [OF. decre, decret, fr. L. decretum, 
neut. of decretus, p. p. of decernere to decide ; de+cernere 
to decide.] 1. An authoritative order or decision deciding 
what is, or is to be, done ; edict. 2. Theol. An eternal pur- 
pose of God foreordaining some event or condition. — Syn. 
Law, regulation, edict, ordinance. 

— v. t. & i. ; -creed^ (-kred') ; -cree'ing. To command au- 
thoritatively ; appoint by decree ; ordain. 

dec're-ment (dek're-ment), n. 1. State, act, or process of 
becoming gradually less ; decrease ; diminution ; waste ; 
loss. 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste ; 
decrease ; — opp. to increment. 

de-crep'it (de-krep'Tt), a. [L. decrepitus.'] Broken down 
with age ; feeble ; infirm ; worn-out. — Syn. See weak. 

de-crep'i-tate (-i-tat), v. t. To roast or calcine so as to 
cause crackling. — v. i. To crackle, as salt from the pres- 
ence of moisture when heated. 

de-crep'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act 'of decrepitating; a 
crackling noise made by salt or a mineral when roasting. 

de-crep'i-tude (-tud), n. State of being decrepit. 

de-cres'cence (de-kres' ens), n. [L. decrescentia.'] Act or 
process of decreasing ; state or quality of being decrescent. 

de'cre-scen'do (da'kre-shenMo; -sen'do), a. & adv. [It.] 
Music. = diminuendo ; — indicated by the sign :p=^- or 
by the abbr. dec, or decresc. — n. A decrease in force, 
stress, or volume of sound. 

de-cres'cent (de-kres'ent), a. [L. decrescens, p. pr. of de- 
crescere. See decrease.] Decreasing ; waning. 

de-cre'tal (-kre'tdl), a. [L. decretalis, fr. decretum. See 
decree.] Pertaining to or containing a decree. — n. Eccl. 
An authoritative order or decree, esp. one issued by a pope. 

de-cre'tive (-tiv), a. Having the force of a decree ; decretory. 

dec're-to-ry (dek're-to-ri ; de-kre'-), a. 1. Of the nature of, 
or established by, a decree. 2. Decisive ; final. 

de-cri'al (de-kri'dl), n. A crying down ; decrying. 

de-cry' (de-krl'), v. t.; -cried' (-krld') ; cry'ing. [F. de- 
crier, OF. descrier; des- (L. dis-) + crier to cry.] To cry 
down ; censure as faulty, mean, or worthless. — de-cri'er,n. 
Syn. Discredit, disparage, run down, condemn, traduce ; 
depreciate, belittle, undervalue, lower, degrade. — Decry, 
depreciate, disparage agree in the idea of diminishing 
or lessening in estimation or value. To decry is to discredit 
or run down by open or public censure ; to depreciate, to 
belittle or underrate by representing as of small worth ; to 
disparage, to lower (or attempt to lower) in esteem by 
slighting or invidious reference or faint praise. 

dec'u-man (dek'u-mdn), a. [L. decumanus, lit., of the 
tenth, decern ten.] Large ; — used of an extraordinary billow, 
supposed by some to be every tenth. — dec'u-man, n. 

de-CUm'bent (de-kum'bcnt), a. [L. decumbens, -entis, p. 
pr., deriv. of de + cumbere (only in comp.), cubare, to lie 
down.] Lying down ; prostrate ; trailing. Rare, exc. Bot. 
— de-cum'bence (-bens), de-cum'ben-cy (-ben-si), n. 

dec'u-ple (dek'u-p'l), a. [F. decuple, L. decuplus, fr. de- 
cern ten.] Tenfold. — n. A number ten times repeated. — 
v. t. To make tenfold ; multiply by ten. 

de-CU'ri-on (de-ku'rT-on), n. [L. decurio, fr. decuria squad 
of ten, decern ten.] Roman Hist, a A head or representa- 
tive of a division of ten. b A municipal or colonial senator. 

de-CUr'rent (-kiir'ent), a. [L. decurrens, -entis, p. pr., 
deriv. of de + currere to run.] Running or flo\ying down- 
ward ; specif., Bot., extending downward ; — said of a leaf 
with base extending downward and forming a wing or 
ridge. See leaf, Illust. 

dec'u-ry (dek'u-ri), n.; pi. -RD2S (-riz). [L. decuria, fr. de- 
cern ten.] Roman Hist. A division or company of ten per- 
sons, or later of any number ; in general, a division, com- 
pany, or class, as of soldiers, judges, etc. 

de-cus'sate (-kus'at ; dek'us-), v. t. ; -sat-ed (-at-ed) ; -sat- 
ing. [L. decussatus, p. p. of decussare to cross like an X, 
fr. decussis the number ten, which the Romans represented 
by X.] To cross at an acute angle ; intersect in the form of 
X. — de'cus-sa'tion (de'ku-sa'shiin), n. 

|| de-dans' (d e-daV), n. [F.] Tennis. An open gallery, at 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



DEDICATE 



264 



DEFEAT 



the service end of a tennis court, for spectators ; hence, the 
spectators ; as, the dedans applauded. 

ded'i-cate (ded'I-kat), o. [L. dedicatus, p. p. oi.dedicare; 
de ■+■ dicare to declare, dedicate.] Dedicated. Archaic. — 
(-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 1. To set apart 
and consecrate ; devote solemnly. 2. To devote, as one's 
self, to a duty or service. 3. To inscribe by way of compli- 
ment, as a book. 

Syn. Dedicate, devote, consecrate. To dedicate is to 
give up to (or as if to) sacred or serious uses ; to devote is 
to dedicate solemnly and (esp.) exclusively. To conse- 
crate is to set apart as itself sacred or exalted. 

ded'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of dedicating. 2. An ad- 
dress, as to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book or the like. 

ded'i-ca'tor (ded'I-ka'ter), n. One who dedicates. 

ded'i-ca-to-iy (ded'i-kd-to-rT), a. Constituting, or serving 
as, a dedication. — ded'i-ca-to-ri-ly (-rT-lT), adv. 

de-duce' (de-dQs'), v. t.; -duced' (-dust') ; -duc'ing (-dus'- 
Ing). [L. deducere ; de -f- ducere to lead, draw.] 1. To ob- 
tain or arrive at, as an opinion or a truth, as the result of 
reasoning ; derive ; infer ; — used with from or out of. 
2. To trace the course or derivation of. — Syn. See infer. 

de-duc'i-ble (-T-b'l),a. That may be deduced or inferred. 

de-duct' (-dukt'), v. t. [L. deductus, p. p. of deducere to 
deduct, deduce. See deduce.] To take away in numbering 
or calculating ; subtract. — de-duct'i-ble, a. Rare. 
Syn. Deduct, subtract. Now, deduct applies specifi- 
cally to amounts or quantities ; subtract, to numbers. 

de-duc'tion (-duk'shwn), n. 1. Act or process of deducing ; 
— opp. to induction. 2. Act of deducting, or taking away ; 
subtraction. 3. That which is deducted ; abatement. 

4. That which is deduced ; inference ; conclusion. 

Syn. Deduction, induction. Deduction, as contrasted 
with induction, is reasoning from the general to the par- 
ticular or from the implicit to the explicit, as distinguished 
from reasoning from particular facts to general truths or 
from a part to a whole. Deduction gives explicit knowledge, 
as in a geometrical demonstration ; induction gives general 
principles, as in the formulation of a natural law. 

de-duc'tive (-tlv), a. Pertaining to deduction; deducible. 

de-duc'tive-ly", adv. By deduction ; by way of inference. 

dee (de), n. 1. The letter d or D. 2. A D -shaped object. 
See D, n., 2. 

deed (ded), n. [AS. dsed.J 1. That which is done ; act ; 
action. 2. Illustrious act ; exploit ; feat. 3. A sealed in- 
strument in writing, duly executed and delivered, contain- 
ing some transfer, bargain, or contract ; usually, a convey- 
ance of real estate. 4. Performance ; action, esp. as con- 
trasted with words. — Syn. See action. 
in deed, in fact ; in truth. See indeed. 

—v. t. To convey, or transfer, by deed. U. S. — deed'less, a. 

deem (dem), v. t. & i. [AS. deman to judge, condemn, dom 
doom.] To think ; suppose ; opine. — n. Judgment. 06s. 

deem'ster (-ster), n. {deem + -ster.2 A judge. 06s., ex- 
cept in the Isle of Man. 

deep (dep), a. [AS. deop.] 1. Extending comparatively far 
below the surface ; of great, or a specified, perpendicular 
dimension (measured downward). 2. Extending far back, 
or a specified distance, from the front or outer part. 3. Low 
or far back in situation ; lying far below the general surface 
or distant from the exterior or front ; as, a deep valley ; the 
deep wilderness. 4. Hard to comprehend ; profound ; also, 
mysterious ; — opposed to shallow or superficial ; as, a 
deep subject or plot. 5. Of action, motion, influence, etc. : 
coming from, or extending to, a depth. 6. Serious ; grave ; 
also, intense ; heavy ; profound ; as, a deep sleep. 7. Pene- 
trating ; skilled ; cunning ; as, a deep person. 8. Of colors : 
strong ; intense. 9. Of low tone ; grave ; heavy. 10. Heavy ; 
extreme ; excessive ; as, deep drinking. Also, of persons, 
acting, feeling, etc., profoundly; as, a deep student. 11. 
Immersed ; absorbed ; involved ; as, deep in debt. 
Syn. Deep, profound (in figurative uses). As applied to 
persons or to mental states or processes, deep implies the 
presence or need of penetration or subtlety, sometimes of 
craft ; profound, the presence or need of thoroughness ; 
as, a deep politician, deep designs, meditation ; a profound 
treatise, thinker, etc. As expressing intensity, profound is 
commonly the stronger. Deep only is used of sound or 
color ; as, a deep voice, a deep blue. 

— n. 1. That which is deep ; esp., the sea or ocean ; abyss. 

2. A deep channel in a strait or estuary. 3. The middle, or 
intense, part, as of winter. 4. That which is profound or 
incomprehensible. b.Naut. Any of the fathom points on 
a sounding, or lead, line not designated by "marks." 

— adv. 1. To a great depth ; profoundly. 2. Far on (in 
time) ; as, they sat deep into the night. 

deep'en (-'n), v. t. & i. To make or become deep or deeper. 

deep'ly (dep'lT), adv. 1. At or to a great depth ; far below 

the surface. 2. Profoundly ; thoroughly ; not superficially. 

3. Very ; intensely ; — of color. 4. Gravely ; with low tone. 

5. With profound skill ; with art or intricacy. 
deep'ness, n. State or quality of being deep ; depth. 
deer (der), n. sing. & pi. (See plural, n., Note.) [AS. 




Deerhound (55). 



deor.] 1. Any animal; esp., a wild animal. 06s. 2. Any of 
a numerous family (Cervidse) of ruminant mammals dis- 
tinguished chiefly by the peculiar type of horns, called 
antlers, borne by the males and shed and renewed annually. 
In popular language, the term often excludes those large 
species which have their own vernacular names, as moose, 
elk, and caribou. The flesh of deer is called venison. 

deer'ber-ry (-ber-i), n . The fruit of a vacciniaceous shrub 
(Polycodium stamineum) closely related to the blueber- 
ries, but having an inedible fruit ; also, the plant. 

deer grass. Any of a small genus (Rhexia) of herbs, having 
3-nerved leaves and red or yellow flowers, characteristic of 
the Southern pine barrens. 

deer'hound' (der'hound'), n. A hound for hunting deer; 
specif., one of a Scottish breed of large hounds 
having a rough coat, usually gray or tawny. 

deer'let, n. 1. A little deer. 
2. A chevrotain. 

deer'skin' (der'skTn'), n. 
The skin of a deer, or 
leather made from it. 

deer'stalk'er (-stok'er), n. 

1. One who stalks deer. 

2. A close-fitting hat 
with low crown, such as 
iswornin deer-stalking. 

deer'weed' (-wed'), n. 
A bushy fabaceous 
herb {Lotus glaber) of 
southern California, with trifoliate leaves and yellow flowers. 

de-face' (de-fas'), v.t.; -faced' (-fast') ; -fac'ing (-fas'ing). 
[OF. desfacier; L. dis--\-facies face.] To destroy or mar 
the face or appearance of ; disfigure ; injure, spoil, or mar by 
effacing or obliterating important features or portions of. 
Syn. Disfigure, mar, deform, injure, spoil, ruin, distort. — 
Deface, disfigure, deform agree in the idea of marring. 
To deface is primarily to mar the face or external appear- 
ance of anything ; it often implies the effacement,. oblitera- 
tion, or removal of some part or detail. Disfigure, as 
applied to a surface, implies deeper or more permanent 
injury than deface; as applied to figure or conformation, it 
often suggests such impairing of beauty or attractiveness 
as results from other than structural injury. Deform 
applies esp. to deep-seated or structural distortion. 

de-face'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of defacing ; state of being 
defaced. 2. That which disfigures. 

de-fac'er (-fas'er), n. One who, or that which, defaces. 

|| de fac'to (de fak'to). [L.] Actually ; in fact ; — distin- 
guished from de jure. 

de-fal'cate (de-fal'kat), v. t.; -cat-Ed (-kat-ed) ; -cat-ing. 
[LL. defalcatus, p. p. of defalcare to deduct, cut off with a 
sickle ; L. de + falx, falcis, sickle.] To deduct (part). 
Now Rare. — v. i. To embezzle money held in trust. 

de/fal-ca'tion (de'fal-ka'shun ; dei'al-), n. 1. A diminu- 
tion ; abatement. Now Rare. 2. That which is deducted 
or abated. 3. An abstraction or misappropriation of money, 
etc., in breach of trust ; embezzlement, [cation ; embezzler.j 

def'al-ca'tor (def'al-ka'ter ; de'fal-), n. One guilty of defal-j 

def 'a-ma'tion (defd-ma'shim ; de'fd-), n. Act of defaming 
another ; calumny ; libel ; slander. 

de-fam'a-to-ry (de-fam'd-to-ri), a. Containing defama- 
tion ; slanderous ; as, defamatory words. 

de-fame' (-fam'), v. t. ; -famed' (-famd'); -fam'ing. [F. 
diffamer, fr. L. diffamare ; dis- + fama a report.] 1. To 
harm or destroy the good fame or reputation of ; speak evil 
of maliciously. 2. To render infamous ; bring into disre- 
pute. 3. To charge ; accuse. Rare. — Syn. See asperse. 

de-fam'er, n. One who defames. 

de-fault' (-f61f), n. [OF. defaute, defalte, fr. LL., fr. a 
verb meaning, to be deficient, fail, fr. L. de + fallere to 
deceive.] 1. A failing or failure ; neglect to do what duty 
or law requires. 2. Fault ; offense. 3. Law. In practice, 
the failure of a defendant or plaintiff to appear at the re- 
quired time to defend or prosecute an action or proceeding. 
in default of, in case of failure or lack of. 

— v. i. 1. To fail in fulfilling an agreement, obligation, or 
duty, esp. a financial obligation ; specif. , to fail to account 
properly for trust property. 2. To fail to appear in court ; 
let a case go by default. — v. t. To fail to perform or pay. 

de-fault'er (de-fol'ter), n. One who makes or commits a 
default ; specif. : a One who fails to appear duly in court. 
b One who fails to account for money or property intrusted 
to his care ; defalcator ; embezzler, c One who fails to pay 
his debts, d A soldier guilty of a military offense. Brit. 

de-fea'sance (-fe'zans), n. [AF. defesance, fr. defesant, 
p. pr. of def aire to undo.] A rendering null or void ; also, a 
condition the fulfillment of which avoids an instrument. 

de-fea'si-ble (de-fe'zi-b'l), a. That may be annulled. 

de-feat' (-fet'), v. t. [OF. desfait, p. p. of desfaire to undo ; 
L. dis- + facere to do.] 1. To undo ; destroy ; deface. 06s. 
2. To render null and void ; frustrate ; balk. 3. To over- 
come ; vanquish. — Syn. Baffle, disappoint. See conquer. 

— n. 1. An undoing ; destruction. 06s. 2. Frustration by 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Qrb, 5dd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DEFEATURE 



2G5 



DEFLORATION 



nullifying or preventing success. 3. An overthrow, as of an 
army ; — opposed to victory. 

de-fea'ture (de-fe'tyr),n. [OF. desfaiture a killing, a ruin- 
ing.] 1. Overthrow ; defeat. Obs. 2. Disfigurement ; de- 
facement. Now Rare. 

def'e-cate (def'e-kat), v. t.; -CAt'ed ; -CAt'ing. [L. defaeca- 
tus, p.p. of defaecare ; de +faex, faecis, dregs, lees. ] To clear 
from impurities ; purify ; refine. — v. i. 1. To cast off impuri- 
ties ; become pure. 2. To void excrement. — def'e-ca'tion, n. 

def'e'-ca'tor (def'e-ka'ter), n. One who, or that which, defe- 
cates, as a tank in which cane juice is defecated. 

de-fect' (de-fekf), n. [L. defectus, fr. deficere, defectum, 
to desert, fail, be wanting ; de +facere to make, do.] 1. 
Want of something necessary to completeness ; deficiency ; 
— opp. to excess. 2. Failing ; fault ; imperfection. — Syn. 
See BLEMISH. 

de-fec'tion (-fek'shi/n), n. 1. Failing ; failure. 2. Failure 
1 in duty or allegiance ; desertion ; apostasy ; backsliding. 

de-fec'tive (-fek'tiv), a. 1. Incomplete ; imperfect ; faulty. 
2. Gram. Lacking one or more of the usual forms of inflec- 
tion. — n. One who, or that which, is defective ; as: a One 
markedly lacking, physically or mentally, b Gram. A de- 
fective word. — de-f ec'tive-ly, adv. — de-f ec'tive-ness, n. 

de-fence'. Var. of defense. 

de-fend' (-fend'), v.t. [F. defendre, fr. L. defender -e; de + 
fendere (only in comp.) to strike.] m 1. To repel danger or 
harm from ; protect ; maintain against force or argument. 
2. To oppose or resist, as a claim at law ; contest, as a suit. 
Syn. Shield, cover, shelter, screen, protect, secure, watch, 
guard, keep, preserve, save. — Defend, protect, guard, 
preserve. To defend is to ward off actual attack or pres- 
ent danger ; to protect is to shield or secure against either 
actual or prospective danger ; to guard is to stand watch 
over or keep in safety ; to preserve is to keep, in whatever 
way, from injury or destruction ; as, those in a fortress are 
defended by its guns, -protected by its walls, and guarded 
against surprise by sentries ; one's life may be preserved by 
presence of mind. See assert. 

— v. i. To make a defense. 

de-fend'ant (-fen'dant), a. 1. Defending. 2. Defensive. 
Obs. — n. One required to make answer in a leg^l action. 

de-fend'er, n. One who defends ; a champion ; an advocate ; 
a vindicator. 

de-fen'es-tra'tion (de-fen'es-tra'shun), n. [L. de + fenes- 
tra window.] A throwing out from a window. Rare. 

de-f ense',de-fence' (-fens'), n. [F. defense, fr. L. defensa, 
fr. defendere. See defend.] 1. Act of defending ; state of 
being defended. 2. That which defends or protects ; a 
guard. 3. Protecting plea ; vindication ; justification. 4. 
Law. The defendant's denial, answer, or plea. 5. Art or 
skill in making defense. — de-f ense'less, de-fenceless, a. 

de-fen'si-ble (-fen'si-b'l), a. Capable of being defended, or 
of offering defense. — de-fen'si-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), n. 

de-fen'sive (-siv), a. 1. Serving to defend or protect. 
2. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression ; — opposed 
to offensive. 3. In a state or posture of defense. — n. 
That which defends ; a defensive position. sive-ly, adv. 

de-fen'sor (de-fen'ser ; -sSr), n. [L.] Roman Hist. A mag- 
istrate (from about A. D. 379) of provincial cities, appointed 
to protect the people from oppression by the rulers. 

de-fer' (de-fur'), v. t. ; -ferred' (-furd') ; -fer'ring. [OF. 
differ er,Y.differer. See differ.] To put off; postpone; 
withhold. — v. i. To wait ; procrastinate. 
Syn. Delay, postpone, put off, procrastinate, adjourn, 
stave off, retard. — Defer, postpone, put off, pro- 
crastinate agree in the idea of delaying. Defer is the 
most general term ; it implies no more than a putting 
aside until some future time; as, "hope deferred maketh 
the heart sick." Postpone is more definite, and often 
refers to a particular time ; as, the meeting was postponed 
for a week. Put off is more colloquial than postpone; 
it often implies disinclination to act at once. To procrasti- 
nate is to put off habitually or in a dilatory fashion, esp. 
from day to day ; as, to procrastinate until it is too late. 

de-fer', v. t. & i. [F. deferer to pay deference, yield, bring 
before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down ; de + /erre to 
bear.] To submit for determination ; yield to the opinion 
or wishes of another, or to authority ; — used with to. 
def'er-ence (def'er-ens), n. Act of deferring ; courteous or 
complaisant regard for another's wishes. 
Syn. Submission, complaisance, consideration ; regard, 

i respect, esteem, honor, reverence. — Deference, respect, 
reverence. Deference implies a courteous yielding or 
submission of one's own judgment, opinion, or preference 
to that of another ; as, in dejerence to the court. Respect 
implies regard for something, esp. a person or quality, as 
worthy of honor or confidence ; it does not imply, and is 
sometimes even contrasted with, warmth of feeling ; as, 
though unpopular, he won the respect of all. Reverence 
implies profound respect, often mingled with awe or 
devotion ; as, reverence for God. authority, a holy person. 
def'er-ent (def'er-ent), a. Deferential, 
def'er-ent, a. [L. deferens, p. pr. of deferre. See 2d 



defer.] 1. Serving to carry ; bearing. Rare. 2. Anat. 

Of or pert, to the vas deferens ; as, the deferent arteries. 
def'er-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Characterized by deference. 
de-fer'ment (de-fur'ment), n. Delay; postponement. 
de-fer'rer (de-fur'er), n. One who defers, or puts off. 
de-fi'ance (de-fl'ans), n. 1. Act of defying; a challenge. 

2. Disposition to resist ; contempt of opposition. 
de-fi'ant (-ant), a. [F. defiant, p. pr. of defier. See defy.] 

Full of defiance ; bold ; insolent. — de-fi'ant-ly, adv. 

de-fi'cience (-flsh'ens), n. Deficiency. Now Rare. 

de-fi'cien-cy (-en-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). State or quality 
of being deficient ; inadequacy ; failure ; defect ; deficit. 

de-fi'cient (-ent), a. [L., deficiens, -entis, p. pr. of deficere 
to be wanting. See defect.] Lacking some element of com- 
pleteness ; insufficient ; defective ; incomplete. 

def'i-cit (def'i-sit), n. [Lit., it is wanting, 3d person pres. 
indie, of L. deficere.'] A falling short, esp. of income. 

de-fi'er (de-fi'er), n. One who defies. 

def'i-lade' (def Had'), v. t. & *.; -lad'ed (-lad'ed) ; -lad'- 
ing. Fort. To arrange (fortifications) so as to protect the 
lines from enfilading fire and the interior from plunging or 
reverse fire. — n. Act or process of defilading. 

de-file' (de-fll'), v. t. & i. ; de-filed' (-flld') ; -fil'ing (-fll'- 
Ing). [F. de filer ; dc- (L. de) + file a row or line.] To 
march off in a line, file by file ; to file off. 

de-file' (de-f II' ; de'fll), n. A long pass or gorge. 

de-file' (de-fll'), v. t. [OF. defouler to trample; de- + 
fouler to trample ; hence, under the influence of foul, a., 
ME. defoulen to defile, and finally defile, influenced by 
ME. filen, fulen, to make foul, AS. fylan, fr. ful foul.] 
1. To make foul ; pollute. 2. To corrupt the chastity of ; 
violate. 3. To make ceremonially unclean. 4. To soil ; 
tarnish, as reputation. — de-fil'er (-fll'er), n. 

de-file'ment (-ment), n. Act of defiling; state of being 
defiled ; pollution ; uncleanness. 

de-fin'a-ble (-fln'd-b'l), a. Capable of being defined. 

d3-fine' (-fin'), v. t.; -fined' (-find') ; -fin'ing (-fln'ing) 
[OF. definer to end, to finish, fr. L. definire ; de -\-finirj 
[to limit, end, finis limit.] 1. To determine the boundaries 
or limits of ; hence, to fix or prescribe clearly and authorita- 
tively. 2. To fix the meaning of ; explain ; expound ; in- 
terpret. 3. To characterize ; distinguish by special marks ; 
mark ; as, good manners define the gentleman. 

de-fin'er (-fln'er), n. One who, or that which, defines. 

def'i-nite (deft-nit), a. ' [L. definitus, p. p. of definire. 
See define.] 1. Having certain or distinct limits ; limited ; 
fixed. 2. Having certain limits in meaning ; precise ; exact. 

3. Limiting ; determining ; as, the definite article. — def 'i- 
nite-ly, adv. — def 'i-nite-ness, n. 

Syn. Definite, definitive are sometimes confused. That 
is definite which has itself fixed limits ; that is definitive 
which fixes or settles something else ; as, a definite judg- 
ment (one which is clear and explicit) ; a definitive judg- 
ment (one which is decisive and final). 

dsf'f-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. 1. Act of defining ; esp., act of 
making definite or clear ; specif., the capability of an optical 
instrument to form sharply defined images. 2. Distinctness, 
as of an optical image. 3. Adescriptionof athingby its prop- 
erties ; an explanation of the meaning of a word or term. 

de-fin'i-tive (de-fin'i-tTv), a. 1. Determinate; positive; 
final; express. 2. Limiting ; determining; as, a definitive 
word. 3. Biol. Complete ; fully developed ; as, a definitive 
organ. — Syn. See definite. — n. A word used to define 
or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, 
such as the definite article and some pronouns. — de-fill'i- 
tive-ly, adv. — de-fin'i-tive-ness, n. 

def'la-grate (def'ld-grat), v. t. & i.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed), 
-grat'ing. [L. deflagratus, p. p. of deflagrare to burn up ; 
de- -f- flagrare to burn.] Chem. To burn with sudden and 
sparkling r ombustion ; burn or vaporize suddenly. 

defla-gra'lion (-gra'shwn), n. Act of deflagrating. 

def'la-gra'tor (-gra'ter), n. A device for producing defla- 
gration ; esp., a voltaic battery for producing rapid and 
powerful combustion. 

de-flate' (de-flat'), v. t.; -flat'ed (-flat'ed) ; -flat'ing. 
[de + L. flare, flatum, to blow.] To reduce from infla- 
tion by releasing the air or gas. — de-fla'tion (-fla'shun) , n. 

de-fleet' (-flekt'), v. t. & i. [L. de fleeter e, deflexum; de + 
flectere to bend or turn.] To turn aside ; bend ; deviate. 

de-flec'tion (-flek'sh&n), n. Also, Brit., de-flex'ion. 1. A 
turning, or state of being turned, aside ; a turning from a 
straight line or from a usual or proper position or course ; 
a bending, esp. downward ; deviation. 2. A bending of rays, 
as of light, from a straight line ; specif., diffraction. 3. 
Physics. The deviation from zero of the moving system of 
a galvanometer or other instrument. 

de-flec'tive (-t!v), a. Causing deflection. 

de-flec'tor (-ter), n. A device for causing deflection. 

de-flex' (de-fleks'), v. t. [L. deflexus, p. p. of deflectere.'] 
To bend or curve downward. 

de-flex'ion. Var. of deflection. 

def'lo-ra'tion (def'lo-ra'shun), n. Act of deflowering. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals 



M 



DEFLOWER 



266 



DEITY 



de-flow'er (de-flou'er), v. t. [F. deflorer, fr. LL. deflorate; 
L. de + flos, floris, flower.] 1. To violate (a virgin) ; also, 
fig., to ravage ; desecrate ; spoil. 2. To strip of flowers. 

de-flUX'ion (-fluk'shim), n. [L. defluxio.~\ Med. A down- 
flow, as a copious catarrhal discharge from the nose. Obs. 

de-fo'li-ate(-fo'li-at), v. t. [LL. defoliate to strip of leaves ; 
L. de + folium leaf.] To strip or deprive of leaves. 

de-fo'li-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Falling or shedding of leaves. 

de-force' (-fors' ; 57), v. t. ; -forced' (-forst') ; -forc/ing. 
[OF. dej 'order ; de- or des- (L. de or dis-) + j 'order to 
force.] Law. a To withhold wrongfully, as lands, b To 
eject (a person) or keep (him) out of possession by force. — 
de-force'ment (-ment), n. 

de-for'ciant (-for'shdnt), n. One who deforces. 

de-far'est (-for'est ; 24), v. t. To clear of forests. — de- 
for'est-a'tion (-es-ta'shSn), n. 

de-form' (-form'), a. [L. deformis; de -f- forma form.] De- 
formed ; shapeless ; hideous. Archaic. 

de-form', v. t. [L. deformare; de + formare to form, 
shape, forma form.] 1. To spoil the form or appearance of ; 
disfigure. 2. To deprive of beauty, grace, or perfection. 
3. To disarrange ; change the shape of ; specif., Mech., to 
change the_ shape of (a body) by the action of forces or 
stresses which exceed the elastic limit and cause perma- 
nent strain or rupture. — v. i. To become disfigured ; 
lose its original form. — Syn. See deface. — de-form'a- 
bil'i-ty (-bTl'T-ti), n. — de-form'a-ble (-for'md-b'l), a.' 

def'or-ma'tion (def'o^ma'shun ; de'for-), n. 1. Act of de- 
forming, or state of being deformed. 2. Transformation or 
change for the worse. 3. Physics, etc. Alteration of form ; 
also, the product of such alteration. 

de-formed' (de-formd'), p. a. Misshapen; disfigured. 

de-form'i-ty (-for'mi-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being deformed ; distortion. 2. A thing that deforms ; mal- 
formation ; disfigurement. 3. A deformed person or thing. 

de-fraud' (de-frod'), v. t. [L. defraudare ; de + fraudare 
to cheat, fraus fraud.] To deprive of some right, interest, 
or property, by deceit ; cheat ; — used with of. — Syn. See 
cheat. — de'frau-da'tion (de'fro-da'shiin), n. Rare. 

de-fraud'er, n. One who defrauds. 

de-fray' (-fra'), v. t. [F. defrayer; de- (L. de or dis-) + 
frais, pi., expense.] 1. To expend. Obs. 2. To pay or dis- 
charge, as a debt, costs, etc. 3. To bear the expenses of. 
Obs. or R. — de-fray'er, n. 

de-fray'al (-al), n. Act of defraying; payment. 

de-fray'ment (-ment), re. Payment of charges. 

deft (deft), a. [ME. dafte, defte, becoming, mild, gentle, 
stupid.] Apt ; dexterous ; clever ; neat in action. — Syn. 
See dexterous. — def t'ly, adv. — def t'ness, re. 

de-funct' (de-funkf), a. [L. defunctus, p. p. of defungi to 
acquit one's self of, finish, depart, die ; de + fungi to per- 
form.] Having finished the course of life ; dead; deceased. 

— re. A dead person ; generally, one recently deceased ; t— 
usually used with the. 

de-fy' (-fl'), v.L; -fied' (-fid'); -fy'tng. [F. defier, LL. 
disfidare to dissolve the bond of allegiance, hence, to chal- 
lenge, defy ; L. dis- + fidus faithful.] 1. To provoke to 
strife ; challenge ; set at defiance ; as, to defy an enemy or 
public opinion. _ 2. To challenge (to do something, usually 
something considered impossible by the challenger). Hence, 
of things, to withstand completely ; resist successfully ; as, 
that cloth defies the hardest wear. 

— re.; pi. -fies (-fTz'). A challenge. Obs. or Colloq. 
Ude'ga'ge'^da'ga/zha'), a. [F., p. p.] Unembarrassed; 

unconstrained ; easy ; free. 

de-gen'er-a-cy (de-jen'er-d-si), re. Act of becoming, or 
state of being, degenerate ; deterioration. 

de-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [L. degeneratus, p. p. of degenerare 
to degenerate, degener base, degenerate ; de -f- genus race, 
kind.] Having become worse than one's kind, or one's for- 
mer state ; degraded ; low. — n. One having the character- 
istics of degeneracy, esp. by birth. — (-at), v. i. ; -at'ed 
(-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. Tobecome or grow worse than one's 
kind, or than one was originally ; deteriorate. 2. Biol. To 
undergo progressive deterioration ; become of a lower type. 
See degeneration, 3. — ate-ly, adv. — ate-ness, n. 

de-gen'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A growing or a being 
worse ; degeneracy ; _ debasement. 2. That condition of a 
tissue or organ in which its vitality has become diminished 
or perverted. 3. Progressive deterioration, as a return to a 
less highly organized condition in the evolution of animals 
or plants. — Syn. See deterioration. 

deg'lu-ti'tion (deg'loo-tish'an ; de'gloo- ; 86), n. [L. deglu- 
tire to swallow down ; de + glutire to swallow.] Act or 
process of swallowing. 

dog'ra-da'tion (deg'rd-da'shwn), n. Act or process of de- 
grading ; state of being degraded. — Syn. Dismissal, depo- 
sition ; abasement, disgrace ; degeneration. 

de-grade' (de-grad'), v. t.; -grad'ed (-grad'ed) ; -grad'ing. 
[_F.degrader,L,~L. degradare ; L,.de+gradus step, degree.] 
1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree ; de- 
prive of office, dignity, or position. 2. To reduce in charac- 



ter or reputation ; lessen the value of ; lower the physical, 
moral, or intellectual character of; debase; degenerate; 
disgrace. 3. Geol. To wear down by erosion. — Syn. Hu- 
miliate, humble, dishonor, depose. See abase. 

— v. i. To pass from a higher to a lower grade ; degenerate. 

de-grad'ed (-grad'ed; 24), p. a. Debased; degenerate. 

U de'gras' (da'gra'), deg'ras (deg'rds), n. [F.] A semi- 
solid emulsion produced by treating certain skins with 
oxidized fish oil, which extracts their soluble albuminoids. 
It is valuable as a dressing for hides. 

de-gree' (de-gre'), n. [F. degre, LL. (assumed) degradus.l 
1. A step, stair, rung, tier, or the like. Obs. 2. A step or sta- 
tion in a series ; point or stage of advancement or retrogres- 
sion ; as, to advance by degrees. 3. Relative quantity, qual- 
ity, or intensity ; as, degrees of heat and cold. 4. Gram. 
One of the three grades (positive, comparative, superlative) 
m comparing an adjective or adverb. 5. Relative rank or 
attainment, development, etc. ; grade ; also, academical 
rank or grade. 6. A remove in the chain of relationship ; as, 
a relation in the third degree. 7. Math. A 360th part of the 
circumference of a circle or of a round angle ; — often indi- 
cated by the sign ° ; thus, 10°. 8. One of a series of divisions 
marked on a mathematical or other instrument. 9. Alg. 
Rank as defined by the sum of exponents ; as, a 2 b 3 c is a term 
of the 6th degree the exponent being 1 when unexpressed). 
by degrees, step by step ; by little and little. — to a d., 
to a considerable extent ; exceedingly. 

de-gres'sive (de-gres'iv), a. Taxation. Designating, or 
pert, to, a plan of taxation in which the rate is constant 
on sums above a certain limit, but diminishes on sums 
counted downward below the limit ; — the converse of pro- 
gressive. 

de-gum' (de-gum'), v. t. To free from, or deprive of, gum. 

de-gUSt' (de-gust'), v. t. [L. degustare; de + gustus taste, 
gust.] To taste, esp. with care. Rare. [of tasting.! 

de'guS-ta'tiorUde'gus-ta'shiin ; deg'us-), re. Act or function! 

de-hisce' (de-his'), v. i.; -hisced' (-hist') ; -hisc'ing (-his'- 
mg). [L. dehiscere; de + hiscere to gape.] To gape open ; 
open by dehiscence. 

de-his'cence (-his'ens), n. 1. A gaping open. 2. Biol. 
Act of opening along a definite line to discharge contents, 
as a capsule or pod. See fruit, Illust. 

de-his'cent (-ent), a. Characterized by dehiscence. 

de-horn' (de-horn'), v. t. To deprive of horns. 

de-hort' (de-hort'), v. t. [L. dehortari; de + hortari to 
urge.] To urge to abstain or refrain. Obs. or R. — de'- 
hor-ta'tion, n. — de-hor'ta-tive, a. 

de-hu'man-ize (de-hu'mdn-Iz), v. t. To divest of human 
qualities, as pity, tenderness, etc. 

de-hy'drate (de-hl'drat), v. t. & i. Chem. To deprive, or to 
be freed , of water or the elements of water ; as, to dehydrate 
alcohol. — de'hy-dra'tion (de'hl-dra'shim), n. 

de-hy'dro-gen-ize (-dro-jen-Iz), v. t. Chem. To deprive (a 
compound) of, or free from, hydrogen. [Nessus. 

De'ia-ni'ra (de'yd-nl'rd), n. [L., fr. Gr. A.rfi&veipa..'] See 

de'i-cide (de'i-sld), n. [L. deicida (in sense 1) ; deus goc 
+ caedere to cut, kill.] 1. One who kills a god ; esp., one 
concerned in killing Christ. 2. Act of killing a god. 

deic'tic (dlk'tik), a. [Gr. SeiKTinos serving to show or point 
out, fr. beiKvvvai to show.] Showing or pointing out di- 
rectly ; Logic, direct ; proving directly ; — applied to rea- 
soning, and opposed to elenctic. 

de-if'ic (de-if'ik), a. [L. deificus; deus god + facer e to 
make.] Deifying ; making divine ; god-making. 

de'i-fi-ca'tion (de'i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of deifying, or 
state of being deified ; apotheosis. 

de'i-form (de'i-form), a. Godlike ; of a godlike form. 

de'i-fy (de'i-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. ddfier, LL. 
deificare, fr.L. deificus. See deific] 1. To make a god 
of ; apotheosize. \2. To treat as an object of supreme regard. 

deign (dan), v. i. [OF. deignier,h. L. dignari, fr. dignus 
worthy.] Tothink^ worthy ; vouchsafe ; condescend ; — fol- 
lowed by an infinitive ; as, he did not deign to reply. — Syn. 
See condescend. — v. t. 1. To consider, or treat as, worthy 
of notice. Obs. 2. To condescend to give or bestow ; vouch- 
safe ; as, he deigned no reply. 

Dei'no (di'no), n. [Gr. A«w.] SeeGR^:^;. 

De-iph'o-bus (de-Tf'6-bus), n. [L., fr. Gr. AT)i<j>ot3os.'] Gr. 
Myth. Priam's son, who married Helen after Paris died, 
and was himself slain by Menelaus. 

deip-nos'o-phist (dip-nos'6-fist), n. [Gr. 8eiirvo<ro<t>iaTfis ; 
SeiTrvov a meal + ao<j>iaTr)s a wise man, sophist.] One 
adept in table talk or the art of social dining ; — so called 
from the " Aenrvoa-o^iaTai" of Athenaeus, in which he 
detailed the conversation of a company of learned men 
dining together. — deip-nos'o-phis'tic (-fis'tik), a. 

de'ism (de'iz'm), n. [L. deus god.] 1. Belief in a per- 
sonal God, with disbelief in Christian revelation. 2. Doc- 
trine that God exists apart from the physical universe. 

de'ist, n. A believer in deism. — de-is'tic (de-is'tik), de-is'- 
ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. 

de'i-ty (de'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. deite, fr. L. deitas, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DEJECT 



267 



DELINEATE 



fr. deus god.] 1. Divine nature or rank ; divinity ; godhead. 

2. A god or goddess. 

the Deity, God ; the Supreme Being. 

de-ject' (de-jekt'), v. t. [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere to 
throw down ; de + jacere to throw.] 1. To cast down ; 
overthrow; bend down. Obs. or Archaic. 2. To cast 
down the spirits of ; dishearten. 

de-jec'ta (de-jek'td), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. from L. dejec- 
tus, p. p.] Excrements ; as, the dejecta of the sick. 

de-ject'ed (-jek'ted ; 24), p. a. Cast down ; depressed; 
sad. — de-ject'ed-ly, adv. — de-ject'ed-ness, n. 

d3-jec'tion (-jek'shun), n. 1. Lowness of spirits ; depres- 
sion ; melancholy. 2. Physiol, a The discharge of excre- 
ment, b Feces ; excrement. — Syn. See melancholy. 

|| de / jeu / ner / (da / zhu / na / ), n. [F. dejeuner breakfast.] A 
breakfast ; sometimes, a luncheon. 

|| de ju're (de job're). [L.] By right; by lawful title. 

dsk'a- (dek'd-). Metric System. A prefix signifying ten 
(see deca-) ; as in dek'a-gram, dek'a-li'ter, dek'a- 
me'ter, dek'a-stere' (vars. of decagram, etc.). 

ds-laine' (de-lan'), n. [F. de laine of wool ; lor muslin de- 
laine.'] A light woolen, or woolen and cotton, dress fabric. 

d3-lam'i-nate (de-lam'i-nat), v. i. To laminate or split into 
layers. — ds-lam/i-na'tion (-na'shSn), n. 

de-late' (-lat'), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'tng. [L. dela- 
tus, used as p. p. of deferre; de from + ferre to bear.] 1. 
To charge ; inform against ; accuse ; denounce. Chiefly 
Scot. 2. To make public ; report. — de-la'tor, n. 

d3-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Accusation, esp. by an informer. 

Del'a-ware (del'd-war), n. 1. An American grape, with 
small, sweet-flavored, red or reddish-amber berries. 2. An 
Indian of an Algonquian tribe (now mostly in Oklahoma 
and Ontario), formerly inhabiting the Delaware valley. 

de-lay' (-la'), v. t. [OF. delaiierJ] l.To putoff ; post- 
pone ; defer. 2. To retard ; stop, detain, or hinder, for a 
time. — v. i. To move slowly ; stop for a time ; linger. 
Syn. Keep back, stop, stay, arrest, detain ; check, impede, 
retard, hinder, obstruct, confine. — Delay, detain, retard 
agree in the idea of stopping or hindering. Delay applies 
to whatever keeps back or impedes, esp. from completion 
or arrival at a set or given time ; as, delayed by an accident. 
To detain is more explicitly to keep from proceeding, of- 
ten with implication of holding or confining ; as, I was 
detained by business. To retard (opposed to accelerate) 
is to keep delaying or hindering ; it applies esp. to motion ; 
as, to retard the revolution of a wheel. _ 

— n. Act of deferring ; stop ; detention. — de-lay'er, n. 
|| del cred'er-e (del kred'er-e ; kra'de-ra). [It., of belief or 

trust.] Mercantile Law. Designating the obligation of an 
agent or factor who warrants or guarantees to his princi- 
pal the due payment or performance by those with whom 
he deals on credit as such agent or factor, his commission 
being higher than in other cases. 
de'le (de'le), imperative sing, of L. delere, to destroy. 
Erase ; remove ; omit ; — a direction to cancel something in 
type. It is usually expressed by a form of d, thus : <?. 

— v. t. ; -led (-led) ; -le-ing. To erase ; cancel. 
de-lec'ta-We (de-lek'td-b'l), a. [From OF., fr. L. delecta- 

bilis, fr. delectare to delight.] Highly pleasing ; delight- 
ful. — d3-lec'ta-ble-ness, n. — de-lec'ta-bly, adv. 

de-lec'tate (de-lek'tat), v. t. To delight. Rare. 

de'lec-ta'tion (de'lek-ta'shim), n. Great pleasure ; delight. 
— Syn. See PLEASURE. 

del'e-ga-cy (del'e-gd-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Act of dele- 
gating ; state of being delegated ; delegated power. 

dsl'e-gate (-gat), n. [L. delegatus, p. p. of delegare to del- 
egate ; de + legare to send with a commission, depute.] 
One sent and empowered to act for another ; deputy ; 
representative ; specif. : a A representative of a Territory 
in the House of Representatives, having the right to 

| debate, but not to vote. U.S. b A member of the lower, 
or popular, branch of the legislature of Virginia ; — for- 
merly called burgess. 

— (-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 1. To send as 
one's representative ; commission ; depute. 2. To intrust to 
another's care or management ; commit. 3. Civil Law. To 
assign (a debtor of one's self) to a creditor as a debtor in 
place of one's self. 

del'e-ga'tion (-ga'shzm), n. 1. Act of delegating. 2. One 
or more persons commissioned to represent others, as in a 
convention ; a body of delegates. . 

d3-lete' (de-lef), v. t.; de-let'ed (-let'ed) ; -let'lng. [L. 
deletus, p. p. of delere to destroy.] To dele. 

del'e-te'ri-OUS (del'e-te'n-us), a. [From LL., fr. Gr. 
drjXyTTipios, fr. drjktladai to damage.] Hurtful ; noxious ; 
pernicious. — del'e-te'ri-ous-ly, adv. — te'ri-ous-ness, n. 

de-le'tion (de-le'shim), n. [L. deletio, fr. delere. See 
delete.] A deleting ; that which is deleted ; extinction. 

delf (delf), n. Delftware. 

delft'ware' (delft'war'), or delft, n. Pottery made at 
Delft (formerly Delf), in Holland ; esp. : a Brown pottery 
covered with an opaque, decorated white glaze, b In Eng- 
land, popularly, common glazed pottery for table use, etc. 



Deli-a (de'li-d ; del'yd), n. [L.] Class. Myth. Artemis; 

— from Delos, where she and Apollo were born. 
De'li-an (de'li-dn), a. [L. Delius, Gr. Ai^Xtos.] Of or 

pert, to Delos. — n. A native or inhabitant of Delos. 
de-lib'er-ate (de-lTb'er-at), a. [L. deliberatus, p. p. of de- 
liberare to deliberate ; de + liberare to weigh.] 1. Formed 
or taken with deliberation ; carefully considered ; not sud- 
den or rash ; as, deliberate plans. 2. Weighing facts and ar- 
guments ; careful and slow in determining; — applied to 
persons. 3. Not hasty or sudden ; slow ; as, deliberate 
speech. — Syn. See voluntary. 

— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To weigh in the 
mind ; reflect on ; ponder. — v. i. To take counsel ; reflect ; 
also, to weigh matters in deciding. — Syn. See consumer. 

— de-lib'er-ate-ly, adv. — de-lib'er-ate-ness, n. 
de-lib'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of deliberating ; con- 
sideration of the reasons for and against a measure. 
2. Quality or state of being deliberate. 

de-lib'er-a-tive (-lTb'er-a-tTv), a. Pert, to, or marked by, de- 
liberation ; deliberating. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

de-lib'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who deliberates. 

del'i-ca-cy (del'i-kd-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Pleasure ; 
gratification ; also, luxury ; luxuriousness. Obs. 2. A lux- 
ury ; dainty, as for food. 3. Nicety or fineness of form or 
constitution ; tenderness ; hence, frailty or weakness ; as, 
the delicacy of a thread or a watch. 4. Nicety of touch ; as, 
the delicacy of a painter's stroke ; also, necessity for deli- 
cate or tactful management ; as, the delicacy of a situation. 
5. Nice perception ; fastidious accuracy ; sensitiveness. 6. 
Nice propriety ; refinement. 7. A refinement ; nicety. 
Syn. Fastidiousness, scrupulousness, tact, discrimination ; 
precision, exactness nicety ; subtlety, penetration, acute- 
ness, acumen ; refinement, polish. — Delicacy, nicety, 
subtlety, refinement are here compared as qualities of 
perception or feeling. Delicacy implies fine, often exqui- 
site, sensitiveness of feeling or critical tact ; as, delicacy of 
feeling. Nicety suggests rather exactness and precision 
of observation and perception ; as, nicety of discernment. 
Subtlety implies acuteness or penetration ; refinement, 
elegance or polish ; as, finespun subtlety of discrimination ; 
great refinement of taste. Both subtlety and refinement are 
also used of that which results from the extreme or affected 
exercise of acuteness or elaboration. 

d3l'i-cate (-kat), a. [L. delicatus pleasing the senses, volup- 
tuous, soft and tender.] 1. Characterized by ease or pleas- 
ure ; self-indulgent ; luxurious. Obs. 2. Characterized by 
daintiness, softness, or effeminacy ; as, a delicate appetite ; 
hence : tender ; frail ; as, delicate health. 3. Characterized 
by nice appreciation or discrimination ; exquisitely sensi- 
tive ; hence : a Fastidious ; as, delicate in the choice of 
friends, b Refined ; considerate ; as, delicate manners. 4. 
Hence, of instruments : Showing very slight changes ; as, a 
delicate thermometer. 5. Pleasing to a nice or cultivated 
taste ; as, delicate food ; hence : of a mild or subtle quality ; 
not strong or rank ; as, a delicate odor. 6. Of a quality op- 
posed to coarse, rough, gross, etc. ; fine ; as, delicate lace. 
7. Marked by or requiring ingenuity or fine skill ; as, a deli- 
cate operation. — Syn. See dainty. 

— n. 1. A luxurious person. Obs. or R. 2. A delight ; luxury. 
Obs. 3. A dainty ; delicacy. Rare. — del'i-cate-ly, adv. — ■ 
dsl'i-cate-ness, n. 

dePi-ca-tes'sen (-kd-tes'en), n. pl.^ [G.] Prepared foods, 
such as cooked meats, preserves, pickles, relishes, etc. 

d3-li'cious (de-lish'ws), a. [OF. delicieus, ~L.deliciosus,ir. 
deliciae delight, delicere to allure.] Affording exquisite 
pleasure or entertainment; delightful; esp., very pleasing 
to the taste. cious-ly, adv. cious-ness, n. 

de-lict' (de-likt'), n. [L. delictum fault.] Law;. An offense 
against law ; a misdemeanor or a tort. 

del'i-ga'tion (del'i-ga'shun), n. A bandaging. Rare. 

ds-light' (de-lit), v. t. [OF. deleitier (3d sing. pres. delite), 
fr. L. delectare to entice away, delight, deriv. of de -+- 
lacere to entice.] To give delight to ; please highly. — v. i. 
To be greatly pleased or rejoiced ; — used with an infini- 
tive, or with in. — n. [From OF. delit, fr. deleiter to de- 
light.] 1. A high state of pleasurable feeling ; extreme sat- 
isfaction ; joy. 2. Anything that gives delight ; also, faculty 
or quality of delighting ; charm. — Syn. See pleasure. 

de-light'ed, p. a. 1. Endowed with delight ; delightful. 
06s. 2. Highly pleased. — Syn. Glad, pleased, gratified. 

de-light'er, n. One who gives or takes delight. 

de-light'ful (-fool), a. Highly pleasing ; giving delight. 
— de-light'ful-ly, adv. — de-light'ful-ness, n. 

de-light'some (-sum), a. Very pleasing; delightful. — de- 
light'some-ly, adv. — de-light'some-ness, n. 

De-li'lah (de-ll'ld), n. _ Bib. Samson's mistress, who be- 
trayed him {Judges xvi.) ; hence : a harlot ; temptress. 

de-lim'it (-LTm'it), v. t. To fix the limits of ; bound. 

de-lim'i-tate (-T-tat), v. t. [From p. p. of L. delimitare.'] 
To delimit. — de-lim'i-ta'tion (-T-ta'shSn), n. 

de-lin'e-ate (de-lin'e-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. delineatus, p. p. of delineare to delineate ; de + 
lineare to draw, linea line.] 1. To represent by a sketch, 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



DELINEATION 



268 



DEMARCATION 



design, or diagram ; sketch out ; portray. 2. To set forth 
in words ; describe. 

de-lin'e-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A representing, portray- 
ing, or describing, as by lines, sketches, etc. 2. A sketch ; 
verbal description. — Syn. Sketch, portrait, outline. 

de-lin'e-a'tor (dS-lm'e-a'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
delineates ; a sketcher. 2. Specif. : Tailoring. A pattern 
adjustable to varying sizes. 

de-Un'quen-cy (-lir/kwen-si), n.; pi. -cies (-slz). Failure, 
omission, or violation, of duty ; fault ; misdeed ; offense. 

de-lin'quent (-kwent), a. [L. delinquens, -entis, p. pr. of 

, delinquere to fail, default, do wrong ; de + linquere to 

[ leave.] Failing in, or neglectful of, duty. — n. One who is 
delinquent ; an offender ; a transgressor. 

dell-quesce' (del'i-kwes'), v. i.; -quesced' (-kwesf) ; 
-quesc'ing. [L. deliquescere to melt ; dissolve ; de + 
liquescere to become fluid, liquere to be fluid.] To 
become liquid gradually by absorbing moisture from the 
air, as do certain salts, acids, and alkalies. [deliquescing, j 

del'i-ques'cence ( -kwes'ens ), n. Act, state, or process of] 

del'i-ques'cent (-ent), a. That deliquesces; deliquescing. 

de-liq/ui-um (de-lik'wl-'um), n. [L., a want, defect, 
eclipse.] A failure of vitality ; a fainting or sinking away ; 
specif., Med., failure or weakness of the mind. 

deH-ra'tion (del'i-ra'shun), n. [L. deliratio.'] Aberration 
of mind ; delirium ; madness. 

de-lir'i-ant (de-lTr'i-dnt), n. [See delirium.] Med. A 
poison which causes a persistent delirium, or mental 
aberration, as belladonna, alcohol, etc. 

de-lir'i-OUS (-us), a. Having a delirium ; light-headed ; rav- 
ing. — de-lir'i-ous-ly, adv. — de-lir'i-ous-ness, n. 

de-lir'i-um (-iim), n. ; pi. E. -iums (-umz), L. -ia (-d). [L., 
fr. delirare to rave, prop., to go out of the furrow ; de + 
lira furrow.] 1. A more or less temporary state of mental 
disturbance, marked by delusions, hallucinations, disor- 
dered speech, etc. 2. Strong excitement ; wild enthusiasm ; 
madness. — Syn. Insanity, frenzy, fury. See mania. 
delirium tremens (tre'mehz) [L., trembling delirium], vi- 
olent delirium induced by excessive and prolonged use of in- 
toxicants, and characterized by terrifying hallucinations 
and by tremor of the hands and tongue. 

del'i-tes'cent (del'i-tes'ent), a. [L. delitescens, -entis, 
p. pr. of delitescere to lie hid.] Lying hid ; concealed. 
— del'i-tes'cence, n. 

Deli-US (de'lT-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. AiJXios, lit., Delian.] 
Class. Myth. Apollo. See Delia. 

de-liv'er (de-liv'er ), v. t. [F. dclivrer, LL. deliberare to 
liberate, give over ; L. de + liberare to set free.] 1. To set 
at liberty ; save ; rescue from evil. 2. To give or transfer ; 
part with (to) ; surrender ; resign ; as, to deliver a letter ; to 
deliver up, or over, a prisoner, money, etc. 3. To disburden 
(a woman) of young ; — often used with of. 4. To give 
forth in words ; utter ; hence : to communicate ; impart ; as, 
to deliver a lecture, opinion, etc. 5. To give forth in action 
or exercise ; discharge (a blow, etc.). — Syn. See release. 

de-liv'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being delivered. 

de-liv'er-ance (-ans), n.l. Act of delivering ; state of being 
delivered, as from restraint, peril, etc. ; rescue ; release ; spe- 
cit. : a Delivery in childbirth. Archaic^ b Act of speaking ; 
utterance. Archaic. 2. Anything delivered or communi- 
cated ; esp., an opinion or decision expressed publicly. 
Syn. Deliverance, delivery. Deliverance of tener refer3 
to the state of being delivered, delivery, to the act of de- 
livering, from restraint or peril. Delivery only is used in the 
sense of transfer or conveyance. 

de-liv'er-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, delivers. 

de-liv'er-ly, adv. Actively ; quickly ; nimbly ; hence : clev- 
erly ; deftly. Obs. or Archaic. 

de-liv'er-y (de-liv'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Act of deliv- 
ering, or being delivered ; as : a Rescue ; release, b Parturi- 
tion. C Utterance ; manner of speaking, d Act or manner of 
discharging, throwing, or the like. 2. That which is deliv- 
ered. — Syn. See deliverance. 

dell (del), n. [AS. del.] A small, retired valley ; vale. 

Del'la-Crus'can (deFd-kroos'kdn ; -krus'-), a. 1. Cf, pert. 
to, or after the style of, the Accademia della Crusca. 2. Des- 
ignating, or pertaining to, a school of affected and senti- 
mental English poets, most of whom livedin Florence, Italy, 
about 1785 ; — from the pseudonym "Della Crusca/'adopt- 
ed by one of them. [or from the limitations of locality. I 

de-lo'cal-ize (de-lo'kal-Iz), v. t. To remove from its place,] 

Del'phi-an (del'fi-an), Del'phic (-flk), a. 1. Pertaining 
to Delphi in ancient Greece or its oracle. The oracular 
utterances were delivered by a priestess seated on a tripod 
above a chasm whence issued noxious vapors. 2. Oracular. 

Del'phin H-fin), a. [See dauphin.] Pert, to the dauphin; 

Del'phinej as, the Delphin classics, an edition of the Latin 
classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV. of France, for 
the use of the dauphin. 

del'phi-nine (-fi-mn), n. Also -nin. Chem. A poisonous 
crystalline alkaloid, C22H35O6N, obtained from variouslark- 
spurs (genus Delphinium). 




f Del-phi'nus (del-fi'n#s ), n. ; gen. Delphtni (-nT). [L., a 
dolphin, fr. Gr. 5«X0fc, SeX^/?.] Astron. A northern con- 
stellation nearly west of Pegasus ; the Dolphin. 

Del-sarte' (del-sarf), n., or Delsarte system. A system 
of calisthenics ; — from F. Delsarte, a French teacher. 

del'ta (del'td), n. [Gr. SeXra.] 1. The fourth letter [A, S] of 
the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English D, d. 2. 
Something A-shaped ; esp., an alluvial deposit at the mouth 
of a river. 

del'toid (-toid), a. [From Gr., fr. SkXra delta (A) + eldos 
form.] Shaped like a capital delta (A) ; trian- 
gular ; as, a deltoid leaf ; the deltoid muscle, 
which covers the shoulder joint and serves to 
raise the arm laterally. 

de-lude' (de-lud'), v. t.; -lud'ed (-lud'ed) ; 
-lud'ing. [L. deludere, delusum; de + lu- 
dere to play, mock.] 1. To lead from truth or | 
into error ; impose upon ; mislead the mind 
or judgment of. 2. To disappoint ; also, to 
evade ; elude. Obs. — 'Syn. Mislead, deceive, Deltoid Leaf, 
beguile, cajole, cheat, dupe. — de-lud'er, n. 

del'tlge (del'uj), n. [F. deluge, L. diluvium, fr. diluere to 
wash away ; di- — dis- + luere to wash.] 1. A washing 
away ; an overflowing of the land by water ; flood ; specif. 
[_cap., and with the], the great flood in the days of Noah 
(Gen. vii.). 2. Fig., something that overwhelms, or causes 
great destruction ; as, a deluge of rhetoric. 

-rv. t.; -uged (-ujd) ; -ug-ing (-u-jing). 1. To overflow; 
inundate. 2. To overwhelm as with a deluge ; destroy. 

de-lu'sion ( de-lu'zhtin ), n. 1. Act of deluding ; state of 
being deluded ; esp., a misleading of the mind. 2. False 
belief ; misconception. 

Syn. Delusion, illusion, hallucination agree in the 
idea of false seeming. Delusion is, in general, a much 
stronger word than illusion. It often carries an implica- 
tion of being deceived, imposed on, or even consciously 
misled and bemocked. Further, delusion implies a false 
(often harmful) impression, commonly regarding things 
themselves real ; illusion, an ascription of reality (often 
pleasing) to what exists only in fancy ; as, a poor deluded 
fool ; to labor under a delusion ; illusions of fancy, an 
optical illusion. Hallucination, as here compared, 
emphasizes the groundlessness of the impression. 

de-lu'sion-al (-al), a. Pert, to or marked by delusions. 

de-lu'sive (de-lu'sTv), a. Apt or fitted to delude ; deceptive. 
— de-lu'sive-ly, adv. — de-lu'sive-ness, n. 

de-lu'SO-ry (-so-n), a. Delusive. 

|| de luxe' (F. dS liiks'). _ [F.] Lit., of luxury ; luxurious ; 
sumptuous; as, an edition de luxe of Shakespeare. 

delve (delv), v. t. ; delved (delvd) ; delv'ing. [AS. delfcn 
to dig.] 1. To dig. Now Chiefly Scot. 2. Hence : a To 
make by digging; as, to delve a hole._ Archaic, b To 
exhume. Archaic. — v. i. To labor with or as with a 
spade ; seek laboriously (in books, etc.) for information. — 
n. Excavation ; pit ; den. Now Rare. — delv'er, n. 

de-mag'net-ize (de-mag'net-Tz), v. t. To deprive of mag- 
netic properties. See magnetize.^ i-za'tion (-i-za'- 

shzin; -I-za'shun), n. mag'net-iz'er (-lz'er), n. 

dem'a-gog'ic (dem'd-goj'ikMa. Of, relating to, or like, a 

dem'a-gog'i-cal (-goj'i-kalJJ demagogue; factious. 

dem'a-gog-ism (dem'd-gog-iz'm) , n. The principles or prac- 
tices of demagogs. 

dem'a-gOgUe (dem'd-gog), n. [Gr. 5r)uaya>y6s, Srlnos the 
people + A7W70S leading.] _ 1. A popular leader or orator. 
Hist. 2. An insincere politician, orator, or leader who stirs 
up popular prejudice to gain office or influence. — dem'a- 
gogue-ry (-gog-ri ; -er-i), n. 

dem'a-gog-y (-goj-i ; -gog-i), n. Demagogism ; also, rule of 
demagogs ; demagogs collectively. 

de-mand' (de-mand'), v. t. [F. demander, fr. LL. deman~ 
dare to demand, summon, L. demandare to give in charge, 
intrust ; de + mandare to commit to one's charge, com- 
mand.] 1. To ask or call for with authority or perempto- 
rily ; claim as due. 2. To inquire authoritatively or ear- 
nestly ; question. 3. To call for ; require ; need ; as, the case 
demands care. 4. To summon ; require to appear. — v. i. 
To make a demand ; inquire. 

— n. 1. Act of demanding ; requisition. 2. Earnest inquiry. 
Archaic. 3. Desire to possess ; manifested want ; a call (for 
a commodity). 4. Economics. Quantity of an article de- 
manded at a given price. 5. That which one demands or has 
a right to demand ; claim. 

de-mand'a-ble (-man'dd-b'l), a. That may be demanded. 

de-mand'ant (de-man'dant), n. One who demands ; specif., 
a plaintiff. Now Rare. 

de-mand'er, n. One who demands. 

de-man'toid (de-man'toid), n. [G. demant diamond + 
-oid.] Min. A yellow-green garnet, transparent and bril- 
liant, found in the Urals. [bounds ; delimit.] 

de-mar'cate ( de-mar'kat ; de'mar-), v. t. To mark by] 

de'mar-ca'tion (de'mar-ka'shtin), n. [From F., fr. Sp., fr. 
de- (L. de) + mar car to mark.] A marking by bounds ; as- 
certaining and settling of a limit ; separation ; distinction. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd: eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DEMARCH 



269 



DEMONOLATER 



de'march (de'mark), n. [Gr. 577/iapxos; 8ijp.os people + 
dpx«" to rule.] In classical Greece, the ruler of a deme. 

de'mar-ka'tion. Var. of demarcation. 

deme ( dem ), n. [Gr. 8fjp.os.] Gr. Hist. One of the hun- 
dred townships or administrative units (ten to each tribe) 
into which Cleisthenes divided Attica (about 50S B. a). 
Later, the number was increased. Cf. phyle. 

de-mean' (de-men'), v. t. [de- + mean, a.] To debase, lower, 
or degrade ; — usually reflexive ; as, to demean one's self. 
^W Though sometimes found in good authors, this word 
is, in present usage, colloquial and lacking in distinction. 
Humble, lower, degrade, etc., are more appropriate. 

de-mean', v. t. [OF. demener to conduct, manage ; de- (L. 
de) + mener to lead, conduct, L. minare to drive (ani- 
mals) by threatening cries, minari to threaten.] 1. To 
manage. 06s. 2. To behave or comport (one's self). 

de-mean'or, de-mean'our (-er), n. [For demeanure, fr. 2d 
demean.'] Behavior ; carriage. — Syn. See deportment. 

de-ment' (de-ment'), v. t. [L. dementare, fr. demens, 
-mentis, out of one's mind, mad ; de + mens mind.] To 
deprive of reason ; derange. Rare. 

de'men-ta'tion (de'men-ta'shun), n. Act of dementing; 
state of being demented ; madness. 

de-ment'ed (de-men'ted), p. a. Insane; mad. — de-ment'- 
ed-ly, adv. — de-ment'ed-ness, n. 

de-men'ti-a (de-men'shl-d), n. [L., fr. demens, -mentis, 
insane, mad; de + mens mind.] Insanity, usually that 
characterized by more or less apathy or indifference. 

de-mer'it (-mer'it), n. [OF. demerite, fr. L. demerere, 
-meritum, to deserve well, LL., to deserve well or ill ; de + 
merere to deserve.] Merit ; desert ; — now only in a bad 
sense ; that which deserves blame ; fault ; — opp. of merit. 

de-mes'mer-ize (de-mez'mer-iz), v. t. To bring out of the 
mesmeric state. 

de-mesne' (de-man'; -men'), n. [AF. See domain.] 1. 
Possession (of land) as one's own. 2. Eng. a An estate or 
land possessed, b Specif., a lord's chief manor house with 
its adjoining lands. 3. Region in general ; place. 

De-me'ter (-me'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. A^^p.] Gr. Rclig. 
Goddess of fruitful soil and of agriculture ; hence, goddess 
of the fruitfulness of mankind and guardian of civil life, 
esp. of marriage ; — identified by the Romans with Ceres. 

dem'i- (dem'I-). [F. demi-, fr. L. dimidius half; di- = 
dis- + medius middle.] A prefix signifying literally half-, 
semi-, and, hence, often briefer, shorter, or decidedly less 
(in size, number qualities, etc.) than is usual full or 
normal. 

Examples: demzgroat, half a groat; demibast'ion, a work 
in the form of a half bastion; demiiobe, a rcbe shorter 
than the usual form ; demztrain, a train shorter than a 
full train. 

dem'i-god' (dem'T-god' ; G2), n. An inferior deity; a hero. 
— dem'i-god'dess, n. fem. 

dem/i-john (-jon), n. [F. dame-jeanne, i. e., Lady Jane.] 
A large glass bottle, usually inclosed in wickerwork. 

dem'i-lance' (-lans'), n. A light lance, used chiefly in the 
15th and 16th centuries ; also, a demilancer. [demilance. | 

dem'i-lanc'er (-lan'ser), n. A light cavalryman bearing a| 

dem'i-lune' (dem'i-lunO, n. [F. demi-lune.] 1. A half- 
moon, or crescent. 2. Fort. A work at first designed to 
defend the entrance to a fort, and of crescent or redan 
shape and inside the line of the main ditch, but later 
developed into the ravelin (which see). 

dem'i-monde (dem'i-mond ; de-me'moNd'), n. [F. ; demi 
+ monde world, L. mundus.] Women of doubtful reputa- 
tion ; hence, the class of society to which they belong. 

dem/i-pique' (dem'I-pekO.n. [demi- -\-peak, confused with 
F. pique pike.] A kind of war saddle. 

dem'i-re-lief (-re-leiO.dem'i-re-lie'vo (-le / vo),dem / i-ri- 
lle'vo (-re-lya'vo), n. Half relief. See relief. 

dem'i-rep' (-rep'), n. [Contr. fr. demi-reputation.] A 
woman of doubtful reputation ; an adventuress. 

de-mise' (de-mTz'), n. [F. demettre, p. p. demis, demise, 
to put away, lay down; de-(L. de or dis-) + mettre to 
put, L. mittere to send.] 1. Law. The conveyance of an 
estate, usually by will or lease. 2. Transfer of the crown or 
sovereignty to a successor, as by death or abdication. 
3. Decease of a royal or princely person ; hence, grandilo- 
quently, decease. — Syn. See death. 

=- v. t. & i. ; -mised' (-mTzd') ; -mis'ing (-mTz'Tng). 1. Law. 
To convey or pass, as an estate, by will or lease ; esp., to 
lease. 2. To transmit, esp. sovereignty, or pass by succes- 
sion or inheritance. — de-mis'a-ble (-mlz'd-b'l), a. 

dem'i-sem'i-qua'ver, n. Music. A thirty-second note. 

de-mis'sicn (de-mish'iin ), n. Relinquishment ; abdication. 

de-mit' (-mTt'), v. t.; -mit'ted (-ed) ; -mit'ting. 1. To 
dismiss or let go. Archaic. 2. Tc resign (an office, etc.). 
Scot, or R. — - v. i. To resign. — n. Act of demitting ; also, 
a letter, certificate, or the like, certifying that a person has 
(honorably) demitted, as from a Masonic lodge. 
I de-mi'-tasse' (de-me'taV ; E. dem'T-tas'), n. [F. ; demi 
half + tasse cup.] A small cup for, or of, black coffee. 



dem'i-tint' (dem'T-tTnt'), n. Fine Arts. A tone intermedi- 
ate between high light and deep shade ; a medium tone ; 
also, that part of a painting, engraving, or the like, which 
exhibits the same ; — called also half tint. 

dem'i-urge (dem'i-Grj ; de'mT-), n. Also de'mi-ur'gOS (de'- 
mi-ur'gos ; dem'i-) and de'mi-ur'gus (-gus) ; pi. demiurgi 
(-jl). [Gr. 5r}ixi.ovpy6s a worker for the people, a workman, 
esp. the maker of the world, the Creator ; 617/1105 belonging 
to the people (fr. 6»}/ios the people) + ipyov a work.] 1. In 
some of the Peloponnesian states of ancient Greece, a mag- 
istrate or executive officer. 2. [cap.] Philos. a With Plato, 
the creator or fashioner of the world, b With some Gnostics, 
the creator or fashioner of the material world, sometimes 
conceived as the author of evil, identified with the Jehovah 
of the Old Testament, but inferior to the supreme God. — 
dem'i-ur'gic (-ur'jik), a. 

dem'i-volt (dem'I-volt), n. Also dem'i-volte. Manege. A 
half vault with the forelegs raised. 

dem'i-wolf ' (-woolf), n. A creature half wolf ; wolflike dog. 

de-mo'bi-lize (de-mo'bT-Hz ; -mob'I-), v. t.; -lized (-llzd) ; 
-liz'ixg (-llz'ing). _Mil. To disband, as troops. — de-mo'- 
bi-li-za'tion (-li-za'shSn; -H-za'shSn), n. 

da-moe'ra-cy (de-mok'rd-sT), 71. ; pi. -cdzs (-siz). [From F., 
fr. Gr. Sr/fioKparia ; 5rjp,os people -f- Kpartiv to be strong, 
rule.] 1. Government by the people ; government in which 
the supreme power is retained by the people and exercised 
by representation, as in a republic ; — opposed to aristoc- 
racy^ 2. A community or state so governed. 3. [cap.] The 
principles and policy of the Democratic party, so called ; 
also, that party, or its members. U. S. 

d3m/o-crat (dem'S-krat), n. 1. An adherent of democ- 
racy. 2. [cap.] A member of the Democratic party. U. S. 

dam'o-crat'ic (-krat'Ik), a. 1. Pert, to or of the nature 
of democracy. 2. Designating or pert, to a political party 
called democratic, esp. [cap/], U. S. Politics, one of the 
two great political parties since 1S28. 

dem'o-crat'i-cal (-i-kal), o. Democratic. _ 

dam'o-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. In a democratic manner. 

De'mo-gor'gon (de'mo-gor'gon ; dem'o-), n. Myth. A 
mysterious, terrible and evil divinity, commanding the 
spirits of the lower world, and appearing in medieval 
literature as a demon of magic or as a primordial creative 
power (cf. demiurge, 2 b, Gorgon). 

de-mog'ra-phy (de-mog'rd-fT), n. [Gr. Srjp.os the people -f- 
-graphy.] The statistical study of populations, as to births, 
marriages, mortality, health, etc. ; — usually restricted to 
physical conditions or vital statistics, though sometimes ap- 
plied to studies of moral and intellectual conditions. — de- 
mog'ra-pher (-fer), n. — de'mo-graph'ic (de'mo-graf- 
ik), a. — de'mo-graph'-i-cal-ly, adv. 

dDm'oi-selle' (dem'wa-zel' ; F. de-mwa/zel'), n. [F. See 
damsel.] _ 1. Young lady ; damsel. 2. 
The Numidian crane (Anthropoides 
virgo), a crane of rather small size, 
found in Asia, North Africa, and 
southeast Europe. 3. Any of numer- 
ous slender-bodied dragon flies. They 
hold theirwings vertically when at rest. 

de-mol'ish (de-mol'ish), v. t. [F. de- 
molir, fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demoli- 
tus ; de-\-moliri to construct, moles a 
huge mass or structure.] To throw or 
pull down ; hence : to ruin ; destroy. — ■ 
Syn. See destroy. — ish-er, n. — 
-ish-ment, n. R. Demoiselle, 2 

dem'o-li'tion (dem'o-lish'Sn), n. Act (Anthropoides virgo). 
of demolishing or state or fact of being demolished. 

de'mon (dc'mon), n. [L. daemon spirit, evil spirit, Gr. 
Saliiuv a divinity.] 1. A supernatural being intermediate 
between a man and a deity ; hence, a familiar spirit or 
genius. 2. An evil spirit ; a devil. 

de-mon'e-ti-za'tion (de-mon'e-tT-za'shun ; -mun'- ; -tl-za'- 
shun), n. Act of demonetizing ; state of being demonetized. 

de-mon'e-tize (de-mon'e-tiz ; -mun'-), v. t. ; -tized tlzd) ; 
-tiz'ixg_ (-tlz'ing). To deprive of standard value as money. 

de-mo'ni-ac (de-mo'ni-ak), n. One supposedly possessed 
by an evil spirit. 

de-mo'ni-ac (de-mo'ni-ak) \a. L. [daemonia- 

de / mo-m'a-cal(de / m6-nl'd-kal;dem / o-)/ cus.) 1. Influ- 
enced, produced, or possessed by a demon. 2. Pert, to, or 
characteristic of, a demon ; devilish. — Syn. See fiendish. 
— de'rno-ni'a-cal-ly, adv. 

de-mo'ni-an (de-mo'nT-an), a. Demonic. Rare. 

de-mon'ic (de-mon'ik), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, a demon, or demons. — Syn. See fiendish. 

de'mon-ism (de'mon-Tz'm), n. Belief in demons; also, 
demonology. — de'mon-ist, 77. 

de'mon-ize (de'mon-Iz), v. t. ; ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). 
1. To convert into a demon ; imbue with demonic life or 
power. 2. To control or possess by a demon. 

de'mon-ol'a-ter (-ol'd-ter), n. A demon worshiper. 




G 



H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DEMONOLATRY 



270 



DENOMINATION 



de'mon-Ol'a-try (de'mon-ol'd-trT), n. [demon -f -latry.] 
Worship of ghosts, spirits, and demonic powers. 

de'mon-ol'O-gy (-6-ji), n. [demon + -logy.'] The study of 
demons, or popular beliefs in demons ; also, belief in, or 
theory of, demons. — de'mon-ol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

de-mon'stra-bil'i-ty (de-mon'strd-bil'i-tl), n. Quality of 
being demonstrable. 

de-mon'stra-ble (-mon'strd-b'l), a. 1. That can be demon- 
strated. 2. Evident. Obs. — -mon'stra-bly (-bli), adv. 

dem'on-Strate (dem'on-strat ; de-mon'strat), v. t.; -strat'- 
ed (-strat'ed) ; -strat'ing. [L. demonstrare, p. p. -atus, to 
demonstrate ; de + monstrare to show.] 1. To point out. 
Obs. 2. To make evident ; prove. 3. To exhibit by way of 
proof or example. 

dem'on-Stra'tion (dem'on-stra'shun), n. 1. Act of demon- 
strating ; proof ; also, a proof. 2. An expression, as of the 
feelings, by outward signs ; manifestation ; show. 3. A 
public display by way of proof, example, or instruction. 
4. An exhibition of military force, or a movement indicat- 
ing an attack. 5. A procession, mass meeting, or the like, to 
manifest interest in some public matter. 6. Math. A course 
of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary 
consequence of assumed premises. 

de-mon'stra-tive (de-mon'strd-trv), a. 1. Making evi- 
dent ; exhibiting clearly. 2. Gram. Serving to designate or 
point out the thing referred to or intended ; as, a demon- 
strative pronoun or adjective, as this or that. 3. Express- 
ing, or apt to express, much ; given to the display of feeling 
or sentiment. — n. Gram. A word having a demonstrative 
function, as a demonstrative pronoun. — de-mon'stra- 
tive-ly, adv. — de-mon'stra-tive-ness, n. 

dem'on-Stra'tor (dem'on-stra'ter), n. One who makes, or 
joins in, a demonstration ; one who demonstrates. 

de-mor'al-i-za'tion (de-mor'dl-i-za'shwn ; -I-za'shim), n. 
Act of demoralizing, or state of being demoralized. 

de-mor'al-ize(de-mor'dl-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-izd) ; -iz'ingC-Tz'- 
Tng). [F. demoraliser.] 1. To corrupt in morals ; pervert or 
deprave. 2. To render untrustworthy in discipline, effi- 
ciency, spirit, or the like. 3. Hence, to disorganize. — de- 
mor'al-iz-er (-Iz'er), n. 

de'mos (de'mos), n. ; pi. demi (-ml). [L., fr. Gr. brjp.os.] 
1. A deme. 2. The commons or commonalty of an ancient 
Greek state ; hence : the common people ; the populace. 

de-mote' (de-mot'), v. t.; de-mot'ed (-mot'ed) ; -mot'ing 
(-mot'ing). [de- + mote, as in promote.'] To reduce to a 
lower grade, as in school ; — opposed to promote. Colloq. 
— de-mo'tion (-mo'shun), n. Colloq. 

de-mot'ic(-mot'ik),a. [Gr. Sthaotlkos, fr. bfjfios the people.] 
1. Of or pertaining to the people ; popular. 2. Archseol. 
Designating, or pert, to, a simplified form of the hieratic 
character, used for books, deeds, etc. Cf. hieratic. 

de-mot'ics(de-mot'iks),n. (See -ics.) Sociology in its broad- 
est sense ; — used in library cataloguing. 

de-mount'a-ble(de-moun'td-b'l),a. [See de- ; mount.] Per- 
mitting of removal from the wheel without separation from 
the tire ; — said of a certain form of automobile wheel rim. 

demp'ster (demp'ster), n. = deemster. 

de-mul'cent (de-mul'sent) , a. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of 
demulcere.] Softening ; mollifying ; soothing. — n. Med. 
A substance capable of soothing an inflamedor abraded 
mucous membrane, or of protecting it from irritation. 

de-mur' (-mur'), v. i. ; -murred' (-murd') ; -mur'ring. [OF. 
demurer, demorer, fr. L. demorari to linger ; de -f- morari 
to delay, stay, mora delay.] 1. To suspend action ; delay ; 
hesitate. Obs. or R. 2, To scruple or object ; take exception. 
3. Law. To interpose a demurrer. — Syn. See hesitate. 
— n. 1. Pause ; irresolution ; hesitation. Obs. or R. 2. Ob- 
jection ; scruple ; demurrer. 

de-mure' (de-mur'), a. [OF. meiir mature, L. maturus.] 
1. Of sober or serious mien ; staid ; grave. 2. Affectedly 
modest, serious, or grave. — Syn. Sedate, staid. See 
decorous. — de-mure'ly, adv. — de-mure'ness, n. 

de-mur'rage (-mur'aj), n. 1. Detention of a vessel, a 
railroad car, etc., by the freighter beyond the time allowed 
for loading, unloading, etc. 2. A payment or charge made 
for such detention. 

de-mur'ral (-51), n. Demur; delay. 

de-mur'rer (-mur'er), n. One who demurs. 

de-mur'rer, n. [Prob. fr. OF. infinitive demorer. See de- 
mur.] Law. A pleading which, assuming the truth of the 
matter alleged by an opponent, sets up that it is insufficient 
in law, or that there is some other patent and material de- 
fect in the pleadings constituting a legal reason for staying 
or dismissing the action. 

de-my' (de-mi'), n. ; pi. -mies (-m!z'). [See demi-.] 1. One 
having a scholarship at Magdalen College, Oxford ; — so 
called because a demy received half the allowance of a 
fellow. 2. A size of paper, about 16 X 21 inches. 

den (den), n. [AS. denn.] 1. A lair, esp. of a beast of prey ; 
hence, a cavern as a place of resort or concealment. 2. A 
squalid place of resort ; haunt. 3. Any snug and private 
retreat, as for reading. — v. i. To live in or as in a den. 



See de- 




Denarius of Julius 
Caesar, 44 b. c. 

-ized ( -Tzd ) ; -iz'- 



de-na'ri-US (de-na'rf-us ; 3),n.; pi. -rii (-1). 
nier, the coin.] 1. A Roman silver 
coin, the "penny" of the New Testa- 
ment,worth originally ten of the pieces 
called as. 2. A Roman gold coin of the 
same weight as the silver denarius. 

den'a-ry (den'd-ri; de'nd-), a. [L. 
denarius.] Containing ten ; tenfold ; 
based on, or proceeding by, tens. 

de-na'tion-al-ize (de-nash'un-dl-lz), 
v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
To deprive of national character or 
rights. — -i-za'tion (-i-za'shun), n. 

de-nat'u-ral-ize ( -nat$-rdl-lz ), v. t. ; 
ing ( -Iz'ing ). To render unnatural ; change in nature ; 
denature. — de-nat'u-ral-i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn ; -I-za'-), n. 

de-na'ture (-na'tur), v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing (-(yr- 
mg). To change the nature of ; to render unfit for eating or 
drinking without impairing usefulness for other purposes ; 
as, denatured alcohol. — de-na'tur-a'tion (-a'shftn), n. 

den'dri-fqrm (den'drT-f&rm), a. [Gr. b'evbpov tree + -form.] 
Resembling a tree in structure. 

den'drite (-drlt), n. [Gr. btvbplrvs of a tree.] A figure 
resembling a shrub or tree, in a mineral or stone ; also, the 
mineral or stone so marked. 

den-drit'ic (-dnt'ik), a. Pertaining to dendrite or to arbo- 
rescent crystallization ; arborescent. 

den'droid (den'droid) la. [Gr. bevbpoeibrjs treelike ; bev- 

den-droi'dal (den-droi'ddl)J bpov tree + elbos form.] Re- 
sembling a tree in form ; arborescent. 

den-drol'o-gy (-drol'6-ji), n. [Gr. b'evbpov tree -f- -logy.] 
The study of trees and shrubs. — den-drol'O-gist (-jist), n. 

-den'dron (-den'dron). A suffix fr. Greek bkvbpov, tree. 

dene (den), n. A sandy tract or low hill by the sea. Eng. ' 

Den'eb (den'eb), n. [Ar. al danab al dajajah the tail of the 
hen.] A star of the first magnitude in Cygnus. 

den'e-ga'tion (den'e-ga'shun), n. [F. denegation, L. den- 
egatio, fr. denegare to deny.] Contradiction ; denial. 

dene'hole' (den'holO, n. Archseol. One of a class of ancient 
excavations, chiefly found in Essex and Kent in England 
and in the valley of the Somme in France, consisting of a 
shaft sunk to the chalk formation and there enlarged into a 
chamber or chambers. 

den'gue (den'ga), n. [West Indian Sp.] A specific epi- 
demic disease, chiefly tropical, attended by fever, erup- 
tions, and severe pains ; — called also breakbone fever. 

de-ni'al (de-ni'dl), n. 1. Refusal to grant ; rejection of a 
request ; an instance of such denying ; — the opposite^ of 
compliance. 2. Refusal to admit the truth, or assertion 
of the untruth, of a thing stated ; contradiction ; — the 
opposite of affirmation. 3. Refusal to acknowledge ; disa- 
vowal ; disowning. 4. A restriction or disappointment ; a 
cross ; a hindrance ; — the opposite of indulgence ; as, a 
denial of one's appetites. 

de-ni'er (de-nl'er), n. One who denies. 

de-nier' (de-ner'), n. [F., fr. L. denarius a Roman silver 
coin orig. equiv. to ten asses, deni ten by ten.] Any of 
several old French coins, mostly of small value. 

den'i-grate (den'i-grat),-y. t.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed) ; -grat'- 
ing (-graVing). [L. denigrare; de + nigrare to blacken, 
niger black.] To blacken ; hence : to sully ; defame. — 
den'i-gra'tion (-gra'shtin), n. 

den'im (den'im),n. [F. serge de Nimessergeoi Nimes.Ox/. 
E. D.] 1. A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, carpet- 
ing, etc. 2. A finer variety used for cushions, hangings, etc. 

de-ni'trate (de-nl'trat), v. t.; -trat-ed (-trat-ed); -trat- 
ING (-trat-ing). To deprive of nitric acid, nitrates, or 
oxides of nitrogen. — de'ni-tra'tion (de'nl-tra'shwn), n. 

de-ni'tri-fi-ca'tion (de-nl'tri-fi-ka'shiin), n. Act or proc- 
ess of denitrifying; specif., a process by which nitrates 
are reduced, with the formation of nitrites, oxides of nitro- 
gen, ammonia, or free nitrogen ; — opp. to nitrification. 

de-ni'tri-fy (-nl'tri-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl 7 - 
lng). \_de- + nitrogen + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, 
nitrogen or its compounds ; to subject to denitrification. 

den'i-za'tion (den'i-za'shwn), n. Act of making one a 
denizen, or state of being made a denizen. 

den'i-zen (den'i-zen), n. [OF. denzein, prop, one living, 
within (a city or country), fr. denz within, L. de intus, 
prop., from within.] 1. An inhabitant. 2. One admitted to 
residence in a foreign country ; esp., an alien admitted to 
rights of citizenship. 3. One naturalized in any society, 
fellowship, or region ; — often applied to a word, animal, 
or plant. — Syn. See inhabitant. — v. t. 1. To consti- 
tute (one) a denizen. 2. To provide with denizens. 

de-nom'i-nate (de-nom'i-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'ing. [L. denominatus, p. p. ; de + nominare to call 
byname.] To give a name to ; call.— (-nat), a. Having a 
specific name ; concrete ; thus, 7 feet is a denominate quan- 
tity, but 7 is a mere abstract quantity or number. 

de-noml-na'tion (-na'shftn), n. 1. Act of denominating. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event gnd. recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, 6p, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^nre, verdure (87) : 



DENOMINATIONAL 



271 



DEPARTMENT 



2. A name, designation, or title ; esp., a general name for 
a class. 3. A class or society having a specinc name ; sect. 
4. One of a series of related units or values denoted by spe- 
cial names ; as, the denominations of United States 
money ($1, $2, $5, etc.). — Syn. See name. 

de-nom'i-na'tion-al (-al), a. Pert, to a denomination, esp. 
a sect ; sectarian. — de-nom'i-na'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 

de-nom'i-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. 1. Conferring a denomina- 
tion, or name. 2. Derived from a substantive or an adjec- 
tive; as, a. denominative verb.— n. A denominative word. 

de-nom/i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 1. One that denominates; 
hence, origin or source of a name. 2. The part of a frac- 
tion below the horizontal line. In simple fractions it shows 
into how many equal parts the unit is divided. 

de-not'a-ble (de-not'd-b'l), a. That can be denoted. 

de'no-ta'tion (de'no-ta'shtm), n. 1. The marking off or sep- 
aration of anything ; a sign, indication, or token ; name ; 
designation. 2. Meaning or signification. 3. Logic. The 
individuals or instances falling under any conception or 
term and so, partly at least, definable by it ; — contrasted 
with connotation. 

Syn. Denotation, connotation. The denotation of a 
word is its actual meaning ; its connotation, that which 
it suggests or implies in addition to its actual meaning. 
Thus, in the line: " Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world, " 
the denotation of "sirup" is the idea of a thick, viscid, sac 
charine solution. The following comment brings out its 
connotation: " 'Sirup' ... is not 'juice,' or 'potion.'or 
'essence,' or 'extract,' nor anything but that heavy liquid 
sweetness whose very sluggishness suggests its power in 
reserve, whose inertness by contrast renders its essence 
more quick, and it is redolent of its home in the East. " 

de-not'a-tive (de-not'd-tTv), a. Having power to denote; 
designating or marking off. 

de-note' (de-not'), v. t.; -not'ed (-not'ed); -nothing. [L. 
denotare; de -f- notare to mark.] 1. To mark out plainly ; 
indicate. 2. To betoken ; signify. 3. Logic. To signify by 
way of denotation. — de-note'ment (-merit), n. 

D de-noue'ment (da-noo'maN ; da'noo'maN'), n. [F., fr. de- 
nouer to untie ; de (L. dis-) -f- nouer to tie, L. nodus knot.] 
1. The unraveling or solving of a plot, esp. the plot of a 
drama or a romance ; catastrophe. 2. Outcome or solution, 
as of a situation or a mystery. 

de-nounce' (de-nouns') ,v. t. ; -NOUNCED'(-nounst') ; -nounc'- 
ing (-noun'smg). [F. denoncer, fr. L. denuntiare, denun- 
ciare; de + nuntiare, nunciare, to announce, nuntius 
messenger, message.] 1. To proclaim (esp. an evil) ; of 
things, to portend. Archaic. 2. To threaten by some out- 
ward sign or expression. 3. To give notice of the termina- 
tion of (a treaty, etc.). 4. To invoke censure on ; stigma- 
tize ; accuse ; also, to inform against. — de-nounce'ment 
(-ment), n. — de-nounc'er (de-noun'ser), n. 

dense (dens), a.; DENS'ER(den'ser) ; dens'est. [L. densus."] 
1. Having its parts crowded together ; compact ; close. 2. 
Of ignorance, etc., impenetrable ; hence, of persons, stupid. 

3. Photog. Highly opaque ; as, a dense negative. — dense'- 
ly, adv. — dense'ness, n. 

den-sim/e-ter (den-sim'e-ter), n. [L. densus dense -f- 
-meterJ] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity 
or density of a substance. 
den'si-ty (den'sT-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being dense ; — opposed to rarity. 2. The ratio of 
mass to bulk or volume ; ratio of the mass of any volume 
of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of some 
standard substance, as water, or hydrogen or air. 
dent (dent), n. [Var. of dint.] Slight depression as from a 
blow or pressure ; indentation. — Syn. See dint. — v. t. 
To make a dent on ; indent. — v. i. To become indented. 
dent, n. [ F., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth ; ] A tpothlike 
notch, as of a card, gear wheel, etc. ; also, in pi., the pro- 
jections between a series of such notches, 
den'tal (den'tal), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. Pertain- 
ing to the teeth or to dentistry. 2. Phon. Articulated 
with the tip of the tongue applied to the back of the upper 
front teeth, or to the gum above ; — said of certain conso- 
nants, as t, d, n. — n. A dental consonant, 
den'tate (-tat), a. [L. dentatus.] Having a toothed margin 

or toothlike projections. See leaf, Illust. 
dan-ta'tion (den-ta/shi2n), n. Quality or state of being den- 
tate ; also, a toothlike projection. See leaf, Illust. 
den'te-lat'ed, den'tel-lat'ed (den'te-lat'ed), o. [F. dentele, 
fr. a dim. of OF. & F. dent tooth, L. dens, dentis.] 1. Hav- 
ing small teeth or indentations ; finely notched. 2. Marked 
with irregular hatchings, festoons, or lacelike figures pro- 
ducing toothlike markings, [jecting point ; Arch., a dentil. I 
den'ti-cle (-ti-k'l), n. [L. denticulus.] Small tooth or pro-| 
den-tic'u-late (den-tlk'u-lat) \a. 1. Having very small 
den-tic'u-lat'ed (-tTk'u-lut'ed) / tooth-like projections, as a 
leaf. 2. Arch. Cutintodentils. — den-tic'U-late-ly, adv. — 
den-tic'u-la'tion (-la'shSn), n. 
den'ti-form (den'tT-form), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + 
form.] Tooth-shaped. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. 



den'ti-frice (-fris), n. [L. dentifricium; dens, dentis, 
tooth -+- fricare to rub.] A tooth powder, paste, or wash. 

den'til (-til), n. [F. (loth century) dentille.] Arch. A 
small rectangular block in a series projecting like teeth, 
as on the under side of a cornice. 

den'tine (-tin), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] A calcareous 
material composing the main part of a tooth ; ivory. 

den'ti-phone (-tT-fon), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth -f- 
-phone.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, 
conveys sound to the auditory nerve. 

den'tist (-tist), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] One whose 
profession it is to treat the teeth and to make and supply 
artificial ones ; a dental surgeon. 

den'tist-ry (-tis-trT), n. The art or profession of a dentist. 

den-ti'tlon (dcn-tish'wn), n. [L. dentitio, fr. dentire to 
cut teeth.] l.The development of teeth ; teething. 2. The 
number, kind, and arrangement of teeth of an animal. 

den'ture (den'tur), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] A set of 
teeth ; specif., Dentistry, a set of artificial teeth. 

ds-nud'ate (de-nud'at; den'u-dat ), a. Bare; denuded. 

den'u-date (den'u-dut; de-nud'at), v. t. To denude. 

den u-da'tion (den'u-da'shun ; de'nu-), n. Act of denud- 
ing ; state of being denuded. 

de-nude' (de-niid'), v. t.; -nud'ed (-nud'ed) ; -nud'ing. [L. 
denudare; de -\- nudare to denude, nudus naked.] To di- 
vest of all covering ; strip ; Geol., to lay bare by erosion. 

de-nun'ci-ate (-nun'shi-at ; -si-at), v. t. [L. denuntiatus, 
-ciatus, p. p. See denounce.] To denounce. 

de-nun'ci-a'tion (-sT-a'shim ; -shi-a'shiln), n. 1. Act of de- 
nouncing ; as : a Proclamation. Obs. b Announcement, 
threat, or warning, as of impending evil. C Public accusa- 
tion ; arraignment. 2. That by which anything is de- 
nounced ; a threat of evil ; a public menace or accusation. 

de-nun'ci-a-tive (-niin'shi-a-tiv ; -si-a-tiv), a. Denunci- 
atory ; apt to denounce. — de-nun'ci-a-tive-ly, adv. 

de-nun'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who denounces. 

de-nun'ci-a-to-ry (-a-to-ri) ? a. Pertaining to, character- 
ized by, or given to, denunciation ; accusing ; threatening. 

de-ny' (de-nl'), v. t. ; -nied' (-nld') ; -ny'ing. [OF. deneier 
( 3d. sing. pr. il denie ), F. denier, fr. L. denegare; de + 
negare to deny.] 1. To declare not to be true ; contradict ; 
— opp. to affirm, allow, or admit. 2. To disclaim connec- 
tion with or responsibility for ; disown. 3. To reject as a 
false conception. 4. To refuse to grant or gratify, as a re- 
quest or one requesting. 5. To refuse (to do, or to accept, 
something) ; decline. Obs. 

Syn. Gainsay, dispute, oppose, contest, disprove, contra- 
vene, controvert, refute, confute, overthrow. — Deny, 
contravene, controvert, refute, confute agree in the 
idea of opposing by words or arguments. To deny is to 
declare to be untrue or untenable ; to contravene is 
in general to run counter to or to conflict with (often by 
act as well as word) ; _ as, to deny a report, contravene a 
truth. To controvert is to dispute or oppose ; to refute, 
to disprove or overthrow ; to confute, to prove (a reason or 
opinion) to be wrong or false, or to overwhelm and put to 
silence (an opponent) — all bywords or arguments; as, 
to controvert a point of law ; to refute a charge, an argument, 
an opponent ; to confute an error, a sophistry. 
to deny one's self, to decline the gratification of appe- 
tites or desires: to practice self-denial. 

de-OD'Stni-ent (de-ob'stroo-ent), a. Med. Removing ob- 
structions ; aperient. — n. A medicine which removes 
obstructions; an aperient. 

de'0-dand (de'6-dand), n. [From LL., fr. L. Deo dandum 
to be given to God.] A thing to be given or forfeited to 
God ; Eng. Law, a thing which, having caused the death of 
a person, was forfeited to the crown for pious uses. 

de'o-dar' (-dar'),w. [Native name, fr. Skr. devaduru, prop., 
timber of the gods.] An East Indian species (Cedrus deo- 
dara) of cedar. 

de-o'dor-ant (de-o'der-ant), n. A deodorizing agent. 

de-o'dor-ize(de-o'der-Iz), v.t. ;-iZED(-Izd) ; -iz'rNGt-IzTng). 
To deprive of odor, esp. offensive odor. — de-o'dor-i-za'- 
tion (-!-za'shwn ; -T-za'-J, n. — de-o'dor-iz'er, n. 
de'on-tol'0-gy (de'on-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. 5kov, bkovros, 
necessity, obligation (p. neut. of Set it is necessary) -f- 
-logy.~\ The science or theory of duty or moral obligation ; 
the ethics of duty. — de-on'to-log'i-cal (de-on'to-loj'I- 
kal), a. — de'on-tol'0-gist (de'on-tol'6-jist), n. 
d3-0X'i-dize (de-ok'si-dlz), v. t. To deprive of oxygen ; re- 
duce from the state of an oxide. — de-ox'i-di-za'ticn (-di- 
za'shwn ; -dl-za'shun), n. — de-ox'i-diz'er (-dlz'cr), n. 
de-paint' (de-pant'), v. t. [From F.] To paint ; depict. Ar- 
chaic. 
de-part' (de-part'), v. i. [F. departir to divide, se departir 
to depart; de- (L. de) + partir to part, depart, L. 
partire, partiri, to divide, pars, partis, part.] 1. To go 
forth or away ; leave ; — opp. to arrive. 2. To pass away ; 
die. 3. To turn aside ; deviate ; — used with from. — v. t. 
To leave. Archaic— n. A departure ; specif., death. Obs. 
de-part'ment (-ment), n. 1. A part or subdivision. 2. A 
distinct division or co urse of something, as of action, study. 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. - equals, 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



DEPARTMENTAL 



272 



DEPRECATINGLY 



etc. ; sphere ; province. 3. A subdivision of business or offi- 
cial duty ; esp., a division of governmental administration. 
4. A territorial division ; a district, as one under military 
regulation. 

de'part-men'tal (de'part-men'tal), a. Of or pert, to a de- 
partment or departments ; organized by departments ; as, a 
departmental school, in which each teacher teaches a single 
subject. [arranged in departments.! 

department Store. A store keeping a great variety of goods] 

de-par'ture (de-par' tj5r), a. 1. A departing, or going away ; 
a setting out or beginning. 2. Death ; decease. 3. Devi- 
ation or abandonment, as from or of a course of action. 
4. Navig. a The distance due east or west made by a ship 
in its course, b A ship's position in latitude and longitude at 
the beginning of a voyage as a point from which to begin the 
dead reckoning. 5. Surv. The distance to which a course 
extends east or west. 

de-pas'ture (de-pas'tur), v. t. & i. To pasture ; graze. 

de-pau'per-ate (de-po'per-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-aVed); 
-at'ing (-at'ing). [LL. depauperatus, p. p. of depaupe- 
rate to impoverish ; L. de -f- pauperare to make poor, 
pauper poor.] To make poor ; impoverish ; pauperize. 

— (-at), a. Impoverished. Obs., exc. Bot. : Stunted from 
being impoverished or starved. 

de-pend' (-pend'), v. i. [F. dependre, fr. L. dependere, 
confused with pendere to hang, v. t. ; de -f- penderc, pen- 
dere, to hang.] 1. To hang down. 2. To be pending, or 
undetermined. 3. To rely for support; be conditioned or 
contingent (on or upon) ; to be in subjection (to). 4. To 
trust ; rely (on or upon). 

de-pend'a-ble (de-pen'dd-b'l), a. Trustworthy. 

de-pend'ant (de-pen'ddnt). Var. of dependent. 

de-pend'ence (-dens), n. 1. Act or state of depending, or 
hanging ; suspension. 2. State of being influenced and de- 
termined by, or of being conditional on, something else. 3. 
Mutual connection and support ; interdependence. 4. State 
of depending, or being subject ; subjection ; inability to pro- 
vide for one's self. 5. That which depends ; anything at- 
tached as subordinate to, or contingent on, something else. 
6. Reliance ; trust. 7. That on which one depends or relies. 

de-pend'en-cy (-den-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. State of 
being dependent ; dependence. 2. That which depends ; a 
thing attached to something else as its consequence, subor- 
dinate, satellite, or the like ; a dependence (sense 5) . 3. A 
subject territory, esp. a distinct, often remote, province. 

de-pend r ent (-dent), a. 1. Hanging down. 2. Relying on 
something else for support ; not self-sustaining ; contingent 
or conditioned ; subordinate. 

de-pend'ent (-dent), de-pend'ant (-dant), n. 1. That which 
depends ; a dependency. 2. One sustained by another or re- 
lying on another for support or favor. 

de-pnase'(de-faz'), v. t.; -phased' (-filzd') ; -phasing (-faV- 
Ing). Elec. To put out of phase, as the two parts of a single 
alternating current. 

de'phlo-gis / ti-cate(de / fl6-jis , ti-kat), v. t. Old Chem. To de- 
prive of phlogiston. — de'phlo-gis'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. 

de-pict' (de-pikt'), v. t. [L. depictus, p. p. of depingere to 
depict ; de + pingere to paint.] 1. To represent by a pic- 
ture. 2. To portray in words ; describe. [sentation. | 

de-pic'tion (-pik'shun), n. Act of depicting ; also, a repre-j 

de-pic'ture (-tiir), v. t. To picture ; depict. — n. A depic- 
tion ; painting. 

dep'i-late (dep'i-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
depilatus, p. p. of depilare to depilate ; de + pilare to put 
forth hairs, pilus hajr.] To strip of hair. 

dep'i-la'tion (dep'i-la'shun), n. Act of depilating. 

de-pil'a-to-ry (de-pil'd-to-ri), a. Having the quality or 
power of depilating. — n. A depilatory substance or agent. 

de-plete'(de-plet'), v. t.; -PLET'ED(-pleVed) ; -plet'ing. [L. 
deplere to empty out ; de- + plere to fill.] 1. To empty or 
unload, as the vessels of the body by blood-letting or purga- 
tion. 2. To exhaust, as of strength or resources. — de-ple'- 
tive (-pll'tiv), a.&n. ple'to-ry (-to-ri), a. [depleted.| 

de-ple'tion (-ple'shiin), n. Act of depleting ; state of being j 

de-plor'a-ble (-plor'd-b'l ; 57) , a. Worthy of being deplored ; 
lamentable ; sad ; grievous. — de-plor'a-bly, adv. 

de-plore' (de-plor' ; 57), v. t. ; de-plored' (-plord') ; -plor'- 
ing. [L. deplorare ; de + plorare to cry out, lament.] To 
feel or express deep grief for ; lament ; mourn. 
Syn. Deplore, lament, bewail, bemoan. To deplore is 
to regret profoundly. Lament commonly implies a strong 
or demonstrative expression of sorrow. Bewail and be- 
moan imply poignant distress, bewail commonly suggest- 
ing louder, bemoan, more lugubrious, expression of grief. 

de-ploy' (de-ploi'), v. t. & i. [F. deploy er ; de- = des (L. 
dis-) + ployer, equiv. to plier to fold, fr. L. plicare.~\ 
Mil. To extend the front ; spread out in front. — n. Act 
of deploying ; state of being deployed. — de-ploy'ment, n. 

de-plume' (-ploom' ; 86), v. t. ; de-plumed' (-ploomd') ; 
-plum'ing (-ploom'ing). [From LL., fr. L. de + plumare 
to cover with feathers, pluma feather.]_ To strip of 
feathers ; pluck. — de'plu-ma'tion (de'ploo-ma'slnm), n 




[L. deponere, depositum, to put down, LL., to assert 
under oath ; de + ponere to put.] 1. To deposit ; also, 
to wager. 06s. or R. 2. To testify under oath ; depose. 

de-po'nent (de-po'nent), n. [L. deponens.~\ 1. One who 
testifies under oath, usually in writing. 2. A deponent 
verb. — a. Gram. Having the form of the passive voice 
with an active meaning, as certain Latin and Greek verbs. 

de-pop'u-late (-pop'u-lat), a. Depopulated. Archaic. 

de-pop'u-late (-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
depopulatus, p. p., deriv. of de + populari to ravage, 
populus people.] To deprive of inhabitants, wholly or in 
part. pop'u-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. — -pop'u-la'tor, n. 

de-port' (-port' ; 57), v. t. [F. deporter, fr. L. deportare to 
carry away ; de + portare to carry.] 1. To behave ; — 
used reflexively ; as, to deport one's self well. 2. To banish ; 
transport ; remove. — n. Bearing ; deportment. 06s. 

dp'por-ta'tion (de'por-ta'shim ; dep'or-),^. Act of deport- 
ing ; state of being deported ; specif., removal, from a coun- 
try, of an alien considered inimical to the public welfare ; — 
disting. from transportation and extradition. 

de-port'ment (de-port'ment ; 57), n. Manner of deporting 
one's self ; behavior ; demeanor ; bearing. 
Syn. Deportment, demeanor, bearing, port, air, 
mien, manner. Deportment applies esp. to one's actions 
in relation to the external, often conventional, amenities 
of life ; demeanor, rather to one's attitude or behavior 
with reference to others ; as, lessons in deportment ; a polite 
demeanor. Bearing is more particularly the manner of 
carrying or conducting one's self ; as, a military bearing. 
Port is chiefly elevated or poetical for bearing. Air suggests 
rather look or appearance, considered (esp.) as peculiar, 
significant, or expressive ; as, an air of indifference. In 
the plural, air suggests affectation ; as, to put on airs. 
Mien is chiefly elevated or poetical for air or aspect. Man- 
ner denotes characteristic or customary mode of acting, 
esp.as to attitude, gesture, or address ; as, something in the 
boy's manner attracted attention. In the plural, manner 
suggests the outward signs of conformity to the conven- 
tions of polite intercourse ; as, the manners of a lady. 

de-pos'a-ble (de"-poz'd-b'l), a. Liable to be deposed. 

de-pos'al (-poz'dl), n. Act of deposing, as from office. 

de-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'ing). 
[F. deposer, fr. de- (L. de) -f- poser to place.] 1. To remove 
from a throne or other high station ; deprive of office. 2. 
To remove. 06s. 3. To say under oath, esp. by an affidavit. 

— Syn. Degrade, reduce. — v. i. To bear witness ; make 
deposition. 

de-pos'it (-pSz'it), v. t. [L. depositus, p. p. of deponere. 
See depone.] 1. To lodge for safe-keeping or as a pledge ; 
intrust ; put on deposit in a bank. 2. To lay down ; place ; 
to let fall or throw down (as sediment). — n. 1. Something 
intrusted to another ; esp. : a Money lodged with a banker, 
subject to order, b A pledge or security. 2. That which is 
deposited, or laid or thrown down. 3. A depository. 4. 
State of being deposited ; as, money on deposit. 

de-posfi-ta-ry (-i-ta-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). 1. The one 
receiving a deposit. 2. A storehouse ; depository. 

dep'o-si'tion (dep'o-zish'&n ; de'po-), n. 1. Act of depos- 
ing, as a sovereign. 2. A testifying or testimony under oath, 
esp. in writing. 3. An opinion, statement, etc., laid down or 
asserted ; testimony ; evidence. 4. Act of depositing ; a put- 
ting down or laying aside ; a committing for safe-keeping ; a 
throwing down ; precipitation. 5. That which is deposited ; 
sediment. 

de-pos'i-tor (de-poz'i-ter), n. One who makes a deposit. 

de-pos'i-to-ry (de-poz'i-to-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. = 
depositary, 1. 2. Place where anything is deposited, as 
for storage or sale. 

de'pot (de'po ; da'po ; dep'o), n. [F. depot, fr. L. deposi- 
tum adeposit. See deposit.] 1. Mil. a A place where am- 
munition, provisions, etc., are kept, b A station where re- 
cruits are assembled and trained. 2. A warehouse ; store- 
house. 3. A railroad station. U. S. — Syn. See station. 

dep'ra-va'tion (dep'rd-va'shun ; de'prd-), n. Act of deprav- 
ing ; corruption ; depravity. 

de-prave' (de-prav'), v. t. ; de-praved' (-pravd') ; -prav'ing 
(-prav'ing). [L. depravare, depravatum ; de + pravus 
crooked, perverse, wicked.] 1. To malign. 06s. 2. To viti- 
ate ; corrupt ; pervert ; — chiefly with reference to morals. 

— Syn. Contaminate, pollute. — de-prav'er (-prav'er), n. 
de-praved' (-pravd'), p. a. Characterized by debasement, 

corruption, or degeneration. — Syn. See corrupt. 

de-prav'i-ty (-prav'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being depraved. 2. A depraved act or practice. 

dep're-cate (dep're-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. deprecatus, p. p. of deprecari, to avert by prayer, dep- 
recate ; de -f- precari to pray.] 1. To pray against, as an 
evil; seek to avert as by supplication. Archaic. 2. To 
express disapproval of. — dep're-cat'ing-ly, adv. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, stSft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, veT dure (87) ; 



DEPRECATION 



273 



DERMATOGEN 



dep're-ca'tion (dSp're-ka'shun), to. Act of deprecating; 
strong expression of disapprobation. 

iep're-ca-tive (dep're-ka-tiv) , a. Deprecatory. [tive.l 

dep're-ca-to-ry (-to-n), a. Serving to deprecate ; depreca-| 

de-pre'ci-ate (de-pre'shi-at), v. t. & **.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; 
-at'ing. [L. depretiatus, p. p. of depretiare ; de + pre- 
tiare to prize, pretium price.] To lessen in price or esti- 
mated value (cf. appreciate) ; also, to disparage. — Syn. 
See decry. 

de-pre'ci-a'tion (-a'shun), to. Act of depreciating ; state of 
being depreciated. 

de-pre'ci-a-tor, n. One who depreciates. [date I 

de-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-d-to-n), a. Serving or tending to depre-| 

dep're-date (depTe-dat), v. t. & i.; -dat'ed (-dat'ed); 
-dat'ing. [L. depraedatus, p. p. of depraedari ; de + 
praedari to plunder, praeda plunder.] To plunder ; de- 
spoil ; lay waste ; prey upon. 

dep're-da'tion (-da'shim), to. Act of depredating ; a despoil- 
ing or destructive operation ; as, the sea makes depreda- 
tions on the land. 

dep're-da'tor (dep're-da'ter), to. One who depredates. 

de-press' (de-pres'), v. t. [L. depressus, p. p. of depri- 
mere; de -f- premere to press.] 1. To overcome ; also, to 
repress. 06s. 2. To press down ; let fall ; lower. 3. To les- 
sen the activity, amount, or the like, of ;makedull, as trade, 
etc. 4. To lower the pitch of, as the voice. 5. To lessen in 
value or price. 6. To sadden. — Syn. Sink, lower, abase, 
cast down, discourage. See oppress. 

de-press'ant (-ant), a. That lowers functional or vital 
activity. — n. An agent that does this, as tobacco or aconite. 

de-pressed' (-prest'), a. 1. Pressed or forced down ; low- 
ered ; sunk ; hence, dejected, dispirited, etc. 2. Bot. Verti- 
cally flattened ; concave on the upper surface. 3. Zo'ol. 
Having the vertical diameter, as of the body, shorter than 
the horizontal. Cf . compressed, 2 b. 

de-pres'sion (-presh'im), to. 1. Act of depressing ; state of 
being depressed ; also, that which is depressed or is made by 
depressing. 2. Specif. : a Astron. Angular distance of a ce- 
lestial object below the horizon ; negative altitude, b Surv. 
Angular distance of an object beneath the horizontal plane 
of the observer. C Med. Lowering of vitality or functional 
activity ; state of being subnormal in physical and mental 
vitality or force, d Music. The flatting or lowering of a tone. 

de-pres'sive (-pres'Iv), a. Depressing or tending to depress. 

de-pres'so-mo'tor (de-pres'6-mo'ter), a. Med. Depressing 
or diminishing the capacity for movement ; as, depresso- 
motor nerves, which lower or inhibit muscular activity. 

— to. Any agent that depresses the activity of the motor 
centers, as a bromide. 

de-pres'sor (de-pres'er), to. One who, or that which, de- 
presses, as a muscle that depresses or draws down a part. 

depressor nerve. A nerve which lowers the activity of an 
organ ; as, the depressor nerve of the heart. 

de-priv'a-ble (de-prlv'd-b'l), a. Liable to be deprived. 

de-priv'al (-dl), n. Act of depriving ; deprivation. 

dep'ri-va'tion (dep'ri-va'shun), to. Act of depriving; 
state of being deprived ; privation. 

de-prive' (de-prlv'), v. t.; -prived' (-privd'); -prtv'ing 
(-prlv'ing). [L. de -f- privare to bereave, deprive.] 1. To 
take away ; destroy. 06s. 2. To dispossess ; bereave ; debar ; 
divest, as of a title to property or an office or dignity. 

depth (depth), to. [From deep.] 1. That which is deep; 
specif., the watery deep. 2. The innermost part of any- 
thing ; also, the mid time of a dark or cold season. 3. Qual- 
ity of being deep ; deepness ; also, distance from the point 
of view or from a given point, as upward from the surface or 
backward from the front ; as, the depth of the sky ; the 
depth of a body of troops. 4. Profoundness ; degree of in- 
tensity. 5. Lowness of pitch. 

dep'U-rate (dep'u-rat; de-pii'rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed; 
-rat-ed) ; -ra'ting (-ing). [LL. depuratus, p. p. of de- 
purare to purify ; L. de -\-purare to purify, purus clean, 
pure.] To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or 
feculence ; purify ; cleanse. — dep'u-ra'tion (-ra'shim), to. 

dep'U-ra-tive (dep'u-ra-tTv), a. Med. Tending to depu- 
rate ; purifying the blood ; cleansing. — to. A depurative 
remedy or agent. « 

dep'u-ra'tor (-ra'ter), to. That which depurates. 

dep'u-ta'tion (dep'u-ta'shun), to. 1. Act of deputing; ap- 
pointment ; delegation. 2. A person or persons deputed to 
act in one's behalf ; a delegation. 3. An appointment as 
gamekeeper. 06s. or Hist., Eng. 

de-pute' (de-put'), v. t. ; -put'ed (-put'e'd) ; -put'tng. [F. de- 
puter, fr. L. deputare to esteem, consider, in LL., to allot ; 
de-\- putare to set in order, think.] 1. To appoint as dep- 
uty ; delegate. 2. To assign to or as to a deputy. 

dep'u-tize (dep'u-tlz), v. t. To depute. Chiefly U. S. 

dep'u-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. depute, prop. p. p.] 
1. One appointed to act for another ; a substitute in office ; 
delegate. 2. A member of a legislative chamber of deputies. 
— Syn. Representative, legate, envoy, agent, factor. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. !i Foreign Word. 



de-rac'i-nate (de-ras'T-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'e'd) ; -nam- 
ing. [F. deraciner ; de- (L. dis-) + racine root, L. radix, 
radicis."] To pluck up by the roots ; extirpate. Rare. \_R.\ 

de-rac'i-na'tion (-na'shiin), to. Eradication; extirpation.| 

de-raign' (-ran'), v. t. [OF. deraisnier, desraisnier, fr. LL. 
derationare, disrationare; de or dis — \- rationare to dis- 
course, contend in law, fr. L. ratio reason, in LL., legal 
cause.] 06s. or Hist. 1. Law. To prove or vindicate, esp. 
by wager of battle ; also, to dispute or defend (a claim, de- 
mand, etc.) ; contest. 2. To lay or vindicate a claim to, esp. 
by wager of battle, legal proceedings, etc. 

de-rail' (-ral'), v. t. [F. derailler; d4 (L. dis-) + rail rail.] 
To cause to run off the rails. — de-rail'ment (-ment), n. 

de-range' (de-ranj'), v. t.; -ranged' (-ranjd') ; -rang'ing 
(-ran'jing). [F. deranger, fr. de- (L. dis-) + ranger to 
range.] 1. To disarrange ; disturb. 2. To render insane. 
3. To disturb in action cr function, as a part or organ, or 
the whole of a machine or organism. — Syn. Disorder, 
displace, confuse, discompose, ruffle, disconcert. 

de-ranged' (de-ran jd'), p. a. Disordered ; insane. 

de-range'ment (-ranj'ment), to. Act of deranging ; state of 
being deranged; esp., mental disorder; insanity; madness. 

de-ray' (-ra') ( to. [OF. desrei; des- (L. dis-) + rei order.] 
Disorder; esp., disorderly merriment. Archaic. 

Der'by (dur'bi ; in England usually dar'bi, the southern 
English pron.), to. 1. A certain race (instituted by an 
Earl of Derby in 1780) for three-year-old horses, run 
annually at Epsom (near London), England. 2. [Z. c] A 
stiff felt hat usually with a dome-shaped crown. 

dere. Var. of dear, hard. 

der'e-lict (der'e-likt), a. [L. derelictus, p. p. of derelin- 
quere to abandon ; de + relinquere to leave.] 1. Aban- 
doned by the natural owner or guardian. 2. Unfaithful ; 
neglectful of duty. Chiefly U. S. — n. 1. Law. a A thing 
voluntarily abandoned, esp. a vessel at sea. b A tract of 
land left dry by water receding from its bed. 2. A person 
abandoned, or without the pale of respectable society. 
3. One guilty of unfaithfulness to duty. Chiefly U. S. 

der'e-lic'tion (-lik'shwn), to. 1. A forsaking ; abandonment. 
2. A failure in duty. 3. State of being abandoned. 4. Law. 
A retiring of the sea or a body of water, so that land above 
high-water mark is gained. See derelict, to., 1 b. 

de-ride' (de-rid'), v. t.; -rtd'ed (-rid'ed) ; -rid'ing. [L. 
deridere, derisum; de -f- rider e to laugh.] To laugh at 
with contempt ; mock. — Syn. Insult, taunt, jeer, banter, 
rally. See ridicule. — de-rid'er (-rld'er), to. 

de-ris'i-ble (-riz'T-b'l), a. Deserving derision or scorn. 

de-ri'sion (-rizh'un), to. 1. Act of deriding ; state of being 
derided ; mockery. 2. An object that is derided. — Syn. 
Scorn, mockery, contempt, insult, ridicule. 

de-ri'sive (-rl'siv), a. Expressing, or serving for, derision. 
— de-ri'sive-ly, adv. — de-ri'sive-ness, to. 

de-ri'so-ry (de-rl'so-ri), a. Derisive. 

de-riv'a-ble (-rlv'd-b'l), a. That can be derived. 

der'i-va'tion (deVi-va'shim), to. 1. Act or process of deriv- 
ing anything from a source. 2. That from which a thing is 
derived ; origin ; extraction. 3. Philol. Development of a 
word from its more original or radical elements ; also, a 
statement of the origin and history of a word. 4. Math. The 
operation of deducing one function from another according 
to some fixed law; specif., the operation of differentiation 
or of finding the derivative. — der'i-va'tion-al (-21), a. 

de-riv'a-tive (de-riv'd-tiv), a. Derived, transmitted, or de- 
duced ; hence, not radical, original, or fundamental. 

— to. 1. That which is derived. 2. Gram. A word derived 
from another by any process of word development ; any 
simple word not a primitive or root. 3. Music. A chord, 
not fundamental, but obtained from another, esp. by 
inversion ; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root implied 
in its harmonics in an actual chord. 4. Chem. A substance 
so related to another substance by modification or partial 
substitution as to be regarded as derived from it, even when 
not obtainable from it in practice ; as, the amido com- 
pounds are derivatives of ammonia. tive-ly, adv. 

de-rive' (de-rlv'), v. t.; -rived' (-rlvd') ; -riv'ing (-rlv'ing) 
[F. deriver, L. derivare; de + rivus stream, brook.] 1. 
To receive, as from a source ; obtain by descent or trans- 
mission ; deduce. 2. To trace the origin, descent, or deriva- 
tion of, as of a word. 3. To bring ; to bring down (upon). 
06s. 4. Chem. To obtain (one substance) from another by 
actual or theoretical substitution ; as, to derive an organic 
acid from its corresponding hydrocarbon. — Syn. Trace, de- 
duce, infer. — v. i. To originate ; proceed. — de-riv'er, to. 

-derm. A suffix signifying skin, integument, covering, fr. 
Gr. 5kpna, -aros, skin. 

der'ma (dur'md), to. [See -derm.] Anat. The sensitive layer 
of the skin beneath the epidermis. — der'mal (-mdl), a. 

der-mat'o-gen (der-mat'6-jen ; dfir'md-to-jen), n. [Gr. 5ep- 
iua, -aros, skin + -gen.'] Bot. The thin external layer of 
meristematic tissue covering the growing points of plants, 
and giving ris e to the epidermis. 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
-I- combined with, = equate, 



H 



J 



K 



M 



DERMATOID 



274 



DESIGN 



der'ma-toid (dur'md-toid), a. [Gr. 5kpy.a, -aros, skin -f- 
-oid.'] Resembling skin. 

der'ma-tol'o-gy (-md-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. Sipua, -aros, skin 
+ -logy.~] The science treating of the skin, its structure, 
functions, and diseases. — der'ma-to-log'i-cal ( -to-loj'I- 
kdl), a. — der'ma-tol'o-gist (-tol'6-jist), n. 

der'ma-to-phyte' (dur'md-tS-fTt'XTi. [Gr. 5ep/za, -aros, skin 
+ -phyte.] Med. Any fungus parasitic upon the skin, as 
the ringworm fungus. phyfic (-fit'fk), a. 

der'mis(-mis),n. [NL.] Thederma. — der'mic(-mik),a. 

der'moid (-moid), a. Dermatoid. 

dern (durn; Scot, dern), a. [AS. derne, dyrne, dierne, 
hidden, secret.] Drear ; dark ; somber. Archaic. 

der'ni-er (dur'm-er ; F. der'nya'), a. [F., fr. OF., fr. LL. ; 
L. de + retro back, backward.] Last ; final. 

|| der-nier' res-sort' (der'nya' re-sor') [F.] last resort. 

der'O-gate (der'6-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. derogatus, p. p. of derogare to derogate ; de -f- rogare 
to ask, ask the people about a law.] 1. To annul (a law) in 
part. Obs. or R. 2. To lessen in value, rank, influence, etc. ; 
detract from ; disparage. 3. To take away (from) so as to 
cause injury or impairment ; as, to derogate honor from a 
person. Archaic. — v. i. To take away ; detract ; — usu- 
ally used with from. — der'o-ga'tion (-ga'shwn), n. 

de-rog'a-tive (de-rog'd-tiv),a. Derogatory. — -tive-ly, adv. 

de-rog'a-to-ry (-to-rf), a. Tending to derogate ; detracting ; 

— used with from, to, or unto. — de-rog'a-to-ri-ly (-ri-li), 
adv. — de-rog'a-to-ri-ness, n. 

der'rick (der'Ik), n. [Orig., a gallows or hangman or 
hanging, from a hangman named Derrick."] 1. Any of 
various hoisting apparatus employing a tackle rigged at 
the end of a spar or beam. 2. The framework or tower oyer 
a deep drill hole, such as that of an oil well, for supporting 
the tackle for boring or hoisting or lowering. 

der'ring do' (der'mg doo'). Daring; desperate courage; 

— used as an (erroneous) archaism. 

der'rin-ger (der'm-jer), n. [After the American inventor.] 
A short-barreled pocket pistol, of large caliber. 
der'ry (der'I), der'ry-down' (-dounO, n. A word (now 
and perhaps orig. meaningless) sung in, or as a refrain or 
chorus in, old songs ; hence, a ballad or set of verses. 
der'vish (dur'vish), n. [Per. dervesh.'] A member of any 
of various Mohammedan orders taking vows of poverty and 
austerity, and living in monasteries or wandering as friars. 
des'cant ( des'kant ), n. [OF., fr. LL. discantus ; L. dis- 
+ cantus singing, melody, canere to sing.] 1. Music. 
a Originally, melody or counterpoint sung above the plain 
song of the tenor ; a variation of an air ; a variation by 
ornament of the main subject or plain song. bThe art of 
composing or singing part music ; the music so composed 
or sung. C The soprano or treble. 2. A discourse formed 
on its theme, like variations on a musical air ; dissertation. 
des-cant' (des-kant'), v. i. 1. Music. To sing or play an 
accompanying air. 2. To discourse with fullness and 
particularity ; discourse at large. — Syn. See expatiate. 
de-SCend' ( de-send' ), v. i. [F. descendre, L. descenders, 
descensum ; de -j- scandere to climb.] 1. To pass or 
come down from a higher to a lower place, station, scale, 
etc. ; hence, to pass from a more distant point to one 
nearer ; — the opposite of ascend. 2. To make an attack 
or incursion, esp. suddenly or with violence ; — used with 
on or upon. 3. To pass from the more general or impor- 
tant to the particular or less important. 4. To come down 
to a humbler or lower rank, place, etc. 5. To come down, 
as from a source or stock ; as, he is descended from Puritan 
ancestors ; fall or pass by inheritance ; as, his estate de- 
scended to his son. 6. Astron. To move toward the south ; 
also, to approach the horizon. — v. t. To go down upon or 
along ; as, to descend a river, a ladder, etc. 
de-SC-end'ant (de-sen'ddnt), a. Descendent. — n. One who 
descends, as offspring, however remotely ; — opposed to 
ancestor or ascendant. 
de-SCend'ent (-dent), a. 1. Descending ; falling. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from an ancestor or source. 
de-scend'i-ble (-dT-b'l), a. 1. That may descend, as an 

estate. 2. Capable of being descended. 
de-scen'sion (-sen'shiin), n. Descent. Now Rare. 
de-SC-en/sive (-siv), a. Tending to descend. 
de-scent' (de-sent'), n. [F. descente, fr. descendre to de- 
scend.] 1. Act of descending ; change from higher to lower. 
2. Incursion ; sudden attack. 3. Progress downward, as in 
station, virtue, etc. 4. Derivation, as from an ancestor ; line- 
age ; also, a generation. 5. Law. Transmission of an estate 
by inheritance. 6. That which is descended ; issue. 7. A 
step or remove downward in any scale of gradation ; a de- 
gree in the scale of genealogy ; a generation. 8. Inclination 
downward ; slope ; a descending way. — Syn. Degrada- 
tion ; extraction ; assault, invasion. 
de-SCrib'a-ble (de-skrib'd-b'l), a. That can be described. 
de-scribe' (-skrlb'),7j. «.; -scribed' (-skribd') ; -scrib'ing 
(-skrlb'ing). [L. describere, descriptum ; de + scribere 
to write.] 1. To represent by words written or spoken ; 



give an account of. 2. To trace or traverse the outline of, 
as of a circle. 3. By confusion, for descry. — Syn- Set 
forth, relate, recount, narrate, sketch, express ; depict, por- 
tray, delineate, characterize. — de-SCtib'er (-skrlb'er), n. 
de-scrip'tion (-skrip'shun), n. 1. Act or result of describ- 
ing ; a sketch or account of anything in words. 2. A class 
to which a certain representation is applicable ; kind ; sort. 

— Syn. Account, relation, narrative, sketch, narration ; 
definition, delineation, representation ; kind, sort. 

de-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Serving to describe ; characterized 
by description. — de-scrip'tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

de-scry' (de-skri'), v. t.; -scried' (-skrld'); -scry'ing. 
[ME. descrien, fr. OF. descrier to proclaim, decry. Con- 
fused with ME. descriden, fr. OF. descrire, descrivre, fr. 
L. describere to describe.] 1. To spy out or discover by 
the eye, as objects distant or obscure ; catch sight of ; espy ; 
discern. 2. To disclose. Obs. 

Des'de-mo'na (dez'de-mo'nd), n. See Othello. 

des'e-crate (des'e-krat), v. t.; des'e-crat'ed (-krat'ed) ; 
-crat'ing. [L. desecratus, p. p. of desecrare to consecrate ; 
but taken in the sense of to divest of a sacred character ; de 
+ sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred.] To divert from a 
sacred purpose ; violate the sanctity of ; profane. — des'e- 
crat'er (-krat'er), des'e-cra'tor, n. 

des'e-cra'tion (-kra'shtin), n. Act of desecrating ; state of 
anything desecrated. — Syn. See profanation. 

de-serf (de-zurt'), n. [OF. deserte merit, recompense. 
See deserve.] 1. Worthiness of reward or punishment ; 
merit or demerit. 2. That which is deserved ; due reward 
or punishment. 3. Excellence ; worth ; also, a worthy deed. 
Syn. Desert, merit, worth. Desert stresses the idea of 
something due. Merit suggests more, worth most, of 
intrinsic excellence. 

des'ert (dez'ert), n. [ F. desert, fr. L. desertum, fr. deser- 
tus solitary, desert, p. p. of deserere to desert ; de + serere 
to join together.] 1. A deserted or forsaken region ; a wil- 
derness ; solitary place. 2. A barren tract almost destitute 
of moisture and vegetation. 

Syn. Desert, wilderness. A desert is not only relatively 
uninhabited, but commonly uninhabitable, through barren- 
ness. A wilderness is an unreclaimed, but not necessarily 
irreclaimable, tract of land ; it often suggests pathlessness. 

— a. 1. (pron. de-zurt'). Deserted ; forsaken. Archaic. 2. 
Of or pert, to a desert ; waste ; barren ; wild. 

de-serf (de-zurt'), v. t. 1. To leave (esp. something which 
one should stay by) ; abandon. 2. Mil. To abandon (the 
service) without leave. — Syn. See abandon. — v. i. To 
abandon a service without leave. — de-serfer (-zur'ter), n. 

de-ser'tion (-zur'shwn), n. 1. Act of deserting; abandon- 
ment. 2. State of being forsaken ; desolation. 

de-serve' (de-zurv'), v. t.; -served' (-zurvd') ; -serv'ing. 
[OF. deservir, L. deservire to serve zealously ; de + ser- 
vire to serve.] To earn by service ; merit ; be entitled to.— 
v. i. To be worthy of recompense. — de-serv'er, n. 

de-serv'ed-ly (-zur'ved-li), adv. According to desert. 

de-serv'ing (-vTng), n. Desert ; merit. — p. a. Meritorious ; 
worthy. — de-serv'ing-ly, adv. — ing-ness, n. 

des'ha-bille' (dez'd-bel'), n. See dishabille. 

des'ic-cant (des'i-kdnt ; de-sik'dnt), a. Drying; desicca- 
tive. — n. Med. An agent for drying up a sore. 

des'ic-cate (des'1-kat), v. t. & i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'- 
ing. [L. desiccatus, p. p. of desiccare to dry up ; de + sic- 
care to dry, siccus dry.] To dry up ; preserve by drying, as 
fish. ca-tive (des'I-ka-tiv ; de-sik'd-tiv), a. & n. 

des'ic-ca'tion (des'i-ka'shim), n. Act of desiccating ; state 
of being desiccated. 

des'ic-ca'tor (des'i-ka'ter), n. One who, or that which, des- 
iccates; specif. : a Chem.,etc. An air-tight jar containing 
some desiccating agent, as calcium chloride, above which is 
placed the material to be dried, b An apparatus for drying 
fruit, milk, etc. ; an evaporator. 

de-sid'er-a'ta (de-sTd^er-a'td), «. , pi. of desideratum. 

de-sid'er-ate (-sid'er-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
desideratus, p. p. of desiderare to desire, miss.] To desire ; 
feel the want of ; lack. — de-sid'er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 

de-sid'er-a-tive (de-sid'er-a-tiv), a. Pert, to or denoting 
desire ; as, destderative verbs. — n. 1. An object of desire. 
2. Gram. A verb, as in Sanskrit, formed from another verb 
by a change of termination, and expressing desire. 

de-sid'er-a'tum (-a'tfim), n.; pi. -ata (-td). [L.] Any- 
thing desired or lacking ; a want felt and acknowledged. 

de-sign' (-zin'), v. t. [F. designer, fr. L. designare to desig- 
nate ; de + signare to mark, mark out, signum mark.] 1. 
To intend or purpose ; outline, as action. 2. To indicate; 
show ; appoint. Obs. or R. 3. To draw the preliminary out- 
line or main features of ; to sketch for a pattern or model ; 
delineate. 4. To create or produce, as painting ; form in 
idea ; project. — v. i. To produce a plan for the making of 
anything ; to make a design or designs. 

— n. 1. A plan ; an idea intended to be expressed in visible 
form or carried into action. 2. Purpose, as in adaptation of 
means to an end ; aim ; object. 3. A preliminary sketch of 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
~se, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, vercjnre (87); 



DESIGNATE 



275 



DESPUMATE 



something to be executed, as of a picture ; a plan. 4. Ar- 
rangement of details. 5. A piece of decorative art consid- 
ered as to its form, colors, etc. — Syn. Aim, object, end. 
See intention ; plan. 

des'ig-nate (des'ig-nat), a. [L. designatus, p. p. of desig- 
nare. See design, v. tf\ Designated ; appointed or chosen ; 
as, a bishop designate, but not installed. 

des'ig-nate (des'ig-nat ; dez'-), v. t.; -nat'ed ; -nat'ing. 1. 
To mark out and make known ; indicate ; show ; specify. 2. 
To name. 3. To indicate or set apart for a purpose or duty ; 

— used with to or for ; as, to designate an officer for or to a 
command. — Syn. Denominate, style, entitle, describe. _ 

des'ig-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of designating; indi- 

\ cation. 2. That which designates ; distinctive title ; ap- 
pellation. 3. Signification, as of a word. — Syn. See name. 

des'ig-na-tive (des'Ig-na-tiv ; dez'-), a. Serving to desig- 
nate ; pointing out. 

des'ig-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who designates. 

de-sign'ed-ly (de-zln'ed-li), adv. By design; purposely. 

de-sign'er (-er), n. 1. One who designs ; a contriver ; also a 
schemer. 2. One who produces original works of art. 

de-sign'ing, n. Act or art of one who_ designs. — a. Plan- 
ning ; esp., artful ; scheming. — de-sign'ing-ly, adv. 

de-sign'ment (-ment), n. Design or designing. 06s. 

de-sil'ver-ize (de-sil'ver-Iz), v. t. To free from silver; re- 
move silver from. 

des'i-nence (des'i-nens), n. [L. desinere, desitum, to 
leave off ; de -f- sinere to let, allow.] Termination ; ending. 

de-sip'i-ence (de-sip'i-ens),de-sip'i-en-cy (-en-si), n. [L. 
desipientia.~] Folly ; trifling. 

de-sip'i-ent (de-sip'I-ent), a. [L. desipiens, -entis; de + 
sapere to be wise.] Foolish ; silly ; trifling. Rare. _ 

de-sir'a-bil'i-ty (de-zir'd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being de- 
sirable. 

de-sir'a-ble (-zlr'd-b'l), a. Worthy of desire or longing; 
pleasing ; agreeable. a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. 

de-sire' (de-zir'), v. t.; -sired' (-zlrd') ; -sir'ing (-zlr'ing). 
[F. desirer, fr. L. desiderare.'} 1. To long for ; covet. 2. 
To express a wish for ; ask. 

Syn. Desire, wish, want are arranged in the order of 
formality of use, want being chiefly colloquial. Desire (em- 
phasizing strength or ardor of feeling) is the stronger term ; 
wish (often directed toward the unattainable), the broader ; 
want (see lack) often suggests imperiousness of craving or 
need ; as, he shall have his heart's desire ; I want work. 

— n. 1. Act of desiring ; longing. 2. An expressed wish ; a 
request ; petition. 3. Anything desired ; an object of long- 
ing. 4. Excessive or morbid longing; lust; appetite. — 
Syn. Craving, inclination, eagerness, aspiration, longing. 

de-sir'er (-zlr'er), n. One who desires. 

de-sir'ous (-zlr'us), a. 1. Feeling, or characterized by, 
desire ; solicitous ; covetous. 2. Desirable. Obs. 

de-sist' (-zist' ; -sist'), v. i. [L. desistere; de + sister e 
to stand, stop, stare to stand.] To cease to proceed or act ; 
stop. — de-sist'ance, n. Rare. [ending.] 

de-si'tion (de-sish'un) , n. A cessation of being ; an end or| 

desk (desk), n. [ME. deske ; cf . LL. desca, It. desco table ; 
ult. fr. L. discus disk.] 1. A table, frame, or case with a 
sloping or a flat top for the use of writers or readers. 2. A 
reading table or lectern to support the book from which the 
liturgical service is read ; also (esp. in the United States), 
a pulpit; hence, symbolically, the clerical profession. 

des'man (des'man), n.; pZ.-MANS (-manz). Either of two 
molelike, aquatic, insec- 
tivorous mammals {Des- 
mana moschata of Rus- 
sia and D. pyrenaica of 
the Pyrenees). 

des'mid (-mid),n. [Dim. 
fr. Gr. 5eo>i6s chain.] 

Bot. Any of a family Desman. 

(Desmidiacese) of microscopic unicellular fresh-water algae. 

des'moid (des'moid), a. [Gr. dea/ios bond, ligament + -oid.~] 
Anat. Resembling a ligament ; ligamentous. 

des'o-late (des'o-lat), a. [L. desolatus, p. p. of desolare to 
leave alone, forsake ; de + solare to make lonely, solus 
alone.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants ; deserted ; 
hence, gloomy. 2. Laid waste ; in a ruinous or neglected 
state ; as, desolate fields. 3. Left alone ; forsaken. — 
Syn. Desert, uninhabited, lonely, waste. See solitary. 

— (-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. 1. To make deso- 
late ; ravage. 2. To forsake ; leave alone. 3. To make joyless 
or wretched. — des'o-late-ly, adv. — des'o-late-ness, n. 

— des'o-lat'er (-lat'er), des'o-la'tor, n. 
des'o-la'tion (-ll'shun),n. 1. Act of desolating. 2. State of 

being desolated or desolate ; state of being laid waste ; vari- 
ously : ruin ; solitariness ; destitution ; gloominess. 3. A 
place wasted and forsaken. 4. Loneliness. — Syn. Waste, 
destruction, havoc, devastation, ravage ; sadness, melan- 
choly, gloom. 
despair' ( de-spar' ), v. i. [OF. desperer (3d sing. pres. il 
despeire), fr. L. desperare; de + sperare to hope. ] To 




k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary 



be hopeless ; give up hope. — v. t. To despair of. Obs. — 
n. 1. Loss of hope ; hopelessness. 2. That which is despaired 
of, or which causes despair. — Syn. Desperation. See de- 
spondency. 

de-spair'ful (-f<561), a. Hopeless. — de-spair'ful-ly, adv. 

de-spair'ing, p. a. Feeling or expressing despair; hope- 
less. — Syn. See hopeless. — de-spair'ing-ly, adv. 

des-patch', des-patch^er,_etc. Vars. of dispatch, etc. 

des'per-a'do (des'per-a'do), n.; pi. -does or -DOS (-doz). 
[OSp. desperado, p. p.] A reckless criminal or ruffian. 

des'per-ate (des'per-at), a. [L. desperatus, p. p. of de- 
sperare. See despair.] 1. Without hope ; given to despair. 
Archaic. 2. Beyond or almost beyond hope ; causing de- 
spair ; past cure, or extremely precarious. 3. Proceeding 
from, suggested by, or expressing, despair. 4. Extreme, in a 
bad sense ; outrageous. — Syn. Despairing, desponding ; 
rash, headlong, precipitate ; irretrievable, forlorn ; mad, fu- 
rious, frantic. See hopeless. — des'per-ate-ly, adv. — 
des'per-ate-ness, n. 

des'per-a'tion (des'per-a'shwn), n. Act of despairing; a 
giving up of hope ; state of despair ; hopelessness leading 
to extreme recklessness. — Syn. See despondency. 

des'pi-ca-ble (des'pi-ka-b'l), a. [L. despicabilis, fr. 
despicari to despise.] Fit or deserving to be despised ; 
contemptible. — Syn. Mean, vile, worthless, low, base. 
See contemptible. — ble-ness, n. — ca-bly, adv. 

de-spight'. Obs. var. of despite. 

de-spise'(de-splz'),v.«._; -SPiSED'(-spTzd') ;-spis'ing (-spiz'- 
mg). [OF. despis — , in some forms of despire to despise, 
fr. L. despicere, despectum, to despise ; de + spicere, 
specere, to look.] To look down upon with disfavor or 
contempt ; contemn ; scorn. 

Syn. Disregard, slight, scout, spurn, contemn, scorn, dis- 
dain. — Despise, contemn, scorn, disdain. To despise 
is to regard as mean, petty, or contemptible ; as. to despise 
meanness. Contemn is now bookish ; it applies to ob- 
jects or qualities (rarely to persons) deemed contemptible. 
Scorn implies quick, indignant, or profound contempt ; 
as, to scorn dishonorable advantage. Disdain suggests 
pride and haughtiness (sometimes unwarrantable) , or aver- 
sion to what is base. 

de-spis'er (-spiz'er), n. One who despises. 

de-spite' (-spit'), n. [OF. despit, L. despectus contempt, 
fr. despicere. See despise.] 1. Scorn ; contempt ; malice. 2. 
An act of insult, malice, or defiance ; contemptuous defiance 
or injury. [injure ; outrage. I 

in despite of, in defiance of ; in spite of . — to do d. to, to| 

— v. t. 1. To despise. 2. To annoy ; offend. Obs. — prep. 
In spite of ; notwithstanding. — Syn.SeeNOTWiTHSTANDiNG. 

de-spite'ful (-fool), a. Full of despite; insulting; mali- 
cious. — de-spite'ful-ly, adv. — de-spite'ful-ness, n. 

des-pit'e-OUS (des-pTt'e-us), a. Feeling or showing despite ; 
malicious. — des-pit'e-ous-ly, adv. 

de-spoil' (de-spoil'), v.t. [OY.despoillier,ir.'L.despoliare, 
despoliatum ; de + spoliare to strip, rob, spolium spoil.] 
To strip of belongings ; plunder ; rob ; divest (of). — Syn. 
Bereave rifle. — de-spoil'er, n. — de-spoil'ment, n. 

de-spo'li-a'tion (de-spoTI-a/shim), n. Spoliation. 

de-spond' ( de-spond' ), v. i. [L. despondere, -sponsum, 
to promise away, give up, lose (courage) ; de -f- spondere 
to promise solemnly. ] To be much disheartened. — > n. 
Despondency. Obs. 

de-spond'ence (-spon'dens), n. Despondency. 

de-spond'en-cy (-den-si), n. State of being despondent ; loss 
of hope ; discouragement ; depression ; dejection. 
Syn. Despondency, despair, desperation. Despond- 
ency implies discouragement or depression, due to partial 
or temporary abandonment of hope ; despair denotes 
utter loss of hope ; desperation, such despair as impels 
to violent or desperate action. 

de-spond'ent (-dent), a. [L. despondens, p. pr.] Marked 
by, or given to, despondency. — de-spond'ent-ly, adv. 

de-spond'ing, p. a. Despondent. — de-spond'ing-ly, adv. 

des'pot (des'pot), n. [From F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. btawbrrj^ 
lord.] 1. A title signifying "master" or "lord," formerly 
applied to the Byzantine emperor and princes of the im- 
perial house, bishops and patriarchs of the Greek Church, 
etc. 2. An absolute ruler ; autocrat ; now usually, a tyrant. 

des-pot'ic (des-pot'ik) \ a. Having the character of, or per- 

des-pot'i-cal (-I-kal) J taining to, a despot ; tyrannical ; 

arbitrary. — des-pot'i-cal-ly, adv. i-cal-ness, n. 

Syn. Autocratic, despotic, tyrannical, tyrannous. 
Autocratic implies assumption or exercise c/ w :^ n liL f e 
power or authority ; it is not necessarily a terr H va nce in 
brium. Despotic implies the arbitrary (ofte; ■ • „_„_'" 
exercise, tyrannical, the abuse, A ~ £v™£^i»n 
Tyrannous is more often used of tb ° e -J el fp-a-ble, a. 

des'pot-ism (des'pot-Tz'm), n. The pr ch - develops; esp. a 
or government of a despot ; tyranny^P^P 101 ^ 3 - 

des'pot-ize (-Iz), v. i. To act the /fl^e! ti [Sen' 

de-spu'mate (de-spii'mat; des' P C e - ae vei op men 
(mat-ed) ; -mat-ing. [L. despumai. , 
to skim ; de + spumare to foam, ** re ' de + re ^ z /« t° 

; ; divest ; stri p. 06s. 2. 

Numbers refer to Sections in G 



re- 



G 



H 



J 



X 



[1 Foreign Word. + co 



le to Pronunciation. 
>ined with. = equals. 



M 



DESPUMATION 



276 



DETERMINATENESS 



»— v. i. To throw off impurities in spume or scum. 
des'pu-ma'tion (deVpu-ma'shun), n. Act of throwing up 

froth or scum ; clarification. 
des'qua-mate (des'kwd-mat ; de-skwa'mat), v. i. ; -mat'ed 
(-mat'ed) ; -mailing. [L. desquamatus, p. p. of desqua- 
mare to scale off ; de + squama scale.] Med. To peel off 
in scales. — des'qua-ma'tion (deVkwd-ma'sh&i), n. 
des-sert' (de-zurf), n. [F., fr. desservir to remove from 
the table, clear the table ; des- (L. dis-) + servir to serve.] 
A service of fruits or sweetmeats, or, in the United States, 
often of pastry or pudding, at the close of a repast. 

dessert spoon. A spoon used in eating dessert ; a spoon 
intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon, 
holding about 2.5 fluid drams. — des-sert'— spoon'ful, n. 

des'ti-na/tion (deVti-na'shzm), n. 1. Act of destining, or 
appointing. 2. Purpose for which anything is destined ; 
ultimate design. 3. The place set for the end of a journey, 
or to which something is sent. 

des'tine (des'tm), v.t. ; -tined (-tind) ; -tin-ing. [F. destin- 
er, L. destinare.'} 1. To decree beforehand, as by divine 
will ; predetermine ; foreordain. 2. To appoint (to) or de- 
sign (for a given end, use, or purpose). — Syn. Ordain, de- 
termine, intend, devote, consecrate, doom. 

des'ti-ny (-_ti-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [F. destinee.] 1. 
That to which any person or thing is destined ; lot ; doom. 
2. The predetermined course of events, often conceived as 
a resistless power or agency ; fate. 3. [cap. - ] The goddess 
of destiny ; in pi., the three Fates. See fate, n. 
Syn. Fate, doom, fortune, lot. — Destiny, fate, doom. 
Destiny stresses the idea of what is irrevocable ; fate, the 
idea of fixed or ruthless, often blind, necessity ; doom, that 
of final, esp. unhappy or calamitous, award or fate. 

des'ti-tute (-tut), a. [L. destitutus, p. p. of destituere to 
set away, leave alone, forsake ; de + statuere to set.] 1. 
Abandoned ; forsaken ; forlorn. Obs. 2. Bereft or not in 
possession (of something needed or desired) ; lacking. 3. 
Not possessing the necessaries of life ; in a condition of ex- 
treme want ; having no resources. — Syn. See devoid. 

des'ti-tu'tion (-tii'shun), n. State of being destitute ; lack ; 
extreme poverty ; utter want. — Syn. See poverty. 

des'trer (des'trer), des'tri-er (des'trT-er ; des-trer'), n. 
[OF. destrier, fr. L. dextra on the right side, on which the 
squire led his master's horse.] A war horse. Archaic. 

de-stroy' (de-stroi'), v. t. [OF. destruire, fr. L. de- 
struere, -structum; de + struere to pile up, build.] 1. 
To unbuild ; to break up the structure and organic exist- 
ence of ; demolish. 2. To ruin ; bring to naught ; put an 
end to. 3. To kill ; slay. 4. To counteract ; nullify. 
Syn. Destroy, demolish, annihilate. Destroy is the 
most general term. That is demolished which had pos- 
sessed a mass or structure that is now rent in pieces or 
ruiner 1 • that is annihilated which is reduced (really or 
v'lcuci-..^ to nothing, or of which the collective existence 
or distinc .'ve form or aspect is destroyed. 

de-Stroy'ef '-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, destroys. 

2. = TORPEDu BOAT DESTROYER. 

de-Struct'i-ble \ =truk'ti-b'l), a. Liable to destruction; 
capable of being destroyed. — de-Struct'i-bil'i-ty, n. 

de-Struc'tion (-shwn., n. 1. Act of destroying; demoli- 
tion ; ruin. 2. State of v mg destroyed. 3. A destroyer. 
— Syn. Overthrow, desolc^on, extirpation, extinction, 
devastation, downfall, extermm. 'on, havoc. 

de-Struc'tion-ist, n. One who deligh. s in, or advocates, de- 
stroying, esp. present political systems t the like. 

de-struc'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Causing detav- 'tion ; ruinous. 
2. Designed or tending to destroy or clear away; as, 
destructive criticism. — Syn. Mortal, deadly, fatal, bale- 
ful, pernicious. — de-struc'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 
destructive distillation, decomposition of a substance 
(as wood, coal, bone) by heat in a closed vessel and col- 
lection of the volatile products evolved. 

de-Struc'tor (de-struk'ter), n. [L., fr. destruere. See de- 
stroy.] 1. A destroyer. Rare. 2. A furnace or oven 
for the burning or carbonizing of refuse. 

des'U-da'tion (des'u-da'shwn ; de'sti-), n. [L. desudatio, 
it. desudare to sweat greatly ; de -f- sudare to sweat.] 
Med. A sweating ; a profuse or morbid sweating. 

des'ue-tude (des'we-tud), n. [L. desuetudo, fr. desuescere 
to become disused ; de -f- suescere to become accustomed.] 
1. Discontinuance. Obs. 2. State of disuse. 

de-SUl'pilur-ize (.de-sul'lizr-iz), v. t. To deprive of, or free 
from, sulphur. — de-SUl'phur-i-za'tion (-T-za'shftn), n. 

*ase"*als'o £ (des'wl-to-ri), a. [L. desultorius, fr. desultor 
by inherita: ^ ^ ^re, desultum, to leap down ; de + salire to 
step or remove 1 ^ or P. assin g> from one thing to another 
gree in the scale of ejection ; disconnected ; immethodical ; 
downward ; slope ;tr °, f course or J> v the way ^constituting 
tion ; extraction ; assa" \i^V remark —Syn. See cursory. 

de-scrib'a-ble (de-skm 1 ^ *#>• "7 -to-n-ness, ». 

de-scribe' (-skrlb'), v. t. Lf- detacher. ] To part ; separate , 
(-skrib'mg). [L. desc- Syn - J Sever, disjoin ; withdraw, 

o write.] 1. To repr"- — -a-bll'l-ty, n. a-ble, a. 

a. Separate ; unconnected. 



to 



de-tach'ment (-tach'ment), n. 1. Act of detaching ; state 
of being detached. 2. That which is detached, as troops 
sent from the main body on special service. 3. Aloofness ; 
abstraction from worldly things. 
de-tail' (de-tal' ; de'tal), n. [F. detail, fr. detailler to cut 
in pieces, tell in detail ; dS- (L. de) + tailler to cut.] 1. 
A minute portion ; particular ; item ; — chiefly in pi. 2. 
Mil. Act of detailing ; also, the person or body detailed. 
3. Arch. & Mach. a A minor part, as, in a building, the 
cornice, cap of a buttress, capital of a column, etc., or (called 
collectively larger details) a porch, a gable with its win- 
dows, a pavilion, etc. b A detail drawing. 
in detail, item by item ; circumstantially. 
— (de-tal'), v. t. 1. To relate in particulars ; report minutely 
and distinctly. _ 2. Chiefly Mil. To tell off or appoint for a 
particular service, as an officer. 
de-tain' (de-tan'), v. t. [F. detenir,L,.detinere,detentum; 
de + tenere to hold.] 1. To keep under restraint ; keep 
prisoner. 2. To keep back ; withhold, as what is due. 3. 
To restrain from proceeding ; delay. — Syn. Retain ; 
stop, stay, arrest, check, retard, hinder. See delay. — de- 
tainer, n. — de-tain'ment, n. 
de-tain'er, n. [OF. inf. detenir used as a n.] Law. a A 
keeping in one's possession, esp. of what is another's, b 
A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to 
keep a person in custody. 

de-tect' (-tekt'), v. t. [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to un- 
cover, detect ; de + tegere to cover.] 1. To uncover ; re- 
veal. Obs. 2. To discover (something obscure) ; find out ; 
expose. 3. To discover the identity, whereabouts, character, 
or actions of (a person or animal) ; as, to detect a murderer. 

de-tect'a-ble (-tek'td-b'l), -i-ble (-tek'ti-b'l), a. Capable 

of being detected. — de-tect'er (-tek'ter), n. 
de-tec'tion (-shiin), n. A detecting; state of being detected. 
de-tec'tive ( de-tek'tiv), a. 1. Fitted for, serving toward, 
or used for, detection. 2. Relating to, or characteristic of, 
detectives or detection. — n. One whose occupation it is 
to detect concealed matters, as crimes. 

de-tec'tor (-tek'ter ) , n. [L., a revealer.] One who, or that 
which, detects ; a detecter ; specif. : a An indicator showing 
the depth of the water in a boiler, b Elec. (1) A galvanome- 
ter, usually portable, for indicating the direction of a cur- 
rent. (2) Any of various devices for detecting the presence 
of electric waves, as by means of the rectifying action of the 
surface of contact between certain crystals, the changes 
caused by electric oscillations ; in the internal resistance of 
some forms of the electrolytic cell, the change in the strength 

[of magnetized needles effected by electric waves, etc. Cf. 
anticoherer ; coherer. 

de-tent' (de-tenf). n. [F. detente, fr. detendre to unbend, 
relax ; de- (L. dis-) + tendre to stretch, L. tendered 
Mech. That which locks or unlocks a movement, as a pawl. 

de-ten'tion (de-ten'shun),w. 1. Act of detaining; state of 
being detained. 2. Confinement ; custody. 

de-ter' (-tur'), v. t.; -terred' (-turd') ; -ter'rtng. [L. de- 
terrere ; de + terrere to frighten, terrify.] To turn aside or 
discourage, or to hinder or prevent by fear. 

de-terge' (-turj'), v. t. ; -terged' (-turjd') ; -terg'ing (-tur'- 
jing). [L. detergere, deter sum; de + tergere to wipe 
off.] To cleanse ; purge away, as foul matter. 

d3-ter'gen-cy (-tur'jen-si), n. A cleansing quality or power. 

de-ter'gent (-tur'jent), o. Cleansing; purifying. — n. A 
substance that cleanses the skin, as water or soap ; a med- 
icine to cleanse wounds, sores, etc. 

d3-te'ri-o-rate (-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. & i.; -rat'ed; -rat'ing. 
[L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorare to deteriorate, dete- 
rior worse.] To make or grow worse ; impair ; degenerate. 

de-te'ri-o-ra'tion (-ra'shwn), n. Act or process of deterio- 
rating, or state of being deteriorated. 

Syn. Degradation, debasement, declension, decline, degen- 
eration, decadence, perversion, decay. — Deterioration, 
degeneration, decadence agree in the idea of becoming 
worse. Deterioration implies impairment of quality, char- 
acter, or value. Degeneration suggests declension from a 
higher to a lower type or kind. Decadence implies a 
falling away in excellence. [rate ; deteriorating. 

de-te'ri-o-ra-tive (de-te'rT-6-ra-tiv), a. Tending to deterio- 

de-ter'ment (-tfir'ment), n. A deterring ; that which deters. 

de-ter'mi-na-ble (-mi-nd-b'l), a. 1. Capableof being de- 
termined, or definitely ascertained. 2. Terminable. 

de-ter'mi-nant (-ndnt), n. That which determines. 

de-ter'mi-nate (-nat), a. [L. determinatus, p. p. See de- 
termine.] 1. Having denned limits ; fixed, as by a rule ; 
established; definite. 2. Conclusive; decisive. 3. De- 
termined upon ; decided. 

determinate inflorescence, Bot., a form of inflorescence, 
as the cyme, in which the primary, as well as each seconda- 
ry, axis is terminated by a flower ; — called also centrifu- 
gal inflorescence, the development being from the center 
outward. See inflorescence, Illust. 

— v. t. To determine. Obs. — de-ter'mi-nate-ly, adv. — 
de-ter'mi-nate-ness, n. 



t A^'ft^K^^count, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
^' umie ' urn> up> xus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



DETERMINATION 



277 



DEVEST 



de-ter'rrli-na'tion(-na'shSn),n. [L. determinatio bounda- 
ry, end.] 1. A bringing or coming to an end ; termination ; 
limit. Archaic. 2. State of decision ; a judicial decision, 
settling controversy ; : £a conclusion. 3. A delimitation ; a 
fixing of the extent, position, or character of anything. 4. 
Logic, a Act of defining a concept or notion by giving its 
essential constituents, b The addition of a differentia to a 
concept or notion, thus limiting its extent ; — opp. to gen- 
eralization. 5. Act, process, or result of any accurate 
measurement ; as, the determination of the wave length of 
light. 6. Direction or tendency to a certain end ; impulsion. 
7. Med. A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part ; as, 
a determination of blood to the head. 8. Act of coming to 
a decision ; that which is determined upon ; purpose ; con- 
clusion ; fixed resolution. 9. The quality of mind wnich 
reaches definite conclusions ; decision ; resoluteness. Syn. 
— Conclusion, judgment, purpose ; resolution, resolve, firm- 
ness. See decision. 

d3-ter'mi-na-tive (-tur'mT-na-tiv), a. Having power or 
tendency to determine. — de-ter'mi-na-tive-ness, n. 

ds-ter'mine (-tur'min), v. L; -mined (-mind) ; -min-ing. 
[F. determiner, L. determinare, determinatum ; de + ter- 
minare to limit, terminus limit.] 1. To fix the bounda- 
ries or limit of ; limit ; bound. 2. To bring to a conclu- 
sion ; settle by authoritative or judicial sentence ; decide, 
as a legal case. 3. To resolve or to cause to resolve ; have, 
or cause to come to, a conclusion or decision ; decide definite- 
ly. 4. To fix the form or character of beforehand ; ordain. 
5. To impel ; give direction or impulse to. 6. To con- 
clude or to decide as the result of investigation, reasoning, 
etc. ; as, I am unable to determine what it means. 7. To 
obtain knowledge of as to location, quantity, etc. ; as, to 
determine a route. — v. i. 1. To end ; terminate. Now 
Chiefly Law. 2. To come to a decision ; decide ; resolve. 

— da-ter'min-er, n. 

de-ter/mined (-mind), p. a. Decided; resolute. — de-ter'- 
mined-ly, adv. — de-ter'mined-ness, n. 

de-ter'min-ism (-mm-iz'm), n. Metaph. The doctrine 
that the will is not free, but is inevitably and invincibly 
determined by psychical and physical conditions. — de- 
ter'min-ist, n. & a. — de-ter'min-is'tic, a. 

de-ter'rent (-ter'ent; -tur'ent), a. Serving to deter, — n. 
That which deters or prevents. — de-ter'rence (-ens), n. 

de-ter'sive (-tur'siv), a. & n. Detergent. 

d3-test' (-test'), v. t. [L. detestare, detestatum, and detes- 
tari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, execrate, de- 
test ; de + testari to be a witness, testis witness.] To hate 
intensely ; abhor ; abominate ; loathe. — Syn. See hate. 

d3-test'a-Dle (-tes'td-b'l), a. Execrable; abominable; odi- 
ous. — Syn. Hateful, abhorred. — d3-test / a-bil'i-ty (-td- 
bll'i-ti), de-test'a-ble-ness, n. — de-test'a-bly, adv. 

de'tes-ta'tion (de'tes-ta'shzm ; deVes-),^. _ 1. Act or feel- 
ing of detesting ; loathing. 2. That which is detested. 

de-test'er, n. One who detests. 

de-throne' (de-thron'), v. t. To depose from a throne. — 
de-tnrone'ment, n. — de-thron'er, n. 

det'i-nue (det'i-nu), n. [OF. detenue detention, fr. detenir 
to detain.] Law. a Detention of something due. b A com- 
mon-law form of action, or the writ used, for the recovery 
of a personal chattel (or its value) wrongfully detained. 

dst'o-nate (det'6-nat ; de'to-), v. i. & t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-NAT'rNG. [L. detonare, v. i., to thunder down ; de + to- 
nare to thunder.] To explode with a sudden report. 

det'O-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Explosion with a sudden re- 
port ; as, the detonation of guncotton. 

det'O-na'tor (det'6-na/ter) , n. That which detonates. 

de-tort' (de-tort'), v. t. [L. detortus, p.p. of detorquere 
to turn away.] To distort. 06s. or R. 

de-tour' (de-toor'), or || de'tour' (da'toor'), n. [F. detour, 
fr. detourner to turn aside ; de- (L. dis-) + tourner to 
turn.] A turning ; deviation from a direct course. 

de-tract' (de-trakt'), v. t. [L. detractus, p. p. of dctrahere 
to detract ; de + trahere to draw.] 1. To withdraw ; 
subtract. 2. To take credit or reputation from ; defame. 

— Syn. Derogate, disparage, depreciate, asperse, vilify, 
traduce. — v. i. To take away a part or something, esp. 
from one's credit or reputation ; derogate. 

de-trac'tion (de-trak'shwn), n. Act of detracting; esp., a 
taking away from the reputation of another ; depreciation ; 
calumny. — Syn. Disparagement, derogation ; slander, li- 
bel, aspersion, defamation, censure. 

de-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to detract; defamatory. 

de-trac'tor (-ter), n. One who detracts. tress, n. fern. 

de-trac'to-ry (-to-ri), a. Defamatory; derogatory. 

de-train' (de-tran'), v. t. & i. To cause to leave, or to leave, 
a railroad train ; — used esp. as a military term. 

det'ri-ment (det'ri-ment), n. [L. detrimentum, fr. dete- 
rere, detritum, to rub away ; de + ter ere to rub.] Injury 
or damage, or that which causes it ; mischief ; harm. — 
Syn. Loss, damage, disadvantage, prejudice. 

derri-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Hurtful or harmful. — Syn. 



Injurious, prejudicial, disadvantageous, mischievous, per- 
nicious. — det'ri-men'tal-ly, adv. 

de-tri'tal (de-trl'tal), a. Pert, to, or composed of, detritus. 

de-tri'tion (de-trlsh'un), n. A rubbing off or away. 

de-tri'tUS (-trl'tus), n. [L., a rubbing away.] 1. Geol. 
Alluvial material worn off from solid bodies. 2. Hence : 
Any product of disintegration. 

d3-trude^_(dc-trood'), v. t.; -trud'ed (-trood'ed) ; -trud'- 
ing (-trood'ihg). [L. dctrudere, detrusum; de + trudere 
to thrust, push.] To thrust or force down, out, or away. 

de-trun'cate (-trur'kUt), v. t.; -cat-ed ; -cat-ing. [L. de- 
truncatus, p. p., deriv. of de -f- truncare to maim, cut 

'• off.] To shorten by cutting ; lop off. — ds'trun-ca'tion, n. 

de-tfu'sicn (-troo'zh&n), n. [L. dctrusio. See detrude.] 
Act of thrusting or driving down or outward ; outward 
thrust. — de-tru'sive (-siv), a. 

|| de'tur (dc'tiir ; da'toor), n. [L., let it be given.] A spe- 
cially bound book awarded to each undergraduate who has 
done work of a certain grade during the preceding year, 
and has not before received this honor. Harvard College. 

Deu : ca'li-on and Pyr'rha (du-ka'li-on, plr'd). [L. Deu- 
calion, fr. Gr. AevKokluv ; L. Pyrrha, fr. Gr. HOppa.] 
Class. Myth. A king and queen of Thessaly, the only hu- 
man pair that survived a great deluge sent by Zeus. They 
floated in a ship for nine days, came to rest on a mountain, 
and, in obedience to an oracle, cast behind them stones 
from which sprang men and women. 

deuce (dus), n. [F. deux two, OF. deus.fr. L. duos, ace. 
of duo two.] 1. Two ; a card or a die with two spots. 2. A 
certain tie score in lawn tennis. 3. [Prob. fr. deuce, two at 
dice as the lowest throw.] Bad luck ; the devil ; — an ex- 
pletive. 

deuce ace. A throw, with two dice, of deuce and ace ; hence, 
this being a low throw, bad luck. 

dsu'eed (du'sed; dust; 24), o. Excessive; confounded; 
devilish ; as, a deuced shame. Slang. — adv. Deucddly. 

deu'ced-ly, adv. Exceedingly ; devilishly. Slang. 

deu'ter-ag'0-nist ( du'ter-ag'6-nlst ), n. [Gr. 5evrepayu~ 
vujtt)s; Sevrepos second + &yui>icrTr)s actor, combatant, 
fr. hyuv contest.] _ The actor taking the part of second im- 
portance in an ancient Greek drama, as distinguished from 
the protagonist. 

deu'ter-o-ca-non'i-cal (-6-kd-non'i-kSl), a. [Gr. Sevrepos 
second -f- E. canonical."] Of, pert, to, or constituting, a 
second (or later) canon ; — used esp. of certain Scriptural 
books included in the canon fixed by the Council of Trent, 
as follows : In the New Testament, the epistle to the 
Hebrews, the 2d of St. Peter, the 2d and 3d of St. John, 
those of St. James and St. Jude, and the Revelation, or 
Apocalypse of St. John ; in the Old Testament, the books of 
Tobit (or Tobias), Judith, Wisdom (or Wisdom of Solomon), 
Ecclesiasticus (or Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach), Baruch, 
and 1 and 2 Maccabees. Those of the Old Testament are in- 
cluded only in the Roman Catholic canon, and in general 
correspond to the Protestant Apocrypha. 

deu'ter-Og'a-my (-og'd-mi),n. [Gr. Sevrepoyafila; Sevrepos 
second + yafios marriage.] A second marriage, after the 
death of the first spouse. — deu'ter-Og'a-mist, n. 

Deu'ter-on'o-my (-on'6-mi),n. [Gr. Aevrepov6uioi> ; Sev- 
repos second + vonos law.] The fifth book of the Pen- 
tateuch, which contains a repetition of the law of Moses. 

dsu'to-plasm (du'to-plaz'm), n. [Gr. Sevrepos second + 
E. plasm."] Biol. The food matter in the cytoplasm of an 
egg, as disting. from the active or true protoplasm ; yolk. 

de'va (da'vd), n. [Skr. deva.] Hinduism. A divine be- 
ing or deity ; a god. 

dsv'as-tate (dev'ds-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. 
[L. devastatus, p. p. of devastare to devastate ; de + vas- 
tare to lay waste, vastus waste.] To lay waste ; desolate. 
— Syn. Waste, demolish, plunder, pillage. See ravage. 

dsv/as-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of devastating ; state of 
being devastated. [tates.l 

dev'as-ta'tor^-ta'ter), n. One who, or that which, devas-| 

d3-vel'cp (de-vel'op), v. t. [F. developper, fr. de- (L. 
dis-) + OF. voloper to wrap.] 1. To lay open or unfold 
by degrees or in detail ; disclose ; reveal ; discover. 2. To 
unfold more completely ; evolve the possibilities of ; make 
active (something latent) ; as, to develop our resources. 
3. To form or expand by or as by a process of growth ; as, 
to develop the mind. 4. Photog. To subject to the ac- 
tion of chemical agents to bring out the latent image on a 
sensitized surface ; also, to render visible in this way. — 
Syn. Promote, project ; exhibit. — v. i. 1. To advance to 
a more complex form ; evolve. 2. To become apparent 
gradually, as a photographic image. — de-vel'op-a-ble, a. 

de-vel'op-er, n. One who, or that which, develops ; esp. a 
chemical agent for developing photographic pictures. 

de-vel'op-ment (-ment), n. Act of developing; also, re- 
sult of developing, or a developed state. — de-vel'op-men'- 
tal (-men'tal), a. 

de-vest' (de-vest'), v. t. [L- devestire; de -f ■ vestire to 
dress. ] 1. To undress ; hence : to divest ; strip. Obs. 2, 



v 



H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



DEVI 



278 



DEWBERRY 



to 



Law. a To take away, as an authority, title, etc 
alienate ; divest, b To deprive, as of a vested right. 

De'vi (da've), n. [Skr. Devi.~] Hinduism. Consort of Siva 
and daughter of Himavat (the Himalaya Mountains). 

de'vi-ate (de'vi-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. de- 
viate to deviate ; de 4- viare to go, travel, via way.] To 
turn aside, as from a course or method ; stray ; err ; digress. 
— Syn. Wander, depart, diverge, deflect, swerve, veer. — 
v. t. To cause to deviate. Rare. — de'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

de'vi-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. Act of deviating; turning aside, 
as from a way, rule, position, etc. 

de-vice' ( de-vis' ), n. [From OF. devis division, plan, 
wish, difference. Confused with ME. devise, fr. OF. 
devise. Both F. words are fr. deviser. See devise, v. t."] 
1. That which is devised, or formed by design ; contriv- 
ance ; scheme ; often, a scheme to deceive ; stratagem. 2. 
An emblematic design, esp. one used as a heraldic bearing. 
3. Will ; desire ; — now used only in phrases ; as, left to his 
own devices. 4. Act or power of devising ; invention. 5. 
Anything fancifully devised for dramatic representa- 
tion ; a masque or show. Obs. or Archaic. 
Syn. Design, project, expedient, shift ; tool, instrument, 
contrivance, appliance, adjunct. — Device, contrivance, 
appliance. Device implies ingenuity or cleverness of 
invention ; contrivance, rather skill in adapting means to 
an end ; appliance, utility for a given purpose. Device and 
(less often) contrivance may be used in a bad sense. 

dev'il (dev''l), n. [AS. deofol, deoful, fr. L. diabolus, Gr. 
8ia0o\os, lit., slanderer, fr. 8ia.Pa.Weiv to slander, orig. 
to throw across ; dia. across + /SaXXetv to throw.] 1. 
[cap. or I. c] In Jewish and Christian theology, the 
personal supreme spirit of evil and unrighteousness. 2. A 
lesser evil or malignant spirit ; fiend ; demon. 3. A malig- 
nantly wicked person ; a human fiend. 4. Jocosely or famil- 
iarly, a dashing, reckless person. 5. A wretched fellow ; — 
usually used with -poor. 6. A printer's devil. 7. Used as an 
oath, imprecation, or expletive. 8. A dish broiled and very 
highly seasoned. 9. Any of various machines, as one for 
tearing or grinding something, as stock for paper. 10. A 
moving column of dust or sand. India. 

— v. t. ; -iled (-'Id) or -illed ; -il-ing (-'1-Tng) or -il-ling. 
1. To season highly in cooking. 2. To treat in a devil 
(def. 9), as rags in making shoddy. 

dev'il-fish' (-fish'), n. 1. Any of several very large rays of 
warm seas esp. a certain one 
(Mania birostris) of the 
of Mexico. 2. An 
octopus or 
large 



other 

cephalopod 
dev'il-ish, a. 

Resembling, 

characteristic of, or pert, to, 

the Devil; diabolical. — 

Syn. Infernal, hellish, sa- '"^^^Devilfish, 1. (jjg) 

tank, wicked, malicious, detestable. See fiendish. — adv. 

Excessively ; extremely. Colloq. — dev'il-ish-ly, adv. — 

dev'il-ish-ness, n. 

dev'il-kin (-kin), n. A little devil; an imp. 

dev'il-ment (-ment), n. Devilish action ; devilry. 

dev'il-ry (-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). Devilish magic or ac- 
tion ; reckless or wicked conduct ; mischief. 

dev'il's ad'VO-cate (dev''lz). [L. advocatus diaboli.] a 
R. C. Ch. The person nominated to point out defects in 
the evidence upon which a demand for beatification or 
canonization rests, or in the character of the person for 
whom the honor is sought, b Hence, a critic who says the 
worst that can be said, as of something held to be good. 

devil's darning needle. Zodl. Any dragon fly with a 
long, cylindrical body. 

dev^il-ship, n. Office or quality of a devil. 

devil's tattoo. A drumming with the fingers or feet. 

dev'il-try (dev''l-tn), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). Devilry. 

dev'il-WOOd' (-wood'), n. A small oleaceous tree (Os- 
manthus americanus) of the southern United States. 

de'vi-OUS (de'vT-us), a. [L. devius; de + via way.] 

1. Out of a straight line ; winding ; varying from direct- 
ness ; — often used fig. ; as, devious ways. 2. Going out of 
the right or common course ; going astray ; wandering. — 
de'vi-ous-ly, adv. — de'vi-ous-ness, n. 

de-vis'a-ble (de-vlz'd-b'l), a. That can be devised. 

de-vise' (-viz'), v. t. & i.; -vised' (-vizd') ; -vis'ing (-vTz'- 
lng). [OF. diviser to distribute, regulate, fr. L. divisus 
divided, distributed, p. p. of dividere to divide.] 1. To 
divide or distribute. 06s. 2. To form in the mind by new 
combinations of ideas, etc. ; contrive ; invent ; scheme. 3. 
To imagine ; guess. Obs. 4. Law. To give by will ; — now 
esp. of real estate. — ■ Syn. Discover, imagine, plan. 

— n. 1. Act of disposing of property, esp. real property, by 
will ; also, a will or clause of a will making such disposal. 

2. Property devised. — de-vis'er (-vlz'er), n. [made.l 
dev'i-see' (deVi-ze' ; de-vlz'e'), n. One to whom a devise is| 




de-vi'sor (de-vi'zor; -zor), n. One who devises property. 

de-vi'tal-ize (de-vI'tal-Tz), v. t. To deprive of vitality. — 
de-vi'tal-i-za'tion (-T-za'shiin ; -I-za'-), n. 

de-vit'ri-fi-ca'tion (de-vit'ri-fi-ka'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of devitrifying, or state of being devitrified; specif., 
the conversion of glassy matter into crystalline rock by 
slow cooling, pressure, action of water, etc. 

de-vit'ri-fy (de-vit'ri-fT), v.t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing (-fl'- 
lng). To deprive of glasslike luster and transparency ; to 
change from a vitreous to a crystalline condition. 

de-vo'cal-ize (-vo'kal-iz), v. t. To deprive of sonant, or 
vocal, quality. — de-VO'cal-i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn), n. 

de-void' (de-void'), a. [From OF. desvoidier to empty 
out. See de- ; void.] Destitute ; not in possession ; — 
used with of. 

Syn. Devoid, void, destitute agree in the idea of entire 
want or lack. Void and devoid differ chiefly in that void 
may be used absolutely, in the sense of empty, whereas de- 
void is followed by of with its object. Devoid is often. 
destitute rarely, used of the lack of evil qualities or attri- 
butes ; as, devoid (not destitute) of malice ; devoid (or desti- 
tute) of charity. Destitute is stronger than devoid ; it often 
implies utter privation or (as it were) bareness. 

de-voir' (de-vwar' ; -vwor' ; dev'wor), n. [F. See due.] 
Duty ; hence, due act of civility or respect ; — now used in pi. 

dev'O-lu'tion (deVo-lu'shun), n. 1. Transference from 
one to another ; a passing to, or devolving on, a successor. 
2. Retrograde development or evolution; degeneration. 

de-volve' (de-volv'), v. t. & i. ; -volved' (-volvd') ; -volv'- 
ing. [L. devolvere, -lutum, to roll down ; de + volvere 
to roll.] 1. To roll on or down. 2. To transfer or pass 
from one person to another, as by transmission or suc- 
cession ; hand down. 

Dev'on (dev'on), n. One of a breed of rather small, active, 
hardy beef cattle, usually red in color, originating in the 
county of Devon, England. 

De-vo'ni-an (de-vo^nT-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Dev- 
on, or Devonshire, in England. 2. Geol. Pert, to or desig- 
nating that period of the Paleozoic which follows the Silu- 
rian, and the system of rocks formed during this peri- 
od; — from Devon, England, where these rocks were first 
studied. The Devonian is sometimes called the Age of 
Fishes. The Upper Devonian of Pennsylvania, West Vir- 
ginia, etc., yields oil and gas. 

de-vote' (de-vof), v. t.; -vot'ed (-vot'ed) ; -vot'ing. [L. 
devotus, p. p. of devovere; de + vovere to vow.] 1. To 
appropriate or dedicate by a vow ; consecrate ; also, to 
doom. 2. To give up wholly ; addict ; attach. — Syn. 
Destine; resign; apply. See dedicate.— a. Devoted. Obs. 

de-vot'ed (-vot'ed ; 24), p. a. 1. Consecrated to a purpose; 
strongly attached ; zealous. 2. Dedicated ; also, doomed. 
— Syn. See addicted. — de-vot'ed-ly, adv. — ness, n. 

dev'O-tee' (deV6-te'), n. One zealously devoted, esp. to 
religious duties and ceremonies; also, a religious fanatic. 

de-vote'ment (de-vot'ment), n. Act of devoting, or state 
of being devoted, or set apart by a vow ; dedication. 

de-VO'tion (de-vo'shiin), n. 1. State of being devoted ; zeal ; 
esp., feelings toward God expressed in worship ; devoutness. 

2. An act evincing devotedness ; act of worship ; prayer. 3. 
Act of devoting; consecration; dedication. — Syn. Reli- 
giousness, piety ; attachment, devotedness, earnestness. 

de-vo'tion-al (-al), a. Pert, to, suited to, or used in, devo- 
tion ; as, a devotional attitude or spirit. al-ly, adv. 

d3-VO'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. Devotional character. 

de-vo'tion-al-ist, n. One given to devotion; religious 
devotee. 

de-vour' (-vour'), v. t. [F. dcvorer, fr. L. devorare; de + 
vorare to eat greedily.] 1. To eat up greedily or raven- 
ously; prey upon. 2. To seize and destroy, or appro- 
priate greedily or wantonly ; consume ; waste ; annihilate. 

3. To appropriate, or take in, eagerly by the senses ; as, to 
devour a book. 4. To prey upon ; absorb ; as, to be de- 
voured by fear. — de-vour'er, n. 

de-VOUt' (de-vout'), a. [F. devot, fr. L. devotus devoted, 
p. p. See devote, v. t.~\ 1. Devoted to religion or re- 
ligious feelings, duties, or exercises ; pious ; religious. 2. 
Expressing devotion or piety. 3. Warmly devoted; sin- 
cere. — de-vout'ly, adv. — de-vout'ness, n. 
Syn. Devout, pious. Devout suggests esp. a solemn or 
reverent attitude toward religious observances ; pious, a 
faithful and dutiful performance of religious obligations. 

dew (du), n. [AS. deaw.~] 1. Moisture condensed on the 
surfaces of cool bodies, esp. at night ; — often in pi. 2. 
Fig., something that falls or comes lightly or refreshingly ; 
as, "the golden dew of sleep. " 3. An emblem or character- 
istic of morning, or fresh vigor ; as, "the dew of his youth." 

4. Any moisture that appears in small drops, as tears, 
sweat, etc. 

— v. t. To wet with or as with dew ; bedew. 
de-wan' (de-wan'). Var. of divan, diwan. 
dew'ber-ry (du'ber-i), n. Any of certain blackberries, with 
low-growing trailing stems. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (.87); 



DEWCLAW 



279 



DIAGNOSTIC 



dew'claw' (duHdo'), n. A short rudimentary digit on the 
foot of a quadruped, or a claw or hoof terminating such a 
digit, as the so-called false hoof of the deer, etc. 

dew'drop' (du'drop'), n. A drop of dew. 

dew'i-ness (-i-nes), n. State or quality of being dewy. 

dew'lap' (-lap'), n. The hanging fold of skin under the neck 
of variousanimals, esp. bovines. — dew'lapped' (-lapt'), a. 

dew point. The temperature at which dew begins to form. 

dew pond. An artificial pond on the downs, filled and kept 
up by the condensation of dews, mist, etc. Eng. 

dew'y (du'I), a.; dew'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Of or pert, to 
dew ; hence, suggestive of, consisting of, or moist with, dew. 

dex'ter (deks'ter), a. [L.] 1. Pertaining to, or situated 
on, the right hand ; — opp. to sinister. 2. Her. Pert, to 
the side of a shield, or escutcheon, at the right of the per- 
son wearing it. See escutcheon, Illust. 3. Appearing 
or observed on the right side ; hence : auspicious ; fortunate. 

dex-ter'i-ty (deks-ter'T-tl), n. Readiness and grace in 
physical or mental activity ; adroitness. — Syn. Nim- 
bleness, expertness, skill, cleverness, art, ability, address, 
tact, facility, aptness, aptitude, faculty. 

dex'ter-OUS (deks'ter-us), dex'trous (-trus), a. 1. Skill- 
ful and active, physically or mentally ; ready. 2. Done 
with dexterity; skillful; artful. — dex'ter-OUS-ly, dex'- 
trous-ly, adv. — dex'ter-ous-ness, dex'trous-ness, n. 
Syn. Adept, expert, adroit, deft, clever, apt, quick. — 
Dexterous, adroit, deft, clever. Dexterous implies 
sureness and lightness in manipulation or contrivance, 
without especially suggesting resistance to be overcome ; 
adroit implies skill and address in handling a situation, 
esp. in difficulty or danger. Dexterous connotes expert- 
ness ; adroit, rather nicety of perception or tact. Deft 
adds to dexterous the implication of neatness, esp. in 
manipulation. While deft is rarely figurative, clever has 
almost wholly transferred its sense of readiness, quickness, 
from the hand to the head, but often suggests absence 
of the higher organizing or creative powers. 

d&x'tral (-trdl), a. 1. Right, as opposed to sinistral, or 
left. 2. Of omens, favorable ; auspicious. — dex'txzl-ly f adv. 

dex'trin (-trin), n. Also -trine. A dextrorotatory gummy 
substance formed from starch by heat, acids, or ferments, 
used as a substitute for gums^for sizing, etc. 

dex'tro-glu'cose (deks'tro-gloo'kos ; 86), n. [L. dexter 
right + E. glucose.] Chem. Ordinary glucose. 

dex'tro-ro-ta'tion (-ro-ta'shun), n. [L. dexter right + E. 
rotation.'] Right-handed, or clockwise, rotation ; — ap- 
plied chiefly to the turning of the plane of polarization 
of light, and opp. to levorotation. ro'ta-to-ry, a. 

dex'trorse' (deks'trors' ; deks-trors'), a. [L. 
dextrorsum toward the right side, fr. dexter 
right + versus, vorsus, p. p., turned.] 
Twining in a spiral from left to right as seen 
from without, as the stem of the morning- 
glory; — opp. to sinistrorse. — dex-tror r - 
sal (-tror'sal), a. — dex'trorse'ly, adv. 

dex'trose (deks'tros), n. Dextroglucose. 

dex'trous (deks'tnis),a., dex'trous-ly, adv., 
dex'trous-ness, n. = dexterous, etc. 

dey (da), n. [Turk, dai, orig., a maternal un- 
cle.] 1. The governor of Algiers (before the 
French conquest in 1830) . 2. A ruler or pasha 
of Tunis or Tripoli, as in the 16th century. 

dhak (dak ; dok), n. [Hind, dhdk.] An East 
Indian fabaceous tree {Butea frondosa). 

dhar'ma (dar'md; dur'-), n. [Skr., law.] Hinduism & 
Buddhism, a Religious law ; doctrine ; duty ; religion ; 
also, conformity to law ; religious observance ; virtue, b 
[cop.] Hindu Myth. An ancient sage whose numerous 
progeny are personifications of virtues and religious rites. 

dhar'na (dur'na), n. [Hind, dharna.] In India, the prac- 
tice, formerly common, of sitting fasting at a house door to 
enforce redress, esp. the payment of a debt, from an inmate ; 
— chiefly used with sit ; as, to sit dharna or to sit in dharna. 

dhole (dol), n. A wild dog {Cuon dukkunensis) of India, 
which hunts the tiger, etc., in packs. 

dhow (dou), n. A lateen-rigged vessel of the Orient, with, 
usually, a long overhang forward, 
a high poop, and open waist. 

dhur'rie, dhur'ry (dur'I),n.,- pi. 
dhurries (-Tz). [Hind, dharl a 
border of cloth.] A thick cot- 
ton cloth or carpet from India, 
used for hangings, sofa covers, 
and the like. 
di- (dl-). [Gr. Sis twice.] 
A prefix, signifying 
twofold, double, twice. 
di-. A prefix denoting 
separation or rever- 
sal. See DIS-. 
di'a- (dl'd-), di-. [Gr. 
Si a through ; orig., di- 
viding into two parts.] 




Dextrorse 
Stem of 
Morning- 
glory. 




Dhow. 



A prefix denoting through; also, between, apart, asunder, 
across. 

di'a-base (dl'd-bas), n. [F., fr. Gr. Sid/Wis a crossing 
over, passage.] Petrog. a Formerly, diorite. b A dark, 
basic, igneous rock, of a greenish color, consisting of a tri- 
clinic feldspar and augite, with magnetite, and, often, 
olivine, etc. It is included under the general names of 
trap and greenstone. — dia-ba'sic (-ba'slk), a. 

di'a-be'tes (-be'tez ; colloq. -tis),n.[NL.,fr.Gr.Sia|9^y,fr. 
Sia/3ati'€iv to pass through.] A disease attended with a 
persistent, excessive discharge of urine ; esp., a grave form, 
di'a-be'tes mel-li'tus (me-11'tus), in which the urine 
contains sugar and which is attended by excessive thirst 
and hunger and progressive emaciation. 

di'a-betfic (-bet'ik ; -be'tik) , o. Pert, to, afflicted with, or 
indicating, diabetes. — n. A person having diabetes. 

di-a'ble-rie (di-a'ble-n ; F. dya'ble-re'), n. Also di-ab'- 
ler-y (dT-ab'ler-i). [F.] Sorcery ; diabolical deeds ; mi_- 
chief ; also, lore of devils. 

di'a-bol'ic (dl'd-bol'ik) ) a. [From L., fr. Gr. Sia/3oXi*6s. 

di'a-bol'i-cal (-i-kdl) J See devil.] 1. Of or pertaining 
to the Devil or devils. 2. Appropriate to devils ; devilish. 
— Syn. See fiendish. — di'a-bol'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di-ab'o-lism (dl-ab'o-liz'm), n. 1. Action instigated or 
aided by the Devil ; also r action befitting the Devil ; devil- 
ishness. 2. Doctrine of devils; esp., a perversion involv- 
ing the worship of devils. Cf. Satanism. 3. The charac- 
ter, nature, or condition of a devil. — di-ab'o-list, n. 

di-ab'o-lize (-Hz), v. t. To render diabolical; to subject to 
diabolical influence ; also, to represent as diabolical. Rare. 

di-ab'0-lo (di-ab'6-lo) r n. An oldl 
game or sport (revived under this 
name) consisting in whirling en a 
string, fastened to two sticks, a small 
spool-shaped object (the diabolo) so 
as to balance it on the string, toss it 
in the air and catch it, etc. 

di'a-caus'tic (dl'd-kos'tlk), a. Des- 
ignating, or pert, to, a caustic surface 
or curve caused by refraction. — n. 
A diacaustic surface or curve. See caustic, a., 3. 

di-ach'y-lon (dl-ak'i-lon) 1 n.; L. pi. -la (-Id). [XL. 

di-ach^y-lum (dl-ak'Mum) J diachylum, fr. Gr. 8iaxv\os 
very juicy ; Sid thoroughly + x^Xds juice. ] A plaster 
containingleadsaltsof thefatty acids, usedfor wounds, etc. 

di-ac'id (dl-as'id), a. [1st di- + acid.] Chem. Able to com- 
bine with two molecules of a monobasic, or one of a dibasic, 
acid to form a salt or ester ; — said of bases and alcohols. 

di-ac'o-nal (dl-ak'6-ndl), a. [LL. diaconalis. See dea- 
con.] Of or pert, to a deacon. 

di-ac'o-nate (-nat), n. Office of a deacon ; a body of deacons. 

di'a^OUS'tics (dl'd-koos'tiks ; -kous'tiks), n. (See -ics.) 
[di-, dia- + acoustics.] Science treating of sound as af- 
fected by different mediums. — di'a-cous'tic, a. 

di'a-crit'ic (-d-krit'ik), a. [Gr. SiaicpiTiKos, fr. SiaKplveiv to 
distinguish; did + Kpivetv to separate.] Diacritical. — n. 
A diacritical mark or point. 

di'a-crit'i-cal^-i-kdl), a. Serving to separate or distin- 
guish, as a point or sign applied to a letter to distinguish it 
in form or sound. — di'a-crit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di'ac-tin'ic (dl'ak-tin'ik), a. Physics. Capable of trans- 
mitting the actinic rays of light. 

di'a-del'phous (-d-del'fus), a. [Gr. Si- = Si's 
twice + &5e\<p6s brother.] Bot. United by the- 
filaments into two bundles or fascicles, as in 
Dutchman's-breeches (Bikukulla) and most 
plants of the bean family ; — said of stamens. 

di'a-dem (dl'd-dem), n._ [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
diaS-rjua, fr. 8ia5e2i> to bind round ; Sid through, 
across + Sei^to bind.] 1. A crown ; specif., an 
ornamental headband or fillet worn by Eastern 
monarchs. 2. Regal power or dignity. — v. t. 
To adorn with a diadem ; to crown. 




Diabolo. 




Diadel- 

phous 

Stamens. 



di-ser'e-sis, di-er'e-sis ( dl-er'e"-sTs ; dl-e'- 



re-sis ), n.; pi. -eses ( -sez ). [L. diaeresis, 
fr. Gr. Siaipems, fr. Siaipelp to divide ; Sid -f- 
alpelv to take.] 1. Gram. The resolution of one syllable 
into two, esp. by separating a diphthong into its component 
vowels. 2. A mark, consisting of two dots [ • •] , placed over 
a vowel to indicate its pronunciation in a separate syllable, 
as in zoology. 3. Gr. & Lat. Pros. The break caused by 
the coincidence of the end of a foot with the end of a word. 

di'ag-nose' (dl'ag-nos' ; -noz'), v. t. & i.; -nosed' (-nost' ; 
-nozd') ; -nos'ing. To ascertain by, or to make, a diagnosis. 

di'ag-no'sis (-no'sis), n.; pi. -noses (-sez). [Gr. SidTi/oocris, 
fr. 5iayi.yvw<TKtiv to distinguish ; Sid + yiyvioaKtiv to know.] 
1. Art or act of recognizing disease from its symptoms ; 
also, the decision arrived at. 2. Scientific determination ; 
critical scrutiny, or judgment based on it. 

di'ag-nos'tic (-nos'tik), a. [Gr. btayvucrriKbi able to dis- 
tinguish, fr. SiayiyvwcTKeiv. ] Pert, to or furthering a 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DIAGNOSTICATE 



280 



DIARTHROSIS 



diagnosis ; indicating the nature of a disease. — n. A 
diagnostic mark or symptom. 

di'ag-nos'ti-cate (-ti-kat), v. t. & i. To diagnose. 

di'ag-nos-ti'cian (-nos-tish'dn), n. One who makes diag- 
noses, esp. an expert. [of medicine. I 

di'ag-nos'tics (-tiks),ji. (See -ics.) Diagnosis as a branch] 

di-ag'o-nal (dl-ag'6-ndl) , a. [L. diagonalis, f r. Gr. Siaywvios 
from angle to angle; Sid_ through + yuvla angle.] 1. 
Geom. joining two not adjacent vertices of a rectilinear or 
polyhedral figure ; running across from corner to corner. 
2. Having an oblique direction or extension. 3. Having 
diagonal parts or markings. 

— n. 1. A diagonal right line or plane. 2. A diagonal direc- 
tion, row, or arrangement, or a part of a structure placed 
diagonally. 3. Short for diagonal cloth, a plain twilled 
fabric with diagonal stripes, ridges, or welts. 

di-ag'o-nal-ly, adv. In a diagonal manner or position. 
di'a-gram (dl'd-gram), n. [Gr. 8iaypanp.a, fr. biaypafciv 
to mark out by lines ; Sid through -f- ypkfaiv to draw.] 

1. A line drawing, as for scientific purposes. 2. Any 
graphic representation ; a scheme, chart, or plan. — v. t. ; 
-gramed (-gramd) or -grammed ; -gram'ing or -gram'- 
ming. To represent by, or put into the form of, a diagram. 

di'a-gram-mat'ic (-grd-mat'ik)l a. Pertaining to, or of the 

di'a-gram-mat'i-cal (-i-kdl) J nature of, a diagram ; 

showing by diagram. — di'a-gram-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di'a-graph (-graf), re. [Gr. 8iaypa<t>eiv to draw.] A drawing 
instrument, combining a protractor and a scale. 

di'al (dl'dl), n. [LL. dialis daily, L. dies day.] 1. An 
instrument for showing the time of day by the shadow of 
a style, or gnomon; esp., a sundial. 2. Any timepiece. 
Obs. 3. A certain kind of compass used in surveying. 4. 
The graduated face of a timepiece. 5. A plate or face hav- 
ing a pointer or pointers for indicating something ; as, the 
dial of a steam gauge. 

— v. t. ; di'aled (-aid) or di'alled ; -al-ing or -al-ling. To 
measure with a dial ; also, to survey or lay out with a dial. 

di'a-lect (dl'd-lekt),re. [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr. 
5ia\eKTos, fr. SiaXeyeadai to converse. See dialogue.] 1. 
Language ; tongue ; phraseology. 2. A form of speechmarked 
by local peculiarities ; esp., a local form of a language 
differing from the standard, or literary, form. 3. The 
cant or jargon of a class, profession, trade, or the like. — 
Syn. Idiom, patois, vernacular. 

di'a-lec'tal (-lek'tal), a. Relating to a dialect ; dialectical. 

di'a-lec'tic (-lek'tik) \ a. 1. Pertaining to dialectics ; 

di'a-lec'ti-cal (-tT-kdl) J logical. 2. Pertaining to, or of 
the nature of, a dialect. — di'a-lec'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

di'a-lec-ti'cian (-lek-tTsh'dn), re. One versed in dialectics. 

di'a-lecfti-cism (-lek'ti-siz'm), re. 1. The practice of 
dialectics. 2. The nature or characteristics of dialect ; 
dialectal influence ; also, a dialectal expression. 

di'a^lec'tic-S (-lek'tiks), n. (See-ics.) Thatbranch of logic 
which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning ; systematic 
analysis of conceptions to develop what is implied in them. 

di'al-ing, di'al-ling (dl'dl-ing), re. 1. Art of constructing 
the dials ; the science treating of measuring time by dials. 

2. A method of surveying, esp. in mines. 

di'al-lage (dl'a-laj), re. [Gr. SiaWayri change; — allud- 
ing to its dissimilar planes of fracture.] Min. A dark 
green or bronze-colored laminated pyroxene, common in 
certain igneous rocks. 

di-al'O-gism (dl-al'6-jiz'm), re. [Gr. 8ia\oyi<rix6s.'] An 
imaginary or actual dialogue. gis'tic (-jis'tik), a. 

di-al'O-gist (dl-al'6-jist), re. 1. One who participates in 
a dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. 

di-al'o-gize (-jiz), v. i. To dialogue. 

di'a-logue (dl'd-log), re. Also, Ref. Sp., di'a-log. [F., fr. 
L., fr. Gr. SidXoyos, fr. 8ia\kye<rda.i to converse ; Sid + 
XcYtip to speak.] 1. A written composition represent- 
ing two or more persons as conversing or reasoning ; as, 
Plato's Dialogues. 2. A conversation between two or more. 

— v. i. ; -logued (-logd) ; -logu'ing^ (-log'ing). To take part 
in a dialogue. — v. t. To express in dialogue. 

di-al'y-sis (dl-al'T-sis), re.; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., separa- 
tion, fr. Gr. SidXuais, deriv._ of Sid through + \veiv to 
loose.] Dissolution; separation; specif., Chem., the sepa- 
ration of crystalloids and colloids in solution, by means of 
their unequal diffusion through certain membranes. 

di-a-lyt'ic (dl'd-lit'ik), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, dialysis. 

di'a-lyze (dl'd-llz), v. t. ; -lyzed (-lTzd) ; -lyz'ing (-llz/Tng). 
Chem. To separate, prepare, or obtain, by dialysis; to 
pass through a suitable membrane; subject to dialysis. 

dl'a-lyz'er (dl'd-llz'er), re. A vessel used in dialyzing. 

di'a-mag-net'ic (-mag-net'ik), o. Physics. Possessing, or 
pert, to, the property of being repelled by a magnet and 
of tending to take a position at right angles to the lines of 
force in a magnetic field, as is the case with bismuth. — 
n. A diamagnetic substance. — di'a-mag'net-ism, re. 

di-am'e-ter (dl-am'e-ter),n. [F. diame£re,fr.L.,fr.Gr.Sid- 
nerpos ; Sid + fikrpov measure.] 1. Geom. Any chord pass- 



ing through the center of a figure or body. 2. The length of 
a straight line through the center of an object from side to 
side ; width ; thickness. — di-am'e-tral (-trdl), a. 
di'a-met'ric (dl'd-meVrik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the 




Pert, to, or containing, two amino groups. See amino. 

di'a-mond (dl'd-mimd), n. [F. diamant, corrupted fr. L. 
adamas steel, diamond, Gr. dSdjuas.] 1. Native crystallized 
carbon, highly valued as a gem when transpar- 
ent and free from flaws ; also, a piece of this A 
material. _ 2. A plane figure formed by four equal / \ 
straight lines bounding two acute and two obtuse / > 
angles ; a lozenge. 3. Playing Cards. A red loz- \ / 
enge stamped on a card ; a card, or (in pi.) the suit, \y 
so marked. 4. A tool holding a diamond, used for ; 
cutting glass. 5. Baseball. The infield. 6. Print. ^- >la ~. 
A size of type. See type. — di'a-mond-ed, a. m ° nd ' 

diamond anniversary. See wedding, n. Note. 

Di'an (dl'an), n. [F. Diane.~\ Diana. Poetic. 

Di-an'a (dl-an'd ; L. dl-a/nd), n. [L.] Roman Relig. 1. 
An ancient Italian goddess worshiped as a deity of the 
wood and as helper of women in childbirth. Diana be- 
came identified with Artemis, and like her was repre- 
sented as a huntress, and associated with the moon. 2. 
The moon ; — a personification being Diana (as Artemis) a 
moon goddess. 3. Alchem. & Old Chem. Silver. 
Diana of Ephesus, the tutelary goddess of ancient 
Ephesus, primarily a fertility goddess, but identified with 
the Roman Diana. 

di-an'drous (-an'dr&s), a. Bot. Having two stamens. 

di'a-no-et'ic (dl'd-no-et'Tk), a. [Gr. StavoriTiKos ; 8i& 
through -j- voeiv to revolve in the mind.] Of or pertaining 
to reasoning, esp. discursive reasoning. — di'a-no-et'ic, n. 

di'a-pa'SOn (dl'd-pa'zcn), n. [L., fr. Gr. 8i.aira.crG>v; Sta 
through + iraa&v, gen. pi. of iras all.] Music, a A part 
sounding the consonance of the octave ; concord ; harmony. 
b The entire compass of tones. C Either of the two chief 
foundation stops (open diapason and stopped diapason) 
in the organ, d A standard of pitch ; a tuning fork. 

di'a-per (di'd-per), n. [From OF. diaspre, diapre,ir. LL. 
diasprus.~\ 1. A fabric of linen, cotton, or the like, usually 
white and of simple pattern ; also, the pattern, con- 
sisting of the repetition of one or more units of design. 2. 
a A towel or napkin for wiping the hands, etc. Archaic. 
b A cloth for an infant's breech. — v. t. To ornament 
with figures, etc., in the diaper pattern, as cloth in weav- 
ing ; also, to introduce (a figure) in diaper pattern. 

di'a-pha-ne'i-ty (dl'd-fd-ne'i-tT), n. Quality or state of 
being diaphanous. 

di-aph'a-nous (dl-af'd-nws), a. [Gr. 8i.a(j>avris, deriv. of Sid 
+ cpalveiv to show.] Translucent or transparent. — Syn. 
See transparent. — di-aph'a-nous-ly, adv. — di-aph'- 
a-nous-ness, n. 

di'a-pho-re'sis (dl'd-fo-re'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 8t.a.<t>6pri(Tis ; 
did + <j>ope2i> to carry.] Perspiration, esp. when artificial 
and profuse. 

di'a-pho-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. Having power to promote per- 
spiration. — n. A diaphoretic agent. 

di'a-phragm (dl'd-fram), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 8ib<l>pa.yy.a, 
fr. 8ia4>payvvvai to fence by a partition wall ; Sid through 
+ 4>payvwai, 4>pdffaeiv, to fence.] 1. A dividing mem- 
brane or thin partition. 2. Anat. The muscular and ten- 
dinous partition separating the chest from the abdomen ; 
midriff. 3. a A partition in a tube or pipe, b A porous par- 
tition, often in the form of a cup, for separating solutions, 
as in electrolytic processes. C A vibrating disk or mem- 
brane, as in an ear trumpet, a phonograph, or a telephone. 
4. In an optical instrument, a perforated plate to regulate 
the amount of light received or reduce the field of view. 

— v. t. To furnish, fit, or apply a diaphragm to. 

di'a-phrag-mat'ic (-frag-mat'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or of the 
nature of, a diaphragm. 

di-aph'y-sis (dl-af'I-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr., Gr. 
8id(pv<Tis a growing through ; Sid through + <$>w\.v to grow.] 
Anat. The shaft or main part of a long bone, ■ — the part 
first ossified ; — distinguished from epiphysis. 

di'a-poph'y-sis (dl'd-pof'i-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL. 
See dia-; apophysis.] Anat. & Zo'dl. The transverse 
process of a vertebra (see vertebra) ; — when there are 
more than one pair of transverse processes, used of the 
dorsal pair. — dVa-po-phys'i-al (-po-fiz'I-dl), a. 

di'a-rist (dl'd-rist), n. One who keeps a diary. 

di'ar-rhe'a Udl'd-re'd), «• [From L., fr. Gr. Si&ppoia 

di'ar-rhce'a J deriv. of Sid + pelp to flow.] Med. A mor- 
bid purging or looseness of the bowels.- — di'ar-rhe'al, 
-rhce'al (-dl), -rhe'ic, -rhce'ic (-ik), a. 

di'ar-thro'sis (di'ar-thro'sTs), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. SidpOpuxns, deriv. of Sid through, asunder + &pdpo» 
joint.] Anat . A form of articulation which admits of con- 
siderable motion. — di'ar-thro'di-al (-di-dl), a. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite,, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DIARY 



281 



DICKER 



di'a-ry (dT'd-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. diarium, fr. dies 
day.] A daily record, esp. of personal memoranda ; also, a 
blank book dated for recording daily memoranda. 

Di-as'po-ra (dl-as'po-rd), n. [Gr. 8iaairopa. a scattering; 
5iA asunder + airelpeip to sow.] Lit., "Dispersion"; — ' 
applied to : a The whole body of Jews scattered through 
the Old World after the Exile, b Jewish Christians living 
among heathen in the apostolic age. Cf. James i. 1. 

di'a-spore (dl'd-spor), n. [See Diaspora.] Min. A hydrox- 
ide of aluminium, AlO-OH; — so named on account of its 
decrepitating strongly before the blowpipe. 

di'a-Stase (dT'd-stas), n. [Gr. Siaaraacs separation, de- 
riv. of 8ia through, apart + lorkvax to set.] Physiol. 
Chem. An enzyme, occurring in germinating seeds, leaves, 
saliva, and pancreatic juice, capable of converting starch 
and glycogen into sugar (chiefly maltose) and dextrins. 

di'a-Stat'ic (-stat'ik), a. Physiol. Chem. Pert, to, or hav- 
ing the properties of, diastase ; converting starch into sugar. 

di-as'ter (-as'ter), n. [di- + Gr. aarrip star.] A stage in 
mitotic cell division when the chromosomes, having split 
and separated, group themselves near the poles of the spin- 
dle preparatory to forming the new nuclei. See mitosis. 

di-as'to-le (di-as'to-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. 6100-7-0X17, deriv. of 
Sta apart 4- arkWeiv to set.] 1. The rhythmical expan- 
sion or dilatation of the heart and arteries. Cf. systole. 
2. Gr. & Lat. Pros. A figure by which a syllable regu- 
larly short is made long, esp. before a pause or at the ictus. 

di'as-tol'ic (dl'ds-tol'ik), a. Of or pert, to diastole. 

di-as'tro-phism (dl-as'tro-fTz'm), n. [Gr. 8iao-Tpo<t>r) dis- 
tortion ; Sid. through + crrpefaip to turn.] Geol. The proc- 
ess or processes by which the earth's crust is deformed, 
producing continents, ocean basins, mountains, etc. — di'- 
as-troph'ic (dl'ds-trof'ik), a. 

di'a-Style (dl'd-stll ), a. [L. diastylus, Gr. oiaoruXos ; 816. 
asunder + 0"tD\os column.] Arch. Designating an arrange- 
ment of columns in which the intercolumniation is three 
diameters. — n. A diastyle colonnade. 

di'a-tes'sa-ron (dl'd-tcs'd-ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. 8ia.Teo-aa.puv 
the interval of a fourth.] 1. Anc. Music. The interval 
of a fourth. 2. Bible Hist. A combination of the four 
Gospels into a single and consecutive narrative. 

di'a-ther'ma-cy (dl'd-thur'md-sT), n. Diathermancy. 

di'a-ther'man-cy (-mdn-si), n. [Gr. 8ia6epp.a.lveiv to warm 
through.] The property of transmitting radiant heat. Cf. 
athermancy. — ther'ma-nous (-md-nus),-ther'mic, a. 

di-ath'e-sis (dl-ath'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. otdoeois, de- 
riv. of 5td + nOevai to place.] Med. Bodily condition pre- 
disposing to a particular disease. 

di'a-thet'ic (dl'd-thet'ik ), a. Pert, to or dependent on, a 
diathesis, or special constitution, as, diathetic diseases. 

di'a-tom (dl'd-tom ), n. [Gr. 8lo.top.os cut in two.] A mi- 
croscopic, unicellular, marine or fresh-water alga (order Ba- 
cillariales) found on submerged objects, as wood, stones, 
etc. The siliceous skeletons form kieselguhr. — di'a-to- 
ma'ceous (-to-ma'shfe), di'a-tom'ic (-tom'ik), a. 

di-at'0-mite (dl-at'o-mlt), n. Min. Tripoli. 

di'a-ton'ic (dl'd-ton'ik), a. [From L., deriv. of Gr. Sid 
through, out + relvav to stretch.] Music. Pert, to or 
designating a standard major or minor scale of 8 tones with- 
out chromatic modification. — di'a-ton'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di'a-tribe (dl'd-trlb), n. [L. diatriba a learned discussion, 
Gr. biarpiPrj, prop., a wearing away of time, deriv. of <5i& 
through + Tpifteiv to rub.] 1. A prolonged discussion. 
2. A violent criticism ; an invective. 

di-au'los (dl-o'los), n. ; pi. -auli (-11). [L., fr. Gr. 8lav\os ; 8i- 
= Us twice + aii\6s pipe, race course.] Gr. Antiq. a The 
double course for foot races, extending down one side of 
the stadium,, around the goal, and back on the other side to 
the starting point, b A double flute, formed of two single 
flutes_ joined at the mouthpiece. — di-au'lic (-lik), a. 

di-az'ine (dl-az'in; -en), n. Also -in. [di- -f- azo- + -ine.~] 
Org. Chem. Any of a large class of compounds containing 
a ring of four carbon and two nitrogen atoms. See azine. 

di-az'o- (dl-az'6-). [di- + azo-.'] Chem. A combining 
form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence in a 
compound of a group of two nitrogen atoms, N2, in direct 
union with one hydrocarbon radical and also (usually) 
with some other group or an atom ; as, diazobenzene, 
C6H5-N2-OH. Diazo compounds are obtained by the 
action of nitrous acid on salts of certain amino compounds. 

di-az'o-tize (-o-tiz), v. t. Chem. To convert into diazo 
compounds, or their derivatives. 

dib (dib), v. i.; dibbed (dibd) ; dib'blng. 1. To dip. 2. 
Angling. To let the bait bob and dip lightly. 

di-bas'ic (dl-bas'ik ), a. Chem. Of acids, having two hy- 
drogen atoms replaceable by basic atoms, or radicals, in 
forming salts. 

dib'ber (dib'gr), n. A dibble. 

dib'ble (d!b''l) , n. A pointed implement to make holes in the 
ground, esp. for plants or seeds.— v.t.; -bled (-'Id) ;-bling. 
To plant, or make holes in (soil), with or as with a dibble. 



dib'ble, v. i. ; dib'bled ; dib'bling. Angling. To dib. 

di-bran'chi-ate (dl-brar/kl-at), a. Zool. Belonging or 
pert, to a subclass or order (Dibranchiata) including all 
living cephalopods except those of one genus (Nautilus). 
They have two gills. 

di-bu'ty-rin (dT-bu'tY-nn), n. See butyrin. 

di'cast (dl'kast), n. [Gr. 5iKaarr]s, fr. 8ik6.^€iv, to judge, 
81kt) right, judgment, justice.] Gr. Antiq. A member of 
the body that composed the highest court of the Athe- 
nian democracy, performing the functions of both modern 
judge and jury. — di-cas'tic (dT-kas'tik), a. 

dice (dls), n. ; pi. of die. Small cubes marked, usually, 
with spots from one to six, used in gaming ; also, gaming 
with dice. — v ; t. ; diced (dlst) ; dic'ing (dls'ing). 1. To 
lose or bring into some condition by playing at dice ; — 
usually used with away. 2. To ornament or make with 
markings or a pattern resembling dice or small squares; 
checker. — v. i. To play games with dice. 

di-cen'tra (df-sen'trd), n. [NL. ; di- + Gr. nkvrpov spur.] 
Any of a genus {Bikukulla) of papaveraceous herbs ; esp., 
the bleeding heart [B. spectabilis). 

dic-"er (dTs'er), n. A player at dice ; a gamester. 

di-cha'si-um (dl-ka'zhi-um ; -zi-wm), n.; pi. -sia (-d). 
[NL., fr. Gr. 5ixa<m division, 8lx<>- in two, Sk twice.] Bot. 
A form of cymose inflorescence in which each axis produces 
two branches. Cf . monoctiasium, polychasium ; see cyme 
and inflorescence, Illust. — di-cha'si-al (-51), a. 

di-chlo'ride (-klo'rld), n. Also -rid. Chem. A compound 
containing two atoms of chlorine with an element or radical. 

di-chog'a-my (-kog'd-rm), n. [Gr. Sixa in two + -gamy.] 
Bot. Maturation of stamens and pistils at different periods, 
thus insuring cross-pollination, as in certain perfect or 
monoclinous flowers. — di-chog'a-mous (-mils), a. 

di'cho-tom'ic (dl'ko-tom'ik), a. Dichotomous. 

di-chot'O-mize (dl-kot'o-mTz), v. t. & i.; -mized (-mlzd) ; 
-miz'ing (-miz'Tng). [See dichotomy.] 1. To cut or di- 
vide into two, or,_loosely, into several, parts ; part into two 
divisions ; divide into pairs. 2. Astron. To exhibit as an 
apparent half disk. See dichotomy, 2. mi-za'tion, n. 

di-chot'o-mous (-mfc), n. Pertaining to, or characterized 
by, dichotomy. — di-chot'o-mous-ly, adv. 

di-chot'o-my (-mi),n.;pl. -mies (-m!z). [Gr. 8ixotoulo.; 
8ixa in two + repveiv to cut.] 1. Division into two 
subordinate parts ; hence: a cutting in two ; a division. 2. 
Astron. The phase of the moon or an interior planet in which 
just half its disk appears illuminated. 3. Biol, a A forking 
or bifurcation, esp. repeated bifurcation, as of a vein of the 
body, b Bot. A system of branching in which the main axis 
forks repeatedly into two uniformly developed branches. 

di-chro'ic (-kro'ik), a. [See dichroism.] 1. Having the 
property of dichroism. 2. = dichromatic. 

di'chro-ism^ (dl'kro-Tz'm), n. [Gr. Slxpoos two-colored ; 
5t- = 8ls twice -f- xpba, color. ] Crystallography. l.The 
property of presenting different colors in two different direc- 
tions by transmitted light. 2. Physics. The property pos- 
sessed by some bodies of differing in color with the thick- 
ness of the transmitting layer, or, in the case of liquids, with 
the degree of concentration of the solution. 

di'chro-ite (-It), n. [See dichroism.] Min. lolite. 

di'chro-it'ic (-lt'ik), a. Dichroic. 

di-chro'mate (dl-kro'mat), n. See dichromic acid. 

di'chro-mat'ic (dl'kro-mat'Tk), a. 1. Having two colors. 
2. Psychol. Pertaining to, or affected with, dichromatism. 

di-chro'ma-tism (dT-kro'md : tTz'm),n. Dichromatic state ; 
specif., Psychol., the condition of seeing, or being able to 
see, only two of the fundamental colors, or two colors and 
their combinations. 

di-chro'mic (dl-kro'mik), a. Chem. Containing two atoms 
or equivalents of chromium. 

dichromic acid, an acid, H2Cr207, existing separately only 
in solution, if at all, but forming a series of stable salts 
called dichromates, or bichromates. 

di'chro-scope (dl'kro-skop), n. [See dichroism ; -scope.] 
An instrument for examining the dichroism of crystals. 

dic'ing (dls'ing), n. Playing or gambling with dice. 

dick-cis'sel (dik-sis'el), n. The black-throated bunting 
(Spiza americana), common in 
the central United States. 

dick'ens (dik'enz ;24),n. orinterj. 
The devil ; the deuce ; — a euphe- 
mism. 

dick'er (dik'erX'V.i. & t. To barter. 
U. S.— n. A chaffering, barter, 
or exchange, of small wares. U. S. 

dick'er, n. [From L. decuria a di- 
vision consisting of ten, fr. decern 
ten.] Com. Orig., the number or 
quantity of ten, as of hides or 
skins ; now, any of various num- 
bers or quantities, esp. twelve ; 
a quantity or number ; a lot. 




G 



H 



J 



K 



Dickcissel. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. >= equals, 



M 



DICKEY 



282 



DIET 



dick'ey \ (-Y), n.; pi. -eys, -ies (-iz). 



1. Any of various 

dick'y / articles of clothing, as a false shirt front or a 
shirt collar. 2. Any of various animals, as a donkey or a 
small bird. 3. In a carriage : a A seat for the driver, b A 
seat at the back for servants. _ 

dick'ey \a. Of poor quality ; in bad condition ; inferior ; 

dick'y I sorry ; poor. Slang, Eng. 

di'cli-nous (dl'kli-ntis ; dl-kll'nus), a. [di- + Gr. k\Ivt] 
bed.] Bot. Having the andrcecium and gyncecium in sepa- 
rate flowers. Cf. monoclinous, monoecious, dicecious. 

di-COt'y-le'don (dl-kot'i-le'dim^ft. A dicotyledonous plant. 

di-COt'y-le'don-OUS (-le'dun-ws ; -led'un-ws), a. Bot. a 

, Having two cotyledons, b Belonging to one (Dicotyledo- 
nes) of the two subclasses of angiospermous plants, includ- 
ing all with two cotyledons. Most deciduous trees and the 
great majority of herbs and shrubs are dicotyledons. Cf. 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS. 

di-crot'ic (dl-krot'Ik), a. [di- + Gr. Kportlv to beat.] 
Physiol, a Of or pertaining to dicrotism; as, a dicrotic 
pulse. b Of or pertaining to the second expansion of the 
artery in the dicrotic pulse ; as, the dicrotic wave. 

di'cro-tism (dl'kro-tiz'm ; dTk'ro-), n. Physiol. A con- 
dition in which there are two beats, or waves, of the ar- 
terial pulse to each beat of the heart. 

dic'ta (dTk'td), n., L. pi. of dictum. 

dic'ta-graph (dik'td-graf). Var. of dictograph. 

dic'ta-phone (td-fon ), n. [dictate + -phone, as in "tele- 
phone.] A form of phonographic recorder and repro- 
ducer for use in the dictation of letters, etc., which the 
machine records and reproduces at will for transcription. 
ft^T* Dictaphone is a trade-mark name. 

flic'tate (dik'tat; dik-tat'), v. t.; -tat-ed (-tat-ed; -tatt- 
ed) ; -tat-ing. [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of di- 
cere to say.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may 
write down. 2. To utter authoritatively; deliver (a 
command) to a subordinate ; declare with authority ; 

L impose ; as, to dictate the terms of a treaty. — Syn. Pre- 
scribe, enjoin, command. — v. i. To practice dictation. 

dic'tate (dik'tat), n. A statement delivered with authority ; 
an authoritative rule or principle. 

Syn. Dictate, dictum. A dictate is an authoritative 
rule, prescription, or injunction ; as, the dictate of utility ; 
the dictates of conscience. A dictum is a brief remark ex- 
pressing a judgment or opinion dogmatically ; the word 
often suggests a casual judgment or an opinion unsup- 
ported by evidence. 

dic-ta'tion (dik-ta'shwn), n. 1. Act of dictating. 2. That 
which is dictated. 

dic-ta'tor (-ter), n. 1. One appointed to exercise, or one 
exercising, absolute authority in government, esp. in a 
republic. 2. Hence : One vested with supreme authority 
in any line. 3. One who dictates to a writer. 

dic'ta-to'ri-al (dik'td-to'n-dl ; 57), a. Pert, or suited to, 
or characteristic of, a dictator ; overbearing. — dic'ta-to' 
ri-al-ly, adv. — dic'ta-to'ri-al-ness, n. 

Syn. Autocratic, peremptory, domineering ; positive, cate- 
gorical, dogmatic, opinionated, pragmatic. — Dictatori- 
al, dogmatic, opinionated. Dictatorial suggests a tend- 
ency to imperiousness ; as, a dictatorial manner or tone. One 
is dogmatic who is unduly, often offensively, positive 
in expression of opinion ; one is opinionated who is ob- 
stinately tenacious of one's own views ; as, dogmatic asser- 
tions ; an opinionated bore. 

dic-ta'tor-ship (dTk-ta'ter-ship), n. 1. Office, term, or 
dignity of a dictator. 2. Absolute authority. 

dic-ta'tress (-tres), n. A female dictator. 

dic'tion (dik'shun), n. [L. dictio saying, word, fr. dicer e, 
dictum, to say.] Choice of words for expression of ideas ; 
mode of verbal expression ; as, Milton's flawless diction. 
Syn. Diction, phraseology, style. Diction applies to 
words, esp. as selected to express ideas. Phraseology ap- 
plies to words in their grouping or arrangement, or (within 
narrower limits than style) to a peculiar or particular man- 
ner of expression. Style applies to expression as individ- 
ual or characteristic, or (esp.) as possessed of high artistic 
distinction. 

dic'tion-a-ry (-a-n), n.; pi. -ries (-rfz). [LL. dictiona- 
rium. See diction.] A book containing the words of a lan- 
guage, or of any system or province of knowledge, usually 
arranged alphabetically, with their meanings ; a lexicon. 

dic'to-graph (dik'to-graf), n. [L. dictum a thing said -f- 
-graph.'] A telephonic instrument having a sound-magni- 
fying device making the ordinary mouthpiece unnecessary. 
Much use has been made of it for overhearing conversations 
in order to obtain evidence for use in litigation. 
fc^"" Dictograph is a trade-mark name. 

dic'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E. -tums (-tumz). [L., 
neuter of dictus, p. p., said.] An assertion; a statement 
which claims to be or is authoritative ; Law, a judicial 
opinion on a point immaterial to the matter being decided. 
— Syn. See dictate. 

did (did), pret. of do. 

Did'a-che (did'd-ke), n. [Gr. SiSaxv teaching.] Eccl. An 



important Christian treatise of the first or second century; 

— called more fully the "Teaching of the Twelve Apos- 
tles." The earliest known manuscript was discovered in 
1873, at Constantinople. 

di-dac'tic (dl-dak'tik ; di-) \ a. [Gr. dtSaKTLKds fr. St8&- 

di-dac'ti-cal (-dak'ti-kal) / okziv to teach.] Fitted or 
intended to teach ; instructive. — di-dac'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

di-dac'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. Didactic method or system. 

di-dac'tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) Art or science of teaching. 

di'dap'per (dl'dap'er), n. A dabchick or other small grebe. 

did'dle (did''l), v. i. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dung (-ling.) To move 
jerkily up and down or back and forth. Colloq. or Dial. 

did'dle, v. t. & i. Colloq. or Dial. 1. To cheat ; swindle. 
2. To waste (time). — did'dler (did'ler), n. 

Di'do (di'do), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ai&!>.] 1. Class. Myth. A 
Tyrian princess, reputed founder and queen of Carthage. 
In Vergil's "JEneid," she entertains ^Eneas and his fol- 
lowers, falls in love with him, and on his desertion kills 
herself. 2. [I. c] pi. -does or -DOS (-doz). A trick ; an 
antic ; a caper. Colloq., U. S. 

di-drach'ma (dl-drak'md), n.; pi. E. -drachmas (-mdz), 
L. -drachmae (-me). [Gr. dlSpaxpov.] An ancient Greek 
silver coin worth two drachmas. 

didst (dTdst). The 2d pers. sing. pret. of do. 

di-dym'i-um (dI-dim'i-iim;_dT-), n. Also di'dym (di'- 
d!m). [NL., fr. Gr. SLSvftos twin.] Chem. A rare substance 
usually associated with lanthanum, — hence its name. 
Formerly supposed to be an element, it has since been sepa- 
rated into neodymium and praseodymium. 

did'y-mous (did'I-mus), a. [Gr. SlSvfios twofold, twin.] 
Bot. & Zo'ol. Growing in pairs ; twin or twofold. 

Did'y-mus (-mus), n. Bib. A surname of the apostle 
Thomas. See John xi. 16, xx. 24, xxi. 2. 

die (di), v. i. ; pret. & p. p. died (did) ; p. pr. & vb. n. dy'- 
ing (dl'Tng). [ME. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin.] 1. To 
cease to live ; become dead ; perish ; — said of any living 
organism ; as, to die of a fever, old age, etc. 2. To suffer 
the pains of or as of death. 3. To pass out of existence ; 
cease. 4. To sink, faint, or pine away ; languish ; as, his 
heart died within him. 5. To become indifferent or as if 
dead to ; as, to die to the world. 6. To recede and grow 
fainter ; become imperceptible ; vanish ; pass ; — often used 
with out, down, or away. — Syn. Expire, decease, depart. 

die (di), n.; pi., in senses 1 and (usually) 2 and (rarely) 3, 
dice (dls) ; in 4 & 5, dies (dlz). [F. de, fr. L. datus given, 
thrown, p. p. of dare to give, throw.] 1. One of the small 
cubes used in gaming. 2. Any small cubical body. 3. 
That which is, or might be, determined by a throw of the 
die ; chance. 4. Arch. The dado of a pedestal. 5. Mech. 
a A metal block or plate (often one of a pair) so shaped 
as to give a certain desired form to an object by pressure 
or a blow, as in forging metals, coining, etc. b A per- 
forated block, used in connection with a punch, for punch- 
ing holes, etc. C A hollow internally threaded screw- 
cutting tool, for forming screw threads on bolts, etc. d 
A knife or cutter of some particular shape. 

— v. t. ; died (did) ; die'ing. To cut or stamp with a die ; — 
often used with out; as, a dieing-out machine. 

di-e'cious, di-e'cious-ly. Vars. of dicecious, diozciously. 

di'e-lec'tric (dl'e-lek'trik), a. [dia- + electric.'] Elec. 
Pert, to or having the property of transmitting electric 
force without conduction. — n. An insulator ; a noncon- 
ductor. — di'e-lec'tri-cal-ly, adv. 

di-er'e-sis (dl-er'e-sis). Var. of diuresis. 

U di'es (dl'ez), n. sing. & pi. [L.] Day. 
Di'es Irse (I're) [L., day of wrath], a famous Latin hymn 
on the Day of Judgment. It is sung in Masses for the dead. 

— d. non (non) or, rarely, in full, di'es non ju-ri'di-cus 
(joo-rid'i-kus) [L.] , Law, a day on which the business of 
courts cannot be lawfully carried on. 

Die'sel en'gine or mo'tor (de'zel). [After Dr. Rudolf 
Diesel, of Munich, the inventor.] A type of internal-com- 
bustion engine in which only air is drawn in by the suction 
stroke, and the air is so highly compressed that the heat 
generated ignites the fuel (usually crude oil), which is au- 
tomatically sprayed into the cylinder under high pressure. 
The Diesel engine has a very high thermal efficiency. 

die'sink'er (dl'sink'er), n. An engraver of dies, as for 
stamping coins, medals, etc. — die'sink'ing, n. 

di'e-sis ( dl'e-sTs ), n. ; pi. -ses ( -sez ). [ L., fr. Gr. Stents, 
deriv. of bib. through + Ikvai to let go, send.] Print. The 
mark J ; — called also double dagger. 

die'stock' (dl'stok'), n. A stock to hold the dies used for 
cutting screws. 

di'et (dl'et), n. [F. diete, 
L. diaeta, fr. Gr. dlaira 
manner of living. ] 1. 
Course of living or nour- 
ishment ; also, what is Diestock with Dies, 
eaten and drunk habitually; fare. 2. A course of food 
selected with reference to a particular state of health; 
prescribed regimen. 




ale, senate, c&re, am, account, arm, ask, sola; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DIET 



283 



DIG 



— v. t. & i. To cause to eat and drink, or to eat and drink, 
sparingly or by prescribed rules ; to regulate the food of. 

di'et, n. [F. diete, LL. dieta, diaeta, assembly, day's 
journey ; the same word as diet course of living, but with 
the sense changed by L. dies day.] 1. A day set, as for a 
meeting or appearance ; also, a session or sitting. Scot. 
2. A formal public assembly ; — used specif, as the 
English name for various national or local assemblies, as 
the legislatures of Prussia, Denmark, Hungary, Japan, and 
Sweden, the great formal assembly of councillors of the 
old German or Holy Roman Empire, etc. 

di'et-a-ry (-a-rl), a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of 
diet. — n.; pi. -exes (-riz). i, A rule of, or a treatise on, 
diet ; also, a fixed allowance of food, as in a workhouse. 

di'et-er (-er), n. One who diets. 

di'e-tet'ic (dl'e-tet'ik) "la. Of or pertaining to diet ; diet- 

di'e-tet'i-cal (-I-kal) / ary. — di'e-tet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

di'e-tet'ics (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) Medical or hygienic art 
relating to diet. 

diet kitchen. A kitchen in which diet is prepared for in- 
valids ; esp., a charitable establishment that provides prop- 
er food for the sick poor. 

differ (dif'er), v. i. [OF. differer, fr. L. differre to carry 
apart, postpone, be different ; dif- = dis- -f- ferre to bear, 
carry.] 1. To be or stand apart ; disagree ; be unlike. 2. 
To be of unlike or opposite opinion ; disagree. 
Syn. Differ with, differ from. To express divergence of 
opinion, either differ with or differ from may be used. 
To express unlikeness, differ from alone is used. 

dif'fer-ence (-ens), n. 1. State, quality, or measure of be- 
ing different or unlike ; dissimilarity or unlikeness, or an 
instance of such. 2. Mental discrimination ; — in to make 
a difference, that is, to discriminate. 3. Disagreement in 
opinion ; dissension ; hence : cause of dissension ; matter in 
controversy. 4. Distinguishing peculiarity ; mark of dis- 
tinction. 06s. or R. 5. Her. An addition to, or change 
in, a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two per- 
sons, which would otherwise be the same. 6. Logic. The 
quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus 
to constitute a species; a differentia. 7. Math. The 
remainder left after subtracting one magnitude or quan- 
tity from another. 

Syn. Difference, distinction. Difference (the objec- 
tive term) denotes an unlikeness or dissimilarity in point 
of fact ; distinction (the subjective term), a difference as 
constituted or perceived. 

— v. t. ; -enced (-enst) ; -enc-ing (-en-sing). 1. To cause to 
differ ; discriminate ; distinguish. 2. Her. To make a heral- 
dic difference in ; as, arms differenced by a label. 

dif'fer-ent (-ent), a. 1. Of various or contrary nature, 
form, or quality ; partially or totally unlike ; dissimilar ; as, 
different kinds of food or drink; — usually used with from, 
but also with to, esp. colloquially in England, and with 
than. The constructions with to and than have long liter- 
ary usage to support them, but are considered incorrect or 
less elegant by many. 2. Distinct ; separate ; other ; as, five 
different churches. 

Syn. Unlike, variant, divergent, diverse, disparate.various ; 
diversified, variegated, manifold, several, divers, sundry, 
many. — Different, diverse, disparate, various. Differ- 
ent {from ; also to, than — see def. 1) may denote unlikeness 
of whatever sort. Diverse (cf . divers, which now expresses 
little more than plurality ; as, on divers occasions) is strong- 
er, and implies marked difference, or even divergence ; as, 
at different times ; diverse interests, pronunciations. Dis- 
parate implies absolute or essential difference, often as be- 
tween incongruous or incompatible things or ideas ; as, 
divergent, but not necessarily disparate views. Various 
commonly lays more stress than different on the number of 
kinds ; it often suggests diversified character rather than 
absolute diversity ; as, this mineral occurs in various forms. 
Various, like divers (also sundry, several), is sometimesa 
mere indefinite expression of number. 

dii'ier-en'ti-a (-en'shi-d), n.; pi. -tle (-e). [L. f differ- 
ence.] The distinguishing attribute of a species ; specific 
difference. 

differ-en'ti-a-ble (-b'l), a. That may be differentiated. 

dif/fer-en'tial (-shal), a. 1. Relating to or indicating 
difference ; discriminating. 2. Of or pert, to a differen- 
tial or differentials, or differentiation. 3. Mach. Relating 
to differences of motion or leverage ; producing effects by 
such differences. 4. Econ. Resulting from, or pertaining 
to, an advantage which one competitor has over another ; 
as, a differential rate. 

— n. 1. Math. An infinitesimal or arbitrarily small change 
assigned to a variable. 2. A small difference, esp. between 

i the rates, as of a railroad, over two routes between the 
same points. — dif 'I er-en'tial-ly, adv. 
differential calculus. See calculus. — d. coefficient or 
quotient, Math., the limit of the ratio of the correspond- 
ing changes of function and argument as the latter change 
approaches . — d. equation, Math., an equation with 
one or more differential coefficients. — d. gear or gearing, 
Mach., an arrangement of gear wheels, as in an automo- 




bile axle, forming an epicyclic train for connecting two 
shafts or axles in the same line, acting as an ordinary cou- 
pling under normal conditions, but permitting one shaft to 
revolve faster than the other. — d. thermometer, a ther- 
mometer for indicating difference in temperature. — d.,or 
Chinese, windlass, a windlass whose barrel has two parts 
of different diameters. 

dif'fer-en'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'-« 
ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To mark by a specific differ- 
ence ; develop differential characteristics in. 
2. To ascertain or express the specific differ 
ence of ; discriminate. 3. Math. To form the 
differential, or differential coefficient of; as, 
to differentiate an expression or equation.— D - ff 
v. i. To acquire a distinct and separate char- vvindlae^ 
acter. [or result of differentiating. I a /j Drums ; 

dif'ier-en'ti-a'tion (-a'shim,) n. Act, process,] C Pulley. 

differ-ent-ly, adv. In a different manner. 

dif'fi-cile' (dif'T-seF ; formerly di-fis'il or difi-sTl), a. [L. 
difficilis.'] Difficult ; hard, as of accomplishment or man- 
agement ; stubborn. Obs. or R. 

dif'fi-cult (dif'i-kult), a. [From difficulty.] 1. Hard to 
do or to make ; beset with difficulty ; also, hard to under- 
stand ; obscure. 2. Hard to manage or please ; exacting. — 
Syn. Arduous, painful, crabbed, laborious, unaccommo- 
dating, troublesome. See hard. — dif'fi-cult-ly, adv. 

dif'fi-CUl-ty (-kul-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. difficultas, fr. 
difficilis difficult ; dif- = dis- + facilis easy.] 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being difficult. 2. A thing hard to do or to un- 
derstand ; a hard enterprise. 3. Show of reluctance ; feeling 
of objection ; demur. 4. Embarrassment of affairs. 
Syn. Bar, barrier, check, clog, hindrance, obstacle, 
obstruction, impediment, stumblingblock. — Difficulty, 
hindrance, obstacle, obstruction, impediment. Dif- 
ficulty is the widest term for that which requires effort or 
skill to do or overcome. Hindrance is the general term 
for that which checks or holds back from movement or 
progress. Obstacle and obstruction designate respec- 
tivelyjthat which stands, and that which is put, in the way 
— obstacle (often fig.) implying more of fixedness, ob- 
struction (rarely fig.) of impassability. An impediment 
effectually retards action or progress. 

dif'fi-dence (dif'i-dens), n. State or quality of being_ diffi- 
dent. — Syn. Humility, bashfulness ; distrust, suspicion, 
doubt, fear, timidity, apprehension, hesitation. 

dif'fi-dent (-dent), a. [L. diffidens, -entis, p. pr. of diffi- 
dere; dif- = dis- + fidere to trust.] 1. Wanting con- 
fidence in others ; distrustful. Archaic. 2. Wanting confi- 
dence in one's self ; not self-reliant ; timid ; modest. — 
Syn. Reserved, retiring, shrinking, bashful. See shy. — 
dif'fi-dent-ly, adv. 

dif -tract' (di-frakt'), v. t. [L. diffractus, p. p. of diffrin- 
gere to break in pieces ; dif- = dis- + f ranger e to break.] 
To cause to undergo diffraction. 

dif-frac'tion (-frak'shun), n. A modification which light 
undergoes, as in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or 
through narrow slits, in which the rays appear to be de- 
flected, producing fringes of parallel light and dark or 
colored bands; also, the analogous phenomenon in the 
case of sound, electricity, etc. 

diffraction grating. A grating, of fine parallel lines, used 
to produce spectra by diffraction. See grating, n„ 2. 

dif-frac'tive (-J.Tv), a. That produces diffraction. 

dif-fuse' (di-fuz'), v. t. & i. ; -fused' (-f uzd') ; -fus'ing 
(-f uz'ing). [L. diffusus, p. p. of diffundere to pour out ; 
dif- — dis- \f under e to pour.] 1. To pour out and 
spread, as a fluid ; spread ; disseminate. 2. To render 
confused ; perplex. Obs. 3. Physics. To subject to, or ad- 
mit of, diffusion. — Syn. Expand, disperse ; disseminate. 

dif-fuse' (-fuV), a. Poured out ; widespread ; esp., of style, 
verbose ; prolix. — dif-fuse'ly, adv. [See redundancy. 

dif-fuse'ness, n. State or quality of being diffuse. — Syn.| 

dif-fus'er (-fuz'er), n. One who, or that which, diffuses. 

dif-fus'i-bil'i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti),tt. Capacity of being diffused. 

dif-fus'i-ble (-fuz'i-b'l), a. Capable of being diffused. 

dif-fu'sion (di-fu'zhiin), n. 1. Act of diffusing; state of 
being diffused. 2. Diffuseness ; prolixity ; — of speech or 
writing. 3. Physics. The spontaneous process'whereby the 
particles of substances forming a solution tend to uniform 
intermingling, as when two gases or two miscible liquids are 
brought into contact. — Syn. Spread, propagation, dis- 
semination, dispersion, expansion. 

dif-fu'sive (-siv), a. Tending to diffuse, or marked by diffu- 
sion ; diffuse. — dif-fu'sive-ly, adv. — dif-fu'sive-ness, n. 

dig (dig), v. t.; pret. & p. p. dug (dug) or digged (digd) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. dig'ging (dTg'Tng). 1. To turn up, or 
delve in (earth), with a spade, hoe, etc.; pierce, open, or 
loosen, as if with a spade; as, to dig a garden. 2. To 
bring to the surface or get by digging ; exhume ; as, to dig 
gold. 3. To form or hollow out by or as by digging. 4. 
To thrust ; poke ; give a prod or nudge. Chiefly Colloq. — 
v. i. 1. To dig anything; delve. 2. To work hard; 
drudge ; specif., U. S., to study ploddingly and laboriously. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. » equals, 



M 






DIGAMMA 284 

Colloq. — n. 1. A thrust; poke. Colloq. 2. A plod- 
ding and laborious student. Cant, U. S. 

di-gam'ma (dl-gam'd), n. [Gr. Uyanfia; dt- = Us twice + 
ydpixa the letter T ; — from resemblance to two gammas 
one above the other.] A letter (F, f) of the original Greek 
alphabet, which early fell into disuse. Its sound was proba- 
bly like that of the English w. — di-gam'ttiat-ed, a. 

dig'a-my (dig'd-mT), n. [L. digamia, Gr. dtyafiia a 
second marriage.] Act or state of being twice married. 

Cf. BIGAMY. 

di-gas'tric(dl-gas'trik),a. \di- + Gr.yaaTiip belly.] Anat. 
Having two bellies ; — applied to_ muscles which are 
fleshy at each end and have a tendon in the middle, as one 
of the depressors of the lower jaw. 

di-gen'e-sis (dl-jen'e-sTs), n. [di- + -genesis."] Successive 
reproduction by sexual and asexual methods. 

di'ge-net'ic (dl'je-net'ik), a. Of or pert, to digenesis. 

di-gest' (di-jest' ; di-), v. t. [L. digestus, p. p. of digerere 
to separate, arrange, dissolve, digest ; di- = dis- + gercre 
to bear, carry, wear.] 1. To distribute methodically ; 
classify ; as, to digest laws. 2. To arrange methodically 
in the mind ; consider carefully ; comprehend. 3. To 
convert (food) into an absorbable form. 4. To take in or 
assimilate mentally. 5. To bear comfortably or patiently ; 
brook. 6. Chem. To soften by heat and moisture ; to 
heat or warm (a liquid, or a solid in contact with liquid). 

— v. i. 1. To digest food. 2. To undergo digestion. 

di'gest (dl'jest), n. A body of information or written mat- 
ter that is digested, or classified and arranged under proper 
heads or titles ; esp., Law, a compilation of legal rules, 
statutes, or decisions arranged analytically or according to 
some other system ; specif. , the compilation otherwise known 
as the Pandects of Justinian (see pandect). 

di-gest'ant (di-jes'tdnt), n. Med. Any agent that pro- 
motes digestion, as pepsin, hydrochloric acid, etc. 

di-gest'er (-ter), n. One who, or that which, digests. 

di-gest'i-ble (di-jes'ti-b'l), a. Capable of being digested. — 
di-gestl-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti),n.— di-gest'i-bly (-tl-bli), adv. 

fii-ges'tion (-jes'chim), n. # Act or process of digesting; 
also, power or faculty of digesting food. 

di-ges'tive (-tiv), a. Pertaining to digestion; having the 
power to cause or promote digestion. — di-ges'tive, n. 

dig'ger (dig'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, digs. 2. 
[cap.] An Indian of any of various degraded tribes of 
California Indians, who dig roots for food ; — called also 
Digger Indian. 3. A drudge ; a dig. 

dig'ging (dig'mg), n. 1. Act or action of one who, or that 
which, digs. 2. In pi. The materials excavated. 3. A place 
of excavating; in pi. (often construed as sing.), land or a 
place where ore, metals, or precious stones are got by dig- 
ging ; esp., a locality at which gold is got by placer mining. 
4. Hence : In pi. a Region ; locality. Colloq., U. S. b 
Quarters, lodgings. Colloq. 

dight (dlt), v. t.; pret. & p. p. dight or dight'ed; p. pr. 
& vb. n. dight'ing. [AS. dihtan to dictate, command, 
dispose, fr. L. dictare to say often, dictate, order.] To fur- 
nish out or equip; deck; dress. Archaic. 

dig'it(dij'it), n. [L. digitus finger.] 1. A finger. Humor- 
ous. 2. Zo'ol. A finger or toe. 3. Math. Any of the ten 
figures or symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all 
numbers may be expressed. Many authorities do not in- 
clude with the digits. 

dlg'it-al (-i-tal) , a. Of or pert, to a finger, or digit ; digitate. 

— n. A digit or finger. 06s. or Humorous. 
dig'i-ta'lin (dTj'i-ta'lin ; dij'i-td-lin), n. Pharm. Any of 

several extracts of foxglove (Digitalis). 

digl-ta'lis (dij'i-ta'lis), n. [NL. Digitalis, name of the 
genus, from the finger-shaped corolla of the foxglove (see 
digit).] The leaves of the purple foxglove {Digitalis 
purpurea), an important drug, used esp. as a stimulant in 
derangements of the circulatory system. 

dig'i-tate (dij'T-tat), a. 1. Having fingers, or digits. 2. 
Resembling a finger or fingers, as the leaves of some plants. 
— dig'i-tat'ed (dij'I-tat'ed), a.— 
dig'i-tate-ly, adv. 

dig'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. State of 
being digitate ; a fingerlike process. 

dig'i-ti-form(dij'i-ti-f6rm0,a. Fin- 
ger-shaped. 

dig'i-ti-grade' (-grad'), a. [L. digi- 
tus finger + gradi to step, walk.] 
Walking on the digits ; designating 
animals in which only the digits 
bear on the ground, as cattle and 
many other mammals ; — opp. to < 
plantigrade. — n. A digitigrade animal. 

di-glad'i-a'tion (di-glad'i-a'shun), n. [L. digladiari to 
contend fiercely, dispute ; di- = dis- + gladius a sword.] 
Act of fencing, wrangling, or disputing. Archaic. 

di'glot (di'glot), a. _ [Gr. Sly^urros speaking two lan- 
guages ; St- = Sis twice + y\Q>TTa, y\G><r<ra., tongue.] Hav- 




Digitate Leaf. 



DILATION 

ing, using, or expressed in, two languages ; bilingual ; as, 
a diglot Bible. — n. A diglot edition, as of a book. 

dig'ni-fied (dig'm-fld), p. a. Marked with dignity ; stately. 

dig'ni-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [OF. dignifier, 
fr. LL. dignificare ; L. dignus worthy + -ficare (in comp.), 
facere, to make.] 1. To invest with dignity ; honor. 2. 
To give a semblance of dignity to, as by a name. 

dig'ni-ta-ry (-ta : ri), a. Of, pertaining to, or having, a dig- 
nity, esp. ecclesiastical. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One of ex- 
alted rank or holding a position of dignity or honor. 

dig'ni-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. dignite, fr. L. dig- 
nitas, fr. dignus worthy.] 1. State, character, or qual- 
ity of being worthy or honorable ; worth ; nobleness. 2. 
Elevated rank ; high office ; also, an office, rank, or title of 
honor. 3. Nobleness of manner, aspect, or style. 4. A dig- 
nitary ; a body of dignitaries. — Syn. See decorum. 

digraph (dl'graf), n. A group of two letters represent- 
ing a single simple speech sound, as ea in head (vowel 
digraph), or th in bath (consonant digraph). 

di-graph/ic (dl-graf'ik), a. 1. Pert, to, or written with, a 
digraph. 2. Written in two kinds of characters. 

di-gress' (dT-gres' ; di-), v. i. [L. digressus, p. p. of 
digredi to deviate ; di- = dis- + gradi to step, walk.] To 
turn aside ; deviate, esp. from the main subject of discourse. 

di-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. Act of digressing, or an in- 
stance or exemplification of digressing, as a part of a dis- 
course deviating from its main subject. sion-al (-al), a. 

Syn. Digression, episode, excursus are often confused. 
A digression is a deviation, often at the expense of unity 
of effect, from the main subject of a discourse ; an episode 
is an incidental narrative which, though separable from 
the main subject, arises naturally from it, and often forms 
a necessary part of its development ; an excursus is an 
avowed and usually formal digression (often as an appen- 
dix) elucidating at some length an incidental point. 

di-gres'sive (-gres'iv), a. Digressing, or of the nature of 
digression. — di-gres'sive-ly, adv. 

di-he'dral (dl-he'dral), a. [di- + Gr. Upa a seat, base.] 
1. Having, or formed by, two plane faces ; as, a dihedral 
angle. 2. Of a kite or an aeroplane, having wings that 
make a_ dihedral angle, esp. when the angle between the 
upper sides is less than 180°. 3. Aeronautics. Of wing 
pairs, inclined at an upward angle to each other. 

dike (dlk), n. Also dyke. [AS. die] 1. A ditch ; chan- 
nel dug for water. 2. A bank of earth thrown up from a 
ditch ; hence, a causeway. |3. A bank, as of earth, thrown 
up to form a barrier, line of demarcation, or the like ; esp., 
a levee. 4. Geol. & Mining. A wall-like body of igneous 
rock or, loosely, in mining, of any other material intruded 
into a fissure or crack in older rock. 

— v. t.; diked (dlkt) ; dik'ing (dlk'ing). 1. To surround 
or protect with a dike or dikes ; as, to dike low lands. 2. 
To drain by a dike, or ditch. [or dikes.! 

dik'er (dlk'er), n. One who dikes; one who makes a dike] 

di-lac'er-ate (di-las'er-at ; di-), v. t. [L. dilaceratus torn 
apart.] To rend asunder ; tear to pieces. — di-lac'er-a'- 

' tion (-a 'shun), n. 

di-lap'i-date (di-lap'i-dat), v. t. ; lap^i-dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; 
-dat'ing. [L. dilapidare to scatter like stones ; di- = 
dis- + lapidare to throw stones, lapis stone.] To bring 
(a building) into a state of decay or partial ruin by neglect 
or misuse ; hence : to impair by waste and abuse ; squan- 
der. — v. i. To become dilapidated. 

di-lap'i-dat'ed (-dat'ed), p. a. Fallen into partial ruin; 
decayed. — Syn. See ruined. 

di-lap'i-da'tion (-da'shwn), n. Act of dilapidating; also, 
condition of being in ruins, disrepair, etc. 

di-lat'a-ble (di-lat'd-b'l ; di-), a. Capable of dilation. 

di-lat'an-cy (-an-si), n. Property of being dilatant ; specif., 
Physics, the property, exhibited by granular masses under 
certain conditions, of increasing in volume when changed in 
shape, owing to wider spacing of the particles. 

di-lat'ant (-ant), a. Expanding ; having the property of di- 
lating, or increasing in volume ; characterized by dilatancy. 

dil'a-ta'tion (dil'd-ta'shun ; dl'ld-), n. Fact or state of 
being dilated ; also, a dilated part or formation. 

di-late' (di-lat'; di-), v. ,t.; -lat'ed (-lat'gd) ; -lat'ing. 
[F. dilater, L. dilatare /"either fr. di- = dis- + latus wide 
(see latitude) ; or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre 
(see differ).] 1. To enlarge upon ; relate at large. Obs. or 
R. 2. To enlarge or extend in bulk or size ; expand. — v. i. 
1. To dwell in narration ; expatiate. 2. To expand. 
Syn. Dilate, expand, distend, inflate. To dilate is to 
widen or enlarge, esp. in diameter ; as, to dilate the eyes. 
To expand is to spread or open out ; as, the bud is expand- 
ing into a flower. That is distended which is ( lit. or fig. ) 
stretched out by pressure from within ; as, a distended blad- 
der. That is inflated which is distended with air or gas, 
or which is (fig.) puffed up or turgid ; as, an inflated balloon ; 
an inflated style. See expatiate. 

di-lat'er (-lat'er), n. One that dilates ; a dilator. 

di-la'tion (di-la'shwn ; di-), n. Act of dilating ; state of 
being dilated; dilatation. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sola; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DILATIVE 



285 



DINITRO- 



dl-la'tive (dT-la'tYv ; dl-), a. Causing dilatation ; tending 
to dilate ; expansive. 

di-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, dilates. 

dil'a-to-ry (dtl'd-to-rT), a. [L. dilatorius, fr. dilator de- 
layer, fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to defer, delay. See 
differ.] 1. Designed to cause delay ; delaying. 2. Charac- 
terized by, or given to, procrastination ; tardy ; slow. — 
Syn. Sluggish, inactive, behindhand, procrastinating. See 
slow. — dil'a-to-ri-ly (-n-li), adv. — dil'a-to-ri-ness, n. 

dil'do (dil'do), n. ; pi. dildos (-doz). A word used mean- 
inglessly in the refrains of popular songs. Obs. 

di-lem'ma (dT-lSm'd; dl-), n. [L. dilemma, Gr. Si\rjp.p.a; 
Si- = 81s twice -f- \an(3ai>eii> to take.] 1. Logic. An ar- 
gument which presents an antagonist with two or more 
alternatives (or "horns"), but is equallyconclusive against 
him, whichever he chooses. 2. A vexatious predicament ; 
difficult choice or position. — Syn. See predicament. 

dil'et-tant' (dil'e-tanf ; dll'e-tant'), a. & n. Dilettante. 

dil'et-tan'te (dil'e-tan'te ; It. de'let-tan'ta), n.; pi. It. 

, -tanti (-te), E. -tantes (-tez). [It., prop. p. pr. of dilet- 
tare to take delight in.] A lover of the fine arts ; esp., one 
who follows an art or a branch of knowledge desultorily, or 

i for amusement only. Cf. connoisseur^ — Syn. See ama- 
teur. — a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, a dilettante ; 
amateur. — dil'et-tan'te-ism ( -Tz'm), diFet-tant'ism, n. 

dil'i-gence (dil'i-jens; F. de'le'zhaNs'), n. [F.] A pub- 
lic stagecoach ; — now only of Continental stagecoaches. 

dil'i-gence (dil'i-jens), n. 1. Quality of being diligent ; 
careful attention. 2. Persevering effort ; assiduity. 3. Scots 
Law. A kind of legal process, as for seizing goods for debt. 

dil'i-gent (-jent), a. [F. diligent,!.. diligens, -entis,j). pr. of 
diligere, dilectum, to esteem highly ; di- = dis- + legere 
to choose.] 1. Assiduous ; industrious. 2. Prosecuted 
with careful attention and effort ; not careless or negligent. 
— Syn. Active, sedulous, laborious ; constant, persever- 
ing, attentive. See busy. — diPi-gent-ly, adv. 

dill (dil), n. [AS. dile.'] A European apiaceous herb 
(Anethum graveolens), the anise of Scripture. Its seeds 
are used to flavor pickles, etc. 

dil'ly (dll'i), n. ; pi. -lies (-iz). [From sapodilla.] A small 
sapotaceous tree (Mimusops sieberi) of Florida and the 
West Indies, having hard dark-brown wood_ susceptible 
of a fine polish, and small edible, globose fruits. 

dil'ly-dally (-dal'i), v. i. To loiter or trifle. 

dil'u-ent (-u-ent), a. [L. diluens, p. pr. See dilute.] 1. Di- 
luting. 2. That dissolves ; solvent. — n. A diluent agent. 

di-lute' (di-lut'; dl-), v. t.; -lut'ed (-lut'ed) ; -lut'ing. 
[L. dilutus, p. p. of diluere to wash away, dilute ; di- = 
dis- + lucre to wash.] To make thinner by admixture ; 
weaken by mixing, esp. with water ; as, to dilute acid. — 
v. i. To become diluted. — a. Diluted ; weak. 

di-lu'tion (-lQ'shiin), n. Act of diluting, or state of being 
diluted ; something diluted. 

di-lu'vi-al (-lu'vi-al), -vi-an (-an), a. 1. Of or. pert, to a 
flood, esp. the Deluge. 2. Geol. Of or pert, to diluvium. 

di-lu'vi-an-ism (-an-iz'm), n. [L. diluvium deluge.] The 
theory that many geological phenomena are to be ex- 
plained by a former universal deluge, esp. the Deluge. 

di-lu'vi-um (-um), n.; pi. E. -viums (-umz), L. -via (-d). 
[L. diluvium. See dilute, deluge.] Geol. Drift ; also, 
any deposit produced by aqueous agencies of more than 
ordinary power ; — distinguished from alluvium. 

dim (dim), a.; dim'mer (-er) ; dim'mest. [AS. dim.~\ 1. 
Not bright or distinct ; dusky ; faint ; dull. 2. Of obscure 
vision ; hence : dull of apprehension ; obtuse. — Syn. Ob- 
scure, indistinct ; dark, mysterious. See dark. —v. t. & i. ; 
dimmed (dimd) ; dim'ming. 1. To render or become dim ; 
dull ; obscure. 2. To deprive of, or to lose, distinct vision. 

dime (dim), n. [F. dime tithe, L. decima, fr. decimus tenth, 
decern ten.] A United States silver coin, worth ten cents. 

di-men'sion (di-men'shSn), n. [L. dimensio, fr. p. p. of di- 
metiri to measure out ; di- = dis- + metiri to measure.] 

1. Measure inasingleline ; usually, in pi., measure in length 
and breadth, or in length, breadth, and thickness ; size. 

2. In pi. Extent ; importance. 3. In pi. Measurable parts; 
parts that give proportion ; as, the dimensions of a man. 

— v. t. 1. To measure ; also, to reduce to required dimen- 
sions, as by cutting. 2. To figure with dimensions, as a 
plan. — di-men'sion-al (-21), a. 

dim'er-ous (dim'er-us), a. [di- + Gr. /iepospart] 1. Con- 
sisting of two parts. 2. Bot. Having two members in each 
whorl; — applied to flowers, and often written 2-merous. 

dim'e-ter (dim'e-ter), a. [L., fr. Gr. Sifierpos; Si- twice 
+ \ikrpov measure.] Pros. Consisting of two measures, 
whether feet or dipodies. — n. A verse of two measures. 

di-mid'i-ate (dl-mid'i-at ; dl-), a. [L. dimidiatus, p. p. 
of dimidiare to halve, fr. dimidius half.] Divided into 
halves ; halved. — v. t. To halve or reduce to the half. 

di-min'ish (di-min'ish), v. t. & i. [di- (L. dis-) + min- 
ish.~\ 1. To make smaller or less ; reduce ; lessen. 2. To 
lessen the authority or dignity of ; degrade. 3. Music. To 
render (an interval) less than a perfect or a minor interval 



by a semitone ; as, a diminished seventh. — Syn. Abate, 
lower, contract, curtail, impair. See decrease. 

di-min'ish-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being diminished. 

di-min'u-en'do (dT-mTn'u-en'dS ; It. de-me-nwen'-), a. & 
adv. [It.] Music. With gradually diminishing volume ; — a 
direction noted by Dim., or Dimin., or the sign I^=- • 

dim'i-nu'tion (dim'I-nu'shun), n. [L. diminutio."] Act 
of diminishing ; state of being diminished. — Syn. Reduc- 
tion, decrease, decrement ; degradation, abasement. 

di-min'u-ti'val (dT-min'u-tl'val), a. Pertaining to, or of 
the nature of, a diminutive. — n. A diminutive. 

di-min'u-tive (dl-mTn'u-tlv), a. [F. diminutif, L. demin- 
utivus, fr. L. deminuere to diminish.] 1. Expressing di- 
minution, as a word. 2. Below the average size ; very small ; 
little. — Syn. See small. — n. 1. Gram. A derivative 
denoting something small or young of the kind denoted by 
the primitive, as gosling, eaglet, lambkin. 2. A diminu- 
tive form or variety ; asio, formerly, something very small. 
— -tive-ly, adv. — ^-tive-ness, n. 

dim'is-so-ry (dim'i-so-rT), a. [L. dimissorius.~] Dis- 
missing ; — chiefly of a letter given by an ecclesiastical 
superior authorizing withdrawal from his own jurisdiction. 

dim'i-ty (dim'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From LL., fr. 
Gr. SintTos ; Si- twice + ixLtos warp thread.] 1. A kind of 
cotton fabric with raised stripes. 2. A fine, thin, corded 
fabric, white or colored and often figured, used for dresses. 

dim'ly, adv. In a dim or obscure manner. 

dim/mer (dim'er), n. One who, or that which, dims. 

dim'mish, dim'my, a. Somewhat dim. 

dim'ness, n. Quality or state of being dim. 

di-mor'phic (dl-mor'fik), a. Having the property of dimor- 
phism ; dimorphous. 

di-mor'phism (dl-mor'fTz'm), n. 1. Biol. Difference of 
form, color, or structure between members of the same 
species; in Bot., specif., the occurrence of two distinct 
forms of leaves, flowers, etc., upon the same plant, or upon 
other plants of the same species. 2. Crystallization in two 
independent forms of the same chemical compound. 

di-mor'phous (-fSs), a. [Gr. 8ifj.op<pos two-formed; Sis 
twice (see di-) + p.op4>-q form.] Characterized by dimor- 
phism ; occurring under two distinct forms ; dimorphic. 

dim'ple (dim'p'l), n. 1. A slight natural indentation in 
the body, esp. in the cheek or chin. 2. A slight indenta- 
tion on any surface. — v. i. & t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling 
(-pling). To form, or mark with, dimples. 

dim'ply (dim'pli), a. Having dimples ; dimpled. 

din (din), n. [AS. dyne, dyn.] Loud, confused, or clang- 
ing noise ; clamor. — v. t. ; dinned (dmd) ; din'ning. To 
assail, or to utter, with a din. — v. i. To make a din. 

di-nar' (de-nar r ), n. [Ar. dinar, fr. Gr.. fr. L. denarius. 
See denier.] 1. Any of various old Oriental coins. 2. A 
Servian silver coin, equivalent to the franc. 

dine (din), v. i.; dined (dlnd) ; din'ing (dln'ing). [F. 
diner, deriv. of L. dis- + L. jejunare to fast, jejunus 
fasting.] To take dinner. — v. t. To give a dinner to. 

din'er (dln'er), n. 1. One who dines; a guest at dinner. 
2. A dining car. 

di-ne'ro (de-na'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp., money, coin.] 
APeruvian silver coin, equal to xs sol, or about 5cents U.S. 

ding (ding), v. t. Archaic or Dial. 1. To throw violently ; 
dash. 2. To excel ; beat. 

ding, v. i. & t. 1. To sound, as a bell ; ring. 2. To talk, 
urge, or impress with vehemence, importunity, or reitera- 
tion. Colloq. or Dial. — n. The noise of dinging. 

ding'dong' (ding'dong'), n. The sound of or as of repeated 
strokes on a metallic body, as a bell. 

dinge (dinj), n. A depression on a surface, madebyablow, 
esp. with a blunt object. — v. t.; dinged (dinjd) ;dinge'- 
ing. To make a dinge or dinges in. Both Chiefly Eng. 

din'ghy, din'gey (dlr/gT), n.j pis. -ghies, -geys (-giz). 
[Bengali dingi.'] Any of various boats used in the East 
Indies, varying in form from that of a canoe to that of a 
wherry ; hence, any of various small boats. 

din'gi-ly (dm'jT-lT), adv. In a dingy manner. 

din'gi-ness (-nes), n. State or quality of being dingy. 

din'gle (dir/g'l), n. Narrow dale or dell, esp. a small one. 

din'gle, v. t. & i. ; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling. To tinkle or jingle. 

din'go(-go), n. ; pi. -goes (-goz). [Native name.] A wild dog 
(Canis dingo) of Australia. 

din'gy (din'ji), a.; -gi-er 
(-er) ; -gi-est. Dark ; dusky ; 
grimy ; soiled. 

di-ni'tro- (dl-nl'tro-). [di- -f 
nitro-.~] Chem. A combining 
form denoting the presence 
of two nitro (NO2) groups, 
esp. replacing hydrogen, as in 
di-ni'tro-ben'zene (-ben'- 
zen ; -ben-zen') , any of three 
isomeric compounds, CeH^NOzH, formed by the action 
of concentrated nitric acid on benzene or on nitrobenzene. 




Dingo 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DINNER 



286 



DIPLODOCUS 



din'ner (din'er), n. [F. diner, fr. diner to dine.] The 
chief meal of the day, or a formal repast or feast answering 
to this, as one in honor of some person or event. 

di'no-cer"a-tan (dl'no-ser'd-tan), a. [Gr. Seivos terrible + 
xepas horn. ] Pertaining or belonging to a genus ( Dinoce- 
ras) of large extinct herbivorous ungulate mammals. They 
approached the elephants in size, and had three pairs of 
bony protuberances on the skull. 

di'no-saur (dl'no-sor), n. [Gr. Seivos terrible + aavpos 
lizard.] Paleon. Any of a subclass (Dinosauria) of extinct 
reptiles, varying in length from 2 feet to 70 feet. 

di'no-sau'ri-an (-so'n-an), a. Of or pert, to the dino- 
saurs. — n. A dinosaur. 

di'no-there (dl'no-ther), n. [Gr. Seivos terrible + drjplov 
beast.] Paleon. Any of a genus (Dinotherium) of extinct 
proboscidean mammals, remarkable for a pair of tusks di- 
rected downward from the lower jaw. 

dint (dint), n. [AS. dynt a blow.] 1. A blow; a stroke. 
Obs. 2. Force ; power ; — esp. in by dint of. 3. A dent. 
Syn. Dint, dent, indentation, nick, notch. Dint and 
dent apply chiefly to surfaces ; indentation, nick, and 
notch more to edges. Dint and dent refer to a depression 
made by a blow. An indentation is a toothlike or angular 
recess or incision. Nick and notch are less formal than 
indentation ; nick usually suggests a slighter cut or hollow 
(often accidental) than notch (commonly intentional). 

— v. t. To dent ; also, to press or imprint, as a dent. 

di-o'bol (dl-o'bol ; -ob'ol), di-ob'o-lon (-6b'o-15n), n. [Gr. 
SicbjSoXoj'.] Gr. Antiq. A small silver coin and also a 
weight, equal to two oboli. 

di-oc'e-san (dl-os'e^san ; dl'o-se'san), a. Of or pertaining 
to or governing a diocese. — n. 1. One in charge of a dio- 
cese. 2. One of the clergy or the people of a diocese. 

di'o-cese ( dl'6-ses ; -ses ), n. [OF. diocise, fr. LL., fr. Gr. 
SioU-qcris housekeeping, province, diocese, deriv. of Sia 
through + oUelv to manage a household, oIkos house.] 
The district in which a bishop has authority. 

di-oe'cious, di-e'cious ( dl-e'shiis ), a. [di- + Gi. oW 
house.] Having the male reproductive organs in one indi- 
vidual, the female in another. 

Di'0-med (dl'6-med), or Di'o-me'des (-me'dez), n. [L. 
Diomedes, fr. Gr. Aio(ir)8r)s.] Gr. Myth, a One of the 
Greek warriors before Troy, who helped Ulysses steal the 
horses of Rhesus and the Palladium, b A Thracian king 
who possessed man-eating mares, the carrying off of which 
was one of the "labors" of Hercules. 

di'O-nse'a (dl'6-ne'd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Ai^vrj a name oi 
Aphrodite.] The 
Venus's-flytrap. 

Di-o'ne(dI-o'ne),7?,. [L., 
fr. Gr. Aicbf77. ] Gr. 
Myth. A Titaness who, 
according to Homer, 
was mother of Aph- 
rodite by Zeus, 

Di'o-ny'si-a (dl'6- 
nish'i-d),n.pZ.[L., 
fr. Gr. Aiovvaia.] 
Gr. Relig. Any of 
the festivals of Dio- 
nysus, specif, those 
of Attica, in con- 
nection with which Dionaea (Z>. muscipula) (Venus's-fly- 
Greek drama devel- tra P>- 1 Whole plant (|) ; 2 Leaves, 
oped, showing traps (2). 

IWo-nys'i-ac (dl'6-nis'i-a.k) )a. [L,.Dionysiacus,Gr.Aio- 

Di'o-ny-si'a-cal (-ru-sl'd-kal)/ vvo-iclk6s.] m Of or pert, to 
Dionysus or the Dionysia ; Bacchic. si'a-cal-ly, adv. 

Di'O-ny'sian (-nish'dn; -nis'I-dn), a. 1. Of or pert, to 
Dionysius, as : the elder or the younger Dionysius, tyrants 
of Syracuse ; the Roman abbot Dionysius Exiguus, of the 
6th century. 2. Dionysiac. 

Di'o-ny'sus (-nl'sus), Di'o-ny'sos (-sos), r. [L., fr. Gr. 
Aiowaos.] Gr. Relig. An Olympian god, son of Zeus and 
Semele, originally a god of vegetation ; later, the god and 
giver of the grape and its wine, in which character he was 
worshiped with orgiastic rites. In art he is figured as a 
bearded man ; later, as youthful and somewhat effeminate. 
The thyrsus, ivy, panther, and vine are his commonest 
attributes. Cf. Bacchus. 

di-op'side (dl-op'sld ; -sTd ), n. [di- + Gr. 6\pis a sight.] 
Min. A variety of pyroxene of varying color. When trans- 
parent it is often cut for use in jewelry. 

di-op'tase (di-op'tas), n. [di- = dia- + Gr. 6wr afeiv to 
see.] Min. A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring in 
emerald-green crystals, also massive. 

fli-op'ter (-ter), n. [See dioptrics.] Optics. A unit of 
refractive power equal to that of a glass whose principal 
focal distance is one meter. 

fli'op-tom/e-ter (dl'op-torn'e'-ter), n. An instrument used 
in measuring the accommodation and refraction of the eye. 




di-op'tric (d!-6p/tnk), a. [Gr. Sioittpikos belonging to the 
use of the dioirrpa an instrument for taking altitudes ; Si- = 
816. through + the root of S\pop.ai I shall see.] 1. Of or pert, 
to dioptrics ; operating, or assisting vision, by means of the 
refraction of light ; refractive ; as, a dioptric glass or tele- 
scope. 2. Of or pert, to a diopter or the metric system of 
numbering optical glasses. 

di-op'trics (dl-op'triks), n. (See -ics.) Optics treating of 
the refraction of light, esp. by lenses. 

di'o-ra'ma (dl'6-ra/md), n. [Gr. Siopav to see through; 
5id_ through + dpav to see.] A scenic representation in 
which a painting, partly translucent, is seen through an 
opening with scenic effect. — di'o-ram'ic (-ram'ik), a. 

di'0-rite (dl'o-rlt), n. [From Gr. Siopl^eiv to distinguish.] 
Petrog. A granular, crystalline, igneous rock, commonly 
of soda-lime feldspar and hornblende. [ing diorite.j 

rH'o-rific (-rit'ik), a. Of the nature of diorite ; contain-j 

Di'os-cu'ri (dl'os-ku'rl), Di os-ku'roi (-roi), n. pi. [Gr. 
Aibanovpoi ; Zeus, gen. Aibs, Zeus + novpos, nbpos, boy, 
son.] Class. Myth. The twins Castor and Pollux (or Poly- 
deuces). Castor was mortal ; Pollux, immortal. See Leda. 

di-os'mose (dl-os'mos; dT'os-mos'), v. t. To diffuse by 
osmosis. [Osmosis. I 

di'os-mo'sis (dl'os-mo'sis), n. [NL. ; dia- + osmosis.']] 

di-ox'ide (dl-ok'sid ; -sid), n. Also -id. An oxide having 
two atoms of oxygen in each molecule. 

dip (dip), v. t. ; dipped (dipt) or dipt ; dxp^ping. [AS. dyp- 
pan.] 1. To plunge or immerse ; esp. to put momentarily 
or partially into a liquid, or the like. 2. To baptize by 
immersion. 3. To wet. Poetic. 4. To take out as by 
lading. 5. To lower and raise quickly, as a flag. 6. a To 
make (a candle) by repeated dipping of a wick in melted 
fat or wax. b To immerse in a dye, in a plating or galvaniz- 
ing solution, etc. c To immerse (as a sheep or hog) in an 
antiseptic or other solution, as for the cure of the itch. 

— v. i. 1. To immerse one's self, as in a liquid, and then 
quickly emerge. 2. To drop down, as if immersingone's 
self in water ; sink. 3. To plunge a ladle or the like into a 
liquid or a soft substance and remove a part. 4. To pene- 
trate ; enter slightly or cursorily ; engage or interest one's 
self temporarily or slightly ; — followed by in or into ; as, to 
dip into the future ; dip into a book. 5. To incline down- 
ward ; slope. 6. To take snuff in the mouth on a brush or 
stick and rub it on the teeth and gums. Southern U. S. 

— n. 1. Act of dipping or immersing. 2. Inclination down- 
ward ; pitch. 3. A candle^ made by re- 
peated dipping of a wick in melted fat ....,/sr^T 
or wax. Colloq. 4. Specif. : a Geol. The 
angle of steepest inclination of a stra- 
tum to the horizon ; as, a dip of 30° L to 
the northeast (see also pitch), b Mag- _ 
netism. The angle formed with the horizon by a magnetic 
needle free to move vertically in the plane of the magnetic 
meridian ; — called also inclination. 5. Any liquid into 
which objects may be dipped, as for cleansing, coloring, 
etc. 6. Aeronautics. A sudden drop followed by a climb. 

di'phase' (dl'faz') )a. Having two phases ; specif., Elec, 

diphas'ic (-faz'ik)j pert, to or designating a circuit carry- 
ing, or a machine producing, or operated by, two alternat- 
ing currents of the same period, but differing in phase by 
one quarter of a period ; two-phase. 

di-phe'nyl-am'ine ( -f e'ml-am'Tn ; -d-men'), n. [di- + 
phenyl + amine.'] Chem. An aromatic crystalline sub- 
stance, (CeH5)2NH, got by heating aniline with aniline 
hydrochloride, and otherwise. It is used in the manufac- 
ture of many dyes, and as a test for nitric acid. 

diph-the'ri-a (dif-the'rT-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 8i<f>6epa leath- 
er.] A febrile infectious disease in which the air passages, 
esp. the throat, become coated with a false membrane. It 
is caused by a specific bacillus. — diph-ther'ic (-ther'Ik), a. 

diph / the-rit'ic (diFthe-rit'ik), a. 1. Pert, to, or connected 
with, diphtheria. 2. Having characteristics resembling 
those of diphtheria, esp. the formation of a false membrane. 

diph/thong (-thong), n. [L., diphthongus, Gr. Si<j>doyyos; 
8l- = Sis twice + 4>06yyos voice, sound.] 1. A union of 
two vowels forming a compound sound pronounced in one 
syllable, as ou in out, oi in oil; — often called a proper, 
diphthong. 2. A vowel digraph ; — often called an 
improper diphthong. 3. Popularly, either of the liga- 
tures se, oe, which now represent simple sounds. — diph- 
thon'gal(dTf-thorj'gdl),a.— diph-thong'ic (-thong'ik), a. 

diph/thong-ize, v. t. & i. To change into a diphthong, as a 
simple vowel. — dipb/thong-i-za'tion (-l-za'shwn), n. 

di'plex (dl'pleks), a. [di- + -plex, as in duplex.] Teleg. 
Pertaining to the sending of two messages in the same 
direction at the same time. Diplex and contraplex are the 
two varieties of duplex. 

dip'lo-COC'CUS (dip'lo-kok'&s), n.; pi. -coca (-kok'si). 
[NL. ; Gr. 8nr\bos double + kokkos grain, seed.] Any of va- 
rious bacteria exhibiting paired, or twin, cells. 

dip-lod'o-CUS (dip-lod'o-kws), n. [NL. ; Gr. Snr\bos double 




Dip, Geol. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sott, connect; 
fise, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DIPLOE 



.287 



DIRECTRIX 



•f SokSs a bearing beam.] Paleon. Any of s. genus (Dip- 
iodocus) of gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs, from the 
Uoper Jurassic of Colorado and Wyoming. 

dip'fo-e (dlp'16-e), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Sit\6t] fold fr. 
SnrXoos twofold, double.] Anat. The cancellous bony 
tissue between the tables of the skull. 

di-plo'ma '(di-plo'md), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-mdz), L. -mata 
(-md-td). [L., fr. Gr. SLirXioixa, fr. SnrXow to double, 5t- 
w\6os twofold.] 1. A writing conferring some privilege, 

[ honor, or power ; esp., a document bearing record of a de- 
gree conferred by a literary society or educational institu- 
tion. 2. A historical or state writing or document. 

— v. t. To furnish with a diploma. 

di-plo'ma-cy (-md-si),n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [F. diplomatie. 
See diploma.] 1. Art of conducting negotiations between 
nations, as in arranging treaties. 2. Dexterity in securing 
advantages ; tact. 

dip'lo-mat (dlp'16-ma.t), to. One employed or skilled in in- 
ternational diplomacy ; a diplomatist. 

dip'lo-mat'ic (-mat'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to international 
diplomacy, or the foreign ministers (diplomatic body) at a 
court or capital. 2. Characterized by, or skilled in, diplo- 
macy ; tactful ; artful. — dip'lo-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

dip'lo-mat'ics ( mat'Tks), n. (See -ics.) 1. Diplomacy. 
Rare. 2. The art of deciphering ancient writings, and de- 
termining their age, authenticity, etc. ; paleography. 

di-plo'ma-tist (di-plo'md-tist), n. 1. A diplomat. "-One 
tactful or crafty in affairs, esp. in managing others. 

di- plo'ma-tize (-tTz), v. i. To practice diplomacy. 

dip-lo'pi-a (dip-lo'pT-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. SnrXoos double + 
-opia.] Double vision of a single object, esp., Med., when 
constituting a disorder of sight. — dip-lop'ic (di p-lop'ik ) , a. 

dip'no-an (dip'no-an), a. [Gr. Siivvoos with two breathing 
apertures; Si = Sis twice + ttvot] breath.] Of or pert, to 
a group (Dipnoi) of remarkable fishes, which besides gills 
have a lung or pair of lungs. • 

dip'o-dy (dip'6-dT),n. ; pZ.-DiES (-diz). [Gr. 6t7ro5ia,fr. Siirovs 
two-footed ; Si- = Sis twice + irovs, iroSos, foot.] Pros. Two 
metrical feet taken together, or in one measure. 

dip'per (dip'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, dips ; esp., a 
ladle for water or other liquid. 2. Any of various diving 
birds. 3. Eccl. An immersionist ; a Baptist or Anabaptist ; 
specif, [cap.], a Dunker ; — so called by other denomina- 
tions. 4. [cap.] The group formed by the seven principal 
stars in the constellation of the Great Bear ; — from their 
dipperlike arrangement. See Ursa Major, IllusL 

dipping needle. A magnetic needle suspended at its center 
of gravity, and moving freely in a vertical plane. 

dip'sas (dip'sas), n.; pi. dipsades (dip'sd-dez). [L., fr. 
Gr. Six^as, fr. Sixpa thirst.] A serpent whose bite was 
fabled to produce intense thirst. 

dip'sey. dip'sie, dip'sy (-si), a. Deep-sea. Sailor's Cant. 

dip'SO-ma'ni-a (dip'so-ma'ni-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. 8tya thirst 
•+- ftavta mania.] A morbid uncontrollable _ craving for 
crink, esp. for alcoholic liquors. — dip'SO-ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. 

dip'so-ma-ni'a-cal (-so-md-ni'd-kdl), a. Of or pertaining 
to, or affected with, dipsomania. 

Dip'ter-a (dTp'ter-d),?n. pi. [Gr. Siirrepos 'with two wings ; 
5i- = Sis twice -f- -Krepbv feather, wing.] Zool. An order 
consisting of the dipterous insects. [all around. I 

dip'ter-al (-dl), a. Arch. Having a double row of columns j 

dip'ter-an (-an), a. Dipterous. — n. A dipterous insect. 

dip'ter-OUS (-us), a. 1. Bot. & Zool. Having two wings or 
winglike appendages. 2. Zool. Belonging to an order 
(Diptera) of insects comprising the true or winged flies (as 
the house fly), themosqi itoes, gnats, etc. Excepting wing- 
less parasitic forms, the/ have two wings, the posterior 
pair of other insects bein|. represented by small club-shaped 
organs (balancers). 
dip'tych (dip'tik),™. [L. diptycha, pi., fr. Gr. Slirrvxos 
folded, doubled ; Si- = Sis twice + irrvaaeip to fold, 
double up.] Anything consisting of two leaves or folds ; 
specif. : a Rom. Antiq. A two-leaved, hinged writing tab- 
let protecting the writing by folding together, b A similar 
tablet bearing the names of those commemorated in the eu- 
charistic service in the early church ; hence, the list of such 
persons or the intercession in which the commemoration was 
made ; — usually in pi. c A picture or series of pictures, as 
analtar piece, painted on two hinged tablets. See triptych. 
Dir-cae'an (dur-se'dn), a. [L,. Dircaeus.] Pertaining to, or 
named from, the fountain Dirce, near Thebes, in Bceotia, 
which city was the home of the poet Pindar (called the 
"Dircaean Swan" by Horace) ; hence : Pindaric; poetic. 
Dir'ce (dGr'se), n. [L., fr. Gr. M P kv.] Gr. Myth. A 
queen of Thebes who, for maltreating Antiope, was tied 
by the latter's sons to the horns of a wild bull. 
dire (dlr), a.; dir'er (-er) ; dir'est (dlr'est). [L. dims.] 

1, Ill-boding ; fearful. 2. Dreadful ; horrible. 
di-rect' (di-rekt'), a. [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to di- 
rect. See dress.] 1. Straight ; leading by the shortest way 
to a point or end. 2. Straightforward ; not swerving from 



truth and openness. 3. Immediate ; plain ; unambiguous , 
as, direct accusations. 4. In the line of descent ; lineally 
related, not collaterally. 5. Astron. In the direction of the 
general planetary motion, or from west to east ; in the order 
of the signs ; not retrograde ; — said of the motion of a 
celestial body. 6. Polit. Science. Pert, to, or effected im- 
mediately by, action of the people through their votes, in- 
stead of through one or more representatives or delegates ; 
as, direct nomination (see below) ; direct legislation. 
Syn. Direct, immediate, as applied to relations, though 
often used with little distinction, are apt to retain their 
etymological connotations. Direct suggests unbroken 
connection or a bearing straight upon the object ; imme- 
diate, the absence of any intervening medium or influence ; 
as, direct descent, a direct reference, a direct tax ; immedi- 
ate contact, proximity, an immediate inference. 
direct action. Trade- Unionism. See syndicalism. 

— d. current, Elec, a current flowing in one direction 
only ; — distinguished from alternating current. — d. 
examination, Law, the first examination of a witness in the 
orderly course, by the party calling him and upon the merits 
of the case. — d. nomination, Political Science, the nomi- 
nation of candidates for public office by direct popular 
vote rather than through the action of a convention or 
body of elected nominating representatives or delegates. 

— d. primary, Political Science, a primary by which direct 
nominations of candidates are made. — d. tax, Econ., as 
generally defined, a tax exacted directly from the person 
on whom the ultimate burden of the tax is expected \.o 
fall ; — opp. to indirect tax. 

— adv. Directly ; as, to go direct to France. 

— v. t. 1. To address ; impart. Archaic. 2. To put a di- 
rection or address on, as on a letter. 3. To arrange ir. a. 
direct or straight line, as toward a mark ; point ; aim. 4. 
To show to (any one), as the right way ; guide, as by point- 
ing out the way. 5. To determine the course of ; guide ; 
govern. 6. To instruct as a superior, order. 7. To give in 
struction or an order for (something to be done) ; as, the 
judge directed a verdict for the defendant. — Syn. Lead, 
dispose, manage, regulate ; order. See command, conduct, 
guide. — v. i. To give direction ; point out a course. 

di-rect'er, n. One who directs ; a director. 

di-rec'tion (-rek'shim), n. 1. Act of directing; guidance ; 
management. 2. Instruction ; order ; command. 3. The 
superscription or address, as of a letter. 4. The line on 
which anything is moving or aimed to move, or in which 
anything is lying or pointing ; direct line or course. 5. That 
property of space by which, given two positions, others 
may be generated or determined in the same dimension and 
relation. — Syn. Administration, guidance, management, 
superintendence, oversight, government. 

di-rec'tive (-tiv), a. Able or tending to direct. 

di-rect'ly (-rekt'li), adv. In a direct manner or line. 
Syn. Forthwith, straightway, promptly, immediately, 
instantly, instantaneously, soon, presently, by and by. 

— Directly, immediately, instantly, instantaneously 
(with reference to time). Directly, like immediately, 
implies absence of intervening time. Now, however, 
directly (and, to a less degree, immediately) has acquired 
the sense of "soon, before long" (cf. the similar develop- 
ment of presently, by and by). Instantly retains the 
implication of absolutely immediate sequence. Instanta- 
neously implies an imperceptible interval of time between 
the beginning and end of an action or process. 

di-rect'ness, n. Quality or state of being direct. 

UDi'rec'toire' (de'rek'twar'), n. [F.] Fr. Hist. The 
French Directory. See directory, 4. 
Directoire style. A style of dress prevalent at the time 
of the French Directory, marked by great extravagance cf 
design, and imitating Greek and Roman costumes. 

di-rec'tor (dT-rek'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
directs ; specif., a manager. 2. One of a body appointed to 
manage the affairs of a company or corporation. — di- 
rec'tor-ship, n. 

di-rec'to-rate (-to-rat), n. 1. Office of director; a body 
of directors. 2. Management by a director or directors. 

di-rec-to'ri-al (di-rek-to'n-dl), a. Of or pertaining to a 
director ; directive. 

di-rec'to-ry (di-rek'to-ri), a. Serving to direct; directive. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. That which directs ; esp., a body of 
directions or rules ; also, a body of directors. 2. Eccl. A 
book of directions for the conduct of worship. 3. A book 
or list containing the names and residences or places of 
business of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of 
them. 4. [cap.] [F. Directoire.] Fr. Hist. The body of 
five men which held the executive power, under the consti- 
tution of 1795, from 1795 to 1799 in the First Republic. 

di-rec'tress (-tres), n. A woman director. 

di-rec'trix (-triks), n. ; pi. E. directrixes (-trlk-sSz). 
L. directrices (-tri-sez). [NL.] 1. A directress. Rare. 
2. Geom. A fixed line or curve used as a guide in describ- 
ing a curve or surface ; specif. : a The polar of a focus ; a 
line whose distance from any point of a conic is in fixed 
ratio to the distance of the same point from a focus, b A 



G 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers re 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary 



fer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
" Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DIREFUL 



2S8 



DISASTER 



curve along which the generatrix glides in describing a 
suri3.cc 

dire'ful (dlr'fool), a. Dire; terrible. — dire'ful-ly, adv. 

dire'ly, adv. In a dire manner. 

dire'ness, to. Quality or state of being dire. 

dirge (durj), to. [Contr. of L. dirige (direct thou), begin- 
ning the opening antiphon in Latin.] 1. R. C. Ch. The 
Office for the Dead ; also, a psalm sung for a departed soul, 
or a requiem Mass. 2, A piece of music, esp. a mournful 
song, to accompany funeral or memorial rites. 

dir'i-gi-ble (dir'i-ji-b'l), a. That can be directed ; steer- 
able, as a balloon. — to. A dirigible balloon or torpedo. 

dir'i-ment (dTr'i-ment), a. [L. dirimens, p. pr. of diri- 
mere to interrupt, destroy.] Law. Absolutely nullifying ; 
— chiefly in diriment impediment, an impediment that 
nullifies marriage^ ab initio, as an existing marriage. 

dirk (durk), n. Kind of dagger. — v. t. To stab with a dirk. 

dirt (durt), to. [ME. drit.'] 1. Any foul substance, as mud, 
dust, etc. 2. Loose earth or soil. Colloq. 3. Meanness ; 
sordidness. 4. Mining. In placer mining, alluvial earth, 
gravel, etc. 5. Dirtiness in condition, action, or speech. — 
v. t. To make foul ; dirty. 

dirt ; i-ly (dur'tT-lT), adv. In a dirty manner. 

dirt'i-ness, n. State or quality of being dirty. 

dirt'y (-ti), a.; dirt'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Denied with 
dirt, or serving tc defile. 2. Of color, sullied ; clouded. 3. 
Base ; sordid. 4. Muddy ; foggy ; stormy. 
Syn. Dirty, foul, filthy, nasty, squalid. Dirty (op- 
posed to clean) is the general term for what is sullied 
or defiled with dirt of any kind. Foul commonly conveys 
an implication of offensiveness or disgust. Filthy applies 
to what is besmeared or polluted with dirt or filth. Nasty 
applies to what is grossly or revoltingly offensive, esp. to 
touch or smell. In British colloquial usage, it has been 
softened to a mere synonym for "objectionable, disagree- 
able " ; in the U. S., it has commonly been tabooed in 
polite speech, but is now somewhat affected in its British 
sense. Squalid adds to the idea of dirtiness that of 
extreme slovenliness or neglect. In their ethical senses, 
esp. as applied to language, the first four words connote 
indecency or obscenity. 

•— v. t. ; dirt'ied (-tid) ; dirt'y-ing. 1. To foul ; soil. 2. To 
tarnish ; sully, as a reputation. 

Dis, to., or Dis pa'ter (dis pa'ter). [L.] Rom. Relig. An 
underworld god, identical with the Greek Pluto. 

dis- (dis-). A prefix from Greek Si's, twice. See di-. 

dis-. [L. dis-, sometimes through OF. des-. As a living pre- 
fix in English, dis- is the invariable form.] A prefix used : 

1. To denote away, apart, asunder, between, in words de- 
rived from French or Latin. 

Examples : dismiss, to send away; dissuade, discern. 

2. To denote undoing, reversal, privation, or negation. 
Specifically : a To form verbs denoting to undo, destroy, 
reverse, or do the reverse of. Derivative or analogous 
nouns, adjectives, etc., are similarly formed. 

Examples : diselectrify, to undo or destroy the electrifica- 
tion of ; diselectrification, act of undoing or destroying 
electrification ; disedify, to do the reverse of edifying ; dis- 
edification, action the reverse of edification ; disconnect, 
to undo or destroy the connection of ; disconnection. 
I) To form verbs (also analogous or derivative nouns, ad- 
jectives, etc.) denoting to strip or divest of something 
(designated by the noun to which dis- is prefixed) ; and, 
hence, to expel from; to divest of the character, rank, or 
status of; also, to free from, or relieve of. 
Examples : disrobe, to strip of a robe ; disfrock, to divest 
of a frock (priestly character or privilege) ; disbrother, to 
deprive of the character or status of brother ; disbar, to 
expel from the bar ; disburden, to free from, or relieve of, 
a burden. 
C To form nouns denoting the opposite of; the absence of. 

Examples : disbelief, the absence or opposite of belief. 
d To form adjectives, in which dis- has the sense of not, 

, non-, in-, un-. 

Examples : disconsonant, not consonant, inconsonant, 
e As a simple intensive, with the forceof entirely, com- 

■ pletely, or the like, when the part to which dis- is prefixed 
implies separation, reversal, or negation. 
Example : disannul, to annul entirely or completely. 

dis'a-bil'i-ty (dis'd-bil'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of 
being disabled ; absence of competent power, means, fit- 
ness, capacity, qualification, or the like ; also, that the ex- 
istence of which constitutes such a state. — Syn. Weak- 
ness, impotence ; incompetence, incompetency, incapacity, 
disqualification. See inability. 

dis-a'ble (dis-a'b'l),i>. t. ; -a'bled (-b'ld) ; -a'bling (-bling). 
1. To render unable or incapable ; destroy the force, vigor, 
or power of action of. 2. Law. To disqualify. — Syn. 
Weaken, incapacitate. — dis-a'ble-ment (-ment), n. 

dis-a'bled (-a'b'ld), p. a. Rendered incapable; crippled. 

dis'a-buse' (dis'd-buz'), v. t. To undeceive ; set right. 

dis'ac-cord' (dTs'd-kSrd'), v. i. To refuse assent; to dis- 
agree ; lack accord. — n. Disagreement. 



dis'ac-CUS'tom (dis'd-kus'ttim), v. t. To destroy the force 
of habit in ; wean from a custom. 

dis'ad-van'tage (-dd-van'taj), n. 1. That which hinders 
success, or causes loss or injury. 2. Loss; detriment; 
prejudice to fame, profit, or other good. — Syn. Injury, 
hurt, loss, damage. — v. t. To injure the interest of. 

dis-ad'van-ta'geous (dis-ad'vdn-ta'jws), a. Attended with 
disadvantage ; unfavorable ; prejudicial. — dis-ad'van- 
ta'geous-ly, adv. — geous-ness, n. [from.l 

dis'ad-vise' (dis'ad-viz'), v. t. To advise against ; dissuade | 

dis'af-fect' (dis'd-fekt'), v. t. 1. To diminish the affection 
of ; fill with discontent. 2. To disorder. 

dis'af-fecfed (-fek'ted; 24), p. a. Alienated in feeling or 
allegiance, esp. from those in authority ; estranged. 

dis'af-fec'tion (-fek'shun), n. 1. State of being disaf- 
fected ; unfriendliness ; disloyalty. 2. Physical disorder ; 
disease. — Syn. Dislike, discontent, alienation, hostility. 

dis'af-firm' (dis'd-furm/), v. t. 1. To assert the contrary 
of ; contradict ; deny ; — said of something asserted. 2. 
Law : To refuse to confirm ; to repudiate ; annul or reverse, 
as a judicial decision ; — opposed to affirm. 

dis'af-firm'ance (-fur'mans), n. Act of disaffirming; 
denial ; negation ; repudiation ; annulment. 

diS-af 'fir-ma'tion (dTs-af 'er-ma'shwn) , n. Act of disaffirm- 
ing ; negation ; refutation ; repudiation. 

dis'af-for'est (dis'd-for'est), v. t. l.Eng.Law. To exempt 
from forest laws. 2. To deforest. 

dis'a-gree' (-d-gre'), v. i. 1. To fail to agree ; be unlike ; — 
used with with or, formerly, but now rarely, to or from. 2. 
To differ in opinion ; quarrel. 3. To be unsuited ; — used 
with with; as, his work disagrees with him. 

dis'a-gree'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Exciting repugnance; offen- 
sive ; unpleasant in temper or mood. — dis'a-gree'a-ble- 
ness, n. — dis'a-gree'a-My, adv. 

dis'a-gree'ment (-ment), to. Act or state of disagreeing. 
— Syn. Difference, diversity, unlikeness, variance ; mis- 
understanding, dissension ; dispute, difference, discord. 

dis'al-low' (-d-lou'), v. t. To refuse to allow ; reject. 

dis'al-low'ance (-dns), to. Act of disallowing. 

dis-an'i-mate (dis-an'i-mat), v. t. To deprive of life. R. 

dis'an-nul' (dis'd-niil'), v. t. To annul completely. 

dis'an-nul'ment (-ment), to. Complete annulment. 

dis'a-noint/ (dis'd-noinf), v. t. To invalidate the consecra- 
tion of ; as, to disanoint a king. 

dis'ap^pear' (-d-per'), v.i. 1. To cease to appear or to be 
perceived ; pass from view ; vanish. 2. To cease to be or 
exist \ be lost. [ing.l 

dis ^p-pear'ance (-dns), to. Act of disappearing ; a vanish-] 

dis'Pp-point' (-point'), v. t. [OF. desapointier ; des-(L. dis-) 
4- apointier to appoint.] 1. To defeat of expectation cr 
hope ; balk ; — used with of of a thing not obtained, or with 
in of a thing obtained. 2. To frustrate ; foil ; defeat. — 
Syn. Fail, frustrate, balk, baffle, delude, foil, defeat. 

dis'ap-point/ment (-ment), to. 1. Act of disappointing; 
state of being disappointed or emotion caused by being 
disappointed ; frustration. 2. That which disappoints. 

dis-ap'pro-ba'tion (dis-ap'ro-ba'shun), to. Act, state, or 
fact of disapproving ; state of being disapproved. 

dis-ap'pro-ba-to-ry (dis-ap'ro-ba-to-n), a. Containing 
disapprobation ; serving to disapprove. 

dis'ap-prov'al (dis'd-proov'dl) to. Disapprobation ; cen- 
sure ; adverse judgment. 

dis'ap-prove' (dis'd-proov'), v. t. 1. To pass unfavorable 
judgment on ; regard as wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient ; 
censure. 2. To refuse official approbation to ; decline to 
sanction. — v. i. To feel or express disapprobation (of). 

dis-arm/ (dTs-arm'), v. t. [F.desarmer; des- (L. dis-) -j- 
armer to arm.] 1. To deprive of arms or weapons. 2. To 
deprive of means or disposition to harm ; render harmless. 

dis-ar'ma-ment (-aVmd-ment), to. Act of disarming ; esp., 
the reduction of a military establishment approximately to 
a peace footing. 

dis'ar-range' (dis'd-ranj'), v. t. To disturb the arrange- 
ment of; disorder. — dis'ar-range'ment (-ment), to. 

dis'ar-ray' (-d-ra/), v. t. 1. To throw into disorder. 2. To 
unrobe ; despoil ; strip. — to. 1. Disorder. 2. Confused 
or incomplete attire ; undress. 

dis'ar-tic'u-late (-ar-tik'u-iat), v. t. & i. To disjoint; 
separate joint from joint. — -la'tion, to. la'tor, n. 

dis'as-so'ci-ate (-d-so'shi-at), y. t.; -at'ed (-aVed); -at'- 
ing. To disconnect from association ; dissociate. 

dis-as'ter (diz-as'ter), to. [F. desastre; des- (L. dis-) -f- 
astre star, L. astrum.~\ 1. A baleful aspect of a planet or 

. star ; hence, an ill portent. Obs. 2. An unfortunate event ; 
esp., a sudden extraordinary misfortune; calamity. 
Syn. Mishap, mischance, misadventure ; calamity, catas- 
trophe, ruin, extremity, reverse, blow, stroke. — Disaster, 
calamity, catastrophe. A disaster is an unforeseen and 
ruinous mischance or misadventure which happens, often 
suddenly, either through culpable lack of f oresightor through 
adverse external agency ; a calamity is a grievous misfor- 
tune, particularly one which produces great or far-reaching 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DISASTROUS 



289 



DISCLOSURE 



personal or (esp.) public loss. Catastrophe (properly, any 
denouement) is here compared in the sense of a disastrous 
conclusion ; it emphasizes the idea of finality. _ 
dis-as'trous (-trus), a. 1. Full of unpropitious stellar 
influences (cf. astrology) ; ill-boding. 06s. 2. Attended 
with disaster ; calamitous. — dis-as'trous-ly, adv. 
dis'a-VOW' (dis'd-vou'), v. t. [F. desavouer ; des- (L. dis-) 
-f- avouer to avow.] To refuse to own or acknowledge ; deny 
responsibility for, approbation of, and the like ; disclaim ; 
disown. 
dis'a-vow'al (-al), n. A disavowing; repudiation. 

dis-band' (dis-band'), v. t. To break up the organization 
of, as an army. — v. i. To disperse ; esp., to quit military 
service by breaking up organization. band'ment, n. 

dis-bar/ (-bar'), v. t. Law. To deprive of the status and priv- 
ileges of a member of the bar. — dis-bar'ment (-ment), n. 

dis'be-Lief' (dis'be-lef), n. Act or state of disbelieving ; re- 
fusal of assent, credit, or credence. — Syn. See unbelief. 

dis'be-lieve' (-lev'), v. t. & i. To refuse credence to. 

dis'be-liev'er (-lev'er), n. One who disbelieves; an unbe- 
liever, esp. in the doctrines of a religion. 

dis-bench' (dis-bench'), v. t. To remove from a bench, or 
seat ; hence, Eng. Law, to deprive (a bencher) of his status. 

dis-bow'el (-bou'el), v. t. To disembowel. Rare. 

dis-branch' (-branch'), v. t. To tear off, as a branch. 

dis-bur'den (-bur'd'n), v.t. 1. To rid of a burden ; disen- 
cumber. 2. To put off (a burden) ; discharge. — Syn. 
Unload, unburden, free. — v. i. To relieve one's self of a 
burden. — dis-bur'den-ment (-ment), n. 

dis-burse' (dls-burs'), v. t.; -bursed' (-burst') ; -bursting. 
[OF. desbourser ; des- (L. dis-) + bourse purse.] To pay 
out ; expend. — dis-burs'a-ble, a. 

dis-burse'ment (-ment), n. Act of disbursing; also, that 
which is disbursed. 

dis-burs'er, n. One who disburses. 

dis-bur'then (dis-bur'tfe'n), v. t. = disburden. Archaic. 

disc (disk). Var. of disk. [tinction from caZced.| 

dis-calced' (dis-kalst'), a. Unshod ; barefooted ; — in dis-| 

dis'cant (dis'kant). Var. of descant. 

dis-card' (dis-k'ard'), v. t. 1. Card Playing, a To reject 
from the hand (a card or cards) as superfluous, b To play 
(a card, not a trump, of a different suit from the card led). 
2. To cast off as useless ; turn away ; reject. 

| Syn. Throw aside, lay aside, cast off ; refuse, decline, reject, 
repel. — Discard, reject. To discard is to put or throw 
aside or away, esp. as useless or outworn ; as, discarded 
clothing ; to reject is more commonly to repel, or refuse to 
receive or to employ, something offered ; as, to reject an offer. 

dis-card' (dis-kard'; dis'kard), n. Card Playing. Act of 
discarding, or the card or cards discarded. — v. i. Card 
Playing. To make a discard. 

dis-case' (dis-kas'), v. t. To remove the case or sheath of. 

dis-cern' (di-zurn'), v. t. [F. discerner, L. discernere, 
-cretum ; dis- + cernere to distinguish.] 1. To see and 
identify by noting differences ; discriminate ; distinguish. 
2. To see by the eye or by the understanding ; perceive 
and recognize. — Syn. Discover ,_ espy, descry, _ detect. 
See perceive. — v. i. To make distinction ; distinguish. 

dis-cern'er, n. One who, or that which, discerns. 

dis-cern'i-ble (-zur'nT-b'l), a. Capable of being discerned. 
— dis-cern'i-ble-ness, n. — dis-cern'i-bly, adv. 

dis-cern'ing, p. a. Acute ; shrewd. — dis-cern'ing-ly, adv. 

dis-cern'ment (-zurn'ment), n. Act or faculty of discerning. 
Syn. Perception, discrimination, acuteness, astuteness, per- 
spicacity, sagacity, shrewdness, sharpness, penetration, in- 
sight, acumen, divination. — Discernment, perception, 
penetration, insight, acumen, divination. Discern- 
ment implies keenness and discriminating accuracy ; per- 
ception, the direct or immediate exercise of mental vision. 
Penetration emphasizes acuteness and subtlety ; insight, 
depth, or understanding sympathy, of discernment. Acu- 
men suggests astuteness of intellect and nicety of discrimi- 
nation ; divination, instinctive or intuitive insight. 

dis-cerp' (di-surp'), v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum ; dis- 
+ carpere to pluck.] Rare. 1. To tear in pieces ; rend. 2. 
separate off ; disunite. — dis-cerp'tion (-shim), n. 

dis-cerp'ti-ble (-ti-b'l), a. That can be discerped. 

dis-charge' (dls-charj'), v. t. ; dis-charged' (-charjd') ; 
-charg'ing. [OF. deschargier ; fr. des- ( L. dis- ) + 
chargier to charge.] 1. To relieve of a charge, or burden ; 
unload, as a vessel. 2. To let fly, as an arrow ; shoot ; fire 
off, as a gun. 3. To relieve, as of a debt, responsibility, ac- 
cusation, etc. ; absolve ; clear. 4. To send away from serv- 
ice; dismiss. 5. To release legally from confinement, as a 
prisoner. 6. To put forth or remove, as a charge or burden ; 
as, to discharge a cargo. 7. To throw off the obligation of, 
esp. by performance ; hence : to perform, as a duty ; pay, as 
a debt. 8. To pay one's debt or obligation to (a creditor) ; 
also, to pay or settle for (a thing). 06s. 9. To give forth ; 
emit; as, a pipe discharges water; to discharge an oath. 
10. Dyeing & Calico Printing. To bleach out or to re- 
move or efface, as by a chemical process ; as, to discharge 
the color from a dyed fabric ; also, to remove the color 



from in this way. 11. Arch, a To receive and distribute, 
as the weight or pressure of a wall above an opening, b To 
relieve, as an opening or the lintel spanning an opening, 
from the weight of the wall above. — Syn. See release, 
effect. 

— v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden ; 
emit or give vent to fluid or other contents ; as, the water 
pipe discharges freely. 

— n. 1. Act of dischargng ; unloading, as of a cargo. 2. Fir- 
ing off, ns of artillery. 3. Act of relieving, or state of being 
relieved, of an obligation or other burden ; acquittance. 4. 
Act of getting rid of an obligation, liability, etc. ; xulfill- 
ment, as by payment. 5. Release or dismissal, as from 
office. 6. Legal release from confinement. 7. The state oi 
being discharged or relieved of a debt, liability, obligation, 
duty, or the like ; acquittal. 8. That which discharges or 
releases from imprisonment, an obligation, liability, penal- 
ty, or the like. 9. A flowing or issuing out or a rate of flow ; 
emission ; as, a rapid discharge of water. 10. That which 
is discharged or emitted ; as, a total discharge of 1 ,000 
gallons. 11. Elec. The equalization of a difference of elec- 
tric potential between two points. [charges.] 

dis-charg'er (-char'jer), n. One who, or that which, dis-| 
dis-ci'ple (di-sl'p'l), n. [OF., fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere 
to learn.] A pupil or scholar; now esp., a follower who 
has learned to believe in the doctrine of his teacher. 
Syn. Disciple, pupil, scholar, student. Disciple, 
through the influence of its Biblical sense, has ceased to 
be an exact synonym for pupil or scholar ; it always im- 
plies personal adherence to the views of one's master or 
teacher. Pupil, as here compared, suggests more of the 
teacher's personal care than scholar, which emphasizes 
the idea of instruction or tuition. Student is the general 
term for those in attendance at a higher institution of learn- 
ing. See follower. 

Disciples of Christ, Eccl., a Christian denomination 
which rejects human creeds and sectarian names, holds the 
Bible only to be the rule of faith and practice, celebrates 
the Lord's Supper every Sunday, and baptizes believers 
only by immersion. They are trinitarian and congrega- 
tional, and are called also Christians and Campbellitcs. 

— the disciples, or the twelve disciples, the twelve 
selected companions of Jesus ; — called also the apostles. 

— v. t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-plTng). 1. To teach ; train. 
06s. 2. To make a disciple of. Rare. 

dis-ci'ple-ship, n. State or quality of being a disciple. 

dis'ci-plin-a-ble (dis'i-plm-d-b'l)_, a. 1. Capable of being 
disciplined or instructed. 2. Liable or deserving to be 

^disciplined ; subject to disciplinary punishment. 

dis'ci-plin-al _(dis'I-plm-dl ; dis'i-pll'nal), a. Of or relat- 
ing to discipline. 

dis'ci-plin-ant (-plin-ant),n. Eccl. Hist. A flagellant, esp. 
one of a Spanish order noted for its severe discipline. 

dis'ci-plin-a'ri-an (dis'i-plin-a'n-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, 
to discipline. — n. One who disciplines ; one who excels 
or is rigorous in training, esp. as to order and obedience. 

dis'ci-plin-a-ry (dis'I-plTn-a-rT), a. Pertaining to disci- 
pline ; intended for discipline ; corrective ; belonging to a 
course of training or learning. 

dis'ci-pline (-plin), n. [F., fr. L. disciplina, fr. discipulus 
disciple.] 1. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner ; 
education ; training ; drill. 2. Subjection to rule ; control ; 
habit of obedience. 3. Correction ; chastisement by way of 
correction and training ; hence, training through suffering. 
4. The subject matter of instruction ; a course of study ; a 
branch of knowledge. 5. Eccl. A system of essential rules 
and duties ; as, the Roman Catholic or Anglican discipline. 

— Syn. See education. 

— v. t.; -PLiNED (-plind) ; -plln-ing. 1. To develop by in- 
struction and exercise ; train. 2. To accustom to regular 
and systematic action ; drill. 3. To improve by corrective 
and penal methods ; chastise. — Syn. Form, teach, in- 
struct, chasten, punish. — dis'ci-plin-er, n. 

dis-claim' (dis-klam'), v. i. [AF. desclamer. See dis-; 
clalm.]_ Law. To renounce or repudiate a legal claim ; make 
a disclaimer ; — formerly used with in, out of, and from. 

— v. t. 1. To disavow any connection with or responsibility 
for ; to deny ownership or authorship of ; repudiate ; dis- 
own. 2. To deny the right or authority of ; refuse to admit ; 
disallow ; as, to disclaim the authority of Jesus. 

dis-claim'er (dis-klam'er), n. [AF. desclamer, inf. used 
as n.] Act of disclaiming ; a denial or disavowal of claim. 

dis'cla-ma'tion (dis'kld-ma'shun), n. Disavowal or renun- 
ciation ; disclaimer. 

dis-close' (dis-kloz'), n. Disclosure. 06s. — v. t.; -closed' 
(-klozd') ; -clos'ing (-kloz'ing). [From OF. desclos, p. p., 
opened, deriv. of des- (L. dis-) -f- clore to shut, fr. L. 
claudereJ] 1. To uncover. 2. To lay open or expose to 
view ; reveal ; expose ; divulge. — Syn. See reveal. 

dis-clos'er (-kloz'er), n. One who discloses. 

dis-clo'sure (-klo'zhur), n. 1. Act of disclosing, uncovering, 
or revealing ; exposure. 2. That which is disclosed. 






G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc.. precede Vocabulary. I) Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



DISCOBOLUS 



290 



DISCOVERY 




Discobolus. 



iis-cob'o-lus (dTs-kob'3-lus),dis-cob'o-los (-koVo-los), n. 
[L. discobolus, Gr. 5ioxoj86Xos ; 
dicrKos discus + /3dXX«v to 
throw.] A discus thrower. 

dis'coid (dis'koid), a. [Gr. 
5i(rKoeidr]s ,* fT.Siaicos a round plate + elSos 
form.] Like a disk ; flat and circular ; 
specif., Bot., having a tubular instead of 
a ligulate corolla, as the florets in the yel- 
low center of a daisy, in distinction from 
those on the margin, bearing white rays, 
which are called radiate. 

— n. Anything having the form of a dis- 
cus or disk. — dis-COi'dal (-koi'ddl), a. 

dis-col'or, dis-col'our (dTs-kill'er), v. t. 
[OF. descolorer, fr. L. dis — (- colorare 
to color.] To alter the natural color of, 
esp. for the worse ; stain. 

dis-col'or-a'tion (-a'sh&n), n. 1. Act of 
discoloring ; state of being discolored. 2. 
A discolored spot ; stain. 

dis-COl'or-ment, -OUr-ment (-er-ment), n. Discoloration. 

dis-com'fit (-kiim'fit), v. t. [OF. descomfit, p. p. of des- 
confire, fr. L. dis- + conficere to make ready.] 1. To 
put to rout ; defeat. Archaic. 2. To balk ; disconcert. ■ — 
Syn. Overthrow, conquer, baffle, confuse. See embarrass. 

dis-COm'fi-ture (-fi-tur), n. Act of discomfiting ; state of 
being discomfited ; rout ; overthrow ; frustration. 

tlis-com'fort (-fert), v. t. [OF. desconforter ; des- (L. dis-) 
+ conforter to comfort.] 1. To discourage ; deject. Obs. 
2. To disturb the comfort of ; make uneasy ; pain. — n. 
1. Want of comfort ; uncomfortable condition ; pain ; dis- 
tress ; sorrow. 2. That which causes distress, i 

dis-com'fort-a-ble (-kum'fer-td-b'l), a. Not affording com- 
fort ; uncomfortable ; comfortless. 

dis'com-mend' (dis / ko-mend / ), v. t. 1. To mention with 
disapprobation ; blame ; disapprove ; — opp. of commend. 
Rare. 2. To expose to censure or ill favor ; put out of the 
good graces of any one ; — opp. of recommend. 

dfs'com-mend'a-ble (-menMd-b'l), a. Deserving disap- 
probation, blame, or unfavorable comment. 

dis-com'men-da'tion (dis-kom'en-da/shwn), n. Blame; 
censure ; reproach ; dispraise. 

dis'com-mode' (dis'ko-mod'), v. t. To incommode. 

dis'com-mod'i-ty (-ko-mod'T-tT), n. 1. Disadvantageous- 
ness ; inconvenience. 2. Disadvantage ; inconvenience ; 
something injurious or that it is desired to avoid or get 
rid of ; — the opposite of commodity. 

dis-com/mon (dis-kom'iai), v. t. Law. a To deprive of 
the right of common, as of pasture, b To deprive of com- 
monable quality, as lands by inclosing them. 

flis'com-pose' (dTs'kom-poz'), v. t. To throw into dis- 
order ; agitate ; perturb ; disarrange ; disorder. — Syn. 
Derange, unsettle, disturb, ruffle, fret. [posed. | 

dis'com-po'sure (-po'zhur), n. State of being discom-| 

dis'con-cert' (dis'kon-surt'), v. t. To throw into disorder or 
confusion ; discompose ; confuse. — Syn. Disturb, unbal- 
ance, defeat, frustrate, thwart. See embarrass. 

dis'con-cer'tion (-sur'shim), n. Act of disconcerting, or 
state of being disconcerted ; discomposure ; perturbation. 

dis'con-form'i-ty (-for'mT-tT), n. Want of conformity or 
correspondence ; disagreement ; — often with to or with. 

dis'con-nect' (-ko-nekt'), v. t. To undo the connection of ; 
disunite. 

dis'con-nect'ed (-nek'ted), p. a. Disjoined; not con- 
nected. — Syn. Rambling, desultory, disjointed, broken, 
scattered. — dis'con-nect'ed-ly, adv. — nect'ed-ness, n. 

dis'con-nec'tion (-nek'shun), n. State or quality of being 
disconnected. 

dis'con-nex'ion, n. Disconnection. British. 

dis-con'so-late (dis-kon'so-lat), a. [From LL., fr. L. 
dis- + consolatus, p. p. of consolari to console. See con- 
sole, v. £.] 1. Destitute of consolation ; deeply dejected ; 
sad. 2. Causing dejection ; cheerless. — Syn. Forlorn, 
melancholy, sorrowful, woeful, hopeless. — dis-COn'so- 
late-ly, adv. — late-ness, n. 

dis-con'so-la'tion (-la'sh&n), n. Disconsolate state. 

dis^on-tent' (dis'kon-tent'), a. Not content ; dissatisfied. 

— n. Want of content ; uneasiness ; _ dissatisfaction. — 
Syn. See dissatisfaction. — v. t. To dissatisfy ; displease. 

dis'con-tent'ed (-ten'ted ; 24), p. a. Dissatisfied ; uneasy 
in mind. — dis'con-tent'ed-ly, adv. — tent'ed-ness, n. 

dis'con-tent'ment (-tenement), n. State, fact, or feeling 
of discontent. 

dis'con-tin'U-ance (-tin'u-ans), n. 1. A discontinuing; 
state of being discontinued; interruption. 2. In legal 
practice, the termination of an action by the failure of 
the plaintiff properly to continue it or by the entry of a 
discontinuing order on his motion ; — usually distin- 
guished from a dismissal. ■ — Syn. Cessation, inter- 
mission, separation, disjunction, disruption, break. 



dis'con-tin'u-a'tion (-tm'u-a'shun), n. Discontinuance 

dis'con-tin'ue (-tm'Q), v. t. & i. 1. To interrupt the 
continuance of ; break off ; stop ; leave off. 2. Law. To 
abandon or terminate (an action or proceeding) by a 
discontinuance (which see). — dis'con-tin'u-er, n. 

dis-con'ti-nu'i-ty (dis-kon'ti-nu'i-ti), n. 1. Want of 
continuity or cohesion. 2. A break in continuity ; a gap. 

dis'con-tin'u-OUS (dis'kon-tin'u-us), a. Not continuous; 
interrupted ; intermittent ; broken. OUS-ly, adv. 

dis-cord' (dis-kord'), i>. i. [OF. descorder,'L.discordare, 
fr. discors, -cordis, discordant ; dis- + cor, cordis, heart.] 
To disagree ; clash. 

dis/cord (dis'kord), n. 1. Want of concord or agreement ; 
disagreement. 2. a Want of concord or harmony, b A 
combination of musical sounds which strikes the ear 
harshly owing to incommensurability of vibrations of the 
component sounds. 3. A harsh or confused noise ; uproar. 

— Syn. Variance, difference, opposition, clashing, dissen- 
sion, contention, strife, dissonance. 

dis-cord'ance (dTs-kor'ddns),dis-cord'an-cy (-ddn-sT),n.; 
pis. -ances (-ddn-sez), -ancies (-siz). 1. State or quality of 
being discordant ; disagreement. 5 . A discord of sounds. 

dis-cord'ant (-dant), a. Characterized by discord ; not in 
harmony ; clashing ; inharmonious. — Syn. Disagreeing, 
incongruous, contradictory, opposing, repugnant, opposite, 
contrary, inconsistent, harsh, jarring, irreconcilable. See 
dissonant. — dis-cord'ant-ly, adv. 

dis'count (dis'kount ; dis-kount'), v. t. [OF. desconter; 
des- (L. dis-) + conter. See count.] 1. To deduct from an 
account, debt, charge, or the like. 2. To lend money on, 
deducting in advance the discount, or allowance for inter- 
est ; as, to discount a promissory note. 3. To take into con- 
sideration beforehand ; diminish by anticipation ; as, to 
discount the effect of news. 4. To make allowance for 
exaggeration in (a tale, etc.). 

— ; (dis'kount), n. 1. Act of discounting ; esp. : a A deduc- 
tion from a gross sum on an account, b A deduction for 
interest in advancing money on or purchasing a bill or note 
not due. 2. The rate of interest charged in discounting. 
at a discount, below par, or below the nominal value ; 
hence, Colloq. : out of favor ; poorly esteemed. 

dis-count'a-ble (dis-koun'td-b'l), a. That may be dis- 
counted. 

dis-COlin'te-nance (dis-koun'te-nans), v. t. 1. To put 
out of countenance ; abash. 2. To refuse to countenance, 
or approve ; discourage. — n. Unfavorable aspect or act ; 
disapprobation. 

dis-cour'age (dis-kur'aj), v. t.; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-tng 
(-a-jing). 1. To lessen the courage of ; dishearten ; deject ; 

— opp. to encourage. 2. To dishearten one with respect 
to ; deter one from ; discountenance. — Syn. Dispirit, de- 
press ; dissuade, disfavor. 

dis-cour'age-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of discouraging; 
state of being discouraged; depression. 2. That which 
discourages ; a deterrent. [courages.! 

dis-cour'ag-er^ (-er), n. One who, or that which, dis-| 

dis-COUrse' (dis-kors'; 57), n. [L. discursus, lit., a run- 
ning to and fro, fr. discurrere, -cur sum, lit., to run to and 
fro ; dis- + currere to run.] 1. The power of the mind 
to reason or infer by running, as it were, from fact to 
fact, or reason to reason ; reasoning power. 2. The join- 
ing of ideas in rational expression, whether mental or verbal. 
3. Conversation ; talk. 4. Art and manner of speaking. 5. 
Consecutive speech on a given line of thought ; treatise ; 
dissertation ; as, a long discourse on duty. 

— v. i.; -coursed' (-korst') ; -cours'ing (-kor'sing). To 
express one's self in discourse ; speak ; converse. — v. t. 1. 
To narrate ; tell ; discuss. Archaic. 2. To utter or give 
forth, as music. — dis-^COUrs'er, n. 

dis-COur'te-OUS (-kur'te-tts ; -kort'yus), a. Uncivil; want- 
ing in courtesy. — dis-COUr'te-OUS-ly, adv. 

dis-cour'te-sy (-kur'te-si), n. Lack of courtesy ; incivility. 

dis-COV'er (-kiiv'er), v.t. [OF '. descouvrir ; des- (L.dis-) 
+ couvrir to cover.] 1. To lay open to view ; reveal ; make 
known. Archaic. 2. To manifest, esp. unintentionally ; 
show ; exhibit ; betray ; as, the boy discovered a taste for 
art. 3. To obtain sight or knowledge of, for the first time, 
as of a thing already existing, but hitherto not perceived or 
known ; detect ; descry. — dis-COV'er-a-ble (-d-b'l), a, 
Syn. Find out, detect ; contrive, devise, originate, invent. 

— Discover, invent. One discovers what existed before, 
but had remained unknown ; one invents by forming com- 
binations either entirely new or attaining their end by means 
unknown before ; as, Newton discovered the law of gravita- 
tion ; Edison invented the phonograph. See reveal. 

dis-COV'er-er (-er), n. One who first comes to the knowl- 
edge of something ; one who makes a discovery. 

dis-cov'ert (-ert), a. [OF. descovert uncovered. See cov- 
ert.] Law. Not covert ; not under coverture ; — said of 
an unmarried woman or a widow. See coverture, 2, 

dis-cov'er-y (-er-i), «.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Act of discov- 
ering. 2. That which is discovered. — Syn. Disclosure. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdjjre (87); 



DISCOVERY DAY 



291 



DISFAVOUR 



Discovery Day. = Columbus Day. 

dis'cre-ate' (dis'kre-at'), v. To annihilate ; reduce to chaos. 

— dis'cre-a'tion (-a'sirun), n. 

dis-cred'it (dis-kred'it), n. 1. Lack of credit or reputa- 
tion ; disesteem. 2. Lack of belief or confidence ; disbe- 
lief. 3. Lack of commercial credit. — Syn. Disrepute, 
dishonor, disgrace, ignominy, scandal, distrust. 

— v. t. 1. To refuse credence to ; disbelieve ; as, the rumor 
is discredited. 2. To destroy confidence in ; as, the theory 
is discredited by modern science. 3. To deprive of credit 
or good repute ; bring reproach upon. 

dis-cred'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Not creditable; injurious to 
reputation ; disreputable. — dis-cred'it-a-bly, adv. 

dis-creet' (dis-kret'), a. [F. discret, L. discretus sepa- 
rated, p. p. of discernere to discern. See discern.] Pos- 
sessed of discernment, esp. in avoiding error or evil, circum- 
spect ; prudent. — Syn. See careful. — dis-creet'ly, adv. 

— dis-creet'ness, n. 

dis-crep'an-cy (-krep'an-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). Also dis- 
crep'ance (dTs-krep'ans ; dTs'kre-pans), n. State or qual- 
ity of being discrepant, or an instance of this. 

dis-crep'ant (dis-krep'ant ; dTs'kre-pant), a. [L. discre- 
pans, -antis, p. pr. of discrepare to sound discordantly ; 
dis- + erepare to rattle, creak.] Discordant; at variance; 
disagreeing ; contrary ; different. 

dis-crete' (dis-kret'; dis'krct), a._ [L. discretus. See dis- 
creet.] 1. Separate ; distinct ; disjunct. 2. Composedof 
distinct parts ; discontinuous. — dis-crete'ly, adv. — dis- 
crete'ness, n. 

dis-cre'tion (dis-kresh'&n), n. 1. Disjunction ; separation ; 
distinction. 2. Act or faculty of discerning ; discernment ; 
decision. 3. Freedom to decide or act ; unrestrained exer- 

! cise of choice or will. 4. Quality of being discreet, esp. as 
to matters of propriety and self-control ; prudence ; circum- 
spection, [pleasure. 
at discretion, at will ; according to one's judgment or 

dis-cre'tion-al (-21), a. Left to discretion; unrestrainec. 
except by discretion or judgment. — -tion-al-ly, adv. 

dis-cre'tion-a-ry (-a-rT), a. Discretional. 

dis-cre'tive (dTs-kre'tTv), a. 1. Disjunctive. 2. Marking 
distinction ; distinguishing. 

dis-crim'i-nate (-krim'i-nat), a. [L. discriminates, p. p. 
of discriminate to divide, deriv. of discernere to discern.] 
1. Distinguished by certain tokens ; distinct. 2. Marked 
by or showing discrimination. 

— (-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'lng. 1. To mark as 
different ; differentiate. 2. To separate by discerning dif- 
ferences ; distinguish. — Syn. See distinguish. — v. i. 1. 
To make a difference or distinction; distinguish. 2. To 
make a difference in treatment or favor (of one as compared 
with others). 

dis-crim'i-nate-ly, adv. With discrimination. 

dis-crim'i-nat'ing (-nat'ing),^. a. Marking or noting a 
difference or differences; distinguishing; often esp., capa- 
ble of making acute discriminations ; keen ; discerning ; as, 
a discriminating critic. — dis-crim'i-nat'ing-ly, adv. 

dis-crim'i-na'tion (dis-krmr'i-na'shwn), n. 1. Act of dis- 
criminating ; state of being discriminated. 2. A distinction, 
as in treatment ; esp., an unfair or injurious distinction. 3. 
Quality of being discriminating ; acute discernment. 4. 
That which discriminates ; mark of distinction. — Syn. 
Penetration, clearness, acuteness, acumen, judgment, dis- 
cernment, distinction. 

dis-crim'i-na-tive (-krTm'i-na-tiv), a. 1. Marking a dif- 
ference ; distinguishing ; distinctive. 2. Observing distinc- 
tions ; discriminating. 

dis-crown' (dTs-kroun'), v. t. To deprive of a crown. 

dis-cur'sive (dis-kur'siv), a. Passing from one thing to 
another ; digressive ; desultory. — Syn. See cursory. — 
dis-cur'sive-ly, adv. — dis-cur'sive-ness, n. 

dis'CUS (dis'kfc), n. ; pi. E. -cuses (-ez), L. -ci (disl). 
[L. See dish.] A heavy circular plate, or quoit, to be 
thrown or hurled as a trial of strength and skill ; also, the 
exercise or game of throwing the discus. 

dis-CUSS' (dis-kus'), v. t. [L. discussus, p. p. of discutere 
to strike asunder ; dis- + quatere to strike.] 1. To drive 
away, as a tumor. Obs. or R. 2. To declare. Obs. 3. To 
examine in detail or by disputation ; debate ; investigate. 
4. To tiy the quality of by eating or drinking ; as, they 
discussed a cold fowl. Colloq. 5. Civil Law. To exhaust 
a remedy against, as a principal debtor or his property 
before proceeding against the surety. 

Syn. Discuss, argue, debate. To discuss is to sift or ex- 
amine by presenting considerations pro and con ; as Eliz- 
abeth could discuss poetry with Spenser or euphuism with 
Lyly. To argue (the stronger term) is to adduce arguments 
or reasons in support of one's cause or position ; as, he tried 
to argue himself out of his despondency. To debate is to 

• argue formally or publicly or (sometimes) to deliberate with 

one's self ; as, the measure was debated at length. 
dis-cus'sion (-kush'im), n. Act of discussing; debate. 
dis-cu'tient (-ku'shent), a. [L. discutiens, p. pr. of discu- 



tere. See discuss.] Med. Serving to disperse morbid mat- 
ter ; as, a discutient lotion. — n. A discutient agent. 
dis-dain' (-dan'), n. [OF. desdain, desdaing, fr. the verb.] 
A feeling of contempt and aversion ; scorn ; — often imply- 
ing haughtiness. — Syn. Haughtiness, scorn, contempt, 
arrogance, pride. 

— v. t. [OF. desdeignier, desdaignier ; des- (L. dis-) -f- 
deignier to deign, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy.] 1. To 
think unworthy ; deem unsuitable or unbecoming. 2. To 
reject as not deserving one's notice, scorn. — Syn. See 
despise. 

dis-dain'ful (-dan'fool), a. Full of or expressing disdain ; 
scornful ; contemptuous. — Syn. See contemptuous. — ■ 
dis-dain'ful-ly, adv. — dis-dain'ful-ness, n. 

dis-ease' (di-zez'), n. [OF. desaise; des- (L. dis-) -\- aise 
ease.] 1. Lack of ease ; discomfort. Obs. 2. Any departure 
from health presenting marked symptoms ; malady ; ill- 
ness ; disorder. 3. An affection, usually caused by micro- 
organisms, impairing the.quality of certain products ; as, the 
diseases of wine. 

— v. t. ; -eased' (-zezd') ; -easting. 1. To disquiet ; dis- 
tress. Obs. 2. To afflict with disease or sickness ; disorder. 

dis-eased' (di-zezd'), p. a. Afflicted with disease. 

dis'em-bark' (dis'em-bark'), v. t. & i. To remove or go 
ashore from on board a vessel ; land. 

dis-em/bar-ka'tion (dis-em'bar-ka'shun), n. Act of dis- 
embarking. 

dis'em-bar'rass (dTs'em-bar'as), v. t. To free from embar- 
rassment ; clear ; disentangle. — Syn. See disengage. 

dis'em-bed' (dis'em-bed'), v. t. To extricate (that which 
is embedded). [ment.l 

dis'em-bel'lish (-bel'Tsh), v. t. To deprive of embellish-! 

dis'em-bod'y (-em-bod'i), v. t. To divest of the body cr 
corporeal existence. — dis'em-bod'i-ment (-T-rrunt), n. 

dis'em-bogue' (-bog'), v. t. & i.; -bogued' (-bogd') ; -bo'- 
guing. [Sp. desembocar ; des- (L. dis-) -f- embocar to put 
into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) + boca mouth, L. bucca 
cheek.] To discharge at the mouth, as a stream ; flow (in- 
to) ; vent ; as, where the river disembogues. 

dis'em-bow'el (-bou'el), v. t. To take or let out the bowels 
of; eviscerate. — dis'em-bow'el-ment (-ment), n. 

dis'em-broil' (-broil'), v. t. To disentangle ; free from em- 
broilment ; extricate from confusion. 

dis'em-ploy' (dis'em-ploi'), v. t. To dismiss from, or throw 
out of, employment. — dis'em-ploy'ment (-mcnt), n. 

dis'en-a'ble (dis'en-a'b'l), v. t. To render unable ; disable. 

dis'en-chant' (-chant'), v. t. m To free from enchantment, 
fascination, or delusion. — dis'en-chant'er, n. 

dis'en'-chant'ment (-ment), n. Act of disenchanting ; state 
or fact of being disenchanted. 

dis'en-cum'ber (-kum'ber), v. t. To free from encum- 
brance. — Syn. See disengage. — cum/brance (-brans) , n. 

dis'en-dow' (-dou'), v. t. To deprive of endowments. 
— dis'en-dow'er, n. — dis'en-dow'ment (-ment), n. 

dis'en-fran'cbise (-fran'chiz), v. t. To disfranchise. 

dis'en-gage' (-gaj'), v. t. To release from that with which 
anything is engaged, engrossed, involved, or entangled; 
extricate ; clear. 

Syn. Disengage, disentangle, disembarrass, disen- 
cumber, extricate, all imply release or detachment ; dis- 
engage, from that by which one is held, or in which one is 
involved ; disentangle, from more intricate complications ; 
disembarrass, from that which hampers or restrains ; dis- 
encumber, from that which burdens or clogs. Extricate 
implies more definitely effort or exercise of force. 

— v. i. To release or free one's self ; become detached. 
dis'en-gage'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of disengaging, or 

setting free ; state of being disengaged. 2. Freedom from 
engrossing occupation ; leisure. 3. Freedom from con- 
straint ; ease of manner. 

dis'en-no'ble (-no'b'l), v. t. To lower; degrade. 

dis'en-tail' (-tal'), v. t. Law. To free from entail ; break 
the entail of (an estate). — n. Act of disentailing. 

dis'en-tan'gle (-tan'g'l), v. t. To free from entanglement; 
free from embarrassing connection or intermixture ; set 
free. — Syn. See disengage. tan'gle-ment (-ment), n. 

dis'en-thrall', dis'en-thral' (dis'en-throl'), v. t. To release 
from thraldom ; free. 

dis'en- throne' (-thron'), v. t. To dethrone ; depose. 

dis'en-ti'tle (-tl't'l), v. t. To deprive of title or claim. 

dis'en-tomb' (-toom'), v. t. To disinter. [chantment.l 

dis'en- trance' (-trans'), v. t. To free from a trance or en-| 

dis'en-twine' (-twin'), v. t. & i. To untwine. 

dis'es-tab'lish (-es-tab'lish), v. t. To break up (anything 
established) ; deprive, as a church, of its connection with 
the state. — dis'es-tab'lish-ment (-ment), n. 

dis'es-teem' (dis'es-tem'), n. Want of esteem; disfavor. 

— v. t. To hold in disesteem ; slight. 

dis-fa'vor U-fa'ver), n. 1. Want of favor or favorable re- 
dis-ia'vour/ gard ; disesteem. 2. State of not being in 
favor. 3. An unkind or disobliging act. — v. t. To with- 
hold or withdraw favor from ; regard with disesteem. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zJi = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DISFEATURE 



292 



DISK 



dis-fea'ture (dis-fe'tyr), v. t. To deface. 

dis-fig'u-ra'tion (-fig'u-ra'shun), n. Act of disfiguring, or 
state of being disfigured; disfigurement. 

dis-fig'ure (-fig'ur), v. t. ; -ured (-urd) ; -uring. [OF. des- 
figurer, des- (L. dis-) -j- figurer to fashion, shape, fr. L. 
figurare, fr. figura figure.] To mar the figure or appear- 
ance of ; render less complete, perfect, or beautiful in ap- 
pearance. — Syn. See deface. — fig'ur-er, n. 

dis-lig'ure-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or 
state of being disfigured. 2. Something that disfigures 
(by its presence) ; a defacement. 

dis-for'est (-for'est), v. t. 1. To disafforest. 2. To deforest. 

dis-fran'cliise (dTs-fran'chTz), v. t. To deprive of a fran- 
chise or chartered right ; to dispossess of the rights of a 
citizen, or of a particular privilege, as of voting. 

dis-fran'chise-ment (-chiz-ment), n. Act of disfran- 
chising, or state of being disfranchised. 

dis-fur'nish (-fur'nish), v. t. To deprive of that with which 
anything is furnished ; strip ; divest. nish-ment, n. 

dis-gav'el (dis-gav'el), v. t. [See gavelkind.] Eng. Law. 
To deprive of, or relieve from, the tenure of gavelkind. 

dis-gorge' (-gorj'), v. t. & i. : -gorged' (-gorjd') : -gorg'ing. 
[OF. desgorgier ; des- (L. dis-) + gorge gorge.] 1. To 
discharge by the throat and mouth ; vomit. 2. To give up 
unwillingly something wrongfully appropriated. 

dis-grace' (-gras'),?i. [F. disgrace, It. disgrazia; dis- 
(L. dis-) -f- grazia grace, L. gratia."] 1. Condition of being 
out of favor. 2. State of being dishonored ; shame ; igno- 
miny. 3. Cause of dishonor or shame. — Syn. Disfavor, 
discredit, infamy, humiliation. See dishonor. 

— v. t.; -graced' (-grast') ; -grac'ing (-gras'Tng). 1. To 
put out of favor ; dismiss with dishonor. 2. To bring re- 
proach or shame on ; dishonor. — Syn. Degrade, humble, 
humiliate ; abase, debase. — dis-grac'er (-er), n. 

dis-grace'ful (-fool), a. Bringing or involving disgrace; 
shameful. — dis-grace'ful-ly,acb. — dis-grace'ful-ness,rc. 

dis-grun'tle (-grun't']),.v. £.;-tled (-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). 
To put in bad humor; render dissatisfied. 

dis-guise' ( dis-glz' ), v.t. ; -guised' ( -glzd' ) ; -guis'ing. 
[ OF. desguiser ; des- ( L. dis- ) + guise guise. ] 1. To 
change the appearance of so as to conceal or mislead, esp. 
by an unusual dress. 2. To hide or obscure by a counter- 
feit appearance ; cloak ; conceal ; mask ; as, to disguise 
one's feelings or an unpleasant taste. — Syn. Dissim- 
ulate. See dissemble. 

— n. 1. A dress put on for concealment or deception. 2. Ar- 
tificial language or manner assumed for deception. 3. Any 
concealment of real by ostensible character ; also, that 
which serves to disguise. — dis-guis'er (-glz'er), n. 

dis-gust' (-gust'), v. t. [OF. desgouster; des- (L. dis-) + 
goust taste, L. gustus.] 1. To provoke disgust or strong 
distaste in ; esp., to offend the taste, reason, or sensibili- 
ties of ; — often used with at, with, or by. 2. To inspire 
with a disgust (of, from, or against anything). 

— n. Aversion or repugnance produced by something loath- 
some ; loathing. — Syn. Nausea, abomination, abhor- 
rence ; distaste, dislike. See antipathy. 

dis-gust'ful (-fool), a. Exciting or feeling disgust. 

dis-gUSt'ing, p. a. Exciting disgust. ing-ly, adv. 

dish (dish), n. [AS. disc, L. discus, fr. Gr. SIctkos quoit, 
diKtlu to throw.] 1. A vessel, as a platter, used for serv- 
ing food at table. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, 
a dish, as a shallow concave vessel or a natural hollow. 3. 
The food served in a dish ; hence, any particular food ; as, a 
dainty dish. 4. State of being concave, or like a dish, or the 
degree of such concavity ; as, the dish of a wheel ; also, a 
concavity. 5. The contents or capacity of a dish ; a dishful. 

— v. t. 1. To put into a dish or dishes. 2. To make concave 
like a dish ; as, to dish a wheel by inclining the spokes. 3. 
To make (a hole) like a dish ; countersink (a hole). 4. To 
frustrate ; cheat, circumvent ; ruin. Colloq. 

dis'ha-bille'tdis'd-bel'; -bTl'^des'Iia-bille' (dez'd-bel'), re. 
[F. deshabille, prop., undressed.] A loose, negligent gar- 
ment ; state of being dressed in a loose or careless style. 

dis-hal'low (dis-hal'o), v. t. To violate; profane. 

dis'har-mo'ni-OUS (dis'har-mo'ni-Ms), a. Unharmonious. 

dis-har'mo-nize (dis-har'mo-nlz), v. t. & i. To put, or to 
be, out of harmony. — dis-har'mo-nism (-niz'm), n. 

dis-har'mo-ny (-ni), n. Want of harmony ; discord. 

dish'cloth' (dish'kloth' ; 62), n. A cloth for washing dishes. 

dish'clout' (-klouf), n. A dishcloth. Archaic or Dial. 

dis-heart'en (dis-har't'n), v. t. To discourage ; dispirit. 

dis-helm' (-helm'), v. t. & i. To deprive of, or to remove, 
the helmet. 

dis-her'i-son (dis-her'Y-zun), n. [OF. desheriteison. Oxf. 
E.D.] A disinheriting ; disinheritance. 

dis-her'it (-her'it), v. t. To disinherit ; dispossess. Obs. 

di-shev'el (dT-shev'el), v. t.; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el- 
ing or -el-ling. [OF. descheveler, LL. discapillare ; dis- 
+ L. capillus hair of the head.] To permit or cause (the 
hair) to hang loosely or disorderly ; hence : to spread or 



throw (one's costume, etc.) in disorder or disarray; ruffle; 
tousle. — di-shev'el-ment (-ment), re. [will hold.l 

dish'ful(dish'fdol),re.; pi. -fuls (-foolz). As much as a dish | 

dis-hon'est (dls-on'est ; 24), a. 1. Wanting in honesty or 
integrity ; not trustworthy. 2. Characterized by fraud ; 
knavish ; unjust. — dis-hon'est-ly, adv. 

dis-hon'es-ty (-es-ti), re. 1. Want of honesty, probity, or 
integrity. 2. A dishonest act ; violation of trust or justice. 

dis-hon'or H-on'er), n. 1. The reverse of honor ; as : a 

dis-hon'our J Disgrace ; shame ; ignominy, b Indignity ; 
insult. 2. Law. The nonpayment or nonacceptance of 
commercial paper by the party on whom it is drawn. — 
dis-hon'or-er, dis-hon'our-er, n. 

Syn. Indignity, opprobrium, disparagement ; shame, 
obloquy, reproach, disgrace, ignominy, infamy. — Dis- 
honor, disgrace, ignominy, infamy express loss of 
good fame. Dishonor retains, to a greater degree than 
disgrace, a negative force, and expresses deprivation or 
violation of honor, reputation, or dignity. Disgrace 
expresses positive shame or reproach. Ignominy con- 
notes public, infamy, notorious, disgrace or dishonor. 

— v. t. 1. To deprive of honor ; disgrace ; bring reproach or 
shame on. 2. To refuse to accept or pay (a draft, check, 
etc. ). — Syn. Shame, humble, humiliate, degrade ; debauch. 

dis-hon'or-a-ble U-d-b'l), a. 1. Wanting in honor ; bring- 

dis-hon'our-a-ble/ ing or deserving dishonor ; disgraceful ; 
base. 2. Wanting in honor or esteem ; disesteemed ; as, 
"dishonorable graves." a-ble-ness, n. • — -a-bly, adv. 

dis-horn' (dis-h6rn') L / y. t. To remove the horns of. 

dis'il-lu'sion (dTs'i-lii'zhwn), disll-lu'sion-ize (-Tz), v. t. 
Tofree frorn illusion. — disll-lu'sion, n. 

dis^m-pas'sioned (-im-pash'wnd), a. Free from warmth 
of passion or feeling ; unimpassioned. 

dis'im-pris'on (-priz''n), v. t. To release from prison. 

dis-in'cli-na'tion (dis-in'kli-na'shwn), n. State of being 
disinclined. — Syn. Unwillingness, disaffection, aliena- 
tion, dislike, indisposition, distaste, aversion, repugnance. 

dis'in-cline' (dis'in-klln'), v. t. To incline away the affec- 
tions of ; alienate. — v. i. To be unwilling (to do some- 
thing) ; be averse or indisposed. 

dis'in-cor'po-rate (-kor'po-rat), v. t. To deprive of cor- 
porate powers, rights, or privileges. " [a disinfectant.! 

dis'in-fect' (-fekf), v. t. To free from infection ; treat with| 

dis'in-fect'ant (-fek'tant), n. An agent, as heat, carbolic 
acid, chloride of lime, etc., used to destroy pathogenic or 
putrefactive bacteria. A disinfectant differs from an anti- 
septic in not being intended for use upon the living body. 

dis'in-fec'tion (-fek'shwn), n. Act of disinfecting; state or 
fact of being disinfected. 

dis-in-gen'u-OUS (-jen'u-tis), a. Not ingenuous ; artful. — 
dis'in-gen'u-ous-ly, adv. — disln-gen'u-ous-ness, n. 

dis'in-her'i-son (-her'i-zwn), n. Disherison. 

dis'in-her'it (-her'it), v. t. To cut off from, or deprive of, 
an inheritance. — dis'in-her'it-ance (-i-tans), n. 

dis-in'te-gra-ble (dis-in'te-grd-b'l), a. Capable of being 
disintegrated. 

dis-in'te-grate (-Yn'te-grat), v. t. & i.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed) ; 
-grat'ing. [L. dis- -f- integratus, p. p. of integrare to re- 
pair, integer entire.] To separate or decompose into inte- 
grant, or component, parts ; reduce to fragments or powder. 

dis-in'te-gra'tion (-gra'shwn), n. Act of disintegrating, 
or state of being disintegrated ; esp., the wearing away, or 
falling to pieces, of rocks by action of rain, frost, etc. 

dis'in-ter' (dis'in-tur'), v. t. 1. To take out of the grave or 
tomb. 2. To bring out from obscurity. 

dis-in'ter-est'ed (dis-in'ter-es-ted ; 24), a. Not influenced 
by self-interest ; free from selfish motive. — Syn. See 
fair. — dis-in'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. — ter-est-ed-ness, n. 

dis'in-ter'ment (dis'in-tur'ment), n. Act of disinterring; 
state of being disinterred. 

dis-ject' (dis-jekf), v. t. [L. disjicere, disjectum, to 
throw asunder, disperse ; dis- + facer e to throw.] To sep- 
arate by force ; tear apart ; scatter violently. 

dis-join' (-join'), v. t. & *\ [OF. desjoindre, fr. L. disjun- 
gere ; dis- + jungere to join.] To dissolve or prevent the 
joining of ; separate ; sunder ; disunite ; disconnect. 

dis- joint' (-joint'), a. [OF. des joint, p. p. of desjoindre. 
See disjoin.] Archaic. 1. Disjointed ; disconnected. 2. 
Disjoined ; unconnected. — v. t. & i. 1. To separate the 
joints of ; separate at the joints. 2. To break the natural 
order and relations of ; make incoherent. 

dis-joint'ly, adv. In a disjointed state ; separately. 

dis-junct' (-junkf), a. [L. disjunctus, p. p. of disjun- 
gere. See disjoin.] Characterized by disjunction. 

dis-junc'tion (-junk'shun), n. Act of disjoining ; state of 
being disjoined ; disunion ; separation. — dis-junc'ture, n. 

dis-junc'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to disjoin; involving dis- 
junction. — n. 1. Gram. A disjunctive conjunction, as 
but, yet, although. 2. Logic. A disjunctive proposition or 
one in which the parts are connected by disjunctive con- 
junctions ; as, it is either day or night. 

disk (disk), n. Also disc. [L. discus. See dish.] 1. A 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sott, connect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DISLEAF 



293 



DISPEL 



flat circular plate. 2. Astron. The seemingly flat figure 
of a celestial body. 3. Bot. & Zobl. Any of various disk- 
shaped structures, as the central portion of the head, 
composed of tubular flowers, in daisies, asters, etc. 

dis-leaf (dis-lef), dis-leave' (-lev'), v. t. To remove the 
leaves from ; bare of leaves. 

dis-like' (dis-llk'), v. t. To regard with dislike ; disapprove. 

— ft. A feeling of aversion to something uncongenial or 
offensive ; repugnance ; distaste. — Syn. Disinclination, 
disapprobation, disfavor, disaffection, displeasure, aver- 
sion, reluctance, disgust, antipathy. — dis-lik'a-ble, a. 

dis-limn' (-LTm'), v. t. & i. To efface ; fade, as a picture. 

dis'lo-cate (dis'16-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[LL. dislocatus, p. p. of dislocate; L. dis- -f- locate to 
place, locus place.] 1. To displace (esp. a bone from its 
natural connections with a neighboring bone) ; disjoint. 2. 
To disarrange, as plans. 

dis'lo-ca'tion (-ka'shwn), ft. Displacement, esp. : Si Surg. 
The displacement of a bone, or the resulting condition ; 
luxation, b Geol. The displacement of rocks or strata, re- 
sulting in a fissure or fault. 

dis-lodge' (dis-loj'), v. t. & i. To drive from a lodge or 
place of rest ; hence, to drive from a place of hiding or 
defense. — dis-lodg'ment (-ment), n. 

dis-loy'al (-loi'al), a. Not loyal ; false where allegiance is 
due ; faithless. — dis-loy'al-ly, adv. 

dis-loy'al-ty (-ti), n. Quality of being disloyal ; lack of 
loyalty; esp., violation of allegiance. 
Syn. Untrue, recreant, traitorous ; deceitful, insidious, 
treacherous, perfidious, perjured, inconstant, forsworn.— 
Disloyal, traitorous, treacherous perfidious. One is 
disloyal who is untrue (it may be only passively) to one's 
allegiance ; one is traitorous who is guilty of actual treason. 
Of persons, treacherous implies readiness to betray trust ; 
of things, aptness to allure to peril or disaster by false or 
delusive appearances. Perfidious implies base and de- 
liberate treachery. 

dis'mal (diz'mal), n. [Prob. fr. OF. di day (L. dies)^ -f- 
mal bad, evil (L. malus).'] 1. In pi. The blues ; low spirits ; 
also, gloomy or depressing surroundings or circumstances. 
2. A swamp. Southern U. S. 

— a. 1. Unlucky ; ill-omened ; ill-boding ; as, a dismal 
threatening sound. 2. Disastrous or calamitous ; dreadful ; 
as, dismal accidents. Obs. or R. 3. Gloomy to the eye or 
ear ; cheerless ; dreary. — Syn. Lonesome, gloomy, dark, 
fatal, doleful, lugubrious, funereal, dolorous, sorrowful, 
sad, melancholy, unhappy. — dis'mal-ly, adv. ness, ft. 

dis-man'tle (dis-man't'i), v. t.; -man'tled (-t'ld) ; -tling 
(-tling). 1. To strip of dress or covering ; divest ; un- 
cloak. 2. To strip of furniture and equipments, guns, etc., 
as a house or a fort. — dis-man'tle-ment (-ment), n. 

dis-mast' (-mast'), v. t. To deprive of a mast or masts. 

dis-may' (-ma'), v. t. [OF. esmaier ; es- (L. ex) +OHG. 
magan to be strong or able.] To disable with alarm; 
depress the spirits of ; daunt ; appall ; terrify. 
Syn. Alarm, fright, affright, frighten, scare, intimidate, 
daunt, appall, shock, horrify. — Dismay, daunt, appall. 
To dismay is to deprive of spirit, courage, or initiative, 
esp. by an alarming or disconcerting prospect ; to daunt 
is to cow or intimidate, esp. by that which awes or sub- 
dues ; to appall is to overwhelm or confound with sudden 
fear or horror. 

— n. Loss of spirit through fear. — Syn. See fear. 
dis-mem/ber (-mem'ber ),-!;. t. [OF. desmembrer ; des- (L. 

dis-) + membre limb.] To tear limb from limb ; hence : 
to tear or cut in pieces ; mangle ; mutilate. — Syn. Dis- 
joint, dislocate, divide. — dis-mem'ber-ment (-ment), ft. 

dlS-miss' (-mis'), v. t. [L. dis- + missus, p. p. of mit- 
tere to send.] 1. To send away ; cause or permit to go. 2. 
To send or remove from office, service, or employment ; 
discharge. 3. To put away ; esp., to put out of considera- 
tion ; as, to dismiss idle fears. 4. Law. In practice, to put 
(an action or party) out of consideration ; refuse to hear 
further ; — said of the court. 

dis-miss'al (-al), ft. Act of dismissing ; state or fact of 
being dismissed. 

dis-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. Dismissal. 

dis-mount' (-mount'), v. i. 1. To come down ; descend. 

i Poetic. 2. To alight from a horse, camel, or the like 

i (formerly, from a vehicle). — v. t. 1. To throw or remove 
from the carriage, or mount ; — said esp. of artillery. 2. 
To unhorse. 3. To remove from a setting, as a jewel. 4. 
Mech. To take apart (a machine). 

— n. Act or method of dismounting. [natural. 
dis-na'ture (-na'tyr), v. t. & i. To make or become un- 
dis'o-be'di-ence (dis'6-be'di-ens), n. Neglect or refusa 

to obey ; violation of a command or prohibition. 

dis'o-be'di-ent (-ent), a. Neglecting or refusing to obey; 
refractory. — dis'o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. 

dis'o-bey' (-6-ba/), v. t. & i. To refuse or neglect to obey. 

dis'o-bey'er (-er), n. One who disobeys. 

dis-ob li-ga'tion (dis-ob'li-ga'shun), n. Act of disoblig- 
ing ; offense ; also, state of being disobliged ; grudge. 



dis'o-blige' (dTs'6-blTj'), v. t.; -bliged' (-blTjd') ; -blig'ing 
(-bllj'ing)_. To refuse to oblige ; be unaccommodating to. 

dis o-blig'ing (-blTj'Ing), p. a. Not obliging; unaccom- 
modating. — dis'o-blig'ing-ly, adv. — blig'ing-ness, n. 

dis-orb' (dis-orb'), v. t. To throw out of the proper orbit. 

dis-or'der (-or'der), n. 1. Want of order ; confusion ; dis- 
array. 2. Neglect of order or system ; irregularity. 3. 
Breach of public order ; tumult. 4. Disturbance of the 
functions of the bodily organs, or of the mind. — Syn. Dis- 
arrangement, bustle, commotion, disturbance ; disease, ill- 
ness, indisposition, sickness, ailment, malady, distemper. 

— v. t. 1. To disturb the order of ; disarrange ; confuse. 2. 
To disturb the regular and natural functions of (either 
body or mind) ; derange. 

dis-or'dered (-dcrd), p. a. Thrown into disorder; affected 
with disorder or disease ; specif., morbid ; crazed. 

dis-or'der-ly (-dcr-li), a. 1. Characterized by, or contrib- 
uting to, disorder. 2. Law. Offensive to good morals and 
public decency ; notoriously offensive ; as, disorderly con- 
duct. Disorderly houses include common bawdy houses, 
common gaming houses, etc. A disorderly person is one 
guilty of any one of various acts (against the public peace, 
order, morals, or safety) declared by statute to be offenses. 
— Syn. Disarranged, immethodical, irregular, lawless, tu- 
multuous, confused. 

— adv. In a disorderly manner ; confusedly. — dis-or'der-li- 
ness (-li-nes), ft. 

dis-or'di-nate (-dT-nat), a. Immoderate; inordinate. 06". 

dis-or'gan-i-za'tion (dis-or'gem-i-za'shim), ft. Act of dis- 
organizing, or state of being disorganized. 

dis-or'gan-ize (dis-6r'gan-Iz), v. t. To^destroy the organic 
structure or regular system of ; throw into disorder ; dis- 
arrange. — dis-or'gan-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

dis-own' (-on'), v. t. To refuse to acknowledge as belong- 
ing to or concerning one's self ; repudiate ; disavow. — 
Syn. Disclaim, deny, renounce. 

dis-par'age ( dis-par'aj ), v. t.; -aged (-ajd ) ; -ag-ing (-a- 
jmg). [OF. de spar agier to marry unequally; des- (L. 
dis-) + F. parage extraction, lineage, L. par equal.] To 
bring, or attempt to bring, discredit upon ; speak slight- 
ingly of ; depreciate. — Syn. Cheapen, degrade, debase ; 
vilify, discredit, defame. See decry. 

dis-par'age-ment (-ment), n. 1. Diminution of esteem or 
standing ; dishonor ; disgrace. 2. Act of expressing a low 
degree of estimation ; detraction ; depreciation. — Syn. 
Indignity, derogation, reproach ; debasement, disgrace. 

dis-par'ag-er, n. One who disparages. 

dis-par'ag-ing-ly, adv. In a disparaging manner. 

dis'pa-rate (dis'pd-rat), a. [L. disparatus, p. p. of dis- 
parare to part ; dis- + parare to prepare.] Unequal ; 
dissimilar ; distinct in quality or ultimate character. — 
Syn. See different. — • -rate-ly, adv. — rate-ness, n. 

dis-par'i-ty (dis-par'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Inequality; 
difference in age, rank, condition, excellence, etc. 
Syn. Disparity, inequality. Disparity adds to in- 
equality the implication of unlikeness or incongruity. 

dis-park' (-park'), v.t. To throw open (a park or inclo- 
sure) ; to treat (a private park) as a common. 

dis-part' (-part'), v. t. & i. To part asunder ; separate. 

dis-part', n. A piece of metal placed on the muzzle, or 
near the trunnions, on the top of a piece of ordnance, to 
make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore ; — 
called also dispart sight, and muzzle sight. 

dis-part'ment (-ment), n. A parting or division. 

dis-pas'sion (-pash'im), n. Freedom from passion. 

dis-pas'sion-ate (-at), a. Free from passion ; not warped, 
prejudiced, swerved, or carried away by passion. — Syn. 
Calm, cool, collected, composed, serene, unruffled ; temper- 
ate, moderate, impartial, fair ; sober, grave. — dis-paa/- 
sion-ate-ly, adv. — dis-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. 

dis-patch' (-pach'), v. t. [Sp. despachar.~\ 1. To send off 
or away, as a message or messenger. 2. To send out of the 
world; put to death. 3. To dispose of speedily, as busi- 
ness ; execute quickly ; finish. — Syn. Expedite, hasten, 
speed, accelerate ; conclude ; slay. See kill. 

— v. i. To make haste ; conclude an affair. 

— ft. 1. A dispatching ; specif. : a The sending of a mes- 
sage or messenger, usually on an affair of importance, b 
Dismissal or discharge, esp. official. C Act of putting to 
death; killing, d Prompt disposal; quick riddance; esp., 
the speedy finishing up of a business ; hence : diligence ; 
haste. 2. A message dispatched or sent with speed ; esp., 
an important official letter or a telegram. 3. An agency, 
as a company or organization, for sending goods promptly 
to their destination. — Syn. Promptness, celerity, speed, 
hurry. See haste. — dis-patch'er, n. 

dis-pau'per (dis-po'per), v. t. To deprive of a pauper's 
claim to public support free from costs; deprive of the 
privilege of suing. [pers.l 

dis-pau'per-ize (-Tz), v. t. To free from pauperism or pau-| 

dis-peace' (dls-pes'), n. Lack of peace ; dissension. 

dis-pel' (dis-pel'), v. t.; -pelled' (-peld') ; -pel'llng. [L. 



G 



H 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



DISPEND 



294 



DISPRAISINGLY 



dispellere ; dis- -f- pellere to drive.] # To drive away by 

scattering ; clear away ; banish ; dissipate. 

Syn. Dispel, dissipate, disperse, scatter. To dispel 

(used only of vague or intangible objects) is to drive away, 
usually without violence ; as, the incident dispelled his 
fears. Dissipate suggests more definitely the idea of 
vanishing, or of complete disintegration or dissolution ; 
as, to dissipate mists, clouds, darkness. Disperse, the 
more formal, and scatter, the more vivid, stress the idea 
of separation, or of driving in different directions ; as, 
to disperse a crowd ; the wind scattered the leaves. 

dis-pend' ( -pend' ), v. t. i [OF. despendre, L. dispendere. 
See dispense.] To expend ; dispense. Obs. or Archaic. 

dis-pen'sa-ble (-pen'sd-b'l), a. 1. Eccl. Admitting dis- 
pensation ; condonable. 2. Capable of being dispensed 
or administered. 3. Capable of being dispensed with. 
— dis-pen'sa-bil'i-ty (-pen'sd-bil'i-ti), n. 

dis-pen'sa-ry (-rT), n.; pi. -hies (-nz). 1. A place where 
medicines are dispensed, esp. gratuitously or at a nominal 
price. 2. In South Carolina, a place for the sale of intoxi- 
cating liquors, not to be drunk on the premises. 

dis'pen-sa'tion (-sa'shwn), n. 1. Act of dispensing; dis- 
tribution ; hence, esp., distribution of good and evil by God 
to man. 2. That which is dispensed or appointed ; esp., 
Theol., a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained 
and administered ; as, the Christian dispensation. 3. 
A specific arrangement ; provision ; as, a dispensation of 
Providence. 4. A dispensing with, or doing without, some- 
thing ; exemption, as from an ecclesiastical law or an obli- 
gation. — dispen-sa'tion-al (-dl), a. 

dis'pen-sa'tor (dis'pen-sa'ter), n. [L.] One who dis- 
penses or distributes ; also, rarely, an administrator. • 

dis-pen'sa-to-ry (dis-pen'sd-to-rT), n. ; pi., -ries (-riz). 1. 
A book of systematic descriptions of drucs. 2. A dispensary. 

dis-pense' (-pens'), v. t.; -pensed' (-penst') ; -pens'ing. [F. 
dispenser, L. dispensare, intens. of dispendere to weigh 
out, dispense ; dis- + pendere to weigh.] 1. To deal out 
in portions ; distribute. 2. To apply, as laws ; administer. 
3. To exempt ; absolve ; — used with from. — v. i. To grant 
dispensation ; make exemption or exception. 
to dispense with, to permit the neglect or omission of, 
as a form ; to give up or do without ; forego. 

dis-pens'er, n. One who, or that which, dispenses, or 
deals out, etc. ; specif. : a A steward of a household. 
Archaic, b Wireless Teleg. A transmitting instrument 
for converting the Morse signals made by the operator into 
a properly arranged series of wave trains. 

dis-peo'ple (dis-pe'p'l), v- 1> To depopulate. 

dis-pers'al (dTs-pur'sal), n. Act or result of dispersing, or 
scattering ; dispersion ; distribution. 

dis-perse' (dls-purs'), v. t.; -persed' (-purst') ; -persuing. 
[L. dispersus, p. p. of dispergere to disperse ; dis- + 
sparger e to strew.] 1. To cause to separate and go dif- 
ferent ways ; scatter ; distribute. 2. To distribute from a 
fixed or constant source ; dispense ; disseminate. 3. To 
dissipate or dispel, as a vapor. — Syn. See dispel. 

— v. i. To separate and go different ways ; hence, be dis- 
sipated ; vanish. 

dis-pers'ed-ly (-pur'sed-li), adv. In a dispersed manner. 

dis-pers'er (-purser), n. One who disperses ; that which 
disperses, as a revolving contact device in a kind of trans- 
mitter used in wireless telegraphy. 

dis-per'sion (-pur'shim), n. 1. Act of dispersing; state 
of being dispersed. 2. Physics. Separation of complex 
light, as by a prism, into its different-colored rays. 

dis-per'sive (-siv), a. Tending to disperse. 

dis-pir'it (-pTr'it), v. t. To deprive of cheerful spirits ; dis- 
hearten ; discourage. — Syn. Damp, depress, cast down, in- 
timidate, daunt, cow. — pir'it-ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness, n. 

dis-pir'it-ment (-ment), n. State of being dispirited. 

dis-pit'e-ous (dls-pit'e-iis), a. Full of despite ; pitiless. 

dis-place' (-plas'), v. t. 1. To remove from the usual or 
proper place. 2. To crowd out ; take the place of. 3. To 
remove from a state, office, dignity, or the like ; discharge. 
Syn. Displace, misplace, mislay. To displace is to put 
out of the usual or proper place, often by putting (or in 
order to put) something else in it ; to misplace, to put in 
a wrong place, or (often) to set or fix on an unworthy object ; 
to mislay, to put in a place which one cannot recollect. 

dis-place'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of displacing ; state of 
being displaced. 2. The volume or weight of a fluid, as 
water, displaced by a floating body. 3. The difference be- 
tween the initial position of a moving body and any later 
position, as of the rock masses in a geological fault. 4. 
Elec. An inductive transfer of electricity. 

dis-plant' (-plant'), v. t. To displace ; dislodge. 06s. 

dis-play' (-pla/ ), v. t. [OF. despleier; des- (L. dis-) -f- 
pleier to fold, L. plicareJ] 1. To unfold ; spread out ; ex- 
pand. 2. To spread before the view ; manifest. 3. Print. 
To make conspicuous by large or prominent type or varying 
length of lines. — Syn. Show, parade, flaunt. See exhibit. 



— n. 1. An unfolding ; exhibition ; manifestation. 2. Osten- 
tatious show ; parade. — Syn. See parade. 

dis-please' (dis-plez'), v. t. To incur the disapproval of ; ex- 
cite unpleasant feelings in ; be offensive to. — Syn. Offend, 
disgust, vex, annoy, dissatisfy, chafe, anger, provoke, af- 
front. — v. i. To give displeasure or offense. 

dis-pleased' (-plezd'), a. Not pleased; vexed; angry. 

dis-pleas'ure (-plezh'ur), n. 1. The feeling of one dis- 
pleased. 2. That which displeases; offense; injury. — 
Syn. Disapprobation, distaste, hate, aversion, indignation. 

dis-plode' (-plod'), v. t. & i. ; -plod'ed (-plod'ed) ; -plodd- 
ing. To explode. — dis-plo'sion (-plo'zhim), n. Both Obs. 

dis-plume' (-ploom' ; 86), v. t. To strip of or as of plumes. 

dis-pone' (dis-pon'), v. t. & i.; -poned' (-pond') ; -pon'ing 
(-pon'mg). [L. disponere. See disposition.] To dispose 
of ; to make disposition. Obs. or Scot. 

dis-ponge' (dls-punj'). Obs. var. of dispunge. 

dis-pope' (-pop'), v. t. To deprive of the popedom. 

dis-port' (-port' ; 57), n. [OF. desport, fr. desporter, v. t.] 
Play, sport, or diversion ; hence, a game ; also, playfulness ; 
merriment. Archaic. 

— v. t. [OF. desporter; des- (L. dis-) + porter to carry, 
orig., to carry away from work.] To divert or amuse ; make 
merry ; — usedreflexively, as in to disport one's self, it- 
self, etc. — v. i. To indulge in gayety ; to wanton ; sport. 

dis-pos'a-ble (-poz'd-b'l), a. Subject to disposal. 

dis-pos'al (-31), n. 1. A disposing ; arrangement. 2. Order- 
ing ; management. 3. Transfer or conveyance of anything, 
as of property. 4. Power or authority to dispose of ; con- 
trol ; — used esp. in at, or in, the disposal of. 
Syn. Disposal, disposition. Disposal more commonly 
emphasizes the idea of disposing of, dealing with, settling 
(with special reference to the power of so doing) ; disposi- 
tion, that of arranging or ordering (with emphasis on the 
action, esp. regarded as the fulfillment of a plan) ; as, the 
disposal of one's books (their bestowal or assignment) ; 
my books are at your disposal (to use as you see fit) ; 
the disposition of one's library (the ordering of its distri- 
bution or destination) ; my library is at your disposition 
(subject to your direction or arrangement). 

dis-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
mg). [F. disposer; dis- + poser to place.] 1. To ar- 
range ; as, the ships were disposed in a half circle. 2. To 
regulate ; determine. 3. To deal out ; bestow for an object 
or purpose ; employ ; dispose of. 4. To give a tendency to ; 
incline the mind of. — Syn. Set, order, distribute, adjust, 
adapt, fit ; incline ; bestow, give. — v. i. To arrange or 
settle matters finally ; make disposition. 
to dispose of. a To determine the fate, condition, or use 
of. b To get rid of ; put out of the way. 

— n. Obs. or Archaic. 1. Act of disposing. 2. Disposition ; 
behavior; demeanor. 

dis-pos'ed-ness (-ed-nes), n. Quality or state of being dis- 
posed ; inclination ; disposition. 

dis-pos'er (-poz'er), n. One who, or that which, disposes. 

dis'po-si'tion (dis'pS-zTsh'wn), n. [F., fr. L. dispositio, 
fr. disponere to dispose ; dis- + ponere to place.] 1. Act 
or power of disposing ; state of being disposed ; as : a The 
ordering, regulating, or administering of anything ; man- 
agement ; often, esp., divine administration or dispensa- 
tion, b The getting rid, or making over, of anything, or the 
power to do so ; control ; as, money at one's disposition, c 
The placing in order or arranging of anything, or the state 
of being ordered or arranged, esp. with reference to some 
general design ; arrangement ; as, the disposition of troops. 
2. Tendency, resulting from natural constitution ; apti- 
tude. 3. a Natural or prevailing spirit, or temper of mind. 
b Mood ; humor. C Conscious inclination ; propensity. 
Syn. Humor, temperament, temper, character, bent, turn, 
bias; idiosyncrasy, constitution, organization, nature. — 
Disposition, temperament, temper, character. Dis- 
position is the predominating bent or constitutional habit 
of one's mind ; as, a cheerful disposition. Temperament 
is disposition regarded from the point of view of physical 
organization ; as, a nervous, or a bilious, temperament. 
Temper (esp. as applied to nations or periods) often adds 
the suggestion of mental or moral fiber ; as, Elizabeth knew 
the national temper. More commonly temper suggests irasci- 
bility ; as, a display of temper. Character is individual 
disposition, esp. in its ethical aspects, regarded as fixed or 
modified by training or the exercise of the will ; as, character 
is largely determined by habits. See disposal. 

dis-pos'i-tive (dTs-poz'i-tiv), a. Disposing, or having to 
do with the disposition or direction of something; of or 
pertaining to disposal or control. 

dis'pos-sess' (-po-zcs'), v. t. To put out of possession, esp. 
of land ; eject ; oust. — dis'pos-ses'sion (-zesh'un), n. 

dis'pos-ses'sor (-er), n. One who dispossesses. 

dis'pos-ses'so-ry (-6-rT), a. Of or pert, to dispossession. 

dis-po'sure (dis-po'zhur ; 87), n. Disposal. Now Rare. 

dis-praise' (-praz'), v. t. To notice with disapprobation or 
blame ; disparage ; depreciate. — n. Act of dispraising ; 
disparagement. —dis-prais'er, n. — dis-prais'ing-ly, adv. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DISPREAD 



295 



DISSERT 



lis-pread', dls-spread' (dTs-pred'), v. t. To spread abroad, 
or diaerent-ways ; spread apart ; open ; expand. 

dis-prize' (-prlz'), v. t. To fail to prize; undervalue. 

dis-prof'it (-profit), v. i. & t. To be, or cause to be, with- 
out profit. Archaic. — n. Damage, detriment. Archaic. 

dis-proof (-proof), n. A proving to be other than is main- 
tained ; confutation ; refutation. 

dis-pro-por'tion (dis'pro-por'shwn ; 57), n. Want of pro- 
portion ; lack of symmetry or of due relation. — - v. t. To 
make unsuitable in quantity, form, or fitness ; mismatch. 

dis'pro-por/tion-al (-51), a. Not having due proportion ; 
disproportionate. — dis'pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. 

dis'pro-por'tion-ate (-at), a. Not proportioned ; unsuit- 
able to something else in bulk, form, value, or extent. 
— dis'pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. — por'tion-ate-ness, n. 

dis-prov'a-ble (-proov'd-b'l), a. That can be disproved. 

dis-prov'al (-dl), n. Act of disproving ; disproof. 

dis-prove' (dis-proov'), v. t. To prove to be false. 

dis-punge' (-piinj'), v. t. To sprinkle as with water from a 
sponge ; also, to expunge. Archaic. 

dis'pu-ta-ble (dis'pu-td-b'l ; dis-piif d-b'l), a. Liable to be 
disputed, controverted, or contested. ta-bil'i-ty, n. 

dis'pu tant (dis'pu-tdnt), a. Disputing; engaged in con- 
troversy. — n. One who disputes ; a controversialist. 

dis'pu-ta'tion (dis'pu-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of disputing; 
controversy ; debate. 2. Conversation. Obs. 

dis'pu-ta'tious (-shus), a. Inclined to dispute; conten- 
tious. — dis'pu-ta'tious-ness, n. 

dis-put'a-tive (dis-put'd-tiv), a. Disputatious. 

dispute' (-put'), v. i. ; -pot/ed (-put'ed) ; -put'ing. 
[OF. desputer, L. disputare, -latum; dis- + putare to 
clear up, reckon, think.] To contend in argument ; discuss ; 
debate ; often, to argue irritably ; wrangle. — v. t. 1. To 
make (something) a subject of disputation ; discuss. 2. To 
oppose by argument «r assertion ; controvert ; as, to dis- 
pute assertions. 3. To contend about ; contest ; as, to 
dispute possession of the land. — Syn. Gainsay, doubt, 
question ; impugn. 

— n. 1. Verbal controversy; controversial discussion; de- 
bate. 2. Contest ; struggle ; quarrel. 

Syn. Dispute, quarrel, altercation, controversy, 
wrangle, squabble, bicker, brawl, broil. A dispute is 
commonlya heated verbal contention ; a controversy , a con- 
tention carried on in writing, or at some length. A quarrel 
is an angry or violent dispute, often resulting in strained or 
severed relations ; an altercation, a quarrelsome bandying 
of words. A wrangle is an undignified, confused, and noisy, 
a squabble, a childish, unseemly, and petty, altercation ; 
a bicker, a petuKnt interchange of sharp words on trivial 
provocation. A brawl is a turbulent quarrel, esp. in a public 
place ; a broil is a more general disturbance than a brawl. 

dis-put'er (-put' er), n. One who disputes. 

dis-qual'i-fi-ca'tion (dis-kwol'i-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. Act 
of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified ; incapacita- 
tion. 2. That which disqualfies. 

dis-qual'i-fy (-kwol'i-f I ) , v . t . 1 . To deprive of the qualities 
necessary for some purpose ; render unfit ; incapacitate. 
2. To deprive of some power, right, or privilege, as by pos- 
itive restriction ; disable legally ; as, to disqualify a voter. 

dis-qui'et (-kwl'et), v. t. To render unquiet; deprive of 
peace, rest, or tranquillity ; make uneasy or restless ; dis- 
turb. — Syn. Harass, disturb, vex, fret, excite, agitate. 

— o. Unquiet. Rare. — n. Want of quiet ; uneasiness. 
dis-qui'et-ing, p. a. Causing disquiet, uneasiness, or alarm. 
dis-qui'e-tude (-e-tiid), n. Want of quiet ; disquiet. 
dis'qui-si'tion (dTs'kwT-zish'&n), n. [L. disquisitio, fr. 

disquirere to inquire diligently ; dis- -f- quaerere to seek.] 
A formal inquiry or discussion ; an elaborate dissertation. 

dis-quis'i-tor (dis-kwiz'i-ter), n. One who makes disqui- 
sitions or dissertations : an investigator. 

dis-rate' (-rat'), v. t. To reduce to a lower rating or rank. 

dis're-gard' (dis're-gard'), v. t. Not to regard, notice, or 
observe ; hence, to slight as unworthy of regard. — Syn. 
See neglect. — n. A disregarding ; ; state of being dis- 
regarded; esp., intentional neglect ; slight. gard'er, n. 

dis're-gard'ful (-fool), a. Neglectful; heedless. 

dis-rel'ish (dis-rel'ish), n. Want of relish; distaste. 

— v. t. Not to relish ; to feel disgust at. \_Dial.\ 
dis're-mem'ber (dls're-mem'ber), v. t. To forget. Chiefly] 
dis're-pair/ (-par'), n. State of being in need of repair. 
dis-rep'u-ta-ble (dis-rep'u-td-b'l), a. Not reputable ; dis- 
honorable ; low ; shameful. — dis'rep'u-ta-bil'i-ty, dis- 
rep'u-ta-ble-ness, n. — dis-rep'u-ta-bly, adv. 

dis-rep'u-ta'tion (-ta'shim), n. Disrepute. Archaic. 
dis/re-pute' (dis're-put'), n. Loss or want of reputation; 
disesteem ; discredit ; dishonor. 
dis're-spect' (-re-spekt'), n. Want of respect; incivility. 

— v. t. To have or show disrespect for. 
dis're-spect'a-ble (-spek'td-b'l), a. Not worthy of respect. 

— dis're-specfa-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-tT), n. 
dis're-spect'ful (-fool'), a. Wanting in respect ; uncivil. — 
dis're-spect'ful-ly, adv. — ful-ness, n. 



dis-robe' (dTs-rob'), v. t. & i. To divest of a robe ; undress. 

dis-robe'ment (-ment), n. Action of disrobing. 

dis-root' (-roof), v. t. To uproot. 

dis-mpt' (-rupf), a. TJL. disruptus, diruptus, p. p. of dis- 
rumpere, dirumpere, to break asunder ; dis — |- rumpere 
to break, burst.] Broken or burst asunder ; disrupted. 

— v. t. & i. To break asunder ; rend. 

dis-mp'tion (-riip'shun), n. Act of rending asunder, or 
state of being rent asunder ; breach ; rupture. 

dis-rup'tive (-rup'tlv), a. Causing, or tending to cause, dis- 
ruption ; also, caused by disruption. [rupt. RareA 

dis-rup'ture (-tjjr), n. Disruption. Rare. — v. t. To dis-| 

dis-safis-fac'tion (dis-safis-fak'shiin), n. State of being 
dissatisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented. 
Syn. Dissatisfaction, discontent. Dissatisfaction has 
usually a specific cause, and is often temporary ; discon- 
tent is commonly more general and deep-rooted ; as, dis- 
satisfaction with one's position, one's meals ; a feverish rest- 
lessness and discontent ; a fixed discontent. 

dis-sat'is-fac'to-ry (-to-rf), a. Causing dissatisfaction. 

dis-sat'is-fy (-sat'is-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. To 
render unsatisfied ; displease by lack of something. 

dis-seat' (-set'), v. t. To unseat. Rare. 

dis-sect' (dT-sekf), v. t. [L. dissectus, p. p. of dissecare; 
dis- + secare to cut.] 1. To divide into separate parts, 
as an animal or a plant, esp. for examination ; anatomize. 
2. To analyze, for purposes of science or criticism. 

dis-sect'ed, p. a. Cut into several parts ; specif.: a Bot. Cut 
deeply into many fine lobes or divisions ; as, a dissected 
leaf, b Phys. Geog. Divided into ridges, as by valleys or 
gorges ; as, a dissected plateau. 

dis-sec'tion (-sek'shiln), n. 1. Act of dissecting. 2. Some- 
thing dissected, as an anatomical specimen. 

dis-sec'tor (-ter), n. One who dissects. 



-seized' or -seised' 



dis-ssize', dis-seise' (di-sez'), v. t., 
(-sezd') ; -seiz'ing or -seis'ing. [F. dessaisir; des- (L. 
dis-) + saisir to seize, put in possession.] To deprive of 
seizin, or possession ; usually, to oust wrongfully. 

dis-sei'zee', dis-sei'see' (di-se'ze'), n. Law. A person 
disseized ; — correlative of disseizor. 

dis-sei'zin, dis-sei^sin (-se'zin), n. Act of disseizing ; 
state of being disseized. [disseizes another.l 

dis-seiz'or, dis-sei'sor (-zer; -z6r), n. Law. One who| 

dis-sem'blance (-sem'bldns), n. Act or art of dissembling. 

dis-sem'blance, n. Want of resemblance ; dissimilitude. 

dis-sem'ble (-sem'b'l), v. t.; -bled (b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
[dis -(L. dis-) + (prob.) resemble.'] 1. To hide under a 
false semblance ; disguise ; mask ; as, to dissemble one's 
purposes. 2. To simulate ; feign ; as, to dissemble fondness 
for one. 3. To pass as if unnoticed ; ignore ; as, to dissemble 
wrongs. 

Syn. Hide, conceal, cover, cloak, mask, disguise, counter- 
feit. — Dissemble, disguise, cloak agree in the idea of 
simulation in order to conceal. Dissemble implies an 
assumed or artfully feigned semblance or pretense ; dis- 
guise, a more unequivocal counterfeiting or change of 
outward appearance. Cloak stresses the idea of hiding or 
concealment. 

— v. i. To conceal the real fact, intention, or sentiments by 
pretense; act the hypocrite. — dis-sem'bler (-bier), n. 

dlS-sem'i-nate (-i-nat), v. t. & i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'- 
ing. [L. disseminatus, p. p. of disseminare to dissemi- 
nate ; dis- + seminare to sow, semen seed.] To sow broad- 
cast or as seed ; spread abroad ; diffuse, as opinions or ideas. 
— Syn. Propagate, circulate, disperse, scatter.— dis-sem'- 
i-na'tor (-na/ter), n. 

dis-sem'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of disseminating; 
state of being disseminated ; diffusion. 

dis-sem'i-na-tive (dT-sem'T-na-tiv), a. Tending to dis- 
seminate, or to become disseminated. 

dis-sen'sion (di-sen'shun), n. Disagreement in opinion ; 
esp., partisan and contentious division ; discord; quarrel. 

dis-sent' (-sent'), v. i. [L. dissentire, dissensum ; dis- -j- 
sentire to feel, think.] 1. To differ in opinion ; disagree ; 
— used with from. 2. Eccl. To differ from an established 
church as to doctrines, rites, or government. 

— n. 1. Act of dissenting ; disagreement. 2. Eccl. Separa- 
tion from an established church, esp. that of England ; 
nonconformity. — Syn. Difference, nonconcurrence. 

dis-sent'er (-sen'ter), n. One who dissents ; specif., one who 
separates from an established church ; esp., in England, a 
Protestant (formerly also a Roman Catholic) who disputes 
the authority of the Church of England ; a nonconformist. 

dis-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. Declaring dissent ; dissent- 
ing. — n. One who dissents. — dis-sen'tience (-shens), n. 

dis-sen'tious (-shus), a. Quarrelsome ; contentious. 

dis-sep'i-ment (dT-sep'T-ment), n. [L. dissaepimentum, 
fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] A 
separating tissue ; a partition ; a septum, as in a com- 
pound ovary of a flower. 

dis-sert' (-surf), v. i. & t. [L. dissertus, p. p. of dia- 
serere; dis- + serere to join.] To discourse. Rare. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. ■ equals. 



M 



DISSERTATE 



296 



DISTEMPER 



dis'ser-tate (dis'er-tat), v. i. [L. dissertatus, p. p. of 
dissertare to discuss, freq. fr. disserere. See dissert.] 
To give a dissertation ; discourse. Rare. 

dis'ser-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. A formal or elaborate argu- 
mentative discourse ; a disquisition. 

dis-serve' (dis-surv'), v. t. To serve badly; injure. 

dis-serv'ice (-sur'vis), n. Injury ; barm ; miscbief. 

dis-serv'ice-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Calculated to do disservice 
or harm ; not serviceable ; injurious ; harmful. 

dis-sev'er (di-sev'er), v. t. & i. To sever thoroughly; 
disunite. — dis-sev'er-ance (-dns), dis-sev'er-ment, n. 

dis'si-dence (dis'I-dens), n. Disagreement; dissent. 

dis'si-dent (-dent), a. [L. dissidens, -entis, p. pr. of dissi- 
dere to sit apart, disagree ; dis- + sedere to sit.] Not agree- 
ing ; different. — n. One who dissents ; a dissenter. 

dis-sil'i-ent (di-sil'i-ent), a. [L. dissiliens, -entis, p. pr. of 
dissilire to leap asunder ; dis- + salire to leap.] Starting 
asunder ; specif., Bot., bursting open or dehiscing violently, 
as the ripe capsules of the garden balsam. 

dis-sim'i-lar (di-sim'i-ldr), a. Not similar; unlike. 

dis-sim'i-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Difference 
in appearance or nature ; unlikeness ; heterogeneity. 

dis-sim'i-lar-ly, adv. In a dissimilar manner. 

dis-sim'i-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of making, or process 
of becoming, dissimilar. 

dis'si-mil'i-tude (dTs'i-mil'i-tud), n. Want of resem- 
blance ; dissimilarity. 

dis-sim'u-la_tejdi-sim'u-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; 
-lat'ing (-lat'ing). [L. dissimulatus, p. p. of dissimu- 
lare.] To dissemble ; feign ; pretend. 

dis-sim'u-la'tion (di-sim'u-la'shun), n. Act of dissem- 
bling ; hypocrisy. — Syn. See simulation. 

dis-sim'u-la-tive (-sTm'u-la-tiv), a. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, dissimulation. 

dis-sim'U-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who dissimulates. 

dis'si-pate (dis'i-pat), v. t.; -pat'ed (-pat'ed); -pat'ing. 
[L. dissipatus, p. p. of dissipare; dis- + sipare, supare, 
to throw.] 1. To break up and drive off ; disperse ; scatter ; 
dispel. 2. To scatter aimlessly or foolishly ; as, to dissipate 
one's energies. 3. To scatter or lose by extravagance ; 
squander, as wealth. — Syn. Spend, expend, squander, 
waste, lavish. See dispel. — v. i. 1. To separate into parts 
and disappear; scatter; vanish. 2. To be extravagant, 
wasteful, or dissolute in pursuit of pleasure. 

dis'si-pat'ed (-pat'ed), p. a. 1. Scattered ; esp., wasted. 2. 
Wasteful in pursuit of pleasure ; dissolute ; intemperate. 

dis'si-pa'tion (-pa/shun), n. # 1. Act of dissipating ; state 
of being dissipated ; dispersion ; diffusion ; also, wasteful 
expenditure. 2. Diversion or distraction, esp. in frivolity. 
3. A dissolute course of life ; dissoluteness. 

dis'si-pa-tive (dis'i-pa-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to dissi- 
pation ; tending to dissipate. 

dlS-SO'cia-ble (di-so'shd-b'l), a. 1. Not well associated; 
incongruous. 2. Unsociable. 3. Separable. 

dis-SO'cial (-shal), a. Unfriendly to society; unsocial. 

dis-SO'ci-ate (-shi-5t), v. t. & i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 

L [L. dissociatus, p. p. of dissociare ; dis- -J- sociare to 
associate, socius companion.] 1. To separate ; disunite; 
disjoin. 2. Chem. To subject to, or undergo, dissociation. 

dis-SO'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shun ; -si-a'shun), n. 1. Act of 
dissociating ; state of being dissociated ; separation ; dis- 
union. 2. Chem. The process by which a compound body 
breaks up into constituents ; — said esp. of the action of 
heat, etc., on gaseous or volatile substances, and of solvents 
on certain substances. — dis-SO'ci-a-tive (-shi-a-tiv), a. 

dis'so-lu-ble Jdis'o-lu-b'l ; di-sol'u-b'l), a. Dissolvable. 

dis'SO-lute (dis'6-lut), a. [L. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvere 
to loosen, dissolve.] Loosed from restraint ; esp., loose in 
morals and conduct ; profligate. — Syn. Uncurbed, unbri- 
dled, wild ; vicious, licentious, rakish. See abandoned. — 
dis'so-lute-ly, adv. — dis'so-lute-ness, n. 

dis'SO-lu'tion (dis'o-lu'sh&n), n. Act or process of dissolv- 
ing or breaking up ; specif. : a Separation into component 
parts ; disintegration ; decay. ^Destruction by breaking 
down, disrupting, disorganizing, invalidating, or the like ; 
as, the dissolution of a republic, corporation, partnership, 
marriage, treaty, etc. C Separation of the soul from the 
body ; death, d The dispersion of an assembly by termi- 
nating its sessions. 

dis'so-lu-tive (dis'6-lu-tiv ; dT-sol'u-tiv), a. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, dissolution. [solved.] 

dis-solv'a-ble (di-zol'vd-b'l), a. Capable of being dis-j 

dis-solve' ( di-zolv') , v. t. ; -solved' (-zolvd') ; -solv'ing. 
[L. dissolvere, -solutum ; dis- + solvere to loose, free.] 
1. To separate into component parts ; break up ; disinte- 
grate ; hence, to destroy. 2. To break the continuity of ; 
destroy the binding force or validity of (a tie, organization, 
partnership, marriage, etc.) ; specif., Law, to annul ; re- 
scind ; discharge ; as, to dissolve an injunction. 3. To 
cause to pass, or to pass, into solution. 4. To bring to an 
end by dispersal, as an assembly. 5. To solve ; clear up ; as, 
to dissolve a mystery. — Syn. See adjourn. — v. i. 1. To 



waste away ; be dissipated ; be discomposed. 2. To pas9 
into solution ; also, Obsoles., to become melted or liquefied. 
3. To fade away ; fall to nothing ; lose power. 

dis-solv'ent (-zol'vent), a. Solvent. — n. A solvent. 

dis-solv'er, n. One who, or that which, dissolves. 

dlS-solv'ing View. A magic-lantern view which grows dim 
and is gradually replaced by another, from a separate lens. 

dis'so-nance (dis'6-ndns), n. 1. A mingling of discordant 
tones or sounds ; discord ; a combination of tones giving 
beats. 2. Want of agreement ; incongruity. 

dis'so-nant (-ndnt), o. [L. dissonans, -antis, p. pr. of 
dissonare to disagree in sound, be discordant ; dis- + 
sonare to sound.] 1. Marked by dissonance ; discordant. 
2. Disagreeing ; incongruous ; discrepant ; as, dissonant 
faiths. — dis'so-nant-ly, adv. 

Syn. Discordant, harsh, jarring, grating, jangling, unme- 
lodious, inharmonious, out of tune ; inconsistent, contra- 
dictory. — Dissonant, discordant. As applied to sounds, 
dissonant more often emphasizes the harshness or unme- 
lodiousness of the sound considered in itself ; discordant, 
its jarring quality with reference to one's sense of har- 
mony or accord. In their general application, dissonant is 
more commonly used of the disagreement of one thing with 
another ; discordant, of mutual variance or incongruity ; as, 
opinions dissonant from truth, discordant views. 

dis-Sliade'Cdi-swadO, v. t.; -SUAD'ED(-swad'ed) ; -suad'ing. 
[L. dissuadere, -suasum ; dis- + suadere to advise.] 1. 
To advise or exhort against (a course or enterprise). 06- 
soles. 2. To divert by persuasion ; turn from a purpose. 

dis-sua'sion (-swa'zhun), n. Act of dissuading. 

dis-sua'sive (-siv), a. Tending to dissuade. 

dis-syl'la-fale (di-sil'd-b'l), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 
SiavWaPos ; Si- = Sis twice + o-uXXa^ syllable.] A word 
of two syllables. — dis'syl-lab'ic (dis'i-lab'ik), a. 

dis-sym'me-try (dis-sim'i-tri), n. Absence or defect~of 
symmetry. — dis'sym-met'ri-cal (dis'si-met'ri-kdl), a. 

dis'taff (dis'taf), n. ; pi. -taffs (-tafs), rarely -taves 
(-tavz). [AS. distsef.~] 1. The staff for holding the bunch of 
flax, tow, or wool in spinning. 2. Woman's work, authority, 
or domain ; also, a woman or women collectively. 

dis-tain' (-tan'), v. t. [OF. desteindre; des- (L. dis-) + F. 
teindre to tinge, L. tingere.'] To stain ; discolor. Archaic. 

dismal (dis'tal), a. [From distant.] Remote from the 
point of attachment or origin ; — opposed to proximal. 

distance (-tdns), n. 1. Discord ; quarrel. 06s. 2. The space 
between two objects ; measure of separation in place ; hence, 
length or interval of time. 3. Quality or condition of being 
distant, literally or figuratively ; remoteness. 4. Represen- 
tation of distance or spatial separation ; perspective ; as, the 
landscape is admirable for its distances. 5. Specif. : &Mu- 
sic. The interval between two notes ; as, the distance of a 
fourth or seventh, b Racing. An extent of track or a limit 
specially marked, as by a post or flag, in the last part of a 
race course which a horse in a heat race must have reached 
when the winner of the heat has covered the full course or 
be disqualified for later heats. 

— v. L; -tanced (-tdnst); -tanc-ing (-tan-sing). 1. To 
place or keep at a distance. 2. To outstrip ; leave far be- 
hind ; surpass greatly. 3. To cause to appear remote. 

dis'tant (-tant), a. [F., fr. L. distans, -antis, p. pr. of dis- 
tare to stand apart, be distant ; dis- + stare to stand.] 1. 
Separated ; away. 2. Far off ; not near ; remote. 3. Differ- 
ent in kind ; discrepant. 4. Reserved or repelling in man- 
ners ; not cordial. 5. Indistinct ; obscure, as from distance. 
6. At, from, or into, a distance. — dis'tant-ly, adv. 
Syn. Distant, far, remote. Distant is opposed to close; 
it implies separation in space or time. Far (the native word) 
is opposed to near, and ordinarily applies to what is a long 
way off. Remote applies to what is far removed, esp. from 
something regarded as a center or vantage ground. Fig., 
distant implies slightness of connection (so also, esp. in 
negative phrases, remote) or aloofness of manner. 

dis-taste' (dis-tastO, v. t. 1. To dislike the taste of ; disrel- 
ish. 2. To cause distaste in ; displease. — n. 1. Dislike of 
food or drink ; disrelish. 2. Aversion ; dislike ; repugnance. 
— Syn. Disinclination, displeasure ; dissatisfaction, disgust. 

diS-taste'ful (-fool), a. 1. Unpleasant to the taste. 2. Dis- 
pleasing to the feelings ; disagreeable. — Syn. Nauseous, 
unsavory, unpalatable, offensive, displeasing. — dis-taste'- 
ful-ly, adv. — dis-taste'f ul-ness, n. 

dis-tem'per (-tem'per), n. 1. An undue or unnatural tem- 
per, as showing loss of bailee ; disaffection. 2. A mor- 
bid state of the animal system ; malady ; esp., any of vari- 
ous infectious diseases of brutes, as, in horses, the strangles. 
3. Political disorder ; tumult. 

— v. t. 1. To derange the bodily, mental, or spiritual func- 
tions of ; disorder ; disease ; also, to disarrange ; disturb ; as, 
"Sin, that first distemper 'd all things." 2. To deprive of 
temper or moderation ; disturb ; ruffle ; make disaffected, 
ill-humored, or malignant ; as, distempered spirits. 

dis-tem/per, v. t. [OF. destemprer, destremper. to mix, 
soak ; des- (L. dis-) + temprer, tremper, to temper, L. 
temperare to mingle in due proportion.] 1. To dilute, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DISTEMPERATURE 



297 



DISTRUST 



soak, or the like. 06s. or R. 2. Paint, a To mix (colors) in 
the way of distemper, b To paint in distemper. 

— n. Painting in which the pigments are mixed, or tempered, 
with size, the white of egg, or the like, as a vehicle, usually 
for scene painting or mural decoration. Also, the paint or 
the prepared ground so used, or a painting done in it. 

dis-tem'per-a^ture (dis-tem'per-d-tur), n. A disordered 
condition ; distemper ; derangement. Obs. or Archaic. 

dis-tend' (-tend'), v. t. & i. [L. distendere, -tentum, -ten- 
sum; dis- + tender e to stretch.] 1. To extend ; stretch. 
2. To stretch out in all directions ; enlarge ; swell. — Syn. 
Expand, innate. See dilate. 

dis-ten'si-fole (-ten's! -b'l), a. That can be distended. 

dis- tent' (-tent'), a. [L. distentus.~\ Distended. 

dis-ten'tion, dis-ten'sion (-ten'shun), n. Act of distend- 
ing ; state of being distended. 

dis'tich (dis'tik), ft. [From L., fr. Gr. SLo-tixov; Si- twice + 
-arixos row, verse.] Pros. A strophic group of two lines. 

dis'tich-OUS (-tT-kws), a. [Gr. Sio-tixos.] Nat. Hist. Dis- 
posed in two vertical rows. — dis'tich-ous-ly, adv. 

dis-ull', dis-til' (dis-til'), v. i.; -tilled' (-tiki') ; -till'- 
ing. [L. distillare; de + stillare to drop, stilla drop.] 
To drop ; trickle. — v. t. 1. To let fall in drops ; let fall 
(drops). 2. To obtain by or as by distillation ; as, to distill 
brandy from wine. 3. To subject to distillation ; as, to dis- 
till wine in making brandy. 

dis-till'a-ble (-til'd-b'l), a. Capable of being distilled. 

dis-till'ate (dis-til'St; dis'ti-lat), ft. Chem. A product of 
distillation; specif., a hydrocarbon, intermediate between 
kerosene and gasoline, distilled from crude petroleum. 

dis'til-la'tion (dls'tT-la'shwn), n. 1. Act, process, or result 
of distilling. 2. Specif. : The operation of driving off gas or 
vapor from liquids or solids, as by heat, in a retort and con- 
densing the products in a receiver. 3. Hence, the abstract 
or essence of anything. 

dis-till'er (-til'er), n. One who, or that which, distills. 

dis-till'er-y (-1), ft.; pi. -eries (-iz). The works where dis- 
tilling is carried on. 

dis-till'ment, dis-til'ment (-ment), n. Distillation. 

dis-tinct' (-tinkt'), a. [L. distmctus, p. p. of distinguere. 
See distinguish.] 1. Distinguished ; marked out ; as, a 
place distinct by name. Obs. 2. Distinguished by nature or 
station ; not the same ; individual ; as, he was charged with 
three distinet offenses ; unlike others ; distinctive ; as, a 
distinct type of mind. 3. That may be clearly seen or dis- 
cerned ; clear. 4. Marked ; variegated. Poetic. 

dis-tinc'tion (-tirjk'shim), n. 1. Division ; also, a section. 
Obs. or R. 2. Act of distinguishing a difference or differ- 
ences ; discrimination ; also, the object or result of distin- 
guishing ; a difference. 3. State or quality of being distin- 
guishable or distinct ; as, distinction of birth or breeding. 
4. A distinguishing quality or mark. 5. Act of giving special 
recognition, or the mark of such recognition ; state of being 
so recognized ; eminence ; honor ; as, a man of distinction. 
6. Regard to differences or distinguishing circumstances ; 
as, to honor all without distinction. — Syn. See differ- 
ence, REPUTATION. 

dis-tinc'tive (-tiv), a. Marking or expressing distinction ; 
distinguishing. — dis-tinc'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 
Syn. Distinctive, characteristic. Distinctive refers 
primarily to that which marks or distinguishes one thing 
regarded in its relation to other things ; characteristic, 
to that which constitutes or expresses the character or 
quality ol the thing itself, without necessary reference to 
other things ; as, they have distinctive traits of their own ; 
he spoke with characteristic courtesy. 

dis-tinct'ly (-tinkt'li), adv. With distinctness; clearly. 
Syn. Distinctly, clearly. Distinctly suggests sharp- 
ness of definition or freedom from confusion ; clearly, 
absence of dimness, obscurity, or obstructing influence. 

dis-tinct'ness, ft. Quality or state of being distinct. — 
Syn. Plainness, clearness, precision, perspicuity. 

|| dis-tin'gue (-taN'ga), a., || dis-tin'guee (-ga), a. Jem. [F.] 
Distinguished ; of superior manner or bearing. 

dis-tin'guish (-tin 'g wish), v. t. [L. distinguere, -tinc- 
tum ; di- = dis- + stinguere to extinguish.] 1. To set apart 
by visible marks ; mark off by some characteristic ; as, the 
faculty of speech distinguishes man from the beasts. 2. To 
separate mentally into kinds, classes, or categories ; as, to 
distinguish sounds into high and low. 3. To recognize or 
discriminate (one thing among or from others) by marks, 
signs, or characteristics ; as, to distinguish good from evil. 
4. To perceive clearly ; discern, esp. by a physical sense ; as, 
I distinguish a light in the distance. 5. To make eminent ; 
confer distinction upon. 

Syn. Distinguish, discriminate come into comparison 
in the sense of drawing or recognizing distinctions. Distin- 
guish is the more general ; discriminate often implies 
greater precision or nicer discernment. 

— v. i. To make distinctions ; exercise discrimination ; — 
commonly used with between. — dis-tin'guish-a-ble, a. 

dis-tin'guished (-gwTsht), p. a. Marked ; notable. — Syn. 
Noted, famous, celebrated, illustrious. See eminent. 



dis-tin'guish-er (dis-tin'gwish-er), n. One who, or that 
which, distinguishes. 

dis-tin'guish-ing, p. a. Distinctive ; characteristic. 

dis-tort' (-tort'), v. t. [L. distortus, p. p. of distorquere to 
twist, distort ; dis- + torquere to twist.] 1. To twist out 
ol natural or regular shape physically ; deform ; hence, to 
twist aside mentally or morally. 2. To pervert in mean- 
ing. — dis-tort'er, n. 

dis-tor'tion (-tor'shiin), n. Act of distorting ; state of 
being distorted ; degree to which a thing is distorted. — 
dis-tor'tion-al (-51), a. 

dis-tract' (-trakf), a. [L. distractus, p. p. of disirahere 
to draw asunder ; dis- + trahere to draw.] Distracted or 
distraught ; hence : mad ; insane. Archaic. 

— v. t. 1. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) to a differ- 
ent object or in different directions ; divert. 2. To agitate 
by conflicting passions ; harass. 3. To unsettle the reason 
of ; craze. — Syn. See puzzle. — dis-tract'ed-ly, adv. 

dis-trac'tion (dis-trak'shun), ft. 1. Act of distracting; 
state of being distracted ; confusion ; disorder ; violent 
agitation of feeling; — esp. in to distraction, that is, 
to madness; as, she loves him to distraction. 2. That 
which diverts attention ; a diversion. — Syn. Perplexity, 
disturbance, dissension, tumult, madness, raving. 

dis-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Distracting; perplexing. 

dis-tranV (-tran'), v. t. [OF. destreindre to oppress, force, 
L. distringere, -trictum, to draw asunder, molest ; di- = 
dis- + stringer e to press together.] 1. Law. a Orig., to 
coerce or punish by levying a distress ; later, to levy a dis- 
tress upon (a person), b To seize as security or for indemni- 
fication. — v. i. To levy a distress. — dis-train'a-ble, a. 

— dis-train'er (-er), dis-train'or (-er; -or), n. 
dis-traint' (-tranf), n. Law. Act of distraining. 

|| dis'trait' (des'tra'), a.; F. fern, dis'traite' (-traf). [F.] 
Absent-minded ; abstracted. 

dis-traught' (dis-trof). p. a. [For distract.'] Distracted. 

dis-tress' (-treV), n. [OF. destrece, fr. L. districtus, p. p. 
See distrain.] 1. Oppressed or distressed state ; suffering ; 
anguish. 2. That which occasions suffering ; misfortune ; 
misery. 3. A state of danger or necessity. 4. Law. a Seizure 
and detention of the goods of another as a security, in order 
to obtain satisfaction of a claim, as for rent, taxes, or injury 
by sale of the goods seized, b That which is thus seized to 
procure satisfaction. 

Syn. Affliction, sorrow, grief, anguish, pain, torture, tor- 
ment, agony, pang, throe. — Distress, anguish, agony. 
Distress implies severe physical or mental strain or op- 
pression ; anguish, excruciating or torturing distress; 
agony, intense or acute anguish, under which one writhes 
or struggles. Anguish is now almost restricted to mental 
suffering. 

— v. t. 1. To affect with distress ; pain ; afflict ; harass. 2. 
To compel by pain or suffering. 3. Law. To levy a distress 
upon ; distrain. — Syn. Pain, harass, trouble, perplex, af- 
flict, worry, annoy. 

dis-tress'ful (-fool), a. Full of distress ; causing, indicating, 
or attended with, distress. — dis-tress'ful-ly, adv. 

dis-tress'ing, p. a. Causing distress ; painful. — dis-tress'- 
ing-ly, adv. [tributed.l 

dis-trib'ut-a-ble (-tnb'u-td-b'l), a. Capable of being dis-| 

diSj-trib'ute (dis-tnb'ut), v. t.; -ut-ed (-u-ted) ; -ut-ing 
(-u-ting). [L. distributus, p. p. of distribuere to distribute ; 
dis- -f- tribuere to allot.] 1. To divide among several or 
many ; apportion ; allot. 2. To dispense ; administer, as 
justice. 3. To spread out ; as, to distribute ink over a pad. 
4. To divide or separate ; classify ; as, to distribute books 
into classes. 5. Print. To separate (type which has been 
used) and return it to its compartments. 6. Logic. To em- 
ploy (a term) in its whole extent. 

dis-trib'ut-er (-u-ter), n. A distributor. 

dis'tri-bu'tion (dis'tn-bu'shim), ft. 1. Act of distribut- 
ing ; state of being distributed. 2. That which is distrib- 
uted. 3. Mode or manner in which things are distributed. 

— Syn. Apportionment, allotment, division, dispensa- 
tion, disposal, dispersion, classification, arrangement. 

dis-trib'u-tive (dis-trlb'u-tiv), a. 1. Tending or serving 
to distribute. 2. Logic. Taken in its full extension ; — 
said of a term. 3. Gram. Expressing separation among or 
into individuals or individual groups ; as, a distributive 
adjective, as either, every. — n. A distributive word or 
numeral. — dis-trib'u-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

dis-trib'U-tor (dis-trib'u-ter), n. One who, or that which, 
distributes. 

dis'trict (dTs'tnkt), n. [LL. districtus district, fr. L. dis- 
trictus, p. p. See distrain.] 1. A defined portion of a state, 
city, etc., set apart for administrative or other purposes. 2. 
Any portion of territory of undefined extent ; region. — 
Syn. Circuit, quarter, province, tract, country. 

— v. t. To divide or organize into districts. 

dis-trust' (dis-trust'), v. t. To feel a lack or the absence of 
trust in ; mistrust. 
Syn. Distrust, mistrust. To distrust is to have no 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word, + combined, with, m equals. 



M 



DISTRUSTFUL 



298 



DIVERTISSEMENT 



trust or confidence in a person or thing. In this more 
positive sense it has almost displaced mistrust. 

— n. Lack of trust, as in one's sincerity. — Syn. See doubt. 

dis-tnist'ful ( : fo61), a. Marked by or having distrust ; self- 
distrusting ; diffident ; also, distrusting others ; suspicious ; 
mistrustful. — dis-trust'ful-ly, acto. — trust'ful-ness, n. 

dis-turt/ (-turb'), v. t. [OF. destorber, desturber, fr. L. dis- 
turbare, -turbatum ; dis- + turbare to disturb, turba dis- 
order, crowd.] 1. To throw into disorder or confusion ; 
interrupt the peace or quiet of; agitate; unsettle. 2. 
To agitate the mind of ; disquiet. 3. To turn from a set- 
tled course ; cause to shift, stop, or go awry ; as, noth- 
ing disturbed the even tenor of his life. 
Syn. Upset, discompose, agitate, perturb. — Disturb, per- 
turb. To disturb is to throw into either physical or men- 
tal confusion or disorder ; as, do not disturb my papers ; a 
piece of disturbing intelligence ; perturb implies stronger 
agitation or disquietude than disturb, and is confined to 
mental disturbance ; as, she was perturbed by his violence. 

dis-turb'ance (-tur'bans), n. 1. Act of disturbing ; state or 
fact of being disturbed ; uproar ; confusion. 2. Violent agi- 
tation in the body politic ; public commotion or disorder ; 
tumult. — Syn. Tumult, brawl, turmoil, hubbub ; agita- 
tion, perturbation. 

dis-turb'er (-ber), n. One who, or that which, disturbs. 

dis'tyle (dis'tll ; dl'stll), a. [di- + Gr. arvXos pillar.] Arch. 
Having two columns across the front ; as, a distyle portico. 

— n. A distyle building. 

di-sul'phafe (dl-sul'fat), n. Chem. a A salt of disulphuric 
acid ; a pyrosulphate. b A bisulphate. 

di-sul'phide (-fid ; -fid), n. Also -phid. Chem. A compound 
containing two atoms of sulphur combined with an element 
or radical. 

di'sul-phu'ric (dl'sul-fu'nk), a. Chem. Pertaining to or 
designating an acid, H2S2O7, called also pyrosulphuric 
acid. The pure acid is crystalline, the commercial article is 
a thick, oily, fuming liquid. 

dis-un'ion (dis-un'ywn), n. 1. Termination of union; 
separation ; disjunction. 2. Dissension. 

dis-un'ion-ist (-1st), n. One who favors or promotes dis- 
union ; as : a U. S. Hist. A secessionist, b Eng. Politics. 
One opposed to the continuance of the Act of Union with 
Ireland. Cf. unionist. — dis-un'ion-ism (-Iz'm), n. 

dis / U-nite'(dis / u-nTt , ) ) v. t. 1. To destroy the union or unity 
of ; divide. 2. To alienate. — v. i. To part ; fall asunder. 

dis-use' (dTs-QV), n. Cessation of use ; desuetude. [of.| 

dls-use'(-uz'),v. t. Tocease to use ; discontinue the practicej 

dis'u-til'i-ty (dis'u-til'i-tT), n. Econ. Quality of causing 
inconvenience, discomfort, or pain ; the quality of thwart- 
ing the satisfaction of desires , — the opposite of utility. 

dis-u'til-ize (dis-u'ti-Hz), v. t. To deprive of utility. 

dis-val'ue (dis-val'u), v. t. To undervalue ; depreciate. 

dis-war'ren (dTs-wor'en), v. t. Law. To change (land) from 
use for a warren to some other use, as for tillage. 

di'syl-lab'ic (dl'sT-lab'Ik ; dis'i-), di-syl'la-ble, etc. Vars. 

of DISSYLLABIC, DISSYLLABLE, etc. 

dit (dit), n. [OF.] A ditty ; a song. Archaic. 

di'ta (de'td), n. [Tag. ditd.] An apocynaceous forest tree 
( Alstonia scholaris) of eastern Asia and the Philippines, 
with warty bark. Also, its bark, dita bark, used as a tonic. 

ditch (dich), n. [Orig. same word as dike.'] A trench dug 
in the earth, as for drainage. — v. t. 1. To dig a ditch 
or ditches in or around, as for drainage or defense. 2. To 
throw into a ditch. U. S. — ditch'er, n. 

di'the-ism (dl'the-iz'm), n. Belief in, or theory of, the ex- 
istence of two gods or two original principles, one good and 
oneevil. — di'the-ist, n. — di'the-is'tic (dl'the-is'tik), a. 

di'thi-on'ic (dl'thl-on'ik ; dith'i-), a. Chem. Pertaining to 
or designating an acid, H2S206, known only in solution and 
in the form of salts. 

dith'y-ramb (dlth'T-ramb ; -ram), n. Also dith'y-ram'bus. 
[From L., fr. Gr. Sidvpaufios dithyramb (sense 1).] 1. A 
kind of lyric poetry in honor of Dionysus. 2. A poem in a 
wild, irregular strain. — dith/y-ram'bic (-ram'bik), a. 

dit'ta-ny (dit'd-nT), n.; pi. -ntes (-niz). [OF. ditan, fr. 
L., fr. Gr. dUrafivov, -vos, a plant abundant on Mount 
Dicte in Crete.] Any of various herbs : a Cretan dittany 
( Amaracus dictamnus), a native of Crete, and the dittany 
of the United States (Cunila origanoides) , bearing small 
purple or white flowers with two exserted stamens ; — both 
plants of the mint family, b Fraxinella {Dictamnus al- 
bus) a plant of the rue family. 

dit'tied (-id), p. a. Set, sung, or composed as a ditty. 

dit'to (-0), n. ; pi. -TOS (-oz). [It. detto, ditto, fr. L. dictum 
dictum.]. The aforesaid thing ; the same (as before) ; — often 
contracted to do., or represented by two "turned commas" 
("), or small marks. Used in bills, tables, etc., to save repe- 
tition. — adv. As before ; as aforesaid ; in the same way, 
place, etc. ; also ; as, I will act ditto. 

dit-tog'ra-phy (dT-tog'rd-fT), n. The unintentional repe- 
tition of one or more letters or words in copying, as litera- 
ture for literature. — dit'to-graph'ic (dTt'6-graf'ik), a. 



dit'ty (dit'i), n. ; pi. -ties (-iz). [OF. ditie, fr. L. dictatum, 

p. p. neut. of dictare to compose. See dictate, v. t.] 1. A 

saying ; esp., a short and often repeated utterance ; a theme. 

Obs. 2. A song ; a little simple poem, intended to be sung. 

dit'ty-bag', or dirty-box' (dit'i-), n. A sailor's small 

bag or box to hold thread, needles, tape, etc. 
di'u-re'sis (dl'u-re'sis), n. [NL. See* diuretic] Med. 

Free or excessive excretion of urine. 
di'u-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. [L. diureticus, Gr. SiovprjTiKos, 
deriv. of did through + ovpeiv to urinate, ovpov urine.] 
Tending to increase secretion and discharge of urine.— n. 
A diuretic medicine. 
di-ur'nal (dl-fir'ndl), a. [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day.] 1. 
Daily, recurring every day. 2. Relating to the daytime ; — 
9pp. to nocturnal. — Syn. See daily.— n. A daybook; 
journal; also, a newspaper. Archaic. — di-ur'nal-ly, adv. 
di'u-tur'nal (dl'u-tur'ndl), a. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu a 
long time, by day.] Of long continuance ; lasting. Rare. 
|| di'va (de'va), n.; It. pi. dive (-va). [It., prop. fem. of 
divo divine, L. divus.] A prima donna. 
di'va-gate (dl'vd-gat), v. i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. divagari; di- = dis- + vagari to stroll about.] To 
wander about ; stray. — di'va-ga'tion (-ga'shwn), n. 
di-van' (di-van'; in sense 3, commonly di'van), n. [Per. 
dlwan a book of many leaves, a senate, council.] 1. In 
Turkey and other Oriental countries : A council of state ; 
a royal court. 2. A hall where a divan, or council, is held. 3. 
A cushioned seat, or a large, low sofa or couch. 4. A coffee 
and smoking saloon. 5. A book ; esp., a collection of poems 
written by one author ; as, the divan of Hafiz. Persia. 
di-var'i-cate (dl-var'i-kat), v. i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cas- 
ing. [L. divaricatus, p. p. of divaricare to stretch apart ; 
di- = dis- + varicare to straddle, varicus straddling.'uarws 
stretched outward.] To part into two branches ; fork. 

—a. Forking widely. — dl-var'i-cate-ly, adv. 

di-var'i-ca'tion (-ka'shftn), n. 1. A stretching apart; a 
straddling. 2. A forking ; divergence. 3. Disagreement or 
difference in opinion. 

dive (dlv), v. i.; dived (dlvd) ; div'ing (dTv'Tng) ; Colloq. 
pret., chiefly U. S., dove (dov). [AS. dyfan to sink, v. t., 
fr. dufan, v. i.] 1. To plunge into water, esp. headfore- 
most. 2. To penetrate into anything with the body or 
hand, esp. hastily or suddenly. 3. To plunge deeply into 
any subject, business, etc. [£/". S.\ 

— n. Act of one who dives. 2. A place of low resort. Chiefly] 

div'er (div'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, dives. 2. 
Zo'dl. Any species of loon ; also, any of various other birds 
skillful in diving, as grebes, sea ducks, auks, penguins, etc. 

di-verge' (di-vurj'), v. i.; -verged' (-vurjd') ; -verg'ing 
(-vur'jing). [di- = dis- + L. verger e to bend, incline.] 
1. To extend from a common point in different directions ; 
deviate (as from a given direction) ; as, the rays of light 
diverge ; — opp. to converge. 2. To differ from a typical 
form ; dissent from a (given) position, opinion, etc. 

di-ver'gence (di-vur'jensHn.; pi. -gences (-jen-sez; 24), 

di-ver'gen-cy (-jen-si) / -gencies (-siz). Act of diverg- 
ing ; state of being divergent ; disagreement ; deviation. 

di-ver'gent (-jent), a. 1. That diverges ; diverging. 2. Re- 
lating to, or characterized by, divergence or disagreement. 

di'vers (dl'verz),a. [F. divers, L. diversus turned in dif- 
ferent directions, different, p. p. See divert.] 1. Different 
in kind or species ; diverse. Obs. 2. Several ; sundry ; vari- 
ous ; — used in pi. ; as, "We have the divers statements of 
St. Paul and St. James — divers but not diverse." — Syn. 
See different. 

di-verse' (di-vurs' ; di'vers), a. [Same word as divers."] 1. 
Different ; unlike ; separate. 2. Capable of various forms ; 
multiform. — Syn. See different. — di-verse'ly, adv. 

di-ver'si-fi-ca'tion (di-vuVsi-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of diversi- 
fying, or state of being diversified. 

di-ver'si-form (di-vur'si-form), a. [L. diversus different 
+ -form.] Of a different form ; of varied forms. 

di-ver'si-fy (di-vur'si-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'- 
Ing). To make diverse, or various, in form or quality; 
variegate ; as, woods and lakes diversify the landscape. 

di-ver'sion (-shim), n. 1. Act of diverting. 2. That which 
diverts, or relaxes and amuses ; pastime. — Syn. Amuse- 
ment, entertainment, recreation, sport, game, play. 

di-ver'si-ty (-si-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. A state of dif- 
ference. 2. Difference ; variety. — Syn. See variety. 

di-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [F. divertir, fr. ~L.divertere,-versum, 
to go different ways, turn aside ; di- = dis- -f- vertere to 
turn.] 1. To turn aside (from or to) ; deflect. 2. To turn 
away from any occupation, business, or study ; amuse. — 
Syn. Entertain, recreate, delight. See amuse. 

di-vert'er, n. One who, or that which, diverts. 

di'ver-tic'u-lum (dl'ver-tik'u-lum), n. ; pi. -ula (-Id). [L. 
a bypath.] Anat. A blind tube or sac branching off from a 
cavity or canal ; a caecum. — di'Ver-tic'U-lar (-ldr), a. 

|| di-ver'ti-men'tO (de-ver'te-men'to), n.; pi. -ti (-te). [It.] 
= divertissement, 2. 
di'ver'tisse'ment' (de'vSr'tes'maN'), n. [F.] 1. An enter- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DIVERTIVE 



299 



DO 



tainment ; diversion ; amusement. 2. a A short ballet or 
other entertainment, between the acts of a play, b A light, 
diverting piece of music. C An episode in a fugue. 

di-ver'tive (di-vur'tiv), a. [From divert.] Tending to 
divert ; diverting ; amusing ; interesting. 

Di'ves (dl'vez), to. [L., rich.] 1. The rich man in the para- 
ble of "the rich man and Lazarus" (Luke xvi. 19-31) ; — 
commonly so called from the occurrence of the Latin adj. 
dives in this passage in the Vulgate. 2. [pL Diveses 
(-ez).].A rich man; rich worldling. 

di-vest' (di-vest'), v.t. [LL. divestere; di- — dis- -f- L. ve- 
stire to dress.] 1. To unclothe ; strip, as of clothes, arms, or 
equipage. 2. Fig., to deprive; dispossess, as of rights. 

di-vest'i-ture (-ves'ti-tyr), to. Act of divesting (a person 
or thing) ; state of being divested. 

di-vest'ment (-vest'ment), to. Divestiture. 

di-vid'a-ble (dT-vId'd-b'l), a. Divisible. 

di-vide' (dT-vId'), v. t.; di-vdd'ed (-vid'ed) ; -vtd'ing. [L. 
dividere, divisum.] 1. To part asunder (a whole) ; sever. 
2. To cause to be separate ; keep apart by a partition, imagi- 
nary line, or limit. 3. To make partition of among a number ; 
apportion. 4. To disunite ; set at variance. 5. To separate 
into classes or parts ; classify, specif, in order to ascertain 
the votes for and against a measure ; as, to divide a legis- 
lative house upon a question. 6. Math. To subject to 
mathematical division. 7. Mech. To mark divisions on ; 
graduate ; as, to divide a sextant. 

— v. i. 1. To be separated ; branch. 2. To have a share ; 
partake. 3. To vote, as in the British Parliament, by sepa- 
rating into two parties, that is, the "ayes" dividing from 
the "noes." [shed.l 

— n. A dividing ridge between two drainage areas ; a water- 1 
di-vid'ed (-ed; 24), p. a. Parted; disunited; distributed; 

as : Bot. Cut into distinct parts by incisions extending to 
the base or midrib ; — said of a leaf. See leaf, Illust. 

div'i-dend (dlv'i-dend), to. [L. dividendum thing to be 
divided.] 1. A sum of money or quantity of commodities 
to be divided and distributed, or the share that falls to each 
individual ; a distributive sum, share, or percentage. 2. 
Specif. : Life Insurance. The share of surplus earned by, 
and allocated to, any policy. 3. Math. A number or quan- 
tity that is to be divided. 

di-vid'er (di-vld'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, divides. 

2. An instrument for dividing lines, etc. ; compasses ; — 
usually in pi. 

div'i-div'i (div'i-div'i), n. [Native name.]_ 1. A small 
tree (Csesalpinia coriaria) of tropical America ; also, its 
astringent pods, yielding a large proportion of tannic and 
gallic acids. 2. A related species (C. tinctoria) or its pods. 

di-vid'u-al (di-vi-d^ii-al), a. [L. dividuus divisible, di- 
vided.] 1. Separate ; distinct. 2. Divided, shared, or par- 
ticipated in. Rare. — di-vid'U-al-ly, adv. 

div'l-na'tion (diVi-na'shun), n. [L. divinatio, fr. divinare 
-natum, to foresee, foretell, divinus divine.] 1. Act of di- 
vining ; a foreseeing or foretelling of future events or discov- 
ering of hidden knowledge. 2. Augury ; conjectural presage ; 
omen. — Syn. See discernment. [to, divination. | 

di-vin'a-to-ry (di-vm'd-to-n), a. Professing, or relating! 

di-vine'(di-vin'),a.; -vin'er (-vln'er)_; -vin'est. [OF. di- 
vin, devin, L. divinus divine, divinely inspired, divus, dius, 
of a deity.] 1. Of or pertaining to God. 2. Proceeding from 
God ; as, the fiction of the divine right of kings. 3. Ad- 
dressed or appropriated to God ; religious ; as, divine serv- 
ice. 4. Pertaining to a deity ; of the nature of a god or gods ; 
as, the divine heroes of the ancients. 5. Godlike ; heavenly ; 
apparently superhuman. 6. Relating to divinity or theol- 
ogy. — Syn. Supernatural, celestial ; pious, holy, sacred. 

— n. A priest ; clergyman ; theologian. 

— v. t. ; -vined' (-vlnd') ; -vtn'ing (-vln'Tng). 1. To per- 
ceive through reasoning, sympathy, or intuition ; detect. 2 
To foretell ; presage ; portend. Obs. or R. — Syn. Guess, 
conjecture, surmise. — v. i. 1. To use or practice divina- 
tion ; prophesy. 2. To have or feel a foreboding. 3. To con- 
jecture or guess. 

dl-vine'ly, adv. In a divine manner. 

di-vine'ness, n. State or quality of being divine. 

di-vin'er (-vin'er), n. One who divines. 

div'ing (dlv'Ing) , p. a. That dives or is used for diving. 

diving beetle, any of various beetles that live habitually 

under water. — d. bell, a hollow inverted vessel in which 

men work under water. 
divining rod. A rod, commonly of witch hazel, used by 

some to aid in discovering water or metals under ground ; 

a dowser. 
di-vin'i-ty (di-vYn'i-ti), to.; pi. -tees (-tiz). 1. State or 

quality of being divine ; deity ; godhead. 2. A deity ; a god. 

3. leap.'] The Deity ; God ; — usually with the. 4. A celes- 
tial being, inferior to God, but superior to man. 5. Divine 
attribute ; supernatural power or virtue. 6. Theology. 

div'i-nize (dTv'i-nlz), v. t. To deify. — div'i-ni-za'tion, n. 
di-vis'i-bil'My (di-vTz'I-bTl'i-ti), n. Quality of being divis- 
ible ; capability of being divided into parts. 



di-vis'i-ble (-vTzl-b'l), a. Capable of being divided.— 
di-yis'i-ble-ness, n. — di-vis'i-bly (-bli), adv. 

di-vi'sion (-vlzh'un), n. 1. Act or process of dividing; 
state of being divided ; separation; partition. 2. That 
which divides or keeps apart ; a partition. 3. The portion 
separated by dividing. 4. Disunion ; dissension ; discord. 
5. Difference of condition ; distinction ; contrast. 6. Sep- 
aration of the members of a deliberative body, esp. of the 
Houses of Parliament, to ascertain the vote. 7. Math. 
Process of, or rule for, finding how many times one number 
or quantity is contained in another. The sign of division 
is -T-, read divided by. 8. Mil. Two or more brigades 
under a general officer. 9. Naval, a One of the groups, 
usually of four vessels, into which a fleet or large squadron 
is divided, b A section of a ship's company detailed for 
a particular duty. — Syn. Compartment, section; share, 
allotment; distribution; disjunction, disconnection; differ- 
ence, variance, discord, disunion. See part. 

di-vi'sion-al (-a\), a. Pertaining to division or a division. 

di-vi'sive (-vl'siv), a. Indicating, creating, or tending to 
create, division. [dend is divided. I 

di-vi'sor (-zer), n. Math. The number by which the divi-| 

di-vorce' (-vors' ; 57), n. [F., fr. L. divortium, fr. divortere, 
divertere. See divert.] 1. A legal dissolution of the mar- 
riage relation. 2. Separation ; disunion. — v. t. ; -vorced' 
(-vorst') ; -vorc/ing (-vor'sTng). 1. To put away or sepa- 
rate by divorce. 2. To disunite ; sunder. 

|| di'vor'ce' (de'yor'sa'), to. masc, || di'vor'cee' (-sa'), n. 
fern. [F.] A divorcee. 

di-vor'cee' (dT-vor'se'), n. A person divorced. 

di-vorce'ment (dT-vors'ment), n. Divorce; separation. 

di-vore'er (-vor'ser), n. One who procures or produces a 
divorce. 

div'ot (div'fit), to. 1. A thin oblong or square turf. Scot. 
2. Golf. A piece of turf cut out in making a stroke. 

di-VUl'gate (di-vul'gat), v. t.; -gat-Ed (-gat-ed) ; -gat-tng 
(-gat-Tng). [L. divulgatus, p. p. of divulgare. See divulge.] 
To publish abroad ; disclose. — di-VUl'gat-er (-gat-er), n. 

div'ul-ga'tion ( div'ul-ga'shim ), n. Act of divulgating ; 
disclosure. 

di-vulge' (dT-vulj'), v. t.; -vulged' (-vuljd') ; -vuLG'rNC 
(-vul'jTng). [L. divulgare; di- — dis- + vulgare to spread 
among the people, vulgus the populace.] 1. To indicate 
publicly ; proclaim. Rare. 2. To make public ; reveal ; dis- 
close. — Syn. Discover, uncover, communicate, impart, 
tell. See reveal. 

di-VUlge'ment (-ment), n. Divulgence. 

di-vul'gence (-vul'jens), n. Act of divulging ; revelation; 
disclosure ; publication abroad. 

di-vulg'er (dT-vul'jer), n. One who divulges. 

di-VUl'sion (di-vul'shun), n. [L. divulsio, fr. divulsus, p.p. 
of divellere to rend.] Act of pulling or plucking away ; a 
rending asunder. — dl-VUl'sive (-siv), a. 

di-wan', de-wan' (de-wan', de-won'), n. [See divan.] 1. A 
royal court, state council, or tribunal of justice. = divan. 
India. 2. A chief officer or steward ; as : a minister of fi- 
nance, or local fiscal governor, under the Mohammedan 
rule ; the head native officer of certain government depart- 
ments ; a native chief steward of a business house, etc. India. 

Dix'ie (dik'si), n., or Dix'ie's Land (-siz). 1. The South- 
ern States of the United States. 2. Any of various^ songs, 
esp. one composed in 1859 by D. D. Emmett, which be- 
came a popular Confederate war song. 

dix'it (dik'sTt), to. [L., he has said. See diction.] A 
person's (unsupported) statement or affirmation. 

diz'en (dTz''n ; dl'z'n), v. t. To bedizen ; deck out. 

diz'en-ment (-ment), to. State of being dizened. 

diz'zi-ly (diz'i-li), adv. In a dizzy manner. 

diz'zi-ness, to. Giddiness ; vertigo. 

diz'zy (-T), a. ; -zi-er (-T-er) ; -zi-est. [AS. dysig foolish.] 
1. Giddy ; hence, mentally confused or unsteady. 2. Caus- 
ing, or tending to cause, giddiness or vertigo ; as, a dizzy 
height. 3. Thoughtless ; heedless. — v. t. ; -zesd (-Id) ; -zy- 
rNG.Tomake dizzy. — diz'zi-ly (i-li), adv. — diz'zi-ness,TO. 

Do., or do. Abbr. Ditto; the same. 

do (do), to. Music. The first of the syllables used in solmi- 
zation ; — applied to the first tone of the diatonic scale. 

do (doo), v. t. or auxiliary ; pret. did (did) ; p. p. done 
(dun) ; p. pr. & vb. n. do'ing (doo'ing). [AS. don.] 
1. To bring about ; produce, as an effect or result ; render ; 
pay ; as, to do him reverence. 2. To perform, as an action ; 
execute ; transact ; administer. 3. To bring to an end by 
action ; finish ; — used in the p. p. ; as, I have done weeping. 
4. To put forth ; exert ; as, to do one's best. 5. To treat 
or deal with ; as, to do one's hair, a room, a poem, a mile, 
etc. 6. To serve ; answer ; as, this will do me very well. 
Colloq. 7. To put or bring into a form or state ; — esp. in: 
to do to death, to put to death ; to do away (often do 
away with), to put away ; to do for; to do up, etc. 

fcW* Do is often used to add eroohasis (as, but I do see; 
do help me) and is the normal form in inverted construe- 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); DON; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DOABLE 



300 



DOE 



tion (as, rarely did he sleep), and in negative sentences 
with not (as, we do not see) , and in interrogative sentences 
(as, did he go?). Do is often substituted for verbs to save 
repetition ; as, "when beauty lived and died as flowers do 
now. " 

— v. i. 1. To act or behave ; conduct one's self ; as, do as you 
are told. 2. To fare ; prosper ; as, how do you do? 3. To 
act ; work ; achieve ; as, to do or die. 4. To avail ; answer 
the purpose ; serve ; as, I tried the key, but it would not do. 

— n. 1. Ado ; bustle. 06s. 2. Deed ; act ; feat. Rare. 3. A 
cheat ; swindle. Slang, Eng. — do'a-ble (doo'd-b'l), o. 

do'-alF (doo'SF), n. General manager; factotum. 

doat'ish. Var. of dotish. 

doat'y, or dot'y (dot'i), a. Discolored by incipient or 
partial decay; — used of timber, esp., birch, beech, and 
oak. — doat'i-ness, n. 

dob'ber (dob'er), n. A float to a fishline. Local, U. S. 

dob'bin (dob'in), n. [For Robin, Robert.] A farm horse ; 
a gentle family horse ; sometimes, a worn-out horse. 

dob'by, dob'bie (dob'i), n.; pi. -bies (-iz). An imaginary 
spirit similar to a brownie, but often malicious. Scot. 

do'bla (do'bla), n. [Sp., fr. L. duplus double.] An 
ancient Spanish gold coin. 

do-blon' (do-blon'), n.; Sp. pLdoblones (Sp. do-blo'- 
nas). [Sp. doblon.] A gold coin of Spain and Spanish 
America ; a doubloon (see doubloon). The present doblon 
(or ten-peso piece) of Chile is worth about S3.G5. 

do'bra (do'bra), n. [Pg.] Any of various former Portu- 
guese coins ; specif., a gold coin having twice the value of 
the Johannes. See Johannes. 

dob'son (dob's'n), n. = hellgramite. [Colloq., U. S.\ 

do'by (dS'bi), n.; pi. dobies (-biz). Short for adobe. | 

U do-cent' (do-tsenf; E. do'sent), n. [G., fr. L. docens, 
p. pr.] Lit., a teacher or lecturer; — usually short for 
privatdocent. — do-cent'ship, n. 

doch'mi-us (dok'rm-us), n.; pi. -mii (-mi-T). [L., fr. Gr. 
Soxauos.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. A foot of five syllables, typically 
having the first and fourth short, and the rest long (~ — •■»-). 

— doch'mi-ac (ak), a. 

doc'ile ( dos'il ; Brit, commonly do'sll ), a. [L. docilis, 
fr. docere to teach.] Disposed to be taught or trained; 
tractable ; easily managed. — doc'ile-ly, adv. 

do-cil'i-ty (do-sil'i-ti), n. Tractableness. 

doc'i-ma-sy (dos'i-md-sT), n. [Gr. doKiixaaia an assay, 
examination.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A judicial inquiry into the 
character of candidates for office or citizenship. 2. Art or 
practice of applying tests to ascertain the nature, quality, 
etc., as of metals, medicines, physiological facts, etc. 

dock (dok), n. [AS. docce.~\ Any of a genus (Rumex) of 
plants of the buckwheat family, as the sour dock, or com- 
mon sorrel (R. acetosa), the yellow dock (R. obtusifolius or 
R. crispus) . The docks are mostly troublesome weeds with 
long taproots. 

dock, n. 1. An artificial basin to receive vessels, with 
gates to keep in, or shut out, the 
water. 2. A slip or waterway, as 
between two piers, for the recep- 
tion of ships, sometimes including 
the piers themselves. 

— v. t. To haul (a ship) into a dock. 

— v. i. To come or go into dock. 
dock, n. The place in court where 

a prisoner is placed. 
dock, n. The solid part of an ani- -^_ 
mal's tail, as distinguished from -J-, 
the hair ; the part of a tail left 
after clipping or cutting. — v. t. 
1. To cut off, as the end of a thing ; - * --- ■=^=• — =4: 

?* *J°Jtel ti^T: FloatiniDock, support- 




ing a ship. AAA Tanks 
filled with air ; B B B 
Tanks filled with water 
when the Dock is sub- 
merged to allow the 
ship to float in or out. 



3. To cut off, bar, or destroy ; as. 
to dock an entail. [deduction. I 

dock'age (-aj), n. Curtailment ;| 

dock'age, n. Naut. a A charge 
for the use of a dock, b Docking 
facilities. C The docking of vessels. 

dock'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, docks (in any 
sense) ; esp. : a A dock laborer ; longshoreman, b One who 
lives on or near a dock. 

dock'et (-St ; 24), n. 1. Law. An abridged entry of a pro- 
ceeding in an action, or a register of such entries ; specif., a 
list of causes coming to trial (a trial docket). 2. A calendar 
of matters for action in an assembly. U. S. 3. A bill tied to 
goods, containing some direction ; a label ; ticket ; on a doc- 
ument, a memorandum of its contents. 

— v. t. 1* To indorse with an abstract, as a letter. 2. Law. 
To enter in a docket. 

dock'mack-ie (dok'mak-i), n. A North American caprifo- 
liaceous shrub (Viburnum acerifolium) with maplelike 
leaves and cymes of white flowers succeeded by red berries. 

dock'yard' (dok'yard'), n. A yard or storage place for all 
sorts of naval stores and timber for shipbuilding, with 
facilities for repairing ships ; in England, a navy yard. 



doc'tor (dok'ter), n. [OF. doctur, L. doctor, teacher, fr. 
docere to teach.] < 1. A teacher ; learned man. Archaic. 2. 
One who has received the highest degree conferred by a uni- 
versity or college; orig., one competent to teach; — an 
academical title. 3. a One licensed to practice medicine ; 
a physician or surgeon, b A wizard or medicine man in a 
savage tribe. 4. Any of various mechanical contrivances 
intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some purpose in an 
exigency, as a donkey engine, a thin blade to scrape off 
color, lint, etc., in calico printing, paper making, etc. 5. A 
cook, as on shipboard or in a camp. Colloq. 6. A loaded 
die. 06s. Slang. 7. Angling. Any of several brightly col- 
ored artificial flies. 

— v. t. 1. To treat as a physician does ; apply remedies to. 
Colloq. 2. To tamper with, and arrange for one's own pur- 
poses ; falsify. Slang.—- v. i. 1. To practice medicine. Col- 
loq. 2. To take medicine or medical treatment. Colloq. 

doc'tor-ate ( -at ), n. The degree, title, or rank of doctor. 

doc'tor-ship, n. 1. Doctorate. 2. The position, function, 
or characteristics of a doctor. 3. Learning ; scholarship. 

doc'tress (-tres), n. A female doctor. Now Rare. 

doc'tri-naire' (-tri-nar'), n. [F.] One who would apply 
to practical concerns abstract doctrines or theories without 
enough regard for actual conditions ; a dogmatic theorist. 

dqc'tri-nair/ism Gnar'iz'm), n. The principles or prac- 
tices of a doctrinaire. 

doc'tli-nal (dok'trT-nal), a. Pert, to or containing doctrine. 

doc'tri-nal-ly, adv. In a doctrinal manner or form ; in 
respect of doctrine ; by way of teaching. 

doctrine (-tnn), n. _ [F., fr. L. doctrina, fr. doctor. See 
doctor.] 1. Teaching ; instruction. Obs. or Archaic. 2„ 
That which is taught ; a principle, or the body of principles, 
in any branch of knowledge ; tenet ; a principle of faith. 
Syn. Teaching, opinion, article, maxim, rule, dogma, tenet, 
precept. — Doctrine, dogma, tenet, precept. Doctrine 
applies to any speculative truth or working principle, esp. as 
taught or recommended to others ; a dogma is a doctrine 
laid down with authority ; as, the doctrines of Pythagoras ; 
the Monroe Doctrine ; theological dogmas. In their ecclesi- 
astical usage, it is usual to distinguish between doctrine, any 
teaching, and dogma, such teaching as is part of the con- 
fession of a church ; as, the doctrines of the New Testament ; 
the dogma of the Trinity. Dogma often suggests an arrogant 
insistence on authority. Tenet stresses the idea of main- 
taining as true. A precept is a rule (esp. of conduct) laid 
down to be obeyed ; as, observe the precepts of your parents. 

doc'u-ment (dok'u-ment), n. [LL. documentum, fr. L. do- 
cere to teach.] 1. An example or warning ; also, evidence ; 
proof. 06s. 2. An original or official paper relied on as a 
basis or support ; any writing conveying information. — 
v.t. 1. To teach. 06s. 2. To evidence by documents; furnish 
documentary evidence of. 3. To furnish with documents. 

doc'U-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. Documentary. 

doc'u-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri), a. Consisting of, or of the 
nature of, documents ; contained or certified in writing. 

doc'U-men-ta'tion (-men-ta/sh-iin), n. The use of histori- 
cal documents, or conformity to the facts established by 
the study of documents. 

dod'der (dod'er), n. Any of a genus (Cuscuta) of leafless 
parasitic plants with yellow or whitish threadlike stems. 

dod'der, v. i. To shake ; tremble ; totter ; potter. 

dod'dered (-erd), a. Deprived of branches through age or 
decay, as an oak ; hence : shattered ; infirm. 

dod'der-ing, a. Senile ; foolish ; inane. Colloq. 

do-dec'a-gon (do-dek'd-gon), n. [From Gr., fr. 5i5e«a 
twelve + ycovla angle.] Geometry. A polygon of twelve 
angles and therefore twelve sides. 

do'dec-a-he'dron (do'dek-d-he'dron), n.; pi. 
(dronz), L. -dra (-drd). [From Gr., fr. dd>8eKa 
twelve + edpa seat, base.] A solid having 
twelve plane faces. he'dral (-drdl), a. 

do-dec r a-Style (do-dek'd-stll), a. [Gr. duSena* 
twelve + (ttv\os column, pillar.] Arch. Lit., 
twelve-columned ; — said of a building having 
twelve columns across the front. 

dodge (doj), v. i. & t.; dodged (dojd) ; 
dodg'ing. 1. To start suddenly aside, or 
evade by so doing. 2. To evade, as a duty, by low craft ; to 
use tricky devices ; quibble. [ceive, or cheat. I 

— n. Act of dodging ; also, an artful device to evade, de-| 
dodg'er (doj'er), n. 1. One who dodges or evades; one 

who plays fast and loose, or uses tricky devices. 2. A 
small handbill. U. S. 3. = corndodger. 

do'do (do'do), n.; pi. dodoes or -dos (-doz). [Pg. doudo 
silly.] A flightless bird (Didus ineptus), now extinct, re- 
lated to the pigeons, but larger than a turkey. It was for- 
merly found in great numbers on the island of Mauritius. 

Do'do-nas'an, Do'do-ne'an (do'do-ne'dn), a. Of or per- 
taining to Dodona, in Epirus, the seat of a famous oracle 
of Zeus, where the responses were read in the rustling of the 
leaves of a sacred oak and the bubbling of a brook. 

doe (do), n. [AS. da.'] The female of various animals, esp. 
of the deer, antelope, hare, and rabbit. 



E. -drons 




Rhombic 
Dodeca- 
hedron. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DOER 



301 



DOLL 




do'er (doo'er), n. One who does ; an actor ; an agent. 

does (duz), '3d pers. sing, indicative pres. of do. 

doe'skin' (do'skin'), n. 1. The skin of the doe, or a 
leather made of it. 2. A kind of soft, firm woolen cloth. 

doff (dof), v. t. [do + off. ^ To put off, as dress ; remove 
or lift ( the headgear ) ; fig., to put away ; rid one's self of. 

doff'er C-er), n. 1. Mach. In a carding machine, a device 
which doffs, or strips off, the fiber from the cards. 2. Spin- 
ning. A worker who replaces full bobbins by empty ones. 

dog (dog; 62), n. [AS. docga.~\ 1. A carnivorous domes- 
ticated mammal {Canis familiaris), the type of the 
family (Canidae) which includes also the wolves, jackals, 
and foxes ; also, in a wider sense, any member of the 
family. 2. A male dog ; hence, used attributively to desig- 
nate the male of other animals, as dog fox. 3. A mean, 
worthless fellow. 4. A fellow ; — used humorously or con- 
temptuously ; as, a sly dog ; a lazy dog. Colloq. 5. [_cap.~\ 
Astron. Either Canis Major or Canis Minor. 6. Short for 
dogfish, prairie dog, etc. 7. Any of various devices for 
holding, gripping, or fastening something, as a bar with a 
ring, hook, or claw at the end. 8. Meteor. Asundog, fog- 
dog, or the like. 9. An andiron ; firedog. 
dog in the manger, an ill-natured person who willfully 
prevents others from enjoying something useless to himself. 

— adv. Extremely ; very ; — in combination ; as, dog-tired. 

— v. t. ; dogged (dogd) ; dog'ging ( dog'ing ). To hunt or 
track like a hound ; to worry as if by dogs. 

dog ape. A baboon or allied ape. 

dog'bane' (dog'ban' ; 62), n. Any of a genus (Apocynum) 
of perennial flowering herbs with poisonous milky juice. 

dog'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. 1. The fruit of the European dog- 
wood (Cornus sanguinea) ; also, the tree or shrub itself. 
2. Any of several other trees or shrubs or their fruit, as, 
in the United States, the chokeberry. 

Dog'ber-ry, n. An absurd, self-satisfied, and loquacious 
constable in Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing." 

dog'cart' (-kaxt'), n. A kind of light one-horse carriage 
with two seats set back to back. 

dog days. A period variously placed 
between July and early 
September ; popularly, the 
sultry, close part of the summer. Hence, 
dog day, one of these days. 

doge (doj), n. [It., fr. L. dux, ducis, 
leader.] The chief magistrate in the 
former republics of Venice and Genoa. 
— doge'dom, doge'ship, n. 

dog'-ear', n. & v. = dog's-ear. 

dog fennel, a Mayweed, b The heath aster of the eastern! 

dog'fish/ (dog'fish'), n. Any of various species of small 
sharks, as the common piked, or spiny, dogfish (Squalus 
acanthias), the smooth dogfish (Cynias canis), etc. 

dog fox. A male fox. 

dog'ged (-ed ; 24), a. Obstinately persistent. — Syn. See 
obstinate. — dog'ged-ly, adv. — dog'ged-ness, n. 

dog'ger (-er), n. A broad-bowed, two-masted fishing ves- 
sel, used in the North Sea. 

dog'ger-el {-el), a. Also dog'grel (-rel). Of verse, low in 
style and often irregular in measure ; trivial. — n. A sort 
of loose or irregular verse, esp. burlesque or comic. — 
dog'ger-el, dog'ger-el-ize (-Tz), v. t. & i. 

dog'ger-y (dog'er-i), n.; pi. -gerles (-iz). 1. Doglike be- 
havior ; mean or mischievous action or doings. 2. Dogs 
collectively ; rabble ; canaille. 

dog'gish (-ish), a. Like a dog; esp., currish; snarling. 

dog'gy, dog'gie (dog'i), n.; pi. -gtes (-iz). A small dog; 
also, a pet name or calling name for any dog. 

dog Latin. Barbarous Latin ; a jargon in imitation of Latin. 

dog'ma (dog'md ; 62), n.; pi. E. dogmas (-mdz), L. -mata 
(-md-td). [L., fr. Gr. Soyua, pi. -uara, fr. Sonelv to think.] 
1. That which is held as an opinion ; tenet ; doctrine. 2. A 
doctrine formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed or 
laid down, as by a church. 3. An arbitrary dictum. — Syn. 
See doctrine. 

dog-mat'ic (dog-mat'Tk)la. 1. Of or pert, to dogma. 2. 

dog-mat'i-cal (-i-kal) J Characterized by dogmatism ; 
hence, positive, often unduly positive, in manner or utter- 
ance. — Syn. Magisterial, opinionated, pragmatic. See 
dictatorial. — dog-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. — i-cal-ness, n. 
dogmatic theology. = dogmatics. 

dog'ma-ti'cian (dog'md-tish'dn), n. A dogmatist; a stu- 
dent of dogmatics. • 

dog-mat'ics (dog-mat'iks ; 62), n. (See -ics.) The science 
which treats of religious, esp. Christian, doctrines ; doctrinal 
theology. 

dpg'ma-tism (dog'md-tiz'm), n. Positiveness in assertion 
in matters of opinion ; derogatorily, such positiveness when 
unwarranted or arrogant. 

dog'ma-tist (-tist), n. One who dogmatizes. 

dog'ma-tize (-tiz),v.i.; -tized (-tlzd) ; -Tiz'iNG(-tTz'Tng). 
To speak or write dogmatically. — dog'ma-ti-za'tion (-ti- 
za'shfin ; -tl-za'shun), n. — dog'ma-tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. 



Dogcart. 
[United States. 




Dogtooth 
Violet, (*) 



dog'-rose', n. A common European wild rose {Rosa 
canina) ; wild brier. 

dog's'— ear' (dogz'-), n. The corner of a leaf, in a book, 
turned down. — v. I. To disfigure, as a book, by turning 
down leaves at the corner. [of it.l 

dog'skin' (dog'skin'), n. Skin of a dog, or leather made| 

dog'sleep' (dog'slep'), n. Pretended, seeming, or easily 
broken sleep such as a dog takes ; fitful sleep or dozing. 

dog's letter. The letter r, esp. when trilled. 

dog's'-tail', n., or dog's-tail grass. 1. Any of a small Old 
World genus {Cynosurus) of grasses having spikelike or 
capitate one-sided panicles ; esp. the crested dog's-tail (C. 
cristatus). 2. Yard grass {Eleusine indica). 

Dog Star. Sirius, the brightest star in Canis Major. 

dog's'— tongue', n. Hound's-tongue. 

dog'tOOth' (dog'tooth'), n. or (in sense 1) dog tooth. 1. A 
canine, or eye, tooth. Rare. 2. Arch. An ornament com- 
mon in early English Gothic, usually of four leaves radiating 
from a raised point at the center. 

dog'tooth' spar. Min. A variety of calcite in acute 
crystals, resembling the tooth of a dog. 

dog'tooth' vi'o-let. Also dog's'-tooth' vi'o-let. a A Euro- 
pean bulbous herb (Erythronium dens-canis) 
of the lily family with a single nodding pur- 
ple flower, b Any of several related Ameri- 
can species, esp. one (E. americanum) bearing 
a yellow flower and one (E. albidum) bear-tj 
ing a white flower. [of a dog. I 

dog'trot' (-trot'),n. A gentle trot, like that| 

dog'vane' (-van'), n. Naut. A small vane 
of any light material, carried on the weather 
rail to indicate the direction of the wind. 

dog'watch' (dog'woch'), n. A watch of 
two hours on shipboard. There are two, 
from 4 to 6 p. m. and from 6 to 8 p. m. 

dog'wood' (-wo6d'),n. 1. Any tree or shrub 
of the genus (Cornus) including the Euro- 
pean cornel (C. sanguinea) and the flower- 
ing cornel (C. florida) of the United States. 
2. Any of various other plants resembling 
the dogwood (sense 1). 

doi'ly (doi'li), n.; pi. -lies (-ITz). A small 
napkin, or ornamental piece of linen, lace, or 
the like, for a table. 

do'ing (doo'ing), n. Anything done; a deed; an action, 
good or bad ; hence, conduct ; — usually in pi. 

doit (doit), n. [D. duit, Icel. pveit, prop., piece cut off.] 
A former Dutch coin worth j cent ; hence, a trifle. 

do-lab'ri-form (do-lab'ri-form), a. [L. dolabra mattock -f 
-form.2 Bot. & Zo'ol. Shaped like the head of an ax or 
hatchet, as some leaves, and the foot of certain bivalves. 

dol'ce (dol'cha), a. [It., fr. L. dulcis sweet, soft.] Music. 
Soft ; sweet ; with soft, smooth execution. 

dpl'drums (dol'drumz), n. pi. 1. Dullness ; the dumps ; as 
in : in the doldrums, in a state of listlessness, ennui, or te- 
dium. 2. Naut. A part of the ocean, near the equator, 
abounding in calms, squalls, and light, baffling winds. 

dole (dol), n. [OF. dol, fr. doloir to suffer, L. dolere.'] 
Grief ; lamentation. Archaic. 

dole, n. [AS. dal portion ; same word as dael. See deal.] 
1. A part ; share ; lot ; hence, a fate or destiny. 2. A dis- 
tribution, esp. of gifts of charity ; also, that which is so 
-distributed ; a portion of what is distributed, esp. a limited 
or sparing portion. 

— v. t.; doled (dold) ; dol'ing (dol'ing). To deal out in 
small portions ; distribute, as a dole. 

dole'ful ( -fo"61 ), a. Full of dole, or grief ; sad ; gloomy. — 
dole'ful-ly, adv. — dole'ful-ness, n. 
Syn. Dolorous, lugubrious, dreary, dismal, melancholy, 
rueful. — Doleful, lugubrious, rueful have all weakened 
from their original meaning, and are often used with a 
half-humorous connotation. Doleful and lugubrious are 
often applied to what is exaggeratedly dismal or dreary. 
Rueful often implies a somewhat quizzical self-pity or 
regret._ 

dol'er-ite (dol'er-it), n. [Gr. 5o\ep6s deceptive, because 
easily confounded with diorite.] Petrog. a A dark, 
crystalline, igneous rock, chiefly pyroxene with labradorite. 
b Coarse-grained basalt, c Diabase, d Any dark, igneous 
rock composed chiefly of silicates of iron and magnesium, 
with some feldspar. — dol'er-it'ic (-it'lk), a. 

dole'some (dol'sum), a. Doleful. 

dol'i-cho-ce-phal'ic (dol'i-ko-se-fal'ik)\a. [Gr.5oXtx6slong 

doPi-cho-ceph'al-ous (-sef'al-iJs) / + ««<?iaXi7 head.] 

Craniol. Having the cranium, or skull, long in proportion 
to its breadth ; long-headed. cho-ceph'al(-sef'al),a.<£n. 

dol'i-cho-ceph'al-ism (-sef'ol-iz'm), dol'i-cho-ceph'a-ly 
(-d-li) , n. Quality or state of being dolichocephalic. 

do'li-um (do'li-ftm), n. ; pi. dolia (-d). [L., large jar.] 
Class. Archeeol. An earthenware cask or jar, sometimes 
large enough to hold a man, anciently used by the Italians 
for storing wine, grain, corn, etc. 

doll (dol), n. [For Dorothy, the proper name.] 1. A 



G 



I 



H 



J 



!< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DOLLAR 



302 



DOMINE 



child's puppet ; a toy baby for a child. 2. A pretty but 
empty-headed woman. 
dol'lar (dol'Sr), n. [LG., or OD. daler, fr. G. thaler, for 
Joachimsthaler, i. e., a piece of money first coined, about 
1518, in the valley (G. thai) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 

1. Orig., the German thaler ; hence, any of various similar 
large silver coins as in the following definitions. 2. The 
former Spanish peso, or piece of eight (= 8 reals), or the 
modern Spanish peso (nominally worth $.965). 3. a A 
United States silver coin, since 1837 of 412.5 grains 
(26.730 grams) of silver .900 fine, of the legal value of 
100 cents; also, a coin composed of 25.8 grains (1.6718 
grams) of gold, .900fine, formerly coined by the U. S. The 
value of the gold dollar is the monetary unit (since 1873) 
of the U. S. and of various other countries, b A bank 
note, treasury note, or the like, of the legal value of 100 
cents. 4. A U. S. coin similar to the standard silver dollar 
(3 a), but weighing 420 grains, issued for use in Oriental 
trade and called specif, trade dollar; — not coined since 
1887. 5. The Mexican peso, a silver coin, since 1904 of a 
legal value equivalent to 49.8 cents U. S. 6. A silver coin, 
formerly legal tender in the Straits Settlements, Hongkong, 
etc., equiv. to the Mexican dollar (def. 5) ; — called specif. 
British dollar. 7. A silver coin of the Straits Settlements, 
superseding the British dollar as legal tender there, having 
a value of 56.77 cents U.S.; — called specif. Straits Settle- 
ments dollar. 8. A coin of the same weight and fineness 
(nominally) as the Mexican dollar (def. 5), issued by some 
Chinese provinces. 9. An Austrian silver coin issued for 
trade purposes from the year 1780 ; — called specif. Levant 
dollar, Maria Theresa dollar. Also, its equivalent, the 
talari of Abyssinia. 10. The gold monetary unit of New- 
foundland, equivalent to about $1,014 U. S. 11. The 
value of a dollar ; one hundred cents. Symbol, $, usually 
placed before the sum ; as, $10. Abbr., dol.; pi. dols. 

dol'lar-fish/ (-fish'), n. A small, laterally compressed ma- 
rine food fish (Poronotus triacanthus) ; butterfish. 

doll'ish (dol'Tsh), a. Doll-like; pretty but rather empty- 
headed. — doll'ish-ly, adv. — doll'ish-ness, n. 

dol'lop (dol'up), n. A lump ; large piece or quantity. Colloq. 

doll'y(T), n. ; pL dollies (-iz). 1. A doll; — a child's name. 

2. a Mining. A contrivance, turning on a 
vertical axis, for stirring ore ; also, a large 
mortar and pestle for crushing ore. b Mach. 
A tool with a cupped head to hold against 
the made head of a rivet while the other end 
is headed. C A small platform on a wide 
roller, used as a truck for moving beams, 
logs, etc. d A compact, narrow-gauge loco- Dolly, 2 b, for 
motive, e A wooden instrument used to Round Swag- 
beat or stir clothes in the process of washing, ing. 

— v. t. ; doll'ied (-id) ; doll'y-ing. To treat in or 
with a dolly. 

JDoll'y Var'den (var'den). l.In Dickens's "Barna- 

, by Rudge, " a beautiful, lively, and coquettish girl 
who wore a cherry-colored mantle and cherry- 
colored ribbons. 2. A style of dress with pointed 
bodice and skirt of bright-colored flowered material 
draped over a skirt of plain color. 3. A large flow- 
er-trimmed hat for women, having one side bent 
down. 

dol'man (dol'man), n.; pi. -mans. [Turk, dola- Dolly, 
man.'] A woman's cloak with capelike pieces in- 2 e - 
stead of sleeves. 

dol'men (-men), n. ; pi. -mens. [F.] Archseol. A monu- 
ment consisting of several huge stones forming a chamber, 
usually regarded as a tomb. 

dol'o-mite (-6-mIt), n. [After the French geologist Dolo- 
mieu.] A carbonate of calcium and magnesium. Much of 
the common white marble is dolomite. 

do'lor, do'lour (do'ler), n. [OF. dolor, fr. L. dolor, fr. do- 
lere to suffer.] Grief ; distress ; anguish. Poetic. 

dol'or-OUS (d51'er-iZs), a. 1. Grievous ; painful. 2. Full of 
grief; sad. — dol'or-ous-ly, adv. — dol'or-ous-ness, n. 

dol'pilin (-fin), n. [F. dauphin dohohin, dauphin, fr. L. 
delphinus dolphin, Gr. de\4>ls 
dolphin. ] 
1. Any of 
v a r i o u s 
s m a 1 1 - 
toothed ce- 
t a c e a n s Dolphin. 1. 45 

(genus Delphinus, etc.). The common dolphin (D.delphis) 
reaches a length of about seven feet. The bottle-nosed dol- 
phin (Tursiops tursis) is commonly called porpoise. 2. 
Eitherof two pelagic fishes (genus Coryphsena), noted for 
the brilliant and changing colors assumed when out of, the 
water and dying. 3. A mooring spar, buoy, or post. 

dolphin striker. Naut. A vertical spar under the end of 
the bowsprit, to extend and support the martingale, or a 
stay supporting the jib boom ; — called also martingale. 

dolt (dolt), n. A heavy, stupid fellow. — dolt'ish, a. 




(U 





-dom {-Aura). [AS. -dom; from same root as doom judg- 
ment.] A suffix used to form nouns signifying : 1. Dignity, 
office, dominion, realm, world, or jurisdiction, of. 

Examples : earldom, the dignity, dominion, or juris- 
diction of an earl ; Yankeedom, the realm of Yankees ; 
dolldom, the realm or world of dolls, etc. 

2. State, condition, or fact of being. 

Examples : martyrdom, state ofjbeing a martyr; serfdom, 
state or fact of being a serf. 

3. Collectively, those having the office or character of, or 
those in the state of. [_dom, scoundrels collectively.! 

Examples : officialdom, officials collectively ; scoundrel-| 
do-main' (do-man'), n. [F. domaine, L. dominicus of a 
lord or master, fr. dominus master, owner.] 1. Possession, 
or right of possession ; demesne ; — now chiefly used in 
eminent domain (which see). 2. An estate held in posses- 
sion ; landed estate ; demesne of a lord. 3. The territory 
over which dominion is exerted ; hence, fig., sphere of action, 
thought, influence, or the like ; scope. 
dome (dom), n. [L. domus a house.] 1. A building ; man- 
sion. Now Poetic or Rhetorical. 2. [F. dome, fr. Pr., fr. 
L. doma a roof , house, Gr. Sw/xa ; akin to bkfieiv.'] Arch. A cu- 
pola, esp. one on a large scale. 3. Any erection or natural 
formation resembling the cupola of a building. 4. Cryst. 
A form composed of planes parallel to a lateral axis which 
meet above in a horizontal edge, like the roof of a house. 
If the planes are parallel to the longer lateral axis, it is called 
amacrodome; if parallel to the shorter, it is a brachydome. 

— v. t. ; domed (domd) ; dom'ing (dom'ing). To cover with 
or as with a dome. — v. i. To swell like a dome. 

domed (domd), a. 1. Dome-shaped; vaulted. 2. Roofed 
with or having a dome. 

domes'day' (domz'da 7 ; doomzMa 7 ), n. A day of judg- 
ment ; — a var. of doomsday, now chiefly used in : Domes- 
day Book, the ancient record of the Grand, or Great, 
Inquest or Survey of the lands of England, made by order 
of William the Conqueror in 1086. 

do-mes'tic (do-mes'tik), a. [L. domesticus, fr. domus 
house.] 1. Of or pert, to one's house, home, or family. 2. 
Of, pert, to, or made in, a nation considered as a family or 
home, or one's own country ; native ; not foreign ; as, do- 
mestic manufactures. 3. Remaining much at, or devoted 
to, home. 4. Living in association with man ; domesticated ; 
not wild; as, domestic animals (horse, dog, cow, etc.). 

— n. 1. A hired household assistant. 2. In pi. Commerce. 
Articles of home production or manufacture, esp., U. S., 
common cotton cloths. — do-mes'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

do-mes'ti-cate (-ti-kat), v. t. & i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); 

-cat'ing. To make or become domestic. 
do-mes'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of domesticating, or 

state of being domesticated. [being domestic. | 

do'mes-tic'i-ty (do'mes-tjs'l-ti), n. State or character of| 
dom'i-cal (dom'i-kal ; dom'-), a. Of, pert, to, or shaped 

like a dome, 
dom'i-cile (dom'i-sil), dom'i-cil, n. [L. domicilium; 

domus. house + (perh.) root of celare to conceal.] A 

dwelling place ; residence. — Syn. See habitation. 

— v. t . & i. ; -ciled (-slid) ; -cil-ing. To establish in a domi- 
cile, or fixed residence ; as, many aliens are domiciled in 
America. — dom'i-cil'i-a-ry (-sil'i-a-rl ; -1-0-ri), o. y^, j 

dom'i-cil'i-ate (-sil'i-at), v. t. & i. To domicile. 

dom'i-nance (dom'i-nans)ln. Quality or state of being 

dom'i-nan-cy (-nan-si) / dominant. 

dom'i-nant (-nant), a. [L. dominans, -antis, p. pr. See 
dominate.] 1. Ruling ; prevailing ; controlling. 2. Music. 
Based on, related to, or in the key of, the dominant. 
Syn. Ascendant, governing, predominant ; superior, prin- 
cipal, preeminent, paramount, chief ; preponderant, over- 
balancing, preponderating, outweighing. — Dominant, 
predominant, paramount, preponderating. That is 
dominant which is thought of as (esp. fig. ) ruling or com- 
manding ; as, beauty is the dominant idea of his work. 
Predominant emphasizes ascendancy or prevailing influ- 
ence ; as, various subjects of which no one is predominant. 
Paramount implies rather preeminence or supremacy in 
order, rank, or jurisdiction ; as, the influence of Napoleon 
became paramount. Preponderating applies to that which 
outweighs or overbalances ; as, the preponderating tendency. 

— n. Music. The fifth note of the scale. 

dom'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'ing. [L. 
dominatus, p. p. of dominari to dominate, dominus\ 
master, lord.] To predominate, or have controlling power, 
over ; rule ; govern. — v. i. To control ; predominate. 

dom^i-na'tion (-na'sh&n), n. 1. Act of dominating; do- 
minion ; sovereignty ; supremacy ; often, arbitrary or inso- 
lent sway. 2. In pi. A high order of angels. 

dom'i-na-tive (dom'i-na-tiv), a. Ruling; imperious. 

dom'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who dominates. 

dom'i-ne (dom'i-ne"; do'mi-), n. [See dominie.] 1. A 
clergyman ; minister ; specif., a pastor of the Dutch 
Reformed Church. Obs., except in U. S., where it is now 
chiefly colloq. and spelled dominie. 2. = dominie, 1. 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, torn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^re, venture (87) ; 



DOMINEER 



303 



DORMITORY 




Dominican 
Friar. 



dom'i-neer' (dom'i-ner'), v. i. & t. [OD. domineren to 
feast luxuriously, fr. F. dominer. See dominate.] To rule 
insolently or arbitrarily ; tyrannize ; swagger. 

dom'i-neer'ing, p. a. That domineers ; tyrannical. — Syn. 
See masterful. — dom'i-neer'ing-ly, adv. 

do-min'i-cal (do-min'i-kdl), a. [LL. dominicalis, L. 
dominions of a master or lord, dominus master, lord.] 
1. Of or pert, to Jesus Christ as Lord. 2. Designating, or 
pert, to, the Lord's Day, or Sunday ; as, the dominical 
letter in almanacs. — n. A dominical letter. 

Do-min'i-can (-kan), a. Of or pertaining to St. Dominic 
(Domingo de Guzman, 1170-1221), or the 
religious communities named after him. 

— n. R. C. Ch. One of an order of mendi- 
cant preaching friars, founded (1215) by 
St. Dominic. 

dom'i-nie (dom'i-ni ; do'mT-m), n. [L. 
domine, vocative of dominus master.] 
1. A schoolmaster. 2. = domine, 1. 

do-min'ion (do-mTn'yun), n. [LL. domi- 
nio, equiv. to L. dominium.] 1. Supreme 
authority ; sovereignty ; supremacy. 2. 
That which is subject to sovereignty or 
control ; territory governed. 3. In pi. = 
domination, 2. 4. Law. Dominium. — 
Syn. Control, rule, jurisdiction. 

Dom'i-nique' (dom'i-neV ), n. [F., 
Dominica.] One of a breed of domestic 
fowls, having a rose comb, yellow legs, and 
grayish white feathers with narrow dark bars, giving a blu- 
ish look to the plumage. 

do-min'i-um (do-min'i-wm), n. [L. See domain.] Law. 
Ownership ; control ; authority. 

dom'i-no (dom'i-no), n. ; pi. -nos or (esp. the game or pieces 
for it) -noes (-noz). [From F., It., or Sp., fr. L. dominus 
master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by cathedral 
canons.] 1. A masquerade costume consisting of a robe, 
with adjustable hood, and a light half mask. 2. A kind of 
mask, esp. a half mask. 3. [In form dominoes, but con- 
strued as a sing.'] A well-known game played with, usually, 
flat, oblong pieces, or men, dotted on one side after the 
manner of dice. 4. One of the pieces, or men, used in play- 
ing the game of dominoes. 5. A person wearing a domino. 

don (don), n. [Sp., fr. L. dominus master.] 1. [cap.] Sir; 
Mr. ; — a title in Spain, now common to all classes. 2. A 
Spanish nobleman or gentleman. 3. A grand personage ; 
esp., Eng. Univ. Cant, a college head or university fellow. 

don, v. t. ; donned (dond) ; don'ning. [do -{-on; — opposed 
to doff.] To put on ; dress in. 

HDo'iia (do'nya), Do'na (do'nd), n. [Sp. dona, Pg. 
dona.] 1. Lady ; — prefixed to the Christian name of a 
lady in Spain and Portugal respectively. 2. [Z. c] A 
Spanish or Portuguese lady. 

do'nate (do'nat), v. t.; -Nat-Ed (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing. [L. 
donatus, p. p. of donare to donate, donum gift.] To make 
a donation of ; bestow. Chiefly U. S. %W The use of do- 
nate in a general sense as equivalent to give is contrary to 
good usage. 

do-na'tion (do-na'shun), n. Act of giving, or that which 
is given, as a present ; a grant ; gift. — Syn. See present. 

Don'a-tism (don'd-tfz'm), n. Eccl. Hist. The tenets of 
the Donatists, a body of North African schismatics and 
purists, chiefly active in the 4th century. 

don'a-tive (-tiv), n. [L. donahvum.] A gift; largess; 
piesent. — a. Of the nature of, or subject to, donation. 

done (dun), p. p. of do. 

do-nee' (do-ne'), n. One to whom a gift is made. 

Don'go-la (don'go-ld), n. 1. A province of the Anglo- 
Egyptian Sudan. 2. Dongola kid. 

Dongola kid, D. leather, leather made by the D. proc- 
ess, a process of tanning goatskin, and now also calfskin 
and sheepskin, so that it resembles kid. 

don'jon (dun'jun ; don'jon^n. [See dungeon.] A massive 
chief tower in medieval castles. See castle, Illust. 

Don Ju'an (don ju'dn ; Sp. dSn hwan'). In Spanish legend, 
a profligate nobleman of Seville who kills in a duel the 
father of a lady whom he has wronged. 

don'key (don'ki), n. ; pi. -keys (-kiz). 1. The ass. 2. A 
stupid or obstinate fellow ; an ass. 

donkey engine. Mach. A small auxiliary engine. 

Don'na (don'd; It. don'na), n. [It., fr. L. domina. See 
dame.] Lady ; — title given to an Italian lady. 

don'nish (don'Ish), a. Pert, to, or thought to resemble, 
a university don ; pedantic ; formal. — don'nish-ness, a. 

do'nor (do'nor), n. [OF. donear, fr. L. donator, fr. donare 
to give.] One who gives, or presents ; a giver. 

Don Quix'ote (don kwik'sSt ; Sp. don ke-ho'ta), n. [Sp.] 
The hero of a Spanish romance (1605 and 1615) by Cer- 
vantes parodying the romances of chivalry. He is a 
gaunt country gentleman, honorable, gentle, and lovable, 
but so crazed by reading books of chivalry that he goes 
forth to do deeds of knight-errantry. 



don't (dont). Colloq. contraction of do not. Sometimes 
used incorrectly instead of doesn't, contr. of does not. 

don'zel (don'zel), n. [See damsel.] A young squire ; a page. 
Archaic. 

doo'ly, doo'lie (dob'll), n.; pi. -lies (-Hz). [Hind. foil-] 
A kind of litter hung from men's shoulders. India. 

doom (doom), n. [AS. ddm.] 1. A statute ; law ; decree 
Obs. or Hist. 2. Judgment ; sentence. 3. That to which one 
is doomed ; destiny or fate, esp. unhappy destiLy ; hence : 
ruin; death. 4. The final judgment, at the end of the 
world ; — now chiefly in crack of doom and day of doom. 

— Syn. Fate, lot ; ruin, destruction. See destiny. 

— v. t. 1. To pronounce judgment upon ; condemn. 2. To 
destine ; fix ; appoint, as by decree or by fate ; ordain. 

doom palm (doom). [Ar. daum, dum.] Also doum palm. 
A large African fan palm ( Hyphasne thebaica) remarkable 
for its branching trunk. The fruit, about the size of an 
apple, has the flavor of gingerbread (whence the name 
ginger-bread tree) . 

dooms'day' (doomz'da 7 ), n. [AS. domes dasg.] 1. The 
day of the final judgment of mankind. 2. A day of judg- 
ment. 3. = Domesday. 
Doomsday Book. = Domesday Book. 

door (dor ; 57), n. [AS. duru.] 1. The movable hinged or 
sliding frame or barrier by which an opening for access, as 
into a house, may be closed. 2. A doorway. 3. Passage • 
means of approach. 

door'keep'er (-kep'er), n. One who keeps or guards a door. 

door'nail' (-nal'), n. A large-headed nail ; — now chief y 
in various phrases, as "dead as a doornail," etc. 

door/plate' (-plat'), n. A plate on a door of a house or 
apartment, giving the occupant's name, etc. 

door'post' (-post'), n. A jamb, or sidepiece, of a doorway. 

door'silP (-sil'), n. The sill, or threshold, of a door. 

door/way' (-wa 7 ), n. The passageway or opening which a 
door closes ; entranceway into a house or a room ; portal. 

door'yard' (-yard'), n. The yard about a house door. U. S. 

dope(dop),n. [D. doop a dipping, doopen to dip.] l.Any 
thick liquid or pasty preparation, as of opium for medicinal 
purposes, of grease, etc. 2. Any preparation, as a drug, used 
to stupefy or, in the case of a race horse, to stimulate. Slang 
or Cant. 3. An absorbent material, as that mixed with 
some high explosives to render them less dangerous to trans- 
port. 4. Information concerning race horses which may be 
of assistance in judging of their chances of winning future 
races; also, similar information concerning other sports, 
contingencies, etc. Slang. 

— v. t.; doped (dopt) ; dop'ing (dop'Tng). 1. To treat or 
affect with dope. 2. To judge or guess ; predict the result 
of, as by the aid of dope. See dope, n., 4. Slang. 

dop'ey (dop'i), a. Affected by "dope"; esp., sluggish or 

dull as though under the influence of a narcotic. Slang. 
|| dop'pel-gang'er (dop'el-geng'er), n. [G.] A spiritual or 

ghostly double or counterpart ; a doubleganger ; wraith. 
dor (dor), n. A trick or deception ; mockery. Archaic. 
dor, n., or dor'bee'tle (dor'be't'l), n. A kind of beetle, esp. 

one that makes a buzzing noise when flying. 
Do-ra'do (do-ra'do), n. [Sp. dorado gilt.] Astron. A 

small southern constellation, embracing the south pole of 

the ecliptic. 
dor bug. A dor, as the June beetle. U. S. 
Dor'cas (dor'kds),n. [Gr. 5op«ds gazelle.] Bib. A Christian 

woman who made "coats and garments" for the poor. 

See Acts ix. 36-41. 
Do'ri-an (do'n-dn ; 57), a. Pert, to the Dorians ; Doric. 

— n. One of a race that invaded Greece about the 10th cen- 
tury b. c., settling in Doris, Laconia, etc. 

Dor'ic (dor'ik), a. 1. Pert, to Doris, in ancient Greece, or to 
the Dorians. 2. Pert, to or designating the oldest and sim- 
plest of the three Greek architectural orders, or a modified 
Roman form of it. — n. The Doric dialect of Greek. 

Dor'i-cism (dor'i-siz'm), n. A Doric phrase or idiom. 

Dor'king (dor'king), n. [From the town of Dorking in 
England.] One of an English breed of large-bodied do- 
mestic fowls, highly esteemed for the table. 

dor'man-cy (dor'man-si), n. Dormant state. 

dor'mant (-mfint), a. [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, L. dor- 
mire.] 1. Sleeping ; asleep, or as if asleep ; hence : inactive ; 
quiescent. 2. Her. In a sleeping posture ; as, a lion dormant ; 

— disting. from couchant in that the bead of the dormant 
animal rest on the forepaws. — Syn. See latent. 

dor'mer (-mer), n., or dormer window. [Lit., the window 

of a sleeping apartment, OF. dor- 

meor.] A vertical window in a 

sloping roof ; also, the projecting 

part in which it is contained. 
dor'mice' (-mis'), n.,pl. of dormouse. 
dor'mi-ent (dor'ml-ent), a. [L. dor- 
miens, -entis, p. pr. of dormire to 

sleep.] Dormant ; sleeping. 
dor'mi-to-ry (-ml-to-ri), n. ; pZ.-RiES 

(-rfz). [L. dormitorium, fr. dormi- Dormer Window. 




H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 



DORMOUSE 



304 



DOUBLE-QUICK 




Jn4 . 
Dormouse. 




Dories. 



torium, fr. dormitorius of or for sleeping ] A sleeping 
room, or a building containing sleeping rooms ; a sleeping 
apartment capable of containing many beds. 

dor'mouse' (-mous'), n. ; pi. -mice (-mis'). Any of a family 
(Muscardinidse) of small Old 
World rodents somewhat re- 
sembling small squirrels. 

dor'my (dor'mi), a. Golf. Up, 
or ahead, as many holes as re- 
main to be played ; — said of a 
player or side. 

dor 'nick (dor'nTk), dor'nock 
(-nuk), n. [From Tournai 
( Flemish Doornick ), Bel- 
gium.] A coarse damask, used 
for hangings, carpets, etc. ; also, 
a stout figured linen made in Scotland. 

dorp (dorp), n. [LG. & D. dorp.'] A hamlet. 

dorr, dorr'bee^tle. Vars. of dor, dorbeetle. 

dor'sal ( dor'sdl ), a. [F. dorsal, LL. dorsalis, fr. L. dor- 
sum back.] 1. Pert, to, or situated near or on, the back, 
or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts ; — opposed 
to ventral. 2. Bot. Designating, or pert, to, the surface 
turned away from the axis, as the under side of a leaf. 

dor'si-ven'tral (-si-ven'trdl), a. [L. dorsum back + E. 
ventral.] 1. Bot. Having distinct dorsal and ventral sur- 
faces, as most foliage leaves. 2. Zo'ol. = dorsoventral. 

dor'SO-ven'tral (-s6-ven'tral), a. [L. dorsum back + E. 
ventral.] 1. Zo'ol. Extending from the dorsal toward the 
ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis. 2. Bot. = dorsi- 

' ventral. [animal or of a part of an animal. I 

dor'sum_(-sum), n. ; L. pi. -sa (-sd). [L.] The back of an| 

do'ry (do'ri; 57), n.; pi. dories (-riz). A. kind of flat- 
bottomed boat. 

do'ry, n. [From its color, 
F. doree, lit., gilded.] A 
John dory or an allied 
fish. 

(1 dos'-a-dos' (do'zd-do'), adv. [F.] Back to back. 

— n. A sofa, open carriage, or the like, so constructed that 
the occupants sit back to back. 

dos'age (dos'aj), n. 1. Med. Administration of medicine in 
doses ; specif., a scheme of grading doses of medicines ac- 
cording to age, etc. 2. The process of adding some ingredi- 
ent, as to wine, to give flavor, character, or strength. 

dose (dos), n. [F., fr. Gr. dovis a giving, dose, fr. bibovai 
to give.] 1. The measured quantity of a medicine to be 
taken at one time or in a given period of time. 2. A 
definite quantity of anything regarded as having a bene- 
ficial influence. 3. Anything nauseous that one is obliged 
to take. 4. An ingredient added to wine in dosage. 

— v. t.; dosed (dost) ; dos'ing (dos'ing). 1. To give doses 
or medicine to. 2. To give anything nauseous to. 3. To 
treat by dosage, as champagne. [Slang. Chiefly EngA 

doss (dos), n. A place to sleep in; a bed; hence, sleep. | 

dos'sal (dos'dl), dos'sel, n. [OF. dossel.] A cloth put over 
the back of a seat or altar as a cover. 

dos'ser (dos'er), n. [F. dossier part of a basket resting 
on the back, fr. L. dorsum back.] 1. A basket to be carried 
on a person's back, or in pairs, by a beast of burden ; a pan- 
nier. 2. A cloth or tapestry for the back of a throne or chair 
or for a hanging ; a dossal. 

dos'sil (-il), n. [OF. dosil, spigot, deriv. of L. dux leader.] 

1. A pledget of lint, for a sore, wound, etc. ; a tent. 2. Print. 
A roll of cloth for wiping excess ink from a copperplate. 

dost (dust), 2d pers. sing, indicative pres. of DO. Now 
used only in the poetic or elevated style. 

dot (dot), n. 1. A small point or spot made with a pointed 
instrument. 2. Anything small ; a speck. 3. Music. A point 
placed after a note or rest to indicate that its length is in- 
creased one half (two dots are used if the length is increased 
by three quarters). 

—v. t.; dot'ted ; dot'ting. 1. To mark with or as with dots. 

2. To scatter or disperse like dots. — v. i. To make a dot 
or dots. 

dot, n. [F., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry.] Civil Law. Awoman's 
marriage portion, or dowry, the income of which belongs to 
the husband during coverture. — do'tal (do'tdl), a. 

dot'age (dot'aj), n. [From dote, v. i.] 1. Feebleness of 
mind, esp. in old age ; senility. 2. Excessive fondness ; weak 
and foolish affection. 

do'tard (do'tdrd), n. [From dote, v. iJ] A foolish or 
imbecile person ; esp., one whose mind is impaired by age. 

do-ta'tion (do-ta/shun), n. [LL. dotatio.] Endowment. 

dote (dot), v. i. ; dot'ed (dot'ed) ; dot'ing. 1. To be weak- 
minded, esp. from age. 2. To be foolishly fond ; love to ex- 
cess ; — used with on or upon. — dot'er (dot'er), n. 

doth (duth), 3d pers. sing, indie, pres. of do. Now used 
only in the poetic or elevated style. 

dot'ing (dot'ing), a. 1. That dotes ; silly ; senile ; imbecile ; 
excessively fond. 2. Decaying from age, as trees or plants. 
— Syn. See fond. — dot'ing-ly, adv. — dot'ing-ness, n. 




dot'ted (dot'ed), p. a. Marked with dots ; diversified with 

small detached objects ; scattered like dots. 

dotted note, d. rest, Music, a note or rest lengthened 

by a dot. See 1st dot, 3. 
dot'ter (dot'er), n. One who, or that which, dots ; specif., a 

tool or machine for making dots. 
dot'ter-el (-el), n. Also dot'trel. [From dote^ i.~] 

1. A kind of plover (Eudromias morinellus). 

2. A silly fellow ; dupe. 
dot'tle, dot'tel (-'1), n. A 

wad of half-smoked to- 
bacco left in a pipe. Brit. 

dot'ty (dot'I), a.; -ti-er 
( -T-er ) ; -ti-est. [From 
dot a point.] 1. Com- 
posed of, or character- 
ized by, dots. 2. Un- 
steady in gait ; hence : 
feeble ; half-witted. 
Colloq. 

dot'y. Var. of doaty. 

dOU'ble (dub''l), a. [OF. doble, duble, double, fr. L. dup- 
lus, fr. root of duo two.] 1. Two-fold ; made or being twice 
as great, as large, as much, as many, as strong, as valuable, 
etc. 2. Being in pairs ; coupled. _ 3. Two-fold in relation or 
character ; # as, a double meaning. 4. Folded ; doubled. 

5. Acting in two ways, or deceitfully ; insincere. 6. Bot. 
Having the floral leaves considerably increased beyond the 
natural number, usually by cultivation ; as, a double car- 
nation. 7. Music. Sounding an octave below (the normal 
instrument or stop named) ; as, a double bassoon. 
double bass, Music, the contrabass. — d. bassoon, 
Music, a bassoon an octave lower in pitch than the com- 
mon bassoon. — d. chin, a fleshy or fatty fold under the 
chin. — d. counterpoint, Music, that in which two of 
the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave 
higher or lower. — d. dagger, a certain mark [J] of refer- 
ence, used next to the dagger [f] in order. — d. entry, 
a method of bookkeeping in which two entries of every 
transaction are made in the ledger, one on the debtor and 
one on the creditor side. — d. first, Eng. Univ., the distinc- 
tion of obtaining a first-class honors degree in two different 
subjects, esp. in classics and mathematics. — d. salt, Chem. 
a A salt formed by any polybasic acid with two different 
bases or basic radicals, b A salt regarded as a molecular 
combination of two distinct salts. — d. star, Astron., two 
stars very near to each other (actually or apparently), so 
as generally to be perceived as separate only by means of a 
telescope or by astrophotography. Cf. binary star. — d. 
time, Mil., a time or step in marching which is the quick- 
est next to a run ; — formerly called double Quick. 

— adv. Doubly ; in a pair. 

— n. 1. Twice as much ; twice the number, quantity, value, 
or the like. 2. The counterpart of another ; duplicate. 3. 
Thing doubled over or together ; plait ; fold. 4. A. turn in 
running to escape ; hence : a trick ; shift. 5. A player or 
singer who prepares to act as a substitute ; an understudy. 

6. a Sports. (1) In lawn tennis and similar games, a match 
in which there are two players on each side ; — usually in 
pi. (2) Baseball. A base hit that enables the batter to reach 
second base, b Dominoes. A domino of the same denomi- 
nation on each half. C Astron. A double star. 

— v. t. ; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (dub'ling). 1. To multiply by 
two ; make twice as great. 2. To make of two thicknesses 
by bending together ; fold. 3. To be the double of. 4. To 
pass around or by ; as, to double the cape. 5. To avoid by 
doubling. — v. i. 1. To be doubled ; as, the population 
doubled in ten years. 2. To return on one's track. 3. To 
bend over; become bent or folded together; as, his legs 
doubled up under him. 

dou'ble— banked', a. Having two banks of rowers. 

dou'ble-breast'ed, a. Folding or lapping over on the 
breast, with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each 
side ; as, a double-breasted coat. 

dou'ble-deal'ing, n., or double dealing. Duplicity. — 
dou'ble-deal'er, n., or double dealer. 

dou'ble-deck'er, n. Something with two decks ; as : a 
Naut. A man-of-war having two gun decks, b A ship, car, 
pier, building, etc., having two decks, floors, or stories. 

|| dou'ble-en'ten'dre (doo'bl'-aN'taN'dr'), n. [F. double 
double + entendre to mean (inf. used substantively) ; the 
usual form is double entente ambiguity.] A wordor expres- 
sion admitting of two interpretations, one often indelicate. 

dou'ble-faced' (diib'']-fast' ; 109), a. Hypocritical. 

dou'ble-gang'er (-ganger), n. [G. doppelganger ; dop- 
pel double + ganger walker.] An apparition or double 
of a living person. times ; vacillating.) 

dou'ble-mind'ed, a. Having different "minds " at different | 

dou'ble-ness (dub''l-nes), n. Quality or state of being dou- 
ble or doubled ; specif., duplicity ; insincerity. 

dou'ble— quick', a. Of, or performed in, the fastest time or 
step in marching next to a run. — n. Double-quick time, 
step, or march. _^______ 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



DOUBLE-RIPPER 



305 



DOWN 



dou'ble-rip'per, n. A kind of coasting sled made of two 
sleds, one before the other, connected by a board. U. S. 

iou'ble— SUl/faced (-siir'fast), a. Having two surfaces ; — 
said specif, of aeroplane wings or aerocurves that are 
covered on both sides with fabric, etc. 

dOU'blet (dub'let; 24), n. [F., dim. of double double.] 

1. A close-fitting body garment for men, worn in western 
Europe from about the loth to the 17th century. 2. A 
counterfeit gem, composed of two pieces of crystal, with 
a color between them, or of a piece of paste or glass 
covered by a veneer of real stone. 3. One of a pair ; 
specif., one of two words in the same language derived from 
the same original ; as, crypt and grotto. 4. In pi. Two 
thrown dice each of which has the same number of spots on 
the face lying uppermost. 5. A pair. 

dou'ble— tongue', v. i. Music. To play with a peculiar 
vibratory action of the tongue in articulating staccato or 
rapidly repeated notes, as in flute or cornet playing. 

dou'ble— tongued' (-tungd 7 ), a. Making contrary declara- 
tions on the same subiect ; deceitful ; insincere. 

dou'ble-tree' (-tre'), n. The oar, or crosspiece, of a carriage, 
to which the singletrees are attached. 

doubling (dub'ling), n.l. Act of one that doubles. 2. The 
process of redistilling spirits. 3. Alining, as, //er., of acoat. 

dou-bloon' (dub-loon'), n. [F. doublon, Sp. doblon, fr. 
doble double.] A Spanish gold coin orig. worth about 
$16, but in 1853 reduced to $5. It is no longer issued. 

|| dou'blure' (doo'bliir'), n. [F.] Bookbinding. The 
lining of a book cover, esp. a lining of unusual sort, as of 
tooled leather, painted vellum, rich brocade, or the like. 

dou'bly (dub'li), adv. 1. In twice the quantity ; to twice 
the degree. 2. Deceitfully. Archaic. 3. In a twofold man- 
ner ; twice ; in two degrees. 

doubt (dout), v. i. [OF. duter, douter, fr. L. dubitare.] 
To waver in opinion ; hesitate in belief ; be undecided. 

— v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable ; be inclined not 
to believe ; distrust. 2. To be apprehensive of ; fear ; also, 
to suspect. Obsolescent or Dial. 

— n. 1. A fluctuation of mind arising from defect of knowl- 
edge or evidence ; unsettled state of opinion concerning 
the reality of an event, or the truth of an assertion, etc. 
hesitation. 2. Uncertainty of condition ; state of not being 
certainly known ; question ; as, to bring one's sincerity in 
doubt; the result is in doubt. 3. Suspicion ; fear ; dread. 
Obs. 4. A difficulty expressed or urged for solution ; an un- 
certain matter. 

Syn. Uncertainty, mistrust, misgiving, distrust, suspicion. 
— Doubt, distrust, suspicion. Doubt implies lack of 
certainty ; distrust, want of confidence ; suspicion is more 
or less hostile distrust, esp. on insufficient evidence ; as, his 
mind was full of doubt-; his distrust offended them ; he was 
uneasy because of his suspicion that they doubtedhisioyalty. 

doubt'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being doubted. 

doubt'er, n. One who doubts. 

doubt'ful (-fool), a. 1. Admitting of doubt ; not obvious, 
clear, or certain. 2. Characterized by ambiguity ; dubious. 
3. Not settled in opinion ; undetermined. 4. Of uncer- 
tain issue or event. — doubt'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Wavering, vacillating, hesitating, distrustful, uncer- 
tain, dubious; problematical, questionable ; equivocal, am- 
biguous. — Doubtful, dubious. Doubtful is commonly 
the more positive ; dubious conveys an implication of 

! vagueness, ambiguity, vacillation, or suspicion ; as, a doubt- 
ful expression ; dubious prospects, actions. 

Doubting Castle. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," a cas- 
tle belonging to Giant Despair, in which Christian and 
Hopeful were confined, and from which at last they made 
their escape by means of the key called Promise. 

doubt'less, a. 1. Free from doubt. 2. Free from fear. 
06s. — adv. Undoubtedly. — doubt'less-ly, adv. 

dou'cet (doo'set), n. [F., sweet, dim. of doux, masc, douce, 
fern.] 1. A custard. 06s. 2. In pi. The testicles of a deer. 

|| dou'ceur' (doo'suV), n. [F.] 1. Gentleness of manner. 
06s., except as French. 2. A gratuity ; tip ; bribe. 

douche (doosh), n. [F., fr. It. deriv. of L. ducere to lead.] A 
jet of water or vapor directed upon or into a part of the body ; 
also, a bath_taken by means of a douche. — v. t. & i.; 
douched (doosht) ; douch'ing. To give or take a douche. 

dough (do), n. _ [AS. dah.~\ 1. Paste of bread, pie, or the 
like. 2. Anything of the consistency of such paste. 

dough/boy 7 (do'boi 7 ). n. 1. A flour dumpling. Colloq. 

2. Mil. An infantryman. Slang, U. S. 

dough/face' (do'faV), n. A timid, yielding politician, or a 
person easily molded. Polit. Cant, U. S. 

dough'nut' (-nutO, n. A small cake usually sweetened, 
often made with yeast, fried brown in deep fat. 

dough'ty (dou'ti), a.; -ti-er (-er) ; -ti-est. [AS. dohtig.] 
Able ; strong ; valiant. Now Archaic or Humorous. — 
dough'ti-ly (ti-li), adv. — dough'ti-ness, n. 

dough'y (do'I), a. ; dough'i-er (-i-er) ; dough'i-est. Like 
dough ; soft and heavy ; pasty ; flabby and pale. 

Doug'las spruce (dug'lds). [After David Douglas, Scot- 
tish botanist in America.] A pinaceous timber tree (Pseu- 



dotsuga taxifolia) of the western United States, reaching 
a height of 300 feet ; — called also Oregon pine, red fir, 
Douglas fir, and Douglas pine. 

Dou-kho-bors' (do6-Ko-b6rz'). Var. of Dukhobors. 

dou'ma (doo'ma). Var. of duma. 

dour (door), a. [Cf. F. dur, L. durus.] Hard ; fierce ; bold ; 
sour in aspect. Scot. 

dou'ra (doo'ni), dou'rah, dour'ra. Yars. of durra. 

dou'rine (doo'ren), n. Veter. A contagious disease of 
equines transmitted only by copulation and caused by 
an animal parasite (Trypanosoma equiperdum). 

douse, dowse (dous), v. t. & i. To duck ; immerse. 

douse, dowse, v. t. 1. Is'aut. To lower in haste, as a sail ; 
to close, as a port. 2. To take off ; doff. Colloq. 3. To 
extinguish. Slang or Cant. — n. A blow ; stroke. Rare. 

dou'ze-pers' (doo'ze-parz 7 ), n. pi. Also dou'se-peers'. 
[F. les douze pairs (OF. per).] A body of twelve peers 
or companions in French romance and history. In the 
Charlemagne stories they are twelve paladins, or great 
warriors, who form Charlemagne's guard of honor. 

dove (diiv), n. [From AS.] 1. A pigeon ; any of numerous 
birds of the pigeon family. 2. One regarded as pure and 
gentle, as a woman or child. 3. In Christian symbolism, 
the emblem of the Holy Spirit ; [cap.] the Holy Spirit. 

dove (dov), colloq. pret. of dive. 

dove'cof (duv'kot') In. An elevated box, with compart- 

dove'cote' (-kof ; -kot)j ments, for doves. 

dove'kie (diiv'kl), n. [Dim. of dove.] 1. The black guil- 
lemot (Cepphus grylle). 2. The rotche. 

Do'ver's pow'der (do'verz). [After Thomas Dover (16G0- 
1742), English physician.] Med. An anodyne diaphoretic 
powder containing ipecac and opium. 

dove'tail' (duv'taF), n. Something shaped like a dove's 
tail ; in carpentry, a flaring 
tenon or a mortise making 
an interlocking joint.— 
v.t. 1. Carp, a To cut to 
a dovetail, b To join by 
dovetails. 2. To fit in or< 
connect strongly or nicely. 

dow'a-ble (dou'd-b'l), a. m Dovetails 

Capable of being endowed ; entitled to dower. 

dow'a-ger (dou'd-jer), n. [OF. douagiere, fr. douage 
dower. See dower.] 1. Eng. Law. A widow in the 
enjoyment of some property, esp. a title, coming from her 
deceased husband. 2. A dignified elderly woman. Colloq. 

dow'dy (-di), a. ; -di-er (-er) ; -di-est. [ME. doude a slov- 
enlywoman.] Untidy in dress ; wearing dingy finery. — Syn. 
See slovenly. —to. ; pi. -dies (-diz). Adowdy woman. — 
dow'di-ly, adv. — dow'di-ness, n. — dow'dy -ish, a. 

dpw'el (-21), n. Also dowel pin. A pin fitting into a hole 
in an abutting piece to prevent 
motion or slipping. — v. t. ; -eled 
(-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el- 
ling. To fasten by, or furnish / — « ^ j 
with, dowels. [ f 

dow'er (-er), n. [F. douaire, LL. 
dotarium, fr. L. dos dower.] 1. 




Dowels. 



Law. That portion of, or interest in, the real estate of a de- 
ceased husband which the law gives for life to his widow. 2. 
Dowry. 3. That with which one is endowed ; endowment. 

— v. t. To supply with a dower or dowry ; endow. 
dow'er-y (-1). Var. of dowry. 

dow'itch-er (dou'ich-er), n. [From Amer. Ind.] An Ameri- 
can long-billed snipe (genus Macrorhamphus) intermedi- 
ate between the true snipe and the sandpipers. 

dow'las (dou'las). 7i. [From Daoulas, in Brittany. Oxf.' 
E. D.l A kind of coarse linen cloth. 

down (doun), n. [Icel. dunn."] 1. A covering of soft fluffy 
feathers, as of young birds or under the ordinary feathers 
of adult birds ; also one of the soft feathers composing it. 
2. A soft hairy outgrowth, as on the face or on a plant ; 
pubescence. 3. Something feathery or fluffy. 

down, n. [AS. dun.'] 1. A hill ; esp., a hillock of sand cast 
up by the wind along the shore ; — usually in pi. 2. A 
tract of open upland ; — usually in pi. ; esp., in pi., treeless 
chalk uplands along the south coast of England. 3. [cap.] 
In pi. A roadstead in the North Sea, near Deal. 

down, adv. [For older adown, AS. adun, adune, of dune; 
prop., from or off the hill.] 1. In the direction of gravity ; 
toward or in a lower place or position, or one regarded as 
lower ; below ; — opposite of up. 2. From a past or remote 
time or period. 3. From a greater to a less bulk, amount, or 
strength, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence ; as, to 
boil down in cookery. 

— prep. In a descending direction along ; from a higher to a 
lower place, or to a place regarded as lower, on or within ; 
as down a hill or a well. 

— v. t. To cause to go down ; put or bring down ; over- 
throw. Archaic or Colloq. 

— a. 1. Downward ; descending ; sloping. 2. Golf. Behind 
one's opponent one or more holes ; — opposed to up. 3. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G- ich, ach (50); boN; yot; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations ef Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. ■ equals. 



M 






DOWNCAST 



306 



DRAGOMAN 



Football. Of the ball, not in play because either (1) its 
holder cries "down," (2) its progress is wholly stopped, or 
(3) the officials stop the play for any reason. U. S. 

— n. 1. The refrain of a song. Obs. 2. A descent ; a reverse 
of fortune ; low state. 3. Football. The period between the 
beginning of a play and the moment when the ball is next 
declared down or the play ceases. U. S. 

down'cast' (doun'kast'), a. 1. Cast down ; dejected. 2. Of 
looks, cast downward, as from bashfulness or guilt. 

— n. A casting down or downward. 

down'come' (-kum'), n. 1. A coming down; downfall; 

overthrow. 2. = downcomer. 
down'com'er (-kum'er), n. A pipe to conduct something 

downward, as hot gases from the top of a blast furnace. 
downfall' (-f61'), n. 1. A sudden fall or descent; hence, 

ruin. 2. A body falling. — down'fall'en (-foF'n), a. 
down'flow' (doun'flo'), n. A flowing down ; also, that which 

flows or runs down. 
down'haul' (-h61'), n. Naut. A rope to haul down, or to 

assist in hauling down, a sail ; as, a staysail downhaul. 
down'heart'ed (-har'ted; 109), a. Dejected; low-spirited. 
down'hilF (-hil'), adv. Down the slope of a hill ; downward. 

— ( pron. doun'hil' ), n. Declivity; slope. — a. Sloping. 
down'pour 7 (doun'por'; 57), n. A pouring or streaming 

downward ; esp., a heavy or continuous rain. 

down'right' (doun'rit' ; doun'rit'), adv. 1. Straight down ; 
perpendicularly. Obs. or Archaic. 2. In plain terms. 3. 
Thoroughly ; completely. — (pron. doun'rlt'), a. 1. Di- 
rected vertically downward ; descending straight down. 2. 
Plain ; direct ; positive. 3. Absolute ; thorough ; as, ^down- 
right lie. — down'right'ly, adv. — down'right'ness, n. 

down'Stairs' (-starz'), adv. Down the stairs; on or to a 
lower floor. — {pron. doun'starz'), a. Below stairs. — n. 
The part of the house below stairs ; the lower floor or floors. 

down'take' (-tak'), n. Engin. A pipe, duct, or flue, which 
leads downward, as for air, gas, or water. 

down'throw' (-thro'), n. Act or process of throwing down ; 
state of being overthrown ; overthrow. 

down'trod' (doun'trod') \ a. Trampled down ; abused 

down'trod'den (-trod''n ; 87)/ by superior power. 

down'ward' (-werd'), adv. Also -wards (-werdz). 1. From 
a higher to a lower place, condition, etc. ; in a descending 
course. 2. From an earliertime ; from an ancestor or prede- 
cessor. — o. 1. Moving or extending from a higher to a 
lower place. 2, Descending from a head or source. 3. Tend- 
ing to a lower state ; dejected. — down'ward-ly, adv. 

down'y (doun'T), a. ; down'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Covered 
with down. 2. Made of or resembling down ; hence : soft ; 
quiet ; as, "Time steals on with downy feet". 

dow'ry (dou'rl), n.; pi. -ries (-r!z). [Contr. from dowery. 
See dower.] 1. A widow's' dower. 2. The money, goods, 
or estate which a woman brings to her husband in mar- 
riage ; dot. 3. A gift of property by a man to or for his 
bride ; dower. 4. Gift of nature ; talent ; endowment. 

dowse (dous). Obs. or dial. Eng. var. of douse. 

dowse (douz), v. i. ; dowsed (douzd) ; dows'ing. To use the 
dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc. 

dows'er (douz'er), n. A divining rod for dowsing; also, 
one who uses the divining rod. 

dox'0-log'i-cal (dok'so-loj'i-kal), a. Pertaining to a doxol- 
ogy ; giving praise to God. — dox'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

dox-ol'O-gy (dok-sol'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [LL. doxol- 
ogia, Gr. 5o£o\oyia ; deriv. of d6£a opinion, glory, praise + 
}^iyeiv to speak.] A hymn or formula expressing praise to 
God ; as :the greater doxology (the Gloriain Excelsis) , the 
lesser doxology (the Gloria Patri), or the stanza begin- 
ning "Praise God, from whom all blessings flow!" See 
Gloria, 1. 

dox'y (dok'si),n.; pi. doxies (-siz). A loose wench. Slang. 

dox'y, n. [See orthodoxy, heterodoxy, etc.] Opinion ; 
doctrine ; esp., religious opinion. Cf. ism, n. 

|| doy'en' (F. dwa'yaN'), n. [F. See dean.] Lit., a dean ; 
the senior member of a body or group. 

doy'ley, doy'ly. Vars. of doily. 

doze (doz), v. i.; dozed (dozd) ; doz'ing (doz'ing). To 
sleep lightly ; be drowsy or dull. — v. t. To pass in drowsi- 
ness ; as, to doze away one's time. — n. A light sleep. 

doz'en (diiz''n), n.; pi. dozen (before another noun), doz- 
ens (-'nz). [ OF. doseine. fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duode- 

1 dm; duo two + decern ten.] Acollection of twelve objects. 

doz'enth (duz''nth), a. Twelfth. 

doz'er (doz'er), n. One who dozes, or drowses. 

doz'i-ness (doz'I-nes), n. State of being dozy. 

doz'y (doz'i), a.; doz'i-er (-i-er) ; doz'i-est. Drowsy. 

drab (drab), n. [AS. drabbe dregs, lees.] 1. A slatternly 
woman. 2. A strumpet. — v. i. ; drabbed (drabd) ; drab'- 
bdng. To associate with drabs. 

Arab, n. [F. drap cloth, LL. drappus."] 1. A kind of thick 
woolen cloth of a dull brownish yellow, or yellowish gray, 
color. 2. A dull brownish yellow or yellowish gray. — a. Of 
the color of drab 



drab^bet (-et), n. [See drab cloth.] A coarse drab linen 
fabric, or duck, used for smock frocks, etc. Eng. 

drab'ble(drab''l), v.t. & i. /-bled (-'Id) ;-bling. To draggle. 

drachm (dram), n. 1. A drachma. 2. = dram. 

drach/ma (drak'md), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-mdz), L. -mm (-me). 
[L., fr. Gr. bpax^n. See dram.] 1. a A small ancient 
Greek weight of various values, b Any of several modern 
weights ; esp., a dram. 2. An ancient Greek silver coin 
weighing a drachma. 3. The gold monetary unit of modern 
Greece, worth 19.3 cents ; also, a silver coin of this value. 

Dra'co (dra/ko), n.; gen. Draconis (dra-ko'nis). [L. See 
dragon. ] Astron. A northern circumpolar constellation 
within which is the north pole of the ecliptic ; the Dragon. 

Dra-CO'ni-an (dra-ko'm-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Draco, 
an Athenian archon reputed to have framed (about 621 
B. c.) a reformed code of laws which later seemed so severe 
that they were said to be written in blood ; hence : barba- 
rously severe ; harsh ; cruel. 

dra-con/ic (-kon'ik), a. [L. draco, -onis, dragon, Gr. SpA- 
ku3v.~\ Pertaining to or like a dragon. 

Dra-con'ic (drd-kon'ik), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Draconian. 

draff (draf), n. Refuse ; lees ; dregs. — draff 'y, a. 

draft, draught (draft), n. [AS. dragan to draw.] 1. Act 
of drawing, or hauling ; the thing or quantity drawn ; a 
load. 2. Act of drinking or inhaling, as liquor, smoke, etc. 

3. A current of any sort ; current of air. 4. Act of drawing 
a mark or stroke ; the mark or stroke so made ; hence, a 
representation, as a map or sketch ; esp., a preliminary 
sketch or outline, whether in words or lines. 5. Act of 
drawing out, or stretching, or that which is drawn out, as 
a thread. 6. An allowance made from the gross weight of 
goods. 7. A drawing of money from a fund or stock ; an 
order directing the payment of money. 8. A demand; 
claim. 9. The detaching or selecting of any persons, ani- 
mals, or things, from a mass, or those so detached or se- 
lected. 10. Depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the 
depth a ship sinks in water, esp. when laden. 11. [In form 
draughts or, rarely, drafts, but construed as sing."] Check- 
ers (the game). 12. Technical & Mech. a Angle or taper ; 
specif., Pattern Making, the taper given to a pattern to 
enable it to be easily withdrawn from the mold, b Any 
contrivance for regulating the draft of air in a furnace, 
stove, etc. C Hydraul. Area of the opening for the dis- 
charge of water, d Masonry. A narrow sunken border cut 
and dressed to a practically plane surface on the edge of a 
squared stone. 

on draft or draught, so as to be drawn (from a cask, bar- 
rel, etc.), in distinction from being bottled ; as, ale on draft. 

— v. t. 1. To draw the preliminary sketch or plan of. 2. To 
draw by selection for a particular purpose ; detach for serv- 
ice ; select. 3. To draw away or off. 4. Masonry. To cut a 
draft or drafts upon. 

draft, or draught, horse. A horse for drawing loads, esp. 
heavy loads, as disting. from a saddle or carriage horse. 

draft'i-ness, or draught'i-ness, n. Drafty condition. 

drafts'man, draughts'man (drafts'mdn), n. 1. One who 
draws pleadings or other writings. 2. One who makes 
mechanical plans or sketches, or other drawings. 

draft'y, draught'y (draft!), a. ; -i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. Per- 
taining to, or exposed to, a draft, or current of air. 

drag (drag), v. t.; dragged (dragd) ; drag'ging (-ing). 

1. To draw slowly or heavily ; haul. 2. To dredge or search 
by means of a drag, grapnel, or the like. 3. To draw along, 
as something burdensome ; hence : to pass in pain or with 
difficulty ; to continue tediously ; — usually used with on or 
out. 4. To catch with a dragnet or trawl. — Syn. See 
draw. 

— v. i. 1. To be drawn along on the ground ; trail. 2. To 
move on heavily or slowly. 3. To hang behind ; lag. 

— n. 1. Act of dragging ; anything dragged. 2. A kind of 
heavy harrow, for breaking up ground. 3. A device for 
dragging along the bottom under water, for dredging, etc. 

4. A kind of sledge. 5. A kind of heavy coach with seats on 
top. 6. Something used to drag a body with, as a dragrope 
of a gun. 7. Something that retards ; a clog. 8. Motion ef- 
fected with slowness and difficulty ; as, a drag in one's walk. 
9. Hunting, a The scent ; trail, b Something drawn over 
the ground to leave a scented trail. 

drag'gle (drag''l), v. t.; -gled (-'Id); -gling (dragging). 
[Freq. of drag.] To wet and soil by dragging on the ground 
or in the wet ; drabble ; trail. — v. i. 1. To be draggled. 

2. To follow slowly ; straggle. 

drag'gle-taiP, n. 1. A slattern who allows her gown to 

trail in the mire. 2. Skirts that draggle. 
drag'hound' (-hound'), n. Hunting. A hound trained to 

follow a scent made with a "drag," or artificial scent. 
drag'line', «. Aeronautics. A guide rope ; dragrope. 
drag link. A link joining the cranks of two shafts. 
drag'net' (-net'), n. A net to be drawn along the bottom of 

a body of water or along the ground to catch something. 
drag'o-man (drag'6-mdn), n.; pi. -mans (-manz). [Deriv. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
inse, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DRAGON 



307 



DRAW 




Dragon, 5. 



of LGr. Spayoi/xavot, At. tarjuman."] An interpreter ; — 
so called in the Levant and other parts of the East. 

drag'on (drag'un), n. [F., fr. L. draco, fr. Gr. Spdx:a>j>.] 
1. A huge serpent; 
python. 2. A fabu- 
lous animal, gener- 

\ ally a monstrous, 
crested, winged, scaly 
serpent, lizard, or 

i saurian. 3. A violent 

| or very strict person, 
esp. such a woman ; 
a duenna. 4. [cap.] Astron. Draco. 5. Mil. Antiq. a A 
short musket 
carried hooked 
to a soldier's 
belt, b A sol- 
dier carrying 
such a musket. 
6. Any of sev- 
eral plants, of 

the arum fam- Dragon (Draco tolans) 

ily, popularly associated with dragons. 7. Any of a genus 
(Drabo) of small arboreal lizards of the East Indies and 
southern Asia. Some of the hind ribs are prolonged and 
covered with weblike skin, aiding them in leaping from tree 
to tree ; — called also flying dragon. 8. A word used in 
the Authorized Version of the Old Testament to translate 
several Hebrew forms, some of which are translated by 
jackal or serpent in the Revised Version. 

drag'on-et (-St), n. [OF.] 1. A little dragon. 2. A small 
gobylike British marine fish (Callionymus draco) ; also, 
any of various related fishes. 

dragon fly. Any of an order (Odonata) of large harmless 
insects that feed on gnats, 
mosquitoes, etc. 

drag'on-head' (-hed'), n. Any 
of a genus (Dracocephalum) 
of mints. 

drag'on-nade' (drag'o-nad'), ^^^H?] 
n. [F., fr. dragon dragoon.] 





Dragon 
Fly. fi) 



The persecution of French Protestants 
under Louis XIV., usually by dragoons^ 
hence, persecution by troops ; — usually in pi. 

drag'on's blood (drag'wnz). Any of several resinous sub- 
stances, mostly dark red, derived from various trees or 
their fruits. It is used for coloring varnishes, etc. 

dragon's head, or, chiefly in sense 1, drag'on's— head', n. 
1. = dragonhead. 2. Astron. The ascending node of 
the moon or a planet. Symbol, Q,. See dragon's tail. 

dragon's tail. Astron. The descending node of the moon 
or a planet. Symbol, y. See dragon's head. 

dragon tree. A liliaceous tree {Dracsena draco) of the 
Canary Islands. It yields a variety of dragon's blood. 

dra-goon' (drd-gdon'), 7i. [F. dragon dragon, dragoon. See 
dragon.] 1. An ancient form of musket ; a dragon. 2. For- 
merly, a mounted infantryman ; now, a cavalryman, usually 

I heavily equipped. See soldier, Illust. — v. t. 1. To harass 
bydragoons ; persecute with troops. 2.Toharass; persecute. 

drag'rope' (drag'rop'), n. A rope with which anything is 
dragged or that drags from a thing ; as : a A rope sometimes 
used in dragging an artillery carriage, b Aeronautics. 

(1) The rope suspending the grappling iron from a balloon. 

(2) A guide rope. 

drag sail. A sea anchor made from a sail or piece of canvas. 

drag'-stone' mill. Metal. A mill in which ores, etc., are 
ground by means of a heavy stone dragged around on a cir- 
cular or annular stone bed. 

drain (dran), v. t. [AS. drehnigean, dreahnian."] 1. To 
draw off by degrees ; draw off utterly ; exhaust. 2. To make 
gradually dry or empty ; hence, to empty of wealth, re- 
sources, etc.— v. i. 1. To flow off gradually. 2. To become 
emptied or dry by the flowing or dripping off of contents. 

— n. 1. Act or process of draining. 2. That by means of 
which anything is drained ; a channel, trench, or the like. 

drain'age (-aj), n. 1. Act, process, or mode of draining; 
also, that which is drained off. 2. A system of drains. 
3. Area or district drained ; as, the drainage of the Po. 

drain'er (dran'er), n. One who, or that which, drains. 

drain'pipe' (-pip'), n. A pipe for drainage. 

drake (drak), n. The male of the duck; a male duck. 

drake, n. [AS. draca dragon, L. draco. See dragon.] 
1. A dragon ; a battle standard in the form of, or having 
the representation of , a dragon. Archaic. 2. A small piece 
of artillery anciently used. 3. Short for drake fly. 

drake fly. A May fly, sometimes used in angling. 

dram (dram ), n. [OF. drame, fr. L. drachma drachm, 
drachma, Gr. SpaxnT), prop., a handful, Spaaatadai to 
grasp.] 1. a A weight : (1) In apothecaries' weight, l-8th 
of an ounce, or 60 grains (3.888 grams) ; — denoted by the 
sign 5- (2) In avoirdupois weight, 1-1 6th of an ounce, or 



27.34 grains (1.77 grams), b Short for fluid dram. 2. A 
small drink or draft, esp. of spirit. 3. A little ; mite ; bit. 

— v. i. & t. ; drammed (dramd) ; dram'mtng. To drink 
drams ; ply with drams. 

dra'ma (dra'md), n. [L., fr. Gr. 8p5.ua, fr 5pS.i> to do, act.] 

1. A composition in prose or verse intended to portray life 
or character, esp. one designed to be performed on the stage. 

2. Dramatic art, literature, or affairs. 3. A series of real 
events having dramatic unity and interest. 

dra-mat'ic (drd-mat'ik), a. Of or pert, to the drama; 
suited to the drama ; vivid ; theatrical. 
Syn. Dramatic, theatrical, melodramatic. That is 
dramatic which is appropriate to the drama, esp. as sug- 
gesting vividly expressive action or gesture, unexpected 
conjunctions, or a striking denouement ; as, the dramatic 
struggle between Hildebrand and Henry IV. That is the- 
atrical which is exaggerated, artificial, or tawdry in its 
dramatic effect ; as, a theatrical display of grief. That is 
melodramatic which is sensationally dramatic. 

dra-mat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Dramatic. i-cal-ly, adv. 

dra-mat'ics (-Tks), n. pi. (See -ics.) Dramatic writings or 
performances ; collectively, the drama. 

II dra'ma-tis per-so'nae (dram'd-tis per-so'ne). [L.] The 
characters or actors in a drama or play. 

dram'a-tist (dram'd-tist), n. A playwright. 

dram/a-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shi/n ; -tl-za'shim), n. Act of 
dramatizing ; a dramatized version, as of a novel. 

dram'a-tize (-tlz), v. t. 1. To relate in the form of the 
drama ; make into a drama. 2. To represent dramatically. 

dram'a-tur'gic (-tur'jik) \a. Relating to dramaturgy ; 

dram'a-tur'gi-cal (-ji-kdl)j dramatic; theatrical. 

dram'a-tur'gy (dram'd-tur'ji), n. [Gr. Spafiarovpyla dra- 
matic composition.] Art of dramatic composition and 
representation. — dram'a-tur'gist (-jist), n. 

dram'shop' (dram'shopO, n. A barroom. 

drank (drank), pret. of drink. 

drape (drap), v. t.; draped (drapt) ; drap'ing (drap'ing). 
[F. draper, fr. drap cloth.] 1. To cover or adorn with or 
as with drapery. 2. To arrange in folds ; hang. — v. i. To 
design or arrange drapery ; hang. 

dra'per (dra'per), n. [F. drapier.} Formerly, a maker of 
cloth ; now, a dealer in cloths. 

dra'per-y (-1), n.; pi. -peries (-iz). 1. Cloth, or woolen 
stuffs in general. 2. The occupation of a draper. 3. A tex- 
tile fabric for decorative purposes, esp. for hangings or loose 
vestments ; hence, hangings or loose coverings. 4. The 
disposition of hangings, garments, etc., as in painting. 

dras'tic (dras'tik), a. [Gr. dpatrTiKos, fr. Spav to do, act.] 
Acting rapidly and violently ; extreme in effect. 

draught (draft), n. & v., draught horse, etc. See draft, 
draft horse, etc. [Checkers (the game). 

draughts (drafts), n. ; pi. in form, but construed as sing] 

drave (drav). Archaic or dial. pret. of drive. 

Dra-vid'i-an (drd-vid'T-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the Dra- 
vidians, or their languages. — n. 1. An individual of the 
oldest of the known races of India, numerous in the south. 
2. The group of related tongues forming the speech of the 
Dravidians, including Tamil, Telugu, Kanarese, etc. 

draw (dro), v. t. ; pret. drew (drob) ; p. p. drawn (dron) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. draw'ing. [AS. dragan."] 1. To pull so as 
to cause to follow ; haul ; drag. 2. To pull off ; remove ; re- 
tire ; withdraw ; as, to draw the cloth, i. e., to remove the 
tablecloth. 3. To call toward itself ; attract ; allure ; in- 
duce. 4. To inhale ; also, to utter or produce with inhala- 
tion ; heave ; as, to draw breath or a sigh. 5. To cause to 
come out ; extract ; bring forth ; take out ; elicit ; as, to 
draw water, lots, a card, (fig.) oaths from a person, etc. ; 
specif., to receive from a lottery by the drawing out of the 
numbers for prizes or blanks ; hence : to win ; gain ; as, he 
drew a prize. Hence : To select by the drawing of lots. 
6. To derive, deduce, or take, as from premises, a source, a 
fund, etc. 7. To conduct, convey, bring, take, divert, etc., 
as if by nulling ; hence, to bring about or bring on. 8. To 
disembowel ; eviscerate ; as, to draw a chicken. 9. To 
lengthen, protract, or stretch ; specif., Mech., to make 
(wire) by pulling a metal rod through a series of holes of 
diminishing size ; also, to shape (metal) by passing through 
dies or by stamping successively, as with a series of dies. 

10. To produce by or as by tracing a pen or pencil over a 
surface ; hence : to represent by words ; depict ; describe. 

11. To write in due form ; as, to draw a deed. 12. To for- 
mulate ; as, to draw comparisons. 13. To require (so great 
a depth) for floating ; sink so deep ; — of a vessel. 14. In 
various games : a Cricket. To play (a short-length ball 
directed at the leg stump) with an inclined bat so as to 
deflect the ball between the legs and the wicket, b Golf. 
To hit (the ball) with the toe of the club so that it is de- 
flected toward the left. C Billiards. To strike (the cue 
ball) below the center so as to give it a backward rotation 
which causes it to take a backward direction on striking 
another ball, d Curling. To throw up (the stone) gently. 
15. To leave (a contest) undecided. 



H 



J 






l< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DRAWBACK 



308 



DRESS 




Syn. Draw, drag, haul. Draw is the general term for 
traction of any sort. To drag is to draw with toil, diffi 
culty, or violence, esp. against resistance ; as, to drag a 
coach through the mire. To haul is to pull or tug, or 
(esp.) to transport by drawing ; as, to haul down the sails, 
to haul in a net, to haul a load of wood. 
to draw a, or the, long bow, to exaggerate. Colloq. — to 
d. back, to receive back, as duties on goods for export. — 
to d. (one) out, to lead (one) to speak out freely. — to 
d. up. a To compose in due form ; draft ; form in writing. 
b To arrange in order, as troops; array. 

— v. i. 1. To move ; come or go ; literally, to draw one's self ; 

— with prepositions and adverbs. 2. Of a hound, to track 
game by scent ; also, to approach the.game cautiously after 
pointing. 3. To pull ; move something by pulling. 4. To 
contract ; shrink. 5. To attract ; entice. 6. TV act as a blis- 
tering agent ; — said of a plaster, poultice, etc. 7. To be 
drawn or pulled ; admit of being drawn. 8. To delineate ; 
sketch ; practice drawing. 9. To make a written demand 
for payment of money deposited or due ; — also used fig. 
10. To get information, supplies, etc. 11. To sink (to a 
certain depth) in water when floating. 12. To produce, or 
admit of, a draft, or current, as a chimney. 

— n. 1. Act or process of drawing. 2. The result of draw- 
ing ; state of being drawn ; a drawn battle, game, etc. 3. 
That which is drawn or is subject to drawing ; as : a An 
amount drawn, b A lot or chance drawn, c The movable 
part of a drawbridge. U. S. 

draw'back 7 (-bak 7 ), n. 1. Money paid back or remitted 
after collection ; esp., duties or customs (whether import 
duties or internal revenue taxes) remitted or paid back by 
the government on the exportation of that on which they 
were levied. 2. Loss ; hindrance ; objectionable feature. 

draw'bar' (-bar'), n. Railroads. A bar used to connect 
rolling stock, as a bar with a single eye at each end for 
coupling together a locomotive and its tender. 

draw'bore' (-bor 7 ), n. Joinery. A bole bored through a 
tenon so that a tapering pin or bolt (draw- 
bore pin) will draw the shoulder of the 
tenon against the cheeks of the mortise. 

draw'bridge' (-brlj 7 ), n. A bridge of which 
all or part is made to be raised, drawn, or 
moved aside, to admit or hinder passage. 

draw-ee' (dro-e'), n. The person on whom an 
order or bill of exchange is drawn ; — correla- 
tive of drawer. Drawbore. 

draw'er (dro'cr), n. 1. One who, or that which, draws ; as 
a One who draws 
liquor, b A drafts- 
man, c One who 
issues an order or 
bill of exchange ; — ^ 
correlative of Swing Drawbridge. 

drawee. 2. A boxlike receptacle, as in a table or stand, ar- 
ranged to be drawn out. 3. In pi. An undergarment for the 
legs and lower body. 

draw'ing, n. 1. Act of one that draws. 2. A picture or 
representation made by lines or, loosely, by shading or 
color ; sketch. 3. A small portion of tea for steeping.' 

drawing knife, or draw'knife 7 , n. A woodworker's tool 
having a blade with a handle at 
each end, used to shave off surfaces, 
by drawing it toward one. 

draw'ing-room', n. [Abbr. f r. with- 
drawing room.~\ 1. A room for the 
reception of company ; the room to which the ladies with- 
draw from the dining room. 2. The company assembled, or 
a reception of company, in such a room. 

drawl (drol), v. t. & i. [Prob. fr. draw.J To speak in a slow, 
lengthened tone. 

— n. A drawling utterance. — drawl'er, n. 
drawn (dron), pret. & p. p. of draw. Hence p. a. 

drawn butter, butter melted and, usually, mixed with 

flour and hot water, for use as a sauce. — d. game or 

battle, one in which neither side wins ; a draw. 
draw'plate' (-plat'), n. Adieplate through which wires are 

formed, lengthened, or shaped by drawing. See draw, v. t., 9. 
draw'shave 7 (-shav 7 ), n. = drawing knife. 
draw'tube' (-tub 7 ), n. A double sliding or telescopic tube. 
dray (dra), n. [AS. draege a dragnet, dragan to draw.] A 

strong low cart or wagon, 

without fixed sides, used 

for car- 

ryin g 

heav y 

loads. 

— v. t. 
& i. To 
carry on a dray. [paid, for the use of a dray. 

dray'age (dra'aj), n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. Charge, or sum 

dray'man (dra'man), n. A man in charge of a dray. 

dread (dred), v. t. & i. [AS. dr sedan, in comp.] 1. To fear 

greatly ; also, to regard, or look forward to, with great ap- 






prehension. 2. To stand in awe of. 06s. — n. 1. Great fear, 
esp. of impending evil. 2. Reverential or respectful fear ; 
awe. 3. An object of dread, fear, or reverence. — Syn. See 
fear. — a. 1. Exciting great fear ; dreadful. 2. Inspiring 
with reverential fear ; venerable. 

dread'ful (dred'fobl), a. 1. Fearful ; inspiring dread ; terri- 
ble. 2. Awful. — Syn. Frightful, terrific, terrible, horrible, 
horrid ; f ormidable,_tremendous, awful, venerable. See fear- 
ful. — n. A morbidly sensational story or periodical ; as, a 
penny dreadful. — dread'ful-ly, adv. — dread'ful-ness,?!. 

dread'naught 7 , dread'nought 7 (-net 7 ), w. 1. A fearless 
person ; also, an outer garment of very thick cloth, or the 
cloth itself. 2. [In this sense dreadnought.] Any battle- 
ship having its main battery entirely of big guns all of one 
caliber; — so called from the British battleship "Dread- 
nought," completed in 1906-07, with a displacement of 
17,900 tons, a main battery of ten 12-inch guns, and a 
speed of 21 knots. Since the "Dreadnought" was built 
the caliber of the heaviest guns and the displacement of 
the largest battleships have increased greatly. The term 
superdreadnought is popularly applied to battleships of 
this type with such increased displacement and gun caliber. 

dream (drem), n. 1. A series of thoughts, images, or emo- 
tions occurring during sleep ; any seeming of reality occur- 
ring to one sleeping. 2. Any experience of waking life sug- 
gestive of a dream (sense 1) ; esp., a visionary creation of 
the imagination ; state of mind marked by abstraction or 
confusion of the sense of reality ; reverie. 
Syn. Dream, vision, reverie. Dream is the general 
term for the ideas or images present to the mind in sleep ; 
a vision is an appearance (commonly thought of as super- 
natural, mysterious, or symbolic) presenting itself to the 
inner (or sometimes the bodily) eye, either in sleep or in 
an exalted waking mood. Fig., dream suggests vague or 
idle, commonly happy, anticipation ; vision, more definite 
or elaborate pictures conjured up by the fancy. Reverie 
is a waking dream. 

— v. i. ; dreamed (dremd) or dreamt _(dremt)_; dream'ing. 

1. To have a dream or dreams. 2. To indulge in daydreams 
or reverie. 3. To conceive or think (of), esp. as a plan or 
possibility. — v. t. 1. To have a dream of. 2. To fancy or 
think of as if in a dream. — dream/er, n. 

to dream away, out, through, etc., to pass in reverie or 

inaction ; spend in idle vagaries ; as, to dream away an hour. 
dream'ful (drem'fool), a. Full of dreams ; dreamy. 
dream/i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a dreamy manner ; as in a dream. 
uream/i-necs (-ncs), n. State or quality of being dreamy. 
dream'land' (-land 7 ), n. An unreal, delightful country such 

as is sometimes pictured in dreams ; fairyland. 
dreamlike 7 (-Ilk 7 ), a. Like a dream; vague; unreal. 
dreamt (dremt), pret. & p. p. of dream. 
dream/y ( drem'i ), a.; dream'i-er _( -T-er ) ; _ -i-est. 1. 

Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming ; causing dreams. 

2. Like a dream ; soft ; languid ; as, dreamy music, eyes. 
drear (drer), a. [See dreary.] Melancholy ; gloomy. , 
drear'i-ly (-1-1T), a. In a dreary manner. 
drear'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being dreary. 
drear'i-some (-sum), a. Of a dreary nature. 

drear'y (-1), a.; drear'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. _ [AS. dreorig 
sad.] 1. Sad; doleful. Archaic. 2. Exciting cheerless 
sensations, feelings, or associations ; dismal ; gloomy. 

dredge (drej), n. 1. A dredging machine. 2. An oblong iron 
frame, with a net attached, for dragging over the sea bot- 
tom, as to gather shellfish. — v. t.; dredged (drejd) ; 
dredg'ing (drej'mg). To gather with a dredge ; to excavate 
or deepen with a dredging machine. 

dredge, v. t. To sprinkle (as a roast) with flour, etc. ; also, 
to sift or sprinkle (flour, etc.). 

dredg'er, n. A box with perforated lid to sprinkle flour, etc. 

dredg'er (drej'er), n. 1. One who uses a dredge. 2. A boat 
employed in dredging. 3. A dredging machine. 

dredging machine. A machine to scoop up or remove earth, 
as in excavating or deepening stream channels, etc. 

dree (dre), v. t.; dreed (dred) ; dree'ing. [AS. dreogan."] 
To undergo ; endure ; suffer. Scot, or Archaic. 

dreg (dreg), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. dregg.~] 1. Corrupt matter 
in or from a liquid ; grounds ; lees ; hence, the most worth- 
less part of anything ; — usually in pi. 2. Residue. — 
dreg'gy (-1), a. 

HDrei'bimd 7 (drl'boont 7 ), n. [G. ; drei three + bund 
league.] A triple alliance ; specif., the alliance of Germany, 

. Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882, and termi- 
nated on the part of Italy in 1915. 

drench (drench), v. t. [AS. drencan to give to drink, to 
drench.] 1. To cause to drink ; esp., to dose by force ; also, 
to purge violently by physic ; scour. 2. To wet through and 
through ; soak. — Syn. See saturate. — n. 1. A draft, 
often one forced down the throat ; also, a potion that causes 
purging. 2. Act of drenching. 3. Something that drenches, 
or wets through and through. — drench'er, n. 

dress (dres),v.t. [OF. drecier to make straight, .prepare, ar- 
range, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct ; dis- + regere 
to rule.] 1. To arrange in exact line, as soldiers; align. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



DRESS COAT 



309 



DRIVE 



2. To make ready ; prepare (food, lumber, stone, etc.) for 
! use, for the market, etc. 3. To till, prune, or the like, as land, 
trees, etc. 4. To curry (as a horse) ; comb and brush (the 
hair) ; do up. 5. To prepare for display ; array ; deck ; as to 
dress a shop window. 6. To clothe ; specif., to clothe in for- 
mal dress. 7. To treat with remedies, bandages, etc., as a 
wound. 8.Torebuke ; scold ;beat ; — of ten used with down. 
— Syn. Attire, apparel, accouter, robe, trim, embellish. 
to dress a ship, Naut., to ornament her by hoisting the 
national colors and running lines of signal flags and other 
bunting from point to point. — to d. up or out, to d.ess 
elaborately, artificially, or pompously. 

— v. i. 1. Mil. To arrange one's self in due position in a 
line of soldiers ; — the word of command to form align- 
ment in ranks ; as Right, dress! 2. To make ready ; ar- 
range ; specif., to clothe one's self. 

— n. 1. Act of dressing. 2. Attire ; clothes; garments ; esp., 
fine or distinctive apparel. 3. A lady's gown. 4. Attention 
to, or skill in, dress; as, "men of pleasure, dress, and gal- 
lantry." — Syn. Clothing, vesture, raiment, garb, costume. 

dress coat. A man's coat with open front and with skirts 
behind only, worn in the evening. 

dress'er (dres'er), n. One who, or that which, dresses. 

dress'er, n. [F. dressoir.~\ 1. A bench on which something, 
as meat, is dressed. 2. A cupboard for dishes and cooking 
utensils. 3. Chest of drawers, or bureau, with mirror. U. S. 

dress goods. Fabrics for gowns. 

dress'ing, n. 1. Act of one who dresses. 2. That which is 
used to dress anything, as an application to a sore, manure 
for land, a condiment or sauce for food, stuffing, or force- 
meat, for fowls or other baked meat, etc. 3. Castigation ; 
scolding ; — often used with down. 

dressing gown, a loose govyn, such as is worn while mak- 
ing one's toilet or while resting. 

dress'mak'er (dres'mak'er), n. A maker of dresses. 

dress'mak'ing (-making), n. Art, process, or occupation 
of making dresses. 

dress'y (-T) , a. ; dress'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Attentive to 
dress. 2. Of garments, etc., stylish ; modish. Colloq. 

drew (droo), pret. of draw. 

drib (drib), v. t.; dribbed (dribd) ; drib'bing. [A modifi- 
cation of drip.] To do, take, drop, etc., little by little. Obs. 

drib'ble (drit/'l), v. t. ; -bled (-'id) ; -bling (-ling). [Freq. 
of drib.] 1. To let fall in drops. 2. In various games, to 
propel (the ball) by successive slight hits or kicks so as to 
keep control of it. — v. i. 1. To fall in drops ; trickle. 2. 
To slaver ; drivel. 3. In football, etc., to dribble the ball. 

— n. 1. A dribbling ; a trickling stream ; a small quantity of 
liquid. 2. A drizzling shower. Colloq. 3. An act of drib- 
bling a ball. 

drib'let, drib'blet ( -let ; 24 ), n. A small piece or part ; a 

small quantity or sum. 
dried (drld), pret. & p. p. of dry. 
dri'er, dry'er (dri'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, dries. 

2. A substance mixed with the oil for paints, varnishes, 
etc., to make it dry more quickly. 

dri'er, compar., dri'est, superl., of dry, a. 

drift (drift), n. [From drive."} 1. Act of driving; propul- 
sion ; controlling influence. 2. That which is forced or 
urged along ; as : a Anything driven at random, b A mass of 
matter which has been driven onward or heaped up, etc., 
esp. by wind or water ; as, a drift of snow, ice, sand, etc. 

3. Specif. : Geol. Material moved from one place and de- 
posited in another, as by a river or glacier. 4. State of being 
driven ; act or motion of drifting. 5. a Deviation of a ship 
from her course caused by currents, b A slow movement of 
oceanic waters, esp. of surface waters, subject to diversion 
or reversal by the wind. 6. Tendency of an act, argument, 
or the like ; purport ; also, meaning ; aim. 7. a Civil 
Engin. A small tunnel driven to connect two larger tun- 
nels or shafts, or to serve as a guide for subsequent excava- 
tion, b Mining. A horizontal passage, excavated under- 
ground ; strictly, one that follows the course of a vein or 
stratum. 8. In South Africa, a ford in a river. — Syn. See 

TENDENCY. 

— v. i. & t. 1. To float or drive along by or as by water or 
air. 2. To heap up by the force of wind. 3. Mining. To 
make a drift ; drive. 

drift'age (-aj),n. 1. Process of drifting; drift. 2. Anything 
that drifts or has drifted. 

drift'bolf (-bolt'), n. A bolt for driving out other bolts. 

drift'wood' (-wood'), n. Wood drifted by water ; fig., what- 
ever is drifting or floating as on water. 

drift'y (drift!), a. Full of drifts ; tending to form drifts, 

i as snow ; also, of a motion, drifting or having a random 
direction. 

drill (dril), n. [See drill to bore.] 1. An instrument for 

i 2 




1 Flat Drill ; 2 Flute ; 3 Single-twist ; 4 Two-groove. 



boring holes in hard substances. 2. A marine gastropod 
(Urosalpinx cinerea) destructive of oysters. 3. Act or 
exercise of training soldiers, as in the manual of arms, etc. ; 
hence, art of drilling in anything. 4. Any exercise, physical 
or mental, enforced with regularity. 

— v. t . & i. [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers).] 1. To 
pierce or bore with or as with a drill. 2. To train in the 
military art, as soldiers. 3. To instruct or practice thor- 
oughly in any art or branch of knowledge ; discipline ; hence, 
to impart (ideas) in this way. 

drill, n. [Cf. mandrill.] A West African baboon (Papio 

leucophseus) , smaller than the mandrill. 
drill, v. t. 1. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along, esp. 

with a drill. 2. To sow (ground) in drills. 

— n. 1. A rill. 06s. 2. Agric. a An implement for making 
holes or furrows into which it sows seeds, b A light furrow 
into which seed is sown, or the row of sown seed. 

drill, n. = drilling, a cloth. 

drill'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, drills. 

drill'ing, n. [G. drillich, fr. L. trilix having three threads.] 
A heavy twilled linen or cotton fabric. 

drill'ing, n. Action of one who, or that which, drills. 

drill'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. One who teaches drill or teaches 
by drilling ; esp., one who directs military drill. 

drill press. A machine for drilling holes in metal, the drill 
being pressed to the metal by the action of a screw. 

drill'stock' (dril'stok 7 ), n. Mach. A contrivance for hold- 
ing a drill. 

dri'ly (drl'lf). Var. of dryly. 

drink (drirjk),i>. t.; pret. drank (drarjk), formerly drunk 
(drunk) ; p. p. drunk and (chiefly used as an adjective) 
drunk'en (-'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. drink'ing. [AS. drincan.] 

1. To swallow (a liquid) ; imbibe. 2. To take in (a liquid) 
in any manner ; absorb ; imbibe. 3. To take in through the 
senses ; inhale, hear, see, etc. ; as, to drink in the beauty of 
a scene. 4. To drink a toast to ; as, to drink the President. 

— v. i. 1. To swallow anything liquid ; imbibe ; partake of 
something as if in satisfying thirst or taking a potion. 2. To 
drink alcoholic liquors, esp. to excess ; tipple. 

to drink to, to salute or pledge in drinking. 

— n. 1. Liquid to be swallowed ; beverage. 2. Intoxicating 
liquor. 3. Excessive drinking ; as, he has taken to drink. 4. 
A potion ; draft. — in drink, drunk. 

drink'a-ble (drirjk'd-b'l), a. Capable of beihg drunk; fit 

to drink. — n. A beverage ; — usually in pi. 
drink'er (-er), n. One who drinks ; specif., one who drinks 

alcoholic liquors to excess ; a drunkard. 
drink'-hail',™. [Icel.AeiMgoodluck.] The reply, drink good 

•health or good luck, formerly made to a pledge of wassail 

(AS. wses hal), that is, good health or good luck to you. 
drip (drip), v. t.; dripped (dript) or dript; drip'ping. 

To let fall in drops. — v. i. 1. To let fall 

drops of moisture or liquid. 2. To fall in 

drops.— n. 1. Act of dripping ; that which 

drips. 2. Arch. That part of a cornice, sill I 

course, etc., which projects to throw off the 

rain water; also, an overlapping metal 

strip for the same purpose. 
drip'ping, n. 1. A falling in drops; the 

sound so made. 2. That which so falls. 

dripping pan, a pan for catching the drippings from 

meat in roasting. 
drip'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. Arch. A stone drip. 2. Calcium 

carbonate in the form of stalactites or stalagmites. 
drive (drlv), v. t.; pret. drove (drov), Archaic drave 

(drav) ; p. p. driv'en (driv''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. driv'ing 

(driv'ing). [AS. drlfan.~\ 1. To impel away from, or 

along before, the impelling force ; to urge or push onward. 

2. Specif., in tennis, baseball, etc., to propel (the ball) 
swiftly by a direct stroke or forcible throw. 3. To dear, by 
forcing away, or rousing from covert, what is contained ; 
esp., to search (a district) for game. 4. To urge on and 
direct the motions of, as horses ; hence, also, to convey in a 
vehicle. 5. To advance by excavation or the like, as a 
tunnel. 6. To carry on or through energetically, as a trade. 
7. To urge, press, or bring to a point or state ; as, to drive 
one mad. 8. To urge to effort ; overtask. 

— v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence. 2. To be forced 
along ; be driven. 3. To go by, or pass in, a vehicle whose 
course is wholly or partly under one's direction. 4. To aim, 
or tend, to a point ; — usually used with at. 5. Golf. To 
make a stroke from the tee. See drive, n., 6. 6. Mining. 
To cut a gallery or tunnel. — Syn. See ride. 

— n. 1. Act of driving ; esp., a trip in a vehicle wholly or 
partly under one's control. 2. A road prepared esp. for 
driving. 3. Violent or rapid motion; esp., a hurried dis- 
patch of business. 4. A collection of objects driven, as of 
animals or floating logs. 5. In tennis, cricket, etc., the act 
of driving the ball ; the stroke or blow ; the flight of the ball 
so driven. See drive, v. t., 2. 6. Golf. A stroke from the tee, 
generally a full shot made with a driver; also, the distance 
covered by such a stroke. 7. Mining. A driven passage or 




Drip, Arch. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede? Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



DRIVEL 



310 



DRUBBER 



tunnel. 8. Mach. A driving gear ; as, a belt drive, a chain 
drive, etc. 9. An offering of goods or stocks at a low price, 
as in attempting to force prices down. Cant. 

driv'el (driv''l), v. i. ; -eled (-'Id) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el- 
ling. [AS. dreflian.] 1. To slaver or slobber, like a child 
or an idiot. 2. To flow from the mouth like spittle. 3. To 
be silly in speech. — v. t. 1. To make flow, or let flow, from 
the mouth. 2. To utter in an infantile or imbecile way. 

— n. 1. Slaver or slobber. 2. Foolish talk ; twaddle. 

driv'el-er, driv'el-ler (drTv''l-er), n. One who drivels. 

driv'en (driven), p. a. Forced or urged on. _ 
driven well, a well made by driving a tube into the earth 
to an aqueous stratum. 

driv'er (drlv'er), n. 1. One who drives, as a coachman, an 
overseer, etc. 2. Mach. A piece for imparting motion to an- 
other piece, either directly or indirectly ; specif. : a The first 
of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest, b Alocomo- 
tive driving wheel. 3. An implement used for driving, as a 
wooden-headed golf club for the longest strokes. 

drive'way 7 (drlv'wa 7 ), n. A passage, or way, along which 
vehicles or animals are driven. 

driv'ing (driv'mg), p. a. Having great force of impulse ; as, 
a driving wind ; also, communicating force ; impelling ; as, 
a driving shaft. 

driving wheel, Mach., a wheel that communicates mo- 
tion ; specif., one of the large wheels of a locomotive to 
which the coupling rods are attached and which are driven 
by the engine connecting rods ; driver. 

driz'Zle(driz''l),i;.z.;-ZLED(-'ld) ;-ZLiNG(driz']Tng). [Prob. 
freq. of ME. dresen to fall, AS. dreosan."] To rain in mi- 
nute drops. — v. t. 1. To shed in minute drops. 2. To 
wet with minute drops. — n. Fine rain like mist. 

driz'zly (-11), a. Characterized by fine rain or snow. 

droit (droit), n. [F. See direct.] A right; also, that to 
which one has a right ; a due ; in pi., dues ; duties. 

droi'tU-ral (droi'tu-ral), a. _ [F. droiture straightforward- 
ness.] Law. Relating to right or title of property, as dis- 
tinguished from right of possession ; as, droitural actions. 

droll (drol), a. [F. drole.~] Queer, and fitted to provoke 
laughter ; ludicrous from oddity. — Syn. Comic, comical, 
diverting, humorous, ridiculous, odd, facetious. See laugh- 
able. — n. One who raises mirth by odd tricks ; a buffoon. 
— v. i. To jest or make sport ; play the buffoon. 

droll'er-y (drol'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. A droll thing ; 
as : a A comic picture. Obs. or R. b A comic entertainment, 
as a puppet show ; also, a puppet. Obs. c A jest. 2. Jesting ; 
buffoonery. 3. Quality of being droll ; humor. 

-drome (-drom). [Gr. 8p6/ios a running, dpapelv to run.] A 
suffix signifying a running, course; as in hippodrome. 

drom'e-da-ry (drum'e-da-ri ; drom'-), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 
[F. dromadaire, LL. dromedarius, fr. L. dromas (sc. came- 
lus),ir. Gr. dpopas running.] Orig., any fleet camel bredesp. 
for riding ; now, more often, the Arabian, or one-humped, 
camel (Camelus dromedarius). 

drom'ond (drom'und ; drum'-), or drom'on (-wn), n. [OF. 
dromont, L. dromo, fr. Gr. 8p6p.wv light vessel.] A large, 
swift galley or cutter of medieval times. Hist, or Archaic. 

drom'os (drom'os), n.; pi. dromi (-1), or dromoi (-oi). [L., 
fr. Gr. 6p6/zos, fr. root of dpafietv to run.] 1. Class. Antiq. 
A course for foot races. 2. Archseol. A straight passage or 
avenue of approach, as to a temple or tomb. 

-dromous. [See -drome.] A suffix signifying running. 

drone (dron), n. [AS. dran.~] 1. The male of bees, esp. of the 
honeybee, which has no sting and gathers no honey. 2. A 
sluggard. — v. i. To move sluggishly ; live in idleness. — 
v. t. To spend in sluggish idleness. 

drone, v. i. & t. ; droned (drond) ; dron'ing (dron'mg). To 
make, or sound with, a low, dull, monotonous, murmuring 
sound ; to speak monotonously. — n. 1. A bagpipe or 
similar instrument ; also, one of the lowest tubes of a bag- 
pipe, or its tone. 2. One who speaks monotonously, as with 
a drawl. 3. A humming ; a deep sustained monotone. 

dron'go (dron'go), n.;pl. -gos (-goz). [Native name in 
Madagascar.] Any of a family (Dicruridse) of oscine pas- 
serine birds native to Asia, Africa, and Australia ; — called 
also drongo shrike. 

dron'ish (dron'ish), a. Like a drone; indolent; slow. 

drool ; drool), v. i. [Contr. fr. drivel.] To drivel. 

droop (droop), v. i. [Icel. drupa.'] 1. To sink or hang down, 
as from exhaustion. 2. To be dispirited or depressed ; lan- 
guish. 3. To decline to its end or close, as the day. — v. t. 
To let droop or sink. — n. A drooping. 

droop'y (-5Q, a. Tending to droop ; drooping. 

drop (drop), n. [AS. dropa.~] 1. The quantity of fluid that 
falls in one spherical mass ; liquid globule. 2. a A modicum 
of drink, b In pi. Any medicine measured by drops ; as, eye 
drops. C A minute quantity. 3. That which resembles a 
liquid drop, as an earring, a sugarplum, etc. Cf . gutta, n., 2. 
4. A sudden fall ; descent. 5. Whatever is arranged to drop 
or tall from an elevated position ; also, a contrivance for low- 
ering something ; as : a A trapdoor, b A curtain which 
drops in front of a stage, c A kind of press or hammer. 6. 



Depth to which, or distance through which, one drops ; spe* 
cif., Naut., the distance from the head to the foot of a 
course ; the height which is called hoist in all sails except 
courses. 7. An abrupt fall in level. 

— v. t. dropped (dropt) or dropt ; drop'ping. 1. To let fall 
in or like a drop or drops ; release to a downward motion. 2. 
To cover with drops; as, a coat dropped with gold. 3.Tolet 
go ; dismiss ; also, to quit. 4. To omit (as a letter) in writing 
or speaking. 5. To give birth to ; as, to drop a lamb. 6. To 
fell or bring down, as by a blow. 7. To lower, as one's eyes, 
voice, etc. 8. Naut. To leave behind ; — often with astern. 

— v. i. 1. To fall in drops. 2. To fall, or fall away ; sink. 3. 
To lower, as the voice. 4. To fall dead, or to fall as in death ; 
die. 5. To come unexpectedly or casually ; as, my friend 
dropped in. 6. To cease, as a quarrel. 7. To be deep in ex- 
tent ; as, her main topsail drops seventeen yards. 8. a To 
move (easily) down a river or out to sea ; — usually used 
with down, b To fall to the rear ; — used with behind, 
astern, or the like. 9. To be born ; also, to let young fall in 
giving birth ; — said of animals. 

drop curtain. = drop, »., 5 b. 

drop'-forge' (drop'forj'), v. t. To forge between dies by a 
drop hammer or drop press. — drop forging. 

drop hammer. Mech. A hammer for forging, striking up 
metal, etc., the weight being raised and then released ';o 
drop on the metal resting on an anvil or die. 

drop kick. Football. A kick given to the ball as it re- 
bounds after having been dropped from the hands ; also, 
the resulting flight of a ball or the distance covered. 

drop'let, n. A little drop. 

drop letter. A letter to be delivered from the office where 
posted. U. S. 

drop-light' (drop'llt'), n. An attachment to a gas fixture 
or electrolier for bringing light down nearer to a table or 
desk ; a pendant. 

drop'per (-er), n. One who, or that which, drops. 

drop'ping (drop'Ing), n. 1. Act of causing to drop or of let- 
ting drop ; falling. 2. That which falls in drops, as fat from 
roasting meat, the dung of animals, etc. 

drop press. A drop hammer. 

drop scene. A drop curtain on which a scene is painted. 

drop'si-cal (drop'si-kal), a. Affected with, or subject to, 
dropsy ; pertaining to dropsy. — drop'si-cal-ly, adv. 

drop'sy (drop's!), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). [OF. idropisie, L. 
hydropisis, fr. Gr. vdpcoxp, fr. vdcap water.] An unnatural ac- 
cumulation of serous fluid in any serous cavity of the body, 
or in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. — drop'sied (-sid),a. 

drop'wort' (drop'wurt'), n. 1. A British rosaceous plant 
{Filipendula filipendula), with odorless white or reddish 
flowers. 2. Any of a genus (CEnanthe) of apiaceous plants ; 
— usually with an attributive word, as water dropwort. 

drosh'ky (drosh'ki), dros'ky (dros'kT), n.; pi. -kies (-k!z). 
[Russ. drozhki."] A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used 
in Russia, in which the passengers ride as on a saddle. 

dross (dros ; 62), n. [AS. dros filth, lees.] 1. The scum 
or refuse matter thrown off from molten ore or metal. 2. 
Waste matter ; leavings ; refuse. 

dross'y (-T), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling dross; full of 
dross ; worthless. — dross'i-ness, n. 

drought (drout), drouth (drouth), n. [AS. drugaS, fr. 
drugian to dry.] 1. Dryness ; want of rain or water. 
2. Parched or desert land. Rare. 3. Thirst. 4. Lack. 

drought'y (drout'i) 1 a. Characterized by drought ; wanting 

drouth'y (drouth'i)J rain; arid; also, thirsty. 

drove (drov), n. [AS. draf, fr. drifan to drive.] 1. A col- 
lection of cattle driven or collected for driving. 2. Any col- 
lection of animals or a crowd of people, esp. when 
moving along together. 3. Masonry, a A broad 
chisel used to bring stone to a nearly smooth sur- 
face ; — called also drove chisel, b The grooved 
surface of stone finished by the drove chisel ; — 
called also drove work. — Syn. See flock. 

drove, pret. of drive. 

dro'ver (dro'ver), n. One who drives domestic 
animals to market ; hence, a dealer in cattle. 

drown (droun), v. i. To be suffocated or to perish in 
water or other liquid. — v. t. 1. To immerse in 
water or other liquid, or to kill by so doing. 2. To 
overwhelm; overpower; as, cheers drowned his^ 
voice. Drove 

drowse (drouz), v. i. & t.; drowsed (drouzd) ; Chisel. 
drows'ing. [AS. drusian, drusan, to sink, become in- 
active.] 1. To be or make heavy with sleepiness ; doze. 
2. To pass (time) as in drowsing. — n. A doze. 

drow'si-head (drou'zi-hed), n. Drowsiness. Archaic. 

drow'sy (-zi), a.; -si-er (-zi-er); -si-est. 1. Inclined to 
drowse. 2. Disposing to sleep; soporific. — Syn. See' 
sleepy. — drow'si-ly (-zi-H), adv. — drow'si-ness, n. 

drub (drub), v. t.; drubbed (drubd) ; drub'bing. 1. To 
beat, as with a stick ; thrash ; cudgel. 2. To stamp (the 
feet). — v. i. To tap or stamp ; drum. — n. A blow with 
a cudgel; thump. — drub'ber (drub'er), n. 



in I 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, so£d; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DRUDGE 



3ir 



DUB 



drudge (druj), v. i. ; drudged (drujd) ; drudg'tog. To per- 
form drudgery. — n. One who drudges ; a servant ; a hack. 

drudg'er-y (-er-i), n. Work or toil that is mean, irksome, 
or distasteful. — Syn. See work. 

drug (drug), n. [F. drogue.'] 1. Any substance used me- 
dicinally, or, formerly, in dyeing, chemistry, or the arts. 

2. A commodity in little or no demand ; as, a drug on 
the market, —v. t. /drugged (drugd) ; drug'ging (drugg- 
ing). To affect with drugs ; esp., to stupefy by a narcotic. 

drug'get (-et), n. [F. droguet.] 1. a Formerly, a woolen 
or mixed stuff for clothing, b Now, a coarse woolen felt or 
woven cloth. 2. Anything, as a floor covering, of drugget. 

drug/gist (-Jst), n. One who deals in drugs ; an apothecary. 

dru'id (droc/id), n. [L. Druides, Druidae, pi.] One of a 
religious order among the ancient Celts. ess, n. fern. 

dru-id'ic (droo-id'ik)1a. Pertaining to or resembling the 

dru-id'i-cal (-T-kdl) / druids. 

dru'id-ism (droo'id-Tz'm), n. The system of religion/phi- 
losophy, and instruction received and taught by the druids ; 
the rites and ceremonies of the druids. 

drum (drum), n. [Gael, druim ridge of a hill.] 1. A long, 
narrow hill or ridge. Ir. & Scot. 2. Geol. = drumlin. 

drum, n. 1. A musical instrument having a stretched 
skin or vellum head or heads, beaten with a stick or pair 
of sticks in playing. 2. The sound of this instrument. 

3. Mil. A drummer. 4. Anything suggestive of a drum, 
as the tympanum of the ear, a cylindrical part of a machine, 
etc. 5. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable peo- 
ple at a private house ; a rout. 06s. or Hist. 

— v. i. ; drummed (driimd) ; druh'mtng. 1. To beat or play 
on a drum. 2. To beat with the fingers as with drumsticks ; 
make a noise like that of a beaten drum. — v. t. 1. To as- 
semble by or as by beat of drum ; to collect ; — used with 
up. 2. To expel ignominiously with beat of drum ; — usu- 
ally used with out. 3. To drive or force by reiteration. 4. 
To strike or thump as in beating a drum. 

drum'beat' (-beV), n. The sound of a beaten drum. 

drum'ble (drum'b'l;-'l), v.i. To be sluggish or lazy; be 
confused ; move sluggishly. Obs. or Dial. 

drum'fisb/ (drum'fishO, n. Any of various fishes (family 
Scixnidse) which are capable of making a drumming noise. 

drum'head' (drum'hed'), n. 1. The parchment or skin 
stretched ever one end of a drum. 2. The tympanic mem- 
brane. 3. The top of a capstan, which is pierced with sock- 
ets for levers used in turning it. 

drumhead court-martial. Mil. A summary court-mar- 
tial to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march. 
It is sometimes held round a drumhead as table. 

drum/lin (drumTm), n. [Gael, druim the ridge of a hill.] 
Geol. An elongate or oval hill of glacial drift. 

drum major. The marching leader of a band or drum corps. 

drum'mer (drum'er), n. 1. One who beats or plays the 
drum, as in a band. 2. A commercial traveler. Chiefly U. S. 

Drum'mond light (-wnd). [From Thomas Drummond, 
British naval officer.] a = limelight, b A kind of heliostat. 

drum'stick' (-stik'), n. 1. A stick for beating a drum. 
2. The segment of a fowl's leg between thigh and tarsus. 

drunk (drunk), p. p. (formerly also pret.) of drink. Hence : 
a. 1. Intoxicated with strong drink, or, fig., with a narcotic, 
with anger, etc. 2. Drenched with moisture or liquid. 
Syn. Drunk, drunken, intoxicated, inebriated. 
Drunk is the plain-spoken, direct, and inclusive term ; 
intoxicated may be exactly synonymous with drunk, but 
is often applied more or less euphemistically to one who is 
but slightly under the influence of liquor ; inebriated, in 
common parlance, is chiefly euphemistic; as, (colloq.) 
drunk as a fiddler, dead drunk ; he was slightly intoxicated. 
Drunk and drunken differ in that drunk is commonly used 
predicatively, while drunken is chiefly attributive. Drunk- 
en often suggests habitual inebriation ; it also applies to 
whatever pertains to, or proceeds from, intoxication ; as, 
an idle, drunken loafer ; a drunken sleep. 

— n. A drunken condition ; a spree ; also, a drunken person. 
Slang. [ally drinks strong liquors to excess. I 

drunk/ard (-drd), n. [drunk -f- -ard.~] One who habitu-| 

drunk'en (-'n), a. 1. Overcome by strong drink; drunk. 
2. Saturated with liquid or moisture ; drenched. 3. Per- 
taining to, or characterized by, intoxication. — Syn. See 
drunk. — drunk^en-ly, adv. — drunk'en-ness, n. 

dru-pa'ceous (droo-pa/shus), a. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, drupes ; bearing drupes. 

drupe ( droop ) n. [L. drupa an overripe, wrinkled olive, 
Gr. 6pu7nra.] A fruit consisting of 
a pulpy, leatherlike, or fibrous outer 
covering and a woody or bony inner 
shell, or stone, inclosing a single 
seed, as in the plum, cherry, and 
peach. See fruit, Illust. 

drupe'let (-let), n. A small drupe, as 
one of the pulpy grains of the black- 
berry. See fruit, Illust. 

Druse (drooz), n. [Ar. duruz, pi.] 
One of a people and religious sect of Drupe of Peach 




Mohammedan origin, dwelling chiefly in the Lebanon 
Mountains of Syria. — Dru'se-an (droo'ze-dn), or Dru'si- 
an (-zl-dn), a. — Druse'dom (drdoz'dum), n. 

druse (drooz), n. [G. druse crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. 
druza.] Min. a A surface covered with small projecting 
crystals, b A cavity in a rock, as in a geode, having its inte- 
rior studded with crystals and sometimes filled with water. 
— dru'sy (droo'zT), drused (droozd), a. 

dry (drl), a.; dri'er (drl'er) ; driest. [AS. dryge."] 1. 
Free from moisture ; not wet or moist. 2. Designating, 
pert, to, or characterized by, absence, dissipation, etc., of 
moisture or fluid ; as : a Of animals, not giving milk, b 
Thirsty ; needing drink, c Not shedding, or accompanied 
by, tears, d Of war, death, injuries, etc., without bloodshed. 
e Of commodities, solid, as opposed to liquid, f Having 
the sale of intoxicating liquor prohibited ; as, a dry town ; a 
dry Sunday. Slang, U. S. g Of toast, without butter. 3. 
Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard ; 
hence : sharp ; shrewd ; quaint ; as, dry wit. 4. Barren ; 
unembellished ; jejune ; plain ; as, a dry speech. 5. Free 
from sweetness ; — said esp. of wines. 
Syn. Uninteresting, insipid, vapid, jejune, sterile, dull, 
pointless, tiresome, fruitless, unprofitable, arid. — Dry, 
arid. Dry is the general term for what is destitute of 
moisture ; arid suggests definitely a parched or dried-up 
condition, esp. with reference to regions or tracts of land ; 
as, dry grass, eyes ; a dry season ; an arid waste, desert. 
dry battery, Elec, a battery of dry cells. — dry cell, Elec., 
a primary cell, generally of the Leclanche type, in which 
the electrolyte is absorbed in a porous material, so that 
the contents of the cell are made practically solid. — 
dry dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or 
pumped out ; — used in constructing or repairing ships. 
The name includes several varieties, as graving docks, 
floating docks, hydraulic docks, etc. — dry goods, textile 
fabrics, — in distinction from groceries. Chiefly U. S. — 
dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or 
coarse articles, esp. the system in which 2 pints = 1 quart, 
8 quarts = 1 peck, 4 pecks = 1 bushel. — dry nurse, a 
nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand. — dry 
point, Fine Arts, an engraving made with the needle in- 
stead of the burin, and finished without acid ; also, the 
needle. — dry rot. a A decay of seasoned timber, caused 
esp. by any of several species of fungus, b Loosely, any of 
various fungous diseases of vegetables or fruits, or the 
fungus causing it. 

— v. t. & i. ; dried (drld) ; dry'ing. To make or become dry. 

— n.; pi. dries (drlz). 1. Dry condition. 2. That which is 
dry. 3. A prohibitionist. Slang, U. S. 

dry'ad (-ad), n. [L. dryas, pi. -ades, Gr. Spv&t, fr. Spvs 
oak, tree.] Class. Myth. A wood nymph ; a nymph whose 
life is bound up with that of her tree. ad'ic (-ad'ik), a. 

dry'as (dri'as), n.; pi. dryades (-d-dez). [L. See dryad.] 
Class. Myth. A dryad. 

dry'-clean' \v. t. To cleanse (a garment) with gasoline, 

dry'— cleanse 7 ] benzine, or the like. 

dry'er. Var. of drier. 

dry'ing, p. a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust moisture ; 
as, a drying wind. 2. Having the quality of rapidly becom- 
ing dry, as certain oils. 

dry'ly (drl'li), adv. In a dry manner. 

dry'ness, n. Quality or state of being dry. 

dry'nurse 7 (drl'nursO, v. t. To tend as a dry nurse. 

dry'salt'er (dri'sol'ter), n. A dealer in products that are 
salted or dried, or, also, in drugs, dyes, resins, etc. Eng. 

dry'salt'er-y (-!), n. The articles kept by a drysalter ; also, 
the business of a drysalter. Eng. 

dry'— shod', a. Without wetting the shoes or the like. 

du'ad (du'5d), n. [See dyad.] A union of two ; a pair. 

du'al (-al), a. [L. dualis, fr. duo two.] 1. Pertaining to 
two ; as, the dual number. 2. Twofold ; double. — n. 
The dual number, as in Greek ; a word in that form. 

du'al-in (du'dl-In), n. [dual, a. + -in.] A kind of dyna- 
mite consisting of nitroglycerin, sawdust, and saltpeter. 

du'al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. State of being dual, or twofold ; 
duality. 2. Any system founded on a dual principle, or a 
twofold distinction. 3. Specif. : a Theol. (1) The doctrine 
that the universe is under the dominion of two opposing 
principles, a good and an evil. (2) A view of man as con- 
stituted of two original and independent elements, as 
matter and spirit, b Philos. Any theory which considers 
the ultimate nature of the universe to be twofold, or to be 
constituted by two mutually irreducible elements, as, for 
example, thought and matter ; — contrasted with monism 
and pluralism. 4. Gram. Expression of duality, as by 
the dual. — du'al-ist, n. — du'al-is'tic (-Ks'tik), a. 

du-al'i-ty (du-Sl'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being duaL 

dub (dub), v. t.; dubbed (dubd); dub'bing. [AS. dubban 
to dub a knight, fr. OF.] 1. To confer knighthood on. See 
accolade. 2. To invest with any dignity or new charac- 
ter ; call ; style. 3. To dress or work smooth, as a timber. 

dub, v. t. & i. To thrust or make a thrust ; poke. — n. 
1. A drumbeat or like sound. 2. A blow. Rare. 



H 



J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



DUB-A-DUB 



312 



DULCINEA 



dub'-a-dub' (duVd-duV), re. The sound of drum beating ; 
also, a drummer. — v. t. & i. To drum. 

dub'bing (-ing), re. 1. Act of dubbing. 2. a A dressing of 
flour and water used by weavers ; a mixture of oil and tallow 
for dressing leather, b The body substance of an angler's fly. 

du-bi'e-ty (du-bI , e-ti),du / bi-os , i-ty (du'bi-os'i-ti),™.;^. 
-ties (-tiz). Dubiousness or an instance of it. 

du'bi-OUS (du'bi-us), 0# [l_ dubiosus, dubius, fr. duo 
two.] 1. Occasioning doubt ; as, a dubious answer. 2. 
Doubtful, or not settled in opinion. 3. Of uncertain 
event or issue ; as, in dubious battle. 4. Of questionable 
character ; as, a dubious transaction. — Syn. Doubting, 
undetermined ; equivocal. See doubtful. — du'bi-ous-ly, 
adv. — du'bi-ous-ness, re. 

du'bi-ta-ble (-td-b'l), a. Liable to be doubted ; uncertain. 

du'bi-tate (du'bi-tat), v. i.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed), -tat'ing. 
[L. dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare. See doubt.] To doubt. R. 

du'bi-ta'tion (-ta'shun), re. [L. dubitatio.] Act or state 
of doubting ; doubt ; an instance of doubting. 

du'bi-ta-tive (du'bi-ta-tiv), a. [L. dubitativus.] 1. 
Tending or given to doubt; doubtful. 2. Expressing 
doubt ; as, a dubitative conjunction. ta-tive-ly, adv. 

du'cal (-kdl), a. [F.] Of or pert, to a duke or dukedom. 

duc'at (duk'ot), re. [F., fr. It., fr. LL., fr. L. dux leader.] 

1. A former gold coin worth about $2.28, first coined in 
Venice in 1284. 2. An old Venetian money of account. Obs. 

duc'a-toon' (duk'd-toon'Xre. [F. or Sp. ducaton. SeeDUCAT.] 
A silver coin of varying value, formerly current in Europe. 

duch'ess (duch'es), re. [F. duchesse, fr. due duke.] The 
wife or widow of a duke ; also, a lady who has the sov- 
ereignty of a duchy in her own right. 

duch'y (-1), re.; pi. duchies (-iz). [F. duche, fr. L. dux 
leader.] The territory of a duke or duchess ; a dukedom. 

duck (duk), re. [D. doek cloth, canvas.] 1. A linen (or 
sometimes cotton) fabric, finer and lighter than canvas. 

2. In pi. Light clothes, esp. trousers, of duck. Colloq. 
duck, re. [AS. duce.~\ 1. Any of numerous flat-billed 

waterfowl of the family (Anatidas) including the geese, 
swans, and mergansers. 2. A female duck as distinguished 
from the male, or drake. 3. A pet ; darling. Colloq. 4. 

! A disabled person or thing ; — esp. in a lame duck. 
duck and drake, or ducks and drakos, the sport or 
pastime of throwing flat stones or shells so that they will 
skim or bound along the surface of the water ; hence : to 
play, or play at, ducks and drakes with, or to make 
ducks and drakes of, to throw away heedlessly or 
squander foolishly. 

duck, v. t. & i. [ME. duken, douken, to dive.] 1. To thrust 
or plunge under water or other liquid and suddenly with- 
draw. 2. To bow ; bob down, as one's head. 3. To cringe 
or to avoid, as a blow, by ducking. Colloq. — re. A sudden 
inclination, as of the head ; a dip or quick plunge. 

duck'bill' (-bil'), n. A small aquatic monotreme (Ornitho- 
rhynchus anatinus) of Australia and Tasmania, having a 
bill resembling that of a duck. 

duck'er (duk'er), re. One who, or that which, ducks. 

duck'er, n. One who raises ducks; a hunter of ducks. 

duck'— foot'ed, a. Poultry. Having the hind toe more or 
less forwardly directed ; — said of domestic fowls. 

ducking Stool. A stool or chair in which common scolds, 
disorderly women, or the like, were formerly tied, and 
plunged into water, as a punishment. See cucking STOOL. 

duck'ling, re. A young or little duck. 

duck mole. The duckbill. 

duck'pin/ (duk , pin / ), re. Tenpins, a A short, stout form 
of pin bowled at with small balls, b [In form duckpins, 
but construed as a sing.'] The game played with such pins. 

duck'weed' (duk'wed'), n. [So called because it is eaten by 
ducks.] Any of a family (Lemnacese) of very small, free- 
floating aquatic plants, esp. any of a genus (Lemna) which 
includes some of the smallest seed plants. 

duct (dukt), re. [L. ductus a conducting, conduit, fr. du- 
cere, ductum, to lead.] 1. Anatomy. A tube or vessel, 
esp. one that carries off the secretion of a gland. 2. Any 
tube or canal by which a fluid or other substances is con- 
ducted or conveyed. 

duc'tile (duk'til), a. [L. ductilis, fr. ducere to lead.] 
1. Capable of being permanently drawn out or hammered 
thin ; — said esp. of metals, as gold. 2. Easily led ; tractable. 
— Syn. Pliant, pliable, flexible ; compliant, docile, facile. 

duc-til'i-ty (duk-til'i-ti), n. Quality of being ductile. 

dud (dud), n. 1. A garment or article of clothing ; in pi., 
clothes, esp. old or cast-off ones. Colloq. or Slang. 2. In pi. 
Things in general ; "traps" ; belongings. Slang or Dial. 

dude (dud), n. A dandy; exquisite; fop. Colloq. 

du-deen' (doo-den'), n. [Ir. duidin.~\ A short tobacco pipe. 

dudg'eon (duj'wn), n. Anger ; ill humor ; as, in dudgeon; 
in high dudgeon, etc. — Syn. See resentment. 

dudg'eon, n. A haft or handle of a dagger, made of a certain 
wood ; also, a dagger with such a handle. Obs. or Archaic. 

dud'ish (dud'Tsh), a. Like, or characteristic of, a dude. 

duds (dudz), re. pi. See dud. 



due (du), a. [OF. deu, p. p. of devoir to owe, L. debere.l 
1. Owed or owing as a debt, necessity, or right ; inevitable ; 
as, money due; death is due to mortals. 2. Capable of 
satisfying an obligation ; sufficient ; as, in due time ; also, 
appointed ; regular ; as, due process of law. 3. Owing or 
attributable (to something) ; as, death due to pneumonia. 
4. Appointed to arrive (at a given time) ; as, the steamer 
is due to-morrow. 

— n. That which is due or owed ; as, to give one his due. 

— adv. 1. Duly. Archaic. 2. Directly ; as, due east. 
due'bill' (du'bTl'), n. Com. A written acknowledgment of 

a debt, not made payable to order like a promissory note 

du'el (dQ'el), n. [It. duello, fr. L. duellum, orig., a con- 
test between two, duo two.] A combat between two per- 
sons fought with deadly weapons by agreement, usually 
before witnesses (seconds) on each side. — v. i. & t. ; -eled 
(-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To fight or kill in a 
duel. — du'el-er, du'el-ler (-er), n. 

du'el-ist, du'el-list, n. One who fights in single combat, 
esp. in formal duels. 

du-el'lo (doo-el'o), n.; pi. -los (-oz). [It.] 1. A duel. 
Obs. or R. 2. The rules of dueling. 

du-en'na (du-en'd), n. [Sp. duena, fr. L. domina. See 
dame.] 1. An elderly lady in charge of the younger ladies 
m a Spanish family. 2. A governess ; chaperon. 

du-et' (-ef), re. [It. duetto, dim. of duo duet, It. & L. duo 
two.] Music. A composition for two performers. 

duff (dtif), n. [Same word as dough.] A stiff flour pud- 
ding, boiled in a bag ; as, plum duff. 

duff, n. 1. The ground covering of decayed vegetable 
matter in forests. Chiefly U. S. 2. Fine coal ; slack. 

duff, v. t. To give a specious appearance to ; fake ; hence, to 
cheat. Colloq. or Slang. 

duffel (duf'el), re. [D., fr. Duffel, a town near Antwerp.] 
A kind of coarse woolen cloth having a thick nap. 

duff'er (duf'er), n. 1. A peddler or hawker, esp. of cheap, 
flashy articles. Slang, Eng. 2. A stupid, awkward, ineffi- 
cient person. Colloq. 

dug (dug), pret. & p. p. of dig. 

dug, n. A teat, pap. 

du'gong (doo'gong), 
n. [Malay duyong, 
or Jav. duyung.] An 
aquatic herbivorous 
mammal (Dugong 
dugong), allied tothe 
manatee, inhabiting 
the Red Sea, Indian Dugong^ (£ 6 ). 

Ocean, etc. The male has tusklike upper incisors. 

dug'OUt' (dugfoutO, n. 1. A boat made by hollowing out 
a log. Chiefly U. S. 2. A rude shelter, as one dug in a 
hillside. U. S. 

dui'ker, dui'ker-bok (dl'ker-bok), re. [D. duiker diver + 
bok a buck, lit., diver buck; — from its habit of diving 
suddenly into the bush.] Any of a genus (C ephalophus) 
of African antelopes. 

duke (duk), re. [F. due, fr. L. dux, ducis, leader, command- 
er, ducere to lead.] 1. In some European countries, a 
sovereign prince, ruler of a duchy. 2. In Great Britain 
and some other countries, a nobleman of the highest heredi- 
tary rank after that of prince. — v. i. To play the duke. 

duke'dom (-diim), re. A duchy or the title of a duke. 

Du-kho-bors' (dd6-Ko-borz'), Du-kho-bor'tsy (-bor'ts!), 
re. pi. [Russ. dukhobortsy spirit wrestlers ; dukh spirit -f- 
bortsy wrestlers.] A Russian religious and communistic 
sect of peasants, many of whom have emigrated to Canada. 

dul'cet (dul'set), a. [OF. doucet, dim. of douz sweet, L. 
dulcis.] 1. Sweet to the taste. Obs. or R. 2. Sweet to 
the eye, feeling, or, usually, the ear ; melodious ; soothing. 

— re. Music, a A wind instrument, b An organ stop like 
the dulciana, but an octave higher. 

duFci-an'a (dul'sT^n'd), re. [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet.] 

An organ stop having metal pipes, and a tone of sqft, sweet, 

stringlike quality. [state of being dulcified. 

dul'ci-fi-ca'tion (-sT-fi-ka'shwn), re. Act of dulcifying, or| 
dul'ci-fy (dial'si-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. dulcis 

sweet + -fy-] To sweeten, as to the taste or in temper. 
dul'ci-mer (-mtr), re. 

[OF. doulcemer, doulce- 

mele, fr. L. dulcis sweet 

-f- melos song, Gr. fik\os.] 

1. A musical instrument 

having metallic strings, 

played with two light 

hammers. 2. An ancient 





Dulcimer. 

Jewish musical instrument, 
thought to have been a kind of bagpipe. 
Dul-cin'e-a (dul-sin'e-d ; dul'sT-ne'd), re. 1. Short for 



Dul-cin'e-a del To-bo'so (del to-bo'so; Sp. ddol'the- 
na'a del to-bo'so), a name given by Don Quixote to his 
ladylove, Aldonza Lorenzo, a peasant girl of Toboso. 2. A 
mistress ; sweetheart. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DULIA 



313 



DUPE 



du-li'a (du-li'd), n. [LL., fr. Gr. 8ov\ela servitude, fr. 
SoOXos slave.] R. C. Ch. An inferior kind of veneration 
given to the angels and saints ; — distinguished from latria. 

dull (dul), a. 1. Slow of understanding ; stupid. 2. Slow in 
perception or sensibility ; hence : unfeeling ; insensible ; as, 
the dull clods. 3. Slow in action ; sluggish ; as, dull trade ; 
hence : heavy ; listless ; inert. 4. Furnishing little delight, 
spirit, or variety ; uninteresting ; gloomy ; as, a dull story ; 
a dull day. 5. Not keen or sharp in edge or point. 6. Not 
bright or clear to the eye ; obscure ; dim ; as, dull colors. 7. 
Muffled ; not clear, as sounds. — Syn. Lifeless, inanimate, 
dead ; gross, obtuse ; sleepy, drowsy ; tedious, irksome ; 
clouded, tarnished. See blunt. 

— v. t. & i. To make or become dull. 
dull'ard (dul'drd), n. A stupid person ; a dunce. 
dull'ness (dul'nes) , n. Quality or state of being dull. 
dul'ly (-IT), adv. In a dull manner. 

dulse (dills), n. [Gael, duileasg.] Any of several coarse 
red seaweeds (esp. Rhodymenia palmata) used as food, as 
in Scotland and Iceland. 

du'ly (du'lT), adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner. 

du'ma (doo'ma), n. In Russia, a council; specif, [cap.], 
the Russian parliament, created by imperial ukase in 1905. 

dumb (dum), a. [AS. dumb.'] 1. Destitute of the power of 
speech. 2. Not willing to speak ; mute ; silent. 3. Lacking 
in something usual or normal ; as, a dumb piano, a keyboard 
instrument giving no notes ; dumb chamber, one with no 
opening for light or air ; dumb barge, one depending on out- 
side power, as of a tow or the tide, for locomotion. 4. Dull ; 
stupid. Colloq., U. S. 

Syn. Silent, still, quiet, mute, speechless, inarticulate. — 
Dumb, mute, speechless, inarticulate. Dumb and 
mute are often used interchangeably ; as, deaf and dumb, 
deaf mutes. Dumb, oftener than mute, implies lack of the 
power or ability to speak, esp. as in the case of brute 
animals and inanimate objects ; mute emphasizes the fact 

1 of silence, from whatever cause ; as, dumb brutes, idols, 
stones ; he stood mute before his accusers. Speechless 
commonly implies deprivation of the power of speech. 

, Inarticulate implies either lack of the power to speak at 
all, or (esp.) inability to speak intelligibly, on account of 
powerful emotion ; as, inarticulate with rage. 
dumb ague, a form of intermittent fever with no well- 
defined "chill." U. S. — d. show, a Formerly, a part of 
a dramatic representation shown in pantomime, b Signs 
and gestures without words. [gymnastic exercise. 

dumb'— bell', n. A kind of weight used (esp. in pairs) in 

dumbfound', dumb'found'er. Vars. of 

DUMFOUND, DUMFOUNDER. 

dumb'ly, adv. In a dumb manner. 

dumb'ness, n. Quality or state of being 
dumb. 

dumb'-wait'er, n. 1. A portable serv- 
ing table or stand. 2. A kind of lift, or 
elevator, for dishes, etc. Dumb-Bell. 

dum'dum (dum'dum), n., or dumdum bullet. [From 
Dumdum, India.] A kind of expanding bullet. 

dum'found', dumb'found' (dum'found'), v. t. [dumb -f 
confound.] To strike dumb, as with astonishment. 

dum'found'er, dumb'found'er, v. t. = dumfound. 

dum'my (dum'i), a. [From dumb.] 1. Silent ; mute ; noise- 
less ; as, a dummy^ engine. 2. Fictitious or sham ; feigned. 
3. Apparently acting for one's self, but really for another ; 
as, a dummy director. 4. Card Playing. Played with a 
dummy ; as, dummy whist. 

— n.; pi. -mtes (-iz). 1. One dumb ; hence, one habitually 
silent and inactive. 2. In various four-handed card games, 
as bridge, an exposed hand played by the opposite player. 
3. A dolt. Colloq. 4. One ostensibly acting for himself, but 
really acting for another. 5. An imitation or copy of some- 
thing, to be used as a substitute ; a sham. 6. Hence, vari- 
ously : a A model or lay figure on which clothing is exhib- 
ited, b Railroads. A locomotive with condensing engines, 
and, hence, without a blast pipe, c Dummy whist. 

— v. t. & i. To get, take, or act as a dummy. 

dump (dump), n. 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind; 
low spirits ; — now only in pi. and often humorous. 2. A 
melancholy strain or tune in music ; a tune. Obs. 

dump, n. A thick, ill-shaped piece, as a clumsy leaden 
counter used by boys in games, or a globular confection. 

dump, v. t. 1. To drop or throw down ; hence, to unload, 

1 as coal from a cart by tilting it. 2. Com. To offer for sale in 
quantity at a very low price or practically regardless of the 
price. — v. i. 1. To drop down. 2. To deposit something 
m a heap or mass, as from a cart. Chiefly U. S. — n. A 
place for dumping anything, as rubbish ; also, that which is 
dumped. Chiefly U. S. — dump'er, n. 

dump'i-ness (dum'pT-nes) , n. Quality or state of being 
dumpy. 

dump'ish (dump'ish), a. Dull ; stupid ; sad ; melancholy. 
— dump'ish-ly, adv. — dump'ish-ness, n. 

dump'ling (-ling), n. [dump an ill-shaped piece + 1st 
-ling.] 1. A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as 




a sort of pudding ; often, a cover of paste inclosing fruit and 
boiled or baked. 2. A fat dumpy person or animal. Colloq. 

dump'y (dum'pl), a.; dump'i-er (-pT-er) ; -i-est. [From 
dump sadness.] Sullen or discontented. Colloq. 

dump'y, a. Short and thick ; of proportionately low stature. 

dun (dun), v. t. & i.; dunned (dilnd) ; dun'ning. To ask 
or beset for payment ; urge importunately. — n. 1. One 
who duns. 2. An urgent request or demand of payment. 

dun, o. [AS. dunn.] Yellowish or grayish brown. — n. 

1. Dun color. 2. a A May fly. b Angling. A dun fly. 
dunce (duns), n. [From Joannes Duns Scotus, a School- 
man called the Subtle Doctor, who died in 1308.] One 
backward in book learning ; a dullard ; dolt ; — alluding to 
the fact that the followers of Duns Scotus were violently 
opposed to the new studies in the Renaissance. 

Dun'ci-ad (dun'sT-ad), n. The epic of dunces ; — title of a 
famous satirical poem by Pope. 

dun'der-head' (dun'der-hed'), dun'der-pate' (-pat'), n. A 
dunce ; numskull. — dun'der-head'ed, a. 

dune (dun), n. [F.] A hill or ridge of sand piled up by 
the wind. Dunes are common along shores. 

dun fly (dun). Angling. Any of various dun, or dark-col- 
ored flies, natural or artificial, used as bait. 

dung (dung), n. [AS. dung.] Manure ; feces. 

dun'ga-ree (dun'gd-re), n. Also dun'ga-ri (-re). [Hind. 
dungrl.] A coarse kind of East Indian cotton stuff worn 
by the poorer classes, and also used for tents, sails, etc. 

dun'geon (dun'jun), n. [F. donjon, fr. LL. domnio, do- 
minio, for L. dominium, fr. dominus lord.] 1. A donjon. 

2. A close, dark prison or vault, commonly underground. 
dung'hill' (dung'hTl'), n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean 

situation, condition, or thing ; a vile abode. 

dung'y (-1), a. Of the nature of dung ; filthy ; vile. 

dun'ite (dun'It), n. [From Dun Mountain, New Zealand.] 
Petrog. A granitoid igneous rock consisting chiefly of 
olivine with a little chromite or other spinel. 

Dun'ker (dun'ker), Dun'kard (-kdrd), n. [G. tunken to 
dip.] _ One of a religious denomination whose tenets and 
practices are mainly those of the Baptists ; — called offi- 
cially German Baptist Brethren. 

dun'lin (dun'lin), n. A species 
(Pelidna alpina) of sandpiper. 

dun'nage (dun'aj), n. Naut. 
1. Loose stuff used under or 
around the cargo to prevent in- 
jury. 2. Baggage or personal 
effects ; — so called esp. by 
sailors. 

dunn'ite (-It), n. [After Major 
B. W. Dunn, the inventor.] An 
explosive resembling maximite. 

|| du'o (doo'o), n. ; pi. It. dui (-e), 
E. duos (-oz). [It.] A duet, esp. an instrumental duet. 

du'o- (du'o-). Combining form from Latin duo, or (irregu- 
larly) Greek Sio, two. 

du'o-dec'i-mal (du'6-deVT-mdl), a. [L. duodecim twelve. 
See dozen.] Proceeding by, or expressed in the scale of, 
twelves. — n. 1. A twelfth part. 2. In pi. Arith. A sys- 
tem of numbers whose denominations rise in a scale of 
twelves. 

du'0-dec'i-mo (-mo), a. [L. in duodecimo in twelfth.] Hav- 
ing 12 leaves to a sheet, as a book. — n. ; pi. -mos (-moz). 
A size (commonly about 5X7J inches) of a book, or of its 
pages, resulting, originally, from folding each sheet into 12 
leaves ; also, a book of such size ; — often written \2mo or 12°. 

du'o-de'nal (-de'ndl), a. Of or pertaining to the duodenum. 

du'o-den'a-ry (-den'd-n), a. [L. duodenarius, fr. duo- 
deni twelve each.] Containing twelve; twelvefold; in- 
creasing by twelves ; duodecimal ; having the radix twelve. 

du'o-de-ni'tis (-de-nl'tis), n. [NL. ; duodenum + -itis.] 
Med. Inflammation of the duode" im. 

du'0-de'num (du'6-de'nwm), n. ; L. pi. -na (-nd). [NL., fr. 
L. duodeni twelve each ; — because about twelve fingers' 
breadth in length.] The part of the small intestine next be- 
low the stomach, that is, between the pylorus and jejunum. 

du'0-graph (du'6-graf), n. Photo-engraving. A picture 
printed from two half-tone plates made with the screen set 
at different angles, and usually printed in two shades of the 
same color or in black and one tint. 

du'o-logue (du'6-log), n. [duo- -\--logue, as in monologue. _ 
A dialogue between two. [Italian cathedral. 

Hduo'mo (dwo'mo;7i.dwo'mo),7i. ;pl. -mi (-me). [It.] An 

du'O-tone (du'S-ton), n. Photo-engraving. Any picture 
printed in two shades of the same color. 

du'o-type (-tip), n. Photo-eng. A print from two half-tone 
plates from the same negative, but etched differently. 

dup (dup),v.t. [Contr. fr. do up, that is, to lift upthe latch.] 
To open ; as, to dup the door. Obs. or Dial. 

dup'a-ble (dup'd-b'l), a. Capable of being duped. 

dupe (dup), n. [F., fr. OF. duppe, equiv. to F. huppe hoo- 
poe, a foolish bird, easily caught.] One who has been 
deceived or one who is easily deceived; a gull. — v. t.; 




Dunlin. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (5U); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 






G 



H 



J 



K 



M 




DUPER 



314 



DUTY 



duped (dupt), dup'ing (dup'Ing). To deceive ; trick ; gull. 

— Syn. See cheat. 

dup'er (dup'er), n. One who dupes. _ [is duped. I 

dup'er-y ( 1), n. Act or practice of duping ; state of one who) 

du'ple (du'p'l), a. [L. duplus.J Double. 

du'plex (-pleks), a. [L. ; duo two + plicare to fold.] 
1. Double ; twofold. 2. Machinery. Having two parts 
that operate at the same time or in the same way, where 
the simpler form has but one. 

duplex telegraphy, a system for sending two messages 
over the same wire simultaneously in opposite directions. 

du-plex'i-ty (du-plek'si-tT), to. Duplex quality or state. 

du'pli-cate (du'pli-kat), a. [L. dwplicatus, p. p. of dupli- 
care to double, fr. duplex. See duplex.] Double ; twofold ; 
also, duplex. 

duplicate whist, a form of whist in which the hands are 
preserved as dealt and played again by other players. 

— to. That which exactly resembles or corresponds to some- 
thing else ; hence, a copy ; counterpart. 

Syn. Duplicate, copy, transcript, facsimile, replica. 
Duplicate may be used of that which exactly corresponds 
to, or is the counterpart of, any object ; as, a duplicate 
key, book, bill. A copy is a reproduction of something 
else, often without exact correspondence ; as, he made a 
rough copy of the design. Transcript is commonly con- 
fined to the copy of a writing. A facsimile is an exact 
reproduction ; it differs from duplicate in implying that 
the one object is an imitation of the other ; as, two First 
Folio Shakespeares may be duplicates, and two facsimiles 
of the First Folio may be duplicates, but the facsimiles are 
not duplicates of the original. A replica is a copy of a 
work of art, (properly) by the maker of the original. 

— (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 1. To double; 
render double. 2. To make a duplicate of (something). 

du'pU-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. Act of duplicating, or state 
of being duplicated ; a doubling ; a fold. 

du'pli-ca-tive (du'pli-ka-tTv), a. Having the quality of 
duplicating ; tending to duplication. 

du'pli-ca'tor (dii'pli-ka'ter), n. [L., a doubler.] A copy- 
ing machine, as a device for duplicating typewriting. 

du-plic'i-ty (du-plis'i-ti), to. ; pi. -TiEs(-tTz). [ F. duplicite, 
L. duplicitas, fr. duplex. See duplex.] Doubleness ; esp., 
deception by pretending to entertain one set of feelings 
while acting under the influence of another ; double-dealing. 

— Syn. Dissimulation, deception, falsehood. See deceit. 
du'ra (du'rd), to. Short for dura mater. 
du'ra-bil'i-ty (dii'rd-bil'i-ti), n. State or quality of being 

durable ; lastingness ; durableness. 

du'ra-ble (du'rd-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. durabilis, fr. durare 
to last. See dure.] Able to endure ; lasting ; enduring. — 
Syn. Permanent, firm, stable, continuing, constant, per- 
sistent. See lasting. — ble-ness, to. — ra-bly, adv. 

du'ra ma'ter (du'rd ma'ter). Often called simply du'ra. 
[L., lit., hard mother ; it was formerly thought to give rise 
to every membrane of the body.] The tough, fibrous out- 
ermost membrane of the brain and spinal cord. 

du-ra'men (du-ra'men), n. [L. hardness, a hardened, i. e., 
ligneous, vine branch, fr. durare to harden.] Bot. The 
hard, tough heartwood of dicotyledonous trees, consisting 

! of compacted dead tissues, rendered darker by develop- 
ment of tannins and coloring matter. The duramen is 
surrounded by the living sapwood, or alburnum. 

dur'ance (dur'ans), to. [OF., duration.] 1. Duration. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Imprisonment ; duress. 

du-ra'tion(du-ra'shiin),n. [OF. See dure.] State or quality 
of lasting ; continuance ; time during which anything exists. 

dur'bar (dur'bar), to. [Hind, darbar, fr. Per. darbdr 
house, court, hall of audience ; dar door, gate + bar 
court, assembly.] An audience hall ; the court of a native 
prince ; a state levee ; a formal reception of native princes, 
given by the governor general. India. 

dure (dur), a. [L. durus.] Hard ; severe ; rough. Archaic. 

dure, v. i. [F. durer, L. durare to harden, endure, last, 
durus hard.] To endure ; last. Archaic. 

du'ress (du'res; du-res'), n. [OF. duresse, durece, hard- 
ship, severity, L. duritia, durities, fr. durus hard.] Im- 
prisonment ; also, constraint. 

Dur'ham (dur'dm), n. One of a breed of heavy short- 
horned beef cattle, originating in Durham county, Eng. 

du'ri-an (doo'n-dn ; doo-re'dn), or du'ri-OU (-on), to. [Ma- 
lay, durian, fr. duri thorn.] 
The large oval or globose fruit of 
a sterculiaceous tree (Durio 
zibethinus) of the East Indies ; 
also, the tree. The fruit has a 
hard prickly rind, containing a 
pulp of delicious flavor, though 
unpleasant odor. The seeds are 
roasted and eaten like chestnuts. 

luring (dur'mg), p. pr. & vb. n. 
of dure. Hence : prep. In the 
time of ; as long as the action or 
existence of ; as, during life. — Syn. See pending. 

dur 'mast (dur'mast), n. Either of two European oaks 




1 Durian ; 2 Section, (A) 



(Quercus sessiliflora and Q. pubescens), having dark, 
heavy, tough, elastic wood of great economic value. 

du'ro (doo'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp., short for peso duro 
hard peso.] The Spanish peso, or dollar. See dollar, 2. 

dur'ra (door'd), n. [Ar. dhorra.] A variety of a grain- 
yielding sorghum ( Andropogon sorghum) ; — called also 
Indian millet and Guinea corn. 

durst (durst), pret. of dare. 

dusk (dusk), a. Tending to darkness ; moderately dark ; 
dusky. — n. 1. The darker part of twilight or dawn. 2. 
Quality of being, or that which is, dusk; dusk color or 
shade ; gloom ; duskiness. — v. i. To grow or appear 
dusk. — v. t. To make dusk ; darken. Archaic. 

dusk'y(dus'ki), a.; DUSK'i-ER(-ki-er) ; -i-est. 1. Somewhat 
dark, as in color or from lack of light. 2. Gloomy ; sad. — 
dusk'i-ly (-kT-lT), adv. — i-ness, n. — dusk'ish, a. 
Syn. Dusky, swarthy, tawny. Dusky applies to what 
is somewhat dark whether with reference to light or color ; 
as, dusky caves ; a dusky hood. Swarthy and tawny apply 
to hue or color only ; swarthy, to a shade verging on black- 
ness ; tawny, to a yellowish brown or tan color. Swarthy is 
commonly restricted to the complexion. 

dust (dust), n. [AS. dust.'] 1. Fine, dry, powdery parti- 
cles of earth ; hence, any fine powder. 2. The earthy re- 
mains of bodies once alive, esp. of human bodies. 3. Fig. : 
a Something worthless, b A low or mean condition ; as, 
to raise him from the dust . 4. A cloud of dust in the air ; 
as, to raise a dust. 5. The earth ; surface of the ground. 
6. A single particle, as of earth. Rare. 7. Gold dust; 
hence, Slang, cash. 

— v. t. 1. To make dusty ; soil with dust. 2. To free from 
dust or the like. 3. To strew or sprinkle as, or in the form 
of, dust. 

dust'er (dus'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, dusts. 2. A 
light overgarment to protect clothing from dust. 3. A de- 
vice, as a box with a perforated lid, for sprinkling a dust or 
powder ; as, a pepper duster. 

dust'i-ly (-ti-h), adv. In a dusty manner or condition.- 

dust'i-ness, to. Dusty condition. 

dust'man (diist'man), n. 1. One whose employment is to 
remove dirt and refuse. 2. Folklore. The genius of 
sleep, whose coming is marked by one's winking or rubbing 
the eyes as if to remove dust. 

dust'pan' (dustpan'), n. A shovel-like utensil for receiv- 
ing and conveying away dust brushed from the floor. 

dust storm. A hot, dry, dust-laden whirlwind moving 
across an arid region. 

dust'y (dus'ti), a.; dust'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Filled, 
abounding, or covered, with dust ; clouded with dust. 
2. Like dust ; dust-colored. 3. Powdery ; dustlike. 

Dutch (duch), a. [D. duitsch German ; or G. deutsch, orig., 
popular, national, OHG. diutisk, fr. diot, diota, a people, 
nation.] 1. German ; Germanic ; Teutonic. Now Local or 
Slang. 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands, esp. Hol- 
land, or their inhabitants. 3. Characteristic of the Dutch. 
Dutch cheese, a small, round, hard cheese, made from 
skim milk ; also, cottage cheese. — D. courage, courage 
due to the influence of intoxicants. Colloq. — D. foil, leaf, 
or gold, tombac rolled or beaten into thin sheets, used in 
Holland to ornament toys and paper. — D. oven, a tin 
screen for roasting before an open fire or kitchen range ; 
also, (U. S. A.) a shallow iron kettle for baking, with a 
cover to hold burning coals. — D. treat, one in which each 
person treats himself or pays his own way. Colloq., U. S. 

— n. 1. The language of the Dutch. 2. Collective pi. 
Dutch people ; — usually used with the. 

Dutch'man (-man), n. 1. A man of Dutch birth. 2. Naut. 
A Dutch vessel. 3. In mechanics, carpentry, etc., an odd 
piece inserted to fill an opening, hide a defect, or strengthen 
a weak part. 

DutCh'man's-breech/es (duch'manz-brich'ez ; 24), n. A 
delicate spring-flowering herb (Bikukulla cucullaria) of 
the poppy family, of the eastern U. S. 

Dutch/man's— pipe', n. An aristolochiaceous vine (Aris- 
tolochia macrophylla), with large leaves, and flowers 
having the tube of the calyx curved like the bowl of a pipe. 

du'te-OUS (du'te-us), a. Fulfilling duty ; dutiful ; obedient. 
— du'te-ous-ly, adv. — du'te-ous-ness, n. 

du'ti-a-ble (-ti-d-b'l), a. Subject to a duty, as imports. 

du'ti-ful (-fdol), a. 1. Performing, or ready to perform, du- 
ties ; obedient, as to parents. 2. Controlled by, or proceed- 
ing from, a sense of duty ; as, dutiful affection. — Syn. 
Duteous, submissive, docile, respectful. — du-ti'iul-ly, 
adv. — du'ti-ful-ness, to. 

du'ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From due.] 1. Conduct 
due to parents or superiors, as shown in obedience or sub- 
mission ; respect or an act of respect. 2. That which is re- 
quired by one's station or occupation ; any assigned service 
or business ; as, the duties of a soldier. 3. That which a 
person is morally obliged to do or forbear. 4. Any pay- 
ment, service, or other render, esp. to the government, 
imposed and recoverable by law, as a tax on imports. 5. 
Steam Engin. The efficiency of an engine, boiler, and 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd, s<5ft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



DUUMVIR 



315 



DYSPEPTICALLY 



furnace, considered as one machine, expressed as the work 
done by a definite amount of fuel. 6. Generally, work done 
by a given machine under given conditions. 7. Amount of 
water required per acre for irrigation ; — called specif. 
duty of water. 

Syn. Duty, obligation, in ordinary usage, differ chiefly in 
that obligation commonly implies a more immediate con- 
straint or more specific reference than duty; as, a sense of 
duty (regarding what one in general ought to do), a sense of 
obligation (regarding what one feels bound to do for some 
particular reason or in some particular case). 

du-um'vir (du-um'ver), to. ; pi. E. -virs (-verz), L. -viri 
(-vT-rT). [L.] Roman Antiq. Either member of a commis- 
sion or board of two men. 

du-um'vi-rate (-vi-rat),n. The union of two men in the same 
office ; also, office or government of two men so associated. 

dwarf (dworf), n. [AS. dweorg.~] An animal (esp. a human 
being) or plant much below the normal size of its kind. 
Syn. Dwarf, pygmy. Dwarf often (though not necessa- 
rily) suggests stunted growth ; pygmy commonly implies 
merely diminutive size or insignificance. 

— v. t. To hinder from growing to the natural size ; stunt ; 
hence, to diminish in real or apparent size, scope, impor- 
tance, etc. — v. i. To become dwarfed or small. 

— a. Of less than the usual or normal size ; stunted ; puny. 
dwarf alder, a small American buckthorn (Rhamnus 
alnifolia) with alderlike leaves. [ish-ness, n.\ 

dwarfish (dwor'fish), a. Like a dwarf; puny. — dwarf/-| 
dwell (dwel), v. i.; pret. & p. p. dwelt (dwelt), now less 

usually dwelled (dweld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. dwelling. 

[AS. dwellan, dwelian, to deceive, hinder, delay, err.] 

1. To delay ; linger ; pause or tarry. 2. To abide ; con- 
tinue. Archaic. 3. To abide as a resident ; live ; reside. 
— Syn. Inhabit, sojourn, stay, rest. See reside. 

to dwell on or upon, to continue long on or in ; make much 

of ; as, to dwell upona. subject ; asinger dwells on a note. 
— n. A short intermission in the motion of a part of a machine. 
dwell'er, n. One who dwells ; esp., an inhabitant ; resident. 
dwelling, to. Habitation ; abode. — Syn. See habitation. 
dwelling house. A house occupied as a residence, in 

distinction from a store, office, or other building. 
dwelt (dwelt), pret. & p. p. of dwell. 
dwin'dle (dwm'd'l), v. i.; -dled (-d'ld)_; -dling (-dling). 

[AS. dwinan to languish.] To diminish ; become less ; 

waste away or consume. — Syn. See decrease. — v. t. 

To make less ; bring low. 
dy'ad (dl'ad), to. [L. dyas, dyadis, the number two, Gr. 

Suds.] 1. Two units treated as one ; a couple ; a pair. 

2. Chem. A dyad element, atom, or radical. See valence. 

3. Biol. One of the groups of two chromosomes formed by 
the division of a tetrad (which see) ; also, in morphology, 
a secondary unit formed of an aggregate of monads. 

— a. 1. Consisting of two ; dyadic. 2. Chem. Having a 
valence of two. See valence. 

dy-ad'ic (dl-ad'Tk), a. Of two parts or elements ; binary. 

Dy'ak (dl'ak), to. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of 
Borneo, a group of tribes of Malayan speech, but differing 
from the Malays in their greater stature, more Caucasic 
features, and lower civilization. 

dye (dT), n. [AS. deah.] 1. Color produced by dyeing. 
2. Material for dyeing ; dyestuff. — v. t.; dyed (did) ; dye'- 
ing. 1. To stain ; color, esp. with dyestuffs. 2. To im- 
part (a given color) by dyeing. — v. i. To take or impart 
color in dyeing. — dye'ing (dl'Tng), n. — dy'er (dl'er), n. 

dye'house' (-hous'), to. A building where dyeing is done. 

dyer's weed. Any of several dye-yielding plants ; as : the 
yellowweed (Reseda luleola) ; the dyeweed (Genista tinc- 
toria) ; the dyer's woad. 

dye'Stuff (-stuf), to. A dye, or a material that yields one. 

dye'weed' (-wed'), to. 1. The woadwaxen. 2. A small cos- 
mopolitan asteraceous herb (Eclipta alba). 

dye'wood' (-wood'), to. Any wood, such as logwood, from 
which coloring matter is extracted for dyeing. 

dy'ing (dl'Tng), p. a. 1. In the act of dying ; moribund ; 
mortal. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death. 

dyke (dlk). Var. of dike. 

dy'na-graph (dl'nd-graf ; din'd-), n. [Gr. Svvafiis power -f- 
-graph.] Railroads. An apparatus in a railroad car for ex- 
hibiting and recording the condition of a line of track and 
the resistance of a train, its speed, etc. 

dy-nam'e-ter (dT-nam'e-ter ; di-), to. [Gr. Suva/its power 
+ -meter.'] Optics. An instrument for determining the 
magnifying power of telescopes. 

dy-n&m'ic (dl-nam'ik ; di-), a. [Gr. Swa/iinos powerful, 
dwafiis power, Svuacrdai to be able.] 1. Physics. a Of 
or pertaining to physical forces or energy ; as, the dynamic 
theory of heat, b Of or pert, to dynamics ; active ; — 
opposed to static and potential. 2. Belonging to or 
having energy or effective action ; forceful. 

dy-nam'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Dynamic. i-cal-ly, adv. 

dy-nam'ics (-Tks), to. (See -ics.) 1. Mechanics treating of 
the motion of bodies (kinematics) and of the action of 
forces in producing or changing their motion (kinetics). 



Some hold that dynamics includes statics but not kine- 
matics. 2. The moving forces, moral or physical, in any 
sphere, or the laws relating to them ; as, the dynamics of 
politics. _ 

dy'na-mism (dl'nd-mTz'm ; dTn'd-), n. Philos. Any theory 
which views the universe as essentially or immanently con- 
stituted by forces. 

dy'na-mite (dl'nd-mlt ; din'd-), to. [Gr. 5vvapn% power.] 
An explosive consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed in a 
porous material. — v. t. To shatter with dynamite. 

dy'na-mit'er (-mTt'er), to. One who uses dynamite, esp. as a 
means of unlawful attack or destruction. 

dy'na-mit'ist (-1st), to. A dynamiter. 

dy'na-mo (dl'nd-mo), n.; pi. -Mos(-moz). [For dynamo-elec- 
tric machine.'] A machine /^\ for converting mechanical 
energy into electrical en- 
ergy by magneto-elec- 
tric induction. f tifo^, "^lAJ^ u Wi-R 




Bipolar Di- 
rect-Current 
Dynamo. F F 
Field Coils ; 
M M Field 
Magnets ; A 
Armature ; P 
Driving Pul- 
ley ; C Com- 
mutator ; B B 
Brushes ; H 
Brush Hold- 
er ; R Handle 
to Rocker 



lu x\. o c k e r 

Arm ; W Wire conveying current to Field Coils. 



dy'na-mo- (dl'nd-mo-; din'd-). A combining form from 
Greek bvva^is, power, force. 

dy'na-mo-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'tnk)) a. Pertaining to con ver- 

dy'na-mo-e-lec'triyCal (-trT-kdl)/ sion, by induction, of 
mechanical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa. 

dy-nam'o-graph (dT-nam'6-graf ; di-), to. Physiol. A dy- 
namometer to which is attached a device for automatically 
registering muscular power. [ratus for measuring force. I 

dy'na-mom'e-ter (dl'nd-mom'e-ter ; din'd-), to. An appa-j 

dy'na-mom'e-try (-e-trT), n. Art or process of measuring 
forces doing work. — dy'na-mo-met'ric, -ri-cal, a. 

dy'na-mo'tor (dl'nd-mo'ter ; din/d-), to. Elec. A special 
form of motor generator combining the motor and genera- 
tor (dynamo) in a single machine. 

dy'nast (dl'nast; din'ast), to. [L. dynastes, Gr. Swdo-rr/s, 
fr. bvvaadai to be able.] A ruler ; prince. 

dy'nas-ty (dl'nds-ti; dm'ds-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). A 
race or succession of kings of the same line or family, or 
their continued lordship. — dy-nas'tic (dl-nas'tik ; di-), 
dy-nas'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. — dy-nas'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

dyne (din), n. [Gr. Sudanis power.] Physics. The force 
which, acting on a gram for a second, imparts to it a veloci- 
ty of a centimeter per second, or, approximately, that ex- 
erted by a milligram weight under the influence of gravity. 

dys- (dis-). A prefix, coming from Greek 5vs-, hard, ill, 
and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, and the like. 

dys'aes-the'si-a, -es-the'si-a (dTs'es-the'si-d ; -zhi-d), n. 
[NL.] Med. Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch. 

dys-cra'si-a (dis-kra'zhT-d; _-zi-d), to. [NL., fr. Gr. 5va- 
Kpaala; Svs- bad -f- tcpacis mixture, fr. icepawwai to mix.] 
Med. Disordered bodily condition ; distemper. 

dys'cra-Site (dis'krd-slt), to. [dys- + Gr. Kpaais com- 
pound.] Min. A native compound of antimony and silver. 

dys'en-ter-y (dis'en-ter-i), to. [From L., fr. Gr. SvatvTtpla; 
Svs- bad + Ivrepov, pi. ivrtpa, intestines.] Med. A specific 
disease, of several types, marked by inflammation of the 
large intestine, attended with griping pains and frequent 
bloody, mucous stools. — dys'en-ter'ic (-ter'ik), a. 

dyslo-gis'tic (dis'lo-jis'tik), a. [dys- + Gr. \6yos dis- 
course, fr. X«7«i' to speak.] Unfavorable; not commenda- 
tory ; — opposed to eulogistic. gis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

dys-men'or-rhe'a, dys-men'or-rhoe'a (dTs-men'o-re'd), n. 
[NL. ; dys- -f- Gr. p.i\v month + -rhea.] Med. Difficult and 
painful menstruation. 

dys-pep'si-a (dis-pep'si-d ; -shd), to. [L., fr. Gr. Svairtxpla; 
5vs- hard + it't-Krtiv to digest.] Difficult or deranged diges- 
tion ; indigestion. 

dys-pep'sy (-si), to. Dyspepsia. Obsoles. 

dys-pep'tic (-tik), a. Also dys-pep'ti-cal (-tT-kal). Pert, 
to dyspepsia ; having dyspepsia. — dys-pep'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

dys-pep'tic, to. A person having dyspepsia. 



*: 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals 



M 



DYSPHAGIA 



316 



EARNESTNESS 



dys-pha'gi-a (dis-fa'ji-a), n. [NL. ; dys- + Gr. <j>ayelv to 

eat.] Med. Difficulty in swallowing. 
dys-pha'si-a (dis-fa'zhi-d ; -zi-d), n. [NL. ; dys- -f Gr. 

-<t>aaLa fas in &.4>a<xLa aphasia), fr. <f>ai>cu to speak.] Med. 

Imperfection of speech due to brain disease. 
dys-pho'ni-a (dis-fo'm-a), re. [NL., fr. Gr. Svcnpwvla ; Svs- 

hard -f- 4>wri sound, voice.] Med, Difficulty in producing 

vocal sounds. — dys-phon'ic (-fon'ik ; -fo'nik), a. 
dysp-noe'a, dysp-ne'a (disp-ne'd), re. [L. dyspnoea, fr. 

Gr. bbatrvoia., fr. dvo-irvoos short of breath ; 8vs- hard + 



worj, ttpolti, breathing.] Med. Difficult or painful breath- 
ing. — dysp-noe'al, dysp-ne'al (-ne'al), dysp-nce'ic, 
dysp-ne'ic (-ne'Ik), a. 

dys-pro'si-um (dis-pro'shi-rem ; -si-fcm), re. [NL., fr. Gr. 
dvairpoa-LTos hard to get at.] Chem. An element of the rare- 
earth group. Symbol, Dy ; at. wt., 162.5. 

dys-u'ri-a (dTs-ii'rT-d), re. [L., fr. Gr. bvaovpla; 8vt- -f- ohpov 
urine.] Med. Difficult or painful discharge of urine. 

dzig'ge-tai (dzig'e-tl), re. [Mongolian tchikhitei long- 
eared. Oxf. E. Z).] A wild ass of Mongolia. 



E 




E(e). 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. It de- 
rives its form, name, and value from the Latin, the form 
and value being further derived from the Greek, into which 
it came from the Phcenician, and ultimately, perhaps, from 
the Egyptian. Etymologically e is most closely related to 
i, a, and o, as illustrated by fall, fell ; man, men ; dn'nk, 
drank, drench ; dznt t dent ; doom, deem ; goose, geese ; 
beef, OF. boef, L. bos; and E. cheer, OF. chiere, LL. 
cara. E has in English several sounds, the two principal 
being its long or name sound, as in eve, me, and the short, 
as in end, best. For its other values and functions see Guide 
to Pron., §§ 21-32. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indi- 
cate : a [cap. or I. c] The fifth in a series ; fifth in order or 
class ; sometimes, the numeral 5 ; as, Company E. b Music. 
The third tone of the model major scale (that in C), or the 
fifth tone in its relative minor scale (that in A minor). 

«S-. Prefix meaning out, out of, from, etc. See ex-, [sound 

E or e, re.; pi. ees, e's, or es (ez). The letter E, e, or its 

each (ech), a. or a. pron. [AS. selc; a always + gelic like.] 
Every (individual of two or more) considered separately. 
each other, a phrase used as a reciprocal pronoun in 
oblique cases ; as, we saw each other's faces. Each other is 
generally used of two ; one another, of more than two,_ 

ea'ger (e'ger), a. [F. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, 
zealous.] 1. Sharp ; keen ; — applied esp. to things affect- 
ing the senses. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Spirited or strenuous ; 
sharply contested, as a fight. 3. Keenly desirous to pursue, 
perform, or obtain ; ardent. — Syn. Earnest, vehement, 
hot, impetuous, fervent, intense, zealous, forward. 

ea'ger-ly, adv. In an eager manner. # 

ea'ger-ness, re. State or quality of being eager ; ardor. 

ea'gla (e'g'l), re. [F. aigle, fr. L. aquila.'] 1. Any of va- 
rious large diurnal birds of prey of the falcon family, 
noted for their strength, size, graceful figure, keenness of 
vision, and powers of flight. The typical eagles constitute a 
genus ( Aquila) in which the legs are feathered to the toes. 
See bald eagle, Illust. 2. A gold coin of the United States, 
of the value of ten dollars ; — from the eagle on the reverse. 
3. [cap.] Astron. = Aquila. 4. A seal or standard bear- 
ing an eagle as emblem, esp. that of the ancient Romans. 

ea'gle-eyed' (-TdO, a. Sharp-sighted as an eagle. 

ea'gle-stone' (-ston'), re. Min. A concretionary nodule of 
clay ironstone. 

ea'glet (e'glet), re. A young eagle. 

ea'gre (e'ger; a'ger), re. See 2d bore (tidal flood). 

ear (er), # re. [AS. eare.] 1. The or- 
gan of hearing. 2. The external ear, 

Description of Illustration : 
a to g Parts of the 
Pinna, a a He- 
lix ; 6 Antihe- 
lix ; c Fossa of 
the Antihelix ; 
d Antitragus ; 
e Tragus ; / 
Lobule or 
Lobe ; g Con- 
cha ; h Audi- 
tory Canal ; I 
Tympanic 
Membrane ; fc 
Tympanum ; I 
Incus ; n Stapes ; o Vestibule ; 
j) Cochlea ; g Three semicircul; 
nals ; r Auditory Nerve ; S Eustachian (\ 
Tube. Diagrammatic sec- 

as of man and most mammals. 3. The tional view of a 
sense or act of hearing ; also, a discrimi- Human Ear. 
nating, refined, or acute sense of hearing ; as, an ear for mu- 
sic. 4. Something resembling an ear, as the tufts on the head 
of most owls. 5. That which resembles in shape or position 
the ear of an animal, as a projecting lug, plate, handle, etc. 
6. Attention, esp. favorable attention ; audience. 
about one's ears, all around one, as something falling. — 
by the ears, in close contest ; at variance ; as, to be by the 
ears; setbythe ears. — up to the ears, deeply submerged 




almost overwhelmed ; as, in trouble up to one's ears. Colloq. 

ear, n. [AS. ear.] _ The fruiting spike of any cereal (as 
Indian corn, or maize, rye, etc. ) including the kernels, or 
grains. — v. i. To put forth ears ; form ears. 

ear, v. t. [AS. erian.] To plow ; till. Archaic or Dial. 

ear'drop' (er'drop'), re. A pendant for the ear. 

ear'drum / (-drum'), re. The tympanum or tympanic mem- 
brane of the ear. 

eared (erd), a. Having ears. [sea lions and fur seals. I 

eared seal, any seal of the family (Otariidx) comprising the| 

earl (url), re. [AS. eorl man, noble.] In the United King- 
dom, a nobleman next below a marquis. The rank of earl 
corresponds to that of count in France, and the wife of 
an earl is called countess. [for the ear. U. S.\ 

ear'lap' (er'lap'), n. 1. The lobe of the ear._ 2. A cover| 

earl'dom (urlMum),n. The jurisdiction, territorial posses- 
sions, title, or dignity of an earl. 

ear'li-ness (ur'li-nes), n. State of being early. 

Earl Marshal. The head of the Heralds' College in Eng- 
land, whose office is now hereditary in the line of the dukes 
of Norfolk. He arranges the order of state processions, 
and appoints kings-of-arms, etc. 

ear'lock 7 (er'lok'), n. [AS. ear-locca."] A lock or curl of 
hair near the ear; a lovelock. See lovelock. 

ear'ly (ur'lT), adv. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li : est. [AS. serlice; ser 
sooner + -Zlce -ly.] In a time or position that is early : a 
Near the beginning of a period or a series ; hence, in history, 
etc., anciently ; as, early in life, early in history, b In good 
season ; betimes ; as, to arrive early. 

Syn. Early, soon, betimes. That which happens early 
precedes, that which happens soon follows, the point of 
time referred to ; as, come early (in advance of a set time) ; 
come soon (shortly after the present time). In its more 
general use, early applies to that which so far precedes the 
end of any division or period of time as to be near the be- 
ginning. Betimes (now somewhat bookish) has less spe- 
cific reference to a given point of time. 

— a. 1. Coming near or comparatively near the beginning 
of a period or series ; specif., belonging to remote past time ; 
ancient ; primitive ; as, an early style of art. 2. Coming or 
occurring in advance of the usual or appointed time ; in 
good season ; prior in time ; among or near the first ; — op- 
posed to late; as, the early bird ;_ an early spring. 

ear'mark 7 (er'markO,^. A mark of identification on the ear; 
any mark of identification.—?;, t. To put an earmark on. 

ear'— mind'ed (er'min'ded), a. Having one's mental image- 
ry predominantly auditory ; thinking most readily in 
sounds, as of words. See audile. — ear / — mind'ed-ness, n. 

earn (urn), v. t. [AS. earnian.'] To merit, or to acquire, 
by labor or performance, as wages. — Syn. See obtain. 

earn, v. i. & t. To yearn. Obs. 

ear'nest (ur'nest ; 24), n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. F. arrhes, L. 
arrha, arrhabo, Gr. kppafiuv, of Semitic origin.] 1. Some- 
thing of value given by a buyer to a seller to bind the bar- 
gain ; as, earnest money. 2. Something given beforehand 
as a pledge ; handsel. 

Syn. Earnest, pledge (in their fig. uses). An earnest 
gives assurance, or establishes a strong probability, of 
something more to come, usually of the same kind ; a 
pledge (the stronger term) affords security, often for 
something quite different ; as, a rebuke may be an earnest 
of future punishment ; a ring is a pledge of affection. 

ear'nest, n. [AS. eornost, eornest.~] An aroused and intent 
mental state ; — chiefly in the phrase in earnest. — a. 1. 
Characterized by, or proceeding from, an intense and seri- 
ous state of mind ; as, an earnest person or plea. 2. Impor- 
tant ; not trivial ; as, life is earnest. — ear'nest-ly, adv. — 
ear'nest-ness, n. 

Syn. Eager, zealous, ardent, sincere, hearty ; staid, sedate, 
thoughtful, serious, sober, grave, solemn. — Earnest, 
serious, sober, grave, solemn. Earnest implies tem- 
pered or restrained eagerness ; it always connotes sincerity ; 
as, an earnest preacher ; earnest prayers. Serious (opposed 
to jocose, sportive) implies an appearance of (sometimes 
troubled) thought or reflection ; sober (opposed to gay, 
volatile), staid ness, or the absence of exhilaration; grave 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EARNING 



317 



EAT 



^opposed to vivacious, hilarious), sobriety or austerity, as 
if from weighty interests ; solemn suggests extreme or 
impressive gravity. 

earn'ing (ur'nlng), n. Act or process of earning, or what 
is earned ; esp., in pi., money earned. 

ear'ring' (er'nng'), n. A ring through the lobe of the ear, 
with or without a pendant ; loosely, an eardrop or the like. 

ear Shell. The abalone. 

ear'shot' (-shot'), n. Hearing distance. 

ear stone. An otolith. 

earth (urth), n. . [AS. eor3e.~] 1. The globe or planet 
which we inhabit. 2. The world as the home of man, in 
distinction from heaven and hell. 3. The land as a mere 
solid surface, in distinction from the air or water. 4. 1 he 
softer part of the land, in distinction from rock ; soil or 
dirt. 5. A part of this globe ; a country. Obs. or R. 
6. Worldly things, as opposed to spiritual. 7. The peo- 
ple on the globe. 8. The hole of a burrowing animal. 9. 
Chem. Any of several difficultly reducible metallic oxides, 
as alumina, zirconia, yttria. Cf. alkaline earths. The 
rare earths include scandia, yttria, zirconia, lanthana, ce- 
ria, gadolinia, etc. 10. Elec. = ground. 
Syn. Earth, world. Earth commonly refers to the globe 
in its planetary relations, or as contrasted with heaven or 
hell ; world usually suggests the sum of human concerns. 

—•v.t. & i. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth. 

carth'born' (-born'), a. 1. Springing originally from the 
earth. 2. Born on the earth ; human. 3. Relating to, or 
occasioned by, earthly objects. 

earth'en (ur'th'n), a. Made of earth, as earthenware. 

earth'en-ware' (-war'), n. Vessels, ornaments, etc., made 
of baked clay, esp. the coarser and leos artistic kinds. 

earth'i-ness (-thT-nes), n. Quality of being earthy. 

earth'light' (urth'lit'),n. Astron.The sunlight reflected 
from the earth to the moon, by which we see faintly that 
part of the moon's disk unillumined by direct sunlight. 

earth'li-ness (-lT-nes), n. Quality or state of being earthly. 

earth'ling (urth'lmg), n. An inhabitant of the earth. 

earth'ly (-IT), a. [AS. eorplic.'] 1. Of, like, or pert, to, the 
earth or man's existence on the earth ; not heavenly or spir- 
itual. 2. Possible ; conceivable ; as, of what earthly useis it? 
Syn. Earthly, terrestrial, mundane, worldly, secular, 
temporal. Earthly (opposed to heavenly) is the more 
homely and general, terrestrial (opposed to celestial), the 
more formal and sonorous, term ; as, earthly dignities, to 
talk of earthly things ; the terrestrial sphere. Mundane 
often connotes the transitoriness, worldly (under the in- 
fluence of the New Testament sense of "world"), the 
pomp and vanity, of earthly things ; as, mundane affairs ; 
worldly amusements. Secular is opposed to sacred, eccle- 
siastical; temporal, to eternal, spiritual. 

earth'nut' (-nut'), n. 1. Any of various roots, tubers, or 
subterranean pods, as the peanut. 2. A truffle. 

earth'pea' (-pe'), n. A fabaceous vine (Falcata comosa) 
which ripens its pods underground like the peanut. 

earth plate. = ground plate. 

earth'quake' (-kwak'), n. A trembling of the earth's sur- 
face, due esp. to faulting of rocks and volcanic explosions. 

earth'shine' (-shin'), n. = earthlight. 

earth'star' (-star 7 ), n. Any of a genus (Geaster) of fungi, 
the outer layer of whose peridium splits into the shape of 
a star, and the inner forms a ball containing the spores. 

earth'ward (-werd) \ adv. Toward the earth ; — opposed 

earth'wards (-werdz)J to heavenward or skyward. 

earth'work' (-wurk'), n. 1. Fort. Any construction chiefly 
of earth. 2. In engineering, the operations connected with 
excavations and embankments of earth. 

earth'worm' (-wurm'), n. 1. Any member of numerous 
genera (esp. Lumbricus) of hermaphroditic worms found 
in' damp soil. 2. A mean, sordid person. 

earth'y (ur'thT), a. 1. Consisting of or re- 
sembling earth ; earthlike. 2. Of or per- 
taining to the earth; terrestrial; esp., 
worldly. 3. Gross ; unrefined. 

ear'wax' (er'waks'), n. The waxlike secre- 
tion of the glands of the external ear. 

ear'wig' (er'wTg'), n. [AS. earwicga ; eare 
ear + wicga beetle, worm.] Any of a nu- 
merous family (Forficulidse) of harmless 
beetlelike insects, popularly supposed to 
creep into the human ear. — v. t. To influ- 
ence, or attempt to influence, by insinua- 
tions or private talk. 

ease (ez), n. [F. aise, OF. also, free 
space about one, elbowroom, LL. aids, 
aiace.~\ 1. State of being comfortable ; 
freedom from pain, effort, trouble, or the like ; as, ease of 
body. 2. Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, 
etc. ; facility ; liberty ; naturalness, as of manner. 
Syn. Rest, repose, quiet, satisfaction, content, comfort, 
enjoyment. — Ease, comfort. Ease implies freedom or 
relaxation from toil or strain ; comfort, such positive well- 
being as results in quiet enjoyment or content. 




Earwig. 
Enlarged. 



— v. t. & i. ; eased (ezd) ; eas'ing (ezfng). 1. To free from 
anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses ; relieve. 2. To 
render less painful or oppressive ; alleviate. 3. To lessen the 
pressure or tension of, as by slackening, lifting, or shifting ; 
as, to ease a bolt. 4. To make less difficult ; facilitate. — 
Syn. Disburden, quiet, calm, tranquilize, assuage, allay, 
mitigate, pacify, soothe. 

to ease a ship, Naut., to put the helm alee, or regulate the 
sail, so as to meet a wave bow on. — to e. off or away, 
Naut., to slacken a rope gradually. — to e. the helm, 
Naut., to let the tiller come back a little after having been 
put hard over. 

ease'ful (ez'f661), a. Full of ease ; comfortable ; restful. 

ea'sel (e'zel), n. [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel (cf. simi- 
lar use of horse) ; fr. L. asinus ass. See ass.] A frame to 
support a painter's canvas, or on which to stand a picture 
or object of art. 

ease'ment (ez'ment), n. 1. That which gives ease. 2. 
Law. Any of several rights which one person may have in 
theland of another. 

eas'i-ly (ez'i-11), adv. In an easy manner; readily. 

eas'i-ness (-nes), n. State or quality of being easy. 

east (est), n. [AS. east, adv.] 1. The direction of sunrise; 
the direction to the right of one facing north ; accurately, 
that point where the center of the sun is seen to rise at the 
equinox. 2. [cap.~] Regions, countries, or peoples, lying to 
the east ; specif., the countries of Asia and the Asiatic archi- 
pelagoes ; the Orient ; — so called as being east of Europe. 

— a. 1. Toward or at the east; also, from the east, as a 
wind. 2. Eccl. Toward, or in the direction of, the altar as 
situated with respect to the nave ; designating, or situated 
in, that part or end of a church containing the choir or 
chancel. — adv. Eastward. 

East'er (es'ter), n. [AS. easter, eastron, pi., paschal feast, 
Easter, fr. Eastre a goddess for whom a festival was 
celebrated in April.] An annual church festival commemo- 
rating Christ's resurrection, occurring on the Sunday fol- 
lowing Good Friday and corresponding to the Jewish Pass- 
over ; also, the festival day, the first Sunday after the full 
moon that falls on or next after the 21st of March. 

Easter egg. An egg given as a present at, or used to cele- 
brate, Easter. 

east'er-ling (es'ter-lTng), n. A native of a country or 
region eastward of another. Obs. or Hist. 

east'er-ly, a. & adv. Situated, directed, or moving toward 
the east ; also, of winds, blowing from the east. 

east'ern (es'tern), a. 1. [cap.] Pert, to, or characteristic 
of, the East ; Oriental. 2. East or easterly. 
Eastern Church, the Christian church prevailing in Rus- 
sia, Greece, Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, etc., which sepa- 
rated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054. — E. 
Hemisphere. See hemisphere, 2. - — E. Question, the 
problem of international politics arising from the relations 
of the Turkish government with its Christian subjects and 
with the other European powers, and from Russia's neeu. 
of a southern seaport. 

east'ern-er (es'ter-ner), n. A native or inhabitant of the 
east, esp. [cap.~] of the eastern part of the United States. 

East'er-tide' (es'ter-tid'), n. The period from Easter to 
Ascension Day (40 days), or, sometimes, to Whitsunday 
(50 days), or to Trinity Sunday (57 days). 

east'ing (es'ting), n. Navig. & Surv. Departure in an 
easterly direction. See departure, 4. 

east'ward (est'werd)! adv. Toward the east ; in the direc- 

eas t' wards (-werdz) / tion of east from some point or place. 

east/ward (est'werd), a. Moving or looking toward the east, 
or situated in an eastern part. [from the east. 

east'ward-ly (-li), adv. & a. Toward the east, or, of winds,) 

eas'y (ez'i), a.; eas'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. [OF. aisie, prop, 
p. p. of aisier to ease.] 1. At ease ; free from trouble, 
care, anxiety, constraint, etc. 2. Causing, or attended 
with, little difficulty or discomfort. 3. Of persons, moods, 
etc. : a Not difficult to influence ; tractable, b Not harsh or 
exacting ; lenient. 4. Supportable with ease ; not burden- 
some or oppressive. 5. Giving ease, freedom from care, or 
comfort ; as, easy circumstances. 6. Given to ease or to 
idleness. — Syn. Comfortable, quiet, tranquil, calm, un- 
concerned ; yielding, compliant, complaisant, manageable; 
facile ; unconstrained, smooth ; mild, moderate. 

eas'y— go'ing, a. Moving easily ; hence, getting along easily ; 
not strenuous or exacting ; ease-loving. 

eat (et), v. t.; pret. ate (at; in England, commonly et), 
Obsoles. & Colloq. eat (et ; et) ; p. p. eat'en (et''n), 
Obs. or Colloq. eat (et ; et) ; p. pr. & vb. n. eat'ing. [AS. 
etan.} 1. To take in through the mouth as food ; ordi- 
narily, to chew and swallow, as solid food. 2. To devour; 
consume ; destroy, as by eating ; hence, to ravage. 3. To 
consume gradually ; waste away ; corrode ; also, to form by 
corrosion. 4. To gnaw, perforate, or bore into, 
to eat crow, to submit to, or put up with, something 
offensive, humiliating, or the like. — to eat humble pie, 
to yield or retract submissively. — to eat one's words, to 
retract what one has said. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



EATABLE 



318 



ECHO 



— v. i. 1. To take food or a meal ; hence, to board. 2. To 

admit of being eaten. 3. To wear or waste away ; corrode. 
eat'a-ble (et'd-b'l), a. That may be, or is fit to be, eaten ; 

edible. — n. Something fit to be eaten ; — usually in pi. 
eat'age (-aj), n. Eatable growth of grass for horses and 

cattle, esp. that of aftermath. 
eat'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, eats. 
||eau (o), n.; pi. eaux^(o). [F.] Water. 
eau de Cologne (de ko-lon'). See cologne. — eau de vie' 

(ve') [lit., water of life ; eau + de of + vie (L. vita) life], 

French name for brandy. Cf . aqua vit^e. 
eaves (evz), n. pi. [AS. efes eaves, brim, brink.] The 

projecting lower edges of a roof, 
eaves'drop' (-drop'), older form eaves'drip', n. The water 

which falls in drops from the eaves of a house ; also, the 

space, on the ground, within which the water falls. 
eaves'drop' (-drop'), v.i. To stand under, or as if under, 

the eaves of a house, to listen ; hence, to listen secretly. 

— eaves'drop'per (er), n. — eaves'drop'ping, n. 

ebb (eb), n. [AS. ebba.~] 1. Reflux, or flowing back, of the 
tide toward the sea ; — opposed to flood. 2. State or time 
of passing away ; low state ; decline ; decay. — v. i. 1. To 
flow back ; return, as the tide toward the ocean ; — opposed 
to flow. 2. To fall back to a worse state ; decline ; sink ; as, 
his ebbing fortunes. — Syn. Recede, retire, subside, with- 
draw, decrease, wane, lower. [opp. to flood tideA 

ebb tide. The reflux of tide water ; the outgoing tide ; — I 

eb'en-e'zer (eb'en-e'zer), n. [Heb. Eben-hd-ezer stone of 
the help.] Eccl. a A memorial stone (1 Sam. vii. 12) ; 
also, any commemoration of divine assistance, b Among 
dissenters, often, a house of worship. England. 

E'bi-O-nite (e'bi-o-nlt), n. [Heb. ebyonim poor people.] 
Eccl. Hist. One of a sect of heretics which appeared in the 
1st century and whose doctrine was a mixture of Judaism 
and Christianity. — E'bi-O-nit'ic (-nit'ik), a. 

Eb'lis (eb'lts), n. [Ar. iblis.'] Arabian Myth. The prince 
of the apostate angels, who had been turned into a devil for 
refusing to worship Adam at God's command ; Satan. Be- 
fore his fall he was called Azazel (which see). 

eb'on (eb'un), a. Consisting of or like ebony ; esp., black ; 
dark. — n. Ebony. Both Now Poetic. 

eb'on-ite (-It), n. A black variety of hard rubber. 

eb'on-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). To 
make black, or stain black, in imitation of ebony. 

eb'on-V (-T), n. ; pi. -onies (-iz). [L. ebenus, fr. Gr. e/Seros.] 
A hard, heavy, durable wood, the most highly prized be- 
ing black, yielded by various trees of tropical Asia and 
Africa ; also, any of a genus (Diospyros) of trees yielding 
this wood. — a. Made of ebony ; as, an ebony handle ; 
resembling ebony ; black ; as, an ebony countenance. 

e-brac^te-ate (e-brak'te-at), a. Bot. Without bracts. 

e-bul'lience (e-bill'yens) \ n: A boiling up or over ; effer- 

e-bul'lien-cy (-yen-si) J vescence. 

e-buFlient (e-bill'yent), a. [L. ebulliens, -entis, p. pr. of 
ebullire to boil up ; e out + bullire to boil.] Boiling up, 
or causing such action ; hence, manifesting excitement. 

eb'ul-li'tion (eVu-lish'un), n. Act, process, or state of 
boiling or bubbling up ; hence, agitation or excitement. 

e'bur-na'tion (e'biir-na'shSn ; eb'ur-), n. [L. eburnus of 
ivory, ebur ivory.] Med. A diseased condition of bone or 
cartilage marked by an unnatural, ivorylike density. 

e-bur'ne-an (e-bur'ne-dn), a. [L. eburneus, fr. ebur ivory. 
See ivory.] Made of, relating to, or like, ivory. 

e'car'te' (a'kar'ta'), n. [F.] A certain game at cards for 
two persons. 

|| ec'ce ho'mo (ek'se ho'mo ). [L.] Behold the man ! — 
Pilate's words in presenting Christ, crowned with thorns, 
to the Jews {John xix. 5) ; also, a representation of this. 

ec-cen'tric (ek-sen'trik), a. [From F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. lnnev- 
rpos ; £k out of + Ktvrpov center.] 1. Not having the same 
center ; — opposed to concentric. 2. Deviating from the 
center, or from the line of a circle, as an orbit. 3. Deviating 
from stated methods, usual practice, or established forms ; 
irregular ; odd ; as, an eccentric person or idea. — Syn. 
Peculiar, erratic, whimsical. See strange. 

— n. 1. A circle not having the same center as another con- 
tained in some measure within it. 2. One who, or that 
which, is eccentric. 3. Mach. A device consisting of a disk 
through which a shaft is 
keyed eccentrically so that 
the disk gives a crank mo- 
tion to an encircling strap ^ 
that gives a reciprocating 
motion to an attached rod. 

— ec-cen'tri-cal-ly, adv. 
ec'cen-tric'i-ty (ek'senytns'i-ti), « 

State of being eccentric ; esp 
conduct ; oddity. 2 




^= 



Eccentric, 3. a Eccen- 
tric ; b Strap ; c Rod. 

pi. -TIES (-tiz). 1. 
deviation from customary 
Math. The ratio of the distances from 
any point of a conic to a focus and to the corresponding 
directrix, — in the ellipse, < 1 ; in the hyperbola, > 1 ; in 
the parabola, = 1 ; in the circle, = 0. 
Syn. Peculiarity, oddity, aberration, idiocrasy ; idio- 



syncrasy. — Eccentricity, idiosyncrasy. Eccentricity 
emphasizes divergence from the usual or customary ; idio- 
syncrasy (properly one's own peculiar temperament or 
bent), that of the personal, characteristic, and individual, 
esp. in trait, trick, or habit. 

ec'chy-mose (ek'i-moz), v. t.; -mosed (-mozd) ; -mos'ing 
(-moz'ing). Med. To discolor by the production of an 
ecchymosis, or effusion of blood, beneath the skin. 

ec'chy-mo'sis (ek'i-mo'sis), n. ; pi. -moses (-sez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. e/cxi»M«<ns, deriv. of e« out of + x*"" to pour.] Med. A 
livid, or black-and-blue spot, produced by the extravasation 
of blood into the areolar tissue from a contusion. — ec'chy- 
mot'ic (-mot'ik), a. 

ec-Cle'si-a (e-kle'zhi-d ; -zi-d), n.; pi. -Sim. (-e). [L., fr. Gr. 
iKK.\rj<xia.'] 1. In ancient Greek states, a political assembly 
of the citizens. 2. A church, either the body of members or 
the building. 

ec-cle'si-arch (-zT-ark), n. [LL. ecclesiarcha, fr. Gr. iic- 
KXrjala church + apxeiv to rule.] A ruler of a church. 

Ec-cle'si-as'tes (e-kle'zT-as'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. iKuXwi- 
aariis a preacher.] A certain book of the Old Testament. 
Abbr., Eccl. or Eccles. 

ec-cle'si-as'tic (-as'tik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. ^/cX^o-iooti- 
kos, fr. iKKXrjala assembly of citizens called out by the 
crier, also, the church, deriv. of £k out + KaXelv to call.] 
Ecclesiastical. — n. A clergyman ; priest ; minister. 

ec-cle'si-as'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to the 
church or its organization or government ; not secular. 

ec-cle'si-as'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. Ecclesiastical principles, 
forms, or practices ; also, attachment to these. 

Ec-cle'si-as'ti-CUS (-as'ti-kus), n. [L.] A book of the 
Apochrypha ; — called also Wisdom of Jesus, Son of 
Sirach. Abbr., Ecclus. 

ec-cle'si-ol'a-try (-ol'd-tri), n. [Gr. ^kkXtjo-io church + 
-latry.~\ Worship of the church ; hence, excessive devotion 
to the authority, ceremonial, and traditions of the church. 

ec-cle'si-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. [Gr. lKK\r\ola church -f- 
-logy.~\ Science or study of church institutions, functions, 
etc. ; science or theory of church building and decoration. 
— ec-cle'si-o-log'ic (-6-loj'Tk), -log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kal), a. 

ec'dy-sis (ek'dT-s!s), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. ckSwis 
a getting out.] Zo'dl. Act of molting, or shedding an outer 
cuticular layer, as in the case of insects, crustaceans, etc. 

ech'e-lon (esh'e-lon ; F. a/sh'-loN'), n. [F. echelon, fr. 
echelle ladder, fr. L. scala.~] 1. Mil. An ar- ,» 



y 



/ 



/ 



Echelon, 2. 

A B Line of 

Bearing. 



rangement of troops with the divisions 
in parallel lines each to the left or right 
of the one in the rear ; also, one of the 
divisions. 2. Nav. An arrangement of 
vessels in a line of bearing at an angle to 
the way the ship heads. See illust. 3. 
Optics. An apparatus, of high dispersive 
and resolving power, consisting of a series 
of plane parallel glass plates. 

— (esh'e-lon), v. t. & i. Mil. To place, s' 
arrange, or take position, in echelon. 

echelon lens. Optics. A compound lens consisting of a 
succession of annular lenses, esp. 
used in large lenses to avoid aberra- 
tion. 

e-Chid'nad-kid'nd), n. [L., a viper ; 
Gr. Ixt5f a.] A toothless monotreme 
(Tachyglossus aculeatus) of Aus- 
tralia, Tasmania, and New Guinea, 
having spines mingled with the 
hair ; the porcupine anteater. 

ech'i-nate ( ek'i-nat ) \a. [L. echi- 

ech'i-nat'ed (-nat'ed)/ natus. See 
echinus.] Prickly, like a hedgehog ; 
bristled. 1 Echelon Lens ; 2 Cross 

e-Chi'no-derm (e-kl'no-durm ; ek'- Settion of same. 
I-), n. [Gr. exi^os hedgehog + 8tptia, -aros, skin.] Any of a 
phylum (Echinodermata) of marine animals including the 
starfishes and sea urchins. [chin.l 

e-chi'noid (e-k!'noid), n. [See echinus ; -oid.] A sea ur-| 

e-Chi'ntlS (-nus), n. ; pi. -ni (-nl). [L., a hedgehog, sea ur- 
chin, Gr. ex<>os.] 1. A sea urchin. 2. Arch. The rounded 
molding forming the bell of the capital in the Greek Doric 
order, where it has in profile a peculiar elastic curve ; hence, 
a similar member in other orders. 

ech'o (ek'o), n.; pi. -oes (-oz). [L. echo, Gr. rix& echo, 
sound.] 1. Repetition of a sound, caused by the reflec- 
tion of the sound waves. 2. [_cap.~\ The personification of 
echo ; esp., Gr. Myth., a nymph, daughter of Air and 
Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing 
was left of her but her voice. 3. Music, a A soft, echo- 
like repetition of a phrase, b An echo organ or echo stop. 
4. Any repetition, as of the style or thought of another ; 
also, one who imitates or repeats anothei'j words, ideas, or 
acts. 5. Response, esp. as implying sympathetic appre- 
ciation. 6. Versification. A line consisting of one or 
more syllables riming with the last syllable of the preced- 




ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, &sk, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ECHOER 



319 



ECUADORIAN 



ing line. 7. Whist. A signal, of various meanings, played in 
the same manner as a trump signal. 

<=— v. t. 1. To send back or repeat (a sound). 2. To repeat or 
imitate, as words or thoughts. — v. i. To give an echo ; re- 
sound. — ech'o-er (ek'6-er), n. 

e-cho'ic (e-ko'Ik), a. Of the nature of an echo ; imitative ; 
onomatopoeic ; as, an echoic word. 

ech'0-ism (ek'6-iz'm), n. Onomatopoeia. 

e'clair' (a/klar'), n. [F.] Cookery. A small oblong cake 
filled with flavored cream and glazed or, often, frosted. 

|| e'clair-cisse'ment (a'klar-ses'maN), n. [F., fr. eclaircir 
to explain.] An explanation or clearing up. 

ec-lamp'si-a (ek-lamp'sT-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. IxXau^iy a 
shining forth ; in out + \ap.ir&.v to shine.] Med. A sudden 
attack of convulsions, esp. during pregnancy or parturition. 

e'clat' (a'kla'), n. [F. eclat, lit., fragment, explosion.] 1. 
Ostentation. 2. Brilliancy of success or effort ; glory. 

ec-lec'tic (ek-lek'tlk), a. [Gr. £k\€ktlkos, fr. lK\eyeii> to 
pick out, choose out.] 1. Selecting ; choosing from various 
sources or systems. 2. Consisting of what is selected ; as, 
an eclectic magazine. — n. One who follows a selective 
method ; esp., an eclectic philosopher, physician, or painter. 

ec-lec'ti-cal-ly, adv. In an eclectic manner. 

ec-lec'ti-cism (-tT-sTz'm), n. The use of an eclectic 
method ; the practice of choosing doctrines from various or 
diverse systems of thought in the formation of a body of 
acceptable doctrine, or the advocacy of this practice. 

e-clipse' (e-klTps r ), n. [F. eclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. 
fecXen/as, prop., a forsaking, deriv. of itc out + Xeiireiv to 




Diagram of Eclipses, showing the Sun, S, Earth, E, and 
Moon, the latter being at M in a Solar, and at AH in a 
Lunar, Eclipse. 

leave.] 1. Astron. The interposition of a dark celestial 
body between a luminous one and the eye, or the passing 
of a luminous body into the shadow of another body. 
Thus, a solar eclipse is caused by the moon's passing 
between sun and earth; a lunar eclipse, by the moon's 
entering the earth's shadow. 2. An obscuration ; esp., a 
temporary obliteration ; as, an eclipse of one's powers. 

r- v. t. ; e-clipsed' (e-klipsf) ; e-clips'ing. 1. To cause ob- 
scuration of ; darken. 2. Fig. : To obscure the luster, etc., 
of ; cloud ; throw into the shade. 

e-clip'tic (e-klip'tik), a. [L. eclipticus of an eclipse, Gr. 
^fcXenrriK6s.] Pert, to an eclipse or the ecliptic. — n. 1. 
Astron. That great circle of the celestial sphere which is 
the apparent path of the sun or of the earth as seen from 
the sun ; the plane of the earth's orbit extended to meet 
the celestial sphere and inclined to the celestial equator at 
an angle of about 23° 27'. 2. Geog. A great circle drawn 
on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of about 23° 27' 
with the equator, and used for illustrating and solving 
astronomical problems. 

ec'lo-gite (ek'16-jlt) ; n. [See eclogue.] _ Petrog. A beau- 
tiful crystalline schist consisting of a bright green amphi- 
bole or pyroxene, red garnet, and minor minerals. 

ec'logue (ek'log), n. [L. ecloga, Gr. iKkoyif a selection, 
choice extracts, iic\kyav to select.] A poem in which 
shepherds are introduced conversing ; bucolic ; idyl. 

e-COl'0-gy (e-kol'6-ji), n. [Gr. oIkos house + -logy.'] Biology 
dealing with the mutual relations between organisms and 
their environment ; bionomics. — ec'o-log'ic (ek'6-loj'ik), 
ec'o-log'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. — e-COl'O-gist (e-kol'o-jist), n. 

e'CO-nom/ic (e'ko-nom'ik ; ek'6-), a. [L. oeconomicus or- 
derly, methodical, Gr. oIkovouikos economical. See econo- 
my.] 1. Of or pert, to the management of a household or 
a private estate or income ; hence, Rare or Obs., thrifty. 
= economical, a & b. 2. Of or pert, to the management 
of the affairs of a government or community with reference 
to its source of income, its expenditures, the development 
of its natural resources, etc. ; hence, of or pert, to the sci- 
ence of economics ; as, economic questions, policy, etc. 3. 
Of or pert, to the satisfaction of man's needs ; utilitarian ; 
as, economic botany. 

economic man, Econ., a hypothetical man supposed to 
be free from altruistic sentiments and motives interfering 
with the effects of a purely selfish pursuit of wealth. 

e'co-nom'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of, pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, economy ; specif. : a Of or pert, to the household ; 
domestic. Archaic, b Managing or managed with frugal- 
ity ; frugal ; saving ; as, economical use of money or time. 
C Theol. Pertaining to, or manifested in, the economy (or 
work) of creation and redemption. — Syn. See frugal. 

e'CO-nom'i-cal-ly, adv. In an economical manner. 

e'CO-nom'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) The science that investi- 
gates the conditions and laws affecting the production, dis- 



tribution, and consumption of wealth, or the material 
means of satisfying human desires ; political economy, 
e-con'o-niist (e-kon'S-mlst), n. 1. A manager, esp. a 
frugal one ; one who economizes money, time, labor, etc. 

2. One conversant with, or a student of, economics. 
e-con'o-mize (-mlz), v. t.; -mized (-mlzd) ; -mlz'ing (-mTz'- 

lng). To manage with economy ; use prudently, frugally, or 
the like. — u. i. To expend prudently ; be frugal and saving. 

— e-con'o-miz'er (mlz'er), n. 

e-con/o-my ( -ml ), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [F. economic L. 
oeconomia household management, Gr. oUovofila fr. 0U0- 
po/xos one managing a household ; oZkos house + a de- 
rivative of vkiitiv to manage.] 1. The management of do- 
mestic affairs, esp. as to disbursement. 2. Management of 
the affairs of a community, estate, or establishment, di- 
rectly concerned with its maintenance or productiveness. 

3. Thrifty administration ; also, an economizing act, move, 
or means ; economizing disposition or faculty. 4. The sys- 
tem by which anything is managed ; system of operation ; 
organization ; as, the economy of nature. 5. The natural 
ordering, or system of operation, of the processes of assim- 
ilation and waste in organic bodies ; also, the body of an 
animal or plant as an organized whole. 6. Theol. Divine 
government or regulation of human affairs ; a dispensation ; 
broadly, the divine plan of creation and redemption. 

U e'cra'seur/ (a'kra'zur'), n. [F., fr. ecraser to crush.] 
Surg. An instrument for the amputation of parts, esp. 
the removal of certain tumors, by the gradual tightening of 
a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows. 

He'cru (a'kroo; ek'roo ; F. a'krii'), a. [F.] Having the 
nature, appearance, or pale brown color of raw or un- 
bleached stuff, as of raw silk, linen, or the like. 

— n. £cru cloth ; also, its characteristic brownish color. 
ec'Sta-sy ( ek'std-si ), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [OF. extasie, fr. 

L., fr. Gr. l/corao-is, fr. i^iarafat to put out of place, de- 
range ; l£ = Ik out -f- laravaL to set, stand.] 1. State of 
being beside one's self, or beyond all reason and self-con- 
trol, as when given over to an engrossing emotion. 2. 
Hence : a A mystic, prophetic, or poetic trance, b State of 
overmastering feeling, esp. joy ; rapture. 
Syn. Ecstasy, rapture, transport imply intense, some- 
times excessive or extreme, mental exaltation. Ecstasy 
applies commonly to engrossing or entrancing joy, occa- 
sionally to other overmastering and violent emotions ; rap- 
ture, to bliss, or to its enthusiastic expression, only ; trans- 
port, to any vehement emotion that carries one out of one's 
self ; as, an ecstasy of terror, grief, joy ; he heard with 
speechless rapture ; a transport of enthusiasm. 

— v. t. ; -siejd ( -sid ) ; -sy-ing (-sT-ing). To fill with ecstasy. 

ec-Stat'ic (ek-stat'Tk), a. Pertaining to, or caused by, ec- 
stasy ; of the nature, or in a state, of ecstasy. — n. 1. One 
subject to ecstasy. 2. In pi. Unduly emotional expressions. 

— ec-stat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. — ec-stat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ec'to- (ek'to-). [Gr. iKTos outside.] Combining form sig- 
nifying without, outside, external. 

ec'to-blast (-blast), n. Biol, a The epiblast. b The outer 
envelope of a cell. — ec'to-blas'tic (-blas'tik), a. 

er/to-derm (-durm), n. The investing cellular membrane 
of a multicellular animal, including also any other tissue de- 
rivedfromtheepiblast. der'mal (-dur'mdb.-der'mic, a. 

ec'to-gen'ic ( ek'to-jen'ik ) \a. Bacteriol. Capable of de- 

ec-tog'e-nous (ek-toj'e-nus) / velopment apart from the 
host ; — said of certain pathogenic bacteria. 

ec'tO-mere (ek'to-mer), n. Embryol. A blastomere that 
forms ectoderm. — ec'to-mer'ic (-mer'ik), a. 

-ec'to-my (-ek'to-mT). [Gr. -eKT-o/u'a, fr. Iktoiiti excision, 
iarkuveiv to excise ; £k out + rkfiveiv to cut.] A suffix used 
in surgery to_ denote excision; as, gastrectomy, etc. 

ec'to-par/a-site (-par'd-slt), n. Zo'dl. Any parasite which 
lives on the exterior of animals ; — opp. to endoparasite. 

ec'to-plasm ( ek'to-plaz'm ), n. [ ecto- + protoplasm. ] 
Biol. An external or cortical modified layer of protoplasm 
in a cell. — ec'to-plas'mic (-plaz'mik), a. 

ec'tO-Sarc (ek'to-sark), n. \_ecto- + Gr. <ra.p%, aapKfc, 
flesh.] Biol. Ectoplasm, as in the amoeba. 

ec'tos-to'sis (ek/tos-to'sTs), n. [NL. ; ecto- + ostosis.'] 
Anat. Ossification that begins under the perichondrium ; 
bone formation from without. 

ec-tro'pi-on (ek-tro'pi-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Iktp6wiov, fr. 
inrpoTros turning aside ; iic from + Tpt-rretv to turn.] 
Med. An abnormal eversion, esp. of the eyelid. 

ec'ty-pal (ek'tl-pal), a. [L. ectypus worked in high relief, 
Gr. Iktvitos ; £k out + rbiros stamp, figure. See type.] Of, 
pert, to, or of the nature of, an ectype, or copy. 

ec'type (ek'tlp), n. A copy from an original ; an imitation 
or reproduction of an archetype or prototype. 

I e'cu' (I'ku'), n. ; pi. ecus (F. a'kii'). [F., deriv. of L. scu- 
tum shield.] Any of several French gold and silver coins, 
esp. the large silver crown of the 17th and 18th centuries, 
or the current five-franc piece. 

Ec'ua-do'ri-an (eVwd-do'n-an ; 57), a. Of or pertaining to 
Ecuador. — n. A native or inhabitant of Ecuador. 



H 



J 



K 



K = oh in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. =■ equal*. 



M 



ECUMENIC 



320 



EELGRASS 



ec'u-men'ic, cec'u-men'ic (ek'u-men'ik), a. Ecumenical. 

ec'u-men'i-cal, cec'u-men'i-cal (-i-kal), a. [L. oecumeni- 
cus, Gr. olnovfievucos, fr. oUovnevr] (sc. yrj) the inhabited 
world oUelv to inhabit, oXkos dwelling.] General ; universal ; 
usually, Eccl., pert, to or representing the whole church. 

ec'ze-ma (ek'ze-md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 2/cfejua; in out + Itiv 
to boil.] An inflammatory itching disease of the skin. 

ec-zem'a-tOUS (ek-zen/d-t&s), a. Pertaining to eczema; 
having the characteristics of eczema. 

-ed. [AS. -ede, -ode, -ade.~\ The ending of the preterit 
tense of regular, or weak, verbs in English. Some regular 
verbs ending in a surd (except t) and some others are often 
spelt with -t for -ed in both preterit and past participle. 

-ed. [AS. -ed, -ad, -od."] A suffix forming : a The past par- 
ticiple of regular, or weak, verbs (see 1st -ed). b Analo- 
gous adjectives from nouns, having the sense of possessed 
of, provided or furnished with, characterized by ; as, cul- 
tured, moneyed, balconied, etc. ; sometimes also, having 
the characteristics of; as, bigoted, wretched. 

e-da'cious (e-da'sh&), a. [L. edax, edacis, fr. edere to 
eat.] Pert, to eating; devouring. — e-dac'i-ty (e-das'i-tT),TO. 

E'dam (e'dam), n., or Edam cheese. A Dutch pressed 
cheese of yellow color, made in large balls and usually col- 
ored crimson outside ; — from Edam, near Amsterdam. 

Ed'da (ed'd), n.; pi. Eddas (-dz). [Icel.] Either of two 
works in the Old Norse, or Icelandic, language ; a The 
Elder, or Poetic, Edda, consisting of mythological and heroic 
songs, probably composed bet. the 10th and 13th centuries. 
b The Younger, or Prose, Edda, treating of the Norse mythol- 
ogy, language, etc., and usually ascribed to Snorri Sturlu- 
son (1179-1241). — Ed-da'ic (e-da'ik), Ed'dic, a. 

ed'dish (ed'ish), n. [AS. edisc pasture.] Aftermath. Dial. 

ed'do (ed'o), n. ; pi. -does (-oz). The root of the taro; 
also, the edible root or stem of any of several related aroids. 

ed'dy (ed'T), to.; pi. -dies (-iz). [Prob. fr. Icel. iSa."] A 
current of air or water running contrary to the main cur- 
rent ; a body of air or water moving circularly ; a whirl- 
pool. — v. i. & t. ; -died (-Id) ; -dy-ing. To move as an 
eddy or as in an eddy. 

eddy current. Elec. An induced electric current circu- 
lating wholly within a mass of metal. Such currents are 
converted into heat, causing serious waste in dynamos, 
motors, and transformers ; — called also Foucault current. 

e'del-weiss (a'del-vls), n. [G., fr. edel noble + weiss 
white.] A small Alpine perennial plant (Leontopodium 
leontopodium) of the aster family. 

e-de'ma (e-de'md). Var. of cedema. ■ 

E'den (e'd'n),TO. [L. Eden, fr. Heb. 'edere delight, a place of 
pleasure, Eden.] 1. Bib. The garden where Adam and 
Eve first dwelt ; Paradise. See Gen. ii. 8. 2. Hence, a 
place or state of bliss ; a paradise. 

6-den'tate (e-den'tat),o. [L. edentatus rendered toothless ; 
e out -f- dens, dentis, tooth. ] 1. Destitute of teeth. 2. 
Zo'dl. Belonging to the edentates. — 
to. A member of an order (Edentata) 
of placental mammals, some tooth- 
less, consisting of the sloths, arma- 
dillos, and anteaters. 

edge (ej), ?i. [AS. ecg.2 1. The thin cut- 
ting side of the blade of an instrument. 
2. Sharpness ; hence : keenness, as of 
passion or language ; penetrating 
force. 3. Extreme verge, brink, crest, 
or the like, as of a cliff. 4. Any sharp 
terminating border or the part adja- 
cent ; margin ; as, the water's edge. — 
Syn. Margin, verge, rim, brim, brink. 
See BORDER. 
on edge, eager, impatient, or anxious. 

— v. t. & i. ; edged _ (ejd) ; edg'ing 
(ej'ing). 1. To furnish with an edge. 
2. To move by little and little or as 
by pressing forward edgeways. 

edge tool. A tool having a sharp cut- 
ting edge, as a chisel, knife, etc. One of the Edentates, 

edge'ways' (-waV)l adv. With the ■ 

edge'wise' (-wTz') / edge toward or 
foremost ; on, by, or with, the edge. 

edg'ing (ej'ing), n. That which forms an edge or border ; 
lace or embroidery used for edge trimming. 

edg'y (ej'T), a. [From edge.] Having an edge or edges ; 
sharp ; of painting or sculpture, disagreeably sharp. 

edhl (eth), n. An Anglo-Saxon letter (3", capital D) formed 

eth J with a stroke across the simple d, and answering in 
general to modern th. 

ed'i-ble (ed'1-b'l), a. [L. edibilis, fr. edere to eat.] Fit to 
be eaten as food ; eatable ; esculent. — re. Anything 
edible. — ed'i-ble-ness, ed'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), re. 

e'dict (e'dikt), to. [L. edictum, fr. edicere, edictum, to 
declare, proclaim ; e out -f- dicer e to say.] A public notice 
issued by official or state authority ; the proclamation of 
a law or rule of conduct made by competent authority. — 




eater (Cyclopes di- 
dactylus). 



Syn. Decree, law, ordinance, order, manifesto, command. 

e-dic'tal (e-dik'tal), a. Relating to, or consisting of, 
edicts ; as, the Roman edictal law. — e-dic'tal-ly, adv. 

ed'i-fi-ca'tion (ed'i-fl-ka'shun), n. Act of edifying ; state 
of being edified. [to edification.! 

ed'i-fi-ca'to-ry (ed'I-fi-ka'to-ri ; g-dif'i-kd-), a. Tending| 

ed'i-fice (ed'i-fis), to. [F. edifice, fr. L. aedificium. See 
edify.] A building; structure; esp., a large or elegant 
building. — Syn. See building. — ed'i-fi'cial (-f ish'al), a. 

ed'i-fi'er (-fi'er), to. One who edifies. 

ed'i-fy (Sd'i-fi), v. t.; -fied_ (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. Sdifier, 
L. aedificare ; aedes a building, house, orig. a fireplace -f- 
-ficare to make.] 1. To build ; construct ; hence : to organ- 
ize ; establish. Archaic. 2. To instruct and improve, esp. 
morally, spiritually, or religiously ; teach. 

e'dile (e'dll), e-dil'i-ty. Var. of ^dile, .edility. 

ed'it (ed'it), v. t. [L. editus, p. p. of edere to give out, pub- 
lish ; e out + dare to give.] To superintend or direct the 
publication of ; revise for publication. 

e-di'tion (e-dish'un), to. 1. The form in which a literary 
work or group of works is published. 2. The whole number 
of copies of a work published at one time. Cf. impression. 

ed'i-tor (ed'I-ter), to. One who edits, as a text, book, news- 
paper, etc. ; also, one who writes editorials. 

ed'i-to'ri-al (-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. Of or pert, to, or sanctioned 
by, an editor. — to. An article in a newspaper or magazine 
giving the editor's views ; a leading article. al-ly, adv. 

E'dom-ite (e'dftm-It), to. Bib. One of the descendants of 
Esau, or Edom, the brother of Jacob ; an Idumean. 

ed'u-ca-ble (edlji-kd-b'l), a. Capable of being educated. 

ed'U-cate (edlu-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat/ing. [L. 
educatus, p. p. of educare to bring up a child, educate, fr. 
educere. See educe.] To develop and cultivate mentally 
or morally ; fit for a calling by systematic instruction ; 
teach ; develop ; train ; as, to educate a child, the eye. 

ed'u-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. 1. Act or process of educat- 
ing ; the impartation or acquisition of knowledge, skill, or 
development of character, as by study or discipline. 2. 
The sum of the qualities^ acquired through individual in- 
struction and social training. 3. Pedagogics. 
Syn. Education, training, discipline, breeding. Edu- 
cation is the general and formal word for schooling, esp. 
in an institution of learning ; training suggests exercise or 
practice to gain skill, endurance, or facility ; discipline, 
severe and systematic training, esp. with a view to right 
conduct or prompt and effective action ; breeding, train- 
ing in the amenities and courtesies of life (esp. through 
habitual intercourse with those who practice them). 

ed'u-ca'tion-al (-a\), a. Of or pert, to education. 

ed'u-ca'tion-al-ist, n. An educationist. 

ed'u-ca'tion-ist, n. One who is versed in the theories of, or 
who advocates and promotes, education. 

ed'u-ca-tive (-ka-tTv), a. Tending to educate ; educating. 

ed'U-ca'tor (-ka'ter), to. [L.] One who educates. 

e-duce' (e-diis'), v. t.; e-duced' (-dust') ; e-duc'ing (-dus'- 
lng). [L. educere to lead forth ; e out + ducere to lead.] 
To bring or draw forth ; elicit ; evolve. 

e-duc'i-ble (e-dus'T-b'l), a. That may be educed. 

e'duct (e r dukt),TO. [L. eductum,iv. educere."] 1. That which 
is educed, as by analysis. 2. Chem. A substance separated 
from material in which it already existed, as disting. from a 
product, which is got through chemical change. 

e-duc'tion (e-diik'shun), to. 1. Act of educing, or thing 
educed ; a bringing or drawing forth. 2. Exhaust, as of 
steam ; — chiefly in eduction pipe, etc. 

e-duc'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to draw out; extractive. 

e-dul'co-rate (e-dul'ko-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'- 
ing. [L. e out + dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare to sweeten, 
dulcor sweetness, dulcis sweet.] 1. To sweeten. 2. Chem. 
To free from acids, salts, or other soluble substances, by 
washing ; purify. — e-dul'CO-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), to. 

Ed-war'dl-an (ed-wor'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Ed- 
ward ; as : a Edward I., as in relation to certain writs. 
b The first three Edwards, as in relation to architectural 
styles, c Edward VI., as in relation to church reforms. 

-ee (-e). [Formed on the F. p. p. ending -e, masc] A suffix 
used to indicate the object of an action, the one to whom an 
act is done or on whom a right is conferred ; as in assignee. 

eel (el), to. [AS. Bel.] 1. Any of an order (Apodes) of nu- 
merous vora- 
cious, elongat- 
ed, snakelike 
fishes haying a/ 

smooth, slimy fe|||| ^dlPillMik Common Eel. 

skin and no }^U^^^^^^^^^^^^k I 1 ) 

pelvic fins. 2. ™ 
Any of various 

other elongated fishes, as the electric eel (which see), or 
the lamprey, often called tamper eel; also, an eelworm. 

eel'grass' (ePgras'), n. A submerged plant (Zoster a ma- 
rina) with very long narrow leaves, abundant in shallow 
bays along the North Atlantic coast. U. S. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soli, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EELPOUT 



321 



EFFUSE 



eel'pout' (-poutO, n. [AS. selepute] Any of a family 
(Zoarcidae) of marine blennylike fishes having, usually, the 
body laterally compressed and tapering behind. 

eeFworm' (-wurm'), n. Any of various small nematode 
worms, as the vinegar eel. 

eel'y (el'I), a. Resembling an eel ; wriggling. 

e'en (en), adv. Even ; — a contraction. 

-eer (-er). [F. -ier, fr. L. -arius.~] A noun suffix denoting 
agency, and meaning one who deals in or is concerned 
with, one who conducts, manages, or produces, profes- 
sionally ; as in charioteer, muleteer, cannoneer; and 
(formed from English nouns) auctioneer, pamphleteer, son- 
neteer, often with a derogatory implication in the English 
formations. See -ier. 

e'er (ar ; ar ; 3), adv. Ever ; — a contraction. 

ee'rieWe'ri), a. [Scot., fr. AS. earh timid.] _ 1. Affected 

ee'ry J with fear, as of ghosts ; timid. 2. Serving to inspire 
fear, as of ghosts ; weird ; uncanny. — Syn. See weird. — 
ee'ri-ly (e'ri-li), adv. — ee'ri-ness, n. 

ef'fa-ble (ef'd-bl), a. [L. effabilis; ex out + fari to 
speak.] Capable of being expressed. Rare. Cf . ineffable. 

ei-face' (e-fas'), v. t.; -faced' (-fast') ; -fac'lng (-fas'Ing). 
[F. effacer ; es- (L. ex) -{-face face; prop., to deface.] 
To rub out, strike out, or erase (anything impressed or in- 
scribed on or as on a surface). — Syn. Blot out, expunge, 
obliterate. See erase. [being effaced. 

ef-face'ment (-ment), n. Process of effacing ; state of | 

ef-fect'(e-fekt'),re. [L. effectus,ir. efficere, effectum, to ef- 
fect ; ex + facere to make.] 1. That which is produced by 
an agent or cause ; immediate result. 2. Purport ; intent ; 
as, to this effect. 3. State or fact of being operative or real- 
ized ; execution ; performance ; as, to give effect to, to take 
effect, etc. 4. A distinctive impression produced, as by a 
work of art, by conduct, etc. ; as, to act for effect. 5. In pi. 
Goods ; personal estate. — Syn. Consequence. 
«— v. t. 1. To produce ; do ; make. 2. To bring about or to 
pass ; execute ; accomplish. — ef-fect'er, n. 
Syn. Execute, perform, discharge, accomplish, achieve, 
realize, consummate, compass, fulfill. — Effect, execute, 
perform, discharge, accomplish, achieve agree in the 
idea of carrying out to a proposed end. To effect is to 
bring about, often in the face of resistance or obstacles ; as, 
the passage was effected by force. To execute is to carry 
into effect, often formally ; as, to execute a decree. To per- 
form (sometimes merely a formal synonym for do) often 
implies protracted or regular activity ; as, to perform our 
duties well. Discharge implies an obligation ; as, he dis- 
charged his duty as judge fairly. To accomplish is to 
complete, often by perseverance or skill. Achieve com- 
monly suggests an undertaking of difficulty or importance. 

ef-fec'tive (e-fek'tiv), a. Able to produce an effect ; effi- 
cient ; operative. — n. 1. One, esp. a soldier, fit for active 
service or duty. 2. The serviceable soldiers of a country 
collectively ; an army or military body ; as, France's effec- 
tive. 3. Com. Specie or coin, as distrng. from paper cur- 
rency. — ef-fec'tive-ly, adv. — ef-f ec'tive-ness, n. 
Syn. Effectual, efficient, efficacious, active, operative, 
capable, competent, adequate. — Effective, effectual, 
efficient, efficacious. Effective emphasizes the actual 
production of an effect, whose continuance it often sug- 
gests ; as, the law becomes effective at once, effective capital. 

| Effectual also refers to a present result, but regards it 
more as adequately fulfilling a purpose, and so often be- 
comes synonymous with "decisive" or "final," and looks 
backward rather than forward ; as, an effectual measure, 
retort. Efficient applies to what is actively operative 
through the exercise of energy, so that it often is synony- 
mous with "capable" or "competent"; as, an efficient 
cause, workman. Efficacious emphasizes the possession 
of such quality as renders effective ; as, an efficacious rem- 
edy. Efficacious and efficient refer the result to some in- 
herent power or quality ; an object may be effective or 
effectual through some agency outside itself. 

ef-fec'tu-al (-\u-a\), a. Producing, or able to produce, an in- 
tended effect. — Syn. See effective. — ef-f ec'tu-al-ly, adv. 
effectual calling, Theol., the work of the Holy Spirit in 
producing conviction of sin and acceptance of salvation by 
Christ, — one of the five points of Calvinism. 

ef-fec'tu-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To efiect. 

ef-fec'tu-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of effectuating. 

ef-fem'i-na-cy (-fem'i-nd-si), n.; pi. -ctes (-slz). Woman- 
ish quality, as softness or weakness, unbecoming a man. 

ef-fem'i-nate (-nat), a. [L. effeminatus, p. p. of effemi- 
nare to make a woman of ; ex out + femina woman.] 
Having womanlike traits of character to an inappropriate 
degree ; wanting in manly strength or aggressiveness ; as, 
an effeminate man ; esp., marked by weakness, softness, 
and love of voluptuous ease ; as, an effeminate civilization. 
— Syn. See female. 

— (-nat)_ v. t. & i. To make or become womanish or weak. 

ef-fem'i-nate-ly, adv. In an effeminate manner. 

ef-fen'di (e-fen'dl), n. [Turk, efendi, deriv. of Gr. avOkvnjs 
a chief.] Master ; sir ; — a Turkish title of respect. 

ef'fer-ent (ef'er-ent), a. [L. efferens, -entis, p. pr., deriv. of 



ex out + ferre to bear.] 1. Bearing out or away, or dis- 
charging, as certain blood vessels. 2. Conveyed outward, as 
a nerve impulse ; — opposed to afferent. 

ef'fer-vesce' (-ves'), v. i. ; -vesced' (-vest') ; -vesc'ing. 
[L. effervescere ; ex -f- fervescere to begin boiling, fervere 
to boil.] 1. To bubble and hiss, as fermenting liquors. 
2. To exhibit liveliness or exhilaration ; be gay, merry, etc. 

ef'fer-ves'cence (-ves'ens)lrc. Action or state of effervesc- 

ef'fer-ves'cen-cy (-sen-si) / ing. 

ef'fer-ves'cent (-ent), a. Effervescing. 

ef-fete' (e-fef), a. [L. effetus that has brought forth, ex- 
hausted; ex + fetus that has brought forth. See fetus.] 
No longer capable of producing young, as an animal, or 
fruit, as the earth ; hence : worn out, as with age ; exhausted 
of energy. 

ef'fi-ca'cious (efT-ka'shus), a. [L. efficax, -acts, fr. effi- 
cere. See effect, n.] Productive of, or powerful to pro- 
duce, the efiect intended. — Syn. See effective. — ef'- 
fi-ca'cious-ly, adv. — ef Ti-ca'cious-ness, n. 

ef'fi-ca-cy (ef'i-kd-sT), n. Power to produce effects ; effi- 
cient action. — Syn. Virtue, potency, force, efficiency. 

ef-fi'cien-cy (e-flsh'en-sT), n. 1. Quality or degree of being 
efficient ; efficient power or action. 2. Mech. The ratio of 
the energy or work that is got out of a machine, a storage 
battery, etc., to the energy put in. 

ef-fi'cisnt (-ent), a. [L. efficiens, -entis, p. pr. of efficere. 
See effect, n.] 1. Serving as, or characteristic of, the 
working or moving cause ; causative ; operant ; as, the 
efficient action of heat. 2. Characterized by energetic and 
useful activity ; as, an efficient officer. — Syn. See effec- 
tive. — ef-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

|| ef-fi'gi-es (e-fij'I-ez), n. [L.] An effigy. 

ef'fi-gy (ef'i-ji), n.; pi. -gtes (-jiz). [L. effigies, fr. effin- 
gere to form ; ex + finger e to form.] An image or repre- 
sentation, esp. of a person. — Syn. See image. 
to burn, or hang, in effigy, to burn, or hang, animage 
or picture of (a person), as a token of public odium. 

ef'flo-resce' (ef'16-res'), v. i.; -resced' (-rest') ; -rescuing. 
[L. efflorescere to bloom ; ex + florescere, deriv. of flos 
flower.] 1. To flower. 2. Chem. a To change, as on the 
surface, to a powdery form from loss of water of crystalliza- 
tion, b To form, or become covered with, a powdery 
crust, as a saline solution by evaporation. 

ef'flo-res'cence (-res'ens), n. 1. Act, process, or result of 
efflorescing. 2. Med. A redness of the skin ; eruption. 

ef'flo-res'cen-cy (-en-si), n. Efflorescence. 

ef-flo-res'cent (-ent), a. 1. That effloresces, or is liable to 
effloresce on exposure ; as, an efflorescent salt. 2. Covered 
with or forming an efflorescence. 

ef'flu-ence (ef 'loo-ens ; 86), n. Outflow ; emanation ; efflux. 

ef'flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. effluens, -entis, p. pr., deriv. of ex 
+ fluere to flow.] Flowing out. — n. Outflow ; efflux. 

ef-flu'vi-um (e-floo'vl-um ; 86), n.; pi. -via (-d). [L., a 
flowing out, fr. effluere. See effluent.] 1. A subtle or in- 
visible emanation, esp. a noxious one. 2. Physics. A hypo- 
thetical imponderable medium to the efflux of which from 
electrified bodies, magnets, etc., their powers of attraction 
and repulsion were formerly ascribed. 

ei'&VLK (ef'luks), n. [See effluent, flux.] Outflow ; effu- 
sion ; emanation. 

effort (ef'ort ; -ert), n. [F., deriv. of LL. exfortiare, fr. L. 
ex + fortis strong.] 1. Exertion of power, physical or 
mental. 2. A production, as of art or oratory. 
Syn. Exertion, endeavor, attempt, essay, trial, applica- 
tion ; struggle, strain, pains ; labor, toil, trouble. — Exer- 
tion, effort, application, pains, trouble. Exertion is 
in general the active (often vigorous or laborious) exercise 
of any power or faculty ; effort commonly suggests a 
single action (often with a definite object in view) rather 
than continued activity ; as, to be wearied by exertion ; to 
make a supreme effort. Application is assiduous exertion ; 
as, intense application. Pains is toilsome or solicitous 
effort ; trouble implies exertion that inconveniences or 
incommodes ; as, the dumb may, by sufficient pains, bo 
taught to speak ; it was no trouble to do so. 

ef-front'er-y (e-frun'ter-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). [F. effron- 
terie, deriv. of L. effrons, -ontis, barefaced, shameless.] 
Impudent transgression of the bounds of duty or decorum ; 
shameless boldness. — Syn. See audacity. 

ef-fulge' (e-fulj'), v. t. & i. [L. effulgere; ex + fulgere to 
shine.] To shine forth ; beam. Rare. 

ef-ful'gence (e-ful'jens), n. Effulgent quality or s'ate. 

ef-ful'gent (-jent), a. Diffusing a flood of light ; shining ; 
splendid ; radiant. — ef-ful'gent-ly, adv. 

ef-fuse' (e-fus'), a. [L. effusus, p. p. of effundere to pour 
out ; ex + fundere to pour.] 1. Profuse. Obs. or R. 2. 
Bot. a Diffuse ; loosely spreading, b Spread out flat 
without definite form. 3. Zool. Having the lips of the 
aperture separated by a gap ; — said of certain shells. 

— (e-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing ( : fuz'ing). To 
pour out or forth, as a liquid ; hencg, to disseminate. — 
v. i. 1. To emanate ; issue. 2. Physics. To flow out 
through an aperture ; — said of the passage of gases 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refei to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



EFFUSION 



322 



EJECTA 




through an opening of sufficient size to permit of a move- 
ment of the fluid as a mass. 

ef-fu'sion (e-fu'zh«n), n. 1. Act of effusing, or pouring out. 
2. That which is effused ; esp., an unrestrained utterance. 

ef-f'Vsive (-siv), a. 1. Pouring out; pouring forth freely. 
2. Unduly emotional or demonstrative. 3. Geol. Of or 
pertaining to the pouring forth of lava ; as, effusive rocks 
(volcanic rocks or surface lavas as distinguished from so- 
called intrusive or plutonic rocks). — ef-fu'sive-ly, adv. 

ef-fu'sive-ness, n. Quality or state of being effusive. 

eft (eft), n. [AS. efete lizard.] A newt. 

eft, adv. [AS.] Again ; afterwards. Archaic. 

eft-soon' (-soon') \ adv. [ME. eftsone, eftsones; AS. 

eft-soons' (-soonz'') J eft + sdna soon.] Again ; after- 
wards ; also, forthwith ; at once. Archaic. 

e-gad' (e-gad'), interj. Euphemism for "by God !" 

Cgal, e'gall (e'gdl), a. [F. egal.] Equal. Obs. 

e-gest' (e-jesf), v. t. [L. egestus, p. p. of egerere to carry 
out, to discharge ; e out + gerere to carry.] Physiol. To 
cast or throw out ; void ; excrete. 

e-ges'ta (e-jes'td), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. from p. p. of L. 
egerere. See egest.] Physiol. That which is egested; 
excrements ; — opposed to ingesta. 

e-ges'tion (-chun), n. Physiol. Act or process of egesting. 

e-ges'tive (-tiv), a. Of or pert, to egestion. 

egg (eg), v. t. [Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge.] To urge (on). 

egg, n. [Icel. egg.'] 1. a The 
reproductive body of birds and f y J^S^^sS-S^^^b 
many reptiles ; esp., in common 
usage, that of the domestic hen. 
D Biol. A female germ cell ; an 
ovum. 2. Something egglike, 
as in form or function. 
egg and dart, anchor, or 
tongue, Arch., an egg-shaped 
ornament, alternating with an- 
other in the form of a dart. Hen's Egg (Diagrammatic 
anchor, or tongue, used to en- Section), a Tread ;6White 
rich the ovolo. See Illust. _ Yolk ; c Yolk Membrane ; 

— v. t. 1. To cover or mix with d Yellow Yolk ; e Shell ; 
eggs, as for cooking. 2. To pelt /Albumen or White ; gg 
with eggs. Colloq. Chalazae ; i Air Space. 

eg'ger/eg'er), n. Any 
of various moths (La- 
siocampidx) whose 
larvae are destructive 
to foliage. 

Bgg'nog' (eg'nog'), n. 
A drink of eggs beaten E SS and Dart, 

up with sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. 

egg'plant' (-plant'), n. A solanaceous plant {Solarium 
melongena) producing a large ovoid fruit ; also, the fruit, 
esteemed as a vegetable. [of an egg. 

egg'shell' (eg'shel'), n. The shell or hard exterior covering! 

e'gis (e'jis). Var. of .egis. 

eg'lan-tine (eg'ldn-tln), n. [F. Eglantine.] Also, Archaic, 
eg'la-tere' (eg'ld-ter'). 1. The sweetbrier. 2. In Milton's 
"L'Allegro," perhaps, the honeysuckle. 

©'go (e'go ; eg'o), n. [L., lit., I.] 1. Schol. Philos. The en- 
tire man considered as union of soul and body. 2. Metaph. 
The conscious and permanent subject of all psychical expe- 
riences. 3. Psychol. The self, whether as an organization 
or system of mental states, or as the consciousness of the 
individual's distinction from other selves. 

e'go-ism (-iz'm), n. [F. ego'isme, fr. L. ego I.]l 1. Philos. 
The doctrine that all the elements of knowledge are in the 
ego and the relations which it implies or provides for. 2. 
Excessive love and thought of self ; also, the ethical theory 
that self-interest or self-development is the end of moral 
action ; — opp. to altruism. 3. Excessive reference to 
one's own experience, customs, or opinions. 4. = egotism, 1. 
Syn. Egoism, egotism agree in implying intense concen- 
tration on one's self. But egoism (often opp. to altruism) 
is less likely than egotism to suggest offensive self-conceit. 

e'go-ist, n. [F. ego'iste. See egoism.] 1. One given over- 
much to egoism. 2. A believer in egoism. 

e'go-is'tic (e'go-Ts'tik ; eg'o-) la. 1. Pert, to egoism ; 

e'go-is'ti cal (e'go-Ts'ti-kdl ; eg'o-) J imbued with self- 
love. 2. Of or pert, to an ego, self, or consciousness. 

e'gO-tism (-tiz'm), n. [L. ego I + -tism for -ism.] 1. 
The practice of too often using the word I ; hence, self- 
exultation ; self-praise. 2. Living in and for one's own 
ideas, appetites, or interests. — Syn. See egoism. 

e'go-tist (-tist), n. One addicted to egotism. 

e'go-tis'tic (-tis'tlk) la. Addicted to or manifesting ego- 

e'go-tis'ti-cal (-ti-kal)J tism. — e'go- tis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

e-gre'gious (e-gre'jus ; -ji-iis), a. [L. egregius, lit., chosen 
from the herd ; e out + grex, gregis, herd.] 1. Prominent ; 
distinguished. Obs. 2. Remarkable for bad quality; fla- 
grant ; gross ; as, an egregious fool ; an egregious mistake. 
— e-gre'gious-iy, adv. — e-gre'gious-ness, n. 




e'gress (e'gres), n. [L. egressus, fr. egrtdi to go out ; e out 
+ gradi to go.] 1. Act of going out, or leaving ; depar- 
ture ; exit. 2. Astron. The emergence of a heavenly body 
from eclipse, occultation, or transit. 3. A way of exit ; outlet. 

e-gres'sion (e-gresh'wn), n. Act of going out ; egress. 

e'gret (e'gret ; eg'ret), n. [F. aigret.] 1. Any of various 
herons which, during the breeding season, bear long plumes 
(the aigrettes of commerce). 2. An aigrette. 

E-gyp'tian (e-jip'shdn), a. 1. Of or pert, to Egypt or the 
Egyptians. 2. Gypsy. Hist. — n. 1. A native of Egypt. 
2. The language of the ancient Egyptians. Demotic 
Egyptian was succeeded by Coptic. 3. A gypsy. 

E-gyp'tian-ize (-Tz), v. t. To make Egyptian, as in character. 

E'gyp-tol'0-ger (e'jip-tol'6-jer), n. An Egyptologist. 

E'gyp-tol'0-gist (-tol'6-jist), n. One versed in Egyptology. 

E'gyp-tol'o-gy (-ji), n. [Gr. Atyvirros Egypt + logy.] 
Science of Egyptian antiquities. — E-gyp'to-log'i-cal, a. 

eh (a ; e), interj. An expression of inquiry or slight surprise. 

ei'der (I'der), n., or eider duck. Any of various large sea 
ducks (genus Somateria and allied genera) of northern Eu- 
rope, Asia, and America. The female lines the nest with 
very soft down (eider down) plucked from her body. 

ei-do'lon (I-do'lon), n.; L. pi. -la (-Id). [NL., fr. Gr. 
eiduXov image. See idol.] An image ; form ; phantom. 

eight (at), a. [AS. eahta.] Seven plus one ; being one more 
than seven ; as, eight boys ; eight were present. — n. 1. 
The number greater by a unit than seven. 2. A symbol rep- 
resenting eight units, as 8 or viii. 3. Something having as 
an essential feature eight units or members, as a playing 
card with eight pips, a crew of eight oarsmen, etc. 

eight'een' (a'ten' ; a'ten'), a. [AS. eahtatyne, eahtatene.] 
Eight plus ten. ■ — n. 1. The number greater by a unit 
than seventeen. 2. A symbol representing eighteen units, 
as 18 or xviii. 

eight'een'rno' (a'ten'mo'), a.&n. = octodecimo. Cant. 

eighteenth' (a'tenth' ; a' tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after 
the seventeenth ; — the ordinal of eighteen. Abbr., 18th. 
See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of eighteen 
equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — 
n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighteen; an 
eighteenth part. 2. An eighteenth unit or object. 

eight'fold' (at'fold'), a. Eight times a quantity or num- 
ber ; having eight parts or divisions. — eight'fold', adv. 

eighth (atth), a. 1. Next in order after the seventh ; — the 
ordinal of eight. Abbr., 8th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Con- 
stituting one of eight equal parts into which a (whole) thing 
may be divided. — n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
eight ; an eighth part. 2. An eighth unit or object. 

eighth note. Music. A quaver (which see). 

eight'i-eth (a'ti-eth; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
seventy-ninth ; — the ordinal of eighty. Abbr., 80th. See 
ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of eighty equal 
parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 

1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighty ; an eightieth 
part. 2. An eightieth unit or object. 

eight'score' (at'skor'), a. & n. Eight times twenty. 
eight'y (a'ti), a. [AS. eahtatig.] Eight times ten ; four- 
score. — n. 1. The number equal to the sum of eight tens. 

2. A symbol representing eighty units, as 80 or lxxx. 
ei'kon (T'kon). Var. of icon. 

ei-kon'o-gen (I-kon'6-jen), n. [Gr. eU&v image -+- -gen.] 
Photog. The sodium salt of a sulphonic acid of amino naph- 
thol, CioHs(OH)(NH2)S03Na, used as a developer. 

eis-tedd'fod (as-teth'vod), n. [W., session, fr. eistedd to 
sit.] An annual congress of bards, minstrels, and literati 
of Wales ; — in its present form a revival of an old custom. 

ei'ther (e'ther ; l'tfeer), a. & pron. [AS. segSer, seghwseSer, 
each ; a always + gehwseSer each.] 1. Each of two ; the 
one and the other ; as, she kissed him on either cheek. 
2. One of two ; the one or the other ; as, he did not play 
on either side._ 

— - conj. A disjunctive connective used : a Before two or 
more words or phrases indicated as coordinate alternatives, 
and joined by the correlative or; as, either he is busy or 
he is away, b After an alternative to emphasize an ex- 
pressed or implied negation ; as, nor you, either. 

e-jac'u-late (e-jak'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. ejaculatus, p. p. of ejaculari to throw out ; e out + 
jaculari to throw, jaculum dart, jacere to throw.] 1. To 
eject suddenly or swiftly. Archaic or Med. 2. To throw 
out, as an exclamation ; utter by a brief, sudden impulse. 

e-jac'u-la'tion (-la/shwn), n. An ejaculating ; an ejaculated 
utterance, as of exclamation. 

e-jac'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-ri), a. 1. Casting or throwing out. 
2. Suddenly darted out ; uttered in short sentences ; as, an 
ejaculatory prayer. 

e-ject' (e-jSkf), v. t. [L. ejectus, p. p. of eicere; e out + 
jacere to throw.] To throw, thrust, or drive out ; expel. 

e'ject (e'jSkt), n. Psychol. A mental state (of another) as 
directly inferred from physical action, or the like. 

e-jec'ta (e-jek'td), n. pi. [L., neut. pi,. of ejectus cast out. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87); 



EJECTION 



323 



ELECTION 



See eject.] Matter ejected; material thrown out; as, 
the ejecta of a volcano or of the body. _ 

e-jec'tion (e-jek'shun), n. 1. Act of ejecting ; state of being 
ejected. 2. Ejected matter, as lava. 

e-jec'tive (-tiv), a. Tending or serving to eject. 

e-Jecfment (e-jekt'ment), n. 1. An ejecting; disposses- 
sion ; ejection. 2. Law. A mixed action for the recovery 
of possession of real property and damages and costs. 

e-jec'tor (e-jek'ter), n. One who, or that which, ejects. 

e'ka- (a'ka-). [Skr. eka one.] Chem. A combining form 
prefixed to the name of a known element to designate 
provisionally a predicted element which should stand in 
the same group in the table of the periodic system. 

eke (ek), v. t.; eked (ekt) ; ek'ing (ek'Tng). [AS. ecan, 
yean.'] 1. To increase ; enlarge. Archaic. 2. To add 
to, or piece out, by a laborious, inferior, or scanty addi- 
tion ; — used with out; as, to eke out a scanty supply. 

eke (ek ), adv. & conj. [AS. eac] Also; too. Archaic. 

e-lab'o-rate (e-lab'o-rat), a. [L. elaboratus, p. p. of ela- 
borare to work out ; e out 4- laborare to labor, labor labor.] 
Wrought out with great care or detail ; studied ; compli- 
cated ; perfected ; as, to make elaborate preparations. — 
(-rat), v. t. ; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. 1. To produce 
with labor. 2. To work out in detail ; perfect with pains- 
taking care ; as, a theory elaborated with great care. — 
e-lab'o-rate-ly, adv. — e-lab'o-rate-ness, n. 

e-lab'o-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act or process of elaborating ; 
improvement by successive operations. 

e-lab'o-ra-tive (e-lab'6-ra-tiv), a. Serving or tending to 
elaborate ; constructing with labor and attention to details. 

e-lse'o-lite (e-le'6-llt), n. [Gr. ekaiov olive oil, oil + -lite.'] 
Min. A variety of nephelite, usually massive. 

el'ae-op'tene (el'e-op'ten), n. Also el'e-op'tene. [Gr. 
ikaiov olive oil, oil + tttvvos winged, fleeting.] Chem. 
The liquid portion of natural essential oils, as distinguished 
from stearoptene, the part which solidifies. 

E-laine' (e-lan'), n. Any of several ladies in Arthurian ro- 
mance ; esp., "the lily maid of Astolat," the story of whose 
unrequited love for Lancelot is told by Tennyson. 

E'lam-ite (e'lam-it), n. A dweller in Elam, an ancient 
kingdom in the mountainous country east of Babylonia. 
— E'lam-ite, E'lam-it'ic ( Tt'Tk^E'lam-it'ish (-Tt'ish), a. 

e'land (e'land), n. [D., elk.] The largest of the South 
African antelopes, 
(T aur otr ag us 
oryx), now practi- 
cally exterminated. 

e-lapse (e-laps'), 
v. i. ; e-laps ed' 
(-lapst') ; e-laps'- 
ING. [L. elapsus, 
p. p. of elabi to 
glide away ; e out 
+ labi to fall, 
slide.] To glide or 
pass away, as time. 

e-las'mo-branch 
(e-las'mo-brarjk ; e- 
laz'-), n. [Gr. i\a<r- 
M 6s a metal plate + Eland (.Taurotragus oryx) , male. 
L. branchia a gill.] Zobl. Any of a subclass, in some clas- 
sifications a class (Elasmobranchii) , of fishes having the 
skeleton mainly cartilaginous, comprising the sharks and 
rays, their extinct allies, and, according to the most recent 
views, the chimaeras. 

6-las'tic (e-las'tik), a. [Formed fr. Gr. iXaweiv to 
drive.] 1. Springing back ; springy ; of solids, capable of 
recovering size and shape after deformation ; of gases, in- 
definitely expansive. 2. Of temperaments, etc., able to re- 
cover quickly, after being depressed or overtaxed ; buoyant. 
3. Econ. Enlarging or decreasing readily in response to a 
change in stimulus, demand, etc. ; as, elastic prices. 
Syn. Elastic, buoyant (in their fig. senses). Elastic sug- 
gests, more strongly than buoyant, recovery from depres- 
sion, and implies swift response to removal of pressure ; as, 
a boy of elastic spirits. Buoyant implies such lightness or 
vivacity of heart as is incapable of depression or else readily 
shakes it off ; as, his buoyant hope cheered him in adversity. 
— n. Fabric made elastic by the use of India rubber ; also 
India rubber in cords or bands, or a piece of it in such form. 
e-las'ti-cal-Iy, adv. In an elastic manner. 
elas-tic'i-ty (e'las-tis'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
elastic ; capability of a strained body to recover its size and 
shape after deformation. Popularly, a body is said to 
possess great elasticity when it is easily deformed and is 
quick in recovering. Scientifically, elasticity is that prop- 
erty of a body which causes it to resist deformation and 
afterwards to recover its original shape and size. 
6-late' (e-lat'), a. [L. elatus elevated, fig., elated, proud ; e 
out -f latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear.] Elated ; exult- 
ant. — Syn. See elated. — v. t. ; e-lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; e-lat'- 
ing. To exalt the spirit of ; elevate or flush with success. 
e-lat'ed (-ed), p. p. & p. a. of elate. — e-lat'ed-ly, adv. 




Syn. Elated, elate, exultant. Elated commonly sug- 
gests excitement or exultation of spirit following upon suc- 
cess or good fortune ; it often connotes undue self-satisfac- 
tion ; exultant emphasizes rather the outward expression 
of triumph or joy ; as, elated by success ; his voice was ex- 
ultant with victory. Elate is poetical or elevated. 

el'a-ter (el'd-ter), n. [NL.,fr. Gr. IXar-qp driver.fr. Ikab- 
vtw to drive.] 1. Elasticity. Obs. 2. Bot. A filament or 
filamentous appendage for dispersing spores, as any of the 
elastic spirally thickened filaments in the capsule of a liver- 
wort. 3. Zool. a Any of a family (Elateridx) of beetles 
of characteristic elongated tapering form, and, usually, ser- 
rate or pectinate antennas ; a snapping, or click, beetle, b 
One of the caudal springing organs of the springtails. 

e-lat'er-id (e-lat'er-id), a. _ Of or pert, to a large family 
{Elateridse) of beetles, having an elongated tapering form. 
Most of them have the power to jump, with an accompany- 
ing slight noise, when laid on the back or held by the abdo- 
men, whence they are called snapping, or click, beetles. 

e-lat'er-in (e-lat'er-in), n. Chem. A white, crystalline, 
neutral substance, C20H28O5, with a slightly bitter taste. 
It is the active principle of elaterium. 

e-lat'er-ite (-It), n. Min. A dark brown elastic mineral 
resin, occurring in soft, flexible masses. 

era-te'ri-um (el'd-tefri-ftm), n. [L., fr. Gr. IXar-hpiov, 
neut. of iXarripios driving.] A cathartic and diuretic sub- 
stance obtained as the dried residue of the juice of the wild, 
or squirting, cucumber (Ecballium elaterium). 

e-la'tion (e-la'shun), n. State of being elated ; a lifting up of 
the mind or mood by success or hope of success ; exaltation. 

el'bow (el'bo), n. [AS. elboga, elnboga ; eln ell (orig., fore- 
arm) + boga a bending.] 1. The joint or bend of the 
arm; the outer curve in the bent arm. 2. Any bend 
like that of the elbow. — v. t. To hit, jostle, or force with 
or as with the elbow or elbows. — v. i. To elbow one's way. 

el'bow-room' (-room'), n. Room to extend the elbows on 
each side ; ample room ; free scope. 

eld (eld), n. [AS. yldu, yldo, eldo, old age, fr. aid, eald, 
old.] Obs. or Poetic. 1. Age ; esp., old age : as, "Great Na- 
ture, ever young, yet full of eld." 2. Old times; former 
days ; antiquity ; as, " like Druids of eld." 

eld'er (el'der), a. [AS. yldra, eldra, ieldra, compar. of eald 
old.] 1. Older ; born, made, or having come into being, be- 
fore another ; as, an elder son. 2. Later ; later on ; later in 
life ; as, a man's elder years. 3. Prior or above in rank, va- 
lidity, etc., esp. as of longer standing ; senior ; as, an elder 
title. 4. Earlier or early ; former ; ancient ; hence, of or per- 
taining to former time. — Syn. See old. 

— n. 1. One who lived at an earlier period ; esp., an ancestor. 
2. A senior ; — chiefly in pi. ; as, to heed one's elders. 3. 
An aged person. 4. One who by reason of his age is a chief, 
ruler, or judge ; hence, one holding an office, esp. a church 
office, suited to the experience and dignity that age confers. 

el'der (el'der), n. [AS. ellen, ellsern.] Any of a genus 
(Sambucus) of caprifoliaceous shrubs, having pinnate 
leaves, broad clusters of white or pink flowers, and black or 
red drupes, or berries, which are diaphoretic and aperient. 

el'der-ber'ry (-ber'i), n. The berry of the elder. 

eld'er-ly (-IT), a. Somewhat old ; advanced beyond middle 
age ; also, of or pertaining to later life. 

eld'er-ship, n. 1. State of being older ; seniority. 2. Office 
of an elder ; collectively, a body of elders. 

eld'est (-dest; 24), a. Oldest. — eldest, or elder, hand, 
Card Playing, the player on the dealer's left. See age, n., 10. 

El Do-ra'dO (el do-ra'do) ; pi. -does (-doz). [Sp., lit., the 
gilded.] An imaginary place abounding in gold, located by 
the 16th-century Spaniards in South America. 

el'dritch (el'drTch), a. Weird; eerie; uncanny. 

El'e-at'ic (el/e-at'ik), a. [L. eleaticus, from Elea (or 
Velia) in Italy.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, a 
school of Greek philosophers, of the 6th century b. c, who 
taught the unity of being and the unreality of motion or 
change. — El'e-at'ic, n. — El'e-at'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. 

el'e-cam-pane' (el'e-kam-pan'), n. [L. inula elecampane 
+ LL. campana (perh.) a bell.] A 
large, coarse herb {Inula helenium)] 
of the aster family, with yellow-rayed 
heads of flowers. 

e-lect' (e-lekt'), a. [L. electus, p. p. of 
eligere to elect ; e out + legere to 
choose.] 1. Chosen ; picked. 2. Cho- ^>, , 
sen to an office, but not inducted. _3. ^Q^ 
Theol. Chosen by election, or divine 
choice. — Syn. See select. 

— n. One chosen or set apart. 

— v. t. 1. To choose; select; specif., 
Theol., to choose by election. 2. To 
select for an office by vote. 

e-lec'tion (e-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of choosing; selection; 
choice, as between alternatives. 2. A choosing by vote, as 
to an office. 3. Theol. Divine choice ; esp., as one of the 
"five points" of Calvinism, predestination of individuals as 




Elecam- 
pane. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






1 



ELECTIONEER 



324 



ELECTROSTATICS 



objects of divine mercy and salvation ; also, those elected. 
— Syn. See alternative. 
©-lec'tion-eer' (-er'), v. i. To work for, or in the interest 

of, a person, ticket, or the like, in an election. 
e-lec'tive (e-lek'tiv), a. 1. Appointed or bestowed by elec- 
tion, as an office. 2. Exerting a power of choice ; choos- 
ing. 3. Pert, to, or consisting in, choice ; electoral ; as, 
the elective franchise. 4. Tending to combine with, or 
act upon, one substance rather than another ; as, chemical 
attraction is sometimes called elective affinity. 

■— n. A study or course of study which a student may choose 
from several alternatives. U. S. — e-lec'tive-ly, adv. 

e-lec'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who elects, or has the right to 
elect. 2. In the Holy Roman Empire, a prince entitled to 
vote for the king. 3. One of the persons chosen, by popu- 
lar vote, to form a body (the electoral college) which elects 
the president and vice president. U. S. 

e-lec'to-ral (-to-ral), a. Pertaining to election, electors, or 
an elector ; consisting of electors ; as, electoral college. 

e-lec'to-rate (-to-rat), n. 1. The jurisdiction or dignity of 
an elector of the Holy Roman Empire. 2. The whole body 
of persons entitled to vote in an election, or any distinct 
class or division of them ; also, an electoral district. 

E-lec'tra (e-lek'trd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'HXe/crpa.] Gr. Myth. 
a A daughter of Agamemnon. She urges Orestes to avenge 
the murder of Agamemnon, b One of the Pleiades. 

B-lec'tress (-tres ; 24), n. 1. The wife or widow of an elector 
(sense 2). 2. A female voter. 

e-lec'tric (-trik), n. 1. A nonconductor of electricity, as 
amber, glass, etc., used to excite or store electricity. 2. 
An electric vehicle. Colloq. 

e-l8C'tric (e-lek'tnk) \a. [L. elect rum amber, Gr. ijXeKrpov ; 

e-lec'tri-cal (-trl-kdl)j from the production of electricity 
by rubbing amber.] 1. Pert, to electricity ; consisting of, 
containing, producing, or produced or operated by, elec- 
tricity. 2. Designating any of several fishes capable of giv- 
ing an electric shock ; as, the electric eel (Electrophorus 
electricus, not a true eel), the electric ray, etc. 
electric candle, an arc lamp in which the carbon rods are 
arranged side by side at a distance suitable for the forma- 
tion of the arc at the tip ; — called also J 'ablochkoff candle. 

e-lec'tri-cal-ly, adv. In an electrical manner; also, with 
suddenness, as of electricity. 

e-lec-tri'cian (e-lek-trish'dn) : n. 1. One versed in the 
science or practice of electricity. 2. One who makes, re- 
pairs, or sets up, electric instruments, machinery, etc. 

e-lec-tric'i-ty (e-lek-tris'i-tT), n. 1. The agency or force 
in nature, to which are due numerous phenomena, such as 
those observed when certain substances are rubbed or 
heated (attraction and repulsion), those in connection with 
moving magnets (as in the production of electric light), and 
metallic circuits (as in telegraphy), those connected with 
various chemical actions (as in electrolysis), etc. These 
phenomena were formerly ascribed to the action of certain 
hypothetical media, or "fluids," but are now regarded as 
arising from strains or displacements in the luminiferous 
ether. 2. Electrical science. 

e-lec'tri-fi-ca'tion (e-lek'tri-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of elec- 
trifying, or state of being electrified ; also, a system of elec- 
trical equipment. [electrifies. I 

e-lec'tri-fi'er (e-lek'tn-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, | 

e-lec'tri-fy (e-lek'trT-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'inG; [elec- 
tric + -fy-] 1. To charge or shock with electricity. 2. 
To equip for using electric power. 3. To excite suddenly 
and violently ; thrill ; as, electrified by the news of war. 

e-lec'trize (-trlz), v. t. & i. To electrify. — e-lec'tri-za'- 
tion (-tri-za'sh&n), n. — e-lec'triz-er (-tr!z-er), n. 

e-lec'tro- (e-lek'tro-). Combining form for electric, electri- 
cal; as in electronegative, electrometer, etc. [troplate.I 

e-lec'tro (e-lek'tro), n. & v. Short for electrotype, elec-| 

e-lec'tro-cap'il-lar'i-ty (-kap'i-lar'i-ti), n._ Physics. The 
occurrence or production of certain capillary effects by 
the action of an electric current or charge. 

e-lec'tro-chem'is-try (-kem'is-tri), n. The science which 
treats of the relation of electricity to chemical changes. — 
e-lec'tro-chem'i-cal (-kem'i-kdl), a. 

e-lec'tro-cute (e-lek'tro-kut), v. t.; -ctjt'ed (-kut'ed) ; 
-cut'ing. [electro- + execute.'] To execute (a criminal) 
by electricity ; hence, Colloq., to kill by an electric shock. 
— e-lec'tro-cu'tion (-ku'shwn), n. 

$2^ Electrocute is a hybrid, and is considered inelegant by 
many, but it is widely used and has no accepted equivalent. 

e-lec'trode (-trod), n. [electro- + Gr. 656s way, path.] 
Either terminal of an electric source ; esp., either con- 
ductor by which the current enters or leaves an electrolyte. 

e-lec'tro-de-pos'it (-tro-de-poz'it), n. A deposit made by 
electrical action. — v.t. To deposit (copper, nickel, etc.) elec- 
trolytically. dep'o-si'tion (-dep'6-zish'un ; -de'po-), n. 

e-lec'tro-dy-nam'ics (-dT-nam'iks ; -di-), n. (See -ics.) 
The dynamics of electricity ; science of the action of elec- 
tric currents on themselves and on one another, and of the 
interaction of currents and magnets. dy-nam'ic, a. 



e-lec%o-dy'na-mom'e-ter (-di'nd-mom'e-ter ; -dTn'd-). n. 
An instrument for measuring the strength of an electric 
current by its electrodynamic attraction or repulsion. 

e-lec'tro-graph (e-lek'tr6-graf), n. 1. A record or tracing 
made by the action of electricity, as by an electrometer. 2. 
An apparatus, controlled by electric devices, used to trace 
designs for etching. 3. An instrument for the electric trans- 
mission of pictures, maps, etc. Cf. telautograph. 4. An 
image made by the Rbntgen rays ; a skiagraph. 5. A cine- 
matograph using the arc light. — e-lec'tro-graph'ic (-graf- 
ik), a. — e-lec-trog'ra-phy (e-lek-trog'rd-fT), n. 

e-lec'tro-ki-net'ics (e-lek'tro-kl-net'iks ; -ki-net'iks), n. 
(See -ics.) Electrical science which treats of electricity in 
motion ; — contr. with electrostatics. ki-net'ic (-ik), a. 

e-lec'tro-lier' (-ler'), n. [electro- + chandeZier.] A sup- 
port or fixture for electric lamps, esp. one like a chandelier. 

e-lec-trol'y-sis (e-lek-trol'i-sis), n. Chemical decomposi- 
tion by the action of the electric current ; subjection to such 
decomposition. 

e-lec'tro-lyte (e-lek'tro-Ht), n. [electro- + Gr. \vt6s dis- 
soluble.] _ A compound decomposable, or subjected to de- 
composition, by an electric current. 

e-lec'tro-lyt'ic (-lit'ik) \a. Pertaining to electrolysis or 

e-lec'tro-lyt'i-cal (-i-kdl)J an electrolyte. — -i-cal-ly, adv. 

e-lec'tro-lyze (e-lek'tro-liz), v. t.; -lyzed (iTzd) ; -lyz'ing 
(-llz'Tng). To subject to electrolysis. — e-lec'tro-ly-za'- 
tion (-li-za'shSn ; -ll-za'-), n. — e-lec'tro-lyz'er (-llz'er)^. 

e-lec'tro-mag'net (-mag'net ; 24), n. A core of magaetic 
material (inpractice soft iron) surrounded by a coil of wire 
through which an electric current is passed to magnetize 
it by induction. — e-lec'tro-mag-net'ic (-mag-net'ik), a. 

e^lec'tro-mag'net-ism (-mag'net-iz'm), n. 1. Magnet- 
ism developed by a current of electricity. 2. Science of the 
physical relations between electricity and magnetism. 

e-lec'tro-met'al-lur'gy (-met'dl-ur'ji), n. That depart- 
ment of metallurgy employing the electric current, either 
for the electrolytic separation and deposition of metals 
from solutions, or as a source of heat in smelting, refin- 
ing, welding, annealing, etc. — e-lec'tro-met'al-lur'gi-cal 
(-ur'ji-kdl), a. — e-lec'tro-met'al-lur'gist (-jist), n. 

e-lec-trom'e-ter (e-lek-trom'e-ter), n. An instrument for 
measuring differences of electric potential ; also, sometimes, 
an electroscope. 

e-lec-trom'e-try (-tri), n. The art or process of making 
electrical measurements. — e-lec'tro-met'ric (e-lek'tro- 
met'rik), e-lec'tro-met'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. 

e-lec'tro-mo'tion (-mo'shwn), n. 1. Motion of electricity 
as in a voltaic circuit. 2. Mechanical motion produced by 
electricity. 

e-lec'tro-mo'tive (-mo'tiv), a. Pertaining to electromo- 
tion ; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an 
electric current ; as, electromotive force. 
electromotive force, Elec, the force which, by reason of 
difference in potential, produces electric currents ; differ- 
ence in potential. Abbr., E. M. F. 

e-lec'tro-mo'tor (-mo'ter), n. 1. An exciter of electricity ; 
apparatus for generating electricity. 2. An electric motor. 

e-lec'tron (e-lek'tron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yXenrpov. See 
electric] 1. = electrum. 2. Physics & Chem. One of 
those particles (having about j-oVb of the mass of a hydro- 
gen atom) projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube as 
the cathode rays and from radioactive substances as the 
beta rays. See atom. — e-lec-tron r ic (e-lek-tron'Ik), a. 

e-lec'tro-neg'a-tive (-tro-neg'd-tiv), a. Physics & Chem. 
a Charged with negative electricity ; tending to pass to the 
anodein electrolysis; hence, acid, not basic, b Capable 
of acting as the negative element of a voltaic cell. — n. A 
body which passes to the anode in electrolysis, as oxvgen. 

e-lec-troph'o-rus (e-lek-trof'6-rus),. n. ; 
pi. -trophori (-rl). [NL. ; electro- -f- 
-phorous."] Physics. An instrument for 
the induction of electric charges, consist- 
ing of a disk of shellac, ebonite, or the 
like, and a metal plate. 

e-lec'tro-plate' (e-lek'tro-plaV), v. t. To 
plate, as with silver, by electrolysis. — n. 
Electroplated ware, or a piece of it. 

e-lec'tro-poi'on (-poi'on), »., or electro- 
poion fluid. [NL. ; electro- + Gr. iroitiv, onite. 
p. pr. of iroieiv to make.] Elec. An exciting and depolariz- 
ing acid solution used in certain cells or batteries. 

e-lec'tro-pos'i-tive (-poz'i-tiv), a. 1. Charged with posi- 
tive electricity ; tending to pass to the cathode in elec- 
trolysis ; Chem., basic. 2. Capable of acting as the pos- 
itive element of a voltaic cell. — n. A body which passes 
to the cathode in electrolysis, as potassium. 

e-lec^tro-SCOpe (e-lek'tro-skop), n. An instrument for de- 
tecting electricity, or the species of electricity present, or 
changes in electric state, by electric attraction and repul- 
sion. — e-lec'tro-scop'ic (-skop'ik), o. 

e-lec^ro-Stat'ics (-stat'Tks),n. (See-ics.) Science of stati- 
cal electricity ; — contr. with electrokinetics. Stat'ic, a. 




Electrophorus. 
a. Metal Plate ; 
6. Disk of Eb-, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ELECTROTAXIS 



325 



ELICIT 



e-lec'tTO-tax'iS (-tak'sis), to. [NL. ; electro- + -taxis."] 
Biol. The responsive movement of small organisms to the 
stimulus of the electric current. — e-lec'tro-tac'tic (-tik), a. 

e-lec'tro-ther'a-peu'tics (-ther'd-pu'tiks), n. Med. Use or 
science of electricity as a curative agent. 

e-lec'tro-ton'ic (-ton'Ik), a. 1. Physics. Pertaining to or 
designating a supposed state of electric tension. Obs. 2. 
Physiol. Relating to electrotonus. 

e-lec-trot'0-nus (e-lek-trot'6-nus), to. [NL. ; electro- + 
Gr. rovos tension.] Physiol. The modified condition of a 
nerve when a constant electric current passes through it. 

e-lec'tro-type (e-lek'tro-tlp), to. 1. A facsimile plate for 
printing, made by electroplating a wax impression ; also, a 
print from such a plate. 2. Electrotypy. — v. t. To make 
facsimile plates of by electrotypy. — e-lec'tro-Pyp'er (-tlp'- 
er), to. — e-Iec'tro-typ'ing, to. [trotype plates. 

e-lec'tro-typ'y (-tTp'i), to. The process of producing elec- 

e-lec'trum (-trwm), to. [L.,fr. Gr. i/)\t.KTpov. See electric/ 

1. Amber. Obs. 2. An ancient alloy of gold and silver. 
e-lec'tu-a-ry (-tu-a-rf), to.; pi. -ries (-r!z). [L. electua- 

rium, prob. fr. Gr. tKheiKTov, tKKtt.yp.a, a medicine that is 

licked away.] A medicine incorporated with honey or sirup 

so as to form a doughy or pasty mass. 
el'ee-mos'y-na-ry (el'e-mos'i-na-rT ; eTe-e-mos'-), a. [LL. 

eleemosynarius, fr. L., fr. Gr. £\eqp.ocrvvri. See ALMS.] 1. 

Relating or devoted to charity, alms, or almsgiving. 2. 

Given in charity or alms. 3. Supported by charity. 
el'e-gance (ePe-gdns) ? to. 1. State or quality of being 

elegant. 2. That which is elegant. 
el'e-gan-cy (-gdn-si), to.; pi. -gancies (-siz). Elegance. 
el'e-gant (-gant), a. [L. elegans, -antis.] 1. Marked by 

nicetiae of manner, dress, or the like ; as, elegant society. 

2. Characterized by grace, propriety, and refinement ; as, 
an elegant vase. 3. Neat or simple and apt ; as, an elegant 
analysis. 4. Keenly appreciative of what is elegant ; as, a 
person of elegant tastes. 5. Excellent ; fine ; as, elegant 
butter. Vulgar. — Syn. Tasteful, polished, refined, hand- 
some, richly ornamental, fine. — ePe-gant-ly, adv. 

e-le'gi-ac (e-le'ji-ak ; el'e-jl'ak), a. 1. Designating Greek 
poetry in a certain meter used chiefly in elegies. 2. Pert, 
to, or written in, elegy or elegiacs ; mournful. 3. Used in, 
or suited to, elegies. — to. Elegiac verse: a The "elegiac 
pentameter," the second line of the elegiac distich, which 
has the scheme (anciently scanned : -««|-««| — | 
I „ ^ _) f a dactylic hexameter and consists of a (so- 
called) pentameter, b In pi. A series of, or a poem or 
poems in, such distichs. — ePe-gPa-cal ( ePe-jPd-kal ), a. 

el'e-gist (ePe-jist), to. The writer of an elegy. 

e-le'git (e-le'jit), to. [L., he has chosen, eligere to choose.] 
Law. A writ of execution for delivering a defendant's prop- 
erty to the plaintiff, to be held till the claim is satisfied. 

Cl'e-gize (ePe-jIz), v. t. & i. To lament or celebrate in elegy. 

el'e-gy (-ji), to.; pi. -GIES (-jiz). [L. elegia, Gr. tXeyeia, 
it. iXeyeZos elegiac, e\eyos a song of mourning.] 1. A 
mournful or plaintive poem ; a funeral song. 2. Elegiac 
verse, or any poem in such. measure. 

e-lek'tron. Var. of electron. 

el'e-ment (el'e-ment), to. [F. element, L. elementum.] 1. 
One of the simple substances (generally earth, air, fire, and 
water) formerly erroneously believed to compose the physi- 
cal universe. 2. a One of the four elements (def. 1) in its 
natural form ; as, the watery element, or water, b In pi. 
Conditions of weather viewed as activities of the elements ; 
— now usually implying violent weather, c One of the four 
elements (def. 1 ) viewed as a natural habitat ; as, water is 
the element of fishes ; hence, the sphere suited to any per- 
son or thing. 3. Chem. A substance not separable into sub- 
stances different from itself, at least by ordinary chemical 
processes, as carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, ni- 
trogen, oxygen, silver, sulphur, tin, etc. Eighty-two such 
elements are now recognized. Every material substance 

i consists of one or more elements. 4. One of the constituent 
parts or principles of anything. 5. In pi. a The fundamen- 
tal principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art ; 
rudiments, b The bread and wine used in the Eucharist. 
6. = generatrix, 2. 7. Kinematics. Either component 
of a pair. 8. Elec. Either of the pieces constituting a voltaic 
couple ; also, the couple ; a cell. — Syn. See component. 

el'e-men'tal (-men'tal), a. 1. Pertaining to the elements 
(see element, 1, 2) or to one of them ; hence : simple ; pure ; 
primal ; as, elemental fire ; ruling or animating the elemental 
or an element ; as, elemental spirits ; pertaining to the phe- 
nomena of physical nature in general ; as, elemental wor- 
ship. 2. Chem. Elementary. 3. Pert, to rudiments, or first 
principles ; elementary. 4. Forming a constituent. — Syn. 
See elementary. — ePe-men'tal-ly, adv. 

ePe-men'ta-ry (-td-rT), a. 1. = elemental, 1. 2. Chem. 
Of or pert, to an element or elements (see element, 3) ; 
consisting of a single element. 3. Pert, to, or treating of, 
the first principles of anything; introductory. — ePe- 
merPta-ri-ly (-n-IT), adv. — ePe-men'ta-ri-ness, n. 
hyn. Elementary, elemental. That is elementary 




which pertains to rudiments, or first principles ; that is 
elemental which pertains to ultimate constituents or 
forces ; as, an elementary treatise ; elemental passions. 

ePe-mi (ePe" : mi), to. A fragrant oleoresin obtained from 
various tropical trees and used in making varnishes, also 
medicinally in ointments and plasters. 

e-lench' (e-lenk'), to.; pi. elenchs (-leaks'). [L. elen- 
chus, Gr. eXe>x°s-] Logic. A refutation cast in syllo- 
gistic formj hencej an argument in refutation ; a disproof- 

e-lenc'tic (e-lenk'tik), o. [Gr. iXeyKrwds.] Logic. Serving 
to refute ; refutative ; — applied to indirect modes of proof, 
and opposed to deictic. 

ePe-phant (el'e-fdnt), to. [OF. olifant, elefant, fr. L., fr. Gr. 
i\e<t>as, -aj/Tos.] Any of various mam- 
mals (genus Elephas, group Probos- 
cidea) of Africa and India, having the 
snout prolonged into a prehensile pro- 
boscis. There are two existing species 
(E. indicus and E. africanus) ; they are 
the largest existing land animals. 

eFe-phan-tPa-sis (-fan-tI'd-s!s),TO. [L., 

lr.Gr.£\e<}>ai'Tia<ns,fT.t\e(}>as elephant.] 
A disease of the skin, in which it be- 
comes very thick and fissured. 

ePe-phan'tine (-fan'tin; -tin), a. Like 
an elephant ; hence : huge ; very heavy. 

ePe-phanPs-ear/ (el'e-funts-er'), to. 1. 
The begonia. 2. Hort. The taro. 

ePe-phant'S-fOQP (-foot'), n. A South Fore part of Indian 
African plant (Testudinaria elephan- Elephant. 

tipes).^ It has a massive rootstock the edible interior of 
which is known as Hottentot bread. 

EFeu-sin'i-a (-u-sin'i-d), to. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 'EXevahia] 
Gr. Antiq. A festival, with games, kept at Eleusis, in At- 
tica, in honor of Demeter and Persephone; also, this festi- 
val with the Eleusinian mysteries. [Attica. I 

EFeu-SUPi-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to ancient Eleusis inj 
Eleusinian mysteries, certain religious mysteries which 
originated at Eleusis and became part of the Athenian 
state religion. 

EPeu-the'ri-a (-the'rT-d), n.-pl. [Gr. IXevOkpia (to.), fr. 
eXeWepos free.] Gr. Relig. A festival celebrated at 
Plataea with athletic contests. 

ePe-vate (ePe-vat), a. [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e out 
+ levare to lift up.] Elevated. Obs. or Poetic. 

— v. t. ; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. 1. To lift up ; raise. 2. 
To raise in rank or station ; exalt ; ennoble. 3. To raise (the 
voice). 4. To elate ; exhilarate. — Syn. Dignify, height- 
en ; erect ; hoist ; cheer, flush, animate. See raise. 

ePe-vaPed (-vaPed),_ p. a. 1. Raised up. 2. Exalted; 
sublime ; lofty ; dignified ; as, an elevated style. 

eFe-va'tion (-va/shun), to. 1. Act of elevating ; state of 
being elevated ; height ; exaltation. 2. An elevated place. 
3. Astronomy. Altitude. 4. Height above sea level. 
5. Drawing. A geometrical projection on a vertical plane. 

— Syn. See height. 

ePe-va'tor (eFe-va/ter), to. One who, or that which, raises 
anything ; as : a A contrivance, as an endless chain with 
buckets, for raising grain to a loft, b A cage or platform 
for conveying persons, goods, etc., to or from different 
levels ; a lift. C A building for elevating, storing, and dis- 
charging grain, d Aeronautics. A movable plane or group 
•f planes used to control the altitude or the fore-and-aft 
poise or inclination of an airship or flying machine. 

e-lev'en (e-leV'n), a. [AS. endleofan, endlufon.] Being 
one more than ten. — to. 1. The sum of ten and one. 2. A 
symbol representing eleven units, as 1 1 or xi. 3. Eleven 
players forming a team or side, as in cricket or football. 

e-l3V'entn (-'nth), a. 1. Next in order after the tenth; — 
the ordinal of eleven. Abhr., 11th. See ordinal, n., Note. 
2. Constituting one of^ eleven equal parts into which a 
(whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. The quotient of a 
unit divided by eleven ; an eleventh part. 2. An eleventh 
unit or object. 

elf (elf), to.; pi. elves (elvz) ; Rare, ELFS (elfs). [AS. self, 
ylf-2 1« A mythical being, commonly a sprite. Fairies, pix- 
ies, mermen, mermaids, and nixes are elves. 2. An elflike 
human being. [duced or ruled by elves. — to. An elf .1 

elPin (ePf in), a. Pertaining to or resembling elves ; pro-| 

elPish (-fish), a. Of, pert, to, or like, the elves ; mischie- 
vous ; impish ; weird. — elPish-ly, adv. — elPish-ness, n. 

elPlock' (elf'loV), to. _Hair matted, or twisted into a knot. 

E r li (e'H), to. [Heb., 'Ell.'] Bib. A high priest of Israel, in 
whose care Samuel was trained. See 1 Sam. i. 25. 

e-lic'it (e-lTs'it), v. t. [L. elicitus, p. p. of elicere to elicit ; 
e out + lacere to entice.] To draw out or forth ; educe ; as, 
to elicit truth by discussion ; draw or entice forth ; evoke ; 
as, to elicit a reply. 
Syn. Deduce, induce ; extract, exact, extort, wrest, wring. 

— Elicit, extract, exact, extort. Elicit and extract 
have in common the idea of drawing out ; elicit applying, 
without suggestion of force, to what is latent or implicit ; 
extract implying (lit. or fig.) pressure, urgency, etc. ; as, 



I 



v - 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K«=ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ELICITATION 



326 



EM 



you may elicit interest by a show of earnestness ; the cross- 
examination failed to extract a single admission. To exact 
is rigorously to enforce a demand, esp. as for a thing due ; 
to extort is to wring or wrest, esp. from one reluctant or 
resisting, as a tyrant exacts submission ; his courage 
extorted admiration from his enemies. 

e-lic'i-ta'tion (e-lis'i-ta'shun), n. Act of eliciting. 

e-lide' (e-lld'), v. t.; e-lid'ed (-lTd'ed); e-lid'ing. [L. 
elidere to strike out or off ; e + laedere to hurt by strik- 
ing.] 1. To strike out ; nullify. Rare, exc. in Scots Law. 
2. Gram. To cut off, as a syllable, usually the final one. 

el'i-gi-bil'i-ty (el'i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being eligible. 

el'i-gi-ble (el'I-ji-b'l), a. [F. eligible, fr. L. eligere. See 
elect.] Fitted or qualified to be chosen. — n. One who, 
or that which, is eligible. — iel'i-gi-bly, adv. 

E-li'jah (e-ll'jd), n. [Heb. Eliyah.] Bib. A great Hebrew 
prophet of the 6th century b. c. See 1 & 2 Kings. 

e-lim'i-nate (e-lTm'i-nat), v. t.; -NAx'EDC-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. eliminatus, p. p. of eliminare ; e out + limen thresh- 
old.] 1. To expel ; exclude. 2. To set aside as unimportant 
or inapplicable ; ignore. 3. Physiol. To expel from the sys- 
tem ; excrete. 4. Alg. To cause (an unknown quantity) to 
disappear from an equation. — Syn. See exclude. 

e-lim'i-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. Act of eliminating ; state of 
being eliminated. [or carrying on, elimination.! 

e-lim/i-na-tive (-lTm'i-na-tiv), a. Relating to, tending to,| 

E-li'sha (-ll'shd), n. [Heb. Elisha'.] Bib. A great prophet, 
disciple and successor of Elijah. See 1 & 2 Kings. 

e-li'sion (e-llzh'iin), n. [L. elisio, fr. elidere, elisum, to 
strike out. See elide.] A cutting off or suppression, esp. 
of a vowel or syllable, for meter or euphony ; in poetry, the 
dropping of a final vowel before an initial vowel. ? 

(elite' (a'let'), n. _ [F., fr. elire to choose, L. eligere. See 
elect.] 1. A choice or select body ; the flower. 2. \_cap.~] 
The active army of Switzerland. 

e-lix'ir (e-lik'ser), n. [LL., fr. Ar. el-iksir the philoso- 
pher's stone, prob. fr. Gr. ^pos dry, (hence probably) a dry 
powder.] 1. Alchemy. A substance for transmuting metals 
into gold ; also, one for prolonging life indefinitely. 2. A 
strong extract or tincture. Obs. or Hist. 3. Pharm. A com- 
pound tincture. 4. Refined spirit ; quintessence. 

E-liz'a-be'than (e-liz'd-be'thdn ; e-liz'd-beth'an), a. Of or 
pert, to Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) or her times. 

elk (elk), n. 1. The largest existing deer (Alces alces) of 
Europe and Asia, having broad palmate antlers. 2. In 
America, the wapiti (Cervus canadensis). 

ell (el), n. [AS.^ eln.~\ A measure, chiefly for cloth, now little 
used, varying, in different countries, from 27 to 48 inches. 

el-lipse' (e-llps'), n. [Gr. IXXen/as defect.] Geom. A plane 

curve which is the path of a point jj_ ^j»' 

the sum of whose distances from two 
fixed points (foci) is constant ; a con- 
ic section, the closed intersection of 
a plane with a right circular cone. 
>l-llp'sis (e-lip'sis), n. ; pi. -lipses 
(-sez). [L., fr. Gr. IXXet^ty a leaving, 

defect, IWelwv to leave in fall Em FF/ Foci pp , 
Short; kv + Keiireiv to leave.] 1. p// any point in bound- 
Gram. Omission of a word or words ing curve. FP + PF/ 
obviously understood, but necessary = FP" + P"F' = FP' 
to make the construction grammati- + P'F'. 
cally complete ; as in " virtues I admire" for "virtues that I 
admire. " 2. _ Print. A mark or marks, as ... or * * *, 
showing omission of letters or words. 

el-lip'soid (-soid), n. A surface all plane sections of which 
are ellipses or circles ; also, the solid bounded by such a sur- 
face. — el-lip'soid, el'lip-soi'dal (el'ip-soi'ddl), a. 

el-lip'tic (e-lip'tik) la. 1. Pert, to, or having the form of, 

el-lip'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)J an ellipse. 2. Gram. Pert, to ellip- 
sis ; having a part omitted. — el-lip'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

eHip-tic'i-ty (el'ip-tTs'i-ti), n. Deviation of an ellipse or a 
spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere, respectively 

elm (elm), n. [AS. elm.'] 1. Any of a genus {Ulmus) of trees, 
mostly of large size and graceful 
habit. 2. The hard, tough wood 
of the elm. 

elm'y (el'mi), a. Abounding 
with elms. 

el'0-CU'tion (el'6-ku'shtm), n. 
[L. elocutio, fr. eloqui. See 
eloquent.] 1. Art of public 
speaking or reading, esp. with 
reference to the graces of into- 
nation, gesture, etc.; style or 
manner of speaking or reading 
in public. 2. Good literary ex- 
pression or style. 06s. 
Syn. Elocution, oratory, elo- 
quence. Elocution empha- 
sizes external graces of delivery. Elm (Ulmus americana). 
esp. of voice, sometimes also of a Mature Leaves ; 6 
gesture ; oratory suggests per- Staminate Flowers ; c 
suasive or elaborate rhetoric in Young Fruit. 





public speech ; eloquence is lofty, noble, or impassioned 
utterance, oral or written ; it implies complete fusion of 
thought or feeling with verbal expression. 

el'o-CU'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of or pertaining to elocution. 

el'o-CU'tion-ist, n. One versed in elocution ; esp. a pro- 
fessional reciter or reader. 

E-lo'him (e-lo'him ; -hem), n. [Heb. elohim.] God, or 
the gods ; — a term used in the Hebrew Scriptures. 

E-lo'hist (-hist), n. Formerly, the author of all Elohistic 
material in the Hexateuch ; later, the Elohistic Prophetic 
Document or its author. 

El'o-his'tic (el'6-his'tik), a. Characterized by the use of 
Elohim as a name of God, and so distinguished from 
Yahwistic, as certain passages in the Old Testament, or a 
certain ancient document (the "Elohistic Prophetic Docu- 
ment") giving Jewish anecdotal history. 

e-loign' (e-loin'), v. t. Also e-loin'. [F. eloigner, OF. 
esloigner ; es- (L. ex) + OF. & F. loin, far, far off, L. 
longe, fr. longus long.] 1. To remove afar off ; withdraw. 
Obs. or R. 2. Law. To convey beyond the jurisdiction, or 
to conceal, as goods liable to distress. — e-loign'ment, n. 

e-lon'gate (e-lon'gat; e'lorj-gat), v. t. & i.; -gat-ed (-gat- 
ed) ; -gat-ing. [L. elongatus, p. p. of elongare to prolong, 
remove ; e + L. longus long, longe far off.] To lengthen ; 
extend ; stretch out. — (e-lorj'gat), a. Elongated. 

elon-ga'tion (e'lon-ga'shftn), n. 1. Act of elongating; 
protraction. 2. That which lengthens out ; continuation. 

e-lope' (e-lop'), v. i.; e-loped' (-lopt') ; e-lop'ing (-lop'- 
mg). [AF. aloper.] 1. To run away from one's spouse or 
home with a lover. 2. To run away from one's place or 
duty. — e-lope'ment (-ment), n. — e-lop'er (-lop'er), n. 

el'o-quence (el'6-kwens), n. Discourse characterized by 
force, art, and persuasiveness ; also, the art of employing 
such discourse. — Syn. See elocution. 

el'0-quent (-kwent), a. [F. eloquent, L. eloquens, p. pr. of 
eloqui to declaim ; e out + loqui to speak.] Expressing or 
able to express one's self eloquently ; marked by eloquence. 

el'o-quent-ly, adv. In an eloquent manner. 

else (els), a. & pron. [AS. elles otherwise, gen. sing, of an 
adj. meaning other.] Other ; other one. When used with 
anybody, everybody, some one, etc., in the possessive, else 
usually takes the 's ; as in, somebody else's ; no one else's. 
— - adv. 1. In a different manner, place, time, or respect ; 
as, to go somewhere else ; how else can he do it ? 2. In an- 
other or a contrary case ; otherwise. 

else'where' (els'hwarO, adv. In or to some other place. 

e-lu'ci-date (e-lii'si-dat), v. t.; -dat'ed (-dat'ed); -dat'- 
ing. [LL. elucidatus, p. p. of elucidare ; e + lucidus full 
of light, clear.] To make clear or manifest ; illustrate. — 
Syn. See explain. — e-lu'ci-da'tor (-da'ter), n. 

e-lu'ci-da'tion (-da'shun), n. A making clear; act of 
elucidating, or that which elucidates. 

e-lu'ci-da-tive (e-lu'si-da-tTv), a. Making clear ; tending 
to elucidate ; as, an elucidative note. 

e-lude' (e-liid'), v. t.; e-lud'ed (-lud'ed) ; e-lud'tng._ [L. 
eludere, elusum; e + ludere to play.] 1. To avoid by 
artifice, stratagem, or dexterity ; as, to elude a blow, danger, 
pursuit, etc. 2. To evade, or baffle, by reason of being recon- 
dite, inconspicuous, or the like ; as, an idea eludes one ; so 
small as to elude our observation. — Syn. See evade. 

E-lul' (e-lool'J, n. [Heb.] See Jewish calendar. 

e-lu'sion (e-lu'zhiin), n. Act of eluding ; evasion. 

e-lu'sive (-slv), a. Tending to elude ; adroitly evading ; of 
ideas, etc., not easily understood or defined; baffling. — 
e-lu'sive-ly, adv. — e-lu'sive-ness, n. 

e-lu'so-ry (-sS-r!), a. Tending to elude ; elusive ; evasive. 

e-lu'tri-ate (e-lii'tri-at), v. t. [L. elutriatus, p. p. of 
elutriare.] To cleanse or wash, or to purify by washing 
and straining or decanting. — e-lli'tri-a'tion (-a 'shun), n. 

elves (elvz), n., pi. of elf. 

elv'ish (el'vish), a. 1. Elfin. 2. Elfish ; esp., mischievous. 

E-ly'sian (e-lizh'dn; e-liz'i-an), a. Pertaining to Ely- 
sium; delightful. 

E-ly'si-um(e-lizh'i-um ; e-llz'i-um),n. ; pi. E. -ums (-umz), 
L. Elysia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. 'HXwriof (ire5loi>) Elysian field.] 
1. Class Myth. The dwelling place of the happy souls after 
death, placed by Homer on the western margin of the earth, 
by Hesiod and Pindar in the Isles of the Blessed in the 
Western Ocean, and by later poets in the lower world. 2. 
Any similarly conceived place or state of delight ; a paradise. 

el'y-troid (el'T-troid), a. Zo'dl. Resembling an elytrum. 

el'y-trum (el'i-trum), n.; L. pi. -tra (-trd). [NL., fr. Gr. 
IXvrpov, fr. ^Xiieii' to roll round.] Zo'dl. One of the anterior 
pair of wings in coleopterous and some other insects, pro- 
tecting the posterior pair of wings. 

El'ze-vir (el'ze-ver; -ver), a. Bibliog. Designating, or 
pertaining to, books or editions printed and published by 
the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leiden, etc., from about 
1592 to 1680; also, designating a round open type intro- 
duced by them. See type. 

em (em), n. [L. em, the letter.] 1. The letter m. 2. The 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot: nut. oil: chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



'EM 



327 



EMBOLUS 



portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a 
square type, used as a unit to measure printed matter. 

'em (em). Obs. or colloq. contr. of hem, them. 

em-. See en-. 

e-ma'ci-ate (e-ma'shT-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean ; e -\-maci- 
are to make lean, fr. macies leanness.] To cause to lose 
flesh so as to become very lean. [dated condition. 

e-ma'ci-a'tion (-a'shim), to. Process of emaciating ; ema- 

em'a-nant (em'd-ndnt), a. [L. emanans, -antis, p. pr. of 
emanare.'] Issuing or flowing forth ; emanating. 

em'a-nate (em'd-nat), v. i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. emanare, -natum ; e out + manare to flow.] To issue 
from a source ; arise ; proceed ; originate. 

em'a-na'tion (-na'shiin), to. 1. Act of emanating. 2. That 
which emanates ; efflux. 3. Philos. The process of creation 
conceived as a series of effluxes flowing forth from the God- 
head ; also, that which has come into being by this process. 
4. Chem. A gaseous substance produced by a radioactive 
transformation ; as, the radium emanation. 

•m'a-na-tLve (em'd-na-tiv), a. Causing, caused by, or re- 
lating to, emanation. 

e-man'ci-pate (e-man'sT-pat), v. t.; -ci-pat'ed (-pat'ed); 
-pat'ing. [L. emancipatus, p. p. of emancipare ; e out 4- 
mancipare to transfer ownership in, manceps purchaser ; 
manus hand + capere to take.] 1. Law. a Roman Law. 
To free (a child) from paternal power, b To set free from 
paternal power ; — chiefly used in Civil-law systems. 2. To 
free from power or control, esp. from bondage ; liberate. 

e-man'ci-pa'tion (-pa'shun), to. 1. Act or process of free- 
ing ; liberation. 2. Specif, [cap.], the freeing (1829) of the 
Roman Catholics in England from civil disabilities. — Syn. 
Release, freedom, manumission, enfranchisement. 

e-man'ci-pa'tor (-pa'ter), to. One who emancipates. 

e-mar'gi-nate (e-mar'ji-nat)la.Havingthemarginnotched ; 

e-mar'gi-nai'ed (-nat'ed) J specif., Bot., notched at the 
apex. See leaf, Illust. 

e-mas'cu-late (e-mas'ku-lat), v. t.; -cu-lat'ed (-lat'ed); 
-lat'ing. [L. emasculare ; e out, from + masculus male.] 

1. To castrate ; geld. 2. To deprive of masculine vigor or 
spirit ; weaken. — (-lat), a. Deprived of virility or vigor. 

e-mas'cu-la'tion (-la/shun), to. Act or process of emascu- 
lating ; state of being emasculated. 

em-balm' (em-bam'), v. t. [F. embaumer ; em- (L. in) -+- 
baume balm.] 1. To treat (a dead body), as with aromatic 
oils, etc., to prevent decay. 2. To perfume. 3. To preserve 
as if with balm ; keep in remembrance. — em-balm'er, n. 

em-balm'ment (-ment), to. Apt or process of embalming ; 
a preparation used in embalming. 

em-bank' (-barjk'), v. t. To protect or confine by a bank. 

em-bank'ment (-ment), to. 1. Act of embanking. 2. A 
structure of earth, gravel, etc., raised to retain or hold back 
water, to carry a roadway, etc. [hinder ; block up. I 

em-bar' (em-bar'), v. t. 1. To bar or shut in. 2. To stop ;| 

em'bar-ca'tion. Var. of embarkation. 

em-bar'go (em-bar'go),TO.;pZ. -goes (-goz). [Sp., fr. em- 
bargar to restrain ; em- (L. in) + barra bar.] 1. An edict 
of a government prohibiting the departure or entry of ships 
of commerce at a port or ports. 2. Any prohibition imposed 
by law on commerce. 3. Stoppage ; impediment ; prohibition. 

— v. t. To lay an embargo on, as on ships. 

em-bark' (-bark'), v. t. & i. [F. embarquer ; em- (L. in) -f- 
barque bark.] 1. To put or go on shipboard for a voyage. 

2. To engage, enlist, or invest (as persons, money, etc.) in 
any affair or business. 

em'bar-ka'tion (em'bar-ka'shwn), n. Act of embarking; 
as, the embarkation of troops. 

em-bar'rass (em-bar'ds), v. t. [F. embarrasser ; em- (L. 
in) 4- LL. barra bar.] 1. To perplex ; disconcert ; non- 
plus. 2. To impede ; complicate ; as, affairs are embar- 
rassed. 3. To involve in financial difficulties. 
Syn. Mortify, shame ; abash, disconcert, discomfit, con- 
fuse, confound, discompose, upset. — Embarrass, abash, 
disconcert, discomfit, confuse, confound imply a de- 
rangement, usually sudden, of one's mental processes. Em- 
barrass implies some influence which impedes freedom, 
causing uneasiness or constraint ; as, to be embarrassed be- 
fore strangers. Abash implies also utter loss of self-pos- 
session, often from a sudden sense of inferiority or shame ; 
as, he was abashed in the king's presence. Disconcert 
suggests such loss of presence of mind or disturbance of 
poise as leaves one for the moment nonplused ; as, a dis- 
concerting question. Discomfit regards as permanent the 
state which disconcert describes as momentary. Confuse 
and confound imply temporary (and in the case of con- 
found, complete) suspension of one's powers (esp. speech), 
often from some overwhelming revelation ; as, he was con- 
fused by contradictory signals ; the accused was confounded 
by the evidence. Abash and confound are somewhat bookish. 

em-bar'rass-ment (-ment), n. Embarrassed condition; 
that which embarrasses. 

em-bas'sa-dor (em-bas'd-der). Var. of ambassador. 

em'bas-sage (em'bd-sa.j),n. Embassy (defs. 1 & 2). Archaic. 



em'bas-sy (-si), to. ; pi. -sies (-sYz). [OF. ambassee, em- 
bascee, LL. ambasciata, fr. ambasciare for ambactiare to 

?;o on a mission, L. ambactus vassal, dependent.] 1. The 
unction, business, or position of an ambassador ; the send- 
ing of ambassadors. 2. The ambassador and his suite ; 
envoys. 3. The residence or office of an ambassador. 

em-bat'tle (em-baf'l), v. t.; -tled (-'Id); -tling (-ling). 
[OF. embattaillier ; em- (L. in) 4- F. bataille. See bat- 
tle.] To arrange in order of battle ; prepare for battle. 

em-bat'tle, v. t. To furnish with battlements. 

em-bay' (-ba'), v. t. To shut in or shelter as in a bay. 

em-bay'ment (-ment), n. Formation of a bay; also, a 
bay or a baylike conformation. 

em-bed' (-bed'), v. t. To lay as in a bed; to lay in sur- 
rounding matter. 

em-bel'lish (-bel'Tsh), v. t. [F. embellir; em- (L. in) + 
bel, beau, beautiful.] 1. To make beautiful or elegant, 
as by ornaments ; decorate ; adorn. 2. Hence, to set out 
with fanciful enlargements, as a story. — Syn. See adorn. 

em-bel'lish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of embellishing. 
2. That which embellishes ; ornament. 

em'ber (em'ber), n. [AS. demerge.'] A lighted coal smol- 
dering in ashes ; in pi., smoldering ashes. 

em'ber, a. [AS. ymbren, ymbryne, prop., running around ; 
ymbe around + ryne a running ; rinnan to run.] R. C. & 
Ang. Ch. Designating, or pert, to, days (ember days) set 
apart for fasting and prayer in each of the four seasons of 
the year. The weeks in which these days fall are called 
ember weeks. 

em-bez'zle (em-bez''l), v. t.; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-ling). 
[AF. embeseiller to destroy.] 1. To make away with ; 
squander ; dissipate. Obs. 2. To appropriate fraudulently 
to one's own use, as property intrusted to one's care. 
— Syn. See steal. — em-bez'zler (-ler), n. 

em-bez'zle-ment (-ment), n. Act of embezzling. 

em-bit'ter (-blt'er), v. t. To make bitter or more bitter. 

em-blaze' (-blaz'), v. t. [em- + blaze to make public] To 
set forth in, or adorn with, heraldic devices ; hence : to 
adorn sumptuously ; embellish. 

em-blaze' (-blaz'), v. t. To cause to blaze; kindle. 

em-bla'zon (-bla'z'n), v. t. 1. To depict (heraldic bearings). 
2. To deck in bright colors ; display sumptuously ; also, to 
extol. — em-bla'zon-er, n. — em-bla'zon-ment, n. 

em-bla^zon-ry (-ri), n.;q>l. -ries (-riz). Act or art of em- 
blazoning ; brilliant decoration, as figures on standards, etc. 

em'blem (em'blem), to. [L. emblema, -atis, thing put in, 
inlaid work, Gr. l^/SX^/za a thing put in ; deriv. of iv in 4- 
/3dX\eii' to throw.] 1. Inlaid work. Obs. 2. A visible sign 
of an idea ; symbol. 3. A picture with a motto, a set of 
verses, or the like, intended as a moral lesson. See syn. 
Syn. Symbol, type, token, device, badge, figure, image, 
prototype. — Emblem, symbol, type, token imply a 
significant representation. An emblem is a visible object 
representing another by a natural suggestion, or by a 
habitual or recognized association ; as, the dove is an 
emblem of peace. A symbol may be entirely arbitrary or 
conventional (as in algebra, astronomy, etc.) ; as a syno- 
nym for emblem, symbol often suggests profounder or more 
recondite significance ; as, the universe is a symbol of God. 
Type stresses the idea of representative character, and often 
implies prefigurement. A token is a symbol which serves 
esp. as a memorial or a guarantee ; as, my gift is sent as 
a token of my respect. 

— v. t. To represent by an emblem ; image. 

em'blem-at'ic (-at'Ik) \a. Pert, to an emblem ; synv 

em'blem-at'i-cal (-i-kdl)J bolic. — at'i-cal-ly, adv. 

em-blem'a-tize (em-blem'd-tlz), v. t. ; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'- 
ing (-tlz'ing). To represent by or as by an emblem. 

em'ble-ment (em'ble-ment), to. [OF. emblaement, deriv. 
of LL. imbladare to sow with grain ; in — \- LL. bladum 
grain.] Law. The growing crop, or profits of a crop, which 
has been sown or planted ; — usually in the pi. 

em-bod'i-ment (-bod'i-ment), n. An embodying ; state of 
being embodied ; thing embodying or embodied ; incarnation. 

em-bod'y (em-bod'i), v. t. 1. To give a body to, as a spirit ; 
incarnate. 2. To render concrete and definite ; as, to em- 
body ideas in words. 3. To cause to become a body or part 
of a body ; incorporate ; organize ; as, to embody a treaty in 
a law ; to embody a group of states in a federation. 

em-bold'en (-bol'd'n), v. t. To make bold or courageous. 

em-bol'ic (em-bol'ik), a. [See embolus, embolism.] 1. 
Med. Of or pertaining to an embolus or embolism. 2. Em- 
bryol. Pushing or growing in ; — applied to typical invagi- 
nation or gastrulation. See invagination. 

em'bo-lism (em'bo-liz'm), to. [L. embolismus, fr. Gr. 
inPoXifffios intercalated, fr. luPaWeiv to throw or put in.] 
1. Intercalation, as of a day or month in the year. 2. Med. 
Occlusion of a blood vessel, as by a clot. 

em'bo-lis'mic (-llz'mlk), a. Pert, to, or formed by, inter- 
calation ; intercalated ; as, an embolismic year, the period 
of 13 lunar months, or 384 days. 

em'bo-lus (em'bo-liis), n. ; pi. -li (-IT). [L., fr. Gr. tfifioXos 
anything pointed so as to be put or thrust in, fr. iu(26.\\tiv. 






K 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



EMBONPOINT 



328 



EMINENT 



See emblem.] Med. A plug, as a clot of fibrin, brought by 
the blood current and lodged in a blood vessel so as to ob- 
struct the circulation. 

|| em/bon'point' (aN'boN'pwaN'), n. [F., fr. en bon point 
in good condition.] Plumpness of person ;_ stoutness. 

em-bos'om (em-booz'-Sm), v. t. 1. To take into the bosom ; 
cherish ; foster. 2. To inclose ; shelter closely. 

em-boss' (-bos'), v. t. 1. To hide in a thicket. 06s. 2. To 
exhaust (a hunted animal) by the chase ; also, to make 
frothy, as the mouth of a hunted beast. 06s. or Poetic. 

em-boss', v. t. 1. To raise bosses, or protuberances, on the 
surface of ; esp., to ornament with bosses or raised work. 2. 
To raise in relief from a surface. 3. To adorn with rich or- 
namentation. boss'er, n. — boss'ment (-ment), n. 

em'bou'chure' (aVboo'shiir'), n. [F., fr. emboucher to 
put to the mouth ; em- (L. in) + bouche mouth.] 1. The 
mouth of a river ; also, mouth of a cannon, or the like. 

2. Music. The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. 
em-bow' (em-bo'), v. t. To bend into or like a bow. 
em-bowed' (-bod'), p. a. Curved; arched; vaulted. 
em-bow'el (-bou'el), v. t.; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing 

or -el-ling. 1. To disembowel. Rare. 2. To embed ; bury. 

em-bow'er (-bou'er), im : bow'er (im-), v. t. & i. To shel- 
ter, lodge, or seclude, as in a bower. 

em-brace' (-bras'), v.t.; em-braced' (-brast'); -brac'ing. 
[OF. embracier, fr. em- (L. in) -f- braz arm, L. bra- 
chium.~] 1. To clasp in the arms. 2. To encircle ; inclose. 

3. To undertake. 06s. 4. To take up ; adopt ; as, to em- 
brace the profession of law. 5. To accept ; receive ; wel- 
come ; avail one's self of, as an opportunity. 6. To include 
as parts of a whole ; comprehend ; take in ; as, his essay 
embraces many topics. — Syn. Hug ; encompass ; include, 
comprise, involve ; espouse. See contain. 

-— v. i. To join in an embrace. 

— n. An encircling with the arms ; clasp ; hug. 
em-brace', v. t. _ [See 2d embracer.] Law. To attempt, 

or act so as, to influence corruptly, as a jury or court. 

em-brace'ment (-ment), n. Act of embracing. 

em-brac'er (-bras'er), n. One who embraces, clasps, etc. 

em-brac'er (-bras'er) in. [OF. embraseor one who fires, in- 

em-brace'or (-or) J stigator, fr. embraser to set fire to.] 
Law. One who attempts, or acts so as, to influence a court, 
jury, etc., corruptly. — em-brac'er-y (-bras'er-i), n. 

em-branch'ment (em-branch'ment), n. A branching forth, 
off, or out ; a branch ; division. 

em-bran'gle (em-bran'g'l), v. t. To confuse; entangle. — 
em-bran'gle-ment (-ment), n. 

em-bra'sure (em-bra'zhur ; 87), n. [F., fr. embraser to 
widen an opening.] 1. A splay of a door or window. 
2. Fort. An opening in a wall for cannon, with sides 
flaring outward. 

em'bro-cate (em'bro-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'- 
ing. [LL. embrocatus, p. p. of embrocare, fr. Gr. in^poxv 
lotion, fomentation, deriv. of kv in -f- (3pkx&.v to wet.] Med. 
To moisten and rub with a lotion, as with spirit, oil, or the 
like. 

em'bro-ca'tion (em'bro-ka'shun), n. Act of embrocating 
(a diseased part) ; also, the liquid or lotion so used. 

em-broid'er (em-broid'er), v. t. & i. [See em-; broider.] 
1. To ornament or make with the needle ; as, to embroider 
a scarf ; to embroider a motto. 2. To ornament; to embel- 
lish, as a story ; hence, to exaggerate. — em-broid'er-er, n. 

em-broid'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Needlework to 
enrich fabrics, etc. ; also, art of embroidering. 2. Diversified 
ornamentation, esp. by contrasted figures and colors. 

em-broil' (-broil'), v.t. [F. embrouiller. See 1st broil.] 1. 
To confuse or stir up by discord ; involve in difficulties by 
strife. 2. To implicate in confusion ; complicate ; as, a 
history embroiled with legend. — Syn. Perplex, disorder, 
trouble. 

em-broil'ment, n. Act of embroiling ; state of being em- 
broiled ; uproar ; commotion ; quarrel. 

em-brown' (-broun'), v. t. To brown; imbrown. 

em-brue' (-broo'). Var. of imbrue. 

em'bry-0 (em'bri-o), n.; pi. -OS (-oz). [Gr. Ip/Spuo?.] 1. 
Biol. An organism in the early stages of development, as 
before hatching from an egg. When used of mammals, em- 
bryo is usually restricted to the earlier stages of uterine de- 
velopment ; fetus, to the subsequent stages (in human em- 
bryology, usually those after the fifth week). 2. Bot. In 
seed plants, the young sporophyte. 3. A beginning or un- 
developed stage of anything. 
in embryo, in an incipient or undeveloped state. 

— a. Incipient ; undeveloped. 

em'bry-Og'e-ny (em'brT-oj'e-nT), n. [embryo + root of Gr. 
7tvva.v to produce.] Biol. The formation of the embryo and 
its course of development. — em-bry-O-ge-net'ic, a. 

em'bry-ol'o-gy (-61'6-ji_), n. Biology dealing with the em- 
bryo. — em'bry-o-log'ic (-6-15j'ik), -log'i-cal (-T-kal), a. 

em'bry-ol'o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. One versed in embryology. 

em'bry-O-nal (em'brT-o-nal), a. Biol. Pert, to an embryo 
or the early stages of development ; embryonic. 



em'bry-on'ic (-on'Tk), a. Of or pert, to an embryo; fig., 
undeveloped or rudimentary. 

embryo sac. Bot. The megaspore in seed plants ; a large 
cell within the nucellus of the ovule, in which the egg (after 
fertilization becoming an embryo) is developed. 

e-meer' (e-mer'). Var. of emir. 

e-mend' (e-mend'), v. t. [L. emendare; e out + menda, 
mendum, fault.] To free from faults ; specif., to correct (a 
literary work). — Syn. Amend, improve, rectify. See 
mend. — e-mend'a-ble (e-men'dd-b'l), o. 

e'men-date (e'men-dat), v. t. To rectify (a text) by remov- 
ing errors, etc. — e'men-da'tor (e'men-da'ter ; em'en-), n. 

e^men-da'tion (e'men-da'shun ; em'en-), n. Act of emend- 
ing ; correction ; specif., critical alteration or correction, as 
of a literary text. [tion.l 

e-mend'a-to-ry (e-men'da-to-rT), a. Of or pert, to emenda-| 

em'er-ald (em'er-ald), n. [OF. esmeraude, esmeralde, fr. 
L,.smaragdus, Gr.tr/idpa750s.] l.Min. A gem: a A variety 
of beryl, of various shades of green. H. 7.5-8. b The Ori- 
ental emerald, a green variety of transparent corundum, 
differing from the sapphire in color only. 2. Print. A size 
of type. See type. 

— a. Of a rich green color, like that of the emerald. 
Emerald Isle, Ireland; — so called from its verdure. 

e-mergej (e-murj'), v. i. ; e-merged' (-murjd') ; e-merg'ing 
(-mur'jing). [L. emergere, emersum; e out + mergere to 
dip.] To rise from or as from an enveloping fluid ; come out 
into view ; as, the sun emerged from behind the clouds. 

e-mer'gence (e-mur'jens), n. 1. Act of emerging. 2. An 
emergency. Rare. 3. Bot. Any of various outgrowths, as a 
prickle, from the fundamental tissue below the epidermis. 

e-mer'gen-cy (-jen-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. An emerging ; 
emergence. 2. An unforeseen occurrence or condition call- 
ing for immediate action ; exigency. — Syn. See juncture. 

e-mer'gent (-jent), a. 1. Rising or emerging out of a fluid 
or out of anything that covers or conceals. 2. Arising 
unexpectedly ; calling for prompt action ; urgent. 

e-mer'i-tUS (e-mer'i-tiis), o. [L., having served out his 
time, p. p. emerere, emereri, to obtain by service, serve out 
one's time. See e- ; merit.] Retired without change of rank 
from active duty, because of age, infirmity, or long faithful 
service ; — esp. of a clergyman or college professor. 

em'er-ods(em'er-odz)ln. pi. [OF. emmeroides. See hem- 

em'er-oids (-oidz) / orrhoids.] Hemorrhoids. Archaic. 

e-mersed' (e-mursf), o. [L. emersus, p. p. See emerge.] 
Standing out of, or rising above, a surface, as of water. 

e-mer'sion (e-mur'shun), n. Act of emerging ; emergence. 

em'er-y (em'er-i),n. [F. emeri, fr. It., fr. Gr. aurjpis.] A 
dark granular variety of corundum, used as an abrasive. 

em'e-sis (em'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ^etns. See emetic] 
Med. Vomiting. 

e-met'ic (e-met'ik_), e. [L. emeticus, Gr. ifieriKos, fr. luelv 
to vomit.] Inducing to vomit. — n. An emetic agent. 

em'e-tine (em'e-tin; -ten), n. Also -tin. [See emetic] 
Chem. An emetic alkaloid got from ipecacuanha root. 

e'meu (e'mu).. Var. of emu. 

-e'mi-a. Var. of -.emia. 

em'i-grant (em'i-grant), a. Removing from one country 
to another ; emigrating. — n. One who emigrates. 
Syn. Emigrant, immigrant. Emigrant is used with 
reference to the country from which, immigrant with 
reference to the country into which, migration is made. 

em'i-grate (-grat), v. i.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed) ; -grat'ing. 
[L. emigratus, p. p. of emigrare to remove ; e out + mi- 
grare to migrate.] To remove from one country or state 
for life or residence in another ; migrate. 

em'i-gra'tion (-gra'shwn), n. 1. Act of emigrating. 2. A 
body of emigrants ; emigrants collectively ; the whole body 
of those who emigrate, as from a particular country or with- 
in a specified time, etc. 

He'mi'grS' (a'me'gra'), n.; pi. emigres (F. -gra')., [F.] 
An emigrant; specif., one of the Royalist fugitives from 
France at the time of the French Revolution. 

em'i-nence (em'i-nens), n. 1. That which is eminent ; a 
height ; also, a projection. 2. An elevated station ; high 
rank ; distinction. 3. [cap."] R. C. Ch. A title of honor, 
borne by cardinals in the Roman Catholic Churchy 

em'i-nen-cy (-nen-si),«.. State of being eminent ; eminence. 

em'i-nent (-nent), a. [L. eminens, -entis, p. pr. of eminere 
to stand out ; e + minere (in comp.) to project.] -1. Lofty ; 
prominent. 2. Being above others by birth, merit, talent, 
or virtue ; distinguished. 3. Standing_ out clearly ; signal ; 
evident ; as, eminent fairness. — em'i-nent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Distinguished, celebrated, illustrious, noted, famous, 
renowned, marked, conspicuous, prominent, signal. — Emi- 
nent, distinguished, celebrated, illustrious. One is 
eminent who stands high as compared with others, esp. in 
his own calling ; distinguished, who has received conspicu- 
ous public recognition; celebrated, who is widelyand favor- 
ably spoken of (implying less discriminating judgment than 
distinguished) ; illustrious, who has achieved high prestige. 
eminent domain, the sovereign power to take property 
for a necessary public use, with reasonable compensation. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food,, foot; out, oil; chair; go; smg, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EMIR 



329 



EMPYREAN 



e-mir' (e-mer'; e'mer), e-meer' (e-meV), n. [Ar. emir, 
amir, commander.] An Arabian chieftain or ruler ; also, a 
title given to the descendants of Mohammed through his 
daughter Fatima ; also, a Turkish title. See ameer. 

em'is-sa-ry (em'i-sa-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. emissa- 
rius, fr. emittere to send out. See emit.]_ An agent 
employed to further certain interests or to gain information; 
esp., a secret agent. — a. Pert, to, or acting as, an emissary. 

e-mis'sion (e-mish'un), n. 1. Act of emitting. 2. That 
which is emitted ; discharge ; emanation. 

e-mis'sive (e-mis'Tv), a. Sending out ; emitting. 

em'is-siv'i-ty (em'i-sTv'i-tl), n. Tendency to emission; 
the comparative facility or the rate of emission. 

e-mit' (e-mit'), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -mtt'ting. [L. emittere to 
send out ; e out -f- mittere to send.] 1. To throw or give out 
or off ; eject ; discharge. 2. To issue, as an order ; to print 
and send into circulation. — e-mit'ter, n. 

em-men'a-gOgue(e-meVd-gog;e-me'nd-),n. [Gr. ln^va, 
n. pi., menses {kv in -f- A"7" month) + 6.yuy6s leading.] Med. 
Any agent that promotes the menstrual discharge. 

em'met (em'et ; 24), n. [AS. semete.~] An ant. Archaic. 

em'me-tro'pi-a (em'e-tro'pi-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. lp.p.erpos in 
measure, suitable {kv in + nerpov measure) + &\f/, onros, 
eye.] Med. The normal refractive condition of the eye, in 
which vision is perfect ; — opp. to hypermetropia, myopia, 
and astigmatism. — em/me-trop'ic (-trop'ik), a. 

e-mol'lient (e-mol'yent ; -l-ent), a. [L. emolliens, -entis, 
p. pr., deriv. of e out + mollire to soften, mollis soft.] 
Softening ; making supple. — n. An application to allay 
irritation, soreness, etc. 

e-mol'u-ment (-u-ment), n. [L. emolumentum exertion, 
profit.] Profit from office, employment, or labor; perqui- 
sites, fees, or salary. — Syn. See wages. 

e-mo'tion (e-mo'shim), n. [L. emovere, emotum, to re- 
move, shake, stir up ; e out + movere to move.] 1. Agita- 
tion ; disturbance. Oos. 2. Any of the feelings of joy, grief, 
fear, hate, love, awe, etc. ; any of the feelings aroused by 
pleasure or pain, activity or repose, in their various forms, 
or the type of consciousness characterized by such feelings. 
— Syn. See peeling. 

e-mo'tion-al (-51), a. 1. Pert, to, or characterized by, 
emotion ; easily moved ; as, an emotional nature. 2. Ap- 
pealing to or arousing emotion ; as, an emotional play. 

t-mo'tion-al-ism (-lz'm), n. Emotional character ; ten- 
dency to, or cultivation of, morbid emotion. 

e-mo'tion-al-ist, n. 1. One who is excessively emotional. 
2. One who endeavors to arouse, or work upon, the emo- 
tions of others. 3. One who employs emotional effects in 
art, or bases theory or practice, as in art, ethics, religion, 
etc., on emotional phenomena. [of being emotional. I 

e-mo'tion-al'i-ty (e-mo'shun-al'i-ti), n. Quality or state| 

e-mo'tion-al-ize (e-mo'shwn-dl-Iz), v. t. To make emo- 
tional ; treat emotionally. 

e-mo'tive (e-mo'tiv), a. 1. Attended by, having the char- 
acter of, or causing emotion ; as, emotive expression. 2. 
Referring to or considering emotion ; as, an emotive theory 
of art. — e-mo'tive-ly, adv. — e-mr/tive-ness, n. 

e'mo-tiv'i-ty (e'mo-tiv'i-tl), n. Emotional capacity. 

em-pale', em-pan'el, etc. Vars. of impale, impanel, etc. 

em'pen-nage (em'pe-naj), n. [F.] Aeronautics. The 
arrangement of stabilizing planes fixed at the stern of a 
dirigible, and functioning as feathers do on an arrow ; also, 
a fixed stabilizing tail of an aeroplane or flying machine. 

em'per-or (em'per-er), n. [OF. empereor, L. imperator, 
fr. imperare to command ; in in + parare to order.] The 
sovereign or monarch of an empire. — em'per-or-Shlp', n. 

em'per-y (em'per-T), n. [L. imperium, influenced by OF. 
emperie, empire. See empire.] State or dominion of an em- 
peror ; hence : sovereignty ; empire. Literary. 

em'pha-sis (em'fd-sis), n. ; pi. -ses _(-sez). [L., fr. Gr. ep.4>a- 
cis significance, fr. kp.4>aiveiv to indicate ; kv in + <t>alvtiv to 
show.] 1. In reading or speaking, a stress or force of utter- 
ance given to important words or syllables. 2. Special im- 
pressiveness of expression or weight of thought. 

em'pha-size (em'fd-sTz), v. t. ; -sized (-sTzd) ; -siz'png (-sTz 7 - 
Ing). To give emphasis to ; stress. 

em-phat'ic (em-fat/ik^a. [Gr. ^</>aruos.] 1. Uttered with 
emphasis ; impressive ; strong. 2. Attracting special atten- 
tion ; striking ; as, he received emphatic honors. 3. Using 
emphasis or decisive action ; as, an emphatic debater. — 
Syn. Forcible, earnest ; important . — em-phat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

em'phy-se'ma (em'fi-se'md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ku4>i<rriua in- 
flation, deriv. of kv in -f- 4>vcrav to blow.] Med. a A swelling 
produced by gas in the cellular tissue, b Veter. Heaves. 

em^phy-teu'SlS(-tu'sTs),n. [L.,fr. Gr. ^z0i>reu<m ; deriv. of 
ii> in -f- 4>vTtv€tv to plant.] Civil Law. A kind of conditional 
grant of a right to the possession and enjoyment of land ; al- 
so, the right so granted, or the tenure by which it is held. 

em'pire (em'plr), n. [F., fr. L. imperium sovereignty, 
empire.] 1. a A group of nations or states under a single 
sovereign power ; as, the empire of Alexander the Great ; 
the British Empire, b A state including broad territories 



and various peoples united under one rule ; as, the Russian 
Empire; a state having its ruler styled emperor; as, the 
(former) French Empire. 2. Imperial organization, rule, 
or domain ; hence, dominion ; control. 

— a. leap.) 1. Of or pert, to the first French Empire (1804 
-15) ; as, Empire gown (one with a short waist, short puffed 
sleeves, and long flowing drapery). 2. Furniture. Designat- 
ing a dignified style developed in France under Napoleon I. 

Empire Day. May 24, birthday of Queen Victoria (d. 1901), 
extensively celebrated in the British Empire. 

em-pir'ic (em-pTr'Ik), n. [L. empiricus, Gr. kfnreipiKds ex- 
perienced ; kv in -+- iretpa experiment.] 1. One who follows 
an empirical method or relies on practical experience. 2. In 
medicine, a quack ; charlatan. 

em-pir'ic (em-pir'ik)la. 1. Pert, to, or founded on, experi- 

em-pir'i-cal (-i-kdl) / ment or experience. 2. Depending 
on observation alone, without due regard to science and 
theory ; as, empiric remedies. — em-pir'i-cal-ly, adv. 

em-pir'i-cism (-T-siz'm), n. 1. Method or practice of an 
empiric, esp. in medicine ; hence, quackery. 2. The philo- 
sophical theory which attributes the origin of all our knowl- 
edge to experience. — em-pir'i-cist (-sist), n. 

em-place'ment (-plas'ment), n. 1. A putting in, or assign- 
ing to, a definite place ; localization. 2. a Space in a for- 
tification assigned to a gun or group of guns, b The gun 
platform, parapet, and accessories. 

em-ploy' (-ploi'), v. t. [F. employer, L. implicare to 
infold, involve, engage ; in + plicare to fold.] 1. To 
make use of ; use. 2. To occupy ; devote ; as, to employ 
time advantageously. 3. To give employment or work to. 
Syn. Employ, hire. Employ is specifically used to empha- 
size the idea of service to be rendered ; hire, of wages to be 
paid. See use. 

— n. State of being employed ; employment. 
em-ploy-ee' (em-ploi-e'), em'ploy'e' {F. aVpIwa'ya' ; E. 

em-ploi-a'), n. [F. employe, p. p. of employer.] One 
employed by another, as a clerk, workman, etc. [or others. 

em-ploy'er (em-ploi'er), n. One who employs another 

em-ploy'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of employing ; state of 
being employed. 2. That which engages or occupies ; occu- 
pation. — Syn. Work, business, vocation, calling, office, 
service, trade, profession. See occupation. 

em-poi'son ( -poi'z'n ), v. t. To poison {Archaic ) ; taint. 

em-po'ri-um (-po'ri-um ; 57), n. ; pi. E. -riums (-umz), L. 
-RIA (-d). [L., fr. Gr. i^iropiov, fr. Ifnropios of commerce, 
Zp.Tropos traveler, trader; kv in-f- wopos way.] A place of 
trade ; a market place ; a mart ; commercial center ; often, 
esp., a principal center of trade. 

em-pow'er (-pou'er), v. t. To give power or authority to ; 
authorize. — Syn. See enable. 

em'press (em'pres),n. [OF. emperesse.'] The consort of an 
emperor ; a female sovereign of an empire ; hence, fig., a 
sovereign mistress. 

|| em'presse'ment' (aVpres'maV), n. [F., fr. s'empresser 
to hasten.] Demonstrative warmth or cordiality. 

em-prise', em-prize' (em-priz'), n. [OF. emprise, fr. 
emprendre to undertake ; em- ( L. in ) + F. prendre to 
take, L. prehendere, prendere.'] Archaic. 1. Enterprise ; 
adventure. 2. Chivalric devotion or prowess. — Syn. See 

ENTERPRISE. 

emp'ti-ly (emp'ti-li), adv. In an empty manner. 

emp'ti-ness (-nes), n. State of being empty ; vacuity. 

emp'ty (-ti), a. ; -ti-er (-ti-er) ; -ti-est. [AS. emtig empty, 
idle, semta, semetta, quiet, leisure, rest.] 1. Containing 
nothing. 2. Vacant ; unoccupied ; as, an empty house ; the 
empty desert. 3. Hungry. Colloq. 4. Having nothing to 
carry ; unburdened. 5. Destitute or devoid (ofT ; hence, de- 
void of substance, effect, sense, feeling, sincerity, etc. ; as, 
empty pleasure, words, brains, etc. 

Syn. Unoccupied, unfilled, void, vacant, blank. — Empty, 
vacant, blank. That is empty (opposed to full) which has 
nothing in it ; that is vacant (opposed to occupied) which 
has been., or is intended to be, occupied ; as, an empty (never 
vacant) bucket, stomach ; empty-handed ; a vacant (it may 
be, also, empty) lot, house ; cf. an empty room (without fur- 
niture), a vacant room (without inmates). That (esp. a sur- 
face) is blank which is free from writing or marks of any 
kind, or which has vacant spaces that are left to be filled in. 

— v. t. & %.; -tied (-tid) ; -ty-ing. To make or become 
empty ; of a river, or the like, to discharge (itself). 

emp'ty-ing, n. A making empty, or that which is emptied. 

emp'ty -ings (emp'ti-Ingz), n. pi. Yeast. U. S. 

em-pur'ple (em-pur'p'l), v. t.; -pur'pled (-p'ld) ; -pur'- 
pltng (-pling). To tinge with or color purple. 

em'py-e'ma (em'pi-e'md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ep,irvrina, fr. tp.- 
■Kvtlv to suppurate, kv in + -kvov pus.] Med. An accumula- 
tion of pus, usually in the pleural cavity. 

em-pyr'e-al (em-pir'e-al ; gm'pi-re'dl), a. [X. empyrius, 
Gr. IpirbpuB, ep,irvpoi, in fire, fiery ; kv in -f irvp fire.] 1. Of 
or pert, to the empyrean ; celestial ; as, the empyreal blue. 
2. Composed of or like elemental fire ; as, empyreal clouds. 

em'py-re'an (em'pi-re^an), n. The highest heaven, an- 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refei to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. ;, Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



EMPYREUMA 



330 



ENCLITIC 




I 



%''■■ 



^i 



I! 



50 

Emu with 
young. 




ciently supposed to be composed of a kind of sublimated 
fire. — a. Of or pertaining to the empyrean ; empyreal. 
em'py-reu'ma (-roo'md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ip,irvptvp.a. a live 
coal covered with ashes, i/nrvpeveiv to set on fire, fr. ep,Trvpos. 
See empyreal.] The peculiar smell and taste of animal or 
vegetable substances burnt in close vessels. — em/py-reu- 
mat'ic (-rob-mat'ik), -mat'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 
e'mu, e'meu (e'mii), n. Either of two Australian ratite 
birds (Dromseus novse-hollan- 
dise and D. irroratus). They 
have rudimentary wings and 
are the largest existing birds 
after the ostrich, to which they 
are closely related. 1 

em'u-late (em'u-lat), a. [L. ae-i 
mulatus, p. p. of aemulari, fr. J 
aemulus emulous.] Emulous.! 
Obs. — (-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed? 
(-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. To strive to ' 
equal or excel ; vie with ; rival. 
Syn. E mulate, vie with. Em- 
ulate emphasizes conscious ef- 
fort to equal or surpass ; vie 
with is also used often, in a 
fig. sense, of things. 
em'u-la'tion (em'u-la'shnnXn. 
1. Endeavor to equal or excel ; 
rivalry. 2. Jealous rivalry. Obs. 
— Syn. See competition. 
em'u-la-tive (em'u-la-tiv), a. 
Pertaining to emulation ; emulating ; rivaling ; as, an emu- 
lative person or effort. 
em'si-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who emulates. 
em'u-lous (-lus), a. [L. aemulus.] 1. Ambitious to equal 

or excel another. 2. Jealously rivaling ; envious. Obs. 
em'u-lQUS-ly, adv. In an emulous manner. 
e-mul'si-fy (e-mul'si-fl), v. t.^ To convert into an emulsion ; 

form an emulsion with. fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka/shtm), n. 

e-mul'sin (-sin), n. [See emulsion.] Chem. An enzyme 

occurring in certain fungi and in almonds, etc. 

e-mul'sion (-shim), n. [From L. emulgere, emulsum, to 

milk out ; e out + mulgere to milk.] A liquid preparation 

of the color and consistency of milk, or one in which 

minute particles, esp. of a liquid, remain in suspension as 

the fat globules do in milk. — e-mul'sive (-siv), a. 

e-munc'to-ry (e-munk'to-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-r!z). [L. 

emunctorium a pair of snuffers, fr. emungere, emunctum, 

to blow the nose, hence, to cleanse ; e out -f- mungere to 

blow the nose.] Any organ or part of the body (as the 

kidneys, skin, etc.) which carries off waste. — a. Excretory. 

en (en), n. [Name of the letter n, L. en.] Print. Half of 

the width of an em. See em. 
en-. [F. en-, L. in.] A prefix signifying in, into, or some- 
times used as a mere intensive ; — generally em- before p, 
b, and m. 
en- (en-). A prefix from Greek iv, in, meaning in. 
-en (-en ; -'n). [AS. -an."] A suffix forming the plural of nouns, 

as in oxen and in many words now obsolete or dialectal. 
-en. [AS. -en.] The past-participle ending of many strong 
verbs ; as in broken, sunken, spoken. 
-en. [AS. -en.] An adjective suffix meaning made of, or, sec- 
ondarily, like or resembling ; as in oaken, ashen, etc. 
-en. [AS. -nian.] A suffix meaning to make, to render; as 
in blacken, redden, whiten, etc. 

en-a'ble (en-a'b'l), v. t.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 1. 
To make able ; give (one) power, strength, or competency 
(to be or do something). 2. To make possible ; as, electric- 
ity enables rapid transit. Obsoles. 

Syn. Enable, empower. To enable is to provide with 
means or opportunity ; to empower, to delegate power, or 
authority, to do something ; as, his income enabled him to 
live in elegance ; the letter empowered him to sell the horse. 
en-act' (-akt'), v. t. 1. To make into an act or law ; decree. 
2. To act ; do. Obs. 3. To act the part of ; represent. 
en-ac'tive (en-ak'tTv), a. Having power to enact or estab- 
lish as a law ; enacting. 

en-act'ment (-akt'ment), n. 1. Act of enacting ; state of be- 
ing enacted. 2. Thing enacted ; law ; decree ; requirement, 
en-ac'to-ry (en-ak'to-ri), a. Law. Enacting, or pertaining 
to enactment ; specif., creating a new right or duty. 
en'a-lid (en'd-lid), n. [Gr. ivaXios of the sea + 2d -id.] 
Phytogeog. A submerged marine plant growing in the loose 
soil of the sea bottom, or benthos, as eel grass. 
en-al'la-ge (en-al'd-je), n. [L., fr. Gr. ivaWayri exchange, 
deriv. of iv in + bWaaaeiv to change.] Gram. A substi- 
tution, as of one part of speech for another, or of one 
gender, number, tense, etc., of the same word for another. 
gn-am'el (-am'el), v. t. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or 
-el-ling, [en — j- OF. esmaillier to enamel, esmail en- 
amel.] 1. To lay enamel on ; decorate with enamel. 2. To 
variegate with colors as if with enamel. 3. To form a glossy, 
enamel-like surface on. 



— n. 1. A glassy composition, usually opaque, for coating 
the surface of metal, glass, or pottery. Cf . glaze. 2. Any of 
various enamel-like varnishes, etc. 3. A cosmetic intended 
to give the appearance of a smooth and beautiful complex- 
ion. 4. That which is enameled or like enamel ; enameled 
ware. 5. The very hard calcareous outer layer of the teeth. 

en-am'el-er, en-am'el-ler, n. One who enamels. 

en-am'el-ist, en-am'el-list, n. An enameler. 

en-am'or, en-am/our (-am'er), v. t. [OF. enamourer ; en- 
(L. in) + amour love, L. amor.] To inflame with love ; 
charm ; captivate. 

en-am'ored, en-am'oured (en-am'erd), p. a. Much in 
love ; charmed. — Syn. See fond. 

en'ar-thro'sis (en'ar-thro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iv&pOpums, 
fr. ivapdpos jointed ; iv in + &pdpov joint.] Anat. An articu- 
lation in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a 
cuplike cavity of the other ; a ball-and-socket joint. 

|| en' bloc' (aV blok'). [F.] In a lump ; as a whole. 

en-cse'ni-a (en-se'm-d), n. pi. [LL., fr. Gr. iynalvia. a feast 
of dedication ; iv in + kmvos new.] A festival commemora- 
tive of the founding of a city or consecration of a church : 
also [cap.], at Oxford University, England, the ceremonies 
held in June commemorative of founders. It corresponds 
to commencement at Cambridge and in America. 

en-cage' (-kaj'). Var. of incage. 

en-camp' (-kamp'), v. i. & t. To form, or form into, a camp. 

en-camp'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of encamping ; state of 
being encamped. 2. A camp. 

en-car'nal-ize (-kar'ndl-Iz), v. t. To incarnate. Rare. 

en-case' (-kas'). Var. of incase. 

en-caus'tic (-kos'tik), a. [L. encausticus, Gr. iynavoriKhs, 
deriv. of iv in + ko.Uiv to burn.] Fine Arts. Prepared by 
heat ; burned in ; having decorations burned in, as pottery. 
— n. The method of painting in heated wax or in any way 
in which heat is used to fix the colors ; also, material so 
made. 

en-cave' (-kav'), v. t. To inclose in or as in a cave. 

-ence. See -ance. 

|| en'ceinte'taN'saNt' ; an-sant'), a. [F., fr. L. in not + cinc- 
tus, p. p. of cingere to gird about.] Pregnant ; with child. 

|| en'ceinte', n. [F., fr. enceindre to gird about, L. incin- 
gere; in (intens.) + cingere to gird.] The line of works 
inclosing a fortified place ; also, the place inclosed. 

En-cel'a-duS (en-sel'd-dns), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EyickXados.] 
Gr. Myth. One of the hundred-armed giants who fought 
the gods. Zeus killed him and buried him under Mt. Etna, i 

en'ce-phal'ic (en'se-fal'ik), a. Anat. a Pertaining to the 
encephalon, or brain, b Situated in the cranial cavity. 

en-ceph'a-li'tis (en-sef'd-ll'tis), n. [NL. ; encephalon + j 
-itis.] Inflammation of the brain. lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

en-ceph'a-lon (en-sef'd-lon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iyice<pa.\os ; iv 
in -f- Kt<t>a\i\ head.] The brain. 

en-chain' (-chan'), v. t. 1. To bind with, or hold in, chains ; 
fetter. 2. To hold fast ; restrain ; confine ; as, to enchain 
the attention. — en-chain'ment (-ment), n. 

en-Chant' (-chant'), v. t. [F. enchanter, L. incantare to 
chant a magic formula against one, bewitch ; in against -f- 
cantare to sing.] 1. To act on by charms or sorcery ; esp., 
to lay under a spell ; bewitch. 2. To delude. Obs. 3. To 
delight greatly ; charm. — Syn. See captivate. 

en-Chant'er (en-chan'ter),n. One who enchants ; asorcerer ; 
also, one who delights as by an enchantment. 

en-chant'er's night'shade / . Any of a genus (Circsea, esp. 
C. lutetiana) of plants of the evening primrose family, 
fabled to have been used by the enchantress Circe. 

en-chant'ment (-chant'ment), n. Act of enchanting ; state 
of being enchanted ; that which enchants. — Syn. Magic, 
sorcery, witchcraft ; spell, charm, fascination, witchery. 

en-chant'ress (-chan'tres), n. A sorceress ; also, a fascinat- 
ing woman. 

en-chase' (-chas'), v. t.; -chased' (-chasf); -chas'ing 
(-chas'ing). [F. enchasser ; en- (L. in) + chasse frame, 
case, L. capsa box, case.] 1. To surround with an orna- 
mental casing, as a gem with gold ; give a setting to. 2. To 
ornament by embossing, inlaying, or engraving ; chase. 3. 
To incase ; inclose. Obs. 

en'chon-dro'ma (en'kon-dro'md), n.; L. pi. -dromata 
(-md-td). [NL. ; Gr. iv in + xo"5pos cartilage + -oma.] 
Med. A tumor consisting of cartilaginous tissue. — en'- 
chon-drom'a-tOUS (-drom'd-tus ; -dro'md-tiis), a. 

en-cho'ri-a! (en-ko'n-dl ; 57), a. [Gr. iyx&pios domestic, 

native ; iv in + x<W>« place, country.] Belonging to, or 

used in, a country ; native ; domestic ; — used esp. of 

demotic writing. See demotic, 2. 

en-ci'na (gn-se'nd),n. [Sp.] The California live oak (Quer- 

cus agrifolia), or the common live oak (Q. virginiana). 
en-cir'cle (-sur'k'l), v. t. To circle, or form a circle, about; 

surround ; move completely around. 
en-Clasp' (-klasp'). Var. of inclasp. 
en-Clave' (en-klav' ; F. aN'klav'), n. [F.] A tract or terri- 
tory inclosed within a foreign territory. See exclave. 
en-clit'ic (-klit'ik), o. [L. encliticus, Gr. iyKKiriKos, fr. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ENCLOSE 



iyn\tveiv to incline ; h> in + KKlvtiv to bend.] Grammar. 
Leaning or dependent (with reference to accent) ; — used 
of a word which, losing its own accent, is attached in pro- 
nunciation to a preceding word, as que in Latin homi- 
nesque, thee in English prithee, etc. 

— n. An enclitic word or particle. 

en-close' (-kloz'), v. t. [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to en- 
close ; en- (L. in) + clore to close. See close, a.] To inclose. 

en-clo'sure (-klo'zhur), n. Var. of enclosure. 

en-co'mi-ast (-ko'mi-ast), n. [Gr. iyKoopiaar-ns. See enco- 
mium.] One who praises ; a panegyrist ; eulogist. 

en-CO'mi-as'tic (-as'tik) la. Bestowing praise ; praising ; 

en-co'mi-as'ti-cal (-tT-kdl)J eulogistic; laudatory. 

en-co'mi-um (en-ko'mi-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iyK&uiov 
(a song) chanted in a Bacchic festival in praise of the god ; 
iv in + k&hos a revel.] Warm or high praise. 
Syn. Encomium, eulogy, panegyric imply more or less 
formal expression of praise. Encomium may apply to 
either persons or things ; eulogy implies warmer praise 
and (often) more studied form, esp. of persons. A pane- 
gyric is an elaborate public eulogy (often extravagant). 

en-com'pass (-kum'pds), v. t. 1. To encircle ; surround. 2. 
To inclose ; contain. 3. To outwit. 06s. — Syn. Include, 
environ, invest, inclose. — en-com'pass-ment, n. 

en'core' (aN'kor' ; an-kor'),a<2-y. &interj. [F.] Oncemore; 
again ; — used as a call for a repetition of a part of a play, 
concert, etc., or a song, etc. — (pron. aN'kor' ; ar/kor), n. 
The demand for repetition, as by applause ; also, the rep- 
etition or, now esp., something given in place of a repetition. 

en-core' ( an-kor' ; ar/kor ), v. t. ; -cored' ( -kord' ; an'- ) ; 
-cor'ing. To call for a repetition of or from. 

en-COUn'ter (en-koun'ter), v. t. & i. [OF. encontrer ; en- 
(L. in) + contre against, L. contra.'] To meet, esp. in op- 
position or with hostile intent, — n. 1. A meeting face to 
face, esp. with hostile purpose ; hence, a combat ; battle. 2. 
Behavior on meeting ; address. 06s. — Syn. Contest, ren- 
counter, conflict, combat, fight, engagement, onset, attack. 
Syn. Skirmish, brush. Encounter, skirmish, brush. In 
their military senses, an encounter is a hostile meeting, 
often unexpected ; a skirmish, a slight and desultory, 
often preliminary, encounter, commonly between light de- 
tachments of troops ; a brush, a short but brisk skirmish. 
All three words are used of other than military contests ; 
as, a sharp encounter of wits, a skirmish preliminary to the 
Presidential campaign, a smart brush between opposing 
counsel. See battle, contest, dispute. 

en-COUr'age (en-kur'aj), v. t.; -aged _ (-a jd) ; -ag-ing 
(-a-jing). [F. encourager.] 1. To inspire with courage, 
spirit, or hope ; inspirit ; — opp. to discourage. 2. To give 
help or patronage to, as an industry ; foster. — Syn. Ani- 
mate, hearten, incite, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate, insti- 
gate, countenance, promote, advance, forward, strengthen. 

en-cour'age-ment (-aj-ment), n. 1. Act of encouraging; 
state of being encouraged. 2. That which encourages. 

en-cour'ag-ing (-a-jing), p. a. Giving hope; inspiriting; 
favoring. — en-cour'ag-ing-ly, adv. 

en-crim'son (-krim'z'n), v. t. To make or dye crimson. 

en'cri-nite (en'kn-nlt), n. _ [Gr. iv in + uplvov a lily.] 
A fossil crinoid ; sometimes, in a general sense, any crinoid. 

en-croach' (en-kroch'), v. i. [OF. encrochier to seize ; en- 
in + source of F. croc hook.] 1. To enter gradually or by 
stealth into the rights of another ; trespass ; intrude ; as, to 
encroach upon a neighbor's property ; the sea is encroach- 
ing upon the land. 2. To advance beyond desirable or nor- 
mal limits. — Syn. See trespass. — en-croach'er, n. 

en-croach'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of encroach- 
ing. 2. That which is taken by encroaching. 

en-crust' (-kriist'). Var. of incrust. 

en-cum'ber (-kum'ber), in-cum'ber (in-), v. t. [F. encom- 
6rer.] 1. To impede in motion or action ; retard ; embar- 
rass. 2. To render awkward, obstructive, or disagreeable, 
by superfluous parts, etc. 3. To place a burden on, as a 
debt or legal claim. — Syn. Load, clog, oppress, overload, 
burden, overburden ; embarrass, perplex, hinder, obstruct. 

en-cuni'brance (-brans), in-cum'brance (in-), n. 1. That 
which encumbers. 2. A dependent person ; specif., a child. 
3. Law. A claim or lien on an estate. 

en-cum/branc-er, in-cum'branc-er (-bran-ser), n. Law. 
One who holds an encumbrance. [state. See -ance.I 

-en-cy. [L. -entia.] A noun suffix signifying quality or| 

en-cyc'lic (en-sik'lik ; -si'klik). a. & n. Encyclical. 

en-cyc'li-cal (-sik'li-kal ; -sl'kli-), a. [L. encyclios of a cir- 
cle, general, Gr. iyxvKkios; iv in + kvkXos circle.] Sent to 
many persons or places ; general. — n. An encyclical let- 
ter, esp. from the Pope. 

en-cy'clo-pe'di-a \(-sI / klo-pe'di-d),?i. [NL., fr. Gr. lyw- 

en-Cy'clO-pse'di-a/ KkoTraideia, for iyKVuXios iratSda, in- 
struction in the circle of arts and sciences. See cyclopedia.] 
1. The circle of arts and sciences ; a summary of knowledge ; 
esp., a work in which the branches of learning are treated in 
separate articles. 2. [cap.] Specif., the work of the Ency- 
clopedists, the Encyclopedic ou Dictionnaire raisonne 
des Sciences, des Arts, et des Metiers (1751-G5). The 



331 ENDOGEN 

editors were Diderot and d'Alembert. It exerted an al- 




en 
en 

ing to, or of the nature of, an encyclopedia*; embracing a 
wide range of subjects. 

en-cy'clo-pe'dism, -pae'dism (-pe'diz'm), n. 1. The art 
of writing or compiling encyclopedias ; also, encyclopedic 
learning. 2. [cap.] The writings, views, and influence of 
the Encyclopedists. 

en-cy'clo-pe'dist, -pae'dist (-pe'dist), n. The compiler of 
an encyclopedia, or one who assists in such compilation ; 
also, one whose knowledge is encyclopedic, 
the Encyclopedists, the writers of the great French 
Encyclopedia (see encyclopedia, 2). 

en-cyst' (-sist'), v. t. & i. To form, or inclose or become 
inclosed in, a cyst, or capsule. — en-cyst'ment (-ment), n. 

end (end), v. t. To put (corn, hay, etc.) into a barn, stack, 
or the like. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 

end, n. [AS. ende.] 1. A limit or boundary ; esp., a limiting 
or extreme region or part ; as, the ends of the earth. 2. 
Extreme or last point or part ; conclusion ; termination ; as, 
the end of a road, sermon ; hence : issue ; result ; also, ulti- 
mate state. 3. Death. 4. The object aimed at in any effort ; 
purpose ; aim. 5. That which is left ; remnant ; scrap. 6. 
A player stationed on the end of a line or team, as in foot- 
ball. — Syn. See intention. 
in the end, finally. — to the end that, in order that. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To bring or come to an end. 2. To form, or 
be at, the end of. 3. To destroy ; die. — Syn. See close. 

end'-alP, n. That which ends all. 

en-dam'age (en-dam'aj), v. i. To damage ; harm ; injure. 

en-dan'ger (-dan'jer), v. t. To bring into danger ; imperil. 

en-dear' (-der'), v. t. 1. To make or hold dear, or beloved. 
2. To win the affection of. 06s. — en-dear'ing-ly, adv. 

en-dear'ment (-ment), n. Act of endearing, or state of 
being endeared ; also, that which endears ; a caress. 

en-deav'or U-dev'er), v. t. [From en- -f- F. devoir duty.] 

en-deav'our/ To strive to achieve or reach ; try ; attempt ; 
as, to endeavor a cure. Archaic. — v. i. To exert one's 
self for a certain end ; attempt ; — usually used with the 
infinitive ; as, to endeavor to defeat an opponent. — Syn. 
Strive, struggle, essay. See try. 

— n. A systematic or continuous attempt ; an effort ; a trial, 
en-deav'cr-er, -our-er, n. One who endeavors. 
en-dem'ic (-dem'ik), a. Also en-dem'i-cal (-i-kdl). 

[Gr. Zv5t}uos, ivdnuios ; h> in + 8ijuos the people.] Peculiar 
to a district or particular locality, or class of persons ; as, 
an endemic disease. — n. That which is endemic. 

end'er, n. One who, or that which, ends. 

en-der'mic (en-dur'mik), a. [Gr. iv in + Sepua skin.] 
Med. Acting through the skin, or by direct application to 
the skin ; as, endermic medication. 

end'ing (en'ding), n. 1. Termination; conclusion; also, 
death._ 2. Gram. The final syllable or letter of a word, esp. 
when inflectional. — Syn. See termination. 

en'dive (en'div ; -div), n. [F., fr. a deriv. of L. intibus en- 
dive.] A salad herb (Cichorium endivia) related to chicory. 

end'less (end'les), a. 1. Without end or ends ; boundless ; of 
time, eternal ; of space, infinite. 2. Continuous by reason of 
the ends being united ; as, an endless chain. — Syn. Ever- 
lasting, interminable, perpetual, continual, unending, un- 
limited, undying, imperishable. See eternal. — end'less- 
ly, adv. — end'less-ness, n. 

end'long' (-long'; 62), adv. 1. Lengthwise. 2. On end. 

end man. The last man in a row; specif., the man at 
either end of the line of performers in a minstrel show. 

end'most (end'mSst), a. Farthest; remotest. 

en'do- (en'do-). Combining form from Greek Ivhov, within. 

en'do-blast (-blast), n. Biol. Hypoblast. — -blas'tic, a. 

en'do-car'di-al (-kar'di-al), a. \_endo- + Gr. Kapdia the 
heart.] Within the heart ; of or pert, to the endocardium. 

en'do-car-di'tis (-kar-di'tis), n. [NL. See -itis.] Med. 
Inflammation of the endocardium. dit'ic (-dit'ik), a. 

en'dO-car'di-um (-kar'di-2m), n. [XL. ; endo- + Gr. K ap5la 
heart.] A thin membrane lining the heart cavities. 

en'do-carp (en'do-karp), n. The inner layer of the pericarp, 
as in the apple, plum, etc. 

en'do-derm (-durm), n. Zool. The epi- 
thelial membrane lining most of the di- 
gestive tract. — en'do-der'mal (-dur'- 
mal), en'do-der'mic (-mik), o. 

en-dog'a-my (en-dog'd-mi), n. Marriage 
within the group or clan only ; — opp. to 
exogamy. — en'do-gam'ic (en'do-gam'- 
lk), en-dog'a-mous (en-dog'd-mws), a. 

en'do-gen (en'do-jen), n. Bot. Any of an 
obsolete class {Endogense) of seed plants 
including the monocotyledons, and so carp, or Stone ; d 
named by Lindley on the incorrect sup- Seed, 
position that the growth of the stem proceeds from within. 




Section of a Plum. 
a Epicarp ; &Sar- 
cocarp ; c Endo- 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |i Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



ENDOGENOUS 



332 



ENFORCE 



en-dOg'e-nQUS (en-do j'e-nws), a. 1. Biology.^ a Developed 
internally ; growing from within, b Designating formation 
of new cells or spores within the wall of the parent cell. 2. 
Bot. Belonging to the endogens. [nous cell formation.] 

en-dog'e-ny (-m), n. Biol. Growth from within ; endoge-| 

en'do-lymph (en'do-lTmf), n. Anat. The watery fluid in 
the membranous labyrinth of the ear. 

en'do-morph (-morf), n. Min. A crystal of one species in- 
closed within one of another. 

eil/do-mor'phic (-mor'fik),a. 1. Petrog. Occurring with- 
in ; internal. 2. Min. Of or pertaining to an endomorph. 

en'do-par'a-site (-par'd-slt), n. Zool. Any parasite which 
lives in the internal organs of an animal, as a tapeworm, 
trichina, etc. ; — opp. to ectoparasite. 

en'do-phyte (en'do-flt), n. Bot. A plant which grows within 
another plant, upon which it may or may not be parasitic, 
as a fungus which develops its mycelia within the host. 

en'do-plasm (en'do-plaz'm), n. Biol. The inner or central 
portion of the cytoplasm in a cell ; — opposed to ectoplasm. 

— en'do-plas'mic (-plaz'mTk), a. 

end'-or/gan, n. Physiol. An organ forming the terminus 
of a path of conduction for nervous excitations ; esp., a 
peripheral terminus ; as, the eye is the end-organ of sight. 

en-dorse' ( en-dors' ), v. t. ; -dorsed' ( -dorst' ) ; -dors'ing. 
[From F. endosser, lit., to put on the back ; en- (L. in) + 
dos back, L. dorsum.'] To write on the back of ; to sanc- 
tion, etc. See indorse. — en-dors'a-ble, -dorse'ment, etc. 

en'dO-sarc (en'do-sark) n. [endo- + Gr. crdp£, crap/cos, 
flesh.] Zobl. Endoplasm, as in the amoeba. 

en'do-SCOpe (-skop), n. Med. An instrument for examining 
the interior of a hollow organ, as of the rectum, the urethra, 
or the bladder. — en-dos'CO-py (en-dos'ko-pT), n. 

en'do-skel'e-ton (en'do-skel'e-tun), n. Anat. & Zool. An 
internal skeleton or supporting framework ; — opp. to exo- 
skeleton. The greater part of the skeleton of most verte- 
brates is of this nature. 

en'dos-mo'sis (en'dos-mo'sis),™. Also en'dos-mose' (en'- 
doz-mos' ; en'dos-). [NL. endosmosis.] See osmosis. — 
en'dos-mos'mic (-mos'mTk), -mot'ic (-mot'ik), a. 

en'do-sperm (en'do-spurm), n. Bot. The nutritive tissue 
formed within the embryo sac in seed plants. 

en'do-spore (-spor ; 57), n. Bot. a = endosporium. b Bac- 
teriol. An asexual spore developed within the cell ; — op- 
posed to arthrospore. — en-dos'po-rous (en-dos'po-rus), a. 

Bn'do-spo'ri-um (en'do-spo'n-um ; 57), n.; pi. -ria (-d). 
[NL.] Bot. The inner layer or coating of the spore wall. 

Bn-dos'te-um (en-dos'te-um), n.; pi. -tea (-d). [NL. ; 
endo- + Gr. barkov a bone.] Anat. The layer of vascular 
connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone. 

en'dos-to'sis (en'dos-to'sTs), a. [NL. ; endo- + ostosis.] 
Anat. Ossification beginning within the substance of a car- 
tilage. 

en'do-the'ci-um (en'do-the'shi-um ; -sT-zim), n.; L. pi. 
-cia (-d). [NL. See endo- ; theca.] Bot. a The inner lin- 
ing of an anther cell, b In mosses, the^ central mass of cells 
within the young sporogonium, giving rise to the archespore. 

en'do-the'li-al (-IT-al), a. Relating to endothelium. 

en'do-the'li-oid (-oid), a. Resembling endothelium. 

en'do-the'li-o'ma (en'do-the'li-o'md), n.; L. pi. -omata 
(-o'md-td). [NL. ; endothelium + -oma.~] A tumor, either 
benign or malignant, arising from the endothelium of the 
lesser blood or lymph channels. 

en'do-the'li-um (-the'li-um), n.; L. pi. endothelia (-d). 
[NL. ; endo- + Gr. drjXrj nipple.] Anat. A thin epithe- 
lium of mesoblastic origin lining the serous cavities, the 
interior of the heart, the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. 

en'do-ther/mic (en'do-thur'mik), a. Chem. Designating, 
or pert, to, a reaction which occurs with absorption of heat ; 
formed by such a reaction ; as, an endothermic substance ; 

— opposed to exothermic. 

en-dow' (en-dou'), v. t. [OF. endouer; en- (L. in) + F. 
douer to endow, L- dotare.~\ 1. To furnish with a perma- 
nent fund or source of income for support. 2. To furnish 
with a dower or dowry. 3. To enrich or furnish with any- 
thing of the nature of a gift, as a quality or faculty ; as, 
man is endowed with reason. 

Syn. Invest, clothe, endue. — Endow, endue are often 
interchangeable. But endow emphasizes the idea of that 
which is bestowed on one (often permanently) as a gift; 
endue, the implication of something with which one is 
invested as a quality ; as, a mind richly endowed by nature ; 
work endues us with strength for enduring hardships. 

en-dow'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of endowing. 2. That 
which is settled on a person or an institution ; property per- 
manently devoted to any object. 3. Natural capacity; 
talents ; gifts ; — usually in pi. — Syn. See gift. 

endowment insurance. Insurance providing for the pay- 
ment of an endowment, or fixed sum, at the expiration of 
a fixed term of years or also, usually, at prior death. 

en-due'(en-du'), v. t. ; -DUED'(-dud') ; -du'ing. [See indue.] 
To invest ; endow ; indue. — Syn. See endow. 

en-dur'a-ble (-dur'd-b'l), a. Capable of being endured. 



en-dur'ance (-ans), n. 1. State or quality of enduring, or 
lasting ; continuance. 2. Act of bearing or suffering ; a 
continuing or the power of continuing under pain, hard- 
ship, or distress without being overcome ; as, the endur- 
ance of seasoned troops ; beyond endurance. 3. A thing 
endured ; hardship. Now Rare. 

en-dure' (-dur' ), v. i.; -dured' (-durd') ; -dur'ing (-dur'- 
ing). [F. endurer, fr. L. indurare to harden ; in -f- durare 
to harden, endure.] 1. To continue in the same state with- 
out perishing ; last. 2. To remain firm, as under trial ; to 
surfer or bear up patiently. — v. t. 1. To remain firm un- 
der ; sustain ; as, to endure hardship. 2. To put up with ; 
tolerate ; as, to endure a nuisance. 3. To be compatible 
with ; allow. Archaic. — Syn. Abide, stand, brook, toler- 
ate, suffer. See bear. 

en-dur'ing, p. a. Lasting; durable; long-suffering. — en- 
dur'ing-ly, adv. — ing-ness, n. 

end'ways' (end'waz'), end'wise 7 (-wlz'), adv. 1. On end ; 
upright. 2. With the end forward. 3. Lengthwise. 

En-dym'i-on (en-dTm'i-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Evdvuluv.'] 
Gr. Myth. A beautiful youth beloved by the moon goddess, 
Selene, by whom he was thrown into a sleep that he might 
not know of her caresses. One story makes him a shepherd 
or hunter who was given eternal youth and unbroken 
slumber by Zeus, and to whom Selene descended nightly. 

en'e-ma (en'e-md; e-ne'md), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-mdz), L. 
enemata (e-nem'd-td). [L., fr. Gr. evefia, fr. ivikvo.i to 
send in.] Med. A liquid injected into the rectum. 

en'e-my (en'e-mi), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [OF. enemi, fr. 
L. inimicus ; in- (negative) + amicus friend.] 1. One 
hostile; to another ; one who seeks the overthrow or failure 
of that to which he is opposed. 2. A military foe. 
Syn. Adversary, antagonist, opponent, foe. — Enemy, 
foe imply hostility (often personal), and are now practi- 
cally synonymous, foe being chiefly poetical or rhetorical. 
the enemy, a Mil. The hostile force (see collective, 
a., 4.) ; also, a hostile ship ; as, we have sunk the enemy. 
b [cap.] The Devil. 

— o. 1. Hostile ; inimical. 06s. 2. Of or pertaining to a 
hostile force or nation ; as, an enemy ship. 

en'er-ge'sis (en'er-je'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr._ ivepyeiv to be 
in activity.] Plant Physiol. The chemical process or 
series of processes within the plant cell by which energy 
is released through katabolic changes. 

en'er-get'ic (-er-jet'ik), a. [See energy.] 1. Having 
energy or energies ; active. 2. Exhibiting energy ; forcible ; 
efficacious ; as, energetic measures. — Syn. Potent, effec- 
tive, strenuous. See vigorous. — en'er-get'i-cal-lyj, adv. 

en'er-get'ics (-Tks ), n. (See -ics.) Theory or science of the 
conditions and laws governing manifestation of energy. 

en'er-gize (en'er-iiz), v. i.; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing (-jlz'- 
Ing). To put forth energy. — v. t. To impart energy to. 

en'er-giz'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, energizes. 

en'er-gu'men (en'er-gu'men), n. [From L.,fr. Gr. ivep- 
yov/ievos possessed by an evil spirit.] A demoniac. 

en'er-gy (en'er-jl), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. energia, fr. Gr. 
ivepyeia, fr. evepyos active ; kv in + 'ipyov work.] 1. 
Strength or vigor of expression. 2. Internal or inherent 
power, as of the mind ; capacity of acting, or producing an 
effect. 3. Power forcibly exerted ; force of action. 4. Phys- 
ics. Capacity for performing work. — Syn. See power. 

en'er-vate (en'er-vat; e-nur'vat), v. t.; -vat'ed (-vat/ed ; 
-vat-ed) ; -vat'ing. [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. 
enervis nerveless, weak ; e out-\-nervus nerve.] To deprive 
of nerve, force, strength, or courage ; to effeminate ; 
weaken morally. — Syn. Weaken, enfeeble, debilitate. See 
unnerve. — en'er-va'tor (en'er-va'ter), n. 

e-ner'vate (e-nur'vat), a. Enervated. 

en'er-va'tion (en'er-va/shun), re. Action or process of 
enervating ; state of being enervated. _ 

en-face' (en-fas'), v. t. To write or print on the face of (a 
draft, bill, etc.) ; also, to write or print (a memorandum, di- 
rection, etc.) on the face of a draft, bill, etc. — en-face'- 
ment (en-fas'ment), n. 
en-fee'ble (en-fe'b'l), v. t; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
To make feeble ; weaken. — en-fee'ble-ment (-ment), n. 
en-feoff' (-fef), v. t. 1. Law. To invest with a fief, or fee ; 
invest with a freehold by feoffment. 2. To give in, or subject 
to, vassalage. — en-feoff'ment (-ment), n. 
en-fet'ter (-fet'er), v. t. To bind in fetters ; enchain. 
en'fi-lade' (en'fT-lad'), n. [F., fr. enfiler to thread, rake 
with shot ; en- (L. in) + fil thread, L. filum.] A firing 
along a trench, a line of troops, etc. ; a raking fire. — v. t. ; 
-lad'ed (-lad'ed) ; -lad'ing. To rake, or be in a position to 
rake, with gun fire in the direction of the length. 
en'fleu'rage' (aN'flu'razh'), n. [F., fr. en- (L. in) + fleur 
flower.] A process of extracting perfumes by exposing 
absorbents, as fixed oils, to the exhalations of the flowers. 
en-fold' (en-fold'), v. t. To enwrap; envelop. = infold. 
en-force' (en-fors' ; 57), v. t. [OF. enforcier to strengthen, 
force.] 1. To force ; compel. 2. To make or gain by force. 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ENFORCEABLE 



333 



ENJOIN 



3. To drive by force. Obs. 4. To give force to. 5. To put in 
force or effect, as a law. 6. To urge ; ply hard ; lay much 
stress upon. — Syn. See execute. 

en-f orce'a-ble (-d-b'l) , a. Capable of being enforced. 
en-force'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of enforcing. 
en-forc'er (en-for'ser), n. One who, or that which, enforces. 
en-fran'chise (en-fran'chiz ; -chiz), v. t.; -chised (-chlzd ; 

-chizd) ; -chis-ing. [OF. enfranchir.] 1. To set free ; re- 
lease from slavery. 2. To endow with a franchise ; admit to 

citizenship, esp. the right to vote. 3. Feudal Law. To make 

(lands) freehold. 
en-fran'chise-ment (-chTz-ment), n. Act of enfranchising ; 

state of being enfranchised. 
en-gage' (en-gaj'),i>. t.; -gaged' (-gajd') ; -cag'ing (-gain- 
ing). [F. engager; en- (L. in) -f- gage pledge, pawn. See 

gage. ] 1. To deliver as a pledge. 06s. 2. To put under 

pledge ; pledge, as by a promise. 3. To betroth. 4. To 

secure or bespeak, (services, etc.). 5. To win and attach; 

draw. 6. To employ the attention and efforts of ; as, to 

engage one in conversation. 7. To entangle; involve. 

Archaic. 8. To enter into contest with ; also, to join or 

interlock (weapons). 9. Machinery. To come into gear 

with ; interlock with. — Syn. See promise. 
— v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self ; warrant. 2. To 

embark in a business ; involve one's self. 3. To enter into 

conflict. 4. Machinery. To interlock and interact. 
en-gaged' (en-gajd' ), p. a. 1. Occupied ; employed. 2. 

Pledged ; esp., betrothed. 3. Involved, esp. in a hostile en- 
counter. 4. Arch. Partly embedded or bonded, as a column 

in a wall. 
en-gage'ment (-gaj'ment), n. 1. Act of engaging ; state of 

being engaged ; as : a Betrothal, b Hostile encounter, c 

Machinery. State of being in gear. 2. That which engages, 

as an occupation, obligation, enterprise, etc. 3. A_ promise 

to be present at a specified time and place ; appointment. 

4. In pi. Pecuniary liabilities. 5. Employment, esp. for a 
stated time. — Syn. See battle. 

en-gag'ing (-gaj'ing), p. a. Tending to draw the atten- 
tion or affections ; attractive. — en-gag'ing-ly, adv. 

en-gar'land (en-gar'ldnd^ v. t. To encircle with a garland 
or garlands. 

en-gen'der (-jen'der), v. t. [F. engendrer, L. ingenerare; 
in + generate to beget.] 1. To beget. 2. To bear ; 
bring forth ; produce ; as, angry words engender strife. 
— Syn. Breed, generate, procreate, propagate ; occasion, 
cause, excite. — v. i. To assume form ; be produced. 

en'gine (en'jin), n. [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. in- 
ternum natural capacity, invention ; zrcin + root of gignere 
to produce.] 1. {In this sense pronounced en-jTn'.) Nat- 
ural capacity ; ability. Obs. or Dial. 2. Any device, agent, 
means, or method. Archaic. 3. Any mechanical instru- 
ment ; specif., an instrument of war (esp. a piece of artillery) 
or of torture. 4. Any of numerous machines for converting 
a physical force, as heat, into mechanical power. 5. Specif., 
a locomotive engine, as used on railroads. 

en'gi-neer' (eVjT-ner'), n. 1. One skilled in engineering. 2. 
One who manages a stationary orlocomotive engine. 3. One 
of a corps of men in the army or navy who perform engineer- 
ing work, as in building forts, etc. — v. t. 1. To lay out or 
manage as an engineer ; as, to engineer a road. 2. To guide 
the course of ; manage ; as, to engineer a business deal. 

en'gi-neer'ing, n. The art of managing engines ; now usu- 
ally, the art and science by which the mechanical properties 
of matter are utilized in structures and machines. 

en'gin-er. Obs. var. of engineer. 

en'gine-ry (en'jin-ri), n. Engines or machines in general, 
esp. instruments of war. 

en-gird' (en-gurd'), v. t. To gird; encompass. 

en-gla'cial (en-gla'shal ; -gla/shl-al) , a. [F. en- in -f- gla- 
cier."] Phys. Geog. Embedded in, or traversing the body 
of, a glacier ; as, englacial drift or streams. 

Eng'land-er (Tr/glan-der), -.,. An Englishman. 

Eng'lish (fn'glTsh), a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle, 
Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of 
Schleswig, Germany, who settled in Britain and gave it the 
name England.] 1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, Eng- 
land or its inhabitants or citizens. 2. In, or belonging to, 
the English language. — English daisy. = daisy, 1. — E. 
horn, Music, the tenor oboe. Its tone has the reedy, pas- 
toral quality of the oboe, but is fuller and less penetrating. 

— n. 1. Collective pi. The people of England. 2. The lan- 
guage of the English and of the people of the United States 
and most of the British colonies. It is commonly divided by 
periods into Anglo-Saxon, or Old English (about 450- 
1150), Middle English (about 1150-1550), and Modern 
English (from about 1550). 3. An English translation or 
rendering, as an equivalent of a foreign word ; also, the 
plain sense of something obscure or involved. 4. Print. A 
size of type. See type. 5. [Often I.e.] Billiards, etc. A spin- 
ning or rotary motion round the vertical axis given to a ball 
by striking it to the right or left of its center. U. S. 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



— v. t. 1. To translate into English ; hence, formerly, to in- 
terpret or set forth plainly. 2. [Often I. c] Billiards. To 
impart English to (a ball). U. S. 

Eng'lish-er (Irj'glish-er), n. An Englishman. 

Eng'lish-ism (-fz'm), n. 1. A quality, characteristic, or 
method peculiar to the English. 2. A form of expression 
peculiar to English as spoken in England ; an Anglicism. 
3. Attachment to that which is English. 

Eng'lish-man (-man), n. A native-born or a naturalized 
citizen of England. 

Eng'lish-ry (-rT), n. 1. State or fact of being of English 
birth. 2. People of English descent, esp. in Ireland. Hist. 

Eng'lish-wom'an (-woom'dn), n. Fern, of englishman. 

en-glut' (en-glut'),i>. t. [F.engloutir, ~L.ingluttire. SeeEN-; 
glut to swallow.] To swallow or gulp down. Archaic. 

en-gorge' (-gorj'), v. t. [F. engorger to cram, OF. also to 
devour, gorge. See gorge, n.] 1. To gorge ; glut ; — 
chiefly reflexive. 2. To swallow greedily ; devour. 3. To 
congest. — v. i. To feed voraciously. 

en-gorge'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of glutting. 2. An over- 
fullness of bodily vessels ; congestion. 

en-graft' (-graft'), v. t. To graft; ingraft. 

en-grail' (-gral'), v. t. [F. engreler.] To ornament, esp. 
with a pattern indented on the edge. 

en-grain' (en-gran'), v. t. [ME. engreynen to dye scarlet, 
OF. en graine, fr. graine seed, kermes ; confused with E. 
grain texture.] 1. To dye in grain. = ingrain. 2. To incor- 
porate with the grain or texture (of) ; infuse deeply ; — 
chiefly fig. ; as, superstition was engrained in his character. 

en-grave' (en-grav'), v. t.; -graved' (-gravd') ; -grav'ing 
(-grav'ing) ; also, p. p. -grav'en (-grav''n). 1. To carve, or 
grave, figures, letters, or devices on ; mark with incisions. 
2. To form by incisions, as on wood, stone, or metal, esp. for 
printing. 3. To impress deeply ; infix, as if with a graver. 

en-grav'er (-grav'er), n. One who engraves; one whose 
business is engraving. 

en-grav'ing (-ing), n. _ 1. Act or art of producing on hard 
material incised or raised figures, esp. on metal or wood. 
2. An engraved plate or block. 3. An impression from an 
engraving, as an engraved plate ; a print. 

ea-gross' (-gros'), v. t. [F. en- (L. in) -f- gros gross, 
grosse, n., an engrossed document, writing in large letters. 
See gross.] 1. To copy or write in a large hand ; to write a 
fair copy of, as of a decree. 2. To buy up (commodities) 
so as to control the market. 3. Hence, fig., to concentrate 
in one's possession ; take the whole of ; absorb ; monopo- 
lize. — en-gross'er, n. 

en-gross'ing, p. a. That engrosses ; esp., absorbing the at- 
tention, faculties, etc. — en-gross'ing-ly, adv. 

en-gross'ment (-ment), n. Act of engrossing ; that which 
has been engrossed. [into or as into a gulf.| 

en-gulf (-gulf), v. t. To swallow up as in a gulf; plungej 

en-hance' (-nans'), v. t. & i.; -hanced' (-hanst') ; -hanc'- 
ing (-han'sing). [AF. enhauncer, fr. OF., fr. en- (L. in) -f- 
haucier to lift, L. altus high.] To advance ; augment ; ele- 
vate ; heighten ; intensify. — Syn. See raise. 

en-hance'ment (-ment), n. Increase ; advance. 

en'har-mon'ic (en'har-mon'ik), a. [L. enharmonicus, 
Gr. epapftofiKos, eva.pn6vi.os, fitting, accordant ; iv in -f- 
apixovia. harmony.] 1. Gr. Music. Of or pert, to that kind 
of genus or scale which employed quarter tones. 2. Music. 
Of or pert, to intervals smaller than a semitone ;_ esp., 
pert, to a change of notes to the eye where a keyed instru- 
ment can mark no difference to the ear, as Ab for G#. 
enharmonic diesis, a Gr. Music. A quarter tone or quar- 
ter step, b Modern Music. The difference between three 
major thirds and an octave (ratio 125 : 128). 

en'har-mon'i-cal (-mon'i-kal), a. Enharmonic. 

e-nig'ma (e-nig'md), n. ; pi. -mas (-mdz). [L. aenigma, Gr. 
atviyiia, fr. aiflaaeadai to speak darkly, alvos tale, fable.] 1. 
An obscure or inexplicable saying ; riddle. 2. Anything in- 
explicable ; puzzle. 

Syn. Enigma, riddle, conundrum. An enigma hides its 
meaning under obscure or ambiguous allusions ; a riddle 
commonly involves paradoxical or contradictory state- 
ments, and is definitely proposed to be guessed ; a conun- 
drum is properly a riddle depending on a play on words. 
Fig., enigma suggests something inexplicable ; riddle, 
something which mystifies or puzzles, esp. by its contra- 
dictions ; conundrum, (often) a puzzle scarcely worth the 
guessing ; as, Emerson is sometimes enigmatical; "Man . . . 
the . . . riddle of the world " ; metaphysical conundrums. 

e'nig-mat'ic (e'nig-mat'Ik ; en'ig-), e'nig-mat'i-cal (-f- 
kal), a. Relating to or resembling an enigma; obscure; 
puzzling. — e'nig-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

en-isle' (en-Il'), v. t. ; -isled' (-lid') ; -isl'ing (-Il'Tng). To 
isolate, as on an island ; also, to make an island of. 

en-jamb'ment (-jamb'ment), n. Also en-jambe'-ment. 
[F. enjambement, fr. enjamber to stride, encroach.] Pros. 
Continuation of a sentence beyond the end of a verse or 
couplet, so that closely related words fall in different lines. 

en-join' (en-join'), v. t. [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to 
join into, charge ; in -f- jungere to join.] 1. To com- 



i 



G 



H 



J 



K 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equalw 



M 



ENJOINER 



334 



ENTABLATURE 



' 



mand ; charge. _ 2. To forbid ; prohibit. — Syn. See 
command. — en-join'er, n. 

en-joy' (-joi'), v. t. [OF. enjoir to enjoy; en- (L. in) + 
joir to enjoy, L. gaudere.] 1. To take pleasure in ; feel or 
perceive with pleasure. 2. To have and use with satis- 
faction. 3. To have sexual intercourse with (a woman). 

— en-joy'er, n. [— en-joy'a-bly, adv.\ 
en-joy'a-ble, a. Capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy.| 
en-joy'ment (en-joi'ment), n. Act or state of enjoying 

anything ; that which gives pleasure. — Syn. Satisfaction, 
gratification, fruition, happiness, felicity. See pleasure. 

en-ldn'dle (-km'd'l), v. t. & i. To kindle. 

en-lace' (-las'), v. t. [F. enlacer.] 1. To bind, encircle, or 
cover with lace ; lace ; encircle ; enfold. 2. To entangle ; en- 
twine. 

en-large' (-larj'), v. t. & i.; -larged' (-larjd') ; -larg'ing 
(-lar'jing). [OF. enlargier; en- (L. in) + F. large wide. 
See large.] To increase in quantity, capacity, dimensions, 
or extent ; extend in limits of space or time ; dilate ; expand. 

— Syn. Spread, magnify. See increase. 
en-large'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or instance of enlarg- 
ing ; state of being enlarged ; esp., increase in material 
extent or expansion of mental powers. 2. That which 
enlarges or is enlarged ; Photog., an enlarged photograph. 

en-leve'ment (en-lev'ment ; aN'leVmaN'), n. [F. enleve- 
ment.] Scots Law. Abduction. 

en-light^en (en-llt''n), v. t. 1. To supply with light ; light. 
Archaic. 2. To shed the light of truth and knowledge 
upon ; instruct ; also, to supply with spiritual light ; give in- 
sight to. — en-light 'en-er, n. [being enlightened.! 

en-light'en-ment (-ment), n. Act of enlightening ; state of | 

en-link' (-lirjk'), v. t. To chain or link together. 

en-list' (-list'), v. t. & i. 1. To enter on a list; enroll. 
2. To engage for military or naval service. 3. To engage 
one's support and aid in behalf of, as if by enrolling ; as, 
to enlist a person in a cause. [enlisted. 

en-list'ment (-ment), n. Act of enlisting; state of being| 

en-liv'en (-lly''n), v. t. _ [en- + live, a., or life, n.] 1. To 
giye life, action, or motion to ; excite ; quicken. 2. To give 
spirit or vivacity to ; animate. — Syn. Rouse, inspire, 
cheer, exhilarate, inspirit, invigorate. — en-liv'en-er, n. 

en-mesh' (-mesh'), v. t. To entangle in or as in meshes. 

en'mi-ty (en'mi-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. enemistie, 
enemiste. See enemy] Quality or state of being hostile ; 
hatred ; ill will ; animosity. — Syn. See hostility. 

en'ne-ad (en'e-ad),«. [Gr. iweas, -a8os, fr. ivvka. nine.] 
The number nine or a group of nine. 

en'ne-a-style' (-d-stlF), a. [Gr. Iwka nine + o-rDXos 
pillar.] Arch. Having nine columns across the front. 

en-no'ble (e-no'b'l ; en-no'-), v. t.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling 

k (-Ming). 1. To make noble ; elevate ; dignify. 2. To raise 
to the nobility. — Syn. Raise, exalt. — en-no'ble-ment, n. 

en'nui' (aVnwe'; an-nwe'), n. [F., fr. L. in odio in 
hatred.] A feeling of weariness and dissatisfaction arising 
from satiety ; tedium.— (an-nwe'), v. t.; -nuied' (-nwed') ; 
-nuy'ing (-nwe'ing). To afflict with ennui; bore. 

Hen'nuy'e' (aVnwe'ya'), a. masc, l| en'nu'yee' Gya'), a. 
fern., [F., p. p. of ennuyer.] Affected with ennui. 

E'noch (e'nak), n. [Heb. Khanok, through L. Henoch, or 
Gr. 'Ej^wx-] Bib. a A patriarch said to have "walked with 
God." See Gen. v. 24. b A son of Cain. 

e-norm' (e-norm' ), a. Enormous ; monstrous. Archaic. 

e-nor'mi-ty (e-nor'mi-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. enor- 
mitas, fr. enormis enormous. See enormous.] 1. State or 
quality of exceeding a measure or rule, or of being immoder- 
ate or outrageous ; monstrousness. 2. That which is enor- 
mous ; esp., an atrocious offense or crime. 
Syn. Enormity, enormousness. Enormity applies to 
abnormal or monstrous wickedness ; enormousness, to 
vast or excessive size or amount. 

e-nor'mous (-mus), a. [L. enormis ; e out + norma rule.] 
1. Exceeding the usual rule, norm, or measure ; mon- 
strous. 2. Greatly exceeding the usual size, number, or de- 
gree ; immense. 3. Exceedingly wicked ; monstrous. Now 
Rare. — e-nor'mous-ly, adv. — e-nor'mous-ness, n. 
Syn. Prodigious, stupendous, gigantic, colossal, excessive, 
immense, huge, vast. — Enormous, immense, huge, 
vast. That is enormous which is excessive, abnormal, or 
inordinate in size or degree ; tha't is immense which ex- 
ceeds ordinary measurements or standards ; as, enormous 
strength, wickedness ; immense height, sea. Commonly, 
huge suggests bulk and vast extent. 

e-nough' (e-nuf), a. [AS. genoh, genog, a. & adv.] Sat- 
isfying desire ; giving content ; adequate ; sufficient. ■ — 
Syn. Satisfactory, ample. See adequate. — adv. In a 
degree or quantity that satisfies ; sufficiently ; hence, tol- 
erably. — inter j. Short for it is enough, denoting suffi- 
ciency. — n. A sufficiency ; an adequate quantity. 

e-nounce' (e-nouns'), v. t. [F. enoncer, L. enuntiare; e 
out + nuntiare to announce, nuntius messenger.] 1. To 
set forth, as an argument ; state formally or publicly. 2. 
To utter ; enunciate ; pronounce. 



ING. 



e-now' (e-nou'), a. & adv. Enough. Archaic or Poetic. 

|| en' pas'sant' (aV pa'saN'). [F.] In passing ; in the 
course of any procedure; — said specif., Chess, of the 
taking of an adverse pawn which makes a first move of 
two squares by a pawn already so advanced as to threaten 
the first of these squares. The pawn which takes en 
passant is advanced to the threatened square. 

en-quire' (en-kwlr'), en-qui'ry, etc. Vars. of inquire, etc. 

en-rage' (en-raj'), v. t. [F. enrager to be enraged.] To fill 
with rage ; infuriate ; madden. 

en-rapt' (en-rap t'), p. a. Thrown into ecstasy; rapt. 

en-rap'ture (en-rap'tur), v. t.; -tured (-turd); -tur-: 
To transport or delight beyond measure ; enravish. 

en-rav'ish (en-rav'ish), v. t. To enrapture. 

en-reg'is-ter (en-rej'is-ter), v. t. To register; enroll. 

en-rich' (en-rich'), v. t. [F. enrichir.] 1. To make rich or 
richer. 2. To ornament ; adorn. 3. To fertilize. 

en-rich'ment, n. Act or process of enriching; state of 
being enriched ; also, that which enriches. 

en-ring' (en-ring'), v. t. To encircle. 

en-robe' (-rob'), v. t. To invest or adorn with a robe ; attire. 

en-roll', en-rol' (en-rol'), v. t.; -rolled' (-rold') ; -roll'ing. 
[F. enrbler.] 1. To insert in a roll, list, or catalogue ; hence, 
to record ; as, to enroll men for service ; also, to enlist (one's 
self). 2. To engross (a document). 

en-roll'ment, en-rol'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of enrolling ; 
registration. 2. A writing in which anything is enrolled. 

en-root' (-root'), v. t. To fix by the root ; implant deep. 

|| en' route' (aV root'). [F.] On the way or road. 

|| ens (enz), n. ; pi. entia (en'shi-d). [LL. ens, enlis, a 
thing.] Scholastic. Being, in the most abstract sense ; be- 
ing which is not necessarily existent and which requires the 
addition of a category to yield reality. 

en-sam'ple (en-sam'p'l), n. [OF. ensample, for essample. 
See example.] An example ; pattern. Archaic, [blood. j 

en-san'guine (-san'gwin), v. t. To stain or cover with| 

en-sconce' (-skons'), v. t. [en- + sconce.'] 1. To shelter, 
as with a fort ; conceal. 2. To establish or settle snugly. 

en-seal' (-sel'), v. t. [OF. enseeler.] To seal up. 

U en'sem'ble (aVsaN'M'), n. _[F.] The whole ; all the 
parts taken together, as in music ; also, the total or general 
effect, as of a musical performance. [a sepulcher.f 

en-sepful-cher, or -Chre (en-sep'wl-ker), v. t. To put into| 

en-Shrine' (-shrln'), v. t. To inclose in a shrine ; hence, to 
reserve or cherish as sacred. — en-shrine'ment (-ment), n. 

en-shroud' (Sn-shroud'), v. t. To shroud. 

en'si-form (en'si-form), a. [L. ensis sword + -form.] 
Sword-shaped, as a leaf. 

en'sign (-sin), n. [F.enseigne, L. insignia, 
neut. pi. of insignis distinguished ; in + sig- 
num mark, sign.] 1. A flag; banner; esp., 
the national flag, or a banner indicating na- 
tionality ._ 2. A_ signal displayed like a stand- 
ard, to give notice. 3. Sign ; badge of office, 
rank, or power. 4. Mil. & Nav. a In the 
British army, prior to 1871, the standard, 
bearer of a company or regiment, b A com-" 
missioned officer in the United States navy, 
corresponding to second lieutenant in the 
army. See navy. — en'sign-ship, n. 

en'sign-cy (-si), n. Rank or office of ensign. 

en'si-lage (-si-laj), n. [F.] Preservation of 
green fodder (as cornstalks) by compressing it 
in a silo ; fodder thus preserved ; silage. 

en-sile' (en-sil' ; en'sll), v. t.; -siled' (-slid'; 
en'-) ; -sil'ing (-sTl'Tng ; en'-). [F. ensilcr. 
See silo.] To store (green fodder) in a silo. 

en-slave' (en-slav'), v. t. To make a slave or 
slaves of. [bondage. | Ensiform eq- 

en-slave'ment(-ment),n. Act of enslaving ;| uitantLeaves 

en-slav'er (-slav'er), n. One who enslaves. of Iris - 

e:i-snare' (-snar'), v. t. To catch in a snare. See insnare. 

en-sor'cell, en-sor'cel (-s6r'sel), v. t. [F. ensorceler. See 
sorcery.] To bewitch ; enchant. Archaic. 

en-SOUl' (en-sol'), in-SOUl' (in-), v. t. 1. To indue or imbue 
with a soul ; animate. 2. To receive or put in the soul. 

en-Sphere' (en-sfer'), v. t. To place in a sphere ; encircle. 

en'sta-tite (en'std-tit), n. [From Gr. evararris an adver- 
sary, because infusible before the blowpipe.] Min. An 
orthorhombic mineral of the pyroxene group, consisting of 
magnesium silicate, MgSiOs, usually occurring massive. 

en-sue' (-su'), v. t. ; -suED'(-sud') ; -su'ing. [OF. ensivre 3d 
sing. pres. ensiut, fr. L. insequi ; in -f- sequi to pursue.] 
To follow ; pursue ; seek after. Archaic. — v. i. To fol- 
low ; to come afterwards or as a consequence ; as, the en- 
suing year ; silence ensued. — Syn. See follow. 

en-sure' (en-shoor'), v. t. [AF. enseurer.] = insure. 

en-swathe' (-swath'), in-swathe' (in-), v. t. To swathe. 

en-tab'la-ture (en-tab'ld-tur), n. [OF., deriv. of L. in + 
tabula a. board.] Arch. The wall resting on the capitals of 



/ 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ENTABLEMENT 



335 



ENTOPHYTIC 



the columns and consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cor- 
nice; the analogous* part in post-and-lintel construction. 

en-ta'ble-ment (en-ta'b'1-ment), n. [F. entablement, LL. 
intabulamentum.] 1. = entablature. 2. The platform 
or platforms supporting a statue and above the dado. 

en-tail' (-tal') ( v. t. 1. To settle, as lands, in fee tail, or in- 
alienably on a person and his descendants. 2. To impose as 
a necessary accompaniment or result ; as, the work entails 
great expense. 

— n. An entailing ; something, as an estate, entailed ; also, 
the rule by which the descent is fixed. 

en-tail/ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of entailing, or state of 
being entailed. 2. A thing entailed. 

en-tan'gle (-tan'g'l), v. t. 1. To tangle. 2. To involve; 
insnare ; hence : to perplex ; bewilder. 

en-tan'gle-ment (-ment), n. Act of entangling ; state of be- 
ing entangled ; that which entangles. 

en'ta-sis (en'td-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Ivraais a stretching, 
deriv. of h> in + relveiv to extend.] Arch. A slight con- 
vexity of the shaft of a column. 

en-tel'e-chy (en-tel'e-ki), n.; pi. -chies (-kiz). [L. entele- 
chia, Gr. eurekexeia, prob. fr. h> reXei e%eiv to be complete.] 
Metaph. Realization of form-giving cause or energy, as con- 
trasted with mere potential existence ; a condition in which 
actuality or complete expression has succeeded potentiality. 

en-tel'lus (en-tel'us), n. [NL., the specific name.] An 
East Indian long-tailed bearded monkey (Presbytis 
entellus), held sacred by the natives. 

en'ter (en'ter), v. i. [F. entrer, fr. L. intrare."] 1. To go 
or come in, to a place or a condition ; make or effect an 
entrance. 2. To penetrate mentally ; consider attentively ; 
treat fully, as in discussion ; — used with into. 3. To make 
a beginning ; engage ; start ; as, to enter into business ; 
also, to get admission or to be admitted ; as, to enter into 
society. 4. To make one's self a party ; — used with into ; 
as, to enter into a treaty. 5. To form a constituent part ; 
become a part or partaker. 6. Drama. To come upon the 
stage ; as, Enter Sir Toby. 

— v. t. 1. To come or go into ; penetrate ; of time, to pass 
within the limits of ; as, to enter a new era. 2. To make a 
beginning in ; take up ; begin. 3. To become a member 
of ; join. 4. To cause to go (into), or to be received (into) 
or admitted ; put in ; insert ; as, to enter a boy at college, 
a horse for a race, etc. 5. To instruct or exercise initially ; 
train. 6. To inscribe ; enroll ; record. 7. Law. To place in 
regular form before the court, usually in writing. 8. To 
make report of (a vessel or her cargo) at the customhouse. 

en'ter-al'gi-a (-al'ji-d), n. [NL. ; entero- + -algia.'] Med. 
Intestinal pain of a spasmodic character ; colic. 

en'ter-ec'to-my (-ek'to-mi), n. Surg. Excision of a part of 
the intestine. 

en-ter'ic (en-ter'ik), a. [Gr. evrepiKos.'] Anat. Of or pert. 
to the alimentary canal ; intestinal. 
enteric fever, Med., typhoid fever. 

en'ter-i'tis (en'ter-I'tis), n. [NL. ; entero- + -itis.~\ Med. 
Inflammation of the intestines. [an intestine.] 

en'ter-o- (en'ter-6-). A combining form from Greek evrepov,\ 

en'ter-ol'o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. Anatomy treating of the viscera. 

en'ter-on (en'ter-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. evrepov an intestine.] 
Anat. & Zo'ol. The alimentary, or enteric, canal, or cavity. 

en'ter-Ot'o-my(-ot'6-mi), n. Surg. Incision of the intestine. 

en'ter-prise (en'ter-prlz), n. [F. entreprise, fr. entre- 
prendre to undertake ; entre between (L. inter) + 
prendre to take, L. prehendere.~\ 1. That which is, or is to 
be, undertaken ; project ; esp., a bold or arduous attempt. 
2. Willingness or eagerness to engage in what requires bold- 
ness, energy, etc. 

Syn. Enterprise, emprise. Enterprise is the general 
term ; emprise is poetical or elevated, and suggests high 
or chivalrous essay_or adventure. 

en'ter-pris'ing (-prlz'ing), p. a. Having a disposition for 
enterprise ; characterized by enterprise. 

eryter-tain/ (-tan'), v. t. [F. entretenir ; entre between (L. 
inter) + tenir to hold, L. tenere.~\ 1. To keep up, as a cor- 
respondence. Archaic. 2. To take or keep in one's service ; 
harbor. Obs. 3. To give hospitable reception or mainte- 
nance to. 4. To receive. Obs. 5. To receive and take into 
consideration ; admit, as a proposal. 6. To keep in the 
mind ; harbor, as a grudge. 7. To engage the attention of 
agreeably ; amuse. — Sya. See amuse. — v. i. To receive, 
or provide entertainment for, guests. 

en'ter-tain'er (-er), n. One who entertains ; specif., one 
who gives public or professional entertainments. 

en'ter-tain'ing, p. a. Affording entertainment ; amusing ; 
pleasing. — tain'ing-ly, adv. — tain'ing-ness, n. 

en'ter-tain/ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of entertaining ; recep- 
tion ; esp., act of receiving as host. 2. State of being enter- 
tained ; esp., Obs., state of being in service ; also, mainte- 
nance in service ; pay. 3. That which entertains, or diverts ; 
that with which one is entertained : a Hospitality ; hospita- 
ble provision for the wants of a guest ; specif., a hospitable 
feast ; feast ; banquet, b That which amuses or diverts, as a 



public or private performance ; amusement. — Syn. Di- 
version, recreation, pastime, sport. 

en-thet'ic (en-thet'Tk), a. [Gr. ^0en/c6s fit to insert ; h in 
+ riQ'eyai to place.] Med.- Caused by an implanted mor- 
bific virus ; zymotic ; as, an enthetic disease, like syphilis. 

en-thrall', en-thral' (en-throl'), v. t. 1. To hold in thrall, 
or reduce to thralldom ; enslave. 2. To charm ; hold 
spellbound. — en-thrall'ment, en-thral'ment (-ment),n. 

en- throne' (-thron'), v. t. To seat on or as on a throne; 
invest with sovereignty. — en-throne'ment (-ment), n. 

en-thuse' (-thuz'). v. t. & i. To make, or become, enthu- 
siastic. Colloq., Chiefly U. S. 

en-thu'si-asm (-thu'zT-az'm), n. [Gr. ivOovaiaaiibt, fr. 
ivdovaiafeLv to be inspired by the god, ivdeos, IvOovs, in- 
spired. See en- ; theism.] 1. Divine possession or in- 
spiration. 2. Impassioned emotion ; exaltation of soul. 
3. Eagerness on behalf of a cause or a subject ; fervor. 

en-thu'si-ast (-ast), n. One moved by enthusiasm. 
Syn. Enthusiast, fanatic, zealot, bigot. An enthu- 
siast is a person of keen and ardent interests ; the term 
sometimes implies a subordination of judgment to enthu- 
siasm ; as, the dreams of an enthusiast. A fanatic is an ex- 
treme or unreasonable enthusiast, esp. in matters of reli- 
gious belief or opinion ; as, he is a fanatic in his zeal. A zealot 
is a fanatical devotee or partisan. A bigot is obstinately, 
often blindly, devoted to his own (esp. religious) beliefs or 
opinions ; as compared with fanatic and zealot, bigot implies 
dogged intolerance rather than misguided zeal. 

en-thu/si-as'tic (-as'tik) \a. Filled with, or charac- 

en-tlM/si-as'ti-cal (-as'ti-kdl)J terized by, enthusiasm ; ar- 
dent ; as, an enthusiastic lover "of art ; also, inducing or ex- 
pressing enthusiasm ; as, enthusiastic poetry. 

en-thu/si-as'ti-cal-ly, adv. In an enthusiastic manner. 

en'thy-meme (en'thi-mem)_, n. [L. enthymema, Gr. ii>6u- 
urina, fr. ivdvfj.el.adaL to keep in mind, consider ; kv in + dvuos 
mind, soul.] Logic. An argument consisting of only two 
propositions, an antecedent and its consequent. 

en-tice' (en-tls'), v. t.; -ticed' (-tTsf) ; -tic'ing (-tTs'Tng). 
[OF. enticier ; en- (L. in) -f- deriv. of L. titio firebrand.] 
To draw on by exciting hope or desire ; lure ; allure. Often in 
a bad sense : To induce to evil ; tempt. — Syn. Coax, decoy, 
inveigle. See allure. — en-tic'er, n. — en-tic'ing-ly, adv. 

en-tice'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of enticing; state of 
being enticed. 2. That which entices. — Syn. Allure- 
ment, attraction, temptation, seduction, inveiglement. 

en-tire' (-tTr'), a. [F. entier, L. integer entire, lit., un- 
touched. See tangent.] 1. Complete in all parts ; whole; 
full and perfect. 2. Complete in one piece ; continuous ; one 
and undivided ; having a margin not broken by teeth or ser- 
ration. Now Chiefly Bot. See leaf, Illust. 3. Without 
mixture or alloy ; unqualified. 4. Not gelded ; — said of 
male animals. 5. Designating a kind of malt liquor. Sec 
entire, n., 2. — Syn. Total, perfect. See whole. 

— n. 1. Entirety ; the whole. 2. Brewing. Porter. Eng. — 
en-tire'ly, adv. — en-tire'ness, n. 

en-tire'ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of being entire ; 
completeness ; also, that which is entire ; the whole. 

en-ti'tle (en-tl't'l), v. t. ; -tled (-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). [OF, 
entituler.'] 1. To give a title to ; hence : to dignify by an 
honorary designation ; style ; call. 2. To give a right or title 
to ; qualify for ; as, an officer's knowledge entitles him to 
command. — Syn. Name, designate ; empower, enable. 

en'ti-ty (en'tT-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-t!z). [LL. entitas, fr. 
ens, entis, thing, prop. p. pr. of esse to be. ] Something 
that has a real existence ; being ; existence. 

en'to- (en'to-). [Gr. euros within, from ev in.] A combining 
form signifying within ; as, ent ozoa. 

en'to-blast (-blast), n. Biol, a The endoderm. b A blasto- 
mere-forming endoderm. — en'to-blas'tic (-blas'tik), a. 

en'to-derm (-durm), n. Biol.^ = endoderm. 

en-toil' (en-toil'), v. t. To bring into toils; insnare. 

en-tomb' (-toom'), v. t. To deposit in a tomb ; bury. 

en-tomb'ment (-ment), n. Act of entombing; burial. 

en'to-mo-log'i-cal (en'to-mo-loj'i-kal), a. Of or relating to 
entomology. 

en'to-mol'o-gisU-mol'o-jist), n. One versed in entomology. 

en'to-mol'o-gize (-jTz), v.i. To study or practice entomology. 

en'to-mol'o-gy (-mol'6-ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [Gr. evToy.ov 
insect (because nearly cut in two, evronos cut in ; lv in -f- 
Tkp.veiv to cut) -f- -logy. J Zoology that treats of insects; 
also, a treatise on that subject. 

en'tO-mos'tra-can (-mos'trd-kan) , a. [Gr. epTonos cut in 
pieces + oarpaKov shell.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a subclass 1 
(Entomostraca) which, together with another subclass 
{Malacostraca) , constitutes the Crustacea. Its members 
are of comparatively simple organization, and usually of 
small, often minute, size. — en'to-mos'tra-can, n. 

en'to-phyte (en'to-fit), n. Bot. A plant living within the 
body of an animal or of another plant. Entophytes are 
usually parasites, as various pathogenic bacteria and cer- 
tain fungi. — en^o-phyt'ic (fit'ik), a. 



I 
i 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with- = equate. 



M 



ENTOPTIC 



336 



EOCENE 



ent-op'tic (ent-op/tTk), a. \ento- + optic.'] Physiol. Relat- 
ing to objects situated within the eye ; esp., relating to 
the perception of objects in one's own eye. 
en-tot'ic (en-tot'ik), a. [ento- + Gr. ovs, wtos, the ear.] 

Anat. Of or pertaining to the interior of the ear. 
|| en'tou'rage' (aVtoo'razh'), n. [F.] _ Surroundings ; esp., 
collectively, one's attendants or associates. 

en'to-ZO'a (en'to-zo'd), n. pi.; sing, -zo'on (-on). [NL. ; 
ento- + -zoa.~] Internal parasites collectively ; esp., the in- 
testinal worms. The entozoa are not a natural group. — 
en'tO-ZO'an (-an), a. & n. 

|| en'tr'acte' (aVtrakt'), n. [F.] The interval, or a dance, 
piece of music, or interlude, between two acts of a play. 

en'trails (en'tralz),n. pi. [F. entrailles, LL. intralia, in- 
tranea, fr. L. interaneum intestine, interaneus inward, 
inter within.] Viscera ; intestines ; the bowels. 

en-train' (en-tran'), v. t. [F. entrainer.J To draw along ; 
bring on. 

en-train', v. t. & i. To put or go aboard a railroad train. 

en-tram'mel (-tram'el), v. t. To trammel; hamper. 

en'trance (en'trdns), re. [OF., fr. entrer to enter. See 
enter.] 1. Act of entering ; ingress ; esp., the entering into 
or upon duties, an office, etc. 2. Beginning. 3. Means or 
place for entering, as a door. 4. Power or permission to 
enter ; entree. 

en-trance' (en-trans'), v. t.; -tranced' (-transf) ; -tranc'- 
ing (-tran'smg). 1. To put into a trance. 2. To ravish 
with delight or wonder ; enrapture. — en-trance'ment 
(-ment), n. — en-tranc'ing-ly, adv. 

en'trant (en'trant), n. One who, or that which, enters. 

en-trap' (en-trap'), v. t. To catch in or as in a trap; in- 
snare. — Syn. Inveigle, tangle, decoy, entangle. 

en-treas'ure (-trezh'iir), v. t. To store in a treasury. 

en-treat' (-tret'), v. t. [OF. entraitier to treat of ; en- (L. 
in) + traitier to treat.] 1. To treat ; deal with ; use. Obs. 
2. To ask earnestly ; beseech. 3. To prevail on by solicita- 
tion. Obs. — Syn. See beg. — v. i. To make entreaty ; 
plead . — en-tr eat'ing-ly , adv. — en-treat'ment (-m ent ) , n. 

en-treat'y (-tret'I), n. Act of entreating ; earnest petition. 
— Syn. Suit, supplication, importunity. 

en'tree' (aN'tra'), n. _ [F.] 1. Entrance. 2. Cookery. 
In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner 
to give zest to the appetite ; in English usage, a side dish, 
served with a joint, or between courses. 

!l en'tre-mets' (aN'tr'-ma'), n. sing. & pi. [F. ; entre be- 
tween + mets a dish, mess. See mess, n.] A side dish or 
dainty, usually eaten after the principal dish. 

en-trench' (en-trench'). Var. of intrench. 

||en / tre-p3t'(aN / tr'-po'),n. [F.] A warehouse ; also, a mart 
or place where merchandise is deposited. 

I| en'tre-pre-neur' (aN'tr'-pre-nur'), n. [F. See enter- 
prise.] 1. An employer in his character of one who assumes 
the risk and management of business. 2. A musical direc- 
tor or manager. 

jjn'tre-SOl (en'ter-sol ; F.aN'tr'-sol'), n. [F.] Arch. A 
low story between two higher ones, usually between the 
ground floor and the first story ; mezzanine. 

en-tro'pi-on (en-tro'pi-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ivrpoirri a turn- 
ing towards.] Med. The inversion, or turning inward 
against the eyeball, of the border of the eyelids. 

en'tro-py (en'tro-pT), n. [Gr. IvTpoirij a turning in; lv 
in + rpoirij a turn, fr. rpkireiv to turn.] Thermodyn. A 
kind of conventional thermodynamic element relating to 
the property or condition of a substance. 

en-trust' (en-trust'). Var. of intrust. 

en'try (en'tri), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [F. entr&e, fr. entrer 
to enter. See enter.] 1. Act of entering ; entrance ; begin- 
ning or first attempt. 2. Act of making or entering a record 
or an item entered. 3. That by which entrance is made ; a 
vestibule, adit, hallway, or the like. 4. Law. The actual 
taking possession of lands or tenements by entering or set- 
ting foot on them. 5. The exhibition or depositing by a 
ship's officer of the required papers, at the customhouse, to 
procure license to land goods. 

en'try-man (en'trT-mdn), n. One who enters upon public 
land with intent legally to secure an allotment. 

en'try- way' (-wa/), n. A passage for entrance; an entry. 

en-twine' (en-twin'), in-twine^ (in-), v. t. & i.; -twined' 
(-twind') ; -twin'ing. To twine together or round. 

en-twist' (en-twisf), in-twist' (in-), v. t. To entwine. 

e-nu'cle-ate (e-nu'kle-at), v. t. [L. enucleatus, p. p. of 
enucleare to enucleate ; e out + nucleus kernel.] 1. To 
bring or peel out, as a kernel, from an enveloping cover. 
2. To remove without cutting into it (as a tumor, the eye- 
ball, etc.). 3. To bring to light ; explain. 4. To deprive of a 
nucleus. [cleated.| 

— (-atV c. Biol. Deprived of, or without, a nucleus ; enu-| 

e-nu'cle-a'tion (-a'sb&n), n. Act of enucleating ; elucida- 
tion ; exposition. 

e-nu'mer-ate (e-nu'mer-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. enumeratus, p. p. of enumerare to enumerate ; e out 
+ numerare to count.] To tell by numbers ; number ; 



count ; hence : to mention one by one ; name over. — Syn. 
Recount, relate, rehearse, recapitulate ; detail. 

e^nu'mer-a'tion (e-nu'mer-a'shun), n. 1. Act of enumerat- 
ing. 2. A detailed account, in which each item is specified. 

e-nu'mer-a-tive (e-nu'mer-a-tlv), o. Enumerating, or 
concerned with enumeration. 

e-nu'mer-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who enumerates, as a col- 
lector of data for a census. 

e^nun'ci-ate (e-nun'shT-at ; -si-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'- 
ed) ; -at'ing. [L. enuntiatus, -ciatus, p. p. of enuntiare, 
-ciare. See enounce.] 1. To make a formal statement of ; 
announce ; declare. 2. To utter articulately ; pronounce. 

e-nun'ci-a'tion (-si-a'shun ; -shi-), n. 1. Act or mode of 
enunciating. 2. Thing enunciated ; announcement. 

e-nun'ci-a-tive (e-nun'shT-a-tiv ; -si-a-tiv), a. Pert, to 
enunciation ; serving to enunciate ; declarative. [ates.| 

e-nun'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, enunci-j 

en-ure' (en-iir'). Var. of inure. 

en-vel'op (en-vel'up), v. t. [OF. envoluper, F. envelop- 
per ; en- (L. in) + voloper, voleper, envelop, wrap.] To 
put a covering about ; wrap up or in. 

en've-lope (en've-lop ; an've-lop)ln. [F. enveloppe.] 1. 

en-vel'op (en-vel'op ; en've-lop) J That which envelops, 
surrounds, or wraps ; a wrapper; cover; esp., the wrapper 
of a document, as of a letter. 2. Astron. A vaporous mass 
surrounding the nucleus of a comet on the side toward the 
sun and appearing like a bow or parabola. It is considered a 
part of the coma. 3. Geom. The locus of the intersections 
of consecutive elements of a family of curves or surfaces. 

en-vel'op-ment (en-vel'up-ment), n. Act of enveloping; 
state of being enveloped ; also, an envelope. 

en-ven'om (en-ven'iim), v. t. [F. envenimerJ] To taint 
with venom ; poison. 

en'vi-a-ble (en'vi-d-b'l), a. Fitted to excite envy. 

en'vi-er (-er), n. One who envies. 

en'vi-OUS (-us), a. [OF. envios, fr. L. invidiosus, fr. xn- 
vidia. See envy.] 1. Spiteful. Obs. 2. Feeling, or actuated 
by, envy ; maliciously grudging ; — used with of, at, or 
against. 3. Emulous. Obs. or Poetic. — en'vi-OUS-ly, adv. 
Syn. Suspicious, distrustful, jealous. — Envious, jealous. 
One is envious who discontentedly desires or covets the 
good fortune or attainments of others ; one is jealous who 
suspects and resents the diversion to another (esp. to one 
regarded as a rival) of what one loves or prizes as one's own. 

en-vi'ron (en-vl'nin), v. t. [F. environner, fr. environ 
about ; en- (L. in) + OF. viron circuit.] To form the envi- 
ronment of ; surround ; encompass ; encircle ; envelop. 

en-vi'ron-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of environing. 2. That 
which environs ; the surrounding conditions, influences, or 
forces. — en-vi'ron-men'tal (-men'tdl), v a. 

en-vi'rons (en-vl'rwnz ; en-'vi-ronz), n. pi. [F.] The parts 
or places which surround another place ; suburbs* 

en-vis'age(en-viz'aj),v.<. [F. envisager.'] 1. To confront ; 
face. 2. To apprehend ; see mentally ; visualize. 

en'voy (en'voi), n. [F. envoy e envoy, fr. envoy er to send ; 
en- (L. in) -f- voie way, L. via.] 1. One dispatched on an 
errand or mission ; a messenger ; esp., a person deputed to 
represent one sovereign or government in its intercourse with 
another. 2. [F. envoi, fr. envoyer to send.] A postscript to 
a poem, essay, or book ; esp., a short stanza concluding cer- 
tain fixed metrical forms, as to point a moral. 

en'vy (en'vi), n. ; pi. -vies (-viz). [F. envie, L. invidia, 
fr. invidus envious ; in against + videre to see.] 1. Mal- 
ice ; spite. Obs. 2. Chagrin or discontent at another's 
excellence or good fortune ; malicious grudging. 3. An 
object of envious notice or feeling ; as, his dog is the envy 
of the neighborhood. 

— v. t. ; -vied (-vid) ; -vy-ing. 1. To feel envy at or toward ; 
be envious of. 2. To feel envy on account of ; begrudge. 3. 
To long after ; covet. 

Syn. Envy, covet, grudge. To envy is to be discon- 
tented at another's possessing what one would like for 
one's self ; to covet is to long inordinately to have as one's 
own what belongs to another ; to grudge is to grant un- 
willingly or to acquiesce in reluctantly. 

— v. i. To be filled with envious feelings. 
en-wind' (en-wind'), v. t. To wind about; encircle. 
en-womb' (-woom'), v. t. To bury or contain, as in a womb, 
en-wrap' (-rap'). Var. of in wrap. 

E-ny'o (e-nl'o), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Eww.] See Gr^;^:. 

en'zo-ot'ic (en'zo-ot'ik), a. [Gr. ev in + fwov an animal.] 
Peculiar to a district or particular class ; — corresponding 
to endemic as applied to diseases of man. 

en'zyme (en'zlm), n. [LGr. I^fu^os leavened; Gr. lv in 
+ f vfirj leaven.] Any of a number of complex organic sub- 
stances, as diastase, pepsin, etc., capable of transforming by 
catalytic action some other compound ; a soluble ferment. 

e'o- (e'6-). A combining form from Greek ijois dawn, day- 
break, used, as in paleontology and geology, to indicate 
connection with, or relation to, an early period of time. 

E'0-cene (-sen), a. [_eo- + Gr. naivos recent.] Geol. Pert, 
to or designating the earliest principal subdivision of the 
Tertiary period or system, commonly the period preceding 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
nse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EOLIAN 



337 



EPIDEMIC 



the Oligocene, but sometimes all of the Cenozoic era pre- 
ceding the Miocene. — n. Eocene epoch or series. 

E-o'li-an, E-ol'ic, e-o'ni-an. Vars. of ^Eolian, JEoiac, etc. 

e'O-litb. (e'6-lith), n. Archaeol. The rudest type of celt ; a 
stone implement characteristic of eolithic culture. 

e'0-lith'ic (-lith'ik), a. [eo- + Gr. \idos stone.] Archaeol. 
Pert, to or designating the earliest stage of the paleolithic 
period represented by the use of worked stone implements. 

e'on (e'on). Var. of ^eon. 

E'OS (e'os), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'H«s.] Gr. Myth. The goddess of 
dawn, corresponding to the Roman Aurora. 

e'o-sin (e'6-sin), n. Also e'o-sine ( -sin ; -sen). [Gr. 
t)o>s dawn.] Chem. a A dyestuff, C2oHs05Br4, obtained 
by the action of bromine on fluorescein, and named from 
the fine rose-red which it imparts to silk. _ b Any of several 
similar dyes got from fluorescein. — e'o-sin'ic (-sin'ik), a. 

E'o-zo'ic (-zo'ik), a. & n. [See eozoon.] Geol. a Pre- 
Cambrian. b Proterozoic, or Algonkian. 

e'o-ZO'bn (-zo'on), n.; pi. E. -zoons (-onz), L. -ZOA (-d). 
[NL. ; eo- + Gr. r&ov animal.] Geol. A peculiar arrange- 
ment of the components of certain limestones associated 
with the Laurentian gneiss of Canada, formerly considered 
to be the remains of an animal and the oldest known fossil. 

e'pact (e'pakt), n. [F. epacte,ix. Gr. iwaKTos added, ewayeiv 
to bring in.] In chronology, the period which must be 

' added to harmonize the lunar with the solar calendar. 

ep'arch (ep'ark), n. [Gr. tirapxos ; iirl over + Apxos chief, 
&PXV supreme power, dominion.] In Greece : a Anciently, a 
Greek official answering to the Roman prefect ; aprefect. b 
Now, the administrative official of an eparchy ; subprefect. 

ep'arch-y (ep'dr-ki), n. ; pi. -archies (-kiz). A province or 
territory under an eparch ; a prefecture ; esp., in modern 
Greece, one of the larger subdivisions of a nomarchy. 

ep'au-let Hep'6-let), n. [F. epaulette, dim. of epaule 

ep'au-lettej shoulder, fr. L. spatula. See spatula.] A 
shoulder ornament worn on uniforms, chiefly by military 
and naval officers. [See armor, Jllust.\ 

|| e'pau'liere' (a'po'lyar'), n. [F.] Armor. A shoulder piece. | 

e-pei'ro-ge-net'ic (e-pI / ro-je-net / Tk),e-pei / ro-gen'ic f-jen'- 
ik), a. [Gr. rfiretpos mainland + -genetic, -genie.'] Geol. 
Of, pertaining to, causing, or designating, the rising or sink- 
ing of extensive tracts of the earth's crust. 

ep'ei-rog'e-ny (ep'I-roj'e-ni), n. Geol. The deformation of 
the earth's crust by which the broader features of relief, 
such as continents, ocean basins, and greater plateaus, are 
produced. See diastrophism. 

ep'en-ceph'a-lon (ep'en-sef'd-lony, n. [NL. ; Gr. iirl upon, 
Bear + ijKk^akos brain.] Anat. The segment of the brain 
next behind the midbrain, including the cerebellum and 
pons Varolii. — ep'en-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'ik), a. 

ep-en'the-sis (ep-en'the-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. iwevdeais ; iirl + evnO'evai to put or set in. ] Phon. 
a The insertion of a letter, syllable, or sound in the body 
of a word, as of the b in nimble from ME. nimel. b The 
sound change which consists in the shifting of a semi- 
vowel from the syllable in which it originally occurred to 
the preceding syllable. — ep'en-thet'ic (ep'en-thet'ik), a. 

e-pergne' (e-purn' ; a'pem'), n. [F. epargne asaving, a 
treasury. ] A centerpiece, usually of several dishes, for 
table ornament. 

ep-ex'e : ge'sis (e^ek'se-je'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 6^177770-1$ 
a detailed narrative ; iirl + i^rjyeZadai to lead, point out. 
See exegesis.] A full or additional explanation ; the act of 
subjoining such an elucidation. — ep-ex'e-get'ic (-jet'ik), 
ep-ex'e-get'i-cal (-i-kal), a. — get'i-cal-ly, adv. 

e'phah, e'pha (e'fd), n. [Heb. ephah.] A Hebrew dry 
measure equal to a little more than a bushel. 

e-phe'bus (e-fe'b&s), e-phe'bos (-bos), n.; pi. -bi (-bl), 
-BOi (-boi). [L. ephebus, fr. Gr. l<j!>7j/3os ; eirl upon, to + 
fj0T) youth, puberty.] Gr. Hist. A youth entering manhood 
or just enrolled as a citizen. — e-phe'bic (-bik), a. 

e-phem'er-a(e-fem'er-d), n. ; pi. L. -er^; (-e), E. -eras (-dz). 
[NL., fr. Gr. i<pi)uepov a day fly, i4>i]uepos daily ; iirl over + 
\likpa day.] Any of a family (Ephemeridee) of very short- 
lived, delicate insects ; hence, anything very short-lived. 

e-phem'er-al (e-fem'er-al), a. 1. Beginning and ending in 
a day ; diurnai. 2. Short-iived ; continuing for a short time 
only. — Syn. See transient. — e-phem'er-al-ly, adv. 

e-phem'er-id (-Id), n. An ephemeral fly ; any of a group 
(Ephemerida) of slender, delicate insects with membra- 
nous wings. Their adult life is only a few hours or days, 
though the larval stages often last from one to three years. 

e-phem'er-is (-is), ».; pi. ephemertdes (ef'e-mer'i-dez). 
[L., a diary, Gr. i(j>-np.epis, also, a calendar, fr. i4>rmepos. 
See ephemera.] 1. A diary ; also, an almanac. Archaic. 2. 
Astron. a An astronomical almanac, b A tabular state- 
ment of the assigned places of a heavenly body. 

e-phem'er-on (-on), n. ; pi. L. -era (-d), E. -erons (-onz). 
[NL. See ephemera.] 1. An ephemerid ; an ephemeral. 2. 
Anything ephemeral, or short-lived, as ephemeral poems. 

E-phe'sian (e-fe'zhan), a. Of or pertaining to ancient 
Ephesus, in Asia Minor. — n. 1. A native or inhabitant of 



Ephesus. 2. A jolly companion. Obs. 3. In pi. The Epistle 
to the Ephesians, in the New Testament. 

eph'od (ef'od), n. [Heb. ephod, fr. aphad to put on.] In 
Jewish antiquity, an official garment for the high priest. 

eph'or (ef'or), n.; pi. E. ephors (-orz), L. ephori (-6-rI). 
[L. ephorus, Gr. l<j>opos, fr. tfopav to oversee ; M + bpa-v 
to see.] A kind of magistrate in various ancient Dorian 
states ; esp., one of a body of five Spartan magistrates. 

E'phra-im (e'fra-im), n. [Heb. Ephrayim.~\ Bib. a The 
younger son of the patriarch Joseph, b The tribe Ephraim 
founded, c The Northern Kingdom, or Kingdom of Israel. 

ep'i- (ep'T-). [Gr. iirl on, upon, to.] A prefix meaning 
upon, beside, among, on the outside, above, over. 

ep'i-blast (ep'i-blast), n. Biol. The outer layer of the blas- 
toderm ; the ectoderm, or outer germ layer, of the embryo. 
— ep'i-blas'tic (-blas'tlk), a. 

ep'i-bol'ic (-bol'Tk), a. Emory ol. Characterized by epiboly. 

ep-iVo-ly (ep-ib'o-lT), n. [Gr. iivifioX-q a throwing upon, 
deriv. of tiri upon + (iaWtiv to throw.] Embryol. The 
growing of one part around another so as to inclose it, in 
gastrulation or invagination. See gastrula. 

ep'ic (ep'ik), a. [L. epicus, Gr. lirmbs, fr. Ittos speech, 
tale, song.] Designating, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
narrative poetry treating a theme of action in heroic style. 

— n. An epic poem or an epiclike composition or subject. 
ep'i-cal (-T-kdl) , a. Epic ; proper to or like epic poetry. 
ep'i-ca'lyx (ep'i-ka'liks ; ep'i-kal'iks), n. Bot. An involucre 

which resembles an exterior calyx. 

ep'i-car'di-um (ep'i-kar'di-um), n.; pi. -dia (-d). [NL. ; 
epi- -f- Gr. napMa heart.] < Anat. The visceral part of the 
pericardium, closely investing the heart. 

ep'i-carp (ep'i-karp), n. [epi- + Gr. napiros fruit.] Bot. 
The outermost layer of the pericarp of a fruit. 

ep'i-ce'di-um (-se'dT-zim ; -se-dl'um), n.; pi. epicedia 
(-d). [L. epicedion, Gr. iiruc-fiSeioi', fr. timcr/Saos funereal; 
iirl + ktjSos sorrow.] A funeral song or ode ; dirge ; elegy. 

ep'i-cene (-sen), a. [L. epicoenus, Gr. lirlnoivos ; Iwl in + 
koivos common.] 1. Common to both sexes ; specif., 
Gram., having but one form to indicate both masculine and 
feminine genders. 2. Having characteristics of, or adapted 
to, both sexes ; hence, neither one thing nor the other. 

ep'i-cen'ter, or -cen'tre (-sen'ter), n. Seismol. The earth's 
surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. 

ep'i-cot'yl (-kot'il), n. _ [epi- + cotyledon.] Bot. The 
upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above 
the cotyledons. Cf. hypocotyl. 

ep'i-cure (ep'i-kur), n. [From Epicurus, a famous Greek 
philosopher, who has been regarded, but erroneously, as 
teaching a doctrine of refined voluptuousness.] One de- 
voted to luxurious sensual enjoyments, esp. of the table. 
Syn. Epicure, gourmet, gourmand, glutton. An epi- 
cure is choice and dainty, and also voluptuous, in enjoy- 
ment (esp.) of food and drink ; a gourmet is a connoisseur 
in delicate viands. A gourmand is less fastidious than a 
gourmet, less voracious than a glutton. 

ep'i-CU-re'an (-ku-re^dn), a. 1. [cap.] Pert, to Epicurus or 
his philosophy. 2. Given or adapted to luxurious sensual en- 
joyments ; esp., pert, to, or self-indulgent in, good eating. 

— 7i. 1. \_cap.~\ A follower of Epicurus. 2. One given to epi- 
curean indulgence. — Ep'i-CU-re'an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

ep'i-cur-ism (ep'i-kur-iz'm ; in sense 1, ep'i-ku'riz'm), n. 
1. [cap.] Epicureanism. 2. Epicurean habits or tastes. 

ep'i-cy'cle (ep'i-sl'k'l), n. 1. A circle whose center moves 
round in the circumference of a greater circle. 2. Geom. A 
circle which generates an epicycloid or hypocycloid. 

ep'i-cyc'lic (epT-sik'lik ; -sl'klik) \a. Pertaining to, re- 

ep'i-cyc'li-cal (-sik'li-kal ; -sT'kli-kdl)/ sembling, or hav- 
ing the motion of, an epicycle. 

epicyclic train, Mach., a train of spur or bevel wheels 
having one or more of the wheels constrained to move 
bodily around the circumference of another wheel, which 
may be fixed or moving. It is used in the planetary gear. 

ep'i-cy'cloid (-si'kloid), n. Geom. A curve traced by a point 
of a circle that rolls on the 
outside of a fixed circle. 

ep-i'cy-cloi'dal (-sl-kloi'daD, 
a. Of, pert, to, or describing, 
an epicycloid. 

epicycloidal wheel, Mach., 
a spur wheel which revolves 
inside the circumference of an 
annular gear wheel of twice 
its diameter and in gear with 
it. Any point in the pitch cir- 
cle of the smaller wheel will 
move in a straight line, hence 
the device is used as a 
straight-line motion. 

ep'i-dem'ic (-dem'Tk), a. [L. 
epidemus, fr._ Gr. liriSrjfios, 
eiridiifiios ; ^-n-tin + 8fjp.os peo- 
ple.] Common to, or affecting 




E Epicycloid traced by point 
P in circle rolling on the 
Fixed Circle F; H Hypo- 
cycloid traced by P' in cir- 
cle rolling within F. 



at the same time, many in a community ; general. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



i 




G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



EPIDEMICAL 



S38 



EPISTLER 



»— n. 1. An epidemic disease. 2. A similarly general attack 
) of anything, as of fear. — ep'i-dem'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — ep'- 
/ i-dem'i-cal-ly, adv. ^ 

ep'i-der'mal (-dur'mal)la. Pertaining to, or arising from, 
ep'i-der'mic (-dur'mik)J the epidermis. 
epl-der'mis (-dur'mis), n. [L., fr. Gr. iirtdepuls; M + 
dkpfia skin.] 1. The outer epithelial layer of an animal's 
skin ; in vertebrates, the nonsensitive and nonvascular 
layer oyer the dermis; in the higher animals and man, 
the cuticle. 2. Any of various other integuments ; esp., 
the outer covering of the shells of many mollusks. 3. The 
thin layer of cells forming the outer integument in seed 
plants and ferns. 

ep'i-der'moid (-moid), a. Pert, to or resembling epidermis. 
ep'i-did'y-mis (-did'i-mis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iiridiSvuls ; iirl 
upon + 8i8vfxos testicle.] Anat. An elongated mass at the 
back of the testicle, composed chiefly of the convoluted ef- 
ferent tubes of that organ. — epl-did'y-mal (-mal), a. 

epl-di'o-rite (-di'o-rlt), n. Petrog. A variety of diorite 
formed by metamorphism from pyroxenic igneous rocks. 

ep'i-do'site (-do'slt ; e-pid'o-slt), n. [Gr. iirlSoais a giving 
besides (see epidote) + -ite.~\ Petrog. A schistose rock 
composed of bright green epidote, with some quartz. 

ep'i-dote (ep'i-dot), n. [F. epidote, fr. Gr. iiriSiSovai to give 
besides ; from the enlargement of the base in some crystal 
forms.] M in. A native silicate of calcium, aluminium, and 
iron, commonly of a yellowish green (pistachio) color. 

ep'i-f O'cal (-f o'kal) , a. Seismol. Over the focus of an earth- 
quake ; as_, an epifocal district. Cf . epicenter. 

ep'i-gas'tric (-gas'tnk), a. [Gr. iTn.y6.arpi.os over the 
belly ; iirl on + yaar-qp belly.] Lying upon or over the 
stomach ; pertaining to the anterior walls of the abdomen. 

epl-gas'tri-um(-tri-um),?i. [NL.,fr.Gr.^7rt7doTpioy.] The 
epigastric region. 

ep'i-gene (ep'i-jen), a. [epi- + Gr. ylyveodai to be born, 
grow.] 1. Cry st. Foreign ; unusual ; — said_ of forms of 
crystals not natural to the substances in which they are 
found. 2. Geol. Formed, originating, or taking place, on 
the earth's surface; — opp. to hypogene; as, epigene rocks. 

ep/i-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. Biol. The theory of genera- 
tion holding that the germ or embryo is created entirely 
new, not merely expanded and unfolded by the procreative 
power ; — opposed to preformation. 

ep'i-ge'OUS (ep'i-je'Ss), a. [Gr. ^Tr^eios of the earth.] Bot. 
a Growing upon or above the surface of the ground, b 
Borne above ground after germination ; — applied to coty- 
ledons. Cf. hypogeous. 

epl-glot'tis (-glot'is), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iTnyXcorrls^iT. iirl 
on+ y\£>TTa, ykCoaaa, tongue.] Anat.& Zo'dl. A thin plate 
of yellow elastic cartilage in front of the glottis, which 
folds back over and protects the glottis during swallowing. 

Ep-ig'o-nus (ep-ig'o-nws), n.; pi. -ni (-nl). [L., fr. Gr. 
iiriyovos, lit., born after.] Gr. Myth. One of the sons of 
the seven heroes defeated before Thebes (see Seven against 
Thebes). Thirty years after their fathers' defeat they con- 
quered and destroyed the city. Usually in pi. 

ep'i-gram (ep'i-gram) , n. [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. iirlypap.- 
pa inscription, epigram, deriv. of £irl_ on + yp6.<j)eii> to 
write.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and pointedly 
of a single thought or event, now usually ending with a 
witticism, and often satirical. 2. A witty thought tersely 
expressed ; also, concise and pointed expression. — ep'i- 
gram-mat'ic (-grd-mat'ik), -gram-mat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

ep'i-gram'ma-tism^-gram'd-tiz'm), n. The use of epi- 
grams ; epigrammatic style. gram'ma-tist (-tist), n. 

ep'i-gram'ma-tize (-tlz), v. t. To make an epigram of ; ex- 
press epigrammatically. — v. i. To write epigrams. 

ep'i-graph (ep'i-graf),n. [Gr.tiriypa<j>i]. See epigram.] 1. 
An inscription, as on a building, a statue, etc. 2. A motto 
placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, etc. 

ep'i-graph'ic (-graf 'ik) la. Of or pert, to epigraphs or epig- 

ep'i-graph'i-cal (-i-kal) / raphy. — i-cal-ly, adv. 

e-pig'ra-phy (e-pig'rd-fi), n. Epigraphs or inscriptions 
collectively ; also, the study or science of inscriptions. 

e-pig'y-riOUS (e-pij'i-nus), a. [epi- + Gr. ywq woman.] 
Bot . Adnate to the surface of the ovary, as if inserted on the 
top of it, as stamens, petals, etc. — e-pig'y-ny (-ni), n. 

ep'i-lep'sy (ep'i-lep'si), n. [L. epilepsia, Gr. lirik-qxpla., 
deriv. of iirl on, besides + \ap.fia.veiv to take.] Med. A 
chronic functional disease characterized by paroxysms or 
fits, occurring at intervals, and attended by sudden loss of 
consciousness and convulsive motions of the muscles ; the 
"falling sickness," alluding to the (usual) sudden falling 
down of the patient. 

ep'i-lep'tic (-lep'tik), n. One haying epilepsy. — a. Pert, 
to, having, or of the nature of, epilepsy. 

ep'i-lep'toid (-lep'toid), a. Med. Resembling epilepsy. 

ep'i-logue (ep'i-log), n. [F. epilogue, L. epilogus, fr. Gr. 
lirLKoyos conclusion, deriv. of iirl on, besides + XeYeiv to 
say.] 1. Rhet. The conclusion of a discourse. 2. Drama. 
A speech or short poem recited by an actor after a play. 



Ep'i-me'theus (ep'r-me'thus ; -the-fis), n. [L„ fr. Gr. 

'Eirip.7)6evs, lit., afterthought.] See Pandora. 
ep'i-nas'tic (-nas'tlk), a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, 

epinasty. 
ep'i-nas'ty (ep'i-nas'ti), n. [epi- + Gr. vaarbs pressed 
close.] Plant Physiol. That state of a growing dorsiven- 
tral organ, as a foliage leaf, in which the upper surface 
develops more vigorously than the lower, causing a down- 
ward curvature ; — opp. to hyponasty. 
ep'i-neu'ri-um (-nu'ri-iim), n. [NL. ; epi- + Gr. vevpov 
nerve.] Anat. The external connective-tissue sheath of a 
nerve trunk. 
E-piph'a-ny (e-pif'd-ni),n.;pZ.-NiES (-niz). [F. epiphanie, 
L. epiphania, fr. Gr. iiruf>6.vi.a (sc. tepd holy), for iin4> aveia 
appearance, deriv. of M + 4>alvtiv to show.] 1. A church 
festival, celebrated January 6th, commemorating the com- 
ingof theMagito Jesus atBethlehem ;Twelfthtide. 2.[Z.c] 
An appearance, or a becoming manifest, esp. of a deity. 
ep'i-phe-nom'e-non (ep'i-fe-nom'e-non), n.; pi. -nohena 
(-nd). [NL.] An attendant or secondary phenomenon; 
something that appears in connection with something else 
and is thought of as only indirectly occasioned by the latter. 
ep-iph'y-sis (ep-Tf'i-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. 
iirl(j)vo-is, deriv. of iirl upon -\-<j>veiv to grow.] Anat. & Zo'dl. 
A part or process of a bone, which ossifies separately and 
subsequently becomes ankylosed to the main part of the 
bone. Cf. diaphysis. — ep'i-phys'e-al (ep'i-fiz'e-al), a. 
ep'i-phyte (ep'i-fTt), n. A plant, as a moss, lichen, etc., 
growing on other plants, but deriving the moisture for its 
development from the air ; air plant. 
ep'i-phyt'ic (-fit'Tk) \a. Bot. Pert, to, or having the na- 
ep'i-phyt'i-cal (-i-kal)j ture of, an epiphyte. 
ep-ip'o-dite (ep-Tp'o-dTt), n. [See epipodium.] Zo'dl. A 
branch of the basal joint of the protopodite of the thoracic 
limbs of many crustaceans. 
ep'i-po'di-um (ep'i-po'dT-wm), n.; pi. -dia (-d). [NL.; 
epi- + Gr. irovs, tto56s, foot.] Zo'dl. In certain gastro- 
pods, a lateral lobe of the foot, sometimes developed into a 
broad swimming organ. 
e-pis'co-pa-cy (e-pis'ko-pd-si), n. 1. Government of the 
church by bishops, priests, and deacons. 2. State of being 
a bishop ; episcopal rank. 3. = episcopate, 2 & 3. 
e-pis'co-pal (-pdl), a. [L. episcopalis, fr. episcopus. See 
bishop.] 1. Of or pert, to bishops ; governed by bishops. 
2< [_cap.~\ Episcopalian. 
e-pis'co-pa^li-an (-pa'll-an), a. Pert, to bishops, or govern- 
ment by bishops ; episcopal ; specif, \_cap.~] , of or pert, to 
the Protestant Episcopal Church. — n. One who belongs 
to an episcopal church, or adheres to episcopal church gov- 
ernment ; U. S. [cap.], a member of the Protestant Episco- 
pal Church. — E-pis'co-pa'li-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 
e-pis'90-pal-ism (e-pis'ko-pal-iz'm), n. Eccl. The theory 
that in church government supreme authority resides in a 
body of bishops, and not in any individual, such as the 
Pope. This theory was rejected by the Roman Catholic 
Church at the Vatican Council (1869-70). 
e-pis'co-pal-ly, adv. In an espiscopal manner. 
e-pis'co-pate (-pat), n. 1. A bishopric. 2. The collective 

body of bishops. 3. Term of a bishop's office. 
ep'i-SOde (ep'i-sod), n. [Gr. lireiabhov, neut. of lireiaoSios 
coming in besides ; eiri + etaoSos a coming in ; «'s in + 
656s way.] 1. Gr. Drama. The part of a tragedy between 
two choric songs. 2. A separate incident in narration ; a di- 
gression naturally arising. 3. A prominent occurrence ot 
incidental experience ; as, an episode in history. 4. Music. 
A digressive subdivision in a musical composition. — Syn. 

See DIGRESSION. 

ep'i-sod'ic (-sod'ik) \a. Of or pert, to an episode ; casual ; 

ep'i-sod'i-cal (-i-kal) j adventitious. sod'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ep'i-Spas'tiC (-spas'tik), a. [Gr. k-wia-KaariKos, fr. eiriaTrav 
to draw to, attract ; iirl upon, to + <nrav to draw.] Med. 
Causing a blister or producing a serous discharge by excit- 
ing inflammation. — re. A blistering agent ; a vesicatory. 

ep'i-Stax'is (-stak'sis), n. [NL. ; epi- -f Gr. vra^iv to 
drop.] Med. Bleeding at the nose ; nosebleed. 

ep'i-Ste-mol'O-gy (ep'T-ste-mol'6-jT), n. [Gr. imarfinn 
knowledge + -logy.~] The theory or science of the method 
and grounds of knowledge, esp. with reference to its limits 
and validity. — ep'i-ste-mol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

e-pis'tle (e-pis''l),n. [AS. epi stol,~L. epi stola,ir.Gr.eiri<TTo\ri 
message, letter, iiriarkWeLv to send to ; Iwl to + areWeiv 
to send.] 1. A writing directed or sent to a person ; a letter. 
2. [Usually cap.~\ One of the Apostles' letters in the New 
Testament. 3. [Usually cap.] Eccl. A selection, usually 
from the Epistles of the New Testament, appointed to be 
read or sung between the collect and the Gospel in the 
Communion service of liturgical churches. 

e-pis'tler (e-pis'ler ; -tier), n. 1. A writer of epistles, or of 
an Epistle of the New Testament. 2. = epistoler, 2. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, 'iim, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EPISTOLARY 



333 



EQUESTRIAN 



e-pis'to-la-ry (e-pis'to-la-rT), a. 1. Pertaining or suitable 
to letters. 2. Contained in, or carried on by, letters. 

e-pis'to-ler (-ler), n. 1 A letter writer. 2. The ecclesiastic 
who reads the Epistle in the Communion service. 

epl-style (ep'i-stll), n. [L. epistylium, Gr. iinarvkiov; 
iirl upon + <rrv\os column.] Arch. = architrave, a. 

ep'i-taph (-taf ), n. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphium a funeral 
oration, fr. Gr. iirir afros, orig. anadj., at a tomb; hrl 
on + ra4>os tomb.] 1. An inscription on or at a tomb or 
grave in memory of the one buried there. 2. A brief writ- 
ing of the nature of such inscriptions. — ep'i-taph'ic, a. 

ep-it'a-sis (ep-it'd-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iirlraais a 
stretching ; iirl upon + rdvap to stretch.] That part 
of a play which develops the main action and leads on to the 
catastrophe ; — opposed to protasis. 

ep'i-tha-la'mi-um (ep'i-thd-la'mi-iim), n.; pi. E. -aucms 
(-umz), L. -mia (-d). Also -mi-on (-on). [L., fr. Gr., fr. ferf 
at + 0<iXa/ios bride chamber.] A nuptial song or poem in 
honor of the bride and bridegroom. 

ep'i-the'li-al (-the'li-al), a. Of or pert, to epithelium. 

ep'i-the'li-oid (-the'li-oid), a. Resembling epithelium. 

epl-the'li-o'ma (-o'md), n.; L. pi. -ouata (-td). [NL. ; 
epithelium -\--oma.~] Med. A malignant growth consisting 
mainly of epithelial cells ; — called also epithelial cancer. 

ep'i-the'li-um (-the'li-iim), n.; pi. E. -liums (-umz), L. 
-lia (-d). [NL. ; epi- + Gr. #77X17 nipple.] A cellular tissue 
or membrane, with little intercellular substance, covering 
a free surface or lining a cavity. 

ep'i-thet (ep'i-thet), n. [L. epitheton, Gr. InlOerov, deriv. of 
lirideTos added, iirl on, to + nOkvai to put.] 1. An adjec- 
tive expressing some quality or relation appropriate to a 
person or thing ; as, a just man. 2. An appellative. 

ep'i-thet'ic (-thet'ik) la. [Gr. e-n-LdeTiKos added.] Of, pert. 

ep'i-thet'i-cal (-i-kdl)j to, or abounding with, epithets. 
Syn. Epithet, adjective are often used interchangeably. 
More properly an epithet is an adjective regarded as 
fitly or aptly describing or characterizing its noun. 

e-pit'o-me (e-pTt'6-me), n. ; pi. -oaies (-mez). [L., fr. Gr. 
iTTtTOfiri incision, also, an abridgment, deriv. of iirl upon 
+ rkuveiv to cut.] 1. A brief statement of the contents 
of a topic or a work ; an abstract. 2. A compact represen- 
tation of anything. — Syn. Synopsis, syllabus, brief. See 
compendium:. — e-pit'o-mist (e-pit'6-mist), n. 

e-pit'o-mize (-mlz), v. t.; -ihzed (-mlzd) ; -miz'ing (-miz'- 
ing). To make an epitome of ; abridge ; summarize. 

ep'i- trite (ep'i-trlt), n. [Gr. eTrirpiros containing one and 
one third ; i-n-i upon, over + rpiros the third.] Gr. & Lat. 
Pros. A foot of three long syllables and a short syllable. 

ep'i-trochle-a (-trok'le-d), n. [XL.] Anat. The internal 
condyle at the distal end of the humerus. 

ep'i-zeux'is (-zuk'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr., deriv. of IttL + feu- 
yvvv ai to join.] Rhet. Emphatic repetition. 

ep'i-zo'on (-zo'on), n.; pi. -zoa (-d). [NL. ; epi- + Gr. 
f&o" animal.] Zo'dl. An external parasite. 

ep'i-ZO-bt'ic (-zo-ot'ik), a. [epi- + Gr. f<3oz> animal.] Of 
the nature of a disease which attacks many animals at the 
same time ; — corresponding to epidemic as applied to 
diseases of man. — n. An epizootic disease ; esp., an influ- 
enza among horses. 

ep'och (ep'ok; e'pok), n. [LL. epocha, Gr. l-Koxq stop, 
epoch, i.Ttkx^v to hold on, check ; iirl + ex**-" to hold.] 
1. Any event or time of an event marking the beginning of 
a period in reckoning or, usually, of relatively new develop- 
ment ; as, Chaucer's poetry marks an epoch in English litera- 
ture. 2. Astron. An instant of time or a date fixed as a 
point of reference in tabulating the elements of an orbit or a 
variable star ; also, the orbit longitude of a planet at that 
date. 3. A period of time characterized by a distinctive de- 
velopment or by memorable events ; as, the years 1861-65 
form an important epoch in American history. 4. A minor 
subdivision of geologic time. See geology. 

ep'och-al (ep'ok-dl), a. Belonging to, characterizing, or of 
the nature of, an epoch ; as, epochal points. 
Syn. Epoch, era, age. An epoch is properly the starting 
point of a new period, esp. as marked by striking events ; 
an era is a period extending from an epoch and character- 
ized esp. by a new order of things. But epoch and era are 
often used with little distinction. Age is commonly more 
specific and definite than era ; it is often used of a period 
dominated by some central figure or clearly marked feature. 

ep'ode (ep'od), n. [L. epodos, Gr. iirccdos singing to, sung 
or said after ; iirl upon, to + abnv to sing.] Arte. Pros, a 
A species of lyric poem in which a longer verse is followed 
byashorter. b Part of a lyric ode following the antistrophe. 
ep'o-nym (ep'6-nim), n. [See eponyiious.] 1. The person 
from whom a family, race, city, or nation takes its name ; 
also, such person's name. 2. Assyriology. An official whose 
name was used in chronology to designate his year of office. 
ep'o-nym'ic (-nim'Ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or serving as, 

an eponym ; eponymous ; as, eponymic myths. 
ep-on'y-mous (ep-on'i-miis),a. [Gr. iiroivvfios ; Iirl upon, 
to + bwna for 6vofi.a name.] Giving name to a people, 
country, etc. 



till l_(JUil,) 111. 

(ep'6-pe') 1 ». [F. epopee, f r. Gr. iiroiroua ; tiros song 
a (-pe'yd)J -(- iroielv to make.] An epic poem. 



ep-on'y-my (-mi), n. 1. Derivation of the name of a race, 
tribe, etc., from an eponym. 2. Assyriology. The year of 
office of an eponym. 

ep'o-pee' (e r 

ep'o-poe'ia 

ep'opt (ep'opt), n. [Gr. ^6^x771.] An initiate In the high- 
est grade of the Eleusinian mysteries; hence, one instruct- 
ed in a secret system. — ep-op'tic (cp-6p/tlk), o. 

ep'os (ep'os), n. [L., fr. Gr. l7ros.] An epic. 

ep'si-lon (ep'sl-lon), n. [Gr. I ^ikov a mere e.] The fifth 
letter [E, «] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to the 
English short E, e. 

Ep'som salts or salt (ep'sum). [From Epsom, Eng.]_ A 
hydrated magnesium sulphate, having cathartic qualities. 

e'qua-bil'i-ty (e'kwd-bil'i-t! ; ek'wd-), n. Quality or condi- 
tion of being equable. 

e'qua-ble (e'kwd-b'l ; ek'wd-), a. [L. aequabilis,h. acqucre 
to make level or equal, aequus even, equal.] Uniform; 
even ; as, an equable style ; tranquil ; as, an equable temper. 
— e'qua-ble-ness, n. — e'qua-bly (-bli), adv. 
Syn. Equable, even, uniform, steady. Equable and 
even are often interchangeable. But equable frequently 
suggests an inherent quality, where even merely states a 
fact ; as, an equable disposition ; equable movement ; an 
even voice, gait. Uniform emphasizes absence of variation 
of any sort, esp. with reference to an implied standard ; 
steady, regularity and lack of deviation, esp. in movement. 

e'qual (e'kwal), a. [L. aeqilalis, fr. aequus even, equal.] 1. 
Exactly the same or equivalent in measure, amount, num- 
ber, degree, value, quality, etc. 2. Characterized by justice ; 
impartial. Archaic. 3. Uniform ; equable ; as, an equal 
motion. 4. Level ; as, the equal plains of Sicily. 5. Evenly 
balanced or proportioned ; as, an equal battle. 6. Adequate ; 
hence, having competent power or means ; as, equal to the 
task. — Syn. Even ; fair, just, equitable. See identical. 

— n. One having the same or a similar age, station, talents, 
or other quality or condition ; an equal quantity. 

— v. t. ; e'qualed (e'kwdld) or e'qualled ; e'qual-lng or 
e'qual-ling. l.Tomakeequal; hence : to regard as equals; 
put on equality. Archaic. 2. To have the same quantity, 
value, rank, or the like, with. 3. To recompense fully. 

e-qual'i-ty (e-kwol'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Character or 
condition of being equal. The sign of equality is =, read 
equals or (is) equal to. 

e'qual-ize (e'kwal-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'tng (-Iz / Tng). 
1. To make equak 2. To make_uniform ; as, to equalize 
motion. — e'qual-i-za'tion (-T-za'shwn ; -I-za'shun), n. 

e'qual-iz'er (-Tz'er) , n. One who, or that which, equalizes ; 
specif. : a A conductor oflow resistance joining thearmature 
ends of the series field coils of dynamos in parallel, b Aero- 
nautics. A sliding panel to preserve the lateral stabilit} of 
an aeroplane. , 

e'qual-ly (e'kwdl-i), adv. In an equal manner or degree. 

e'qua-nim'i-ty (e'kwd-nim'i-ti), n. [L. aequanimitas, fr. 
aequanimus ; aequus equal + animus mind.] Evenness of 
mind; composure. — e-quan'i-mous (e-kwan'i-mus), a. 
Syn. Evenness, equability, calmness, serenity, tranquil- 
lity, self-possession, composure. Equanimity, compo- 
sure. Equanimity is a settled and equable temper of the 
mind ; composure commonly implies the conquest of men- 
tal agitation ; as, his placidity of demeanor arises from true 
equanimity ; composure in an angry man is impressive. 

e-quate' (e-kwatOjt'.i.; e-quat'ed (-kwat'ed) ; e-quat'ing. 
[L. aequatus, p. p. of aequare to make equal, aequus 
equal.] l.Tomake equal, or to represent as equalor equiva- 
lent, as two propositions. 2. To correct so as to reduce to 
a common standard of comparison or to a mean. 

e-qua'tion (e-kwa/shim ; -zhun), n. 1. Act or process oi 
making, or state of being, equal ; equilibrium. 2.1nmathe- 
matics, etc., an expression of equality between two magni- 
tudes or operations, the sign = being put between them. 
equation of payments, Arith., the process of finding the 
mean time of payment of several sums due at different 
times. — e. of time, Astron., the difference between mean 
solar time and apparent or true solar time. 

e-qua'tor (-tor), n. [L. aequator one who equalizes.] 1. An 
imaginary great circle on the earth, everywhere equally 
distant from the poles. 2. Astron. The great circle of the 
celestial sphere, in the same plane as the earth's equator. 

e'qua-to'ri-al (e'kwd-to'ri-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or near, the 
equator. — n. A telescope so mounted as to have two axes 
of motion at right angles, one parallel to the earth's axis. 

eq'uer-ry (ek'wer-T ; e-kwer'i), n. ; pi. -RTES (-Tz). [F. ecu- 
rie stable, deriv. of LL. scutarius. See esquire.] An officer 
of a prince or noble, charged with the care of his horses. In 
England equerries are officers of the royal household in the 
department of the Master of the Horse. 

e-ques'tri-an (e-kwes'tn-an), a. [L. equester, fr. eques 
horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Of or pertaining to horses 
or horsemen, or horsemanship. 2. Being on horseback; 
mounted ; of a statue or a portrait, representing a person as 
on horseback. 3. Of, pert, to, or composed of, knights. 

— n. One who rides on horseback ; a rider. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 




EQUESTRIENNE 



340 



ERADICATE 



e-ques'tri-enne' (e-kweVtrT-en'), n. [After analogy of the 
French language.] A female equestrian. 

e'qui- (e'kwi-). A prefix from L. aequus, equal. 

e'qui-an'gu-lar (e'kwi-ar/gu-ldr), a. Having equal angles. 

e'qui-dis'tance (-dis'tdns), n. Equal distance. 

e'qui-dis'tant (-tdnt), a. Equally distant. tant-ly, adv. 

e'qui-lat'er-al (-lat'er-dl), a. [From L., fr. aequus equal + 
latus, lateris, side.] Having all the sides equal. — n. An 
equilateral figure, or one of its sides. lat'er-al-ly, adv. 

e'qui-li'brate (e'kwi-ll'brat), v. t. [L. aequilibratus in 
equilibrium ; aequus equal + libra balance.] 1. To bal- 
ance, as two scales. 2. To be balanced with; counter- 
balance. — e'qui-li'bra-tor, n. 

e'qui-li-bra'tion _(-H-bra'shun), n. Act of keeping a bal- 
ance ; state of being balanced. 

e-quil'i-brist (e-kwil'i-brist), n. One who balances himself 
in unnatural positions or while making hazardous move- 
ments ; a balancer. — e-quil'i-bris'tic (-bris'tik), a. 

e'qui-lib'ri-um (e'kwi-lib'ri-um), n.; pi. E. -ums (-umz), 
L. -ria (-d). [L. aequilibrium, 
fr. aequilibris in equilibrium, 
level ; aequus equal + librabal- 
ance.] l.Phys. Science. A state 
of balance between opposing 
forces or actions. 2. Hence, a 
state of balance, or even adjust- 
ment, between opposing forces/ 
influences, interests, etc. 

e'qui-mul'ti-ple (-mul'ti-p'l), n. 




Equilibrium. 1 Stable ; 
2 Unstable ; 3 Neutral ; g 
Center of Gravity. 



Math. One of the prod- 
ucts of two or more quantities multiplied by the same quan- 
tity. Thus, 14 and 35 are equimultiples of 2 and 5. 

e'quine (e'kwln), a. [L. equinus, fr. equus horse.] Of, 
pert, to, or resembling a horse. — n. A horse. 

e'qui-noc'tial (e'kwi-nok'shdl), a. 1. Pert, to the equi- 
noxes, or to a state or the time of equal day and night. 
2. Pert, to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line ; in 
or nearthat line. 3. Pert, to the time when the sun's posi- 
tion coincides with either equinoctial point ; as, an equi- 
noctial gale or storm, that is, one occurring at or near the 
time of the equinox. 4. Opening at fixed periods, as certain 
flowers. 

equinoctial line, the celestial equator. = equator, 2. 
When the sun is on it, night and day are equal all over the 
world. — e. points, the two points where the celestial 
eouator and ecliptic cross ; — called respectively vernal 
■point and autumnal point. 

— n._ 1. The equinoctial line. 2. An equinoctial storm. 

e'qui-nox (e'kwi-noks), n. [L. aequinoctium ; aequus 
equal + nox, noctis, night.] The time when the sun's cen- 
ter crosses the celestial equator, that is, about March 21 or 
Sept. 22. See equinoctial points under equinoctial, a. 

e-quip' (e-kwip'), v. t.; e-quipped' (-kwTpt') ; e-quip'ping. 
[F. equiper to supply, fit out.] 1. To furnish for service ; 
fit out. 2. To dress ; array. — Syn. See furnish. 

eq'ui-page (ek'wi-paj), n. 1. Furniture or outfit, as of a 
vessel, an army, a single soldier ; equipments ; accouter- 
ments. 2. A set of small toilet or table articles, or the like ; 
also, a case tc hold them. 3. A carriage of state or of pleas- 
ure with its horses, liveried servants, etc. ; hence, a carriage. 

e-quip'ment (e-kwlp'ment), n. 1. Act of equipping; state 
of being equipped. 2. Anything used in equipping. 

e'qui-poise (e'kwi-poiz), n. 1. Equality of weight or force ; 
hence, equilibrium. 2. Counterpoise. 

e'qui-pol'lence (-pol'ens), e'qui-pol'len-cy (-en-si), n. 
State or quality of being equipollent. 

e'qui-pol'lent (-pol'ent), a. [From L., fr. aequus equal + 
pollens, -entis, p. pr. of pollere to be strong, able.] Equal 
in force, signification, etc. ; equivalent. — n. An equivalent. 

e'qui-pon'der-ant (-pon'der-ant), a. Being of the same 
weight ; — used with to or with. pon'der-ance (-dns), n. 

e'qui-pon'der-ate (-at), v. i. & t. To be or make equal in 
weight; counterbalance. — (-at), a. Equiponderated. 

e'qui-po-ten'tial (-po-ten'shdl), a. Having equal potential- 
ity or capability. 

eq'ui-se'tum (ek'wT-se'twm), n.; pi. E. -tums (-turns), L. 
-ta (-td). [L. equisaetum, -setum, the horsetail ; equus 
horse + saeta, seta, bristle.] Any of a genus (Equisetum) 
of perennial pteridophytic herbs, the horsetails or scouring 
rushes, with hollow, grooved, and jointed stems. 

e'qui-SO'nance (e'kwi-so'nans ; e-kwis'6-), n. \_equi- + L. 
sonans, p. pr. of sonar e to sound.] Music. Consonance of 
the unison and its octaves. — e'qui-so'nant (-ndnt), a. 

Bq'ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-td-b'l), a. 1. Possessing or exhibiting 

I equity ; fair ; just. 2. Law. That can be sustained or made 
effective in a court of equity, or upon principles of equity 
jurisprudence ; existing or valid in equity as distinguished 
from law. — Syn. Reasonable, right, honest, upright. — ■ 
eq'ui-ta-ble-ness, n. — eq'ui-ta-bly, adv. 

©q'ui-tant (-tant), a. [L. equitans, -antis, p. pr. of equi- 
tare to ride.] Bot. Overlapping each other ; — said of 
leaves whose bases overlap and bestride the leaves within or 
above them, as in the iris. See ensiform, Illust. 



eq/ui-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. [L. equitatio, fr. equitare to 
ride, fr. equus horse.] Horsemanship. 

eq'ui-tes (ek'wi-tez), n. pi. [L., pi. of eques a horseman.] 
Roman Hist. Members of a military order serving as cav- 
alry and vested with special privileges and emoluments. 

eq'ui-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. equite, L. aequitas, 
fr. aequus even, equal.] 1. State or quality of being equal 
or fair ; fairness ; impartiality. 2. That which is equitable 
or fair. 3. Equality of rights; natural justice or right. 
4. Law. a A system of law originating in the extraordinary 
justice formerly administered by the chancellor of the Eng- 
lish king, and developed into a body of rules supplementary 
to, but now often incorporated with, the common and 
statute law. b Any body of laws similarly developed. 5. 
Law. An equitable claim or right. — Syn. See justice. 
equity of redemption, Law, the right, which is enforced 
in equity, of a mortgagor to redeem the mortgaged land by 
payment of the principal and interest. 

e-quiv'a-lence (e-kwiv'd-lens), e-quiv'a-len-cy (-len-sT),n. 
1. Condition or fact of being equivalent. 2. Equal power, 
force, or amount. 3. Chem. a Equality of valence, b = 

VALENCE. 

e-quiv'a-lent (-lent), a. [L. aequivalens, -entis, p. pr., deriv. 
of aequus equal + valere to be strong, be worth.] 1. Equal 
in worth, power, effect, import, etc. 2. Geom. Equal in 
measure but not superposable. — Syn. See identical. 

— n._ Something equivalent. — e-quiv'a-lent-ly, adv. 

e-quiv'o-cal (-6-kdl), a. [L. aequivocus ; aequus equal + 
vocare to call.] 1. Having two or more significations equally 
applicable ; ambiguous ; as, equivocal words ; hence : suspi- 
cious ; dubious ; as, equivocal actions. 2. Uncertain as an 
indication or sign ; doubtful ; as, an equivocal test. — 
e-quiv'o-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 
Syn. Indeterminate, uncertain, puzzling, perplexing, prob- 
lematic, enigmatic, ambiguous. — Equivocal, ambigu- 
ous. That is ambiguous which admits of more than one 
interpretation ; that is equivocal which conveys (often 
with intent to deceive), along with a given idea, another 
quite different one with equal clearness and propriety ; the 
responses of the Delphic oracle were often both ambiguous 
and equivocal. 

e-quiv'o-cate (-6-kat), v.i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. 
[XL. aequivocatus, p. p. of aequivocare, fr. L. aequivocus. 
See equivocal.] To use equivocal language ; be willfully 
misleading by double meanings. 

Syn. Equivocate, prevaricate. To equivocate is prop- 
erly to say one thing and mean another ; to prevaricate is 
to evade the_ truth, esp. by shuffling or quibbling. 

e-quiv'o-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Use of equivocal expres- 
sions, esp. so as to mislead ; prevarication ; quibbling. 

e-quiv'o-ca'tor (e-kwiv'o-ka'ter), n. One who equivocates. 

eq'ui-VOqueHek'wi-vok ;e'kwi-),«. [L. aequivocus equivo- 

eq'ui-voke / cal.] 1. Double meaning ; ambiguity ; also, a 
case of this ; an equivocation. 2. An equivocal term. 

-er (-er). 1. [AS. -ere.] A suffix forming nouns, and denot- 
ing : a One who has to do with (something indicated) by 
way of occupation, trade, or the like. 

Examples : tinner, one vjho has to do with tin by way of 
occupation or trade; hatter, slater, potter, etc. 
b A thing related (arbitrarily) to (a thing indicated). 

Examples : fiver, a five-dollar bill ; pounder, a thing that 
weighs a pound. 
C A resident or inhabitant of (some place referred to). 

Examples : southerner, a resident or inhabitant of the 
south ; Londoner, a resident or inhabitant of London. 
d One who, one that (does what is implied by the part of 
the word to which -er is affixed) ; one who; an implement 
that ; a device that ; a machine that, etc. 

Examples : doer, one who does ; binder, one who, or an 
implement, device, or machine, that, binds. 
K^Tn words in -er naming implements the implement is 
often one used for doing what is implied by the first part 
of the word ; as in poker, an implement for use in poking, 
as well as one who, or an implement that, pokes. 
2. [AF. -er, OF. -ier, L. -arius, -ariumJ] A suffix forming 
nouns denoting a person (-arius) or thing (-arium) con- 
nected with; as in mariner, officer. 3. [AS. -ra (in adjec- 
tives ; -or in adverbs).] A suffix forming the comparative 
degree of adjectives and adverbs ; as in warmer, sooner. 

e'ra (e'rd), n. [LL. aera an era, in L., the items of an ao 
count, counters, pi. of aes, aeris, brass, money.] 1. A point, 
of time from which a series of years is reckoned ; epoch. 
2. A period of time reckoned from a given date as a basis j 
as, the Christian .Era,.computed from the assumed date of 
the birth of Christ. 3. A period of time during which cer- 
tain influences, social conditions, or the like, prevail ; 
epoch ; as ; the era of Alexander. 4. A major subdivision of 
geologic time ; as, the Paleozoic era. — Syn. See epoch. 

e-ra'di-ate (e-raMi-at), v. i. & t. To shoot forth, as rays of 
light ; radiate. — e-ra'di-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 

e-rad'i-ca-ble (e-rad'i-kd-b'l), a. That can be eradicated. 

e-rad'i-cate (-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
eradicatus, p. p. of eradicare to eradicate ; eout j- radix t 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, loot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



ERADICATION 



341 



ERRATIC 



radicis, root.] To pluck up by the roots ; hence : to destroy 
utterly ; extirpate. — Syn. See exterminate. 

e-rad'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of eradicating. [cate.l 

e-rad'i-ca-tive (-ka-tiv),a. Eradicating or tending to eradi-| 

e-ras'a-ble (e-ras'd-b'l), a. Capable of being erased. 

e-rase' (e-ras'), v. t. ;e-rased' (-rasf) ;e-ras'ing (-ras'Tng). 
[L. erasus, p. p. of eradere to erase ; e out -\- radere to 
scrape.] To rub or scrape out, as written or engraved char- 
acters ; efface ; expunge. 

Syn. Expunge, cancel, efface, obliterate, blot out, rub out, 
wipe out, cross out, strike out, delete. — Erase, expunge, 
cancel, efface, obliterate imply removal or deletion. To 
erase is to rub or scratch out. To expunge is to strike or 
blot out something wholly, so that it becomes as if it had 
never existed. To cancel is, literally, to cross out by lines. 
To efface is to make indistinct or illegible. Obliterate 
is a stronger synonym for efface. 

e-ras'er (e-ras'er) , n. One who, or that which, erases ; spe- 
cif., a sharp instrument or a piece of rubber or cloth used to 
erase marks made with ink, pencil, chalk, or the like. 

e-ra'sion (e-ra'zhun), n. 1. Erasure. Rare. 2. Surg. The 
removal of diseased tissue by scraping or curetting. 

E-ras' tian (e-ras'chan), a. Of or pert, to Thomas Erastus, a 
German physician and Zwinglian theologian of the 16th 
century, or his doctrines ; pert, to or advocating the doc- 
trine (attributed to Erastus) favoring state supremacy in 
ecclesiastical affairs. 

— n. A supporter or maintainer of (real or supposed) Eras- 
tian doctrines or tenets. — E-ras'tian-ism (-iz'm), n. 

e-ra'sure (e-ra'zhur), n. Act, or an instance, of erasing. 

Er'a-tO (er'd-to), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Eparaj, fr. ipaadai to 
love.] Class. Myth. The Muse of lyric and amatory poetry. 

er'bi-um (ur'bl-ftm), n. [NL., fr. Ytteroy, in Sweden.] 
Chern. A rare metallic element. Symbol, Er ; at. wt., 167.7. 

ere (ax), prep. & conj. [AS. £r, prep., adv., & conj., prop, 
adv. in the comparative.] 1. As a preposition : Before (in 
time) ; as, he was stirring ere daybreak. 2. As a conjunc- 
tion : a Before ; as, Come ere I die. b Sooner than ; rather 
than ; as, he will die, ere he will yield. 

Er'e-bus (er'e-bus), n. [L., fr. Gr. *Epe/9oy.] Gr. Myth. 
The gloomy space through which the souls pass to Hades. 
Personified, Erebus was a son of Chaos and brother of Nox, 
and father by Nox of ^Ether (the pure air) and Day. 

Er/ech-the'um (er'ek-the'um), Er'ech-thei'on (-thl'on),n. 
[Gr. 'Epkxde>.ov.~] A temple of the tutelary deities of Athens, 
esp. Athena Polias, Poseidon, and Erechtheus, situated on 
the Acropolis, and noted as the best preserved and most 
consummate structure in the Ionic style. It was built 
toward the end of the 5th century, B. c. 

E-rech'theus (e-rek'thus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Epex<?€i>s,lit.,the 
Render ; tpexdet-f to rend, break.] Gr. Myth. A king of 
Athens, son of Gaea and Hephaestus. He was the reputed 
builder of the Erechtheum. 

e-recf (e-rekt')> a. [L. erectus, p. p. of erigere to erect ; e 
out + r eg ere to lead straight.] 1. Upright, or having a 
vertical position ; not leaning, bent, or prone. 2. Directed 
upward ; uplifted. 3. Free from depression ; also, watchful. 

— v. t. 1. To raise and place in an upright or perpendicular 
position. 2. To raise, as a building ; construct. 3. Machin- 
ery. To put together for use ; set up. 4. To elevate ; exalt. 
Archaic. 5. To set up or establish ; found ; institute ; as, 
to erect a new commonwealth. 6. a Biol, lo remove to a 
higher category ; as, to erect a species into a genus, b Geom. 
To draw or construct (a perpendicular or figure) upon a 
given base, c Optics. To change (an image) from an in- 
verted to a normal position. 

e-rect'er (e-reVter), n. An erector. 

e-rec'tile (e-rek'til), a. Susceptible of being erected. 

e'rec-til'i-ty (e'rek-til'i-ti), n. State of being erectile. 

e-rec'tion (e-rek'shim), n. 1. Act of erecting ; state of being 
erected. 2. Anything erected. 3. Physiol. The state of a 
part which has become hard and swollen by the accumula- 
tion of blood in the erectile tissue. 

e-rect'ly, adv. In an erect manner. 

e-rect'ness, n. Quality or state of being erect. 

e-rec'tor (e-rek'ter), n. One who, or that which, erects. 

ere'long' (ar'long' ; 62), adv. Before long ; soon. 

er'e-mite (er'e-mlt), n. [L. eremita. See hermit.] A her- 
mit ; religious recluse. — er'e-mit'ic (-mit'ik), er'e-mif- 
i-cal, er'e-mit'ish (-mltTsh), a. 

ere'now' (ar'nou'), adv. Ere now; heretofore. 

er'e-tiiism (er'e-thiz'm), n. [Gr. tptdi.ap.6s irritation, fr. 
ipedl^eiv to stir, rouse.] Med. Excessive irritability. 

«e'wriile' (ar'hwll'), ere'whiles' (-hwllz'), adv. Some 
time ago ; a little while before ; heretofore. Archaic. 

erg (urg), n. [Gr. ipyov work.] Physics. A theoretical 
unit of work or energy, being the work done by a dyne 
working through a distance of one centimeter. 

er'gal (ur'gal), n. [G., fr. Gr. Ipyov work, action.] Phys- 
ics. Potential energy ; negative value of the force function. 

erg'me'ter (urg'me'ter), n. Physics. An instrument for 
measuring energy in ergs. 



II er'go (Qr'go), conj. & adv. [L.] Therefore; hence. 

er'go-grapfi (Gr'go-graf), n. [Gr. Ipyov work -f- -graph.] 
An instrument for measuring and recording the work done 
by a single muscle or set of muscles, the rate of fatigue, etc. 

er-gom'e-ter (er-gom'e-ter), n. [Gr. Ipyov work + -meter] 
Physics. A device for measuring, or an instrument for in- 
dicating, energy expended or work done ; a dynamometer. 

er'gon (Gr'gon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ipyov work.] Physics. 
a Work, measured in terms of the quantity of heat to 
which it is equivalent, b = erg. 

er'got (Gr'got), n. [F.,fr. OF. argot, lit., a spur.] 1. A fun- 
gous disease of rye and other cereals, in which the grains are 
replaced by black or dark purple growths. 2. One of these 
growths. Ergot contains several poisonous compounds ; 
it contracts unstriped muscle fibers, esp. those of the uterus. 

er^got-ism (ur'got-iz'm), n. [From ergot, n.] 1. Med. A 
diseased condition produced by eating rye affected with the 
ergot fungus. 2. The diseased condition of grain or cereal 
grasses due to the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea). 

er'got-ize (Qr'got-Tz), v. t. To infest or poison with ergot. 

er'i-ca'ceous (er'i-ka'shfis), a. [From L. erice heath, Gr. 
ipeUr].'] Bot. Belonging to a family (Ericaccas), the heath 
family, of herbs, shrubs, or trees, including the rhododen- 
drons, the azaleas, and, sometimes, the huckleberries and 
wintergreens. 

e-rig'er-on (e-nj'er-on), n. [L., the groundsel, Gr. fjpLykpwv; 
fjpi early -f- ykpu>v old man ; — from the hoary pubescence 
of many species.] Bot. Any of a large genus (Erigeron) of 
asteraceous plants, having white or purple flower rays, the 
flower heads resembling wild asters. 

E'rin (e'rin ; er'Tn), n. Ireland. Now Poetic. 

e-rin'go (e-nrj'go), n. Var. of eryngo. 

E-rin'ys (e-nn'is; e-rl'nis ; er-), n.; pi. Erinyes (e-nn'i- 
ez). [L., fr. Gr. 'Epn/fo.] Gr. Religion. One of the aveng- 
ing spirits, snaky-haired women who pursue evildoers and 
inflict madness. At first indefinite in number, they were 
finally three, Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. 

E'ris (e'ris; er'is), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Epis.] Gr. Myth. See 
Apple of Discord. 

er-is'tic (er-is't!k), a. [Gr. ipiartKos, fr. £pi£eiv to strive, 
Ipis strife.] Controversial. — n. A controversialist. 

erPking' (url'king'), n. [G. erlkonig, Dan. ellekonge elf- 
king.] A personification, in German and Scandinavian folk- 
lore, of a spirit or natural power supposed to work mischief 
and ruin, esp. to children. 

er'mine (ur'min), n. [OF.] 1. Any of several species of 
weasels (genus Putorius), of the northern parts of both 
hemispheres, which assume a pure white coat in winter, ex- 
cept for the black tip of the tail ; also, the fur when white. 
2. Fig., the office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, 
lined with ermine, is emblematic of purity. 

er'mined (-mind), a. Clothed or adorned with ermine. 

em, erne (urn), n. [AS. earn eagle.] A sea eagle. 

e-rode' (e-rod'), v. t. ; -rod'ed (-rod'ed) ; -rod'ing. [L. ero- 
dere,erosum;e out + rodere to gnaw.] To eat into or away ; 
destroy by slow disintegration ; specif., Geol., to wear away 
as land by the action of water ; form by such action. 

E'ros (e'ros), n. [L., fr. Gr. ipws love, "Epcos Eros.] Gr. 
Myth. The god of love; — by Hesiod represented as the 
first of the gods, by later writers as the son of Aphrodite, 
equivalent to the Latin god Cupid. 

e-rose' (e-ros'), a. [L. erosus, p. p. See erode.] 1. Irregu- 
lar or uneven as if eaten or worn away. 
2. Bot. Having the margin irregularly 
notched as if nibbled out. 

e-ro'sion (e-ro'zhSn), n. Act of eroding; 
state of being eroded. 

e-ro'sive(-siv), o. That erodes, or eats away ; 
tending to erode ; corrosive. 

e-rot'ic (e-rot'Tk ; er-ot'-), a. [Gr. ipuriicos. 
See Eros.] Of or pertaining to sexual love ; 
amatory. — e-rot'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

e-rot'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. Erotic character J^ g g; ' ip 
or sentiment. 

err (ur), v. i. [F. errer, L. errare."] To go astray ; fall into 
error. 

er'rand (er'and), n. [AS. serende."] 1. A special business 
intrusted to a messenger ; a commission ; also, one's pur- 
pose in going anywhere. 2. A trip to carry a message or 
do some special business. 

er'rant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr., fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. 
iterare, fr. L. iter journey.] 1. Wandering, or given to 
wandering, esp. for adventure or on missions of chivalry ; 
as, a knight-errant ; hence : adventurous ; chivalric ; as, er- 
rant deeds. 2. Deviating from what is true or correct ; as, 
errant conceptions. 3. Arrant. Obs. — er'rant-ly, adv. 

er'rant-ry (-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Errant character, con- 
dition, or deed ; conduct characteristic oi knights-errant. 

er-ra'ta (e-ra'td), n., pi. of erratum. 

er-rat'ic (e-rat'ik), a. [L. erraticus, fr. errare to wander.] 
1. Having no certain course ; wandering ; — hence, applied 




Flower of 
Fringed 
Orchid, show- 






% 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



ERRATICALLY 



342 



-ESCE 



to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. 2. De- 
viating from a wise or common course in opinion or con- 
duct ; eccentric ; queer. 3. Geol. Designating, or pertain- 
ing to, material, as masses of stone or gravel, transported 
from their original resting places by water, ice, etc. — Syn. 
See strange. — er-rat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

er-ra'tum (e-ra'tum), n. ; pi. -ta (-td). [L., p. p. neut. of 
errare to err.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. 

er/rhine (er'Tn; -in) n. [Gr. ipptvov; iv'm + pis, pivos, 
nose.] Med. A medicine designed to be snuffed up the nose, 
to promote discharge of mucus ; a sternutatory. — a. Caus- 
ing or increasing secretion of nasal mucus. 

err'ing-ly, adv. In an erring manner. 

er-ro'ne-ous (e-ro'ne-ws), a. [L. erroneus."] Containing er- 
ror ; incorrect. — er-ro'ne-ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

er'ror (er'er),n. [OF.&L.,fr. L. errare to err.] 1. Belief in 
what is untrue, state of holding such belief, or an instance 
of it. 2. A moral offense ; fault. 3. An act involving a de- 
parture from truth or accuracy ; a deviation from, or failure 
to achieve, the right course or standard ; a mistake ; an in- 
accuracy ; as, an error in spelling, interpretation, etc. ; a 
clerical error. 4. Baseball. A fault of a player of the side 
in the field, which prolongs the time at bat of the batsman 
or allows a base runner to advance one or more bases when 
perfect play would have insured his being put out. Passed 
balls and wild pitches are not scored as errors. 
Syn. Error, mistake, blunder. An error is a deviation 
from that which is right or correct ; as, a typographical 
error; an error of judgment. Mistake implies misunder- 

! standing or inadvertence ; it expresses less severe judg- 
ment than error; as, he made a mistake in suspecting the 
judge. Blunder is harsher than mistake or error; it com- 
monly implies ignorance or stupidity, sometimes blame ; 
as, the wreck was due to the blunder of a switchman. 

Erse (firs), n. [A var. of Irish."] The language of the Scot- 
tish Highlanders ; Gaelic ; also, Irish.— a. Of or pert, to the 
Highland Celts of Scotland or their language ; also, Irish. 

erst (first), adv. [Orig. superlative of ere; AS. serest."] 

1. First ; in the first place. Archaic. 2. Erstwhile ; in the 
distant past ; sometimes, not long ago ; in the time just 
past. Archaic or Poetic. — a. First ; former. Archaic. 

erst'while' (urst'hwlF; urst'hwil'), adv. Also, Rare, ersf- 
whiies' (-hwllz'; -hwllz'). At a time past; formerly; 
heretofore. Archaic or Poetic. 

er'u-bes'cence (er'66-beVens), n. Process of becoming red ; 
redness of the skin or surface of anything ; a blushing. 

er'u-bes'cent (-ent), a. [L. erubescens, p. pr. of erubescere 
to grow red ; e out + rubescere. See rubescent.] Red, or 
reddish ; blushing. 

er'u-bes'cite (-bes'It), n. Min. Bornite. 

e-ruct' (e-rukf), e-ruc'tate (e-ruk'tat), y. t. & i. [L. eruc- 
tare ; e out + ructare to belch.] To eject, as wind, from 
the stomach ; belch, as a volcano. 

e'ruc-ta'tion (e'ruk-ta'shun ; er'wk-), n. Act of eructating, 
or that which is eructated. 

er'u-dite (er'oo-dit), a. [L. eruditus, p. p. of erudire to 
free from rudeness, polish, instruct ; e out -f- rudis rude.] 
Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge ; learned ; 
scholarly. — er'u-ditely, adv. — er'u-dite'ness, n. 

er'u-di'tion (-dTsh'un), n. The result of thorough instruc- 
tion ; state of being erudite. — Syn. See learning. 

e-rum'pent (e-rum'pent), a. [L. erumpens, -entis, p. pr. 
of erumpere.2 Bot. Breaking out or bursting forth. 

e-rupt' (e-rupt'), v. i. [L. eruptus, p. p. of erumpere to 
break out ; e out + rumpere to break.] To burst forth ; 
break out. — v. t. To cause to burst forth, as lava. 

e-rup'tion (e-rup'shwn), n. 1. Act of bursting out or forth ; 
as : a Ejection of lava, etc., from a volcano, b A violent 
commotion ; outbreak ; also, {now Rare) a sudden hostile 
sallying forth of armed men. 2. That which bursts forth. 
3. A rash breaking out on the skin or mucous membrane. 

9-rup'tive (-tiv), a. Attended by, or inclined to, eruption. 

*er-y (-er-i). [ME^ -erie, F. -erie, fr. -ier (L. -arius) + -ie 
(L.-ia)."] A suffix forming nouns, and signifying : ^Char- 
acteristics or qualities of, collectively ; characteristic 
manners, conduct, practices, principles, or the like, of. 
Examples : grotesquery, grotesque qualities, manners, or 
practices; prudery, qualities or conduct of a prude ; dem- 
agoguery, practices or principles of a demagogue. 

2. Art, trade, occupation, or the like, of; exercise or 
practice of, as an art, trade, occupation, or the like. 

Examples : archery, art or practice of an archer ; pottery, 
art, trade, or occupation of a. potter. 

3. Place of business of; working place of; hence : breed- 
ing, growing, or gathering place, of; place where (some- 
thing) is kept. 

Examples : pottery, printery, place of business, or work- 
ing place, of a potter, printer ; rookery, breeding place of 
rooks ; piggery, place where pigs are kept. 

4. Products or wares of, collectively ; a number of (things 
of an indicated kind), collectively. 



Examples : pottery, products or wares of a potter collec- 
tively ; soldiery, a number of soldiers collectively. 
5. State or condition of. 
Examples: slavery, state of a slave ; savagery, savage state. 

Er'y-man'thi-an (er'i-man/thi-dn), a. Gr. Myth. Denot- 
ing a devastating boar which wandered about Mount Ery- 
manthus in Arcadia. Its capture was one of the "labors" 
of Hercules. 

e-ryn'go (e-nrj'go), n. ; pi. -goes ( -goz ). [Gr. epvyyos sea 
holly.] 1. A sweetmeat consisting of candied sea-holly 
root, formerly regarded as an aphrodisiac. Obs. 2. The 
plant itself, or any plant of the same genus (Eryngium). 

er'y-sip'e-las (eVi-sip'edas), n. [L., fr. Gr. ipyo-tireXas.'] 
An acute, febrile, infectious disease accompanied with a 
diffused inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes. 
It is caused by a bacterium (Streptococcus pyogenes). 

er'y-si-pel'a-tous (-si-pel'd-tfts), a. Resembling erysipelas 
or partaking of its nature. [des.I 

Er'y-the'a(-the'd),w. [L., fr. Gr. 'Epu0«a.] SeeHESPERi-j 

er'y-the'ma (-the'md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ipWri/xa, fr. ipvdai- 
vetv to redden, fr. ipvdpos red.] Med. Abnormal redness 
of the skin due to capillary congestion, as in inflammation. 

er'y-the-maf ic (-the-mat'Tk), a. Med. Marked by, or caus- 
ing, abnormal redness of the skin ; relating to erythema. 

er'y-thrse'a (-thre'd), n. Any of a genus [Erythrsea) of gen- 
tianaceous annual herbs, having showy pink or red flowers. 

er'y-thre'an,-thrse'an (-an), a. [L. erythraeus, Gr. ipvdpal- 
os, fr. epydpos red.] Red ; also, of or designating the Red Sea. 

e-ryth'rin (e-rith'rm ; er-ith'-), n. [Gr. ipvdpos red.] 
Chem. a A colorless crystalline substance, C20H22O10, ex- 
tracted from certain lichens and yielding certain red com- 
pounds, b A methyl derivative of eosin, obtained as a green 
powder and used to dye silk a fluorescent red. 

e-ryth'rism (e-nth'riz'm ; er-ith'-), n. _ [Gr. ipvdpos red.] 
A conditionof excessive redness, esp. in the plumage of 
birds, or hair of mammals, independently of age, sex, or 
season. — er'y-thris'mal (eVi-thriz'mdl), a. 

e-ryth/rite ( : rit), n. [Gr. ipvdpos red.] 1. Chem. A color- 
less crystalline substance, C4He(OH)4, of a sweet, cooling 
taste, extracted from certain lichens and algas, and obtained 
by the decomposition of erythrin. 2. Min. A native red 
hydrous arsenate of cobalt, Co3(As04)2*8H20. 

er'y-throl (er'I-throl ; -throl), n. [Gr. ipvdpos red -f 2d 
-oL] Chem. = erythrite, 1. 

E'sau (e'so), n. [Heb. 'Esav.~] Bib. The elder son of Isaac 
and Rebekah, who sold his birthright to his brother Jacob. 
See Gen. xxv. 25-34. 

es'ca-lade' (es'kd-lad'), n. [F., fr. Sp. deriv. of LL. scalar e 
to scale, fr. L. scala ladder.] A mounting by ladders ; esp., 
an attack on a fortified place in which ladders are used. — 
v. t. To mount and pass or enter by ladders ; scale. 

es'ca-la'tor (eVkd-la'ter), n. [NL.] A stairway or incline 
arranged like an endless belt so that the steps or treads 
ascend or descend continuously ; — a trade term. 

es-cal'op, es-cal'lop (es-kol'wp ; es-kal'-), n. [OF. escalope 
shell. See scallop.] The scallop or its shell. 

es^a-pade' (eVkd-pad'), n. [F.] 1. Act of escaping from 
confinement or control. 2. A prankish adventure ; prank. 

es-cape' (es-kap'), v. i. ; -caped' (-kapt') ; -cap'ing. [OF. 
escaper, eschaper, fr. LL. ex cappa out of one's cape or 
cloak ; hence, to slip out of one's cape and escape.] 1. To 
get away, as by flight. 2. To issue from confinement or 
inclosure of any sort ; as, gas escapes. 3. To avoid a 
threatened ill ; pass safely through peril ; as, they escaped 
safely to land.— v. t. 1. To issue from (one) involuntarily; 
as, a sigh escaped him. 2. To get or be out of the way of ; 
succeed in averting ; avoid ; elude ; as, to escape an ene- 
my ; escape disease. 3. To fail of (notice) ; fail of being 
noticed or recalled by (a person) ; as, his hint escaped me. 

— n. 1. Act of escaping ; state of having escaped ; evasion of 
harm or notice ; deliverance from evil ; also, means of es- 
cape ; as, a fire escape. 2. Leakage ; outflow. 3. A plant 
run wild from cultivation. 

es-cape'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of escaping ; also, way of 
escape; vent. 
Rare. 2.The con- 
trivance in a time- 




Escapements. A Verge ; 
chof ; C Cylinder. 



BAn- 



piece through A /-1 
which the wheels c) — | 5 
impart the im-^ \ |j 
pulse to the pen- 
dulum or balance; 
— so called be- 
cause it allows a 
tooth to escape from a pallet at regular intervals. 

es-cap'er (-kap'er), n. One who escapes. 

es-carp' (es-karp'), n. [F. escarpe.'j Fort. The scarp. 

es-carp'ment (-ment), n. A steep slope, esp. if wide; 
ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically 
to prevent approach. 

-esce (-es). [L. -eseere.] A suffix forming inchoative, or in- 
ceptive, verbs ; as in convalesce, effervesce, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (lien, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






-ESCENCE 



343 



ESQUIMAU 



•es'cence (-eVens). [L. -escentia.] A suffix of nouns ; as in 
convalescence, deliquescence, adolescence. 

-es'cent (-eVent). [L. -escens, -escentis, the p. pr. ending 
of Latin inchoative verbs.] An adjective suffix, denoting 
beginning, beginning to be, slightly ; as in adolescent, ar- 
borescent, effervescent. 

esch/a-lot' (esh'd-lof), n. Shallot. See shallot. 

es'char (es'kdr), n. Geol. = esker. 

es'char (es'kar), n. [L. eschar a. See scar.] Med. A dry 
slough, crust, or scab. 

es'cha-rot'ic (es'kd-rot'Tk), a. [L. escharoticus, Gr. ^xa- 
puriKos. ] Med. Serving or tending to form an eschar ; 
caustic ; — n. An escharotic substance. 

es'cha-tol'0-gy (-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. lax*™* tne furthest, 
last + -logy.'] The doctrine of the last or final things, as 
death, judgment, and the events connected therewith. — 
es'cha-to-log'i-cal (-to-loj'i-kal), a.— es'cha-tol'o-gist 
(-tol'o-jist), n. 

es-cheat' (es-chet'), n. [OF. escheeite, fr. escheeir to fall to, 
fall to the lot of ; es- (L. ex) + cheeir to fall, L. cadere.] 
1. In the English feudal law, the reversion of lands to 
the lord of the fee on failure of heirs heritable under the 
original grant. 2. Reversion of land to the crown, or the 
state, by failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same. 
3. Property falling to the lord, king, or state by escheat ; 
also, the right of taking property by escheat. 

— v. i. To revert, lapse, or pass by escheat.— v. t. To cause 
to escheat. — es-cheat'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

es-chew' (-choo'), v. t. [OF. eschiwer, eschiver, fr. OHG. 
sciuhen.] To avoid, as something wrong or distasteful. 

es-chew'al (-dl), n. Act of avoiding or shunning. 

es'co-pette', es'co-pet' (es'ko-pet'), n. [Sp. escopeta; cf. 
F. escopette.] A short rifle ; a carbine. 

Es-CO'ri-al (es-ko'n-dl ; Sp. es-ko're-al'), n. [Sp. escorial, 
prop., a hill or heap of rubbish, earth, and stones brought 
out of a mine, fr. escoria dross of metal, L. scoria, fr. Gr. 
CKwpia.'] A vast structure, twenty-seven miles northwest 
of Madrid, Spain, comprising a royal palace, a royal mauso- 
leum, a church, a college, and a monaster}', and containing 
many works of art. It was built in 1563-84. 

es'cort (es'kort), n. [F. escorte, It. scorta guard, guide, fr. 
scorgere to discern, lead, L. ex out, quite + corrigere to 
correct.] 1. A body of persons (originally of armed men) or 
an individual accompanying or attending another or others 
for protection or as a mark of honor or courtesy. 2. Pro- 
tection, care, or safeguard on a journey. 

es-cort' (es-kort'), v. t. To attend with a view to guard or 
to show civility. — Syn. See accompany. 

es'cri-toire' (eslirT-twar'), n. [OF., fr. LL. scriptorium. 
See scriptorium.] A secretary or writing desk. 

es-crol', es-croll' (es-krol'), n. [See escrow.] Her. A scroll. 

es'crow' (eVkro' ; eVkro'), n. [OF. escroe, escroue, a roll 
of writings, bond. See scroll.] Law. A deed, bond, or 
other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to 
be delivered by him to the grantee only upon the perform- 
snce or fulfillment of some condition. The deposit of the 
escrow places it beyond the control of the grantor ; but no 
title passes until the fulfillment of the condition. 

es'cu-age (es'ku-aj), n. [OF. escuage, F. ecuage, from OF. 
escu shield, F. ecu. See esquire.] Feud. Law. a The 
military service incident to a knight's fee. b = scutage. 

Ues-cu'do (es-koo'tho), n. ; pi. -dos (-tfeos). [Sp. & Pg., 
lit., shield, L. scutum.'] 1. Any of several_gold and silver 
coins of Spanish countries. 2. (pron. es-koo'do). The gold 
monetary unit (since 1911) of Portugal, with the par value, 
$1.08046, or | of a British sovereign ; also, a silver coin of 
this value. 

es'cu-lent (es'ku-lent), a. [L. esculentus, fr. esca food, 
edere to eat.] Suitable for use by man as food ; edible. — n. 
Anything fit for food, esp. human food. 

Es-cu'ri-al (es-ku'rl-fil). Var. of Escorial. 

es-cutch'eon (-kuch'un), n. [OF. escuchon, escucon, fr. 
escu shield, L. scutum.] 1. Her. Thevari- C~T~ 
ously shaped surface, usually a shield, on ^ 
which armorial bearings are depicted and 
displayed. The surface of the escutcheon 
is the field. The upper part is the chief, 
the lower part the base, and the sides, 
dexter and sinister, respectively on the 
right and left of the wearer of the shield, 
i. e., on the left and right of the ob- 
server. Other points (see cut) are : A. B, Escutcheon, 
C, dexter, middle, and sinister, chief points, Her. 

respectively; D, honor, or color, point; E, fess, or heart, 
point; F, nombril or natel; G, H, I, dexter, middle, and 
sinister, base points, respectively. 2. Zo'dl. An area on the 
rump (extending forward on the belly) of many quadru- 
peds, disting. by its color or by the character and direction 
of the hair. 3. The part of a vessel's stern on which her 
name is displayed. 4. Arch. & Carp. A shield to protect 
wood, or for ornament, as the metal shield around a keyhole. 

■ese (-ez; -es). [OF. -eis, fr. L. -ensis.] A suffix signifying 



of, pertaining to, or originating in (a certain place or 
country) ; hence, having the (peculiar) literary style or 
diction of (a certain person) ; also, a native or an inhab- 
itant, or the natives or inhabitants, or the language, of (a 
certain place or country). 

Examples : Cantonese, of, pertaining to, or originating 
in, Canton ; also, (n. sing. & pi.) a native or an inhabit- 
ant, or the natives or inhabitants, of Canton ; Johnsonese, 
having the literary style or character peculiar to (Sam- 
uel) Johnson. 

es'ker (es'ker), n. [Ir. eascra.] Also eskar. Geol. A 
narrow ridge of gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a 
stream in association with glacier ice. 

Es'ki-mau'an (es'kl-mo'an ; -mo'dn), a. Of or pert, to the 
Eskimos, or designating their linguistic stock. 

Es'ki-mo (es'ki-mo), n. ; pi. -mos (-moz). [Originally ap- 
plied by Algonquins to northern Indians, and meaning eat- 
ers of raw flesh.] One of a race whose main habitat is the 
Arctic coasts of America. Eskimos have short to medium 
stature, yellow complexion, straight eyes, and prominent 
cheek bones. 

Eskimo dog, one of a breed of large dogs used by the 
Eskimos to draw sledges. 

Es'ki-mo'an (-mo'dn). Var. of Eskimauan. 

es'ne (ez'ne), n. [AS.] Among the Anglo-Saxons, a do- 
mestic slave of a certain class. 

e'so-phag'e-al, ce'so-phag'e-al (e / so-faj / e-dl), o. Of or 
pertaining to the esophagus. 

e-soph'a-gus, ce-soph'a-gus (e-sof d-g2s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
oL<ro<t>ayos ; root of olcrco I will bear -f- $aytiv to eat.] The 
tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach ; gullet. 

E-so'pi-an, E-sop'ic. Vars. of ^Esopian, ^Esopic. 

es'o-ter'lC (es'o-ter'ik), a. [Gr. iawrepLKos, fr. iaurepos in- 
ner.] Designed for, and understood by, the initiated only ; 
secret ; private ; — opp. to exoteric. — Syn. See recondite. 

es-pal'ier (es-pal'yer), n. [F., deriv. of It. spalla shoulder.] 
Hort. a A trellis on which fruit trees or shrubs are trained 
flat, b A tree or row of trees so trained. — v. t. To form an 
espalier of, or to protect by an espalier. 

es-par'to (-par'to), n., esparto grass. _ [Sp.] A Spanish 
grass (Stipa tenacissima) used in making cordage, paper, 
shoes, baskets, coarse cloth, etc. 

es-pe'cial (-pesh'dl), a. [OF., fr. L. specialis, fr. species. 
See species.] Distinguished among others of the same 
class or kind ; special ; particular. — Syn. Peculiar, partic- 
ular, uncommon, chief. — es-pe'cial-ly, adv. 

Es'pe-ran'tO (es'pe-ran'to), n. An artificial language, in- 
tended to be universal, devised by Dr. Zamenhof, a Rus- 
sian, who adopted the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" in 
his first pamphlet regarding it (1887). The vocabulary is 
based as far as possible upon words common to the chief 
European languages, and sounds peculiar to any one lan- 
guage are eliminated. — Es'pe-ran'tist (-tist), n. 

es-pi'al (es-pl'dl), n. 1. Act of espying ; notice ; discovery. 
2. One who spies ; a spy ; a scouting party. Obs. 

es'pi-O-nage (es'pi-6-naj ;es-pi r -),n. [F. espionnage,ix. es- 
pionner to spy, espion spy, It. spione, augm. of spia spy.] 
The practice of spying, or the employment of spies. 

es'pla-nade' (eVpld-nad/), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. explanar to 
level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See explain.] 
Any clear, level space, esp. one for public walks or drives. 

es-pous'al (es-pouz'dl), n. [OF. espousailles, pi., L. spon- 
salia, fr. sponsalis of espousal, fr. sponsare. See es- 
pouse.] 1. Act of espousing ; esp., in pi., the plighting of 
troth between a man and woman ; a wedding ; also, a be- 
trothal ceremony. 2. Act of espousing, or taking up as a 
supporter ; adoption. 

es-pouse' (es-pouz'), v. t.; -poused' (-pouzd') ; -pous'ing. 
[OF. espouser, L. sponsare to betroth, fr. sponsus be- 
trothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly.] 1. To 
betroth. 2. To marry. 3. To take to one's self with a view 
to maintain ; adopt, as a cause ; embrace. — es-pous'er, n, 

es-prin'gal (es-prlr/gdl), n. [See springal.] Mil. Antiq. 
An engine of war used for throwing vires, large stones, etc. 

II es'prit' (eVpre'), n. [F. See spirit.] Spirit; sprightly 
wit ; bright intelligence. 

es'prit' de corps (de kor') [F.] f the spirit of sympathy, 
enthusiasm, etc., pervading a corps of persons. 

es-py' (es-pl / ), v. t.; -pied' (-pid') ; -py'lng. [OF. espier, 
fr. OHG. spehon to watch, spy.] To catch sight of ; per- 
ceive with the eyes ; descry ; spy. — v. i. To watch ; spy. 

-esque (-esk). [F., fr. It. -esco.] A suffix forming adjectives, 
and denoting : after the manner or style of; like ; having 
the characteristics of; appropriate to, or fitted to form. 
Examples : Dantesgue, after the manner or style of 
Dante ; like, or having the characteristics of, Dante (or his 
work) ; picturesgwe, appropriate to, or fitted to form, a 
picture. 

Es'qui-line (eVkwi-Hn),n. [L. Esquilinus, a.] One of the 
seven hills of Rome.— Es'qui-line, a. 

Es'qui-mau (-kf-mo), n.; pi. -maux (-mo; -moz). [F.] 
Var. of Eskimo. 



K = ch in G. ich, acto (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. I] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



J 



H 



J 



K 



M 




ESQUIRE 



344 



ESTOVERS 



es-quire' (es-kwTr').n. [OF. escuyer, escuier,it. LL. scu- 
tarius shield bearer, L. scutum shield.] 1. Orig., a shield 
bearer ; esp., in chivalry, a candidate for knighthood attend- 
ant on a knight. 2. A man of the English rank of gentry next 
below a knight. 3. A landed proprietor ; a "country squire." 
Archaic. 4. [_cap.li A title of courtesy (usually abbr. to 
Esq.) now written after the surname with no title, as Mr., 
Dr., prefixed. 5. A gentleman publicly escorting a lady. 

— v. t. Rare, a To raise to esquire's rank, b To address as 
Esquire, c To wait on as an esquire ; attend. Colloq. 

-ess (-es). [OF. -esse, ILL,, -issa, Gr. -io-o-a.] A suffix denot- 
ing the female corresponding to the male named by the 
noun to which the suffix is added ; as in authoress, a female 
author ; huntress, a female hunter ; lioness, a female lion ; 
governess (for governor ess), etc. See -er, -or. 

ess (es), n. ; pi. esses (es'ez ; 2-1). The letter S ; also, some- 
thing resembling that letter in shape. 

es'say (es'a ; formerly often e-sa'), n. [F. essai, fr. L. ex- 
agium a weighing, weight, balance ; ex out + agere to 
drive, do.] 1. An effort to do anything ; trial ; attempt. 
2. A literary composition, analytical or interpretative, 
dealing with its subject from a more or less limited or per- 
sonal standpoint. 3. A trial specimen, as of a coin. — 
Syn. Endeavor, effort ; tract, dissertation, disquisition. 

es-say' (e-sa/), v. t. To exert one's power or faculties on; 
attempt ; endeavor ; test. — Syn. See try. — es-say'er, n. 

es'say-ette' (eVa-et'), n. A short essay. 

es'say-ist (es'a-Tst), n. A writer of essays. 

es'sence ( -ens ), n. [ F., fr. L. essentia, formed as if fr. a 
p. pr. of esse to be.] 1. That which makes a thing what it is ; 
a necessary constituent ; element ; as, the essence of belief 
is faith. 2. A spiritual or immaterial being; as, "fanciful 
speculations on spiritual essences." 3. Fundamental or in- 
trinsic being ; prime or ultimate nature. 4. A substance 
having in a high degree the qualities or virtues of a plant, 
drug, or the like, from which it is extracted ; specif., an al- 
coholic solution of an essential oil ; as, essence of mint. 5. 
Perfume, or the volatile matter constituting perfume. 

Es-sene' (e-sen'), n. [Gr. '^aarfvoi, pi., of Heb. or Aramaic 
origin.] One of a sort of brotherhood or monastic order 
among the Jews of Palestine from the 2d century b. c. to the 
2d century A. D., characterized by strict asceticism, absten- 
tion from marriage, and scrupulous observance of the Sab- 
bath and rites of purification. 

es-sen'tial (e-sen'shdl), a. [See essence.] _ 1. Having the 
character of an essence ; as : a Being what it is in the most 
perfect degree ; as, essential bliss of angels, b Existent. 
2. Forming, or of or relating to, the inner or constituent 
character of anything ; as, an essential right. 3. Most im- 
portant ; indispensable. 4. Containing, or of the nature 
of, an essence ; as, an essential oil. — Syn. See intrinsic, 
needful. 

essential oil, Chem., any of a class of volatile odoriferous 
oils found in plants and used in essences, perfumery, etc. 

— n. That which is essential ; first or constituent principle. 
— es-sen'tial-ly, adv. — es-sen'tial-ness, n. 

es-sen'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. Quality of being essential. 

es-SOin' (e-soin'), v. t. [OF. essoignier, essonier, LL. es- 
soniare, exoniare; ex- + sunnis, sunnia, sonia, hin- 
drance, excuse, of Germanic origin.] Eng. Law. To excuse, 
or make excuse in behalf of, for nonappearance in court. 

es'SO-nite (es'6-nlt), n. Properly hes'so-nite. [From Gr. 
^crcrwi/ inferior, because not so hard as some minerals it re- 
sembles.] Min. A variety of garnet ; cinnamon stone. 

-est (-est). [AS. -ost, -est._] A suffix used to form the super- 
lative of adjectives and adverbs. See compare, v. t., 3. 

es-tab'lish (es-tab'lish), v. t. [OF. establir, fr. L. stabilire, 
fr. stabilis stable.] 1. To make stable, or firm ; fix firmly ; 
settle ; as, to establish one's health by diet. 2. To appoint, 
enact, or ordain for permanence, as officers, laws, etc. 3. To 
found ; institute, as a colony, institution, etc. 4. To put on 
a firm basis ; prove and cause to be accepted as true ; as, to 
establish a reputation for honesty ; to establish a fact. 5. 
To place advantageously in a fixed condition ; — reflexive ; 
as, the enemy established themselves in the town. 6. To 
make a national or state institution of (a church). 7. Card 
Playing. To gain complete control of (a plain suit). — Syn. 
See fix. — es-tab'lish-er, n, 

es-tab'lish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of establishing ; state 
or fact of being established. Esp. : a Permanent arrange- 
ment or constitution ; organization, b Regular means of 
support or subsistence ; settled income. 2. That which is 
established ; as : a A settled arrangement or order ; esp., a 
law or code of laws, b A form of government; esp., an 
established ecclesiastical system or church, c A perma- 
nent civil, military, or commercial force or organization. 
A Permanent place of residence or business ; esp., a resi- 
dence, including grounds, furniture, servants, etc. ; hence, a 
household. 

es'ta-cade'tSs'td-kad'j-kadO.n. [F.] Mil. A dike of piles 
or any arrangement of stakes or similar objects in the sea, a 



river, etc., to check the approach of an enemy or to protect 
bridges against floating objects. 

es'ta-fette' (es'td-fet'), n. Also es'ta-fet\ [F. estafette; 
fr. It. staff etta, fr. staffa stirrup, fr. OHG. stapho foot- 
step, footprint.] A courier ; esp., a mounted messenger. 

es-tate' (es-tat'), n. [OF. estat, L. status, fr. stare to 
stand.] 1. State or condition of being ; as, of man's estate. 

2. Social standing or rank, esp. of a high order ; quality. 

3. Pomp ; state. Archaic. 4. A social or political class ; 
specif., one of the great classes (called estates of the 
realm) vested with distinct political powers. In England, 
historically, there are three estates, the lords spiritual, 
lords temporal, and commons, but practically only two, the 
lords and commons. b.Law. The degree, quality, nature, 
and extent of one's interest in land or other tenements. 6. 
A person's property inlands or tenements or both ; loosely, 
fortune ; possessions. 

estate of inheritance, Law, an estate capable of de- 
scending to one's heirs. 

— v. t. To establish in, or endow with, an estate ; as, "Es- 
tate them with large land." Archaic. 

es-teem' (-tern'), v. t. [F. estimer, L. aestimare to value, 
estimate.] 1. To set a value on ; appraise ; hold ; as, her 
poetry is lightly esteemed. 2. To set a high value on; 
prize. 3. To deem ; think. 

Syn. Appreciate, value, regard, respect, honor, revere, 
venerate, reverence. — Esteem, respect, regard apply 
commonly to persons or personal qualities. To esteem is 
to value or prize, esp. for real or intrinsic worth ; it com- 
monly implies some warmth of feeling or attachment ; as, 
a noble generosity is an object of general esteem. Respect 
implies honor and deference, but less warmth than esteem; 
as, no one respects the sensual. Regard (often somewhat 
formal or conventional) implies perception or recognition 
of what is estimable or admirable ; as, I regard him highly. 

— v. i. To form an estimate ; consider. Obs. — n. 1. Esti- 
mate ; appraisal. Obs. 2. Opinion of merit or value ; estima- 
tion. 3. High estimation ; great regard. 4. Worth ; value ; 
standing ; rank. Archaic. 

es'ter (es'ter), n. [Coined by L. Gmelin, a German chem- 
ist.] Chem. A compound which may be regarded as formed 
by replacement of the acid hydrogen of an acid by a hydro- 
carbon radical. When the radical is not specified, ethyl is 
often understood ; as, acetic ester, or ethyl acetate. 

Es'ther (es'ter), n. [From OF. or LL., fr. L. Esther, Heb. 
Ester, .] Bib. A Jewess in the Old Testament book of this 
name, who delivered her people. See Mordecai. 

es-the'si-a, es-the'sis, es-thete', es-thet'ic, etc. Vars. of 

iESTHESIA, etc. 

Es-tho'ni-an (es-tho'nT-an), n. A member of a Caucasian 
people dwelling chiefly in Esthonia and Livonia, in Russia ; 
also, their language, a Finnic tongue. — Es-tho'ni-an, a. 

es'ti-ma-ble (es'tT-md-b'l), a. 1. That may be estimated. 
2. Valuable. Rare. 3. Worthy of esteem or respect ; deserv- 
ing good opinion. — es'ti-ma-bly, adv. 

es'u-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. [L. 
aestimatus, p. p. of aestimare."] 1. To form an opinion 
of; gauge; judge. 2. To fix the worth, size, etc., of, esp. 
roughly ; appraise. 3. To calculate approximately some 
particulars of, as the cost of work, space to be filled, etc. 
Syn. Regard, rate, value, appreciate, prize. — Estimate, 
value, appreciate. To estimate is to place an (indeter- 
minate) value on ; to value is to prize or estimate highly ; 
to appreciate is to exercise a nice perception of worth or 
value ; as, you estimate his worth too highly ; he values the 
vase chiefly for its associations, though he appreciates its 
excellence. 

— (-mat), n. 1. A valuing or rating, esp. from incomplete 
data. 2. A statement of the amount for which certain 
work will be done by one who wishes to do it. 3. A judg- 
ment or opinion, usually implying careful consideration; 
as, to form an estimate of a person's character. 

es'ti-ma'tion (-ma/shun), n. 1. Act of estimating. 2. Re- 
sult of estimating ; a rough judgment of the worth, extent, 
or quantity of anything. 3. Favorable opinion based on a 
recognition of value or worth ; esteem ; honor. — Syn. Cal- 
culation, computation, appraisement ; esteem, regard. 

es'ti-ma-tive (es'ti-ma-tiv), a. Inclined, or able, to esti- 
mate ; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating. 

es'ti-ma'tor ( -ma'ter ), n. One who estimates. 

e-stip'u-late (e-stip'u-lat), a. Bot. Without stipules; as, 
an estipulate leaf. 

es'ti-val, es'ti-vate, es'ti-va'tion. Vars. of ^stival, etc. 

es-toile' (es-toil' ; es-twal'), n. [OF., star, F. etoile.\\ Her. 
A star conventionally represented. 

es-top' (es-top'), v. t.; -topped' (-toptf) ; -top'ping. [OF. 
estoper to stop, plug, LL. stuppare to close with tow, L. 
stuppa tow, oakum.] 1. To plug up ; bar ; stop. Archaic. 
2. Law. To impede or bar by estoppel. 

es-top'pel (-top'el), n. Law. A bar to one's alleging or deny- 
ing a fact because of one's own previous action by which the 
contrary has been admitted, implied, or determined. 

es-to'vers (Ss-to'verz), n. pi. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, nec- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sott, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ESTRANGE 



345 



ETHOS 



essary, necessity, need, prop, an infin. meaning to suit, be 
fit, be necessary.] Law. Necessary supplies, as wood to a 
tenant for fuel, implements, repairs, etc. 

es-trange' (-tranj'), v. t.; -tranced' (-tranjd') ; -trang'- 
ing (-tran'jmg). [OF. estrangier to remove, L. extrane- 
are to treat as a stranger, extraneus strange. See strange.] 
1. To cause to be strange ; keep at a distance ; withdraw ; 
withhold ; as, long estranged from his native land. 2. To 
divert from a given use, purpose, or possession ; alienate. 3. 
To alienate the affections or confidence of. 

es-trange'ment (-ment), n. Act of estranging, or state of 
being estranged ; alienation. 

es-tray' (-tra'), v. i. [See stray.] To wander ; stray. — n. 

1. Law. Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering 
from its owner ; a stray. 2. Anything that has gone out of 
its usual place. 

es-treat' (Ss-tref), n. [OF. estraite, fr. p. p. of estraire to 
extract. See extract.] Law. A true copy, duplicate, or 
extract of an original writing or record, esp. of amercements 
or penalties. — v. t. 1. Law. To extract from the records 
of a court so as to enforce or prosecute. 2. To exact or 
take by way of a levy, fine, etc. 

es'tu-a-ry (es'tji-a-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. aestuarium, 
fr. aestus swell of the sea, tide.] A passage where the tide 
meets a river current ; esp., a narrow arm of the sea at the 
lower end of a river ; a frith. — es'tu-a-rine (-d-nn ; -rin), a. 

e-SU'ri-ent (e-su'rT-ent), a. [L. esuriens, p. pr. of esurire, 
fr. edere to eat.] Inclined to eat; hungry; greedy. — 
e-su'ri-ence (-ens), e-su'ri-en-cy (-en-si), n. 

-et (-St). [OF. -et, -ete, F. -et, -ette.'] A noun suffix, occur- 
ring in diminutives from the French ; as, crotchet, islei, 
billed In English the diminutive force is often lost ; as, 
hatched, pulled, pockei; cf. hache, poule, poche. 

e'ta (e'td; a'td), n. [Gr. tjtcl.'] The seventh letter (H, ij) 
of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to Eng. long E, e. 

0-tae'ri-O (e-te'n-o), n.; pi. -ri-os (-ri-oz). [Gr. eraipi'a a 
club, an association.] Bot. An apocarpous fruit consisting 
of a mass of achenes, drupelets, or follicles, as that of the 
buttercup, strawberry, or magnolia, respectively. See 
fruit, Illust. [for bric-a-brac. [ 

H e'ta'gere' (a'ta/zhar'), n. [F.] An open shelved cabinet! 

et'a-mine (et'd-men), n. [F. etamine.'] A light textile 
fabric, like a fine bunting. 

He'tape' (a'tap'), n. [F.] 1. A public storehouse. 2. 
Supplies issued to troops on the march ; hence, Mil., $he 
place where troops on the march halt over night ; also,' by 
extension, the distance marched during _ a day._ 3. In 
Russia, a prison or stockade for prisoners in transit. 

et cet'er-a, or et cset'er-a (St sSt'er-d). [L. et and + 
cetera other things.] And others (of the like kind) ; and 
so on ; and so forth ; — sometimes written as one word ; 
usually abbreviated to etc. or &c. 

etch (Sch), v. t. [D. etsen, G. dtzen to feed, corrode, etch, 
MHG. etzen, causative of ezzen to eat.] 1. To produce, 
as designs, on metals, glass, etc., by lines eaten in by a cor- 
rosive, as nitric acid. 2. To subject to etching, as a plate. 

— v. i. To practice etching. — etch/er, n. 

etch'ing, vb. n. 1. The art or process by which designs or 
pictures are etched ; also, a picture or design so produced. 

2. An impression taken in ink from an etched plate. 
E-te'o-Cles (e-te'S-klez)., n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EreoKXrjs.'] Gr. 

Myth. A son of (Edipus and Jocasta, and king of Thebes. 
See Seven against Thebes. Cf. Antigone. 
E-te'o-clus (-klus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EreoxXos.] See Seven 

AGAINST THEEES. 

e-ter'nal (e-tur'ndl), a. [F. eternel,!^. aeternalis, fr. 
aeternus. See eterne.] 1. Of infinite duration ; ever- 
lasting ; as, life eternal. 2. Continuous ;_ perpetual ; as, 
the fires eternal of Vesta. 3. Valid or existing at all times ; 
immutable ; as, the eternal objects of poetry. 4. Incessant ; 
perpetual ; — implying tediousness, monotony, or the like ; 
as, eternal nonsense. Colloq. — the Eternal City, Rome. 
Syn. Ceaseless, unceasing, incessant, never-ending, ever- 
lasting, uninterrupted, unintermitted, interminable, end- 
less, boundless ; immortal, imperishable, enduring. — Eter- 
nal, everlasting, endless. Eternal, as used of duration, 
strictly implies absence of either beginning or end, com- 
monly as the result of inherent quality ; everlasting, 
though often interchangeable with eternal, more often ap- 
plies to future duration alone, and is less often thought of 
as implying essential quality ; as, the eternal God ; ever- 
lasting punishment. Endless applies to length as well as 
duration, and conveys least implication of inherent qual- 
ity ; as, an endless succession of waves. 

— n. 1. [cop.] God ; — with the. 2. In pi. Eternal things. 
— e-ter'nal-ly, adv. — e-ter'nal-ness, n. 

e-terne' (e-turn'), a. [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aevi- 
ternus, fr. aevum age.] Eternal. Poetic. 

e-ter'ni-ty (e-tur'm-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). [F. iternite, 
L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See eterne.] 1. Character 
or quality of being eternal ; infinite duration. 2. Condition 
which begins at death ; immortality. 3. Seeming endless- 
ness ; an age, or indefinite expanse of time. 



e-ter'nize (e-tflr'nTz ; also, esp. formerly, e'ter-), v. t. 1. To 
make eternal ; prolong everlastingly or indefinitely. 2. To 
immortalize in fame. l . 

e-te'sian (e-te'zhdn), a. [L. etesiae, pi., periodic winds, 
Gr. irrjaiai., fr. iros year.] [Often cap."] Periodical; an- 
nual ; — applied to certain Mediterranean winds. 

-eth (-Sth ; 24). [AS. -ed, -aS ; -<5\] The Middle English 
ending of the present indicative third person singular. 
06s., Archaic, or Poetic. 

eth'ane (eth'an), n. [From ether.] Chem. A gaseous 
hydrocarbon, C2KU, forming a constituent of natural and 
ordinary illuminating gas, and burning with a pale flame. 

e'ther (e'ther), n. [L. aether, Gr. o.Wi,p.~] 1. The upper 
regions of space or the rarefied element supposed to fill 
them ; — often spelt aether. 2. Physics. A medium sup- 
posed to fill all space, even that occupied by fluids and 
solids, and to transmit light waves, electric waves, etc. 
3. A volatile inflammable liquid, (C2Hb)20, of a peculiar 
aromatic odor, got by distilling alcohol with sulphuric 
acid. It is chiefly used as an anaesthetic. 

e-the're-al (e-the're-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to the ether 
(sense 1) ; celestial. 2. Formed of ether; hence : exceed- 
ingly light ; tenuous ; extremely delicate ; as, ethereal form, 
manner, thought, etc. 3. Pert, to, containing, or resembling 
ether (sense 3). — e-the're-al-ly, adv. — e-the're-ous (-us), 
a. — e-the're-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. 
ethereal salt, Chem., an ester. 

e-the're-al-ize (e-the're-dl-Iz), v. t. To render ethereal or 
spiritlike ; spiritualize. — e-the're-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'-), n. 

e-ther'i-fi-ca'tion (e-ther'i-f T-ka'shun ; e'ther-), n. Chem. 
Act or process of making ether. 

e'ther-i-za'tion (e'ther-i-za'shun), n. Administration of 
ether to produce anaesthesia ; also, the condition so produced. 

e'ther-ize (e'ther-Iz), v. t. l.To convert into ether. 2. To 
render insensible with ether. — e'ther-iz'er (-Tz'er), n. 

eth'ic (Sth'ik), o. [L. ethicus, Gr. t]8i.k6s, fr. rjdos usage, 
character.] Ethical. — n. Science of ethics ; also, an ethical 
system ; — the earlier term for ethics, still sometimes used. 

eth'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to moral action, motive, or 
character; also, treating of moral feelings or conduct; 
moral. — Syn.. See moral. — eth'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ethical dative, Gram., a colloquial use of the dative of a 
pronoun for the person regarded as having an interest in 
the matter in question ; as, in Latin, Quid mihi Celsus agit T 
(How does wiz/ Celsus do?) ; "He plucked me ope his doublet 
and_ offered them his throat to cut." 

eth/i-cize (Sth'i-slz), v. t. & i. To make ethical ; consider 
as an ethical being or in ethical relations. 

eth'ics (-iks), n. (See -res.) 1. A treatise on morals. 2. 
Science of moral duty ; broadly, science of the ideal human 
character. 3. Moral principles, quality, or practice. 

E'thi-op (e'thi-op), n. [L. Aethiops, Gr. Aidloxp.'] An 
Ethiopian. 

E'thi-o'pi-an (-o'pi-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Ethiopia. 
2. Designating, or pert, to, one of the five divisions of man- 
kind, the Ethiopian race. As now used, the term includes 
the Negro, Bantu, and Negrito peoples of Africa, together 
with their descendants, the darker races of Oceania, and 
(usually) the Australian and (extinct) Tasmanian blacks. 

— n. 1. A native of Ethiopia. 2. A negro ; blackamoor. 3. 
Ethnol. A member of the Ethiopian race. 

E'thi-op'ic (-op'ik), a. 1. Ethiopian. 2. Designating, or 
relating to, the language of the Semitic conquerors of Abys- 
sinia. — n. The Ethiopic language. 

eth/moid (Sth'moid), a. [Gr. ydnoeiSris like a sieve ; 17^65 
sieve + eI5os form.] Designating one or more bones form- 
ing a part of the walls and septum of the nasal cavity. — n. 
An ethmoid bone. — eth-moi'dal (Sth-moi'dal), a. 

eth'narch (Sth'nark), n. [Gr. Idvapxos; eQvos nation -f- 

dpxos chief.] The governor of a province or people. 
eth'narch-y (-nar-kT), n.; pi. -NARCHiES (-kiz). The do- 
minion of an ethnarch, or his office or rank. 
eth'nic (Sth'nTk) \a. [L. ethnicus, fr. Gr. idvticos, fr. tdvos 
etb/ni-cal (-ni-kal)J nation, rd Wvt\ the nations, heathens, 
gentiles.] 1. Heathen ; pagan. 2. Pert, or peculiar to race ; 
pert, to groups of mankind discriminated by common cus- 
toms and characters. — eth'ni-cal-ly, adv. [phy.l 
eth-nog'ra-pher (-nog'rd-fer), n. A specialist in ethnogra-| 
eth'no-graph'ic (Sth'no-graf'ikHa. Pertaining to ethnog- 
etb/no-graph'i-cal (-graf'I-kal) / raphy. — i-cal-ly, adv. 
eth-nog'ra-phy (Sth-nog'rd-fi), n. [ethnic + -graphy.] 
Descriptive anthropology ; sometimes, loosely, ethnology. 
eth/no-log'ic (Sth'no-loj'ikHa. Of or pert, to ethnology. — 
etb/no-log'i-cal (-loj'T-kdl) / eth/no-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 
eth-nol'o-gist (Sth-nol'6-jist), n. One versed in ethnology. 
eth-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-jT), n. [ethnic + -logy. .] The science 
which treats of races and peoples, their origin, distribution, 
relations, and peculiarities. 
eth'nos (Sth'nos), n. [Gr. tdvos nation.] Sociol. A group 
of kindred in clan and tribal organization ; — contrasted 
with demos. 
e'thos (e'thSs), n. [L., fr. Gr. t50oi character.] 1. The char- 
acter, sentiment, or disposition of a community or people, 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ETHYL 



346 



EUPEPTIC 



considered as a natural endowment ; also, the characteristic 
tone or genius of an institution or social organization. 2. 
Msthetics. The traits in a work of art which express ideal or 
typic character rather than realistic or emotional situations 
or individual character in a narrow sense ; — opp. to pathos. 

eth'yl (eth'il), n. [ethei + -yl-] Chem. A univalent hydro- 
carbon radical, C2H5. 

eth'yl-ate (-i-lat), v. t. Chem. To treat so as to cause the 
introduction of one or more ethyl groups, C2H5; as, to 
ethylate alcohol. 

eth'yl-ene (-i-len), n. [From ethyl.] Chem. A color- 
less, gaseous, unsaturated hydrocarbon, C2H4, or CH2:CH2, 
forming an important ingredient of illuminating gas, and 
also obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid 
on alcohol. It forms an explosive mixture with air. 

e'ti-o-late (e'ti-o-lat), v. t. & i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing 
(-lat'ing). [F. etioler to blanch.] To whiten, pale, bleach, 
or blanch, as from exclusion of sunlight or from disease. 

e'ti-o-la'tion (-la'shun), n. The operation or process of, or 
the condition produced by, etiolating. 

e'ti-o-log'i-cal, e'ti-ol'o-gy. See etiological, etiology. 

et'i-quette (et'i-ket), n. [F., prop., a label, ticket, OF. es- 

, tiquete. See ticket.] The system of conventional forms re- 

! quired by good breeding, or to be observed in official or 
social life. 

et'na (-nd), n. A vessel to heat liquids, consisting of a cup 
fixed in a saucer in which alcohol is burned. 

Et-ne'an (et-ne'dn), a. Of or pertaining to Mt. Etna. 

E'ton coat or jack'et (e'ttm). 1. A kind of jacket having 
an open front and broad lapels and cut square at the hips. 
It was originally and is still worn by students at Eton Col- 
lege, England. A large stiff turnover collar is usually worn 
with the coat. 2. A similar jacket worn by women. 

E-to'ni-an (e-to'ni-dn), n. A student or former student of 
Eton College, England. 

E-tru'ri-an (e-troo'ri-dn), a. & n. Etruscan. 

E-trus'can (e-truVkan), a._ [L. Etruscus.] Of or pert.to 
ancient Etruria or its inhabitants. — n. A native of Etruria ; 
also, the language (of unknown affinities) of the Etruscans. 

-ette (-et). [F. -ette, fern, of -et.~] A diminutive suffix in 
nouns of recent borrowing from the French ; as, cigaxette, 
statute, pianeiie. The diminutive force is often lost ; as 
in etiquette, servie^e. The suffix -ette has been added to 
some native words, and, as in leathered, is sometimes used 
to form names of imitation or substitutive material. 

et'tle (et''l), v. t. & i.;-TLED (-'Id) ; -tling. [Icel. setla.] 
To intend, plan, or design. — ■ v. i. To take aim (at). — n. 
An attempt ; aim ; intent. All Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

|| e'tude' (a'tiid'), n.; pi. etudes (F. pron. a'tiid'). [F. See 
study.] A study ; specif., Music, a piece for practice of 
some special point of technique. 

e-tui', or et-wee' (a-twe' ; et-we'), n. [F. etui."] A case for 
small articles, as toilet articles. 

et'y-mo-log'i-cal (et'i-mo-loj'i-kal), a. Pert, to etymology. 
log'i-cal-ly, adv. [tionary or manual. I 

et'y-mo-log'i-con (-i-kon),n. [NL.] An etymological die- 1 

et'y-mol'o-gist (-mol'o-jist), n. A student of etymology. 

et'y-mol^O-gize (-jlz), v. t. To give the etymology of (a 
word). ■ — v. i. To study or form etymologies. 

et'y-mol'o-gy (-ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. etymologia, Gr. 
irvnoKoyla. See etymon ; -logy.] 1. The origin or deri- 
vation of a word as shown by its analysis or by referring it 
to an earlier form or word ; also, an account of such origin 
or derivation. 2. The branch of philology concerned with 
etymologies. 

et'y-mon (et'i-mon), n. ; pi. E. -mons, L. -ma. [L., fr. Gr. 
irvfiov the etymological sense of a word, an etymon, Zrvfios 
true, real, ireos true, real.] A primitive, or root word. 

Et'zel (et'sel), n. [G.] In German legend, a wise king 
representing the historical Attila. See Kriemhild. 

eu- (u-). [Gr. el well, orig. neut. of ^i5s good.] A prefix mean- 
ing well, good, advantageous ; — the opposite of dys-. 

eu'ea-ine (u'ka-Th ; -en), n. \_eu- + cocaine."] Pharm. Ei- 
ther of two distinct artificial organic bases, distinguished as 
eucaine A (C19H27O4N) and eucaine B (C15H21O2N) and 
used, in the form of hydrochlorides, as local anaesthetics. 

eu'ca-lypt (u'kd-lipt), n. A eucalyptus. [Chem. Cineol.l 

eu'ca-lyp'tol ( -lip'tol ; -tol ), n. [Eucalyptus + -ol, 2.]| 

eu'ca-lyp'tUS (-lip'ttts), n.; pi. -ti (-tl). [NL. ; eu- + Gr. 
koXvwtos covered, alluding to the covering of the buds.] Any 
of a genus {Eucalyptus) of myrtaceous trees, including the 
most important trees of Australia. 

eu'eha-ris (u'kd-ns), n. [NL., fr. L. eucharis agreeable, 
Gr. e&xapis. See Eucharist.] Bot. Any of a small genus 
(Eucharis) of South American plants of the amaryllis 
family, bearing handsome white flowers ; Amazon lily. 

Eu'cha-rist (u'kd-nst), n. [L. eucharistia, Gr. evxo-piaria, 
deriv. of ev + xapi^eadai to show favor, x&P" favor, thanks.] 
1. Eccl. The sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; the Com- 
munion ; also, the consecrated elements, esp. the bread. 2. 
[I. c] Act of giving thanks ; thanksgiving. — eu'eha-ris'- 
tic (-rfs'tlk), -ris'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. 



eu'ehre (u'ker), n. 1. A certain game at cards. 2. Failure 
to take three tricks in a hand at euchre by a player who 
made the trump. — v. t. ; -chred (-kerd) ; -chrjng (-knng). 
To defeat in a hand at euchre (an opponent who named the 
trump) ; hence, Slang, to defeat by scheming. 

eu'clase (u'klas), n. \_eu- + Gr. /cXao-ts a breaking.] Min. 
A brittle silicate of beryllium and aluminium, HBeAlSiOs, 
occurring in pale yellow, green, or blue prismatic crystals. 

Eu'clid (u'klid), n. A Greek geometer (flourished 300 
B ; c.) ; also, his treatise on geometry, and hence, the prin- 
ciples of geometry in general. 

Eu-clid'e-an (u-klid'e-dn ; u'kli-de'an), Eu-clid'i-an (u- 
klid'i-dn), a. Of or pert, to Euclid ; specif., Geom., adopt- 
ing Euclid's assumptions with respect to space ; pert, to 
geometry as developed in Euclid's "Elements." 

eu-dae'mon, eu-de'mon (u-de'mon), n. leu- + Gr. Salnwp 
one's demon.] A good demon, or spirit. 

eu'dEe-mon'ic, eu'de-mon'ic (u / de-mon'ik)\o. [SeeEUDiE- 

en/dse-mon'^cal, eu/de-mon'i-cal (i-kdl) / monics. ] Pro- 
ducing happiness ; based on the idea of happiness as the 
proper end of conduct ; pert, to eudsemonics. 

eu'dae-mon'ics, eu'de-mon'ics ( -iks), n. (See -ics.) [Gr. 
ebdcunovt-Kos conducive to happiness. See eudemonism.] 
1. Practice of eudaemonism ; art or means of attaining 
happiness. 2. The science of happiness. 

eu-dse'mon-ism, eu-de'mon-ism (u-de'mon-iz'm), n. 
[Gr. evSaiuovifffios a thinking happy, fr. evbalyuov blessed 
with a good genius, happy. See eu- ; demon.] That system 
of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its 
relation to happiness or personal well-being. mon-ist, n. 

eu'di-om'e-ter (u'di-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. evdla clear weather 
(evdtos fine, clear) + -meter.'] Chem. An instrument for 
the volumetric measurement and analysis of gases ; — so 
named because formerly used to determine the purity of the 
air. Cf. burette. — eu'di-o-met'ric (-6-met'rik), -met'- 
ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. — eu'di-om'e-try (-om'e-tri), n. 

eu-gal'lol (u-gal'ol ; -51), n. [eu- + gallic + -ol, 3.] Pharm. 
A brownish yellow sirupy mass, used externally (in acetone 
solution) in psoriasis. It is pyrogallol mono-acetate. 

eu-gen'ic (u-jen'ik), a. [Gr. tvytvqs.] Pertaining to im- 
provement of offspring ; also, well born ; of high birth. 

eu-gen'ics (u-jen'iks), n. (See -ics.) The science which 
deals with the influences that improve the inborn or native 
qualities of a race or breed, esp. of the human race. 

eu'ge-nol (u'je-nol ; -nol), n. [NL. Eugenia caryophyllata, 
synonym of Caryophyllus aromaticus, the clove plant + 
-ol.] Chem. A colorless aromatic liquid, C10H12O2, related 
to phenol. It is a chief constituent of oil of cloves. 

eu-he'mer-ism (u-he'mer-iz'm ; ti-hem'er-), n. [L. Euhe- 
merus, Gr. Eu^pepos, a philosopher, about 300 b. c] The 
theory that the gods of mythology were but deified mortals ; 
hence, interpretation of myths as traditional accounts of 
historical personages and events. — eu-he'mer-ist, n. — 

eu-he'mer-is'tic (-is't!k), a. 

eu-he'mer-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Tz'mg). 
To interpret (mythology) on the theory of euhemerism. 

eu'lo-gist (u'16-jist), n. One who eulogizes; a panegyrist. 

eulo-gis'tic (-jis'tik)^ 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- 

eu'lo-gis'ti-cal (-tT-kdl)j terized by, eulogy; laudatory. 

eu-lo'gi-um (u-lo'jT-wm), n. pi.; E. -ums (-umz), L. -gia 
(-d). [LL. See eulogy.] A eulogy ; also, eulogy. 

eu'lo-gize (u'16-jlz), v. L; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing (-jTz'- 
lng). To speak or write in strong commendation of ; praise. 

eu'lo-giz'er (-jlz'er), n. A eulogist. 

eu'lo-gy (-ji), n.; pi. -GIES (-jiz). [Gr. evXoyla, fr. eCXo- 
70s well speaking ; ev well + \eyeiv to speak.] A compo- 
sition, esp. a set oration, in commendation of something, 
as of the character of a deceased person ; also, expression 
characteristic of eulogies ; praise. — Syn. See encomium, 

Eu-men'i-des (u-men'i-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. Ei>Aieft5«.] 
Gr. Relig. Lit., gracious ones ; - — euphemistic for Erinyes. 

eu'nuch (u'nwk), n. [L. eunuchus, Gr. ewovxos, prop., 
guarding the couch ; elvr\ couch + exw to keep.] A cas- 
trated male person, orig. one in charge of a harem or em- 
ployed in a palace as chamberlain ; hence, formerly, a 
chamberlain. 

eu'pa-to'ri-um (u / pd-to'n-&m ; 57), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ei- 
iraropiov hemp agrimony, fr. Eupator, king of Pontus.] 
Bot. Any of an immense genus (Eupatorium) of astera- 
ceous herbs, chiefly tropical, with white or purplish flowers 
in cymose clusters. The hemp agrimony (E. cannabinum) 
and the boneset (E. perfollatum) are used medicinally. 

eu-pat'rid (u-pat'nd ; u'pd-tnd), n. [Gr. ev^arpib^, fr. ev 
well-f irarrip father.] Oneof theeupatridaa. — eu'pa-trid, a. 

eu-pat'ri-dse (u-pat'n-de), n. pi. [Gr. eviraTpLbai, pi. of 
evTrarpldrjs.] The hereditary aristocrats of ancient Athens 
and other states of Greece, who in early times exclusively 
made and administered the law. 

eu-pep'si-a (u-pep'si-d ; -shd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. evireipla. See 
eu- ; dyspepsia.] Good digestion ; — opp. to dyspepsia. 

eu-pep'tic (u-pep'tik), a. _ Of, pertaining to, or having good 
digestion ; easy of digestion. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn. up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EUPHEMISM 



347 



EVANGEL 



eu'phe-mism (u'fe-mTz'm), n. [Gr. evfaiucrute, fr« «*- 
<f>rjfii^et.i' to use words of a good omen; ev well+^Avat to 
speak.] A rhetorical figure in which an inoffensive word 
or expression is substituted for one unpleasant ; a way of de- 
scribing an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression ; as, 
"passing away" for "dying." — eu'phe-mist (-mist), n. 

eu'phe-mis'tic (-mis'tik) \ a. Pertaining to euphemism ; 

eu'phe-mis'ti-cal (-tl-kdl) / containing a euphemism ; 
softened in expression. — eu'phe-mis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

eu'phe-mize (u'fe-mlz), v. t. & i. To express by a euphe- 
mism ; to make use of euphemistic expressions. 

eu-phon'ic (u-fon'ik) \ a. Of, pertaining tq, or consonant 

eu-phon'i-cal (-T-kdl) / with, euphony. — i-cal-ness, n. 

eu-pho'ni-ous (u-fo'ni-us), a. Pleasing or sweet in sound ; 
smooth-sounding. — eu-pho'ni-OUS-ly, adv. 

eu-pho'ni-um (-um), n. [NL. See euphony.] Music, a 
An instrument consisting of glass tubes and graduated 
steel bars sounded by the moistened finger, b A small 
bass instrument of the saxhorn class. 

eu'pho-ny (Q'fo-ni), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. euphonia, Gr. 
ev<j>o>i'La, fr. ev.fuvos sweet-voiced ; ev well + <pcovrj sound, 
voice.] 1. A pleasing or sweet sound;, the acoustic effect 
produced by words so combined and uttered as to please 
the ear. 2. Phon. Tendency to greater ease of pronuncia- 
tion, resulting in various combinatory changes, due to in- 
creased speed of utterance or economy of effort rather than 
to a striving after a pleasing effect, as formerly supposed. 

eu-phor'bi-a(u-f6r'bT-d), n. [NL., fr. L. euphorbea, euphor- 
beum an African plant, Gr. ev<t>6p($i.ov ; named from Eu- 
phorbus, a Greek physician.] Any of the spurges, constitut- 
ing an immense genus (Euphorbia) of herbs or shrubs of 
wide distribution. 

eu-phor'bi-a'ceous (-a/shus), a. Bot. Belonging to a large 
family (Euphorbiacese) of herbs, shrubs, or trees of which 
the euphorbias are the type. 

eu'phra-sy (u'frd-si), n. [LL. eufrasia, fr. Gr. evfipaala de- 
light, deriv. of ev well + <i>pr\v heart, mind.] The eyebright 
(Euphrasia officinalis). 

eu'phroe (u'fro; u'vro), n. Also u'phroe. [D. juffrouw, 
prop., young lady ; jong young + vrouw lady, woman.] A 
block or long slat of wood, perforated for the passage of the 
crowfoot, or cords, of an awning. 

Eu-phros'y-ne (u-fros'i-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ev4>poovvr)] 
Gr. Myth. One of the three Graces ; — lit., mirth or joy. 

eu'phu-ism (u'fu-iz'm), n. 1. Properly, the affected style 
oi conversation and writing fashionable in the time of 
Elizabeth, imitating that of Lyly's "Euphues, " and char- 
acterized by antithesis, alliteration, similes drawn from fab- 
ulous natural history, and a pervading effort after elegance. 
2. Hence, any similar affectation of speech ; high-flown 
diction. 

eu'phu-ist, n. One who practices euphuism. 

eu'phu-is'tic (-is r tik),a.Ot the nature of euphuism; char- 
acterized by euphuism. — eu'phu-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

SU-plas'tic (u-plas'tlk), a. Physiol. Having the capacity of 
becoming organized readily ; adapted to the formation of 
tissue. — n. A euplastic substance. 

eup-nce'a (up-ne'd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. evirvoia easy breath- 
ing ; ev well + wise?!' to breathe.] Physiol. Normal respira- 
tion ; — opposed to dyspnoea. 

Eur-a'sian (ur-a'shdn; -zhan), a. Of or pert, to Eurasia 
(Europe and Asia taken together) or Eurasians. — n. A 
person of mixed European and Asiatic descent. 

eu-re'ka (u-re'ka), -inter j. [Gr. ei/p-qna.'] "I have found 
(it) " ; — an exclamation attributed to Archimedes on find- 
ing a method of determining (by specific gravity) the purity 
of the gold in Hiero's crown. It is the motto of California. 

eu-rhyth'my. Var. of eurythmy. 

eu-ri'pus (u-rl'pus), n. ; pi. euripi _(-pT). [L., fr. Gr. evpi- 
iros ; ev well + pnri] a rushing motion.] A strait ; a nar- 
row tract of water, where the tide, or a current, flows and 
reflows with violence, as the ancient frith (Euripus) be- 
tween Eubcea and Bceotia ; hence, a flux and reflux. 

Eu-roc'ly-don (u-rok'li-don), n. [NL. fr. Gr. evpoKXvSuv.'] 
A tempestuous northeast wind of the Mediterranean, 
mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles ; hence, a tempes- 
tuous, esp. northeast, wind in general 

Eu-ro'pa (u-ro'pd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Evp&wri.'] Class. Myth. 
A Phoenician princess, whom Zeus, in the form of a white 
bull, carried off, swimming with her to Crete, where she 
became mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. 

Eu'ro-pe'an (u'ro-pe'dn), a. Of or pert, to Europe or its 
inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Europe. 
European concert. — Concert of Europe. — E. plan, in 
hotels, the plan of furnishing lodging, leaving to the guest 
the option ot taking in the hotel such meals as he chooses. 
Ci. American plan. 

Eu'ro-pe'an-ize (-iz) v. t. To cause to become like Euro- 
peans in manners, character, or habits. 

eu-ro'pi-um (u-ro'pl-um), n. [NL. ; Europe + -ium.~] 
Chem. A rare metallic element. Symbol, Eu ; at. wt., 152.0. 

Eu'ruS (u'rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. ECpos] The east wind. 



Eu-ry'a-le (u-n'd-le),n. [NL.,fr.Gr.E&,w<iX7/.] See Gorgon. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce (u-rid'i-se), n. [L., fr. Gr. EvpvdUv^ See 
Orpheus. 

eu-ryp'ter-id (u-rip'ter-Td), n. [Gr. evpfc broad + irrepov 
wing.] Paleon. Any of an order (Eurypterida) of re- 
markable aquatic, exclusively Paleozoic arthropods, related 
to the arachnids and especially to the king crabs. Some spe- 
cies were over six feet in length, being the largest known 
arthropods. 

Eu-rys'theus (u-ns'thus; -the-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ebpva- 
0tus.] Gr. Myth. A Mycenaean king to whose service Her- 
cules was bound. See Hercules. 

eu-ryth'my, eu-rhyth'my (d-nth'mT ; u'nth-mT), n. [L. 
eurythmia, Gr. evpvdfila; ev well -f- pvOnos rhythm, meas- 
ure, proportion, symmetry.] Fine Arts. Just or harmoni- 
ous proportion or movement. 

Eu-se'bi-an (u-se'bi-dn), a. Eccl. Hist. Of or pertaining 
to Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia (d. 342), who was a 
friend and protector of Arius. — n. A follower of Eusebius. 

Eu-Sta'chi-an (u-sta'kT-an), a. [From Eustachio, an 
Italian physician (d. 1574).] Discovered by Eustachio; 
relating to the Eustachian tube, Anat., a tube between 
the ear and the pharynx. See ear, Illust. 

eu-tec'tic (u-tek'tik), a. [Gr. evrrjKTos easily melted; eD 
well + rrjKeiv to melt.] Physics & Chem. Of maximum 
fusibility ; — said of an alloy or solution having the lowest 
melting point possible with the given components. 

eu-tec'toid (-toid),o. [eutectic + -oid.~\ Like a eutectic ; — 
applied to pearlite, a certain alloy of carbon and iron. — n. 
Pearlite. 

Eu-ter'pe (u-tur'pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. Evrepirr}^ Class. Myth. 
The Muse of music. — Eu-ter'pe-an (-pe-dn), a. 

eu'tha-na'si-a (u'thd-na'zhT-d ; -zT-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ev- 
davaala ; ev well + davaros death.] An easy death or mode 
of dying. 

eu-then'ics (u-then'iks),n. (See -ics.) [From Gr. evd^velv 
to thrive ; eu well + nBevai to set, place, make.] The 
science aiming at the betterment of living conditions, 
through conscious endeavor, in order to secure efficient 
human beings. Euthenics deals with race improvement 
through environment ; eugenics, through heredity. 

eux'e-nite (uk r se-nlt), n. [Gr. ev£evo? hospitable ; — so 
named because it contains a number of rare elements.] A 
brownish black mineral of metallic luster, containing 
niobium, titanium, yttrium, erbium, cerium, and uranium. 

e-vac'U-ant (e-vak'u-ant), a. Med. Emetic, diuretic, or 
cathartic. — n. An evacuant agent, esp. a cathartic. 

e-vac'U-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. eva- 
cuatus, p. p. of evacuare to empty, nullify ; eout + vacuus 
empty.] 1. To empty. 2. To free or clear (a place), as of 
inhabitants. 06s. 3. To discharge, as excrement ; void. 4. 
To withdraw from ; quit (a country, town, fort, etc.). 

e-vac'u-a'tion (-a'shzm), n. 1. Act of emptying, clearing of 
the contents, or discharging ; specif. : a Mil. Withdrawal of 
troops fr«m a town, fortress, etc. b Med. Voidance of mat- 
ter by the natural passages of the body or by an artificial 
opening or, also, by means of cathartics, venesection, etc. 
2. That which is evacuated or discharged. 

Evacuation Day. The anniversary of the day on which the 
British army evacuated the city of New York, Nov. 25, 
1783. [evacuates.! 

e-vac'u-a'tor (e-vak'u-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, | 

e-vad'a-ble (e-vad'd-b'l), e-vad'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. Capable 
of being evaded. 

e-vade' (e-vad'), v. i. ; e-vad'ed (-vad'ed) ; e-vad'ing. [L. 
evader e, evasum; e out + vadere to go, walk.] 1. To es- 
cape ; slip away. Rare. 2. To attempt to escape ; prac- 
tice artifice or sophistry for the purpose of eluding. — v. t. 
To get away from by artifice ; escape from cleverly. 
Syn. Avoid, escape, elude, shun ; baffle, foil. — Evade, 
elude. To evade is to escape or avoid, often by skill,, 
dexterity, or contrivance ; to elude (implying less of voli- 
tion), to slip away from or baffle, often slyly, cunningly, 
or adroitly ; as, I evaded a direct answer ; the right woni 
eludes me. 

e-vag'i-nate (e-vaj'i-nat), v. t. & i. [L. evaginatus, p. p. 
of evaginare to unsheathe ; e out + vagina sheath.] To 
turn inside out ; protrude, or cause to protrude, by ever- 
sion of an inner surface. — e-vag'i-na'uon (-na'shftn), n. 

e-val'u-ate (e-val'u-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [See 
e- ; valuation.] To ascertain the value or amount of ; ap- 
praise carefully ; specif., Math., to express numerically. 

e-val'U-a'tion (-a'shi/n), n. Process or result of evaluating. 

ev'a-nesce' (eVd-nesO, v. i.; -nesced' (-nest') ; -nesc'ing 
(-nes'ing). [L. evanescere ; e out + vanescere to vanish, 
vanus empty, vain.] To vanish ; dissipate and disappear. 

ev'a-nes'cence (-nes'ens), n. Action of evanescing. 

ev'a-nes'cent (-ent), a. Tending to evanesce; vanishing. 
— Syn. See transient. — ev'a-nes'cent-ly, adv. 

e-van'gel (e-van'jel), n. [F. evangile, L. evangelium, Gr. 
evayyeXiop glad tidings, fr. ev well + d-y7eXXeiv to bear a 
message.] The message or "good news" of salvation 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



EVANGELIC 



348 



EVERYDAY 



through Christ ; hence [cap."], any one of the four Gospels. 
2. Good news ; glad tidings. Literary. 3. One who pro- 
claims the gospel message ; an evangelist. 

e'van-gel'ic (e'van-jel'ik ; eVan-), a. Evangelical. 

e'van-gel'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 1. Contained in, or relating to, 
the four Gospels. 2. Belonging to, agreeable to, or con- 
tained in, the gospel, or the truth taught in the New Testa- 
ment; as, evangelical, doctrines. 3. Attached to that 
interpretation of Christianity which emphasizes man's 
fallen condition, the atonement of Christ, necessity of new 
birth, and redemption through faith ; as, the evangelical 
churches, in distinction from Unitarian, Universalist, etc. 
Evangelical Association, a religious body, Methodist in 
polity and doctrine, founded in 1800 by Jacob Albright in 
Pennsylvania. 

— re. One holding evangelical principles. i-cal-ly, adv. 

e'van-gel'i-cal-ism (-iz'm), n. Evangelical principles or 

beliefs or adherence to the party or churches holding them. 

e-van'gel-ism (e-van'jel-iz'm), n. Preaching or promulga- 
tion of the gospel. 

e-van'gel-ist (e-van'jel-Tst), n. A bringer of the gospel; 
specif. : a [_cap.~\ A writer of any of the four Gospels, b A 
preacher of the gospel : (1) In the primitive church, a trav- 
eling missionary or teacher. (2) One who converts, as a 
nation, to Christianity. (3) An occasional preacher having 
no fixed charge ; esp., a revivalist, either minister or lay- 
man. C Mormon Ch. A patriarch. 

e-van'gel-is'tic (-ls'tTk), a. Pertaining to the four evangel- 
ists ; fitted to evangelize ; evangelical. 

e-van'gel-i-za'tion (-l-za'shwn ; -1-za'-), n. Act of evangel- 
izing ; state of being evangelized. 

e-van'gel-ize (-Iz), v. t. To instruct in the gospel ; convert 
to Christianity. — e-van'gel-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

e-van'ish (e-van'Tsh), v. i. To vanish ; cease to be. 

e-vap'o-ra-ble (e-vap'o-rd-b'l), a. Capable of being con- 
verted into vapor or dissipated by evaporation. 

e-vap'o-rate (e-vap'6-rat), v. i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'- 
ing. [L. evaporatus, p. p. of evaporare; e out + vapor 
steam or vapor.] 1. To pass off in, or change to, vapor, as 
a fluid ; hence : to pass off without effect ; be dissipated ; as, 
his courage evaporated. 2. To give forth vapor. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to evaporate ; as, the sun evaporates 
water. 2. To expel moisture from, as by heat, leaving the 
solid portion ; as, to evaporate fruit. — e-vap'O-ra'tor, n. 

e-vap'O-ra'tion (-ra'sh tm), n. 1. Act or process of evap- 
orating. 2. The product or result of evaporating. 

e-vap'o-ra-tive (e-vap'6-ra-tiv), a. Pertaining to or pro- 
ducing evaporation. 

e-vap'o-rim'e-ter (-rim'e-ter),e-vap / o-rom , e-ter (-rom'-), 
n. [L. evaporare to evaporate + -meter.'] = atmometer. 

e-va'sion (e-va'zh5n), n. Act of evading, esp. by an argu- 
ment, charge, or interrogation ; also, a means of evading ; 
a subterfuge. — Syn. Shift, shuffling, equivocation. 

e-va'sive (-siv), a. Tending to, or marked by, evasion ; 
elusive. — e-va'sive-ly, adv. — e-va'sive-ness, n. 

eve(ev),n. [See even, ri.] 1. Evening. Poet. 2.Theevening 
before a holiday, a saint's day, etc., as Christmas Eve ; also, 
the period preceding some event ; as, on the eve of the battle. 

Eve ( ev ), n. [LL. Eva, L. Heva or Gr. Eva, Eua; fr. Heb. 
Khavvah.'] Bib. The wife of Adam, and the mother of 
mankind. 

e-vec'tion (e-vek'shiin), n. [L. evectio a going up, fr. 
evehere to carry out ; e out -f vehere to carry.] 1. Ele- 
vation. Obs. 2. Astron. An inequality of the moon's mo- 
tion in its orbit, due to the attraction of the sun. — e-vec'- 
tion-al (-al), a. [eve, n., 2. Obs. or Dial.l 

e'ven (e'v'n), n. [AS. sefen.2 1. Evening. Poetic. 2. =| 
'e'ven, a. [AS. efen, e/n.] 1. Without elevation or de- 
pression ; level. 2. Free from inequality, irregularity, or 
fluctuation ; uniform ; as, even motion ; specif., equable ; 
as, an even temper. 3. Hence : a Fair ; equitable ; impar- 
tial ; as, an even trade, b Straightforward ; direct. C Equal 
in quality or station. Obs. 4. Equal in size, number, or 
quantity ; as, even shares. 5. Exact ; precise ; as, an even 
mile. 6. In the same plane, or in line (with) ; as, snow even 
with the eaves. 7. Of numbers, not odd ; divisible by two 
without a remainder. — Syn. equable, level. 
of even date, of the same date. 

— adv. [AS. efne.~\ 1. In an even manner ; evenly. 2. 
In or to such (indicated) degree or kind ; as : a Precisely ; 
just ; as, even so. b Fully ; quite ; as, faithful even to the 
end. C Of time : just ; at the very time ; as^ even now. 3. 
As an intensive particle : a Emphasizing identity ; as, I 
have debated even in my soul, b Serving to indicate what 
might not be expected ; as, his work is admired even by his 
enemies. — even if, notwithstanding ; although. 

— v.t.& i. 1. To make, be, or become, even ; level. 2. To 
equal or make equal ; specif., to make even, or quits, with. 

e'ven-fall' (-fQF), n. Beginning of evening. 
e'ven-hand'ed (-han'ded; 109), a. Fair or impartial. 
eve'ning (ev'ning), n. [AS. aefnung, fr. sefnian to grow to- 
ward evening, sefen evening.] 1. The latter part and close 



of the day and early part of darkness or night ; specif. : a Lo* 
cally in England and the Southern States of the United 
States, the period from noon to and including sunset and 
twilight, b The period from sunset or from the evening 
meal to ordinary bedtime, no definite later limit being fixed ; 
— now the general use, esp. in cities and towns. 2. Latter 
portion, as of life ; declining period, as of strength or glory. 
evening prayer. Eccl. The evening service of the An- 
glican Communion ; even-song. 

evening primrose. An erect, biennial herb (Onagra bien- 
nis), type of a family {Onagracese) , with yellow vespertine 
flowers. Also, any of various other related plants. 

evening Star. The bright star, esp. Venus, of early evening 
in the western sky ; — called also Vesper and Hesperus. 

e'ven-ly (eVn-lT), adv. In an even manner, spirit, etc. — 
Syn. Equally, uniformly, justly, serenely, equably. 

e'ven-ness, n. Quality or state of being even. 

e'yen-song' (-song'; 62), n. 1. Eccl. Vespers. 2. The 
time of evensong. 3, A song at evening. 

e-vent r (e-venf), n. [L. eventus, if. evenire to happen, 
come out ; e out -j- venire to come.] 1. The fact of taking 
place or occurring ; occurrence ; as, in the event of his 
death, his wife will receive the insurance. 2. That which 
comes, arrives, or happens ; any incident, esp. one of im- 
portance or note. 3. Consequence ; issue ; conclusion. 4. 
Any of the contests in a series or program of sports. 
Syn. Occurrence, incident, circumstance, adventure ; re- 
sult, termination. — Event, occurrence, incident, cir- 
cumstance. Occurrence is the general term for that 
which takes place ; it implies no particular relation to 
other happenings ; an event is a more or less important 
or noteworthy occurrence ; as, the day's occurrences ; the 
course of human events. An incident is commonly an 
occurrence of secondary importance ; but an incident is 
often thought of as a detached event ; as, the incidents of a 
journey ; a mere incident in his career. A circumstance is 
esp. an incident or occurrence regarded as a detail ; the 
word is often used as a synonym for event in its more gen- 
eral sense ; as, curious circumstances in his history ; an un- 
foreseen circumstance intervened. 

e-vent'ful (e-vent'f661), a. Full of events; also, momen- 
tous. — e-vent'iul-ly, adv. — e-vent'ful-ness, n. 

e'ven-tide' (e'v'n-tld''), n. Evening. Archaic or Poetic. 

e-vent'less, a. Uneventful. 

e-ven'tu-al (e-ven'tu-al), a. 1. Belonging to, or deter- 
mined by, the outcome or issue ; ultimate. 2. Dependent 
on events ; contingent. — Syn. See last. 

e-ven'tu-al'i-ty (-al'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). The coming 
as a consequence ; a contingency ; also, an event that comes 
as a consequence. 

e-ven'tu-al-ly, adv. In the event ; finally. 

e-ven'tu-ate (e-ven'tu-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-afed) ; -at'ing. 
To come out finally ; result. — e-ven'tu-a'tion (-a'shun), a. 

ev'er (eVer), adv. [AS. sefre.~] 1. At all times; always. 
2. At any time ; as, seldom if ever. 3. In any case ; at all. 
%3=TEver, as used in many idiomatic phrases and con- 
structions with more or less modified sense, often consti- 
tutes no more than an intensive or emphatic particle. 
Thus ever and anon, for ever and ever, for ever and a 
day, etc., indicate indefinite repetition or continuation. 
In or ever (see under 1st or), before ever, ever so, etc., 
ever has chiefly an intensive force. 

ev'er-glade(-glad),n. A low tract of swampy land ; — chiefly 
in the Everglades, a great tract of this nature in Florida. 

ev'er-green' (-gren'), a. Bot. Remaining verdant through 
the winter, or retaining leaves unwithered until the next 
season. Cf . deciduous. — n. 1. An evergreen plant. The 
word evergreen is often used loosely as a synonym of coni- 
fer ; but many evergreens, as the laurel, are not conifers and 
some conifers, as the larch, are deciduous. 2. In pi. Twigs 
and branches of evergreen plants used for decorations. 

ev'er-last'ing (eVerdas'ting), a. 1. Lasting forever. 2. 
Continuing long or indefinitely ; hence, wearisome from 
repetition. — Syn. Endless, unceasing. See eternal. 

— n. 1. Eternal duration ; eternity. 2. [cap.] God ; — with 
the. 3. Any of various plants the flowers of which dry with- 
out losing form or color. 4. A stout cloth ; lasting. 5. A 
certain game at cards which continues until one player has 
all the cards. — ev'er-las'ting-ly, adv. 

ev'er-more' (-mor' ; sometimes eVer-mor'), adv. Forever ; 
at all times ; — often used substantively with for ; as, "I 
am alive for evermore." 

e-ver'sion (e-vur'shun), n. Act of turning, or state of 
being turned, inside out ; as, eversion of the eyelids. 

e-vert' (e-vurt/), v. t. [L. evertere, ever sum; e + vertere 
to turn.] To turn outward, or inside out. 

ev'er-y (eVer-i; ev'ri), a. & a. pron. [AS. sefre ever + 
«Zc each.] 1. Each (one), without exception, of a group; 
as, his every word. 2. All, taken severally ; as, every of 
the said sums of money. Obs. or Legal. 
every other, each alternate ; as, every other day. 

ev'er-y-bod'y (-bod 7 !), n. Every person. 

ev'er-y-day' (-da' ; -da'), a. Used or fit for, or coming, every 
day ; usual ; routine ; as, everyday affairs. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, a^K, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; oki obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; cliair; £o ; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, venjpre (87) ; 



EVERY ONE 



349 



EXALT 



every one, or ev'er-y-one' (-wun'), n. 1. Each ; — used 

after a noun or pronoun, usually with distributive force ; 
or with of; as, every one of us has faults. 2. Everybody ; 
as, his words are in everyone's mouth ; — in this sense 
preferably written everyone. 

ev'er-y-tning' (-thing'), n. All that pertains to the sub- 
ject under consideration ; all things. 

ev'er-y-where' (-hwax'), adv. In every place ; in all places ; 
hence : in every part ; thoroughly. 

e-vict' (e-vlkt'), v. t. [L. evictus, p. p. of evincere to over- 
come completely, recover one's property by judicial deci- 
sion. See evince.] Law. To put out (a- person) by legal 
process, or by virtue of a paramount right ; eject ; — often 
used with of, from, out of. [state of being evicted. I 

e-vic'tion (e"-vik'shun), n. Act or process of evicting;! 

ev'i-dence (ev'I-dens), n. 1. State of being evident ; clear- 
ness. 2. That which makes evident, or tends to prove or dis- 
prove something ; proof. See proof, n. 3. One who bears 
witness. Rare. 4. Law. That which is legally submitted to 
a competent tribunal as a means of ascertaining the truth of 
any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it. 

1 in evidence, in a situation to be readily seen ; conspicuous. 

— v. t. To render evident or clear. 

ev'i-dent (-dent), a. [L. evidens, -entis ; e out + videns, 
p. pr. of videre to see.] Clear to the vision or understand- 
ing, and satisfactory to the judgment. — Syn.Plain, obvi- 
ous, manifest, visible, apparent, conclusive, indubitable, 
palpable, notorious. — ev'i-dent-ly, adv. 

ev'i-den'tial (-den'shdl), a. Of the nature of, relating to, 
or affording evidence ; also, relying on evidence.^ 

e'vil (e'v'l), a. [AS. yfel.] 1. Injurious or mischievous ; not 
good ; as, an evil beast. 2. Bad morally ; wicked ; vicious ; as, 
evil words. 3. Producing or threatening pain, injury, or ca- 
lamity ; calamitous ; as, evil days. 4. Arising from bad 
character, actual or imputed; as, he has an evil name._ 
evil eye, according to an ancient superstition, an eye which 
inflicts blight or injury by merely looking upon a person. 
— the E. One, the Devil ; Satan. 
Syn. Pernicious, hurtful ; sinful, corrupt. See bad. 

— n. 1. Anything impairing happiness or welfare ; affliction ; 
misfortune ; — opposed to good. 2. Moral badness or of- 
fense ; wickedness ; sin. 3. A malady or disease, esp. scrof- 
ula, called king's evil. — adv. In an evil manner ; badly. 

e'vil-ly, adv. In an evil manner. 

e'vil-ness, n. Quality or state of being evil. 

e-vince' (e-vins'), v. t.; e-vinced' (-vinsf) ; e-vtnc'ing 
(-vin'slng). [L. evincere to vanquish completely, prevail, 
prove ; e out, quite + vincere to vanquish.] 1. To con- 
quer. Obs. 2. To show clearly ; prove beyond any rea- 
sonable doubt ; make evident ; as, experience will evince 

' the truth of this. 3. To show forth, as a quality or trait ; 
exhibit ; display ; as, his conversation evinced great learn- 
ing. — Syn. See exhibit. 

e-vin'cive (e-vin'siv), a. Tending to prove ; having the 
power to demonstrate ; demonstrative ; indicative. 

O'vi-rate (e'vi-rat ; ev'I-), v. t. [L. eviratus, p. p. of evirate 
to castrate ; e out + vir man.] To emasculate. Obs. or R. 

e-vis'cer-ate (e-vis'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. evisceratus, p. p. of eviscerare to eviscerate ; e + viscera 
bowels.] To disembowel. — e-vis'cer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

ev'i-ta-ble (ev'i-td-b'l), a. [L. evitabilis.'] Avoidable. 

6-vite' (e-vlt'), v. t. [L. evitare.] To avoid. Archaic. 

ev'O-ca-ble (ev'6-kd-b'l), a. That may be called forth. 

ev'o-cate (-kit), v. t. [L. evocatus, p. p. of evocare. See 
evoke.] To evoke. Rare. 

ev'0-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. 1. Act of calling out or forth, as 
from seclusion or burial. 2. Law. The evoking, or summon- 
ing, of a cause from an inferior by a superior court, as on 
appeal. [serving to evoke; developing.! 

e-VOC'a-tive (e-vok'd-tiv;e-vo'kd-tiv), a. Calling forth ;| 

ev'O-ca'tor (ev'6-ka'ter), n. One who calls forth ; esp., one 
who summons spirits. 

ev'o-e (ev'6-e), ev'o-he, inter j. [L. euhoe, euoe, less cor- 
rectly evoe; Gr. «wh.] A cry or utterance of bacchanals. 

e-voke' (e-vok'), v. t.; e-voked' (-vokf) ; e-vok'ing. [L. 
evocare; e out + vocare to call, vox, vocis, voice.] To call 
out ; summon forth, as from the grave. 

ev'o-lute (ev'6-liit) , n. [L. evolutus unrolled, p. p. of evol- 
vere. See evolve.] Geom. The locus 
of the center of curvature, or the enve- 
lope of the normals, of a related curve 
called the involute. See involute. 

ev'o-lu'tion (ev'6-lu'shun or, esp. 
Brit., e'vo-), n. [L. evolutio an un- 
rolling. See evolve.] 1. An unfold- 
ing ; hence: a process of developing 
something contained or implied in Ellipse ADC -with its 
something else ; a development, esp as fg^S^ tt°S 
leading up to a definite end or result ; wou ld. if swung so as 
as, the evolution of the flower from to enwrap AB, de- 
the bud, or the butterfly from the cat- scribe the arc CD of 
erpillar. 2. A thing evolved. 3. A pre- the ElUpse. 




scribed movement or one of a series ; as, the evolution of 
troops or of a flying machine. 4. A process of "rolling out" 
or disengaging so as to expose or free ; also, the product of 
such a process ; as, the evolution of gas from limestone. 
5. Biol. The development of a race, species, or other group ; 
in general, the history of the steps by which any living or- 
ganism or group of organisms has acquired its distinguishing 
characters ; hence, the theory that the various types of ani- 
mals and plants have developed from preexisting types, as 
opp. to the theory of separate creation of each species. 

ev'o-lu'tion-al (ev'6-lu'shun-dl) , a. Of, pertaining to, or 
produced by, evolution. — ev'o-lu'tion-al-ly, adv. 

ev'o-lu'tion-a-ry (-5-ri), a. 1. Evolutional. 2. Pertaining 
to evolutions or maneuvers. 

ev'o-lu'tion-ist, n. One who holds a theory of evolution. 

e-volve' (e-volv'), v. t.; e-volved' (-volvd') ; e-yolv'ixg. 
[L. evolvere, evolutum; e out -f- volvcre to roll.] To 
throw out ; emit ; as, to evolve odors. — v. i. 1. To unfold 
or unroll ; develop ; educe ; exhibit or produce by evolution. 
2. To become open, disclosed, or developed ; pass through a 
process of evolution. [evolved; evolution. 

e-VOlve'ment (-ment), n. Act of evolving, or state of beingl 

e-volv'er, n. One who, or that which, evolves. 

e-VUl'sion (e-vul'shun), n. [L. evulsio, fr. evellere, evul- 
sum, to pluck out; e out + vellere to pluck.] Act of 
plucking out ; a rooting out. 

ewe (u), n. [AS. eowu, ewe.] The female of the sheep. 

ewe neck. In horses, a thin, insufficiently arched neck sug- 
gesting that of a sheep. — ewe'— necked' (-nekf), a. 

ew'er (u'er), n. [AF. ewer, L. aquaria, fem. of aquarius 
relating to water, aqua water.] A kind of wide-mouthed 
pitcher or jug, esp. one to hold water for the toilet. 

ex (eks), prep. [L.] Out ; from ; without ; — used in com- 
mercial phrases ; as : a Without the right to have (any 
dividend, bonus, or the like that has been declared on, or 
annexed to. the stock) ; as, ex dividend, b Free out of, 
that is, free of charges until taken out of the vessel or other 
place referred to ; as, ex ship, or free overside, ex store, etc. 

ex-. [L. ex out of, from.] A prefix denoting : 1. a Out of, as 
in exhale, b Off, from, as in exclude, c Beyond ; as in ex- 
ceed, excel, d Away from, out of; as in expatriate, exoner- 
ate, e Thoroughly, completely ; as in excruciate, exasper- 
ate, f As annexed (with a hyphen) to a name implying officer 
or condition : formerly holding or in, but now out of, the 
office, condition, class, or the like ; formerly, but not now ; 
as in : ex-president, a person formerly president but now 
out of office; ex-convict, ex-mayor, etc. 2. [Gr. e£ out of.] 
In words from the Greek : out of; as, exarch, exodus. 

ex-ac'er-bate (eg-zas'er-bat),i>.*. [L. exacerbatus, p. p. of 
exacerbare; ex out (intens.) + acerbare to irritate.] To 
render more violent _or bitter ; irritate ; exasperate. 

ex-ac'er-ba'tion (-ba'shun), n. Act of exacerbating; state 
of being exacerbated ; increase of violence, as in a disease. 

ex-act' (eg-zakf), a. [L. exactus precise, p. p. of exigere to 
drive out, demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure ; ex 
out + agere to drive.] 1. Strict ; undeviating ; rigorous ; as, 
exact laws. 2. Marked by agreement with fact, the truth, 
or a standard ; precise or correct ; as, exact knowledge of the 
law ; an exact copy. 3. Capable of great nicety ; as, exact 
instruments. — Syn. See correct. 

exact science, a mathematical science, or a science that 
admits of absolute precision in results. 

— v. t. 1. To require authoritatively or peremptorily ; 
compel to yield or furnish ; hence, to extort ; — usually 
used with from or of; as, to exact a ransom from a person. 
2. To call for ; require ; as, gray hairs exact reverence. — 
Syn. See elicit. — v. i. To practice exaction. Obs. 

ex-act'a-ble (-zak'td-b'l), a. That may be exacted. 

ex-act'er, n. One who, or that which, exacts. 

ex-act'ing, p. a. Unreasonably severe in making demands 
or requiring the fulfillment of obligations. 

ex-ac'tion (-zak'shiin), n. 1. Act or process of exacting; 
hence, extortion. 2. That which is exacted. 

ex-act'i-tude (-zak'ti-tud), n. Quality of being exact. 

ex-act'ly, adv. In an exact manner ; precisely. 

ex-act'ness, n. Quality or state of being exact. 

ex-ac'tor (-zak'ter), n. One who exacts, esp. by authority. 

ex-ag'ger-ate (-zaj'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. exaggeratus, p. p. of exaggerare to heap up ; ex out -+- 
aggerare to heap up, agger heap.] 1. To enlarge beyond 
bounds or the truth ; overstate. 2. To enlarge beyond the 
normal ; as, an exaggerated development. 

ex-ag'ger-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of exaggerating ; state of 
being exaggerated ; overstatement. 

ex-ag'ger-a-tive (-zaj'er-a-tiv), a. Tending to exaggerate ; 
given to exaggeration ; involving exaggeration ; as, an exag- 
gerative person or statement. 

ex-ag'ger-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who exaggerates. 

ex-eg'ger-a-to-ry (-d-tS-ri), a. Exaggerative. 

ex-alt' (eg-z61t'), v. t. [L. exaltare; ex out (intens.) + al- 
tus high.] 1. To raise high ; elevate ; as, "I will exalt my 
throne above the stars of God." Arch, or Rhetorical in 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 



EXALTATION 



350 



EXCERPTION 



the literal sense. 2. To elevate in rank, power, character, 
or the like ; dignify ; glorify ; as, " Righteousness exalteth a 
nation." 3. To elevate by praise or estimation ; extol. 4. 
To lift up with joy, pride, or success ; elate. 5. To raise in 
degree or power ; to intensify ; heighten ; as, to exalt the 
imagination. — Syn. See raise. 

ex'al-ta'tion (eg'zSl-ta'shSn), n. 1. An exalting; state of 
being exalted ; elevation. 2. Specif. : aAstrol. That place 
of a planet in the zodiac where it exerts its strongest influ- 
ence, b Abnormal intensification of a mental state or of the 
power of an organ or function. 

ex-alfed, p. a. Raised to a state of exaltation ; elevated, 
refined, dignified, sublime, etc. ; as, an exalted mind ; 
exalted thoughts, language, etc. — ex-alt'ed-ly, adv. — 
ex-alt'ed-ness, n. 

ex-alt'er (eg-zol'ter), n. One who, or that which, exalts. 

ex-a'men (eg-za/men), n. [L. examen, -aminis, tongue of 
a balance, examination, for exagmen, fr. exigere. See ex- 
act, a.] Examination ; inquiry ; investigation. 

ex-am'in-a-ble (-zam'm-d-b'l), a. That may be examined. 

ex-am'i-nant (eg-zam'i-nant), n. [L. examinans, -antis, 
examining.] One who examines ; an examiner. 

ex-am'i-na'tion (eg-zam'i-na'shwn), n. 1. Act of exam- 
ining ; state of being examined ; investigation ; inspection. 
2. The statements made in an examination. 
Syn. Test, trial, interrogation, inquiry, inquisition, inves- 
tigation, inspection, scrutiny, research ; discussion, debate, 
consideration. — Examination, inquiry, inquisition, 
investigation, inspection, scrutiny, research. Exam- 
ination is the general term for testing or searching ; an 
inquiry is a search for truth or information conducted by 
or as by questioning ; an inquisition is (usually) a judicial 
inquiry, and often suggests severity or even hostility ; as, 
the examination of a witness, an entrance examination. 
An investigation is a searching inquiry often to deter- 
mine a given point ; an inspection, an official examina- 
tion ; as, an investigation of a bankrupt's accounts ; an in- 
spection of troops. Scrutiny suggests minute and critical 
inspection ; research, laborious and (esp.) learned inves- 
tigation ; as, his conduct will not bear close scrutiny ; 
scientific research. 

ex-am/ine (eg-zam'Tn), v. t. ; -ined (-Tnd) ; -in-ing. [F. ex- 
aminer, fr. L. examinare, examinatum, fr. examen. See 
examen.] 1. To test by any appropriate method ; inquire 
or search into ; investigate ; test. 2. To interrogate closely, 
as in a judicial proceeding ; try or test, as by question, as 
a student. — Syn. Search into, explore, inspect ; discuss, 
debate, consider. — ex-am'in-er (-Tn-er), n. 

tix-am'plar, ex-am'pler. Obs. vars. of exemplar. 

iX-am'ple (-zam'p'l ; -zam'p'l), n. [For ensample, fr. 
OF. example, essample, fr. L. exemplum, orig., what is 
taken out, as a sample, fr. eximere to take out. See ex- 
empt.] 1. One or a portion taken to show the quality of 
all ; a sample ; specimen. 2. Something to be followed ; 
pattern. 3. A precedent, model, or parallel case. 4. A 
warning case, esp. of punishment ; as, to make an exam- 
ple of a person. 5= An instance illustrating a rule or pre- 
cept ; esp., a problem to be solved, as in arithmetic. 
Syn. Sample, specimen, instance, illustration, exemplifica- 
tion, case. — Example, sample, specimen, instance. An 
example is a typical, representative, or illustrative case; 
a sample is a part of a thing designed to show the quali- 
ty of the whole ; as, Kant's work is an example of abstract 
reasoning ; samples of butter. A specimen is commonly 
representative of a class of things rather than of an indi- 
vidual object ; but sample and specimen are often used 
without distinction ; as, specimens of gold ore. Instance 
applies only to illustrative facts, cases, or occurrences, 
never to objects as such ; as, the plot to murder Caesar is a 
notable instance of conspiracy. 

— v. t. To set, or act as, an example for ; give a precedent 
for ; exemplify ; give an instance of ; instance ; — now chiefly 
in passive ; as, he devoted himself to the task with a fervor 
not often exampled. 

ex-an'i-mate (eg-zan'i-mat), a. [L. exanimatus, p. p. of 
exanimare to deprive of life or spirit ; ex out + anima air, 
breath, life, spirit.] Inanimate ; lifeless. Now Rare. 

ex-an'them (eg-zan'them ; ek-san'-), n. Exanthema. 

ex'an-the'ma (ek'san-the'md), n. ; pi. -themata (-them'- 
d-td; -the'md-td). [L., fr. Gr. l£avdT)ua, fr. Qavdeiv to 
burst forth as flowers, break out as ulcers ; he, ~i£, out + 
&vdeZv to bloom, avdos flower.] Med. a An eruption on the 
skin, b Any eruptive disease, esp. when febrile, as measles, 
smallpox, scarlatina, herpes, lichen, etc. — ex-an'the-mat'- 
ic (ek-san'the-mat'ik ; eg-zan'-), ex'an-them'a-tOUS, a. 
ex'arch (ek'sark), n. [L. exarchus, Gr. e£apxos a com- 
mander ; he, <?£, out -f- &pxw to rule.] 1. A viceroy (of a 
Byzantine emperor). 2. Eastern Ch. Orig., the head of 
a chief see ; later, a bishop of high rank ; now a deputy of 
a patriarch, usually a bishop. [province of an exarch. I 

ex'arcb-ate (ek/sar-kat ; gk-sar'kSt), n. The office or the| 
ex-as'per-ate (eg-zas'per-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- 
ing. [L. exasperatus, p. p. of exasperate ; ex out (intens.) 
+ asperare to roughen, asper rough.] 1. To excite the 



anger of ; irritate ; enrage. 2. To make grievous, or more 
grievous or malignant ; to aggravate ; embitter ; as, to 
exasperate enmity. — Syn. See irritate. — ex-as'per- 
at'er (-aVer), n. — ex-as'per-at'ing-ly, adv. 

ex-as'per-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of exasperating; state 
of being exasperated ; keen anger ; great irritation. 

Ex-cal'i-bur (eks-kal'i-bur), n. [OF. Escalibor, of Celtic 
origin.] The name of two famous swords of King Arthur. 

||ex ca-the'dra (eks kd-the'drd ; kath'e-drd). [L., from 
the chair.] By virtue of, or in the exercise of, one's office ; 
with authority. — ex-ca-the'dra, a. 

ex'ca-vate (eks'kd-vat), v. t.; -v at'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. 
[L. excavatus, p. p. of excavare to excavate ; ex out + ca- 
vare to hollow, cavus hollow.] 1. To hollow out by cut- 
ting or digging. 2. To form by hollowing, as a cellar. 3. 
To cut or dig out, as earth. 4. To expose by digging. 

ex'ca-va'tion (-va'shiin), n. Act of excavating ; a cavity 
formed by excavating. 

ex'ca-va'tor (eks'kd-va/ter), n. One who, or that which, 
excavates, as a steam shovel, a dredger, etc. 

ex-ceed' (ek-sed'), v. t. & i. [F. exceder, L. excedere, ex- 
cessum, to go beyond ; ex out + cedere to go.] 1. To go 
or be beyond the limit or measure of ; overdo ; as, to exceed 
one's authority. 2. To be greater than or superior to; 
surpass. 

Syn. Exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo. Ex- 
ceed commonly suggests a going beyond in quantity or 
extent ; excel implies superiority in quality or action ; as, 
his cruelties exceed belief ; woman excels in beauty, man in 
strength. Surpass applies oftener to quality than quan- 
tity ; it implies comparison with a definite object ; as, they 
surpass us in dexterity. To transcend is greatly to sur- 
pass or go beyond. To outdo is to surpass (esp.) in per- 
formance. 

ex-ceed'ing, a. Extraordinary. — adv. In a very great de- 
gree. Archaic. — ex-ceed'ing-ly, adv. 

ex-cel' (ek-sel'), v. t. & i.; -celled' (-seld') ; -cel'ling. [L. 
excellere, -celsum ; ex out + root of culmen top.] To go 
beyond or surpass, esp. in good qualities. — Syn. See 

EXCEED. 

ex'cel-lence (ek'se-lens), n. 1. Quality of being excellent ; 
exalted merit. 2. An excellent quality ; a virtue. 3. [Usu- 
ally cap.~\ Excellency (sense 2). — Syn. Superiority, pre- 
eminence, worth, value, goodness, purity, greatness. 

ex'cel-len-cy (-len-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. Excellence; 
virtue ; worth. 2. [Usually cap.'] A title of honor given 
to certain high dignitaries, as viceroys and ambassadors. 

ex'cel-lent (-lent), a. [F., fr. L. excellens, -entis, p. pr.] 
1. Excelling ; superior. Archaic. 2. Very good of its kind ; 
first-class ; hence : of great worth ; eminently good. — Syn. 
Worthy, choice, prime, valuable, select, transcendent, ad- 
mirable, first-rate. — adv. Excellently ; eminently. Ar- 
chaic. — ex'cel-lent-ly, adv. 

ex-cel'si-or (ek-sel'si-or), a. [L., compar. of excelsus ele- 
vated, lofty, p. p. of excellere. See excel, v. t.~\ More 
lofty ; still higher ; ever upward ; — used as a motto (as by 
the State of New York) , and by various writers as an ex- 
pression suggesting sustained aspiration. — n. A material 
of curled shreds of wood used for stuffing, packing, etc. 

ex-cept' (-septO, v. t. [L. exceptus, p. p. of excipere to 
take or draw out, except ; ex out + caper e to take.] To 
take or leave out (anything) from a. number or a whole as 
not belonging to it ; exclude ; omit. — v. i. To take ex- 
ception ; object. — prep. With exclusion of ; excepting. 
Syn. Except, excepting, but, save. Except (less often 
excepting) marks exclusion more pointedly than but; 
save is chiefly poetical ; as, I have finished all the letters 
except one (or, more casually, but one). 

— conj. Unless ; if it be not so that. 

ex-cept'ing, prep. & conj. With rejection or exception of ; 
excluding ; except. — Syn. See except. 

ex-cep'tion (ek-sep'sh-iin), n. 1. Act of excepting; exclu- 
sion. 2. That which is excepted, or taken out, from 
others. 3. Objection ; hence : disapproval ; complaint ; as, 
to take exception to an act. 

ex-cep'tion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to exception. — Syn. 
See exceptional. — ex-cep'tion-a-bly, adv. 

ex-cep'tion-al (-51), a. Forming an exception ; rare ; hence, . 
superior. — ex-cep'tion-al-ly, adv. I 

Syn. Exceptional, exceptionable are often confused. 
That is exceptional which is an exception, or out of the 
ordinary ; that is exceptionable to which exception may 
be taken, and which is therefore objectionable^ 

ex-cep'tious (-shits), a. Disposed to except ; captious. Rare. 

ex-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to exception. 

ex-cep'tor (-tor; -ter), n. One who excepts. 

ex-cerpt' (-surpt'), v. t. [L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere; 
ex out + carpere to pick.] To select, as a literary pas- 
sage ; extract ; quote. 

ex'cerpt (ek'surpt ; ek-surpt'), n. An extract ; a selected or 
copied passage. 

ex-cerp'tion (-surp'shun), n. An excerpting, or selecting; 
also, that which is selected ; an extract. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sola; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soTt, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



EXCESS 



351 



EXCOMMUNICATION 



0X-cess' (-seV), n. [F. exces, fr. L. excessus a going out, 
loss of self-possession, fr. excedere. See exceed.] 1. 
State of surpassing limits ; that which exceeds what is usual 
or proper ; immoderateness ; as, excess of spirits ; guilty of 
excesses in war. 2. Undue indulgence, esp. in gratifying 
carnal appetites ; intemperance. 3. The amount or degree 
by which one thing or number exceeds another. 
Syn. Superfluity, redundancy, exuberance, extravagance. 
— Excess, superfluity, redundancy. Excels is that 
which passes limits ; it usually (but not always) conveys a 
derogatory implication ; superfluity is more than is need- 
ed or desired ; redundancy is superabundance without nec- 
essary implication (as commonly in the case of superfluity) 
of waste or uselessness ; as, the medium between sufficiency 
and excess ; verbiage consists in using a superfluity of words ; 
in the tropics there is a redundancy of vegetation. 

— a. More than or above the usual or specified amount. 

ex-ces'sive (-ses'iv), a. Characterized by or exhibiting ex- 
cess ; exceptional ; very great. — ex-ces'sive-ly, adv. 
Syn. Exorbitant, inordinate, extravagant, immoderate, 
extreme, intemperate, unreasonable. — Excessive, exor- 
bitant, inordinate, extravagant, immoderate. Ex- 
cessive is the general term for what goes beyond just meas- 
ure or amount. Exorbitant applies to that (esp. price, 
charges, etc.) which is grossly excessive ; inordinate often 
retains the implication of that which exceeds prescribed 
rules or limits ; as, an exorbitant charge ; inordinate desires. 
That is extravagant which passes the bounds of use or 
propriety, or which is prodigal in expenditure ; as, to call 
Cowper a great poet is extravagant praise. Immoderate 
often implies lack of restraint, esp. in the feelings or their 
expression ; as, immoderate zeal or laughter. 

ex-change' (eks-chanj'), n. [OF. eschange, fr.' eschangier 
to exchange ; es- (L. ex out) + F. changer. See change.] 
1. Act of giving or taking one thing in return for an equiva- 
lent. 2. a The process of settling accounts by exchanging 
bills of exchange, b A bill of exchange. C The amount 
paid for the collection of a draft, check, etc. d (1) Inter- 
change or conversion of the money of two countries, or of 
current and uncurrent money, with allowance for difference 
in value. (2) Short for rate, or course, of exchange, that is 
the price or sum per unit at which the currency of one coun- 
try is exchanged for that of another, or uncurrent money 
for current. (3) The amount of the difference in value be- 
tween two currencies, or between values at two places, e 
In pi. In a clearing house, the items (drafts, checks, etc.) 
which are presented for settlement by mutual interchange 
of credits and debits and payment of balances. 3. Act of 
substituting one thing for another ; as, an exchange of grief 
for joy ; also, act of giving and receiving reciprocally ; as, an 
exchange of views or blows. 4. The thing given or received 
in return ; esp., a publication exchanged for another. 5. A 
place where things or services are exchanged ; specif. : a The 
place where merchants, brokers, bankers, or the like, meet 
to do business ; as, a stock exchange, cotton exchange, etc. 
D A headquarters or central office or place of business (of a 
designated sort) ; as, a telephone exchange. — Syn. Bar- 
ter, dealing, trade, traffic, interchange. 

— v. t.; -changed' (-chanjd') ; -chang'ing (-changing). 
1. To part with, give, or transfer to another for an equiva- 
lent. 2. To lay aside, quit, or resign (one thing for 
another). 3. To give and receive or lose and take recip- 
rocally, as things of the same kind ; to barter ; swap ; as, to 
exchange prisoners. 

Syn. Exchange, interchange. Interchange, as com- 
pared with exchange, emphasizes more strongly the mu- 
tual or reciprocal nature of the transaction. 

<— v. i. To make an exchange, or to pass in exchange. — 
ex-change'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — ex-change'a-ble, a. 

exchange editor. An editor who culls items for his own 
publication from exchanges (see exchange, n. 4). 

BX-cheq'uer (eks-chek'er), n. [OF. eschekier, eschequier, 
a chessboard. See checker.] 1. [cop.] Formerly, in Eng- 
land, an office which managed the royal revenue and de- 
cided revenue cases. 2. leap.'] Eng. Hist. Short for Court 
of Exchequer, a court arising from the Exchequer Office, 
now merged in the King's Bench Division of the High Court 
of Justice. 3. {Often cap.] In the United Kingdom, the de- 
partment of state in charge of the national revenue ; hence, 
the national banking account or purse. 4. A treasury, esp. 
of a nation. 5. Pecuniary resources ; purse ; finances. 

ex-cide'(ek-sld'), v. t. ; -cid'ed (-sid'ed) ; -cid'ing. [L. exci- 
dere, excisum ; ex out + caederetocut.] To cutout; excise. 

ex-cip'i-ent (-sip'i-ent), n. [L. excipiens, -entis, p. pr. of 
excipere. See except, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, re- 
ceives. 2. Pharm. A substance used in preparing remedies 
to give them a suitable form or consistency. 

ex-cis'a-ble (-sTz'd-b'l), a. Liable to excise duty, or (of 
persons) the imposition of excise duty. 

ex-cise' (-slz'), n. [Prob. under the influence of L. exci- 
dere, -cisum (see excide), fr. an OF. word.] 1. An inland 
duty levied on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of 
commodities w?thin the country ; also, a tax on the pursuit 



of certain sports or occupations. 2. The branch of the pub- 
lic service charged with the collection of excise taxes. Eng. 

— v. t. To impose an excise on. 

ex-cise' (ek-slz'), v. t. [See excide.] To cut out or off. 

ex-cise'man (-man), n. An officer who collects excise taxes 
and enforces excise laws. British. 

ex-c^sion (-sizh'tm), n. Act or operation of excising, or 
cutting out or off ; hence : extirpation ; destruction. 

ex-cit'a-bil'i-ty (-slt'd-bll'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
readily excitable. 2. Physiol. Irritability, as of the nerves. 

ex-cit'a-ble (-sTt'd-b'l), a. Capable of being excited ; easily 
stirred up. — ex-cit'a-ble-ness, n. 

ex-cit'ant (-ant), a. Tending to excite; exciting. — n. 
Something that excites. 

ex'ci-ta'tion (ek'si-ta'shun), n. Act of exciting ; state cf 
being excited ; excitement. 

ex-cit'a-tive (ek-sl t'd-ti v) , a. Tending or serving to excite. 

ex-cit'a-to-ry ( ek-slt'd-to-n ), a. Tending to excite ; con- 
taining, or marked by, excitement ; excitative. 

ex-cite' (ek-slf), v. t. ; -cit'ed (-slt'ed) ; -cit'ing. [L. ex- 
citare; ex out + citare to move rapidly, rouse.] To call 
or stir to activity in cny way ; rouse. — Syn. Arouse, stir, 
stimulate, animate, kindle, inflame, provoke, impel, 
prompt, spur, instigate. — ex-cit'ed-ly, adv. 

ex-cite'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of exciting ; state of being 
excited ; agitation. 2. That which excites or rouses. 

ex-cit'er (ek-sit'eO, n. One who, or that which, excites; 
specif. : Elec. a A small auxiliary dynamo or other source 
of electricity used to excite the field magnets of some dyna- 
mos, b A device for producing jump sparks to excite elec- 
tric waves of definite and determinable wave length. 

ex-cit'ing (ek-slt'ing), p. a. Calling or rousing into action ; 
producing excitement ; as, exciting events. 

ex-ci'to- (ek-sl'to-). [L. excitare to excite.] A combining 
form denoting connection with, or relation to, excitation 
or stimulation, esp. to reflex action, as in : ex-ci'to— mo'- 
tion, n. Physiol., reflex action ; ex-ci'to— mo'tor, a., etc. 

ex-ci'tor (ek-sl'tor ; -ter), n. An exciter ; specif., Physiol., 
an afferent nerve arousing reflex action. 

ex-Claim' (eks-klam'), v. i. & t. [L. exclamare, -clama- 
tum; ex out + clamare to cry out.] To cry out, utter, or 
speak, in strong or sudden emotion ; as, to exclaim with 
wonder. — n. Outcry ; clamor. Archaic. — ex-claim'er, n. 

ex'cla-ma'tion (eks'kld-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of exclaiming ; 
a sharp utterance of strong feeling. 2. Gram. A word of out- 
cry ; an interjection. 3. Punct. A sign [!] by which outcry 
is marked ; — called also exclamation point. 

ex-clam'a-to-ry (eks-klam'd-to-n), a. Containing, ex- 
pressing, using, or pertaining to, exclamation; as, an 
exclamatory phrase or person. 

ex'clavc (eks'klav), n. [Formed fr. enclave by substitution 
of ex- for en-.] A portion of a country which is separated 
from the main part and surrounded by politically alien ter- 
ritory. The same territory is an enclave in respect to the 
surrounding country and an exclave with respect to the 
country to which it is politically attached. 

ex-clude' (eks-klood'; 86), v. t.; ex-clud'ed (-klood'ed) ; 
-clud'ing. [L. excluder e, exclusum ; ex out + claudere 
to shut.] 1. To shut out ; refuse enjoyment, consideration, 
or inclusion, to. 2. To expel. — ex-clud'er (-klood'cr), n. 
Syn. Debar, shut out ; eliminate, thrust out. — Exclude, 
eliminate. To exclude, as here compared, is to keep 
out what is already outside ; to eliminate is to get rid of 
what is already in, esp. as a constituent element or part. 

ex-clu'sion (-kloo'zhun), n. Act of excluding ; state of be- 
ing excluded ; debarring ; rejection. 

ex-clu'sion-ist, n._ One who would exclude another from 
some right or privilege. 

ex-clu'sive (-sfv), a. 1. Able to prevent entrance ; enjoyed 
to the exclusion of others ; as, exclusive privileges or cir- 
cles. 2. Inclined to exclude outsiders ; as, an exclusive 
clique. 3. Not taking into the account ; — opposed to 
inclusive. — Syn. See select. — ex-clu'sive -ly, adv. — 
ex-clu'sive-ness, n. 

ex-COg'i-tate (-koj'i-tat), v. t. [L. excogitatus, p. p. of ex- 
cogitare. See ex- ; cogitate.] To think out ; contrive. 

ex-COg'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. [L. excogitatio.] Act of 
excogitating ; a devising in the thoughts ; invention ; con- 
trivance ; also, a thing thought out ; a contrivance. 

ex-COg'i-ta-tive (-ta-tiv), a. Pert, to excogitation. 

ex'com-mu'ni-ca-ble (eks'ko-mu'ni-kd-b'l), a. Liable to, 
deserving of, or punishable by, excommunication. 

ex'com-mu'ni-cate (-kat), a. [L. excommunicatus, p. p. 
of excommunicare to excommunicate. See ex- ; communi- 
cate.] Excommunicated. — n. One excommunicated. — 
(-kat), v. t. To cut off, or shut out, from communion with 
the church, by ecclesiastical sentence. 

ex'com-mu'ni-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of excommuni- 
cating ; an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against 
whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the com- 
munion of the church. 



K.= ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 




G 



H 



I 



K 



M 




EXCOMMUNICATIVE 



352 



EXEGESIS 



BX'com-mu'ni-ca-tive (gks / ko-mu'nY-ka-tiv), a. Tending 
toward, decreeing, or favoring, excommunication, [cates. I 

ex'com-mu'ni-ca'tor (-ka/ter), n. One who excommuni-( 

ex'com-mu'ni-ca-to-ry (-kd-to-n), o. Pertaining to, caus- 
ing, or declaring, excommunication. 

ex-co'ri-ate (eks-ko'ri-at ; 57), v. *.;-at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at/- 
ing. [L. excoriare ; ex out + corium hide.] To strip 
or wear off the skin of ; skin ; abrade ; gall. 

ex-co'ri-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of excoriating, or state 
of being excoriated. 

ex'cre-ment (eks'kre-ment), n. [L. excrementum, fr. ex- 
cernere. See excrete.] Waste discharged from the body, 
esp. from the alimentary canal ; fecal matter. 

ex'cre-men'tal (-men'tol), ex'cre-men-ti'tious (-men- 
tish'ws), a. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, excrement ; 
like, or of the nature of, excrement. 

ex-cres'cence (eks-kres'ens), n. 1. A growing out ; esp., ab- 
normal increase ; hence, excess. 2. An outgrowth : a A 
natural appendage, b An abnormal outgrowth, as a wart. 

ex-cres'cen-cy (-en-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). State of being 
excrescent ; also, esp., an abnormal protrusion or growth. 

ex-cres'cent (-ent), a. [L. excrescens, -entis, p. pr. of ex- 
crescere, excretum, to grow out ; ex out + crescere to 

| grow.] Growing out or forming an outgrowth ; esp., 
forming an abnormal or useless outgrowth; superfluous. 

ex-crete' (-kref), v. t. ; -cret'ed (-kref ed) ; -cret'ing. [L. 
excretus, p. p. of excernere to sift out, discharge ; ex out -f- 
cernere to sift.] To separate and eliminate or_ discharge 
(waste or harmful material) from the blood or tissues ; as, 
sweat is excreted from the skin. 

ex-cre'tion (-kre'shun), n. 1. Act or process of excreting. 
2. That which is excreted ; useless, superfluous, or harmful 
material (esp. sweat or urine) eliminated from the body. An 
excretion is a form of secretion, but differs from the ordi- 
nary form in not being produced to serve a useful function. 

ex'cre-to-ry (eks'kre-to-rl ; eks-kre'to-ri), a. Pertaining to, 
or serving for, excretion ; as, excretory organs. 

ex-cru'ci-ate (eks-kroo'shT-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'- 
ing. [L. excruciatus, p. p. of excruciare to excruciate ; ex 
+ cruciare to crucify, crux cross.] To inflict agonizing 
pain on ; torture ; rack ; as, to excruciate the ears with dis- 
cords. — ex-cru'ci-at'ing-ly, adv. 

CX-cru'ci-a'tion (-a'shun) , n. Act of excruciating, or state 
of being excruciated ; agony ; torture ; torment. 

ex-cuPpate (eks-kiil'pat ; eks'kul-pat), v. t. ; -pat-ed (-pat- 
ed ; -pat'ed) ; -rAT-iNG. [L. ex out + culpatus, p. p. of 
culpare to find fault with, blame, culpa fault.] To clear 
from alleged fault or guilt ; relieve of blame. 
Syn. Absolve, exonerate, release, discharge, remit ; excuse, 
pardon, forgive ; r.cquit, vindicate, justify. — Exculpate, 
absolve, exonerate, acquit agree in the idea of freeing 
from a charce or burden. Exculpate denotes simply a 
clearing from blame. Absolve implies a setting free either 
from obligations or responsibilities that bind_ the con- 
science, or from the consequences of their violation ; as, to 
absolve from allegiance, from blame. Exonerate denotes 
relief, in a moral sense, from what is regarded as a burden ; 
as, to exonerate from a charge of falsehood. Acquit im- 
plies a decision in one's favor, either by a jury or by dis- 
interested persons, with reference to a specific charge ; as, 
to acquit of murder. [that which exculpates; excuse.] 

ex'CUl-pa'tion (eks'kul-pa'shun), n. Act of exculpating;! 

ex-CuPpa-tO-ry (eks-kul'pd-to-n), a. Clearing, or tending 
to clear, from alleged fault or guilt ; excusing. 

ex-Clir'rent (eks-kur'ent), a. [L. excurrens, p. pr. of excur- 
rere, excursum ; ex out + currere to run.] Bot. a Having 
the axis prolonged, forming an undivided main stem, as in 
conifers, b Projecting beyond the apex, as the midrib of 
certain leaves. [excursion or a digression.! 

ex-curse' (eks-kurs'), v. i. [See excurrent.] Tomakean| 

ex-CUr'sion (-kur'shun ; -zhiin), n. _ [L. excursio. See_ ex- 
current.] 1. A going forth ; expedition ; sally. 2. A jour- 
ney chiefly for recreation ; pleasure trip. 3. Deviation ; 
hence, a digression. 4. Mech. A movement outward, or 
f r om a mean position or axis ; a single vibratory motion ; 
also, the distance traversed in such a movement ; amplitude ; 
as, the excursion of a particle in a wave motion or of a pis- 
ton rod. — Syn. Tour, ramble, jaunt, trip. See journey. 

ex-CUl/sion-ist, n. One who goes on an excursion. 

ex-cur/sive (-sTv), a. Prone to make excursions ;_ digressive ; 
wandering ; as, an excursive fancy. — ex-cur'sive-ly, adv. 
— ex-cur'sive-ness, n. All Now Chiefly Fig. 

ex-CUr'SUS (-sus), n. ; pi. E. excursuses (-ez ; 24) ; L. (now 
less usual) excursus. [L., fr. excurrere, excursum. See 
excurrent.] 1. An appended dissertation. 2. A digres- 
sion. — Syn. See digression. 

ex-cus'a-ble (eks-kuz'd-b'l), a. That may be excused. 

ex-CUS'a-to-ry (eks-kuz'd-to-rf), a. Apologetic. 

ex-cuse'(-kuz'), v. t.; -cusED't-kuzd') ; -cus'ing (-kuz'Tng). 
[OF. escuser, excuser, fr. L. excusare; ex + causa 
cause.] 1. To offer excuse for; apologize for. 2. To serve as 
excuse for ; exculpate ; justify ; as, ignorance of the law ex- 
cuses no one. 3. To pardon (a fault) ; forgive. 4. To seek or 



obtain exemption or release for or from : as, to excuse one's 
self from attendance. 5. To free (from an obligation or 
duty) ; as, to excuse a pupil from reciting. 6. To remit ; 
refrain from exacting ; as, to excuse a fine. 
Syn. Pardon, forgive, condone, exculpate, exonerate, ab- 
solve, acquit. — Excuse, pardon, forgive, condone. One 
excuses ( either as a superior or as an equal ) small faults, 
minor omissions, or neglects, esp. in social or convention- 
al obligations ; one pardons (as a superior or by an act 
of mercy or generosity) serious faults, crimes, or grave of- 
fenses, esp. against law or morals ; as, he readily excused 
my oversight ; the thief was pardoned. Pardon is often 
used as a conventional term of courtesy for excuse; as, 
pardon my interruption. Forgive applies to offenses 
against one's self, and emphasizes more strongly than par- 
don the element of personal feeling, often with the impli- 
cation that resentment is extinguished ; as, forgive your 
enemies. To condone is to forgive tacitly or by implica- 
tion, or to overlook foibles ; as, to condone a falsehood. 

ex-cuse' (eks-kuV), n. 1. Act of excusing. 2. Reason of- 
fered for being excused ; apology. 3, That which excuses. 
— Syn. See apology. 

ex-CUS'er (eks-kuz'er), n. One who excuses. 

ex'e-cra-ble (ek'se-krd-b'l), a. 1. Deserving to be exe- 
crated }• detestable. 2. Bad ; wretched. — ex'e-cra-bly, adv. 

ex'e-crate (-se-krat), v. t.; -crat'ed (-krat'ed) ; -crat'ing. 
[L. execratus, exsecratus, p. p. of execrare, exsecrare, to 
execrate ; ex out -f- sacrare to consecrate, curse, sacer sa- 
cred.] To curse ; call down evil upon ; hence : to detest 
utterly ; abominate. — ex'e-cra'tor (-kra'ter), n. 

^ex'e-cra'tion (-kra/sh&n), n. 1. Act of execrating; also, a 
curse ; imprecation. 2. That which is execrated ; as, they 
are an execration and reproach. — Syn. See curse. 

ex'e-cra-tive (ek'se-kra-tiv), a. Execratory. 

ex'e-cra-to-ry (ek'se-krd-to : rT), a. Of the nature of execra- 
tion ; imprecatory ; execrative. 

ex-ec'U-tant (eg-zek/u-tant), n. One who executes, or per- 
forms ; esp., a musical performer. 

ex'e-CUte (ek'se-kut), v. t.; -cut'ed (-kut'ed) ; -cut'ing. 
[F. executer, L. executus, exsecutus, p. p. of exsequi to 
follow to the end, pursue ; ex out + sequi to follow.] 1. 
To follow out or through to the end ; complete ; perform ; 
as, to execute a plan, design, etc. 2. To produce by carry- 
ing out a design; as, a picture executed by an unknown 
artist ; also, to perform, as music. 3. To give effect to ; do 
what is provided or required by ; as, to execute a decree. 

4. To complete, as a legal instrument ; to perform what is 
necessary to make valid, as by signing ; as, to execute a will. 

5. To put to death in conformity to a legal sentence. 
Syn. Carry out, accomplish, effect, manage, conduct, di- 
rect, administer, enforce. — Execute, administer, en- 
force. To execute is to carry out or into effect ; to ad- 
minister, to manage or direct the process of execution ; to 
enforce, to bring about the execution of something ; as, to 
execute a warrant ; to administer a charity ; to enforce the 
laws. See effect. [perform, as musically.] 

— v. i. To perform the work on a product of art or skill ;| 
ex'e-cut'er (ek'se-kut'er), n. One who executes. 
ex'e-cu/tion (-ku'shwn), n. 1. Act, process, or manner of 

executing. 2. Effective, esp. destructive, action; as, the 
enemy's guns did great execution. 3. Law. A judicial writ 
directing the enforcement of a judgment. 4. Formerly, any 
legal punishment ; now, esp., capital punishment. 

ex'e-CU'tion-er (-er), n. 1. An executer. Rare. 2. One 
who puts to death, esp. in conformity to legal warrant. 

ex-ec'U-tive (eg-zek'u-tiv ; ek-sek'-), a. 1. Active or skill- 
ful in execution. Chiefly U. S. 2. Designed or fitted for, 
or pert, to, execution, or carrying into effect ; as, executive 
talent ; qualified for, or pert, to, the execution of the laws or 
the conduct of affairs ; as, executive power ; an executive 
officer ; executive duties. Cf . judicial, legislative. 

— n. 1. The executive branch of a government, or those 
who administer the government. 2. Any person or body 
charged with admimstrative or executive work. 

ex-ec'U-tor ( eg-zek'u-ter ; ek-sek'-; sense 1, ek'se-ku'ter ), 
n. [L.] 1. One who executes something ; a doer, perform- 
er, etc. 2. One appointed by a testator to execute his will. 

ex-ec'u-to'ri-al (eg-zek'u-to^n-dl ; ek-sek'- ; 57), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to an executor ; executive. 2. Of or pert, to the execu- 
tion of a mandate or of legal process. Chiefly Scots Law. 

ex-ec'U-tO-ry (eg-zek'u-to-ri ; ek-sek'-), a. 1. Executive. 
2. Law. Designed, or of such a nature as, to take effect on 
a future contingency ; as, an executory gift. 

ex-ec'u-trix (-trfks), n. ; pi. L. -trices (-trl'sez), E. -treses 
(-trr_i/sez ; 24). [LL.] A woman executor. 

ex'e-dra (eVse-drd; ek-se'drd), n. ; pi. -t>rm (-dre). [L., 
fr. Gr. i£e8pa; ^jout + ZSpa seat.] 1. Class. Antiq : A 
room for conversation, more or less open, like a portico. 
2. An out-of-door seat or bench, nearly semicircular and 
usually having a high, solid back. 

ex'e-ge'sis (ek'se-je'sYs), n.; pi. -geseS (-sez). [NL-. &"• 
Gr. ^|i77i7<ns, fr. ttyyeladai to interpret ; i£ out + fiyeiodat 
toguide.] Exposition ; esp. , critical explanation of Scripture. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



EXEGETE 



353 



EXHILARATION 



ex'e-gete (eVse-jet), n. One skilled in exegesis. 
ex'e-get'ic (-jet'Ik) \a. [Gr. ^yt/tikos.] Pertaining to 
ex'e-get'i-cal (-i-kdl)j exegesis; explanatory; expository. 

— ex'e-get'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ex'e-get'ics (-jet'iks), n. (See-ics.) The science of exegesis. 

ex-em'plar (eg-zem'pldr), n. [L. exemplar, fr. exemplum. 
See example.] 1. One that serves as a model or pattern ; 
esp., an ideal model. 2. An instance or example ; speci- 
men. 3. A copy of a book or writing. — Syn. See pattern. 

ex'em-pla-ry (eg'zem-pla-r l ; eg-zem'pld-rT), a. 1. Serving 
as a pattern ; deserving imitation ; commendable. 2. Serv- 
ing as a warning ; monitory ; as, exemplary damages._ 3. 
Serving as a type, instance, or illustration ; exemplifying ; 
as, an exemplary passage. — ex'em-pla-ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. 

— ex'-em-pla-ri-ness, n. 

ex-em'pli-fi-ca'tion (eg-zem'pli-fT-ka'shun), 7i. 1. Act of 
exemplifying ; that which exemplifies ; an example. 2. A 
copy legally attested. 

ex-em'pli-fy (-zem'pli-fi), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. 
exemplum example + -/2/-] 1« To show or illustrate by 
example. 2. To transcribe ; make an attested copy of, 
under seal, as of a record. pli-fi-ca-tive (-fi-ka-tiv), a. 

ex-empt' (-zempt'), a. [L. exemptus, p. p. of eximere to 
take out, remove, free ; ex out + emere to buy, take.] 1. 
Cut off ; excepted, j Obs. or R. 2. Free or released from 
some liability. — v. t. 1. To set apart ; except. Obs. 2. To 
release from some liability ; grant immunity to ; release. — 
n. One exempted or freed from duty ; one not subject. 

ex-emp'tion (-zemp'shiin), n. Act of exempting ; state of 
being exempt ; immunity ; privilege. 

Syn. Exemption, immunity. Exemption commonly 
suggests the act of freeing or releasing, esp. from some charge 
or obligation imposed by others ; immunity emphasizes 
the state of freedom, esp. from some liability imposed by 
n?ture or general conditions ; as, exemption from taxation ; 
immunity from pain, disease, annoyance. 

ex-en'ter-ate (eks-en'ter-at), v. t. [From L., fr. Gr. i% out 
+ Ivrepov intestine.] To disembowel ; eviscerate. Rare. 

ex'e-qua'tur (ek'se-kwa'tur), n. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. 
subj. of exequi, exsequi, to perform, execute.] 1. A 
written official recognition of a consul or commercial agent 
by the government to which he is accredited granting him 
permission to act in the place to which he is assigned. 2. 

'Similar permission granted by a sovereign to exercise a 
bishop's functions under papal authority, or for publication 
of papal bulls. 

ex'e-quy (ek'se-kwi), n. ; pi. -qutes (-kwiz). _ [L. exequiae, 
exsequiae, a funeral procession, fr. exsequi to follow out. 
See execute.] A funeral rite or ceremony; obsequies; 
sometimes, funeral procession ; — usually in pi. 

ex'er-cis'a-ble (ek'ser-slz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being exer- 
cised, employed, or enforced. 

ex'er-ciS8 (-slz), n. [F. exercice, L. exercitium, fr. ex- 
ercere, exercitum, to drive on, keep busy ; ex out + arcere 
to shut up, inclose.] 1. Act of exercising ; a putting into 
action, use, or practice ; use ; habitual activity or practice ; 
as, the exercise of religion, wit, one's trade or calling, etc. 
2. Exertion for the sake of training or improvement ; also, 
that which gives practice, training, etc. ; as, physical exer- 
cise; a musical exercise. 3. Performance, as of an office, 
ceremony, or the like ; as, graduating exercises. 
Syn. Effort, exertion, application, practice ; custom, usage, 
habit, manner. — Exercise, practice come into compari- 
son in the sense of activity or exertion for the sake of im- 
provement, in either strength or health (as in the case of 
exercise) or in skill or dexterity (as implied in practice) ; 
as, exercise is good for the muscles ; practice makes perfect. 
But the distinction does not always hold. As referring to 
the use of a given power or faculty, practice implies more 
often than exercise regular or habitual performance. 

=- v. t.; -ciSED (-slzd); -cis'ing. 1. To employ actively; 
use ; train ; exert repeatedly ; as, to exercise the fingers, the 
judgment, authority, etc. 2. To practice in order to de- 
velop ; as, to exercise troops. 3. To occupy the attention 
and effort of ; task ; harass ; worry ; as, he was greatly exer- 
cised over the affair. 4. To put in practice ; perform the 
duties of, as an office. — v. i. To drill ; take exercise. 

ex'er-cis'er (-slz'er), n. One who takes exercise; also, an 
apparatus for use in physical exercise. 

ex-er'ci-ta'tion (eg-zur'sl-ta/shi/n), n. [L. exercitatio, 
deriv. of exercere to exercise.] 1. Exercise; use, as of 
faculties, powers, etc. 2. An exercise ; a performance, esp. 
literary or oratorical ; an essay ; discourse. 

ex-erglie' (eg-zurg'; ek-surg'), n. [F., fr. Gr. ^ out + 
ipyov work ; lit., out work, i. e., accessory work.] Numis. 
The small space beneath the base line of a subject engraved 
on a coin or medal, usually containing the date, place, en- 
graver's name, etc. ; also, the matter there inscribed. 
ex-erf (-ziirt'), v. t. [L. exertus, exsertus, p. p. of exerere, 
exserere, to thrust out ; ex out + serere to join together.] 
1. To thrust forth ; emit ; reveal. _ Obs. 2. To put forth, 
as strength, ability, etc. ; put in vigorous action. 
to exert one's self, to exercise one's powers ; strive. 



ex-er'tion (-zGr'shun), n. Act of exerting ; exercise of any 
power ; effort, esp. a perceptible effort. — Syn. See effort. 

ex-er'tive (-ttv), a. Having power or a tendency to exert. 

U ex'e-unt (ek'se-unt). [L., 3d pers. pi. pres. indie, of exire 
to go out. Cf. 1st exit.] They go out. 
exeunt omnes (om'nez). [L.] All go out, or retire. 

ex-fo'li-ate (eks-fo'll-at), v. t. tfc i. [L. exfoliare to strip of 
leaves ; ex from + folium leaf.] To split into, or throw off 
in, scales or splinters ; scale or flake off. 

ex-fo'li-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Process of exfoliating, or state 
of being exfoliated ; also, an exfoliated piece. 

ex-fo'li-a-tive (-a-tTv), a. Causing exfoliation. 

ex-haPant (eks-hal'dnt ; egz-), a. Having the quality of ex- 
haling or evaporating ; emissive ; as, the exhalant siphon of 
a clam. — n. An exhaling duct. 

ex'ha-la'tion (eks'hd-la'shftn ; ek'sd-), n. 1. Act of ex- 
haling ; also, that which is exhaled ; emanation. 2. A va- 
porous or luminous body ; esp., a meteor. 06s. 

ex-hale' (eks-haP; egz-), v. t.; -haled' (-hald') ; -hal'ing 
(-hal'ing). [OF. exaler, F. exhaler, or L. exhalare; ex 
out + halare to breathe.] 1. To breathe out ; emit, as 
vapor. 2. To draw out ; evaporate ; as, the sun exhales the 
dew. — v i. 1. To rise or pass off as vapor. 2. To emit 
breath or vapor. 

ex-haust/ (eg-zost r ), v. t. [L. exhaustus, p. p. of ex- 
haurire; ex out + haurire, haustum, to draw, esp. 
water.] 1. To draw or let out wholly ; drain off completely. 
2. To empty by drawing out the contents ; esp., to create 
a vacuum in. 3. To deprive wholly of strength or virtue ; 
use up ; wear out. 4. To develop completely ; discuss 
thoroughly. 5. To subject to the action of various sol- 
vents in order to remove all soluble substances or extrac- 
tives ; as, to exhaust a drug successively with water, alco- 
hol, and ether. — Syn. See tire. 

— 7i. 1. Engirt, a The escape of the working fluid, as steam, 
from an engine cylinder at the end of the stroke, b The 
exhaust port or ports leading from the cylinder. C The ex- 
haust working fluid. 2. Generation of air currents by cre- 
ating a partial vacuum ; also, an exhausting apparatus for 
such a purpose ; also, matter so carried off, as dust. 

ex-haust'ed (eg-zos'ted), p. a. 1. Consumed ; spent ; as, his 
exhausted means ; exhausted resources. 2. Emptied ; as, 
an exhausted well. 3. Deprived of essential properties ; as, 
exhausted tea. 4. Worn out ; tired out. 

ex-haust'er (-ter), n. One who, or that which, exhausts. 

ex-haust'i-ble (-tl-b'l), a. That can be exhausted. 

ex-haust'ing, p. a. Producing exhaustion. 

ex-haus'tion (eg-zos'chun), n. Act or process of exhaust- 
ing ; state of being exhausted. 

ex-haus'tive (-t!v), a. Serving or tending to exhaust; 
hence, thorough. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

ex-haust'less, a. Not to be exhausted ; inexhaustible. 

ex-her/e-date (eks-her'e-dat), v. t. [L. exheredatus, p. p. 
of exheredare. See EX- ; heir.] To disinherit. 

ex-hib'it (eg-zib'it), v. t. [L. exhibitus, p. p. of exhibere 
to hold forth, to tender, exhibit ; ex out -f- habere to have.] 
1. Med. To administer as a remedy. 2. To hold forth or 
present to view ; show ; display. 3. Law. To submit or 
present officially or in legal form to a court. 
Syn. Show, manifest, reveal, disclose, display, expose, 
evince. — Exhibit, display, expose, evince agree in the 
idea of presenting more or less prominently to view. To 
exhibit is to show so as to invite notice ; to display is 
to exhibit conspicuously or ostentatiously ; to expose is to 
display openly (esp.) something hitherto concealed. To 
evince, as here compared, is to exhibit or reveal (esp.) the 
presence of some quality. 

— v. i. To make a public exhibition. — n. 1. An article, 
or articles exhibited ; display. 2. A document identified in 
court for use as evidence. 3. Act of showing, as of the 
state of affairs under inquiry ; as, an exhibit of account 
books. — Syn. See exhibition. — ex-hib'it-er (-T-ter), n. 

ex'ru-bftion^ek'sT-bish'iin), n. 1. Act of exhibiting. 2. 
That which is exhibited ; also, any public show ; a display, 
as of works of art, or of feats of skill, etc. 
Syn. Manifestation, show, display, exhibit, exposition. — 
Exhibition, exhibit, exposition. An exhibition is a 
public display, esp. of objects of art, commerce, etc. An 
exhibit is an object or objects displayed in an exhibition. 
Exposition is now often used for exhibition, esp. where the 
display is large. 

ex'hi-bi'tion-er (-er), n. 1. Eng. Univ. One who has a 
pension or allowance granted for support. 2. An exhibitor. 

ex-hib'i-tive (eg-zTb'T-tiv), a. Characterized by exhibi- 
tion, or serving to exhibit : — used with of. 

ex-hib'i-tor (-ter), n. One who exhibits. [exhibition.] 

ex-hib'i-to-ry (-to-n), a. Exhibiting ; making or procuring! 

ex-hiPa-rant (eg-zTPd-rant), a. Exciting joy, mirth, or 
pleasure. — n. That which exhilarates. 

ex-hiPa-rate (-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [L. 
exhilaratus, p. p. of exhilarare ; ex + hilarare make 
merry, hilaris merry.] To make merry ; enliven ; cheer. 

ex-hiPa-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of exhilarating ; state of 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. ■= equals. 



M 



EXHILARATIVE 



354 



EXPATIATE 



being exhilarated ; enlivenment ; high spirits. — Syn. Ani- 
mation, gayety, hilarity, merriment, jollity. 

ex-hil'a-ra-tive (-zil'd-ra-tiv), a. Producing exhilaration. 

ex-hort' (eg-zorf ; egz-hort'), v. t. & i. [L. exhortari; ex 
out + hortari to incite, encourage.] To incite by words 
or advice ; urge strongly, as to a good deed ; hence : to 
advise ; warn ; caution. 

ex'hor-ta'tion^ek'sor-ta'shiln), re. 1. Act or practice of 
exhorting ; incitement to that which is good. 2. Language 
used in exhorting ; advice ; counsel. 

ex-hor'ta-tive (eg-zor'td-tTv), ex-hor'ta-to-ry (-to-ri), a. 
Of or pertaining to exhortation. 

ex-hort'er, re. One who exhorts. 

ex'hu-ma'tion (eks'hfi-ma'shiln), re. Act of exhuming. 

ex-hume' (eks-hum'), v. t.; -humed' (-humd') ; -hum'ing 
(-hum'ing). [LL. exhumare;~L. ex out + humus ground.] 
To dig out of the ground ; disinter. 

ex'i-gence (ek's^-jens), re. Exigency. 

ex'i-gen-cy (ek'sT-jen-si), re.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. State or 
quality of being exigent ; urgent want ; a case demanding 
immediate action or remedy ; as, an unforeseen exigency. 

2. Such need or necessity as belongs to the occasion; re- 
quirements. — Syn. Urgency, emergency. See juncture. 

ex'i-gent (-jent), a. [L. exigens, -entis, p. pr. of exigere to 
drive out, exact. See exact.] 1. Requiring immediate aid 
or action ; pressing ; critical. 2. Requiring much ; exacting. 

ex'i-gi-ble (-ji-b'l), a. [See exigent.] That may be exact- 
ed ; requirable ; demandable ; chargeable. 

ex-ig'u-OUS (eg-zig'u-us ; ek-sTg'-), a. [L. exiguus."] 
Scanty; small; slender. — ex'i-gu'i-ty (ek'sT-gii'i-ti), re. 

ex'ile (ek'sll), n. [L. exilium, exsilium.] 1. Forced, or 
sometimes voluntary, separation from one's native coun- 
try ; banishment. 2. One expelled from his country ; also, 
one who separates himself from his home. — v. t. ; -iled 
(-slid) ; -il-ing (-sTl-Tne). To banish or expel from one'sown 
country or home ; drive away. — Syn. See banish. 
the Exile, the captivity of the Jews deported by Nebuchad- 
rezzar into Babylon in 597 and 586 b. c, terminating more 
than fifty years later with the return of many under Shesh- 
bazzar and later under Ezra. 

ex-il'ic (eg-zTl'ik ; ek-sil'-), a. Of or pertaining to exile. 

ex-im/i-OUS (eg-zim'i-ils), a. [L. eximius taken out, i. e., 
select, fr. eximere to take out. See exempt.] Select; 
choice ; hence : extraordinary ; excellent. Now Rare. 

ex-in'a-ni'tion (eg-zTn'd-nish'iln), re. [L. exinanitio. See 
ex- ; inane.] An emptying ; an enfeebling ; exhaustion ; 
humiliation. 

ex-ist' (eg-zist'), v. i. [L. existere, exsistere, to emerge, 
appear, exist ; ex out + sistere to cause to stand, fr. stare 
to stand.] 1. To have actual being ; to be ; as, the world 
has existed for ages. 2. To have being in any specified 
condition or place ; as, the notion still exists in his mind ; 
salt exists in solution in the sea. 3. To continue to be. 

ex-ist'ence (-zis'tens), re. 1. Continuance in life ; life ; as, 
human existence. 2. Continued or repeated manifesta- 
tion ; actual occurrence ; as, the existence of a state of war. 

3. That which exists; as, "an Existence more exalted 
than man." 

ex-ist'ent (-tent), a. Having being or existence. — re. An 
existing being or state ; something that really exists. 

U ex'it (ek'sit). [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. indie, of exire to go 
out. See ex- ; issue.] He (or she) goes out, or retires from 
the scene ; as, exit Macbeth. 

ex'it, re. [From 1st exit, or fr. L. exitus a going out.] 1. 
Departure of a player from the stage. 2. Any departure ; 
death. 3. A passage out ; way of egress. 

ex'o- (ek'so-). [Gr. ££w out of, outside, £% out.] Prefix 
signifying out of, outside; as in exocarp, exogenous. 

ex'o-carp (-karp), re. Bot. = epicarp. 

ex'o-dus (-dus), re. [L., the book of Exodus, Gr. e£o5os a 
going out ; e£ out + 686s way.] 1. A going out ; esp. (the 
Exodus), the journey of the Israelites from Egypt under 
Moses ; hence, any large migration. 2. [cap.] The sec- 
ond book of the Old Testament. 

II ex of-fi'ci-o (eks o-fish'i-o) ; pi. ex officiis (-is). [L.] 
From office ; by virtue or because of an office ; officially. 

ex'0-gam'ic (ek'so-gam'Tkhex-Og'a-mous (ek-sog'd-mils), 
a. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, exogamy. 

ex-Og'a-my (ek-sog'd-mi), n. The custom, or tribal law, 
which prohibits marriage between members of the same 
group or clan ; marriage outside of the tribe or clan ; — 
opposed to endogamy. 

ex'o-gen (ek'so-jen), re. Any of an obsolete class (Exo- 
gense) of seed plants, including the dicotyledons. The 
stem grows by annual outside rings. 

ex-Og'e-nous (ek-soj'e-nils), a. Biol. Growing from or on 
the outside ; growing by addition to the exterior ; also, be- 
longing to the exogens. 

ex'on (ek'son), n. [F. exempt an under officer. See ex- 
empt.] One of four officers of the Yeomen of the Guard 
ranking below ensign, who in turn act as resident com- 
manders in the absence of superior officers. 



ex-on'er-ate (eg-zon'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. exoneratus, p. p. of exonerare to free from a burden ; 
ex out, from + onerare to load, onus load.] 1. To re- 
lieve, as of a charge ; clear. 2. To free from blame ; excul- 
pate. — Syn. Absolve, acquit. See exculpate. 

ex-on'er-a'tion (-a'shiln), re. Act of exonerating ; state of 
being exonerated. 

ex-on'er-a-tive (eg-zon'er-a-tiv), a. Freeing from a bur- 
den or obligation ; tending to exonerate. 

ex'o-path'ic (ek'so-path'Ik), a. Med. Having its source 
external ; as, an exopathic disease. 

ex'oph-thal'mic (ek'sof-thal'mTk), a. Of or pert, to ex- 
ophthalmos. — exophthalmic goiter, Basedow's disease. 

ex'oph-thal'mos, or -mus (ek'sof-thal'mos ; -mils), re. 
[NL., fr. Gr. £%6<t>9a\nos with prominent eyes ; l£ out -j- 
64>da\fj.6s the eye.] Med. Protrusion of the eyeball in con- 
sequence of disease. 

ex'O-ra-ble (ek'so-rd-b'l), a. [L. exorabilis, fr. exorare to 
persuade by entreaty ; ex + orare to pray.] Capable of 
being moved by entreaty. — ex'o-ra-bil'i-ty (-bil'T-tT), re. 

ex-or'bi-tance (eg-z6r'bi-tdns, re.; pi. -tances (-sez).\ An 

ex-or'bi-tan-cy (-bi-tdn-si), re. ; -tan-cies (-siz). /ex- 

orbitant action, procedure, state, or quality ; excessiveness ; 
greed ;esp., excessiveness of demands, charges, prices, etc. 

ex-Of'bi-tant (-tdnt), a. [L. exorbitans, -antis, p. pr. of 
exorbitare to go out of the track ; ex out + orbita track.] 
1. Law. Not within the orbit, or scope, of the law ; illegal. 
Rare. 2. Going beyond established limits of right or pro- 
priety ; inordinate. — Syn. See excessive. 

ex-or'bi-tanMy, adv. In an exorbitant manner or degree. 

ex'or-cise, -cize (ek'sor-slz ; eg-zor'siz), v. t. ; -cised (-slzd) 
or -cized; -cis'ing or -ciz'ing. [L. exorcizare, Gr. l^op- 
Ki^eiv; ££ out + bpul^eiv to bind by an oath, Spicos oath.] 
1. To drive off (an evil spirit) by adjuration ; hence, to de- 
liver from an evil spirit. 2. To address, conjure, or con- 
jure up, as an evil spirit. R. 

ex'or-cis'er, ^ciz^er, re. One who exorcises. 

ex'or-cism (ek'sor-siz'm ; eg-zor r -), re. Act or process of 
exorcising ; also, a formula used in exorcising. 

ex'or-cist (-sist), re. 1. One who exorcises. 2. R. C. Ch. 
A member of a minor order, next below that of acolyte. 

ex-or'di-um (eg-zor'di-ilm), re.; pi. E. -diums (-ilmz), L. 
-dia (-a). [L., fr. exordiri to begin a web, begin ; ex out + 
ordiri to begin a web, begin.] A beginning _; introduction, 
esp., of a discourse, treatise, etc. — ex-or'di-al (-dl), a. 

ex'0-Skel'e-ton (eVso-skel'e-tiln), re. Zool. A hard sup- 
porting or protective structure developed on, or secreted 
by, the outside of the body, as the shell of a crustacean ; — 
opposed to endoskeleton. 

ex'os-mo'sis (ek'sos-mo'sTs ; ek'soz-), re. Also ex'OS-mose 
(ek'sos-mos ; ek'soz-). [NL. exosmosis."] See osmosis. — 
ex'os-mot'ic (-mot'ik),ex-os'mic (ek-sos'mik;-s5z'-),a. 

ex'OS-to'sis (eVsos-to'sis), re.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. O-oarwais ; O; out -f- ocrreov bone.] Med. Any excres- 
cence or morbid enlargement of a bone. 

ex'o-ter'ic (eVso-ter'ik)! a. [h.exotericus, Gr. ^£a>repi/c6s, 

ex'O-ter'i-cal (-i-kal) J fr. efco outside, e£ out.] External; 
public ; easily comprehended ; — opp. to esoteric. 

ex'o-ther'mic (ek'so-thur'mik), a. Chem. Characterized 
by, or formed with, evolution of heat ; as, an exothermic 
reaction ; — opposed to endothermic. 

ex-ot'ic (eg-zot'Tk), a. [L. exoticus, Gr. i^cortKos, fr. i£o 
outside.] Introduced from a foreign country ; not native ; 
foreign. — re. An exotic thing, as a plant or a word.-t 

ex-pand' (eks-pand'), v. t. & i. [L. expandere, expansum; 
ex out + pandere to spread out, open.] 1. To lay open by 
extending ; open wide. 2. To make to occupy more space ; 
dilate ; distend ; — opp. to contract. 3. To express in great- 
er detail ; develop, as in argument. — Syn. See dilate. 

ex-pand'er, re. One who, or that which, expands. 

ex-panse' (eks-pans'), re. That which is expanded or its ex- 
tent ; spread ; a wide extent ; esp., with the, the firmament. 

ex-pan'si-ble (-pan's!-b'l), a. Capable of being expanded. 

ex-pan'sile (-sTl), a. 1. Expansible. 2. Pert, to, or charac- 
teristic of, expansion ; as, expansile movements. 

ex-pan'sion (-shiln), re. 1. Act or process of expanding; 
state of being expanded ; dilatation. 2. That which is ex- 
panded ; expanse. 3. Extent of expansion ; also, pure space. 
4. Math. The developed result of an indicated operation ; 
as, the expansion of (o + 6) 2 is a 2 -\- 2ab + o 2 . 5. Engin. 
The spreading out (increasing in volume) of the working 
fluid, as steam, in an engine cylinder after cut-off, or, in an 
internal-combustion engine, after explosion. 

ex-pan'sive (-siv), a. Having a capacity or tendency to ex- 
pand ; also, of wide expanse ; wide-extending ; hence, of 
persons, feelings, etc. : effusive ; comprehensive, esp. in sym- 
pathies. — ex-pan'sive-ly, adv. — ex-pan'sive-ness, re. 

|| ex par'te (eks par'te). [L. See ex- ; part.] Upon, from, 
or in the interest of, one side only. 

ex-pa'ti-ate (eks-pa'shi-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. expatiatus, exspatiatus, p. p. of expatiari, exspati- 
ari, to expatiate ; ex out + spatiari to walk about, spa- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EXPATIATION 



355 



EXPIATION 



Hum space.] 1. To range at large, or without restraint. 
Rare. 2. To enlarge in discourse or writing ; be copious in 
discussion or description ; as, he expatiated on her charms. 
— ex-pa'ti-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Syn. Expatiate, dilate, 
.descant. To expatiate is to wander at will over, or dis- 
course copiously upon, a subject ; to dilate is to enlarge 
upon it ; to descant, to comment freely upon it. 

ex-pa'tri-ate (-trl-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. 
expatriatus, p. p. of expatriare; L. ex out + patria 
fatherland, pater father.] 1. To banish ; exile. 2. To 
withdraw from one's native country ; become a citizen 
of another country ; — used reflexively ; as, to expatriate 
one's self. — (-at), a. Expatriated. — n. An exile. 

ex-pa'tri-a'tion (-a/shun), n. Act of expatriating, or state 
of being expatriated. 

ex-pect' (-pekt'), v. t. [L. expectare, exspectare, -tatum, 
to look out for, await, expect ; ex out + spectare to look 
at.] 1. To wait for ; await. Obs. 2. To look for (men- 
tally) ; look forward to ; look for with some confidence. 
Syn. Expect, anticipate, hope, regard some future event 
as about to take place. Expect is the strongest, and im- 
plies some ground or reason in the mind for considering 
the event as likely to happen ; as, when we throw a stone, 
we expect it will fall. To anticipate is to look forward to, 
esp. in such fashion as to realize to one's self what is to 
come ; as, he already anticipates the pleasure of coming. 
In a weaker sense, to anticipate is merely to look for, and 
implies less definite grounds than expect; as, I anticipate a 
pleasant time ; but this use is less approved. Hope adds 
to expectation the implication of desire ; as, the accused 
hopes for an acquittal. 

— v. i. To await ; stay. Obs. 

ex-pect'ance (eks-pek'tans), n. Expectancy. 

ex-pect'an-cy (-tan-si), n. _ 1. Act or state of expecting ; 
expectation. 2. That which is expected, or that from 
which something is expected. 3. State of being expected 
or a subject of expectation. 

ex-pect'ant (-tant), a. Expecting; having expectations; 
prospective. — n. One who expects. ■ — ex-pect'ant-ly, adv. 

ex'pec-ta'tion (eks'pek-ta'shun), n. 1. Act or state of ex- 
pecting ; anticipation. 2. That which is expected. 3. The 
prospect of the future ; prospect of anything good to come, 
esp., in pi., of property or rank ; as, he has expectations. 4. 
State of being expected ; — used in in expectation. 
expectation of life, the average duration of the life of 
individuals, alter any specified age, as shown by mortality 
tables. 

ex-pect'a-tive (eks-pek'td-tiv), a. Pertaining to or consti- 
tuting an object of expectation ; contingent. 

ex-pec'to-rant (eks-pek'to-rant), a. Tending to facilitate 
expectoration or to promote discharges of mucus, etc., from 
the lungs or throat. — n. An expectorant medicine. 

ex-pec'to-rate (-rat), v. t. & i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed); -rac- 
ing. [L. expeciorare to drive from the breast ; ex out + 
pectus, -toris, breast.] To eject, or discharge matter, from 
the trachea or lungs ; to discharge, as phlegm, by coughing, 
or hawking, and spitting. 

Syn. Expectorate, spit. The use of expectorate for 
spit is common among those who regard the latter word as 
indelicate, but is contrary to good usage. 

ex-pec'to-ra'tion (-ra'shftn), n. Act of expectorating, or 
that which is expectorated. 

ex-pede'_(eks-ped'), v. t. [See expedite.] Scots Law. To 
obtain, issue, or take out, officially, as a writ, summons, etc. 

ex-pe'di-ence (eks-pe'di-ens), n. Expediency. 

ex-pe'di-en-cy (-en-si), n. 1. Quality or state of being ex- 
pedient ; fitness. 2. Cultivation of, or adherence to, expedi- 
ent methods ; subordination of moral principle to what is 
politic or advantageous for facilitating an end. 

ex-pe'di-ent (-ent), a. [L. expediens, -entis, p. pr. of 
expedire to be expedient, release, extricate. See expe- 
dite.] 1. Fit or suitable to the end in view ; advisable 
under the circumstances ; as, it is expedient for us to go. 
2. Of persons, guided by expediency rather than principle. 
— Syn. See wise. 
— n. 1. That which is expedient ; suitable means for an end. 
2. Means devised in an exigency ; shift. 
Syn. Expedient, shift. An expedient is a device or 
contrivance which serves (often in lieu of something better) 
to accomplish a given end ; a shift is commonly more 
tentative or temporary than an expedient, and often implies 
evasiveness or trickery ; as, his show of resentment was 
merely an expedient for disarming suspicion ; he was put 
to awkward shifts to keep up appearances. 
ex-pe'di-en'tial (-en'shal),a. Characterized or governed by 

expediency ; as, an expediential policy. 

ex-pe'di-ent-ly, adv. In an expedient manner ; conveniently. 

ex-ped'i-tate (eks-ped'i-tat), v. t. [From LL., deriv. of L. 

ex out + pes, pedis, foot.] To deprive of three of the claws 

or of the ball of each of the fore feet ; to law ; as, to expedi- 

tate a dog that he might not chase deer. Hist. — ex-ped'i- 

ta'tlon (-ta'shim), n. 

ex'pe-dite (eks'pe-dlt), v. t.; -dit'ed (-dTt'ed) ; -dit'ing. 

[L. expeditus, p. p. of expedire to free one caught by the 



foot, extricate, make ready ; ex out + pes, pedis, foot.] 1. 
To hasten the process or progress of ; facilitate ; help for- 
ward ; as, to expedite the passage of the tariff bill. 2. To 
execute with dispatch ; as, to expedite a piece of business. 
3. To send forth ; issue officially. Rare. 

— a. Free of impediment ; hence : a Free ; easy, b Quick ; 
prompt, c Handy ; convenient. All Obs. 

ex'pe-di'tion (-dish'un), n. 1. Act of expediting ; state of 
being expedited ; efficient promptness ; as, to carry the 
mail with expedition. 2. A sending forth or setting forth 
for some object ; esp., an important journey or excursion 
for a particular purpose, as for war, trade, or exploration ; 
also, the body of persons, etc., making such an excursion. 
— Syn. See haste. 

ex'pe-di'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of, pertaining to, or consti- 
tuting an expedition; as, an expeditionary army. 

ex'pe-di/tious (-dish'us), a. Possessed of, or characterized 
by, efficiency and rapidity ; speedy. — Syn. Ready, quick. 
See prompt. — ex'pe-di'tious-ly, adv. tious-ness, n. 

ex-pel' (eks-pel'), v. t.; -pelled' (-pcld') ; -pel'ling. [L. 
expellere, -pulsum; ex out + pellere to drive.] 1. To 
drive or force out or away ; eject ; as, to expel air from a 
bellows. 2. To cut off from membership in, or from the 
privileges of, an institution or society ; as, to expel a 
student from college. — Syn. Exile, banish. See banish. 

ex-pel'lant (eks-pel'ant)l a. Tending or serving to expel. 

ex-pel'lent (eks-pel'ent) / — n. An expellant medicine. 

ex-pend' (-pend'), v. t. [L. expendere, -pen sum, to weigh 
out, pay out ; ex out + pendere to weigh.] To lay out, put 
forth, or distribute so as to use up or consume ; spend. 

ex-pend'i-ture (-pen'di-tur), n. 1. An expending ; disburse- 
ment. 2. That which is expended ; expense. 

ex-pense' (-pens'), n. [L. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expen- 
sum, fr. expensus, p. p. of expendere. See expend.] 1. 
Act of expending ; disbursement ; extravagance ; hence, a 
using up. Archaic. 2. That which is expended ; outlay ; 
hence : charge ; cost. 3. A source of expenditure ; as, his au- 
tomobile is a great expense to him. — Syn. See price. 

ex-pen'sive (-pen'siv), a. Occasioning expense; costly. — ■ 
Syn. See costly. — ex-pen'sive-ly, adv. — sive-ness, n. 

ex-pe'ri-ence (-pe'ri-ens), n. [F. experience, fr. L. experi- 
entia, fr. experiens, -entis, p. pr. of experiri, -pertus, to 
try ; ex out +root of peritus experienced.] 1. The actual 
living through an event or events ; actual enjoyment or 
suffering ; as, to know by experience. 2. Skill or practical 
wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling, or action ; 
as, a man of experience. 3. Something experienced : as, 
an unpleasant experience. 4. The sum total of the con- 
scious events which compose an individual life. 

— v. t.; -enced (-enst) ; -enc-ing (-en-sing). To have the 
lot or fortune of ; undergo ; feel. 

to experience religion, to realize and appropriate the 
ideas and motives of religion ; undergo conversion. 

ex-pe'ri-enced (-enst), p. a. Having experience; esp., 
made skillful or wise by trials, use, or observation. 

ex-pe'ri-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Derived from, or pertaining 
to, experience ; empirical. — ex-pe'ri-en'tial-ly, adv. 

ex-per'i-ment (-per'i-ment), n. [L. experimentum, fr. 
experiri to try. See experience.] 1. A trial made to 
confirm or disprove something doubtful ; practical test ; 
proof ; as, an experiment in bread making. 2. The con- 
ducting of a test or tests ; as, scientific knowledge is ad- 
vanced by experiment. 3. Experience. 06s. — Syn. See 
trial. — V. i. To make experiment. 

ex-per'i-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. 1. Relating to, or based 
on, experience, esp. personal experience, as distinct from 
theory. 2. Of the nature of, pert, to, or founded on, experi- 
ment ; as, experimental science. men'tal-ly, adv. 

ex-per'i-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shim), n. Act of experi- 
menting ; practice by experiment. 

ex-per'i-ment-er, n. One who experiments. 

ex-pert' (-purt'), a. [L. expertus, p. p. of experiri to try. 
See experience.] Knowing and ready from much prac- 
tice ; clever. — Syn. Adroit, dexterous, proficient, facile, 
ready. See skillful. 

ex'pert (eks'purt), n. An expert or experienced person; 
hence, one having special skill in a subject ; a specialist. 
Syn. Expert, adept agree in the idea of masterly pro- 
ficiency. One is an expert whose knowledge and experi- 
ence make him an authoritative specialist. Adept retains 
associations derived from its older sense of one who has 
penetrated the secrets of his art. 

ex-pert'ly, adv. In an expert manner. 

ex-pert'ness, n. Quality of being expert or an expert ; skill. 

ex'pi-a-ble (eks'pi-d-b'l), a. Capable of being expiated. 

ex'pi-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. expia- 
tus, p. p. of expiare to expiate ; ex out + piare to seek to 
appease, purify with sacred rites, pius pious.] To atone 
for, as a sin. — ex'pi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

ex'pi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of expiating. 2. Means of 
atonement ; expiatory sacrifice. — Syn. See propitiation. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



EXPIATORY 



356 



EXPOUNDER 



ex'pi-a-to-ry (elcs'pi-d-to-rt), a. Having power to make, or 

intended to make, expiation ; atoning. 
ex'pi-ra'tion (-ra'shftn), n. 1. Act of expiring; esp., 
the act or process of emitting air from the lungs ; a breath- 
ing out ; — opp. to inspiration. 2. A coming to a close ; 
cessation ; end. 3. That which is expired ; matter breathed 
forth ; that which is produced by breathing out, as a sound. 
ex-pir/a-to-ry (ek-spir'd-to-n), a. Pertaining to, or em- 
ployed in, expiration of air from the lungs. 

ex-pire' (ek-splr'), v. t. ; -pired' (-splrd') ; -piu'ing (-splr'- 
Ing). [L. expirare, exspirare, -atum; ex out + spirare 
to breathe.] 1. To breathe out ; emit from the lungs ; — 
opp. to inspire. 2. To give forth, as an odor ; emit. Obs. — 
v. i. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To die. 3. To come to an 
end ; cease, terminate ; as, the lease expires today. 

ex-pir'er (ek-splr'er), n. ^One who expires. 

ex-pi'ry (ek-spl'ri ; eks'pT-n), n. 1. Death ; hence : extinc- 
tion. Archaic. 2. A coming to an end ; termination. 

ex-plain' (eks-plan'), v. t. [L. explanare to flatten, ex- 
plain ; ex out + planare to make level or plain, planus 
level or plain.] To make plain ; clear of obscurity ; expound. 
Syn. Expound, interpret, elucidate, unfold, develop, clear 
up. — Explain, expound, interpret, elucidate. To ex- 
plain, the most general term, is to make plain or intelligible; 
to expound is to set forth, esp. learnedly, elaborately, or 
dogmatically ; to interpret is to bring out the meaning of 
something, esp. by sympathetically entering into it ; to 
elucidate is to throw light on, esp. by clear or luminous 
exposition or illustration. 

— v. i. To give an explanation. 

ex-plain'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being explained. 

ex'pla-na'tion (eks'pld-na'shun), n. 1„ Act or process of ex- 
plaining. 2. That which explains. 3. A mutual exposition 
of terms, meaning, or motives, with a view to reconcile dif- 
ferences ; reconciliation. — Syn. Definition, description, 
explication, exposition. 

ex-plan'a-to-ry (eks-plan'd-to-n), a. Serving to explain ; 
as, explanatory notes. — ex-plan'a-to-ri-ly (-ri-li), a. 

ex'ple-tive (eks'ple-tiv), a. [L. explelivus, fr. expletus, 
p.p. of explere tofillupjexout + pZeretofill.] Filling up; 
hence : superfluous ; redundant ; — used esp. of words and 
phrases. — n. Something added merely as a filling, as a 
word, letter, or syllable ; also, an oath. 

ex'ple-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Expletive. 

ex'pli-ca-ble (-pli-kd-b'l), a. Admitting of explanation. 

ex'pU-cate (-kat) ; v. t. [L. explicatus, p. p. of explicare. 
See exploit.] To unfold the sense of ; explain. 

ex'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shi/n),7i. 1. Explanation. 2. A detailed 
statement ; full account. 

ex'pli-ca-tive (eks'pli-ka-tiv), a. Serving to explicate ; tend- 
ing to lay open to the understanding ; analytical. 

ex'pii-ca-to-ry (eks'pli-kd-to-ri), a. Explicative. 

ex-plic'it (eks-plis'it), a. [L. explicitus, p. p. of explicare 
to unfold. See exploit.] 1. Having no folds ; smooth. 06s. 
2. Distinctly stated so as to leave nothing to be implied ; 
express ; unequivocal ; as, an explicit reply. 3. Having no 
disguised meaning or reservation ; unreserved ; outspoken ; 

— said of persans ; as, he was earnest and explicit in his 
statement. 4. Clearly developed ; with all its elements ap- 
parent ; as, the conversion of implicit into explicit experi- 
ence. — Syn. Open, unambiguous, precise, exact ; fixed, 
absolute, unconditional, positive. — ex-plic'it-ly, adv. — 
ex-plic'it-ness, n. 

ex-plode' (eks-plod'), v. t. ; -plod'ed (-plod'ed) ; -plod'ing. 
[L. exploder e,-plosum, to drive out, as a player by clap- 
ping ; ex out + plaudere, plodere, to clap, applaud.] 1. To 
drive from the stage by noisy disapprobation, as an actor. 
Obs. 2. To drive from notice and acceptance, as a theory. 
3n To cause to burst noisily; detonate. — v. i. To burst ; 
burst forth violently and noisily. — ex-plod'er, n. 

ex-plod'ent (eks-plod'ent) , n. Phon. An explosive consonant. 

ex-ploit' (-ploif), n. [OF. esploit, fr. L. explicitum, prop, 
p. p. neut. of explicare to unfold, display ; ex + plicare to 
fold.] A deed or act ; esp., a heroic act ; a deed of renown. 

— Syn. See feat. — v. t. 1. To utilize ; get the value out 
of ; as, to exploit a mine. 2. To draw an illegitimate profit 
from ; as, to exploit a business or workers or an office. 

ex-ploit'a-ble (-ploit'd-b'l), a. Capable of being exploited. 

ex'ploi- taction (eks'ploi-ta'shwn), n. 1. Act of exploiting ; 
utilization. 2. Selfish or unfair utilization. 

ex-ploi'ta-tive (eks-ploi'td-tlv), a. Pertaining to exploita- 
tion; exploiting. [illegitimately.] 

ex-ploi'ter (-ter), v. t. To exploit, esp. so as to profit! 

ex-ploit'er, n. One who exploits. 

ex'plo-ra'tion (eks'plo-ra'shiin), n, Act of exploring, as 
new countries. 

ex-plor'a-tive (eks-plor'd-tYv ; 57), a. Exploratory. 

ex-plor'a-to-ry (eks-plor'd-to-ri ; eks-plor'-), a. Of or pert, 
to exploration ; intended for exploration. 

ex-plore' (-plor' ; 57), v. t.; -plored' (-plord') ; -plor'ing 
(-plor'ing). [L. explorare to explore ; ex out + plorare 
to cry out.] 1. To seek for or after. Obs. 2. To search 



through or range over for discovery, as new countries or 
seas. — v. %. To make or conduct a systematic search. 

ex-plor'er, n. One who, or that which, explores. 

ex-plo'sion (eks-plo'zhwn), n. [See explode.] 1. Act of 
exploding ; a violent bursting or expansion, with noise. 2. 
A violent outburst of feeling. 

ex-plo'sive (-siv), a. 1. Pert, to, operated by, or suited to 
cause, explosion. 2. Tending to explosion ; as, an explosive 
temper. 3. Phon. Characterized in pronunciation by a 
slight explosion of breath ; as, p, b, t, d, k, g are explosive 
consonants. 

— n. _ 1. An explosive agent, as gunpowder. 2. Phon. An ex- 
plosive consonant ; a stop. — ex-plo'sive-ly, adv. — ex- 
plo'sive-ness, n. 

ex-po'nent (-po'nent), n. [L. exponens, -entis, p. pr. of 
exponere to set forth. See expound.] 1. Alg. A symbol 
written above another symbol and on the right, denoting 
how many times the latter is taken as a factor ; thus, a 2 
means a X a. 2. One who expounds or explains, or that 
which explains. 3. One who, or that which, stands as a 
type or index ; as, he is the exponent of his party. 

ex'po-nen'tiaKeks'po-nen'shal), a. Of or pert, to exponents. 

ex-port' (eks-porf ; often eks'port, esp. in contrast with 
import), v. t. [L. exportare, -tatum; ex + portare to 
carry.] To carry or send abroad in the way of commerce ; 
— the opposite of import. 

ex'port (eks'port; 57), n. 1. Act of exporting; exporta- 
tion. 2. That which is exported ; — usually in pi. 

ex-port'a-ble (eks-por'td-b'l), a. Suitable for exportation. 

ex'por-ta'tion (eks'por-ta'shun), n. Act of exporting. 

ex-port'er, n. One who exports. 

ex-pos'al (eks-poz'dl), 7i. Exposure. 

ex-pose' (-poz'), v. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-pozTng). 
[F. exposer; ex- (L. ex out) + poser to place. See pose, 
v. t.~\ 1. To lay open, as to attack, danger, test ; render ac- 
cessible to something that may prove detrimental ; hence, 
to submit or subject to any action or influence ; as, to ex- 
pose a photographic plate to the action of light. 2. To turn 
or cast out ; abandon, as an infant. 3. To lay open to, or set 
out for, inspection ; disclose ; as, to expose goods for sale. 
4. To deprive of concealment ; disclose or unmask (some- 
thing criminal, shameful, or the like) ; disclose the faults or 
crimes of (a person) ; as, to expose a sharper. — Syn. See 

EXHIBIT. 

|| cx'po'se' (eks'po'zaO, n. [F., p. p. of exposer.] An expo- 
sure of something discreditable. — Syn. See exposition. 

ex-posed' (eks-pozd'), p. a. 1. Open to view. 2. Unpro- 
tected, as from the weather, danger, etc. 

ex-pos'er (eks-poz'er), 7i. One who exposes. 

ex'po-si'tion (eks'po-zish'un), n. 1. A setting forth of the 
meaning or purpose of a writing, discourse, law, etc. 2. 
Hence, presentation of a subject matter in detail, apart 
from criticism, argument, or development ; elucidation. 3. 
Act or practice of exposing ; exposure. 4. Condition of being 
exposed ; exposure. 5. A public exhibition or show. 
Syn. Exposition, exposure, expose. An exposition is 
particularly a setting forth for purposes of explanation or 
display ; an exposure is particularly a laying bare, esp. to 
detrimental or injurious influences, or to reprobation or con- 
tempt ; an expose is a formal exposure. See exhibition. 

ex-pos'i-tive (eks-pbz'i-tiv), a. Descriptive; expository. 

ex-pos'i-tqr (eks-pos'i-ter), n. [L. See expound.] One 
who explains ; an expounder ; also, that which explains, as 
a book. 

ex-pos'i-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Of or pert, to exposition. 

U ex post fac'to, or \\ ex post'fac'to (eks post'fak'to). [L. 
ex postfacto from what is done afterwards.] Done or 
made after a thing but retroacting on it ; retrospective ; — 
used adjectively, esp. in ex post facto law. 

ex-pos'tu-late (eks-pos'tu-lat), v. i. ; -tu-lat'ed (-lat'ed); 
-lat'ing. [L. expostulatus, p. p. of expostulare to demand 
vehemently ; ex out + postulare to ask, require.] To rea- 
son earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his con- 
duct ; remonstrate ; — usually used with with. — Syn. See 
remonstrate. 

ex-pos'tu-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Act of expostulating ; re- 
monstrance ; earnest and kindly protest. 

ex-pos'tu-la-tive (-la-tiv), a. Expressing expostulation. 

CX-pos'tU-la'tor (-la/ter), n. One who expostulates. 

ex-pos'tu-la-to-ry (-ld-to-ri), o. Pertaining to or contain- 
ing expostulation ; as, an expostulatory discourse. 

ex-po'sure (-po'zhur), n. [From expose.] 1. Act of expos- 
ing ; state of being exposed ; exposition. 2. Position as to 
points of the compass, influences of climate, etc. ; as, a 
southern exposure. — Syn. See exposition. 

ex-pound' (-pound'), v. t. [From L. exporter e to set out, 
expose, expound ; ex out + ponere to put.] 1. To set 
forth, as a theory. 2. To lay open the meaning of ; inter- 
pret ; as, to expound Scripture. 3. To give the motives of ; 
as, to expound one's self. Rare. — Syn. See explain. 

ex-pound'er, n. One who expounds. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



EXPRESS 



357 



EXTENSIVE 



ex-press' (-pres'), a. [F. expres, L. expressus, p. p. of 
exprimere to express ; ex out -+- premere to press.] 1. Di- 
rectly and distinctly stated, so that nothing is left to be in- 
ferred ; definite ; explicit ; as, an express statement. 2. 
Specific ; as, his express purpose. 3. Sent on a particular 
errand, or with special speed ; specially quick or direct ; as, 
an express train. 4. Of, pert, to, or controlling an express 
(see express, n., 2) ; as, an express company. 5. Exact ; 
precise ; as, " the express image of his person." 6. Adapted 
to its purpose. — Syn. Clear, unambiguous, outspoken. 

— adv. Expressly ; by express ; as, sent express. 

— n. 1. A messenger or a dispatch specially sent. 2. A com- 
pany or system for the transportation of parcels, money, or 
goods. 3. Short for express rifle, express train. 

— v. £.[LL. expressare, fr. L. expressus, p.p. See express, 
a.] l.To press or press out, as fruit or its juice ; hence, to 
extort. 2. To delineate ; represent ; make known, esp. by 
words. 3. To make known the opinions or feelings of ; — 
used reflexively ; as, he expressed himself freely. 4. To rep- 
resent by a sign or symbol ; as, the sign = expresses equal- 
ity. 6. To send by express. — Syn. Declare, utter, signify. 

ex-press'age (-aj), n. The carrying of parcels by express; 
also, the charge for such carrying. 

ex-press'er, n. One who, or that which, expresses. 

ex-press'i-ble (eks-pres'i-b'I), a. That can be expressed. — 
ex-press'i-bly, adv. 

ex-pres'sion (-presh'zm), n. 1. Act or product of pressing 
out. 2. Act or process of representing, esp. by language. 
3. That which expresses or symbolizes a thought, feeling, 
or quality ; as, a common expression. 4. Manner, means, 
or act of expressing, or representing ; esp., expressive utter- 
ance or exposition of thoughts or ideas ; as, to read with ex- 
pression. 5. Quality or fact of being indicative of character, 
feeling, mood, or sentiment ; as, his eyes possessed great ex- 
pression; also, look or appearance as indicating thought or 
feeling ; as, a smiling expression. 

ex-pres'sive (-pres'Tv), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or marked 
by, expression. 2. Serving to express, or represent ; indica- 
tive ; as, words expressive of his feelings. 3. Full of expres- 
sion ; significant ; as, expressive eyes. — Syn. See signifi- 
cant. — ex-pres'sive-ly, adv. — sive-ness, n. 

ex-press'ly, adv. 1. In an express manner; explicitly. 
2. For the express purpose ; particularly. 

ex-press'man (eks-pres'man), n. One in the express 
business, esp. a man in charge of an express wagon. 

express rifle. A sporting rifle using a large charge of powder 
and a light (short) bullet. 

ex-pres'sure (-presh'ur), n. Expression. Obs. 

ex-pro'pri-ate (-pro'pri-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. ex out, from + proprius one's own.] 1. To deprive (a 
person) of property. 2. To take or transfer the ownership 
of from one owner to another. — ex-pro'pri-a'tor, n. 

ex-pro'pri-a'tion (-a/shun), n. Act of expropriating, or 
state of being expropriated ; specif., the action of the state 
in taking or modifying the property rights of individuals 
in the exercise of its sovereignty, as where property is sold 
under eminent domain. 

ex-pul'sion (-pul'shun), n. Act of expelling ; state of being 
expelled ; a driving or forcing out. 

ex-pul'sive (-siv), a. Expelling, or tending to expel. 

ex-punc'tion (eks-punk'shun), n. Act of expunging, or 
state of being expunged ; erasure. 

ex-punge' (eks-punj'), v. t.; -punged' (-piinjd') ; -pung'ing 
(-pun'jing). [L. expungere, -punctum, to prick out, 
mark for erasure by dots ; ex out + pungere to prick.] To 
blot out, as with a pen ; rub out ; obliterate ; strike out. 

— Syn. Efface, cancel ; destroy, annihilate. See erase. 
ex'pur-gate ( eks'pur-gat ; eks-pur'gat ), v. t. ; -gat'ed 

(-gat'ed; -gat-ed ) ; -gat'ing. [L. expurgatus, p. p. of 
expurgare to purge, purify ; ex out, from -f- purgare to 
cleanse.] To clear from anything noxious, offensive, or 
erroneous ; cleanse ; purge. — ex'pur-ga'tor, n. 

ex'pur-ga'tion (eks'pur-ga'shim), n. Act of expurgating, 
purging, or cleansing ; purification. 

ex-pur'ga-to'ri-al (eks-pfir'gdr-to'ri-al ; 57), a. Expurga- 
tory ; pertaining to expurgation or expurgators. 

ex-pur'ga-to-ry (eks-pur'gd-to-n), a. Serving to purify 
from anything noxious or erroneous ; cleansing ; purifying. 

ex'qui-site (eks'kwT-zit), a. [L. exquisitus, p. p. of ex- 
quirere to search out ; ex out -J- quaerere to search.] 1. 
Select ; choice. Obs. 2. Exact in operation ; accurate. Ar- 
chaic. 3. Carefully wrought ; highly elaborated ; hence, of 
surpassing quality. 4. Highly accomplished ; perfected ; as, 
an exquisite gentleman. 5. Keenly appreciative ; delicate ; 
as, exquisite taste. 6. Pleasing by reason of beauty, deli- 
cacy, or excellence. 7. Keen ; intense ; as, exquisite pain. 

— Syn. Refined, rare, consummate, perfect. See dainty. 

— n. One overnice in dress, etc. ; a fop. — ex'qai-site-ly, 
adv. — ex'qui-site-ness, n. 

ex-san'guine (eks-san'gwTn), a. Bloodless ; anaemic. 
ex-scind' (ek-smd'), v. t. [L. exscindere; ex out, from -f- 
scindere to cut.] To cut off or out ; excise ; extirpate. 



ex-sect' (ek-sekt'), v. t. [L. exsectus, p. p. of exsecare to 
cut out.] To cut out. — ex-sec'tion (ek-sek'shun), n. 

ex-serf (eks-surt'), v. t. [L. exsertus, p. p. of exserere to 
stretch forth. See exert.] To thrust out ; protrude. 

ex-sert'ed (ek-sur'ted), p. a. Bot. & Zool. Projecting be- 
yond some inclosing organ or part ; — opp. to included. 

ex-ser'tile (-stir'til), a. Biol. Capable of being protruded. 

ex-ser'tion (-shim), n. Act of exserting, or state of being 
exserted ; protrusion. 

ex'sic-cate (ek'sl-kat; ek-sik'at), v. t. & i.; ex'sic-cat'ed 
(-kat'ed ; -at-ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. exsiccatus, p. p. of exsic- 
care to dry up ; ex out + siccare to make dry, siccus 
dry'] To exhaust or evaporate moisture from ; dry up. 

ex'sic-ca'tion (ek'sT-ka'shim), n. A drying ; dryness. 

ex-sic'ca-tive (ek-sik'd-tTv), a. Tending to make dry; 
having the power of drying. — n. An exsiccative agent. 

ex'sic-ca'tor (ek'sT-ka'ter), n. Chem. An apparatus for 
drying substances or preserving them from moisture. 

ex-stip'u-late (eks-stip'u-lat), a. Bot. Without stipules. 

ex-SUf'flate (eks-suf'lat), v. t. [L. exsuflare to blow at or 
upon ; ex out + sufflare. See sufflate.] Eccl. To exorcise 
or drive off (a demon) by blowing. Obs. or Hist. 

ex'tant (eks'tant), a. [L. extans, exstans, -antis, p. pr. of 
extare, exstare, to stand out ; ex out + stare to stand.] 1. 
Projecting ; hence : visible ; conspicuous. Xow Rare. 2. In 
existence or still existing ; not destroyed, lost, or obsolete. 

ex-tem'po-ral (eks-tem'po-ral), a. [L. extemporalis, fr. 
ex tempore.'] Extemporaneous. — ex-tem'po-ral-ly, adv. 

ex-tem'po-ra'ne-OUS (-ra'ne-us), a. 1. Unpremeditated ; 
extemporary, as a speech. 2. Made for the occasion, as a 
shelter. — Syn. See extempore. — ex-tem'po-ra'ne- 
ous-ly, adv. — ex-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ness, n. 

ex-tem'po-ra-ry (-tem'po-r£-ri), a. 1. Composed, per- 
formed, or uttered on the spur of the moment ; unpremedi- 
tated ; impromptu, as a speech. 2. Originated for or at the 
occasion ; hence, sudden or unexpected. — Syn. See ex- 
tempore. — ra-ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. — ra-ri-ness, n. 

ex-tem'po-re(-re), adv. [L. ; ex out -f- tempore, abl. of tern- 
pus time.] Without previous study or meditation ; extem- 
poraneously ; as, to speak extempore. — a. Extemporary. 
Syn. Extempore (extemporary, extemporaneous) , im- 
promptu, unpremeditated. Extempore (still often in- 
terchangeable with impromptu) is now more often applied 
to that which is spoken without the use of a manuscript, if 
it has not been memorized ; the word does not necessarily 
exclude preparation ; impromptu applies to that which is 
composed or uttered on the spur of the moment. Unpre- 
meditated emphasizes less strongly than extempore and 
impromptu the immediate stimulus of an occasion ; it often 
applies to action ; as unpremeditated murder. 

ex-tern'po-ri-za'tion^eks-tem'po-n-za'shun), n. Act or 
product of extemporizing ; an extemporary performance. 

ex-tem'po-rize (-rlz), v. t. & i. ; -rized (-rizd) ; -riz'ing 
(-rTz'Ing). To do, make, speak, or perform extempore, or 
offhand; improvise. — ex-tem'po-riz'er (-rlz'er), n. 

ex-tend' (eks-tend'), v. t. [L. extender e, extentum, exten- 
sum; ex out + tender e to stretch.] 1. To stretch or draw 
out ; hence, to lengthen either in space or time. 2. To 
straighten out, as a limb ; — opp. to flex. 3. To enlarge ; 
expand, as a surface, or as power, influence, etc. 4. To 
exaggerate. Obs. 5. To hold out or reach forth ; as, to 
extend the hand, sympathy, etc. 6. To increase in quan- 
tity by weakening or adulterating additions ; as, to extend 
liquors. 7. Law. a In Great Britain, to assess or value ; 
specif., to value the lord's rights in (a manor) by an ex- 
tent, b To take, assign, or levy upon by, or in execution of, 
a writ of extent ; to levy upon. 8. To take by force ; seize. 
06s. — Syn. Increase, enlarge, expand, widen, diffuse. 

— v. i. To stretch or stretch out ; spread ; reach. 

ex-tend'ed-ly, adv. In an extended manner. 

ex-tend'i-ble (-ten'di-b'l), a. Extensible. 

ex-ten'si-ble (-ten'si-b'l), a. Capable of being extended. 

ex-ten'sile (-sil), a. Extensible. 

ex'ten-sim'e-ter (eks'ten-sim'e-ter), n. = extensometer. 

ex-ten'sion (-shim), n. 1. Act of extending ; state of being 
extended. 2. Physics. That property of a body by which 
it occupies a portion of space. 3. Logic. Applicability of a 
term to a greater or smaller number of objects ; denota- 
tion. 4. Surgery. Operation of stretching a fractured 
or dislocated limb, so as to restore it to its natural position. 
5. Physiol. The straightening of a limb, in distinction 
from flection. See extend, 2. 6. Com. A written engage- 
ment of a creditor, allowing a debtor further time in which 
to pay a debt. 

extension table. A table that can be lengthened by pulling 
the ends apart and inserting a leaf or leaves. 

ex-ten'si-ty (eks-ten'si-tT), n. 1. The quality of extension. 

2. Psychol. Spatial quality or voluminousness attached to 
sensation and forming a part of its original character. 

ex-ten'sive (-siv), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, 
extension. 2. Having wide extent ; wide ; comprehensive. 

3. Designating, or pert, to, any system of land cultivation 



H 



J 



K 



k = cu m (J. ich, acti (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronuncid.L»uu. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined w- th. = equals, 



M 



EXTENSIVELY 



358 



EXTRAORDINARY 



in which large areas are used, with relatively little expense 
of capital and labor ; — opposed to intensive. — ex-ten'- 
sive-ly, adv. — ex-ten'sive-ness, n. 

BX'ten-SOm'e-ter (eks'ten-som'e-ter), n. _ [extension + 
-meter. ] Mech. An instrument for measuring any more or 
less minute deformation of a test specimen as caused by 
tension, compression, bending, twisting, etc. 

ex-ten'sor (eks-ten'sor), n. [L., one who stretches.] A mus- 
cle which serves to extend or straighten a limb or part ; — 
opposed to flexor. 

ex-tent' (-tent'), n. [LL. extenta, fr. L. extendere. See 
extend.] 1. In Great Britain, valuation or assessment, 
esp. of land. 2. Law. a In Great Britain, a certain writ to 
recover debts of record to the crown, b A writ giving to a 
creditor temporary possession of his debtor's lands. Local, 
U. S. C A levy or seizure made under a writ of extent. 3. 
Space or amount to which a thing is extended ; hence : 
compass ; size ; length. 4. Degree ; measure. 5. Logic. 
Extension ; extension considered as a characteristic or func- 
tion. 6. Math. Continuous magnitude, esp. geometrical, of 
any number of dimensions, as a line, surface, space ; a spread. 

ex-ten'u-ate (-ten'u-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. extenuatus, p. p. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, 
weaken ; ex + tenuare to thin, tenuis thin.] 1. To attenu- 
ate. Rare. 2. To diminish ; weaken. 3. To underrate ; 
Obs., to disparage. 4. Hence, to treat or represent (a fault, 
crime, or the like) as less than it appears ; excuse. — Syn. 
See palliate. — ex-ten'u-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

ex-ten'u-a'tion (-a'shun), n. An extenuating ; state of be- 
ing extenuated; esp., act of palliating or lessening; also, 
something urged or done in palliation of a fault or the like. 

CX-ten'u-a-tO-ry (eks-ten'u-d-to-n), a. Extenuating. 

cx-te'ri-or (-te'n-er), a. [L. exterior, com par. of exter or 
exterus on the outside, foreign, a compar. fr. ex out.] 

1. External ; outward. 2. Being or occurring without ; 
extrinsic. 3. Foreign. — Syn. See outer. 

— n. 1. The outward surface or part of a thing ; outside. 2. 
Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony. 

ex-te'ri-or-ly, adv. On the outside ; as regards the out- 
side or externals ; in an exterior position or direction. 

ex-ter'mi-nate (eks-tur'mi-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed_; -nat'ing. 
[L. exterminatus, p. p. of exterminare to abolish ; ex out 
+ terminus limit.] To destroy utterly ; annihilate. 
Syn. Extirpate, eradicate, abolish, root out, uproot. — 
Exterminate, extirpate, eradicate. To exterminate is 
to destroy utterly ; to extirpate implies a violent and in- 
tentional rooting out ; eradicate implies a less violent up- 
rooting than extirvate._ 

ex-ter'mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of exterminating; 
total destruction ; eradication ; extirpation. 

ex-ter'mi-na-tive (eks-tur'mT-na-tTv), a. Exterminatory. 

ex-ter'mi-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who, or that which, ex- 
terminates ; a destroyer. [tion ; tending to exterminate.) 

ex-ter'mi-na-to-ry (-nd-to-n), a. Of or pert, to extermina-| 

ex-tern' (-turn'), a. An outsider; specif., a person con- 
nected with an institution but not living or boarding in it. 

ex-ter'nal (-tur'ndl), a. [L. externus, fr. exter, exterus, on 
the outside, outward. See exterior.] 1. Outward ; exterior. 

2. Outwardly perceptible ; visible ; corporeal, as disting. 
from mental or moral. 3. Metaph : Having existence apart 
from sensation or perception ; existing independently of 
processes of experience. 4. Not intrinsic or essential ; super- 
ficial. 5. Foreign ; as, external trade. — Syn. See outer. 

— n. Something external ; — usually in pi. 
ex-ter'nal-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 

manifest to the senses. 2. Regard for, or absorption in, 
externals. 

ex'ter-nal'i-ty (eks'ter-nal'i-tT), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being external. 2. Externalism (in sense 2). 

ex-ter'nal-ize (eks-tur'nal-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'Jng). To make external or externally manifest. 

ex-ter'nal-ly, adv. In an external manner. 

|| ex'terne' (eks'tern'), n. [F.] An extern ; esp., a doctor or 
medical student who is in attendance upon, or is assisting 
at, a hospital, but who does not reside in it. 

ex-ter'ri-to'ri-al (-teVi-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. Beyond the territo- 
rial limits or jurisdiction. [exterritorial.] 

ex-tar'ri-to'ri-al'i-ty (-al'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being| 

ex-tinct' (-tTnkt'), a. [L. extinctus, exstinctus, p. p. See 
extinguish.] 1. Extinguished ; quenched. _ 2. No longer 
living or active ; obsolete ; as, an extinct species ; an extinct 
volcano. 3. Having no qualified heritor ; lapsed, as a title. 

ex-tinc'tion (-tink'shiin), n. 1. Act of extinguishing; 
state of being extinguished. 2. Destruction ; suppression. 

ex-tinc'tive (-tink'tiv), a. Serving to extinguish. 

ex-tin'guish (-tin'gwish), v. t. [L. extinguere, exstin- 
guere, p. p. -tinctus ; ex out -f- stinguere to quench.] 
1. To put out, as £ light or fire ; hence : to cause to die out ; 
destroy. 2. Law. To nullify. 3. To obscure ; eclipse, as 
by superior splendor. guish-a-ble, a. guish-er, n. 

ex-tin'guish-ment (-ment), n. Act or fact of extinguishing ; 
state of being extinguished. 



ex'tir-pate (eks'ter-pat ; eks-tur'pat), v. t. ; -pat'ed (-pat'- 
ed ; -pat-ed) ; -pat'ing. [L. extirpatus, exstirpatus, p. p. 
of extirpare, exstirpare ; ex out + stirps stem, root.] To 
pluck up by or as by the stem or root ; eradicate ; fig., to 
destroy. — See exterminate. — ex'tir-pa-tive (eks'ter-pa- 
tiv),o. — ex'tir-pa'tor (eks'ter-pa'ter ; eks-tur'pa-ter), n. 

ex/tir-pa'tion (-pa'shiin), n. Act of extirpating ; eradica- 
tion ; total destruction. 

ex-tol' (eks-tol' ; -tol'), v. t. ; -tolled' (-told' ; -told') ; -tol'- 
ling. [L. extollere ; ex out + toller e to raise.] To elevate 
by praise ; laud. — Syn. Praise, applaud, celebrate, glorify. 

— ex-tol'ler (-er), n. — ex-tol'ment, ex-toll'ment, n. 
ex-tort' (-tort'), v. t. [L. extortus, p. p. of extorquere to 

twist out, extort ; ex out + torquere to twist.] To wrest by 
force, duress, or any undue or illegal power or ingenuity ; 
wring ; exact. — Syn. See elicit. — ex-tort'er, n. 

ex-tor'tion (-tor'shim), n. 1. Act of extorting. 2. Law. 
The offense committed by an officer who unlawfully, by 
color of his office, claims and takes money or other thing of 
value that is not due, or more than is due, or before it is 
due. 3. That which is extorted. — Syn. Oppression, ra- 
pacity, exaction, overcharge. — ex-tor'tion-er (-er), n. 

ex-tor 'tion-a-ry (-a-rf), a. Extortionate. 

ex-tor 'tion -ate (-at), a. Characterized by extortion ; op- 
pressive ; hard. 

ex-tor 'tive (-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or using, extortion. 

ex'tra (eks'trd),a. or adv. Beyond what is due, usual, or 
necessary ; additional ; hence : superior ; better or larger 
than the ordinary. — n. 1. Something in addition to what 
is due, expected, or usual. 2. An edition of a newspaper 
other than a regular one. 3. Cricket. A run made other- 
wise than from a hit. 4. Something of an extra quality 
or grade. 

ex'tra- (eks'trd-). [L., fr. exter. See exterior.] A Latin 
preposition, used as a prefix to denote beyond, outside of, 
outside the scove of; as in extramural, extrajudicial. 

ex'tra-ca-non'i-cal (-kd-non'i-kal), a. Eccl. Not included 
in the canon, or list of authorized books. 

ex-tract' (eks-trakt'), v. t. [L. extr actus, p. p. of extra- 
here to extract ; ex + trahere to draw.] 1. To draw out 
or forth ; hence : to derive as if by drawing out ; deduce. 
2. To withdraw by expression, distillation, etc. 3. To 
select ; cite ; quote, as a text. — Syn. See elicit. — v. i. 
To yield to action for drawing out. 
to extract the root, Math., to find the root. 

ex'tract (eks'trakt), n. 1. Something extracted; esp., 
something prepared by expression, decoction, or the like. 
2. Specif. : a A selection from a writing or discourse ; a 
quotation, b Pharm. A solid preparation obtained by 
evaporating a solution of a drug, etc., or the fresh juice of 
a plant ; — distinguished from abstract. 

ex-tract'a-ble (eks-trak'td-b'l), ex-tract'i-ble (-tT-b'l), a. 
That may or can be extracted ; suitable for extraction. 

ex-trac'tion (eks-trak'shwn), n. 1. Act of extracting, or 
drawing out. 2. Derivation from a stock or family ; lineage ; 
birth. 3. That which is extracted ; extract ; essence. 

ex-trac'tive (-tiv), a. 1. That can be extracted. 2. Tend- 
ing or serving to extract. — n. A thing extracted ; extract. 

ex-trac'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, extracts. 

ex'tra-di'ta-ble (eks'trd-dl'td-b'l), a. Subject or liable to 
extradition ; also, making liable to extradition. 

ex'tra-dite (eks'trd-dlt), v. Z.z-dit'ed (-dlt'ed) ; -dit'ing. 
To make or procure extradition of. 

ex'tra-di'tion (-dish'wn), n. [L. ex out + traditio deliv- 
ery.] Surrender of an alleged criminal by one state to an- 
other ; surrender of a prisoner by one authority to another- 

ex-tra'dos (eks-tra'dos), n. [F., fr. extra- outside + don 
(L. dorsum) back.] Arch. The exterior 
curve of an arch. Cf. intrados. 

ex'tra- ju-di'cial (eks'trd-jdo-dish'dlXa. Be- 
yond the proper authority of a court or judge. 

— ex'tra-ju-di'cial-ly, adv. 
ex'tra-lat'er-al (-lat'er-dl), a. Designating 

that which is beyond the side ; — in United 
States mining law, said of a mine owner's 
right in certain circumstances to parts of the 
vein beyond the side lines of his claim, but 
lying within vertical cross planes through the end lines. 

ex / tra-mun'dane(-mun'dan), a. Beyond the material world. 

ex'tra-mu'ral (-mu'ral), a. Outside of the walls, as of a uni- 
versity or a city or town ; as, extramural instruction. 

ex-tra'ne-OUS (eks-tra'ne-us), a. [L. extraneus, from extra. 
See strange.] Not belonging to, or dependent on, a thing ; 
not essential or intrinsic ; foreign. — Syn. See extrinsic. 

— ex-tra'ne-ous-ly, adv. — ex-tra'ne-ous-ness, n. 
ex'tra-of-fi'cial (eks'trd-o-fish'dl), a. Outside the duties, 

rights, etc., of an office. 
ex-traor'di-na-ri-ly (eks-tr6r'di-na-n-li), adv. In an 

extraordinary manner or degree ; exceptionally. 
ex-traor'di-na-ry (-tror'dT-na-rT ; eks'trd-or'dT-na-n), a. 

[X. extraordinarius. See extra- ; ordinary.] 1. Be- 




a Intrados, 
or Soffit; 6 
Extrados. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, dun; na(ure. verdure (87); 



EXTRAPROFESSIONAL 



359 



EYELASH 



yond, or out of, the common order or method ; not ordinary. 
2. Exceeding the common degree, measure, or condition ; 
uncommon ; remarkable. 3. Employed on a special service ; 
as, an ambassador extraordinary. 

ex'tra-pro-fes'sion-al (-pro-fesh'im-al), a. Beyond the 
ordinary limits of professional duty or business. 

ex'tra-red', a. Physics. Infra-red. 

ex'tra-ter'ri-to'ri-al (-ter'i-to'rT-al ; 57), a. Exterritorial. 

ex'tra-ter'ri-to'ri-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), to. Quality, state, or 
privilege of being extraterritorial. See exterritoriality. 

ex'tra-u'ter-ine, a. Anat. & Med. Outside the uterus. 

ex-trav'a-gance (eks-trav'd-gans), n. 1. Quality of being 
extravagant ; excess ; esp., undue expenditure of money. 
2. An instance of prodigality or excess ; an extravagant 
action or thing. — Syn. Prodigality, waste, lavishness. 

ex-trav'a-gan-cy (-gan-sT), ra.; pi. -cies. Extravagance. 

ex-trav'a-gant (-gant), a. [F., fr. L. extra outside + 
vagans, -antis, p. pr. of vagari to wander, vagus wander- 
ing.] 1. Straying ; roving. Obs. 2. Excessive ; unre- 
strained ; as, extravagant acts. 3. Profuse in expenditure ; 
prodigal. 4. Excessively high ; exorbitant ; as, an extrava- 
gant price. — Syn. See excessive. gant-ly, adv. 

ex-trav / a-gan ; 'za (-gan'zd), n. [extravagance with an 
Italian ending : cf. It. stravaganza.~\ 1. A wildly irregular 
musical or dramatic composition; esp., a musical carica- 
ture. 2. Extravag_ant flight of sentiment or language. 

ex-trav'a-gate (-gat), v. i. To rove; to be extravagant. 

SX-trav'a-sate (-sat), v. t. & i. [extra- -f- L. vas vessel.] 
To force, let, or pass, by infiltration or effusion, out of a 
normal channel, as a blood vessel or lymphatic, into sur- 
rounding tissue ; — said of blood, lymph, etc. 

ex-trav'a-sa'tion (-sa/shim), n. Act of forcing or letting 
out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid ; effusion ; also, 
the matter so discharged. 

ex-treme' (-trem'), a.; ex-trem'er (-er) ; -trem'est (-est). 
[L. extremus, superb of exter, exterus. See exterior.] 
1. At the utmost point or border ; utmost ; most remote. 2. 
Last ; final ; as, extreme unction. 3. Far out ; far toward 
the extreme. 4. Existing in, or going to, the greatest de- 
gree ; greatest. 5. Very great ; hence : excessive ; immoder- 
ate. 6. Radical ; as, extreme opinions. — Syn. See last. 
extreme unction, R. C. Ch., the sacrament of anointing 
in the last hours of life or when a person is in imminent 
danger of death, — done for remission of sins. 

— to. 1. The utmost point ; extremity. 2. Utmost limit ; 
furthest degree ; undue departure from the mean ; esp., in 
pi., things at an extreme distance from each other, etc. ; 
as, extremes meet. 3. An extreme condition ; hence : dan- 
ger, distress, etc. 4. An excessive degree, measure, or expe- 
dient. 5. Math. The first or the last term of a proportion or 
series. 6. Logic. A term appearing in only one of the prem- 
ises of a syllogism. — ex-treme'ly, adv. — ex-treme'- 
ness, to. 

ex-trem'ism (eks-trem'Tz'm), to. Quality or state of being 
extreme or radical ; tendency to go to extremes. 

ex-trem'ist (eks-trem'ist), to. A supporter of extreme 
doctrines or practice ; one who holds extreme opinions. 

ex-trem'i-ty (-trem'i-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The ut- 
most limit, point, or part. 2. A limb of the body, or, esp., 
the end part of a limb ; — usually in pi. 3. Highest de- 
gree ; most intense form. 4. Utmost degree of intensity, 
pain, or the like ; greatest peril or need ; also, dying. 5. An 
extremely severe act or measure ; — usually in pi. ; as, to 
resort to extremities. 

ex'tri-ca-ble (eks'tn-kd-b'l), a. That can be extricated. 

ex'tri-cate (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. [L. 
extricatus, p. p. of extricare; ex + tricae trifles, impedi- 
ments, perplexities.] 1. To free, as from difficulties ; disen- 
tangle. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved ; as, to extri- 
cate heat. — Syn. See disengage. 

ex'tri-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. An extricating or disentan- 
gling ; disentanglement. 

ex-trin'sic (eks-trm'sik), a. [L. extrinsecus, adv., on the 
outside ; exter outside + secus otherwise, beside.] Not 
in or of a body ; belonging to what is foreign to, or outside 
of, what is under consideration ; external ; unessential. 
Syn. Outward, foreign, extraneous. — Extrinsic, extra- 
neous. That is extrinsic (opposed to intrinsic) which is not 
inherent or essential ; that is extraneous which is more 
definitely or concretely external or foreign ; as, extrinsic ad- 
vantages of birth ; considerations extraneous to our subject. 

ex-trin'si-cal (-si-kol), a. Extrinsic. cal-ly, adv. 

ex-trorse' (-trors'), a. [L. extrorsus in an outward direc- 
tion ; extra on the outside -f- versus toward.] Facing or 
turned outward ; specif., Bot., turned away from the axis of 
growth. 

ex'tro-ver'sion (eks'tro-vur'shwn), to. Med. State of being 
turned inside outj as, extroversion of the bladder. 

ex-trude' (eks-trood'), v. t. -trud'ed (-trood'ed) ; -trud'- 
ing. [L. extruder e, extrusum; ex out -f trudere to thrust.] 
1. To force, press, or push out ; expel. 2. Specif. : Metal- 
lurgy. To shape or form by forcing metal heated to a semi- 



plastic condition through dies by the use of hydraulic 
power ; as, extruded rods. — v. i. To be extruded. 

ex-tru'sion (eks-troo'zhun), to. Act of extruding. 

ex-tru'sive (-slv), a. 1. Extruding. 2. Geol. Forced out at 
the surface ; as, extrusive rocks. Cf. intrusive. 

ex-u'ber-ance (egz-u'ber-ans)) to. 1. State or quality of be- 

ex-u'ber-an-cy (-ber-an-si) / ingexuberant; copious sup- 
ply. 2. An instance of exuberant action, growth, or the like. 
— Syn. Abundance, plenty, copiousness, profusion, over- 
flow, excess ; rankness, wantonness, luxuriance. 

ex-u'ber-ant (-ant), a. [L. exuberans, -antis, p. pr. of 
exuberare to be abundant ; ex + uberare to be fruitful, 
uber fruitful.] Characterized by abundance or superabun- 
dance. — Syn. See plentiful. — ex-u'ber-ant-ly, adv. 

ex-u'ber-ate (-at), v. i. To be in exuberance ; abound. 

ex'u-date (eks'u-dat), to. Exuded matter. [exuded. I 

ex'u-da'tion _(-da'shim), to. Act of exuding ; that which is| 

ex-ude' (eks-ud'; egz-ud'), v. t. & i. [L. exudare, exsu- 
dare, -atum, to sweat out ; ex + sudare to sweat, sudor 
sweat.] To discharge from a body through pores or inci- 
sions, as sweat, moisture, or other liquid. 

ex-ult' (eg-zult'). v. i. [L. exultare, exsultare, -atum. to 
leap vigorously, exult, intens. fr. exsilire to spring out ; 
ex + satire to leap.] 1. To leap. Obs. 2. To be in high 
spirits ; rejoice exceedingly ; triumph. 

ex-ult'an-cy (-zul'tan-si), to. Exultation. 

ex-ult'ant (-zul'tant), a. Characterized by or expressing 
exultation. — Syn. See elated. — ex-ult'ant-ly, adv. 

ex'ul-ta'tion (ek'sul-ta'shun ; eg'zul-), to. Act of exulting ; 
esp., lively joy at success or victory ; delight ; triumph. 

ex-ult'ing-ly, adv. In an exulting manner. 

ex-u'vi-Ee (egz-u'vT-e), to. pi. [L., fr. exuere to draw out or 
off.] Cast or molted integuments of animals, as skins of 
snakes, shells of lobsters, etc. — ex-u'vi-al (-al), a. 

ex-u'vi-ate (-vi-at), v. i. & t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To 
shed an old covering ; molt. — ex-u'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

ey'as {Vas), to. [F. niais fresh from the nest, fr. L. 
nidus nest. E. an eyas stands for a nias.] A nestling. 

eye (T),to. [AS. eage.~\ 1. The organ of sight or vision. 2. a 
Vision; as, he has a keen eye; fl^^^^-^^^^^ q 
often, trained or appreci- 'l>^^^ == \ s ^^^ i y^ b 
ative vision ; as, an eye for the ■* 
beautiful, b Look ; 
glance ; as, to make 
eyes at one ; close re- 
gard ; hence : over- ', 
sight ; watch ; as, keep ; 
an eye on him. C Dis- 
cernment ; judgment ; 
estimation; as, a 
crime in the eye of the 
law. 3. The field or 
range of vision ; view ; 
sight ; as, the accident 
occurred in the eye of 
the whole audience. 
4. Fig., a seat of intel- 
lectual light. 5. An 
object suggestive of 
the organ of sight ; as, 
the bull's-eye of a tar- 
get, a bud of a plant, 
the hole througha 
needle, etc. 
in the eye of the 
wind, Naut., in a di- 
rection almost direct- 
ly opposed to the 
wind ; very close to 
the wind. 

— v. t. ; eyed (Id) ; ey'ing (1'ing) or eye'ing. To view ; esp., 
to watch narrowly. — v. i. To appear ; look. Obs. 

eye'ball' (I'bolO, to. The ball, or globe, of the eye. 

eye'bright' (I'brltO, to. A small European herb {Euphra- 
sia officinalis), of the figwort family, formerly used for 
diseases of the eye. 

eye'brow' (I'brouO, to. The arch or ridge over the eye; 
also, the hair growing on this ridge. 

eye'cup' (I'kupO, to. An oval porcelain or glass cup having 
a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye, and used in applying 
liquid remedies to the eyes ; — called also eyeglass. 

eyed (Id), a. Having eyes or eyelike spots. 

eye'glass' (T'glasO, to. 1. A lens of glass or rock crystal 
used to correct defects of vision ; — when used in pairs, 
commonly called eyeglasses or pinre-nez. Cf. lorgnette. 
2. The eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, etc. 3. = eye- 
cup. 

eye'hole' (T'hoT), to. 1. The orbit of the eye. 2. A peep- 
hole. 3. A circular opening to receive something, as a 
hook, cord, or rope ; an eyelet ; an eye. 

eye'lash' (I'lash'), to. The fringe of hair that edges the 
eyelid ; also, a single hair of this fringe. 




Horizontal section of Right Human 
Eyeball, seen from above. Some- 
what enlarged, a b Conjunctiva ; 
C Cornea; 5 Sclerotic ; e Choroid ; 
/ Ciliary Muscle ; g Ciliary Proc- 
ess ; h Iris ; i Suspensory Liga- 
ment ; k Posterior Aqueous Cham- 
ber between h and i ,' I Anterior 
Aqueous Chamber ; m Crystalline 
Lens ; n Vitreous Humor ; o Reti- 
na ; p Yellow Spot ; q Center of 
Blind Spot; r Artery of Retina in 
the center of the Optic Nerve. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch. m G. ion. ach (5UJ; don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation, 
+ combined with. = equals, 



M 



EYELESS 



360 



FACE CARD 






eye'less (I'les), a. Without eyes ; blind ; as,"Eyeless rage." 

eye'let (I'let), n. [OF. oillet, F. oeillet, dim. of oeil eye, L. 
oculus.] 1. A small hole, to receive a cord. 2. A metal 
ring, used to line an eyelet hole. 3. A loophole. 4. A small 
eye ; an ocellus. — v. t\ To make or place eyelets in. 

eye'let-eer' (I'let-er'), n. A stiletto ; bodkin. 

eye'lid/CI'lid'), n. The portion of movable skin with which 
an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball at pleasure. 

ey'en (I'en). Archaic or Scot. pi. of eye. 

eye opener. That which makes the eyes open, as star- 
tling news, or, U. S. Slang, a drink of liquor. 

eye'piece' (I'peV), n. The lens, or combination of lenses, 
at the eye end of an optical instrument. 

eye'serv'ant (I'sur'vdnt), n. A servant who does his duty 
faithfully only when watched. 

eye'serv'er, n. An eyeservant. 

eye'serv'ice (-vis), n. 1. Service performed only under 
inspection. 2. Admiring looks ; regard. 

eye'shot' (I'shoV), n. Range or reach of the eye ; view. 

eye'sight' (I'slf), n. Sight ; view ; observation. 

eye'sore' (I'sorO, n. Something offensive to the sight. 

eye'spot' (-spot'), n. 1. Zo'dl. a A simple eye or visual 
organ, in many invertebrates, consisting of pigment cells 
covering a sensory nerve termination, b An eyelike spot of 
color. 2. An eyelike spot, as in a potato or coconut. 

eye'stalk' (I'stCk'), n. Zo'dl. One of the movable peduncles 



which, in lobsters, shrimps, and other decapod crustaceans, 
bear the eyes at the tip. 
eye'stone' (I'ston'), n. A small lenticular calcareous body, 

used to remove a foreign substance from the eye. 
eye'StringS' (I'stringz'), n. pi. The muscles, tendons, oi 
nerves of the eye, formerly thought to break at death or 
on loss of sight. 

An upper canine tooth. 
Eyewater. 
A wash or lotion for the eyes. 
1. A wink. 2. A glance. 



eye'tooth' (I'tooth'), n. 
eye'wash' (I'wosh'), n. 
eye'wa'ter (I'wo'ter), n 
eye'wink' (I'wink'), n 



eye'wink'er, n. An eyelash. 

eye^wit'ness (I'wit'nes ; I'wit'nes), n. One who sees an 

object or act ; esp., one who testifies to what he has seen. 
ey'ra (a/rd; Via), n. [Native South American name] 

Zo'dl. A tropical American wild cat (Felis eyra). 
eyre (ar), n. [OF. eirre, eire, journey, way, fr. L. iter, 

itineris, way. See itinerary.] A journey in circuit ; — 

used in justices in eyre, judges who, in the Middle Ages, 

rode circuit to hold courts. 
ey'rie, ey'ry (a'rT ; e'n). Vars. of aerie. 
E-ze'ki-el (e-ze'ki-el ; -zek'yel), n. [L. Ezechiel, fr. Heb. 

Yekhezqel.2 Bib. 1. A great Hebrew prophet of the 6th 

century b. c. 2. The Book ofEzekiel in the Old Testament. 
Ez'ra (ez'rd), n. [Heb. 'Ezra.] Bib. 1. A famous Hebrew 

prophet of the 5th century B. c. 2. A certain book of the 

Old Testament. 




F(ef). 1. The sixth letter of the English, as also of the Ro- 
man, early Greek, and Semitic alphabets. Its present 
form and sound are from the Latin, which borrowed the 
form from the early Greek digamma, F- Etymologically / 
is most closely related to p, k, v, and b. See Guide to Pron., 
§ 35. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a The 
sixth in a series ; sixth in order or class ; sometimes, the 

) numeral 6 ; as, Company F. b Music. The fourth tone of 
the model major scale (that of C), or the sixth of its relative 
minor scale (that of A minor). Also, any key giving this 
tone. 3. As a medieval Roman numeral, F = 40, and F 
= 40,000. 

F (ef), or 1, n. ; pi. F's or Fs (efs). The letter F or f ; also, 
an object shaped like an F. 

2a (fa), n. [It.] Music. The fourth of the syllables used in 
solmization ; — applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic 
scale. 

fa-ba'ceous (fd-ba/shus), a. [L. fabaceus of beans, fr. 
faba bean.] Belonging to an immense family (Fabacese) 
of plants, the bean family, including herbs, shrubs, and 
trees, the fruit of which is a true pod, or legume. 

Fa'bi-an (fa'bi-an), a. 1. In the manner of the Roman 
general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, called Cunc- 
tator, who avoided decisive contests ; cautious ; dilatory. 2. 
Designating, or pertaining to, a society of socialists organ- 
ized in England, in 18S4, to spread socialistic principles 
gradually without violent agitation. 

— n. A member of, or sympathizer with, the Fabian Society. 
fa'ble (-b'l), n. [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fari to speak, say.] 

1. A fictitious narrative or statement ; specif. : a Untruth. 
b A story of supernatural or marvelous happenings. C A 
narration enforcing some useful truth, esp. one in which 
animals speak and act like human beings, d Talk ; com- 
mon talk. 2. Plot or story of an epic or dramatic poem. 

— v. i. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-blmg). To compose fables ; 
write or speak fiction ; talk idly ; lie. — v. t. To feign ; in- 
vent ; tell of falsely. — fa'bler (fa'bler), n. 

la'bled (fa'b'ld), p. a. 1. Told in fable ; mythical ; legend- 
ary. 2. Having no real existence ; fictitious. 

Ufa'bli'au' (fa/ble'o'), n.; pi. -avx(E. -oz'). [F.] F. Lit. 
One of a kind of short metrical tales of the 12th-13th 
centuries. They are usually satirical and frankly coarse. 

fab'ric (fab'rik), n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop. See 
forge.] 1. A structure. 2. Act of constructing ; erection ; 
specif., construction and maintenance of churches. Eng. 3. 
The structure of anything ; texture, as of goods, a rock, 
etc. 4. Cloth woven or knit from fibers. 

fab'ri-cant(-ri-kdnt), n. One who fabricates ; manufacturer. 

fab'li-cate (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
fabricatus, p. p. of fabricari, -care, to build, forge, fr. 
jdbrica. See fabric.] 1. To construct; manufacture; 
build. Archaic. 2. To form by art and labor ; manufac- 
ture ; produce ; as, to fabricate woolens. 3. To invent (a 
fiction, legend, etc.) ; devise falsely, as a lie. — Syn. See 
fashion. — fab'ri-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. 

tab'ri-ca'tion (-ka'sh&n;, n. 1. Act of fabricating. 2. That 
which is fabricated ; a falsehood. — Syn. See fiction. 

fab'u-list (iab'u-list), n. A writer or inventor of fables. 



fab'u-lous (-lus), a. [L.fabulosus.1 1. Feigned, as a fable ; 
fictitious ; legendary. 2. Like a fable, esp. in exaggeration ; 
astonishing. — fab'u-lous-ly, adv. — fab'u-lous-ness, n. 
Syn. Fabulous, mythical, apocryphal are here compared 
in their secondary senses. Fabulous connotes that which 
is incredible or beyond sober reality ; as, fabulous wealth. 
Mythical is often euphemistic for what is feigned or non- 
existent ; as, a mythical tale. Apocryphal adds the implica- 
tion of spuriousness or sham ; as, apocryphal books. 

fa-gade' (fd-sad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. fades. See face.] 
Arch. Front of a building ; esp., the principal front. 

face (fas), n. [F., fr. LL. facia, L. fades form, shape, 
face.] 1. The front part of the head ; of man, the part in- 
cluding the eyes, cheeks, nose, mouth, forehead, and chin. 
2. Expression ; look. 3. Boldness ; effrontery. 4. Presence ; 
view ; sight. 5. Outside appearance ; aspect ; hence, pre- 
tense. 6. The physical features of a country. 7. A surface ; 
esp., the front, upper, or outer part. 8. The principal side, 
as a front of a building, the marked side of a playing card, 
the "right," or finished, side, of cloth, leather, etc., the in- 
scribed or printed side of a document. 9. Any bounding 
plane of a polyhedron. 10. The acting surface, esp. of a 
tool or implement ; specif. : a The edge of a cutting imple- 
ment, b The striking surface of the head of a hammer, a 
mallet, etc. C The grinding surface of a molar tooth, d The 
upper surface of an anvil. 11. Print, a The upper or print- 
ing surface of a type, plate, etc. b The style or cut of type. 
See type. 12. Mining, a The end or wall of the tunnel, 
drift, or excavation at which work is progressing or was last 
done ; breast, b The principal cleavage plane at right an- 
gles to the stratification. 13. The exact amount expressed 
on a note, bond, etc. 14. Fort, a The portion of a work 
forming one side of a salient angle, b The front between 
two neighboring bastions or other salient works. 15. Mil. 
One of the sides of a formation, esp. of a square. 
Syn. Face, countenance, visage, physiognomy. Face 
is the simple and direct word ; countenance is more ele- 
vated, and often retains the implication of looks or expres- 
sion. Visage is now chiefly poetical ; it often emphasizes 
outward appearance. Physiognomy denotes the faceesp.as 
expressive of mind or disposition, or, fig., significant aspect. 
in the face of. a In the immediate presence of. b In 
opposition to ; in defiance of ; despite. 

— v. t. ; faced (fast) ; fac'ing (fas'ing). 1. To confront im- 
pudently. 2. To meet in front ; oppose firmly ; resist. 3. To 
stand with the face toward. 4. To cause to present a face, 
as in a certain direction. 5. Card Playing. To turn (a card) 
face upward so as to expose the markings. 6. To cover with 
anything, as for ornament or protection ; put a face or fac- 
ing on. 7. To line near the edge, esp. with a different mate- 
rial. 8. Mech. To make the surface of (anything) flat or 
smooth ; to dress the face of (a stone, a, casting, etc.) ; — 
often used with up. 9. To give a specious appearance, or 
"face," to ; as, to face tea with coloring matter. 

to face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposi- 
tion ; as, to face a person down. — to f . (a thing) out, to 
persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in conduct. 

— v. i. To present a face (in a certain direction). 
face card. Playing Cards. A king, queen, or knave. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask.sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, flp D circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 






FACE-HARDEN 



361 



FAGIN 




face'-hard'en, v. t. To harden the face or surface of (iron 

or steel), as by casehardening, casting in chills, or the like. 
fac'er (fas'er), to. 1. A blow in the face, as in boxing ; — 

also fig. Colloq. 2. One who, or that which, faces ; specif., 

Mach., an attachment to a machine tool to hold a cutter 

for facing or surfacing. 
fac'et (fas'et), to. [F. facetted 1. A little face ; esp., one of 

the small plane surfaces of a cut gem. 2. Arch. The fillet 

between the flutes of a column. 3. Zool. The surface of one 

of the small eyes in a compound eye ; also, one of the small 

eyes, or ocelli. — v. t. To cut facets on. 
fa-cete' (fd-seV), a. [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious.] 

Facetious ; witty. Archaic. 
fa-ce'ti-SB (fd-se'shi-e), n. pi. [L., fr. facetus elegant, fine, 

facetious.] Witty or humorous writings or sayings. 
fa-ce'tious (-shus), a. Given to, or characterized by, pleas- 
antry ; sportive ; jocose ; jocular. — Syn. See witty. — fa- 

ce'tious-ly, adv. — fa-ce'tious-ness, to. 
fa'cial (fa'shdl), a. Of or pertaining to the face. 

facial angle, the angle made by the intersection of the a::is 

of the face with the axis of the skull. 
fa'ci-end (fa'shT-end), to. [From 

neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of 

facere to do.] Math. Multiplicand. 
fac'ile (fas'il), a. [L. facilis, prop., 

capable of being done ; hence, facile,^ 

fr. facere to do.] 1. Easily done ; 

not difficult. 2. Easily surmounted, 

removed, or mastered. 3. Approach- 
able ; affable. 4. Easily persuaded ; 

yielding ; pliant. 5. Ready ; fluent. 

— fac'ile-ly, adv.— fac'ile-ness, to. 
t a-cil'i-tate ( f d-sil'i-tat ) , v. t . ; -tat'- 

ed (-tat'ed); -tat'ing. To make 

easy or less difficult. — fa-cil'i-ta'- 

tion (-ta'shzin), to. F ^ ci ^ An ejes, 1. of an 

fa-cil'i-ty UX),n.; pi -ties (-tiz). ^^^^^l 

1. Quality of being easily done ; ease. p r0 gnathous Skull, a b 

2. Readiness from skill or practice ; Axis of the Face ; c d 
dexterity ; address ; expertness. 3. Axis of the Skull. 
The quality of being easily persuaded ; pliancy. 4. That 
which facilitates any action; aid; — usually in pi.; as, 
facilities for trade, study, travel, etc. 

fac'ing (fas'Tng), n. t 1. A covering in front, for ornament 
or protection ; exterior covering ; as, a facing of stone over 
brick. 2. A lining near the edge of a garment for ornament 
or protection. 3. In pi. Mil. The collar, cuffs, and trim- 
mings of a military coat. 

fa-cin'o-rous (fd-sin'6-rus),a. [L. facinorosus,ir.f acinus 
bad deed, facere to do.] Very wicked. Obs. or R. 

fac-sim'i-le (fak-sim'i-le), n. [L. fac simile make like.] 
An exact copy or likeness. — Syn. See duplicate. 

— v. t. ; -led (-led) ; -le-ing. To make a facsimile of. _ 

facsimile telegraph. A telegraphic apparatus reproducing 
messages in autograph, or transmitting to a distance a 
copy of drawings, pictures, etc. See telautograph. 

fact (fakt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to do.] 1. A thing 
done ; deed ; — now Rare, exc. in accessories after the 
fact, etc. 2. An event, occurrence, quality, or relation, 
manifestly real. 3. The quality of being actual ; actuality ; 
as, a question of fact. 4. The statement of a thing done or 
existing ; loosely, the thing supposed to be done or to exist. 
5. Law. Specif. : Any of the circumstances or matters of a 
case as alleged ; also, that which is of actual occurrence ; 
reality as an event or events ; — usually in pi. 

fac'tion (fak'shun), n. [L. factio a doing, faction. See 
fact.] 1. A set or class of persons. 2. A combination or 
clique (generally contentious or self-seeking) in a state, 
party, etc. 3. Party in general ; party tumult ; dissension. 
— Syn. See combination. [by faction.] 

fac'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to a faction ; characterized! 

factious (-shus), a. [L. factiosus.'] 1. Given to faction, 
or dissension; seditious. 2. Proceeding from, or charac- 
terized by, faction; as, "factious fury." — fac'tious-ly, 
adv. — f ac'tious-ness, n. 

fac-ti'tious (fak-tfsh'us), a. [L. facticius, fr. facere to 
make.] 1. Artificial ; sham. 2. Formed by, or adapted 
to, an artificial standard or rule ; not natural ; as, a fac- 
titious taste. — fac-ti'tious-ly, adv. — tious-ness, n. 
Syn. Factitious, unnatural. That is unnatural which 
departs in any way from a normal state ; that is factitious 
(see artificial) which is brought about or wrought up by 
labor and effort; as, a factitious demand (one "worked 
up" ) ; unnatural excitement, factitious excitement, 
fac'ti-tive (f ak'tT-tiv) , a. [See fact.] Gram. Pert, to or 
designating a verb which expresses an idea of making or 
rendering anything to be of a certain character ; as in, he 

made the water wine; ye call me chief. tive-ly, adv. 

fac'tor (fak'ter), n. [L. factor a doer.] 1. One who does 
business for another ; agent; esp., a commission merchant. 
2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. Obs. or Scot. Hence, 
Law: a One appointed by law to have charge of forfeited 



or sequestered property. Scot. & Local U. S. b The gar- 
nishee in the proceeding called factorizing or, more com- 
monly, garnishment. U. S. 3. The agent in charge of a 
trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company. 4. Math. 
Any of the quantities which, multiplied together, form a 
product. 5. One of the elements that contribute to produce 
a result ; a constituent. — v. t. To resolve into factors. 

fac'tor-age (-aj), to. Agency or commission of a factor. 

fac-to'ri-al (fak-to'n-dl ; 57), a. Related to factors or 
factorials. — n. The product of an integer by all other 
smaller integers ; as, factorial 4 (written JJ or 4!) equals 
4x3x2x1. 

fac'tor-ize (fak'tor-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. 1. Law, 
Vt.dk Conn. To garnish. 2. Math. To bring into the form 
of a product of factors ; resolve into factors. 

fac'to-ry (fak'to-n), n.; pi. -rtes (-rlz). 1. A trading sta- 
tion where factors, or agents, reside and transact business. 
2. A building, or collection of buildings, usually with 
equipment, for the manufacture of goods ; manufactory. 

fac-to^tum (fak-to't&m), n. [L., do everything; fac, im- 
perative of facere to do + totus all.] 1. A busybody. Obs. 
2. One employed to do all kinds of work. 

fac'tu-al (fak'ty-dl), a. Relating to or containing facts ; 
actual. — fac'tu-al-ly, adv. 

fac'ture(fak't$r),n. [L. factum a making.] Act or manner 
of making or doing anything; — now used esp. of an artis- 
tic production. 

fac'u-la (-u-ld), to.; L. pi. -lm (-le). [L., dim. of fax, fads, 
a torch.] A spot or streak on the surface of the sun 
brighter than the surrounding regions of the photosphere. 

fac'ul-ta-tive (-£l-ta-tiv), a. 1. Involving, bestowing, or 
having more or less freedom of choice, action, or the like ; 
as, facultative enactments, or such as convey a "faculty," 
or permission; hence, optional; as, "facultative celi- 
bacy." 2. Of such a character as to admit of existing under 
various forms or conditions, or of happening or not happen- 
ing, or the like ; specif., Biol., having the power to live 
under different conditions ; — opp. to obligate. 3. Pert, 
to a faculty or faculties. 

fac'ul-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-ttz). [F. faculty, L. facul- 
tas, fr. facilis easy, facere to make.] 1. Ability to act or 
do. 2. a That in which one is trained ; trade ; profession. 
Archaic, b Special endowment ; knack. 3. a One of the 
powers of mind or sense ; as, in possession of one's facul- 
ties, b In pi. Phrenol. Aptitudes supposed to be indicated 
by the conformation of the skull. 4. Power, authority, or 
prerogative given or conferred. 5. A department of learn- 
ing or instruction in a university. 6. The members of a pro- 
fession or calling ; as, the legal faculty. 7. The president, 
professors, and tutors in a university or college. Chiefly U.S. 
8. Ability in property ; means ; resources ; as, the faculty 
theory demands that every man should be taxed according 
to his ability. 9. Executive ability; efficiency. Colloq. 
— Syn. Talent, aptitude ; dexterity, cleverness. See gift. 

fad (fad), n. A custom, amusement, etc., followed for a 
time with exaggerated zeal ; hobby ; craze. — Syn. See 
fashion. — fad'dist (fad'ist), n. 

fad'dy (fad'i), a. Addicted to fads ; like a fad. Colloq. 

fade (fad), v.i.; fad'ed (fad'ed ; 24); fad'lng. [Prob.fr. 
OF. fader,fc. fade feeble, pale.] 1. To grow weak ; decay; 
wither. 2. To lose freshness or brightness ; grow dim. 3. 
To sink away ; vanish. — v. t. To cause to fade. 

fade (fad ; as French fad), a. [OF. fade feeble, languishing, 
pale, F. fade insipid, prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid.] 1. Pale ; 
wan; languishing. Archaic. 2. (pron. fad) Weak; in- 
sipid; commonplace. A Gallicism. 

f ade'less, a. Unfading. — f ade'less-ly, adv. 

fadge (faj), v. i. To suit; succeed; thrive. Obs. 

fse'eal, fae'ees. Vars. of fecal, feces. 

fa'er-y, fa'er-ie (fa'er-i), n. 1. The world of fairies, esp. of 
such as were first depicted by Spenser. Archaic. 2. A 
fairy. 06s. — a. Of or likefaery. — Syn. See fairy. 
Faf'nir (fav'ner), n. [Icel. FafnirJ] I eel. Myth. A treasure- 
guarding giant who, in dragon's form, was slain by Sigurd. 

fag (fag), v. i.; fagged (fagd) ; fag'ging. 1. To labor to 
weariness ; drudge. 2. To become weary ; to flag ; droop. 
Now Rare. 3.To act as a fag. — v. t. l.To tire by labor ; 
exhaust. 2. To use or treat as a fag. — Syn. See tire. 

— to. 1. Toil ; drudgery. Colloq., Eng. 2. Eng. Schools. A 
boy who does service for another of a higher form ; a drudge. 
i a-ga'ceous (fd-ga'sh£s), a. [L. fagus beech.] Bot. Be- 
longing to an important family (Fagacese) of trees and 
shrubs, the beech family. They have staminate flowers, 
usually in aments, and one-seeded nuts. The family con- 
tains the oak, beech, and chestnut. 
f ag'-end', to. The end of a web of cloth, of a rope, etc. ; an 
end of poorer quality ; a remnant. 

fag'ger, to. 1. One who fags another. 2. A hard worker. 
fag'got, fag'got-ing. Vars. of fagot, etc. 
Fa'gin (fa'gin), to. In Dickens's "Oliver Twist," a villain- 
ous old Jew who acts as a "fence," and who trains boys and 
girls to be pickpockets and sneak thieves. 



! 



H 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 






FAGOT 



362 



FAITHLESSNESS 



fag'ot, fag'got (fiig'ut), n. [F.] 1. A bundle of sticks or 
twigs, as for fuel or a fascine. 2. Iron Manuf. A bundle of 
pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other 
shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding heat ; a pile. 

— v. t. To make a fagot of ; bind in a fagot, or bundle. 
fag'ot-ing, fag'got-ing, n. Embroidery. A process of 

drawing out horizontal threads from a fabric, such as 
linen, and tying the remaining cross threads into hour- 
glass-shaped bunches ; also, the work itself. 

B fahl'band' (f al'bant' ; -band'), n. [G. /oM dun-colored. 
+ band a band.] Mining. A band or stratum, in crystal- 
line rock, containing metallic sulphides ; — so called 
because by decomposition it assumes a pale color. 

Fah'ren-heit (fa'ren-hit), a. Designating, or conforming 
to, the scale used by G.D.Fahrenheit (1686-1736) in gradu- 
ating his thermometer. — n. The Fahrenheit thermome- 
ter or scale (abbr., F.), so graduated that the freezing point 
of water is at 32° above 0°, the boiling point at 212° above. 

| Ja'ience' (fa/yaNs'), n. [F., fr. Faenza, a town in Italy.] 
Fine, richly colored, glazed earthenware. 

fail (fal),v. i. \Y.faiUir, fr. ~L. fallere, falsum, to deceive.] 

1. To be wanting ; fall short ; come to an end. 2. To lose 
vigor, resources, etc. ; become weaker. 3. To be found 
wanting or to come short, in an action, duty, result, etc. 4. 
To err in judgment. 5. To become bankrupt or insolvent. 

— v. t. 1. To be wanting to ; disappoint ; desert. 2. To 
omit or neglect ; — now only with to and the infinitive ; as, 
he failed to come. 

— n. Failure ; — now Rare, exc. in without fail. 
fail'ing, vb. n. A falling short ; failure ; hence : a defi- 
ciency ; infirmity ; weakness. — Syn. See fault. 

faille (fa'y' ; E. fal), n. [F.] A soft corded silk, heavier 
than a foulard and not glossy. 

fail'ure (fal'iir), n. [Earlier failer, fr. F. faillir, the inf. 
used as n. Oxf. E. D. See fail.] 1. A failing ; default ; defi- 
ciency. 2. Omission to perform ; as, failure to keep a prom- 
ise. 3. Want of success ; state of having failed. 4. Breaking 
down; decline; decay; as, the failure of sight or memory. 
5. A becoming insolvent or bankrupt. 6. One who, or 
that which, has failed. 

fain (fan), a. [AS. fsegen."] 1. Well-pleased ; glad. 2. Rela- 
tively contented ; constrained. 3. Inclined ; desirous. — 
adv. With joy ; gladly ; — now used with would. 

fai'ne-ance (fa'ne-ans)l n. Do-nothingness; inactivity; 

fai'ne-an-cy (-an-sT) / indolence. 

H fai'ne'ant' (fa'na'aN'), a. [F. ; faire to do + neant noth- 
ing.] Inactive ; idle. — n. An idler ; a sluggard. 

faint (fant), a. [F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign, in OF. 
also to remain inactive. See feign.] 1. Wanting in cour- 
age ; timorous ; depressed. 2. Lacking strength ; weak ; lan- 
guid. 3. Lacking distinctness ; hardly perceptible ; as, a 
faint color. 4. Performed weakly or feebly ; slight. 5. Pro- 
ducing a sensation of f aintness ; oppressive ; as, faint air. 

— n. Act or state of fainting ; swoon. 

— v.% 1. To sink into dejection ; lose courage or spirit. 2. 
To grow feeble. Archaic. 3. To swoon; — of ten used with 
away. 4. To decay ; grow dim. — faint'er, n. 

faint'— heart'ed (fant'har'ted ; 109), a. Cowardly ; timorous. 

faint'ish, a. Somewhat faint, or weak; having a feeling 
somewhat like that of fainting. — f aint'ish-ness, n. 

faint'ly, adv. In a faint manner. 

faint'ness, n. Quality or state of being faint. 

faints (fants), n. pi. Also feints. [See faint weak.] The 
weak and impure spirit which comes over last in the dis- 
tillation of whisky or other liquor. 

fair (far), a. [AS. fseger.'] 1. Pleasing to the eye ; beautiful. 

2. Elegant ; desirable ; favorable. 3. Free from spots, specks, 
dirt, or imperfection ; unblemished. 4. Distinct ; legible, as 
writing. 5. Without irregularity or unevenness of surface or 
direction ; smooth ; flowing ; — said of the figure of a vessel, 
and of surfaces, water lines, and other lines. 6. Character- 
ized by frankness, honesty, or impartiality ; open ; just. 7. 
Open to legitimate pursuit ; — chiefly in fair game. 8. 
Light ; blond ; as, fair skin. 9. Without marked merit or 
defect ; average ; middling. 10. Not stormy ; favorable ; 
also, clear ; cloudless ; — said of the sky, weather, etc. 11. 
Meteorol. Specif., free from rain, hail, or snow ; — so used 
by the U. S. Weather Bureau. 12. Unobstructed ; clear ; 
as, a fair view. 13. Promising ; propitious. 

Syn. Just, equitable, unprejudiced, impartial, unbiased, 
disinterested. — Fair, impartial, unbiased, disinter- 
ested imply freedom from undue influence. Fair implies, 
negatively, absence of injustice or fraud ; positively, the 
putting of all things on an equitable footing. Impartial 
implies absence of favor for one party more than the other. 
Unbiased expresses even more strongly lack of prejudice 
or prepossession. Disinterested denotes that freedom 
from bias due to absence oi selfish interest. 
fair ball, Baseball, a batted ball that first strikes the 
ground beyond first or third base and within the foul lines, 
or a batted ball that comes to rest before passing first or 
third base and within the foul lines, or a batted ball that 



after striking the ground passes first or third base within 
the foul lines. — f . catch, Football, a catch made by a 
player on side who makes a prescribed signal that he will 
not attempt to advance the ball when caught. He may 
not then be interfered with. — f . copy, a perfect copy of 
a document ; also, the condition of such a copy. — £. green, 
Golf, that part of the links or golf course between tees and 
putting greens (exclusive of long grass and hazards) where 
the grass is kept short either by mowing or grazing. 

— adv. 1. In a fair manner. 2. Equitably ; impartially. 

3. Prosperously ; promisingly ; — now only in to bid (or 
promise) fair. 4. Quietly; moderately. Obs. -5. Evenly; 
squarely ; also, full ; plump ; as, he was struck fair between 
the eyes. — Syn. Attractively, pleasantly, agreeably. 
fair and square, justly ; honestly. Colloq. 

—n. 1. Fairness ; beauty. Archaic. 2. A fair woman ; sweet- 
heart. Archaic. 3. That which is fair or fortunate. 

— v. i. To clear ; — said of the weather. 

fair, n. [OF. feire, fr. L. feria holiday, pi. feriae days of 
rest, holidays, festivals.] 1. A gathering of buyers and 
sellers at a stated season. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy 
articles, etc., usually for charity. 3. A competitive exhi- 
bition of wares, products, etc. ; as, an agricultural fair. 

fau/ground 7 (-ground'), n. An inclosure where outdoor 
fairs, trotting races, etc., are held ; — usually in pi. U. S. 

fair'ing, n. A present ; originally, one from a fair. 

fair'-lead' (fSr'led') In. Naut.^ A block, ring, or strip of 

f air'— lead/er (-led'er) / plank with holes, serving as a guide 
for running rigging or for a rope, as to prevent fouling. 

fair'ly, adv. 1. In a fair manner ; justly ; equitably ; impar- 
tially. 2. Handsomely ; beautifully. Obs. 3. Courteously. 

4. Suitably ; auspiciously. 5. Peaceably ; quietly. Obs. 6. 
Plainly ; clearly ; distinctly. 7. Actually ; positively ; com- 
pletely ; as, he fairly gasped in surprise. 8. Tolerably ; 
moderately ; rather ; as, she sings fairly well. 

fair'-mind/ed (-min'ded ; 24, 109), a. Unprejudiced ; just ; 

judicial ; honest. — fair'-mind'ed-ness, n. 
fair'ness, n. State or quality of being fair. 
fair'-spo'ken (-spo'ken ; 109), a. Using fair speech ; uttered 

with fairness; courteous; plausible. 
fair'way' (-wa 7 ), n. The navigable and unobstructed part 

of a harbor, river, etc. 
fair'y (fax'i), n.,\ pi. fairies (-Tz). [OF. faierie, faerie, 

enchantment, fairy folk, fr. LL. fata one of the Fates, 

hence, fairy, fr. L. fatum fate. See fate.] 1. Faery. Obs. 

2. An imaginary supernatural being, supposed to assume 
a human form (usually diminutive), and to meddle in 
human affairs ; a fay. — a. Of, pert, to, or like, fairies. 
Syn. Fairy, fae*ry. Under the influence of the "Faerie 
Queene, " the spelling faery has come to connote (as con- 
trasted with the more concrete and definite implications 
of fairy) such an unreal, romantic, and visionary world as 
one associates with Spenser's poem. 

fair'y-hood (far'i-hdod), n. 1. Fairy state or nature; en- 
chantment. 2. Fairies collectively. 

fair'y-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. State of being a fairy or like one ; 
fairy nature and power. 2. Belief in fairies ; fairy tales. 

fair'y-land' (-land 7 ), n. Land or abode of fairies ; faery. 

fairy ring. In lawns and meadows, a circle formed of 
luxuriant grass or of certain mushroom fungi. 

faith (fath), n. [OF. feid, feit, fey, fr. L. fides.'] 1. Firm 
belief or trust (in a person, thing, doctrine, statement, 
etc.) ; as, faith in God ; faith in medicine. 2. Recogni- 
tion of spiritual realities and moral principles as supreme. 

3. Theol. a Historical faith, or belief in the truthfulness 
and authority of the Scriptural narrative and teachings. 
b Saving, or practical, faith, or the acceptance by the 
intellect, affection, and will of God's favor extended to man 
through Christ. 4. That which is believed ; esp., a system of 
religious beliefs ; as, the Christian faith. 5. Quality or state 
of being faithful ; fidelity ; loyalty. — Syn. See belief. 

— inter j. By my faith ! verily ! 

faith cure. A method of treating diseases by prayer and 
the exercise of faith in God ; a cure wrought by this method. 

faith'ful (fath'foftl), a. 1. Full of faith ; disposed to believe, 
esp. in God. 2. Firm in adherence to promises and other en- 
gagements. 3. True in affection or allegiance. 4. Worthy 
of confidence and belief ; accurate, as a story. — Syn. 
Trusty, honest, upright ; trustworthy, steadfast, constant. 

faitn'ful-ly, adv. In a faithful manner. 

faith'ful-ness, n. Quality or state of being faithful. — > 
Syn. See constancy. 

faith'less, a. 1. Not believing, esp. in God or the Christian 
religion. 2. False to promises ; disloyal. 3. False to duty 
or service. 4. Not to be relied on or trusted ; delusive ; 
unstable. — faith'less-ly, adv. — faith'less-ness, n. 
Syn. Disloyal, treacherous, perfidious, false ; inconstant, 
fickle, changeable, changeful, variable, mutable, wavering, 
fluctuating, vacillating, unsteady, unstable, volatile, mer- 
curial, veering, shifting. — Faithless, inconstant, fickle. 
Faithless, the strongest term, commonly connotes decep- 
tion or treachery. Inconstant implies changeableness and 
instability ; fickle adds the implication of capriciousness. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FAITOUR 



363 



FALLWAY 



fai'tour (fa'ter ; -toor), n. [OF. faitor a doer, L. factor.] 
A cheat ; impostor. 06s. 

fake (fak), n. Naut. A single turn or wind of a coiled rope, 
cable, etc. — v. t. ; faked (f akt) ; fak'ing. To coil in fakes. 

fake, v. t. To do, make, or work upon, in some way, esp. 
so as to invent fictitiously, falsify, or the like. — v. i. To 
practice faking anything. — n. Any person or thing that, 
through trickery or device, is made to appear otherwise 
than he or it really is. All Colloq. or Slang. 

fake'ment (fak'ment), n. A thing faked up ; a contrivance 
or device used by way of deception, etc. Slang. 

fak'er (fak'er), n. Erron. fakir. Slang. One who fakes; 
as: aA peddler at fairs, etc. b A fraud ; petty swindler. 

fa-kir' (B-ker' ; fa'ker), n. Also fa-keer' (fd-ker')._ [Ar. 
faqlr poor.] A dervish ; a member of any of the religious 
orders of Islam ; loosely, esp. in India, a beggar or itinerant 
wonder-worker of other religions. 

fa la, or fa— la (fa la), n. Music, a A refrain in old songs. 
b Hence, an old kind of part song with such a refrain. 

fal'ba-la (fal'bd-ld), faFbe-lo (-be-lo), n. A furbelow. 

fal'cate (fal'kat), a. [L. falcatus, fr. falx, falcis, sickle, 
scythe.] Hooked or curved like a sickle, as a claw. 

fal'chion (fol'chun ; -shun), n. [OF. fauchon, fr. LL., fr. L. 
falx, falcis, sickle.] A broad-bladed, medieval sword, 
slightly curved ; hence, chiefly Poetic, any sword. 

fal'ci-form (fal'sT-form), a. [L. falx, falcis, sickle -+- 
-form.'] Having the shape of a scythe or sickle. 

f al'con (fo'k'n ; fol'-), n. [OF. faucon, falcon, fr. L. falco.] 
Formerly, any of various hawks, prop, a female, used in 
hawking, esp. a peregrine falcon ; now, any of various long- 

' winged hawks with a notch and tooth on the edge of the 
upper mandible. 

fal'con-er (-er), n. One who hunts with falcons ; a breeder 
or trainer of hawks for hunting. 

fal'CO-net (f6'ko-net ; fal'ko-), n. [Dim. of falcon.'] 1. One 
of the smaller cannon used in the 15th century and later. 
2. Any of several small Asiatic falcons (genus Microhierax). 

fal'con-gen'til ) n. [F . faucon-gentil. See falcon; gen- 

fal'con— gen'tle J teel.] The female peregrine falcon. 

fal'con-ry (fo'k n-ri), n. Art of training falcons to pursue 
game ; also, the sport of hunting with falcons. 

fal'de-ral' (fal'de-ral' ; fal'de-ral'), fal'de-rol' (-roF), fol'- 
de-rol' (fol'-), n. 1. A meaningless word used as a refrain 
in old songs. 2. A trifle ; bit of finery ; nonsense. 

fald'stool' (fSld'stooF), »•_ 1. A movable folding stool or 
small desk at whichjvorshipers kneel during devotions. 2. 
In the practice of the Church of England, the reading desk 
from which the Litany is read ; a Litany stool. 

fall (fol), v. i. ; pret. fell (fel) ; p. p. fall'en (foF'n) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. fall'ing. [AS. feallan.] 1. To pass downward 
freely ; drop ; hence, to hang or depend freely ; as, bis cloak 
falls from his shoulders. 2. Hence : a To lose dignity, char- 
acter, or the like, b To come to pass as if by descending ; as, 
night falls, c To be uttered, as words, d To be lowered, as 
the glance. eTo be born or "dropped" ; — said of the young 
of certain animals, f To sound less loud or high ; to sound 
with lower pitch ; as, his voice fell. 3. To cease to be erect ; 
become prostrate ; as, a tree falls. 4. Hence : a To stum- 
ble ; be entrapped ; as, to fall into error, b To die, esp. by 
violence. C To be captured or destroyed. 5. To move or ex- 
tend downward. 6. Hence : a To subside, abate, decline, as 
flame ; to ebb, as the tide, b To decline in activity, strength, 
price, etc., as stocks. C To become or appear dejected ; — 
said of the face. 7. To strike ; impinge ; as, the shot fell 
near him. 8. To pass somewhat suddenly (into a new state) ; 
as, to fall asleep ; hence, to begin ; as, to fall to work. 9. 
To come or become ; occur ; arrive ; as, Christmas this year 
falls on Saturday. 10. Specif. : a To happen ; come by 
chance ; light, b To come, pass, or be transferred, as by lot 
or inheritance. C To come in a fitting manner or order ; as, 
the men fell into position. 11. To find or have its place or 
station ; as, the accent falls on the ultima. 12. To be ar- 
ranged or divisible (into). 
to fall aboard, Naut., to collide with ; strike the side of ; 

— usually used with of. — to f . back, to recede or retreat ; 
give way. — to f . behind or behindhand, to drop to 
the rear ; lag behind ; be in arrears. — to f . flat, to fail 
of the intended effect ; as, his speech fell flat. — to f . foul 
of. a Naut. To collide with ; become entangled with. 
b To attack ; assault. C To quarrel with ; have trouble 
with. — to f . from, to recede or depart from ; not to ad- 
here to. — to f. home, Shipbuilding, to curve inward; 

— said of the timbers or upper parts of a ship's sides. 

— to f . in. a To sink inward ; as, the roof fell in. b Mil. 
To take one's proper or assigned place in line, c To come 
together ; to meet ; agree. — to f . off. a To drop ; as, 
fruits fall off when ripe, b To withdraw ; separate ; step 
aside. C To become estranged ; as, friends fall off. d To 
depreciate ; deteriorate ; become less valuable, abundant, 
etc. ; as, a. falling off in the wheat crop. — to f. out. a To 
quarrel, b To happen ; chance ; come to pass, c Mil. To 
leave one's place in the ranks. — to f . through, to come 
to nothing ; fail. — to f . to, to begin ; proceed. — to f . 



upon, a To attack, b To hit upon ; chance upon. C To 
devolve upon as a charge or responsibility. 
— n. 1. Act of falling ; a dropping, esp. by gravity ; descent. 
2. Downfall ; destruction ; overthrow ; ruin. 3. A thing or 
quantity that falls or has fallen ; as, a two-inch fall of snow. 
4. A dropping or shedding, as of leaves. 5. Autumn. 6. 
Birth ; " dropping " ; as, the fall of lambs ; also, the number 
born. 7. A sinking ; subsidence, as of the tide. 8. The dis- 
charge of a river or current of water ; as, the fall of the Po 
into the Gulf of Venice. 9. Descent of water ; a cascade ; — 
usually in pi. 10. A downward direction; declivity. 11. 
Distance which anything falls. 12. Decrease in price or 
value ; depreciation. 13. Act of dropping or tumbling from 
an erect posture ; as, he slipped on the ice and had a fall. 

14. Lapse from goodness ; spiritual ruin ; esp., the act (fall 
of man) of Adam and Eve in eating of the forbidden fruit. 

15. Surrender of a besieged place ; as, the fall of Troy. 16. 
a Formerly, a kind of neck ruff or band, b A woman's veil. 
17. a That part of the rope of a tackle to which the power 
is applied in hoisting, b In pi. Naut. The tackle used to 
lower or hoist a ship's boat. 

fal-la'cious (fd-la'shus), a. 1. Embodying a fallacy; mis- 
leading. 2. Disappointing ; delusive ; as, fallacious hopes. 
— fal-la'cious-ly, adv. — f al-la'cious-ness, n. 
Syn. Misleading, deceptive, deceitful, fraudulent, dis- 
honest, cheating, deceiving, guileful, crafty, wily. — Falla- 
cious, misleading, deceptive, deceitful, fraudulent 
imply delusion. That is fallacious which deludes (esp.) by 
false appearance or false reasoning ; that is misleading 
which leads into error, esp. of judgment. Deceptive ap- 
plies only to objects, deceitful, to either persons or things ; 
the former does not always, the latter commonly does, im- 
ply intent to deceive. Fraudulent adds the implication of 
deliberate cheating or trickery. 
fal'la-cy (fal'd-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [X-. fallacia, ir.fal- 
lax deceitful, fallere to deceive.] 1. False appearance ; de- 
ception. 2. A false reasoning or idea ; also, fallaciousness. 
Syn. Fallacy, sophism, sophistry (in their nontechnical 
senses). A fallacy is a misleading or illusory argument ; a 
sophism, a fallacy designed to deceive; sophistry is inten- 
tionally fallacious reasoning, commonly subtle or specious. 
fal'-lal' (fal'laF; fal'lal'), «• A bit of finery; a falderal. 
fall dandelion. A cichoriaceous scapose herb {Leontodon 

autwmnale) with heads of yellow flowers, 
fall'en (fol''n), p. a. Dropped ; prostrate ; degraded; ruined ; 

shrunken ; decreased ; dead ; etc. 
fall'er (fol'er),n. 1. One who, or that which, falls. 2.Mach. 

A part or device that acts by falling, 
fall'iish' (fol'fish'), n. Any of several common North 
American cyprinoid fishes ; esp., 
either of t w o 
chubs, one (Se- 
motilus corpo- 
ralis) of t h e 
streams of the 
Atlantic slope, 
and one (<S. 
bullaris) of the Mississippi basin. 
fal'li-bil'i-ty (fal'I-bil'i-ti), n. State of being fallible; lia- 
bility to deceive or to be deceived. 
faFli-ble (fal'i-b'l), a. [LL. falhbilis, fr. L. fallere to de- 
ceive.] 1. Liable to err or to be deceived. 2. Liable to be 
erroneous. — fal'li-bly (-bli), adv. 
fall'ing, p. a. That falls. 

falling evil or sickness, epilepsy. — f . star. A meteor. 
fall line. Phys. Geog. A line characterized by numerous 
waterfalls ; the edge of a plateau, in passing which the 
streams^ make a sudden descent. 
Fal-lo'pi-an tube (fd-lo'pl-dn). In man and other mam- 
mals, one of the pair of tubes which conduct the egg from 
the ovary to the uterus ; oviduct ; — from the name of the 
discoverer, Fallopius of Modena (d. 1562). 
fal'low (fal'o), n. [ME. falow, akin to AS. fealh a harrow, 
fselging fallow land.] 1. Land, ordinarily 
used for crops, when allowed to lie idle dur- 
ing the growing season. 2. The tilling of 
land without sowing it for a season. — o. 
Left untilled or unsowed after plowing ; un- 
cultivated. — v. t. To plow, harrow, and 
break up (land) without seeding, in order 
t o dest roy weeds and insects and render 
mellow. 
fallow, a. [AS. fealu, 
fealo.] Pale ; pale yel- 
low ; — now chiefly in 
fallow deer [from its 
color] , a European spe- 
cies of deer (Cervus, 
subgenus Dama,dama), 
much smaller than the 
red deer. In summer it 
is spotted with white, 
fall'way' (fol'wa'),n. A 




Fallfish (Semort- 
lus bullaris). 




Fallow Deer (male). 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FALSE 



364 



FANCILESS 



well or opening, through successive floors, as of a ware- 
house, through which goods are raised or lowered. U. S. 

false (f61s), a. ; fals'er (fol'ser) ; fals'est. [L.falsus, p. p. 
of fallere to deceive.] 1. Uttering falsehood ; untruthful ; 
dishonest. 2. Not faithful or loyal ; untrue ; treacherous. 3. 
Not according with truth or reality ; not true. 4. Not gen- 
uine or real ; counterfeit ; artificial ; feigned ; as, false teeth ; 
false modesty. 5. Not well founded ; erroneous ; wrong. 6. 
Not essential or permanent, as temporary or supplemental 
structures. 7. Chiefly Mech. Designating a part fastened 
to or fitting over a main part to strengthen or protect it ; as, 
a false deck, floor, keel, etc. 8. Not properly so called; 
apparent or imitating ; pseudo ; as, false stratification. 9. 
Music. Not in tune ; wrong in pitch ; as, a false note, 
false face, a mask. — f. glottis, Anal., the opening be- 
tween the false vocal cords (see vocal cords). — f. im- 
prisonment. Law, the imprisonment of a person contrary 
to law. — f . keel, Naut., a thin keel, or strip, below the 
main keel. — f . pretenses, false representations concern- 
ing past or present facts or events, for defrauding another. 
— f ribs, Anal., those ribs the cartilages of which do not 
unite directly (or at all) with the sternum. They are the 
last five pairs in man, including the two pairs of floating ribs. 

false'-heart'ed (-h'aVted), a. Treacherous; perfidious. 

false'hood (fols'hood), n. 1. Want of truth or accuracy; 
falsity. 2. A lie ; lying. 3. Treachery. Obs. or R. 4. A 
counterfeit ; forgery. Archaic. — Syn. See falsity. 

f alse'ly, adv. In a false manner ; erroneously ; perfidiously. 

false'ness, n. State or quality of being false ; inaccuracy ; 
deceitfulness ; treachery. — Syn. See falsity. 

fal-set'to (fol-set'o), n.; pi. -tos (-oz) : [It., dim. fr. L. 
falsus. See false.] 1. A false or artificial voice ; esp., that 
voice of a man which lies above his natural voice. 2. A fal- 
setto singer. — =■ a. Of the quality and compass of falsetto. 
Also used adverbially ; as, to sing falsetto. — fal-set'tist, n. 

fal-sid'i-cal (fol-sid'I-kal), a. [L. falsidicus speaking 
falsely.] Deceptive ; illusory ; — used esp. of false images, 
premonitions, etc., in contrast with veridical. 

fal'si-fi-ca'tion (fol'sT-fi-ka'shwn), n. A falsifying. 

fal'si-fi'er (fol'sT-fl'er), n. One who falsifies. 

fal'si-fy (fol'sl-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. falsifier, 
LL. falsificare. See false, a. ; -fy.] 1. To make false ; as : 
a To represent falsely, b To make false by change or addi- 
tion. C To alter from the normal form or correct standard. 
2. To prove false ; disprove. — v. i. To lie. 

fal'si-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or state of 
being false, or untrue. 2. That which is false ; a falsehood. 
Syn. Falsity, falseness, falsehood, lie, untruth, men- 
dacity. Falsity and falseness both express lack of con- 
formity to truth ; but falsity may or may not suggest blame, 
falseness (sometimes a synonym for faithlessness) com- 
monly does. A falsehood is a false declaration de- 
signedly made ; a lie (a term of extreme opprobrium) is a 
gross falsehood ; an untruth (sometimes euphemistic for 
falsehood or lie) may arise from ignorance or misconcep- 
tion ; the word is sometimes used (like falseness) in the 
sense of unfaithfulness. Mendacity is habitual lying. 

Fal-Staff/i-an (fol-staf'i-dn), a. Like, or characteristic of, 
Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff, a fat, sensual, and cow- 
ardly soldier, of great wit and impudence; also, like the 
regiment of ragged rapscallions formed by him. 

fal'ter (fol'ter), v. i. 1. To move or act unsteadily or waver- 
ingly; hesitate; as, his step, tongue, courage faltered. 
2. To fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise ; — said 
of the mind or of thought. — Syn. See hesitate. — v. t. 
To utter hesitatingly or brokenly. — n. A broken sound ; a 
quaver. — f al'ter-ing-ly, adv. 

fame (fam), n. [OF., fr. L. fama, fr. fari to speak.] 1. 
Public report ; common talk. 2. General opinion ; reputa- 
tion. 3. Lofty reputation ; renown. — Syn. Celebrity, no- 
toriety. See reputation. — v. t. ; famed (famd) ; fam'ing 
(fam'ing). 1. To report currently, widely, or honorably. 
Rare. 2. To make famous by speech and report ; — usually 
in the p. p. 

fa'meuse' (fa/muz'; E. fd-muz'), n. [F., fern, of fameux 
famous.] A late autumn apple, having deep red stripes 
and a spicy subacid flavor. 

fa-mil'iar (fd-mil'ydr), a. [F.familier, fr. ~L.familiaris, fr. 
familia family. See family.] 1. Of or pert, to a family ; 
domestic. Archaic. 2. Closely acquainted ; intimate. 3. 
Like an intimate friend ; hence : not formal ; unconstrained. 
4. Well-known ; common ; frequent ; as, a familiar prac- 
tice ; — opp. to novel. 5. Unduly or wrongly intimate. 6. 
Of animals : tame ; domesticated. 

Syn. Familiar, intimate. Familiar, as here compared, 
implies the informality and freedom of continued acquaint- 
ance or intercourse ; it occasionally suggests the taking of 
undue liberties ; intimate denotes close and confidential 
relations ; as, though intimate for many years, they seldom 
addressed each other in familiar terms. 
familiar spirit, a spirit in intimate relation with an in- 
dividual ; esp., in former use, an evil spirit more or less 
under the control of a witch. 



— n. 1. An intimate ; a companion. 2. A member of a fam- 
ily. Obs., exc. specif. : R. C. Ch. A member of the house- 
hold of a high church dignitary who renders domestic but 
not menial services. 3. A familiar spirit. 4. Court of In- 
quisition. A confidential officer of the tribunal, employed 
esp. in apprehending and imprisoning the accused. 

fa-mil'i-ar'i-ty (-i-ar'i-tx; -yai'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). 
1. State of being familiar ; intimacy. 2. Anything said or 
done in a familiar, or informal, manner; esp., in pi., such 
actions and words as propriety does not warrant ; liberties. 
3. Close acquaintance with, or knowledge of, anything. 

fa-mil'iar-i-za'tion (fd-mTl'ydr-i-za'sh&n ; -I-za'shun), n. 
Act or process of familiarizing ; result of becoming familiar. 

fa-mil'iar-ize (-mll'ydr-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
ing). 1. To make (a person or one's self) familiar or inti- 
mate (with) ; as, to familiarize one's self with poetry. 2, 
To make well known, or familiar. 

fa-mil'iar-ly (-li), adv. In a familiar manner. 

|| fa'mi'li'stere' (fa'me'le'star'), n. [F.] An establish- 
ment where many families live together under one roof. 

fam'i-ly (fam'i-li), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L. familia, fr. 
famulus servant.] 1. The body of persons who live in one 
house, and under one head ; a household ; also, fig., of ani- 
mals, as in happy family (see under happy). 2. a Those de- 
scended from a common progenitor ; a tribe, clan, or race ; 
kindred, b Lineage ; esp., honorable lineage ; noble stock. 
3. A group comprising immediate kindred, esp. of parents 
and children. 4. Hence, a group of animals similarly re- 
lated. 5. A group of kindred things ; as, a family of lan- 
guages. 6. Biol. A group of related plants or animals rank- 
ing in classification above a genus and below an order. 

fam'ine (-Tn), n. [F., fr. L. fames hunger.] 1. General scar- 
city of food ; dearth ; destitution. 2. Extreme scarcity of 
something ; as, a coal famine. 3. Lack of food ; starvation. 

fam'ish (-ish), v. t. To starve, destroy, or distress with hun- 
ger. — v. i. 1. To die of hunger ; starve. 2. To suffer ex- 
treme hunger or deprivation. — fam/ish-ment (-ment), n. 

fa'mous (fa'mus), a. [L. famosus, fr. fama fame. See 
fame.] 1. Celebrated in fame ; renowned. 2. Notorious. 
Obs. or Archaic. 3. Excellent ; first-rate ; as, a famous 
dinner. Colloq. — fa'mous-ly, adv. — fa'mous-ness, n. 
Syn. Famous, notorious. Famous is used in a good 
sense ; notorious, now almost always in a bad ; as, a 
famous preacher ; a notorious criminal. 

fam'u-lus (fam'u-liis), n.; pi. -LI (-11). [L.] A servant 
or attendant, as upon a scholar or magician. 

fan (fan), n. [Prob. fr. fanatic] An enthusiastic devotee 
of any sport. Slang. 

tan (fan), n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for winnow- 
ing.] 1. A basket or shovel used to toss grain into the air 
that the chaff might be blown away. Obs. or Hist. 2. An 
instrument for producing currents of air by the motion of a 
broad surface ; as : a Mach. A revolving vane or vanes, b 
An instrument for cooling the person, made of feathers, 
paper, etc., and often mounted on sticks all turning about 
the same pivot, so as to become sector-shaped when opened. 
3. Something shapedlike a fan (2 b). 4. A small vane or 
sail used on smock windmills to keep the large sails in the 
direction of the wind. 5. A propeller or one of its blades. 

— v. t. ; fanned (fand) ; fan'ning. 1. To winnow. 2. To 
move or impel with a fan. 3. To direct a current of air 
upon with or as with a fan, as upon a fire ; hence : to stir to 
activity ; stimulate. 4. To blow or breathe upon ; as, the 
breeze_ fans one. 5. To spread out like a fan ; widen. 

fa-nat'ic (fd-nat'ik), a. [L. fanaticus, inspired by divinity, 
enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanum fane.] Governed or pro- 
duced by excessive and mistaken enthusiasm ; excessively 
enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects, — n. A fanatic per- 
son ; a visionary zealot. — Syn. See enthusiast. 

fa-nat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Fanatic. — fa-nat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

fa-nat'i-cism (-siz'm), n. Excessive enthusiasm or unrea- 
soning zeal, esp. as to religion. 

fa-nat'i-cize (-siz), v. t. To imbue with fanaticism; 
infuriate. — v. i. To act or feel like a fanatic. 

fan blower. A wheel with vanes on a rotating shaft in a 
case or chamber, used to create a blast of air ; a fanner. 

fan'ci-er (fan'sT-er), n. 1. One governed by fancy. 2. One 
who fancies, or takes a special interest in, something, as 
birds ; hence, one who breeds and keeps for sale birds or 
other animals ; as, a dog fancier. 

fan'ci-ful (-fool), a. 1. Full of, or guided by, or based on, 
fancy, rather than reason ; whimsical. 2. Curiously shaped 
or constructed. — fan'ci-ful-ly, adv. — fan'ci-ful-ness, n. 
Syn. Imaginative, ideal, visionary, chimerical, odd, queer, 
fantastic, grotesque, bizarre, strange, wild. — Fanciful, 
fantastic, grotesque, bizarre. Fanciful suggests such 
a license to one's conceits or fancies as subordinates taste 
and judgment to them. That is fantastic which is exces- 
sively or extravagantly fanciful ; grotesque adds to fan- 
tastic the implication of violent incongruity or distortion ; 
bizarre suggests ratheroddness or eccentricity. 

i an'ci-less, a. Without ideas or imagination. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FANCY 



365 



FARD 



fan'cy (fan's!), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [Contr. fr. fantasy, fr. 
OF. fantasie, fr. L., fr. Gr. ^avrauia appearance, imagina- 
tion, <j>avTa^tiv to make visible, tjxxivtiv to show.] 1. An 
apparition ; illusion ; hallucination. Obs. or R. 2. The fac- 
ulty by which the mind forms an image of anything not pres- 
ent ; the power of readily and happily creating and recall- 
ing imagery ; imagination. 3. An image formed in the mind ; 
thought ; idea. 4. A caprice ; whim ; impression. 5. a In- 
clination ; liking formed by caprice ; esp. in to take a fancy 
to, to take, or catch, the fancy of, etc. b Specif., love ; — 
now used only in fancy-free. 6. Judgment or taste in art, 
dress, etc. 7. That which pleases or entertains the taste or 
caprice without much use or value ; as, the plant is a pretty 
fancy for borders. 8. a Collectively (usually with the), 
those as a class who pursue, or are enthusiastic over, a par- 
ticular art, practice, or amusement ; also, the object of their 
pursuit or attachment ; specif. : (1) Sporting characters, or 
sport in general. (2) The followers of pugilism. Now Rare. 
(3) The breeders of animals, esp. birds and dogs, for points, 
as of beauty or usefulness, b (1) The art and practice of 
fancy breeding. (2) Pugilism. 

Syn. Fancy, fantasy, phantasy, originally the same 
word, have become differentiated in sense. Fancy (see 
imagination) denotes the faculty itself ; fantasy implies 
its capricious exercise. In its learned spelling, phantasy, 
the word sometimes suggests the image-forming power. 

— a. ; -ci-er (-si-er) ; -ci-est. 1. Adapted to please the fan- 
cy ; not plain ; as, fancy goods. 2. Above real value ; as, a 
fancy price. 3. Bred for special points, as an animal. 4. 
Based on conceptions of the fancy ; as, a fancy sketch. 5. 
Dependent on fancy ; whimsical ; irregular ; as, fancy steps, 
fancy skating. 6. Superior ; selected, as fruits, etc. 
fancy ball, a ball in which persons appear in fancy dress. 
— t. dress, dress arranged according to fancy, generally 
representing the costume of some previous period or of a 
nation or noted character. — f . goods, fabrics of various 
colors, patterns, etc., as ribbons, silks, laces, etc., as 
distinguished from those of a simple or plain color or make. 

— v. t.; -cied (-sid) ; -cy-ing. 1. To form a conception of ; 
imagine. 2. To have a fancy for ; like ; formerly, to be or fall 
in love with. 3. To believe without being certain, as in 7 
fancy (so and so). 

fan'cy-free', a. Free from the power of fancy, or love. 
fan'cy-work' (-wfirkO, n. Ornamental work done with a 

needle or hook, as embroidery, crocheting, netting, etc. 
fan-dan/go (fan-dar/go), n.; pi. -gos (-goz). [Sp.] A lively 

Spanish dance, or a tune with its rhythm. 
fan delta. = alluvial fan. 
fane (fan), n. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, 

a sanctuary.] A temple ; church. Archaic or Poetic. 
fa-ne'ga (fa-na'ga), n. [Sp.] 1. A dry measure in Spain 

(1.58 bu.) and Spanish America (various). 2. A Spanish 

land measure equal to about 1.6 acres, or 0.65 hectare. 
fan'fare' (ian'faV), n. [F.] A nourish of trumpets, 
fan'fa-ron (-fd-ron), n. [F., fr. Sp.] A braggart, 
fan fa-ron-ade' (-ron-ad'), n. [F. fanfaronnade, fr. Sp., 

fr. fanfarrdn braggart.] Brag ; bluster ; ostentation. 
fang (fang), v. t. [AS. fon.'] 1. To seize, as with the teeth. 

Archaic or Dial. 2. [From the 

n.] To strike fangs into ; of an 

anchor, to catch. Rare. 

— n. 1. A long sharp tooth by 
which the prey of an animal is 
seized and held ; any long pointed 
tooth ; esp., one of the long hollow 
or grooved, and usually erectile, 
teeth of venomous serpents. 2. 
The root of a tooth or one of the Fangs and part of head 

Erongs into which it divides ; of Rattlesnake. / Fangs ; 
ence, fig., any sharp prolonga- « Poison Bag or Sac ;d Its 

tion or projection of an object Duct ; m m Muscles - 
fanged (fangd), a. Furnished with fangs. 
f an'gle (fan'g'l), n. Something new or novel ; a novelty. 
tan'gled (-g'ld), a. Showily decorated ; foppish ; — usually 

used with new. See newfangled. 
fan'light' (fan'llt'), n. Arch. A semicircular window with 

radiating sash bars like the ribs of a fan, over a door or 

window ; loosely, any window over a door or window, 
fan'ner (fan'er), n. 1. One who fans. 2. A fan blower ; a 

machine for separating seed from chaff, etc. 
ian'on (fan'un), n. [F. fanon, LL. fano, fr. OHG. fano 

banner, cloth.] Eccl. Any of various articles, as : a A 

peculiar striped scarf worn by the Pope at Mass, and by 

Eastern bishops, b A maniple. 
fan palm. Bot. Any palm having simple, fan-shaped 

leaves, as the cabbage palmetto (Inodes palmetto) of the 

southern United States, the Washington palm (Neo- 

uashlngtonia fllamentosa) of California etc 
fan'tail' (fan'tal'), n. 1. A tail or end in the shape of a fan. 

2. a One of a fan-tailed variety of the domestic pigeon. 

D Any of a genus (Rhipidura) of Australian flycatchers 

having a fantail. 3. Arch. A fan-shaped structural part ; 

specif., a centering, as of an arch, of radiating struts. 

£ = c b *n G. ich, ach (50) ; don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
txplanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 




fan'-tailed' (-tald 7 ), a. Having a broad rounded tail; — 
said of birds or fishes. 

fan'-tan' (fan'tan'), n. [Chinese (of Canton), in fan- 
tan-kun gambling house.] 1. A Chinese gambling game 
in which counters (as coins) are placed under a bowl and 
the players bet on what the remainder will be when the 
sum of the counters is divided by four. 2. A game with 
playing cards in which the cards are played in sequence 
upon the table, the player who first gets rid of his cards 
being the winner. 

fan'ta-si'a (fan'td-ze'd; fan-ta'zi-d), n. [It. See fancy.] 
Music. A composition in which the author's fancy roves 
unrestricted by set form ; specif. : a An improvised prelude. 
b A kind of potpourri of familiar airs floridly set with 
interludes and embellishments. 

fan'tasm (fan'taz'm), n. Var. of phantasm. Rare. 

fan'tast (fan'tast), n. 1. A visionary ; a dreamer. 2. One 
who is fantastic or eccentric in thought or style. 

fan-tas'tic (fan-tas'tik), a. [F.fantastique, fr. LL., fr. Gr. 
4>avTa<TTinos able to represent, <j>avTat;eiv to make visible. 
See fancy.] 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, fantasy, or 
imagination. Obs. 2. a Imaginary, b Grotesque ; quaint ; 
whimsical ; extravagantly fanciful. 3. Due to fancies ; ca- 
pricious ; as, fantastic acts. — Syn. See fanciful. 

— n. One who indulges in fantastic ideas ; one given to 
fantastic dress, manners, etc. 

fan-tas'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. 1. = fantastic, a., 1. 2. Marked 
by fantasy ; given to fantasies. — fan-tas'tl-cal'i-ty (-ti- 
kal'i-ti), n. — fan-tas'ti-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

fan'ta-sy (fan'td-si), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [See fancy.] 1. 
Imagination ; fancy. 2. A product of imagination, as : a A 
mental image ; phantasm ; hallucination, b An ingenious or 
fantastical design or invention. 3. Whimsical or capricious 
mood. 4. Music. = fantasia. — Syn. See fancy. 

— v. t. ; -sied (-sid) ; -sy-ing (-sT-ing). To fancy ; imagine. 
fan'toc-ci'ni (fan'to-che'ne), n. pi. [It., dim. fr. fante 

child.] Puppets in a puppet show ; also, the representations 

in which they are used. 
fan'tom. Var. of phantom. Rare or Reformed Spelling. 
fan tracery. Arch. The decorative tracery on fan vaulting, 

a vaulting in which the ribs diverge like a fan. 
fan window. A window, as a fanlight, with radiating sash 

bars, and, usually, semicircular or semielliptical in shape. 
fan'wort' (fan'wurt'), n. A nymphaeaceous plant (Cabomba 

caroliniana) of the eastern United States, common in 

aquariums. 
far (far), adv. [AS. feor.~\ 1. At or to a great extent or dis- 
tance of space or time ; widely ; remotely. 2. In or to a great 

degree. 3. In a great proportion ; by a great interval ; greatly. 

4. To or at a definite distance, point, or degree ; as, so far 

I will go. 

by far, by much ; greatly. — far and away, by much. 

— a. ; far'ther (far'ther) ; far'thest (-thest). 1. Distant ; 
hence, remote or widely different. 2. Long ; protracted. 3. 
The more distant. 4. Advanced, as in years. — Syn. See 
distant. 

£3T*The distinction betweea the adjectival and adverbial 
use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated. 
a far cry, a long distance ; a very long way. 

far'ad (far'ad), n. [After Michael Faraday, English elec- 
trician (1791-1867).] The practical unit of electrical 
capacity ; the capacity of a condenser which, charged with 
one coulomb, gives a difference of potential of one volt. 

fa-rad'ic (fd-rad'ik), a. Pertaining to Faraday (see farad, 
Ety.) ; — applied esp. to induced currents of electricity, as 
produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus. 

far'a-dism (lar'd-dlz'm), far a-di-za'tion (-di-za'shun ; 
-di-za'shun), n. Med. The application of faradic electricity. 

far'a-dize (-dlz), v. t. Med. To stimulate with, or subject 
to, faradic electric currents. — far'a-diz'er (-dlz'er), n. 

|| fa'ran'dole' (fa'raN'dol' ; fd-ran'dol), n. Also fa-ran'do-la 
(fd-ran'do-ld). [F. farandole, Pr. farandoulo.'] A rapid 
dance in 6-8 time in which a large number join hands and 
execute various figures. It originated in Provence. 

far'-a-way 7 (faVd-wa 7 ), a. 1. Distant in time, space, or 
kinship. 2. Dreamy ; abstracted ; — said of a look or eyes. 

farce (fars), v. t.; farced (farst) ; parc'ing (far'sing). 
[OF. farcir, fr. L. farcire.'] 1. To stuff with forcemeat ; 
stuff. Obs. 2. To season, or "spice" (a book, speech, etc.). 

— n. 1. Cookery. Stuffing, or mixture of viands, like that 
used in dressing a fowl ; forcemeat. 2. A light dramatic 
composition of satirical or humorous cast. 3. Ridiculous 
or empty show ; mockery. 

Hfar'ceur' (far'sur'), n. [F.] A joker; wag; one who 
writes, or acts in, a farce. 

far'ci-cal (far'sT-kal), a. Pertaining to farce; ludicrous; 
unreal— far'ci-cal'i-ty (-kal'T-tT), n. — far'ci-cal-ly, adv. 

far'cy (-si), n. [F. farcin, deriv. of L. farciminum a dis- 
ease of horses.] Veter. A form of glanders characterized by 
hard, prominent cutaneous swellings (farcy buds). 

fard (fard), n. [F.] Paint for use on the face. — v. t. To 
paint ; gloss over. Both Obs. or Archaic. 



H 



J 



K 



M 



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366 



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far'del (far'del), n. [OF.] A bundle ; burden. Archaic. 

fare (far), v. i. ; fared (fard) ; far'ing (far'ing). [AS. faran 
to travel, fare.] 1. To go ; pass ; esp., to journey. 2. To 
happen, well or ill ; — used impersonally ; as, "How fares 
it with the happy dead ? " 3. To be in any state, or pass 
through any experience ; as, to fare well, or ill. 4. To be 
treated at table, or with bodily comforts ; live. 

— n. 1. a The price of transportation for a person. b A pas- 
senger or, formerly, the passengers collectively, hiring pas- 
sage on a public vehicle. 2. State of things ; fortune. Ar- 
chaic. 3. Food ; provision ; as, coarse fare. \_farer, etc.] 

far'er (far'er), n. A traveler ; — chiefly in seafarer, way-| 

fare'well' (far'wel'; sometimes, far'wel'), inter j. \_fare 
(thou, you) + well."] Go well ! good-by ! — often separated 
by the pronoun ; as, fare you well ! — n. 1. A wish of wel- 
fare at parting ; a good-by. 2. Departure ; leavetaking. 

fare'well' (far'weF; far'wel'), a. Parting; final. 

far'-f etched 7 (far'fecht 7 ; far'fecht'), p. a. 1. Brought from 
afar. 2. Not naturally deduced or introduced ; forced. 

far'-f orth', adv., or far forth. Far ; to a great or definite 
distance, degree, or extent. 

fa-ri'na (fd-n'nd; fd-re'nd), n. [L., meal, flour, fr. far 
spelt.] 1. A fine flour or meal of starchy material, as cereals, 
nuts, etc. 2. Starch. 3. A powdery or flourlike substance. 

f ar'i-na'ceous (f ar'i-na'shiis) , a. 1. Consisting or made of, 
or yielding, meal or flour. 2. Mealy. 

"ar'i-nose (far'i-nos), a. 1. Yielding farina. 2. Bot. & 
Zo'dl. Covered with a whitish powder. 

far'kle-ber'ry (far'k'l-ber'i), n. A vacciniaceous shrub or 
small tree (Batodendron arboreum) of the southeastern 
United States. It has black, astringent berries. 

farm (farm), n. [F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmare to 
make firm, firmus firm.] 1. A fixed sum or due payable by 
way of rent, tax, or the like. Hist. 2. A district leased (or 
farmed) out for collecting government revenues. 3. Orig., 
a piece of land leased for cultivation ; , hence, any tract 
devoted to agricultural purposes. 4. A piece of land 
devoted to the raising of domestic or other animals ; as, a 
chicken farm. 

— v. t. 1. To collect and take the fees or profits of (a busi- 
ness) on payment of a fixed sum. 2. To give up to another, 
as an estate, the revenue, etc., for a fixed sum. 3. To lease 
or let for a term on payment of a specified sum. Rare. 4. 
To devote (land) to agriculture ; to till, as a farm. 5. To 
contract for the maintenance, and care of (a person or thing) 
at a fixed price ; as, the town farms its paupers. 

— v. i. To till the soil ; manage a farm. 

farm'er (far'mer), n. One who farms ; as : a One who 
takes taxes, customs, etc., to collect, paying a fixed sum for 
the privilege, b One who tills the soil ; an agriculturist. 

farm'er-gen'er-al (far'mer-gen'er-dl), n.; pi. farmers- 
general. [F. fermier general.'] French Hist. One of 
the men who farmed certain taxes during the period from 
1697 to the time of the National Assembly. 

farm'er-y (far'mer-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). The buildings 
and yards of a farm ; a homestead. Eng. 

farm'house' (farm'hous'), n. A dwelling house on a farm. 

farm'ing, p. a. Devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farm- 
ing, or agriculture. — n. Act or business of cultivating land. 

farm'Stead (farm'sted), n. A farm with its buildings. 

farm'yard' (-yard'), n. The yard or inclosure attached to a 
barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings. 

far'O (far'o ; fa'ro), n. A gambling game at cards, in which 
all the other players oppose the dealer. 

Par'o-ese' (-ez' ; -es'), n. sing. & pi. An inhabitant, or the 
inhabitants, of the Faroe Islands. 

far'-off' (far'of ; far'of' ; 62), a. Remote ; distant. 

far-rag'i-nous (fa-raj'i-nus), a. [See farrago.] Formed 
of various materials ; mixed ; hotchpotch. Now Rare. 

far-ra'gO (fd-ra'go), n. [L. farrago, -aginis, mixed fodder, 
medley, fr. far spelt.] A medley ; mixture. 

far'ri-er (far'I-er), n. [OF. ferrier, L. ferrarius black- 
smith, ferrum iron.] 1. A horseshoer. 2. A veterinarian. 
Obsolescent. 

fai'ri-er-y (-T), n. The farrier's art. 

far'row (-5), n. [AS. fearha little pig.] A young pig ; litter 
of pigs. — v. t. & i. To bring forth (young) ; — of swine. 

far'row, a. [Cf. Scot, ferry cow a cow not with young, 
Flem. varvekoe, vervekoe.] Not bearing young in a given 
year ; — of cows. 

far'see'ing (far'se'ing; far'se'ing; 109), a. 1. Able to see 
far ; farsighted. 2. Having foresight. 

far'sight'ed (-slt'ed ; 109), a. 1. Seeing to a great dis- 
tance ; sagacious. 2. Hypermetropic. sight'ed-ness, n. 

far'ther (-ther), a., compar. of far. [For farrer, ME. fer- 
rer, compar. of far; confused with further.] 1. Tending 
to a greater distance ; further. 2. More distant or remote. 

— adv. 1. At or to a greater distance in space or time ; more 
remotely. 2. More completely ; to a greater degree. 3. 
Moreover ; in addition. See note under further. 

far'ther-most (-most), a. Most remote ; farthest. 




far'thest (far'thest ; 24), a., superl. of far. [See farther.] 

1. Most distant or remote. 2. Longest ; most extended. — 
adv. At or to the greatest distance. 

far'thing (far' thing), n. [AS. feorSung, fr. feorSa 
fourth, feor, feower, four.] 1. The fourth of a penny, a 
small British bronze coin. It is worth half a cent U. S. 

2. A very small quantity or value. Obs. 
far'thin-gale (-thin-gal), n. [OF. vertugale, fr.Sp. verdu- 

gado, so called fr. its hoops, f r. verdugo 

young shoot of a tree, fr. verde green, 

fr. L. viridis. See verdant.] A hoop 

skirt or hoop petticoat, or a light 

hooped frame to extend the petticoat. 
fas'ces (fas'ez), n. pi. [L., pi. oifascis 

bundle.] Roman Antiq. A bundle of 

rods, having among them an ax with 

the blade projecting, borne before 

Roman magistrates as a badge of 

authority. 
fas'ci-a (fash'i-d), n.; pi. -cle (-e). 

[L., a band.] 1. A band, sash, or fil- 
let ; in surgery, a bandage or roller. 2. ' 

Arch. A flat member of an order or 

building, like a flat band ; esp., one of _ Farthingale. 

the three bands making up the architrave in the Ionic 

order. 3. Anat. A sheet of connective tissue covering, 

supporting, or binding together, internal parts of the body ; 

also, tissue of this character. 4. Zo'dl. A broad and well- 
defined band of color. 
f as'ci-al (-31) , a. Pertaining to the fasces. 
f as'ci-al, a. Relating to a fascia. 

fas'ci-ate (-at) \ a. [L. fasciatus, p. p. of fasciare to 

fas'ci-at'ed (-at'ed) J envelop with bands, fr. fascia band.] 

1. Bound with a fillet, sash, or bandage. 2. Bot. a Fasci- 
cled, b Exhibiting fasciation. 3. Broadly banded with color. 

fas'ci-a'tion (-a'shun), n.^ 1. Act or manner of binding up ; 
also, stateof being fasciated. 2. Bot. A common mal- 
formation in plants, esp. in stems, which become enlarged 
and flattened, as if several were fused. 

fas'ci-cle (fas'i-k'l), n. [L. fasciculus, dim. oifascis bun- 
dle.] 1. A small bundle ; cluster. 2. One of the divisions of 
a book published in parts ; a fasciculus. — fas-cic'u-lar 
(f d-sik'u-ldr) , a. [roots. See root, JllustA 

fas'ci-cled (-k'ld), a. Arranged in fascicles ; as, fascicled] 

fas-cic'u-late (fa-sik'u-lat), a. Bot. Fascicled. 

fas-cic'u-lus (-ISs), n.; pi. -Li (-11). [L.] A fascicle. 

fas'ci-nate (fas'i-nat), v. t. & i.; fas'ci-nat'ed (-nat'ed); 
-nat'ing. [L. fascinare, fr. fascinum, a spell.] 1. To be- 
witch; enchant. Obs. 2. To influence by some powerful 
charm. 3. To excite and allure powerfully ; charm ; capti- 
vate. — Syn. See captivate. — fas'ci-nat'ing ly, adv. 

fas'ci-na'tion (fas'i-na'shwn), n. 1. Act of fascinating ; en- 
chantment ; unseen, inexplicable influence. 2. Quality of 
fascinating ; charm. 3. State of being fascinated. 

fas'ci-na'tor (fas'i-na'ter), n. 1. One who fascinates. 

2. A crocheted head covering for women. 

fas-Cine' (fa-sen'), n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks.] 
A long fagot for raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. 

fash'ion (fash'un), n. [F. facon, orig., a making, L. f actio 
a making, facere to make.] 1. Act or process of making ; 
hence, craftsmanship. Obs. 2. The make or form of any- 
thing. 3. Mode of action ; manner ; way. 4. The prevailing 
mode or style, esp. of dress. 5. A pretense ; mere form ; 
show. Obs. 6. Polite or fashionable life or, collectively, 
persons. 7. Something fashionable ; a fad. 
Syn. Fashion, mode, style, vogue, rage, craze, fad. 
Fashion is the general term for current or conventional us- 
age, esp. in polite society ; mode emphasizes elegance (some- 
times affected) ; style suggests an approved fashion, and 
often connotes a certain distinction in one's manner of con- 
forming to it. Vogue suggests temporary prevalence or cur- 
rency ; rage, craze, and fad add the implication of extrav- 
agant and even more short-lived enthusiasm. See manner. 

— v. t. 1. To form ; mold. 2. To contrive. Rare. 3. To fit ; 
adapt ; accommodate ; — used with to. 4. To forge. Obs. 
Syn. Shape, construct, frame, fabricate. — Fashion, 
frame, fabricate. Fashion emphasizes the idea of shap- 
ing or modeling ; frame, that of constructing or contriving ; 
fabricate is now almost exclusively to forge or frame falsely. 

fash'ion-a-ble (fash'i/n-d-b'l), a. 1. Well-appearing. Obs. \ 

2. Conforming to the custom, fashion, or established mode. 

3. Of or pert, to the world of fashion. — n. A fashionable 
person. — fash'ion-a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly (-bit), adv. \ 

fash'ion-er (fash'wn-er), n. One who fashions ; specif., Obs. 
or Archaic, a maker of dress ; a tailor ; costumer. 

fashion plate. A pictorial design showing the prevailing 
style or a new style of dress. 

fast (fast), v. i. [AS. fsestan.] To abstain from food, or 
to eat sparingly and only of certain kinds of food, as by 
way of religious discipline. — n. 1. Abstinence from food, 
or from certain kinds of food. 2. A time of fasting. 

fast, a. [ME., firm, strong, not loose, AS. fsest. The sense 
swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pur- 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



FAST DAY 



367 



FAUCIAL 



sued.] 1. Firmly fixed ; securely attached. 2. Firm in ad- 
herence ; steadfast ; faithful. 3. Tenacious ; retentive ; as, 
he laid fast hold of the thief. 4. Permanent ; not liable to 
fade, as a color. 5. Not easily disturbed ; sound, as a sleep. 
6. Moving, or capable of moving, rapidly ; rapid ; swift. 7. 
Indicating the time of day as more advanced than it is ; — 
said of a timepiece. 8. Making quick action possible ; as, a 
fast track. 9. Occupying comparatively little time ; as, a 
fast trip. 10. Pleasure-seeking ; dissipated ; dissolute. 
Syn. Firm, secure; durable, lasting; rapid, swift, fleet, quick, 
speedy, hasty, expeditious, brisk, nimble, lively, prompt, 
hurried. — Fast, rapid, swift, fleet, quick, speedy, 
hasty. Fast and rapid are often used without distinc- 
tion ; but fast often applies to the moving object, whereas 
rapid is apt to characterize or suggest the movement itself. 
Swift suggests great rapidity, often with ease or facility of 
movement ; fleet (commonly poetical) connotes lightness 
or nimbleness. Quick applies esp. to that which happens 
promptly or occupies but little time ; it suggests celerity 
rather than velocity. Speedy is opposed to dilatory ; hasty 
suggests hurry rather than speed. 

fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined ; inconstant ; 
— esp. in to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to 
act with reckless inconstancy or in a tricky manner ; to say 
one thing and do another. 

— adv. [AS. fseste firmly, strongly.] 1. In a fast or fixed 
manner. 2. Close ; — now only in fast by, fast beside. 
3. Immediately ; hence, as fast as, as soon as. Obs. 4. 
Rapidly ; swiftly ; also, extravagantly ; dissipatedly. 

fast day. A day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and 
religious offices, as a means of invoking the favor of God. 

fas'ten (fas''n), v. t. [AS. fsestnian.'] 1. To fix firmly ; se- 
cure, as by a knot, lock, etc. 2. Tocause to hold fast ; at- 
tach or unite firmly. 3. To thrust ; impose ; as, to fasten a 
quarrel on some one. 4. To hold steadily and intently ; as, 
to fasten the eyes on something. 

— v. i. 1. To fix one's self ; seize ; cling ; — used with on. 

2. To become fast or fixed. 3. To become firm ; set, as 
plaster. 4. To perform an act of fastening. — fas'ten-er, n. 

fas'ten-ing, n. That which makes fast, as a lock, bolt, etc. 

fas-tid'i-OUS (fas-tid'i-'us), a. [L. fastidiosus disdainful, 
fr. fastidium loathing, aversion.] Difficult to please; 
squeamish ; overnice. — Syn. Dainty, finical, critical. See 
nice. — f as-tid'i-ous-ly, adv. — fas-tid'i-ous-ness, n. 

fas-tig'i-ate (-tij'i-at)! o. [L. fastigium gable end, top, 

fas-tig'i-at'ed (-at-ed)j height, summit.] Narrowing to- 
ward the top ; hence : a Bot. Erect and parallel, as branches. 
b Zo'ol. United into a conical bundle. 

fast'ness, n. 1. State of being fast. 2. A stronghold. 

fat, o. ; fat'ter (-er) ; -test. [AS. fsett.~] 1. Abounding with 
fat ; as : a Fleshy ; corpulent ; plump, b Oily ; unctuous ; 
rich ; — said of food. 2. Coarse ; heavy ; dull ; slow-witted. 

3. Characterized by some element of richness ; as, fat, or 
resinous, wood ; fat coal (rich in volatile matter) , etc. 4. 
Fertile ; as, a fat soil. 5. Profitable ; as, a fat office. 6. 
Rich ; affluent. 7. Well stocked ; as, a. fat larder. 8. Thick ; 
well filled out ; extended ; as, a fat-laced type. 

— n. 1. Any animal tissue consisting chiefly of cells dis- 
tended with greasy or oily matter, or the oily or greasy 
matter itself. 2. The best or richest productions ; best part. 
3. Especially lucrative or advantageous work. 

— v. t. & i. ; fat'ted ; fat'ting. To make or grow fat. 
fa'tal (fa'tal), a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum. See fate.] 1. 

Fated ; inevitable. Rare. 2. Fateful. 3. Prophetic; esp., 
ominous. Obs. 4. Causing death ; deadly ; mortal. — Syn. 
See DEADLY. 

fa'tal-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that all things are 
subject to fate. 2. Submission to fate. 

f a'tal-ist, n. One who believes in fatalism. 

fa'tal-is'tic (fa'tal-is'tTk), a. Relating to fatalism. 

fa-tal'i-ty (fa-tal'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of being 
fatal ; invincible necessity free of rational control. 2. That 
which is decreed by fate ; destiny. 3. State or quality of 
being fatal, or destructive ; fatal influence ; mortality. 4. A 
calamity ; disaster, esp. one resulting in death. 

fa-tal'ly, adv. 1. In a manner proceeding from, or deter- 
mined by, fate. 2. In a manner issuing in death or ruin. 

Fa'ta Mor-ga'na (fa'ta mor-g'a'na). [It., i. e., Morgan the 
fay.] 1. A fairy celebrated in the tales of chivalry and in 
medieval romances. 2. [I. c] A mirage, particularly one 
noticed at the Strait of Messina ; — so called because 
formerly regarded as the work of the fairy of this name. 

fat'bird' (fat'burdO, n. The guacharo ; also, locally, any of 
various other birds, as the pectoral sandpiper. 

fate (fat), n. [L. fatum an oracle, what is ordained by the 
gods, fate, fari to speak.] 1. The necessity, or compelling 
principle, of nature ; destiny. 2. Appointed lot ; predeter- 
mined event ; esp., a disastrous lot ; ruin ; death. 3. For- 
tune as shaped by extraneous forces ; as, his happy fate. 4. 
[cap.~\ Class Myth. The or a goddess of fate, or destiny ; 
esp., in pi., the three goddesses supposed to determine the 
course of human life. In Greek mythology they are called 
the Mozrse, their names being Clotho (Spinner), who spins 



the thread of life, Lachesis (Disposer of Lots), who deter- 
mines its length, and Atropos (Inflexible One), who cuts it 
off. — Syn. See destiny. 

— v. t. To foreordain ; destine. 

f at'ed (fat'ed ; 24), p. a. Decreed by fate; destined; doomed. 

fate'ful (-fool), a. 1. Fraught with fate ; momentous in con- 
sequences. 2. Significant of fate ; ominous. 3. Controlled 
by irresistible foreordained forces ; as, the fateful Greek 
tragedies. — fate'ful-ly, adv. — fate'ful-ness, n. 

fa'ther (fa'ther), n. [AS. feeder.] 1. One who has begot a 
child ; a male parent. 2. A forefather ; esp., a first ancestor ; 
in pi., ancestors. 3. One who gives origin ; a producer, au- 
thor, or contriver. 4. [cap.~] The Supreme Being and Crea- 
tor ; God. 5. As a title : a A dignitary of the church, as a 
bishop, b A confessor; — called also father confessor. cA 
priest. 6. [Often cap.] Eccl. Any early Christian writer ac- 
cepted as an authentic source of the early history or teach- 
ings of the Church. 7. One who acts as a father or to whom 
filial affection and respect are due. 8. The oldest member 
of a profession or of a legislative assembly, etc. ; as, the 
father of the bar or the Senate. 9. a A senator of ancient 
Rome, b In pi. The leading men of a city or council. 

— v. t. 1. To beget. 2. To bring into existence ; originate. 
3. To take as one's own child ; adopt ; hence, to assume or 
acknowledge to be the result of one's own work or act. 
to father on or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one's 
offspring or work ; put or lay upon as being responsible. 

fa'ther-hood (-hood), n. State of being a father. 

fa'ther-in-law', n. ; pi. fathers-in-law (fa'fcherz-). The 
father of one's husband or wife. 

fa'ther-land' (-land'), n. One's native land ; the native land 
of one's fathers, or ancestors. 

fa'ther-less, a. Destitute of a living father. 

fa'ther-like, a. & adv. Fatherly. 

father longlegs. A crane fly. 

fa'ther-ly, a. Like or pertaining to a father, as in affection, 
care, or demeanor ; paternal. — adv. In the manner of a 
father. Archaic. — fa'ther-li-ness (-Ji-nes), n. 

fath'om (fath'um), n. [AS. fxdm.~] A measure of length 
containing six feet (orig., the space to which a man can ex- 
tend his arms), used chiefly to measure cables, cordage, and 
depth of water by soundings. 

— v. t. To measure by sounding ; sound ; hence: to get to the 
bottom of ; comprehend ; as, to fathom one's meaning. 

fath'om-a-ble, a. Capable of being fathomed. 

fath'om-less, a. Incapable of being fathomed. 

fa-tid'ic ( fa-tid'ik ) la. [L. fatidicus; fatum fate -4- 

fa-tid'i-cal (-tid'i-kal) J dicere to say, tell.] Prophetic. 

fat'i-ga-ble (fat'i-gd-b'l), a. Easily fatigued. 

fa-tigue' (fd-teg'), n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fa- 
tigare.~\ 1. Weariness from labor or exertion ; also a cause 
of weariness ; labor. 2. Physiol. Condition of cells or organs 
which have undergone excessive activity with resulting loss 
of power. 3. Mech. Deterioration of a member in a structure 
or machine due to a continued repetition of stress. 

-—v. t. ; -TiGUED'(-tegd') ; -ti'guing (-te'ging). l.To weary ; 
tire. 2. Mech. To induce a condition of fatigue in (a mate- 
rial of construction). See fatigue, n., 4. — Syn. See tire. 

fatigue duty. Mil. Work (such as cleaning grounds, etc.) 
done by soldiers aside from strictly military duty. 

Fat'i-ma (fat'I-md; fa'te-ma), n. See Bluebeard. 

fat'ling (fat'ling), n. A calf, lamb, kid, or other young ani- 
mal fattened for slaughter. 

f at'ly, adv. In a fat fashion ; like a fat person. 

f at'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being fat ; corpulency. 
2. Richness or fertility, or a cause of it. Archaic. 

fat'ten (faf'n), v. t. 1. To make fat ; to fat. 2. To enrich ; 
fertilize. — v. i. To grow fat. — fat'ten-er, n. 

fat'tish (fat'ish), a. Somewhat fat. 

fat'ty (fat'I), a.; -ti-er (-i-er); -ti-est. Containing fat ; 
having the qualities of fat. — fat'ti-ness (-i-nes), n. 
fatty acid, Chem., any one of a series of saturated acids the 
higher members of which, as stearic and palmitic acids, 
occur in the natural fats, and are fatlike. — f . degenera- 
tion, Med., cell degeneration associated with the forma- 
tion of fat. — f . tumor, Med., lipoma. 

fa-tu'i-tous (fd-tii'i-t&s), a. Characterized by fatuity. 

fa-tu'i-ty (fd-tu'i-ti), ».;_ pi. -ties (-tiz). [L.fatuitas, fr. 
fatuus foolish.] 1. Stupidity ; folly ; self-complacent dull- 
ness. 2. Imbecility ; idiocy. Rare. 

fat'u-OUS (fat/jl-us),a. [L,.fatuus.~] 1. Silly ; often, self -com- 
placently stupid. 2. Without reality ; illusory. — Syn. See 
foolish. — fat'u-ous-ly, adv. — fat'u-ous-ness, n. 

fat'-wit'ted, a. Dull ; stupid. 

|| fau'bourg' (fo'boor' ; E. fo'boorg), n. [F.] A suburb. 

fau'eal (fo'kdl), a. [L. fauces throat.] Pertaining to the 
fauces ; faucial. 

fau'ees (fo'sez), n. pi. [L.] Anat. The narrow passage from 
mouth to pharynx. 

fau'eet (-set), n. [F. fausset.] A fixture for drawing a liquid 
from a pipe, cask, etc. ; a tap ; cock. U. S. & Dial. Eng. 

fau'eial (-sndl), a. Anat. Of or pertaining to the fauces. 




H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined with = equals. 



M 



FAUGH 



368 



FEARLESSNESS 




faugh (fo), inter j. An exclamation of disgust, contempt, etc. 

fault (folt), n. [F.faute, deriv. of L.fallere to deceive.] 1. 

Defect ; lack. Archaic. 

2. Anything that fails, is 
wanting, or impairs ex- 
cellence ; a failing ; flaw. 

3. A moral failing less se- 
rious than a vice. 4. A 
failure in doing or for- 
bearing something ; neg- 
ligence ; also, culpability ; 
blame. 5. Geol. & Min- 
ing. A dislocation caused 
by a slipping of rock ■* ■* 
masses along a plane of Faults. F Normal ; F' Reverse, 
fracture (fault plane) or F /.> F 'f Fault Planes ; the in- 
thp rpsnlrincr HiQlnratPrl chnation in the direction af, 
the resulting dislocated mea sured by the angle fac, is 
structure. 6. Hunting. A t h e Hade ; ac Throw ; be Heave ; 
lost scent ; act of losing ab Displacement. Parts having 
the scent ; a check. 7. the same number are of the 
Tennis, Lawn Tennis, same stratum. 

etc. Failure to serve the ball legitimately into the proper 
court. 

Syn. Error, blemish, defect, flaw, imperfection ; weakness, 
foible, peccadillo, frailty, failing, infirmity ; blunder, delin- 
quency, indiscretion, slip, lapse. — Fault, failing, foible, 
peccadillo. A fault is a defect or imperfection in charac- 
ter, disposition, or habits ; failing is more negative, and im- 
plies shortcoming, often weakness ; a foible is a harmless, 
and usually amiable, weakness or failing ; a peccadillo is 
a petty or venial fault. 

at fault, a Unable to find the scent and continue chase ; 
hence : in trouble or embarrassment, and unable to pro- 
ceed ; puzzled ; thrown off the track, b In fault. — in f., 
culpable ; having offended. — to a f., excessively ; very ; 
as, gentle to a fault. 

— v. t. 1. To find fault with ; blame. 2. Geol. To produce a 
fault in. — v. i. To commit a fault ; err. Archaic. 

fault'i-ly (f61'ti-li), adv. In a faulty or blamable manner. 

fault'i-ness (-nes), n. The state of being faulty. 

f ault'less, o. Without fault ; not defective or imperfect ; 
perfect. — fault'less-ly, adv. — fault'less-ness, n. 

fault'y (fol'ti), a. ; fault'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of the 
nature of, or marked by, fault or faults ; imperfect. 2. Cul- 
pable ; blamable. Rare. 

faun (fon), n. [L. Faunus.2 One of a class of rural Italian 
deities represented as of human shape, with pointed ears, 
small horns, and sometimes a goat's tail, or as half goat and 
half man. 

fau'na (fo'nd), re.; pi. E. -nas (-ndz), L. -nm (-ne). [NL., 
fr. Fauna, a sister of Faunus."] 1. The aggregate of the 
animals of a given region or geological period or formation. 
2. A treatise upon the animals of a given area or period. 

fau'nal (-nal), a. Of or pert, to a fauna or faunas. 

Fau'nus (-nus), n. [L.] Roman Relig. A rural deity, god 
of animal life and fruitfulness, patron of husbandry, hunt- 
ing, and herding, and guardian of the secret lore of nature. 
He was identified with Pan. Hence, [I. c] a faun. 

Faust (foust), n. The hero of a drama by Goethe. Faust 
is an elderly student who, weary of seeking knowledge, 
deserts his studies, and sells his soul to the Devil (Mephis- 
topheles), who agrees to fulfill all his wishes. 

|| fau'teuil' (fo'tu'y'), re. [F., fr. LL., fr. OHG. faldstuol.'] 
An armchair. 

|| faux' pas' (fo' pa') ; pi. faux pas. [F.] A false step ; 
now, esp., an offense against social convention. 

fa-ve'O-late (fd-ve'6-lat), a. [From dim. of L. favus 
honeycomb.] Honeycombed ; having cavities, or cells, 
somewhat resembling those of a honeycomb ; alveolate. 

fa-VO'ni-an (fd-vo'ni-dn), a. [L. Favonius the west 
wind.] Pertaining to the west wind ; mild ; favoring. 

fa'vor, fa'VOUr (fa'ver), n. [OF. & L. favor, fr. L. favere 
to be favorable.] 1. Kind regard ; commendation ; approv- 
ing disposition ; as, to find favor in the sight of another. 2. 
Act of countenancing ; state of being countenanced ; sup- 
port ; aid. 3. A kind act ; kindness ; an act of grace or good 
will, as by way of privilege or permission. 4. Partiality ; as, 
without fear or favor. 5. Beauty ; charm. Archaic. 6. Ap- 

{>earance ; look. 7. A gift or present ; token, as of love, af- 
ection, loyalty. 8. A letter ; — complimentary and now 
chiefly in business correspondence. 

Syn. Countenance, good will, patronage ; grace, benefit, 
benevolence. — Favor, good will may often be used 
indistinguishably. But favor is often the manifestation of 
good will, and suggests graciousness, or even condescension ; 
good will more commonly connotes heartiness or zeal ; as, 
he was promoted by my favor ; they owe us only good will. 
in favor of. a Favorable to. t Commerce. So as to be 
payable to ; as, to draw a check in favor of John Doe. 
»— v. t. 1. To regard with favor ; countenance ; show partial- 
ity to. 2. To be advantageous to ; facilitate. 3. To tend to 
confirm or sustain ; as, these facts favor his contention. 4. 
To resemble in features. 5. To oblige ; show favor to. 



fa'vpr-a-ble, fa'vour-a-Me (-d-b'l), a. 1. Full of favor ; fa- 
voring ; propitious ; approving. 2. Advantageous ; tending 
to promote or facilitate. — fa'vor-a-ble-ness, fa'vour-a- 
ble-ness, n. — f a'vor-a-bly, fa'vour-a-bly, adv. 

fa'vored, favoured (-verd), a. 1. Countenanced; aided. 
2. Of a (certain) favor, or appearance ; as, ill-favored. 

f a'vor-er, fa'vour-er (-ver-er), n. One who favors, furthers, 
or promotes ; a well-wisher ; supporter. 

fa'vor-ite, fa'vour-ite (-it), n. [OF. favorit favored, fr. 
p. p. of It. favorire to favor.] 1. One regarded with peculiar 
favor, or partiality. 2. Sporting. The competitor judged 
most likely to win. — a. Regarded with particular affection. 

fa'vor-it-ism, fa'vour-it-ism (-Tt-Tz'm), n. 1. The dispo- 
sition to favor one to the neglect of others; partiality. 
2. State of being a favorite. 

fa^vus (fa'vws), n. [L., honeycomb.] Med. A contagious 
disease of the skin produced by a vegetable parasite. 

fawn (fon), n. [OF. faon young one of any beast, a fawn, 
deriv. of L. fetus. See fetus.] 1. A young deer ; a buck or 
doe of the first year. 2. A fawn color. — a. Of the color of 
a fawn ; light yellowish brown. 

fawn, v. i. [AS. fagnian, fahnian, to rejoice ; var. of 
fsegnian. See fain.] 1. To show delight or fondness by 
crouching, wagging the tail, etc. ; — said of dogs. 2. To 
court favor by a cringing and servile demeanor. — n. A 
fawning ; a cringe. Obs. 

Syn. Creep, crawl, crouch, cringe, cower, bow, stoop, 
truckle, curry favor. — Fawn, cringe, cower (in their fig. 
senses). Fawn implies servile truckling or flattery, esp. in 
order to court favor ; cringe adds to the idea of base hu- 
mility or deference the implication of cowardly fear ; cower 
suggests a timorous shrinking from danger or crouching 
for shelter. [light yellowish brown. 

fawn'-GOl'ored, or -COl'oured, a. Of the color of a fawn ; 

fawn'er, re. One who fawns ; a sycophant ; toady. 

fay (fa), re. [OF. fei. See faith.] Faith. Archaic or Scot. 

fay, v. t. & i. [AS. fegan to join.] To fit ; join or unite 
closely. Obs. or Dial., exc. in Shipbuilding. 

fay, n. [AF. faie.'] A fairy ; elf. 

fay'al-ite (fa'dl-It), re. [From the island Fayal.'] Min. A 
silicate of iron, Fe2Si04, belonging to the chrysolite group. 

faze (faz), v. t.; fazed (fazd) ; faz'ing (faz'ing). To 
disconcert ; worry ; daunt. Colloq. or Dial. 

feal (fel), a. [OF. feeil, L. fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith.] 
Faithful ; loyal. Obs. or Archaic. 

fe'al-ty(fe'al-ti), re. [ME. feaute, OF. feaute, feeute, feelte, 
fr. L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faithful.] 1. Fidelity to one's 
lord ; the obligation or oath of a feudal tenant or vassal to 
be faithful to his lord. 2. Fidelity ; faithfulness. — Syn. 
See LOYALTY. 

fear (fer), re. [AS. fxr danger.] 1. The painful emotion 
caused by a sense of impending danger or evil ; apprehen- 
sion ; dread. 2. Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to 
avoid, the wrath or violence of someone, as of God ; hence, 
the dread reverence felt toward God. 3. That which 
causes, or is the object of, apprehension ; danger. Obs. or 
R., exc. in no fear; as, he will not fail, no fear. 
Syn. Fear, dread, fright, alarm, dismay, consterna- 
tion, panic, terror, horror. Fear is the most general 
term. Dread emphasizes apprehension or anxiety ; as, Dr. 
Johnson had an awful dread of death. Fright implies the 
shock of sudden, startling, and commonly short-lived fear ; 
as, he fled shuddering, and died of fright. Alarm suggests 
the surprise and agitation excited by imminent or unex- 
pected danger ; as, he shook with vague alarms. Dismay 
implies deprivation of spirit, courage, or initiative, esp. by 
an alarming or disconcerting prospect ; as, distracted with 
deep dismay. Consternation heightens the implication 
of prostration or confusion ; as, dumb with consternation. 
Panic is overmastering and unreasoning, often groundless, 
fear or fright ; as, he was in a perpetual panic lest I should 
expose his ignorance. Terror suggests the extremity of 
consternation or (often violent) dread ; as, the "terror by 
night." Horror adds the implication of shuddering abhor- 
rence or aversion ; as, "the horror of supernatural darkness." 

— v. t. 1. To affright ; terrify. Archaic. 2. To be afraid ; — 
used reflexively ; as, I fear me he is gone. Archaic. 3. To be 
afraid of. 4. To have a reverential awe of (God). — Syn. 
Apprehend, dread ; reverence, venerate. 

— v. i. To be afraid ; be fearful or apprehensive. 
fear'er, re. One who fears. 

fear'ful (-fool), a. 1. Full of fear; afraid. 2. Inclined to 
fear ; timid. 3. Full of reverence and awe. 4. Indicating, or 
caused by, fear. 5. Inspiring fear ; dreadful. 6. Extremely 

bad, etc. See Syn. — fear'ful-ly, adv. ful-neSS, re. 

Syn. Apprehensive, timid, timorous ; horrible, shocking. 
— Fearful, dreadful, terrible, horrible, frightful, 
appalling, awful are often used colloquially with little 
distinction as terms of extravagant hyperbole. See afraid. 

f ear'less, a. Free from fear ; betraying no fear. — Syn. Bold, 
daring, courageous, intrepid, valorous, brave, undaunted, 
dauntless. — fear'less-ly, adv. — fear'less-n«5s, re. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, (hin; natjjre, verdure (87); 



FEARNAUGHT 



369 



FEE 



I 



1. A fearless 



1. One of the light, 



fear 'naught', fear'nought' (fer'not'), n 
person. 2. A kind of stout woolen cloth. 

fear'some (-sum), a. Frightful ; causing fear. 

fea'sance (fe'zdns), n. [F. faisance.] Law. The doing 
or performance of a condition, duty, etc. 

fea'si-bil'i-ty (-zi-bii'i-ti), n. Quality of being feasible. 

fea'si-ble (fe'zi-b'l), a. [OF. faisible, fr. faire to make or 
do, L. facere. See fact.] 1. Capable of being done, or 
effected ; practicable. 2. Fit to be dealt with success- 
fully ; suitable. — Syn. See possible. — fea'si-ble-ness, 
n. — fea'si-bly, adv. 

feast (fest), n. [OF. feste festival, fr. L. festum, pi. festa, 
fr. festus joyful, festal.] 1. A festival; esp., a religious 
festival, as opposed to a fast. 2. Act or occasion of making 
an elaborate meal ; banquet. 3. A meal, or repast, of 
abundant and satisfying food ; hence, any rich treat. 
Syn. Feast, banquet, festival. Feast suggests rich and 
abundant viands ; banquet adds the implication of sumptu- 
ousness or ceremony ; festival commonly implies the cele- 
bration of an anniversary or occasion of special moment. 

— v. i. To eat of a feast ; — often fig. — v. t. 1. To enter- 
tain with sumptuous or abundant provisions. 2. Fig., to 
delight ; gratify. — feast'er (fes'ter), n. 

feast/ful (fest'fool), a. Festive ; festal ; fond of feasting. 

feat (fet), n. [OF. fet, fait, fr. L. factum, prop. p. p. of 
facere to do.] 1. An act ; deed. Obs. 2. A noble deed ; 
exploit. 3. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning. 
Syn. Feat, exploit, achievement. Feat commonly sug- 
gests an act of strength or dexterity ; an exploit is an adven- 
turous, heroic, or brilliant feat ; achievement emphasizes 
the idea of distinguished endeavor, commonly in the face of 
difficulty or opposition ; as, feats of strength ; the exploits of 
Achilles ; the achievements of science. 

feat, a. [F. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or 
do. See feat, n.] 1. Skillful ; apt ; graceful. Archaic. 2. 
Becoming ; well-fitting. 

feath'er (feth'er), n. [AS. feSer.] 
horny, epidermal outgrowths which 
make up the external covering, or 
plumage, of birds. 2. Plumage; 
hence, attire. 3. Kind ; nature : — 
from the phrase, birds of a feather, 
that is, of the same species. 4. A 
feathery tuft or fringe of hair. 5. In ^ 
pi. Wings. Obs. 6. One of the fins or ' 
wings on the shaft of an arrow. 7. A 
projecting strip, rib, fin, or flange. 
8. A flaw, in appearance suggestive 
of a feather, in the eye or in a pre- 
cious stone. 9. Act of feathering an 
oar, etc. 

a feather in the cap, an honor, 
trophy, or mark of distinction. 
Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a feather 
or feathers, as an arrow. 2. To 
clothe or deck, as with feathers. 
3. Rowing. To turn (an oar) after 
a stroke so that the blade is almost 
horizontal and carry it thus to the 
position for the next stroke. 4. To join by a groove and 
tongue. 

to feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, esp. from 
another's property confided to one's care. 

— v. i. 1. To grow feathers ; become feathered ; move, or 
float, like feathers. 2. To feather oars in rowing. 

i eath'ered (fetb/erd), a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with 
or as with feathers or wings. 2. Winged ; swift ; fleet. 

feath'er-edge' (-er-ej 7 ), n. A very thin edge easily broken 
or bent. — feath'er-edged 7 (-ejd 7 ), a. 

feath'er -head 7 (-hed 7 ), n. 1. A frivolous or light-headed per- 
son. 2. An empty or light head. — f eath 'er-head ed, a. 

feath'er-i-ness (feth'er-i-nes), n. State or quality of being 
feathery or light. 

feather star. A comatula, (a kind ui crinoid). 

feath'er-veined 7 (-vand 7 ), a. Having veins diverging from 
the midrib to the margin. See leaf, Illust. 

feath'er- weight' (-wat 7 ), n. 1. A very light weight ; specif. : 
a Horse Racing. In a handicap, the lightest weight that a 
horse may carry, b Boxing. A boxer who is very light, not 
exceeding 126 lbs. under British rules, or 115 lbs., American 
rules. 2. A very small or insignificant thing or person. 

featb/er-y (-T), a. Pertaining to or resembling feathers; 
covered with or as with feathers. 

featly (fet'll), a. Neat ; graceful. Rare. — adv. 1. Fitly. 
2. Neatly ; nimbly. Archaic. — feat'li-ness, n. 

fea'ture (fe'tyr), n. [OF. faiture fashion, make, fr. L.fac- 
tura a making, fr. facere, factum, to make.] 1. Make, 
form, or appearance, esp. of a person ; esp., good appearance. 
Archaic. 2. The cast or appearance of the human face, esp. 
of a part of it, as the nose, mouth, etc. ; in pi., the face. 3. 
Any marked characteristic ; anything especially prominent 
or important. — Syn. See characteristic. 




Feather. a Shaft, 
from which part of 
the barbs have been 
cut away on the 
left ; b Aftershaft 
with barbs cut away 
on the right; c C C 
Barbs ; d Quill. 



— v. t.; -tured (-tjjrd) ; -tur-lvg (-tjlr-lhg). 1. To resem- 
ble in features ; favor. Colloq. 2. To delineate the features 
of ; also, to stand as a distinctive mark upon. 3. To give 
prominence to. Cant. 

fea'tured (-tyrd), a. 1. Shaped; fashioned. 2. Having 

formed into, or expressed by, features. 
fea'ture-less, a. Having no distinct or distinctive features. 
feaze (fez), v. t. & i.; feazed (fezd) ; feaz'ing (fez'Ing). 

To untwist ; to unravel. 
feaze (fez ; faz). Var. of feeze, v. & n. 
fe-bric'i-ty (fe-bns'I-tl), n. Med. Quality or state of being 

feverish. 
fe-bric'u-la (fe-brik'u-ld), n. [L., dim. of febris fever.] 

Med. A slight and transient fever. 
feb'ri-fa'cient (feb'rl-fa'shent ; fe'brl-), a. [L. febris fever 

+ faciens making.] Febrific. 
fe-brif'ic (fe-brif'ik), a. [L. febris fever + -ficus (in 

comp.) making.] Producing or causing fever. 
feb'ri-fuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. [F., fr. L. febris fever -f- fugare 

to put to flight.] A remedy serving to abate or remove fever. 

— feb'ri-fuge, fe-brif'u-gal (fe-brif'u-gal ; feb'rl-fQ 7 -), a. 
fe'brile (fe'brll ; feb'rll), a. [F. febrile.'] Feverish. 
Feb'ru-a-ry (feb'roo-a-n), a. [L. Februarius, fr. februa, 

pi., the Roman lustral festival on Feb. 15.] The second 

month in the year, having 28 days, or, in leap year, 29. 
fe'cal, fae'cal (fe'kal), a. Relating to or containing feces. 
fe'ces, fae'ces (fe'sez), n. pi. [L. faex, pi. faeces, dregs.] 

1. Sediment ; dregs. 2. Excrement. 

feck (fek), n. [Abbr. fr. effect.] Scot. & Dial. Eng. 1. 
Efficacy ; force ; value. 2. Amount ; quantity. 

f eck'less, a. Spiritless ; weak. 

fec'U-la (fek'u-ld), n. ; pi. -L^: (-le). [h.faecula burnt tar- 
tar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, dregs.] A starch 
obtained from plants by agitation with water, and subsi- 
dence ; — called also amylaceous fecula. 

fec'u-lence (f5k'u-lens), n. State or quality of being fecu- 
lent ; muddiness ; also, that which is feculent ; dregs ; feces. 

fec'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. faeculentus, fr. faecula. See fec- 
ula.] Foul with extraneous or impure substances ; muddy ; 
turbid ; fetid. 

fec'und (fek'und ; fe'kund), a. [F.fecond, fr. L. fecundus, 
fr. root of fetus. See fetus.] Fruitful ; prolific ; fertile. 

fec'un-date (fek'un-dat), v. t.; -dat'ed (-dat'ed); -dat'- 
ing. [L. fecundare, fr. fecundus.] To make fruitful or 
prolific ; fertilize ; impregnate. 

fec'un-da'tion (-da'shun), n. Process of fecundating; fer- 
tilization ; impregnation. 

fe-cun'di-ty (fe-kun'dl-ti), n. Fruitfulness ; fertility. 

fed (fed), pret. & p. p. of feed. 

fed'er-al (fed'er-al), a. _ [L. foedus league, treaty, com- 
pact.] 1. Of or pertaining to a compact, esp. one between 
states surrendering their individual sovereignty and con- 
solidating into a new state ; as, a federal union. 2. a 
Pertaining to a state consolidated of several states which 
retain limited powers ; as, a federal government, b Hence : 
Of, pertaining to, or involving the principle of, the gov- 
ernment of such a state ; as, federal officers. 3. [cap.] U. S. 
Hist, a Friendly to the principles of a federal government 
with strong centralized powers, b Of, pertaining to, or loyal 
to, the United States in the Civil War (1861-65) ; as, the 
Federal troops. 

Federal party, a name given to the group of men most 
prominent in urging the formation and adoption of the 
Constitution of the United States, and adopted by the 
political party favoring a strong centralized federal power. 

— n. [cap.] 1. A Federalist. Rare. 2. U. S. Hist. A sup- 
porter of the United States in the Civil War ; specif., a sol- 
dier in the Federal armies. 

Fed'er-al-ist, n. V. S. Hist. An advocate of a federal 
union between the colonies after the War of Independence 
(1775-83). — Fed'er-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

fed'er-al-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). To 
unite in compact, as different states ; also, to bring under 
the sole jurisdiction of a federal government. — fed'er-al- 
i-za'tion (-i-za'shun ; -I-za'-), n. 

fed'er-ate (-at), a. [L. foederatus, p. p. of foederare to 
establish by league, fr. foedus. See federal.] Confederate. 

— (-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'lng. To unite in a 
league or federation ; organize under a federal government. 

fed'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. A confederation ; esp., act of 
uniting to form a sovereign power so that each of the unit- 
ing states remains self-governing in local affairs. 2. A con- 
federacy, esp. of several states under a central government. 

fed'er-a-tive (fed'er-a-tiv), a. Of or pert, to a federation; 
based on or inclined to federation. 

fee (fe), n. [OF. fie, fieu, fief, payment.] 1. Feudal Law. 
Any feudal benefice, or estate in land held of a feudal lord. 

2. Common Law. An estate of inheritance in land, being 
an absolute fee (fee simple) or a fee limited to a class of 
heirs (fee tail). 3. A territory held in fee. 4. A charge fixed 
by law for certain services or privileges ; as, license fees. 5. 
Pay ; wage ; salary. Obs. 6. Reward or compensation. 7. A 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



JfEEBLE 



370 



FELLY 



payment for admission to a place of amusement or instruc- 
tion, an association, etc. 8. A gratuity ; tip. 

*- v. t. ; feed (fed) ; fee'ing. 1. To give a fee to. 2. To 
hire ; employ. Chiefly Scot. 

fee'ble (fe'b'l), a. ; -bler (-bier) ; -blest (-blest). [OF. fei- 
ble, foible, fr. L. flebilis lamentable, flere to weep.] 1. 
Weak physically. 2. Fragile ; slight. 3. Wanting force ; 
vigor, or efficiency. — Syn. See weak. — fee'ble-ness, n. 
— fee'bly, adv. 

fee'ble-mind'ed (-mln'ded ; 24, 109), a. 1. Wanting firm- 
ness ; irresolute. 2. Incapable of normal mental develop- 
ment, though not an idiot. — fee'ble-mind'ed-ness, n. 

feed (fed), v. t. ; fed (fed) ; feed'ing. [AS. Sedan, fr. foda 
food.] 1. To give food to. 2. To gratify or minister to, as 
a sense, talent, or desire. 3. To supply with that which 
is used or wanted ; as, to feed a furnace. 4. To nourish, 
in a general sense ; to foster. 5. To produce, or serve as, 
food for ; as, the field will feed ten head of cattle. 6. To 
give for food ; furnish for consumption ; as, to feed turnips 
to cows. 7. To supply (material to be operated on) to a 
machine. 

— ■ v. i. 1. To take food ; eat. 2. To feed one's self ; prey ; — 
used with on or upon. 3. To be nourished or satisfied, as 
if by food ; as " He feeds upon the cooling shade." 

— n. 1. Act of eating ; hence, a meal. Archaic or Colloq. 

2. That which is eaten ; esp., fodder. 3. a The act of carry- 
ing forward the stuff to be operated on, as in a machine, b 
Material supplied, as coal to a furnace. C The mechanism 
for feeding, as in a machine. 

leed'er, n. One who, or that which, feeds, as a steward, a 

tributary stream, a branch railroad, etc. 
fee'-faw'— fum' (feWfum'), interj.& n. Also fee (or^ fe), 

ii, f 0, f am. A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants 

and ogres ; hence, a bogy. 
feel (fel), v. t.; felt (felt) ; feel'ing. [AS. f 'elan."] 1. To 

perceive by the touch. 2. To examine by touching ; test. 

3. To be conscious of ; experience, as pleasure, pain, etc. 

4. To be convinced of ; believe ; as, he felt the justice of it. 
«— v. i. 1. To have perception by touch. 2. To have the sen- 
sibilities affected ; as, to feel for another ; to feel kindly to- 
ward a friend. 3. To have a sense of being (in a certain 
state) ; as, to feel grieved, angry, etc. 4. To grope. 5. To 
appear ; seem ; as, it feels cold. 

r- n. 1. Feeling. Rare. 2. A sensation communicated by 
touch. 3. Sense of touch ; as, soft to the feel. 

feel'er (fel'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, feels ; esp., a 
tactile organ of an animal, as a tentacle. 2. Anything, as a 
remark, etc., put forth to ascertain the views of others. 

feeling, p. a. 1. Sentient. 2. Having or expressing great 
sensibility ; as, a feeling heart, a feeling story. 

^ n. 1. Act or condition of a person or animal that feels. 2. 
That sense of which sensations of touch, temperature, pres- 
sure, etc., are characteristic ; esp., touch. 3. A sensation ; 
perception ; consciousness. 4. Any emotional state ; emo- 
tion ; in pi., general susceptibility ; as, to hurt one's feel- 
ings. 5. Susceptibility to emotion, esp. refined emotion. 

6. Emotional attitude in a matter of opinion ; sentiment. 

7. State or quality of that which causes or expresses feeling 
conceived as embodying the feeling ; objectified feeling ; as, 
the feeling of a tomb, of a picture. 8. Psychol. In the 
broadest sense, a state of consciousness, or consciousness in 
general considered in itself and apart from any reference to 
an object of perception or of thought. In a narrower sense, 
consciousness apart from conation and cognition. 9. That 
quality of a work of art which embodies the emotion of the 
artist, and is calculated to affect similarly the spectator. 
Syn. Feeling, emotion, sentiment, passion. Feeling, 
the general term, suggests less of agitation or excitement 
than emotion ; it is often sharply contrasted with judg- 
ment, and often implies little more than susceptibility to, or 
capacity for, sympathetic emotion ; as, a feeling of sadness. 

1 Sentiment connotes a larger intellectual element; it often 
suggests refined, sometimes romantic, occasionally affected, 
feeling ; as, opinions due to sentiment rather than belief. Pas- 
sion suggests powerful emotion ; as, man's ruling passion. 

f eel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling manner. 

fee simple, fee tail. See fee, n., 2. 

feet (fet), «., pi. of foot. 

feeze (fez ; faz), v. t. [AS. fesian, fysian."] 1. To drive ; 
put to flight. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 2. To frighten ; 
worry ; discomfit. Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Colloq., U. S. 

n- n. Fretful excitement or alarm. Colloq., U. S. 

feign (fan), v. t. [F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), fr. L. fingere 
to touch, form, arrange.] 1. To imagine ; hence : to pre- 
tend ; imagine and relate as if true. 2. To sham. — v. i. 
To pretend ; dissemble. — Syn. See assume. 

feigned (fand), p. a. Not real; counterfeit; insincere. 

feign'er, n. One who feigns. 

feint (fant), a. [F., p. p. of feindre to feign.] Feigned; 
sham. Obs. or R. — n. [F. feinte, fr. feindre.] 1. That 
which is feigned ; pretense ; stratagem. 2. A mock attack 




on one part when another part is the real object of attack. 

— Syn. See pretense. — v. i. To make a mock attack, 
feints (fants), n. pi. Var. of faints. 

feist (fist), n. A fice. U. S. 

feld'spar' (feld'spar'), or, now Rare, feld'spatb/ (feld'- 
spath'), n. [G. feldspath ; feld field + spath spar.] M in. 
Any of a group of crystalline minerals, all silicates of alumin- 
ium, with potassium, sodium, calcium, or barium. — feld- 
spath'ic (feld-spath'ik), feld-spath'ose (-os), o. 

f eld-spa th/oid (feld-spath'oid), n. Any of a group of 
minerals similar to the feldspars, as sodalite. 

fe'li-cif'ic (fe'li-sif'ik), a. [L. felix, -ids, happy +facere 
to make.] Making happy ; causing happiness. 

fe-lic'i-tate (fe-lis'I-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. 
[L. felicitatus, p. p. of felicitare, fr. felix, -icis, happy.] 
1. To make happy. Rare. 2. To congratulate. 
Syn. Felicitate, congratulate. Felicitate is the more 
formal term ; congratulate commonly implies a heartier 
and more genuine expression of sympathetic joy. 

fe-lic/i-ta'tion (fe-lis'i-ta'shiin), n. Act of felicitating; 
a wishing of joy or happiness ; congratulation. 

fe-lic'i-tOUS (fe-lis'J-tiJs), a. Happily expressed; apt. — 
fe-lic'i-tous-ly, adv. — fe-lic'i-tous-ness, n. 

fe-lic'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. f elicite, fr. L. 
felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful.] 1. State of 
being happy ; blessedness. 2. That which promotes happi- 
ness ; blessing ; also (now Rare), prosperity. 3. A pleasing 
faculty, esp. in art or language ; aptness ; grace. 4. A happy 
achievement ; an apt expression. — Syn. See happiness. 

fa'line (fe'lln), a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat.] 1. Of or 
pert, to the cat family (Felidse). 2. Catlike ; sly ; stealthy ; 
treacherous ; as, a feline nature. — n. An animal of the cat 
family ; a cat. — f e'line-ly, adv. 

fell (fel), pret. of fall. 

fell, n. [AS. fell."] A skin or hide; pelt. — Syn. See skin. 

fell, n. [Icel. fjall.] A moor ; down. Brit. 

fell, v. t. [AS. fellan, fr. feallan to fall.] 1. To cut, beat, 
or knock, down. 2. [Perh. differ- 
ent word.] To sew or hem down 
in a certain way. *— n. 1. Timber / A 
cut down in one season. 2. A seam 
formed by felling. See Illust. 

fell, a. [OF. fel cruel, fierce, per- Fell, 2. a Original Seam 
fidious, fr. LL. felo, fello. See 2d joining pieces A and 
felon.] 1. Cruel ; ruthless ; inhu- & •' 6 Hemmed-down 
man; fierce; savage. 2. Deadly; FoId ' 
dire; piercing; destructive; very painful; as. fell poison; 
fell disease. Poetic. — Syn. See ferocious- 

fel'lah (fel'd), n.; pi. Ar. fellahin or -heen (feTd-hen'), 
E. fellahs (fel'dz). [Ar. fellah.'] A peasant or cultivator 
in Egypt, Syria, or other Arabic-speaking country. 

fell'er (fel'er), n. One who, or that which, fells ; esp. : a A 
machine for felling trees, b A sewing-machine attachment 
for felling seams. 

fell'mon/ger (-mun'ger), n. A dealer in skins or hides, esp. 
sheepskins. Chiefly Brit. 

fell'ness, n. Quality or state of being fell, or cruel ; fierce 
barbarity ; destructiveness. 

felloe (fel'o), n. Var. of felly. 

f el'low (fel'o), n. [ME. felawe, felaghe, Icel. felagi.] 1. A 
sharer ; partner. Obs. 2. A companion ; comrade ; assc 
ciate ; contemporary. 3. An equal in power, rank, charac- 
ter, etc. 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together of 
suited to each other ; a mate. Obs. as to man and ani' 
mals. 5. A person ; individual ; one. Chiefly Colloq. 6. 
A man of low breeding or of little worlh. 7. In English 
universities, an incorporated member of a college, or a 
scholar holding a fellowship. 8. In American universities 
and colleges, a member of the corporation ; also, a gradu- 
ate appointed to a fellowship. 9. A member of an incor- 
porated literary or scientific society. 

— a. Being a companion ; associated ; as, fellow citizens. 

— v. t. 1. To produce a fellow or equal to ; match. 2. To 
represent as equal with. [by the same Creator.j 

fellow creature. One of the same race or kind ; one madej 

fellow feeling. Sympathy ; a like feeling. 

fel'low-ship (-ship), n. 1. State or relation of being a fellow 
or associate. 2. Partnership ; membership (in a society). 3. 
Companionship ; familiar intercourse ; comradeship. 4. An 
association ; esp., a company of equals or friends. 5. Uni- 
versities. A foundation to maintain a scholar called a fel- 
low; position and emoluments of a fellow. 6. Eccl. Com- 
munion ; mutual relation between members or branches of 
the same church. 7. Arith. The rule for dividing profit and 
loss among partners, based on proportion by composition ; 

— called also partnership, company, and distributive 
proportion. 

— v. t. Eccl. To acknowledge as in communion according to 
standards of faith and practice ; admit to Christian fellow- 
ship. — v. i. Chiefly Eccl. To join in fellowship ; be in 
communion (with a church or church member). 

fel'ly (fel'lf), adv. In a fell manner ; cruelly ; savagely. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FELLY 



371 



FENIAN 



felly (felt), n.; pi. -lies (-iz). Also felloe. [AS.felg.] 
The exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a 
wheel, supported by the spokes. 

d felo-de-se' (fe'lo-de-se'), n. ; pi. felos- (fe'loz-). [LL. 
felo, E. felon + de of + se self.] One who commits 
suicide ; a suicide. 

fel'on (fel'un), n. A kind of whitlow. 

fel'on, n. [F. felon traitor, in OF., also, villain, fr. LL. 
felo, better fello.] 1. One guilty of a felony. 2. A wicked 
person ; a villain. 06s. — Syn. Criminal, convict, male- 
factor. — a. Characteristic of a felon ; wicked ; cruel. 

fe-lo'ni-OUS (fe-15'ni-ils), a. Of or pert, to, or having the 
quality of, felony ; malicious ; villainous ; traitorous. — 
fe-lo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — f e-lo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

fel'on-ry (fel'un-rT), n. The class of felons; specif., the 
convict population of a penal colony. 

fel'o-ny (fel'6-nT), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). 1. Any of various 
crimes more serious than those called misdemeanors. 
2. Common Law. a In the early common law (with pos- 
sibly some small anomalies), any crime that could be 
prosecuted by an appeal, b An offense which occasions a 
total forfeiture of either lands or goods, or both, at the 
common law, and to which capital or other punishment 
may be superadded, according to the degree of guilt. 
With the abolition of forfeiture for crime there remained 
no serviceable criterion for distinguishing a felony from a 
misdemeanor ; and in some States of the United States the 
distinction has been abolished by statute. 

fel'site (-sit), n. [G. feldstein, earlier felsstein, felsen- 
stein.] A dense fine-grained igneous rock almost entirely 
feldspar and quartz in minute crystals. — f el-sit'ic (-sit'- 
ik), o. [spar, feldspath.| 

fel'spar 7 (fel'spaV), fel'spath' (-spathO, etc. Vars. of feld-) 

felt (felt), pret. & p. p. of feel. 

felt, n. [AS. felt.] 1. A stuff of matted wool, or wool and 
fur or hair, compacted by rolling and pressure. 2. Any 
article of felt, esp. a hat. 3. A material resembling felt, 
as a fireproof fabric of asbestos. — v. t. 1. To make into 
felt ; to mat. 2. To cover with or as with felt. 

f elt/ing, n The material of felt ; also, felted cloth or the 
process by which it is made. 

fe-luc'ca (fe-luk'a), n._ [It. feluca.] A fast, lateen-rigged 
vessel, used chiefly in 
the Mediterranean. 

fe'male (fe'mal), n. 
[F. femelle, fr. L. fe- 
mella, dim. of femina 
woman.] 1. A female 
human being ; also, a 
female animal. 2. Bot. 
A pistillate plant. 
dPThe symbol 9 is 
used, as with an illustra- 
tion, to indicate a fe- 
male, whether animal or 
plant. 

Syn. Female, woman, 
lady. Female (the correlative of male) emphasizes the 
idea of sex ; it applies alike to human beings, animals, and 
plants. Its use as a synonym for woman, once frequent 
among good writers, is now commonly tabooed. As com- 
pared with woman (the correlative of man), which empha- 
sizes essential qualities, lady (the correlative of gentleman) 
connotes rather the externals of social position or refine- 
ment. Lady is often used as a mere courteous synonym 
for woman (as, Please allow these ladies to pass) ; but its 
indiscriminate substitution for woman is vulgar. 

»— a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or belonging to, the sex that bears 
offspring. 2. Characteristic of woman ; feminine. 3. Effem- 
inate. Obs. 4. Bot. a Pertaining to any reproductive organ 
or portion of a plant body in which large gametes requiring 
fertilization by smaller gametes are organized, b Pert, to 
any plant organ or reproductive body which produces, or is 
concerned in the production of, fruit after fecundation. Of 
seed plants, loosely, pistillate. 5. Machinery. Designating 
a hollow part, tool, etc., into which is inserted a correspond- 
ing or male, part ; as, a female gauge. 
Syn. Femaie, feminine, womanly, womanlike, 
womanish, effeminate, ladylike. Female (opposed to 
male) applies to animals and plants as well as to human 
beings, and always suggests sex ; feminine (opposed to 
masculine) denotes that which belongs to, or is characteris- 
tic of, women, and often suggests gender rather than sex ; 
it has now practically displaced all except the more strictly 
physiological senses of female ; as. the female bee ; the 
female ivy ; a female slave ; feminine, maternal hands ; 
feminine virtues. Womanly (often opposed to girlish) 
suggests esp. a woman's deeper, tenderer, more gracious 
qualities ; as, a womanly grace. Womanlike is more apt 
to suggest characteristically feminine faults or foibles ; as, 
womanlike, she acted on impulse. Womanish (compare 
mannish, childish) is a term of contempt ; as, your tears 
are womanish. Effeminate emphasizes unmanly delicacy, 
luxunousness, or enervation ; as, effeminate toppery. Lady- 




Felucca. 



like is often used sarcastically to imply a dainty and finical 
affectation of the proprieties ; as, fops of ladylike mien. 

female rime. = feminine rime. 

feme (fern), n. [OF. feme, F.femme, L. femina.] 1. Law. 
Wife; — chiefly in baron and feme. 2. A woman. Obs. 
feme covert (kuv'ert) [OF. coverte, fem. of covert cov- 
ered], Law, a married woman. — f. sole (sol) [OF. sole 
alone], Law, a single woman, whether spinster, widow, or 
a divorcee. — f . sole trader or merchant, Law, a married 
woman who engages in business independently of her hus- 
band and is, with respect to her trading, treated at law as 
a feme sole. 

f em'i-ne'i-ty (fem'T-ne'i-tT), n. [L. femineus feminine, 
fr. femina woman.] Womanliness ; femininity. 

fem'i-nie (fem'i-nT), n. [OF. femeniejeminie, the female 
sex, realm of women.] Womankind ; a class of women ; 
specif., the Amazons or their country. Archaic. 

fem'i-nine (-n!n), a. [L. femininus.] 1. Female ; of the 
female sex. 2. Of or pert, to a woman or women. 3. Gram. 
Conforming, or denoting conformity, to the class of words 
distinguished primarily as denoting females. — Syn. See 
female, a. 

feminine rime, Pros., a double rime ; one in which two 
syllables, one accented and one unaccented, correspond at 
the end of each line, as motion, ocean. [nine gender. I 

— n. Gram. A word or inflectional form or class of the femi-| 
fem'i-nine-ly, adv. In a feminine manner. 
fem'i-nin'i-ty (-nin'i-ti), n. Also fe-min'i-ty (fe-min'i- 

tT). _ Quality or nature of the female sex ; womanliness. 

fem'i-nism (fem'i-niz'm), n. Feminine character or 
characteristics. 

|| femme (fam), n. [F.] A woman. [bermaid 

femme de chambre (de shaN'br'), a lady's maid ; cham- 

fem'o-ral (fem'6-ral), a. [L. femur, femoris, thigh.' 
Pertaining to the femur or thigh ; as, the femoral artery. 

fe'mur (fe'mur ), n. ; pi. E. -murs (-mftrz), L. femora 
(fem'6-rd). [L., thigh.] The proximal bone of the hind 
limb ; thigh bone. 

fen (fen), n. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt.] Low 
swampy or boggy land; specif., the Fens, marshy, low- 
lying districts in Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, and some 
other English counties. 

fence (fens), n. [Abbr. fr. defence.] 1. Act of defending ; a 
defense ; protection. Archaic. 2. Self-defense with the 
sword ; fencing ; hence, skill in debate and repartee. 3. An 
inclosure ; esp., an inclosing barrier, as about a field, to pre- 
vent intrusion or egress. 4. A receiver of stolen goods, or a 
place where such goods are received. Colloq. 
to be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in 
respect to two opposing parties or policies. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; fenced (fenst) ; fenc'ing (fen'sing). 1. To fend off 
danger from ; protect ; guard. 2. To keep out ; repel. Ar- 
chaic. 3. To inclose with or as with a fence. 4. To close ; 
make prohibited, as a stream against fishing. Brit. 

— v. i. 1. To guard ; — used with against. 2. To practice 
fencing. 3. To contest like fencers ; esp., to baffle, or try to 
baffle, inquiry or argument by equivocation or evasion. 

fenceless, a. Without a fence ; open ; unfortified ; defence- 
less. — f ence'less-ness, n. 

fenc'er (fen'ser), n. One who fences ; esp., one who teaches 
or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. 

fen'ci-ble (fen'si-b'l), a. Capable of defending or defense. 
Archaic. — n. A soldier enlisted for home service. Hist. 

fenc'ing (fen'sing), n. 1. Art or practice of one who fences. 
2. a Materials for fences. U. S. b Fences collectively. 

fend (fend), v. t. [For defend.] 1. To defend. Archaic. 2. 
To keep or ward off. — v. i. 1. To act on the defensive ; re- 
sist ; parry. 2. To strive ; make shift. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

fend'er (fen'der), n. _ One that defends by warding off 
harm ; .as : a A cushion or pad to deaden a shock, b The 
device in front of locomotives, electric cars, etc., to throw 
off obstructions or lessen injury in case of collision, c A 
low metal frame, often ornamental, placed in front of the 
hearth of an open fireplace to keep falling coals from roll- 
ing into the room, and to serve as a rest for fire irons. 

fen / es-tel'la(fen / es-tel'd),7i. [L., dim. of fenestra window.] 
A small window or windowlike opening ; specif., one in an 
altar front, allowing the relics within to be seen. 

fe-nes'tra (fe-nes'tra), n.; pi. -tr^e (-tre). [L., window.] 
1. Anat. A small opening ; esp., either of two apertures in 
the bone between the tympanum and internal ear. 2. Zo'ol. 
A transparent spot, as in the wing of a moth. — fe-nes'- 
tral (-tral), a. 

fe-nes'trate (-trat), fe-nes'trat-ed (-trat-ed), a. [L. fene- 
stratus, p. p., furnished with openings and windows.] Hav- 
ing numerous openings ; irregularly reticulated. 

fen'es-tra'tion (fen'es-tra'shiin),?!. 1. Arch. The arrange- 
ment and proportioning of windows. 2. State of being 
fenestrated. 

Fe'ni-an (fe'nT-an), n. [Ir. fiann.] 1. In Gaelic legend, 
one of a band of heroes ; — from their leader Finn, or Finn 
mac Coul. 2. A member of a secret organization, mainly of 



i 

< 



G 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers reter to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. (J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FENIAN 



372 



FERROUS 




Fennec. 



Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule 
in Ireland. — Fe'ni-an, a. — Fe'ni-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 
fen'nec (fen'ek), n. [Ar. fanek.] Zool. A small African 
fox (Vulpes zerda) of a pale 
fawn color, remarkable for its 
large ears. 
fen'nel (-el), n. [AS. fenol, 
finol, deriv. of L. feniculum, 
faeniculum, dim. of fenum, 
faenum, hay.] A perennial api- 
aceous plant {Fmniculum fae- 
niculum), with yellow flowers, cultivated for its aromatic 
seeds, 
f enne! flower. Any of a genus (Nigella) of ranunculaceous 
herbs or its flower. One species (N. sativa) yields fennel 
seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are 
the "fitches" mentioned in Isaiah xxviii. 25. 
fen'ny (-1), a. Of or pert, to a fen ; boggy. 
fen'u-greek (fen'u-grek), a. [L. faenum Graecum, lit., 
Greek hay.] An Asiatic annual fabaceous plant (Trigo- 
nella fanumgrsecum) , cultivated for its aromatic muci- 
laginous seeds. 
feod (fud), n. [Var. of feud.] A feudal estate; a fee. — 
feod'al, a. — feo-dal'i-ty, feod'a-to-ry, n. See feud, etc. 
feod'a-ry (fud'd-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A feudal tenant ; 

vassal. 2. An accomplice. 06s. or Hist. 
feoff (fef). Var. of fief. 

feoff, v. t. [See fief.] Law. To enfeoff. — feoff-ee' (-e'), 
n. — feoffment (fef'ment),n. — f eof 'f or, f eof 'f er (-er),n. 

-fer (-fer). [L. -fer, as in crucifer cross bearer ; ferre to 
bear.] A suffix denoting bearer, carrier. It forms nouns 
corresponding to adjectives in -ferous. 

fe-ra'cious (fe-ra'sh&s), a. [L. fer ax, -acis, fr. ferre to 
bear.] Fruitful ; fertile. — fe-rac'i-ty (fe-ras'I-ti), n. 

fe'ral (fe'rfil), a. [L. fera a wild animal, fr. ferus wild.] 
Untamed or uncultivated ; wild ; savage. 

Fe-ra'li-a (fe-ra'H-d), n. pi. [L., prop. neut. pi. of feralis 
belonging to the dead.] Rom. Relig. Public religious cere- 
monies held in honor oi the dead upon the last day (Feb. 
21) ot the Parentalia. See Parentalia. 

fer'-de-lance' (far'de-laNs'), n. [F., the iron of a lance.] 
Zobl. A large venomous serpent (Lachesis lanceolatus) 
oi tropical America. It is allied to the rattlesnake. 

fere (fer), n. [ME., fr. AS. gefera, fr. root of faran to 
travel.] Mate ; companion. Archaic or Scot. 

fer'e-to-ry (ler'e-to-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [ME. fertre, 
OF. fiertre, L. feretrum bier, Gr. <t>kperpov, fr. <pkp&.v to 
bear.] 1. A bier or shrine variously adorned, and usually 
adapted to be carried in ceremonial processions, .used to 
inclose relics of saints. 2. A bier. Rare. 3. A room or 
chapel in which a feretory was kept. 

fe'ri-a (te'ri-d), n.; pi. feri^ (-e). [L.] l.InpZ. Asa 
Latin word, festival days ; holidays ; as, fe'ri-ge Jo'vi (jo'- 
vi), festivals of Jupiter. 2. Eccl. A week day, esp. one nei- 
ther a festival nor a fast. — fe'ri-al (-dl), a. 

f e'rine (fe'rin ; -rin), a. [L. /en'nws.] Feral; wild. 

Fe-rin'gi (fe-rln'ge), n. Also Fe-rin'ghee, Fe-rin'gee. 
[Per. Farangi, or Ar. Firanji, prop., a Frank.] In India, 
a European ; also, a Eurasian, esp. one of Portuguese-Indian 
blood ; — usually derogatory. 

fer'i-ty (fer'i-tl), n. [L. feritas, fr. ferus wild.] Wild or 
untamed state ; hence : savageness ; fierceness ; brutality. 

fer'mail (fur'mal), n. [OF. fermail, fermaille.J Antiq. 
or Her. A clasp; buckle; setting. 

fer'ment (fflr'ment), n. [L. fermentum.'] 1. An agent 
capable of producing fermentation, as yeast. 2. Fig. : Tu- 
mult ; agitation. 3. Fermentation. 

ier-ment/ (fer-ment'), v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; 
"work." 2. Fig. : To be agitated or excited. — v. t. To cause 
fermentation in. 

fer-ment'a-ble (-men'td-b'l), a. Capable of fermentation. 

fer'men-ta'tion (fur'men-ta'shftn), n. 1. A chemical 
change with effervescence, as that produced by yeast. 
2. Agitation; excitement. , 

fer-ment'a-tive (fer-men'td-tTv), a. Causing, having power 
to cause, or produced by, fermentation ; fermenting. 

fer'me-ture (fur'me-tyr), n. [F., fr. fermer to close.] 
In breech-loading firearms, the breech-closing mechanism. 

fern (f urn), n. [AS. /earn.] Any of an order (Filicales) of 
cryptogamic plants. Ferns, like seed plants, are differenti- 
ated into root, stem, and leaves (fronds) and have vascular 
tissue, but do not bear seeds. Cf. fern seed. 

fern'er-y (fflr'ner-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). An artificial plan- 
tation or collection of ferns. 

fern seed. The dustlike asexual spores of ferns, formerly 
taken tor seeds, and reputed to render one invisible. 

fern'wort' (tflrn'wiirt 7 ),™. Bot. Any pteridophytic plant; 
a fern or fern ally. See pteridophyte. 

fern'y (fur'nY), a. Of, pert, to, or abounding in, ferns. 

fe-ro'cious (fe-ro'shws),a. [L. fer ox, -ocis, fierce.] Fierce; 
savage ; cruel. — fe-ro'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. 
Syn. Fierce, savage, truculent, cruel, fell, barbarous, in- 




Ferret. 



human, brutal, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, remorseless, re- 
lentless, implacable, bloody, bloodthirsty, sanguinary, mur- 
derous, rapacious. — Ferocious, fierce, savage, trucu- 
lent, cruel, fell. Ferocious is always unfavorable in sense, 
and implies rapacity, wanton cruelty, or (often) formidable 
aspect ; fierce suggests excessive vehemence, sometimes 
pitilessness, of temper or action ; it may also express extreme 
eagerness ; savage implies also barbarity or inhumanity. 
Truculent often suggests ostentatious ferocity ; cruel im- 
plies indifference to others' suffering, or even pleasure in it • 
fell (now poetical or rhetorical) connotes dire or baleful 
cruelty. 
fe-roc'i-ty (fe-ros'i-tT), n. Savage fierceness ; cruelty. 
-fer-OUS (-ier-us). [L. -fer, fr. ferre to bear.] A suffix 

signifying bearing, producing, yielding. 
fer'rate (fer'at), n. [L. ferrum iron.] A salt of ferric acid. 
ferret (fer'et ; 24), n. [It. fioretto, dim. of fiore flower.] 

A kind of narrow tape ; — called also ferreting. 
fer'ret, n. \¥.furet, OF. also/wire*.] An animal (Putorius 
furo), of the weasel fam- 
ily, native of Africa, but 
bred in Europe and Amer- 
ica for hunting rabbits, 
etc. — v. t. To drive or 
hunt out of a lurking place ; 
search out. — v. i. To 
hunt with ferrets; fig., to 
search about. — fer'ret- 
er, n. — f er'ret-y, a. 
fer'ri- (fer'i-). Chem. A combining form indicating ferric 

iron as an ingredient ; as /errzcyanide. 
fer'ri-age (fer'i-aj), n. 1. The fare for passage over a 
ferry. 2. Conveyance over a ferry. 
fer'ric (-Ik), a. _ [L. ferrum iron.] Pertaining to, derived 
from, or containing iron ; specif., Chem., denoting those 
compounds of iron in which it has a higher valence than in 
the ferrous compounds, or iron with such a valence, 
ferric acid, an acid, H2Fe04, not known in the free state, 
but obtained as a red powder, potassium ferrate, by fusing 
a mixture of iron and saltpeter. 
fer'ri-cy-an'ic (feVi-sI-an'ik), a. Chem. Pert, to or desig- 
nating a brown crystalline acid, H3Fe(CN)6, obtained by 
treating ferricyanides with strong acids. 
fer'ri-cy'a-nide (-sl'd-nld; -nid), w. Chem. A salt of ferri- 
cyanic acid. [Containing iron ; ironbearing.l 

fer-rif'er-OUS (fe-rTFer-iis), a. [L. ferrum iron + -ferous.V 
Fer^ris Wheel (fer'is). An amusement device consisting 01 
a giant power-driven wheel, revolvable on a stationary axle, 
and carrying a number of swinging passenger cars on the 
rim ; — so called after the inventor, G. W. G. Ferris. 
fer'rite (fer'It), n. [L. ferrum iron + -ite.~] 1. Micros. 
a In rocks, any yellowish, reddish, or brownish amorphous 
substance, apparently of iron compounds, but not certainly 
referable to a particular mineral, b In iron and steel, pure 
metallic iron. 2. Chem. Any of several compounds which 
may be regarded as metallic derivatives of the ferric hydrox- 
ide, Fe202(OH)2, analogous to aluminates ; as, franklinite 
is zinc ferrite. 
fer'ro- (fer'6-). A combining form indicating : a In general, 
presence of, or connection with, iron; as, /erronickel, an 
alloy of iron and nickel ; /errotype. b Specif., Chem., fer- 
rous iron as an ingredient ; as, /errocyanide. 
fer'ro-cal'cite (-kal'slt), n. Min. Calcite containing fer- 
rous carbonate. It turns brown on exposure. 
fer'ro-chrome (fer'6-krom), fer'ro-chro'mi-um (-kro'ml- 

um), n. An alloy of iron and chromium. 
fer'ro-con'crete (-kon'kret), n. Reenforced concrete. 
fer'ro-cy-an'ic (-sT-an'Tk), a. Chem. Pertaining to or desig- 
nating a white crystalline acid, H4Fe(CN)6, got by treating 
ferrocyanides with acids. [rocyanic acid.| 

fer'ro-cy'a-nide (-si'd-nld ; -nid), n. Chem. A salt of fer-j 
fer'ro-mag-ne'sian (-mag-ne'shan), a. Min. Containing 

iron and magnesium. 

fer'ro-mag-net'ic (-mag-net'ik), a. Physics, a Formerly, 

paramagnetic, as distinguished from diamagnetic. b Now, 

usually, magnetic in a high degree, like iron, nickel, and 

cobalt ; — distinguished from paramagnetic. — fer'ro- 

mag'net-ism (-mag'net-Tz'm), n. 

fer'ro-man'ga-nese (-man'gd-nez ; -maVgd-neV), n. An 

alloy of iron and manganese usually containing 25-85 per 

cent of manganese and some carbon, used in steel making. 

fer'ro-mo-lyb'de-num (-mo-lib'de-n&m), n. An alloy of) 

iron and molybdenum, used in steel making. 
fer'ro-nick'el (-nik'el), n. An alloy of iron and nickel. 
fer'ro-sil'i-con (-sTl'i-kon), n. An alloylike substance con- 
sisting of iron and silicon. It is added to molten iron to 
increase the percentage of silicon. 
f er'ro-tung'sten (-tung'sten), n. An alloy of iron and tung- 
sten, used in steel making. 
fer'ro-type (-6-tIp), n. A photograph taken on a thin iron 
plate by a collodion process ; a tintype ; also, the process. 
fer'rous (fSr'&s), a. [L. ferrum iron.] Pertaining to, or 
derived from, iron, esp., Chem., in its lower valence. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FERROVANADIUM 



373 



FETUS 



An alloy of 



fer'ro-va-na'di-um (feVS-yd-na'dT-iim), n 
iron and vanadium^used in steel making. 

fer-ru'gi-nous (fe-roo'jl-nus), a. [L..ferruginus, -neus, fr. 
ferrugo, -ginis, iron rust, ferrum iron.] 1. Of, pert, to, or 
containing iron. 2. Resembling iron rust ; brownish red. 

fer'rule (fer'dbl ; -Tl), n. [F. virole LL. virola, L. viriola 
little bracelet, dim. of viriae, pi., bracelets. The spelling 
with / is due to confusion with L. ferrum iron.] A metal 
ring or cap on a cane, tool handle, etc., to strengthen it, or 
to prevent splitting. — v. t. To supply with a ferrule. 

Jer'ry (fer'i), v. t.; -ried (-id) ; -ry-ing. [AS. ferian to 
convey, fr. faer a journey.] To transport over a river, 
strait, etc., in a boat. — v. i. To pass over water in a boat 
or by a ferry. — n. ; pi. -ries (-Yz). 1. A place where, or a 
vessel in which, persons or things are carried across a river, 
etc. 2. A franchise or right to ferry passengers or goods, 
charging tolls. — fer'ry-boat' (-bot'), n. — fer'ry-man, n. 

fer'tile (fur'til ; -til), a. [L. fertilis, fr. ferre to bear, pro- 
duce.] 1. Producing in abundance ; fruitful ; prolific ; — 
used chieflyof plants. 2. Bot. a Capable of producing fruit ; 
as, fertile flowers, b Containing pollen ; — used of anthers. 
C Developing spore-bearing organs ; as, a fertile frond. 3. 
Produced in abundance. 06s. 4. a As applied to seeds or 
eggs, capable of growing or developing, b Capable of breed- 
ing, or producing offspring. 5. Causing fertility ; promoting 
production or fecundity. 

Syn. Fruitful, prolific, teeming, productive. — Fertile, 
fruitful, prolific. That is fertile (used esp. of soil or 
plants) which has the inherent power of producing ; that is 
fruitful which actually does produce ; that is prolific 
(used esp. of animals) which produces abundantly. 

fer-til'i-ty (fer-tTl'i-tT), n. State or quality of being fertile ; 
fecundity ; richness ; readiness ; productive power. 

fer'ti-li-za'tion (fur'ti-li-za'shiin ; -ll-za'shun), n. 1. Act 
or process of rendering fertile. 2. Biol. The union of a 
male germ cell with the female germ cell or egg ; fecunda- 
tion ; impregnation. 3. Bot. Incorrectly, the process of 
pollination in seed plants. See pollination. 

fer'ti-lize (fur'ti-llz), v. t. ; -lized (-llzd) ; -liz'ing. To 
make fertile ; enrich ; to make fruitful or productive. 

fer'ti-liz'er (-llz'er), n. One who, or that which, fertilizes ; 
esp., a commercial manure for land, as guano or bone dust. 

fer'u-la (fer'66-ld),n.; pi. L. -L& (-le), E. -las (-ldz). [L. 
See ferule.] 1. Any of a very large genus {Ferula) of Old 
World apiaceous plants, yielding various medicinal gum 
resins, as galbanum and asafetida. 2. A ferule ; a rod ; 
hence, school discipline. 3. A scepter. 

fer'ule (fer'obl ; -Tl), n. [L. ferula giant fennel (its stalks 
were used in punishing schoolboys), rod, whip.] A piece of 
wood, as a ruler, for striking children, esp. on the hand, in 
punishment. — v. t. To punish with a ferule. 

fer'ven-cy (fur'ven-si), n. State of being fervent ; heat ; 
ardor ; eagerness. 

fer'vent (-vent), a. [F., fr. ~L.fervens, -entis, p. pr. oifer- 
vere to be boiling hot, glow.] 1. Hot ; glowing ; burning. 
2. Warm in feeling ; zealous. — fer'vent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Fervid, ardent, fiery, vehement, impassioned, passion- 
ate, intense, eager, keen, fierce. — Fervent, fervid, ardent. 
Fervent suggests great warmth or earnestness of feeling 
(esp. as manifested in zeal, piety, etc.) ; fervid is stronger, 
and expresses vehement, impassioned, or (often) overheated 
feeling (esp. with reference to imagination, eloquence, etc.) ; 
ardent connotes eagerness and fine enthusiasm ; as, fervent 
prayers ; fervid intensity of expression ; ardent desires. 

fei'vid (-vld), a. [L. fervidus, fr. fervere. See fervent.] 
1. Very hot ; burning ; boiling. 2. Ardent ; fervent. — Syn. 
See fervent. vid-ly, adv. vid-ness, n. [endar.I 

Fer'vi'dor' (fer've'dorO.n. [F.] See Revolutionary cal-| 

f er'vor, f er'vour (fur'ver),«. [OF. fervor, fervour, fr. L. 
fervor, fr. fervere. See fervent.] 1. Heat ; excessive 
warmth. 2. Intensity of feeling or expression jglowingardor. 
Syn. Fervor, ardor. Fervor suggests glow or ebullition ; 
ardor, fiery, or burning heat. Fervor is often associated 
withzecJ, devotion, piety, and connotes warmth rather than 
impetuosity ; but ardor commonly suggests the eagerness 
and enthusiasm of high-minded impulses ; as, exhorting with 
fervor to repentance ; burning with ardor for the fight. 

Fes'cen-nine (fes'e-nfn ; -nin), a. [L. Fescenninus, fr. 
Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Pert, to or resembling the 
inhabitants of Fescennia ; esp., scurrilous ; obscene. 

fes'cue (fes'ku), n. [OF. festu, deriv. of L. festuca stalk, 
straw.] 1. A straw, wire, stick, or the like, used to point 
out letters to pupils. 2. Any of a certain genus (Festuca) 
of grasses ; — called also fescue grass. 

less (fes), n. Also fesse. [OF. /esse, fr. L. 
fascia band.] Her. A broad horizontal 
band across the middle of an escutcheon. 

fess point. See escutcheon, 1. 

f ess' wise 7 , fesse' wise' (fes'wIzO, adv. 
Her. In the manner of a fess. 

ies'tal (fes'tal), a. [L. festum holiday, 
feast.] Of or pertaining to a holiday or a 
feast ; joyous ; festive. — f es'tal-ly, adv. 




a Fess. 



fes'ter (feVter), n. [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of ulcer.] 
1. A small suppurating sore ; pustule. 2. A festering or 
rankling. — v. i. 1. To generate pus ; suppurate. 2. To 
cause increasing inflammation of surrounding parts ; ran- 
kle. 3. To putrefy ; rot. — v. t. To cause to fester. 

fes'ti-nate (-tT-nat), v. t. [L. festinatus, p. p. of festinare 
to hasten.] To hasten. — a. Hasty. Rare. 

fes'ti-na'tion (fes'tl-na'shun), n. Haste. 

fes'ti-val (fes'ti-vdl), a. [OF. festival, festivel, fr. L. festi- 
vum festive jollity. See festive.] 1. Of, pert, to, or ap- 
propriate to, a festival. 2. Festive. 06s. — n. l.Atimeof 
feasting or celebration. 2. A periodical season of entertain- 
mentofsomekind ; as,amusic/es<iua£. — Syn. See feast. 

fes'tive (-tiv), a. [L. festiyus, fr. festum feast.] Pert, to or 
befitting a feast ; festal ; joyous ; gay. tive-ly, adv. 

fes-tiv'i-ty (fes-tiv'T-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. State of 
being festive ; gayety. 2. A festive celebration. 

fes'ti-vons (fes'ti-viis), a. Festive. 

fes-toon' (-toon'), n. [F. feston."] A decorative garland 
hanging in a curve, or a carved or molded ornament 
representing one. — v. t. To form in, adorn with, or 
connect by, festoons. 

fet (fet), v. t. [AS. fetian.'] To fetch. 06s. 

fe'tal, foe'tal (fe'tdl), a. Of or pertaining to a fetus. 

fe-ta'tion, fce-ta'tion (fe-ta'shun), n. The formation of a 
fetus in the womb ; pregnancy. 

fetch (fech), v. t. [AS. feccan.~\ 1. To bring, or to go and 
bring ; get. 2. To cause to come ; to bring down, or to a 
particular state. 3. To bring to accomplishment ; achieve ; 
hence : to draw (a breath) ; heave (a sigh). 4. To bring or 
get within reach by going ; reach, as by sailing. 5. To bring 
as price or equivalent ; sell for. 6. To interest ; please. 
Chiefly Colloq. 7. To derive ; deduce. 06s. or R. — Syn. 
See bring. — v. i. 1. To get and bring things. 2. Naut. To 
go or come ; make headway ; hold a course. 

— n. 1. Act of fetching or reaching after ; also, the distance 
so spanned or the effort involved. 2. .A stratagem ; trick ; 
sophism ; as, a fetch of wit or of argument. 

fetch, n. Apparition of a living person ; wraith ; double. 

fetch'er, n. One who, or that which, fetches. 

f etch'ing, p. a. Pleasing ; attractive ; fascinating. 

|| fgte (fat ; F. fat), n. [F. See feast.] A festival ; esp., 

an outdoor entertainment on a more or less lavish scale. 
fgte (fat), v. U; fet'ed (fat'ed) ; fet'ing. To feast; to 

honor with a festival or fete. 
fe'tial (fe'shdl), a. [L. fetialis."] Of or pertaining to the 

fetiales; hence: heraldic; pertaining to declarations of 

war and treaties of peace. — n. One of the fetiales. 
fe'ti-a'les (fe'shT-a'lez), n. pi.; sing, -lis (-lis). [L.] 

Rom. Relig. A college of twenty priests, whose office was 

the sanctioning of treaties and the declaration of war. 
fe'tich, fe'tich-ism, etc. Vars. of fetish, etc. 
fe'ti-cide, foe'ti-cide (fe'ti-sld), n. [fetus + -aide.] Act 

of killing a fetus. — fe'ti-cid'al, fce'ti-cid'al (-sld'dl), a. 
fet'id (fet'id; fe'tid), a. [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. feteie, 

foetere, to stink.] Having an offensive smell ; stinking. — 

fet'id-ly, adv. — fet'id-ness, n. 
fe'tish,fe'tich(fe'tTsh ;fet'ish),7t. [F.fetiche,ii.¥g.feitico, 

adj., artificial, n., charm, L 

facticius artificial.] 1. An* 

inanimate object, supposed 

to possess magic powers, as 

in preserving from injury, 

disease, etc. 2. Any object] 

of special or unreasoning de- 

fe'tish-ism, fe'tich-ism EskimoWhale Fetish of Wood. 
(-iz'm), n. Belief in, or devotion to, fetishes. 

fe'tish-ist, fe'tich-ist, n. A believer in fetishes. 

fe'tish-is'tic, fVtich-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Pert, to fetishism. 

fet'lock (fet'lok), n. The tufted cushionlike projection 
above the hoof of the horse and similar animals ; also, the 
tuft of hair or the joint at this point. 

fe'tor, foe'tor (fe'tor), n. [L. fetor, foetor."] A stench. 

fet**ter (fet'er), n. [AS. fetor, feter.~\ A chain or shackle for 
the feet ; a shackle ; — usually in pi. — v. t. To put fetters 
on ; shackle ; enchain. — Syn. See hamper. 

fet'ter-bUSh' (-bdosh'), n. A handsome evergreen ericaceous 
shrub (Pieris nitida) of the southern United States, bear- 
ing fragrant white flowers. 

fet'ter-lock (-lok), n. [For fetlock.'] A fetlock. Obsoles. 

fet'tle (-'1), v. t. 1. To put in order. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 2. 
Metal. To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cinders, etc., 
as the hearth of a puddling furnace. 3. To beat. 

— n. 1. State of being fettled, or made ready ; condition ; 
trim ; — esp. in in fine fettle, etc. 2. The fettling for a 
furnace. 

fet'tling (-ling), n. Material used to line the hearth of a 
puddling furnace, as sand, or a mixture of ore, cinder, etc. 

fe'tUS, fcVtUS (fe'tiis), n. [L., a bringing forth, offspring.] 
The young or embryo of an animal in the womb or egg. 




! 



H 



J 



K 



K =• ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. J] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



FEU 



374 



FIDDLE 



feu (fu), to. [OF.feu,fieu, fief.] Scots Law. a A fee, or feu- 
dal benefice, b A tenure where the vassal, in place of mili- 
tary services, makes a return in grain or money ; also, a 
grant of land to be so held ; hence, inaccurately, a perpetual 
lease for a fixed rent. C A piece of land held under one of 
these tenures. 

— v. t. Scots Law. To grant (land) upon feu. 

feu'ar (fu'dr), to. Scots Law. One who holds a feu. 

feud (fud), to. [An alteration of ME. feide, fr. OF. faide, 
feide, of G. origin.] A quarrel ; esp., an inveterate strife 
between families, clans, or the like. — Syn. Affray, fray, 
broil, contest, dispute, strife ; vendetta. 

feud, n. [LL. feudum, feodum, prob. of same origin as E. 
fee a fief.] Law. A fee ; feudal benefice ; fief. 

feu'dal (fu'ddl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, feuds, 
fiefs, or fees. 2. Of or pert, to the feudal system. 
feudal system, the system of polity in Europe, in the 
Middle Ages, based on the relation of lord to vassal, with 
the holding of land in feud ; feudalism. 

feu'dal-ism (-Iz'm), to. The feudal system, or its principles, 
relations, or usages. — feu'dal-ist, n. is'tic, a. 

feu-dal'i-ty (fu-dal'I-ti), to. ; pi. -ties. 1. Quality or state 
of being feudal ; feudal principles or practice. 2. A fief. 

feu'dal-ize (fu'ddl-iz), v. t. To conform to, or bring under, 
feudalism. — feu'dal-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun; -I-za'-), to. 

feu'dal-ly, adv. In a feudal manner. 

feu'da-ry (fu'dd-n). Var. of feodary. 

feu'da-to-ry (-dd-to-rT), to. ; pi. -ries. 1. One holding lands 
by feudal tenure ; a feudal vassal. 2. A feud or fief ; a feu- 
datory state. — a. Standing in, or pert, to, the relation of a 
feudal vassal to his lord. [feudal law.l 

feud'ist (fud'Ist), to. Law. A writer on feuds ; one versed in| 

Feu'illants' (fu'yaN'), n. pi. [F.] 1. A branch of the 
Cistercians founded in 1577 at Feuillans, near Toulouse, 
France. 2. Fr. Hist. A political club of supporters of con- 
stitutional monarchy, formed in 1791, which met in the old 
convent of the Feuillants in Paris. 

|| feullle-ton' (fu'ye-toN'), n. [F., fr. feuille leaf.] A part of 
a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the page) de- 
voted to light literature, criticism, etc. ; also, an article in 
this section. — feu'ille-ton-ism (fu'ye-ton-iz'm), to. — feu'- 
ille-ton-ist, to. — feu'ille-ton-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. 

fe'ver (fe'ver), to. [AS. fefor, fr. L. febris."] 1. A disease 
or morbid condition marked by increased heat, accelerated 
pulse, and general functional derangement, usually with 
thirst and loss of appetite. 2. Excessive excitement due to 
strong emotion. — v. t. To put into, or affect with, a fever. 

fe'ver-few (-fu), to. [AS. feferfuge, fr. L. febrifugia. See 
fever; fugitive.] A perennial plant (Chrysanthemum 
parthenium) of the aster family, having finely divided 
leaves and small white flowers. 

fe'ver-ish, a. 1. Having, indicating, pertaining to, or caus- 
ing fever. 2. Disordered as by fever; excited; restless. 

— fe'ver-ish-ly, adv. — fe'ver-ish-ness, to. 
fe'ver-OUS (-us^a. Feverish. 

fe'ver-root' (-root'), n. An American herb (Triosteum per- 
foliatum), of the gentian family, with reddish flowers; — 
often called horse gentian. 

fever sore. A carious ulcer or necrosis ; also, a cold sore. 

fever tree, a The blue gum. b An ornamental rubiaceous 
tree (Pinckneya pubens) of the southeastern U. S. Its bark 
(Georgia bark) is used as a tonic and febrifuge. 

fe'ver-weed' (fe'ver-wed'), n. Any of several coarse thistle- 
like apiaceous plants (genus Eryngium, esp. E. aquati- 
cum) ; — so called from their use in medicine. 

fe'ver-wort' (-wurtO, n. — feverroot. 

few (fu), a. [AS. feawe, pi.] Not many ; of small number. 

— Syn. See less. 

few'ness, n. State of being few ; paucity. [or Scot.\ 

fey (fa), a. [AS. fsege.~\ Fated to die ; also, dying. Archaic\ 

fez (fez), n. ; pi. fezzes (fez'ez; 24). [F., fr. Fez, town in 
Morocco.] A form of cap, usually red 
and having a tassel, the national head- 
dress of the Turks. 

|| fi'an'ce' (fe'aVsa'), n. masc, || fi/an'- 
cee' (-sa'), n. fern. [F.] A betrothed 
person. 

fi'ar (fe'dr), n. Scots Law. One in whom 
a fee simple is vested. 

fi-as'co (fe-as'ko), n. ; pi. -coes or -cos 
(-koz). [It., orig., bottle.] A complete 
or ridiculous failure, as of a play. 

fi'at (fl'at), n. [L., let it be done.] Originally, a sanction 
or indorsement consisting of or including the word fiat; 
hence, an authoritative sanction, order, or proclamation. 

fiat money. Paper currency which is made legal tender by 
fiat or law, does not represent, or is not based upon, specie, 
and contains no promise of redemption. U. S. 

fib (fib), n. [Prob. fr. fable."] A falsehood concerning a triv- 
ial matter. — v. i. ; fibbed (fibd) ; fib'bing. To tell a fib. 

fib'ber, n. One who tells fibs. 

fibber, fi'bre (fl'ber), n. [F. fibre, L. fibra."] 1. A thread 




Turkish Fez. 



or threadlike structure or object. 2. Bot. & One of the 

elongated thick-walled cells forming the bast, b A slender 
threadlike root, as that of a grass. 3. Any tough thread- 
like substance capable of being spun and woven ; as, silk 
fiber. 4. Fibrous structure ; hence, texture. 

fi'bril (-bril), n. [NL. fibrilla, dim. of L. fibra, fiber.] A 
small fiber or thread. 

fi'bril-lar (fl'bril-dr) \a. Of, pertaining to, or like, fibrils or 

fi'bril-la-ry (-a-n) / fibers ; as, fibrillar twitchings. 

fi-bril'li-form (fl-bnl'i-form), a. Resembling a fibril. 

fi'bril-lose (fi'bril-os ; fl-bril'os), a. Bot. Furnished with 
fibrils, or hairlike appendages. 

fi'ferin (f I'brTn), n. Chem. a A white insoluble fibrous pro- 
teid, formed esp. in the coagulation of blood, b Gluten ; 

— called plant or vegetable fibrin. 

fi-brin'O-gen (fi-bnn'o-jen ; fi'brTn-6-jen'), n. [fibrin + 
-grew.] Physiol. Chem. A soluble pruceid existing in the 
blood, and in other anirn?! fluids, which by the action of 
fibrin ferment, or thrombin, yields the insoluble substance 
fibrin, thus producing coagulation. — fi'bri-nog'e-nous 
(fl'bri-noj'e-niis), fi'brin-O-gen'ic (-no-jen'ik), a. 

fi'brin-ous (fl'brin-ws), a. Having, or partaking of the 
properties of, fibrin ; as, fibrinous exudation. 

fi'broid (-broid), a. Resembling or forming fibrous tissue; 
made up of fibers ; as, a fibroid tumor. 

fi-bro'ma (fl-bro'md), n. ; pi. -mata (-md-td). [NL. ; fibrous 
+ -oma.~\ Med. A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tis- 
sue, or of some modification of such tissue. — fi-brom'a- 
tous (fi-brom'd-tus ; fi-bro'md-tws), a. 

fi'brous (fl'brws), a. Containing, consisting of, or like, fi- 
bers ; as, a fibrous root. See root, Illust. 

fib'ster (fib'ster), n. One who fibs. Jocular. 

fib'u-la (-ti-ld), n. ; L. pi. -J.M (-le). [L., clasp.] 1. Antiq. 
A brooch, clasp, or buckle. 2. Anat. & Zobl. The outer, 
usually smaller, of the two bones of the human leg or an 
animal's hind limb, below the knee. — fib'u-lar (-ldr), a. 

-fic. [L. -ficus (as in somnificus somnific), fr. facer e to 
make.] A suffix signifying making, causing ; as, morbific, 
sopori/ic, etc. 

-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shtm). [L. -ficatio, -onis, fr. -ficare (in 
comp.) to make.] A suffix denoting a making, causing. 

fice (f is), n., or fice dog. [Prop, a fisting dog, from dial, or 
obs. fist to break wind.] A small, worthless dog ; a cur. 
U.S. 

Picb/te-an (fiK'te-an), a. Pertaining to Johann Gottlieb 
Fichte (1762-1814) or his Kantian philosophy. — n. An 
idealist of the school of Fichte. — Fich'te-an-ism (-iz'm ) , n. 

fich'U (fish'oo ; F. fe'shu'), to. [F., neckerchief.] A light 
three-cornered cape for women's wear. 

fick'le (fik''l), a. [AS. ficol cunning, tricky.] Not fixed or 
firm; of a changeable mind ; inconstant. — Syn. Wavering, 
irresolute, unsettled, vacillating, unstable, unsteady, vari- 
able, mutable, changeful, capricious, veering, shifting. See 
faithless. — fick'le-ness, to. 

fi'CO (fe'ko), to.; pi. -coes (-koz). [It., a fig. fr. L. ficus.'} 
A fig ; an insignificant trifle ; snap of one's thumb ; a sign 
of contempt made with the fingers. Obs. or Archaic. 

fir/tile (fik^til), a. [L. fictilis. See fiction.] Molded, or 
rnoldable, into form by art ; relating to pottery, etc. 

fic'tion (-shiin), to. [F., fr. L. fictio, fr. fingere, ficlum, to 
form, invent, feign.] 1. Act of fashioning ; hence : a fabric ; 
device. Obs. 2. Deceit. Obs. 3. A feigning or imagining. 4. 
That which is feigned or imagined ; esp., a feigned story. 5. 
Fictitious literature ; esp., novels and romances. 6. Law. 
An assumption of a possible thing as a fact. 
Syn. Invention, figment, fabrication, fable, coinage, for- 
gery, falsehood. — Fiction, figment, fabrication (in the 
general sense of invention ). Fiction ( see novel ) suggests 
imaginative fashioning, whether with or without intent to 
deceive ; it is opposed to fact, truth, reality ; figment im- 
plies more irresponsible invention ; it often suggests a some- 
what transparent fiction, esp. to keep up appearances ; 
fabrication commonly implies something made up to de- 
ceive. 

fic'tion-al (-dl), a. Pert, to fiction ; fictitious. al-ly, adv. 

fic'tion-ist, to. A writer of fiction ; a story-teller. 

fic-ti'tious (fik-tish'TOs), a. [L. ficticius. See fiction.] 1. 
Feigned ; pretended ; false. 2. Of, pert, to, or like, fiction. 

— Syn. See artificial. — fic-ti'tious-ly, adv. — fic-ti'- 
tious-ness, to. 

fic'tive (fik'tiv), a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, 
imaginative creation. 2. Imaginary ; fictitious ; sham. 

fid (fid), to. 1. A bar or pin to support or steady some- 
thing, as, Naut., the topmast. 2. A pin of hard wood 
used to open rope strands in splicing, etc. 

-fid. [L. -fidus, as in bifidus bifid, fr. root of findere 
to split.] Bot. A suffix signifying lobed or cleft. 

fid'dle (fid'T), to. [AS. fiSele.'] 1. A violin ; — now 
familiar or contemptuous. 2. Naut. A rack or light 
railing of cords, or the like, to keep dishes from sliding 
off a cabin table in rough weather. — v. i. & t. ; -dled 
(-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). 1. To play on a fiddle ; — now Fld - 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Bl; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up. circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FEDDLEDEEDEE 



375 



FIFTEEN 




familiar or contemptuous. 2. To make aimless or idle 
motions, as with the fingers ; hence, to trifle ; engage busily 
in trivial and ineffectual work or pursuits. 

fid/dle-dee-dee' (fuFl-de-de'), interj. An exclamatory 
word or phrase, equivalent to nonsense! Colloq. 

fid'dle— fad'dle, n. A trifle ; trifling talk ; — also used as adj. 
and interj. — v. i. To fuss ; fiddle with trifles. Both Colloq. 

fiddle head, or fid'dle-head' (-hed'), n. An ornament on 
a ship's bow, curved like the scroll at the head of a violin. 

fid'dler (-ler), n. One who fiddles ; a violinist ; — now famil- 
iar or contemptuous. 

fiddler crab. Any of a genus (Gelasimus) of burrowing 
crabs of the Atlan- 
tic coast ; — so 
called from the po- 
sition in which the 
male often holds 
the enlarged claw. 

fid'dle-stick' (fid'- — j^^m / \ a 
'1-stik'), n. 1. The 

?i? W fi U ^f inplaying * 9 Fiddler Crab 

the fiddle ; — now 

familiar or contemptuous. 2. A mere nothing ; — used, 

esp. in pi., as an interjection. 

fid'dle-wood' (-wood'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Citharexy- 
lum) of verbenaceous West Indian trees, or its hard wood. 
2. Any of several other trees of the same family. 

fi'de-i-com'mis-sa-ry (fl'de-I-kom'i-sa-n), n. [L. fidei- 
commissarius.'] Civil Law. The beneficiary of a fideicom- 
missum ; — - nearly equiv. to cestui que trust of common 
law. — a. Civil Law. Of or pertaining to a fideicommis- 
sum ; taking or holding something by virtue of a fideicom- 
missum. — fi'de-i-com'mis-sa-ri-ly (-ri-lT), adv. 

fi'de-i-com-mis'sion (-ko-mish'&n), n. Civil Law. The 
making of a fideicommissum. 

fi'de-i-com-mis'sum (-ko-mis'wm), n. [L., prop., a thing 
intrusted to faith. See faith ; commit.] Roman & Civil 
Law. A bequest which a decedent effects by begging or 
requesting his heir (whether an heir by law or by testament) 
to turn over to another a portion of the decedent's estate. 

ti'de-jus'sion (fl'de-jush'wn), n. [L. fidejussio, fr. fide- 
jubere to be surety ; fides faith + jubere to order.] Civil 
Law. The contract of guaranty or suretyship. 

fi-del'i-ty (fT-del'i-tl ; fl-del'-), n. [L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis 
faithful.] Faithfulness ; careful observance of duty or obli- 
gations ; esp. : a Loyalty, b Adherence to the marriage con- 
tract. C Exactness ; accuracy. — Syn. See constancy. 

fidge (fij), v. t. & i.; fidged (fijd) ; fidg'ing. To fidget. 

lidg'et (iij'et ; 24), v. i. To move about uneasily, as if rest- 
less. — v. t. To cause to fidget ; make nervous. — n. 1. 
Uneasiness ; restlessness. 2. In pi. A general nervous rest- 
lessness. 3. A fidgety person. [fidg'et-i-ness, n 

fidg'et-y (-1), a. Restless ; uneasy ; inclined to fidget. — 

fi-dll/cial (fi-difshal), a. [L. fiducia trust, confidence. 
1. Having faith or trust ; confident. 2. Having the nature 
of a trust ; fiduciary, as a power. 3. Physics, etc. Taken 
a.s a standard of reference ; as, a fiducial line. 

fi-du'ci-a-ry (-shi-a-rl ; -shd-ri), a. 1. Holding, founded, 
or held, in trust ; as, fiduciary estates. 2. Of the nature of 
a trust; confidential; as, in a fiduciary capacity. 3. Rest- 
ing upon public confidence for value or currency ; — used 
of fiat money and the like. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-rlz). One in a fiduciary relation to another. 
fie (fl), interj. An exclamation denoting disgust, etc. 
fief (fef),w. [F.] Law. A feudal estate ; a fee; feud. 
field (feld), n. [AS. feld.'] 1. Open country. Archaic. 2. 

Cleared land ; land suitable, and often inclosed, for tillage 
or pasture. 3. A piece of land put to a special use or yield- 
ing particular products ; as, gold fields ; wheat fields. Qt. A 
place where a battle is fought ; also, the battle ; as, Flodden 
Field. 5. A piece of land, usually inclosed, devoted to some 
sport, esp. the part used by the players ; in Baseball, the 
infield and the outfield, esp. the latter. 6. Collectively, all 
competitors in an athletic or sporting contest, or all except 
one or more specified. 7. A sphere or range of activity, in- 
fluence, observation, or opportunity ; as, a scholar eminent 
in his field. 8. An open space ; extent ; expanse ; as, a field 
of ice. 9. A surface or ground on which something is por- 
trayed as, Her., that of an escutcheon. 10. Physics. The re- 
gion or space throughout which an exerted force is felt, as 
that exerted by a magnetic pole or electric current (magnetic 
force). 11. Elec. Short for field magnet, field winding. 
tW Field is often used attributively in the sense of be- 
longing to, or used in, the fields ; esp. with reference to the op- 
erations and equipments of an army away from permanent 
camps and fortifications. Field sports are hunting, fishing, 
athletic games, esp. those not contested on a track, etc. 
field of force. Physics. — field, n., 10. — f. of magnetic 
force. See magnetic field. 

— v.t.& i. Baseball & Cricket. To catch, stop, throw, 
etc. (the ball), as a fielder. 

field artillery. Ordnance light or mobile enough to accom- 
pany an army in ordinary field operations. 



field battery. A battery of field artillery. 

field colors or colours. Mil. Small flags for marking out 
the positions for squadrons and battalions in camp, during 
parade or maneuvers or on the battlefield ; camp colors ; 
also, colors carried in the field or on parade. 

field day. 1. A day when troops are exercised in field 
evolutions. 2. An open-air athletic meeting. U. S. 

field'er (fef der), n. Baseball, etc. A player stationed in 
the field. 

field'fare' (feld'far'), n. A medium-sized European thrush 
(Turdus pilaris), in color partly 
ash-colored and partly chestnut. 

field glass. A compact binocular 
telescope. 

field magnet. A magnet used for pro- 
ducing and maintaining a magnetic 
field, esp. an exciting magnet of a dy- 
namo or electric motor. 

field marshal. Mil. In some armies, 
an officer next in rank below the 
commander in chief. 

field Officer. A military officer of the 

rank of colonel, lieutenant colonel, 

Fieldfare. 




or major. 
field'piece' 



(feld'pes'), n. 

7 



A gun mounted on wheels, for 
use in field campaigns. 



3-Inch Fieldpiece. 
1 Shield ; 2 Cannoneer's 
Seat; 3 Trail ; 4 Trail 
Spade; 5 Trail Hand- 
spike ; 6 Recoil Cylinder ; 
7 Panoramic Sight. 




field winding. Elec. The winding of the field magnet of a 
dynamo or motor. 

field'work' (-wurk'), n. 1. Mil. Any temporary fortifica- 
tion thrown up by an army in the field ; — usually in pi. 
2. [In this sense better written field work.] Work in the 
field ; esp., surveying, exploring, etc. 

fiend (fend), n. [AS. feond.'] 1. A malicious foe ; one dia- 
bolically wicked ; a monster : specif., the Devil; a demon. 
2. a A person hopelessly addicted to some harmful practice, 
as to the excessive use of a drug ; as, an opium fiend. Slang. 
b In student slang, a student devoted to, or very clever in, 
some study ; as, a fiend in mathematics. U. S. 

fiend'ish, a. Like a fiend ; diabolically wicked or cruel, 
— fiend'ish-ly, adv. — fiend'ish-ness, n. 
Syn. Fiendish, devilish, diabolical, demoniacal, 
demonic agree (except sometimes demonic) in the idea of 
superhumanly evil qualities. Fiendish commonly implies 
excessive cruelty or malignity ; as, fiendish tortures ; 
fiendish glee. Devilish, which often suggests abnormal 
wickedness, is often loosely used as an intensive with a 
coarsely humorous connotation; as, a "devilish good 
dinner." Diabolical often (and sometimes devilish) 
connotes colder and more calculating malevolence than 
fiendish; as, diabolical ingenuity, crimes. Demoniacal 
often suggests frenzy or excesses ; as, demoniacal laughter ; 
demonic more often suggests the inexplicable or super- 
human element in life or esp. genius ; as, demonic power. 

fierce (fers), a.; fierc'er (fer'ser) ; flerc'est (-sest). [OF. 
fier, nom. fiers, fr. L. ferus wild, savage, crueh] 1. Furi- 
ous ; violent ; impetuous ; as, a fierce wind. 2. Vehement in 
anger or cruelty ; of a nature to inspire terror ; ferocious ; 
as, a fierce tyrant; fierce looks. 3. Eager; furiously 
ardent. — Syn. Savage, cruel, fell. See ferocious. — 
fiercely, adv. — fierce'ness, n. 

||fi'e-ri fa'ci-as (fl'e-rl fa'sM-as). [L., cause it to be 
done.] Law. A common-law writ lying for one who has 
recovered judgment in debt or damages. 

fi'er-i-ly (ffer-i-li), adv. In a fiery manner. 

fi'er-i-ness (-nes ; 24), n. Quality or state of being fiery. 

fi'er-y (ffer-i; flr'i), a.; fi'er-i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Con- 
sisting of, containing, attended by, or resembling fire. 2. 
Ardent ; impetuous ; passionate ; as, a fiery spirit or tem- 
per. 3. Heated by or as by fire ; feverish ; inflamed ; as, a 
fiery face or boil. 4. Inflammable. — Syn. See spirited. 

|| fies'ta (fyes'ta), n. [Sp. See feast, n.] A religious fes- 
tival ; a saint's day ; also, any holiday or festivity. 

fife (flf), n. [F. fifre, OHG. pfifa pipe, fr. LL., fr. L. 
pipare to peep, chirp, as a chicken.] A small shrill musical 
pipe, of the flute class. — v. i. & t. ; fifed (flft) ; fif'ing 
(fifing). To play a fife. — fif'er (fifer), n. 

fife rail. Naut. A rail about the mast, near the deck, to 
which running gear is belayed . 

fifteen' (flf ten'), a- [AS. fiftyne, fiftene."] Being five 
and ten. — n. 1. The sum of five and ten ; fifteen units or 



I 
1 



i 

p 




H 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. (J Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



FIFTEENTH 



376 



FILBERT 




objects. 2. A symbol representing fifteen units, as 15 or xv. 
the fifteen, the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland in 1715. 
Scot. 

fifteenth' (fif 'tenth' ; fif 'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order after 
the fourteenth ; — the ordinal of fifteen. Abbr., 15th. See 
ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of fifteen equal 
parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. 
A fifteenth part. 2. Eng. Hist. A tax of one fifteenth form- 
ing part of a subsidy formerly (from about 1272 to 1626) 
granted annually to the king. The subsidy was a fifteenth 
and tenth, that is, a tenth of the value of all movables of 
the inhabitants of cities, boroughs, and ancient demesnes, 
a fifteenth from all others. 3. A fifteenth unit or object. 

fifth (fifth), a. [AS. fifta] 1. Next in order after the 
fourth; — the ordinal of five. Ahhx. ,5th. See ordinal, n., 
Note. 2. Constituting one of five equal parts into which a 
(whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A fifth part. 2. A 
fifth unit or object. 3. Music, a The interval embracing 
five diatonic degrees, b The tone at this interval^ C The 
fifth tone of a scale, reckoning up from the tonic; the 
dominant. — fif th'ly, adv. 

, fifth monarchy, a universal monarchy, supposed to be 
prophesied in Daniel ii., the four preceding monarchies 
being the Assyrian, Persian, Greco-Macedonian (of Alex- 
ander the Great), and Roman. See fifth-monarchy men. 

— F.— Monarchy Men, Hist. A fanatical sect in England, 
of the time of the Commonwealth, who maintained that the 
fifth monarchy, during which 
Christ would reign on earth a 
thousand years, was at hand 
and that they must help 
establish it by force. — f . 
wheel, a A horizontal wheel 
or segment of two parts 
rotating on each other above 
the fore axle of a carriage, „., , . "• ' 
forming a support to prevent a Flfth wheel « a ' 
careening, b An extra wheel carried to replace a possible 
broken one ; hence, fig., a supernumerary or superfluous 
person or thing. 

fif'ti-eth (fif'ti-gth; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
forty-ninth ; — the ordinal of fifty. Abbr., 50th. See 
ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of fifty equal parts 
into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A 
fiftieth part. 2. A fiftieth unit or object. 

fifty (^i), a. [AS. fif tig.'] Being five times ten. — n. ; pi. 
-ties (-tiz). 1. The sum of five tens ; fifty units or objects. 
2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50 or 1. 

fig (fig), n. [F. figue, fr. Pr., fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig.] 1. An 
oblong or pear-shaped fruit, pulpy 
when ripe, and eaten raw or pre- 
served or dried with sugar ; also, the 
moraceous tree(Ficus eart'ca)which 
bears this fruit, native of southwest- 
ern Asia. Cf. caprifig. 2. In Aus- 
tralia, any one of several trees re- 
sembling the true fig or having fig- 
like fruit. 3. In the West Indies : 
The cochineal fig. 4. The value of a 
fig, almost nothing ; a fico. — v. t. 
To insult with a fico. Obs. 

fig (fig), n. Dress ; array. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; figged (f igd) ; fig'ging 
(-ing). To dress ; furbish ; rig. 

fig'eat'er (fig'et'er), n. The becca- 
fico. 

fight (fit), n. [AS./eoft*.] 1. Act or 
method of fighting. Archaic. 2. A 
battle ; combat. 3. Any contest. 4. Strength or disposition 
for fighting ; pugnacity ; as, to show fight. 5. A screen for 
the combatants in ships. Obs. — Syn. Struggle, encounter, 
action. See contest. 

— v. i. ; fought (fot) ; fight'ing. 1. To attempt to defeat 
or destroy an enemy, by either blows or weapons. 2. To act 
in opposition to anything. — Syn. Battle, struggle, con- 
tend, strive. — to fight shy, to avoid meeting fairly or at 
close quarters ; — used with of. 

— v. t. 1. To carry on or wage, as a conflict ; sustain, win, 
[ or gain by fighting, as a cause or one's way. 2. To contend 

with in battle ; war against. 3. To cause to fight ; as, to 
fight cocks. — fight'er (-er), n. 

fig marigold. Any of several plants (genus Mesembryan- 
themum) of the carpetweed family, cultivated for their 
showy white or pink flowers. 

fig'ment (fig'ment), n. [L. figmentum, fr. finger e to in- 
vent ; form.] 1. Something fashioned or molded. 06s. 2. 
An invented statement, etc. ; a fiction. — Syn. See fiction. 

fig'U-line (fig'u-lin ; -lln), n. [F., fr. L. figulina pottery, 
figulinus fictile, figulus potter, fingere to shape.] A piece 
of pottery. — a. 1. Suitable for pottery ; fictile ; as, figu- 
line earth. 2. Made of clay ; as, figuline ware. 

fig'u-rant (fig'u-rant ; fe'gii'raN'), n. masc. [F., prop. p. 
pr. of figurer to figure, represent, make a figure.] One 




Common Fig. Leaves 
and Fruit. 



who dances at the opera, not singly, but with others in 
groups or figures; an accessory character on the stage, 
who has nothing to say ; hence, one who figures in any 
scene without taking a prominent part. 

fig'u-rante' (fig'u-rant' ; fe'gii'raNt'), n. fern. [F.] A 
female figurant ; esp., a ballet girl. 

fig'ur-ate (fig'dr-at), a. [L. figuratus, p. p. of figurare. 
See figure.] 1. Of a definite form or figure. Rare. 2. 
Representing a geometrical figure or figures. Rare. 3. Mu- 
sic. Florid ; involving passing discords by the freer melodic 
movement of one or more voice parts ; — opposed to sim- 
ple; as, figurate counterpoint or descant. 

fig'u-ra'tion (fig'u-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of giving figure, or 
definite form. 2. Form ; shape. 3. Act of representation in 
figures and shapes ; emblematical or typical representation. 
4. Music, a Mixture of concords and discords by the use of 
passing notes, b The figuring of a thorough bass. 

fig'ur-a-tive (fig'ur-d-tiv), a. 1. Representing by a figure, 
or by resemblance ; typical ; emblematical ; as, a, figurative 
ceremonial. 2. Metaphorical ; not literal ; also, abounding 
in figures of speech ; florid ; as, figurative language. 3. Re J 
lating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, 
carving, etc. — fig'ur-a-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

fig'ure (fTg'ur ; Brit, usually f lg'er), n. [F., fr. L. figura.'] 
1. A written symbol, esp. one representing a number ; nu- 
meral ; digit ; as, 1, 2, 3, etc. 2. Hence, value as expressed 
in numbers ; price. Colloq. 3. Form ; shape ; outline. 4. An 
object having shape or form. 5. a Appearance or impression 
made by a person's conduct or career ; as, a sorry figure, b 
Distinguished appearance ; show. C A personage ; character. 
6. An imagined form ; phantasm. Obs. 7. The representa- 
tion of any form, esp. of the human body ; a likeness. S. 
Geom. A drawing representing a magnitude or the relation 
of two or more magnitudes ; an inclosed surface or space. 9. 
An analogue or type ; as, the olive branch is a figure of 
peace. 10. Rhet. A mode of expressing abstract ideas by 
words which suggest pictures or images ; pictorial language ; 
a trope. 11. A diagram or drawing illustrating the text of a 
book ; a cut ; — abbr., fig. 12. Astrol. A horoscope ; a dia- 
gram of the aspects of the houses. 13. Logic. The form of a 
syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle 
term. 14. A pattern or design, as in cloth or paper. 15. 
Dancing. A set of evolutions in a dance. 16. Music, a Any 
short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of 
chords, which produces a single, complete impression, b A 
form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain 
or passage ; a musical phrase or motive. — Syn. See form. 

— v. t. ; -ured (-urd) ; -ur-ing. 1. To represent by a figure ; 
specif., to form or mold. 2. To embellish with figures, or de- 
signs. 3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to compute. 4. To 
express by a metaphor ; symbolize. 5. Music, a To write 
figures over or under (the bass), in order to indicate the ac- 
companying chords, b To embellish with passing notes or 
figures. 

— v.i. 1. To make a figure ; be conspicuous ; appear. 2. To 
calculate ; esp., to reckon in figures. Colloq. 3. To contrive ; 
scheme ; as, to figure for office. Colloq. 

fig'ured (fig'urd; cf. figure, n.), a. 1. Adorned with, 
formed into, or marked with, a figure or figures. 2. Specif. : 
Music, a = figurate, 3. b Indicated by figures. 

fig'ure-head' (-ur-hed') ( n. 1. Naut. The figure on the prow 
of a ship. 2. A nominal head ; esp., a person who holds an 
office in an enterprise but exercises no power. 

fig'u-rine' (fig'u-ren'), n. [F., fr. It. figurina.'] A small 
carved or molded figure ; esp., a painted, ceramic statuette. 

fig'wort' (f lg'wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Scrophularia) of 
plants, chiefly coarse herbs with small flowers; also, any 
plant of the family {Scrophulariacese) including this genus. 

Fi'ji (fe'je), n. One of the native race of the Fiji Islands. 
The Fijis are Melanesians with Polynesian intermixture. 

Fi'ji-an (fe'je-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the Fiji Islands 
or their inhabitants. — n. A native of the Fiji Islands ; 
also, the language of the Fijis. 

fil'a-ment (fil'd-ment), n. [F., fr. L. filum thread.] A 
thread or threadlike object ; specif., Bot., the anther-bear- 
ing stalk of a stamen. — fil'a-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri), a. 

fil'a-men'tOUS (-tits), a. Threadlike; composed of fila- 
ments, [thread or line.l 

fi'lar (fl'ldr), a. [L. filum a thread.] Of or pertaining to a| 

fi-la'ri-a (fi-la'ri-d), n. ; pi. -rle (-e). [NL., fr. L., filum a 
thread.] Zo'ol. & Med. Any of a genus (Filaria) of slender 
nematode worms parasitic in the blood and tissues of verte- 
brates, having also various invertebrate animals as interme- 
diate hosts. Also, any of various other genera, as the guinea 
worm (which see). — fi-la'ri-al (-dl), a. 

fil'a-ri'a-sis (fil'd-rl'd-sis), n. [NL.] Med. The presence 
of filarise in the blood ; infection with filarise. 

fil'a-ture (ffl'd-t&r), n. 1. A drawing out into threads; 
hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons, or a reel for this 
purpose. 2. An establishment for reeling silk. 

fil'bert (fil'bert), n. [F. dial.] 1. Either of two European 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out. oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FILCH 



377 



FINALIST 



hazels (Corylus avellana and C. pontica) ; also, in some 
parts of the United States, a native hazel. 2. The fruit, or 
nut, of a filbert. 

filch (filch), v. t. To pilfer; steal. — Syn. See steal. 

filch'er, n. One who filches. 

file (fll), n. [F., row, prob. deriv. of. L. filum thread.] 1. A 
line, wire, or other contrivance by means of which papers 
may be kept in order. 2. An orderly collection of papers. 3. 
A roll ; list. Obs. 4. Mil. a A row of soldiers ranged one be- 
hind another ; — opp. to rank, b A small number of soldiers 
detailed as a detachment. 5. A row of objects arranged one 
behind the other. 6. Chess. A row of squares from one 
player to his opponent across the chessboard. 

— v. t.; filed (fild) ; fil'ing (fll'Tng). To arrange, or lay 
away, as papers methodically for preservation and refer- 
ence ; place on file. — v. i. To march in a file, as soldiers, 
one after another. 

file (fil), n. [AS. feol.] 1. A hardened steel instrument 
with cutting ridges, or teeth, on its surface, for abrading 
substances. 2. Anything used to smooth, polish, or rasp. 
— v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut, with a file. 2. To remove 
with a file ; — used with off, away. 

file, v. t. [AS. fylan, fr. ful foul.] To defile. Rare or Scot. 

file'fish' (-fish'), n. A member of any of several genera 

I (Monacanthus, Alutera, and allies) of plectognath fishes 
having roughly granulated, leathery skin. 

fil'er (ffl'er), n. One who, or that which, files. 

fil'ial (fil'yal; -l-al), a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia 
daughter.] Of or pert, to a son or daughter ; as, filial obe- 
dience. — fil'ial-ly, adv. 

fil'i-ate (ffl'i-at), v. t. To affiliate. 

fil'i-a'tion (-a'shSn), n. [LL. filiatio. See filial.] 1. The 
relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father. 2. 
Descent from or as if from a parent ; as, to determine the 
filiation of a language. 3. The formation of branches or 
offshoots. 4. Law. Act of fixing the paternity of an illegiti- 
mate child upon some person ; affiliation. 

fil'i-beg (fil'i-beg), n. [Gael, feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt ; 
feileadh kilt 4- beag little, small.] A kilt. Scot. 

fil'i-bus/ter (-buVter), n. [Sp. deriv., of D. vrijbuiter. 
See freebooter.] 1. An irregular military adventurer, 
esp. one in quest of plunder ; freebooter. 2. A member of a 
legislative or deliberative body who filibusters. U. S. — v. i. 
1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. 2. To delay 
legislation by the use of extreme dilatory tactics. — fil'i- 
bus'ter-er, n. U. S. 

fil'i-cide (fil'i-sTd) , n. [L. filius son, filia daughter 4- 
-cide.] Act of murdering a_ son or a daughter ; also, the 
parent who does this. — fil'i-cid'al (-sld'al), a. 

fil'i-form (fil'i-fSrm ; fill-), a. [L. filum thread + -form.'] 
Having the shape of a thread or filament. 

fil'i-grain 1 (fil'i-gran), n. [F . filigrane, fr. It., fr. L. filum 

fil'i-grane/ thread + granum grain.] Filigree. Archaic. 

fil'i-gree (-gre), n. [Corrupted fr. filigrane.'] Ornamental 
work, formerly with grains or beads, but now composed of 
fine wire, and used chiefly in decorating gold and silver. — 
v. t. To adorn with, or work in, filigree. 

fil'ing (fil'ing), n. A fragment filed off ; as, iron filings. 

Fil'i-pi'no (fil'i-pe'no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). Fern. Fil'i-pi'- 
na (-na) ; pi. -nas (-naz). [Sp.] A member of a native 
tribe, esp. of a Christianized tribe, of the Philippine Islands. 

fill (fll), n. [See thill.] A thill of a vehicle. Obs. or Dial. 

fill, v. t. [AS. fyllan, fr. full full.] 1. To make full ; to put 
or pour into, till no more can be received. 2. a Naut. (1 )To 
dilate ; distend, as a sail. (2)To trirn (a yard) to the wind. 
b To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low 
place), as with earth. 3. To furnish an abundant supply to ; 
pervade ; occupy the whole of. 4. To feed ; satisfy ; satiate. 

5. To pour, or put in any way, into a receptacle as if to fill 
it ; hence, to pour out ; as, to fill the wine. Obs. or Archaic. 

6. To stop up the crevices, pores, etc., of (cloth, wood, etc.) 
with a foreign substance. 7. a To execute (a business order). 
b Med. To compound (a prescription). U. S. 8. To have 
and perform the duties of ; officiate in, as an incumbent ; 
occupy. 9. To supply with an incumbent, as an office. 

to fill in. a To insert ; as, he filled in the figures, b To 
complete by supplying omissions. — to £. out, to extend 
or enlarge to the desired limit ; make complete. — to f . 
up, to make full ; occupy completely ; complete ; fill (a va- 
cancy, post, etc.) ; stop up, as a hole. _ [for drinking. I 

— v. i. 1. To become full ; be filled. 2. To fill a cup or glass| 
to fill away, Naut., to trim the sails so that the wind will 
catch them full ; to proceed on the course after having 
been brought up in the wind. 

— n. A full supply ; as much as supplies a want or need ; as, 
to eat one's fill ; a fill of tobacco. 

fil'la-gree. Var. of filigree. 

fill'er ( f Il'er ) , n . One who , or that which , fills ; a filling ; as : 
a The tobacco used for the inside of cigars, b Arch. & 
Engin. Any extra member, as an iron bar, introduced into 

s a composite or conglomerate structure to strengthen it. 



C A composition, as of silica and oil, to fill the pores of 
wood before applying paint, varnish, or the like. 
fil'let (-et ; 24), n. IF. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of fil 
thread, L. filum.] 1. A little band, esp. one to encircle the 
hair. 2. A thin narrow strip of any material, or a narrow 
flat part or ornament, as a border in bookbinding, any raised 
rim, etc. 3. Anat. A band of fibers, esp. of white matter in 
the brain. 4. In pi. The loins, esp. of ahorse. 5. Cookery. A 
piece of lean meat without bone ; also, a long strip rolled up 
and tied. 6. Arch. A narrow flat member ; esp., a flat molo> 
ing separating other moldings ; also, the space between two 
flutings in a shaft. 7. Her. An ordinary equaling in breadth 
one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of which it 
corresponds in position. 8. A concave junction or molding 
of two surfaces forming a reentrant angle. 

— V. t. To bind, furnish, or make, with or as with a ullet. 
fill'ing (fil'ing), vb. n. That which is used to fill an empty 

space, or supply a deficiency. 

fil'lip (-ip), v. t. 1. To strike or snap in a certain quick 
way with the finger. 2. To snap; project as by a fillip. 
3. To strike smartly ; stimulate ; urge. — v. i. To make 
a fillip. •— n. 1. A smart blow or tap with the finger. 2. 
Something serving to rouse or excite. 

fil'li-peen' (-T-pen'), n. See philopena. 

fil'lis-ter (fil'is-ter), n. An adjustable rabbeting plane ; 
also, a rabbet, as on the outer edge of a window-sash bar. 

fil'ly (fil'i), n. ; pi. -lies (-iz). A female foal or colt. 

film (film), n. [AS./j/Zmen.fr./eZZskin.] 1. A thin skin. 2. 
Any thin, slight covering, layer, or sheet, as the layer hold- 
ing the sensitized salts of a glass photographic plate, or 
flexible sheet, as of celluloid, bearing such a layer. 3. A 
slender thread, as that of a cobweb. — v. t. & i. To cover, 
or become covered, with or as with a film. 

film/y (fil'mi), a.; film'i-er (-mi-er) ; -i-est. Of, resem- 
bling, or covered with, a film. — film'i-ness, n. 

fil'o-plume (fil'6-ploom ; f I'lo- ; 86), n. [L. filum a thread 
+ pluma a soft feather.] Zo'dl. A hairlike feather. 

fi'lose (fi'los ; fT-los'), a. [L. filum a thread.] Terminat- 
ing in a threadlike process. 

fil'o-selle' (fil'6-zel' ; -sel'), n. [F., floss silk.] A kind of 
silk thread, much used in embroidery instead of floss. 

fil'ter (fil'ter), n. [LL. fillrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, 
this being used for filters.] 1. Anything porous through 
which liquid is passed to cleanse or strain it. 2. Something 
which allows certain rays to pass but is impervious to 
others ; as, a color filter. 

— v. t. To subject to, or remove by, the action of a filter. — 
v. i. To pass through a filter ; percolate. 

filth (filth), n. [AS. fylS, fr. ful foul.] 1. Foul matter ; re- 
pulsive dirt ; nastiness. 2. Moral defilement ; corruption. 

filth'y (fil'thl), a.; filth'i-er (-thi-er) ; -i-est. Defiled 
with filth ; foul ; impure ; obscene. — Syn. Unclean, squal- 
id, nasty. See dirty. — filth'i-ly, adv. — filth'i-ness, n. 

fil'trate (fil'trat), v. t. & i.; -trat-ed (-trat-ed) ; -trat-lng. 
To filter. — n. The liquid which has been filtered. 

fil-tra'tion (fil-tra'shim), n. Act or process of filtering. 

|| fi'lum {ilium), n. ; pi. fila (-Id). [L., a thread.] Anat. 
A filament or threadlike structure. 

fim'bri-ate (fim'bn-at), a. Also fim'bri-at'ed (-at'ed). 
[L. fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, fimbria fiber, fringe.] Bot. 
& Zo'dl. Fringed. — v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ixg (-at'- 
mg). To hem ; fringe. — fim'bri-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 

fim-bril'late (fim-bril'at), a. Bot. Having a fine fringe. 

fin (fin), n. [AS. finn.] 1. A membranous winglike or 
paddlelike process of a fish or 
other aquatic ani- 
mal, used in pro- 
pelling, balancing, 
or guiding the 
body. 2. A finlike 
organ, attach- 
ment, appendage, 
or part ; as : a 
Mech. A feather 
or spline, b A fin- 
like appendage of 
a boat, esp. of a submarine ; also a fin keel. C Mech. Any of 
the projecting ribs on a radiator or on the cylinder of an in- 
ternal-combustion engine, d Aeronautics. A fixed stabiliz- 
ing surface, usually vertical, similar in purpose to a bilge 
keel on a ship. 

— v. t. ; ftnned (find) ; fln'ntng. To cut up, as a chub ; to 
cut off the fins of. — v. i. To move, or to lash with, the fins. 

fi'nal (fi'nal), a. [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis limit, end.] 
1. Pert, to, or occurring at, the end ; last. 2. Conclusive ; 
decisive ; as, final judgment. 3. Respecting, or consti- 
tuted by, an end or object in view ; — used chiefly in final 
cause. — Syn. See la.st. — n. That which is final. 

fi-nale (fe-na'la), n. [It.] Termination ; concluding part. 

fi'nal-ist (fl'nal-Tst), n. Sports. Any of the players who 
meet in the final round of a tournament. 




Fins. 1 Pectoral ; 
3 First Dorsal ; 
Caudal ; 6 Anal. 



2 Pelvic or Ventral ; 
4 Second Dorsal : 5 









H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FINALITY 



378 



FINISH 



fi-naPi-ty (fl-nal'i-ti), re. ; pi. -ties (-tfz). 1. State of be- 
ing final, finished, or settled. 2. That which is final ; a final 
action or state. 3. Relation of end to means ; teleology. 

fi'nal-ly (fl'nal-T), adv. 1. At the end; ultimately. 2. 
Lastly ; terminally. 3. Conclusively ; beyond recovery. 

fi-nance' (fi-nans' ; fl-), re. [F., fr. OF. finer to finish, fur- 
nish, come to terms, pay, fin end.] 1. Pecuniary resources, 
esp. of a ruler or of a state ; — usually in pi. 2. The man- 
agement of money or conduct of monetary affairs. 

— v. t.; -nanced (-nansf) ; -nanc'ing (-nan'sing). To con- 
duct the finances of ; provide the capital for. 

fi-nan'cial (ff-nan'shal), a. 1. Pertaining to finance, or 
money matters. 2. Of a member of a society, paying dues, 
in distinction from honorary ; in good standing as to pay- 
ment of dues. — fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. 

Syn. Financial, monetary, pecuniary. Financial is 
used of money matters in general, esp. as conducted on a 
large scale ; monetary has more direct reference than 
financial to money as such ; pecuniary suggests the appli- 
cation of money to practical ends. 

fin'an-cier' (fin'an-ser'; fi-nan'sT-er),n. [F.] One having 
the administration of, or skilled in, finance. — v. i. To 
conduct financial operations. — v. t. To finance. 

fin'back' (fln'bak 7 ), n. Any of various whalebone whales 
having a prominent dorsal fin ; a rorqual. 
The common one (Balxnoptera physalis) 




Finback Whale. 

on the Atlantic coast of the United States attains a length 
of 50 or 60 feet. 

finch (finch), n. [AS. fine."] Any of a numerous family 
(Fringillidse) of singing birds, including the sparrows, 
grosbeaks, crossbills, goldfinches, linnets, buntings, etc. 

find (find), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. found (found) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. find'ing. [AS. findan.~] 1. To meet with, come up- 
on, or light upon; as: a To discover by study or experi- 
ment ; as, water is found to be a compound substance, b 
To gain, as the object of desire or effort ; procure ; as, to 
find time, c To attain to ; arrive at ; reach ; as, to find 
one's level. 2. To arrive at, as a conclusion ; determine 
and declare ; as, to find a verdict. 3. To learn by experi- 
ence ; perceive ; experience ; feel ; as, he found the argu- 
ment absurd. 4. To gain, or regain, the use of ; as, to find 
one's tongue. 5. To provide ; supply ; maintain ; as, to 
find food for workmen ; to find a person in money. 
to find fault, to discover and proclaim some defect or 
fault ; criticize unfavorably. — - to f . one's self, a To be ; 
— often used in speaking of health, b To provide one's 
own living, or food and lodging, c To come to a conscious- 
ness of one's powers or capacities or into conditions that 
make possible the exercise of them. — to f . out, to detect 
(a thief) ; discover (a secret) ; understand. 

— v. i. Law. To determine and declare an issue of fact by 
its verdict or decision, as a jury or court. 

— n. A finding, or something found. 

find'er (fln'der), re. One who, or that which, finds ; specif. : 
a Astron. A small telescope of low power and large field 
of view, attached to a larger telescope, for finding an object. 
b Photog. A camera attachment which shows in miniature 
the view thrown by the camera lens on the plate. 

[| fin' de sie'ele (faV de sye'kl'). [F.] Lit. , end of the cen- 
tury, esp. the 19th century ; — used chiefly adjectively, in 
English, to signify: modern, "up-to-date" ; as, fin-de- 
siecle ideas. 

find'ing, vb. n. 1. That which is found, discovered, or pro- 
vided ; esp., in pi., that which an artisan provides for him- 
self, as tools, trimmings, etc. ; as, shoemakers' findings 
include tools and materials except leather. 2. Law. The 
result of a judicial inquiry, esp. into some matter of fact. 

fine (fin), a.; fin'er (fin'er) ; fin'est (fln'est). [F. fin, 
prob. fr. L. finis end (followed by a genitive) in the sense 
of the ree plus ultra of a quality.] 1. Finished ; refined ; 
free from impurity ; superior. 2, a Not coarse, gross, or 
heavy ; as, fine sand ; a fine thread ; a fine edge ; fine linen. 
b Of an athlete or animal, trained close to the limit of effi- 
ciency. 3. Of senses, emotions, etc. : subtle ; sensitive ; deli- 
cate ; refined. 4. Of marked excellence or great merit ; as, a 
fine man ; a fine view. 

fine art, art concerned with the creation of objects of im- 
agination and taste for their own sake without relation to 
utility. — f . arts, painting, drawing, architecture, and 
sculpture. Poetry, music, dancing, and dramatic art are 
often included. — f. gentleman, a gentleman of fashion ; 
now, esp., a fop; exquisite. — f. lady, a woman of fash- 
ion ; esp., a showy woman or one who affects the habits 
and manners of a more fashionable class. 

— adv. 1. Finely; well. Obs., Dial., or Colloq. 2. Bil- 
liards & Pool. In a manner so that the driven ball strikes 
the object ball so far to one side as to be deflected but little. 



— v. t. & i.; fined (find) ; fin'ing (fTn'Tng). To make or 
grow finer ; as, to fine the soil ; the weather fined. 

fine, re. [OF. fin end, settlement, L. finis end, also in LL., a 
final agreement between a lord and vassal ; money paid at 
the end so as to end a proceeding.] 1. End ; conclusion. 
Obs., except in : in fine, in conclusion or in short. 2. A sum 
paid by way of composition, settlement, or punishment, as 
for an offense. 3. Law. A compromise of a fictitious suit 
used as a form of conveyance of lands. 

— v. t. To set a fine on by decree or judgment of a court ; 
punish by fine. 

fine'draw' (f In'dro'), v. t. ; for prin. parts see draw. 1. To 
draw or sew closely together two edges of (a fabric). 2. To 
draw out finely, or tenuously ; as, to finedraw a wire. 

fine'drawn' (fln'dron'), p. a. Drawn fine ; drawn out to 
extreme thinness or subtlety ; — often fig. ; as, finedrawn 
speculations. 

fine'ly, adv. In a fine manner or degree. 

fine'ness (fTn'ne's), re. 1. Quality or condition of being fine. 
2. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, 
or coins, often expressed in parts per thousand. The fine- 
ness of United States coin is $,, or 900 fine ; that of English 
gold coin is \l, or 917 fine ; and that of English silver coin 
.is i 9 o 2 o 5 u. or 925 fine. 

fin'er-y (fin'er-T), re.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Ornament; deco- 
ration ; esp., showy dress. 2. In pi. Refinements. 

fin'er-y, re. Ironworks. — refinery. 

fine'spun' (fTn'spiinO, a. Spun or drawn so as to be fine; 
attenuated ; hence, unsubstantial ; oversubtle ; visionary ; 
as, finespun theories. 

fi-nesse' (fT-nes'), re. [F., fr. fin fine.] 1. Delicate skill; 
refinement. 2. Subtlety of contrivance ; cunning ; strata- 
gem. — Syn. See artifice. — v. i. ; -nessed' (-nest') ; 
-ness'ing. 1. To use finesse, artifice, or stratagem. 2. 
Card Playing. To attempt, when second or third player, 
to take a trick with a lower card, when a higher, not in 
sequence with it, is held, in the hope that the intermediate 
card or cards may be with the right-hand adversary. — v. t. 
Card Playing. To play (a card) as a finesse. 

fin'— f oot'ed, a. Having palmate feet or lobate toes.. 

fin-gan' (fm-gan'). Var. of finjan. 

linger (fTn'ger), n . [AS. finger."] 1. One of the five ter- 
minal members of the hand, esp. one other than the thumb. 
2. Something that resembles, or does the work of, a finger, 
as a pointer, a pawl, etc. 3. The breadth, or the length, of a 
finger, or nearly an inch and about four and a half inches 
respectively. 4. A part of a glove into which a finger is 
inserted. 

— v. t. 1. To touch with the fingers ; handle. 2. To take 
thievishly ; pilfer ; purloin. 3. Music, a To perform on (an 
instrument) with the fingers, b To perform with a certain 
fingering. C To mark the notes of (a piece) so as to guide 
the fingers in playing. — v. i. l.Mus. To use the fingers in 
playing. 2. To touch or handle something with the fingers. 

fingerboard. Music, a The part of a stringed instrument, 
usually a flat or slightly rounded wooden strip, against 
which the fingers press the strings to vary the tone, b The 
keyboard of a piano, etc. 

finger bowl or glass. A bowl to hold water for rinsing the 
fingers at table. 

fin'ger-er, re. One who fingers ; specif., a pilferer. 

fin'ger-ling (fin'ger-lTng),^. [finger + 1st -ling.] Any- 
thing very small ; specif., in Great Britain, the parr. 

finger post. A guidepost bearing an index finger. 

fin'i-al (fm'i-al), re. [L. /mis end.] Arch. The ornament 
terminating a Gothic pinnacle, canopy, gable, etc. 

fin'i-cal (-kal), a. [From fine, a.] Affectedly fine; un- 
duly fastidious. — fin'i-cal-ly, adv. — fin'i-cal-ness, re. 
Syn. Fastidious, finical, nice, dainty, effeminate, trim, 
spruce, dapper, jaunty, foppish, smug, brisk, smart, alert. 
— Finical, spruce, dapper, jaunty, foppish (esp. 
with reference to costume or appearance). Finical (see 
nice) suggests fussy or affected nicety of dress or manner. 
Spruce implies a somewhat vulgar neatness and smart- 
ness ; dapper suggests a rather consequential trimness and 
briskness, esp. on the part of a small person. Jaunty con- 
notes airy and complacent sprightliness ; foppish, ostenta- 
tious and overnice finery of dress, etc. 

fin'i-cal'i-ty (-kal'i-tl), re. 1. Finical quality. 2. Some- 
thing finical. 

fin'ick-ing (fTn'i-kTng), fin'ick-y (-ki), fin'i-kin (-kin), a. 
Finical ; unduly particular ; mincing ; trivial. 



fi'nis (fi'nis), re. [L/ 
fin'ish (fin'ish), v. t. 
end, finis limit, end 



An end ; conclusion. 
F. finir, fr. L. finire to limit, finish, 
1. To arrive at the end of ; end ; 
terminate. 2. To bestow the last required labor upon; 
complete ; perfect ; accomplish. 3. To dispose of com- 
pletely. Now Chiefly Colloq. — Syn. Conclude, accom- 
plish. See close. — v. i. 1. To come to an end ; terminate ; 
cease; to reach the end of a course, task, or undertaking; 
as, the favorite finished in front. 2. To end ; die. Rare. 
— re. 1. The conclusion ; end. 2. That which finishes, com- 
pletes, or perfects ; as : a Arch. The joiner work and other 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out. oil: chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FINISHED 



379 



FIRING 



finer work required for the completion of a building, esp. of 
the interior, b Painting. A material used in finishing ; as, 
oil finish. 3. The condition resulting from completed labor, 
as on the surface of an object ; manner or style of finishing. 
finished (-isht), p. a. 1. Concluded; perfected. 2. Pol- 
ished to the highest degree of excellence ; perfect. 
fin'ish-er (-ish-er), n. One who, or that which, finishes, 

completes, or perfects. 
finishing school. A school where young women are pre- 
pared for entrance into society. 
fi'nite (fl'nlt), a. [L,.finitus, p. p. oifinire. See finish.] 
1. Having definable limits. 2. Having a character or be- 
ing completely determinable either as an object of thought, 
or as an object susceptible of complete enumeration or of 
physical measurement. 3. a Of numbers, attainable or 
surpassed by counting ; less than an integer that may be 
assigned, b Of a magnitude, neither infinite nor infinites- 
imal. — fi'nite-ly, adv. — fi'nite-ness, n. 
f . verb, Gram., the predicative forms of a verb, taken col- 
lectively, as opposed to the verbals ; a verb form limited 
as to person and number. Cf. infinite verb, infinitive. 

fin'i-tude (fin'i-tud), n. Finite state. 

fin-jan' (fin-jan'), n. [Ar. finjan.'] In the Levant, a small 
coffee cup without a handle. - 

fin keel. Naut. A projection downward from the keel of a 
yacht, resembling in shape the fin of a fish, though often 
with a cigar-shaped mass of lead at the bottom. Its use is 
to ballast the boat and enable her to sail close to the wind 
with little leeway. [Finland. Cf. Finn. 

Fin'land-er (fin'lan-der), n. A native or inhabitant of 

Finn (fin), n. A native of Finland ; also, a member of 
any of various allied races or of races speaking tongues 
allied to the Finnish. 

fin'nan had'die or had'dock (fir/an). A smoked haddock ; 
— so called from Findon (or Finnan) or Findhorn, towns 
in Scotland. 

finned (find), a. Having a fin or fins. 

Finn'ic (fin'ik), a. Of or pert, to the Finns, or of or desig- 
nating Finnish or related languages. 

fin'nick-ing, fin'nick-y. Vars. of finicking, finicky. 

Finn'ish (fin'ish), a. Of or pert, to Finland, the Finns, or 
their language. — n. Language of the Finns of Finland. 

Fin'no-U'gric (fin'o-oo'grik), a. _ 1. Of or pert, to the 
Finns and the Ugrians. 2. Designating, or pert, to, a 
subfamily of the Ural-Altaic, languages containing the 
Finnish and Magyar languages. 

fin'ny (fin'T), a. Having, abounding in, or resembling, fins ; 
hence, pertaining to, or abounding in, fishes. 

Fin'sen light (fin'sen). [After Prof. Niels R. Finsen (b. 
1860), Danish physician.] Med. Highly actinic light, de- 
rived from sunlight or from some form of electric lamp, used 
in the treatment of lupus and other cutaneous affections. 

fiord (fyord), n. Also fjord. [Dan. & Norw. fiord.] A 
narrow inlet of the sea, between high banks. 

fip'pence (flp'ens), n. Corruption of fivepence. Colloq., 
Eng. 

fip'pen-ny (f lp'en-i ; f Tp'nT) , a. Five- 
penny; — a corruption. Dial. U. S. 
& Eng. 

fippenny hit. The Spanish half real, a 
silver coin taken at one sixteenth of a 
dollar (6.25 cents) ; — formerly so 
called in Pennsylvania and the adja- 
cent States. 

fir (fur), n. [Dan. fyr, fyrr, or Icel. 
fyri- (in comp.).] Any of a genus 
(Abies) of pinaceous trees, of 
graceful shape and often of large 
size ; also, their wood. | 

fire (fir), n. [AS. fyr.] 1.' The 
principle of combustion as mani- 
fested in light and heat, esp. flame, 
formerly regarded as one of the ele- 
ments. 2. Fuel in combustion, as 
on a hearth. 3. A destructive burn- 
ing, as of a house. 4. Lightning ; 
a thunderbolt. Archaic. 5. An in- 
flammable composition or a device 
for producing a fiery display ; as, Westera Balsam 
red fire. 6. Torture by or as by (Abies concolor) 
burning ; hence : severe trial ; af- 
fliction. 7. Fever ; inflammation. 8. a Liveliness of im- 
agination or fancy, b Ardor of passion, c Ardor of spirit 
or temperament ; fervor. 9. Brilliancy ; hence, a glowing 
object, as a star. 10. The discharge of firearms ; firing, 
jn fire, burning ; hence : ardent ; passionate ; eager. — 
under f., exposed to an enemy's fire ; in battle. 
c». t. ; fired (fird) ; fir'ing (fir'ing). 1. To set on fire ; 
kindle ; ignite. 2. Hence : a To subject to intense heat ; 
bake, as pottery, b To tend the fire of ; as, to fire a boiler. 
3. a To animate ; give life to ; as, to fire the imagination. 
b To inflame ; irritate, as the passions. 4. To light up ; 
illuminate. 5. To drive away or out by or as by fire. Obs. 




Fir 



or R. 6. To cause to explode, as a mine ; discharge, as a 
gun ;^ also, to project by discharging from a gun or firearm. 
7. To project forcibly as if from a gun ; hurl ; throw. 
Colloq. 8. To eject ; discharge from a position. Slang. 

■—■ v. i. 1. To take fire ; hence : to glow ; redden. 2. To be 
inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge artillery or fire- 
arms. 4. To hurl. Colloq. [irritated or angry.l 
to fire up. a To kindle a fire, as in a furnace, b To grow) 

fire action. Mil. Artillery or small-arm fire considered as 
an element of attack or defense. Cf. shock tactics. 

fire'arm (fTr'arm'), n. Any weapon, esp. one that is port- 
able, from which a shot is discharged by an explosive. 

fire'balF (-bol'), n. 1. Mil. A ball filled with powder or 
other combustibles. 2. A luminous meteor, resembling a 
ball of fire, and sometimes exploding. 

fire beetle. Any of various beetles having light-producing 
organs ; popularly, any of a genus (Pyrophorus) of elaterid 
beetles (called also cucujos) of tropical America. 

fire'bird' (fTr'burd'), n. The Baltimore oriole. 

fire box. a A tinder box. Obs. b The chamber of a furnace, 
steam boiler, etc., for the fire. 

fire'brand' (-brand'), n. 1. A piece of burning wood. 2. 
One who inflames factions or causes contention. 

fire brick. A refractory brick, capable of sustaining high 
heat without fusion, used for lining fire boxes, etc. 

fire bug. An incendiary ; a pyromaniac. U. S. 

fire clay. Clay capable of standing high heat without fus- 
ing or softening, used for fire brick, crucibles, etc. 

fire company, a A company of men organized for extin- 
guishing fires, b A fire-insurance company. Chiefly Eng. 

fire'crack'er (-krak'er), n. A paper cylinder containing an 
explosive, discharged to make a noise, esp. on festivals. 

fire damp. A combustible gas formed esp. in coal mines 
and consisting chiefly of methane ; also, the explosive mix- 
ture formed by this gas with air. 

fire'dog' (flr'dog' ; 62), n. An andiron. 

fire'drake' (-drak'), fire'drag'on (-drag'un), n. A mytho- 
logical fire-breathing drake or dragon. 

fire drill. A practice drill with fire-extinguishing apparatus 
or in the conduct and manner of exit to be followed in case 
of fire. 

fire eater, a A juggler who pretends to eat fire, b A 
quarrelsome person who seeks affrays ; a hotspur. 

fire engine. An apparatus for throwing a jet of water to 
extinguish fires, esp. a steam engine and pump on wheels. 

fire escape. Any device for escape from a burning building. 

fire'flaught' (flr'flot' ; Scot. -flaxt'), n. \_fire + fiaught a 
flake, flash.] Lightning ; a gleam ; flash. Chiefly Scot. 

fire'fly' (-fll'), n. ; pi. -flies (-flTz'). Any nocturnal winged 
light-producing insect, esp. any of either of two genera 
(Photinus and Photuris) of small soft-bodied beetles. 
The wingless females and luminescent larvae are popularly 
called glowworms. 

fire'lock' (f Tr'lok'), n. An old form of gunlock, as the wheel 
lock or flintlock ; hence, a gun having such a lock. 

fire'man (-man), n. 1. A man employed to extinguish 
fires. 2. A man who tends fires ; stoker. 

fire'— new', a. Fresh from the forge ; brand-new. 

fire pink. A scarlet-flowered catchfly (Silene virginica) of 
the eastern United States. 

fire'place' (flr'plas'), n. The part of a chimney appropri- 
ated to the fire, usually an open recess in a wall ; a hearth. 

fire'proof (-proof), a. Proof against fire; relatively in- 
combustible. — v. t. To render fireproof . [cendiary.l 

fir'er (flr'er), n. One who, or that which, fires ; specif., an in-| 

fire'room' (flr'room'), n. A room containing a fireplace or 
a furnace ; a stokehole ; also, a fire box or chamber. 

fire Ship. A vessel carrying combustibles or explosives, 
sent among the enemy's ships or works to set them on fire. 

fire'side' (-sTd'), n. Place near the fire or hearth ; home. 

fire'Stone' (fir'ston'), n. [AS. fyrstan flint ; fyr fire -f- 
stan stone.] 1. Iron pyrites, formerly used for striking 
fire ; also, a flint. 2. A stone that will endure high heat \. 
esp. a certain sandstone found in the south of England. 

fire trap. A place, esp. a building, so constructed as to 
make egress especially difficult or hazardous in case of fire. 

fire'ward'en (-wor'd'n), fire'ward' (flr'word'), n. An offi- 
cer who has authority to order precautions against fires or 
to direct putting them out, as in towns or forests. U. S. 

fire water. Ardent spirits; — a name attributed to the 
American Indians, commonly in jocular use. 

fire'weed' (fir'wed'), n. Any of several weeds troublesome 
in clearings or burned districts. 

fire'wood' (-wood'), n. 1. Wood for fuel. 2. The iron-wood 
(Cyrilla racemiflora) of the southern United States. 

fire'work' (-wurkO, n. 1. A device for producing a striking 
display of light or a figure or figures in fire ; — usually in pi. 
2. In pi. A pyrotechnic exhibition. Obs. in singular. 

fire'worm/ (-wurm'), n. 1. The larva of a small tortricid 
moth, which eats the leaves of the cranberry, so that the 
vines look as if burned. 2. A glowworm. 

fir'ing (fir'Tng), n. 1. a Act of discharging a firearm, a mine, 
etc. b Act or mode of introducing fuel into the furnace and 



G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FIRKIN 



380 



FIT 



working it. C Application of fire, or of a cautery, d Ceram. 
Exposure to intense heat in a kiln in order to harden or 
glaze. 2. Fuel ; firewood or coal. 

firing line, Mil., the main body of troops engaged in fire 
action within effective range of the enemy, or the position 
held by such body at any given moment. — f . pin, in the 
breech mechanism of a firearm, the pin that strikes the 
head of the cartridge and explodes it. 
fir'kin (fur'kin), re. [Prob. fr. D. vierde fourth -f- -kin.] 

1. A small wooden vessel or cask, for butter, lard, etc. 

2. A measure of capacity, usually one fourth of a barrel. 
firm (f firm), a. [F.ferme, fr. L,. firmus.] 1. Fixed ; hence : 

closely compressed ; solid ; unyielding ; as, firm flesh, wood. 
2. Not easily moved or disturbed ; steady ; established ; 
loyal. 3. Solid ; — opp. to fluid. 4. Indicating firm- 
ness ; as, a firm voice. 5. Steady ; not fluctuating mark- 
edly ; — used of prices, etc. 

Syn. Fixed, stable, steady, secure, immovable ; hard, 
impenetrable, rigid, solid ; resolute, constant, determined. 

— Firm, hard, solid. Firm (opposed to loose, flabby) 
suggests steadiness or consistency under pressure ; hard 
(opposed to soft) implies impenetrability or relatively com- 
plete resistance to pressure ; solid (opposed to fluid, open, 
hollow) implies fixity of form and density of mass ; it sug- 
gests the negation of empty space. Fig., firm implies 
stability, fixedness, or resolution ; hard, obduracy or lack 
of feeling ; solid, substantial or genuine qualities. 

— v. t. 1. To make fast ; to make solid or compact. 2. 
To fix ; confirm. Obs. or Archaic. 

firm (ffirm), re. [It., Pg., or Sp. firma signature, LL. 
firmare to sign, confirm, in L., to make firm, firmus, adj., 
firm.] The name, title, or style under which a company 
transacts business ; also, a partnership ; commercial house. 

fir'ma-ment (fur'md-ment), re. [L. firmamentum, fr. fir- 
mare to make firm, firmus firm.] The vault or arch of the 
sky ; the heavens. — fir'ma-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. 

fir'man (f fireman ; ier-man'), re. ; pi. -mans (-mdnz; -manz'). 
[Per. ferman.] In the Orient, a sovereign decree. 

firm'er (fur'mer), a. [F. fermoir.] Mech. Designating a 
chisel, gouge, or the like, short in length and adapted for 
heavier work than the longer paring tools. 

firm'ly, adv. In a firm manner. 

firm/ness, re. State or quality of being firm. 
Syn. Firmness, constancy. Firmness is esp. a quality 
of the will, and connotes resolution ; constancy belongs 
rather to the affections and principles, and implies stead- 
fastness and fidelity, often fortitude or endurance ; as, 
firmness in discipline ; the constancy of martyrs. 

firn (firn), re. [G., fr. firn, a., of last year.] = neve. 

fir'ry (fur'i), a. Made of fir; abounding in firs. 

first (furst), a._ [AS. fyrst.] Preceding all others ; preced- 
ing all others in time or a series, position, or rank ; — used 
as the ordinal of one. Abbr., 1st. See ordinal, n., Note. 
Syn. Primary, primordial, primitive, primeval, pristine; 
highest, chief, principal, foremost. 

at first blush, or at the first blush, at the first appear- 
ance, view, or consideration. — at f . hand, from the orig- 
inal source. — f . aid, emergency treatment given to suf- 
ferers from accident, etc., before professional care can be 
given. 

— adv. 1. Before any or some other person or thing in time, 
space, rank, etc. 2. For the first time. 3. In preference to 
anything else ; sooner. 

— n. 1. Anything that is first. 2. a = first class ; as, he 
took a first in classics, b The winning place in a race or 
other athletic contest. 3. Music, a The upper voice part of 
a duet, trio, etc. b The highest or chief voice or instrument 
of its class, c The prime, or unison. 4. The first year of a 
reign or the first day of a month. 

at first, at the first, at the beginning. 
first'— born', a. First brought forth; eldest; hence, most 

excellent. — n. One that is born first ; hence, an heir.^ 
first'— class', a. Of the best or highest class, rank, or quality. 

— adv. By a first-class conveyance, etc. 

first'— hand' (-hand'), adv. At first hand; — written also 
first hand. — a. Obtained directly from the source. 

first'ling (-ling), n. The first of a class or kind ; the first 
produce, offspring, or result of anything. 

first'ly, adv. In the first place ; — commonly used in con- 
nection with secondly, etc. Many prefer first in this use. 

first'-rate' (-rat'; 109), a. Of the first rate; hence, very 
efficient or good. — adv. Very or quite well. Colloq. 

firth (furth),re. [SeeFRiTH.] Anarrowarmof the sea; a frith. 

fisc (flsk), n. [F., fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, 
treasury.] Any state or royal treasury ; an exchequer. 

fis'cal (fis'kdl), a. [F., fr. L. See fisc] 1. Of or pertaining 
to the public treasury or revenue. 2. Financial. — re. In 
some European countries and their colonies, any of various 
officials acting in part as public prosecutors. 

fish (fish), re.; pi. fishes (-ez; 24), or. collectively, fish 
(see plural, n., Note). [AS. fisc.'] 1. Broadly, any animal 
living in the water. 2. Specif., any completely aquatic, wa- 
ter-breathing vertebrate having the limbs (when present) 



developed as fins and, typically, a scaly, somewhat spindle- 
shaped body. 3. [.cap.] In pi. Astron. = Pisces. 4. The 
flesh of fish used as food. 5. A rigid strip used to strengthen 
a part, as a mast, rail joint, etc., or to join two meeting 
pieces. 

— v. i. 1. To attempt to catch fish, as by angling or draw- 
ing a net ; — often used with for. 2. To search (for any- 
thing submerged or hid) with hook, dredge, extended arm, 
etc. 3. To seek to get by artifice or indirectly ; — often 
used with for; as, to fish for compliments. 

— v. t. 1. To catch or try to catch ; draw (out or up) ; as, 
to fish pearls ; to fish out a coin. 2. To fish in, as a 
stream. 3. To strengthen (a mast, rail, etc.) by a fish. 

fish'a-ble (fish'd-b'l), a. That may be fished in. 

fish ball. Shredded fish, mixed with mashed potato, and 
fried in the form of a round or flat cake. U. S. 

fish'bolt'^ (-bolt') , n. A bolt for securing a fish or fishplate. 

fish'er (flsh'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, fishes. 2. A 
carnivorous animal (Mustela pennanti) of the weasel fam- 
ily, of eastern North America. 

fish'er-man (-man), n. One whose occupation is to catch 
fish ; also, aship or vessel employed in the business of tak- 
ing fish, as in the cod fishery. 

fish'er-y (fish'er-T), re.; pi. -eries (-iz). Act, process, oc- 
cupation, right, season, or place of fishing. 

fish hawk. The osprey. 

fish'hook' (fish'hook'), re. A hook for catching fish. 

fish'i-ly, adv. In a fishy manner. 

fish'i-ness, re. Fact or quality of being fishy. 

fish'ing, re. Act of one who fishes ; also, a fishery. 

fish'line', re. A line used in fishing. 

fish'mon'ger (-murj'ger), n. A dealer in fish. 

fish'plate' (-plat'), re. Mech. A plate used as a fish (see 
fish, re., 5), esp. in joining abutting railroad rails. 

fish Story. An extravagant or incredible story. Colloq. 

fish tackle. A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes 
of the anchor up to the gunwale. 

fish'wife' (flsh'wif), re.; pi. -wives (-wivz'). Also, fish'- 
WOm'an (-woom'dn). A woman who sells fish at retail. 

fish'y (fish'I), a.; fish'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. Consisting 
of, or having the qualities, taste, or odor of, fish ; abounding 
in fish. 2. Questionable ; improbable ; as, a fishy story. 
Colloq. 3. Dull ; lusterless, as the eye, or a jewel. 

fis'sile (fls'Il), a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of finder e to 
split.] Capable of being split ; cleavable. 

fis-sil'i-ty (fT-sil'i-ti), re. Quality of being fissile. 

fis'sion (fish'un), re. [L. fissio. See fissure.] 1. A cleaving 
into parts. 2. Biol. Reproduction by spontaneous division 
of the body into two parts, each of which becomes a com- 
plete organism, [fission. I 

fis-sip'a-rism (fT-sip'd-nz'm),re. Biol. Reproduction by I 

fis'si-par'i-ty (fls'i-par'i-ti), re. Fissiparism. 

fis-sip'a-rous (fi-sTp'd-riis), a. [L,. fissus cleft + -parous.] 
Reproducing by fission. 

fis'sure (f ish'ur ; 87), re. [L. fissura, it. finder e, fissum, to 
split.] 1. A narrow opening made by separation of parts ; 
cleft. 2. A cleaving ; state of being cleft. — v. t. & z.;-sured 
(-urd) ; -sur-ing. To break into fissures ; cleave. 

fist (fist), re. A fice. U. S. 

fist (fist), re. [AS. fyst.] 1. The closed hand, esp. as 
clenched for a blow. 2. The hand when closed as if to 
grasp; hence: clutch; grasp. Archaic or Colloq. 3. The 
hand. Colloq. 4. Handwriting. Colloq. 5. Print. The 
index mark [GIP] . — v.t. To strike or grip with the fist. 

fist'ic (fis'tlk), a. Pertaining to boxing ; pugilistic. Colloq. 

fist'i-cuff' (-ti-kuf), v. t. & i. To cuff or strike with the fist ; 
to resort to fisticuffs. — fist'i-cuff'er (-kuf'er), re. 

fist'i-cuffs' (-kiifs'), re. pi. A fight with the fists. 

fis'tu-la (fls'tu-ld), re. ; pi. E. -las (-ldz), L. -L.E (-le). [L.] 
1. A reed ; a pipe. 2. Med. An abnormal opening or narrow 
cavity in a normal canal, organ, or other part of the body. 
3. Veter. An external but deep-seated ulcerous lesion con- 
nected with some internal cavity ; specif., such lesion on the 
withers. [lar corolla. I 

fis'tu-lar (-ldr), a. Tubular like a reed or pipe ; as, a fistu-\ 

fis'tU-lOUS (-lus), a. 1. Fistular. 2. Med. Having the form 
or nature of a fistula. [a canto. Archaic.\ 

fit (fit), re. [AS. fitt a song.] A division of a poem or song ;J 

fit, a. ; fit'ter (-er) ; -test. [ME. fyt ; of uncertain origin.] 
1. Adapted to an end, object, or design ; qualified. 2. Con- 
venient ; meet ; proper ; becoming. 3. Prepared ; ready ; — 
commonly used with to or for. 4. In fine physical condition 
and training ; — said of an athlete, race horse, etc. ; hence, 
in good health. 

Syn. Suitable, appropriate, proper, becoming, seemly .'con- 
gruous, consonant, correspondent, adapted, competent, 
adequate ; apt, pertinent, apposite. — Fit, suitable, ap- 
propriate, proper. Fit implies adaptation, competence, 
or (often) conformity to a standard ; suitable suggests 
that which accords with or becomes (esp.) a position, occa- 
sion, etc. ; appropriate emphasizes more strongly fitness 
or propriety as to taste or good judgment ; that is proper 



die, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87); 



381 






Egyptian Standards 




Roman Standards 






^ Banners A 



AN EARLY FORM | DE MONTFOBT |~BEAUSEANT 





SOTETOURTE 




TUDOR (ROSE) 



PEINIMOINIS 




Fi_ao of Columbus 




Standards 




STANDARD OF SPAIN (l49l) ROYAL STANDARD OF GREAT BRITAIN 



Guidon 




Gonfalon 




Danneeros 




"THE OLDEST FLAO" 






Pennant igerman- man-of-war) 



p De^lopmentq ofthe British qUn ion Jack 




jack (iaoi) 




DON.'T.TREfi© : -0N:-ME- 



RATTLESNAKE FLAG 



Early a American „Fuags 



AN APPEAL TO HEAVEN 





FLAG OF MAB8.(I77}| IpiNC TfHX FLAJ9(BUHKta Miu.) ■ CAMBRIDGE FLAG (me) MsTARS AHO STRIPES (nr>- I7M) 



H 



K 






L 



FLAGS 



M 



FIT 



382 



FLAGELLIFORM 



which is appropriate inherently or by common consent, or 
which is as it should be. 

— v. t. ; fit'ted (-ed ; 24) ; fit'ting. 1. To be suitable to ; be- 
fit. 2. To make fit. 3. To cause to conform or be suited 
(to). 4. To bring to a required form and size ; shape aright ; 
adjust. 5. To supply with something fit. 

— v. i. 1. To be fit or becoming ; as, it fits well to ask the 
question. 2. To suit or be adapted as to shape or size ; as, 
his coat fits very well. 

■— n. 1. The quality or condition of being fit or of fitting. 
2. Mach. a Coincidence of parts in contact ; tightness of 
adjustment of adjacent parts, b A part upon which an- 
other part fits tightly. 3. A making fit; preparation. 
Colloq., U. S. 

fit, to. [AS. fit strife, fight.] 1. A sudden violent attack of a 
disorder, esp. epilepsy or apoplexy ; a convulsion ; parox- 
ysm. 2. A sudden transitory effort or outburst ; as, a fit of 
industry ; a fit pi laughter. 3. A transient mood, passing 
humor, or caprice ; as, a fit of anger, 
by fits, by fits and starts, by intervals of action and re- 
pose ; intermittently. 

fitch (fich), to. The fitchet or its fur. 

fitch (fich), to. [See vetch.] 1. A vetch. 06s. 2. In pi. 
Bib. In Isaiah, black caraway (Nigella sativa) ; in Eze- 
kiel, a plant which in the Revised Version is called spelt. 

fitch'ee, fitch'e (fich'a), a. [F. fiche, lit., p. p. of ficher to 
fasten.] Her. Pointed at its lower extremity ; — said of a 
cross. 

fitch'e t (-et), fitch'ew (-60), to. The European polecat. 

fit'ful (fit'fool), a. [From fit a paroxysm.] Spasmodic; 
impulsive and unstable. — fit'f ul-ly, adv. — fit'f ul-ness, to. 
Syn. Irregular, intermittent, variable, capricious, spas- 
modic ; convulsive. — Fitful, spasmodic. Fitful sug- 
gests an irregular and (often) capricious succession, as by 
fits and starts ; spasmodic implies violent, but intermit- 
tent and unsustained, activity ; as, fitful flashes ; spasmodic 
zeal. 

fit'ly (-IT), adv. In a fit manner or at a fit time ; suitably. 

fit'ness, to. Quality or state of being fit or fitted. 

lifter (fit'er), to. One who fits or makes to fit. 

lifting, to. Anything used in fitting up ; esp., in pi., fix- 
tures. — a. Fit ; suitable. — lit'ting-ly, adv. 

II fiu-ma'ra (fu-ma'rd), to.; pi. It. -mare (-ra), E. -maras 
(-rdz). [It., fr. fiume river, L. flumen.] A torrent ; also, 
the bed of a stream, whether covered with water or dry. 

five (flv), a. [AS. fif, fife.'] Four and one added; — a 
cardinal numeral used attributively, often with ellipsis of 
the noun ; as, five were found. — to. 1. The number greater 
by a unit than four. 2. A symbol representing five units, as 
5 or v. 3. Something having as an essential feature five 
units or members, as a playing card marked with five pips. 
Five Civilized Nations or Tribes, the Cherokee (with the 
affiliated Delawares), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and 
Seminole nations of Oklahoma. — F. Nations, a confeder- 
acy of Indians of Iroquoian stock comprising the Mo- 
hawks, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and Senecas. 

five'-fin'ger, to. 1. a The cinquefoil. b The oxlip. C The 
bird's-foot trefoil. 2. A five-rayed starfish. 

five'loUV (fiv'fold'), a. & adv. In fives ; consisting of five 
in one ; five times repeated ; quintuple. 

five'pence (flv'pens; colloq. fip'ens), to. Money worth 
five English pennies. — five'pen-ny (flv'pen-i ; f ip'en-l) , a. 

fiv'er (flv'er), to. Slang. 1. A five-dollar bill, or a five- 
pound note. 2. Something that counts as five. 

lives (flvz), to. A game somewhat similar to handball. 

fix (fiks), v. t. [From L. fixus, p. p. of fig ere to fix, perh. 
through F. fixer or LL. fixare.] l.To make firm, stable, 
or fast. 2. To render permanent or lasting. 3. To set or 
place definitely ; establish ; settle. 4. a To set or place in or- 
der ; adjust, b To put to rights ; repair. Colloq. 5. Chem. 
To render nonvolatile or solid ; to cause to make a nonvola- 
tile or solid compound ; as, to fix nitrogen. 6. Micros. To 
kill, harden, and preserve, as organisms or fresh tissues for 
microscopical study. 7. To place or settle (responsibility, 
authorship, blame, etc., on or upon) ; as, the crime was 
fixed on him. 8. To "settle " or " do for " (a person) ; also, 
to bring (one) round, as by bribery ; to "square." Colloq. 
Syn. Determine, settle, establish, place, set, confirm, 
limit, delimit. — Fix, establish. To fix is to give per- 
manence to something, esp. as it already exists ; establish 
often implies as well the origination, institution, or demon- 
stration of that which is fixed (esp. firmly) ; as, a language 
that has become fixed has ceased to grow ; he established 
his innocence. 

— v. i. To become fixed, firm, or stable. 

— n. A predicament ; dilemma. Colloq. 
fix'a-ble (fik'sd-b'l), a. Capable of being fixed. 

fix'ate (fik'sat), v. t. & i. ; -at-ed (-sat-Sd) ; -at-ing. [See 
fix, v. t.] To render, or become, fixed ; fix. 

fix-a'tion (fik-sa'sh#n), to. Act of fixing ; state of being fixed. 

fix'a-tive (fik'sd-ttv), a. Fixing or tending to fix, or make 
permanent. — to. That which fixes, or sets, anything, as a 
mordant. 



To astonish, esp. by ex- 



fixed (fikst), p. a. Also, Chiefly Poetic, lixt. 1. Securely 
placed. 2. Chem. a Nonvolatile ; as, a fixed oil. b Perma- 
nent in form or state ; as, a fixed gas. — fix'ed-ly (f lk'sSd- 
li), adv. — fix'ed-ness, to. 

fixed ammunition, ammunition in which the projectile, 
powder charge, primer, and, also, in certain forms, the fuse 
and bursting charge, are made up in the form of one cart- 
ridge. — f . charge, in general, a charge that cannot be es- 
caped, shifted, or altered ; specif., such a charge becoming 
due at stated intervals, as rentals, taxes, etc. ; — opp. to 
floating charge. — f . oil, Chem., a nonvolatile oil, as olein, 
which leaves a permanent greasy stain and cannot be dis- 
tilled unchanged ; — opp. to volatile, or essential, oil. — £. 
star, Astron., a star whose apparent position relative to sur- 
rounding stars seems unvarying ; — opp. to planet or comet. 

fixing, to. 1. Act of one that fixes. 2. In pi. Arrangements ; 
trimmings ; accompaniments. Colloq. [is fixed.l 

iix'i-ty (fik'si-ti), to. State of being fixed or that which| 

fix'ture (fiks'tyr), to. 1. Act of fixing ; state of being fixed. 
2. Thing or person firmly fastened or established. 3. 
That which is fixed or attached permanently or firmly ; as, 
the electric fixtures of a room. 

iix'ure (-ur), to. Fixed position ; firmness. Archaic. 

fiz'gig' (fiz'gTg'), to. 1. A gadding, flirting girl or woman. 
2. A firework which fizzes or hisses when it explodes ; also, 
a. whirligig ; a kind of noisy toy. 

fizz, liz (fiz), v. i.; fizzed (fizd) ; fizz'ing. To hiss, as a 
burning fuse. — to. A hissing sound ; effervescing drink. 

fiz'zle (flz''l), v. i. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-ling). 1. To 
fizz. _ 2. To burn with a fizz and then go out ; hence, to 
fail ignominiously after a good beginning. Colloq. — to. 
1. A hissing. 2. A failure. Colloq. 

fizz'y (fiz'i), a.; fizz'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Effervescing. 

Ijeld (fyeld), to. [Norw. or Dan.] Geog. A barren plateau 
of the Scandinavian upland. 

fjord (fyord). Var. of fiord. 

flab'ber-gast (flab'er-gast), v.t. 
traordinary statements. Colloq. 

flab'by (flab'I), a.; -bi-er (-i-er) ; -bi-est. [See flap.] 
Wanting firmness ; flaccid ; fig., feeble ; weak. — Syn. See 
limp. — flab'bi-ly, adv. — flab'bi-ness, to. 

fla-bel'late (fld-bel'at), a. Flabelliform. 

fla-bel'li-form (-i-form), a. [L. flabellum fan -f -form.'] 
Having the form of a fan ; fan-shaped. See leaf, Illust. 

fla-bellum (-um), to. ; pi. -la (-d). [L., a fan, dim. of fla- 
brum a breeze, flare to blow.] A fan or fan-shaped part ; 
the feather fan carried before the Pope on state occasions. 

flac'cid (flak'sid), a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby.] 
Lacking stiffness ; soft and weak ; flabby. — Syn. See 
limp. — flac-cid'i-ty (flak-sid'i-tT), to. — flac'cid-ly, adv. 

|| flache'rie' (flash/re'), n. [F.] A disease of silkworms. 

|| fla'con' (fla'k6N'), to. [F. See flagon.] Small bottle ; flask. 

flag (flag) , to. 1. Any of various plants having long, ensif orm 
leaves ; esp., an iris. 2. The leaf of such a plant. 

flag, to. Any hard stone suitable for paving ; also, a flagstone. 

— v. t. To lay with flags, or flat stones. 

flag, to. 1. Alight cloth bearing a device or devices to indicate 
nationality, party, etc., or to give or ask information ; 
standard ; banner ; ensign. See Illust., p. 381. 2. a ~ 
pi. The long feathers on the lower 
part of the legs of certain hawks, 
owls, etc. b In pi. The 
secondaries of a bird's 
wing. C The bushy tail 
of certain dogs, as set- 
ters ; also, the tail of a 
deer. — Syn. Colors, 
pennon, pennant, 
streamer, signal. 
flag of truce, Mil., a 
white flag displayed to^ 
an enemy as an invita- 
tion to a parley or a ~. _ tt.,:*^ c*„*~~ tti„ 
desire to make some The Umted States Fla 8- 
communication not hostile ; also, the bearer of such a flag. 
It renders the bearer inviolate. 

— y. t. 1. To put a flag or flags on. 2. To signal with or as 
with a flag. 3. To convey, as a message, by means of flag 
signals. 4. To decoy (game) by waving a flag, or the like, to 
arouse the animal's curiosity. 

flag, v. i. 1. To hang loose ; be limp. 2. To grow spiritless ; 
lose vigor ; lag. — Syn. Droop, decline, fail, languish, pine. 

— v. t. To let droop or cause to droop. 

flag'el-lant ( flaj'e-ldnt ; fld-jel'dnt ), to. [L. flagellans, 
p. pr. See flagellate.] One who flagellates ; esp. , a fanatic 
who scourges himself. — a. Flagellating ; lashing. 

flag'el-late (flaj'e-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[h.flagellatus, p. p. of flagellar e to scourge, ir.flagellum 
whip.] To whip ; scourge ; flog. — a. Having flagellums ; 
shaped like a flagellum. 

flag'el-la'tion (-la'shSn), to. A beating ; scourging. 

fla-gel'li-form (fld-jel'i-form), a. \_flagellum + -form.] 
Long, slender, round, flexible, and (commonly) tapering. 




ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FLAGELLUM 



383 



FLASH 



fla-gellum (-um), n.; pi. E. -ldms, L. -LA. [L., a whip.] 
Biol. A whiplike process or appendage, as of a cell. 

flag'eo-let' (flaj'6-lef ; flaj'o-let), n. [F., dim. of OF. fla- 
geol flageolet, deception.] Music. A small shrill-sounding 
wooden pipe having six or more holes and a mouthpiece. 



Flageolet. 

flag'ging (flag'Tng), n. A pavement or sidewalk of flag- 
stones ; flagstones collectively. 
flag'ging, p. a. Languid ; weak ; spiritless ; drooping. 

flag'gy (flag'i), o. Abounding with, or like, the flag (plant). 

flag'gy, a. [From flag the stone.] Pert, to flagstone; 
like flags ; laminate ; as, stone with flaggy structure. 

flag'gy, a. [From flag to hang loose.] Drooping ; limp. 

fla-gi'tious (fld-jish'ws), a. [L. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium a 
shameful act.] 1. Grossly wicked ; shamefully criminal ; — 
said of acts, crimes, etc. 2. Guilty of, or characterized by, 
enormous crimes or scandalous vices ; villainous ; corrupt. 
— Syn. See flagrant. — fla-gi'tious-ly, adv. — ness, n. 

flag'man (flag'man), n. One who carries a flag or signals 
with a flag. 

flag officer. Naval. An officer commanding a fleet or 
squadron, or one entitled to display a flag indicative of his 
command rank, as an admiral, vice admiral, or rear admiral. 

flag'on (flagon), n. [F. flacon, OF. also flagon, fr. LL. 
fiasco."] A vessel for liquors, esp. one with a handle and a 
spout and, usually, a lid, but sometimes merely a large bulg- 
ing bottle. 

fla'gran-cy (fla'grdn-sT), n.; pi. -ctes (-siz). Also, Rare, 

fla'grance (-grans). State or quality of being flagrant. 

fla'grant (-grant), a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of fia- 
grare to burn.] 1. Flaming ; burning. Rare. 2. Flaming 
into notice ; notorious ; heinous ; glaringly wicked. 
Syn. Glaring, nefarious ; flagitious, heinous, atrocious, 
villainous, profligate, abandoned, hateful, odious, mon- 
strous, wanton, violent, outrageous. — Flagrant, flagi- 
tious, heinous, atrocious, outrageous. That is fla- 
grant which is glaring or notorious ; that is flagitious 
which is grossly or scandalously wicked ; as, flagrant af- 
fronts ; flagitious crimes. Heinous suggests hateful and 
(often) monstrous, atrocious, violent or wantonly savage, 
wickedness ; as, heinous sins ; atrocious cruelty. Outra- 
geous suggests gross violation of right or decency. 

fla'grant-ly, adv. In a flagrant manner. 

flag'ship' (flag'ship'), n. Naval. The ship that carries the 
commander of a fleet or squadron and flies his flag. 

flag'staff (flag'staf), n. ; pi. -staffs _ (-stafs') or -staves 
(-stavz'). A staff on which a flag is hoisted. 

flag'stone' (-ston'), n. A flat stone used in paving ; a flag. 

flail (flal), n. [From L. flagellum whip, scourge, flail, dim. 
of flagrum whip, scourge.] An instrument for threshing 
grain by hand. — v. t. & i. To beat with or as with a flail. 

flair (flar), n. [OF. & F. flair odor, deriv. of L. fragrare. 
See fragrant.] Sense of smell; scent; fig., discriminat- 
ing or sagacious sense ; instinctive discernment. 

flake (flak), n. A rack or stage, esp. for drying fish. 

flake, n. 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of 
anything. 2. Hort. Any of a race of carnations having only 
two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes. — 
v. t. & i. ; flaked (flakt) ; flak'ing (flak'ing). To form or 
separate into, or to cover or mark with, flakes. 

flake (flak), n. A flat layer, or fake, of a coiled cable. 

flak'er (flak'er), n. One who, or that which, flakes. 

flake white. Pure white lead deposited in flakes, and 
ground with oil or gum water as a pigment for artists. 

flak'y (flak'i), a.; flak'i-er; -i-est. Consisting of, lying 
in, or cleaving off in, flakes, or layers. — flak'i-ness, n. 

flam (flam), n. 1. A falsehood ; a piece of deception. 2. 
Humbug. — v. t. ; flammed (flamd) ; flam'mtng. To de- 
ceive, as by lying ; trick ; cheat. 

flam, n. A drumbeat executed after the manner of a grace 
note, by allowing the sticks to strike the drumhead so 
nearly at the same time as just to be heard separately. 

flam/beau (flam'bo), n.; pi. -beaux (-boz) or-BEAUs (-boz). 
[F.,fr. OF. flambe flame, fr. L. flammula, dim. oiflamma 
flame.] A flaming torch. 

flam-boy'ant (flam-boi'ant), a. 
[F.] 1. Arch. Marked by wav- 
ing or flamelike curves, as the 
tracery of the later French 
Gothic windows. 2. Gorgeous ; 
showy. — flam-boy'ant-ly, adv. 

flame (flam), n. [OF., fr. L. flam- 
ma.'] 1. A body of burning gas 
or vapor, as from wood or other 
substance undergoing combus- 
tion. 2. State of blazing com- 
bustion ; blaze ; also, any flame- Flamboyant Tracery from 
like state or appearance ; glow. Church at Rouen, France. 
3. Burning zeal ; passion ; ardor. 4. A sweetheart. Colloq. 
Syn. Flame, blaze, flare, glare, glow (esp. in their fig. 
senses). Flame suggests a sudden or violent (often inter- 





mittent) outburst, as of anger or zeal ; blaze commonly 
connotes greater steadiness and intensity. To flare is to 
shine or (esp.) burst out with a spreading, unsteady, and 
often unpleasant light ; to glare is to shine with a lurid or 
painfully dazzling light; as, the torches flared; the sun 
glared on the white sand. In their adj. uses, flaring con- 
notes gaudy, ostentatious, or flaunting display ; glaring, 
whatever is flagrant or notorious ; flaming often suggests 
vividness, sometimes gaudiness, of color. Glow suggests 
strong and continued heat, and (often) heightened color ; 
fig., it suggests fervor or strong emotion. 

— v. %., flamed (flamd) ; flam'ing (flam'ing). 1. To burn 
with a flame. 2. To burst forth like flame, or with zeal or 
ardor. 3. To have a flamelike appearance ; glow. — v. t. To 
kindle ; inflame ; excite. 

fla'men (fla'men), n.; pi. E. -mens (-menz), L. flamtnes 
(flam'i-nez). [L.] Roman Relig. A priest. 

fla-min'go (fld-min'go), n.; pi. -gos or -goes (-goz). [Sp. 
flamenco.] Any of a family (Phoenico- 
pteridx) of tropical or semitropical aquatic ^ 
birds with very long legs and neck. 

Fla-min'i-an (fld-mih'i-an), a. Of or pert, 
to the Roman censor Caius Flaminius (d. 
217 b. c.) or his public works ; as, the Flamin- 
ian Way. 

flam'y (flam'T), a. Flaming or flamelike. 

flan (flan ; F. fliiN), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. OHG. 
flado a sort of pancake.] 1. A cake with a filling 
of cheese, fruit, or cream. 2. Numis. A blank. 

|| fia'ne-rie' (fla'n'-re'), n. [F.] Strolling; _ 
hence : aimlessness ; idleness. Flamingo. 

|| fl&'neur' (fla'nur'), n. [F., fr. flaner to stroll.] One who 
strolls about aimlessly ; a stroller. 

flange (flanj), n. A rib or rim for strength, for a guide, or 
for attachment to another object. — v. t. ; flanged 
(flanjd) ; flang'ing (flan'jmg). Mach. To make a flange 
on ; to furnish with a flange. 

flank (flank), n. [F. flanc] 1. The side of an animal, be- 
tween the ribs and the hip. 2. Hence, the side of any- 
thing. 3. Mil. & Naval, a The right or left of an army, 
fleet, or any command, b Fort. That part of a bastion 
which reaches from the curtain to the face. C The right 
or left side of a fortification. 

— v. t. 1. Mil. a To command or guard the flank of. b To 
attack the flank of. C To pass around, or turn, the flank of. 
2. To be situated at the flank, or side, of ; border. 

— v. i. To be placed, or to act, at the flank. 
flank'er (flan'ker), n. One who, or that which, flanks. 
flan'nel (flan'el), n. [W. gwlanen flannel, gwlan wool.] 

1. A soft woolen cloth, of loose texture. 2. In pi. Flannel 
clothing. — v. t. To clothe in, or rub with, flannel. 

flan'nel-ette', flan'nel-et' (flan'el-ef), n. A soft narrow 
flannel ; also, a cotton imitation of flannel. 

flan'nel-ly (flan'el-T), a. Resembling flannel. 

flap (flap), n. [ME. flappe, flap, blow, fly flap.] 1. Any- 
thing broad and limber, or flat and thin, that hangs loose, 
as a hinged leaf of a table. 2. Surg. A portion of flesh, partly 
severed from the adjoining tissues, as for covering a de- 
nuded surface. 3. The motion of anything broad and loose, 
or a stroke or sound made with it. 

— v. t. & i.; flapped (flapt) ; flap'ping. 1, To beat or 
rouse with a flap. 2. To move with a beating motion ; as, 
to flap the wings. 3. To turn, fold, or throw suddenly or 
violently. 4. To furnish with a flap or flaps. 

flap'doo'dle (flap'doo'd'l), n. Food for fools ; hence : spe- 
cious talk ; nonsense. Colloq. 

flap'drag'on (-drag'un), n. A game in which tidbits are 
caught out of burning brandy and put blazing into the mouth ; 
a thing so caught and eaten. 

flap'jack' (-jakO, n. A griddlecake. U. S : or Dial. Eng. 

flap'per (flap'er), n. One who, or that which, flaps. 

flare (flar), v. i. ; flared (flard) ; flar'ing. 1. To burn or 
blaze out with a sudden unsteady light. 2. To open or 
spread outward, as the bows of a ship. — Syn. See flame. 
to flare up, to show sudden excitement or passion. Colloq. 

— v. t. To cause to flare ; display flaringly ; also, to signal by 
means of fires or flares. 

— n. 1. An unsteady, glaring light. 2. A blaze of fire oi 
light, usually brief, used as a signal, often repeated at inter 
vals. 3. A spreading outward, or a place or part that 
spreads. 4. Photog. A defect in a photographic objective 
such that an image of the stop, or diaphragm, appears as a 
fogged spot in the center of the developed negative. 

flare'— up', n. A bursting into flame, or, fig., into anger. 
flash (flash), v. i. 1. To dash or splash, as waves. Archaic. 

2. To break forth in or like a sudden flame ; to gleam ; light 
up. 3. To come or pass like a flash. 4. To break suddenly 
into intense action, consciousness, or the like ; to break 
forth or out in a sudden or unexpected display. 

Syn. Flash, sparkle, glitter, gleam, glance, glint, 
glimmer, shimmer, glisten. Flash implies a sudden 
and transient outburst of light; sparkle suggests quick, 
bright flashes or scintillation ; glitter connotes greater 



G 



H 



J 



K 









K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, li Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 



M 



FLASHBOARD 



384 



FLAW 



brilliancy or showiness than sparkle, sometimes with the 
implication of something sinister. Gleam commonly ap- 
plies to light which shines through a medium, or against a 
background of relative darkness. Glance implies darting 
or obliquely reflected light ; glint, quickly glancing or 
gleaming light. Glimmer suggests faint and wavering 
light ; shimmer, soft, tremulous, and lustrous light ; 
glisten, faintly scintillating light. 

— v.L 1. To dash or splash (water). Archaic. 2. To send 
out in or as in, or by, flashes ; as, the news was flashed from 
town to town. 3. To display showily. Colloq. 4. a To coat 
(glass) with a film of tinted glass, b To apply (this colored 
glass) to glass or glassware ; — often used with on. 5. Arch. 
To protect against rain, by sheet metal or a substitute, laid 
under or over the roofing, such as tiles or slate ; as, to flash 
the valley or the edge of a roof. Cf. flashing, 2. 

— n. 1. A sudden burst or blaze of light. 2. A sudden bril- 
liant burst, as of wit. 3. The duration of a flash ; a brief 
time. 4. Show ; display, esp. when vulgar or ostentatious ; 
also, a "flashy" person. Obsoles. 5. [From flash, a.] The 
slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes. 6. a A stream or 
rush of water, as at a shoal or weir for letting a boat de- 
scend, b A device used to procure a flash of water, as a 
sluiceway. 7. A layer of glass flashed on. 8. A preparation 
for coloring liquors. 

flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan of 
a flintlock without discharging the piece ; hence, sudden, 
spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing. 

— a. 1. Of or pertaining to thieves, tramps, and the like ; as, 
flash language. 2. Showy ; cheap, pretentious, and vulgar ; 
as, flash jewelry. 3. Wearing showy, counterfeit ornaments ; 
vulgarly pretentious ; — applied esp. to thieves, gamblers, 
and prostitutes. 

flash/board' (flash'bord' ; 57), n. A board placed on a mill- 
dam to increase the depth of the water. 

flash/er (flash'er), n. One who, or that which, flashes. 

flash'i-ly (-I-1I), adv. In a flashy manner. 

flash'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being flashy. 

flashing, n. 1. Engineering. The creation of an artificial 
flood by the sudden letting in of a body of water ; — called 
also flushing. 2. Arch. Covering material of metal or, 
loosely, of other waterproofing used to protect the joints of 
a wall, the valleys of roofs, etc. 

flash light. A flash of light or a light that flashes, as a kind 
of revolving light for lighthouses, a sudden or intermittent 
light used as a signal, etc. — flash'— light', a. 

flash'y (flash'!), a.; flash'i-er; -i-est. 1. Flashing; daz- 
zling for a moment. 2. Showy ; gaudy. — Syn. See gaudy. 

flask (flask), n. [F. flasque powder flask, deriv. of LL. flas- 
ca.~] 1. A narrow-necked or 
bottle-shaped vessel, variously 
used; as, a powder flask, oil 
flask. 2. Founding. The® 
frame which holds the sand, 
etc., forming the mold used in 

flas f hTn dry [F. flasque cheek of ° ne form of Flask - 2 " 
a gun carriage.] Ordnance. Formerly ,_ the bed of a gun 
carriage ; now, the plates forming the sides of the trail of 
a gun carriage. [2. A small flask. I 

flask'et (flas'ket ; 24), n. 1. A long, shallow basket. Eng.\ 

flat (flat), n. [Scot, flet, fr. AS. flet ground, floor. Oxf. E. 
D.~] A story in a building ; esp., a story, or suite of rooms in 
one story, forming a complete residence. 

flat, a. ; flat/ter (-er) ; flat'test. [Akin to Icel. flatr, and 
AS. flet floor.] 1. Having a surface level and smooth, or 
relatively so. 2. Lying spread out ; prostrate ; hence : laid 
low ; ruined. 3. Having a smooth or even surface, whether 
horizontal or not ; as, the flat face of a rock ; also, having 
relatively even surface. 4. In painting, uniform or monoto- 
nous in light and shade or in color ; also, free from gloss. 5. 
Having broad smooth surfaces and little thickness ; as, a 
flat bone ; to be squeezed flat. 6. a Clear ; positive ; down- 
right ; as, a flat decision ; hence : unvarying ; esp., without 
discount ; as, a flat rate, b Dull ; uninteresting ; monoto- 
nous, c Commercially inactive ; dull ; as, a flat market, d 
Tasteless ; insipid, as a drink. 7. a Lacking clearness or so- 
nority ; — said esp. of sounds, b Of consonant sounds, soft 
or voiced. 8. Music. Below the true pitch ; hence, minor, 
or lower by a half step ; as, A flat. 9. Shipbuilding. With- 
out bevel ; — said of timbers. 10. Gram. Not having an in- 
flectional ending or sign, as a noun used as an adjective, or 
an adjective used as an adverb, without the addition of a 
formative suffix, or an infinitive used without to. Many flat 
adverbs, as in run fast, buy cheap, are from AS. adverbs in 
-e, the loss of this ending having made them like the adjec- 
tives. Some, as exceeding, wonderful, are archaic, the 
forms in -ly being usual.' — Syn. See level, insipid. 
flat foot. Med. a A foot in which the arch of the instep 
is flattened so that the entire sole rests on the ground, b 
[Written flatfoot.] The deformity exhibited by such a foot. 

—adv. 1. Flatly. 2. Finance. Without interest. 3. Without 
excess ; exactly ; as, to run 100 yards in ten seconds flat. 





— n. 1. A level surface ; a plain. 2. A shoal ; shallow. 3« 
Something flat or the flat part of anything, as of a sword 
blade. 4. M usic. A flat tone or note. 5. A surf ace of paint 
that is not glossy. [flat. 

— v. t. & i. ; flat'ted ; flat'ting. To make or become 
flat'boat' (flat'bof), n. A boat with a flat bottom anc 

square ends, used esp. in shallow waters. 

flat'fish' (-fishO, n. Any of a large group of fishes, includ- 
ing the flounder, halibut, sole, etc., that swim on one side,, 
and, in the adults, have both eyes on the upper side. 

flat'— foot 'ed, a. 1. Having a flat foot (see under flat, a.). 
2. Firm-footed; determined. Slang, U. S. 

Flat'head' (-hed'), n. 1. One of a small tribe of American 
Indians, specifically so called. 2. A Chinook Indian. 

flat'i'ron (-I'urn), n. An iron for ironing clothes ; a sadiron. 

flatting (-ling), a. Dealt with the flat side of a weapon ; 
hence, falling or pressing down on one. 

flat'ling, adv. Also flat'lings, and, 06s., flatlong. Flat ; 
with the flat side. Archaic or Dial. Eng. 

flat'ly, adv. In a flat manner. 

flat'ness, n. Quality or state of being flat. 

flat'ten (-'n), v. t. 1. To make flat. 2. To throw down ; 
prostrate ; hence : to depress ; deject. — v. i. To become or 
grow flat. — flat'ten-er, n. 

flatter (flatter), n. One who, or that which, makes flat; 
specif.: a Smithing. A flat-faced 
swage. . b Metal Working. A 
drawplatefor drawing flat strips. 

flat'ter, v. t. [ME. flateren : cf. 
F. flatter.'] 1. To treat with flat- 
tery. 2. To encourage with favor- 
able, but sometimes unfounded, Flatter, a. 
representations ; beguile ; charm. 3. To represent too fa- 
vorably, as a portrait. — v. i. To use flattery. j 

flat'ter-er, n. One who flatters. 

flat'ter-ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of flatter. — ing-ly, adv. 

flat'ter-y (-T), n.; pi. -teries (-iz). [OF. flaterie, F. flat- 
terie, fr. flater to flatter, F. flatter.'] Act of pleasing by 
artful compliments; false, insincere, or excessive praise; 
also,_ blandishment. — Syn. See compliment. 

flat'ting, p. pr. & vb. n. of flat. 

flat'tish (flat'ish), a. Somewhat flat. 

flat'u-lence (flat^-lens), n. State of being flatulent. 

flat'u-len-cy (-len-si), n. Flatulence. 

flat'u-lent (-lent), a. [F., fr. L. flatus a blowing, flatus 
ventris windiness.] 1. Generating gas in the alimentary 
canal ; marked by or affected with flatus. 2. Pretentious 
without substance ; inflated. — flat'u-lent-ly, adv. 

fla'tus (fla'tus), n.; pi. E. -tuses (-ez; 24),L.-tus. [L., 
fr. flare to blow.] 1. A puff of wind. 2. Gas generated 
in the stomach, intestines, or other body cavity. 

flat'ware' (flat'war'), n. Articles, as of china or silver, for 
the table that are more or less flat, as plates, saucers, etc. ; 
— disting. from hollow ware, as bowls, tureens, etc. 

flat'ways' (flat'wazO, flat'wise' (-wlz'), a. or adv. With 
the flat side downward, or next to another object. 

flat'worm' (-wQrm'), n. Zool. a Any platyhelminth. b 
In a narrower sense, any planarian. 

flaught (flot ; Scot. flaKt), n. A flake ; esp., a flake, or flash, 
of fire. Archaic or Scot. 

flaunt (flant; flont), v. i. & t. To wave, flutter, or move 
ostentatiously ; display obtrusively or ostentatiously. — ■ 
Syn. See brandish. — n. Act of flaunting ; Obs., anything 
flaunted. — flaunt'er, n. — flaunt'ing-ly, adv. 

flaunt'y (flan'tl ; flon'-), a. Boastfully showy ; flaunting. 

flau'tist (flo'tist), n. [It. flautista. See flute.] A flutist. 

fla-ves'cent (fld-ves'ent), a. [L. flavescens turning yel- 
low, flavus yellow.] Turning yellow ; yellowish. 

Fla'vi-an (fla/vl-an),_ a. Of or pertaining to the house of 
Flayius; specif., designating three Roman emperors, Ves- 
pasian, Titus, and Domitian. 

fla'vin (fla'vin), n. [L. flavus yellow.] Chem. A prepara- 
tion of the coloring matter of quercitron. 

fla'vone (fla'von), n. [L. flavus yellow -f- -one."] Org. 
Chem. a A colorless crystalline compound, C15H10O2. It is 
the parent substance of various yellow dyestuffs. b By ex- 
tension, any of the derivatives of the above compound. 

fla'VO-pur/pu-rin (fla'vo-pur'pu-rln), n. [L. flavus yellow 
+ E. purpurin.] A yellowish red dye found in commer- 
cial alizarin, and closely related to it. 

fla'vor, fla'vour (fla'ver), n. [OF. fleur, flaur (two sylla- 
bles), odor.] 1. Odor; fragrance. 2. That quality of 
anything which affects the taste, or gratifies the palate; 
relish; savor. 3. A flavoring substance. 4. A predomi- 
nant or characterizing quality of anything. — Syn. See 
taste. — v. t. To give flavor, relish, or savor, to. 

fla'vor-Ing, fla'vour-ing, to. Anything, as an essence or 
extract, used to give a particular flavor. 

fla'VOr-OUS (-us), a. Imparting flavor; pleasant in taste. 

flaw (flo), n. 1. A crack; gap; fissure. 2. A defect; a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
©se, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FLAW 



385 



FLEXIBLE 




fault ; esp., in a legal paper, a fault that may nullify it. — 
Syn. Fracture, breach, rift, cleft; spot, speck. See 
blemish. — v. t. To make a flaw in. — v. i. To become 
defective; crack. — flaw'less, a. — flaw'y (-T), a. 
flaw, n. 1. A sudden gust of wind. 2. A sudden tumult ; 

uproar. Obs. — Syn. See wind. — flaw'y (-T), a. 
flax (flaks), n. [AS. fleax.~\ 1. A slender erect annual plant 
(Linum usitatissimum), with 
blue flowers, commonly culti-, 
vated for its fiber and seed; also, 
its fiber prepared for spinning. 
The fiber is used in the manufac- 
ture of linen thread, cloth, etc. 
2. Any of several plants resem- 
bling flax ; — usually with qualify- 
ing word, as tozd.fl.ax, white flax. 
flax'en (flak's'n), a. 1. a Made of 
flax ; as, flaxen thread, b Re- 
sembling flax; of a light straw 
color. 2. Pert, to flax ; as, flaxen 
manufacture. 

flax'seed' (flaks'sed 7 ; commonly 
flak'sedO, n. The seed of flax, 
widely used in medicine, and yield- Common Flax ( \ ) . 1 
ing an oil {linseed oil) used in Section of Flower; 2 
paints, printer's ink, linoleum, etc. Capsule. 

flax'y (flak'sT), a. Like flax; flaxen; as, flaxy filaments. 

flay (fla), v. t. [AS. flean.~\ To strip off the skin or surface 
of ; fig., to criticize severely ; also, to pillage. — flay'er, n. 

flea (fle), n. [AS. flea, fleah.~] Any of an order (Siphona- 
ptera, syn. Aphaniptera), sometimes regarded as a. single 
family (Pulicidae), of hard-bodied wingless bloodsucking 
insects with extraordinary powers of leaping. 
a flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, 
annoying like a flea ; an irritating repulse. 

flea'bane' (fle'ban'), n. Any of various plants of the aster 
family, supposed to drive away fleas. 

flea'bite' (fle / bTt / ), n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot 
caused by the bite. 2. A trifling wound or pain. 

flea'bit'ten (-bif'n), a. 1. Bitten by a flea : 2. White, 
flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel ; — said of a horse. 

fleam (flem), n. [OF. flieme, fr. LL. fledomum, flevoto- 
mum, phlebotomum. See phlebotomy.] I.Surg. A kind 
of lancet. 2. Angle of bevel of the edge of a saw tooth with 
respect to the plane of the blade. 

flea'wort' (fle'wurt'), n. 1. A European asteraceous aro- 
matic herb (Inula squarrosa) with rough leaves and corym- 
bose flower heads. 2. A southern European plantain (Plan- 
tago psyllium), whose seeds are used in medicine. 

11 fleche (flesh), n. [F. fleche, prop., an arrow.] 1. Fort. 
A salient outwork of two faces with an open gorge. 2. 
Arch. A spire, esp. a slender one above the intersection of 
the nave and transepts of a church. 

fleck (flek), n. 1. A spot, as a freckle ; a streak ; speckle. 2. 
A flake ; particle. — v. t. To spot ; streak ; stripe ; dapple. 

fleck'y (-i), a. Having flecks ; also, wavy. 

flec'tion (flek'shun), n. 1. Act of flexing. 2. A bend ; a part 
bent. 3. Gram. Inflection. [flection. I 

flec'tion-al (-a\), a. Capable of, or pert, to, flection or in-j 

fled (fled), pret. & p. p. of flee. 

fledge (fle.j), a. [AS. fiycge.~\ Feathered ; equipped or able 
to fly. Obs. — v. i.; fledged (flejd) ; fledg'ing (flej'Tng). 
To acquire the feathers necessary for flight. — v. t. 1. To 
care for (a bird) until its plumage is developed. 2. To pro- 
vide or cover with mature plumage, or with something 
feathery, as pubescent down. 3. To feather (an arrow). 

fledg'ling, fledge'ling (flej'lTng), n. A bird just fledged. 

fledg'y (flej'T), a. [See fledge, a.] Feathered ; downy. 

flee (fle), v. i. ; fled (fled) ; flee'ing. [AS. fleon.'] 1. To 
run away, as from danger ; — often used with from. 2. To 
pass away swiftly ; vanish ; as, the shadows flee away. 3. 
To fly, as a bird or an arrow ; speed. Archaic. — v. t. To 
run away from ; shun ; as, fortune fled her favorite child. 

fleece (fles), n. [AS. fleos.~\ 1. The coat of wool that 
covers a sheep ; the wool shorn from a sheep at one time. 
2. A fleecelike covering. 3. A textile fabric having a silky 
pile, used for linings ; also, the pile or nap. — v. t. ; fleeced 
(flest) ; fleec'ing (fies'mg). 1. To shear (sheep). 2. To 
strip of money or other property. 3. To spread over, or 
fleck, as with wool. — fleec'er (fles'er), n. 

fleece'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being fleeced. 

fleeced (flest), a. Furnished with a fleece, as a sheep. 

fleec'y (fles'T), a. ; fleec'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Of, like, or 
covered with, a fleece. — fleec'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. 

fle'er (fle'er), n. One who flees. 

fleer (fler), v. i. & t. To laugh, grin, or grimace, coarsely ; 
mock ; gibe. — Syn. See scoff. — n. 1. A word or look 
of derision or mockery. 2. A leer. Obs. — fleer'ing-ly, adv. 

fleet (flet), n. [AS. fleot place where vessels float.] 1. A 
creek, inlet, or river. Obs. or Dial, exc. in place names ; 
as, Fleet Street in London. 2. [cap.~] A former prison in 
London, long used as a debtors' prison. 



fleet, n. [AS. flSot, ship, fr. fleotan to float, swim.] 1. A 
number of war vessels under one command ; also, the navy 
of a country. 2. Any group of vessels in company. 

fleet, v.i. 1. To float ; sail. Obs. 2. To glide along or away ; 
hence : to flit ; vanish. 3. To fly swiftly ; hasten. 4. Naut. 
To move, shift, or change in position ; as, the crew fleeted 
aft. — v. t. 1. To pass (time). 2. Naut. To move or change 
(in some certain way) ; as, to fleet aft the crew. 

— a. 1. Swift in motion ; quick ; hence : evanescent ; fleeting. 
2. Shallow. Obs.- Syn. See fast. - fleet'ly, adv. ness, n. 

fleet'ing, p. a. Passing swiftly. — Syn. See transient. 
Flem'ing (flem'Tng), n. A Flemish-speaking Belgian. 
Flem'ish, a. Pert, to Flanders, the Flemings, or Flemish. 

— n. The Low German language of northern Belgium. It 
is closely related to Dutch. [from a whale. I 

flense (flens), v. t. To strip the blubber or skin from, asj 
flesh (flesh), n. [AS. flsesc^] 1. Broadly, the soft parts of 
an animal, esp. a vertebrate animal, usually excluding the 
skin and most viscera. 2. Animal food ; meat ; esp., the 
body of beasts and birds used as food, as disting. from fish, 
and sometimes excluding fowl. 3. The surface or exter- 
nal appearance of the body, esp. as to color ; as, a person 
of fair flesh. 4. The human body, as distinguished from 
the soul. 5. Human nature : a In a good sense, ten- 
derness of feeling ; gentleness, b In a bad sense, desire for 
sensual gratification ; carnality. 6. Kindred ; race. 7. 
Mankind. 8. Living beings generally ; animal life. 9. The 
pulpy substance of fruit ; also, that part of a root, fruit, 
etc., which is fit to be eaten. 

— v. t. 1. To feed (as_ dogs) with flesh so as to incite to exer- 
tion. 2. To initiate in, or inflame with a desire for, blood- 
shed ; hence, to incite to passion, lust, etc., by a foretaste of 
it. Also, to thrust into flesh, as a sword. 3. To glut ; hence : 
to harden ; accustom. 4. To clothe or cover with or as with 
flesh ; hence, to fatten. 5. Leather Manuf. To remove 
flesh, membrane, etc., from, as from hides. 

flesh'er (flesh'er), n. A butcher. Chiefly Scot. 

flesh fly. Any of a genus (Sarcophaga) or family (Sarcopha- 
gidse) of true flies, whose larvae or maggots feed on flesh. 

flesh'i-nessj-i-nes), n. State of being fleshy. 

flesh'ingS (-Tngz), n. pi. Flesh-colored tights. 

flesh'less, a. Destitute of flesh ; emaciated ; lean. 

flesh'ly (-IT), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh or body ; 
corporeal ; carnal ; sensual. 2. Having, or composed of, 
flesh ; also, Obs., having much flesh. — flesh'li-ness, n. 

flesh'pot/ (-pot'), n. A pot or vessel in which flesh is 
cooked ; hence, in pi. : plenty ; high living. 

flesh'y (-1), a.; flesh'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or resembling, flesh ; marked by abundant or exces- 
sive flesh ; plump ; fat. 2. Human ; carnal. Obs. 

fletch (flech), v. t. To feather, as an arrow; fledge. 

fletch'er (-er), n. [OF. flechier, fr. fleche arrow.] One 
who fletches arrows ; a maker of arrows or of bows and 
arrows. Hist, or Archaic. 

Fletch'er-ism (-Tz'm), n. The practice of thorough masti- 
cation of the food advocated by Horace Fletcher (b. 1849). 

— Fletch'er-ize, v. i. 

U fleur'-de-lis' (flur'de-le'), n.; pi. fleurs-de- 
lis (flur'-). [F., flower of the lily.] 1. The iris. 

2. Heraldry. A conventionalized flower (see 
Illust.), perhaps suggested by the iris. 

U fleu'ron' (flu'roN'), n. [F., fr. OF. floron.l A 
flower-shaped ornament. 

fleu'ry (floo'n), a. [F. fleuri covered with Fleur-de- 
flowers, p. p. of fleurir. See flourish.] Her. lis ' 2 - 
a Seme with fleurs-de-lis ; — said of the field, b Of a cross, 
having a fleur-de-lis issuing from each of its arms. 

flew (floo ; 86), pret. of fly. 

flews (flooz), n. pi. The chaps, or pendulous lateral parts 
of the upper lip, of dogs, esp. hounds. 

flex (fleks), v. t. & i. [L. flexus, p. p. of fleeter e to bend.] 
To bend ; as, to flex an arm ; — opp. to extend. 

flex'i-bil'i-ty (flek'si-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
flexible ; pliancy ; pliability. 

flex'i-ble (flek'sT-b'l), a. \. Capable of being flexed ; pli- 
able; not stiff. 2. Ready to yield ; tractable ; compliant. 

3. Capable of being adapted or molded ; pliant ; plastic ; 
as, a flexible language. 4. Responsive to, or readily ad- 
justable to meet the requirements of, changing conditions ; 
as, gas is more flexible than electric light. — flex'i-bly, adv. 
Syn. Flexile, elastic ; pliable, pliant, yielding, ductile, 
complaisant, docile, facile, supple, limber, lithe, lissom. 

— Flexible, pliable, pliant, supple, limber, lithe, lis- 
som. That is flexible (opposed esp. to rigid, brittle) 
which is easily bent, or which adapts itself readily to 
change of shape ; that is pliable (opposed esp. to stiff, hard) 
which is easily bent, folded, or (esp.) worked ; pliant sug- 
gests more of inherent quality, less of susceptibility to ex- 
ternal influence ; as flexible leather made pliable by soak- 
ing. Fig., flexible connotes susceptibility to impression, 
modification, or adaptation ; pliable, esp. susceptibility to 
(often evil) influence or control ; pliant often adds the im- 
plication of complaisance. Supple suggests esp. ease or 




G 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FLEXILE 



386 



FLOATER 



freedom of movement ; limber is chiefly used in reference 
to bodily movements ; lithe often connotes grace and ac- 
tivity ; lissom is poetical. Fig., supple connotes obse- 
quiousness and fawning ; limber, weak compliance. 

flex'ile (flek'sil), a. Flexible; pliant; tractable. 

flex'ion, flex'ion-al. Vars. of flection, flectional. 

flex'or (-sor), to. [NL.] A muscle which bends a limb ; — 
opp. to extensor. 

flex'u-os'i-ty (flek'shu-os'I-ti ; fleks'u-), to.; pi. -ties (-tYz). 
State of being flexuous ; a winding part. 

flex'u-OUS (flek'shu-us ; fleks'u-), a. [L. flexuosus, fr. 
flexus a bending.] 1. Having turns or windings ; sinuous. 
2. Wavering ; undulating. 

flex'ur-al (flek'shur-al ; fleks'ur-), a. Of or pert, to flexure. 

flex'ure (flek'shur ; fleks'ur), to. [L. flexuraJ] 1. A flexing, 
or state of being flexed ; flexion. 2. A turn ; bend ; fold. 

flib'ber-ti-gifo'bet (flib'er-ti-jib'et ; 24), to. A gossip or 
chatterer ; one who is giddy or frivolous, esp. a woman. 

flic'flac' (flik^flakO.n. [F., of imitative origin.] The noise 
of repeated light blows, or the repeated motion accompany- 
ing them, as of steps in dancing. 

flick (flik), v. t. 1. To whip lightly or with a quick jerk. 
2. To snap or toss with a jerk ; flirt. — v. i. To flutter ; flit. 

— to. A flicking stroke, or the sound of it. 

flick'er (flik'er), v. i. [AS. flicerian, flicorian, to flutter, 
hover.] 1. To flut- ' 
ter ; flap the wings 
without flying. 2. 
To waver unstead- 
ily like a dying 
flame; flutter. — 
v. t. To cause to 
flicker, waver, or 
palpitate. — Syn. 
See flit. 

— n. 1. A flicker- 
ing ; a sudden and 
brief increase of 
brightness. 2. A 
rapidly intermit- 
tent or scintillat- 
ing light. — 
flick'er-ing-ly, 
adv. 

flick'er, to. A well-known wood 
pecker (Colaptes auratus) of 
eastern North America; — ■ 
called also yellow-hammer. Flicker, male. 

fli'er (fli'er), to. One who, or that which, flies. = flyer. 

flight (flit), to. [AS. fliht, flyht, a flying, fleogan to fly.] 
1. Act or mode of flying ; as, the flight of a bird, kite, time, 
etc. 2. Power of flying or distance covered at a flight. 3. A 
passing above or beyond ordinary bounds ; as, a flight of wit. 
4. A number of beings or things passing through the air 
together ; as, a flight of arrows ; a flight of birds. 5. A 
light arrow for long-distance shooting ; a contest with such 
arrows. 6. The stairs from one landing to the next. 
7. Angling. Any arrangement for causing the bait to spin 
or revolve rapidly. 

flight, n. [ME. fliht, fluht, fr. AS. fleon to flee.] Act 
of fleeing ; hasty departure. — v. i. To take flight ; move 
in flights ; as, wild ducks flight thither. 

flight'i-ly (-T-li), adv. In a flighty manner. 

flight'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being flighty. — Syn. 

See LIGHTNESS. 

flightless, a. Incapable of flying. 

flight'y (fllt'I), a.; flight'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Fleet- 
ing ; swift. Rare. 2. Indulging in flights, or sallies, of im- 
agination, caprice, etc. ; volatile. 3. Mildly insane. 

flim'flam/ (flim'flamO, n. 1. A trifle or conceit; also, a 
trick. 2. Nonsense ; deception ; humbug. — a. Tricky ; 
deceptive ; nonsensical. — v. t. To trick. Colloq. — flim/- 
flam'mer (-er), to. Colloq. 

flim'si-ly (flim'zT-li), adv. In a flimsy manner. 

flim/si-ness, n. Quality or state of being flimsy. 

flim'sy (flim'zi), a. ; -si-er (-zi-er) ; -si-est. Weak ; slight ; 
vain ; unsubstantial. — Syn. Feeble, superficial, shallow. 
See limp. — n.; pi. -sies (-ziz). Thin or transfer paper, 
or manuscript on such paper. Newspaper Cant. 

flinch (flinch), v. i. [Prob. fr. OF. flenchir to bend, give 
way.] To draw back, as from pain or danger ; wince. — 
Syn. See shrink. — v; t. To draw back from ; as, to 
flinch the flagon, that is, to refrain.from drinking. —to. 
Act of flinching. 

flin'der (flin'der ) , n. [Scot, flenders, flendris.'] A splinter ; 
fragment ; — usually in pi. 

fling (fling), v. t.; pret. & p. p. flung (flung) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. fling'ing. 1. To cast from or as from the hand ; 
throw ; hurl. 2. To put or send violently or suddenly ; as, 
to fling one into prison. 3. To project or extend suddenly 
or impetuously ; toss ; as, to fling back the head. 4. To 
throw off or down ; as, the rider was flung by his horse. 




5. To send forth ; emit. 6. To throw aside ; cast off. — 
Syn. See throw. 

— v. i. 1. To throw one's self violently or hastily ; rush. 
2. To utter abusive language. 

— to. 1. A throw ; flounce ; kick. 2. A harsh or contemptu- 
[ ous remark. 3. A lively gesticulatory dance ; as, the High- 
land fling. 4. Unconstrained, esp. violent, action ; a time 
of indulgence ; as, to have one's fling. — fling'er, to. 

flint (flint),TO. [AS.] 1. A massive, very hard kind of 
quartz, which strikes fire with steel. 2. A piece of flint 
for striking fire. 3. Anything hard and unyielding, like 
flint. — v. t. To supply with flint. 

flint glass. A heavy brilliant glass, essentially a silicate of 
lead and potassium or sodium. 

flint'i-ness (flm'tT-nes), n. Quality of being flinty. 

flint'lock' (flint'loV), to. 1. An old-fashioned gun or pistol 
lock having a flint in the cock, or hammer, for striking a 
spark to ignite the charge. 2. A firearm with such a lock. 

flint'y (flin^tT),a.; flint'i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-est. Consisting 
of, abounding in, or resembling flint. 

flip (flip), to. _ A beverage of spiced and sweetened liquor, 
sometimes with egg in it, heated, as with a hot iron. 

flip, v. t. ; flipped (flipt) ; flip'ping. 1. To toss ; fillip. 2. 
To flick ; flirt. — v. i. _ 1. To snap, as with a finger. 2. To 
move with a jerk or flirt ; flap. — n. Act of flipping. 

flip'pan-cy (Sip'an-sT), n. Quality or state of being flip- 
pant. — Syn. See lightness. 

flip'pant (-ant), a. [Cf. dial. E. flip nimble, pliant, smooth- 
spoken.] 1. Of fluent speech ; talkative. Obs. 2. Speaking 
confidently without knowledge or consideration ; shallow 
and impertinent ; trifling ; pert. — flip'pant 4y, adv. —• 
flip'pant-ness, to. 

flip'per (-er), n. 1. A broad flat limb adapted for swim- 
ming, as of seals, whales, etc. 2. The hand. Slang. 

flirt (flurt), v. t. 1. To throw with a jerk; fling suddenly; 
fillip. 2. To toss about jerkily ; open out or close briskly ; 
as, to flirt a fan. — v. i. 1. To move jerkily ; dart ; hence, 
to trifle. 2. To play at courtship ; coquet. — to. 1. A 
sudden jerk ; quick throw. 2. One who flirts, or coquets. 

flir-ta'tion (fler-fa'shun), to. _ A flirting; coquetry. 

flir-ta'tious (-shiis), a. Inclined to flirt ; coquettish. 

flit (flit), v. i. ; flit'ted ; flit'ting. 1. To move rapidly ; 
dart along ; fleet. 2. To flutter ; rove on the wing. 3. To 
be unstable, shifting, evanescent, or the like. 
Syn. Flit, flutter, flicker, hover. To flit is to pass (esp. 
to fly) lightly and swiftly ; to flutter, to move (esp. the 
wings ) rapidly, with little or no forward movement ; the 
word often connotes agitation ; to flicker (once common 
of birds, now chiefly of light or flame) is to flutter lightly 
or (esp.) to waver fitfully ; to hover is to hang suspended, 
or fluttering, over something ; the word often connotes 
irresolution, sometimes menace, sometimes solicitude ; as, 
the bat flitted by ; the fledgling fluttered its wings ; the 
flame flickered and went out ; the humming bird hovered 
over the flower ; to hover betwixt hope and despair. 

— v. t. To change the place or direction of. Archaic or Scot. 

— n. Act or motion of flitting ; flutter. 

flitch (filch), to. [AS. flicce.~\ 1. The side of a hog salted 
and cured ; side of bacon. 2. One of the parts secured to- 
gether, side by side, to make a large girder or built beam. 

— v. t. To cut into, or off in, flitches or strips. 

flite, flyte (flit), v. i. ; ^flit'ed, flyt'ed (fllt'ed; 24); 
flit'ing, flyt'ing (flit'ing). [AS. flitan to strive, con- 
tend, quarrel.] To contend or quarrel, esp. in words; 
scold ; wrangle. — v. t. To quarrel with ; scold. 

— to. Strife ; a scolding match. All Archaic or Scot. & 
Dial. Eng. , 

flit'ter (fllt'er), to. One who, or that which, flits. 

flit'ter, v. i. & t . [Freq. olflit.~] To flutter. Rare or Scot. 

flit'ter-mouse' (-mous'), to. [flitter, v. i. + mouse.'] A 
bat. Now Dial. 

float (flot), to. [AS. flota ship, fleotan to float.] 1. Act or 
state of floating. Now Rare. 2. Anything that floats on a 
fluid, as : a hollow metallic ball, at the end of a lever, in a 
cistern for regulating the level of the water ; also, a similar 
device in a carburetor. See carburetor, Illust. 3. a A 
flat-topped vehicle without sides for carrying a display; 
also, the vehicle with the display, b A trowel, file, or rasp, 
for smoothing. 4. The footlights in a theater. 

— v. i. 1. To rest on the surface of a fluid. 2. To move qui- 
etly or gently on or as on the water ; drift along ; also, to be 
suspended, or move within, a fluid ; as, specks floating in 
water. 3. Com. To be or become current ; receive public 
support ; as, the stock of the company would not float. 
Syn. Float, sail, soar. In their associations, float sug- 
gests light and buoyant, sail, smooth and gliding (some- 
times ostentatious), soar, loftily rising or exalted, move- 
ment. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to float. 2. To flood. 3. To get (a scheme 
or company) started. 4. To grind and pass through running 
water, as pigments, as a refining or levigating process. 

float'age, float-a'tion, to. See flotage, flotation. 
float'er ( flot'er ), to. 1. One who, or that which, floats. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sSft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FLOAT-FEED 



387 



FLOTAGE 



2. U.S. a A voter who shifts from party to party, esp. one 
who is venal, b One who votes illegally in various places. 

float'— feed', a. Mech. Having a feed (as in a carburetor) 
regulated by a float. See float, n., 2. 

float'ing, p. a. 1. Buoyed on or in a fluid. 2. Free or 
loose from attachment. 3. Shifting from place to place ; not 
permanent. 4. Variable ; not funded ; as, a /looting debt. 
floating axle, Vehicles, a live axle for a self-propelled 
vehicle, in which the revolving part serves only to turn the 
wheels, the dead weight of the vehicle being carried on the 
ends of a fixed axle housing or casing. — f. dock, a dock 
which floats on the water and can be partially submerged 
to permit a ship to enter it and afterwards floated to raise 
the ship high and dry as in a dry dock ; — called also float- 
ing dry dock. — f . heart, a small aquatic menyanthaceous 
plant (Limnanthemum lacunosum) of the eastern United 
States ; — so called from its heart-shaped leaves. — f . is- 
land, a dessert, consisting of custard with floating masses 
of whipped cream or white of eggs. — f . kidney. = wan- 
dering kidney. — f . ribs, Anat., ribs whose ventral ends 
are not connected with the sternum or cartilages of other 
ribs. In man they are the last two (11th and 12th) pairs. 

float'y (flot'I), a. Floating readily; buoyant; light. 

floc'cil-la'tion (flok'sT-la'shim), n. [L. floccus a flock of 
wool.] A delirious picking of bedclothes by a sick person. 

floc'cose (flok'os ; flok-os'), a. [L. floccosus.~] Woolly ; 
flocculent ; specif., Bot., having tufts of soft woolly hairs. 

floc'cule (flok'ul), n. [See flocculus.] A detached mass 
of loosely fibrous structure like a shredded tuft of wool; 
one of the flakes of a flocculent precipitate. 

floc'cu-lence (flok'u-lens), to. State of being flocculent. 

floc'cu-lent (flok'u-lent), a. 1. Like wool. 2. Containing, 
or consisting of, soft flakes or flocks ; as, a flocculent pre- 
cipitate. 3. Covered with tufts of woolly material. 

floc'CU-lllS ( -lus),n. ; pi. -Li (-11). [NL., dim. of L. floccus 
flock of wool.] 1. A small tuft or bunch, as of wool ; flake ; 
floccule. 2. Astron. One of the tufty masses or cloudlike 
shapes in the solar atmosphere. 

flock (flok), n. [ME. flokke.] 1. A lock of wool or hair. 2. 
Woolen or cotton refuse, etc., cut up and used in upholster- 
ing, etc. 3. Fine sifted woolen refuse, or dust of vegetable 
fiber, used as a coating for wall paper to give it a clothlike 
appearance. 4. A tuftlike mass, as of a chemical precipitate. 

— v. t. 1. To fill with flock, as a bed. 2. To coat with flock, 
as wall paper. 

flock, n. [AS. flocc flock, company.] 1. A company of peo- 
ple ; in pi., multitudes. 2. A number of birds or of animals 
of one kind living or herded together. See syn. 3. All 
Christians in their relation to Christ, the "Good Shepherd," 
or a congregation in relation to the pastor. 
Syn. Flock, herd, drove, pack, bevy, covey, swarm, 
shoal (in their transferred senses). Flock (lit. chiefly of 
sheep, goats, or geese) commonly connotes care and guid- 
ance ; it also suggests a large company or crowd. Herd 
(lit. chiefly of cattle or larger animals), drove (lit. chiefly 
of cattle or swine driven in a body), and pack (lit. chiefly 
of hounds or wolves) are terms of derogation or contempt ; 
as, " the common herd" ; a drove of heresies ; a pack of fools. 
Bevy (lit. of quails, roes, larks) — less often covey (lit. of 
partridges) — is applied esp. to a band or galaxy of ladies. 
Swarm (lit. of insects, esp. in motion) and shoal (esp. of 
fish) connote thronging numbers ; as, a swarm of flatterers 
beset him. [flock to hear him.l 

— v. i. To gather or move in companies or crowds ; as, people| 
flock'y (-1), a. Resembling, or abounding with, flock or 

flocks (see 1st flock) ; floccose. 

floe (fl5), n. The floating ice formed in a sheet or field on 
the sea, etc. ; also, a low, flat, free mass of floating ice. 

flog (flog), v. t.; flogged (flogd) ; flog'ging (flog'ing). To 
beat or strike with a rod or whip ; whip. — n. Act of flog- 
ging ; also, the sound or impact as of a blow in flogging. 

flog'ger (flog'er), n. One who, or that which, flogs. 

flood (flud), n. [AS. flod.] 1. A great flow of water ; body 
of water overflowing land not usually covered ; a deluge ; in- 
undation. 2. The flowing in of the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 
3. The watery element ; specif., the sea ; — often contrasted 
with fire and field. 4. A great stream of or as of a fluid ; as, 
a flood of light ; a great quantity widely diffused ; a super- 
abundance ; as, a flood of catchpenny literature. 
the Flood, the Deluge (Gen. vii.). 

— v. t. 1. To overflow ; inundate ; deluge. 2. To cause or 
permit to be inundated ; fill full or to excess. — v. i. To 
pour or issue like a flood. 

flood'gate' (flud'gat'), n. A gate for shutting out, admitting, 
or releasing, a body of v/ater ; — often used figuratively. 

flood tide. The rising tide ; — opposed to ebb tide. 

floor (flor ; 57), to._ [AS. flor.] 1. The bottom or lower part 
of a room, on which one treads. 2. Hence, any ground sur- 
face, as the bottom of the sea. 3. The structure dividing a 
building horizontally into stories ; hence, a story of a build- 
ing. 4. The surface of a structure, as a bridge, on which to 
walk or travel. 5. Shipbuilding. The bottom of a vessel on 
either side of the keelson or vertical keel ; esp., the flat part 
of the hull next to the keel. 6. The main part of an ex- 



change, legislative chamber, etc., in distinction from a plat- 
form or gallery ; hence, the right to speak from the floor of a 
legislative chamber at a given time in preference to other 
members. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a floor. 2. To lay level with the 
floor ; knock down ; hence, to silence or defeat. 

floor 'age (fior'aj), n. Floor space. 

floorcloth' (flSr'kloW; 62), n. Any of various kinds of 
heavy fabrics for covering floors, as oilcloth, linoleum, etc. 

flooring, vb. n. 1. A floor. 2. Material for a floor. 

floor'walk/er (flor'wSk'er), n. One who walks about in a 
large retail store as an overseer and director. U. S. 

flop (flop), v. i.; flopped (flopt) ; flop'ping. [Variant of 
flap.'] 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, 
as a fish with its tail ; rise and fall loosely, as the brim of a 
hat. 2. To throw one's self heavily. 3. To change over 
suddenly, as from one party to another. — v. t. 1. To flap 
or strike heavily or clumsily. 2. To turn or drop suddenly 
and heavily. — to. Act or sound of flopping. All Colloq. 

flop'py (-1), a. ; -pi-er (-T-cr) ; -pi-est. Flopping ; tending 
to flop. — flop'pi-ly (-T-1I), adv. pi-ness, n. All Colloq. 

Flo'ra (flo'rd;57),n. [L., fr. flos,floris, flower.] 1. Rom. 
Relig. Goddess of flowers. 2. [I. c] The aggregate of the 
native plants of a given region or period ; also, a book de- 
scribing such plants in systematic order. 

flo'ral (flo'ral; 57), a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora.'] 
1. [cap.] Pertaining to Flora. 2. Of or pert, to flowers. 

Flo're / al'(fl6 / ra / aF),n. [F.] See Revolutionary calendar. 

Flor'ence flask (flor'ens). A round or pear-shaped glass 
flask with a long neck, in which olive oil or wine is brought 
from Italy ; also, a chemist's vessel of similar shape. 

Flor'en-tine (fl6r'en-ten ;_-tTn), a. Pertaining to Florence, 
in Italy. — n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence. 2. 
[I. c] A kind of twilled silk dress fabric. 

flo-res'cence (flo-res'ens), n. [L. florescens, p. pr. of flores- 
cere to begin to blossom, f r. flor ere to blossom, flos, floris, 
flower.] State of bloom. 

flo-res'cent (-ent), a. Flowering; blooming. 

flo'ret (flo'ret ; 57), n. [OF. florete, dim. of OF. flor flow- 
er.] A small flower ; esp., one of the numerous small flowers 
which form the head in composite plants, as the daisy. 

flo'ri-at'ed (flo'ri-at'ed ; 24), a. Having floral ornaments. 

flo'ri-cul'ture (flo'n-kul'tur ; flor'i- ; 57),_ n. [L. flos, flo- 
ris, flower + cultura culture.] Cultivation of ornamental 
flowering plants. — flo'ri-cul'tur-ist, n. 

flor'id (flor'id), a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] 
1. Flowery. Rare. 2. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; 
excessively ornate. 3. Music. Flowery ; embellished. 4. 
Bright in color ; flushed with red ; as, a florid face. 
Syn. Florid, flowery (in their rhetorical uses). A florid 
style is excessively, often heavily, ornate ; a flowery style 
abounds in (esp.) romantic or sentimental figures of speech. 
But the words are often indistinguishable in meaning. 

Flor'i-da moss (flor'i-dd). The long moss. 

flo-rid'i-ty (flo-rTd'I-ti), n. Floridness. 

flor'id-ly (flor'id-li), adv. In a florid manner. 

flor'id-ness (-nes ; 24), n. Quality or state of being florid. 

flo-rif'er-OUS (flo-rTf'er-us), a. [L. florifer; flos, floris, 
flower -f- ferre to bear.] Bearing flowers. 

flor'in (flor'in), n. [F., fr. It. fiorino, orig., a Florentine 
coin with a lily on it, fr. fiore a flower, fr. L. flos flower.] 
Orig. a gold coin with a lily on it, first struck in Florence in 
1252. Later : a 
An English gold 
six-shilling coin / r iLA\WW^S^k /$x$$fflffi 

of Edward III. jt^MswMm, &%Wm 

b An Austrian f'' 

silver coin worth | 

48.2 cents, last %£M'&V >> #3 -tSV ?f*K 

coined in 1892. X&P&Nfl^JSffl \r\ 

c The Dutch ' 

gulden, d A 

British silver Florentine Florin of 1252. 

coin worth 2 shillings (48.7 cents). [in, flowers.l 

flo'rist (flo'rist ; flor'ist ; 57), n. A cultivator of, or dealer| 
-flo'rous (-flo'rus)._ [L. -florus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] A 

suffix used to signify having (such or so many) flowers; 

flowered; as, multi/Zorous, xxaxflorous. 
flos fer'ri (flos fer'I). [L., flower of iron.] Min. A variety 

of aragonite, occurring in delicate white coralloid forms. 

It is common in beds of iron ore. 
floss (flos; 62), n. [Prob. fr. It. floscio flabby, soft, seta 

floscia floss silk.] 1. Waste silk fibers, esp. the short loose 

threads forming the outer part of a cocoon. 2. The styles 

of the pistillate flowers of maize. 3. = floss silk. 4. A 

fluffy substance or surface. 
floss Silk. Lustrous untwisted silk 
floss'y (ASsT), a. ; floss'i-er (-T-er) ; 

made of, or resembling floss ; hence 
flo'tage (flo^taj), to. 

to float.] 




[broidery.] 

thread used in em-| 

-i-est. Pertaining to, 

light ; downy. 

[Cf. OF.' flotage, F. flottage, It. flotter 

1. Act or state of floating ; capacity for floating 





H 



J 




K 



or buoying up. 2. That which floats. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, u Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



FLOTATION 



388 



FLUIDRACHM 




flo-ta'tion (flo-ta'shwn), ri. 1. Act, process, or state of 
floating. 2. Specif. : a Com. & Finance. Act of floating, 
or financing, a commercial venture or an issue of bonds, 
stock, or the like, b Ore Dressing. The separation of the 
particles of a mass of finely pulverized ore according to 
their relative capacity for floating on a given liquid. 

Ilo-til'la (-til'd), n. [Sp., dim. of flota fleet.] A small 
fleet or a fleet of small vessels. 

flot'sam (flot'sam), n. _ [OF. flotaison, prop., a floating.] 
Wreckage of a ship or its cargo found floating on the sea. 

flounce (nouns), v. i.; flounced (flounst) ; flounc'ing 
(floun'sing). To throw the limbs and body one way and 
the other ; to flounder ; flop, often as in displeasure. — n. 
A flouncing ; a sudden jerking of the body. 

flounce, n. [See frounce.] A strip gathered and sewed on 
by its upper edge only, as on a woman's skirt. — v. t. To 
deck with a flounce or flounces. — flounc'ing (floun'sing) , n. 

floun'der (floun'der), n. Any of many species of flatfishes. 

floun'der, v. i 

~1^ 



To struggle, 
as a horse in 
mire or a fish 
on land. 

— n. Act of 
floundering. 

flour (flour), 
n. [OF. flor, 
F. fleur de fa- 
rine the flower 

(i. e., the best) of Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes 
meal. See flow- americanus) . 

er.] Finely ground meal of grain ; esp., fine meal separated 
by bolting ; hence, any fine soft powder. — v. t. 1. To grind 
and bolt ; convert into flour. 2. To sprinkle with flour. 

flourish (flur'ish), v. i. [From OF., fr. L. florere to 
bloom, flos, floris, flower.] 1. Tobear flowers ; blossom. 
Obs. 2. To grow luxuriantly ; thrive. 3. To increase in 
wealth, honor, etc. ; to be in one's prime, as an author, or at 
its best, as an art. 4. To make bold and sweeping or fanci- 
ful movements, for show, bravado, etc. 5. To make orna- 
mental strokes with the pen. 6. To execute irregular or 
fanciful music, as for a prelude. 7. To boast ; brag. 

— v. t. 1. To adorn with flowers or beautiful figures ; orna- 
ment. 2. To swing about ; brandish. — Syn. See brandish. 

— n. 1. Act or state of blooming ; luxuriant growth. Obs. 
2. Flourishing condition ; prosperity. 3. Ostentatious 
embellishment ; parade ; show. 4. A fanciful stroke, as of 
the pen. 5. A fantastic or showy musical passage ; a fan- 
fare. _ 6. A waving, as of a weapon ; a brandishing. 

flour'ish-er, n. One who, or that which, flourishes. 

flour'ish-ing-ly, adv. In a flourishing manner. 

flour'y (flour'I), a. Of, like, or covered with, flour ; mealy. 

flout (flout) , v. t. [Prob. fr. ME. flouten to play the flute.] 
To mock ; insult ; treat with contempt. — v. i. To practice 
mocking ; behave with contempt ; sneer. — n. An insult ; 
jeer ; mockery. — flout'er, n. 

flow (flo), v. i. [AS. flowan.] 1. To move or circulate, as a 
liquid ; to run. 2. To liquefy. Obs. 3. To proceed ; issue 
forth. 4. To glide along smoothly ; sound smoothly ; be ut- 
tered easily. 5. To hang loose and waving. 6. To rise, as 
the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 7. To abound ; be full, so as to 
run over. — v. t. To cause to flow ; also, to flood. 

•— n. 1. Act or manner of flowing or streaming. 2. Physics. 
The type of motion characteristic of fluids. 3. A stream of 
[water or other fluid, or a mass of matter that has flowed 
when molten, as of lava. 4. The quantity that flows in a 
certain time, as of water ; hence, rate of flowing. 5. The 
tidal flood. 6. Any gentle, gradual movement of thought, 
diction, music, etc. ; also, a copious outpouring, as of words. 

flow'age (flo'aj), n. 1. Act of flowing or flooding, or state 
of being flooded ; also, the liquid that flows or overflows. 
2. Mech. Flow ; deformation by intermolecular shear, as 
distinguished from fracture. 

flow'er(flou'er),n. [OF. flour, flur, 
flor,ir.l.. flos, floris, .] 1. A bloom; 
blossom. 2. Any plant 
grown or esteemed for 
its blossoms. 3. Bot. 
That part of a plant des- 
tined to produce seed. 4. 
An ornament, as a floral 
design ; hence, a figure of 
speech. 5. The choicest 
part of anything ; state or 
time of freshness, bloom, 
or vigor ; prime. 6. In pi. 
Old Chem. A substance 
in the form of a powder, 
esp. when condensed 
from sublimation ; as, 
flowers of sulphur. 7. In 




Flower of Marshmallow in Sec- 
tion, a Epicalyx ; b Calyx ; c 
Petal ; d Stamens and their Ap- 
pendages ; e Ovule ; / Pistils. 




pi. [OF. flours, F. fleurs, L. fluor a flowing. See fluor.] 
Menstrual discharges. 

— v. i. 1. To blossom ; produce flowers. 2. To come into 
the finest or fairest condition. — v. t. To adorn with or as 
with flowers. [floral ornament.l 

flow'er-age (-aj), n. State of flowering ; flowers in general ;| 

flow'er-de-luce' (-de-lus'), n. [Cor- 
rupted fr. fleur-de-lis.'] The iris ; specif., 
the form chosen for the royal emblem of 
France by Charles V. 

flow'er-er, n. A plant that flowers. 

flow'er-et, n. A small flower ; a floret. 

flower head. Bot. A capitulum. 

flow'er-i-ly, adv. In a flowery manner. 

fiow'er-i-ness, n. Quality of being flowery. 

flowering maple. See abutilon. 

flow'er-pot' (-pot'), n. A vessel, esp. of pot- 
tery, for earth in which to grow plants. 

flow'er-y (-?), a. 1. Full of flowers or blos- 
soms. 2. Of language, florid. — Syn. See 

FLORID. 

flow'ing-ly, adv. In a flowing manner. 

flow'ing-ness, n. Quality of being flowing. Flower-de- 
flown (flon), p. p. of fly. Inflated. luce. 

flown, p. a. [Prop. p. p. of flow.] 

fluc'tu-ant (fiuk'tu-ant), a. [L. fluctuans fluctuating.] 
Moving like a wave ; wavering ; undulating. 

fluc'tu-ate (-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. fluc- 
tuare to wave, move as waves, fluctus wave, fluere, fluc- 
tum, to flow.] 1. To move as a wave ; roll back and forth. 
2. To waver ; vacillate. — v. t. To cause to move as a 
wave or to waver. 

Syn. Fluctuate, oscillate, vibrate, undulate, vacil- 
late, waver. Fluctuate suggests irregular or alternating 
movement (esp. up and down) ; to oscillate is to swing 
within or between relatively fixed limits ; to vibrate is to 
oscillate rapidly, or to quiver ; fig., all three words connote 
irresolution or instability ; vibrate also often suggests 
responsiveness ; as, the fluctuation of prices ; the oscillation 
of a pendulum ; the vibration of a bowstring. Undulate 
usually suggests a waving or wavelike surface. Vacillate 
and waver are now used chiefly of persons ; to vacillate is 
to fluctuate weakly between two opinions, courses, or 
states of mind ; to waver is to hesitate or shrink back, esp. 
with implication of the shaking of previous determination ; 
as, vacillating between hope and fear ; to waver in purpose. 

fluc'tu-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or fact of fluctuating. 

flue (floo ; 86), n. A fluke or barb, as of an anchor or har- 
poon ; also, a barb of a feather. 

flue (floo ; 86), n. Light down ; fluff. 

flue, n. An inclosed passage for a current of air, gases, etc., 
as in a chimney ; specif. : a In a steam boiler, a pipe for 
conveying flame and hot gases around or through water, b 
In an organ flue pipe, the opening between the lower lip 
and the languet. See flue pipe. 

flue (floo ; 86), n. A kind of fishing net, fixed or dragged. 

flu'en-cy (floo'en-sjf; 86), n. Quality of being fluent; 
smoothness ; volubility. 

flu'ent (-ent), a. [L. fluens, -entis, p. pr. of fluere to 
flow.] 1. Flowing, or capable of flowing ; easily moving ; 
unstable ; as, a fluent stream ; public opinion is fluent. 
2. Ready in the use of words ; voluble ; hence : flowing ; 
smooth ;.as, a. fluent speaker or speech. — Syn. See talka- 
tive. — flu'ent-ly, adv. 

flue pipe. Music. A pipe, esp. an organ pipe, whose tone is 
produced by the impinging of a current of air upon an edge, 
or lip, causing a wave motion in the air within. 

flue'y (floo'i), a. [From 2d flue.'] Downy ; fluffy. Rare. 

fluff (fluf), n. Nap ; down, as from cotton, fur, etc. ; flue. 

— v. i. To become fluffy ; move lightly like fluff. 

fluffy (fluf'i), a.; fluff'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Soft and 
downy ; also, covered with fluff. — fluff'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

flu'id (floo'Id ; 86), a. [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow.] Hav- 
ing particles which easily move and change their relative 
position without separation of the mass, and which easily 
yield to pressure ; capable of flowing ; liquid or gaseous. 
Syn. Fluid, liquid. Taken strictly, fluid and liquid are 
both opposed to solid ; but liquid is also opposed to gas- 
eous, whereas fluid applies to both liquid and gaseous sub- 
stances. Liquid, more often than fluid (which suggests 
esp. freedom of flow or movement), is associated with 
drinking. Fig., fluid is opposed to rigid; liquid, to harsh. 
fluid dram, or f . drachm, | fluid ounce. — f. ounce, a 
measure for liquid medicines, etc. ; 8 fluid drams. In the 
U. S. it equals & pint (29.6 c. c.) ; in Great Britain, & im- 
perial pint (28.4 c. a). — f. pressure, pressure of the 
nature of that exerted by a fluid. It is a thrust which is 
everywhere normal and of equal intensity. 

— n. A fluid substance. Fluids include liquids (which are 
nearly incompressible) and gases (which are compressible). 

flu-id'ic (floo-id'ik), o. Of, pert, to, or like, a fluid ; fluid. 
flu-id'i-ty (floo-id'T-ti), n. Quality of being fluid. 
flu'i-drachm' (floo'i-dram'), n. A fluid dram. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tfeen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FLUKE 



389 



FLY 



fluke (nook ; 86), n. [AS. floe.'] 1. A flatfish or flounder. 

2. Any of various flattened, parasitic, trematode worms. 
fluke, n. 1. That part of an anchor which fastens in the 
ground. 2. The barbed head or one of the barbs of a har- 
poon, lance, arrow, etc. 3. A lobe of a whale's tail. 
fluke, n. An accidentally successful stroke, as at billiards ; 

hence, any chance advantage. Cant or Slang. 
fluke'worm' (-wurm') n. = 1st fluke, 2. 
fluk'ey (fluk'I). Var. of fluky. 

fluk'y (flook'i; 86), a. Slang. 1. Happening or got by 
chance. 2. Uncertain ; capricious ; as, a fluky wind. 

flume (floom; 86), n. [OF. flum river, fr. L. flumen, fr. 
fluere to flow.] 1. A mill tail. 2. An inclined channel, 
usually of wood, to convey water from a distance. 3. A 
ravine or gorge with a stream running through it. U. S. 
— v. t. 1. To transport in a flume. 2. To divert by a 
flume, as a stream. 

flum'mer-y (flum'er-i), n.; pi. -merles (-Tz). [W. llymru 
a food made of steeped oatmeal.] 1. A sort of pap. 2. A 
kind of custard or blancmange. 3. Trash ; nonsense. 

flump (flump), v. t. & i. [Imitative.] To set, move, or fall, 
suddenly and heavily ; to plump. — n. Act of flumping ; 
the dull sound or thud caused by the act. 

flung (flung), pret. & p. p. of fling. 

flunk (flunk), v. i. To fail, as on examination ; to back out 
through fear. — v. t. 1. To fail in ; shirk. 2. To cause 
to flunk, — n. A failure or backing out. AUColloq.,U. S. 

flunk'y, flunk'ey (flunk'!), n. ; pi. flunkies, -eys l-Xz). 1. 
A liveried servant ; esp., a footman. Contemptuous. 2. A 
person who is obsequious or cringing ; a toady. — flunk'- 
ey-ism (-Tz'm), n. [taining fluorine, as fiuorapatite.l 

flu'o-phos'phate (floo'6-fos'fat), n. Min. A phosphate con-| 

flu'or (floo'or ; 86), n. [L., flux, fr. fluere to flow.] Fluorite. 

flu'or-ap/a-tite (-ap'd-tit), n. Min. Common apatite, 
containing fluorine but little or no chlorine. 

flu'o-resce' (floo'6-res' ; 86), v. i. ; -resced' (-rest') ; -rescu- 
ing (-res'mg). To produce or exhibit fluorescence. 

flu'o-res'ce-in (-res'e-in), n. Also -ine. Chem. A yellowish 
red crystalline substance, C20H12O5, giving a very brilliant 
yellowish green fluorescence to its alkaline solutions ; also, 
any of several compounds of which this is a type. 

flu'o-res'cence (-ens), n. [From fluor.] Physics. That 
property which some bodies have of emitting light while 
exposed to the action of certain rays of the spectrum, or of 
Rontgen rays, etc. ; also, the light so produced. The light 
of fluorescence is distinct from that reflected at the surface 
of the body, which gives it its surface color, and also from 
that transmitted by the body. 

flu'o-res'cent (-ent), a. Having or showing fluorescence. 

flu-or'ic (floo-or'ik ; 86), a. Chem. Pert, to, obtained from, 
or containing fluorine. 

flu'or-ide (floo'or-Id ; -id ; 86), n. Also -id. Chem. A com- 
pound of fluorine with an element or radical. 

flu'or-ine (-in ; -en), n. [NL. fluorina; — from its occur- 
rence in fluorite.'] Chem. An element of the chlorine fam- 
ily, isolated as a pungent, corrosive, pale greenish yellow 
gas. Symbol, F ; at. wt., 19.0. It combines with every ele- 
ment except oxygen. 

flu'or-ite (-It), n. [From fluor.] Min. Native calcium- 
fluoride, CaF2, a transparent or translucent mineral of 
many colors, used as a flux. 

flu-or'o -scope (floo-or'o-skop),™. [/Zworescence + -scope.] 
An instrument for observing or exhibit- 
ing fluorescence, esp. in fluoroscopy. 

flu'qr-os'co-py (floo'or-os'ko-pi), n. Ex- 
amination of an object, as the hand, by 
exposing it to the Rontgen, or X, rays. 

fluor spar. The mineral fluorite. 

flu'0-Sll'i-cate (floo'6-sil'i-kat), n. Chem. 
A salt of fluosilicic acid. 

flu'0-si-lic'ic (-si-lis'ik), a. [fluorine + 
silicic] Chem. Pertaining to or desig-' 
nating an unstable dibasic acid, H2SiFe, 
known only in aqueous solution, being 
formed by the action of silicon fluoride, 
SiF4, on water. 

flur'ry (flur'T), n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). 1. A sudden, brief com- 
motion of the air. 2. A light shower or snowfall with wind. 
3. Nervous commotion ; flutter. 4. The spasms of a dying 
whale. — v. t.; To agitate ; excite, as by haste. 

flush (flush), v. i. 1. To flow and spread suddenly and 
freely ; as, blood flushes into the face. 2. To turn red or 
hot ; blush ; glow ; as, her face flushed. — v. t. 1. To ani- 
mate ; encourage ; as, flushed with victory. 2. To draw 
water from, or pour it over or through (a meadow, sewer, 
etc.) ; cleanse, overflow, fill, or the like, by a rush of water. 
3. To make suddenly or temporarily red, rosy, or glowing. 

— n. 1. A sudden flowing ; a rush, as of water, which fills 
or overflows. 2. A sudden increase or expansion; esp., a 
sudden or abundant growth ; as, the flush of grass. 3. A 
sudden rush of feeling; a thrill. 4. Any tinge of red, as 
due to blushing ; glow ; vigor. 




Fluoroscope. 



flush, v. i. To start up suddenly ; fly like a startled bird. 

— v. t. To cause to start up and fly, as a startled bird. 
flush, a. 1. Fully supplied ; well-filled ; affluent. 2. Full of 

vigor ; hence, ruddy. 3. Abundant ; lavish ; prosperous. 4. 
Unbroken in surface ; level with the adjacent surface ; as, a 
flush panel, joint, or deck. 5. Naut. Of a vessel, having a 
flush deck. 6. Direct ; full ; unswerving ; as, a flush blow. 

— adv. So as to be level or even ; in the same plane. 

— n. A flush surface. See flush, a., 4. 

— v. t. To make flush or level, as joints in masonry by point- 
ing ; — sometimes used with up. [the same suit.l 

flush, n. [ From F. or Sp. flux. ] A hand of cards all of| 
flus'ter (flus'ter), v. t. To make hot and rosy, as with 

drinking ; fuddle ; confuse. — v. i. To be agitated. — n. 

Heat or glow, as from drinking ; confused agitation. 
flus'ter-a'tion (-a'shim), flus-tra'tion (flus-tra'shun), n. 

Act of flustering, or state of being flustered. Colloq. 
flute (floot; 86), n. [OF. flehute, flaute] 1. Music. A 



Flute. 

kind of wind instrument having smooth, sweet, and full 
tones in the lower register, brilliant or shrill in the higher. 

2. A groove or channel of curved section. 

— v. i. ; flut'ed (floot'ed ; 24) ; flut'ing. To play on or as 
on a flute. — v. t. 1. To play, whistle, or sing, with a flute- 
like note. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in a column. 

flut'ed (floot'ed ; 24, 86), p. a. 1. Thin ; flutelike ; as, 
fluted notes. 2. Decorated with or as with flutes ; chan- 
neled ; grooved ; as, a fluted column. 

flut'er (fl6ot'er;86), n. 1. A flutist, or flautist. 2. One 
who, or that which, makes grooves or flutings. 

flut'ing, n. Decoration with flutes ; flutes collectively. 

flut'ist (floot'ist ; 86), n. A performer on the flute ; flautist. 

flut'ter (flut'er), v. i. [AS. flotorian to float about.] 1. To 
flap the wings rapidly, without flying. 2. To move with 
quick vibrations ; as, a flag flutters. 3. To move about agi- 
tatedly, with little result. 4. To be agitated ; quiver with 
excitement or indecision. — Syn. See flit. — v. t. 1. To 
vibrate or move quickly. 2. To throw into confusion. 

— <n. 1. A fluttering ; quick and irregular motion. 2. Agita- 
tion ; confusion. — flut'ter-er, n. 

flut'ter-y (fiut'er-T), a. Fluttering; apt to flutter. 

ilut'y (floot^i ; 86), a. Having a tone like that of a flute. 

flu'vi-al (floo'vi-al ; 86), a. [L. fluvialis, fr. fluvius river, 
fluere to flow.] Of or pertaining to rivers; living in 
streams or ponds ; produced by river action. 

flu'vi-a-tile (-d-til), a. [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river.] 
Belonging to, or produced by, river action ; fluvial. 

flu'vi-O-graph' (-o-graF), n. [L. fluvius river +E. -graph.] 
An instrument for measuring and recording automatically ' 
the rise and fall of a river. 

flu'vi-O-ma-rine' (-md-ren'), a. [L. fluvius river + E. 
marine.] Geol. Formed by the joint action of a river and 
the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers. 

flux (fluks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to flow.] 

1. An excessive and morbid fluid discharge, as from the 
bowels. 2. A flowing ; constant succession ; change. Hence, 
Physics, flow or rate of flow of a fluid, or, by analogy, the 
transfer or rate of transfer of energy either by conduction 
in the form of heat, or by radiation. 3. Inflow of the tide. 
4. State of being liquid through heat ; fusion. 5. Chem. & 
Metal. Any substance, as borax, lime, alkalies, etc., used to 
promote fusion of metals or minerals. 6. A fusible glass 
used as a base for enamels ; also, an easily fusible enamel 
used as a ground for enamel painting. — a. Flowing ; un- 
stable ; variable. 

— v. t. 1. To fuse ; treat with a flux. 2. To purge. 

— v. i. To flow freely. Archaic. 

flux density. Elec. The number of lines of force per 
unit area of cross section normal to the lines. 
flux'ion (fluk'shun), n. 1. A flowing. 2. A flux (def. 2). 

3. Med. An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid 
toward any organ. 4. Math. A differential. 

flux'ion-al (-31), a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, fluxion 
or fluxions ; variable ; inconstant. — flux'ion-al-ly, adv. 

flux'ion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Fluxional. 

fly (fll), v. i.; pret. flew (floo) ; p. p. flown (flon) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. fly'ing. [AS. fleogan.] 1. To move in the air 
with wings, as a bird. 2. To move or be driven through the 
air, as before the wind. 3. To move or pass swiftly. 4. To 
float, wave, or soar in the air, as a kite or flag. 5. To be 
rapidly spent, as money ; to seem to pass rapidly, as time. 
6. Hawking. To hunt with a hawk ; to be engaged in hunt- 
ing, as a hawk. 7. To run from danger ; flee. 
to fly in the face of, to act in direct opposition to ; resist. 

— v. 1. 1. To cause to fly or float in the air, as a kite, flag, etc. 

2. To fly or flee from ; shun. 3. To hunt with a hawk ; hunt 
in the air, as a hawk. 4. To manage (an aircraft) in flight. 

— n. ; pi. flies (fliz). 1. The course through the air of any- 
thing projected, as, esp., a batted ball ; also, the ball in 




H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FLY 



390 



FOGYISM 



flight. 2. a A passenger coach or parcels cart. Obs. or Hist. 
b A public covered one-horse carriage. Eng. 3. Mach. a A 
contrivance of radial vanes, capable of rotating on an axis, 
to act as a fanner, or to govern motion, as of clockwork, b 
A flywheel, c The arrangement consisting of a lever with 
end weights used to operate fly presses by its momentum 
when turned rapidly at the end of the screw; also, a fly 
press. 4. Length of an extended flag. 5. The outer canvas 
of a tent with a double top. 6. A lap on a garment, to con- 

i ceal buttons. 7. In pi. The space over a stage with para- 

| phernalia for handling scenery, etc. 
on the fly, flying ; hence : moving ; without coming to a 
rest, or, of a batted ball, before it strikes the ground. 

fly, n. [AS. flyge, fleoge, fr. fleogan to fly.] 1. Originally, 
any winged insect ; — now only in butterfly, firefly, etc. 
2. A two-winged insect of a family (Muscidw) of which 
the house fly (Musca domestica) is the most familiar form, 
or any of a closely allied family; popularly, almost any 
flylike insect ; as, a dragon fly. 3. A fish hook dressed 
with feathers, tinsel, etc., to imitate a fly. 4. Print. A 
vibrating frame with fingers for taking the printed sheets 
from a power printing press. 

fly, a. Knowing ; wide-awake ; keen ; artful. Slang. 

fly agaric or amanita. A common very poisonous mush- 
room ( Amanita muscaria) of Europe and America having 
a warty white or yellow pileus. 

fly'a-way' (fll'a-wa'), a. Flighty ; unrestrained. 

fly'blow' (fll'bloO, n. An egg or young larva deposited by 
a blowfly. — v. t. To deposit eggs on, as a blowfly does on 
meat ; hence, to taint. — fly'blown' (-blon'), a. _ 

fly'boat' (-hot'), n. Any of various fast vessels, including 
frigates, fishing boats, and ship's boats. 

fly'catch/er (-kach'er), n. Any of numerous small birds 
that feed on insects, which they take on the wing. 

fly'er, fli'er (nl'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, flies; 
specif., an aeroplane or flying machine. 2. Arch. Any of a 
flight of steps parallel to each other. 3. An operation not 
in the line of one's ordinary business ; a venture. Cant. 

fly'— fish', v. i. To angle with flies, real or artificial. 

fly'ing, p. pr., p. a., & vb. n. of fly, v. — flying artillery, 
artillery trained to rapid evolutions. — f . boat, Aeronautics, 
a compact hydro-aeroplane having one central body, 
or hull. — f . buttress, Arch., a masonry structure, typi- 
cally a straight inclined bar carried on an arch and a solid 
pier or buttress against which it abuts, for bracing a roof or 
vault. — f . column, Mil., a strong detachment, equipped 
lightly to insure rapid movement, which operates at a dis- 
tance from the main force. — F. Dutchman, a A fabled 
Dutch mariner condemned for his crimes to sail the seas 
till the judgment day. b His spectral ship, the seeing of 
which is considered a bad omen by sailors. — f . fish, any of 
certain fishes (genus Exoccelus 
and allied genera) having 
winglike pectoral fins, 
and capable of moving 
some distance 
through the 
air. — f . fox, 
any of various 
large fruit- 

eating bats, Flying Fish 
esp. those of (Cypsilurus 
two genera robustus). 
(Pteropus and Epomophorus) , having a foxlike face. — t. 
gurnard, any of several gurnardlike fishes (genus Cephala- 
canthus) having very large pectoral fins, said to be able to 
fly like the flying fish, but not for so great a distance. — f . 
jib, Naut., a sail set outside the standing jib, on the flying 
jib boom, an extension of the jib boom. f. lemur, an 
East Indian mammal (genus Cynocephalus) of the size of 
a cat, having a broad fold of skin, from the neck to the tail 
on each side, used in making long sailing leaps. — f . ma- 
chine, an apparatus designed for navigating the air. 
The term is sometimes restricted to a machine heavier 
than air and dependent upon 
its own motors. — 
f. mouse, a very^te..^ 
small Australian ^^ — JM 
flying phalanger 
(Acrobates pulchellus). 
— f . phalanger, any of 

various phalangers hav- ^ ^■=^|/' 

ing a parachute-like 
membrane used in leap- 
ing. — f . squirrel. Any African Flying Squirrel, 
of certain squirrels having folds of skin connecting the fore 
and hind legs, enabling them to make very long leaps. 

fly'leaf' (fll'lef 7 ), n. An unprinted leaf at the beginning or 
end of a book, circular, program, etc. 

fly'spech/ (-speV), n. A spot made by the excrement of a 
fly ; any insignificant dot. — v. t. To soil with flyspecks. 

flyte. Var. of flite. Archaic or Scot. 

fly'trap' (fll'trapO, n. A trap for catching flies ; also, a fly- 
catching plant, as the Venus's-flytrap. 

fly'wheel' (-hwel'). n. A heavy wheel for equalizing by 
its inertia the speed of machinery with which it revolves. 





foal (fol), n. [AS. fola.~] The young of the horse family; 
a colt ; filly. — v. t. & i. To bring forth (a colt or foal). 

foam (fom), n. [AS. fam.') The white substance, of 
minute bubbles, formed on liquids, or in the mouth or on 
the skin of an animal, by violent agitation, fermentation, 
or perspiration ; froth ; spume. — v. i. To gather or form 
foam ; froth. — v. t. To cause to foam ; cover with foam. 

foam'y (-1), a. ; foam'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Covered with 
foam j frothy. 2. Full of, consisting of, or like, foam. 

fob (fob), n. 1. A little pocket in men's trousers for a 
watch, etc. 2. A short watch chain or ribbon. U. S. 

fob, v. t. ; fobbed (fobd) ; fob'bing. To trick. Archaic. 
to fob off, to shift off by an artifice ; put aside. 

fo'cal (fo'kal), a. Of or pertaining to a focus, 
f . distance, or length, of a lens or mirror, Optics, the 
distance of the focus from the surface of the lens or mirror, 
or more exactly, in the case of a lens, from its optical center. 

fo'cal-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'Tng). To 
bring to a focus. — fo'cal-i-za'tion (-l-za'shun ; -I-za'-), n. 

fo'cus (-kus), n. ; pi. E. -cuses (-ez ; 24), L. -ci (fo'si). [L. 
focus hearth.] 1. Physics, a A point in which rays as of 
light, heat, * ^' 

sound, etc., < 

meet, after A 
being reflect- 
ed or refract- 
ed ; the point jj 
at which an 
image is 
formed, b A 
point from 
which diverg- 
ing rays ap- 
pear to issue, 
or a point at 
which con- 
verging rays 
would meet if 
not reflected 
o r refracted 
beforethey 
reach it; — 
called virtual 
focus, as dis- 




Focus. 1. Rays 
from any point 
of an object AB, 
as AO, AC from 

A, BO, BD from 

B, after refrac- 
tion by Lens DC 
meet at some 
point, as a, b, the Real Foci for A, 



B. A 

screen at ba would receive the rays of all 
points in AB, and show a clear inverted 
image of AB. At b'a' or at b"a" the 
screen would receive the rays from each 
point of AB at more than one point, and 
the image would be blurred (out of fo- 
cus). 2. Parallel rays AC, BD refracted 
by Lens CD to ab appear to issue from 
F, the Virtual Focus. 
tinguished from the true, or real, focus. 2. a Focal length. 
b Adjustment, as of the eye or an eyepiece, requisite for dis- 
tinct vision. 3. Math, a Either of two certain points on the 
principal axis of an ellipse. See ellipse, b Any analogous 
point in other conic sections. 4. A central point ; point of 
concentration. 

— v. t. ; -cused (fo'kiist), or -cussed ; -cus-ing or -cus-sing. 

1. To bring to a focus ; focalize. 2. To adjust the focus of 
(the eye, a lens, etc.). 

fod'der (fod'er), n. [AS. fodder, foddor.~\ Coarse food for 
cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, vegetables, etc. 

— v. t. To feed with or as with fodder. 

foe (fo), n. [AS. fah hostile.] 1. One who has personal 
enmity, hatred, or malice, against another; an enemy. 

2. An enemy in war ; adversary. 3. One who opposes on 
principle ; an ill-wisher ; as, a foe to religion. 4. Anything 
prejudicial or injurious ; as, bad drainage is a foe to health. 

— Syn. See enemy. 

foehn (fun), n. [G. dial. (Swiss), fr. L. Favonius west 
wind.] A warm dry wind of the northern Alpine valleys. 

foe'man (fo'man), n. A foe in war. 

foe'tal, f ce-ta'tion, fce'tus, etc. Vars. of fetal, fetus, etc. 

fog (fog), n. 1. Aftermath ; rowen. 2. Moss. Scot. 

fog, n. 1. Vapor condensed to fine particles of water near 
the ground. 2. Any murky condition of the atmosphere, 
or any substance causing it. 3. State of mental confusion. 

— Syn. See haze. — y. t. ; fogged (fogd) ; fog'ging (fog'- 
lng). 1. To envelop with or as with fog ; hence : to perplex ; 
confuse. 2. Photog. To render semiopaque or cloudy, as a 
plate, by exposure to stray light, overexposure to developer, 
etc. — v. i. 1. To become obscured with or as with fog. 2. 
Photog. To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the 
image on a negative. 

f og'dog' (-d&V ; 62) , n. A luminous spot sometimes seen in 
fog near the horizon ; — called also sea dog. 

fog'fruit' (-froot' ; 86), n. Any of a genus (Lippia, esp. L. 
lanceolata and L. nodiflora) of mainly tropical American 
verbenaceous shrubs, having small spicate flowers. 

fog'gy (-1), a.; -gi-er (-I-er) ; -gi-est. 1. Filled or abound- 
ing with fog ; misty. 2. Beclouded ; muddled. 3. Photog. 
Fogged. See fog, v. t., 2. — fog'gi-ly, adv. — fog'gi-ness, n. 

fog'horn' (-horn'), n. A horn sounded as a warning signal 
during a fog. 

fo'gram (fo'gram), fo'grum (-grum), a. Old-fashioned; 
behind the times. Colloq. — n. A fogy. Colloq. 

fo'gy (fo'gl), n.;pl. -gdzs (-glz). Also fo'gey. A dull 
fellow ; one behind the times, or overconservative. Colloq. 

— fo'gy -ish, a. — fo'gy -ism, n. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOH 



391 



FOLLY 




fob. (fo), inter j. Poh ! bah ! — an exclamation of disgust. 

foi'ble (foi'b'l), n. [OF. foible feeble. See feeble.] 1. A 
failing ; weak point ; frailty. 2. The part of a sword blade 
or foil blade between the middle and point ; — opposed to 
forte. — Syn. See fault. 

foil (foil), v. t. [F. fouler to trample, press, oppress.] 1. To 
trample. Obs. or Hunting. 2. To defeat ; overthrow ; baf- 
fle ; frustrate. — Syn. See frustrate. — n. 1. Failure ; 
frustration. 2. A light blunt sword with a button at the 
point, for fencing. 3. The track or trail of an animal. 

foil, n. [OF., leaf, fr. L. folium.'] 1. A leaf, or very thin 
sheet, of metal; as, gold foil, tin foil. 2. Jewelry. A thin 
leaf of silvered, burnished, and colored metal, used to give 
color or brilliancy to pastes 
and inferior stones ; for- 
merly, a setting. 3. Any- 
thing that adorns or sets 
off by contrast. 4. The 
space between the cusps in Foils, 4. 

Gothic architecture ; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in 
windows, niches, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To back, or cover, with foil. 2. To enhance, or 
set off, by contrast. 3. Arch. To adorn with foils. 

foin (foin), v. i. To thrust with a sword or spear; lunge. 

Archaic, — n. A lunge. Obs. 
Fo'ism (fo'iz'm), n. [From Fo, the Chinese name of 

Buddha.] Chinese Buddhism. — Fo'lSt, n. 
foi'son (foi'z'n), n. [F., fr. L. fusio. See fusion.] 1. Rich 

harvest ; plenty. Archaic. 2. Strength ; in pi., resources. 

06s. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
foist (foist), v. t. To insert surreptitiously; interpolate; 

pass off (something spurious) as genuine; — usually used 

with on, into, or in. 
fold (fold), v. t. [AS. fealdan."] 1. To lap or lay in plaits or 

folds. 2. To lay or clasp together ; lay close to the body ; as, 

the bird folds its wings. 3. To inclose within or as within 

folds ; envelope ; embrace ; as, hills folded in mist. — v. i. 

To become folded or doubled. 

— n. 1. A doubling ; plait. 2. That which is folded together, 
or which infolds ; embrace. 

fold, n. [AS. fald, falod.~] 1. An inclosure for sheep. 2. A 
flock of sheep ; fig. , the church or a church. 3. Farmyard ; 
yard. Obs. or Dial. Eng. — v.t. To confine in a fold, as sheep. 

•fold. [AS. -feald.] A suffix meaning times; — used with nu- 
merals to denote multiplication ; as, twofold (double), etc. 

fcld'er (fol'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, folds. 2. A 
circular, as a time-table, of one or more folded sheets. 

fol'de-rol' (fol'de-rol'). Var. of falderal. 

fold'ing, n. [From fold an inclosure.] The keeping of 
sheep in inclosures on arable land, etc. 

fo'li-a (fo'lT-d), n., Lat. pi. of folium. 

fo'li-a'ceous (fo'lT-a'shus), a. [L. foliaceus, fr. folium 
leaf.] 1. Bot. Belonging to or like a foliage leaf. 2. Con- 
sisting of leaves ; having the form of a leaf. 

foli-age (fo'li-aj), n. [OF. foillage, fr. foille leaf, L. fo- 
UumJ\ 1. The leaves of a plant collectively; leafage. 2. 
The representation of leaves and branches for ornamentation 
or decoration. — fo'li-aged (-ajd), a. 

fo'li-ar (fo'li-dr), a. Consisting of, or pert, to, leaves. 

foli-ate (-at), a. [L. foliatus leaved, leafy, folium leaf.] 
Furnished with leaves; leafy.— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-af- 
Sd) ; -at'ing. 1. To coat with tin amalgam or foil. 2. 
Arch. To ornament with foils. — v. i. 1. To divide into 
laminae or leaves. 2. To put forth leaves. 

fo'li-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Resembling a leaf; having leaves, 
laminae, or leaflike projections ; separable into thin plates. 

fo'li-a/tion (-a'sh&n), n. 1. Act of foliating. 2. Process of 
forming into a leaf or leaves; 
state of being in leaf. 3. Act of 
beating metal into a thin plate, 
leaf, or foil. 4. Bot. Vernation. 
5. Arch. Ornamentation with 
foils, as in trefoils, or with foli- 
age; also, one of these orna- 
ments. 6. Petrog. Foliated 
structure ; division into lam- 
inae or plates. 7. The number- 
ing of the leaves of a book, etc., 
(rather than the pages). 

fo'li-a-ture (fo'li-d-tur), n. Fo- 
liage, in reality or ornamental 
representation. 

foOi-o (fo'li-o ; fol'yo), n. ; pi. -os (-oz ; -yoz). [Ablative of 
L. folium leaf.] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript. 2. A 
sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book made of sheets of 

Eaper each folded once (4 pages to the sheet) ; a book of the 
/rgest-sized pages. 4. The size or form of a folio book. 
Abbr., fol. 5. The page number in a book. 6. A page in an 
account book ; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the 
same serial number. 7. Law. In a document, a certain 
number of words taken as a unit or division for measure- 
ment or reference. 




Foliations, 5. 



— a. Formed of sheets each folded once, making two 
leaves, or four pages ; as, a folio edition. See folio, n.. 3. 

— v. t. To mark with its number each folio or page of 'a 
book or manuscript). 

fo'li-o-late (fo'li-6-lat), a. [From foliole, dim. of L. folium 
leaf.] Bot. Pert, to, or consisting of, leaflets ; — in compo- 
sition, as in bifoliolate. 

-fo'li-OUS (-fo'li-iis). An adjective suffix fr. L. folium, lea?. 

fo'li-um (fo'li-um), n.; pi. folia (-d). [L., a leaf.] Geol. 
A very thin stratum or layer ; — usually in pi. 

folk (fok), n. [AS. folc.) 1. [_pl. folks.] A group of kin- 
dred people forming a tribe or nation. 2. [ Now only in pi. 
folk (Archaic) or folks (Colloq.).'] People in general or 
of a special class ; as, fine folks ; folks say. 3. \_Only in pi. 
folks.] The persons of one's own family ; relatives. Colloq. 

|| Fol'ke-thing' (fol'ke-tlng'), n. [Dan. See folk ; thing.] 
The lower house of the Danish legislature. 

folk etymology. The popular transformation of words 
so as to give them an apparent relationship to better known 
or better understood words, as the dialectal change of 
asparagus to sparrowgrass. — f olk'-e'ty'mo-log'i-cal, o. 

folk'land' (fok'Iand/), n. [AS. folcland.] O. Eng. Law. 
Land held by folkright, that is, by customary law, without 
written title, as opposed to bookland. 

folk laws. The customary laws of the Germanic peoples of 
western Europe. 

folk'lore' (fok'lor' ; 57), n., or folk lore. Traditional cus- 
toms, beliefs, etc., of a people, or the study of them. 

folk'moot' (fok'moot'), folk'mote' (-mot'), n. [AS. folc- 
mot folk meeting.] An assembly of the people. Hist. 

folk'right' (-rltO, n. O. Eng. Hist. The public right, that 
is, the right of the people under the folk laws. 

folk song, a A song originating and traditional among 
the common people, b A song imitating such a song. 

fol'li-cle (fol'i-k'l), n. [L. folliculus small bag, husk, pod, 
dim. of follis bellows, inflated ball.] 1. Bot. A one-celled 
simple fruit, dehiscent by one suture only, as the fruits of 
the milkweed. See fruit, Illust. 2. Anat. A small, 
nearly or entirely closed, cavity or gland. 

fol-lic'u-lar (fo-lik'u-ldr), o. 1. Like, pert, to, or consist- 
ing of, follicles. 2. Med. Affecting the follicles. 

fol-lic'U-late (-ITk'u-lat)) a. Having, consisting of, or in- 

fol-lic'u-lat'ed (-lat'ed) J closed in, a follicle or follicles. 

fol'low (fol'o), v. t. [AS. folgian, fylgean, fylgan.] 1. To 
go or come after ; attend. 2. To succeed in order of time, 
rank, etc. 3. To result from ; as, punishment follows wrong- 
doing. 4. To walk in or proceed along, as a road or course ; 
attend on closely, as a calling. 5. To endeavor to over- 
take ; pursue ; strive after. 6. To pursue with hostility ; 
punish ; press to a conclusion. Obs. or R. 7. To accept as 
authority ; obey ; as, to follow good advice. 8. To copy 
after ; take as an example. 9. To watch, as a receding 
object ; keep the mind on while in progress, as a speech. 
Syn. Follow, pursue, chase are often interchangeable. 
Follow is the general term ; to pursue is to attempt to 
overtake, esp. eagerly, persistently, or in enmity ; to chase 
is to pursue in order to, or as if to, catch or drive away. 
to follow out, to follow to a conclusion ; as, he determined 
to follow out his own ideas. — to f . suit, Card Playing, to 
play a card of the same suit as the card led ; hence, collo- 
quially, to follow an example set. — to f . up, to pursue 
closely or indefatigably ; to strengthen the effect of by 
further action ; as, to follow up a victory. 

— v. i. 1. To go or come after a person or thing in place, 
time, or sequence ; hence, to attend. 2. To result or occur 
as a consequence. 3. To pursue ; strive for attainment. 
Syn. Follow, succeed, ensue. Follow is the general 
term for the idea of coming after ; succeed commonly im- 
plies a regular order or succession ; ensue, some logical 
connection or principle of sequence ; as, night follows day ; 
a new love succeeded the old ; misery ensued from his failure. 

— n. Act or process of following ; specif., Billiards, a 
stroke made by hitting the cue ball so that it will follow 
the object ball after hitting it. 

fol'low-er (fol'6-er), n. 1. One who follows ; pursuer ; ad- 
herent ; retainer. 2. A sweetheart ; beau. Colloq. 3. A 
part of a machine that receives motion from another part. 
Syn. Follower, disciple, adherent, partisan, satellite. 
Follower is any one who attaches himself to another or his 
opinions ; disciple implies esp. allegiance to the doctrines 
of one looked on as a master ; adherent connotes closer at- 
tachment than follower ; a partisan is a zealous, often prej- 
udiced, adherent, esp. of a party or interest ; a satellite, an 
obsequious, often sycophantic, follower. 

fol'low-ing, n. One's followers collectively. — p. a. 1. Next 
after ; succeeding. 2. That is now immediately to follow or 
be mentioned, treated of, or the like. 

folly (fol'T), n. ; pi. -lies (-Tz). [F. folie, fr. fol, fou, fool- 
ish, mad. See fool.] 1. Want of good sense ; levity or 
weakness of mind. 2. A foolish act or idea ; light-minded 
conduct. 3. Scandalous crime ; sin ; lewdness. Archaic. 
4. An excessively costly or unprofitable undertaking ; esp., 
a building left unfinished because its expense proved too 
great for the builder's resources. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



FOMENT 



392 



FOOTLING 



Syn. Polly, infatuation. Folly implies lack of sense ; 
infatuation, blind and insensate folly, esp. with reference 
to opinions or personal attachments. 

fo-ment' (fo-ment'), v. t. [F. fomenter, h.L.fomentare, 
fr. f omentum a warm application, fovere to warm.] 1. To 
apply a warm lotion, heated cloths, or the like, to. 2. To 
nurse to life or activity ; cherish, or stir up, by excitementi ; 
rouse ; instigate ; as, to foment rebellion. 

fo'men-ta'tion (fo'men-ta'shun), n. 1. Med. a Act of fo- 
menting ; the application of warm, moist substances to the 
body for easing pain, b The lotion thus applied. 2. Excita- 
tion ; instigation ; encouragement. 

fo-ment'er, n. One who, or that which, foments. 

fond (fond), a. [For fonned, p. p. of ME. fonnen to be fool- 
ish.] 1. Foolish ; simple ; weak. Archaic. 2. Foolishly 
tender and loving ; weakly indulgent. 3. Affectionate ; ten- 
der ; — in a good sense. 4. Greatly pleased ; prizing highly ; 
desirous ; much inclined to ; — used with of, or (Chiefly 
Scot.) with to and the infinitive (formerly also with on) ; as, 
fond of sports ; fond to whistle. 5. Doted on ; cherished ; 
as, his fondest wishes. 

Syn. Loving, amorous, enamored, doting, ardent, passion- 
al — Fond, loving, amorous, enamored, doting. 
Fond (sometimes connoting foolish tenderness) implies 
affectionate attachment ; loving implies stronger affection 
than fond ; amorous, a propensity to love. One is enam- 
ored who is inflamed with love ; one is doting who is ex- 
cessively or weakly fond. 

fond (foN; E. fond), n. [F., fr. L. fundus. See fund.] 
Groundwork ; basis ; fundamental character. Obs., or used 
as a French word. 

fon'dant (fon'dant ; F. foN'daV), n. [F., lit., melting, p. 
pr. of fondre to melt, L. fundere. See found to cast.] A 
creamy, moldable preparation of sugar, used as the basis 
of much confectionery. 

fon'dle (fon'd'l), v. t.; -dled (-d'ld); -dling (-dling). 
[Freq. of obs. fond to dote.] 1. To coddle. Archaic. 

2. To treat or handle tenderly or lovingly ; caress. — Syn. 
See caress. — v. i. To show fondness, esp. by caresses. 

fon'dler (-dler), n. One who fondles. 

fond'ling (fond'ling), n. One fondly treated ; a pet. 

fond'ly (-\\),adv. 1. Foolishly. Archaic. 2. Affectionately ; 
tenderly. 3. In a willingly credulous manner ; as, he fondly 
expected peace. • . 

fond'ness, n. 1. Foolishness ; folly. Obs. 2. Doting affec- 
tion ; also, appetite, propensity, or relish. 

fon'du' (foN'dii'), a. [F. fondu, p. p. of fondre to melt, 
blend. See found to cast.] Blended ; — said of colors or 
of the surface or material on which the colors are laid. 

fon'due' (fon'dii'), n. Also, erroneously, fon'du'. [F. See 
fondu.] Cookery. A dish made of cheese, eggs, butter, 
etc., melted together. 

font (font), n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre. See found to cast.] 
A full assortment of type of one size and style; fount. 

font, n. [AS., fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain.] 1. A 
vessel to hold water for baptizing. 2. A fountain ; spring. 

3. A receptacle for holy water. # __ 

f ont'al (f on'tal) , a. Pertaining to a font, source, or origin ; 
original ; primary. Rare. 

fon'ta-nel', or fon'ta-nelle' (fon'td-nel'), n. [F. fonta- 
nelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See 
fountain.] 1. Anat. One of the intervals closed by mem- 
branous structures between the incompleted angles of the 
parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or 
young skull ; — so called from its rhythmical pulsation. 2. 
An opening for the discharge of secretions ; — often used fig. 

food (food), n. " [AS. foda.'] 1. Nutriment taken into an 
organism for growth or repair and to maintain life. 2. Nu- 
triment in solid form, as opp. to drink. 3. Something that 
nourishes, develops, or sustains. 4. Act of eating. 06s. 
Syn. Food, victuals. Food is the generic term ; victuals 
(now rare in elegant use) applies esp. to prepared food. 

fool (fool), n. [OF. fol foolish, mad, a fool, fr. L. folhs a 
bellows, wind bag, an inflated ball.] 1. One deficient in 
judgment ; one who acts absurdly or stupidly ; a simpleton ; 
d lt ; — in Biblical use often implying impiety. 2. A pro- 
fessional jester, formerly kept as a retainer and dressed m 
motley with cap and bells and bauble. 3. One made to 
appear foolish ; butt ; dupe. 4. An imbecile or idiot. Now 
Chiefly Colloq. 5. [Perh. a different word.] A com- 
pound of fruit scalded and crushed, with cream. 

v . i. To play the fool. — v. t. To make a fool of ; dupe. 

to fool away, to spend foolishly or unprofitably. 

fool'er-y (fobl'er-i), n. ; -pi. -eries .(-iz). Habit or practice 
of fooling ; behavior of a fool ; foolish act or thing. 

fool'har'dy (-har'di), a. Daring without judgment; fool- 
ishly bold. — Syn. Venturesome, reckless, incautious. See 
rash. — fool'har'di-ly, adv. — fool'har'di-ness, n. 

f ool'ing, n. Act of fooling or jesting ; humor for fooling. 

fool'ish, a. 1. Exhibiting folly ; unwise. 2. Proceeding 
from folly, weakness of mind, or silliness. 3. Paltry ; hum- 
ble. Archaic. — fool'ish-ly, adv. — f OOl'ish-ness, n. 
Syn. Irrational, imprudent, indiscreet, incautious; silly, 



fatuous, senseless, brainless, witless, shallow, shallow- 
brained, simple ; laughable, ridiculous, nonsensical. — Fool- 
ish, silly, fatuous. Foolish implies lack of judgment ; 
silly adds the implication of weakness of intellect, witless- 
ness, or pointlessness ; that is fatuous which is vacantly 
or stupidly silly. 
fools'cap' (foolz'kapO, n. 1. [Often fool's cap.] A cap or 
hood, usually with bells, worn by fools (see fool, n., 2). 

2. [Often fool's cap.] A cone-shaped cap, sometimes 
worn as a punishment by school children. 3. Paper for 
writing, printing, etc., in sheets about 13 X 16 or 17 inches; 
— from the old watermark of a fool's cap and bells. 

fool's gold. Iron or copper pyrites ; — from its color. 

fool's paradise. A state of illusive or deceptive happiness ; 
pleasure based on unreal conditions or false hopes. 

fool's parsley. A European apiaceous weed (Mthusa cy- 
napium) resembling parsley, but nauseous and poisonous. 

foot (foot), n.; pi. feet (fet). [AS. fot, pl./ei.] 1. The 
terminal part of the leg ; that part of an animal on which 
it stands or moves. 2. The foot as the organ of locomo- 
tion ; hence, fig. : motion or power of walking or running ; 
tread ; step ; pace. 3. Soldiers who go on foot ; infantry ; — 
now always used as a collective plural. Cf. horse. 4. That 
part of anything designed to accommodate the body that is 
in proximity to or covers the feet ; as, the foot of a stocking ; 
the foot of a bed. 5. Something resembling an animal's foot 
in position or use ; lowest part or base ; also, the last of a 
row ; end or extremity. 6. Specif. : Mech. a In a sewing ma- 
chine, the piece that holds the cloth steady ; — called also 
presser foot, b Naut. The lower edge (of a sail). 7. That 
which is placed or appears at the bottom or foot, as the sum 
of an account. 8. [pi. foots] In refining processes, the bot- 
tom portion ; sediment ; dregs ; residue. 9. A measure of 
length derived from the length of the human foot ; in Eng- 
lish-speaking countries, ^ of a yard, or 12 inches, 30.48 cm. 
Abbr., ft. In this sense foot is used as a collective plural 
when preceded by a designation of the number taken ; as, a 
ten-foot pole. 10. A group of syllables constituting a metri- 
cal unit of verse, corresponding to a measure in music. 
on foot, a Walking or running ; afoot, b In motion ; 
astir. — under f., under the feet ; fig., in subjection. 

— v. i. 1. To tread to measure or music ; dance. 2. To 
walk, as disting. from ride or fly ; — usually used with it. 

3. To move, esp. as a ship ; as, the yacht foots fast. — v. t. 
1. To tread on, over, or through. 2. To kick ; spurn. 06s. 
or R. 3. To seize or strike with the talons, as does a hawk, 
etc. 4. To make or renew the foot of, as of a stocking. 5. 
To sum up, as the numbers in a column. 6. To pay (a bill, 
expenses, etc.). Colloq. 

foot-and-mouth disease. A contagious disease (eczema epi- 
zootica) of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., marked by the forma- 
tion of vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and about the hoofs. 

foot'ball' (fdbt'bol'), n. 1. An inflated ball to be kicked 
in sport. 2. A field game played with a football, in which 
each of two contesting teams tries to kick or carry the ball 
to or through their opponent's goal or goal line. There are 
three principal varieties : Rugby football, in which the 
ball may be carried, or kicked, or thrown backward, and 
a player holding it may be tackled bodily ; Association 
football, in which all use of the arms or hands is prohib- 
ited except to the goal keeper ; and American football, 
which is a development of the Rugby game. 

fOOt'board' (-bord 7 ; 57), n. 1. A board or narrow platform 
to support the feet. 2. A board across the foot of a bedstead. 

foot'boy' (-boi'), n. A page ; lackey ; attendant in livery. 

foot'bridge' (-brij ; ), n. A bridge for foot passengers only. 

foot candle. Photometry. The amount of illumination 
produced by a standard candle at a distance of one foot. 

foot'cloth' (-kloth 7 ; 62), n. 1. Formerly, a caparison for 
a horse. 2. A carpet ; rug. 

f oot'ed, a. Having a foot or feet, or (such or so many) feet. 

foot'er (fotit'er), n. One who goes on foot ; a walker. 

foot'fall' (-ibV), n. A footstep ; sound of a footstep. 

foot'gear' (-geV), n. Covering for the feet, as stockings, 
shoes, or boots. [regiments called the Guards. British.] 

Foot Guards (gardz). Infantry soldiers belonging to select) 

foot'hill' (-hTF), n. A hill at the foot of mountains. 

foot'hold' (-hold'), n. A hold for the feet; footing. 

f oot'ing, n. 1. Standing ; stable position of the feet. 2. 
Place for the foot to rest on ; foothold. 3. Relative posi- 
tion ; condition ; as, on a friendly footing. 4. A moving on 
foot, as in walking or dancing. 5. Act of one who, or that 
which, foots. 6. The amount of a column of figuresas footed 
up. 7. Arch. A course or series of courses projecting at the 
base of a wall, abutment, etc. 

foot'less (fobt'les), a. 1. Having no feet ; hence : without 
foundation; unsubstantial. 2. Clumsy; stupid; inapt. 
Slang or Colloq. 

foot'lick'er (fobt'lik'er), n. A sycophant ; toady. 

foot'lights' (-lTtsO, n. pi. A row of lights at the front of 
the stage, and on a level therewith, in a theater, etc. 

foot'ling (-ling), adv. & a. [foot + 2d -ling. J With or 
having the feet foremost. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menU; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOOTMAN 



393 



FORCEMEAT 



foot'man (-man), n. 1. A man on foot ; pedestrian. Ar- 
chaic. 2. A foot soldier. Bare. 3. a A male servant 
who attends the door, carriage, table, etc. b Formerly, a 
servant who ran before his master's carriage. 4. A metal- 
lic stand for holding anything before a fire. 

footmark' (-mark'), n. A footprint. 

foot'note' (-not'), n. A note at the foot of a page. 

foot'pace' (-pas'), n. A walking pace or step. 

foot'pad' (-pad'), n. A highwayman or robber on foot. 

foot'path' (-path'), n. A narrow path, for pedestrians only. 

foot pound. Mech. A unit of energy or work, being equal to 

I the work done in raising one pound avoirdupois against the 
force of gravity to the height of one foot. 

foot poundal. A unit of work, the work done when a force 
of one poundal acts through a distance of one foot. 

foot'print' (-print'), n. An impression of the foot ; footmark. 

foot'rope' (-rop'), n. Naut. a The rope rigged below a yard, 
on which men stand when reefing or furling, b That part of 
the boltrope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed. 

foot'sore' (-sor' ; 57), a. Having sore or tender feet. 

foot'stalk' (-stok 7 ), n. Bot. A petiole, pedicel, or peduncle. 

ft Dt'stall' (foot'stol'), n. 1. The stirrup of a woman's sad- 
dle. 2. A rch. The plinth, base, or pedestal of a pillar. 

foot'step' (-step'), n. 1. A footfall ; length of a step. 2. 
Footprint ; track. 3. A step on which to go up or down. 

foot'stock' (-stok'), n. Mach. A tailstock or loose head- 
stock, as of a lathe. 

foot'stool' (stool'), n. A low stool to support the feet. 

foot ton. Mech. A unit of energy or work, being equal to 
the work done in raising one ton against the force of grav- 
ity to the height of one foot. 

foot'way' (-wa') ( n. A way for persons going on foot. 

foot'wear' (-war'), n. Clothing for the feet, as shoes and 
stockings. Colloq. 

foot'woni' (-worn' ; 57), a. Worn by, or wearied in, the feet. 

foot'y (fdot-i), a. [Cf. footer.] Poor ; mean ; paltry ; in- 
significant. Dial. Eng. 

foo'zle (foo'z'l), v. t. & %.; -zled (-z'ld) ; -zling (-zling). 
To bungle ; manage or play unskillfully ; as, to foozle a 
stroke in golf. — n. 1. A fogy. 2. Act of foozling. 

fop (fop), n. 1. A foolish person. 06s. 2. A coxcomb ; dandy. 

— v. t. To fool. 06s. [other indication of a fop.| 
fop'per-y (-er-I), n.; pi. -peries (-Tz). Behavior, dress, orj 
fop'pish (-ish), a. Like a fop ; dandyish. — Syn. See fini- 
cal. — fop'pish-ly, adv. — pish-hess, n. 

for (for), prep. [AS. for, fore.~\ In the most general sense, 
indicating that with reference to which anything is, is done, 
or takes place ; as : 1. Before. Obs. 2. With reference to 
(something) as an end or goal ; in connection with (some- 
thing) as to use, being, etc. 3. Instead of ; in requital of. 
4. In behalf of ; in support of ; in honor of. 5. Used with 
an object followed by an infinitive to form an idiomatic 
equivalent of a noun clause ; as, for him to submit (that he 
should submit) would be shameful. 6. As being; as, to 
take for granted. 7. Because of ; on account of ; also, be- 
cause of the lack of ; as, to be pinched for room. 8. Not- 
withstanding ; in spite of ; — usually used with all. 9. In 
equality or proportion to ; as, for one hero there are a dozen 
cowards. 10. As regards ; concerning ; as far as concerns ; 
as, so much for that. 11. During; throughout. 
for all the world, wholly; exactly. — for as much as, or 
forasmuch as, in consideration that ; seeing that ; since. 

— for ever, eternally. See forever. — for ever and a 
day, emphatically forever. 

— conj. Because. — Syn. See because. 

for-. [ AS. for-. ] A prefix, no longer active in English, de- 
noting off, away. It sometimes indicates prohibition, neg- 
lect, or refusal to do, and may imply affliction, detriment, 
or intensity. 

for'age (for'aj), n. [OF. fourage, forrage, fr. forre,fuerre, 
fodder, straw, LL. foderum,fodrum.] 1. Food for animals, 
esp. for horses and cattle. 2. A foraging ; search for provi- 
sions, etc. — y-t-; -aged (-ajd) ; -AG-iNG (-a-jmg). l.To 
strip of provisions ; collect forage from ; ravage. 2. To 
supply with forage. 3. To get by foraging. — v. i. To wan- 
der in search of forage ; secure forage ; ravage ; raid. 

for'ag-er (for'a-jer), n. One who forages. 

fo-ra'men (fo-ra'men), n. ; pi. L. -ramina (-ram'i-nd), E. 
-ramens (-ra'menz). [L., fr. forare to pierce.] A small 
opening, perforation, or orifice. 

|| fo-ra'men mag'num [L., great opening], Anat., the 
opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes. 

for'a-min'i-fer (for'd-min'i-fer),n. [L. foramen, -aminis, 
foramen + ferre to bear.] Zobl. Any of an order (Fora- 
minifera) of rhizopods, having a calcareous shell, often 
pierced with minute holes for protrusion of slender pseudo- 
podia. They are mostly marine and very small. — f o-ram'- 

1-nif'er-al (fS-ram'i-nu'er-al), er-OUS (-us), a. 

for'as-much' (for'az-miich'), conj. Used with as to denote : 

In consideration that ; because. See under for, prep. 
for'ay (for'a), v. t. & i. [Prob. deriv. fr. OF. forrer to pil- 
lage.] To ravage in search of spoils ; pillage. — n. A sud- 



den or irregular incursion for war or for spoils; a raid. 

for'ay-er (-er), n. One who forays ; a raider. 

for-bade', for-bad' (for-bad'), pret. of forbid. 

for -bear' (for-bar' ; for'bar), fore'bear (for'bar; for-bar'), 
n. [fore- + be + -er.'] An ancestor ; forefather. 

for-bear' (for-bar'), v. t.; pret. -bore' (-bor'), Archaic 
-bare' (-bar') ; p. p. -borne' (-born' ; 57) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
-bear'ing. [AS. forberan ; for- off + beran to bear.] 1. 
To endure. 06s. 2. To do without ; give up ; abstain or re- 
frain from. — v. i. 1. To refrain ; abstain ; hold back. 2. 
To control one's self ; be patient. 

f or-bear'ance (-bar'ans), n. 1. Act of forbearing ; exer- 
cise of patience. 2. A refraining from enforcement of what 
is due. 3. Quality of being forbearing ; long-suffering. — 
Syn. Abstinence, self-restraint ; mildness. See patience. 

for-bid' (-bid'), v. t.; pret. -bade' (-bad'), -bad'; p. p. 
-bid'den (-bid''n) ; Archaic p. p. -bid' ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
-bid'ding. [AS. forbeodan ; for- off + beodan to bid.] 

1. To prohibit; interdict. 2. To exclude from, or warn 
off, by express command. 3. To oppose or prevent ; as, a 
river forbade further advance. 4. To curse. 06s. 
Syn. Prohibit, interdict, inhibit, debar, preclude, disallow, 
proscribe. — Forbid, prohibit, interdict, inhibit. For- 
bid (the Saxon term) is the more direct and familiar ; pro- 
hibit (the Latin term), the more formal or official ; as, he 
forbade me to go ; the law prohibits gambling. To inter- 
dict is to debar, cut off, or preclude, esp. by authoritative 
command. Inhibit now always connotes a checking or 
restraint ; as, to inhibit desires ; to inhibit reflex action by 
pressure on a nerve. 

for-bid'dance (-bul'ans), n. A forbidding; prohibition. 

for-bid'der (-er), n. One who forbids. _ 

for-bid'ding, p. a. Repellent ; prohibiting or interdicting. 

— Syn. Offensive, repulsive, odious, abhorrent. — for- 
bid'ding-ly, adv. — for-bid'ding-ness, n. 

for-bore' (-bor'; 57), pret., for-borne', p. p. of forbear. 

for-by', for-bye' (for-bl') \ prep. & adv. [for + by.] 

fore-by', fore-bye' (for-bi') J Archaic or Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. 1. Close by ; near ; past or close past. 2. Besides. 

force (fors ; 57), n. [F. force, lA\,.forcia,fortia, fr. 'L.fortis 
strong.] 1. Strength or energy ; active power ; vigor ; as : a 
Physical strength or vigor, b Power to affect strongly in phys- 
ical relations or conditions. C Power to persuade or con- 
vince or impose obligation ; validity ; special signification. 

2. Strength for war ; hence, any body of soldiers or sailors ; 

— often in the.pZ. Hence, a body of men prepared for ac- 
tion; as, the police force (often, Colloq., called the force). 

3. Power, violence, compulsion, or constraint exerted on a 
person or thing. 4. Physics. Any action between two 
bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative 
condition as to rest or motion, or as to any physical inter- 
relation ; as, the force of gravity ; cohesive force. 

Syn. Force, violence, compulsion, coercion, con- 
straint, restraint imply the exertion of power against 
will, wish, or consent. Force and violence, regularly in this 
connection physical, may be used on either persons or 
things ; compulsion, coercion, constraint, restraint, either 
physical or moral, on personal agents only (except in cer- 
tain figurative uses) — compulsion and coercion being usu- 
ally exercised on others than one's self, constraint or re- 
straint on either. Force (see power), the most general 
term, implies physical power exerted on persons or things. 
Violence denotes unjust or unwarranted exercise of force, 
usually with vehemence or outrage. Compulsion and, 
still more, coercion imply the application, usually by an 
active agent, of physical or (in case of coercion more often) 
moral force to control the action of a voluntary agent. 
Constraint and restraint may be exercised either by an 
active agent or by force of circumstances ; constraint some- 
times denotes driving to action, but more often its forci- 
ble restriction or confinement ; restraint suggests its hin- 
drance or curbing. 

— v. t.; forced (forst); forc'ing (for'sing). 1. To do 
violence to ; esp., ravish ; violate. 2. To constrain or com- 
pel ; coerce. 3. To exert to the utmost ; urge ; hence : to 
strain ; to urge to, or produce, by unnatural effort ; as, to 
force a metaphor, a smile. 4. To get by strength ; take by 
violence ; pass through by force ; as, to force a door. 5. 
To impel, wrest, extort, etc., by violence ; — used with 
along, away, from, etc. ; as, to force confession from a pris- 
oner. 6. To impose or cause by necessity. 7. To enforce. 
06s. 8. To reenforce ; strengthen. 06s. 9. To allow the 
force of ; care for. 06s. 10. Card^ Playing. To cause (a 
player) to trump by leading a suit of which he has no cards, 
or to cause a player to play (a particular card). 11. To 
cause (flowers or fruits) to develop by artificial means. — 
Syn. Oblige, necessitate, drive, press. 

forced (forst ; 57), p. a. 1. Compelled by force ; compul- 
sory ; as, forced labor. 2. Done or produced laboriously ; 
strained ; as, a forced march ; a forced smile. 

force'ful (fors'fdbl), a. Full of force; forcible; effective. 

force'meat' (fors'met'; 57), n. [Corrupt, lor farce-meat, 
fr. F. farce stuffing.] Cookery. Meat chopped fine and 
highly seasoned, served alone or used as a stuffing. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used "\ this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
4- combined with. = equals. 




i 



H 



J 



K 






M 




FORCEPS 



394 



FORE PART 



for'ceps (for'seps), to.; pi. E. -ceps or, rarely, -cepses (-Sz), 
L. eorcipes (-si-pez). [L. forceps, -cipis.j A pair of pin- 
cers or tongs, esp. for delicate operations. 

force pump. A pump with a solid plunger for drawing 
a liquid on the upstroke and, on the return, forcing it 
through valves ; — disting. from a lift pump with a valved 
plunger. It is adapted for delivering liquid at a height 
above the pump or under pressure. 

forc'er (for'ser ; 57), to. One who, or that which, forces. 

for'ci-ble (for'si-b'l), a. 1. Effected by force used against 
resistance ; got by compulsion ; as, forcible entry. 2. Char- 
acterized by force, efficiency, or energy ; powerful. — Syn. 
Strong, energetic, mighty ; potent, impressive, convincing. 
— for'ci-ble-ness, n. — for'ci-bly, adv. 

forc'ite (for'slt ; 57), n. [From force strength.] _ A gela- 
tin dynamite in which the base is a low explosive com- 
posed principally of sodium nitrate. 

ford (ford), to. [AS.] Place where a river, or other water, 
may. be crossed by wading. — v. t. To cross by a ford. 

ford'a-ble (for'da-b'l), a. Capable of being forded. 

fordo' (for-doo'), fore-do' (for- ; 57), v. t. ; for prin. parts 
see DO. [AS. fordon.~] Archaic. 1. To kill or destroy ; 
undo. 2. To fatigue utterly ; exhaust ; — only in p. p. 

fore (for; 57), interj. [Short for before.] Golf. A word 
cried by a player when about to strike the ball, to warn the 
persons in the probable line of its flight. 

fore (for ; 57), adv. [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form 
of for.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first ; — now 
only as opposed to aft. 2. Formerly ; afore. Obs. 
fore and aft. Naut. a From stem to stern ; lengthwise 
of the vessel, b In, at, or toward bow and stern. — fore- 
and-aft rigged, Naut., not rigged with square sails at- 
tached to yards, but with sails bent to gaffs or set on stays 
in the midship line of the vessel, as a schooner. 

— prep. & conj. Before ; — sometimes written 'fore, as if a 
contraction of afore or before. Obs. 

— a. Advanced ; toward the front ; first ; earlier ; forward. 

— to. The front ; hence, that which is in front. 

fore- (for- ; 57). [See fore, adv.~] A prefix denoting before, 
in either position or time; used : 1. {Accent usually on 
verbal element.) In verbs, verbal adjectives and nouns, 
and nouns of agency or action, with the sense of : a In 
front ; as, /orerunner. b Beforehand ; as, foretell. 2. (Ac- 
cent usually on prefix.) In other nouns, with the sense of : 
a Front; as, forelock or forearm, b Preceding in time; 
as, /orefather. 

f ore'-and-aft', a. Naut. Lying, running, or acting in the 
general line of the length of a vessel ; as, fore-and-aft sails. 

fore'-and-aft'er, n. Naut. a A vessel, esp. a schooner, 
with a fore-and-aft rig. b Anything arranged fore and aft, 
as a longitudinal timber dividing a hatchway. 

fore'arm' (for'arm' ; 57), to. The part of the arm between 
the elbow and the wrist. 

fore-arm/ (for-arm'), v. t. To arm beforehand. 

fore'bear'. Var. of forbear, an ancestor. 

fore-bode' (for-bod' ; 57), v. t. & i.; -bod'ed (-bod'ed) ; 
-bod'ing. 1. To foretell ; portend. 2. To have a premoni- 
tion or presentiment of ; augur despondingly. — Syn. Pre- 
dict, prognosticate, presage, betoken. See foretell. — 
fore-bode'ment (-ment), to. — fore-bod'er (for-bod'er), n. 

fore-bod'ing (-bod'ing), n. Presage, prediction, or presenti- 
ment, esp. of evil ; portent. — Syn. See apprehension. 

f ore'braill' (for'branO , n. Anal, a The anterior of the three 
primary vesicles or divisions of the developing brain of ver- 
tebrates ; also, that part of the brain of the adult (the pros- 
encephalon and thalamencephalon) which develops from it. 
b In a narrower sense, the prosencephalon only. 

fore-by' (for-bl' ; 57). Var. of forby. 

fore-cast' (-kasf; 57), v. t. & i.; -cast', also -cast'ed ; 
-cast'ing. 1. To plan beforehand ; project. 2. To foresee ; 
calculate beforehand. 3. To serve as a forecast of ; as, these 
events forecast war. — Syn. See foretell. 

fore'cast' (for'kast'), n. 1. Previous contrivance ; hence, 
plan. Obs. or R. 2. Foresight ; forethought. Now Rare. 3. 
A prophecy or estimate of a future happening or state. 

fore-cast'er (for-kas'ter ; 57), n. One who forecasts ; esp., 
one who forecasts the weather officially. 

fore'cas-tle (for'kas-'l ; naut. fok's'l), n. Naut. a That part 
of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of 
the fore channels, b In merchant vessels, the forward part 
or compartment where the sailors live. 

fore'cit'ed (for'slt'ed), a. Cited or quoted before. 

fore-close' (for-kloz'),t>. t.; -closed' (klozd ) ; -clos'ing. 
[F. forclos, p. p. of forclore to exclude ; OF. fors outside 
(L. foris) + clore to close. See close.] 1. To shut out ; 
bar. 2. Law. To subject to foreclosure. 

fore-clo'sure (-klo'zhur), n. Law. A proceeding, which ex- 
tinguishes a mortgagor's right to redeem a mortgaged estate. 

fore'COUrse' (for'kors 7 ; 57), to. Naut. The lowermost sail 
on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel ; the foresail. 

fore'date' (-dat'), v. t. To antedate. [the main deck.l 

fore'deck' (-dek'), n. Naut. The fore part of a deck, esp.| 



fore-do' (-doo'). Var. of fordo. 

fore'doom' (for'doom'), n. Doom or sentence in advance. 

fore-doom' (for-doom' ; 57), v. t. 1. To doom beforehand; 
predestinate. 2. To predict as a doom ; forecast. Rare. 

f ore'f a'ther (f or'f a'ther ; 57), n. An ancestor. 

Fore'fa'thers' Day. The anniversary of the day (Decem- 
ber 21, 1620) on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the 
New England coast where the town of Plymouth, Mass., 
now stands. Owing to a mistake in changing from Old to 
New Style, it has generally been celebrated on December 
22. U. S. 

fore-feel' (for-fel'), v. t. To feel beforehand. 

fore-fend'. Var. of forfend. 

fore'fin'ger (for'fir/ger), n. The finger next the thumb. 

f ore'foot' (-foot'), to. ; pi. -feet (-fef). 1. One of the front 
feet of a quadruped or multiped. 2. In wooden ships, a tim- 
ber connecting the forward end of the keel to the stem. 

fore'front' (-fount'), to. Foremost part or place. 

fore-gath'er. Var. of forgather. 

fore-go' (for-go' ; 57), v. t. & i. To leave, etc. See forgo. 

fore-go', v. t. & i.; for prin. parts see go. [AS. foregan; 
fore -\-gantogo.~] To go before; precede. — fore-go'er, n. 

f ore-go'ing, p. a. Preceding. — Syn. See antecedent. 

fore-gone' (for-gon'; 62), p. a. That has gone before; 
previous ; past. — f ore-gone'ness, n. 
foregone conclusion, a A predetermined conclusion, b 
A result that was inevitable. 

fore'ground' (for'ground 7 ), to. In nature or art, that part 
of the scene nearest to, and in front of, the spectator. 

fore'hand' (for'handO, to. 1. Superior position ; advantage. 
2. That part of a horse which is before the rider. — a. 1. 
Done beforehand ; anticipative. 2. Heading ; front. 

fore'hand'ed, a. Mindful of the future ; thrifty ; well-to- 
do. Now U. S. — f ore'hand'ed-ness, to. 

f ore'head (for'ed), to. [AS. forheafod.'] 1. The part of the 
face above the eyes. 2. li Front, or fore, part of anything. 

for'eign (for'In), a. [F. forain, fr. L. for as, foris, out of 
doors, abroad, without.] 1. Outside of a place or country, 
esp. of one's own country. 2. Not of, or not pertaining to, 
one's home or household. Obs. 3. Of, pertaining to, or pro- 
ceeding from, some other person or thing ; as, a man cannot 
save himself by foreign aid. 4. Not native or domestic ; as, 
our foreign population. 5. Related to, or dealing with, 
other countries ; as, foreign trade. 6. Alien in character • 
not connected ; not pertinent ; not appropriate ; — now 
used only with to or from; as, foreign to the purpose. 7. 
Not organically connected or naturally related ; as, a for- 
eign body. 8. Law. Not within the sphere of operation of 
the laws of the country under consideration ; — opposed to 
domestic. — Syn. Outlandish, alien, exotic ; remote, dis- 
tant ; extraneous, extrinsic. 

foreign attachment, Law, a process by which the prop- 
erty of a foreign or absent debtor is attached for the satis- 
faction of a debt due from him to the plaintiff. 

for'eign-er (-er), n._ One not native in the country or juris- 
diction under consideration or not naturalized there. 

for'eign-ism (-iz'm), to. _ Anything peculiar to a foreign 
language or people ; the imitation of foreign usage. 

f or'eign-ness, n. Quality or condition of being foreign ; 
irrelevancy ; want of relation or appropriateness. 

fore-judge' (for-juj' ; 57), v. t. To judge beforehand. 

fore-know' (-no'), v. t. ; for prin. parts see know. To know 
beforehand. — fore-know'a-ble (for-no'd-b'l), a. 

fore-knowl'edge (-nol'ej ; 24), to. Previous knowledge. 

fore'land (for'land), to. 1. A promontory; headland. 2. 
Land in front ; — in political use, opposed to hinterland. 

fore'leg' (-leg'), to. A fore or forward leg. 

fore'lock' (for'lok' ; 57), to. A cotter or split pin ; a linchpin. 

f ore'lock', to. The lock of hair growing from the fore part 
of the head. 

fore'man (for'man ; 57), to. The chief man ; specif. : aThe 
chief man of a jury, who acts as its speaker and chairman. 
b A head ; overseer. — fore'man-ship, to. 

fore'mast (for'mast), to. Naut. The mast nearest the bow. 

fore'most (-most), a. [AS. formest, fyrmest, superl. of 
forma first, which is a superl .fr. fore fore.] _ First in time 
or place ; most advanced ; chief in rank or dignity. — adv, 
First ; in the first place. 

fore'name' (-nam 7 ), to. A name that precedes the family 
name, or surname ; a first name ; Christian name. 

fore'noon' (for'noon'), to. The early part of the day, from 
morning to meridian, or noon. 

fo-ren'sic (fo-ren'sTk), a. [L. forensis, fr. forum a public 
place, market place.] Belonging to law courts or to public de- 
bate ; argumentative ; rhetorical. — f o-Ten'si-cal-ly, adv. 

fore'or-dain' (for'or-dan'), v. t. To ordain beforehand; 
predestinate. — fore'or-dain'ment (-ment), to. 

fore-or'di-nate (for-6r'd!-nat ; 57), v. t. To foreordain. 

fore'or-di-na'tion ( -dT-na'shwn ), to. Previous ordination 
or appointment ; predestination. 

fore part, or fore'part' (for'part' ; 57), to. The part most 
advanced, or first in time or in place. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOREPASSED 



395 



FORGETFULNESS 



fore-passed', fore-past' (-past'), a. Bygone. Obs. or R. 

fore'rank' (for'rank'), n. The first rank; the front. 

fore-reach' (for-rech'; 57), v. t. To pass; gain on. 

fore-run' (for-riin' ; 57), v. t. ; for prin. parts see run. 1. To 
run before ; outrun ; precede. 2. To come before as an ear- 
nest of something ; announce. 

fore-run'ner (-er), n. 1. A messenger to give notice of the 
approach of others ; harbinger. 2. A predecessor ; ancestor. 
Syn. Prognostic, omen, sign. — Forerunner, precursor, 
harbinger, herald. Forerunner (Saxon) and precursor 
(Latin) apply to both persons and things . forerunner, more 
frequently to the former ; precursor (oftf.n in the sense of 
prognostic, omen), to the latter; as, John the Baptist was 
a forerunner of Christ ; lightning is the precursor of thunder. 
A harbinger is one who goes before, esp. to provide lodg- 
ings ; the word is now chiefly used fig. of things. Herald 
connotes p oclamation or announcement. 

fore'sail' (for'saT ; naut. for's'l or fo's'l), n. Naut. a The 
lowest sail on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel. 
D The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. C The 
forestaysail of a sloop, yawl, etc. 

fore-see' (for-se' ; 57), v. t.; for prin. parts see see. [AS. 
foreseon ; fore + s ^ on to see - ] To see or have knowledge 
of beforehand. — f ore-se'er, n. 

fore-shad'OW (-shad'o), v. t. To shadow or typify before- 
hand ; prefigure. — fore-shad'ow-er (-er), n. 

fore'-sheet', n. Naut. a One of the sheets of a foresail. 
b In pi. The forward part of an open boat. 

fore'shore' (for'shor 7 ; 57), \n. The part of the shore be- 
tween high- and low-water marks. 

fore-short'en (for-shor't'n), v. t. Fine Arts. To shorten, 
or to represent as shortened, as the effect of perspective. 

fore-show' (for-sho'), v. t.; for prin. parts see show. To 
show beforehand ; foretell. 

fore'side' (for'sld'), n. 1. Front side or part. 2. A stretch 
of country fronting the sea ; as, Falmouth Foreside. 

fore'sight' (-sit'), n. 1. Act or power of foreseeing. 2. Act 
of looking forward. 3. Action in reference to the future ; 
provident care. — Syn. See prudence. 

fore'skin' (for'skm' ; 57), n. Anat. The prepuce. 

for'est (for'est ; 24), n. [OF., fr. LL. forestis, prop., open 
ground for the chase, L. foris, foras, out of doors.] 1. A 
large tract of woodland. 2.Eng. Law. A tract of woodland 
and waste, usually belonging to the sovereign, set apart for 
game. — a. Of or pertaining to a forest ; sylvan. 

— v. t. To cover with trees. 

fore-stall' (for-stol' ; 57), v. t. [From ME. forstal obstruc- 
tion, AS. forsteal, forestall, prop., a placing one's self be- 
fore another. See fore ; stall.] 1. To intercept ; obstruct. 
Obs. 2. Law. To prevent the normal trading in (goods or a 
market) by buying up or diverting goods, or persuading 
others to enhance the price. 3. To exclude, hinder, or pre- 
vent, by prior measures or occupation. 4. To get ahead of ; 
anticipate. — f ore-stall'er, n. 

Syn. Forestall, anticipate have the idea of being (or get- 
ting) ahead, or of prior action ; forestall often emphasizes 
more than anticipate the implication of precluding, pre- 
venting, or rendering nugatory or useless ; as he anticipated 
my purpose ; to forestall criticism by making excuses. 

for'est-a'tion (for'es-ta'shun), n. 1. Practical application 
of the study of forestry. 2. Establishment of new forests. 

fore'stay' (for'sta/; 57), n. Naut. A stay reaching from 
the foremast head to_the bowsprit, to support the mast. 

fore'stay'sail (for'sta'sal ; -s'l), n. Naut. A triangular 
head sail directly forward of the foremast, set on the fore- 
stay ; in a sloop, yawl, etc., usually called foresail. 

for'est-er (for'es-ter), n. 1. One trained in forestry, esp. 
one in charge of forest trees. 2. A denizen of a forest. 

for'est-ry (for'est-n), n. 1. Forest land ; forest. 2. The 
science and art of forming, caring for, or cultivating forests. 

fore'taste' (for'tast'), n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. 

fore-taste' (for-tast'), v. t. To taste beforehand ; anticipate. 

fore-tell' (for-tel' ; 57),v.t.&i.; for prin. parts see tell. 
To tell beforehand ; prophesy ; foreshow. — fore-tell'er, n. 
Syn. Foretell, predict, prophesy, forecast, presage, 
forebode, portend, augur, prognosticate. Foretell 
(Saxon) and predict (Latin) are often interchangeable ; but 
predict is now commonly used when inference from facts 
(rather than occult processes) is involved. Prophesy con- 
notes inspired, or mysterious knowledge, or great assur- 
ance of prediction. Forecast connotes conjecture rather 
than inference ; presage, shrewd forecast, sometimes pre- 
sentiment or warning. Forebode implies obscure pre- 
science or premonition (esp. of evil) ; portend, threatening 
or ominous foretokening. To augur is to presage from or as 
from omens ; to prognosticate, from or as from symptoms. 

fore'thought' (for'thot'), a. Thought of, or planned, before- 
hand. Now Rare. — n. A thinking, or planning beforehand ; 
provident care. — Syn. See prudence. 

fore'thought'ful (for'thot'fool), a. Full of, or having, 
forethought ; provident. ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

fore'time' (for'tim 7 ), n. Former or past time. 

fore'to'ken (-to'k'n), n. Prognostic; premonitory sign. 

fore-to'ken (for-to'k'n ; 57), v. t. To prognosticate. 



f ore'-tooth', n. Tooth in the fore part of the mouth ; incisor. 
fore'top' (for'top'), n. 1. Forelock ; fore part of a wig. Obs. 

2. Naut. The platform at the head of the foremast. 
fore'-top-gal'lant (-top-gal'ant ; naut. -t'gal'ant), a. Des- 
ignating mast, sail, yard, etc., next above the fore-topmast. 

fore'-top'mast, n. A mast next above the foremast. 

i ore'— top'sail, n. The sail set on the fore-topmast. 

for-ev'er (for-eVer), adv. In England usually written 
for ever. 1. Through eternity ; eternally. 2. At all times ; 
incessantly. — Syn. Constantly, continually, always, 
perpetually, unceasingly, everlastingly, endlessly. 

f or-ev'er-more (-mor ; 57), adv. Forever; — emphatic. 

fore-warn' (for-worn'), v. t. To warn beforehand. 

fore'wom'an (for'wdom'an), n. A woman at the head oi 
other women, as in a workshop. 

fora'word' (-wurd'), n. A word said beforehand ; preface. 

fore-worn' (for-worn'; 57), p. a. See forworn. 

fore'yard' (-yard'), n. Naut. Lowest yard on a foremast. 

f or'feit (for'f It), n. [F. forfait crime, prop. p. p. oiforfaire 
to forfeit, transgress, fr. LL. forisfacere, prop., to act be- 
yond ; L. foris abroad, beyond -f- facere to do.] 1. A crime. 
Obs. 2. A thing forfeited ; what is, or may be, taken in re- 
quital of a misdeed ; fine ; penalty. 3. In play, something 
deposited for making some mistake and redeemable by a 
sportive fine; — hence the game of forfeits. 4. Forfeiture. 

— a. Forfeited ; as, " Thy wealth being forfeit to the state." 

— v. t. To lose, or lose the right to, by error, fault, or offense. 

— for'feit-er, n. [forfeiture.! 
for'f eit-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to be forfeited ; subject to| 
for'f ei-ture (for'f i-tur), n. 1. Act of forfeiting. 2. That 

which is forfeited ; a penalty ; fine ; mulct. 
for-fend' (for-fend'), v. t. Also fore-fend'. To prohibit; 

forbid ; also, to avert ; prevent. Archaic. 
for'ii-cate (for'fi-kat), a. [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] 

Zo'dl. Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds. 
for-gath'er (for-gath'er), fore-gath'er (for-; 57), v. i. 1. 

To convene ; assemble. 2. To meet, esp. accidentally. 

3. To fraternize ; consort socially. 
for-gave' (for-guv'), pret. of forgpte. 

forge (forj ; forj ; 57), n. [F., fr. L. fabrica artisan's work- 
shop, faber artisan, smith, 
as adj., skillful.] 1. A fur- 
nace, or a place with its fur- 
nace where metal is wrought 
by heating and 
hammering; a 
smithy. 2. A work- 
shop where wrought 
iron is produced di- 
rectly from the ore, 
or where iron is ren- 
dered malleable by 
puddling and 
shingling. 

— V.t.; FORGED 

( f orjd; forjd ) ; 
forg'ing (for'jmg ; 
for'-).[F./or£er, fr. 
L. fabricarejabri- 
cari, to fashion, fr. 
fabrica. See forge, 
n.~] 1. To form by heating and hammering, as a metal. 2. 
To form, or shape out, in any way ; produce ; invent ; de- 
vise ; as, to forge a lie. 3. To make or imitate falsely ; fabri- 
cate ; counterfeit, as a signature. — Syn. Feign, falsify. 

— v.i. 1. To forge metals; work as a smith. 2. To fabricate 
falsely ; commit forgery. 3. To move forward ; — esp. in to 
forge ahead. 4. To make a clicking noise by overreaching 
so that a hind shoe hits a fore shoe ; click ; — said of horses. 

forg'er (for'jer ; for'-), n. One who forges ; as : a Formerly, 
an author or maker, now a fabricator ; falsifier, b One who 
forges metals. C One guilty of the crime of forgery. 

Sor'ger-y /for'jer-i ; for'- ; 57), n. ; pi. -gertes (-Iz). 1. Act 
of inventing ; esp., feigning ; fiction. Obs. or Poetic. 2. Act 
of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely. 3. That which 
is forged, or counterfeited. — Syn. See counterfeit. 

for-gat' (for-get'), v. t.; pret. -got' (-got'), Archaic, -gat' 
(-gat') ; p. p. -got'ten (-got''n), -got' ; p. pr. & vb. n. -get'- 
ting. [AS. forgietan, forgitan ; for- -f- gietan, gitan (only 
in comp.), to get.] 1. To lose the remembrance of ; be un • 
able to recall ; as, to forget a name ; also, to lose the power 
or use of ; cease from doing ; as, " Hath thy knee forgot to 
bow ? " 2. To omit or disregard unintentionally ; hence : 
to neglect ; slight. 

to forget one's self, a To become unmindful of one's 
self, b To become absent-minded. C To be guilty of what 
is unworthy of one. d To become unconscious, as in sleep. 

— v. i. To cease remembering or noticing. 
for-get'ful (-fool), a. 1. Apt to forget. 2. Heedless ; neg- 
lectful. 3. Causing to forget ; inducing oblivion. Poetic. 

— f or-get'ful-ly, adv. — for-get'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Forgetfulness, oblivion. Forgetfulness (Saxon) 




Down-draft Forge. 1 Down-draft 
pipe for hot gases, etc. 2 Pipe for 
blast to quicken combustion. 3 Wa- 
ter Tank. 



K = r,h in G. ich, ach (5U); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



G 



H 



J 



K 



M 






FORGETTVE 



396 



FORMULA 



oftener signifies aptness to forget or the state of forgetting ; 
oblivion (Latin), the state of being forgotten. Forgetful 
oftener than oblivious suggests defective memory ; oblivi- 
ous commonly implies profound forgetfulness (its use, 
however, as an exact synonym for unconscious is erroneous) . 

for'ge-tive (for'je-tiv ; for'- ; 57), a. [From forge.] In- 
ventive ; imaginative ; — a Shakespearean word. 

for-get'-me-not' (for-get'me-notO, n. Any of a genus 
(Myosotis) of small herbs, of the borage family, having 
bright blue or white flowers, widely treated as the emblem 
of friendship and fidelity. See inflorescence, Illust. 

for-get'ta-ble (-get'd-b'l), a. Liable to be forgotten. 

for-get'ter, n. One who forgets. 

for-giv'a-ble (for-giv'd-b'l), a. That may or can be forgiven. 

for-give' (for-giv'), v. t. ; pret. -gave' (-gaV) ; p. p. -giv'en 
(-giv''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -giv'ing. [AS. forgiefan, for- 
gifan ; for- + giefan, gifan, to give.] 1. To give up resent- 
ment or claim to requital for (an offense or wrong) ; pardon. 
2. To cease to feel resentment against (a person) for wrong 
committed ; absolve ; pardon. — v. i. To grant forgiveness. 

— Syn. See excuse. — f or-giv'er, n. 

for-give'ness, n. Act of forgiving ; state of being forgiven. 

f or-giv'ing, p. a. That forgives or shows forgiveness ; pla- 
cable. — for-giv'ing-ly, adv. — f or-giv'ing-ness, n. 

for-go' (for-go'), fore-go' (for-go' ; 57), v. t.; for prin. parts 
see GO. [AS. f organ prop., to go past ; for- + gan to go.] 
1. To go past ; pass by ; hence : to neglect ; overlook. Ar- 
chaic. 2. To depart from ; leave ; forsake. Archaic. 3. To 
abstain from ; resign ; renounce. — Syn. See relinquish.— 
v. i. To refrain ; forbear. — for-go'er, f ore-go'er, n. 

for-got', for-got'ten. See forget. 

ior-judge' (for-jfijO, fore-judge' (for-), v. t. [OF. for(s)- 
jugier; fors outside + jugier to judge.] To expel, oust, 
or put out by judgment of a court ; — used with from, or 
of, or with a double object. 06s. exc. Law. 

fork (fork), n. [AS. fore, fr. L. furca.] 1. An implement 
having two or more prongs, or tines, for piercing, holding, 
taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything like, or 
suggestive of, a fork in shape. 3. A barbed point, as of an 
arrow. 4. One of the parts into which anything divides or 
branches ; the place where anything branches. 5. A choice 
of alternatives ; a dilemma. 

— v. i. To divide into branches. — v. t. 1. To make fork- 
shaped. 2. To raise, pitch, dig, or turn over, with a fork. 
to fork over or out, to hand or pay over. [Slang. 

forked (forkt; poet, or rhet. often for'ked), p. a. Formed 
into a forklike shape ; having a fork ; zigzag ; as, forked 
lightning. — fork'ed-ly (for'ked-lT), adv. — -ed-ness, n. 

fork'y (for'ki), a. Dividing into two or more branches. 

for-lorn' (for-lorn'), a. [AS. forloren, p. p. of forleosan to 
lose utterly.] 1. Deserted ; forsaken. 2. In pitiful plight ; 
wretched. 3. Almost hopeless ; desperate. — Syn. Lost, 
abandoned, helpless, friendless, abject, wretched, miserable. 

— f or-lorn'ly, adv. — f or-lorn'ness, n. 

forlorn hope. [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band, or 
troop.] 1. A body of men selected for very perilous service ; 
hence, a desperate enterprise. 2. Hence, by a play upon, 
or misunderstanding of, words : A vain or faint hope ; an 
almost hopeless undertaking. 

form (form), n. [F. forme, fr. L. forma.'] 1. An image ; 
likeness. 06s. 2. The shape and structure of anything ; con- 
figuration ; figure. 3. a A body, esp. of a human being, b 
Pleasing external appearance ; beauty. Archaic. 4. One of 
the different modes or aspects of existence, action, or mani- 
festation of the same thing or substance ; a kind ; variety ; 
as, graphite, soot, and the diamond are forms of carbon. 5. 
Specif., Gram., one of the different aspects a word may take 
as a result of inflection or change in spelling or pronuncia- 
tion ; as, an obsolete form ; participial forms ; verbal forms. 
6. A manner or method, esp. as regulative or prescriptive ; 
as, a matter of form. 7. a Conduct regulated by custom, 
etiquette, etc. ; often, mere empty ceremony ; hence : a for- 
mality, ceremony, or conventionality ; as, social forms, b 
Manner or conduct as tested by a prescribed standard ; as, 
such behavior is very bad form. Society Cant, c Manner of 
performing something. 8. Physical and mental condition ; 
esp., fitness to do anything ; condition ; as, an athlete or a 
race horse is in or out of form or in bad form. Sporting or 
Colloq. 9. The ideal or intrinsic character of anything, or 
that which imposes this character ; hence, a pattern or 
schema ; specif., Metaph., that assemblage or disposition of 
qualities which makes a conception, or that internal consti- 
tution which makes an existing thing, to be what it is ; — 
called essential or substantial form, and contradistin- 
guished from matter; hence, active or formative nature. 
10. Order, as in presenting ideas ; orderly arrangement ; 
also, a particular species of such arrangement ; as, the son- 
net is a poetical form. 11. The seat, bed, or lair of a hare. 
12. A long seat ; bench. 13. A rank of students in a school ; 
class. 14. That by which shape is given or determined ; 
mold ; pattern. 15. Print. Matter, as type, secured in a 
frame so that an impression may be taken therefrom. 



Syn. Form, figure, shape, conformation, configura- 
tion, outline, contour, profile. Form, figure, and shape 
(in their nontechnical uses) are constantly interchanged. In 
general, form is the aspect under which a thing appears, 
esp. as distinguished from substance or color ; figure is 
oftener form as defined by outline ; shape is more familiar 
and colloquial than form ; it often suggests form as given 
or acquired. Conformation and configuration denote 
form as dependent on arrangement or disposition of parts. 
Outline suggests the bounding line of a figure ; contour 
connotes rather body or mass as (esp. gracefully) outlined. 
Profile is esp. outline in side view. See ceremony. 

— v. t. 1. To give form to ; make ; fashion. 2. To give a par- 
ticular form to ; hence, to train. 3. To develop ; contract, as 
a habit. 4. To go to make up ; act as constituent of ; as, a 
club formed of actors. 5. Gram. To derive by grammatical 
rules ; as, the past tense of regular verbs is formed by add- 
ing -ed to the present. 6. Mil. & Nav. To arrange in or- 
der ; draw up as a line of battle. 

— v. i. 1. To become formed or shaped. 2. To take form ; 
arise. 3. To take a form, definite shape, or arrangement. 

-form (-form). A suffix denoting form, shape, resemblance. 

for'mal (for'mal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to form, or a form, 
esp. established form or custom ; conventional. 2. Of the 
nature of form ; of the nature of the inner form or reality ; 
essential ; of the nature of the external form or appearance ; 
apparent. 3. Metaph. Belonging to the essential constitu- 
tion of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing 
it ; constituent ; essential. 4. a Characterized by due form 
or order ; regular, b Done in due form, or with solemnity ; 
ceremonial. 5. Devoted to forms or rules ; orderly ; exact ; 
prim ; stiff. 6. Having the form without the substance ; 
external ; as, formal worship. — Syn. Precise, punctilious, 
affected, ceremonious, outward. See ceremonial. 

form-al'de-hyde(f6r-mal'de-hid), n. [formic + aldehyde.'] 
Chem. A pungent gaseous compound, H-CHO, formed by 
the partial combustion of methyl alcohol and in other ways. 
It is an effective preservative and disinfectant, often used 
in aqueous solution. [dehyde.| 

for'ma-lin (for'md-lTn), n. An aqueous solution of formal- 1 

for'mal-ism (for'mal-Tz'm), n. Practice or doctrine of strict 
adherence to prescribed forms, as in religion, art, etc. ; also, 
an instance of it. — for'mal-ist (-Tst), n. 

for-maPi-ty (for-mal'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Condition 
or quality of being formal ; esp., ceremonious, precise, etc. 
2. Form without substance ; external form. 3. Compliance 
with formal rules ; form ; ceremony. 4. An established or- 
der or form ; a ceremony. 5. That which is formal ; a form. 

for'mal-ize (for'mdl-Tz), v. t. 1. To give definite form to ; 
shape. 2. To render formal. — for'mal-i-za'tion, n. 

for'mal-ly, adv. In a formal manner. 

for'mat' (for'ma' ; for-mat'), n. [F. or G.] Shape and size 
of a book ; general style or get-up of a book. 

f or-ma'tion (for-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of forming, or shaping. 
2. That which is formed. 3. The manner in which a thing is 
formed ; conformation ; structure. 4.Mi7. The arrangement 
of a body of troops, as in a line, square, column, etc. 5. 
Geol. An aggregate of mineral deposits or rock masses of 
similar origin or composition. 

form'a-tive (for'md-tiv), a. 1. Giving, or tending to give, 
form ; plastic. 2. Gram. Serving to form. — n. Gram. 
a That which serves merely to give form and is no part of 
the radical, as a prefix or termination, b A word formed 
in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root. 

form'er (for'mer), n. One who, or that which, forms. 

for'mer (for'mer), a. [A compar. due to ME. formest. See 
foremost.] 1. Preceding in time or order ; previous ; ear- 
lier. 2. Anterior in place ; forward ; foremost. 06s. — Synu 
Prior, foregoing. See antecedent. 

fbr'mer-ly, adv. 1. In time past; of old; heretofore. 2, 
In time just preceding ; just before. 06s. 

for'mic (for'mik), a. [L. formica an ant.] Chem. Desig- 
nating an acid, IDCO2H, a colorless, mobile, vesicatory 
liquid, of pungent odor, occurring in various insects, as 
ants, and in plants. 

for'mi-ca-ry (f6r'mi-ka-rT),n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL./or- 
micarium,_ fr. L. formica ant.] An ants' nest ; ant hill. 

for'mi-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. formicatio, fr. formica 
ant.] Med. A sensation as of ants creeping on the skin. 

for'mi-da-ble (for'mi-dd-b'l), a. [L. formidabilis, fc.fcr- 
midare to fear.] Exciting fear or dread ; adapted to excite 
fear or deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking; 
alarming. — Syn. Dreadful, fearful, menacing , threatening, 
redoubtable. — f or'mi-da-ble-ness, n. — da-bly, adv. 

form/less, a. Without determinate form ; wanting regular- 
ity of shape. — f orm'less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 

for'mu-la (for'mu-ld), n. ; pi. E. -las (-Idz), L. -~lm (-1"). 
[L., dim. of forma form.] 1. A set form ; established rule ; 
conventional method ; asetform of wordsfor usein any cere- 
mony ; a form ; — often somewhat derogatory. 2. Eccl. A 
formal statement of doctrines. 3. A prescription or recipe, 
esp. for a medicinal compound. 4. Math. Any general fact, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FORMULARY 



397 



FORWARDS 



rule, or principle expressed in algebraic symbols. 5. Chem. 
A symbolic expression of the composition of a substance. 

for'mu-la-ry (for'mu-la-ri), a. Of or pertaining to formu- 
las. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rlz). 1. A book of prescribed forms, 
as of oaths, prayers, etc. 2. Prescribed form ; formula. 

for'mu-late (-lit), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. To 
express in or as in a formula ; state definitely and clearly. 

for'mu-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Act or result of formulating. 

for'mu-lism (for'mu-liz'm), n. Attachment to, or reliance 
on, formulas ; a system of formulas. 

for'mu-lize (-Hz), v. t.; -lized; -liz'ing. To formulate. 

for'myl (for'mTl), n. [/ormic + -yl.~] Chem. The radical 
(H • C : O) of formic acid. See benzoyl. 

for-nent', for-nenst' (for-nent' ; -nenst'), prep, [fore, adv. 
-f- anent.] 1. Opposite to ; facing ; over against ; alongside. 
2. For ; respecting. 3. Opposed to ; against. 4. Toward ; in 
connection with. All Obs., Scot., or Dial. 

for'ni-cate (for'nT-kat), v. i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicare to fornicate, fr. fornix, 
-icis, vault, underground brothel.] To commit fornication. 

for/ni-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. 1. Unlawful sexual inter- 
course on the part of an unmarried person ; — sometimes, 
esp. in the Bible, used to include adultery. 2. Fig., esp. in 
Scripture, idolatry. — for'ni-ca'tor (for'nT-ka'ter), n. 

for/nix (-niks), n.; pi. fornices (-ni-sez). [L., an arch or 
vault.] Anat. a An arch or fold, b A lamella composed 
of longitudinal white fibers, beneath the corpus callosum. 

for-sake' (for-sak' ), v. t.; pret. for-sook' (-so"6k') ; p. p. 
-S.ak'en (-sak''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -sak'ing. [AS. forsacan 
to oppose, refuse ; for- + sacan to contend. See for- ; 
sake.] 1. To reject. 06s. 2. To renounce ; surrender. 3. 
To desert ; abandon. — Syn. See abandon. 

for-SOOth' (-sooth'), adv. [AS. forsoS; for, prep. + soS 
sooth.] In truth ; indeed. Now Ironical or Contemptuous. 

for-spend' (-spend'), fore-spend' (for 7 -), v. t. [AS. for- 
spendan to consume.] To waste in strength. Archaic. 

for-swear' (-swar'), v. t. [AS. forswerian.~] 1. To reject 
or renounce on oath ; hence, to renounce earnestly. 2. To 
deny on oath. — Syn. See renounce, perjure. 
to forswear one's self, to swear falsely ; perjure one's self. 

— v. i. To swear falsely; commit perjury. — for-swear'er, n. 

for-syth'i-a (for-sith'i-d •; -sl'thi-d), n. [NL., after William 
Forsyth, who brought it from China.] Bot. Any of a genus 
(Forsythia) of oleaceous shrubs. Two species (F. suspensa 
and F. viridissima) are cultivated for their yellow bell- 
shaped flowers appearing in earliest spring, before the leaves. 

fort (fort), n. [F., It. fort strong, ~L. fortis.] A strong or for- 
tified place, esp. one occupied only by troops, surrounded 
with a ditch, n rampart, parapet, or the like ; a fortification. 

for'ta-lice (for'td-lis),n. [LL. fortalitia or OF. fortelesce.] 
Mil. A fort ; now, a small fort. 

forts (fort), n. [F. fort.'] 1. Strong point ; that in which 
one excels. 2. The part of a sword blade nearest the hilt ; 
— opposed to foible. [Loud. Abbr.,/.| 

|| for'te (for'ta), a. & adv. [It. forte, a. & adv.] Music] 

f or'te, n. A tone or a passage played forte. 

forth (forth ; 57), adv. [AS. forS, fr. for. See for.] 1. For- 
ward ; onward in time, place, or order. 2. Out, as from con- 
cealment. 3. Away; out. Obs. — prep. Forth from. 
Archaic. 

forth'com'ing ( f orth'kunv'Tng ; forth'kum'-; 109), p. a. 
About to appear ; making appearance ; approaching. 

forth'corn'ing (-kum'Ing), n. A coming forth ; approach. 

forth'right' (forth'rlt'; forth'rlt'), forth'rights' ( : rits'; 
-rltsO, adv. 1. Directly forth or ahead. 2. Immediately. 

forth'rigrit' (forth'rlt'; forth'rlt'; 57), a. Going straight 
on; direct. Archaic. — n. A straight path. Archaic. 

f orth'with' (forth'with' ; -with'; 57), adv. Immediately; 
directly ; with reasonable dispatch. 

for'ti-eth ( f or'tT-eth ; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
thirty-ninth ; — the ordinal of forty. Abbr., Jfith. See 
ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of forty equal 
parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 

1. The quotient of a unit divided by forty ; a fortieth part. 

2. A fortieth unit or object. 

for'ti-h-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shSn), n. 1. Act of fortifying. 

2, 




Section of Fortification. 1 Terreplein (connected with the 
Parade by the Interior Slope) ; 2 Banquette (connected 
with 1 by the Banquette Slope) ; 3 Superior Slope ; 

4 Exterior Slope (between 3 and 4 is the Exterior Crest) ; 

5 Scarp Wall surmounted by the Berm ; 6 Counterscarp 
Wall ; 7 Covered Way ; 8 Parapet. 

2. That which fortifies, defends, or strengthens ; esp., a 
work erected to defend a place against attack. 



for'ti-fi'er (for'ti-fT'er), n. One who, or that which, fortifies. 

for'ti-fy (for'ti-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F., forti- 
fier. L. fortificare ; fortis strong -j- -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To strengthen, as : a To give physical strength to ; 
invigorate, b To add mentaLor moral strength to ; confirm ; 
corroborate. cTo strengthen by forts or batteries; ren- 
der defensible against attack. 

li for-tis'si-mo (for-tis'i-mo), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Very 
loud. Abbr., #. 

for'ti-tude (for'tT-tud), n. [l^.fortitudo, fr. fortis strong.] 

1. Strength ; firmness. Obs. 2. Passive courage ; firmness 
in confronting danger or enduring trouble. — Syn. Reso- 
lution, resoluteness, bravery. See courage. 

fort'night (fort'nit ; -nit), n. [Contr. fr. fourteen nights.'] 
The space of fourteen days ; two weeks. 

fort'night-ly ( -nlt-li), a. Occurring or appearing once in a 
fortnight ; biweekly. — adv. Once in a fortnight. 

for'tress (for'tres), n. [F. forteresse, OF. forterece, for- 
trece, fr. L. fortis strong.] A fortified place ; a fort.— v. t. 
To fortify. 

for-tu'i-ti'sm (for-tu'i-tTz'm), n. The doctrine or belief 
that evolutionary adaptations are the chance results of the 
operations of natural law. — for-tu'i-tist (-tist), n. 

for-tu'i-tous (for-tu'i-tus), a. [L. fortuitus ; ir. forte, adv., 
by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance.] Happening 
by chance or accident ; chance. — Syn. Casual. See acci- 
dental. — for-tu'i-tous-ly, adv. — for-tu'i-tous-ness, n. 

for-tu'i-ty (-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Fortuitousness; acci- 
dent ; chance ; casualty. 

For-tu'na (-nd), n. [L.] Roman Relig. Goddess of fortune. 

for'tu-nate (l'or'tu-nat), a. \Y\,.fortunatus, p. p. of fortu- 
nare to make fortunate, fortuna fortune.] 1. Coming by 
good fortune ; bringing good not foreseen as certain ; aus- 
picious ; as, a fortunate event, investment, etc. 2. Receiv- 
ing some unexpected good ; favored by fortune ; lucky. 

— Syn. Prosperous, successful, happy. See lucky. — 
f or'tu-nate-ly, adv. — f or'tu-nate-ness, n. 

for'tune (-tun),n. IF. fortune, L,. fortuna.] 1. The arrival 
of something, or that which arrives or happens, in a sudden 
or unexpected manner ; luck ; hap ; also, the personified or 
deified power of chance. 2. That which falls to one ; luck ; 
esp., favorable issue; success. 3. That which is to befall 
one ; destiny ; as, to tell one's fortune. 4. Condition in life 
as indicated by wealth ; wealth ; also, a more or less ample 
stock or amount of wealth. — Syn. Chance, accident, fate. 

—v. t. To provide with a fortuneor dower. — v. i. To happen. 

fortune hunter. One who seeks to win a fortune, esp. by 
marriage. 

fortune teller. One who professes to tell future events in 
the life of another. 

for'ty (for'ti), a. [AS. feowertig ; feower four 4- suff. -tig 
ten.] Being thirty-nine and one more ; four times ten. 

— n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The number equal to the sum ot 
four tens. 2. A symbol representing forty units, as 40 or xl. 

Forty Thieves. See Ali Baba. 

fo'rum (fo'rizm), n. ; pi. E. -rums (-rumz), L. -ra (-ret). 
[L.] I.Roman Antiq. The market place or public place of 
a city. It was the center of judicial and other public busi- 
ness, and a place of popular assembly. 2. Tribunal ; court. 

for'ward (for'werd), a. [AS. foreweard, forweard, a. & 
adv. ; for, fore -f- -weard -ward.] 1. Near, at, or belonging 
to, the fore part ; in advance. 2. Moving, tending, or lead- 
ing to the front ; onward. 3. Com. Of, pertaining to, or for, 
the future ; as, forward buying ; forward produce. 4. Ad- 
vanced, esp. beyond the usual degree; specif., precocious. 
5. Ready ; prompt ; also, overready. 6. Ardent ; eager ; 
also, bold ; confident ; pert. 7. Extreme ; ultra ; radical ; as, 
forward statesmen or measures. 

— adv. Toward what is before or in front ; on or onward. 

— Syn. See onward. 

— v. t. 1. To help onward ; advance ; promote ; also, hasten. 

2. To send forward ; transmit. 3. Specif. : To send onward 
from an intermediate post or station in transit ; of a letter, 

[ to send from the post office of address to another. 4. Book- 
binding. To put (a book) into its cover and otherwise pre- 
pare for the finisher by trimming, lining, etc. 

— n. In certain games, as football, polo, hockey, etc., one of 
the players who are stationed at, or relatively near, the front 
of their side or team, and whose chief duty is to carry on the 
offensive play. Cf. 2d back, 5 d. 

for'ward-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, forwards; 
esp., one who sends forward anything ; Com., one who re- 
ceives goods for transportation and delivers them to the 
carrier by whom they are to be transported, but does not 
assume, and is not paid for, the transportation. 

for'ward-ly, adv. In a forward manner ; readily ; promptly ; 
eagerly ; boldly ; presumptuously. 

for'ward-ness, n. Quality or state of being forward ; as : a 
Readiness ; promptness ; eagerness, b Advancement ; earli- 
ness ; precocity. C Boldness ; confidence ; assurance. 

for'wards (for'werdz), adv. [See -wards.] Forward. 



i 

t 






G 






H 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word- + combined with. = eauals. 



M 



FORWHY 



398 



FOURSCORE 



for-why' (for-hwl'), adv. & conj. [AS. for hwi; for for-f- 
hwi.hwy. See why.] Archaic, Colloq., or Dial. 1. As an 
adverb : Why ; wherefore. 2. As a conjunction : Because ; 
tor; since. [wasted ; hackneyed. Archaic.\ 

•for- worn' (for-worn'), fore-worn' (for- ; 57), a. Worn out ;| 

fos'sa (fos'd), n.; pi. -SM (-e). [L., a ditch.] Anat. A 
pit, cavity, or depression, as of the skull. 

fosse (fos), n. Also 1 oss. [F. fosse, fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, 
fossum, to dig.] A canal ; a ditch, esp. in a fortification. 

fos-sette' (fo-sef), n. [F., dim. of fosse a fosse.] A little 
hollow ; hence : a dimple ; depression. 

f os'sick (f os'ik) , v. i. [Dial. E. fussick to potter over one's 
work, fussock to bustle about.] 1. Mining. To search for 
gold by picking in isolated spots or over abandoned work- 
ings, etc. 2. To search about ; rummage. — v. t. To hunt ; 
dig. All Australian. 

i os'sil (f os'il), a. [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig.] 1. Of the 
nature of a fossil. 2. Antiquated ; dead to change or prog- 
ress. — n. 1. Originally, any rock, mineral, or other object 
dug out of the earth. 2. Now, any remains,_impression, or 
trace of an animal or plant of past geological ages, pre- 
served in a stratified deposit or in a cave. The term in- 
cludes footprints and other tracks left on the surface of 
the strata. 3. A person with antiquated opinions; also, 
a fossilized thing. Chiefly Colloq. 

fos'sil-if'er-ous (-Tf'cr-ws), a. Containing fossils. 

fos'sil-ize (fos'il-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
mg). 1. To convert into, or to become, a fossil ; petrify. 2. 
To cause to become, or to become, antiquated, rigid, or 
fixed ; mummify. — f OS'sil-i-za'tion (-i-za'shim ; -I-za'-) , n. 

fos-so'ri-al (fo-so'rT-al ; 57), a. [~L.fossor a digger.] Fitted 
for digging ; adapted for burrowing or digging, as a foot. 

fos'ter (fos'ter), n. [AS. fostre, fr. foster, fostor, nourish- 
ment, fr. foda food.] A foster parent ; a fosterer. Archaic. 

— a. Affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nur- 
ture, though not related by blood ; as, foster parent, child, 
brother, nurse, etc. — v. t. 1. To nourish ; support ; rear. 
2. To cherish ; sustain and promote. 

Syn. Cherish, indulge, encourage, gratify, nurse, harbor. 

— Foster, cherish, harbor (in their fig. senses). Foster 
commonly implies the promotion of growth ; cherish, 
fondness or indulgence ; harbor, entertainment or lodcing 
(esp. of evil thoughts or designs) ; as, courage fosters other 
virtues ; the mother cherishes her child ; he harbors a spirit 
of resentment. 

fos'ter-age (-aj), n. 1. Care of, or state of being, a foster 
child. 2. Act of encouraging or promoting. 

fos'ter-er (-er), n. One who fosters. 

f os'ter-ling, n. [AS. fostorling.J A foster child. 

fos'tress (fos'tres), n. A woman who fosters ; a nurse. 

Fou'cault' cur'rent (foo'ko'). [After J. B. L. Foucault 
(1819-68), French physicist.] Elec. An eddy current. 

fou-droy'ant (foo-droi'ant ; F. foo'drwa/yaN'), a. [F.] 1. 
Thundering ; stunning ; dazzling. 2. Med. Fulminant. 

fought (fot), pret. & p. p. of fight. 

fought'en (-'n). Archaic p. p. of fight. 

foul (foul), a. [AS. ful.~] 1. Very offensive to the senses ; 
loathsome ; hence, charged or clogged with filth ; as, a foul 
sewer ; foul air. 2. Covered with or containing dirt, etc. ; 
soiled ; smeared. 3. a Disfigured. 06s. b Defaced, as by 
changes or markings ; covered with corrections of errors ; 
as, foul proof. Obs. or Cant. 4. Hateful ; odious." 5. Scur- 
rilous ; obscene or profane. 6. Unfavorable ; unpropitious ; 
stormy, as weather. 7. Unattractive ; ugly. R. 8. Entan- 
gled, as a rope ; — opp. to clear. 9. Not conforming to the 
rules of a game, test, etc. ; also, unfair ; dishonorable. 10. 
Baseball. That is not fair (see fair ball) ; as, a foul ball ; 
pertaining to, or having to do with, fouls ; as, the foul lines. 

— Syn. See dirty. 

foul play, unfair play, conduct, or dealing ; specif., im- 
plying murder, as in to meet with foul play. 

— adv. In a foul manner ; foully. Now Rare. 

— n. 1. That which is foul. 2. A foul hit, play, or the like. 
See foul, a., 9 & 10. 

— v. t. 1. To make foul ; soil. 2. To disgrace ; dishonor. 3. 
To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the 
process of firing. 4. To cover (a ship's bottom) with any- 
thing that impedes its sailing ; as, a bottom fouled with 
barnacles. 5. To entangle, as a rope ; collide with ; as, one 
boat fouled another. — v.i. 1. To become foul. 2. To be- 
come entangled, as ropes ; to collide, as boats. 3. To make 
a foul (see foul, n., 2). 

f OU-Iard' (f do-lard' ; F. foo'lar'), n. _ [F.] A thin, soft mate- 
rial of silk, or silk and cotton, having a satin finish. 

foul'ly (foul'li), adv. In a foul manner. 

foul'-mouthed' (-mouthd 7 ; -moutht'), a. Using scurrilous, 
opprobrious, obscene, or profane language ; abusive. 

f oul'ness, n. Quality or state of being foul ; also, that which 
is foul or which defiles. 

fou'mart (foo'mart), n. [ME. folmard; AS. ful foul + 
mearS marten.] The European polecat. 

found (found), pret. & p. p. of find. 



found, v. t. [F : fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To 
melt and pour into a mold, or to form thus ; cast. 

found, v.t. [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom.] 1. 
To set or place, as on something solid, for support ; ground ; 
establish ; fix. 2. To take the first steps in erecting ; to fur- 
nish the materials for beginning ; originate ; as, to found a 
college, — v. i. To be founded or based. 

foun-da'tion (foun-da'shun), n. 1. Act of founding, or es- 
tablishing, fixing, etc. ; state of being founded. 2. That on 
which anything is founded ; groundwork. 3. Arch. The 
supporting part of a wall or structure, including the base 
course and footing courses ; in a frame house, the whole sub- 
structure of masonry. 4. A donation to support a charitable 
institution ; endowment. 5. An endowed institution or 
charity. 6. A body, stock, or ground material, upon which 
something is built up or by the modification of which some- 
thing is formed. — Syn. See base. 

found'er (foun'der), n. One who founds, or establishes. 

f ound'er, n. One who founds, or casts, metals. 

foun'der (foun'der), v. i. [OF. fondrer to fall in.] 1. To 
fall ; stumble ; esp., to stumble and go lame, as a horse. 2. 
Naut. To fill with water and sink, as a ship. 3. To fail ; 
miscarry. — v. t. 1. To cause to become disabled ; esp., to 
cause (a horse) to become affected with founder. 2. To 
dismay; dumfounder. 

foun'der, n. Act of foundering, or sliding away. 

foun'der, n. Veter. = laminitis. 

foun'der-qus (-us), a. Causing foundering ; likely to ioun- 
der an animal, as because of mud, holes, or the like. 

found'ling (found'lmg), n. [ME. See find; -ling.] An 
infant found after its (unknown) parents have deserted it. 

found'ry (foun'drT),n.; pL-ries (-driz). [F. fonderieJ] 1. 
Act, process, or art of casting metals ; also, founders' work ; 
castings. 2. A building or works where founding is done. 

fount (fount), n. Print. A font ; — usual British spelling. 

fount, n. [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, fountain.] 
Fountain ; source. 

foun'tain (foun'tTn), n. [F. fontaine, L. fontana, fr. 
fontanus of a spring, L. fons, fontis, a fountain.] 1. A 
spring of water. 2. An artificial jet of water or the struc- 
ture from which it flows. 3. A reservoir for a liquid, as 
ink, which can be drawn off as needed. 4. Spring ; source. 

f oun'tain-head' (-hedO, n. 1. A fountain, or spring, which 
is the source of a stream. 2. Primary or principal source. 

four (for ; 57), a. [AS. feower.~\ Being one more than three ; 
twice two. — n. 1. The number equal to the sum of four 
units. 2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv. 3. 
Something having as an essential feature four units or mem- 
bers, as a playing card with four pips, crew of four oarsmen. 

four'chee', f our'ebe' (foor'sha'), a. [F., fr. fourche fork, 
L. furca.J Her. Forked, or divided into two parts at or 
near the end or ends, as a tail. 

four'chette' (foor'shet'), n. [F., dim. of fourche, fr. L. 
furca fork.] 1. A fork ; — a sense not naturalized. 2. 
Hence : a Anat. (1) A small fold of membrane forming the 
posterior junction of the labia majora. (2) The wishbone, 
or furculum, of birds. (3) The frog of a hoof, b Glove Mak- 
ing. The bifurcated piece between two adjacent fingers. C 
Card Playing. The combination of the card next above 
and the one next below a given card. 

four'— cy'cle, n. Thermodyn. A cycle for an internal-com- 
bustion engine comprising four strokes for each piston (1, 
intake ; 2, compression ; 3, explosion ; 4, exhaust) performed 
during two revolutions of the crank shaft. — four'— cy'cle, a. 

Four-drin'i-er (foor-drin'i-er), a. Designating, or pertain- 
ing to, a machine for making paper in an endless web, de- 
vclopedin England by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, assisted 
by Bryan Donkin, and since improved and developed by 
others. — n. A Fourdrinier machine. 

four'fold' (for'fold'), a. Consisting of four things or parts; 
quadruple. — adv. In quadruple degree ; four times. — n. 
An amount four times as many or as much. [wagon. I 

|| f our'gon^' (foor / goN'),7z. [F.] An ammunition or baggagej 

Fou'ri-er-ism (fcT3'ri-er-iz'm),n. The cooperative socialise 
tic system of F. M. Charles Fourier (1772-1837), a French 
socialist who recommended the reorganization of society 
into small communities. 

Pou'ri-er-ist (foo'ri-er-Tst)'l n. A believer, advocate, or prac- 

Fou'ri-er-ite (foo'n-er-It) J ticer of Fourierism. 

four'— in— band', a. 1. Consisting of, or drawn by, four 
horses controlled by one person. 2. Designating a kind of 
necktie tied with a slipknot. — n. 1. A four-in-hand team 
or vehicle. 2. A four-in-hand necktie. 

four'— O'clock', n. Any of a genus (Mirabilis) of nyctagini- 
aceous plants, esp. the common garden species (M. jalapa) 
having flowers which open late in the afternoon. 

four'pence (for'pens ; 57), n. The sum of four pence, or 
a British silver coin of this value. — f our'pen-ny, a. & n. 

fouv'— post'er, n. A large bedstead with tall posts at che 
comers to support curtains. 

fouJ 'score' (for'skor' ; 57), o. Four times twenty ; eighty. 

— 77 Eighty units, objects, or years. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, rece nt, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn. uo. circiis, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOURSOME 



399 



FRAME 



four'some (-swm), a. Consisting of four; requiring four 
participants. Scot, or Golf. — to. Golf. A game between 
four players, with two on each side and each side playing 
but one ball, the partners striking alternately. _ 

four'square' (-skwar'), a. & adv. Square; in a square 
form. — to. A foursquare figure ; square. 

four'teen' (for'ten'; for'ten'; 57), a. [AS. feowertyne, 
feowertene.] Being four and ten more ; twice seven. — to. 
1. The number greater by a unit than thirteen. 2. A sym- 
bol representing fourteenjunits, as 14 or xiv. 

four'teenth' (for'tenth' ; for'tenth' ; 57), a. 1. Next in order 
after the thirteenth ; — the ordinal of fourteen. Abbr., 14-th. 
See ordinal, to., Note. 2. Constituting one of fourteen 
equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 
1. The quotient of a unit divided by fourteen ; a fourteenth 
part. 2. A fourteenth unit or object. 

fourth (forth ; 57), a. [From four.] 1. Next in order after 
the third ; — the ordinal of four. Abbr., 4th. See ordinal, 
to., Note. 2. Constituting one of four equal parts into 
which a (whole) thing may be divided. 

— to. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by four ; a fourth 
part. 2. A fourth unit or object. 3. Music, a The interval 
embracing four diatonic degrees, b The tone at this inter- 
val. C The harmonic combination of two tones a fourth 
apart, d The fourth tone of a scale, reckoning up from the 
tonic ; the subdOminant. 4. [cap.] In the United States, 
the fourth day of July, which is the anniversary of the dec- 
laration, in 1776, of American independence. 

lour'— way', a. Allowing passage in any of four directions ; 
as, a four-way cock, or valve. 

four'-wheel'er, n. A vehicle with four wheels; specif., 
Eng., a public cab with four wheels. Colloq. 

fou'ter, IOU'tre (foo'ter), n. [F. foutre to lecher, L. fu- 
tuere.] Used only in : a f outer for ; a fig for ; a straw for ; 
(to care) not a f., (to care) not a fig. 

fo've-a (fo've-d), to. ; -pi. -m (-e). [L., a small pit.] A small 
depression or pit ; a fossa ; specif., in the human retina, the 
central depression {fovea centralis retime) of the yellow 
spot {macula lutea). 

fo've-al (-31), a. Of or pertaining to a fovea ; in the fovea. 

fo've-ate (-at), a. [L. fovea a pit.] Pitted; having fovese. 

fo-ve'o-la (fo-ve'6-ld), to. ; pi. -lm (-le). [NL., dim. of L. 
fovea.] A very small depression or pit ; a small fovea. 

lo've-O-late (fo've-6-lat)l a. Bot. & Zo'dl. Having small 

fo've-O-lat'ed (-lat'ed) J pits, or depressions. 

fowl (foul), n. ; pi. fowls, or, collectively, fowl. (See plu- 
ral, Note.) [AS. fugol.] 1. A bird ; esp., a large or edible 
bird ; — now chiefly in combination, as in wild/oit'Z, water- 
fowl, etc. 2. When used alone, commonly, the domestic 
cock or hen. 3. The meat of fowls, esp. of the domestic fowl, 
used as food ; often, in cookery, the flesh of a mature fowl. 

— v. i. To take or kill wild fowl« — fowl'er (foul'er), to. 

fowling piece. A light gun, esp. for shooting birds, etc. 

fox (foks), n. [AS.] 1. Any of certain carnivorous mam- 
mals of different genera (esp. Vulpes) of the dog family, 
smaller than the wolves and noted for craftiness. 2. A sly, 
cunning fellow. 3. Naut. Rope yarn twisted and tarred, for 
seizings, mats, etc. 4. A kind of sword. Obs. 5. [cap.] An 
Jndian of an Algonquian tribe formerly dwelling about 
Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Foxes were eventually com- 
bined with the Sac Indians. 

— v. t. 1. To discolor by decay, etc., as book leaves. 2. To 
make sour, as beer, by causing it to ferment. — v. i. To be- 
come discolored by decay, etc., as book leaves. 

fox'glove (foks'gluv), n. Any of a genus {Digitalis) of 

herbs of the figwort family. The common foxglove {D. 

purpurea) is an ornamental European plant with dotted 

white or purple flowers. See digitalis. 
fox'i-ness (fok'sT-nes), to. Quality of being foxy. 
fox'tail' (foks'taF), n. 1. The tail or brush of a fox. 2. Any 

of several grasses with brushlike spikes. 
fox terrier. One of a breed of small active terriers, developed 

for use in fox hunting to drive the fox from his hole. 
fox trot, a An easy pace, or gait, in which the steps are 

short, as those of a horse when passing from a walk into a 

trot, or from a trot into a walk, b A modern dance in 

4-4 time including walking steps, short quick running 

(trotting) steps, balance steps, etc. 
fox'y (fok'si), a. ; fox'i-er (-si-er) ; -i-est. 1. Like or pert. 

to the fox ; esp., wily ; cunning. 2. Having the color of a 

fox ; of a yellowish or reddish brown ; as, a foxy painting. 

3. Defective as to color or quality, as from age. 
foy (foi), n. [OD.] A feast, gift, etc., given by or to one 

about to leave a place. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
|| foy'er' (fwa/ya'), n. [F., fr. LL. focarium fireplace.] A 

lobby, as in a theater. 
fra (fra), n. [It., for frate, fr. L. frater.] Brother; — a 

title of a monk or friar ; as, Fra Angelo. 
fra'cas (fra'kds ; F. fra/ka' ; the first is usual in the U. S. ; 

the second, in England), n. [F., crash, din, tumult, It. 

fracasso, fr. fracassare to shatter.] Uproar ; brawl, 
frac'tion (frak'shun), n. [F., fr. L. fractio a breaking, fr. 



frangere, fractum, to break.] 1. A breaking. 2. A part or 
piece broken off ; hence : a separate portion ; a fragment ; 
scrap. 3. One or more aliquot parts of a unit or integer ; 
an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude, 
or for any indicated but unexecuted division. 

— v. t. To separate into fractions ; fractionate. 

frac'tion-al (-dl), a. 1. Of or pert, to fractions or a frac- 
tion. 2. Relatively small ; inconsiderable. al-ly, adv. 

fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circu- 
lation, of less value than the monetary unit. — f . distilla- 
tion, a method of gradually separating the constituents of 
a mixture, as of water and alcohol, by subjecting it to 
distillation, collecting the distillate in several portions, or 
fractions, as the temperature rises, and repeating the 
process with these. 

frac'tion-a-ry (-a-rT), a. Fractional. 

frac'tion-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-attne). 
To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the 
distillation of liquids ; to subject to fractional distillation, 
crystallization, or the like. — frac'tion-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

frac'tion-ize (-Tz), v. t. & i. To separate into fractions. 

frac'tious (-sh&s), a. Apt to break out into a passion; 
cross ; ugly ; unruly. — Syn. Peevish, waspish, irritable, per- 
verse, pettish. — frac'tious-ly, adv. — tious-ness, n. 

frac'ture (-tur), to. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to 
break.] 1. Act of breaking ; state of being broken ; breach. 
2. The breaking of a bone or (less often) a cartilage. In a. 
compound fracture an open wound is produced through 
which the bone often protrudes. 3. That which is produced 
by breaking ; crack. 4. The texture, etc., of a freshly broken 
surface, as of glass or a mineral. 

Syn. Fracture, rupture. Fracture commonly applies to 
hard, rupture to soft, objects. Rupture alone is used fig. 

— v. t. & i. ; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing (-tjr-ing). To break ; 
crack ; burst asunder. 

frae'num, or fre'num (fre'm"m), to. ; pi. E. -nums (-numz), 
L. -na (-nd). [L., a bridle.] Anat. A supporting or re- 
straining fold of membrane, as that which binds down the 
under side of the tongue. 

frag'ile (fraj'il), a. [L. fragilis, fr. frangere to break.] 
Easily broken ; frail ; delicate. — Syn. See brittle. 

fra-gil'i-ty (frd-jil'i-tT), to. Quality or state of being fragile. 

frag'ment (frag'ment), to. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to 
break.] A part broken off ; a small detached portion. — 
Syn. See part. 

frag-men'taKfrag-men'tal ; frag'men-tal), a. Fragmentary. 

frag'men-ta-ry (frag'men-ta-rl), a. Composed of frag- 
ments ; not complete. — ta-ri-ly, adv. — ta-ri-ness, n. 

fra'grance (fra'grans), n. _ Quality of being fragrant ; 
sweetness of smell ; a pleasing odor. — Syn. See smell. 

fra'gran-cy (fra'grdn-sT), to.; pi. -cies (-siz). Fragrance. 

fra'grant (-grant), a. [L. fragrans, -antis, p. pr. of fra- 
grare to emit a fragrance.] Sweet of smell ; of an agreeable 
perfume. — Syn. Odorous, odoriferous, sweet-scented, 
balmy, spicy, aromatic. See redolent. 

fra'grant-ly, adv. With fragrance. 

frail (fral), to. [OF. fraiel, freel,frael.'] A rush basket ; 
also, the quantity, as of figs or raisins, in such a basket. 

frail, a. [OF. fraile, frele, fr. L. fragilis. See fragile.] 

1. Fragile ; weak. 2. Liable to be led into sin. — Syn. See 
brittle. — frailly, adv. — frail'ness, to. 

frail'ty (-ti), to.; -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or state of being 
frail ; frailness. 2. A fault or sin due to weakness. 

fraise (fraz), to. [F. fraise, orig., a ruff.] 1. A ruff for the 
neck. 2. Fort. A defense consisting of pointed stakes fixed 
in the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position. 

fram-bce'si-a, fram-be'si-a ( fram-be'zhl-d ; -be'zl-d), to. 
[NL., fr. F. framboise raspberry.] Med. A contagious 
disease of the skin, which occurs in tropical countries, esp. 
in the Antilles and in Africa ; — called also yaws. 

frame (fram), v. i.; framed (-framd) ; fram'ing (fram'- 
ing). [ME. framen, framien, to profit, to be of use, to 
fashion (in building), AS. framian to profit, fr. fram, 
from, forth, from.] Obs. or Dial. l.To resort ; proceed ; 
go. 2. To be capable ; to contrive ; manage. 

— v. t. 1. To shape or fashion ; also, to fit or adjust, esp. to a 
specific end. 2. To direct, as one's steps. 06s. 3. To con- 
struct ; make. 4. To plan, devise, or compose ; as, to frame 
a law. 5. To provide with a frame, as a picture. — Syn. 
See fashion. 

— to. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted together ; a 
structure ; esp., the skeleton of a building, vessel, etc. 

2. The bodily structure ; make or build of a person. 3. A 
kind of open case or structure for admitting, inclosing, or 
supporting something, as a window, picture, etc. 4. Mach. 
Formerly, a loom ; now, any of certain machines built 
upon or within framework ; as, a spinning frame. 5. An 
inclosing border. 6. In games : a In pool, the triangular 
form used in setting up the balls, b In bowling, one of the 
several innings forming a game. 7. The form in which any- 
thing is framed ; shape. 8. Particular state or disposition, 
as of the mind ; humor ; mood. 



i 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to becuons 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Ouide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



FRAME HOUSE 



400 



FRAY 



frame house. A house of which the form and support is 
made of framed timbers, whether filled in or sheathed. 

fram'er (fram'er), n. One who, or that which, frames. 

frame'— up', n. A conspiracy or plot, esp. for an evil pur- 
pose, as to incriminate a person on false evidence. Slang. 

frame'work' (fram'wurk'), n. The work of framing, or the 
completed work ; the frame, or skeleton, of anything. 

fram'ing (fram'mg), n. 1. Act, process, or style of put- 
ting together a frame, or of constructing or contriving 
anything. 2. A framework, or a system of frames. 

franc (frank), n. [F., fr. Franc a Frank. See frank.] 

1. An old French gold coin ; also, an old French silver 
coin. 2. A silver coin and the monetary unit of France, 
now worth 19.3 cents. It equals 100 centimes. 

fran'chise (fran'chlz ; -chTz), n. [F., fr. franc, fern. 
franche, free. See frank.] 1. Immunity from some burden, 
restriction, or the like ; an exemption ; hence, a particular 
privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or govern- 
ment, and vested in an individual or individuals ; usually a 
positive right or privilege to do something in respect to 
which they are otherwise legally incompetent, as the right 
to operate a ferry or a railroad. 2. Jurisdiction over which 
a franchise or privilege extends ; hence, an asylum or sanc- 
tuary. 3. A constitutional or statutory right or privilege, 
esp. a political one, as the right to vote. [Obs. I 

— v. t. ; -chised (-chlzd ; -chTzd) ; -chising. To enfranchise.! 
Fran-cis'can (fran-sis'kan), a. R. C. Ch. Of or pert, to 

the Order of St. Francis. — n. A monk or friar of the 
Order of St. Francis, a large and widely distributed 
mendicant order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. 

Fran'CO— (frarj'ko-). [L. Francus a Frank.] A combining 
form signifying Frankish or French; pert, to the French 
or France; as : Fran'co-Chi-nese', pert, to France and 
China ; Fran'co-Ger'man, pert, to France and Germany ; 
as, the Franco-German war of 1870-71. 

fran'co-lin (fran'ko-lin), n. [F., fr. It. francolino.~\ Any 
of numerous partridges of Asia and Africa (genus Franco- 
linus and allied genera). 

franc'-ti/reur' (fraN'te'rur'), n. ; pi. francs-tireurs (fraN'- 
te'rur'). [F., lit., free shooter.] Mil. A French partisan 
soldier, or one belonging to a corps of detached light troops 
engaged in forays, skirmishes, scouting, etc. 

fran'gi-bil'i-ty (fran'ji-bil'i-ti), n. Frangible quality. 

fran'gi-ble (fran'jT-b'l), a. That can be broken ; breakable. 

fran'gi-pane (fran'ji-pan), n. [F. frangipane ; — suppos- 
edly so called from the inventor, Marquis Frangipani, 
major general under Louis XIV.] Frangipani. 

fran'gi-pan'i ( fran'ji-pan'i ; -ji-pa'n!), fran'gi-pan'ni 
(-pan'I), n. [See frangipane.] A perfume derived from, 
or imitating the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine. 

frank (frank), a. [F. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, 
OHG. Franko a member of the Germanic people on the 
Rhine who afterwards founded the French monarchy.] 1. 
Free (in any of various senses). Obs. 2. Liberal ; generous. 
Now Rare. 3. Free in uttering one's real sentiments ; can- 
did ; open. 

Syn. Candid, open, plain, free, outspoken, straightfor- 
ward, direct, unreserved, honest, sincere, artless, ingenuous, 
naive, unsophisticated. — Frank, candid, open, plain, 
ingenuous, naive agree in the idea of freedom in speech. 
Frank, the most general term, implies freedom in express- 
ing one's real sentiments ; as, a frank manner, reproof. 
Candid implies particularly freedom from bias or partiality 
(cf. fair) ; as, a candid opinion, account, friend. Open 
suggests freedom from reserve or concealment ; as, an 
open avowal. Plain connotes freedom from disguise or 
affectation ; as, to be plain with one. Ingenuous implies 
freedom of speech arising from a generous and honorable, 
sometimes artless or innocent, simplicity of nature ; as, an 
ingenuous confession, an ingenuous youth. Naive adds to 
ingenuous a suggestion of something unsophisticated or 
unconventional ; as, a naive remark, question. 

— v. t. 1. To send by public conveyance free of expense, as a 
letter, telegram, etc. 2. To facilitate the passage of ; enable 
to pass easily. 3. To exempt ; free. 

— n. 1. The signature, mark, or sign of a franked letter, 
package, etc. ; also, a letter, etc., having such an indication. 

2. Privilege of franking letters, packages, etc. 

Frank, n. [See frank, a.] 1. A member of the confeder- 
ated Germanic tribes that founded the Frankish empire, 
which in the 9th century broke up into parts forming the 
foundations of the modern states of France, Germany, and 
Italy. 2. A native or inhabitant of western Europe; a 
European ; — a term used in the Levant. 

frank'al-moign', frank'al-moin' (frank'al-moin'), n. 
[frank free + almoign, almoin (Obs.) alms, fr. OF. al- 
mosne alms (see almoner).] Eng. Law. A tenure by which 
a religious corporation holds lands, usually on condition cf 
praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs ; — called 
also tenure in, or by, free alms. 

Frank'en-stein (frarjk'en-stln), n. A student of physiology 
in Mrs. Shelley's romance of the same name, who con- 
structed a monster and gave him a sort of life. The monster 



inflicted the most dreadful retribution upon his creator. 
Hence, one destroyed by his own works. The name is often 
incorrectly used allusively as if it were that of the mon- 
ster himself. 

frank'er, n. One who franks something, as a letter. 

Frank'furt-er (frarjk'fwr-ter), n. Also Frank'f ort-er. [G. 
prop, a., pertaining to Frankfurt, Germany.] A kind of 
highly seasoned sausage, usually of a reddish color ; — 
called also Frank'furt, or Frank'fort, sau'sage. 

frank'in-cense (frank'In-sens), n. [OF. franc free, pure 
-J- encens incense.] A fragrant gum resin obtained from 
various balsameaceous trees (genus Boswellia) of India 
and northern Africa. It is burned as incense. 

Frank'ish, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks. — n. 
The language of the Franks, a Teutonic tongue. 

frank'lin (-lm), n. [ME. frankelein.] Formerly, in Eng- 
land, a freeholder, or substantial householder ; in the 14th 
and 15th centuries, a middle-class landowner. 

frank'lin-ite (-It), n. [From Franklin, N. J., its locality.] 
Min. An iron-black slightly magnetic oxide of iron, zinc, 
and manganese. It is a valuable ore. Cf . ferrite, 2. 

frank'ly (-li), adv. In a frank manner ; freely. 

frank'ness, n. Quality or state of being frank. 

frankpledge' (frarjk'plej'), n. [frank free + pledge.'] O. 
Eng. Law. The system under which, with certain excep- 
tions, each male member of a tithing of 12 years of age or 
upward was responsible for the conduct of other members 
of the tithing ; also, the member himself, or the tithing. 

fran'tic (fran'tik), a. [OF. frenetique, fr. L., fr. Gr. 
4>pevLTiKb$. See frenzy.] Frenzied ; distracted. — fran'- 
ti-cal-ly (-ti-kal-i),acfo.— fran'tic-ly,adv. — tic-ness, n. 

frap (frap), y. t.; frapped (frapt) ; frap'ping. [F. f rapper 
to strike, bind.] Naut. To draw or bind tightly together. 

|| frap'pe' (fra'pa'), a. [F., p. p. of frapper to strike, chill.] 
Iced ; frozen. — n. A frappe mixture or beverage. 

fratch (frach), v. i. & n. Dispute, quarrel. Dial. Eng. 

fra'ter (fra'ter), n. [L.] Lit., brother; hence, comrade. 

fra'ter, n. [OF. freitor, refraitor, refeitor. See refec- 
tory.] A refectory of a monastery. Obs. or Hist. 

fra-ter'nal (frd-tur'nal), a. [LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fra- 
ternus, fr. f rater brother.] Of, pert, to, or involving 
brethren ; brotherly ; of or pert, to a fraternal society. - Syn. 
See brotherly. — f ra-ter'nal-ism, n. — nal-ly, adv. 

fra-ter'ni-ty (-ni-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [ F . fraternite, 
L. fraternitasJ] 1. State of being brothers or a brother ; 
state or quality of being fraternal. 2. A body of men 
associated together, as for their common interest, business, 
or pleasure ; a brotherhood. 

frat'er-nize(frat'er-nlz), v. i. & t. ; -nized (-nTzd) ; -niz'ing. 
To associate, or bring into fellowship, as brothers. — frat'- 
er-ni-za'tion (frat'er-nl-za'shun ; -nl-za') , n. [ernizes.l 

frat'er-niz'er (-nlz'er), n.. One who, or that which, frat-| 

Fra'tres Ar-va'les (fra'trez ar-va'lez). See Arval, a. 

frat'ri-cid'al (frat'n-sld'al ; fra'tn-), a. Of, pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, fratricide. 

frat'ri-cide ( frat'rT-sId ; fra'tri- ), n. [L. fratricidium a 
brother's murder, fratricida a brother's murderer ; frater, 
fratris, brother + caedere to kill.] 1. Act of one who kills 
his own brother. 2. One who kills his own brother. 

||Frau (frou), n.; pi. Frauen (frou'en). [G.] A married 
woman ; a wife ; — as a title, equiv. to Mrs., Madam. 

fraud (frod), n. [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis.] 1. Deceit- 
fulness ; trickery. 2. Artifice by which the right or interest 
of another is injured ; trick. 3. Cheat ; humbug. Colloq. 

— Syn. Deception, deceit, guile, craft ; wile, sham, strata- 
gem, imposition, cheat. 

fraud'ful (frod'fool), a. Full of fraud; trickish; treach- 
erous ; fraudulent. — fraud'ful-ly, adv. 

fraud'U-lence (frod/ji-lens), n. Quality or state of being 
fraudulent ; deliberate deceit ; trickishness. 

fraud'u-len-cy (-len-si),n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). Fraudulence. 

fraud'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. fraudulentus.'] 1. Using fraud ; 
deceitful. 2. Characterized by fraud ; as, a fraudulent de- 
scription ; obtained or proceeding from fraud ; as, fraudu- 
lent gains. — Syn. Guileful, crafty, wily, cunning, deceiv- 
ing, cheating, treacherous, dishonest, designing. See falla- 
cious. — f raud'u-leut-ly, adv. 

fraught (frot), n. Freight ; load ; burden. Obs. or Scot. — 
v. t. To freight ; load. Obs. — p. a. Freighted ; laden. 

|| Frau'lein (froi'lln), n. sing. & pi. [G., dim. oifrau wom- 
an.] A young lady ; an unmarried woman ; — as a title, 
equivalent to Miss. 

Fraun'ho-fer lines (froun'ho-fer). Physics. The lines of 
the spectrum ; properly, the dark lines of the solar spec- 
trum, first accurately observed by J. von Fraunhofer. 

frax'i-nel'la (frak'si-nel'd), n. [NL. dim. of L. fraxinus 
the ash tree ; — alluding to its leaves.] A perennial ruta- 
ceous herb [Dictamnus albus), with pinnate leaves and 
white flowers ; — called also gas plant and dittany. 

fray (fra), n. [Abbr. fr. affray J\ A commotion ; affray ; fight. 

— Syn. See contest. — v. t. To frighten. Archaic. — 
v. i. To brawl ; fight ; attack. 06s. or Archaic. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Qrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', iqk; then, thin: nature, verdure (87); 



FRAY 



401 



FREIGHT 



fray, V. t. & i. [OF. freier, fraier, fr. L. fricare."] To rub ; 

wear, wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing. 
fraz'zle (frazil ), v. t. & %.; -zled (-'Id ) ; -zling (-ling). 

To fray ; tatter. — n. Act or result of frazzling ; state or 

quality of being frazzled. All Dial. Eng. & U. S. 
freak (frek)> v. t. To variegate ; streak. R. — n. Streak. R. 
freak, n. 1. A whim ; fancy ; vagary. 2. Freakish quality or 

disposition ; caprice. 3. An irregular or abnormal product 

of some process, or, esp., of nature ; a monstrosity. — Syn. 

Crotchet, sport. See caprice. 
freak'ish, a. 1. Full of freaks ; capricious ; queer. 2. Of 

the nature of a freak. — freak'ish-ly, adv. ness, n. 

freak'y (frek'i), a. ; -i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. Freakish. 
freck (frek), v. t. To checker; dapple. Rare & Poetic. 
freck'le (frek''l), n. A small yellowish or brownish spot of 

pigment in the skin, esp. on the face, neck, or hands. 

— v. t. ; -led (-'Id) ; -ling. To mark with or as with freckles. 

— v. i. To become marked with or as with freckles. 
freck'iy, a. Full of freckles ; freckled. 

free (fre), a. ; fre'er (-er) ; fre'est. [AS. freo, freoh, fri.~\ 
1. Not subject to an arbitrary external power or authority ; 
independent ; as : a Not held in slavery ; having the rights 
of a citizen, b Not subject to a parent or guardian. C En- 
joying civil and political liberty, d Enjoying political inde- 
pendence, as a nation. 2. Of the nature of, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, that which is free, or independent ; specif., 
O. Eng. Law., of or belonging to a man who was called 
free ; — the opposite of base : as, free service ; free socage. 
3. Not subject to some particular authority, obligation, or 
restriction ; exempt or released, as from a tax, duty, etc. 4. 
a Invested with a particular franchise or use ; admitted to 
special rights ; — usually used with of. b Without cost or 
payment ; free of charge ; gratuitous ; as, free admission ; a 
free seat. 5. Not determined by anything beyond its own 
nature or being ; choosing or capable of choosing for itself ; 
spontaneous or independent. 6. Not held in forcible re- 
straint. 7. Not united or combined with anything else ; dis- 
severed ; unattached. 8. Not obstructed ; clear ; unimpeded; 
as, a free passage. 9. Not held to strict laws of form ; allow- 
ing latitude, as of form, expression, etc. ; as, free verse ; a 
free translation. 10. Devoid ; without ; void ; also, out- 
side ; beyond ; — used with from or of. 11. Naut. Favora- 
ble ; — said of a wind blowing from a direction more than 
six points from straight ahead. 12. Characteristic of one 
not under restraint ; unconstrained ; as : a Voluntary ; spon- 
taneous, b Not close or parsimonious ; liberal ; also, not 
gained by importunity, as a gift. C Profuse ; copious, d 
Unconstrained by timidity or distrust ; frank ; often, bold ; 
forward, e Outspoken ; hence, immoderate. 
free coinage, in the fullest sense, the conversion of bullion 
(of any specified metal) into legal-tender coins for any per- 
son who chooses to bring it to the mint ; in a modified 
sense, such coinage when done at a certain fixed charge 
proportionate to the cost of the operation. — f . com- 
panion, in the Middle Ages, one of a band of mercenaries 
who could be hired by any prince or country. — f . com- 
pany, a band of free companions. — f . grace, the unde- 
served and unrestrictedly bestowed grace of God. — f . 
lance, formerly, a knight or roving soldier whose services 
were purchasable by any state or leader ; hence, a per- 
son who acts on his own responsibility without regard to 
party lines or deference to authority. — f. list, a The 
schedule of commodities admitted to a country free of duty. 
b A list of persons entitled to something, as admission, 
a periodical, etc., without payment. — f. love, the doc- 
trine or practice of living openly with one of the opposite 
sex at pleasure, without marriage. — f . port. Com. a A 
port where goods may be received and shipped free of 
customs duty, b A port where goods are received from 
ships of all nations under equal conditions as respects 
rates of duty, etc. — f . silver, Economics, the free coin- 
age of silver ; often, specif., the free coinage of silver at a 
fixed ratio with gold, as at the ratio of 16 to 1, which for 
some time represented nearly or exactly the ratio of their 
market values. — f. Thought, f. trade. See in Vocabulary. 

— adv. 1. Freely. 2. Without charge ; as, admitted free. 
3. Naut. With the wind more than six points from dead 
ahead ; as, sailing free. Cf. free, a., 11. 

— v. t. ; freed (fred) ; freezing. To make free ; set at lib- 
erty ; exempt ; relieve ; disengage ; clear ; — often used with 
from or of. — Syn. See release. 

free-board' (fre'bord' ; 57), n. Naut. A vessel's side, or the 
distance between water line and gunwale. 

free'bOOt/er (-boot'er), n. [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrijbuiten to 
plunder ; vrij free + buit booty.] One who goes about 
plundering as a pirate ; buccaneer. — free'boot', v. i. 

free'-born 7 , a. Born free ; not born in vassalage ; also, per- 
taining or suitable to one born free. [from slaver-. | 

freed'man (fred'man), n. A man who has been set freej 

free/dom (fre'diim), n. [AS. freodom.'] Quality or state of 
being free ; as : a Liberty ; independence, b Exemption 
from necessity in choice or action ; as, freedom of the will. 
C Frankness ; unreservedness. d Improper familiarity ; un- 
due liberty, e Facility ; as, to speak with freedom, f Bold- 



ness of conception or performance, g Exemption ; immu- 
nity ; as, freedom from error, h An exemption ; a franchise. 
i Possession of the privileges of a member, as of a company, 
or of a citizen, as of a city, conferred on one not a member 
or resident as a mark of honor ; also, a document conferring 
it. j Unrestricted use ; as, the freedom of my house is his. 
Syn. Freedom, liberty, independence, license. Free- 
dom and liberty are often interchanged. But Freedom 
oftener implies absence of restraint or repression ; liberty 
commonly suggests previous restraint ; as, the freedom of 
the press ; to set a slave at liberty. Independence is 
freedom from dependence or subjection ; as, the Declara- 
tion of Independence. License is freedom regarded a3 
permission or concession ; it sometimes denotes the abuse 
of freedom ; as, liberty is too often taken to mean license. 

freed'wom'an (-woom'dn), n. fern. A woman freed from 
slavery. 

free'— hand', a. Done by the hand without support, the 
guidance of instruments, measurements, or the like. 

free'-hand'ed (-han'ded ; 24, 109 ), a. Generous ; liberal. 

free'— beart'ed, a. Having a free heart ■ frank ; spontaneous. 

free'hold' (fre'hold'), n. Law. A tenure of real property 
by which an estate of inheritance or for life is held, or the 
estate itself. — free'hold'er (-hol'der), n. 

free liver. One who gratifies his appetites without stint. 

free'— living, a. Given to free gratification of the appetites. 

free'ly (fre'll), adv. In a free manner. — Syn. Independ- 
ently, voluntarily, spontaneously, unconditionally, unob- 
structedly, readily ; liberally, munificently, bounteously, 
bountifully, largely, copiously, plentifully, plenteously. 

free'man (-man), n. 1. One who enjoys liberty, esp. civil 
or political liberty. 2. A citizen. 

free'mar'tin (-mar'tln), n. A sexually imperfect female 
calf, twinborn with a male. 

Free'ma'son (-ma's'n), n. A member of a well-known 
secret society (called more fully Free and Accepted Ma~ 
sons), consisting of persons united for fraternal purposes. 
— free'ma-son'ic (-md-son'ik), a. 

Free'ma'son-ry (-maVn-rl), n. 1. The principles, institu- 
tions, or practices of Freemasons. 2. [I. c] Fig., natural 
or instinctive fellowship or sympathy. 

free'ness, n._ Quality or state of being free. Now Rare. 

free'si-a (fre'zhl-d; -sT-d), n. [NL., after E. M. Fries, 
Swedish botanist.] Any of a genus (Nymanina) of South 
African iridaceous plants ; also, a bulb of this genus. 

free'-SOlF, a. U. S. Hist. Pert, to or advocating the non- 
extension of slavery ; — applied esp. [cap.] to a political 
party active during the period 1846-56. — free'— soiFer, n. 

free'-spo'ken, a. Outspoken. — free'-spo'ken-ness, n. 

free'stone' (fre'ston'), n. 1. Any stone, esp. sandstone or 
limestone, that may be cut freely without splitting. 2. A 
peach of the freestone type. — a. Having the flesh readily 
separating from the stone, as in certain peaches. 

free'-swim'ming, a. Zo'ol. Able to swim about ; — op- 
posed to attached. — free'— swim'mer, n. 

free'think'er (fre'think'er), n. One who forms opinions 
independently, esp. independently of the authority of reve- 
lation or of the church. — Syn. Skeptic, unbeliever. See 
infidel. — free'think'ing, n. & a. 

free thought. Thought free of traditional or external 
authority in matters of opinion, esp. in respect of religion. 

free trade, a Commerce not subjected to burdens or 
restrictions of any kind, b Specif., trade free from any 
governmental restrictions, burdens, or differences in treat- 
ment intended to change its natural course ; also, the 
system, policy, or maintenance of this state of trade ; — 
opposed to protection, c Smuggling. Archaic. 

free trader, or free'trad'er (fre'trad'er), n. One who prac- 
tices, supports, or advocates free trade. 

free'wheeF (fre'hwel'), n. Mach. A clutch fitted in the 
rear hub of a cycle, which engages the rear sprocket with 
the rear wheel when the pedals are rotated forward, but 
permits the rear wheel to run on free from the rear sprocket 
when the pedals are stopped or rotated backward. 

free'wilF (fre'wil'), a. Voluntary ; spontaneous. 

freeze (frez), v. i.; pret. froze (froz) ; p. p. fro'zen (fro'- 
z'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. freez'ing. [AS. freosan.~] 1. To 
become congealed by cold ; harden into ice or a similar 
solid. 2. To become chilled with or as with cold. 3. To 
adhere by or as by freezing. — v.t. 1. To congeal; harden 
into ice. 2. To chill ; hence, to paralyze as with fear. 3. 
To harden, damage, kill, or the like, by frost. 

— n. Act of freezing ; state of being frozen. — freez'er, n. 

freezing point. That degree of temperature at which a 
fluid begins to freeze ; — used esp. of water, of which the 
freezing point is at 32° F., or 0° C. 

freight (f rat ) , n. [F. fret.~] 1. The compensation paid for the 
transport of goods. 2. That with which anything is laden 
for or as for transportation ; lading ; cargo. 3. a Freight 
transportation, or freight line ; esp., the ordinary transpor- 
tation of goods afforded by a common carrier, as distin- 
t fished from express, b A freight train. 
yn. Freight, cargo, lading. Freight is goods, orig. aa 
carried by sea, now also as transported by land ; cargo is 



H. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined wirh. = equal v 



M 



FREIGHTAGE 



402 



FRIEND 




the freight of a ship ; lading (now chiefly poetic, or in Mil 
of lading) applies to either freight or cargo. Fig., freight 
is poetic or elevated for load ; cargo is often humorous. 

— v. t. 1. To load with goods for transportation ; in general, 
to load or burden. 2. To transport by freight. 

freightage (frat'aj), n. 1. Charge for transportation. 2. 
Freight ; cargo. 3. The transportation of freight. 

freighter (-er) ( n. 1. One who loads a ship. 2. One who 
receives and forwards freight. 3. One for whom freight 
is transported. 4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight. 

fre-mes'cent (fre-meVent), a. [L. fremere to roar, mur- 
mur + E. -escent.~\ Becoming murmurous, or noisy. R. 

frem'i-tus (frem'i-tus), n. sing. & pi. [L., a murmuring, 
roaring.] Med. Palpable vibration or thrill. 

French (french), a. [AS. frencisc.~] Of or pert, to France 
or its inhabitants ; like the French people. 
French chalk, a soft variety of steatite used for marking 
on cloth, etc. — F. horn, a 
kind of metallic wind instru- 
ment. — F. leave, a hasty 
or secret departure. Colloq. 
or Jocular. — F. pancake, a 
kind of pancake, fried thin 
and rolled up, often being 
spread with jelly or jam be- 
fore rolling. — F. roof, 
Arch., a form of curb roof French Horn. 

much like the mansard, having a nearly flat deck for the 
upper slope. 

— n. 1. Collective pi. The people of France. 2. The chief 
language of the French people, descended from Latin. — 
French'man, n. — Frencb/wom'an, n. fem. 

French'i-fy (fren'chi-fl), v. t. To make or become French. 

French'y (-chi), a. Like, or characteristic of, the French. 

fre-net'ic (f re-net'ik ; formerly fren'e-tik), a. Also fre- 
net'i-cal. Frantic. — n. A frantic person. See phrenetic. 

ire'num. Var. of fr^enum. 

iren'zy (fren'zT), n. ; pi. -zies (-ziz). [OF. frenesie, L. 
phrenesis, fr. Gr. <j>ptvlTt.s disease of the mind, 4>PV" mind.] 
Any violent mental agitation approaching to distraction ; 
delirious rage, excitement, or enthusiasm. — Syn. Mad- 
ness, delirium. See mania. — v. t.; -zied (-zid) ; -zy-ing. 
To affect with frenzy ; drive to madness. — fren'zied, p. a. 

fre'quence (fre'kwens), n. Frequency. 

fre'quen-cy (-kwen-si),^.; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. A crowded 
state ; also, a crowd. Archaic. 2. Fact or condition of re- 
turning frequently ; occurrence often repeated. 

fre'quent (-kwent), a. [L. frequens, -entis, crowded, fre- 
quent.] 1. Of a place, thronged. 06s. 2. Often met with ; 
happening at short intervals. 3. Common; familiar. 06s. 
or R. 4. Habitual ; persistent ; iterative. 

fre-quent' (fre-kwenf), v. t. & i. To visit often; associate 
with, be in, or resort to, often or habitually. 
Syn. Frequent, haunt. To frequent is to resort to fre- 
quently or habitually ; to haunt (often of ghosts or appa- 
ritions), to frequent continually or (esp.) pertinaciously. 
In present usage frequent is commonly restricted to places. 

fre'quen-ta'tion (fre'kwen-ta'shiin), n. Act or habit of 
frequenting ; visiting often ; resort. 

fre-quen'ta-tive (fre-kwen'td-tTv), a. Gram. Denoting fre- 
quent repetition of an action. — n. A frequentative verb. 

fre-quent'er, n. One who frequents. 

fre'quent-ly, adv. At frequent or short intervals. 

fres'co (fres'ko), n. ; pi. -coes or -cos (-koz). [It., fr. fresco 
fresh.] 1. Coolness ; shade. 06s. 2. Fine Arts, a Art or 
method of painting on plaster, esp. when not yet dried, b 
A fresco painting. 

— v. t. To paint in fresco, as walls. — fres'co-er, n. 
fresh (fresh), a. [ME. fresch, fersch; the latter fr. AS. 

fersc; the former fr. OF. fres, freis, fem. fresche.~] 1. 
Newly produced, gathered, or made. 2. Not salt ; as, fresh 
water. 3. Pure ; refreshing ; cool ; brisk ; as, fresh air. 4. 
Having its original qualities unimpaired ; as : a Not stale, 
sour, decayed, etc. b Not faded, worn, obliterated, etc. C 
Not exhausted or fatigued ; vigorous ; active. 5. Refreshed ; 
freshened ; as, fresh for combat. 6. Newly met with or ex- 
perienced ; novel ; recent ; hence : additional ; further. 7. 
Inexperienced ; unpracticed. 8. Intoxicated ; tipsy. Slang. 
9. Presumptuous ; forward. Slang, U. S. — Syn. Sound ; 
unfaded, ruddy, sweet, good ; unpracticed, unused ; lively, 
strong. See new. 

fresh breeze, Naut., a breeze between a stiff breeze and a 
moderate gale ; one blowing about twenty miles an hour. 
— f . gale, Naut., a gale blowing about thirty miles an hour. 

— n. 1. A freshet. 2. A stream, spring, or pool of fresh 
water. 3. A stream of fresh water running into salt water ; 
the mingling or mingling place of such waters. 

— v. t. & i. To refresh ; recruit ; increase ; freshen. Archaic. 
frosh'eil (freshen), v. t. 1. To make fresh ; esp., to refresh ; 

revive. 2. Naut. To relieve, as a rope, by change of place 
where friction wears it. — v. i. 1. To grow or become fresh, 
brisk, or strong ; as, the wind freshens. 2. To become fresh 
in appearance ; brighten. — fresh'en-er, n. 



lilMUM 



4 IMPIM 



fresh'et (fresh'et ; 24), n. [Dim. fr. fresh, n.] 1. A stream 

of fresh water. 06s. or Poetic. 2. A flood of a stream. 
fresh/ly, adv. In a fresh manner, [first year, as in a college.f 
f resh/man ( -man ) , n. A novice ; esp. , a student during the) 
fresh'ness, n. Quality or state of being fresh. 
fresh'-wa'ter, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or living in, water 
not salt. 2. Accustomed to navigate fresh waters only; 
unskilled as a seaman. 3. Untrained ; raw. 06s. 
fret (fret), v. t.; fret'ted; fret'ting. [AS. fretan, for 
foretan ; for- + etan to eat.] 1. To eat away ; gnaw ; wear 
away ; rub. 2. To make by wearing away a substance ; as, to 
fret a passage. 3. To roughen ; agitate ; disturb ; as, to fret 
the surface of water. 4. To tease ; irritate ; vex. — Syn. 
See harass. 

— v. i. 1. To be worn away ; chafe ; fray ; as, a cuff frets 
at the edge. 2. To be agitated or in commotion ; as, the 
brook frets between the rocks. 3. To be vexed, chafed, or 
irritated ; to utter peevish expressions. 

— n. 1. Act or state of erosion ; a wasting away. 2. A worn 
or eroded spot. 3. Agitation of mind marked by complaint 
and impatience ; irritation. 

fret, n. [OF. frete interlaced work.] 1. Ornamental net- 
work, esp. a kind of headdress for ■■■m ■ ..■■■■ 

women. 2. Any of the ridges, as of 
wire, fixed across the finger board of a 
guitar or similar instrument. 3. Fret- 
work. 4. An ornamental pattern charac- 
terized by lines or bars. — v. t. 1. To 
adorn with interlacing lines or figures; ■ 

hence : to variegate ; diversify. 2. To 3 Jj|qpffc§k|ri 
enrich or furnish with frets. *+**' 

fret'ful (fret'fool), a. Disposed to fret, or 
such as to cause fretting ; peevish. — 
Syn. Irritable, waspish, captious, petu- 
lant, spleeny. See peevish. — fret'ful- 
ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

fret'ty (fret'i), a. 1. Fretful. 2. Fester- 
ing ; inflamed, as a sore. Colloq. 

fretwork' (-wurkO.n. Ornamental open- 1, 2, 3, 4 Greek 
work or work in relief, esp. when elabo- Frets ; 5 Japa- 
rate ; hence, any intricate play of light neae Fret. 
and shade or the like. 

Frey (fra), n. Teut. Myth. One of the Vanir, a deity of 
fruitfulness, love, prosperity, and peace. See Vanir. 

Frey'a (fra'd), Frey'ja (fra'ya), n. [Icel. FrejaJ] Norse 
Myth. The goddess of love and beauty, who also presides 
over the regions of the dead. She is one of the Vanir and 
daughter of Njorth and sister of Frey. She has a jewel, or 
necklace, Brisingamen, obtained from the dwarfs, which 
Loki tried to steal and Heimdall defended. See Vanir. 

fri'a-bil'i-ty (frl'd-bil'i-tT), n. Friable quality. 

fri'a-ble (frl'd-b'l), a. [L. friabilis, fr. friar e to rub or 
crumble into small pieces.] Easily crumbled or pulverized. 

fri'a-ble-ness, n. Friability. 

fri'ar (-er), n. [OF. frere, L. frater brother.] R. C. Ch. 
A brother of a religious order, esp. of one of the four men- 
dicant orders, viz. : the Franciscans, Augustinians, Do- 
minicans, and Carmelites. — Syn. See monk. 

friar bird. An Australian honey eater (Philemon cornicu- 
latus), having no feathers on the head. 

friar's lantern. The ignis fatuus. 

Friar Tuck (tuk). A fat and jovial friar, 
a constant associate of Robin Hood, to 
whom he acted as father confessor.^ 

f ri'ar-y (f rl'er-T) , a. Like or pertaining to 
friars or a convent. — n.; pL-aries (-Iz). 
A convent or brotherhood of friars. 

frib'ble (frib'T), a. Frivolous; trifling. 

— n. A frivolous person or thing. — v. i. 
1. To act frivolously. 2. To totter ; fal- 
ter. 06s. — frib'bler (-ler), n. 



fric'an-deau' 



r -do' (frik'dn-do' ), n. 
A ragout or fricassee 




Friar Bird. 



[F. fricandeau."] 
of veal. 

fric'as-see' (-d-se'),_n. [F. fricassee, fr. . 
fricasser to fry, fricassee.] A dish of 
meat cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy. — v. t. ; -seed' ; 
-see'ing. To cook as a fricassee. 

fric'a-tive (frik'd-tiv), a. [See friction.] Characterized by 
f rictional rustling of the breath in utterance ; — used of cer- 
tain consonants, as /, v, s, z, etc.— n. A fricative consonant. 

fric'tion (-shim), n. _ [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum, to 
rub.] 1. Act of rubbing one body on another. 2. Mechan- 
ics. A resistance to motion between two surfaces in con- 
tact. 3. A clashing between two persons or parties in 
opinions or work. 

fric'tion-al (-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or produced by, friction; 
as, f rictional electricity. — fric'tion-al-ly, adv. 

Fri'day (frl'da), n. [AS. frigedseg, ii. Frig, name of a god- 
dess 4- daeg day. Cf . Frigg.] The sixth day of the week. 

fried (frld), pret. & p. p. of fry. 

friend (frend), n. [AS. freond, prop. p. pr. of frSon, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, suia; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil* ^hair: go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature- verdure (87) ; 



FRIENDLESS 



403 



FROCBIT 




friogan, to love.] 1. One attached to another by esteem 
and affection ; an intimate. 2. One not hostile ; one of the 
same nation, party, kin, etc. 3. A favorer ; promoter ; as, 
a friend to commerce. 4. A kinsman ; — now only in pi. 
5. [cap.] One of a religious sect popularly called Quakers. 

friend'less, a. Having no friend ; forsaken. 

friend'ly (frend'li), adv. [AS. freondlice.~\ Amicably. 

friend'ly (frend'lT), o. [AS. freondllc.'] 1. Amicable ; kind ; 
favorable ; not hostile. 2. Favorable ; propitious. — Syn. 
See amicable. — n. ; pi. -lies (-Hz). A friendly person ; — 
usually applied to natives friendly to settlers or invaders. 

— friend'li-ly, adv. — friend'li-ness, n. 
friendly society. See benefit society. 

friendship, n. State of being friends ; friendly attachment ; 
friendliness ; amity. 

fri'er (frl'er), n. Var. of fryer. 

Fries'ic (fres'ik), a. Of or pert, to Friesland or the Frisians 
or their language. — n. The language of the Frisians, a 
Low German tongue. [with a shaggy nap on one side. I 

frieze (frez), n. [F. frise.~\ A kind of coarse woolen cloth, j 

frieze, n. [F. frise.~\ 1. That part of an entablature be- 
tween the architrave and the cornice. It is a flat member, 
either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched 
with sculpture. See column, Tllust. 2. An ornamental 
band, as on a wall. 

frig'ate (fng'at), n. [F. frigate, fr. It. fregata."] Origi- 
nally, a light vessel propelled 
by sails and oars. Later, a 
ship-rigged war vessel inter- 
mediate between a cor- 
vette and a ship of the line. 

frigate bird. Either of 
two species of long- 
winged totipalmate 
sea birds (genus 
Fregata) noted for ra- 
pacious habits and 
great powers of 
flight ; — called also 
man-of-war bird. 

Frigg (frig) 

Frig'ga (frig'ga) , 
[Icel. Frigg. ] Sailing Frigate (1800-40). 

Norse Myth. The wife of Odin, and goddess of the sky. 
She presides over marriage and domestic life, and has 
dominion in heaven and in the abode of the dead. She 
was often confused with Freya. 

fright (frit), n. [AS. fyrhto, fyrhtu."] 1. Sudden and violent 
fear ; a sudden alarm. 2. A thing that frightens ; hence, 
something ugly or shocking. — Syn. See fear. 

— v.t. To alarm suddenly ; terrify ; affright ; scare. — Syn. 
Affright, dismay. [fright ; to affright ; terrify. I 

fright'en (frlt''n), v. t. To throw into a state of alarm or] 
Syn. Frighten, scare, intimidate, cow. To frighten is 
to alarm suddenly ; scare is more colloq., less dignified, 
than frighten, or else is felt to be archaic ; to intimidate is 
esp. to awe or deter by a display of force ; cow heightens 
the implication of disheartenment or broken spirit. 

fright'ened (-'nd), p. a. Alarmed. — Syn. See afraid. 

fright'en-er (-en-er), n. One who, or that which, frightens. 

fright'ful (-fool), o._ Terrifying ; shocking. — Syn. Terri- 
ble, dreadful, alarming, terrific, awful, horrid, horrible. See 
fearful. — fright'ful-ly, adv. — fright'ful-ness, n. 

frig'id (fnj'id), a. [L. frigidus, fr. frig ere to be cold.] 1. 
Very cold ; as, a frigid climate. 2. Wanting warmth, ardor, 
fire, vivacity, etc. ; unfeeling ; stiff and formal ; as, a frigid 
look or manner. — frig'id-ly, adv. — frig'id-ness, n. 
frigid zone. See zone. [frigid ; coldness.l 

fri-gid'i-ty (frT-jid'i-ti), re. Condition or quality of being| 

frig'o-rif'ic (frig'6-rTf'ik), a. [L. frigorifxcus ; frigus, fri- 
goris, cold + facere to make.] Causing cold ; cooling. 

fri'jol, fri'jole (fre'hol ; fre-hol'),n.; pi. -les (fre-ho'las). 
[Sp. frijol.~\ Any of various beans, esp. a certain black 
bean (Fhaseolus vulgaris) used in Mexico, etc. 

frill (fril), n. 1. A border or edging usually fluted or 
crimped. 2. A showy accomplishment, mannerism, or the 
like ; useless adornment ; as, frills of style. 3. A fold of 
membrane or fringe of hair or feathers on an animal, as 
about the neck. 4. Photog. A wrinkling of the edge of the 
gelatin film, as of a plate. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To decorate with a frill. 2. Photog. To wrin- 
kle at the edge, as the gelatin film. 

f riil'ing, n. Strips with a gathered edge for frills. 

Fri'maire' (fre'mar'), re. [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] See 
Revolutionary calendar. 

fringe (frTnj), n. [OF. frenge, fringe, fr. L. fimbria fiber, 
fringe.] 1. A trimming consisting of projecting ends of 

; a fabric twisted or plaited together, or of loose threads or 
strips, etc. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, a fringe ; a 
border ; margin ; as, a fringe of houses, of hair, etc. 3. 
Optics. _ One of a number of light or dark bands, produced 
by the interference of light ; a diffraction band. 



— v. t.; fringed (frinjd) ; fring'ing (frin'jing). To fur- 
nish with or as with a fringe ; also, to serve as a fringe for. 

fringe tree. A small oleaccous tree (Chionanthus virgini- 
ca) of the southern United States, bearing white flowers 
with long slender petals. 

frin-gil'line (frTn-jTl'In ; -in), a. [L. fringilla a chaffinch.] 
Zo'dl. Belonging to the family (Fringillidae) of birds in- 
cluding the finches ; finchlike. 

fring'y (fnn'jT), a. Adorned with fringes ; like fringe. 

frip'per-y (frTp'cr-T), n.; pi. -peries (-Tz). [F. friperie.l 
1. Cast-off clothes, or a place for their sale. 06s. 2. Second- 
hand finery ; cheap tawdry ornament ; affected elegance or 
ostentation. 

fri-sette' (frT-zef), re. [F., a curl.] A fringe of hair or 
curls worn about the forehead by women. [dresser.| 

|| fri'seur' (frc'zur'), n. [F., fr. friser to curl] A hair-l 

Fri'sian (frTzh'an), a. Of or pert, to Friesland, the Fri- 
sians, or Friesic. — n. 1. One of an ancient Teutonic tribe 
of Holland ; also, an inhabitant of Friesland. 2. = Friesic. 

frisk (frTsk), a. [OF. f risque. ~\ Friskv. — re. 1. A caracole : 
caper. 06s. 2. A frolic ; fit of wanton gayety. — v. i. To 
skip, dance, or gambol, as in frolic. — frisk'er, re. 

frisk'y (fris'kT), a. ; frisk'i-er (-kT-er) ; -i-est. Inclined to 
frisk ; frolicsome. — frisk'i-ly, adv. — frisk'i-ness, n. 

frit (frit), re. [F. frilte, fr. frit fried.] 1. Material of 
which glass is made, after it is calcined, but before vitrifi- 
cation. 2. Ceramics, a A partially fused composition 
used as a basis for glazes, b The composition from which 
soft porcelain is made. 

— v.t. & i. ; frtt'ted ; frit'ting. To prepare by heat (ma- 
terials for glass) ; fuse partially. 

frit fly. Any of certain members of a genus (Oscinis, esp. O. 

frit) of small dipterous flies, injurious to grain in Europe. 
frith (frith), n. [icel./zorcTr.] An estuary ; firth, 
frit'il-la-ry (fnt'i-la-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. fritillus 

dicebox, from the checkered markings of the petals.] 

1. Any of a genus (Fritillaria) of liliaceous herbs, bearing 
nodding flowers with the corolla often curiously mottled. 

2. Any of certain genera ( Argynnis and allied genera ) of 
butterflies ; — so called from their spotted coloration. 

frit'ter (-er), n. [F. friture frying, a thing fried, frire to fry. 
See fry.] A small quantity, or little cake, of batter (often 
inclosing another substance, as fruit, meat, etc.) fried in 
deep fat or in a frying pan. 

frit'ter (frTt'er), n. A fragment ; shred ; trifle. — v. t. To cut 
or break into fritters ; hence : to disperse ; scatter ; waste. 
to fritter away, to diminish ; waste piecemeal. 

friv'ol (fnv''l), v. i. To act frivolously ; trifle. — friv'ol-er, 
friv'ol-ler (-er), n. All Colloq. 

fri-VOl'i-ty (fri-vol'i-t!), re. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Condition 
or quality of being frivolous. 2. An act or thing that is 
frivolous. — Syn. See lightness. 

friv'o-lous (friv'6-lSs),a. [L.frivolus.'] 1. Of little weight 
or importance ; not worth notice. 2. Given to trifling ; 
marked with unbecoming levity ; silly ; interested esp. in 
trifles. — Syn. Trifling, trivial, petty. — friv'0-l0US-ly f 
adv. — friv'o-lous-ness, n. 

friz, frizz (friz), v. t.& i.; frizzed (frTzd) ; friz'zing. 1. 
To curl closely, as hair ; to crisp. 2. To form into little burrs 
or tufts, as the nap of cloth. — n. State of being frizzed; 
something frizzed, as a wig or hair. [sizzle. I 

frizz, v. t. & i. To fry, cook, or sear with a sizzling noise ;| 

friz'zle (friz''l), v. t.& i.; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-ling). To 
cook with a sputtering or sizzling noise ; — also used fig. 

friz'zle (friz''l), v. & n. Friz. — friz'zly (friz'll), a. 

friz'zy (-1), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling a friz. 

fro (fro), adv. [Of Scand. origin.] From; away; back; — 
now only in to and fro. — prep. = from. Archaic or Scot. 

frock (frok), n. [F. froc a monk's cowl, coat, garment, LL. 
froccus.~\ 1. A monk's coarse gown, having a hood and 
girded by a cord ; hence, clerical office. 2. a A tunic or man- 
tle, b A smock frock. C A sailor's woolen jersey, d A frock 
coat, e A military coat like a frock coat. 3. A gown ; dress. 

— v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2. To make a monk of ; to 
invest with priestly office. 

frock coat. A body coat for men, usually double-breasted, 
having long skirts of an equal length before and behind. 

frog (frog), n. [AS. frogga, frocga_(\n sense 1).] 1. Any of 
numerous webfooted tailless amphibians (genus Rana and 
allied genera) of aquatic habits. The young hatch out as 
tadpoles. 2. The triangular elastic horny pad in the middle 
of the sole of the foot of the horse. 3. Railroads. A device 
for connecting one track with another branching from or 
crossing it. 4. [Perh. a different word.] An oblong covered 
cloak button fastening into a loop. 5. The loop, as on a 
belt, for receiving a sword, bayonet, etc. 

— v. i. To catch, or look for, frogs. 

frog'bit' (frog'bitO.re. Also frog's-bit. 1. A European val- 
lisneriaceous plant (Hydrocharis mor sus-ranse) , floating 
on still water and propagating by runners. 2. A related 
American plant (Limnobium spongia) of similar habit. 



1 












G 



H 






j 



K 









K = cii in u. ten, acta (6U); don; yet, z.u=z. in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations "«ed in thi« work. Si^s. ef precede Vocabulary, h Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FROG-EYE 



404 



FRUGAL 



frog'— eye' (frogl'), n. A disease of tobacco due to a para- 
sitic fungus (Cercospora nicotianse), causing white spots 
on the leaves. — frog'— eyed' (-Id'), a. 

frog'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of certain fishes, as the angler, so 
called from their broad mouth and limblike fins. 

frog'ger-y (frog'er-i), n.; pi. -geries (-iz). A gathering of 
frogs ; also, a place where frogs abound. 

frog'gy (-1), a.; frog'gi-er (-I-er) ; -gi-est. Abounding 
in frogs ; of, like, or pertaining to, frogs. 

frog'hop'per (-hop'er), n. A spittle insect; also, any of the 
small leaping homopterous insects constituting the family 
{Cercopidee) to which the spittle insects belong. They 
feed upon the juices of plants. 

frog lily. The yellow water lily. 

frog'mouth' (frog'mouth'), n. Any of a subfamily (Podar- 
ginse) of the goatsuckers of the Oriental and Australian 
regions. They are so called from their broad, flat bill. 

frog spit, or frog spittle. See cuckoo spit. 

frol'ic (frol'ik), a. [D. vroolijk.] Full of fun or mirth; 
frolicsome ; merry. — n. 1. A prank ; flight of gayety or 
mirth. 2. A merrymaking. — v. i. ; -icked (-Ikt) ; -ick-ing. 
To play wild pranks ; sport ; make merry. — frol'ick-er, n. 

frol'ick-y (frol'Ik-I), a. Frolicsome. 

frol'ic-some (frol'Ik-siim), a. Full of gayety ; sportive. 

from (from), prep. [AS. fram, from.'] Forth out of ; away 
from contact with or proximity to ; out of (whether with an 
idea of motion or of origin, source, or cause) ; as, released 
from prison ; 100 miles from here ; three years from now ; 
to hang from a limb ; excluded from the plan ; to rouse 
from lethargy ; a present from him ; suffering from neglect. 

fro'men-ty (fro'men-tl). Var. of frumenty. 

frond (frond), n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch.] Bot. 
a A compound leaf, esp. that of a palm. 06s. or Poetic. 
b A leaflike expansion not differentiated into stem and foli- 
age. C Specif., the leaf of a fern, including both stipe and 
blade ; — used both of foliage leaves and of sporophylls. 

D Fronde (froNd), n. [F.] French Hist. A political party in 
France, during the minority of Louis XIV., which opposed 
the government and made war upon the court party. 

f rond'ed, a. Furnished with fronds ; as fronded palms. 

fron-des'cence (fron-des'ths), n. [L. frondescere, incho. 
of frondere to put forth leaves.] The period or condition 
of developing leaves ; also, foliage. 

front (frunt), n. [F. front forehead, L. frons, frontis.] 1. 
The forehead or brow ; sometimes, the whole face. 2. The 
countenance or personal bearing, as expressive of character 
and esp. of boldness ; as, a bold front. 3. A part that is fore- 
most or that faces in a given direction ; — opp. to back or 
rear; as : a Mil. The foremost rank ; van ; also, most ad- 
vanced position or field of operations, b Any face of a build- 
ing; esp., the face containing the principal entrance. C 
Land which faces or abuts on a piece of water, a river, a 
road, etc. ; frontage. 4. A position directly before one ; as, 
to go in front of a person. 5. The beginning ; as, summer's 
front. 6. A thing attached in front ; as : a A shirt front, or 
dicky, b A cravat. 7. A call boy. Hotel Cant. 

— a. 1. Of or pert, to the front, or forward part ; foremost ; 
as, a front view ; front seats. 2. Phon. Pronounced with 
closure or narrowing of the oral passage at the front of the 
mouth, or between the tongue and the front, or hard, 
palate, as are the sounds of p, 6, e (eve), a (ale), etc. 

— v. t. 1. To oppose face to face ; confront. 2. To appear 
before ; meet. 3. To face toward. 4. To adorn in front ; 
give a front to. — v. i. To have or turn the face or front 
(in a named direction) ; face. 

front'age (frun'taj), n. 1. The front part of a building or 
lot ; extent of front, as of land along a road. 2. Act or fact 
of fronting or facing a given way ; exposure. 

fron'tal (frun'tal ; fron'-), n. [OF. frontel, frontal, fr. L. 
frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet.] 1. A 
frontlet. 2. A decorative covering for the front of an altar. 
3. A facade. Rare. 4. The bone of the forehead." 

— a. Belonging to the front part or to the forehead. 
front'ed (frun'ted; 24), p. a. 1. Formed with a front; 

drawn up in line. 2. Having (such) a front, or brow. 

fron'tier (fron'ter ; frun'tCr),7i. [F. frontiere, LL. fron- 
taria. See pront.] 1. That part_ of a country facing 
another country or an unsettled region ; the border or ex- 
treme part of a country. 2. A stronghold or protecting set- 
tlement on a frontier. Obs. — a. 1. Lying on the exterior 
part ; bordering. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. 

fron'tiers-man (-terz-man) , n. A man living on the frontier. 

fron'tis-piece (f run'tls-pts ; fron'-), n. [F. frontispice. 
LL. frontispicium beginning, front of a church, L. frons 
front -f- spicere, specere, to view.] The part which first 
meets the eye; as : a Arch. (1) The principal front of a 
building. (2) A pediment over a door, gate, window, or the 
like, b An illustration fronting the first page, or title-page, 
of a book; formerly, the first page itself. C A forehead. 
Jocular. 

front'less (frunt'les), a. Shameless; impudent. Now Rare. 

front'let (-let), n. [OF. frontelet.] 1. A band for the fore- 



head. 2. The forehead, esp. of an animal. 3. In birds, the 
forehead, when distinguished by difference in color or tex- 
ture of plumage. 4. Horse Armor. A frontstall. 

fron'to- (fron'to-) ; [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] Zool. 
& Anat. A combining form used to designate connection 
with the frontal bone or region, as : f ron'to-ma'lar, pert, to 
the frontal and malar bones or regions. 

front'stall' (f runt'stol') , n. Horse Armor. A plate at- 
tached to the bridle, with holes for eyes and nostrils. Hist . 

frore (fror), p. a. [AS. froren.] Frozen ; frosty. Archaic. 

frost (frost ; 62), n. [AS. forst, frost, fr. freosan to freeze.] 
1. Act or process of freezing. 2. Temperature which occa- 
sions freezing ; freezing weather. 3. Frozen dew ; — called 
also hoarfrost or white frost. 4. Coldness of temperament ; 
severity; Colloq., an indifference ; a coolness. 

— v. t. 1. To injure by frost ; freeze. 2. To cover with hoar- 
frost ; produce a frostlike surface on. 

frost'bite' (frost'blf), v. t.; for prin. parts see bite. To 
blight or nip with frost. — n. The freezing, or effect of a 
freezing, of some part of the body. 

frost'ed (fros'ted ; 24), p. a. Covered with or as with hoar- 
frost ; ornamented with frosting ; also, frostbitten. 

frost'fish' (frost'fish'), n. The tomcod (Microgadus torn- 
cod), abundant on the New England coast in early winter. 

frost'flow'er (-flou'er), n. A small liliaceous bulbous 
plant (Milla biflora) ; also, its white star-shaped flower. 

frost'i-ly (fros'tl-ll), adv. In a frosty manner. 

frost'i-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being frosty. 

frost'ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar, as with beaten 
egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc. 2. A 
lusterless finish of metal or glass ; mat. 

frost'weed' (frost'wed'), n. Any American plant of a genus 
(Helianthemum, esp. H. canadense) of the rockrose family. 

frost'work' (-wurk'), n. Delicate figurework formed by 
frost, esp. on glass ; also, an imitation of this, as on silver. 

frost'y (fros'ti), a. ; frost'i-er (-tl-er) ; -i-est. 1. Attended 
with or producing frost ; freezing. 2. Covered with frost. 3. 
Without warmth of feeling. 4. Hoary ; gray ; hence, be- 
longing to, or characteristic of, old age. 

froth (froth ; 62), n % 1. Bubbles collected on liquids from 
fermentation, agitation, etc. ; spume ; foam ; esp., a spume 
of saliva from disease or excitement. 2. Something light 
or unsubstantial, as words without thought. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to foam. 2. To eject as froth. 3. To cover 
with froth. — v.i. To throw up or throw out froth ; foam. 

froth'y (-1), a.; froth'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. Full of or 
consisting of froth; foamy. 2. Of the nature of froth; 
light ; unsubstantial. — froth'i-ly, adv. — f roth'i-ness, n. 

I] frou'frou' (froo'frco'), n. [F.] A rustling, esp. of a skirt. 

frounce (frouns), v. t. & %.; frounced (frounst) ; frounc'- 
ing. [OF. frontier.] To gather into folds ; curl ; frizzle, 
as hair. — n. An empty or showy affectation. 

frou'zy. Var. of frowzy. [hence : a woman ; wife.! 

frow (frou), n. [D. vrouw.] A Dutch or German woman ;| 

fro'ward (fro'werd), a. \_fro + -ward.] 1. Perverse ; obsti- 
nately willful. 2. Adverse. 06s. — Syn. Untoward, ungov- 
ernable, refractory, obstinate ; petulant, cross, peevish. See 
wayward. — fro^ward-ly, adv. — fro'ward-ness, n. 

frown (froun), v. i. 1. To contract the brow, as in displeas- 
ure or sternness ; scowl. 2. To look with disfavor or threat- 
eningly ; lower. 

Syn. Frown, scowl, lower. Frown commonly implies 
disapprobation, severity, or anger ; scowl, ill humor, sul- 
lenness, or discontent ; lower, menace or gloom. 

— v. t. To affect, express, or drive, by a frown ; as, he was 
frowned down. 

— n. 1. A wrinkling of the brow, as in anger; a sour or 
stern look ; scowl. 2. Any expression of displeasure. 

frown'ing-ly, adv. In a frowning manner. 

frow'y (frou'I), a. Musty ; stale ; rancid. Dial. 

frow'zy, frou'zy (frou'zl), a.; -zi-er (-zi-er) ; -zi-est. Of- 
fensive to the smell or sight ; musty ; slovenly ; unkempt. — 
Syn. See SLOVENLY. 

froze, pret. of freeze. [and severe cold.! 

f roz'en (fro'z'n) , p. a. Congealed with, or subject to, long) 

Fruc'ti'dor' (friik'te'dor'), n. [F., fr. L. fructus fruit + 
Gr. S&pov gift.] See Revolutionary calendar. 

flUC-tii'er-CUS (fruk-tif'er-tis), a. [L. fructifer ; fructus 
fruit + ferre to bear.] Bearing or producing fruit. 

fruc'ti-Ii-C-a'tion (fruk'tl-fl-ka'shun), n. 1. Action of pro- 
ducing or bearing fruit ; a fruiting. 2. Bot. A fruit. 

fruc'ti-fy (fruk'tl-fl), v. i.;-fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F.fructi- 
fier, L. fructificare ; fructus fruit + -ficare (in comp. ) 
to make.] To bear fruit. — v. t. To make fruitful ; fertilize. 

fruc-tose'(fruk-tus';fruk'tos),n. [L. fructus fruit.] Chem. 
A sugar, C6H12O6, occurring in three optically different 
forms, the best known being dextro fructose, or fruit sugar. 

fruc'tU-OUS (fruk'tj5-us), a. [OF. fructuous, F . fructueux, 
L. fructuosus.] Fruitful ; productive ; profitable. 

fru'gal (froo'gal), a. [L. frugalis, fr. frugi for fruit ; hence, 
fit for food, useful, fit, temperate, the dative of frux, frugis, 
fruit.] 1. Economical in using resources ; saving ; sparing. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, iim, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



405 



True Fruit- Indehiscent 



MONOCARPELLARY 



ACHENE 




BUTTERCUP 



UTRICLE 




'• SOOSEFOOT 



Drupe 




Almond 



RASPBERRY 



POLYCARPELLARY 




True Fruit - Dehiscent 



MONOCARPELLARY 



FOLLICLE 




4/ 



COLUMGIME 






MILKWEED 



Legume 




PEA 



feEAfM 



LOMENT 







TICK TREFOIL 



POLYCARPELLARY 



Capsule 




JIMSON WEED POPPY PLANTAIN 



SlLIQ 




Sitter cpess 



SlLICLE 




SHEPHERD'S PURSE 



Strobile: 




SPRUCE 



Spurious Fruit 



Collective Fruit 



Pome 




Etaerio 




STRAWBERRY 
(SEE also buttercup 

AMD RASPBERRY ABOVE) MAGNOLIA 



Sorosis 




PINEAPPLE MULBERRY 



Sy co nus 




PIO 



FRUIT 



H 



J 



K 



M 






' 






i 



FRUGALITY 



406 



FULFILL 



2. Got by, or appropriate to, economy ; as, ' frugal fare. 
Syn. Saving, provident, careful. — Frugal, thrifty, chary, 
sparing, economical. Frugal is opposed to wasteful, 
luxurious, or lavish ; thrifty implies industry, good man-, 
agement, and prosperity ; as, though affluent, he is frugal ; 
he has a thrifty habit of saving. Chary implies a cautious, 
discriminating, sometimes unwilling, attitude ; sparing 
connotes abstention or restraint ; as, he is chary of recom- 
mending others ; a sententious man is sparing of words. 
Economical (opposed to extravagant) implies esp. the use 
of money or resources to the best advantage. 

fru-gal'i-ty (froo-gal'I-ti), n. Quality of being frugal ; thrift. 

fru'gal-ly, adv. In a frugal manner. 

fru'gal-ness, re. Frugality. 

fru-giv'o-rous (froo-jiy'o-rus), a. [L. frux, frugis, fruit 
+ E. -vorous.~] Feeding on fruit. 

fruit (froot; 86), re. [F.,fr. L. fructus enjoyment, product, 
fruit, fr. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy.] 1. Any product of 
plant growth useful to man or animals, as grain, vegetables, 
cotton, flax, etc. ; — usually in the pi. 2. The edible prod- 
uct of a perennial or woody plant, consisting of the ripened 
seeds and adjacent or surrounding tissues, or of the latter 
alone. In popular use, there is no exact distinction between 
a fruit and a vegetable, except where the latter consists of 
the stem, leaves, or root of the plant. 3. Bot. In general, 
any product of fertilization with its modified envelopes or 
appendages ; esp., the ripened ovary of a seed plant and its 
contents, as the pod of a pea, a nut, grain, berry, etc. See 
Illust., p. 405. 4. Offspring. Archaic. 5. Effect ; conse- 
quence ; product ; advantage ; profit ; as, the fruits of labor. 

— v. t. & i. To bear or cause to bear fruit ; develop fruit on. 

fruit'age (-aj), re. [F. ] 1. Fruit collectively. 2. The 
state or process of bearing fruit. 3. Product of any action. 

fruit'er,re. 1. A ship to carry fruit. 2. A tree that bears fruit. 

fruit'er-er, re. One who deals in fruit. er-ess, re. fern. 

fruit'er-y (-T), re. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). [F '. fruiterie place where 
fruit is kept, in OF. also, fruitage.] 1. Place where fruit is 
stored. Ubs. 2. Fruit collectively ; fruitage. Now Rare. 

iruit'ful (-fdbl), a. Full of fruit ; producing fruit abundantly; 
bearing results ; prolific. — Syn. See fertile. — fruit'- 
ful-ly, adv. — fruit'ful-ness, re. 

iru-i'tion (froo-ish'i/n), n. [OF. fruition, "L.fruitio enjoy- 
ment, fr. L. frui, p. p. fruitus, to use or enjoy.] Use or pos- 
session of anything ; pleasure from possession or use. 

f ruit'less, a. 1. Lacking or not bearing fruit ; barren. 2. 
Vain ; idle ; unprofitable. — Syn. Abortive, profitless. See 
useless. — fruit'less-ly, adv. — fruit'less-ness, re. 

fruit sugar. Chem. A kind of sugar, C6H12O6, occurring 
in honey and in most sweet fruits. It is a form of fructose. 

fruit tree. A tree cultivated for its edible fruit, [of fruit. 

fruit'y (froot'T), a. Having the odor, taste, or appearance! 

fru'men-ta'ceous (froo / men-ta / shus),o. [L. frumentaceus 
fr. frumentum corn or grain.] Made of or resembling wheat 
or othe r grain. 

fru'men-ty (froo'men-tT), re. [OF. fromentee, fr. L. fru- 
mentum grain.] Hulled wheat boiled in milk with sugar, 
plums, etc. 

frump (frump), re. l.In pi. Sulky actions ; sulks. Now Dial. 
2. A cross, old-fashioned person, esp. an old woman ; a 
dowdy. Colloq. — frump'ish, a. — frump'y (frum'pi),a. 

frush (frush), re. The frog of a horse's foot; also, a dis- 
charge from it ; thrush. 

frush (frush; froosh), v. t. [F. froisser to bruise, OF. 
froissier.~] To batter ; crush ; break. Obs. 

frus'trate (frus'trat), a. [L. frustratus, p. p. of frustrare 
to deceive, frustrate, frustra in vain.] Frustrated. — v. t. ; 
-trat-ed (-trat-ed) ; -trat-ing v 1. To prevent from attain- 
ing a purpose ; balk. 2. To bring to naught ; defeat ; nullify. 
Syn. Thwart, foil, baffle, balk, circumvent, outwit, check, 
disappoint, cross, hinder, checkmate. — Frustrate, thwart, 
foil, baffle, balk, circumvent, outwit. To frustrate, 
is to render vain or ineffectual ; to thwart is to frustrate, 
esp. by crossing or running counter to ; foil commonly im- 
plies repulse or discomfiture. To baffle is to frustrate, esp. 
by confusing or puzzling ; to balk, by interposing obstacles. 
Circumvent implies stratagem ; outwit, craft or cunning. 

frus-tra'tion (frus-tra'shun), re. A frustrating ; defeat. 

frus'tule (-tul), re. < [L. frustulum, dim. of frustum a 
piece.] Bot. The siliceous shell of a diatom. 

frus'tum (frus'tiim), re. ; pi. E. -tums (-tumz), L. -ta (-td). 
[L., piece, bit.] Geom. 
The part of a solid next 
the base, formed by 
cutting off the top ; or 
the part of any solid 
(cone, pyramid, etc.), 
between any two cut- 
ting planes. 

fru-tes'cent (froo-tes'- 
ent),o. [L..frutex,fru- 
ticis, shrub, bush.] 
Shrubby. — fru-tes'- 
cence(-ens), re. 




Frustums: C of Cone ; P of Pyramid. 




fru'ti-cose (froo'tT-kos), a. [L. fruticosus, fr. frutex, fru-. 
ticis, shrub.] Pertaining to or resembling a shrub. 

fry (frl), re. sing. & pi. 1. Offspring; seed. Obs. 2. The 
young of fishes ; — used chiefly as a collective. Also, occa- 
sionally, the young of other animals, or of man. 3. Very- 
small adult fishes, esp. in schools. 4. A swarm or brood of 
young ; a crowd of small creatures, persons, or things. 

try,v.t.; fried (frld); fry'ing. [ F. frire, fr. L. frigere 
to roast, parch, fry.] To cook in a pan with fat over a 
fire ; cook in boiling fat ; — disting. from broil. — v. i. 1. 
To undergo the process of frying. 2. To burn with passion ; 
as, to fry with vexation. 

— re.; pi. fries (friz). 1. A dish of anything fried. 2. An 
internal part or organ of an animal that is usually eaten 
fried, as pig's liver, calf's pluck, or lamb's testicles ; — usu- 
ally in pi. Local. 

fry'er, fri'er (frl'er), re. One who, or that which, fries ; 
also^something intended for frying. 

fu (foo), re. [Chin.] A department or prefecture in China ; 
also, the chief city of a department ; — often forming the 
last part of a place name ; as, Paoting/u. 

fub (fiib), v. t.; fubbed (fubd) ; -bing. 1. To trick; cheat. 
2. To put off deceitfully or with a pretense. Archaic. 

fub'sy (fub'zT), a. Plump ; chubby ; short and stuffy ; as, a 
fubsy sofa. Colloq., Eng. 

fuch'si-a (fu'shT-d ; fu'shd ; as a Latin genus name, fook'- 
sT-d), re. ; E. pi. -sias (fu'shdz). [NL., after Leon- 
hard Fuchs, German botanist.] Any plant 
of a large genus {Fuchsia) of the evening 
primrose family, having handsome nodding 
flowers, usually red or pink. 

fuch/sine (fook'sTn; -sen), fuch'sin, n. 
[fuchsia + -ine ; — named from its color in 
solution.] A dyestuff produced by oxida- 
tion of a mixture of aniline and toluidines. It 
is metallic green superficially, but when dis- 
solved yields a brilliant dark red. 

fu'coid (fu'koid), a. [fucus + -oid.~\ Bot. Fuchsia. 
Pert, to or resembling seaweeds, esp. algas of the family 
(Fucacese) containing the rockweeds and gulf weed. — re. A 
fucoid seaweed. 

fu'CUS (fu'kus), re. ; pi. fuci (-si). [L., orchil, used as a red 
dye.] 1. A paint ; dye. 06s. 2. Any of a certain genus 
(Fucus) of olive-green or brown algae ; a rockweed. 

fud'dle (fud''l), v. t. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling. To make foolish 
or confused, as with drink ; muddle ; confuse. Colloq. — v. i. 
To tipple. Colloq. 

fudge (fuj), re. 1. A made-up story; nonsense; bosh; — 
often an exclamation of contempt. 2. A patch of print, as 
of colored print or a piece of late matter, inserted in a 
newspaper page ; also, a machine or cylinder for printing 
such patches. 3. A kind of soft candy. 

fudge, v. t. ; fudged (fujd) ; fudging. To devise ; concoct. 

Fu-e'gi-an (fu-e'ji-an), a. Of or pert, to Tierra del Fuego, 
or its native Indians. — re. An Indian of Tierra del Fuego. 

fu'el (fu r el), re. [OF . fouialle, fuaille, LL. focalia, fr. L. 
focus fireplace, in LL., fire.] Anything that feeds fire ; 
hence, that which increases passion or the like. — v. t. To 
feed or furnish with fuel. 

fu-ga'cious (f u-ga'shris) , a. [L. fugax, fugacis, fr. fugere 
to flee.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly ; lasting but a short 
time; fleeting. 2. Bot. Falling soon after full bloom. 

fu-gac'i-ty (-gas'i-tT), re. Quality of being fugacious. 

fu'gi-tive ( fu'ji-tiv ), a. [F. fugitif, fr. L. fugitivus, fr. 
fugere to flee.] 1. Fleeing, as from danger. 2. Strolling ; 
roaming ; vagabond. 3. Not fixed ; not durable ; evanes- 
cent ; liable to fade_; as, fugitive colors. 4. Dealing with 
topics of temporary interest ; occasional ; as, fugitive verse. 

— Syn. Fleeting, unstable, uncertain, volatile, fugacious. 
See transient. 

— n. 1. One who flees from pursuit, danger, service, etc. 2. 
a A deserter. 06s. b A refugee. — fu'gi-tive-ly, adv. — ■ 
fu'gi-tive-ness, re. 

fu'gle (fii'g'l), v. i. To act as fugleman, guide, or model; 
also, to makejnotions as if signaling. Colloq. 

fu'gle-man (fu'g'l-mdn),re. [G.flugelmann file leader ; flu- 
gel wing + mann man.] A well-drilled soldier placed in front 
of a company, as a guide for the others in their exercises. 

fugue (fug), re._ [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, 
flight.] A musical composition in several parts, simultane- 
ous and harmonizing, but independent in melody. 

-ful (-fool)^ [See full, a.] 1. A suffix forming adjectives, 
and denoting full of, abounding in, characterized by, 
also able to, or tending to. 2. A suffix forming nouns, and 
denoting quantity that would fill ; as in cupful. 

Fu'lah (foo'la), re. A Sudanese of a race of Hamitic stock 
with Negro admixture. 

ful'crum (ful'krum), re.; pi. E. -crums (-krumz), L. -cra 
(-krd). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop. 
2. The support, as a wedge, about which a lever turns. 

fulfill', fnl-fil' (fool-fil), v. t. ; -filled' (-fildO ; -fill'ing. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



"* 






FULFILLMENT 



407 



FUND 



£AS. fulfyllan.] To accomplish or carry out; as a promise ; 

satisfy, as a desire ; perform ; bring to pass, as a purpose. 
ful-fill'ment, ful-fil'ment (-ment), n. Act of fulfilling; 

accomplishment ; completion ; execution ; performance. 
ful'gent (ful'jent), a. [L. fulgens, -entis, p. pr.] Shining 

brightly ; resplendent. — f ul'gent-ly, adv. 
ful'gid (-jid), a. [L. fulgidus.] Shining ; glittering. 
ful'gor, ful'gour (ful'gor ; -ger), n. [L. fulgor, fr. fulgere 

to shine.] Dazzling brightness ; splendor. Rare. 
ful'gu-rant (ful'gti-rdnt), a. [L. fulgurans, p. pr. of ful- 

gurare.] Resembling lightning ; flashing. 
ful'gu-rate (ful'gu-rat), v. i. [L.fulgurare to flash, ir.ful- 

gur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine.] To flash as lightning. 
ful'gU-ratlng (-rating), p. a. Med. Resembling lightning ; 

— used to describe sudden intense lancinating pains. 
ful'gU-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of flashing or lightening ; 

a lightning flash. Now Rare. 

fill'gu-rite (ful'gu-rlt), n. [L. fulgur lightning.] Geol. A 
glassy irregular tube produced by the passage of lightning 
through loose sand, or even compact rock. 

ful'gU-rous (ful'gu-rus), a. [L. fulgur lightning.] Emit- 
ting lightning ; flashing ; fulgurant. 

ful'ham (fdol'am), n. A loaded die. Slang. 

fu-lig'i-nous (fu-lij'I-nus), a. [L. fuliginosus, fr. fuligo 
soot.] Smoky ; sooty ; dusky. — fu-lig'i-nous-ly, adv. 

full ( fool ), v. t. & i. [OF. fuler, fouler, fr. LL., fr. L. 
fullo a fuller. ] To thicken by moistening, heating, and 
pressing, as cloth ; scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill. 

full, a. [AS./uL] 1. Filled ; abundantly supplied. 2. Satis- 
fied in appetite ; sated ; also, satisfying ; as, a. full meal. 3. 
Absorbed in and enthusiastic over (something) ; as, to be 
full of a plan. 4. Occupying completely the space or accom- 
modation ; as, a full audience ; a full cargo. 5. Complete ; 
entire ; of maximum quality, force, development, etc. ; as, a 
full jury ; full weight ; the full moon, etc. 6. Rounded or 
plump. 7. a Of sounds, having volume or depth, b Of 
colors, pure. C Of wines, etc., having good body. 8. Plen- 
teous ; copious ; as, full notes. 9. Having the mind filled 
with information. 10. Having so much material that it 
aangs in folds; as, full sleeves. 11. Filled or distended 
by wind ; as, full sails. 

Syn. Full, replete. Replete (with), the more bookish 
term, as compared with full (of), heightens the implica- 
tion of abundant supply or of being fraught with some- 
thing ; as, full of ambition ; replete with anecdote. 
full back. Football. See back, ra.,5 d. — f. blood, a Un- 
mixed descent ; as, a negro of full blood, b Relationship 
through both parents. — f . dress, the style of dress pre- 
scri bed for occasions of ceremony ; esp. the customary formal 
dress for evening. — f . hand, or f . house. Poker, a hand 
containing three of a kind and a pair, as three kings and 
two tens. — f . stop, Punct., a period. 

— n. Complete measure ; highest state or degree. 

— adv. 1. Quite ; entirely. 2. To the utmost ; — chiefly in 
combination ; as, /uZZ-blown. 

— v. t. To make full, as a garment ; to sew with gathers, as 
trimming. — v. i. 1. To be or become full ; as, the moon 
fulls to-night. U. S. & Dial. Eng. 2. To have fullness ; 
gather ; pucker. 

full'er (fool'er), 7i. [From full to make full.] A set ham- 
mer for grooving and spreading iron. 

full'er, n. One whose occupation is to full cloth. 

full'er's earth (-erz). A soft earthy substance, resembling 
clay, used in cleansing cloth and wool of grease. 

full'er-y (f6"61'er-T), n. ; -pi. -eries (-iz). A place or works 
where the fulling of cloth is carried on. 

full'ing, n. Process of cleansing, shrinking, and thicken- 
ing cloth by moisture, heat, and pressure. 

full'ness, n. State or quality of being full. 

ful'ly (fool'T ; -IT), adv. In a full manner or degree ; com- 
pletely. — Syn. Entirely; maturely ; plentifully, abundantly, 
plenteously, copiously, amply, sufficiently. 

M'mar (fool'mdr), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. full foul -f mar sea 
mew.] An Arctic sea bird (Fulmarus gla- 
cialis) of the petrel family. 

ful'mi-nant (ful'mT- 
nant), a. [L. fulmi- 
nans, p. pr. of fulmi- 
nare to lighten.] 1. 
Fulminating. 2. Med. 
Coming on suddenly 
with great severity ; 
foudroyant. 

ful'mi-nate (-nat), v.i. & t.; 
-nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. fulminatus, p. p. of ful- Fulmar. 

minare to lighten, strike with lightning, fulmen thunder- 
bolt, fulgere to shine.] 1. To thunder and lighten. Rare. 2. 
To detonate ; explode violently. 3. To issue (decrees, etc.) 
authoritatively ; thunder forth (menaces), [a fulminate. I 
fulminating powder, any violently explosive powder, esp. | 

— n. 1. A salt of fulminic acid. 2. A fulminating powder. 




ful'mi-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. 1. Act of fulminating. 
2. That which is fulminated, or thundered forth. 

ful'mi-na-to-ry (-nd-to-rl), a. Thundering ; striking terror. 

ful'mine (ful'mln), v. i. & t. To fulminate. 

ful-min'ic (ful-mTn'ik), a. Chem. Designating a strong 
acid, C:N-0H, the salts of which explode on percussion. 

f Ul'mi -nous (ful'ml-nus), a. [L. fulmen thunderbolt.] 
Of pertaining to, or resembling thunder and lightning. 

ful'some (ful'siim), a. \_full, a. + -some."] 1. Offensive; 
repulsive ; esp., offensive from excess of display or from in- 
sincerity. 2. Lustful ; obscene. 06s. — Syn. See suave. — 
ful'some-ly, adv. — ful'some-ness, n. 

ful'VOUS (fCU'vus), a. [L. fulvus.] Tawny; dull yellow. 

fu-mar'ic (fu-mar'Ik), a. [L. fumus smoke, fume.] Chem. 
Pertaining to or designating a white crystalline acid, 
C2H2 (C02H)2, occurring in fumitory and other plants. 

fu'ma-role (f u'md-rol), n. [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo smoke, 
L. fumus.] A hole or spot, as in a volcanic region, emitting 
fumes. 

fu'ma-to'ri-um (fii'md-to'rT-Sm ; 57), n.; L. pi. -ria (-a). 
[NL., fr. L. fumare, fumatum, to smoke.] An air-tight 
compartment in which vapor may be generated to destroy 
germs or insects, as scale insects on nursery stock. 

fu'ma-to-ry (fu'md-to-rT), a. [SeeFUMATORiUM.] Pert, to, 
or concerned with, smoking. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). A 
place for subjecting things to the action of smoke or vapor. 

fum'ble (fum'b'l), v. %.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). To 
feel or grope about clumsily ; seek awkwardly. — v. t. To 
handle or manage awkwardly ; in ball games, to fail to han- 
dle (the ball) properly. — n. Act of fumbling. 

fum'bler (-bier), n. One who fumbles. 

fume (fum), n. [L. fumus.] 1. Aromatic smoke, as of 
incense. 2. A vaporous or odorous exhalation, esp. if offen- 
sive ; reek ; as, sulphurous fumes. 3. Anything unsub- 
stantial or airy ; idle conceit. 4. An emotional outburst ; 
esp., a fit of anger or vexation ; as, to be in a fume. 

— v. i. ; fumed (fumd) ; fum'ing (fQm'Tng). 1. To smoke ; 
throw off fumes ; rise up, as vapor. 2. To show anger or 
irritation. — v. t. 1. To fill or treat with fumes. 2. To 
burn incense in or to. 3. To throw off as in vapor. 

fu'met (fu'met) 1 n. [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or 

fu-mette' (fu-met')J meat, fr. L. fumus smoke.] Odor of 
game, etc., that has been kept long, or of meat in cooking. 

fu'mi-gate (fii'mT-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed ; -gat'ing. [L./tzmi- 
gatus, p. p. of fumigare, fr. fumus smoke.] 1. To apply 
smoke or vapor to, esp. for disinfecting. 2. To perfume. 

fu'mi-ga'tion (-ga'shiin), n. 1. Act of making or using 
fumes or perfume, as in incantation. 2. Act of fumigating, 
as for disinfection. 3. Vapor raised in the process of fumi- 
gating ; also, a preparation used for fumigating purposes. 

fu'mi-ga'tor (fu'mi-ga'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
fumigates ; an apparatus for fumigating. 

fuming box. Photog. A box or chamber in which sensitized 
paper is subjected to action of ammonia fumes, to improve 
color and increase speed in printing. 

fu'mi-to-ry (fu'mT-to-rT), n.; pi. -ries f-riz). [F. fume- 
terre; L. fumus smoke -f- terra earth.] Any of a genus 
(Fumaria) of erect or climbing papaveraceous herbs, with 
small irregular flowers ; esp., a delicate purple-flowered gar- 
den annual (F. officinalis). 

fum'y (fum'T), a. Producing fumes; vaporous. 

fun (fun), n. [Prob. fr. ME. fonnen to be foolish, to act 
foolishly. Cf. fond.] Sport ; merriment ; playful action or 
speech. — v. i. To act in fun ; to make fun ; joke ; fool. 
Colloq. 

fu-nam'bu-list (fu-nam'bu-list), n. [L. funambulus ; fu- 
nis rope + ambulare to walk.] A ropewalker or rope- 
dancer. — fu-nam'bu-lism (-liz'm), n. 

func'tion (furjk'shun), n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to per- 
form.] 1. The proper action of anything ; office ; duty ; 
specif., the normal and characteristic action of any organ or 
part of an animal or plant ; as, {he function of the luncrs. 2. 
Power of acting ; faculty. 3. Activity ; performance. Obs. or 
R. 4. A religious, public, or social ceremony or gathering, 
esp. if elaborate or formal. 5. Math. A magnitude so relat- 
ed to another magnitude that to values of the latter there 
correspond values of the former ; as, x is a function of x 2 . 
— v. i. To fulfill a function ; act ; operate. 
func'tion-al (-dl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or connected with, a 
function or functions. 2. Biol. Performing its regular 
function, as an organ. 

functional disease, Med., a disease of which the symp- 
toms cannot be referred to any organic lesion or change 
of structure ; — opposed to organic disease. 
tunc'tion-a-ry (-a-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One charged 

with the performance of a function. 
fund (fund), n. [F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, 
deriv. of L. fundus bottom.] 1. Bottom ; foundation. Obs. 

2. An accumulation or deposit of resources ; stock ; supply. 

3. A sum of money, esp. one the principal or interest of 
which is appropriated to a specific object, as the carrying 
on of a commercial undertaking ; stock or capital ; in pi., 









H 



J 



K 



K = oil in G. icii, acn vOo;; boN; yet, zii=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Uuiue to i-iuiiuik,..., ... 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



FUNDAMENT 



408 



FURY 



available pecuniary resources. 4. In pi. The stock of a 
national debt; public securities; — with the. 

— v. t. 1. To provide a fund to pay interest or principal of. 
2. To convert into a more or less permanent debt at inter- 
est. 3. To place in a fund ; accumulate. 4. To provide 
funds or means for carrying on ; finance. 

fun'da-ment (fun'dd-ment), n. [OF. fundement, fonde- 
ment, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fundus bottom.] 
1. Foundation. Obs. 2. The buttocks ; anus. 

fun'da-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Of or pert, to the foundation 
or basis ; essential ; elementary ; primary ; basal. — n. A 
principle, rule, law, or article which serves as the ground- 
work of a system ; essential part. men'tal-ly, adv. 

fun'dus (fun'dus), n. [L., bottom.] The bottom or base 
of (or part opposite the aperture of) the internal surface of 
a hollow bodily organ, as of the bladder or the eye. 

fu'ner-al (fu'ner-dl), n. [ LL. funeralia, prop. neut. pi. 
of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral.] 
1. The rites used in the disposition, as by interment, of 
a dead human body ; obsequies ; burial. 2. A procession 
attending the burial of the dead. — - a. Pert, to or befit- 
ting a funeral ; used at the burial of the dead. 

fu-ne're-al (fu-ne're-dl), a. [L. funereus.~\ Appropriate to 
a funeral ; sad and solemn. — fu-ne're-al-ly, adv. 

fu-nest' (fu-nesf), a. [L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, 
destruction.] Portentous ; lamentable ; doleful. Rare. 

fun'gal (fur/gal), a. Bot. Pert, to, or characteristic of, a 
fungus or fungi. 

fun'gi (fun'jl), n., L. pi. of fungus. [gible.l 

fun'gi-fcil'i-ty (-jT-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being fun-j 

fun'gi-ble (fun'ji-b'l), n. _ [LL. (res) fungibiles, fr. L. 
fungi to discharge.] A thing that is fungible. — a. Civil 
Law. Such that one specimen or part may be used in place 
of another in the satisfaction of an obligation, as money, 
food, etc. 

fun'gi-cide' (fun'ji-sld'), n. [fungus + -cide.~\ Any sub- 
stance that destroys fungi. — fun'gi-cid / al (-sIcFdl), a. 

fun'gi-form (-form), a. [fungus + -form.'] Shaped like a 
fungus or mushroom. 

fun'goid (fun/goid), a. [fungus 4- -oid.] Resembling, or 
characteristic of, a fungus ; fungal. — n. A fungus. 

fun-gos'i-ty (fun-gos'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Fungous 
quality ; a fungous excrescence. 

fun'gOUS (fur/gus), a. ['L.fungosus.'] Pert, to, relating to, 
or resembling a fungus, its texture, or its growth. 

fun'gus (-gus),n.; pi. L. -gi (fun'jl), E. -guses (fur/giis-ez ; 
24). [L., a mushroom.] 1. Any of a group of thallophytic 
plants comprising the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mush- 
rooms, etc. They are destitute of chlorophyll and reproduce 
mainly by means of asexual spores. 2. Med. A morbid 
spongy growth, esp. of granulations. 

fu'ni-cle (fu'nT-k'l), n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis cord.] 
1. A small cord. 2. Bot. The stalk of an ovule or seed. 

fu-nic'U-lar (f u-nik'u-ldr), a. 1. Consisting of, or pert, to, a 
funicle. 2. Pert, to, or dependent on, the tension of a cord. 

fu-nic'u-lus (-lus), n.; pi. -li (-11). [L., a little cord. See 
funicle.] 1. Anat. a A cord, band, or bundle of fibers. 
b The umbilical cord. 2. Bot. A funicle. 

funk (funk), v. i. To shrink back through fear ; flinch. Col- 
loq. — v. t. Colloq. 1. To funk at ; flinch at ; shrink from ; 
as, to funk a task. 2. To frighten ; cause to flinch. — n. A 
shrinking back through fear ; panic. Colloq. 

fun'nel (fun'el), n. [From L. fundibulum, infundibulum, 
funnel, deriv. of in + f under e to pour.] 1. A ves- 
sel shaped like a hollow cone, tapering into a tube, 
through which liquids, powders, etc., may be run 
into another vessel. 2. A flue, or passageway for 
air, light, smoke, or vapor ; a smokestack, esp. of 
a steamship. 

fun'ni-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a funny manner. Common 

fun'ny(-i), a. ; -Ni-ER(-i-er) ; -ni-est. [From fun.] Funnel. 
1. Droll ; comical ; laughable. 2. Strange ; queer ; odd. 
Colloq. — Syn. See laughable. 
funny bone. See crazy bone. 

fur (fur), v. t.; furred (furd) ; fur'rtng. [OF. forrer, fr. 
fuerre, forre, sheath, case, of G. origin.] 1. To line, face, 
cover, or clothe with fur. 2. Arch. To apply furring to. 

— n. 1. A piece of the dressed pelt of any of certain animals 
(as the seal, beaver, mink, etc.) worn as a trimming or lin- 
ing to a garment ; hence, such a dressed pelt or pelts as a 
material. 2. An article of clothing made of, or trimmed or 
lined with, fur ; as, a set of furs. 3. The hairy coat of a 
mammal, when fine, soft, and thick. 4= In pi. Skins of ani- 
mals with the fur ; peltry. 5. Her. Any of several patterns 
or diapers used as tinctures. See tincture. 6. Any coating 
like, or suggestive of, fur, as of morbid matter on the tongue. 

fur'be-low (fur'be-lo), n. A plaited or gathered flounce on 
a woman's garment ; hence, any showy or fussy trimming. 

— v. t. To ornament, as with a furbelow. 

furbish (-bish), v. t. [OF. forbir, furbir, fr. OHG. f urban 




to clean.] To scour to brightness ; burnish ; cause to look 

fresh ; renovate. — Syn. See polish. — fur'bish-er, n. 
fur'cate (fur'kat), a. [L. furca fork.] Forked ; branching. 

— (-kat), v. i. To branch like a fork, 
fur-ca'tion (fur-ka'shun), n. A branching like a fork. 
fur'CU-lum (ffir'ku-lwm), n. ; L. pi. -la (-Id). [NL., dim. of 

L. furca a fork.] Anat. A forked part ; esp. , the wishbone. 
fur'fur (fur'fur), n. [L.] Scurf ; dandruff. 
fur'fu-ra'ceous (-fu-ra'sbus), a. Of or like bran ; scurfy. 
fur'fu-rane (fur'fu-ran), n. [L. furfur bran.] Chem. A 

colorless oily liquid, C4H4O, of peculiar odor, obtained from 

wood tar by distillation, and in other ways. 
fu'ri-bund (fu'rT-bund), a. [L. furibundus, fr. fur ere to 

rage.] Full of fury ; raging ; frenzied. 
fu'ri-OUS (fu'ri-tts), a. [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage, fury.] 

1. Full of, or transported^ with, passion or fury; frantic; 
raging. 2. Moving with violence or impetuosity ; rushing ; 
violent. — Syn. Vehement, fierce, turbulent, angry, mad, 
frenzied. — fu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — fu'ri-ous-ness, n. 

furl (furl), v. t. [Contracted fr. obs. furdle, fr. fardel bun- 
dle.] To draw up into close compass ; wrap or roll (a sail) 
close to a spar. 

fur'long (fur'long; 62), n. [AS. furlang, furlung; furh 
furrow + lang long.] A measure of length, now legally | of 
a mile ; that is, 40 rods or 220 yards (201.16 meters). 

fur'lough (-15), n. [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a prefix akin to 
E. for- + the root of E. lief. 2 Leave of absence, esp. to a 
soldier. — v. t. To grant a furlough to. 

fur'men-ty (fur'men-tT), fur'me-ty. Vars. of frumenty. 

fur'nace (-nas), n. [OF. fornais, fornaise, fr. L. fornax.] 
An apparatus or structure in which heat is produced for re- 
ducing ores, warming a house, baking pottery, or the like. 

fur'nish (-nish), v. t. [OF. furnir,fornir, fr. OHG. frum- 
jan to further, execute, do.] 1. To provide for ; equip ; fit 
out or fit up. 2. To provide ; supply ; give ; afford. 
Syn. Furnish, equip, appoint. To furnish is to pro- 
vide with whatever is necessary, esp. for use ; to equip is to 
furnish with appliances or instruments, esp. for action ; ap- 
point' suggests complete or elegant equipment, and is now 
rare, except in p. p. ; as, to furnish a house ; to equip an 
expedition ; a house beautifully appointed. 

fur'nish-er, n. One who furnishes. 

fur'nish-ings, n. pi. Furniture, fixtures, apparatus, etc. 

fur'nish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act oHurnishing, or state of 
being furnished. 2. A supply of furniture or equipment ; in 
pi., supplies ; equipments. Now Rare. 

fur'ni-ture (fur'ni-tyr), n. [F. fourniture.] 1. Act of fur- 
nishing ; state of being furnished. Archaic. 2. That with 
which anything is furnished ; supplies; outfit ; equipment. 
3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, 
ship, etc. 4. Household furnishings. 

fu'ror (fu'ror), n. [L.] 1. Fury ; frenzy ; also, madness. 2. 
A prevalent and excited admiration ; "rage"; craze. 

fur'ri-er (fur'i-er), n. A dealer in furs. 

fur'ri-er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Furs, in general. 

2. The business of a furrier ; trade in furs. 

fur'ring (fur'Ing), n. 1. Fur trimmings or lining. 2. 
Arch, a The application of thin strips, as of wood, to a 
surface to level it, as for lathing, plastering, etc., or to 
make an air space, etc. b The material so applied. 

fur'row (fur'o), n. [AS. furh.] 1. A trench made by or as 
by a plow. 2. Plowed land ; field. Poetic. 3. Any narrow 
channel, or groove ; a wrinkle. — v. t. To cut a furrow in ; 
to plow. — v. i. To make furrows ; to plow. 

fur'ry (fur'i), a. 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur; 
furred. 2. Consisting of or resembling fur. 

fur seal. Any of certain eared seals having under the hair 
a dense soft coat of fur, which, being highly valued, has 
caused the practical extermination of the animals except 
at certain breeding places (called rookeries) where they 
are under a certain amount of government protection. 

fur'ther, (f ur'ther) a. compar. ; positive wanting ; superl. 
fur'thest. [A comparative from fore; AS. furSra.~\ 
1. More remote ; farther. 2. Beyond ; additional.— adv. 1. 
To or at a greater distance ; to a greater extent or degree. 2. 
In addition ; furthermore. — -v. t. To promote ; forward. 
%W Further usually refers to time, quantity, or degree ; 
farther, to space. They are not always differentiated. 

fur'ther-ance (-dns), n. Act of furthering, or helping for- 
ward ; promotion ; advancement ; progress. 

fur'ther-er, n. One who, or that which, furthers. 

fur'ther-more' (-mor'), adv. & conj. Moreover ; besides. 

fur'ther-most (-most), a. Most remote; furthest. 

fur'thest (-thest), a. & adv. superl. [Formed as a super- 
lative, under influence of further.] Most remote ; farthest. 

fur'live(fur'tiv), a. [L.furtivus,ir.furtum theft, fur thief.] 
Done by stealth ; hence : sly ; secret ; stealthy. — Syn. See 
stealthy. — fur'tive-ly, adv. — fur'tive-ness, n. 

fu'run-cle (fu'run-k'l), n. [L. furunculus a petty thief, a 
boil, dim of fur thief.] A boil. — fu-run'cu-lar, a. 

fu'ry (fu'ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. furia, fr. fur ere to 
rage.] 1. Violent anger ; rage. 2. Fierceness ; violence. 3. 



ale, senate, care, am.dccount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FURZE 



409 



GABBRO 




Furze Twig, 
much reduced. 




F Fusee 



Overmastering agitation or enthusiasm ; frenzy. 4. [cap.~] 
Class. Myth. One of the Erinyes ; hence, any avenging spirit. 
5. A turbulent person, esp. a woman ; virago ; termagant. 
— Syn. Indignation, wrath, ire. See anger. 

furze (furz), n. [AS. fyrs.} A spiny evergreen fabaceous 
shrub (Ulex europseus) with yellow flow- 
ers, common in Europe ; — called also 
gorse and whin. — furz'y (fur'zi), a. 

|| fu'sain' (fu'zaN'), n. [F., the spindle 
tree ; also, charcoal made from it.] Fine 
Arts. Fine charcoal used in drawing, or 
a drawing made with it. 

fll'sa-role (fu'zo-rol ; -sd-rol), n. [F.fusa- 
rolle, fr. It. fusaruolo, fr. fuso spindle, 
shaft of a column. See fusee.] Arch. A 
rounded and usually beaded convex mold- 
ing, generally placed under the echinus of 
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian capitals. 

fus'COUS (fus'kus), a. [L./uscus.] Brown 
or grayish black ; darkish. 

fuse (fuz), v. t. & i. ; fused (fuzd) ; fus'ing (fuz'ihg). [L. 
fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour.] 1. To liquefy by heat ; 
melt. 2. To unite or blend, as if melted together. 

fuse, fuze, n. [ See fusee. ] 1. A tube, cord, or the like, 
filled or impregnated with combustible matter, for igniting 
an explosive. 2. A strip or piece of fusible metal inserted in 
an electric circuit. When the current increases beyond 
safety, the metal melts, thus interrupting the circuit. 

fu-see', fu-zee' (fu-ze'), n. [F. fusee a spindle of tow, 
fusee, fr. LL., fr. L. fusus 
spindle.] 1. Horol. A co- 
noidal spirally grooved pul- 
ley from which a chain or 
gut is unwound on to the E 
barrel which contains the 
spring. The lessening of 
the power of the spring is compensated for by the increasing 
diameter of the fusee. 2. Railroads. A signal consisting of 
a tube filled with a composition which burns with a bright 
colored light for a definite time. 3. A kind of friction match 
with a bulbous head, not easily blown out. 

fu'sel (fu'zel), n., fusel oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] An acrid, 
oily liquid, often occurring in distilled alcoholic liquors con- 
sisting chiefly of amyl alcohol ; hence, amyl alcohol. 

fu'se-lage (fu'ze-luj), n. [F.] Aeronautics. An elon- 
gated body or frame of an aeroplane or flying machine ; 
sometimes, erroneously, any kind of frame or body. Many 
aeroplanes have no fuselage, properly so called. 

fu'si-bil'i-ty (fu'zi-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being fusible, or 
degree of this quality. 

fu'si-ble (fu'zi-b'l), a. Capable of being melted. 
fusible metal or alloy, any easily fusible metal or alloy, as 
those composed of bismuth, lead, and tin, or of these three 
metals and cadmium. They are used for soft solders, etc. 

fu'si-form (fu'zi-form), a. [L. fusus spindle + E. -form.'} 
Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end, as cer- 
tain roots. See root, Illust. 

fu/sil (fu'zil), n. [F. fusil, OF. also foisil, 
fuisil, steel for striking fire, deriv. of L. focus 
hearth, in LL., fire.] A light flintlock musket. 
Obs. or Hist. 

fu'sil, fu'sile (fu'zil), a. [L. fusilis molten, 
fluid, fr. fundere, fusum, to pour.] 1. Fusible ; 
also, fusing ; melting ; flowing. Rare. 2. Made 
liquid or fluid by heat. 

fu'sil-eer' 1 (-zi-ler'), n. 1. Formerly, a soldier 

fu'sil-ier' / armed with a fusil. See soldier, 
Illust. 2. Hence : In pi. A title now borne 
by some British regiments. 

fu'sil-lade' (-lad'), n. [F. See fusil, n.] A 
simultaneous or rapidly repeated discharge of p us "f orm 
firearms. — v. t. ; -lad'ed (-lad'ed) ; -lad'ing. Root of 
To shoot down or attack by a fusillade. Radish. 




fu'sion (fu'zhun), n. [L. fusio, fr. fundere, fusum, to 
pour, melt.] 1. Act or operation of melting, or of melting 
together. 2. State of fluidity or flowing from heat. 3. 
Union or blending of things melted or as if melted to- 
gether. 4. Politics. Coalition (of parties or factions). 

fu'sion-ism (-Iz'm), n. Politics. Policy, advocacy, or 
practice of fusion. — fu'sion-ist, n. 

fuss (fus), n. 1. A tumult ; unnecessary ado. 2. A fussy per- 
son._ — Syn. See stir. — v. i. To be overbusy or unduly 
anxious about trifles. — v. t. To put into a fuss ; to disturb 
or annoy with trifles ; bother. Colloq. 

fuss'er, n. One who fusses. 

fuss'y (fus'T), a.; fuss'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Disposed to 
fuss_; overnice ; fidgety. 2. Showing much detail or nicety. 

fus'tian (fus'chan), n. [OF. fustaigne, fr. Fustut, a suburb 
of Cairo, where it was made.] 1. Formerly, a cotton-and- 
linen cloth ; now, a kind of coarse twilled cotton stuff, as 
corduroy, velveteen, etc. 2. Inflated style of discourse or 
writing ; bombast ; claptrap. 

— a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Pompous ; bombastic. 3. 
Worthless. 

fus'tic (-tik), n. [F. fustoc, fr. Ar. fustuq pistachio, fr. Per. 
pistah.} 1. The wood of a moraceous tree (Chlorophora 
tinctoria) of Mexico and the West Indies, yielding a light 
yellow dye much used in the arts ; also, the tree itself. 2. 
Any of several other dyewoods. 

fus'ti-gate (fus'ti-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing 
(-gating). [L. fustigare, fr. fustis stick.] To cudgel. 

fus'ti-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. A cudgeling. 

fust'y (fiis'ti), a.; fust'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. [OF. fust 
cask, wood, fr. L. fustis stick.] 1. Moldy ; musty. 2. 
Old-fashioned ; obstinately fogyish. — fust'i-ness, n. 

fu'thorc Ufoo'thork^n. Also fu'tharc, fu'thark (-thiirk). 

fu'thork J The runic alphabet ; — so called from the 
first six letters, /, u, p (th), o (or a), r, c ( = k). 

fu'tile (fu/til ; or, esp. Z?n"£., fu'til), a. [L. futilis, futtilis, 
that easily pours out, vain, worthless.] 1. Useless ; vain ; 
as, a futile struggle. 2. Of no importance ; trifling ; frivo- 
lous ; as, futile talk. — Syn. See vain. — fu'tile-ly, adv. 

fu-til'i-ty (fu-til'I-ti), n. Quality of being futile. 

fut'tock (fut'uk), n. [Prob. for foothook.} Naut. One 
of the crooked timbers scarfed together to form the lower 
part of the compound rib of a vessel. 

futtock Shroud. One of the short, usually iron, shrouds 
connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. 

fu'ture (fu'tur), a. [F. futur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of 
esse to be.] 1. That is to be or come hereafter ; as, at some 
future day. 2. Expressing futurity ; as, the future tense. 

— n. 1. Time to come. 2. The period or condition following 
mortal life ; the future state ; life to come. 3. Gram. The 
future tense, or a verb in it. 4. In pi. Things bought and 
sold for future delivery, esp. in speculation, as in grain, 
cotton, or stocks. 

fu'ture-less, a. Without prospect of future achievement. 
fu'tur-ism (-Tz'm), n. Painting. A movement or phase 

of postimpressionism (which see). — fu'tur-ist, n. 
fu-tu'ri-ty (fu-tu'n-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 

being yet to come ; future state. 2. Future time ; time to 

come. 3. An event to come. 
futurity race. Racing. A race for futurity stakes. 
futurity Stakes. Racing. Stakes to be raced for long after 

the nominations or entries are made ; also, loosely, a race 

for such stakes. 

fuze, fu-zee'. Vars. of fuse, fusee. 
fuzz (fuz), n. Fine, light particles or fibers ; loose volatile 

matter. — v. i. & t. To fly off in, or cover with, minute 

particles ; to become, or cause to be, fuzzy. 
-fy (-fl). [Through F. verbs in -fier, L. -ficare, akin to facer 

to do, make.] Suffix meaning to make, form into, etc. 
fy, fye (fl). Obs. vars. of fie. 
fyke (flk), n. [D. fuik a bow net.] A long bag net for 

catching fish. 
fyl'fot (fil'fot), n. The swastika. 



J 






H 



J 



G 



G(je) ; pi. g's, gs, gees ( jez ). 1. The seventh letter of 
the English, as of the Latin, alphabet. It was origi- 
nally a differentiated form of C, devised by the Romans 
when the sounds of g "hard" (as in go) and k (as in king), 
both until then represented by C, became distinguished. 
G has in modern English two chief sounds, commonly called 
"hard" g and "soft" g. See Guide to Pr on. § §36-39. Ety- 
mologically, G is most closely related to c "hard," fc, y, and 
w ; as in corn, #rain, ifcernel ; tin, L. penus, Gr. 7^05 ; E. 
garden, j/ard ; dratf, draw ; also to ch and h ; as in #et, pre- 
hensile ; ffuest, host (an army) ; flail, cftoler ; gust, choose. 
2. As a symbol [no period] , used to denote or indicate : a 
The seventh in a series ; seventh in order or class ; some- 



times, the numeral 7 ; as, Company G. b Music. The fifth 
tone of the model major scale (that of C), or the seventh 
tone of its relative minor scale (that of A minor). 

gab (gab), n. & v. Prate; chatter. Colloq. 

gab'bard (gab'drd), gab'bart (-art), n. [F. gabare, gaba- 
rot.} A lighter, barge, or similar vessel. Obs. or Scot. 

gab'ble (gab''l), v. i. & t.; -bled (-'Id); -bling (-ling). 
[Freq. of gab to prate.] 1. To chatter ; jabber. 2. To 
utter inarticulate sounds rapidly, as geese. — n. Act of 
gabbling, or the sound so made. — gab'bler (-ler), n. 

gabnbro (gab'ro).n. [It.] Any of various granular, igneous 
rocks, essentially plagioclase feldspar rich in lime. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



K 






M 



GABELLE 



410 



GALACTOPOIETIC 



gabion- 




Gable. 



ga-fcelle' (gd-beT), n. Also ga-bel' (gd-bel'; # gab'el), ga- 
bell, gable. [F. gabelle.] A tax ; specif., the impost levied 
on salt in France for several centuries until finally abolished 
in 1790. — ga-belled' (gd-beld'), a. 

gab'er-dine', gab'ar-dine' (gab'er-den' ; gab'er-den), n. 
[Sp. gabardina.] A coarse loose frock or coat, chiefly in 
medieval costume, as of the Jews. 

ga'bi-on (ga'bT-un), n. [F., fr. It. gabbione, fr. gabbia 
cage, L. cavea.~] A hollow cylinder of wickerwork, strap 
iron, or the like, to be filled with earth and used in building 
field-works, in mining, etc. 

ga'bi-on-ade' feS/hi-un-ad' ; ga'bi-wn-ad'). n. 
nade.] A work made with gabions. 

ga'ble (ga/b'l), n. [F.] Arch, a A vertical 
triangular portion of the end of a building, 
from the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the 
roof. Also, a similar end when not triangular 
in shape, b The end wall of a building, as 
distinguished from the front or rear side. C 
A decorative member having the shape of a 
triangular gable, such as that above a Gothic 
arch in a doorway, or above a form of window. _ 

— v. t. & i. To furnish with gables ; terminate in a gable ; 
as, a gabled roof. 

gable roof. A roof forming a gable at each end. 

gable window. A window in a gable, or one with a gable. 

Ga'bri-el (ga'bn-el), n. [Heb. Gabriel.'] ^Bib. An angel 
of comfort and sympathy to man {Dan. viii., ix.) ; the her- 
ald of good tidings, declaring the coming of the predicted 
Messiah {Luke i.). In Jewish and Christian tradition he 
is one of the seven archangels. He is believed by Moham- 
medans to have dictated the Koran to the Prophet. 

ga'by (ga'bi), n.; pi. -bies (-bizl. A simpleton. Colloq. 

gad (gad), n. [Icel. gaddr goad, sting.] 1. A metal spike or 
bar. Obs. or R. 2. A pointed metal tool for breaking ore, 
etc. 3. A goad ; as, upon the gad, that is, suddenly, as if 
goaded ; as, "Done upon the gad." Cf. gad, n., below. 

gad, v. i. To wander about idly. — n. A gadding, or ram- 
bling ; — used in on, or upon, the gad. Colloq. 

Gad, n. Bib. a Son of Jacob and Zilpah. b One of the 
twelve tribes of Israel. [oath.l 

Gad, n. A minced form of the word God; — used as a mild] 

gad'a-bout' (gad'a-bout'), a. Gadding ; roving. Colloq. — 
n. One who gads about. Colloq. 

gad'bee' (-be'), n. A gadfly. 

gad'der (-er), n. One who roves about idly; a gadabout. 

gad'fly' (-fll'), n. ; pi. -flies (fllzO. A fly that bites or an- 
noys cattle ; a breeze fly or horsefly. 

Ga-dhel'ic (gd-deFIk ; gad'el-ik), a. [See Gael.] Of, be- 
longing to, or designating that division of the Celtic lan- 
guages which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. 

ga'doid (ga'doid), a. [NL. gadus cod + -oid.] Like or 
pert, to the cod family. — n. Any fish of the cod family. 

gad'0-lin'i-a (gad'o-lm'i-d), n. [NL. See gadolinite.] A 
rare earth regarded as the oxide of gadolinium. 

gad'o-lin-ite (gad'o-lin-It), n. [After J. Gadolin (1760- 
1852), Finnish chemist.] Min. _ A blacker brown vitreous 
silicate of iron, beryllium, yttrium, cerium, erbium, etc. 
H., 6.5-7. Sp. gr., 4.-4.5. It is a source of rare earths. 

gad'o-lin'i-um (-lTn'i-um), n. [NL.] A metallic element 
with an assigned atomic weight of 157.3. Symbol, Gd. 

ga-droon' (gd-droon'), n. A godroon. 

Gads'woons' (gadz'woonz'), Gad'zooks' (gad'zooksO.t'n- 
terjections. Euphemistic for God's wounds ! — chiefly 
used as a mild oath. 

gad'" wall (gad'wol), n. A wild duck {Chaulelasmus stre- 
perus), of about the same size as the mallard, widely dis- 
tributed in the Northern Hemisphere. 

Gse'a (je'd), n. [Gr. Tola.'] Gr. Myth. The earth as a god- 
dess, the eldest-born of Chaos. 

Gaek'war (glk'war), n. [Marathi gaehwar, prop., a cow- 
herd.] The title of the ruling prince of Barocla, India. _ 

Gael (gal), n. [Gael. Gaidheal.] Originally, a Scottish 
Highlander, esp. one of Celtic speech ; now, any Gadhelic 
Celt. 

GaeFic (gal'ik), a. Of or pert, to the Gaels, esp. the Celtic 
Highlanders of Scotland ; also, of or designating their lan- 
guage. — n. The Celtic speech of the Scottish Highland- 
ers ; Erse ; loosely, any Gadhelic language. 

gaff (gaf), n. [F. gaffe.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook used 
in securing heavy fish. 2. Naut. The upper spar of a fore- 
and-aft sail. 3. A metal spur for a gamecock. — v. t. To 
strike or secure with a gaff ; as, to gaff a salmon. 
gaff, n. A cheap place of amusement. Slang, Eng. 
gaffer (gaf'er), n. [Prob. fr. gramfer, for grandfather.] 

An old man ; aged rustic ; a master. Dial. Eng. 
gaff'-top'sail, n. Naut. A topsail, usually triangular, having 
its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast. 
gag (gag), v. t. ; gagged (gagd) ; gag'gtng (-ing). To stop 
the mouth of, by something thrust in, and hinder speaking ; 
hence : to silence by authority or by violence ; to prevent 
from free speech. — v. i. To heave as with nausea ; retch. 



— n. 1. Something thrust into the mouth to hinder speak* 
ing ; — ■_ often used fig. 2. A mouthful that makes one letch ; 
a choking bit. 

gag, »._ 1. A joke or hoax. 2. An offhand interpolation by an 
actor in his part ; hence, a joke of this sort. — v. t. 1. To 
perpetrate a gag or gags upon ; impose upon ; hoax. 2. To 
use gags in ; as to gag a part in a play. — v. i. To introduce 
gags, or interpolations, in acting. All Slang. 

gage (gaj), n. [F. gage, OF. also guage, wage, LL. wa- 
dium.] 1. A security ; pledge. 2. A pledge (as a glove, cast 
on the ground) of one's intention to fight to support his 
claims ; hence : a challenge ; defiance, — v.t.; gaged (gajd) ; 
gag'ing (gaj'ing). 1. To deposit as a pledge. Obs. or Hist. 
2. To wager. Archaic. 3. To bind as by a pledge. Archaic. \ 

gage, n. [An English family named Gage imported the I 
greengage from France, in the 18th century.] A type of 
plum, including the greengage. 

gage, gag'er (gayer). Vars. of gauge, gatjger. 

gag'ger (gag'er), n. One who gags. 

gag'gle (gag'T), v. i. [Imitative.] To make a noise like 
a goose ; cackle ; gabble ; babble. 

gahn'ite (gan'It), n. [After Gahn, Swedish chemist.] 
Min. A mineral of the spinel group, varying from dark 
green or gray to black. It is essentially a zinc aluminate, 
ZnAl204, but often contains manganese and iron. 

gai'e-ty. Var. of gayety. 

gail-lar'di-a (ga-lar'di-d), n._ [NL., after Gaillard de 
Marentonneau, French botanist.] Any of a genus {Gail- 
lardia) of American asteraceous plants, having hairy foli- 
age and long-peduncled heads of flowers with showy rays. 

gai'ly. Var. of gayly. 

gain (gan), n. A notch, mortise, or groove, as in a timber, 
wall, etc., to receive and support the end of a joist, girder, 
or the like. — v. t. To make a gain or gains in ; to support 
with, or fit into, gains, or notches ; to join or secure by 
means of a gain or gains ; — used with into, etc. ; as, to 
gain stringers into girders and joists of a floor. 

gain, n. [Icel. gagn ; — influenced by F. gain gain.] 1. 
Increase or addition to what one has of that which is of 
profit, advantage, or benefit ; profit ; — opposed to loss. 

2. Act of gaining something ; acquisition ; accumulation. 
gain, v. t. [F. gagner, fr. OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. 

weidenen to pasture, hunt, weida pasturage.] 1. To get ; 
acquire ; procure ; primarily, to get (a profit or advantage) 
as by earning. 2. Ironically, to incur ; as, to aain harm, 

3. To get in competition ; come off winner or victor in ; 
as, to gain a battle. 4. To win to an interest or party ; — 
often used with over. 5. To reach ; attain to ; as, to gain 
the top of a mountain. 6. To get as by development, in- 
crement, etc. ; as, to gain ten pounds. — Syn. Secure, 
earn, attain, achieve. See obtain. 

to gain ground, to make progress ; to advance in any 
undertaking ; also, to encroach or make gains (on or upon). 
— to g. time, to obtain or effect a delay, as by pretexts. 

— v. i. 1. To secure advantage or profit ; acquire gain. 2. 
To gain ground ; also, to encroach. 

to gain on or upon, a To encroach on ; as, the ocean 

gains on the land, b To obtain influence with, c To win 

ground upon ; move faster than, d To get the better of. 
gain'er, n. One who gains. 
gain'ful (gan'focl), a. Profitable ; advantageous. — gain'- 

ful-ly, adv. — gain'ful -ness, n. 
gain'giv'ing (-gTv'mg), n. A misgiving. Archaic. 
gain'less, a. Producing no gain ; unprofitable ; unavailing. 
gain'ly (gan'lT), a. [ME. gain good, rear, quick + -ly, 1 J 

Having good form or appearance ; shapely ; graceful ; as, 

a gainly person ; gainly action. 
gain'say' (gan'sa' ; gan'sa'), v. t.; for prin. parts see SAY. 

To contradict ; dispute ; forbid. — gain/cay'er, n. 
gain'say' (gan'sa/) n. Contradiction. Rare. 
gainst (genst), prep. Against ; — now commonly 'gainst. 
gait (gat), n. [See gate a way.] 1. A going ; walk ; way. 2. 

Manner of walking or otherwise moving on foot. — v. t. 1. 

To train so as to have a regular gait ; as, to gait a horse. 2. 

To prepare for work ; as, to gait a loom. 
gait'ed, a. Having a (certain) gait ; as, slow-gaited. 
gai'ter (ga'ter), n. [F. guctre.] 1. A covering for the 

ankle and instep, or for the leg from knee to instep. 2. A 

kind of shoe with elastic strips at the sides. U. S. 
ga'la (ga'ld), n. [F. gala show, pomp, It. gala finery.] 1. a 

Festive dress ; — now only in in gala, b Festivity. Obs. 2. 

A festival ; — chiefly attrib., as in gala day, etc. 
ga-lac'ta-gOgue (gd-lak'td-gog), a. [Gr. y6.\a, -a/cros, milk 

4- iywyos leading.] Med. Galactopoietic. — n. Any galac- 

tagogue agent. 
g3-lac'tlC (-tik), a. [Gr. yakaKTiK&s milky, fr. y&\a, -axros, 

milk.] 1. = lactic. 2. Pert, to the Galaxy, or Milky Way. 
gal'ac-tom'e-ter (gaFak-tom'e-ter),™. [Gr.-ydXa.-ydXaKTOj, 

milk 4- -meter.] A hydrometer specially designed for 

testing milk ; a form of lactometer. 
ga-lac'tO-poi-et'ic (gd-lSk'to-poi-et'ik^a. [Gr.7<iXa,-oKT0S, 

milk + iroiririKos creative.] Increasing the -flow of milk. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise t unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GALACTOSE 



411 



GALLIARDISE 



ga-lac'tOSe (gd-lak'tos), n. [Gr. y6Xa, -ciktos, milk 4- 
-ose.~\ Chem. A white, crystalline sugar, CeHnOe, one form 
of which is obtained by decomposition of milk sugar and 
also from certain gums. 

Gal'a-had, Sir (gal'd-had). A knight of the Round Table, 
called "the chaste," who achieved the quest of the Grail. 

ga-lail'gal (gd-lar/gal) In. [OF. galingal, fr. Ar. khalan- 

gal'an-gale (gal'dn-gal)J Jan.] The rootstock of various 
plants of the ginger family. 

gal'an-tine (gal'dn-tin; -ten), n. [F.] Veal, chicken, or 
other white meat, boned, tied up, boiled, and served cold. 

ga-lan'ty Show (gd-lan'tT ; gal'dn-ti). A kind of pantomime 
made by throwing shadows of puppets on a wall or screen. 

gal'a-te'a (gal'd-tc'd), n. [After the Galatea, a British 
man-of-war, the material being used for children's sailor 
suits (Oxf. E. D.).] A kind of striped cotton fabric. 

GaFa-te'a, n. [L., fr. Gr. TaXaTeia.] Class. Myth, a A 
Nereid beloved by Polyphemus, b An ivory statue of a 
maiden, by Pygmalion, a king of Cyprus. He fell in love 
with it, and at his prayer Aphrodite gave it life. 

Ga-la'tian (gd-la/shan), a. Of or pert, to Galatia, in Asia 
Minor, or its inhabitants. — n. 1. A native of Galatia. 2. In 
pi. The Epistle to the Galatians, in the New Testament. 

gal'a-vant' (gal'd-vant/). Var. of gallivant. 

ga'iax (ga'Iaks), n. [NL.] A low evergreen shrub {Galax 
aphylla) having a slender raceme of small white flowers. 
Its leaves are used by florists for decoration. 

gal'ax-y (gal'ak-sT), n. ; pi. -axies (-siz). [F. galoxie, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. ya.\a£ias (sc. kvkXos circle), fr. yd\a, -clktos, milk.] 
1. [cap.] Astron. The Milky Way. 2. An assemblage of 
brilliant or noted persons or things. 

gal'ba-num. (-bd-num), n. [L. galbanum, Gr. xa^Pa-vv-] 
A fetid yellowish or brownish gum resin, derived from cer- 
tain Asiatic plants. It resembles asafetida, and is used for 
similar medicinal purposes, also in making varnish, etc. 

gale (gal), n. 1. A strong wind, between a stiff breeze and 
a hurricane. Its velocity lies between 25 and 75 miles an 
hour. 2. A breeze. Chiefly Poetic. 3. A state of excitement, 
passion, or hilarity. 

gale, n. [AS. gagel.~] A myricaceous shrub {Myrica gale), 
having bitter fragrant leaves ; — often called sweet gale. 

gale, n. 1. A periodical payment, or the amount paid. 
Rare, or Local, U. S. 2. Specif. : An amount paid periodi- 
cally as rent. Eng. 

ga'le-a (ga'le-d), n.; pi. -ixm (-e). [L., a 
helmet.] Any helmet-shaped part, as the 
upper lip of a labiate corolla. 

ga'le-ate (-lit), ga'le-at'ed (-at'ed),*!. Hel- 
met-shaped ; also,_having a helmet. 

ga-le'i-fonn (gd-le'T-form), a. [L. galea 
helmet + -form.'] Helmet-shaped. 

Ga'len (ga/len), n. A famous ancient Greek 
physician (a- D- 130 or 131-200) ; hence, 
humorously, a physician. •, 

ga-le'na (gd-le'nd), n. [L. galena lead 
ore.] Native lead sulphide, PbS, a bluish Galeate Corol- 
gray mineral occurring in crystals or mas- la of Aconite, 
sive. It is the chief ore of lead, and often contains enough 
silver to rank as a silver ore. — ga-len'ic (gd-len'ik), a. 

Ga-len'ic (gd-len'Tk) 1 a. Of or pert, to Galen ; relating to 

Ga-len'i-cal (-T-kdl) / his medical principles or method. 

ga-le'nite (gd-le'nlt), n. = galena. 

Ga-li'cian (gd-lish'dn), a. Of or pertaining to Galicia, 
Spain, or its inhabitants ; also, designating, or relating to, 
the dialect of the Galicians. — n. A native of Galicia ; also, 
the language of the Galicians, a dialect of Portuguese. 

Ga-li'cian, a. Of or pert, to Galicia, Austria. 

GaFi-le'an (gal'T-le'dn), a. Of or pert, to Galileo Galilei 
(1564-1642), who was the founder of experimental physics 
and astronomy. 

Gal'i-le'an (-le'dn), a. Also Gal'i-lse'an. Of or pert, to 
Galilee, the northern province of Palestine under the 
Romans. — n. A native or inhabitant of Galilee; hence, 
contemptuously, a Christian. 

gal'i-lee (gal'I-le), n. Arch. In certain English churches, a 
chapel or porch at the entrance. 

gal'i-ma'ti-as (gal'i-ma'shi-ds; -mat'l-os), n. [F.] Non- 
sense ; gibberish ; confused and unmeaning talk ; jargon. 

gal'in-gale (gal'in-gal), n. 1. = galangal. 2. An Eng- 
lish sedge (Cyperus longus) with an aromatic root. 

gal'i-ot, galliot (gal'i-ot), n. [F. galiote. See galley.] 
Naut. a A small swift galley, formerly used in the Mediter- 
ranean, b A long, narrow, light-draft Dutch merchant 
vessel. C A Roman gallev. 06s. 

gal'i-pot, gal'li-pot (gal>i-pot), n. [F. galipot.] The 
crude turpentine resin exuded from a pine (Pinus pinas- 
ter) of southern Europe, esp. France. 

gall (gol), n. [AS. gealla.] 1. Bile, esp. that from the ox, 
used in the arts and in medicine. 2. The gall bladder. 3. 
Anything extremely bitter to endure. 4. Bitterness of 
spirit ; rancor. 5. Impudence ; effrontery. Slang, U. S. 

gall, n. [AS. gealla a sore spot.] 1. A sore in the skin 




from chafing, esp. on a horse's back. 2. A cause or a state 
of irritation. 3. A bare or weak spot ; flaw. — v.t. 1. To 
wear away by friction ; chafe. 2. To vex. 3. To injure. — 
v. i. To become sore or worn by chafing. 

gall, n. [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] A swelling or 
excrescence on plants due to certain parasites, esp. larva; of 
gallflies and gall gnats and certain aphids. Many galls con- 
tain much tannic acid, as those on certain oaks. 

gal'lant (gal'dnt ; see sense 4), a. [F. galant, fr. OF. galer 
to rejoice.] 1. Showy ; gay, esp. in dress. 2. Stately ; grand ; 
as, a gallant ship. 3. Noble in bearing or spirit ; brave. 4. 
(pron., usually ga-lant')- Polite and attentive to ladies; 
hence : amorous ; amatory. 

Syn. Gallant, chivalrous. Gallant, as here compared 
(see courage), suggests attentive, sometimes rather ornate 
or florid, courtesy to women ; chivalrous often adds the 
implication of high-minded and disinterested, sometimes 
self-sacrificing, devotion. 

— (ga-lanf ; gal'ant), n. 1. A gay, fashionable man ; a young 
blood. 2. One gallant to ladies ; hence : a lover ; paramour. 

gal-lant' (gd-lant'). v. t. 1. To bestow gallant attentions on 
(a lady). 2. To escort ; conduct. — v. i. To act the gallant. 

gal'lant-ly (gal'dnt-li ; gd-lant'lT), adv. In a gallant manner. 

gal'lant-ness, n. Quality or state of being gallant. 

gal'lant-ry (gal'dnt-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Gallants col- 
lectively ; people of style. 06s. 2. Gallant appearance ; os- 
tentatious finery ; display ; hence : something showy ; a bit 
of finery. Archaic. 3. Bravery. 4. A gallant action or speech. 
5. Life or conduct of a gallant. 6. Civility or polite attention 
to ladies ; also, amorous intrigue. — Syn. See courage. 

gall bladder. The sac which receives the bile. In man it is 
lodged on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver. 

gal'le-ass (gal'e-as), n. [F. galeasse, fr. It. See galley.] A 
large galley mounting heavy guns in broadside, now obsolete. 

gal'le-on (-un),n. [Sp. galeon, fr. LL. galeo,galio.] A sail- 
ing vessel of the 15th and following 
centuries, often having three or four 
decks, used, for war or commerce, esp. 
by the Spaniards. 

ga"Pler-y (gal'er-T), n. ; pi. 
-leries (-iz). [F. galerie, 
fr. LL. galeria.] 1. A 
long, narrow room, hall, or 
passage, orig. one open at 
the sides ; hence, a room 
(usually long and narrow) 
for showing pictures, 
shooting, taking photo- 
graphs, etc. ; also, an im- 
portant collection, as of 
pictures. 2. In an audito- * 
rium, a platform, support- ~~- 
ed on brackets or columns, Galleon, 

usually for part of the audience; specif., in a theater, the 
highest of such platforms.. 3. The occupants of a gallery 
(sense 2) ; esp., the part of the audience in the cheapest 
seats of a theater ; hence, the less refined or educated part 
of the public ; also, any body of spectators at a game, as of 
golf or tennis, or of auditors of a speech or debate. 4. A T aut. 
A platform at the quarters or around the stern (the quarter 
gallery and stern gallery), common in old-time vessels ; — 
called also balcony. 5. Specif. : a Mining. A working drift 
or level, b A passage made by an animal, as by moles or ants 
underground, c Fort. Any sunk or cut passageway which is 
covered overhead as well as at the sides. 6. A roofed prom- 
enade ; esp. in the Southern United States, a veranda. 

gal'ley (-Y), n. ; pi. -leys (-iz). [OF. galie, galee, fr. LL., fr. 
LGr. yakka.] 
1. An ancient 
or medieval 
vessel, usually 
low and one- 
decked, pro- 
pelled orig. by 
oars, or, later, 
by oars and Jj^^ 
sails. 2. A large 
rowboat. 3. 
The cookroom 
of a vessel. 4. Venetian Galley. 

[F. galee.] Printing. ~Q. An oblong tray to hold type set 
but not made up into pages, b A galley proof. 

galley proof. Printing. A proof from type on a galley. 

galley slave. A slave who works at the oar on board a 
galley ; also, a criminal condemned to such work. 

gall / fly / (gol'fll'), n.; pi. -flies (-fllz'). An insect that de- 
posits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls. 

gal'liard (gal'ydrd), a. [F. gaillard.] Archaic. 1. Gay; 
lively. 2. Hardy ; valiant. — n. 1. A galliard man. Ar- 
chaic. 2. An old gay and lively dance, or its music. 

gal'liard-ise' (-ez'), n. [F. gaillardise. See calliard, a.] 
Excessive gayety ; merriment. Archaic. 





i 



H 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (5U); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GALLIASS 



412 



GAME 



galli-ass (gal'i-as). Var. of galleass. 

gal'lic (gal'Ik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing gallium. n 

gal'lic, a. [From 3d gall.] Chem. Designating a crystal- 
line astringent acid, C6H2(OH)3'COzH, widely distributed 
among plants, esp. in galls. 

Gal'lic (gal'Ik), a. [L. Gallicus, fr. Galli Gauls, Gallia 
Gaul.] Of or pert, to Gaul or France ; Gallican ; French. 

Gal'li-can (-i-kdn), n. Gallic. 

Gal'li-can-ism (-iz'm), n. The theory, esp. as formerly held 
in the French church, that the church has only spiritual 
jurisdiction and that the Pope's judgments are not irre- 
versible until confirmed by the church. 

Gal'li-cism (-siz'm), n. A mode of speech peculiar to the 
French ; a French idiom ; also, a French mode or custom. 

Gal'li-cize (-slz), v. t. & i. To make or become Gallic. 

gaFli-gas'kin ( -gas'kin ), n. 1. In pi. Loose hose or 
breeches. Often Jocose. 2. A gaiter or legging. Dial. 

gaPU-mau'iry (-m6'frY),n.; pi. -fries (-friz). [F. galima- 
free a ragout of meats.] Any absurd medley ; hodgepodge. 

gal'li-na'cean (-na'skan), n. A gallinaceous bird. 

gal'li-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. [L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina 
hen, fr. gallus cock.] Resembling domestic fowls ; of or 
pert, to an order (Gallinse) of birds including the barnyard 
fowls, and, also, pheasants, grouse, partridges, quails, etc. 

gal'li-nip'per (gal'i-nip'er), n. A large mosquito or other 
biting or stinging insect. Colloq. 

gal'li-nule (-niil), n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gal- 
lina hen.] Any of certain birds of the rail family, related 
to the coots, as the water (or moor) hen {Gallinula chloro- 
pus) of Europe. 

gal'li-ot (-ot). Var. of galiot, a galley. 

gal'li-pot (-pot), n. A resin ; — var. of galipot. 

gal'li-pot (gal'i-pot), n. [Prob. galley + pot, as being 
brought in galleys.] A small earthern pot, esp. as used by 
druggists and apothecaries to hold medicines, etc. ; hence, 
a nickname for a druggist. 

gal'li-um (-Sm) , n. [NL.] Chem. A rare metallic element, 
found combined in certain zinc ores, remarkable for its low 
melting point (86° F., 30° C.). Symbol, Ga; at. wt., 69.9. 

gaFli-vant' (gaPi-vant'), v. i. 1. To play the gallant. 
2. Hence, to roam about for pleasure. 

gal'li-wasp' (-wosp'), n. 1. A lizard (Diploglossus mo- 
notropis) of Jamaica and eastern Central America. It is 
about a foot long and harmless. 2. A lizard fish (Synodus 
fastens) of the southern United States and West Indies. 

gall'nut' (goPnut 7 ), n. A nutlike gall. 

gal'lo-glass', gal'low-glass' (gal'o-glas'), n. [Ir. gall- 
oglach; gall foreigner + oglach servant, youth, soldier.] 
An armed follower of an Irish or Gaelic chief. Obs. or Hist. 

Gal'lo-ma'ni-a (-ma'nT-d), n. [L. Galli Gauls -f- mania 
madness.] A strong prejudice in favor of what is French. 

gal'lon (gal'im), n. [OF. galon, jalon, fr. LL. galo, galona, 
fr. galum a liquid measure.] A measure of capacity, con- 
taining four quarts. The standard gallon of the United 
States is the old English wine gallon, containing 231 cubic 
inches (3.7S53 liters) ; the old ale gallon or beer gallon 
contained 282 cubic inches (4.62 liters) ; the English impe- 
rial gallon contains about 277.42 cubic inches (4.5436 
liters) . Abbr., gal. In apothecaries' measure, it is denoted 
by the sign C (L. Congius). 

gal-loon' (gd-l6on'), n. [F. galon!] A narrow, binding or 
trimming, esp. one of rich material, as silk or gold lace. — 
gal-looned' (-loond'), a. 

3al'lop (gaPftp) ,v.i. [F. galoper.] To go or ride at or as at 
a gallop. — v. t. To cause to gallop. — n. 1. A springing 
gait of various quadrupeds, esp. the horse. 2. A ride on a 
galloping animal. 3. Rapid or hasty progression, as if by 
springs or leaps. — gal'lop-er, n. 

gaFlo-pade' (-6-pad' ; -pad'), n. [F. galopade. See gal- 
lop, n.] A kind of lively dance or music for it ; a galop. 

Gal'lD-way (-6-wa), n. 1. One of a breed of small hardy 
horses originating in Galloway ; hence, a small horse. 2. One 
of a breed of medium-sized, hornless, usually chiefly black, 
beef cattle, native to southwestern Scotland. 

gal'lows (gal'oz ; -us), n. sing. ; pi. gallowses (-ez ; 24), or, 
Archaic, gallows. [ME. galwes, pi., AS. galga, gealga, 
gallows, cross.] 1. A frame, in simplest form a crossbar on 
two posts, on which criminals are hanged. 2. A gallows 
bird. Obs. 3. Any frame with uprights and crosspiece. 

— (dial. gaPus), a. Deserving the gallows ; hence : villain- 
ous ; rascally ; bad ; mischievous ; wild ; impudent, or the 
like. Obs. or Dial. Eng. — adv. Extremely ; very. Slang 
or Dial. 

gallows bird. A person who deserves hanging. Colloq. 

gallows, or gal'low (gal'o), tree. The gallows. 

gall's tone' (gol'ston 7 ), n. A concretion, or calculus, formed 
in the gall bladder or biliary passages. 

gal'ly-gas'kin (gal'i-gas'kTn). Var. of galligasktn. 

gal'op (gal'up; gaPo), n. [F.] Music. A kind of lively 
dance, in 2-4 time ; also, the music for the dance. 

ga-lore' (gd-lor' ; 57), adv. [Gael, gu lebr enough, or Ir. 
goleor.] In abundance ; plentifully. Chiefly Colloq. 



ga-losh', ga-loche' (gd-losh'), n. [F. galoche.] 1. A 
clog ; a shoe with a heavy sole ; hence, a boot or shoe of any 
sort. 06s. 2. An overshoe, now of rubber, worn in wet 
weather. Rare in U. S. 

gal-van'ic (gal-van'Tk), a. [After Luigi Galvani, of Bolo- 
gna, because of his connection (about 1780) with the dis- 
covery of dynamical electricity.] 1. Of, pert, to, or exhibit- 
ing galvanism ; voltaic. Rare or Hist. 2. Affected or affect- 
ing as by an electric shock or stimulus. i-cal-ly, adv. 

galvanic battery. = battery, »., 6 a. 

gal'ya-nism (gaPvd-mz'm), n. 1. Physics. Dynamical, 
or current, electricity, esp. as produced by chemical action ; 
also, the science treating of this. Rare or Hist. 2. Med. 
The use of the uninterrupted electric current for therapeu- 
tic purposes, as in treating nervous disorders. 

gaPva-ni-za'tion (gal'vd-nl-za'shwn ; -nl-za'sh£m), n. Act 
or process of galvanizing. 

gal'va-nize (-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nTzd) ; -niz'ing (-niz'Tng). 
1. To affect with galvanism ; hence : to excite as if by an 
electric shock ; electrify. Chiefly Med., Hist., or Fig. 2. To 
plate, as with gold, silver, etc., by means of an electric cur- 
rent ; by extension, to coat (iron) with zinc by means of heat. 
— gal'va-niz'er (-nlz'er), n. 

gaFva-no-cau'ter-y (gal'vd-no-ko'ter-i), n. Med. Cautery 
effected by a wire heated by an electric current. 

gaPva-nom'e-ter (-nom'e-ter), n. [galvanic- + -meter."] 
Elec. An instrument to determine the intensity of an elec- 
tric current or its presence or direction, usually by deflec- 
tion of a magnetic needle. — gaFva-no-met'ric (-no-met'- 
rik), a. — gaPva-nom'e-try (-nom'e-trf), n. 

gal'va-no-plas'ty (gal'vd-no-plaVti ; gal-van'o-), n. [gal- 
vanic -f- -plasty.] Electrometallurgy, esp. that branch 
of it known as electrotypy.^— gaFva-no-plas'tic, a. 

gal'va-no-SCOpe' (gSPvd-no-skop' ; gal-van'o-), n. [gal- 
vanic + -scope.] Elec. An instrument or apparatus, as a 
magnetic needle, for detecting the presence and direction 
of electric currents, esp. feeble ones. — gaPva-no-SCOp'ic 
(-skop'ik), a. — gaPva-nos'co-py (-nos'ko-pT), n. 

GaPways (gol'wSz), n. pi. > [Prob. fr. Galway, county in 
Ireland.] Whiskers following the line of the chin from ear 
to ear. Slang, U. S. 

gam (gam), n. Naut. a A herd, or school, of whales, b A 
visit between whalers at sea, or, Local, U. S., between per- 
sons ashore. — v. i. ; gammed ( gamd ) ; gam'ming. Naut. 
a To gather in a gam ; — said of whales, b To engage in a 
gam, or, Local, U. S., in social intercourse anywhere. — 
v. t. Naut. To have a gam with ; to pay a visit to, esp. 
among whalers at sea. 

ga-mash'es (gd-mash'ez ; gam'dsh-), n. pi. [F. gamaches.] 
A kind of protective leggings or gaiters. Archaic or Dial. 

gamb, gambe (gamb), n. [OF. gambe, variant of OF. & 
F. jambe leg.] A leg or shank ; specif., Her., the foreleg of 
a beast ; also, the leg of an eagle, etc. 

gam-ba'do (gam-ba'do), n.; pi. -DOS or -does (-doz). [See 
gambol.] _ 1. A spring or bound of a horse. 2. A caper, 
as in dancing. 

gam-ba'do, n. ; pi. -does or -dos (-doz). [It. or Sp. gamba 
leg.] A kind of long boot attached to a saddle instead of 
stirrups ; any long gaiter ; — usually in pi. 

gam'be-son (gam'be-son),?!. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, 
fr. gambais, wambais, of Ger. origin.] A medieval gar- 
ment of cloth or leather, stuffed and quilted, orig. worn un- 
der the habergeon, later as the principal defensive garment. 

gam'bier(-ber), n. [Malayan gambxr, name of the plant.] 
A_ yellowish catechu derived from a Malayan rubiaceous 
climbing shrub (Ourouparia gambir). It is used for 
chewing with the betel nut, and for tanning and dyeing. 

gam/bit (-bit), n. [It. gambitto gambit, gambetto gambit, 
a tripping up, fr. gamba leg.] A chess opening in which the 
first player voluntarily gives up a pawn or a piece, or several 
successively, for the sake of an advantage in position. 

gam'ble (-b'l), v. i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 1. To 
game for money or other stake. 2. To hazard something 
on a chance ; wager. — v. t. To lose by gaming. — n. A 
transaction involving gambling or similar risk. Colloq. 

gam'bler, n. One who gambles, esp. habitually. 

gam'bling (-bling), n. The action of one who gambles ; the 
act of playing or gaming for stakes ; loosely, any wagering. 

gam-boge' (gam-boj' ; -booj'), n. [From Cambodia, Indo- 
China.] A gum resin used as a yellow pigment and in med- 
icine as a strong emetic and cathartic. 

gam'bol (gam'bol), n. [F. gambade gambol, It. gambata 
kick, gamba leg.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic ; a 
hop. — v. i. ; -boled (-bold) or -bolled ; -bol-ing or -bol- 
ling. To bound or spring as in dancing or play ; frisk. 

gam'brel (gam'brel), n. [OF. gamberel a crooked stick or 
iron used by butchers, fr. gambe, jambe, leg.] 1. The 
hock of an animal, esp. of a horse. 2. A gambrel roof. 

gambrel roof. A form of curb roof (see curb roof, Illust.). 

game (gam), a. Lame ; — said of a leg, arm, etc. Colloq. 

game, n. [AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport.] 1. Sport of 
any kind ; fun ; also, playful ridicule. Obs. or Rare except 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, <hin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GAME BIRD 



413 



GAP 



l 



in to make game of. Sport, fun, and jest are now other- 
wise the common words in this sense. 2. An amusement 
or diversion ; any systematic action carried on for sport ; 
06s. 3. A contest according to set rules, for amusement 
or for a stake. 4. In games : a A single contest lasting 
until a definite limit is reached, b The number of points 
to be scored to win a contest. 5. A scheme ; plan ; project. 
6. An animal or animals hunted ; also, their flesh consid- 
ered as food. 7. Pluck or intrepidity, like that of a game 
animal. — Syn. See play. 

— v. i.; gamed (gamd) ; gam'ing. To play for a wager; 
gamble. — v. t. To lose, pass, or dispose of by gaming ; — 
usually used with away. 

— a. ; gam'er (gam'er) ; gam'est. Having a resolute spirit ; 
plucky ._ [or capture by sportsmen.) 

game bird. A bird considered a proper object of pursuit! 

game fowl. One of a breed of domestic fowls bred largely 
for fighting. The male is the game'cock'. 

game'keep / er (-kep'er), n. One in charge of game. 

game'ly, adv. In a game manner ; pluckily. 

game'ness, n. Quality of being game ; pluck. 

game'some (-sum), a. Gay ; sportive ; playful ; merry. 

game'ster (-ster), n. 1. A person who plays at games; 
esp., a habitual gambler. 2. A merry, frolicsome person. 
Obs. 3. A lewd person. 06s. 

gam'e-tan'gi-um (gam'e-tan'ji-tim), n.; pi. -gia (-&) 
[NL., fr. E. gamete + Gr. iyyelov vessel.] Bot. The cell or 
organ in which gametes are developed. 

gam/ete (gam'et ; gd-met'), n. [Gr. yautri) wife, yaukrrjs 
husband.] Biol. A sexual cell or germ cell. 

ga-me'tO-phore (gd-me^to-for ; gam'e-to-for' ; 57), n. Bot. 
A modified branch bearing sex organs, or gametangia, as in 
the thalloid liverworts. 

ga-me'to-phyte (gd-me'to-flt), n. Bot. In the alternation 
of generations in plants, that generation or phase which 
bears sex organs. Cf. sporophyte. 

gam'ic (gam'Ik),a. [Gr. yauos marriage.] Biol. Sexual; 
— said esp. of eggs developing only after fertilization. 

gam/in (gam'In; F. ga'maN'), n. [F.] A neglected, un- 
trained city boy ; a young street Arab, [stakes ; gambling. I 

gam/ing (gam'ing), n. Act or practice of playing games for| 

gam/ma (gam'd),n. [Gr. ydufxa.] The third letter [r, 7] of 
the Greek alphabet, corresponding to Eng. G, g (as in go). 

gam-ma'di-on (gd-ma'di-on),n.;pL-DiA (-dl-d). -tj ji_ 
[LGr. ya.fj.fjLa.5ioj', yafifiariov, dim. of yafifia.~\ I L- "IT 
A cross formed of four capital gammas ( T ), esp. J 2 
in the figure of a swastika (fig. 1) or in that of a Gamma- 
voided Greek cross (fig. 2). See CROSS, SWASTIKA. dia. 

gamma rays. Physics. Very penetrating radioactive rays 
not appreciably deflected by a magnetic or electric field, 
probably differing from Rontgen rays only in penetration. 

gam'mer (gam'er), n. [Prob. fr. grammer for grand- 
mother.'] An old woman ; — correl. of gaffer. Dial. Eng. 

gam'mon(-iin), n. [OF .gambon, fr. gambekz.] A smoked 
or dried ham ; also, the lower end of a side of bacon. 

gam/mon, n. [See game sport.] 1. Backgammon. R. 2. 
A victory at backgammon obtained before the opponent 
has thrown off a man. — v. t. To beat by getting a gammon. 

gam/mon, n. Nonsense ; bosh. — v. i. To talk gammon ; 
to feign. — v. t. To influence with gammon. All Colloq. 

gam/mon, v. t. Naut. To fasten (a bowsprit) to the stem 
of a vessel by lashings of rope or chain, or by a band of iron. 

gam'mon-er, n. One who gammons. 

gam/o-gen'e-sis (gam'o'-je'n'e-sis), 7i. [Gr. 7^05 marriage 
+ -genesis."] Biol. Sexual reproduction. — gam'o-ge- 
net'ic (-je-net'Ik), a. ge-net'i-cal-ly (-T-kal-I), adv. 

gam/o-pet'al-OUS (-pet'dl-iis), a. [Gr. yauos marriage + 
petalous.] Bot. Having the corolla com- 
posed of united petals. 

gam/o-phyl'lous (-fil'us), a. [Gr. yauos 
marriage + -phyllous.] Bot. Having the 
perianth leaves united. 

gam/o-sep'al-OUS (-sep'al-iis), a. [Gr. yafjios 
marriage + sepalous.] Bot. Having the 
calyx composed of united sepals. 

•gamous. [Gr. -70^0?, fr. 70.^0* marriage.] 
Suffix signifying marrying, uniting for 
propagation ; as in monogamous. 

gamp (gamp), n. A large umbrella ; — said 
to allude to Mrs. Gamp's umbrella, in Dickens's "Martin 
Chuzzlewit. " 

gam/ut (gam'ttt), n. [oamma, a name formerly used for the 
first note of the early scale -+- ut.] 1. The whole series of 
recognized musical notes ; esp., the major scale. 2. Hence, 
an entire range or series. 

gam/y (gam'i), a.; gam'i-er (-i-er) ; gam'i-est. 1. 
Abounding in game. 2. Plucky ; spirited ; game. 3. Having 
the flavor of game, esp. when "high," or slightly tainted. 
•gamy. [Gr. -yauia. (as in uovoyaula monogamy), fr. yauos 
marriage.] A suffix denoting marriage, union for propa- 
gation or reproduction ; as in polygamy. 
gan (gan), pret. of gin, begin ; — formerly used with the 




Gamopetalous 
Corolla. 



infinitive to form preterits, as did is now used ; as, "This 
man gan fall (i. e., fell) in great suspicion." 

gan'der (gan'der), n. [AS. gandra.] A male goose. 

gang (gang), n. [AS.] 1. Act, manner, or means of going. 
06s. or Dial. 2. A walk for cattle ; pasturage. Scot. 3. A 
set ; outfit. 4. Machinery. A group or set of similar imple- 
ments arranged to act together ; as, a gang of saws. 5. A 
group ; company ; specif. : a A group of persons associated 
under the same direction, esp. in doing the same work ; as, a 
gang of pavers, b A company of persons acting together 
for some more or less questionable purpose ; as, a gang of 
politicians. — Syn. See company. 

gang, v. i. [AS. gangan.] To go ; walk. — gang'er, n. 
Both Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

gang'er (gang'er), n. Foreman over a gang of workmen. 

gan'gli-at'ed (gar/glT-at'ed), a. Anat. & Zool. Furnished 
with ganglia ; as, gangliated nerves. 

gan'gli-on (-on), n.; pi. L. -glia (-d), E. -glions (-onz). 
[L., a sort of swelling, Gr. 7077X10^.] I.Med. A small hard 
tumor, connected with either a joint or a tendon sheath, due 
to chronic irritation or inflammation. 2. Anat. A nerve 
center ; as : a An aggregation of nerve cells forming an en- 
largement on a nerve or on two or more nerves where they 
join or separate, b A mass of gray matter in the brain or 
spinal cord. — gan'gli-on'ic (-on'Ik), a. 

gang'plank' (gang'plank 7 ), n. A long, narrow, portable 
platform or bridge, used in entering or leaving a vessel. 

gan'grel (garj'grel), n. A vagabond. Archaic or Scot. 

gan'grene (-gren), n. [L. gangraena, fr. Gr. yayypaiva.'] 
Med. The dying of tissue due to interference with local nu- 
trition. — v. t. & i.; -grened (-grend) ; -gren'ing (-gren'- 
lng). To produce gangrene in ; be affected with gangrene. 

gan'gre-nous (-gre-niis), a. Affected by, due to, or of the 
nature of, gangrene. 

gang'ster (gang'ster), n. A member of a gang of roughs, 
hireling criminals, thieves, or the like. Colloq., U. S. 

gangue (gang),n. [F.,fr. G.gang a metallic vein.] Mining. 
The stony or earthy substance associated with metallic ore. 

gang'way' (gang'wa'), n. [AS. gangweg.] 1. A passage- 
way from one place to another; esp., a temporary way of 
planks. 2. Naut. a Either of the sides of the upper deck 
between the deck house and the rail and the quarter-deck 
and forecastle, b A passageway through the bulwarks of a 
vessel. C A gangplank. 3. Mining. A main level. 

gan'is-ter (gan'is-ter), n. 1. A siliceous clay rock, of Eng- 
land, used to make a material for lining furnace hearths, 
etc. 2. A mixture of crushed siliceous stone and fire clay, 
similarly used. 

gan'net (gan'et ; 24), n. [AS. ganot a sea fowl.] Any of a 
genus (Sula) of large totipalmate sea birds, 
esp. the common species (S. bassanc) of 
the North Atlantic, which measures about 
six feet in extent of wings. 

gan'oid (gan'oid), a. [Cr. y&vos 
brightness -f- -oid.] Zool. Of 
or pertaining to a subclass (Ga- 
noidei) of fishes including 
the sturgeons, garfishes, etc., 
many of whi«h 
have scales (.gan- 
oid scales) com- 
{)osed of an inner 
ayer of bone with 
an outer layer of 
enamel, and articulating edge to edge. — n. A ganoid fish. 

gant'let (gant'let ; gant/let), n. A gauntlet, or glove. 

gant'let, n., or, Obs., gant'lope' (gint'lop'), gan'te-lope 
(gan'te-lop; gant'lop). [From Sw. gallopp, crig., a run- 
ning down a lane ; gata lane + lopp career.] An obsolete 
military punishment wherein the offender ran between two 
files of men, who struck at him with switches, clubs, etc. ; — 
often used fig. 

gan'try (gan'tri) 1 n.; pi. -tries (-tnz). [Prob. fr. OF. 

gaun'try (gon'tr!)/ ganlier, fr. LL., fr. L. can terius trel- 
lis.] 1. A frame for supporting barrels. 2. Engin. A frame 
structure, raised on side supports so as to span over some- 
thing, and usually of large dimensions. 

Gan'y-mede (gun'i-med), n. [L. Ganymedes, Gr. Tawui)< 
6-iji.] 1. Class. Myth. A beautiful shepherd boy of Phry- 
gia who was carried to Olympus by Zeus in the form of an 
eagle, to be the cupbearer of the gods. Cf. Hebe. 2. A 
youth who serves liquors ; a cupbearer ; a potboy. 3. 
Astron. A satellite of Jupiter, the largest satellite in the 
solar system. 

Gan'y-me'des (-me'dez), n. = Ganymede, 1. 

gaol 0*21), gacl'er, etc. Vars. of jail, etc. 
$W These forms are still current in Great Britain, esp. in 
official use. 

gap (gap), n. 1. An opening in anything made by or as by 
breaking or parting. 2. A mountain pass, cleft, or ravine. 
3. Any breach of continuity ; an interval ; a hiatus. 4. 




■■"'Common Gannet. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GAPE 



414 



GARTER 



Aeronautics. The vertical distance between two super- 
posed surfaces, esp. in a biplane. [breach.] 

— v. t. ; gapped (gapt) ; gap'ping. To make an opening in ;| 
gape (gap; gap; colloq. gap), v.i.; gaped (gapt or gapt) ; 

gap'ing (gap'ing ; gap'-). [Of Scand. origin.] 1. To open 
the mouth wide, as in hunger, surprise, sleepiness, astonish- 
ment, or hostility ; yawn. 2. To open or part widely. 3. To 
stare with open mouth. — Syn. See gaze. 

— ra. 1, Act of gaping ; stare. 2. The width of the opened 
mouth. 3. A gap. — gap'er, n. 

the gapes, a A fit of yawning, b A disease of young poul- 
try and other birds, attended with much gaping. It is 
caused by the gapeworm, which obstructs the breathing 
and frequently causes death. See gapeworm. 

gape'seed' (gap'sed ; gap'-), n. Anything that causes gap- 
ing looks ; also, a person who looks or stares gapingly ; — a 
term used humorously or in sarcasm. 

gape'worm/ (gap'wurm' ; gap'-X n. A parasitic nematode 
worm (Syngamus trachealis) infesting the trachea and 
bronchi of birds and causing the gapes. 

gap'ing-stock' (gap'ing-stok' ; gap'-) » n. An object of 
open-mouthed wonder or curiosity. 

gap'py (gap'i), a. Having gaps; broken; unconnected. 

gap'y (gap'i; gap'i), a. Affected with the gapes. 

gar (gar), n. The garfish. 

ga'rage' (ga/razh'; gar'aj), n. [F.] A place for housing 
automobiles or an airship or flying machine. 

garb (garb), n. [OF. garbe looks, grace, ornament, fr. It. 
garbo grace.] 1. Personal bearing. Obs. 2. Custom ; fash- 
ion. Obs. 3- Fashion or style of dress, esp. that distinctive 
of rank or standing ; clothing ; dress. 

— v. t. To clothe ; array ; as, garbed in silk. 

gar'bage (gar'baj), n. Offal; refuse animal or vegetable 
matter ; hence : something worthless or filthy ; refuse. 

gar'ble (-b'l),. v. t.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). [OF. 
grabeler to pick out, sort, for garbeler to examine precisely, 
garble spices, fr. Ar. gharbal sieve.] 1. To cull ; sift ; as, to 
garble coins. Rare. 2. To sift or bolt ; remove dross or 
dirt from ; as, to garble spices. Obs. or Cant. 3. To pick 
out such parts of as may serve a (usually unfair) purpose ; 
mutilate misleadingly ; pervert ; as, to garble news. 

— n. 1. Refuse, esp. of spices ; rubbish ; also, goods contain- 
ing refuse. Obs. or Cant. 2. Act of garbling, as a work of 
literature. — gar'bler (-bier), n. 

gar 'board (-bord ; 57), n. Shipbuilding. 'One of the out- 
side planks or plates next the keel. 

gar'boil (-boil), n. [OF. garbouil."] Tumult ; disturbance. 

|! gar'gon' (gar'soN'), n.; pi. -cons (F. -son'). [F.] A 
boy ; fellow ; esp., a serving boy or man ; a waiter. 

gar'den (gar'd'n),n. [OF. gardin,jardin, of G. origin.] 1. 
A piece of ground used for cultivating herbs, fruits, flowers, 
or vegetables ; commonly, such a piece adjoining a dwelling, 
and inclosed* 2. Hence, a rich, well-cultivated spot or tract 
of country. — v. i. & t. To cultivate, or labor in, a gar- 
den ; practice horticulture. 

gar'den-er (-er), n. One who makes and tends a garden; 
one whose occupation is gardening. 

gar-de'ni-a (gar-de'ni-d), n. [NL., after Alexander Gar- 
den (1730-91), Amer. botanist.] Any of a large geruis (Gar- 
denia) of rubiaceous trees and shrubs of the Old World 
tropics, having showy fragrant white or yellow flowers. 

gar'den-ing, n. The art of making and cultivating gardens. 

garde'robe (gard'rob), n. [F. See wardrobe.] 06s. or 
Hist. 1. A wardrobe, or its contents. 2. Hence, a pri- 
vate room, as a storeroom or bedchamber. 

gar'dy-loo' (gaVdi-loo'), n. [Cf. F. gare Veau beware 
of the water.] A warning cry uttered on throwing water, 
etc., into the streets from the windows in old Edinburgh. 

gar'fish' (gar'fish'), n. [The first part is fr. AS. gar spear.] 




A Fresh-water Garfish. 



Any of certain fishes having an elongated pikelike body and 
both jaws long and narrow, including marine teleost fishes 
(chiefly of the family Belonidse), which are good food 
fishes, and, in America, fresh-water ganoid fishes (family 
Lepisosteidse), the flesh of which is tough and rank; — 
called also gar and gar pike. 

gar'ga-ney (gar'gd-ni), n. A European teal (Querquedula 
circia) having, in the male, a white stripe over the eye. 

Gar-gan'tu-a (giir-gan't£-d ; F. gar'gaVtwa'), n. [F.] 
In Rabelais's "Gargantua," a gigantic king, of great 
learning and voracity. — Gar-gan'tu-an (gar-gan'tu-5n), a. 

gar'get (gar'get), n. 1. A disease in swine and cattle 
marked by inflammation of the head or throat ; also, a dis- 
temper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appe- 
tite. 2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., 
arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands. 




gar'gle (gar'g'l), v. t.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling. [F. gargouil- 
ler to dabble, gargle.] To rinse, as the throat, agitating 
the liquid by expulsion of air from the lungs. — v. i. To 
use a gargle. — n. A liquid used in gargling. 

gar'goyle (-goil), n. [F. gargouille, OF. gargoule."] Arch. 
A waterspout, often grotesquely carved, project- 
ing at the upper part, usually =^^^^li r 
from the roof gutter, of a build- -^ 3 * s! v^LJtI 
ing. — gar'goyled (-goild), a. 

gar'i-bal'di (gaVi-bal'di ; ga'ri- 
bal'di), n. A shirt waist worn 
by women ; — so called from 
its resemblance in shape to the 
red shirt worn by the Italian patriot Garibaldi. 

gar'ish (gar'ish), a. 1. Showy ; dazzling ; harsh and glar- 
ing. 2. Gay to extravagance ; flighty. — Syn. See gaudy, 

— gar'ish-ly, adv. — gar'ish-ness, n. 

gar'land (gar'land), n. [OF. garlande."] 1. A wreath, as of 
flowers ; chaplet. 2. A book of extracts ; an anthology ; 
esp., a chapbook or broadside containing one or more bal- 
lads or songs. — v. t. To form into, or deck with, a garland. 

gar'lic (-lik), n. [AS. garleac; gar spear, lance -j- leac 
leek.] A European plant (Allium sativum) of the lily 
family ; also, its bulb, which has a characteristic strong 
scent and pungent flavor. 

gar'lick-y (-lik-i), a. Like or containing garlic. 

gar'ment (gar'ment), n. [OF. garnement, garniment, fr. 
garnir to garnish.] Any article of clothing. — v. t. To 
clothe ; — chiefly in p. p. 

gar'ner (-ner), n. [OF. gernier, grenier, fr. L. granarium, 
fr. granum grain.] A granary ; fig., a collection; store. — 
v. t. To gather for preservation ; store. 

gar'net (gar'net ; 24), n. [F. grenat, fr. LL., fr. L. grana- 
tum pomegranate ; — from its resemblance to pomegran- 
ate seeds.] 1. A hard mineral of several varieties differing 
in composition and color, but with thesame crystalliza- 
tion. The precious garnet is deep red in color. 2. The 
deep red color of the precious garnet. 

gar'net, n. Naut. A kind of hoisting tackle. 

gas'ni-er-ite (-ni-er-it), n. [After Jules Gamier, French 
geologist.] Min. A soft, amorphous, hydrous silicate of 
nickel and magnesium, of pale green color. It is an im- 
portant ore of nickel. 

gar'nish (-nish), v. t. [OF. garnir, guarnir, to provide, 
prepare, garnish, warn ; of German origin.] 1. To deco- 
rate ; set off ; adorn ; embellish. 2. Law. To warn by gar- 
nishment ; garnishee. — n. 1. A decoration ; ornament ; 
also, dress. 2. Cookery. Something set round or on a dish 
as an embellishment, or added for flavor or relish. 3. A fee ; 
in English jails, a fee formerly demanded by old prisoners 
of a newcomer. 

gar'nish-ee' (gar'nish-eO.n. Law. One who is garnished. 

— v. t.j -eed' (-ed') ; -ee'ing. Law. a To make (a person) 
a garnishee, b To attach (property) by garnishment. 

gar'nish-er, n. One who garnishes. 

gar'nish -ment (gar'nish-ment), n. 1. Ornament ; embel- 
lishment ; decoration. 2. Law. Warning to appear in 
court ; as : a A notice to a third party to appear in a suit. 
b Warning to a person holding another's attached prop- 
erty not to deliver it to him, but to account for it in court. 

gar'ni-ture (-ni-tyr), n. [F.] Embellishment ; garnish. 

ga-rotte'. Var. of garrote. [garfishes. I 

gar pike. A garfish ; esp., in America, one of the fresh-water | 

gar'ran (gar'dn), n. [Gael, gearran gelding, work horse, 
hack.] One of a breed of small horses used for rough 
work, esp. in Ireland and Scotland ; hence, an inferior kind 
of horse. British. 

gar'ret (gar'et; 24), n. [OF. garite watchtower, place of 
refuge, garir, guarir, to preserve, defend.] _ That part of a 
house which is immediately under or within the roof. 

gar'ret-eer' (gaVet-er'), n. One who lives in a garret; a 
poor author ; a literary hack. 

gar'ri-son (gar'i-s'n), n. [OF. garison, fr. garir. See gar- 
ret.] A body of troops stationed in a fortified place ; also, 
a place where troops are thus stationed. — v. t. Mil. a To 
furnish with soldiers, as a fort, b To defend by fortresses 
manned with troops. C To place on duty in a garrison. 

gar'ron (gar'on). Var. of garran. 

gar-rote' (ga-rot' ; -rot'), -rotte' (-rot'), n. [Sp. garrote.] 
1. A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an 
iron collar tightened by a screw ; also, the instrument. 2. 
Throttling as if with the garrote, esp. for robbery. 

— v. t. ; -rot'ed, -rot'ted ; -rot'ing, -rot'ting. To stran- 
gle with or as with the garrote. — gar-rot'er, -rot'ter, n. 

gar-ru'li-ty (-roo'li-ti),n. [L. garrulitas.'] Talkativeness. 

gar'ni-lous (gar'oo-lus), a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to 
chatter.] Talking much, esp. about trifles ; also, wordy ; 
diffuse ; as, a garrulous story. — Syn. See talkative. — 
gar'ru-lous-ly, adv. — gar'ru-lous-ness, n. 

gar'ter (gar'ter), n. [OF. gartier, fr. garet bend of the 
knee.] 1. A band or strap worn round the leg to hold up a 
stocking. 2. The badge of the Order of the Garter, the high- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GARTH 



415 



GAUD 



est order of British knighthood ; also \_cap."\, the order or 

membership in it. — v. t. To bind or support with a garter. 

garth (garth), n. [Icel. gardr yard.] A close ; yard ; croft ; 

— now chiefly Local Eng., except in cloister garth. 

gas (gas), n. [Coined by van Helmont of Brussels (d. 1644).] 
1. An aeriform fluid having neither independent shape nor 
volume, but tending to expand indefinitely. Cf. vapor. 2. 
In popular usage, any gaseous mixture except atmospheric 
air ; as : a Laughing gas. b Any combustible gaseous mix- 
ture for illumination or for fuel. 3. Empty, boasting, or 
humbugging talk ; bombast. Slang. 4. Gasoline. Colloq. 

— v. t.; gassed (gast) ; gas'sing. To affect or treat with 
gas ; as : a Textiles. To singe, as in a gas flame, so as to 
remove loose fibers, b To impregnate with gas ; as, to gas 
lime with chlorine in making bleaching powder. C To poison 
or asphyxiate with gas ; as, the British were gassed in Flan- 
ders. — v. i. 1. To give off gas, as a storage battery when 
nearly charged. 2. To indulge in idle or boastful talk. Slang. 

gas burner. The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas 
is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices. 

Gas'con (gas'kon), a. [F.] Of or pert, to Gascogne, or Gas- 
cony, in France, or its people, who were noted for boasting ; 
also [I. c] , braggart ; swaggering. — n. A native of Gas- 
cogne ; hence [Z. c] : a boaster ; swashbuckler. 

gas'con-ade' (-ad'), n. [F. gasconnade.'] A boast or boast- 
ing ; a vaunt. — v. i. ; -ad'ed (-ad'ed) ; -ad'ing. To boast ; 
bluster. — gas'con-ad'er (-ad'er), n. 

gas'e-lier' (gaVe-ler'), n. [Formed from gas, in imitation 
of chandeZier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas. 

gas engine. A kind of internal-combustion engine using 
a permanent gas ; broadly, any internal-combustion engine. 

gas'e-OUS (gas'e-i/s), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the na- 
ture of, gas ; of steam, superheated. 2. Lacking sub- 
stance or solidity ; tenuous. 

gas fixture. A fixture for illuminating or combustible gas. 

gash (gash), v. t. [From OF. garser to scarify.] To make 
a gash in. — n. A deep long cut, esp. in flesh. 

gas'i-fi-ca'tion (gas'i-fi-ka'shun), to. Act or process of con- 
verting into gas. 

gas'i-form (gas'i-form), o. In the form of gas ; gaseous. 

gas'i-fy (-fi), v. t.; -feed (-fid) ; -fy'ing. To convert into 
gas or aeriform fluid, as by heat. — v. i. To become gas. 

gas'ket (gas'ket; 24), n. 1. Naut. A line or band used to 
lash a furled sail securely. 2. A packing for a joint, or 
between sliding parts, as for a piston, pipe joint, etc. 

gas'kin (-kin), to. A gasket. Rare. 

gas'light' (-lit'), n. 1. The light yielded by the combus- 
tion of illuminating gas. 2. A gas jet or gas burner. 

gas'o-line (gas'5-len ; -lin), gas'o-lene (-len), to. [_gas + 
L. oZeum oil + -ine.] A volatile inflammable liquid dis- 
tilled from petroleum and variously used, as to dissolve 
fats, etc., to produce heat and motive power. 

gas-om'e-ter (gas-om'e-ter), n. A tank or apparatus for 
holding gas ; properly, one for holding and measuring gas. 

— gas-om'e-try (tn), to. 

gasp (gasp), v. i. [Icel. geispa to yawn.]_ 1. To catch the 
breath convulsively, or in laborious respiration, with wide 
open mouth ; labor for breath. 2. To pant eagerly ; show 
vehement desire. — v. t. To emit or utter with gasps ; — 
used with out, away, etc. 

— to. Act of opening the mouth convulsively to catch the 
breatn, as from distress, surprise, etc. 

gas'sing (gas'ing), to. Act or process of subjecting to the 
action of gas. 

gas'sy (gas'i), a. ; -si-er (-i-er) ; -si-est. Full of gas ; like 
gas ; hence : Colloq., inflated ; full of boastful or insincere 
talk ; as, a gassy demagogue. 

gas-tral'gi-a (gas-tral'ji-d), to. [NL. ; gastro- + Gr. aXyos 
pain.] Pain, esp. neuralgia, in the stomach or epigastrium. 

gas-trec'to-my (gas-trek'to-mi), to. Surg. Excision of a 
portion of the stomach. 

gas'tric (gas'trik), a. [Gr. yaarvp, yaarpos, stomach.] Of 
or pertaining to the stomach. 

gastric fever, Med., a fever attended with prominent gas- 
tric symptoms ; typhoid fever. — g. juice, the digestive 
fluid secreted by the glands of the stomach. It is a thin 
watery fluid with an acid reaction, and contains several 
enzymes, esp. pepsin and rennin. 

gas-tri'tis (gas-trl'tis), to. [NL.] Med. Inflammation of 
the stomach, esp. of its mucous membrane. 

gas'tro- (gas'tro-), gastr-. A combining form from Greek 
yaffT-fjp, yacTrpos, stomach, belly ; as in : gas'tro-col'ic, 
Anat., pertaining to the stomach and colon: jas'iro-in- 
tes'ti-nal, pert, to the stomach and intestines ; gas'tro- 
he-pat/ic, pert, to the stomach and liver. 

gas-trol'o-gy (gas-trol'6-ji), n. [Gr. yacrrpoXcyla.'] Science 
of the structure and functions of the stomach. 

gas'tro-nome (gas'tro-nom), gas-tron'o-mer (gas-tron'o- 
mer), gas-tron'O-mist (-mist), to. One fond of good liv- 
ing ; an epicure. 

gas'tro-nom'ic (gaVtrS-nom'ik), gas'tro-nom'i-cal, a. 
Pertaining to gastronomy. 



gas-tron'O-my (g5s-tron'6-mT), to. [Gr. yaorpovoiila; 70* 
arfip stomach -f- uonos law.] Art of good eating. 

gas'tro-pod (gas'trS-pod), to. Zo'dl. Any of a class (Gastro- 
poda) of mollusks comprising most existing forms with a 
univalve shell and many shell-less forms. The snails, whelks, 
and slugs are examples. — gas-trop'o-dous (-trop'5-dfts) , a. 

gas'tro-scope (-skop), to. Med. An instrument for viewing 
the interior of the stomach. — gas'tro-SCOp'ic (-skop'Tk), 
a. — gas-tros'CO-py (gas-tros'ko-pi), to. 

gas-trot'o-my (gas-trot'6-mT), to. Surg. A cutting into, or 
opening of, the abdomen or the stomach. 

gas'tro-vas'CU-lar (gas'tro-vas'ku-ldr), a. Zo'dl. Function- 
ing as both a digestive and a circulatory organ. 

gas'tru-la (gas'tr66-ld), to. ; pi. -is. (-le). [NL., dim. fr. Gr. 
yaarrjp stomach.] A form of embryo consisting typically of 
a cup or open-mouthed sac with walls composed of two 
layers of cells. A gastrula stage occurs in the develop- 
ment of most animals. [gastrula. I 

gas'tru-la'tion (-la'shwn), to. The process of forming a| 

gat (gat). Archaic pret. of get. 

gat (gat), to. A natural or artificial channel or passage from 
a shore inland, as between high banks or cliffs. 

gate (gat), n. [AS. geat, gat, gate, door.] 1. An opening 
for passage in an inclosing wall, fence, or barrier, esp. such 
an opening with a movable frame or door to close it. 2. A 
structure comprising a passageway, often with towers, etc. 

3. A pass or defile in mountains as a way cf entrance into 
a country ; also, any similar passage. 4. The frame or door 
which closes a gate ( def. 1 ). 5. A door, valve, or the 
like, for stopping the passage of a dam, pipe, etc. 6. A 
stretching frame for a saw or gang of saws. 

— v. t. ; gat'ed (gat'ed ; 24) ; gat'ing (gat'ing). To punish 
by confinement to the grounds. Eng. Univ. 

gate, to. [Of Scand. origin.] Obs. or Scot. 1. A way ; 
road. 2. Manner or mode of doing ; way ; method. Cf . gait. 

gate, to. Founding, a A channel or opening through which 
metal is poured into the mold, b The waste piece of metal 
cast in the opening. 

gate'age (gat'aj), to. [1st gate +' -age."] Use of gates, or 
the gates used, as in controlling flow of water ; area of gate 
opening, as of a turbine gate. 

gate'house' (gat'housO, to. Any house connected or asso- 
ciated with a gate, as a keeper's lodge ; as : a A houselike 
part of the gate of a city wall, a palace, etc., often formerly 
used as a prison.' b An erection, usually the power sta- 
tion, over a dam, from which the gates are controlled. 

gate'keep'er (-kep'er), to. A person in charge at a gate. 

gate'man (gat/man), to. A gatekeeper. 

gate'posf (-post'), to. 1. A post to which a gate is hung. 2. 
A post against which a gate closes. 

gate'way' (-wa 7 ) to. 1. = 1st gate, 1 & 2 2. A passage. 

gath'er (gatb'er), v. t. [AS. gaderian, fr. gador together, 
gsed fellowship.] 1. To bring together ; assemble ; muster ; 
congregate. 2. To pick out and bring together from among 

. what is of less value ; to collect, as a harvest. 3. To accumu- 
late little by little ; amass ; gain. 4. To summon up a re- 
serve of (strength, breath, voice, etc.) preparatory to exer- 
tion ; also, to draw (one's limbs or one's self) up or together. 

5. To gain or win (ground, way, etc.) as by gradual increase. 

6. To derive, or deduce, as an inference ; infer ; conclude. 7. 
To compress ; bring together in folds, plaits, or puckers, as 
a garment or cloth. 

Syn. Gather, collect. Gather commonly suggests little 
more than the act of bringing together ; collect empha- 
sizes rather the implication of choice or selection, resulting 
in a more ordered or unified assemblage ; as, a roiling stone 
gathers no moss ; to collect postage stamps. 

— v. i. 1. To come together ; collect ; congregate. 2. To 
grow larger by accretion ; increase ; as, a tear gathered in 
his eye. 3. To come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus. 

4. To bring things together ; gain. 

— to. A drawing together ; a plait or fold, as in cloth. 
gatb/er-er (-er), to. One who, or that which, gathers: 

specif. : a A collector of money, fees, etc. ; as, a tax gatherer. 
b A sewing-machine attachment for making gathers. 

gath'er-ing, to. 1. A crowd ; assembly. 2. A collection ; 
contribution. 3. A boil ; abscess. 

gat'ing (gat'ing), to. [From gate. v. t.~] 1. Compulsory 
confinement of an undergraduate within the university or 
school grounds. Eng. 2. A gate in a lock tumbler. 

Gat'ling gun (gat'ling;. _ [After the American inventor, 
R. J. GatlingJ] A machine gun consisting of a cluster of 
barrels, usually ten, revolved by a crank and loaded and 
fired once each during the revolution of the group. 

|| gauche (gosh), a. [F.] Left-handed ; awkward ; clumsy. 

II gauche'rie' (gosh're'), to. [F.] Awkwardness ; tactless- 
ness ; also, an awkward or tactless action. 

Gau'cho (gou'cho), n. ; pi. -chos (-choz). [Sp.] One of the 
native inhabitants of the pampas, of mixed Spanish and In- 
dian descent. They are restless cattle breeders. 

gaud (god), to. [ME. gaude jest, trick, prob. fr. L. g&u- 
dium joy, gladness.] An ornament ; gewgaw ; trinket. 



H 



J 



K 



K = eti in G. icii, acts (5U); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Esi>tenatk)ii8 of Abbre7iations used m this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






GAUDERY 



416 



GEEZER 



gaud'er-y (god'er-T), to. Finery; ostentatious display. 
gaud'y (-1), a.; gaud'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Ostentatiously 

fine ; showy ; tawdry. — gaud'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. i-ness, n. 

Syn. Gay, ostentatious, flaunting ; flimsy, tawdry, tinsel ; 
garish, dazzling, glaring, flashy ; spurious, sham. — Gaudy, 
tawdry, garish, flashy. That is gaudy which is osten- 
tatiously or tastelessly gay or showy, esp. in color ; tawdry 
adds the implication of cheapness or flimsiness ; as, a bon- 
net set with gaudy flowers ; tawdry ribbons. That is garish 
which is dazzling or offensively bright ; flashy adds the im- 
plication of vulgarity and shallow display ; as the garish 
noon ; a crowd of flashy gamblers. 
gaud'y, to. [Prob. fr. L. gaudium joy.] A feast ; an annual 
college dinner. Eng. 
gauge, gage (gaj), v. t.; gauged, gaged (gajd) ; gaug'ing, 
gag'ing (gaj'Ing). [OF. gaugier.~\ 1. To find the exact 
measurement of, as of rainfall. 2. To measure or ascer- 
tain the amount of contents of, as of a barrel or keg. 3. 
To measure the capacity, character, or ability of ; estimate ; 
judge of. 4. To measure or limit by or as by a gauge, esp. 
so as to conform to a standard ; as, to gauge a wire. 5. To 
render (bricks or stones) of a uniform size by cutting or 
rubbing. 6. To mix (plaster) in certain definite propor- 
tions, as for quick drying. 

— to. 1. A standard measure. 2. Measure ; dimensions ; 
extent ; as, the gauge of a cask, gun, etc. 3. An instru- 
ment or apparatus for gauging ; as, a wire gauge ; a wind 
gauge. 4. Naut. Relative position of a vessel with refer- 
ence to another vessel and the wind. 5. a The distance 
between the rails of a railroad. Standard gauge in most 
countries is now 4 feet 8^ inches ; broad or wide gauge is 
any larger gauge than this, and narrow gauge is any 
smaller gauge, b The distance between the opposite wheels 
of a vehicle, usually about 56 inches. 6. That part of a 
shingle, slate, or tile exposed to the weather when laid ; 
also, one course as laid. 7. The quantity of plaster of 
Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting. 

gaug'er, gag'er (gaj'er), to. One who, or that which, 
gauges ; hence : an officer who gauges casks ; an exciseman. 

Gaul (gol), to. [F. Gaule : cf. L. Gallia, fr. Gallus a Gaul.] 
One of the natives or inhabitants of ancient Gaul, or a 
member of the race to which they belonged. 

gaul-the'ri-a (gol-the'n-d), to._ [NL., after M. Gaulthier, 
Canadian botanist and physician.] 1. Any of a large 
genus (Gaultheria) of ericaceous shrubs having evergreen 
foliage, white bell-shaped flowers, and, often, edible ber- 
ries. The genus includes the American wintergreen (G. pro- 
cumbens). 2. Pharra. Oil of wintergreen. 

gaum (gom), v. t. To smear or daub, as with grease, tar, etc. 

gaunt (gant; gont), a. 1. Attenuated, as with fasting; 
lean. 2. Forbidding ; grim. — Syn. See thin. 

gaunt'let (gant'let ; gont'-), to. The gantlet. 

gaunt'let, n. [F. gantelet, dim. of gant glove, LL. wantus.~\ 
1. A glove to defend the hand from wounds. 2. a A long 
stout glove, covering part of the arm. b The part of a 
glove that covers the wrist. — gaunt'let-ed, a. 

gaunt'ly, adv. In a gaunt manner. 

gaunt'ness, to. State or condition of being gaunt. 

gaun'try. Var. of gantry. 

gauss (gous), n. [After Karl F. Gauss, German mathema- 
tician.] Elec. A unit of density of magnetic flux or of in- 
tensity of magnetic field, equal to a field of one line of force 
per square centimeter, or to the intensity of magnetic field 
one centimeter distant from a unit pole. 

gauze (goz), to. [F. gaze.~] 1. A very thin, slight, trans- 
parent stuff, generally of silk ; also, a fabric resembling silk 
gauze ; as, wire or cotton gauze. 2. A haze or mist. 

gauz'y (goz'i), a. ; gauz'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Pert, to or like 
gauze ; thin and slight as gauze. — gauz'i-ness, to. 

I ga'vage' (ga/vazh'), to. _ [F., fr. gaver to gorge.] Forced 
feeding (as of poultry or infants) by means of a tube passed 
through the mouth down to the stomach. 

gave (gav), pret. of give. 

gav'el (gav'el), to. The mallet of a presiding officer. U. S. 

gav'el (gav'el), to. [AS. gafol.'] Tribute or rent. Hist. 

gav'el-kind (-el-kind), to. [ME. gavelkynde, gavelkende. 
See gavel tribute ; kind, ri.l Law. a A common-law land 
tenure, existing (perhaps exclusively) in Kent from Anglo- 
Saxon times, by which, upon the death of the tenant in fee 
intestate, the land is divided equally among all the sons, 
or among brothers or other collateral heirs on failure of 
direct or nearer heirs. b The custom of dividing an in- 
testate's estate equally among the sons, or other heirs. 

ga'vi-al (ga'vi-dl), n. [Hind. ghariyal.~\ A large crocodili- 
an (Gavialis gangeticus) of India. It is harmless to man. 

ga-VOt' (gd-vot'; gav'ot) \n.[ F. gavotte, fr. Pr. gavoto, fr. 

ga-VOtte' (gd-vot') / Gavots, the Alpine mountain- 

eers.] A kind of lively dance of French peasant origin. 
Its music, in quick common time, has two strains, brisk 
yet dignified, and usually of four and eight bars, each re- 
peated. It often was a movement of the classic suite. 

gawk (gok), to. [E. dial, gawk left, left-handed.] Sim- 
pleton ; booby ; gawky. — v. i. To act like a gawk. Colloq. 



gawk'y (-1), a.; gawk'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. Foolish and 
awkward ; clumsy. — to. A gawk. — gawk'i-ness, to. 

gay (ga), a. [F. gai.~\ 1. Excited with merriment ; mani- 
festing or inspiring delight ; merry. 2. Bright ; brilliant. 
3. Given to social pleasures or indulgence ; hence : loose ; 
licentious. — Syn. Gleeful, blithe, sprightly, vivacious ; 
sportive, light-hearted, frolicsome, jolly, jovial; showy, 
gaudy. See lively. 

gay'e-ty, gai'e-ty (ga'e-ti), to.,- pi. -ties (-tTz). [F. 
gaiete.} 1. State of being gay ; merriment ; acts or enter- 
tainments prompted by or inspiring merry delight ; — 
often in pi.; as, the gayeties of the season. 2. Finery; 
show ; as, gayety of dress. Syn. Liveliness, mirth, anima- 
tion, vivacity, glee, blithesomeness, sprightliness, jollity. 

gay'ly, gai'ly (-11), adv. In a gay manner. 

gay'ness, to. Quality or state of being gay. 

gaze (gaz), v. i.; gazed (gazd) ; gaz'ing (gaz'ing). [ME. 
gasen.'] To fix the eyes in a steady and intent look ; look 
with eagerness, or with studious attention. 
Syn. Gaze, gape, stare, glare, glower, gloat. Gaze 
implies fixed and prolonged attention, esp. as in admira- 
tion or wonder. Gape implies stupid and open-mouthed 
wonder ; stare, esp. insolence, or vacant fixedness ; glare, 
fierceness or anger ; glower, scowling or lowering ill tem- 
per. To gloat is to gaze with profound, often malignant 
or unhallowed, satisfaction. 

— v. t. To view with attention ; gaze on. Poetic. 

— to. 1. An object gazed on. Obs. or R. 2. A looking 
fixedly ; a fixed, intent look. 

at gaze, Her., depicted with the face turned directly to the 
front ; — said of beasts of chase. 

ga-ze'bO (gd-ze'bo), to.; pi. -bos (-boz). 1. A turret on a 
roof, or a summer house commanding an extensive pros- 
pect. 2. A projecting balcony closed with windows. 

gaze'hound' (gaz'hound'), to. A hound that pursues by 
sight, rather than by scent. 

ga-zelle' (gd-zel'), to. [F., fr. Ar. ghazdl a wild goat.] Any 
of various small grace- 
ful and very swift ante- 
lopes (genus Gazella 
and alliedgenera), noted 
for their soft, lustrous 
eyes. 

gaz'er (gaz'er), to. One 
who gazes. 

ga-zette' (gd-zef), to. 
[F., fr. It.] 1. A news- 
paper. Rare, exc. in 
names of newspapers. 
2. An official journal 
containing lists of hon- 
ors,bankrupts,etc. Brit. 
— v. t. ; -zet'ted; 
-zet'ting. To publish 
in a gazette. ^HMMMS^^^t— _^vt.-.«*- 

gaz'et-teer' (gaz'e-ter'), Gazelle. 

to. 1. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish 
news. 2. A geographical dictionary. 

gaz'ing-StOCk' (gaz'ing-stok'), to. A person or thing gazed 
at by many, esp. with curiosity or contempt. 

ge'an'ti-cline (je'an'ti-klln), ge'an-ti-cli'nal (je'an-ti- 
kll'ndl), to. [See GEO- ; anticlinal.] GeoZ. A great up- 
ward flexure of the earth's crust; — opposed to geosyn- 
cline. — ge'an-ti-cli'nal, a. 

gear (ger), to. [ME. gere, ger.~] 1. Clothing ; garments ; 
vestments. 2. Warlike accouterments. Archaic. 3. Har- 
ness of horses or cattle ; trappings. 4. Tools ; implements. 
5. a A composite piece of mechanism for a specific use. b A 
toothed wheel or cogwheel ; as, a bevel gear, c Working 
relation or adjustment ; as, in gear. 6. Goods ; movables ; 
things. 7. Business ; affair ; concern ; doings. Archaic. 

— v. t. Machinery. To provide with gear or gearing; 
connect by gearing ; put into gear. — v. i. To be in, or 
come into, gear. 

gear'ing (ger'Tng), to. The parts, collectively, by which 
motion is transmitted in machinery ; gear. 

geek (gek), to. [D. gek fool, fop.] A fool ; gull. Obs. or Dial. 

geck'0 (gek'o), to.; pi. -os, -oes (-oz). [Malay gekoq; — 
from its cry.] Any of a family {Geckonidse) of small 
harmless lizards. 

gee (je), interj. In driving oxen, etc., a word usually mean- 
ing : Turn to the right. — v. t. & i. To turn to the right. 

geese (ges), to.; pi. of goose. 

geest (gest), to._ [LG. geest, geestland, sandy, dry land.] 
Geol. a Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of re- 
cent origin, b Loose material, earth or soil, formed by 
decay of rocks in place. 

Ge-ez' (ge-ez' ; gez), to. An archaic Semitic dialect surviving 
as the liturgical language of the Abyssinian Christians. 

gee'zer (ge'zer), to. [Dial, corrupt, of guiser a mummer.] 
A queer old fellow ; old chap ; old woman. Slang or Dial. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, s'Sft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out; oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



GEGENSCHEIN 



417 



GENERALIZE 



Ge'gen-schein' (ga'gen-shln 7 ), n. [G.] Astron. = coun- 

TERGLOW. 

Ge-hen'na (ge-hen'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tkevva, Heb. Ge 
Hinnom.] The Valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, used as 
a dumping ground for refuse, perpetual fires being kept up 
to prevent pestilence. In the New Testament, fig., hell. 

gei'sha (ga'shd), n.; pi. geisha (-shd), geishas (-shdz). 
[Jap.] A Japanese singing and dancing girl. 

Geiss'ler tube (gls'ler). [After Heinrich Geissler, Ger- 
man mechanic] A glass tube with platinum electrodes, 
containing a highly rarefied gas, which an electrical dis- 
charge makes luminous. 

gel'a-tin, gel'a-tine ( jel'd-tin), n. [F. gelatine, fr. L. ge- 
lare to congeal.] Animal jelly ; glutinous material (as in 
isinglass or glue) got from animal tissues. 

ge-lat'i-nate (je-lat'i-nat), v. t. & i.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat/ing (-nat/ing). To turn to gelatin or a jellylike sub- 
stance_ ; gelatinize. — gel'a-tin-a'tion (jeTd-tin-a'shun), n. 

ge-lat'i-nize (je-lat'i-nlz), v. t. 1. To convert into gelatin 
or jelly ; gelatinate. 2. Photog. To coat, or otherwise 
treat, with gelatin. 

ge-lat'i-noid (je-lat'T-noid; jel'd-tT-noid'), a. Resembling 
gelatin ; gelatinous ; as, gelatinoid degeneration. — n. A 
gelatinoid substance. 

ge-lat'i-nous (je-lat'T-nus), a. 1. Of the nature and consist- 
ence of gelatin or jelly ; resembling jelly ; viscous. 2. Of, 
pert, to, or containing gelatin. 

ge-la'tion (je-la'shiJn), n. [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. gelare 
to freeze.] A cooling and solidifying. 

geld (geld), y. t. ; geld'ed or gelt (gelt) ; geld'ing. [Of 
Scand. origin.] 1. To castrate ; — said esp. of horses. 2. 
To deprive of anything essential ; lessen the force of. Obs. 

geld (geld), n. [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, payment, fr. 
gieldan to pay, render.] Eng. Hist. Lit., a payment or 
tax ; specif., the crown tax paid under the Anglo-Saxon and 
Norman kings. 

geld'ing (gel'dTng), n. A castrated animal; specif., a cas- 
trated horse; formerly, also, a eunuch. 

gel'id (jel'id), a. [L. gelidus, fr. gelum, gelu, frost, cold.] 
Cold ; frozen ; icy. — gel'id-ly", adv. 

ge-lid'i-ty (je-lid'I-tT), n. State of being cold ; frigidity. 

gel-se'mi-um (jel-se'mT-um), n. [NL., fr. It. gelsomino 
jessamine.] Pharm. The root of the Carolina, or yellow, 
jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) of the southern 
United States, used for its relaxing effects, as in neuralgic 
affections, malarial fever, etc. 

gem (jem), n. [F. gemme, fr. L. gemma, a gem, bud.] 1. A 
precious stone, esp. when cut and polished ; a jewel. 2. 
A semiprecious stone, carved or engraved. 3. Something 
prized for beauty, perfection, etc., esp. when small or brief, 
as a work of art, etc. 4. Cookery. A kind of light muffin. 
5. Print. A size of type. See type. 

Syn. Gem, jewel. Gem oftener suggests a precious 
stone as cut or polished ; jewel, one as set and worn for 
ornament. 

— v . t. ; gemmed (jemd) ; gem'ming. 1. To put forth in 
the form of buds. Rare. 2. To adorn with or as with gems. 

Ge-ma'ra (ge-ma'ra), n. [Aramaic gemard completion.] 
Jewish Lit. The commentary of the Talmud. See Talmud. 

gem'el (jem'el), a. [OF. gemel twin, F. jumeau, L. gemel- 
lus twin, doubled, dim. of geminus a twin.] Coupled ; 
paired ; twin ; as, a gemel arch. 

gem'i-nate (jem'i-nat), a. [L. geminatus, p. p. of gemi- 
nare to double, fr. geminus a twin.] In pairs ; coupled. 

— v.t.& i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. To double ; be- 
come double or paired. [repetition.] 

gem'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A doubling; duplication;! 
Gem/i-ni (jem/i-nl), n. pi.; gen. Geminorum (-no'rum ; 

57). [L., twins.] Astron. a A constellation between 

Taurus and Can- 
cer, pictured as 

Castor and Pollux _ 

sitting _ together ; WA 

the Twins. See Di- 
oscuri, b The 

third sign [KD] = 

of the zodiac, § 

which the sun en- 
ters about May 

20th. 
gem'ma (-d), n.; 

pi. -MiE (-e). [L., 

bud, gem.] A bud 

or budlike body ; Gemini, a. 

sometimes, specif., a leaf bud. 
gem'mate (-at), a. [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to 

bud.] Biol. Having, or reproducing by, buds or gemmae. 
gem-ma'tion (-a'shun)., n. Reproduction by gemmae. 
gem-mip'a-rous (jem-ip'd-rus) , a. Biol. Producing buds ; 

reproducing by buds. — gem-mip'a-rous-ly, adv. 
gem'mu-la'tion (jem'u-la'shun), n. [See gemmule.] Biol. 

The formation of, or reproduction by, gemmules. 





Head of 
Gemsbok. 



gem'mule (jem'Gl), n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma gem. 
bud.] Biol, a One of the hypothetical supramolecular 
units assumed in Darwin's theory of pangenesis. They 
correspond in some respects to Weismann's biophores. b 
A bud produced in gemmation. 

gem'my (jem'i), a. Full of gems ; glittering like a gem. 

ge-mot' (ge-mof), ge-mote', n. [AS. gemot an assembly. 
See meet, v. t.~] Anglo-Saxon Hist. A meeting or assem- 
bly ; a court. Cf. folkmoot, witenagemot. 

gems'bok' (gemz'bok'), n. [D.] The largest 
and handsomest species of oryx {Oryx 
gazella). 

-gen (jen). [From Gr. -yevr,s born.] A suffix 
used in forming nouns, and signifying : a 
Producing, generating ; as, oxygen. D Pro- 
duced, generated ; as, exogen. 

||gen/darme' (zhaN'darm'; jen-darm'), n.; 
pi. -darmes (-darm' ; -darmz'). [F.] One of 
a body of military police, esp. in France. 

gen-darm'er-y (jen-doVmer-i), || gen'dar'- 
me-rie' (zhaVdar'me-re'), n. [F. gendar- 
merie.'] The body of gendarmes. 

gen'der (jen'der), n. [OF. genre, gendre, 
fr. L. genus, generis, birth, race, kind, gen- 
der.] 1. Kind ; sort ; genus. Obs. 2. Sex, 
male or female. 06s. or Colloq. 3. Gram. 
Distinction of a word or words, as by inflec- 
tion, according to the (actual or imputed) 
sex denoted ; also, the distinctive form it- 
self, or a class so distinguished. — Syn. See sex. 

— v.t. To beget ; generate. Archaic.—v.i. To breed. Obs. 
gen'e-a-log'i-cal (jeVe-d-log'i-kdl ; je'ne-), a. Of or per- 
taining to genealogy. 

gen'e-al'o-gist (-al'o-jTst), n. One who traces genealogies 
or studies the descent of persons or families. 

gen'e-al'0-gy (-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [OF. genealogie, 
fr. L., fr. Gr. yeveaXoyia; ytvta birth, descent + \6yos 
discourse.] 1. A history of the descent of an individual or 
family from an ancestor; pedigree. 2. Lineage. 3. Art 
or science of tracing and recording pedigrees. 

gen'e-ra (jen'er-d), n., pi. of genus. [or produced. 

gen'er-a-ble (jen'er-d-b'l), a. Capable of being generated 

gen'er-al(-dl),a. [F. general, h.L.generalis. SeeGENUS.^ 
1. Of or pertaining to the whole ; not local ; as, a general 
election ; also, taken as a whole. 2. Pertaining to or af- 
fecting each and all of a class or kind ; not particular. 3. 
Not limited to a precise import or application ; not specific, 
or in detail ; as, a general plan. 4. Of or pert, to what is 
typical or generic ; not concrete. 5. Common to many ; 
prevalent ; extensive, though not universal ; as, a general 
rule. 6. Of or pert, to a heterogeneous or miscellaneous 
group ; broad ; catholic ; not special or specialized ; as, a 
general store. 7. Not precise or definite. 8. Chief ; su- 
perior ; as, attorney-general, etc. 

Syn. Common, general, universal. Common sug- 
gests primarily that in which many share, and hence, that 
which is usual or often met with ; as, rice is a common food. 
General denotes that which pertains to all, or almost all ; 
universal, to all without exception ; as, a general practice ; 
the desire to have is universal. 

general agent. See agent. — G. Assembly. See as- 
sembly, 1. — G. Court. The legislature of a State. Ir 
the colonial days it had judicial power. Obsoles., exc. in 
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. — g. officer, Mil., 
any officer, having a rank above that of colonel, entitled to 
command a force comprising more than a single regiment 
and constituting a brigade, division, corps, or army. In 
the United States army, staff officers are not, strictly speak- 
ing, general officers. 

— n. 1. The whole ; total ; hence, a general fact, principle, 
etc. ; — opp. to particular. Archaic. 2. The general pub- 
lic ; the people. 3. Mil. A signal on drums, trumpets, or 
the like, which calls the troops together preparatory to a 
general movement ; as, to beat the general. 4. Eccl. The 
chief of an order of monks or of those under one rule. 5. 
Mil. An officer of rank higher than that of colonel, or one 
having general as his title or as part of it ; specif. : a The 
commander (under the President) of all the military forces 
of the United States. See army, b In British usage, the 
commander of an independent army, usually next above a 
lieutenant general and below a field marshal. 

in general, generally ; for the most part. 

gen'er-al-is'si-mo (-Is'T^mo), n. [It.] The chief command- 
er of an army or a combined force. Rare or Hist. 

gen'er-al'i-ty (-al'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being general. 2. That which is general ; a vague 
statement or phrase. Cf . particularity. 3. Main body ; 
greatest part. 

gen/er-al-i-za'tion (-al-T-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), n. 1. Act 
or process of generalizing. 2. A general inference. 

gen'er-al-ize (jen'er-dl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
Tng). 1. To make general ; reduce to general laws. 2. To 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



GENERALIZER 



418 



GENTIANACEOUS 



derive (a general conception or principle) from particulars. 
3. To derive a general conception or principle from. — 
v. i. To form generalizations. — gen'er-al-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

gen'er-al-ly (-1), adv. In a general manner; as : a As a 
whole. Obs. b Universally. C Commonly ; extensively, 
though not universally, d In a general way ; on the whole. 

gsn'er-al-Ship' (-ship'), n. 1. Office of, or exercise of the 
functions of, a general. 2. Military skill in a general offi- 
cer. 3. Fig., leadership; management. 

gen'er-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. gene- 
ratus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See genus.] 
1. To beget ; produce (offspring). 2. To originate, esp. by 
a vital or chemical process ; produce. 3. Math. To trace 
out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a 
magnitude of inferior order. 

gSll'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process of producing 
offspring ; reproduction. 2. Descent ; genealogy. Obs. or 
R. 3. Originating by some mathematical, chemical, or 
other process; production; formation; specif., Geom., the 
formation of any geometrical figure, as a line, surface, or 
solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical 
law, of some other figure ; as, the generation of a line by 
a point. 4. Progeny ; offspring ; descendants. Obs. or R. 
5. A step, stage, or remove in natural descent ; hence, the 
body of men, animals, or plants of the same remove from an 
ancestor, or living at one period ; also, the average lifetime 
of man. 6. Race ; family. Obs. or R. 

gen'er-a-tive (jen'er-a-tiv), a. Having the power or func- 
tion of generating, or propagating ; pert, to generation. 

gsn'er-a'tor (-a/ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, gen- 
erates. 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed. 

3. Electricity. Any machine by which mechanical energy 
is changed into electrical energy ; a dynamo, esp. a large one. 

gen'er-a'trix (-a'triks), n.; L. pi. -atrices (-a-trl'sez). 
[L.] 1. A female that generates. Obs. 2. Geom. That 
which generates, as a point, line, or surface which, by its 
motion, generates a line, surface, or solid. 

ge-ner'ic (je-ner'ik), a. [L. genus, generis, race, kind.] 
1. Biol. Pert, to, or having the rank of, a genus. 2. Pert, 
to things of the same kind or class ; characteristic of, or 
dealing with, groups rather than individuals ; — opp. to 
specific. — ge-ner'i-cal (-T-kal), a. — cal-ly, adv. 

gen'er-OS'i-ty (jen'er-os'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being generous ; also, an act or instance of mag- 
nanimity or munificence. 

gen'er-OUS (jen'er-ws), a. [F. genereux, fr. L. generosus of 
noble birth, magnanimous, genus birth, race.] 1. Of hon- 
orable birth or origin. Archaic. 2. Exhibiting qualities 
natural or appropriate to high birth ; noble ; magnanimous ; 
courageous. 3. Liberal ; munificent ; as, a generous giver. 

4. Characterized by generosity ; abundant ; ample ; fertile ; 
as, a generous table ; generous fields. 5. Full of spirit or 
strength ; stimulating ; rich ; as, generous wine. — Syn. 
See liberal. — gen'er-ous-ly, adv. — gen'er-ous-ness, n. 

gen'e-SiS (-e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. ykvecris, fr.' root of yiyveadai 
to be born.] 1. [cap.] The first book of the Pentateuch, 
narrating the creation of the world. 2. Origination or 
coming into being ; mode of originating, esp. by growth. 3. 
Geom. = generation, 3. 

-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis). [See genesis, n.] A suffix used to 
signify genesis, generation, development, evolution. 

gen'et. Var. of jennet, horse. 

gen'et (jen'et ; je-net'), ge-nette' (je-neV). n. [F. genette, 
fr. Sp., fr. Ar. jarneit.] Any of a genus (Genetta) of small 
Old World carnivores, allied to the civets, but without a 
scent pouch and with perfectly retractile claws. 

ge-neth/li-ac (je-neth'Ii-ak), a. [L. genethliacus, Gr. ye- 
vedXiaKos, fr. yevkSXios of one's birth.] Pert, to nativities ; 
showing position and influence of stars at one's birth. — n. 
One skilled in genethlialogy. 

ge-net'ic (je-net'Tk), a. Pertaining to the genesis of any- 
thing, or its natural development. — ge-net'i-cal, a. 

-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik). A suffix signifying pertaining to 
generation or genesis. [with heredity and variation. | 

ge-net'ics (-iks),n. (See -ics.) Branch of biology dealing | 

ge-ne'va (je-ne'vd), n. [F. genievre, fr. OF., fr. L. juni- 
perus juniper tree.] Holland gin. 

Geneva cross. A red Greek cross on a white ground ; — 
more commonly called red cross. 

Geneva gown. The large-sleeved, black gown adopted as a 
vestment by the Calvinistic clergy of Geneva, and widely 
used by Protestants. 

Ge-ne'van (-van), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Geneva^ in 
Switzerland; Genevese. 2. Of or pert, to ecclesiastical 
authorities in control in Geneva about the time of Calvin 
and after ; Calvinistic. — n. 1. A native or inhabitant of 
Geneva. 2. A supporter of Genevan doctrines. 

Gen'e-vese' (jeVe-vez' ; -veV), a. Of or pert, to Geneva. 
— n. sing. & pi. One of the people, or the people, of Geneva. 

ge'ni-al (je'm-dl; jen'ydl), a. [L. genialis. See genius.] 
1. Nuptial ; generative. 2. Favorable to growth or com- 



fort ; hence : sympathetically cheerful and cheering; kindly. 

3. Belonging to one's genius; natural. Obs. 

ge-ni'al (je-nl'al), a. [From Gr. ykveiov chin.] Anat. & 
Zo'ol. Of or pertaining to the chin ; mental. 

ge'ni-al'i-ty (je'ni-al'i-ti ; jen-yal'-), n. Quality of being 
genial ; sympathetic cheerfulness ; warmth. 

ge'ni-al-ly, adv. In a genial manner. 

-gen'ic (-jen'ik)^ [-gen + -icJ) A suffix denoting pertain- 
ing to generation or genesis; as, pathogrenic; generat- 
ing, producing, yielding ; generated, produced. 

ge-ilic^U-late (je-nTk'u-lat), a. [L. geniculatus, fr. geni- 
culum little knee, knot or joint, dim. of genu knee.] Bent 
abruptly at an angle, like the bent knee. 

ge-nic'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [L. geniculatio a kneeling.] 
1. State of being bent abruptly at an angle. 2. A genicu- 
late part, process, or formation. 

ge'nie (je'nT), n. [F. genie.'] A genius, or jinni. = genius, 2. 

ge'ni-i (je'ni-I), n., L. pi. of genius. 

gen'i-pap (jen'i-pap), n. The acidulous fruit of a West 
Indian rubiaceous tree (Genipa americana), about the 
sizeof an orange ; also, the tree. 

gen'i-tal (jen'i-tal), a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, 
to beget.] Pertaining to generation or to the sexual organs. 

gen'i-tals (-tdlz), n. pi. The sexual organs, esp. external. 

gen'i-ti'val (-tl'vol), a. Possessing genitive form; pert, to 
the genitive case. 

gen'i-tive (-tiv), a. [L. genitivus.~\ Gram. Designating 
the case, as the second of Latin and Greek nouns, expiess- 
ing primarily the relation of source or possession, in which 
use it corresponds to the English possessive. 

— n. The genitive case ; also, a word in that case. 

gen'i-tor (jen'i-tor), n. One who begets ; a parent. Rare. 

gen'i-to-u'ri-na-ry (jen'i-to-u'ri-na-rf), a. Anat. Per- 
taining to the genital and urinary organs or functions. 

gen'ius (jen'yus or, esp. in 1 & 2, je'ni-us), n. ; pi., senses 
1-2, L. genii (je'ni-I), senses 3-7, E. geniuses (-ez). [L. 
genius tutelar deity, taste, talent, genius, genere, gignere, 
to beget.] 1. [Often cap.] Rom. Relig. An attendant 
spirit ; tutelar deity. 2. Hence : a [Often cap.] A spirit 
presiding over the destiny of a person or place, b A na- 
ture spirit or an elemental spirit, as of fire or air ; specif., a 
jinni. 3. The mental endowment peculiar to an individ- 
ual ; natural disposition or bent ; as, a genius for painting. 

4. Peculiar character ; animating spirit, as of a nation or a 
language. 5. The associations, traditions, and influences 
(of a place). 6. Uncommon native intellectual power, esp. 
in invention or origination. 7. One endowed with genius. 
Syn. Genius, talent are variously, but sharply, distin- 
guished ; as exalted, often supreme native endowment, in 
contrast with a high degree of mere aptitude ; as original 
creative power, frequently working through the imagina- 
tion, in contradistinction to a faculty for effective dealing 
with existent material ; as the intuitive and spontaneous, 
in opposition to the merely disciplined and trained ; as the 
inexplicable, unanalyzable, and as it were inspired, over 
against what worka by rule and line. See gift. 

Gen'o-ese' (jen'o-ez'; -es'), a. Of or pert, to Genoa. — n. 

sing. & pi. One of the people, or the people, of Genoa. 
-ge-nous (-je-nus\ [-gen -j- -ous.] A suffix signifying : a 

Producing, yielding, b Generated, produced, yielded. 
Gen'o-vese' (jen'o-vez' ; »veV). Var. of Genoese. 
|| gen're (zh'aN'r'), n. [F.] 1. A kind ; sort ; species ; cate- 
gory. 2. Fine Arts. A style or subject matter, esp. of 

painting, dealing realistically with scenes from everyday life. 
gens (jenz), n.; pi. gentes (jen'tez). [L. See gentle, a.] 

1. Rom. Hist. A clan embracing the families of the same 

stock in the male line. 2. = clan, 2. 
gent (jent), a. [OF.] 1. Of gentle birth; noble; gentle. 

Obs. 2. Graceful ; pretty ; — of women and children. Obs. 
gent, n. Short form of gentleman. Now Vulgar, exc. as 

used humorously or derisively. 
gen-teel' (jen-teF), a. [F. gentil. See gentle.] 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities becoming to high birth and breeding; 

polite ; well-bred. 2. Graceful ; elegant. 3. Suited to the 

position of a lady or a gentle- 
man ; stylish ; fashionable. — 

Syn. See polite. — gen- 

teel'ly, adv. — gen-teel'- 

ness, n. 

tW Genteel is now used by 

careful writers humorously or 

sarcastically only. 
gen'tian (jen'shan), n. [F. gentiane, 

L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an Illyrian 

king.] 1. Any of a genus {Gentiana) 

of plants prized for their handsome 

flowers, usually blue. 2. The bitter 

root of a species of gentian (G. lutea), 

used as a tonic and stomachic. 
gen'ti-a-na'ceous (-shi-d-na'shiis), a. 

afamily ( Gentianacese ) of opposite-leaved and mostly 

bitter herbs, with regular, often showy, flowers. 




Gentian. < 

Bot. Belonging to 



aid, btnaie, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, tkn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out. oil; ch"''-: go; «Hng, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GENTIANELLA 



419 



GEOMORPHIC 



gen'tian-el'la (jen'shan-el'd), n. [NL., dim. of gentian.'] 1. 
A kind 'of blue color. 2. (pron. jen'shl-d-nel'd) Any of 
several species belonging to a subgenus (Gentianella) of 
gentians, esp. an alpine species (G. acaulis) having large 
blue flowers. 

gen'tile (jen'tll), n. [L. gentilis of the same race.] 1. 
Among Jews, one not Jewish in nationality or faith ; among 
Christians, one neither a Jew nor a Christian ; a heathen ; 

— in Biblical usage, generally capitalized. 2. Among the 
Mormons, a person not a Mormon. 

— a. 1. [Often cap.~] Belonging to the nations at large, as 
distinguished from the Jews. 2. Heathen ; pagan. 3. Be- 
longing or pertaining to those not Mormons. 4. Pert, to a 
nation, tribe, or clan ; esp., pert, to the Roman gens. 5. 
Gram. Denoting a race or country ; as, a gentile noun. 

gen'ti-lesse' (jen'ti-les'), n. [OF. gentilesce, gentelise. 
See gentle, a.] Gentleness ; courtesy ; kindness ; nobility ; 
elegance. Archaic. 

gen'til-ism (jen'tll-iz'm ; -til-iz'm), n. Heathenism; pa- 
ganism ; — chiefly used as opposed to Judaism. 

gen-til'i-ty (jen-til'i-tT), n. 1. Gentle birth. 2. A quality 
or the qualities appropriate to those well born, as self- 
respect, dignity, courage, courtesy, etc. ; the status or rank 
of a person well born. 3. The gentry. Rare. 

gen'tle (jen't'l), a.; -tler (-tier) ; -tlest (-tlest). [F. gen- 
til noble, pretty, graceful, L. gentilis of the same clan, 
gens, gentis, tribe, race.] 1. Well-born ; of good, though 
not noble, family. 2. Of animals, being of fine breed. 06s., 
exc. of falcons, etc. 3. Of or appropriate to good birth or 
position ; as, a gentle occupation ; hence, chivalrous. 4. Re- 
fined ; mild ; amiable ; — often used, esp. formerly, as an 
appellative ; as gentle reader. 5. Tamed ; docile ; also, 
Rare, of fruit, etc. cultivated. 6. Soft ; easy ; soothing ; as, 
a gentle touch. 7. Moderate ; as, a gentle slope. 
Syn. Mild, kind, tender, meek, peaceful, bland, soothing, 
clement. — Gentle, mild, meek. Gentle has more positive 
connotations (esp. quietness, kindness, tenderness, refine- 
ment) than mild, which often suggests little more than the 
negation of harshness or violence ; one is meek who is patient 
under provocation, or who has become mild through disci- 
pline or suffering ; meek is now often mildly contemptuous ; 
as, gentle care ; mild rebuke ; meek submission. See polite. 
the gentle craft, a The art or trade of shoemaking. b 
Angling, as a sport. — the g. passion, love. — the g. sex, 
the female sex ; womankind. 

— n. 1. One well born ; gentleman. Archaic. 2. A maggot. 

— v. t. 1. To ennoble. Obs. 2. To make gentle, smooth, or 
easy. 3. To make tame and docile, as a horse. 

gen'tle-folk' (-fokO, gen'tle-folks 7 (-foks'), n. pi. Persons 
of gentle, or good, family and breeding. 

gen'tle-man (-man), n. 1. A man well born ; one of good 
family ; sometimes, any one above a yeoman. Now R. or 
Hist. 2. A man of gentle or refined manners ; a well-bred 
man of fine feelings. Cf. lady. 3. A man, irrespective of 
condition ; — used esp. in pi., in address. 4. A servant ; 
esp., a valet of a man of rank ; — used esp. in gentleman's 
gentleman. 

gentleman-at-arms, one of a band of forty gentlemen 
who attend the sovereign on state occasions. Eng. 

gentleman commoner. One of a privileged class of com- 
moners paying higher fees at the universities of Oxford 
and Cambridge, England, now practically abolished. 

gen'tle-man-llke'l a. Pertaining to or becoming a gentle- 

gen'tle-man-ly J man ; courteous ; polite. 

gen'tle-ness, n. Quality or state of being gentle; esp., 
softness of manners, disposition, etc. ; mildness. 

gen'tle-wom'an (-wdbm'an), n. A woman of good family or 
breeding ; also, Hist., a woman who attends a lady of rank. 

gen'tly (jen'tli), adv. In a gentle manner. 

Gen-too' (jen-toc/), n.; pi. -toos (-tooz'). [Pg. gentio gen- 
tile, heathen. See gentile.] A Hindu; specif., a Telugu. 

gen'trice (jen'tris), n. [OF. genterise.~] Archaic. 1. Gen- 
tility of birth ; rank. 2. Gentle feeling ; good breeding.^ 

gen'try (-tri), n. [ME. genterie, gentrie, noble birth, nobil- 
ity.] 1. Rank by birth ; esp., gentle birth. Obs. 2. People 
of education and breeding; specif., in England, those be- 
tween the yeomanry and the nobility. 3. Courtesy ; gen- 
erosity ; good breeding. Obs. 4. People ; persons of a class ; 

— usually contemptuous or humorous. 

gen'u-flect' (jen'u-flekt' ; jen'u-fiekt), v.i. [See genuflec- 
tion.] To bend the knee, as in worship. 

gen'u-flec'tion, gen'u-flex'ion (jen'u-flek'shiin), n. [F. 
genuflexion or LL. genuflexio, fr. L. genu knee+flexio 
a bending.] Act of bending the knee, esp. in worship. 

gen'U-ine (jen'u-m), a. [L. genuinus, fr. genere to beget.] 
1. Actually from the reputed source or author ; authentic ; 
not counterfeit, false, or adulterated ; real. 2. Of or per- 
taining to the original stock. 3. Sincere ; frank. — gen'u- 
ine-ly, adv. — gen'u-ine-ness, n. 

gefnus (je'nus), n. ; pi. genera (jen'er-d). [L., birth, race, 
kind, sort.] 1. Logic. A class of objects divided into sub- 
ordinate species. 2. Biol. A category of classification be- 
tween family and species ; a group of structurally or phylo- 



genetically related species, or an isolated species exhibiting 
unusual differentiation. The genus name is the first word 
of a binomial scientific name and is capitalized. 3. A 
class ; order ; kind ; sort. 

-geny. [Gr. -ykveia, fr. root of ylyveaOai to be born.] A suf- 
fix denoting generation, production, development. 

ge'O- (je'S-). [Gr. yeu-, fr. yala, yij, the earth.] Combin- 
ing forms signifying earth, ground, soil. 

ge'o-cen'tric (-sen'trik), a. \_geo- + Gr. Ktvrpov center.] 
Pertaining to, or measured from, the earth's center ; hav- 
ing, or pertaining to, the earth as a center. 

ge'o-cen'tri-cism (-sen'tri-siz'm), n. Theory or belief that 
the earth is the center, or central object, of the universe, 
of divine plans, or the like. 

ge'o-chem'is-try (je'6-kem'is-tri), n. The study of the 
chemical composition of, and of actual or possible chemi- 
cal changes in, the crust of the earth. — ge'o-chem'i-cal, a. 

ge'ode (je'od), n. [F. geode, fr. L., fr. Gr. yeuSris earthlike ; 
yala, yrj, earth + tlSos form.] Geol. A nodule of stone 
having a cavity lined with crystals or mineral matter. 

ge'o-des'ic (je'6-des'ik)l a. Math. Of or pert, to geodesy; 

ge'o-des'i-cal (-T-kdT) / geodetic. [detic surveyor. 

ge-od'e-sist (je-od'e-sist), n. One versed in geodesy ; a geo-| 

ge-od'e-sy (je-od'e"-sT),7i. [Gr. yewdaicrla; yala, yij, earth 
-f SaUiv to divide.] Mathematics dealing with the deter- 
mination of the location or shape of large portions of the 
earth's surface, the shape of the earth, etc. ; also, survey- 
ing that takes account of the curvature of the earth. 

g3'o-det'ic (je'o-det'ikH a. Of, pertaining to, or deter- 

ge'o-det'i-cal (-i-kal) J mined by, geodesy ; engaged in 
geodesy ; geodesic ; as, geodetic surveying. 

ge'og-nost (je'og-nost), n. One versed in geognosy. 

ge'og-nos'tic (-nos'tik) \a. Of or pertaining to geognosy. 

gs'og-nos'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / — ge'og-nos'ti-cal-ly, adv. 



j'og-nos'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / — ge'og-nos'ti-cal-ly, a 
i-Og'no-sy (je-og'no-sT), n. [geo- + Gr. yvebens I 



knowl- 



edge, ytyvucrKtiv to know.] That part of geology treating 
of the materials of the earth and its constitution. 

ge-og'o-ny (-6-ni), n. The science, or a theory, of the forma- 
tion of the earth. 

gS-Og'ra-pher (je-og'rd-fer), n. One versed in geography. 

ge'o-grapb/ic (je'6-graf'ltk) \a. Of or pert, to geography. 

gs'o-graph'i-cal (-I-kdl) J — ge'o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

g8-0g r ra-phy (je-og , rd-fi),n.;pZ.-PHiES (-fiz). [F. geogra- 
phie, L. geographia, fr. Gr. yewy pa<j>la ; yala, 777, earth -f- 
ypa<S>r\ description.] _ 1. The science of the earth and its 
life; esp., the description of the earth, or a portion there- 
of, its climate and its products, its inhabitants, including 
man and his industries, etc. 2. A treatise on this science ; 
also, a geographic description. 

ge'oid (je'oid), n. The figure of the earth; the mean sea 
level_ conceived as extended continuously through all the 
continents. _ The figure of the geoid approximates closely 
to a spheroid of revolution. 

ge'o-log'ic (je'o-loj'ik) \ a. Of or pert, to geology ; as, a geo- 

ge'o-log'i-cal Gl-kdl) / logic epoch. — log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ge-ol'o-gist (je-ol'o-jist), n. One versed in geology. 

ge-ol'o-gize (je-ol'6-jiz), v. i.; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing. To 
study geology or make geological investigations. 

ge-ol'O-gy (-31), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). 1. The science which 
treats of the history of the earth and its life, esp. as re- 
corded in the rocks. 2. A treatise on this science. 

ge'o-man'cer (je'o-man'ser), n. One who practices, or is 
versed in, geomancy. 

ge'0-man'cy (je'o-man'si), n. [F. geomancie, LL. geo- 
mantia, fr. Gr. 7tua, yrj, earth + uavrela divination.] Di- 
vination by means of figures or lines. — ge'o-man'tic 
(-man'tik), a. 

ge-om'e-ter (je-om'e-ter), n. [L. geometres, geometra, fr. 
Gr. ytutierpris ; yala, yrj, earth + fierpov measure.] A 
geometrician. 

ge'o-met'ric (je'o-met/nk) la. Of or pertaining to geome- 

ge'o-met'ri-caK-met'rf-kal)/ try ; determined by geometry. 
geometrical curve. = algebraic curve. 

ge-om'e-tri'cian (je-om'e-trlsh'dn), 11. One skilled in 
geometry ; geometer. 

ge-om'e-trid (je-om'e-tnd), n. [L. geometra geometer.] 
Any of a large and widely distributed family (Geometridse) 
of moths. The larvae progress by a looping movement, and 
hence are called measuring worms, etc. Many are injurious 
to trees and cultivated plants. 

ge-om'e-trize (-trlz), v. i. To investigate or make geomet- 
rical constructions ; work by geometrical principles or laws. 

ge-om'e-try (-tri), n. ; pi. -tries (-triz). [F. geomctrie,~L. 
geometria, fr. Gr. yewuerpla, fr. yeoinerpelv to measure 
land ; 701a yij, earth + utrpelv to measure.] _ 1. Mathe- 
matics thatinvestigates the relations and properties of solids, 
surfaces, lines, and angles ; the theory of space and of figures 
in space. 2. A treatise on this science. 

ge'o-mor'phic (je'o-mor'fik), a. Of or pertaining to the 
figure of the earth or the form of its surface ; resembling the 
earth ; as. geomorphic contour. 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (5G); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. -1- combined with. = equals. 



M 



GEOPHAGISM 



420 



GEST 



ge-oph'a-gy (je-5f'd-jT), n. Also ge-opb/a-gism (-jTz'm). 

\_geo- + Gr. <j>ayelv to eat.] The practice of eating earthy 
substances, esp. clay. The practice is found among peoples 
of low culture throughout the world. 

ge'o-phys'ics (je'o-fiz'iks), n. (See -ics.) Geol. The phys- 
ics of the earth, or the science treating of the agencies which 
modify the earth. — ge'o-phys'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — ge'O- 
phys'i-cist (-I-sist), n. 

ge'Q-pon'ic (-pon'ik), a. [Gr. yeonrovLicos ; yala, yr), earth + 
ttovikos toilsome, fr. vovos labor.] Pertaining to tillage or 
agriculture; agricultural; also, rustic. [culture. I 

ge'O-pon'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The art or science of agri-| 

ge'o-ra'ma (-ra'md), n. \_geo- -f- Gr. opa/xa sight, view, 
bpav to see, view.] A hollow globe on the inner surface of 
which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by 
one standing inside. 

George (jorj), n. 1. A jewel showing a mounted figure of 
St. George (the patron saint of England) and forming part 
of the insignia of the Order of the Garter. 2. Obs. Slang. 
An English coin bearing St. George's image ; as : a A half 
crown, b A guinea ; — called also yellow George. 

Geor'gi-an (jor'jl-dn), a. 1. Of or relating to the reigns 
of the four Georges, kings of Great Britain 0714-1S30). 
2r Of or pert, to Georgia, one of the United States. — to. 
A native or inhabitant of the State of Georgia. 

Geor'gi-an, a. Of or pert, to Georgia, in Transcaucasia, or 
the Georgians. — n. One of a race of mountaice*^ of the 
Caucasus, noted for their beauty. They speak an aggluti- 
native language not known to be related to any other. 

geor'gic (jor'jlk), a. [L. georgicus, Gr. yewpyiicos, fr. 
yewpyla tillage.] Agricultural. — n. A poem on husbandry. 

ge'o-Stat'ic (je'o-stat'ik), a. Civil Engin. Relating to the 
pressure exerted by earth, etc. 

ge'o-stat'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) Physics. That part of 
the mechanics of rigid bodies which deals with balanced 
forces ; statics as applied to rigid bodies. 

ge'o-syn'cline (-sin'klln), ge'o-syn-cli'nal (-sTn-kll'nSl), 
n. Geol. A great downward flexure of the earth's crust ; — 
opp. to geanticline. — ge'o-syn-cli'nal, a. 

ge'O-tec-ton'ic (-tek-ton'Ik), a. Pert, to the form, arrange- 
ment, and structure of the rock masses composing the 
earth's crust. 

ge'o-trop'ic (je'o-trop'ik), a. Pert, to, characterized by, or 
of the nature of, geotropism. — ge'o-trop'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ge-Ot'ro-pism (je-ot'ro-piz'm), n. Biol. In a broad sense, 
the influence of gravity in determining the direction of 
growth of apart, or the movements, of an organism ; specif., 
Plant Physiol., tendency of growing organs to assume a 
definite position in response to this stimulus. When not 
qualified (as negative geotropism), the word refers to 
organs growing toward the earth, as roots. 

ge'rah (ge'rd), n. [Heb. gerah, lit., a bean.] Jewish Antiq. 
A small coin and weight ; l-20th of a shekel. 

Ge-raint' (ge-ranf), n. See Enid. 

ge-ra'ni-a'ceous (je-ra'm-a'shusXa. Belonging to a family 
(Geraniacese) of herbs, including the geraniums. 

ge-ra'ni-um (je-ra'nl-um), n. [L., fr. Gr. yepbviov, fr. 
yepavos crane.] 1, Any of a genus 
(Geranium) of plants typifying a 
family (Geraniacese) and having, 
usually, pink or purple flowers and 
leaves with a pungent odor. 2. Any 
of numerous garden plants or flowers 
of an allied genus (Pelargonium), 
nearly all of which have peltate 
leaves. 

ger'bil Hjur'bTl), n. [F. ger- 

ger'billej bille.'] Any of numer- 
ous small jerboalike rodents 
of Asia, Africa, and southern 
Russia, forming a subfamily 
(Gerbillinse) of the mouse 
family. 

ge'rent (je'rent), n. [L. gerens 
bearing, managing.] Ruler; 
manager ; one holding an office 
of power. 




ger'f al'con (jur'fo'k'n ; jur'- 



Geranium, 1, or Wild 
Crane's-bill. 



folVn). Var. of gyrfalcon. 

germ (jurm), n. [F. germe, fr. L. germen, -minis, sprout, 
germ.] 1. An embryo in its early stages ; a sprout ; bud ; 
seed. 2. Biol. The germ cells collectively. 3. Popularly, 
any microorganism, esp. any of the pathogenic bacteria; 
a microbe. 4. That from which anything springs ; begin- 
ning ; rudiment. 

Ger'man (jur'mdn), n.; pi. -mans. [L. Germanus; prob. 
of Celtic origin.] 1. A native or one of the people of Ger- 
many. 2. a The Teutonic language of the Germans, includ- 
ing High and Low German, b The literary and official 
language of Germany ; High German. 3. [.I. c] a A kind of 
intricate dance ; cotillion, b A party at which it is danced. 

— a. Of or pert, to Germany or the Germans. 



German measles, Med., rubella. — G. silver, a silver- 
white alloy, essentially copper, zinc, and nickel. — G. text, 
the modern German type ; also, a type resembling it. See 
type. — G. tinder. See amadou. 

ger'man, a. [F. germain, fr. L. germanus own (brother 
or sister).] Lit., near of kin ; as : a Of the same parentage ; 
own (brother or sister) ; — in brother-german and sister- 
german. b Own, or first ; — now only in cousin-german. 

ger-man'der (jer-man'der), n. [From L. chamaedrys, fr. 
Gr. xo-fiaidpvs; xaM at ' on the ground + Spds tree.] Any of 
a large genus (Teucrium) of plants of the mint family. 

ger-mane' (jer-man' ; jur'man), a. 1. = German, near akin. 
2. Closely allied ; appropriate ; relevant. 

Ger-man'ic (jer-man'ik), a. 1. German. 2. Teutonic. 

Ger'man-ism (jur'man-Iz'm), n. 1. An idiom of the Ger- 
man language. 2. A characteristic of the Germans. 

ger-ma'ni-um (jer-ma'nT-um), n. [NL., fr. L. Germania 
Germany.] Chem. A grayish white rare metallic element. 
Symbol, Ge ; atomic weight, 72.5. It resembles carbon and 
silicon in some respects and tin in others. 

Ger'man-ize (jur'mdn-iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing. 
To make German, or like what is peculiarly German. [_cell.\ 

germ cell. Biol. An egg or sperm cell ; — opp. to somatic\ 

ger'rnen (jur'men), n. [L.] A germ. Obs. or Fig. 

ger'mi-cid'al (jur'mi-sTd'dl), a. Destructive to germs. 

ger'mi-cide (jur'mT-sid), n. Any substance or agent that 
destroys germs or microorganisms. 

ger'mi-nal (-ndT), a. Pert, to a germ ; incipient ; esp., Biol., 
pert, to a germ cell or an early stage of an embryo. 
germinal disk. Embryol. a A disklike area of the blasto- 
derm of eggs of amniotic vertebrates, in which the embryo 
proper first appears, b In meroblastic eggs with much yolk, 
the disklike protoplasmic part, which undergoes segmenta- 
tion. — g. vesicle, a Embryol. The nucleus of the egg be- 
fore the formation of the polar bodies, b Bot. = oosphere. 

I! Ger'mi'naF (zhar'me'naK), n. [F.] See Revolutionary 
calendar. 

ger'mi-nant (jur'mT-nant), a. Germinating; sprouting. 

ger'mi-nate (-nat), v. i. & t.; -nat'ed (-naVed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. germinatus, p. p. of germinare, fr. germen germ.] To 
begin to grow or develop ; said esp. of a spore or seed and, 
by extension, of a bud or plant ; to sprout. 

ger'mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Process of germinating; be- 
ginning of vegetation or growth. 

ger'mi-na-tive (jur'mi-na-tiv), a. Pertaining to germina- 
tion ; having power to grow or develop. 

germ plasm, or germ plasma. Biol. The substance 
contained in the germ cells, by which hereditary charac- 
ters are transmitted ; idioplasm (which see) . 

germ theory, a Biol. The theory that living organisms 
can be produced only by the development of living germs. 
Cf. biogenesis, abiogenesis. b Med. The established 
theory which attributes contagious and infectious diseases, 
suppuration, etc., to the agency of microparasites. 

-gerous. [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry.] A suffix signi- 
fying bearing, producing ; as, crystalli^erows. 

ger'ry-man'der (ger''i-man'der), v. t. \Gerry + salaman- 
der; fr. Governor Gerry, 
whose party, in 1812, di- 
vided Essex Co., Mass., so 
as to form a dragon-shaped 
district.] To divide (a 
State, county, etc.) into 
civil divisions in an un- 
natural and unfair way. 
Polit. Cant, U. S. 

— (ger'T-man'der), n. Act, 
method, or result of gerry- 
mandering. 

ger'und (jer'wnd), n. [L. 
gerundium, fr. gerere to 
bear, carry.] Gram. A 
kind of verbal noun in 
Latin, expressing the uncompleted action of the verb ; as 
in : ars vivendi, the art of living. Hence, any of certain 
analogous forms in other languages, as the modern English 
verbal noun in -ing in certain uses ; as in : he is famous for 
scaling mountains. — ge-run'di-al (je-run'di-al), a. 

ge-run'&ive (-div), a. [L. gerundivus."] Gram. Pertain- 
ing to, or partaking of, the nature of the gerund ; gerun- 
dial. — n. Orig., the Latin future passive participle, a 
verbal adjective having the same suffix as 1jie gerund, and 
expressing necessity, fitness, etc. ; as in : studium agri 
colendi, the occupation of land tilling. Applied also to 
analogous verbal adjectives in other languages. 

Ge'ry-on (je'ri-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. r^puwv.] Gr. Myth. A 
winged monster having three bodies, slain by Hercules, 
one of whose "labors" was to carry off Geryon's cattle. 

|| ges'so (jes'o), n. [It., chalk, plaster.] Plaster of Paris, 
or gypsum, esp. as prepared for use in painting, in making 
bas-reliefs, etc. 

gest (jest), n. A stage in traveling; a rest in a journey; 
— usually in pi. Obs. 




Gerrymander. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GEST 



421 



GIBBOSITY 



gest, geste (jest), n. [OF. geste. See jest.] 1. A deed; 
adventure ; exploit. 2. A tale or romance, esp. in meter. 

gest, geste, n. [F. geste, L. gestus, fr. gerere to bear, 
carry, conduct (one's self).] Gesture; bearing; deport- 
ment. Archaic. 

ges'tate (jes'tat), v. t. ; ges'tat-ed (-tat-ed) ; -tat-ing (-fat- 
ing). [See gestation.] To carry in the womb during 
pregnancy ; to carry in the womb during development. 

ges-ta'tioh (jes-ta'shim), n. [L. gestatio a bearing, fr. ges- 
tare to bear, carry, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear.] Act or 
period of carrying young in the womb ; pregnancy. 

ges'tic (jes'tik), a. [See gest gesture.] Relating to bodily 
motion, esp. dancing ; as, the gestec art. 

ges-tic'u-late (jes-tik'u-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed ; -lat'ecg. [L. 
gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticu- 
lus gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture.] To gesture, esp. 
when speaking. — ges-tic'u-la-tive, a. la tor, n. 

ges-tic'U-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 1. A gesticulating. 2. A 
gesture, esp. an undignified one. — Syn. See gesture. 

ges-tic'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-ri), a. Representing by, or be- 
longing to, gestures. 

ges'tion (jes'chun), n. [L. gestio a managing, fr. gerere to 
bear, manage.] Management ; conduct. Archaic. 

ges'ture (jes'tur), n. [LL. gestura mode of action, L. 
gerere, gestum, to bear, act.] 1. Carriage ; posture. Obs. 
2. A bodily motion or posture intended to express or 
emphasize something. 3. Use of bodily movements as a 
mode of expression. 

Syn. Gesture, gesticulation. Gesture applies to any 
expressive bodily movement ; gesticulation commonly 
suggests (esp.) rapid, unrestrained, or undignified gestures ; 
as, the gestures of an orator ; the gesticulations of a madman. 

— v. i.; ges'tured (-turd) ; -tur-lng (-tur-mg). To make 
gestures ; gesticulate. — ges'tur-er, n. 

get (get), v. t.; pret. got (got), Archaic gat (gat) ; p. p. 
GOT, or, esp. in U. S., got'ten (got''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
get'ting. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. To come by ; come to 
have or realize ; hence, to obtain, ascertain, learn, gain, 
win, etc. 2. In idiomatic uses : a To capture, b To receive 
a sentence of; as, to get three months. Colloq. c To 
corner ; pose. Colloq. 3. To be obliged (to) ; as, he has 
got to do it ; — used with to. Colloq. 4. To procure or 
cause to be (in some position or condition) ; as, to get one's 
feet wet. 5. To induce ; persuade. 6. To betake ; remove ; 
— in a reflexive use. 7. To beget ; procreate ; — now usually 
of animals. — Syn. Acquire ; procure ; secure. 
to get up, to prepare ; arrange. 

— v. i. To arrive at, or bring one's self into, a state, condi- 
tion, or position ; to come to be ; become ; — with a modify- 
ing word or phrase, often one indicating motion or activity 
as belonging to the subject ; as, to get home, get free, get to 
sleep, to get on, get out, etc. 

to gst along, to manage or fare successfully ; as, he got along 
with little money. — to get off, to evade consequences ; as, 
he got off easily. — to get on. a To prosper ; fare ; get 
along, b To keep on civil or friendly terms. — to get 
round, to circumvent ; cajole ; as, to get round a questioner. 

— n. 1. Offspring ; progeny (of an animal). 2. Begetting ; 
as, colts of Eclipse's get. 

Geth-sem'a-ne ( geth-sem'd-ne ), n. [Gr. Tedffrjuavfj, fr. 
Aramaic gath shemant(m) oil press.] The inclosure or 
garden, outside Jerusalem, which was the scene of the agony 
and arrest of Jesus. See Matt. xxvi. 36. 

get'ta-ble (get'a-b'l), a. That can be got. 

get'tet (get'er), n. One who gets. 

get'— up 7 , n. General composition or structure ; make-up ; 
style of dress, etc. ; as, an elaborate get-up. Colloq. 

gew'gaw (gti/go), n. A showy trifle ; a toy. — a. Showy ; 
pretentious, but of small worth. 

gey'ser (gl'ser ; gl'zer), n. [Icel. gey sir, name of a certain 
hot spring, geysa to rush furiously.] A spring which 
throws forth intermittent jets of heated water and steam. 

gey'ser-ite (-It), n. [From geyser.] Min. Hydrated silica, 
a variety of opal, deposited in white or grayish concretionary 
masses around some hot springs and geysers. 

ghar'ri, ghar'ry (gar'i), n. [Hfnd. gari.~]^ Any wheeled 
cart or carriage ; commonly, a boxlike vehicle. India. 

ghast (gast), a. Ghastly. Archaic or Poetic. 

ghast'ful, gast'ful (gast'fobl), a. [See ghastly, a.] Fit 
to make one aghast ; dreadful. Archaic. 

ghast'li-ness, n. Quality or state of being ghastly. 

ghastly (gast'lT), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. [ME. gast- 
lich, gastli, fearful, causing fear, gasten to terrify, AS. 
gsestan.1 1. Horrible ; shocking ; dreadful. 2. Ghostlike 
in appearance ; deathly ; pallid ; pale. 3. Terrified. Obs. 
Syn. Grisly, gruesome, wan, cadaverous, hideous, fright- 
ful, terrible. — Ghastly, grisly, gruesome. Ghastly 
suggests esp. the terrifying aspects of death or bloodshed ; 
as, ghastly pallor ; the gallows is a ghastly thing ; a ghastly 
joke. That is grisly, more commonly gruesome, which 
inspires shuddering or uncanny horror ; as, the gruesome 
details of a murder. 

— adv. In a ghastly manner ; deathly ; as, ghastly pale. 



ghat 



Hgot),n. [Hind. gha{.~] In India : a A mountain pass. 

ghaut/ b A mountain range ; — an erroneous use among 
Europeans, c A landing place, with descending stairs. 

ghaz'al (gaz'al), ghaz'el (gaz'el), n. [Ar. ghazal.J A 
kind of Oriental lyric, and usually erotic, poetry. 

gha'zi (ga'ze), n. [Ar. ghazi.~\ Among Moslems, a warrior 
champion or veteran, esp. in the destruction of infidels; a 
fanatic slayer of infidels. — gha'zism (ga'zTz'm), n. 

Ghe'berl (ge'ber ; ga'ber), n. [Per. gebr.~] One of the Zo- 

Ghe'brej roastrian fire worshipers remaining in Persia after 
the Moslem conquest. Cf. Parsi. 

ghee (ge), n. [Hind, ghl clarified butter, Skr. ghfta.~\ But- 
ter converted into a kind of oil by boiling. India, etc. 

gher'kin (gur'kTn), n. [D. agur/cje.] 1. The small 
prickly fruit of a species (Cucumis anguria) of cucumber, 
used for pickling ; also, the plant producing it. 2. The 
immature common garden cucumber, used similarly. 

ghet'to (get'o), n.; pi. It. -ti (-te), E. -tos (-oz). [It.] 
A quarter to which Jews are restricted for residence, or 
where they live in greatest numbers. 

Ghib'el-line ( glb'el-Tn ), n. [It. Ghibellino.'} Hist. A 
member of a great political faction in medieval Italy. Cf. 
Guelph, b. — a. Of or pert, to this faction. 

ghost (gost), n. [AS. gast breath, spirit, soul.] 3. A 
disembodied soul ; the soul or spirit of a deceased person 
conceived either as a denizen of the unseen world or as 
appearing to the living in bodily likeness ; hence : an appa- 
rition ; specter ; spook. 2. A spirit or demon. 3. The soul ; 
hence, the spirit of man as distinguished from the body. 
Archaic. 4. The Divine Spirit ; — now only in Holy 
Ghost. 5. Any faint, shadowy semblance; a phantom; 
glimmering ; as, not a ghost of a chance. 
Syn. Ghost, specter, phantom, apparition, shade, 
phantasm, spirit. Ghost is the general term for a dis- 
embodied spirit ; specter connotes more of the mysterious 
or terrifying ; phantom emphasizes intangibility or illu- 
sion ; as, the ghosts of the dead ; grisly specters raised by 
magic ; phantom shadows. Apparition is applicable to 
preternatural appearances of whatever sort. Shade is com- 
monly used with reference to ancient classical conceptions. 
Phantasm may denote an illusion of any sort, esp. (in recent 
technical usage) the apparition of an absent person, living 
or dead. Spirit is often synonymous with ghost or specter. 

ghost dance. A religious dance of the North American 
Indians, participated in by both sexes, and looked upon as 
a rite of invocation to bring the dancer into communion 
with the spirits of departed friends. 

ghost'like' (gost'llk 7 ), a. & adv. Like a ghost. 

ghost'ly (gost'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Relating 
to the soul ; spiritual. 2. Of or pertaining to a ghost or ap- 
parition ; like a ghost ; spectral. — ghost'li-ness, n. 

ghoul (gobl), n. [Ar. ghul.J Among Eastern nations, a de- 
mon who robs graves and feeds on corpses. — ghoul'ish, a. 

Giam-schid' (jam-shed'). Var. of Jamshid. 

gi'ant (jl'ant), n. [OF. jaiant, geant, fr. L. gigas, fr. Gr. 
71'ya?, yiyavTos.'] 1. A mythical manlike or monstrous 
being of huge stature, and of more than mortal, but less 
than godlike, power and endowment. 2. A person, or an 
animal, plant, or thing, of extraordinary size or power. 

— a. Like a giant ; immense ; gigantic. — gi'ant-ess, n.fem. 
giant fennel, a tall apiaceous garden plant {Ferula com- 
munis). — g. hyssop, any of a genus (Agastache) of 
menthaceous plants. — g. powder, a form of dynamite. 

Giant Despair. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," a gian-, 
the owner of Doubting Castle, who, finding Christian and 
Hopeful asleep on his grounds, imprisons them in a dungeon, 

gi'ant-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being a giant ; 
peculiarity, or practices, of a giant. 2. Med. Develop- 
ment to abnormal size accompanied by stigmata such as 
disproportionately large extremities or marked facial 
asymmetry, and, usually, by constitutional weaknesses. 

giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaur infidel, Per. gaur, var. of 
gebr fire worshiper.] An infidel ; — applied by Turks to 
disbelievers in Mohammedanism, esp. to Christians. 

gib (gib), n. A piece or slip as of metal to hold in place 
parts of a machine, or to afford a bearing. — v. t. ; gtbbed 
(gibd) ; gib'bing. To fasten with a gib or gibs. 

gib (gib), n. [Abbr. fr. Gilbert, the proper name.] A cat, 
esp. a male cat. Rare. 

gibbed cat (gibd). A gib, or male cat, esp. one castrated. 

gib'ber (jib'er; gib'er), v. i. & t. [Prob. imitative.] To 
speak rapidly and inarticulately ; chatter. — n. The utter- 
ance of one who gibbers. [gon.l 

gib'ber -ish (gib'er-ish), n. Rapid, inarticulate talk ; jar-| 

gibbet (jib'et ; 24), n. [F. gibet.~] A kind of gallcw= from 
which, formerly, malefactors were hung in chains after exe- 
cution. — v. t. 1. To execute by hanging. 2. a To hang 
on a gibbet, b Fig., to hold up to public scorn or ridicule. 

gib'bon (gib'Sn), n. Any of several apes (genus Hylobates) 
of southeastern Asia and the East Indies, the lowest, 
smallest, and most perfectly arboreal of the anthropoid apes. 

gib-bos'i-ty (gT-bos'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 
quality of being gibbous. 2. A protuberance ; swelling. 



s 



H 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






GIBBOUS 



422 



GINGER 



f 



gib'bous (gib'us), a. Also gib-bose' (gi-bos'). [L. gibbus 
humped, or gibbus, gibba, hump.] 1. Protuberant ; con- 
vex, as the moon when between half-moon and full. 2. 
Hunched ; humpbacked. bous-ly, adv. b0US-n9SS, n. 

gibe, jibe (jib), v. i.; gibed (jlbd) ; gib'ing (jlb'ing). To 
utter taunting, sarcastic words ; flout ; fleer ; scoff. — Syn. 
See scoff. — v. t. To reproach contemptuously ; mock. — 
n. An expression of sarcastic scorn; a sneer. 

Gib'e-on-ites (gib'e-im-Its), n. pi. Bib. Inhabitants of 
Gibeon, a town in Palestine, near Jerusalem, who asked 
for alliance with Joshua, pretending to have come a great 
distance, and were condemned to be hewers of wood and 
drawers of water because of their deceptions. 

gib'er, jib'er (jlb'er), n. One who gibes. 

gib'lets (jib'lets; 24), n. pi. [OF. gibelet game.] The edi- 
ble portions of a fowl that are removed before cooking, esp. 
the liver, gizzard, and heart ; — sometimes in sing. 

Gi-bral'tar (jl-brol'tdr), n. 1. A strongly fortified rock 
and town on the south coast of Spain, held by the British 
since 1704 ; hence, an impregnable stronghold. 2. A kind 
of candy, or a piece of it ; — called, in full, Gibraltar rock. 

gi'bus (jl'bus; F. pron. zhe'biis'), n., or gibus hat. An 
opera hat ; — so named from the original maker in Paris. 

gid (gid), n. [See giddy, a.] A disease, chiefly of sheep, 
caused by a larval form of a tapeworm {Taenia ccenurus) 
in the brain. 

gid'di-ly (gid'I-li), adv. In a giddy manner. 

gid'di-ness, n. State of being giddy. 

gid'dy (gid'I), a.; -di-er (-i-er) ; -di-est. [ME. gidi mad, 
silly, AS. gidig.~\ 1. Having a sensation of whirling in the 
head ; dizzy. 2. a Promoting or inducing giddiness ; as, a 
giddy height, b Turning with bewildering rapidity ; as, 
a giddy whirl. 3. Characterized by inconstancy ; flighty. 

— v. t. & i. To make or become giddy. 

Gid'e-on (gid'e-un), n. [Heb. Gid'on.] Bib. An Is- 
raelitish hero who defeated the Midianites. Judges vi.-viii. 

gier'— ea'gle (jer'-), n. [D. gier vulture.] A bird referred 
to in the Bible (Lev. xi. 18 and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean ; — 
probably the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). 

gift (gift), n. [ME., prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. The act, 
right, or power of giving; as, the office is not in his gift. 
2. Anything given, or transferred to another without com- 
pensation ; a present. 3. A bribe. Obs. 4. A natural en- 
dowment or ability ; special talent ; as, the gift of wit. 
Syn. Endowment, faculty, talent, ability, capacity ; apti- 
tude, bent, turn, bias, tendency. — Gift, endowment, 
faculty, aptitude, talent agree in the idea of ability, esp. 
as exercised with ease. Gift connotes a quality conferred 
by nature or fortune, and is less formal than endowment 
or (oftener) endowments; as, "though the knack of ver- 
sifying is a gift, the art is an acquirement" ; a mind of high 
endowments. Faculty implies native address or ability, 
happily or easily employed, whereas aptitude denotes a 
bent or turn, native or acquired, for some particular ac- 
tivity or pursuit ; as, the happy faculty of ignoring rebuffs ; 
an aptitude for affairs. Talent combines with the implica- 
tion of specific direction, as in aptitude, the suggestion of 
large capacity for cultivation and achievement ; as, a rare 
talent for music. See present. 

gift of gab, the gift of facile expression. Slang. — g. of 
tongues, a charism attributed to some Christians of New 
Testament times, which was apparently a kind of ecstatic 
utterance usually unintelligible to the hearers and even to 
the speakers, therefore requiring interpretation. 

— v. t. 1. To endow with a gift, esp. of power or faculty ; 
— chiefly in p. p. 2. To make a gift of. Chiefly Scot. 

gig (gig), n. 1. Anything that whirls; esp., a top. 2. 
Something odd, grotesque, or laughable ; as : a An odd 
person or idea ; an oddity, b A joke ; a whim. ; Obs. or R. 

gig, n. 1. A light two-wheeled, one-horse carriage. 2. A 
light ship's boat for oars or sail ; also, a kind of rowboat. 

— v. i. To travel in a gig ; — often used with it. 

gig, n. 1. A kind of fish spear or harpoon. 2. An arrange- 
ment of hooks to be drawn through a school of fish to hook 
them in the bodies. — v. t. & i. To fish with a gig ; to 
spear with a gig. [a giant. I 

gi'gan-tesque' (jl'gan-tesk'), a. [F.] Like or befitting| 

gi-gan'tic (jl-gan'tik), a. [1,. gigas,-antis, giant.] l.Of, 
pertaining to, or like, a giant. 2. Immense ; tremendous. 

gi-gan'tism (jl-gan'tiz'm), n. [See gigantic] Giantism. 

gi'gan-tom'a-Chy (jl'gan-tom'd-kl), n. [L. gigantoma- 
chia, fr. Gr. yiyavTo/iaxla. / ylyas, -avros, giant + naxn bat- 
tle.] A war of giants ; specif. leap.], Class. Myth., the 
war between the Olympians and the giants. 

gig'gle (gig''l), v. %.; -gled (-'Id) ; -cling (-ling). [Of imita- 
tive origin.] To laugh with short catches of the breath ; 
laugh in an affected or silly manner. — n. Act of giggling. 

gig'gler (-ler), n. One who giggles. 

gig'gly (gig'n), a. Prone to giggling. 

gig'let (gig'Jet) \ n. 1. A wanton ; lewd woman. Obs. 2. 

gig'lot (gig'lot) / A giddy, frivolous girl. 

gig'ot (jlg'ot), n. [F.] 1. A leg, as of mutton, venison, or 
veal, ready for the table. 2. A leg-of-mutton sleeve. 



Gi'la mon'ster (he'ld). [From the Gila River.] A large 
orange-and-black poisonous lizard (Heloderma suspectum'), 
of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. A closely allied form, the 
caltetepon (H. horridum), occurs in Mexico. 

gil'bert (gil'bert), n. [After Dr. William Gilbert, English 
physicist.] Elec. The C. G. S. unit of magnetomotive 
force, equiv. to 0.7958 ampere of current flowing through 
one complete turn or convolution of an electromagnet. 

gild. Var. of guild. 

gild (gild), v. t.; gild'ed or gilt (gilt); gild'ing. [AS. 
gyldan, fr. gold gold.] 1. To overlay thinly with gold; 
cover or tinge with a golden color. 2. To make attractive ; 
brighten. 3. To make outwardly fair ; embellish. 4. To 
make ruddy or smear (with blood). Obs. or Poetic. 

gild'ed (gil'ded ; 24), p. a. 1. Covered, or tinged, as with 
gold. 2. Wealthy, or of a wealthy family. Colloq. 

gil'der. Var. of guilder. 

gild'er (gil'der), n. One who gilds. 

gild'ing, n. 1. Art or practice of overlaying with gold or 
gilt, or the material used. 2. A golden surface or coating. 

Gil'e-ad-ites (gll'e-dd-Its), n. pi. Bib. A branch of the 
tribe of Manasseh ; also, the inhabitants of Gilead. 

Gil'ga-mesh, or Gil'ga-mes (-gd-mesh), n. Babylonian 
Myth. A legendary king, hero of the greatest Babylonian 
epic, the Gilgamesh Epic. 

gill (Jil), n. [OF. gille a wine measure.] A liquid meas- 
ure ; one-fourth of a pint. 

gill (jil), n. 1. A girl ; wench. 2. The ground ivy. 

gill (gil), n. [Icel. gil.] 1. A woody glen ; a narrow valley 
through which a stream flows ; a ravine. Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. 2. A stream in a ravine ; a brook. 

gill (gil), n. 1. An organ for respiration under water, as in 
fishes ; branchia. 2. In pi. The gill-shaped plates forming 
the under part of the cap in some fungi. 3. A fowl's 
wattle. 4. In pi. The flesh about the chin or jaws. 

— v. t. 1. To gut (fish). 2. To catch (fish) by the gills in a 
gill net. 

gill'— flirt' (jfl'flurt'), n. A giddy young woman. Archaic. 

gil'lie Ugil'I), n. ; pi. -lies (-Iz). [Gael, gille, giolla, boy, 

gil'ly J lad.] In the Scottish Highlands, a male attend- 
ant, formerly on a chieftain, now, esp., on a sportsman. 

gil'li-flow'er. Var. of gillyflower. 

gill net (gil) . A flat net suspended vertically in the water, 
with meshes of a size that allows the heads of fishes to 
pass but prevents their withdrawal by catching in the gills. 

gil'ly-flow / er (jil'I-flou / er), n. [OF. girofre, girofle, clove, 
Gr. Kapv64>v\\oi> clove tree ; napvov nut + 4>v\\ov leaf.] 1. 
a The clove pink. Now Rare, b The wallflower or the 
common stock (Matthiola incana). 2. A purplish red 
variety of apple, of a roundish conical shape. 

gil'son-ite (gll'siin-It), n. [After S. H. Gilson, owner of a 
large deposit.] Min. = uintahite. 

gilt (gilt), p. a. Gilded ; golden yellow. — n. Gold or gokk 
like material spread over a surface ; gilding. 

gilt 'head' (gllt'hed').. n. Any of several marine fishes, esp, 
a sparoid food fish (Sparus auratus) common in tha 
Mediterranean, and the cunner (Crenilabrus melops) oi 
the British coasts. 

gim'bals (glm'balz_; jlm'balz), n. pi. [See gtmtvial, n.] A 
contrivance consisting of a combination 
of pivoted rings for suspending any- 
thing, as a compass, so that it will re- 
main level when its support is tipped. , 

gim'crack' (jlm'krak'), n. A fanciful 
trifle ; a toy ; gewgaw. 

gim'erack'er-y (-er-I), n.; pi. -eries 
(-Iz). Showy unsubstantiality ; gim- Compass hung in 
cracks collectively. Gimbals. 

gim/let (gim'let; 24), n. [OF. guimbelet, guibelet."] A 
small boring tool with a screw point and cross handle. — 
v. t. To pierce with a gimlet. 

gim'mal (gim'dl ; jlm'dl), n. [See gemel.] A pair or series 
of interlocked rings. 

gimp (gimp), n. A narrow fabric, used for trimming, often 
having a wire or coarse cord running through it. 

gimp, n. Spirit ; vim. 

gin (gin), v. i. & t.; pret. & p. p. gan (gan), gon (gon), or 
gun (gun) ; p. pr. & vb. n. gin'ning. [ME. ginnen, for be- 
ginnen. See begin.] To begin. Obs. or Archaic. 

gin (jin), n. [Contr. from geneva.'] A strong alcoholic 
liquor made in Holland by distilling a grain (esp. rye) mash 
in pot stills with juniper berries ; — called also Hollands 
and Holland gin. Also, any of various similar liquors. 

gin (jin), n. [Contr. of engine.] 1. Artifice ; trick ; scheme. 
Obs. 2. A mechanical device, as : a A trap, b A kind of 
machine for moving heavy weights. C A cotton gin. — v. t. ; 
ginned (jind) ;_ gin'ning. 1. To trap ; snare. 2. To clear 
of seeds by a gin, as cotton. 

gin'ger (jin'jer), n. [OF. gengibre, gingimbre, fr. L. zingi- 
ber, fr. Gr. ^tyyldeois.] Any of a genus (Zinziber, esp. Z. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd: eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikm, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure . (87) ; 



GINGERBREAD 



423 



GLACIATION 




zinziber ) of tropical Asiatic and Polynesian herbs, typify- 
ing a family (Zinziberacese), and ^ 
having pungent, aromatic root- 
stocks, much used as a condi- 
ment ; also, the rootstock. 

— v. t. 1. To treat or impregnate 
with ginger. 2. To make lively, 
mettlesome, or animated. 

gin'ger-bread' (-bred'), n. [OF. 

gingebras, gingembras, gingim- 

brat, a derivative of L. zingiber. 

Oxf. E. D. See ginger.] 1. A 

kind of plain cake flavored with 

ginger. 2. Fig., something taw- 
dry and unsubstantial. 
gin'ger-ly (-IT), adv. 1. Daintily. 

06s. 2. Very cautiously ; timidly. 

— a. Cautious ; wary. Ginger. (£) 
gin'ger-snap' (-snap'), n. A thin brittle cake flavored with 

ginger. [vored with ginger; sharp ; spicy. I 

gin'ger-y (-T), a. Having the characteristics of ginger ; tla-| 

ging'ham (ging'am), to. [F. guingan.] A cotton or linen 
cloth, woven of dyed yarn, usually in stripes or checks. 

gin'gi-li (jTn'jT-li), gin'gel-ly (jm'je-li), n. [A corruption 
of Ar. j ulj ulan.] Sesame. 

gin'gi-val (jin'jT-val ; jm-jl'val), a. [L. gingiva a gum (of 
the mouth).] Of or pertaining to the gums ; alveolar. 

ging'ko (ging'ko). n. Var. of ginkgo. 

gin'gly-mus (jin'glT-miis ; gir/gli-mus), n.; pi. -mi (-ml). 
[NL., fr. Gr. yiyyXvuos a hingelike joint.] Anat. A hinge 
joint admitting of motion in one plane only, as the elbow. 

gink'go (gTrjk'go; jink'go), n. [Jap. gingko.] An orna- 
mental gymnospermous tree {Ginkgo biloba) with fan- 
shaped leaves, native to China and Japan. 

gin'seng (jTn'seng), n. [From Chin.] An araliaceous Chi- 
nese plant (Panax ginseng) or a related North American 
species (P. quinquefolium) , the aromatic root of which is 
prized in China as a drug ; also, the root, which has little 

— real medicinal value except as a demulcent. 

gip, gip'sy, gip'sy-ism, etc. Vars. of gyp, gypsy, etc. 

gi-pon' (ji-pon'), n. [See jupon.] A medieval tunic. 

gi-raffe' (ji-raf), n. [F. girafe, fr. Ar. zurdfah, zarafah.] 
1. A large ruminant mammal (Giraffa giraffa) of Africa ; 
the camelopard. It has a very long neck and is the tallest 
of quadrupeds. 2. [cap.'] Astron. = Camelopard. 

gir'an-dole (jir'an-dol), n. [F., fr It. girandola. See gy- 
rate.] A radiating and showy or ornamental composi- 
tion, as a cluster of skyrockets fired together, a fountain 
with a column of water which spreads, a candelabrum, etc. 

gir'a-SOl, gir'a-SOle (jir'd-sol ; -sol), n. [It. girasole, or 
F. girasol, fr. L. gyrare to turn around + sol sun.] Min. 
An opal of varying color, which gives out firelike reflections 
in a bright light ; — hence called also fire opal. 

gird (gurd), v. t. & i. <fc n. Mock ; gibe. Obs. or R. 

gird (gurd), v. t.; pret. & p. p. girt (gurt) or gird'ed; p. 
pr. & vb. n. gird'ing. [AS. gyrdan.] 1. To encircle with 
any flexible band, as a belt ; make fast or secure, as cloth- 
ing with a cord. 2. a To clothe or invest, as with a robe 
confined by a girdle, or, fig., with powers or attributes. 
b To prepare ; make ready ; brace. 3. To surround. 

gird'er (gur'der), n. Any heavy, strong, or principal beam, 
of wood, iron, or steel, for spanning an opening or carrying 
the weighf*of a floor or partition. 

gir'dle (gur'd'l), n. [AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan to gird.] 1. 
That which girds or encircles ; esp., a belt or sash about the 
waist. 2. In various technical senses, as : a A belt or ring 
on a tree, twig, etc., made by removal of the bark, b That 
edge of a gem which is grasped by the setting. 

— v. t. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling. 1. To bind with or as with a 
belt. 2. To remove a ring of bark around (a tree, etc.). 

gir'dler (-dler),n. 1. A maker of girdles. 2. One who girdles 
or encircles. 3. A small beetle (Oncideres cingulata) that 
girdles twigs on which it has laid its eggs. 

girl (gurl), n. [ME. girle, gerle, gurle, a child.] 1. A 
female child ; a maiden. 2. A female servant. 3. A sweet- 
heart. Slang or Colloq. 

girl'hood (gurl'hdod), n. State or period of being a girl. 

girl'ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl ; of or pert, to a 
girl or girlhood. — girl'ish-ly, adv. — girl'ish-ness, n. 

girn (gurn ; girn), v. i. [ See grin, v. i. ] 1. To show the 
teeth, as in rage ; snarl. 2. To grin. Both Archaic or Scot. 

Gi-ron'dist (ji-ron'dist), n. A member of the moderate 
republican party in the French legislative assembly in 1791. 
The leaders were from the department of Gironde. 

girt (gurt), pret. & p. p. of gird. 

girt, V. t. To gird. — v. i. To measure in girth. — n. Girth. 

tilth (gurth), n. [Icel. gjorS girdle, or gerS girth.] 1. A 
band or strap which encircles the body of a horse or other 
animal, to fasten on a saddle, etc. ; a bellyband, as of a 
harness. 2. That which girdles ; a girdle. 3. Measure 
around the body ; circumference, as of a tree or barrel. 




Gittern. 



— v. t. 1. To girdle. 2. To fasten or equip with a girth, 
girth. Var. of grith. Obs. or Hist. 

gi-sarme' (gl-zarm'), n. [OF.] A kind of battle-ax. 

gist (jist), n. [OF. gist, F. git, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gesir 
to lie, fr. L. jacere to lie.] The ground of a legal action ; 
hence : the main point ; pith ; as, the gist of a question. 

|| git'ter (gTt'er), n. [G., lit., grating.] A diffraction grating. 

git'tem (gTt'ern), n. [OF. guiterne.] An old-time wire- 
strung instrument like a guitar. 

git'tith (git'ith), n. [Heb.] A 
musical instrument, or, possi- 
bly, a mode or key, of unknown/ 
character ; or, as interpreted by 
some, a tune, perhaps that of a 
vintage song ; — in the title of 
Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. 

giust (just). Obs. var. of joust. 

Hgius^to (jobs'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. In just, strict, 
or suitable time. 

give (giv), v. t. ; pret. gave (gav) ; p. p. giv'en (giV'n) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. giv'ing. [ME. given, prob. of Scand. origin.] 
1. To bestow without a return ; confer without compensa- 
tion ; make a present of ; grant ; accord, as trust. 2. To 
deliver or hand over ; pay, as money. 3. To proffer, present, 
or furnish ; as, to give one's hand. 4. To deliver, deal, or 
execute by bodily action ; as, to give a blow ; to give a 
start ; utter ; as, to give a shout ; to give a song. 5. To pro- 
duce ; emit ; as, flint and steel give sparks. 6. To cause or 
occasion ; as, to give pleasure. 7. To devote, surrender, or 
apply ; as, to give one's life for one's country. 8. To yield 
or occasion to itself ; esp., to misgive or forebode ; — said of 
the mind, heart, etc. Archaic. 9. To communicate ; im- 
part ; as, to give a cold to another. 10. To grant ; permit ; 
allow ; concede ; as, it is given me to again see him. 
Syn. Present, bestow, confer, grant, furnish, supply, 
vouchsafe, accord. — Give, present, bestow, confer, 
grant. Give is the general term. Present is more formal 
or ceremonious ; as, he presented the trophy to the victor. 
Bastow implies the settling of something on one as a gift ; 
as, the king bestowed the spoils upon his favorites. To 
confer is esp. to give graciously, or as a favor or honor ; to 
grant is to give in answer to a request, or to a dependent or 
inferior ; as, a favor freely conferred ; he granted them liberty. 
to give a good account of (one's self), to bear (one's 
self) with credit. — to g. chase, to pursue. — to g. off. a 
To emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. b To throw off or 
send out, as branches. — to g. place, to retire ; give way. — 
to g. rise to, to originate ; result in ; as, his story gave rise 
to suspicions. — to g. up. a To abandon ; part with, b To 
cease from ; relinquish ; as, to give up work, c To devote or 
addict to ; as, he gave himself up to business, d To pro- 
nounce incurable or insoluble ; as, to give up a sick person 
or a conundrum, e To renounce the hope of seeing ; as, to 
give up an invited guest. — to g. way. a To withdraw ; re- 
tire, b To yield ; break down. C To lose control of one's self. 

— v. i. 1. To make gifts. 2. To yield to force ; relax. 
3. To accommodate one's self or itself ; yield. 4. To open ; 
look ; — used with on, upon, into, etc. ; as, a window gave 
on the garden. A Gallicism. 

to givs in, to yield ; succumb. — to g. out, to break down ; 
fail ; become exhausted. — to g. over, to cease ; desist. — 
to g. up, to cease from effort ; yield. 

— n. Act of giving, esp. of yielding or giving way. # 
giv'en (gTv''n), p. a. 1. Disposed ; addicted; — with to. 2. 

Stated ; fixed ; as, in a given time. 3. Granted ; assumed, 
given name, the Christian name. Colloq. 

giv'er (-er), n. One who gives ; a donor ; grantor. 

giz'zard (gTz'drd), n. [OF. guisier, gesier, fr. L. gigeria, 
pi., cooked entrails of poultry.] The second (posterior) stom- 
ach of birds, having thick walls and a horny lining for 
grinding food. 

gla-bel'la (gld-bel'd), n. ; pi. -LM (-e). [NL., fr. L. glahel- 
lus hairless, fr. glaber bald.] Anat. The smooth promi- 
nence of the forehead just between the eyebrows. 

gla'brate (gla'brat), a. 1. Bot. Becoming smooth, or gla- 
brous, from age. 2. Zo'dl. Glabrous, or nearly so. 

gla'brous (gla'brus), a. [L. glaber.'] Smooth; having a 
surface without hairs or projections. 

|| gla'ce' ( gla/sa' ), a. [ F., p. p. of glacer to freeze, to ice. ] 

1. Smooth and glossy. 2. Coated with icing; iced; — 
used of fruits, cake, etc. 

gla'cial (gla'shal), a. [L. glacialis, fr. glacies ice.] 1. 
Pert, to ice or its action ; esp., pert, to glaciers. 2. Of or 
pert, to the glacial period ; as, glacial man. 
glacial period [Often cap.], Geol., a period just before the 
present, or recent, period, during which ice covered large 
portions of Europe and North America ; — called also 
Pleistocene period, ice age. — g. theory = glacier theory. 

gla'cial-ist (-1st), n. 1. A supporter of the glacier theory. 

2. One who makes a special study of glaciers and their work. 
gla'cial-ly, adv. By glacial action. 

gla'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at/ing. To sub- 
ject to glacial action, as rocks. — gla / ci-a / tion, n. 






H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 






GLACIER 



424 



GLEBE 



gla'cier (gla'sher ; glas'T-er) , n. 



[F., fr. glace ice, L. gla- 
i a region of 




Viesch Glacier, with Medial 
Moraine. 



f 



cies.] A body of ice formed 

perpetual snow, and 

moving slowly down a 

mountain slope or val- 
ley, as in the Alps, or 

over an extended area, 

as in Greenland. 
glacier theory. Also 

glacial theory. Geol. 

The theory that the 

drift was deposited by 

the agency of glaciers 

during the glacial 

period. 
gla'cis (gla'sis ; glas'Ts), 

n. [F. ; — so named 

from its smoothness. See glacier.] A gentle slope; Fort., 

the outward slope from the top of the counterscarp. 
glad (glad), a.; glad'der (-er) ; -dest. [AS. glxd bright, 

glad.] 1. Characterized by joy or pleasure ; cheerful; 

pleased ; happy. 2. Expressive of, caused by, or exciting, 

gladness ; as, a glad song ; glad tidings. 3. Characterized 

by brightness and beauty ; gay ; as, the glad earth. — Syn. 

Delighted, joyous, joyful ; cheering, pleasing, gladsome. 

— v. t. To gladden. Archaic. 

glad'den (glad''n), v. t. & i. To make, be, or become, glad. 

glad'den-er, n. One who gladdens. 

glade (glad), n. A grassy open space in a forest. 

glad'i-ate (glad'i-at ; gla'di-), a. [L. gladius sword.] Bot. 
Sword-shaped ; ensiform. 

glad'i-a'tor (glad'i-a/ter), n. [L., fr. gladius sword.] Rom- 
an Hist. One who fought with a weapon for the amuse- 
ment of the people, as at a festival. 

glad'i-a-to'ri-al (glad'T-d-to'rT-al ; 57), a. Of or pert, to 
gladiators, combatants, or combats or controversies. 

gla-di'o-lus (gld-dl'6-lus ; glad'i-o'lus), n. ; -pi. L. -oli (-11), 
E. -oluses (-lws-ez ; 24). [L. lit., a small sword.] 1. Any of 
a large genus {Gladiolus) of plants of the iris family, na- 
tives chiefly of Africa with erect sword-shaped leaves and 
spikes of brilliant flowers. 2. A corm or flower of this plant. 
3. Anat. In man, the mesosternum. 

glad'ly (glad'lT), adv. With gladness or joy; cheerfully. 

glad'ness, n. State or quality of being glad ; pleasure ; joy. 
— Syn. See pleasure. 

glad'some (-sum), a. 1. Causing joy; expressive of glad- 
ness ; gay. 2. Pleased ; cheerful. — ■ glad'some-ly, adv. 

Glad'stOlie (glad'stun), n. [After W. E. Gladstone.) 1. 
A kind of four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two inside 
seats. 2. Short for Gladstonebag, a kind of light port- 
manteau or traveling bag. 

Glag / o-lit'ic(glag / o-lit / ik),a. [OSlzv. glagol word.] Desig- 
nating the ancient alphabet of the western Slavs, still used 
in some Roman Catholic service books, as in Dalmatja. 

glair (glar), n. [F. glair e.] 1. White of egg, or a size or 
glaze made from it. 2. A similarly viscous substance. 

glair'e-OUS (-e-us), a. Glairy; covered with glair. 

glair'y (glar'i), a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities ; 
covered with glair. — glair 'i-ness (-K-nes), n. 

glaive (glav), n. [F.] Sword ; esp., a broadsword. Archaic. 

glam/or-OUS (glam'er-ws), a. Full of glamour. 

glam'our (glam'er), n. [Scot, corrupt, of E. gramarye, 
grammar .] 1. Magic ; enchantment ; a spell or charm. 2. 
A. magical or fictitious glory or beauty; a deceptive or 
alluring charm ; witchery. — v. i. To affect with glamour ; 
charm ; fascinate. 

glance (glans), v. i.; glanced (glanst) ; glanc'ing (glan'- 
sing). 1. To strike obliquely and fly off or turn aside. 

2. To refer casually ; allude ; hint ; — often used with at. 

3. To shoot or emit a flash of light ; flash. 4. To look 
with a sudden, rapid cast ; flash ; — of the eye. — v. t. To 
shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely ; catch a glimpse of. 

— n. 1. A rapid oblique movement or impact. 2. A move- 
ment causing a flash of light ; a flash so produced. 3. A 
quick, transitory, or cursory look ; a glimpse. 

Syn. Glance, glimpse. A glance is commonly a brief or 
hasty look at something ; a glimpse, a momentary or cas- 
ual sight or view of it. See flash. 

glance, n. [G. glanz, prop, brightness, orD. glans."] Any of 
several mineral sulphides having a brilliant metallic luster. 

gland, n. [F. glande, fr. L. glandula, dim. of glans, 
glandis, acorn.] Anat. A secreting organ of the body. 

gland ( gland ), n. Mach. The movable part of a stuffing 
box by which the packing is compressed. 

glan'dered (glan'derd), a. Affected with glanders. 

glan'ders (glan'derz), n. [OF. glandres, pi., glands.] A 
contagious, destructive, and fatal disease of horses, asses, 
etc., caused by a microorganism (Bacillus mallei). It 
may be transmitted to certain other animals and to man. 

glan'du-lar (-djj-l&r), a. Containing or bearing glands or 
gland cells ; of, pertaining to, or like, a gland. 



glan'du-lous (-lus), a. [L. glandulosus.] Of or pertaining 
to a gland ; glandular. 

glans (glanz), n. ; pi. glandes (glan'dez). [L. See gland.] 
Anat. The cbnical vascular body which forms the ex- 
tremity of the penis and clitoris. 

glare (glar), v. i.; glared (glard) ; glar'ing (glaring). 1. 
To shine dazzlingly. 2. To be bright and intense, as cer- 
tain colors; be ostentatiously splendid. 3. To stare with 
fierce or piercing eyes. — Syn. See flame, gaze. — v. t. 
To shoot out or express with a glare. 

— n. 1. A bright, dazzling light ; shine ; luster. 2. Osten- 
tatious splendor ; showiness. 3. A fierce or piercing stare. 

glare, n. A bright, glassy surface ; as, a glare of ice. — a. 
Smooth and bright ; — chiefly of ice. Both U. S. 

glar'ing (glar'ing), p. a. 1. Fierce or piercing; — said of 
eyes. 2. Dazzling. 3. Open and bold ; notorious. 

glar'y (-Y), a. Of a dazzling luster ; glaring; shining. 

glar'y, a. Very smooth ; slippery. U. S. 

glass (glas), n. [AS. glees.] 1. A hard, brittle, and com- 
monly transparent, amorphous substance made by fusing 
together some form of silica, as sand, an alkali, as potash 
or soda, and some other base, as lime or lead oxide. 2. Col- 
lectively, articles made of glass. 3. Anything of glass ; as : 
a A glass vessel, specif., a tumbler ; goblet ; hence : the con- 
tentsof such a vessel, as liquor ; a drink, b An hourglass or 
the like. C A pane or plate of glass, d A looking-glass. 
e A lens; telescope; microscope; in pi., eyeglasses; spec- 
tacles, f A weatherglass ; barometer ; thermometer. 

— v. t. 1. To cover or protect with glass. Rare. 2. To make 
glassy. Rare. 3. To mirror. 

glass'ful (glas'fobl), n.; pi. -fuls (-fdolz). The contents 
of a glass ; as much as a glass will hold. 

glass'i-ly (-T-li), adv. In a glassy manner. 

glass'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being glassy. 

glass snake. A harmless limbless lizard (Ophisaurus ven- 
tralis) superficially resembling a snake ; — so called from 
the fragility of its tail. 

glass'ware' (glas'war'), n. Articles of glass. 

glass'work' (-wurk'), n. 1. A glass factory ; — usually in 
pi. 2. Manufacture of glass or glassware ; also, glaziery. 
3. Articles, collectively, or ornamentation made of glass. 

glass'wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of various alkaline plants of 
the goosefoot family, formerly used in making glass : a Any 
of a genus (Salicornia, esp. S. herbacea) of maritime 
plants, having succulent, brittle, jointed stems, b A 
prickly plant (Salsola kali). 

glass'y (-T) a. ; glass'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Resembling 
glass, as in smoothness. 2. Dull ; — of the eye or look. 

Glau'ber, or Glau'ber's, salt (glou'berz). Often also 
Glauber, or Glauber's, salts. [After J. K.Glauber, Ger- 
man chemist.] Sodium sulphate ; properly, the form, Na2- 
SO4-20H2O, which is used as a cathartic. 

glau-CO'ma (glo-ko'md), n. _ [L., fr. Gr. y\avKcofia, fr. 
y\avic6s blue gray.] A condition of the eye marked by in- 
creased tension within and resulting in impairment of vi- 
sion or ultimately in blindness. — glau-co'ma-tous (-t us), a. 

glau'CO-nite (glo'ko-nlt), n. [Gr. yXavKos bluish green or 
gray.]^ Min. A dull green amorphous silicate of iron and 
potassium occurring abundantly in greensand. 

glau'COUS (glo'kus), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. yXavKos.] Of a 
bluish green or greenish blue color ; also, specif., Bot., over- 
cast with a whitish bloom, as a plum. 

glaze (glaz), v. t.; glazed (glazd); glaz'ing (glaz'Tng). 
[ME. glasen, fr. glas glass.] 1. To furnish or fit (a win- 
dow, etc.) with glass. 2. To overlay with a surface of or 
like glass ; to make glossy. — v. i. To become glazed. 

— n. 1. Vitreous coating of pottery, esp. one that is trans- 
parent, as disting. from enamel. 2. A substance for glaz- 
ing. _ 3. A smooth, glossy surface. — glaz'er, n. 

gla'zier (gla/zher; -zi-er), n. [For glazer, fr. glaze.] One 
whose business is to set glass in window frames, etc. 

glaz'ing (glaz'ing), vb. n. 1. Act of furnishing or fitting 
with glass. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame, 
etc. 3. Act of laying on glaze; also, the glaze applied. 

glaz'y (-i)_, a. Having a glazed appearance ; glassy. 

gleam (glem), n. [AS. glsem.] A moderate brightness or 
a transient illumination ; a beam ; glow. — v. i. To shoot 
or dart, as rays of light ; send out gleams. — v. t. To emit 
(flashes of light, etc.). — Syn. See flash. 

gleam/y, a. 1. Flashing; coruscating; gleaming. 2. 
Lighted up by gleams ; fitful and uncertain, as weather. 

glean (glen), v. t. [OF. glener, glaner, fr. LL. glenare.] 

1. To gather (as grain or grapes) after a reaper or the like. 

2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what has been left, 
as by reapers. 3. To collect with patient labor ; pick out. 

— v. i. 1. To gather what is left by reapers. 2. To pick 
up or gather anything by degrees. — glean'er, n. 

glean'ing, n. Act of one who gleans ; also, usually in pi., 
that which is collected by gleaning. 

glebe (gleb), n. [L. gleba, glaeba, land, soil.] 1. Ground ; 
soil. 2. A plot of cultivated ground ; field. Archaic. 3. A 
piece of land assigned to a clergyman as part of his benefice. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fkrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GLEDE 



425 



GLORIA 



I 



glede (gled), n. Also, Scot., gled (gled). [AS. glida.] The 
common European kite (Milvus ictinus). 

glee (gle), n. [AS. gleo music, minstrelsy, mirth.] 1. 
Music. An unaccompanied song for three or more solo 
voices. It is not necessarily gleesome. 2. Joy ; merriment. 

— Syn. See cheerfulness. 

gleed (gled), to. [AS. gled, fr. glowan to glow as a fire.] 
A live or glowing coal. Archaic or Dial. 

glee'ful (gle'fool), o. Full of glee ; merry ; gay. 

gleek (glek), n. A jest or scoff ; gibe ; trick. Obs. or Scot. 

gleek, n. [OF. glic.~\ An old three-handed game at cards. 

glee'man (gle'man), n. [glee + man; AS. gleomanJ] A 
minstrel or musician. Archaic. 

glee'some (-sum), a. Merry; joyous; gleeful. 

gleet (glet), to. [ME. glelte, glet, glat, mucus, pus, filth, 
OF. glete, F. glette litharge.] 1. Slime ; slimy or greasy 
filth. Obs. or Scot. 2. Med. A persistent transparent 
mucous discharge from the urethra ; a chronic urethritis, 
with mucopurulent discharge ; formerly, any morbid dis- 
charge. 3. Veter. A chronic inflammation of the nasal 
cavities accompanied with nasal discharge. 

— v. i. To discharge a thin, limpid humor. — gleet'y, a. 
glen (glen), n. [Of Celtic origin.] A secluded, narrow valley. 
Glen-gar/ry (-gar'T), to. [After a valley in Scotland.] A 

kind of Highland Scottish cap for men. 

gle'noid (gle'noid), a. [Gr. y\t)voei8ris ; y\i)vrj socket of a 
joint + eUos form.] Anat. Having the form of a smooth 
and shallow depression, as the articular cavity in the head 
of the scapula. 

glib (glib), a. ; glib'ber (-er) ; -best. _ 1. Smooth ; slippery. 
Now Rare or Dial. 2. Characterized by facileness, as 
action or manner ; ready. 3. Flippantly smooth ; fluent. — 
Syn. See talkative. — adv. Smoothly ; easily. Obs. or R. 

— glib'ly, adv. — glib'ness, to. 

glide (gild), v. i. ; glid'ed ( glTd'ed ; 24 ) ; gltd'ing. [AS. 
glidan.~\ 1. To move gently and smoothly ; pass smoothly 
and silently. 2. To pass gradually ; shade ; grade. 3. 
Aeronautics. To move through the air by virtue of grav- 
ity or, usually, gravity and momentum ; volplane. — Syn. 
See slide. — v. t. To cause to glide. 

— n. 1. Act of gliding. 2. Phon. A transitional sound pro- 
duced while the vocal organs are assuming, or passing 
from, the position for a definite speech sound (such as is 
represented by a letter of the alphabet). 3. Aeronautics. 
Movement of a glider, aeroplane, etc., in gliding. 

glid'er (glld'er), n. One who, or that which, glides ; specif., 
a gliding machine. 

glid'ing (-ing), p. 
pr. & vb. n. of 
GLIDE. — gliding 
boat, a boat, usu- 
ally a kind of mo- 
tor boat, designed 
to glide on water. 

— g. machine, 
Aeronautics, a 
structure consist- 
ing essentially of 

one or more aero- 
planes A form of Gliding Machine. 

glim (glim), to. 1. A glimmer ; bit. Scot. 2. A light, as a 
lamp. Slang or Dial. 

glim/mer (glim'er), v. i. To give out feeble or scattered 
rays of light ; show a faint, unsteady light. — Syn. See 
flash. — n. 1. A faint, unsteady light ; a gleam ; shim- 
mer. 2. A slight perception ; a bit ; glimpse. 

glim'mer-ing (glim'er-ing), vb. n. A faint, unsteady 
light ; hence : a faint view or idea ; an inkling. 

glimpse (glimps), to. 1. A sudden flash; transient luster. 
2. A faint passing appearance ; a trace ; tinge. 3. A 
short, hurried, or fragmentary view ; a quick sight. 4. An 
inkling. — Syn. See glance. — v. i. ; glimpsed (glimpst) ; 
glimps'ing. 1. To shine faintly or unsteadily ; glimmer. 2. 
To take a glimpse ; glance. — v. t. To catch a glimpse of. 

glint (glint), v. i. & t. 1. To dart ; shoot ; glance. 2. To 
flash ; to gleam ; glitter. — Syn. See flash. — n. 1. A 
gleam ; flash ; shine. 2. A glimpse ; glance. Chiefly Scot. 

gli-o'ma (gll-o'md), to.; pi. -mata (-md-td). [NL. ; Gr. 
y\la glue -f -oma.'] A tumor springing from the neuroglia, 
esp. of the brain. 

glis-sade' (glT-sad' ; -sad'), to. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] 1. 
A sliding, as down a snow slope. 2. A dance step consist- 
ing of a glide or slide to one side. — v. i. To slide ; glide. 

gUs-san'do (gle-san'do), to. & a. [As if It. = F. glissant 
sliding.] Music. A gliding effect, as one made on the piano 
by sliding the finger tip quickly over the white keys. 

glis'ten (glis''n), v. i. [AS. glisnian.] To sparkle or shine ; 
esp., to shine with a fitful luster. — Syn. See flash. — to. 
A glistening ; a shining brightness. — glis'ten-ing-ly, adv. 

glis'ter (-ter), v. i. To glitter. — to. Glitter. 

glit'ter (glit'er), v. i. _ 1. To sparkle with light ; gleam. 
2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attrac- 




tive. — Syn. See flash. — n. A bright, sparkling light ; 
brilliant and showy luster ; brilliancy. 

glit'ter-y (-1), a. Full of glitter ; as, glittery eyes. 

gloam (glom), 7i. The twilight; gloaming. Rare. 

gloam'ing (glom'ing), n. [AS. glomung.} Twilight; dusk. 

gloat (glot), v. i. To gaze or to meditate, esp. with malig- 
nant satisfaction, lust, or avarice. — Syn. See gaze. 

globe (glob), to. [L. globus.'} 1. A round or spherical body ; 
ball ; sphere ; orb. 2. a The earth ; — usually with the. 
b Hence, any planet. 3. A spherical representation of the 
earth or heavens. 4. A golden ball borne as an emblem of 
authority. 5. Something nearly spherical or globular, as a 
kind of lamp shade or a hollow vessel for live fish. 

— v. t. & i.; globed (globd) ; glob'ing (glob'ing). To 
gather or form into a globe. 

globe'fish' (glob'fish'), n. Any of various fishes (genera 
Diodon, Tetraodon, etc.) that can assume a globular form 
by sucking in water or air. 

globe'flow'er (-flou'er), to. Any of a genus (Trollius) of 
ranunculaceous plants having handsome globose flowers. 

glo-big'er-i'na (-Mj'er-T'nd), to.; pi. -n.e (-ne). [NL. ; L. 
globus a round body -f- gerere to bear.] Zo'ol. Any of a 
genus (Globigerina) of small foraminifers with calcareous 
shells, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the 
sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a 
large part of the soft mud (globigerina ooze) that covers 
vast areas of the deep-sea bottom. 

glo'bin (glo'btn), to. Physiol. Chem. Ahistone formed as 
a cleavage product of haemoglobin. [globoid figure. I 

glo'boid (glo'boid), a. Approximately globular. — n. A| 

glo'bose' (glo'bos' ; glo-bos'), a. [L. globosus.'] Globular, 
or nearly so. — glo-bos'i-ty (gl5-bos'i-ti), to. 

glo'bous (glo'bus), a. Globose. 

glob'u-lar (glob'u-ldr), a. 1. Globe-shaped; spherical, or 
nearly so. 2. Composed of globules. 

glob'ule (-01), to. [L. globulus, dim. of globus globe.] 1. 
A little globe ; a spherical particle. 2. A pellet. 

glob'u-lin (glob'u-lln), n. [From globule.] Physiol. 
Chem. Any of a group of proteids that are insoluble in 
water, but soluble in dilute solutions of neutral salts. 

glo-chid'i-ate (glo-kid'i-at), a. [Gr. -yXo>xfr point of an ar- 
row.] Bot. Bearing barbs. 

glock'en-spiel' (glok'en-spel'), to. [G. ; glocke bell + spiel 
play.] Music. An 
instrument, orig- 
inally a series of 
bells on an iron 
rod, now a set of 
flat metal bars, di- 
atonically tuned, 
giving a bell-like 
tone when played 
with small steel- 
headed mallets; a 
carillon. 

g 1 o m ' e r - a t e 
(glom'er-at), a. 
[L. glomeratus, Glockenspiel.' 

p. p., collected into a ball or mass.] Agglomerated; con- 
glomerate. 

glom/er-a'tion (-a'shun), to. 1. Conglomeration ; agglom- 
eration. 2. A ball or gathered mass. 

glom'er-Ule (-ool), n. [Dim. fr. L. glomus ball.] Bot. An 
inflorescence consisting of a compacted or sessile cyme, as 
that of the box (the shrub). 

glon'o-in \ (glon'6-in), to. [pfycerin + oxygen + nitro- 

glon'o-ine { gen + -me.] Pharm. A dilute solution of 
nitroglycerin. 

gloom (gloom), to. 1. A frown, scowl, or sullen look. Scot. 
2. Partial or total darkness ; deep shade. 3. A shady or 
gloomy place. 4. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; low 
spirits. — Syn. Dimness, obscurity ; depression, dejection, 
sadness. See melancholy. 

— v. i. 1. To frown ; scowl ; also, to look dismal or melan- 
choly. 2. To become dark or threatening, as the sky ; low- 
er. 3. To be or appear gloomy. — v. t. To render gloomy. 

gloom'i-ly (-T-li), adv. In a gloomy manner. 

gloom'i-ness, to. Condition of being gloomy. 

gloom/ing, to. 1. A scowl ; a sullen fit. 2. Twilight (of 
morning or evening) ; gloaming. Poetic. 

gloom'y (gloom'i) a. ; gloom'i-er (-I-er) ; gloom'i-est. 
1. Dusky ; dim. 2. Affected with or expressing gloom ; 
melancholy. 3. Producing, or characterized by, gloom or 
melancholy ; dismal. — Syn. Dark, cloudy ; sullen, mo- 
rose, sad, dejected. 

Glo'ri-a (glo'n-d; 57), to. [L m glory.] 1. Eccl. a The 
"greater doxology," beginning Gloria in Excelsis (Deo) 
(Glory be to God on high) {Luke ii. 14). b The "lesser dox- 
ology, " beginning Qloria Patri (Glory be to the Father). 
C The short doxology, Oloria Tibi, Domine (Glory be to 
thee, O Lord). 2. [1. c] A nimbus ; aureole ; also, an imi- 








J 






K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanation! of Abbreviation* used in this work. Sign*, etc precede Vocabulary. (1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GLORIFICATION 



426 



GLYCERITE 



tation of one. 3. [I. c] A glossy fabric of mixed silk and 
wool, used for umbrellas, dresses, etc. 

gkVri-fi-ca'tion (-ff-ka'shun), n. A glorifying, or state of 
being glorified. 

glo'ri-fi'er, n. One who glorifies. 

glo'ri-fy (glo'ri-fl; 57), v. t.; -pied (-fid); -fy'ing. [F. 
glorifier, fr. L. glorificare; gloria glory + -ficare (in 
comp.) to make.] To make glorious ; specif. : a To bestow 
honor and distinction upon, b To shed radiance or splendor 
on. c To exalt ; transform into something more splendid ; 
as, to glorify everyday life, d To ascribe glory to ; pro- 
mote the glory of ; adore ; as, to glorify God. 

glo'ri-Ole (glo'ri-ol), n. [L. gloriola a small glory, dim. of 
gloria glory.] An aureole. 

glo'ri-ous (-us; 57), a. [OF. glorios, glorious, fr. L. glo- 
riosus.~] 1. Vainglorious. Obs. 2. Exhibiting qualities or 
performing acts that deserve or receive glory ; illustrious. 
3. Splendid ; resplendent ; as, the sky was glorious with 
stars. 4. Delightful ; admirable ; as, a glorious dinner. 
Colloq. — Syn. Eminent, noble, magnificent, grand. — 
glo'ri-ous-ly, adv. — glo'ri-ous-ness, n. 

glo'ry (glo'ri ; 57), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. glorie^ gloire, 
fr. L. gloria.] 1. Praise, admiration, or distinction, ac- 
corded by common consent ; renown. 2. That which se- 
cures praise or renown; an_ object of pride or boast. 3. 
Honor and praise accorded in worship. 4. Brilliancy ; ra- 
diant beauty ; resplendence. 5. Celestial honor or splendor ; 
heaven. 6. Height of prosperity or splendor, esp. in in one's 
glory. 7. An emanation of light supposed to proceed from 
beings of peculiar sanctity ; also, in art, a representation of 
such light by rays of gold, a golden circle, disk, etc., around 
the head or body. — Syn. See reputation. 

■— v. i. ; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing. 1. To exult ; rejoice ; also, to 
be proud or boastful. 2. To form, or spread, like a glory. 

gloss (glos; 62), n. 1. Luster; polish. 2. A specious ap- 
pearance ; superficial quality or show. — Syn. See luster. 

— v. t. 1. To give luster or gloss to ; glaze. 2. To give a 
gloss, or specious appearance, to ; color ; — often with ever. 

gloss, n. [F. glose, L. glossa a word needing explanation, 
Gr. yXuxraa, lit., tongue.] 1. An interlinear, marginal, or 
glossarial note of explanation or interpretation ; loosely, a 
running commentary. 2. a A glossary, b An interlinear 
translation. — Syn. See remark. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with glosses ; annotate. 2. To inter- 
pret speciously, or pervert in this way. — v. i. To make 
glosses ; explain. 

glos'sal (glos'ol), a. Of or pert, to the tongue ; lingual. 

glGS-sa'ri-al (glo-sa'ri-21 ; 3), a. Of, pert, to, or of the 
nature of, a glossary. 

glos'sa-rist (glos'd-rist), n. A writer of glosses or com- 
piler of a glossary ; a commentator ; a scholiast. 

glos'sa-ry (glos'd-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. glossarium.'] 
A collection of glosses ; a partial dictionary of a work, an 
author, etc., explaining the harder words. 

glos-sa'tor (gl5-sa'tor), n. A writer of glosses, or com- 
ments ; a commentator, esp. on the texts of the civil or 
canon law. 

gloss'er (glos'er), n. A polisher; one who gives a luster. 

gloss'er, n. A writer of glosses ; a glossator. 

gioss'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a glossy manner. 

gloss'i ness, to. Quality or state of being glossy. 

glos-sol'0-gy (glo-sol'6-ji), n. See glottology. 

gloss'y (glos'i ; 62), a. ; gloss'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Smooth 
and shining ; reflecting luster ; polished. 2. Smooth ; spe- 
cious ; plausible ; as, glossy deceit. — Syn. See smooth. 

glost (glost), n. Ceramics. The lead glaze used for pottery. 

glost oven. An oven in which glazed pottery is fired. 

glot'tal (glot'dl), a. Of, pert, to, or produced in, the glottis. 

glot'tic (glot'Tk), a. 1. Glottal. 2. Of, pertaining to, or 
based upon, language ; linguistic. 

glot'tiS (glot'Ts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yXwrrk, yXcoaats, fr. 
yX&TTa, yXCxraa, the tongue.] The opening from the phar- 
ynx into the larynx. 

glot-tol'0-gy (glo-toFo-ji), to. [Gr. yX&rra, yXuxrtra, tongue 
+ -logy.] The science of language ; comparative phil- 
ology ; glossology. — glot'to-log'ic (glot'o-loj'ik), glot'to- 
log'i-cal (-i-kal) , a. — glot-tol'o-gist (glo-tol'6-jist), to. 

glove (gluv), n. [AS. glof.1 A cover for the hand with a 
separate sheath for each finger. — v. t. ; gloved (gluvd) ; 
glov'ing (gliiv'ing). To cover with or as with a glove. 

glov'er (gliiv'er), to. One who makes or sells gloves. 

glow (glo), v. i. [AS. glowan.'] 1. To shine with an in- 
tense or white heat. 2. To exhibit a strong, bright color ; 
be brilliant or red. 3. To feel hot ; burn. 4. To feel the 
heat of passion ; be animated ; as, glowing with enthusi- 
asm. — Syn. See flame. — v. t. To glow with ; express 
by glowing ; as, glowing welcome. Rare. 

— n. 1. Light such as is emitted by a solid body heated to 
luminosity; incandescence. 2. Brightness or warmth of 
color ; redness. 3. Earnestness ; heat of passion ; ardor. 4. 
Bodily heat or warmth, as from exercise, etc. 



glow'er (glou'er), v. i. 1. To look intently ; stare. Scot. 
2. To stare angrily or with a scowl. — Syn. See gaze. 

— n. Act of glowering ; an angry or lowering stare. 

glow'lamp' (glo'lampO, n. 1. An aphlogistic lamp. 2. 
An incandescent electric lamp. 

glow'worm' (glo'wurm'), n. Any of various luminous in- 
sects or insect larvae. 

glOX-in'i-a (glok-sin'i-d), to. [NL., after B. P. Gloxin, 
German botanist.] A popular greenhouse plant (Sinnin- 
gia speciosa or related species) with large bell-shaped flow- 
ers, often finely spotted. 

gloze (gloz), v. t.; glozed (glozd) ; gloz'ing (gloz'ing). 
[ME. glosen, fr. F. gloser. See gloss note.] 1. To make 
glosses on ; expound. Obs. 2. To smooth over ; palliate. 
— v. i. To make a gloss ; comment. — n. 1. A note or 
gloss. Archaic. 2. Specious show ; gloss. Rare. 

gloze, v. t. & i. To make shine ; glow ; gleam. 

glu'case (gloo'kas), n. [Gr. yXvicfc sweet.] Chem. An 
enzyme capable of converting maltose into glucose and of 
decomposing certain glucosides. It is present in blood 
serum and other animal fluids, and also in yeast, maize, etc. 

glu-ci'num (gloo-sl'num ; 86), n. [NL., deriv. of Gr. yXvicbs 
sweet.] Chem. Beryllium. Symbol, Gl (no period). 

glu'co-pro'te-id (gloo'ko-pro'te-id ; 86), n. [glucose -f- 
proteidJ] Physiol. Chem. Any of a class of compounds, 
as the mucins, amyloid, etc., made up of some form of 
proteid matter united to a carbohydrate group. 

glu'cose (gloo'kos; 86), n. [F.] 1. Chem. A sugar, 
C6H12O6, occurring in three optically different forms, of 
which one is grape sugar, or glucose proper, which is about 
half as sweet as cane sugar. 2. An uncrystallizable sirup 
got by imperfect conversion of starch into glucose. 

glu'co-side (gloo'ko-sld ; -sid; 86), n. Also ghVco-sid. 
[See glucose.] Org. Chem. Any compound which by 
hydrolytic decomposition yields sugar (specif., the sugar 
glucose) and one or more other substances. 

glue (gloo ; 86), n. [F. glu, L. glus.] 1. A brownish gelatin 
got by boiling skins, hoofs, etc., of animals, and used when 
heated with water as a cement. 2. Any of various viscous 
substances. — v. t. ; glued (glood) ; glu'ing. To join or 
fix with or as with glue ; fix ; fasten. — glu'ey (-1), a. 

glum (glum), a.; glum'mer (-er) ; -mest. Moody; sullen; 
gloomy. — Syn. See sullen. 

glu-ma'ceous (gloo-ma/shus ; 86), a. Bot. Consisting of, 
or of the nature of, glumes. 

glume (gloom ; 86), n. [L. gluma husk, fr. glubere to bark 
or peel.] One of the chaffy scales or bracts of the spikelet 
in sedges and, esp., grasses. 

glum'ly (glum'lT), adv. In a glum manner. 

glum'ness, n. Moodiness ; sullenness. 

glump'y (glum'pi), a. Glum; sullen; sulky. Colloq. 

glut (glut), v. t.; glut'ted ; glut'ting. [OF. glotir, glou- 
tir, L. gluttire.] To swallow greedily ; gorge ; gulp. — n. A 
gulp ; a swallow ; a full draft. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

glut, v. t. [ME. glottenJ] 1. To fill to satiety ; satiate ; 
also, to overload ; surfeit. 2. To overstock ; as, to glut 
the market. — Syn. See satiate. — v. i. To eat glutton- 
ously or to satiety ._ 

— ~n. 1. Act of glutting ; state of being glutted ; a full supply ; 
often, a supply to excess or loathing ; surfeit. 2. A supply 
of mercantile goods in excess of the demand at the seller's 
price. 3. An excess. 

glu-te'al (gloo-te'ol ; gloo'te-al ; 86), a. [Gr. yXovros rump, 
pi., buttocks.] Pertaining to the buttocks. 

glu'ten (gloo'ten ; 86), n. [L., glue.] The viscid, tenacious, 
nutritious substance giving adhesiveness to dough. 

glu-te'US (gloo-te'us ; 86), n.; pi. -tei (-1). [NL.] Anat. 
Any of three muscles of the buttocks. 

glu'ti-nous (gloo'ti-nus), a. [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten 
glue.] Of the nature of or resembling glue ; viscous ; gluey. 

glut'ton (gluVn), n. [F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto.] 1. A 
voracious eater ; gormandizer ; one who gluts himself in any 
way. 2. A shaggy, thickset, carnivorous mammal (Gulo 
luscus), about 30 inches long, related to the martens and 
sables. — Syn. See epicure. 

glut'ton-ize (glfiVn-Iz), v. i. & t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Tz'ing). To eat to excess; eat voraciously; gormandize. 

glut'ton-ous (-us), a. Given to gluttony; voracious. — 
glut'ton-ous-ly, adv. 

glut'ton-y (-1), n. ; pi. -tonies (-Tz). Exc s in eating. 

gly-cer'ic (gli-ser'ik), a. Chem. Pert, to, or derived from, 
glycerin. — glyceric acid, an add, C2H3(OH)2C02H,gotby 
partly oxidizing glycerin, and in other ways. 

glye'er-ide (glis'er-Id ; -id), n. Also -id. [See glycerin.] 
Chem. An ester of glycerin, either natural, as various fats, 
or artificial. 

glye'er-in, glye'er-ine (-er-in), n. {¥. glycerine, fr. Gr. 
yXvuepbs, yXvKvs, sweet.] A sweet, sirupy, colorless liquid, 
C3Hs(OH)3, got by saponification of natural fats and oils. 
It is an alcohol. 

glyc'er-ite (-It), n. Pharm. A medicinal preparation made 
by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Cirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GLYCEROL 



427 



GOATSUCKER 



glyc'er-ol (glis'er-ol ; -51), n. Chem. = glycerin. 

glyc'er-yl (-11), n. [glycerin + -yl.] Chem. A trivalent 
radical, CH2-CH-CH2, of which glycerin is the hydroxide. 

gly'co-gen (gll'ko-jen), n. [Gr. yXvKvs sweet + -gen.'] 
Physiol. Chem. A white, amorphous, tasteless carbohy- 
drate, related to starch and dextrin, found esp. in the liver. 

gly'co-gen'ic (gll'kS-jen'Ik), a. Pertaining to, or caused 
by, glycogen ; as, the glycogenic function of the liver. 

gly'col (gll'kol ; -kol), n. [glycerin + -ol. See glycerin.] 
Chem. a A thick, sweet, colorless diacid alcohol, C2H4- 
(OH)2, got from certain ethylene compounds, b Any of the 
class of diacid alcohols of which this is the type. 

gly'co-late (-ko-lat), n. A salt or ester of glycolic acid. 

gly-COl'ic (gll-kol'ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or derived 
from glycol; as, glycolic acid, CH2(OH)C02H. 

Gly-con'ic (-kon'Ik), a. [After its inventor, Glycon.] Gr. 
& Lat. Pros. Of or pert, to a kind of verse, a logacedic 
tetrapody, usually catalectic ; as : - > | - 1| — | -~ | -A . 

gly'co-su'ri-a (gll'ko-sG'ri-d), n. [NL. Cf. glucose; 
-uria.] Med. A condition in which glucose is excreted in 
the urine; diabetes mellitus. — gly'co-SU'ric (-su'rik), a. 

glyph (glif), n. [Gr. 7X1^17 carving, fr. y\{xj>eu> to carve.] 
1. Arch. A channel or groove, usually vertical. 2. Ar- 
chseol. A carved figure or character, incised or in relief ; a 
carved pictograph ; a pictograph representing a form origi- 
nally adopted for sculpture, whether carved or painted. 

glyp'tic (glip'tik), a. [Gr. yXvTTTos fit for carving, carved. 
See glyph.] Pert, to carving or engraving, esp. on gems. 

glyp'to-dont (glTp'to-dont), n. [Gr. yXvirrbs carved, en- 
graved -f- bdovs, hdovros, tooth.] Any of a genus (Glyptodon) 
of large extinct mammals related to the armadillos. 

glyp-tog'ra-phy (glip-tog'rd-fl), n. [Gr. yXvwros carved 

+ -graphy.] Art or process of engraving gems ; also, the 

description or study of engraved gems, etc. — glyp-tog'ra- 

pher (-rd-fer), n. — glyp'to-graph'ic (gllp'to-graf'ik), a. 

gnar, gnarr (nar), v. i. To snarl ; growl. 

gnarl (narl), n. A knot in wood, esp. a large or hard knot, 
or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree. 

gnarled (narld), a. Knotty ; twisted ; cross-grained. 

gnarl'y (naVli), a. Full of knots ; cross-grained. 

gnash (nash), v. i. & t. 1. To grind or strike (the teeth) to- 
gether, as in anger or pain. 2. To bite with grinding teeth. 

gnat (nat), n. [AS. gneet.] Any of various small two- 
winged flies, esp. such as bite ; — in Eng. applied chiefly to 
mosquitoes ; in U. S. A., to smaller forms. [jaw. I 

gnathic (nath'fk), a. [Gr. yvados jaw.] Of or pert, to the| 
gnathic index, Craniom., the ratio of the distance from 
the nasion to the basion (taken as 100) to the distance from 
the basion to the alveolar point. Cf. facial angle. 

-gnath'ic (-nath'ik). A suffix from Greek yvados, jaw. 

gna'thi-on (na'thi-on; nath'i-on), n._ [NL.] Craniol. 
The lower end of the symphysis of the jaw. 

gnaw (no), v. t. & i. ; pret. gnawed (nod) ; p. p. gnawed or 
gnawn (non) ; p. pr. & vb. n. gnaw'ing. [AS. gnagan.] 
1. To bite with repeated effort, esp. so as to remove small 
portions or to wear away. 2. To corrode ; fret away. 3. To 
pain or distress as if by gnawing. — gnaw'er (-er),_ n. 

gnaw'ing, n. A pain (in the stomach or bowels) likened 
to that caused by gnawing ; in pi., pangs. 

gneiss (nls), n. [G.] A metamorphic rock, often cor- 
responding in composition to granite, but having its con- 
stituents, esp. mica, arranged in cleavable planes. 

gneiss'ic (nls'ik), a. Relating to, resembling, or having 
the structure of, gneiss ; consisting of gneiss. 

gneiss'oid (-oid), a. Resembling gneiss. 

gnome (nom), n. [F.] One of a fabled race of diminutive 
subterraneous beings, the guardians of mines, quarries, etc. 

gnome, n. [Gr. yvufiTi, fr. yiyv&oi&iv to know.] A brief re- 
flection or maxim ; aphorism ; saw. 

gno'mic (no'mik ; nom'ik) \ a. [Gr. yvufjtiKds, fr. 

gno'mi-cal (no'nn-kdl ; nom'!-) / yvw(irj. See gnome 
maxim.] Sententious ; expressing or containing maxims ; 
aphoristic ; also, pert, to the gnomic poets, certain poets 
of ancient Greece whose writings are of a gnomic nature. 

gno'mon (no'mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. yv&nwv one that knows, 
the index of a sundial.] 1. Any c* — ^————\d 
object which by its shadow serves 
as an indicator, esp. of the hour ; 
specif., the style, pin, or vertical 
plate of a sundial. 2. Geom. What 
is left of a parallelogram on re- Gnomon, 2. 

moving a similar parallelogram containing any one of its 
corners ; as, the gnomon bcdefg in Illust. 

gno-mon'ic (no-mon'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to the gno- 
mon or the art of dialing. — gno-mon'i-cal (-i-kdl), o. 

gnos'tic (nos'tik), a. [L. gnosticus, fr. Gr. yvuariKos saga- 
cious, fr. yiyvuMjueiv to know.] 1. Of, pert, to, or having 
knowledge. 2. [cap.] Of or pert, to Gnosticism or Gnostics. 
— n. [cav.] A believer in Gnosticism. 
Gnos'tl-cism (nos'tT-siz'm), n. A 2d-century system of 
thought which explained creation as consisting in effluxes 
from the godhead forming created beings. 




gnu (noo ; nu), n. [Kafir nqu, where g is the sign for a click.! 
Any of a genus (Connochxtes) of African antelopes, witn 
large oxlike head, long mane, curved horns in both sexes, 
and long flowing tail. 

go (go), v. i.; pret. went (went); p. p. gone (g§n ; 62); 
p. pr. & vb. n. go'ing. Went comes from the AS. wendan. 
See wend, v. i. [AS. gan.~\ 1. To pass from point to point ; 
proceed. 2. To depart ; — opp. to come. 3. To pass or be 
transferred as if journeying. 4. To be habitually ; as, to 
go unpunished. 5. To pass away ; variously : to be rejected, 
abolished, lost, spent, sold, etc. ; hence : to faint ; fail ; die. 
6. To pass current or have currency ; as, a good story is going 
about ; hence : to be generally known (by) ; as, to go under 
an assumed name. 7. To be expressed or phrased ; to run ; 
read ; as, the second clause goes thus ; to be suited, as a 
song to a tune. 8. Of time : to pass or be passed ; elapse. 
9. To fare ; turn out ; as, the election went against him ; 
his plan would not go. 10. To continue (in a specified 
state) ; operate ; act. 11. To have recourse or resort. 12. 
To put one's self, as to expense. 13. To extend ; lead ; 
reach ; run. 14. To follow or take a given course. 15. To 
reach or follow a given proportion ; as, to go shares, halves, 
etc. 16. To enter a given relation ; as, to go bail. 17. To 
be capable of assuming or holding a given relation ; as, five 
will not go into four ; hence : to have its usual or proper 
place ; belong ; as, that book goes on the second shelf. 
t&^Go is used with many prepositions and adverbs in 
which, and not in the verb, lies the chief force of the ex- 
pression ; as, to go against, into, etc. 

CIPThe present participle, going, is specially used with an 
infinitive to express a future of intention ; as, I was going 
to answer ; we are going to play ball. 

to go about, Naut., to tack. — to go behind, to examine 
the sources of for the purpose of testing, as the returns of 
an election. — to go through, to exhaust, as a fortune. — 
to go to the wall, to be hard pressed ; hence, to become 
bankrupt. — to go under, to go down ; succumb. 

— v. t. 1. To endure ; afford. Colloq. 2. To bet ; risk. 

to go better, Card Playing, in poker, etc., to raise the bet 
or bets of, previously made ; hence, fig. : to outbid ; surpass. 

— n. 1. Energy ; spirit. 2. A turn of affairs, esp. an em- 
barrassing one. 3. A chance ; turn. 4. Quantity used or 
furnished at one time, as of food. 5. Cribbage. That con- 
dition of the game when a player cannot play a card which 
will not carry the count above thirty-one. 6. Something 
that goes, or is successful ; also, an agreement. 7. With 
the, the fashion ; the rage. All Colloq. 

go'a (go'd), n. [Tibetan dgoba.] A gazelle (Gazella pic- 
ticaudata) of the Tibetan plateau. 

goad (god), n. [AS. gad.] 1. A pointed rod used to urge 
on a beast. 2. Something that produces the effect of a 
goad. — v. t. To prick ; drive with or as with a goad. — 
Syn. Urge, excite, arouse, irritate, incite, instigate. 

go'— a-head', a. Progressive; enterprising. Colloq. 

goal (gol), n. 1. The bound where a race or journey is to 
end. 2. The final purpose, end, or aim. 3. In various 
games, a bound which must be passed or gone through to 
score. 4. The winning of a goal, or the score so made^ 

Goa powder. [From Goa, Portuguese territory in India.] 
A bitter powder (called also araroba) found in the inter- 
spaces of the wood of a Brazilian f abaceous tree ( Vouaca- 
poua araroba). It is the chief source of chrysarobin. 

goat (got), n. [AS. gat.] 1. Any of certain hollow-horned 
ruminants closely allied to the sheep. The true goats con- 
stitute a genus (Capra). 2. [cap.] Astron. = Capri- 
cornus. 3. Fig., in medieval bestiary lore, the animal 
type of lechery ; hence, a libidinous man. 

goat'ee' (go'te'), n. A part of a man's beard on the chin, 
trimmed in a tuft like the beard of a he-goat. 

goat 'fish' (got'fish 7 ), n. Any of certain mullets having 
long barbels on the chin, esp. the red goatfish (Pseudu- 
peneus maculatus) and yellow goatfish (P. martinicus) . 

goat'herd' (-hurdO, n. A herder of goats. [lustful. I 

goat'ish, a. Characteristic of a goat; goatlike; coarse ;| 

goats'beard' (gots'berd'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Trago- 
pogon) of cichoriaceous plants; salsify. 2. A rosaceous 
plant (Aruncus aruncus). 

goat's'-rue', n. 1. In Europe, a fabaceous plant (Galega 
officinalis). 2. In the United States, a similar fabaceous 
plant (Cracca virginiana). 

goat 'suck 'er (got'suk'er), n. Any of numerous nonpas- 
serine birds, constituting two fam- 
ilies (Caprimul- 
gidee and Podar- 
gidse), including 
the nightjar and 
whippoorwill. 
The name was 
given to the 
nightjar (Capri- 




mulgus europae- 



Goatsucker (Caprimtdgus europzus). 



us) under the mistaken idea that it sucks the milk of goats. 



i 





H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |[ Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GOB 



428 



GOLDFINCH 




gob (gSb), n. A mass or lump. Now Dial, or Vulgar. 

go-bang' (go-bang'), n. Also go'ban' (go'ban'). [Jap. 
goban checkerboard.] A Japanese game, played on a 
board marked in squares like a checkerboard. 

gobbe (gob), n. A tropical creeping fabaceous herb (Voand- 
zeia subterranea) which ripens its fruit underground. 

gob'bet (gob'et; 24), n. [F. gobet.] 1. A portion or frag- 
ment ; — now only of flesh. 2. A lump. 06s. or Archaic. 

gob'ble (-'I), v. t.; -bled (-'Id) ; bling (-ling). To swallow 
or eat greedily or hastily ; gulp. — v. i. To eat greedily. 

gob'ble, v. t. & i. To utter ( the cry of a turkey cock or a 
sound like it). — n. A noise, such as that of a turkey cock. 

gob'bler (gob'ler), n. A turkey cock. 

Gob'e-lin (gob'e-lin; go'blaN'), a. Designating, or pert, 
to, tapestry produced in the famous Gobelin works in Paris. 

go'— be-tween', n. An intermediary ; broker ; procurer. 

go'bi-oid (go'bi-oid), a. [See goby ; -oid.] Zool. Of or per- 
taining to the gobies. — n. A gobioid fish. 

gob'let (gob'let ; 24), n. [F. gobelet, dim. of OF. gobelcup.] 
1. A kind of cup without a handle ; any wine cup. Ar- 
chaic. 2. A drinking glass with a foot and stem. 

goblin (-lin ),n. [ F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus.] A sprite 
usually conceived as ugly or grotesque and as mischievous 
or evil and malicious. 

gob'stick' (gob'stlk'), n. _ [Dial, or Slang gob mouth + 
stick.] A stick for removing the hook from a fish's gullet. 

go'by (go'bl), n. ; pi. -bies (-biz). [L. gobius, gobio, a kind 
of fish, Gr. /c«/3i6s.] 
Any of numerous 
spiny-rayed fishes, 
constituting a family 
(Gobiidae) 

go'-by' (-bV), n. A 
neglecting. 

go'cart' (-karf), n. ^** _ . 

1. A framework on Goby. 

casters, to support a child learning to walk. 2. A kind of 
small baby carriage. 3. A litter, jinrikisha, or the like ; 
also, a handcart. 4. A kind of light carriage. 

god (god ; 62), n. [AS. god.] 1. A being conceived as hav- 
ing more than human attributes and powers ; a deity, esp. 
a male deity. 2. An idol. 3. [cap."} The Supreme Being ; 
the eternal and infinite Spirit, Creator, and Sovereign of 
the universe ; Jehovah. 4. The ruler or sovereign embodi- 
ment of some aspect, attribute, or department of reality ; 
as, the god of love, of justice, of nature; also, a supreme 
being conceived as a world soul ; as, the pantheistic god. 

— v. t. To treat as a god ; deify ; idolize. 

god'child' (-child'), n. One for whom a person becomes 
sponsor at baptism. 

god'daugh'ter (-do'ter), n. A female godchild. 

god-den'. Obs., Scot., or dial. Eng. form of good even. 

god'dess (god'es), n. 1. A female god. 2. A woman of 
great charms, or whom one adores. — god'dess-ship, n. 

god'fa'ther (-fa'ther), n. 1. A male sponsor for a child at 
baptism. 2. A male sponsor, as at confirmation. 3. In pi. 
Jurymen. Humorous & Obs. —v. t. To act as godfather to. 

god'head (-hed), n. 1. Godship ; deity ; divinity ; godhood. 

2. [cap.] The Deity; God. 3. A divinity. Now Rare. 
god'hood (-hood), n. Godhead; godship. 

Go-di'va (go-dl'vd), n. A Saxon lady who, according to 
legend, rode naked through Coventry in fulfillment of the 
condition upon which her husband had promised to relieve 
the town of a tax. See Peeping Tom. 

god'less, a. Having or acknowledging no God ; without 
reverence for God ; impious. — god'less-ness, n. 

god'like' (god'lTkO, a. Like or befitting a god or God ; di- 
vine ; hence, preeminently good. — god'like'ness, n. 

god'ling (-ling), n. A small or inferior deity. 

god'ly (-IT), a. 1. Divine. 2. Pious; reverencing God; 
devout ; righteous. — god'li-ly (-li-li), adv. li-ness, n. 

god'moth'er (muth'er), n. A woman sponsor at baptism. 

go-down' (go-doun'), n. [Corrupt, of Malay gadong ware- 
house.] In eastern Asia, the Philippines, etc., a warehouse. 

god'par'ent (god'par'ent), n. A godfather or godmother. 

go-droon' (go-droon'), n. [F. godron a round plait, go- 
droon.] a Arch. An ornament produced by notching or 
carving a rounded molding, b Decorative Art. A fluting 
or reeding, often approaching an oval form or_almond 
shape, used in silverware, etc. — go-drooned' (-droond').a. 

God's acre. A churchyard ; a burying ground. 

god'send' (god'send' ; 62), n. [For God's send, ME. sande, 
sonde, a sending, message, AS. sand.] _ Some desirable or 
needed thing coming unexpectedly, as if sent by God. 

god'ship, n. Character, state, or personality of a god. 

god'son' (-sim'), n. A male godchild. 

God'speed' (-sped'), n. Success ; prosperous journeying ; — 
contraction of, " God speed you. ' 

God'ward (god'werd) \ adv. Toward God ; — originally to 

God'wards (-werdz) J Godward. 

god'wit (god'wit), n. Any of a genus (Limosa) of long- 
billed wading birds of the snipe family 



go'er (go'er), n. One who, or that which, goes. 

goe'thite. Var. of gothite. 

goffer (gofer), v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, etc., 

gaufre honeycomb, waffle.] To plait, crimp, or flute, as 

lace, paper, etc. — n. 1. A goffering tool. 2. A goffering ; 

a crimping or fluting. 
gog'gle (gog''l), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-gling). 1. To 

squint ; roll the eyes ; stare. 2. To turn to one side ; squint ; 

roll ; — of the eyes. — v. t. To turn (the eyes) to one side 

or from side to side ; roll. 

— n. pi. Any of several kinds of protective spectacles. 

— a. Protruding ; staring ; — of the eyes. 

gog'let (-let), n. [Pg. gorgoleta.] A long-necked water 
vessel, usually of porous earthenware, for cooling water by 
evaporation. Anglo-Ind. 

go'ing ( go'ing ), n. 1. Departure. 2. Course of life ; be- 
havior ; way ; — usually in pi. 3. Gait. Obs. 4. Condi- 
tion of the ground or of a road, etc., as for traveling. — 
p. a. That goes ; in existence ; as, he is one of the brightest 
men going ; current ; departing ; also, moving ; working ; 
in (esp. successful) operation ; as, a going business. 

goi'terl (goi'ter), n. [F. goitre, deriv. of L. guttur throat.] . 

gqi'trej An enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the ante- 
rior part of the neck, often associated with cretinism and 
myxcedema; bronchocele. — goi'trous (-trfts), a. 

gold (gold), n. _ [AS. gold.] 1. A yellow metallic element, 
the most precious metal used as a common commercial 
medium of exchange. It is the most malleable and ductile 
metal, and one of the heaviest substances known (sp. gr. 
19.27). Symbol, Au (aurum) ; at. wt., 197.2. 2. Gold coin ; 
riches. 3. The yellow color of the metal. [leaves.} 

gold'beat'er (-bet'er), n. One who beats gold into thini 

goldbeater's skin. The prepared outside membrane of 
the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves 
of metal in goldbeating, or hammering pieces of gold into 
extremely thin leaves. [golden luster.| 

gold beetle. Any of various leaf beetles having a brilliant | 

gold brick. A pretended or real brick or bar of gold, sold 
by a swindler to his victim, to whom is given the spurious 
brick or some substitute for the genuine one. Collog., U. S. 

gold'bug' (gold'bug'), n. U. S. 1. A gold beetle. 2. An 
advocate of the gold standard. Political Slang. 

gold'en (gol'd'n), a. 1. Of or pert, to gold. 2. Containing, 
or abounding in, gold. 3. Of the color of gold. 4. Pre- 
cious ; excellent. 5. Prosperous and happy ; as, golden days. 
golden age, a period of great prosperity and progress or of 
the flowering of civilization or art ; in classical mythology, 
an era of perfect happiness, identified with the reign of 
Cronus and the elder gods. — g. buck, Cookery, a Welsh 
rabbit with a poached egg upon it. — g. eagle, a large 
and powerful eagle 
(Aquila chrysaetos) of | 
the Northern Hemi- 
sphere. — Q. Fleece, Gr. 
Myth., a fleece of gold 
placed by King ^Eetea 
in a sacred grove, where 
it was guarded by a 
dragon. See Phrixus ; 
Jason. — g. mean [a 
translation of L. aurea 
mediocrttas] , the way 
of wisdom and safety 
between extremes; 
moderation. — g. 
number [L. aureus 
numerus] , the number 
of any year in the Me- 
tonic lunar cycle of 19 
years ; — so named as 
important in fixing the 
date of Easter. For any id -^> 

year of the Christian Goldem Eagle, 

era the golden number is 

obtained by adding 1 to the number of the year and divid- 
ing by 19, the remainder being the number sought. If there 
is no remainder, the number is 19. — g. robin, the Balti- 
more oriole. — g. rule, the rule of doing to others as we 
would have them do to us (Matt. vii. 12 ; Luke vi. 31). 

gold'en— eye', n. A duck ( Clangula clangula) of Europe, 
Asia, and North America, noted for its swift whistling flight 
and expert diving. 

gold'en-ly, adv. In a golden manner. 

gold'en-ness, n. State or quality of being golden. 

gold'en-rod' (-rod'), n. Any of a certain genus (Soliddgo) 
or of several related genera (as Brachychozta) of astera- 
ceous plants, with heads of small yellow-rayed flowers. 

gold'en-seal' (gol'd'n-sel'), n. A perennial American ra- 
nunculaceous herb (Hydrastis canadensis), with a thick 
knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves. 

gold'— filled' (gold'fild'), o. Jewelry. Covered with a layer 
of gold of appreciable thickness mechanically put on. 

gold'finch' (gold'finch'), n. 1. A small European finch 
(Carduelis elegans) having a patch of yellow on the wings. 
2. In America, any of various small finches of two genera 







ale, senate, care, arn,occount, arm, ask, sofo; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, Sdd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, Sim, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GOLDFINNY 



429 



GOOD-HUMOREDLY 



(Astragalinus and Spinus, esp. A. tristis). In summer, 

the male is bright yellow with black wings, tail, and crown, 
gold'fin'ny (-fin'i), n. ; pi. -nies (-Iz). A small brightly 

colored European labroid fish (Ctenolabrus rupestris) ; 

also, any of several other related European labroids. 
gold'fish' (-fish'), ft. A small cyprinoid fish (Carassius 

auratus), usually golden yellow or orange in color, often 

kept in aquariums. 
gold'i-loeks' (gol'dT-loks'), n. 1. A person with golden 

hair. 2. Any of various yellow-flowered plants, esp. a 

European buttercup (Ranunculus auricomus). 
gold leaf. Gold foil, or a leaf of gold, of extreme thinness. 
gold'-of-pleas'ure, n. Any of a genus (Camelina) of bras- 

sicaceous plants; esp., the wild flax (C. sativa). 
gold point. Finance. In foreign exchange, the rate of 

exchange at which it is as cheap to settle accounts by the 

shipment of gold as it is to do so by buying exchange. 
gold'smith' (gold'smTth'), n. A worker in gold. Goldsmiths 

commonly acted as bankers as late as the 18th century. 
goldsmith beetle. A large, bright yellow, American scar- 

abaeid beetle (Cotalpa lanigera). 
gold standard. See standard, n., 4 b. 
gold Stick. The gilt rod carried on state occasions by the 

colonel of a regiment of Life Guards or the captain of the 

Gentlemen-at-arms ; also, one who carries this rod. Eng. 
gold'stone' (gold'stonO, n. A venturine in which the gold 

spangles are very close and fine, giving it the appearance of 

a natural jewel. See aventurine, 1. 
gold'thread' (gold'thred'), n. Bot. A small ranunculaceous 

plant (Coptis trifolia), with white flowers and trifoliolate 

leaves ; — so called from its fibrous yellow roots. 
gold'y-locks' (gol'di-loks'). Var. of goldilocks. 
golf (golf; sometimes gof), n. A game which consists in 

striking a small resilient ball with clubs (called golf clubs) 




Heads (Front and Side view) of a typical set of Golf Clubs. 
1 Driver ; 2 Brassy ; 3 Cleek ; 4 Mid-iron ; 5 Mashie ; 
6 Niblick ; 7 Putter. 

having heads (wooden or metal), so as to drive it into a 
series of holes (usually nine or eighteen) at varying dis- 
tances on a course (links), with natural or artificial ob- 
stacles (hazards) . The object is to hole the ball in as few 
strokes as possible. — v. i. To play golf. — golfer, n. 

Gol'go-tha (gol'go-thd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 70X7000, fr. Aramaic 
or Heb. ; Heb. gulgoleth skull.] 1. Calvary. John xix. 17. 
2. [.I.e.] A burial place. 

gol'iard (gol'ydrd), n. [LL. goliardus or OF. goliart.] 
One of a class of wandering students, chiefly of the 12th 
and 13th centuries, who composed loose and satirical Latin 
verse, and served as jesters or minstrels. — gol-iar'der-y 
(gol-yar'der-i), n. — gol-iar'dic (-dik), a. 

Go-li'ath (go-11'dth), n. [Heb. Golyath.] Bib. The Phi- 
listine giant killed by David with a sling. 1 Sam. xvii. 

go-losh', go-loshe'. Vars. of galosh. 

gom-broon' (gom-broon'), «., or gombroon ware. A kind 
of white semiporcelain, made originally in Persia. 

Go'mer (go'mer), n. Bib. 1. A son of Japheth. 2. Wife 
of the prophet Hosea. 

Go-mor'rah, or Go-mor'rha (go-mor'd), n. See Sodom. 

gom-pho'sis (gom-fo'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. y6u<pw<ns, prop., 
a bolting together, deriv. of you<t>os bolt, nail.] Anat. A 
form of union or immovable articulation where a hard part 
is received into a bone cavity, as the teeth into the jaws. 

go-mu'ti (go-moo'te), n. [Malayan gumuti.] 1. A Ma- 
layan palm (Saguerus pinnatus) having large pinnate 
leaves whose bases are densely clothed with fibers. 2. The 
black, wiry fiber obtained from this palm. 

Gond (gond), n. A member of an important Dravidian 
people, mainly of the Central Provinces and Berar, India. 
Many of them are in the lowest stage of culture. 

gon'do-la (gon'do-ld), n. [It., dim. of gonda a gondola.] 

1. A kind of boat used in the canals of Venice 

2. A kind of heavy barge, used esp. in New 
land. U. S. 3. An elongated car 
attached to 
the underside 
of a dirigible _ : 
balloon. 3y, 

gon'do-lier' "« ... 

(-ler'), n. A ,5? ^— Gondola 

man who propels a gondola, by rowing or by poling. 
gone (g§n ; 62), p. p. & p. a. of go. Specif.: 1. p. a. Lost; 




undone. 2. Departed, as because of death. 3. Infatuated ; 
with on or upon, enamored of ; violently in love with. 
Colloq. 4. With far, much advanced ; deeply engaged or 
involved; also, much wearied or fatigued. 5. With an 
expression denoting a space of time, ago ; since ; as, these 
ten years gone. 

gone'ness, n. A state of exhaustion ; faintness. 

Gon'er-il (gon'er-il), n. See Lear. 

gon'fa-lon (-fd-lon),n. [F. gonfalon or It. gonf alone. See 
gonfanon.] 1. The design or standard of certain princes 
or states, as the medieval Italian republics. 2. Popularly, 
any flag that hangs from a crosspiece or frame. See flag, 
Illust. 

gon'fa-lon-ier' (-er'), n. He who bears the gonfalon; a 
standard bearer ; specif., the chief magistrate or some other 
official of any of several republics in medieval Italy. 

gon'fa-non, gon'lan-non (gon'fd-non), n. [OF. gonfanon, 
fr. OHG. gundfano war flag.] A gonfalon. Obs. or Hist. 

gong (gong), n. [Malayan gong.] 1. A metallic disk with 
upturned rim, producing, when struck, a harsh, resounding 
tone. 2. A kind of saucer-shaped bell. 

go-nid'i-um (gS-nTd'i-um), n.; pi. gonidia (-d). [NL. ; 
Gr. yovos, yovr), reproduction, offspring, semen + dim. 
suffix -iSiof, -idiot/."] Bot. a An asexual reproductive cell or 
spore arising on the gametophyte. b One of the green 
chlorophyll-bearing cells found within the thallus of a 
lichen. — go-nid'i-al (-i-dl), a. 

go'ni-om'e-ter (go'nT-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. yuvla angle -f- 
-meter.] An instrument for measuring_ (solid) angles, as of 
crystals, etc. — go'ni-o-met'ric, go'ni-o-met'ri-cal, o. — 
go'ni-om'e-try (-om'e-tn), n. 

go'ni-on (go'nl-on), n.; pi. gonia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. 
ywvla angle.] Craniol. The point at the angle of the lower 
jaw on either side. 

gono-COC'cus (gon'6-kok'iis), n. ; pi. gonococci (-kok'sl). 
[NL. ; yoyos, yovrj semen + coccus.] The microorganism 
(Micrococcus gonorrheas) that causes gonorrhea. 

gon'oph, gon'of (gon'of), n. [Heb. ganncibh thief.] A 
pickpocket or thief. Slang, Eng. 

gon'o-phore (gon'6-for ; 57), n. [Gr. ySvos, 70^17, semen + 
-phore.] Bot. Any sporophyll-bearing prolongation of the 
axis, as the stipe above the torus in some capparidaceous 
flowers. 

gon'or-rhe'a 1 (gon'o-re'd), n. [L., gonorrhoea, Gr. 

gon'or-rhce'a / yovbppoia; ybvos, yovr\, semen + pktiv to 
flow.] Med. A contagious inflammatory disease of the 
genito-urinary tract caused by the gonococcus and charac- 
terized by a mucopurulent discharge. — gon or-rhe'al, 
gon'or-rhoe'al, a. 

-gony (-go-nT). [L. -gonia, Gr. -yovia, fr. root of 7^7^0-00* 
to be born.] A suffix used to signify generation, produc- 
tion, development. Cf. -geny. 

gOO'ber (goo'ber), n. The peanut. Southern U. S. 

good (good), a.; compar. bet'ter (bet'er) ; superl. BEST 
(best). [AS. god.] 1. Sufficient or satisfactory. 2. Favor- 
able ; beneficial ; fortunate ; as, good advice ; good luck. 
3. Agreeable ; pleasant; cheerful; as, good company; good 
spirits. 4. Of comparative excellence ; commendable ; as, 
good drawing; of persons, capable, efficient, skillful; as, 
a good scholar ; also, marked by approval or convey- 
ing commendation ; as, to have a good opinion of one ; 
in a stronger sense, highly commendable ; admirable ; 
as, a good plan or story. 5. a Proper ; fit. b Virtuous ; 
also, pious or devout. 6. a Kind; benevolent, b Well- 
behaved ; decorous, c Courageous. 7. Socially in good 
repute ; fair ; honorable ; as, a good family. 8. Sound or 
reliable ; valid ; genuine ; not depreciated, counterfeit, etc. ; 
hence : honest ; sincere. 9. Ample ; full ; thorough ; as, a 
good day's work. 10. Considerable ; — esp. in the phrases 
a good deal, a good while, etc. 

for good, or for g. and all, completely and finally. — g. 
book {often caps.] , the Bible. — G. Friday, the Friday of 
Holy Week, kept as the anniversary of Christ's crucifixion. 
— g. graces, favor; friendship. — g. Samaritan, the 
principal character in a well-known parable, Luke x. 30-37 ; 
hence : one similarly compassionate. — G. Shepherd, 
Christ; — often so called. John x. 11, 14. — g. speed, 
good luck ; Godspeed ; — an old form of wishing success. 

— n. 1. That which is good ; — opposed to ill, evil. 2, 
Welfare ; prosperity ; benefit ; — opp. to harm, etc. 3. 
Anything beneficial ; a benefit. 4. In pi. Wares ; commodi- 
ties; chattels. 

— inter j. An expression of satisfaction ; — often with very. 

— adv. Well. Rare in literary English. 
as good as, in effect, virtually. 

good'-by' 1 (gobd / bI , ) ) n. or inter j. [A contraction of God 

good'— bye'/ be with ye.] Farewell. 

good fellow. A companionable fellow ; boon companion. — 

good'-fePlow-hood, good'-fel'low-ship, ?i. 
good bumor or bumour. A cheerful or pleasant temper 

or state of mind. — Syn. See good nature. — good'— 

hu'mored, a. — good'-hu'mored-ly, adv. 



I 



J 



!< 



K = , ch J n G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
applanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GOODISH 



430 



GOSPEL 



good'ish, a. Somewhat good ; rather good. 

good'ly (gdod'li), a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Of pleasing 
appearance, or quality ; comely ; excellent. 2. Large ; con- 
siderable. — good'li-ness (good'li-nes), n. 

good'man (-man), n. A householder; husband; also, an 
appellation of civility applied to those below the rank of 
gentleman. Archaic or Scot. 

good nature. Pleasant or kindly nature or disposition. — 

food'-na'tured (-na'tjrd), a. — good'-na'tured-ly, adv. 
iyn. Good nature, good humor, good temper. Good 
nature implies a disposition to please and be pleased ; good 
humor, a spirit of ease and cheerfulness, esp. as displayed 
in one's demeanor or in social intercourse ; good temper, a 
habit of mind not easily ruffled or provoked. 

good'ness, n. Quality or state of being good ; excellence ; 
strength ; virtue ; kindness ; beneficence. 
Syn. Goodness, virtue agree in the idea of excellence. In 
their nonmoral senses, goodness is of general application, 

' virtue connotes efficacy or potency ; as, the goodness of 
his land ; the virtue of a talisman. In their common ethical 
uses, goodness (opposed to evil) is apt to suggest inherent 
quality or the more human and kindly moral attributes ; 
virtue (opposed to vice) is rather goodness in its formal as- 
pects ; as, there is some goodness in everyone ; men's vices 
are often more conspicuous than their virtues. 

goods (goodz), n. pi. Wares; commodities; chattels; — 
often (British) used attributively in relation to transpor- 
tation, as goods train, goods shed, etc. 

good'— tem'pered, a. Having a good temper (see good 
nature, Syn.). — good'-tem'pered-ly, adv. 

good'wife' (good'wlf), n. The mistress of a household or 
other establishment ; also, the equiv. of Mrs. as an appel- 
lation. Archaic or Scot. 

good will, or (esp. in sense 3) good'will', n. 1. Benevo- 
lence. 2. Cheerful consent ; heartiness. 3. The advan- 
tage in custom which a business has acquired beyond the 
mere value of what it sells. — Syn. See favor. 

good'y (good'!), n. ; pi. goodies (-iz). Anything regarded 
as especially good to eat, as a bonbon, cake, etc. ; — usually 
in pi. Colloq. — a. Sentimentally or affectedly good ; — 
often in the form good'y-good'y. Colloq. 

gOOd'y, n. [Prob. for goodwife.] A term of civility for a 
woman, esp. a lowly one ; hence, such a woman. 

gOOS-an'der (goos-an'der ; goos'an'der), n. A merganser. 

goose (goos), n.; pi. geese fees), n. [AS. gos, pi. ges.] 1. 
Any of a subfamily ( Anserinse) of large web-footed birds 
intermediate between the swans and ducks. 2. A simple- 
ton. 3. A game played with counters. Obs. 4. [pZ. gooses.] 
A tailor's smoothing iron ; — from its bent handle. 

goose'ber-ry (gooz'ber-i ; goos'-), n. The acid, usually 
hairy, berry of any of several shrubs of a genus (Ribes) 
which also includes the currants ; also, any shrub (esp. B. 
grossularia) that bears it. 

goose flesh. Also goose skin. The peculiar roughness of 
the skin often produced by cold or fear. 

goose'foot' (goos'fdot'), n.; pi. -foots. Any of a genus 
(Chenopodium) of glabrous or mealy herbs ; — from the 
shape of the leaves. By extension, any plant of a family 
(Chenopodiacese) of which this genus is the type. 

goose'herd 7 (goos'hurd'), n. One who tends geese. 

goose-neck 7 (-nek'), n. Anything curved like the neck of 
a goose, as a rod of iron for various purposes, a piece of 
pipe, a kind of frame for a ratchet brace, etc. 

goose Step. Mil. a An elementary drill in which the soldier 
stands alternately on each foot and swings or sharply 
raises the other, as in marking time, b The straight- 
legged, stiff-kneed parade step of German infantry ; — so 
called by English and Americans. 

go'pher (go'fer), n. [F. gaufre waffle, honeycomb ; — from 
their burrows.] 1. Any member of certain genera (Geomys, 
Thomomys, etc.) of American burrowing rodents the size 
of a rat or larger, having very large outside cheek pouches ; 
— called also pocket gopher and pouched rat. 2. Any of 
numerous small, striped ground squirrels (genus Citellus) 
of the North American prairies, closely allied to the chip- 
munks. 3. An edible burrowing land tortoise (Xerobates 
polyphemus) of the southern United States. 

go'pher wood (go'fer). [Heb. gopher.'] Bib. An unidenti- 
fied wood used in constructing Noah's ark. Gen. vi. 14. 

gor'-bel'lied (gor'bel'id), a. [See 1st gore.] Having a 
prominent belly. Obs. 

gor'cock' (-kok'), n. The moor cock, or male red grouse. 

gor'crow' (-kro'), n. [See 1st gore.] The common Euro- 
pean black crow (Corvus cor one). Scot. & Local Eng. 

Gor'di-an (-df-cm), a. Pert, to Gordius, king of Phrygia, 
or the knot tied by him ; hence : intricate ; complicated. 
Gordian knot, Class. Myth., an intricate knot tied by 
Gordius. An oracle having declared that he who should 
untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great, 
unable to untie it, cut it with his sword. 

gore (gor ; 57), n. [AS. gor dirt.] Blood ; esp., clotted blood. 

gore, n. [AS. gara point of land, gar spear.] 1. A trian- 
gular piece of land. 2. Any triangular piece of cloth used 
in a garment, sail, etc., to vary the width. — v. t. ; gored 



(gord) ; gor'ing. To cut into a tapering or triangular form ; 

to piece with a gore or provide with a gore. 
gore, v. t. & i. To pierce or stab, esp. deeply, as with a 

spear, spike, or the like ; — -now, mostly, of certain animals : 

to pierce with a horn or tusk. 
gorge (gorj), n. [F.] 1. The throat. Archaic or Poetic. 

2. A hawk's crop ; hence, stomach. Archaic. 3. A hawk's 
meal ; hence, a meal. Archaic. 4. That which is gorged, 
or swallowed. 5. A narrow passage ; as : a A defile, pass, 
or steep rocky ravine, b (l) The rear entrance into an out- 
work of a fort. (2) The rear part of any fortification. 
6. Angling. A primitive device used instead of a fishhook,, 
as a pointed piece of bone or stone. 7. A mass that fills or 
chokes up a passage or channel ; as, an ice gorge in a river. 
8. [From gorge, v.] Act of gorging, or eating greedily. 

— v. i.; gorged (gorjd) ; gorg'ing (gorging). To fill the 
gorge ; eat greedily. — v. t. 1. To fill the gorge or crop of ; 
glut. 2. To swallow, esp. greedily. — Syn. See satiate. 

gor'geous (gor'jus), a. [OF. gorgias.] Imposing through 
splendid or various coloring ; magnificent ; dazzling. — 
Syn. See grand. — gor'geous-ly, adv. — geous-ness, n. 

gorg'er (gor'jer), n. One that gorges, or eats to satiety. 

gor'ger-in (gor'jer-m), n. [F., fr. gorge neck.] Arch. The 
neck of a column, or the space between two neck moldings ; 
— called also necking. 

gor'get (-jet ; 24), n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat.] 
1. A piece of armor for the throat. 2. a A collar, b A 
kind of covering for the neck and breast, worn by women. 

3. Zo'ol. A specially colored or otherwise distinguishable 
patch on the throat. 

Gor'gon (-gon), n. [L., Gorgo, -onis, Gr. Topyw, fr. yopy6s 
terrible.] 1. Gr. Myth. Any of three sisters, Stheno, 
Euryale, and Medusa, with snaky hair and of terrific aspect, 
which turned the beholder to stone. 2. [Z. c] A gorgo- 
neum. 3. [Z. c] A very ugly or terrible woman. 

gor'go-ne'um (gor'gS-ne'iim), n.; pi. -nea (-d). [Gr. Top- 
ybveiov.] A representation of a Gorgon's head, esp. Medu- 
sa's. See jEGis. 

Gor-go'ni-an (gor-go'ni-an), 
a. Pert, to or resembling a 
Gorgon ; petrifying. 

Gor'gon-zo'la (gor'gon-zo'- 
ld), n., or Gorgonzola 
cheese. [It.] A kind of 
Italian pressed milk cheese 
resembling Roquefort; — 
from a village near Milan. 

gor'hen' (gor'hen 7 ), n. [_gor- 
as in gorcock + hen.] The 
female of the red grouse. 

go-ril'la (go-nl'd), n. [An, 
African word.] The largest] 
anthropoid ape (Gorilla go- 
rilla), native to western 
equatorial Africa. It < is 
closely related to the chim- 
panzee, and is very fierce. 

gor'mand (g6r'mdnd). Var. 

Of GOURMAND. OOWla. 

gor'mand-ize (-man-dTz), v. i. & t.; -ized (-dlzd) ; -iz'tng. 
[F. gourmandise gluttony.] To eat greedily or raven- 
ously. — gor'mand-iz'er (-dlz'er), n. 

gorse (gSrs), n. [AS. gorst.~] Furze. Eng. — gors'y, a. 

gor'y (gor'i ; 57), a. Covered with gore, or clotted blood; 
bloody ; sanguinary. 

gos'hawk' (gos'hok'), n. [AS. goshafuc, lit., goose hawk ; 
or Icel. gashaukr."] Any of a genus or subgenus ( Astur) of 
rather large short-winged hawks, noted for activity. 

Go'shen (go'shen), n. Bib. The land of plenty 
allotted to the Israelites in Egypt. 

gos'ling (goz'lTng), n. [AS. gos goose 4- 
-ling.~] A young goose. 

gos'pel (gos'pel), n. [AS. godspell; god 
God (prob. for god good) 4- spell 
story, tale.] 1. Glad tidings; 
esp., the good news concerning 
Christ, the Kingdom of God, and 
salvation ; hence : the teachings 
of Christ and the apostles; the 
Christian faith, revelation, or dis- 
pensation. 2. A record or narra- 
tive of Christ's life and doctrines, 
esp. [usually cap.] that con- 
tained in the New Testament 
books "Matthew," "Mark," 
"Luke," and "John"; also, one 
of these books. 3. {Usually cap.] 
A selection from one of the four 
Gospels, used in a religious serv- 
ice. 4. Something propounded or 
accepted as infallibly true ; as, 
they took his words for gospel. 5. 





American Goshawk. 
Adult plumage. 



aie, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil: chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






GOSPELER 



431 



GRAB 



A guiding principle for action ; often, a doctrine of political 
or social philosophy fervently maintained or preached. 

gos'pel-er, gOS'pel-ler (-er), n. 1. Eccl. One who reads or 
sings the Gospel. 2. One who professes belief in the gospel, 
or who maintains that his party alone has the true gospel. 

gos'sa-mer (gos'd-mer), n. [ME. gossomer, perh. for 
goose summer, and referring to a period of mild weather in 
November, when geese were eaten.] 1. A film of cobwebs, 
floating in the air m calm, clear weather. 2. Any gauzelike 
fabric. 3. A thin waterproof stuff, or a garment of it. U. S. 

— gos'sa-mer, gos'sa-mer-y (-1), a. 

gOS'san (gos'an; goz'-), n. [Cornish.] Mining. Decom- 
posed rock of reddish or ferruginous color (owing to oxi- 
dized pyrites), indicating an underlying metallic vein. 

gOS'sip (gos'Tp), n. [AS. godsibb; god God + sib related, 
a relation.] 1. A godparent. Archaic. 2. Friend ; com- 
rade ; companion. 06s. or (of women) Archaic. 3. An 
idle tattler. 4. Tattle ; idle personal talk ; groundless rumor. 

— v. i. 1. To act as a gossip, or familiar friend. Obs. 2. 
To run about and tell idle tales. — gos'sip-er, n._ 

gos'sip-ing, vb. n. 1. A christening or christening feast. 
Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. A meeting of friends, as at a lying- 
in ; also, a merry-making. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 3. Idle 
talking of gossip. 

gos'sip-red (gos'Tp-red), n. The relationship between a 
person and his sponsors ; spiritual affinity. Obs. or Hist. 

gos'sip-ry (-rf), n. 1. = gossipred. Archaic or Hist. 2. 
Gossip ; also, a body of gossips. 

gOS'sip-y (-T), a. Full of, or given to, gossip. 

got (got), pret. & p. p. of get. 

Goth (goth), n. [L. Gothi, pi.] 1. One of a Teutonic race 
(divided into two groups, Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or 
East Goths and West Goths) which early in the Christian 
era overran the greater part of the Roman Empire. 2. One 
who is rude or uncivilized ; a barbarian. 

Got'ham, n. 1. (got'am ; go / tham)_ A village in England 
whose people were proverbial for their follies. 2. (go'tham ; 
goth'am) New York City. Jocular. — Go'tham-ite, n. 

Goth'ic (goth'ik), a. [L. GothicusJ) 1. Of or pert, to the 
Goths or their language. 2. Teutonic ; Germanic. Obs. 3. 
{Often I. c] Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, the Middle 
Ages ; medieval ; derogatorily, of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, the Dark Ages ; hence : rude ; barbarous. 4. Arch. Of, 
pert, to, or designating a style of building and ornament. 
See Gothic architecture. 5. Designating, or pert, to a 
certain style of type. See Gothic, n., 3. 

—n. 1. The Gothic language. 2. Gothic style or decoration. 
3. Print. A style of type. See type. 
Gothic arch, the pointed arch, esp. one with a joint in- 
stead of a keystone at its apex. See arch, Illust., 3. — G. 
architecture, the architectural style developed in north- 
ern France and spreading through western Europe from 
about 1160 to the 15th century. In this style, weights and 
strains converge at isolated points upon slender vertical 
piers and counterbalancing buttresses, and pointed arches 
and vaulting replace the round of the Romanesque. 

Goth'i-cism (goth'I-siz'm), n. 1. Rudeness; barbarity; 
inelegance or an inelegance. 2. A Gothic idiom. 

Goth'i-cize (-slz), v. t.; -cized (-sizd) ; -ciz'ing (-sizing). 
To make Gothic or medieval in aspect, character, or style. 

gb'thite, or goe'thite (gu'tlt), n. [After the poet Goethe.'] 
Min. A hydrous oxide of iron, Fe203-H20. 

got'ten (got/'n), p. p. of get ; — now rarely used in England 
except in ill-gotten. [Ragnarok. 

Got'ter-dam'mer-ung (gut'er-dem'er-dong), n. [G.] See 

U gouache (gwash), n. [F., fr. It. guazzo!\ A method of 
painting with opaque colors that have been ground in 
water and mixed with a preparation of gum ; also, a pic- 
ture painted by this method, or the pigment. 

gouge (gouj ; gooj), n. [F., fr. LL.] 1. A kind of chisel 



Gouges, 1. 

with a concavo-convex cross section. 2. Act of scooping 
out with or as with a gouge ; a groove or cavity so made. 
Colloq., U. S. 3. A cheat ; fraud. Slang, U. S. 

— v. t. ; gouged (goujd ; goojd) ; goug'ing. 1. To scoop 
out with or as with a gouge. 2. To scoop out, as an eye, 
with the thumb nail ; force out the eye of (a person) with 
the thumb. 3. To cheat. Colloq., U. S. — gOUg'er, n. 

goulash (goo'lash), n., or Hungarian goulash. [Hung. 
gulyashus, lit., herdsman's meat.] A ragout of steak fla- 
vored with paprika and vegetables. 

gourd (gord ; goord), n. [F. gourde, fr. L. cucurbita 
gourd.] 1. The fleshy, many-seeded fruit, usually with a 
hard rind, of any of a genus (Cucurbita) of herbaceous 
vines, as the pumpkin and squash, or the hard-shelled fruit 
of the bottle gourd (Lagenaria lagenaria) ; also, any plant 
bearing such fruit. 2. The dried rind or shell of the fruit, 
used as a dipper, etc. 

gourde (goord), n. The monetary unit of Haiti, equivalent 



The paper gourde is 



to five francs, or 96.5 cents U. S. 
worth about 24 cents. 

gour'mand (goor'mand; F. goor'maN'), n. [F.] 1. A 
glutton. Obs. 2. A luxurious eater. — Syn. See epicure. 

|| gour'met' (goor'me'), n. [F.] A connoisseur in eating 
and drinking ; an epicure. — Syn. See epicure. 

|| gout (goo), n. [F., fr. L. gustus taste.] Taste. 

gout (gout), n. [F. goutte, it. L. gutta drop.] 1. A drop ; 
clot. 2. A constitutional disease marked by painful in- 
flammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts of the 
joints, deposits of urate of sodium in and around the joints, 
and an excess of uric acid in the blood. 

gout'y (gout'i), a. ; gout'i-er (-t-er) ; -i-est, 1. Dis- 
eased with gout. 2. Swollen as if from gout. 3. Of, like, or 
causing, gout. — gout'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. ness, n. 

|| gou'ver'nante' (goo'ver'naNt'), n. [F.] Housekeeper ; 
chaperon ; governess. 

gov'ern (guv'ern), v. t. [OF. governer, fr. L. gubemarp, 
to steer, govern, Gr. nvfitpvav.~] 1. To direct and contro.. 
2. To restrain ; manage. 3. To be a rule, or law, for. 
4. Gram. To require to be (in a particular case or mood ) ; 
as, a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case ; 
or to require (a particular case or mood) ; as, a transitive 
verb governs the objective case. 

Syn. Rule, regulate, direct, conduct, supervise. — Gov- 
ern, rule. Govern, the more general term, implies direc- 
tion, control, or restraint ; rule often suggests more imme- 
diate, commanding, or arbitrary authority or influence. 

— v. i. To administer the laws ; to rule. 
gov'ern-a-ble, a. Capable of being governed. 
gOV'ern-ance (-er-nans), n. 1. Exercise of authority ; con- 
trol. 2. Method or system of government or regulation. 

gOV'em-ess (-er-nes), n. 1. Female governor. 06s. or R. 
2. A woman teacher, esp. in a private household. 3. The 
wife of a governor. Now Jocular. — v.t.& i. To act or 

' serve as governess. 

gov'ern-ment (-ern-ment), n. 1. A governing; control; 
regulation ; direction of affairs of state. 2. Mode or system 
of governing ; system of polity in a state ; as, a democratic 
government. 3. Demeanor ; conduct. 06s. 4. Function, 
office, right, or power of governing. 5. A country governed. 
6. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws ; 
administrative body ; the administration. 7. Body politic ; 
state. 8. Gram. The influence of a word, as to construc- 
tion, requiring another word to be in a particular case or 
mood. 

gov'ern-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Of or pert, to government ; 
made by government. 

gov'er-nor (-er-ner),n. 1. One who governs; a ruler ; specif. - 
a person appointed to govern a prov- 
ince, territory, town, fortress, etc. ; esp. : a 
The official representing the crown in a 
British colony or dependency, b The per- 
son elected as chief executive official of a 
State in the United States. 2. A tutor. 
06s. 3. One looked upon as governing, as 
an employer, one's father, an elderly per- 
son, etc. Slang. 4. An automatic attach- 
ment to an engine for controlling its speed. 

gov'er-nor— gen r er-al, n. A governor who has lieutenant or 
deputy governors under him, as of Canada, India (cf. 
viceroy), the Australian Commonwealth, the Philippine 
Islands. — gov'er-nor-gen'er-al-ship', n. [nor.j 

gov'er-nor-ship',71. Office, function, or territory of a gover-| 

gOW'an (gou'an), n. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 1. The common 
daisy (Bellis perennis) of Great Britain. 2. Any of various 
white or yellow field flowers ; — usually with attributive, as 
ewe gowan, horse gowan, etc. — gow'an-y (-1), a. 

gowk (gok ; gouk), n. A simpleton ; fool. 

gown (goun), n. [OF. gone, LL. gunna.~] A loose, flowing 
outer garment ; as : a The ordinary outer dress of a woman. 
b A garment of this kind worn by the ancients, as the toga ; 
hence, Poetic, the dress of peace, c A dressing gown ; a 
nightgown, d Official or distinctive robe of certain officers, 
professional men, or scholars. 

— v. t. To clothe in, or invest with, a gown. 
gowns'man (gounz/man), n., or, Obs., gown'man. 1. A 

civilian, in distinction from a soldier. Rare. 2. One whose 

professional habit is a gown, as a lawyer, divine, member of 

a university, etc. 3. A beadsman. Scot. 
Graaf i-an (graf'T-an), a. Anat. Pert, to, or discovered by, 

Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician of the 17th century. 

Graafian follicle, or vesicle, Anat., one of the small sacs 

or follicles in which the eggs are inclosed in the ovary. 
grab (grab), n. [Ar. & Hind, ghurab crow, raven, a kind of 

Arab ship.] Naut. A coasting vessel of light draft having a 

bow with long overhang, used in the East. It has lateen 

sails and, usually, two masts. 
grab (grab), v. t. & i.; grabbed (grabd) ; grab'bing. To 

snatch ; seize ; hence, to take unscrupulously.^ 

— n. 1. Act of grabbing. 2. Act or practice of appro- 
priating unscrupulously, as in politics. 3. Mech. An 




A Form of Gov- 
ernor, 4. 



i 






I 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GRABBER 



432 



GRAIL 



instrument or device for clutching objects, as for hauling 
or hoisting them. — grab'ber, n. 

grab'ble (grab''!), v. i. [Freq. of grab.'] To move the 
hand in a groping or clutching fashion ; grope. 

grab rope. See guest-rope, b. 

grace (gras), n. [F. grd.ce, L. gratia, fr. gratus beloved, 
agreeable.] 1. a The mercy of God. b Enjoyment of di- 
vine favor, c A Christian virtue ; as, the graces of humil- 
ity, meekness, temperance, etc. 2. A petition for grace ; 
blessing asked, or thanks rendered, at a meal. 3. Good 
will ; favor ; disposition to show mercy, etc. 4. A kind- 
ness; a favor; specif., temporary exemption, postpone- 
ment of an action, etc. ; as, a day of grace. 5. [Usually 
cap.] Title given to a duke, duchess, or archbishop, and, 
formerly, to the sovereign of England. 6. Fate ; luck. Obs. 
7. Virtue ; efficacy. 8. A pleasing or attractive characteris- 
tic, feature, or manner. 9. Attractiveness ; charm ; easy ele- 
gance ; propriety. 10. Music. An embellishment consist- 
ing of notes not essential to the melody or harmony, as the 
trill, turn, etc., indicated by special symbols and written 
small. 11. In pi. [cap.] Class. Myth. Graceful and beau- 
tiful maidens, sister goddesses, intimate with the Muses, 
and attendants oftenest of Eros, Aphrodite, and Dionysus. 
Three were commonly mentioned: Aglaia (Brilliance), Eu- 
phrosyne (Joy), and Thalia (Bloom). — Syn. See mercy. 

— v. t., graced (grast) ; grac'ing (graVing). 1. To en- 
dow with grace or graces ; adorn ; embellish. 2. Music. 
To add grace notes, cadenzas, etc., to. 3. To dignify by an 
act of favor ; honor. 4. To call by way of honor. Obs. 

grace cup. A cup or vessel used in drinking a final health 
after the grace at the end of a meal, or a health drunk from 
it ; the last drink before parting or before retiring.^ 

grace'iul (-fool), a. Displaying grace ; elegant ; felicitous ; 
tactful. — grace'ful-ly, adv. — grace'f ul-ness, n. 

grace'less, a. Lacking in grace ; hence : depraved ; corrupt. 
— grace'less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. [grace, n., 10.1 

grace note. Music. A grace, esp. an appoggiatura. See| 

grac'ile (gras'il), a. [L. gracilis.] Slender ; thin ; slight. 

gra'ci-OS'i-ty (gra'shT-os'i-ti), n. Graciousness. 

gra'ci-o'so (gra'shT-o'so ; Sp. gra'theo'so), n. [Sp. See 
gracious.] 1. A favorite ; a person in favor. 2. A clown 
character of Spanish comedy. 

gra'cious (gra'shfts), a. [OF. gracios, L. gratiosus.] 1. 
Finding grace. Obs. 2. Attractive ; pleasing ; as, a gra- 
cious gift. 3. Abounding in grace, or mercy ; kindly ; be- 
nignant ; merciful. — Syn. Favorable, kind, benevolent, 
friendly. See civil. — gra'cious-ly, adv. — -ness, n. 

graok'le (grak''l), n. [L. graculus jackdaw.] Any of cer- 
tain birds of the starling family (Sturnidse) of the Old 
World, and of certain genera of an American family (Icteri- 
dx) including the crow blackbirds (genus Quiscalus), the 
redwing, or red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phceniceus), 
the rusty grackle (Euphagus ferrugineus), etc. 

gra'date (gra/dat), v. i. & t.; -dat-ed (-dat-ed) ; -dat-ing. 
To shade into another or each other, as colors ; blend. 

gra-da'tion (grd-da'shun), n. 1. Gradual advance. Rare. 
2. A series forming successive stages or grades. 3. Act or 
process of grading ; state of being graded. 4. Any degree 
or relative position in an order or series. 5. Fine Arts. 
A gradual passing from one tint or shade to another. 

gra-da'tion-al (-51), a. By regular steps or gradations; 
of or pertaining to gradation. — gra-da'tion-ai-ly, adv. 

grade (grad), n. [F., fr. L. gradus step, grade.] 1. A step 
or degree in any series or order ; relative position ; a class 
of things of the same relative position, quality, or value. 
Specif., U. S., in elementary schools, a division of the 
course; also, the pupils working in any division. 2. Of 
animals, a hybrid ; specif., Stock Breeding, the result of 
crossing a native stock with some better breed. 3. Rate 
of ascent or descent of a road, etc. ; also, an ascending or 
descending portion of a road ; gradient. 
at grra.de, on the same level ; — said of the crossing of a 
railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are 
on the same line at the point of crossing. U. S. 

— v. t. ; grad'ed (grad'ed ; 24) ; grad'ing. 1. To arrange 
in grades ; class ; sort. 2. To unite by gradations ; blend, 
as light or colors. 3. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly 
progressive grade, as a road. 4. Stock Breeding. To 
cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of; 
•— often used with up. — v. i. To be graded ; be of a grade. 

-grade. [L. gradi to step, to walk.] A suffix used, chiefly 
in zoology, to signify walking, going (in a certain manner) ; 
as in digitiarade, plantigrade. 

grade crossing. A crossing at grade ; — called in Eng. 
level crossing. See at grade, under grade, n. 

gra'di-ent (gra'dT-ent), a. [L. gradiens, p. pr.] 1. Moving 
by steps ; walking ; as, gradient automata. 2. Adapted for 
walking, as the feet of certain birds. — n. 1. The rate of 
regular ascent or descent in a road ; grade. Chiefly Brit. 
2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward ; a 
grade. [ing, establishing grades, etc.l 

gra'di-ent-er (-en-ter), n. Surv. An instrument for level-) 



gra'din (gra'dYn ; F. gri'dSN'), gra-dine' (grd-den'), n. [F. 
gradin, fr. It. gradino, dim. of grado, L. gradus step, 
grade.] 1. One of a series of low steps or seats raised one 
over another. 2. Eccl. A shelf, or one of the shelves, at the 
back of the altar. 

grad'u-al (grad^-al), a. Proceeding or changing by steps or 
degrees. — n. 1. Eccl. a An antiphon or responsory after 
the Epistle, in the eucharistic service, — formerly sung on 
the steps of the altar or while the deacon ascended the 
ambo. b A service book containing the musical portion of 
the Mass sung by the choir.— grad'U-al-ly, adv. — grad'- 
-u-al-ness, n. 

grad'u-ate (-at), n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to 
admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade.] 1. One who has 
received an academic or professional degree ; U.S., one 
who has completed the prescribed course of study in a 
school or institution of learning. 2. A graduated cup, 
tube, or flask, usually of glass, used for measuring. 

— (gradlu;at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To admit 
to a certain grade or degree ; esp., in schools, colleges, etc., 
to admit, at the close of a course of study, to a standing 
defined by a diploma. 2. To mark with, or divide into, de- 
grees or grades, as the scale of a thermometer ; grade ; 
make progressive, as an income tax. 

— v. %. 1. To become a graduate, as of a college. 2. To 
pass or change by degrees. 

— a. That has been graduated ; of or pert, to graduates. 
grad'u-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of graduating ; state of 

being graduated. 2. A mark or marks on an instrument 

or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity ; also, these marks 

collectively, 
grad'u-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, determines 

or indicates graduation, as on a glass vessel, etc. 
gra'dus (gra'diis), n. [L. gradus step, grade.] A diction- 
ary of prosody to aid in Latin or Greek versification. 
Grse'ae (gre'e), n. pi. [Gr. at Tpaiai.] Gr. Myth. Three 

daughters of a sea deity, who served as watchers for the Gor- 

gons. They had but one eye and one tooth among them. 
Grse'cism, Grse'cize. Vars. of Grecism, Grecize. 
|| graf (graf), n.; pi. gra'fen (gra'fen). [G.] A German, 

Austrian, and Swedish title of nobility, equivalent to earl 

or count. See earl. 
graff (graf), n. & v. = graft, in horticulture. Archaic. 
graf-fi'to (graf-fe'to), n.; pi. -ti (-te). [It., fr. graffio a 

scratching.] A rude inscription, figure drawing, etc., esp. 

as found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins. 
graft (graft), n. [F. greffe, orig. same word as OF. grafe 

pencil, L. graphium, Gr. 

ypa<j>Lov, fr. ypa<)>eiv to 

write ; from the shape of a 

scion or shoot.] 1. Horti- 
culture, a A scion, b A 

grafted plant or tree. C 

The point of insertion of a fT 

scion on a stock. 2. Act 

of grafting ; that which is 

grafted. 3. Surg. A por- 
tion of living tissue used in ' \, 

grafting. 4. Acquisition of ' 

money, position, etc., by 

dishonest, unjust, or parasitic 

means; also, anything thus 

gained. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To insert (a graft) in 
or on. 2. To join as if by graft- 
ing. 3. Surg. To implant (a 
portion of living tissue) in a 
lesion so as to form an organic 
union. 4. To get by graft. 
Colloq. 

— v. i. 1. To be or become 
grafted.^ 2. To insert a graft or 
grafts, in horticulture or sur- 
gery. 3. To practice graft. 
Colloq. 

graft'age (graf'taj), n. Hort. 
The science and art of grafting. 

graft'er (-ter), n. 1. One who grafts. 2. The original 
plant from which a scion has been taken for grafting. 3. 
One who practices graft or gets money in that way. See 
graft, n., 4. Colloq. 

Gra'ham bread (gra'am). See brown bread, a. 

Gra'ham flour (gra'am). [After Sylvester Graham (1794- 
1851), a physician and vegetarian.] Unbolted wheat flour. 

grail (gral), n. [OF. graal.] A platter ; a chalice ; — used 
only [cap.] of the Holy Grail, which in some medieval 
legends was the platter, in others the chalice, used by 
Christ at the Last Supper, and which was brought to Eng- 
land. Its keepers becoming impure, it vanished, and search 
for it was undertaken by many knights. They could 
approach it only if chaste in thought, word, and act. Per- 
civale, Galahad, and Bors achieved the quest. 




Graftage. a Cleft; 8 
Splice ; c Whip or Tongue ; 
d Saddle; e Side. 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (lien, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GRAIN 



433 



GRANDNESS 




grain (gran), n. [F., fr. L. granum grain, seed; in sense 
6, fr. OF. graine crimson dye, kermes, prop., seed, fr. L.] 
1. The seed or seedlike fruit of any cereal grass, as wheat, 
maize, oats, rice, etc. 2. Collectively : the seeds or fruits 
of various food plants, now usually of the cereal grasses ; 
also, the plants themselves ; — in British usage, usually 

called corn. 3. In pi. Remains of grain after brewing or 

distilling. 4. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, 

etc. ; hence, any minute portion. 5. The unit of the Eng- 
lish system of weights, derived from the weight of a grain of 

wheat. The pound avoirdupois contains 7,000 grains, and 

the pound troy, 5,760 grains. A grain = .0648 gram. 6. 

Kermes or, sometimes, cochineal ; also, a reddish dye made 

from either of them ; hence, any red color ; also, any dye ; 

color, esp. a fast one. 06s., exc. Hist, or Poetic. 7. A 

granulated surface or appearance. 8. The hair side of a 

piece of leather, or the marking on that side. 9. The com- 
posite particles of any substance ; texture. 10. a The fiber 

which forms the substance of wood, etc. b The direction, 

arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, of strata 

in stone, etc. 11. Temper ; natural disposition. 

grains of paradise, the pungent seeds of a West African 

zinziberaceous plant (Amomum melegueta), formerly much 

used medicinally and as a spice. — in grain, dyed in grain, 

or scarlet or crimson ; of a fast color ; hence deeply seated ; 

fixed ; thorough ; in essence or character. — with a g. of 

salt (L. cum grano salts), with some reservation or allow- 
ance ; with caution. 
— v. i. & t. 1 H To form grains or into grains ; granulate : 

give a grain to. 2. To take the hair off (skins) ; soften 

and raise the grain of (leather, etc.). 3. To dye in grain ; 

ingrain. 4. To paint, etc., in imitation of the grain of 

wood, etc. — grain'er, n. 
grains (granz), n. pi. An iron fish spear or harpoon, having 

four or more barbed points ; — often used as a singular. 
grain'y (gran'i), a.; grain'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Re- 
sembling, or consisting of, grains ; granular. 2. Full of 

grain. 3. Resembling the grain of wood. 
gral'la-to'ri-al (gral'd-to'rY-dl ; 57), a. [From L. grallator 

one who runs on stilts, fr. grallae stilts/] Of or pertaining 

to the wading birds (Grallator es). 
gram (gram), n. [Pg. grao grain. _ See grain.] 1. The 

chick-pea (Cicer arietinum), used in India for food. 2. A 

kind of bean (Phaseolus mungo), similarly used. 
gram, gramme (gram), n. [F. gramme, fr. Gr. ypappa 

that which is written, letter, small weight, fr. ypacj>tt.v to 

write.] The unit of weight in the metric system, equivalent 

to 15.432 + grains. Abbr., g. 
•gram (-gram). [Gr. ypapfia a thing written, letter, ypafaiv 

to write.] A suffix indicating drawing, writing. 
gra'ma (gra'md), n., or grama grass. [Sp. grama a sort 

of grass.] Any of various pasture grasses (esp. Bouteloua 

oligostachya), of the western United States. 
gram'a-rye, -a-ry (gram'd-rT), n. [From OF. See gram- 
mar.] 1. Grammar ; learning. Obs. 2. Magic. Archaic. 
gram, or gramme, atom. Chem. The quantity of an ele- 
ment which has a weight in grams equal numerically to the 

number expressing the atomic weight of the element ; as, 

sixteen grams is the gram atom of oxygen. 
gra-mer'cy (grd-mur'si), inter j. [F. grand-merci."] A 

word expressing thanks ; also, surprise or sudden emotion. 
gra-min'e-OUS (-min'e-us), a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, 

-minis, grass.] Grasslike ; resembling, or pert, to, a grass. 
gram'i-niv'o-rous (gram'i-nTv'6-rus), a. [L. gramen, 

-minis, grass + -vorous.'] Feeding on grass and like food. 
gram/mar (gram'er), n. [OF. gramaire, prob. fr. L. gram- 

matica, Gr. ypapfiariK-q, fern, of ypappariKos skilled in 

grammar, f r. ypdp.ua letter.] 1. The science or art treating 

of the classes of words, their inflections, syntax, etc. 2. A 

treatise or book on grammar. 3. Manner of speaking or 

writing, in reference to conformity to grammatical rules ; 

as, his grammar is bad. 4. Those phenomena of language 

with which the science of grammar deals; characteristic 

system of inflections and syntax. 5. The elements of any 

science or art. Now Rare. [mar.l 

gram-ma'ri-an (grd-ma'ri-dn ; 3), n. One versed in gram-| 
grammar school. 1. Orig., a school for the teaching of 

Latin ; now, esp. in England, a school in which Latin, 

Greek, etc., are taught. 2. A graded school, intermediate 

between the primary school and the high school. U. S. 
gram-mat 'i-cal (grd-mat'i-kdl), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

grammar. 2. According to the rules of grammar. — gram- 

mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

gram-mat'i-cas ter (-i-kas'ter), n. [LL.] A petty gram- 
marian ; a grammatical pedant or pretender. 
gramme. Var. of gram, weight. 
gram, or gramme, molecule. Chem. The quantity of a 

compound which has a weight in grams equal numerically 

to the number expressing the molecular weight of the com- 
pound ; as, eighteen grams is the gram molecule of water ; 

— called also gram, or gramme, molecular weight. 

k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals. 



gram'o-phone (grSm'o-fon), n. [Gr. ypi.fj.fia a thing drawn 
or written (fr. ypafaiv to write) + -phone.] A kind oi 
phonograph. See phonograph. 

gram/pus (gram'pus), n. A small whale (Grampus gri- 
seus) allied to the blackfish. 

grana-dil'la (gran'- 
d-dil'd; Sp. gra'- 
na-dePya),n. [Sp., 
dim. of granada \ 
pomegranate. See 

GRENADE, GAR- Grampus (O.oriseus). (fa) 

net.] The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. 
Passiflora quadrangular is) of Brazil and the West 
Indies, esteemed as a dessert fruit ; also, the vine. 

gran'a-ry (griin'd-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-rTz). [L. granarium, 
fr. granum grain.] A storehouse for grain, esp. after it is 
threshed or husked ; fig., a region fertile in grain. 

grand (grand), a. [OF. grant, fr. L. grandis.] _ 1. Pre- 
eminent ; chief ; hence : great ; eminent ; prominent ; — 
often used in titles. 2. Of large size, extent, value, or con- 
sequence ; great. 3. Main ; principal ; as, a grand stair- 
case. 4. Music. Complete in all its parts ; of full dimen- 
sions, or for full orchestra ; as, a grand sonata ; a grand 
chorus. 5. Marked by great magnificence, display, or for- 
mality ; also, indicating the possession of wealth or high 
social standing ; belonging to the highest society ; as, grand 
manners ; a grand lady. 6. Fine or imposing ; noble ; mag- 
nificent ; sublime. 7. Standing in the second or some more 
remote degree of ancestry or descent ; — chiefly in com- 
position ; as, grandchild, etc. 

Syn. Grand, grandiose, magnificent, gorgeous, splen- 
did, superb, sublime. That is grand which is of im- 
posing magnitude, majesty, or nobility ; grandiose (used 
esp. of literary or artistic style), in a good sense, adds to 
grand the implication of stateliness or becoming pomp ; in 
a bad sense, implies affectation or mere outward appear- 
ance of grandeur ; as, the grand music of Haydn ; "wooden 
verse, occasionally grandiose, but never grand." Magnifi- 
cent implies imposing beauty, amplitude, or power ; gor- 
geous, sumptuousness, sometimes showiness ; splendid, 
brilliancy or luster ; superb, commanding statelinessor opu- 
lence. That is sublime which awakens mingled admira- 
tion and awe. 

grand climacteric. See climacteric. — g. duchess. aTi e 
wife or widow of a grand duke, b A lady having the sover- 
eignty of a grand duchy in her own right. C In Russia, a 
daughter of a czar. — g. duchy, a territory of which a grai d 
duke or grand duchess is sovereign. — g. duke, a A sover- 
eign duke, one degree inferior in rank to a king, b In Russia, 
a son of a czar. — g. jury, a jury that examines into accu- 
sations of crime and indicts accused persons, if the evidence 
warrants. — G. Lama. See Lamaism. — g. larceny. See 
larceny. — g. opera, opera in which the plot is elaborated 
as in serious drama, and the entire text is set to music. — 
g. piano. See piano. — g. stand, the principal stand, oi 
erection for spectators, at a race course, athletic field, etc. 
— g. tour, an extended tour on the Continent, formerly 
commonly taken as a part of their education by youth of 
the British aristocracy. — g. vizier, the chief officer ol 
state of various Mohammedan countries, esp. of Turkey. 

gran'dam (gran'dam), n. Also gran'dame. [F. grande + 
dame.~\ An old woman, esp., a grandmother. 

grand'aunt' (grand'ant 7 ), n. An aunt of one's father or 
mother; a great-aunt. 

grand'chiUV (-child'), n. Child of one's son or daughter. 

grand'daugh'ter (-do'ter), n. A female grandchild. 

gran-dee' (gran-de'), n. [Sp. grande.] A man of eminence. 
In Spain and Portugal, a nobleman of the first rank. 

gran'deur (gran'clyr). n. [F., fr. grand grand.] State, 
quality, or instance of being grand. — Syn. Greatness, 
eminence, magnificence, nobility, majesty, stateliness. 

grand'fa'ther (grand'fa'ther), n. Father of one's father 
or mother ; also, any forefather. — grand'fa'ther-ly, a. 

gran-dil'O-quence (gran-dil'o-kwens), n. Quality of being 
grandiloquent ; bombast. 

gran-dil'o-quent (gran-dTl'S-kwent), a. [L. grandis grand 
+ loqui to speak.] Speaking in, or marked by, a lofty 
style ; pompous ; bombastic. — Syn. See turgtd. — gran- 
dil'o-quent-iy, adv. 

gran-diPo-quous (-kwws), a. Grandiloquent. 

gran'di-ose (gran'di-os), a. [F., fr. It.] 1. Impressive 
or elevating in effect. 2. Affectedly grand or splendid; 
flaunting ; turgid. — Syn. See grand, turgid. — gran'di- 
ose-ly, adv. — gran'di-os'i-ty (-os'i-tl), n. 

|| gran'di-O'so (gran'de-o'so), a. & adv. [It.] Music. In 
a broad and grand style. 

grand'ly, adv. In a grand manner. 

grand'moth'er (grand'muWer) , n. , or, familiarly, grand'- 
ma 7 (grand'ma'; gran'ma'), -mam-ma' (-md-ma'; -ma'- 
md). Mother of one's father or mother ; also, any female 
ancestor more remote than a mother. moth'er-ly, o. 

grand'neph'ew (-nef'u; -nev'u), n. A grandson of one's 
brother or sister. 

grand'ness, n. State or quality of being grand ; grandeur. 






H 



J 



K 



M 



GRANDNIECE 



434 



GRASPING 



Fa- 



grand'niece' (grand'neV), to. A granddaughter of one's 
brother or sister. 

grand'pa' (grand'pa'; gran'p'a')! n. Grandfather 

grand'pa-pa' ( -pd-pa' ; -pii'pd ) J miliar. 

grand'par'ent (grand'par'ent), to. A parent's parent. 

grand'sire' (grand'slr'), to. 1. A grandfather; an aged 
man. 2. An ancestor ; a forefather. Both Archaic. 

grand'son' (grand'siinO, to. A son's or daughter's son. 

grand'un'cle (grand'urj'k'l), to. A father's or mother's 
uncle ; a great-uncle. 

grange (granj), n, [F., barn, LL. granea, fr. L. granum 
grain.] 1. A granary. Archaic. 2. A farm ; esp., a farm- 
house with its outbuildings. 3. An outlying farmhouse, 
with barns, etc., belonging to a monastery or to a feudal 
lord, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were depos- 
ited. Obs. or Hist. 4. a One of the lodges of the Patrons of 
Husbandry, a secret association of farmers, b [cap.] Popu- 
larly, the association itself. Both U. S. 

grang'er (gran'jer), to. U.S. 1. A member of a grange. 2. 
A farmer ; countryman. Often Humorous or Derogatory. 

grang'er-ism (-Iz'm), to. The policy or methods of the 
grangers.^ See grange, n., 4. U. S. 

grang'er-ism, n. Practice of grangerizing. 

grang'er-ize (-jer-Iz), v. t. & i. [After the Rev. James 
Granger, whose "Biographical History of England" 
(1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] 
To illustrate (a book) by inserting engravings, etc., col- 
lected from other books, etc. 

gran'ite (gran'It), to. [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, 
deriv. of L. granum grain.] A very hard crystalline gran- 
ular rock, mainly of plufeonic origin, consisting essentially 
of quartz and feldspar. — gra-nit'ic (grd-nTt'ik), a. 

granite ware. A kind of enameled ironware. 

gran'it-oid (gran'T-toid), a. Resembling granite in granular 
appearance ; granitic. 

gran'ny, gran'nie (gran'Y), to.; pi. -nies (-iz). 1. Grand- 
mother ; — used familiarly or affectionately ; also, loosely, 
an old woman. 2. A nurse. Local, U. S. 3. A simpleton ; 
a fussy person ; an "old woman. " Dial, or Slang. 

gran'ny knot, gran'ny's bend, gran'ny's knot (gran'iz). 
A kind of readily jammed and insecure knot often made by 
the inexperienced instead of a reef knot. See knot, 1. 

gran'o-phyre (-6-fIr), n. [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) 
+ -phyre.~] Petrog. A kind of porphyritic igneous rock, 
chiefly composed of feldspar and quartz. 

grant (grant), v. t. [OF. graanter, creanter, to promise, 
yield, fr. L. credens. See credence.] 1. To agree to ; allow 
to be fulfilled ; accord. 2. To give. 3. To give or bestow 
formally, usually in answer to a petition, as a privilege ; to 
make conveyance of ; give the possession or title of, esp. by 
a deed or formal writing ; convey. 4. To admit as true 
(what is not yet satisfactorily proved) ; concede to be. 
Syn. Grant, concede agree in the idea of bestowal or ac- 
knowledgment in response to a petition or a claim. Of the 
two, grant often implies the more voluntary, concede, the 
more forced or reluctant, yielding. See give. 

— n. 1. Act of granting ; concession ; allowance ; gift ; be- 
stowal. 2. Thing or property granted ; gift ; esp., a tract of 
land, a monopoly, or the like, granted by a government ; 
specif., in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, a kind of 
minor territorial division, originally granted to some indi- 
vidual or individuals and usually unincorporated. 3. A 
transfer of property by deed or writing. 

grant'a-ble (gran'td-b'l), a. Capable of being granted. 

gran-tee' (-te'), to. Law. One to whom a grant is made. 

grant'er (gran'ter), n. One who grants, [a grant is made.l 

grant'or (gran'tor; gran-tor'), n. Law. The one by whom| 

gran'U-lar (gran'u-ldr), o. 1. Consisting of grains or 
granules ; granulated. 2. Of the nature of granules. 

gran'u-late (-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat/ing. 
1. To form or collect into grains or granules. 2. To raise 
in granules ; make rough. — gran'u-lat'ed (-lat'ed), p. a. 

gran'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act or process of granu- 
lating ; state of being granulated. 2. One of the grains of 
a granulated surface, or something resembling one. 3. 
Med. a One of the small, red, grainlike prominences 
which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), 
and are the efficient agents in the process of healing, to 
Act or process of the formation of such prominences. 

gran'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, granu- 
lates, as a rotating cylinder for granulating sugar. 

gran'ule (gran'Ql), n. [L. granulum.] A little grain ; pellet. 

gran'u-lite (-u-llt), n. Petrog. Any of several rocks, esp. a 
whitish, granular rock, consisting of mingled feldspar, 
quartz, and small red garnets. — gran'u-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

gran'U-lose (-los), to. That constituent of starch granules 
soluble in saliva and dilute acids. See starch cellulose. 

grape (grap), to. [OF., bunch or cluster of grapes.] 1. The 
berry of the grapevine. 2. A grapevine. 3. Grapeshot. 
4. In pi. Veter. A cluster of warty nodules in the hollow of 
the fetlock of horses. [rind and acid pulp.l 

grape'fruit' (-frdot'), n. A variety of shaddock with bitter 




Grapeshot. 



grape hyacinth. Any of a genus (Muscari, esp. M . botty- 
oides and M . racemosum) of liliaceous plants, having dense 
racemes of small oblong or globose blue flowers. 

grap'er-y (grap'er-i), n.; pi. -ERiES (-iz). A building or in- 
closure for the cultivation of grapes. 

grape'shot' (grap'shof), to. A cluster of small iron balls, 
to be shot from a cannon. 

grape'stone' (-ston'), to. A seed of the grape. 

grape sugar. Dextroglucose ; — so called 
because found in ripe grapes. 

grape'vine' (grap'vin'), to. 1. Any of a cer- 
tain genus ( Vitis) of vines typifying a family 
(Vitacese) and bearing smooth berries in 
clusters. 2. Also grapevine Step. Dancing. 
A kind of movement consisting of a cross 
step with a step back and a cross step with 
a step forward. 

graph (graf), to. [See -graph.] Math. 1. A curve or sur- 
face which is the locus of a point whose coordinates are the 
variables in the equation of the locus. 2. A diagram sym- 
bolizing a system of interrelations by spots, all distinguish- 
able and some connected by lines of the same kind. 

— v. t. To plot or trace, as a curve from its equation. 
-graph (-graf). [Gr. -ypa<t>os, it. ypa.<peii> to write.] A suf- 
fix signifying writing, writer. 

-grapher. A suffix forming nouns denoting an (or the) 
agent, and corresponding to nouns in -graph or -graphy. 

graph'ic (graf'Ik) la. [L. graphicus, Gr. ypafrKos, fr. 

graph'i-cal (-i-kdl)j ypafaiv to write.] 1. Of or pert, to 
the arts of painting, drawing, and writing. 2. Well deline- 
ated ; vividly described. 3. Having on the surface or in 
transverse section the appearance of written or printed 
characters ; as, graphic granite. 4. Pert, to or designating 

representation by diagrams, lines, etc. i-cal-ly, adv. 

Syn. Graphic, vivid, picturesque (as to language). 
Graphic suggests telling and lifelike, vivid, salient, forci- 
ble, and intense, reproduction in words ; as, a graphic ac- 
count of an accident ; the vivid portrayal of joy or sorrow. 
That is picturesque which is strikingly graphic or vivid, 
graphic accent, Gram., a written accent['], as in Spanish 
Cdrdoba, etc. — g. arts, those fine arts, as drawing, paint- 
ing, engraving, etc., which pertain to the representation 
on a flat surface of natural objects. — g., or graphical, 
method, a method making use of graphic figures, as dia- 
grams, tracings, etc. 

graph'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) Art or science of drawing, 
esp. according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, 
projection, and the like; specif., calculation, as of stresses 
in engineering, by the use of geometrical constructions. 

graph'ite (-it), n. [Gr. yp&<t>eip to write.] Soft, black 
native carbon of metallic luster; plumbago; black lead. 
It is used for lead pencils, crucibles, as a lubricator, etc. 

graph'i-tize (graf'i-tlz), v. t. To convert into graphite, 
as by treatment in the electric furnace. 

graph'O-phone (graf'6-fon), n. [Gr. yp&faiv to write -f- 
-phone.~] A kind of phonograph. 

-graphy. [Gr. -ypa<t>la, fr. ypa^eiv to write.] A suffix de- 
noting the art of writing or describing; also, the writing 
or description itself; a treatise. [grapnel.l 

grap'lin, grap'line (grap'lin). Corrupt, of grappling, a| 

grap'nel (grap'nel), to. [ME. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin 
grapnel, OF. grapina. kind of hook; of 
German origin.] An instrument for grap- 
pling something, as a hooked instrument 
for throwing and catching in a ship's rig-, 
ging ; specif., a kind of small anchor. 

grap'ple (-'1), to. [OF. grappil a grapnel, Grapnel, 
fr. graper to seize ; of German origin.] 1. A grapnel. 2. A 
seizing or seizure ; close hug in contest. — v. t. ; -pled (-'Id) 
-pling (-ling). To seize, hold, or fasten, as with a grapnel ; 
lay fast hold of. — v. i. 1. To use a grapple ; contend in 
close fight ; seize one another. 2. To make grasping mo- 
tions ; grope. Obs. or R. [a grapnel.l 

grap'pler (-ler), to. One who, or that which, grapples, as| 

grap'pling (-ling), to. A grapnel. 

grap'to-lite (grap'to-llt) , to. [Gr. ypairros engraved, written 
(ypa<t>eiu to write) + \L0os stone.] Paleon. Any of numer- 
ous fossils found from the Upper Cambrian through the 
Silurian. They are regarded as constituting an extinct 
order of hydrozoans. 

grap'y (grap'i), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling grapes. 

grasp (grasp), y. i. [ME. graspen to grope, grasp at.] To 
make the motion of seizing ; clutch ; — now used only with 
at ; as, to grasp at a straw. — v. t. 1. To seize and hold by 
or as by clasping ; catch. 2. To lay hold of with the mind ; 
comprehend ; as, to grasp the meaning of a remark. 

— to. 1. A grasping ; embrace. 2. Reach ; power of seizing 
and holding ; power of seizing and holding physically or 
mentally ; as, it was beyond my grasp. 3. Forcible holding ; 
possession ; hold ; as, in the tyrant's grasp. 4. Mental 
hold, or comprehension, esp. when broad. — grasp'er, to. 

grasp'ing, p. a. Avaricious ; greedy ; as, a grasping miser. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, firn, up. circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing*, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GRASS 



435 



GRAY 



grass (gras), n. [AS. graes, gaers.~\ 1. Green herbage afford- 
ing food for grazing animals, esp. that of certain plants 
(the true grasses). 2. Any monocotyledonous plant of the 
grass family (Poaceae), having jointed stems, narrow 
sheathing leaves, flowers in spikelets composed of bracts, 
and fruit consisting of a seedlike grain. Popularly, also, 
any of many sedges, rushes, etc., of similar aspect. 3. A 
blade of grass ; — now only in pi. 4. Pasture land. 5. 
Turf; hence, specif., Mining, the surface of the ground. 

— v. t. 1. To graze (as cattle). 2. To cover with grass. 3. 
To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 4. To 
bring to the grass or ground. Slang or Colloq. — v. i. To 
graze ; as, the horses were grassing near by. 

grass of Parnassus, any of a genus (Parnassia) of smooth 
bog herbs, having long-peduncled handsome white flowers. 

grass'hop'per (-hop'er), n. Any of numerous leaping or- 
thopterous insects belonging to a family {Acrididse) in- 
cluding the ordinary grasshopper (often called locust) or to 
a family (Locustidse) including the katydid. 

grass'plot' (gras'plot'), grass'plat' (-plat'), n. A plot or 
space covered with grass ; a lawn. 

grass snipe. The pectoral sandpiper. 

grass tree, a Any of various Australian liliaceous plants 
(genus Xanthorrhoza.). They have thick trunks crowned 
with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves. They are 
often called blackboys, from the large trunks denuded and 
blackened by fire. They yield the fragrant resin known 
as acaroid, or Botany Bay, gum. b Any of several other 
Australasian trees with grasslike foliage. 

grass widow. A woman divorced or legally or otherwise 
separated from her husband ; also, a woman whose husband 
is temporarily away from her. 

grass'y (gras'T), a.; grass'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Cov- 
ered with grass. 2. Resembling grass ; green. 

grate (griit), v. t. ; grat'ed (grat'ed ; 24) ; grat/ing. [OF. 
grater to scrape, scratch, fr. LL. gratare, cratare; of Ger- 
man origin.] 1. To scrape ; abrade. Archaic. 2. To re- 
duce to particles by rubbing with something rough. 3. To 
produce (a harsh sound) as by grinding ; utter in a harsh 
voice. 4. To fret ; irritate ; offend. — v. i. To make a 
harsh sound by friction ; to have a harsh or rasping effect. 

grate, n. [LL. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle.] 1. A frame of 
parallel or crossed bars, as in a window. 2. A frame of iron 
bars for holding burning fuel. 3. Mining & Metal. A 
screen for use with stamp mortars for grading ore. 4. A 
grated cage ; hence, a prison. 06s. 
— v. t. To furnish with a grate or grates. 

grate'ful (-f<561), a. [Obs. grate agreeabk (L. gratus) + 

full.'] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received. 2. Afford- 
ing pleasure ; pleasing ; gratifying. 3. Expressing grati- 
tude ; as, grateful acknowledgments. — grate'ful-ly, adv. 

— grate'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Grateful, thankful. Grateful more commonly 
expresses a proper sense of. favors received (esp.) from one's 
fellow men ; thankful, acknowledgment of divine favor, or 
of what is vaguely felt to be providential.^ 

grat'er (grat'er), n. One who, or that which, grates; esp., 
a utensil with a rough, indented surface, for abrading a 
substance. 

gratl-fi-ca'tion (grat'i-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. A gratifying 
or state of being gratified. 2. Something that gratifies, or 
pleases. 3. A reward ; recompense ; gratuity. 

grat'i-fi'er (grat'i-fT'er), n. One who gratifies. 

grat'i-fy (grat'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F., grati- 
fier, L. gratificari ; gratus pleasing + -ficare (in comp.) 
to make.] 1. To requite ; reward. Obs. or R. 2. To give or 
afford pleasure or satisfaction to ; as, beauty gratifies the 
eye ; hence : to oblige ; favor ; indulge ; humor. 
Syn. Satisfy, please, delight, requite, indulge, humor. — 
Gratify, indulge, humor. To gratify is to give pleasure 
or satisfaction to ; indulge implies a concession, sometimes 
through weakness, to wishes or desires ; humor suggests 
adaptation to the varying moods or caprices (esp.) of others. 

II gra'tin' (gra/ta.N'), n. [F.] Cookery. The brown crust 
formed upon a gratinated dish ; also, the dish itself, or the 
process of preparing it. 

grat'i-nate (grat'i-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat/ing 
(-nat'ing). [F. gratiner, v. i., to form a crust.] Cookery. 
To cook, as with a covering of buttered crumbs, until a 
crust or crisp surface forms. 

grat'ing (grat'ing), n. 1. A partition, covering, or frame of 
parallel or cross bars ; a grate. 2. Optics. A system of close 
equidistant and parallel lines or bars, esp. lines ruled on a 
polished surface, for producing spectra by diffraction. 

gra'tis (gra'tis), adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis by way of favor, 
fr. gratia favor J For nothing ; freely. — a. Gratuitous. 

grat'i-tude (grat'i-tud), n. [F., fr. LL. gratitudo,ir. gratus 
agreeable, grateful.] State of being grateful ; thankfulness. 

gra-tu'i-tous (grd-tii'i-tus), a. [L. gratuitus, fr. gratus 
pleasing.] 1. Given without, or not involving, recompense 
or pay ; free. 2. Not based upon reason, cause, or proof. 

— gra-tu'i-tous-ly, adv. — gra-tu'i-tous-ness, n. 
Syn. Groundless, baseless, unwarranted, uncalled-for, 



wanton. — Gratuitous, uncalled-for, wanton. That ia 
gratuitous which is unwarranted or has no reason for its 
existence ; uncalled-for often adds the implication of im- 
pertinence ; wanton suggests reckless, willful, or malicious 
disregard for rights or restraints. 

gra-tu'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Something given 
without recompense ; a gift. 2. Something given in return 
for a favor or service ; a tip. — Syn. See present. 

grat'u-late (gra05-lat), v. t. [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratu- 
lari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable.] To 
congratulate. Rare. — a. Worthy of gratulation. Obs. & R. 

grat'u-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. 1. Gratification; rejoicing. 
Rare. 2. Congratulation. 3. Thanks. 06s. 

grat'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-rl), a. Expressing gratulation. 

gra-va'men (grd-va'men), n. ; pi. L. -vamina (-vam'I-nd), 
E. -MENs(-ya'menz). [L., fr. ^rauaretoload, gravis heavy.] 
The material part of a grievance, charge, complaint, etc. 

grave (grav), v. t.; graved (gravd) ; grav'ing. Naut. To 
clean and pay with pitch (a vessel's bottom or a vessel). 

grave, a.; grav'er (grav'er) ; grav'est. [F., fr. L. gravis 
heavy.] 1. Deserving serious consideration ; weighty ; dig- 
nified. 2. Not light or gay ; sober ; somber ; as, grave colors. 

3. Music, a Not acute or sharp ; low ; deep ; — of sound. 
b Slow ; solemn ; — used as a direction and also adverbially. 

4. a Characterized by the tone or quality indicated by the 
grave accent; marked with this accent ; as, grave e (e). b 
Entirely unaccented ; as, a grave syllable. 5. Characterized 
by serious or sedate and dignified aspect or demeanor. — 
Syn. Serious, sage, staid, demure, sedate, momentous. 

See EARNEST. 

— n. Music. A passage or movement in slow tempo. 

grave, v. t. ; pret. graved (gravd) ; p. p. grav'en (graven) or 

graved ; p.pr. & vb.n. grav'ing (grav'ing). [AS. grafan.~] 

1. To dig. Archaic. 2. To bury. 3. To engrave ; carve with 

a chisel; sculpture. 4. To impress deeply (on the mind). 

grave, n. [AS. grsef.~\ An excavation in the earth as a place 
of burial ; a tomb ; sepulcher. — grave'less, a. 

grave'clothes' (grav'klothz'), n. pi. The clothes or dress 
in which the dead are interred. 

grav'el (grav'el), n. _ [OF. gravele, dim. of F. greve sandy 
shore ; of Celtic origin.] l.Sand. 06s. 2. Small stones and 
pebbles, often mingled with sand. 3. Med. A deposit of 
small concretions in the kidneys or bladder; the disease 
which they indicate. — v. t. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el- 
ing or -el-ling. 1. To cover with gravel. 2. To run 
aground ; cause to stick fast in gravel. 3. To embarrass ; 
perplex. Colloq. 

grav'el-blind', a. Having very dim sight, as more than 
sand-blind ; — originally jocular. 

grav'el-ly (grav'el-i),a. Abounding with gravel ; consisting 
of, or containing, gravel ; as, a gravelly soil. 

grave'ly, adv. In a grave manner. 

grav'en (graven) , p. p. of grave. 
graven image, a graven or carved idol. 

grave'ness, n. Quality or state of being grave. 

Gra'ven-stein' (gra'ven-stinO.n. [From Gravenstein, Ger- 
many.] A large apple with streaks of deep red and orange. 

grav'er (grav'er), n. One who, or that which, graves; as : 
a An engraver or a sculptor, b Any of various cutting or 
shaving tools, as a burin or a metal turner's diamond point. 

grave'stone' (grav'ston'), n. A stone marking a grave. 

grave'yardj (-yard'), n. A yard for burial ; cemetery. 

grav'id (grav'id),a. [L. gravidus,ir. gravishe&vy, loaded.] 
Pregnant. — gra-vid'i-ty (grd-vid'i-ti), n. 

gra-vim'e-try (grd-vim'e-tn), n. [L. gravis heavy -f- 
-metry.~\ The measurement of weight or density. 

grav'i-met'ric (grav'i-met'rlk)) a. Chem. Of or pert, to 

gravl-met'ri-cal (-met'rT-kdl)j measurement by weight ; 
measured by weight. — gravl-met'li-cal-ly, adv. 

graving dock. A dock for holding a ship while being 
graved ; a dry dock. See 1st grave, r. /. 

grav'i-tate (grav'i-tat), v. i. ;-tat'ed (-tat'ed) j-tat'ing.To 
obey_ the law of gravitation ; tend toward any object. 

grav'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act or process of gravitat- 
ing. 2. The attraction by which all bodies or particles of 
matter tend toward each other. 

grav'i-ta'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to gravitation. — 
grav/i-ta'tion-al-ly, adv.^ 

grav'i-ta-tive (grav'i-ta-tiv), a. Causing to gravitate; 
tending to a center. 

grav'i-ty (grav r i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. gravitas.~\ 1. 
Quality or state of being grave ; solemnity. 2. Something 
grave or serious. 3. Staidness ; weighty dignity. 4. Low- 
ness of pitch ; — opp. to acuteness. 5. a Terrestrial gravi- 
tation ; esp., the attraction of bodies toward the center of 
the earth, b Loosely, gravitation in general. 

gra'vy (gra'vi), n. ; pi. -vies (-viz). 1. A liquid dressing for 
meat, etc. 2. The juice that drips from flesh in cooking. 

gray, grey (gra), a. [AS. gr&g, greg.] 1. Of the color gray ; 
hence : dull ; not bright. 2. Gray-haired ; hence, elderly or 
mature. 3. Clothed or habited in gray ; as, the Gray Friars, 
gray, or grey, matter. Anct. & Nerve tissue (esp. of the 









H 



J 



!< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined with. = equate. 



M 



GRAYBACK 



436 



GREENBACK 




brain and spinal cord) which contains nerve cells as well as 
fibers, and so is brownish gray, b Brains ; intellect. Colloq. 
— g. mullet. See mullet. 

— n. 1. Any color formed by blending white and black. 

2. An animal or thing of a gray color ; as, I rode the gray. 

— v.t.& i. To cause to appear, or to become, gray. 

gray'back 7 , grey'back 7 (gra'bak'), n. 1. leap.'] A Confed- 
erate soldier (in 1861-65); — so called by the Federals 
from the gray uniform. Colloq., U. S. 2. Any of various 
animals, as the gray whale (Rachianectes glaucus), the 
hooded crow (Corvus comix), etc. 

gray'beard', grey'beard' (-berdO, n. 1. A gray-bearded 
man ; hence, an old man. 2. A bellarmine. 

gray'ish, grey'ish, a. Somewhat gray. 

gray'lag', grey'lag' (gra'lag'), n. The common gray wild 
goose ( Anser cinereus) of Europe. 

gray'ling, grey'ling (gracing), n. Any of a 
genus (Thymallus) of fishes allied to the trouts. 

gray'ly, grey'ly, adv. With a gray tinge or hue. 

gray'ness, grey'ness, n. Quality or state 
being gray. 

gray ' wacke', grey'wacke' (gra'wak'; 
gra'wak'eO.n. [G. grauwacke ; gran 
gray + wacke wacke.] Petrog. 
A coarse sandstone or fine- 
grained conglomerate, usually 
dark gray, composed of round- 
ed fragments of quartz feld-, 
spars, etc., firmly cemented. 

graze (graz), v. t., grazed 
(grazd) ; graz'ing (graz'ing). 
[AS. grasian, fr. grass grass.] Graylag. 

1. To feed (cattle, sheep, etc.) on pasturage. 2. To feed on 
(growing herbage) ; browse. 3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while 
grazing. — v. i. To feed on growing herbage. 

— n. An act of grazing, or cropping grass. 

graze, v. t. 1. To touch lightly in passing. 2. To scratch 
or abrade. — v. i. To touch or rub against something in 
passing. — n. A scraping, or an abrasion made by scraping. 

graz'er (-graz'er), n. An animal that grazes. 

gra'zier (gra'zher), n. 1. One who grazes cattle, as for 
market. 2. In Australia, a pastoralist occupying land for 
sheep raising under a lease or license. Cf . squatter. 

graz'ing (graz'Ing), n. A pasture; growing grass. 

grease (gres), n. [F. graisse.] 1. Fat or fatness in an ani- 
mal body. Obs., exc. in hunting. 2. Animal fat, esp. when 
soft ; hence, oily matter. 3. Wool as shorn, before cleans- 
ing. 4. Veter. An inflammation of the skin in the hollow 
of the fetlock of horses, marked by a secretion of oily mat- 
ter, followed by the formation of transverse fissures, ulcer- 
ation, and nodular excrescences. 

— (grez; gres), v. t.; greased (grezd; grest) ; greas'ing. 
1. To smear or anoint with grease ; lubricate. 2. To bribe ; 
influence by presents ; as, to grease one's hand or palm. 

grease'busb/ (-boosb/), n. Greasewood. 

greas'er (grez'er ; gres'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 

greases. 2. A Mexican or Spanish American. Slang, U. S. 
grease'wood' (gres'wood'), n. A low stiff chenopodiaceous 

shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) common in alkaline soils 

in the western United States. 
greas'y (grez'i; gres'I), a.; greas'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. 

Smeared with grease. 2. Containing much grease ; oily. 

3. Like grease ; smooth ; slippery. 4. Veter. Affected with 
the disease called grease, as the heels of a horse. See 
grease, n., 4.— greas'i-ly (-Mi), adv. — greas'i-ness, n. 

great (grat), a. [AS. great.] 1. Large in size ; big ; — op- 
posed to small and little ; specif., pregnant. 2. Numerous ; 
as, a great company. 3. Long continued ; as, a great while. 

4. Considerable in degree ; — of qualities, feelings, etc. ; as, 
great pain. 5. Eminent ; elevated ; important ; specif. : 
a Important as weighty or distinguished, b Eminent by 
birth, rank, or position. C Remarkable in knowledge of, 
skill in, or as addicted to, something ; — used esp. with at, 
on, or in ; as, he is great at checkers. Also, attributively, 
much given to ; assiduous ; as, a great talker. Colloq. 6. 
More remote by a single generation ; — often used before 
grand; as, a prectf-grandf ather ; also with repetition of 
great ; as, a great-great-grandchild. 

Syn. Great, large, big. As applied to material objects, 
great has been practically displaced by large or (Colloq.) 
big. Where great is used of physical magnitude, it now 
regularly connotes some impression (as of wonder, amuse- 
ment, annoyance) associated with the size. Great alone ex- 
presses degree. Fig., great suggests importance, eminence, 
distinction ; large, breadth, comprehensiveness, generosity ; 
big implies mere extent or bulk. 

Oreat Bear, Ursa Major. — g. calorie. Physics. See 
calorie, b. — g. circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of 
which passes through the center of the sphere. — g. Dane, 
one of a breed of very large smooth-coated dogs of muscular 
build, combining great strength with speed and activity. — 
g. go, in an English university, the final examination for a 
degree ; — called also greats. Slang. — g. gross, 12 gross. — 



G. Mogul, the sovereign of the empire founded in Hindu- 
stan by the Mongols, in the 16th century; hence [J..C.J: 
a very important personage ; a lord. — G. Mother. See 
Magna Mater. — g. mullein, the common mullein. — 
g. primer, a size of type. See type. — g. seal. The prin- 
cipal seal of a kingdom or state. 

— n. 1. The whole ; the gross ; as, a contract to build a 
ship by the great. 2. In pi. In an English university, a 
great go. See under great, a., above. Slang. 

great'-aunt', n. A grandaunt. 

great'eoat' (grat'kof), n. An overcoat. 

great'en (-'n), v. t. & i. To make or become greater. 

great'-grand'ehild', n., great'-grand'daugh/ter, n., 
great'-grand'fa'ther, n., etc. See great, a., 7. 

great'— heart'ed, a. Generous ; magnanimous. 

great'ly, adv. 1. In a great manner. 2. In a great degree. 

great'ness, n. Quality or state of being great. 

great'— un'cle, n. A granduncle. [knee ; — usually in pl.\ 

greave (grev), n. [OF. greves.] Armor for the leg below the| 

greaves (grevz), n. pi. The sediment of melted tallow. 

grebe (greb), n._ [F. grebe.] Any of a family (Podicipedi- 
dse) of swimming birds, related to the loons, but having 
lobate toes. They are most expert divers. 

Grefcian (gre'shan), a. Greek. — n. 1. A Greek. 2.AHel- 
lenized Jew. 3. One versed in Greek or its literature. 

Gre'cism, Grse'cism (-sTz'm), n. 1. An idiom of the Greek 
language. 2. The spirit of Greek art or culture. 

Gre'cize, Grae'cize (gre'slz), v. t.; -cized (-slzd) ; -ciz-ing 
(-sTz-Ing). To render Greek; give a Greek form or char- 
acter to; Hellenize. — y. i. To conform to the Greek 
custom or idiom, esp. in speech. \_Grecian.\ 

Gre'co-, Grae'co- (gre'kp-). Combining form for Greek or| 

Gre'co-Ro'man, Grse'co-Ro'man, a. Having charac- 
teristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman ; specif., 
Art, having the character of Roman work done under 
strong Greek influence. 

gree (gre), n. [OF. gre, L. gradus grade.] Grade ; rank ; 
hence : superiority ; mastery ; also, a prize. 06s. or Scot. 

gree, v. i. & t. [For agree.] To agree ; harmonize. Obs. or 
Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

gree (gre), n. [F. gr£, L. gratus. See grateful.] Good 
will; favor; pleasure; satisfaction; as, to take or accept 
in gree, to take favorably. Obs. or Archaic. 

greed (gred), n. [See greedy.] Eager desire or longing; 
greediness. — Syn. See cupidity. 

greed'y (-1), a. ; greed'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. [AS. grsedig, 
gredig.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; rav- 
enous ; voracious ; — used with of. 2. Having eager desire ; 
avaricious. — greed'i-ly, adv. — greed'i-ness, n. 
Syn. Voracious, ravenous, rapacious, insatiate, glutton- 
ous, avid, edacious, devouring ; grasping. — Greedy, vo- 
racious, ravenous, rapacious. Greedy implies keen and 
excessive appetite for food or (fig.) gain ; voracious, rather 
excess or gluttony in eating or (fig.) acquiring ; as, to be 
greedy of praise ; voracious as a cormorant. Ravenous sug- 
gests violent or grasping voracity (often due to hunger) ; 
rapacious a violent tendency to appropriate to one's self. 

gree'gree', gri'gri' (gre'gre'), n. An African talisman 
charm, or fetish. 

Greek (grek), n. [AS. Grecas, Crecas, pi., L. Graecus, 
sing., Gr. TpaiKos.] 1. A native or citizen of Greece, or, spe- 
cif., cf ancient Greece. 2. One using the Greek language 
as his native tongue. 3. [Z. c] A swindler or sharper ; esp., 
a card cheat. 4. A jovial fellow ; boon companion ; — 
used with merry, mad. 5. The language of the Greeks, 
primarily of the classical Greeks. 6. Something unintel- 
ligible, esp. speech ; as, it was Greek to me. 

— a. Of or pert, to Greece, the Greeks, or their language. 
Greek calends or kalends, a time that will never come, a3 
the Greeks had no calends. — G. Church, or G. Orthodox 
Church, a The Eastern Church, b The established church 
in Greece, forming part of the Eastern Church. — G. cross. 
See cross, Illust., 6. — G. fire, a combustible composition 
which burns under water. 

green (gren), a. [AS. grene.] 1. Of the color green. 2. 
Characterized by green growth ; verdant. 3. Full of life and 
vigor ; fresh. 4. Not ripened or matured. 5. Young ; raw ; 
not trained ; hence : ignorant ; simple. 6. Not baked or 
roasted ; raw or partly raw ; as, green meat ; hence, un- 
fired ; as, green bricks. 7. Not seasoned, dried, matured, 
or cured ; raw. 8. Having a sickly color, as from fear or 
jealousy. 

— n. 1. The characteristic color of growing herbage ; the 
color of the spectrum intermediate between yellow and 
blue. 2. A grassy plain or plot ; specif. : a A common. 
b Golf. The whole links ; also, a putting green. 3. a Fresh 
leaves or branches ; wreaths ; — usually in pi. b In pi. 
Green vegetables that are boiled for food. 4. Something 
green or of which green is a symbol or emblem ; as, victory 
was with the green. 5. Any pigment or dye that colors green. 

— v. t. & i. To make or grow green. 

greem'back' (-bak'), n. Any United States legal-tender 
note having the devices on the back printed in green. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, cdnnect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menu; fond, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ken. thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GREENBACKER 



437 



GRIFFIN 



Green1)ack'er (-er), n. U. S. Polit. Hist. A member or 
adherent of the so-called Greenback party. 

Greenback party. U. S. Polit. Hist. A former party, offi- 
cially the Independent party, opposed to the retirement, or 
reduction in amount, of the greenbacks, and to all cur- 
rency except government paper "based on the faith and 
resources of the nation." Its first convention was in 1874. 

green'bri'er (-brl'er), n. Any of a genus (Smilax) of 
plants bearing small greenish flowers ; esp., a thorny climb- 
ing shrub (S. rotundifolia) of the eastern United States. 

green dragon. An American araceous plant (Arisaema 
dracontium) related to the jack-in-the-pulpit. 

green'er-y (-er-T), n.; pi. -eries (-Iz). 1. Verdure. 2. A 
place for raising or keeping plants, as a greenhouse. 

green'-eyed' (-Id'), a. Having green eyes ; seeing with 
jealous eyes ; biased by jealousy. Cf. green, a., 8. 

green'finch' (gren'flnch'), n. 1. A very common European 
finch (Ligurinus chloris) having olive-green and yellow 
plumage. 2. The Texas sparrow. 

green'gage' (gren'gaj'), n. [green + gage a plum.] A kind 
of plum of greenish flesh, and fine flavor. See gage. 

green'gro'cer (-gro'ser), n. A retailer of fresh vegetables 
and fruit. — green'gro'cer-y (-T), n. ; pi. -ceries (-Tz). 

green'heart' (-hart'), n. The wood of the bebeeru, used for 
shipbuilding, turnery, fishing rods, etc. ; also, the tree. 

green'horn' (-horn'), n. A raw, inexperienced person. 

green'hoase' (-hous'), n. A glasshouse devoted to the 
protection or cultivation of tender plants. 

green'ing, n. Any of several kinds of green-skinned apple ; 
esp., the Rhode Island greening, noted for keeping qualities. 

green'ish, a. Somewhat green. 

Green'land-er (gren'lan-der), n. A native of Greenland. 

green lead ore (led). See pyromorphite. 

green'let (gren'let), n. Avireo. [fully. Archaic.] 

greenly, adv. 1. With a green color; newly. 2. Unskill-| 

green monkey. A West African long-tailed monkey (Cer- 
copilhecus callilrichus) whose hair is slightly greenish. 

green'ock-ite (gren'Sk-It), n. [After C. M. Cathcart, 
Lord Greenock (1783-1859).] Afin. Native cadmium 
sulphide, CdS, occurring in yellow, translucent, hexagonal 
crystals, and as an earthy incrustation. 

green'room/ (-room'), n. Retiring room for actors and 
actresses in a theater. 

green'sand' (-sand'), n. A sedimentary deposit consisting, 
when pure, of dark, greenish grains of glauconite. It is 
often called marl, because considered useful as a fertilizer. 

green'shank' (-shank'), n. An Old World sandpiper {Tota- 
nus nebularius) related to the yellowlegs of America. 

green'sick'ness, n. Med. Chlorosis. — green'sick', a. 

green'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. Geol. Any of various dark green 
compact rocks, usually altered, including diorite, diabase, 
etc. 2. Nephrite. 

green'sward' (-sword'), n. Turf green with grass. 

greenth (grenth), n. Green growth ; verdure. Rare. 

green vitriol. Chem. Copperas. 

green'wood' (gren'w<56d'), n. A forest in foliage. 

greet (gret), v. t. [AS. gretan to address, approach.] 1. To 
address, esp. with expressions of kind wishes ; accost ; wel- 
come. 2. To meet or receive (with a demonstration or the 
like) ; as, the candidate was greeted with cheers ; also 
ironically ; as, jeers greeted the speak er. 3. To appear or 
present itself to. — v. i. To meet and give salutations. 

greet'ing (gret'Tng), n. Expression of kindness or joy; a 
salutation ; a compliment from one absent. 

greg'a-rine (greg'd-rin ; -r!n), n. [L. gregarius gregarious.] 
Any of an order (Gregarinida) of minute, wormlike proto- 
zoans parasitic on earthworms, crustaceans, insects, etc. 

gre-ga'ri-OUS (gre-ga'rl-iis ; 3), a. [L. gregarius, fr. grex, 
gregis, herd.] 1. Habitually living or moving in flocks or 
herds ; tending to flock together. 2. Pert, to or affecting a 
flock, crowd, or community. 3. Bot. Growing in clusters or 
colonies. — gre-ga'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

gre'gO (gre'go; gra'go), n. [Pcob. fr. It. Greco Greek, or 
Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego."] A short jacket or cloak, of 
thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn in the 
Levant ; hence, 06s., a rough greatcoat. 

Gre-go'ri-an (gre-go'rl-dn ; 57), a. Pertaining to, or orig- 
inated by, Gregory, esp. one of the popes of that name ; as, 
the Gregorian Calendar, now generally used, established 
by Gregory XIII. ; the Gregorian Chant, after Gregory I. 

grei'sen (gri'z'n), n. [G.] A crystalline rock of quartz and 
mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony. 
gre'mi-al (gre'mT-al), n. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Eccl. 
A cloth, of silk or damask, placed on a bishop's lap while he 
sits in celebrating Mass, or in ordaining priests. 
gre-nade' (gre-nad'),n. [F., a pomegranate, grenade, oi 
Sp. granada; from its resemblance in shape to a pome- 
granate. See garnet.] 1. Mil. A shell filled with an explo- 
sive, to be thrown by hand (called also hand grenade) ; — 
originally applied also to shells fired from guns. 2. A 
glass flask, containing volatile chemicals, to be thrown and 
burst, as for extinguishing a fire. 




gren'a-dier' (gren'd-der'), n. [F.] 1. Orig., a soldier armed 
with grenades ; later, one of a company wearing a peculiar 
uniform ; now, a member of a special regiment or corps. 
See soldier, Illust. 2. Any of a family (Macrouridx) of 
marine soft-rayed fishes, mostly of the deep sea. 

gren'a-dine (gren'd-den), n. [F.] A thin gauzelike dress 
fabric of silk or wool, plain or figured. 

Gresh'am's law, or, sometimes, Gresh'am's the'o-rem 
(gresh'dmz). [After Sir Thomas Gresham (d. 1579), Eng- 
lish financier.] Economics. The tendency which exists 
when two or more coins are equal in debt-paying power, but 
unequal in utility in other than monetary respects, for the 
one having the least utility other than in paying debts to 
be used as money to the exclusion of the rest. 

gres-so'ri-al (gre-so'n-al), gres-so'ri-ous (-txs), a. [L. 
gressus, p. p. of gradi to step.] Adapted for walking, as 
the feet of some birds. 

Gretna Green marriage. A runaway marriage ; — from 
Gretna Green, a village in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, just 
across the English border, formerly much resorted to by 
runaway couples from England. 

grew (groo), pret. of GROW. 

grew'some, etc. Var. of gruesome. 

grey (gra), a. & n. See gray. 

greyhound' (-hound'), n. [AS. grighund.'} One of a breed 
of slender dogs, remarkable for swiftness and 
keen sight. 

grib'ble (grib''l), n. Zodl. A small marine 
pod crustacean (Limnoria lig- 
norum or L. terebrans), which 
burrows into and rapidly de- 
stroys submerged timber. 

grice (grTs), n. [From Scand.] 
A young pig. Archaic or Scot. 

grid (grid), n. [See gridiron.] 
A grating or gridiron, or some- ^5* 
thing suggestive of one ; as : a Greyhound. 

Elec. A perforated or ridged plate of lead for use in a stor- 
age battery', b Railroads. A gridiron. 

grid'dle (grid'T), n. A plate for cooking griddlecakes. — 
v. t.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). To cook on a griddle. 

grid'dle-cake' (-kak'), n. A batter cake baked on a griddle. 

gride (grid), v. t. & i. ; GRro'ED (grld'ed ; 24) ; 06s., grdde ; 
grxd'eng (grld'ing). To cut ; pierce ; hence, to cut or scrape 
raspingly. — n. A harsh scraping or cutting. 

grid'i'ron (grTd'I'urn), n. [ME. gredire, gredirne; the 
ending was confused with E. iron."] 1. A grated iron uten- 
sil to broil food on. 2. Something likened to a gridiron ; as : 
a A network of railroad tracks, b A football field for the 
American game. Cant. 

grief (gref), n. [OF., fr. grever to distress, burden. See 
grieve, v. i.] 1. Suffering ; distress ; also, a cause thereof, 
as a hurt, disease, injury, or grievance. 06s. 2. Mental 
suffering, as from affliction, remorse, etc., or a cause of it. 
3. A mishap ; disaster ; failure ; — esp. in to come, or bring, 
to grief. — Syn. See sorrow. — grief 'less, o. — grief - 
less-ness, n. 

griev'ance (grev'dns), n. 1. Suffering; grief; affliction. 
06s. 2. Aggrieved state ; anger. 06s. 3. A cause of un- 
easiness and complaint ; a wrong ; an injury. 

grieve (grev), v. t.; grieved (grevd) ; griev'ing (grevTng). 
[OF. grever, fr. L. gravare to burden, gravis heavy.] 
1. To injure. 06s. or R. 2. To occasion grief to ; afflict. 
— v. i. To feel grief ; sorrow ; mourn ; lament. 
Syn. Grieve, mourn. Grieve implies deeper mental suf- 
fering than mourn, which oftener refers to external, some- 
times conventional, evidences of sorrow. 

griev'ous (grev'Ss), a. [OF. grevous, grevos."] 1. Heavy ; 
hence : burdensome ; oppressive. _ 06s. or R. 2. Causing, 
or characterized by, physical pain or suffering ; distress- 
ing ; hence : severe ; intense ; as, a grievous wound. 3. 
Atrocious ; heinous ; as, a grievous sin. 4. Full of or ex- 
pressing grief ; as, a grievous cry. — griev'OUS-ly, adv. — 
griev'ous-ness, n. 

griff (gnf), n. A griffin, or newcomer. Anglo-Indian. 

griff (grlf), n. 1. A claw. Rare. 2. Weaving. An arrange- 
ment of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which 
raise the warp threads in a loom. 

griffe (grif), n. [F.] 1. The offspring of a mulatto woman 
and a negro ; also, a mulatto. Local, U. S. 2. A person of 
mixed negro and American Indian blood. 

griffe, n. [F.] Arch. A clawlike ornament projecting from 
the round base of a column upon 
the angle formed by a corner of 
the plinth ; — called also spur. 

griffin (grif'Tn), n. A white per- 
son new to the East ; one recently 
cume from the Occident. AnpZo- 
Indian. — grif 'fin-age (-£j), n. 

griffin, n. A griffe, or mulatto. 
Local, U. S. 




Griffe. Arch. 



^ 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanation* of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 



GRIFFIN 



438 



GROGGERY 



U.[F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, deriv. of 
j Gr. ypv\p.~\ A fabulous monster, half 



griffin (grff'in) 

griffon (grif'on) 
lion and half eagle. — grii'fin-esque' (-esk/), a. 

griffon, n. [F.] One of a European breed of rough- 
coated dogs, somewhat taller than the setter and of a 
grizzly liver color. 

grig (grig), 7i. 1. A cricket or grasshopper. 06s. or Dial. 
Eng.^ 2. A lively person ; — usually used with merry. 

gri'gri' (gre'greO, n. Var. of greegree. 

gri'gri palm (gre'gre). Var. of grugru palm. 

grill (gril), n. [F. gril, fr. L. craticulum, dim. of crates hur- 
dle.] 1. A gridiron. 2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, 
as meat, fish, etc. 3. A grillroom. 4. Act of grilling. 5. A 
figure of crossed bars with interstices. — v. t. 1. To broil 
on a grill. 2. To torment by or as by broiling. 3. To stamp 
or mark with a grill, or figure of crossbars ; as, certain post- 
age stamps are grilled. — v. i. To undergo the process of 
being grilled or broiled; broil. 

gril'lage (grfl'aj), n. [F.] Arch. & Engin. A framework 
of sleepers and crossbeams of timber or steel forming a 
foundation in marshy or treacherous soil. 

grille (gril), n. [F.] A lattice ; grating, esp. of wrought iron. 

grilled (grild), a. Provided with, or separated by, a grille. 

grill'er, n. One who, or that which, grills. 

griU'room' (gril'room'), n. A room fitted for broiling 
food, esp. one in a restaurant, arranged for prompt service. 

grilse (grils), n. A young salmon after its first return to the 
river from the sea. 

grim (grim), a.; grim'mer (-er) ; -mest. [AS.] 1. Savage 
and merciless ; fierce. 2. Unyielding ; relentless ; stern. 3. 
Harsh and forbidding ; grisly ; horrible. 

gri-mace' (gri-mas'), n. [F.] A distortion of the counte- 
nance, as a wry or made-up face. — v. i. To make grimaces^ 

gri-mal'kin (grf-mal'kin ; -mol'kin), n. [For graymalkin ; 
gray + malkin.~] A cat ; esp., an old she-cat. 

grime (grim) , n. Smut or dirt, rubbed in. — v. t. ; grimed 
(grlmd) ; griming (grlm'ing) . To soil deeply ; begrime. 

grim'ly (grim'li), adv. In a grim manner. 

grim'ness, n. Quality or state of being grim ; sternness. 

grim/y (grlm'i), a.; grim'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Full of 
grime; begrimed; dirty. — grim'i-ly (grim'i-li), adv. — 
grim'i-ness, n. 

grin (grin), v. i. ; grinned (grind) ; -ning. [AS. grennian."] 
To show the teeth, as a dog in snarling, a person in pain, 
or a person wearing a forced or broad smile indicative of 
derision, merriment, etc. — v. t. To make or express by 
grinning. — n. An act of grinning. 

grin (grin), n. [AS.] A snare; a gin; a noose. Archaic 
or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

grind (grind), v. t.; pret. & p. p. ground (ground), grind'- 
ed (Rare) ; p. pr. & vb. n. grind'ing. [AS. grindan.] 1. 
To powder by friction ; crush into bits. 2. To wear down, 
polish, or sharpen, by friction. 3. To rub together with a 
grating noise ; grate ; grit ; as, to grind the teeth. 4. To 
operate or produce by turning a crank. 5. To oppress ; 
harass. 6. To study hard. College Slang. — v. i. 1. To 
perform the operation of grinding. 2. To become ground. 
3. To grate. 4. To drudge, esp. in study. 

— n. 1. Act of grinding. 2. Any severe continuous work ; 
esp., hard uninteresting study. Colloq. 3. A hard student. 
College Slang, U. S. 

grin-de^li-a (grfn-de'li-d), n. [NL., after D. H. Grindel, 
a Russian.] Pharm. The dried stems and leaves of certain 
coarse asteraceous herbs (genus Grindelia) chiefly of west- 
ern North America ; — used as an antispasmodic in asth- 
ma, bronchitis, and whooping cough. 

grind'er (grin'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds, 
as an emery wheel for grinding tools, etc. 2. A molar tooth. 

grind'er-y (-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Leather workers' 
materials. Eng. 2. A place where tools, etc., are ground. 

grind'stone 7 (grlnd'stonO, n. A flat, circular stone, revolv- 
ing on an axle, for grinding or sharpening tools, etc. 

grin'go (grfrj'go), n.; pi. -gos ( : goz). [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. 
gringo gibberish.] Among Spanish Americans, a foreigner, 
esp. an Englishman or American ; — chiefly contemptuous. 

grip (grip), n. [AS. gripe.] 1. A strong grasp. 2. A mode 
of clasping the hand used in greeting by members of a secret 
association. 3. Power or force of hold or domination ; as, 
the grip of disease ; of the mind, power of apprehension ; 
grasp. 4. A handle or part adapted to grasping. 5. A 
device for grasping or holding fast. 6. [ See grippe. ] 
Influenza ; grippe. 7. A gripsack. Colloq., U. S. 

— v. t. ; gripped (gript) or gript ; grip'ping. 1. To grasp 
firmly; gripe. 2. To impress deeply. 3. To fasten or 
attach by a grip or clutch. — v. i. To take firm hold. 

gripe (grip), v. t.; grtped (gript); grdp'ing (grlp'ing). 
[AS. gripan."] 1. To grasp ; esp., to seize and hold ; clasp 
closely. 2. To distress ; afflict. 3. To cause spasmodic pain 
in the bowels of. — v. i. To grasp. Archaic. 

— n. 1. Act of gripping ; hence, control. 2. Oppression ; 
affliction ; distress ; as, the gripe of poverty. 3. Spasmodic 



intestinal pain ; — chiefly in pi. 4. That which is adapted 
to be grasped ; a handle ; a grip ; as, the gripe of a sword. 

gripe, n. [L. gryps griffin, Gr. ypb\p.] A vulture ; also, a 
griffin. 06s. 

grippe (grip), n. [F.] Influenza, or epidemic catarrh; 
the grip. — grip'pal (grfp'dl), a. [gripping device.! 

grip'per (grip'er), n. One who, or that which, grips; a| 

grip'ple (grip''!), a. [AS. gripul.~\ Grasping. Archaic or 
Scot. 

grip'sack' (-sak'), n. A traveler's hand bag. Colloq., U. S. 

Gri'qua (gre'kwd), n. One of a mixed race of South Africa, 
resulting from alliances of the Boers with women of the' 
Hottentots or the Bushmen. 

gri-saille' (gri-zal^, F. gre'za'y'), n. [F., fr. gris gray.] 
Decorative painting in gray monochrome ; — used in 
English esp. for such painting on glass. 

Gri-sel'da (gri-zel'dd; -sel'dd), n. [It., of G. origin.] A 
lady in old romance, proverbial for virtue and patience. 

gris'e-OUS (gris'e-iis ; griz'e-ws), a. [LL. griseus.] Gray- 
ish ; grizzled or grizzly. 

gri-sette' (gri-zef), n. [F., lit., a gray woolen cloth, gris 
gray ; — orig. from their gowns of this stuff.] A French 
girl of the working class, of lively and free manners. 

gris'ly (griz'li). Var. of grizzly. 

gris'ly, a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. [AS. grislic, fr. grisan 
(in comp.) to shudder.] Horrible ; grim and ghastly. — • 
Syn. See ghastly. — gris'ii-ness (-li-nes), n. 

gri'son (gri'si/n; Oxf. E. D., griz'wn), n. [F., fr. grison 
gray, gray-haired, gris gray.] A small South American 
mammal (Grison vittatus) related to the badger and the 
skunk. It is black below and light-colored above. 

grist (grist), n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan to grind.] 1. Grain 
to be, or that has been, ground ; esp., as much grain as is 
carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. 2. 
A lot ; quantity ; as, a grist of bees. Colloq., U. S. 

gris'tle (gris''l), n. [AS. gristl.\ Cartilage ; also, a carti- 
laginous part or structure. — gris'tly (-11), a. 

grist' mill' (grist'mTl'), n. > A mill for grinding grain. 

grit (grit), re. [AS. great grit, sand, dust.] 1. Sand ; gravel ; 
rough, hard particles. 2. A hard, coarse-grained siliceous 
sandstone. 3. Structure of a stone that fits it for grinding. 
4. Firmness ; unyielding courage. — Syn. See decision. 

— v. t. & i. ; grit'ted ; grit'ting. To grind ; grate. 
grith (grith), n. [AS. griS peace; of Scand. origin.] 1. 

Peace ; security ; defense ; safe conduct. 06s. or Hist. 2. 
O. Eng. Law. Peace or security imposed or guaranteed by 
conditions arising out of associations of time and place or 
person. 3. A place of security ; an asylum or sanctuary. 

grits (grits), n. pi. [AS. grytta, gryttan, pi.] Grain, esp. 
oats or wheat, hulled and, usually, coarsely ground. 

grit'ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being gritty. 

grit'ty (grit'i), a. ; -ti-er (-i-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Containing or 
resembling sand, or grit. 2. Plucky. Colloq., U. S. 

griv'et (griv'et ; 24), n. A monkey (Cercopithecus griseo- 
viridis) of the upper Nile and Abyssinia, having the back 
dull olive-green and the lower parts white. 

griz'zle (griz''l), a. [OF. grisel, fr. gris gray.] Gray ; griz- 
zled. — n. 1. Gray hair ; a gray wig. 2. The color gray. — 
v. t. & i. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling. To make or become grizzly. 

griz'zle, v. i. & t. To fret ; whimper ; complain. 

griz'zled (-'Id), a. Gray. 

griz'zly (-li), a. ; -zli-er (-li-er) ; -zli-est. Somewhat gray ; 
grizzled. 

grizzly bear, a large, powerful bear ( Ursus horribilis) of 
western North America. It is usually brownish yellow. 

— 7i.; pi. -zlies (-liz). A grizzly bear. 

groan (gron), v. i. [AS. granianJ] 1. To utter a deep, 
moaning sound, as in misery or grief. 2. To be afflicted to 
the point of groaning ; hence, of things, to creak, as from a 
burden. — v. t. To utter or give forth with groans. 

— n. A sound uttered in groaning. — groan'er, n. 

Syn. Groan, moan. Groan applies to a deep, often spas- 
modic, sound indicative of suffering ; moan, to a low and 
continuous one. Groan may also indicate a feeling of op- 
pression or disapprobation ; moaning is esp. associated with 
weakness or grief ; as, to groan with pain ; to moan in sleep. 

groat (grot; grot), n. [LG. grote, or OD. groot, fr. the 
word for great, hence a great coin.] An old English silver 
coin worth fourpence. 

groats (grots ; grots), n. pi. [AS. gratan.~\ Grits. 

gro'cer (gro'ser), n. [Formerly written grosser, orig., one 
who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. gros- 
sier, marchand grossier, gros large, great.] A dealer in 
tea, coffee, sugar, spices, fruits, and other foodstuffs. 

gro'cer-y (-ser-i), n. ; pi. -ceries (-iz). 1. The commodi- 
ties sold by grocers ; — usually in pi. 2. A retail grocer's 
shop. U. S. 3. A barroom. Local, Southern U. S. 

grog (grog), n. [From "Old Grog," a nickname of Admiral 
Edward Vernon, alluding to his grogram cloak. He diluted 
the rum served to his sailors.] An unsweetened mixture of 
spirit and water ; hence, any intoxicating liquor. 

grog'ger-y (-er-i), n. ; pi. -geries (-iz). A grogshop. U. S. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
flse, unite, Sirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair: go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



GROGGY 



439 



GROVE 





Design. 
A male friend who attends 



grog'gy (grogf), a.: -gi-er (-Y-er) ; -gi-est. Tipsy; hence, 

unsteady. Colloq. — grog'gi-ness, n. 
grog'ram (grog'ram), n. [OF. gros-grain, lit., grosgrain.] 

A coarse stuff of silk and mohair, or of silk alone. 
grog'shop' (-sh5pO, n. A dramshop. 
groin (groin), n. [ME. gryndej 1. The junction of the 

lower part of the abdomen and the 

thigh, or the region about it. 2. 

Arch. The projecting solid angle 

formed by the meeting of two 

vaults, growing obtuse as it ap- 
proaches to the summit. 

— v. t. Arch. To build with groins. 
Gro'lier' (gro'lya'; gro'lya), n. The 

name by which Jean Grolier de Ser- 
vices (1479-1565), a French biblio- 
phile, is commonly known ; — used 
in naming a style of bookbinding. Groined Vault. 

Grolier design or scroll, a pattern of interlacing bars, 
bands, or ribbons, with deli- 
cate scrolls of slender gold lines. 

grom'met (grom'et)l n. [F. 

gram/met (grum'et)j _ gour- 
mette curb, curb chain.] 1. 
Naut. A ring of rope. 2. A 
metal, or metal-lined, eyelet. 

grom'well (grom'wel), n. Any 
of a genus (Lithospermum, 
esp. L. officinale) of boragina- 
ceous plants, having regular 
tubular corollas and polished 
white, stony nutlets. 

groom (groom), n. 1. A man, 
esp. of inferior station. Archa- 
ic. 2. A manservant, now, esp., 
one in charge of horses. 3. One 
of several officers of the English 
royal household. 4. A bride- 
groom. 

— v. t. 1. To tend (a horse), as 
by currying, feeding, etc. 2. To Book Cov . erw l th a Grolier 
make neat, smart, or tidy. 

grooms'man (groomz'man), n. 
a bridegroom at his wedding. 

groove (groov), n. [D. groef, groeve pit, trench.] 1. A 
channel ; furrow ; rut. 2. Hence, a fixed routine. — v. t. ; 
grooved ( groovd ) ; groov'ing. To form a groove or 
grooves in. 

grope (grop), v. i. & t. ; groped (gropt) ; grop'ing (grop'- 
ing). [AS. grapian, fr. gripan to gripe.] To search out 
by feeling, as in the dark ; feel one's way. — grop'er, n. 

gros'beak'' (gros'bek 7 ), n. [gross + beak. - ] Any of various 
finches, or allied birds, with large, stout conical bill. 

gro'schen (gro'shen), n. sing. & pi. [G.] A silver coin of 
Germany, worth variously ^, £ s , 5*5 of a thaler, not used 
since 1876 ; Colloq., the current 10-pfennig piece. 

gros'grain' (gro'gran 7 ), a. [F.] Of a large grain or cord, 
as certain silk fabrics. — n. Grosgrain silk or ribbon. 

gross (gros), a. [F. gros, L. grossusJ] 1. Big ; thick ; 
bulky ; coarse. 2. Rank ; dense ; heavy ; as, gross vegeta- 
tion. 3. Burly ; fat. 4. Plain ; obvious. Archaic. 5. 
Coarse; as, gross food or diet; not fine. 6. Compact; 
close ; dense. Obs. or Rare. 7. Whole ; entire ; total ; — 
opposed to net. 8. Wanting delicacy or nice discrimina- 
tion ; dull ; witless. 9. Sensual ; hence : vulgar ; low ; 
obscene. 10. Flagrant ; shameful ; as, gross carelessness. 

gross (gros), n. [F. gros, grosse (in sense 2).] 1. The 
main body ; bulk ; mass. 2. sing. & pi. Twelve dozen. 
in gross, in the bulk, or the undivided whole. 

gross'ly, adv. In a gross manner. 

gross'ness, n. Quality or state of being gross. 

grot (grot), n. [F.grotte. See grotto.] A grotto. NowR. 

gro-tesque' (grS-tesk'), a. [F., fr. It., fr. grotta grotto. See 
grotto.] 1. Characterized by fantastic exaggeration or 
combination, esp. of human and animal figures. 2. Ab- 
surdly incongruous or awkward. — Syn. See fanciful. 

— n. That which is grotesque. — gro-tesquely, adv. — 
gro-tesque'ness, n. 

gro-tes'quer-y (-tes'ker-i), n.; pi. -queries (-Tz). Also 
gro-tes'quer-ie. Grotesque quality, action, speech, or 
manners ; also, grotesque objects or works. 

grot'to (grot'o), n.; pi. -toes or -tos (-oz). [It. grotta, LL. 
grupta, fr. L. crypta. See crypt.] A cave; also, an 
artificial recess or cavernlike apartment. 

grouch (grouch), n. A fit of ill temper or sulkiness. Slang. 
— gTOUCh'y (-T), a. Slang. 

ground (ground), n. [AS. grund bottom, earth.] 1. The 
surface of the earth, or the earth as a basis or abode. 2. A 
region, territory, or piece of land resorted to for a particular 
purpose ; as, a hunting ground. 3. Land ; estate ; esp., in 

I pi., the gardens, lawns, etc., of a homestead. 4. An extent 
of land ; an area or distance ; as, to gain ground. 5. The 



soil ; soil ; earth. 6. The bottom of the sea or a body of 
water ; solid bottom ; as, the boat struck ground. 7. Basis ; 
foundation ; reason ; as, a ground for complaint. 8. A 
point of view ; opinion. 9. The surface or background on 
which anything is wrought or displayed, as in painting, 
decorative art, lace making, etc. 10. Elec. The connection 
of an electric conductor with or as with the ground. 11. In 
pi. Sediment ; dregs ; lees. 

— v. t. 1. To found ; to fix or set, as on a foundation, 
reason, or principle ; to furnish a ground for ; fix firmly. 
2. To instruct in first principles; as, well grounded in 
arithmetic. 3. To cover with a ground or background. 4. 
To place on, or cause to touch, the ground ; as, to ground 
a ship. 5. Elec. To connect in circuit with the ground. 

— v. i. 1. To have a ground, or basis ; rely ; found ; — usu- 
ally used with in or upon. 2. To come to the ground ; fall 
or light on the ground. 3. To run aground. 

ground, pret. & p. p. of grind. 

ground bait. Bits of bread, boiled barley, or worms, etc., 
cast into the water to draw fish. 

ground bass (bas). Music. Fundamental bass ; a funda- 
mental bass of four or eight bars, continually repeated to 
a varied melody. 

ground floor. The floor of a house most nearly on a level 
with the ground ; — in America often called also first floor. 

ground hog. The woodchuck. 

ground'— hog' day. See Candlemas, 2. 

ground ivy. A trailing menthaceous plant (Glecoma hede- 
racea) with round leaves and blue-purple flowers. 

groundless, a. Without ground, foundation, or reason. 

ground'ling (-ling), n. 1. One who, or that which, keeps 
close to the ground, as a fish that keeps to the bottom. 
2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was 
on the ground. 

ground'hut' (-nut') , n. 1. = earthnut. 2. Any of several 
plants having edible tuberous roots, as a certain American 
fabaceous vine (Apios apios) ; also, anv of the roots. 

ground pine. 1. A European menthaceous herb ( Ajuga 
chamaepilys) , having a resinous odor. 2. A club moss (Ly- 
copodium clavatum), with erect branches, or an allied spe- 
cies (L. complanatum) , with fan-shaped branches. 

ground pink. The moss pink (Phlox subulata). 

ground plan. A plan of the ground floor of any building or 
of any floor ; hence, any first, or basic, plan. 

ground plate, a Arch. A timber laid horizontally on or 
near the ground to support the uprights, b Railroads. A 
bedplate for sleepers or ties ; a mudsill, c Elec. A metallic 
plate buried in the ground to ground a circuit. 

ground plum, a A milk vetch of the western United 
States (Astragalus crassicarpvs) ; also, its thick fleshy glo- 
bose pod, which rg sembles a plum, b Any of several related 
species (as A. mexicanus). 

ground rent. A price per year or term of years paid for 
the right to occupy and improve a piece of land ; also, 
money or compensation so paid. Ordinary rent is paid for 
the use of land and the improvements thereon. 

ground'sel (ground'sel ; colloq. groun's'l), n. [AS. grunde- 
swylige, grundeswelge.'] Any of an immense genus (Sene~ 
do, esp. S. vulgaris and S. aureus) of asteraceous herbs 
or shrubs, with mostly yellow flowers. In the United 
States they are chiefly common weeds. 

ground'sel (ground'sel), ground'sill (-sil), n. [ground 
-f- sill.} A foundation timber ; foundation; sill. 

ground squirrel. Any of various burrowing rodents of the 
squirrel family ; — applied especially to the chipmunks, 
but broadly including also the gophers. 

ground swell. A broad, deep swell or undulation of the 
ocean, caused by a distant storm or seismic disturbance. 

ground'work' (ground'wurk'), n. Foundation ; basis. 

group (groop), n. [F. groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, cluster, 
packet, group ; of G. origin.] 1. Fine Arts. Two or more 
figures forming a design or a unit in a design. 2. An assem- 
blage regarded as a unit ; a cluster ; aggregation. 3. An 
assemblage of objects having some common characteristic. 
4. Chem. An assemblage of atoms forming part (esp. a 
minor part) of a molecule ; a radical, as a methyl group 
(CH3) ; the alcohol group (OH). 5. Biol. Any assem- 
blage of animals or plants having natural relationship to 
each other. 

— v. t. To arrange or combine in a group. — v. i. To form a 
group ; be a member of a group. 

group'er (groop'er), 7i. [Pg. garupa crupper.] Any of 
numerous serranoici fishes (genera Epinephelus, Mycterop- 
erca, etc.) of warm seas. Many are important food fishes. 

grouse (grous), n. (See plural, Note.) Any of a subfamily 
(T etraoninae) of gallinaceous game birds. 

grout (grout), n. [AS. gruQ 1. Coarse meal; in pi., 
groats. 2. Lees ; grounds ; — usually in pi. Eng. 3. a 
Thin mortar, b A kind of plaster or cement. — v. t. To 
fill up or finish with or as with grout. 

grout'y (grout'T), a. Cross; sulky; sullen. Colloq., U. S. 

grove (grov), n. [AS. grdf."] A group of trees without un- 
derwood, planted or growing naturally ; a small wood. 



J 



K 



K - ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-r in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. - equals. 



M 



GROVEL 



440 



GUARD 



Grove is used erroneously in the Authorized Version of the 
Bible : a As a translation of Hebrew asherah. b For He- 
brew eshel, rendered "tamarisk, tree" in Revised Version. 

grov'el (groV'l), v. i.; -eled (-'Id), or -elled; -el-ing or 
-el-ling. [From ME. grovelinge, adv., on the face, prone.] 
1. To creep ; lie flat, face downward ; crawl. 2. To tend 
toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base. — Syn. 
Cringe, fawn. — grov'el-er, grov^el-ler, to. 

grow (gro), v. i.; pret. grew (groo) ; p. p. grown (gron) ; 
p. pr. & vb. to. grow'ing. [AS. growan.~\ 1. To spring up 
and mature ; be developed ; hence : to thrive ; flourish ; as, 
rice grows in warm countries. 2. To increase by gradual 
assimilation of new matter into the living organism ; — said 
of animals, plants, and their organs. 3. To increase ; de- 
velop ; become larger ; extend ; wax ; as, his library is grow- 
ing ; to grow in wisdom. 4. To come to be by degrees ; be- 
come ; as, it grows cold, dark, etc. 5. To become united 
by or as by growth ; as, to grow together. — Syn. Enlarge, 
augment, expand. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to grow ; cultivate ; produce. 2. In the 
passive, to be covered with a growth ; as, land well grown 
with trees. 

growing pains, neuralgic or muscular pains in the limbs, 
associated with the rapid growth of children. 

grow'er, n. One who, or that which, grows. 

growl (groul), v. i. & t. To utter or express with a growl 
or growls. — n. The deep, threatening sound made by a 
surly dog, a wolf, etc. ; hence, a muttering complaint. 

growl'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, growls. 2. 
A four-wheeled cab. Slang, Eng. 3. A can, pitcher, etc., 
in which beer is bought by measure. Slang, U. S. 

grown (gron), p. a. Full-grown ; matured. 

growth (groth), to. 1. Act or process of growing ; develop- 
ment. 2. That which has grown or is growing ; product. 
3. Med. A morbid formation. 

grub (grub), v. i. ; grubbed (grubd) ; grub'bing. 1. To dig ; 
root ; rummage. 2. To drudge. 3. To eat ; feed. Slang. — 
v. t. 1. To clear or break up (land) by digging. 2. To root 
out by digging ; — used with up; as, to grub up trees. 3. 
To supply with food. Slang. 

— n. 1. Any thick wormlike larva, esp. of a beetle. 2. A 
drudge ; a plodder. 3. Food. Slang. 

grub'ber (grub'er), n. One who, or that which, grubs. 

grub'by (griib'i), a. [From grub."] 1. Infested with grubs ; 
specif., Western U. S., of cattle or sheep, affected by the 
larvae of botflies or warble flies. 2. Dirty ; slovenly. 

grub'stake' (-stak'), n. Supplies furnished to a prospector 
in consideration of the promise of a share in his finds. 
Mining Slang, U. S. — grub'stake', v. t. 

Grub Street. Also Grub'street', or, as adjective, grub'- 
street'. A London street (now Milton* Street), described 
by Dr. Johnson as "much inhabited by writers of small 
histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems, whence any 
mean production is called grubstreel" ; hence, petty and 
needy writers, and literary hacks, collectively. 

grudge (gruj), v. t.; grudged (grujd) ; grudg'ing. [ME. 
grutchen, to grumble, OF. grouchier.~] To be loath to give, 
or to give with reluctance, or with desire to get back again ; 
begrudge ; envy. — Syn. See envy. — v. i. To complain. 
Obs. — n. Sullen malice or malevolence ; enmity of heart ; 
ill will ; old cause of quarrel. — Syn. See resentment. 

grudg'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of grudge. — grudg'ing-ly, adv. 

gru'el (groo'el), n. [OF.] A kind of thin porridge made by 
boiling meal or flour in water or milk. 

grue'some, grew'some (groo'sum), a. [From a word 
akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + 1st -some.'] Inspiring 
fear or horror ; horrid ; grisly. Syn. See ghastly. — grue'- 
some-ly, grew'some-ly, adv. — some-ness, to. 

gruff (gruf), a. [D. grof.~\ 1. Of rough manner, speech, or 
countenance ; sour ; surly ; harsh. 2. Hoarse ; deep and 
harsh ; — said of thevoice. — gruff'ly,odv. — gruff'ness, n. 

gru'gru (groo'groo), n. 1. Also grugru palm. Any of 
several West Indian spiny palms (Acrocomia fusiformis, 
Curima corallina, etc.). 2. Also grugru worm. The 
wormlike larva of a large weevil (Rhyncophorus palmarum 
or allied species) which lives in the pith of palm trees in 
tropical America and is considered a great delicacy. 

grum (grum), a.; grum'mer (-er) ; -mest. Morose; surly. 

grum'ble (grum'b'l), v. i. & t.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling 
(-bling). 1. To murmur or mutter with discontent. 2. To 
growl. 3. To rumble ; mutter. — n. Act of grumbling ; 
growl; rumble. — grum'bler (-bier), n. bling-ly, adv. 

Grum'ble-to'ni-an (-b'1-to'ni-an), to. [From grumble, v.] 
Eng. Politics. A nickname given by the court party to 
the country party in the 17th century ; — later applied to 
supporters of the opposition. 06s. or Hist. 

grume (groom), n. [L. grumus a little heap, hillock.] 
A thick, viscid fluid ; a clot, as of blood. 

grum'met (grum'et ; 24). Var. of grommet. 

gru'mous (groo'miis), a. [See grume.] 1. Resembling 
or containing grume ; thick ; clotted ; as, grumous blood. 
2. Bot. Formed of clustered grains or granules. 




grump'y (grum'pT), a.; grump'i-er; -i-est. Surly: dis- 
satisfied ; grouty.— grump'i-ly (-pMY), adv.— i-ness, n. 
Grun'dy, Mrs. (grun'di). . A person referred to in an old 
play, whose name has become proverbial for that part of 
society which is narrowly conventional as to the proprieties 
gnmt (grunt), v. i. & t. [AS. grunnettan; fr. grunian to 
grunt.] 1. To make, or utter with, a grunt. 2. To groan. 
Obs. — n. 1. A deep guttural sound, as of a hog. 2. Any 
of numerous mostly marine fishes (genus Hsemulon and 
allied genera) allied to the snappers. They make a grunt- 
ing noise when taken from the water. — grunt'er, n. 
grutch (grfich ; dial, grdoch), v. t. & i. [See grudge.] To 
murmur ; grudge. Archaic or Dial. — n. A complaint ; 
also, a grudge. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 
Gru'yere' cheese, or Gru'yere' (grii'yar'), n. A cheese made 
of cow's milk, originally atGruyere, Switzerland ;— called 
also, in the United States, Schweitzer/case or Schweitzer. 
gryf'fon, gryf'on (grif'tin). Obs. vars. of griffin. 
gryph'on (grif'un). Var. of griffin; — sometimes used 

where classical associations are emphasized. 
gua'cha-ro (gwa'cha-ro), n. [Sp. gudcharo.] A remark- 
able fruit -eating nocturnal bird 
(Steatornis caripensis) oil 
northern South America and 
Trinidad ; — called also oilbird, 
from the fact that the nest- 
lings, which are very fat, are 
slaughtered by the natives for 
their grease. 
gua'co (gwa'ko), to. [Sp.] l.A 
tropical American asteraceous 
vine {Willughbseya amara) ; 
also, its aromatic dried leaves, 
used as a remedy for snake 
bites, etc. 2. A South Ameri 
can plant (Aristolochia an- Guacharo, or Oilbird. 
guicida), also used as a remedy for snake bites. 
guai'ac (gwl'ak), n. [See guaiacum.] 1. = guaiacum, 2. 

2. The tonka bean. French Guiana. 
guai'a-col (gwl'd-kol ; -kol),n. [guaiacum + -ol."] Chem. 
A colorless liquid, C7H8O2, with a peculiar odor, got by 
distilling guaiacum from wood-tar creosote, and otherwise. 
It has been used in treating pulmonary tuberculosis. 
guai'a-cum (gwi'd-kum), n. [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, from 
native name in Haiti.] 1. Any of a genus {Guaiacum) of 
zygophyllaceous trees and shrubs of tropical America ; esp., 
the lignum-vitae (G. officinale). 2. A greenish resin with a 
faint balsamic odor, obtained from the trunk of lignum- 
vitae, used medicinally as a remedy for gout, rheumatism, 
and skin diseases. Also, the resin from related species. 
guan (gwan), n. Any of a subfamily (Penelopinse) of 
large gallinaceous birds of Central and South America, 
gua-na'co (gwa-na'ko), n.; pi. -nacos (-koz). [Sp., fr. 
Peruv. huanacu.~} A South American mammal (Lama 
huanacos) of the camel family, larger than the llama. 
gua'ni-dine (gwa'ni-dih ; -den), to. Also -din. Chem. A 
strong base, NH:C(NH2)2, formed by the oxidation of gua- 
nine, and in other ways. 
gua'nine (gwa'nin ; -nen), n. Also -nin. Chem. A white 
basic substance, C5H5ON5, occurring in guano, in the liver, 
pancreas, and other glands of mammals, and in many 
plants. It is closely related to uric acid. 
gua'no (gwa'no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). [Sp., fr. Peruv. huanu 
dung.] 1. A substance composed chiefly of the excrement of 
sea fowl, much used as a fertilizer. 2. Any similar manure. 
gua-ra'na (gwa-ra/nd), n. [Tupi guarand, name of the 
plant.] Pharm. A preparation from the seeds of a Bra- 
zilian climbing sapindaceous shrub (Paullinia cupana), 
used in making an astringent drink and as a nerve tonic. 
guar'an-tee' (gar'an-te'), n. 1. A guarantor. 2. Act of 
guaranteeing. = guaranty, to., 1.3. = guaranty, to., 2. 
— v. t.; -teed' (-ted') ; -tee'ing. 1. To undertake to an- 
swer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of (another). 2. 
To engage for the existence, performance, nature, or the 
like, of (something) ; warrant. 3. To give security to ; se- 
cure ; — used with against, from, in. 
guar'an-tor' (gar'dn-t6r0, to. One who gives a guaranty. 
guar'an-ty (-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. guarantie, 
garantie. See warrant.] 1. An undertaking or agreement 
by which a person guarantees something ; a warranty ; se- 
curity ; guarantee. 2. Something given or had to secure the 
existence, performance, or fulfillment of something ; a se- 
curity.— v. t.; -tied (-ttd); -ty-ing (-ti-ing). To guarantee. 
guard (gard), v. t. [OF. guarder, garder, warder ; of G. 
origin.] 1. To protect the edge of, esp. with an ornamen- 
tal border. 2. To protect from danger ; defend ; safeguard ; 
as, troops guard the city. 3. To escort. Archaic. 4. To 
watch over in order to prevent escape, violence, indiscre- 
tion, etc. ; restrain ; as, to guard a prisoner, an insane per- 
son, the tongue, etc. — Syn. See defend. — v. i. To 
watch ; stand guard ; take precautions. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, (bin; nature, verdure (87) ; 




On Guard, 3 b. 
A railroad conductor. 



GUARD ANT 

fc-~n. 1. Guardianship. Obs. 2. Protection ; defense ; also, 
state or act of keeping watch. 3. a 
The duties of one who keeps mili- 
tary watch, b A posture of defense, 
as in fencing. 4. Caution ; also, 
a safeguard. Archaic. 5. That 
which serves as a guard against in- 
jury or danger, as any of various fix- 
tures or attachments designed to 
protect against injury, soiling, de- 
facement, theft, or loss. 6. a A 
watch ; sentinel, b In pi. In the 
British army, certain troops at- 
tached to the sovereign's person. C 

Gr. Brit, d A brakeman or gateman, as on an elevated 
railroad. U. S. e American Football. Either of two 
players, right guard and left guard, next to the center 
in the line-up. 7. A border trimming on a garment, 
generally of lace or embroidery. Obs. or Hist. 

guard'ant (gar'dant), a. Acting as a guard or guardian. 

guard'ed, p. a. Protected ; also, cautious ; circumspect. 

guard'er, n. One who or that which, guards. 

guard'house' (gard'hous'), n. A building occupied by a 
guard, usually one for prisoners ; hence, a military lockup. 

guard'i-an (gar'di-dn), n. [F. gardien.~\ 1. One who 
guards or secures ; a warden. 2. Law. One who has, or 
is entitled to, the care and management of the person or 
property, or both, of another, as of a minor or of a person 
incapable of managing his own affairs. 

•— a. Performing, or appropriate to, the office of a protector. 

guard'i-an-ship', n. Office, duty, or care of a guardian. 

guard'room' (gard'roomO.n. Mil. a The room occupied by 
the guard on duty, b Room where prisoners are confined. 

guards'man (gardz'man), n. 1. A guard. 2. A member 
of any military body called Guards, or of the National 
Guard of a State of the United States. 

Gua'te-ma'lan (gwa'te-ma'ldn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Guatemala or its inhabitants. — n. A native or citizen of 
Guatemala. 

gua'va (gwa'vd), n. [Sp. guayaba guava fruit, guayabo 
guava tree.] A tropical American myrtaceous shrub or 
small tree (Psidium guayaba), bearing a mildly acid fruit 
used in making jelly ± jam, etc. ; also, the fruit. 

gu'ber-na-to'ri-al (gu'ber-nd-to'n-al ; 57), a. [L. guberna- 
tor governor.] Pert, to a governor or government. 

gud'geon (guj'wn), n. [F. goujon, fr. L. gobio.] 
small European fresh-water 
fish (Gobio gobio), of the 
carp family. It is easily 
caught and often used for 
food and for bait, b In 
America, a minnow. 2. a A 
person easily duped, b A bait 

gud'geon, n. [F. goujon.'] A pivot or journal. 

Gud'run (gobd'roon), n. 1. [Icel. GuSrun.] See Bryn- 
hild, Atli. 2. Teut. Myth. A maiden rescued from cap- 
tivity by her lover and her brother. 

Gue'ber, Gue'bre (ge'ber ; ga'ber). Vars. of Gheber. 

guel'der-rose' (gel'der-roz'), n. [Supposed to be brought 
fr. Gelderland (F. Guelderland) .] A cultivated variety of 
cranberry tree (Viburnum opulus), with sterile flowers 
forming large globose heads. 

Guelph\(gwelf), n. [It. Guelfo, or LL. Guelphus.] 1. A 

Guelt J member of a German princely family, so called 
from Welf, its founder. 2. A member of a medieval fac- 
tion in Italy which opposed the authority of the Holy Ro- 
man emperors in Italy, the upholders of which, the Ghib- 
ellines, were the other faction. — Guelph'ic, Guelf 'ic, a. 

gue-non' (ge-noN'), n. [F.] Any of numerous long-tailed 
African monkeys constituting a genus (C ercopithecus) , as 
the grivet. 

guer'don (gurMftn), n. & v. t. [OF., fr. LL. widerdonum, 
fr. OHG. widarlon ; widar again, against + Ion reward.] 
A reward ; requital ; recompense. 

guern'sey (gurn'zl), n. ; pi. -seys (-zTz). [From the island 
of Guernsey.] 1. A kind of close-fitting knitted woolen 
vest or shirt. 2. [cap.] One of a breed of dairy cattle 
originating in Guernsey, larger and coarser than Jerseys. 

guer-ril'la (ge-nl'd), n. Also gue-ril'la. [Sp. guerrilla 
lit., little war, dim. of guerra war, fr. OHG] 1. An irregu- 
lar war waged by independent bands. R. 2. One who car- 
ries on irregular warfare, esp., a member of a predatory 
band in war time. 

Guesd'ism (ged'Iz'm), n. The Marxian socialism and pro- 
gram of reform through revolution as advocated by the 
French political leader Jules Basile Guesde (pron. ged) 
(1845- ). — Guesd'ist (-ist), n. & a. 

guess (ges), v. t. & i. [Prob. orig. "to try to get," and akin 
to E. get.] 1. To form an opinion of from good, but not 
decisive, reasons. 2. To judge of at random ; conjecture. 
3. To hit or solve by conjecture ; as, to guess a riddle. 4. 



1. a A 




Gudgeon, 
v. t. To cheat ; dupe. 



441 GUILLOTINE 

To suppose ; believe. This use of guess is now colloquial ; 
its use (as often in the U. S.) where no uncertainty is in- 
volved, is a vulgarism ; as, I guess I'll go to bed. — Syn. 
Surmise, suspect, divine, fancy. See conjecture. 

— n. A conjecture ; surmise. — guess'er, n. 
guess-work 7 (ges'wurk'), n. Work done, or results ob- 
tained, by guess ; conjecture. 

guest (gest), n. [AS. gsest, gest.] 1. A stranger. Obs. 
2. A person entertained in one's house or at one's table ; 
a visitor entertained without pay ; hence, a person to whom 
the hospitality of a home, club, etc., is extended. 3. Any 
person who lodges, boards, or receives refreshment, for 
pay, at a hotel, etc. 4. Biol. An inquiline ; — used esp. 
of insects inhabiting or breeding in the nests or galls of 
other insects, and more fully termed guest ants, guest 
bees, etc. — Syn. See visitor. 

— v. t. To receive or entertain as a guest ; give refreshment 
to. — v. i. To be a guest ; lodge. 

guest'— rope', n. Naut . a An additional line from a shi p to 
a boat being towed astern, to keep the latter steady, b A line 
run along a vessel's side or out to the end of a boom for small 
boats to hold to ; — in the U. S. navy called grab rope. 

|| Gueux (gu), n. pi. [F., lit., beggars, a term first applied to 
them in contempt.] The league of patriotic nobles and 
gentlemen of the Netherlands formed in 1566 to resist 
the introduction of the Inquisition by Philip II. of Spain. 

guf-iaw' (gu-f6 r ), n. A loud burst of laughter. — v. i. To 
laugh noisily or coarsely. 

gug'gle (gug''l), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling. To gurgle. 

guid'a-ble (gTd'd-b'l), a. That may be guided. 

guid'ance (gld'dns), n. A guiding ; direction ; also, a guide. 

guide (gTd), v. t.; guid'ed (gld'ed) ; guid'ing^ [F. guider, 
fr. Pr. guidar or It. guidare ; prob. of Teutonic origin.] 1. 
To act as a guide to ; lead or direct in a way ; conduct ; 
pilot. 2. To regulate and manage ; direct ; order ; as, to 
guide one's affairs ; hence, to instruct and influence ; train. 
Syn. Guide, direct. Guide commonly implies more im- 
mediate or personal conduct or supervision than direct; as, 
we were guided by a boy ; he directed us by letters. 

— n. 1. One who leads or directs another ; also, that which 
guides or directs, as a guidebook. 2. Any contrivance serv- 
ing to steady or to direct the motion of something, or to 
guide a tool, or to mark a position, etc. 

guide'board' (gld'bord'), n. A board, as upon a guidepost, 
having upon it directions or information as to the way. 

guide 'book', n. Handbook of information for travelers, etc. 

guide'post' (gTd'post'), n. A post to direct travelers. 

guid'er (gld'er), n. One who, or that which, guides. 

guide rope, a A rope leading laterally from a rope by which 
any object is lifted or hauled, for directing its motion. 
b Aeronautics. A rope hung from a balloon or dirigible so 
as to trail along the ground for about half its length, used 
to preserve altitude automatically, by variation of the 
length dragging, without loss of ballast or gas. 

gui'don (gl'dun), n. [F., fr. It.] A small flag or streamer 
carried by troops to indicate where the guide is, and to 
mark the line of formation ; also, one who carries such a 
flag. See flag, Illust. 

guild, gild (gild), n. [Icel. gildi guild, tribute.] 1. An 
association of persons with kindred pursuits or common 
interests, formed for furthering some common purpose. 
2. Phytogeog. An ecological group of plants distinguished 
by a special mode of life from the ordinary herbs, shrubs, 
and trees, which form plant societies. The four recognized 
guilds are saprophytes, parasites, epiphytes, and lianas. 

guil'der (gTl r der),n. [I), gulden, orig., golden.] The gulden. 

guild'hall' ( gild'hol' ), n. Hall where a guild, or corpora- 
tion, usually assembles ; specif., a town hall. Chiefly Hist. 

guile (gil), n. [OF. ; of German origin, and same word as E. 
wile.] 1. Crafty cunning ; treachery. 2. A stratagem ; 
trick. Obs. — Syn. See deceit. — v. t. To beguile. Ar- 
chaic. — guile'ful (-fool), a. — guile'less, a. 

gltil'le-mot (gil'e-mot), n. [F., fr. Guillaume, the proper 
name William.] Any member of either of 
two genera (Uria and Cepphus) of auks 
of northern seas. 

guiHoche' (gi-losh'), n. [F. guillochis.] 

1. Arch. An ornament in the form of two 
or more bands or strings twisted over each 
other in a series, leaving circular openings 
which are filled with round ornaments. 

2. Hence, any pattern made by 
interlacing curved lines. 

guil'lo-tine (gll'6-ten), n. [F., 
a.iteT).I.Guillotin (1738-1814), 
French physician, who, in 1789, 
proposed to abolish decapita- 
tion with the ax or sword. The 
instrument was invented by Dr. 
Antoine Louis.] A machine for 

beheading persons by means of a Black Guillemot (Cepphus 
heavy ax or blade sliding in grytte) , inwmter plumage. 







H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



GUILT 



442 



GUNFIRE 





Guinea Fowl. 



vertical guides.— v. t. ;-tined' (-tend').-TiN'rNG (-tenTng) 
To behead with the guillotine. 

guilt (gilt), n. [AS. gylt crime.] The 
fact of having committed a breach 
of conduct, esp. such as violates law 
and incurs a penalty ; also, guilty con- 
duct or state. 

guilt'i-ly (gil'ti-li), adv. In a guilty 
manner. 

guilt'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being guilty. 

guilt'less, a. 1. Innocent. 2. With- 
out experience (of). Guillotine. 

guilt'y (gil'tT), a.; guilt'i-er (-tf-er) ; -i-est. [AS. 
gyltig liable.] 1. Having incurred guilt ; justly charge- 
able with a delinquency, crime, or sin. 2. Evincing, indi- 
cating, or involving guilt ; sensible of guilt. 3. Justly liable 
(to) or deserving (of) ; — used with to or of. Obs. 

guimpe (gaNp; gamp), n. [F.] A kind of chemisette. 

guin'ea (gTn'i), n. 1. a An English gold coin issued from 
1663 to 1813, first 
struck out of gold 
from Guinea. In 1717 
its value was fixed at 
21 shillings, b The 
sum of 21 shillings 
($5.11). 2. Short for 

GUINEA FOWL. 

Guinea corn. Durra. 

guinea fowl, guinea 
hen. A gallinaceous 
bird( Numida melea- 
gris) having a dark 
slaty plumage finely 
speckled with white. 

Guinea grains. Grains of paradise. 

guinea pig. [In 1607 called pig cony; guinea pig is prob. 
a corrupt, of cony pig.] A stout, short-tailed, short-eared 
cavy, said to be a domesticated form of the restless cavy 
(Cavia porcellus). It is usually black, white, and tawny. 

guinea worm. A long, slender nematode worm (Dracun- 
culus medinensis) of warm countries. It infests the sub- 
cutaneous tissues, esp. of the legs, in horse, dog, and man. 

Guin'e-vere (gwin'e-ver), n. Also Guin'e-ver (-e-ver). 
Queen to King Arthur. See Lancelot. 

gui-pure' (ge-pur' ; F. ge^pUr'), n. [F., fr. guiper to cover 
with silk.] Any of various kinds of lace; properly, a 
heavy lace with a large pattern held together by bars. 

guise (glz), n. [F., way, fr. OHG. wisa.~\^ 1. Customary 
way of speaking or acting ; fashion ; behavior. 2. Appear- 
ance, esp. as to dress ; shape ; aspect. 3. Cover ; cloak. 

— v. t.; guised (glzd) ; guis'tng (glz'ing). 1. To dress, 
attire, or arrange, as in a certain manner or fashion. 
2. To disguise. Obs. or Dial. — v. i. To appear in dis- 
guise, esp. as a guiser, or mummer. Eng. & Scot. 

guis'er (gTz'er), n. A person in disguise ; a mummer ; esp., 

a Christmas mummer. Eng. & Scot. 
gui-tar' (gi-tar'), n. [F. guitar e, fr. Sp. guitarra, fr. Gr. 

Kidapa.'] Music. An instrument of the 

lute class, with long fretted neck and six 

strings plucked with the fingers. 
guit'guit' (gwit'gwiV), n. [So called from 

its note.] Any of several species of small 

tropical American honey creepers. 
Gu'ja-ra'ti (goo'jd-ra'ti), n. The Sanskrit- 

ic language of Gujarat and neighboring 

native states of India. 
gu'lar (gii'ldr), a. [L. gula throat.] Of 

or pert, to the throat. 
gu'lash (goo'lash). Var. of goulash. 
gulch (gulch), n. A small precipitous valley 

or gorge, esp. one at the bottom of which 

lies the bed of a stream or torrent ; ravine. 

Western U. S. 
gul'den (gool'den), n. [D. & G.] A coin, 

and money of account ; — called also 

guilder and florin ; as : a Any of various 

obsolete German and Dutch coins, b The Guitar. 

Dutch gold monetary unit = 40.2 cents ; also, a current sil- 
ver coin of this value. C The Austrian florin, worth 48. 2 cents. 
gules (gulz), n. [From OF. ; perh. deriv. of L. gula throat.] 

Her. Red, — represented in engraving by vertical lines. 
gulf (gulf), n. [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. LGr., fr. Gr. k6\itos 

bosom, gulf.] 1. A portion of an ocean or sea extending 

into the land. 2. A hollow place in the earth ; abyss ; 

hence, a wide separation. 3. A whirlpool ; sucking eddy. 

— v. t. 1. To engulf. 2. To place in the gulf. Eng. Univer- 
sity Slang. — gulf'y (gul'fi), a. 

gulf 'weed' (gulf 'wed'), n. [From the Gulf Stream.] A 
tropical Atlantic olive-brown seaweed (Sargassum bacci- 




ferum) with berrylike air vessels ; also, any of several simi- 
lar species of the same genus. 

gull (gul), v. t. To deceive ; cheat ; defraud. — n. 1. One 
easily cheated ; a dupe. 2. A trick ; fraud. 

gull, n. [Of Celtic origin.] Any of a certain genus (Larus) 
or allied genera, or, in a broad sense, of a family (Laridae) 
of web-footed aquatic birds. In the broad sense, the gulls 
include the terns and jaegers. 

gull'a-ble, gull'a-bil'i-ty, etc. Vars. of gullible, etc. 

gul'let (gfll'et; 24), n. [OF. goulet, dim. of gole, goule, 
throat, L,. gula. - ] 1. The esophagus ; loosely, the neck. 
2. Something shaped like the food passage, or performing 
similar functions, as a channel for water, a preparatory 
cut or channel in excavations, etc. 3. A gully. Now Rare. 

gulli-bil'i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being gullible. 

gul'li-ble (-i-b'l), a. Easily gulled. 

Gul'li-ver, Lemuel (-i-ver). The hero of Swift's satirical 
romance of "Gulliver's Travels," who made four extraor- 
dinary voyages. See Brobdingnag, Lilliputian, Yahoo. 

gul'ly (-T), n. ; pi. -lies (-iz). [For gullet.'] A miniature 
valley or gorge, esp. one excavated by a temporary stream. 

— v. t. & i. ; -lied (-id) ; -lying. To wear a gully or gullies in. 
gulp (gulp), v. t. 1. To swallow eagerly, or at one swallow ; 

— often used with down. 2. To suppress as if by swallow- 
ing with difficulty ; as, to gulp down a sob. — v. i. To 
catch the breath as if in taking a long drink. 

— n. Act of one who gulps ; a swallow, or as much as is 
swallowed at once ; mouthful. — gulp'er, n. 

gum (gum), n. [AS. goma palate.] The dense tissues which 
invest the necks of teeth, and cover the alveolar ridge. 

gum, n. [F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. k6juj«.] 
1. Any of various amorphous substances, exuded by plants, 
hardening on exposure to the air, and soluble in water ; 
loosely, resin, gum resin (essentially a mixture of gum and 
resin), or the like. 2. A natural gum prepared for indus- 
trial or other use. 3. Short for gum elastic, gum tree. 4. 
A rubber overshoe. Local, U. S. 5. A hive made of a sec- 
tion of a hollow gum tree ; hence, any roughly made hive ; 
also, a vessel made of a hollow log. Southern U. S. 

— v. t. To smear, unite, or stiffen by gum or a gumlike sub- 
stance. — v : i. To exude or form gum ; become gummy. 

gum ar'a-bic. A gum, consisting essentially of salts of 
arabic acid, obtained from either of two acacias (Acacia 
Senegal and A. scorpioides). 

gum'bo (gum'bo), n. 1. A soup thickened with okra pods ; 
okra soup. 2. The okra plant or its pods. 3. Gumbo soil. 

— a. Lit., of, pert, to, or like, gumbo; — specif, applied, 
esp. in the western United States, to a class of silty alkalipe 
soils which become very sticky when wet. U. S. 

gum'boil' (-boil'), n. A small abscess on the gums. 

gum 'drop' (gum'drop'). n. A confection of sweetened giwn 
arabic, gelatin, or the like, made in drops or small molds. 

gum elastic. Caoutchouc ; India rubber. 

gum'ma (gum'd), n.; pi. -mata (-td). [NL. So called 
from its gummy contents. See gum.] Med. A kind of s.oft 
tumor, a manifestation of tertiary syphilis. 

gum'ma-tOUS (giim'd-tws), a. Of the nature of a gumma ; 
of or pertaining to a gumma. 

gum'mer (gum'er), n. One who, or that which, gums. 

gum'mi-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being gumwy, 
or viscous. 

gum-mo'sis (gum-o'sTs), n. [NL. See 2d gum; -osis.] 
Bot. A pathological condition of the cell walls in certain 
plants, as the cherry and acacia, in which they are replaced 
by masses of gum. 

gum'mous (gum'fts), a. [L. gummosus.] Gumlike; 
composed of gum ; gummy. 

gum'mous, gum'my (-1), a. Med. Gummatous. 

gum'my (gum'i), a.; -mi-er (-i-er) ; -mi-est. Consisting 
of, covered with, or abounding in, gum ; viscous. 

gump'tion (gump'shwn), n. Shrewdness; common sense; 
cleverness. Colloq. 

gum resin. A product consisting essentially of a mixture 
of gum and resin, usually obtained by making an incision 
in a plant and allowing the juice which exudes to solidify. 

gum tree. 1. In the United States, any of several gum- 
yielding trees, as the sour gum and sweet gum. 2. In Aus- 
tralia, any eucalyptus. 

gun (gun), n. [ME. gonne, gunne.~\ 1. Mil. A piece of 
ordnance ; a cannon. 2. Any portable firearm except a pis- 
tol or revolver. 3. Any similar tubular device for throwing 
a projectile ; as, an air gun. 4. A discharge of a cannon, as 
in a salute. 5. A revolver or pistol. Western U. S., or 
Colloq. — v. i. ; gunned (gund) ; gun'ning. To hunt with 
a gun. 

gun'boat' (gun'bot'), n. An armed vessel of light draft. 

gun'COt'ton (-kot^n), n. An explosive substance of variable 
composition, obtained by soaking cotton in nitric and sul- 
phuric acids mixed. 

gun'fire' (-fir'), n. Mil. & Nav. a The firing of a gun, 
as the morning gun, or the time of firing, b Chiefly Mil. 
Use of artillery, rifles, etc., as weapons of war, as distin- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil: chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



GUNFLINT 



443 



GYMNASIUM 




guished from the use of the bayonet, sword, torpedoes, etc., 
and esp. as disting. from shock tactics or the charge. 

gtin'flint' (-flint'), n. A small, sharp flint for use in a flint- 
lock, to produce a spark, of fire to ignite the priming. 

gun'lock' (-lok'), n. In some firearms, the mechanism by 

which the charge is ig- v^ w. .v 'u /12 

nited. 

gun'man (-man), n. 1. A J~_ Mx*** 
man armed with a gun ; 
specif., Colloq., U. S., a 
man, usually one of a gang 
of roughs, who is ready to 
use a pistol in assault or 
assassination for hire. 2. 
A gunmaker. 

gun metal, a A metal 
used for guns ; esp., a 

bronze at one time much Plain Lever ; 5 Lever-link 
used as a material lor Pin . 6 Breechblock ; 7 Firing 
cannon, b Any of various Pin; 8 Extractor; 9 Main 
alloys or metals made to Spring; 10 Link; 11 Barrel 
imitate nearly black tar- Screw ; 12 Breechblock Plunger, 
nished copper-alloy gun metal, usually by treating with sul- 
phur or the like. 

Gun'nar (goon'n'ar), n. [Tcel. Gunnarr."] See Brynhtld. 

gun'nel (gun'el). Var. of gunwale. 

gun'nel (gun'el), n. A small, slimy marine fish (Pholis 
gunnellus) found on both sides of the northern Atlantic. 

gun'ner (-er), n. 1. a A cannoneer, b A naval officer in 
charge of the ship's ordnance. 2. One who hunts with a gun. 

gun'ner -y (-1), n. 1. Science of the flight of projectiles 
and use of guns. 2. Practical use of guns or cannon. 

gun'ning (-ing), n. Hunting of game with a gun. 

gun'ny (-1), n. [Hind, gon, goni, a sack, sacking.] A 
coarse jute sacking. 

gun'pa'per (-pa'per), n. Paper converted by nitric acid 
into a substance of the same composition as guncotton. 

gun'pow'der (-pou'der), n. An explosive mixture of salt- 
peter, charcoal, and sulphur, used in gunnery and blasting ; 
also, any of various other explosive powders. 

gun room. Nav. In the British navy, an apartment, usu- 
ally aft on the berth deck, orig. used by the gunner and 
his mates, now by the midshipmen and junior officers ; — 
called in the U. S. navy steerage or junior officers' quarters. 

gun'shot' (gun'shot'), n. 1. Act of firing a gun; a shot. 
2. Effective range or reach of a gun. 

gun'smith' (gun'smTth'), n. One whose occupation is to 
make or repair small firearms ; an armorer. 

gun'stock' (-stokO, n. The wooden stock of a firearm. 

Gun'ter's chain (giin'terz). See chain, n., 4. 

Gun'ther (goon'ter), n. See Brunhild, Siegfried. 

gun/wale (gun'el; formally gun'wal), n. Also gun'nel. 
[gun + wale ; because the upper guns were pointed from 
it.] Naut. The upper edge of a vessel's or boat's side. 

gurge (gurj), n. [L. gurges.~] A whirlpool. Rare. 

gur'gle (gur'g'l), v. i. ; gur'gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). 

1. To flow in a broken, noisy, current, as water from a 
bottle. 2. To sound like gurgling liquid. — v. t. To utter 
with a gurgle. — n. Act or sound of gurgling. 

gur'glet. Var. of goglet. 

gur'goyle (gur'goil). Var. of gargoyle. 

gur'nard (-ndrd), n. [OF. gornart.2 Any of a family(7Vi0- 
lidse) of spiny-rayed sea fishes having the head armored. 

gush (gush), v. i. [ME. guschen.~] 1. To issue copiously or 
violently, as a fluid. 2. To give vent to a free flow of tears, 
blood, etc. ; — used with forth, out, etc. 3. To show effu- 
sive affection, enthusiasm, etc. Colloq. — v. t. To emit 
freely. — n. 1. A gushing ; also, the fluid emitted in an act 
of gushing ; hence, a free outpouring. 2. Effusive display of 
affection, enthusiasm, etc. Colloq. — gush'ing-ly, adv. 

gush'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, gushes ; specif., an 
oil well with a large natural flow. 

gus'set (gus'et; 24), n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, 
dim. of gousse pod, husk.] 1. In medieval armor, a piece 
of chain mail at the openings of the joints of plate armor, 
as at the armpits. 2. A small tapering piece inserted in a 
garment, glove, etc., to give width or strength. 

— v. t. To provide with a gusset or gussets. 

gust (gust), n. [Icel. gustr.~] 1. A sudden blast of wind. 

2. A sudden outburst, esp. of temper. — Syn. See wind. 
gust, n. [L. gustusJ] Rare or Archaic. 1. Taste ; relish. 

2. Savor ; flavor. 3. Gratification ; enjoyment. 

gust'a-ble (gus'td-b'l), a. 1. Tastable; also, savory. 2. 
Gustatory. — n. A thing that can be tasted. 

gUS-ta'tion (gus-ta'shun), n. Act or faculty of tasting. 

gUS'ta-tive (gus'td-tiv), a. [L. gustare, gustatum, to 
taste.] Of, pert, to, or affecting the sense of taste ; gusta- 
tory. — gus'ta-tive-ness, n. [sense of taste. I 

gus'ta-to-ry (-to-rf), a. Pert, to, or subservient to, the| 

gus'to (gus'to), n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus.'] 1. Taste ; lik- 
ing. 2. Keen or zestful appreciation. — Syn. See relish. 



gust'y (-tT), a. ; gust'i-er (-tl-er) ; -i-est. Windy ; stormy. 

gut (gut), n. [AS. gut.~] 1. An intestine; the alimentary 
canal, or a part of it ; in pi., bowels. 2. Prepared entrails of 

■ an animal ; as, catgut. 3. A narrow passage, as of water, or 
a defile between hills. 4. The sac of silk taken from a silk- 
worm ready to spin its cocoon, and drawn out into a thread. 
It is used for snells. 

— v. t.; gut'ted (-ed ; 24) ; gut'ttng. 1. To disembowel. 

2. To destroy or remove the interior or contents of ; plunder 
of contents. 

Gu-tru'ne (go6-tr6o'ne),n. See Siegfried. 

gut'ta (gut'd), n. ; -pi. -tm (-e). [L.] 1. A drop. 2. Arch. 

One of a series of ornaments, 

generally in the form of a frustum 

of a cone, but sometimes cylindri- 
cal, in the under end of the tri- 

glyphs, and the lower faces of the 

mutules, in the Doric entablature. 
gut'ta-per'cha (-pur'chd), n. 

[Malay gatah gum + percha the 

tree from which it is got.] A thick 

juice, nearly white when pure, 

yielded by various Malaysian sapo- 

taceous trees (esp. Palaquium 

gutta). In many ways it resembles 

caoutchouc. 
gut'tate (gut'at) la. [L.guttatus.l 
gut'tat-ed(-at-ed)/ Spotted with 

droplike spots. 
gut'ter (gut'er), n. [OF. goutiere, 

ir.goutedrop,~L.gutla.~] 1. A chan- 
nel worn by running water. 2. A 

channel at the eaves ; eaves trough. 

3. Any narrow channel or groove. 




to 



Guttae attached 
Mutules. 

4. A small channel, as at the road side, to lead off surface 
water ; specif., that between sidewalk and carriage road, 

— sometimes taken as a suggestion of low life ; as, a gutter 
urchin. — v. t. To form gutters in. — v. i. 1. To flow in 
streams. 2. To become channeled, as a flaring candle. 

gut'ter-snipe' (-snip'), n. A person of the gutter, as a rag- 
picker or a street Arab. Colloq. or Slang. 

gut'tle (gut"l), v. t. & i.; -tled (-'Id); -tling (-ling). 
[From gut, n.] To gormandize. 

gut'tu-la (gut^-ld), n.; pi. -zm (-le). [L., dim. of gutta 
drop.] Bot.& Zo'ol. A small droplike spot. — gut'tu-lar,a. 

gut'tur-al (gut'wr-dl), a. [L. guttur throat.] 1. Of or pert, 
to the throat. 2. Of vocal sounds, produced, or thought to 
be produced, in the throat ; Phon., articulated between 
the tongue and the back, or soft, palate ; — said of certain 
sounds, as g in go. Popularly, any palatal or throat articu- 
lation that seems harsh or grating is often called " guttural." 

— n. A guttural sound or its symbol. — gut'tur-al-ly, adv. 

gut'tur-al-ize, v. t. To pronounce or make guttural. 

gUt'tur-O- (gut'wr-6-). A combining form denoting rela- 
tion to the throat; as: gut'tur-o-na'sal, Phon., having 
both a guttural and a nasal character ; gut'tur-o-pal'a- 
tal, having both a guttural and a palatal character, etc. 

gut'ty (gut'i), a. [F. goutte, OF. gote spotted, L. gutta- 
tus.~] Her. Sprinkled with drops. [Colloq.] 

gut'ty (-i), n.; pi. -ties (-iz). Golf. A gutta-percha ball.| 

guy (gl), n. [OF. gui a guide.] A rope, chain, or rod at- 
tached to a thing to steady it. — v. t. To steady with a guy. 

guy, n. 1. In England, an effigy of Guy Fawkes, paraded 
and burnt, esp. formerly, on the anniversary of the Gun- 
powder Plot (a plot to blow up the King and Parliament 
on Nov. 5, 1605). 2. A person of grotesque appearance 
or dress. — v.t. To ridicule (a person) ;poke fun at. Colloq. 

guz'zle (guz''l), v. i. & t. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-zling). To 
drink to excess or overfrequently. — guz'zler (-ler), n. 

gybe (jib), v. %.; gybed (jlbd); gyb'ing (jlb'ing). Also 
jibe. 1. To shift from one side to the other by a follow- 
ing wind ; — said of a fore-and-aft sail or its boom. 2. To 
change the course of a vessel so that the sail gybes. 

— v. t. To cause (a vessel, a sail, or its boom) to gybe. 

Gy'ges (jl'jez), n. [L., fr. Gr. rOy-rjs.'] 1. A king of Lydia 
fabled to have had a ring by which he could make himself 
invisible. 2. Gr. Myth. A hundred-handed giant. 

gym-kha'na (jTm-ka'nd), n. [Prob. fr. E. gymnastics -f- 
Hind. & Per. khana house.] A meeting for athletic con- 
tests, mainly of a racing kind. Orig. Anglo-Indian. 

gym-na'si-arch (-na'zi-ark), n. [L. gymnasiarchus, Gr. 
yvfivacriapxos ; yvfivkaLov + apxeiv to govern. ] Gr. Antiq. 
An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia and 
athletic games. 

gym-na'si-ast (-ast), n. A student or graduate of a 
Gymnasium, or classical preparatory school, as in Europe. 
m-na'si-um Him), n.; pi. E. -siums (-iimz), L. -sia (-d). 
fr. Gr. yvuvtaiov, fr. yvuva^tiv to exercise (naked), 
yvuvds naked.] 1. A place or building for athletic exercises ; 
a school for gymnastics. 2. [cap.~\ (Ger. pron. glm-nli'zl- 
oom ; gum-). In Continental Europe, esp. Germany, a 



H 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations us^rf in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal* 



M 



GYMNAST 



444 



HABEAS CORPUS 



school preparing for the university, the classical languages 
being an essential part of the curriculum. 

gym'nast (jim'nast), n. [Gr. 717**^7-17$ a trainer of ath- 
letes.] A teacher of, or an expert in, gymnastic exercises. 

gym-nas'tic (jTm-naVtik), gym-nas'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. Of 
or pert, to athletic exercises ; athletic. 

gym-nas'tics (-nas'tiks), n. pi. (See -ics.) Bodily exer- 
cises performed in, or adapted to performance in, a gymna- 
sium. 

gym-nos'o-phist (jTm-nos'o-fTst),n. [L. gymnosophistae, 
pi., Gr. yvfivcHrocfrKTTris ; yvfivos naked -f- aofitcrriis philos- 
opher.] One of a sect of philosophers, said to have been 
found in India by Alexander the Great. They went naked, 
ate no flesh, and devoted themselves to meditation. 

gym'no-sparm (jTm'n6-spurm),n. A gymnospermous plant. 

gym'no-sper'mous (-spur'mfts), a. [Gr. yvnvbawepp.os ; 
yvixvbs naked + o-irkpfia seed.] Bot. Having seeds not in- 
closed in an ovary or carpel. 

gyn'ae-ce'um (jin'e-se'um ; ji'ne-), n.; pi. -cea (-&). Also 
-ci'um (-sl'um ; jT-ne'si-um). [L., fr. Gr. yvvaineiov, fr. 
ywh a woman.] 1. Antiq. The women's apartments in a 
house. 2. Bot. Var. of gynqecium. 

gy-nan'drous (ji-nan'drus ; jT-), a. [Gr. ybvavhpos of 
doubtful sex ; ywy a woman -f- &vrjp, &v8p6s, man.] Bot. 
Having the andrcecium and gyncecium united in a column, 
as orchids. 

gyn'arch-y (jin'dr-kT ; jfndr-ki), n. [Gr. ywi) a woman + 
-archy.~\ Government by a woman or women. 

gyn'e-coc'ra-cy, gyn'ae-coc'ra-cy (jin'e-kok'rd-sl ; jT- 
ne-), n. [Gr. yvvainonpaTla ; ywrj, ywaiKos, a woman -f- 
Kpartiv to rule.] Government by women ; in a depreciative 
sense, petticoat rule. See matriarchy. 

gyn'e-col'o-gy, gyn'ae-col'o-gy (jm'e-kol'6-jT ; jl'ne-), n. 
[Gr. yvvt), yvvaiicos, a woman + -logy."] The science which 
treats of the diseases peculiar to women. — gyn'e-CO-log'i- 
cal (-ko-loj'i-kal), a. — gyn'e-COl'o-gist (-kol'6-jist), n. 

gyn'e-co-mor'phous, gyn'ae-co-mor'phous (jin'e-ko- 
mor'fus; jl-ne'-), a. [Gr. yvi>aiic6tiop<f>os in woman's 
shape ; yvvq, ywaiKfc woman -f- -morphous.] Having the 
form or morphological characters of a woman or female. 

gyn'e-ol'a-try, gyn'je-ol'a-try (jin'e-ol'd-trl ; jl'ne-), n. 
[Gr. ywi) a woman + -latry.] The adoration or worship of 
woman. 

gyn'i-at'rics (-at'rTks).n. (See-ics.) [Gr. ywi) a"woman-|- 
iatr ic] Med. Treatment of diseases of women ; gyneco- 
logical therapeutics. 

gyn'ics (jin'iks ; jl'niks), n. (See -ics.) [Gr. ywfi a wom- 
an.] The department of knowledge having specific relation 
to women ; — used in library cataloguing. 

gyn'0-base (jin'o-bas ; jl'no-), n. Bot. [Gr. ywri a wom- 
an + base."] A dilated base or receptacle bearing the gynce- 
cium, as in the hound 's-tongue. 

gy-nce'ci-um (ji-ne'sT-um ; jT-), n.; pi. -cia (-d). Also 
gy-ne'ci-um. [NL. ; Gr. ywfi a woman + ol/cos house.] 
Bot. The aggregate of carpels in the flower of a seed plant ; 
pistils collectively. See flower. Cf. andrcecium. 

gyn'o-phore (jin'6-for ; jl'no- ; 57), n. [Gr. yvv 17 a woman 
+ -phore.] Bot. A stipe bearing the gyncecium, as in the 
passion flower. Cf. gonophore, anthophore. 

-gynous. [L. -gynus, fr. Gr. -ywot, fr. ywij a woman.] A 
combining form signifying woman, female; — chiefly 
used in botany, to indicate the nature, number, or position 
of the pistils, formerly considered the female plant organs. 

gyp, gip (jip), n. A college servant. Cant. See scout, n., 3. 

gyp'se-OUS (jip'se-Ss), a. [L. gypseus. See gypsum.] 
Resembling, containing, or consisting of, gypsum. 



gyp-sif'er-OUS (jTp-sif'er-us), a. [gypsum -f- -ferous."] 

Bearing gypsum ; as, gypsiferous soil. 
gyp'sum (jip'sum), n. [L., fr. Gr. 76^05.] Hydrous sul- 
phate of calcium CaS04 • 2H2O. It is used as a dressing for 

soils, for making plaster of Paris, etc. 
gyP'sy, gip'sy (-si), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). [F. egyptien 

Egyptian, gypsy, L. ^Aegyptius.'] 1. [Often cap."] One of 

a wandering Caucasian race, coming originally from India. 

2. [cap.] The language of the gypsies ; Romany. — 1;. i. ; 

-sied (-sid), -sy-ing. To play the gypsy. — gyp'sy-dom, 

gip'sy-dom^ n. [gypsy ; make gypsy like. 

gyp'sy-fy, gip'sy -fy (-fT), v. t. To cause to become a 
gyp'sy-hood, gip'sy-hood (-hood), n. State of a gypsy, 
gypsy, or gipsy, moth. An Old World tussock moth 

(Ocnerla dispar) accidentally introduced, about 1869, into 

eastern Massachusetts, where its caterpillars have done 

great damage to trees. 
gy'ral (ji'rdl), a. Whirling; gyratory. 
gy'rate (-rat), a. [L. gyratus made in a circular form, p. p. 

of gyrate to gyrate.] Winding or coiled round ; gyrating. 

— v. i.; -rat-Ed (-rat-ed) ; -rat-ing (-rat-Ing). To revolve 

round a central point ; move spirally about an axis, as a 

tornado. 
gy-ra'tion (jl-ra'shun), n. Act of turning or whirling, as 

around a center ; rotation ; revolution. 
gy'ra-to-ry (jl'rd-to-ri), o. Whirling; gyrating. 
gyre (jlr), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. yvpos ring.] 1. A circular mo- 
tion ; a turn or revolution ; circuit. 2. A circular or spiral 

form ; also, a vortex. 
gyr'fal'con, ger'fal'con (jur'fo'k'n ; -fol'k'n), n. [OF. ger- 

faucon, of which ger- is of German 

origin.] Any of a subgenus (Hiero- 

falco) of large falcons of the Arctic 

regions and cold parts of Europe, 

Asia, and America. 
gy'ron (jI'ron),n. [F. giron; of 

German origin.] Her. A subordi- 
nacy of triangular form having one 

of its angles at the fess point and 

the opposite side at the edge of the 

escutcheon. 
gy'ro-scope(-r6-skop),n. [F. See 

gyre ; -scope.] Apparatus consist- 
ing essentially of a heavy-rimmed 

flywheel free to rotate at great 

speed on bearings contained in, 

usually, a ring or gimbals so as to Gyrfalcon (Falco rus- 

have freedom of movement in one ticolus). 

or more directions. It is used to illustrate the laws of ro- 
tating bodies and as a steering apparatus, balancing device, 

etc. — gy'ro-scop'ic (-skop'Ik), a. 
gy'ro-Stat (-stat), n. [Gr. yvpos ring, 

circle + iaravai to cause to stand.] 

Physics. A modification of the 

gyroscope. It is used in studying 

the dynamics of rotation. — gy'ro- 

stat'ic (-stat'Ik), a.— gy'ro-stat'- 

i-cal-ly, adv. 
gy'ro-stat'ics (-Yks), n. (See -ics.) 

That branch of physics which deals 

with the phenomena of rotating bodies, as their resistance 

to any change of the plane of rotation. 
gy'rus (jT'rus),n.;pLGYRi (-rl). [L. See gyre, n.] Anat. 

A convolution, esp. of the brain. 
gyve (jTv), n. [ME. gyves, pi.] A shackle, esp. for the legs ; 

a fetter ; — usually in pi. Archaic or Poet. — v. t. To 

shackle. Archaic or Poet. 





H 



H(ach). l.The eighth letter of the English alphabet, 
classed with the consonants. Its power is that 
of a simple aspiration or breathing, with only enough 
narrowing of the glottis to produce audibility. H is com- 
bined with certain consonants to form various digraphs ; as 
ph (=f) rh ( = r), sh, th, tk, and wh, as in phase, rhetoric, 
shall, thing, then, when (for the sound "zh" see Guide, 
§ 106) ; also, with c to form the consonantal diphthong ch 
(=tsh), as in charm (written also tch, as in catch). In some 
words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, 
h following c or g indicates that the c or g has its "hard" 
sound before e, i, or y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, 
Ghent, etc. ;- in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in 
chicane. See Guide to Pron., § 41. The name (aitch) is 
from the French ache ; the form is from the Latin, and 
this from the Greek H, once used as the sign of the rough 
breathing. The Greek H is from Phoenician, the ultimate 
origin perhaps being Egyptian. Etymologically, H is most 
closely related to c ; as in E. horn, L. cornu, Gr. ickpas ; E. 



hide, L. cutis, Gr. kvtos; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. 

i-Ka.T-ov, Skr. fata. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or 

indicate : a The eighth in a series ; eighth in class or order ; 

sometimes, the numeral 8 ; as, quire h ; Company H. b 

[cap.] Hydrogen. 
H, or h (ach), n. ; pi. H's or HS (ach'iz). The letter H, h, 

or its sound ; also, something of the general shape of the 

letter, usually of capital H. 
H, a. Of the general shape of the letter H ; as, an H frame, 

or H -frame. 
ha (ha), inter j. & n. An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, 

or grief. Repeated, ha, ha, it expresses laughter or triumph. 
Ha-bak'kuk (hd-bSk'uk ; hab'd-kuk), n. Bib. 1. A He- 
brew prophet. 2. A certain Old Testament book, 
ha'be-as cor'pus (ha'be-ds kor'pus). [L., (that) you have 

the body.] Law. Any of several common-law writs having 

for their object to bring a party before a court or judge ; 

esp., a writ for inquiring into the lawfulness of the restraint 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87); 



HABERDASHER 



445 



&EMAPOIETIC 



of a person who is imprisoned or detained in another's 
custody. 

hab'er-dash'er (hab'er-dash'er), n. 1. A dealer in small 
wares, as tapes, pins, needles, etc., and formerly hats ; 
now, esp., a dealer in trimmings, etc. 2. One who keeps a 
men's furnishing store, selling neckwear, hats, etc. U. 8. 

hab'er-dash'er-y (-f), n. A haberdasher's goods or his shop. 

hab'er-geon (hab'er-jun ; hd-bur'jim), n. [F. haubergeon, 
dim. of OF. hauberc hauberk.] A coat of mail, shorter 
than a hauberk ; loosely, the hauberk. 

hab'ile (hab'il), a. [F. habile, L. habilis. See able, hab- 
it.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 06s. 2. Able ; adroit ; skillful. 

ha-bil'i-ment (hd-bil'T-ment), n. [F. habillement, fr. 
habiller to dress.] Dress ; attire ; clothes ; — chiefly in pi. 

ha-bil'i-tate (-T-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing (-taV- 
Ing). 1. To qualify ; entitle. Obs. 2. To fit out, or equip 
for working, as a mine. Local, U. S. 3. To clothe ; dress. 

— v. i. [G. habilitieren.~] To qualify one's self, as for 
teaching in a university. — ha-biPi-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. 

hab'it (hab'Tt), n. [F., fr. L. habitus state, appearance, 
dress, habere to have.] 1. Dress ; garb ; clothes. 2. A 
costume indicative of rank, profession, or occupation ; 
specif. : a The dress of a religious order, b A lady's riding 
costume. 3. Bodily appearance, form, or condition ; as, a 
spare habit. 4. Mental or moral constitution or bearing ; 
mental make-up. 5. A custom or practice; esp., an apti- 
tude or inclination acquired by repetition and marked by 
facility of performance or decreased power of resistance. 
6. Nat. Hist. Characteristic form or mode of occurrence 
or growth ; as, elms have a spreading habit. 7. Familiarity 
or terms of familiarity ; close acquaintance ; as, on intimate 
habits. Obsoles. 

Syn. Custom, usage, practice, use, rule, consuetude, 
wont. — Habit, custom, usage, practice, use, wont. 
Habit implies a settled disposition or tendency due to 
repetition ; custom suggests the fact of repetition rather 
than the tendency to repeat ; usage (applying only to a 
considerable body of people) adds the implication of long 
acceptation or standing ; both custom and (esp.) usage 
often suggest authority ; as, we do many things mechani- 
cally from force of habit; "a custom more honored in the 
breach than the observance"; the habit of smoking; 
the custom of smoking after dinner ; " Usages . . . have 
become a kind of common law." Use and wont are 
chiefly poetical for custom. Practice suggests esp. habit- 
ual performance or mode of action. 

— v. t. [F. habiter, fr. L. habitare, intens. fr. habere to 
have.] 1. To dress ; clothe. 2. To inhabit. Archaic. 

hab'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being inhabited. 

— hab'it-a-bil'i-ty (-d-Ml'i-ti), hab'it-a-ble-ness, n. — 
hab'it-a-bly, adv. 

hab'it-an-cy (-dn-sT), n. Residence; inhabitancy. 

liab'it-ant (hab'I-tdnt), n. [F.] 1. An inhabitant. 2. (F. 
pron. a/be'taN'). One of the French settlers (or their de- 
scendants) in Canada or Louisiana, of the farming class. 

hab'i-tat (hab'I-tat), n. [L., it dwells.] 1. Natural abode 
of a plant or animal. 2. Place where a thing commonly is. 

hab'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of inhabiting ; state of 
inhabiting or dwelling, or of being inhabited ; occupancy. 
2. Place of abode ; a residence. 

Syn. Habitation, dwelling, residence, domicile, 
borne. Habitation and dwelling, both general terms, 
are now almost exclusively bookish or elevated in conno- 
tation. Residence denotes a settled or permanent home ; 
as used of a dwelling house, it suggests pretension or 
dignity. Domicile is chiefly legal. Home denotes a 
dwelling place, but connotes esp. the sentiment and feeling 
associated with it. 

habit cloth. A light, thin broadcloth, so called because 
riding habits are usually made of it. 

ha-bit'U-al (hd-bitlu-dl), a. 1. Of the nature of a habit ; 
according to habit ; customary ; as, habitual actions. 2. 
Doing, practicing, or acting in some manner by force of 
habit ; as, a habitual drunkard. 3. Usual ; commonly used ; 
customary; as, a habitual chair, topic, etc. — Syn. See 
usual. — ha-bit'u-al-ly, adv. — bit'u-al-ness, n. 

ha-bit'u-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. ha- 
bituatus, p. p. of habituare to bring into a habit of body.] 
To accustom ; familiarize. — ha-bit u-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 

hab'i-tude (hab'i-tud), n. [F., fr. L. habitudo condition.] 
1. Native character ; hence, habitual attitude. 2. Habitual 
association or intercourse. 3. Habit of body or of action. 

ha-bit'u-e' (hd-bit^ji-a' ; F. a'be'tii-a'), n. [F., p. p.] One 
who habitually frequents a place or class of places. 

ha-chure' (ha-shur' ; hash'ur), n. [F., fr. hacher to hack.] 
A short line used in drawing and engraving, esp. in shading 
and denoting different surfaces. Cf. contour line. — 
(ha-shurO, v. t. ; -chured' (-shurd') ; -chur'ing. To shade 
with, or show by, hachures. 

ha-cien'da (a-syen'da ; ha'si-en'da), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. fa- 
cienda employment, estate, fr. L. facienda (things) to be 
done, fr. facere to do.] A large estate, or a works or estab- 
lishment. Sp. Amer. 



hack (hak). v. t. [AS. haccian (in comp.).] 1. To cut ir- 
regularly ; haggle. 2. Football. To kick the shins of (an 
opposing player). 3. To roughen or dress (stone) with a 
hack hammer. 4. Agric. a To break up the surface of 
(land, or ground), b To break up the soil and sow (seed) at 
the same operation ; — used with in ; as, to hack in wheat. 
C To cut, trim, or uproot, with a hack, hook, or sickle. Eng. 
— v. i. 1. To make hacks, or rough cuts or notches. 
2. To cough in a short, broken manner. 3. To kick an 
opponent's shins in football or basketball. 

— n. 1. A tool or implement for hacking or cutting, as a 
pick, hoe, etc. 2. A notch ; cut ; nick. 3. Football. A 
kick on the shins, or a cut from a kick. 4. A breaking or 
stumbling in speech. 5. A short, broken cough. 

hack (hak), n. [For hackney.'] 1. A horse for common 
hire, or for all kinds of work, or, specif., a saddle hor c. 
2. A coach or carriage for hire ; a hackney. 3. One who 
hires out, esp. for literary work ; a drudge. 

— v. t. 1. To use often, so as to render trite or stale. 2. To 
use as a hack ; let out for hire. — v. i. To ride or drive at an 
ordinary pace, or over the roads, as distinguished from rid- 
ing across country. 

— a. Hackneyed; hired. [Western U. S I 
hack'a-more (-d-mor), n. Any of several kinds of haltei | 
hack'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. Any of a genus (Celtis) of ulmu- 

ceous trees bearing small reddish drupaceous fruit. 

hack'but (-but), hag'but (-but), n. [OF. haquebut'-, 
prob. a corruption of D. haakbus; haak hook + bus gun 
barrel.] A harquebus of which the butt was bent down or 
hooked for convenience in taking aim. — hack'but-eer ', 
hack'but-ter, n. 

hack'er, n. One who, or that which hacks. 

hack hammer. An adzlike hammer used in dressing stone. 

hack'le (hak''l), n. [See heckle.] 1. A comb for dressing 
flax, raw silk, etc. ; a hatchel. 2. a One of the long, narrow 
feathers on the neck of certain birds, esp. the domestic 
fowl. See poultry, Illust. b The neck plumage collectively 
of the domestic fowl. C Angling. The loose tuft, usually 
made from the hackle of a fowl, projecting down from ne;.r 
the head of an artificial fly and imitating an insect's legs. 

— - v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). 1. To comb out (flax or 
hemp) with a hackle. 2. To furnish with a hackle for fishing. 

hack'le, v. t. & i. [Freq. of hack.] To hack ; haggle. 

hack'ly (hak'li), a. [From hackle to hack.] Rough, 
jagged, or broken, as if hacked ; as, a hackly fracture. 

hack'man (-man), n. A driver of a hack. 

hack'ma-tack' (-md-taV), n. [Of American Indian ori- 
gin.] The American larch, or tamarack ; also, its wood. 

hack'ney (-nT), n.; pi. -neys (-mz). [ME. hakeney, hake- 
nay; cf. F. haquenee an ambling horse.] 1. A horse for 
ordinary riding or driving. 2. A hired carriage. 3. A hired 
drudge. Obs. — a. Let out for hire ; hence : much used ; 
trite. — v. t. To devote to, or wear out in, common or fre- 
quent use, as a horse ; hence, to make trite or stale. 

hack'neyed (-nid), p. a. 1. Commonplace ; trite ; as, hack- 
neyed phrases. 2. Worn, or habituated, by long use or prac- 
tice ; practiced ; as, hackneyed statesmen. — Syn. See 

TRITE. 

hack saw, or hack'saw' (hak'so 7 ), n. A narrow-bladed, 
fine-toothed saw stretched 
in a frame, for cutting metal. 

had (had), pret. & p. p. of 
have. [AS. hsefde, in p. p.^ a. — aefcg=^j r> 

hxfed, gehsefed. ] See have. „ . ~ 

had better, had as lief, etc. wac * saw * 

See have, v. t., Note. — had like to. Cf. 1st like, p. i. 

had'dock (had'uk), n. [ME. hadok, haddok.] An impor- 
tant food fish (Melanogrammus seglefinus) of the Atlantic 
Ocean, allied to, but smaller than, the cod. 

hade (had), n. Mining & Geol. The angle made by a 
fault plane or avein with the vertical. See fault, Illust. 

— v. i. To deviate from the vertical ; — said of a vein, 
fault, or lode. 

Ha'des (ha'dez), n. [Gr. 'AtS^s, aS^s.] 1. Gr. Myth, a 
The grim god of the lower world, a son of Cronus and 
Rhea and brother of Zeus. Cf. Pluto, b The abode of 
the dead, — a gloomy subterranean realm or an island 
beyond the Western Ocean. 2. The abode or state of the 
dead, or departed spirits ; — used esp. in the Revised Ver- 
sion of the New Testament. 

hadj (haj), n. [Ar. hajj, fr. hajja to set out, walk, go on 
a pilgrimage.] The pilgrimage of a Moslem to Mecca. 

hadj'I (-e), n. [Ar. haji.] 1. A Moslem who has made his 
hadj ; — sometimes prefixed as a title. 2. A Greek or Arme- 
nian who has visited the Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem. 

hse'ma-, he'ma- (he'md- ; hem'd-). An irregular combin- 
ing form for hsmo-, signifying blood. 

hse'ma-chrome, he'ma- (-krom), n. [hsema- -f- Gr. xp^o- 
color.]. Chem. Coloring matter of the blood ; ha^matin. 

hse'mal, he'mal (he'mal), a. [Gr. alua blood.] Pertain- 
ing to the blood or blood vessels. 

hse ma - poi - et'ic, he^a-poi-et'ic (he^md-poi - gt'Tk ; 




\ 







J 



K 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + 



Guide to Pronunciation. 
combined with. = equals. 



M 



ELEMATEMESIS 



hSm'd-),a. [Gr. atp.a blood + 71-0117x1*6$ creative.] Physiol. 
Bloodforming ; as, the hsemapoietic function of the spleen. 

hse'ma-tem'e-sis, he'ma- ( he'md-tem'e-sis ; hSm'd- ), n. 
[NL. See h^emato- ; emesis.] Med. A vomiting of blood. 

iiae-mat'ic, he-mat'ic (he-mat'Ik), a. [Gr. alp.ariKos.'] 1. 
Of, pert, to, containing, full of, or of the color of, blood. 2. 
Med. Acting on the blood. — n. A haematic medicine. 

hse'ma-ti-dro'sis, he'ma-ti-dro'sis (he'md-tl-dro'sis ; 
hem'd-), n. [NL. See hemato- ; hidrosis.] Med. The 
excretion of bloody perspiration. 

hje'ma-tim'e-ter, he'ma- (-tim'e-ter), n. [hxmatin, he- 
matin + -meter .] Physiol. An instrument for counting 
corpuscles in blood. 

hse'ma-tin, he'ma -tin (he'md-tin ; hem'd-), n. [Gr. alua, 
a'ifiaros, blood.] A bluish black substance containing iron, 
formed by decomposition of haemoglobin. 

haVma-tin'ic, he'ma- (-tin'Ik), n. [From hxmatin.] 
Med. Any substance, such as an iron salt, which, when in- 
gested, tends to increase the haemoglobin of the blood. 

hse'ma-tin-om'e-ter, or he'ma- (-om'e-ter), n. Physiol. 
An instrument for estimating by colorimetry the haemoglo- 
bin in the blood. tin'o-met'ric (-tm'o-met'rik), a. 

hsem'a-tite. Var. of hematite. 

hsem'a-to-, hem'a-to- (hem'd-to- ; he'md-to-). Combin- 
ing form from Gr. alfia, aip.aros, blood. 

hsem'a-to-blast', hem'a-to- (-blast'), n. Anat. A cell or 
element which develops, or is supposed to develop, into a 
red blood corpuscle. [with blood. I 

hsem'a-to-cele', hem'a-to- (-sel'), n. Med. A tumor filled! 

haem'a-to-crit', hem'a-to-crit' (-krlt'), n. Also hsem'a- 
to-krit', etc. \hsemato-, hemato- + Gr. Kptrris judge.] 
Physiol. A centrifugal apparatus for determining the 
relative amounts of plasma and corpuscles in blood. 

hsem'a-to-gen, hem/a -to-gen (-to-jen), n. 1. Physiol. 
Chem. A paranuclein containing iron, obtained by peptic 
digestion of vitellin. 2. Med. Any of several preparations, 
as a liquid one of ferric citrate, acetic acid, and albumin, 
used in the treatment of anaemia, etc. 

haem'a-to-gen'e-sis, hem'a-to-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sTs), n. 

Physiol. The formation of blood. ge-net'ic (-je-net'- 

Ik), -gen'ic, a. 

hae'ma-toid, he'ma-toid (he'md-toid ; hem'd-), a. Phys- 
iol. Resembling blood. 

hae'ma-tol'y-sis, he'ma-tol'y-sis (-tol'i-sTs), n. [NL.] 
Physiol. Dissolution of the red blood corpuscles with 
diminished coagulability of the blood. — hsem'a-to-lyt'ic, 
hem'a-to-lyt'ic (-to-lit'ik), a. 

hse'ma-to'ma, he'ma-to'ma (-to'md), n.; L. pi. -tomata 
(-to'md-td). [NL. ; haemato- + -oma.~] Med. A circum- 
scribed tumor due to effusion of blood beneath the skin. 

hae'ma-tom'e-ter, he'ma-tom'e-ter ( -tom'e-ter ), n. 
Physiol. An instrument for determining the number of 
corpuscles in blood. 

hse'ma-tose, he'ma-tose (he'md-tos ; hem'd-tos), a. [hse- 
mato-, hemato- + -ose.~\ Med. Full of blood. 

hse'ma-to'sis, he'ma-to'sis (-to'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
aitiaToxris, fr. alfiaToeiv to change into blood.] Physiol, a 
Formation of blood, b Aeration of the blood in the lungs. 

hse'ma-tox'y-lin, he'ma-tox'y-lin (-tok'sMTn), n. {hae- 
mato- + Gr. £b\ov wood.] Chem. A crystalline substance, 
C16H14O63H2O, the coloring principle of logwood {Hsema- 
toxylon campechianum). It becomes intensely violet- 
blue on the addition of an alkali. It is used as a stain in 
microscopy. 

hsem'a-to-ZO'on (hem'd-to-zo'on ; he'md-), n. ; pi. -zoa 
(-d). [NL.] Zo'dl. Any animal parasite inhabiting the 
blood. — haem'a-to-zo'ic, a. 

-hse'mi-a (-he'mT-d). Var. of -iEMiA. [to the blood. I 

hae'mic, he'mic (he'mik; hem'ik), a. Of or pertaining! 

hse'min, he'min (he'mTn), n. [Gr. alua blood.] Physiol. 
Chem. Hydrochloride of haematin, ob- 
tained in the form of microscopic crys- 
tals. The obtaining of these crystals 
from suspected stains is one of the best 
evidences of the presence of blood. 

hse'mo-, he'mo- (he'mo-, hem'6-). Com- 
bining form from Greek alua, aluaros, 
blood. 

hse'mo-glo'bin, he'mo-glo'bin (-glo'- T 
bin), n. Physiol. Chem. The normal Haemin Crystals, 
coloring matter of the red blood cor- much enlarged, 
puscles of vertebrates. It is a compound of haematin and 
globin. It crystallizes in different forms from different 
animals. 

haVmo-glo'bi-nu'ri-a, he'mo-glo'bi-nu'ri-a (-glo'bT-nu'- 
ri-di. n. [NL.] Med. The presence of haemoglobin in the 
urine. glo'bi-nu'ric, a. 

hse'moid, he'moid (he'moid), a. Physiol. Resembling 
blood ; haematoid. 

hae'mo-ly'sin, he'mo-ly'sin (he'mfi-ll'sinjhem'o-), n. 




446 HAGIOGRAPHA 

Physiol. Chem. A substance developed in the blood serum, 
capable of destroying red corpuscles, esp. those from an- 
other animal. 

hae-mol'y-sis, he-mol'- (he-mol't-sTs), n., hse'mo-lyt'ic, 
or he'mo- (he'mo-lit'ik ; hem'6-), a. Physiol. = usma- 

TOLYSIS, HiEMATOLYTIC. 

hse'mo-phil'i-a, he'mo -phill-a (he'mo-fTl'i-d ; hem'6-), n. 
[NL. ; hsemo-, hemo- + -phil + -iaJ] Med. A tendency, 
usually hereditary, to profuse bleeding, even from very slight 
wounds. pllil'ic (-ik), a. 

hse-mop'ty-sis, he-mop'ty-sis (he-mop'tT-sTs), n. [NL. ; 
hsemo-, hemo-, + Gr. irrveiv to spit.] Med. Expectoration 
of blood, due usually to hemorrhage of the lungs. 

hsem'or-rhage (hem'o-raj), hsem'or-rhoid, etc. Vars. of 

HEMORRHAGE, etc. 

ha3'mo-spa r si-a, he'mo-spa'si-a (-spa'zhi-d; -si-d), n. 
[NL. ; hsemo-, hemo- + Gr. airav to draw.] Med. The 
drawing of blood to a part, as by cupping. 

hse'mo-sta'si-a, he'mo-sta'si-a (sta'zhi-d; -si-d), hse- 
mos'ta-sis, he-mos'ta-sis (he-mos'td-sis), n. [NL. ; 
hsemo-, hemo- + Gr. ardais a standing still.] Med. a Stag- 
nation of blood, b Arrest of a hemorrhage, as by the 
ligation of arteries. 

hae'mo-stat'ic, he'mo-stat'ic (he'mo-stat'Tk ; hem'6-), a. 
\hsemo-, hemo- -f- Gr. arariKos causing to stand.] Med. a 
Of or relating to stagnation of the blood, b Serving to 
arrest hemorrhage ; styptic. — n. A styptic agent. 

hae'mo-tho'rax, he'mo-tho'rax (-tho'raks), n. Extrava- 
sation of blood into the pleural cavity. 

ha'fiz (ha'fTz), n. [Ar. hafiz.] A Mohammedan who 
knows the Koran by heart ; — a title of respect. 

haft (haft), n. [AS. hseft.'] A handle ; the hilt of a knife, 
sword, or dagger. — v. t. To set in, or furnish with, a haft. 

hag (hag), n. [ME. hagge, hegge, AS. hasgtesse.'] 1. A she- 
demon, ghost, or goblin. Archaic. 2. A witch. 3. An ugly 
old woman. 4. = hagfish. 

Ha'gar (ha'gdr), n. Bib. An Egyptian concubine of Abra- 
ham and slave of Sarah (Sarai) , who was driven into the 
desert with Ishmael, because of Sarah's (Sarai's) jealousy. 

hag'ber-ry (hag'ber-i), n. The hackberry. 

hag'but (-but). Var. of hackbut. Archaic. 

hag'don (hag'dftn), n. A shearwater; — applied to the 
several species of the North Atlantic. 

Ha'gen (ha'gen), n. [G.] Ger. Myth. Gunther's uncle, 
who murders Siegfried. See Brunhild. Wagner makes him 
Gunther's half brother, who tries to get Siegfried's ring. 

hag'flsh' (hag'fish'), n. Any of an order {Hyper otr eta) of 
marine cyclostomes, 
which bore into the 
bodies of fishes, and' 
devour their viscera 
and flesh. They are 
the lowest existing 
craniate vertebrates. Ha e fis h {Myxme glutxnosa). (i) 

hag-ga'da Hhd-gaMa), n. ; pi. -doth (-doth). [Rabbinic 

hag-ga'dahj haggada, fr. higgld to relate.] 1. In rabbini- 
cal literature, a story, anecdote, legend, or explanatory 
narration; hence [cap.~\, collectively, the nonlegal portion 
of rabbinical literature. 2. \_cap.~\ In a restricted sense, 
the exegesis or exposition of the Scriptures consisting 
chiefly in imaginative developments of thoughts suggested 
by the text, or a didactic or homiletic exposition. Cf. 
halacha, midrash. — hag-gad'ic (hd-gad'ik ; -ga'dik), 
hag-gad'i-cal (-gad'i-kdl; -ga'di-kal), a. 

hag-ga'dist (hd-ga/dist), n. A haggadic writer, or a stu- 
dent of the Haggada. — hag'ga-dis'tic (hag'd-dis'tik), a. 

Hag'ga-i (hag'a-I), n. Bib. a A Hebrew prophet of the 
6th century b. c. b A certain book of the Old Testament. 

hag'gardt-drd^a. [F. hagard.~] 1. Wild ; untamed ; — said 
esp., Falconry, of a hawk caught after acquiring adult 
plumage. Cf. eyas. 2. Having the look of one wasted by 
want, suffering, etc. ; gaunt. — Syn. See thin. 

— n. A haggard hawk. — hag'gard-ness, n. 

hagged (hagd; hag'ed), a. 1. Bewitched; haglike. 2. 
Haggard. Both Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

hag'gis (hag'Ts), n. A pudding made of the pluck of a sheep 
or a calf. Scot. & Eng. 

hag'gish (-Tsh), a. Like, or characteristic of, a hag. 

hag'gle (-'1), v. t.; -gled (-'Id); -gling (-ling). [Freq. of 
Scot, hag to cut.] 1. To cut roughly ; hack. 2. To subject 
to caviling or chaffering. — v. i. To dispute ; stickle. — n. 
Act of haggling. — hag'gler (-ler), n. 

hag'i-O- (haj'1-6- ; ha'ji-6-). Combining form from Greek 
tryios, sacred, holy. 

hag'i-oc'ra-cy (hag'i-ok'rd-sl ; ha'ji-), n.; pi. -ctes (-slz). 
Government by a body of persons regarded as holy. 

Hag'i-Og'ra-pha (-og'rd-fd), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. ayioypa<t>a 
(sc. /3t/3Xia), fr. &yi6ypa<pos written by inspiration ; 0710$ 
holy + ypd<j)eip to write.] The portion of the Old Testa- 
ment not in the Law and the Prophets. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



HAGIOGRAPHER 



447 



HALF-BREED 



hag'i-Og'ra-pher (-fer), n. One of the writers of the Hagi- 
ographa ; also, a writer of lives of the saints. 

hag'i-Og'ra-phy (hag'i-og'rd-fi ; ha'jl-), n. Biography of 
saints ; saints' lives ; hagiology. — hag'i-o-graph/ic (-6- 
graf'Ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

hag'i-oPa-try (-oPd-tri), n. The invocation or worship of 
saints. — hag'i-ol'a-ter (-ter), n. 

hag'i-ol'o-gy (-oPS-jf), n.; pi. -gies (-jTz). History of 
sacred writings or of sacred persons ; a narrative or cata- 
logue of saints. — hag'i-o-log'ic (-o-loj'ik), -log'i-cal (-1- 
kdl), a. — hag'i-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. 

hag'i-o-scope' (hag'i-6-skop' ; ha'ji-6-), n. An opening in 
the interior walls of a cruciform church to afford a view of 
the altar to those in the transepts. — hag'i-o-SCOp'ic 
(-skop'ik), a. 

hag'ride' (hag'rid'), v. t. To ride or harass (a person), after 
the manner ascribed to hags and witches afflict with night- 
mare ; — used chiefly in p. p., hag'rid'den. 

Hague Tribunal (hag). The permanent court of arbitra- 
tion created by the " International Convention for the 
Pacific Settlement of International Disputes," adopted 
by the International Peace Conference of 1899. 

hah (ha), inter j. = ha. 

ha— ha' (ha-ha'), n. [F. haha.] A sunk fence, wall, or ditch. 

Hah'ne-man'ni-an (ha'ne-man'I-dn), a. Relating to, or 
derived from, S. C. F. Hahnemann (1755-1843), founder of 
homeopathy. — Hah'ne-mann-ism (ha'ne-man-iz'm), n. 

Hai'duk (hT'd66k),'n. [G. haiduck, heiduck, fr. Hung. 
hajdu.] One of the bandit mountaineers among the Balkan 
Slavs, who did much to bring on the struggle resulting in 
independence from Turkish rule ; also, in Hungary, one of a 
class of mercenary foot soldiers who received privileges of 
nobility, etc., in 1605 ; hence, in Hungary and Poland, a 
domestic in the household of a noble. 

haik (hlk; hak), n. Also haick. [Ar. hoik, fr. haka to 
weave.] A woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs as an 
outer garment. 

hai'kwan' (hT'kwan'), n. [Chin, 'hai-kuan.] Chinese 
maritime customs. 

haikwan tael. A Chinese weight dV catty) equivalent to 
1^ oz., or 37.801 g. See Tael. 

hail (hal), n. [AS. hxgel, hagol.] 1. Small roundish masses 
of ice precipitated from the clouds. 2. A hailstorm. Rare. 
3. Hence, a shower of anything likened to hail ; as, a hail 
of bullets — v. i. & t.To precipitate hail, or ashail. 

hail, v. t. [From ME. heil, hail, n. & a., used in greeting, 
Icel. heill hale, sound.] 1. To salute ; greet. 2. To call 
loudly to or after ; accost. — v. i. To call out in order to 
attract attention, etc. 

to hail from, to announce as the port from which a vessel 
sails ; hence, to come from. 

— inter j. An exclamation of salutation or greeting. 
Hail Mary. = Ave Maria. 

— n. Act of hailing ; salutation. — haiPer, n. 

hail fellow, or hail'— fellow. A phrase used as an adjec- 
tive, noun, or adverb, originating in the old greeting " Hail, 
fellow !" and hence signifying intimacy or comradeship. 

hail'stone' (-ston'), n. A pellet of hail. 

hail'storm' (-storm'), n. A storm accompanied with hail ; 
a shower of hail. 

hair (har), n. [AS. hser.] 1. A slender threadlike out- 
growth of an animal ; esp., one of the filaments of the coat 
of mammals ; also, this coat or a part of it, esp. that of the 
human head. 2. Bot. A very slender, flexible outgrowth of 
the epidermis. 3. Fabric made of hair ; haircloth ; a mat 
or wrap of such fabric. 4. A hairbreadth. 

hairbreadth 7 (-bredth/), n. Also hair's breadth (harz). 
The diameter or breadth of a hair ; a very small distance. 

hair'breadth/, a. Very narrow ; as, a hairbreadth escape. 

hair'brush' (-brush'), n. A brush for the hair. 

hair'cloth/ (-kloth' ; 62), n. A fabric made wholly or in part 
of camel's hair or horsehair, used to cover furniture, etc. 

hair'dress'er (-dres'er), n. One who dresses or cuts hair; 
a barber. — hair 'dressing, n. [with hair. I 

hair'i-ness (har'i-nes), n. State of being hairy, or covered! 

hair'pin' (-pin'), n. A pin to fasten the hair or a headdress. 

hair shirt. A shirt, or a band for the loins, made of horse- 
hair, and worn for a penance. 

hair'split'ter (-split'er), n. One who makes overnice or 
needless distinctions in reasoning ; one who quibbles. 

hair'split ting, a. & n. Making overnice distinctions. 

hair'spring' (-spring'), n. The slender spring which regu- 
lates the motion of the balance in many timepieces. 

hair Stroke. A delicate stroke in writing or printing. 

hair trigger. Firearms. A trigger so adjusted that a slight 
pressure on it actuates the firing mechanism. 

hair'y (har'I), a.; hair'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Bearing, or 
covered with, hair; made of or resembling hair; hirsute. 

Hai'ti-an (ha'tT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Haiti. — n. 
A native or citizen of Haiti. 

haj'i, haj'ji. Vars. of hadji. 

hake (hak), n. 1. Any of a genus (Merluccius) of marine 



fishes allied to the cods 
is an important 
genera (esp. 



The silver hake (M. bilinearis) 
food fish. 2. Any of several 
Urophycis) of marine gadoid 





Head of 
Halberd 
(time of 



Hake, 
fishes. The white hake (U. tenuis) and the common 
squirrel hake (U. chuss) are food fishes. 

ha-keem', ha kim' (ha-kem'), n. [Ar. hakim, lit., wise 
one.] In India and Mohammedan countries, a physician. 

ha'kim (ha'kim), n. [Ar. hakim.'] A Mohammedan title 
for a ruler or judge. 

ha-la'cha l(hd-la'kd), n.; pi. -choth, -koth (-koth). 

ha-la'kah / [Heb. halachah.] Lit., usage or traditional 
custom ; hence : a \_cap.] The Jewish oral laws supple- 
menting or explaining the law of the Scriptures, or these 
laws as later reduced to writing, b [I. c] A single tradition 
or law. — ha-la'chist (hd-la'kist), n. 

ha-la'tion (ha-la'shun), n. [See halo.] Photog. A spread- 
ing of light beyond its proper boundaries, such as may ap- 
pear, in an interior view, around a window facing the sky. 

hal'berd (hal'berd ; formerly hol'berd), haPbert(-bert), n. 
[F. hallebarde ; of G. origin.] A kind of obsolete long- 
handled weapon. See Illust. — hal'berd-ier' 
(hal'ber-der'), n. 

haPcy-on (hal'st-im), n. [L., fr. Gr. dXwwi/, 
better 6.\kv<j>v.~\ A bird, identified with the 
kingfisher, fabled to nest on the sea about the 
time of the winter solstice, and calm the waves ; 
hence, Poetic, the kingfisher. — a. Of or 
pert, to the halcyon ; hence : calm ; peaceful. 

Hal-cy'o-ne (hal-sl'6-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AX- 
kvovt).'] Class. Myth. A daughter of jEolus. 
In grief for her drowned husband, Ceyx, she 
threw herself into the sea. The gods changed 
them both into kingfishers. 

hale (hal), v. t.; haled (hald) ; hal'ing (haP- 
Ing). To haul ; pull ; drag. — haPer (haPer), n. 

hale, a. [AS. hal.'] Free from defect, disease, Charles II.) 
or infirmity ; sound ; healthy ; robust ; also, characterized 
by health and vigor, as, a hale old age. 

half (haf), a. [AS. healf, half.] 1. Consisting of a moiety, 
or one of two equal parts. 2. Consisting of about a half ; 
hence : partial ; imperfect. 

— adv. 1. In equal part or degree ; approximately half ; 
imperfectly. 2. With a negative : Not by a great deal : very 
little or not at all ; as, not half bad. 

— n.; pi. halves (havz). 1. One of two equal parts of % 
(whole) thing. 2. A part of anything approximately equal 
to the remainder ; as, the larger half of a fortune. 

half-and-half, n. Also half and half. A mixture of 
two malt liquors, esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. 

half— and— half , a. Half one thing and half another, or 
half one thing and half its negative ; as, a half-and-half 
enthusiasm. — adv. In equal measure or in equal parts. 

half back. Football. See back, n., 5 d. 

half —baked' (-bakt'), a. Baked imperfectly ; underdone ; 
hence, Colloq.: incomplete ; deficient, esp. in intelligence. 

half beak' (hafbek'), n. Any of various elongated marine 
fishes (genera 

H emir am- , **».«? 

phus, etc.) re- 
sembling gar- 
fishes, but 
having the 
upper jaw much shorter. 

half binding. A style of bookbinding in which only the 
back and corners are in leather. 

half blood, or half —blood', n. 1. [In this sense always 
half blood.] The relation between persons having one 
parent, but not both, in common ; as, a brother or sister of 
the half blood. See blood, n., 3. 2. A person so related to 
another. 3. A person whose father and mother are of differ- 
ent races ; a half-breed. 

half-blood'ed, a. Having half blood ; also, having parents 
of different breeds ; esp., having one parent of good and one 
of inferior stock. 

half -boot', n. A boot reaching somewhat above the ankle. 

half'— breed', n. 1. The_ offspring of- parents of different 
races, esp. of the American Indian and the white race. 
2. [_cap.] U. S. Politics. A member of that faction :>f the 
Republican party which favored civil service reform, 
opposed the strong Republican machine, and supported 
President Garfield in his controversy in 1881 with Senators 
Conkling and Piatt of New York ; — so called in derision 
by the other faction, the Stalwarts. — a. Half -blooded. 




Halfbeak (Hyporhamphus untfasciatus) of 
American Atlantic Coast. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. ■ equals. 



M 



HALF BROTHER 



448 



HAMBLETONIAN 



V 






half brother. A brother by one parent only. 

half-caste', n. 1. One born of, or descended from, a 
European parent on the one side and a Hindu or Moham- 
medan on the other. 2. One born of two distinct races ; a 
half-breed. — a. Of or pert, to a half-caste or half-castes. 

half COCk. The position of the hammer of a gun when half 
retracted so that the trigger cannot operate. 

half— heart'ed, a. Wanting in heart, spirit, or interest ; 
lukewarm. — half '-heart' ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness, n. 

half hitch. See hitch, knot, n., 1. 

half-mast', n. A point some distance, not necessarily half- 
way, below the top of a mast or staff or the peak of a gaff ; 
as, a flag at half-mast (a token of mourning or distress). 
— v. t. To hang at half-mast, as a flag. 

half— moon', n. 1. The moon at the quarters, when half 
its disk appears illuminated. 2. Something shaped like the 
half-moon or like a crescent. 

half note. Music. A minim. 

half pace' (haf'pas'), n. 1. A raised floor or dais, or a plat- 
form at the top of steps, as for a throne or an altar. 2. A 
landing of a staircase, between two half flights. 

halfpen-ny (ha'pen-I; hafpen'i), n.; for pi. see penny. 
Half a penny, or a coin of this value. England. 

half sister. A sister by one parent only. 

half step, a See step, n., 10. b Mil. In the United States 
infantry, a step of fifteen inches, or, in double time, of 
eighteen inches ; — called short step in the navy. 

half-tim'bered (-tTm'berd), a. Arch. Constructed of a 
timber frame having the spaces 
filled in with masonry or with 
plaster on oak laths. 

half tint. Demitint. 

half tone, or half-tone 7 , n. 
a An intermediate tone in a 
painting, engraving, photo- 
graph, etc. ; middle tint, not 
very dark nor very light, b A 
half-tone photo-engraving. 

half-tone', a. Of or pert, to 
half tones; specif., Photo-en- 
graving, designating a plate, 
process, or picture, in which 
the gradations of tone, or the 
half tones, in the photograph 
are reproduced by spots pro- 
duced by a screen. 

halfway' (haf'wa'), adv. In the 
middle ; partially. — a. Midway. Half-timbered. 

half -wif ted, a. Mentally deficient ; imbecile. 

hafi-but (hal'i-bfit; hoi'-), n. Also hol'i-but. [ME. hali 
holy + but, butte, flounder ; — as being eaten on holy days.] 
The largest species of flatfish (Hippoglossus hippoglos- 
sus), one of the finest of food fishes. The female sometimes 
weighs several hundred pounds; the male, rarely more 
than fifty. 

hal'ide (hal'Id ; -Yd ; ha'lTd ; -lid), n. Also hal'id. [Gr. &Xs 
salt + -ide, -id.~\ Chem. A binary compound (a chloride, 
bromide, iodide, or fluoride) of a halogen with an element 
or radical. — a. Haloid. 

hafi-dom (hal'i-dum), haf i-dome (-dom), n. [AS. halig- 
dom ; halig holy + -dom, E. -dom.~\ Holiness ; also, a 
sanctuary or a holy relic. Archaic. 

hal'ite (hal'It ; ha'llt), n. [Gr. aXs salt.] Native salt. 

hal'i-tUS (hal'I-t&s), n. [L., fr. halare to breathe.] Ex- 
halation; breath; vapor. 

hall (hoi), n. [AS. heal, heall.J 1. The public dwelling of 
a Teutonic chieftain. 2. a The residence of a landed pro- 
prietor. Chiefly British, b Hence, a residence or abode ; 
as, bachelor's hall. 3. A public or semipublic building of 
considerable size or stateliness. 4. An assembly room. 5. a 
In English universities, a building for residence, instruc- 
tion, or the like ; now, esp. such an establishment for cer- 
tain students having or not having university privileges ; 
as, theological halls; halls for women; hence, the body 
formed by the officers and members or residents of such a 
hall, b In North America, a college building devoted to any 
special purpose; as Divinity Hall. 6. The common din- 
ing apartment in an English college ; the dinner itself. 7. 
The entrance room of a building ; also, a corridor or pas- 
sage. 8. Cleared space in a crowd ; — formerly an exclama- 
tion. Obs. 

hal-lef (ha-laf ; hal'el), n. [Heb. hallel praise.] Jewish 
Ritual. A selection of certain psalms of praise. 

halle-lu'jah Hhal'e-loo'yd), interj. [See alleluia.] Praise 

hal le-lu'iah J ye Jehovah ! Praise ye the Lord ! — n. A 
song or exclamation of gratitude or praise to God. 

hal'liard (hal'yerd). Var. of halyard. 

hall mark, or half mark', n. An official stamp of purity 
put on gold and silver articles at Goldsmiths' Hall, London. 

hal-lo', hal-loa' (ha-lo'), n., v., & interj. See hollo. > 

hal-loo' (ha-loo'), interj. & n. An exclamation or call to in- 
cite an animal or attract attention ; shout. — v. i. To 




shout a halloo. — v. t. 1. To encourage, or incite, with 
shouts. 2. To call or shout to. 3. To call out loudly. 

hal-low' (-15'), n., v., & interj. Halloo. Obs. 

haf low (hal'o), v. t. [AS. halgian, fr. halig holy.] To set 
apart for holy or religious use ; consecrate. 

Hal'low-een' (-en'), n. The evening preceding Allhallows, 
or All Saints' Day ; the evening of October 31. 

Haf low-mas (hal'6-mds), n. The feast of Allhallows. 

HalPstatt (hal'stat; -shtat), Hall-staf ti-an (hal-stat'Y- 
dn), a. Of or pert, to Hallstatt, Austria, or the Hallstatt, 
or Hallstattian, civilization, a prehistoric civilization of 
central Europe, variously dated at from 1000 to 1500 B.C., 
characterized by expert use of bronze, a knowledge of iron, 
possession of domestic animals, agriculture, and artistic 
skill in manufacturing pottery, etc. 

hal-lu'ci-nate (hd-lG'si-nat), v. i. [L. hallucinatus, aliu- 
cinatus, p. p. of hallucinari, alucinari, to wander in 
mind, dream.] To wander mentally ; suffer illusion. Rare. 

— v. t. To affect with visions or imaginary perceptions. 
hal-lu ci-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. Wandering of the mind. 

2. Perception of objects with no reality, or experience of 
sensations with no external cause, usually due to disorder 
of the nerves. — Syn. See delusion. 

hal-hf Ci-na-to-ry (ha-lu'sT-nd-to-ri), a. Partaking of, or 
tending to produce, hallucination. 

hal'lux (hal'uks), n. ; pi. -luces (-u-sez). [NL., fr. L. hal- 
lex, allex.~\ Anat. & Zo'dl. The digit of the hind limb cor- 
responding to the pollex in the fore limb ; in man, the great 
toe ; the hind toe of birds. 

halfway' (hol'wa'), n. An entrance hall or corridor. U. S. 

halm. Var. of haulm. 

hafma(hal'ma),n. [NL.,fr.Gr.aXjua,fr.aXXe<r0cutoleap.] 
1. Greek Antiq. The long jump, with weights in the hands, 

— the leading exercise of the Pentathlon. 2. A game 
played on a board having 256 squares, by two persons with 
19 men each, or by four with 13 men each. 

ha'lo (ha'lo), n.; pi. -los, -loes (-loz). [L. halos, ace. 
halo, Gr. aXws a threshing floor, disk or halo of the sun or 
moon.] 1. A circle of light appearing to surround a 
luminous body. 2. Art. A circle or disk of light around 
the head ; a form of glory or nimbus. 3. The glow or glory 
investing an object idealized. 

— v. t. & i. To form, or encircle with, a halo. 
hafo-gen(hal / 6-jen),n. [Gr. dXs, dX6s, salt + -gen."] Chem. 

An element or radical that forms salts by direct union with 
metals ; — applied to chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, 
and, sometimes, cyanogen. 

hafoid (haf oid ; ha'loid), a. [Gr. aXs, aX6s, salt + -oid.~\ 
Chem. Resembling salt ; halide. — n. A haloid substance. 

haf O-phyte (hal'o-flt), n. [Gr. dXs, dX6s, salt + -phyte.} 
Bot. A plant which grows naturally in soil impregnated 
with salts, as those of the seacoast or of the alkaline 
deserts. They are largely chenopods. Cf. mesophvte, 
xerophyte. — hafo-phyfic (-fit'ik), a. 

halt (holt), n. [Formerly alt, It. or Sp. alto, fr. G. halt, fr. 
halten to hold.] A stop, as in marching ; arrest of progress. 

— v. i. & t. To cease progress ; stop ; stand still. 

halt, a. _ [AS. healt.~] Having a halting walk ; lame. — n. 
Act of limping ; lameness. — v. i. 1. To limp. 2. To hesi- 
tate. 3. To be faulty in sequence, as an argument. 

haf ter (hol'ter), n. [AS. hselftre.] 1. A rope or strap, with 
or without a headstall, for leading or tying an animal. 2. 
A rope for hanging malefactors ; a noose ; hence, death by 
hanging. — v. t. 1. To catch with or as with a halter ; put 
a halter on. 2. To hang. 

halve (hav), v. t.; halved (havd) ; halv'ing. 1. To divide 
into halves; be or form half of. 2. Golf. Of a hole, match, 
etc., to play in the same number of strokes as an opponent. 

halves (havz), n., pi. of half. 

haf yard (hal'yerd), n. [For hallier a hauler, fr. hale, v.] 
A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering sails, flags, etc. 

ham (hSm), n. [AS.] 1. The region back of the knee joint ; 
in quadrupeds, the hock. 2. The thigh and buttock ; — esp. 
in pi. 3. The thigh of a hog prepared for food. 

Ham, n. Bib. The second son of Noah. 

ham'a-dry'ad (ham'd-drl'ad), n.; pi. E. -ads (-Sdz), L. 
-ades (-drl'd-dez). 1 ! [L., Hamadryas, -adis, Gr. 'Apadpv&s; 
aua together -j- 8pvs oak, tree.] Class. Myth. A dryad. 

ha-maf (hd-mal r ; -mof), n. Also ham-maf, hum- 
mauf , ha-mauf , etc. [Turk. & Ar. hammal, fr. Ar. 
hamala to carry.] A porter ; palanquin bearer ; specif., in 
western India, a male house servant. 

hama-me li-da'ceous ( ham'd-me'lT-da'shMs ), a. [See 
hamamelis.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Hamamelida- 
cese) of shrubs and trees (order Rosales), having alternate 
leaves, small, often clustered, flowers, and a woody or carti- 
laginous capsular fruit. 

ham'a-me'lis (ham'd-me'lTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &uaur]\ls a 
medlar.] The witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). 

Ha'man (ha'mdn), n. Bib. An enemy of the Jews, hanged 
on the gallows prepared for Mordecai. Esther vii. 

Ham ble-to'ni-an (ham'b'1-to'ni-dn) , a. Of, pert, to, or 



ale, senate, care, am, decount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



HAMBURG 



449 



HANDICAP 



designating a superior race or strain of American trotting 
horses descended from a stallion called Hambletonian 
(1849-76). — n. A horse of this race. 

Ham'burg (ham'burg ; G. ham'bdoric), n. 1. A German 
city. 2. One of a breed of domestic fowls, of rather small 
size, somewhat resembling Leghorns and having a rose 
comb and leaden blue legs. 

hame (ham), n. Either of two curved pieces (bearing on the 
collar) to which the traces are fastened. See harness. 

Ham'il-to'ni-an (ham'il-to'nT-an), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
following, or in accord with the doctrines of, Alexander 
Hamilton (1757-1804). 2. Pert, to Sir William Hamilton 
(1788-1850), Scottish philosopher and logician. 

Ham'ite (ham'It), n. 1. Bib. A descendant of Ham, 
Noah's second son. Gen. x. 6-20. 2. Ethnol. A member of 
the chief native race of North Africa. The Hamites are 
Caucasians, and have dark or even black skin, wavy hair, 
and oval face. 

Ham-it 'ic (-It'ik), a. Of or pert, to the Hamites, or the 
family of languages, Hamitic Languages, including an- 
cient Egyptian and Coptic and various modern languages. 

ham'let (ham'ISt), n. [OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, LL. 
hamellum, a dim. of German origin.] A little cluster of 
houses in the country ; specif., a small group of houses 
belonging to a parish or village. 

Ham'let, n. In Shakespeare's tragedy of this name, a 
prince of Denmark, whose father has been secretly mur- 
dered by Claudius, Hamlet's uncle, who assumes the throne 
and marries the queen. The ghost of the murdered king 
enjoins Hamlet to avenge him, and, finally, Hamlet, when 
at the point of death, stabs Claudius. See Ophelia. 

ham'mer (-er), n. [AS. hamer, hamor.J 1. An implement 
for pounding, beat- 
ing, driving nails, J 
etc. 2. Something 
in form or action 
resembling or lik- 
ened to a hammer ; 
as : a A lever with 
a striking head for 
ringing a bell. b 
Any of the padded 
mallets in a piano 
action ; also, a hand 
mallet for playing 
on the xylophone, 
etc. C Anat. The 
malleus, d Fire- 
arms. That part of 
a gunlock which 
strikes the percus- 
sion cap, or firing- 
pin ; the cock. 3. 
An auctioneer's gavel 




2 Rivet- 
4 Brick- 
6, 7 Ma- 



Various Hammers. 1 Claw 
ing ; 3 Boiler Maker's ; 
layer's ; 5 Blacksmith's ; 
chinist's (6 with Ball Peen, 7 with 
Cross Peen) ; 8 Stone or Spalling 
Hammer ; 9 Prospecting. 

4. Athletics. A spherical weight 
attached to a long flexible handle and hurled from a circle. 

— v. t. 1. To beat or strike with a hammer ; to beat with 
heavy blows. 2. To fasten or build with a hammer, as by 
nailing. 3. Fig., to assail or work at assiduously. — v. i. 
To strike repeated blows with or as with a hammer ; also, to 
labor persistently on one thing ; make reiterated efforts. 

ham'mer-cloth' (-kloth'; 62), n. The cloth covering the 
driver's seat or box in a coach of ceremony. 

ham'mer-er (-er), n. One who works with a hammer. 

ham'mer-head' (-hed'), n. Any of a family (Sphyrnidse) 
of sharks having the head extended sidewise into long proc- 
esses at the end of which are the eyes. 

ham'mer-less, a. Firearms. Without a visible hammer ; — 
said of a gun having a firing pin or striker inside the lock. 

ham'mock (ham'uk), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] 1. A 
swinging bed, suspended by cords. 2. An area character- 
ized by hardwood vegetation. Southern U. S. 

ham'per (-per), n. [For hanaper.J A large basket, usually 
with a cover. 

ham'per, v. t. To fetter ; embarrass ; encumber. 
Syn. Impede, hinder, clog, restrict, confine, bind, tram- 
mel, fetter, curb, chain, tie. — Hamper, trammel, clog, 
fetter. To hamper is to encumber or embarrass as by an 
impediment or restraining influence ; to trammel is more 
specifically to entangle or confine as if in a net ; clog em- 
phasizes the idea of something which weighs upon or clings 
to one. Fetter (primarily to chain the feet) suggests rela- 
tively complete confinement or restraint ; as, fettered by 
superstition. 

— n. Naut. Articles ordinarily indispensable, but in the way 
at certain times. See top-hamper. 

hamster (-ster), n. [G] A ratlike burrowing rodent 
(Cricetus cricetus) found in parts of Europe and Asia. 

ham'string' (-string'), n. In man, either of the great ten- 
dons back of the knee. In quadrupeds, the large tendon 
above and behind the hock. — v. t. To cut the hamstring 
or hamstrings of ; hence : to cripple ; disable. 

ham'u-late (-u-lat), a. Having a small hook ; hook-shaped. 



ham'u-lus (-liis), n.; pi. -li (-IT). [L., a little hook] 
Anat. & Zo'dl. A hook, or hooklike process. 

han'ap (han'ap), n. [F.] A goblet ; cup. 06s. or Hist. 

han'a-per (-d-per), n. [OF. hanapier, fr. hanap a drinking 
vessel ; of Ger. origin.] 1. A case or basket to hold plate, 
as drinking cups or goblets. 2. A kind of small hamper 
in which documents were kept. 3. \_cap.~\ The former de- 
partment of the English Court of Chancery into which fees 
were paid for the sealing and enrolling of documents, as 
charters, etc. 

hance (hans), n. 1. Naut. A sudden fall or break, as the 
fall of the fife rail down to the gangway. 2. Arch. The arc 
of minimum radius at the springing of an elliptical or sim- 
ilar arch ; hence, the haunch of an arch. 

hand (hand), n. [AS.] 1. The terminal part of the arm 
when modified, as in man and apes, as a grasping organ. 

2. Any of certain parts serving the function of or resem- 
bling a hand ; as : a The foot of an ape. b The chela of a 
crustacean. C Falconry. The foot of a hawk. 3. Personal 
possession ; ownership ; hence, control ; — usually in pi. 
4. Civil Law. — manus. 5. Agency ; part in any action. 
6. Ability ; skill. 7. Handwriting ; style of penmanship ; 
hence, a signature. 8. A performer of work ; a hired worker 
at manual labor; member of a crew. 9. Handiwork ; also, 
touch or touches. Archaic. 10. Side ; direction ; also, fig., 
side or aspect of a subject, argument, or the like. 11. A 
person considered as the source or medium, esp. in a series, 
from whom something is derived ; as, a knowledge got at 
first hand; he heard it at second hand. 12. Something 
likened to a hand, as a pointer on a dial, a cluster of bana- 
nas containing from 8 to 20 fruits or " fingers, " etc. 13. A 
hand's breath, or 4 inches (10.16 cm.) ; as, a horse 15 hands 
high. 14. A round of applause. 15. An inning or turn of 
play, as in rackets, billiards, and cricket. 16. Card Play- 
ing, a A player. D A single round in a game. C The quota 
of cards received by a player at one deal. 

^5^ Hand is used figuratively as a symbol for : a Ability or 
skill ; as, to try one's hand at a thing, b Activity ; agency ; 
operation ; work ; — in distinction from the head, which 
implies thought, and the heart, which implies affection ; as, 
"His hand will be against every man." c Power; might; 
as, to rule with a strong hand, d Pledge ; contract ; — 
usually in reference to marriage ; as, to ask the hand. 
at hand, near ; within easy reach. — at the h. of, t>y the 
act of ; from. — by h., with the hands ; by manual labor. — 
h. to h., in close proximity; at close quarters; as, a 
hand-to-hand conflict. — in h. a In actual possession 
or charge, b In preparation or process ; as, the work 
is now well in hand, c Under control or effective 
management. — off one's hands, out of one's charge or 
care ; as, I will take the property off your hands. — on h. 
a In present possession ; as, goods on hand, b Pending ; as, 
there is work on hand, c Present ; as, I shall be on hand. 
U. S. — on one's hands, resting on one as a responsi- 
bility, burden, or the like ; as, he has a large family on his 
hands. — out of h., forthwith; without delay; as, she 
married him out of hand; also, beyond control. — to h., 
within reach or into possession ; as, his letter is to hand. 

— v. t. 1. To manipulate ; deal with. ,06s. 2. To lead, 
guide, or assist with the hand ; conduct ; as, to hand a lady 
into a carriage. 3. To give, pass, or transmit with the hand ; 
as, he handed them the letter. 4. Naut. To furl, as a sail. 
to hand down, to transmit to a later generation or age. — 
to h. on, to transmit in succession. — to h. over, to yield 
control of ; surrender. 

hand'balP (hand'bol'), n. A game played in a walled court 
with a ball which is struck with the hands. 

hand'bar'row (-bar'o), n. A frame or flat barrow, without 
a wheel, carried by handles. 

hand'bill' (-Ml'), n. A printed sheet to be handed out. 

nand'book' (-book'), n. A manual ; guidebook. 

hand'breadth' (-bredth'), n. A linear measure varying 
from about 2£ to 4 inches; a palm. [hand.l 

hand'cart' (hand'kart'), n. A cart drawn or pushed by| 

hand'cuff ' (-kuf), n. A manacle ; — usually in pi. — v. t. 
To manacle. 

hand'ed, a. 1. Having a hand or hands, esp. of a specified 
sort or number. 2. Hand in hand. Rare. 

hand'fast' (hand'fastO.n. Archaic. 1. Hold ; grasp. 2. A 
contract ; covenant, esp. of betrothal or marriage. 

handwashing, n. 1. A betrothal. 06s. or Archaic. 2. An 
old form of irregular or probationary marriage contracted 
by the parties joining hands and agreeing to live together as 
man and wife. 

hand'ful (-fool), n. ; pi. -fuls (-fdolz). 1. As much or many 
as the hand will grasp. 2. A small quantity or number. 

hand gallop. A moderate gallop with the horse well in hand. 

hand glass. 1. A glass, or small glazed frame, for the pro- 
tection of plants. 2. A small mirror with a handle. 

3. A magnifying reading glass held in the hand. 
hand'grip' (-grip'), n. [AS. handgripe.} 1. A grasping 

with the hand ; a grip. 2. In pi. Hand-to-hand combat. 
hand'i-cap (han'dT-kSp), n. [From hand in cap, in allu- 
sion to a certain old sport.] 1. A race or contest, in which 



8j 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, arli (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HANDICAPPER 



450 



a disadvantage is imposed on a supposedly superior con- 
testant or an advantage is given to one supposedly inferior 
in order to equalize their chances of winning. 2. Any arti- 
ficial advantage granted to, or disadvantage imposed on, a 
contestant in such a race or contest. 3. Fig., any disad- 
vantage that renders achievement more difficult. 

— v. t.; -capped (-kapt) ; -capping. To encumber with a 
handicap ; assign a handicap to. — hand'i-cap'per, n. 

hand'i-craft (-kraft), n. [For handcraft.'] 1. A trade re- 
quiring skill of hand ; manual skill. 2. A craftsman. Rare. 
— hand'i-crafts'man (-krafts'man),n.; pi. -men (-men). 

hand'i-ly (han'di-li), adv. In a handy manner. 

hand'i-ness (-nes), n. Quality of being handy. 

hand'i-work' (-wurk'), n. [AS. handgeweorc] Work done 
with the hands ; hence, any work done personally. 

hand'ker-chief (han'ker-chif ), n._ 1. A cloth carried for wip- 
ing the face, nose, etc. 2. A neckerchief ; neckcloth. 

han/dle (han'd'l), v. L; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling. [AS. han- 
dlian.~] 1. To touch, feel, hold, take up, move, etc., with 
the hand. 2. To manage in using with the hands, as a 
spade or weapon ; manipulate. 3. To manage ; direct ; as, 
to handle a regiment. 4. To deal with ; act upon ; as, 
much mail matter was handled. 5. To treat ; as, he was 
handled^ cruelly. 6. To deal with or manage in writing 
or speaking or in the arts. 7. To deal or trade in. — v. i. 
1. To use the hands. 2. To act or behave in a certain way. 

— n. That part of a vessel, instrument, etc., to be held in the 
hand ; — often used fig. — han'dler (-dler), n. 

han'dle-bar' (-bar'), n. A bar with a handle or handles, 
esp. one used to steer a bicycle, or either half of such a one. 

han'dling (han'dling), n. 1. A touching, controlling, using, 
etc., with the hand or hands, or as with the hands. 2. The 
mode of treatment or representation, as in writing, speak- 
ing, or the arts ; style of touch or treatment. 

hand'made' (hand'madO, o. Made by hand, as disting., 
formerly, from natural objects, now, from manufactured. 

hand'maid' (-mad'), n. Also, Archaic, hand'maid'en 
(-mad^n). A female servant or attendant. 

hand organ. A barrel organ cranked by hand. 

hand'rail' (hand'ral'), n. A rail to be grasped by the hand 
as a support ; a railing serving as a guard. 

hand'saw' (-so'), n. A saw used with one hand. 

hand'sel (hand'sel ; han'-), or han'sel,n. 1. Something 
given or received for good luck, esp. in a new enterprise or 
experience ; hence, an earnest. 2. A first installment of 
payment. — v. t. ; -seled (-seld) or -selled ; -sel-ing or 
-sel-ling. 1. To give a handsel to. 2. To inaugurate 
auspiciously. 3. To use or do for the first time. 

hand'some (han'siim), a. ; -som-er (-er) ; -som-est. {hand 
+ -some.'] 1. Dexterous. Obs. or Colloq. 2. Suitable. Obs. 
or Colloq. 3. Ample ; as, a handsome fortune. 4. Gra- 
cious ; liberal ; generous ; as, handsome conduct. 5. Hav- 
ing a pleasing appearance, esp. with dignity and symmetry. 
— hand'some-ly, adv. — hand'some-ness, n. 

hand'spike' (hand'splk'), n. . [D. handspaak, lit., hand 
pole.] A bar, as of wood, used as a lever, as in a capstan. 

hand'spring' (-spring'); n. A feat of tumbling, consisting 
in turning in the air as in a somersault, placing both hands 
simultaneously, or one hand, on the ground in turning. 

hand'work' (-wurkO, n. Work done with the hands. 

hand'wrifing (-rlt'ing), n. 1. Form of writing peculiar to 
a particular hand or person. 2. Manuscript. Archaic. 

hand'y (han'di), a.; hand'i-er (-di-er) ; -i-est. 1. Per- 
formed by the hand. Obs. 2. Ready to hand ; convenient. 
3. Skillful with the hand ; dexterous. 4. Nautical. Easily 

. managed ; as, the yacht is handy. 

hand'y— dan'dy, n. A child's play in which one child guesses 
„ in which closed hand another holds some small object. — 
interj. Guess if you can. Obs. or R. 

hang (hang), v. t.; pret. & p. p. hung (hung) or hanged 
(hangd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. hang'ing. With reference to the 
death penalty hanged is preferred to hung. [AS. hangian, 
v. i., fr. hon, v. t.] 1. To fasten to a point above without 
support from below ; suspend. 2. To put to death by sus- 
pending from a cross, gibbet, or gallows ; specif., to sus- 
pend by the neck till dead. 3. To fasten so as to allow 
free motion ; as, to hang a door. 4. To affix in position, as 
a scythe to its snath or an ax to its helve. 5. To droop ; 
incline; as, to hang one's head. 6. To cover, dec- 
orate, or furnish by suspending something ; as, the walls 
were hung with pictures. 7. To prevent from reaching a 
decision ; as, one obstinate juror can hang a jury. 
to bang fire, to be slow in explosion ; as, the cannon hangs 
fire; hence, fig. : to hesitate ; be reluctant, —to h. up, to 
postpone ; delay ; as, the bills were hung up in committee. 

— v. i. 1. To dangle ; depend. 2. To die by hanging. 3. 
To lean or incline over or downward. 4. To hover; im- 
pend. 5. To depend ; — used with on or upon or, for- 
merly, with by. 6. To be in rapt attention ; — often used 
with on; as, he hung on her words. 7. To cling ; stick. 8. 
To be in suspense ; be in doubt. 9. To linger ; loiter ; — 
often used with about, around, by. 



HAPPINESS 

a To remain united, b To be con- 



to hang together. 

sistent. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Manner in which a thing hangs ; as, the hang of a 
gown. 2. Meaning ; method of use ; knack ; as, he couldn't 
get the hang of it. Colloq. U. S. 

han'gar' (han'gaV; F. pron. aVgar'), n. [F.] A coach 

shelter ; a shed, esp. one for vehicles, aircraft, etc. 

hang'bird' (hang'burd'), n. See Baltimore oriole. 

hang'dog' (-dog 7 ; 62), n. A person fit only to hang a dog or 

to be hanged like a dog. — a. Sneaking ; ashamed ; base. 

hang'er (-er), n. 1. One who hangs. 2. That which hangs, 

or is suspended; specif., a short, usually slightly curved, 

sword. 3. A hanging device, esp. to support something. 

hang'er-on', n. ; pi. hangers-on. A dependent ; one who 
adheres to others' society longer than he is wanted. 

hang'ing (hanging), n. 1. A suspending or state of being 
suspended. 2. Execution by hanging. 3. That which is 
hung, as drapery, tapestry, wall paper, etc. ; — chiefly in 
pi- — p. a. 1. Suspended ; pendent. 2. Adapted to sus- 
tain a hanging object. 3. Downcast in appearance. 4. 
Deserving, or likely to cause, death by hanging. 5. Over- 
hanging ; situated on a steep slope ; as, hanging gardens. 

hang'man (hang'man), n. One who hangs another; esp. 
an official who executes by hanging. 

hang'nail' (-naF), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A sliver of 
skin which hangs loose at the side of a finger nail. . 

hank (hank), n. A coil or loop; specif., a coil or skein of 
yarn. A cotton hank has usually 840 yds. ; a linen, 300 yds. 

han'ker (han'ker), v. i. To long (for) ; — usually used with 
after, for, or an infinitive. — Syn. See long. — n. Act of 
hankering ; a longing or yearning. — han'ker-er, n. 

Han'o-ve'ri-an (han'6-ve'ri-an), a. Pert, to Hanover in 
Germany or to the ducal house of Hanover, founded about 
1125, to which belonged the four Georges and William IV., 
of England, and, by birth, Victoria. — Han'O-ve'ri-an, n. 

hanse (hans), n. [LL. hansa, or F. hanse, both of G. origin.] 
1. A merchant guild. Hist. 2. A fee paid to a trading 
guild. 3. [ cap. ] A medieval league ( the Hanseatic 
League) of merchants of free Germanic towns, later of 
the towns themselves, formed to protect their trade. 

Han'se-at'ic (han'se-at'ik), a. Pertaining to the Hanse 
towns, or to their confederacy. 

han'sel. Var. of handsel. 

han'som (han'sum), n., hansom cab. [After J. A. Han- 
som, Eng. inventor.] A kind of carriage. See Illust. 

Ha'nuk-ka, Ha'nuk-kah (ha'n<56k-ki£), n. [Heb. 
khanukkah.^ The Jewish Feast of 
the Dedication (commemorating the 
dedication of the 
new altar set up 
at the purifica- 
tion of the tem- 
ple of Jerusalem 
(1 Maccabees i. 
59, iv. 59), held 
for eight days be- 
ginning with the 
25th day of Kis- 
lev. 

Han'u-man' 
(hQn'oo-manO.n, 
cred monkey.] 1 
the wind and a monkey nymph 
monkey. 

hap (hap), n. [From Scand.] Chance ; happening ; luck. — 
v. i. ; happed (hapt) ; hap'ping. To happen. 

hap'haz'ard (hap'haz'drd), n. [hap -\- hazard.] Chance; 
accident ; random ; — used chiefly in at, or by, haphazard. 

— a. Determined by chance ; accidental. — Syn. See ran- 
dom. — adv. In a haphazard manner. 

haph-ta'rah (haf-ta'ra), n.; pi. -taroth (-roth). [Heb. 
haphtarah, prop., valedictory, fr. patar to depart.] One 
of the lessons from the Nebiim (or Prophets) read in the 
Jewish synagogue after the parashoth. See parashah. 

hap'less, o. Unfortunate ; unlucky. 

hap'ly, adv. By chance ; perhaps ; it may be. 

hap'pen (hap''n), v. i. [See hap chance.] 1. To occur by 
chance or without previous design ; fall out ; hence, to 
come to pass. 2. To be (in, at, etc.) by chance. 06s. or 
Dial. 3. To come (on) by chance. 4. To come or go 
casually. Colloq. 5. To fall ; come ; used with to or unto; 
as, it happened to my lot to go. Archaic or Colloq. 
Syn. Happen, chance. Happen has nearly lost the im- 
plication of chance, signifying merely to take place, occur ; 
chance more definitely suggests fortuitousness. See occur. 

hap'pen-ing, n. An occurrence ; event. 

hap'pi-ly (hap'i-li), adv. 1. By chance; haply. Archaic. 
2. By good fortune ; luckily. 3. In a happy manner or 
state. 4. With dexterity ; gracefully ; felicitously ; aptly. 

— Syn. Fortunately, successfully, prosperously. 
hap'pi-ness (-nes), n. 1. Good fortune ; prosperity. 2. A 

state of pleasurable content with one's condition of life. 




A form of Hansom. 

[Hind, hanuman, Skr. hanumant a sa- 
Hindu Myth. A monkey god, the son of 
2. [Z. c] The entellus 



ale, senSte, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, ©Vent end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6Yb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HAPPY 



451 



HAREBRAINED 



I 



3. Graceful aptitude ; felicity ; — used esp. of language. 
Syn. Happiness, felicity, beatitude, blessedness, bliss. 
Happiness applies to the enjoyment or pleasurable satisfac- 
tion attendant on welfare ; felicity, denoting intense happi- 
ness, has more formal or elevated connotations ; beatitude 
is supreme felicity. Blessedness suggests deep or refined 
enjoyment arising from the purest affections ; bliss de- 
notes even more exalted felicity ; both blessedness and 
bliss, like beatitude, often refer to the joys of heaven. 

hap'py (hap'i), a. ; -pi-er (-i-er) ; -pi-est. 1. Favored by 
hap, or fortune ; lucky ; prosperous. 2. Contented ; joyous ; 
also, in conventional usage, pleased ; as, I am happy to 
accept your invitation. 3. Dexterous ; apt ; felicitous ; as, 
the artist is happy in depicting children. 4. Expressing 
happiness ; as, happy laughter. — Syn. See lucky. 

hap'py— go— luck'y, a. Trusting to hap or luck ; easy-going. 

Haps'burg (haps'burg; G. haps'boorK), n. [From Habs- 
burg, Aargau, Switzerland.] A member of a German fam- 
ily, founded about 1100, to which have belonged the rulers 
of Austria since 1276 (Rudolph I.), of Spain from 1516 
(Charles I.) to 1700, and many of the Holy Roman em- 
perors. 

ha'ra-ki'ri (ha'ra-ke're), n. Also, incorrectly, hari-kari. 
[Jap., stomach cutting.] Suicide by piercing the abdomen, 
formerly practiced in Japan by the nobles and samurai in 
case of disgrace, often at the command of the government. 

ha-rangue' (ha-rang'), n. [F., fr. OHG. hring ring, ring 
of people.] A loud address to a multitude ; a noisy, rant- 
ing speech. — Syn. See speech. — v. i. & t.; -rangued' 
(-rangd') ; -rangu'ing. To make, or address in, a harangue. 

ha-rangu'er (ha-rang'er), n. One who harangues. 

har'ass (har'as), v. t. [F. harasser.~\ 1. To fatigue ; hence, 
to weary by importunity or fretting._ 2. To harry ; lay 
waste ; raid. 3. Mil. To worry and impede by repeated 
attacks. — har'ass-er, n. — har'ass-ment (-ment), n. 

Syn. Annoy, vex, fret, worry, plague, torment, molest, 
tease, tantalize, trouble, distress, chafe, irritate, bother, 
pester, badger, harry. — Harass, annoy, vex, fret, 
worry, plague, torment, molest, tease, tantalize. To 
harass is to weary, esp. by whatever is importunate or 
burdensome ; to annoy is to irritate, esp. with reference 
to the susceptibilities ; vex suggests stronger mental dis- 
turbance than annoy, and often implies slight anger ; to 
fret is to chafe into (often querulous) irritation ; worry 
connotes undue or wearing solicitude or borrowing of 
trouble. Plague and torment are used colloquially in a 
weakened sense. To molest is to annoy or disturb, esp. in 
malice or hostility. To tease is to annoy, esp. by nagging ; 
to tantalize is to torment by awakening and then frus- 
trating expectations. 

hai'bin-ger (har'bin-jer), n. [OF. herbergeor a provider of 
lodging, deriv. of herberge lodging, inn.] 1. One sent be- 
fore to provide lodgings ; esp., an officer of the English 
royal household who formerly preceded the court when 
traveling, to prepare lodgings. Arch, or Hist. 2. A fore- 
runner. — Syn. See forerunner. 

*— v. t. To be a harbinger of ; presage. 

har'bor, har'bour (-ber), n. "T. A place of security and 
comfort ; refuge ; shelter. 2. A portion of a body of water 
so protected as to afford a refuge for vessels ; port ; haven. 
— v. t. To entertain as a guest ; shelter ; indulge or cher- 
ish (a thought or feeling, esp. an ill thought). — Syn. See 
foster. — v. i. To lodge, or abide for a time ; take shelter, 
as in a harbor. — har'bor-er, har'bour-er, n. 

har'bor-age, har'bour-age (-aj), n. Shelter; harbor. 

harbor, or harbour, master. An officer charged with the 
duty of executing the regulations respecting the use of a 

. harbor, esp. as to berthing and mooring. 

hard (hard), a. [AS. heard.~] 1. Not easily penetrated; 
firm ; solid ; — opposed to soft. 2. Difficult to exhaust ; 
enduring ; as, the athlete looked hard, or in hard condition. 
3. Difficult to impress or influence ; unsympathetic ; un- 
feeling; close in money matters. 4. Difficult to bear or 
endure ; hence : severe ; rigorous ; oppressive. 5. Difficult 
to accomplish ; laborious ; arduous. 6. Difficult mentally 
or judicially ; perplexing. 7. Having difficulty in doing 
something or in exercising some faculty. Rare, exc. in hard 
of hearing. 8. Persevering ; energetic ; violent ; as, a hard 
worker. 9. Difficult to manage, resist, or deal with. 10. 
Disreputable ; incorrigible ; reprobate ; as, a hard charac- 
ter or gang. Colloq. 11. Not agreeable to the sensibili- 
ties; harsh; as, a hard face; specif. : a Acid; sour, as 
liquors, b Strong ; spiritous, as distilled liquors. U. S. 12. 
Containing substances that interfere with the action of 
soap ; — said of water. 13. Pron. a Explosive in utter- 
ance; — said of certain consonant sounds, as c in came, 
and g in go, as disting. from other sounds (called soft) of 
the same letters, as in center, general, etc. b Voiceless, or 
surd, as p, t, k; — contrasted with soft, that is, voiced, or 
sonant, as b, d, g. 

Syn. Hard, difficult, arduous. Hard is the simpler, 
blunter, and more general term ; difficult is esp. used of 
that which demands skill or sagacity ; arduous suggests 
the necessity of laborious or persevering exertion. See firm. 



hard and fast, strict ; undeviating ; as, a hard and fast 
rule. — h. coal, anthracite. 

— adv. 1. With pressure, tension, or strain ; with energy ; 
earnestly ; vigorously ; as, to run hard. 2. So as to involve 
pain or trouble ; severely ; as, I was hard put to it. 3. 
With difficulty ; as, prejudice dies hard. 4. Tightly ; firm- 
ly ; fast ; as, to hold hard. 5. So as to be hard ; as, a hard- 
frozen river. 6. Close or near ; as, they waited hard by. 7. 
Naut. With the utmost energy, or to the extreme limit ; as, 
Hard aport ! 

hard'en (har'd'n), v. t. 1. To make hard or harder ; make 
hardy or robust ; make firm, tight, or compact ; indurate. 
2. To make unimpressionable or callous ; as, to harden 
one's heart. —v. i. 1. To become hard or harder. 2. To be- 
come confirmed or strengthened ; esp., to become hard in 
disposition. 3. Of prices, the market, etc., to become higher 
or less subject to depression ; stiffen. Com. Cant. 

hard'en-er (-d'n-er), n. One who, or that which, hardens ; 
specif., one who hardens and tempers tools. 

hard'-fa'vored, -fa'VOured (hard'fa'verd ; 109), a. Hard- 
featured ; ill-looking ; as, Vulcan was hard-favored. 

hard'— fist'ed, a. Having hard or strong hands, as a laborer ; 
also, close-fisted ; niggardly. — hard'-fist'ed-ness, n. 

hard'hack' (hard'hak'), n. An American rosaceous shrub 
(Spiraea tomentosa) with rusty hairy leaves and panicles 
of pink or, rarely, white flowers. 

hard'head' (-hed'), n. 1. A shrewd, unfeeling person ; also, 
a blockhead. 2. Any of various fishes, as the menhaden or 
any of certain gurnards or sculpins. 

hard'— head'ed (-hed'ed), a. Of sound judgment; shrewd. 

hard'-heart'ed (-har'ted ; 24, 109), a. Unfeeling ; cruel. — 
hard'-heart'ed-ly, adv. — hard'-heart'ed-ness, n. 

har'di-hood (har'di-hood), n. Boldness with firmness ; in- 
trepidity ; also, impudence. — Syn. Courage, pluck, stout- 
ness ; audacity, effrontery. See confidence. 

har'di-ly, adv. In a hardy manner ; boldly ; stoutly. 

har'di-ment (-ment), n. Hardihood. Archaic. 

har'di-ness, n. 1. Physical vigor. 2. Hardihood. 

hard'ly (hard'IT), adv. 1. Severely ; harshly. 2. With diffi- 
culty ; by hard work. 3. Scarcely ; barely ; not probably. 
Syn. Hardly, scarcely, barely are often interchangeable. 
Hardly suggests difficulty ; scarcely, scant margin ; barely 
implies that there is nothing to spare. 

hard'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being hard. 2. The 
peculiar quality shown by water containing certain dis- 
solved salts (see hard, a., 12). 

hard'pan' (hard'pan'), n. Chiefly U.S. 1. Any earth, not 
popularly recognized as rock, which it is hard to dig into or 
excavate. 2. Hard unbroken ground. 

hards (hardz) "In. pi. [ME. herdes, AS. heordan."] The 

hurds (hfirdz) J refuse or coarse part of flax or hemp ; tow. 

hard'— set', a. 1. Hard put to it ; in a hard position. 2. 
Hard ; firm ; hence : obstinate ; resolved. 

hard'-shell', a. 1. Having a hard shell. 2. Unyielding ; 
uncompromising ; strict. Colloq. U. S. 
hard-shell crab, a crab which has not recently molted, 
and hence has the shell rigid ; — disting. from a soft- 
shell crab, and used chiefly of edible species. 

hard'ship (hard'ship) , n. 1. Hardness. 2. That which is 
hard to bear, as privation, injury, etc. 

hard'— tack', n. A kind of hard biscuit or sea bread. 

hard'ware' (-war'), n. Metal ware, as cutlery, tools, etc. 

hard wood, or hard'wood', n. 1. Any wood which is heavy, 
close-grained, and resistent, as opp. to soft wood. 2. 
Forestry. The wood of any broad-leaved tree as disting. 
from that of a conifer ; hence, any broad-leaved tree. 

har'dy (har'di), a.; -di-er (-dT-er) ; -di-est. [F. hardi, p. 
p. fr. OF. hardir to make bold.] 1. Bold ; brave ; resolute. 
2. Confident ; full of assurance. 3. Strong; firm. 4. Inured 
to fatigue or hardships ; enduring. 5. Able to withstand 
the cold of winter ; — used of plants. 

har'dy, n. A blacksmith's fuller or chisel with a shank to fit 
into the anvil. 

hare (har), n. [AS. hara.2 Any 
of certain swift, timid rodents 
(mostly genus Lepus), having a 
divided upper lip, long hind legs, 
a short cocked-up tail, and long 
ears. 

hare and hounds. A sport in 
which two players, the hares, 
having a few minutes' start, and 
scattering bits of paper, called 
"scent," are chased by others, 
the hounds. 

hare'bell' (har'bel'), n. A small 
slender campanulaceous plant 
(Campanula rotundi folia), hav- 
ing blue bell-shaped flowers ; — 
often called bluebell. 

hare'brained' (-brand'), a. Gid- 
dy ; volatile ; heedless. 




Harebell. 









J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 






HARELIP 



452 



HARPY EAGLE 



harelip' (-lip'), n. A congenital deformity of the lip, com- 
monly the upper one, marked by a split. 

ha'rem (ha'rem), n. [Ar. haram, orig., anything forbid- 
den or sacred.] The women's apartments in a Moham- 
medan residence ; also, the occupants of a harem. 

faar'i-cot (har'i-ko; -kot), n. [F.] 1. A ragout of meat 
with beans and other vegetables. 2. The seed or unripe 
pod of the string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, etc.). 

hark (hark), v. i. [See hearken.] To listen; hearken. 
Rare, exc. in the imperative as inter j. Hark, as an inter- 
jection, was formerly often used with ye, whence the con- 
traction harkee. [to revert.l 
to hark back, to go back a little for a fresh start ; hence, | 

— v. t. To listen to ; give ear to. 

— n. A shout of encouragement or guidance to hounds. 
hark'en. Var. of hearken. 

harl (harl), n. 1. A filamentous substance; esp., the fila- 
ments of flax or hemp. 2. A barb, or barbs, of a feather, 
much used in dressing artificial flies ; also, a fly so dressed. 

Har-le'ian (har-le'dn; hkVle-an), a. Of or pertaining to 
Robert Harley (1661-4724) and his son Edward (1689- 
1741), or their collection of books, pamphlets, and manu- 
scripts, now in the British Museum. 

Har'le-quin (har'le-kwin ; -kin), n. [F. arlequin, obs. har- 
lequin.] A character in comedy and pantomime with shaven 
head, masked face, party-colored tights, and sword of lath. 
Also [I. c] , a buffoon. — a. \l. c] Party-colored ; fantastic. 

har'le-quin-ade' (-kwin-ad'), n. [F. arlequinade.'] 1. A 
play or part of a play in which the Harlequin is conspicu- 
ous. 2. Buffoonery ; fooling. [prostitute.) 

har'lot (-lot), n. [OF. harlot, herlot, arlot, a rascal.] A| 

har'lot-ry (-ri), n. 1. Prostitution ; lewdness. 2. A harlot. 

harm (harm), n. [AS. hearm.~) 1. Injury; hurt; misfor- 
tune. 2. Evil ; wrong. — Syn. Mischief, loss. See injury. 
— v. t. To hurt ; injure ; damage. 

har-mat'tan (har-mat'dn), n. [Ashanti haramata."] A 
dry, dust-laden wind on the Atlantic coast of Africa. 

harm/ful (harm'fool), a. Hurtful; mischievous. 

harm'less, a. 1. Free from harm ; unhurt. 2. Not harm- 
ful; innocuous. — harm'less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 

har-mon'ic (har-mon'Ik), a. [L. harmonirus, Gr. appovi- 
k6s. See harmony.] 1. Musical. Rare. 2. Concordant ; 
consonant. 3. Relating to harmony as disting. from mel- 
ody or rhythm. 4. Pert, to harmonics. 5. Math. Having re- 
lations or properties bearing some resemblance to those of 
musical consonances ; — used of certain numbers, ratios, etc. 

— n. A tone accompanying a fundamental tone and pro- 
duced by the concurrent vibration of the aliquot parts of 
the string or vibrating medium ; also, such a tone produced 
separately, as by touching a vibrating string. 

har-mon'i-ca (-T-kd), n. [Fern. fr. L. harmonious har- 
monic] Music, a An instrument consisting of rotating 
glasses played by touching the edges with the dampened 
finger, b An instrument of graduated strips of glass or 
metal which are struck with hammers. C A harmonicon (b). 
d An organ stop of delicate tone. 

har-mon'i-con (-kon), n. ; L. pi. -ica (-kd). [Gr. &puovuc6v, 
neut. of aptioviKos harmonic] Music, a = harmonica, a 
& b. b A small flat wind instrument, played by the mouth, 
containing metallic reeds, one set sounded by exhaling, an- 
other by inhaling ; a mouth organ, c An orchestrion. 

har-mon'ics (-iks),n. (See-ics.) Science of musical sounds. 

har-mo'ni-OUS (-mo'nT-us), a. 1. Having parts adapted 
and proportioned to each other ; symmetrical ; congruous. 
2. Marked by harmony ; free from discord ; pleasant-sound- 
ing. — har-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — har-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. 

har'mo-nist (haVmo-nist), n. 1. One who shows the 
agreement of parallel passages of different authors, as of 
the Gospels. 2. Music, a A composer or performer, b One 
expert or skilled in harmony. 3. A harmonizer. 

har'mo-nis'tic (-nis'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, a harmony or harmonist ; as, harmonistic methods. 

har-mo'ni-um (har-mo'nT-um), n. [NL.] A reed instru- 
ment resembling a small organ. [harmonizing. I 

har'mo-ni-za'tion ( haVmo-nT-za'shim ; -nT-), n. Act of | 

har'mo-nize (har'mo-nlz), v. i. & t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'- 
ing (-nlz'ing). To be or make harmonious. niz'er, n. 

har'mo-ny (har'mo-nT), n. ; pZ.-nies (-niz). [OF. armonie, 
L. harmonia, Gr. &pp.ovia joint, proportion, concord, 
&pn6s a fitting.] 1. Just adaptation of parts to each other ; 
agreement between the parts of a design or composition, 
giving unity or a pleasing whole. 2. Concord in facts, opin- 
ions, manners, interests, etc. ; peace and friendship. 3. 
Music, a Musical consonance ; tuneful sound, b Com- 
bination of tones into a chord ; triad, c Structure of a 
piece of music according to the composition, progression, 
and modulation of its chords ; — disting. from melody 
and rhythm, d Science of the structure, relation, and pro- 
gression of chords. 4. A literary work which brings to- 
gether or arranges systematically parallel passages respect- 
ing the same events and shows their consistency. 




Syn. Harmony, melody. Harmony suggests the pleas- 
ing concord of simultaneous sounds or strains differing in 
pitch or quality ; melody, the agreeable arrangement of 
successive musical sounds in a single strain. 

har'mo-tome (-mo-tom), n. [Gr. app.6s joint + riuveiv to 
cut.] Min. A native hydrous silicate of aluminium, barium, 
and potassium. 

har'ness ( -nes ), n. [OF. harnes."] 1. The complete dress, 
armor, or trappings, esp. in a military sense, of a man or a 
horse. Hist. 2. The 
gear or tackle (other 
than a yoke) of a draft 
animal, as of a horse. 
3. Tackle, gear, or 
equipment of any kind. 
Now Rare. 4. Weav- 
ing. The part of a loom 
comprising the heddles, 
with their means of 
support and motion. 

— v. t. 1. To accouter ; 
arm ; to mount ; appar- 
el. Archaic. 2. To 

Eut harness on, as a 
orse ; hence, to pre- 
pare for, or constrain Single Harness 
to, work. — har'neSS- check Rein ; 3 

er, n. 

harnessed antelope, 

any of several striped 
antelopes of the genua 
( Tragelaphus) contain- 
ing the boschbok. 
harp (harp), n. [AS. 
hearpe."] 1. A stringed 
instrument gener- 
ally having strings 
set in an open 
frame and plucked 
with the fingers. 2. 
[cap.] Astron. The 
constellation Lyra. 
3. Any of various 
contrivances like, 
or suggestive of, a 
harp. 

Harp of Arthur, a 
star, perh.Vega, the 
"Harp star," in the 
constellation Lyra. 

— v. t. 1. To ex- 
press ; voice. 2. To 
effect or affect by 
harping. — v. i. 1. 
To play the harp ; 
sound like a harp. 
2. To dwell on, or 
recur to, a subject 



1 Rein ; 2 Over- 
Checkhook; 4 
Terret : 5 Crownpiece ; 6 Front ; 
7 Blind ; 8 Face Piece of Over- 
check; 9 Cheek Piece; 10 
Throatlatch ; 11 Neck Strap ; 12 
Breastband, or Breast Collar ; 
13 Saddle; 14 Bellyband ; 15 
Breeching Strap ; 16 Breeching, 
or Breeching Body ; 17 Crupper ; 
18 Hip Strap ; 19 Trace. 




Double Harness. 1, 1 Reins ; 2 Check, 
Bridle, or Side Rein ; 6, 7, 9, 10. 16, 
18, 19 same as in Single Harness ; 
13 Back Pad ; 14 Billet ; 20 Collar ; 
21 Hame; 22 Breast Strap; 23 
Chokestrap (22 & 23 fasten to the 
Neck Yoke supporting the Pole) ; 
24 Side Strap ; 25 Back Strap ; 26 
Breeching Stay ; 27 Diagram show- 
ing Crossing of Reins ; 28 Bellyband ; 
29 Collar Strap ; 30 Lazy Strap. 



— harp'er, n. 

string , to dwell persist- 



tediously or monot 
onously ; — used with on or upon 
to harp on one, the same, etc., 
ently upon one subject. 

harp'ings (har'pTngz), harp'ins (-pYnz), n. pi. The wales 
round the bow of a ship, made stout to sustain shocks. 

harp'ist, n. A harp player; harper. 

har-poon' (har-p6on'), n. [F. harpon."] A barbed spear or 
javelin used to strike large fish, whales, etc. — v. t. To 
strike, catch, or kill with a harpoon. — har-poon'er (-er), n. 

harp'si-chord (harp'sT-k6rd), n. [OF. harpechorde, in 
which the harpe- is of 
Ger. origin.] A harp- 
shaped wire-stringed in- 
strument, the immediate 
precursor of the piano, in 
use from the 16th to the 
18th century. 

Har'py (har'pT), n.; pi. 
-pies (-piz). [F. harpie, 
L. harpyia, Gr. apitvia, 
fr. root of apira^tiv to 
snatch.] 1. Class. Myth. 
A monster usually figured 
as having a woman's head 
and upper part of the Harpsichord, 

body and a bird's wings, tail, legs, and claws. The Harpies 
are usually malign creatures who snatch away the souls of 
the dead, seize or defile the food of their victims, etc. Their 
number is differently stated ; as three, they were Aello, 
Ocypete, and Celasno, or Podarge. 2. [I. c] A rapacious 
person ; an extortioner. 3. [Z. c] Short for harpy eagle. 

harpy eagle. A large and powerful double-crested eagle 
(Thrasaetus harpyia) of tropical America. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, sSft, connect; 
fise, unite, Urn. fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 




Harquebus 



HARQUEBUS 453 

har'que-bus (ha'r'kwe-bus), ar'que-bus (iir'-), n. [F. ar- 
quebuse, OF. har- 
quebuse, fr. D. or 
G., prop., a gun 
with a hook.] 1. 
An obsolete porta- 
ble firearm, at first 

having a matchlock operated by a trigger. 2. A soldier, or 
soldiery, armed with the harquebus. 

har'que-bus-ier' (hiir'kwe-bus-erO.ar'que- (aVkwe"-), n. A 
soldier armed with a harquebus. See soldier, Illust. 

har'ri-dan (har'i-dan), n. [F. haridelle a worn-out horse, 
jade.] A worn-out strumpet ; a vixenish woman ; a hag. 

har'ri-er (-er), n. 1. One who harries. 2. Any of a genus 
(Circus) of hawks, feeding on small animals and insects. 

har'ri-er, n. [From hare, n.] One of a breed of small 

> hounds used for hunting hares. 

har'row (har'o), v. t. [See harry.] To harry. Archaic. 

har'row, n. [ME. harowe, harwe.~\ An agricultural im- 
plement set with iron or wooden teeth and drawn over 
plowed land to level it, break the clods, etc. — v. t. 1. To 
draw a harrow over (land). 2. To torment or distress; 
vex ; — often used with up. — v. i. To be affected by 
harrowing; as, light soil harrows well. — har'row-er, n. 

har'ry (har'i), v. t. & i.; -ried (-id) ; -ry-ing. [AS. her- 
gian to act as an army, ravage, here army.] 1. To ravage ; 
pillage ; plunder. 2. To harrow ; harass. 3. To steal ; take 
in a raid or foray. Obs. or Scot. 

harsh (harsh), a. [ME. harsk.~\ 1. Offensive to sense or 
feeling as being coarse, rough, discordant, astringent, 
stern, severe, sour, etc. ; lacking harmony or smoothness ; 
rasping ; repellent ; as, harsh fabrics, colors, sounds, cli- 
mate, etc. 2. Unfeeling ; severe ; cruel ; as, a harsh mas- 
ter, punishment, etc. — harsh'ly, adv. — harsh'ness, n. 

harsh/en (har'shen), v. t. To make harsh. Rare. 

hars'let. Var. of haslet. 

hart (hart), n. [AS. heort."] A stag ; male red deer. 

harte'beest/ (hart'best' ; har'te-),_ n. [D. hert hart + 
beest beast.] A large South African antelope (Bubalis 
caama), formerly numerous from the Cape Province to 
Mashonaland. 

harts'horn' (harts'horn 7 ), n. 1. A hart's horn, or antler. 
2. a Spirits of hartshorn, a solution of ammonia in water ; 
aqua ammoniae. b Carbonate of ammonium ; — called also 
volatile salt and sal volatile. 

hart's-tongue' (-tung'), »., or hart's-tongue fern. Also 
harts'tongue'. Any of several ferns, esp. a species (Phyl- 
litis scolopendrium) with simple lanceolate fronds, often 
auriculate at the base. 

har'um-scar'um (har'um-skar'um), a. Reckless ; wild. — 
n. Harum-scarum person or conduct. Both Colloq. 

ha-nis'pex (hd-rus'peks), n.; pi. -pices (-pT-sez). [L. ha- 
ruspex, aruspex.~] Rom.Relig. A diviner or soothsayer of a 
class not officially priests of the state religion. Cf. augur. 

ha-rus'pi-cy (-pi-sT), n. [L. haruspicium.'] The art or 
practices of haruspices. See haruspex. 

har'vest (har'vest), n. [AS. haerfest.~\ 1. The season of 
gathering grain and fruits ; late summer or early autumn ; 
also, the gathering of a crop or crops. 2. Crop ; yield, as 
of grain, fruit, or honey. 3. Product or outcome of any 
exertion. [crop.l 

— v. t. To reap or gather, as a crop. — v.i. To gather in a| 

har'vest-er (-ves-ter), n. One who, or that which, har- 
vests, as ; a A harvestman. b Any of various machines 
for harvesting ; esp., a reaper or binder for harvesting 
grain. 

harvest bug. = harvest tick.^ 

harvest fly. Any of certain cicadas, whose note is heard 
chiefly about harvest time ; often any cicada. 

harvest home. The gathering and bringing home of the 
harvest ; the time of harvest ; also, a feast made at the 
close of the harvest ; hence, the song sung by the reapers. 

har'vest-man (haVvest-man), n. 1. A man engaged in 
harvesting. 2. Any of an order (Phalangida) of arachnids 
resembling the true spiders. Most forms have very long 
slender legs, and are popularly called daddy longlegs. 

harvest moon. The moon near the full at harvest time, or 
just after the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the 
small angle between the moon's orbit and the horizon, it 
rises only a few minutes later each day. 

harvest tick. The six-legged larval forms of certain ticks, 
which are found in grass and bushes, and attach them- 
selves to men and animals, burrowing under the skin, and 
causing intense itching. 

Har'vey (har'vi), v. t. To treat by, or subject to, the Har- 
vey process. — Har'vey-ize (-Tz), v. 

Harvey process. [After H. A. Harvey (1824-93), American 
inventor.] Metal. A process for hardening the surface of 
steel, esp. armor plate. 

has (haz), 3d pers. sing. pres. of have. 

hash (hash), v. t. [F. hacher, fr. hache hatchet.] To mince 
and mix ; slash ; mangle. — n. 1. That which is hashed ; 



HATCHETTITE 

meat and vegetables, esp. when already cooked, minced 
and mixed. 2. A mixture ; jumble ; mess. 

hash'ish (hash'esh ; hi-shesh'), n. Also hash'eesh. [Ar. 
hashish.] A narcotic preparation of hemp used in the 
Orient for its intoxicating effect when chewed or smoked. 

has'let (has'let ; 24), n. [F. hb)telettes broil, fr. haste spit.] 
The edible viscera (heart, liver, etc. ) of a beast, esp. of a hog. 

Has'mo-nae'anUhaz'mS-ne'an), a- Of, pert, to, or desig- 

Has'mo-ne'an J nating the family or dynasty of the Mac- 
cabees (see Maccabees) ; — perh. derived from the name 
of an ancestor of Mattathias. 

hasp (hasp), n. £AS. haepse.~} A clasp or fastening, as for 
a door ; esp., a hinged metal strap secured by a staple and 
pin, padlock, or the like, or by snapping into the lock. — 
v. t. To shut or fasten with or as with a hasp. 

has'sock (has'uk), n. [AS. hassuc tussock.] 1. A rank 
tuft of bog grass or sedge ; tussock. 2. A cushion footstool. 

hast (hast), 2d pers. sing. pres. of have ; — contr. of havest. 
Archaic. 

has'tate (has'tat), a. [L. hastatus, fr. hasta spear.] Spear- 
shaped or shaped like the head of a halberd ; of leaves, tri- 
angular, with spreading basal lobes. See leaf, Illust. 

haste (hast), n. [OF., of G. origin.] 1. Celerity of motion ; 
swiftness ; dispatch ; — used of voluntary action. 2. Un- 
due celerity ; unthinking or rash hurry. 3. Urgency ; hurry. 
Syn. Quickness, nimbleness ; impetuosity, precipitancy, 
precipitation ; hurry, flurry, bustle ; expedition, dispatch, 
alacrity, alertness; speed, velocity, rapidity. — Haste, 
hurry, speed, expedition, dispatch. Haste denotes 
quickness, often urgency, sometimes precipitancy, of (esp. 
voluntary) action ; hurry connotes confusion and want of 
collected thought ; speed denotes swiftness of (esp. for- 
ward) movement ; it is not (like haste and hurry) confined 
to voluntary agents, and it sometimes retains its original 
implication of prosperity or success. Expedition and 
dispatch suggest promptitude, esp. in the setting forward 
or conclusion of a business or affair. 

haste, v. t. & i.; hast'ed (haVtSd; 24); hast'ing (haV- 
ting). To hasten ; hurry. Now Chiefly Literary. 

has'ten (haV'n), v. t. To drive or urge forward ; expedite ; 
hurry. — v. i. To make haste ; hurry. — has'ten-er, n. 

hast'i-ly (-tT-lT), adv. In a hasty manner. 

hast'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being hasty. 

hast'y (has'ti), a. ,; hast'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Done or 
made quickly ; swift ; hurried. 2. In a hurry ; impatient. 
06s. 3. Made or done without due deliberation ; as, a 
hasty remark, marriage. 4. Not deliberative or cautious ; 
precipitate ; as, a man hasty in his words. 5. Having, 
proceeding from, or indicating a quick temper. — Syn. 
See fast. 

hasty pudding, a A batter or pudding of flour or oatmeal 
stirred into boiling water or milk. Eng. & Local, U. S. 
b Indian meal mush. U. S. 

hat (hat), n. [AS. hset, hsett.'] 1. A covering for the head, 
esp. one with a crown and brim. 2. The red hat of a car- 
dinal in the Church of Rome ; hence, the office of cardinal. 
— v.t.; hat'ted ; -ting. To furnish with a hat ; put a hat on. 

hat'a-ble (hat'd-b'l), o. Also hate'a-ble. [From hate.] 
Capable of being, or deserving to be, hated ; odious. 

hat'band' (hat'band'), n. A band round the crown of a 
hat ; sometimes, a black band worn as a badge of mourning. 

hat'box' (-boks'), n. A box for holding a hat or hats. 

hatch (hach), n. [AS. hsec.'] 1. A door, gate, or wicket, 
with an opening over it ; lower half of a divided door. 2. 
Naut. a An arrangement of planks over portions of a 
wholly or partially undecked ship ; — usually in pi. b The 
covering of an opening in the deck of a vessel, in a floor, 
etc. c Hatchway. 3. A floodgate ; sluice gate. 

hatch, v. t. [F. hacher to hack. See hash.] 1. To mark 
with hatching. 2. To inlay in fine lines. — n. Fine Arts. 
A stroke or line, esp. for shading. 

hatch, v. t. 1. To produce (young) from an egg or eggs ; 
also, to produce young from (an egg or eggs). 2. To con- 
coct ; contrive. — v. i. To produce young ; — said of eggs ; 
to come forth from the egg ; — of the young. — n. Act of 
hatching ; also, that which is hatched ; hence, outcome. 

hatch/el (hach'el), n. [ME. hechele."] A toothed instru- 
ment for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, hards, or 
coarse part; hackle; heckle. — v. t.; -eled (-eld) or 
-elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To dress with a hatchel. — 
hatch'el-er, hatch'el-ler (-er), n. 

hatch'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, hatches eggs, 
as a bird or an incubator. 2. A contriver ; a plotter. 

hatch'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). A place for hatching 
eggs, esp. of fish. 

hatch'et (hach'et ; 24), n. [F. hachette, dim. of hache ax, 
of G. origin.] A small ax with a short handle, to be used 
with one hand; sometimes, a tomahawk, esp. in : to dig up 
the hatchet, to go to war ; to bury the h., to make peace. 

hatch'et-tine (hach'et-in) \ n. [After the discoverer, 

hatch'et-tite (hach'et-Tt) / Charles Hatchett (?1765-}817), 
English chemist.] Min. Mineral tallow ; a waxy or sper- 
macetilike fossil hydrocarbon, commonly greenish yellow. 












J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. •» equals. 



M 



HATCHING 



454 



HAW 



hatch'ing, n. In engraving, drawing, etc., the process or 
result of making close fine lines, to give shading. 

hatch'ment (hach'ment), n. [For achievement.'] Her. 
A sort of panel on which a decedent's arms are tempora- 
rily displayed. 

hatch'way' (-wa'), n. An opening, usually square or ob- 
long, in a deck, floor, roof, etc. ; also, any similar opening, 
as to a cellar. 

hate (hat), v. t.; hat'ed (hat'ed ; 24) ; hat'ing. [AS. ha- 
tian. ] 1. To dislike intensely ; detest ; abhor ; as, to hate 
deceit. 2. To have aversion to ; in a weakened sense, to dis- 
like ; as, to hate to write. 

Syn. Hate, detest, abhor, abominate, loathe. Hate, 
the general term, implies extreme aversion, esp. with en- 
mity or malice ; detest connotes violent or intense antip- 
athy or dislike. Abhor suggests profound repugnance ; 
abominate, strong detestation, as of something ill-omened 
or shameful ; loathe implies utter disgust. 

— t;. i. To feel hate or hatred. [object of hatred.] 

— n. [AS.fteie.] 1. Intense aversion ; detestation. 2.Anj 
hate'a-ble, a. See hatable. 

hate'ful (hat'fool), a. 1. Full of hate or ill will ; malevolent. 

2. Exciting or deserving hate ; odious ; as, hateful crimes. 

— hate'ful-ly, adv. — hate'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Odious, obnoxious, offensive, repulsive, repellent, re- 
pugnant, abhorrent, disgusting, revolting, loathsome, invidi- 
ous. — Hateful, odious, obnoxious, offensive, invidious. 
Hateful and odious are sometimes used with little distinc- 
tion. But hateful oftener applies to what excites actual 
hatred ; odious, to what is excessively disagreeable, or 
awakens repugnance. That is obnoxious which is highly 
objectionable ; that is offensive which is actively annoy- 
ing, insulting, or repulsive. That is invidious which pro- 
cures or entails odium, ill will, or envy. 

hat'er (hat'er), n. One who hates. 

hath (hath). = Has, 3d pers. sing. pres. of have, contract- 
ed from haveth. Archaic. 

Ha'thor (ha'thor), n. [Gr. 'A0«p, fr. Egypt. Het-Herh 
the house above, or Het-Heru house of Horus.] Egypt. 
Mythology. The goddess of love, mirth, and social joy. 
She is often represented with a cow's head or ears. 

Ha-thor'ic (hd-thor'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Hathor; 
esp., in Arch., pertaining to or designating a type of 
Egyptian column having the capital sculptured with heads 
or masks supposed to represent Hathor. 

ha'tred (ha'tred), n. [ME. hatred, hatreden, -reden being 
fr. AS. rseden condition.] Strong aversion or detestation 
with ill will. — Syn. Enmity, hate, animosity, malevo- 
lence, loathing, abhorrence, repugnance. See odium. 

hat'ter (hat'er), n. One who makes or sells hats. 

hat'— tree', n. A stand with spreading arms for hats. 

hau'berk (ho'berk), n. [OF. hauberc, fr. OHG. halsberc; 
kals neck -f- bergan to protect.] A coat of mail. 

haught (hot), a. [See haughty.] Haughty. Archaic. 

haugil'ty (ho'ti), a.; -ti-er (-ti-er) ; -ti-est. [F. haut 
high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus.~\ 1. Disdainfully or con- 
temptuously proud ; arrogant ; supercilious. 2. Exalted ; 
lofty in nature ; noble ; bold. Archaic. — Syn. See arro- 
gant. — haugh'ti-ly (ti-lT), adv. — haugh'ti-ness, n. 

haul (hoi), v. t. [F. haler.~\ 1. To pull; drag; transport 
by drawing. 2. To call to account ; check and reprimand ; 

— usually used with up. 3. To shift the course of (a ship), 
esp. so as to sail closer to the wind. — Syn. See draw. 

to haul over the coals, to criticize severely ; censure ; 
call to account. — to haul the, or one's, wind. Naut. 
To turn the head of the ship nearer to the point from 
which the wind blows. 

— v. i. 1. Naut. To shift the course of a ship, esp. closer 
to the wind. 2. To pull ; tug ; drag. 3. To change direc- 
tion, as the wind ; shift ; hence, to change one's attitude or 
course of action ; — often used with around. 

— n. 1. A violent pull ; a tug. 2. A single draft of a net. 3. 
That which is caught or gained at once, as by hauling a net. 
4. Distance through which anything is hauled, as freight. 

haul'age (-aj), n. 1. Act or process of hauling, or the force 
expended in hauling ; also, charge for hauling. 2. A charge 
made by a railroad for the use of a line of track. 

haul'er, n. One who, or that which, hauls. 

haulm (h6m), n. Also halm (horn). [AS. healm."] 1. Col- 
lectively, stems or stalks, as of cereals; straw or litter. 
Eng. 2. A culm or stem of a plant. — haulm'y (-!), a. 

haunch (hanch ; hSnch), n. [F. hancheJ] 1. The hip ; the 
projecting region about the hip; loosely, in pi., the hind 
quarters. 2. Of meats, the leg and loin taken together. 

3. Arch. Either of the parts of an arch at the sides of the 
crown between the crown and the springings. 

haunt (hant; hont), v. t. [F. hanter.~\ 1. To frequent; 
frequent the company of ; visit intrusively. 2. To inhabit 
or frequent as a ghost or specter. 3. To recur to (the 
mind, etc.) often and spontaneously; as, haunted by 
regrets. — Syn. See frequent. — v. i. To stay, visit, or 
associate persistently or habitually. 

— n. 1. Habit ; custom ; usage ; esp., the habit of resorting 



to a place. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 2. A place to which one 
often resorts ; resort. — haunt'er, n. 

Hau'sa (hou'sa), n. A member of a large and important 
Negroid race of northern Nigeria. 

hau'sen (ho'z'n; G. hou'z'n), n. [G.] A large sturgeon 
(Acipenser huso) of the region of the Black Sea, Caspian 
Sea, and tributary rivers. It is sometimes 12 feet long. 

haus'mann-ite (hous'mdn-It), n. [After J. F. L. Haus- 
mann, Ger. mineralogist.] Min. A native oxide of man- 
ganese, Mns04, in brownish black crystals or massive. 

haus-tel'lum (h6s-tel'&m), n.; pi. -la (-d). [NL., fr. L. 
haurire, haustum, to drink.] Zo'ol. A proboscis adapted 
to suck blood or juices of plants, as in many insects and 
some crustaceans. 

haus-to'ri-um (-to'rT-ftm ; 57), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [LL.,a 
well, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to drink.] In parasitic 
plants, a specialized outgrowth serving to absorb food. 

haut'boy (ho'boi), n. [F. hautbois, lit., high wood; haut 
high + bois wood ; — from its high tone.] Music. An oboe. 

hau-teur' (ho-tur'), n. [F., fr. haut high.] Haughtiness. 

ha'uyne (ba'wTn), ha'uy-nite (ha'wi-nlt), n. [After R. 
J. Haiiy, French mineralogist.] Min. An isometric min- 
eral, occurring commonly as rounded grains in certain ig- 
neous rocks. It is usually blue, and is a silicate and sul- 
phate of aluminium, calcium, and sodium. 

Ha-van'a (hd-van'd), n. Also Ha-van'na, Ha-van'nah. A 
kind of cigar made in Cuba ; also, one made elsewhere of 
Cuban tobacco. 

have (hav), v. t.; pret. & p. p. had (had) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
hav'ing. Indie, present, I have, thou hast, he has, or 
(archaic) hath; we, ye, they have. [AS. habban (imperf. 
hsefde, p. p. gehsefd)f\ 1. To hold in possession or control ; 
possess ; own. 2. To know ; understand ; as, he had some 
Latin. 3. To be compelled ; — used with to and the infini- 
tive ; as, he had to leave. 4. To keep or cherish in the mind ; 
as, have no fear. 5. To be in a certain relation to ; as, we 
had the river on our right. 6. To give expression to, or to 
exercise (a feeling, opinion, or the like) ; as, he had the 
kindness to assent. 7. To perform ; experience ; engage in ; 

— in the widest sense ; as, to have an experience ; have to 
do with. 8. To maintain ; assert ; as, rumor had it so. 9. To 
obtain or get ; accept ; learn ; as, he must have food or 
starve. 10. To obtain an advantage over; hold in one's 
power; as, you have me there. Often Colloq. 11. 1o 
effect ; exact. 12. To take or hold (one's self) ; proceed 
promptly ; — used reflexively, often with ellipsis of the 
pronoun ; as, to have at one, i. e., to aim at one ; attack. 
13. To suffer or experience from an exterior source ; as, he 
had his leg broken. 

fWHave, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past par- 
ticiple of any verb to form its perfect tenses, or express 
completed action ; as, I have loved ; I shall have eaten. 
Had is used, esp. in poetry, for would have or should have, 
and for would or would have with adjectives, adverbs, or 
phrases of comparison, as as well, as lief, rather, better, 
liefer, best, liefest, to indicate preference or advisability. 
Syn. Have, hold, own, possess. Have is the general 
term ; hold is stronger, and often implies retention or occu- 
pancy ; to own is to have or hold as property ; possess im- 
plies esp. ownership with full right, title, or control ; as, to 
have a house ; to hold a fort, one's own ; he owns the book he 
has in his hand ; he has or possesses great wealth. 

have'lock (hav'lok), n. [After Sir Henry Havelock.l A 
light cloth covering for the cap, hanging over the neck. 

ha'ven (ha'v'n), n. [AS. hsefene.~\ 1. A harbor ; port. 2. 
A place of safety ; an asylum. — v. t. & i. To shelter, or 
take refuge, in a haven. 

hav'er (hav'er), n. A possessor. 06s. or R. 

hav'er (hav'er ; hav'er), n. The oat. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

hav'er-sack (hav'er-sak), n. [F. havresac, G. habersack 
sack for oats.] A bag or case, usually of cloth, for carrying 
provisions on a march ; — distinguished from knapsack. 

Ha-ver'sian (hd-vur'shdn), a. Pert, to, or discovered by, 
Clopton Havers, an English physician of the 17th century. 
Haversian canals, Anat., the small canals through which 
the blood vessels ramify in bone. 

hav'ior, hav'iour (hav'yer), n. [From OF. aveir, avoir, a 
having, prop., to have.] Behavior; demeanor. Archaic. 

hav'OC (hav'ok), n. [OF. havot plunder, crier havot to cry 
havoc] 1. In medieval warfare, the order to fall to pillage ; 

— in to cry havoc. 2. Wide and general destruction; 
waste. — v. t. & i. ; -ocked (-okt) ; -ock-ing. To devastate. 

haw (ho), n. [AS. haga.] The hawthorn or its fruit. 

haw, n. & interj. A certain hesitation of speech, or its 
sound. — v. i. To hesitate in speaking, as with a sound 
like haw; — esp., in to hum (or hem) and haw. 

haw, n. The nictitating membrane, esp. of a horse. 

haw, interj. A word of command used in guiding teams 
driven without reins, generally to direct them to turn to 
the near (or left) side. — v. i. & t. To turn (a team or 
cattle) to the near side. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111 ; old, obey, orb, odd, sott, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, vertjure (87); 



HAWAIIAN 



455 



HEAD 




Cooper'a 
Hawk. 



Ha-wai'ian (ha-wT'yan), n. A native or citizen of Hawaii ; 
esp., a member of the native race of Hawaii — a. Of or 
pertaining to Hawaii or the Hawaiians. 

haw'finch / (ho'finch'), n. The common European grosbeak 
(Coccothraustes coccothraustes). 

haw-haw' (ho-h6'), n. [Imitative.] A boisterous laugh ; 
a guffaw. — v. i. To laugh boisterously. 

hawk (hok), n. [AS. hafoc, heafoc.~\ Any of a family (Fal- 
conidae) of diurnal 
birds of prey ex- 
cepting eagles and 
vultures. It in- 
cludes the falcons, j 
buzzards, harriers, 
kites, and caraca- 
ras. Typically, any 
of a genus ( Accipi- 
ter) which includes 
the European spar- 
row hawk and the sharp-shinned and Cooper's hawks of 
America, or of a genus (Astur) which consists of the gos- 
hawks. Hawks were formerly extensively trained for use 
in hunting (falconry). Though some occasionally destroy 
poultry, they feed largely on field mice, reptiles, insects, 
etc., and are often more useful than harmful. 

— v. i. 1. To pursue birds by means of trained hawks. 2. 
To attack while on the wing ; soar and strike like a hawk. 

hawk, v. i. To clear the throat, as of phlegm, noisily. — 
v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm ; — often with up. 
— n. An audible effort to force up phlegm from the throat. 

hawk, n. Masonry. A small board, with a handle on the 
under side, to hold mortar. 

hawk, v. t. To offer for sale by outcry in the street ; ped- 
dle. — v. i. To cry, or peddle, goods about as a hawker. 

hawk'er (hok'er), n. One who hawks wares ; a peddler. 

hawk'er, n. Falconer ; one who follows the sport of hawking. 

hawk'— eyed 7 (-Id'), a. Having a keen eye; sharp-sighted. 

hawk'ing, n. Falconry ; the sport of hunting with hawks. 

hawk moth. Any of a numerous family (Sphingidae) of 
large moths, with stout body and long slender proboscis. 
They suck the juices of flowers. 
hawk's'-beard 7 (hoks'berd'), n. Any of a genus (Crepis) 
of cichoriaceous plants, with heads of yellow or orange 
flowers ; — so called from the copious bristly pappus. 
hawks'hill' tur'tle or tor'toise (hoks'biF). A sea turtle 
(Chelonia imbricata) , found in 

all tropical and subtropical seas. 

It furnishes the best tortoise 

shell of commerce. Called also, 

simply, hawksbill. 
hawk's'-eye', n. See tiger-eye. 
hawk'weed/ (h6k'wed / ), n. 1. 

Any of a genus (Hieracium\ of Hawksbill Turtle 

cichoriaceous plants, having 

heads of flowers with yellow or red rays. 2. Any of certain 

other cichoriaceous or asteraceous plants (Picris hiera- 

cioides, Senecio hier.acifolius, etc.). 
hawse (hoz ; hos), n. Naut. 1. A hawse hole ; also, that 

part of the bow where the hawse holes are. 2. The distance 

between a vessel's bow and her anchor. 3. The situation of 

the cables of a vessel when two anchors port and starboard, 

are used. 
hawse hole, or hawse'hole', n. Naut. One of the holes, 

in a ship's bow, through which a cable passes. 
haw'ser (ho'zer; -ser), n. [From F. hausser to raise, 

OF. haucier, LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high.] A large rope 

for towing or securing a ship. 
haw'ser-laid / , a. Made in the manner of a hawser. Cf. 

cable-laid, and see cordage, Illust. 
haw'thorn (ho'thorn),n. [AS. hagaporn."] Any of a genus 

(Crataegus, esp. the European C. 

oxyacantha and the American 

C. coccinea) of usually spiny ma- 

laceous shrubs and small trees, 

having shining, often lobed, 

leaves, fragrant white or pink 

flowers, and small red fruits 

called haws. Various species are 

planted for hedges, etc. 
hay (ha), n. A country dance 

with interweaving of couples. 
hay, n. [AS. heg, hig, hieg.~] 

Grass mowed or ready for mow- 
ing ;■ esp., grass cut and cured for 

fodder. — v. i. To cut and cure 

grass for hay. 
hay, n. [AS. hege.l 1. A hedge ; „ 

af 'inching fence' 06s 2? A «--gg- ^SSS °^d 

place inclosed with a hay; a Flowers; 2 Haws, (i) 

park. 3. [Perh. a different word.] * 

A net for catching wild animals, esp. rabbits, as by being 

set in their haunts. 




tfo) 




hay'cock' (ha'kok'), n. A conical pile of hay in the field. 

hay fever. A catarrhal affection of the mucous membranes 
of the eyes and respiratory tract, usually occurring hi 
spring or late summer. 

hay'loft' (-15ft'; 62), n. A loft or scaffold for hay. 

hay'mow' (-mou'), n. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a 
barn ; also, the part of a barn where hay is kept. 

hay'rack' (M'raV), n. 1. A frame mounted on the run- 
ning gear of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, 
etc. 2. A feeding rack to hold hay for cattle or horses. 

hay'rick' (-rik'), n. A pile of hay ; haystack. 

hay'seed' (-sed'), n. Grass seed, esp. that gathered from a 
haymow ; also, the bits of straw, chaff, etc., from hay, such 
as cling to the clothes. 

hay'stack' (-stak'), n. A pile, or stack, of hay. 

Hay'ti-an (ha'ti-an). Var. of Haitian. 

hay'ward (ha'word), n. [hay a hedge + ward."] An offi- 
cer appointed to look alter hedges and fences to keep 
cattle from breaking in, and to impound estrays. 

haz'ard (haz'drd), n. [F. hasard, Sp. azar an unforseen 
disaster, an unfortunate card or throw at dice.] 1. An 
old game of chance played with dice. 2. The uncertain 
result of throwing a die ; hence : chance ; accident. 3. Risk ; 
danger ; peril. 4. Anything hazarded or risked, as stakes 
in gaming. 5. Eng. Billiards. A stroke by which a ball 
is holed after contact with another ball ; — called winning 
hazard, or losing hazard, according as an object ball or 
the cue ball is pocketed. 6. Court Tennis. One of the 
winning openings in a court (in modern courts the dedans, 
grille, and winning gallery). 7. Golf. Any bunker, water 
(except casual water), sand, path, road, ditch, bush, or 
rushes. — Syn. See danger. 

— v. t. 1. To venture ; risk. 2. To run or take the risk of ; 
venture to offer (a conjecture, explanation, etc.). — Syn. 
Jeopard, peril, endanger. 

haz'ard-ous (-dr-dus), a. 1. Fortuitous. Obs.orR. 2. Ex- 
posed to hazard ; dangerous ; risky. — haz'ard-OUS-ly, 
adv. — haz'ard-ous-ness, n. 

haze (haz), n. Light vapor or smoke in the air; lack of 
transparency in the air ; hence, fig. : obscurity ; dimness. 
Syn. Haze, fog, mist. Haze suggests a lack (often 
pleasing) of transparency ; mist always suggests moisture ; 
fog is thick or dense mist. Fig., haze and mist suggest 
vagueness or indefiniteness ; fog connotes great mental con- 
fusion or obscurity. 

haze, v. t. 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, disagree- 
able, or difficult work. Chiefly Naut. 2. To plav abusive 
or ridiculous tricks on ; — used esp. of college students. 
Chiefly U. S. 

ha'zel (ha'z'l), n. [AS. hsesel.'] 1. Any of a genus (Corylus) 
of betulaceous shrubs or small trees bearing nuts, called 
hazelnuts or filberts, inclosed 
in a leafy involucre. 2. The 
wood of the hazel tree, or a 
stick of this wood. 3. A light ' 
reddish brown color. 

— a. 1. Consisting of hazels, or 
of the wood of the hazel ; pert. 
to, or derived from, the hazel ; 
as, a hazel wand. 2. Of the 
color hazel. — ha'zel-ly (-1), a. 

haz'er (haz'er), n. One who 
hazes. 

ha'zi-ly ( ha'zi-ll ), adv. In a 
hazy manner. 

ha'zi-ness, n. Quality of being 
hazy ; mistiness ; uncertainty. 

haz'ing (haz'Ing), vb. n. 1. A 
beating. 2. Infliction of un- 
necessary or excessive work, 
esp. on sailors. 3. Harassment 
by abusive or ridiculous treatment, as of freshmen at some 
schools and colleges. Chiefly U. S. 

ha'zy (ha'zi), a. ; -zi-er (-zi-er) ; -zi-est. 1. Characterized 
by haze ; formerly, foggy or misty. 2. Obscure in thought 
or sense ; vague. 

he (he), pron.; nom. he ; poss. his (hiz) ; obj. htm (him) ; 
pi. nom. they (tha) ; poss. their (tear) or theirs (tharz) ; 
obj. them (them). [AS. he, masc, heo, fem., hit, neut. ; pi. 
hi or Ale.] 1. The man or male being previously desig- 
nated. 2. Any one ; the man or person ; as, he who wins 
will receive a prize. 3. Man ; any male person ; — in this 
sense used substantively. 

f^TJsed in composition or attributively, he denotes a 
male ; as, a Ae-goat. 

head (htd ), n. [AS. hSafod. ] 1. The upper part of the 
human body containing the brain, mouth, etc. ; also, the 
corresponding anterior division of the body of animals. 
2. The hair as a head covering, esp. when dressed. 3. The 
seat of the intellect ; the understanding ; as, he has a good 
head; hence, a person; as, wise heads. 4. Director; 
leader ; chief. 5. Chief position ; front. 6. An individual ; 




Hazel (Corylus amerlcana). 
1 Twig with Leaves and 
Nuts ; 2 Ament. (\) 



\ 

i 






j 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 






-HEAD 



456 



HEALTHY 



— often used as a plural ; as, a thousand head of cattle. 
7. a The top part of a plant, esp. when compact, b Bot. = 
CAPiTUXUM, 2. 8. Some part suggestive of an animal's 
head ; as, the head of a cane. 9. A heading ; a separate 
part, or topic ; as, the heads of a sermon. 10. Source, as 
of a stream ; hence, altitude of the source, or height of the 
surface, as of water, above a given place ; as, a 20-foot head 
of water. 11. The end of anything regarded as the upper 
end, through being higher on a slope, being associated with 
the head of a person, being opposite to the end called the 
foot, or the like ; as, the head of a bed ; the head of a 
valley ; hence, either end when there is no reason to dis- 
tinguish them ; as, the heads of a bridge or a hall. 12. The 
foremost, or front, part ; as, the head, or outer end, of a 
pier, or of a fortification ; specif. : a Mil. The leading ele- 
ment of a column, b Naut. The fore end of a ship, i. e., 
the bows and adjacent parts, c A headland, as a promon- 
tory, or a protecting sand bar. 13. Culminating point or 
crisis; hence : strength ; force; as, the many revolts gath- 
ered to a head. 14. The foam or scum on a fermenting or 
effervescing liquor. 15. The part of a boil, pimple, abscess, 
or the like, at which it is likely to break. 16. Mach. A 
more or less adjustable, or automatic, part or attachment 
of a machine or machine tool, containing the cutter or cut- 
ters ; as, the turret head of a lathe. — Syn. See chief. 
by, or down by, the head, Naut., having the bows lower 
in the water than the stern ; — said of a vessel. If the 
stern is lower than the bows she is by the stern. — h. or tail. 
a This side or that side ; — a phrase, often in pi., used in 
throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, head 
being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal 
figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, 
that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. 
b Beginning or end ; one thing or another ; something 
definite ; as, I could not make head or tail of what he was 
saying. — out of one's h., wandering mentally; delir- 
ious. Colloq. — over one's h. a Beyond one's compre- 
hension, b Ignoring, or passing over, one with a higher 
position ; — said of promotions, as of juniors oyer seniors in 
a service, or of the exercise of official authority. 

i— a. 1. Principal ; chief ; leading. 2. Situated at the head. 
3. Coming from in front ; as, a head sea. 

.— v. t. 1. To behead. 06s. or R. 2. To lop off the top 
branches of ; poll. 3. To fit or furnish with a head ; form 
the head of. 4. To put something at the head of ; begin ; 
lead. 5. To be or put one's self at the head of ; act as leader 
to. 6. To get in front of ; hence : to check ; restrain ; — 
often used with off ; as, I headed him off. 7. To shape the 
course of ; as, to head one's boat for shore. 8. To go round 
the head or source of (a stream or other body of water). — 
v. i. 1. To form a head. 2. To go or have direction ; tend. 
3. To originate ; have its source, as a river. 

-head (-hed). A suffix denoting state, character. = -hood. 
Now Rare. 

head'ache' (hed'ak'), n. Pain in the head. 

head'band' (-band'), n. 1. Ccctume. A band for the head ; 
a fillet. 2. Books, a A decorative printed or engraved 
band at the head of a page or chapter. Chiefly U. S. b A 
decorative sewed band attached to the head and tail of the 
inner back of a bound book. 

head'board' (-bord'; 57), n. A board or boarding which 
marks or forms the head of anything, as of a bed. 

head'bor'ough (-bur'o), n. [See borrow, v. & n.] l.The 
chief of a frankpledge or tithing. 2. In England, a parish 
officer corresponding to a petty constable ; hence, a similar 
official in other countries. 

head'cheese' (hed'chez'), n. Portions of the head, or the 
head and feet, of swine, cut up fine, seasoned, boiled, and 
pressed into a cheeselike mass ; brawn. Chiefly U. S. 

head'dress' (-dres'), n. A covering or ornament for the 
head ; also, a manner of dressing or adorning the hair. 

head'ed (hed'ed; 24), a. 1. Furnished with a head; 
having (such) a head ; — often in composition ; as, white- 
headed. 2. Formed into a head ; matured. 

head'er (-er), n. 1. One who heads a movement, party, 
or the like. 2. A fall or plunge 
headforemost. 3. One who, 
or that which, heads nails, riv- 
ets, etc. 4. a A brick laid so 
that its shorter face, or head, 
shows in the surface, b In 
framing, a timber fitted be- 
tween two long timbers (trim- 
mers), to carry the ends of the 
short pieces (tailpieces). 

headfirst' (-f first'), head'forelnost (-for'most; 57), adv. 
With the head foremost ; headlong. 

head gate, a An upper canal-lock gate, b A gate by which 
water is admitted to a race, sluice, or the like. 

head'gear' (-ger'), n. Headdress; specif., harness for a 
horse's head. 

head'— hunt'er, n. A member of a head-hunting tribe. 

head'-hunt'ing, n. The custom, characteristic esp. of 




Timbers with Header, a a 
Trimmers ; b Header : 
c c c Tailpieces or Tail 
Beams. 



heathen Malayan peoples, of decapitating enemies and 
preserving their heads as trophies. — head'-hunt'ing, a. 

head'i-Iy (-i-ll), adv. In a heady manner ; headlong. 

head'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being heady. 

head'ing, n. 1. Act or state of one that heads ; formation of 
ahead. 2. That which serves as a head ; title. 3. A horizon- 
tal passage, or drift, in a mine ; also, the end of a drift. 

head'land (-land), n. 1. A cape or promontory. 2. Un- 
plowed land at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. 

head'less, a. [AS. heafodleas.'] 1. Having no head; 
also, beheaded. 2. Destitute of a chief or leader. 3. Desti- 
tute of brains or prudence ; foolish. 

head'light' (hed'Hf), n. A light at the head or in front. 

head'line' (-lln'), n. Print. The line at the head, or 
top, of a page, used for the running title, pagination, etc. ; 
also, a title line over an article, as in a newspaper. 

head'long (-long; 62), adv. [ME. hedling.'] 1. Head- 
foremost. 2. Rashly. 3. Hastily. — a. 1. Rash ; precipi- 
tate. 2. Plunging headforemost. 3. Precipitous. Poetic. 

head'man (hed'man), n. [AS. heafodmanJ] 1. A chief. 
2. An executioner ; headsman. 

head money. 1. A capitation tax. 2. Prize money for a 
person captured or for the head of an outlaw or enemy. 

head'most (-most), a. Most advanced ; foremost. 

head'piece' (-pes'), n. 1. A covering or fitting for the 
head, as a helmet, hat, etc. 2. The head ; the under- 
standing. 3. An engraved ornament at the head of a 
chapter or page. 

head'quar'ters (-kw6r'terz), n. pi.; sometimes used as a 
sing. Quarters or residence of a chief officer ; place from 
which orders are issued ; center of authority or order. 

head'race' (-ras'), n. A race or flume for conveying water to 
a water wheel, an engine, or the like. 

head'ship, n. Chief authority ; primacy ; chief place. 

heads'man (hedz'man), n. An executioner who beheads. 

head'spring' (hed'sprTng'), n. Fountain ; source. 

head'stall' (-stol'), n. That part of a bridle or halter which 
encompasses the head. 

head'stock' (-stok 7 ), n. Mach. A bearing or pedestal for a 
revolving or moving part ; specif., the part of a lathe that 
holds the revolving spindle and its attachments. 

head'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. The principal stone in a foun- 
dation ; corner stone. 2. The stone at the head of a grave. 

head'strong (-strong; 62), a. 1. Not easily restrained; 
stubborn. 2. Directed by ungovernable will or proceeding 
from obstinacy. — Syn. Violent, unruly, heady, intrac- 
table. See wayward. — head'strong-ness, n. 

head'tire' (-tlr'), n. Headdress. Archaic. 

head voice. The head-register voice. See register, n., 7. 

head'wa'ter (hed'wo'ter), n. The source and upper part 
of a stream ; — chiefly in the pi. 

head'way' (-wa'), n. 1. Motion forward, as of a ship; 
advance. 2. Clear space under an arch, girder, etc. 3. The 
interval between two cars or trains traveling in the same 
direction on the same route. 

head'work' (-wfirk') , n. Mental labor. — head'work'er, n. 

head'y (hed'i), a.; head'i-er (-i-er) ; head'i-est. [From 
head.] 1. Willful ; rash. 2. Apt to affect the head ; intoxi- 
cating. 3. Violent ; impetuous. 

heal (hel), n. [AS. hselu, hxl, fr. hal. See whole.] Health ; 
cure ; well-being ; welfare. Obs. 

heal (hel), v. t. [AS. hselan, fr. hal hale, sound, whole.] 

1. To make hale, sound, or whole ; restore to health ; 
cure. 2. To cure or restore to a sound or healthy condition 
(a disease, ailment, or wound) ; to remedy or amend ; 
repair ; as, time will heal his grief. 3. To restore to original 
purity or integrity ; free from guilt. — Syn. See cure. 

— v. i. 1. To grow sound ; return to a sound state ; as, the 
wound heals ; — sometimes used with up or over. 2. To 
effect a cure. 

heal'-all' (-61'), n. 1. A universal remedy; a panacea. 2. 
Self-heal. [heddle. 

heald (held), n. [AS. hefeldJ] Weaving. A harness or| 

heal'er (hel'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, heals. 

2. A Christian Science practitioner; — not so called by 
the Christian Scientists themselves. 

heal'ing-ly, adv. In a healing manner. 

health ( helth ), n. [AS. hxlp, fr. hal hale.] 1. State of 
being hale or sound in body, mind, or soul ; esp., freedom 
from physical disease or pain. 2. A wish of health and 
happiness. 

health'ful (-fool), a. 1. Promotive of health ; wholesome ; 
salutary. 2. Full of health ; well ; sound ; healthy. — Syn. 
See healthy. — health'ful-ly, adv. — fulness, n. 

health'i-ly (-I-1T), a. In a healthy manner. 

health'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being healthy. 

health'y (hel'thf), o.; health'i-er (-thi-er); -i-est. 1. 
Enjoying health ; free from disease. 2. Evincing health ; as, 
a healthy complexion. 3. Conducive to health; whole- 
some ; as, a healthy climate. 

Syn. Invigorating, bracing ; nutritious, nourishing ; health- 
ful, salubrious, wholesome, beneficial, salutary. — Healthy, 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end. recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HEAP 



457 



HEAT 



healthful, salubrious, wholesome, salutary- Healthy 
and healthful are interchangeable within certain limits. 
But healthy oftener applies to that which is in a state of 
health or vigor ; as, a healthy (not healthful) man ; healthful 
(not healthy) food ; a healthful (or healthy) climate. Salu- 
brious is a bookish synonym for healthful. Wholesome 
applies to that which is good for one physically or morally ; 
that is salutary (the more abstract term) which promotes 
esp. moral welfare. 

heap (hep), n. [AS. hiap troop, multitude.] 1. A pile ; 
mass. 2. a A crowd ; throng ; multitude, b A great 
number or quantity. Both Now Chiefly Colloq. — v. t. 1. 
To throw or lay in a heap ; pile ; amass ; lay up ; — usually 
used with up; as, to heap up treasures. 2. To bestow 
large quantities of; used with on or upon; as, to heap 
blessings upon ( or on ) one. 3. To fill more than even full. 

hear (her), v. t.; heard (hurd); hear'ing. [AS. hieran, 
hyran, heran.'} 1. To perceive by the ear. 2. To gain 
, knowledge or appreciation of by hearing ; as, to hear the 
news. 3. To listen to ; heed. 4. To examine or judge in 
hearing ; to try judicially ; as, to hear a recitation, a case, 
etc. 5. To accede to the demand or wishes of. 6. To 
attend, or be present at, as a hearer or worshiper. 
Syn. Hear, hearken, listen. Hear does not necessarily 
imply attention or application, as hearken (now poetical) 
and listen always do. 

— v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound. 

2. To attend ; listen. 3. To receive information ; as, to 
hear of an accident ; hear from a friend. 

heard (hurd), pret. & p. p. of hear. 
hear'er, n. One who hears ; auditor, 
hear'ing, n. 1. Act or power of perceiving sound ; the 

sense by which sound is perceived ; audition. 2. Attention ; 

audience ; as, to get a hearing. 3. A listening to evidence 

for adjudication. 4. Earshot. 5. A thing heard ; report. 

Now Dial. Eng. or Scot. 
heark'en, hark'en (har'k'n), y. i. [AS. hercnian, heorc- 

nian.2 1. To listen ; esp., to give heed. 2. To inquire. 06s. 

3. To wait. 06s. — Syn. See hear. — v. t. Archaic. 
1. To hear by listening. 2. To heed ; hear attentively. 

hear'say' (her'sa'), n. 1. Report; rumor; common talk ; 
something heard from another. 2. Law. Hearsay evidence 
or testimony. Colloq. 

hearsay evidence. Law. Primarily, testimony by one 
person of matters told him by another ; in a wider sense, 
such evidence as does not derive its value solely from the 
credit given to the witness himself as such, but rests in 
part on the veracity and competency of some other person, 
or, as sometimes used, of the witness at another time. It is, 
with a few exceptions, inadmissible as testimony. 

hearse (hfirs), n. [OF. herce harrow, hearse (sense 1), fr. L. 
(h)irpex, harrow.] 1. A harrowlike triangular frame bear- 
ing candles, used at Tenebrae in Holy Week ; hence, a tem- 
porary framework bearing wax lights and set up in a 
church, under which the coffin was placed during the 
funeral ceremonies ; also, a framework of wood or metal 
placed over the coffin, bier, or tomb of a deceased person, 
and covered with a pall ; later, a temple-shaped or archlike 
structure decorated: with heraldic devices, banners, etc., 
and set up, often in the streets, for noble or royal funerals. 
Obs. or Hist. 2. A grave, coffin, or tomb. Archaic. 3. 
Formerly, a bier, now, a kind of wagon, for conveying the 
dead to the grave. [shroud as with a hearse. I 

— v. t. 1. To place on or in a hearse ; bury ; entomb. 2. To| 
heart (hart), n. [AS. heorte.~\ 1. Anat. & Zool. A hollow 

muscular organ which, by contracting rhythmi- *- -v-v 
cally, keeps up the circulation of the blood. See ( j 

lung, Illust. 2. The heart as the seat of life or V J 

strength ; hence : mind ; soul ; spirit. 3. Hence : \. S 
a The emotional nature, b Courage ; spirit ; ^"^ 

ardor, c The understanding, d Purpose ; desire. Heart, 11. 
Obs., exc. in : after one's own heart, that is, in accord- 
ance with one's desires, e Conscience ; moral sensibility. 
f Temperament ; mood. 4. A term of endearment. Cf. 
sweetheart. 5. A man ; person ; — usually with an 
epithet of commendation, sometimes in address ; as, they 
were stout hearts and true. - 6. Bosom ; breast. 7. The 
inmost or essential part, esp. as the source of life or motion. 
8. Specif. : The solid central part or core of a tree ; also, 
the pith of wood, the core of an apple, or the like. 9. Vital 
part ; secret meaning. 10. Vigorous and efficient activity ; 

Eower of fertile production. 11. Something resembling a 
eart in shape ; esp., a conventionalized representation of a 
heart. See Illust. 12. Cards, a One of a suit of playing 
cards distinguished by the conventionalized figure of the 
heart in red. b In pi. This suit. C [In form hearts, but 
construed as sing.] Card Playing. A game, somewhat 
like whist, in which the object is to avoid taking tricks 
containing hearts. 

at heart, in one's inmost character ; at bottom ; as, he is 
at heart a good man. — from one's h., from one's inmost 
soul ; sincerely. — with all one's h., very earnestly or 
sincerely. 



— v. t. 1. To encourage. 06s. or R. 2. To fix in the 

heart ; take to heart. 

heart'ache' (hart'ak'), n. Sorrow ; anguish of mind. 

heart'beat' (-bet'), n. A pulsation of the heart ; hence, a 
throb of feeling ; an emotion. 

heart-break' (-brak'), n. Crushing sorrow or grief. 

heart'break'ing, a. Causing overpowering sorrow, grief, or 
despair ; crushing. 

heart'bro'ken, a. Broken-hearted. 

heart'burn' (-burn'), n. 1. Burning sensation in the 
stomach, often with inclination to vomit ; cardialgia. 
2. Discontent or enmity ; envy ; jealousy. 

heart'burn'ing, n. Discontent ; secret enmity. 

heart Cherry. One of a race of heart-shaped sweet cherries 
derived from the wild gean (Prunus avium). 

heart'ed, a. 1. Having a specified kind of heart ; — 
chiefly in combination ; as, warm-hearted; faint-hearted. 
2. Seated, or laid up, in the heart. 

heart'en (har't'n), v. t. To give heart to; encourage. — 
heart'en-er, n. 

heart'felt' (hart'felf), a. Profoundly felt ; sincere. 

heart'— free', a. Having the affections disengaged. 

hearth (harth), n. [AS. heord.~\ 1. The pavement or 
floor, as of brick, stone, or metal, on which a fire is made, 
usually in a chimney ; the floor of a fireplace ; also, a corre- 
sponding part of a stove. 2. The fireside ; the house or home 
itself. 3. Metal, a The crucible, or lowest section, of a 
blast furnace, where the molten metal and slag are collected. 
b The bottom of a finery, reverberatory, or open-hearth 
furnace, on which ore or metal is exposed to the flame, c A 
bloomery. d The inside bottom of a cupola. 

hearth money, a Hearthpenny. b A tax levied in England 
from 1662 to 1689, each hearth (in all houses paying the 
church and poor rates) being taxed at two shillings ; — 
called also chimney money, hearth tax, etc. 

hearth'pen'ny (-pen'I), n. Peter penny. 06s. or Hist. 

hearth'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. The stone forming the hearth ; 
hence : fireside ; home. 2. A soft stone, or composition of 
powdered stone and pipe clay, used to whiten or scour 
hearths, doorsteps, etc. 

heart'i-ly (har'tT-11), adv. 1. From the heart ; sincerely. 2. 
With zest or zeal ; warmly. 3. Abundantly ; completely. 

heart'i-ness (-nes), n. Quality of being hearty. 

heart'less, a. Without heart or a heart ; specif. : a Spirit- 
less ; despondent, b Unsympathetic ; cruel. — heartless- 
ly, adv. — heart'less-ness, n. 

heart' quake' (hart'kwak'), n. Trepidation ; fear ; also, sud- 
den tremor, as of delight. 

heart'-rend'ing (-rtn'ding ; 109), a. Causing intense grief. 

hearts'ease' (harts'ez'), n. Also heart's'-ease'. 1. Peace 
of mind or feeling. 2. Any of several plants ; esp., the pansy. 

heart'sick' (hart'sYk'), a. Sick at heart; very despondent. 

heart'some (hart'sftm), a. Chiefly Scot. Animating ; giv- 
ing heart or cheer ; also, merry ; lively. 

heart'sore' (hart'sor' ; 57), a. Grieved ; indicative of grief. 

heart'strick'en (hart'stnk''n), a. Struck to the heart with 
grief, dismay, or the like. 

heart'string' (-string'), n. A nerve or tendon once supposed 
to brace the heart ; hence, usually in pi., deepest emotions 
or affections. 

heart'Struck' (-struk'), a. Heartstricken. 

heart'— whole', a. 1. Having the heart or affections free j 
not in love. 2. Whole-hearted ; sincere ; genuine. 

heart'wood' (hart'wood'), n. The hard central part of the 
trunk of a dicotyledonous tree. See duramen. 

heart'y (har'ti), a. ; heart'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Pert, to, 
or proceeding from, the heart ; warm ; cordial ; also, active ; 
eager. 2. Exhibiting strength ; sound ; firm ; as, a hearty 
man, appetite, etc. 3. Promoting strength ; nourishing ; 
abundant ; as, a hearty meal. — Syn. Sincere, real ; cor- 
dial, earnest, warm, zealous, ardent; vigorous. See cor- 
dial. 

— n. ; pi. hearties (-tiz). Comrade ; good fellow ; — used 
esp. in addressing sailors ; hence, a sailor. Archaic. 

heat (het), n. [AS. hsetu, hseto, fr. hat hot.] 1. A form of 
energy variously manifested to sense, as esp. in the effects 
of fire, the sun's rays, or friction. The theoretical lower 
limit of temperature is the absolute zero (which see). There 
is no theoretical upper limit, but the highest artificially 
obtained temperature is that of the electric arc (about 
3600° C. = 6512°F.). 2. High temperature ; also, a period 
of heat ; a hot place. 3. Physiol, a The sensation of 
warmth caused by the stimulation of special sensory end 
organs, b Old Physiol. One of the fundamental qualities of 
bodies, elements, or humors ; — opposed to cold. 06s. or 
R. 4. Appearance, condition, or color as indicating tem- 
perature ; redness ; flush ; degree to which a thing is heated. 

5. Intensity of feeling ; as : a Rage ; vehemence, b Agita- 
tion ; exasperation. C Animation, as in discourse ; fervency. 

6. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in 
a furnace ; also, the quantity so heated. 7. A single effort ; 
specif., Sports, a single course in a race or other contest. 8. 




K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 



HEATER 



458 



HEBREW 



The height or stress of an action. 9. Sexual excitement, 
esp. in the female. 

— v. t . & i. To make or grow hot ; hence : to excite ; inflame. 

heat'er (heVer), n. One who, or that which, heats ; a con- 
trivance or implement to impart heat or hold a thing to be 
heated ; as, esp., a stove, furnace, steam radiator, etc. 

heath _(heth), n. [AS. hsecSJ] 1. A tract of waste land; 
esp., in Great Britain, an open, level area with a charac- 
teristic vegetation of heath or heather. 2. a Any of a large 
genus {Erica) of low evergreen shrubs having whorls of 
needlelike leaves and clusters of small white, pink, or 
yellow flowers ; often, any plant of the family (Ericaceae) 
typified by this genus, b The common heather, or ling 
(Calluna vulgaris). C Any of several heathlike but not 
ericaceous plants ; — used with a characterizing word ; as, 
sea heath (Frankenia Isevis). d Bib. A kind of desert 
plant, variously identified. 

heath'ber-ry (heth'ber-i), n. Any berry growing on a 
heath ; esp., the crowberry or bilberry. 

heath bird. A large grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) common on 
British heaths ; the black grouse. The male is the heath 
cock or blackcock ; the female, the heath hen, or gray hen. 

heath COCk. The blackcock. 

hea'then (he'th'n), n.; pi. -thens (-th'nz) or, collectively, 
-then. [AS. haeSen, supposed to have meant orig. one 
who lives in the country or on the heaths and in the woods.] 

1. An unconverted individual of a people that does not 
acknowledge the God of the Bible ; a pagan ; specif. , in the 
Bible, an idolater ; a Gentile. 2. An unenlightened or irreli- 
gious person. — Syn. See pagan. 

— a. 1. Gentile ; pagan ; hence : unenlightened ; irreligious. 

2. Pertaining to the heathen, their religions, customs, etc. 
hea'then-dom (-dum), n. 1. Region where heathenism 

prevails ; also, heathens collectively. 2. Heathenism. 

hea'then-esse' (-eV), n. [AS. haeSennes, i. e., heathen- 
ness.] Heathendom. Archaic. 

hea'then-ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the heathen. 2. Of 
heathen race or belief ; heathen. Obs. — hea'then-ish-ly, 
adv. — hea'then-ish-ness, n. 

hea'then-ism (-Tz'm), ?i. The rites of heathens; idolatry; 
paganism ; also, heathenlike manners or morals ; barbarism. 

hea'then-ize (-iz), v. t. & i. To render or become heathen or 
ieathenish ; practice heathenism. 

hea'then-ry (-ri), n. Heathenism; heathendom. 

heath'er (heth'er), n. [Of uncertain origin.] A species of 
heath {Calluna vulgaris) ; ling. It differs from other 
heaths chiefly in being astringent, being used by both fullers 
and dyers. Scot.^ but now in general use. Also, any of 
several other British heaths (genus Erica). Cf. heath, 2. 

heath'er-y (-T), a. Abounding in, or covered with, heather ; 
like heather. 

heath, or heather, grass. A European perennial grass 
(Sieglingia decumbens) growing com- 
monly on heaths and moors. 

heath hen. a The female of the black 
grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). b A grouse 
(Tympanuchus cupido) closely related, 
to the prairie chicken. 

heath'y (heth'T), a. Of, pert, to, or 
resembling, heath ; abounding with 
heath ; as, heathy land. 

heat lightning. More or less vivid and 
extensive flashes of electrical light, 
without thunder, seen near the hori- 
zon, esp. at the close of a hot day. It 
is ascribed to far-off lightning flashes, 
reflected from the higher strata of 
clouds. 

heaume (horn), n. [F.] Armor. A 
great helmet, chiefly of the 13th cen- 
tury, worn over a hood of mail or close- Heather (Calluna 
fitting steel cap and frequently resting vulgaris). Re- 
upon the shoulders. See helmet, Illust. duced. 

heave (hev), v. t.; pret. & p. p. heaved (hevd), hove 
(hov) ; p. pr. & vb. n. heav'ing. [AS. hebban (pret. hof, 
p. p. hafen)."] 1. To lift ; raise, usually with exertion. 2.To 
cause to swell or rise, as the breast. 3. To force from the 
breast ; utter with effort, as a sigh or groan. 4. To throw ; 
cast. Chiefly Naut. or Colloq. 5. Naut. To draw or pull ; 
haul on. — v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised ; rise. 2. To 
rise and fall alternately. 3. To labor ; struggle. 4. a To 
pant, b To retch. 5. Naut. To haul, pull, or push ; cause a 
vessel to move in a specified direction or manner ; of the 
vessel, to move. 

to heave in sight, to seem to rise above the horizon and 
come in sight, as a ship or other object at sea. Naut. or 
Colloq. — to h. to, to stop a vessel by bringing her head 
into the wind, with a sail or sails aback ; cause a vessel to 
lie to ; — said also of the vessel ; as, the ship hove to. 

— n. 1. An effort to raise something. 2. An upward 
motion ; a rising, esp. rhythmically. 3. [In form heaves 
construed as sing.'] Veter. A disease, esp. of horses, 
marked by permanent distention of the air vesicles, heav- 




ing of the flanks, and a persistent cough ; broken wind. 4. 
Mining. The horizontal component of the displacement of 
a vein or body of rock, caused by a fault. See fault, Illust. 

heav'en (heV'n), n. [AS. heofon."] 1. The expanse of space 
around the earth, esp. that seeming to dome over the earth ; 
firmament ; sky ; — chiefly in pi. 2. The dwelling place of 
the Deity ; place or state of the blessed dead. 3. [cap.] 
The sovereign of heaven ; God ; also, heavenly beings. 4. 
Any place of supreme happiness ; also, felicity ; bliss. 5, 
The sky as clear or cloudy ; hence, the climate of a particu- 
lar region ; as, flowers of all heavens. 

heav'en-ly, a. 1. Of or pert, to heaven or the heavens; 
celestial. 2. Appropriate to heaven ; divine. — Syn. See 
celestial. — heav'en-ly, adv. — heav'en-li-ness, n. 

heav'en-ward (heV'n-werd), a. & adv. Toward heaven. — 
heav'en-wards, adv. 

heave offering. Jew. Antiq. In a peace offering, the 
portion of the animal lifted up by the officiating priest. 

heav'er (hev'er), n. One who, or that which, heaves. 

heaves (hevz), n. A disease. See heave, n., 3. 

heav'i-ly (hev'i-li), adv. In a heavy, slow, difficult, or 
suffering manner. 

heav'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being heavy. 

heav'y (hev'T), a. ; heav'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [AS. hefig, fr. 
hefe weight, hebban to lift, heave.] 1. Lifted with labor ; 
weighty ; ponderous ; hence, of high specific gravity. 2. 
Burdensome ; oppressive ; hard ; as, heavy expenses ; a 
heavy hand. 3. Of weighty import ; serious ; grave ; as, 
heavy news. 4. Profound ; intense ; as, a heavy' silence. 5. 
Burdened ; bowed down, as with care ; also, doleful. 6. 
Great with young ; gravid. 7. Slow or dull ; sluggish ; stu- 
pid ; drowsy ; as, a heavy writer or book. 8. Of more than 
the usual amount or quantity ; as, a heavy rain. 9. a Vio- 
lent ; as, a heavy storm, b Gloomy ; overcast ; as, a heavy 
sky. c Cloggy ; as, a heavy road, d Grave ; loud ; deep ; as, 
a heavy sound, e Thick ; massive ; as, heavy features, f 
Oppressive ; as, a heavy odor, g Steep ; as, a heavy grade. 
10. Of foods, etc. : a Not easily digested, b Of wines, etc> 
strong. C Not raised or made light ; as, heavy bread. 11. 
Of or pert, to goods, animals, etc., above a certain usual 
weight ; as, heavy freight. 12. Mil. Having, or character- 
ized by, heavy arms or equipment; as, heavy marching 
order. 13. Theat. Pertaining, or assigned, to parts or 
scenes of a grave or somber nature ; as, the heavy villain. 
Syn. Heavy, weighty, burdensome, onerous. Heavy, 
in its fig. senses, connotes oppressiveness, often dullness or 
stupidity ; weighty, that which is momentous or impor- 
tant ; as, heavy sorrow, a heavy wit ; weighty remarks, opin- 
ions. Burdensome and onerous imply oppressiveness, as 
of something heavy to bear ; burdensome suggesting more 
definitely an actual burden, onerous often implying little 
more than what is troublesome, irksome, or annoying. 
heavy artillery. Mil. a Guns that are not ordinarily used 
in field operations, esp. siege and seacoast guns, b Troops 
that serve heavy guns. — h. earth, baryta or barium 
oxide. — h. marching order, Mil., equipment for 
continuous field service, including shelter tents, blankets, 
provisions, etc. — h. spar, barite. 

— adv. [AS. hefige.] Heavily. 

heav'y— heart'ed, a. Despondent ; sad. 

heav'y— weight' (hev'T-wat'), n. One of more than average 
weight ; specif., a wrestler or boxer of the heaviest class. 

heb'do-mad (heb'do-mad), n. [From L. hebdomas, -adis, 
Gr. £(38ouas the number seven, seven days, fr. eirra seven.] 
1. The number seven ; seven. 2. A week ; a period of seven 
days. 

heb-dom'a-dal (heb-dom'd-dal), a. [L. hebdomadalis.~\ 
Occurring, appearing, or meeting at weekly intervals. 

heb-dom'a-da-ry (-da-rf), n. [LL. hebdomadarius.] R. 
C. Ch. A member of a chapter or convent whose week it 
is to preside at the sacred offices. — a. = hebdomadal. 

He'be (he'be), n. [L., fr. Gr. W v youth, "H/St? Hebe.] Gr. 
Myth. The goddess of youth, daughter of Zeus and Hera, 
and cupbearer of the gods before Ganymede. 

heb'e-tate (heb'e-tat), v. t. [L. hebetatus, p. p. of hebetare 
to dull, hebes, hebetis, dull, stupid.] To dull ; blunt in 
sensitivity or mental keenness. — heb'e-ta'tion, n. 

heb'e-tude (-tud), n. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness ; stupidity. 

He-bra'ic (he-bra'ik), a. [L. Hebraicus, Gr. 'E/Spai'K6s.] 
Pert, to the Hebrews or to Hebrew. 

He'bra-ism (he'bra-Tz'm), n. 1. A Hebrew idiom or cus- 
tom. 2. Hebrew institutions or character. 

He'bra-ist, n. 1. One versed in the Hebrew language and 
learning. 2. One having the qualities of Hebraism ; also, 
an adherent of Judaism. 3. Among the ancient Jews, one 
of those, as the Jews of Palestine, who retained Hebrew as 
their native tongue ; — opposed to Hellenist. 

He'bra-is'tic (he'bra-Ts'tik),-is'ti-cal (-t?-kal), a. Hebraic; 
marked by Hebraism or characteristic of Hebraists. 

He'bra-ize (he'bra-iz), v. t. & i. [Gr. iPpai£eiv to speak 
Hebrew.] To make or become Hebrew or Hebraic ; to 
speak Hebrew or use a Hebraism. 

He'brew (he'broo), n. [F. Hebreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circ us, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



HECATE 



459 



HEIGHT 



"EjSpaios, Heb. [ibhriJ] 1. A member of one of a group of 
northern Semitic tribes including the Israelites ; usually, 
specif., an Israelite. Cf. Jew. 2. The most ancient lan- 
guage of the Hebrews. 3. In pi. The New Testament 
Epistle to the Hebrews. 

— a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews or Hebrew. 
Hebrew calendar. = Jewish calendar. 

Hec'a-te, Hek'a-te (hek'd-te, formerly often hek'at), to. 
[L., fr. Gr. 'ExdrTj.] Class. Relig. A goddess of the moon, 
earth, and underworld ; later, the dark goddess of magic. 
Hecate was merged more or less with Selene and Artemis. 

hec'a-tomb (hek'd-tom; -toom), to. [From L., fr. Gr. ina- 
rbix^rj; eKarbv hundred + /3o0s ox.] Antiq. A sacrifice of a 
hundred oxen or cattle at one time ; hence, a great slaughter. 

heck'le (heV'l), v. t.; -led (-'Id); -ling. [ME. hekelen, 
hechelen. See hatchel.] 1. = hackle. 2. To badger 
with questions or gibes. — to. = hackle. — lieck'ler, to. 

hec'tare (hek'tar ; F. ek'tar'), to. See hecto-. 

hec'tic (hek'tlk), a. [F. heclique, Gr. iKTiicds habitual, 
consumptive.] 1. Habitual ; constitutional ; pertaining 
esp. to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption. 
2. In a hectic condition ; having hectic fever ; consumptive. 
hectic fever, Med., a type of fever occurring usually at an 
advanced stage of exhausting disease, as pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. — h. flush, Med., the peculiar flush of the 
countenance occurring in hectic fever. 

— to. 1. Hectic fever ; also, a consumptive. 2. A hectic flush. 
hec'tO-, hect- (hek'to-). A combining form fr. Gr. luarov, 

hundred; as in : hec'tare (abbr., ha.), 100 ares; hec'to- 
gram, -gramme (abbr., hg.), 100 grams; hec'to-Ii'ter, 
-li'tre (abbr., hi.), 100 liters or 26.417 U. S. gallons ; hec'- 
to-me'ter, -me'tre (abbr., hm.), lOOmeters ; hec'to-stere 
(abbr., bs. or hst.), 100 steres. 

nec'io-cof'y-lus ( -kot'i-l&s ), to.,- pi. -yli (-11). [NL. ; 
hecto- + Gr. kotOXtj a hollow vessel.] Zo'dl. One of the 
arms of the male of most cephalopods, which is modified in 
various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. 

hec'to-gram, -gramme, (hek'to-gram), n. See hecto-. 

hec'to-graph (-graf), n. A manifolding device using a slab 
of gelatin to print from. 

hec'to-li'ter, -li'tre (-le'ter), to. See hecto-. 

hec'to-me'ter, -me'tre (-me'ter) , n. See hecto-. 

Hec'tor (hek'ter), to. [L., fr. Gr. "E/n-cop, prop., holding 
fast.] 1. In Homer's "Iliad, " a son of Priam, husband of 
Andromache, and bravest of the Trojans. Fie slew Patro- 
clus, and was slain by Achilles. 2. \l. c] One who 
hectors ; a bully ; blusterer. 

— v. t. & i. [I. c] To bully ; bluster. 
hec'to-stere (-to-ster), n. See hecto-. 

Hec'u-ba (hek'u-bd), to. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ek^t?.] In Homer's 
"Iliad," the wife of Priam. 

hed'dle (hed^l), to. One of the sets of cords or wires com- 
posing the harness guiding the warp threads in a loom. 

hedge (hej), n. [AS. hecg.~\ 1. A thicket, esp. when planted 
as a fence or boundary. 2. A barrier ; a limit. 

— v. t.; hedged (hejd) ; hedg'ing (hej'ing). 1. To inclose 
or separate with a hedge. 2. To obstruct ; hinder. 3. To 
guard ; protect ; hem (in). 4. To surround so as to prevent 
escape. — v.i. 1. To shelter one's self ; skulk ; slink. 2. To 
arrange a way of escape or retreat ; specif. : a Betting ■. To 
reduce the risk by betting against the side one has previous- 
ly bet on. b Stocks, etc. To lessen one's holdings or obliga- 
tions so as to minimize loss. C To avoid committing one's 
self definitely. 

hedge garlic. A kind of wild mustard (Alliaria alliaria) 

with a strong garliclike odor. 
hedgeliog' (hej'hog'), to. 1. Any of a genus (Erinaceus) 

of Old World insectivorous 

mammals, having hair 

mixed with spines which 

they present outwardly by 

rolling themselves up. 2. 

In America, popularly, the 

porcupine. 
hedge hyssop, a Any of a 

genus (Gratiola) of scroph- 

ulariaceous herbs, having European Hedgehog. ( s ) 

white or yellow flowers, esp. a European species (G. of- 
ficinalis) used medicinally. b In Great Britain, any of 

several plants more or less resembling the above. 
hedge priest. A poor, illiterate priest. 
hedg'er (hej'er), to. One who makes or mends hedges ; also, 

one who hedges, as in betting, etc. 
hedge'row' (hej'ro'), to. A row of shrubs or trees planted 

for inclosure or separation of fields. 
hedge sparrow. A common European warbler (Accentor 

modularis) which frequents hedges. Its color is reddish 

brown and ash. 
hedg'y (bej'I), a. Having many hedges. 
he-don/ic (he-don'ik), o. [Gr. tjSovikos, fr. ^Soi>t] pleasure, 

tjSus sweet, pleasant.] 1. Pert, to, or consisting in, pleasure. 

2. Of or pert, to hedonism, hedonists, or hedonics. 




he-don'ics (-Tks), to. (See -ics.) 1. Ethics which treats of 
the relation of duty to pleasure. 2. Psychology which 
treats of pleasurable and painful states of consciousness. 

he'don-ism (he'don-Iz'm ; hed'on-), to. 1. Ethics. The 
doctrine that pleasure is the sole or chief good in life and 
that moral duty is fulfilled in the gratification of pleasure- 
seeking instincts and dispositions. In modern times, 
utilitarianism, seeking the good in the greatest happiness 
of the community as a whole, is the chief hedonistic 
doctrine. Cf. eud<emonism, Epicureanism. 2. The man- 
ner of life of a hedonist ; living for pleasure. — he'don-ist 
(-ist), to. — he'do-nis'tic (ht'do-nis'tTk ; hed'6-), a. — 
he'do-nis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

heed (hed), v. t. [AS. htdan.~] To regard with care; take 
notice of. — Syn. Notice, note, observe, mind, attend. 

— v. i. To pay attention ; have a care. — to. Attention ; 
regard ; — often used with give or take. — heed'er, to. 

heed'ful (-fool), a. Full of heed; attentive; mindful. — 
heed'ful-ly, adv. — heed'ful-ness, n. 

heed'less, a. Without heed ; inattentive ; careless. — heed'- 
less-ly, adv. — heed'less-ness, to. 

hee'haw' (he'bo'), to. [Imitative.] The bray of an ass; 
a guffaw. — v. i. To bray, or utter heehaws. 

heel (hcl), v. t. & i. [AS. heldan, hyldan, fr. heald in- 
clined.] To tilt or incline ; tip ; — used chiefly of ships. 
— to. Chiefly Naut. Act or amount of heeling, or canting. 

heel, to. [AS. hcla.~\ 1. The hinder part of the foot in man 
or in quadrupeds. 2. The hinder part of any covering for 
the foot, as of a shoe, sock, etc.; specif., a solid part 
projecting downward from the hinder part of the sole of a 
boot or shoe. 3. Something like, or suggestive of, the 
human heel, as in shape, position, etc., as the bottom or 
end crust of bread, rind of a cheese, etc., a knob, the after 
end of a ship's keel, the lower end of a mast, the part of a 
tool next the handle, etc. 

at one's heels, in close pursuit of one. — down at the 
heel, or down at heels, in a poor plight ; in a slovenly, 
slipshod, or embarrassed condition. — to heel, close at the 
heels, as in the case of a hunting dog following the hunter ; 
close behind ; hence, obediently following. 

— v. t. 1. To add a heel to. 2. To arm with a gaff, as a cock 
for fighting. 3. To supply or equip, as with money ; as, well 
heeled. Slang, U. S. 

— v. i.— A. To move the heel, or in dancing to touch or tap 
the ground with it. 2. Of a dog, to follow at the heels. 



heel'-and-tce' 



Lit., with the heel and toe ; — used of 



a form of speed walking in which each step begins on the 
heel and ends on the toe. 

heel'er (hel'er), n. One who heels, esp. one who follows at 
the heels ;• hence, U. S. Polit. Cant, a subservient hanger- 
on of a politician. 

heel'piece' (-p's'), to. A piece at or for the heel of some- 
thing ; as : a The heel of a shoe, or a repairing piece added 
to it. b Telcg. An iron bar connecting the soft-iron cores of 
an electromagnet. 

heel'pcst' (-post'), to. A post supporting the heel or end of 
something, as one to which a gate or door is hinged. 

heel'tap' (-tap 7 ), to. 1. Shoemaking. A lift for the heel. 
2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. 

heft (heft), n. [From heave.] 1. Violent strain. Obs. or 
Dial. 2. Weight ; ponderousness. Colloq. 3. Greater part ; 
bulk. Colloq., U. S. — v. t. 1. To heave up ; raise. 2. To 
try the weight of by raising. Colloq. [[/. S.\ 

heft'y (hef'ti), a. Moderately heavy; weighty. Colloq.,] 

He-ge'li-an (ha-ga'li-an ; he-ge'-), a. Of or pert, to Hegel 
or his philosophy. See Hegelianism. 

He-ge'li-an-ism (-iz'm), to. The philosophy of Georg Wil- 
helm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831). His system is note- 
worthy as an attempt to unite and harmonize the Greek 
ontology with the Kantian psychology. 

he-gem/0-ny (he-jem'o-nl ; hej'e-mo-nT; he'je-), to. ; pi. 
-nies (-niz). [Gr. ■qyefj.oi'ia, deriv. of riyeladai to lead.] 
Leadership ; preponderant ascendancy or authority, as 
among states. — heg'e-mon'ic (hej'e-mon'ik ; he'je-), a. 

heg'i-ra (hej'i-rd; he-jl'rd), to. [Ar. hijrah flight.] The 
flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in A. D. 622, 
from which the Mohammedan Era is reckoned. 

he-gu'men (he-gu'men), to. [Gr. riyovnevos^ p. pr. of 
riyelaOai. to lead.] East.Ch. The head of a religious com- 
munity ; specif., in a monastery, the first or second per- 
son in authority, corresponding to abbot or prior. 

Hei'duc, Hei'duk. Vars. of Haiduk. 

heifer (hef'er), to. [AS. heahfore, heafore."] A young 
cow that has not had a calf. 

heigh (hi ; ha), interj. An exclamation used to attract 
attention, to encourage, to express exultation, etc. ; hey ! 

heigh'— ho' (hl'ho' ; ha'ho'), interj. An emotional exclama- 
tion, as of surprise, joy, dejection, weariness, etc. 

height (hit), to. [AS. hiehSu, heahSu, hehSu, fr. heah 
high.] 1. Condition of being high ; high point or position. 
2. Altitude; stature. Abbr., ht. 3. An eminence ; a hill or 
mountain. 4. Hauteur ; also, magnanimity. Archaic. 5. 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, jj Foreign Word. + combined vrith. = equals. 



M 



HEIGHTEN 



460 



HELLEBORIN 



: 



Highest part ; summit ; hence : utmost degree ; extreme ; 
as, the height of fashion. 

Syn. Height, altitude, elevation. Height is the general 
term ; altitude suggests great or lofty height or (esp.) po- 
sition above a given level, or in the air ; elevation suggests 
esp. height to which something is regarded as raised ; both 
altitude and elevation apply to heights as determined by 
angular measurement ; as, the height (not altitude) of a 
candlestick or a man ; the height (or altitude) of a moun- 
tain ; the altitude of the clouds; at a dizzy height. Fig., 
height suggests exalted position or the highest point ; ele- 
vation, loftiness or dignity ; altitude is less often fig. 

heighten (hlf'n), v. t. 1. To make high or higher^ ele- 
vate. 2. To advance ; augment ; intensify. 3. To raise in 
emotion ; exalt ; elate. Obs. — Syn. See raise. — v. i. To 
rise in height ; increase ; augment. — height'en-er, n. 

Heim'dall (ham'dal), n. [Icel. HeimdalrJ] Teut. Myth. 
The warder of Asgard. He can see a hundred leagues by 
day or by night, and can hear the grass grow. At the end 
of the world_Loki and he kill each other. See Freya. 

hei'nous (ha'n&s), a. [OF. ha'inos hateful, fr. ha'ine 
hate ; of G. origin.] Hateful ; hatefully bad ; odious ; atro- 
cious ; giving great offense. — Syn. See flagrant. — hei'- 
nous-ly, adv. — hei'nous-ness, n. 

heir (ar), n. [OF. heir, eir, L. heres. - ] 1. One who inherits, 
or is entitled to inherit ; specif. : a English Common Law. 
One who by operation of law inherits the real property of an 
intestate deceased person, called legal heir or heir at law. 
b Civil Law. One who succeeded to both the rights and 
liabilities of a deceased person. C In modern civil codes 
based on the civil law, as in Europe, the person who suc- 
ceeds to the (entire) estate of a deceased person, d Loosely, 
any person taking more or less of the property of a deceased 
person. 2. One who receives or is entitled to receive 
any endowment or quality from a parent, or predecessor ; 
the rightful future recipient or possessor ; as, the heir of 
one's reputation or virtues. 3. Offspring ; product. Obs. 
heir apparent, Law, an heir whose right is indefeasible 
if he survives the ancestor ; — distinguished from heir 
presumptive, whose heirship is contingent. 

heir'dom (ar'dum), n. State or inheritance of an heir. 

heir/ess (ar'es), n. A female heir. 

heir/loom' (-loom'),™, [heir -f- loom implement, machine.] 
Any personal chattel which descends to the heir with the 
inheritance or has been in a family for several generations. 

heir/ship (ar'ship), n. Right of inheriting ; inheritance. 

hej'i-ra. Var. of hegira. 

hek'tare, hek'to-gram, etc. Vars. of hectare, etc. 

Hel (hel), n. [Icel.] Norse Myth. 1. Daughter of Loki. 
She is goddess of the dead and queen of the lower world. 
See Ragnarok, Yggdr^sill. 2. The abode of the dead. 

held, pret . & p. p. of hold. 

Helen of Troy. In Greek legend, the wife of Menelaus, 
whose abduction by Paris caused the Trojan War. Poets 
have made her the ideal of feminine beauty. See Paris. 

Hel'e-nus (hel'e-nus), n. [L., fr. Gr. "EXews.] In Greek 
legend, a Trojan prince, a son of Priam and Hecuba, gifted 
with prophecy. He is captured, and Ulysses compels him 
to reveal the means by which Troy may be taken. 

heli-ac (he'lT-ak), a. [Gr. ^Xia/cos of the sun, fr. f/Xcos sun.] 
Heliacai. 

he-li'a-cal (he-ll'd-kal), a. Pert, to or near the sun; — 
said esp. of the last setting of a star before, and its first ris- 
ing after, invisibility due to conjunction with the sun. 

he'li-an'thuS (he'li-an'thus), n. [NL. ; helio- + Gr. ivdos 
flower.] A sunflower (genus Helianthus). 

hel'i-cal (hel'i-kdl), a. [From hellx.] Of , pertaining to, 
or in the form of, a helix ; spiral. — hel'i-cal-ly, adv. 

hel'i-COid (-koid), a. [Gr. i\iKoei.Sr]t ; <IXi£, -t/cos, spiral -+- 
e!§os shape.] Spiral. — n. Geom. A screw-shaped surface. 

Hel'i-con (-kon), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EXim^.] A mountain in 
Bceotia, supposed by the Greeks to be the residence of 
Apollo and the^Muses. — Hell-co'ni-an (-ko'ni-dn), a. 

hel'i-COp'ter (-kop'ter), n. [F. helicopter e; Gr. <9u£, -wos, 
spiral + trrepov wing.] Aeronautics. A flying machine 
in which the lifting force is the upward pull of one or more 
propellers revolving horizontally, or approximately so. 

he'li-0 (he'li-o), n.; pi. -OS (-oz). A heliograph. Colloq. 

he'li-O- (he'li-6-). Combining form from Gr. iJXios, the sun. 

he'li-O-cen'tric (-sen'tnk) \ a. Pertaining to the sun's 

he'li-O-cen'tri-cal (-tri-kal)/^ center, or appearing to be 
seen from it ; having, or relating to, the sun as a center ; — 
opp. to geocentric. 

he'li-O-chrome' (he'll -o-krom'), n. [helio- + Gr. xp&va. 
color.] A photograph in natural colors. — he'li-o-chro'- 
mic (-kro'mik), a. [heliograph.! 

he'li-O-gram' (-gram'), n. A message transmitted by a I 

he'li-O-graph/ (-graf), n. 1. A kind of photo-engraving. 2. 
An apparatus for signaling by reflecting the sun's rays. — 
v. t. & i. To signal by means of the heliograph. — he'li- 
og'ra-pher (-og'rd-fer), n. — he'li-o-graph'ic (-6-graf/- 
Xk), a. — he'li-og'ra-phy (he'lT-og'rd-fT), n. 

he'li-O-gra-VUre' (he'lT-S-grd-vur' , -gra'vur), n. [F. helio- 



gravure^ Photog. Any of various photo-engraving proc- 
esses by which intaglio engravings are made ; — now used 
generally as synonymous with the more common term 
photogravure. 

he'li-ol'o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. Astron. The science of the sun, 
including its description, and treating of its constitution 
and radiant energy. — he'li-ol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

he'li-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. Astron. A double-image 
micrometer, devised for measuring the diameter of the sun, 
but now used for accurate measurement of any short arc of 
the celestial sphere. O-met'ric (-o-met'rik), -ri-cal, a. 

he'li-om/e-try (-om'e-tri), n. The art or practice of meas- 
uring with the heliometer. 

He'li-os (he'li-os),n. [Gr. iJXuw sun ; "HXios.] Gr.Myth. 
The sun god, represented as driving a four-horse chariot 
through the heavens. See Apollo, Phaethon, Hyperion. 

he'li-O-SCOpe' (he'li-o-skop'), n. An instrument for viewing 
the sun without injury to the eyes. 

he'li-O-stat' (-statf), n. [helio- + Gr. ararbs standing.] A 
mirror mounted on an axis moved by clockwork, by which 
a sunbeam is reflected in a fixed direction. 

he'li-o-ther'a-py (-ther'd-pi), n. Med. Treatment of dis- 
ease by sun baths. 

heli-o-trope (-trop), n. [F. heliotrope, L. heliotropium, 
fr. Gr. ffKioTpd-Kiov; t}Xios sun + rpkireip to turn.] 1. a 
Any plant that turns toward the sun, as the sunflower, 
marigold, etc. 06s. b Specif., any of a genus (Heliotropi- 
um, esp. H. peruvianum) of boraginaceous herbs and 
shrubs, bearing small fragrant white or purple flowers ; turn- 
sole. See INFLORESCENCE, Illust. 2. = BLOODSTONE. 3. a 
A light tint of purple, b The scent of the heliotrope. 

he'li-Ot'ro-pism (-ot'ro-piz'm), n. Plant Physiol. The 
tendency of certain growing organs to respond to the stimu- 
lus of sunlight by movements or curvatures. — he'li-O- 
trop'ic (-6-trop'ik), a. — he'li-o-trop'i-cal-ly, adv. 

heli-O-type' (he'li-6-tTp'), n. Photog. A picture made by 
heliotypy. — he'li-o-typ'ic (-tip'ik), a. 

heli-O-typ'y (-tTp'i), n. A process of producing pictures 
for printing by transferring them to gelatin films which are 
hardened and attached to a plate or cylinder for printing. 

hel'i-spher'i-cal (hel'i-sfer'T-kal), a. [See hellx; spher- 
ic] Winding on a sphere like a spiral. 

he'il-um (heTi-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rfKios the sun.] Chem. 
A rare inert gaseous element first detected spectroscopi- 
cally in the sun's atmosphere. Symbol, He ; at. wt. 3.99. 

hs'llX (he'liks ; hel'iks), n. ; pi. L. helices (hel'i-sez), E. 
helixes (he'lik-sez ; hel'ik-; 24). [L., fr. Gr. eXi£, -ucos, 
fr. i\l<r<reiv to turn round.] 1. Something spiral in form ; 
as : a Arch. A spiral ornament ; a volute, b Math. The 
curve formed on any cylinder by a right line in a plane that 
is wrapped round the cylinder, as an ordinary screw thread. 

2. The incurved rim of the external ear. 

hell (hel), n. [AS.] 1. Place of the dead or of souls after 
death ; the grave ; — answering to Sheol and Hades. 2. 
Place or state of punishment for the wicked after death ; 
the abode of evil spirits ; — answering to Gehenna and Tar- 
tarus. Hence, any place or state of misery or wickedness. 

3. The evil spirits in torment ; powers of darkness. 4. A 
place where outcast persons or things are gathered ; as : a 
A prison, b A gambling house. C A receptacle into which a 
tailor throws his shreds or a printer his broken type. 

hell'bend'er (hel'ben'der), n. A large aquatic salamander 
(Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis) of the Ohio valley. 

hell'broth 7 (-broth 7 ), n. A composition used in black magic. 

hell'-cat', n. A witch ; hag. 

Helle (hel'e), n. [L., fr. Gr. "EXXtj.] Gr. Myth. Sister of 
Phrixus. She fell from the ram with the golden fleece into 
a strait thence called the Hellespont (Sea of Helle). 

hel'le-bore (-e-bor ; 57), n. [L. helleborus, Gr. ^XXe/Sopoj.] 

1. Any of a genus (Helleborus) 
of perennial herbs, of the crow- 
foot family, with showy flowers. 
The species are known as black 
hellebore, fetid hellebore, etc. 

2. Any of a genus (Veratrum) . 
of melanthaceous plants, called 
white, or false, hellebores, with 
short poisonous rootstocks. 3. 
a The powdered root of the 
black hellebore (H. niger), used as a 
cathartic, b The powdered root of the 
white hellebore (V. album), used as 
an insecticide. 

hel'le-bo're-in (-bo'rS-m), n. Chem. 
A poisonous glucoside accompanying 
helleborin in several species of helle- 
bore, and having a strong action on 
the heart, resembling that of digitalin. 

hel-leb'o-rin (he-leV<5-r!n ; hel'e-bo- „ . 
rin),n. Chem. A poisonous glucoside F SS}mmmU^) 
m several species of hellebore. 




file, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, cSnnect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sine ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



461 



ANCIENT 




.Aee^RiANT 



Early Medieval. Forms 




Norman Casque 

WITt-t NASAL 
III''- dENT.| 



C AS Q U C [icr" CENT? 

German Bronze Helm (before eooT 





Heaumes (ivcent.) 



14™ and 15™ Centuries 




ClOHT CaSQUS 
WITHOUT VIZOR 



Earlv Basinet' with 
detachable.nasal 



BaSINCT'UnD !»•»•• CENT.l' 



SALLET_[LATe IJth CENT.J 



16™ and 17 th centuries 




Bubgqnet (lo:-C£Ii-U 



BUROONET WITH) NECK«UARO An6 ' ^B^iTS t^SSS^ 
ADJUSTABLE NASAL (!•'- CENT.) . ! "V"" "* 1L wcf y«* 

HELMET 



Spider Burconet 

lli T " CENT.l 



J 



J 



K 



M 



HELLENE 



462 



HEMIMORPHITE 



Hellene (hel'en), to.; pi. Hellenes (-enz). [Gr. "EXX^.] 
A Greek. 

Hel-len'ic (he-len'ik ; -le'nik), a. Pert, to the Hellenes. — 
to. Classical Greek, esp. of the later period. 

Hel'len-ism (hel'en-Tz'm), n. 1. A Greek phrase or idiom. 
2. Greek character, spirit, or civilization ; esp., the culture 
represented by the ideals of the classical Greeks. 3. Adop- 
tion of the Greek language and thought ; conformity to 
Greek ideals. 

Hel'len-ist (-Tst), to. [Gr. 'EXX^ia-Tifr.] 1. One who affili- 
ates with Greeks, or imitates Greek manners ; esp., a person 
of Jewish extraction who used the Greek language as his 
mother tongue, as did Jews of Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, 
and Egypt. Cf. Hebraist. 2. One skilled in the Greek 
language and literature. 3. One of the Greek scholars who 
disseminated Byzantine culture in the Renaissance. 

Hel'len-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 1. Of or pert, to Greek history, 
culture, or art after the time of Alexander the Great, when 

; Hellenic and foreign characteristics blended. 2. Of or pert, 
to the Hellenists. — Hel'len-is'ti-cal, a. 

Hellen-ize (hel'en-Iz ), v. i. [Gr. 'EXXt^cu/.] To use 
the Greek language ; play the Greek ; Grecize. — v. t. To 
give a Greek form or character to. — Hel'len-i-za'tion 
(-l-za'shwn; -I-za'shwn), to. — Hel'len-iz'er (-Iz'er), to. 

Hel'ler (hel'er), to.; G. pi. heller. [G.] 1. A small Ger- 
man copper coin, value § pfenning. Obs. 2. An Austrian 
copper coin, T J of a krone, worth 0.2 cent. 

hell'gra-mite (hel'grd-mlt), n. The aquatic larva of a 
large North American 
neuropterous insect 
(Corydalis cornuta), 
much used as a fish 
bait ; the dobson. 

hell'hound' (hound'), 
to. A dog of hell; 
hence, a fiend. 

hell'ish, a. Pertain- 
ing to hell ; like hell ; 
infernal ; diabolical. 

— hell'ish-ly, adv. 

— hell'ish-ness, to. 
hell'kite' (hel'klf), to. 

One who shows hell- 
ish cruelty^ 

hel-lo'Che-lo'), interj., 
n.,&v.i. A common 
modern spelling of 
hollo, first appear- . 
ing in literature about A Hellgramite {Corydalis cornuta) ; 
1880"; — especially B Adult Insect (male). Reduced, 
used in connection with the telephone as the common form 
of call. 

helm (helm), to. [AS. helma rudder.] 1. The apparatus 
for steering a vessel, comprising rudder, tiller, wheel, etc. ; 
commonly, the tiller or wheel alone. 2. Anything having a 
similar function ; administration or an administrator. 

— v. t. To steer ; direct ; as, "the business he hath helmed." 

helm, n. [AS.] A helmet. — v.t. To cover or furnish with 
a helmet. Both Archaic or Poetic. 

hel'met (hel'met ; 24), to. [OF. dim. of helme; of Teutonic 
origin.] 1. A defensive covering for the head ; specif. : a 
The headpiece in armor. See illust., preceding page. 
D The military hat, often made of, or strengthened with, 
metal, now worn as a guard against sword thrusts or burst- 
ing shrapnel. C Fencing, Singlestick, etc. A head cover- 
ing with a mesh, usually of wire, to protect the face, d A 
domed hat with a visor and a neckguard, as those worn by 
policemen and firemen, e The headpiece of a diver's armor. 
2. Something resembling a helmet, as in form or position. 

hel'met-ed (-ed), a. Wearing a helmet ; furnished with or 
having a helmet or helmetlike shield on the head. 

hel'minth (-mmth), to. [Gr. eX/u^s, -ivdos, worm.] A 
worm ; esp., an intestinal worm. 

hel-min'thlC (hel-mTn'thik), a. Of, relating to, or expel- 
ling worms, or helminths. 

hel'min-thol'o-gy (hel'mm-thol'o-ji), to. The natural 
history, or study, of worms, esp. parasitic worms. 

helms'man (helmz'mdn), n. The man at the helm, who 
steers the vessel ; a steersman ; a pilot. 

Hel'ot (hel'ot ; he'lot), n. [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pi., fr. Gr. 
E'dXws and ElXurrjs.^ 1. One of the lowest class (serfs) of 
the ancient Spartans. 2. [Often I. c] A slave ; serf. 

hel'ot-ism (-iz'm), n. Serfdom, as of the Spartan Helot. 

hel'ot-ry (-ri), n. Helots collectively; slaves; bondsmen; 
also, slavery ; serfdom. 

help (help), v. t.; pret. & p. p. helped (helpt) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. help'ing ; Archaic pret. holp (holp), p. p. holpen 
(hol'p'n). [AS. helpan.~\ 1. To aid ; assist. 2. To furnish 
with relief, as from distress ; succor ; be of avail against 
(an ill). 3. To aid in bringing about. 4. To change for the 
better ; ameliorate ; remedy. 5. To prevent ; as, he must 




die, it cannot be helped. 6. To forbear ; avoid ; as, we 
cannot help but grieve. 7. To wait upon, as at table, by 
carving and passing food ; to serve (food), as at table. 
Syn. Aid, assist, support, sustain, relieve, promote. — Help, 
aid, assist are often used with little distinction. Help em- 
phasizes that which, or the one who, furnishes relief or 
support ; aid implies more strongly cooperation on the part 
of the one relieved ; to assist is esp. to support with aid. 

— v. i. 1. To lend aid ; contribute strength or means ; 
avail ; assist. 2. To serve food, as at table. — n. 1. Aid ; 
assistance ; also, one furnishing aid. 2. Remedy ; relief. 
3. a A helper ; assistant, esp. a hired one. b Collectively, 
hired helpers, c A domestic servant or farm hand. Local, 
U. S. 4. A portion of food. 

help'er, n. One who, or that which, helps. 

help'ful (help'fool), a. Furnishing help ; assistant ; useful ; 
salutary. — help'ful-ly, adv. — help'ful-ness, n. 

help'less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength ; unable to 
help one's self ; feeble. 2. Bringing no help. Obs. or R. 
— help'less-ly, adv. — help'less-ness, to. 

help'mate' (-mat'), help'meet' (-met'), n. [Corruption of 
the "help meet for him" of Genesis ii. 18.] A helper; a 
(Companion ; esp. , a wife. 

hel'ter-skel'ter (hel'ter-skel'ter), \ adv. In hurry and con- 
fusion ; in disorder. Colloq. — o. Characterized by con- 
fused hurry. — n. Anything that is helter-skelter. 

helve (helv), n. [AS. hielf, helf.~] The handle of a tool or 
weapon, as an ax, hatchet, or adz. 

— v. t. ; helved (helvd) ; helv'ing. To furnish with a helve. 
Hel-ve'tian (hel-ve'shdn), a. Of or pert, to the Helvetii or 

Helvetia ; Swiss. — n. One of the Helvetii ; a Swiss. 

Hel-vet'iC (-vet'ik), a. Helvetian; Swiss. — n. A Swiss 
Protestant ; a follower of the reformer Zwingli (1484-1531). 

Hel-ve'ti-i (-ve'shi-I), n. pi. [L.] In the time of Julius 
Caesar, the inhabitants of the Alpine regions. 

hem (hem), interj. A word used to call attention, to warn, 
to express hesitation, doubt, etc., or to represent a clearing 
of the throat. — n. An uttering of hem ! ; the sound of 
hem I — v. i. ; hemmed ( hemd ) ; hem'ming. To utter 
"hem !" ; hence, to hesitate in speaking. Cf. haw. 

hem, n. [AS.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or 
cloth, esp. when formed by doubling back the cloth and 
sewing it. 2. Border; edge. — v. t. 1. To fold and sew 
down the edge of ; hence : to border ; edge. 2. To inclose 
and confine ; surround ; — nearly always used with an 
adverb, esp. in, about. 

he'mal (he'mdl), a. Var. of haemal. 

hem'a-tite, haem'a-tite (hem'd-tlt ; he'md-), n. [L. hae- 
matites, Gr. alfj.aTiT7is bloodlike, fr. at/*a, aifxaros, blood.] 
An important ore of iron, Fe203, red when powdered. 
Limonite is sometimes called brown hematite. — hem'a- 
tit'ic, haem'a-tit'ic (tit'ik), a. 

hem'a-to- (hem'd-to- ; he'md-to-). SeeH^EMATO-. 

hem-el'y-tral (hem-el'i-trol) a. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a hemelytron. 

hem-el'y-tron (hem-el'i-tron), hem-el'y-trum (-trwm), 
n. ; L. pi. -tra (-trd). [NL. See hemi-; elytrum.] 
Zo'ol. One of the partially thickened anterior wings of 
certain insects, as of many hemipters, the earwigs, etc. 

hem'er-a-lo'pi-a (hem'er-d-lo'pi-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
■fjfj.epa\oj\p, the opposite of vvnTahuiip ; i/nipa day -4- -a\o3\f/ 
of pvKTaXwf. See nyctalopia.] Med. A condition of the 
eyes in which one can see, or see clearly or without pain, 
only at night or in a dull light. 

Hern'er-o-bap'tist (-6-bap r tTst), to. [Gr. fyiepo/SaTTT-KTrfc 
one of a Christian sect who were baptized daily ; 17/uepa day 
4- ^a-KTiar-qs baptizer.] Eccl. Hist. A member of an 
ancient Jewish sect which practiced daily ceremonial 
ablution ; also, a member of a similar early Christian sect. 

hem'i- (hem'T-). [Gr. 17/u-.] A prefix, signifying half. 

-hernia. Var. of -^emia. 

hem/i-al'gi-a (hem'i-al'ji-d), to. [NL.] Med. Pain upon 
only one side of the body. 

heml-cra'ni-a (-kra'm-d), to. [L. See hemi-; cranium.] 
Med. Hemialgia of the head. 

hem'i-cy'cle (hem'T-sI'k'l), to. [L. _ hemicyclus, Gr. 
■l)niKVK\oi> ; i)jut + kwcXos.] 1. A half circle; a semicircle. 
2. A curved or approximately semicircular structure. 

hem'i-dem'i-sem'i-qua'ver (-dem'i-sem / i-kwa'ver), to. 
Music. A sixty-fourth note. 

hem'i-el'y-tron, -trum. Vars. of hemelytron, etc. 

hem'i-he'dral (-he'dral), a. [hemi- 4- Gr. Upa seat, 
base, fr. 'ifcadai to sit.] Cryst. Having half instead of all 
the similar parts of a crystal form ; consisting of half the 
faces which full symmetry would require. dral-ly, adv. 

hem'i-he'dron (-dr&n), to. Cryst. A hemihedral form or 
crystal. The tetrahedron is a hemihedron. 

hem'i-mor'phic (-mSr'fik), a. Cryst. Unsymmetrical in 
form as regards the two ends of an axis. Cf . holomorphic. 
— hem'i-mor'phism (-fiz'm), to. 

hem'i-mor'phite (-fit), to. Min. Calamine, or hydrous 
zinc silicate ; — so called from its hemimorphic crystals. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HEMIOLIC 



463 



HEPATIZATION 



hem'i-Ol'iC (-ol'ik), a. [Gr. rjftio\u>s half as much again ; 
i)/u- (see hemi-) + 5\os whole.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. Of (the 
proportion) three to two ; characterized by such a propor- 
tion between thesis and arsis. See phonic. 

hem'i-par'a-site (-par'd-slt), n. Bot. A parasitic plant 
containing chlorophyll and therefore capable of performing 
photosynthesis, as the mistletoe. par'a-sit'ic (-sit/Ik) , a. 

hem'i-ple'gi-a (-ple'ji-d), n. [NL. ; hemi- -f Gr. 7^77777 
stroke.] A palsy that affects but one side of the body. 

he-mip'ter (he-mip'ter), n. A hemipterous insect. 

he-mip'ter-al (-al), -ter-an (-an), a. Hemipterous. 

he-mip'ter-OUS (heVmip'ter-us), a. [hemi- -f- Gr. irrepov 
wing.] Belonging to a large order (Hemiptera) of true in- 
sects, including the bugs proper, lice, plant lice, etc., having 
a jointed proboscis adapted for piercing the tissues and 
sucking the blood or juices of animals and plants. 

hem'i-sphere (hem'i-sfer), n. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. r)/u- 
half -f- <T<t>alpa sphere.] 1. A half sphere. 2. Half of the 
celestial or terrestrial globe, or a projection of it as in a 
map. The terrestrial hemispheres are customarily con- 
sidered as divided (1) by the equator, into Northern and 
Southern, or (2) by a meridian, so that North and South 
America are contained in the Western Hemisphere, and 
the other continents chiefly in the Eastern Hemisphere. 
The celestial hemispheres are customarily divided by the 
horizon, the equinoctial, or the ecliptic. 3. Either of the 
two parts chiefly composing the cerebrum. They are sepa- 
rated at the surface by a longitudinal fissure below which 
they are joined by the corpus callosum. 

hem'i-spher'ic (-sfer'Ik) 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or resem- 

hem'i-spher'i-cal (-i-kal)J bling a hemisphere. 

hem/i-sphe'roid (-sfe'roid), n. A half spheroid. 

hem'i-Stich (hem'i-stik), n. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. ij/ti- half 
+ (rrlxos line, verse.] Half a poetic verse, or line, esp. as 
divided by a caesura, etc. ; an incomplete line. 

hem'i-sys'to-le (-sis't6-le),n. Physiol. Contraction of only- 
one ventricle of the heart. 

hem'i-trope (hem'i-trop), a. Half turned round; half in- 
verted ; Cryst., having a twinned structure. See twin, n., 3. 

hem'i-trop'ic (hem'i-trop'ik), a. Cryst. Hemitrope. 

hem'lock (hem'lok), n. [AS. hemlic, hymlic.~] 1. Any of 
several apiaceous poisonous herbs (esp. Conium macula- 
turn and species of Cicuta), having finely cut leaves and 
small white flowers. 2. [More fully hemlock spruce.] 
Any of a genus (Tsuga) of pinaceous trees, esp. a hand- 
some forest tree (T. canadensis) of the eastern United 
States. 3. The wood of the hemlock tree. 

hem'mer (hem'er), n. One who, or that which, hems. 

hemo-. Var. of h^mo-, combining form fr. Gr. alpa, blood. 

he'mo-glo'bin. Var. of hemoglobin. 

hem'or-rhage (hem'o-raj),n. [F. hemorragie, fr. L., fr. 
Gr. aifioppayla; alua. blood + fayi/wai. to burst.] Any 
discharge of blood from wounded or ruptured blood vessels. 
— hem'or-rhag'ic (-raj'ik), o. 

hem'or-rhoids, haem'or-rhoids (roidz), n. pi. [F. hem- 
orro'ides, fr. L., fr. Gr. deriv. of alp.a blood + pelv to flow.] 
Livid and painful swellings formed by dilatation of blood 
vessels at the anus ; piles ; — rarely, in sing., a single swell- 
ing. — hem'or-rhoi'dal, haem'or-rhoi'dal (-roi'ddl), a. 

he'mo-tho'rax. Var. of hemothorax. 

hemp (hemp), n. [AS. henep, hsenep.~] 1. A tall Asiatic mo- 
raceous herb 
(Cannabi s 
s at iv a) , 
cultivated 
for its tough 
fiber and as 
the source of 
the drug, 
bhang, or 
hashish. 2. 
The fiber of 
this plant, 
prepared for 
use. 3. The 
narcotic 
drug from 
the hemp. 
SeeHASHisH. 
4. A gallows rope. J ocular or Cant. 

hemp agrimony. See eupatorium. 

hemp'en (hem'p'n), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, hemp. 

hemp nettle. A coarse bristly menthaceous plant (Gale- 
opsis tetrahit) with foliage resembling that of the nettle ; 
also, loosely, any plant of the same genus. 

hemp'seed' (hemp'sed'), n. The seed of hemp ; fig., Slang, 

a rogue ; a gallows bird. 
hem-stitch' (hem'stich'), v. t. To ornament at the head of 
a hem by drawing out a few parallel threads and fastening 
the cross threads in small groups. — n. Ornamental needle- 
work done by hemstitching, or the stitch used in doing it. 




Hemp (Cannabis satlva) .1,2 Flowering shoots, 
1 of Staminate, 2 of Pistillate Plant ; 3 Stami- 
nate Flower ; 4 Pistillate Flower ; 5 Fruit. 




Henbane, Flowering 
Shoot. Reduced. 

Obs. 2. A trusted fol- 



hen (hen), n. [AS. henn, hen, hxn.~] The female of the 

domestic fowl, or of any of various other birds. 
hent)ane / (hen'ban'), n. A fetid Old World solanaceous 

herb (Hyoscyamus niger), 

with sticky, hairy, dentate 

leaves and yellowish brown 

flowers. It is a deadly poison, 

esp. to fowls. 
hen'bit' (-bit'), n. A plant (La- 

mium amplexicaule) , having 

leaves like those of the nettle 

but without stinging hairs. 
hence (hSns), adv. _ [ME. 

hennes, hens (the s is prop, a 

genitive ending), AS. heonan.~] 

1. From this place ; away ; 

from this world or life. 2.' 

From this time ; in the future. 

3. From this reason ; therefore. 

4. From this source. 
hence'forth' ( hens'forth'), 

hence'for'ward ( -for'werd ), 
adv. From this time forward. 

hench'man (hench'man), n. 
[ME. hencheman, henxman; 
prob. fr. AS. hengest horse + E. 
man, and meaning, a groom.] 
1. An attendant, squire, or page, 
lower. 3. A political supporter, esp. one who is self-seeking. 

hen-dec'a-gon (heri-dek/d-gon), n. [Gr. tvSena eleven + 
ywvla angle.] Geom. A (plane) polygon of 1 1 angles and 
11 sides. — hen'de-cag'o-nal (hen'de-kag'6-nal), a. 

hen-dec'a-syl'la-blet-sil'd-b'l^n. [FromL.,fr. Gr. deriv. 
of Gr. 'ivotna eleven + avWaffrj syllable.] A metrical line 
of eleven syllables. syl-lab'ic (-sT-lab'ik), a. & n. 

hen-di'a-dys (-dl'd-dis), n. [LL., fr. Gr. iv 6id ^wupone 
by two.] Gram. A figure expressing an idea by two nouns 
connected by and, instead of by a noun and a limiting ad- 
jective ; as, we drink from cups and gold (for golden cups). 

hen'e-quen (hen'e-ken)ln. [Sp. jeniquen, henequen, fr. 

hen'e-quin (hen r e-kin) / a native name.] Sisal hemp. 

hen'na (hen'd), n. [Ar. hinna.'] An Asiatic thorny tree or 
shrub (Lawsonia inermis) of the loosestrife family. Its 
leaves yield a reddish orange dye and a cosmetic. 

hen'ner-y (-er-i), n. ; pi. -ies (-iz). A place for keeping hens. 

hen'0-the-ism (hen'6-the-iz'm), n. [Gr. els, kvos, one -f- 
theism.'] 1. The tendency to make different gods in a pan- 
theon supreme, one after the other. This is characteristic 
of Vedic religion. 2. Belief in one god, not to the exclusion 
of belief in other gods. — the-ist, n. — hen'o-the-is'tic, a. 

hen'peck' (hen'pekO, v. t. To subject to petty attempts to 
rule ; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. 

Hen'ri-et'ta Cloth, (hen'ri-et'd). A fine wide woolen fabric, 
sometimes with a warp of silk, used for women'? dresses. 

hen'ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -rys, -ries (-riz). [From Joseph Henry, 
Amer. physicist.] Elec. The unit of inductance ; induc- 
tance of a circuit in which an electromotive force of 
1 volt is induced by a current varying at the rate of 1 
ampere per second. 

hent (hent), v. t. [AS. hentan."] To seize. Archaic. 

he'par (he'par), n. [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. fiTap.~\ 
1. Old Chem. A liver-brown colored mixture sometimes 
used in medicine, obtained by fusing sulphur with potassium 
carbonate. 2. In homeopathy, calcium sulphide, resem- 
bling hepar (sense 1) in color. 

he-pat'ic ( he-pat'ik ), a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. fiTrartKos, fr. 
rjirap liver.] 1. Of or pert, to the liver ; as, hepatic duct or 
veins ; also, resembling the liver, as in color ; as, hepatic 
aloes. 2. Bot. Pert, to or resembling the class Hepaticas. 

— n. Bot. A plant of the class Hepaticae. 

he-pat'i-ca (-i-kd), n.; pi. L. -cm (-se), E. -cas (-kdz). 
[NL. ; from the lobed 
basal leaves. See hepat- 
ic] A plant or flower of 
a genus {Hepatica) of 
American ranuncula- 
ceous herbs, with white, 
pink , or purplish flowers. 

He-pat'i-cae (se), n. pi. 
[NL. See Hepatica.] 
Bot. One of the two 
classes of plants into 
which the bryophytes 
are usually divided. It 
includes the true liver- 
worts and scale mosses. 

hep'a-ti'tis ( hep'd-tl'- 
tls), n. [NL. ; hepato- 
+- itis.~) Med. Inflam- 
mation of the liver. 

hep'a-ti-za'tion (ti-za'- 
shiin ; -ti-za'-), n. Med. Hepatica (H. hepatica). (J) 




J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. » equals. 



M 



HEPATO 



464 



HEREINAFTER 






Conversion of tissue into a substance resembling the liver, 
as of the lungs in pneumonia, in which the affected tissue by 
engorgement with effused matter becomes solidified and 
impervious to air. 
hep'a-to- (hep'd-tS-). Combining form from Greek fjirap, 

rjiraros, the liver. 
hep'a-to-gen'ic (-jen'ik) la. Med. Arising from the 
hep'a-tog'e-nous (-toj'e-niis)/ liver; due to a condition of 

the liver. 

He-phaes'tus (M-fgs'tSs), He-phais'tos (-fls'tos), n. [Gr. 

"H0ai(7Toj.] Gr. Relig. The god of fire and of metal 

working, son of Zeus and Hera and husband of Aphrodite. 

See Vulcan, Cyclops. {seven. \ 

hep'ta- (hep'td-). Combining form from Greek iirra,\ 

hep'ta-Chord (-kord), n. [Gr. iirr&xopSos seven-stringed; 

iirrd seven + X°pi>v chord.] Gr. Music, a A lyre of seven 

strings, b A diatonic system of seven tones. C The interval 

of a major seventh. 

hep'tad (-tad), a. [L. heptas the number seven, Gr. i-n-Tas, 

-Ados, fr. £ttt& seven.] Chem. Having a valence of seven. 

See valence. — n. 1. The sum or number, or a group, of 

seven. 2. Chem. A heptad atom or element. 

hep'ta-gon (-td-gon), n. [Gr. Ivrayuivos seven-cornered ; 
iirr& seven + yuvia angle.] A (plane) polygon of seven 
angles and therefore seven sides. — hep-tag'o-nal (hep- 
tag'o-nal), a. 

hep'ta-he'dron (-heMron), n.; pi. E. -drons (-dronz), L. 
-dra (-drd). [hepta- + Gr. Upa seat, base.] Geom. A 
polyhedron with seven faces. — hep'ta-he'dral (-drol), a. 

hep-tam'er-OUS (hep-tam'er-lis), a. Bot. Consisting of 
seven parts, or having the parts of the flower in sevens ; — 
usually written 7-merous. 

hep-tam'e-ter (hep-tam'e'-te'r), n. Pros. A verse of seven 
metrical feet. 

hep'tane (hep'tan), n. [Gr. iirrk seven.] Chem. Any of 
several isomeric hydrocarbons, C7Hi6, of the paraffin series. 

hep-tan'gU-lar (hep-tan 'gu-ldr), a. Having seven angles. 

hep'tarch-y (hep'tar-ki), n.; pi. -tarchies (-kiz). A gov- 
ernment by seven persons ; a country under seven rulers. 

hep'ta-Stich (-td-stik), n. [hepta- + Gr. vrixos line, 
verse.] Pros. A poem or strophe of seven lines or verses. 

Hep'ta-teuch (-tuk), n. [L. heptateuchos ; Gr. iirra + reO- 
xos tool, book.] The first seven books of the Old Testament. 

her (hur), pron. & a. [AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing, of heo 
she.] The objective and the possessive case of she. When the 
noun it qualifies is omitted, it takes the form hers. Like Ms, 
her is used in obs. and dial. Eng. to make the possessive 
of a given noun ; as, "Haunted Lucilla her company." 

He'ra (he'rd), He're (he're), n. [L., fr. Gr. *Hpa, *Hpv.] 
Gr. Relig. An Olympian goddess, queen of heaven, sister 
and wife of Zeus. She is goddess of women and marriage. 

Her'a-cles, Her'a-kles (her'd-klez), n. [Gr. "Hpa/cXe?/*.] 
Hercules ; — the Greek form of the name. 

Her'a-cli'dse (-kll'de), n. pi.; sing. Her'a-clid (her'd- 
klTd). [Gr. 'Hpa/cXeiSai.] Gr. Myth. The descendants of 
Hercules. They conquered the Peloponnesus. — Her'a- 
Cli'dan (-klT'dan), a. 

her'ald (her'dld), n. [OF. heralt, heraut, LL. heraldus."] 
1. Anciently : a An officer who proclaimed war or peace, 
bore messages between rulers or commanders, made solemn 
announcements, etc. b In tourneys, an official who issued 
challenges, marshaled combatants, etc. 2. In Great Britain 
and Ireland, a similar officer charged also with the care of 
genealogies, etc., and esp. of armorial bearings. 3. One who 
proclaims or announces ; a messenger ; forerunner ; har- 
binger. — Syn. See FORERUNNER. 

— v. t. To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald ; pro- 
claim ; announce ; usher in. 

he-ral'dic (he-ral'dik), a. Pert, to heralds or heraldry. 

her'ald-ry (her'dld-rp, n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. The art or 
office of a herald ; science of genealogies and armorial bear- 
ings. 2. An emblazonment ; a heraldic symbol or symbols. 
3. Heraldic pomp or ceremony. 

herb (urb ; hurb), n. [OF. herbe, erbe, L. herba."] 1. A seed 
plant whose stem does not develop woody tissue, but 
persists only long enough to bear fruit ; specif., one whose 
leaves, or stem and leaves, are used for food, for medicinal 
purposes, or for their scent or flavor. 2. Grass ; herbage. 

her-ba'ceous ( her-ba'shus ), a. [L. herbaceus grassy.] 
1. Pert, to, or having the characteristics of, an herb ; 
herblike. 2. Of the texture, color, or appearance of an 
ordinary foliage leaf ; as, herbaceous sepals. 

herb'age (ur'baj ; hur'-), n. [F.] 1. Herbaceous vegeta- 
tion ; green plants collectively, esp. those used for pas- 
turage. 2. The succulent parts of herbaceous plants, esp. 
the foliage and young stems. 

herb'al (hur'bdl), n. 1. A book describing plants. Obs. or 
Hist. 2. A herbarium. Rare. — a. Of or pert, to herbs. 

herb'al-ist, n. Originally, a botanist ; later, a collector of, 
or dealer in, herbs, esp. medicinal herbs. 

her-ba'ri-um (her-ba'n-iim ; 3), n. ; pi. E. -riums (-ilmz), 
L. -ria (-d). [LL., fr. L. herba herb.] A collection of 



dried plants, usually mounted and classified; also, the 
room or building where the collection is kept. 

Her-bar'ti-an-ism (-bar'ti-dn-Iz'm), n. The philosophy 
of Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841), esp. the educa- 
tional system of Herbart and his disciples, in which the 
process of apperception is made of first importance. 

herb bennet. A European rosaceous herb (Geum urbanum) 
with yellow flowers and aromatic astringent root. 

her-biv'O-rous (her-biv'6-rus), a. [L. herba herb -f vorare 
to devour. ] 1. Eating, or living on, plants. 2. Belong- 
ing to a group or division (Herbivora) of mammals (now 
generally called Ungulata) that feed mainly on herbage. 

herb Paris. A European liliaceous herb (Paris quadri- 
folla) resembling trillium, commonly reputed poisonous. 

herb Robert. A European small-flowered geranium {Gera- 
nium robertianum). 

herb'y (ur'bi; hur'bT), a. 1. Abounding in herbaceous 
vegetation ; grassy. 2. Pert, to or resembling an herb. 

Her-CU'le-an (her-ku'le-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Hercules. 
2. [Often I. c] Requiring or having the strength or size 
of Hercules ; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous. 

Her'CU-les (hfir'ku-lez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Hpa/cX^s; "Hpa 
Hera + xXeos glory.] 1. Class. Myth. A hero, son of Zeus 
(Jupiter) and Alcmene, celebrated for his strength, and for 
achieving twelve great tasks, or "labors," imposed by 
Eurystheus as a result of the hatred of Hera (Juno) for Her- 
cules. See Eurystheus, Nessus, Omphale. 2. Astron. A 
northern constellation between Bobtes and Lyra. 

Her'cu-les'-club' (hur'ku-lez-), n. A small prickly tree 
( Aralia spinosa) of the eastern United States, with hand- 
some bipinnate leaves, cultivated as the angelica tree. 

Her-cyn'i-an (her-sin'i-an), a. [L. Hercynia silva, the 
Hercynian forest.] Designating, or pert, to, an extensive 
mountain range covered with forests in ancient Germany. 

her'cy-nite (hur'si-nlt), n. [See Hercynian. So named 
because found at Ronsberg, in the Bohemian forest.] Min. 
A black mineral, FeAl204 ; — called also iron spinel. 

herd (hurd), n. [AS. heord."] 1. A number of beasts, esp. 
large ones, assembled together. 2. A crowd of common 
people ; esp., with the, the rabble. — Syn. See flock. 

— v. i. 1. To unite or associate in a herd. 2. To associate ; 
ally one's self with, or join, a group or company. — v. t. To 
form or put into a herd. 

herd, n. [AS. hierde, hirde, hyrde, heorde."] A herdsman ; 

— now chiefly in composition, as shepherd", goatherd. 

— v. t. To tend, lead, or drive as a herdsman. 
herdHJOOk' (-book'), n. A book containing the list and pedi- 
grees of one or more herds, as of choice breeds of cattle. 

herd'er (hur'der), n. One who herds ; a herdsman. 

her'dic (-dTk), n. [After P. Herdic, the inventor.] A kind 
of low-hung cab, usually with two wheels, but sometimes 
four, with side seats and entrance at the back. 

herd'man (hurd'mdn), n. A herdsman. Obs. or R. 

herd's grass (hurdz). a Timothy, b Redtop. 

herds'man (hurdz'man), n. One who owns, keeps, or 
tends a herd or herds. 

here (her), adv. [AS. her."] 1. In this place ; — opposed to 
there. 2. In the present life or state. 3. To or into this 
place ; hither. 4. At this point of time ; now. — Syn. See 

HITHER. 

here and there, in one place and another ; irregularly. 

— neither h. nor there, to no purpose ; irrelevant. 
here'a-bOUt' (-d-bout01 adv. About this place; in this vi- 
here'a -bouts' (-bouts') / cinity. 

here-aft'er (her-af'ter), adv. In some future time or state ; 
after this. — n. A future existence or state ; with the, 
the world to come. - 

here-at' (-at'), adv. At, or by reason of, this. 

here-by/ (-bl'), adv. 1. Close by. Obs. 2. By this means. 

he-red'l-ta-ble (he-red'i-td-b'l), a. [LL. hereditabilis, fr. 
hereditare to inherit, fr. L. heres heir.] Heritable. — he- 
red'i-ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n.— he-red'i-ta-bly(-bli), adv. 

her'e-dit'a-ment (her'e : d!t'd-ment), n. [LL. heredita- 
mentum.~\ Law. Any inheritable property. [manner. I 

he-red'i-ta-ri-ly (he-red'i-tS-ri-li), adv. In a hereditary! 

he-red'i-ta-ri-ness, n. Quality of being hereditary. 

he-red'i-ta-ry (-ri), a. [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas 
inheritance, heres heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of 
legally descending, from ancestor to heir ; as, a hereditary 
office. 2. Having title or possession by inheritance ; as, a 
hereditary prince. 3. Transmitted or transmissible by 
heredity, as diseases, instincts, etc. 4. Pert, to inheritance 
or heredity ; as, hereditary transmission. 

he-red'l-ty (-tf), n. [L. hereditas heirship.] Biol. The 
transmission of the physical and psychical characters of 
parents to their offspring. 

Her'e-ford (her'e-ferd), n. One of a breed of beef cattle 
originating in Herefordshire, England. Herefords are 
usually red with white face, and white on the under parts. 

here-in/ (her-fn'), adv. [AS. herinne.'] In this. 

here'in-aft'er (her'in-af'ter), adv. In the following part of 
this (writing, document, speech, or the like). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HEREINBEFORE 



465 



HERPETOLOGY 



here'in-be-fore' ( her'Tn-be-for' ), adv. In the preceding 
part of this (writing, document, speech, or the like). 

here-in'to (her-In'tdb), adv. Into this. 

here-of' (-6V ; -of), adv. Of this; from this ; hence. 

here-on' (-on'), adv. On or upon this ; hereupon. 

her'e-si-arch (her'e-si-ark ; he-re'si-), n. [L. haeresiarcha, 
Gr. cdpeatdpxvs i atpeais heresy + ipx^s leader.] A leader in 
heresy ; the chief of a sect of heretics. 

her'e-sy (her'e-sT), n. ; pi. -sees (-stz). [OF. heresie, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. alpecns a taking, choice, sect, heresy, aipelv to take, 
choose.] 1. Unorthodox religious opinion tending to pro- 
mote schism. 2. An opinion opposed to the commonly 
received doctrine, and tending to division or dissension. 

her'e-tic (her'e-tik), n. [F. heretique, fr. L., fr. Gr. atperiicos 
able to choose, heretical.] One who holds to a heresy ; esp., 
one who, having professed Christianity, deliberately 
upholds a doctrine at variance with that of his church, or 
rejects one prescribed by his church. 

he-ret'i-cal (he-ret'i-kdl), a. Of the nature of, or marked 
by, heresy. — Syn. See heterodox. i-cal-ly, adv. 

here-to' (her-too'), adv. To this ; hereunto. 

here'to-fore' (her'too-for' ; 57), adv. Hitherto ; in time past. 

here'un-to' (her'un-tob'), adv. Unto this ; up to this time. 

here'up-on' (-u-pon'), adv. On this; hereon. 

here-with' (her-with' ; -with'), adv. With this. 

her'i-Ot (her'i-ot), n. [AS. heregeatu; here army + geatwe 
equipments.] A feudal tribute due to a lord on a tenant's 
death. 

her'it-a-ble (-Tt-d-b'l), a. [OF.] 1. Inheritable. 2. Capa- 
ble of inheriting. — her'it-a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ti), n. 

her'it-a-bly (-blT), adv. By way or right of inheritance. 

her'it-age (her'i-taj), n. [OF., fr. heriter to inherit, LL. 
hereditare, fr. L. heres heir.] 1. That which is inherited ; 
inheritance ; birthright. 2. Bib. God's chosen people ; 
Israel ; the Christian church. 

Syn. Heritage, inheritance, patrimony. Heritage is 
poetical or elevated for inheritance, in the sense of that which 
is inherited ; inheritance alone applies to the act or state 
of inheriting. Patrimony is strictly an inheritance from 
one's father. 

her'i-tor (-T-tor), n. [F. heritier.] An inheritor; specif., 
Scots Law, the owner in fee of heritable, taxable property 
in a parish. 

herm (hurm), n. A herma. 

her'ma (hur'md), n.; pi. heraee (hur'me), hermai (-mi). 
[L. Herma, fr. Gr. 'Eppijs, pi. 'Eppcu.] Gr. Archseol. An 
image in the form of a stone pillar, generally square, sur- 
mounted by a head of Hermes, generally bearded. 

her-ma'ic (her-ma'Tk), a. 1. \_cap.] Pert, to Hermes Tris- 
megistus ; Hermetic. 2. Of or pert, to hermae or Hermes. 

her-maph'ro-dite (-maf'ro-dlt), n. [FromL., fr. Gr. ; — 
alluding to Hermaphroditus.] 1. Biol. An individual hav- 
ing both male and female reproductive organs. 2. Naut. A 
hermaphrodite brig. 

— o. Of, pert, to, or like, a hermaphrodite. 
hermaphrodite brig, Naut., a two-masted vessel square- 
rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. 

her-mapb/ro-dit'ic (-dit'Lk), a. Pertaining to, or charac- 
terized by, hermaphroditism. dit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

her-maph'ro-dit-ism (-dlt-iz'm), n. Biol. The union of 
the two sexes in the same individual. 

Her-maph'ro-di'tus (-dl'tus), n. [Gr. 'Epua<t>p68t.Tos.] Gr. 
Myth. A son of Hermes and Aphrodite. While bathing he 
became fused in body with the nymph Salmacis. 

her'me-neu'tic (Mr'me-nu'tikHa. [Gr. ip/jL-ovevTiKos, fr. 

her'me-neu'ti-cal (-ti-kal) _ J ip-uvpebeu* to interpret.] 
Unfolding the signification ; interpretative. 

her'me-neu'tics (-tiks), n. (See-ics.) The science of inter- 
pretation and explanation; esp., that branch of theology 
which defines the laws applied by exegesis. 

Her'mes (hur'mez), n. [L.,fr. Gr. 'Eppifc.] Gr.Relig. An 
Olympian god, son of Zeus and Maia. He was herald and 
messenger of the gods, giver of increase to herds, and 
guardian of boundaries and of roads and their commerce. 
He was also god of science and invention, of eloquence, of 
cunning and theft, of luck and treasure-trove, and was con- 
ductor of the dead to Hades. Hermes is usually repre- 
sented as a slightly draped, beardless youth with the 
winged sandals (talaria), caduceus, and winged hat (pet- 
asus). See Mercury, 1. 

Her'mes Tris'me-gis'tus ( tns'me-jTs'tus ) [Gr. 'Epfirjs 
TpKrp.eyi.aroi, lit., Hermes thrice greatest], a late name of 
Hermes, as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He 
was the fabled author of works embodying magical, as- 
trological, and alchemical doctrines or lore. 
her-met'ic (her-met'ik)\a. 1. [Usually cap.] Of or per- 
her-met'i-cal (-i-kal) / taining to Hermes Trismegistus 
or the teachings, etc., attributed to him ; magical. 2. Made 
air-tight by fusion or soldering. — her-met'i-cal-ly, adv. 
Her-mi'0-ne (her-mT'6-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'E Pl u6i>n-] Gr. 
Myth. The daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She be- 
came the wife of Neoptolemus and, later, of Orestes. 
her'mit (hGr'mit), n. [Y.hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr. 



IprinlTijt, fr. Ipijuos lonely, solitary.] 1. A person who re- 
tires from society and lives in solitude, esp. from religious 
motives ; recluse ; anchoret. 2. A beadsman. 06s. 3. 
Cookery. A spiced molasses cooky, often containing 
chopped raisins and nuts. 

Syn. Hermit, anchorite, recluse, ascetic. Hermit and 
anchorite apply to one who retires to a life of solitude, 
esp. from religious motives ; but anchorite commonly con- 
notes greater austerity than hermit. A recluse is one who 
lives in seclusion, originally for religious reasons, in mod- 
ern usage oftener because of love of solitude or aversion to 
society. Ascetic adds to the idea of solitary life the impli- 
cation of extreme rigor or self-mortification. 

her'mit-age (hur'mT-taj), n. 1. The habitation of a her- 
mit ; a secluded residence. 2. [cap."] [F. Vin de V Her- 
mitage.'] Wine made in a certain locality in the department 
of the Drome, France. 

hermit crab. Any of numerous mostly marine decapod 
crustaceans (families Paguridx and Parapagurid.se), 
which occupy the empty shells of gastropods. 

her-mit'ic (her-mlt'Ik), her-mit'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or suited for, a hermit. — her-mit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

hern (hum). Archaic or Scot. var. of heron. 

her'ni-a (hur'ni-d) , n. ; pi. E. -nias (-dz), L. -nee (-e). [L.] 
Med. Protrusion of an organ or part through some opening 
in the walls of its cavity ; rupture. — her'ni-al (-51), a. 

her'ni-Ot'o-my (-ot'5-mi), n. Surg. A cutting operation for 
the cure of hernia. 

he'ro (he'ro), n.; pi. -roes (-roz). [L. heros, Gr. ?}pa>r.] 
1. Myth. & Relig. a A man, esp. a warrior, of the Greek 
epic or heroic age. b A man honored after death by public 
worship, for exceptional service to mankind, and usually 
held to be, in part at least, of divine descent. 2. The prin- 
cipal personage in a poem, story, or the like. 3. A person 
of distinguished valor or fortitude. 4. A prominent or 
central personage in any remarkable action or event; 
hence one regarded as a model of noble qualities. 

He'ro, n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Hpw.] In Greek legend, a priestess of 
Aphrodite at Sestos, visited nightly by Leander, who swam 
the Hellespont to reach her. Leander was finally drowned, 
and Hero cast herself into the sea. 

he-ro'di-an (he-ro'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Herod, 
specif, to Herod, king of judea (40-4 B. a). 

He-ro'di-as ( he-ro'di-as ), n. Bib. The wife of Herod An- 
tipas. She caused the death of John the Baptist. See 
Salome. 

he-ro'ic (-Tk), a. 1. Pert, to, like, or marked by, a hero or 
heroes ; of the nature of a hero ; as, the heroic age ; heroic 
poetry. 2. Worthy of a hero ; brave ; illustrious. 3. Fine 
Art. Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal. — 
Syn. Intrepid, courageous, valiant, bold, gallant, fearless. 
heroic age, in classical mythology, according to Hesiod, 
that period of the world's history wherein heroes and demi- 
gods fought at Troy and Thebes. — h. poetry, poetry that 
celebrates the deeds of a hero ; epic poetry. — h. treat- 
ment or remedies, severe treatment or remedies, suited to 
a desperate case. — h. verse. Pros., the verse of heroic or 
epic poetry, being in English, German, and Italian the iambic 
pentameter, in French the iambic of twelve syllables (see 
Alexandrine) , and in classic poetry the dactylic hexameter. 

— 7i. 1. A heroic verse or poem. 2. In pi. Extravagant ex- 
pression ; bombast. [adr.i 

he-ro'i-cal (-T-kal), a. Heroic. Rare. — he-ro'i-cal-lyj 

he-ro'in (he-ro'in ; her'o-in), n. Pharm. A white crystalline 
substance, C21H23O3N, an acetyl derivative of morphine. 
It is an anodyne and sedative and one of the most powerful 
habit-forming drugs. 

her'0-ine (her'6-Tn), n. [L. heroina, Gr. ripuivrj.'] A wom- 
an of heroic character or qualities. 

her'o-ism (-Tz'm), n. Qualities characteristic of a hero or 
heroine ; display of such qualities. — Syn. See courage. 

her'on (-un), n. [OF. hairon, F. heron, fr. OHG. heigir.~\ 
Any of a family ( Ardeidse ) 
of wading birds with long 
neck and legs, long tapering 
bill, large wings, and soft 
plumage. See egret. 

her'on-ry (-n), n.; pi. -rjes| 
(-rTz). A place where her-f 
ons breed. 
her'on-sew (her'Sn-so; 
-su), her'on-sewe, her'- 
on-shaw (-sho), n. [OF. 
heroncel, later -ceau, dim. of heron. See heron.] A heron. 
06s. or Dial. 
her'pes (hur'pez), n. [L., fr. Gr. ep7rr/i, fr. Zpireiv to creep.] 
Med. Any of various acute inflammatory affections of the 
skin and mucous membrane, marked by clusters of vesicles 
which tend to spread ; now, esp., shingles, technically dis- 
tinguished as her'pes zos'ter. — her-pet'ic (her-pet'Tk),a. 
her'pe-tol'o-gy (hur'pe-tol'6-jT), n. [Gr. ipirerov reptile 
(fr. epveu> to creep) + -logy.] Zoology relating to reptiles. 
— her'pe-to-log'i-cal (I-kal), a. — -tol'o gist (jlst), n. 




i 



1 



j 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary 



refer to Sections 
Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



HERRENHAUS 



466 



HETERONYM 




Herringbone Stitch. 



| Her'ren-haus' (her'en-hous'), n. [G., House of Lords.] 
The upper house of the Austrian Reichsrath and the Prus- 
sian Landtag. 

her'ring (her'ing), n. [AS. hseringj] A small fish (Clupea 
harengus) caught in great num- 
bers in the North Atlantic ; also, 
any of various fishes related to the 
above. 

her 'ring-bone' (-bon'), a. Resem- 
bling the spine of a herring ; esp., 
characterized by rows of parallel 
lines, which in any two successive 
rows slope in reverse directions. 
herringbone stitch, Needlework, „ 
a kind of cross-stitch used to fas- Herringbone Masonry, 
ten down material too thick to be hemmed ; also, an orna- 
mental embroidery stitch. 

hers (hurz), pron. The form, 
of the possessive her used 
without a governed noun fol- 
lowing ; — often used with of 
preceding ; as, this book of hers. 

herse (hurs), n. [F. herse harrow, portcullis. See hearse.] 
Mil. Antiq. A battle formation somewhat similar to the 
Greek phalanx. 

her-self' (her-self), pron. An emphasized form for her, she. 
Archaic as a Subject Nominative. 

Hertzian waves (hert'sT-dn). Electric waves; — so called 
from the German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857-94), who 
was the first to investigate them systematically. 

Hesh'van (hesh'van),n. [Heb.] See Jewish calendar. 

He'si-od'ic (he'si-od'ik), a. Pert, to the Greek poet Hesiod. 

He-si'0-ne (he-sl'6-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'llaidvrj.'] Gr. Myth. 
A daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, rescued from a sea 
monster by Hercules. 

hes'i-tance (hez'i-tdns), n. Hesitancy. [See hesitation.] 

hes'i-tan-cy (-tan-si), n. Hesitation ; indecision. — Syn.| 

hes'i-tant (-tdnt), a. Hesitating. — hes'i-tant-ly, adv. 

hes'i-tate (hez'i-tat), v. i.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. 
haesitare, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, stick fast.] 1. To 
stop ; pause ; be in uncertainty. 2. To falter in speaking. 
Syn. Hesitate, falter, demur imply irresolution or un- 
certainty. Hesitate is the general term ; falter (often 
used of a hesitating brokenness of speech) suggests waver- 
ing in purpose or action ; demur now implies a taking ex- 
ception to something. 

— v. t. To utter with, or intimate by, hesitation. 
hes'i-ta'tion ( hez'i-ta'shun ), n. 1. Act of hesitating; 

doubt ; vacillation. 2. A faltering in speech ; stammering. 
Syn. Hesitation, hesitancy are often indistinguishable. 
But hesitation oftener applies to the action, hesitancy to 
the condition, or quality, of hesitating. See hesitate. 

hes'i-ta-tive (hez'i-ta-tiv), a. Showing, or characterized 
by, hesitation. — hes'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. 

Hes'per (hes'per), n. Hesperus. 

Hes'per-a (-d), n. See Hesperides, 1. 

Hes-pe'ri-a (hes-pe'n-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Eo-irepLa.'] The 
Western Land ; — a name given by Greek poets to Italy 
and by Roman poets to Spain and sometimes to Italy. 

Hes-pe'ri-an (-on), a. [L. hesperius, fr. hesperus evening 
star, Gr. eatrepos evening, ecnrepos aarhp evening star.] 
Poetic. 1. Western; Occidental; specif., of or pert, to 
Hesperia. 2. Of or pert, to the Hesperides. 

Hes'per-id (hes'per-id), n. One of the Hesperides. 

Hes-per'i-des (-per'T-dez) , n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 'Eo-7repi'5es.] 
Class. Myth. 1. The nymphs who guarded, with the aid 
of a dragon, the garden containing the golden apples given 
by Gam as a wedding present to Hera. Their names, as of- 
ten given, are yEgle, Arethusa, Erythea, Hespera, Hestia. 
2. The garden of the golden apples, in the extreme West. 

hes'per-or'nis (hes'per-or'nis), n. [NL. ; Gr. eairepos west- 
ern -f- 6pm, -i0os, a bird.] Paleon. Any of a genus (Hes- 
perornis) of remarkable swimming birds from the Cre- 
taceous of Kansas, having teeth and rudimentary wings. 
The best-known species (H. regalis) was over five feet long. 

Hes'per-us (-us), n. [L.] The evening star. See Venus. 

Hes'sian (hesh'dn), a. Of or pertaining to Hesse, in Ger- 
many, or the Hessians. 
Hessian boots, boots of a 
kind worn in England, early 
in the 19th century, tasseled 
in front. — H. fly, a small 
dipterous fly or midge (Maye- 
tiola destructor) very destruc- 
tive to wheat in America. 

— n. 1. A native or inhabitant 
of Hesse, Germany. 2. A mer- 
cenary or venal person ; — 
alluding to Hessian mercena- 
ries in the British army in the 
Revolutionary War. U. S. 3. 
[I. c] In pi. Hessian boots 




X3 

Hessian Fly. a Adult Fly ; 
b Larva ; c Pupa ; d Stalk 
of Wheat, showing three 
Larvae (e) in place. 



4. [I. c] A coarse sacking of hemp or hemp and jute. 



hess'ite (hesTt), n. [After G. H. Hess, of Petrograd.] 
Min. Asectile silver telluride, Ag2Te, often auriferous. 

hes'so-nite (hes'6-nlt), n. = essonite. 

hest (hest), n. [AS. hses, fr. hatan to bid.] 1. Command ; 
precept. Archaic. 2. A promise ; pledge. Obs. 

Hes'ti-a(hes'ti-d),n. [Gr. 'Ecrria.'] 1. Or. Relig. Goddess 
of the hearth, daughter of Cronus and Rhea ; — identified 
with the Roman Vesta. 2. See Hesperides, 1. 

Hes'y-Chast (-i-kast), n. [Gr. i)o-i;xcto-n)s hermit, fr. -fitrv- 
xafetj' to be still or quiet, fr. tfavxos still, calm.] One of a 
sect of mystics or quietists in the Eastern Church, which 
originated in the 14th century. — Hes'y-chas'tic, a. 

he-tse'ra (he-te'rd) \ n.; pi. -rm (-re), rai f-ri). [NL., fr. 

he-tai'ra (he-t!'rd)/ Gr. iraipa.'] Gr. Antiq. A female 
paramour of the better class. Hetaerae were usually slaves. 

he-tse/rism (he-te'nz'm)ln. [Gr. iraipa a companion, a 

he-tai'rism (-tl'nz'm) / concubine, fem. of iraipos a com- 
rade.] _ 1. Concubinage. 2. A supposed primitive tribal 
condition in which all the women were held in common. 

het'er-o- (het'er-6-). [Gr. erepos other.] A combining form 
signifying other, other than usual, different. 

het'er-O-chro'mous (-kro'mws), a. [hetero- + Gr. xp&P* 
color.] _ Of different colors, as the discoid and radiate florets 
of daisies and asters. Cf . homochromous. 

het/er-O-clite'thet'er-o-klltO, a. [L. heteroclitus, Gr. ere- 
po/cXiros; 'irepos other + Kkiveiv to lean, incline, inflect.] 
Deviating from ordinary forms or rules ; irregular ; anom- 
alous ; abnormal. — n. 1. Gram. A word, esp. a noun, 
irregularly inflected. 2. Any thing or person deviating 
from the common rule, or from common forms. 

het'er-0-d0X (-doks), a. [Gr. irep68o£os; erepos other -f 
56£ a opinion.] 1. Differing from some acknowledged stand- 
ard, as the Bible, a creed, etc.; not orthodox; heretical. 
2. Holding heterodox opinions or doctrines. 
Syn. Heterodox, heretical. That is heterodox which 
is at variance with accepted doctrines (esp. religious) ; that 
is heretical which is perniciously heterodox or erroneous. 

het'er-o-dox'y (-dok'si), n.; pi. -doxies (-slz). 1. Quality 
of being heterodox. 2. A heterodox opinion, doctrine, etc. 

het'er-oe'cious (-e'shus), a. _ [hetero- + Gr. olda house.] 
Bot. Parasitic on an alternation of hosts, as the wheat-rust 
fungus ; — opp. to autaicious. — het'er-oe'cismt-siz'm), n. 

het'er-Og'a-mous (-og'd-mSs), a. Bot. a Having unlike 
gametes ; — opp. to isogamous. b Bearing flowers of two 
different kinds ; — opp. to homogamous. c Characterized 
by indirect methods of pollination ; — opp. to orthogamous. 

het'er-Og'a-my (-mi), n. 1. Bot. State of being heteroga- 
moUs. 2. Biol. That form of alternation of generations in 
which two kinds of sexual generation (esp. a dioecious and a 
parthenogenetic generation) alternate. 

het'er-o-ge-ne'i-ty ( -je-ne'i-ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Het- 
erogeneous state or quality. 

het'er-o-ge'ne-ous (-je'ne-fe), a. [From LL., fr. Gr. ir- 
epoyevos /erepos other -\-yipos race, kind.] Differing in kind ; 
unlike in qualities ; dissimilar ; — opp. to homogeneous. 

het'er-O-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. Biol, a Spontaneous 
generation, b Alternation of generations ; esp., heterogamy. 
— het'er-o-ge-net^ic Gje-net'ik), a. 

het'er-Og'e-ny (-oj'e-nT), n. Biol. Heterogenesis. 

het'er-og'o-nous (-og'6-nus), a. Characterized by heter- 
ogony. — het'er-og'o-nous-ly, adv. 

het'er-Og'0-ny (heVer-og'6-ni), n. 1. Bot. State of having 
two or more kinds of perfect flowers ; — opposed to homog- 
ony. 2. Biol. Alternation of generations ; esp., alternation 
of a dioecious and a hermaphroditic generation. 

het'er-o-graph'ic (-6-graf'ik), a. Pertaining to, or charac- 
terized by, heterography. 

het'er-Og'ra-phy (-bg'rd-fi), n. 1. Spelling differing from 
standard current usage. 2. Spelling in which the same 
letters represent different sounds, as in English ; e. g., g in 
get and in ginger. 

het'er-og'y-nous (-oj'T-nus), a. Zool. Having females of 
more than one kind, as bees. 

het'er-ol'O-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. Biol. Lack of correspondence 
between parts, from being composed of different elements 
or from having a different origin ; — opp. to homology. — ■ 
het'er-ol'o-gous (-gus), a. 

het'er-om/er-QUS (-om'er-fts), a. Bot. Having one or more 
whorls the number of whose members differs from that of 
the remaining whorls ; — said of a flower, and opposed to 
isomerous. 

het'er-o-mor'phlc (-6-mor'fik), a. ZooL_ Having different 
forms at different stages, as insects which undergo com- 
plete metamorphosis. — het'er-O-mor'phism (-f lz'm), n. 

het'er-on'o-mous (-on'6-mSs), a. [hetero- + Gr. vbp.o% 
law.] 1. Subject to the law of another. 2. Biol. Subject to 
or involving different laws of growth; specialized along 
different lines. 

het'er-on'o-my (-mi), n. Subordination or subjection to 
the law or domination of another ; — opp. to autonomy. 

het'er-O-nym' (het'er-o-nimO, n. A word spelt like another, 
but differing in sound and sense ; — opp. to homonym. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ;■ old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HETERONYMOUS 



467 



HICKORY 



het'er-on'y-mous (het'er-on'T-mus), o. [hetero- -f- Gr. 
owna, for 6vop.a a name.] 1. Standing in opposite rela- 
tions ; Optics, pert, to or designating crossed images of an 
object seen double. See diplopia. 2. Pert, to or designat- 
ing a heteronym. 

het'er-O-phyl'lousChet'er-o-fTl'us^a. Bot. Bearing foliage 
leaves of more than one form on the same plant, as do many 
eucalypts, pondweeds, etc. [heterophyllous.! 

het'er-O-phyl'ly (het'er-6-f Il'i), n. Quality or state of being| 

het'er-o-plas'ty (-plas'tl), n. Surg. Surgical grafting by 
inserting parts of tissues taken from another individual. 

iiet'er-op'ter-OUS (-op'ter-iis), a. [hetero- + Gr. -KTtpbv 
wing.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a suborder (Heteroptera) of 
hemipterous insects, comprising the bedbug, squash bug, 
chinch bug, etc. — het'er-op'ter-an (-an), a. & n. 

het'er-OS'po-ro-US (-os'po-rws ; -6-spo'rSs), a. Bot. a Bear- 
ing asexual spores of more than one kind, b Producing 
microspores and megaspores, as do seed plants. 

het'er-O-Stat'ic (-stat'Ik), a. Designating, or pertaining to, 
a method of electrostatic measurement in which one poten- 
tial is measured by means of a different potential. 

het'er-o-tax'is (-6-tak'sIs), n. Also -tax'i-a (-sT-d). [NL. ; 
hetero- + Gr. rd£is an arrangement.] Abnormal arrange- 
ment, as of organs or parts of the body, geological strata, 
etc. — het'er-o-tac'tic (-tak'tik), a. — o-tax'ic, a. 

het'er-O-tax'y (het'er-o-tak'sT), n. Heterotaxis. 

het-'er-Ot'o-pism (-ot'o-piz'm) \n. [hetero- + Gr. tottos 

hefer-ot'o-py (het'er-ot'6-pi) J place.] Biol. Displace- 
ment ; difference of position ; esp., Med., deviation from the 
natural position, as of an organ or growth. — het'er-O-top'- 
ic (-6-top'ik), het'er-ot'o-pous (-ot'6-pfts), a. 

het'er-o-zy'gote (-6-zI'got ; -zig'ot), n. Biol. A Mendelian 
hybrid containing one or more recessive characters and 
therefore unstable, its progeny not being all true to type. 
Cf. homozygote. — het'er-o-zy'gous (-zl'gits), a. 

het'man (het'mdn), n.; pi. -mans (-manz). [Pol.] A Cos- 
sack headman or chief. 

heu'land-ite (hu'lan-dit), n. [After H. Heuland, English 
mineralogist.] Min. A native hydrous silicate of calcium 
and aluminium, KiCaAkCSiOs )6-3H20, of the zeolite 
family. 

heu-ris'tic (hu-ns'tik), a. [Gr. evplo-Keiv to discover.] 
Serving to discover or find out ; as, heuristic reasons. 

hew (hu), v. t.; pret. hewed (hud); p. p. hewed, hewn 
(hun) ; p. pr. & vb. n. hew'ing. [AS. heawan.~\ 1. To cut 
by blows with an ax or other sharp instrument ; chop. 2. 
To fell, as trees, by cutting. 3. To form or shape by blows 
with a sharp instrument ; cut ; as, to hew stone or timber. 

■ — v. i. To make cutting blows, as with an ax. — hew'er, n. 

hex- (heks-), hex'a- (hek'sd-). [Gr. ef six, e£a- (in comp.).] 
A prefix denoting six, sixth. 

hex'a-bas'ic (hek'sd-bas'ik), a. Chem. Having six hydro- 
gen atoms capable of replacement by basic atoms or radi- 
cals in forming salts or esters. 

hex'a-chord (hek'sd-kord), n. [Tiexa- + Gr. xopSij string, 
chord.] Medieval Music. A diatonic series of six tones 
with their intervals of steps (-) i i i i i i 
and half steps (~) as follows : J — J — J ~ J -* — J 

hex'ad (hek'sad), n. [L. hexas, hexadis, the number six, 
Gr. i£as, e£d5os, fr. e£ six.] 1. A group or series of six. 2. 
Chem. A hexad atom or element. — a. Chem. Having a 
valence of six. See valence. — hex-ad'ic (hek-sad'ik), a. 

hex'a-em'er-on (heVsd-em'er-on), -hem'er-on (-hem'er- 
6n), n. [L. hexaemeron, fr. Gr. e£ six + rjnepa day.] The 
six days of the Creation, or a history of the Creation, as 
contained in Genesis ; also, a treatise on it. — hex'a-em/- 
er-ic, hex'a-hem'er-ic (-Ik), a. 

hex'a-gon (hek'sd-gon), n. [L. hexagonum, fr. Gr. e£d7a>- 
vm ; e£ six -f- yuivLa angle.] Geom. A poly- 
gon of six angles and hence of six sides. 

hex-ag'o-nal (hek-sag'6-nal), a. 1. Having 
six angles and six sides ; six-sided ; divided 
into hexagons. 2. Having a hexagon as 
section or base. 3. Cryst. Designating, or 
belonging to, a crystal system in which six- 
sided forms occur. — hex-ag'o-nal-ly, adv. 

hex'a-gram (hek'sd-gram), n. A figure 
formed by completing externally an equi- Hexagon, 
lateral triangle on each side of a regular hexagon. 

hex'a-he'dron (-he'dron), n.; pi. E. -drons (-dronz), L. 
-dea (-drd). [hexa- + Gr. e5pa seat, base.] Geom. A poly- 
hedron of six faces. he'dral (-dral), a. [groups. I 

hex'a-hy'dric (-hIMrTk), a. Chem. Containing six hydroxy! 

hsx-am'er-ous (hek-sam'er-ws), a. 1. Bot. Having floral 
whorls composed of six members ; — usually written 6- 
merous. 2. Zo'dl. Having six parts, or parts in multiples of 
six, arranged radially. 

hex-am'e-ter (hek-sam'e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. Qa^Tpm, 
lit., of six meters; 2£ six + ukrpov measure.] Pros. A 
verse of six measures ; esp., the six-foot dactvlic verse of 
Greek and Latin epic poetry, of which the first four feet 



may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth is regularly * 
dactyl, and the sixth a spondee ; thus, — 

Arma vijrumque ca|no || Troljae qui I primus ab I oris. 

<-."" I -—[-II -I- - I -— I --) 

— a. Having six metrical feet. — hex'a-met'ric, a. 

hex'ane (hek'san), n. [Gr. e£ six.] Chem. Any of five 
liquid hydrocarbons, CeHu, of the paraffin series. 

hex'an'gu-lar (heks'ar/gu-ldr), a. Having six angles. 

hex'a-pla ( hek'sd-pld ), n. ; etym. pi., but syntactically 
sing. [NL., fr. Gr. l£<nr\a, fr. e£a7rX6os, contr. ^aTrXoDs, 
sixfold.] An edition or work in six texts or versions in par- 
allel columns ; specif. [cap.~\ , the edition of the Old Testa- 
ment compiled by Origen. — hex'a-plar (-pldr), a. 

hex'a-pod (-pod), a. [Gr. ^d7rouy six-footed ; e£ six + irofc, 
7ro56s, foot.] Having six feet. — n. A six-footed animal ; 
specif., one of the true insects (Hexapoda, or, more usually, 
Insecta). — h3X-ap'o-dous (hek-sap'6-d2s), a. 

hex-ap'o-dy (hek-sap'o-di), n. Pros. A line or verse con- 
sisting of six feet. 

hex'a-stich (hek'sd-stTk), n. Also hex-as'ti-chon (hek- 
sas'ti-kon) ; L. pi. -cha (-kd). [From L., fr. Gr. i£ aanxos ; 
ef six -f- o-rt'xos row, line, verse.] Pros. A poem or stanza 
of six verses, or lines. 

hex'a-Styl3 (hck'sd-stil), a. [Gr. ^aa-ruXw; «£ s i x -|- 
arOXos column.] Arch. Having six columns across the 
front. — n. A hexastyle structure, as a portico or facade. 

Hex'a-teuch (-tiik), n. [hexa- + Gr. revxos a tool, a book.] 
The first six books of the Old Testament. — Hex'a- 
teuch'al (-tuk'al), a. 

hex'a- va'lent (hek'sd-va'lent ; hek-sav'd-lent), a. [hexa- 
+ L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. Hexad. 

hex'en-be'sen (hek'sen-ba'zen), n. [G., lit., witches' 
broom.] Bot. An abnormal brushlike growth (called also 
witches'-broom or witches' -besom) of small branches on 
various trees and shrubs, esp. conifers, due to infection by 
the mycelium of certain ascomycetous fungi. 

hex'ite (hek'slt), n. Chem. A hexahydric alcohol. 

hex'one (hek'son), a. [Gr. e£ six.] Chem. Designating cer- 
tain compounds having six carbon atoms in the molecule. 

hex'ose (hek'sos), n. Chem. Any of a group of sugars hav- 
ing six carbon atoms in the molecule. 

hex'yl (hek'sll), n. Chem. A univalent hydrocarbon radical 
C6H13, the radical of hexane. 

hey (ha), inter j. An exclamation, as of interrogation, joy, 
surprise, or encouragement. 

hey'day' (ha'da'), interj. An expression of frolic and ex- 
ultation, or of wonder. — n. 1. High spirits ; exaltation. 
2. Time of highest strength, vigor, or bloom ; acme ; the 
flush or fullest vigor, as of youth, prosperity, etc. 

Hez'e-ki'ah (hez'e-ki'd), n. [Heb. Khizqiyah.] Any of 
several Old Testament characters; esp., a king of Judah 
during a part of the 7th century B. c, who tried to abolish 
idolatry among the Jews. 

hi-a'tus (hl-a'tz/s), n. ; pi. L. -tus, E. -tuses (-ez ; 24). [L., 
fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape.] 1. An opening ; gap ; esp., a 
break with a part missing. 2. Concurrence of two vowels in 
two successive words or syllables without contraction. 

Hi'a-wa'tha (hl'd-wo'thd), n. 1. A Mohawk chieftain of 
the 16th century who effected the confederation known as 
the Five Nations. 2. The hero of a poem by Longfellow. 

hi'ber-nac'u-lum (hl'ber-nak'u-l^m), n.; pi. -la (-Id). [L., 
a winter residence.] Zo'ol. a A case or covering for protec- 
tion during the winter, b In certain fresh-water polyzoans, 
an encysted bud which survives the winter and develops 
into a colony in the spring. 

hi-ber'nal (hl-bur'nal), a. [L. hibernalis.'] Wintry. 

hi'ber-nate (hl'ber-nat), v. i.; -nat/ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat/ing. 
[L. hibernare, -natum, fr. hibernus wintry.] To winter ; 
pass the winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic 
state, as do many animals. 

hi'ber-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act or state of hibernating. 

Hi-ber'ni-a (hl-bur'ni-d), n. [L.] Ireland. Poetic. 

Hi-ber'ni-an (-an), a. Irish. — n. A native or an inhabi- 
tant of Ireland. 

Hi-ber'ni-cism (-sTz'm), Hi-ber'ni-an-ism (-an-Tz'm), n. 
An idiom, or expression characteristic of the Irish ; esp., an 
Irish bull. 

hi-bis'cus (hl-bis'kus; hi-), n. [L., marsh mallow.] Any 
of a large genus (Hibiscus) of malvaceous herbs, shrubs, or 
small trees, the rose mallows, having large showy flowers. 

hie'eup, -cough (hlk'up), n. A spasmodic inspiration with 
closure of the glottis, producing a characteristic sound. — 
v. i. To have hiccups, or make a hiccup or hiccups. 

hick'ey (hik'i), n. ; pi. -eys (-Tz). Elec. a A device for 
bending a conduit, consisting of an iron pipe used as a 
handle and fitted at one end with a tee through which the 
conduit is passed, b A small fitting used in wiring for elec- 
tric lights a fixture piped for gas. 

hick'o-ry (hfk'o-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). [North Amer. 
Indian pawcohiccora an oily liquor pressed from pounded 
hickory nuts.] 1. Any of a genus (Hicoria) of North Amer- 



i 




J 



K 



K ~ ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HICKWALL 



468 



HIGH 



V 







ican trees, of the walnut family ; esp., the shagbark (H. 
ovata) or one of its allies. Many species yield valuable 
hard wood and sweet edible nuts. 2. The wood of any of 
these trees. 3. A switch, cane, etc., of hickory wood. 

hick'wall' (hik'wSl'), n. The European green woodpecker 
(Gecinus viridis) ; sometimes, any of certain other Euro- 
pean woodpeckers. 

hid (hTd), pret. & p. p. of hide. See hidden. 

hi-dal'go (hi-dal'go), n.; pi. -gos (-goz). [Sp., contr. fr. 
hi jo de algo, i. e., son of something.] A title denoting a 
Spanish nobleman of the lower class. 

hid'den (hid''n), p. a. Concealed; secret; mysterious. 

hid'den-ite (hid''n-It), n. [After one W. E. Hidden (b. 
1853).] Min. A yellow to green variety of spodumene found 
in North Carolina ; lithia emerald. It is used as a gem. 

hide (hid), n. [AS. hid.'] Hist. A measure of land, varying 
from 80 to 120 acres ; — 
common in old English char- 
ters. 

hide, n. [AS. hyd.] 1. The 
skin of an animal, either raw 
or dressed. 2. The human 
skin. Contemptuous or Hu- 
morous. — Syn. See skin. 

— v. t. ; hh/ed (hld'ed ; 24) ; 
hh/ing. To flog, as with a 
cowhide. Colloq. 

hide (hid), v. t.; pret. hid 
(hid) ; p. p. hid'den (hid''n), 
hid ; p. pr. & vb. n. hid'ing 
(hld'ing). [AS. hydan.] 1. 
To conceal ; put out of view ; 
secrete. 2. To withhold from 
knowledge ; keep secret ; as, 
he cannot hide the truth. 
3. To shelter. Archaic. 4. 
Bib. To turn away, as the Hide, 1. a b d c Butt ; A B 
eyes or ears, in inattention or £, a > A B db Bends ■ ab F C 
displeasure. f nlfw h%J h^V n 

Syn Conceal secrete cover, &*£'Jg& x J>- D ' D 
mask, veil, cloak, shroud, 

bury, screen. — Hide, conceal, secrete. Hide (the gen- 
eral term) and conceal are often interchangeable. But 
conceal often emphasizes more strongly the element of in- 
tention or the effectiveness of the result, and is oftener used 
of a refusal to divulge ; as, the bonnet hid her face ; the 
papers were concealed in a secret drawer. To secrete is to 
deposit in close hiding. 

— v. i. To lie concealed ; keep out of view. 
hidebound' (hld'bound'), a. 1. Having the skin closely 

adhering to the ribs and back ; — said of an animal. 2. Of 
trees, having the bark so tight that it impedes growth. 
3. Fig., obstinately or stupidly narrow in thought. 

hid'e-OUS (hid'e-us), a. [OF. hidous.] 1. Dreadful. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Revolting ; horribly ugly or discordant ; morally 
shocking or detestable. — hid'e-OUS-ly, adv. ness, n. 

hid'er (hld'er), n. One who hides. 

hi-dro'sis (hi-dro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Ibpovv to sweat, 
idpus sweat.] 1. Physiol. Perspiration. 2. Med. Excessive 
perspiration, or any skin disease characterized by it. 

hie (hi), v. %.; hied (hid) ; hy'ing (hl'ing). [AS. higian.] 
To hasten ; go in haste ; — often with adverbial accusa- 
tive ; as, to hie one's way. 

hiel'a-man (hel'd-man), n.; pi. -mans (-manz). [Native 
name.] A kind of wooden shield used by the Australian 
aborigines for warding off spears. 

hi'e-mal (hl'e-mal), a. [L. hiemalis, fr. hiems winter.] 
Of or belonging to winter. 

hi'er-arch (hl'er-ark), n. [LL. hierarcha, fr. Gr. Upapxys; 
Upos sacred + &px°s ruler, apx^v to rule.] A ruler in sacred 
things ; a chief priest. 

hi'er-ar'chal (-ar'kal), hi'er-ar'chic (kik), hi'er-ar'chi- 
cal (-ki-kal), a. Pertaining to a hierarch or hierarchy. 

hi'er-ar'chism (hl'er-aVklz'm), n. The principles or au- 
thority of a hierarchy. — hi'er-ar'chist (-kist), n. 

hi'er-arch'y (hl'er-ar'ki), n.; pi. -archies (-kiz). 1. A rank 
or order of holy beings, as angels. 2. Dominion or author- 
ity in sacred things. 3. A body of officials (esp. ecclesiasti- 
cal) in successive ranks, or government by such a body. 4. 
A series divided or classified in ranks or orders, esp. in nat- 
ural science or logic. 

hi'er-at'ic (-at'lk), a. Also hi'er-at'i-cal (-at'I-kal), a. 
[L. hieraticus, Gr. UpartKos.] Consecrated to sacred uses ; 
sacerdotal ; pertaining to priests ; specif. Archseol., desig- 
nating an abridged form of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 
which assumed a cursive character. Cf . demotic. 

hi'er-oc'ra-cy (-ok'rd-sl), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [Gr. Upos 
sacred ■+- -cracy.] Government by ecclesiastics ; a hier- 
archy. — hi'er-o-crat'ic (-6-krat'Ik),-crat'i-cal (-i-kal),o. 

hi'er-o-dule (hl'er-S-dul), n. [From L., fr. Gr. UpoSoyXos ; 
Upbv temple or Upos sacred + dovXos slave.] Gr. Antiq. A 
slave dedicated to, and dwelling in the temple of, a deity. 




Egyptian Hieroglyphics, 
of Cleopatra. 



Cartouche 



hi'er-O-glyph' (hl'er-o-glif), n. A hieroglyphic. 

hi'er-O-glyph'ic (-gllf'lk),a. [From L., fr. Gr. UpoyXvcjwcds ; 
Upbs sacred + y\b<t>eiv to carve.] Pertaining to a hier- 
oglyph or hieroglyphics ; also, inscribed with hieroglyphics. 

— n. 1. A sacred 
character ; esp., 
chiefly in pi., a 
character in the 
picture writing of 
the ancient Egyp- 
tians, Mexicans, etc., or the mode of writing in such char- 
acters. 2. A figure of hidden significance ; in pi., humor- 
ously, illegible writing. — hi'er-O-glyph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

— hi'er-o-glyph'i-cal-iy, adv. 

hi'er-o-gram' (hl'er-o-gram'), n. [Gr. Upos sacred + 
-gram.'] A sacred or hieratic symbol ; a hieroglyph. 

hi'er-ol'o-gy (-ol'S-ji), n. ; pi. -ctes (-jlz). [Gr. Upbs sacred 
-f- -logy.] A body of knowledge of sacred things ; sacred 
lore ; literary or traditional embodiment of religious beliefs. 

Hi'er-On'y-mite (-on'I-mlt) , n. [L. Hieronymus Jerome.] 
Eccl. Hist. A member of any of various hermit orders 
named in honor of St. Jerome. 

hi'er-o-phant (hl'er-o-fant ; hl-er'-), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 
Upo^avTrjs ; Upos sacred + <j>alveiv to show.] 1. Gr. Antiq. 
A priest ; specif., the chief priest of the Eleusinian myster- 
ies. 2. Hence, an expositor of sacred mysteries, [phants.l 

hi'er-O-phan'tic (-fan'tlk), a. Of, like, or pert, to, hiero-| 

hig'gle (hig''l), v. %.; -gled ; -gling. 1. To stickle for ad- 
vantage ; haggle. 2. To peddle provisions. — hig'gler, n. 

hig'gle-dy-pig'gle-dy (-dl-plg''l-dl), adv. In confusion ; 
topsy-turvy. — o. Confused ; jumbled. 

high (hi), a. [AS. heah, heh.] 1. Lifted up; lofty; tall; 
elevated. 2. a Geog. Far toward one of the poles (with the 
equator as base) ; — chiefly used in high latitude, b Of 
season : advanced to or toward its culmination ; as, high 
noon. C Of time : ancient ; remote ; as, high antiquity, d 
Of sound : loud ; shrill ; in music, acute ; sharp ; — opp. to 
grave or low. e Phon. Formed or articulated with a high 
position of the tongue in relation to the palate ; as, e (eve) 
is a high front vowel. Cf . low, o. 3. Chief ; as : a Exalted 
in rank, dignity, etc. b Grave ; serious ; as, high crimes. 4. 
Elevated in character ; lofty ; also, abstruse. 5. a Arro- 
gant ; boastful, b Showing elation ; as, in high spirits, c 
Intoxicated. Slang, d Extreme, esp. in doctrine or cere- 
mony ; as, High Church. 6. Strong ; mighty ; powerful ; 
majestic, etc. 7. Having a quality in a superior degree ; as 
high (i. e., intense) heat; high (i.e., rich or spicy) season- 
ing ; high (i. e., deep or vivid) color, etc. 8. Strong-scented ; 
slightly tainted. 9. Containing a relatively great amount ; 
as, iron high in phosphorus. 10. Biol. Complex in organ- 
ization ; — usually in the comparative degree ; as, the 
higher apes. 11. Dear ; costly ; of a price, great. 
Syn. High, tall, lofty. High, the general term (opposed 
to low) , applies to extension upward ; that is tall (often 
opposed to short) which is high as compared with others 
of its kind, esp. when its breadth or diameter is relatively 
small ; that is lofty (often poetical for high) which is of 
great or imposing altitude ; as, a high (not tall) hill ; a high 
(or tall) tree, building ; a tall (not high) man ; a lofty moun- 
tain. High and lofty (not tall) also apply to that which is 
at great or considerable height ; as, a high (or lofty) cloud. 
High alone is used to express degree or intensity ; as, high 
speed, power, color. Fig., high connotes distinction, ele- 
vation, sometimes pride or arrogance ; lofty suggests moral 
grandeur or dignity ; it may also imply haughtiness. 
highball. See ball, n., 6. — h. blower. See blowing, n. 

— H. Church and Low Church, two parties in the An- 
glican Church. High-Churchmen emphasize the doctrine 
of apostolic succession and the saving grace of the sacra- 
ments, and attach much importance to ceremonies and 
symbols. Low-Churchmen lay less stress on these points. 

— h. day, Bib., a holy or feast day. John xix. 31. — h. 
explosive, an explosive compound, as nitroglycerin, dyna- 
mite, gun cotton, picric acid, etc., which, by the transmis- 
sion of an initial shock, is converted into gas in so short 
a period that the reaction is considered as practically in- 
stantaneous. — H. German. See German, n., 2 b. — h. 
jinks, wild behavior ; boisterous sport or merrymaking. 

— h. life, life among the aristocracy or the rich. — h. 
light, Art, an effect as of bright light, as in a picture. — h. 
living, a feeding on rich, pampering food. — H. Mass, 
R. C. Ch., Mass with incense, music, the assistance of a 
deacon, sub-deacon, etc. — h. place, in ancient Semitic 
religions, a temple or altar, or place of worship, usually on 
a hill or elevation. — h. priest, Eccl., a chief priest, esp. 
the head of the Jewish priesthood. — h. relief. See 
relief. — h. school, in the U. S., a free public school of 
more advanced grade than the grammar school, and offer- 
ing courses either preparatory to college, or in technical, 
manual, or business preparation, etc. — h. seas, the open, 
uninclosed portion of the sea or ocean. — h. tea, tea (a 
meal) with meats and extra relishes. — h. time, a Quite 
time ; full time for the occasion, b A time of great excite- 
ment or enjoyment ; carousal. — h. treason, treason. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sola; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circirs, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", irjk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






HIGHBINDER 



469 



HINDUSTANI 



against the sovereign or the state, — the highest civil of- 
fense. — h. wine, distilled spirits with a high alcohol con- 
tent ; — usually in the pi. — with a h. hand, a With 
power ; triumphantly, b Overbearingly ; arbitrarily. 

— adv. 1. At or to a high place, altitude, degree. 2. Ab- 
strusely. 3. At or to a high pitch. 4. Richly ; luxuriously. 

high'bihd'er (-bln'der) n. U. S. A member of a band of 
Chinese criminals in the Chinese quarter of an American 
city who hire out as bravos to commit crimes. 

high/born' (hl'born'), a. Of noble birth. 

high'boy', n. A tall, commodious, sometimes double, chest 
of drawers mounted on legs. Cf . lowboy. 

high'— bred', a. Of superior blood ; also, characteristic of, 
or having the characteristics of, those who are high-bred. 

high'er (hl'er), a., compar. of high. 
higher algebra, Math., the more advanced algebra. — H. 
Thought. See New Thought. 

highfa-lu'ting (hl'f d-lQ'ting) , high'fa-lu'tin (-tin), n. 
High-flown, bombastic language. — a. High-flown. 

high'-flown' (hl'flon'; 109), a. 1. Elevated; proud. 2. 
Turgid ; extravagant ; bombastic ; inflated. 

high'fly'er, high'fii'er (hl'ni'er ; hl'fii'er), n. One who, or 
that which, flies high ; hence : a One extravagant in pre- 
tensions, mode of living, etc. b An extreme partisan, as a 
Tory of the 18th century. Obs. C A fast stagecoach. Obs. 

high/Jly'ing, a. Extravagant in opinions or ambition. 

high'— hand'ed (hl'han'ded), a. Overbearing; arbitrary. 

high'-hold'er (-hol'der), n. The flicker (a bird). 

highland (hl'ldnd), n. Elevated or mountainous land; 
often, in pi. [usually cap.] , an elevated region or country. 

high'land-er, n. An inhabitant of highlands, esp. [cap.'] of 
the Highlands of Scotland. [landers ; a sort of hornpipe. I 

Highland fling. A dance peculiar to the Scottish High-] 

high'— low', n. A laced boot, ankle high. 

high'ly, adv. In a high degree ; very much. 

high'— mind'ed, a. 1. Proud, arrogant. 2. Having honor- 
able pride ; of or marked by elevated principles and feelings. 

high'ness (hl'nes), n. 1. Elevation ; loftiness. 2. [cap.] 
A title of honor given to princes, etc. 

high'— pres'sure, a. Having or involving a pressure greatly 
exceeding that of the atmosphere. 

high'— proof ', a. Highly rectified ; very strongly alcoholic ; 
as, high-proof spirits ; — also used figuratively. 

high'road' (hl'rod'), n. A highway; main road. 

high'-sea'soned (-se'z'nd; 109), a. Enriched with spice 
and condiments ; hence : exciting ; piquant. 

high'-SOUled' (hl'sold' ; 109), a. Having a lofty spirit. 

high/— spir'it-ed, a. Bold or lofty in spirit ; having mettle 
or fire ; fiery. 

high'— Strung', a. In a state of tense or quick sensibility ; 
highly sensitive or nervous. 

ixight (hit), p. p. [From AS. hatan to call.] Called or 
named. Archaic or Poetic. 

hight (hit), highth (hltth). Vars. of height. 

high'-toned', a. 1. High in tone or sound. 2. High-prin- 
cipled ; elevated ; dignified. 3. Stylish ; fashionable. Un- 
cultivated or Derisive. U. S. 

high'ty-tigh'ty (hl'ti-tl'ti), inter j. & a. Hoity-toity. 

high'way' (hl'wa'), n. A main road or thoroughfare; 
hence, any way open to the public. — Syn. See way. 

high'way'man (-man), n. A highway robber. 

high'-wroaght 7 (hl'rSt'), a. 1. Wrought with fine art or 
skill ; elaborate. 2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high de- 
gree ; as, a high-wrought passion. 

hike (hlk), v. t.; hiked (hikt) ; hik'ing (hik'ing). To move 
with a swing, throw, jerk, or the like. — v. i. To hike 
one's self ; specif., to tramp ; march laboriously. — n. Act 
of hiking ; a tramp. All Dial, or Colloq. 

hi-la'ri-OUS (hl-la'rT-us ; hi-; 3), a. [L. hilaris, hilarus, 
Gr. t'Xapos.] Mirthful ; noisy ; boisterous ; merry. — hi- 
la'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

hi-lar'i-ty (hl-lar'i-ti ; hi-), n. Boisterous mirth. — Syn. 
Glee, mirth, merriment, joyousness, gayety, joviality. See 

CHEERFULNESS. 

Hil'a-ry Sitting or term (hil'd-ri). Law. Orig.. in Eng- 
land, the first (Jan. llth-31st) of four terms during which 
the superior courts were in session ; now, one of the sit- 
tings of the Supreme Court in the same part of the year. 

hil'ding (hil'ding), n. A base wretch or jade. Obs. or Ar- 
chaic. — a. Base ; spiritless. Obs. or Archaic. 

hill (Ml), n. [AS. hull.] 1. A natural elevation of land, 
now one less than a mountain. 2. An artificial heap or 
mound, as of earth ; as, an ant hill. 3. Specif., a heap of 
earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants ; 
also, the plant or cluster so cultivated ; as, a hill of corn. 

— v . t. 1. To form into a hill, heap, or mound. 2. To sur- 
round with earth ; as, to hill corn. 

hill'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hills; specif., an 




mountaineer, b A Cameronian 



a A 

C One who climbs hills. 



hill myna. An Asiatic bird (Eulabes religiosa) allied to 

the starlings. It is of- 
ten tamed and taught 

to pronounce words. 
hil'lo, hil'loa (hil'o; 

hi-lo'), n. & interj 

Hollo. [small hill. 
hill'ock(hil'uk),n.A 
hill'side' (-sld') ( n. 

The side of a hill. 
hill'top' (-top/), n. 

The top of a hill. 
hill'y (-i), a 

Abounding with hills 
hilt (hilt), n^ [AS.] 



1. 





2. Steep. Hill Myna. 
A handle, esp. of a sword, dagger, 
etc. — v. t. To furnish with a hilt. — hilt'ed, p. a. 

hi'lum (hl'lum), n.; L. pi. hila (-Id). [L., a little thing.] 
Bot. a The mark at the point of attachment of an ovule, 
forming the "eye. " b The nucleus of a starch grain. 

him (him), pron. [AS., dat. of he.] Objective case of he. 

Hi-ma'la-yan (hi-ma'ld-ydn ; less correctly, but still often, 
him'd-la'yan), a. [Skr. himalaya; hima snow + alaya 
abode.] Of, pertaining to, or designating the Himalayas. 

hi-mat'i-on (hT-mat'i-6n), n. ; L. pi. himatia (-d). [Gr. 
lua.Ti.ov.] Gr. Antiq. A garment consisting 
of a rectangular cloth draped over the left 
shoulder and about the body. 

Him'a-vat (him'd-vat), n. See Devi. 

him-self (him-self), pron. An emphasized 
form for he, him. It is used : 1. For empha- 
sis : a As a simple objective, b In apposition 
with he or with a nominative or objective 
noun, c As a subject nominative. Archaic. 
d As a predicate nominative. 2. Specif., esp. 
after be, become, etc. : His normal, proper, 
or true self ; as, he has come to himself. 3. 
As a reflexive ; as, he hurt himself. 

Him'yar-ite (him'ydr-It), n. [After Him-, 
yar, king of Yemen, Arabia.] 1. One of an' 
important Arab tribe of antiquity dwelling 
in southern Arabia . 2. An Arab of a group of Sophocles 
tribes (including the above), or of their de- wearing a 
scendants. — Him'yar-it'ic (-lt'Ik), a. Himation. 

hind (hind), n. [AS. nine, hina, orig. gen. 
pi. of hiwan domestics.] 1. A farm servant or assistant. 
2. A peasant ; a rustic. Eng. 

hind (hind), n. [AS.] The female of the deer. Cf. stag. 

hind (hind), a.; hind'er; hind'most, or hind'er-most. 
In the rear ; — opp. to front ; pert, to the part or end 
which follows, or is behind. — Syn. See posterior. 

hind'-brain' (hlnd'branO.n. Embryol.& Anat. The pos- 
terior of the three primary cerebral vesicles (imperfectly 
divided parts of the rudimentary vertebrate brain) ; also, 
the parts of the brain (epencephalon and metencephalon) 
which develop from them. Sometimes restricted to epen- 
cephalon, the metencephalon being called afterbrain. 

hind'er (hin'der), a. Pertaining to the part or end that 
follows, or is in the rear. — Syn. See posterior. 

hin'der (hin'der), v. t. [AS. hindrian, fr. hinder behind.] 

1. To keep back or behind ; check ; obstruct. 2. To pre- 
vent ; embarrass ; debar ; shut out. — Syn. Retard, im- 
pede, delay, block, clog, prevent. — v. i. To interpose ob- 
stacles or impediments ; be a hindrance. — hin'der-er, n. 

hin'der-ance (-ans), n. Hindrance. 

hind'er-most (hln'der-most), a. Hindmost. 

Hin'di (hin'de), n. [Hind, hindi, fr. Hind India, fr. Per.] 
A Sanskritic language, the chief vernacular of northern 
India. It is divided into Western Hindi (of which the chief 
dialect is Hindustani) and Eastern Hindi. [last.l 

hind'most (hind'most), a. Farthest in or toward the rear ;| 

hin'drance (hTn'drdns), n. A hindering ; state of being hin- 
dered ; that which hinders ; impediment. — Syn. Obstruc- 
tion, obstacle, check, delay, restraint. See difficulty. 

hind'sight' (hlnd'slt'), n. 1. The rear sight of a firearm. 

2. Perception of the nature and demands of an event after 
it has happened ; — opposed to foresight. Humorous. 

Hin'du, Hin'doo (hin'doo ; hin-ddb'), n. [Per. Hindu, fr. 
Hind India.] A member of one of the Aryan races of In- 
dia ; also, an adherent of Hinduism. — Hin'du, Hin'doo, a. 

Hin'du-ism, or Hin'doo-ism (hin'ddo-iz'm), n. The re- 
ligious ( polytheistic ) and social systems of the Hindus, 
developed from Brahmanism, and embodying animistic 
beliefs. The caste system is the chief characteristic. 

Ein'du-ize, or Hin'doo-ize (hin'doo-Iz), v. t. To subject 
or conform to Hindu culture and beliefs. 

Ein'du-Sta'ni, Hin'doo-Sta'ni (sta'ne) i a. [Hind. Hin- 
dustani, an Indian, fr. Per. Hindustan India.] Of or 
pertaining to Hindustan or its people or Hindustani. 

Hin'du-sta'ni (-sta'ne), Hin'do-sta'ni (hTn'do-), n. Also 
Hin'doo-sta'ni. The most important dialect of Hindi, 
written in both the Persian and the Devanagari character ; 
Urdu. It is current as a lingua franca over nearly all India. 



I 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



1, The joint on which 




HINGE 

hinge (hinj), to. [ME. heng, heeng.J 
a door, gate, lid, 
etc., turns or 
swings. 2. An ar- 
ticulated joint, as 
of a bivalve shell. 
3. That on which 
anything turns or 
depends. 4. The 
earth's axis, or a 
cardinal point of 
the compass. 
Obs. 

— V. t. ; HINGED 

(hinjd) ; HINGING Hinges. 1 Hook and Eye ; 2 Strap ; 3 

(hin'jTng). To at- T Hinge; 4 Flap ; 5 Blind ; 6 Gate. 

tach by, or furnish with, hinges. — v. i. To stand, depend, 

hang, or turn, as on a hinge. 
hin'ny (hin'i), to.; pi. -nies (-Tz). [L. hinnus.] A hybrid 

between a stallion and a she-ass. 
hint (hint), to. [Prob. fr. ME. henten to catch, AS. hentan.] 

1. An occasion ; moment ; time ; turn. Obs. 2. A remote 
allusion ; intimation ; a suggestion or reminder without a 
full declaration. — Syn. See suggestion. — v. t. To bring 
to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion ; suggest 
indirectly. — v. i. To make an indirect allusion. 

Syn. Hint, intimate, insinuate, imply imply sugges- 
tion. To hint is to suggest indirectly or by covert allusion. 
The word often implies lack of candor or straightforward- 
ness ; as, some darkly hinted of treachery. Intimate often 
implies a lighter or more elusive suggestion than hint, but 
does not connote lack of frankness ; to insinuate is to .hint 
artfully or to convey an underhand suggestion ; as, coward- 
ly insinuations. Imply is in general opposed to express. 

hin'ter-land' (hm'ter-land'), to. [G.] The inland district. 

hip (hip), to. [AS. hype.] 1. The laterally projecting region 
of each side of the body below the waist ; thigh joint ; 
haunch. 2. The external angle formed by the meeting of 
two sloping sides of a roof. — hip and thigh, overwhelm- 
ingly ; unsparingly. — on, or upon, the hip, at a disad- 
vantage ; as, to take or have one on the hip ; — a phrase 
derived from wrestling. — v. t.; hipped (hipt) ; hip'ping. 
To make with a hip or hips, as a roof. 

hip, n. [AS. heope.] The ripened fruit of a rosebush. 

hip, interj. A word used to excite attention or as a signal ; 
as, hip, hip, hurrah ! 

hip Done. The innominate bone. 

nip'parch (hip'ark), n. [Gr. 'U-irapxos ; "iriros horse 4- &p- 
xeiv to lead, rule.] Gr. Antiq. A commander of cavalry. 

hipped (hipt), a. 1. Having (such or so many) hips. 2. 
Injured or dislocated in the hip ; hipshot. 

hip'pish (hTp'ish), a. Hypochondriac. Colloq. 

hip'po-cam'pus (hip'6-kam'pus), n.; pi. -pi (-pi). [L. 
the sea horse, Gr. iiviroKaixiros ; Xttttos horse + Kap.iros sea 
monster.] 1. Class. Myth. A sea monster with head 
and fore quarters like a horse and tail like a dolphin or fish. 

2. The sea horse (genus Hippocampus). 3. Ahat. One 
of the ridges in each lateral ventricle of the brain. 

hip'po-cen'taurC-sen't6r),OT. [L--hippocentaurus,Gr.iwiro- 
Kevravpos ; liriros horse 4- tcevravpos centaur.] A centaur. 

hip'po-cras (hip'6-kras), to. [OF. ypocras, F. hippoc- 
ras, hypocras, prop, the name Hippocrates.'] A cordial 
made of spiced wine. 

Hip'po-crat'ic (-krat'ik), a. Of or pertaining to Hippocra- 
tes of Cos, a celebrated Greek physician, born about 460 
B. c, or the school of medicine which took his name. 
Hippocratic oath, an oath, embodying a code of medical 
ethics, anciently taken by men beginning medical practice. 

Hip'po-crene (hip'6-kren; L. hip'o-kre'ne),^. [L., fr. 
Gr. 'linroKpi)vn ; linros horse + Kp\vr\ a fountain.] A foun- 
tain on Mount Helicon in Bceotia, fabled to have burst 
forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus ; 
also, its waters, supposed to impart poetic inspiration. 

hip'po-drome (hip'6-drom), to. [L. hippodromos, fr. Gr. 
lww68poiJ,os ; tiriros horse + Spop-os course.] 1. Gr. Antiq. 
An oval track for horse races, with tiers of seats for specta- 
tors. 2. An arena for equestrian performances ; a circus. 

hip'po-griff, hip'po-gryph (-gnf), n. [F. hippogriffe.] 
A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. 

Hip-pol/y-te (hl-pol'i-te), to. [L., fr. Gr. 'IinroXvTri.'] The 
queen of the Amazons. The procuring of her girdle was 
one of the "labors" of Hercules. 

Hip-pol'y-tus (-tus),n. [L.,fr. Gr. 'l7T7r6\i;ros.] Gr.Myth. 
A son of Theseus by an Amazon, Antiope (or her sister, 
Hippolyte ). Phaedra, Theseus's wife, fell in love with Hip- 
polytus, and he being approached in her behalf, without 
her knowledge, publicly flouted her, and she hanged herself, 
accusing him of ravishment. Poseidon, answering an im- 
precation of Theseus, sent a sea monster which terrified the 
horses of Hippolytus so that they dragged him to death. 

Hip-pom'e-don (hi-pom'e-don), to. [Gr. 'lirnop.ed^v.'] See 
Seven against Thebes. [Atalanta.I 

Hip-pom'e-nes (-nez), to. [L., fr. Gr. 'Iinronei>r}<:.~\ See| 



470 



HISTORICALLY 




hip-poph'a-gOUS (-pof'd-gus), a. [Gr. linroi horse + 
-phagous.] Eating horseflesh. — hip-poph'a-gy (-ji), to. 

hip'po-pot'a-mus (hip'o-pot'd-mus), to.; pi. E. -muses 
(-ez ; 24), L. -mi (-mi). [L., fr. 
Gr. fr. t7T7roj horse -4- irorafids 
river.] An amphibi- 
ous, herbivorous 
mammal(i/ippo- 
potamus amphi- 
bius), allied to the 
hogs, found in 
rivers of Africa. 
Next to the ele- 
phant, it is the 
largest existing 
quadruped. 

hip roof. A roof 
having sloping Hippopotamus. 

ends and sloping sides ; a hipped roof. 

hip'shot' (hip'shoV), a. Having the hip dislocated ; having 
one hip lower than the other. 

hir/cine (hur'sln; -sin), a. [L. hircinus, fr. hircus he- 
goat.] Goatlike, esp. in smell ; goatish. 

hire (hlr), to. [AS. hyr.] 1. The price paid for the use of a 
thing or a place, or for service or labor ; pay. 2. Act of hir- 
ing something. — Syn. See wages. 

— v. t.; hired (hlrd) ; hir'ing (hir'ing). 1. To engage the 
labor or services of for hire. 2. To procure for temporary 
use for a compensation. 3. To grant temporary use of for 
compensation ; as, he hired himself out to work. 

Syn. Hire, let. The use of hire for let (as. he hired me a 
house) is now incorrect. See employ. 

— v. i. To engage one's self for compensation ; — used 
with out. U. S. and Brit. Colonies. 

hire'ling (-ling), to. One hired ; a mercenary. — a. Serving 
for hire, esp. mercenarily. — Syn. See mercenary. 

hir'er (hTr'er), to. One who hires. 

hir'sute (hur'sut ; her-sut'), a. [L. hirsutus.] Rough with 
hair or bristles ; shaggy. — hir'SUte-ness, n. 

hi-run'dine (hT-run'dln ; -din), a. [L. hirundo swallow.] 
Zo'dl. Like or pertaining to the swallows. 

his (hiz), pron. & a. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & 
neut. of he, neut. hit. See he.] Belonging or pertaining to 
him ; of him ; — used as the possessive case of he or (Obs.} 
it, or as a possessive adjective, or as the possessive of he 
without the accompanying noun (as, the book is his). 

His-pa'ni-a (his-pa/nT-d ; his-pa'-), to. In Latin, the penin- 
sula Spain and Portugal ; now, sometimes (Poetic), Spain. 

His-pan'ic (-pan'ik), a. Of or pert, to Spain or its language. 

His-pan'i-cism (-T-siz'm), n. A Spanish idiom or phrase. 

his'pid (his'pid), a. [L. hispidus.] Rough with bristles, 
stiff hairs, or minute spines. 

hiss (his), v. i. [Imitative.] To make the sharp sibilant 
sound represented by s, or that emitted by an angry goose 
or snake, etc., as to express hatred or disapproval. — v. L. 
1. To condemn by hissing. 2. To utter with a hiss. — n~ 
The sound made in hissing, esp. as a token of anger, etc. 

hiss'ing, to. 1. Act of emitting a hiss or hisses. 2. An 
occasion of contempt ; an object of scorn. Archaic. 

hist (hist), interj. Hush! Be silent! — v. t. To say "hist"" 
to, or urge by or as by that sound. 

his'to-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), to. [Gr. 1<tt6s web, tissue 4- 
-genesis.] Biol. Origin and development of organic tissues,. 

his-tog'e-ny (h!s-toj'e-nT), to. Histogenesis. 

his'toid (his'toid), a. [Gr. to-ros web, tissue + -oid."] 
Resembling the normal tissues ; as, histoid tumors. 

his-tOl'0-gy (his-tol'o-jT), to. _ [Gr. larbs web, tissue 4- 
-logy.] The science of the minute (microscopical) struc- 
ture of organic tissues. — his'to-log'i-cal (his'to-loj'i- 
kdl), a. — his-tol'o-gist (his-tol'6-jist), to. 

his'tone (his'ton), n. [Gr. ia-ros tissue.] Physiol. Chem. 
a An albumose or peptonelike body, with strongly basic 
properties, which, injected into a living animal, prevents 
coagulation of the blood when drawn from the body, b Any 
of several substances resembling the above. 

his-to'ri-an (hTs-to'ri-dn ; 57), to. 1. A writer of history ; 
chronicler ; annalist. 2. One versed in history. 

his-tor'ic (-tor'ik) )a. [L. historicus, Gr. laropiKos. See 

his-tor'i-cal (-i-kdl)J history.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or of 
the nature of, history ; narrating, dealing with, or based 
upon, history ; true to history ; as, historical evidence ; 
historical fidelity ; — in this sense historical is usual. 2. 
Constituting history ; associated with, or famous in, his- 
tory ; — in this sense historic is usual. 3. Gram. Used in 
telling past events ; as, the historical tenses ; — in this 
sense historical is used. — his-tor'i-cal-ly, adv. 
historical present, Gram., the present tense used in tell- 
ing of past events, as if they were taking place at the time 
of the recital ; — called also the present of vivid narration. — 
h. school, Economics, a number of writers and teachers 
who have been variously classed together as pursuing the 
historical method, that is, basing their work and teach- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sold; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, £krn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HISTORICALNESS 



471 



HOBSON'S CHOICE 



ing, more or less fundamentally, upon the facts shown by 
historical research ; — opp. to classical school. 

his-tor'i-cal-ness, n. Quality of being historical. 

his'to-ried (hls'to-rld), a. Related in history; having a 
history ; historic ; storied. 

his-tor'i-fy(-tor'I-fl), v. t. ; -fled (-fid) ; -fy'ing. To record 
in or as history. 

his-to'ri-og'ra-pher (-to'rl-og'rd-fer), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 
l<TTopioypd4>os ; iaropia history + ~ipo4>tiv to write.] A his- 
torian ; esp., one officially appointed or designated to write 
a history. — his-to'ri-og'ra-phy (-fl), n. 

his'to-ry (hls'to-n), n. pi. -ries (-nz). [L. historia, Gr. 
iaropia history, information, iVrajp, urrcsp, learned.] 1. A 
narrative of events ; a tale ; story. 2. Specif., a systematic 
written account of events, esp. of those affecting a nation, 
institution, science, or art, usually connected with a philo- 
, sophical explanation of their causes. 3. The branch of 
knowledge that records and explains past events. 4. The 
' events which form the subject matter of a history. 

his'tri-on'ic (hls'trl-on'Ik), a. [L. histrionicus, fr. Ms- 
trio an actor.] Pertaining to the stage or to actors ; theatri- 
cal. — his'tri-on'i-cal (-T-kal), a. — on'i-cal-ly, adv. 

his'tri-on'ics (-Iks), n. pi. (See-ics.) Dramatic represen- 
tation ; theatricals. 

hit Chit), v. t.; pret. & p. p. hit ; p. pr. & vb. n. hit'ting. 
[Of Scand. origin.] 1. To come upon (esp. a thing sought) ; 
meet with ; reach ; find. 2. To strike or touch (esp. an ob- 
ject aimed at). 3. Hence : a To bring into violent contact ; 
knock ; as, to hit one's head in falling, b To deliver ; as, to 
hit a blow. 4. To affect to one's detriment, discomfort, or 
discomfiture; as, the taunt hit him hard. 5. To accord 
with ; suit ; as, that hits my idea. 6. To represent, mimic, 
reproduce, or the like, precisely ; as, to hit the right note. 

— Syn. See strike. 

to hit off. a To do easily and neatly ; improvise ;as, to hit 
off a sonnet, b To reproduce ; imitate ; as, to hit off a 
character. 

— v. i. 1. To succeed in finding, getting, reaching, or the 
like, something aimed at or desired, often with implied 
chance or luck ; as, to hit upon a solution. 2. To strike ; — 
often used with against, upon, or on. 3. To deliver a 
blow ; strike ; as, he hit out with his fist. 4. To suit ; agree. 
Obs. or Colloq. hit or miss, at random. 

— n. 1. A blow striking the object aimed at. 2. In various 
ball games, a stroke by which the ball is hit so as to result 
in a certain score ; specif., Baseball, a base hit. 3. A stroke 
of success ; a successful effort or production. 4. Apt ex- 
pression ; a pertinent, sarcastic, or censorious remark. 5. 
Backgammon. A game won after the adversary has re- 
moved some of his men, counting less than a gammon; 
sometimes, any game won. 

hitch (hich), v. i. 1. To move interruptedly or with halts or 
jerks ; hobble. 2. To become entangled or caught ; catch ; 
as, the rope hitched on a bush. 3. To agree. Colloq. 
to hitch up, to harness a horse or horses for driving. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To move with jerks. 2. To catch or fasten as by 
a hook or knot ; make fast ; unite ; yoke. 

to hitch up. a To fasten up. b To pull or raise with a 
jerk, c To attach, as a horse, to a vehicle. 

— n. 1. A sudden movement or pull ; jerk. 2. A hobble ; 
limp. 3. A stop or sudden halt ; impediment ; obstacle. 
4. Naut. A knot or noose, esp. as a temporary fastening. 
See knot, Illust. 

hith'er (hith'er), adv. [AS. hider.] To this place. 
Syn. Hither, here. Hither was formerly used with verbs 
of motion ; here, with verbs of rest. Here has now dis- 
placed hither, except in poetic or elevated style. 

— a. Being on the side next to or toward the person 
speaking; nearer; also, fig., of time, earlier. 

hith'er-most (-most), a. Nearest on this side. 

hith'er-to' (-too' ; hith'er-too'), adv. 1. To this place. 
Archaic. 2. Up to this time ; as yet ; until now. 

hith'er -ward (-werd), adv. Toward this place ; hither. 

hith'er- wards (-werdz), adv. Hitherward. 

hit'ter (hlt'er), n. One who, Or that which, hits. 

Hit'tite (hlt'It), n. [From Heb. Khittim Hittites.] One of 
an ancient people (or group of peoples), of undetermined 
race, whose settlements extended from Armenia into Asia 
Minor and Palestine. 

Hit'torf rays (hlt'orf). Elec. Rays (chiefly cathode rays) 
developed by the electric discharge in Hittorf tubes. 

Hit'torf tube. Elec. a A highly exhausted glass tube with 
metallic electrodes nearly in contact so as to exhibit 
the insulating effects of a vacuum. It was used by the 
Ger. physicist J. W. Hittorf (b. 1824). b A Crookes tube. 

hive (hlv), n. [AS. hyf.~\ 1. A beehive; also, a swarm of 
bees. 2. Something suggestive of a beehive, as a place 
swarming with busy occupants. — v. t. ; hived (hlvd) ; 
hiv'ing (hlv'Ing). 1. To collect into, or cause to enter, a 
hive. 2. To store up in a hive, as honey ; lay up in store. 

— v. i. To enter a hive together, as bees ; reside in a body. 
hives (hlvz), n. pi. [Scot.] 1. Nettle rash. 2. An eruptive 

disease allied to the chicken pox. 



ho (ho), interj. Also hoa, whoa. Stop ! Stand still ! Hold ! 

— a word now used only by drivers or teamsters. 

ho, interj. Also hoa. 1. A cry of surprise, delight, etc., or, 
repeated, of derisive laughter. 2. Halloo ! Attend ! 

ho-ac'tzin (ho-ak'tsln), n. A peculiar bird (Opisthocomus 
cristatus) of tropical South America, somewhat smaller 
than a_pheasant. It has a crested head. 

hoar Chor; 57), a. [AS. har.] 1. White, or grayish white. 
2. Gray or white with age ; hoary ; venerable. 3. Gray 
with mold ; hence : musty ; stale. Obs. or Dial. — n. 1. 
Hoariness. 2. Hoarfrost ; rime. 

hoard (hord ; 57), n. [AS. hord.] A store laid up ; hidden 
supply ; treasure. — v. t. To collect and lay up. — v. i. To 
lay up a store or hoard, as of money. — hoard'er, n. 

hoard'ing (hor'dlng), n. Act of one who hoards ; also, in 
pi., that which is hoarded. 

hoard'ing, n. [From OF. hourd, hourt, barrier, palisade, of 
German or Dutch origin.] A temporary fence of boards 
inclosing a construction ; hence, a billboard. 

hoar/frost' (hor'frost' ; 57), n. White particles, usually crys- 
talline, of ice formed on objects exposed to cold air ; rime. 

hoar'hound'. Var. of horehound. 

hoar'i-ness (-I-nes), n. Hoary state or quality. 

hoarse (hors; 57), a.; hoars'er (hor'ser) ; hoars'est. 
[ME. hors, hos, has, AS. has.] 1. Harsh ; discordant ; 
raucous ; — said of sounds. 2. Having a grating voice, as 
when affected with a cold ; making a rough, harsh cry or 
sound. — hoarse'ly, adv. — hoarse'ness, n. 

hoars'en _(hor's'n), v. t. & i. To make or become hoarse. 

hoar'y (hor'I), a.; hoar'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. White or 
whitish ; white or gray with age. 2. Ancient ; venerable. 

hoax (hoks), n. [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus. ] 
A mocking or mischievous deception or story ; practical 
joke. — v. t. To deceive by a hoax. 

hob (hob), n. [Orig. familiar for Robin, Robert, the proper 
names.] 1. A rustic ; clown. Obs. 2. A fairy ; sprite ; elf. 
Orig. leap.] , = Robin Goodfellow. 3. The male ferret. 

hob, n. 1. A projection at the back or side of a fireplace on 
which something may be kept warm. 2. Peg, pin, or mark 
used as a target in some games ; also, any of the games. 

hob, v. Prob., to have; also, apparently, to give; — only 
in phrases or in combination. See hobnob. 
hob and nob, hob a nob, hob or nob, prob., give and 
take ; give or take ; — used by persons drinking together. 

— to drink hob or nob or hob a nob, to drink alter- 
nately to each other. 

hob-and-nob, a., or hob and nob. On familiar terms; 
in close companionship ; intimate. 

Hob'bism (hob'Iz'm), n. The philosophical system of 
Thomas Hobbes (158S-1679), English materialist and sen- 
sationalist ; esp., his political theory that the most perfect 
form of civil government is an absolute monarchy. 

hob'ble (hob''l), v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bllng (-ling). 1. To 
go unevenly ; wabble. 2. To walk lame ; limp. — v. t. 1. 
To cause to limp ; make lame. 2. To fetter ; hopple ; clog. 

— n. 1. An unequal gait ; limp. 2. Difficulty. Colloq. or 
Dial. 3. A fetter ; hopple ; clog. 

hob'ble-busb/ (-bobsh'), n. A shrub (Viburnum alni foli- 
um), of the honeysuckle family, having cym«s of white 
flowers succeeded by red, berrylike fruits. 

hob'ble-de-hoy' (-de-hoi'), n. A youth between boy and 
man ; an awkward, gawky young fellow. 

hobble skirt. A woman's skirt so scant at the bottom as 
to restrain freedom of movement like a hobble. 

hob'by (hob'I), n.; pi. -bies (-Iz). [ME. hoby, fr. OF. 
hobe.] A small Old World falcon (Falco subbuteo), for- 
merly flown at small birds. 

hob'by, n. [ME. hobyn a nag.] 1. A strong, medium-sized 
horse ; an ambling nag. Now chiefly Dial. Eng. 2. A sub- 
ject to which one constantly reverts ; favorite subject of dis- 
course, thought, or effort. — Syn. See vocation. 

hob'by-horse' (-hors'), n. 1. A figure of a horse fastened 
about the waist of a performer in the morris dance, panto- 
mimes, etc. ; also, the performer. 2. a A buffoon, b A pros- 
titute. Both Obs. 3. A stick, often with a horse's head or 
figure, which boys pretend to ride ; any imitation horse. 

hob'gob'lin (-gob'lln), n. 1. A mischievous sprite ; specif. 
[cap.], Robin Goodfellow, or Puck. 2. A bogy ; bugbear. 

hob'nail' (ynaF), n. [hob peg + nail.] 1. A short, large- 
headed nail, for studding shoe soles. 2. A clown ; rustic. 

hob'nob' (hob'nob'), adv. [AS. habban to have + nabban 
to have not ; ne not + habban to have.] At random. 



hob'nob', v. i. ; -nobbed' (-nobd') ; 



nob'bing. To drink cr 
A drinking together ; 



associate familiarly (with) 
hence, a familiar chat. 

ho'bo (ho'bo), 7i.; pi. hobos or hoboes (-boz). A profes- 
sional tramp. U. S. — ho'bo-ism (-Iz'm), n. U. S. 

Hob'son's choice (hob'siznz). A choice without an alterna- 
tive ; the thing offered or nothing ; — so called in allusion 
to the practice of Thomas Hobson (d. 1631), at Cambridge, 
England, who let horses, and required every customer to 
take the horse which stood nearest the door. 



J 



K 



K = eh iti G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



HOCK 



472 



HOLDING 




bock (hok), n. & v. Pawn ; pledge. _ Slang, U. S. 

hock, n. A white or light yellow Rhine wine from Hoch- 
heim, near Mainz, Germany ; hence, any white Rhine wine. 

hock, n. [AS. hoh heel.] The tarsal joint in the hind limb 
of digitigrade quadrupeds, as the horse, corresponding to 
the ankle of man, but elevated from the ground and bend- 
ing backward. Also, the corresponding joint in a fowl's leg. 
— v. t. To hamstring. 

hock'ey (-T), n. A well-known game played by driving a 
ball or disk (see puck, n., 2) with a bent stick (hockey 
stick) ; also, the stick. 

ho'cus (ho'kus) , v. t . 1. To deceive or cheat. 2. To drug, as 
liquor ; also, to stupefy with drugged liquor. 

ho'CUS-pO'CUS (-po f kus),n. [Prob. orig., a juggler's 
pseudo-Latin term used in incantation.] 1. A juggler; 
trickster. 2. A juggler's trick ; sleight of hand. — v. t. & i. 
To cheat. Colloq. 

hod (hod), n. [Prob. fr. OF. hotte a large basket carried 
on the back.] 1. A wooden tray or trough with a handle, 
borne on the shoulder, for carrying mortar, bricks, etc. 2. 
A kind of bucket for coal ; coal scuttle. 

hod'car'ri-er (-kar'i-er), n. A laborer whose duty is to 
carry mortar, bricks, etc., in a hod ; a mason's tender. 

hod'den (hod''n), n. Coarse cloth of undyed wool. Scot. 
hodden gray or grey, gray hodden ; — a poetic inversion. 

hodge'podge' (hoj'poj'), n. [See hotchpot.] A stew of 
various ingredients ; hence : a mixture ; medley. 

hod'man (hod'man), n. A hodcarrier. [Dial. Eng.l 

hod'man-dod^-dod'), n. A dodman ; a snail shell. Obs. or\ 

hoe (ho), n. [OF.] A long-handled implement, with a 
thin, flat blade set trans- 
versely, for weeding, etc. 

— v. t. & i. ; hoed (hod) ; 
hoe'ing.j To dig, cut, etc., 
with a hoe. 

hoe'cake' (ho'kak'), n. A 

cake of Indian meal ; — so 

called because originally 

cooked on a hoe. South- 
ern U. S. 
hog (hog), n. [AS. hogga 

(gen. pi.) of hogs.] 1. A 

swine ; a pig, sow, or boar, 

esp. an adult one suitable 

for market. The domestic 

hogs are derived from the Hoes. 1 Garden ; 2 Warren ; 

wild boar (Sus scrofa). 2. 3 Scuffle ; 4 Weeding ; 5 Grub. 

A hoggish person. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; hogged (hogd) ; hog'ging. 1. To cause to arch like 
a hog's back ; as, to hog one's back. 2. To cut short (a 
horse's mane) so as to make it bristly. — v. i. Naut. To 
become curved upward like a hog's back, as a ship's bottom 
when broken or strained. 

hog 'back' (hog'bak') , n. Geol. A ridge formed by the out- 
cropping edge of tilted strata ; hence, any ridge with a 
sharp summit and steep sides, as an esker. 

hog'fish' (hog'fish'), n. Any of various fishes usually so 
called from some fan- 
cied resemblance to a 
hog ; as : _ a A largi 
West Indian and 
Florida 
food fish 
(Lachno- 
laimu s 
m a x i - 
mu s) of 
the wrasse 

family, b The pigfish 
(Orthopristis chrys- 

OTitGTILS} 

hog'gish (-ish), a. Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maxlmus). 
Swinish ; gluttonous ; filthy ; selfish. 

hog'nose' snake (hog'noz'). Any of several rather small, 
stout-bodied, harmless North American snakes constituting 
a genus (Heterodon) ; — called also puffing adder, blowing 
adder, sand viper, etc. 

hog'nut' (-nut'), n. 1. The earthnut (Conopodium denu- 
datum). 2. In the United States, the pignut. 

hog peanut. A fabaceous vine (Falcata comosa) of eastern 
North America, with trifoliate leaves, purple, usually ster- 
ile flowers above the ground, and inconspicuous flowers at 
the base of the stem, producing 1 -seeded pods. 

hogs'head (hogz'hed), n. [That is, hog's head; whyso 
called is unknown.] 1. A large cask, esp. one containing 
from 100 to 140 gallons. 2. A large measure for liquids, 
esp. one of 63 wine gallons, or 238.5 liters. Abbr., hhd. 

hog'wash' (hog'wosh'), n. Swill for hogs ; hence, worth- 
less stuff. Colloq. 

hog'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of various weeds or coarse 
plants, as ragweed, knotweed, sow thistle, dog fennel, etc. 

Hoh'en-zollern (ho'en-tsSl'ern), n. One of a princely 




family, founded about the 11th c, whence have come the 
Prussian kings since 1701 and German emperors since 1871. 

hoicks (hoiks), hoick (hoik), inter j. Hunting. A call 
used to incite the hounds. — v. t. & i. To urge by or as if 
by the cry "hoicks." 

|| hoi' poMoi' (hoi 7 po-loi')- [Gr. ol iroWol.] The many ; 
the multitude, masses, or populace. 

hoise (hoiz), v. t. [Early form of hoist."] To hoist. — v. i. 
To rise. Both Archaic or Scot. 

hoist (hoist), v. t. To raise ; elevate ; esp., to lift with tackle. 

— n. 1. Act of hoisting ; lift ; boost. Colloq. 2. Chiefly 
Naut. a Perpendicular edge or height of a flag, as when 
flying from a staff, as opposed to the horizontal extent, or 
fly. b The height or depth of any sail except a course, in 
which it is termed drop. 3. A lifting apparatus, esp. an 
elevator, or lift, for heavy loads. 

hoist'er, n. One who, or that which, hoists. 

hoi'ty-toi'ty (hoi/ti-toi'ti), a. Thoughtless ; giddy ; also, 
haughty; patronizing. — inter j. An exclamation of surprise 
or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt. 

ho'key-po'key (ho'ki-po'ki),7i. ; pi. -keys. Slang or Colloq. 
1. Hocus-pocus. 2. Cheap ice cream peddled in the street. 

hol-arc'tic (hol-ark'tik ; hodark';-), a. [holo- + arctic.'] 
Of or pertaining to the arctic regions collectively. 

hold (hold), n. [For earlier hoi, holl. See hole.] Naut. 
The whole interior of a vessel below decks, or, strictly, 
below the lower deck, where cargo is stowed. 

hold, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. held (held) ; p. pr. & vb. n. hold'- 
ing. Hold'en (hol'd'n), p. p., is now rare, archaic, or legal. 
[AS. healdan, haldan.] 1. To keep in a given situation, 
relation, or the like ; retain ; sustain ; support. 2. To con- 
tain ; have capacity for ; as, this pail holds water, or holds 
ten quarts. 3. To maintain possession of, or authority 
over ; retain by force ; as, the garrison held the fort. 4. To 
own or possess ; occupy ; as, to hold property or office. 5. 
To impose restraint upon ; specif. : a To keep, detain, or 
restrain, as the attention, one's tongue, etc. b To keep 
from advance or attack ; to keep (a contestant) from gain- 
ing an advantage, c To oblige ; constrain ; as, to hold one 
to his word. 6. To keep or maintain in being ; also, to have 
or maintain, as in a particular state ; keep ; as, to hold one's 
self in readiness ; to hold one's course ; to hold a conversa- 
tion. 7. To undergo ; bear ; endure. Obs. or Archaic. 8. 
To have or join in, as something involving united action (a 
meeting, session, etc.). 9. To entertain; accept, as an 
opinion. 10. To consider ; judge ; esp., to decide as a judi- 
cial ruling. 11. To carry or manage ; as, to hold one's self 
erect. — Syn. See have, contain. 

to hold in, to restrain; curb. — to h. one's own, to main- 
tain one's position or condition. — to h. one's peace, to 
h. one's tongue, to keep silent. — to h. out, to offer, as 
a reward. — to h. over, to postpone ; keep for future ac- 
tion. — to h. up. a To exhibit ; display ; as, he was held 
up as an example.^ b To stop in order to rob. Colloq. 

— v. i. 1. To maintain a grasp on, or a connection with, 
something ; remain fixed. 2. To remain unbroken or un- 
subdued ; not to part or become separated. 3. To endure ; 
continue ; last ; persist. 4. To remain steadfast or faithful ; 
cleave ; — often used with with, to, or for. 5. To derive 
right or title ; — generally used with of or from. 6. To be 
valid ; as, the rule holds in most cases. 7. To continue, ob- 
tain, or occur, as a state or event ; as, winter holds till late. 
8. To restrain one's self ; forbear ; halt ; stop ; — mostly 
used in the imperative ; as, "Hold, enough !" 

hold forth, to preach ; harangue ; — often contemptuous. 
- - to h. in, to restrain one's self. — to h. off, to keep at a 
distance ; delay ; as, the rain holds off. — to h. on, to keep 
fast hold ; continue ; as, the hot weather holds on. — to h. 
out, to last ; endure ; as, the garrison held out till relief 
came. — to h. over, to continue in occupation or in office 
beyond the set term. 

— n. 1. Act of holding ; seizure ; grasp ; possession. 2. Au- 
thority or ground to take or keep ; claim ; as, the law had 
no hold upon him. 3. Something that may be grasped ; 
means of physical support. 4. A prison. 5. A fortified 
place ; stronghold. 

Hol'da (holMa), n. [G. Frau Holda or Holle.] German 
Folklore. A female spirit who leads the host of the dead in 
the Wild Hunt. 

hold'alF (hold'oF), n. A kind of portable case, as of can- 
vas or leather, used by tourists, soldiers, etc. 

hold'back' (-bak'), n. 1. Check ; hindrance ; obstacle. 
2. A device to enable a horse to back or hold back a vehi- 
cle, usually an iron catch on the shaft with the looped 
strap which snaps or buckles on the breeching. 

hold'en. A p. p. of hold. Obs. or Legal. 

hold'er (hol'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, holds. 2. 
A tenant. 3. The person in possession of, and legally en- 
titled to receive payment of, a bill, note, or check. 

hold'fast' (hold'fast'), n. Something used to hold a thing 
in place, as a long, flat-headed nail, a clinch, or a clamp. 

hold'ing, vb. n. 1. Land held, esp. of a superior. 2. Prop- 
erty owned, as bonds or stocks. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, ver4ure (87) ; 



HOLDUP 



473 



HOME 



hold'up' (-tip'), n. An assault on a traveler or passenger for 
the purpose of robbery. Slang, U. S. 

hole (hoi), n. [AS. hoi hole, cavern fr. hoi, a., hollow.] 1. 
An opening into or through anything. 2. A hollow place ; 
excavation ; pit. 3. A den or burrow. 4. Fig., an embar- 
rassing position ; a fix. Colloq. 5. Games. A small cavity 
into which a marble or ball is to be played ; hence, a score 
made by so playing. 

Syn. Hole, cavity. Hole may apply either to a recess or 
depression or to an aperture or perforation. Cavity is a 
more learned word, and applies only to a recess or a depres- 
sion within a body ; it connotes particularly hollowness or 
emptiness ; as, a cavity in a tooth ; the abdominal cavity. 

— v. t. ; holed (hold) ; hol'ing (hol'ing). 1. To cut, dig, or 
bore a hole or holes in. 2. To drive into a hole, as an ani- 
mal ; to cause to drop into a hole, as a golf ball. — v. i. To 
go or get into a hole. — to hole out, Golf, to hole the ball. 

hol'ey (hol'i), a. Having a hole or holes. 

hol'i-but (hol'i-but). Var. of halibut. 

hol'i-day (hol'i-da), n. [holy + day.'] 1. A religious 
anniversary or festival ; — now usually holyday or holy 
day. 2. Any day of exemption from work ; a day or time 
of recreation. 3. A day fixed by law for suspension of 
business. — o. Joyous ; gay ; as, holiday attire. 

ho'li-ly (ho'li-li), adv. In a holy manner. 

ho'li-ness (-nes), n. 1. State or character of being holy. 

2. [cap.] A title of the Pope ; — used with his or your. 
Syn. Holiness, sanctity, righteousness. Holiness 
suggests oftener inherent or intrinsic state or quality ; 
sanctity (the more formal term), a state regarded rather 
as acquired or conferred ; it often suggests sacredness or in- 
violability. Righteousness differs from holiness in con- 
noting rather unswerving rectitude or conformity to the 
divine law than spiritual purity or freedom from sin. 

hol'la (hol'd). Var. of hollo. 

hol'la (hol'd; interj. usually ho-la'), inter j. [F. hold; 
ho ho + Id there.] Stop ! cease ! give oyer ! etc. Cf . hol- 
lo. — n. A shout or cry to arrest attention, etc. 

hol'land (hol'and), n. A kind of linen first manufactured 
in Holland ; a fabric of cotton or linen, glazed or unglazed ; 

— also used in form hollands, construed as sing. 
Hol'land-er (-an-der), n. A native of Holland ; a Dutchman. 
Hol'lands (hol'andz), n. 1. See gin, distilled spirit. 2. 

[I. C.] See HOLLAND. 

hol'lo (hol'o; ho-lo'; interj. usually ho-lo'), interj. & n. 
Also hol'loa, hol'la. Ho there ! stop ! attend ! Hence, a 
call to attract attention, etc. ; also, an exclamation of greet- 
ing, now commonly hello. — (hol'o), v. i. To call out or ex- 
claim ; halloo. — v. t. 1. To shout aloud. 2. To chase or 
incite with shouts ; to shout to. 

hollow (hol'o), a. [AS. holh a hollow, hole.] 1. Having a 
cavity within a solid substance ; not solid ; hence : vacant ; 
empty ; void. 2. Depressed ; sunken ; as, hollow cheeks. 

3. Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling a sound so 
reverberated ; deep ; muffled ; as, a hollow roar. 4. False ; 
deceitful ; faithless ; as, hollow assurances ; also, worthless, 
vain ; as, a hollow victory. 

— adv. Wholly ; utterly ; — chiefly after to beat, and often 
used with all. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A cavity ; hole. 2. A depression ; concavity ; a chan- 
nel, basin, or valley. 

— v. t. & i. To make or become hollow. — hollow-ly, adv. 

— hol'low-ness, n. 

hol'low-heart'ed, a. Insincere ; deceitful. 
hol'lUS-chick'ie (hol'-us-chikT), n., sing. & pi. [Prob. fr. 

Russ. golyshka bare of possessions, fr. golyx naked.] A 
young male fur seal ; — called also bachelor. 

hol'ly (hol'i), n. ; pi. -lies (-Tz). [AS. holen, holegn.] 1. 
Any of a genus {Ilex) of trees and 
shrubs having glossy, spiny-mar- 
gined leaves and bright red ber- 
ries. 2. The foliage or branches 
of the holly. 

hol'ly-hock (-hok), n. [ME. holi- 
hoc; holi holy + hoc mallow, AS. 
hoc] A tall perennial malva- 
ceous herb (Althaea rosea), na- 
tive to China^ also, its flower. 
The plant has a terminal spike of 
single or double white, yellow, 
pink, or purple flowers. 

holm (horn), n. [Prob. fr. AS. 
holen holly.] 1. The holly. Obs. 
or Dial. Eng. 2. The holm oak. 

holm, n. [AS. holm sea, water, 
island in a river.] 1. An islet, esp. 
in a river or lake or near the 
mainland ; — common in English 
place names. 2. Low, flat land near a river ; bottom. Eng, 

holm oak (horn). An evergreen oak (Quercus ilex), of 
southern Europe, with hollylike leaves. 

hol'o- (h51'6-). A combining form from Greek 5Xoi, whole. 




European Holly. 
Reduced. 



hol'o-blas'tic (-blas'tik), a. [holo- + -blast 4- -i'c] Em- 
bryol. Undergoing total or complete cleavage ; — said of 
certain eggs, as opposed to meroblastic. 

hoFo-ca'ine (hol'6-ka'in ; -en), n. Also -in. Pharm. A 
crystallized derivative of phenacetin and (para) pheneti- 
dine, used in ophthalmology as a local anaesthetic. 

hol'o-caust (hol'6-kost), n. [L. holocaustum, Gr. 6\6ko.v<t- 
tov ; o\os whole + Kavards burnt.] 1. A burnt sacrifice. 2. 
A complete or thorough destruction, esp. by fire, as of many 
human beings. 

hol'o-graph (-graf), n. [L. holographus entirely auto- 
graph, Gr. 6X67pa0os. See holo- ; -graph.] A document, 
as a will, wholly in the handwriting of the purported au- 
thor. — hol'o-graph, hoFo-graph'ic (-graf'Ik), a. 

hol'o-he'dral (-he'drdl), a. [holo- + Gr. ttpa seat, base.] 
Cryst. Having all the faces required by complete sym- 
metry ; — opposed to hemihedral and tetartohedral. 

hoFo-mor'pluc (hol'o-mor'fik), a. Cryst. Symmetrical in 
form as regards the two ends. 

hol'o-phote (-fot), n. [holo- + Gr. <£wr, 0wr6r, light.] An 
apparatus used in lighthouses, etc., in which, by lenses or re- 
flectors, or both, practically all of the light from the lamp 
is thrown in the desired direction. — hoFo-pho'tal, o. 

hoFo-phras'tic (-fras'tlk), a. [holo- + Gr. Qpaarmbs 
suited for expressing, <f>pa£eii> to speak.] Expressing a 
phrase or sentence in a single word. 

hoFo-thu'ri-an (-thu'rl-an), n. [From L. holothuria, pi., a 
sort of water polyp, Gr. dXoOovptov.] Zo'ol. Any of a class 
(Holothuroidea) of echinoderms, including the beche de 
mer, or trepang ; a sea cucumber. 

holp (holp), holp'en (hol'p'n). See help. 

Hol'stein-Frie'sian (hol'stln-fre'zhdn), a. Also Holstein. 
[From Holstein, duchy in Prussia, and Friesland, prov- 
ince in the Netherlands.] Designating a breed of large 
dairy cattle, orig. from North Holland and Friesland. 

— n. One of this breed of cattle. 

hol'ster (hol'ster), n. A leather case for a pistol. [Dial.l 
holt (holt), n. [AS.] A wood; copse; wooded hill. Poeticor] 
ho'lus-bo'lus (ho'lus-bo'lus), adv. All at once ; altogether. 
ho'ly (ho'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. [AS. halig, fr. 
hdl whole, well.] 1. Set apart to the service of deity ; hal- 
lowed ; sacred ; — opp. to profane. 2. Spiritually perfect, 
whole, or sound ; pure in heart ; godly. — Syn. See sacred. 
Holy Father, a title of the Pope. — H. Ghost, or H. 
Spirit, Theol., the third person of the Trinity; the Com- 
forter. — H. Land, Palestine. Zech. ii. 12. — H. Office, 
R. C. Ch. See inquisition, n., 3. — H. One. a God ; 
Jehovah ; the Supreme Being ; — so called by way of em- 
phasis. Is. xliii. 14. b Christ. Mark i. 24. — h. order. 
Eccl. a Any of the different ranks, or grades, or of the 
major, greater, or sacred ranks, or grades, of the Christian 
ministry ; — usually in the pi. See order, «., 3 a. b = 
order, n„ 3 b ; — usually in pi. c = order, n., 3 C; — 
usually in pi. — h. place, a place set apart for religious 
rites ; a sanctuary or shrine ; also, a place made sacred by 
association ; specif., Bib., the larger chamber of the Jewish 
tabernacle and temple, separated from the holy of holies 
by a veil. Ex. xxvi. 33. — h. rood, the cross or crucifix, 
esp. over the entrance to a chancel. — H. -rood Day, the 
14th day of September. — H. Saturday, Eccl., the Sat- 
urday immediately preceding the festival of Easter ; the 
vigil of Easter. — H. Spirit, or the Spirit, Theol., the 
Holy Ghost. — H. Thursday. Eccl. a In the churches 
of the Anglican Communion, Ascension Day. b R. C. Ch. 
The Thursday in Holy Week ; Maundy Thursday. — h. 
water, R. C. Ch., water blessed by a priest. — H. Week, 
the week before Easter. — h. writ, the Scriptures. 

— n.; pi. -lies (-liz). A holy thing or place. 

holy of holies, the innermost apartment of the Jewish 
tabernacle and temple, where the ark was kept. 

ho'ly-day' (-da 7 ), n., or holy day. 1. A religious festival. 
2. = holeday. Obsoles. 

ho'ly-stone' (-ston 7 ), n. Naut. A soft sandstone used to 
scrub decks. — v. t. & i. To scrub with a holystone. 

ho'ly-tide' (-tld'), n. A time devoted to religion. Now Rare. 

hom'age (hom'aj), n. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. homo a man, 
LL. also, a vassal.] 1. A ceremony by which a man ac- 
knowledged himself the vassal of a lord ; the relation so 
established. 2. An act done or thing rendered as an ac- 
knowledgment of, or as part of the services required by, 
vassalage. 3. Respect or reverential regard ; deference ; 
esp., respect paid by external action; obeisance. — Syn. 
See loyalty. 

hom'ag-er (-a-jer), n. One who does homage, or holds 
lands by homage ; a vassal. 

ho-mat'ro-pine (hS-mat'ro-pYn ; -pen), n. Also -pin. [ho- 
mo- + atropine.] Chem. A crystalline alkaloid, C16H21O3N, 
prepared from atropine and from other sources. 

hom'bre. Var. of omber. 

home (horn), n. [AS. ham.] 1. One's dwelling place; 
abode of one's family. 2. One's native place or land. 3. 
The abiding place of the affections, esp. domestic affections. 
4. The locality where a thing is usually or naturally abun- 
dant ; habitat ; seat. 5. An asylum ; hence, the grave or 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



HOME-BRED 



474 



HOMOOUSIAN 



^nal abode of the soul. 6. In various games, the goal, as, 
in baseball, the plate at which the batter stands. — Syn. 

See HABITATION. 

— a. 1. Of or pert, to one's home ; domestic. 2. Poignant ; 
intimate ; effective ; as, a home thrust. 

— adv. 1. To one's home or country. 2. To the heart or 
core ; intimately ; effectively ; close. 3. To the place where 
it belongs ; to the point or limit aimed at ; as, to drive a 
spike home. 4. Naut. To or toward the ship or its interior ; 
as, the anchor came home slowly. 

— v. t. & v. i.; homed (homd) ; hom'tng (hom'Tng). To 
send to or place in a home, or to go to or be in a home. 

home'-bred', a. 1. Bred at home ; domestic. 2. Not pol- 
ished ; rude ; uncultivated. 

home'less, a. Destitute of a home. — home'less-ness, n. 

home'like' (hom'llk'), a. Like a home; comfortable; 
cheerful ; cozy ; friendly. — home'like'ness, n. 

home'li-ness (-li-nes), n. Quality of being homely. 

liome'ly (-IT), a.; -li-er _(-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Belonging to 
the home ; hence : familiar ; intimate. Rare or Archaic. 
2. Characteristic of home life ; simple ; plain ; as, homely 
fare ; also, wanting polish ; rude ; as, homely manners. 3. 
Of plain or coarse features ; plain ; ugly. 

ho'meo-. SeeHOMCEO-. 

ho'me-o-path, ho'moe-o-path (ho'me-6-path ; hom'e-), n. 
A practitioner of homeopathy. 

ho'me-o-path'ic, ho'moe-o- (-path'ik), a. Of or pert, to 
homeopathy ; according to the principles of homeopathy. 

ho'me-op'a-thist, ho'moe-op'a-thist (-op'd-thTst), n. A 
believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. 

ho'me-op'a-my,ho'mce-op'a-thy(-op'd-thT), n. [Gr.oMoio- 
iradeia. likeness of feeling ; opoios like + irados suffering.] 
Med. The theory holding that disease is cured by remedies 
which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the 
symptoms of the malady to be cured, the remedies being 
usually given in minute doses ; also, the system or practice 
based on this theory. 

ho'mer (ho'mer), n. [Heb. khomer.'] A Hebrew measure 
of capacity equal to ten ephahs (between ten and twelve 
bushels, or 369.2 and 405 liters) ; a kor. [or his poetry. | 

Ho-mer'ic (ho-mer'ik), a. Pert, to Homer, the Greek poet,| 

home rule. Rule or government of a country, province, 
etc., by its own citizens. — home ruler. 

home'sick' (hom'sTk'), a. Pining for home; nostalgic. — 
home'sick'ness, n. 

home'spun' (-spun'), a- Spun or wrought at home ; coarse ; 
plain. — n. 1. Cloth made at home, or of yarn spun at 
home, or like that of home make. 2. A rustic. Obs. 

home'stead (-sted), n. [AS. hamstede.] 1. The place, as a 
town, where one's home is. Obs. orR. 2. The home place ; 
a home and the ground immediately connected with it. 3. 
Specif. : U. S. Law. The land and buildings thereon occu- 
pied by the owner as a home, and in most States protected 
by statute from the claims of creditors. 

home'stead-er, n. One who holds a homestead; specif., 
U. S., one who has entered upon or acquired a homestead 
trader provisions of homestead laws. 

home'ward (-werd),adv. Also home'wards (-werdz). To- 
ward home. — a. Being in the direction of home. 

hom'i-cide (hom'T-sid),n. [F.,fr. L. homicidium,ix. homi- 
cida manslayer.] 1. The killing of one human being by an- 
other. 2. [F. , f r . L. homicida ; homo man 4- caedere to kill.] 
A manslayer. Now Rare. — hom'i-cid'al (-sld'dl), a. 

hom'i-let'ic (-let'ik), a. [Gr. dpiXr/TiKos, fr. 6p.ikelv to ac- 
company.] Of or pertaining to homiletics. 

hom'i-let'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Homiletic. 

hom'i-let'ics (-let'Tks), n. (See -ics.) Art of preaching ; 
theology treating of homilies or sermons. 

hom/i-list (hom'i-lTst), n. One who delivers homilies. 

hom'i-ly (-li), n. ; pi. -lies (-Hz). [OF. omelie, LL. homi- 
lia, fr. Gr. bpikia assembly, converse, sermon, ouCKos assem- 
bly ; 6p,6s same + tXi? crowd.] 1. A discourse or sermon 
delivered to an audience. 2. A serious or tedious exhorta- 
tion in private. 

hom'ing (hom'ing), p. a. Home-returning. — homing 
pigeon, a pigeon trained to return home from a distance. 

hom/i-ny (hom'i-m). n. [From North American Indian.] 
Maize hulled, and often broken, for food. U. S. 

ho'm.0 (ho'mo), n. ; pi. -mos (-moz)._ [L.] Man ; a man. 

ho'mo- (ho'mo- ; hom'6-). A combining form from Greek 
duos, one and the same, common, joint. 

ho'mo-cen'tric (-sen'trik), a. [Gr. o^oKevrpos ; onos the 
same + n'evrpov center.] Having the same center. 

ho'mo-cer'cal (-sur'kdl), a. [homo- + Gr. Kkpnos tail.] 
Zo'dl. Having or designating a tail 
nearly or quite symmetrical, the 
vertebral column terminating at 
the middle of the base of the 
caudal fin. 

ho'mo-chro'mous (-kro'mus), a. 
[homo — h Gr. xp^mi color.] Of 
uniform color; specif.. Bot., hav- 




Homocercal Tail. 



ing all the florets in a capitulum of the same color. Cf. 

heterochromous . 
ho'mce-o> ho'me-o- (ho'me-6-; hom'e-6-), ho-moi'o- 

(ho-moi'o-). Combining forms from Greek 5/toios, like, 

similar. 
ho'moe-o-mor'phism, or ho'me-o- (-mor'fTz'm), n. A 

close similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical 

compounds. See isomorphism. mor'phous (-fus), a. 

ho'moe-o-path, -path'ic, etc. Vars. of homeopath, etc. 
ho-mog'a-mous (ho-mog'd-mws), a. Bot. Characterized 

by homogamy. 
ho-mog'a-my (-mi), n. [Gr. d/ioyafios married together.] 

Bot. a State of having flowers alike throughout, as in the 

heads of cichoriaceous plants ; — opposed to heterogamy. 

b Maturation of the stamens and pistils at the same period ; 

— opposed to dichogamy. 

ho'mo-ge-ne'i-ty (ho'mo- je-ne'T-tT ; hom'6-), n. Homoge- 
neous character or quality. 

ho'mo-ge'ne-OUS (ho'mo-je'ne-ws ; hom'6-), a. [Gr. buo- 
yeviis ; dfios same + 76^0$ kind.] 1. Of the same kind or 
nature ; of similar parts or elements ; — opposed to hetero- 
geneous. 2. Math, a Alike in nature and so comparable in 
size, b Of the same degree or dimensions. OUS-ly, adv. 

ho'mo-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis ; hom'o-), n. Biol. That 
method of reproduction in which the successive generations 
are alike, no alteration of generations taking place. 

ho-mog'e-nous (ho-moj'e-nfts), a. Biol. Having a resem- 
blance in structure due to descent from a common progeni- 
tor, [lasy. 

ho-mog'e-ny (-m), n. Biol. Homology ; — opp. to homop- 

ho-mog'o-ny (-nT), n. [Gr. duoyovos of the same family/ 
Bot. The condition of having one kind of flowers with the 
andrcecium and gyncecium of uniform relative length ; — 
opposed to heterogony. — ho-mog'6-nous (-mis), a. — 
ho-mog'o-nous-ly, adv : 

hom'o-graph (hom'o-graf; ho'mo-), n. [Gr. 6n6ypa<t>os 
with the same letters. See homo- ; -graph.] Any of two or 
more words identical in spelling, but different in deriva- 
tion and meaning ; as, fair, a market, and fair, beautiful. 

ho'moi-OU'si-an (ho'moi-oo'sl-dn ; -ou'si-dn), a. [Gr. 
6p.oiobcn.os of like substance ; fytoios like + ovala. the sub- 
stance, being, essence.] Eccl. Hist. Holding, or pert, to, 
the belief that the Son is of like, but not of the same, 
essence or substance with the Father ; — opp. to homoou- 
sian. — n. [cap.~] One of the Semi-Arians of the 4th cen- 
tury, who were homoiousian in faith. 

ho-mol'o-gate (ho-mol'6-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; 
gat'ing (-gat'ihg). [LL. homologatus, p. p. of homologare 
to homologate, fr. Gr. 6p.o\oytiv to assent, agree. See 
homologous.] Civil Law. To approve ; allow ; confirm. 

— v. i. To be or act in accord or agreement. 
ho'mo-log'i-cal (ho'mo-loj'i-kal ; hom'6-), a. Pert, to, or 

characterized by, homology ; homologous. cal-ly, adv. 

ho-mol'o-gize (ho-mol'6-jTz), v. t. To make homologous. 

ho-mol'o-gOUS (-gits), a. [Gr. 6^6Xo-yos agreeing ; 6/u6s same 
+ X670S speech, proportion.] Having the same or a like 
relative position, proportion, value, or structure. 

hom/o-logue (hom'o-log), n. A homologous thing, or part. 

ho-mol'o-gy (h6-mol'6-jT),n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [Gr. 6p.o\oyia 
agreement. See homologous.] 1. Quality of being ho- 
mologous ; sameness of relation ; correspondence. 2. Biol. 
Correspondence in type of structure between parts or 
organs of different organisms due to evolutional differentia- 
tion from the same or a corresponding part or organ of some 
remote ancestor. 

ho'mo-mor'phism (ho'mo-mor'fiz'm ; hom'6-), n. Lit., 
likeness in form ; as : a Biol. = homomorphy. b Bot. 
State of having perfect flowers of only one type or kind. 
C Zo'dl. Similarity of the larva and the adult. — ho'mo- 
mor'phic (fTk), ho'mo-mor'phous (-fws), a. 

ho'mo-mor'phy (ho'mo-mor'fT ; hom'6-), n. Biol. Similar- 
ity of form with different fundamental structure ; superfi- 
cial resemblance between organisms of different groups. 

hom'o-nym (hom'6-nim; ho'mo-), n. 1. Any of two or 
more words alike in sound, but differing in meaning, as bare 
and bear. 2. One of two or more persons or things having 
the same name. 3. Biol. A name preoccupied by its 
earlier application to a different group of the same cate- 
gory and hence untenable under the law of priority. — 
hom'o-nym'ic (-nTm'fk), a. 

ho-mon'y-mous (ho-mon'T-mws), a. [L. homonymus, Gr. 
bpMvvpios, fr. 6p.6s same + ovvpa, for ovopa name.] 1. 
Having the same name. 2. Of the same sound, but different 
meaning ; hence, ambiguous. — ho-mon'y-my (-mi), n. 

ho'mo-OU'si-an (ho'mo-oo'si-an ; -ou'si-an ; hom'6-), a. 
[Gr. 6/ioowrioj ; 6p.6s same + ovo-La being, substance.] Eccl. 
Hist. Holding, in accordance with the Nicene Creed, that 
the Son is consubstantial with the Father ; also, pertaining 
to the belief that so holds; — opposed to homoiousian. 

— n. [cap.] One of those who, in the 4th century, held the 
homoousian doctrine. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, ftm, 6p, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



HOMOPHONE 



475 



HOO 



hom'o-phone (hom'6-fon; ho'mo-), n. [Usually in pi.] 

1. A character expressing a like sound with another char- 
acter. 2. A homonym (sense 1)^ 

ho'mo-phon'ic (ho'mo-fon'ik ; hom'5-)\a. [Gr. 6n64>uvos; 

ho-moph'0-nous (ho-mof'o-niis) / duos same + <t>o)i>ri 

sound.] 1. Music. Orig., unisonous; now, of or pert, to 
the style of music which has one predominating voice part 
or melody ; monodic ; — opp. to polyphonic. 2. Having 
or representing the same sound ; as, bare and bear, etc. — 
ho-moph'o-ny (ho-mof'o-ni), n. [homoplasy.l 

ho'mo-plas'tic (ho'mo-plas'tik ; hom'S-), a. Of or pert. to| 

ho-mop'la-sy (ho-mop'ld-sT ; ho'mo-plas'i ; hom'6-), n. 
[homo- + Gr. 7rXdo-ts conformation.] Biol. Correspond- 
ence between parts or organs not due to their modification 
from a common ancestral type, but acquired independent- 
ly ; analogy ; — opp. to homogeny. 

ho-mop'ter-OUS (ho-mop'ter-us), a. [homo- -f- Gr. irnpov 
wing.] Zo'dl. Belonging to a suborder (Homoptera) of 
hemipterous insects, comprising the cicadas, aphids, scale 
insects, etc. — ho-mop'ter-an (-an), a. & n. 

ho-mos'po-rous (ho-mos'po-rus ; ho'mo-spo'riis ; 57), a. 
Bot. Having asexual spores of one kind only ; — opp. to 
heterosporous. — ho-mos'po-ry (ho-mos'po-n), n. 

ho'mo-tax'is (ho'mo-tak'sis ; hom'6-), n. [NL. ; homo- -f 
Gr. rdfis arrangement.] Similarity in arrangement ; esp., 
Geol., similarity in arrangement of fossiliferous deposits 
which are not necessarily contemporaneous. — ho'mo-tax'- 
i-al (-tak'sT-dl), a. tax'i-al-ly, adv. tax'ic (-sik), a. 

hom/0-type (hom'6-tlp ; ho'mo-), n. Biol. That which has 
the same fundamental type of structure with something 
else ; a homologue. — hom'o-typ'ic (-tip'Tk), -typ'i-cal, a. 

ho'mo-typ'y (ho'mo-tip'i ; hom'6-), n. Biol. The relation 
existing between homotypes. 

ho'mo-zy'gote (-zl'got ; -zig'ot), n. Biol. An animal or 
plant in which the characters are stable, having been 
received in the dominant form from both parents, or in the 
recessive form from both parents. Such an individual breeds 
true to type. Cf. heterozygote. zy'gQUS (-zl'gus), a. 

ho-mun'cu-lus (ho-mur/ku-lus), n.; pi. -culi (-11). [L., 
dim. of homo man.] A little man ; dwarf ; manikin. 

hone (hon), n. [AS. han stone.] A fine whetstone, esp. one 
for razors. — v. t.; honed (hond) ; hon'ing (hon'ing). To 
sharpen or set with a hone. [Eng. & Southern U. S.\ 

hone (hon), v. i. To grumble ; pine ; lament ; long. Dial] 

hon'est (on'est), a. [OF. honeste, oneste, fr. L. honestus, 
fr. honos, honor, honor.] 1. Honorable ; hence : creditable ; 
suitable. Obs. 2. Fair and straightforward in conduct, 
thought, etc. 3. Free from deception or fraud ; genuine ; 
full ; unadulterated, etc. ; as, honest measure. 4. Open ; 
frank ; as, an honest face. 5. Chaste ; faithful ; virtuous ; — 

— usually said of a woman. Archaic. — hon'est-ly, adv. 
Syn. Upright ; equitable, just ; sincere, candid, ingenuous. 

— Honest, sincere express freedom from deceit, esp. in 
speech. Honest expresses absence of intent to deceive, 
and implies candor, fairness, straightforwardness. Sincere 
suggests more strongly desire to conform to the truth, and 
characterizes an object as heartfelt, often as genuine. 

hon'es-ty (-es-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of being honest; 
as : a Freedom from guile or fraud, b Chastity. Archaic. 

2. The satinpod (genus Lunaria) . 

Syn. Uprightness, honor, integrity, probity, trustworthi- 
ness, fairness. — Honesty, honor, integrity, probity. 
Honesty is the general term for freedom from fraud ; 
honor adds the implication of high-mindedness or a nice 

i sense of allegiance to one's standards. Integrity denotes 
uprightness or incorruptibility, esp. in the execution of 
trusts ; probity is tried integrity. [as the stone parsley. I 

hone'wort' (hon'wurt 7 ), n. Any of several apiaceous plants,] 

hon'ey (hun'i), n. [AS. hunig.] 1. A sweet viscid fluid, 
esp. that elaborated by bees out of the nectar of flowers. 
2. Honeylike quality or character. 3. Sweet one ; — a 
term of endearment.— a. Sweet ; hence : dear ; precious. 

— y. t. ; -eyed or -ied (-id) ; -ey-ing. 1. To sweeten, as 
with honey. 2. To make (language) sweet or agreeable ; 
address with fond language. — v. i. To be gentle, agree- 
able, or coaxing, as with language or endearments. 

hon'ey-bee' (-be'), n. Any of certain social honey-produc- 
ing bees, esp. those 
of the species (Apis 
mellifera) kept for 
their honey and wax. 

hon'ey-comb' 
(-kom'), n. 1. The 
mass of hexagonal 
cells of wax built by 
bees. 2. Something 
likened to a bee's Honeybee, 
honeycomb. — v. t 
& i. To make or be 
come full of cavities like a honeycomb. 

honey creeper. Any of a numerous family 
(Ccerebidae) of small bright-colored oscine 
birds of tropical and subtropical America. 




A Male, 
orDrone ; B Queen ; 
C Worker. 





hon'ey-dew 7 (-duO, n. 1. The sweet material exuding from 
the leaves of many plants in hot weather. 2. A honeylike 
secretion of many homopterous insects. 

honey eater, or honey sucker. Any of a numerous family 
(Meliphagidx) of oscine birds of Australasia which extract 
nectar and small insects from flowers. Well-known species 
are the wattlebirds and the friar bird. 

hon'eyed (hun'Id).a. Abounding with honey ;sweet ;dulcet. 

honey guide. Any of two genera {Indicator and Prodotis- 
cus) of small plainly col- ^ 

ored nonpasserine birds of 
Africa, the Himalayas, 
and the East Indies. They 
lead men or animals to the 
nests of bees. 

honey locust. An orna- 
mental North American 
caesalpiniaceous tree 
(Gledilsia triacanthos), 
having spines on the trunk Hone Guide {IndicatOT major). 
and bearing large flat pods. 

hon'ey-moon' (-moon'), n. The first month or so after mar- 
riage ; esp., the holiday spent by a couple after marriage. 

honey sucker. See honey eater. 

hon'ey-suck'le (-suk"l), n. [AS. hunisuce privet. See 
honey ; suck.] 1. Clover. 06s. 2. Any of a genus (Loni- 
cera) of caprifoliaceous shrubs, mostly ornamental twining 
vines having tubular white, yellow, or red fragrant flowers. 
3. Any of several other fragrant-flowered shrubs ; — usu- 
ally used with a qualifying word; as, the swamp honey- 
suckle. 

hong (hong), n. [Chin, hang, Canton dialect hong, a mer- 
cantile house, factory.] An establishment or factory ior 
foreign trade in China, as formerly at Canton. 

hon'ied (hun'id), a. Var. of honeyed. 

honk (honk), n. The cry of a wild goose, or a sound likened 
to it. — v. i. To utter a honk or honks. 

hon'or, hon'OW (on'er), n. [OF. honor, fr. L. honor, 
honos."] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth ; manifestation of 
respect or reverence ; as, to hold a man in honor ; hence : 
fame ; reputation. 2. That which rightfully attracts es- 
teem, respect, or consideration, as dignity, courage, fidel- 
ity ; esp., high moral worth ; nobleness ; specif., in men, 
integrity or uprightness ; in women, purity or chastity. 3. 
A nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with strict con- 
formity thereto. 4. Distinguished position ; high rank. 5. 
A token of esteem paid to worth ; a mark of respect ; as, 
civil honors. 6. A title given to the holders of certain 
honorable civil offices, as a mayor or judge ; ■ — used with 
his or your. 7. A cause of respect and fame ; a glory ; an 
ornament. 8. In pi. Academic distinctions. 9. In pi. In 
whist, the ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. In bridge 
and auction, the ten of trumps also is an honor; at "no 
trumps, " only the four aces are honors. — Syn. See repu- 
tation, HONESTY. 

honors, or honours, are easy, Whist, each side has an 
equal number of honors, in which case no points are counted 
for them ; fig., there is no advantage between rivals or con- 
testants. — honors, or honours, of war, Mil., distinctions 
or privileges granted to a vanquished enemy, as of march- 
ing out from a camp or fort armed and with colors flying. 

— v. t. 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect ; 
also, of God, to adore, worship. 2. To bestow honor on ; 
elevate in rank ; dignify ; hence, to treat in a complimen- 
tary manner or with civility. 3. To accept and pay when 
due ; as, to honor a draft. 

hon'or -a -ble, hon'our-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of hon- 
or ; noble ; illustrious ; estimable. 2. Actuated by, or con- 
sonant with, honor. 3. Conferring honor; as, honorable 
wounds. 4. Accompanied with marks of honor ; as, an 
honorable burial. 5. Of reputable association or use ; 
respectable. 6. A title of distinction given to certain ofL- 
cials and others. a-ble-ness, n. a-bly (-bll), adv. 

hon'0-ra'ri-um (on'6-ra'ri-iim ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L. 
honorarium (sc. donum).~] An honorary payment or re- 
ward, usually for gratuitous or professional services on 
which a price may not be set. 

hon'or-a-ry (on'er-a-ri), a. [L. honorarius.] 1. Done or 
conferred as a token of honor. 2. Designating a title or 
place held without rendering service or receiving the emol- 
uments or privileges usual to it ; also, holding such a title 
or place. 3. Depending on one's honor, as for fulfillment ; 
as, an honorary debt. 

hon'or-er, hon'our-er (-er),n. One who honors. 

hon'or-if'ic (on'er-if'ik), a. [See honor, -fy, -ic.] Con- 
ferring or importing honor or respect ; esp., designating a 
class of epithets in Chinese, Japanese, etc., used in re- 
spectful address and signifying august, reverend, vener- 
able, etc. — n. An honorific word or phrase. 

hon'our, hon'our-a-ble, etc. Vars. of honor, honorable, 
etc. 

hoo (hoo), inter j. An exclamation of surprise, triumph, 
etc. ; a call, an imitation of an owl's cry, etc. 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. l\umuers reier to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Sijrns, etc., precede Yocabu'vy. II Foreign WoM. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HOOD 



476 



HOREHOUND 



hood (h6t>d), to. [AS. hod.] 1. A flexible protective cover- 
ing for the head and neck, as on a robe. 2. Falconry. A 
covering for a hawk's head and eyes. 3. Something sugges- 
tive of a hood ; as : a A carriage top. b A chimney top. o 
A projecting cover to a hearth, d The cover over the en- 
gine of an automobile, e Bot. A hood-shaped petal, f 
Zo'dl. A crest. [a hood.l 

— v. t. To cover with, or as with, a hood ; furnish with| 
-hood (-hood). [ME. -hod, -had,ir. hod, had, rank, condi- 
tion, AS. had.] A suffix forming nouns and denoting : 
1. State, condition, quality, or character, of being; as, 
knight/iood, state or character of being a knight ; false- 
hood, quality of being false. 2. Si A thing that embodies, 
or is a concrete instance or example of (the quality or 
state primarily denoted by the word) ; as, falsehood, o 
thing that embodies falsehood ; a statement that is false. 
b A collective total of (those having the given character or 
state), a body of; as, knightAood, a body of knights. 

hood'ed, p. a. 1. Covered or furnished with a hood. 2. 
Hood-shaped; cucullate. 3. Zo'dl. a Having the head 
conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plum- 
age ; — said of birds, b Having a hoodlike crest or expan- 
sion on the head ; as, the hooded seal. C Having folds of 
skin at each side of the neck capable of expansion by 
movements of the ribs, as the cobra and other snakes. 

hoodlum (hood'lwm), n. A young rowdy. Colloq. 

hood'man (hood'mdn), n. The person blindfolded in 
hood'man-blind', or blindman's buff. 06s. or Archaic. 

hoo'doo (hoo'doo), n. 1. = voodoo. 2. One who, or that 
which, brings bad luck. Colloq. 

hood'wink (hood'wink), v. t. [hood + wink."] 1. To blind 
by covering the eyes. 2. To cover; hide, as by dissem- 
bling. 3. To deceive ; imposeon. — hood'wink-er, to. 

hoof (hoof), n. ; pi. hoofs (hoofs), rarely hooves (hoovz). 
[AS. hof.] 1. The covering of horn which protects the 
front of the digits of horses, oxen, etc. ; also, the foot as a 
whole, esp. of a horse. 2. A hoofed animal ; beast. 

— v. t. 1. To foot. 2. To strike with the hoofs. — v. i. 
To walk ; foot ; tramp ; — usually used with it. 

hoof 'bound' (-bound'), a. Having a dry and contracted hoof. 

hoofed (hooft), a. Furnished with hoofs ; ungulate. 

hoof 'print' (hobf'prmt'), n. An impression made by a hoof. 

hook (hook), n. [AS. hoc.'] 1. A curved or bent piece, as 
for catching something. 2. An implement for cutting or 
lopping, as a sickle. 3. Something curved or bent like a 
hook ; as : a A spit, as of sand or gravel, turned landward at 
the outer end ; as, Sandy Hook, b An angular or recurved 
mark, as a written character. C Music. One of the short 
lines at the end of the stem of a quaver (£), semiquaver 
(£), etc. ; a pennant, d A recurved part or appendage of a 
plant or animal. 4. An act of hooking. 
by hook or by crook, one way or other ; by any means. 

*— v. t. 1. To give the form of a hook to ; crook. 2. To 
catch, or fasten, or seize and draw, with or as with a hook ; 
hence : to steal ; pilfer. — v. i. 1. To curve as a hook. 2. 
To be caught or fastened by or as by a hook. 

hook'ah, hOOk'a (hook'd), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa a bottle 
through which tobacco fumes pass.] A tobacco pipe in 
which the smoke is cooled by passing through water. 

hooked (hookt ; hdbk'ed), a. 1. Having the form of a hook. 
2. Provided with a hook or hooks. — hook'ed-ness, n. 

hook'er (hdok'er), n. [D. hoeker, fr. hoek hook.] 1. A 
kind of fishing vessel. 2. Any antiquated or clumsy craft. 
Contemptuous. 

hook'worm' (-wurm'), n. Any of certain nematode worms 
(genera Agchylostoma, Uncinaria, etc.), with hooks or 
spines about the mouth, parasitic in the small intestine. 

hookworm disease. Med. Ankylostomiasis. 

hook'y (hdok'I), to. A word used only in : to play hooky, 
to run away ; to play truant. 

hook'y, a. Full of hooks ; pertaining to hooks. 

hoop (hoop), n. 1. A circular band to hold together the 
staves of a cask, tub, etc., or for any of various purposes, as 
for use as a child's 



plaything. 2. Some- 
thing resembling a 
hoop, as a finger ring, 
an arch in croquet, 
etc. 3. A circle, or 
set framework of 
circles, of elastic ma- 
terial to expand a 
woman's skirts ; — ■ 
chiefly in pi. 

<— v. t. To bind with 
hoops ; encircle. 

hoop'er (-er), n. One 
who hoops casks or 
tubs ; a cooper. 

hoo'poe (hoo'poo; 
-po), n. [F. huppe, 



Hoopoe. 





Hop Leaves and Strob- 
iles. 



L. upupa.] Any of a family {Upupidse)oi Old World non- 
passerine birds, with slender curved bill. [nickname. I 
MOO'sier (hoo'zher), n. An inhabitant of Indiana ; — aj 
hoot (hoot), v. i. 1. To utter a loud shout ; usually, to cry 
out in contempt. 2. Of an owl, to 
utter its cry, suggestive of 
"hoot" ; hence, to utter a similar 
cry. — v. t. 1. To assail with 
contemptuous cries. 2. To ex- 
press in hoots. 

— n. 1. A loud inarticulate shout 
or noise ; esp., a derisive shout. 
2. The cry of an owl. 

hop (hop), v. i.; hopped (hopt); 
hop'ping. [AS. hoppian to leap, 
dance.] 1. To move, as a bird, by 
short brisk leaps ; also, to jump 
on one foot. 2. To dance. Now 
Colloq. — v. t. 1. To hop about 
or over. 2. To give a hopping 
motion to ; as, to hop a ball. 

— n. 1. A short brisk leap, esp. 
on one leg. 2. An informal dance 
or ball. Colloq. 

hop, to. [OD. hoppe, D. hop.] 1. 
A twining moraceous vine (Humulus lupulus) with green- 
ish flowers,!the pistillate flowers growing in cones, or strob- 
iles. 2. A cone of this plant ; — usually in pi. 3. In pi. 
The dried ripe cones, used to bitter beer, in medicine, etc. 

hop Clover. Any of a genus (Chrysaspis) of fabaceous 
herbs, having hoplike heads of yellow flowers ; hop trefoil. 

hope(hop), to. [AS. hopa.] 1. Desire, with expectation of 
getting what is desired or belief that it is obtainable. 
2. Trust ; reliance. 3. Ground of hope ; as, it is their only 
hope. 4. That which is hoped for. — in hopes, hopeful. 

— v. i. ; hoped (hopt) ; hop'ing (hop'ing). 1. To entertain 
hope ; — usually used with for. 2. To confide ; trust ; — 
usually used with in. — v. t. 1. To cherish hope of. 2. To 
desire ; wish ; — often used colloquially regarding uncer- 
tainties. — Syn. See expect. [which excite hope.l 

hope'ful (-fdol), a. 1. Full of hope. 2. Having qualities! 
Syn. Hopeful, sanguine, confident. Hopeful applies 
to that which is full of or inspires hope ; that is sanguine 
which is habitually or confidently hopeful. Confident 
adds the implication of assurance or positive expectation. 

— n. A young person ironically or humorously considered 
as promising. — hope'ful-ly, adv. f ul-ness ; to. 

hope'less, a. 1. Without hope ; despairing. 2. Affording no 
hope; desperate. — hope'less-ly, adv. — hope'less-ness,TO. 
Syn. Desponding, despondent, disconsolate, forlorn, des- 
perate, despairing ; irretrievable, irremediable, incurable. 
— Hopeless, desperate, despairing. Hopeless implies 
the abandonment of hope ; desperate connotes the reck- 
lessness, despairing, the utter hopelessness, of despair or 
extremity. Hopeless also applies to what is beyond hope ; 
desperate, to what is extremely perilous or past retrieving. 

hop'lite (hop'lit), to. [Gr. dwXiTTjs, fr. 8ir\oi> weapon.] Gr. 
Antiq. Heavy-armed infantry soldier. See soldier, Illust. 

hop'— o'— my— thumb', to. A very diminutive person ; dwarf. 

hop'per (hop'er), to. 1. One who, or that which, hops. 2. 
The larva of a fly that infests cheese ; also, any of various 
other leaping insects. 3. A chute, box, or receptacle, usu- 
ally more or less funnel-shaped, for delivering or feeding 
any material which passes through it, there being no bot- 
tom or a collapsible one. 4. A scow, dredger, or car, the 
receiving part of which is a hopper. 

hop'ple (-'1), v. t.& to. Hobble ; fetter. 

hop'scotch' (-skoch'), to. [From the figure scotched, or 
traced, on the ground.] A child's game in which a player, 
hopping on one foot, drives with that foot a block or 
small stone from one compartment to another of a figure 
scotched on the ground. 

hop trefoil, a Hop clover, b Black medic. 

Ho'rae (ho're), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. T ttpai.] Gr. Relig. The 
three goddesses of the seasons, and hence of orderliness. 

ho'ral (-ml ; 57), a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour.] Of or re- 
lating to an hour or hours ; hourly. 

ho'ra-ry (-rd-ri), a. [LL. horarius.] 1. Of or pert, to an 
hour ; noting the hours. 2. Occurring once an hour ; hourly. 

Ho-ra'ti-i (h6-ra'shT-I), to. pi. In Roman legend, three 
brothers who fought with and killed the three Curiatii, 
brothers from Alba Longa. Two of the Horatii were killed. 

Ho-ra'ti-o (-shi-o; -sho), to. In Shakespeare's "Hamlet," 
Hamlet's calm, well-balanced friend. 

Eo-ra'ti-us Co'cles (h6-ra'shT-iis ko'klez ; ho-ra'shus). In 
Roman legend, a famous hero who defended a bridge at 
Rome against the Etruscan army. 

horde (hord ; 57), to. [F., fr. Turk, ordu, ordi, camp.] 1. A 
clan or tribal group of nomad Mongolians ; hence, any 
loosely organized nomadic group. 2. A crowd ; pack. 

hore'hound' (hor'hound' ; 57), to. [AS. hdrhune, harehune, 
fr. hdr hoar, gray + hune, name of a plant.] 1. A bitter 
mint (M arrubium vulgare) with hoary downy leaves. 2. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, ventre (87) ; 



HORIZON 



477 



HORSE CAR 



An extract or confection made from, or flavored with, this 
plant. 3. Any of several other mints. 

ho-ri'zon (ho-rl'zun ; -z'n), n. [F. & L., fr. Gr. dplfav (sc. 
kvkXos), fr. 6pl%eiv to bound, 5poj boundary-.] 1. The ap- 
parent junction of earth and sky ; — the apparent, or visi- 
ble, horizon. Fig., limit or range of perception or experi- 
ence. 2. Astron. a A plane passing through the observer's 
eye at right angles to the vertical ; — the sensible hori- 
zon, b A plane parallel to the sensible horizon and passing 
through the earth's center, or the great circle formed by 
its intersection with the celestial sphere; — the rational, 
or celestial, horizon. 3. Geol. The deposit of a particu- 
lar time, usually identified by distinctive fossils. 4. In a 
picture, the imaginary line on which is projected the point 
of sight, or station point, of the spectator, esp. in land- 
scapes, where this horizon replaces the natural horizon. 
See perspective, Illust. 

hor'i-zon'tal (hor'I-zon't-al), a. Pertaining to, near, in or 
parallel to, or measured in a plane of, the horizon. — n. A 
horizontal thing ; esp., a horizontal line or plane. — hor'i- 
zon-tal'i-ty (-tal'I-ti), n. — hor'i-zorFtal-ly, adv. 

hor'mone (hor'mon), n. [Gr. dpp.&v exciting, p. pr. of bpfiaeiv 
to excite.] Physiol. Chem. A chemical substance formed 
in one organ and carried in the circulation to another 
organ on which it exerts a stimulating effect. 

horn (horn), n. [AS.] 1. One of the hard, projecting proc- 
esses borne on the head of many hoofed mammals, includ- 
ing the permanent horns of cattle, sheep, etc. (often called 
true horns), and the solid bony horns of deer, usually shed 
annually (specif, called antlers). 2. A natural projection 
from an animal suggestive of a horn, as a tuft of feathers on 
the head of certain birds, one of the tentacles of a snail, 
etc. 3. Something made of, or suggestive of, a horn ; as : a 
A wind instrument of music, orig. one made of a horn, b A 
drinking cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of 
a horn; hence, a drink, c The cornucopia (sense 1). d A 
vessel made of a horn, esp. one for powder, e The pointed 
beak of an anvil, f The high pommel of a saddle. 4. One 
of the ends of a crescent. 5. The tough, fibrous material, 
keratin, of which true horns are composed ; also, any simi- 
lar substance. 6. Bib. A symbol of strength, power, glory, 
or pride. 7. An emblem of a cuckold. 
horn of plenty, a cornucopia. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with horns. 2. To cuckold. Obs. 3. 
To gore with the horns. 

hom'beam' (horn'bem'), n. Any of a genus (Carpinus) of 
small trees of the birch family, resembling the beech and 
having hard', strong, white wood. 

horn'bilF (-blF), n. Any of a family (Bucerotidse) of large, 
nonpasserine Old World birds with enormous bills. 

horn'blende' (-blend'), n. [G., fr. horn horn -f- blende 
blende.] Amphibole, properly the common, dark alumi- 
nous variety. — hom-blen'dic (horn-blen'dik), a. 

hornblende schist. Petrog. See amphibolite. 

horn'book' (-book'), n. A kind of primer formerly in use, 
typically a single sheet, protected by a transparent sheet 
of horn. Hence, a primer. 

horned (hornd, or, esp. poetic or rhetorical, hor'ned), a. 
Furnished with a horn or horns. 
horned pout, a bull- 
head, esp. the common 
species (Ameturus neou- 
losus) of 
the east- 
ern Unit- 
ed States. — 
h . toad , 

any of certain small, 
harmless, scaly, insectiv- 
orous lizards (genera 
Phrynosoma and Anota) 
having hornlike spines. 
— h. viper. See viper. 

hor'net (hor'net ; 24), n. [AS. hyrnet.'] 
pugnacious wasp whose sting is 
very severe; esp., a European 
species {Vespa crabro) or the 
American white-faced hornet, or 
yellow jacket {V. maculata). 

horn'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of horn. 
Specif. : n. a Scots Law. The 
act of proclaiming a person an 
outlaw by blowing three blasts 
upon a horn, b A callithumpian 
serenade with tin horns, etc. 

hor-ni'to (hor-ne'to; Sp. or-), n. [A dim. fr. Sp. homo 
oven, L. furnus.~] Geol. A low, oven-shaped, volcanic 
mound, emitting smoke and vapors. 

horn'— mad', a. Raving mad. 

horn'pipe' (horn'pTpO, n. 1. A kind of musical wind instru- 
ment formerly popular in Wales, having a reed mouthpiece. 
2. A lively dance, orig. to hornpipe playing, popular among 
sailors. 3. A tune adapted for such a dance. 




Horned Toad. (J) 

A large, strong, 




White-faced Hornet. 



horn pout. The horned pout. See under horned. 

horn silver. = cerargyrite. 

horn'stone' (-ston'), n. Min. A variety of quartz closely 
resembling flint, but more brittle. 

horn'taiF (-taF), n. Any of certain hymenopterous insects 
(family Siricidx, or superfamily Siricoidea) related to the 
sawflies, the females commonly having a stout ovipositor. 
Their larvae burrow in plants, often in trees. 

horn'worm' (-wurm'), n. The larva of any of various 
hawk moths, having a hornlike process on the back, as the 
tobacco worm. 

horn'y (hor'nl), a. ; horn'i-er (-nT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of horn 
or a hornlike substance. 2. Having horns or hornlike pro- 
jections. 3. Hard, callous, or semiopaque, like horn. 

hor'o-loge (hor'6-loj; -loj), n. [OF. horloge, L. horolo- 
gium, fr. Gr. upoXoyiov ; upa hour 4- Xhyeus to say, tell.] 
A timepiece. 

ho-roFo-ger (ho-rol'o-jer), n. One skilled in horology. 

hor'o-log'ic (hor'o-loj'TkMa. Of or pertaining to a horo- 

hor'o-log'i-cal (-loj^T-kal)J loge or horology. 

ho-rol'o-gy (ho-rol'o-jl), n. Science or art of measuring time 
or of constructing timepieces. — ho-rol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

hor'o-scope (hor'o-skop), n. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. <l>poaKoiros, 
lit., observing times, esp. the hour of birth ; wpa hour + 
a/coxos watcher.] 1. The representation of the aspect of the 
heavens at the moment of one's birth, used by the astrol- 
oger ; esp., the zodiacal sign then rising. 2. The diagram 
or scheme of 12 houses, or signs of the zodiac, into which 
the circuit of the heavens is divided for such prediction. 

ho-ros'co-py (ho-ros'ko-pT), n. The casting of horoscopes. 

hor-ren'dous (ho-ren'dizs), a. [L. horrendus."] Fearful; 
frightful ; horrible. 

hor'rent (hor'ent), a. [L. horrens, p. pr. of horrere to 
bristle.] 1. Standing erect, as bristles ; bristling. 2. Hor- 
rified ; horrible ; expressing horror. Rare. 

hor'ri-ble (-T-b'l), a. [OF., fr. L. horribilis."] Exciting 
horror ; dreadful ; hideous. — hor'ri-ble-ness, n. — hor'- 
ri-bly, adv. 

Syn. Horrid, horrific, frightful, dreadful, awful, terrific, 
abominable. — Horrible, horrid, horrific. Horrible is 
the general term for that which inspires horror ; horrid 
sometimes carries a stronger implication of inherent re- 
pulsiveness ; in colloquial usage it is attenuated to a general 
term of aversion ; horrific is a bookish synonym for hor- 
rifying. See fearful. 

hor'rid (-id), a. [L. horridus.] 1. Rough; bristling. 
Archaic. 2. Hideous ; shocking ; very offensive. — Syn. 
See horrible. — hor'rid-ly, adv. — hor'rid-ness, n. 

hor-rif'ic (ho-rif'ik), a,. [L. horrificus ; horrere to be hor- 
rible + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] Horrifying; fright- 
ful. — Syn. See horrible. 

hor'ri-fy (hor'i-fl), v.t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. horri- 
ficare.] To strike with horror. — hcr'ri-fi-ca'tion, n. 

hor-rip'i-la'tion (ho-npT-la'shun), n. [L. horripilatio, fr. 
horripilare to bristle ; horrere to bristle 4- pilus the 
hair.] Med. A bristling of the hair of the head or body, re- 
sulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc. ; "goose flesh." 

hor'ror (hor'er), n. [OF., fr. L., fr. horrere to bristle, shiv- 
er, be dreadful.] 1. A bristling up ; roughness. Archaic. 
2. A shivering as in the chill before a fever. 3. A painful 
emotion of fear and abhorrence ; also, great aversion and 
repugnance. 4. Horrible nature or condition ; that which 
is horrible. — Syn. See fear. 

the horrors, a Extreme depression ; the blues, b A 
spasm, or spasms, of horror, esp. in delirium tremens. Colloq. 

horse (hors), n. ; pi. horses (hor'sez ; 24), or, collectively (in 
sense 4), horse. [AS. Aors.] 1. A large hoofed quadruped 
(Equus caballus), domesticated since a prehistoric peri- 
od, and used for drawing, carrying, bearing a rider, etc. ; 
by extension, any of certain allied extinct species. 2. The 
male of the horse genus ; usually, a gelding. 3. Zo'dl. In 
a broad sense, any member of the horse family, which in- 
cludes the asses, zebras, and extinct types. 4. Cavalry, as 
disting. from foot ; — now always used as a collective. 5. 
A man ; — used in contempt or jocularly. 6. Anything on 
which one rides, sits, or exercises as on a horse. 7. A sup- 
porting frame, usually with legs ; as, a clothes/iorse. 8. 
Mining. A mass of earthy matter, or rock of the same 
character as the wall rock, occurring in a vein. 9. Student 
Slang. A translation or other illegitimate aid in study or 
examination ; — called also trot, pony, Dobbin. 

— v. t. ; horsed (horst) ; hors'lng. 1. To provide with a 
horse or horses ; to mount on or as on a horse. 2. To place 
on the back of another, or on a wooden horse, etc., to be 
flogged ; hence, to flog. — v. i. To get or go on horseback. 

— a. Large or coarse of its kind or genus; as, the horse 
bean (Faba vulgaris), the horse balm (Collinsonia cana- 
densis), horse gentian (see feverroot), etc. 

horse'back' (hors'bak'), n. The back of a horse. — adv. 

On horseback ; as, to ride horseback. 
horse car. A street car or railroad car drawn by a horse or 

by horses. U. S. 



I 



J 



K 



K = ch in U. icto, ach (50); don; yet; z.n = « in axure. rNumoers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HORSE-CHESTNUT 



478 



HOT COCKLES 



-horse'-Chest'nut (-chestnut), n. The large nutlike seed 
(said to have been formerly fed to horses) of a tree (JEscu- 
lus hippocastanum) brought from Constantinople in the 
16th century, and now common in the temperate zones ; 
also, the tree. 

horse'flesh' (horseflesh'), n. 1. The flesh of the horse. 2. 
Horses collectively, esp. for riding or driving. Colloq. 

horse'fly' (-fll'), n.; pi. -flies (-fllz'). 1= Any of a family 
{Tabanidse) of dipterous flies, some of large size; — 
called also gadfly, breeze fly. The females suck the blood 
of animals. 2. Any of various other flies annoying to horses. 

Horse Guards. Mil. 1. A picked body of cavalry so called; 
esp., the cavalry brigade of the English household troops 
which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign. 2. The 
personnel of the military authorities at the head of the 
British army. 

horse'hair' (-har'), n. A hair of a horse, esp. one from the 
mane or tail ; a fabric or tuft made of such hairs. 

horse'hide' (-hid'), n. A horse's hide, or leather made of it. 

horse'jock'ey (-jok'i), n. A professional rider or driver of 
race horses ; — usually merely jockey. 

horse latitudes. Naut. Either of two belts or regions in 
the neighborhood of 30° N. and 30° S. latitude, character- 
ized by high pressure, calms, and light baffling winds. 

horse'laugh' (-laf ), n. A loud, boisterous laugh. 

horse'leech' (-lech'), n. Also, formerly, horse'leach'. 1. A 
veterinary surgeon. Obs. or R. 2. A common European 
leech (Hsemopis gulo). It feeds chiefly on worms, etc., but 
is said (perh. incorrectly) to attack the nose and mouth of 
horses when drinking. 3. Fig., one who makes inordinate 
and endless demands. Cf. Prov. xxx. 15. 

horse'less, a. Without a horse; specif., not requiring a 
horse ; — said of certain self-propelled vehicles. 

horse mackerel. The common tunny ; locally, any of vari- 
ous other fishes ; as, the bluefish, saurel, etc. 

horse'man (hors'man), n. A rider on horseback ; one 
skilled in the management or care of horses ; specif., Obs., 
a cavalryman. — horse'man-ship (-ship), n. 

horse marine. One of a mythical body of marine cavalry ; 
also, a marine or sailor on mounted duty ashore or a cav- 
alryman on shipboard ; hence, a man out of his element. 

horse'mint' (hors'mint'), n. 1. Either of two European 
mints {Mentha longi folia and M. aquatica). 2. A coarse 
menthaceous plant (Monarda punctata). U. S. 

horse nettle. A coarse prickly weed {Solanum caroli- 
nense), of the nightshade family, with yellow berrylike fruit. 

horse'play' (hors'pla.'), n. Rude, boisterous play. 

horse power, or horse'pow'er (-pou'er), n. 1. The power 
which a horse exerts. 2. Mechanics. A unit of power, 
numerically equal to a rate of 33,000 foot pounds of work 
per minute (= 550 foot pounds per second). 

horse'-rad'ish (-rad'ish), n. A tall white-flowered brassi- 
caceous plant (Rorippa armoracia), the pungent root of 
which is used as a condiment. 

horse'rake' (-rak'), n. A rake drawn by a horse. 

horse sense. Strong common sense. Colloq., U. S. 

horse'shoe' (hors'shoo'), n. 1. A shoe for horses. 2. Any- 
thing shaped like a^horseshoe. 3. Short for horseshoe 
crab, the king crab. 

horse'tail' (-tal'), n. 1. A Turkish standard denoting a 
pasha's rank. 2. Any of a genus (Equisetum) of perennial 
flowerless plants, allied to the ferns. 

horse'weed' (hors'wed'), n. A North American asteraceous 

weed {Leptilon canadense) with yellowish flowers. 

horse'whip' (-hwip'), n. A whip for horses. — v. t. To flog 
with a horsewhip. [horseback.! 

horse'wom'an (-wobm'an), n. A woman who rides on| 

hors'y (hor'si), a.; hors'i-er (-si-er) ; -i-est. Pert, to, or 
suggestive of, a horse, horses, or horse racing ; character- 
istic of horsemen. — hors'i-ness, n. 

hor'ta-tive (hor'td-tTv), a. [L. hortativus, fr. hortari to 
incite, hori to urge.] Hortatory. 

hor'ta-to-ry (-to-ri), a. [L. hortatorius.'] Giving, or char- 
acterized by, exhortation ; exhortatory ; hortative. 

hor'ti-CUl'tur-al (-ti-kul'tur-dl), a. Pert, to horticulture. 

hor'ti-CUl'ture (-ti-kul'tur), n. [L. horti (gen. of hortus) 
cultura cultivation of a garden.] Cultivation of a garden 
or orchard ; art of growing fruits, vegetables, or ornamental 
plants. [ticulture.l 

hor'ti-CUl'tur-ist, n. One who is trained or expert in hor-[ 

|| hor'tus sic'CUS (hor'tus sik'us). [L., a dry garden.] A 
herbarium. 

Ho'rus (ho'rws ; 57), n. [L., Gr. "Qpos, fr. Egypt. Hor.] 
Egypt. Myth. The hawk-headed god of day. 

ho-san'na (ho-zan'd), interj. & n. [L., fr. Gr. <b<r&i>i>a fr. 
Heb. hoshVdh nna save now, save, we pray.] A Hebrew 
exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of 
blessings. 

hose (hoz), n. ; pi. hose, formerly hosen (ho'z'n). [AS. 
hose.} 1. A leg covering, in modern use covering also the 
foot ; a stocking, or stockings, of any length. 2. Close- 
fitting coverings for the legs and waist as formerly worn ; 



later, breeches reaching only to the knee. 3. [pi. sometimes 
hoses.] A flexible pipe for conveying fluids, esp. Water. 

Ho-se'a(ho-ze'd),n. [Heb. H oshea'.J; 1. A Hebrew prophet 
of the 8th century B. c. 2. A book of the Old Testament. 

ho'sier (ho'zber), n. A dealer in hose or stockings, etc. 

ho'sier-y (-T), n. Stockings ; goods knit like hose. 

hos'pice (hos'pis ; -pes), n. [F., fr. L. hospitium hospital- 
ity, an inn, fr. hospes stranger, guest.] An inn for travelers 
or strangers, esp. one kept by members of a religious order. 

hos'pi-ta-ble (-pT-td-b'l), a. 1. Extending, showing, or 
characterized by, hospitality. 2. Proceeding from hospital- 
ity. 3. Fig., generously receptive.- — hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. 

hos'pi-tal (-tal), n. [OF., fr. LL. hospitale, fr. L. hospi- 
talis relating to a guest, fr. hospes guest.] 1. A place for 
shelter or entertainment of travelers, strangers, etc. ; a 
hospice. Obs. or Hist. 2. A charitable institution for the 
refuge, maintenance, or education of needy, aged, infirm, or 
young persons; as, Christ's Ho'spital, a famous English 
public school, originally a London hospital for orphans and 
foundlings. Obs. or Hist. 3. An institution in which the 
sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. 

hos'pi-tal-er, hos'pi-tal-ler (-er), n. [F. hospitalier. See 
hospital.] 1. One living in a hospital for the poor, the 
sick, and strangers; in some London hospitals, once reli- 
gious establishments, the title of a chief religious officer. 

2. A member of any of many religious orders whose chief 
purpose was to care for the sick or needy. Obs. or Hist. 

3. [cap.~\ One of a medieval religious military order, called 
in full Knights of St. John of J erusalem, growing out of a 
hospital at Jerusalem. 

hos'pi-tal'i-ty (-tal'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Kind and gen- 
erous reception and entertainment of strangers or guests. 

hos'po-dar (hos'po-dar), n. [Roumanian.] An old title ot 
vassal princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia. 

host (host), n. [OF., fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., army.] 1. 
An army ; array. 2. A multitude ; throng. 

host, n. [OF. hoste, fr. L. hospes a stranger treated as a 
guest, also, host.] 1. One who receives or entertains an- 
other ; specif., a landlord. 2. Any animal or plant afford- 
ing lodgment or food to a parasite. 

Host, n. [OF. oiste, LL. hostia, fr. L. hostia sacrifice.] R. 
C. Ch. The consecrated wafer used in the Mass ; also, the 
bread before consecration. 

hos'tage (hos'taj), n. [OF., fr. LL. hostaticus, prob. for 
hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest.] 1. A person given as 
a pledge. 2. Any pledge or guarantee. 

hos'tel (-tel), n. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. hospitalis. See hos- 
pital.] A hostelry. Archaic. 

hos'tel-er (-er), n. One who lodges or entertains guests ; 
the keeper of a hostel. Rare or Hist. 

hos'tel-ry (-n), n.; pi. -eies (-riz). [OF. hostelerie. See 
hostel.] Place of lodging ; inn ; lodging house. Archaic. 

host'ess (hos'tes), n. A female host. — host'ess-ship, n. 

hos'tile (hos'til or, esp. British, -til), a. [L. hostilis, fr. 
hostis enemy.] Belonging or appropriate to an enemy ; 
showing_ ill will ; unfriendly. — Syn. Warlike, inimical, 
antagonistic, opposed. — n. An enemy ; esp., an American 
Indian in arms against the whites. — hos'tile-ly, adv. 

hos-til'i-ty (hos-til'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being hostile ; enmity. 2. An act of open enmity ; hostile 
deed; esp., pi., acts of warfare. 

Syn. Hostility, enmity, animosity. Hostility is (com- 
monly open) antagonism, esp. as manifested in action ; 
enmity is oftener the feeling (sometimes the state) of 
hatred or ill will ; animosity is active enmity, often with 
bitterness ; as, the protectionists' hostility to free trade ; to 
harbor enmity ; vindictive animosity. 

hos'tler (hos'ler ; os'-), n. [OF. hostelier innkeeper.] One 
in charge of horses at an inn or stable ; hence, anyone who 
takes care of horses ; groom. 

hot (hot), a.; hot'ter (-er) ; -test. [AS. hat.~\ 1. Much 
above normal temperature ; — opp. to cold. Specif., char 
acterized by great or unusual heat ; as, a hot climate. 2. 
Characterized by violent activity or emotion ; as : a Ar- 
dent ; fiery. D Violent ; raging ; as, a hot fight, c Excited ; 
impatient ; urgent ; as, hot haste, d Lustful. 3. a Pressing 
hard ; as, a hot chase, b Producing an effect as of heat ; 
biting ; pungent. 4. Fresh ; recent ; strong ; as, a hot trail ; 
hence : close ; very near (to a quarry or something sought). 
— Syn. Burning, fervid, glowing, eager, brisk, vehement; 
impetuous, irascible, passionate. 

hot'bed' (hot'bed'), n. 1. Hort. A bed of earth inclosed 
in glass, heated by fermenting manure, etc., for growing 
plants. 2. A place favoring rapid growth or development. 

hotch'pot' (hoch'pof), n. [F. hochepot; hocher to shake 
+ pot pot.] 1. A hotchpotch. 2. Law. A throwing of 
property into one stock for equal division. 

hotch'potch' (-poch'), n. [Corrupt, of hotchpot.] 1. A 
dish of many ingredients, esp. a stew ; hence : a confused 
mixture ; medley ; hodgepodge. 2. Law. Hotchpot. Rare. 

hot cockles. A rustic or childish play, in which one covers 
his eyes and guesses who strikes him. 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; oia, ooey, oru, uaa, s>oi.t, connect; 
use, unite, iim, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



HOTEL 



479 



HOWDAH 



ho-tel' (hS-teT), n. [F. hotel, OF. hostel. See hostel.] 

1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers ; an inn. 

2. In French usage : a A mansion or imposing town^ resi- 
dence, b A public building ; as : hotel de ville (6'tel' de 
vel'), a town hall. 

hot'foot' (hot'foot'), adv. In eager haste. Colloq. 

hot'— head' (-hed'), n. A hasty or impetuous person. 

hot'-head'ed, a. Fiery ; impetuous ; hasty. 

hofhouse' (-hous'), n. 1. = bagnio. Obs. 2. A glass- 
house warmed for growing or keeping tender plants. 

hot'ly, adv. In a hot or fiery manner ; hastily. 

hot'ness, n. Quality or state of being hot ; heat. 

hot'— pot', n. Mutton or beef cooked with potatoes in a 
tight-covered pot. 

hot'-press', v. t. To gloss (paper or cloth), or to express 
(oil ) by combined heat and pressure. — hot'— press er, n. 

hot'spur' (hot'spur'), n. A rash, hot-headed man. 

Hot'ten-tot (hot''n-tot), n. 1. A member of a degraded 
race of South Africa, apparently allied to both Bushmen 
and Bantus. 2. The language of the Hottentots. 

Hou'dan (hoo'dan), n. [F., fr. Houdan, town in Seine-et- 
Oise, France.] One of a French breed of domestic fowls, 
with a thick globular crest and black and white mottled 
plumage. 

hough (hok). Var. of hock. 

hound (hound), n. [AS. hund.~\ 1. Orig., a dog; now, 
specif., a dog of any of certain breeds used in the chase. 
The typical hounds bunt by scent. 2. A despicable person. 
— v. t. 1. To hunt with or as with hounds ; esp., fig., to 
pursue unrelentingly. 2. To incite to pursuit ; — often 
with on. 

hounds (houndz), n. pi. 1. Naut. Projections at the mast- 
head, supporting the trestletrees or, in small vessels, the 
rigging. 2. Certain side bars in a vehicle, as those connect- 
ing the tongue of a wagon with the fore carriage, or the 
reach with the hind carriage, to give rigidity. 

hound's'— tongue' (boundz'tilng'), n. [AS. hundes tunge.] 
A coarse boraginaceous weed (Cynoglossum officinale) 
with tongue-shaped leaves. Also, any of certain other spe- 
cies of the same genus." 

hour (our), n. [OF. hore, fr. L. hora, fr. Gr. &pa a season, 
hour.] 1. The 24th part of a day ; 60 minutes. 2. Time of 
day, as by a timepiece. 3. Set or particular time or occa- 
sion. 4. In pi. R. C. Ch. Times of the day set for prayer, 
or the prayers to be said. 5. Astron. a Sixty minutes of 
sidereal time, b An angular unit of right ascension; 15 
degrees (measured along the equinoctial). 6. leap.'] In pi. 
Myth. = Hor.e. 

hour'glass' (our'glas'), n. An instrument for measuring 
time, esp. the interval of an hour, by sand or 
mercury running through an aperture. 

hou'ri (hoo'rT ; hou'ri),n.; pi. -ris (-riz). [F., 
fr. Per. huri, deriv. of Ar. ahwar black-eyed.] 
A nymph of the Mohammedan paradise. 

hour'ly (our'li), adv. Every hour; frequently; 
continually. — a. Happening or done hourly. 

house (hous), n. [AS. hus.~] 1. A structure, 
esp. a fixed one, for human habitation. 2. With 
qualifying term, a building for a purpose other 
than human habitation ; as, bakehouse, ware- 
house, etc. 3. Anything serving an animal for Hourglass, 
shelter or habitation, as a nest. 4. Any place of abode, 
investment, or deposit, as the grave, etc. 5. A house- 
hold. 6. A family of kindred; esp., a noble family or an 
illustrious race. 7. A religious fraternity or its place of 
abode. 8. A college in a university or a boarding house in a 
public school ; also, the body of students in either. Eng. 9. 
One of the estates of a government assembled in parliament 
or legislature ; a body of men united in a legislative capac- 
ity ; also, a quorum of such a body ; also, the place where 
it meets. 10. A body of men forming a deliberative or con- 
sultative assembly, esp. of an ecclesiastical or a collegiate 
character ; as, the house of bishops ; a house of Convoca- 
tion. 11. A place of business ; hence, a firm or commercial 
establishment. 12. A theater ; hence, an audience, as at a 
theater, etc. 13. Astrol. a A twelfth part of the heavens as 
divided by six circles intersecting at the north and south 
points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the 
positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or 
nativities, b A zodiacal sign regarded as the seat of a 
planet's greatest influence. Cf. horoscope. 
House of Burgesses. See burgess. — H. of Commons, 
the lower house of the Parliament of Great Britain and 
Ireland, the upper house being the H. of Lords. — H. of 
Keys, the representative branch of the legislature of the 
Isle of Man. — H. of Representatives, the lower, or 
popular, branch of a legislature, as of the United States 
Congress. 

— (houz), v. t. ; housed (houzd) ; hous'ing. 1. To take or 
put into a house. 2. To drive to shelter. Obs. 3. To harbor. 
4. Naut. To stow safely. — v. i. To take shelter. 

house boat. A covered boat used as a dwelling, esp. a 




large, flat-bottomed boat with a superstructure much like 

a house, used for leisurely cruising in quiet waters, 
house'break'ing, n. Act of breaking open and entering 

another's dwelling with felonious intent. break'er, n. 

house'carl' (-karP), n. [AS. huscarl, fr. Scand. See 

house ; carl.] A member of the household or bodyguard 

of a Danish or early English king or noble. 
house fly. A dipterous fly (Musca domestica) found in all 

habitable parts of the world. It is a frequent agent in 

transmitting diseases, esp. typhoid fever. 
house'hold (-hold), n. Those who dwell as a family under 

one roof ; family. — a. Pert, to a household ; domestic. 
house'hold'er (hous'hol'der), n. The master or head of a 

family ; one who occupies a house with his family or alone ; 

specif., in Great Britain, one who occupies such a dwelling 

as to qualify him to exercise the franchise. 
house'keep'er (-kep'er), n. One who does or oversees the 

work of keeping house. — house'keep'ing, n. [chaic. I 

hou'sel (hou'zel), n. [AS. husel.] The Eucharist. Ar-\ 
house'leek' (hous'lek'), n. A pink-flowered crassulaceous 

plant (Sempervivum tectorum) of Europe, found on old 

walls and roofs. 
house'line' (hous'lln'), n. Naut. A small line of three 

strands laid left-handed, for seizing ; — called also housing. 
house'maid' (hous'mad'), n. A female servant employed 

to do housework, esp. to take care of the rooms. 
house'maid's' knee (-madz'). Med. Inflammation and 

swelling of the bursa over the patella. 
house party, a A gathering and entertainment, lasting 

over one or more nights, of a party of guests in a house, 

usually in the country, b The guests collectively. 
house physician or surgeon. The senior resident physi- 
cian (or surgeon) of a hospital or other public institution. 
house'room' (hous'room'), n. Room or shelter in a house. 
house'warm'ing (-wor'ming), n. A merry-making made 

by or for those taking possession of a new house or premises. 
house'wife' (hous'wlf' ; in sense 3 usually hilz'if), n. 

1. The female head of a household. 2. A hussy ; — usu- 
ally huswife. Obs. 3. A small case or bag for sewing mate- 
rials, etc. ; — called also hussy. 

— (hous'wif'), v. t. & i. To manage with skill and economy, 
as a housewife or other female manager ; economize. 

house'wife'ly (hous'wlf'll), a. Pertaining to a housewife ; 
domestic ; thrifty. — adv. In a housewifely manner. — 
house'wife'li-ness, n. 

house'wif'er-y (-er-i), n. Business of a housewife ; thrift. 

house'work' (hous'wurk'), n. The work of housekeeping ; 
esp., kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, etc. 

hous'ing (houz'ing), n. 1. Act of putting or receiving 
under shelter ; dwelling in a house. 2. That which shelters. 
3. Arch, a The space taken out of one solid to admit the 
insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the 
side of another. Cf. mortise, b A niche, as for a piece of 
sculpture. 4. Naut. a The part of a mast which is beneath 
the deck, or of a bowsprit which is inboard, b A covering 
or protection, as of boards over the deck of a ship when 
laid up. C A houseline. 5. Mach. A support to hold a 
thing in place, as journal boxes. 

hous'ing, n. [From house cover, F. housse."] 1. A cover, 
esp. of cloth for a horse's saddle ; saddlecloth ; in pi., trap- 
pings. 2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness, 
that can be turned over the horse's back when it rains. 

Hous-sain' (hoo-san'), n. A prince in the "Arabian 
Nights" who had a magic carpet. 

hous-to'ni-a (hous-to'ni-d), n. [NL., after Dr. Wm. 
Houston ( 1695P-1733 ), Eng. botanist.] Any of a genus 
(Houstonia) of rubiaceous plants including the common 
bluets. 

Hou-yhn'hnm (h6o-in''m; hwTn''m), n. See Yahoo. 

hove (hov), pret. & p. p. of heave. 

hov'el (hov'el), n. 1. An open shed to shelter cattle, or 
protect produce, etc. 2. A shed or shelter for human 
beings ; also, a small, mean house ; hut. 

hov'er (huv'er), v. i. [From ME. hoven to hover.] 1. To 
hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing. 2. To hang 
about ; move to and fro near a place. — Syn. See flit. 

— v. t. 1. To move (the wings) so as to remain suspended 
in the air. 2. To brood over ; as, a hen hovers her chicks. 

— 7i. 1. Act or state of hovering. 2. A device affording 
shelter and warmth for young chickens hatched in an incu- 
bator. It is usually a part of the brooder. 

hov'er-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hovers. 

how (hou), adv. [AS. hu.'] 1. In what manner or way. 

2. To what degree, extent, number, amount. 3. In what 
state or condition. 4. For what reason ; why. 5. By 
what name or designation ; with what meaning ; to what 
effect. 6. At what price or rate. 7. What. 

— n. Way or manner, or a question in regard to it. 
how-be'it (hou-be'it), conj. or adv. Be it as it may; 

nevertheless ; although ; albeit ; yet ; but ; however. 
how'dah (hou'dd), n. [Hind, haudah, Ar. haudaj."] A 
seat or pavilion, usually covered, on the back of an elephant. 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
E»nlanat'"is of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



HOWEVER 



480 



HUMANISM 





how'ev'er (hou'eVer), adv. Contracted how'e'er' (-ar'; 
-ar'). 1. In whatever manner, way, or degree ; by what- 
ever means or to whatever extent. 2. Although. 06s. — 
conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding. — Syn. See but. 

how'itz-er (hou'it-ser), n. [G. haubitze, fr. Bohem. houf- 
nice, orig., a sling.] A 
short and, therefore, com- 
paratively light cannon, 
used to throw shells, usu- 
ally at angles between 15 
and 45 degrees. 

howl (houl), v. i. 1. To 
utter a loud, 
long, mourn- 
ful cry, as 
dogs and 
wolves often 

do. 2. To 7-inch Siege Breech-loading Howitzer. 1 Re- 
lament ; coil Cylinder ; 2 Springs ; 3 Flask ; 4 Hy- 
wail. 3. To draulic Buffer ; '5 Elevating Wheel ; 6 Lever 
make a noise Handle. 

resembling the cry ot a wild beast. — v. t. 1. To utter 
with howling or outcry. 2. To affect, effect, or bring by 
howling ; as, they howled the speaker down. 

— n. 1. The cry of a dog or wolf in howling, or a like sound. 

2. A prolonged cry of distress, rage, etc. 

howl'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, howls. 2. A 
howling monkey. [Scoi.l 

howl'et (hou'let; Scot, hool'et), n. An owl. Archaic or] 

howl'ing, p. pr., p. a., & vb. n. of howl. 
howling monkey, any of a genus (Aloualla) of South and 
Central American monkeys 
having a long prehensile tail, 
and making remarkable 
howling noises, as the ursine 
howler of Brazil. See Must. 

how'so-ev'er (hou'so-ev'er), 
adv. & conj. In what man- 
ner soever ; to whatever de- 
gree or extent ; however. 

hoy (hoi), n. [D. heu, or 
Flem. hui.~] A kind of small 
coasting vessel formerly 
used ; now, a heavy barge. 

hoy, inter j. Ho ! halloo ! stop 1 
— n. A call of "hoy." 

hoy'den, hoi'den (hoi'd'n), 
n. A rude, bold girl ; a romp. 

— a. Rude ; roistering. — v. i. To act like a hoyden. 
hsien (shyen), n. [Chin.] An administrative subdivision 

of a fu, or department, or of an independent chow ; also, 
the seat of government of such a district. 

hub (htib), n. Central part of a wheel ; nave. 

hub'ble-bub'ble (hub''l-bub''l), n. 1. A tobacco pipe in 
which the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling 
noise. 2. A bubbling sound ; a confused unmeaning noise. 

hub'bub (-ub), n. A loud noise as of many voices shouting 
at once ; an uproar ; tumult. 

huck'a-back (huk'd-bak), n. A rough-surfaced fabric of 
linen, or linen and cotton, much used for towels. 

huck'le (huk''l), n. The hip ; the haunch ; also, a bunch or 
part projecting like the hip. 

huck'le-ber'ry (huk''l-ber'i), n. [See whortleberry.] 1. 
The edible black or dark blue berry of any of a genus (Gay- 
lussacia) of vacciniaceous American shrubs, esp. the com- 
mon market berry {G. resinosa) ; also, any shrub bearing 
this fruit. 2. Erron., a blueberry. U. S. 

huckle bone, a The hip bone, b The ankle bone. 

huck'ster (-ster), n. 1. A peddler; hawker. 2. A mean, 
mercenary person. — v. i. & t. To deal pettily ; haggle. 

huck'ster-ess, huck'stress, n., fem. of huckster. 

hud'dle (hud''l), v. i. & t.; -dled (-'Id); -dling (-ling). 
1. To crowd together, from confusion, fear, etc. 2. To 
draw (one's self) into a heap ; — used esp. with up. 

3. To drive, push, or thrust, hurriedly or in disorder; 
bundle. 4. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; 
hence, to do imperfectly. 

— n. A jumble ; disorder ; confusion ; conglomeration. 
Hu'di-bras'tic (hu'di-bras'tik), a. Similar to, or in the 

style of, Butler's "Hudibras," a satire against the Puritans 
published in 1663-78 ; mock-heroic. 

hue (hu), n. [AS. hxew, hiw, heow.~\ 1. Appearance ; form. 
Obs. 2. Color ; tint. 3. Specif., color quality proper ; also, 
any of the varieties of a color differing from one another in 
this quality ; as, a greenish hue of blue. — Syn. See color. 

hue, n. [OF. hu, fr. huer to shout.] A shouting ; outcry, 
esp. in the chase. 06s., exc. in : hue and cry, a loud out- 
cry with which felons were anciently pursued ; also, the pur- 
suit so made. Hence, any clamor of alarm, pursuit, etc. 

hued (hud), p. a. Having color ; — usually in combination. 

huff (huf), v. t. [Imitative.] 1. To swell ; puff up. 06s. or 
Dial. Eng. 2. To hector ; bully. 3. To offend ; ang er. 4 . 



Howling Monkey (Alouatta 
ursina) . 



Checkers. To remove from the board (a man which could 
have jumped). — v.i. 1. To blow ; puff ; puff up. Obs. or 
Dial. Eng. 2. To bluster ; swagger. 06s. 3. To take 
offense. 4. Checkers. To remove from the board a man 
which could have jumped but did not ; — so called from 
the habit of blowing upon the piece. 

— n. 1. A fit of petulance or resentment ; a sulky passion. 
2. Checkers. Act of huffing. 

huff'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a huffy manner. 

huff 'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being huffy. 

huffish, a. Somewhat huffy ; petulant. 

huff'y (huf'i), a.; huef'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Conceited; 
arrogant. 06s. 2. Easily offended ; pettish. 

hug (hug), v. t.; hugged (hugd) ; hug'ging (-Tng). 1. To 
embrace. 2. To hold fast ; cherish. 3. To keep very close 
to, as a shore in sailing. - — n. A close embrace. 

huge (huj), a.; hug'er (huj'er) ; hug'est (huj'est). [ME. 
huge, hoge.~\ Very large ; immense. — Syn. Gigantic, co- 
lossal, vast. See enormous. — huge'ly, adv. — huge'- 
ness, n. 

huge'OUS (huj'us), a. Huge. Now Colloq. or Humorous. 

hug'ger-mug'ger (hug'er-mug / er), n. 1. Privacy ; secrecy. 
Archaic. 2. Confusion. — a. 1. Secret. 2. Confused. 

— v. i. To act or confer stealthily. — v. t. To keep secret ; 
hush up. 

Hu'gue-not (hu'ge-not), n. [F., earlier eigenot.'] A 
French Protestant of the 16th or 17th century, of the 
Reformed or Calvinistic communion. — Hu'gue-nofic 
(-not'ik), a. — Hu'gue-not-ism (hu'ge-not-iz'm), n. 

hulk (hulk), n. [AS. hulc a light, swift ship.] 1. A ship ; 
now, a heavy clumsy ship. 2. The body or hull of a ship. 
06s. or R. 3. a The body of an old vessel laid by as 
unseaworthy. b A vessel built for other purposes than 
seagoing ; specif., one used as a prison ; — usually in pi. 

4. A bulky or unwieldy thing, or person. 

— v. t. Obs. or Hist, a To condemn to the prison hulks, b 
To lodge in a hulk vessel, as sailors. 

— v. i. 1. To act, go, or linger, in a clumsy, unwieldy, or 
lazy manner. Dial. 2. To grow or rise in bulky form ; — 
usually with up. 

hulk'ing, hulk'y (-1), a. Bulky; unwieldy; loutish. 

hull (hul), n. [AS. hulu.~] 1. The outer covering or husk 
of any fruit or seed ; the calyx or involucre of certain 
fruits, as the strawberry. 2. Hence, any covering or cas- 
ing; in pi., clothes. 3. [Prob. a different word.] The 
frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of masts, yards, sails, 
and rigging. 

— v. t. 1. To strip or take off the hull or hulls of, as corn ; to 
free from integument. 2. To pierce or strike the hull of a 
(ship) with a shot, torpedo, or the like. 

hulla-ba-loo' (hOl'd-bo-loo'), n. A clamor; uproar. 

hull'er (hul'er), n. One who, or that which, hulls. 

hul-lo' (hu-15'). Var. of hollo. 

hum (hum), interj. Ahem ! hem l~v. i. ; hummed 
(humd) ; hum'ming. To utter a hum or inarticulate sound, 
like Km. — n. An inarticulate nasal sound, like Km, as one 
uttered by a speaker in pauses, from affectation, etc. 

hum (hum), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To utter a sound sugges- 
tive of that of the letter m prolonged, without opening the 
mouth. 2. To make a sound like that of a bee in flight ; 
drone ; buzz. 3. To sing with closed lips. 4. To give forth a 
low, indistinct sound, as from the blending of many voices. 

5. To be very active or spirited ; as, he made things hum. 
Colloq. — v. t. To sing, affect, or effect by humming. 

— n. Act of humming or sound made by humming. 

hum, n. Imposition ; an instance of imposition ; hoax. — 
v. t. To impose on ; humbug. Both Slang or Colloq. 

hu'man (hu'man), a. [F. humain, L. humanus.~] 1. Be- 
longing or relating to man ; characteristic of man. 2. Desig- 
nating, or being, a man ; consisting of men ; having human 
form or attributes ; as, a human being ; human sacrifices ; 
the human race. 

Syn. Human, humane. Human applies to whatever is 
characteristic of man as man ; it frequently connotes the 
common sympathies, passions, or failings of men ; as, 
human forms, actions, ambitions. Humane now com- 
monly refers to that which evinces active sympathy or 
compassion for others, esp. for the lower animals. 

— n. A human being. Now Chiefly Humorous. 
hu-mane' (hu-man'), a. [L. humanus. See human.] 

1. Having feelings and inclinations creditable to man; 
benevolent. 2. Humanizing; refining. — hu-mane'ly, 
adv. — hu-mane'ness, n. 

Syn. Kind, merciful, compassionate, sympathetic, tender- 
hearted ; lenient, clement, forgiving. — Humane, merci- 
ful. Humane (see human) emphasizes kindness, benevo- 
lence, or sympathy, without necessary implication of a 
possible conflict between these and opposite feelings ; 
merciful oftener implies forbearing treatment, esp. of 
those who have offended or who merit (or are defenseless 
against) severity. 
hu'man-ism (hu'mSn-iz'm), n. 1. Humanity. 2. Study 



ale senate care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, sSft, cdnnect; 
ose, unite/urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



HUMANIST 



481 



HUNDRED 



of the humanities ; polite learning. 3. Thought or action 
centering upon distinctively human interests. 

hu'man-ist, n. A student of the humanities. 

hu'man-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to humanity. 
2. Of or pertaining to humanism or humanists. 

hu-man/i-ta'ri-an (hu-man'i-ta'n-an ; 3), a. Pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, humanitarians. — n. 1. An adherent 
of humanitarianism. 2. A philanthropist. 

hu-man'i-ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Theol. The tenet 
denying the divinity of Christ. 2. Ethics, a The doctrine 
that man's obligations are limited to, and dependent alone 
on, man and human relations, b The doctrine that man's 
nature is perfectible through his own efforts without 
divine grace. 3. Regard for the interests of mankind ; 
broad philanthropy. 

hu-man'i-ty (hu-man'T-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). _ [F. hu- 
manite, fr. L. humanitasf\ 1. Quality or condition of be- 
ing human ; peculiar nature distinguishing man from other 
beings. 2. Quality of being humane ; kind feelings, disposi- 
tions, and sympathies. 3. a Mental cultivation ; liberal 
education. Archaic, b The branches of polite learning, 
esp. the ancient classics ; — usually in pi., with the. 4. 
Mankind ; the human race. 

hu'man-ize (hu'man-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
ing). 1. To make human. 2. To render humane ; soften. — 
hu'man-i-za'tion (hii'man-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shim), n. 

hu 'man-kind' (-kind'), n. Mankind; the human race. 

hu'man-ly, adv. In a human manner ; according to the 
knowledge, wisdom, or experience of men. 

hu'man-ness, n. Human quality or state. 

hum'ble (hum'b'l; formerly, and still occas., um'b'l), a. ; 
-bler (-bier) ; -blest (-blest). [F., fr. L. humilis on the 
ground, low, humus ground.] 1. Not proud or assertive ; 
lowly ; meek. 2. Not high or lofty ; unpretending. 
Syn. Lowly, low, unassuming, modest ; poor, mean, 
plain. — Humble, lowly, low. Humble (opposed to 
proud) and lowly (often opposed to lofty) are frequently 
interchangeable. Humble now often connotes undue self- 
depreciation, sometimes verging on abjectness ; lowly 
less often applies to persons, and is not derogatory. Low, 
from its common implication of inferiority, is rare as a 
synonym for humble or lowly. 

humble pie, umble pie, or pie made of the inferior parts 
of a deer for the servants. — to eat humble pie, to be 
submissive ; to apologize or yield. 

— v. t.; -bled (-b 'Id) ; -bling. 1. To bring low ; humili- 
ate. 2. To make humble in mind. — Syn. See abase. 

hum'ble-bee' (-be 7 ), n. The bumblebee. 

hum'ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being humble. 

hum'bler (hum'bler), n. One who, or that which, humbles. 

hum'bles. Obs. var. of umbles. 

hum'bly, adv. In a humble manner. 

hum'bug' (-bug'), n. 1. An imposition made by means of 
fair pretenses ; something contrived to deceive ; fraud. 2. 
A spirit of deception ; imposture. 3. An impostor. — v. t. ; 
-bugged (-bugd') ; -bug'ging (-bug'mg). To deceive ; im- 
pose on; hoax. — hum'bug'ger (er), n. — hum'bug'- 
ger-y (-1), n. 

hum 'drum' (-drum'), a. Monotonous; dull. — Syn. See 
irksome, — n. 1. A dull fellow ; bore. 2. Tedious com- 
monplaceness ; dull talk or action ; anything humdrum. 

hu'mer-al (hu'mer-al), a. [L. humerus shoulder.] 1. Of 
or pertaining to the humerus ; brachial. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the shoulder. 

hu'mer-us (-us), n. ; pi. -meri (-1). [L., better umerus.'] 
Anat. a The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the 
arm or fore limb, b The brachium. 

hu'mid (hu'mTd), o. [L. humidus, umidus, fr. humere, 
umere to be moist.] Damp ; moist. — Syn. See moist. 

hu-mid'i-fy (hfi-mid'T-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'- 
lng). {humid + -/j/.] To render humid, as the atmos- 
phere ; moisten ; damp. — hu-mid'i-fi/er, n. 

hu-mid'i-ty (hu-mid'i-ti), n. Moisture; dampness. 

hu'mi-dor (hu'mT-dor), n. A case as for storing cigars, in 
which the air is kept properly humidified ; also, a contriv- 
ance, as a tube containing moistened sponges, placed in a 
case to keep the air moist. 

hu-mil'i-ate (-mil'I-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'e'd) ; -at'ing. [L. 
humiliatus, p. p. of humiliare, fr. humilis. See humble.] 
To humble ; mortify. — Syn. See abase. 

hu-mil'i-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of humiliating or state of 
being humiliated ; abasement of pride. 

hu-mil'i-a-to-ry (-a-to-ri), a. Tending to humiliate. 

hu-mil'i-ty (-mil'T-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). [OF. humility, 
fr. L. humilitas.~] 1. State or quality of being humble in 
spirit ; freedom from pride and arrogance. 2. Act of sub- 
mission or of humble courtesy. 3. Humbleness. Obs. or R. 
— Syn. Lowliness, meekness. 

hum'mer (hum'er), n. One who, or that which, hums. 

hum'ming (-Ing), p. a. 1. Droning ; buzzing. 2. Active or 
spirited ; big ; extraordinary. Colloq. 3. Frothing ; seeth- 
ing ; strong ; — said of liquor. Colloq. 




Ruby-and-topaz Humming Bird. 
(Chrysolampis mosquilus.) 



humming: bird, any of a numerous family (Trochllidx) 
of American, mostly tropical, nonpasserine 
birds, of remarkably small size and bril- 
liant plumage, whose wings produce a hum- 
ming sound in vibrating. 

hum/mock (-fik), n. 1. 
A rounded knoll or hil- 
lock. 2. A ridge of ice onf 
an ice field. 3. = ham- 
mock, 2. Southern U. S. 

hum'mock-y (-T), a. 
Abounding in hummocks; 
uneven ; resembling hum- 
mocks. 

hu'mor, hu'mour (hu'mer; u'-), n. [OF. humor, umor, 
L. humor, umor, moisture, humere, umere, to be moist.] 

1. Moisture ; vapor. Obs. 2. In old physiology, a fluid or 
juice, esp. one of the four bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, 
choler, or yellow bile, and melancholy, or black bile) con- 
ceived as determining a person's health and temperament ; 
hence : disposition ; temperament ; mood. 3. Med. a A 
morbid animal fluid, b Any chronic cutaneous affection due 
to a morbid state of the blood. 4. An uncertain state of 
mind ; caprice ; in pi., freakish or whimsical doings. 5. a 
The faculty of discovering, expressing, or appreciating the 
ludicrous or the incongruous, etc. b That quality in a situa- 
tion or expression that appeals to a sense of the ludicrous. 

— Syn. See wit, mood. 

out of humor or humour, displeased ; dissatisfied ; in 
an unpleasant frame of mind. 

— v. t. 1. To comply with the humor of ; indulge. 2. To 
comply with the exigencies of ; adapt one's self to. — Syn. 

See GRATIFY. 

hu'mor-al (hu'mer-al), a. Pertaining to, or proceeding 

from, the humors; as, a humoral fever. 
hu'mor-ist (-Ist),n. 1. An eccentric or whimsical person. 

2. One who displays humor or has a facetious fancy or 
genius ; a wag ; one apt in the expression of humor. 

hu'mor-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, a 
humorist. 

hu'mor-OUS (-us), a. 1. a Capricious ; whimsical. Obs. or 
R. b Peevish ; ill-humored. Obs. 2. Characterized by 
humor ; jocular ; funny ; facetious. — hu'm.or-ous-ly, adv. 

— hu'mor-ous-ness, n. 

hu'mor-some, hu'mour- (-siim), a. Moody ; whimsical. 

hu'mour. Var. of humor. 

hump (hump), n. 1. A protuberance, esp. that formed by a 
crooked back in man, or that on the back of the camel, 
bison, etc. 2. A fit of the blues or ill-temper ; sulks. Slang, 
Eng. 3. A long tramp with a bundle on one's back ; as, a 
hump of fifty miles. Slang, Australia. 

— v. t. 1. To make hump-shaped ; hunch. 2. To put or 
carry on the (humped) back ; shoulder ; hence, to carry in 
general. Slang, Australia. 3. To bend or gather together 
for strenuous effort, as in running ; do or effect by such 
effort ; exert ; — usually used reflexively ; as, hump your- 
self. Slang, U. S. 

— v. i. To make a strenuous effort, as in running ; — usu- 
ally used with it. Slang, U. S. 

hump'back' (-bak'), n. 1. A humped back. 2. A hump- 
backed person ; hunchback. 3. Any of a genus (Megap- 
tera) of whalebone whales, related to the rorquals. 

hump'backed' (-bakt'), a. Having a humped back. 

humped (humpt), a. Having a hump ; humpbacked. 

humph (humf), interj. An exclamation, or grunt, of 
doubt, contempt, etc. — v. i. To ejaculate "humph!" 

Hump'ty Dump'ty (hump'tT dump'tl). The hero of a 
well-known riming nursery riddle, to which the answer is 
commonly said to be "an egg." 

hump'y (hum'pT), a. ; hump'i-er (-pi-er) ; hump'i-est. Full 
of humps or bunches ; covered with protuberances. 

hu'mus (hu'mus), n. [L., the earth, soil.] A brown or 
black material formed by partial decomposition of vege- 
table or animal matter ; the organic part of soil. 

Hun (hun), n. [L. Hunni, pi.] 1. One of a barbarous 
Asiatic people that invaded Europe about A. D. 450, 
forcing Rome to pay tribute. 2. One wantonly destructive ; 
a vandal. 

hunch (hunch), v. t. 1. To push or jostle, esp. with the 
elbow. Obs. or Dial. 2. To thrust out in a hump. — n. 1. 
A lump ; thick piece. 2. A hump ; protuberance. 3. A 
strong, intuitive impression that a (certain) thing will 
happen ; — from the gambler's superstition that it brings 
luck to touch the hump of a hunchback. Colloq. or Slang. 

hunch/back' (-bak'), n. A back with a hunch, or hump ; 



with such a back. 



hunch/backed' 



also, a person 
(-bakf), a. 
hun'dred (hun'dred), n. [AS., a territorial division; hund 
hundred + a word akin to Goth, ga-rapjan to count.] 
1. The product of ten multiplied by ten ; five score. Also, a 
symbol for one hundred units, as 100 or c. 2. In England, 
later also in Ireland, a division of a county. 3. U. S. 



J 



K 



K = cli in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals* 



M 



HUNDREDER 



482 



HUSSY 



Tlist. A small political division, now surviving only in 
Delaware. — a. Ten times ten ; being five score. 

hun'dred-er, hun'dred-or (-er), n. 1. The chief officer or 
magistrate, or the bailiff, of a hundred. 2. An inhabitant 
of a hundred, esp. a freeman liable to service on a jury. 

hun'dred-fold' (-fold'), adv. A hundred times (in amount) ; 

— with a or an. — n. A hundred times as much or many. 
hun'dredth (-dredth), a. 1. Next in order after the ninety- 
ninth ; — the ordinal of hundred. Abbr., 100th. See 
ordinal, n. K Note. _ 2. Constituting one of a hundred 
equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. 

— n. 1. A hundredth part. 2. A hundredth unit or object. 
hun'dred-weight' (hun'dred-watO , n. A denomination of 

weight (avoirdupois), commonly 112 lbs. in England, and 
100 lbs. in the United States. Abbr., cwt. Cf. ton. 

hung (hung), pret. & p. p. of hang. 

Hun-ga'ri-an (hun-ga'ri-an ; 3), a. 1. Of or pert, to Hun- 
gary or its people. 2. Thievish; beggarly. Ops. Slang. 

— n. 1. A native or citizen of Hungary, which is occupied 
by Magyars, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Roumanians, Servo- 
Croatians, etc. ; esp., a Magyar. 2. The Magyar language. 

hun'ger (hur/ger), n. [AS. hungor.~\ 1. A craving or 
desire for food. 2. Any strong or eager desire. — v. i. 1. 
To feel, or be oppressed, by hunger. 2. To have an eager 
desire ; long. — v. t. To make hungry ; famish. 

hun'ger-ly (-ger-li), a. Hungry; hungry -looking. Archaic. 

hunger Strike. The action of one, esp. a prisoner, who 
refuses to eat anything, or enough to sustain life, in order 
to enforce compliance with his demands, as for release. 

hun'gry (hun'grT), a.; -gri-er (-gn-er) ; -gri-est._ [AS. 
hungrigJ] 1. Feeling or showing hunger. 2. Causing, or 
marked by, hunger ; as, a hungry time. Rare. 3. Poor; 
barren, as land. — hun'gri-ly (-li), adv. 

hunk (hunk), n. A chunk ; hunch. Colloq. 

Hun'ker (hun'ker), n. Orig., as a nickname, a conservative 
of the Democratic party in New York ; hence : one opposed 
to progress in general ; a fogy. Cf. Barnburner. Polit. 
Cant., U. S. — Hun'ker-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

hunks (hunks), n. A covetous, sordid man ; miser. [U. S.\ 

hunk'y (hfln'kT), a. All right ; also, even ; square. Slang,\ 

hunt (hunt), v. t. [AS. huntian.'] 1. To follow or search for 
(game) for the purpose of capturing or killing; pursue 
(game). 2. To seek ; pursue ; follow ; as, to hunt up evi- 
dence. 3. To drive ; chase ; persecute ; as, he was hunted 
out of the country. 4. To traverse in pursuit of game ; 
search carefully ; as, to hunt a wood. 5. To use or manage 
in the chase, as hounds. — v. i. 1. To follow the chase ; 
pursue game. 2. To seek ; pursue ; search ; — used with for 
or after. 3. Mach. To be in a state of instability of move- 
ment or forced oscillation, as a delicate governor, an arc- 
lamp clutch mechanism which moves rapidly up and down 
with variations of current, or the like. 

— n. 1. Act or practice of hunting ; chase ; pursuit ; search. 
2. An association of huntsmen. 3. A region hunted over. 

hunt'er (kun'ter), n. 1. One who hunts wild animals; a 
huntsman. 2. One who hunts, or seeks after, anything. 3. 
A dog or a horse trained for hunting. [over the crystal.! 

hunting case. A watch case with a hinged metal cover| 

hunt'ress (hun'tres), n. A woman who hunts. 

hunts'man (hiints'man), n. 1. A man who hunts; a 
hunter. 2. A manager of a hunt or chase. 

hunt's'— up', n. A tune played on the horn very early, to 
call the hunters ; hence, any arousing call. Archaic. 

Hu'on pine (hu'on). [From the river Huon in Tasmania, 
named after a French ofiicer.] A large taxaceous timber 
tree (Dacrydlum franklinii) of Tasmania. 

hur'dle (hur'd'l), n. [AS. hyrdel.~] 1. A movable frame, 
as of wattled twigs, for folding sheep, for gates, etc. 2. A 
sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to 
the place of execution. 3. An artificial barrier to be 
leaped in a race^ 4. In pi. A race in which hurdles are 
leaped ; — used with the. 

— v.t.& i.; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To leap over 
while running, as a hurdle. — hur'dler (-dler), n. 

fcur'dy-gur'dy (-dT-gur'di), n.j_pl. -dies (-diz). Music, a 

A lute-shaped stringed 

instrument, sounded 

by the friction of a 

wheel turned by a 

crank at the end. b An Hurdy-gurdy, a. 

instrument, esp. of street music, played by turning a handle. 
hurl (hurl), v. t. 1. To throw or cast with violence. 2. To 

overthrow ; cast down. 3. To utter vehemently ; as, to 

hurl reproaches. — Syn. See throw. — v. i. 1. To rush. 

Archaic. 2. To throw something. — n. A violent throw ; 

cast ; fling. — hurl'er, n. 
hurl'y (hur'li), n. ; pi. huri/ies (-liz). Turmoil ; confusion. 
hurl'y-burl'y (-bur1i),rc.; pi. -lies (-liz). Tumult ; uproar. 
Hu'ron (hii'ron), n. One of a tribe of Iroquoian Indians 

formerly occupying the country between Lake Huron, Lake 

Erie, and Lake Ontario. 




hur-rah' (hc56-ra' ; hii-ra'), inter j. A word used as a shout 
of joy, triumph, applause, etc. — n. A cheer ; shout of 
joy, etc. — v. i. & t. To applaud with hurrahs ; cheer. 

hur/ri-cane (hiir'i-kan), n. [Sp. huracdn; orig. a Carib 
word.] A violent whirlwind, generally accompanied by 
rain, thunder, and lightning. 

hurricane deck. River Steamers, etc. The upper deck, 
usually not constructed to support a heavy weight. 

hur'ried (hur'id), p. a. Urged on ; hastened; also, hasty. 

— hur'ried-ly, adv. — hur'ried-ness, n. 

hur'ry (-i),v. t.; -ried(-kI); -ry-ing. 1. To move, carry, 
or make to move, with great or flurried haste ; as, hurry 
this package forward. 2. To impel to precipitate action. 
3. To hasten; urge on. — Syn. Precipitate, expedite, 
quicken. — v. i. To move or act hastily. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-iz). 1. Quick, hurried motion; rush. 2. 
Act of hurrying; state of being obliged to hurry; undue 
haste ; need of haste. — Syn. See haste. 

hur'ry-scur'ry, hur'ry-skur'ry ( -skur'i ), n. [hurry + 
scurry.'] Flustered haste ; disorderly confusion. — v. t. & 
i. To move or act hurry-scurry. — a. Hasty and confused. 

— adv. Confusedly ; bustlingly ; pell-mell. 

hurt (hurt), v. t. ; hurt ; hurt'ing. [Prob. fr. OF. hurter to 
knock, thrust.] 1. To pain ; wound or bruise painfully. 2. 
To damage ; injure ; harm. 3. To wound the feelings of; 
grieve ; distress. ■ — v. i. 1. To cause pain or injury. 2. To 
suffer from pain or injury ; as, my teeth hurt. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A wounding blow ; a wound, bruise, or the like, .or 
the pain caused by it. 2. An injury affecting the mind or 
conscience, as a slight. 3. Injury ; damage ; harm. — Syn. 
Loss, detriment, mischief, bane, disadvantage. — hurt'er, n. 

hurt'er (hur'ter), n. m [F. heurtoir, lit., a striker, OF. hur- 
toir.2 A butting piece ; a strengthening piece ; esp., Ord- 
nance, a buffer or the like to check the motion of a gun car- 
riage as the piece is run into battery. 

hurt'ful (hurt'fool), a. Tending to impair or damage; in- 
jurious. — Syn. Pernicious, baneful, detrimental, noxious, 
unwholesome. — hurt'ful-ly. adv. — hurt'ful-ness, n. 

hur'tle (hur't'l), v. i.; -tled (-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). [ME. 
hurtlen, freq. of hurten to hurt.] 1. To meet with a 
shock ; clash ; jostle. 2. To rush suddenly. 3. To make a 
sound as of clashing ; resound. — v. t. 1. To strike against ; 
collide with. Archaic. 2. To drive violently ; fling. 

hur'tle-ber'ry (hur't'1-beVi). = whortleberry. 

hurt'less (hurt'les), a. Harmless ;_ also, unhurt. 

hus'band (huz'band), n. [AS. husbonda master of the 
house ; hus house -f- bonda householder, husband.] 1. A 
man who has a wife ; — correlative of wife. 2. A steward 
or manager. Archaic. — v. t. 1. To direct and manage 
with frugality. 2. To furnish with a husband. Archaic. 
3. To marry ; espouse ; act as the husband of. 

hus'band-man (-man), n. A farmer. 

hus'band-ry (-rf), n. 1. Care of domestic affairs; hence, 
thrift. 2. The business of a husbandman ; farming. 3. 
Management (good or bad) of one's affairs. 

hush (hiish), v. t. [ME. hussht silent, taken as a p. p. ; of 
inter jecti^nal origin.] 1. To make quiet, still, or calm. 
2. To allay ; soothe. 3. To procure silence concerning ; — 
usually used with up; as, the deal was hushed up. — v. i. 
To become or keep still or quiet ; — used esp. in the impera- 
tive, as an exclamation : be still ; be silent or quiet. 

— n. Stillness or silence, esp. after noise ; quiet. 

— a. Still ; hushed ; as, "Hush as death." Archaic. 
hush money. Money paid to hush up something. 

husk (husk), n. 1. The outer coating, or envelope, of 
various seeds or fruits ;_ U.S., the envelope of an ear of 
Indian corn. 2. Outside covering, esp. when rough or 
worthless. — v. t. To strip the husk from. — husk'er, n. 

husk'i-ly (hus'kT-li), adv. In a husky manner. 

husk'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being husky. 

husk'ing, n. A meeting of neighbors or friends to 
husk Indian corn ; — called also husking bee. U. S. 

husk'y (hus'ki),a. ;husk'i-er (-ki-er) ; -i-est. 1. Abound- 
ing with, consisting of, or resembling, husks. 2. Rough in 
tone ; harsh ; hoarse. 

hus'ky (hus'ki), a. Powerful; strong. Colloq., U. S. 

Hus'ky, n.; pi. -kies (-kiz). 1. An Eskimo. 2. \l. c] An 
Eskimo dog. 3. The Eskimo language. 

hUS-sar' (ho6-zar / ), n. [Hung, huszdr, orig., a freebooter, 
through Slavic, fr. LL. cursarius or a corresponding It. 
form.] Orig., one of the light cavalry of Hungary and 
Croatia ; now, one of a class of cavalry of European armies, 
usually brilliantly uniformed. See soldier, Illust. 

Hussite (hus'It), n. Eccl. Hist. A follower of John Huss, 
Bohemian reformer, who was adjudged a heretic by the 
Council of Constance and burned alive in 1415. He 
taught the doctrines of Wycliffe, except as to the Eucha- 
rist, whereon he was orthodox. — Huss'it-ism (-It-iz'm), n. 

hUS'sy (huz'i), n.; pi. -SiES (-iz). [Contr. fr. huswife.! 
1. A worthless woman or girl. 2. A pert girl ; — used 
jocosely. 3. A case or bag. See housewife, 3. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



HUSTINGS 



483 



HYDROCELE 



hus'tings (hus'tTngz), n.; pi. in form, but usually con- 
strued as sing. [AS. husting assembly, tribunal.] 1. A 
borough or city court, now abolished except in London. 
Eng. 2. Formerly, the platform (esp. a temporary one) 
from which candidates for Parliament were nominated ; 
also, the proceedings at an election ; now, any platform 
from which campaign speeches are made ; hence, a politi- 
cal campaign. 
hus'tle(hus''l),i;. t.&i.; -tied (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). [D. 
hutselen to shake.] 1. To shake together in confusion ; 
push or crowd rudely. 2. To force on or onward rapidly 
or roughly. Colloq. 3. To move or work rapidly and inde- 
fatigably. Colloq. — n. 1. The act of one who hustles. 2. 
Energetic activity; "push." Colloq. „ 

hus'tler (hus'ler), n. One who hustles. 
hus'wife (huz'Tf). Obs. var. of housewife (exc. insenseZ). 
hut (hilt), n. [F. hutle, fr. G. hiitte, OIIG. hutta.~] A rude 
small house, hovel, or cabin. — v. t. & i. To live in a hut 
or huts ; furnish with huts. 
hutch (huch), n. [F. huche, fr. LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, 
bin, coop, or the like ; as, a grain hutch ; a rabbit hutch. 
2. A hut ; hovel. — v. t. To store in a hutch, 
huzza' (hu-za' ; hco-), inter j. A word used as a shout of 
joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement. — n. A 
shout of "huzza!"; a hurrah. — v. i. & t. To shout 
"huzza!" ; cheer. 
hy'a-cinth (hl'd-sTnth), n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of 
flower, also a proper name. See hyacinthus.] 1. A 
precious stone of the ancients, of a blue color, perhaps the 
sapphire. 2. A transparent red or brownish zircon some- 
times used as a gem. 3. a A plant fabled in classic myth to 
have sprung from the blood of the youth Hyacinthus; — 
variously identified as the Turk's-cap lily (Lilium marta- 
gon), the iris, larkspur, or gladiolus, b A well-known lilia- 
ceous plant (genus Hyacinthus) with spikes of bell-shaped 
flowers ; also, the bulb or flower of the plant. 
hy'a-cin'thine (-sTn'thTn), a. _ Of or decked with the 

hyacinth ; resembling the hyacinth, as in color. 
Hy'a-cin'thus (-thfzs), n. [L., fr. Gr. TcWflos.] Gr. 
Myth. A beautiful youth beloved by Apollo and (in one 
version) accidentally killed by him. From his blood 
Apollo caused the hyacinth to grow. 
Hy'a-des (hl'd-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. Ta5«.] 1. Gr. 
Myth. Nymphs, daughters of Atlas and nurses of Diony- 
sus, placed by Zeus in the sky. _ 2. Astron. A cluster of 
stars in the head of Taurus, anciently supposed to presage 
rain when thev rose with the sun. 
hy'ae-na (hl-e'nd). Var. of hyena. 

hy'a-line (hl'd-lm), a. [L. hyalinus, fr. Gr. va\ivos, fr. 
va\os glass.] Glassy ; transparent. — n. 1. The sea or the 
atmosphere when smooth or clear ; anything transparent. 
Poetic. 2. (In this sense also hy'a-lin.) Physiol. C hem. a 
A nitrogenous substance closely related to chitin, forming 
the main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts, b Any of 
several similar substances. 
hy'a-lite (-lit), n. [Gr. SaXos glass + -ite.] Min. A color- 
less variety of opal, clear as glass, or translucent or whitish. 
It occurs as globules or crusts lining cavities in rocks. 
hy'a-loid (-loid)_, a. [Gr. i/aXonSifa glassy.] Hyaline ; — 

of a membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye. 
hy'a-lo-plasm (-lo-plaz'm), n. [Gr. va\os glass + -plasm.'] 
Biol. The clear, more fluid ground substance of proto- 
plasm, considered the primary motile and living part. 
Hy-bla5'an(hl-ble , dn),a. Also Hy-ble'an. [L. Hyblaeus.] 
Of or pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, 
famous for its honey ; hence : honeyed ; mellifluous. 
hy'brid (hi'bnd), n. [L. hybrida, hibrida, the offspring 
of a tame sow and a wild boar.] 1. The offspring of two 
animals or plants of different races, varieties, species, or 
genera. 2. Anything of heterogeneous origin or composi- 
tion, as a word having elements from different languages. 
— o. 1. Bred of two species or races ; half-bred. 2. From 

unlike sources. 
hybrid-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Hybridity. 2. Production of 

hybrids ; crossbreeding ; interbreeding. 
hy-brid'i-ty (-bnd'I-ti), n. Quality of being hybrid. 
hyT)rid-ize (hi'bnd-iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing. To 
produce, or to cause to produce, hybrid offspring, as, Bot., 
by cross-pollination ; interbreed ; cross. — hy'brid-iz'er, n. 
hy'da-tid (hl'dd-tid), n. [Gr. Warts, -tSos, a watery 
vesicle, fr. vScop, vdaros, water.] Zool. cfc Med. A sac, 
filled with a clear fluid, found in various parts of the body 
of man and animals, consisting of encysted larval tape- 
worms (esp. Taenia echinococcus). 
Hy'dra (hl'drd), n.; pi. E. -dras (-drdz), L. -dvlm (-dre). 
[L. hydra, Gr. &Spa.] 1. Gr. Myth. A serpent or monster 
rkin by Hercules. It had nine heads ; if one was cut off, 
v*vo took its place, unless the wound was cauterized. 
2. [I. c] Hence, an evil persistent because of having many 
sources or a source difficult to remove. 3. [I. c] Zool. 
Any of a genus {Hydra) of small, typically fresh-water 
polyps. 4. Astron. [gen. Hydr^e (-dre).] A southern 



constellation of great length south of Cancer and Virgo. It 
is represented on old maps by a serpent. 
hy-drac'id (hl-dras'id), n. [hydrogen + acid.'] An acid 

containing no oxygen. 
hy'dra-gogue (hl'drd-gog), a. [L. hydragogus conveying 
off water, Gr. v5payuy6s ; iSwp water + aytiv to lead.] 
Med. Causing a discharge of water ; expelling serum effused 
into any part of the body, as in dropsy. — n. A hydragogue 
medicine, usually a cathartic or diuretic. 
hy-dran'ge-a (hl-dran'je-d), n. [hydro- + Gr. iyyelov 
vessel, capsule.] Any of a large genus (Hydrangea) of 
shrubs or small trees, typifying a family (Hydrangeacese) 
including various species cultivated for their ample white or 
tinted flowers. 
hy'drant (hl'drant), n. [Gr. vSup water.] A discharge 
pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn 
from the mains of waterworks. 
hy'dranth (hl'dranth), n. [hydra + Gr. &vOcn a flower.] 

Zool. One of the nutritive zooids of a hydroid colony. 
hy'drar-gyr'ic (hl'driir-jir'ik), a. [See hydrargyrum.] 

Pert, to, or containing, mercury ; caused by mercury. 
hy-drar/gy-rol (hl-drlir'ji-rol ; -rul), n. [hydrargyrum + 
-ol, 1.] Pharm. An organic salt of mercury, (CeHi-OH- 
S03)2Hg, used as a substitute for corrosive sublimate. 
hy-drar'gy-rum (-rum), n. [NL., fr. L. hydrargyrum, fr. 
Gr. vdpapyvpos; vbujp water -f- apyvpos silver.] Chem. 
Mercury. 
hy-dras'tine (hl-dras'tin ; -ten), n. Also -tin. [NL. Hy- 
drastis, fr. Gr. v5wp water.] Chem. A bitter alkaloid, 
C21H21O6N, found in the rootstock of goldenseal (Hydras- 
tis canadensis). It is a tonic and febrifuge. 
hy-dras'tin-ine (-tl-nin ; -nen), n. Also -in. Chem. An 
alkaloid, C11H13O3N, obtained by oxidation of hydrastine. 
It is used in place of ergot in dysmenorrhea, etc. 
hy'drate (hl'drut), n. [Gr. Mwp water.] Chem. A com- 
pound formed by the union of water with some other 
substance. — v.t.&i.; -drat-ed; -drat-ing. To become, 
or cause to become, a hydrate ; combine with water or its 
elements. 
hy-drau'lic (hl-dro'lik), a. [L. hydraulicus, fr. Gr. uSpauXi- 
kos, fr. vSpavXis, -Xos, water organ ; vdojp water -{- av\6s 
flute.] 1. Of or pert, to hydraulics ; conveying, or acting by, 
water; operated or effected by water. 2. Hardening or 
setting under water ; as, hydraulic cement, 
hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. — h. ram, a 
machine in which the energy of descending water raises a 
portion of the water higher than its source. 
— v. t. /-licked (-likt) ; -lick-ing.^ Mining. To subject to 
the action of a powerful stream or jets of water ; to excavate 
by such means, as in mining. — hy-drau'li-cal (-li-kal), a. 
— hy-drau'li-cal-ly, adv. [Iks. 

hy'drau-li'cian (hl'dro-lish'dn), n. One skilled in hydrau-| 
hy-drau'lics (hl-dro'llks), n. (See -ics.) The science deal- 
ing with water or other fluid in motion, its action, etc. 
hy'dra-zine (-zin; -zen), n. Also -zin. [hydrogen + azo- 
+ -ine.] Chem. Any of a series of nitrogenous bases re- 
sembling the amines and produced by reduction of certain 
nitroso and diazo compounds. They are derivatives of 
hydrazine proper, FI2N • NH2, a stable, colorless gas, with a 
peculiar, irritating odor. 
hy-draz^O- (hi-draz'o-). [hydrogen + azo-.] Chem. A 
combining form (also used adjectively, hydrazo) denoting 
the presence of the group -HNNH- united to two hydro- 
carbon radicals ; as in hydrazobenzene C6H5HNNHC6H5. 
hy'dra-ZO'ic (hl'drd-zo'ik), a. [hydrogen + azo- + -ic.j 
Chem. Pert, to or designating an acid composed of hydro- 
gen and nitrogen, HN3, resembling hydrochloric acid, and 
forming extremely explosive salts. 
hy'dric (hi'drik), a. Pert, to or containing hydrogen. 
hy'dride (hTMrld ; -drid), n. Also hy'drid. [hydrogen + 
-ide.] Chem. a Formerly, a hydroxide, b A compound 
of hydrogen with some element or radical. 
hy'dri-od'ic (hT'drf-od^ik), a. [hydrogen + -iodic] Pert, 
to or designating an acid HI, a gas resembling hydrochloric 
acid, but less stable. It is used in medicine. 
hy'dro (hi'dro), n. Hydro-aeroplane. Colloq. 
hy'dro— (hl'dro-). Combining form fr. Greek vbmp water. 
hy'dro— a'er-o-plane 7 , n. Aeronautics. An aeroplane with 
a boatlike or other understructure that enables it to travel 
on, or to rise from the surface of, a body of water by its own 
motive power. [two supporting planes. I 

hy / dro-bi'plane / (-bl'plan 7 ), n. A hydro-aeroplane having| 
hy'dro-bro'mic (-bro'mik), a. [hydrogen + bromic] 
Chem. Pert, to or designating an acid, HBr, formed by the 
direct union of hydrogen and bromine, and in other ways. 
The acid resembles hydrochloric acid, but is weaker and 
less stable. 
hy'dro-car'bon (-kar'btfn), n. [hydrogen + carbon.] 
Chem. A compound of hydrogen and carbon only, as acety- 
lene, benzene, etc. 
hy'dro-cele (hl'dr6-sel), n. [L. ( fr. Gr. iSooicf]\T]; (/Sap 
water + K17X77 tumor.] Dropsy of the testicle or scrotum. 



J 



K 



K = cn in u. icn, acii (OO); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers reier to sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HYDROCEPHALUS 



484 



HYDROXY- 



> 



hy'dro-ceph'a-lus (hl'drS-sef'd-lus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iSpo- 
nk<j)a.\ov; vSwp + Ke<f>a\-fi head.] Med. Dropsy of the brain. 

hy'dro-chlo'ric (-klo'rik ; 57), a. [hydrogen + chloric.'] 
Chem. Designating an acid, HC1, called also muriatic 
acid, formed by combination of hydrogen and chlorine. 

hy'dro-chlo'ride (hlMro-klo'rld ; -rid ; 57), n. Also -rid. 
Chem. A compound of hydrochloric acid with an element 
or radical ; — ■ distinguished from a chloride. 

hy'dro-cy-an'ic (-sI-an^Tk), a. [hydrogen + cyanic.'] 
Chem. Pert, to or designating a deadly poisonous acid, 
H-N:C, called also prussic acid, formed by combination of 
hydrogen and cyanogen, and in other ways. 

hy'dro-dy-nam'ic \ (-dl-nam'Tk; -T-kal; -di-), a. Pert. 

hy'dro-dy-nam'i-cal J to; or derived from, the dynamic ac- 
tion of water or other liquid. 

hy'dro-dy-nam'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) The science deal- 
ing with fluids, or, usually, the laws of motion and action of 
liquids (or incompressible fluids). 

hy'dro-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trik), a. Pert, to the production of 
electricity by water power or the friction of water, steam, etc. 

hy'dro-flu-or/ict-floo-or'ikjSe^a. [hydrogen + fluoric.'] 
Chem. Designating an acid, H2F2, a compound of hydro- 
gen and fluorine. It is very corrosive and attacks glass, etc. 

hy'dro-gen (hi'dro-jen), n. [F. hydrogene; — because 
water is generated by its combustion. See hydro- ; -gen.] 
Chem. A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, odorless, in- 
flammable, and lighter than any other known substance. Sp. 
gr., compared with air, 0.0695; symbol, H ; at. wt., 1.008. 

hy'dro-gen-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). 
To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or expose to, 
hydrogen ; reduce ; — contr. with oxidize. 

hy-drog'e-nous (hT-droj'e-mis), a. Of or pert, to hydrogen ; 
containing hydrogen. 

hy-drog'ra-pher (-fer), n. An expert in hydrography. 

hy-drog'ra-phy (hl-dxog'rd-fi), n. Art of describing the sea 
and other waters, with their phenomena, and mapping or 
charting their forms, contours, shallows, etc. — hy'dro- 
graph'ic (hi / dro-graf / ik),hy / dro-graph'i-cal (-T-kal).a. 

hy'droid (hi'droid), a. [hydra, + -oid.] Zool. Of or 
pertaining to an order (Hydroidea) of acalephs; resem- 
bling the hydras ; polyplike. — n. Zool. a A hydrozoan. b 
The polyp form of a hydrozoan, as distinguished from the 
medusa form. Cf. hydromedusa. 

hy'dro-ki-net'ic \ (hl'dro-ki-net'ik ; -i-kal; -ki-net'-), 

hy'dro-ki-net'i-calj a. Physics. Of or pert, to the motions 
of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such mo- 
tions ; — opp. to hydrostatic. 

hy'dro-ki-net'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) That branch of ki- 
netics which relates to liquids. Cf. hydraulics. 

hy-drol'o-gy (hl-drol'o-jT) , n. The science treating of water, 
its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth, 
esp. with reference to underground water sources. — hy'- 
dro-log'ic, -log'i-cal, a. — hy-drol'o-gist, n. 

hy-drol'y-sis (hl-drol'i-sis), n. A chemical decomposition 
involving addition of the elements of water. [hydrolysis.! 

hy'dro-lyte (hl'dr§-llt), n. Any substance subjected to| 

hy'dro-lyt'ic (-lit'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or causing, hydroly- 
sis, as do nearly all of the digestive ferments. 

by'dro-lyze (hlMro-Hz), v. t. To subject to hydrolysis. 

hy'dro-man'cy (hi'dro-man'si), n. [L. hydromantia. See 
hydro- ; -mancy.] Divination by means of water or other 
liquid. — hy'dro-manc'er (-maVser), n. 

hy'dro-me-chan'ics (-me-kan'iks), n. (See -ics.) That 
branch of physics which treats of the mechanics, or laws of 
equilibrium and motion, of liquids. See hydraulics. 

hy'dro-me-du'sa (-me-du'sd), n.; pi. -sm (-se). [NL. 
See Hydra ; Medusa.] Zool. Any medusa, or jellyfish, 
produced by budding from a hydroid. 

hy'dro-mel (h!/drS-mel), n. [L., fr. Gr. Upbueki; vdup 
water + ni\i honey.] A liquor consisting of honey 
diluted in water, and, after fermentation, 
called mead. 

hy'dro-met'al-lur'gy (-met'dl-ur'jT), n. The 
assay or reduction of ores by wet processes. — 
hy'dro-met'al-lur'gi-cal, a. 

by-drom/e-ter (hi-drom'e-ter), n. 1. A float- 
ing instrument for determining specific gravi- 
ties, esp. of liquids, and so the strength of liq- 
uors, solutions, etc. 2. Any instrument for 
measuring the velocity or discharge of water, 
as in rivers. — hy'dro-met'ric (hl'dro-met'- 
rTk), -met'ri-cal, a. 

hy-drom'e-try (hl-drom'e-tri), n. The art or 
operation of using the hydrometer; hence, 
formerly, hydrodynamics. 

by-drop'a-thy (hl-drop'd-thi) , n. Treatment of 
disease by the application of water, internally 
and externally. — hy'dro-path'ic (-p&th'ik), 
hy'dro-path'i-cal, a. — hy-drop'a-thist, n. 

hy'dro-phane (hl'dro-fan), n. [hydro- -f Gr. 
<}>alveiv to show.] Min. A semitranslucent 




Hydrom- 
eter. 



variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on 
immersion in water. — hy-droph'a-nous (hi-drof 'd-nus) , a. 

hy'dro-pho'bi-a (hi'dro-fo'bi-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mpo^o/St'a ; 
v5up water + 4>6J3os fear.] Med. a Morbid dread of water. 
b An acute infectious disease occurring epidemically chiefly 
among carnivores, esp. the dog and wolf ; rabies. — hy'- 
dro-pbo'bic (-fo'bik ; -fob'ik), a. 

hy'dro-phone (hl'dro-fon), n. 1. Water Supply. An in- 
strument, embodying a microphone, for detecting, by 
sound, a flow of water in a pipe. 2. An instrument, used in 
auscultation, to convey sound through a column of water. 

hy'dro-phyte (hl'drS-fit), n. A plant which grows in water 
or in wet soil. — hy'dro-phyt'ic (-fit'ik), a. 

by-drop'ic (-drop'ik) \ a. [OF. idropique, L. hydropicus, 

by-drop'i-cal (-i-kdl) / fr. Gr. idpuirwds. See dropsy.] 
DropsicaL 

hy'dro-plane (hl'dro-plan), n. 1. A projecting plane, or 
any of a number of projecting planes, on the hull of a sub- 
marine boat, serving, according to the angle at which it is 
set, to sink or raise the boat when in motion. 2. A project- 
ing plane or fin on a gliding boat to lift the moving boat on 
the water ; also, a gliding boat. 

hy'dro-quin'one (-kwm'on ; -kwi-non'), n. [hydrogen + 
quinone.] Chem. A white crystalline substance, C6H4- 
(OH)2, obtained by reduction of quinone and otherwise. It 
is used as a photographic developer and as an antiseptic 
and antipyretic agent. 

hy'dro-SCope (hlMrS-skop), n. An instrument for enabling 
a person to see the bed of the sea at considerable depths. 

hy'dro-some (-som), n. [NL. hydrosoma ; hydra + Gr 
c&na body.] Zool. The entire colony of a compound 
hydrozoan ; a hydroid. [earth. I 

hy'dro-sphere (-sfer), n. The aqueous envelope of the| 

by'dro-Stat (hTMro-stat), n. 1. A contrivance or appara- 
tus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers. 2. A device, 
usually electrical, for indicating or regulating the height of 
water in a reservoir or receptacle. 

hy'dro-stat'ic (-stat'ik), a. [hydro- + Gr. ctcltikos caus- 
ing to stand.] Of or pert, to hydrostatics. 
hydrostatic, or hydraulic, press, a powerful machine 
in which a large plunger 
is actuated by water forced 
into the cylinder by a small 
forcing pump. 

hy'dro-stat'i-cal (-i-kol), a. 
Hydrostatic. 

hy'dro-stat'ics 
(-stat'iks), n. 
(See -ics.) Science 
of the pressure 
and equilibrium of 
liquids (or incom- 
pressible fluids), 
as, water, mer- 
cury, etc. 

hy'dro-sul'phide 
(-sul'fld ; -fid), n. Also, -phid, 
-fid. [hydrogen + sulphide.] 
Chem. A compound derived 
from hydrogen sulphide by the 
replacement of half its hydro- 
gen by an element or radical. Hydrostatic Press, a Pump ; 

hy'dro-SUPphite (-fit), n. [hy- b Small Plunger; cCylin- 
drogen + sulphite.] Chem. A der ; d Large Plunger of 
salt of hyposulphurous acid. Press «. 
Sodium hydrosulphite is used as a bleaching agent. 

hy'dro-SUl-phu'ric (-siil-fu'rik), a. [hydrogen + sulphu- 
ric] Chem. Pert, to, or derived from, hydrogen and sul- 
phur ; as, hydrosulphuric acid, or hydrogen sulphide. 

hy'dro-suPphur-ous (suYiui-us ; -sfil-fu'rws), a. Chem. 
Designating an acid, H2S2O4 ; hyposulphurous acid. 

hy'dro-ther'a-peu'tics (-ther'd-pu'tiks), n. (See -ics.) 
Med. A system of treating disease by baths and mineral 
waters. — hy'dro-ther'a-peu'tic (-tik), a. 

hy'dro-ther'a-py (-ther'd-pi), n. Med. = hydropathy. 

hy'dro-ther'mal (-thur'mal), a. Cf or pert, to hot water; 
— - used esp. with reference to the action of heated waters 
in dissolving, redepositing, and otherwise changing the 
minerals within the earth's crust. 

hy'drp-tho'rax (-tho'raks), n. [NL.] Med. A diseased 
condition characterized by an accumulation of serous fluid 
in the pleural cavity. — hy'firo-tho-rac'ic (-tho-ras'ik), a. 

hy-drot'ro-pism (hl-drot'ro-pifz'm), n. Biol., esp. Plant 
Physiol. Tendency of growing organs to curve toward, or 
in some cases, away from, moisture. — hy'dro-trop'ic, a. 

hy'drous (hi'dras), a. [Gr. Uup water.] Containing 
water ; specifically, containing water chemically combined. 

by-drox'ide (h!-drok's!d ; -sTd),n. Also -id. [hydrogen + 
oxide.] Chem. A compound of an element or radical with 
hydrogen and oxygen, not regarded as containing water. 

hy-drox'y- (hT-drok'si-). Chem. A combining form (also 
used adjectively), hydroxy indicating hydroxyl as an in- 





ale, senate, care, arn,occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



HYDROXYL 



485 



HYPERCATALECTIC 




gredient ; as : hy-drox'y-an'thra-qui-none', anthraqui- 
none in which hydroxyl has replaced a hydrogen atom. 

hy-drox'yl (hl-drok'sil), n. [hydrogen + oxygen + -yl-] 
Chem. The univalent radical OH, consisting of one atom of 
hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of 
bases, alcohols, oxygen acids, etc. See hydroxide. 

hy-drox'yl-am'ine (hT-drok'sil-am'in ; -d-men'), to. Also 
-min. Chem. A nitrogenous base, NH2OH, resembling 
ammonia. It is a strong reducing agent. 

hy'dro-ZO'an (hPdro-zo'dn), to. [hydra -f- Gr. $Qiov an 
animal.] Zool. Any of a class (Hydrozoa) of ccelenterates 
including various simple and compound polyps and jelly- 
fishes. — hy'dro-zo'an, a. 

hy-e'na, hy-ae'na (hl-e'nd), to. [L. hyaena, Gr. Zuva, 
orig., a sow, 
but! usually a 
Libyan wild 
beast, prob., 
the hyena, fr. 
fc hog.] Any 
of a family 
(Hysenidse) of 
large, strong 
but cowardly, 
nocturnal car- 
nivorous mam- 
mals of Asia 
and Africa. Striped Hyena (Hyxna hyxna): 

hy'e-to-graph' (hPe-tS-grafO.TO. [Gr. ueros rain + -graph."] 
A chart showing the average annual rainfall. 

by'e-tog'ra-phy (-tog'rd-f!), to. [Gr. verbs rain + -graphy.~\ 
Scientific description of the geographical distribution of 
rain. — hy'e-to-graph'ic (-to-graf'ik), -i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

hy'e-tol'o-gy ( tol'6-ji), to. [Gr. veros rain + -logy.] The 
science which treats of the precipitation of rain, snow, etc. 

— hy'e-to-log'i-cal (-to-loj'i-kdl), a. 

Hy-ge'ia (hl-je'yd), -ge'a (-je'd), -gi'a (hi-jl'd), to. [L. 
Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. vyleia, vyda, health, "iyUia Hygeia, 
{ryiris healthy.] Class. Myth.^ Goddess of health, daughter 
of /Esculapius ; health personified. 

Hy-ge'ian (-ydn), a. _ Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of 
health ; of or pertaining to health or its preservation. 

hy'ge-ist (hi'je-ist), n. Also hy'gei-ist. A hygienist. 

hy'gi-ene (hl'ji-en ; hi'jen), n. % [F. hygiene, fr. Gr. iyuivos 
healthful.] Science of preserving health ; sanitary science. 

hy'gi-en'ic (hl'ji-en'ik), a. Of or pert, to health or 
hygiene; sanitary. — hy'gi-en'i-cal-ly, adv. [hygiene. | 

hy'gi-en/ics (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) The science of health;! 

hy'gi-en-ist (hl'ji-en-ist) ?> n. One versed in hygiene. 

hy'gro- (hi'gro-). Combining form fr. Gr. vypos, wet, moist. 

hy-grom'e-tsr (hl-grom'e-ter), n. An instrument for meas- 
uring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. — hy'- 
gro-met'ric, a. — hy-grom'e-try (-tn), n. 

hy'gro-scope _ (hl'gro-skop), n % An instrument showing 
merely variations in atmospheric moisture. 

hy'gro-SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to the hygro- 
scope. 2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture. 

Hyk'sos (hik'sos; -sos), to. [Gr. "T/c<rcos, fr. Egypt, hik- 
shasu chiefs of the Bedouins, shepherds.] A dynasty of 
Egyptian kings, the "Shepherd Kings," of foreign origin. 
It is supposed that they were Asiatic Semites. 

Hy'las (hl'las), n. [L., fr. Gr. TAos.] Cr. Myth. A beau- 
tiful youth loved by Hercules. While drawing water he 
was drawn down into a spring by the enamored nymphs. 

hy'lic (hPlik), a. [Gr. i>\ij matter.] Pert, to matter. 

hyli-cism (hl'li-siz'm), n. = hylism. — hyli-cict, to. 

hy'lism (hi'liz'm), n. [Gr. CX77 matter.] Materialism. 

hylo-. Combining form from Gr. 6X17, wood, stuff, matter. 

hylo-zo'ism (-zo'Iz'm), n. [hylo- + Gr. f«?7 life, fr. $rjv to 
five.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life 
or sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable ; — 
often applied specif, to the crude theories of the early 

Ionian philosophers. — hy'lo-zo'ic (-zo'ik), a. ZO'ist, 

n. — zo-is'tic (-zo-is'tlk), a. — is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

hy'men (hl'men), n. [Gr. v/i-qv skin, membrane.] A fold of 
mucous membrane partly closing the orifice of the vagina. 

Hy'men, n. [L., fr. Gr. T^.] 1. Class. Myth. God of 
marriage, son of Apollo and Urania (or Bacchus and 
Venus). 2. [I. c] Marriage; also, a wedding song. 

hy'me-ne'al (hi'me-ne'dl), a. Pertaining to marriage.— 
n. A marriage song. — hy'me-ne'an (-en), o. 

hy'men-op'ter (hi'men-op'ter), n. A hymenopterous in- 
sect. 

hy'men-op'ter-an (hi'men-op'ter-an), a. Hymenopterous. 

— to. A hymenopterous insect. 
hy'men-op'ter-OUS (hi'mai-op'ter-tis), a. [Gr. inevoiTTe- 

pos membrane-winged ; vfiijy membrane + irrepov wing.] 
Zool. Belonging to an extensive and highly specialized or- 
der (Hymenoptera) of insects, including the bees, wasps, 
ants, ichneumons, sawflies, true gallflies, etc. They are the 
highest group of invertebrates in structure and instincts. 



hymn (him), n. [F. hymne, L. hymnus, Gr. vuvot."] An 
ode or song of praise or adoration of God, a deity, etc. ; 
sacred lyric. — v. t. & i. ; hymned (himd) ; hymning (him'- 
Ing ; him'mng). To praise in song. 

hym'nal (him'ndl), n. A collection of hymns ; hymn book. 

hym'nist (him'nist), to. A writer of hymns. 

hym'no-dy _(-no-dT), to. [Gr. vp.vu5La.; v^vos a hymn + v&v 
a song, a singing.] 1. Act or art of singing hymns. ' 2. 
Hymns collectively ; hymnology. — hym'no-dist, to. 

hym-nol'o-gy (him-noP6-ji), n. [Gr. vpvos hymn + 
-logy.] 1. The composition, study, or science of hymns. 
2. Hymns collectively. — hym-noPo-gist (-jist), to. 

hy'oid (hi'oid), a. [Gr. voei5r,s, fr. letter T + elSos form.] 
Designating, or pert, to, a bone (U-shaped in man) or 
bones at the base of the tongue. — n. The hyoid bone. 

hy'os-cine (hl'3-sin ; -sen), n. Also -cin. [See hyoscya- 
mine.] Chem. An alkaloid (perh. identical with scopola- 
mine) found with hyoscyamine in henbane, and sold as 
amorphous hyoscyamine. It is a powerful nerve depress- 
ant, mydriatic, and hypnotic. 

hy'os-cy'a-mine (hi'o-sl'd-min ; -men), n. Also -min. 
Chem. [L. hyoscyamus henbane, Gr. whtkvclhos; vs sow, 
hog + Kvanos bean.] Chem. A white crystalline alkaloid, 
C17II23O3N, found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and 
other solanaceous plants. It is very poisonous, and is used 
as a hypnotic and sedative and locally as a mydriatic. 

hyp (hTp), to. Short for hypochondria; — usually in pi. 
Colloq. — v. t. To make melancholy. Colloq. 

hyp'aes-the'si-a, hyp'es-the'si-a (-es-the'si-d; -zi-d), a. 
[NL. ; hypo- + sesthesia^ Med. Imperfect power of 
sensation. — hyp'aes-the'sic, hyryes-the'sic (-sik), a. 

hyp-as'thral, hyp-e'thral (hlp-e'thral ; hl-pe'-), a. [L. 
hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. inraidpos; v-rro 
under -f- ald-np ether, the clear sky.] Open to the sky ; 
not roofed over ; — applied, Class. Arch., to a building, 
court, etc. Opposed to cleithral. 

hyp-aPla-ge (hip-aPd-je ; hl-pal'-), to. [L-, fr. Gr. yxaX- 
^ a 7V, prop., interchange, exchange.] Gram. & Rhet. A 
figure consisting of an interchange in the syntactic rela- 
tionship between two terms ; as, "to apply the wound to 
water" in place of "to apply water to the wound." 

hy'per- (hl'per-). [Gr. vitkp over, above.] A prefix denot- 
ing : 1. Over, above, beyond, over or above in place or, 
usually, in degree, force, intensity, number, or the like. 

Examples : //j/perborean, lit., beyond the north; hyper- 
conscious, above or beyond what is conscious. 

2. Abnormally much, large, or great; excessive; exces- 
sively. 

Examples : ^yperaesthesia, abnormally great, or exces- 
sive, aesthesia ; hyperacid, excessively acid. 

3. Chem. A prefix equivalent to super- or per-, and now 
generally replaced by per- ; as, Ziyperoxide. See per-. 

hy'per-ac'id (-Ss'Id), a. See hyper-, 2. — a-cid'i-ty, to. 

hy'per-ae'mi-a, or -e'mi-a (-e'mT-d), to. [NL.] Med. A 
superabundance or congestion of blood. — hy'per-aj'mic 
or -e'mic (-e'mTk ; -em'Ik), a. 

hy'per-ses-the'si-a, or -es-the'si-a (-es-the'sT-d ; -zT-d), to. 
[NL.] Med. & Physiol. A state of exalted or morbidly in- 
creased sensibility. 

hy'per-aes-thet'ic, or -es-thet'ic (-es-thetfik), a. 1. Af- 
fected by, or pertaining to, hyperaesthesia. 2. Unduly 
influenced by sesthetical feelings or views. 

hy'per-al-ge'si-a (-Sl-je'sT-d; -zi-d),hy / per-al-ge-'sis (-sis). 
to. [NL. ; hyper- + Gr. &\yr)<ris sense of pain.] Med. Mor- 
bid sensitiveness to pain. — hy'per-al-ge'sic (-sik), a. 

hy-per'ba-ton (hl-pur'bd-ton), n.; L. pi. -bata (-td). [L., 
fr. Gr. inrkp8oiTov,iT.vTrcpPaT6s transposed.] Gram. A figur- 
ative construction, transposing or inverting the natural 
order ; as, "echoed the hills" for "the hills echoed." 

hy-per'DO-la (hl-pur'bo-ld), to. [Gr. inrepfloXr), prop., an 
overshooting, excess. See hypereole.] Geom. A curve 
formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes 
a greater angle with the base than the cone's side makes. 

hy-pcr'bo-le (-le), to. [L., fr. Gr. lirep^oK-h, prop., an 
overshooting, excess, deriv. of Gr. virkp oyer + /SdXXetv 
to throw.] Rhet. A figure of speech in which the expres- 
sion is an evident exaggeration. 

hy'psr-boPic (hI / per-bol'ik)\a. 1. Of or pert, to the 

hy'per-boPl-cal (-i-kal) / hyperbola. 2. Relating to, 
containing, or like, hyperbole. i-cal-ly (-i-kal-1), adv. 

hy-perlao-lism (hT-pur'bo-lTz'm), to. Use of hyperbole. 

hy-per'bo-lize (hl-pur'bo-llz), v. t. & i. To state in, or use, 
hyperbole. 

Hy^er-bo're-an (hT'per-bo're-an ; 57), a. [L. hyperbore- 
us, Gr. vircpfidpeos ; apparently fr. inrep over, beyond + 
Popkas boreas.] 1. Gr. Myth. Pertaining to the Hyperbo- 
reans. 2. [1. c] Northern ; most northern ; hence, very 
cold. — to. Gr. Myth. One of a people placed by Herodotus 
in the extreme north ; — probably northern Greeks or 
Macedonians. 

hy'per-cat'a-lec'tic (-kat'd-lek'ttk), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 



i 

( 






J 



K 



% = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet;- zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HYPERCATALEXIS 



486 



HYPOCRISY 



{nrepKar&XrjKTos. See hyper- ; catalectic] Pros. Having 
a syllable or two beyond the last measure ; — applied to 
verse measured by dipodies. 
hy'per-cat'a-lex'is (-lek'sis), n. [NL.] Pros. Hyper- 
catalectic excess of a syllable or syllables. 

hy'per-crit'ic (-krit'ik), n. One who is critical beyond 
measure or reason ; carping critic. 

hy'per-crit'i-cal (-i-kol), a. Over critical ; captious; also, 
excessively nice or exact. — hy'per-crit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

hy'per-crit'i-cism. (-I-siz'm), n. Criticism that is excessive 
or unduly severe. 

hy'per-du-li'a (-du-li'd), n. R. C. Ch. The veneration given 
to the Blessed Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere 
creatures ; higher veneration than dulia. 

hy'per-e'mi-a, hy'per-e'mic, hy'per-es-the'si-a, hy'per- 
es-thet'ic, etc. See hyperemia, etc. 

hy'per-eu-tec'tic (-u-tek'tTk), a. Phys. Chem. Containing 
combined carbon in excess of the proportion (about 4.30 
per cent) corresponding to the eutectic ; — said of steels. 

hy'per-eu-tec'toid (-toid), a. Phys. Chem. Containing 
combined carbon in excess of the proportion (about 0.90 
per cent) corresponding to the eutectoid ; — said of steels. 

hy'per-i-dro'sis (-T-dro'sTs), n. [NL. See hyper-; hidro- 
sis.] Also hy'per-hi-dro'sis ( -hi-dro'sis ). Med. Ex- 
cessive sweating. 

Hy-pe'ri-on (hl-pe'ri-on ; hT'per-T'on), n. _ [L., fr. Gr. 
'TirepLuy.'] Gr. Myth. A Titan, father of Helios ; also (as a 
patronymic), Helios. In later myth, Apollo. 

hy'per-ki-ne'si-a (-ki-ne'si-d ; -zi-d; -kl-)l n. [NL. ; hy- 

hy'per-ki-ne'sis (-ki-ne'sis ; -kl-ne'sis) / per- + Gr. 
K.LvT)cns motion.] Med. Abnormally increased muscular 
movement; spasm. — hy'per-ki-net'ic (-net'ik), o. 

hy-per'me-ter (hi-pur'me-ter), n. [Gr. vwkpixerpos going 
beyond the meter, beyond measure ; virep over, beyond + 
fierpov measure.] Pros, a A verse which has a redundant 
syllable at the end, as, in the classic hexameter, a syllable 
connected by elision with the first word of the following 
line, b A period comprising more than two or three cola. 
— hy'per-met'ric (hl / per-met , nk), -met'ri-cal, a. 

hy'per-met'rope (hi'per-met'rop), n. A person affected 
with hypermetropia ; a farsighted person. 

hy'per-me-tro'pi-a (-me-tro'pi-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. vTrkpperpos 
excessive + &\p, &ir6s, eye.] A condition of the eye in which 
the rays of light focus behind the retina ; farsightedness. 

hy'per-me-trop'ic (-me-trop'ik), a. Affected with hy- 
permetropia ; farsighted. 

Hy'perm-nes'tra (hi'perm-ne's'trd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
'Twepp-fnarpa.'] Gr. Myth. The only daughter of Danalis 
who disobeyed her father and spared her husband (Lyn- 
ceus). She became ancestress of the Argive race of kings. 

hy'per-0'pi-a (hl'per-o'pi-d), n. [NL. ; hyper- j\- Gr. a>^, 
W7r6s, eye.] Hypermetropia. — hy'per-op'ic (-op'ik), a. 

hy'per-OS-to'sis (-os-to'sis), n. [NL. ; hyper- + Gr. barkov 
bone H — osis.] Med. Outgrowth or marked local thicken- 
ing of bony tissue, normal or abnormal. 

hy'per-phe-nom'e-nal (-fe-nom'e-nal), a. Transcending 
the phenomenal ; noumenal or transcendental. 

hy'per-phys'i-cal (-f lz'I-kai), a. 1. Beyond, or more than, 
the physical. 2. Independent of the physical. 

hy'per-pla'si-a (hl'per-pla'zhT-d/j-zT-d), n._ [NL.] Med. & 
Biol. An abnormal or unusual increase in the elements 
composing* a part, as of the cells of a tissue. — hy'per- 
plas'ic (-plas'ik), hy'per-plas'tic (-tlk), a. 

hy'perp-noe'a, or -ne'a (hT/perp-ne'd; hT/per-ne'd), n. 
[NL. ; hyper- + Gr. irvo-ti, irvoiii, breath.] Physiol. Abnor- 
mally rapid breathing, due to deficient arterialization of the 
blood. See eupncea, dyspncea. 

hy'per-py-rex'i-a (hi'per-pI-rek'sT-d), n. [NL.] Med. 
Abnormally high fever (for a given disease). — hy'per- 
py-ret'ic (-pf-i&t'ik), -py-rex'i-al (-rek'si-dl), a. 

hy'per-Sthene (-sthen),, n. [hyper- + Gr. adkvos strength.] 
Min. An orthorhombic grayish or greenish black or dark 
brown mineral of the pyroxene group, often with a peculiar 
bronzelike luster. — hy'per-sthen'ic (-sthen'ik), a. 

hy-per'tro-pliy (hl-pur'tro-fi), n. Med. & Biol. A condi- 
tion of excessive development of an organ or part, as from 
excessive use ; — opp. to atrophy. — v. i. To develop to an 
unusual or abnormal degree. — hy'per-troph'ic (-trof'ik), 
hy'per-troph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. [hyp^esthesia, etc.] 

hyp'es-the'si-a, hyp'es-thet'ic, hyp-e'thral, etc. Vars. of j 

hy'pha (hl'fd), n.; L. pi. -VB.M (-fe). [NL., fr. Gr. \>4>ri a 
web.] Bot. One ®f the threadlike elements of the vegeta- 
tive body, or mycelium, of a fungus. — hy'phal (-fdl), a. 

hy'phen (hl'fen), n. [L., fr. Gr. v4>kv, fr. v<t>' ev under one, 
into one, together, vwo under -f- lv, neut. of els one.] 
Print. A mark [-] placed between the syllables of a divided 
word or between the parts of a compound word. — v. t. 
To connect or mark with a hyphen. [(-a'shun), n.\ 

hyphen-ate (-at), v. t. To hyphen. — hy'phen-a'tionl 

hy'phen-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Belonging or pert, to natu- 
ralized Americans (inhabitants of the United States), 



whose status or character as naturalized immigrants is 
often designated by hyphenated words, as in German- 
American, Anglo-American, etc. ; — chiefly used oppro- 
briously as implying a withholding of full allegiance to 
their adopted country. Cant. 

hy'phen-ize ( hl'fen-Iz ), v. t. To hyphen. — -i-za'tion, n. 

hyp'mc (hip'nik), a. [Gr. iWkos.] Med. Tending to 
produce sleep ; soporific. — n. A soporific. 

hyp'no- (hip'no-), hypn-. Combining form from Greek 
inrvos, sleep; asin/iypwospore, hypnology ; — sometimes 
used specif, to signify hypnotism ; as in hypnogenesis. 

hyp'no-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. The production of the 
hypnotic state. — hyp'no-ge-net'ic (-je"-net'ik), -net'i-cal 
(-i-kol), hyp-nog'e-nous (hip-noj v e-nus), a. 

hyp-nol'O-gy (hip-nol'o-ji), n. Science of sleep, esp. of hyp- 
notic sleep. — hyp'no-log'ic (hip'no-loj'ik), -log'i-cal, a. 

— hyp-nol'o-gist (hip-nol'o-jist), n. 

hyp'none (hip'non), n. [hypno- + -one.~\ Acetophencne. 

Hyp'nos (hip'nos), Hyp'nus (-nus),n. [NL.fr. Gr. "twos 
Sleep.] Gr. Myth. The god of sleep, identified with Somnus. 

hyp-no'sis (hip-no'sis), n. [NL. See hypnotic] 1. Su- 
pervention of sleep. 2. The condition of being hypno- 
tized. See hypnotism. 

hyp'no-ther'a-py (hip'no-ther'd-pi), n. Med. The treat- 
ment of disease by hypnotism. 

hyp-not'ic (-not'ik), a. [Gr. vttvoitikos sleepy, fr. iirvovv 
to lull to sleep, virvos sleep.] 1. Soporific. 2. Pert, to hyp- 
notism ; in a state of, or liable to, hypnotism. — n. 1. An 
agent for producing sleep ; opiate ; soporific ; narcotic. 2. 
One subject to hypnotism. — hyp-not'i-cal-ly, adv. 

hyp'no-tism (hip'no-tiz'm), n. The partial or complete in- 
duction of a state (called hypnosis, or hypnotic sleep) 
resembling sleep or somnambulism ; loosely, the induced 
state ; hypnosis. [the use of, hypnotism. | 

hyp'no-tist (-tist), n. One who practices, or advocates| 

hyp'no-tize {-tlz),v.t.; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'ing (-tlz'ing). 
To induce hypnotism in. — hyp'no-tiz'a-ble (-b'l), a. — 
hyp'no-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shun), n. — hyp'no-tiz'er, n. 

hy'po (hl'po), n. Short for hypochondria. Colloa. 

hy'po (hl'po), n. Short for hyposulphite. 

hy/po- (hl'po- ; hip'6-), hyp-. [Gr. vird under.] A prefix 
signifying under, beneath, or a less quantity, or a low 
state or deficient degree of, that denoted by the word to 
which it is joined ; specif., Chem., indicating a lower state 
of oxidation, or a low (usually, lowest) position in a series 
of compounds. 

hy'pq-blast (hl'po-blast ; hip'6-), n. Embryol. & Zovl. 
The inner or lower layer of the blastoderm ; the inner of the 
germ layers of the embryo ; the endoderm. blas'tic, a. 

hyp'o-caust (hip'6-kost ; hi'po-), n. [L. hypocaustum, fr. 
Gr. inrbnavo-Tov ; viro under + naluv to burn.] Anc. Arch. 
A series of small masonry chambers and flues through which 
the heat of a fire was distributed to rooms. 

hy'po-Chlo'rqus (hl^po-klo'rus ; 57), o. Pert, to or desig- 
nating an acid obtained by the action of chlorine on mer- 
curous oxide and water, and otherwise. Its salts, the hy'po- 
chlo'rites (-rlts), are easily decomposed. 

hyp'0-chon'dli-a (hip'o-kon'dri-d ; hl'po-), n. [L., pi., 
the abdomen, supposed formerly to be the seat of hypo- 
chondria, fr. Gr. viroxbvdpt-a, pi- fr. viroxovdpios, a., under 
the cartilage of the breastbone ; vwo under + \ovSpos 
cartilage.] Morbid depression of mind or spirits; gpecif., 
Med., a mental disorder characterized by morbid anxiety 
as to the patient's health, often with simulation of diseases. 

hyp'o-chon'dri-ac (-ak), a. 1. Anat. Below the costal 
cartilages ; designating the region on either side of the 
abdomen beside the epigastric region and above the lumbar. 
2. Affected by hypochondria. — n. One affected with hyp- 
ochondria. 

hyp'o-chon-dri'a-cal (-kon-drI'd-kal),a. Hypochondriac. 

— hyp'o-chon-dri'a-cal-ly, adv. 
hyp'o-chon-dri'a-sis (-kon-drl'd-sTs), n. [NL.] Med. 

Hypochondria in its pathological aspect. 

hyp'o-chon'dri-um. (-kon'dri-um), n.; L. pi. -DRIA (-d). 
[NL.] Anat. Either hypochondriac region. 

hyp'0-CO-ris'tic (-ko-ris'tik), a. [Gr. vttokophttikSs ; vwb 
under -f- KopL^eaOai to caress.] Endearing ; diminutive ; 
as, the hxjpocoristic form of a name. 

hy'po-COt'yl (hl'po-kot'il ; hip'o-), n. [hypo- + cotyle- 
don.] Bot. That portion of the stem below the cotyle- 
dons in the embryo of a seed plant. — hy'po-COt'y-lous, a. 

hy'po-cra-ter'i-form (-krd-ter'i-form), a. [hypo- + Gr. 
Kparrjp cup + -form."] Bot. Hypocraterimorphous. 

hy'po-cra-ter'i-mor'phous (-mor'fws), a. [hypo- -f Gr. 
Kparrip cup -j- -morphous.] Bot. Salver-shaped ; having a 
corolla with a slender tube and spreading border, as the 
phlox. 

hy-poc'ri-sy (hi-pok'ri-sT), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [OF. hypoc- 
risie, ypocrisie, fr. L. hypocrisis, fr. Gr. viroicpt<ns acting 
on the stage, simulation, deriv. of viro -+■ uplveiv to decide ; 
in middle voice, to dispute.] Act or practice of feigning 
to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel ; esp., 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



HYPOCRITE 



4S7 



HYPPISH 



false assumption of an appearance of virtue or religion ; 
canting simulation of goodness. — Syn. See simulation. 
hyp'o-crite (hip'o-krlt), n. [OF. ipocrite, ypocrite, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. vTTOKpiT-hs one who plays a part upon the stage, a 
dissembler. See hypocrisy.] One who feigns to be other 
and better than he is ; a false pretender to virtue or piety. 
— Syn. Deceiver, cheat, dissembler. 

hyp'o-crifi-cal (-krTt'I-kal), a. Of or pert, to a hypocrite 
or hypocrisy. — hyp'o-crit'i-cal-ly, adv. 

hy'po-cy'cloid (hl'po-sl'kloid ; hip'6-), n. Geom. A kind 
of roulette. See epicycloid. 

hy'po-der'ma (-dur'md), n. [NL., hypo- + derma.'] 1. 
Bot. Any layer of tissue beneath, and serving to strengthen, 
the epidermis. In seed plants it is usually developed as col- 
lenchyma. 2. Zo'ol. = hypodermis. 

hy'po-der'mal (-mdl), a. 1. Zo'ol. Hypodermic. 2. Bot. a 
Being beneath the epidermis, b Pert, to the hypoderma. 

hy'po-der'mic (-dGr'mTk), a. 1. Of or pert, to the parts 
under the skin. 2. Zo'ol. Pert, to the hypodermis. 
hypodermic injection, Med., an injection made into the 
subcutaneous tissues. — h. medication, application of 
remedies under the epidermis, usually by hypodermic in- 
jection. — h. syringe, a small syringe with a hollow 
needlelike point, used in hypodermic medication. 

— n. A hypodermic injection. 

hy'po-der'mis (-mis), n. [NL.] Zo'ol. The cellular layer 
which lies beneath, and which secretes, the chitinous cuticle 
of arthropods, annelids, etc. 

hy'po-eu-tec'tic (-u-tek'tik), a. Phys. Chem. Containing 
carbon in smaller proportion than that (about 0.90 per 
cent) corresponding to the eutectic ; — said of steels. 

hy'po-gas'tric (-gas'tnk), a. Anat. Designating, or per- 
taining to, the lower median region of the abdomen. 

hy'po-gas'tri-um (-tn-um), n.; L. pi. -tria (-a). [NL., fr. 
Gr. viroyacrTpLoi' ; inro under -f- yaarrjp belly.] Anat. The 
hypogastric region. 

hyp'o-ge'al (hlp'o-je'dl ; hl'po-), a. {hypo- + Gr. 717 the 
earth.] 1. Of, pert, to, or occurring in, the interior of the 
earth; subterranean. 2. Bot. Hypogeous. 

hyp'o-gene (hip'o-jen ; hi'po-jen), a. [hypo- + Gr. -yevqs 
born.] Geol. Formed or crystallized at depths beneath the 
earth's surface ; also, plutonic ; — said of granite, gneiss, 
etc. Opposed to epigene. 

hy-pog'e-nous (hl-poj'e-nus ; hi-), a. Bot. Growing on the 
lower side of anything, as fungi on the under surface of 
leaves. Cf. epigenous. 

hy'po-ge'ous (hl'po-je'us ; hTp'6-), a. Also hy'po-gae'ous. 
[hypo- + Gr. yr) the earth.] Bot. & Zo'ol. Growing or rip- 
ening under ground, as the peanut. Cf. epigeous. 

hyp'o-ge'um (hlp'6-je'wm ; hl'po-), n.; L. pi. -gea (-d). 
[L.,fr. Gr. vwoyaLos, inrbyeios, subterranean ; 1171-6 under -j- 
yala, yrj, the earth.] Anc. Arch. The subterraneous 
portion of a building ; a cellar. 

hy'po-glos'sal (hl'po-glos'al ; hTp'6-), a. [hypo- + Gr. 
yX&aaa the tongue.] Anat. & Zo'ol. In reptiles, birds, and 
mammals, the twelfth and last pair of cranial nerves, dis- 
tributed to the region of the base of the tongue, of which 
they are the motor nerves. — n. A hypoglossal nerve. 

hy-pog'y-nous (hl-poj'T-niis ; hi-), a. [hypo- + Gr. ywh 
woman.] Bot. a Inserted upon the torus or 
axis below the gyncecium and free from it ; — 
said of sepals, petals, and stamens. Cf. 
epigynous. b Having these parts so inserted ; 
— said of a flower. — hy-pog'y-ny (-ni), n. 

hy'po-nas'ty (hl'po-naVtl ; hip'o-),n. [hypo- 
+ Gr. vaarbs close-pressed.] Plant Physiol. 
That state of a growing dorsiventral organ, 
as a leaf, in which the under surface grows Section 
more vigorously than the upper, causing up 
ward curvature ; — opposed to epinasty. — 
hy / po-nas , tic(-nas , tik),a. — nas'ti-cal-ly(-ti-kal-i),aJc. 

hy'po-ni'trous (-nl'trus), a. Chem. Pert, to or designat- 
ing a white crystalline nitrogenous acid, H2N2O2 (probably 
HON-NOH). As a solid, hyponitrous acid is explosive ; in 
solution, it is more stable. Its salts, the hy'po-ni'trites 
(-trlts), are prepared by reducing nitrates or nitrites. 

hy'po-phos'phate (hi'po-f os'f at ; hlp'o-), n. Chem. _ A 
salt of hypophosphoric acid. [phorous acid.l 

hy'po-phbs'phite (-fos'fit),n. Chem. A salt of hypophos-| 

by'po-phos-phor'ic (-fos-for'Tk), a. Chem. Pert, to or des- 
ignating a tetrabasic acid, H4P2O6. It forms small colorless 
hygroscopic crystals. 

hy'p.O-phos'phor-OUS (-fos'for-us), a. Chem. Pert, to or 
designating a monobasic acid of phosphorus, H3PO2. It is a 
white crystalline solid, and has a powerful reducing action. 

hy-poph'y-ge (hT-pof 'T-je ; hi-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. i>irocf>vyr), 
lit., a refuge ; viro under -j- <t>evyeiv, <pvytlv, to flee.] Arch. 
A hollow curvature, esp. that under the Doric capital in 
some Greek buildings. Cf. apophyge. 

hy'po-po'di-um (hi'po-po'di-iim ; hip'5-), n. ; pi. -dia (-d). 
[NL.J Bot. The base of a foliage or floral leaf, including 
the stalk or petiole if present. 




Hypogynous 
Flower. 



hy'po-scope (hT'po-skop; hip'6-), n. A kind of altiscope, 
used either as an attachment to a rifle, or as a hand instru- 
ment for observation. 

hy-pos'ta-sis (hl-pos'td-sis ; hi-), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. inroaratns subsistence, substance ; viro under + laraadai. 
to stand, middle voice of iaravai. to cause to stand.] 1. 
That which forms a basis or support. 2. Theol. Personal 
subject ; person ; personality ; substance ; subsistence ; any 
of the three personalities of the Godhead ; also, the whole 
personality of Christ as distinguished from his two natures, 
human and divine. 3. Substance, subsisfent principle, or 
essential nature, of anything ; a subject in which attributes 
are conceived to inhere, or a self-subsistent reality or mode 
of existence. 4. A hypothetical or hypostatized substance ; 
a conceptual being considered as a real subject or essence. 
5. Med. a A deposit ; sediment, esp. of urine, b Hyperemia 
caused by settling of blood in the dependent parts of an 
organ. 

hy'nostat'ic (hl'po-stat'Tk ; hTp'6-)\a. [Gr. {nroaraTiKos.'] 

hy'po-Stat'i-cal (-stat'i-kdl) / 1. Of or relating to 

hypostasis ; hence, constitutive or elementary. 2. Personal, 
or distinctly personal ; relating to the divine hypostases, or 
subsistences. 3. Med. Depending on, or due to, deposition ; 
as, hypostatic congestion. 

hy-pos'ta-tizeJhl-pos'td-tTz; h!-), v. t.; -tized (-tlzd); 
-tiz'ing (-tlz'ing). To make into, or regard as, a separate 
and distinct substance ; to attribute actual or personal 
existence to ; as, to hypostatize an idea. 

h.7P'o-Style (hip'o-stll ; hi'po-), a. [Gr. vwoutvKos resting 
on pillars ; vtto under + o-rDXos a pillar.] Arch. Having the 
roof resting upon rows of columns ; constructed by means 
of columns ; as, the hyposlyle hall of Karnak. 

hy'po-SUl'phite (hl'po-sul'flt ; hlp'6-), n. Chem. a A thio- 
sulphate ; esp., sodium thiosulphate, Na2S203, a crystalline 
salt used in photography as a fixing agent, b A salt of hypo- 
sulphurous acid (H2S2O4). 

hy'po-sul'phur-ous (-sul'f ut-us ; -sul-fu'r£s), a. Chem. 
Pert, to or designating an acid containing less oxygen than 
sulphurous acid, specif, formerly the acid H2S2O3, now 
called thiosulphuric acid, and now an imperfectly known 
acid, H2S204(?), which is obtained by reducing sulphurous 
acid, and is a strong reducing and bleaching agent. 

hy'po-tax'is (-tak'sis), n. [NL. ; hypo- + Gr. rd£ir an ar- 
ranging.] Gram. Subordinative relation or construction be- 
tween clauses. Cf . parataxis. — hy'po-tac'tic (-tak'tik), a. 

hy-pot'e-nuseftri-pot'e-nus; hi-) ,h.y-potb/e-nuse(-poth'-), 
n. [L. hypotenusa, fr. Gr. inrorelvovaa, prop., subtending 
(sc. ypannrj), deriv. of viro under + relpeiv to stretch.] The 
side opposite the right angle in a right-angled triangle. 

hy-poth/ec (hl-poth'ek ; hi-), n. [F. hypotheque, or L. hy- 
potheca, fr. Gr. virodrin-n a thing subject to some obligation. 
See hypothesis.] Roman & Civil Law. An obligation, 
right, or security given to a creditor over property of the 
debtor without transfer of possession or title to the cred- 
itor ; — distinguished from a pignus or pledge. 

hy-poth r e-ca-ry (-potr/e-ka-ri), a. Law. Of or pert, to, or 
created or secured by, a hypothec ; as, hypothecary right. 

hy-poth'e-cate (-poth'e-kat ; hi-), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; 
-cat'ing. [LL. hypothecatus, p. p. of hypothecare, fr. L. 
hypotheca pledge.] Law. To pledge, as a vessel by con- 
tract of bottomry, without delivery of title or possession. 

hy-potb/e-ca'ti in (-ka'shim), n. Act of hvpothecating. 

hy-poth'e-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who hypothecates. 

hy-poth/e-nuse (-nus). Var. of hypotenuse. 

hy-poth'e-sis (-pott/e-sis ; hi-), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., 
fr. Gr. xnrodeais foundation, supposition, viroTiBkvai to place 
under ; into -f- riflemen to put.] A proposition, condition, 
principle, or theory not proved,, but assumed for argument, 
or to explain certain facts. — Syn. See theory. 

hy-poth'e-size (-sTz), v. i. & t.; -sized (-slzd) ; -siz'ing. To 
make a hypothesis ; make a hypothesis of ; assume. 

hy'po-thet'ic (hl'po-thet'ik; hip'o-J.o. Hypothetical. 

hy'po-thet'i-cal (-thet'i-kal ; hip'o-Xa. [L. hypotheticus, 
Gr. viroderiKos.] 1. Involving a formal hypothesis or condi- 
tion ; as, a hypothetical proposition or judgment ; — in logic 
as applied to propositions, contrasted with categorical and 
disjunctive. 2. Characterized by, or of the nature of, a hy- 
pothesis ; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reason- 
ing and deducing proof or of accounting for some fact. 3. 
Concerned with hypotheses ; given to making hypotheses ; 
as, a hypothetical thinker. [hypothesis. 

hy'po-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. In a hypothetical manner; by[ 

hy^po-trr/choid (hl'po-tro'koid, hip'6-; hT-pot'ro-koid, 
hi-), n. Geom. A kind of roulette. See epicycloid. 

hy'po-xan'tnine (hi'pS-zan'thin ; hip'6-; -then), n. Also 
-thin. Physiol. Chem. A crystalline nitrogenous sub- 
stance, C5H4ON4, one of the nuclein bases, closely related 
to xanthine and occurring with it, as in muscle tissue, vari- 
ous seeds, etc. — hy'po-xan'thic (-zan'thik), a. 

hyp'pish (hiplsh), o. Affected with the hyps, or hypo- 
chondria. Rare. 



i 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. icrt, ach (5U); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [, Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



HYPSOGRAPHY 



488 



-IC 



hyp-SOg'ra-phy ( hip-sog'rd-fi ), n. [Gr. ityos height + 
-graphy.'] Geog. a Topographic relief . b The observation 
or description of topographic relief, c The parts of a map, 
collectively, which represent topographic relief, d Hyp- 
sometry, or the measurements of heights. — hyp'so- 
graph'ic (hip'so-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 

byp-som'e-ter (hlp-som'e-ter), n. [Gr. ityos height + 
-meter. ] An apparatus for taking heights, as of mountains, 
by determining the boiling point of a liquid. 

hyp-som'e-try (-tri), n. In geodesy, the measurement of 
heights, as from the sea level. — hyp'SO-met'ric (hip'so- 
met'nk), -met'ri-cal (-n-kdl), a. — met'ri-cal-ly, adv. 

hy'ra-COi'de-an (hl'rd-koi'de-dn), n. [See hyrax ; -oro.] A 
hyrax. — coi'de-an, a. — hy'ra-coid (hl'rd-koid), a. & n. 

hy'rax (hl'raks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. t>pa£ the shrew.] Any of 
various small, thickset, hoofed mammals (suborder Hyra- 
coidea\ including the conies, rock rabbits, etc., of Africa 
and Asia. 

Hyr-ca'ni-an (her-ka'ni-dn)l a,. Pertaining to Hyrcania, 

Hyr'can (hur'kan) / an ancient country or prov- 

ince of Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea. 

hy'son (hl's'n), n-. [Chin, hsi ch' un, lit., blooming spring.] 
A kind of green tea from China. The early crop (called 
yu ch'ien, lit., "before the rains") is young hyson. 

hys'sop (his'up), n. [OF. ysope, fr. L. hyssopum, -pus, 
fr. Gr. vffcrwiros, -xoc, an aromatic plant, Heb. esob.'] 1. An 
aromatic European mint (Hyssopus officinalis). The hys- 
sop of Scripture is supposed to be a species of caper (Cap- 
paris spinosa). 2. With a qualifying word, any of numer- 
ous other plants, as hedge hyssop, giant hyssop, etc. 

hys'ter-ec'to-my (his'ter-eVto-mi), n. [Gr. varkp a uterus 
+ -ectomy.] Surg. Excision of the uterus. 

hys'ter-e'sis (-e'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iarepelv to be 
behind, to lag.] Physics, a A lagging or retardation of 
the effect, when the forces acting upon a body are changed, 
as if from viscosity or internal friction, b In a magnetic 
material, as iron, a lagging in the values of resulting 



magnetization due to a changing magnetizing force. The 
resulting loss (hysteretic loss) is due to molecular change 
manifest in heat. 

hys'ter-et'ic (-et'ik), a. Elec. Of or pert, to hysteresis. 
hysteretic constant, the hysteretic loss in ergs per cubic 
centimeter per cycle. — h. loss. See hysteresis, b. 

hys-te'ri-a (his-te'ri-d), n. [NL. See hysterical.] l.A 
nervous affection, occurring chiefly in women, in which the 
patient loses control over the emotions, has imaginary 
sensations, and often falls into paroxysms or fits. 2. Mor- 
bid or convulsive emotionalism or excitement. 

hys-ter'ic (his-ter'ik), a. Hysterical. 

hys'ter'i-cal (-i-kdT), a. [L. hystericus, Gr. iffrepiicfo, fr. 
varepa the womb.] Of or pertaining to hysteria ; affected 
with, or suffering from, hysterics ; convulsive. — bys-ter'i- 
cal-ly, adv. 

hys-ter'ics (-iks), n. pi. (See -ics.) Hysteria. 

hys'ter-i'tis (his'ter-T'tis), n. [NL. ; hystero- + -itis."] 
Med. Inflammation of the uterus ; metritis. 

hys'ter-O- (his'ter-6-). [Gi.varkpa the womb.] Combining 
form denoting connection with, or relation to, the uterus 
or hysteria. 

hys'ter-O-gen'ic (-jen'ik),a. Med. Producing hysteria. 

hys'ter-oid (his'ter-oid), a. Med. Resembling hysteria; 
as, hysteroid convulsions. 

hys'ter-on prot'er-on (hTs'ter-on prot'er-on). [NL. ; Gr. 
varepos the latter + irporepos before others, sooner.] 
1. Rhet. A figure in which the natural order of the sense 
is reversed; as, "he is well and lives." 2. Logic. The 
fallacy of explaining a thing by that which presupposes 
it and so inverting the natural order of reason. 

hys'ter-ot'O-my (-ot'6-mi), n. Surg, a The Caesarean oper- 
ation, b Incision or section of the uterus, esp. of its neck. 

hys'tri-CO-mor'phic (his'tri-ko-mor'fTk), a. [Gr. tWpi£ 
porcupine + -morphicJ] Zo'ol. Of or pert, to a division 
(Hystricomorpha) of rodents, comprising the porcupines, 
cavies, chinchillas, etc. 



1(T). 1. The ninth letter and third vowel of the English 
alphabet. The character comes from the Phoenician, 
through the Greek and the Latin, being perh. ultimately 
of Egyptian origin. In modern English I has two principal 
vowel sounds : the "long" sound, as in pine, Ice; and the 
"short " sound, as in pin. It has also three other sounds. 
See Guide to Pron., §§ 42-47. Etymologically I is most close- 
ly related to e, y, j, g ; as in dint, dent ; beveiage, L. bibere ; 
E. kin, AS. cynn ; E. thin, AS. pynne ; E. dominion, don- 
jon, dungeon. The sounds of I and J were formerly repre- 
sented by the same character (I, i),and even after the 
introduction of the differentiated form J (see j), words con- 
taining these letters were classed together in dictionaries, 
etc., down to the 19th century. 2. As a symbol [no period], 
used for or to denote : The ninth in a series ; ninth in or- 
der or class ; sometimes, the numeral 9 ; as, Company /. 
3. As a numeral, I stands for 1, II for 2, III for 3, and 
IIII sometimes for 4. When prefixed, I denotes that 1 is 
to be subtracted ; thus, IV means 4. 

I, or i (T), n. ; pi. I's or is (Tz). The letter I, i, or its sound. 

I, a. Having a shape or a cross section resembling the 
letter I : as, I bar or I-bar, I beam or I-beam, I girder, I 
iron, I rail, etc. 

I (I), pron. ; poss. my (ml) or mine (mm) ; object, me (me) ; 
pi. nom. we (we) ; poss. our (our) or ours (ourz) ; 
object, us (us). [AS. tc] The nominative case of the 
pronoun of the first person (by which a person denotes 
himself). — n. Metaph. The ego. 

I (I). Obs. or dial. Eng. var. of aye, yes. 

i-. [ME. y-, i-, AS. ge-.~] A prefix of obscure meaning, 
chiefly used in Middle English with past participles. See Y-. 

-ia. [L. -ia, Gr. -ia, an ending of fem. nouns, usually ab- 
stract, and of neut. plurals.] A noun suffix occurring in : a 
Names of diseases ; as in neuralgia, b Names of countries ; 
as in Tasmania, c Names of alkaloids ; as in morphia, d 
Generic names of plants ; as in Fuchsia, e Names of classi- 
cal festivals, mostly plural ; as in Saturnalia, t Names of 
classes of animals, all plural ; as in Mammalia, g Various 
other words from Latin or Greek ; as in sepia, militia, 
magnesia, and the plurals memorabilia, bacteria, etc. 

I-a'gO (e-a'go), n. See Othello. 

i'amb (I'amb), n. An iambus or iambic. 

i-am'bic (I-am'bik), a. [L. iambicus, Gr. lauPiKds."] 1. 
Pros. Consisting of an iambus or of iambics. 2. Gr. Lit. 
Designating, or pertaining to, a type of poetry, chiefly sa- 
tirical, characterized by iambic meter. — n. 1. An iambic 

_ foot. 2. A verse of iambic feet. 

i-am'bus (-bils), n.; pi. L. -bi (-bl), E. -buses (-bfts-Sz; 
24). [L. iambus, Gr. tafM0os.~\ Pros. A foot consisting of 



a short syllable followed by a long one, as in amans (L., 
loving), or of an unaccented syllable followed by an ac- 
cented one, as invent; an iambic 

-i'a-sis (-I'd-sTs). [Gr. -iaavs, as in £Ke<pavTla<ns elephan- 
tiasis.] A combining form signifying state, condition ; — 
used esp. in medicine to indicate a morbid or diseased con- 
dition; as, ankylostomiasis. 

i-at'lic (T-at'rTk) \ a. [Gr. larpiK&s healing, larpos physi- 

i-at'ri-cal (-ri-kdl) / cian, iaadau to heal.] Of or relating to 
medicine or medical men. 

i'a-trol (I'd-trol ; -trol), n. Pharm. An odorless antiseptic 
powder, CeHnOaNIz,. containing iodine. 

I-be'ri-a (I-be'rf-d),™. [L. Iberia, Hiberia.~] The ancient 
name of the Spanish peninsula (Spain and Portugal). 

I-be'rf-an (-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Iberia, its inhabitants, 
or the race named from it. 2. Of or pert, to the ancient 
Iberians of the Caucasus. 

— n. 1. One of the ancient inhabitants of Iberia, early 
known to the Greeks and conquered by the Romans. 
2. Hence, a member of the Iberian race, a short, dark 
dolichocephalic race, prob. the neolithic inhabitants of 
western Europe. Cf. Mediterranean race. 3. One of 
an ancient tribe or people of the Caucasus. 

i'bex (T'beks), n.; pi. E. ibexes ( : bek-sez; 24), L. ibices 
(Tb'i-sez; I'bT-). [L., the chamois.] Any of certain Old 
World wild goats with large recurved horns. 

[li-Di'dem. (i-bVdem), adv. [L.] In the same place. 

l'bis (i/bTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. tfhs; cf Egypt, origin.] Any of 
a subfamily (Ibidinse) of 
carnivorous wading birds 
of warm regions, related 
to the herons. 

-ible. [L. -ibilis."] See -able. 

Ib'sen-lsm(Tb'sen-Tz'm),n. Th 
dramatic method or purpose 
characteristic of the writings of 
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), a Nor- 
wegian poet and dramatist, whose 
plays often deal with conventional 
hypocrisies. 

-ic (-Ik). [L. -icus, Gr. -ucos.] A suffix 
signifying in general of or pertain- 
ing to and used : 1. To form adjec- 
tives, in which it denotes : a Of, of ! 
the nature of, constituting, char- 
acterized by, belonging or pertaining to. 

Examples : angelic, of, of the nature of, or belonging to, 
an angel or angels ; eponymic, belonging to or constituting 




Sacred 
Ibis. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd^ eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circMs, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then, thin; na(u.re, verdure (87); 



-ICAL 



489 



-ICS 



an eponym ; volcanic, of, pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, a volcano ; Icelandic, of or pertaining to Iceland. 
b Due to, arising from, produced by, or the like. 

Examples : volcanic, due to, or arising from, a volcano. 
C After the manner, style, doctrines, or the like, of, 
characteristic of, appropriate to, like, or resembling. 
Examples : Byronic, after the manner or style of Byron ; 
angelic, characteristic of or resembling angels ; dramatic, 
characteristic of, or appropriate to, the drama. 
d Connected with, dealing with, having to do with. 

Examples : dramatic, connected or dealing with the 
drama ; Germanic, connected, or having to do, with the 
Germans. 

e Chem. Specif., denoting that the element indicated enters 
into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a 
valence relatively higher than in compounds designated 
with an adjective ending in -ous; as in ferric, sulphuric. 
K^PBetween adjectives in -ic and -ical there is sometimes 
a distinction in meaning, the form in -ic denoting the senses 
having closer relation to the subject denoted by the root 
(as in a and D, above) and the form in -ical denoting the re- 
moter senses (as in C and d, above). Thus, a historic event 
is a part of history ; a historical treatise deals with history ; 
the Stoic philosophy is the philosophy of the Stoics, stoicaZ 
fortitude is fortitude appropriate to the Stoic philosophy ; a 
comic opera, a comical grimace ; a dramatic gesture or ef- 
fect, a dramatical performance. 2. In a Nouns formed by 
the use of adjectives in -ic as substantives, and meaning : 
that which is ; an individual (of a particular kind) that is, 
works in, or the like. 
Examples : classic, a work that is classic ; mechanic, one 
who works in the mechanic arts ; Icelandic, the language 
that is Icelandic. 

b Greek or Latin nouns that were originally adjectives 
used substantively and were adopted into English ; as in 
music, rhetoric, public. Also, see -ics. 

-i-cal (-i-kdl). [_-ic + -al.~] A suffix forming : a Adjectives 
having the same general senses as adjectives in -ic; as, 
spherical, comical, apostolicaL b Adjectives from nouns 
in -ic, -ics; as, musicaZ, rhetoricaZ, ethicaZ. See -ic, -ics. 

I-ca'ri-an (I-ka/rT-dn ; 3), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, Icarus ; soaring too high for safety. 

Ic'a-ms (Tk/d-rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. "I/capos.] See D^dalus. 

ice (Is), n. [AS. is.] 1. Frozen water. 2. A sweetened 
mixture, usually fruit juice and water, flavored, and artifi- 
cially frozen. 3. A substance looking like ice ; as, camphor 
ice. 4. = icing. — v. t. ; iced (1st) ;_ic'ing (Is'ing). 1. To 
cover or supply with ice ; convert into ice. 2. To frost 
(cakes, etc.). 3. To chill ; cool ; as, to ice wine. 

ice age. Geol. The glacial period. 

ice'berg' (Is'burg'), n. A large floating mass of ice, de- 
tached from a glacier. 

ice'blink' (-blink'), n. A white streak on the horizon, 
caused by reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. 

ice boat. 1. A skeleton boat or frame on three runners 
propelled on ice by sails. 2. A 
strong steam vessel for breaking 
through ice. 

ice'bound'ds'bound'), a. Surround- 
ed with ice so as to be incapable of 
advancing ; as, an icebound vessel ; 
also, obstructed with ice 
so as to hinder access ; as, 
an icebound harbor. 

ice cream. Sweetened 
cream or custard flavored, 
beaten, and frozen. 

ice foot. A wall or belt of 
ice along the shore in arc- 
tic regions. It breaks up 
more or less in summer. 

Iceland-er (Is'lan-der), n 




Ice Boat. 
A native of Iceland. 

Ice-lan'dic (Is-lan'dik), a. Of or pert, to Iceland, its inhab- 
itants, or their language. — w. The language of the inhab- 
itants of Iceland, a Scandinavian tongue. 

Iceland moss. An edible lichen (Cetraria islandica) of 
northern regions. 

Iceland spar. A doubly-refracting, transparent variety of 
calcite. The best is from Iceland. 

ice'man (Is'man), n. 1. A man skilled in traveling on ice, 
as among glaciers. 2. One who sells or delivers ice. 3. A 
man in charge of ice or employed on the ice. 

ice plant. An Old World plant (Mesembryanthemum 
crystalUnum) , of the carpetweed family, the foliageof which 
is covered with glistening papillose dots or vesicles. 

ice'quake' (Is'kwaV), n. The crash or concussion attend- 
ing the breaking up of masses of ice, as from great cold. 

ice water. Water cooled by ice or formed by melting ice. 

ich-neu'mon (Tk-nu'mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. lxvebp.wv, lit., 
the tracker ; — so called because it hunts out eggs of the 
crocodile.] 1. A mongoose, supposed by the ancient 
Egyptians to devour crocodiles' eggs. 2. An ichneumon fly. 



ichneumon fly. Any of a large group (mostly of the family 
Ichneumonidw) of hymenopterous insects the larvae of 

_ which are commonly parasites on other larvae. 

ich-nog'ra-phy (Ik-nog'rd-fl), n. [Gr. lxvoypa<pla ; Ixvos 
track, footstep + ypk<ptw to describe.] Drawing. A hori- 
zontal section, as of a building, drawn to scale ; ground 
plan ; map ; also, the art of making such plans. — ich'no- 
graph'ic (ik'no-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-I-kal), a. 

i'chor (I'kor), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lx^P-1 1. Class. Myth. An 
ethereal fluid that flows in the veins of the gods. 2. A thin 
acrid discharge, as from an ulcer. — i'chor -OUS (T'kor-Ss),a. 

ich'thy-ic (lk'thl-Ik), a. [Gr. 1x60s, -60s, a fish.] Zool 
Pertaining to fishes ; having the characters of a fish. 

ich'thy-oid (-oid), a. [Gr. IxdvoeiS^s.'] Zool. Resembling 
a fish.— n. A fishiike animal. — ich'thy-oi'dal (-oi'dal), a. 

ich'thy-ol (-51; -31), n. [Gr.l x 60s fish + (prob.) L. oleum 
oil.] P/iarm. A brown sirupy liquid prepared from a 
bituminous mineral containing fossil fishes. It is used 
externally as an alterative and discutient. 

ich'thy-ol'o-gy (-6-ji), n. [Gr. 1x00s; 60s, fish + -logy.'] 
The branch of zoology treating of fishes. — ich'thy-ol'O- 
gist (-jist), n. 

ich'thy-oph'a-gous (-of'd-gus), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 
lx9vo<t>6.yos ; IxOvs a fish + <j>ayeZf to eat.] Eating fish. 

ich'thy-oph'a-gy (-jT), n. [Gr. lx&v<xpayta.'] The prac- 
tice of eating, or living on, fish. 

ich'thy-or'nis (-or'nis), n. [NL. ; Gr. l x 0vs fish -f tyvvs 
bird.] Paleon. Any of a genus {Ichthyornis) of extmct 
toothed birds. The best-known species (I. victor) was 
about the size of a gull. 

ich'thy-o-saur (-6-sor), n. [Gr. l x 0Os, -60s, fish + aavpos 
lizard.] Paleon. Any of an order or subclass (Ichthyo- 
sauria) of extinct marine reptiles whose body somewhat 
resembled that of a porpoise in form. 

ich'thy-o'sis (-o'sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. Ixdvs fish + -osis."] 
Med. A disease, usually congenital, in which the skin is 

_ thick, rough, and scaly ; fishskin. — ich'thy-ot'ic (-ot'Ik), a. 

i'ci-Cle (I'si-k'l), n. [ME. isikel, AS. is ice -j- gicel icicle.] 

_ A pendent mass of ice formed from dripping water. 

i'ci-ly (-11), adv. In an icy manner. 

i'ci-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being icy. 

ic'ing (Is'Ing), n. A composition of sugar, as with white of 
egg, applied to the surface of pastry, etc. ; frosting. 

i'con (I'kon), n. ; pi. E. icons (I'konz), L. icones (I'ko-nez). 
[L., fr. Gr. eluccv.l 1. An image or representation. 2. East. 
Ch. A figure of the Virgin Mary, Christ, a saint, or a martyr. 

i-con'ic (I-kon'ik), a. [L. iconicus, Gr. eUovacds, fr. clubs 
image.] Of or pertaining to an icon, image, picture, or the 
like ; of the nature of a portrait or of portraiture ; — applied 
specif, to any statue sculptured according to conventional 
representation or symbolism. 

i-con'o-clasm (T-kon'o-klaz'm), n. The doctrine or prac- 
tice of iconoclasts ; image breaking. 

i-COn'0-Clast (-6-klast) , n. [Gr. eUwv image -f- k\S.v to break.] 

1. A breaker of icons, or images ; a determined enemy of im- 
age worship. 2. One who attacks cherished beliefs as shams; 
a radical. — i-con'o-clas'tic (-klas'tik), a. 

i-con'o-graph'ic (I-kon'o-graf'ik), a. Of or pert, to iconog- 
raphy ; as, iconographic studies ; representing by pictures 
or diagrams ; as, an iconographic encyclopaedia. 

i'CO-nog'ra-phy^ko-nog'rd-fi), rc. [Gr. eUovoypa^la a 
sketch or description ; tU&v an image -f- ypaxpew to de- 
scribe.] 1. Art of representation by pictures or images ; 
the description or study of portraiture or representation. 

2. An iconographic record or illustration. 
i'co-nol'a-try (I'ko-nol'd-tri), n. [Gr. eUwv an image + 

-latry.'] The worship of icons, or images ; — applied* esp. to 
the use of icons in the Eastern Church. nol'a-ter (-ter ) , n. 

i'co-nol'o-gy (-6-ji),^ n. [Gr. eUwv an image + -logyJ] 
Science or study of icons ; symbolism ; also, icons collec- 
tively. — i-con'o-log'i-cal (I-kon'6-loj'i-kal), a. 

i'co-nos'ta-sis (-nos'td-sls), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. 
Modern Gr. eiKovoffraffis ; Gr. cIkuv image -f- oralis a 
standing.] East. Ch. The partition with doors, adorned 
with icons, which separates the sanctuary from the main 
part of the church. 

i'co-sa-he'dron (I'ko-sd-heMron), n.; L. pi. -dra (-drd). 
[Gr. eUoa ae5 pov ; eiKovi. twenty -f- eSpa seat, base.] A 
polyhedron of twenty faces. — i'co-sa-he'dral (-dral), a. 

i'co-si-tet'ra-he'dron (-si-tet'rd-he'dron), n.; L. pi. -dra 
(-drd). [Gr. el/coat, twenty -f- rirpa-, combining form of 
rkacrapes four -f- eSpa seat, base.] Cryst. A twenty-four- 
sided solid ; a tetragonal trisoctahedron or trapezohedron. 
See trisoctahedron. — i'co-si-tet'ra-he'dral ( -drdl ), a. 

-ics (-iks). [See -ic] A suffix forming names of certain 
sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, statis- 
tics, politics. Such names originally ended in -ic, the 
singular, as still in music, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic; but, 
since about 1600, -ics, the plural form, has been preferred. 
When denoting a scientific treatise or its subject matter, 
forms in -ics are construed as singular ; as, mathematics, 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Q Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



M 



ICTERIC 



490 



IDIOPLASM 



physics ; but those denoting matters of practice, as gym- 
m nasties, tactics, are oftener construed as plurals. 
ic-ter'ic (lk-ter'ik), a. [L. ictericus, fr. Gr. IktcplkSs, fr. 
Urepos jaundice.] Pertaining to, affected with, or good 
against, jaundice. — to. A remedy for jaundice. 
ic'ter-US (lk'ter-us), n. [NL., fr. Gr. urepos jaundice.] 1. 
Med. The jaundice. 2. Bot. A diseased condition marked 
by the foliage turning yellow. 
iC'tUS (ik'tus), n. ; pi. E. -Tuses (-ez ; 24), L. ictus. [L., 
fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. Pros. Metrical or rhythmi- 
cal stress, or accent. 2. Med. a A stroke or blow, as in a 
sunstroke ; pulsation, b A fit. 
i'cy (I'sT), a.; i'ci-er (I'si-er) ; i'ci-est. 1. Pertaining to, 
resembling, or abounding in, ice ; cold ; frosty. 2. Char- 
acterized by coldness, as of manner, etc. ; chilling ; frigid. 
I'd (id). Colloq. contraction of I would, I should, or I had. 
id (-Id) . [L. -is, pi. -ides , patronymic suffix, daughter, or, pi., 
daughters, of, fr. Gr. -U, pi. -i<5«.] 1. Astron. A suffix used 
with the name of a constellation in naming meteors ; as, 
Leonid, Perseid. 2. A suffix used in names of epic poems ; 
as, ^Eneid. 
-id (-id). Zobl. A suffix, derived from -idse, used to form 
English substantives and adjectives designating members 
of zoological families ; thus from Clupeidx (the herring 
family), clupeid, a. (belonging to the herring family), and 
clupeid, n. (a fish of the herring family). 

»i-dae (-i-de). [PI. of L. -ides, patronymic suffix, son of, fr. 
Gr. -Lbrjs.] Zo'ol. The suffix with which, in modern classifi- 
cations, names of families of animals are formed. 

I-dae'an (I-de'an), a. [L. Idaeus, Gr. 'IScuos, fr. Gr. 'ISn, 
L. Ida.~\ Gr. Myth. Pert, to, or dwelling on, Mt. Ida. 

■ide (-Id ; -id). Also -id. _ Chem. A suffix used in forming 
names of compounds ; as in chloride, glucoside. In binary 
compounds it denotes the nonmetallic or negative element 
or radical ; as in hydrogen sulphide, lead oxide. 

►ide'atl-de'd), to. ; pi. ideas (-dz). [L., fr. Gr. Ibka, fr. ISeiu 
to see.] 1. An archetype or pattern ; an ideal ; hence : a 
plan or outline ; an intention or design. 2. A real likeness, 
or representation ; also, an embodiment of the essence of 
something. Archaic. 3. A mental image or picture of an 
object, sensible or spiritual ; as, an idea of happiness. 4. A 
fiction ; fantasy ; hence : imagination ; fancy. 5. A notion, 
thought, or mental impression ; as, he had no idea I was 
going. 6. A general notion ; indefinite conception. 7. A be- 
lief, opinion, or doctrine ; also, a supposition or impression. 
— Syn. Opinion, fancy, conception ; concept ; notion. 

i-i3'al (-51), a. [L. idealis.] 1= Existing as an archetypal 
idea. 2. Existing as a perfect exemplar ; embodying or sym- 
bolizing an ideal ; as, ideal beauty. 3. Existing in imagina- 
tion only ; visionary ; unreal ; as, ideal fancies. 4. Pert, to, 
or of the nature of, mental images, ideas, or conceptions. 5. 
Pert, to idealism. — Syn. Intellectual, mental ; fanciful, 
imaginary ; impracticable, Utopian. 

— n. A standard of perfection, beauty, or excellence ; a per- 
fect type. — Syn. See pattern. 

l-de'al-ism (-Tz'm), to. 1. Philos. Any theory which affirms 
the universe to be an embodiment of mind, or denies the 
possibility of knowing aught save psychical reality. Cf. ma- 
terialism. 2. The practice of idealizing ; tendency to ideal- 
ize ; also, that which is idealized. 3. In literature and art, 
the theory or practice which values ideal or subjective types 
or aspects of beauty more than formal or sensible qualities, 
or that which affirms the preeminent value of imagination 
as compared with faithful copying of nature ; — opposed to 
realism. 

i-de'al-ist, to. 1. One who holds a doctrine of idealism. 2. 
An artist or author who advocates or practices idealism. 
3. One who idealizes, or who seeks the ideal. 

i-de'al-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. Of or pert, to idealists or idealism. 

i-de'al-is'ti-cal (-Ys'ti -kdl) , a. Idealistic. ti-cal-ly, adv. 

i'de-al'i-ty (I'de-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties # (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being ideal. 2. Capacity to idealize. 

i-de'al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shiin) , to. Act or product of idealizing. 

i-de'al-ize (I-de'dl-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To make 
ideal; attribute ideal characteristics to. — v.i. To form 
ideals; work idealistically. — i-de'al-iz'er (-Iz'er), to. 

i-de'al-ly (-1), adv. 1. In idea or imagination ; mentally. 2. 
Conformably to an ideal ; perfectly. 

i-de'ate (T-de'at), n. [LL. ideatum. See idea.] Metaph. 
The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea. 

i-de'ate (-at), v. t.; -at-ed (-at-ed); -at-ing (-at-Tng). 1. 
To form in idea ; conceive ; esp., to preconceive or prefigure. 
2. To have ideas, thoughts, or impressions of. 

i'd^a'tion (I'de-a'shun), to. Function or capacity of the 

mind whereby it forms or entertains ideas ;_ the process of 

entertaining and relating ideas. — i'de-a'tion-al (-dl), o. 

{] i'dem (IMSm), pron. or adj. [L.] The same; the same 

as above ; — often abbreviated id. 

i-den'tic (T-den'tik), a. Identical ; in diplomacy, designat- 
ing an action or expression in which two or more govern- 
ments follow the same course or employ the same form ; — 
disliaguished from joint ; as, an identic note 



i-den'ti-cal (-tf-kal), a. [See identity.] 1. The same ; the 
very same. 2. Exactly alike or equal. — i-den'ti-cal-ry B 
adv. — cal-ness, n. 

Syn.Identical, same, equivalent, equal, tantamount. 
Identical is the strictest term for entire and absolute agree- 
ment ; as, no two leaves are identical. Same (which may 
be exactly synonymous with identical) is often used more 
loosely, either in the sense of that which itself does not 
change, or of that which is of like sort, character, or quality ; 
as, the same words, he manifests the same spirit. Things 
are equal which are the same, esp. in number, amount, 
magnitude, value, or the like ; they are equivalent when 
they amount to the same thing, esp. in worth, force, or im- 
port. Tantamount is commonly applied to other than 
material things ; as, his statement was tantamount to a con- 
fession. 
i-den'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shiin), to. Act of identifying, or 

state of being identified. 
i-den'ti-fy (S),v.t.; -tied (-fid); -fy'ing. 1. To make to 
be the same ; consider as the same. 2. To establish the 
identity of ; prove to be the same (as something described, 
claimed, or asserted). — i-den'ti-fi'er (I-den'ti-fl'er), to. 
i-den'ti-ty (-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. identite, LL. iden- 
titas, irregularly formed fr. L. idem the same.] 1. The ex- 
treme case of resemblance ; absolute likeness of two or more 
things in the respect considered. 2. Sameness with itself ; 
selfsameness ; oneness. 3. Unity and persistence of per- 
sonality ; individuality, or an individual ; as, to lose one's 
identity. 4. Sameness with something described or as- 
serted ; as, to establish the identity of a person or thing. 

i'de-O-gram' (I'de-o-gram/j Id'e-), to. [Gr. Ibka idea + 
-gram.] 1. An original pictorial element of writing; an 
early hieroglyph symbolizing the idea of a thing, but not the 
name of it. 2. A symbol used for convenience or for abbre- 
viation ; as, 1, 2, 3, +, — , $, §, etc. 

i'de-O-graph' (-graf), to. [Gr. Ibka, idea + -graph] An 
ideogram. — i'de - o - graph'ic ( -graf 'Ik ) , -graph 'i - cal 

> (-I-kdl), a. — i'de-o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. [grams.1 

i'de-Og'ra-phy (-og'rd-fi), to. Employment or study of ideo-| 

i'de-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-jl ; Id'e-), to.; pi. -gies (-j!z). [Gr. ISka 
idea + -logy] 1. Metaph. The science of ideas ; specif., a 
theory of the origin of ideas deriving them exclusively from 
sensation. 2. Visionary speculation ; idle theorizing. 

i'de-o-mo'tor 0-6-mo'ter), a. [Gr. ibka idea + motor."] 
Psychol. 'Acting, or tending to produce action (specif., 
nonvoluntary action) in connection with or following 
thought. 

ides (Tdz), to. pi. [L. idus.~] In the old Roman calendar, the 
15th day of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th 
of other months. 

id r i-o-blast (id'1-o-blast), to. [Gr. tbtos personal, peculiar -f- 
-blast] 1. Biol. A hypothetical structural unit of the 
cell ; — practically equiv. to biophore. 2. Bot. An iso- 
lated cell differing from neighboring cells. 

id'i-oe'ra-sy (-ok'rd-sT), to. [Gr. ibioKpaala; tbtos peculiar 
+ Kpaffis a mixing, combination.] Peculiarity of constitu- 
tion or temperament ; idiosyncrasy. 

id'i-O-cy (id'i-6-si), to. [From idiot.] Extreme deficiency 
in intelligence due to incomplete or abnormal development 
of the brain and mind. 

id'i-O-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trik), a. [Gr. Ktos personal, private 
+ electric] Physics. Capable of becoming electrified by 
friction ; — opposed to anelectric. — to. An idioelectric 
substance. — id'i-o-e-lec'tri-cal, a. 

id'i-O-graph' (-graf), to. [Gr. Ibidypa^os autographic; tSios 
one's own -f- ypa<j>ei.i> to write.] A mark or signature peculiar 
to an individual ; trade-mark. — id i-o-graph/ic (-graf 'Ik), 
id/i-o-graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

id'i-om (-ilm), to. [F. idiome, fr. L. idioma, fr. Gr. IStwpa 
fr. Ibiovv to make one's own, t^ios one's own, proper.] 1. 
The language peculiar to a people (a tongue), or to a district 
or community (a dialect). 2. The structural form peculiar 
to any language ; the genius or cast of a language.^ 3. a An 
expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar struc- 
tural form of a language, b An expression peculiar toitself 
in grammatical construction ; an expression the meaning of 
which as a whole cannot be derived from the conjoined 
meanings of its elements. 4. Form of expression character- 
istic of an author ; as, Browning's idiom is often difficult. 

idl-O-mat'iC (-6-mat'ik) 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or conf orm- 

id'i-o-mat'i-cal (-i-kdl) J ing to, idiom. — i-cal-ly, adv. 

idl-0-mor'phic (-o-mor'fik), a. [Gr. tbios peculiar + 
-morphic.'] 1. Having a form of its own. 2. Cryst. Having 
its proper crystallographic form or shape ; as, an idiomor- 
phic mineral ; — opposed to xenomorphic. — id'i-O-mor'- 
phi-cal-ly (-fi-kdl-i), adv. 

idl-op'a-thy (-op'd-thi), n.; pi. -thies (-thiz). [Gr. 

Ibioiradeia; tbios proper, peculiar -f- iradetv, vaax^v, to 
suffer.] Med. A morbid state not preceded or caused by 
any other disease ; a primary disease. 
id'i-O-plasm (Td'i-S-plaz'm), to. [Gr. tdios proper, peculiar 
+ -plasm.] Biol. That portion of the cell protoplasm 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; bid, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, Smite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) J 



IDIOPLASMATIC 



491 



IGNORANTTNE 



which is supposed to determine the character and heredity 
of the species; germ plasm. It is commonly identified 
with chromatin. — id'i-O-plas-mat'ic (-plaz-mat'ik), a. 

idl-O-stat'ic (-stat'Ik), a. [Gr. i5ws proper, peculiar + 
static] Elec Pert, to a method of measurement of 
electricity without employing auxiliary electrification ; — 
opposed to heterostatic. 

id'i-o-syn'cra-sy (-sin/krd-sl), n.; pi. -sies (-stz). [Gr. 
l8io<rvyKpa<Tip.; tStos peculiar + ovytcpaais a mixing to- 
gether.] A peculiarity of constitution or temperament ; a 
characteristic distinguishing an individual; eccentricity. 

— Syn. See eccentricity. — -syn-crat'ic (-sTn-krat'ik), a. 
id'i-ot (Td'i-ot), n. [F. idiot, idiote, fr. L. idiota an igno- 
rant person, Gr. IdiuTtjs, also and orig., a private person, fr. 
tttos proper, peculiar.] 1. A person afflicted with idiocy. 
2. A fool ; simpleton ; — in reproach. 3. A professional 
fool; jester. Obs. — Syn. Imbecile, blockhead, dolt, 
dunce, dullard, booby. 

id'i-ot-cy (-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Idiocy or idiotism. 
Rare. 2. Utter folly. 

id'i-ot'ic (-ot'ik) \ a. [L. idioticus ignorant, Gr. Ioiootikos. 

id'i-ot'i-cal (-T-kal)/ See idiot.] Pertaining to or like an 
idiot ; foolish ; senseless. — id'i-ot'i-Cal-ly, adv. _ 

id'i-Ot-ism (Td'i-ot-iz'm), n. [F. idiotisme, L. idiotismus, 
fr. Gr. i8iwTt.aiJ.6s the way of a common person, a homely or 
vulgar phrase, fr. ISluttjs. See idiot.] 1. = idiom. Obs. or 
R. 2. = idiocy. Rare. 3. A foolish or senseless act or line 
of conduct. 

i'dle (I'd'l), a. ; i'dler (I'dler) ; i'dlest (I'dlest). [AS. idel 
vain, useless.] 1. Without worth or basis ; groundless ; use- 
less ; vain ; as, an idle rumor. 2. Not occupied or employed ; 
inactive ; as, idle hours ; idle capital. 3. Lazy ; slothful. 
Syn. Unoccupied, unemployed, inactive, lazy, indolent, 
slothful, vacant, trifling, futile, frivolous. — Idle, lazy, in- 
dolent, slothful. Idle (opposed to busy) emphasizes the 
fact of inactivity or lack of occupation ; it may or may not 
imply disparagement ; lazy, suggesting disinclination to 
effort or work, is commonly derogatory. Indolent implies 
a habitual love of ease and a settled dislike of activity. 
Slothful (now bookish) implies excessive and sluggish in- 
dolence. 
idle pulley, Mach., a guide or tightening pulley for a belt. 

— i. wheel. Mach. a A 
gear wheel placed between 
two others to transfer mo- 
tion from one to the other 
without changing the di- 
rection of revolution or the 
velocity ratio, b An idle 
pulley. 

— v. i. ; i'dled ( I'd 'Id ) ; 
i'dling (ladling) ._ To lose 
or spend time in idleness ; 
esp., to saunter idly. — v. t, 

— often used with away. 
I'dle- ness, n. Quality or state of being idle ; inactivity or 

laziness. — Syn. Inaction, indolence, sloth. 

Fdler (I'dler), n. 1. One who idles ; a lazy person. 2. Naut. 
One who has constant day duties on board ship, and hence 
keeps no night watch. 3. Mach. An idle wheel or pulley. 

I'dless, i'dlesse (I'dles), n. Idleness.^ Archaic or Poetic. 

J'dly (I'dlT), adv. In an idle manner; ineffectually; lazily. 
, f &0 (e'do), n. An artificial international language, made 
public in 1907. Ido means in the language itself "offspring." 

i'do-crase (I'do-kras; id'6-), n. [Gr. eldos form + Kpaais 
mixture, fr. nepavvwai to mix.] Min. = vesuvianite. 

i'dol (IM31), n. [F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. el8u\ov image, 
phantom, idol, fr. «I5os that which is seen, form, shape, fr. 
ISeiv to see.] 1. A representation of a deity or other being 
or thing, made or used as an object of worship ; in Scrip- 
tural language, a false god ; heathen deity. 2. Any image or 
representation. 3. Object of strong affection or devotion. 
4. A form or appearance without substance ; an image, as 
in a mirror. 5. A pretender ; sham ; impostor ; as, " the idol 
shepherd" (Zech. xi. 17; 72. F.," worthless shepherd"). 06s. 

I-dol'a-ter (I-doFd-ter), n. [F. idoldtre, fr. L., fr. Gr. elduX- 
o\arpT]s. See idolatry.] 1. A worshiper of idols ; a pagan. 
2. A great admirer. — i-dol'a-tress (-tres), n. fern. 

i-dol'a-trize (-trlz), v. i. To worship idols; pay idolatrous 
worship. — v. t. To idolize. 

i-dol'a-trous (-triis), a. 1. Of or pert, to idolatry ; of the na- 
ture of idolatry ; given to idolatry ; as, idolatrous sacrifices. 
2. Consisting in, or partaking of, an excessive attachment 
or reverence ; as, idolatrous veneration for antiquity. — 
i-dol'a-trous-ly, adv. — i-doFa-trous-ness, n. 

i-doFa-try (-tri), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [F. idolatrie, LL. 
idolatria, deriv. of Gr. eldw\o\arptla ; ciSwXov idol 4- Xo- 
rpela service.] 1. Worship of idols, images, or anything not 
God. 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for anything. 

S'dol-ism (I'd51-iz'm),n. 1. The worship of idols. 2. Idol- 
ization. 3. A fallacy. 

i'dol-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To make an idol 
of ; love or reverence to excess ; as, to idolize a hero. — v. i. 




C Idle Wheel a. 
To spend in idleness ; waste ; 



To practice idolatry. — i'dol-i-za'tion (-I-za'shun ; -I-za'- 
shun), n. — Fdol-iz'er (I'dol-iz'er), n. 

i-dol'o-Clast (I-dol'6-klast), n. [Gr. tl5io\ov idol + K\av to 
break.] Breaker of idols ; iconoclast. clas'tic, a. 

I-dom'e-neus (I-dom'e-nGs), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'HontvtOs.'] 
Gr. Myth. A king of Crete and leader of the Cretans 
against Troy. To fulfill a rash vow, he sacrificed his son to 
Poseidon. [apt. Rare.l 

i-do'ne-OUS (T-do'ne-us), o. [L. idoneus."] Suitable ; fit ;| 

id'or'gan (ld'or'gan), n. [Gr. I6ia idea + organ.] Biol. 
A morphological unit of two or more cells, not possessing 
the positive characters of an individual or colony. 

Id'u-me'an, Id'u-mae'an ( ldlO-me'an ), a. Of or pert, to 
ancient Idumea, or Edom. — n. An Edomite. 

i'dyl, i'dyll (I'dll), n. [L. idyllium, fr. Gr. tlSvWiov, lit., a 
little image, fr. «!<5os form.] 1. A short descriptive poem, 
esp. one dealing with rural life ; also, any artless and easily 
flowing description of rustic life, pastoral scenes, or the like. 
2. An episode, series of events, or the like, forming a fit sub- 

_ ject for an idyl. — i'dyl-ist, i'dyll-ist, n. 

i-dyl'lic (I-diFik), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, an 
idyl ; such as to be a fit subject for an idyl ; pleasing or 
picturesque in its natural simplicity. — i-dyl'li-cal-ly, adv. 

-ie (-T). [See 2d -Y.] A diminutive suffix denoting endear- 
ment, playfulness ; as, birdie, dearie, Jeanie. A final con- 
sonant of a preceding short syllable is doubled ; as, doggie. 

-ier/ (-er'). [F. -ier, fr. L. -arius.] A noun suffix equivalent 
to -eer; as in gondolier, cashier, grenadier. See -eer. 

if (if), conj. [AS. gif.] 1. In case that ; granting, allowing, 
or supposing that ; — introducing a condition or supposi- 
tion ; as, if I am well, I shall go ; this is important, if true. 
2. Whether ; — in dependent or indirect questions ; as, he 
asked if his son was there. 

Syn. If, provided. If implies a condition ; provided al- 
ways adds the implication of a stipulation or proviso. 

— n. The conjunction if; hence : a condition; supposition. 

Ig'dra-sil, Ig'dra-syl, Igg'dra-sil. Incorrect vars. of 
Yggdrasill. 

igloo, ig'lu (Tg'loo), n. [Eskimo iglu.~\ An Eskimo hut, 
as of snow blocks. 

ig'ne-OUS (-ne-ws), a. [L. igneus, fr. ignis fire.] 1. Per- 
tainingto, like, or containing fire. 2. Geol. Resulting from 
the action of intense heat ; as, igneous rocks. 

ig-nes'cent (ig-nes'ent), a. [L. ignescens, p. pr. of ignes- 
cere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire.] Emitting sparks 
when struck with steel ; becoming inflamed, lit. or fig. 

ig'ni-fy (ig'nT-f I), v. t. [L. ignis fire + -fy.] To set on 
fire ; burn. Rare. 

11 ig'nis fat'u-US (lg'nis fatlu-us) ; pi. ignes fatut (Yg'nez 
faFJi-I). [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish; from its tend- 
ency to mislead travelers.] 1. A phosphorescent light 
appearing at night, over marshy grounds ; will-o'-the-wisp ; 
Jack-o'-lantern. 2. A misleading influence or thing. 

ig-nit'a-ble (Tg-nTVd-b'l), a. Ignitible. 

ig-nite' (ig-nlt'), v. t.; -ntt'ed (-nlt'ed) ; -ntt'ing. [L. 
Ignitus, p. p. of ignire to ignite, ignis fire.] 1. To heat 
strongly ; render luminous by heat. 2. To kindle. — Syn. 
See kindle. — v. i. To take fire ; begin to burn. — ig- 
nit'er, n. 

ig-niFi-ble (-nit'T-b'l), a. Capable of being ignited. 

ig-ni'tion (-nisL/an), n. Act of igniting; state of being 
ignited ; also, means of igniting. 

ig-no^ble (-no'b'l), a. [L. ignobilis; in- not + nobilis no- 
ble.] 1. Of low birth or family ; not noble ; humble. 2. Base ; 
mean. 3. Falconry. Designating the short-winged hawks 
(as the goshawk) which rake for their prey instead of pounc- 
ing upon it ; — disting. from the true (or noble) falcons. — 
Syn. Degraded, low, vile, dishonorable, infamous. — ig- 
no'ble-ness, n. — ig-oio'bly, a- 

ig'no-min'i-OUS (Tg'no-mTn'i-fts), a. [L; ignominiosus.~\ 
1. Marked with, or full of, ignominy ; dishonorable. 2. De- 
serving ignominy ; despicable. 3. Humiliating ; degrading ; 

_ as, an ignominious sentence. OUS-ly, adv. 

ig'no-min-y (ig'no-m!n-T), n. ; pi. -ies (-Tz). [L. ignominia 
ignominy (deprivation of one's good name) ; in- not + no- 
men name.] 1. Disgrace or dishonor ; infamy. 2. Conduct 
deserving disgrace ; infamous action.— Syn. See dishonor. 

ig'no-ra'mus (-ra r mus),n.; pi. -muses (-ez ; 24). [L.,we 
_ do not know. See ignore.] An ignorant person ; a dunce. 

ig'no-rance (Tg'no-rdns), n. State or fact of being ignorant. 

ig'no-rant (-rant), a. [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p. pr. See 
ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowledge ; uninstructed ; unin- 
formed. 2. Unaware (of). 3. Resulting from or exhibiting 
ignorance ; as, an ignorant statement. 
Syn. Unlearned, uneducated, illiterate, unlettered, untu- 
tored. Ignorant, illiterate, unlettered, untutored. 
One is ignorant who is without knowledge in general or in 
a particular matter ; one is illiterate who is without knowl- 
edge acquired by reading or study (the word applying esp. 
to one who cannot read and write) ; unlettered is chiefly 
literary or rhetorical. Untutored suggests unsophisticat- 
edness or intellectual crudeness. 
Ig^O-ran'tine (-rSn'tTn),q. [F. ignorantin.'] Designating 






V 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary- ]j Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
-t- combined with. «• equals, 



M 



IGNORANTLY 



492 



ILLUMINATION 



r 




Friars of the order Brethren of St. Jean-de-Dieu (founded 
1495) ; — self-assumed in humility. 

ig'no-rant-ly, adv. In an ignorant manner. 

ig-nore' (Tg-nor' ; 57), v. t.; ig-nored' (-nord') ; -nor'ing 
(-nor'ing). [L. ignorare; in- not + root of gnarus know- 
ing, noscere to become acquainted with.] 1. Law. To re- 
ject (a bill of indictment) for want of evidence. 2. To refuse 
to notice ; disregard willfully. — Syn. See overlook. — 
ig-nor'er (Tg-nor'er), n. 

I'gor-ro'te (e'gor-ro'ta), n. ; pi. -rotes (Sp. -ro'tas)! [ S p. 

I'gO-rot' (e'go-rotO.n. ;t>Z.-rot (-rot'), -rots (-rots'). / Igor- 
rote, fr. a native name.] A member of any of the wild head- 
hunting tribes of Luzon, Philippine Islands. 

I-graine' (e-gran'; e-gra'ne), n. The mother of King 
Arthur by Uther, King of Britain, taken by Uther as his 
queen, after the death of Gorlois, her first husband. 

i-gua'na (I-gwa'nd), n. [Sp., fr. native name in Haiti.] 
Any of several 
large tropical 
American lizards 
(genera Iguana 
and Metopoce- 
ros ) . The best- 
known species (/. Iguana. 
tuberculata) attains a length of five or six feet. 
It is inoffensive and herbivorous, and is esteemed as food. 

i-guan'o-don (i-gwan'6-don ; I-gwa'no-don), n. [NL. ; 
iguana -\- Gr. oSovs, 656vtos, a tooth.] Paleon. Any of a 
genus (Iguanodon) of extinct gigantic herbivorous dino- 
saurs. Some became 30 feet long. 

lb-ram' (e-ramO, n. [Ar. ihram interdiction.] The dress 
worn by pilgrims to Mecca. It consists of two white 
cotton cloths, one thrown over the back and left shoulder, 
the other wrapped round the loins. 

IHS. A symbol or monogram representing the Greek IHS, 
contraction of IH(20T)S, Jesus. 

il- (il-). An assimilated form of in- not, and in- in. 

Hang'-i-lang'. Var. of ylang-ylang. 

il'e-ac (il'e-ak), a. Anat. Pert, to the ileum. 

il / e-OS'tO-my(il / e-os'to-mi),?i. [ileum-\--stomy.] Surg. An 
operation for making a permanent opening into the ileum. 

il'e-um (Il'e-wm), n. [L. ileum, ilium, pi. ilia, groin, 
flank.] Anat. The division of the small intestine between 
the jejunum and large intestine. 

il'e-US (-ms), n. [NL., L. ileos, fr. Gr. el\e6s, [\e6s.] A 
painful morbid condition due to intestinal obstruction, 
marked by complete constipation. 

i'lex (I'leks), n. [L., holm oak.] 1. Holm oak. 2. Holly. 

il'i-ac (il'I-ak), a. [F. iliaque, or L. iliacus relating to the 
colic, fr. ileos colic, confused with ileum."] 1. Anat. 
Pert, to, or in the region of, the ilium. 2. = ileac. Obs. 

Il'i-ad (-ad), n. [L. 1 lias, -adis, fr. Gr. 'IXi&s, -aSos (sc. 
irolrjcris) , fr. "I\ioi> Ilium, city of Ilus, son of Tros, founder of 
Ilium (Troy).] 1. A celebrated Greek ep» poem, ascribed 
to Homer, narrating events of the last year of the siege of 
Troy. 2. Fig., an epic resembling Homer's "Iliad" ; also, a 
long series, as of miseries or woes ; a long account. 

il'i-um (-um), n. [See ileum.] The dorsal, or upper, one 
of the three chief bones composing either lateral half of 
the pelvis. 

ilk (ilk), pron. [AS. ilea.] With the or that, the same 
person or persons ; the same thing. 06s. 
of that ilk, of the same name, surname, place, or terri- 
torial designation ; as, Guthrie, of that ilk, that is, Guthrie 
of Guthrie. Scot. 

— n. Family ; kind ; breed ; class ; — an erroneous use due 
to misunderstanding "of that ilk." 

I'll (II). Colloquial contraction of I will or I shall. 

ill (il), a.; compar. worse (wurs) ; superl. worst (wurst). 
[Of Scand. origin.] 1. Evil ; iniquitous. Archaic or Dial. 
2. Characterized by bad intention ; malevolent ; unjust ; 
unkind ; harsh ; as, ill treatment. 3. Contrary to advan- 
tage, happiness, etc. ; bad ; evil ; as, an ill effect. 4. De- 
fective ; faulty ; incorrect ; improper ; as, an ill use of 

I money. 5. Not healthy ; sick ; indisposed ; unwell. — Syn. 
See bad, sick. — ill will, unkindness ; malevolence. 

— adv. In an ill manner ; badly. 

$W III is the accepted form, though illy is sometimes 
found in good authors. 

— n. 1. Whatever impairs happiness or prevents success. 2. 
Wickedness ; wrong ; evil. Archaic. 

il-lapse' (i-laps'), v. i. [L. illapsus, p. p. of illabi; il- in 
+ labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide ; slip. Now Rare. 

— n. A gliding in ; a gentle immission. Now Rare. 
il-la'tion (I-la'shun), n. [L. illatio, fr. Hiatus, used as p. 

p. of inferre to carry or bring in.] Act or process of infer- 
ring from premises or reasons ; hence : that which is 
inferred or deduced ; inference ; deduction. 

illa-tive (Tl'd-tiv; l-la'tiv), a. [L. illativus.] Inferen- 
tial ; conclusive ; as, an illative consequence ; an illative 
word, as then, therefore, etc. — il'la-tive-iy, adv. 

il-laud'a-ble (I-16d'd-b'l), a. Not laudable. 



ill'-bred', a. Badly brought up ; impolite ; uncivil ; rude. 

il-le'gal (MS'gal), a. Unlawful; illicit. — il-le'gal-iy, cdv. 

il'le-gal'i-ty (ll'e-gal'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 

_ condition of being illegal ; unlawfulness ; an illegal act. 

il-le'gal-ize (T-le'gdl-Iz), v. t. To make or declare illegal. 

il-legl-bil'i-ty (I-lej'i-bil'I-ti),™.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or 
quality of being illegible. 

il-leg'i-ble (Mej'i-b'l), a. Not legible. — il-leg'i-bly, adv. 

ille-git'i-ma-cy (il'e-jTt'i-md-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). State 
or quality of being illegitimate ; specif., bastardy. 

irie-git' i-mate (-mSt), a. 1. Not legitimate ; unlawful ; im- 
proper. 2. Bastard. 3. Illogical ; as, illegitimate inference. 
4. Not authorized by good usage ; spurious. — (-mat), v. t. 
To render or declare illegitimate. — il'le-git'i-mate-ly, adv. 

il'le-gitl-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of illegitimating; 
bastardizing ; also, state of being illegitimate ; illegitimacy. 

iU'-fa'vored, or ill'-fa'voured (Il'fa'verd), a. 1. Ugly; 
ill-looking. 2. Offensive ; unpleasant. 

il-lib'er-al (l-lib'er-dl), a. [L. illiberalis.] Not liberal ; as : 
a Ungentlemanly ; vulgar, b Indicating or showing a lack 
of culture or breadth of view ; bigoted, c Close ; stingy. — 
il-lib/er-al'i-ty (-al'i-tT), n. — il-lib'er-al-ly, adv. 

il-lic'it (l-lis'It), a. [L. illicitus ; il- not + licitus, p. p. 
of licere to be allowed.] Not allowed ; improper ; unlaw- 
ful. — il-lic'it-ly, adv. — il-lic'it-ness, n. 

il-lim'it-a-ble (i-lim'it-d-b'l), o. Immeasurable ; bound- 
less. — il-lim'it-a-ble-ness, n. — il-lim'it-a-bly, adv. 

Il'li-nois' (ll'I-noi'; -noiz'), n. [F., of Am. Indian origin.] 
An Indian of an Algonquian tribe which formerly occupied 

m the region between the Wabash and Mississippi rivers. 

il-liq'uid (l-lik'wid), a. Law. That has not been made clear 
and certain ; not fixed by a written instrument or by a de- 
cree of the court ; as, an illiquid right or claim. 

il-lit'er-a-cy (i-lit'er-d-sT),n.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Quality 
or state of being illiterate ; ignorance of learning ; specif., 
inability to read. 2. An error due to such ignorance. 

il-lit'er-ate (-at), a. [L. illiteratus ; il- not + literatus 
learned.] Ignorant of letters or books ; uneducated ; spe- 
cif., unable to read ; unlearned ; unrefined. — Syn. See 
ignorant. — n. One who is illiterate. ate-ness, n. 

ill'— na'tured, a. Of a bad temper ; cross ; surly ; spiteful. 
— ilF-na'tured-ly, adv. — ill'-na'tured-ness, n. 

ill'ness (Il'nes),n. 1. Wickedness ; disagreeableness. Obs. 
2. State of being ill or sick; disease; sickness; malady; 
indisposition. 

il-lo'cal (i-15'kal), a. [L. illocalis.] Not local ; not located 
in space. — il'lo-cal'i-ty (il'6-kal'i-ti), n. 

il-log'i-cal (i-loj'i-kdl) , a. Not observing the rules of logic or 
correct reasoning. log'i-cal-ly, adv. i-cal-ness, n. 

ill'— Starred', a. Born under, or having one's affairs con- 
trolled by, an evil star ; unlucky ; disastrous ; — a word 
arising out of astrological beliefs. 

ill'-tem'pered, a. 1. Unhealthy. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Of 
bad temper; morose; quarrelsome. 

ill'— timed' (ll'tlmd'), a. Done, attempted, or said at an 
unsuitable or unpropitious time ; unseasonable. 

ill' treat' (ll'tref), v. t. To treat cruelly or improperly. 

il-lude' (i-lud'), v. t.; il-lud'ed; -lud'ing. [L. illudere, 
illusum ; il- in + ludere to play.] To play upon by arti- 
fice ; deceive ; delude. Rare. 

il-lume' (i-lum'), v. t.; il-lumed' (-lumd'); il-lum'ing 
(-lum'Ing). To illuminate. Poetic. 

il-lu'mi-na-ble (Mu'mi-nd-b'l), a. Capable of being il- 
lumed or illuminated. 

il-lu'mi-nant (l-lii'mT-nant), n. That which gives light, 
esp. a material, as oil, from which light is produced. — a. 
Illuminating ; enlightening. 

il-lu'mi-nate (-mi-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat/ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. illuminatus, p. p. of illuminare ; il-\n + luminare 
to enlighten, lumen light.] 1. To make light ; light up ; 
enlighten. 2. To make plain or clear ; as, to illuminate a 
problem. 3. To render illustrious. 4. To decorate with 
artificial lights. 5. To adorn, as an initial letter or word 
with fanciful flourishes, etc., or a book or page with 
borders, initial letters, or miniature pictures, in colors and 
gold, as in medieval manuscripts. — v. i. To light up in 
token of rejoicing. 

— (-nat), a. Illuminated; enlightened. 

— n. One who is enlightened ; one of the illuminati. 
il-lu'mi-na'ti (-na'tl ; -na'te), n. pi.; sing, illuminato 

(-na'to). [L. illuminatus or It. illuminato. See illumi- 
nate, v. t .] Those having or claiming enlightenment ; as : 
a leap.] Eccl. Hist. Members of a sect which sprang up 
in Spain about the year 1575, claiming especial spiritual 
perfection, b [_cap.] Members of certain associations in 
modern Europe, who expected by social reforms to perfect 
men and society. C [cap.] The Hesychasts, Mystics, and 
Quietists. d [_cap.] The Rosicrucians. 
il-iu'mi-na'tion (-mi'-na'shi/n), n. Act of illuminating; 
state of being illuminated ; enlightenment ; specif. : a Spir- 
itual or mental enlightenment, b Adornment of a letter, 
manuscript, book, etc., with brilliant colors, gold, etc.; 



ale, senate, care, am, decount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ILLUMINATIVE 



493 



IMIDO 



also, the colors, designs, etc., used, c Festive lighting up of 
buildings, towns, etc. ; also, in pi., the lights, etc., used. 

il-lu'mi-na-tive (I-lu'mT-na-tiv), a. Tending to illuminate. 

U-lu'mi-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
illuminates ; as, a One who illuminates books, etc. b A 
condenser or reflector of light. 

il-lu'mine (I-lii'min), v. t. & i.; -mined (-mind) ; -min-ing. 
[F. illuminer.~\ To illuminate or to be illuminated. 

H-lu'mi-nism (i-lii'mi-nTz'm), n. The principles of the 
Illuminati. — Il-lu'mi-nist, n. 

ill'— use' (Il'uz'), v. t. To abuse ; misuse. 

il-lu'sion (l-lu'zhun), n. [F., fr. L. illusio, fr. illudere, 
illusum, to deceive.] 1. An unreal or misleading image 
presented to the vision ; a deceptive appearance. 2. Specif. : 
Psychol. A perception which fails to give the true character 
of an object perceived. Psychologists recognize normal il- 
lusions and -pathological illusions, the latter often not 
distinguishable from hallucinations. 3. State or fact of 
being deceived ; false impression ; delusion. 4. A delicate 
lace, for veils, etc. ; tulle. — Syn. See delusion. 

il-lu'sion-al (-al), a. Of the nature of illusion. 

il-lu'sion-ism (-Tz'm), n. Any doctrine which affirms that 
the phenomenal world is wholly illusory. 

il-lu'sion-ist (-Tst), n. 1. One given to illusion ; a visionary. 

2. An adherent of illusionism. 3. A conjurer. 
il-lu'sive (T-lu'sIv), a. Deceiving by false show ; unreal, 
il-lu'so-ry (-so-rT), a. Deceiving; fallacious; illusive. 
il-lus'trate (T-liis'trat ; il'us-trat), v. t. ; -trat-ed (-trat-ed) ; 

-trat-ing. [L. illustratus, p. p. of illustrare to illustrate, 
illustris bright.] 1. To make_ bright or clear ; illuminate. 
Obs. 2. To make clear or explain, as by figures or examples. 

3. To make illustrious. _ Obs. or R. 4. To provide or 
adorn, as a book, with pictures, etc. ; of pictures, etc., to 
elucidate or adorn. 

il'lus-tra'tion (Tl'us-tra'shim), n. 1. Act of illustrating ; 
state of being illustrated ; specif., a making illustrious ; 
elucidation. 2. That which illustrates ; a comparison or 
example. 3. A picture to elucidate or decorate a book, etc. 

il-lus'tra-tive (I-lus'tra-tiv ; ll'ws-tra-tlv), a. Tending or 
designed to illustrate. — il-lus'tra-tive-ly, adv. 

il-lus'tra-tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, illustrates. 

il-lus'tri-0US (I-lus'trT-ws), a. [L. illustris.'] 1. Lustrous; 
splendid. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Characterized by great- 
ness, nobleness, or the like ; eminent ; famous ; as, illus- 
trious men or deeds. — Syn. See eminent. — il-lUS'tri- 
ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

illy (Il'lT), adv. Badly; ill. Seenx, adv. 

Il-lyr'i-an (l-llr'i-an), a. Of or pert, to ancient Elyria, or 
its inhabitants. — n. 1. One of the race inhabiting ancient 
Illyria. 2. The language of the Illyrians. 

il'men-ite (Il'men-It), n. [From Ilmen K a chain of the 
Ural Mountains.] Min. An iron-black mineral, FeTiOa, a 
compound of iron, titanium, and oxvgen. 

I'lUS (I'lus), n. [L., fr. Gr. "IXos.] Gr. Myth. The grand- 
father of Priam, and founder of Troy, or Ilium. 

I'm (Im). Colloquial contraction of I am. 

im-. An assimilated form of in- not, or of L. or E. in- in ; 
sometimes for earlier em-. 

Lm'age (mi'aj), n. [F., fr. L. imago, imaginis."] 1. A 
representation or similitude ; esp., an imitation of a person 
or thing in the solid form; effigy; statue. Hence, ab- 
stractly : form ; appearance ; likeness. 2. Something rep- 
resenting another thing ; symbol ; representation. 3. A 
type ; embodiment ; as, she was the image of devotion. 4. 
A mental representation or picture ; conception ; idea. 5. 
An illusion ; apparition. Archaic. 6. A picture or optical 
counterpart of an object, such as is formed by reflection or 
refraction. A real image is formed by the light rays them- 
selves and can be received on a screen ; a virtual image is 
formed at an imaginary focus by prolongations of the rays. 
Syn. Image, effigy (in the sense of a sculptured, cast, or 
modeled representation or likeness, esp. of a person). Im- 
age now commonly suggests religious veneration ; effigy 
is commonly limited to images as sculptured (esp. on se- 
pulchral monuments) or engraved (esp. on coins), and to 
the phrase " to burn (or hang) in effigy." Otherwise, both 
words have been practically displaced by statue. 

— v.t.; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing (-t-jlng). 1. To represent 
or form an image of ; reflect ; as, the mirror imaged her 
figure. 2. To conceive ; imagine. 3. To describe or portray, 
esp. in a lively or graphic manner. 4. To typify ; as, the 
stream images our life. 

im'age-ry (-rl), n. 1. Images in general or in mass. 2. 
Mental images taken collectively ; broadly, work of the 
imagination or fancy. 3. Rhetorical decoration ; figures of 
speech collectively. 

im-ag'i-na-ble (I-maj'I-nd-b'l), a. Capable of being im- 

_ agined ; conceivable. — im-ag'i-na-bly, adv. 

im-ag'i-nal (-nal), a. Zo'dl. Of or pert, to an imago. 

im-ag'i-na-ry (-na-rT), a. Existing only in imagination or 
fancy ; fancied ; ideal ; — opposed to real. — im-ag'i-na- 
ri-ly, adv. — ri-ness, n. 



im-ag'i-na'tion (-na'shSn), n. 1. That power or function 
of the mind whereby we have ideal experience ; power oc 
process of having mental images or of forming ideal con- 
structions from images, concepts, and feelings. 2. A con- 
ception or imaging of some event ; a plot or scheme ; esp., 
a plotting or devising of evil. Archaic. 3. A mental image, 
conception, or notion; a creation of the mind ; esp., an ideal- 
ized or poetic creation ; also, a fanciful or vain notion. 
Syn. Imagination, fancy (in their application to artistic, 
esp. poetical, composition). Formerly, imagination and 
fancy were used without distinction. In present usage, im- 
agination connotes esp. the exercise of plastic or creative 
power ; fancy suggests the play of associations more re- 
mote, arbitrary, or capricious. 

im-ag'i-na'tion-al (l-maj'I-na'shSn-al), a. Pertaining to, 
involving, or caused by, the imagination. 

im-ag'i-na-tive (l-mayi-na-tlv), a. _ 1. Pert, to, proceed- 
ing from, or characterized by, imagination. 2. Given to 
imagining. — im-ag'i-na-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

im-ag'ine (T-maj'Tn), y. t.; -ined (-Ind) ; -in-ing. [F. im- 
aginer, L. imaginari, p. p. -natus, fr. imago image.] 1. 
To form a notion, or a mental image, of ; conceive. 2. To 
scheme ; devise ; purpose. 3. To suppose ; guess ; fancy ; 
as, he imagined they were friends. — Syn. Believe, opine, 
deem. See conceive. — v. i. 1. To form images or con- 
ceptions ; conceive ; exercise the imagination. 2. To fancy ; 
think ; suppose. 

i-ma'go (I-ma'go), n.; pi. E. -goes (-goz). L. imagines 
(i-maj'i-nez). [L.] 1. Image. 2. Final adult, and usually 
winged, state of an insect. 

i-mam' (I-mam'), i-maum' (T-mam'; -mom'), n. [Ar. 
imam leader.] 1. A Mohammedan priest. 2. Title of any 
of various Moslem leaders ; as : a The head of Islam, 
successor of Mohammed, b The caliph, c Any of the 
twelve heads of the Shiites, beginning with Ali. 

i-ma'ret (I-ma'ret), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. 'imarat.~] In Tur- 
key, a hospice. [embark, etc. I 

im-balm' (Im-b'am'), im-bark', etc. Vars. of embalm, | 

im-bathe' (-bath'), v. t. To bathe ; wash freely ; drench. 

im'be-cile (lm'be-sTl or, esp. British, Im'be-sel, lm'be'- 
sel'), a. [L. imbecillis, imbecillus.~] 1. Destitute of 
strength ; feeble ; esp., feeble-minded. 2. Stupid ; fatuous ; 
idiotic ; as, imbecile conduct. — n. An imbecile person. 

im'be-cil'i-ty (-sil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Quality of 
being imbecile ; weakness, esp. of mind. 2. Incapacity ; 
inability. 3. Foolishness ; absurdity ; fatuity. 

im-bed', v. t. To sink or lay as in a bed. See embed. 

im-bibe' (im-blb'), v. t. ; iM-BiBEry (-blbdOj-BiB'iNG^blb'- 
ing). [L. imbibere; im- in + bibere to drink.] 1. To 
saturate ; imbue ; soak ; steep. Obs. 2. To receive or ab- 
sorb into the mind and retain ; as, to imbibe knowledge. 
3. To drink or drink in : absorb ; assimilate. 

im-bib'er (-blb'er), n. One who, or that which, imbibes or 
drinks ; esp., a drinker of spirituous liquors. [ing.l 

im/bi-bi'tion (Im'bT-bish'im), n. Act or process of imbib-| 

im-bit'ter (im-bit'er), im-bod'y (-bod'i), im-bos'om 
(-b<56z'um), im-bow'er (-bou'er),etc. See embitter, etc. 

im'bri-cate (Im'bri-kat), v. t. & i.; -cat'ed (-kat'Sd); 
-CAT'iNGt-kat/ing). [L.imbricatus,rj.-p.oi im- 
bricare to tile, fr. imbrex, imbricis, a hollow 
tile, fr. imber rain.] To lay or lie in order, one 
lapping over another, as scales, involucral 
bracts, etc. ; overlap like tiles or shingles. 

im'bri-cate (-kat) \ a. Overlapping after 

im'bri-cat/ed (-kat'ed)/ the manner of tiles; 
characterized by overlapping scales, bracts, or 
leaves ; as, imbricate aestivation. — im'bri- 
cate-ly, adv. 

im'bri-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. An imbricating ; 
also, a part or decoration so formed. 

im-bro'glio (Im-brol'yo), n. ; pi. -glios (-yoz). 
[It.] 1. A confused pile. Rare. 2. An intri- 
cate or complicated situation ; also, a com- 
plicated and embarrassing state of things; 
serious misunderstanding. 

im-brown' (-broun'). v. t. To make brown. 

im-brue' (Tm-broo'), v. t.; -breed' (-brood') ; 
-bru'ing. [OF. embruver, embevrer to give to drink, soak. 
See en-, in- in ; beverage.] To stain ; drench ; — now of 
blood, gore, etc. 

im-brute' (im-broot'), v. t. & *.; -brut'ed (-broot'ed); 
-brut'ing. To degrade or sink to the state of a brute. 

im-bue' (Im-bu'), v. *.;im-bued' (-bud'); -bu'lng. [L. 
imbuere.~] To saturate ; impregnate ; permeate. 

im-burse' (Im-burs'), v. t. [im- in -f- burse.] To put into 
or as if into a purse ; store up. Rare. 

im'ide (Tm'Id; im'Td), n. Also imid. [From amide.] 
Chem. A compound of imidogen ; specif., a compound of 
imidogen with a bivalent acid radical. 

im'i-do (im'T-do; l-me'do), im'i-do-, a. & pre/. Chem, 
Pert, to, containing, or combined with, the bivalent radical 
NH, or imidogen (often called imido group). 




Imbricate 
Bud Scales. 



* 



J 



!< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. « equals. 



M 



IMIDOGEN 



494 



IMMORTAL 



I-mld'O-gen Of-mYd'S-jen),n. [imido- -+- hydrogen.] Chem. 
The bivalent radical NH, which is known only in combina- 
tion, and may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of 
which two hydrogen atoms have been removed, [copied. I 

im'i-ta-ble (Tm'I-td-b'l), a. Capable of being imitated or| 

im'i-tate (-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. imi- 
tatus, p. p. of imitari to imitate.] 1. To copy, or strive to 
copy ; assume the form or likeness of. 2. To«be or appear 
like ; resemble externally. 3. To mimic ; as, to imitate 
another's intonations ; specif., Biol., to mimic. 
Syn. Imitate, mimic, mock, ape (in the sense of copy- 
ing). Imitate is the general term; mimic implies exact 
imitation, esp. of voice, gesture, manner, etc., often_ in 
sport or ridicule ; to mock commonly adds the implication 
of derison or contempt ; to ape is to imitate servilely or 
with absurd pretension ; as, an affected imitating of Shakes- 
peare ; she mimics his manly stride ; they provoke him and 
mod his rage ; to ape the manners of the rich. 

im/i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of imitating. 2. That 
which is made or produced as a copy ; an artificial likeness ; 
a counterfeit. 3. Mus. The repetition of essentially the same 
melodic theme, phrase, or motive, on different degreesof 
pitch, in a different key, by one or more of the other voice 
parts, or with some modification of rhythm or intervals. — 
a. Imitating something superior ; as, imitation lace. 

im'i-ta-tive (im'i-ta-tiv), a. 1. Marked by imitation. 
2. Inclined to imitate, or copy ; given to imitation ; not 
original. 3. Imitation ; counterfeit. 4. Zool. Mimicking 
another species or certain of its characters, or an inanimate 
object. See mimic, v. t. — im'i-ta-tive-ness, n. 

im'i-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who imitates. 

im-mac'U-late (l-mak'u-lat), a. [L. immaculatus; im- 
not + maculatus, p. p., spotted.] 1. Spotless; pure. 
2. Without flaw, fault, or error. 3. Without spot or spots ; 
spotlessly clean ; as, his linen was immaculate. — im-mac'- 
u-late-ly, adv. — late-ness, n. 

Immaculate Conception, R. C. Ch., the miraculous con- 
ception by which the Virgin Mary is held to have been con- 
ceived without original sin, or the doctrine affirming this. 

im-mane' (i-man'), a. [L. immanisJ] Very great ; huge ; 
vast ; also, monstrous in character ; inhuman. Archaic. 

im'ma-nence (Im'd-nens) ) n. Immanent state, fact.orqual- 

im/ma-nen-cy (-nen-si) J ity ; inherence ; an indwelling. 

im'ma-nent (Tm'd-nent), a. [L. immanens, p. pr. of im- 
manere to remain in ; im- in + manere to remain.] Re- 
maining or operating within ; actually present in ; indwell- 
ing ; inherent ; often, of a mental act, confined to the 
consciousness or the mind ; subjective. 

Im-man'U-el (T-man'u-el), n. [Heb. 'immanuel ; 'im with 
+ anu us + el God.] Lit., God with us ; — a designation 
of Christ Is. vii. 14 ; Matt. i. 23. 

im'ma-te'ri-al (Tm'd-te'ri-al), a. 1. Not consisting of mat- 
ter ; incorporeal ; spiritual. 2. Of no substantial conse- 
quence ; unimportant. — im'ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 

im/ma-te'ri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Immaterial state or 
being. 2. Philos. The doctrine that external bodies are 
of the essence of mind. — im'ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. 

im'ma-te'ri-al'i-ty (-al'i-tT), n.; pZ. -ties (-tiz). State or 
quality of being immaterial ; also, something immaterial. 

im'ma-te'ri-al-ize (-Iz), v. t. To render immaterial. 

im'ma-ture' (-fur'), a. 1. Premature. Archaic. 2. Not 
mature ; not developed ; crude. 3. Phys. Geog. Youthful ; 
not yet advanced to a mature stage ; — ■ said of topography 
and topographic features, esp. valleys, drainage, etc., so 
long as most of the area concerned is well above base level. 
im/ma-ture'ly, adv. — im/ma-tu'ri-ty (-tu'rf-ti), n. 
■meas'ur-a-ble ( i-mezh'ur-d-b'l ; im-mezh'-; 87), a. 
Incapable of being measured ; illimitable. a-bly, adv. 

im-me'di-a-cy (T-me'di-d-sT), n. 1. A being immediate; 
freedom from intervention of a medium ; directness. 2. 
Philos. That which is not determined by previous experi- 
ence or by performed ideas ; also, the sensations, thoughts, 
and feelings of the moment. 

im-me'di-ate (-at), a. 1. Not mediate ; having no interme- 
diary or intermediation ; as : a Next in line or relation, b 
Acting without the intervention of another object, cause, or 
agency ; as, an immediate cause, c Direct ; intuitive"; as, 
immediate knowledge, d Intimately affecting ; primary ; 
as, immediate wants. 2. Not distant or separated in time 
or space ; hence : present ; instant ; also, Colloq., not far 
distant ; near. — Syn. Proximate, close. See direct. 

fan-me'di-ate-ly, adv. In an immediate manner ; -ar opp. to 
mediately. Specif. : a Without intermediary or interven- 
tion ; directly ; closely, b Without delay ; at once. — Syn. 
See directly. — conj. As soon as ; — elliptical for imme- 
diately that. 

fen-me'di-ate-ness, n. Quality or state of being immediate. 

im-med'i-ca-ble (T-med'i-kd-b'l), a. Incurable. ( 

Lm'me-mo'ri-al (Tm'8-mo'ri-al ; 57), a. Ancient beyond 
memory or record ; indefinitely ancient. al-ly, adv. 

hn-mense' (i-mens'),o. [~L.immensus ; im- not -\-mensus, 
p. p. of metiri to measure.] Immeasurable ; hence : vast ; 



im 



huge. — Syn. See enormous. — n. Immense space, e» 
tent, or number. — im-mense'ly, adv. 

im-men'si-ty (l-men'si-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State at 

_ quality of being immense ; hugeness ; vastness. 

im-men'su-ra-ble (i-men'shdt>-rd-b'l), a. [im- not -f-L. 
mensurabilis measurable.] Immeasurable. 

im-merge^i-murjO, v. t. & i. ; -merged' (-murjd') ; -merg'^ 
ing (-mur'jmg). [L., immergere immersus; im- in + 
mergere to dip.] To plunge into or under (a fluid, etc.). 

im-merse' (l-murs'), v. t.; -mersed' (-murst') ; -mers'ing. 
[See immerge.] 1. To plunge into (a fluid, etc.) ; dip ; sink. 
2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To engage deeply ; absorb. 

im-mersed' (i-murst'), p. «• 1- Bot. Growing wholly under 
water. 2. Biol. Embedded in, or sunk below the surface of, 

_ another part or organ. 

im-mer'sion (l-mur'shun), n. 1. An immersing. 2. Baptism 
by submersion of the person in water. 3. Astron. Disap- 
pearance of a celestial body, by passing either behind 
another or into its shadow. 

im-mer'sion-ism (-iz'm), n. Doctrine that immersion is 

_ essential in baptism ; practice of baptism by immersion. 

im-mesh' (i-mesh' ; im-mesh'). See enmesh. 

im'me-thod'i-cai (lm'e-thod'i-kdl ; Tm'me-), a. Not me- 

_ thodical ; confused. 

im/mi-grant (im'i-grant), n. One who immigrates. — Syn. 
See emigrant. — a. Immigrating. 

im'mi-grate (rgmt),v.i.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed); -grat'ing. 
[L. immigrare, -gratum, to immigrate ; im- in + migrare 
to migrate.] To come into a country of which one is not a 

_ native, for permanent residence. Cf . emigrate. 

im/mi-gra'iion (-gra'shun), n. 1. Act of immigrating ; en- 
trance into a country for permanent residence. 2. Immi- 
grants collectively ; also, the number of immigrants arriving 
during a given period. 

im/mi-nence (Tm'i-nens), n. 1. Condition or quality of 
being imminent ; a threatening, as of something about to 

_ happen. 2. That which is imminent ; as evil or danger. 

im/mi-nen-cy (-nen-si), n. Quality of being imminent. 

im'mi-nent (-nent), a. [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere 
to project ; im- in + minere (in comp.) to project.] 1. 
Threatening to occur immediately ; impending ; — usually 
used of evil or danger. 2. Overhanging. — -nent-Iy, adv. 
Syn. Imminent, impending. Imminent applies to that 
(esp. an evil) which threatens to happen immediately, or is 
about to happen ; that is impending which hangs sus- 
pended, it may be indefinitely, over one ; as, discovery was 
imminent; an impending storm. [intermingle.! 

im-min'gle (l-mig'g'l ; im-min/g'l), v. t. & i. To blend ;| 

im-mis'ci-ble (i-mls'T-b'l), a. Not miscible. 

im-mis'sion (i-mish'un), n. [L. immissio. See tmmit.] 
Act of immitting ; — correlative of emission. 

im-mit'i-ga-ble (l-mit'i-gd-b'l), a. [L. immitigabilis ; fr. 
im- not -f- mitigare to mitigate.] Not capable of being 
mitigated^ — ^im-mit'i-ga-bly, adv. 

im-mix' (l-miks' ; lm-miks'), v. t. & i. [From immixt, 
p. p.] To mix intimately ; mingle. 

im-mixt' (i-miksf), p. a. [L. immixtus, p. p. of immis- 
cere ; im- in + miscere to mix.] Mixed intimately. Rare. 

im-mix'ture (l-miks'tyr), «. An immixing; an intimate 
mixture or mingling ; commingling. 

im-mo'bile (i-mo'bll), a. [L. immobilis."] Immovable; 
fixed; also, motionless. — im'mo-bil'i-ty (im'6-bTl'i-ti), n. 

im-mo'bi-li-za'tion (l-mo'bi-li-za'shun ; -li-za'shwn), n. 
Act of immobilizing ; also, Finance, immobilized specie. 

im-mo'bi-lize (l-mo'bi-llz), v. t. [im- in + mobilize.'] To 
make immobile ; specif. : a Surg. To make immovable, as a 
joint, by the use of splints or stiffened bandages, b Finance. 
To withhold (specie) from circulation as security for other 
money ; convert (circulating capital) into fixed capital. 

im-mod'er-ate (l-mod'er-at), a. Not moderate; unreason- 
able ; extreme. — Syn. Exorbitant, extravagant, intem- 
perate, inordinate. See excessive. ate-ly, adv. 

im-mod'er-a'tion (l-mod'er-a'shwn), n. Want of modera- 
tion; excess. 

im-mod'est (l-mod'est), a. Not modest ; forward ; bold ; in- 
decent ; indelicate ; lewd. — Syn. Indecorous, shameless, 
shameful, impudent, impure, unchaste, obscene. — im- 
mod'est-ly, adv. — im-mod'es-ty (-es-ti), n. 

im'mo-late (Tm'6-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat/ing/. 
[L. immolatus, p. p. of immolare to sacrifice, orig., toi 
sprinkle with sacrificial meal ; im- in + mola meal mixed^ 
with salt.] To sacrifice; now used only in the sense, to] 
kill as a sacrificial victim. 

im'mo-la'tion ( -la'shun ), n. An immolating ; state of 
being immolated ; also, that which is immolated. 

im'mo-la'tor (Tm'6-la'ter), n. One who immolates. 

im-mor'al (i-mor'al), a. Not moral ; contrary to conscience 
or morality ; licentious. — im-mor'al-ly, adv. 

im'mo-ral'i-ty (lm'S-ral'I-ti),™.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being immoral; vice; wickedness; specify 
unchastity ; also, an immoral act or practice ; a vice. 

im-mor'tal (i-mSr'tal), a. 1. Not mortal ; undying ; evet- 



Stei senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



IMMORTALITY 



495 



IMPEARL 



lasting. 2. Of or pert, to immortality. 3. Imperishable. — 
Syn. Eternal, continual, enduring, endless, deathless. 

— n. 1. An immortal being ; esp., in pi., Class. Myth., the 
gods. 2. a In pi. Troops regarded as immortal in some 
way, as the royal bodyguard of ancient Persia, whose num- 
ber was always kept full, b One, esp. an author, whose fame 
is lasting. — im-mor'tal-ly, adv. 

im'mor-tal'i-ty (lm'or-tal'i-tT), n. Quality or state of be- 
ing immortal ; unending life or existence. 

im-mor'tal-ize (l-mor'tdl-Iz), v. t. To render immortal. 

im'mor-telle' (Tm'or-tel'), n. [F.] = everlasting, n., 3. 

im-mo'tile (T-mo'til), a. Incapable of movement. 

im-mov'a-bil'i-ty (T-moov'd-bil'T-ti), n. Quahty or state 
of being immovable. 

im-mov'a-ble (T-m6ov'd-b'l), a. 1. Incapable of being 
moved ; as : a Stationary, b Steadfast ; unyielding, c Im- 

Eassive. 2. Law. Not liable to be removed ; permanent ; 
xed. — n. 1. That which cannot be moved. 2. In pi. 
Law. Lands and things adherent thereto. 

im-mov'a-ble-ness, n. Immovability. 

im-mov'a-bly, adv. In an immovable manner ; so as to be 
or become immovable. 

im-mune' (i-mun'), o. [L. immunis free, as from a tax ; 
im- not-\-munis complaisant.] Exempt ; specif., protected 
against some disease, as by inoculation. — n. One who is 
immune ; esp., a person who is immune from a (certain) 
disease. 

im-mu'ni-ty (T-mu'nT-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Freedom 
or exemption, esp. from a charge, duty, tax, or service ; 
also, a particular privilege. 2. State of resisting the develop- 
ment of disease. — Syn. See exemption. 

im-mun'ize (l-mun'iz ; lm'u-niz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd ; nTzd), 
-iz-rNG (-Iz-Tng; -nlz'ing). To render immune. — im- 
mun'i-za'tion (l-mun'i-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), n. 

im'mu-nol'o-gy (lm^u-nol'o-ji), n. The study or science 
of producing immunity to disease. 

im-mure'(i-mur'), v.t. ; -mured' (-murd') ;-MUR'rNG(-muj'- 
Ing). [LL. immurare ; im- in + L. murus wall.] 1. To in- 
close within walls ; shut up. 2. To build into a wall ; en- 
tomb. — Syn. See imprison. — mure'ment (-ment), n. 

iin-mu'si-cal (l-mu'zi-kal ; Tm-mu'-), a. Unmusical. 

im-mu'ta-bil'i-ty (l-mu'td-bil'I-ti), n. State or quality 
of being immutable. 

im-mu'ta-ble (i-mu'td-b'l),a. Notmutable ; unchangeable. 
— im-mu'ta-ble-ness, n. — im-mu'ta-bly, adv. 

imp (imp), n. [ME., a graft, AS. impa.~\ 1. An offspring ; 
child ; scion. Archaic. 2. A little or inferior devil ; a little, 
malignant spirit. 3. A mischievous child. — v. t. 1. To in- 
graft. Archaic. 2. Falconry. To graft or repair (a wing, 
tail, or feather) with a feather or feathers. 3. To fasten 
(wings) on, or equip (one) with wings. Archaic. 

im-pact' (Im-pakt'), v. t. [L. impactus, p. p. of impingere. 
See impinge. J To drive or press close ; pack ; wedge. 

im/pact ( fm'pakt ), n. 1. An impinging ; a striking to- 
gether. 2. Specif. : Mech. Act of impinging, as of a stream 
of water against a vane ; also, the single instantaneous 
stroke of a body in motion against another body. 

im-pac'tion (nn-pak'shun), n. Act of becoming, or state of 

_ being, impacted. 

im-pair' (im-par'), v. t. [OF. empeirier, fr. LL. impejo- 
rare ; L. im- in + pejorare to make worse, pejor worse.] 
To make worse ; diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or 
strength. — Syn. Decrease, deteriorate, reduce, weaken ; 
damage, mar. — n. Impairment ; deterioration ; Archaic. 

im-pair'ment (-ment), n. Act of impairing ; also, state or 
fact of being impaired. 

im-pale' (Tm-pal'),v. t. ; im-paled' (-paid') ; -pai/ing (-pair- 
ing). [OF. & F. empaler, em- (L. in) -\- pal a pale, stake.] 
1. To inclose with pales ; surround ; hem in. Now Rare. 2. 
To surround or encircle by way of adornment. Archaic. 3. 
Her. To join or conjoin (two coats of arms) on one shield 
side by side, separated palewise. 4. To pierce as with a 
pale ; torture or punish by fixing on a sharp stake. 

im-pale'ment (-ment), n. Act of impaling; state or fact 
of being impaled. 

im-paTpa-bil'i-ty (-pal'pd-bTFT-tf), n. Quality or state of 
being impalpable. 

im-pal'pa-ble (im-pal'pd-b'l), a. 1. Not palpable ; that 
cannot be felt ; also, extremely fine. 2. Incorporeal. 3. Not 
readily apprehensible ; as, impalpable distinctions.- — Syn. 
See intangible. — im-pal'pa-bly, adv. 

im-pa'nate (Tm-pa'nat), a. [LL. impanatus, p. p. of im- 
panare to impanate ; L. im- in + panis bread.] Embodied 
in bread, esp. of the Eucharist. 

im'pa-na'tion (Tm/pd-na'shiin), n. Eccl. The presence or 
inclusion of Christ's material body in the bread of the Eu- 
charist without change in its nature ; — distinguished from 
transubstantiation and akin to consubstantiation. 

im-pan'el (-pan'el), v. t. To enter in or on a panel (list) ; 
enroll. [make supremely happy; transport.] 

irn-par'a-dise (Ym-par'd-dls), v. t. To put in paradise;! 

im-par'i-ty (lm-par'i-ti), n. Inequality; disparity. 



im-park' (Ym-park'), v. t. [im- in + park."] 1. To inclose 
or confine in a park ; inclose or shut up. 2. To inclose for a 
park, as woods. — im/par-ka'tion (lm'par-ka'shiin), n. 

im-parl' (im-parl'), v. i. [OF. emparler; em- (L. in) + 
parler to speak. See in, prep.; parley.] 1. To hold 
discourse ; parley. 06s. 2. Law. To have an imparlance. 

im-par'lance (-par'ldns), n. 1. Mutual discourse; confer- 
ence. Obs. 2. Law. Time given to a party before pleading, 
originally for amicable adjustment ; hence : the delay or 
continuance of a suit, or a petition or leave for such a delay. 

im-part' (-part'), v. t. [OF. impartir, L. impartire ; im- 
in + partire. See part, v.] 1. To bestow a share of ; 
allow another to partake in ; share ; communicate ; as, 
the sun imparts warmth. 2. To communicate the knowl- 
edge of ; tell ; as, to impart news. — v. i. To give a part 
or share ; give. [partment.l 

im'par-ta'tion (Tm'par-ta'shun), n. Act of imparting ; im-j 

im-part'er, n. One who, or that which, imparts. 

im-par'tial (-par'shdl), a. Not partial; unbiased; just. 

— Syn. See fair. — im-par'tial-ly, adv. 
im-par'ti-al'i-ty (lm-paVshT-al'i-t! ; lm'par-shal'T-ti), n. 

Quality of being impartial ; fairness. tial-ness, n. 

im-part'i-ble (Tm-paVt!-b'l), a. [im- not + partible.'] Not 

subject to partition ; indivisible, as an estate. — im-partl- 

bil'i-ty C-btl'i-ti), n. 
im-part'i-ble, a. [From impart.] Capable of being im- 
_ parted. — im-part'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tT), n. [tion.l 

im-part'ment (-part'ment), n. Act of imparting ; imparta-J 
im-pass'a-bil'i-ty (-pas'd-bil'T-ti), n. Quality or state of 
_ being impassable, or an instance of it. 
im-pass'a-ble (-pas'd-b'l), a. Incapable of being passed or 

traversed ; not admitting a passage. ble-ness, n. 

|| im'passe'^ (aN'pas' ; E. lm-pas'), n. ; pi. impasses (Sn'- 

paV; lm-pas'ez; 24). [F.] An impassable road or way ; a 

blind alley ; fig., a position affording no escape. 
im-pas'si-bil'i-ty (lm-pasT-biFI-ti), n. Quality or state 

of being impassible. 
im-pas'si-ble (-paVi-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. impassibilis ; 

im- not _+ passibilis passible.] 1. Incapable of suffering ; 

inaccessible to pain or harm. 2. Unfeeling; impassive. 

— im-pas'si-ble-ness, n. — im-pas'si-bly, adv. 

Syn. Impassible, impassive are often used without dis- 
tinction. But impassible oftener suggests incapability 
of injury, feeling, or emotion ; impassive emphasizes rather 
the condition of one who feels or shows no emotion, without 
necessary implication of insusceptibility ; as, he is utterly 
impassible, cold and resolute, like fate ; his impassive face 
betrayed no anger. See passive. [passion. I 

im-pas'sion (-pash'iin), v. t. To fill or affect strongly with| 

im-pas'sion-ate, a. [im- not + passionate."] Without 
passion or feeling. Rare. [ate. I 

im-pas'sioned (-und), p. a. Ardent.— Syn. See passion-| 

im-pas'sive (-pas'iv), a. 1. Insusceptible of pain or suffer- 
ing. 2. Insensible ; inanimate. 3. Unsusceptible of injury ; 
invulnerable. 4. Unimpressionable ; apathetic. — Syn. 
See impassible, passive. — im-pas'sive-ly, adv. — inL 
pas'sive-ness, im'pas-siv'i-ty (Im'pa-siv'i-ti), n. 

im-paste' (im-past'), v.t. [It. impastare. See in- in; 
paste.] 1. To inclose as in a paste. 2. To make into paste ; 
to concrete. 3. To lay on or spread thickly, as color. 

im-pas'to (im-pas'to), n. [It.] Paint. The layer of pig- 
ment as laid on the canvas or panel ; hence, the handling or 
manner of painting peculiar to an artist. [patient. I 

im-pa'tience (-pa'shens), n. Quality or state of being im-( 

im-pa'ti-ens (-sM-enz), n. [L., impatient.] Bot. Any of a 
genus (Impatiens) of annual balsaminaceous plants, hav- 
ing very irregular flowers, as the common, or garden, bal- 
sam. The capsule has five elastic valves, which burst with 
great force when ripe. 

im-pa'tient^shent), a. 1. Not patient; esp., restless be- 
cause of pain, delay, or opposition ; uneasy. 2. Prompted 
by or indicating impatience. — Syn. Restless, eager, pre- 
cipitate, hasty, intolerant ; irritable, fretful, peevish, testy, 
choleric. — im-pa'tient-ly, adv. 

im-pav'id (lm-pav'id), a. [L. impavidus; im- not + 
pavidus timid.] Fearless. Rare. pav'id-ly, adv. Rare. 

im-pawn' (im-p6n , ) > v. t. To put in pawn ; pledge. 

im-peacb/ (-pech 7 ), v. t. [OF. empeechier to prevent, hin- 
der, L. impedicare to entangle ; im- in + pedica fetter, 
pes, pedis, foot.] 1. To bring an accusation against ; spe- 
cif., to charge with a crime or misdemeanor ; esp., to charge 
(a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbe- 
havior in office. 2. To impute some fault to ; as, to impeach 
one's motives ; specif., to challenge or discredit the credi- 
bility of, as a witness. 

— n. = impeachment. Rare. — im-peacb/a-bil'i-ty, n. 

im-peach'a-ble, a. Capable of being impeached ; liable to 
impeachment. 

im-peach'er, n. One who impeaches. 

im-peach'ment (-m&t), n. Act of impeaching. 

im -pearl' (-purl'), v. t. To form into or as into pearls; 
form of pearls ; adorn with or as with pearls. Poetic. 









1 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh°z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to PronunciatieBi 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with, a equals. 



M 



IMPECCABILITY 



496 



IMPETUOUSNESS 



k. 



Im-pec / ca-l)il , i-ty (Tm-peVd-biVY-tT), to. Quality of being 
impeccable. 

im-pec'ca-ble (Ym-pek'd-b'l), a. [L. impeccabilis ; im- 
not + peccare to err, sin.] Not liable to sin ; incapable of 
wrong ; free from fault or error. — n. One who is impec- 
cable. — im-pec'ca-bly, adv. 

im-pec'cant (-pek'dnt), a. Sinless ; inerrant. 

im-pec'can-cy (-dn-si), to. Quality of being impeccant 
inerrancy. [ey ; poverty. 

im'pe-CU'ni-OS'i-ty (Tm'pe-ku'm-os'i-ti), to. Lack of mon- 

im'pe-CU'ni-OUS (-nl-us), a. {L.im- -f pecunia money/ 
Not having money ; habitually without money ; penniless. 

im-ped'ance (Im-ped'ans), n. Elec. In an electric circuit, 
the apparent resistance to the flow of an alternating cur- 
rent, analogous to the actual resistance to a direct current. 

im-pede' (im-ped'), v. t.; -ped'ed (-ped'ed) ; -ped'ing. [L. 
impedire, lit., to entangle the feet ; im- in + pes, pedis, 
foot.] To obstruct ; hinder. — im-ped'er (im-ped'er), to. 

im-pe'di-ent (im-pe'di-ent), a. Impeding; hindering; ob- 
structive. 

im-ped'i-ment (-ped'T-ment), to. [L. impedimentum.'] 
1. Obstruction ; that which impedes. 2. Law. A cause or 
fact which prevents the formation of a valid marriage. 3. 
A bodily defect. 06s., exc. of obstructions to speech. — 
Syn. Hindrance, obstacle. See difficulty. 

im-pedl-men'ta (-ped'i-men'td),. to. pi. [L.] Things 
that impede ; encumbrances ; baggage ; Mil., supply trains. 

im-ped'i-tive (lm-ped'i-tTv), a. Hindering; obstructive. 

im-pel'(-pel'), v. t. ; -PELLED^-peld') ; : pel'ling. [L. impel- 
ler e; im- in + pellere, pulsum, to drive.] To urge forward 
or on ; give an impulse to ; drive ; force. — Syn. Instigate, 
induce, influence, actuate. See move. — im-pel'ler, to. 

im-pel'lent (-ent), a. Impelling. — n. An impelling agent, 
force, or the like. 

im-pend' (-pend'), v. i. [L. impendere ; im- in -f- pendere 
to hang.] To hang or be suspended (over) ; be imminent. 

un-pend'ence (-pen'dens), im-pend'en-cy (-den-si), to. 
Quality or state of impending ; also, that which impends. 

im-pend'ent (-dent), o. Impending; threatening. Rare. 

im-pend'ing, p. a. Threatening. — Syn. See imminent. 

Un-pen'e-tra-bil'i-ty (-pen'e-trd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being impenetrable ; specif., Physics, that prop- 
erty in virtue of which two portions of matter cannot oc- 
cupy the same portion of space at the same time. 

im-pen'e-tra-ble (-pen'e-trd-b'D, a. 1. Incapable of being 
pierced ; impervious. 2. Incapable of being comprehended ; 
unfathomable. 3. Inaccessible, as to reason, sympathy, 
etc. ; as, an impenetrable mind or heart. # 4. Physics. Hav- 
ing the property of impenetrability. — im-pen'e-tra-ble- 
ness, n. — im-pen'e-tra-bly, adv. 

im-pen'i-tence (-pen'i-tens), im-pen'i-ten-cy (-ten-si), n. 
Fact, quality, or state of being impenitent. 

im-pen'i-tent (-pen'I-tent), a. Not penitent ; not contrite ; 
having no sorrow for sin. — im-pen'i-tent-ly, adv. 

im-pen'nate (Tm-pen'at), a. Zo'dl. Having rudimentary 
wings, as the penguins. 

im-per'a-tive (-per'd-tlv), a. [L. imperativus,ix. imperare 
to command.] 1. Gram. Expressive of command, entreaty, 
advice, or exhortation ; as, the imperative mood. 2. Ex- 
pressive of, or of the nature of, command ; directive ; com- 
manding ; authoritative. 3. Not to be avoided or evaded ; 
urgent ; obligatory ; binding ; as, an imperative duty. 
Syn. Peremptory, imperious, dictatorial, positive, over- 
bearing, domineering, arrogant. — Imperative, peremp- 
tory, imperious. That is imperative which expresses 
command ; that is peremptory which is positive or dicta- 
torial, esp. in command ; imperious emphasizes the idea of 
arrogance ; as, conscience is imperative ; the judge peremp- 
torily forbade talking ; "imperious old Louis XIV." 

— n. 1. Gram. The imperative mood ; also, a verb or 
verbal form denoting it. 2. Something, as an act, speech, 
or condition, which is imperative ; a command. 

im-per'a-tive-ly, adv. In an imperative manner. 

im-per'a-tive-ness, to. Quality or state of being imperative. 

im'pe-ra'tor (Tm'pe-ra'tor), to. [L.] Commander ; emperor. 

im-per'a-to/ri-al (im-per'd-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. 1. Of, pert, to, 
or befitting an imperator ; imperial. 

im'per-cep'ti-ble (im'per-sep'ti-b'1), a. Not perceptible, 
physically or mentally; hence, very slight, gradual, or 
subtle. — im'per-cep'ti-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), im'per-cep'ti- 
ble-ness, n. — im'per-cep'ti-bly, adv. 

im'per-cep'tive ( -tiv ), a. Not perceptive ; unperceiving. 

im-per'fect (lm-pur'fekt), a. 1. Not perfect ; incomplete ; 
defective. 2. Law. Not enforceable ; having no sanction. 
imperfect flower, Bot„ a diclinous flower. — i. tense, 
Gram., a tense expressing action or state (esp. past) as in- 
complete or in continuance at the time denoted. 

— n. Gram. The imperfect tense, or a verb or verbal form 
denoting it. 

im'per-fec'tion (Tm'per-fek/shSn), to. Quality or state of 
being imperfect ; deficiency ; fault ; blemish. — Syn. De- 
fect, incompleteness, failing, weakness, frailty, foible, flaw. 

im-per'fect-ly (-pur'fekt-li), adv. In an imperfect manner. 



im-per/fect-ness, to. Quality or state of being imperfect. 

im-per'f O-rate (Im-pur'fo-rat) \ a. Not perforated ; having 

im-per'fo-rat'ed (-rat'ed) / no aperture. 

im-per'fo-ra'tion (-ra'shjin), n. State of being without 
perforation, or a case of it. 

im-pe'ri-al (lm-pe'rf-dl), a. [OF., fr. L. imperialis, it. im- 
perium. See empire.] 1. Of or pert, to an empire or em- 
peror. 2. Of or pert, to a state as sovereign and as supreme 
over colonies, etc. 3. Sovereign ; supreme. 4. Of superior 
size or excellence. 5. Designating the weights and measures 
established by law in the United Kingdom. 

— n. 1. leap.'] An adherent of the Holy Roman emperor, 
or a soldier of his troops. 2. A Russian gold coin now worth 
15 rubles ($7,718). 3. An article of unusual size or excel- 
lence, esp. : a A size of paper, b A size or kind of slate. 
4. The top or roof of a carriage, esp. of a diligence. 5. A 
pointed tuft of hair on a man's chin. 

im-pe'ri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Imperial government, au- 
thority, or system. 2. The policy or practice of seeking to 
extend the control or empire of a nation. 

im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. An adherent of an emperor ; an advo- 
cate ofimperialism. — im'pe'ri-al-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. 

im-pe'ri-al-ly, adv. In an imperial manner. 

im-per/il (-per'il), v. %.; -iled (-Tld) or -iixed; -il-ing or 

_ -il-ling. To bring into peril ; endanger. 

im-pe'ri-OUS (-pe'ri-iis), o.[L. imperiosus."] 1. Arrogant; 
overbearing. 2. Imperative ; urgent ; compelling. — Syn. 
See imperative. — im-pe'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

im-per'ish-a-ble (Tm-per'ish-d-b'l), a. Not perishable; 
indestructible. — im-per'ish-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), im- 
per'ish-a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

im-pe'ri-umdm-pe'ri-um), n.; pi. -peria (-d). [L. com- 
mand ; empire.] 1. Supreme power ; absolute dominion ; 
empire. 2. Law. Right to command ; right to employ the 
force of the state to enforce the laws. 

im-per'ma-nence (-pur'md-nens) 1 n. Quality or state of be- 

im-per'ma-nen-cy (-md-nen-sT) / ing impermanent ; also, 
something that is impermanent. 

im-per'ma-nent, a. Not permanent. 

im-per'me-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Not permeable ; impervious. 
— im-per'me-a-bil'i-ty (-me-d-bil'i-ti), n. 

im-per'son-al ( : s«n-dl), a. Not personal ; as : a Gram. 
Of verbs, denoting the action of an unspecified agent, and 
hence used with no subject or an indefinite one ; as, it 
snows, b Without personal reference or connection ; as, 
impersonal love. C Not representing, or existing as, a 
person ; as, an impersonal deity. 

— n. That which is impersonal ; an impersonal verb. — im- 
per'son-al'i-ty (-51'i-ti), n. — im-per'son-al-ly, adv. 

im-per'son-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To 
personify ; typify. 2. To assume or act the person or 
character of ; personate. — a. Invested with personality ; 

_ embodied in a person. 

im-per/son-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. An impersonating; state 
of being impersonated ; dramatic representation ; acting. 

im-per'son-a'tor, n. One who impersonates. 

im-per'ti-nence (Im-pur'ti-nens), n. 1. Fact, state, or 
quality of being impertinent ; as : a Irrelevance ; unfit- 
ness ; impropriety, b Incivility ; insolence. 2. That which 
is impertinent _; a case or instance lacking pertinence ; as : 
a Something irrelevant or trivial, b An impertinent or 
uncivil act. [pertinence.! 

im-per'ti-nen-cy (-nen-sT), n.; pi. -nencies (-sYz). Im-| 

im-per'ti-nenK-nent), a. 1. Not pertinent; not to the point; 
irrelevant. 2. Incongruous ; inappropriate. 3. Guilty of, or 
prone to, rudeness ; insolent. — Syn. Rude, saucy_, unman- 
nerly, disrespectful, impudent. See officious. — im-per'- 
ti-nent-ly, adv. 

im'per-turb'a-bil'i-ty (im / per-tur / bd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality 
or state of being imperturbable. 

im'per-turb'a-ble (im'per-tur'bd-b'1), a. Incapable of be- 
ing disturbed ; calm ; serene. — Syn. See cool. — im'per- 
turb'a-ble-ness, n. — im'per-turb'a-bly, adv. 

im-per'tur-ba'tion (Tm-pur'ter-ba'shwn), n. Freedom from 
agitation or perturbation ; calmness ; quietude. 

im-per'vi-a-ble (lm-pur'vT-d-b'l), a. Impervious. 

im-per'vi-OUS (lm-pur'vi-wsha. Not pervious ; impenetra- 
ble. — im-per'vi-ous-ly, adv. — im-per'vi-ous-ness, n. 

im'pe-ti'go (im / pe"-ti , go), n. [L., fr. impetere to attack.] 
Med. A cutaneous pustular eruption ; usually, a kind of ec- 
zema with pustulation. — im'pe-tig'i-nous (-tij'i-niis), o. 

im'pe-trate (im'pe"-trat), v. t. ; -trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; -trat'- 
ing. [L. impetratus, p. p. of impetrare to obtain ; im- in 
+ patrare to bring to pass.] 1. To obtain by entreaty. 
2. To entreat; beseech. — im'pe-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 

im-pet'u-OS'i-ty (Ym-pgt$-os'i-ti),n.;pZ.-TrES (-tfz). Im- 
petuous state or quality ; an impetuous action. 

im-pet'u-OUS (-pStljl-iis). [F. impHueux, fr. L. impetuo- 
sus. See impetus.] 1. Rushing with violence ; furious ; vio- 
lent. 2. Vehement in feeling ; hastily or rashly energetic ; 

passionate. — im-pet'u-ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

»yn. Eager, precipitate, hasty, headlong ; vehement, 



ale, senate, care, am, efceount, arm, ask, sofa; 5ve, fcvent end, recent, maker; ice, III; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



IMPETUS 



497 



IMPOSE 



i 



fierce, raging, ardent, fervid. — Impetuous, vehement 
agree in the idea of energetic action. Impetuous empha- 
sizes the idea of eager, hasty, or headlong impulse ; vehe- 
ment, that of ardent, violent, or passionate feeling ; as, 
or his impetuous blow, he later felt vehement regret. 

im'pe-tUS (im'pe-tus), to. [L., fr. impetere to rush upon, 
attack ; im- in -j- peter e to fall upon, seek.] 1. The prop- 
erty possessed by a moving body in virtue of its weight and 
its motion ; momentum. 2. Impulse ; incentive ; stimulus. 
Syn. Impetus, momentum. Momentum is the tech- 
nical, impetus the popular, term, but impetus commonly 
indicates the origin and intensity of the motion, rather 
than its quantity or effectiveness. [AfricaA 

im'pi (-pi), n. [Zulu.] A body of Kafir warriors. South\ 

im-pi'e-ty (Im-pl'e"-ti), to. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality of be- 
ing impious ; irreverence ; ungodliness. 2. An impious act. 

im-pig'no-rate (-pig'no-rat), v. t. [LL. impignoratus, 
p. p. of impignorare. See pignorate.J To pledge ; pawn ; 
mortgage. — im-pig'no-ra'tion (-ra'shtm), to. 

im-pinge' (Ym-pinj'), v.i.; -pinged' (-plnjd') ; -ping'ing 
(-pin'jlng). [L. impingere ; im- in + pangere to fix, 
strike.] 1. To strike or dash (on, upon, against), esp. with 
sharp collision of waves of sound, light, etc. ; to come 
sharply (on or upon). 2. To encroach; infringe; as, to 
impinge on justice. — im-pinge'ment, n. 

im'pi-ous (Im'pl-iis), a. Not pious ; wanting in reverence 
for the Supreme Being ; profane. — Syn. See irreli- 
gious. — im'pi-ous-ly, adv. — im'pi-ous-ness, to. 

imp'ish (Tm'plsh), a. Having the characteristics of an imp ; 
esp., mischievous. — imp'ish-ly, adv. — imp'ish- ness, n. 

im-pla'ca-ble (im-pla'kd-b'l), a. Not placable ; inexorable ; 
relentless. — im-pla'ca-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-tl), im-pla'ca-ble- 
ness, to. — im-pla'ca-bly, adv. 

lm'pla-cen'tal (lm'pld-sen'tdl), a. Zool. a Having no 
placenta, b Belonging to a primary division (Implacen- 
talia) of the mammals, including the monotremes and mar- 
supials, most of which have no placenta. 

im-plant' (-plant'), v. t. To plant or set securely or deeply ; 
hence, to instill or inculcate thoroughly. — Syn. Intro- 
duce, ingraft, infix, impress, insinuate, inspire, infuse. 

im'plan-ta'tion (Im'plan-ta'sh&n), to. An implanting; 
grafting. [ble. — im-plaus'i-bly, adv.\ 

im-plau'si-ble (Ym-plo'zi-b'l), a. Not plausible or accepta-| 

im-plead' (-pled'), v. t. & i. 1. To sue at law; accuse. 
2. To plead, as a plea or a cause. 

im-pledge' (im-plej'), v. t. To pledge; pawn. 

im/ple-ment (lm'ple-ment), to. [LL. implementum accom- 
plishment, L. implere,-pletum, to fill up, finish ; im- in + 
plere to fill.] That which fulfills or supplies a want or use ; 
esp., an instrument, tool, or utensil used by man to accom- 
plish a given work ; as, the implements of trade, of hus- 
bandry, or of war. 

Syn. Implement, tool, utensil, instrument suggest 
relatively simple construction and personal manipulation. 
Implement and tool are often interchangeable. But imple- 
ment is the broader term, often implying that by which any 
operation is carried on ; tool commonly suggests the imple- 
ments of a craftsman or laborer. Utensil applies esp. to the 
implements of the kitchen ; as, cooking utensils. Instru- 
ment implies more delicate operations than tool ; as, surgi- 
cal instruments, astronomical instruments, a draftsman's in- 
struments. Instrument and tool (the latter in this sense always 
a term of contempt) are also applied fig. to one made use of 
to serve another's purpose. 

— v. t. 1. To accomplish ; fulfill ; complete ; carry out. 2. 
To provide with an implement or implements. 

im-ple'tion (Im-ple'shim), to. _ [L. impletio. See imple- 
ment.] A filling ; state of being full ; that which fills. 

Im'pli-cate (Im'pli-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed ( : kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. implicatus, p. p. of implicate to involve; im- in + 
plicare to fold.] 1. To fold or twist together ; interweave. 
2. To imply. 3. To bring into intimate or incriminating 
connection ; involve. — Syn. See involve. 

im pli-ca'tion (lm'pli-ka'shim), to. 1. Act of implicating ; 
state of being implicated. 2. That which is implied or 
involved; inference. — im/pli-ca'tion-al (-51), a. 

im'pli-ca-tive (-ka-tiv), a. Tending to implicate or imply. 

im-plic'it (lm-plls'it), a. [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicate 
to entwine.] 1. Entangled ; involved. Obs. 2. Tacitly com- 
prised ; fairly to be understood, though not expressed ; im- 
plied; as an implicit agreement. 3. Involved in the nature 

: or being of something, though not shown or expressed ; ex- 
isting but not clear or formulated ; as, implicit desires. 4. 
Unquestioning; unreserved; as, implicit faith. — im- 
plic'it-ly, adv. — im-plic'it-ness, to. 

im-plied' (im-plTd'), p. a. Virtually involved or included; 
inferential ; — correlative of express or expressed. 

im-plode' (-plod'), v. i. [im- in -f- L. plodere, plaudere, to 
clap.] To burst inward. — v. t. Phon. To form or utter 
with implosion. [supplication. I 

im'plo-ra'tion (Ym'plS-ra'shftn), to. An imploring ; earnest! 

im-plorej (im-plor'; 57), v. t.; -plored' (-plord') ; -plor'- 
ing (-plor'Ing). [L. implorare ; im- in -f- plorare to cry 



aloud.] To call upon or for in supplication ; beseech ; en- 
treat ; beg. — Syn. Supplicate, crave, pray, adjure. See 
beg. — im-plor'er (-plor'er), to. 

im-plor'ing, p. a. That implores. — im-plor'ing-ly, adv. 
— im-plor'ing-ness, to. 

im-plo'sion (lm-plo'zhun), n. [im- + explosion."] 1. A 
bursting inward ; — contr. with explosion. 2. Phon. A 
sudden percussive compression of the air in the mouth, as 
in uttering p, t, or k at the end of a syllable. — im-plo'sive 
(-siv), a. & to. 

im-plu'vi-um (Tm-ploo'vi-um), to.; pi. -via (-d). [L., fr. 
impluere to rain into ; im- in + pluere to rain.] Rom. 
Antiq. A cistern or tank in the atrium or peristyle to 
receive the rain water falling through the compluvium. 

im-ply' (Im-plI'), v. t.; -plied' (-plld') ; -ply'ing. [From 
same source as employ.'] 1. To infold. Obs. 2. To involve in 
substance, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, 
when not expressly stated ; contain by implication ; include 
virtually ; as, war implies fighting. 3. To express indi- 
rectly ; insinuate. 

Syn. Imply, involve are sometimes interchangeable. 
But to imply is commonly to include virtually or carry as. 
an inference ; to involve is to include necessarily or carry 
as a consequence ; as, your answer implies that you agreed 

m to his scheme, which involves your disgrace. See hint. 

im-pol'i-cy (-pol'I-sT), to. Inexpedience ; bad policy. 

im'po-lite' (lm'po-llt'), a. Not polite; uncivil; rude. — 
im'po-lite'ly, adv. — im'po-lite'ness, to. 

im-pol'i-tic (Tm-pol'i-tik), o. Not politic; unwise; inex- 
pedient ; indiscreet. — im-pol'i-tic-ly, adv. 

im-pon'der-a-ble (im-pon'der-d-b'1), a. Not ponderable ; 

_ without sensible weight. — im-pon'der-a-bil'i-ty, to. 

im-pone' (-pon'), v. t. [L. imponere, -positum, to place 

m on.] To stake ; wager ; pledge. Obs. 

im-port' (im-port' ; 57), v. t. [L. importare to bring in, 
occasion, cause ; im- in + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes 
through F.] 1. a To purport ; mean ; signify, b To express 
or state. C To imply. 2. To introduce from without ; esp., 
to bring (wares) into a place from a foreign country in com- 
merce ; — opposed to export. 3. To be of importance to ; 
concern ; as, the question imports ourselves. — Syn. De- 

_ note, indicate, betoken. 

im'port (lm'port ; formerly im-port'), to. 1. Meaning; 
hence, application or interpretation. 2. Importance. 3. 
Merchandise imported ; — used esp. in pi. — Syn. See 
meaning. [ported. I 

im-port'a-ble (Ym-por'td-b'l), a. That may or can be im-| 

im-por'tance (im-por'tans), to. 1. Quality or state of being 
important ; as : a Consequence ; weight ; moment ; signifi- 
cance, b Consequentiality ; pomposity. 2. Import ; mean- 
ing. Obs. 

Syn. Importance, consequence, moment. Impor- 
tance is the general term ; consequence, chiefly in the 
phrase of (esp. great, small, any, no, etc.) consequence, sug- 
gests that which involves results ; it is often applied — 
as is also, less often, importance — to social rank or dis- 
tinction, sometimes with the implication of pomposity or 
self-importance ; moment, now only in of {great, small, no, 
etc.) moment, suggests weight, influence, or value. 

im-por'tan-cy (Jm-por'tdn-si), to. Importance. Obs. 

im-por'tant (-tdnt), a. 1. Having consequence; signifi- 
cant ; weighty. 2. Consequential ; pompous. 3. Impor- 
tunate ; urgent. Obs. — Syn. Momentous, considerable, 
influential. — im-por'tant-ly, adv. 

im'por-ta'tion (Im'por-ta'shwn), to. Act of importing, 
esp. of merchandise from abroad ; that which is imported. 

im-port'er (lm-por'ter; 57), to. One who imports. 

im-por'tu-na-cy (-por'tjl-nd-si), to. Importunity. Rare. 

im-por'tu-nate (-nat), a. 1. Troublesome. Obs. 2. Trouble- 

_ somely urgent ; pressing in demand. nate-ly, adv. 

im'por-tune' (lm'por-tun' ; Tm-p6r't$n), a. [F. importun, 
L. importunus ; im- not + a deriv. of root of portus har- 
bor, importunus, orig. meaning, hard of access.] 1. a In- 
opportune. 06s. b Troublesome. Obs. 2. Urgent ; importu- 
nate. 

— v. t. ; -tuned' (-tund') ; -tun'ing (-tun'ing). 1. Obs. a To 
annoy, b To press on ; impel. 2. To urge persistently ; ply 
or press with requests. 3. To beg for, as a favor, urgently or 
repeatedly. Rare. — v. i. To be importunate. — Syn. See 
beg. — irn/por-tune'ly, adv. — im/por-tun'er (-tun'er ) , n. 

im/por-tu'm-ty (Im'por-tu'ni-tl), n.; pi. -ties ( : tlz). 
Quality of being importunate ; troublesome pertinacity. 

im-pose' dm-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing. [F. 
imposer; im- in + poser to place.] 1. To place; put. 
Rare. 2. To lay on (the hands), as in confirmation. 3. To 
lay, as a charge, tax, penalty, etc. ; inflict. 4. To subject 
(one) to a charge, penalty, etc. Rare. 5, To palm off ; pass 
off ; as, to impose inferior goods upon one. o. To obtrude ; 
as, to impose one's self upon others. 7. Print. To arrange 
in proper order on a table of stone or metal (the imposing 
stone or table) and lock up in a chase for printing ; — said 
of pages, forms, etc. — v. i. 1. To impress one's self or it- 
self, as by reason of authority. 2. To obtrude ; presume ; as, 



% 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh<*z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



IMPOSER 



498 



IMPROMPTU 



to impose upon good nature. 3. To deceive by false repre- 
sentation ; — used with on or upon. — im-pos'er (Im- 
poz'er), n. 

im-pos'ing (lm-poz'ing), p. a. Impressive; commanding. 

im'po-si'tion (lm'po-zish'wn), n. _ 1. Act of imposing ; as : 
a Act of laying on, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, deceiv- 
ing, etc. b A laying on of the hands, in blessing, confirma- 
tion, etc. 2. That which is imposed ; as : a A charge ; bur- 
den ; tax. b An unwarranted requirement. C A trick or de- 
ception ; imposture. — Syn. Deceit, fraud. 

im-pos'si-biPi-ty ( lm-pos'i-bil'I-ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
1. Quality of being impossible. 2. An impossible thing. 

im-pos'si-ble (-pos'i-b'l), a. 1. Not possible ; incapable of 
being or occurring. 2. Utterly impracticable or hopeless. 3. 
Hopelessly incongruous or unsuitable ; as, an impossible 
hat. Colloq. — im-pos'si-bly, adv. 

im'post (lm'post), n. [OF., fr. LL. impostus, fr. L. imposi- 
tus, p. p. of imponere to impose.] 1. A tax ; esp., a customs 
duty ; excise. 2. Arch. The top member of a pillar, pier, 
etc., supporting an arch. See arch, Illust. 3. Horse Rac- 
ing. The weight carried by a horse in a handicap. Cant. — 
Syn. Tribute, custom, duty. — v. t. U. S. Customs. To 
classify (imports) in order to fix the import duties. 

im-pos'thume (lm-pos'tum). Var. of impostume. 

im-pos'tor (-ter), n. [L.] One who imposes on others. 
Syn. Pretender, mountebank, charlatan. — Impostor, 
mountebank, charlatan. Impostor is the generic 
term, denoting esp. one who passes himself off for some 
one else. Mountebank and charlatan originally denoted pre- 
tenders to medical knowledge or skill. Mountebank often 
carries a suggestion of buffoonery. Charlatan adds the im- 
plication of pretentious, flashy, or magniloquent display. 

im-pos'tu-mate, -thu-mate (-ty-mat), v. i. & t. [See impos- 
tume.] To form or affect with an abscess. — im-pos'tu- 
ma'tion, -thu-ma'tion (-ma'shiin), n. All Obsoles. 

im-pos'tume, -thume (-tSm), n. [Corrupt, of aposteme."] 
Abscess. — v. t. & i. = impostumate. All Obsoles. 

im-pos'ture (-tyr), n. [L. impostura."] Act or conduct of 
an impostor^ fraud or imposition. — Syn. Cheat, fraud, 
trick, imposition, delusion. 

im'po-tence (lm'po-tens) 1 to. 1. Quality or state of being im- 

im'po-ten-cy (-ten-si) J potent ; weakness. 2. Want of 
self-control. Obs. or R. 3. Absence of procreative power. 

im'po-tent (-tent), a. 1. Not potent; wanting power, 
strength, or vigor, whether physical, intellectual, or moral ; 
weak ; feeble ; infirm. 2. Ungovernable. Obs. 3. Wanting 
the power of procreation ; sometimes, barren. — Syn. See 
powerless. — im'po-tent-ly, adv. 

im-pound' (Im-poundO, v. t. 1. To shut up or place in or as 
in a pound ; hence, to seize and hold in legal custody. 2. To 
collect (water) for irrigation purposes, or the like. 

im-pov'er-ish (-pov'er-ish), v. t. [OF. empovrir; em- (L. 
in) + povre poor.] To make poor (lit. or fig.). 

jm-pov'er-ish-ment (-ment), n. Act of impoverishing or 
process of becoming impoverished; state or condition of 
being impoverished. 

im-pow'er (-pou'er). Var. of empower. 

im-prac'ti-ca-biPi-ty (Tm-prak'ti-kd-biPi-tT), n. State or 
quality of being impracticable. 

im-prac'ti-ca-ble (im-prak'ti-kd-b'l), a. 1. Not practi- 
cable. 2. Not to be persuaded or controlled by any reason- 
able method ; unmanageable. 3. Incapable of being used 
or availed of. — ca-ble-ness, n. ca-bly, adv. 

im'pre-cate (lm'pre-kat), v.t.; im'pre-cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; 
-cat'ing. [L. imprecatus, p. p. of imprecari ; im- in, on 
-f- precari to pray.] To call down or invoke by prayer 
(usually some evil) ; curse. — im'pre-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. 

im/pre-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. Act of imprecating ; esp., the 
act of invoking evil upon any one ; curse. — Syn. See 

CURSE. 

im/pre-ca-to-ry (Tm'pre-kd-to-ri), a. Of the nature of or 
containing imprecation ; invoking evil. 

im-pregn' (lm-pren'), v. t. To impregnate. 06s. or Poet. 

im-preg'na-bil'i-ty (im-preg / nd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being impregnable. 

im-preg'na-ble (lm-preg'nd-b'l), a. [F. impr -enable ; 
im- not + prenable pregnable.] Able to resist attack or 
assault ; unconquerable. — im-preg'na-bly, adv. 

im-preg'nate (-preg'nat), v. t. ; -nat-ed (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing. 
[LL. impraegnatus, p. p. of impraegnare ; L. im- in -J- 
praegnans pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; get with 
child or young. 2. To infuse an active principle into ; render 
fruitful or fertile ; fertilize. 3. To infuse particles of another 
substance into ; saturate. — (-nat), a. Impregnated. 

im'preg-na'tion (lm'preg-na'shun), n. 1. Act of impreg- 
nating ; state of being impregnated. 2. That with which 
anything is impregnated. 

im'pre-sa'ri-0 (lm'pri-sa're'-o), n.; pi. E. -rios (-5z) ; It. 
-sari (-sa're). [It., fr. impresa enterprise.] The projec- 
tor or manager of an opera or concert company. 

im'pre-scrip'ti-ble (Tm'prS-sknp'tT-b'l), a. 1. Not sub- 
ject to prescription. 2. Inalienabie ; absolute. 



im-prese' (lnvpres'), n. [From It. impresa, perh. through 
OF. imprese.} Device ; emblem. Obs. 

im-press/ (Im-pres'), v. t. [im- in -f- 1st press."] To levy 
for public service ; esp., to force into the naval service. 

im-press' (-preV), v. t. [L. impressus, p. p. of imprimere 
to impress ; im- in, on + premere to press.] 1. To press, 
stamp, or print something in or upon. 2. To imprint 
upon (something). 3. To apply with pressure or so as to 
press or imprint. 4. a To cause a vivid impression of ; 
stamp ; as, to impress ideas upon the mind, b To produce 
an impression upon ; affect, esp. deeply ; as, to impress one 
favorably. 5. Elec. To create or establish (an electromotive 
force or difference of potential) in a conductor by means of 

_ a battery, dynamo, or other electric generator. 

im/press (im'pres), to. 1. Act of impressing. 2. A mark 
made by pressure ; impression ; imprint ; result of pres- 
sure or influence. 3. Characteristic ; mark of distinction ; 

m stamp ; as, the work bears the impress of a great mind. 

im'press (im'pres; formerly Im-pres'), n. Impressment. 

im-press'er, n. One who, or that which, impresses. 

im-press'i-ble (-preVi-b'l) , a. Capable of being impressed ; 
susceptible ; sensitive. — im-press'i-biPi-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

im-pres'sion (-presh'wn), n. 1. Act of impressing; state 
of being impressed. 2. Effect of impressing ; as an inden- 
tation, stamp, or figure ; a trait or feature resulting from 
indirect influence. 3. Influence or effect on feeling, sense, 
or intellect; keen sense or concern. 4. An indistinct 
notion, remembrance, or opinion; as, a general impres- 
sion. 5. Psychol. The immediate effect produced on con- 
sciousness by stimulation of the senses ; also, such stimu- 
lation. 6. Print, a Pressure of type, plates, etc., on paper, 
or its result as to appearance ; as, a clear impression. 
b A printed copy from type, an engraved block, etc. 7. Pub- 
lishing. The whole number of copies, as of a book, 
printed for one issue ; esp., those reprinted without 
alteration, as distinguished from an edition. 

im-pres'sion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to impression; sus- 
ceptible. — im-pres'sion-a-biPi-ty (-d-blPi-tl), n. 

im-pres'sion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to impression ; show- 
ing or making impression ; also, impressionable. 

im-pres'sion-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. The theory and practice 
of a school of painting the fundamental idea of which is to 
render the immediate sense impression of the artist, with- 
out minute analysis and detail. 2. In literature, the depic- 
tion of scene, emotion, or character with broad simplicity 

_ and little detail. 

im-pres'sion-ist (lm-presh'wn-ist), n. An adherent or fol- 
lower of the theory, method, or practice of impressionism. 
— a. Characterized by impressionism. 

im-pres'sion-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Tending toward, pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, impressionism (which see). 

im-pres'sive (-pres'iv), a. Making, or tending to make, 
an impression ; adapted to affect the sensibilities or con- 
science. — im-pres'sive-ly, adv. — im-pres'sive-ness, n. 

im-press'ment (-pres'ment), n. Act of seizing for public 
use, or of impressing into public service. 

im-pres'sure (-presh'ur), n. Impression. 

im-prest' (-presf), p. a. from impress. Impressed. Obs., 
Poetic, or Ref. Sp. 

im'prest (Im'prest), n. [im- -f- prest. See prest, to.] A 
loan or advance of money ; esp., an advance from govern- 
ment funds to enable a person to discharge his duties. — a. 
Advanced; lent; — used esp. of advances to sailors, sol- 
diers, and government employees. Obs. 

im'pri-ma'tur (lm'pri-ma'tur), n. [NL., let it be print- 
ed.] Law. A license to print or publish a book, paper, etc. 

|| im-pri'mis (lm-prt'mis), adv. [L., for in primis among 
the first, chiefly ; in in + primus first.] In the first place. 

im-print' (-print'), v.t. [F. empreint, p. p. of empreindre, 
fr. L. imprimere to impress, imprint. See in- ; print.] 1. 
To impress ; mark by pressure ; stamp. 2. To stamp or 
mark, as letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, 
etc. 3. To fix indelibly, as in the memory ; impress. 

im'print (Im'prfnt), n. 1. Whatever is imprinted ; impress. 
2. The name of the publisher of a book, commonly with the 
time and place of issue and now usually on the title-page, or 
that of the printer on any printed sheet. 

im-pris'on (im-prlz''n), v. t. To put in prison ; confine. 
Syn. Imprison, incarcerate, immure. Imprison is the 
general term, incarcerate, more bookish, immure (com- 
monly elevated) retains its implication of inclosure within 
walls. 

im-pris'on-ment (-ment), n. Act of imprisoning ; state of 
being imprisoned ; confinement ; incarceration ; restraint. 

im-prob'a-biPi-ty (-prob'd-bil'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties I tiz). 
Quality or state of being improbable ; unlikelihood ; also, 
that which is improbable ; an improbable event or result. 

im-prob'a-ble (-prob'd-b'l), a. Not probable ; unlikely to be 
true or to occur ; not to be expected. — im-prob'a-bly, adv. 

im-prob'i-ty (-T-ti), n. [L. improbitas ; im- not + probi- 
tas probity.] Lack of probity. 

im-promp'tU (-promp'tu), adv. or a. [F., fr. L. in promptu 



i».~, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



IMPROPER 



499 



IN- 



in readiness ; in + promptus visibility, readiness.] Off- 
hand ; extemporaneous ; extempore. — n. Something made 
or done impromptu. — Syn. See extempore. 
im-prop'er (Im-prop'er), o. Not proper ; specif. : a Not suit- 
able or appropriate ; as, improper dress, b Not accordant 
with fact, truth, or right procedure ; incorrect ; as, an im- 
proper conclusion. C Not normally formed, or not properly 
so called ; as : improper fractions, fractions in which the 
numerator is greater than the denominator, d Not fitting ; 

indecorous ; indecent ; as, improper language.- er-ly,adt\ 

Syn. Improper, indecent, unseemly, indecorous, un- 
becoming, indelicate. That is improper which in any 
way violates propriety ; unseemly is stronger ; indecent, 
the strongest term, applies to that which is grossly offen- 
sive to modesty or propriety ; as, improper conduct ; an 
unseemly quarrel ; indecent language. That is indecorous 
which transgresses etiquette or civility, esp. in public ; that 
is unbecoming which does not befit one's character or 
standing ; that is indelicate which verges upon immod- 
esty, or (sometimes) which betrays lack of tact or of refined 
perception* : as, he was so indecorous as to talk during the 
sermon ; sentiments unbecoming to her ; it often is indelicate 
to praise a person in the presence of others. 

im-pro'pri-ate (lm-pro'pri-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -AT / - 
ING (-at'ing). [im- in + L. propriatus, p. p. of propriare. 
See appropriate.] 1. To appropriate. Obs. 2. Eng.Eccl. 
Law. To place the profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the 
hands of a layman for care and disbursement. — (-St), o. 
Impropriated. — ini-pro'pri-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

im-pro'pri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of impropriating ; also, 
that which is impropriated. 

im'pro-pri'e-ty (lm'pro-pri'e-ti), n.; pi. -ties C-tTz). > 1. 
Quality or fact of being improper. 2. That which is im- 
proper ; an improper act, use, or the like. — Syn. See sole- 
cism, [proved.! 

im-prov'a-ble (im-proov'd-b'1), a. Capable of being im-| 

im-prove' (-prdov'), v. t. ; im-proved' (-proovd') ; -prov'ing 
(-proov'ing). [For earlier improue; OF. en in (L. in) + 
prou profit, L. pro, prod, in prodesse to be useful.] 1. To 
turn to profit or good account ; use to good purpose or ad- 
vantage ; as, to improve one's time. 2. To make use of ; 
employ ; as, to improve an attic as a storeroom. 06s. or 
Dial. 3. To augment or enhance in value or good quality ; 
make better ; as, to improve one's health ; to improve vir- 
gin land. 4. To raise the value of (land) by erection of im- 
provements or betterments, esp. houses, stores, or the like. 
U. S. — v. i. 1. To increase ; rise in value. 2. To grow bet- 
ter. 3. To make improvements ; — usually with on or upon. 
Syn- Mend, amend ; better ; ameliorate ; rectify, correct ; 
advance, promote. — Improve, better, ameliorate. Im- 
prove (the general term) and better (more vigorous and 
homely) apply to objects and conditions, and do not neces- 
sarily imply that these are bad to begin with ; ameliorate 
new applies chiefly to conditions (commonly unfavorable) ; 
as, the mind is improved by exercise ; a good essay is bettered 
by revision ; his misery cannot be ameliorated. Improve 
alone is used in the sense of "turn to advantage" ; as, to 
improve an opportunity. 

im-prove'ment (lm-proov'ment), n. 1. Act, fact, or process 
of improving ; as : profitable employment or use ; cultiva- 
tion ; development, esp. betterment. 2. State of being im- 
proved ; esp., enhanced value or excellence. 3. A result of 
improving, or that which constitutes it ; as, the electric 
light is an improvement on gas. 4. Specif. : A valuable ad- 
dition, or betterment, as a building, clearing, drain, fence, 
etc., on land. 

im-prov'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, improves. 

im-prov'i-dence (-proVi-dens), n. The fact or quality of 
being improvident. 

ini-prov'i-dent (-dent), a. Not provident ; wanting foresight 
or forethought ; thriftless. — Syn. Inconsiderate, heedless, 

_ shiftless, prodigal, wasteful. — im-prov'i-dent-ly, adv. 

im-prov'i-sa'tion (lm-prov'i-sa'shun ; -za'shun), n. Act 

m or art of improvising ; that which is improvised ; impromptu. 

im-prov'i-sa'tor (-prov'i-sa'ter ; -za'ter),?!. An improviser. 

im-prov'i-sa-to'ri-al (-zd-to'rT-dl ; 57) \a. Of or pert, to 

im-prov'i-sa-to-ry (im-prbVi-zd-to-ri)/ improvisation. 

im/pro-vise' (lm'pro-vlz'), v. t. & i. ; -vised' (-vizd') ; -visa- 
ing (-vTz'ing). [F. improviser, fr. It., fr. improvviso un- 
provided, sudden, extempore, L. improvisus ; im- not + 
provisus foreseen, provided.] 1. To compose, recite, sing, 
etc., extemporaneously ; extemporize. 2. To make, do, or 
provide offhand. — im'pro-vis'er (-viz'er), n. 

D im-prov-vi'sa-to're (em / prSv-ve / za-to , ra), n. ; pi. -tori 
(-re). [It.] One who composes and sings or recites short 
poems extempore ; an improvisator. 

(j un'prov-vi'sa-tn'ce (-tre'cha), n.fem.; pi. -trici (-che). 
[It.] A female improwisatore. 

im-pni'dence (im-pr6o'dens),n. Quality, state, or instance 
of being imprudent ; want of caution ; indiscretion. 

im-pru'dent (-dent), a. [L. imprudens; im- not + pru~ 
dens prudent.] Not prudent ; indiscreet ; injudicious. 

im-pru / dent-ly (-li), adv. In an imprudent manner. 



im'pu-dence (Tm'pu-dens), n. Quality of being impudent; 
esp., pert assurance ; insolence ; effrontery. — Syn. Audao 

_ ity, sauciness, impertinence, pertness, rudeness. 

im'pu-den-cy (-den-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Impudence. 

im'pu-dent (-dent), a. [L. impudens, -entis; im- not -f- 
pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to feel shame.] 
1. Immodest ; indecent. Obs. 2. Bold or pert, with con- 
tempt or disregard of others ; impertinent ; insolent. — 
Syn. Audacious, brazen, saucy. See oraaocs. — im'- 
pu-dent-ly, adv. 

im'pu-dic'i-ty (lm'pu-dis'i-ti), n. [L. impudicus immod- 

_ est ; im- not -f- pudicus shamefaced, modest.] Immodesty. 

im-pugn' (lm-pun'), v. t. [F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare ; 
in against -f- pugnare to fight.] To assail by words or ar- 

_ guments ; call in question ; oppose as false, [questioned.! 

im-pugn'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to be impugned or| 

im-pug'na-ble (Im-pug'nd-b'l), a. [im- not -f- L. pug- 

^ nare to fight -f- -able.'] Unassailable or unconquerable. 

im'pug-na'tion (Tm'pug-na'shun), n. Impugnment. 

im-pugn'er (Im-pun'er), n. One who impugns. 

im-pugn'ment (-ment), n. Act of impugning. 

im-pu'is-sant (Tm-pu'i-sdnt),a. [F. See in- not ; puissant.] 

_ Powerless ; impotent ; feeble. — im-pu'is-sance (-sdns), n. 

im'pulse (lm'piils), n. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See 
impel.] 1. Act of impelling, or driving onward with sud- 
den force ; effect or motion so produced. 2. A sponta- 
neous inclination. 3. A_ motive or natural tendency other 
than rational or instinctive ; as, he acts from impulse. 4. 
Mech. The product of the average value of a force by the 
time during which it acts, a quantity equal to the momen- 
tum produced by the force. — Syn. Incentive, influence, 

m instigation. See motive. 

im-pul'sjon (Tm-pul'shun), n. [L. impulsio. See lmpel.] 
1. Act of impelling ; state of being impelled ; also, the im- 
pelling force, or impulse. 2. Mental impulse. 3. Onward 

m tendency derived from an impulsion ; impetus. 

im-pul'sive _(-siv), a. 1. Having the power of driving or im- 
pelling ; giving an impulse ; moving ; impellent. 2. Actu- 
ated or characterized by impulse. 3. Mech. Acting momen- 
tarily, or by impulse ; not continuous ; — used of forces. — 

_ im-pul'sive-ly, adv. — im-pul'sive-ness, n. 

im-pu'ni-ty (-pu'ni-ti), n. [L. impunitas, fr. impunis 
without punishment ; im- not + poena punishment.] Ex- 

_ emption from punishment, harm, or loss. 

im-pure' (-pur'), a. [L. impurus ; im- not + purus pure.] 
Not pure ; as : a Containing something unclean ; dirty ; un- 
wholesome, b Adulterated. C Of art, etc. : mixed ; as, an 
impure style of ornamentation, d Unclean, ceremonially ; 
hence : defiled ; unholy, e Unchaste ; lewd, f Of language : 
not accurate ; not idiomatic. — im-pnre / ly, adv. — im- 
pure'ness, n. 

im-pu'ri-ty (-pu'ri-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being impure. 2. That which is or renders impure. 

im-pur'ple (-pur'p'l). Var. of empurple. 

im-put'a-ble (im-put'd-b'1), a. That may be imputed; 
attributable ; referable. — im-pu'ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

im'pu-ta'tion (Tm'pu-ta'shwn), n. Act of imputing ; thing 
imputed ; attribution of evil ; censure ; insinuation. 

im-put'a-tive (Tm-put'd-tiv), a. Transferred by imputa- 
tion ; also, given to imputation. — im-put'a-tive-ly, adv. 

im-pute' (im-putO, v. t. ; -put'ed ( -piit'ed ) ; -put'ing. [F. 
imputer, fr. L. imputare to reckon in, charge, impute ; im- 
in + putare to reckon, think.] 1. To ascribe (to one as au- 
thor, originator, or possessor) ; charge or credit, as a fault 
or virtue. 2. Hence, to charge or arraign formally. Chiefly 
Civil Law. 3. Theol. To ascribe vicariously. — Syn. At- 
tribute ; imply, insinuate. See refer. — im-put'er, n. 

in (in), prep. [AS.] Primarily, in denotes situation or 
position with respect to surrounding, encompassment, or 
inclosure. It may indicate either simple location, or direc- 
tion, the latter being now generally distinguished by the 
use of into, although in is still commonly used with some 
verbs, as cast, put, split, etc. In is used specif, as : 1. In- 
dicating inclusion in space, time, or physical surrounding ; 
as, to travel in France in May ; dressed in silk. 2. Indicat- 
ing inclusion in awhole ; as, the tallest boy in the class. 3. 
Indicating inclusion, encompassment, or engrossment as to 
scope, influence, character, state or condition, attribute, 
degree, activity, etc. ; as, to be in difficulties ; in hope of 
reward ; engaged in business ; in proof of his statement ; 
sold in the lump ; sketches in oil. — Syn. See at. 
in as much as, or inasmuch as, in the degree that ; in 
like manner as ; in consideration that ; because that ; since. 

— adv. [AS.] 1. Indicating a direction of entering ; as, come 
in. 2. Indicating a position as to surroundings, encompass- 
ment, inclosure, inclusion, etc. — a. Internal ; inward. — n. 
[Usually in pi.] 1. One that is in, esp. one in office. 2. A 
reentrant angle ; corner. 

ins and outs, nooks and corners ; twists and turns. 

— v. t. To inclose ; take in ; harvest. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 
in- (in-). A prefix from Eng. prep, and adv. in, also from 

Lat. prep, in, meaning in, within, into, toward, on. In- is 



f 



J 



K 



■* = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



IN- 



500 



INCANTATION 



r 



often merely intensive ; sometimes its force is not apparent 
or is entirely lost. 

C^ In words from the Latin, in- regularly appears as il- 
before I, ir- before r, and im- before a labial ; as, Elusion, 
irruption, imbue, immigrate, impart. In native English 
words, in- is generally unchanged by the following conso- 
nant, as in inland, inroad, inmate, inbred. 

in- (In-). [L. in-.'} An inseparable prefix, or particle, mean- 
ing not, non-, un-; as, inactive, not active ; uncontrollable. 
See note under 1st in- ; cf. non-. 

-in. Chem. A suffix. See 2d -ine. 

in'a-bil'i-ty (Tn'd-bTl'i-ti), to. Quality or state of being un- 
able ; insufficiency of power, strength, resources, or capacity. 
Syn. Incompetence, impotence, incapacity ; disability; dis- 
qualification. — Inability, disability. Inability ordina- 
rily suggests inherent lack of power to perform something ; 
disability now commonly implies some loss of the needed 
competency or qualification. 

in'ac-ces'si-bil^i-ty (ln'Sk-seVi-bTl'i-tl), n. Quality or 
state of being inaccessible. 

in'ac-ces'si-ble (In'ak-ses'i-b'l), a. Not accessible. — in'- 
ac-ces'si-ble-ness, n. — in'ac-ces'si-bly, adv. 

in-ac'cu-ra-cy (m-ak'u-rd-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). Quality 

_ or fact of being inaccurate ; also, a mistake ; an error. 

in-ac'cu-rate (-rat), a. Not accurate; inexact; incorrect; 
erroneous. — in-ac'CU-rate-ly, adv. 

in-ac'tion (-ak'shwn), n. Lack of action ; idleness ; inertness. 

in-ac'tive (-tiv), a. Not active ; as : a Having no power to 
move ; inert ; as, inactive machinery, b Indisposed to ac- 
tion ; sluggish ; as, an inactive officer, liver, etc. — Syn. 
Dull, sluggish, slothful, lazy. See inert. — in-ac'tive-ly, 
adv. tive-ness, n. [inactive; idleness. I 

in'ac-tiv'i-ty (In^ak-tTv'i-tf), n. State or quality of being| 

in-ad'e-qua-cy (In-ad'e-kwd-sT), n. State of being inade- 
quate ; insufficiency. 

in-ad'e-quate (in-ad'e-kwat), a. Not adequate; insuffi- 
cient. — in-ad'e-quate-ly, adv. — quate-ness, n. 

in'ad-mis'si-ble (in'ad-mls'i-b'1) a. Not admissible. — in'- 
ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti). n. — in'ad-mis'si-bly, adv. 

in'ad-vert'ence (-vur'tens) ; pi. -ces (-sez)l n. 1. Quality 

in'ad-vert'en-cy (-ten-sT) ; pi. -cies (-siz) / of being inad- 
vertent ; inattention ; negligence. 2. An effect of inatten- 
tion ; an oversight. — Syn. See negligence. 

in'ad-vert'ent (-vur'tent), a. Not turning the mind to a 
matter ; negligent ; inattentive. — in'ad-vert'ent-ly, adv. 

in'ad-vis'a-ble (-vlz'd-b'l), a. Not advisable; inexpedient. 

— in'ad-vis'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), in-ad-vis'a-ble-ness, n. 
-i'nse (-I'n5). [L. fem. pi. ending of adjectives in -inus.~\ 

Zo'dl. A termination in which (in recent classifications) 
names of subfamilies of animals end. Cf. -xdm. 

in-al'ien-a-ble (In-al'yen-d-b'l), a. Incapable of being alien- 
ated. — a-bly, adv. — in-al'ien-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tT), n. 

in-al'ter-a-ble (in-61'ter-d-b'l), a. \in- not + alterable.'] 
Not alterable ; unalterable. -<- in-al'ter-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i- 
tl), n. — in-al'ter -a-bly, adv. 

in'a-mis'si-ble (in'd-mis'i-b'1), a. [L. inamissibilisJ] 
Incapable of being lost. Rare. 

in-am'o-ra'ta (Yn-am'S-ra'td), n. [It. innamorata."] A 
woman in love or beloved ; a sweetheart. 

in-am'0-ra'to (-ra'to), n. ; pi. -x«s (-toz). [It.innamorato.'] 
A male lover. R. 

in'— and— in', a. Designating mating, breeding, etc., that is 
done or takes place in and in, that is, repeatedly in the 
same or closely related stocks. 

in-ane' (Tn-an'), a. [L. inanis."] Without contents ; empty ; 
esp., void of sense or intelligence ; silly. — n. That which 
is inane ; specif., the void of space. — in-ane'ly, adv. 

in-an'i-mate (Tn-an'i-mat), a. Not animate ; lifeless; dull. 

— Syn. See lifeless. — in-an'i-mate-ly, adv. — ness, n. 
in'a-ni'tion (Tn'd-nish'un), n. [F., fr. L. inanilio empti- 
ness, inanire to empty, inanis empty.] State of being in- 
ane ; emptiness ; specif., exhaustion from lack of food. 

in-an'i-ty (-an'i-ti),TO. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or state of 
being inane. 2. An inane thing ; a vanity ; - — used esp. in pi. 

in'ap-peas'a-ble (-d-pez'd-b'l), a. Not appeasable. 

in-ap'pe-tence (ln-ap'e-tens ) \ n. Want of appetite or desire. 

in-ap'pe-ten-cy (-ten-si) J — in-ap'pe-tent(-tent),a. 

in-ap'pli-ca-ble (-ap'li-kd-b'l), a. Not applicable. — in- 
ap'pli-ca-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-ti), n. — in-ap'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

in-ap'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. Want of application ; also, 
want of applicability. 

in-ap'po-site (-ap'S-zit), a. Not apposite, or pertinent. 

in'ap-pre'ci-a-ble (Tn'a-pre'shT-d-b'l), a. Not appreciable ; 
too small to be perceived. — in'ap-pre'ci-a-bly, adv. 

in'ap-pre'ci-a-tive (-tiv), a. Not appreciative. 

in-ap'pre-hen'si-ble (In-ap're-hen'si-b'l), a. Not appre- 
hensible, unthinkable. 

in-ap'pre-hen'sion (-hen'shun), n. Want of apprehension. 

in-ap'pre-nen'sive (-hen'siv), a. 1. Deficient in power of 
apprehension. 2. Without apprehension of danger. 

in'ap-proach'a-ble (Yn'd-proch'd-b'l), a. Not approach- 
able ; also, unrivaled. — in'ap-proach'a-bil'i-ty, to. 




in'ap-pro'pri-ate (Tn'a-pro'pri-at), a. Not appropriate. — 
in'ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. — in-ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. 

in-apt' (-apt'), a. Not apt, or not suitable; also, not apt, 
or not ready ; inept. — ln-apt'ly, adv. — in-apt'ness, n. 

in-apt'i-tude (-ap'tl-tud), n. Want of aptitude. 

in-arch' (in-arch'), v. t. To graft by bringing scion and 
stock into contact while both are growing 
on their own roots. 

in-arm' (in-arm'), v. t. To clasp in or as 
in the arms ; embrace ; surround. 

in'ar-tic'u-late (In'ar-tik'u-lat), a. 1. Of 
sounds, words, etc., uttered without the 
articulations of intelligible speech. 2. Un- 
able to articulate ; dumb. 3. Not jointed 
or articulated ; without distinct body seg- 
ments ; as, an inarticulate worm. — Syn. 
See dumb. — in'ar-tic'u-late-ly, adv. — 
in'ar-tic'u-late-ness, to. 

in-ar'ti-fi'cial (In-ar'ti-fish'dl), a. l.Not 
artificial ; natural ; artless ; simple ; direct. Inarching. 
2. Inartistic ; clumsy. — in-ar'ti-fi'cial-ly, adv. 

in'ar-tis'tic (Tn'ar-tis'tTk), a. Not artistic. 

in'ar-tis'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. Inartistic. ti-cal-ly, adv. 

in'as-much' (Tn'az-much'), adv. In as much ; — used with 
as. See in as much as, under in. — Syn. See because. 

in'at-ten'tion (m'd-ten'shwn), n. Want of attention; dis- 
regard ; heedlessness. — Syn. See negligence. 

in'at-ten'tive (-tiv), a. Not attentive ; not fixing the mind 
on an object ; heedless ; negligent. — Syn. Careless, re- 
gardless, thoughtless. — ten'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

in-au'di-ble (in-6'di-b'l), a. Not audible. — in-au'di-bil'i- 
ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — in-au'di-bly, adv. 

in-au'gu-ral (in-6'gu-rdl), a. Pertaining to an inaugura- 
tion. — n. An inaugural address. U. S. 

in-au'gu-rate (-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [L. 
inauguratus, p. p. of inaugurare to take omens ; hence, 
to consecrate, inaugurate ; in- in + augurare to augur.] 

1. To admit or induct into an office formally ; install. 

2. To begin or initiate, esp. under favorable circumstances 
or with ceremony ; esp., to celebrate the first public use of. 

3. To commence or enter upon (esp. something beneficial) ; 

_ set in motion. — Syn. See initiate. 

in-au/gu-ra'tion (-ra'shun), to. Act of inaugurating; for- 
mal opening or beginning. 

Inauguration Day. The day on which the President of 
the United States is inaugurated, the 4th of March in 

_ every year next after a year divisible by four. 

in-au'gU-ra'tor (-ter), to. One who inaugurates. 

in'aus-pi'cious (Tn'os-pTsh^s), a. Not auspicious; ill— 

_ omened ; unfavorable. cious-ly, adv. cious-ness, n. 

in'belng (ih'be'ing), to. 1. Inherence ; immanence. 2. In- 
ward nature ; essence. 

in'board' (In'bord'; 57), a. & adv. 1. Naut. Inside or 

^ inwardly. 2. From without inward ; toward the inside. 

in'born' (-bornO, a. Born in or with one ; innate. — Syn. 
Inbred, inherent, natural. See innate. 

in'bound' (-bound'), a. Inward bound. 

in-breathe' (in-breth'), v. t. 1. To breathe (something) 
in ; inhale. 2. To infuse by breathing ; inspire. 

in'bred' (ln'bred' ; 109), a. 1. Bred within ; innate. 2. (in- 
bred') Subjected to inbreeding. — Syn. See innate. 

in-breed' (in-bred'), v. t.; -bred' (-bred'; cf. the adj.); 
-breed'ing. 1. To produce or generate within. 2. To 

_ breed with each other (animals closely related). 

in'burst' (-burst'), to. A bursting in or into ; an irruption. 

In'ca (Irj'kd), to. [Peruvian, through Sp.] 1. One of a 
South American tribe of Indians whose supremacy was 
acknowledged by most of the cultured tribes at the advent 
of the Spaniards. 2. Specif., one of the ruling family of 
the Incas ; esp., the ruling chief, or emperor. 

in-cage' (Tn-kaj'), v. t. To cage ; coop up. 

in-cal'cu-la-ble (-kal'ku-ld-b'l), a. Not capable of being 
calculated; very great. — in-cal'cu-la-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), 
in-cal'cu-la-ble-ness, to. — in-cal'cu-la-hly, adv. 

in'ca-les'cent (m'kd-les'ent), a. [L. incalescens, -entis, 
p. pr. of incalescere to grow hot.] Growing warm. — in'- 
ca-les'cence (-2ns), to. Both Rare. 

in'can-desce' (In'kan-des'), v. i. & t.; -desced' (-dest') ; 
-desc'ing (-des'ing). [L. incandescere.~] To be or 
become, or cause to become, incandescent. 

in'can-des'cence (-kdn-des'ens), to. Glowing due to heat. 

in'can-des'cent (-ent), a. [L. incandescent, -entis, p. pr. 
of incandescere to become hot ; in- in + candescere to be 
incandescent, candere to be glittering white.] 1. White or 
glowing with intense heat ; hence : clear ; shining ; bril- 
liant. 2. Pert, to or designating a lamp whose light is 
produced by incandescence. — in'can-des'cent-ly, adv. 

in'can-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. [F., fr. L. incantatio, fr. in- 
cantare to chant a magic formula over one. See enchant.] 
The use of spells or charms, spoken or sung, as a part of the 
ritual of magic ; also, the formula of words used ; loosely, 
magic ; sorcery ; enchantment. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, venjju-e (87); 



INCAPABILITY 



501 



INCIPIENCY 



in-ca'pa-bil'i-ty (Tn-ka'pd-bTl'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being incapable ; incapacity. 

in-ca'pa-ble (-ka'pd-b'l), a. 1. Not capable; wanting in 
capacity, ability, or qualification. 2. Not able to admit ; — 
used with of; as, incapable of measurement. 3. Not to be 
brought to do (some evil thing) ; not having the depravity, 
weakness, or the like for the doing (of a specified evil 
thing) ; — used with of; as, incapable of sin. 4. Law. 
Wanting legal power. 5. Not in a state to receive so as to be 
affected or moved by or so as to be sensible ; not suscep- 
tible ; — used with of; as, incapable of pain or pleasure. 
Obs. or Archaic. 6. Not able or fit for the doing or per- 
formance (of some specified action) ; — now used only with 
of; as, incapable of doing the work. — in-ca'pa-ble-ness, 
n. — in-ca'pa-bly, adv. 

Syn. Unable, unqualified, disqualified, inefficient. — 
Incapable, unable. Incapable commonly implies 
inherent or permanent lack of power to do or bear some- 
thing ; unable, want of ability to meet or perform a 
specific requirement or task. 

— n. One morally or mentally weak or inefficient. 
in'ca-pa'cious (Tn'kd-pa'shus), a. Not capacious ; of insuf- 
ficient capacity ; of the mind, etc., incapable ; deficient. 

in'ca-pac'i-tate (Tn'kd-pas'I-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; 
-tat'ing. To deprive of capacity ; disable ; disqualify. 

in'ca-pac'i-ta'tion (-ta^shim), n. Act of incapacitating, or 
state of being incapacitated ; incapacity. 

in'ca-pac'i-ty (-tT), n. Want of capacity ; inability ; disabil- 
ity. — Syn. Incapability, incompetency, disqualification. 

in-car'cer-ate (ih-kar'ser-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- 
ing. [in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of carcerare to impris- 
on, career prison.] To imprison ; hence : to confine ; hem 
in. — Syn. See imprison. 

— (-at), o. Imprisoned. Now Rare. 

in-car/cer-a'tion (-a 'shun), n. Act of confining ; state of be- 
ing confined ; imprisonment. — in-car'cer-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

in-car'di-nate (In-kar'di-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'ing (-nat'Tng). [LL. incar dinar e.~] R. C. Ch. Orig., 
to establish as a chief presbyter, deacon, etc., in, or attach, 
as a priest, corporately to, a certain church, diocese, or 
place ; now, usually, to make a cardinal. 

in-car'na-dine (Tn-kar'nd-dTn), a. [F. incarnadin, It. in- 
carnatino; L. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh.] Of a reddish 
hue ; properly, flesh-colored ; also, blood-colored ; crimson. 

— v. t. ; -dined (-dind) ; -din-ing. To make incarnadine. 
in-car'nate (-nat), a. [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incarnare to 

incarnate ; in- in + caro flesh.] 1. Invested with flesh or 
bodily nature and form ; esp., embodied in human form ; 
hence, personified. 2. Flesh-colored ; rosy ; red. — (-nat), 
v. t. ; -nat-ed (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing. 1. To make incarnate ; 
embody. 2. To give a concrete or actual form to, as theories, 

. ideals, etc. 3. To show itself as the embodiment of. 

in'car-na'tion (m'kar-na'shun), n. 1. Act or fact of incar- 
nating ; state of being incarnated. 2. Theol. Of Christ, the 
union of Godhead with manhood. 3. An incarnated being 
or idea ; specif.: a A person or other creature embodying a 
spirit or deity, b Ajiy concrete or actual form incorporat- 
ing or exemplifying a principle, ideal, or the like ; esp., a 
person exhibiting markedly some trait or quality. 

in-case' (Tn-kas'), v. t.; -cased' (-kast') ; -cas'ing. [F. 
encaisser; en- (L. in) + caisse case.] To inclose in a 
case or in something solid; encase. 

in-case'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of incasing; 
state of being incased ; also, a case ; covering. 2. Biol. 
The supposed inclosure of the germs of future generations 
one within the other in the body of a parent organism. 

in-cau'tion (m-k6'shun), n. Want of caution. 

in-cau'ti0US (Tn-ko'shus), a. Not cautious ; heedless ; rash. 
— Syn. Unwary, indiscreet, imprudent, reckless, thought- 
less. — in-cau'tious-ly, adv. — tious-ness, n. 

in-cen'di-a-rism (in-sen'di-d-riz'm), n. Incendiary action 
or practice. Cf . arson. 

in-cen'di-a-ry (-a-n), a. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium 
a fire. See incense to inflame.] 1. Of or pert, to the 
malicious burning of property. 2. Tending to excite fac- 
tion, sedition, or quarrels ; inflammatory ; seditious. — n. ; 
?l. -ries (-riz). 1. One who maliciously sets fire to a 
uilding or other property. 2. One who excites faction, 
quarrels, or sedition ; an agitator. 

in-cense' (Tn-sens'), v. t.; -censed' (-sensf); -cens'ing. 
[L. incensus, p. p. of incendere to burn ; in — f- root of 
candere to glow.] 1. To enkindle or excite, as a passion. 
Obs. or R. 2. To inflame with anger ; heat ; madden. — 
Syn. Enrage, exasperate, provoke, anger. See irritate. 

In'cense (m'sens), n. [F. encens, L. incensum, fr. incen- 
sus, p. p. of incendere to bum.] 1. Material used to 
produce a perfume when burned. 2. Perfume or smoke 
exhaled from spices or gums when burned in celebrating 
religious rites ; hence, any pleasing fragrance. 

— v. t. 1. To burn incense before. 2. To perfume as with 
incense. — v. i. To burn or offer incense. 

tn-cense'ment (-ment) , n. Fact of being incensed ; anger. 



in-cen'tive (Tn-sen'tiv), a. [L. incentivus, fr. incinere to 
strike up the tune ; in- -f- canere to sing.] 1. Inciting ; 
stimulative. 2. Kindling. 06s. — n. That which incites, or 
tends to incite, to determination or action ; motive. — Syn. 

_ Spur, stimulus, incitement, encouragement. See motive. 

in-cept' (in-sept'), v. t. [L. inceptare to undertake, to 
begin.v.freq. of incipereto begin.] 1. To begin jcommence; 
undertake. Obs. or R. 2. To take in ; to intussuscept. — 
v. i. To complete the taking of a degree ; to commence ; — 

< now used only at Cambridge University, England. 

in-cep'tion (-sep'shiin), n. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere to 
begin; in- in -f- capere to take.] Beginning; commence- 

_ ment ; initiation. — Syn. See origin. 

in-cep'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Beginning, or relating to a begin- 
ning. 2. Gram. Denoting the beginning of an action ; — 
said of a verb. — n. An incentive verb or phrase. 

in-cer'tain (ln-sfir'tin), a. [F.] Uncertain. Obs. 

in-cer'ti-tude (-sur'tT-tud), n. Doubtfulness; indecision. 

in-ces'sant (Tn-ses'ant), a. [L. incessans, -antis; in- not 
+ cessare to cease.] Continuing or following without inter- 
ruption ; unceasing ; uninterrupted. — Syn. See contin- 
ual. — in-ces'san-cy (-dn-sT), n. — in-ces'sant-ly, adv. 

in'cest (In'sest), n. [L. incestus, -turn, unchastity, incest, 
incestus unchaste; in- not + castus chaste.] 1. The 
crime of cohabitation between persons so closely related 

_ that marriage is prohibited. 2. Eccl. Spiritual incest. 

in-ces'tu-ous (Tn-ses'yl-us), a. Guilty of incest; also, 

_ involving, or pert, to, incest. — in-ces'tU-OUS-ly, adv. 

inch (inch), n. [AS. ynce, L. uncia one twelfth, inch, 
ounce.] 1. A measure of length, l-12th of a foot (= 2.54 
centimeters). 2. Hence : a Of rain, snow, etc. : a fall 
sufficient to cover the surface or to fill a gauge to the depth 
of one inch ; as, two inches of rain, b A degree of 
(atmospheric or other) pressure sufficient to balance the 
weight of a liquid column one inch high in a barometer or 
manometer (when the liquid is not named, mercury is 
understood) ; as, an atmospheric pressure of thirty inches. 
C Short for water inch. 

— v. t. To drive or move by inches or small degrees. — v. i. 
To advance or retire by small degrees ; move slowly. 

inch'meal' (Ynch'mel'), adv. [See -meal.] By inches; 
little by little ; gradually. Also by inchmeal (inchmeal 
being given the force of a noun). 

in'cho-ate (Tn'ko-at), a. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, 
p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently, or just, begun ; be- 
ginning ; incipient ; incomplete. — (-at), v. t. & i. To begin 
or cause to begin ; initiate ; commence. — in'cho-ate-ly, 
adv. — in/cho-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

in-cho'a-tive (Tn-ko'd-tTv), a. 1. Inchoate. 2. Expressing, 
or pertaining to, a beginning ; inceptive. — n. An inchoa- 
tive, or inceptive, verb (see inceptive, a., 2). 

inch/worm/ (lnch'wurm'), n. = measuring worm. 

in/ci-dence (Yn'si-dens), n. 1. Act, fact, or manner of fall- 
ing upon or affecting ; also, range of occurrence or influ- 
ence. 2. Physics. The falling of a projectile, ray of light, 
etc., on a surface. 

The term angle of incidence was formerly applied to the 
angle between the line of projection, ray of light, etc., and 
the surface impinged upon, but is now applied to the com- 
plement of this angle. 

in'ci-dent (-dent), a. [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. of inci- 
dere to fall into or on ; in- in, on + cadere to fall.] 1. Lia- 
ble to happen ; apt to occur ; hence, naturally happening or 
appertaining, esp. as a_ subordinate feature. 2. Law. De- 
pendent on, or appertaining to, another thing (the princi- 
pal) ; directly and immediately pert. to,or involved in, some- 
thing else, though not an essential part of it. 3. Incidental ; 
fortuitous. 4. Falling or striking, as a light ray on a surface. 
— Syn. See subject. 

— n. 1. That which falls out or takes place ; event ; occur- 
rence. 2. An accidental or subordinate action or event. 3. 
Law. Something appertaining to, passing with, or depend- 
ing on, another, called the principal ; something incident 
to another. — Syn. Circumstance, event, fact, adventure, 
contingency. See event. 

in'ci-den'tal (-si-den'tal).'a. 1. Happening as a chance or 
undesigned feature of something else ; casual ; subordinate. 
2. Liable to happen or to follow as a chance feature or in- 
cident.- — Syn. See accidental.— n. That which is inci- 
dental; esp., in pi., subordinate or incidental items not 
particularized. — in'ci-den'tal-ly, adv. 

in-cin'er-ate (Tn-sTn'er-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); 
-at'ing. [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare ; L. in- in 
-f- cinis, cineris, ashes.] To burn to ashes ; cremate. 

in-cin'er-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act of incinerating ; state of 
being incinerated ; cremation. 

in-Cin'er-a'tor (Yn-sTn'er-a'teO.n. One who, or that which, 
incinerates; esp., a furnace or oven for incinerating sub- 
stances, as garbage, or for cremating bodies. 

in-cip'i-€nce (-sip'i-ens)l n. Incipient state or quality; 

in-cip'i-en-cy (-en-sY) / beginning; commencement. 



i 



i 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh«z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word. + combined with, a equal* 



M 



INCIPIENT 



502 



INCOMPLETE 



in-cip'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to 

begin.] Beginning to be, or to appear. ent-ly, adv. 

in-cise' (-siz'), v. t.; -cised' (-slzd') ; -cis'ing (-siz'ing). 

[L. incisus, p. p. of incidere to incise ; in- + caedere to 

cut.] To cut in or into ; carve ; engrave. 
in-cised' (-slzd'), p. a. 1. Carved ; engraved. 2. Bot. & 

Zool. Having the margin deeply notched. See leaf, lllust. 
ili-ci'sion (-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of incising. 2. A cut ; gash. 

3. Fig., penetration ; incisiveness. 

in-ci'sive (-sl'slv), a. Cutting ; penetrating ; sharp ; hence : 
acute ; clear-cut ; sarcastic ; biting. — Syn. See sharp. — 
in-ci'sive-ly, adv. — in-ci'sive-ness, n. 

in-ci'sor (-sl'zer ; -ser) , n. [NL.] A tooth adapted for cut- 
ting ; specif., any of the cutting teeth in front of the canines 
in either jaw. 

in-ci'so-ry (-sI'so-rT), a. Adapted to cut. 

in'ci-ta'tion (Tn'si-ta'shun), n. An inciting; stimulation; 
also, that which incites to action. 

in-cite' (in-slt'), v. t.; -cit'ed (-slt^ed) ; -ctt'ing. [L. in- 
citare ; in- in + citare to rouse, stir up.] To spur or urge 
on. — Syn. Stimulate, instigate, goad, arouse, provoke, 

_ encourage, prompt. See move. — in-cit'er (-er), n. 

in-cite'ment (-ment), n. Act of inciting; that which in- 
cites ; incentive. — Syn. Motive, spur, stimulus, impulse. 

in'ci-vil'i-ty (m'si-vil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being uncivil ; rudeness. 2. Any uncivil act. — 
Syn. Impoliteness, disrespect, discourtesy. 

in'ci-vism Qfn'si-viz'm), n. Want of civism. [encircle.l 

in-clasp' ( Tn-klasp' ), v. t. To clasp within; embrace or| 

in-clave' (-klav'), a. Her. Resembling a series of dove- 
tails ; — said of the border of an ordinary. 

in-clem'en-cy (in-klem'en-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). State, 
quality, or fact of being inclement. 

in-clem'ent (-ent), a. Not clement ; severe ; harsh ; rough. 

— Syn. Cruel ; rigorous, boisterous. — in-clem'ent-ly,adr. 
in-clin'a-ble (-klln'd-b'l), a. Inclined ; favorably disposed. 
in'cli-na'tion (Tn'kli-na'shSn), n : [F., fr. L. inclination 

1. A particular disposition ; leaning ; tendency ; a disposi- 
tion more favorable to one thing than to another ; propen- 
sity. 2. Act of inclining, or bending ; obeisance ; nod. 3. A 
direction or tendency, or amount or degree of deviation, 
from the true vertical or horizontal. _ 4. Inclined surface ; 
slope. 5. Geom. The angle determined by two lines or 
planes ; as, the inclination of two rays of light. — Syn. 
Bent, proneness, bias, proclivity, predilection. 

in-cli'na-to-ry (ln-kll'nd-to-ri), a. Leaning or inclining. 

in-cline'^n-kllnO, v. i.; -CLiNED'(-kllnd') ; -clin'ing. [OF. 
encliner, incliner, L. inclinare ; in- in + dinar e to bend, 
incline.] 1. To bow ; incline the head or body forward ; 
bend. 2. To lean or tend, mentally or morally ; be disposed ; 
as, he inclines to our opinion. 3. To deviate from a line, 
direction, or course ; slope ; slant. — v. t. 1. To cause to 
incline. 2. To turn ; dispose. 
to incline one's ear, to listen favorably. 

— n. An inclined plane ; ascent or descent ; grade ; slope. 

in-clined' (m-kllnd'), p. a. 1. Having inclination; as: 
a Disposed, esp. favorably, b Sloping. 2. Math. Making 
an angle with some line or plane. 

inclined plane, a plane that makes an oblique angle with 
the plane of the horizon. When used to produce pressure 
or to move bodies, it is classed as a simple machine or 
mechanical power. 

in-clin'er (Tn-klin'er), n. One who, or that which, inclines. 

in-clin'ing (-klin'mg), n. 1. Inclination ; disposition. 2. 
Party or following. Obs. or Archaic. 

in'cli-nom/e-ter (m'klT-nom'e-ter), n. [incline + -me- 
ter.'] 1. Magnetism. An appara- 
tus to determine the direction of the 
earth's magnetic force with rela- 
tion to the plane of the horizon ; a 
dipping needle with its accessories 
(see dipping needle). 2. A ma- 
chinist's clinometer. 

in-close' (m-kloz'), v. t.; -closed' 
(-klozd') ;-clos'ing. [See enclose.] 
1. To shut up or in. 2. To shut or 
envelop in a receptacle ; esp., to in- 
sert (something) in the same parcel 
or envelope with_ another. 3. To 
surround, or shut in, as with a fence. 

4. Specif. : To fence off or in (com- Inclinometer, 1. 
_ mon land) in order to appropriate it to individual use. 
in-Clos'er (m-kloz'er), n. One who, or that which, incloses. 
in-clo'sure (in-klo'zhur),n. 1. Act of inclosing; state of 

being inclosed. 2. That which is inclosed, as a field, a letter 
within another, etc. 3. That which incloses, as a fence, 
in-clude' (in-klood'; 86), v. t.; tn-clud'ed (-klood'Sd) ; 
-clud'ing. [L. includere, inclusum ; in- in + claudere 
to shut.] 1. To confine ; shut up ; inclose. 2. To compre- 
hend or comprise, as a whole the part ; contain ; embrace. 

— Syn. See contain. — in-clud'a-ble, in-clud'i-ble, a. 
in-clud'ed (m-klood'ed), p. a. 1. Inclosed ; embraced. 2. 




Bot. Not projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla ; — >• 
said of stamens and pistils. Opposed to exserted. 

in-clu'sion (-kloo'zhftn; 86), n. 1. Act of including; state 
of being included. 2. Min. A foreign body, gaseous, liquid, 
or solid, usually of minute size, inclosed in a mineral. 

in-clu'sive (-slv), a. 1. Inclosing; surrounding; contain- 
ing ; comprising. 2. Comprehending the stated limit or ex- 
tremes ; as, from Monday to Friday inclusive, that is, tak- 
ing in both Monday and Friday ; — opposed to exclusive. 

— in-clu'sive-ly, adv. — in-clu'sive-ness, n. 
in'co-er'ci-ble (m'ko-ur'si-b'l), a. Not coercible. 
in-cog'(in-kog'), a., adv., & n. Incognito. Colloq. 
in-COg'i-ta-ble (m-koj'i-td-b'l), a. [L. incogitabilis ; 

in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Inconceivable. 

in-cog'i-tant (-tdnt), a. Thoughtless. 

in-cog'ni-ta (-kog'm-td), a. & n. Feminine of incognito. 

in-COg'ni-tO (-m-to), a. or adv. [It. incognito, masc, -ta, 
fern., L. incognitus unknown ; in- not+cognitus known.] 
With (one's) identity concealed ; esp., in a capacity other 
than one's official capacity, or under a name or title not 
calling for special recognition. — n.; pi. -tos (-toz). One 
appearing incognito ; also, state or disguise of such a one. 

in'CO-her'ence (In'ko-heVensH n.; pi. -ences (-en-sez), 

in'co-her'en-cy (-her'en-si) / -encies (-siz). 1. Quality 
or fact of being incoherent. 2. That which is incoherent. 

in'co-her'ent (-ent), a. Not coherent ; as : a Wanting co- 
hesion ; loose, b Wanting agreement or coordination ; in- 
congruous ; inconsistent. — m'co-her'ent-ly, adv. 

in'com-bus'ti-ble (Tn'kom-bus'ti-b'l), a. Not combustible. 

— n. An incombustible substance. — in'com-bus'ti-bil'- 
i-ty (-bil'i-ti), -bus'ti-ble-ness, n. — -bus'ti-bly, adv. 

in'come (Tn'kum), n. 1. A coming in. 2. Something that 
comes in by way of addition. 3. That gain which pro- 
ceeds from labor, business, or property ; revenue ; receipts ; 
wages or salary. Cf . principal, n. 3 b. — Syn. Profit, 
proceeds, interest, emolument, produce. 

in'coin'er (In'kum'er), n. One who comes in. 

income tax. A tax on a person's income, emoluments, prof- 
its, etc., or on the excess over a certain amount. See tax. 

in'cqm'ing, a. Coming in ; accruing, as profit ; taking pos- 
session, as a tenant ; beginning, as a year. — n. 1. A com- 
ing in. 2. That which comes in ; income ; — usually in pi. 

in'com-men'su-ra-bil'i-ty (m'ko-men'shdo-rd-bil'i-ti), n. 
Quality or state of being incommensurable. 

in'com-men'su-ra-ble (Tn'kd-men'shd6-rd-b'l), a. Not 
commensurable ; having no common measure or basis of 
comparison. In arithmetic, having no common divisor 
but 1. — n. 1. That which is incommensurable, as a 
quantity. 2. One of two„or more quantities that have no 
common measure. — in'com-men'su-ra-bly, adv. 

m'com-men'su-rate (-rat), a. Not commensurate ; as : a 
Incommensurable, b Inadequate. — -men'su-rate-ness, n. 

m'com-mode' (In'ko-mod'), v. t.; -mod'ed (-mod'ed) ; 
-mod'ing. [F. incommoder, L. incommodare, fr. incommo- 
dus inconvenient ; in- not + commodus convenient.] To 
give inconvenience ; put out ; discommode. ■ — Syn. Annoy, 
disturb, trouble, molest, inconvenience, disquiet, vex. 

in/com-lho'di-ous ( -mo'di-us ),_ a. Not commodious ; 
not affording ease or advantage ; inconvenient. — in'com- 
mo'di-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. [vantage.l 

in'com-mod'i-ty (-mod'i-ti), n. Inconvenience; disad-| 

in'com-mu'ni-ca-ble (-mu'ni-kd-b'l), a. Not communica- 
ble ; incapable of being communicated, told, or imparted. — 
in'com-mu'ni-ca-bil'i-ty (in'ko-mu'ni-kd-bil'i-ti), in'- 
com-mu'ni-ca-ble-ness, n. — in'com-mu'ni-ca-bly, adv. 

Ul'com-mu/ni-ca-tive (-kS-tiv), o. Not communicative; 
reserved ; exclusive. — in'com-mu'ni-ca-tive-ness, n. 

in'com-mut'a-ble (-mut'd-b'l), a. Not commutable : a 
Unchangeable, b Unexchangeable. — in'com-mut'a-bil'- 
i-ty (-biFi-ti), n. — mut'a-bly, adv. 

in'com-pact' (in / kom-pakt / ), o. Not compact ; not solid ; 
loose. — in'com-pact'ly, adv. — in'com-pact'ness, n. 

in-com'pa-ra-ble (Tn-kom'pd-rd-b'l), a. 1. Beyond com- 
parison ; without a peer or equal ; matchless. 2. Not suita- 
ble for comparison ; — used -wiihwit h or to. — in-com'pa- 
ra-ble-ness, n. — in-com'pa-ra-bly, adv. 

in'com-pat'i-bil'My (Tn'kom-pat'i-bil'i-ti) , n. ; pi. -ties 
(-tiz). Quality or state of being incompatible ; also, an 
incompatible thing or quality. 

in'com-pat'i-ble (In'kom-pat'i-b'l), a. Not compatible; 
mutually inconsistent ; incongruous ; incapable of harmoni- 
ous association or of acting in accord ; discordant.— Syn. 
See incpnsistent. — in'com-pat'i-bly, adv. 

in-com'pe-tence ( Tn-kom'pe-tens ), in-com'pe-ten-cy 
(-ten-si), n. Quality, state, or fact of being incompetent ; 
want of ability. — Syn. Inability, 1 disqualification, inca- 
pability. 

in-com'pe-tent (-tent), a. Not competent; wanting ade- 
quate power, capacity, means, etc. ; incapable ; specif., 
without legal qualifications ; disqualified. — n. One who 
is incompetent ; one mentally deficient. tent-ly, adv. 

in / com-plete / (ln^m-plet'), a. Not complete ; not fin- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd^ eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^re, verdure (87) ; 



INCOMPLETELY 



503 



INCREASE 



ished ; .'.mperfect ; defective. — in'com-pletely, adv. — 
in'com-plete'ness, in'com-ple'tion (-ple'shim), n. 

in'com-pli'ance (ln'kom-pll'ans), n. Quality or state of 
being incompliant ; obstinacy. 

in'com-pli'ant (-ant), a. Not compliant ; unyielding. 

in-com'pre-hen'si-ble (Tn-kom'prS-hen'si-b'l), a. 1. Not 
capable of being contained within limits ; boundless. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Not capable of being comprehended or under- 
stood \ beyond ordinary comprehension. — in-com/pre- 
hen'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-tl), in-com'pre-hen'si-ble-ness, n. 
— in-com'pre-hen'si-bly, adv. 

in-com'pre-hen'sive (-siv), a. Not comprehensive. 

in'com-press'i-ble (ih'kom-pres'I'-b'l), a. Not compressi- 
ble. — in'com-press'i-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-tl), n. 

in'com-put'a-ble (in'kom-put'd-b'1), a. That cannot be 
reckoned ; incalculable. 

in'con-ceiv'a-ble (in / kon-sev'd-b'l), a. Not conceivable; 
unimaginable ; unthinkable ; incredible ; unbelievable. — 
-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tl), -ceiv'a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

in'con-clu'sive (-kloo'siv ; 86), a. Not conclusive ; not 
leading to a definite conclusion or result. — in'con-clu'- 
sive-ly, adv. — in'con-clu'sive-ness, n. 

in'con-den'sa-ble (-den'sd-b'l), a. Also -si-ble (-sl-b'l). 
Not condensable ; incapable of being condensed. — in'- 
con-den'sa-bil'My, -si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. 

in-con'dite (In-kon'dTt), a. [L. inconditus; in- not + 
conditus, p. p. of condere to put or join together.] Badly 
put together ; hence : crude ; unrefined. Rare. 

ifl'con-form/i-ty (Tn'kon-for^mT-ti), n. Nonconformity. 

in-con'gru-ence (Tn-kon'groo-ens), n. Incongruity. Rare. 

in-COn'gru-ent (-ent), a. Incongruous. ent-ly, adv. 

in'con-gru'i-ty (m'kon-groo'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). _ 1. 
Quality or state of being incongruous ; inconsistency ; im- 
propriety ; inharmony. 2. That which is incongruous. 

in-COn'gni-OUS (ln-korj'groo-iis), a. Not congruous; in- 
harmonious ; inconsistent ; unsuitable ; inappropriate ; ab- 
surd ; disagreeing ; unfit ; improper. — Syn. See incon- 
sistent. — in-con'gru-ous-ly, adv. — gru-ous-ness, n. 

in'con-sec'U-tive (Tn'kon-sek'u-tTv), a. Not consecutive. 

in-con'se-quence (ih-kon'se-kwensj, n. Quality or state of 
being inconsequent ; illogicality ; irrelevance. 

ln-Con'se-quent (-kwent), a. [L. inconsequens. See IN- 
not ; consequent.] 1. Not following from the premises ; 
illogical. 2. Disconnected ; irrelevant. 3. Character- 
ized by inconsequence ; as, an inconsequent mind. — 
in-con'se-quent-ly, adv. 

in-con'se-quen'tial (-kwen'shal), a. Not regularly follow- 
ing from the premises ; irrelevant ; hence, unimportant. 

in'con-sid'er-a-ble (in'kon-sid'er-d-b'1), a. Not consider- 
able ; trivial. — in'con-sid'er-a-ble-nessjn. — a-bly, adv. 

in'con-sid'er-ate (-at), a. Not considerate ; not regarding 
the rights or feelings of others ; hasty ; careless. — Syn. 
Inattentive, negligent, improvident, imprudent, indis- 
creet, incautious, injudicious, rash. — in'con-sid'er-ate- 
ly, adv. — in'con-sid'er-ate-ness, n. 

in'con-sid'er-a'tion (-a 'shun), n. Want of due considera- 
tion ; inattention to consequences ; inconsiderateness ; also, 
an instance or display of this. 

in'con-sist'ence (-sis'tens), n. Inconsistency. 

in'con-sist'en-cy (-sis'ten-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being inconsistent ; discordance ; contra- 
riety ; incompatibility. 2. That which is inconsistent. 

in'con-sist'ent (-tent), a. Not consistent : a Contradictory 
or inconsequent ; illogical ; incongruous ; incompatible ; ir- 
reconcilable, b Not uniform in sentiment ; not steady to 
principle, etc. ; fickle. — in'con-sist'ent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Incongruous, incompatible, discordant, dissonant, 
repugnant, incoherent, discrepant. — Inconsistent, in- 
congruous, incompatible. Inconsistent impliescontra- 
diction or, discrepancy ; incongruous, lack of harmony, or 
reciprocal unsuitability, often verging on absurdity ; in- 
compatible suggests positive opposition or contrariety ; 
as, innocence and vice are inconsistent ; the lamb and the 
lion are incongruous companions ; his hatred is incompatible 
with any kindly interest. 

in'con-sol'a-ble (-sol'd-bl), a. Incapable of being con- 

_ soled ; disconsolate.— j-sol'a-ble-ness,n. sol'a-bly, adv. 

in-con'so-nant (Tn-kon'so-nant), o. Not consonant ; dis- 

_ cordant. — in-con'so-nance (-nans), n. nant-ly, adv. 

in'con-spic'u-ous (m'kon-spik'u-us), a. Not conspicu- 
ous ; hardly discernible ; not prominent or striking. — in'- 
con-spic'u-ous-ly, adv. — in con-spic'u-ous-ness, n. 

in-con'stan-cy (ln-kon'stan-si), n. Want of constancy ; 
fickleness ; want of uniformity. 

in-con'stant (-stant), a. Not constant; not stable or 
uniform ; fickle ; changeable. — Syn. Unsteady, variable, 
wavering, fluctuating. See faithless. stant-ly, adv. 

in'con-sum'a-ble (Tn'kon-sum'd-b'l), a. Not consumable ; 

that cannot be wasted or spent, 
in'con-test'a-ble (in'kon-tes'td-b'1), a. Not contestable ; 
not to be disputed or controverted. — Syn. Incontrovert- 



ible, indisputable, irrefragable, undeniable, unquestion* 
able, indubitable, certain. — in'con-test'a-bly, adv. 

in-con'ti-nence (In-kon'ti-nens), n. Quality or state of 
being incontinent ; esp., indulgence of lust ; unchastity. 

in-con'ti-nent (-nent), a. [L. incontinens. See in- not; 
continent.] Not continent ; as : a Uncontrolled ; indulg- 
ing unlawful lust ; lewd, b Unable to retain or contain ; — ■ 
usually with of. 

in-con'ti-nent, adv. [F. incontinent, fr. L. in continenti 
(sc. tempore), lit., in continuous (time).] Immediately ; at 
once. Archaic. 

in-con'ti-nent-ly, adv. Incontinent. Archaic. 

in-con'ti-nent-ly, adv. In an incontinent, or unrestrained, 
manner ; specif., lewdly ; loosely. 

in'con-trolla-ble (Tn'kon-trol'd-b'l), a. Uncontrollable. 

in-con/tro-vert'i-ble (ln-kon'trS-vur'tT-b'D, a. Not contro- 
vertible ; indisputable. — in-con'tro-vert'i-bil'i-ty (-bll'- 
Y-tT), -vert'i-ble-ness, n. — vert'i-bly, adv. 

in'con-ven'ience (ln'kon-ven'yens), n. 1. Quality or state 
of being inconvenient ; disadvantage ; discomfort ; incom- 
modity. 2. That which is inconvenient ; esp., that which 
gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness. — Syn. In- 
commodiousness, awkwardness, disquiet, uneasiness, dis- 
turbance, annoyance. 

— v. t. ; -ienced (-yenst) ; -ienc-ing (-yen-sing). To put to 
inconvenience ; incommode. 

in'con-ven'ien-cy (-yen-si), n. Inconvenience. 

in'con-ven'ient (-yent), a. 1. Not suitable ; unfit. Obs. 
2. Not convenient ; giving trouble or annoyance ; hinder- 
ing progress or success. — Syn. Unsuitable, uncomforta- 
ble, awkward, unseasonable, inopportune, incommodious, 
disadvantageous, troublesome, cumbersome, embarrassing, 
annoying. — in'con-ven'ient-ly, adv. 

hVcon-vert'i-ble (-vur'ti-b'l), a. Not convertible ; specif., 
of paper money, not exchangeable on demand for specie. 
— ln'con-vertl-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tl), -vert'i-ble-ness, n. 

in'con-vin'ci-ble {-vin'sT-b'l), a. Incapable of being con- 
vinced. — vin'ci-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), n. — vin'ci-bly, adv. 

in'co-dr'di-nate (m'ko-or'di-nat), a. Not coordinate. 

in'CO-or'di-na'tion (-na'shtm), n. Want of coordination; 
lack of harmonious adjustment or action. 

in-cor'po-rate (in-kor'p6-rat), a. [L. incorporatus. See 
in- not ; corporate.] Incorporeal ; spiritual. Rare. 

in-cor'po-rate, a. [L. incorporatus, p. p. of incorporare 
to incorporate ; in- in -f- corporare. See corporate.] 

1. Made one in body; intimately united or blended. 

2. Incorporated; also, united with others in a corpora- 
tion ; as, an incorporate town ; an incorporate member. 

— (-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. 1. To form into 
a body ; combine, as ingredients, into one consistent mass ; 
unite. 2. To unite with, or introduce into, a mass already 
formed. 3. To unite intimately ; blend ; as, to incorporate 
copper with silver. 4. To form into a corporation ; as, to 
incorporate a city or a bank. 5. To unite with a material 
body ; embody. — v. i. To unite in or as one body. 

in-cor'po-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. 1. An incorporating ; state 
of being incorporated. 2. A body incorporated ; corporation. 

in-cor'po-ra'tor (In-kor'po-ra'ter), n. 1. One who incor- 
porates. 2. One of the original members of a corporation. 

in'cor-po're-al (Tn'kor-po're-al ; 57), a. 1. Not corpo- 
real; immaterial. 2. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, im- 
material beings. 3. Law. Existing only in contemplation 
of law, as an immaterial right. — Syn. Unsubstantial, bodi- 
less, spiritual. — in'cor-po're-al-ly, adv. 

in-cor'po-re'i-ty (m-kor'po-re'I-ti), ».; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
Quality or state of being incorporeal ; immateriality ; also, 
an incorporeal attribute or entity. 

in'cor-rect' O'n'ko-rekt'), a. 1. Not correct ; faulty. 2. Un- 
becoming ; improper. 3. Untrue ; inaccurate. — Syn. Erro- 
neous, wrong. — in'cor-rect'ly, adv. — in'cor-rect'ness, n. 

in-cor'ri-gi-biri-ty (ln-kor'i-ji-bll'i-tl), n. Quality or 
state of being incorrigible. 

in-cor'ri-gi-ble (in-kor'T-ji-b'l), a. Not corrigible ;_ bad 
beyond correction ; irreclaimable. — n. One who is in- 
corrigible. — gi-ble-ness, n. — in-cor'ri-gi-bly, adv. 

in'cor-rupt' (m'ko-rupt'), a. Not corrupt; sound; pure; 
untainted ; upright ; honest. 

in'cor-rupt'i-ble (-rup'ti-b'l), a. Not corruptible ; specif., 
incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted. — in'cor- 
rupt'i-bil'i-ty (-rup'tT-bil'I-ti), n. — rupt'i-bly, adv. 

in'cor-rup'tion (-rup'shun), n. Condition or quality of 
being incorrupt or incorruptible. Archaic. 

in'cor-rupt'ly, adv. In an incorrupt manner. 

in'cor-rupt'ness, n. Quality of being incorrupt. 

in-cras'sate (Tn-kras'at), v. t. & i. [L. incrassatus, p. p. 
of incrassare ; in- in + crassus thick.] To thicken ; 
inspissate ; esp., Pharm., to thicken (a liquid) by admix- 
ture of another substance, or by evaporating. — (-at), o. 
Bot. & Zo'dl. Thickened or swollen. 

in-creas'a-ble (Yn-kres'd-b'l), a. That can be increased. 

in-crease' (Yn-kres'), v. %.; -creased' (-kresf) ; -creas'ing. 



J 



K 



K = cli in u. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



INCREASE 



504 



INDECORUM 



[OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; in~ in 4" crescere to 
grow.] 1. To become greater ; grow ; advance ; wax ; — op- 
posed to decrease. 2. To multiply by propagation ; be fer- 
tile or prolific. — v. t. To augment ; add to ; enhance. 
Syn. Increase, enlarge, augment. Increase, the gen- 
eral term, applies to number, size, duration, intensity, value ; 
enlarge applies chiefly to that which has (lit. or fig.) capac- 
ity, scope, magnitude, or dimensions ; as, to increase (not 
enlarge) one's weight, one's speed ; to increase (or enlarge) 
one's income, one's capacity for enjoyment ; to enlarge (not 
increase) one's house, one's circle of acquaintances. Aug- 
ment is more frequent in literary than in popular usage ; 
it often implies a substantial increase or enlargement, 
in'creass (m'kres), n. 1. Act of increasing; as: a Addi- 
tion or enlargement ; augmentation ; growth, b Multiplica- 
tion by propagation ; production of young ; generation. 2. 
That which results from increasing ; addition ; increment ; 
offspring ; produce ; profit. — Syn. Enlargement, growth, 
development, accession, extension, production. 
in-creas'er (in-kres'er), n. One who, or that which, 
increases ; specif. : a A person or thing that augments or 
makes to grow, b A promoter or furtherer. Archaic. 
in creas'ing-ly, adv. More and more, 
in'cre-ate (fn'kre-at), a. Not created; self-existent. 
in-cred'i-bil'i-ty (ln-kred'i-bil'I-tT), n. m Quality, state, or 

fact of being incredible ; also, that which is incredible. 
in-cred/i-ble (Tn-kred'I-b'l),a. Not credible; too extraordi- 
nary and improbable to admit of belief. cred'i-bly, adv. 

in'cre-du'li-ty (Tn'kre-du'li-tp.n. State, quality, or fact 
of being incredulous ; skepticism. — Syn. See unbelief. 
in-cred'u-lous (m-kredlii-lSs), a. 1. Not credulous; skep- 
tical ; unbelieving. 2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or 

incredulity ; as, an incredulous smile. lous-ly, adv. 

in'cre-ment (In'kre-ment), n. [L. incrementum. See in- 
crease.] 1. An increasing; enlargement; increase. 2. 
That which is gained or added ; specif., one of a series of 
minute additions or augmentations ; — opp. to decrement. 
3. Math. A change, either positive or negative, in the 
value of an independent variable ; also, the corresponding 
change in the value of the dependent function. — in'cre- 
men'tal (-men'tal), a. 
in-cres'cent (In-kreVent), a. [L. increscens, -entis, p. pr. 

of increscere to increase.] Increasing ; waxing. 
in-crim/i-nate (ln-krTm'i-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat/ing. [LL. incriminatus, p. p. of incriminare ; in- 
in + criminare, -nari, to accuse of a crime. See crimi- 
nate.] To charge with, or involve in, a crime or fault ; 
accuse. — in-crim'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 
in-crim'i-na-to-ry (-nd-to-rl), a. Tending to incriminate. 
U in'croy'a'ble (aN'krwa'ya/br), n. [F., lit., incredible.] 
A French dandy of the time of the Directory ; hence, 
any fop. The name has reference to the frequent use of 
C'est vraiment incroyable (That is really incredible). 
in-crust' (ln-krust'), v. t. [L. incrustare ; in- ia + cru- 
stare to crust.] To cover or line with.a crust, or hard coat. 
in'cnis-ta'tion (ln'krtis-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of incrusting ; 

state of being incrusted. 2. A crust or hard coating. 
in'CU-bate (fn'ku-bat), v. t.; -BAT'ED^-bat'ed); -bat'ing. 
[L. incubatus, p. p. of incubare to lie on ; in- + cubare 
to lie down.] To sit on (eggs) to hatch them ; brood ; 
hence, to maintain (eggs, bacteria, etc.) under conditions 
favorable to hatching or development, as in an incubator. 
— v. i. 1. To sit on eggs ; brood. 2. To undergo incubation ; 

develop or hatch, as eggs. 
in'CU-ba'tion (-ba'shun), n. 1. Act or process of incubat- 
ing. 2. A brooding or brooding upon. 3. Med. Develop- 
ment of an infectious disease up to the appearance of 
symptoms ; also, the period of such development. 
in'CU-ba-tive (In'ku-ba-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to incu- 
bation; characteristic of, or marked by, incubation. 
in'CU-ba'tor (Tn'ku-ba'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
incubates ; esp., an apparatus for hatching eggs. 2. Med. 
An apparatus for rearing babies prematurely born. 
in'CU-t>US (m'ku-bus), n.; pi. E. -buses (-ez; 2-1), L. -bi 
(-bl). [L., nightmare.] 1. An evil spirit supposed to lie on 
persons asleep. Cf. succubus. 2. Nightmare. 3. Any 
person or thing that oppresses or burdens, 
in-cul'cate (fn-kul'kat ; in'kul-),.t>. t.; -cat-ed; -cat-ing. 
[L. inculcatus, p. p. of inculcare to tread on ; in- + 
calcare to tread, calx heeL] # To teach and impress by 
repetition or repeated admonition ; to urge on the mind ; — 
used with on or upon. — Syn. Instill, infuse, ingraft. 
in'cul-ca'tion (ln'kul-ka'shun), n._ A teaching and im- 
pressing by repetitions or admonitions. [inculcates.! 
Jn-CUl'ca-tor (ln-kul'ka-ter ; ln'kul-ka'ter) , n. One who| 
in'CUl-pate (ln'kiil-pat ; in-kul'pat), v. t.; -pat'ed (-pat'- 
Sd ; -pat-ed) ; -pat'ing. [L,T..inculpatus, p.p. of inculpare 
to blame ; L. in- in + culpa fault.] To impute guilt to ; 
blame ; incriminate. 

in'cul-pa'tion (m'kul-pa'shun), n. Blame ; censure. 
in-CUl'pa-tO-ry (in-kul'pd-t§-rT) # , a. Tending to inculpate ; 
imputing blame ; criminatory ; implicating 



in-CUlt' (Yn-kult'), a. [L. incultus; in- not -f- cultus, p. p. 

of colere to cultivate.] Uncultivated ; rough. Now Rare. 
in-cum'ben-cy (-kum'ben-si),n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Quality 

or state of being incumbent ; that which is incumbent ; as : 

a A duty ; obligation, b Full possession and exercise of an 

office. C An incumbent, or overlying, weight or mass, 
in-cum'bent (-bent), a. [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. of 

incumbere to lie or press upon.] 1. Lying or reclining, 

esp. with downward pressure. 2. Lying, resting, or im- 
posed, as a duty ; obligatory ; — used with on or upon. 
— n. One holding a benefice or an office. [ber, etc.l 

in-cum'ber (-ber), in-cum'brance, etc. Vars. of encum-| 
in'cu-nab'u-la (m'ku-nab'u-ld), n. pi. [L. incunabula, 

pi., cradle, birthplace, origin.] 1. Cradle period or state ; 

beginnings ; the phases marking infancy. 2. [With, Rare, 

sing, -lum (-lum).] _ Bibliography. Works of an early 

epoch ; esp., books printed before a. d. 1500. 
in-cur'(in-kurO,v. t.; -cuRRED'(-kurd') ; -curbing (-kur'- 

ing). [L. incurrere to run into or toward ; in- in + currere 

to run.] To meet or fall in with, as a thing inconvenient, 

harmful, etc. ; become liable to ; bring down upon one's self. 
Syn. Incur, contract agree in the idea of bringing upon 
one's self something unpleasant, onerous, or injurious. 
Incur emphasizes the idea of liability, and commonly im- 
plies voluntary action ; contract of tener suggests actual, 
often involuntary, acquisition ; as, to incur an obligation, a 
penalty, risk, criticism ; to contract a disease, a bad habit. 

in-cur'a-ble (Tn-kur'd-b'l), a. Not capable of being cured; 
irremediable. — Syn. Irretrievable, irreparable, hopeless. 
— to. One diseased beyond cure. — in-cur'a-bil'i-ty (-M1'- 
1-tT), in-cur'a-ble-ness, n. — in-cur'a-bly, adv. 

in-cu/ri-ous (Tn-ku'rT-i2s), a. Not curious, or inquisitive; 
indifferent; careless. — in-cu'ri-os'i-ty (-os'I-ti), n. — 
in-cu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — in-cu'ri-ous-ness, to. 

in-CUr'sion (-kur'shwn), n. [L. incur sio. See incur.]] A 
running in, into, or against ; hence, a hostile entrance into 

_ a territory ; sudden invasion ; raid ; foray. _ 

ill-cur r sive (-siv), a. Making incursions; invasive. 

in-cur/vate (-vat), a. [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incurvare 
to crook ; in- in + curvus bent. ] Curved inward. — 
(-vat), v. t. & i. To curve; bend; specif., to curve inward. 

in'cur-va'tion (Tn'kQr-va'shftn), n. Act, fact, or process of 
incurvating; state of being incurvatcd. 

in'curve' (in'kurvO, n. Also in'-curve', n., or in curve. 
A curving in ; Baseball, a ball that curves in. See curve, n. 

in-curve' (Tn-kurv'), v. t. & i. To curve, esp. inward. 

in'cus (Tn/kSs), n.; L. pi. incudes ( in-ku'dez ). [L. 
incus, incudis, anvil.] Anat. The middle one of the chain 
of three small bones in the ear of mammals; the anvil 
(bone). See ear. 

in-CUS3' (In-kuzO, a. [L. incusus, p. p. of incudere to 
forge with the hammer.] Struck or stamped in ; — esp. 
in numismatics. — n. An incuse figure, as a design. 

Ind (ind), n. 1. India. Poet, or Archaic. 2. Indies. 06s. 

in-da'ba (fn-da'ba), n. [Zulu in-daba."] A conference be- 
tween or with South African natives. 

in'da-gate (in'dd-gat), v. t. [L. indagatus, p. p. of indagare 
to seek.] To investigate. Obs. or R. 

in-dam/ine (Tn-dam'in; ln'dd-men'), n. Also -in. [Prob. 
indigo + amine.'] Chem. Any of a series of weak organic 
bases, artificially prepared, the simplest of which is phenyl- 
ene blue, C 6 H4(NH)N-CgH4NH2. 

in'da-zol (In'dd-zol ; Tn'dd-zol), in'da-zole (m'dd-zol), n. 
[indol + azole.~\ Org. Chem. A crystalline nitrogenous 
compound, C7HGN2, related to indol ; also, any compound 
of which indazol proper is the type. 

in-debt' (in-det'), v. t. [F. endetter; en- (L. in) + F. 
dette debt. See debt.] To bring into debt ; place under 
obligation. [owed ; debts collectively.] 

in-debt'ed-ness, n. 1. State of being indebted. 2. Sum| 

in-de'cen-cy (-de'sen-si),n.; pZ._ -cies _(-siz). 1. Quality or 
state of being indecent ; unseemliness.; immodesty ; obscen- 
ity. 2. That which is indecent ; an indecent word or act. 

in-de'cent (-sent), a. Not decent ; unfit to be seen or heard ; 
offensive to modesty and delicacy. — Syn. Unbecoming, 
indecorous, indelicate, unseemly, immodest, gross, impure, 
obscene, vile. See improper. — in-de'cent-ly, adv. 

in'de-cii'U-ate (ln'dS-sidlii-at), o. Having no decidua. 

in'de-cid'u-OUS (-us), a. Bot. Not deciduous, as leaves ; 
evergreen, as trees. 

in'de-ci'pher-a-ble (-sT'fer-d-b'l), a. That cannot be deci- 
phered. — in'de-ci-pher-a-bil'i-ty (-biKi-tT), n. 

in'de-ci'sion (-sizh'wn), n. Want of decision ; hesitation. 

in'de-ci'sive (-de-sl'siv), a. Not decisive ; as : a Undeter- 
mined ; irresolute, b Uncertain ; dubious. sive-ly, adv. 

in'de-Clin'a-ble (-klln'd-b'l), a. Gram. Not declinable. 

in'de-CO'rous (Tn'de-ko'rSs ; Tn-dek'S-rws), a. Not deco- 
rous ; violating good manners ; unbecoming ; improper. 
— Syn. Impolite, uncivil, ill-bred. See improper. — in'- 
de-co'rous-ly, adv. — in'de-co'rous-ness, n. 

in'de-co'rum (Tn'de-ko'riim ), 7i. Want of decorum ; im- 
propriety of behavior ; also, an indecorous action. _ 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
nse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



INDEED 



In-deed' (Tn-ded'), adv. [in, prep. + deed!] In reality; in 
truth ; in fact ; verily ; truly ; to be sure. 

in'de-fat'i-ga-ble (In'de-fat'I-gd-b'lJ.a. [~L.indefatigabi- 
lis.] Incapable of being fatigued, or not yielding to fatigue ; 
untiring; unwearying; tireless. — in'de-fat'i-ga-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-tl), -ga-ble-ness, n. — fat'i-ga-bly, adv. 

in'de-fea'si-ble (-fe'zi-b'l), a. Not defeasible; that can- 
not be annulled or forfeited. — in'de-fea'si-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'T-ti), n. — in'de-fea'si-bly, adv. 

in'de-fect'i-ble (-fek'tT-b'l), a. Not liable to defect ; failure, 
or decay ; also, faultless. — in'de-fect'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), 
n. — in'de-fect'i-bly, adv. 

in'de-fen'si-ble (-fen'sT-b'l), a. Not defensible ; unjustifi- 
able. — in'de-fen'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-tl), -fsn'si-ble-ness, n. 

in'de-fin'a-Vtle (-fin'd-b'l), a. Incapable of being defined. 
— in'de-fin'a-ble-ness, n. — in'de-fin'a-bly, adv. 

in-def'i-nite (In-deFI-nit), a. 1. Not definite ; undeter- 
mined or indeterminate ; as : a Vague or general ; as, an in- 
definite plan, b Having no prescribed limit ; as, an in- 
definite supply. 2. Unmeasured or unmeasurable ; as, an 
indefinite area. 3. Gram. Not defining or determining. 
4. Bot. Very numerous or not easily counted ; — applied to 
the members of a floral whorl, as stamens. — Syn. Uncer- 
tain, unsettled, indeterminate, loose, equivocal, inexact. — 
in-def'i-nite-ly, adv. — in-def'i-nite-ness, n. 
indefinite article, the word a or an. 

in'de-his'cence (In'de-his'ens), n. Quality or state of being 
indehiscent. 

in'de-his'cent (-hTs'ent), a. Bot. Remaining closed at ma- 
turity ; not dehiscent. See fruit, Illust. 

in-del'i-ble (ln-d^l'i-b'l), a. [L. indelebilis; in- not + 
delebilis capable of being destroyed.] That cannot be 
removed, washed away, blotted out, or effaced. — Syn. 
Fixed, fast, permanent, ineffaceable. — in-dell-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'T-ti), n. — in-del'i-bly, adv. 

in-del'i-ca-cy (-kd-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz)._ Quality of being 
indelicate ; coarseness ; also, that which is indelicate. 

in-del'i-cate (-kat), a. Not delicate ; offensive to good man- 
ners or to purity of mind ; rude. — Syn. Coarse, broad, im- 
polite, immodest, gross, offensive, unchaste, impure, unre- 
fined. See improper. — in-dcll-cate-ly, adv. 

in-dem/ni-fi-ca'tion (-dcm'nl-fi-ka'sh&n), n. 1. Actor 
process of indemnifying against loss, etc. ; state of being 
indemnified. 2. That which indemnifies. 

in-dem'ni-fy (-dern'm-fl), v. t.; -ni-fied (-fid~> ; -ni-fy'lng. 
[L. indemnis unhurt {in- not + damnum nurt, damage) 
+ -fy-] 1» To secure against loss or damage. 2. To make 
restitution or compensation to, as for loss, damage, etc. ; 
reimburse ; also, to make good (a loss)^ — Syn. See pay. 

In-dem'ni-tor (-tor), n. One who gives indemnity. 

in-dem'ni-ty C-tp, n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). [L. indemnitas, fr. 
indemnis uninjured.] 1. Protection or exemption from 
loss or damage ; security ; insurance ; specif., immunity from 
penalty for past offenses ; amnesty. 2. Indemnification, 
compensation, or remuneration for loss or injury sustained. 

in'de-mon'Stra'-ble (In'de-mon'strd-b'l), a. Incapable of 
being demonstrated.— -de-mon'stra-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti),7i. 

in-dent' (-dent'), v. t. [OF. endenter, fr. LL. indentare, fr. 
L. in in + dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. To make a notch or a 
series of notches in the border of ; make jagged or serrate. 
2. To cut into (a board, etc.) for mortising or dovetailing ; 
join together by so doing. 3. Print. To set (a line or lines) 
with indention; form an indention in (a paragraph, etc.). 
See indention. 4. To sever the parts of (a document) by 
way of indenture (see indenture, n., 2) ; hence, to draw up 
(an agreement or the like) in duplicate. 5. To indenture. 6. 
To make an order_ upon ; draw upon, as for stores ; also, 
Com., to make an indent, or order, for (goods). — v. i. 1. 
To form a recess. 2. To agree by indenture ; contract. 3. 
To make out a written order with a duplicate or counter- 
foil ; hence : to make a requisition ; draw (on or upon). 

— (Tn-dent' ; In'dent), n. 1. A notch in a margin, or a recess 
like a notch ; Print., an indention. 2. An indented writing ; 
indenture. 3. A certificate, or indented certificate, issued 
by the government of the United States at the close of the 
Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. 
4. An official requisition or order for supplies. Eng. 5. Com. 
A foreign order for goods. 

in-dent' (In-dent'), v. t. To dent ; impress ; stamp or press 
in ; also, to form a dent or dents in. 

in'den-ta'tion (m'den-ta'shun), n. An indenting; state of 
being indented ; result of indenting ; as : a A notch or recess 
in a margin, b Print. An indention. — Syn. See dint. 

in-dent'ed, p a. 1. Jagged ; notched. 2. Indentured. 3. 
Print. Set in from the margin. 4. Dented ; impressed. 

in-den'tion (-den'shim), n. 1„ An indenting. 2. Print. 
a Act of setting a line or lines (esp. the first line of a para- 
graph) in from the margin, b The blank space so left. 

in-den'ture (-tjlr), n. [F. endenture.~] 1. An indenting; 
state of being indented. 2. Law. An agre«ment in writing 
(usually in duplicate, the parts originally being notched or 
cut so as to correspond to each other). 3. Specif., a contract 



505 INDIAMAN 

binding an apprentice to a master, a servant to service in a 
colony, etc. ; — usually in pi. 4. A formal or official docu- 
ment, as a certificate or an inventory (originally one pre- 
pared in duplicate). 

— v. t. ; -tured (-turd) j -tur-en t g. To bind by an indenture. 
in'de-pend'ence (In'de-pen'dens), n. 1. State or quality 

of being independent ; power to direct one's own affairs 
without interference. 2. A sufficiency of means for a liveli- 
hood ; a competency. — Syn. See freedom. 

Independence Day. In the United States, a holiday, the 
4th of July, commemorating the adoption of the Declara- 

_ tion of Independence on that day in 1776. See holiday, 3. 

in'de-pend'en-CV (-den-si), n. Independence. Now Rare. 

in'de-pend'ent (-dent), a. 1. Not dependent ; free from ex- 
ternal control ; self-governing ; as, an independent state. 2. 
Scap.] Eccl. Of or pertaining to the Independents. 3. Not 
ependent for support ; having a competency ; hence : a 
Obtained by one's own exertion, b Affording a comfortable 
livelihood ; forming a competency. 4. Not subject to bias 
or influence ; self-directing ; unconstrained. & Politics. 
Not bound by party ; exercising a free choice in voting. 6. 
Declining assistance from others, through self-respect. 7. 
Math. Not dependent on another quantity in respect of 
value or rate of variation ; — said of quantities and func- 
tions. — Syn. Uncontrolled, uncoerced, self-reliant, unre- 
stricted, bold. 

— n._ 1. [cap."] Eccl. One who believes that an organized 
Christian church is independent of all external ecclesiasti- 
cal authority; in England, often, a Congregationalist ; — 
usually in pi. 2. A person or thing independent in some 
way; specif., Politics, one who exercises liberty of choice 
in voting. — in'de-pend'ent-ly (ln'de-pen'dent-ll), adv. 

in'de-SCrib'a-ble (-skrH/d-b'l), a._ Incapable of being 
described ; beyond description. — in'de-scrib'a-tly, adv. 

in'de-Struct'i-ble (-struk'tT-b'l), a. Not destructible. — 
in'de-struct'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tl), -struct'i-ble-ness, n. 

in'de-ter'mi-na-ble (-tur'mT-nd-b'l), a. Not determina- 
ble ; impossible to be definitely known, defined, or limited. 

in'de-ter/mi-nate (-nat), a. 1. Not determinate ; indefinite ; 
not distinct or precise ; vague ; unsettled ; uncertain ; not 
leading to a definite end or result. 2. Bot. a Of inflorescence, 
having the flowers arising from axillary buds instead of ter- 
minating the axes, and opening successively upward or in- 
ward toward the summit or center. See inflorescence, 
Illust. b Having the parts of the perianth separate and not 
overlapping in the bud ; — said of aestivation. — in'de-ter'- 
mi-nate-ly, adv. — in'de-tsr'mi-nate-ness, n. 

in'de-ter/mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Want of determina- 
tion ; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. 

in'de-ter'min-ism (In'de-tur'mTn-iz'm), n. Metaph. The 
doctrine that man is able to will or choose without being 
compelled to this choice by external causes, and that mo- 
tives are not externally determining causes ; also, the theory 
that the will itself may determine the strength of motives 
or may be its own motive. — hVde-ter'min-ist, n. 

in'de-vo'tion (-vo'sh&n), n. Want of devotion; impiety; 
irreligion. 

in'de-VOUt' (-vout ;, a. Not devout; irreverent. 

in'dex (InMeks), n.; pi. E. indexes (-dok-sez; 24), L. in- 
dices (Tn'di-sez). [L. See indicate.] 1. The index finger. 
2. A pointer or indicator. 3. Print. A sign [JSP 3 ] used to 
direct attention to a note or paragraph ; a "fist." 4. That 
which points out, indicates, or discloses ; indication. 5. Ta- 
ble of contents, argument, preface, or prologue. Obs. 6. 
[pi. commonly indexes."] A table or list for facilitating ref- 
erence to topics, names, etc., in a book. 7. [.cap.] R. C. Ch. 
A list of books the reading of which is prohibited or re- 
stricted by the church authorities. The Index Librorum 
Prohibitorum (lT-bro'rum pro-hTb'i-to'rum) [L.], or 
Prohibitorylndex, is a catalogue of books the reading of 
which is forbidden. The Index Expurgatorius (eks-pfir'- 
gd-to'ri-iis) [LL.], or Expurgatory Index, is a catalogue 
of books from which passages marked as against faith or 
morals must be removed before Catholics may read the 
books. 8._ [pi. always indices.] Math. The figure, letter, 
or expression showing_ the power or root of a quantity, as 
the figure 3 in a 3 , -^ 2 7 ; exponent. 

— v. t. 1. To provide with an index, or reference list ; put 
into an index. 2. To put on the Index (see index, n., 7). 

_ 3. To indicate. 

in'dex-er, n. One who indexes ; esp., one who makes an in- 

_ dex, as to a book or of objects. 

index finger. The forefinger ; — because used in pointing. 

In'di-a (In'di-d), n. A country in southern Asia. 
India ink, a black pigment (formerly sepia, now lamp- 
black or ivory black) brought chiefly from China and 
Japan. — I. paper, a A kind of Chinese paper used for 
prints of engravings, etc. b A very thin, opaque printing 
paper. — I. rubber. See in Vocabulary, below. 

In'di-a-man (-man), n. ; pi. -men (-men). Naut. A vessel 
in the India trade, esp. a large one of the East India 
Company. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



INDIAN 



506 



INDIRECT 



InMi-an (-an), a. [From India, L. India, and this fr. In- 
dus, the name of a river in Asia, L. Indus, Gr. 'Ij'56j, OPer. 
Hindu, name of the land on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, 
the Indus.] 1. Of or pert, to, or characteristic of, India, the 
Indies, or the Indians. 2. Of, pert, to, or designating the 
aborigines, or Indians, of America. 3. Made of Indian corn ; 
as, Indian pudding. 

Indian club, a form of wooden club for gymnastic exer- 
cise. — I. corn. A well-known cereal (Zea mays) native to 
North America (called corn in the United States) ; maize. — I. 
file, single file. — I. hemp, a An American apocynaceous 
plant (Apocynum cannabinum) having a milky juice and 
a tough, fibrous bark. The root is both emetic and cathar- 
tic, b The common hemp {Cannabis saliva), esp. the va- 
riety cultivated in India. — I. licorice, the plant which 
produces the jequirity bean. Its root is a substitute for 
licorice. — I. mallow, an East Indian yellow-flowered 
malvaceous plant (Abutilon abutilon) naturalized as a weed 
in many places. — I. meal, ground Indian corn, or maize. 
— I. millet. See durra. — I. physic, either of two Ameri- 
can rosaceous herbs (Porteranthus trifoliatus and P. stipu- 
lates) the roots of which are emetic. — I. pipe, a common 
waxy -white leafless saprophytic herb (Monotropa uniflora), 
of Asia and the United States. — I. summer, a period of 
mild weather in late autumn or early winter, usually char- 
acterized by haze or smokiness in the atmosphere. — I. 
tobacco, an American wild lobelia {Lobelia inflata) with 
small blue flowers. — I. turnip, the jack-in-the-pulpit. . 

— n. 1. A native of India or Farther India ; specif., a Hindu. 
2. A European associated by long residence with Indian life 
and affairs; esp., an Anglo-Indian. 3. A member of any 
aboriginal American stock other than an Eskimo ; an Ameri- 
can, or Red, Indian. 4. An American Indian language. 

India rubber, or, often, in'di-a-rub'ber, n. 1. A tough, 
elastic substance got from the milky juice of various tropi- 
cal plants. See caoutchouc and rubber. 2. A piece of 
this substance or an article made from it ; a rubber. 

In'dic (In'dik), a. [L. Indicus, fr. Gr. 'IpSlkSs Indian.] 1. 
Of or pert, to India ; Indian. 2. Designating, or belonging 
to, the Indian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages. 

in/di-can (inMi-kan), n. [See indigo.] 1. Chem. A glu- 
coside obtained from woad (indigo plant) and other plants, 
as a yellow or light brown bitter sirup. 2. Physiol. Chem. 
An indigo-forming substance found (asa salt) in urine 
and other animal fluids. Chemically it is indoxyl sulphuric 
acid, C8H6NOSO2OH. Called also uroxanthin. 

in'di-cant (-kant), a. Serving to point out ; indicating. — 
n. That which indicates or points out. 

in'di-cate (-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
indicatus, p. p. of indicate to indicate ; in- in + dicare 
to proclaim. See diction.] 1. To point out or to ; make 
known ; betoken. 2. To state or sketch briefly ; intimate or 
show indirectly or without detail. 3. Med. To manifest by 
symptoms ; also, to point to as the proper remedy. — Syn. 
Show, signify, denote, evidence, evince, exhibit, present, 
reveal, disclose. 

in'di-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of indicating. 2. That 
which serves to indicate or point out ; mark ; sign ; symp- 
tom. — Syn. Evidence, signal. 

in-dic'a-tive (m-dTk'a-tiv), a. 1. Gram. Designating, or 
pertaining to, that mood of the verb which represents the 
denoted act or state as an objective fact, as distinguished 
from an act or state merely thought of. 2. Pointing out ; 
giving intimation or knowledge (of something not visible or 
obvious) ; suggestive. — n. Gram. The indicative mood, or 
a verbal form denoting it. — in-dic'a-tive-ly, adv. 

in'di-ca'tor (m'dl-ka'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
shows or points out. 2. Specif. : A device for indicating 
something ; as : a An index hand or pointer, b A pressure 
gauge. C A water gauge, as for a steam boiler, d An 
apparatus for registering the number of fares collected on 
a street car. 3. Mach. An instrument for automatically 
drawing a diagram showing the pressure of the working 
fluid in an engine at every point of the stroke. 4. Chem. 
Any substance used to indicate, to the eye, the condition 
of a solution as to the presence of free acid, alkali, or other 
substance. Thus, indicator litmus is blue in the presence 
of alkalies, violet in neutral solutions, and red with asids. 

in'di-ca-to-ry (-kd-to-n), a. Serving to indicate. 

in'di-ces (m'dT-sez), n., L. pi. of index. 

In-di'ci-a (m-dish'i-d), n.pl.; sing, indicium (-urn). [L., 
fr. index index.] Signs ; indications ; appearances. 

m-dict' (-dlt'), v. t. [See indite.] To charge with an offense ; 
Law, to find an indictment against. — in-dict'er, n. 

in-dict'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Liable to be indicted ; subject 
to indictment. 2. That renders one liable to indictment. 

ln-dic'tion (-dTVshwn), n. [L. indictio, fr. indicere to an- 
nounce, appoint. See diction.] 1. Proclamation ; public no- 
tice or appointment. 06s. or R. 2. The proclamation of a 
Roman emperor fixing the valuation of property for assess- 
ment every 15 years ; hence, a tax so levied. 3. A cycle of 
15 years, called in full the cycle^ or era, of indiction or in- 
dictions ; also, a specific year in the cycle. 



in-dict'ment (-dlt'm?nt), n. 1. Act of indicting ; state of 
being indicted ; formal accusation. 2. Law. The formal 
written statement of an offense as found by a grand jury. 

in-dict'or (-or), n. Law. One who indicts. 

In'dies (Tn'dTz), n. pi., with the. The East Indies; for- 
merly also, the West Indies. 

in-dif'ier-ence (m-dif'er-ens), n. Quality, state, or fact of 
being indifferent ; indifferent character ; insignificance. 
Syn. Insensibility, coldness, lukewarmness, unconcern. — 
Indifference implies lack of interest or feeling ; uncon- 
cern, freedom from solicitude or anxiety. 

in-dif'fer-en-cy (-en-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Indifference. 

in-dif'fer-ent (-ent), a. [L. indifferens.~\ 1. Having an un- 
biased disposition ; specif. : a Not inclined or affected to one 
side, party, or cause more than to another ; disinterested ; 
impartial. Chiefly Legal, b Not interested or concerned 
for one thing, or alternative, more than another ; without 
predilection or choice ; hence : apathetic ; heedless. 2. Hav- 
ing a neutral relation or application ; specif. : a Neutral with 
respect to intensity, range, size, etc. ; medium ; moderate ; 
as, an indifferent fortune, b Not predetermined, or having 
no marked tendency. C Neither particularly good nor very 
bad ; hence : passable ; mediocre. 3. Equal or equivalent 
in effect or value ; specif. : a Having no preponderating 
weight or influence ; hence : unimportant ; immaterial, b 
Of a rite, custom, action, etc. : that may be either performed 
or neglected without dereliction of duty ; not essential. 4. 
Characterized by lack of active quality ; neutral ; as, the 
indifferent part of a magnet. 

in-dif'fer-ent-ism (-iz'm), n. State of indifference ; system- 
atic want of interest or earnestness, esp. regarding what is 
true or false. — in-dii 'i er-ent-ist, n. 

in-dif'fer-ent-ly, adv. In an indifferent manner or degree. 

in'di-gence (m'di-jens), n. Condition of being indigent; 
poverty. — Syn. Penury, destitution, lack. See poverty. 

in'di-gene (inMi-jen), n. [L. indigena.~\ An indigenous 
animal or plant ; an autochthon. 

in-dig'e-nOUS (m-dij'e-nws), a. [L. indigenus ; OL. indu 
(fr. in in) + root of L. gignere to beget.] 1. Produced 
or living naturally in a place or climate ; not exotic, 
immigrant, or imported ; native. 2. Inherent ; innate. — 
Syn. See native. — in-dig'e-nous-ly, adv. 

in'di-gent (InMT-jent), a. [F., fr. L. indigens, p. pr. of 
indigere to need ; OL. indu ( fr. in in ) + L. egere to 
need.] 1. Wanting ; lacking. Archaic. 2. Needy ; poor. 

in'di-gest'ed (-jeVted), a. Not digested ; undigested ; fig. : 
confused ; ill-considered. 

in'di-gest'i-ble (-jes'ti-b'l),a. Not digestible ; not readily di- 
gestible. — in'di-gest'i-bil'i-ty, in'di-gest'i^ble-ness, «. 

in'di-ges'tion (-jes'chwn), n. Lack of digestion ; dyspep- 
sia ; incomplete or difficult digestion. 

in'di-ges'tive (-tiv), a. Dyspeptic. 

in-dign' (in-dln'), a. [L. indignus ; in- not -f- dignus wor- 
thy.] Unworthy ; disgraceful ; degrading. Obs. or Poetic. 

in-dig'nant (-dig'ndnt), a. [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. 
of indignari to be indignant, disdain, indignus unworthy.] 
Affected with indignation ; wrathful because of unjust 
treatment, mean action, or the like. — in-dig'nant-ly, adv. 

in'dig-na'tion (m'dig-na'shun), n. Anger with contempt, 
disgust, or abhorrence ; righteous anger. — Syn. See anger. 

in-dig'ni-ty (Tn-dTg'ni-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. indig- 
nitas.~\ 1. Indign quality or state. Obs. 2. Any action 
toward another which shows contempt for him ; offense 
against personal dignity ; contumely ; incivility or injury, 
with insult. — Syn. See affront. 

in'di-go (in'dT-go), n. ; pi. -gos or -GOEs(-goz). [Sp. or Pg., 
fr. L. indicum indigo, Indicus Indian.] 1. A blue dyestuff 
got from any of several plants and also made artificially. 2. 
A deep violet-blue, one of the chief prismatic colors. 

— a. Of, pert, to, or of the color of, indigo. 
indigo bird, i. bunting, a common small finch ( Cyano- 
spiza cyanea) of the eastern portion of the United States. 
The male is of an indigo-blue color and is a sweet singer. 
— i. blue, a Chem., the essential principle of commercial 
indigo, from which it is obtained as a dark blue earthy pow- 
der, C16H10N2O2. It is also made synthetically, b A dark 
duli blue color like the indigo of commerce. — i. plant, 
any plant which yields indigo ; specif., any of a genus 
(Indigo/era) of fabaceous herbs and shrubs, esp. the indigo- 
producing species. 

in'di-go-tin (Tn'di-go-tTn), n. Chem. Indigo blue. 

in'di-rect' (-rekt'), a. Not direct ; as : a Not straight or rec- 
tilinear ; circuitous, b Not straightforward ; unfair ; tend- 
ing to deceive ; as, indirect dealing, c Not leading to a 
result by the plainest course or method, but by remote 
means : as, an indirect accusation, .d Not resulting di- 
rectly from an act or cause, although more or less remotely 
connected with , orgrowingout of, it ;as,an indirect result. 
indirect tax, Econ., a tax exacted from a person other than 
the one on whom the ultimate burden of the tax is expect- 
ed to fall. Thus, a customs duty is an indirect tax, the 
burden of it being shifted by the importer to the consumer 
by including it in the price demanded for the goods. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



INDIRECTION 



507 



INDOPHENOL 



In'di-rec'tion (-rek'shim), n. 1. Indirect procedure; an 
indirect act. 2. Act or practice not fair or open ; deceit. 

ln'di-rect'ly, adv. In an indirect manner. 

in'di-rect'ness, n. Quality of being indirect. 

in'dis-cern'i-ble fTn'di-zur'ni-b'l), a. Imperceptible. 

in'dis-cerp'ti-ble (in'di-surp'ti-b'1), a. Not discerpti- 
ble ; not subject to dissolution. — in'dis-cerp'ti-bil'i-ty, n. 

in'dis-cov'er-a-ble (ln'dis-kuv'er-d-b'lKa. Undiscoverable. 

in'dis-creet' (In'dis-kreV), a. Not discreet ; lacking discre- 
tion. — Syn. Imprudent, rash, hasty, heedless ; undiscern- 
ing, foolish. — in'dis-creetly, adv. — in'dis-creet'ness, n. 

in'dis-crete' (-kret'),a. Not discrete or separate; compact. 

in'dis-cre'tion (m'dis-kresh'un), n. _ Quality or state of 
being indiscreet ; imprudence ; an indiscreet act. 

in'dis-crim'i-nate (-krlm'i-nat), a. _ Not discriminate; 
wanting, or not making, discrimination ; confused ; pro- 
miscuous. — in'dis-crim'i-nate-ly, adv. — nate-ness, n. 
Syn. Confused, heterogeneous, miscellaneous, promiscu- 
ous. — Indiscriminate, miscellaneous, promiscuous. 
That is indiscriminate which lacks selection or discrimi- 
nation ; miscellaneous suggests such heterogeneous mix- 
ture as results from indiscriminate choice or fortuitous 
conjunction ; promiscuous is apt to imply the (often ob- 
jectionable) community of use or absence of restriction. 

in'dis-crim'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Want of discrimina- 
tion, distinction, or discernment. 

in'dis-pen'sa-ble (-pen'sd-b'l), a. Not dispensable ; abso- 
lutely necessary or requisite. — n. One who, or that which, 
is indispensable. — in'dis-pen'sa-bil'i-ty, in'dis-pen'sa- 
ble-ness, n. — in'dis-pen'sa-bly, adv. 

in'dis-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
Ing). [OF. indispos indisposed, feeble, or F. indispose in- 
disposed. See ix- not ; dispose.] 1. To render unfit ; dis- 
qualify. 2. To disorder as regards health ; make sick or ill. 
3. To render averse or unfavorable ; disincline. 

in'dis-posed' (-pozd'). p. a. 1. Disordered as to health; 
sick ; ill ; often, slightly out of health. 2. Not having a 
favorable disposition ; disinclined ; unwilling ; unfriendly. 

in-dis'po-si'tion (In-dis'pS-zish'im), n. State of being in- 
disposed ; as : a Disorder as regards health ; illness ; often, 
a slight or temporary illness, b Aversion ; disinclination. 

in-dis'pu-ta-ble ( In-dis'pu-td-b'l ), a. Not disputable; 
incontestable. — in-dis'pu-ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tl), in-dis'- 
pu-ta-ble-ness, n. — in-dis'pu-ta-bly, adv. 

in-dis'so-lu-ble (m-dis'6-lu-b'l ; in'di-sol'u-b'l), a. Not 
dissoluble ; not capable of being dissolved, undone, broken, 
or the like ; as, an indissoluble substance, the indissoluble 
union of music and rhythm. — in-dis'so-lu-biFi-ty (In- 
dls'6-lu-bil'i-ti ; In'dl-sol'u-), in-dis'so-lu-ble-ness, n. — 
in-dis'so-lu-bly, adv. 

in'dis-tinct' (ln'dis-tirjkt'), a. 1. Not clear ; difficult to dis- 
tinguish, as from obscurity ; confused ; faint. 2. Not sepa- 
rate or separable ; not distinguished or readily distinguish- 
able. — Syn. Undefined, blurred, obscure, indefinite, vague. 

in'dis-tinc'tion ( -tink'shi/n ), n. Want of distinction or 
distinguishableness ; confusion ; uncertainty ; failure to dis- 
tinguish ; indiscrimination. 

in'dis-tinc'tive (-tlnk'tTv), a. Not distinctive; without 
distinction. — in'dis-tinc'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

in'dis-tinctly, adv. Not clearly ; dimly ; confusedly. 

in'dis-tinct'ness, n. Quality or state of being indistinct. 

in'dis-tin'guish-a-ble (-tir/gwish-d-b'l), a. Not distin- 
guishable. — in'dis-tin'guish-a-ble-ness, n. — -a-bly, adv. 

in-dite' (in-dlt'),i>- t.; -dit'ed (-dit'ed) ; -dit'ing. [ME. en- 
diten to write down, dictate, accuse, OF. enditier, enditer, 
to indicate, dictate, write, inform, L. indicere to proclaim ; 
in- in + dicer e to say.] 1. To compose, or to compose and 
write ; hence, to describe or phrase ; also, to put in writing ; 
inscribe. 2. To dictate ; suggest ; prompt. Obs. — in-dite'- 
ment, n. Rare. — in-dit'er (-dlt'er), n. 

in'di-um (m'di-um), n. [NL. See indigo.] Chem. A white, 
malleable, and easily fusible metallic element combined in 
many ores, esp. in zinc blende. It has two indigo-blue lines 
in its spectrum. Symbol, In; at. wt., 114.8. 

in'di-vert'i-ble (Tn'dl-vur'ti-b'l), a. Not to be diverted. 

in'di-vid'u-al ( -vid^u-al ), a. [L. individuus indivisible; 
in- not -f- dividuus divisible.] 1. Not divisible. Obs. 2. Ex- 
isting as a distinct entity ; particular ; — opp. to general 
and universal. 3. Having marked individuality ; as, an in- 
dividual style ; also, distinguished by form or markings ; 
as, individual figures. 4. Arising from, belonging to, or 
used by, an individual ; as, individual cups. 5. Of the 
character of an individual ; possessing the distinctness and 
complexity in unity characteristic of organized things, con- 
cepts, persons, etc. — Syn. See special. 

— n. 1. A single or particular being or group of beings ; esp., 
a person. _ 2. A thing incapable of being divided without 
losing its identity. 

In'di-vid'u-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
individual ; individuality ; personality. 2. Selfishness ; ego- 
ism. 3. A theory or policy having primary regard for indi- 
vidual rights, specif, one maintaining the political and 



economic independence of the individual. Cf. socialism, 
collectivism, paternalism. 4. The theory that society 
exists for the sake of its individual members. 

in'di-vid'ual-ist, n. 1. One who acts or thinks independ- 
ently or with individuality ; also, one who practices egoism. 
2. An adherent of individualism. U-al-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. 

in'di-vid'u-al'i-ty (-al'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Char- 
acter peculiar to an individual ; the sum of characteristic 
traits. 2. Quality or state of being individual or consti- 
tuting an individual ; oneness ; unity. 3. Indivisibility ; in- 
separability. Obs. or R. 4. An individual. 5. Phrenol. The 
faculty of knowing individual objects. 

in'diyid'u-al-ize (-vidH£-dl-lz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). 1. To make individual ; mark as an individual. 
2. To treat or notice individually ; particularize. — in'di- 
vid'u-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shi2n), n. 

in'di-vid'u-al-ly, adv. 1. In an individual or distinct 
manner ; each by itself. 2. As an individual ; personally. 

in'di-vid'u-ate (ln'di-vic&S-at), v. t. [LL. individuals, 
p. p. of individuare to individuate. See individual.] 

1. To distinguish from others of the species ; form into an 
individual. 2. To endow with individuality ; make dis- 
tinctive or peculiar to itself ; mark as individual. 

in'di-vid'U-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of individuating, or 
state of being individuated. 2. Metaph. The development 
of the individual from the universal, or the determination 
of the individual in the general. 3. Individuality ; personal 
or individual existence. 

in'di-vis'i-ble (-viz'i-b'l), a. 1. Not divisible or separable 
into parts. 2. Math. Not capable of exact division. — n. 
That which is indivisible. — in'di-vis'i-bil'i-ty (-bilt-ti), 
in'di-vis'i-ble-ness, n. — in'di-vis'i-bly (-bll), adv. 

In'do- (In'do-). [From L. Indus (East) Indian, Gr. 'I»>56y. 
See Indian.] Combining form for Indian (East Indian), 
signifying pertaining or belonging to India, derived from 
India, of Indian (or Hindu) stock, etc. 

In'do— Af'ri-can, a. Of or pertaining to India and Africa. 

In'do— Ar'yan, a. Pert, to the Indo-Aryans, or designating, 
or of, the Aryan languages of India (see Indo-Eupopean). 

— n. A member of one of the native races of India of Aryan 
speech and blood, characterized by tall stature, dolicho- 
cephaly, fair complexion with dark hair and eyes, plentiful 
beard, and narrow and prominent nose. 

In'do-Chi-nese , , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Indo-China. 

2. Of or pert ; to the Mongoloid races of India, esp. Farther 
_ India, or designating a family of languages spoken by them. 
in-doc'ile (In-dos'il), a. Inapt ; not easily instructed or 

governed ; unruly. — in'do-cil'i-ty (ln'do-sil'I-tl), n. 

in-doc'tri-nate (in-dok'tri-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'ing. [in- in + L. doctrina doctrine.] To instruct in 
the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of 

_ learning; imbue with learning ; teach. 

in-doc'tri-na'tion (-na'shftn), n. Act of indoctrinating; 
state of being indoctrinated. 

In'do— Bu'ro-pe'an, a. Designating, or belonging to, cer- 
tain languages constituting a linguistic family comprising 
languages spoken in India and other parts of Asia and the 
chief languages of Europe ; Aryan ; Lndo-Germanic. 

In'do-Ger-man'ic, a. = Indo-European. 

In'do— I-ra'ni-an, a. Belonging to or designating the sub- 
family of Indo-European languages of India and Persia. 

in'dol (ln'dol; -dol)) n. [indigo + -ol of phenol.'] Chem. 

in'dole (in'dol) J A white, crystalline, feebly basic 
substance, CaHrN, obtained by reduction from indigo blue 

_ and in other ways ; also, a derivative of this substance. 

in'do-lence(-d<5-lens),n. [L. indolentia freedom from pain.] 

_ Quality or state of being indolent ; habitual idleness. 

in'do-lent (-lent), a. [in- not + L. dolens, -entis, p. pr. of 
dolere to feel pain.] 1. Causing little or no pain ; as, an 
indolent tumor. 2. Indulging in ease ; avoiding exertion ; 

_ habitually idle. — Syn. See idle. — in'do-lent-ly, adv. 

in-dom'i-ta-ble (in-dom'i-td-b'l), a. [L. indomitabilis ; 
in- not + domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame.] Not to 

be subdued ; untamable ; unconquerable. ta-bly, adv. 

Syn. Indomitable, invincible. Indomitable connotes 
stubborn determination or endurance ; that is invincible 
which cannot be overcome or displaced ; as, an indomitable 
will ; an invincible argument ; invincible stupidity. 

In'do-ne'sian ( In'do-ne'shdn), a. [Indo- + Gr. vrjvos 
island.] Of or pertaining to the Malay Archipelago or the 
Indonesians. 

— n. A member of a race forming the chief part of the popu- 
lation of the Malay Archipelago preceding the Malays, and 
probably sprung from a mixture oi Polynesian and Mon- 
goloid immigrants. 

in'door' (In'dor' ; 57), a. 1. Of or pert, to the interior of a 
building. 2. Done, living, belonging, or given within doors. 

in'doors' (ln'dorz' ; In'dorz'), adv. In or into the house. 

in'do-pne'nol (In'dS-fe'nol ; -nol), n. [indigo -f- phenol.'] 
Chem. Any of a series of artificial blue dyestuffs, resem- 
bling indigo in appearance, and having the character of 
phenols. They are nitrogen derivatives of quinone. 



J 



K 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. =■ equals. 



M 



INDORSABLE 



508 



INDUSTRY 




Indra. 



In-dors'a-ble, a. Also en-dors'a-ble. That may be in- 
dorsed. 

in-dorse' (Tn-dors'), v. t.; in-dorsed' (-dSrst'), -dors'ing. 
Also en-dorse'. [LL. indorsare. See endorse.] 1. To in- 
scribe something on the back of (a document). 2. To write 
one's name on the back of (a paper) in order to transfer it 
or to secure its payment or performance ; to certify some- 
thing upon the back of (a draft, writ, etc.). 3. To give sup- 
port to ; sanction ; as, to indorse an opinion. 

in'dor-see' pfa'dor-se'), n. Also en'dor-see'. One to whom 
a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement. 

in-dorse'ment (Tn-d6rs'ment), n. Also en-dorse'ment. 1. 
Act of indorsing, or writing on the back of a note, bill, etc., 
or that which is so written. 2. Sanction, support, or ap- 
proval, [dorses. I 

in-dors'er (m-d6r'ser), n. Also en-dors'er. One who in-| 

in-dox'yl (Tn-dok'sil), n. [indigo + hydroxyl.] Chem. 
An unstable oil, C8H7NO, a hydroxyl derivative of indol. 

In'dra (Tn'drd), n. [Skr.] In Vedic mythology, the great 
national god of the Aryans. He 
later sinks to secondary rank. 

iii'draff, in' draught' (Tn'- 
draftO.n. 1. A drawing or pull- 
ing in. 2. Inflow or inrush. 

in'dra wn' (m'dron'; m-dron'), 
p. a. Drawn in. 

in'dri (in\M), n. [F.] The 
largest of the lemurs of Mada- 

. gascar (Indris brevicaudata), 
about two feet long. 

in-du'bi-tp.~ble (ln-du'bT-td- 
b'l), a. Not dubitable or doubt- 
ful ; unquestionable. — Syn. 
Evident, incontrovertible, in- 
contestable, undeniable, irrefragable, certain, sure. — in- 
du'bi-ta-bly, adv. 

in-duce'(-dus'), v. t.; -DUCED'(-diist') ; -duc'ing (-dus'mg). 
[L. inducer e, inductum ; in- in + ducere to lead.] 1. To 
lead on ; influence, as by argument or offer of advantage. 2. 
To lead or bring in ; introduce. Obs. 3. To bring on or 
about ; cause. 4. To produce by induction, as an electric 
current. 5. Logic. To infer by induction ; — opp. of deduce. 
6. To draw on or over ; overspread. Obs. — Syn. Move, 
instigate, incite, impel, urge, prevail on, entice, allure. 

in-duce'ment (-dus'ment), n. 1. Act of inducing ; state of 
being induced. 2. That which induces ; motive ; considera- 
tion. 3. Law. Matter stated by way of explanatory pream- 
ble or introduction to the main allegations of a pleading. — 
Syn. Incentive, reason, influence. See motive. 

in-duc'er (m-dus'er), n. One who, or that which, induces. 

in-duct' (-dukt'), v. t. [L. inductus, p. p. of inducer e. See 
induce.] 1. To put formally in possession of a benefice or 
office ; install. 2. To bring in ; introduce ; hence, to initiate. 

in-duc'tance (ln-dilk'tdns), n. Elec. a That property of 
an electric circuit by virtue of which a varying current 
induces an electromotive force in that circuit or a neighbor- 
ing one. b Specif., as a measure of self-induction or mutual 
induction, a quantity which, measured in henrys, is 
numerically equal to the electromotive force induced by a 
current varying at the rate of one ampere per second. 

in-duc'tile (-duk'tTl),a. Not ductile; inflexible; unyielding. 

in'duc-til'i-ty (Tn'duk-til'i-ti), n. Inductile quality. 

in-duc'tion (Tn-duk'shun), n. 1. An inducting, or bringing 
in ; esp. installation ; hence : Obs. or R. : introduction ; en- 
trance ; initiation ; beginning. 2. Eng. Eccl. Law. The for- 
mality of giving the actual possession of an ecclesiastical 
living or its temporalities to a clergyman. 3. Act of bring- 
ing forward, as of evidence. 4. Preface ; prelude. Archaic. 
5. Logic. Act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, 
from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the 
universal ; the inference so reached. 6. Elec. & Magnetism. 
Act or process by which an electrical conductor or a mag- 
netizable body becomes itself electrified or magnetized in 
the presence, but not necessarily with actual contact, of an 
electrically charged body, a magnet, or in a magnetic field 
produced by an electric current. — Syn. See deduction. 

induction coil. Elec. An 'apparatus for transforming an 
ordinary battery current by induction into an alternating 
current of high potential ; — called also Ruhmkorff's coil, 
spark, coil. It consists of a coil or helix of stout insulated 
wire (the -primary) surrounded by another coil of many 
turns of fine insulated wire (the secondary) , and is provided 
also with a core built up of soft iron wire or lamina?, an 
interrupter, and, usually, a small condenser connected 
with the primary. 

in-duc'tive (-tlv), a. 1. Leading or drawing ; persuasive ; — 
usually used with to. 2. Of, pert, to, or using, logical induc- 
tion. 3. Physics. Pert, to, produced by, or operating by, 
induction. — in-duc'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

in'duc-tiv'i-ty (Tn'diik-tiv'i-ti), n. Elec. Capacity for in- 
duction ; specific inductance (cf . inductance, b) . 

in-duc'tor (m-dvik'ter), n. 1. One who inducts. 2. Elec. 



A part of an electrical apparatus which acts on another 
part, or is itself acted on, by induction. 

in'duc-to'ri-um (ln'duk-to'ri-wm ; 57), n. [NL., fr. E. 
induction.'] Elec. = induction coil. 

in-due' (-du'), v. t.; -dued' (-dud') ; -du'ing. [L. induere 
to put on, clothe.] 1. To assume; put on, as clothes; 

_ draw on. 2. To clothe ; invest ; hence : to endow ; furnish. 

in-dulge' (in-dulj'), v. t.; -dulged' (-duljd') ; -dulg'ing 
(-diil'jing). [L. indulgere to be indulgent.] 1. To be 
complaisant toward ; specif. : a Of a habit, desire, etc. : 
to give free course to ; give one's self up to. b Of a person : 
to yield to the desire of ; humor. 2. To grant as by favor. 
Rare. — Syn. See gratify. — v. i. To indulge one's 
self ; esp., to give one's self up (to). 

in-dul'gence (-dul'jens), n. 1. Act, fact, or practice of 
indulging ; state or quality of being indulgent ; gratifica- 
tion ; specif., self-gratification. 2. A favor or privilege 
granted. 3. R. C. Ch. Remission of the temporal punish- 
ment due to sins, after sincere repentance. 4. Eng. & 
Scot. Hist. _ a The grant or offer of certain religious liber- 
ties as special favors, made by Charles II. and James II. 
to_ Protestant dissenters and Roman Catholics, b The per- 
mission given during the same reigns to Scottish Presbyte- 
rian ministers to hold services under certain conditions. 5. 
Com. & Law. An extension of the time for payment or 

_ performance, granted as a favor. Cf . moratorium. 

in-dul'gen-cy (-jen-si), n. Indulgence. Now Rare. 

in-dul'gent (-jent), a. [L. indulgens, -entis, p. pr.] In- 

_ dulging or prone to indulge ; compliant. gent-ly, adv. 

in-dul'ger (ln-diil'jer), n. One who indulges. 

in'du-line (Tn'du-lm; -len),n. Also-lin. [From indigo.] 
Org. Chem. Any of a large series of blue or violet dyes 

_ which are complex derivatives of quinone. 

in-dult' (in-dult'), n. [L. indultum indulgence, favor, fr. 
indultus, p. p. of indulgere. See indulge.] R. C. Ch. A 

_ dispensation granted by the Pope. [Kafir or Zulu king. 

in-du'na (In-doo'nd), n. [Zulu.] A chief officer under a 

in-du'pli-cate (in-du'pli-kat), a. [in- in -f- duplicate.] 
Bot. _ a Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis ; 

— said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in aestivation. 
b Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about 
the axis without overlapping ; — said of leaves in vernation. 

— in-du'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shzm), n. 

in'du-rate (Tn'du-rat), a. [L. induratus, p. p. of indu- 
rare. See endure.] Hardened, physically or morally; 
indurated. — (-rat), v. t. & i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'- 
ing. 1. To make hard ; harden. 2. To make unfeeling or 
stubborn. 3. To make hardy or enduring ; inure. 

in'du-ra'tion (-ra'shwn), n. 1. A growing or being hard. 
2. A hardened mass or formation. 3. Want of pliancy or 
feeling; callousness. — in'du-ra-tive (m'du-ra-tiv), a. 

in-du'si-al (m-du^zi-dl), a. [See indusium.] Of, pertain- 
ing to, or containing larval cases of insects. 

in-du'si-um (Tn-du'zi-iim), n.; L. pi. -sia (-d). [L., an 
undergarment, fr. induere to put on.] I.Bot. In ferns, an 
outgrowth of the leaf, covering or investing the sori. 
2. Zo'ol. The larval case of an insect. 

in-dus'tri-al (-dus'tri-al), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or constitut- 
ing an industry or industries ; engaged in, or derived from, 
industries, esp. the manual labor of industries ; as, the in- 
dustrial classes ; industrial wealth. 2. Devoted to indus- 
trial training or development. 3. Belonging to industrial life 
insurance ; as, industrial policies. 

industrial insurance, a form of life insurance arranged 
to place insurance within the reach of the poorer classes, 
by means of policies of insurance placed upon the lives of 
minors as well as adults in sums of $15 to $500, with pre- 
miums payable weekly. — i. school, a school for training 
pupils in the industrial arts ; often, such a school for young 
persons committed to it by legal: proceedings. 

— n. 1. A person employed in an industrial pursuit ; esp., 
one engaged in manufacturing industry. 2. Finance. A 
stock, bond, or other security based upon the assets of an 
industrial corporation or enterprise. Cant. 

in-dus'tri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. A social system founded on, 
or made with reference to, industrial occupations. 

in-dus'tri-al-ist, n. A person engaged in, or connected with, 
some industry ; a manufacturer or operative. 

in-dus'tri-al-ize (-Iz), v. t.To make industrial ; affect with, 
or give over to, industrialism. 

in-dus'tri-al-ly, adv. With respect to industry. 

in-dUS'tri-OUS (-ns), a. [L. industrius, industriosus. See 
industry.] 1. Exhibiting, or marked by, intelligent work ; 
skillful ; clever ; ingenious. Obs. 2. Given to, or character- 
ized by, industry ; busy ; assiduous. — Syn. See busy. — 
in-dus'tri-ous-ly, adv. — in-dus'tri-ous-ness, n. 

in'dus-try (in'dus-trl), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [L. indus- 
trial 1. Skill ; cleverness. Obs. 2. Steady application to 
labor or business ; habitual diligence ; assiduity. 3. System- 
atic labor or habitual employment. 4. Any department or 
branch of art, occupation, or business, esp. one that em- 
ploys much labor and capital ; as, the sugar industry. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftro, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



INDWELL 



509 



INEXPRESSIBLE 



indwell' (Tn'dwel'), v. t. & i. To dwell in ; abide within ; 
inhabit. — in'dwell'er, n. — in'dwell'ing, n. 

-ine. [L. -inus, -ina, -inum, an adj. ending; sometimes 
through F. -in, -ine.j 1. A suffix of adjectives, denoting 
of, pertaining to, like, characterized by ; as in feminine, 
canine, Florentine, bovine. 2. [L. -ina, an abstract fem. 
ending.] A noun suffix ; as in discipline, rapine, medicine, 
doctrine. 3. A feminine suffix, commonly from French 
-ine, of varying origin ; cf. heroine, Caroline, landgravine. 

-ine (-in ; -en). Chem. A suffix used in forming the names 
of certain elements, as chlorine, and of compounds, as 
arsfne. Names of basic organic substances, as alkaloids, 
are systematically written with the ending -ine; those of 
neutral substances, as proteids, glucosides, etc., should 
commonly be spelled with -in, as gelatin. This rule does 
not apply to the many commercial or popular names in 
-ine ; as, gasoline, vaseline, etc. Some chemists prefer -in 
for basic substances also. 

in-earth' (In-Cirth'), v. t. To inter. 

in-e'bri-ant (In-e'bri-ant), a. [L. inebrians, p. pr. of ine- 
briare. See inebriate.] Intoxicating. — n. An intoxicant. 

in-e'bri-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. in- 
ebriatus, p. p. of inebriare to inebriate ; in- in + ebriare 
to make drunk, ebrius drunk.] 1. To intoxicate. 2. To 
exhilarate or stupefy as if by liquor. — (-at), a. Intoxi- 
cated ; drunken ; stupefied. — Syn. See drunk. 

— n. One who is intoxicated ; esp., a habitual drunkard. _ 

in-e'bri-a'tion (-a'shSn), n. Act of inebriating, or condi- 
tion of being inebriated ; intoxication. _ 

in'e-bri'e-ty (ln'e-brl'e-tT), n. Inebriation; intoxication; 
drunkenness, esp. when habitual. 

in-ed'i-ble (Tn-ed'i-b'l), a. Not edible. — in-ed ; i-bil'i-ty, n. 

in-ed'it-ed (-I-ted; 24), a. Not edited; unpublished. 

in-ef'fa-ble (Tn-ef'd-Vl), a. [L. ineffabilis. See in- not ; ef- 
fable.] 1. Incapable of being expressed in words ; unutter- 
able ; — usually in a pleasing sense ; as, ineffable joy. 2. 
Not to be uttered ; such as should not be uttered. — in-ef '- 
fa-ble-ness, n. — in-ef 'f a-bly, adv. 

in'ef-face'a-fole (Tn / e-fas / a-b'l), a. Not effaceable. — in'- 
ef-face'a-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-ti), n. — in'ef-face'a-bly, adv. 

in'ef-fec'tive (-fek'tTv), a. Not effective; failing to pro- 
duce anv, or the intended, effect ; ineffectual ; inefficient. 
— in'ef-fec'tive-ly, adv. — in'ef-fec'tive-ness, n. 

in'ef-fec'tu-al (-tu-al), a. Not effectual ; not producing the 
proper or usual effect ; inefficient ; useless. — Syn. Ineffi- 
cacious, vain, fruitless, unavailing, futile. See useless. — 
in'ef-fec'tu-al-ly, adg, — in'ef-fec'tu-al-ness, n. 

in-ef'fi-ca'cious (in-eri-ka'shus), a. Not efficacious ; inade- 
quate. — in-ef 'fi-ca'cious-ly, adv. 

in-ef 'fi-ca-cy (m-ef'i-kd-si), ». Want of power to produce 
the desired or proper effect ; inefficiency. 

in'ef-fi'cien-cy (Tn'e-fTsh'en-si), n. Quality, state, or fact 
of being inefficient ; inefficacy ; incapacity. 

in'ef-fi'cient (Tn'e-fTsh'ent), a. 1. Not efficient ; ineffica- 
cious. 2. Incapable of, or indisposed to, the effective per- 
formance of duties. — in'ef-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

in'e-las'tic (-e-laVtik), a. Not having elasticity; not 
being elastic. — in'e-las-tic'i-ty (-las-tis'T-ti), n. 

in-el'e-gance (Tn-el'e-gans), n. 1. Quality or fact of being 
inelegant ; want of elegance ; an instance of being inelegant. 
2. Anything inelegant ; as, inelegances of style. 

in-el'e-gan-cy (-gdn-si), ».; pi. inelegancles (-gan-siz). 
Inelegance. 

in-el'e-gant (Tn-ePe-gant), a. Not elegant ; wanting in some- 
thing which correct taste requires. gant-ly, adv. 

in-el'i-gi-bil'i-ty (-l-ji-bil'i-tl), n. Fact or quahty of being 
ineligible. 

in-el'i-gi-ble (m-el'T-ji-b'l), a. Not eligible; not qualified 
for election. 

in-el'o-quent (-6-kwent), a. Not eloquent ; wanting in elo- 
quence. — in-el'o-quence (-kwens), n. 

tH'e-luc'ta-ble (m'e-luk'td-b'l), a. [L. ineluctabilis ; in- 
not + eluctari to struggle out of. to surmount.] Not to 
be overcome ; irresistible ; inevitable. luc'ta-bly, adv. 

in'e-lud'i-ble (-lud'i-b'D, a. Incapable of being eluded. 

in-ept' (-ept')i a. [L. ineptus ; in- not + aptus apt, fit.] 1. 
Not apt or fit ; unsuited ; unsuitable ; unfit. 2. Absurd ; 
foolish. — in-ept'ly, adv. — in-ept'ness, n. 

in-ept'i-tude (-ep'ti-tud), n. Quality of being inept. 

in'e-qual'i-ty (In'e-kwol'i-ti), ?i. ; pi. -tees (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity of being unequal ; want of equality ; disproportion ; un- 
evenness ; diversity. 2. Disproportion to any office or pur- 
pose ; inadequacy. 3. Lack of proper proportion or distribu- 
tion, or a case of it. 4, Unevenness ; want of levelness ; the 
alternate rising and falling of a surface, 5. Math. An ex- 
pression consisting of two unequal quantities with a sign of 
inequality between them ; as, a > b (a is greater than b) ; 
o < b (a is less than b). 6. Variableness ; inconstancy. — 
Syn. See disparity. 

in-eq'ui-ta-ble (In-ek'wi-td-b'l), a. Not equitable. 

In-eq'ui-ty (-wT-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tYz). Want of equity; 
injustice ; unfairness, or a case of it. 



in'e-rad'i-ca-ble (in'e-radl-kd-b'1), a. Incapable of being 
eradicated, or rooted out. — in'e-rad'i-ca-bly, adv. 

in'e-ras'a-ble (-ras'd-b'l), o. Incapable of being erased. 

in-er'ra-ble (In-er'd-b'l), a. [L. inerrabilis.'] Incapable 
of erring ; infallible ; unerring. — in-er ra-bil'i-ty (-bil'I- 

_ ti), in-er'ra-ble-ness, n. — in-er'ra-bly, adv. [ity.l 

in-er'ran-cy t-dn-si), n. Exemption from error ; mfallibil-| 

in-er'rant (-ant), a. [L. inerrans, -antis, not wandering. 
See in- not ; err.] Free from error or mistake ; unerring ; 

_ infallible. — Syn. See infallible. 

in-ert' (-urt'), a. [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle; in- 
not + ars art.] 1. Powerless to move itself, or actively to 
resist motion impressed ; having inertia ; as, inert matter. 
2. Not having active properties ; powerless for a desired 
effect, as a drug. 3. Inactive ; sluggish ; as, an tner< person. 
Syn. Dull, passive, idle, lazy, indolent, supine, inactive, 
sluggish, slothful, stupid, lethargic, torpid, phlegmatic, 
apathetic, lifeless, dead. — Inert, inactive, sluggish, 
phlegmatic, torpid. One is inactive who for any reason 
is not busy or active ; inert always suggests inherent or 
habitual indisposition to activity. That is sluggish which 
is not only hard to rouse, but is also slow or heavy in mo- 
tion ; as, the sluggish brain of a sot. Phlegmatic connotes 
constitutional heaviness or stolidity ; as, a phlegmatic 
temperament. Torpid adds the implication of apathy or 
the sluggishness of that which is, as it were, benumbed ; 

m as, a torpid snake ; torpid from grief. 

in-er'ti-a (in-ur'shi-d), n. [L., idleness, fr. iners idle.] 
1. Physics, a That property of matter by which it tends 
to remain in an existing state of rest, or of motion in the 
same straight line or direction, unless acted on by an exter- 
nal force, b An analogous negative property of forces, as 

_ of electricity. 2. Inertness ; want of energy ; sluggishness. 

in-ert'ly, adv. In an inert manner ; inactively. 

in-ert'ness, n. Quality or state of being inert. 

in'es-sen'tial (ln'e-sen'shdl), a. 1. Having no essence or 

_ being. 2. Not essential ; unessential. 

in-es'ti-ma-ble (In-es'ti-md-b'l), a. Incapable of being es- 
timated ; esp., too valuable or excellent to be measured or 
fully appreciated ; above all price. — Syn. Incalculable, in- 
valuable, priceless. — in-es'ti-ma-bly, adv. 

in-ev'i-ta-bil'i-ty (-eVT-td-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being inevitable ; certainty ; also, something inevitable. 

in-ev'i-ta-ble (Tn-ev'i-td-b'l), a. [L. inevitabilis; in- not 
+ evitare to avoid.] That cannot be avoided or shunned ; 
admitting of no evasion ; unavoidable. — in-ev'i-ta-ble- 
ness, 7i. — in-ev'i-ta-bly, adv. 

in'ex-act' (In'eg-zakt'), a. Not exact ; inaccurate; loose. 
— in'ex-act'ly, adv. — in'ex-act'ness, n. 

in'ex-act'i-tude (-zak'ti-tud), n. Want of exactitude or 
precision ; inaccuracy ; inexactness. 

in'ex-CUS'a-ble (-eks-kuz'd-b'l), a. Not excusable ; not ad- 
mitting of excuse or justification. — in'ex-cus'a-bil'i-ty 

_ (-bTl'I-ti), in'ex-cus'a-ble-ness, n. cus'a-bly, adv. 

in-ex'e-CU'tion (m-ek'se-ku'shim), n. Neglect of execu- 
tion ; nonperformance. 

in'ex-er'tion (in / eg-zuT , shim), n. Want of exertion; want 
of effort ; defect of action ; indolence ; laziness. 

in'ex-haust'ed (-zos'ted), a. Not exhausted. 

in'ex-haust'i-bil'i-tyQfn'eg-zos'ti-bil'i-ti), n. The quality 
of being inexhaustible ; inexhaustibleness. 

in / ex-b.aust , i-ble(-ti-b'l), a. Incapable of being exhausted ; 
as : a Unfailing, b Indefatigable. — in'ex-naust'i-ble- 
ness, n. — in'ex-haust'i-bly, adv. 

in'ex-ist'ence (-eg-zis'tens), n. Want of existence ; non- 
existence. 

in'ex-ist'ent (-tent), a. Not having being ; not existing. R. 

in-ex'o-ra-ble (In-ek'so-rd-b'l), a. Not exorable ; not to be 
persuaded by entreaty or prayer ; unyielding ; relentless. — 
Syn. See inflexible. — in-ex'o-ra-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-tl), in- 
ex'o-ra-ble-ness, n. — in-ex'o-ra-bly, adv. 

in'ex-pe'di-ence (In'eks-peMI-ens), n. Inexpediency. 

in'ex-pe'di-en-cy (Tn'eks-pe'di-en-si), n. Quahty or state 

_ of being inexpedient ; inadvisableness. 

in'ex-pe'di-ent (In'eks-pe'dT-ent), a. Not expedient ; not 
tending, or unsuited, to the end desired ; impolitic. — Syn. 
Unwise, unprofitable, inadvisable, disadvantageous. 

in'ex-pen'sive (-pen'siv), a. Not expensive. — inex-pen'- 
sive-ly, adv. — in'ex-pen'sive-ness, n. 

in'ex-pe'ri-ence (-pe'n-ens), n. Want of experience; lack 
of experimental knowledge. — in'ex-pe'ri-enced (-enst), a. 

in'ex-pert' (-purt'), o. Not expert ; unskilled. 

in-ex'pi-a-ble (m-eks'pi-d-b'l), a. 1. Not admitting of ex- 
piation or atonement. 2. Implacable. Rare. — in-ex'pi-a- 
ble-ness, n. — in-ex'pi-a-bly, adv. 

in'ex-plain'a-ble (Tn'eks-plan'd-b'l), a. Inexplicable. 

in-ex'pli-ca-ble (Tn-eks'pli-kd-b'l), a. Not explicable ; in- 
capable of being explained.— in-ex'pli-ca-bil'i-ty (In-eTcs'- 
ph-kd-bil'i-ti), n. — in-ex'pli-ca-bly, adv. 

in'ex-plic'it (Tn'eks-plis'it), a. Not explicit ; not clearly, or 
not fully, expressed or developed. 

in'ex-press'i-ble ( -preVi-b'l ), a. Not capable of being 



< 
( 



s 



J 






K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



INEXPRESSIBILITY 



510 



INFERIOR 



expressed ; ineffable ; indescribable. press'i-bil'i-ty (-1- 

bil'i-ti), -press'i-ble-ness, n. — press'i-bly, adv. 

in'ex-press'i-bles (-i-b'lz), n. pi. Breeches. Humorous. 

in'ex-pres'sive ( -pres'Iv ), a. 1. Inexpressible. Rare. 2. 
Not expressive ; dull. — in'ex-pres'sive-ly, adv. — in'- 
ex-pres'sive-ness, n. 

in'ex-pug'na-ble (-pug'nd-b' 1 ; -pun'd-b'l), a. [L. inex- 
pugnabilis.'] Impregnable; unconquerable. — in'ex-pug'- 
na-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tl), in'ex-pug'na-ble-ness, n. — in'- 
ex-pug'na-bly, adv. 

in'ex-ten'si-ble ( -ten'si-b'l ), a. Not extensible ; not elas- 
tic. — in'ex-ten'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. 

in'ex-ten'sion (-shim), n. Want of extension. 

in'ex-tin'guish-a-ble (in'eks-tir/gwish-d-bT), a. Not ex- 
tiDguishable ; unquenchable. — in'ex-tin'guish-a-bly, adv. 

in-ex'tri^a-ble (in-eks'tn-kd-bT), a. 1. Not permitting 
extrication. 2. Incapable of being disentangled or untied ; 
hence, unsolvable. — in-ex'tri-ca-bil'i-ty (Tn-eks'trl-kd- 
bil'i-tT), in-ex'tri-ca-ble-ness, n. — in-ex'tri-ca-bly, adv. 

in-falli-bil'i-ty (In-fal'i-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being infallible. 

in-fal'li-ble (in-fal'i-b'l),a. 1. Not fallible; not capable of 
erring ^unerring. 2. Not liable to fail, deceive, or disap- 

§oint ; indubitable ; certain. 
yn. Infallible, inerrant, unerring. Infallible is 
popular, inerrant (a word of recent origin) is learned ; 

[ that is infallible which makes, or is capable of making, no 
mistakes ; that is inerrant which contains no errors ; as, 
to speak of an authority as infallible is to emphasize the 
unfailing truth or certainty of its knowledge, judgments, 
doctrines, and the like ; to assert that an authority is iner- 
rant is to claim for it absolute freedom from error in mat- 
ters of fact. Unerring has lost its negative implication, 

[ and applies to that which is sure or certain in its opera- 
tions, or (esp.) which always hits the mark ; as, an un- 
erring aim. 

— n. One who is, or is regarded as, infallible. — in-fal'li- 
bly, adv. 

in'fa-mous (ir/fa-mus), a. [L. infamis; in- not + fama 
fame.] 1. Of very bad report ; notoriously vile or evil; 
held in abhorrence ; as, an infamous criminal or traitor ; 
an infamous region. 2. Causing infamy ; deserving de- 
testation ; as, an infamous act. 3. Law. Branded with 
infamy by conviction. — ■ Syn. Odious, disgraceful, abomi- 
nable, shameful. — in'fa-mous-ly, adv. 

in'fa-my (-mi), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [L. infamia, fr. in- 
famis infamous.] 1. Evil fame or reputation ; public dis- 
grace, dishonor, or reproach. 2. Extreme baseness or vile- 
ness ; an infamous act. 3. Law. That public disgrace or 
loss of character incurred by a person convicted of any of 
certain crimes. — Syn. See dishonor. 

in'fan-cy (-fdn-sT), n. [L. infantia.See infant.] 1. Early 

i childhood ; babyhood. 2. Law. The status of an infant, or 
one under age, or under the age of 21 years ; minority. 

in'fant (-fdnt), n. [L. infans; in- not + fari to speak.] 
1. A child in the first period of life ; a babe. 2. Law. A 
person not of full age ; a minor. — a. 1. Pert, to, or being 
in, infancy ; immature ; as, infant industries. 2. Intended 
for young children ; as, infant food, class, etc. 

in-fan'ta (Tn-fan'td), n. [Sp. & Pg.] Any daughter of a 
king and queen of Spain or Portugal ; — also as a title. 

in-fan'te (-ta), n. [Sp. & Pg.] Any son, except the eldest, 
of a king and queen of Spain or Portugal ; — also as a title. 

in-fan/ti-cide (-fan'ti-sld), n. [L..infanticidium; infans 
child. + caedere to kill.] 1. The killing of a recently born 
child. 2. [L. infanticida."] One guilty of infanticide. 

in'fan-tile (in'fdn-tll; -til), a. 1. Of or pertaining to in- 
fancy or an infant ; childish. 2. Phys. Geog. In an early 
stage of development, following an uplift or equivalent 
change with respect to base level ; — said of topography 
and topographic features. — Syn. See childlike. 
infantile paralysis, Med., an acute specific disease, 
mostly infantile, characterized by inflammation of the an- 
terior horns of the gray substance of the spinal cord. It 
is attended with febrile symptoms, motor paralysis, and 
muscular atrophy, often producing permanent deformities. 
Called also acute anterior poliomyelitis. 

in-fan'ti-lism (ln-fan'tT-liz'm), n. Med. Condition of being 
abnormally infantile or childlike ; retardation of mental and 
physical development. [See childlike. I 

in/fan-tine (in'fdn-tln ; -tin), a. Infantile ; childish. — Syn.| 

in'fan-try (-tri), n. [F. infanterie, It. infanteria, fr. in- 
fante infant, boy, servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, -an- 
tis, child ; foot soldiers being formerly the servants of 
knights.] Mil. A body of foot soldiers ; — disting. from 
cavalry and artillery. 

in'fan-try-man (-man), n. An infantry soldier. 

in-farct' (m-farkt'), n. _ [LL. infarctus, for L. infartus, 
p. p. of infarcire; in- in + farcire to stuff.] Med. a An 
obstruction or embolus, b The morbid condition of a 
limited area resulting from such obstruction. 

in-farc'tion (ln-fark'sh&n), n. Med. a The formation of 
an infarct, b Infarct. 



in'fare' (Tn'farO, n. [AS. infser entrance.] -A hous'b- 
warming; esp., a party or entertainment given at th« 
reception of a bride to her new home. Scot., Dial. Eng., & 
Local, U. S. 

in-fat'u-ate (Tn-fat^-at), a. [L. infatuatus, p. p. of in- 
fatuare; in- in + fatuus foolish.] Infatuated; marked 
by infatuation. — (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
1. To make foolish ; affect with folly ; deprive of sound 
judgment. 2. To insDire with a foolish and extravagant 
passion. — in-fat'U-at'ed (-at'ed), p. a. 

in-fat'u-a'tion (-a'shzm), n. Act of infatuating ; state of be- 

_ ing infatuated ; that which infatuates. — Syn. See folly. 

in-faust' (in-fost'), a. [L. infaustus ; in- not -f- faustus 
lucky.] Not favorable ; unlucky ; unpropitious. Rare. 

in-fea'si-ble (in-fe'zi-b'l), a. Not feasible; impracticable. 

in-fect' G-fekt'), v. t. [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere to put 
or dip into, to stain, infect; in- in -f- facer e to make.] 
1. To taint with morbid matter; contaminate with any 
disease-producing substance, germs, or bacteria ; as, to 
infect a wound. 2. To affect with infectious disease ; as, 
infected with the plague. 3. a To contaminate ; corrupt. 
b To imbue with s6me feeling, as from sympathetic 
influence or example ; as, to infect one with gayety, en- 
thusiasm, etc. C Law. To contaminate with illegality or to 
expose to penalty. — Syn. Poison, pollute, defile. 

in-fec'tion (-fek'shiin), n. 1. Act or process of infecting, 
esp. with disease. 2. That which infects, or causes the com- 
municated disease. 3. State of being infected ; the state due 
to microorganisms within the body multiplying and produc- 
ing toxin ; result of infecting influence ; a prevailing germ 
disease ; epidemic. 4. Sympathetic communication of like 
qualities or emotions ; contagion. 5. Affection. Humorous 

^Misuse. 

in-fec'tious (-shus), a. 1. Having qualities that may in- 
fect ; communicable or caused by infection ; as, an infec- 
tious fever. 2. Infected. Obs. 3. Corrupting, or tending to 
corrupt or contaminate ; vitiating ; demoralizing. 4. Law. 
Contaminating with illegality ; exposing to seizure and for- 
feiture or other penalty. 5. Capable of being easily diffused ; 
sympathetic; "catching"; as, infectious mirth. — Syn. 
See contagious. — in-fec'tious-ly, adv. — in-fec'tious- 
ness, n. . 

infectious disease, a Any disease caused by the en- 
trance, growth, and multiplication of bacteria or protozoans 
in the body ; a germ disease. It may or may not be con- 
tagious, b Sometimes, as distinguished from contagious 
disease, such a disease communicated by germs carried in 
the air or water, and thus spread without contact with the 
patient, as measles. 

in-fec'tive (-tiv), a. Producing infection ; infectious. 

in-fec'tor (-ter), n. One who infects. 

in-fec'und (ln-fek'iind ; in-fe'kimd), a. Not fecund or 
fruitful ; barren. — in'fe-cun'di-ty (in'fe-kun'di-ti), n. 

in'fe-lic'i-tOUS (in / fe-lis'i-tws), a. Not felicitous; un- 
happy ; not well expressed. — in'fe-lic'i-tOUS-ly, adv. 

in'fe-lic'My (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality 
of being infelicitous ; unhappiness ; misfortune. 2. That 
(as a word, expression, etc.) which is infelicitous. 

in'felt' (ln'felf), a. Felt inwardly ; heartfelt. 

in-feoff', in-feoff'mont. Vars. of enfeoff, enfeoffment. 

in-fer' (-fur'), y. t.; -ferred' # (-furd') ; -fer'ring. [L. in- 
ferre to bring into, occasion, infer ; in- in + ferre to bring.] 

1. To bring on ; induce ; inflict. Obs. 2. To bring forward ; 
adduce ; allege. Obs. 3. To derive by reasoning or implica- 
tion ; conclude from acts or premises ; Colloq., to surmise ; 
guess. 4. To lead to as a conclusion or consequence ; hence : 
to indicate ; point out ; as, opportunities infer obligations. 
— v. i. To draw inferences. 

Syn. Infer, deduce, conclude (as agreeing in the idea of 
reasoning from premises) . Infer -is the general term ; it 
often implies little more than surmise; deduce empha- 
sizes more than infer the formal processes involved ; con- 
clude suggests the arrival at the logical result of an act or 
process of inference ; as, I infer that from what you say ; I 
deduce my conviction of your absence from the failure of 
your account to tally with the facts ; I conclude, upon a 
careful examination of the evidence, that I was mistaken. 

in-fer'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be inferred: deducible. 

in'fer-ence (Tn'fer-ens), n. 1. Act or process of inferring. 

2. That which is inferred ; a truth or proposition drawn 
from another which is admitted ; conclusion ; deduction. 

in'fer-en'tial (-en'shdl), a. Deduced or deducible by infer- 
ence. ~ in'f er-en'tial-ly, adv. 

in-fe'ri-or (ln-fe'ri-er), a. [L., compar. of inferus that is 
below, underneath.] 1. Situated lower down ; lower ; 
nether. 2. Specif. : a Astron. Nearer the sun than the 
earth is ; as, the inferior or interior planets, b Print. 
Standing at the bottom of the line, as small figures or 
letters ; as, in A2B11, 2 and n are inferior, c Bot. (1) Situ- 
ated below some other organ. (2) On that side of a flower 
which is next the bract ; opposite or farthest from the axis ; 
anterior. 3. Of lower degree or rank. 4. Of less importance, 
value, or merit ; of poorer quality ; as, the inferior poets. 



>ale, senate, care, uiu, u^cuimi, arm. ask, sold; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



INFERIORITY 



511 



INFLEXED 



5. Of poor quality ; mediocre ; second-rate ; as, inferior 
goods. — n. One who, or that which, is inferior to another. 

in-fe'ri-or'i-ty (-or'I-ti), n. Inferior quality or state. 

in-f e'ri-or-ly, adv. In an inferior manner, position, or degree. 

in-fer'nal (-ffir'ndl), a. [F., fr. L. infernalis, fr. infernus 
that which lies beneath, the lower. See inferior.] 1. Of or 

Eert. to the nether world. 2. Of, pert, to, or inhabiting hell ; 
ellish ; diabolical ; fiendish. — Syn. Tartarean, Stygian, 
devilish, satanic, malicious. — in-fer'nal-ly, adv. 
infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously 
designed to explode, and to destroy life or property. 

in-fer'no (-no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz). [It.] The infernal 
regions ; hell ; hence, a place likened to it. 

in-fer'ri-ble (fn-fur'i-b'l), a. Inferable. 

in-fer'tile (-fur'tll), a. Not fertile; barren; sterile. 

in'fer-til'i-ty (m'fer-til'i-tT), n. Infertile quality or state. 

in-fest' (m-fesf), v. t. [L. infestare, fr. infestus dis- 
turbed, hostile ; in- in, against + root of dcfendere to 
defend.] To trouble by numbers or by frequency of 
presence ; visit persistently and molest. 

in'fes-ta'tion (In'fes-ta'shiin), n. Act of infesting, or state 
of being infested ; molestation ; vexation ; annoyance. 

in-fest'er, n. One who, or that which, infests. 

in feu-da'tion (Tn'fu-da'shun), n. [LL. infeudatio, fr. 
infeudare to enfeoff. See FEUD a fief.] Eng. Law. Grant 
of an estate in fee, or the deed granting it ; enfeoffment. 

in'fi-del (m'fT-del), a. [L. infidelis ; in- not + fidelis 
faithful, fides faith.] 1. Not holding to the faith ; esp., 
not Christian ; also, opposing or (regarded as) traitorous 
to Christianity. 2. Of or pertaining to infidels or infidelity. 

— n. 1. A disbeliever ; esp. : a One not a Christian, b One 
not a Mohammedan. 2. One who does not believe (in some- 
thing understood or specified) ; as, an infidel as regards 
spirit writings. 

Syn. Infidel, freethinker, skeptic, agnostic, unbe- 
liever, atheist. Infidel in, modern popular usage is a 
term of reproach for one who avowedly denies the tenets of 
Christianity and the truth of the Scriptures. Freethinker 
varies, and may imply warranted freedom of thought or 
pernicious license of opinion. Skeptic emphasizes the 
suggestion of doubt ; agnostic, that of suspended judgment. 
Unbeliever is commonly opposed to believer ; and is virtu- 
ally equivalent to disbeliever ; it suggests more a personal, 
less a purely intellectual, attitude toward Christianity than 
skeptic, agnostic, or freethinker. An atheist is one who denies 
the existence of God. 

in'fi-del'i-ty (-del'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Want of 
belief in (a certain) religion. 2. Breach of trust ; treach- 
ery ; deceit ; also, an unfaithful act. 3. Adultery. 

in'field' (ln'feld'X^n. 1. A field near a farmhouse, as distin- 
guished from outlying fields ; — opp. to outfield. 2. Base- 
ball. The diamond ; also, the players on the infield, collec- 
tively ; — opp. to outfield. [the infield. I 

in'field / er (-fel'der), n. Baseball. Any of the players on| 

in-fil'trate (In-f ll'trat), v. t. 1. To cause to penetrate grad- 
ually. 2. To pass through or into as in filtering. — y. i. To 
filter into or through something. — n. That which infil- 
trates ; specif., Med., a substance passing into the tissues 
and forming an abnormal accumulation. 

in'fil-tra'tion (ln'fil-tra'shiin), n. Act or process of 
infiltrating , also, the infiltrating substance ; an infiltrate. 

in-fin'i-tate (m-fin'i-tat), v. t.; -tat/ed (-tat'Sd) ; -tat'- 
ing (-tat'ing). [LL. infinitare. "] Logic. To render 
infinite or indefinite by changing from positive to nega- 
tive ; thus, not- A or non- A is the infinitated correlative 
of A. — in-fin'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 

in'fi-nite (Tn'fi-nit), a. [L. infinitus. See in- not; 
finite.] 1. Unlimited or boundless, as in time or space. 
2. Indefinitely large or extensive ; immeasurable ; hence : 
vast ; immense ; also, inexhaustible. 3. Without limit in 
power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence ; boundless ; 
perfect; — opposed to finite. 4. Math. Greater than any 
assignable quantity of the same kind ; — said esp. of a vari- 
able to which a value may be assigned greater than any pre- 
assigned value. — Syn. Illimitable, interminable, unlim- 
ited, endless, eternal. 

— n. That which is infinite ; as : a Boundless space or dura- 
tion ; infinity ; — usually with the. b Math. An infinite 
quantity or magnitude ; — denoted by co. c \_cap.~] The 
Infinite Being ; God ; — with the. — in'fi-nite-ly, adv. — 
in'fi-nite-ness, n. 

in'fin-i-tes'i-maKTn'fin-i-tes'i-mal), a. 1. Arbitrarily or in- 
definitely small. 2. Immeasurably or incalculably small ; 
very minute. 3. Relating to infinitesimal quantities. — n. 
An infinitesimal quantity. — in'fin-i-tes'i-mal-ly, adv. 

in-fin'i-ti'val (Tn-fTn'i-ti'val ; Tn-fTn'i-tiv-al),a. Pertain- 
ing to the infinitive mood. — in-fin'i-ti'val-ly, adv. 

in-fin'i-tive (-fTn'i-tiv), a. [L. infinitivus. See infinite.] 
Gram. Unlimited ; undefined ; — applied to a certain verb 
form often, though inaccurately, classed as a mood. 

— n. Gram. That form (commonly with to in English, 
except with the auxiliary verbs may, can, might, etc.) of 
the verb which simply names the action without predi- 



cating it of a subject, being itself a noun with certain 
features of the verb, esp. that of taking an object and 
adverbial qualifiers. The verbal noun in -ing, though an 
infinitive by the definition and sometimes called one, is 
now generally classed as a gerund. It has the important 
distinction that it can be used after prepositions generally, 
as in " the pleasure of knowing him. 

in-fin'i-tude (ih-fin'i-tud),n. 1. Quality of being infinite; 
also, that which is infinite. 2. Innumerable quantity. 

in-fin'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. infinite, L. infini- 
tas.'] 1. Quality of being infinite ; that which is infinite, as 
unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. 2. Indefinite 
number. 3. Math. An infinite. 4. Geom. That region of a 
line, plane, or space, infinitely distant from the finite region 
regarded. 

in-firm' (-furm'), a. 1. Not firm, or sound, physically; 
weak ; feeble. 2. Weak ; irresolute ; vacillating. 3. Not 
solid or stable, precarious. — v. t. To invalidate. Now 
Rare. — Syn. See weak. 

in'fir-ma'ri-an (ln'ier-ma'n-dn; 3), n. A person having 

_ charge of an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution. 

in-fir'ma-ry (Tn-fur'md-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-r!z). A hospi- 
tal or place for the infirm or sick. 

in-fir'mi-ty (-mT-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Character or statt 
of being infirm ; feebleness, or an instance of it ; as : a An 
unsound state ; disease, b A personal failing ; defect. — 

_ Syn. Debility, weakness, feebleness ; failing ; foible. 

in-firm'ly, adv. In an infirm manner. 

in-fix' (-fits'), v. t. [L. infixus, p. p. of infigere to infix; 
in- in -f- figere to fix.] 1. To set ; fasten, or fix by piercing 
or thrusting in. 2. To implant or fix ; inculcate. 

in'fix (Tn'fTks), n. Gram. A derivative or formative element, 
analogous to a prefix or suffix, inserted in the body of a 
word, as n in L. frango from root frag. 

in-flame' (-flam'), v. t. ; in-flamed' (-flamd') ; -flam'ing 
(-flam'mg). [OF. enflamer, L. inflammare, -malum; in- 
in + flammare to flame, flamma flame. ] 1. To set on 
fire ; cause to burn or glow. Now Rare. 2. To kindle or 
intensify, as passion. 3. To incense ; enrage ; also, to cause 
to redden, as from anger. 4. Med. To cause inflammation 
in. — Syn. Fire, irritate, exasperate, anger, excite, arouse. 
See kindle. — v. i. To burst into flame ; become in- 
flamed ; esp. : a To become excited or angered, b To be- 
come morbidly congested or affected with inflammation. 

in-flam'er (-flam'er), n. One who, or that which, inflames ; 
esp., an exciter or instigator. [inflammable.] 

in-flam'ma-bil'i-ty (-flam'd-bil'T-tT), n. Quality of being! 

in-flam'ma-ble (-flam'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being 
easily set on fire ; combustible. 2. Excitable ; irritable. — 
in-flam'ma-ble-ness, n. — in-flam'ma-bly, adv. 

in'flam-ma'tion (In'fla-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of inflaming ; 
state of being inflamed. 2. Med. A morbid condition con- 
sisting in congestion of blood vessels and exudation of 
serum and blood corpuscles. It is manifested by redness 
and swelling, with heat and pain. 

in-flam'ma-tO-ry (m-flam'd-to-ri), a. 1. Tending to 
inflame, kindle, or irritate. 2. Tending to excite anger, 
animosity, tumult, or sedition ; seditious ; as, an inflam- 
matory speech or writing. 3. Med. Accompanied with, 
or tending to cause, inflammation. 

in-flate' (-flat'), v. t. & %.; -flat'ed (Tn-flat'ed) ; -flat'tng 
(-flat'Ing). [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflare to inflate ; in- in 
+ flare to blow.] 1. To swell with air or gas ; expand ; 
distend. 2. To puff up ; elate. 3. To expand or increase 
unduly, as the currency, credit, etc. — Syn. See dilate. 

in-flat'ed (tn-flat'ed ; 24), p. a. 1. Distended, as with air or 
gas. 2. Turgid; pompous. 3. Bot. Hollow and distended, as 
a stem or capsule ; open and swelled out, as a perianth. 4. 
Expanded or increased abnormally or improperly, as prices. 

in-flat'er (in-flat'er), n. One who, or that which; inflates, 
as an air pump. 

in-fla'tion (-fla'shun), n. An inflating ^inflated condition ; 
as : a Distention, b Pomposity ; turgidity ; also, great con- 
ceit. C Undue expansion or increase, as in prices, etc. 

in-fla'tion-ist, n. One who favors inflation, esp. of the 
currency by the issue of paper money. 

in-fla'tor, n. An inflater. 

in-flect' (-flSkf), v. t. [L. inflectere, -flexum ; in- in -f- 
flectere to bend.] 1. To turn from a direct line ; bend ; de- 
flect. 2. Gram. To vary (a word) by inflection; decline, 
as a noun or adjective ; conjugate, as a verb. 

in-flec'tion (-flek'shixn), n. 1. Act of inflecting; state of 
being inflected ; result of inflection ; a bending or bend ; 
angle. 2. Modulation of the voice ; change in pitch or 
tone of the voice. 3. Gram, a The variation which words 
undergo to mark case, gender, number, tense, person, 
mood, voice, etc., or to mark comparison, b An inflectional 
form, suffix, or element. 

in-flec'tion-al (-51), a. Of or pertaining to inflection ; hav- 
ing, or characterized by, inflection. 

in-flec'tive (-tTv), a. 1. Deflecting. 2. Inflectional. 

in-flexed' (in-flekst'), p. a. 1. Turned; bent. 2. Bot. <t 



/% 



Nv 



J 



K 



r = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh'=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary' I) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



INFLEXIBILITY 



512 



INFUSION 



Zool. Bent or turned abruptly inward or downward, or 
toward the axis, as the petals of a flower. 

in-flex'i-bil'i-ty (ln-flek'sl-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being inflexible. 

in-flex'i-ble (-flek'si-b'l), a. 1. Not capable of being bent ; 
stiff ; unyielding. 2. Firm in will or purpose ; not to be 
turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined. — in- 
flexibly, adv. 

Syn. Unbending, rigid, rigorous ; inexorable, obstinate, 
stubborn. — Inflexible, inexorable imply immovability 
in purpose or execution. That is inflexible which cannot 
be bent, turned, or modified ; that is inexorable which is 
deaf to prayer or entreaty ; as, the inflexible integrity 
of Lincoln ; inflexible decision ; " the inexorable voice of 
necessity." 

in-flex'ion, in-flex'ion-al. Vars. of inflection, inflec- 
tional. British. 

in-llict' (-flikt'), v. t. [L. inflictus, p. p. of infligere to 
strike on, inflict ; in- in, on + fligere to strike.] To give 
or cause by, or as by, striking ; cause to bear or suffer 
(something painful or unpleasant) ; impose, as a penalty. 

in-flict'er, n. One who inflicts ; an inflictor. 

in-flic'tion (-Aik'shun), n. Act of inflicting ; something in- 
flicted, as punishment, disgrace, etc.^ [fliction.l 

in-flic'tive (-tiv), a. Causing infliction; acting as an in-| 

in-flict'or (-ter), n. An inflicter. 

in'flo-res'cence (In'flo-res'ens), n. [L. inflorescens, p. pr. 
of inflorescere to begin to blossom ; in- in + florescere to 
begin to blossom.] 1. A flowering. 2. Bot. a General 
arrangement and disposition of flowers on an axis ; mode 
of development of the flowers. See Illust. p. 513. b A floral 
axis ; a flower cluster. 

in'flow' (ln'flo'), n. An inflowing; influx. 

in'flu-ence (in'floo-ens ; 86), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. influens, 
-entis, p. p. of influere, influxum, to flow in. See IN- in ; 
fluent.] 1. Astrol. Orig., a stream of ethereal fluid thought 
to flow from the stars and to affect the actions of men ; 
later, exercise of occult power by stars. 2. Emanation or in- 
fusion, esp. of a spiritual or moral force. Now Rare. 3. An 
insensible or indirect altering of anything, esp. gradually, or 
power or capacity to effect this ; as, the influence of a good 
man. 4. Power arising from station, intellect, wealth, etc. 
5. Something that exerts influence ; an influential person ; 
as, he is an influence in politics. 6. Elec. Induction. — ■ 
Syn. Ascendancy, supremacy, sway, control, mastery, rule. 

— v. t. ; -enced (-enst) ; -enc-ing (-en-sing). To exert influ- 
ence upon ; as : a To alter or move ; sway ; persuade ; as, to 
influence a person for good, b To affect ; modify ; deter- 
mine ; as, mountains influence climate. fences. I 

in'flu-enc-er (-en-ser), n. One who, or that which, influ-| 

in'flu-ent (Tn'flo6-ent ; 86), a. Flowing in. 

in'flu-en'tial (-en'shdl), a. Exerting or possessing influ- 
ence ; hence : potent ; effective. — in'flu-en'ti-al-ly, adv. 

in'flu-en'za (-z&), n. [It. influenza influence, influenza 
(formerly attributed by astrologers to astral influence).] 
1. An epidemic, usually febrile, affection with acute nasal 
catarrh, or inflammation of the throat or bronchi ; grippe. 
It is caused by a microorganism {Bacillus influenzae). 

j 2. Veter. A contagious specific fever of horses, marked by 
alterations of the blood, depression of the vital forces, 
and stupor, and often attended with_ inflammatory com- 
plications of the lungs, intestines, brain, etc. 

in'flux' (ln'fluks'), n. [L. influxus, fr. influere. See in- 
fluence.] 1. A flowing in ; inflow ; inpouring. 2. The 
mouth or debouchment of a river. 

in-fold' (in-foldO, v. t. 1. To wrap up or cover with 
folds ; envelop ; inclose ; involve. 2. To embrace. 

in-form' (in-f8rm'), a. [L- informis; in- not + forma 
form.] 1. Shapeless ; deformed. 2. Without form or an in- 
forming principle ; unformed ; as, the inform chaos. 

in-form', v. t. [OF. enformer, L. informare ; in- in + 
formare to form, forma form.] 1. To give form to ; be the 
formative principle of ; hence : to animate ; inspire. 2. To 
train ; instruct. Now Rare. 3. To communicate knowledge 

! of ; give instruction in (a truth, belief, or the like) . Obs. 4. 
To communicate knowledge, news, or alleged facts, to ; ac- 
quaint ; tell ; enlighten. - — Syn. < Apprise, notify, advise. 

— v. i. To give information, esp. in accusation. 
in-for/mal (-for'mdl), a. Not in the usual or established 

form ; hence, without ceremony. — in-f or/mal-ly, adv. 

in'for-mal'i-ty (Tn'for-mal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties ( : tiz). Qual- 
ity or state of being informal ; want of prescribed or cus- 
tomary form ; also, an informal proceeding. 

in-form'ant (in-f6r'mdnt), n. One who gives information. 
Syn. Accuser, informer, complainant. — Informant, 
informer. An informant is one who gives information of 
whatever sort ; an informer is one who informs against 
another by way of accusation or complaint. Informer is 
often, informant never, a term of opprobrium. 

in'for-ma'tion (m'for-ma'shun), n. 1. Act or process of in- 
forming ; communication of intelligence ; instruction. 2. 
Knowledge communicated by others or obtained by study 
and investigation ; intelligence. 3. Act of informing against 



a person or party. 4. Law. A kind of public prosecution far 

an offense. It differs from the indictment in not being based 

> on the finding of a grand jury. — Syn. See knowledge. 

in-form'a-tive (in-for'md-tiv), a. Instructive. 

in-form'er (-mer), n. 1. One who imparts knowledge or 

news. 2. One who informs against another ; specif., ona 

who informs of violations of law. — Syn. See informant. 

in-form'ing, p. a. 1. That gives form ; animating. 2. In- 
structive. — in-f orm'ing-ly, adv. 

in-for/tune (in-for'tun), n. [F.. fr. L. infortunium. See 
in- not ; fortune.] 1. Misfortune. 06s. 2. Astrol. The 
planet Saturn, Mars, or sometimes Mercury ; — so called 
_ because of its supposed evil influence. 

in'fra- (in'fra-). [L.] A prefix denoting below, lower 
than; as in in/rasternal, situated below the sternum. 

in'fra-COS'tal (-kos'tdl), a. Anat. Situated beneath the 
m costae, or ribs. 

in-fract' (m-frakf), v. t. [L. inf r actus, p. p. of inf ringer e. 
_ See infringe.] To break ; infringe ; violate, as a right. 

in-frac'tion (Tn-frak'shun), n. [L. infractio. See in- 
fringe.] Act of breaking ; breach, esp. of a law or oblige - 
_ tion ; violation ; infringement ; transgression. 

in-frac'tor (-ter), n. An infringer; violator; breaker. 

in'fra-lap-sa'ri-an ( in'frd-lap-sa'ri-dn ; 3), n. [infra- -f- 
L. lapsus a falling, fall. See lapse.] Eccl. Hist. A 
Calvinist who considers the decree of election as contem- 
plating_ the "fall" as past and the elect as being fallen, 
and guilty when elected ; one who considers the election 
of grace as a remedy for an existing evil. Cf. supralap- 
sarian. — in'fra-lap-sa'ri-an, a. — an-ism ( -iz'm ), n. 

in'fra-max'il-la-ry (-mak'sT-la-n), a. Anat. Under the 
_ lower jaw, as inframaxillary nerves. 

in'fra-me'di-an (-me'dT-dn), a. Zoogeog. Designating a 
zone of the sea bottom lying at the depth of between fifty 
and one hundred fathoms. — in'fra-me'di-an, n. 

in-fran'gi-ble (in-fran'ji-b'l), a. 1. Not capable of being 
broken or separated into parts ; as, infrangible atoms. 
2. Not to be infringed, or violated. — in-f ran'gi-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-ti), in-fran'gi-ble-ness, n. — in-fran'gi-bly, adv. 

in'fra-or'bit-al (in'frd-ar'bi-tdl), a. Anat. Beneath the 

_ orbit. 

in'fra— red', a. Pert, to or designating that part of the spec- 

_ trum lying outside of the visible spectrum at its red end. 

in-fre'quence (In-fre'kwens), n. Infrequency. 

in-fre'quen-cy (-kwen-si), n. State of rarely happening; 
rareness. 

in-fre'quent (Tn-fre'kwent), a. 1. Seldom happening ; 
rare. 2. Occurring at considerable distances or intervals ; 
occasional. — in-fre'quent-ly, adv. 

in-fringe' (Yn-frinj'), v. t.; -fringed' (-frmjd'); -fring'- 
ing (-frin'jing). [L. inf ringer e; in- in + 1 rang ere to 
break.] 1. To break or break down ; destroy ; frustrate ; 
impair. Obs. 2. To commit a breach of ; violate ; commit 
an infringement of. — Syn. See trespass. — v. i. To en- 
croach ; trespass ; — used with on or upon. 

in-fringe'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of infringing. 2. A 
breach of, or an encroachment or trespass on, a right or 
privilege, as of a patent, copyright, or trade-mark. 

in-fring'er (-frin'jer), n. One who infringes. 

in'fun-dib'u-lar (m'fun-dib'u-ldr)) a. Having the form of a 

in'fun-dib'u-late (-lat) / funnel ; also, pertain- 

ing to or having an infundibulum. 

in'fun-dib'u-li-form' (-u-li-f8rm / ), a. [L. infundibulum 
funnel + -form.'] Infundibular ; funnel-shaped. 

in'fun-dib'u-lum (-lfim), n.; L. pi. -dibula (-Id). [L., a 
funnel.] Any of various funnel-shaped or dilated organs 
or parts ; as : Anat. a The hollow, conical process of 
gray matter, to which the pituitary body is attached. 
b The small spaces (having walls beset with air sacs) in 
which the bronchial tubes terminate in the lungs. 

in-fu'ri-ate (in-fu'r!-at), a. [It. infuriato, p. p., or LL. 
infuriatus, p. p. of infuriare; in- in + L. furia fury.] 
Furiously angry ; enraged. — (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; 
-at'ing. To render furious ; enrage ; madden. — in-fu'ri- 
ate-ly, adv. — in-fu'ri-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 

in-fus'cate (-fus'kat), -cat-ed (-kat-ed), a. [L. infuscatus 
darkened ; in- in + fuscus dark.] Zool. Darkened with a 
brownish tinge ; — said of the wings of insects. 

in-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing (-fuz'ing). 
[L. infusus, p. p. of inf under e to pour in; in- in -f- 
fundere to pour.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid ; to pour 
(into or upon). 2. To instill, as principles or qualities ; 
introduce ; insinuate. 3. To inspire or imbue (with); 
animate ; fill. 4. To steep without boiling. 

in-fus'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, infuses. 

in-fu'si-ble (-fu'zi-b'l), a. Not fusible ; hardly fusible. 
— in-fu'si-bil'i-ty, in-fu'si-ble-ness, n. 

in-fu'sion (-zh&n), n. 1. Act or process of infusing; 
instillation ; also, that which is infused or is got by infus- 
ing ; quality or element introduced ; tincture ; admixture. 
2. Specif., Surg., the introduction of a solution, esp. a 
saline solution, into the veins. , 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soil, connect; 
6se, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



513 



Indeterminate: or Racemose Inflorescence 



FORMS WITH ELONGATED AXES 



Simple Raceme 



RACEME 

Compound Raceme 



or Panicle 



CORYMI 




.ILYOFTHE AMERICAN WHITE, HAWTHORN 

VALLEY HELLEBORE hawthljwn 



Simple 
Spike 



SpaoiXi Ament Compound Spike 




JACK-IN-THE 
PULPIT 



PLANTAIN 



BIRCH 



COUCH GRASS 



F-ORIVI WITH ABBREVIATED AXIS 



ROFlfVt WITH DILATED AXIS 



UMBEL- 



SIMPLE Umbel 




FENNEL 



CAPITULUM OR HEAD 




DANDELION 



ITMK FLOwEftS APE 

BLACK-EYED SO B N e l c ^'-?ri'i.£ir E 

CLOVER SUSAN HECEPTACue] 



Determinate or Cymose Inflorescence 



SOLITARY TERMINAL FLOWER 



DICHASIUM 



POLYCHASIUM 



MONOCHASIUM 




WAKE- ROBIN 




A CHICKWEED 




A SPUBSE 




FORGET-ME-NOT 

HELIOTROPE 



Mixed Inflorescence 




INFLORESCENCE 



J 



K 



M 



INFUSIONISM 



514 



INHERENTLY 



In-fu'SlOn-ism ( in-fQ'zhun-iz'm ), n. The doctrine that 
the soul is preexistent to the body, and is infused into it at 
conception or birth ; — opposed to traducianism and crea- 
tionism. — in-f u'sion-ist, n. 

in-fu'sive (-siv), a. Having the power of infusion ; specif., 
inspiring ; influencing. 

In'fu-SO'ri-a (in'fu-so'ri-d; 57), n. pi. [NL. ; — because 
found in infusions.] 1. Nat. Hist. Orig., a heterogeneous 
group comprising most minute plants and animals (mostly 
microscopic) found in decomposing infusions of organic 
matter, in stagnant water, etc. 2. Zo'ol. Now, a class gen- 
erally regarded as the most highly organized of the protozo- 
ans and characterized by the presence of cilia. They may be 
found in any exposed body of water ; only the largest are 
visible to the naked eye. 

in'fu-SO'ri-al (-dl), a. Zool. 1. Pertaining to, or having the 
characters of, the Infusoria. 2. Composed of or containing 
Infusoria ; as : infusorial earth, or kieselguhr (so called 
from sense 1 of Infusoria). [fusorial, 1.1 

in'fu-SO'ri-an (-an), n. One of the Infusoria. — a. = in-| 

-tag (-ing). 1. [For ME. -end, -and, -ind, AS. -ende.] The 
suffix of the present participle, as in singing birds. 
KW This ending later became confused with -ing of the 
verbal noun (see def . 2, below) . The attributive use of the 
verbal noun, however, is in general easily distinguished 
from that of the participle. Thus, drinking water is not 
"water that drinks," but "water for drinking." 
2. [ME. -ing, AS. -ing, -ung.~\ A suffix used to fo*n 
nouns, primarily abstract nouns of action from verbs, and 
also, by analogy, from nouns, adverbs, and other words. 

in'gath'er (in'gath'er), v. t. & i. To gather in or together ; 
collect ; esp., to harvest. 

iil-gem'i-nate (in-jem'i-nat), v. t. [L. ingeminatus, p. p. 
ingeminate to double. See geminate.] To redouble or 
repeat; reiterate. — in-gem'i-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. 

in-gen'er-a-ble (in-jen'er-d-bT), a. Incapable of being 
engendered or produced ; original. Rare. 

in-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [L. ingeneratus, p. p. of ingene- 
rare. See engender.] Generated within ; inborn ; innate. 

— (-at), v. t. To generate or produce within ; beget ; en- 
gender ; cause. Both Now Rare. [ate.\ 

in-gen'er-ate (-at), a. Not generated ; as, God is ingener-\ 

in-gen'ious (in-jen'yus), a. [L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium 
natural quality or capacity, genius.] 1. Possessed of genius 
or unusual mental powers ; talented ; clever ; intelligent. 
Obs. 2. Possessed of ingenuity ; inventive. 3. Proceeding 
from, or characterized by, cleverness or ingenuity ; having 
a curious design ; of ideas, etc., adroit, shrewd, or witty. — 
in-gen'ious-ly, adv. — in-gen'ious-ness, n. 

[| in / ge / nue / (aN'zha'nii'), n. ; -pi. -nues (F. -nii'). [F., fem. 
of ingenu ingenuous.] An ingenuous, or nai've, girl or 
young woman, or an actress representing such a person. 

in'ge-nu'i-ty (in'je-nii'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. in- 
genuitas ingenuousness.] 1. Ingenuous character ; candor. 
Archaic. 2. Ingeniousness ; as : a Inventiveness, b Clev- 
erness or aptness of design or contrivance. 

in-gen'U-0US (-jen'u-'&s), a. [L. ingenuus inborn, free- 
born, noble, frank.] 1. Of a superior character ; noble ; 
generous. 2. Free from reserve, disguise, or dissimulation ; 
open ; frank ; also, artlessly frank or free. 3. Erron. for in- 
genious. Obs. — Syn. Unreserved ; plain, sincere, candid. 
See frank. — in-gen'u-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

in-gest' (-jest'), v. t. [L. ingestus, p. p. of ingerere to put 
in ; in- in + gerere to bear.] To take into the alimentary 
canal or digestive cavity. 

in-ges'ta (in-jes'td), n. pi. [NL.] Physiol. That which is 
introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary 
canal ; — opposed to egesta. 

in-ges'tion (-chwn) , n. [L. ingestio a pouring in, introduc- 
tion.] Act or process of ingesting ; act of taking or putting 
into the stomach or digestive cavity, as food. 

in-ges'tive (-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or having, the 
function of ingestion. 

in'gle (in'g'l), n. Flame; blaze; fire; fireplace. 

in'gle-nook' (-n6t>k0, n., or ingle nook. Chimney corner. 

in'gle-side' (-sid'), n. A fireside. 

in-glo'ri-ous (in-glo'ri-&s ; 57), a. 1. Not glorious ; not 
bringing honor or glory ; obscure ; humble ; as, an inglorious 
life of ease. 2. Shameful ; ignominious ; as, an inglorious 
defeat. — in-glo'ri-ous-ly, adv. — in-glo'ri-ous-ness, n. 

in'got (ig'got ; in'-), n. 1. A mold to cast metals in. 06s. 
2. A mass of metal cast into a convenient shape, as a bar, 
block, etc. ; — said esp. of precious metals and of steel. 

in-graft' (in-graff), v. t. 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree 
in another for propagation ; graft ; fig., to introduce so as 
to make a part of something. 2. To subject to grafting. 

in'grain' (in'gran 7 ; in-gran'), v. t. 1. To dye with or in 
grain, or kermes. 2. To dye in the grain, or before manu- 
facture. 3. To work into the natural texture of ; saturate ; 
imbue. — (in'gran/), a. 1. Dyed before manufacture or 
in the fiber ; as, an ingrain carpet. 2. Thoroughly in- 
wrought ; ingrained. — n. Ingrain yarn ; an ingrain carpet. 



ln'grained 7 tfn'grand' ; In'grand'), p. a. Wrought into the 
grain or fiber ; deep-seated ; as, a cat's ingrained aver- 
sion to water. — Syn. See inveterate. 

in'grate (in'grat), a. [L. ingratus. See in- not ; grateful.] 
Showing ingratitude ; ungrateful. — n. An ingrate person. 

in-gra'ti-ate (in-gra'shi-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[in- in + L. gratia favor.] To bring into favor ; insinuate. 
Syn. Ingratiate, insinuate. To ingratiate one's self is 
to win one's way into favor, esp. by sedulous (often servile) 
effort to please ; insinuate implies also subtle and suave 
persistence ; as, he ingratiated himself with them by his 
attentions and a show of deference ; a sly, polite, insinuat- 
ing address. 

in-gra'ti-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of ingratiating. 

in-gra'ti-a-to-ry (in-gra'shi-d-to-ri), a. That tends to 
ingratiate ; ingratiating. 

in-grat'i-tude (in-grat'I-tiid), n. Want of gratitude; in- 
sensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness 

__ or favors received ; unthankfulness ; ungratefulness. 

in'gra-ves'cent (in'grd-ves'ent), a. [L. ingravescens, p. pr. 
of ingravescere to grow heavier or worse ; in- in + gravis 
heavy.] Med. Gradually increasing in severity or gravity. 

, — in'gra-ves'cence (-ens), n. 

in-gre'di-ent (in-gre'di-ent), n. [L. ingrediens, -entis, 
entering into, p. pr. of ingredi to enter ; in- in + gradiXo 
walk, go.] A component part of a combination or mixture ; 

_ element ; constituent. — Syn. See component. 

in'gress (in'gres), n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See ingre- 
dient.] 1. Act of entering ; entrance. 2. Power or liberty 

_ of access. 3. A place for entering ; a way of entrance.. 

in-gres'sion (in-gresh'un), n. Ingress. Rare. 

in-gres'siye (Tn-gres'iv), a. Of or pert, to ingress ; enter- 

m ing ; specif., Gram., inceptive. — in-gres'sive-ness, n. 

in'grow'ing (in'gro'ing), a. Growing into some other sub- 

< stance ; as, an ingrowing nail on the toe. 

in'grown^in'gron'), V- «•.!■ Grown in or within something ; 
specif., of immaterial things, innate. 2. That has grown 

_ into the adjacent flesh ; — said of a nail. 

in'growtb/ (-groth'), n. A growth or development inward. 

in'gui-nal (irj'gwi-ndl), a. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, in- 
guinis, groin.] Of, pert, to, or in the region of, the groin. 

in-gur'gi-tate (-gur'ji-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'- 
ing. [L. ingurgitatus poured in ; in- + gurges whirlpool.] 

_ To swallow.^ — in-gur'gi-ta'tion (-ta'sh&n), n. 

in-hab'it (-hab'it), v. t. [OF. enhabiter, L. inhabitare ; in- 
+ habitare to dwell.] 1. To live in ; occupy permanently. 
2. To settle as resident. Obs. — v. i. To live ; dwell. Ar- 
chaic. 

in-hab'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being inhabited. 

in-hab'it-ance (-i-tans), n. 1. Inhabitancy. 2. An abode. 

in-hab'it-an-cy (-tdn-si), n. ; pi. -cees (-siz). Act of in- 

_ habiting ; state of being inhabited ; residence ; occupancy. 

in-hab'it-ant (-tant), n. [L. inhabitans, -antis, p. pr. of 
inhabitare."] One who dwells or resides permanently in a 
place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or visitor. 
Syn. Inhabitant, citizen, denizen (esp. in their literary 
implications). Inhabitant, the general term, implies per- 
manent abode ; citizen, enjoyment of the full rights and 
privileges of allegiance ; denizen (sometimes merely poeti- 
cal or elevated for inhabitant) often suggests admission by 
favor to privileges not claimable as rights. 

in-habl-ta'tion (-i-ta'shun), n. An inhabiting ; dwelling. 

in-hab'it-ed, p. a. Having one or more inhabitants. 

in-hal'ant (in-hal'dnt), a. Inhaling ; used for inhaling. — n. 
1. An inhaler. 2. That which is to be inhaled, as a medici- 
nal preparation. 

in'ha-la'tion (In^hd-la'shun), n. Act of inhaling; also, 
something to be inhaled. 

in-hale' (In-hal'), v.t.; -haled' (-hald') ; -hal'ing (-hal'-). 
[L. in- in + halare to breathe.] To draw into the lungs ; 
inspire ; — opp. to exhale. 

in-hal'er (-hal'er), n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An appara- 
tus for administering a vapor or volatile substance for an- 
aesthetic or medicinal purposes, or one for filtering air. 

inhar-mon'ic (in'har-mon'ik) la. Not harmonic ; dis- 

in'har-mon'i-cal (-har-mon'i-kal)Jcordant ; inharmonious. 

in'har-mo'ni-ous (-mo'ni-Ss), a. Not harmonious ; dis- 
cordant. — in'har-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — ni-ous-ness, n. 

in'hauT (in'hoF), in'hauFer (-er), n. Naut. A rope used 
to draw in a sail, esp. a jib, or to draw in the boom. 

in-here' (Tn-her'), v. i.; -hered' (-herd') ; -her'tng (-her'- 
ing). [L. inhaerere ; in- in + haerere to stick, hang.] To 
be inherent ; be a fixed element or attribute ; cleave (to) ; 
belong, as attributes, qualities, etc. 

in-her'ence (-her'ens), n. State, quality, or fact of inhering 
or of being inherent. 

in-her'en-cy (-en-si), n.; pi. -enctes (-siz). Inherence; 
an inherent character, attribute or the like. 

in-her'ent (-ent), a. [L. inhaerens, -entis, p. pr. See in- 
here.] Permanently existing as an attribute in some- 
thing ; belonging by nature ; inalienable ; inseparable. — 
Syn. See intrinsic. — in-her'ent-ly, adv. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, drb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



INHERIT 



515 



INKINESS 



in-her'it (-herTt), v. t. [OF. enheriter to appoint as heir, 
L. inker editare; in -in + hereditare to inherit, heres heir.] 

1. To make heir ; put in possession. Obs. 2. To take by de- 
scent or inheritance ; receive by birth. 3. To have in turn or 
receive as if from an ancestor ; as, the administration inher- 
ited this problem. 4. To come into possession of ; possess ; 
receive ; obtain. 5. To be heir to (another) ; succeed. — 
v. i. 1. To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or 
rights by inheritance. 2. To derive its nature or character 
(from). 

in-her'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being inherited; 
transmissible ; descendible. 2. Capable of taking^ or hav- 
ing the right to take, by inheritance or as heir. — in-her'- 
it-a-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'i-ti), in-her'it-a-ble-ness, n. 

in-her'it-ance (-i-tons),n. 1. An inheriting. 2. That which 
is or may be inherited ; possession passing by descent ; her- 
itage. 3. A valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received 
by gift ; benefaction. 4. Possession ; ownership. — Syn. 

See HERITAGE. 

in-her'i-tor (-f-ter), n. One who inherits ; an heir. — in- 
her'i-tress (-tres), in-her'i-trix (-triks), n. fern. 

in-he / sion (in-he'zhun), n. [L. inhaesio. See inhere.] 
State of being inherent in something ; inherence. 

in-hib'it (-hib'it), v. i. [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; 
in- in + habere to have, hold.] 1. To forbid ; interdict. 

2. To check ; restrain, as in activity. — Syn. See forbid. 
in-hib'it-er, or -i-tor, n. One who, or that which, inhibits. 
in'bi-bi'tion (ln'hi-bTsh'un), n. Act of inhibiting, or state 

of being inhibited ; restraint ; prohibition ; embargo. 

in-hib'i-to-ry (ln-hib'i-to-ri), a. Of , pert, to, or producing 
inhibition ; tending or serving to inhibit. 

in-hos'pi-ta-ble (-hos'pi-td-b'l), a. 1. Not hospitable. 2. 
Affording no shelter or sustenance ; barren ; wild. — in- 
hos'pi-ta-ble-ness, n. — in-hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. 

in-hos'pi-tal'i-ty (-tal'i-ti), n. Quality or fact of being in- 
hospitable. 

in-hu'man (-hu'man), a. 1. Destitute of human kindness ; 
cruel ; unfeeling. 2. Unlike what is normally human ; non- 
human. — in-hu'man-ly, adv. 

in'hu-mane' (m'hu-man'), a. Inhuman; cruel; brutal; 
lacking humanity ; not humane. — in / hu-mane , ly, adv. 

in / hu-man , i-ty (-man'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being inhuman ; cruelty ; also, an inhuman act. 

in'hu-ma'tion (ln'hu-ma'shun), n. Act of inhuming. 

in-hume' (ln-hum'), v. t.; in-humed' (-humd') ; -huh'ing 
(-hum'ing). [L. inhumare ; in- in -j- humare to bury.] 
To deposit in the earth ; bury ; inter. 

in-im'i-cal (-Tm'i-kdl), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus 
unfriendly, hostile ; in- not + amicus friendly.] 1. Hav- 
ing the disposition of an enemy ; unfriendly. 2. Opposed in 
tendency or effects ; antagonistic. — in-im'i-cal-ly, adv. 

in-im'i-ta-ble (-i-td-b'1), a. Not capable of being imi- 
tated; matchless. — in-im'i-ta-bil'i-ty (-i-td-bil'i-ti).in- 
im'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — in-im'i-ta-bly, adv. 

in/i-on (in'i-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. IvLov back of the head.] 
Craniol. The external occipital protuberance of the skull. 

in-iq'ui-tOUS (-ik'wi-tws), a. Characterized by iniquity; 

unjust ; wicked. — in-iq'ui-tous-ly, adv. tOUS-ness, n. 

Syn. Nefarious, criminal, unrighteous, flagitious, heinous, 
atrocious. — Iniquitous, nefarious. Iniquitous sug- 
gests gross injustice ; nefarious implies extreme wicked- 
ness, esp. such as is involved in the breach of sacred obli- 
gations. 

in-iq'ui-ty (-tT), n.j pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. iniquite, L. iniqui- 
tas inequality, injustice, iniquus uneven, unjust; in- not 
4- aequus even, equal.] 1. Absence of, or deviation from, 
just dealing ; unrighteousness ; wickedness. 2. An iniqui- 
tous thing ; sin ; crime. 

in-i/tial (-ish'dl), a. [L. initialis, fr. initium entrance, 
beginning, inire to enter ; in- in + ire to go.] 1. Of or 
pert, to the beginning ; commencing. 2. Standing at the 
beginning ; first. — n. 1. The first letter of a word or 
name. 2. A large letter beginning a text or a division or 
paragraph. — v. t. ; -tiaxed (-shald) or -tialled ; -tial-ing 
or -tial-ling. To mark with an initial or initials. — in- 
i'tial-ly, adv. 

in-i'ti-ate (-i-at), v. t.; -at'ed (^at'ed); -at'ing. [L. 
initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, initium beginning. 
See initial.] 1. To introduce by a first act ; originate ; be- 
gin. 2. To instruct in the rudiments or principles. 3. To 
introduce into a society, club, etc., as by formal rites. 
Syn. Admit, instate, induct ; commence, inaugurate, open. 
— Initiate, inaugurate. Both words emphasize the 
act ( often formal ) of beginning. Initiate is the more 
general term ; inaugurate, in the sense of begin, heightens 
the implication of formality or ceremony, and properly 
applies only to something of dignity or importance ; inau- 
gurate is often misused as a grandiloquent synonym for 
begin or oven ; as, the new method of procedure was 
initiated under favorable conditions ; the French Revolu- 
tion was felt by many to have inaugurated a new era. 

in-i'ti-ate (-at), a. 1. Initiated ; also, pertaining to an ini- 
tiate. 2. In the initial stage ; begun ; commenced. 



initiate tenant by curtesy, or tenant by the curtesy 
initiate, Law, a husband vested with an inchoate right 
(curtesy initiate) in his wife's estate of inheritance by the 
birth of a child. His estate is not consummated till the 
death of the wife. 

— n. One who is, or is to be, initiated. 

in-i'ti-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of initiating, or process 
of being initiated. 2. The rites, ceremonies, or instruc- 

_ tions with which one is made a member of a society, etc. 

in-i'ti-a-tive (-Tsh'I-a-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to initia- 
tion ; serving to initiate, or begin ; preliminary. — n. 1. An 
introductory step. 2. The right or power to introduce a new 
measure or course of action ; specif., Political Science, the 
right or procedure by which legislation may be introduced 
or enacted directly by the people, as in the Swiss Confedera- 
tion and in many of the States of the United States ; — 
chiefly used with the. 3. Energy or aptitude displayed in 
the initiation of action ; self-reliant enterprise ; as, a man 
of marked initiative. — in-i'ti-a-tive-ly, adv. 

in-i'ti-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, initiates. 

in-i'ti-a-to-ry (-d-to-rT), a. 1. Suitable for beginning ; in- 
troductory ; prefatory. 2. Tending or serving to initiate ; 
introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of 
symbols or ceremonies ; as, initiatory rites. 

in-ject' (-jekt'), v. t. [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, inji- 
cere ; in- in + jacere to throw.] 1. To throw or force in ; 
2. To throw in by way of suggestion, etc. ; interject. 

in-jec'tion (ln-jek'shftn), n. 1. An injecting. 2. Med. 
State of being injected ; congestion. 3. That which is in- 

__ jected ; esp., a liquid medicine injected into the body. 

in-jec'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, injects ; specif., 
a device for injecting feed water into a steam boiler by the 
direct action of live steam. 

inju-di'cious (Tn'joo-dish'ws ; 86), a. Not judicious ; indis- 
creet ; unwise. — Syn. Inconsiderate, rash, hasty, impru- 
dent. — in'ju-difcious-ly, adv. — in'ju-di'cious-ness, n. 

in-junc'tion (ln-jurjk'shwn), n. [L. injunctio, fr. injun- 
gere, injunctum, to join into, enjoin. See enjoin.] 1. Act 
of enjoining. 2. An order ; precept ; direction. 3. Law. A 
writ or process granted by a court of equity and requiring a 
party to do or forbear some act. — Syn. See mandate. 

in'jure (Tn'jdor), v. t.; in-jured (-joord) ; -jur-ing. [From 
E. injury, or F. injure injury. See injury.] To do harm 
to; hurt; damage; hurt or wound, as the person ; impair 
the soundness of, as health ; give pain to, as the sensibilities 
or the feelings. — Syn. Damage, mar, spoil, harm, sully, 
wrong ; maltreat, insult, affront, dishonor. 

in'jur-er (-er), n. One who injures or wrongs. 

in-jU'ri-OUS (ln-joo'ri-ils ; 86), a. [L. injuriosus. See IN- 
JURY.^J 1. Inflicting or tending to inflict injury ; hurtful ; 
mischievous ; as, a diet injurious to health. 2. Slanderous ; 
abusive ; as, injurious language. — Syn. Harmful, perni- 
cious, baneful, deleterious, detrimental, noxious, ruinous. 
— in-ju'ri-ous-ly, adv. — in-ju'ri-ous-ness, n. 

in'ju-ry (ln'j'oo-ri), n. ; pi. -RTES (-riz). _ [L. injuria, fr. 
injurius injurious, unjust ; in- not + jus, juris, right, 
law, justice.] 1. Damage or hurt done or suffered; 
detriment to, or violation of, person, character, feelings, 
rights, property, or interest, or the value of a thing. 2. An 
act which damages or hurts. 3. Law. An actionable wrong. 
4. Abusive speech ; insult. Obs. 

Syn. Damage, harm, detriment, hurt, mischief, loss, im- 
pairment ; prejudice, evil, ill, injustice, wrong. — Injury, 
damage, harm, mischief agree in the idea of detriment. 
Injury is the general term ; damage is esp. an injury which 
impairs value or involves loss ; harm is the more popular 
and colloq. term for injury; mischief is troublesome or 
vexatious harm or injury, worked esp. by a personal or living 
agent ; it often suggests petty annoyance due to sport or 
thoughtlessness. 

in-jus'tice (Tn-jus'tTs), n. 1. Want of justice ; violation of 
another's rights ; wrong. 2. An unjust act ; a wrong. 
Syn. Inequity, unfairness, wrong ; hardship, injury. — 
Injustice, wrong. Injustice applies to whatever is not 
just ; wrong is stronger, more positive and personal ; as, I 
have met with much injustice ; our wrongs are greater than 
we can bear. 

ink (lrjk), n. [OF. enque, L. encaustum the purple-red 
ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. 
iyKavixTov, fr. lyKavaros burnt in, encaustic. See encaus- 
tic] 1. A fluid, or a viscous, material used for writing and 
printing. 2. Zo'dl. The black protective secretion of a 
cephalopod, as the cuttlefish. See sepia. 

— v. t. To put ink upon. 

ink'ber-ry (irjk'ber-i), n. 1. A species (Ilex glabra) of 
holly with evergreen oblong leathery leaves and small black 
berries. 2. The pokeweed. 3. The fruit of either of these 
plants. 

ink'er (Ynk'er), n. One who, or that which, inks. 

ink'horn' (Ink'nornO, n. A small bottle of horn or other 
material formerly used for holding ink. 

ink'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being inky. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Eiplana tions of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. - equals. 



M 



INKLE 



516 



INOPERABLE 



3nlJle (in'k'1), n. A kind of linen tape or braid ; also, the 

thread or yarn from which inkle is made. 
illk'ling (lrjk'lihg), n. 1. A partial revelation; a slight 

knowledge. 2. A reason to suspect or infer ; a hint. 
ink'stand' (lnk'stand'), n. A small vessel for holding ink, 

to dip the pen into ; also, a device for holding ink, pens, etc. 
ink'well' (-weF), n. A reservoir for ink. 
illk'wood' (-wood'), n. A small tree (Exothea paniculata) 

of Florida and the West Indies, having dark-colored wood. 
ink'y (ink'!), a. ; ink/i-er (-?-er) ; ink'i-est. Consisting of, 

using, or resembling ink ; soiled with ink ; black. 
in-lace' (Tn-las'). Var. of enlace. 
in-laid' (ln-lad'; ln'lad'), p. a. Set into a surface so as to 

form a decorative design ; decorated with such a design. 
in/land (in'land), a. 1. Interior ; not on, or belonging to, 

the frontier. 2. Within the land ; not bordering the sea. 

3. Limited to the inland, or interior, or to inland routes ; 
as, inland commerce. 4. Confined to a country or state ; 
domestic. — adv. Away from the frontier or coast. 

in'land/ (lh'landO , n. The interior of a country, or the part 
or parts near the centers of population. 

in'land-er (-13n-der), n. One who lives inland. 

in-law' (Tn-16'), v. t. [AS. inlagian.See in ; law.] O. Eng. 
Law. To clear of outlawry or attainder ; place under the 
protection of the law. — in'law-ry (ih'lo-ri), n. 

in-lay' (m-la'), v. t.; for prin. parts see lay. 1. To set 
into the body of a surface ; also, to adorn (a surface) by 
inlaying (with). 2. To insert (a print, a printed page, etc.) 
in a heavier or stouter sheet serving as a mat or frame 
for it ; also to provide (a book) with inlaid illustrations. 

in'lay' (Tn'la/), n. Material inlaid ; inlaid work. 

in'lay-er, n. One who does, or works at, inlaying. 

in'let (in'let),n. 1. Act of letting in. Rare. 2. A passage by 
which an inclosed place may be entered ; entrance. 3. A re- 
cess in a shore ; a narrow strip of water running into the 
land or between islands. 4. That which is let in or inlaid. 

in-let' (in-let'), v. t. ; -let' ; -let'ting. To insert ; inlay. 

in'ly (in'li), adv. 1. Internally; inwardly; in the heart. 
2. Heartily ; intimately. — a. Internal ; secret. Obs. 

in'mate (Tn'mat), n. [in- + mate associate.] 1. One who 
lives in the same house or apartment with another. 2. One 
of a family or community occupying a single dwelling ; also, 
one kept in an asylum, prison, etc. 3. An inhabitant. 

in-mesn'. Var. of enmesh. 

in/most (-most), a. [AS. innemest, a double superlative 
form fr. inne within, in in.] Deepest within ; innermost. 

inn (in), n. [AS. in, inn, house, inn, fr. in in.] 1. A place 
of shelter ; hence : dwelling ; residence ; abode. Obs. 2. A 
public house for lodging and entertaining travelers or way- 
farers ; hotel ; hostelry. 3. A residence or hotel for students ; 
— now used only in names of certain buildings in England 
and Ireland (esp. the Inns of Court in England), or of 
the societies that occupy them. [06s. or R.\ 

— v. t. & i. To lodge, stop, or put up (at or asat an inn).j 

in'nate (In'nat ; m-nat'), a. [L. innatus; in- in + natus, 
p. p. of nasci to be born.] Inborn ; native ; natural ; belong- 
ing by nature. — in'nate-ly, adv. — in'nate-ness, n. 

Syn. Inborn, congenital, inbred, original, inherent, consti- 
tutional, intrinsic, inherited, ancestral. — Innate, inborn, 
inbred, congenital. Innate (the Latin term) and inborn 
(the Saxon term) are often used without distinction, but 
inborn retains more specific reference to that which is actu- 
ally born in one ; inbred suggests qualities deeply rooted 
or firmly ingrained ; as, innate ideas ; inbred sentiments. 
That is congenital which exists from birth. 

in-nav'i-ga-ble (i-nav'i-gd-b'l), a. Not navigable. 

in'ner (Tn'er), a. [AS. inner a, a compar. fr. inne within, 
fr. in in.] 1. Farther in ; interior ; internal ; not outer. 2. 
Of or pert, to the mind or spirit or its phenomena. — n. A 
certain division of a target. See target, Illust. 

in'ner-most (-most), a. [For inmost] Farthest inward ; 
inmost. — n. Inmost part or being. 

in-ner'vate (l-nur'vat ; in-nur'-), v. t. [See innerve.] 1. 
To supply with nerves. 2. To stimulate (a nerve or an or- 
gan) to activity. 

in'ner-va'tion (ln'er-va'sh&n), n.^ 1. Physiol. The nervous 
excitation necessary for the maintenance of the life and 
functions of the various organs. 2. Anat. The distribu- 
tion of nerves to or in a part. 

in-nerve' (i-nurv'; in-nfirv'), v. t. [in- in + nerve."] To 
give nervous energy or power to ; invigorate ; stimulate. 

inn'hold'er (ln'hoFder), n. An innkeeper. 

in'ning (m'Tng), n. 1. Act of taking in, gathering, inclos- 
ing, reclaiming, or the like. 2. In pi. Lands recovered from 
the sea, a marsh, etc. 3. In cricket, baseball, etc., one of 
the turns of a side or a player to bat ; hence, in some other 
games, a similar turn with the object of scoring; — often, 
usually in British use, in pi. form but construed as a sing. 

4. The turn of a person or a party in power. 

inn'keep'er (ln'keVer), n. One who keeps an inn. 

in'no-cence (Tn'6-sens), n. 1. State or quality of being in- 
nocent ; as : a Purity of heart ; blamelessness. b Guileless- 



ness ; artlessness. C Freedom from guilt. 2. Something that 
is innocent ; esp., an innocent person. 3. a The common 
bluet (Houstonia cserulea). b A small scrophulariaceous 
herb (Collinsia verna) of the eastern United States ; also, 
a related species (C. bicolor) of California. — Syn. Harm- 
lessness, sinlessness, guiltlessness. 

in'no-cen-cy (-sen-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Innocence. 

in'no-cent (-sent), a. [F.,fr. L. innocens, -entis ; in- not 
+ nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm.] 1. Free from guilt 
or sin, or from evil action or effect ; specif.: a Of persons: 
guiltless ; sinless ; pure ; also, blameless, b Of actions and 
things : without evil influence or effect, or not arising from 
evil intention. 2. a Guileless, ignorant, or simple, b Free 
from the guilt of a particular crime or offense, c Blamelessly 
free or devoid (of) ; without ; as, to be innocent of clothes ; 

— usually jocular. 3. Harmless ; innoxious ; as, an inno- 
cent medicine. 4. Lawful ; permitted ; as, an innocent 
trade ; specif., Internal. Law, not contraband. — Syn. 
Inoffensive, immaculate, pure. See simple. 

— n. g 1. a An innocent one ; esp., a young child, b An un- 
sophisticated person ; a simpleton ; also, a natural fool ; an 

_ idiot. 2. In pi. Bluets. See innocence, 3 a. U. S. 

in'no-cent-ly, adv. In an innocent manner. 

in-noc'U-OUS (i-nok'u-us), a. [L. innocuus; in- not + 
nocuus hurtful, nocere to hurt.] Harmless ; producing no 
ill effect. — in-noc'u-ous-ly, adv. — in-noc'u-ous-ness,n. 

in-nom'i-nate (T-nom'i-nat ; Tn-nom'-), a. [L. innomi- 
natus; in- not + nominare to name.] Having no name, 
innominate bone, Anat., either of the two bones which 
together form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic 
cavity, each consisting of three parts, ilium, ischium, and 
pubis, consolidated into one in the adult ; the hip bone. 

in'no-vate (in'6-vat), v. t.; -vat'ed (-vat'ed); -vat'ing. 
[L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to renew ; in- in + 
novare to make new, novus new.] To make innovations 
in ; change. Obs. — v. i. To make changes. 

in'no-va'tion (-va'shwn), n. 1. Act of innovating. 2. A 
change or novelty, esp: in customs, manners, or rites. 

in'no-va-tive (m'6-va-tiv), a. Characterized by, tending 
to, or introducing, innovations. 

in'no-va'tor (-va'ter), n. One who innovates. 

in-nox'ious (l-nok'slrus ; in-nok'-), a. Harmless. 

in'nu-en'do {ln'u-en'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [L., by in- 
timation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give 
a nod, intimate ; in- in, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod.] 

1. Law. A parenthetical explanation or interpretation of 
words in a text, esp. of words alleged to be injurious or 
libelous ; — so called from the former use of innuendo, 
with the force of "meaning" or "that is to say," to intro- 
duce such explanations. 2. A remote allusion or reference., 
usually derogatory. — Syn. See insinuation. 

In'nu-it (ln'u-Tt), n. pi. The Eskimos of America, as dis- 
tinguished from the Yuit, or Eskimos of Asia ; some- 
times, the Arctic Eskimos, as distinguished from the 
Aleuts. Innuit (as also Yuit) means "men," and is the 
name these Eskimos give themselves. 

in-nu'mer-a-ble (T-nu'mer-d-b'l ; Tn-nu'-), a. 1. Too many 
to be counted ; indefinitely numerous ; numberless. 2. Char-, 
acterized by vast or countless number. — in-nu'mer-a- 
ble-ness, n. — in-nu'mer-a-bly, adv. 

in-nu'mer-ous {-us), a. Numberless; innumerable. 

in'nu-tri'tion ( ln'u-tnsh'wn ; In'nu- ), n. Want of nutri- 
tion ; failure of nourishment. 

in'nu-tri'tious (ih'u-trTsh'us ; m'riu-), a. Not nutritious. 

in'ob-serv'ance (Tn'ob-zur'vans), n. 1. Want of attention. 

2. Nonobservance. [less.l 
in'ob-serv'ant (-vant), a. Not observant ; regardless ; heed-| 
in-OC'U-la-ble (Tn-ok'u-la-b'l), a. Capable of being inocu- 
lated. — in-oc'u-la-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

in-oc'u-late (in-ok'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lafed) ; -lat'- 
ing. [L. inoculatus, p. p. of inoculare to ingraft ; in- in, 
on + oculare to furnish with eyes, oculus eye, also, bud.] 
1. To graft by budding. Obs. 2. Med. a To infect with a 
disease by inserting its virus in the flesh, b To introduce (a 
virus or infection) by inoculation. 3. Fig. : To introduce 
something into the mind of ; — used esp. of harmful ideas 

_ or principles ; as, to inoculate one with immorality. 

in-OC'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act, process, or art of in- 
oculating. 2. The introduction of bacteria or other or- 
ganisms into surroundings suited to their growth ; esp., 
the communication of a disease by inserting its virus in 
the skin or flesh in order to induce a mild form of the 

_ disease and so secure future immunity. 

in-OC'U-la'tor (-la'ter) , n. One who, or that which , inoculates. 

in-o'dor-ous (-o'der-ws), a. Not odorous; odorless. 

in'of-fen'sive (Tn'o-fen'siv), a. 1. Giving no offense, or prov- 
ocation ; causing no annoyance. 2. Harmless ; unoffending. 

— in'of-fen'sive-Jy, adv. — in'of-fen'sive-ness, n. 
in'of-fi'cious (m'o-fish'iis), a. Not officious ; esp., Law, 
_ regardless of, or contrary to, natural duty ; undutifuL 
in-op'er-a-ble (Tn-op'er-d-b'l), o. Surg. Not suitable to be 

operated on ; as, an inoperable tumor ; inoperable cases. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, 6xn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



INOPERATIVE 



517 



INSECTICIDE 



in-op'er-a-tive (Tn-op'er-d-tTv), a. Not operative ; not ac- 
tive ; producing no effect. 

in-op'por-tune'Cin-op'or-tun'Xa. Not opportune ; unseason- 
able. — in-op'por-tune'ly, adv. — in-op'por-tune'ness, to. 

in-op'por-tun'ist (-tun'ist), to. _ A person who holds that 
a course of action or policy is inopportune; esp. \_cap.~\, 
Eccl. Hist., one of those members of the Vatican Council 
(1870) who opposed, as inopportune, the promulgation of 
the dogma of papal infallibility. [inopportune. 

in-op'por-tu'ni-ty (-tii'nT-ti), n. State or quality of being 

in-or'di-na-cy (In-or'di-nd-si), n. Quality or state of 
being inordinate ; also, an inordinate act. Rare. 

in-or'di-nate(-6r'dT-nat), a. Not limited to rules or to usual 
bounds ; excessive ; intemperate. — Syn. See excessive. 

— in-or/di-nate-ly, adv. — in-or'di-nate-ness, n. 
in'or-gan'ic (ln'or-gan'ik), a. Not organic; as: a Desig- 
nating, or composed of, matter other than animal or vege- 
table, b Not forming, or not characteristic of, an organism. 

in-OS'cu-late (Tn-os'ku-lat), v.i. & t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; 
-lat'tng. 1. To unite, as arteries, by apposition or contact. 
2. To unite so as to become or make continuous ; blend. 

in-OS'CU-la'tion (-la'shim), to. Act or process of inosculat- 
ing, as of blood vessels ; anastomosis ; blending. 

in'O-site (Tn'6-slt), re. [Gr. U, Ivos, muscle, fiber.] Chem. 
A white crystalline substance, C6H6(OH)e, existing in 
three optically different modifications. The inactive va- 
riety is found in certain animal tissues and fluids, esp. in 
the muscles of the heart and lungs, also in some plants. 

in-OX'i-dize (m-ok'sT-dlz), v. t. To prevent or hinder from 
oxidation, rust, or decay. 

in/pa'tient (Tn'pa'shent), re. A patient who receives 
lodging and food, as well as treatment, in a hospital. 

in'quest (Tn'kwest), re. [OF. enqueste, LL. inquesta, fr. L. 
inquirere. See inquire.] 1. Law. a Judicial or official 
inquiry, esp. before a jury, b A body of men assembled to 
hold such an inquiry, c The finding made on such inquiry. 

2. Inquiry ; investigation ; a quest ; a search. Obs. or R. 
in-qui'e-tude (m-kwi'e-tud), re. Disturbed state ; uneasi- 
ness ; restlessness ; also, in pi., disquieting thoughts. 

in'qui-Une (Tn'kwT-lin ; -lin), to. [L. inquilinus a tenant, 
lodger.] Zo'dl. An animal, esp. one of certain hymenopters, 
that lives habitually in the nest or abode of some other spe- 
cies, in many cases causing little or no inconvenience to the 
host ; a guest ; a commensal. 

in-quire' (Tn-kwlr'), v. t.; in-quired' (-kwird') ; in-quir'- 
ING (-kwlr'mg). [OF. enquerre, L. inquirere, -quisitum ; 
in- in -\-quaer ere to seek.] 1. To ask about or ask ; make 
examination or inquiry respecting. 2. To interrogate ; 
question. Obs. 3. To seek ; — often used with out. Obs. 
Syn. Ask, interrogate, question, query, catechize, examine, 
interpellate. — Ask, inquire, interrogate, question, 
query. Ask is the general term for putting a question ; as, 
he asked me about you. To inquire is to ask for informa- 
tion ; it may or may not imply authority. To question is 
to inquire by putting repeated questions ; as, we questioned 
the prisoner about the knife. To interrogate is to ques- 
tion formally or systematically, esp. in order to elicit 
information. To query (occasionally formal or bookish 
for ask) is in modern usage to call tentatively in question, 
or to mark as doubtful. _ [tigate. 

— v. i. 1. To ask a question ; ask. 2. To examine ; inves-| 

in-quir'er (m-kwlr'er), n. One who inquires. 

in-quir'ing (m-kwlr'ing), p. a. Given to inquiry; inquisi- 
tive. — in-quir'ing-ly, adv. 

in-quir'y (In-kwir'i), to. ; pi. -quiries (-iz). An inquiring ; 
specif. : a Seeking ; search for truth, information, or knowl- 
edge ; research ; investigation, b Interrogation ; a question 
or questioning. — Syn. Interrogatory, question, query, 
scrutiny, investigation, research. See examination. 

in'qui-si'tion (m'kwi-zTsh'wn), n. [L. inquisitio. See 
inquire.] 1. Act of inquiring ; search ; examination. 2. A 
judicial inquiry before a jury ; also, the finding of the jury. 

3. leap.'] R. C. Ch. A tribunal for the discovery, trial, 
and punishment of heretics. — Syn. See examination. 

in'qui-si'tion-al (-dl), a. Relating to inquiry or inquisi- 
tion ; inquisitorial ; also, of or pert, to, or characteristic of, 
the Inquisition. [of its methods"; an inquisitor. 

in'qui-si'tion-ist, n. An officer of the Inquisition, or userj 

in-quis'i-tive (m-kwTz'i-tiv), a. 1. Given to inquiry; 
curious after knowledge. 2. Disposed to ask questions, 
esp. about matters which do not concern the inquirer. — 
Syn. Prying, meddling, meddlesome. See curious. — in- 
quisfi-tive-ly, adv. — in-quis'i-tive-ness, to. 

in-quis'i-tor (-ter), to. One who inquires or makes inquisi- 
tion, esp. officially, as a coroner, sheriff, etc., or a member 
of the Inquisition. 

in-quis'i-to'ri-al (-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. 1. Pertaining to, or of 
the nature of, inquisition or inquisitors ; searching ; prying. 
2. Law. Designating, or pertaining to, that system of 
criminal procedure in which the judge acts also as prose- 
cutor, or in which the proceedings are conducted secretly ; 

— opposed to accusatorial. — in-quis'i-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 



in'ro' (Yn'roO, to. Dap. inro; in seal + to box.] A small 
closed receptacle or set of receptacles carried at the girdle 

_ by the Japanese to hold medicines, perfumes, etc. 

in'road (In'rod), n. A hostile incursion or invasion ; raid ; 
hence : an encroachment ; invasion. 

in'rush' (In'rushO, to. A rush inward. 

in-sal'i-vate (Tn-sal'I-vat), v. t. Physiol. To mix with saliva. 

in'sa-lu'bri-ous (Tn'sd-lu'brT-Es), a. Not salubrious; un- 
wholesome; unhealthful. — in / sa-lu / bri-ty (-brf-ti), to. 

in-sane' (in-san'), a. [L. insanus. See IN- not ; sane.] 
1. a Unsound ; — said of the mind, b Of persons, exhibit- 
ing unsoundness or derangement of mind ; not sane ; 
mad ; deranged. 2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane 
persons. 3. Characterized by insanity or gross folly ; 
chimerical. — in-sane'ly, adv. — in-sane'ness, n. 
Syn. Insane, mad, crazy (here compared in their second- 
arysenses only) . Insane implies utter folly or irrationality ; 
mad adds the implication of extravagance or rashness ; that 
is crazy which is wild or distracted, as with joy, excitement, 

_ etc. ; as, an insane scheme ; a mad career ; a crazy notion. 

in-san'i-ta-ry (-san'I-ta-rl), a. Not sanitary ; unhealthful. 

in-san'i-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), to. Lack of sanitation. 

in-san'i-ty (-ti), to. 1. State of being insane; madness; 
lunacy. The four principal types are melancholia, mania, 
delusional insanity, and dementia. 2. Law. Such un- 
soundness of mental condition as, with regard to any 
matter under action, nullifies or modifies individual legal 
responsibility or capacity. 3. Extravagant foolishness or 
folly, or an example of it. — Syn. Lunacy, madness, 
derangement, alienation, delirium, frenzy, monomania. 

in-sa'ti-a-ble (-sa'shl-d-b'l ; -shd-b'l), a. Not satiable. — 
in-sa'ti-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), in-sa'ti-a-ble-ness, to. — 

m in-sa'ti-a-bly, adv. [tiable. I 

in-sa'ti-ate (-at), a. That is not satiate, or satisfied ; insa-| 

in-sconce' (-skons'). Obs. var. of ensconce. 

in-scribe' (-skrlb'), v. t.; -scribed' (-skribd') ; -scrib'ing 
(-skrlb'ing). [L. inscribere. See in- in; scribe.] 1. To 
write or engrave (words or characters) ; also, to mark or 
engrave (as a tablet) with recording characters. 2. Hence : 
to stamp deeply ; impress. 3. To enter the name of, as in a 
list ; enroll ; specif., Finance, to register the names of the 
holders of (securities, as stocks, etc.). British. 4. To ad- 
dress ; dedicate informally. 5. Geom. To draw (one figure 
within another) so that as many points as possible of the 
inner figure lie in the boundary of the outer figure. 

in-scrib'er (-scrlb'er), to. One who inscribes. 

in-scrip'tion (-sknp'shiin), to. 1. Act or process of inscrib- 
ing. 2. That which is inscribed ; something written or en- 
graved for preservation. 3. An address or informal dedica- 
tion, as of a book. 4. Finance. Act of inscribing securities ; 
in pi., inscribed securities, as stocks or bonds. British. 

in-SCrip'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to an inscription. 

in-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, an 
inscription. 

in-scroll' (-skrol'), v. t. To write on a scroll ; record. 

in-scru'ta-bil'i-ty (-skroo'td-bil'i-ti), to. Quality or state 
of being inscrutable. 

in-SCru'ta-ble (-skroo'td-b'l), a. [L. inscrutabilis. See IN- 
not ; scrutiny.] 1. Incapable of being searched into and 
understood by inquiry or study ; incomprehensible. 2. Un- 
fathomable. Rare. — Syn. See mysterious. — ble-ness, 

_ to. — in-scru'ta-bly, adv. [sculpture. Obs. or R.\ 

in-sculp' (-skulp'), v. t. [L. insculpere.'] To engrave;! 

in'sect (Tn'sekt), to. [L. insectum, fr. insectus, p. p. of in- 
secare to cut in ; — because 
they appear cut in, or nearly 
divided.] 1. Popularly, any 
of numerous small inverte- 
brate animals belonging to a 
class (Insecta) comprising 
beetles, bugs, bees, flies, etc. 
(all having three clearly de- 
fined body regions, head, tho- 
rax, and abdomen, and only 
three pairs of legs, and usu- 
ally two pairs of wings), and 
to other allied classes of 
arthropods, as spiders, mites, 
ticks, centipedes, wood lice, 
etc. 2. Zo'dl. Any member of 
the class Insecta (See def. 1). 

in'sec-ta-ry (Tn'sek-ta-ri), to.; 
pi. -RTES (-riz), in'sec-ta'ri- 
um (-ta'rf-ilm; 3), to.; pi. 
-ria (-d). [NL. insectari- 
um.~] A place for keeping 
living insects ; also, the collec- 
tion contained therein. 

in-sec' ti-cide (Tn-sek't T-sId ) , 
re. \insect -f- -cide.~] A pow- 
der or other agent used to de- 
stroy insects. 




Parts of an Insect (Grass- 
hopper), a Antennae; 6 
Eyes ; c Head ; d Anterior 
Legs ;eProthorax ;/Meso- 
thorax ; g Metathorax ; h 
Middle Legs ; i Base of 
Posterior Wing ; j Poste- 
rior Legs ; k Abdomen ; 
Base of Anterior Wing. 






J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



INSECTILE 



518 



INSIPID 



ln-sec'tile (Tn-sek'til), a. Like, or of the nature of, an 
_ insect ^consisting of insects. [or plant. I 

in-sec'tl-vore (m-sek'ti-vor), n. An insectivorous animal| 
in'sec-tiv'o-rous (Ih'sek-tiv'o-rws), a. [L. insectum in- 
sect + vorare to devour.] 1. Feeding on or consuming 
insects ; as, insectivorous birds, insectivorous plants. 2. 
Zo'ol. Belonging to an order (Insectivora) of mammals in- 
cluding the moles, shrews, hedgehogs, and their allies, which 
are mostly small, insectivorous, terrestrial, and nocturnal. 

in'se-cure' (In'se-kur'), a. Not secure; not effectually 
protected ; unsafe. — in'se-cure'ly, adv. 

in'se-cu'ri-ty (-ku'ri-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or 
quality of being insecure ; want of safety ; risk. 

in-sem'i-nate (in-sem'i-nat), v. t.; -i-nat'ed (-nat'ed); 
-nat'ing (-nat'ihg). [L. inseminatus, p. p. of inseminare 
to sow ; in in + seminatus, p. p. of seminar e to sow, se- 
men seed.] To sow or sow in ; to implant ; impregnate. — 
in-sem'i-na'tion (-na'sh&n), n. 

in-sen'sate (in-sen'sat), o. 1. Without sensation ; inani- 
mate ; as, insensate stones. 2. Without sense, or intelli- 
gence ; as, an insensate project. 3. Without sensibility ; 
unfeeling ; brutal. — Syn. See insensible. 

in-sen'si-bil'i-ty (ln-sen'si-bTKi-tp, n. State or quality of 
being insensible ; want of sensibility. 

in-sen'si-ble (-sen'si-b'l), a. 1. Incapable or bereft of feel- 
ing or sensation ; specif. : a Nonconscious or inanimate ; 
insentient ; as, insensible earth, b Deprived of conscious- 
ness ; unconscious ; as, to fall insensible. 2. Incapable of 
being perceived by the senses, or perceptible only with 
difficulty ; imperceptible ; hence : slow ; gradual. 3. Devoid 
or insusceptible of emotion or passion ; apathetic ; also, un- 
aware (of something which should arouse one) ; as, insen- 
sible to fear, love, etc. — in-sen'si-bly, adv. 
Syn. Insensate.dull, numb, unfeeling, stupid, stolid, torpid, 
apathetic, impassive, indifferent.- — Insensible, insensate. 
Insensible applies chiefly to persons ; insensate, to both 
persons (or personal qualities) and things. Insensible im- 
plies insusceptibility to feeling, sometimes entire uncon- 
sciousness ; insensate suggests incapability of sensation or 
feeling, sometimes utter senselessness ; as, insensible to 
praise, gratitude ; an insensate block ; insensate folly. 

in-sen'si-tive (-tlv), a. Not sensitive ; insensible; unim- 
pressionable. — in-sen'si-tive-ness, n. 

in-sen'ti-ence (-shi-ens), n. State of being insentient. 

in-sen'ti-ent (-shT-ent ; -shent), a. Not sentient ; not hav- 
ing perception or feeling ; nonconscious or inanimate. 

in-sep'a-ra-ble (-sep'd-rd-b'l), a. Not separable. — in- 
sep'a-ra-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — in-sep'a-ra-bly, adv. 

in-sert' (-surt'), v. t. [L. insertus, p. p. of inserere to in- 
sert ; in- in + serere to join, connect.] To set, put, or 
thrust in ; cause to enter, or be included, or contained ; as, 
to insert a peg in a hole ; to insert a letter in a word, a 
page in a book, etc. — in-sert'er, n. 
Syn. Insert, intercalate, interpolate. To insert (the 
general term) is to introduce esp. between or among other 
things ; to intercalate (primarily to make an insertion in 
the calendar) is to insert esp. between the members of a 
series ; to interpolate is to insert esp. extraneous or spurious 
matter ; as, an inserted stanza (implying only its introduc- 
tion) ; an intercalated stanza (suggesting an intrusion into a 
sequence) ; an interpolated (i. e., spurious) stanza. 

in'sert (In'surt), n. A thing inserted or to be inserted ; esp., 
U. S., an extra leaf or leaves, or the like, placed within 
the leaves of a periodical, etc., or the folds of a newspaper. 

in-sert'ed (In-sur'ted), p. a. Set in ; fitted in ; specif., Zo'ol., 
Bot., etc., attached by natural growth, as the parts of a 
flower (thus, the calyx is inserted upon the receptacle), or 
a muscle or tendon (see insertion, 3 a). 

in-ser'tion (m-sur'shim), n. 1. Act or process of inserting. 
2. That which is inserted ; specif., embroidery or needle- 
work to be inserted in plain material ; a piece of such work ; 
a narrow strip of embroidered lace, muslin, etc. 3. Zo'ol., 
Bot., etc. a The mode or place of attachment of an organ 
or part, b Anat. The end or part of a muscle or tendon by 
which it is attached to the part to be moved. 

in'ses-SO'ri-al (In'se-so'n-al ; 57), a. [From L. insessor 
a sitter in, fr. insidere, insessum, to sit in or down. See 
insidious.] Zo'ol. Perching, or adapted for perching. 

in-set' (in-set'), v. t. To set in ; insert as an inset. 

in'set (ln'set), n. 1. Act of setting in ; inflow. 2. That 
which is inserted, or set in ; an insertion. 3. One or more 
separate leaves inserted in a volume, esp. before binding. 

hl'shore' (m'shor' ; lh'shor'), a. Near, or directed toward, 
the shore. — adv. (pron. ln'shor'). In toward the shore. 

in-shrine' (Tn-shrln'). Var. of enshrine. 

in'side' (Tn'sld'), n. 1. The inner side, surface, or part ; 
interior. 2. Entrails ; — usually in pi. Colloq. 3. Inward 
nature. 4. An inside passenger. Colloq. 5. a In pi. Sheets 
of paper that do not include any from the outside of orig- 
inal packages, b Print. The side of a sheet that contains 
the second page. 

in'side' (ln'sld'), a. Internal ; interior. — (Yn'sTd' ; Yn'sTd'), 
adv. Within ; internally. — prep. Inside of ; within. 



in'sid'er (Tn'sTd'er), n. A person inside ; hence, one in a posi- 

_ tion to have first-hand information ; — opp. to outsider. 

in-sid'i-ous (in-sYd'i-'&s), a. [L. insidiosus, fr. insidiae 
ambush, insidere to sit in ; in- + seder e to sit.] Lying in 
wait to insnare, or intended to entrap ; characterized by 
treachery and deceit ; sly ; crafty ; wily. — in-sid'i-OUS-ly, 
adv. — in-sid'i-ous-ness, n. 

in'sight' (ln'sItO.n. 1. Mental vision; discernment; intu- 
ition. 2. Act or fact of apprehending the inner nature of 

_ things. — Syn. See discernment. 

in-sig'he (m-sTg'ne), n. [L.] Sing, of insignia. 

in-sig'ni-a (-ni-d), n. pi.; sing, insigne (-sig'ne). [L., fr. 
insignis distinguished by a mark; in- in + signum a 
mark.] 1. Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or 
honor; badges; emblems. 2. Typical and characteristic 
marks or signs, by which anything is distinguished ; as, the 
insignia of a trade. 




Insignia of the United States Army. 1. General Staff 
Corps. Star, silver ; Coat of arms, gold and enamel. 2. Ad- 
jutant General's Dept. (From 1904 to 1907 called Military 
Secretary's Dept.) Gold. 3. Inspector General's Dept. 
Gold. 4. Judge Advocate General's Dept. Gold. 5. Quar- 
termaster's Dept. Gold, platinum, and enamel. 6. Subsist- 
ence Dept. Silver. 7. Pay Dept. Gold. 8. Medical Dept. 
Gold. 9. Corps of Engineers. Silver. 10. Ordnance Dept. 
Gold. 




Insignia of the United States Army, Continued. 11. Sig- 
nal Corps. Gold and silver. 12. Chief of Bureau of Insular 
Affairs. Gold. 13. Professors and Associate Professors of 
the U. S. Military Academy. Gold. 14. Cavalry (the large 
number indicating the regiment) . Gold. 15. Coast Artillery. 
Gold ; Projectile red. 16. Field Artillery. Gold. 17. Infan- 
try (the large number indicating the regiment). Gold. 18. 
Aid-de-camp. Shield enameled in proper colors ; Eagle, gold. 

in'sig-nif'i-cance (Tn'sTg-nif'i-kans), n. Condition or 
quality of being insignificant ; want of significance. 

in'sig-nif'i-can-cy (-kdn-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Insignifi- 
cance ; also, an insignificant thing or person. 

in'sig-nif'i-cant (-kdnt), a. Not significant ; as : a Mean- 
ingless ; as, insignificant words, b Having no weight ; un- 
important ; trifling ; small ; mean, c Small ; of little size ; of 
no importance ; as, an insignificant town. — Syn. Imma- 
terial, inconsiderable, inferior, trivial, contemptible. — uV- 
sig-nif'i-cant-ly, adv. 

in'sin-cere' (ln'sin-ser'), a. Not sincere ; dissembling; de- 
ceitful ; false. — Syn. Hollow, hypocritical, deceptive, dis- 
ingenuous, untrustworthy. — in'sin-cere'ly, adv. 

in'sin-cer'i-ty (-ser'i-tl), n. Hypocrisy ; deceitfulness. 

in-sin'U-ate (in-sin'u-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. insinuatus, p. p. of insinuare to insinuate ; in- in -f- 
sinus bosom.] _ 1. To introduce gently, slowly, or artfully. 
2. To work or introduce (a person or one's self) gently or 
artfully, as into some relation; ingratiate. 3. To hint 
indirectly ; suggest ; imply, esp. with a malicious or under- 
handed purpose. — Syn. Instill, suggest, intimate. See 
hint, ingratiate. — v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in. 
Obs. 2. To ingratiate one's self. Obs. 

in-sin'u-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act or process of insinuat- 
ing. 2. That which is insinuated : a An ingratiating act 
or speech, b An indirect hint ; a suggestion. 
Syn. Ingratiation ; hinting, suggestion, implication, in- 
nuendo. — Insinuation, innuendo agree in the sense 
of covert suggestion, usually to a person's discredit. But 
innuendo often adds to insinuation the idea of an 
ambiguous or equivocal allusion so framed as to point to 
something injurious to the character or reputation of the 
person referred to ; as, covert innuendos insinuating evil. 

in-sin'u-a-tive (-sin'u-a-tiv), a. 1. Stealing into the confi- 
dence or affections ; ingratiating. 2. Hinting ; insinuating. 

in-sin'u-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who insinuates. 

in-sip'id (-sip'Id), a. [L. insipidus ; in- not + sapidus 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Skrn, up, circus, rnenii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, ver^JM^ (87) j 



INSIPIDITY 



519 



INSTANTLY 



truth so communicated. 3. Act, power, or result of stimu- 
lating the intellect or emotions ; as, the inspiration of art. 
Syn. Inspiration, afflatus. Inspiration denotes the 
awakening, quickening, or creative impulse, esp. as mani- 
fested in high artistic achievement ; afflatus (usually in the 
somewhat bookish phrase divine afflatus) is overwhelming 
or compelling inspiration. 
in'spi-ra'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Produced or moved by inspira- 
tion ; inspired ; as, an inspirational state. 2. Of or pertain- 




savory, sapere to taste.] 1. Without savor; tasteless; 
flat. 2. Wanting in animation ; uninteresting ; dull. 
Syn. Vapid, flat, stale, lifeless, dead, pointless, monoto- 
nous, tame, heavy, prosy, prosaic. — Insipid, vapid, flat 
apply in their physical senses to food or drink. That is in- 
sipid which is without taste or marked flavor ; that is vapid 
which has lost its life or spirit ; flat implies still more 
strongly deadness or staleness. 

in'si-pid'i-ty (In'si-pid'i-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being insipid ; also, something insipid. _ 

in-sip'id-ly, adv. In an insipid manner or condition. 

in-sip'id-ness, n. Quality or state of being insipid. 

in-sip'i-ence (Tn-sip'i-ens), n. [L. insipientia ; in- not + 
sapiens wise.] Want of intelligence ; stupidity. 

in-sist' (in-sist'), v. i. [L. insistere to set foot on, follow, 
persist ; in- in + sistere to stand, cause to stand.] To take 
a stand and refuse to give way ; hold to something firmly 
or determinedly ; be persistent. 

in-sist'ence (-sis'tens) , n. Act of insisting ; state or quality 
of being insistent ; persistence ; urgency. _ 

in-sist'en-cy (-ten-si), n. Insistent quality ; insistence. 

in-sist'ent (-tent), a. Insisting or disposedto insist ; per- 
sistent ; hence, compelling attention. — in-sist'ent-ly, adv. 
, in si'tu (in sl'tu). [L.] In its natural or original position. 
jtl-snare' (-snar'), v. t. To catch in or as in a snare ; entrap. 

in-snar'er (In-snar'er), n. One who insnares. 

in'SO-bri'e-ty (ln'so-brl'e-tT), n. Want of sobriety, mod- 
eration, or calmness ; intemperance ; drunkenness. 

in-SO'cia-bil'i-ty (in-so'shd-bil'1-ti), n. Quality of being 
insociable ; want of sociability. 

in-SO'cia-ble (In-so'shd-b'l), a. Unsociable. 

in'SO-la'tion (Tn'so-la'shim), n. [L. insolatio; deriv. of 
in in -f- sol the sun.] 1. Exposure to the rays of the sun. 
2. Specif. : a Act or process of exposing to the sun's rays for 
drying or maturing, as fruits, b Med. (1) A sunstroke. 
(2) Treatment of disease by sun baths. 

in/sole' (m'soP), n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe ; 
also, a loose thin strip of leather, felt, or the like, placed 
inside a shoe for warmth or ease. 

in'SO-lence (-so-lens), n. 1. Quality of being insolent; 
overbearing demeanor ; brutal impudence. 2. An insult. 

in'SO-lent (-lent), a. [L. insolens, -entis ; in- not + solens 
accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.] 1. Haughty 
and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language ; over- 
bearing ; grossly disrespectful ; as, an insolent servant. 2. 
Proceeding from, or characterized by, insolence ; insulting ; 
as, insolent words. — Syn. Abusive, impertinent, impu- 
dent, saucy. See arrogant. — n. One who is insolent. — 
in'SO-lent-ly, adv. [being insoluble. I 

ln-SOl'U-biPi-ty (ln-sol'u-bil'T-tT), n. Quality or state ofj 

in-SOl'U-ble (m-sol'u-b'l), a. Not soluble ; as : a Indissolu- 
ble, b Not to be solved or explained ; insolvable. c Incapa- 
ble of being dissolved (in a liquid) ; also, very difficult to dis- 
solve. — in-soPu-ble-ness, n. 

In-SOlv'a-ble (-sol'vd-b'l), a. Not solvable; insoluble. 

In-SOl'ven-cy (-sol'ven-sl), n. State of being insolvent. 

in-SOl'vent (-vent), a. 1. a Not'solvent ; unable to pay one's 
debts, b Not sufficient to pay all the enforceable debts 
against it ; as, an insolvent estate. 2. Relating to persons 
unable to pay their debts ; as, an insolvent law. 

— n. An insolvent debtor. 

in-som'ni-a (-som'nl-d), n. [L., fr. insomnis sleepless ; in- 
not + somnus sleep.] Prolonged inability to obtain due 
sleep ; sleeplessness. — in-som'ni-ous (-us), a. Rare. 

in'so-much/ (In'so-much'), adv. So much; to such a de- 
gree ; in such wise ; so ; — usually used with that or as. 

in'sou'ciance' ( aN'soo'syaNs' ; ln-soo'sT-ans ), n. [F. ] 
Want of care or concern ; indifference. 

in-SOU'ci-ant ( ln-soo'si-dnt ; F. aN'soo'syaN' ), a. [F.] 
Characterized by insouciance ; indifferent ; unconcerned. 

In-SOuP (fn-soP), v. t. 1. To put or absorb into the soul. 
2. To set a soui in ; fill with soul ; animate ; ensoul. 

in-span' (in-span'), v. t. & i. [D. inspannen.J To yoke or 
harness, as oxen to a wagon. S. Africa. 

in-spect' (In-spekt'), v. t. [L. inspectus, p. p. of inspicere 
to inspect ; in- in + specere to look at.] 1. To look upon ; 
view critically ; examine ; investigate. 2. To view and ex- 
amine officially, as troops, a public work, etc. ; oversee. 

in-spec'tion (Tn-spek'shun), n. Act or process of inspect- 
ing. — Syn. See examination. 

in-spec'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to inspection ; also, pos- 
sible to be mentally grasped at once without study. 

in-spec'tive (m-spek'tiv), a. Engaged in, or given 
spection ; inspecting ; involving inspection. 

in-spec'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who inspects ; overseer. 2. A 
police officer next below a superintendent. [a sphere.! 

In-sphere' (-sfer'), v. t. To place or inclose in, or form into,[ 

in-spir'a-ble (-spir'd-b'l), a. Capable of being inspired. 

in'spi-ra'tion (In'spT-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of breathing in ; 
specif., the drawing of air into the lungs ; — opp. to expira- 
tion. 2. Theol. A supernatural influence which qualifies 
men to receive and communicate divine truth ; a lso, the 

£'= cll J n G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



to, in- 



_ for, or marked by, inspiration ; as, inspiratory muscles. 

in-spire' (in-splr'), v. t.; -inspired' (-splrd'); -spir'ing 
(-spir'ing). [OF. enspirer, inspirer, L. inspirare; in- in 
-f spirare to breathe.] 1. To blow or breathe into or upon. 
Obs. or Arch. 2. To infuse by breathing. Archaic. 3. To 
inhale ; — opp. to expire. 4. To infuse into as if by breath- 
ing ; affect as with a supernatural influence ; give inspira- 
tion to ; as, to inspire one with patriotism. 5. To infuse 
into the mind ; convey as by a divine influence ; produce as 
by inspiration ; as, his manner inspires confidence. ^ v. i, 

_ 1. To inhale air. 2. To impart inspiration. 

in-spired' (In-spird'), p. a. I. Breathed in. 2. Animated or 
affected by or as by a supernatural influence. 3. Suggested 

m by some one in power or in an influential position. 

in-spir/er (-splr'er), n. One who inspires. 

in-spir/it (ln-splr'it), v. t. To infuse life or spirit into ; ani« 
mate ; encourage ; cheer. 

in-spis'sate (Tn-spTs'at), v. t. & i.; -sat-ed (-at-ed) ; -sat- 
ing. [L. inspissatus, p. p. of inspissare to thicken ; in- 
-f- spissare to thicken, spissus thick.] To thicken, esp. 
by evaporation. 

in'spis-sa'tion (Tn'spY-sa'shSn), n. Act or process of inspis- 
sating, or state of being inspissated. 

in'sta-biFi-ty (m'std-bil'i-tT^n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). Quality 
or state of being unstable, or an instance of it ; as : a Want 
of firmness or security, b Lack of determination or fixed- 
ness; inconstancy. — Syn. Fickleness, changeableness, 
changeability, wavering, unsteadiness, unstableness. 

in-Sta'ble (in-sta'b'l), a . Unstable. 

in-StalP (-stoF), v. t. [F. installer, LL. installare, fr. in- 
in + OHG. stal a place, stall.] 1. To place hToffice by 
seating in a stall, or official seat ; hence : to place formally 
in an office, etc. ; instate ; induct. 2. To set in a seat ; 
give a place to. 3. To set up or fix in position for use or 
service ; as, to install a heating system. 

in'stal-la'tion (In'sto-la'shSn), n. 1. Act of installing; 
state of being installed. 2. A system of machines, appara- 
tus, etc., as set up for use, as in electric lighting, etc. 

in-stall'ment, in-staPment (in-stol'ment), n. 1. Instal- 
lation. 2. [Prob. a different word.] Any portion of a debt 
or a sum of money that has been divided into portions pay- 
able at different times. 

in'stance (Tn'stdns), n. [F., fr. L. instantia, fr. instans. 
See instant.] 1. Urgent solicitation ; hence : urgency ; in- 
sistence. Archaic. 2. Instigation ; request ; as, he wrote at 
the instance of the publishers. 3. That which urges, as a 
motive. Obs. 4. That which offers itself or is offered as an 
illustrative case ; something cited in proof ; example. 5. 
Step in an action ; occasion ; as, in the first instance. — ■ 
Syn. See example. 

— v. t.; -stanced (-stdnst) ; -stanc-ing (-stan-sing). l.To 
demonstrate or show by an instance, or example ; exem- 
plify ; illustrate. 2. To mention as an example ; cite. 

in'Stan-cy (-stan-sT), n. Quality or state of being instant ; 
as : a Urgency ; pressure, b Immediateness in action ; in- 
stantaneousness. 

in'stant (-stdnt), a. [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of instare to 
stand or press upon ; in- in, on + stare to stand.] 1. Press- 
ing ; urgent ; earnest. 2. Present ; current ; — now rare, 
exc. as used with dates to indicate the current month (com- 
monly abbr. inst.) ; as, the 10th inst. 3. Closely pressing 
in time ; immediate. 4. Direct. 

— adv. Instantly. Poetic. 

— n. 1. A point in duration ; moment ; esp., an infinitesimal 
portion of time ; also, any particular moment. 2. The pres- 
ent or current month ; — an elliptical use. See instant, a., 2. 
Syn. Moment, minute, second, flash, trice, jiffy.- — Instant, 
moment, minute. Instant emphasizes the idea of inap- 
preciable duration ; moment is often interchangeable with 
instant, but sometimes suggests slightly longer continuance ; 
minute, though often equivalent to moment or instant, or- 
dinarily suggests somewhat definitely the measured fraction 
of an hour. 

in'stan-ta'ne-ous (rh/stan-ta'ne-tis), a. 1. Done or occur- 
ring in an instant. 2. At or during a given instant. 

in'stan-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. In an instantaneous manner. 
— Syn. See directly. 

in-Stan'ter (Tn-stan'ter),adv. [L., earnestly.] Immediately. 

in'stant-ly (Tn'stant-1T), adv. 1. With urgency or impor- 
tunity ; earnestly ; pressingly. Archaic. 2. Without the 



J 



K 



M 



INSTAR 



520 



INSULT 



least delay ; at race. — Syn. See directly. — conj. As 
soon as ; immediately ; directly. 

in star' (In-star'), v. t. 1. To place as a star; turn into a 
star. 2. To adorn or stud with or as with stars. 

in-state' (-stat'), v. t. ; -stat'ed (-stat'ed) ; -stat'ing. 1. To 
set or establish, as in a rank, office, or status ; install. 2. 
To invest ; endow. 06s. 

in'stau-ra'tion (m'sto-ra'shtin), n. [L. instauratio, fr. in- 
stauratus, p. p. of instaurare to renew.] Restoration 
after decay, lapse, or dilapidation ; renewal. 

in-Stead' (-sted'), adv. [in- + stead place.] 1. In the place ; 
in lieu ; — used esp. with of. 2. In its stead ; rather. 

in'step (Tn'step), n. [Formerly also instop, insteep; prob. 
fr. in- in + step.] 1. The arched part of the human foot in 
front of the ankle joint. 2. That part of the hind leg of the 
horse between the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint. 3. 
That part of a shoe, stocking, etc., over the instep. 

in'sti-gate (In'stT-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. instigatus, p. p. of instigare to instigate ; in- in + a 
root akin to E. stick.'] To urge forward ; set on ; provoke ; 
incite ; — chiefly with reference to evil actions. — Syn. 
Stimulate, spur, tempt, impel. See move. 

in'sti-ga'tion (-ga'shim), n. Act of instigating, or state of 
being instigated ; incitement, esp. to evil or wickedness ; 
also, an incentive or spur. 

in'Sti-ga'tor, n. One who instigates or incites. 

in-still', in-stil' (In-stil'), v. t.; in-stilled' (-stTld'); 
-still'ing. [L. instillare, -latum; in- in + stillare to 
drop, stilla drop.] To drop in ; pour in drop by drop ; 
hence : to impart gradually ; infuse slowly ; as, to instill 
obedience into a child. — in-still'ment, in-stil'ment, n. 

in'stU-la'tion (m'sti-la'shwn), n. Act of instilling; also, 
that which is instilled. 

in-stinct' (In-stinkt'), a. [L..instinctus,p.p.oiinstinguere 
to instigate, incite.] 1. Impelled by an inner or an exciting 
agency. 2. Imbued ; charged ; — used with with. 

in'stinct (In'stlnkt), n. 1. Natural inward impulse; in- 
voluntary or unreasoning prompting to any action, bodily 
or mental ; esp., any inherited tendency, characteristic of a 
group or race of related animals, to perform a specific 
action in a specific way when the appropriate situation 
occurs. 2. A natural aptitude or knack ; predilection. 

in-Stinc'tive (-stirjk'tlv), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, instinct ; derived from, or prompted by, instinct ; 
determined by natural impulse. — m-Stmc'tive-ly, adv. 
Syn. Intuitive, natural, involuntary, spontaneous, auto- 
matic, original, innate, inherent. — Instinctive, intui- 
tive. Instinctive connotes innate impulse or sponta- 
neous aptitude ; intuitive implies direct perception or 

! apprehension, without reasoning ; as, an instinctive dread ; 
intuitive ideas. 

in'sti-tute (in'stT-tut),v.<.;-TUT / ED (-tut'ed) ;-tut'ing. [L. 
institutus, p. p. of instituere to institute, instruct ; in- in 
-f- statuere to cause to stand.] 1. To set up ; originate and 
establish ; hence : to set on foot ; inaugurate. 2. To install 
or appoint, as to office. 06s. 3. Eccl. Law. To inyest with 
the spiritual charge of a benefice. — Syn. Begin, com- 
mence ; found, erect, organize, constitute. 

— n. That which is instituted ; as : a An elementary 
principle ; an authoritative precept or rule ; usually, in 
pi., a collection of such principles or precepts, esp. of legal 

{principles, b An institution ; an organization to promote 
earning, art, etc., as a society or a college ; also, a build- 
ing devoted to the work of such an organization, c More 
fully teachers' institute. An occasional meeting of school 
teachers for normal instruction. 

in'sti-tut'er (-tut'e'r), n. = institutor. 

in'Sti-tu'tion (-tu'shun), n. 1. Act or process of institut- 
ing ; as : a Establishment ; foundation, b Eccl. The 
investing of a clergyman with the spiritual charge of a bene- 
fice. 2. A textbook ; an institute. 06s., exc. in Law. 3. 
That which is instituted, or established ; as : a An estab- 
lished social, political, or national practice, law, custom, 
characteristic, etc. b An organized society or corporation ; 
an establishment, esp. one of a public character, or one af- 
fecting a community ; a foundation ; as, a literary institu- 
tion; a charitable institution. 

in'sti-tu'tion-al (-al), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or initiated 
by, institution ; specif., having institutions of a charitable 
and educational character in connection with religious 
work ; as, an institutional church. 2. Eccl. Of or pertain- 
ing to the institution of a sacrament. 3. Pertaining to, or 
treating of, legal institutes, or elements or rudiments. 4. 
Of or pert, to institutions or their buildings ; as, institu- 
tional life. — in'sti-tu'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 

in'sti-tu'tion-a-ry (-a-rT), a. 1. Of or pertaining to legal in- 
stitutes. 2. Eccl. Of or pertaining to institution in office. 
3. Of or pertaining to an institution or institutions. 

in'sti-tu'tive (In'sti-tu'tiv), a. 1. Tending or intended 
to institute ; of or pertaining to institution. 2. Estab- 
lished ; of , or characterized by, institution ; conventional. 

in'sti-tu'tor (In'stT-tu'ter), n. One who institutes. 



in-struct' (Tn-strukt'), v. t. [L. instructus, p. p. of instru*. 
ere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct ; in- in, on + 
struere to build.] 1. To impart knowledge to, esp. me- 
thodically ; teach ; discipline. 2. To inform ; apprise. 3. To 
furnish with directions ; direct. — Syn. See command. 

in-Struc'tion (-struk'shwn), n. 1. Act, practice, or profes- 
sion of one who instructs. 2. That which instructs or is 
imparted to instruct ; as : a Knowledge or discipline given. 
b A teaching ; precept ; thing taught, c Orders, esp. as to 
duty or procedure ; — usually in pi. 

Syn. Instruction, teaching, tuition. Instruction 
emphasizes the imparting of information, knowledge, or 
skill ; teaching suggests more the personal relation of 
master and pupil ; tuition, the most formal term, implies 

_ superintendence or (esp.) remuneration for instruction. 

in-struc'tion-al (-al), a. Pert, to or promoting instruction ; 
containing or conveying instruction. 

in-strup'tive (-struk'tiv), a. Conveying knowledge ; serv- 

■ ing to instruct or inform. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

in-struc'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who instructs ; a teacher. 2. 
Specif., in American colleges and universities, a teacher of a 
rank inferior to that of professor. — in-Struc'tor-ship, n. 

m — in-struc'tress (-tres), n. fem. 

in'stru-ment (In'stroo-ment), n. [F., fr. L. instrumentum. 
See instruct.] 1. That by means of which something is 
performed or effected ; medium ; agent. 2. A device for do- 
ing work or producing an effect ; tool ; implement. 3. A 
contrivance by which musical sounds are produced ; as, 
wind instruments. 4. A legal writing, as a deed, writ, etc. 

_ — Syn. Utensil, machine, apparatus. See implement. 

in'stru-men'tal (Tn'stroo-men'tal), a. 1. Acting as an in- 
strument ; helpful ; serviceable. 2. Of or pert, to an instru- 
ment, esp. a musical instrument ; designed for, or performed 
with or on, an instrument. 3. Gram. Designating, or pert, 
to, a case expressing means or agency. In Anglo-Saxon, or 
Old English, it was a separate case, but it has now disap- 
peared from English, leaving only a few anomalous forms. 

in'stru-men'tal-ism (-iz'm), n. Philos. The view that the 
sanction of truth is its utility, or that truth is genuine only 

_ when it is a valuable instrument. Cf . pragmatism. 

in'stru-men'tal-ist, n. 1. One who plays upon an instru- 
ment of music, as distinguished from a vocalist. 2. Philos. 
A believer in, or advocate of, instrumentalism. 

in'stru-men-tal'i-ty (-men-tSl'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
Quality or state of being instrumental ; an agency. 

in'stru-men'tal-ly (-men'tal-i), adv. In an instrumental 
manner ; as, by, or with, an instrument. 

in'stru-men-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. 1. Arrangement or com- 
position of music for instruments, esp. for the orchestra ; 
orchestration. 2. A use of, or operation with, instruments. 

in'sub-or'di-nate (In'swb-or'di-nat), a. Not subordinate; 
disobedient ; mutinous. — n. An insubordinate person. 

in'SUb-or'di-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. Quality or state of being 
insubordinate ; disobedience to authority. 

hVsub-Stan'tial (ln'sub-stan'shal), a. Not substantial; 

_ as : a Unreal ; apparitional. b Unsubstantial. 

in-suf'fer-a-ble (in-suf'er-d-b'l), a. Incapable of being suf- 
fered or endured; intolerable; as, insufferable wrongs. — 
in-suf 't er-a-ble-ness, n.^ — in-suf 'f er-a-bly, adv. 

in'SUf-fi'cience (-sw-fish'ens), n. Insufficiency. Obs.orR. 

in'suf-fi'cien-cy (-en-si), n. Insufficient quality or state. 

in'suf-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. Not sufficient; wanting in 
strength, power, capacity, or skill ; inadequate. — Syn. 
Scanty, incommensurate; incompetent, incapable. — in'- 
suf-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

in-suf 'flate (m-suf'lat ; m'su-flat), v. t. ; -suf'flat-ed (-lat- 
ed; -flat'ed) ; -flat-ing (-ing). J"L. insufftare.] To blow 
upon or breathe upon ; use insufflation upon ; blow into. 

in'SUf-fla'fion (ln'su-fla'shim), n. [L. insufflatio. See 
in- in ; sufflate.] Act of breathing or blowing on, into, 
or in, as, Eccl., upon a person to symbolize the inspiration 
of a new spiritual life and the expulsion of evil spirits, or, 

^ Med., into the lungs in cases of asphyxia. 

in'su-lar (in'su-ldr), a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island.] 
1. Of, pertaining to, or like, an island ; dwelling or situated 
on or forming an island. 2. Insulated ; isolated. 3. Per- 
taining to the people of an island ; hence : narrow ; illiberal. 
4. Med. Arranged in, or marked by, isolated patches or 

_ spots ; as : insular sclerosis, cerebrospinal sclerosis. 

in'su-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. State or quality of being insular. 

in'su-late (m'su-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
insulat us insulated, insula island.] To place in a detached 
position ; isolate ; esp., Physics, to separate by noncon- 
ductors, as to prevent transfer of electricity or heat, 
insulated wire, wire covered with nonconducting ma- 
terial for electrical use. 

in'su-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Act of insulating; state of 
being insulated ; material used or for use in insulating. 

in'su-la'tor (Tn'su-la/ter), n. One who, or that which, 
insulates, as in insulating electric wires, etc. 

in-SUlt' (in-sQlt'), v. t. [L. insultare, freq. fr. insilire to 
leap into or upon ; in- + salire to leap.] 1. To treat 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



INSULT 



521 



INTELLIGENT 



with insolence ; affront wantonly. 2. To assail ; assault ; 
specif., Mil., to attack suddenly. 06s. or Fig. — v. i. To 
behave with j>ride or insolence ; exult insolently. Archaic. 

in'sult ( In'sult ), n. 1. Act of attacking or assailing ; 
attack. Archaic. 2. Gross indignity offered to another ; 
an affront. — Syn. Outrage, contumely. See affront. 

in'sul-ta'tion (In'sul-ta'shun), n. Act of insultmg ; insult. 
Archaic. 

in-SUlt'er (Yn-sul'ter), n. One who insults. 

in-sult'ing, p. a. Containing insult. — Syn. See arrogant. 

in-SU'per-a-bil'i-ty (In-su'per-d-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being insuperable ; insuperableness. 

in-su'per-a-ble (In-su'per-d-b'l), a. Not superable; in- 
capable of being surmounted ; insurmountable ; specif. : 
a Incapable of being overcome ; invincible ; — now said 
only of difficulties, hindrances, etc. b Incapable of being 
passed over ; impassable ; as, an insuperable barrier. — 
ln-su'per-a-ble-ness, n. — in-su'per-a-bly, adv. 

in'sup-porl'a-ble ( In'su-por'td-b'l ; 57 ), a. Not support- 
able ; insufferable. — in'sup-port'a-bly, adv. 

in'sup-press'i-ble (-preVi : b'l), a. That cannot be sup- 
pressed ; irrepressible. — in'sup-press'i-bly, adv. 

in-sur'a-bil'i-ty ; (In-shoor'd-bll'I-ti), n. Quality or con- 
dition of being insurable. 

in-sur/a-ble (In-shoor'd-b'l), a. Capable of being insured 
against loss, damage, death, etc. ; proper to be insured. 

in-sur'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of insuring against loss by a 
contingent event ; also, the business of making insurance 
contracts ; — called also assurance. 2. Premium paid for 
insuring anything. 3. Sum for which anything is insured. 

in-sur'ant (In-shoor'dnt), n. The person who takes out a 
policy of insurance ; the beneficiary of an insurance policy. 

in-sure' (In-shoor'), v. t.; -sured' (-shoord'); -sur'lng. 
[ME. ensuren, prob. for assuren, by change of prefix.] 
1. To make sure or secure; guarantee. 2. To secure 
against loss (as from fire, accident, death, etc.), on certain 
stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium. — v. i. 
To contract to give insurance ; underwrite ; also, to procure 
or effect insurance. [used chiefly with the.\ 

in-sured' (-shoord'), n. A person or persons insured; — | 

in-sur/er (-shoor'er), n. One who, or that which, insures. 

in-sur'gence (-sur'jens), n. An uprising; insurrection. 

in-SUl/gen-cy (-jcn-si), n. Quality or state of being insur- 
gent ; tendency to spring up or to revolt ; insurgence. 

in-sur'gent (-jent), a. [L. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere, 
insurrectum, to rise up ; in- in + surgere to rise.] Rising 
against authority or established government ; rebellious. 
Syn. Insurgent, rebel. Insurgentimphesarisingagainst 
constituted authority ; rebel, open and armed resistance. 

— n. One who revolts ; a rebel, esp. one not recognized as a 
belligerent. Specif, [cap.'], in United States politics, after 
about 1905, a member of a section of the Republican party 
which demanded a more radical policy than that formerly 
adoDted by the party. 

in'sur-mount'a-ble (In'siir-moun'td-b'l), a. Incapable of 

being surmounted ; insuperable. xnount'a-bly, adv. 

in'sur-rec'tion (In'su-rek'shun), n. [F., fr. L. insurrec- 

tio, fr. insurgere. < See insurgent.] A rising against civil 

or political authority. — Syn. See rebellion. 
in'sur-rec'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pertaining to insurrection. 
in'sur-rec'tipn-a-ry (-a-n), a. Pert, to, of the nature of, 

or given to, insurrection ; rebellious. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rfz). 

One who makes insurrection ; an insurgent. 
in'SUT-rec'tion-ist (-ist),n. One who favors, or takes part in, 

insurrection ;aninsurgent.—in / SUr-rec / tion-ism(-iz'm),n. 
in'SUS-cep'ti-ble (In'sw-sep'tl-b'l), a. Not susceptible ; not 

impressible. — in'sus-cep'ti-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-tl), n. 
in-swathe' (m-swath'). Var. of enswathe. 
in'swept' (Tn'swept'), a. Narrowed at the forward end ; 

— said of an automobile frame when the side members are 
closer together at the forward end than at the rear. 

in-tact' (In-takt'), a. [L. intactus; in- not + tactus, 
p. p. of tangere to touch.] Untouched, esp. by anything 
that harms ; uninjured ; left entire. — Syn. See whole. 

in-tagl'io (In-tal'yo; It. en-tal'yo), n.; pi. E. -taglics 
(In-tal'yoz), It. -tagli (en-tal'ye). [It., fr. intagliare to 
engrave, carve ; in- in + tagliare to cut. See tailor.] 1. 
An engraving ; esp., a figure depressed below the surface of 
the material ; also, the art or process of executing intaglios ; 

— chiefly in in intaglio. 2. Anything, esp. a gem, carved 
in intaglio. Cf. cameo. 

— v. t. To cut or represent in intaglio. 

in'take' (In'taV), n. 1. A taking in; thing taken in. 2. 
Place where a fluid is taken into a channel, conduit, etc. 
3. A narrowing or contraction. 4. Mech. Energy taken in. 

in-tan'gi-bil'i-ty (In-tan'ji-bil'i-tl), n. Quality or state 
of being intangible. 

in-tan'gi-ble (-tan'jt-b'l), a. Not tangible, lit. or fig.; 

impalpable. — in-tan'gi-ble-ness, n. gi-bly, adv. 

Syn. Imperceptible ; shadowy, vague, dim, insubstantial, 
impalpable. — Intangible, impalpable. That is intan- 
gible which cannot be touched or grasped ; that is impal- 



pable which cannot be distinguished by feeling ; fig., both 
connote insubstantiahty, attenuation, vagueness ; as, an 
intangible ether ; an impalpable powder ; a finespun and in- 
■ tangible argument. 

in'te-ger (In'te-jer), n. [L. integer untouched. J A com- 
plete entity ; esp., a whole number, in contradistinction to 
a fraction or a mixed number. 

in'te-gra-ble (In'te-grd-b'l), a. Math. That may be inte- 

_ grated, as a function or differential equation. 

in'te-gral (-grdl), a. 1. Essential to completeness ; inte- 
grant. 2. Complete ; entire. 3. Math, a Of, being, or per- 
taining to, an integer; not fractional, b Relating to, or 
concerned with, integration. — n. 1. A whole ; an entire 
thing ; a whole number. 2. Math. The result of an inte- 
gration of a function or of an equation ; an expression 
whose derivative is the integrand. — in'te-grd-ly, adv. 

in'te-graPi-ty (-gral'I-tT), n. Integral state or quality. 

in'te-grand 7 (Tn'te-grand'), n. [L. integrandus, gerundive 
of integrare to make whole.] Math. The expression to be 

m integrated ; the function ; under the integral sign. 

in'te-grant (-grant), a. [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr.] Mak- 
ing part of a whole. — n. An integrant part ; component. 

in'te-grate (-grat), v. t. & %.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed) ; -crat'- 
ing. [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, 
renew. See intecer.] _ 1. To form into one whole ; make 
entire ; perfect. 2. To indicate the whole of ; give the sum 

_ or total of. 3. Math. To subject to integration. 

in'te-gra'tion (-gra'shiin), n. [L. integratio a renewing, 
restoring.] 1. Act or process of integrating ; specif., act or 
process of making whole or entire ; formation of a whole 
from constituent parts. 2. Math. The inverse of differentia- 
tion or derivation; the operation of finding a function of 
which the integrand is the derivative. The sign of integra- 
tion is S (for the Latin summa, sum). See integral. 

in'te-gra'tor (In'te-gra'ter), n. One who, or that which, in- 
tegrates ; esp., Math. & Mech., an instrument which me- 
chanically registers the result of a definite integration, as a 

_ planimeter. 

in-teg'ri-ty (Tn-teg'rT-tY), n. [L. integritas. See integer.] 

1. State or quality of being complete ; wholeness ; entirety. 

2. Unimpaired state ; soundness ; purity. 3. Moral sound- 
_ ness ; uprightness ; rectitude. — Syn. See honesty. 
in-teg'u-ment (-u-ment), n. [L. integumentum, fr. inte- 
ger e to cover ; in- + tegere to cover.] A covering ; invest- 
ment ; coat ; skin. 

in-teg'u-men'ta-ry (ln-teg'u-men'td-rf), o. Belonging to, 

_ or composed of, integument ; cutaneous. 

in'tel-lect (In'te-lekt), n. [L. intellectus, fr. intelligere, 
-legere, in(eZZec£wra,tounderstand ; inter between -f- legcrs 
to collect, choose.] 1. Power or faculty of knowing, as dis- 
tinguished from the power to feel and to will ; the under- 
standing. 2. A mind or intelligence ; hence : mind as em- 

_ bodied ; a person of intellectual power. — Syn. See mind. 

in'tel-lec'tion (In'te-lek'shim), n. Exercise of the intel- 

_ lect ; cognition ; also, a particular act of the intellect. 

in'tel-lec'tive (In'te-lek'tiv), a. Pertaining to, or produced 
by, the intellect ; intelligent ; rational. 

in'tel-lec'tu-al (-tjJ-dl), a. 1. Belonging or relating to, or 
performed by, the intellect or understanding ; as, intellec- 
tual faculties. 2. Endowed with intellect ; esp., having un- 
usual mental capacity ; as, an intellectual man. 3. Suita- 
ble for exercising the intellect; as, intellectual employ- 
ments. — Syn. See mental. 

— n. 1. In pi. Intellectual powers ; also, things pertaining 
to the intellect. 2. An intellectual person, often one repre- 
senting intelligent opinion. 

in'tel-lec'tu-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. 1. Intellectuality. 2. The 

_ doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason. 

in'tel-lec'tu-al-ist, n. 1. One who overvalues the under- 
standing. 2. An adherent of intellectualism. 

in'tel-lec'tu-al'i-ty (-al'I-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). Intellec- 
tual powers ; quality of being intellectual. 
"" l-al-ize (In'tZ-lek'tjJ-al-Iz), v. t. 



1. To express 
2. To endow with intellect. 



in'tel-lec'tu 

intellectually j idealize 

— v. i. To thmk. 

in'tel-lec'tU-al-ly, adv. In an intellectual manner. 

in-tel'li-gence (In-tel'i-jens), n. 1. The faculty of under- 
standing ; the intellect. 2. Mental acuteness ; sagacity. 
3. An intelligent being or spirit. 4. Information communi- 
cated ; news ; advice ; notice. 5. Knowledge ; particular or 
general information. — Syn. See mind, news. 

intelligence bureau. A bureau for collecting information 
or compiling statistics of a particular character, esp. one 
dealing with military or naval information. 

intelligence office. An office or agency where servants, 
farm hands, etc., may be hired. U. S. 

in-tePli-genc-er (-tel'I-jen-ser), n. One who, or that which, 
conveys intelligence or news ; esp., an informer or spy. 

in-tel'ii-gent (-jent), a. [L. intelligens, -entis, p. pr. of in- 
telligere to perceive; inter between + legere to gather, 
choose.] 1. Endowed with intelligence or intellect. 2. Pos- 
sessed of a high or fitting degree of understanding ; know- 




K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. •■ equals. 



M 



INTELLIGENTIAL 



522 



INTERCEPTOR 



ing ; sensible. 3. Skilled or versed ; cognizant. — Syn. Sen- 
sible, understanding. See mental. — in-tel'li-gent-ly, adv. 

in-tel'li-gen'tial (-jen'sh#l), a. Of, like, pertaining to, or 
having intelligence ; intellectual. 

in-tel'U-gi-bil'i-ty (ln-tel'i-ji-bil'J-tT), n. Quality or state 
of being intelligible. 

in-tel'li-gi-ble (in-tel'i-ji-b'l), a. [L. intelligibilis.J 1. 
Understandable ; comprehensible. 2. Philos. Appre- 
hensible by the intellect only ; — opposed to sensible. — 
in-tel'li-gi-bly, adv. 

in-tem'er-ate (in-tem'er-St), a. [L. intemeratus ; in- not 
+ temeratus defiled.] Inviolate ; pure ; undefiled. Rare. 

in-tem'per-ance (-tem'per-ans), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being intemperate ; want of temperance ; any immoderate 
indulgence of appetites or passions ; excess. 2. Esp., ex- 
cessive indulgence in intoxicating liquors. 

in-tem'per-ate (-at), a. Not temperate ; as : a Excessive ; 
extreme ; as, intemperate weather. b Ungovernable ; im- 
moderate ; as, intemperate language, zeal, etc. c Indulging 
any appetite or passion to excess, d Esp., given to the ex- 
cessive use of intoxicating liquors. — ln-tem'per-ate-ly, 
adv. — in-tem'per-ate-ness, n. 

in'tem-pes'tive (In'tem-pes'tiv), a. [L. intempestivus ; 
in- not -f- tempestivus seasonable.] Out of season; un- 
timely ; inopportune. 

in-tend' (-tend'), v. t. [F. entendre, fr. L. intendere, -ten- 
turn, -tensum, to intend, attend, extend ; in- in + tendere 
to stretch.] 1. To mean ; signify. 2. To have in mind as 
a purpose ; mean ; plan ; purpose. 3. To direct the mind 
on ; attend to. Obs. or R. 4. To direct, as one's course ; 
proceed on. Archaic. 5. To stretch ; strain ; make tense ; 
expand. Obs. 6. Law. To give effect or construction to as 
having a certain meaning ; construe by intendment. — v. i. 
To direct or bend one's course or way. 

in-tend'an-cy (-ten'dan-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. The 
office or employment of an intendant ; also, a body of 
intendants. 2. A territorial district under an intendant. 

in-tend'ant (-dant), n. [F. intendant, fr. L. intendere to 
direct (one's thoughts) to a thing. See intend.] One in 
charge of some public business ; a superintendent, a colo- 
nial treasury official or governor, or the like ; as, an intend- 
ant of marine ; an intendant of finance. 

in-tend'ed (-ten'ded ; 24), p. p. of intend. Hence : p. a. 
Betrothed. Colloq. — n. An affianced lover. Colloq. 

in-tend'ment (-tend'ment), n. 1. Meaning; significance. 
Obs. or Legal. 2. Intention ; design ; purpose. Obs. 

in-tense' (-tens'), a. [F., fr. L. intensus stretched, tight, 
p. p. of intendere to stretch.] 1. In a strained or extreme 
degree ; also, having or showing its characteristic attribute 
in a high degree ; as, intense heat. 2. Strained or strain- 
ing ; high-wrought ; profoundly earnest or intent ; as, in- 
tense thought. 3. Photog. Intensified ; dense. 4. Feeling 
deeply ; characterized by, or expressive of, strong emotion, 
earnest purpose, or the like; as, an intense person or ex- 
pression. — Syn. See tense. — in-tense'ly, adv. — in- 
tense'ness, n. 

in-ten'si-fi-ca'tion (ln-ten'sT-fT-ka'shun), n. Act or proc- 
ess of intensifying, or state of being intensified. 

in-ten'si-fi'er (ln-ten'si-fi'er), n. One who, or that which, 
intensifies. 

in-ten'si-fy (-ten'st-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. 1. To 
render intense. 2. Specif., Photog., to increase the density 
of (an image) or of an image on (a plate), as by treating 
with any of various solutions, called intensifiers. 
Syn. Intensify, aggravate. To intensify is to heighten 
in intensity ; to aggravate is to increase in gravity ; as, his 
grief was intensified by their suffering ; the malady was ag- 
gravated by his exertions. The use of aggravate in the sense 
of provoke, exasperate, is contrary to good usage. 

— v. i. To become intense or more intense ; act with in- 
creasing power or energy. 

in-ten'sion (-shun), n. 1. A straining or strain. Obs. or R. 2. 
Intentness ; determination. 3. Increase of power or energy. 
4. Intensity ; fervency ; strength. 5. Logic. The collective 
attributes that make up a complex general notion ; — cor- 
relative of extension, extent, or sphere. 

in-ten'si-ty (-ten'si-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being intense ; extreme or high degree. 2. Degree 
or amount ; strength ; energy. 3. Physics & Mech. Mag- 
nitude, as of a force or quality, per unit of surface, volume, 
etc. ; as, the intensity of magnetization. 4. Photog. = 
density. 5. Elec. a Current strength, b Current density. 
C Potential, or electromotive force. 

in-ten'sive (Tn-ten'slv), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or marked by, 
intensity or intensification. 2. Gram. Tending to make 
intense; esp., serving to give force or emphasis; as, an 
intensive verb. 3. Designating or pert, to a method of 
cultivating land designed to increase the productivity of 
a given area by the expenditure of more capital and labor 
on it ; — opp. to extensive. 4. Med. Marked by increased 
intensity or strength of matter inoculated in successive 
operations. 



— n. That which intensifies ; Gram., an intensive word, 
prefix, etc. — in-ten'sive-ly, adv. 

in-tent' (In-tent'), a. [L. intentus, p. p. See intend.] 1. 
Directed with, or giving, keen attention ; hence : earnest ; 
intense. 2. Having the mind or attention closely directed ; 

_ sedulous ; determined. — Syn. See tense. 

in-tent', n. [OF. entent, entente, fr. L. intendere, inten- 
tum. See intend.] 1. A turning of the mind toward an 
object ; hence : a design ; purpose. 2. Meaning ; import. 
— Syn. View, drift, object, end, aim, plan. See intention. 

in-ten'tiqn (ln-ten'shun), n. 1. Close attention. Obs. 2. 
That which is, or is intended to be, conveyed to the under- 
standing ; meaning ; import. 3. Purpose ; design ; in pi., 
Colloq., purpose as to marriage. 4. Med. & Surg. A proc- 
ess or manner of healing of wounds or fractures ; — esp. in : 
healing by first intention, the healing of a wound or frac- 
ture without granulation ; healing by second intention, 
healing of a wound by granulation of the surf aces following 
suppuration. 5. Logic. A concept or notion ; esp., a con- 
cept considered as a product of attention directed to the 
object conceived. 

Syn. Intention, intent, purpose, design, aim, object, 
end. Intention, which often suggests little more than 
what one means to do, implies less settled determination 
than purpose, less definite prearrangement than design, 
which often implies artful scheming ; as, his intentions are 
good ; there was no purpose in his actions ; designs acci- 
dentally discovered. Intent is chiefly legal or poetical ; 
as, intent to deceive, to kill. Aim emphasizes directness of 
purpose ; object, that on which activities are focused ; 
end, that toward which they tend as their final cause ; as, 
singleness of aim ; the object of education, a man without 

_ an object in life ; the chief end of society. 

in-ten'tion-al (-31), a. Done by intention; intended; de- 

_ signed. — Syn. See voluntary. — in-ten'tion-al-ly, adv. 

in-ten'tioned (-shwnd), a. Having designs; — chiefly in 

_ composition ; as, well-intentioned, having good designs. 

in-tent'ly (In-tent'li), adv. In an intent manner. — Syn. 

_ Fixedly, earnestly, attentively, sedulously, eagerly. 

in-tent'ness, n. Condition or quality of being intent. 

in-ter' (-tur'), v. t.; -terred' (-turd') ; -ter'ring. [OF. en- 
ter er, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. in- -f- terra the earth.] 
To deposit (a corpse) in the earth or in a tomb ; bury. 

in'ter- (In'ter-). [L. inter among, between, compar. of in 
in.] A prefix meaning among, between, amid, mutually; 
as : a In verbs, among, together, mutually. 

Examples: interflow, to flow together; interact, to act 
mutually; intermix, to mix among or together. 
b In nouns, one that is intermediate or intervening. 

Example : interagent, an intermediate agent. 
C In adjectives, situated or being between. 

Examples : interatomic, situated or being between at- 
oms ; inieraxial, situated or being between axes. 

in'ter-act' (-akt'), v. i. To act upon each other or recipro- 
cally. — in'ter-ac'tion (-ak'shun), n. 

in'ter-a'gent (-a'jent), n. An intermediate agent; an in- 
termediary. — in'ter-a'gen-cy (-jen-si), n. 

in'ter-bed'ded, p. a. Geol. Occurring between beds, or 
lying in a bed parallel to other beds of a different material. 

in'ter-bor'ough (-bur'o), a. Situated, or forming a com- 
munication, between boroughs ; as, an interborough rail- 
way or telephone system. 

in'ter-brain' (ln'ter-bran'), n. The thalamencephalon. 

in'ter-breed' (In'ter-bred'), v. i. & t. To breed by crossing 
different stocks, varieties, or species. 

in-ter/ca-la-ry (In-tur'kd-la-ri), a. [L. intercalaris, 
inter calarius."] 1. Intercalated in the calendar ; as, an 
intercalary month, day, etc. 2. Inserted ; interpolated. 

in-ter'ca-late (-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
intercalatus, p. p. of intercalare to intercalate ; inter + 
calare to proclaim.] 1. To insert, as a day, in a calendar. 
2. To insert among others ; interpolate. — Syn. See 
insert. — in-ter'ca-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 

in'ter-cede' (In'ter-sed'), v. %.; -ced'ed (-sed'ed); -ced'- 
ing. [L. inter cedere, -cessum; inter + cedere to pass.] 

1. Rom. Hist. To interpose a veto ; — said of a magis- 
trate, esp. a tribune. 2. To act between parties with a 
view to reconcile differences ; — usually used with with or 
for. — Syn. Mediate, arbitrate. See interpose. 

in'ter-ced'er (-sed'er), n. One who intercedes. 

in'ter-cel'lu-lar (-sel'u-ldr), a. Lying between cells. 

in'ter-cept' (-sept'), v. t. [L. interceptus, p. p. of inter- 
cipere; inter -f- caper e to take, seize.] 1. To take or 
seize by the way ; stop ; check ; as, to intercept a letter. 

2. To interrupt communication with ; cut off from view, 
approach, etc. 3. Math. To include between ; as, the part 
intercepted between two points. — in'ter-cept'er, n. 

in'ter-cept' (Tn'ter-sept'), «• Math. A part cut off, or in- 
tercepted, as between two points. 

in'ter-cep'tion (-sep'shun), n. Act of intercepting, or 
state of being intercepted. 

uVter-cep'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, intercepts. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofri; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out. oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



INTERCESSION 



523 



INTERJECTION 



in'ter-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [L. inter cessio an inter- 
vention, a becoming surety. See intercede.] Act of 
interceding ; mediation ; petition or entreaty in favor of 
another or others. — in'ter-ces'sion-al (-a\), a. 

in'ter-ces'sor (-ses'er ), n. One who intercedes ; mediator. 

in'ter-ces'SO-ry (-6-ri), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, 
or making, intercession ; interceding. 

in'ter-Change' (-chanj'), v. t. [OF. entrechangier. See in- 
ter- ; change.] 1. To put each in the place of the other ; 
exchange ; reciprocate. 2. To alternate ; vary. — Syn. See 
exchange. 

in'ter-Change' (ln'ter-chanjO, n. _ 1. Mutual exchange. 
2. Alternate succession ; alternation. 

in'ter-change'a-bil'i-ty (m'ter-chan'jd-bil'i-ti), n. Qual- 
ity of being interchangeable. 

in'ter-change'a-ble (-chan'jd-b'l), a. Capable of being 
interchanged ; admitting of exchange, or mutual substitu- 
tion. — in'ter-change'a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

in'ter-chang'er (-chan'jer), n. One who, or that which, 
interchanges. 

in'ter-col-le'gi-ate (-ko-le'ji-at), a. Existing, or carried on, 
between colleges or universities. 

in'ter-CO-lum'nar (-ko-lum'ndr), a. Between columns. 

in'ter-CO-lum'ni-a'tion (-ko-lum'm-a'shun), n. [L. inter- 
columnium.~] Arch, a The clear space between two col- 
umns, b A (given) system of spacing between columns. 

in'ter-com'mon (-kom'un), v. i. Eng. Law. To enjoy a 
right of common together ; — said esp. of inhabitants of 
adjacent townships, manors, etc. 

in'ter-com-mu'ni-cate (-ko-mii'nT-kat), v. t. & i. To 
communicate mutually. mu'lli-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. 

in'ter-com-mun'ion (-mun'ywn), n. Mutual communion ; 
mutual connection or action. 

in'ter-com-mu'ni-ty (-mu'ni-ti), n. Community between 
two or more persons or parties, as of property, religion, etc. 

in'ter-COn-nect' (-ko-nekt'), v. t. To connect mutually or 
with one another. — ill'ter-con-nec'ticn (-nek'shun), n. 

in'ter-COn'ti-nen'tal (ln'ter-kon'ti-nen'tal), a. Between or 
among continents ; subsisting between continents. 

in'ter-con-vert'i-ble (In'ter-kon-vur'ti-bTj.a. Convertible 
the one into the other ; interchangeable. 

in'ter-COS'tal (-kos'tdl), a. Between the ribs. 

in'ter-COlirse (In'ter-kors ; 57), n. [OF. entrecours com- 
merce, exchange, L. intercursus a running between, inter- 
currere to run between. See inter- ; current.] 1. Com- 
munication ; commerce ; esp., interchange of thought and 
feeling. 2. Sexual connection. — Syn. Communion, com- 
merce, fellowship, acquaintance, connection. 

in'ter-crop' (In'ter-kropO, v. t. & i. Agric. To cultivate 
by planting simultaneous crops in alternate rows ; to use 
for catch crops. — n. A crop grown between the rows of 
another crop ; a catch crop. [lines. 2. To interbreed. | 

in'ter-cross' (-kros'), v. t. & i. 1. To cross each other, asj 

in'ter-CUT'rent (-kuVent), a. [L. inter curr ens, p. pr. of 
intercurrere. See intercourse.] Running or coming be- 
tween or among. Specif. : aiV/ed. Occurring during the prog- 
ress of another disease ; — said of a disease, b Intervening. 

in'ter-de-nom'i-na'tion-al (-de-nom'i-na'shun-dl), a. Oc- 
curring between or among, or common to, different denom- 
inations ; as, interdenominational fellowship or belief. 

in'ter-den'tal (-den'tal), a. 1. Situated between teeth. 

2. Phon. Articulated with the tongue between the upper 
and lower teeth ; as, interdental consonants. 

in'ter-de-pend'ent (-pen'dent), a. Mutually or recipro- 
cally dependent. — in'ter-de-pend'ence (-de-pen'dens), 
in'ter-de-pend'en-cy (den-si), n. 

in'ter-dict (In'ter-dikt), n. [OF. entredit, L. interdictum, 
fr. interdicere to prohibit ; inter- + dicer e to say.] 1. A 
prohibitory decree ; prohibition. 2. a Civil Law. An 
administrative order of the prastor. b In the Dutchlaw, 
Scots law, etc., an order answering to the English injunc- 
tion. 3. R. C. Ch. A papal prohibition restraining from 
ecclesiastical functions, etc. 

in'ter-dict' (-dikt'), v. t. To forbid ; debar ; lay under an 
interdict. — Syn. See forbid. 

in'ter-dic'tion (-dik'shiin), n. Act of interdicting; state 
of being interdicted ; also, an interdict. 

in'ter-dicftive (-dlk'tiv), a. Having the power or effect of 
interdicting ; as, an interdictive sentence. 

in'ter-di</tO-ry (-dik'to-ri), a. Pertaining or belonging to 

_ interdiction ; interdictive ; prohibitory. 

in'ter-est (In'ter-est ), n. [LL. interesse usury, compen- 
sation, L. interesse to be between, be different, be of im- 
portance ; in ter between -f- esse to be ; influenced by OF. 
interest, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, 3d sing, 
pres. indie, of interesse.'] 1. Participation in advantage, 
profit, and responsibility ; hence : that in which one has 
such an interest ; business. 2. Advantage ; profit ; benefit. 

3. Influence due to personal position, connections, or the 
like. 4. Those interested in any particular affair, taken 
collectively ; as. the iron interest. 5. Excitement of feeling 



accompanying special attention to some object ; concern ; 
as, an interest in botany; questions of interest. 6. The 
price or rate of premium per unit of time that is paid by a 
borrower for the use of what he borrows ; specif., a rate 
per cent of money paid for the use of money ; also, the 
money so paid. 7. Any excess above an exact equivalent; 

— chiefly in with interest. 

— v. t. 1. To involve the interest or welfare of ; affect. 
2. To cause or induce to have a share or interest. 3. To 
engage the attention of ; awaken interest in. — Syn» 
Excite, entertain, occupy, hold. 

in'ter-est-ed (In'ter-es-ted), p. a. 1. Having the attention 
or feelings engaged or excited. 2. Having an interest or 
concern ; involved ; concerned. — in'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. — 
in'ter-est-ed-ness, n. 

in'ter-est-ing, p. a. Engaging the attention ; exciting, or 
adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion. — in'ter- 
est-ing-ly, adv. — in'ter-est-ing-ness, n. 

in'ter-fa'cial (-fa'shal), a. Ge>m. Included between two 
plane surfaces or faces ; as, an interfacial angle. 

in'ter-fere' (In'ter-fer'), v. %.; -fered' (-ferd') ; -fer'ing 
(-ferTng). [OF. entreferir to strike (each other) ; entre (L. 
inter) + ferir to strike, fr. L. ferire.] 1. To strike one 
foot against the opposite foot or ankle in going ; — said 
esp. of a horse. 2. To collide ; clash. 3. To take a part in 
the concerns of others ; interpose. 4. Physics. To act re- 
ciprocally so as to affect one another ; — said of waves, 
rays, etc. See interference, 2. 5. Patent Law. To claim 
substantially the same invention so that the question of 
the priority of invention is involved between the claimants ; 

— disting. from infringe. 6. Football. When offside, to 
check with the body an opposing player who is attempting 
to tackle the runner with the ball. — Syn. See interpose. 

in'ter-fer'ence (Tn'ter-fcr'ens), n. 1. Act, process, or state 
of interfering. 2, Physics. The mutual influence, under 
certain conditions, of two waves or vibrations, as two beams 
of light or two series of sound pulsations, producing certain 
characteristic phenomena, as colored fringes, dark bands, 
or darkness, in the case of light, silences, increased intensi- 
ty, or beats, in the case of sound. 3. Wireless Teleg. The 
intermixing of electric waves or signals meeting in space, 
causing them to be undecipherable. 

in'ter-fe-ren'tial (m'ter-fe-ren'shal), a. Physics. Of, pert, 
to, or depending on, interference, as of light ; — said esp. 
with reference to the use of the interferometer. 

in'ter-fer'er (-fer'cr), n. One who, or that which, interferes. 

in'ter-fer-cm'e-ter (in'tcr-fCr-om'e-ter), n. [See inter- 
fere ; -meter.] Physics. An instrument for measuring 
small movements, distances, or displacements by means of 
the interference of two beams of light. 

in-ter'flu-ent (In-tur'floo-ent)la. [L. interfiuens, p. pr., 

in-ter'flu-OUS (Tn-tur'floo-fts) / and interfluus. See inter-; 
fluent.] 1. Flowing between or among. 2. Intermingling 
without dissonance or friction. 

in'ter-fUSe' (Tn'ter-fuz'), v. t. [L. interfusus, p. p. of inter- 
f under e to pour between ; inter + f under e to pour.] 1. To 
combine, as by scattering or mixing ; intermingle. 2. To in- 
fuse or diffuse. 3. To permeate ; penetrate ; pervade. — 
v. i. To blend ; fuse. [being interfused.] 

m'ter-fu'sion (-fu'zhwn), n. Act of interfusing, or state of | 

in'ter-gla'cial (In'ter-gla'shal), a. Geol. Of, pertaining 
to, or designating, a comparatively warm epoch occurring 
between two glacial epochs. 

in'ter-gra-da'tion (-grd-da'shun), n. Transition through a 
series of grades, forms, or kinds, varying only by related 
differences ; also, an intermediate form in such a series. 

in'ter-grade' (-grad'), n. An intergradation. 

in'ter-grade' (-grad'), v. i. To exhibit intergradation. 

in'ter-growth / ( ln'ter-groth' ), n. A growth between. 

in'ter-im (In'ter-Tm), n. [L., fr. inter between.] The 
meantime ; time intervening ; interval between events, etc. 

in-te'ri-or (Tn-te'rI-er), a. [L., compar. fr. inter between.] 
1. Being within ; inside ; inner ; internal ; inward ; — opp. 
to exterior. 2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore ; 
inland. 3. Belonging to the mental or spiritual life ; not 
bodily or worldly. 

Interior planet, a planet whose path is within the orbit of 
the earth. 

— n. 1. The internal or inner part of a thing; inside. 2. The 
inland part of a country. 3. Inner nature or character. 4. 
The domestic affairs of a state or nation ; as, the Depart- 
ment of the Interior. — in-te'ri-or-ly, adv. 

in-te'ri-or'i-ty (-or'I-tT), n. State of being interior. 

in'ter-ja'cent (ln'ter-ja'sent), a. [L. interjacens, -entis, 
p. pr. of inter jacere; inter -\-jacere to lie.] Lying or being 
between or among ; intervening. ja'cen-cy (-sen-si), n. 

in'ter-jecf (-jekt'), v. t. & i. [L. interjectus, p. p. of in- 
ter jicere; inter -f jacere to throw.] To insert ; interpose. 

in'ter-jec'tion (-jeVshun), n. 1. An interjecting ; also, that 
which is interjected ; as : a Utterance of exclamations ; 
ejaculation, b An interposing ; something interposed, as a 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations, used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals 



M 



INTERACTIONAL 



524 



INTERPELLATE 



remark. 2. Gram. An ejaculatory word or form, usually 
thrown in without grammatical connection, as O ! Alas ! 
Ha ha ! etc. Cf. exclamation. 
inler-jec'tion-al (-dl), a. 1. Thrown in between other 
words ; parenthetical ; as, an inter jectional remark. 2. 
Pert, to, or of the nature of, an interjection ; ejaculatory. 
— in'ter-jec'tion-al-ly, adv. 
in'ter-jec'to-ry (-jek'to-rl), a. Characterized by interjec- 
tion ; thrust in between. — in'ter-jec'to-ri-ly (-rl-li), adv. 
in'ter-knit' (-nTf), v. t. & i. To intertwine. 
in'ter-lace' (-las'), v. t. & i. 1. To unite as by lacing to- 
gether ; interweave ; cross each other ; as, interlacing 
arches. 2. To alternate ; intersperse ; mix ; as, a dialogue 
interlaced with songs. — in'ter-lace'ment (-ment), n. 
in'ter-lam'i-nate (-lam'I-nat), v. t. To insert between lam- 
inae ; also, to arrange in alternate laminae. 
in'ter-lard/ (In'ter-lard'), v. t. [F. entrelarder. See inter- ; 
lard. ] To insert between ; mix or mingle ; esp., to in- 
# troduce that which is foreign or irrelevant into. 
in'ter-lay' (-la'), v. t. To lay or place among or between. 
in'ter-leaf (ln'ter-lef), n. ; pi. -leaves (-levz'). A leaf 

inserted between other leaves, as a blank for notes, etc. 
in'ter-leave' (-lev'), v. t; -leaved' (-levd') ; -leav'ing. To 

insert a leaf or leaves in ; bind with blank interleaves. 
in'ter-line' (-lln'), v. t. ; -lined' (-llnd') ; -lin'ing (-lin'- 
ing). To write or insert between lines, as for correction ; 
write or print something between the lines of. 
in'ter-line' (In'ter-lin'), v. t. To insert an inner lining in (a 
garment). [alternate lines. I 

in'ter-lin'e-al (-lln'e-dl), a. 1. Interlinear. 2. Disposed in| 
in'ter-lin'e-ar (-lln'e-dr), a. Contained or inserted between 

lines ; containing interlineations. 
in'ter-lin'e-a'tion (-Hn'e-a'shwn), n. Act of interlining; 

also, that which is interlined. 
in'ter-lin'ing (-lin'ing), n. Interlineation. 
in'ter-lin'ing (In'ter-lin'ing), n. A lining between the ordi- 
nary lining and the outside fabric. 
in'ter-link' (-link'), v. t. To link together; link. 
in'ter-lo'cate (-lo'kat), v. t. To place between ; interpose. 
in'ter-lock' (-lok'), v. i. & t. 1. To unite, engage, or interre- 
late with one another; lock into one another. 2. Rail- 
roads. To arrange the connections of (switches, signals, 
etc.) so that one lever cannot be worked independently, 
but only as a part of predetermined combinations. 
in'ter-lo-CU'tion (-lo-ku'shi/n), n. [L. interlocutio, fr. 
interloqui, -locutus, to speak between ; inter + loqui to 
speak.] Interchange of speech ; conference. 
in'ter-loc'U-tor (-lok'u-ter),n. l.Onewho takes part in con- 
versation ; interpreter ; questioner. 2. NegroMinstrels. The 
man in the middle of the line, who questions the end men. 
in'ter-loc'U-tO-ry (-to-rl), a. 1. Consisting of, or of the na- 
ture of, dialogue ; conversational. 2. Spoken as an inter- 
locution. 3. Law. Intermediate ; not final or definitive. 
in'ter-loc'u-tress (-tres), in'ter-loc'u-trice (-trls), in'ter- 

loc'U-tlix (-trlks), n. A female interlocutor. 
in'ter-lope' (In'ter-lop'), v. i.; -loped' (-lopt') ; -lop'ing 
(-lop'Ing). [Prob. inter- + a dial, form {lope) of leap. 
Oxf. E. D.~] To run or come between parties and intercept 
without right the advantage that one should gain from the 
other ; hence, to intrude ; intermeddle. 
in'ter-lop'er (In'ter-lop'er)j n. One who interlopes, or in- 
terferes wrongfully or officiously. 
in'ter-lude (-hid), n. [LL. interludium; L. inter be- 
tween + ludus play, ludere to play.] 1. A light or farcical 
entertainment introduced between the acts of the old 
mystery and morality plays or forming a feature of a 
festival, fete, etc. ; hence, one of the farces or comedies to 
which these entertainments gave rise ; also, formerly, any 
popular drama. 2. An entertainment between the acts of a 
play. 3. A piece of music played between the parts of a 
song, of a church service, etc. 4. An intervening or inter- 
ruptive space, feature, or event. 
in'ter-lu'nar (-lu'ndr), a. Relating to the interval between 

the old and the new moon. 
in'ter-mar'riage (-mar^Ij), n. 1. Reciprocal marriage ; giv- 
ing and taking in marriage, as between two families, tribes, 
etc. 2. Marriage between blood relations. 
in'ter-mar'ry (-mar'I), v. i. & t. To become connected by 
marriage between their members ; — said of tribes, fam- 
ilies, ranks, castes, etc. 
in'ter-med'dle (-med'T), v. i. To meddle with others' af- 
fairs ; interpose ; interfere. — in'ter-med'dler (-ler), n. 
in'ter-me'dl-a-cy (-me'dl-d-sl), n. Intermediate condition 

or agency. 
in'ter-me'di-al (-dl), a. Intermediary ; intermediate. 
in'ter-me'di-a-ry (-me'dl-a-rl), a. 1. Intermediate. 2. Me- 
diatory. — n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). One who, or that which, is 
intermediate ; a go-between ; hence, mediating agency. 
in'ter-me'di-ate (-at), a. Being in the middle ; between ex- 
tremes or limits ; coming or done between ; intervening. — 
n. 1. Something intermediate. 2. A mediator or an inter- 
mediary. — (-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'e'd) ; -at'ing. To act as 



intermediate "agent; mediate. — in'ter-me'di-ate-ly, adv 
m — in'ter-me'di-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

in'ter-me'di-a'tion (-a'shim), n. Act of coming between. 
in-ter'ment (In-tur'ment), n. Act of interring ; burial. 
in'ter-mez'zo (In'ter-med'zo), n. ; It. pi. -mezzi (-ze). 
[It.] 1. A short and light piece between the acts of serious 
drama or opera. 2. Music. A short piece played in an 
interval of an extended musical work, or independently. 
in-ter'mi-na-ble (In-tur'mT-nd-b'l), a. [h.interminabilis.'] 
Without termination ; endless. — Syn. Boundless, illimit- 
_ able, immeasurable, infinite. — in-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. 
in-ter'mi-nate (-nat), a. [L. interminatus ; in- not + 

terminatus terminated.] Without end ; boundless. 
in'ter-min'gledn'ter-mirj'g'D.v.^.cfci. To mingle together. 
in'ter-mis'sion (-mlsh'fin), n. [L. intermissio. See in- 
termit.] 1. Act or state of intermitting ; state of being in- 
termitted ; interruption ; discontinuance. 2. Cessation for 
a time ; interval ; temporary pause. 
in'ter-mis'sive (-mis'Iv), a. Not continual ; intermittent. 
in'ter-mit' (-mlt'), v. t. & i.; -mit'ted ; -mit'ting. [L. in- 
termittere; inter between + mittere, missum, to send.] 
To discontinue ; interrupt ; suspend intermittently. 
in'ter-mit'tence (-ens), n. Act or state of intermitting; 
_ intermission. — in'ter-mit'ten-cy (-en-si), n. 
in'ter-mit'tent (-ent), a. Coming and going at intervals; 

alternating ; recurrent ; periodic. mit'tent-ly, adv. 

intermittent current, Elec, a current that flows and. 
ceases to flow at intervals, but is not reversed in direction. 
— i. fever, Med., a form of fever in which there is a fall of 
temperature to the normal point at periodical intervals. 
in'ter-mix' (-miks'), v. t. & i. To mix together. 
in'ter-mix'ture (-miks'tur), n. A mixing together; also, a 

mass of ingredients mixed. 
in'ter-mo-lec'u-lar (In'ter-mS-lek'u-ldr), a. Situated or 

occurring between the molecules of a body. 
in'ter-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being between worlds. 
in-tern' (In-turn'), a. [L. internus.'] Internal. Archaic. 
in-tern' (Tn-turn'), v. t. [F. interner."] To confine to one 

locality ; as, to intern a vessel in a neutral port. 
in-tern', n. = interne, 2. 

in-ter'nal (-tur'ndl), a. [L. internus, fr. in in.] 1. In- 
closed ; inward ; interior ; — opp. to external. Also, desig- 
nating that which is to be inwardly applied. 2. Inherent ; 
intrinsic. 3. Domestic, as opp. to foreign. 4. Pertaining to 
the inner being or consciousness ; spiritual. 5. Psychol. 
Existing solely in the individual consciousness, as direct and 
immediate experience. — Syn. Inside, inland. — n. 1. In 
pi. The internal organs of the body. 2. The inner or essen- 
tial nature or quality. 

in-ter'nal-com-bus^tion, a. Mach. Designating, or per- 
taining to, any engine (called an internal-combustion 
engine) in which the heat or pressure energy necessary to 
produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by 
the explosion of a gas or volatilized fluid, and not in a sepa- 
rate chamber, as in a steam-engine boiler. Cf. two-cycle, 
four-cycle. [internal or within ; interiority. 

in'ter-nal'i-ty (Jn'ter-nal'I-tl), n. State or quality of be,ing| 

in-ter'nal-ly (In-tur'ndl-i), adv. 1. Inwardly; within the 
boundary of a thing; within the body. 2. Hence: Men- 
tally ; spiritually. 3. In, or with respect to, the inner con- 

_ stitution or affairs of anything. 

in'ter-na'tion-al (Tn'ter-nash'wn-51), a. Between or among 
nations or their citizens ; common to or affecting two or 
more nations. al-ly, adv. na'tion-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti ) , n. 

in'ter-na'tion-al-ism (-fz'm), n. International character 
or sentiments ; also, international organization. 

in'ter-na'tion-al-ize (-dl-Tz), v. t. To make international 
in relations, effect, etc. 

in-terne' (in-turn'), n. 1. That which is within; internal 
nature. Poetic. 2. [F.] (F. pron. aN'tarn') A resident 

m physician or surgeon in a hospital. 

in'ter-ne'cine (In'ter-ne'sln ; -sin), a. [L. internecinus 
deadly, fr. internecare to kill, slaughter ; inter between + 
necare to kill.] 1. Deadly ; destructive of life. 2. Involv- 
ing mutual slaughter ; mutually destructive. 

in-tern'ment (In-turn'ment), n. An interning ; state of be- 
ing interned. 

in'ter-node' (In'ter-nodO, n. [L. internodium ; inter + 
nodus knot.] The interval or part between two nodes or 
joints. — in'ter-nod'al (In'ter-nod'dl), a. 

in'ter-nun'ci-0 (-nun'sht-o),n.; p^-cios (-oz). [L.inter- 
nuntius ; inter between + nuntius, nuncius, messenger. ] 
1. A messenger between two parties. 2. A representative of 
the Pope at a seat of government where there is no nuncio. 

in'ter-o'ce-an'ic (-o'she-an'Ik), a. Between oceans. 

in'ter-os'CU-late (-lat ), v. i. To osculate with each other; 
specif., Biol., of species, etc., to have characters in com- 
mon. — in'ter-os'cu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

in'ter-pel'lant (-pel'dnt), a. [L. interpellans, p. pr. See 
interpellate.] Interrupting. — n. One who interpellates. 

in'ter-pel'late (In'ter-pel'at), v. t. [L. interpellare, 
-atum; inter + pellare (in comp.), akin to pellere to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, fkrn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 






INTERPELLATION 



525 



INTERVENE 



drive.] To question formally for explanation, as an execu- 
tive officer in explanation of a government policy, etc. ; — 
generally on the part of a legislator. 

in'ter-pel-La'tion (-pe-la'shun), n. 1. . An _ interrupting ; 
interruption. 2. Act of formally bringing into question, 
as a ministerial policy or action. 

in'ter-pen'e-trate (-pen'e-trat), v. t. & i. 1. To penetrate 
between, within, or throughout. 2. To penetrate mutually 
or reciprocally. — in'ter-pen'e-tra'tion (-tra'shiin), n. 

in'ter-phone (fn'ter-f on) . A form of automatic telephone 
used for inside communication in dwellings, offices, etc. 

in'ter-plan'et-a-ry (-plan'et-a-ri ), a. Astron. Between or 
in the region of the planets ; as, interplanetary spaces. 

in'ter-play' (ln'ter-pla'), n. Mutual action or influence; 
interaction ; reciprocal or contrasting action or effect. 

in'ter-plead' (-pled'), v. i. Law. To plead, or go to trial, 
with each other in order to determine a right affecting the 
action of a third party. See interpleader. 

in'ter-plead'er, n. Law. A proceeding to enable a person 
to compel parties making the same claim against him to 
litigate the matter between themselves. 

in'ter-po'lar (-po'ldr), a. Between the poles, as of a 
galvanic battery. 

in-ter'po-late (Yn-t&r'po'-lat), v. t.; -po-lat'ed (-lat'ed); 
-lat'ing. [L. interpolatus, p. p. of interpolare to form 
anew, interpolate, fr. interpolus, interpolis, falsified, 
vamped up ; inter between + root of polire to polish.] 1. 
To alter or corrupt, esp. a text, by inserting new or foreign 
matter. 2. To insert between other things or parts ; inter- 
calate. 3. Math. To insert intermediate terms in, as a series 
according to the law of the series. — Syn. See insert. — 
v. i. To make interpolations. — in-ter'po-la/tor (-la'ter), 
in-ter'po-lat'er (-lat'er), n. [which is interpolated. 

in-ter'po-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of interpolating ; that) 

in'ter-pos'al (-poz'al), n. Interposition; intervention. 

in'ter-pose' (Tn'ter-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing 
(-poz'Ing). [F. interposer. See inter- ; pose, v. t.~] 1. To 
place between ; as, to interpose a screen between the eyes 
and the fire. 2. To thrust in ; intrude. 3. To introduce or 
inject between the parts of a conversation or argument. — 
v. i. 1. To be or come between ; as, hills interpose. 2. To 
mediate ; intervene. 3. To interrupt. 
Syn. Interpose, interfere, intervene, mediate, inter- 
cede. To interpose is to put one's self forward in the 
affairs of others, with or without propriety ; to interfere 
is to interpose either impertinently and officiously or in the 
exercise of right or authority ; to intervene is esp. to inter- 
pose with aid or as an intermediary ; as, I shall not inter- 
pose in their quarrel ; to interfere in another's business ; some 
trick of fortune intervened in her favor. To mediate is to 
intervene esp. in order to effect a reconciliation ; to inter- 
cede is to interpose on another's behalf ; as, to mediate be- 
tween belligerents ; intercede with the king. [poses.l 

in'ter-pos'er (-poz'er), n. One who, or that which, inter-| 

in'ter-po-si'tion (-p6-zTsh'un),n. Act of interposing; state 
of being interposed ; intervention ; the thing interposed. 

in-ter'pret (ln-tur'pret), v. t. [L. interpretari, p. p. -tatus, 
ii.interpres interpreter, negotiator.] 1. To explain or tell 
the meaning of ; translate ; elucidate. 2. To construe or 
give (a particular) force or meaning to, as in the light of in- 
dividual belief or judgment ; as, to interpret a poem. 3. To 
apprehend and represent by art ; show by illustrative repre- 
sentation. — Syn. Solve, render, expound, unfold, unravel. 
See explain. — v. i. To act as an interpreter ; translate. 

in-ter'pret-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being interpreted or 
explained. — in-ter'pret-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tT), n. 

in-ter'pre-ta'tion (-pre-ta'shun), n. 1. An interpreting. 2. 
Exposition or explanation given; meaning. 3. An artist's 
way of expressing his thought or conception of a subject. — 
Syn. Translation, version, rendering, construction. 

ln-ter'pre-ta-tive(-tur'pre-ta-tiv),o. 1. Designed to inter- 
pret ; explanatory. 2. According to interpretation ; con- 
structive. — in-ter'pre-ta-tive-ly, adv. 

in-ter'pret-er ( -pret-er ), n. One who interprets or explains. 

in'ter-reg'num (rn'ter-reg'num), n.; L. pi. -regna (-nd). 
[ L. ; inter between + regnum dominion. ] 1. The time 
during which a throne is vacant between the reigns of two 
successive sovereigns. 2. Any period during which the 
functions of government are suspended or vested in a 
temporary executive. 3. Hence, a break in continuity. 

in'ter-re-la'tion (-re-la'shizn), n. Mutual or reciprocal 
relation; correlation. — in'ter-re-lat'ed (-re-lat'ed), p. a. 

in'ter-rex (m'ter-reks), n.; L. pi. -reges (-re'jes). [L. ; 
inter between' + rex king.] One who exercises supreme 
or kingly power during an interregnum. 

in-ter'ro-gate (In-ter'o-gat), v. t. & i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; 
-gat'ing. [L. interrogatus, p. p. of interrogare to ask ; 
inter between + rogare to ask.] To examine by ques- 
tioning ; question. — Syn. See inquire. 

in-ter'ro-ga'tion (-ga'shim), n. 1. An interrogating; in- 
quiry. 2. Short for interrogation point, a mark [?] in- 
dicating that the preceding sentence is interrogatory. 



in'ter-rog'a-tive (Tn'te-rog'd-tTv), a. Interrogatory. — n. 
Gram. A word used in asking questions, as who, what, 

_ which. — in'ter-rog'a-tive-ly, adv. 

in-ter'ro-ga'tor (Tn-ter'6-ga'ter), n. One who interrogates. 

in'ter-rog'a-to-ry (m'te-rog'd-to-n), a. Containing, ex- 
pressing, or implying a question ; interrogative. — n. ; pi. 

_ -Tories (-riz). A formal question or inquiry. 

in'ter-nipt' (m'te-rupt'), v. t. [L. interruptus, p. p. of in- 
terrumpere to interrupt ; inter + rumpere to break.] 1. 
To break into or between ; hinder by or as by breaking in. 

2. To break the continuity or uniformity of ; as, to in- 
terrupt a friendship. — v. i. To break in on some action 
or discourse, esp. with questions or remarks, 
interrupted screw, a screw whose surface is divided lon- 
gitudinally into several blank or cut-away sections so that 
the screw may be slipped into a reciprocally made nut, 
and locked by a fraction of a turn, as in a gun breech. 

in'ter-rupt'ed-ly, adv. With interruptions. 

in'ter-rupt'er (ln'te-rup'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
interrupts. 2. Specif., Elec, any of various devices to in- 
terrupt or make and break an electric current, usually au- 
tomatically and at rapidly recurring intervals. 

in'ter-nip'tion (Tn'te-riip'shun), n. 1. An interrupting. 2. 
A break caused by the abrupt intervention of something. 

3. Stop ; hindrance. 4. Temporary cessation ; suspension. 

in'ter-rup'tive (-rup'tiv), a. Tending to interrupt. 

in'ter-rup'tor (-ter), n. = interrupter. 

in'ter-scap'u-lar (-skap'u-ldr), a. Anat. & Zool. Situ- 
ated between the scapulas or the shoulders. 

iil'ter-SCho-las'tic (Tn'ter-sko-las'tik), a. Between schools ; 
as, interscholastic competitions. 

in'ter-sect' (-sekt'), v. t. & i. [L. inter sectus, p. p. of inter- 
secare; inter + secare to cut.] To pierce, divide, or cut 

_ by passing through or athwart ; cut across ; cross. 

in'ter-sec'tion ( -sek'shun ), n. Act or place of intersecting. 

in'ter-sep'tal (-sep'tal), a. Situated between septa. 

in'ter-space' (m'ter-spas'), n. Intervening space. 

in'ter-sperse' (-spurs'), v. t.; -spersed' (-spfirsf) ; -spers'- 
ing. [L. interspersus interspersed ; inter + spargere to 
scatter.] 1. To scatter or set here and there among other 
things. 2. To place something at intervals in or among. 

in'ter-sper'sion (-spur'shun), n. Act of interspersing, or 
state of being interspersed. 

in'ter-State' (m'ter-stat'), a. Pert, to mutual relations of 
States ; existing between, or including, different States. 
Interstate Commerce Act, an act of the United States 
Congress (Feb. 4, 1S87) regulating commerce between the 
States when carried on wholly or partly by rail. 

in'ter-stel'lar (-stel'dr ) , a. Being outside of the solar system ; 
located among the stars or passing from one to another. 

in-ter'stice (Tn-tur'stis), n. ; pi. -stices (-sti-sez). [L.inter- 
stitium pause, interval ; inter -f- sistere to set.] A space 
between one thing and another, esp. between things closely 
set, or between the parts of a body ; chink ; crevice. 

in'ter-sti'tial (Tn'ter-stish'dl), a. Of or pertaining to inter- 
stices ; within the tissues. — in'ter-sti'tial-ly, adv. 

in'ter-strat'i-fy (-strat'I-fi), v. t. & i. To insert, or lie, be- 
tween other strata ; arrange, or lie, in alternate strata. — 
in'ter-strat'i-fi-ca'tion (-strat'i-fi-ka'shiin), n. 

in'ter-tex'ture (-teks't$r), n. Act of interweaving; state 
of being interwoven ; that which is interwoven. 

in'ter-trib'al (-trlb'al), a. Occurring between, or common 
to, different tribes ; as, intertribal commerce or customs. 

in'ter-trop'i-cal (-trop'i-kal), a. Situated between or within 
the tropics ; relating to regions within the tropics ; tropical. 

in'ter-twine' (-twin'), v. t. & i. To twine one with another. 

in'ter-twist' (-twist'), v. t. To twist one with another. 

in'ter-ur'ban (-Qr'ban), a. Going between, or connecting, 
cities or towns ; as, interurban electric railways. 

in'ter-val (Tn'ter-vdl), n. [OF. entreval, intervale, L. in- 
tervallum; inter -f- vallum a wall.] 1. Space of time be- 
tween any two points or events ; space of time between thts 
recurrence of similar conditions. 2. A space, gap, or dis- 
tance between objects, qualities, states, etc. 3. Music. 
Difference in pitch between any two tones. An interval is 
harmonic if between simultaneous tones ; melodic if be- 

_ tween successive tones. 

in'ter-vale (-val), n. [Same word as interval, but influenced 
by E. vale. Oxf. E. Z>.] A tract of low ground between 
hills, or along the banks of a stream. Local, U. S. & 
Canada. 

in'ter-vein' (Tn'ter-van'), v. t. To intersect with veins. 

in'ter-vene' (-ven'), v. i. ; -vened' (-vend') ; -ven'ing (-ven'- 
mg). [L. intervenire; -ventum, to intervene, hinder; in- 
ter + venire to come.] 1. To enter as something extrane- 
ous ; come in (between or among). 2. To occur, fall, or 
come, between points of time or space or between events ; 
as, a second intervened between the flash and the report. 
3. To come in between by way of hindrance or modifica- 
tion ; make intervention ; interpose. 4. Law. To become a 
party to an action or other legal proceeding, for the protec- 
tion of an alleged interest therein ; — said of a third person 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



M 



INTERVENER 



526 



INTREPIDLY 



not originally a party thereto. — Syn. See interpose. 

in'ter-ven'er (in / ter-ven'e'r), n. One who intervenes. 

in'ter-ven'ient (-ven'yent), a. _ Being or coming between, 
incidentally or extraneously ; intervening. 

in'ter-ven'tion ( -ven'shwn ), n. 1. Act or fact of interven- 
ing ; interposition. 2. Any interference affecting the inter- 
ests of others; esp., the interference by one state in the 
affairs of another state in order to enforce some action or 
forbearance. [vention or treatment. I 

in'ter-ven'tion-ist (-ist), n. One who favors active inter-| 

in'ter-view (m'ter-vu ), n. [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to 
see imperfectly, have a glimpse of, s 'entrevoir to visit each 
other. See inter-; view.] A mutual sight or view; a 
meeting face to face ; conference; esp., a meeting between 
a representative of the press and another person to enable 
the former to get information for publication ; also, the 
published statement of the information so obtained. _ 

— v. t. To have an interview with, esp. in order to get infor- 
mation for publication. — in'ter-view'er (-vu'er), n. 

in'ter-volve' (-volv'), v. t. & i.; -volved' (-volvd') ; : volv'- 
ing. [inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] To involve 
one within another ; twist or coil together. 

in'ter-weave' (ln'ter-wev'), v. t. & i.; for prin. parts see 
weave. 1. To unite by or as by weaving together ; inter- 
twine. 2. To intermingle. 

in'ter-wind' (-wind'), v. t. & i. ; for prin. parts see wind. To 
wind together or through each other ; intervolve. 

in'ter-work' (-wurk'), v. i. & t.; pret. & p. p. -wrought' 
(-rot') or -worked' (-wurkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -working. 
To work or act upon each other, or mutually or recipro- 
cally, [intertwine. I 

in'ter-wreathe'Om'ter-reth'), v. t. To weave into a wreath ;| 

in-tes'ta-cy (m-tes'td-si), n. State of dying intestate. 

ill-tes'tate (-tat), a. [L. intestatus ; in- not + testatus, 
p. p. of testari to make a will.] 1. Not having made a will. 
2. Not disposed of by will. — n. One who dies intestate. 

in-tes'ti-nal ( -ti-nal ), a. Of or pertaining to the intestine. 

in-tes'tine (-tin), a. [L. intestinus,ix. intus within, in 
in.] Internal with regard to a state or country ; domestic ; 
— usually applied to that which is evil. — n. The tubular 
portion of the alimentary canal from stomach to anus ; the 
bowels ; — in popular use generally in pi. The small intes- 
tine, beginning at the pylorus, consists of the duodenum, 
jejunum, and ileum ; the large intestine, of the caecum, 
colon, and rectum. [enthrall, etc.| 

in-lhrall', in-thral', in-thrall'ment, in-thral'ment. Seej 

in-throne' (-thron'). See enthrone. 

in'ti-ma (in'ti-ma), n.; pi. -hm (-me)._ [NL., fr. L. inti- 
mus innermost; ] Anat. & Zo'dl. The innermost coat or 
membrane of an organ, esp. of a blood vessel or lymphatic. 

in'ti-ma-cy (Tn'tT-md-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). State or 
fact of being intimate. — iSyn. Acquaintance, familiarity, 
fellowship, friendship. 

in'ti-mate ( ln'ti-mat ), a. [Formerly intime, L. intimus, 
a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior. The 
form intimate is due to confusion with L. intimatus, p. p. 
See intimate, v. t.~] 1. Deep-seated ; innermost ; intrinsic. 
2- Characterized by, or arising from, close association, ac- 
quaintance, investigation, or the like; as, an intimate 
fiiend ; intimate knowledge. 3. Closely united ; as, an in- 
timate mixture. — Syn. See familiar. 

— n. An intimate friend or associate ; a confidant. 
in'ti-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. [L. 

intimatus, p. p. of intimare to put, drive, or press into, 
announce, intimus inmost. See intimate, a.] 1. To 
announce; declare. 2. To suggest indirectly; hint. — 
Syn. See hint. — in'ti-mat^er (-mat'er), n. 

in'ti-mate-ly, adv. In an intimate manner. 

in'ti-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act of intimating; also, the 
thing intimated, as an announcement ; declaration ; hint. 

in-tim'i-date (ln-tim'i-dat),?;. t. ; -dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'- 
ing. [LL. intimidatus, p. p. of intimidate to frighten ; 
tn-in-f- timidus timid.] To make timid or fearful ; specif., 
to deter, as by threats ; overawe : cow. — Syn. Abash, ter- 
rify, daunt. See frighten. — in-tim'i-da'tor (-da'ter), n. 

in-tim'i-da'tion (-i-da'shun ), n. Act of intimidating, or 
state of being intimidated. 

in-tinc'tion (ln-tTrjk'shiin), n. [L. intinctio.~\ Eccl. Ad- 
ministration of the sacrament by dipping the bread or 
Wafer in the wine and administering both together. 

in-ti'tle (in-tl't'l). See entitle. 

in-tit'ule (Tn-tTt'ul), v. t. To give a title to ; entitle. 

in'to (m'too) prep. 1. To the inside of ; within. See in. 
2. Math. By ; together with ; — with multiply expressed 
or understood ; as, in a X b, a is multiplied into b. 

in-tol'er-a-ble ( m-tol'er-d-b'l ), a. Not tolerable ; insuffer- 
able. — adv. Intolerably. — in-tol'er-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), 
in-tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. — in-tol'er-a-bly, adv. 

In-tol'er-ance (-dns ), n. Quality or state of being intoler- 
ant ; esp., refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their 
opinions, chosen modes of worship, etc. ; bigotry. 



in-tol'er-ant (-ant), a. 1. Not enduring; unable to endure, 
2. Not tolerant ; not tolerating difference of opinion or sen- 
timent, esp. as to religion ; bigoted. — in-tol'er-ant-ly, adv. 

in-tomb' (-toom'), in-tomb'ment. See entomb, etc. 

in'to-nate (Jn'to-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[See intone.] 1. To pronounce or recite in a musical, sono- 
rous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy ; in- 
tone. 2. To pronounce with a certain musical pitch or modu- 
lation of the voice. 3. To utter with voice, or vocal tone. 

in'to-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. An intoning : a Act of musi- 
cally reciting, usually in monotone, as part of a liturgy. 
b Act of sounding musical tones, as of a scale. 2. Manner 
of playing or uttering tones, esp. as to pitch or modulation. 

in-tone' ( In-ton' ), v. t. & i. ; -toned' ( -tond' ) ; -ton'ing. 
[LL. intonare, -natum; in- in + L. tonus tone.] To 
utter with musical or prolonged tones ; chant ; recite in 
monotone. — in-ton'er (in-ton'er), n. 

in-tort' (in-tort'), v. t. [L. intortus, p. p. of intorquere to 
twist ; in- in -f- torquere to twist.] To twist inward or in 
and out ; twine ; wreathe ; complicate. 

in-tox'i-cant (in-tok'si-kant), n. That which intoxicates ; 
an intoxicating agent, as alcohol, opium, etc. 

in-tOX'i-cate (-kat), a. [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of intoxi- 
care to drug, poison ; in- in + L. toxicum arrow poison, 
Gr. to£i.k6v. See toxic.] Intoxicated. Obs. or Poetic. 

— (-kat),_ v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 1. To make 
drunk ; inebriate ; excite or stupefy by strong drink or a 
narcotic. 2. To excite to a transport ; frenzy. 

in-tox'i-cat'ed (-kat'ed), p. a. Affected by an intoxicant; 
also, emotionally wrought up. — Syn. See drunk. 

in-tox'i-cat'ing (-kat'ing), p. a. Producing, or tending to 
produce, intoxication. 

in-tox'i-ca'tion ( -ka'shwn ), n. 1. Med. A poisoning. 2. 
State of being intoxicated, or drunk ; inebriation ; act of in- 
toxicating, or making drunk. 3. Frenzy ; transport. — Syn. 
Inebriety, drunkenness ; infatuation, delirium. 

in'tra- (Tn'trd-). Prefix fr. L. intra, within, inside. 

in'tra-cel'lti-lar (-sel'u-ldr), a. Within a cell or cells. 

in-trac'ta-ble (In-trak'td-b'l), a. Not tractable; not easily 
governed, managed, or directed ; obstinate ; refractory. — 
Syn. Perverse, unmanageable, unruly, headstrong, ungov- 
ernable, restive. See obstinate. — in-trac'ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
T-tl), in-trac'ta-ble-ness, n. — in-trac'ta-bly, adv. 

in-tra'dos (-tra'dos), n. [F. ; L. intra within + F. dos the 
back, L. dorsum.'] Arch. The interior curve of an arch. 
See arch, Illust. Cf. extrados. [margin. I 

in'tra-mar'gin-al (-mar'ji-nal), a. Situated within the] 

in'tra-mo-lec'u-lar (-mo-lek'u-ldr), a. Existing or acting 
within the molecule ; formed by reaction between differ- 
ent parts of the same molecule. 

in'tra-mu'ral (-mu'ral), a. 1. Within the walls, as of a 
city. 2. Anat. & Med. Within the substance of the walls 
or boundaries of an organ. 

|| in'tran'si'geant' (aN'traVze'zhaN'), n. JF.] One who re- 
fuses to compromise ; an intransigent. — in'tran/si'geant', 
a. — in'tran'si'geance' (-zhaNs'), n. 

in-tran'si-gence (Tn-tran'si-jens)i n. Quality of being in- 

in-tran'si-gen-cy (-jen-si) / transigent, or action of 

intransigents ; irreconcilability. 

in-tran'si-gent (-jent ), a. [F. intransigeant; in- not + 
L. transigere come to an agreement ; trans across -f- agere 
to lead.] Refusing compromise ; irreconcilable. — n. A 
radicalor irreconcilable (in politics). — in-tran'si-gent- 
ism (-jen-tiz'm), n. 

in-tran'si-tive (-tiv), a. Not transitive ; not passing over 
to an object ; expressing an action or state as limited to 
the agent or subject, or as ending in itself. tive-ly, adv. 

in'trant (Tn'trant), a. [L. intrans, p. pr. of intrare to en- 
ter. See enter.] Entering. — n. One who enters ; esp., a 
person entering upon some office, order, or association. 

in'tra-tel-lu'ric (ln'trd-te-lu'rTk), a. Petrol. & Geog. Situ- 
ated, formed, or occurring deep within the earth ; — said 
esp. of such minerals of an igneous rock as originated be- 
fore eruption. Also, designating the period or stage of crys- 
tallization of such rocks before eruption. 

in'tra-U'ter-ine (m'trd-u'ter-in ; -In), o. Situated or oc- 
curring within the uterus. [veins. - 

in'tra-ve'nous (-ve'niis), a. Taking place within a vein or 

in- treat' (-tret'). See entreat. 

in-trench' (-trench'), v. t. 1. To cut in ; furrow. 2. To sur- 
round with a trench or intrenchments ; fortify with a ditch 
and parapet. — v. i. To encroach ; infringe ; — usually 
with on or upon. — Syn. See trespass. 

in-trench'ment (-ment), n. 1. An intrenching ; state of be- 
ing intrenched. 2. Mil. Any defensive work consisting of at 
least a trench and a parapet of the earth thrown up. 

in-trep'id (in-trep'id), a. [L. intrepidus. See in- not; 
trepidation.] Not trembling or shaking with fear ; fear- 
less ; brave ; undaunted. — Syn. Dauntless, valiant, heroic. 
in'tre-pid'i-ty (Tn'tre-pid'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 

intrepid ; fearless bravery ; valor. — Syn. See courage. 
in-trep'id-ly, adv. In an intrepid manner. 



ale, senate, care, am, Account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



INTRICACY 



527 



INURBANITY 



in'tri-ca-cy (Tn'trY-kd-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). State or 

quality of being intricate ; that which is intricate. 
in'tri-cate (-kat), a. [L. intricatus, p. p. of intricare to 

entangle, perplex.] Entangled ; complicated ; involved ; 

difficult to understand, follow, etc. — in'tri-cate-ly, adv. 
in'tri-gant ( In'tri-gant ; F. aVtre'gaN' ), n. masc; pi. 

-gants (-gants ; F. -gaV ) ; in'tri-gante' (-gant' ; -gaNt' ), 

n. fern. ; pi. -gantes (-gants'; F. -gaNt'). [F., fr. It. 

intrigante.'] An intriguing person. [gante.I 

in'tri-guant, in / tri-guante / . Vars. of intrigant, intri-| 
in-trigue' (in-treg'), v. i.; -trigued' (-tregd') ; -tri'guing 

(-tre'ging). [F. intriguer, fr. It. intrigare, L. intricare. 

See intricate.] 1. To carry on a secret and illicit amour. 

2. To contrive by secret artifice ; plot ; scheme. — v. t. 1. 
To cheat ; trick ; contrive by intrigue ; also, to bring about 
or get by intrigue. 2. To fill with artifice and duplicity ; 
complicate. 

— (In-treg'; Tn'treg), n. 1. A plot; conspiracy. 2. An 
amour. — Syn. See conspiracy. — in-tri'gner (-tre'ger),n. 

in-trin'sic ( -trin'sik ), a. [L. intrinsecus, adv., inward, fr. 
a word akin to intra within + secus otherwise, beside.] 
1. Essential ; inherent ; true ; — opposed to extrinsic. 2. 
Anat. Included wholly within an organ or limb,_as certain 
groups of muscles; — opposed to extrinsic. — in-trin'si- 

cal (-sT-kal), a. si-cal-ly, adv. 

Syn. Inherent, essential, natural, inseparable ; real, genu- 
ine. — Intrinsic, inherent, essential. That is intrinsic 
(opposed to extrinsic) which belongs to, or is a property 
of, a thing considered in itself, as opposed to what is acci- 
dental or adventitious ; that is inherent which subsists as 
a permanent or inalienable element or quality of a thing ; 
that is essential which belongs to the very nature of a 
thing or is indispensable to its being what it is ; as, sym- 
bols have both an extrinsic and intrinsic value ; intrinsic 
worth, dignity ; inherent qualities of the human mind ; 
an essential feature of a painting. 

in'tro- (m'tro-). [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. See 
inter-.] A prefix signifying within, into, in, inward; as, 
introduce, introspect, i?iZrovert. 

in'tro-duce' ( ln'tro-dus' ), v. t. ; -duced' (-dust') ; -duc'ing 
(-dus'ing). [L. introducere, -ductum; intro within + du- 
cere to lead.] 1. To bring into knowledge or understanding 
of something ; instruct ; as, to introduce a reader to a 
poem. 2. To bring into play ; bring into practice or use ; 
institute ; as, to introduce a new fashion. 3. To lead, 
bring, conduct, or usher in ; as, to introduce a person into 
a drawing-room. 4. To put ( something into a place ) ; 
insert ; as, to introduce a probe into a wound. 5. To open 
to notice ; begin ; present ; as, to introduce a matter awk- 
wardly. 6. To make known, as a person, by formal an- 
nouncement ; cause to be acquainted. 7. To bring forward, 
as a resolution, formally or officially. [duces. 

in'tro-duc'er (-dus'er), n. One who, or that which, intro-| 

in'tro-duc'tion (-duk'shun ), n. 1. A.n introducing. 2. a 
That part of a book or discourse introducing the main 
subject ; preface, b Formal preliminary treatise ; guide. 

3. Act of formally making persons known to each other. 
in'tro-duc'tive (-tiv), a. Serving to introduce ; introduc- 
tory. — in'tro-duc'tive-ly, adv. 

in'tro-duc'to-ry (-to-ri), a. Serving to introduce ; prelimi- 
nary ; prefatory. 

in-tro'it (In-tro'it), n. [L. introitus, fr. introire to enter ; 
intro + ire to go.] 1. R. C. Church. In the Mass, a part 
of a psalm with its antiphon sung while the celebrant and 
ministers approach the altar, and afterwards read by the 
celebrant from the Epistle side of the altar. 2. In the An- 
glican churches, a psalm or anthem sung while the priest 
or clergy are entering the sanctuary or approaching the altar 
to celebrate the Eucharist ; less properly, -a composition 
sung or played at the beginning of the Communion service. 

in'tro-mis'sion ( Tn'tro-mish'iin ), n. Act of intromitting. 

in'tro-mit' ( -mit' ), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -mit'ting. [ L. intro- 
mittere, -missum; intro + mittere to send.] To send or 
put in ; introduce ; also, to admit. 

in-trorse' (m-trors'), a. [L. introrsus inward.'contr. fr. in- 
troversus. See introvert.] Bot. Facing inward, or toward 
the axis of growth, as anthers dehiscing toward the gynce- 
cium. Cf . extrorse. — in-trorse'ly, adv. 

in'tro-spect' (m'tro-spekt'), v. t. & i. [L. introspectus, p. 
p. of introspicere to look into ; intro + specere to look.] 
To look into or within ; examine by consideration of one's 
inner self ; practice introspection. 

in'tro-spec'tion (-spek'shun ), n. A looking inward; esp. 
self-examination, or inspection of one's own mind. 

ln'tro-spec'tive (-spek'tiv), a. Seeing inwardly; given to, 
or using, introspection. — in'tro-spec'tive-ly, adv. 

in'tro-ver'sion (-vur'shwn), n. Act of introverting ; state of 
being introverted. 

in'tro-vert' ( -vfirt' ), v. t. [ L. intro within + vertere to 
turn.] 1. To turn (the mind) inward upon itself. 2. To 
turn or bend inward. 3. Zo'dl. To draw in or invaginate 
(one tubular part or organ within another). 



in-trude' (Tn-tr6od'), v. t. ; -trud'ed (-trood'ed) ; -trud'ing. 
[L. intruder e, -trusum; in- + trudere to thrust.] 1. To 
thrust or force in or on ; esp., to force (one's self) in without 
leave or welcome. 2. Geol. To enter, or cause to enter, by 
force. Cf . intrusive rocks. 

Syn. Encroach, infringe, trespass, obtrude. — Intrude, ob- 
trude. To intrude is to force one's self in (often offi- 
ciously) undesired, uninvited.orwithoutright ;toobtrude is 
to force or impose one's self, one's company, or one's affairs, 
unduly on others ; as, to intrude upon another's privacy ; 
pedantry is an ostentatious obtrusion of knowledge. 

— v. i. To thrust one's self in ; encroach ; trespass. 

in-trud'er ( -trood'er ), n. One who intrudes ; trespasser. 

in-tru'sion (*n-tr6o'zhun). n. Act of intruding; esp. act 

> of forcing OMe's self in without right or welcome. 

in-tru'sive (-siv), a. 1. Apt to intrude ; characterized by in- 
trusion ; as, intrusive thoughts. 2. Intruded, or thrust in, 
as a foreign element ; also, intruding. — in-tru'sive-ly, 
adv. — in-tru'sive-ness, n. 
intrusive rocks, Geol., rocks which have been forced, 

_ while plastic or liquid, into or between other rocks. 

in-trust' (-trust'), v. t. To confer a trust upon ; esp., to de- 
liver to (another) something in trust, or to commit or sur- 
render (something) to another with a certain confidence re- 

__ garding his care, use, or disposal of it. 

in'tu-bate (Tn'tu-bat), v. t. Med. To treat by intubation. 

in'tu-ba'tion (-ba'shwn),n. [ in- in + tube. ] Surg. The 
introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to keep the 

_ latter open, esp. into the larynx through the glottis. 

in'tu-it (In'tu-it), v. i. & t. To know or apprehend directly 
or by intuition. 

in'tu-i'tion (-Tsh'un ), n. [L. intuitus, p. p. of intueri to 
look on ; in- in, on + tueri. See tuition.] 1. Philos. Im- 
mediate apprehension or cognition ; either the faculty or 
the power of such apprehension or a particular act or in- 
stance of it. 2. Innate or instinctive knowledge ; insight ; 
familiarly, ready_ insight or apprehension. 3. Anything dis- 
cerned by intuition; esp., a primary truth. 

in'tu-i'tion-al (-31), a. Pert, to, derived from, characterized 
by, or perceived by, intuition ; intuitive. tion-al-ly, adv. 

in'tu-i'tion-ism (-Tsh'un-iz'm), n. 1. Ethics. The doc- 
trine that moral values are intuitively apprehended. 2. 
Metaph. a The doctrine that there are self-evident truths, 
intuitively known, which form the basis of human knowl- 
edge, b The doctrine that absolute reality may be known 

_ by intellectual intuition. — in'tu-i'tion-ist, n. 

in-tu'i-tive (Tn-tQ'i-tlv), a. 1. Knowing or perceiving, or 
received or perceived, by intuition. "2. Having, or working 
by, intuition. — Syn. See instinctive. — in-tu'i-tive-ly f 
adv. — in-tu'i-tive-ness t n. 

in-tu'i-tiv-ism(-tiv-iz'm),n. 1. Ethics. = tntuitionism. 2. 
Intuitive character, quality, or faculty.— in-tu'i-tiv-ist, n. 

in'tU-mesce'^n'tu-mes'J.v.i.; -mesced'^ (-mesf) ; -mesc'- 
ing (-mes'ing). [L. intumescere ; in- in + tumescereto 
swell up, incho. fr. tumere to swell.3 To swell, dilate, or 
bubble up, as with heat, liquid, or air. 

in'tu-mes'cence (-mes'ens).n. 1. Aswelling or bubbling up, 
esp. under the action of heat ; also, state of being swollen ; 

_ inflation. 2. Anything swollen or enlarged, as a tumor. 

in'tll-mes'cent (-ent), a. Intumescing ; becoming tumid. 

in'turn' (In'turnO, n. An. inward turn or bend, as of the 
toes. 

in'tus-sus-cept' (ln'tus-sw-sept'), v. t. To receive into 
some other thing or part ; invaginate. 

in'tUS-sus-cep'tion (-sep'shfin), n. [L. intus within + 
E. susception.~\ 1. The reception of one part within 
another; specif., Med., the slipping of one portion of the 
intestinal canal into an adjacent portion. 2. Biol. The 
deposition of new particles of formative material in a 
tissue or structure. 

in-twine' f in-twist'. See entwine, entwist. 

in'u-en'do. Erroneous var. of innuendo. 

in'u-lase (in'u-las),n. \inulm . + -ase."] Chem. An enzyme 
capable of converting inulin into fruit sugar, but without 
action on starch. It frequently accompanies inulin. 

in'U-lin (-lin), n. [From L. inula the elecampane.] A 
tasteless, white substance, resembling starch, and found 
dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of elecam- 
pane (Inula helenium) and certain other plants. 

in-unc'tion (in-\ink'shSn), n. [L. inunctio, fr. inun- 
quere, inunctum, to anoint. See in- in ; unction.] Act of 
anointing, or state of^ being anointed ; specif., Med., the 
rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin. 

in-un'dant (Tn-Qn'dant), a. Overflowing ; inundating. 

in'un-date (Tn'un-dat ; m-un'dat), v. t.; -dat'ed ; -dat^ing. 
[L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate ; in- in + 
undare to rise in waves, overflow, unda wave.] To over- 
flow ; deluge ; flood. 

in'un-da'tion (-da'shun), n. Process or act of inundating ; 

_ state of being inundated ; overflow ; flood. 

in'ur-bane' (-ur-ban'), a. Not urbane ; impolite ; rude ; dis- 
courteous. — in'ur-ban'i-ty (-ban'i-tT), n. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with, = equals. 



INURE 



528 



INVESTIGATORY 



in-ure' (Yn-ur'), v. t. ; -ured' (-urd') ; -ur'ing (-ur'ing). [in- 
in + ure use, work, fr. OF. oevre, uevre, L. opera."] To 
accustom or discipline ; harden ; habituate. — v. i. To 
pass into use ; be applied. — in-ure'ment (-ment), n. 

in-urn' (-urn'), v. t. To put into an urn ; hence, to entomb. 

in-u'tile (-u'tll), a. [L. inutilisJ] Useless; unprofitable. 

in'U-til'i-ty (ln'u-til'f-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). Unprofit- 
ableness ; uselessness ; also, a useless thing or factor. 

in-vade' Ofa-vad'), v. t.; -vad'ed (-vad'Sd) ; -vad'ing. [L. 
invadere, invasum; in- + vadere to go.] 1. To enter for 
conquest or plunder. 2. To infringe ; encroach on ; as, to 
invade the rights of the people. 3. To spread over or 
through, esp. injudiciously. — Syn. See trespass. 

— v. i. To make an invasion. — m-vad'er (-vad'er), n. 
in-vag'i-nate (-vaj'i-nat),^.*. ; -nat^ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 

[JL.in- in + vagina sheath.] To insert as in a sheath; 
cause to fold in so that an outer becomes an inner surface. 

— v. i. To have one portion (of a hollow organ) drawn back 
within another ; undergo invagination. 

— (-nat), a. Showing invagination. 
in-vag'i-na'tion (-na'sh&n), n. 1. Act or process of invagi- 

nating, or state of being invaginated ; also, an invaginated 
part. 2. Embryol. Formation of a gastrula by ingrowth or 
infolding of part of the wall of the blastula ; — in full 
termed embolic invagination. 3. Med. Intussusception. 
in'va-lid(in'vd-IId ; Brit, commonly m'vd-led'), n. [F. 
invalide, n. & a., L. invalidus, a. See invalid null.] A 
person weak and infirm, esp. one in chronic ill health ; 
specif., one disabled for active service. — a. 1. Not well ; 
infirm. 2. Adapted for a sick person ; as, invalid diet ; an 
invalid table. 

— v. t. 1. To make or render invalid, or infirm. 2. To clas- 
sify or enroll, or to dismiss from duty, as being an invalid. 

— v. i. 1. To lose health. 2. Of a soldier or sailor, to retire 
because of ill health. 

in-val'id (ln-val'Id), a. [L. invalidus not strong, infirm, 
inadequate. See in- not ; valid.] Not valid ; of no force, 
weight, or cogency ; void ; null. 

in-val'i-date (-i-dat), v. t.; : dat'ed (-dat'ed); -dat'ing. 
To render invalid or null. — in-val'i-da'tor, n. 

in-val'i-da'tion (-da'shSn), n. Act of invalidating, or state 
of being invalidated. [chronic ill health.) 

in'va-lid-ism (ln'vd-lid-iz'm), n. Sickness; infirmity;! 

in'va-lid'i-ty (-lid'i-ti), n. Want of validity or cogency. 

in-val'U-a-Me (m-val'u-d-b'l), a. m Valuable beyond estima- 
tion; inestimable; precious. — in-val'u-a-bly (-bit), adv. 

in-var' (In-var'), n. [From invariable.] An alloy of nickel 
(35.7 per cent) and steel, which expands practically not at 
all when heated. It is used for standard measures and for 
instruments of precision. 

in-va'ri-a-bil'i-ty ( In-va'ri-d-bil'i-ti ), n. Fact or quality 
of being invariable ; uniformity. 

in-va'ri-a-ble (m-va'rT-d-b'l ; 3), a. Not variable ; constant ; 
uniform. — in-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. — in-va'ri-a-bly, adv. 

in-va'ri-ant (-dnt), a. Not variant ; constant. — n. Math. 
An invariable quantity. 

in-va'sion (-va'zhwn), n. [F. invasion, L. invdsio. See in- 
vade.] 1. Act of invading ; incursion for conquest or plun- 
der. 2. The incoming, or first attack, of anything hurtful. 

in-va'sive (-siv), a. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, 
invasion ; tending to invade ; aggressive. 

in-vecked' (in-vSkt'), a. Her. = invected. 

in-vect'ed (in-vek'ted),a. [L. invectus carried in. See in- 
veigh.] Her. Edged by convex semicircles or arcs. 

in-vec'tive (-vek'tiv), a. [_F.invectif,L.invectivus. See 
inveigh.] Characterized by, using, or given to using, invec- 
tive. — n. A violent or railing denunciation or accusation ; 
hence, harsh, censorious, or denunciatory expression. — 
Syn. Railing, diatribe. See abuse. — in-vec'tive-ly, adv. 

in-veigh' (In-va'), v. i. _ [L. invehere, -vectum, to carry or 
bring into or against ; in passive, to attack with words, in- 
veigh ; in- in + vehere to carry.] To declaim or rail ; use 
invectives ; — used with against. — in-veigb/er, n. 

in-vei'gle (-ve'g'l), v. t. ; -vei'gled (-g'ld) ; -vei'gling 
( -gling ). [F. aveugler to blind, delude, OF. avugler, fr. 
avuegle, avugle, blind, LL. aboculus; L. ab + oculus 
eye.] To lead astray as if blind ; entice ; insnare ; beguile ; 
cajole. — Syn. See allure. 

in-vei'gle-ment (-ment), n. Act of inveigling; cajolery. 

in-vei'gler (-gler) n. One who inveigles. 

in-vent' (-vent'), y. t. [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to 
come upon, find, invent ; in- in + venire to come.] 1. To 
find. Obs. 2, To frame by thought or imagination ; devise ; 
contrive ; as, to invent a plausible story. 3. To discover, as 
by study or inquiry ; find out ; devise or produce for the 
first time ; as, to invent a new process or a machine. — 
Syn. Design, fabricate, concoct. See discover. 

in-vent'er, n. An inventor. 

in-vent'i-ble (-ven'tl-b'l), a. Capable of being invented. 

In-ven'tion (-ven'shun), n. 1. Act of finding ; discovery. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Act of inventing ; esp., original contrivance ; con- 
struction of something new ; as, the invention of printing. 



3. That which is invented ; as : a A contrivance, plan, or 
device ; esp., an original contrivance or apparatus, b A fab- 
rication to deceive ; falsehood. 4. Faculty of constructing 
or creating ; inventive power. 5. Fine Arts, Rhet., etc. 
Selection and arrangement of a theme, or originality in its 
choice or treatment. 

Invention of the Cross, Eccl., a festival celebrated May 
3d, in honor of the alleged finding of the cross by St. Helena. 

in-ven'tive (-tiv), a. Able and apt to invent; ingenious; 
original. — in-ven'tive-ly, adv. — in-ven'tive-ness, n. 

in-ven'tor (-ter), n. One who invents ; a contriver ; esp., 
one who invents some new process, device, or machine. 

in'ven-to'ri-al (In'ven-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. Of or pertaining 
to an inventory. — in'ven-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 

in'ven-to-ry (m'ven-to-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-rfz). [LL. inven- 
torium. See invent. ] 1. A catalogue or schedule of an estate; 
an itemized list of goods with their estimated worth. 2. 
Things that are or may be inventoried. — Syn. See list. 

— v. t. ; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing. To make an inventory of. 

in-ven'tress (Tn-ven'tres), n.,fem. of inventor. 

in've-rac'i-ty (ln've-ras'i-ti), n. Want of veracity. 

In'ver-ness' (Tn'ver-nes'), n., or Inverness cape. [From 
Inverness in Scotland.] A full sleeveless cape, fitting 

_ closely about the neck. 

in-verse' (ln-vurs' ; In'vurs), a. [L. inversus, p. p. of in- 
vertere. See invert.] Opposite in order, relation, or 
effect ; reversed ; inverted. — n. That which is inverse. — 
(m-vurs'), v. t. ; -versed' (-vursf) ; -vers'ing. To invert 
or reverse. — in-verse'ly (m-vurs'li), adv. 

in-ver'sion (m-vur'shun), n. 1. Act of inverting ; state or 
position of being inverted ; also, thing inverted. 2. Rhet. A 
change of the normal order of words or phrases. 3. Music. 
Process or result of inverting an interval, a chord, phrase, 
etc. ; also, the interval, chord, etc., so produced. 4. Org. 
Chem. Hydrolysis (of a carbohydrate) resulting in an inver- 
sion of the rotary power, as in the case of cane sugar ; less 

__ properly, hydrolysis of any carbohydrate. See hydrolysis. 

in-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [L. inverter e, inversum; in- in -f- 
vertere to turn.] 1. To reverse ; turn upside down, out- 
side in, or inside out ; reverse the order of the members of, 
etc. 2. To reverse in meaning, sense, or application. 3. 
Music. To change or reverse the relative positions of the 
elements of an interval, chord, phrase, or voice part, as by 
raising the lower or dropping the upper tone of an interval 
by an octave, or by repeating a phrase with its intervals in 
the contrary direction, etc. — Syn. See reverse. 

in'vert (In'vurt), a. Chem. Inverted, 
invert sugar, a mixture of grape sugar and fruit sugar 
found naturally in fruits, and artificially formed by the 
inversion of cane sugar ; also, less properly, grape sugar 
obtained from starch. See inversion, 4. 

in-vert'ase (ln-vur'tas), n. Chem. An enzyme capable of 
effecting inversion of cane sugar, producing invert sugar. It 
is found in many plants and in the intestines of animals. 

in-ver'te-brate (-vur'te-brut), a. 1. Zo'dl. Having no back- 
bone ; of or pertaining to the invertebrates. 2. Fig., lacking 
will or resolution. — n. 1. Any of an obsolete division 
(Invertebrata) of the animal kingdom including all except 
the vertebrates. 2. Fig., a person lacking in resolution. 

in-vert'ed (Tn-vur'ted), p. a. 1. Changed to a contrary or 
reverse position, order, meaning, etc. ; characterized by in- 
version. 2. Phon. Of the tip of the tongue, turned up and 
back, as in forming the cerebral, or cacuminal, letters, or, 
often, in pronouncing an untrilled r ; hence, formed thus. 
inverted arch, Arch., an arch with crown downward ; — 
much used in foundations, etc. — i. mordent See prall- 
triller. 

in-vert'i-ble (Yn-vur'ti-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being inverted 
or turned ; tending to invert. 2. Chem. Capable of under- 
going inversion. 

in-vest' (-vest'), v. t. [L. investire, -vestitum; in- in -f- 
vestire to clothe, vestis clothing.] 1. To clothe, as with 
insignia of office or with the office itself ; install in posses- 
sion of rank, dignity, or estate. 2. To confer ; endow ; also, 
to settle or vest (in). 3. To clothe, dress, or array. 4. To 
put on ; don. Archaic. 5. To envelop or cover as with a gar- 
ment ; imbue. 6. Mil. To inclose with hostile intent ; be- 
siege ; as, to invest a town. 7. To lay out (money or capital) 
in business with the view of obtaining an income or profit ; 
as, to invest money in bank stock. — v. i. To make an 
investment. [gated. I 

in-ves'ti-ga-ble (Tn-veVti-gd-b'l), a. That can be investi-| 

in-ves'ti-gate ( -ves'ti-gat ), v. t. ; -gat'ed ( -gat'ed ) ; -gat'- 
ing. [L. investigatus, p. p. of invesligare to investigate ; 
in- in + vestigare to track, trace.] To follow up by patient 
inquiry or observation. — v. i. To make investigation. 

in-ves'ti-ga'tion (-ga'shwn ), n. Act or process of investi- 
gating. — Syn. See examination. 

in-ves'ti-ga-tive (Tn-ves'ti-gS-tiv), a. Given to, or marked 
by, investigation. [vestigates.l 

in-ves'ti-ga'tOT (-ga'ter), n. One who, or that which, in-| 

in-ves'ti-ga-to-ry (-gd-to-ri), a. Of or pert, to investigation. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, fitfu, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



INVESTITIVE 



529 



INWEAVE 



in-ves'ti-tive ( Tn-ves'tT-tTv ), a. Law. Operating to vest 
(a right) ; of or pert, to such vesting. 

in-ves'ti-ture (-tiir), n. 1. Act or right of investing, as with 
an office ; state of being invested. 2. Vestment ; covering. 
3. Feudal Law. Livery of seizin. 

in-vest'ment (-vest'ment), n. 1. Act of investing ; state of 
being invested. 2. That with which one is invested; a 
vestment. 3. The laying out of money in the purchase of 
property, esp. for income or profit ; the amount of money 
invested, or property in which money is invested. 

in-ves'tor (-ves'ter), n. One who invests. [erate.l 

in-vet'er-a-cyMin-veVer-d-s!), n. Quality of being invet-| 

in-vet'er-ate (-at), a. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare to 
render old; in- in + vetus, veteris, old.] 1. Established 
by long continuance ; deep-rooted ; long-standing. 2. Con- 
firmed in habit ; habitual. — in-vet'er-ate-ly, adv. 
Syn. Confirmed, chronic, ingrained, obstinate, deep-seated, 
besetting, hardened. — Inveterate, confirmed, chronic, 
ingrained. Inveterate ( chiefly used of what is bad or 
hurtful) applies to that which is firmly established (esp. by 
or as by long continaance) or obstinately persisted in ; that 
is confirmed which is fixed or settled, sometimes from a 
rooted aversion to change ; chronic emphasizes the idea of 
long continuance or lingering character ; as, an inveterate 
foe ; confirmed mannerisms ; chronic mental restlessness. 
That is ingrained which has been wrought into the very 
constitution (esp. mental or moral) of something ; as, an 
ingrained prejudice, repugnance. All four adjectives may 
also be used of persons ; as, an inveterate smoker ; a con- 
firmed drunkard ; a chronic invalid ; an ingrained pessimist. 

ii-vid/i-OUS (In-vId'I-iis), a. [L. invidiosus, fr. invidia 
envy.] 1. Tending to excite odium, ill will, or envy ; likely 
to give offense ; also, unjustly discriminating. 2. Envious. 
Rare. — Syn. See hateful. — in-vid'i-OUS-ly, adv. — 
in-vid'i-ous-ness, n. 

in-vig'or-ate ( -vlg'or-at ), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed ) ; -at'ing. 
To give vigor or life and energy to. — Syn. Refresh, ani- 
mate, vivify, stimulate. — in-vig'or-at'ing-ly, adv. 

in-vig'or-a'tion ( -a'shtm ), n. Act or process of invigorat- 
ing, or state of being invigorated. [invincible. I 

in-vin'ci-bil'i-ty (ln-vin'si-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being| 

in-vln'ci-ble (!n-vin'sT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. invincibilis.~\ In- 
capable of being conquered ; unconquerable ; insuperable. 
— Syn. See indomitable. — -ci-ble-ness,n. — ci-bly, adv. 

in-vi'o-la-bil'i-ty ( -vl'o-ld-bil'I-tl ),n. Quality or state of 
being inviolable. 

in-vi'o-la-ble (-vi'6-ld-b'l), a. Not violable; not suscepti- 
ble of hurt or harm; not to be violated; sacred; holy. 

in-vi'o-la-bly, adv. In an inviolable manner. 

in-vi'o-la-cy (-ld-si), n. Inviolate state or quality. 

in-vi'o-late ( -lat ), a. 1. Not violated; uninjured; un- 
broken. 2. Not defiled or profaned ; unmarred ; pure. — 
in-vi'o-late-ly, adv. — in-vi'o-late-ness, n. 

in-vis'i-bil'i-ty ( ln-viz'i-bll'i-ti ), n. State or quality of 
being invisible. 

in-vis'i-ble(-viz'!-b'l),a. 1. Not visible; incapable of being 
seen. 2. Com. & Finance. Not appearing in the regular 
statements ; as, the invisible supply of grain. — n. An 
invisible person or thing ; specif., with the, the unseen world 

_ or [cap.'] God. — in-vis'i-ble-ness, n. — i-fcly, adv. 

in'vi-ta'tion ( ln'vi-ta'shim ), n. 1. Act of inviting ; solici- 
tation ; also, the expression by which one is invited. 2. The 
offering of attractions to draw one on ; enticement. 

in-vi'ta-to-ry Cin-vI'td-to-rT), a. Containing invitation. 

in-vile' (-vlt'), v. t.; -vit'ed (-vit'ed) ; -vit'ing. [L. invi- 
tare.~\ 1. To request graciously to do or forbear some act ; 
to ask by way of favor, as to come as a guest, etc. 2. To 
attract ; tempt ; as, the sunshine invites us to go out. 3. 
To give occasion for or opening to. — in-vit'er (-vlt'er), n. 
Syn. Bid, call, summon, request ; persuade, solicit, allure, 
entice. — Invite, solicit. To invite is to ask to come to 
some (supposedly agreeable) place or to engage in some (pre- 
sumably attractive) proceeding; solicit adds the implica- 
tion of earnestness, often of allurement (sometimes to evil) ; 
as, he invited us to tea ; he solicited their custom. 

in-vit'ing (-vlt'Ing), p. a. Offering invitation; alluring; 
tempting. — in-vit'ing-ly, adv. — in-vit'ing-ness, n. 
in'VO;-cate (In'vo-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. invocatus, p. p. of invocare. See invoke.] To invoke. 
ta'VO-ca/tion ( -ka'shun ), n. 1. Act or form of calling for 
the assistance or presence of some superior being ; solemn 
entreaty; esp., prayer offered to a divine being. 2. Act of, 
_ or formula for, conjuring, or calling forth, evil spirits. 
in-VOC'a-tO-ry (Tn-vok'd-to-n ; in'v6-ka-t6-ri), a. Making 
^ or containing invocation ; invoking. 

in'voice (In'vois), n. [F. envoi's things sent, goods for- 
warded, pi. of envoi, fr. envoyer to send. See envoy.] 
1. A priced list of merchandise sent to a purchaser, con- 
signee, or the like. 2. A lot or set of goods as shipped or 
received. — v. t. ; -voiced (-voist); -votc-ing (-vois-ing). 
To make an invoice of ; insert in a priced list. 
in-VOke' (in-vok'), v. t. ; -voked' (-vokt') ; -vok'ing (-vok'- 
Tng). [F. invoquer, L. invocare; in- in, on 4- vocare to 




call, vox voice.] 1. To call on for aid or protection ; in- 
vite earnestly, as in prayer. 2. To call forth or upon by 

# incantation ; conjure ; as, to invoke a spirit. 

in-vok'er (-vok'er), n. One who invokes. 

in-vol'u-cel (-vol'u-sel), n. A secondary or small involucre. 

in'vo-lu'cral (In'vo-lii'krdl), a. Bot. Pertaining to or re- 
sembling an involucre. 

in'VO-lu'crate (-10'krat), a. Bot. Having an involucre. 

in'vo-lu'cre (In'vo-lu'ker), n. [F., fr. L. involucrum a cov- 
ering, fr. involvere. See in- 
volve.] Bot. In seed plants, a 
whorl or rosette of bracts, often 
resembling an ordinary calyx, 
subtending or supporting a 
flower cluster or fruit, as in all 
composites. 

in'vo-lu'crum (-lii'krum), n.; 
L. pi. -CRA(-krd). [L. See in- 
volucre.] Bot. An involucre. 

in-vol'un-ta-ri-ly ( In-vol'tm- 
ta-rl-llj, adv. In an involun- Compound Umbel, a In- 
tary manner. volucre ; b 6 Involucels. 

in-vol'un-ta-ri-ness (-ri-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
involuntary. 

in-vol'un-ta-ry (-ta-n), a. Not voluntary ; not under the 
influence or control of the will ; not done willingly or by 
choice ; unintentional ; compulsory. 

in'vo-lute (Tn'vo-lQt), a. [L. involutus, p. p. See in- 
volve.] 1. Intricate. 2. Rolled inward, as a leaf, at the 
margin. 3. Zool. Having the whorls closely coiled, as 
certain shells. — n. Something intricate or involved ; 
specif., Geom., a curve traced by any point of a perfectly 
flexible inextensible thread kept taut as it is wound upon, 
or unwound from, another curve. 

in'VO-lUt'ed (-lut'ed), a. Involute. 

in'vo-lu'tion (-lu'shun ), n. 1. Act of involving. 2. That 
which is involved. 3. State of being involved ; complication ; 
entanglement ; hence, something entangled. 4. In technical 
use : a Gram. The insertion of one or more clauses between 
the subject and the verb, causing a complicated construc- 
tion, b Biol. Retrograde development ; degeneration. C 
Physiol. The return of an enlarged part or organ to its nor- 
mal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy, d Math. Act or 
process of raising a quantity or symbol to any assigned 
power ; — the inverse of evolution. 

in-volve' ( In-volv' ), v. t. ; -volved' (-volvd' ) ; -volv'ing. 
[L. involvere, -volutum, to roll about, wrap up ; in- in + 
volvere to roll.] 1. To roll about, or infold.so as to con- 
ceal or obscure ; envelop ; surround. 2. To wind ; coil ; en- 
twine. 3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammati- 
cal structure ; as, an involved sentence. 4. To draw into 
a complication ; embarrass ; implicate ; as, to involve a 
person in debt. 5. To roll up in itself ; gather in ; as, they 
were involved in the passing throng. 6. To include or 
contain ; esp., to contain implicitly ; imply ; as, the task 
involves great care. 7. To engage thoroughly ; occupy or 
absorb; as, involved in study. 8. Math. To raise to any 
assigned power ; multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given 
number of times. 

Syn. Involve, implicate. Involve, as here compared (see 
imply), suggests complication or embarrassment ; impli- 
cate implies close, often entangling, connection with some- 
thing, usually (but not always) unpleasant or disgrace- 
ful ; as, he was involved in a quarrel ; implicated in a crime. 

in-volved' (-volvd'), p. a. Complicated; intricate. 

in-volve'ment (-volv'ment), n. Act of involving, or fact of 
being involved. 

in-Vtu'ner-a-bil'i-ty (ln-vul'ner-d-bTl'T-ti), n. Quality or 
state of being invulnerable. 

in-vul'ner-a-ble (In-vuKner-d-b'l^a. Not vulnerable ; inca- 
pable of being wounded or injured. a-bly, adv. 

in-wall' (Tn-wol'), v. t. To inclose with or as with a wall. 

in'ward (In'werd), adv. [AS. inweard."] 1. Toward the 
interior. 2. In or on the inside ; internally. Obs. or R. 3. 
Into or toward the mind or thoughts ; inwardly. 

in'ward, a. 1. Being or placed within ; inner ; — opposed to 
outward. 2. a In the mind, heart, or soul ; as, inwa rd beau- 
ty. D Situated, existing, or performed, inside the body ; — 
of the mind, thoughts, etc. ; hence : mental ; spiritual ; as, 
inward peace. 3. Going or proceeding inward. 4. Inti- 
mate ; familiar ; also, secret ; private. 06s. 5. Domestic ; 
intestine ; as, inward war or peace. Archaic. 

— n. 1. The inside. Obs. or R., exc, in pi., the entrails. 
2. In pi. Imports, or dues on imports. Eng. 

in'ward-ly, adv. 1. In the inner part or parts ; internally. 
2. In spirit ; secretly. 3. Toward the center ; inward. 

in'ward-ness, n. 1. Internal or true state ; intrinsic nature. 
2. Quality or state of being inward or internal. 3. Inti- 
macv. Obs. 4. Earnestness ; also, spirituality. 

in'wards (m'werdz), adv. 1. Inward. 2. Com. In transit 
from a foreign country ; as, duties to be paid inwards, 

in-weave' (In-weV), v. t. To weave in or together. 



J 



K 



I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



INWIND 530 

in-wind' ( -wind' ), v. t. To wind in or about ; entwine. 

in-WOV'en (-wov''n), p. a. Woven in ; interwoven. 

in-wrap' ( -rap') , v. t. 1. To cover by wrapping ; involve ; 
infold. 2. To involve or imply ; also, to absorb or engross. 

in-wreathe' (-refch'), v. t. To encompass as with a wreath. 

in-wrought' (In-rot'; m'rot'), p. a. Wrought or worked in 
or among other things ; worked into any fabric. 

i'O (I'o), inter j. [L.] A Latin and Greek exclamation of 
joy or triumph, also of pain, vehemence, etc. — n.; pi. ios 
(I'oz). The sound made in uttering this exclamation. 

I'O (I'o), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Io>.] Gr. Myth.^ A maiden loved by 
Zeus. Hera, from jealousy, changed her into a heifer, set the 
hundred-eyed Argus to watch her, and, when Argus was 
killed by Hermes, sent a gadfly to sting her. Io was finally 
restored to her original shape. 

i'O-date (I'jS-dat), v. t.; -dat/ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'ing (-dat'- 
Jng). To impregnate or treat with iodine. — n. Chem. 
A salt of iodic acid. — i'o-da'tion (-da'shun), n. 

i-od'ic (I-od'Ik), a. Pert, to, caused by, or containing, iodine ; 
specif., Chem., denoting those compounds in which iodine 
has a valence of five. 

i'O-dide (l'6-dld ; -did), n. Also -did. Chem. A compound of 
iodine with another element or radical ; a salt or ester of 
hydriodic acid. 

i'O-dine (I'o-din ; -din), n. Also -din. [Gr. IwSrjs violet- 
like ; tov a violet + elSos form ; — from its violet-colored 
vapor.] Chem. A nonmetallic element of the halogen 
group, isolated as a shining, blackish gray, crystalline solid 
of peculiar chlorinelike odor. Symbol, /; at. wt., 120.92. 

i'o-dize (I'S-dTz), v. t. To treat or impregnate with iodine 
or an iodide ; as, to iodize a plate for photography. 

i'0-do-cre'SOl (-dS-kre'sol ; -sol), n._ [iodine + cresol.] 
Org. Chem. Any of several isomeric iodine derivatives, 
CeH3l(CH3)OH, of the cresols, esp. one, an odorless amor- 
phous powder, used as a substitute for iodoform. 

i-0'do-form (I-o'dS-form ; T-od'S-), n. [iodine + formyl.] 
Chem. A crystalline, volatile antiseptic, CHI3, analogous 
to chloroform and having a pungent, unpleasant odor. 

i'o-dol (T'S-dol ; -dol), n. [iodine + pyrrol] Chem. A 
crystallized substance, C4I4NH, used like iodoform. 

i'o-dous (T'o-dus), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or containing, 
iodine ; as, iodous acid (a hypothetical acid, HIO2). 

i'O-lite (l'6-llt), n. [Gr. lov a violet + -lite.'] Min. An 
orthorhombic mineral of various shades of blue, with vit- 
reous luster and strong dichroism. It is a silicate of alu- 
minium, iron, and magnesium, easily altered by exposure. 

i'on (I'on), n. [Gr. I6v, neut. of l&v, p. pr. of Ikvai to go.] 
1. One of the substances which appear at the respective 
poles in electrolysis. See anion ; cation. 2. One of the 
electrified particles into which, according to the electro- 
lytic dissociation theory, the molecules of electrolytes are 
divided by water and other solvents. An ion consists of one 
or more atoms. Those positively electrified (hydrogen and 
metals) are called cations; negative ions (as acidic atoms 
or groups) are called anions. 3. One of the electrified 
particles into which the molecules of a gas are broken up 
by the electric current, by ultraviolet and certain other 
rays, and by high temperatures. 

-ion. See -ATiON. 

I-o'ni-an (T-o'nT-an), a. Of or pert, to Ionia or Ionians ; Ion- 
ic. — n. One of the people, esp. Greek colonists, of Ionia. 

i-on'ic (T-on'Tk), a. [ion + -ic] Of or pertaining to ions. 

I-on'ic (T-on'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the 
Ionians. 2. Arch. Pertaining to 
or designating the Ionic order of 
architecture, distinguished esp. by 2-^ 
the spiral volutes of its capital. 
3. Pros, a Designating a kind of 
foot. See Ionic, n. b Consisting of , 
or pertaining to, such feet. 

— n. 1. Pros, a A foot of four syl- 
lables : either two long and two 

short, the greater Ionic or two Greek IonIc Capital, 
short and two long, the lesser l Volute ; 2 Listel ; 3 
Ionic, b A verse or meter of Ionic Baluster or Bolster ; 
feet. 2. [Often I. c] Print. A 4 Necking ; 5 Shaft ; 
style of type. See type. 6 Abacus. 

i-O'ni-um (I-o'nT-ftm), n. Chem. A supposed radioactive 
element resembling thorium in its reactions, announced by 
Boltwood in 1907. 

i'on-ize (I'on-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). [ion 
+ -ize.~\ To separate or convert into ions ; dissociate. — 
i'on-i-za'tion (-i-za'shjin ; -I-za'-), n. — i'on-iz'er, n. 

i-O'ta (T-o'td), n. [L., fr. Gr. l&ra.] 1. The ninth (smallest) 
letter [1, 1] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English 
J, *'. 2. A very small quantity or degree ; jot ; particle. 

IOU(iou). [I owe you.] A paper bearing the letters IOU, 
with a sum named, and signed in evidence of debt. 

I'O-wa (I'S-wd), n. An Indian of a Siouan tribe formerly in 
Minnesota and Iowa, now in Kansas and Oklahoma. 




ip'e-cac (Tp'e-kak), or, technically, ip'e-cac'u-an'ha 

( -kak'u-an'd ), n. [Pg. ipecacuanha, fr. Braz. ipe-kaa- 



IRISH 

guena, prop., a creeping plant that nauseates.] 1. A tropi- 
cal South American rubiaceous creeping plant (Uragoga 
ipecacuanha) the root of which is emetic. 2. Pharm. The 
root of this plant, or a tincture or extract of it, largely em- 
ployed in medicine. 

Iph'i-ge-ni'a (If'I-je-nl'd), n. [L., fr. G. 'I0i7ewta.] Gr. 
Myth. A daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. 
She was offered by her father as a sacrifice to Artemis, 
who saved her and made her a priestess. 

i'po-mos'a (I'p6-me'd), n. Also i'po-me'a. [NL. ; Gr. If, 
livbs, a kind of worm -j- ofioios like.] Any of a genus (Ipo- 
moza) of convolvulaceous plants, having showy flowers. 

[| ip'se dix'it (ip'se dik'sit) ; occasional pi. ipse dixits. 
[L.] Lit., he himself has said (it) ; hence, an unproved 

_ assertion on the mere authority of some speaker ; a dictum. 

ir- (Tr-). An assimilated form of in-. 

i'ra-cund (I'rd-kiind), a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] 
Irascible ; choleric. 

i-ra'de (e-ra'da), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. iradah will, desire.] A 
decree of the Sultan of Turkey. 

I'ran'^e'ran' ; Eng. I-ran'), n. [Per. Iran."] Persia. 

I-ra'ni-an (I-ra'nl-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Iran, the 
Iranians, or their speech; Persian. -—n. 1. A native of 
Iran ; specif., a Caucasian of Iranian speech. 2. A branch 
of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of languages. 

i-ras'ci-bil'i-ty (I-ras'i-bil'i-ti ; i-ras'-), n. Quality or state 
of being irascible. 

i-ras'ci-ble ( T-ras'i-b'l ; I-ras'-), a. [L. irascibilis, fr. 
irasci to be angry, ira anger.] Prone to anger ; choleric ; 
irritable. — i-ras'ci-ble-ness, n. — i-ras'ci-bly, adv. 
Syn. Choleric, peppery, waspish, hot, fiery, hasty, hot-tem. 
pered, splenetic, testy, techy, touchy, peevish, petulant, 
snappish. — Irascible, choleric, testy, techy, touchy. 
One is irascible who is by temperament prone to anger ; 
as, a peppery and irascible old gentleman. One is choleric 
who is fiery or hot-tempered ; as, a choleric disposition. Testy 
implies peevish or petulant irritability ; techy (now of tener 
touchy) suggests esp. readiness to flare up or take offense ; 
as, a testy waspish little fellow ; to be touchy under criti- 
cism. See ANGRY. 

i-rate' (7-rat' ; I'rat), a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry.] 
Angry ; incensed. — i-rate'ly, adv. [anger. I 

ire (Ir), n. [¥., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. — Syn. See| 

ire'till (Ir'fdbl) , a. Full of ire ; irascible. — ire'ful-ly, adv. 

I-re'ne (T-re'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. EipjjvTj, fr. eiprjv-rj peace.] 
Class. Myth. The goddess of peace, daughter of Zeus and 
Themis and one of the Hours. The Romans called her Pax. 

i-ron'ic (i-ren'Ik) 1 a. [Gr. elprfviKos, fr. elorivri peace.] 

i-ren'i-cal (-t-kal)J Pacific; pacificatory; peaceful. 

i-ren'ics (T-ren'iks),n. (See-ics). That branch of theology 
which treats of the methods of securing unity among Chris- 
tians or harmony and union among the churches. 

i'ri-da'ceous (I'rT-da'shws), a. [See iris.] Bot. Belonging 
to a family (Iridacea?) of perennial herbs, the iris family, 
including the iris, crocus, gladiolus, etc. 

ir'i-clec'tO-my (Tr'i-dek'to-ml), n. [Gr. Ipty, ipiSos, iris + 
Iktouti excision.] Surg. Act or process of cutting out a por- 
tion of the iris. 

ir'i-des'cence (Tr'I-des'ais), n. The rainbowlike play of 
colors as in a soap bubble, mother-of-pearl, etc. 

ir'i-dss'cent (-ent), a. [L. iris, iridis, rainbow.] Having 
colors like the rainbow ; exhibiting iridescence ; prismatic. 

i-rid'i-um (T-rid'i-fim), n. [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, rain- 
bow. It is iridescent in some solutions.] Chem. A rare, 
silver-white, metallic element, resembling platinum, but 
harder and brittle. It is one of the heaviest substances 
known (sp. gr. 21-22.4). Symbol, Ir; at. wt., 193.1. 

irl-dos'mine (Tr'i-doz'mm ; I'ri-dos'-) \n. [iridium 



ir'i-dos'mi-um (lr'i-doz'mT-tJm ; l'rT-dos'-)/ -{-osmium.] 
Min. A native alloy of iridium and osmium, usually con- 
taining some rhodium, platinum, etc. It is used for pen 
points, compass bearings, etc. 

i'ri-dot'o-my (I'ri-dot'o^m! ; ir'i-), n. [Gr. Ipts, tpiSos, iris 
+ -tomy.] Surg. Incision into the iris. 

i'ris (I'rls), n.; pi. E. irises (-es ; 24), L. irides (Tr'T-dez ; 
I'ri-). [L. Iris, Iridis, the goddess, the rainbow, a sweet- 
smelling plant, Gr. "Ipis, IpiSos, also (1. c.) iris of the eye.] 
1. [cap.] Class Myth. Goddess of the rainbow in Homer's 
"Iliad," messenger of Zeus and Hera. 2. The rainbow, or 
an appearance like it. 3. The opaque, contractile dia- 
phragm perforated by the pupil and forming the colored 
portion of the eye. 4. Any of a large genus (Iris) of plants, 
typifying a family (Iridacese) and including the American 
species called flags. Many are cultivated for their flowers. 

iris diaphragm. An adjustable diaphragm for regulating 
the aperture of a lens, consisting of a number of thin pieces 
fastened to a ring ; — used in cameras and in microscopes. 

I'rish (T'rTsh), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, Ire- 
land or its inhabitants. 2. Designating, or pertaining to the 
Irish, or Erse, language. . 

Irish moss, carrageen ; also, a blancmange made 01 it. 
— I. potato, the ordinary white potato. 

— n. 1. Collective pi. Natives or inhabitants of Ireland or 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, (bin; nature, verdure (87; ; 



IRISHISM 



531 



IRREDEEMABLE 



their immediate descendants, esp. those of Celtic race. 2. 
The Irish language : a The Celtic speech of Ireland. b Eng- 
lish as spoken by the Irish. 

I'rish-ism (-Iz'm), n. An action, expression, idiom, etc., 
peculiar to the Irish ; a Hibernicism. 

I'rish-man (-man), n. A man born in Ireland or of the Irish 
race ; a Hibernian. 

Frish-ry (-rl), n. 1. The Celtic people of Ireland. _ 2. Irish 
quality or character ; an Irish peculiarity or trait. 

I'rish- worn/an (-woom'dn), n. A woman born in Ireland 
or of the Irish race. 

i-ri'tis (I-rl'tis), n. [NL. See iris ; -rns.] Med. An inflam- 
mation of the iris of the eye. — i-rit'ic (I-rit'ik), a. 

irk (urk), v. t. [ME. irken.'] To weary or trouble ; annoy ; 
bore ; — now chiefly impersonally with it ; as, it irks me. 

irk'some (-sum), a. Wearisome ; tedious ; also, formerly, 

painful; disgusting. — irk'some-ly, adv. some-ness, n. 

Syn. Fatiguing, exhausting, burdensome, monotonous, tire- 
some, tedious, wearisome, humdrum, vexatious, annoying. 

— Irksome, tiresome, wearisome, tedious, humdrum. 
That which i3 irksome inspires distaste, reluctance, or 
impatience ; as, irksome drudgery. That is tiresome which 
actually tires or (esp.) which bores one ; wearisome im- 
plies greater fatigue or more settled ennui ; that is tedi- 
ous which is tiresomely monotonous, slow, or prolix ; as, 
" It is tiresome to be funny for a whole evening " ; a weari- 
some eternity ; shoveling gravel becomes both tedious and 
tiresome. Humdrum implies commonplace and monoto- 
nous routine ; as, humdrum domestic life. 

i'ron (I'urn), n. [AS. iren, isen, isern.'] 1. A silver-white 
metallic element, malleable and ductile, strongly attracted 
by the magnet, and readily oxidized (rusted) in moist 
air. Symbol, Fe (Lat. ferrum) ; at. wt., 55.84. Cast 
iron is fusible and brittle ; wrought iron is a slaggy, 
malleable iron which cannot be hardened by sudden cool- 
ing ; steel is iron malleable between certain (variable) 
limits of temperature, and may either be cast into a 
malleable mass or be tempered. 2. A particular variety 
of commercial iron ; iron that cannot be tempered, as con- 
trasted with steel. See above. 3. Strength ; power ; 
firmness ; inflexibility. 4. An instrument, utensil, or 
appliance of iron; as : a A harpoon, b An iron for 
smoothing or pressing cloth, clothes, etc. ; a flatiron, etc. 
C Golf. A golf club with an iron head, of medium depth 
and loft, between a cleek and a mashie. d ( 1 ) A sword. 
Obs. (2) A portable firearm ; a pistol ; — more fully shoot- 
ing iron. Slang, e Allusively, the use of the sword ; war- 
fare, f In pi. Iron fetters ; shackles ; handcuffs. 
in irons, Naut., incapable of coming about or rilling away. 

— a. 1. Of, or made of, iron. 2. Resembling iron in appear- 
ance or in hardness, strength, insensibility, etc. 3. Of or 
pert, to the iron age ; degenerate ; wicked ; as, iron times. 
iron age. a Class. Myth. The last and worst age of the 
world, marked by toil, selfishness, and degeneracy, h The 
prehistoric culture period which merges into historic 
times and is marked by the coming of iron into general use. 

— i. glance, Min., hematite. — i. pyrites, Mln., common 
pyrites, or pyrite. 

— v. t. m 1. To furnish, arm, or cover with iron. 2. To shackle 
with irons ; fetter ; handcuff. 3. To smooth with an iron 
instrument ; esp., to press with a heated flatiron. 

i'ron-bark' (I'urn-bark'), n., or ironbark tree. Any of 
several Australian eucalypts {Eucalyptus sideroxylon, E. 
paniculata, etc.) having hard gray bark and useful timber. 

i'ron-clad' (-klad') , a. 1. Clad in iron. 2. Rigorous ; exact- 
ing. Colloq.—n. An ironclad or armored naval vessel. Hist. 

i'ron-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, irons. 

i'ron-gray', i'ron-grey', a. Of a gray color somewhat re- 
sembling that of iron freshly broken. 

i-ron/i-cal (I-ron'T-kal), a. Alsoi-ron'ic (-Ik). [LL. ironi- 
cus, Gr. elpupiicSs dissembling. See irony.] 1. Pertaining 
to, or characterized by, irony. 2. Addicted to the use of 
irony. — i-ron'i-cal-ly, adv. — i-ron'i-cal-ness, n. 

i'ron-ing (I'iZr-ning), n. Act or process of smoothing or 

m pressing, as clothes, with hot fiatirons. 

i'ron-mas'ter (I'urn-mas'ter), n. One who conducts or 
manages the founding or manufacture of iron, esp. on an 

_ extensive scale ; a manufacturer of iron. 

i'ron-mon'ger (-mun'ger), n. A dealer in iron or hardware. 

— i'ron-mon'ger-ing, n. Both Chiefly British. 
i'ron-mon'ger-y (-1), n. Chiefly British. 1. Hardware; 

iron articles collectively. 2. The shop or place of business 
of an ironmonger ; a hardware store. 3. An ironmonger's 
trade or business ; smith's work. 

i'ron-side' (I'urn-sTd'), n. 1. A man of great strength or 
bravery. 2. [cap.~\ In pi. Cromwell's cavalry in the 
English Civil War ; hence, any of various other bodies of 
hardy veteran troops. 3. [In form ironsides, construed as 

_ sing.'] Nav. An ironclad ; as, "Old Ironsides." 

i'ron-smith' (-smith'), n. An ironworker; a blacksmith. 

i'ron-Stone' (-ston'), n. Any hard, earthy ore of iron ; — in 
coal regions, generally siderite ; in other regions, common- 
ly hematite or limonite. 



i'ron-ware' ( -war' ), n. Articles of iron ; hardware. 

i'ron-weed' ( -wed 7 ), n. In the United States, any of a 
genus (Vernonia) of asteraceous plants bearing cymes of 
tubular flowers, mostly red or purple. 

i'ron-wood' (-wood'), n. Any of certain trees of various 
genera with unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood ; also, 
the wood itself. 

i'ron-work' (-wurk'), n. 1. Work in iron. 2. [Now only in 
pi., sometimes construed as sing.~] A furnace where iron is 
smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry where it is 
made into heavy work. — i'ron-work'er (-wur'ker), n. 

i'ron-y (I'&r-m), a. [From iron.] 1. Made of iron ; con- 
taining, or abounding in, iron ; iron. 2. Resembling iron. 

i'ro-ny (I'ro-nT), n. [L. ironia, Gr. elpoivela dissimulation, 
e'posv a dissembler in speech.] 1. Dissimulation, as in 
Socratic irony. Cf . Socratic irony. 2. a A sort of humor 
or light sarcasm in which the intended implication is the 
opposite of the literal sense of the words ; also, the figure of 
speech using this, b An ironical utterance or expression. 
3. A state of affairs or events the reverse of what was, 
or was to be, expected ; as, the irony of fate. 
Syn. Irony, sarcasm, satire. The distincuishing quality 
of irony is that the meaning intended is contrary to that 
seemingly expressed. Irony may be gentle or cutting. The 
essential quality of sarcasm is bitterness cr taunting re- 
proachf ulness ; it may or may not be ironical, but it is always 
cutting or ill-natured; as, his disposition to petulance and 
sarcasm ; sarcastic humor. Satiro is a (commonly) formal or 
elaborate holding up of (esp. public) vice or folly, always a9 
colored or pervaded by the satirist's feeling, to ridicule cr 
reprobation ; it is not necessarily ironical ; as, Juvenal's 
relentless satire. 

Ir'OHlUOi'an (Tr'o-kwoi'dn), a. Cf, pertaining to, or'desig- 
nating one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North 
American Indians. Some of the principal tribes are the 
Cayuga, Cherokee, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, 
Tuscarora, Wyandot, and Huron. See Iroquois. 

Ir'o-quois'Cir'o-kwoi'), n. sing. & pi. [F., fr. native name.] 
An Indian of a powerful and warlike confederacy (the Five 
Nations) formerly inhabiting central New York. The origi- 
nal tribes were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, 
and Seneca ; later the Tuscarora were admitted. 

ir-ra'di-ant (l-ru'dT-dnt), a. Irradiating or illuminating. 
— ir-ra'di-ance (-<ms), n. — ir-ra'di-an-cy (-dn-si), n. 

ir-ra'di-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. irra- 
diatus, p. p. of irradiare to irradiate.] 1. To throw rays 
of light on ; illuminate ; brighten. 2. To enlighten intel- 
lectually or spiritually ; illuminate. 3. To radiate, shed, or 
diffuse. — v. i. To emit rays ; be radiant ; shine. 

— (-at), a. Illuminated ; irradiated. 

ir-ra'di-a'tion ( -H'shun), n. 1. An irradiating ; state of 
being irradiated ; illumination ; irradiance. 2. A ray of 
light; beam. 3. Fig., mental light or illumination. 4. 
Physics. The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen 
upon a dark ground, due to stimulation by the bright light 
of the retina around the image. 

ir-ra'di-a-tive (i-ra'di-£-tTv), a. Tending to irradiate. 

ir-ra'tion-al (¥-rash'un-al), a. Not rational ; as : a Not en- 
dowed with reason or understanding, b Not according to 
reason ; absurd. C Math. Not exactly expressible by an in- 
teger nor by a vulgar fraction ; surd ; — said esp. of roots. 
d Gr. & Lat. Pros. Not preserving the normal ratio be- 
tween arsis and thesis (see rational) ; — applied to (1) a 
long syllable used where the normal measure calls for a 
short ; or (2) a foot containing such a syllable. 
Syn. Irrational, unreasonable. That is irrational 
which is contrary to reason regarded as a faculty of the 
mind, and which is therefore foolish or absurd ; that is 
unreasonable which is not in accordance with reason in 
its relation to practical affairs, and which is accordingly 
extravagant, excessive, or immoderate ; as, an irrational 
fear, belief, opinion ; unreasonable demands. 

ir-ra'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. An irrational system of belief 
or action ; quality of being irrational ; irrationality. 

ir-ra'tion-al'i-ty (-al'I-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
irrational. 

ir-ra'tion-al-ly, adv. In an irrational manner. 

ir're-claim'a-ble (Tr'e-klam'd-b'l), a. Incapable of being 
reclaimed. — ir're-claim'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), ir're-claim'- 
a-ble-ness, n. — ir're-claim'a-bly, adv. 

ir-rec'on-cil'a-bil'i-ty (Y-rek'tm-sIl'd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality 
or state of being irreconcilable ; irreconcilableness. 

ir-rec'on-cil'a-fcle ( l-rek'un-sTFd-b'l ; i-rek'im-sTl'd-b'l), 
a. Not reconcilable ; implacable ; incompatible. -— n. Ope 
who is irreconcilable ; one who refuses compromise. — ir- 
rec'on-cil'a-ble-ness, n. — ir-rec'on-cil'a-bly, adv. 

ir're-cov'er-a-ble (Tr'e"-kuv'cr-d-b'l), a. Not capable of 
being recovered or rectified ; irreparable. — Syn. Irre- 

_ trievable, irremediable. — ir're-cov'er-a-bly, adv. 

ir're-cu'sa-bl© (-kii'zd-b'l), a. [L. irrecusabilis ; ir- not -f- 
recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject.] 
Not liable to exception or rejection. CU'sa-bly, adv. 

ir're-deem'a-ble (-dem'd-b'l), a. 1. Not redeemable; spe- 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviation* used In this work, Signs, etc. precede Vocabulary. |J Foreign Word. + combined wirh. = equals. 



M 



IRREDEEMABLY 



532 



IRRUPTION 



cif..: a Not convertible into specie at the holder's pleasure ; 

— of paper money, b Not terminable by payment of the 
principal ; as, an irredeemable annuity or de"bt. 2. a Ad- 
mitting of no change or release ; hopeless, b Irreclaimable ; 
beyond redemption. — ir're-deem/a-bly, adv. 

Ir're-den^tism (lr'e-den'tiz'm), n. It. Politics. The princi- 
ples, policy, or practice of the Irredentists. 

Ir're-den'tist (-tist), n. [It. irredentista, fr. irredento 
unredeemed, fr. L. in- not -f- redemptus redeemed. See 
redemption.] It. Politics. One of a party, formed about 
1878, for incorporating with Italy neighboring regions 
(called Italia irredenta, unredeemed Italy) subject to 
other governments, but largely Italian in population. 

ir're-du'ci-ble (ir'e-du'si-b'1), a. Not reducible. 

ir-ref'ra-ga-ble (l-ref'rd-gd-b'l), a. Not refragable; unan- 
swerable ; undeniable. — ir-refra-ga-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

— ir-ref 'ra-ga-bly, adv. 

ir're-fran'gi-ble (ir'e-fran'ji-b'1), a. 1. Inviolable. 2. Not 
refrangible ; that cannot be refracted in passing from one 
medium to another. — ir're-fxan'gi-bly, adv. 

ir're-ftlt'a-bie (ir'e-fut'd-b'1 ; I-ref'u-td-b'l), a. Incapable 
of refutation; indisputable. — ir/re-fut'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i- 
tl), n. — ir're-fut'a-bly, adv. 

ir-reg'U-lar (T-reg'u-ldr), a. 1. Not regular; not according 
to established law, method, usage, or principles ; not nor- 
mal ; unnatural ; unsymmetrical ; notstraight ; not uniform. 
2. Specif.: a Not belonging to, or not having conformed to, 
the requirements of some (particular) group or organized 
body ; as, an irregular physician, b Mil. Not belonging to 
the regular army organization, but raised for a special pur- 
pose. C Gram. (1) Of a word or inflection, not conforming 

. to the normal or usual manner of inflection ; as, sell, cast, 
feed are irregular verbs. (2) Sometimes, specif. : = strong. 
d Bot . Showing a lack of uniformity ; — said specif, of 
flowers in which one or more of the members of a whorl 
differ in size or form from the others or are wanting ; as, 
an irregular corolla. — Syn. Immethodical, unsystematic, 
desultory ; abnormal, erratic, eccentric ; changeable, muta- 
ble ; devious, crooked ; intemperate, disorderly. 

— n. 1. One who, or that which, is not regular. 2. Mil. A 
soldier not in regular service ; — usu. in pi. lar-ly, adv. 

ir-reg'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being irregular ; that which is irregular. 

ir're-la'tion (Tr'e-la'shun), n. Want of connection or rela- 
tion; unrelatedness. 

ir-rel'a-tive (I-rel'd-tTv), a. Not relative ; unrelated ; also, 
irrelevant. — ir-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. — a-tive-ness, n. 

ir-rel'e-vance (i-rel'e"-vdns), n. Want of relevancy; also, 
that which is irrelevant. 

ir-rel'e-van-cy (-vdn-sT), n.; pi. -cms (-siz). Irrelevance. 

ir-rel'e-vant (-e-vant), a. Not relevant ; not applicable or 
pertinent ; extraneous. — ir-rel'e-vant-ly, adv. 

ir're-liev'a-ble (Tr'e-lev'd-b'i), a. Not relievable. 

ir're-li'gion (lr'e-lij'ftn), n. State of being irreligious; 
want of religion ; impiety. — ir're-li'gion-ist, n. 

ir're-li'gious (-us), a. 1. Destitute of religion ; ungodly. 
2. Indicating irreligion ; profane. — ir're-li'gious-ly, adv. 
Syn. Irreligious, profane, impious. Irreligious is nega- 
tive, profane and impious are positive. Irreligious often 
connotes mere indifference to sacred things ; profane im- 
plies irreverence ; impious, open or defiant contempt. 

ir-rem'e-a-ble (l-rem'e-d-b'l ; l-re'me-), a. [L. irremea- 
bilis ; ir- not + remeabilis returning.fr. remeare to go or 
come back.] Admitting no return. — ir-rem'e-a-bly, adv. 

ir're-me'di-a-ble (Yr'e-me'di-d-b'l), a. Not remediable ; 
incurable. — me'di-a-ble-ness, n. — me'di-a-bly, adv. 

ir'ie-mis'si-bl© (lr'e-mis'i-b'l),^. 1. Not remissible ; un- 
pardonable ; as, irremissible crimes. 2. Obligatory ; bind- 
ing ; as, irremissible duties. — ir're-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
I-ti), ir're-mis'si-ble-ness, n. — si-bly, adv. 

ir're-mov'a-ble (-moov'd-b'l), a. Not removable. — ir'ro- 
mov'a-bil'i-ty, n. — ir're-mov'a-bly, adv. 

ir-rep'a-ra-ble (i-rep'd-rd-b'1), a. Not reparable ; irre- 
trievable ; irremediable. — Syn. See irretrievable. — 
ir-rep'a-ra-ble-ness, n. — ir-rep'a-ra-biy, adv. 

ir're-peal'a-ble (ir'e-pel'd-b'1), a. Not repealable. 

ir're-place'a-ble (-plas'd-b'l), a. That cannot be replaced. 

ir're-plev'i-a-ble (-plev'i-d-b'l)l a. Law. Not subject to 

ir're-plev'i-sa-ble (-sd-b'l) / replevin. 

ir're-press'i-ble ( -preVI-bT), a. Not repressible. — ir'- 
re-press'i-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — ir're-press'i-bly, adv. 

ir're-proacb/a-ble (-proch'd-b'l), a. Not reproachable ; 
blameless. — ir're-proach'a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

ir/re-sist'i-ble (-zis'ti-b'l), a. That cannot be successfully 
resisted or opposed; overpowering. — ir're-sist'i-bil'i-ty 
(Ir'e-zis'tl-bil'i-ti), ir're-sist'i-ble-ness, n. — i-bly, adv. 

ir-res'o-lu-ble (i-rez'S-lu-b'1), a. 1. Irresolvable ; insoluble. 
2. Incapable of being relieved or loosened. 

Ir-res'o-lute ( i-rez'3-lut ), a. Not resolute; wavering; 
vacillating. — Syn. Undecided, fickle, changeable, incon- 
stant, unstable. — ir-res'o-lute-ly, adv. lute-ness, n. 



ir-res'o-la'tion (-lu'shiin), n. Want of resolution; irreso* 
luteness ; indecision ; vacillation. 

ir're-SOlv'a-ble (ir'e-zol'vd-b'1), a. Incapable of being re- 
solved ; not solvable ; insoluble ; not separable into compo- 

_ nent parts ; inextricable ; not analyzable. 

ir 're-Spec' tive (Ir'e-spek'tiv ) , a. Disregarding particulai per- 
sons, conditions, etc. ; independent ; impartial. Rare.— 
ir're-spec'tive-ly, adv. 
irrespective of, regardless of ; independent of. 

ir're-spir'a-ble (Ir'e-spir'd-b'l ; 1-res'pY-rd-bl), a. Not re- 
spirable (so as to sustain life). — ir're-spir'a-ble-ness, n. 

ir're-spon'si-bil'i-ty (ir'e-spori'sl-bil'1-ti), n. Want of, ot 
freedom from, responsibility. 

ir're-spon'si-ble (-spon'si-b'l), a. Not responsible; not 
answerable for consequences. — n. One who is irrespon- 
sible. — ir're-spon'si-bly, adv. 

ir're-spon'sive (-spon'siv), a. Not responsive ; not able, 
ready, or inclined to respond. — ir're-spon'sive-ness, n. 

ir're-ten'tive (-ten'tiv ) , a. Not retentive. tive-ness, n. 

ir're-trace'a-ble (-tras'd-b'l), a. Not retraceable. 

ir're-triev'a-ble (-trev'd-b'l), a. Not retrievable ; irrecover- 
able. — triev'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), — triev'a-bly, adv. 
Syn. Irremediable, irreparable, incurable. — Irretriev- 
able, irreparable are often used without distinction. But 
irretrievable applies to that which cannot be recovered 
or recalled ; irreparable, to what cannot be repaired or 

_ made good. 

ir-rev'er-ence (T-reVer-ens), n. 1. State or quality of being 
irreverent ; want of reverence ; an irreverent act or utter- 
ance. 2. State of not being reverenced ; dishonor. 

ir-rev'er-ent (-ent), a. Not reverent ; showing a want of 
reverence. — ir-rev'er-ent-ly, adv. 

ir're-vers'i-ble (l^e-vur'si-b'l), a. Incapable of being re- 

> versed. i-bly, adv.^ vers'i-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-tl), n. 

ir-rev'o-ca-ble (l-rev'o-kd-b'l), a. Incapable of being re- 
voked ; unalterable. — ir-rev'o-ca-bil'i-ty (l-reVo-kd-bll'- 
I-tT), ir-rev'o-ca-ble-ness, n. — ir-rev'o-ca-bly, adv. 

ir'ri-gate (IrT-gat), v. t. &i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate ; ir- in + rigare 
to water.] 1. To supply (land) with water by canals, 
ditches, etc., for nourishing plants. 2. Med. To supply (as 
a wound) with a stream or sprinkling of some liquid for anti- 
septic, cleansing, or cooling purposes. — ir'ri-ga'tOT, n. 

ir'ri-ga'tion (Ir/i-ga'shun),^. Act or process of irrigating ; 
state of being irrigated. — ir'ri-ga'tion-al (-dl), a. 

ir'ri-ga'tion-ist, n. One interested in, or who carries on 

_ or favors, irrigation. 

ir-rig'u-ous (l-rig'u-iis), a. [L. irriguus."} 1. Irrigated; 
well-watered. Rare. 2. Watering. Rare. 

ir'ri-ta-bil'i-ty (lr'i-td-bil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. 
irritabilitas.'] Quality or state of being irritable ; specif. : 
a Quick excitability to annoyance, impatience, or anger ; 
petulance ; fretf ulness. b Med. A condition of morbid ex- 
citability of an organ or part ; undue susceptibility. See ir- 
ritation. C Physiol. The quality in living matter of re- 
sponding by change of form, motion, or other manifestation 
of vitality to more or less sudden changes of external condi- 
tions or influences, called stimuli. Irritability is a charac- 
teristic property of living protoplasm. 

ir'ri-ta-ble (ir'I-td-b'l), o. [L. irritabilis.'] Capable of 
being irritated ; as : a Easily inflamed, angered, or exas- 
perated ; irascible, b Easily excited, c Med. Susceptible of 
irritation ; unduly sensitive toirritants or stimuli. See irri- 
tation, d Physiol. Responsive to stimuli. See irritabil- 
ity, c. — ir'ri-ta-ble-ness, n. — ir'ri-ta-tly, adv. 

ii'ri-tan-cy ( : tan-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Quality or state of 
being irritating ; irritation. 

ir'ri-tant (-t<2nt),a. [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr.] Irritating. 
— ■ n. That which irritates or excites or produces irritation. 

ir'ri-tate (-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. i>- 
ritatus, p. p. of irritare.'] 1. To excite impatience, anger, 
or displeasure in ; provoke ; exasperate. 2. Med. To excite 
to morbid sensitiveness or activity. _ 3. Physiol. To excite 
to its characteristic action or function. 
Syn. Fret, inflame, excite, tease, pique, ruffle, chafe, gall, 
nettle, sting, provoke, vex, anger, incense, exasperate, en- 
rage. — Irritate, exasperate, nettle, provoke, incense. 
To irritate is to excite to momentary impatience or anger ; 
to nettla is to irritate so as to cause pique ; exasperate com- 
monly implies bitter or intense irritation or keen vexation ; 
as, to be irritated at suspicion ; to exasperate a hasty tem- 
per ; nettled at neglect. To provoke is to awaken strong 
annoyance or vexation or (esp. in the form provoking) to 
tease or tantalize ; incense implies quick -flaming or slow- 
burning anger or irritation ; as, a provoking little laugh ; 
provoking to dignity ; incensed at insults. 

ir'ri-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. An irritating ; state of being 
irritated ; specif., Med., a condition of morbid excitability 
or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body. 

ir'ri-ta-tive (Tr'i-tS-tiv), a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate ; 
irritating. 2. Accompanied with, or produced by, irrita- 
tion ; as, an irritative fever. 

ir-rup'tion (T-riip'shiin), n. [L. irruptio, fr. irrumpere, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



IRRUPTIVE 



533 



ISOGONAL 



irruptum, to burst into ; ir- in + rumpere to break.] 1. 
A bursting in. 2. A sudden and violent inroad or invasion. 

ir-nip'tive (I-rur/tlv), a. Rushing in or upon. 

is (Iz), v. i. [AS.j The third person singular present indica- 
tive of the verb be. 

I'saac (I'zdk), n. [L., fr. Heb. Yitskhaq.] Bib. A Hebrew 
patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah, husband of Rebekah, 
and father of Jacob and Esau. See Gen. xv.-xxxv. 

i'sa-COUS'tic (I'sd-koos'tik ; -kous'tIk),a. [iso- + acous- 
tic.'] Of or pertaining to equal intensity of sound. 

i'sa-gO'ge (I'sd-go'je"), n. [L., fr. Gr. eiaaycoyrj, fr. elaayeip 
to introduce ; eis into + a,yeii> to lead.] An introduction, 
as to a study, a treatise, etc. — i'sa-gog'ic (-goj'Ik), a. 

i'sa-gog'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Also i'sa-gog'ic. Intro- 
ductory study ; esp., Theol.,^ that part of theology directly 
preliminary to actual exegesis, and concerned with the lit- 
erary history of the Bible. 

I-sa'iah (I-za'yd; I-zi'd), n. [Heb. Yeshayah.] Bib. a 
The greatest of the Hebrew prophets, active about 740 to 
701 b. c. b A certain book of the Old Testament. 

I-sa'ian (I-za'ydn; I-zI'dn ), I'sa-ian'ic ( I'za-yan'Ik ; 
I'zT-an'Ik), a. Of or pert, to Isaiah. 

i'sa-tin (I'sd-tin), n. Also, less properly, i'sa-tine. [NL. 
Isatis a genus of plants which yield indigo, L. isatis a 
kind of plant, Gr. Ivans woad.] Chem. An orange-red 
crystalline substance, C8HBO2N, obtained by oxidation of 
indigo blue, and, as a source of synthetic (artificial) indigo, 
from other compounds. 

Is-car'i-ot (Is-kar'I-ot), n. Bib. Surname of Judas; — • 
generally regarded as meaning "man of Karioth" or "Ke- 
rioth." See Judas, 1. 

is'chi-um (Is'kl-um), n.; L. pi. -chia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. tor 
xlov.~\ The ventral and posterior of the three bones com- 
posing either innominate bone ; the seat bone. — is'chi-al 
(-ol), is'chi-ad'ic (-ad'Ik), is'chi-at'ic (-at'Ik), a. 

I-seult' (I-soolt'), n. [F.] Same as Isolde. 

-ish (-Ish). [AS. -isc] A suffix used to form adjectives : 

1. On nouns, and with the sense of : belonging to, char- 
acteristic of, or of the nature of, like. 

Examples : Turkish, belonging to, or characteristic of, 
the Turks ; bookish, girhs/i, of the nature of, or charac- 
teristic of, a book, a girl. Except in names of peoples, this 
sense of -ish is now often derogatory, having the sense of, 
showing the faults, weaknesses, or the like, of; as in boy- 
ish, belonging to a boy, esp., showing the faults or weak- 
nesses of boys. 

- 2. On adjectives, and with the sense of : somewhat (of the 

nature indicated by the adjective to which -ish is affixed). 

Examples : dullish, somewhat dull ; tallish,somewhat tall. 

-ish (-Ish). [F. -is-, -iss- (found in the p. pr., indie, pi., etc., 
of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish.] A 
verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French 
origin ; as in abolisA, cherisft, finish, iurnish, garnish. 

Ish'ma-el (Ish'ma-el), n. [Heb. Yishmd'el, i. e., God 
hears.] 1. Bib. The son of Abraham and Hagar. Of him 
it was predicted, "His hand will be against every man, and 
every man's hand against him." {Gen. xvi. 12.) 2. Hence, 
a social outcast. 

Ish/ma-el-ite (-It), n. 1. A descendant of Ishmael. 2. A 
social outcast. — Ish'ma-el-it'ish (-It'Ish), a. 

Ish'tar (ish'tar), n. Babylon. & Assyr. Myth. The god- 
dess of the reproductive forces of nature, the chief of the 
pantheon ; also, esp. with the Assyrians, a goddess of war. 

I'si-ac (I'sl-ak), a. [L. Isiacus, Gr. 'laianos, fr. *I<rts.] 
Of or pert, to the goddess Isis. 

i'sin-glass (I'zlrj-glas), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. OD. hui- 
zenblas, lit., bladder of the huso (a large sturgeon).] 1. A 
very pure gelatin, chiefly from sturgeons' air bladders. 

2. Mica, esp. in thin sheets. 

I'sis (I'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. *I<ns.] Egypt. Myth. An Egyp- 
tian goddess of fecundity, sometimes represented as cow- 
headed. She is sister and wife of Osiris. 

Is'lam (Is'ldm ; Iz'-; Is-lam'),n. [Ar. Islam obedience to 
the will of God.] 1. Mohammedanism. 2. The whole 
body of Mohammedans; the Mohammedan world. 

Is-lam'ic (Is-lam'Ik ; Iz-), Is'lam-it'ic (Is'ldm-It'ik ; Iz'-), 
a. Of or pert, to Islam ; Mohammedan. 

Is'lam-ism (Is'ldm-Iz'm ; Iz'-), n. Mohammedanism. 

Is'lam-ite (-It), n. A Mohammedan. 

Is'lam-ize (-Iz), v. i. & t. To conform, or to convert, to 
Islam. 

is'land (I'land), n. [AS. igland, egland, eglond; ig, eg, 
ieg, island + land, lond, land. The s is due to confusion 
with isle.] 1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and 
smaller than a continent. 2. Something suggestive of an 
island in position, as an isolated hill. — v. 1. 1. To isolate ; 
insulate. 2. To furnish with or as with islands. 
Islands, or Isles, of the Blessed, Class. Myth., islands 
supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites 
of the gods dwell, after death, in everlasting joy. 

is'land-er (-ldn-der),n. A native or inhabitant of an island. 



isle (TI), n. [OF. isle, L. insula.'] An island ; now, usually, 
a small island. Chiefly Poetic. — v. t. ; isled (lid) ; 
isi/ing (Il'ing). To island. — v. i. To stay in an isle. 

is'let (I'let), n. [OF. islette, dim. of isle.] A little island. 

-ism (-Iz'm). [F. -t'sme, or L. -ismus, fr. Gr. -107x6?.] A 
suffix used to form nouns, and denoting : 1. Act of. 
Example : baptism, act of baptizing. 

2. a State, condition, or quality of being. 
Example : secularism, state or quality of being secular. 

b Med. Morbid condition induced by excessive use of. 
Example : morphinism, morbid condition induced by 
excessive use of morphine. 

3. Conduct, policy, doctrine, principles, practice, or the 
like, characteristic of (that which is indicated in the first 
part of the word), often implying the sympathy, adherence, 
or attachment of a follower. 

Examples : Quakerism, conduct or doctrines charac- 
teristic of the Quakers ; stoicism, conduct or practices of 
the Stoics ; jingoism, conduct or policy characteristic of 
the jingoes ; Americanism, attachment to America (the 
United States). 

4. A characteristic or peculiarity ( of that, esp. a 
language, which is indicated by the first or main part of 
the word). 

Examples : Gallicism, a Galb'c (French) characteristic or 
peculiarity ; colloquialism; pedantism, etc. 

ism (Iz'm), n. [See -ism.] A distinctive doctrine, theory, 
system, or practice; — usually disparaging. 

Is'ma-e'li-an (Is'ma-e'11-dn), Is'ma-il'i-an (-Ii'I-dn), n. 
One of a Mohammedan sect composed of those Shiites 
who hold that at the death (765) of Jafar, the sixth imam, 
the office of imam should have gone to the posterity of his 
dead eldest son, Ismail, instead of to Musa, a younger son. 

Is'ma-el-ite (Is'ma-el-It), n. 1. Var. of Ishmaelite. 2. = 

_ ISMAELIAN. 

i'so- (I'so-). [Gr. laos equal.] A prefix denoting equal, 
same; esp., Chem., denoting isomerism; as, isocyanic 

_ acid, which is isomeric with cyanic acid. Cf. neo-. 

i'so-bar (I'so-bar), n. [iso- -f- Gr. (iapos weight.] Phys. 
Geog. An imaginary line connecting or marking places on 
the earth's surface where the barometric height reduced to 
sea level is the same either at a given time or for a certain 
period. — i'so-bar'ic (-bar'Ik), a. 

i'SO-cheim (I'so-klm), n. Also i'so-chime. [iso- + Gr. 
xe'M« winter.] Phys. Geog. An imaginary line connect- 
ing places on the earth having the same mean winter 
temperature. Cf. isotheee. — i'SO-chei'mal (-kl'mdl),a. 

i'so-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'Ik), a. 1. Optics. Of the same 
color ; — said of lines or curves of the same tint produced 
by interference of luminous waves in biaxial crystals. 2. 

_ Photog. = ORTHOCHROMATIC. 

i-soch'ro-nal (I-sok'ro-ndl), a. Isochronous. 

i-SOCh/ro-nism (-nlz'm), n. The character of being isochro- 

_ nous ; the property of oscillating in equal times. 

i-SOCh'ro-nize (-niz), v. t. To render isochronous. 

i-SOCh/ro-noi'.S (-nws), a. [Gr. laoxpovos; t<ros equal + 
xpovos time.] Uniform in time ; of equal time ; recurring at 

_ regular intervals ; vibrating uniformly. nous-ly, adv. 

i'SO-cli'nal (I'so-kll'ndl), a. [iso- + Gr. n\ivet.v to incline.] 
Of, pert, to, having, or indicating equality of inclination or 
dip; as, isoclinal lines, imaginary lines joining points on 
the earth's surface at which a dipping needle has the same 
inclination. — n. An isoclinal line. 

i'so-Cline (I'so-klTn), n. [See isoclinal.] Geol. An anti- 
cline or syncline so closely folded that the rock beds of the 
two sides or limbs have the same dip. 

i'so-clin'ic (-klln'Ik), a. & n. Isoclinal. 

i-SOC'ra-cy (I-sok'rd-si), n. [Gr. iooK.pa.Tla.; uros equal -f- 
Kpartlv to be strong, to rule, Kparos strength.] A govern- 
ment in which all have equal political power. — i'so-crat 
(I'sS-krat), n. — i'so-crat'ic (-krat'Ik), a. 

i'so-uTa-met'ric (l'so-dl'd-met'rik^a. Having the diame- 
ters equal ; as, isodiametric cells. 

i'so-di-mor'phism (-dl-mor'fiz'm), n. Min. Isomorphism 
between the two forms, severally, of two dimorphous sub- 
stances. — i'so-di-mor'phous (fws), a. 

i'SO-dy-nam'ic (-dl-nam'Ik)) a. Of, pert, to, having, or de- 

i-SO-dy-nam'i-cal (-I-kal) J noting equality of force. 
isodynamic lines, Magnetism, imaginary lines connecting 
points on the earth's surface at which the magnetic inten- 
sity is the same. 

i-sog'a-mous (I-sog'd-mus), a. Biol. Reproducing through 
the conjugation of similar gametes. Cf. heterogamous, 
oogamous. — i-sog'a-my (-ml), n. 

i-SOg'e-nous (I-soj'e-nws), a. Biol. Having the same origin. 
— i-sog'e-ny (-nl), n. 

i'so-ge'o-therm (I'so-je'6-thQrm), n. [iso- + geo- + Gr. 
depiir] heat.] An imaginary line or surface beneath the 
earth's surface passing through points having the same 
mean temperature. — i'so-ge'O-ther'mal (-thur'mol), 
i'so-ge'o-ther'mic (mlk), a. 

i-SOg'o-nal (i-sog'6-nal), a. Having equal angles ; isogonic. 



J 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



M 



ISOGONIC 



534 



IT 



j'so-gon'ic (I'sS-gon'ik), a. [iso- + Gr. yuvta angle.] Of, 
pert, to, or noting equal angles. 

isogonic lines, Magnetism, imaginary lines joining places 
on the earth's surface at which the variation of the magnetic 
needle from the meridian or true north is the same. 

— n. An isogonic line. 

i'so-late (I'so-lat ; X$,'o-),v.t.; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. 
[F. isole, fr. It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, isola 
island, L. insula."] 1. To place by itself ; insulate. 2. 
Chem. To separate from all foreign substances. 

i'so-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Act of isolating, or state of being 
•isolated ; insulation ; loneliness. — Syn. See solitude. 

i'SO-la'tion-ist, n. A person who favors or advocates iso- 
lation ; esp., one who favors what is considered to be a 
policy of isolation in national affairs. [isolates. I 

2'SO-la'tor (I'so-la'ter ; is'6-), n. One who, or that which,| 

T-solde' (i-sold'), n. See Tristram. 

i-sol'0-gous (I-sol'6-gws), a. [iso- + Gr. \6yos propor- 
tion.] Chem. Pertaining to or designating any series of 
compounds of related structure and a regular difference of 
composition other than CH2 ; — applied esp. to series in 
which the difference is H2; as, ethane, C2H6; ethylene, 
C2H4 ; acetylene, C2H2. Cf . homologous. 

i'so-mag-net'ic (I'so-mag-net'ik), a. Designating, or per- 
taining to, lines connecting points of equal magnetic force. 
— n. An isomagnetic line. [another or others 

i'SO-mer (I'so-mer), n. Chem. A compound isomeric with 

i'so-mer'ic (T'so-mer'Tk), a. [iso- + Gr. fiepos part. 
Chem. Composed of the same elements in the same pro- 
portion by weight, but differing in one or more properties 
owing to difference in structure. [of being isomeric. I 

i-som'er-ism (I-som'er-iz'm), n. State, quality, or relation! 

i-SOm'er-OUS (I-som'er-i/s), a. Having an equal number of 
parts, ridges, markings, etc. ; as : Bot. Having the members 
of each floral whorl equal in number. Cf . heteromerous. 

i'so-met'ric (I'so-met'rik), a. [iso- + Gr. fikrpov meas- 
ure.] Pert, to, or characterized by, equality of measure. 

— n. Thermodynamics. An isometric line, or line of equal 
volumes in a pressure-volume diagram. — i'SO-met'ri-cal 
(-rl-kal), a. — i'so-met'ri-cal-Iy, adv. 

i'SO-me-tro'pi-a (-me-tro'pi-d_),n. [NL. ; iso- +Gr. jxer pov 
measure + -opia.~] Equality in refraction in the two eyes. 

i-som'e-try (T-som'e-tri), n. Equality of, or in respect of, 
measure ; specif., Geog., equality of elevation. 

i'so-morph (I'so-morf ), n. One of two or more substances 
or organisms exhibiting isomorphism. 

i'so-mor'phic (-mor'fik), a. 1. Cry st. Having similar crys- 
talline form. 2. Biol. Showing isomorphism. 

i'SO-mqr'phism (-fiz'm), n. 1. Cryst. A similarity of crys- 
talline form, esp. between substances of similar composi- 
tion. 2. Biol. Similarity in organisms of different ancestry, 
due usually to similarity in habits or environment. 

i ; so-mor'phous (-fiis), a. Isomorphic. 

i-son'0-my (I-son'o-mi), n. [Gr. laovoula; uros equal + 
voy.o% law.] Equality of laws or rights ; equal distribution 
of rights and privileges. — iso-iiom'ic (I'so-nom'ik), a. 

i'SO-pi-es'tic ( I'so-pl-es'tik ), a. [iso- + Gr. ink^tiv to 
press.] Isobaric. — n. An isobar. 

i'SO-pod (I'so-pod), n. [iso- + Gr. vote, iroSos, foot.] Any 
of a suborder (Isopoda) of crustaceans in which the body 
is composed of seven free thoracic segments, each of which 
bears a pair of legs similar in size and direction. 

i'SO-pol'i-ty (I'so-polT-tl), n. [Gr. IcroiroXiTeia. See ISO-; 
polity.] Equality of political rights. 

i'so-pyre (I'so-plr), n. [iso- + Gr. vvp fire.] Min. An 
impure opal containing iron, alumina, etc. 

i-SOS'ce-les (I-sos'e-lez), a. [L., fr. Gr. l<ro<TKe\ris ; tcos 
equal + c/teXos leg.] Geom. Having two equal 
sides ; — said of a triangle. 

i'so-seis'mal (I'so-sls'mal), n. Anisoseismal line. 

i'so-seis'mal (-mdl)l a. Affected with, or pert. 

i'SO-seis'mic (-mlk)J to, equal force by an earth- 
quake shock. 

isoseismal line, an imaginary line connecting 
points where an earthquake shock has the same 
intensity. Isosceles 

i-SOS'ta-sy ( I-sos'td-si ), n. [iso- -f- Gr. ar&ais Triangle, 
a standing still.] State or quality of being isostatic ; specif., 
Geol., general equilibrium in the earth's crust, supposed 
to be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material 
beneath the surface under gravitative stress. 

i'so-Stat'ic (I'so-stat'ik), a. Subjected to equal pressure 
from every side ; being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, isostasy. 

i'so-Stem'o-nous (-stem'o-niis ; -ste'mo-), a. [iso- -f- Gr. 
ffrrinui> thread.] Bot. Having stamens equal in number to 
the perianth divisions. — i'SO-Stem'o-ny (-stem'6-ni), n. 

i'SO-there (I'so-ther), i-SOth'er-al (T-soth'er-dl ; I'so-ther- 
al), n. [iso- + Gr. depot summer.] Phys. Geog. An imagi- 
nary line joining points on the earth's surface having the 
same mean summer temperature. — i-soth/er-al. a. 




i'SO-therm (I'so-thurm), n. [iso- -f- Gr. eip/xij heat.] Fhys. 
Geog. An imaginary line joining points on the earth's sur- 
face having the same temperature at a given time,, or, for a 
given period. 

i'SO-ther'mal (I'so-thur'mal), a. Pert, to or indicating 
equalityof temperature ; of or pert, to isotherms. 

i'so-ton'ic (-ton'Ik), a. 1. Having or indicating equal tones 
or tension. 2. Physiol. Having the same or equal osmotic 
pressure ; — said of solutions. 

i'so-trop'ic (-trop'ik) \a. 1. Physics. Having the 

i-SOt'ro-pous (T-sot'ro-pzis)/ same properties in all direc- 
tions. 2. Biol. Not having predetermined axes, as certain 

i-sot'ro-py (-pi), n. State or quality of being isotropic. 

Is'ra-el (Iz'ra-el), n. [L. Israel or Gr. 'lapaijX, fr. Heb. 
Yisrael, i. e., champion of God ; sdrah to fight + el 
God.] 1. Bib. Jacob. See Gen. xxxii. 28. 2. Jacob's 
descendants ; the children of Israel ; the Jews. 3. Fig. : 
God's chosen people ; the elect ; the Christian church. 

Is'ra-el-ite (-el-It), n. 1. A descendant of Israel, or Jacob ; 
a Hebrew ; a Jew. 2. Fig., one of God's chosen people ; a 
real Christian. — a. Of or pertaining to Israel ; Jewish. 

Is'ra-el-it'ic (-el-it'Ik), a. Israelitish. [Israelites. I 

Is'ra-el-it'ish (Iz'ra-el-It'ish), a. Of or pert, to Israel or the| 

is'SU-a-ble (Tsb/u-d-b'l), a. [From issue.] 1. Leading to, 
producing, or relating to, an issue ; capable of being made 

_ an issue at law. 2. That may be issued or that may issue. 

is'su-ance ( -ans ), n. Act of issuing or giving out ; issue. 

is'su-ant (-ant), a. Issuing ; proceeding ; — in Her. said of 

_ a beast with only the upper part visible. 

is'sue (-u),n. [OF., fr. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex 
from + ire to go.] 1. A passing or flowing out ; egress ; 
exit. 2. A discharge or flux, as of blood. 3. Med. An artifi- 
cial ulcer to produce secretion and discharge of pus for re- 
lief of some affected part. 4. A means or place of issue ; an 
exit, outlet, or vent. 5. Progeny ; offspring. 6. Produce ; 
profits. 7. Outcome or result ; also, Obs., an action or deed. 
8. A point in debate ; the point at which a matter is ready 
for, or admits of, decision ; as, to put to the issue. 9. Act 
of sending out ; delivery ; issuance ; as, the issue of money 
from a treasury. 10. That which is issued, or sent out ; the 
quantity sent forth at one time ; as, an issue of bank notes, 
at, or in, issue, in controversy ; disputed ; in question. 

— v. i.; -sued (-ud) ; -su-ing. 1. To go, pass, or flow out. 
2. To come out ; sally forth. 3. To proceed as progeny ; be 
descended. Archaic or Legal. 4. To grow ; accrue. 5. To 
proceed as from a source ; be derived ; result. 6. To close ; 
end ; turn out. 7. To be given or sent out officially or pub- 
licly. — v. t. 1. To send or let out ; emit ; discharge. 2. To 
deliver, or give out. 3. To send out officially ; publish ; 
utter. — is'su-er (Tsh'u-er), n. 

issue pea. Med. A pea, or a similar body, used to main- 
tain irritation in a wound and promote the discharge of pus. 

-ist (-1st). [Gr. -KTTjjs.] A noun suffix denoting : a One 
who does, or makes a practice of, (1) a given action, com- 
monly expressed by a corresponding verb in -ize; as in 
moralist, theon'si ; or (2) a specified class of conduct ; as 
in bigamist, sensuah'sf . 1) One who practices a given art ; 
as in rhapsodi'stf, artist ; one professionally or particu- 
larly occupied with, or skilled in, a given department of 
knowledge; asin botanist, physicisi; or a given subject 
or thing ; as, in humorist, oculist, noveKsf, balloonist. 
C One who professes, or adheres to, a given doctrine, sys- 
tem, or cult, commonly denoted by a corresponding noun 

_ in -ism; as in atheist. 

isth^mi-an (Is'im-an ; isth'- ; ist'-), a. Of or pertaining to 
an isthmus, as [cap.] the Isthmus of Corinth, Greece, or 
the games anciently celebrated there, or the Isthmus of 
■ Panama. — n. A native or inhabitant of an isthmus. 

isth/mus (-mils), n. [L., fr. Gx.la6p.bs neck, neck of land 
between two seas, isthmus, esp. the Isthmus of Corinth.] 
1. Geog. A strip of land connecting two larger portions of 
land. 2. a Anat. & Zo'ol. A contracted part or passage 
connecting two larger structures or cavities, b Anat. Irf Ihe 
brain, the narrow portion which connects the pons Varolii 
with the interbrain and hemispheres. 

Is'tri-an (ls'trl-an), a. Of or pert, to Istria, or its inhabit- 

_ ants. — n. A native of Istria. 

it (It), pron. [ME. it, hit, AS. hit, neut. of he.] The neuter 
pronoun of the third person, corresponding to he and she, 
and having the same plural (they, their or theirs, them). It 
is used : 1. As a substitute for any neuter noun or noun 
phrase in the nominative or the objective case. 2. As a 
demonstrative ; as, it is I ; what is it ? 3. As an indefinite 
nominative ; as, it snows ; also, Archaic or Colloq., it 
says, it tells (in a book, etc.). 4. As a substitute for such 
general terms as, the state of affairs, the circumstances, or 
the like ; as, how fares it with the sick man? 5. As a 
grammatical (usually anticipatory) subject or object of a 
verb of which the logical subject or object is an infinitive 
phrase or a clause ; as, it is hard to believe what one hears. 
6. As an indefinite object ; as, to foot it (i. e., to walk) ; to 



ale, senate, cSre, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey^drb, odd, soft, connect; 
use* unite, Urn, jap, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdpre (87); 



ITABIRITE 



535 



IZZARD 



lord it (i. e., to play the lord). Now often Colloq. 7. As a 
possessive. 06s. or Dial. 

i-tab'i-rite (I-tab'i-rit), to. Also -ryte. [From Itabira, a 
town in Minas Geraes, Brazil.] Petrog. A quartzite con- 
taining micaceous hematite ; — called also specular schist. 

it'a-COl'U-mite (it'd-kol'u-mit), to. [From Itacolumi, a 
mountain of Brazil.] Petrog. A schistose quartzite. In 
thin layers it is often flexible, and is then called also 
flexible sandstone. 

I-tal'ian (I-tal'ydn), a. Of or pertaining to Italy or its 
people or their language or literature. 
Italian millet, a coarse, rank-growing annual grass (Chse- 
tochloa italica) valuable for fodder when cut young. The 
grain is used in southern Europe and elsewhere as food. 

— n. 1. A native or citizen of Italy, or a member of one of 
its native races. 2. The language of the Italians, which is 
developed from the vulgar, or popular, Latin of ancient 
times. The standard dialect is the Tuscan. 

I-tal'ian-ate (-at), v. t. To Italianize. a'tion (-a'shun),n. 

I-tal'ian-esque' (-esk r ), a. In the Italian manner or style. 

I-tal'ian-ism (-iz'm),n. 1. A practice, word, phrase, or idi- 
om, peculiar to the Italians. 2. Italian quality, spirit, etc. ; 
attachment to, or sympathy with, Italy or Italian ideas, etc. 

I-tal'ian-ize, v. t. To render Italian in any respect ; Ital- 
ianate. — I-tal'ian-i-za'tion (-I-za'slnm ; -I-za'shftn), n. 

I-tal'ic (-Ik), a. [L. Italicus.~] 1. Of or pert, to Italy, esp. 
ancient Italy, or its peoples ; specif., pert, to parts of Italy 
other than Rome. 2. [Now usually I. c] Designating, 
or pert, to, type in which the letters slope up toward the 
right, as in these words. — n. [Now usually I. c] An 
italic letter or type, or such letters, etc., collectively. 

I-tal'i-Cism (-i-slz'm), n. An Italianism. 

i-tal'i-cize (-l-slz), v. t. & i.; -cized (-sTzd); -ciz'ing 
(-slz'Ing). [Sometimes cap."] To print in italics ; under- 
line (written letters or words) with a single line ; use italics. 

I-tal'i-Ote (-i-ot), I-tal'i-Ot (-ot), to. # [Gr. 'IraXicbrTjs, fr. 
'IraXia Italy.] Anc. Hist. A Greek inhabitant of Italy. 

itch (Teh), v. i. [ME. icchen, zicchen, AS. giccan.~] 1. To 
have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the 
person to scratch the part affected. 2. To have a constant 
desire ; long ; as, itching for a fight. — n. 1. An itching 
contagious eruption of the skin ; specif., Med., one caused 
by any of certain parasitic mites (esp. Sarcoptes scabiei) ; 
scabies. 2. A sensation in the skin due to the eruption, or 
like that occasioned by it. 3. A constant irritating desire. 

itch'y (-1), a.; itcb/i-er (-i-cr) ; -i-est. Having the itch, 
or an itching sensation ; of the nature of the itch. 

-ite (-It). [From Gr. -lrt]s, fem. -Ins. 2 1. A suffix denoting 
■one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, a na- 
tive or citizen of, or the like ; as in Millerite; Benthamite; 
Canaanite. 2. In various technical terms used to name : a 
Min. & Petrog. A mineral or rock; as in barite, werner- 
ite, syenite, granite. See -yte, Note, b [Cf. -ate, b.] 
Chem. (1) A salt formed from an acid whose name ends in 
-ous; as in sulphite, from sulphurous acid; nitrite, from 
nitrous acid, etc. (2) Any one of certain organic com- 
pounds, chiefly higher alcohols related to the sugars ; as in 
mannite. c A fossil; as in trilobite, ammonite, etc. d An 
explosive or any of various other manufactured sub- 
stances ; as, in lyddite, melinite, ebonite, etc. e Zool. A 
segment or division of the body or of a part; as in somite. 
3. [L. -itus an ending of past participles.] A suffix of 
adjectives (pron. -it) and of verbs (pron. -It) formed from 
L. p. p. stems ; as in favorite, exquisite, expedite, unite. 

i'tem (I'tem), adv. [L.] Also; — used to introduce each 
separate article in an enumeration or a new fact or state- 
ment. — n. 1. A saying, warning, etc., introduced by item ; 
a hint. 06s. 2. An article ; separate particular ; detail. 3. 
A separate piece of news or information ; a paragraph. — 
v. t. To set or note down as an item, or by or in items. 

i'tem-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'lng (-Iz'Ing). To 
state in items, or by particulars. Chiefly U. S. 

ftem-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. One who itemizes. 

ifer-ance (it'er-ans), to. Iteration; repetition. 

it'er-ant (-ant), a. [L. iterans, p. pr.] Repeating ; iterating. 

if er-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. iteratus, 
p. p. of iterare to repeat, iterum again.] To utter or do a 
second time or many times ; repeat. [time ; repetition. 

it'er-a'tion (-a'skftn), n. Recital or performance a second| 

it'er-a-tive (It'er-a-tlv), a. Repeating; repeated; repeti- 
tious ; as, an iterative person. 

Fthunn, I'thun (e'tboon), n. [Icel. ISunn."] Norse Myth. 
The wife of Bragi, having the golden apples of youth in 
her keeping. She was taken to the underworld, but the 
iEsir, growing gray, compelled Loki to bring her back. 

I-thu'ri-el (I-thu'ri-el), n. [Heb., the discovery of God.] 
In Milton's "Paradise Lost," an angel who found Satan 
"squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve," and trans- 
formed him by a touch of his spear into his proper shape. 

ith'y-phal'lic (Ith'i-fal'Ik), a. [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithy- 
phallus, Gr. IBtxfraWos, membrum virile erectum, or a 
figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.] 1. Of or 



pertaining to the phallus carried in the festivals of Bacchus. 
2. Gr. & Lat. Pros. Designating one of several meters 

_ used in songs for phallic processions. 

i-tin'er-a-cy (I-tin'er-d-sI ; I-),to. Itinerancy (in sense 1). 

i-tin'er-an-cy (-5n-si), n. 1. Act of itinerating ; state of 
being itinerant. 2. A discharge of official duty involving 
frequent change of residence ; custom of so discharging of- 
ficial duty ; also, an itinerant body of officials. 

i-tin'er-ant (-dnt), a. [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of 
itinerare to journey, L. iter, itineris, a walk, journey.] 
Traveling about a country ; going or preaching on a cir- 
cuit ; wandering. — n. One who travels about, esp. a 
preacher. — i-tin'er-ant-ly, adv. 

i-tin'er-a-ry (-a-ri), a. 1. Of or pert, to a journey or route, or 
journeying. 2. Itinerant. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A route. 
2. Account of travels. 3. Travelers' guidebook or route. 

i-tin'er-ate (-at), v. i. To travel about or on a circuit, esp. 
topreach, lecture, etc. — i-tin'er-a'tion (-a'shizn), n. 

-i'tis (-I'tis). [Gr. -Ins.] Med. A suffix used to denote an 
inflammatory disease of; as in bronchitis, phreni^is. 

I'to (e'to), to. Short for, and formed from the initials (see 
j) of, Jewish Territorial Organization, an organization 
for the furtherance of the aims of Territorialism (which 
see). — I'to-ism, n. — I'to-ist, n. 

its (Its), pron. & a. Possessive case or possessive adjective 

> of it : Of or belonging to it ; as, the box and its cover. 

it's (its). Contraction of it is; as, it' 3 growing dark. 

it-self (It-self), pron. Emphasized or reflexive form of it. 

-ive (-Iv). [L. -ivus.'] A suffix used to form adjectives, and 
denoting relating or belonging to; tending to; serving 
to; of the nature of ; involving. 
Examples : selective, relating or belonging to selection : 
tending or serving to select ; appreciative, of the nature of 
or involving appreciation (i. e., showing appreciation). 

I've (Iv). Colloq. for I have. 

fvied (I'vid), a. [From ivy.] Overgrown with ivy. 

i'VO-ry (I'vo-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. rvoire, L. eboreus 
made of ivory, ebur, eboris, ivory.] 1. Hard, creamy-white 
dentine, composing elephants' tusks ; also, the dentine of 
the tusks of other large mammals, or of a tooth. 2. A tusk, 
esp. of the elephant ; also, Slang or Colloq. (chiefly in the 
pi.), a tooth. 3. The color of ivory ; whiteness, as of the 
skin. 4. Any article made of ivory ; as : a A carving, b A 
billiard ball. Colloq. c In pi. The keys of a piano. Slang. 
5. An ivory-like substance ; as, vegetable ivory. 

i'vo-ry-biiF (-biF), n. A large handsome North American 
woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) having a large 
ivory-white bill. It is now nearly extinct. [ivory.! 

ivory black. A fine black pigment prepared by calcining! 

ivory nut. The nutlike seed of a South American palm 
(Phylelephas macrocarpa). Its hard endosperm (called vege- 
table ivory) is used for buttons, etc. Also, the similar seed 
of a palm (Calococcus amicarum) of the Caroline Islands. 

i'vy (I'vi), n.; pi. ivies (I'viz). [AS. ifig.] 1. A well- 
known evergreen araliaceous climbing 
shrub (Hedera helix). 2. Any of various 
plants more or less like the true ivy ; as, 
American ivy (the Virginia creeper), Jap- 

_ anese ivy, etc. 

ivy tod. The ivy plant. See tod. 

ivy vine. 1. An American vitaceous 
plant (Ampelopsis cordala) with cor- 
date leaves. 2. The Virginia creeper. 

I-Wis', y-wis' (I-wis'), adv. [AS. gewis 
certain. The common form iwis was of- - 
ten written I wis. The prefix was mis- H - 
taken for the pronoun I, and wis for a y 
form of the verb wit to know.] Cer- }$ 
tainly ; indeed. Arcluiic. 

ix'i-a (Tk'si-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. #6$ birdlime ; — from the 
viscid nature of some species.] Any of a genus (Ixia) of 
South African bulbous iridaceous plants (sometimes called 
corn lilies) having showy flowers, mostly pink or purple. 

Ix-fon (lk-si'on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'I^'aw.] Gr. Myth. _ A 
king of the Lapithae, bound in Tartarus to a revolving 
wheel for aspiring to Hera's love and boasting of his (by 
him falsely supposed) success. 

ix'tleHiks'tle ; -til ; is> r -),n. [Mex. istle.2 The fiber ob- 

ix'tii / tained from various tropical American plants (as 
Bromelia sylvestris and Agave heteracantha). 

Fyar' (e'yar'), n. [Heb. iyar. - ] See Jewish calendar. 

-ize (-Tz). [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr. -l^eiv.'] A suffix forming 
transitive and intransitive verbs, and denoting : to subject 
to ; render, make into, conform to, make like ; impregnate, 
treat, or combine with; act in the way of, or practice. 
ISp 3 Certain words ending with the sound of tz are spelt 
with -ise after the French -iser or -ise; as, devise, surprise. 
But the great body of words so ending are spelt either -ize 
or -ise, though most authorities now spell them with -ize, 
as in this Dictionary ; and there is a tendency to extend 
this spelling to all these words. [Dial.\ 

iz'zard (Tz'drd), n. [Formerly ezed.J The letter z. Obs. or\ 




K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of AM»eviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign W~d. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



536 



JACKY 



J(ja). The tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a 
comparatively late variant formjof the Latin I, which 
■was used indifferently as a vowel or as a consonant, its 
consonantal value being that of English y in yet. The j 
gradually became differentiated from i in function as well 
as form, but it was not until the 17th century that the 
distinction of j as consonant and i as vow<sl was fully estab- 
lished and the capital forms of J introduced. Cf. I. In 
English, the regular and practically uniform sound of j is 
as in jet ( = dzli), the same as g in gem. See Guide toPron., 
§ 48. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g ; as 
in jot, iota ; jest, gesture ; join, jugular, yoke. See I. 

J, j, n. ; pi. js or j's (jaz). 1. The letter J, j, or its sound. 
2. Something shaped like the letter J. 

jab (jSb), v.t. & i. ; jabbed (-jabd) ; jab'bing. To thrust ab- 
ruptly with something sharp.— n. A jabbing. BothColloq. 

jab'ber (jab'er), v. i. & t. To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or 
unintelligibly ; chatter ; gabble. — n. Act of jabbering ; 
gibberish ; chatter. — jab'ber-er, n. 

jab'i-ru (jab'I-roo), n. [Braz. jabirti, jabuni.] A very 
large stork (Mycteria americana) of tropical America. 

jab'o-ran'di (jab'6-ran'di), n. [Pg. jaborandi, fr. native 
name in Brazil.] Any of several South American rutaceous 
shrubs (genus Pilocarpus) ; also, the drug obtained from 
the leaves, used as a diaphoretic and sialagogue. 

ja'bot' (zha'bo'), n.; pi. -bots (F. zba'bo'). [F.] A trim- 

__ ming, as a ruffle on a shirt front, or lace for a dress front. 

jac'a-mar (jak'd-mar), n. [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamari- 
ca.] Any of a large subfamily (Galbulinas) of picarian 
insectivorous birds, of tropical American forests. They are 
usually brilliant metallic green or bronze above and rufes- 
cent below, with a white throat. 

jac'a-na (jak'd-na), n. [Pg., fr._native name in Brazil.] 
Any of a genus (Jacana) or 
family (Jacanidse) of wad- 
ing birds, having, usually, 
extremely long toes and a 
spur at the bend of the wing. 

ja'cillth ( ja'sinth ; jas'- 
Inth ), n. [ F. jacinthe, 
L. hyacinthus.] The hya- 

j cinth ; — now used only as 
the name of a gem. 

jack (jak), n. [Pg. jaca, 
Malayalam chakkaT] The 
fruit of a large East Indian 
moraceous tree (Artocar- 
pus integri folia), allied to 
the breadfruit ; also, the tree 
or its yellow wood. Mexican Jacana (J. spinosa) 

jack, n. [Y.jaque.] 1. A coarse coat of defense, esp. one of 
leather. 2. [Perh. fr. its resemblance to a jackboot.'] A 
pitcher or can for liquor, as of waxed leather. Archaic. 

jack, n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. 'I<ko)/3os, 
Heb. Ya'aqob Jacob; prop., seizing by 
the heel ; bence, a supplanter. But perh. 
orig., in English, a familiar form of 
John."] 1. [cap.] A nickname for John. 

2. [cap.] A common fellow ; boor. Obs. 

3. [Often cap.] A sailor. Cqlloq. 4. 
[Sometimes cap.] Any of various serv- 
ing men or attendants ; as, a body serv- 
ant, a laborer, etc. 5. Playing Cards. 
Any of the four knaves. 6. A figure, usu- 
ally of a man, esp. on old clocks, which 
strikes the time on the bell. 7. Any of 
various mechanical devices ; as : a A con- 
trivance to turn a spit, b A bootjack. C 
A portable machine for exerting great 
force through a small distance. d In va- 
rious keyboard instruments, an interme- 
diate upright piece of wood at the inner Ratchet ^ Jack 
end of each key communicating its ac- 
tion to the string ; — erroneously used 
by Shakespeare and others for key. e A 
hood or other device placed over a chim- 
ney or vent pipe to prevent a back draft. 
f In hunting and fishing, the pan or frame 
holding the fuel of the torch used to at- 
tract game at night ; also, the light itself, 
g Naut. A crossbar of iron at a topgallant masthead, to 
support a royal mast and spread the royal shrouds ; — 
called also jack crosstree. 8. Bowls. The small bowl 
used as a mark. 9. Nav. A small flag used as a signal, 
usually the same as the union (and called more fully union 





Socket to elevate 
Lever ; B Pawl 
to lift Rack; C 
Detent to keep 
Rack from slip- 
pi ng back; D 
Rack ; E Lifting 
Foot ; F Lifting 
Head. 




Jackal. 



jack). See FLAG, Illust. 10. a The male of certain animals 
b Short for jackass. 

—v.t. 1. To move or lift by or as by a jack or jacks ; — usu- 
ally with up. 2. To hunt or seek (game or fish) with a jack. 

jack'— a— dan'dy, n. A little dandy ; a conceited fop. 

jack'al (jak'Sl), n. [Turk, chakal, fr. Per. shaghal.] Any 
of several wild dogs (esp. 
Canis aureus) of the Old 
World. They are smaller 
and much more cowardly 
than wolves, and hunt in 
packs by night. 

Jack'-a-Lent', n. A pup- 
pet set up to be pelted as a 
sport in Lent ; hence : a 
simpleton ; puppet ; butt. 
Archaic. 

jack'a-napes' (-d-naps'), n. 
[For Jack o'(=of) Napes 
(for Naples), a Jack (monkey) from Naples in Italy.] 
1. A monkey ; an ape. Archaic. 2. A coxcomb ; an imper- 
tinent or conceited fellow. 

Jack and Gill (jil) or Jill, proper names for any lad and 
lass, as in "Jack and Jill went up the hill," etc. 

jack'a-roo' (jak'd-rooO, n. [Jack + kangaroo.] A young 
man engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. Col- 
loq., Australia. 

jack'ass' (jak'as'), n. 1. A male ass ; a donkey. 2. A con- 
ceited dolt ; perverse blockhead ; an ass. 

jack boot, or jack'boot', n. A kind of large boot reach- 

_ ing above the knee. 

jack'daw' (jak 'do'), n. A common corvine bird (Corvus 

_ monedula) of Europe, smaller than a crow ; a daw. 

jack'er (jak'er), n. One who, or that which, jacks. 

jack'et ( jak'et ; 24 ), n. [ F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 
2d jack. ] 1. A short coat without skirts, usually with 
sleeves. 2. Any of various outer coverings or casings, esp. 
one to prevent heat radiation, as from a steam pipe, etc. 

jack'-in-a-box', n. 1. = jack-in-the-box. 2. A tropical 
tree ( Hernandia peltata) which bears a drupe that rattles 
in the inflated calyx when dry. 

jack'-in-the— box', n. 1. [cap.] A sharper ; cheat. 2. A 
child's toy consisting of a box out of which, when the lid is 
raised, a figure springs. 

jack'-in— the— pul'pit, n. An American arum (Arissema 
triphyllum) bearing an upright club-shaped spadix with 
an overarching green-and-purple spathe. 

Jack Ketch (kech). [After a notorious executioner.] An 
executioner or hangman ; — a popular appellation. Eng. 

jack'knife' (jak'nlf), n. A large, strong pocketknife. 

Jack'— of-all'— trades', n. A person who can do passable 
work at various trades ; a handy man. 

jack'-o'-lan'tern, n. 1. An ignis fatuus. 2. A lantern 

_ made, as of a pumpkin, to show features of a human face. 

jack pot. Poker. A pot or pool which cannot be opened 
until some player has a pair of jacks or better ; also, a 
round, hand, or game in which this condition is imposed. 

jack'pud'ding (-pood'ihg), n. A merry-andrew. Archaic. 

jack rabbit. Any of several large hares (subgenus Macro- 
tolagus) of western North America having very large ears 
and long hind legs. [lor exerting pressure.! 

jack'screw' (-skroo'), n. A jack in which a screw is used| 

jack'snipe' (-snip'), n. 1. A small true snipe (Limno- 
cryptes gallinula) of the Old World. 2. The pectoral 
sandpiper (Pisobia maculata). 

Jack-so'ni-an (jak-so'ni-an), a. Of or pert, to Jackson, as 
Andrew Jackson, seventh President (1829-37) of the United 
States, a Democratic leader. — n. A follower of Jackson. 

Jack Sprat, a A diminutive chap or fellow, b A char- 
acter in a familiar English nursery rime which relates that 
"Jack Sprat could eat no fat ; his wife could eat no lean." 

jack'stay' (jak'sta'), n. Naut. a A rod stretching along a 
yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened, b A 
traveler of wood, iron, or rope running up and down the 
mast, on which a yard travels ; — called also parrel. 

jack'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. One of the pebbles or pieces 
tossed up and caught in playing a certain game. 2. [In 
form jackstones, construed as sing.] The game so played. 

jack'straw' (-stro'), n. 1. A man of straw ; a man without 
property, worth, or influence. 2. a One of a set of straws or 
strips, as of wood, used in a certain game, b [In form jack- 
straws, construed as sing.] The game itself. 

jack'— tar', n. A sailor. Humorous or Affected. 

Jack'y (jak/i), n. ; pi. Jacktes (-iz). Dim. or pet form from 
Jack ; hence : [I. c] a A landsman's nickname for a sea- 
man, resented by the latter, b English gin. Dial. Eng. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flrn, fip, circus, menu; food, loot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



JACOB 



537 



JANSENISM 



Ja'COb (ja'kSb), n. [L. Jacob (or Gr. 'Ieuc«/3), fr. L. Ja- 
cobus. See 3d Jack.] Bib. A Hebrew patriarch, younger 
son of Isaac and Rebecca, and father of the twelve patri- 
archs. Gen. xxv .-1. 

Jac'o-be'an (jak'6-be'dn ; jd-ko'be-dn), a. [L. Jacobus 
James.] 1. Of or pert, to James I. of England, his reign or 
times ; specif., designating, or pert, to, a style of architec- 
ture and decoration prevailing in England in the early 17th 
century, a continuation of the Elizabethan, with freer use 
of the classical orders. 2. Bib. Of or pert, to St. James the 
Less or the Epistle of James. 

Jac'o-bin (jak'6-bTn), n. [F.] 1. Eccl. Hist. A Domini- 
can friar. 2. One of a society or club of radical democrats 
in France during the revolution of 1789 ; hence : a plotter 
against an existing government ; a violent radical ; dema- 
gogue. 3. \l. c] One of a breed of fancy pigeons having 
the neck feathers reversed, forming a fluffy hood. 

Jac'o-bin'ic (-bln'ik) la. Pert, to the Jacobins of France ; 

Jac'0-bin'i-cal (-i-kal)j violently radical. i-cal-ly, adv. 

Jac'o-bin-ism (jak'o-bln-Tz'm), n. 1. The principles of 
the French Jacobins ; violent radicalism, esp. in politics. 
2. A Jacobinic idea or trait. — Jac'o-bin-ize' (-Iz'), v. t. 

Jac'0-bite (-bit), n. [L. Jacobus James.] Eng. Hist. A 
partisan or adherent of James II. or of his descendants. 

Jac'o-bit'i-cal (-bit'i-kal), a. Of or pert, to the Jacobites ; 
characterized by Jacobitism. [Jacobites. I 

Jac'O-bit-ism (jak'o-blt-iz'm), n. The principles of thc[ 

Ja'COb's lad'der (ja'kftbz). In senses 2 & 3, also Jacpb'G- 
ladder, n. 1. Bib. The ladder which Jacob saw_ in his 
dream. Gen. xxviii. 12. 2. A European polemoniaceous 
herb (Polemonium cseruleum) with bright blue or white 
flowers ; also, any of several related American species. 3. 
Naut. A rope or wire ladder with wooden or iron rungs. 

ja-co'bus (jd-ko'bus), n. [See Jacobite.] An English 
gold coin of James I., issued in 1G03 at 20s., afterward 
raised to 22s. [made in India.] 

jac'o-net (jak'6-net), n. A kind of thin cotton fabric, orig.| 

Jac-quard r (jd-kard'), a. Pert, to, or invented by, J. M. 
Jacquard (1752-1834), a French mechanician who invent- 
ed an apparatus applied to looms for weaving figured goods. 

Jacque'mi-not (jak'mi-no ; F. zhak'me'no'), n. [After a 
French general.] A well-known deep crimson rose. 

U Jacque'rie' (zh'aVre'), n. [F.] A revolt of French peas- 
ants against the nobles in 1358 ; — from the contemptuous 
title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the 
peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants. 

jac-ta'tion (jak-ta'shun), n. [L. jactatio, fr. jactare to 
throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw.] 1. Med. Jactita- 
tion. 2. Boasting ; ostentation. 

jac'ti-ta'tion (jak'tT-ta'shim), n. [L. jactitare to utter in 

Eublic, freq. fr. jactare. See jactation.] 1. Boasting; 
ragging ; specif., Law, false boasting or assertions to an- 
other's prejudice ; false claim. 2. Med. Excessive restless- 
ness, as in delirium. 

Jac'tl-late (jak'u-lat), v. t. & i. [L. jaculatus, p. p. of 
jaculari. See ejaculate.] To hurl; dart. Rare. — jac'u- 
la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

jade (jad), n. 1. A horse ; contemptuously, a mean, vicious, 
or worn-out horse. 2. A woman ; contemptuously, a dis- 
reputable or vicious woman ; rarely, a worthless man. — 
v. t. & i. jad'ed (jad'ed; 24) ; jad'ing. To tire or wear out. 
— Syn. Fatigue, weary. See tire. 

jade (jad), n. [F., fr. Sp. piedra de ijada stone of the side, 
fr. ijada side, pain in the side, the stone being supposed 
to cure this pain, fr. L. ilia flanks.] A compact stone, com- 
monly green, capable of a fine polish. True jade is com- 
posed of interlaced fibers of jadeite. 

jade'ite (jad'It), n. Min. A monoclinic mineral, consti- 
tuting the more valuable variety of jade. See jade. 
iade'stone' (-ston'), n. = jade, the stone. 
ad'ish (jad'ish), a. Like, or of the nature of, a jade; 
vicious; lewd. — jad'ish-ly, adv._ — jad'ish-ness, n. 
jae'ger (ya'ger; in sense 2 also ja'ger), n. 1. Var. of 
jager. 2. Any of several rapacious, gull-like birds (genera 
Stercorarius and Megalestris). 
Ja'el (ja'el), n. See Sisera. 

Jag (jag), v. t.; jagged (jagd) ; jag'ging (jag'mg). 1. To 

prick. 2. To pink or slash, as a garment ; cut into teeth as 

those of a saw ; cut indentations in ; notch. [barb.l 

jag (jag), n. Also jagg. A sharp projecting part ; tooth ;| 

jag, n. Also jagg. 1. A small load. Dial, or Colloq. 2. 

Enough liquor to make a man noticeably drunk ; — esp. 

in : to have a jag on, to be drunk. Slang, U. S. 

Jag'an-nath (jug'd-niit ; -not), Jag'an-na'tha (-nat'hd), 

n. Also Jug'ger-naut (which see). [Hind. Jagannath 

lord of the world, Skr. jagannatha.] Hinduism. A form 

of Vishnu, or of Krishna. Formerly, it was erroneously 

supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed 

under the wheels of the car in which his idol is drawn. 

ja'ger (ya'ger), n. [G. jager.'] 1. A hunter. 2. A German 

or Austrian rifleman. 3. (ya'ger ; ja'-) = jaeger, bird. 




Jaguar. ( 2 ' g ) 



jag'ged (jag'ed ; 24), p. a. Having jags, or sharp notches ; 
sharply pointed. — jag'ged-ly, adv. — jag'ged-ness, n. 

jag'ger-y (-er-T), n. [Hind, jagri, fr. Skr. carkara.] A 
kind of coarse palm sugar made in the East Indies. 

jag'gy (-i), a. ; -gi-er (-I-er) ; -gt-est. Jagged; notched. 

jag'uar (jag'war; jd-gwar'),n. [Tupi yagoara, jaguara.] 
A large feline animal (Felis on- 
ca), marked with black spots. It 
ranges from Texas to Paraguay. 

Jah've, Jah'veh (ya've), Jab'- 
vism (-viz'm), Jah'weh (ya'we), 1 ] 
etc. Vars. of Yahweh, etc. 

jaU(jal),n. Also gaol. [OF. jai- 
ole, fr. LL. dim. of gabia cage, 
L. cavea cavity, cage.] A prison, 
esp. one for persons held for mi- 
nor offenses or pending judicial 
proceedings. — v. t. To confine 
in or as in a jail ; imprison. 

jaiPbird' (-burd'), n. Also gaol'- 
bird'. _ A prisoner in jail ; a habit- 
ual criminal. 

jail delivery. Also gaol delivery, 
a Eng. Law. The clearing of a' 
jail by bringing the prisoners to 
trial, esp. at the assizes, b Deliver- 
ance from a ja:l or imprisonment, by 
force or otherwise. 

jaiPer (jal'er), n. Also jail'or,gaoP- 
er. The keeper of a jail. 

Jain (jln ; jan)_ \ n. [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina a (Jain) saint, 

Jai'na (jl'nd; ja'-)J fr. jina victorious.] An adherent of 
Jainism. 

Jain'ism (jln'iz'm ; jan'-), n. A heterodox Hindu reli- 
gion intermediate between Erahmanism and Buddhism, 
founded about the 6th century B. c 

Jakes (jaks),n. A privy. Now Rare. 

jaPap(jaPdp), n. [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; — from Jalapa, a 
town in Mexico.] 1. The purgative tuberous root of any of 
several Mexican convolvulaceous plants (esp. Exogonium 

_ purga), or a drug from it. 2. Any plant yielding jalap. 

jaPa-pin (-d-pin), n. A purgative glucoside, C34H56O16, 
found in jalap and scammony. 

II ja'lou'sie' (zha'loo'ze'), n. [F., prop., jealousy.] A fixed 
blind or shutter, usually having slats arranged like louver 
boards. 

jam (jam), v. t.; jammed ( jamd ) ; jAM'arrNG. Also jamb. 
1. To press closely or tightly ; crowd ; wedge in. 2. To 
crush or bruise. 3. To cause to be wedged or fixed so as 
to be unworkable, as some movable part of a machine. 

— v. i. 1. To become wedged or fixed ; stick fast. 2. To 
become unworkable through the wedging or fixing of some 
part or parts ; as, the gun jammed. 

— n. Act of jamming ; state of being jammed ; a crush. 
jam, n. A thick preserve made of fruit boiled with sugar. 
Ja-mai'can pd-ma'kan), a. Of or pert, to Jamaica. — n. 

A native or inhabitant of Jamaica. 

jamb (jam), n. Also jambe. [F. jambe a leg, jambe de 
force a principal rafter.] 1. A jambeau. 2. An upright 
piece forming the side of an opening, as a doorway. 

jam'beau (jam'bo), n. / pi. -beaux (-boz). [From F. 

jambe a leg.] In medieval armor, a leg piece. 

jam'bo-ree' (jam'bS-re'), n. A noisy or unrestrained ca- 
rousal ; a spree. Slang. 

James (jamz), n. [F., fr. L. Jacobus, Jacob.] Bib. a 
One of the twelve apostles, a son of Zebedee. b One of the 
twelve apostles, son of Alphaeus. C James the Less, often 
identified with James, son of Alphaeus. d The James called 
the Lord's brother in Gal. i. 19. e The Epistle of James 
in the New Testament. 

James' town weed (jamz'town). Orig. form of Jimson 
weed. Now Rare. 

Jam-shid', Jam-shyd' (jam-shed'), n. [Per. Jamshid.] 
Persian Myth. The king of the peris, who, for a boast of 
immortality, was compelled to assume a human form and 
live on earth, where he became a mighty king of Persia. 

jan'gle (jar/g'l), v. i.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). [OF. 
jangler.] 1. To talk idly ; chatter ; gossip. 2. To quarrel ; 
wrangle. 3. To sound discordantly, as bells out of tune. — 
v. t. To cause to jangle. — n. Act or sound of jangling. 

jan'gler, n. One who jangles. 

Jan'is-sa-ry. Var. of Janizary. 

jan'i-tor (jan'i-ter), n. [L., fr. janua door.] 1. A door- 
keeper; porter. 2. One having the care of a building, 
offices, apartments, etc. — jan'i-tress (-tres), n.fem. 

Jan'i-za-ry (jan'i-z£-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Y.janis- 
saire, fr. Turk, yeni-cheri new soldiers.] [Often l. c] A 
soldier of a body of Turkish infantry that existed from the 
14th century to 1826, and consisted at first of slaves. 
They had special privileges, and formed the main fighting 
force of the Turks. Often, any Turkish soldier. 

Jan'sen-ism (jan'sen-Tz'm), n. The doctrines of Cornelius 



'{ 



K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. =• equals. 



M 



JANSENIST 



538 



JEFFERSONIAN 



Jansen (1585-1638) Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in 
Flanders, and his followers ; also, their ecclesiastical agita- 
tion, esp. against the Jesuits. The Jansenists denied the 
ability for good of the natural human will and the possibil- 
ity of resisting divine grace. — Jan'sen-ist, n. — Jan'- 
sen-is'tic (-Ts'tik), Jan sen-is'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. 

Jan'u-a-ry (jan'ii-a-ri), n. [L. Januarius, fr. Janus, the 
Latin god to whom the month was sacred.] The first 
month of the year, having 31 days. 

Ja'nus (ja'nus), n. [L.] Roman Relig. An ancient Roman 
deity, primarily god of gates and doors, hence, of all begin- 
nings. He was represented with two opposite faces, prob. 
symbolizing the two faces of a door. — Ja'nus— faced', a. 

ja-pan' (jd-pan'), n. [From Japan, the country.] 1. A 
brilliant hard varnish or lacquer. 2. Work varnished and 
figured in the Japanese manner. — a. leap.'] Of or pert, 
to Japan, the Japanese, or Japanese lacquered work. 
Japan clover, a bush clover (Lespedeza striata) of eastern 
Asia, where it is a useful forage plant. It is often a common 
weed in the United States. 

— v. t. ; -panned' ( jd-pand' ) ; -pan'ntng. To cover with 
japan or the like ; lacquer. 

Jap'a-ncse' (jap'd-nez' ; -nes'), n. 1. sing. & pi. A mem- 
ber of the native race of Japan. 2. The language of the 
Japanese, an agglutinative tongue. — a. Of or pertaining 
to Japan, its people or their language. 
Japanese ivy, a vitaceous climbing plant (Parthenocissus 
trlcuspldata) having 3-lobed leaves and clinging to walla 
by its disk-bearing tendrils. 

jape (jap), v. i.; japed (japt) ; jap'ing (jap'ing). To jest ; 
play tricks ; jeer. — v. t. To trick ; fool ; mock. — n. A 
jest ; trick ; deception ; fraud ; now, usually, a joke ; jibe. 

Ja'pheth (ja'feth), n. [L. Japheth or Gr. 'I&<j>e9, fr. Heb. 
Yepheth."] Bib. One of the sons of Noah. 

Ja-phet'ic (jd-fet'ik), a. Pert, to, or derived from, Japheth ; 
— formerly used vaguely as an ethnological epithet for 
the Caucasians of Europe and some adjacent parts of Asia. 

ja-pon'i-ca (jd-pon'i-kd), n. [From NL. Japonia Ja- 
pan.] The common camellia ( Thea japonica ) ; also, the 
Japanese quince (Cydonia japonica). 

Jap'O-nism (jap'6-niz'm), n. [F. japonisme, fr. Japon 
Japan.] A characteristic of the Japanese, esp. in art. 

Ja'ques (ja'kwez ; jak'wes ; zhak), n. In Shakespeare's 
"As You Like It," a lord who affects a cynical philosophy, 
and is called "the melancholy Jaques." 

jar (jar), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, fr. Ar. jarrah ewer.] 

1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass. 2. 
Such a vessel and its contents ; a jarful ; as, a jar of oil. 

jar, n. [See ajar.] A turn ; — only in : on the jar, ajar. 

jar, v. i. ; jarred ( jard ) ; jar'ring. 1. To sound harshly, 
esp. with a grating noise ; be discordant. 2. To make a 
jarring sound, esp. by shaking ; hence : to shake violently or 
unexpectedly ; shiver. 3. To have a discordant effect ; as, 
his manner jarred on my feelings. 4. To clash ; quarrel. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to shake, esp. with harsh discordance. 2. 
To affect painfully ; shock. 

.<— n. 1. A harshly discordant sound ; a shaking or vibration. 

2. A painful effect, as of discord ; a shock. 3. Clash, as of 
opinions ; esp., a petty dispute ; as, family jars. 

jarWniere' (zhar'de'nyar'), n. [F., fem., a gardener.] 
An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, etc. 

tar'gon (jar'gon), n. [F.] 1. Chatter or twitter, as of a 
bird. Rare. 2. Confused, unintelligible language or utter- 
ance ; hence (often contemptuously) : a A language, speech, 
or dialect that is barbarous or outlandish (in respect of a 
particular individual or another language) ; esp., a speech 
or dialect arising from a mixture of languages, as a lingua 
franca, b Any form or part of language that uses many 
terms that are meaningless and strange to people in gen- 
eral, as cant, slang, etc. ; a lingo. — -_Syn. See cant. 

jar'gon (jar'gon), jar-goon' (jar-goon'), n. [F. jargon, 
It. giargone.J Min. A variety of zircon. See zircon. 

jar'go-nelle' (-go-nel'), n. [F.] An early variety of pear. 

jar'gon-ize (jar'gon-iz), v. i. & t. To utter, or render into, 
jargon. {chieftain below the king.1 

jarl (yarl), n. [Icel., nobleman.] An old Norse or Danish! 

jar'o-site (jar'6-sit ; jd-ro'slt), n. [From Barranco Jaroso, 
in Spain.] M in. A native basic sulphate of ferric iron and 
potassium. 

jar'vey (jar'vi), n.; pi. -veys (-viz). [From the proper 
name Jarvis, Jervis.] The driver of a hackney coach or of 
a jaunting car. Slang, Eng. 

ja'sey (ja'zi), n. A wig, esp. a worsted one. Humorous, Eng. 

jas'mine (jas'mm), n. Also jas'min. [F. jasmin, Sp. 
jazmin, Ar. yasmln, Per. yasmin.~\ 1. Any of a genus 
(Jasminum) of apocynaceous shrubs with fragrant flowers. 
2. An American loganiaceous climbing shrub {Gelsemium 
sempervirens) with evergreen leaves and handsome fra- 
grant yellow flowers ; — usually called Carolina, or yellow, 
jasmine or jessamine. 3. With qualifying word, any of 
various other plants having sweet-scented flowers ; as, Cape 
jasmine (Gardenia florida). 4. Papaw. Local, U.S. 



Ja'son (ja'sun), n. [L. Iason, fr. Gr. 'latroiv. ] Gr. 
Myth. Son of iEson, and nephew of Pelias, king of Iolcus, 
who, to keep him from the throne, sent him in quest of the 
Golden Fleece (which see), kept by JEetes, king of Colchis. 
iEetes set him the task of harnessing two fire-breathing 
bulls to a plow, and of sowing dragon's teeth, and destroy- 
ing the crop of armed men which would spring up. All this 
he accomplished, and secured the fleece, by the help of 
Medea. See Medea ; Argonaut. 

jas'per (jas'per), n. [OF. jaspre, L. iaspis, Gr. Zao-Tris.] 
An impure quartz of dull red, yellow, and other colors, used 
for vases, seals, etc. The jasper of the Bible [Ex. xxviii. 20 ; 
Rev.xxi. 18) was probably a dark green or opalescent stone. 

jas-pid'e-OUS (jas-pTd'e-us), a. Of jasper. 

Jat (jot), n. [Hind. JaJ.] A member of an Indo-Aryan 
tribe or caste, dwelling chiefly in the Punjab, Rajputana, 
and the United Provinces. 

jaun'dice (jan'dis ; j6n'-), n. [F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yel- 
low, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, galbus yellow.] Med. A 
disease caused by absorption of bile into the blood, and 
characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, etc., and by 
languor. — v. t. ; -diced (-dist) ; -dic-ing (-di-smg). To 
affect with or as with jaundice ; color by prejudice or envy. 

jaunt (jant ; jont), v. i. 1. To go to and fro wearily ; trudge 
about. Obs. 2. To ramble, esp. for pleasure ; stroll. — n. 

1. A wearisome journey. Now Rare. 2. A short excursion 
m for pleasure ; a short journey. — Syn. See journey. 
jaun'ti-ly (-ti-li), adv. In a jaunty manner. 
jaun'ti-ness, n. The quality of being jaunty. 
jaunt'ing car. A low open vehicle, common in Ireland, in 

which passengers sit sidewise, back to back or face to face. 

jaun'ty (jan'tl ; jon'-), a. ; -ti-er ; -ti-est. [From F. gentil. 
See gentle.] 1. Genteel ; gentlemanly. Obs. 2. Having an 
air of easy unconcern or sprightliness. — Syn. See finical. 

Ja'va (ja'vd) , n. A variety of coffee. 

Java man. See Pithecanthropus. 

Jav'a-nese' (jav'd-nez' ; -nes'), n. 1. sing. & pi. A mem- 
ber of the native Malayan race of Java. 2. The language 
of middle Java, closely akin to Malay. — a. Of or pertain- 
ing to Java, its people, or their language. 

Java sparrow. A finchlike weaver bird (Munia oryziv- 
ora), a native of Java, but a common cage bird. 

jave'lin (jav'lm ; jav'e-), n. [F. javeline.'] A light spear 
for hurling. 

jaw (j8), n. 1. One of the structures that border the mouth 
and serve to open and close it ; hence, the mouth or fauces. 

2. Something suggesting an animal's jaw ; as : Either of 
two or more opposing parts movable so as to open and close 
for holding, etc. ; as, the jaws of a vise, etc. 3. Talk, esp. 
when offensive or impudent. Low. 

jay (ja), n. [F. geai, OF. gai, jai.~] 1. A European bird 
(Garrulus glandarius), type of a sub- 
family (Garrulinae) of the crow family -, 
hence, any of numerous birds of this 
subfamily. The best-known North 
American forms are the blue jays (esp 
Cyanocitta cristata) and the Canada 
jay [Perisoreus cana- 
densis). 2. a An im- 
pertinent chatterer, b 
A stupid or gullible per- 
son. Slang. 

jay'hawk'er (ja'hok'er), 
n. A member of a band 
of antislavery guerrillas, 
esp. in Kansas and Mis- 
souri, before and during 
the Civil War ; an irregu- 
lar soldier. Slang, U. S. European Jay. 

jaz'er-ant (jaz'er-dnt), n. [OF.] A coat of defense of small 
overlapping metal plates mounted on a lining, as of linen. 

jeal'ous (jel'&s), a. [OF. jalous, gelos, LL. zelosus zealous, 
zelus zeal, jealousy, Gr. f r)\os. See zeal.] 1. Zealous ; soli- 
citous. Archaic. 2. Apprehensively vigilant in care ; anx- 
ious; as, jealous of one's honor. 3. Disposed to suspect ri- 
valry in matters of interest or affection ; distrustful ; as, a 
jealous lover. 4. Intolerant of rivalry ; as, a. jealous God. 5. 
Vigilant or exact in observation, scrutiny, etc. — Syn. See 
envious. — jeal'ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. Now Rare. 

jeal'0US-y (jel'us-i),n.; pi. -ousies (-iz). State or quality 
of being jealous ; the distress due to being jealous. _ 

jean (jen ; jan), n. [Prob. fr. F. Genes Genoa.] A kind of 
twilled cotton cloth ; in pi., a garment of it. < _ 

jeer (jer), n. Naut. An assemblage of tackles for hoisting or 
lowering the lower yards ; — usually in pi. 

jeer (jer), v. i. & t. To utter, or treat with, sarcastic or scoffing 
remarks ; taunt. — Syn. See scoff. — n. A jeering utter- 
ance ; a taunt ; a biting jest. — jeer'er, n. 

Jef'fer-SO'ni-an (jef'er-so'ni-an), a. Pert, to, or character- 
istic of, Thomas Jefferson (3d President of United States) 
or his political doctrines, which were those of the Republi- 
cans of his time, as opposed to those of the Federalists. 




ale, senate, care, am.dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil: chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



JEHOSHAPHAT 



539 



JETTY 



Jeffersonian simplicity, the absence of pomp or display 
which Jefferson aimed at in his administration (1801-1809). 

Je-hosh'a-phat (je-hosh'd-fat), n. Bib. A king of Judah 
of the 9th century B. c. See 2 Chron. xvii. 

Je-ho'vah (-ho'vd), n. [Heb. Yehdvah.] God; — a Chris- 
tian form given to the Hebrew divine name, considered by 
the Jews too sacred for utterance. — Je-ho'vic (-vik), a. 

Je-ho'vist (-vist), n. 1. One who maintains that the 
vowel points of the Hebrew word translated Jehovah are 
the proper vowels of that word ; — opposed to Adonist. 
Hist. 2. The author (or authors) of the passages, esp. in 
the Hexateuch, in which God is styled Jehovah (more 
properly Yahweh). Cf. Elohist. 

Je'ho-vis'tic (je'ho-vis'tik), a. Characterized by the use 
of Jehovah (more properly Yahweh) as a name of God ; 
Yahwistic (which see). 

Je'hu (je'hu), n. 1. Bib. Son of Jehoshaphat. 2 Kings ix. 
2. [I. c] A driver ; esp., a fast driver. Humorous. 

je-june' (je-joon'), a. [L. jejunus hungry, dry, barren.] 1. 
Lacking nourishing quality or substance. 2. Void of inter- 
est ; dry ; insipid. — je-junely, adv. — je-june'ness, n. 

je-ju'num (-joo'num), n. [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty.] 
The division of the small intestine between the duodenum 
and ileum ; — so called because formerly supposed to be 
empty after death. 

jellied (jel'Td), a. Brought to the state or consistence of 
jelly ; furnished or covered with jelly. 

jel'li-fy (jel'i-fi), v. t. & i. To make, or to become, gelatin- 
ous ; jelly. — jelli-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'sh&n), n. 

jelly (jel'I), n. ; pi. -lies (-iz). [F. gelee jelly, frost, geler 
to freeze, L. gelare.] A food preparation of a soft homo- 
geneous consistency due to its containing gelatin ; a similar 
preparation or substance. — v. i. & t. ; -lied (-id) ; -ly- 
ing. To come, or to bring, to the consistency of jelly. 

jelly-fish' (-fish'), n. Any of various marine free-swimming 
ccelenterates having a jellylike body; a medusa. Many 
have long extensile marginal tentacles with stinging' hairs. 

jem/a-dar (jem'd-dar), n. [Per. & Hind, jam'dar.] In 
the Indian army, a native officer of a rank corresponding 
to lieutenant in the English army, and second to the su- 
bahdar ; also, one of several Indian government officials, or, 
sometimes, a head servant who has charge of others. 

jem/my (jem'i), n. ; pi. -mles (-mlz). [Var. from Jimmy, 
a familiar form of James."] A short crowbar ; a jimmy. 

jen/net (jen'et), n. [F. jenet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted 
soldier.] A small Spanish horse. 

jen'net-ing, n. A variety of early apple. 

jen'ny (jen'I), n. ; pi. -nies (-iz). 1. leap.'] A familiar or pet 
form of Jane. 2. With names of animals, often used to de- 
note a female, as in "jenny wren." 3. = spinning jenny. 

jeop'ard (jep'drd), v. t. To expose to loss or injury ; im- 
peril ; hazard ; risk. 

jeop'ard-ize (-dr-dlz), v. t. To jeopard. 

jeop'ard-y (-dl),n. [OF. jeu parti an even game; jeu, ju 
(L.jocus jest) + partir to divide, L. partire.] 1. Hazard; 
danger. 2. Law. The danger that an accused person is sub- 
jected to when put on trial for a crime. — Syn. See danger. 

Jeph'thah (jef thd), n. Bib. A judge of Israel who sacrificed 
his only daughter to Jehovah. See Judges xi. 30-40. 

je-quir'i-ty (je-kwir'I-ti), n., or jequirity bean. The seed 
of the Indian licorice (Abnis abrus) used for beads, as a 
weight, etc. 

jer-bVa (jer-bo'd), n. [Ar. yarbu'.] 
Any of several Old World nocturnal, 
jumping rodents (family Dipodidse). 

je-reed' (je-red'), n. [Ar. jerid.] A 
blunt javelin used in military games in 
Moslem countries. 

jer'e-mi'ad (jer'e-ml'ad), n. [Allud- 
ing to the Old Testament " Lamenta- 
tions of Jeremiah."] A tale of sorrow, 
disappointment, or complaint. 

Jer'e-mi'ah (d), Jer'e-mi'as (-ds), n. 
[L. Jeremias, fr. Heb. Yirmeyah.] 
Bib. a A great Hebrew prophet of 
denunciation and judgment whose 
preaching is recorded in the Book of Jerboa. (£) 

the Prophet Jeremiah and The Lamentations of Jere- 
miah, b The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah, in the 
Old Testament. 

je-rid' (je-red'). Var. of jereed. 

jerk (jurk), v. t. & i. 1. To give a short sharp thrust, push, 
pull, or twist. 2. To throw with a short quick motion ; as, to 
jerk a ball. 3. To utter in a snappy manner ; speak shortly ; 
as, to jerk out words. — n. 1. A sharp, suddenly arrested 
motion. 2. Physiol. An involuntary spasmodic muscular 
movement due to reflex action ; as, the knee jerk. 

jerk, v. t. [From Peruy. charqui dried beef.] To cut (meat) 
toto long slices or strips and dry in the sun. 

IerTrin (jur'kin), n. A jacket or short coat. Hist, or Dial. 
erk'y (jur'kl), a.; jerk'i-er (-ki-er) ; jerk'i-est. Moving 
by jerks and starts. — jerk'i-ly, adv. — jerk'i-ness, n. 





Lion Jessant 
of a Fesa. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, j] Foreign Word. 



Jer'o-bo'am'Cjer'o-bo'dm), n. Bib. a A "mighty man of 
valor," first king of (north) Israel (937-915 b. c.). 1 Kings 
xii-xiv. b Son of Joash and king of Israel. 2 Kings xiii. 

jer'ry (jer'i), o. Flimsy; jerry-built. 

jer'ry— build / , v. t.; -built'; -build'ing. To build cheaply 

_ and unsubstantially. — jer'ry-build'er, n. 

jer'sey (jur'zi), n. ; pi. -seys (-ziz). [From Jersey, one of 
the Channel Islands.] 1. A kind of knitted jacket ; hence, 
a close-fitting jacket or upper garment of an elastic fabric. 
2. [cap.] One of a breed of dairy cattle originating on the 
island of Jersey. They are noted for their rich milk. 

Je-ru/sa-lem (je-roo'sd-lem). The chief city of Palestine. 
Jerusalem artichoke [pern, a corrupt, of It. girasole, i. e., 
sunflower, or turnsole ; see gyre, solar ] , a perennial 
American sunflower ( Hellanthus tuberosus) ; also, its tuber, 
which is eaten as a vegetable. 

J6S3 (jSs), n. [OF. gies, giez, prop. pi. of giet, get, jet. See 
jet a shooting forth.] Falconry. A short strap, as of leath- 
er, secured round the leg of a hawk, for attaching the leash. 

jes'sa-mine (jeVd-min). Var. of jasmine. 

j es'sant (jes'ant), a. Her. a Emerging or shooting forth ; — 
said of a charge depicted as issuing from\T" 
another, b [OF. gesant, p. pr. of gesir to 
lie, L. jacere.] Of a charge, lying over so 
as partly to cover another. 

Jea'se (jes'e), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Uaaal, fr, 
Heb. Yishayj] Bib. David's father. Ruth 
iv. 17-22. 

Jes'sl-ca (-T-kd), n. In Shakespeare's 
"Merchant of Venice," Shylock'sdaughter, 

_ who elopes with a Christian. 

jest (je"st), n. [OF. geste deed, tale, LL. gesta, orig., ex- 
ploits fr. L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, accomplish.] 1. 
A story of action; a tale; an idle tale. Obs. 2. A jeer; 
taunt ; also, something said or done in banter or raillery ; 
sport ; fun. 3. A practical joke ; prank. Obs. or R. 4. A 
laughingstock. 

Syn. Jest, joke are often interchangeable. But jest 
(less colloq. than joke) commonly implies raillery, some- 
times taunting or ill-natured ; joke oftener suggests a 
sportive sally to promote good humor without wounding 
the feelings of its object ; as, bitter jests ; cheap jokes. 

— v. i. To joke ; make light of anything.— v. t. 1. To ridi- 
cule ; banter ; rally. Rare. 2. To affect by jesting. Rare. 

jest'er (jeVter), n. 1. One who tells of exploit or romance. 
Hist. 2. Buffoon; court fool. 3. Onegiven to jesting; joker. 

jest'ing, 7i. Joking ; pleasantry. — p. a. Sportive. 

Je'su (je'su ; ya'soo), n 9 [L., vocative and oblique cases of 
Jesus.] Jesus. Poetical. 

Jea'U-it (jez r u-it), n. 1. R. C. Ch. One of a religious order 
founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, under the title of the 
Society (or Company) of Jesus. 2. A crafty person ; an in- 
triguer ; — an opprobrious use of the term arising from the 
use of art and intrigue generally attributed to the Jesuits 
by their enemies or opponents. 

Jes'u-it'ic (jez'ti-TtTk) j a. 1. Of or pert, to the Jesuits 

Jes'U-it'i-cal (-i-kal) J or their principles, practices, or 
methods. 2. {I. c] Designing ; cunning ; crafty ; — an 
opprobrious use of the word. 

Jes'tt-it-ism ( jez'u-It-iz'm), n. 1. The principles, doctrines, 
or practices of the Jesuits. 2. [1. c] Jesuitry ; hence : a 
quibble ; equivocal act or statement ; — an opprobrious use 
of the word. — Jes'U-it-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i. 

Jes'u-it-ry (-rT), n. Such principles or practices as have 
been ascribed to the Jesuits ; subtle or dissembling argu- 
ment or practices, etc. 

Je'sus (je'zus), n. [L. Jesus, Gr. It/o-oOs, fr. Heb. Yeshua' ; 
Yah Jehovah + hoshia' to help.] 1. Bib. The son of 
Mary, and founder of the Christian religion ; the Savior. 
Luke i. 31 ; ii. 21. Cf. Christ. 2. Any of several other 
Biblical characters (Acts vii. 45 ; Col. iv. 11) ; esp., the au- 
thor of the deuterocanonical book Ecclesiasticus. 

jet (jet), tt. [OF., fr. L. gagates, fr. Gr. yayar-rjs, fr. T&yas 
or Yayyai, a town and river in Lycia.] 1. A velvet-black 
mineral of the nature of coal, susceptible of a good polish. 
2. The color of jet ; velvet black. 

jet, v. i. ; jet'ted ; jet'ttng. [F. jeter, fr. LL. jectare for L. 
jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw.] To spout out in a stream ; 
shoot forth ; spurt. — v. t. To spout ; emit in a stream or 
jet. — n. [OF. get, giet, a throw, cast, jeter to throw.] 1. 
A shooting forth ; spurt ; sudden gush. 2. A spout or nozzle 
for a jet of gas, water, or the like. 

jet'sam (-sdm),n. [See jettison. ] Goods cast overboard to 
lighten a vessel in distress ; such goods when washed ashore. 

J5t'ti-S0n (-l-swn), n. [OF. getaison a throwing, geter, 
jeter, to throw.] 1. The throwing overboard of goods, esp. 

_ in order to lighten a vessel in danger. 2. = jetsam. 

jet'ty (-1), n. ; pi. -ties (-iz). [F. jetee a pier, jetty, cause- 
way. See jet, v. t\] 1. A structure, as of wood or stone, 
extended into a sea, lake, etc., to influence the current or 
tide or to protect a harbor ; also, a starling, or protecting 
frame of a pier. 2. A landing wharf or piei\ 



K 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



M 



JETTY 



540 



JOB'S COMFORTER 



iet'ty, a. Made of jet ; like jet in color. — jet'ti-ness, n. 
II jeu (zhu), n. ; pi. jeux (zhu). [F.] Amusement ; play. 

ijeu d es'prit' (desire'). [F., play of mind.] A witticism. 
ew (ju ; Joo ; 86), n. [OF. Jiieu, Gieu, through L. & Gr. 
fr. Heb. Yehudah Judah.] 1. Orig., one of the tribe of Ju- 
dah. 2. Anyone of the Hebrew race or whose religion is 
Judaism. 

— v. t. To overreach by sharp practice, cheating, or trick- 
ery ; to practice imposition or extortion upon ; — used op- 
probriously in allusion to practices imputed to the Jews by 
those who dislike them, or now sometimes colloquially 
without conscious reference to the Jews. 

jew'el (jii'el ; joo'el; 86), n. [OF. juel, joel, dim. of ju, 
jeu, sport, L. jocus.~\ 1. An ornament of gold, silver, or the 
like, usually one having enamel or precious stones as a 
part of its design. 2. A precious stone ; gem. 3. A bearing 
for a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, 
as a ruby. 4. An object of special affection ; a precious 
thing. 5. An ornamental boss of glass or glaze, as in a 
stained-glass window. — Syn. See gem.— v. t. ; -eled (-eld) 
or -elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To adorn with jewels. 

jewfel-er, jew'el-ler (ju'el-er ; joo'-), n. A maker of jewels 
or jewelry, or a dealer in jewels, precious stones, etc. 

jew'el-ry (-ri), or, British, jew'el-ler-y (-er-i), n. Art or 
trade of the jeweler ; also, jewels collectively. 

Jew'ess (ju'es ; joo'es), n. A Jewish girl or woman. 

jew'fish' (-fish 7 ), n. Any of certain large sea basses.^ 

Jewish, a. Of or pert, to Jews or Hebrews ; Israelitish. 
Jewish calendar, a lunisolar calendar in use among He- 
braic peoples, reckoning from the year 3761 B. c, the date 
traditionally given for the Creation. 

Months of the Jewish Year. 



Tishrl . . . 
Heshvan. 



Days. 

....30 

....29 

or 30 

....29 

or 30 

4 Tebet 29 

Jew'ry (-rY),n.; pi 



3 Kislev. 



Days. Days. 

5 Shebat 30 7 Nisan 30 

6 Adar 29 8 Iyar 29 

or 30 9 Sivan 30 

— Veadar....29 10 Tammujs.29 

(occurring only in 11 Ab 30 

leap years) 12 Elul 29 

-ries (-riz). 1. Judea ; also, a district 
inhabited by Jews ; ghetto. 2. The Jewish people or race. 

jew's'-harp', or jews'Miarp', n. {Jew + harp.] A lyre- 
shaped instrument which, when held between the teeth, 
gives tones from a bent metal tongue struck by the finger. 

Jew's, or Jews', pitch. Asphalt ; bitumen of Judea. 

je-zail' (je-zTl'), n. [Per. jazail.] A heavy Afghan musket. 

Jez'e-bel (jez'e-bel), n. 1. Bib. The infamous wife of 
Ahab, king of Israel. Her name became a term of re- 
proach. See 2 Kings ix. 30. 2. {often I. c] A wicked, 
bold, or abandoned woman, esp. one who paints her face. 

JHS. Abbr. = IHS. 

JHVH, or JHWH. See tetragrammaton. 

jib (jib), n. A triangular sail, set on a stay or halyard, ex- 
tending from the head of the foremast. See sail, Illust. 
Sib, n. The projecting arm of a crane, supporting the load. 
ib, v. i. ; jibbed (jibd) ; jib'bing. Of an animal in harness, 
to move restively backward or sidewise ; refuse to go ; balk. 

— n. One that jibs, or balks ; a jibber. — jib'ber, n. 

jib boom. A spar serving as an extension of the bowsprit. 

jib crane. Mach. A crane with a jib, esp. a horizontal jib on 

which a trolley runs, bearing the load. See crane, Illust. 

jibe ( jib), v. i. ; jibed (jibd ) ; jtb'ing (jlb'ing). To agree ; 

harmonize. Colloq. or Dial., U. S. 

jibe, jiber. Vars. of gibe, gybe, giber. [l°Q-\ 

jiffy (jif'i), n.; pi. -fies (-iz). A moment; instant. Col-\ 

jig (jig), n. 1. A brisk dance movement, in a rhythm of 

triplets, commonly six eighths ; also, a dance to it. 2. A 

piece of sport ; a prank ; — chiefly in the ( his, etc. ) jig 

is up. Obs. or Slang. 3. a A kind of trolling bait, b A 

small machine or handy tool ; esp., Metal Working, a 

contrivance having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a 

drill, or to form a shield or template to work to, as in filing. 

C An apparatus for separating impurities from ore or coal 

by agitating it in water. 

— v. t.; jiGGEDjjigd) ; jiG'GiNG/jYg'ing). 1. To sing, play, 
or dance as a jig. 2. To move jerkily. 3. Mach., Dyeing, 
etc. To treat, cut, or form, in or with a jig. — v. i. 1. To 
dance a jig. 2. To move jerkily. 3. a To fish with a jig. b 
Mach. To work with the aid of a jig, as in filing. 

jig'ger (jtg'er), n. [Corrupt, of chigoe.] 1. The chigoe. 2. 
Any of the larval forms of certain mites which burrow under 
the skin. Southern U. S. 

jig'ger, n. 1. One who jigs. 2. Any of various devices, as a 
jig to catch fish, or a jig for washing ore or coal. 3. Naut. 
a A light tackle, used for various purposes, b A small 
vessel, rigged like a yawl. C = jigger mast, d A small 
stern sail. 4. Golf. An iron-headed club with narrow 
blade and lofted face, used for making an approach. 5. 
Billiards. A kind of cue rest or bridge. 

jigger mast. Naut. 1. The after mast of a four-masted ves- 
sel. 2. A small mast at the stern of a yawl-rigged vessel. 



jig'gle (jig''l), v. i. & t. ; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [Freq. 
of jig .] To move with quick little jerks. «— n. Light, 
rapidly repeating, jerky motion. 

jig saw. A sawing machine with a narrow, vertically recip- 
rocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or 

_ ornamental patterns in openwork ; a scroll saw. 

ji-had/ (je-had'), n. [Ar. jihad.] Moham. A religious war 
against infidels ; any crusade for a principle or belief. 

Jill (jil), n. [Dim. of Juliana, fern." prop, name.] A young 
woman ; a sweetheart. See gill. 

jill'-flirt', n. A gill-flirt. 

jilt (jilt), n. A woman who capriciously casts off a lover. — 
v. t. To cast off capriciously, as a lover. — v. i. To play the 
jilt. — jilt'er, n. 

Jim Grow. A negro. Slang, U. S. 

jim'my (jim'i), n. A short crowbar used by burglars. 

Jim'son weed (jTm's'n). Orig., James'town' weed. A 
very poisonous weed (Datura stramonium) of the night- 
shade family. It is a tall coarse perennial with rank- 
smelling foliage and large white trumpet-shaped flowers. 

jin'gal (jin'gol), n. [Hind, jangal a swivel, a large mus- 
ket.] A heavy musket, or rude cannon, fired from a rest, 
often with a swivel, used in China and India. 

jin'gle (jir/g'l), v. i. & t.; -gled (-g'ld); -gling (-gling). 

1. To sound with clinking or mingled tinkling sounds, as 
coins ; tinkle. 2. To rime or sound with a jingling effect. 

— n. 1. A clinking or tinkling sound ; also, that which 
makes a jingling sound. 2. A catchy repetition or corre- 
spondence of sounds in verse, or the verse itself. 3. A 
two-wheeled covered car used in Ireland and Australia. 

jin'go (jin'go), n.; pZ.-GOES (-goz). 1. A word used as a 
jocular or euphemistic oath ; — chiefly in by jingo. 

2. One who boastfully favors an aggressive foreign policy. 

— a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, jingoes. 
jin'go-ism (-Tz'm), n. Belief, policy, or practice of, or char- 
acteristic of, jingoes. 

jin'go-jst, n. A jingo. — jin'go-is'tic (-Ys'tYk), a. 

jink (jink), n. 1. A quick turn, as to escape pursuit. Scot, 
or Eng. 2. In pi. Pranks ; frolics ; — chiefly in high jinks. 

jinn (jin), n. 1. pi. of jinni, jinnee. 2. (pi. jinns.] Im- 
properly, a jinni. 

jin-ni', jin-nee' (jY-ne'), n. ; pi. jinn (jTh). [Ar. jinni, pi. 
jinn.] In Mohammedan belief, one of a class of supernatu- 
ral beings, subject to magic control. 

jin'ny (jin'i), n. ; pi. -nies (-iz). [From Jinny, a pet form 
of the name Jane.] Mining, a A stationary engine for 
hauling on an incline, b A jinny road. 

jinny road. Mining. An incline on which loaded cars 
usually descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. 

jin-rik'i-sha (jin-rik'i-sha), n. Also jin-rick'sha. [Jap.j'm 
man + riki power + sha carriage.] A small two-wheeled 
hooded Oriental vehicle drawn by a man or men. 

jinx (jinks), n. A person, object, influence, or supernatural 
being supposed to bring bad luck. Cf. hoodoo. Slang. 

jit'ney (jit'ni), n. ; pi. -neys (-niz). 1. Five cents ; a 
nickel. Slang. 2. An automobile vehicle which carries 
passengers for a five-cent fare. Jitneys are commonly of 
moderate size, and follow a regular route, but not a regular 
schedule. The name is now applied to such vehicles, even 
when the fare is more than five cents. Colloq. 

jiu-jit'su, jiu-jut'su. Vars. of jujutsu. 

Jo'ab (jo'ab), n. Bib. The chief captain of David's army. 
See 1 Kings ii. 5-6, 28-34. 

Jo'ash (jo'ash), n. Bib. The king of Israel 798-790 b. c. 

job (job), v. t. ; jobbed (jobd) ; job'bing. [ME. jobben to 
peck.] To strike or stab with something pointed, esp. a 
knife ; jab. — v. i. To dart or thrust a pointed instrument ; 
jab ; of a bird, to peck. — n. A sudden thrust ; jab. 

job (job), n. 1. A piece of work ; specif., any definite piece 
of work, such as is undertaken for a fixed price or that is in 
the way of one's special trade or occupation. 2. A corrupt 
piece of official business. 3. An affair ; event. Colloq. 4. A 
situation or employment. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To sublet (work). 2. To hire or let by the job or 
for a period of service ; as, to job a carriage. Eng. 3. To buy 
and sell as a broker or middleman. 4. To deal with or effect 
by jobbery. — v. i. 1. To do odd pieces of work for hire ; 
work by the piece. 2. To do business as a jobber, or middle- 
man. 3. To carry on jobbery in public positions. 

Job (job), n. [L. Job or Gr. '16,0, fr. Heb. Iyob.] Bib. 

The patient hero of the Old Testament book of Job. 
job'ber (job'er), n. One who jobs ; as : a A worker by the 

job or on job work, b One who jobs horses, etc. Eng. 

C A middleman, d A dealer in stock exchange securities ; 

a stockjobber; an intermediary between brokers. Eng. 

e A corrupt official or politician. 
job'ber-nowl' (-noul'), n. [ME. jobarde a stupid fellow 

(F. jobard) + E. noil.] A blockhead. Colloq., Eng. 
job'ber-y (-1), n. The conduct of a public office or trust 

for private gain ; official corruption or graft. 
Job's com'fort-er (jobz). A tactless or malicious person 

who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. 



ale, senate, dire, am, Account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) i 



JOB'S-TEARS 




Job's'— tears', n. pi. The hard, pearly white, capsulelike 
sheaths of an Asiatic grass (Coix la- 
cryma-jobi) often used as beads; also, 
the plant itself. 

Jo-cas'ta (jo-kas'td), n. See (Edipus. 

jock'ey (jok'i), n.; pi. -eys (-Iz). [Dim. 
of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who 
rides horses.] 1. A fellow ; lad. Scot. 2. 
A wandering minstrel ; vagabond. Obs. 
or Hist. 3. One who handles, or deals 
in, horses. Obs., Dial. Eng., or U. S. 
4. A professional rider of race horses. 

— v. t. 1. To play the jockey toward; 
cheat. 2. To treat or manipulate trick- 
ily. — v. i. To play or act the jockey ; 
cheat ; also, to maneuver skillfully for a 
legitimate advantage ; as, to jockey for 
position. — jock'ey-ing, n. — jock'- 
ey -ism (-Tz^rn), n. 

jock'o (jok'o), n.; pi. jockos (-oz). 
[F., fr. the native African n'djeko, 
n'chego."] The chimpanzee, or any ape. 

jo-cose' (jo-kosO, a. [L. jocosus, fr. 
jocus joke.] Given to jesting ; full of Job's-tears. 
jokes ; merry. — Syn. See jocular. — jo-cose'ly, adv. — 
jo-cose'ness, n. [or saying ; jocoseness. 

jo-cos'i-ty (-kos'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). A jocose act 

joc'u-lar (jok'fi-ldr), a. [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. o: 
jocus joke.] 1. Given to jesting; acting in jest ; jocose. 
2. Said or done in joke ; sportive. 

Syn. Jocose, witty, facetious, waggish, playful, funny, 
comical, droll ; jocund, jovial, jolly, gay, merry, mirthful, 
blithe, hilarious, joyful, joyous. — Jocular, jocose, joc- 
und, jovial, jolly, merry, blithe, joyful, joyous. That 
is jocular which is sportive or given to jest ; jocose of- 
ten adds the implication of waggishness or facetiousness. 
Jocund is chiefly poetical for merry or cheerful; jovial 
connotes esp. good fellowship or conviviality ; jolly often 
suggests higher spirits than jovial ; as, such a jocund com- 
pany ; jovial meetings, fellows ; a jolly troop of huntsmen. 
Merry suggests laughter and gayety ; blithe (chiefly poet- 
ical) connotes rather freshness and buoyancy of spirit ; as, 
a merry farce ; blithe as a bird. Joyful implies keen pleas- 
ure ; joyous connotes greater spontaneity or light-heart- 
edness ; as, the joyful news of a victory ; the joyous laughter 
of a child. 

joc'u-lar'i-ty (-larT-ti), n. Jesting; jocosity; merriment. 

joc'u-lar-ly, adv. In a jocular manner. 

joc'und (jok'wnd), a. [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., help- 
ful, fr. juvare to help.] Feeling, exhibiting, or characteris- 
tic of, mirth or good cheer ; merry ; gay ; sportive. — Syn. 
See jocular. — joc'und-ly, adv. [jocund ; gayety. 

jo-cun'di-ty (jo-kun'di-tT), n. State or quality of being 

Jo'el (jo'el),n. [Heb. Yoel.'] Bib. a A Hebrew prophet of 
uncertain date, b A certain book of the Old Testament. 

joe'— pye' weed (jo'pT'). Any of several members of a genus 
(Eupatorium) of tall asteraceous American weeds (as E. 
maculatum and E. purpureum) , having terminal clusters of 



pink or red tubular flower heads. 

jo'ey (jo'I), n.; pi. -eys (-Iz). [Australian joe. Oxf. E. D, 
Young of an animal ; esp., a young kangaroo. Australia. 

jog (jog), v. t.; jogged (jogd) ; jog'ging (jog'ing). 1. To 
push, jostle, or nudge, esp. in order to rouse, notify, warn, 
etc. 2. To remind ; call the attention of ; as, to jog one's 
memory. — v. i. To move by jogs or jolts, like those of a 
slow trot ; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously. 

— n. 1. A slight shake ; push ; jolt. 2. Act of moving with 
jogs, or jolts ; a slow, steady walk, trot, etc. 3. Any irregu- 
larity of line or surface, as in a wall. Chiefly U. S. 

jog'ger (jog'er), n. One who or that which jogs. 

jog'gle (-'1), tf. t. &%.; -gled (-'Id); -cling. [Freq. of jog."] 

To shake slightly ; jostle ; jog ; totter. — n. 1. A jog ; jolt ; 

jog trot. 2. A notch in a joining surface to prevent slipping. 

jog trot. A slow, regular, jolting gait; hence: a routine 
habit ; a slow, easy-going way. 

jo-han'nes (jo-han'ez), n. Also jo-an'nes (jo-an'ez). [NL. 
See John.] A Portuguese gold coin worth about $8.81, 
issued from 1722 to 1835, and named from John V. 

John (jon), n. [L. Joannes, Johannes, Gr. 'Ioxiwjjj, fr. 
Heb. Yehokhanan."] 1. Masc. prop. name. 2. a Any of 
various Biblical characters ; as : (1 ) John the Baptist, who 
preceded Jesus, preaching repentance (Matt. hi.). (2) John 
the Apostle, brother of James, son of Zebedee. His name 
is attached to the Fourth Gospel, three Epistles, and the 
Book of Revelation, b (1) The Gospel of John. (2) One of 
the three Epistles of John. [man.l 

John Bull. The English personified, or a typical English-! 

John dory, also John doree. [John + dory, doree, the 
fish.] Any of a family (Zetdse) of fishes, esp. a highly 
colored European marine food fish (Zeus faber). 

john'ny-cake' (jon'T-kaV), n. A kind of bread made of 
Indian corn meal, flour, eggs, milk, etc. U. S. 

John'son-ese' (jon'sftn-ez' ; -es'), n. The diction or liter- 



541 JOLE 

ary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or an imitation of it ; — 
used derogatorily of stilted or pompous style. 

John-so'm-an (jon-so'ni-an),a. Pert, to or resembling Sam- 
uel Johnson or his style ; pompous ; inflated. — n. A follow- 
erorcopierof Dr. Johnson. — John-so'ni-an-ism (-iz'm), 
John/son-ism (jon'siin-Tz'm), n. 

join (join), v. t. [F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, join.] 
1. To unite ; connect ; couple ; combine. 2. a To associate 
one's self with ; unite with ; as, to join a party, b To unite 
in marriage. 3. To adjoin. Colloq. 4. To engage in ; meet 
in opposition upon ; as, to join battle ; to join issue. — v. i. 
To come together so as to be united ; be close or in contact ; 
mingle ; unite ; form a union. 

Syn. Join, combine, unite, consolidate, amalgamate 
agree in denoting the association, with varying degrees of 
closeness, of two or more objects. Join may express con- 
nection of any degree of closeness. Combine, rather more 
than unite, keeps in mind the elements associated ; unite 
lays slightly greater emphasis on the resulting unity ; as, the 
combined forces of the allies ; the two companies united in 
one, a united family. Consolidate emphasizes the compact- 
ness or stability arising from the association of the parts ; 
amalgamate emphasizes the closeness of their union ; as, 
to consolidate two railroads ; an amalgamation of races. 

— n. Act of joining, or place or point of junction. 
join'der (join'der),n. [F. joindre, inf. asm] 1. A joining. 2. 

Law. a A joining of parties in a suit, b Acceptance of an 
issue tendered, c A joining of causes of action or defense. 

join'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, joins. 2. A 
mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) 
necessary for the finishing of buildings. 

join'er-y (-i),n. Art, trade, or work of a joiner ; things 

_ made by a joiner. 

joint (joint), n. [F. joint, OF. also jointe (LL.juncta), fr. 
L. jungere, junctum, to join.] 1. The part, or the arrange- 
ment of the part, where two bones of an animal's body, or 
parts of an invertebrate's body, are joined, esp. so as to admit 
of motion ; hence, a part in a plant where branches give 
off. 2. The placeor part where two things or parts are 
joined or united ; junction ; specif., Geol., a plane of frac- 
ture transverse to the stratification. 3. The part or space 
included between two articulations, knots, or nodes. 4. 
Any of the large pieces of meat as cut for roasting. 5. A 
place of low resort, as for smoking opium. Slang. 

— a. [F., p. p.] 1. Joined ; united ; combined ; as, during 
their joint lives. _ 2. Involving the united activity of, or 
shared by or affecting, two or more ; as, joint action or own- 
ership. 3.FJnited, joined, or sharing with another or with 
others ; acting together ; as, a joint heir ; joint owners. 
joint stock, capital held as a common stock or fund. — - 
j. -stock company, Law, a company or association con- 
sisting of individuals organized to conduct a business for 
gain with a joint stock, the shares owned by any member 
being transferable without the consent of the rest ; — called 
also a joint-slock association. It approaches more or less 
closely to the corporation. 

— v. t. 1. To unite by a joint or joints ; fit together ; as, to 
joint boards. 2. To providewith a joint or joints ; articu- 
late. 3. To separate at the joints ; disjoint, as a fowl. 

joint'ed (join'ted; 24), a. Having joints ; articulated. 

joinder (join'ter), n. _ One who, or that which, joints ; as, 
specif. : a Any of various tools or implements used in pre- 

_ paring or making joints, b A colter. See plow, Jllust. 

joint'ly, adv. Together; unitedly; not separately. 

joint'ress (join'tres), n. A woman who has a jointure. 

join'ture (join'tur), n. [F., a joint, a joining, L. junctura, 
fr. jungere to join.] 1. A joining ; union. Rare. 2. An 
estate settled on a wife to be taken in lieu of dower. — v. t. ; 
-tured (-tjjrd); -tur-ing. To settle a jointure upon. 

joint'weed' (joint'wed'), n. An American^ polygonaceous 
herb (Polygonella articulatum) with jointed spikelike 
racemes of small white flowers. 

joint'worm/ (joint'wurmO, n. The larva of any of several 
small hymenopterous flies (genus Isosoma) which attack 
the stems of grain. 

joist (joist), n. [OF. giste, fr. gesir to lie. See gist.] 
Any of the small timbers or beams laid horizontally in a 
building to support the flooring or the laths or furring 
strips of a ceiling. 

joke (jok), n. [L. jocus."] 1. Something witty or sportive ; 
jest ; witticism. 2. Something not said seriously ; something 
done in sport. 3. A laughing stock. — Syn. See jest.— v. t. ; 
joked (jokt) ; jok'ing ('ok'ing). To make merry with; make 
jokes on ; banter. — v. i. To do something for sport, or as 
a joke ; be merry ; jest. — Syn. Rally, banter. 

jok'er (jok'er),n. 1. One who jokes ; a jester._ 2. A clause 
that is ambiguous or apparently immaterial inserted in a 
legislative bill to render it inoperative or uncertain in 
some way, but without arousing opposition at the time of 
the bill's passage. Political Cant. 3. Card Playing. An 
extra card sometimes added to the pack, counting as a 
trump, usually as the highest. 

jole. Var. of jowl. 






K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciatioru 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined, with, e equals. 



M 






JOLLIFICATION 



542 



JUBILEE 



Jolli-fi-ca'tion (jol'i-fi-ka'shim), n. [Jolly -f- -ficationJ] A 
merrymaking. Colloq. 

jol'li-fy (jol'i-fl), v. t. & i. To make, or to be, jolly. Colloq. 

jol'li-ly (iol'i-11), adv. In a jolly manner. 

jol'li-ness, n. Jollity. 

jol'h-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or quality of being 
jolly ; gayety. — Syn. Merriment, mirth, festivity, hilarity. 

jol'ly (jol'i), a.; -li-er (-i-er) ; -li-est. [OF. joli, jolif, 
joyful, merry.] _ 1. In high spirits ; joyful. 2. Full of life 
and mirth ; jovial ; merry. 3. Expressing or inspiring mirth 
and gayety. 4. Of fine appearance ; excellent ; pleasant. 
Mostly Colloq. — Syn. See jocular. 

jol'ly, n.; pi. jollies (-Tz). [Prob. fr. jolly, a.] 1. A 
British marine. Sailors' Slang. 2. Something said or done 
to keep a person or people in good humor, often insincerely 

_ or to aid in a hoax or cheat. Slang or Colloq. 

*0l1y ( jol'I), v. t. ; -lied (-id ) ; -ly-ing. To cause to be jolly ; 
encourage to feel pleasant or cheerful ; — often implying an 
insincere or bantering spirit ; hence, to poke fun at. Slang 
or Colloq. — v. i. l.To be or act jolly; make merry. 2. 

_ To jolly a person or persons. Slang or Colloq.- — jol'li-er, n. 

jol'ly— boat', n. Naut. A ship's boat of medium size. 

jolt (jolt), v. i. & t. To shake with short, abrupt risings 
and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground. — n. 
A sudden shock or jerk. — jolt'er, n. 

Jo'nah ( jo'nd ), n. [Heb. Yonah dove.] 1. Bible. A 
Hebrew prophet, who, during a tempest, sent by the Lord 
because of Jonah's disobedience, was cast overboard from 
a ship in which he was fleeing, and being swallowed by a 
great fish (in Matt. xii. 40, a "whale") was in its belly 
three days and nights. 2. Hence, one whose presence 
brings ill luck. 3. A certain book of the Old Testament. 

Jon'a-than (jon'd-than),n. [Heb. Yonathan.] Bib. The 
son of Saul, and friend of David. See David. 

jon'gleur' (zhSN'glur'; jorj'gler), n. [F. See juggler.] In 
the Middle Ages, in France and Norman England, an itin- 
erant minstrel who recited or sang verses, etc., as at courts. 

jon'quil (jon'kwTl ; jGn'-), n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus 
a rush.] A species of narcissus (Nar- 
cissus jonquilla) with yellow or white 
fragrant flowers. 

jo'rum (jo'rwm ; 57), n. [Perh. from, 
J oram, in 2 Sam. viii. 10, who brought 
vessels of silver, etc.] A large drink- 
ing vessel, or its contents. Colloq. 

Jos'eph (jo'zef), n. [Heb. Yoseph."] 
1. Bib. a A Hebrew patriarch, son of 
Jacob, who gave him a "coat of many 
colors." See Gen. xxx. 23 to the end. 
husband of Mary, mother of Jesus, 
rich man of Arimathaea who placed the body 
of Jesus in his tomb. 2. [I. c.j A riding cloak 
worn in the 18th century, chiefly by women. 

josh (josh), v. t. To make fun of ; chaff ; ban- 
ter.— n. A bantering joke. Both Slang, U.S. 

Josh'u-a (josh'u-d), n. [Heb. Yehdshua'J] 
Bible, a The son of Nun, and successor of 
Moses. He led the Israelites into Canaan. 
b A certain book of the Old Testament. 

Jo-Si'ah (jo-sl'd), Jo-Si'as (-ds),n. [Heb. Yo- 

• shiya.h.2 Bib. King of Judah 639-608 (?) B. c. 

JOSS (jos), n. [From Pg. deos God, L. deus."] 
A Chinese household divinity ; Chinese idol. 

JOSS house. A Chinese temple. Colloq. 

JOSS Stick. A reed covered with a paste, or a 
cylinder of the paste, burned as incense, etc. J ona - U11 ' 

jos'tle (jSs''l), v. t. & i.; jos'tled (-'Id); -tling (-ling). 
[Dim. of joust, just, v. See 2d just.] To run against and 
shake ; elbow ; crowd against ; hustle. — n. A crowding 
or bumping together, as in passing. 

jot (jot), n. [L. iota, Gr. t'Sro the letter i.] An iota ; a 
point ; tittle. — v. t. ; jot'ted ; -ting. To set down ; note. 

Jo'tunn (yo'toon), Jo'tunn (yu'toon), n. [Icel. jotunn.] 
Norse Myth. A giant. 

jo'tunn-heim or -heimr, Jo'tunn-heim or -heimr (yo'- 
tdt>n-ham; yu'toon-; -ham'r), n. [Icel. jotunheimar, 
pi.] Norse Myth. Abode of the giants, in the far north- 
west where the ocean joined the world's edge. 

joule (joul; commonly jool ), n. [After James P. Joule, 
English physicist.] Physics. A unit of work or energy, 
approximately equal to .738 foot pound or .24 small calorie, 
or approximately the energy expended in one second by an 
electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. 

jounce (jouns), v. t. & i.; jounced (jounst); jounc'ing 
(joun'sing). To jolt ; shake, esp. by rough riding or driv- 
ing. — n. A jolt ; shake. 

jour'nal (jur'nal), n. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, diurnus 
belonging to the day, fr. dies day.] 1. A diary ; an account 
of daily transactions and events ; specif. : a Bookkeeping. 
(1 ) A daybook. (2) In double entry, a book of condensed 
and grouped accounts of the daily transactions, b Naut. A 




log book ; the log. C The record of the daily proceedings of a 
legislative body, d A daily newspaper ; hence : a periodical ; 
magazine. 2. Mach. The portion of a rotating shaft, spin- 
dle, etc., that turns in a bearing.^ 

jour^nal-ism (-Iz'm), n. The business or profession of pub- 
lishing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers ; 

_ also, journals or newspapers collectively ; the press. 

jour'nal-ist (-ist), n. 1. One whose business or profession 
is journalism. 2. One who keeps a journal, or diary. 

jour'nal-ize {-Tz),v.t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 

_ enter or record in a journal, or book of records. 

jour'ney (-nl), n. ; pi. -neys (-nlz). [OF. jornee, jurnie, a 
day, a day's work or journey, fr. jorn, jurn, a day, fr. L. 
diurnus. See journal.] 1. A day's travel (in the Middle 
Ages estimated commonly at 20 miles). Obs. 2. Travel or 
passage from place to place ; fig., a passage through life. 
Syn. Journey, tour, trip, jaunt, excursion, pilgrimage. 
Journey often suggests somewhat prolonged traveling 
(cf. voyage), esp. to a particular destination or for a specific 
object ; tour implies a circuitous course from place to place, 
esp. for pleasure ; a trip is a relatively brief or expeditious 
journey, whether for business or pleasure ; a jaunt is a 
pleasure trip, commonly short, often impromptu ; excur- 
sion suggests rather more formality than jaunt, and often 
implies a number of participants ; pilgrimage suggests a 
destination hallowed by religious or other associations. 

— v. i. To travel from place to place ; go on a journey. 
jour'ney-er, n. One who journeys ; a traveler. 
jour'ney-man (-man), n. One who has learned a handi- 
craft or trade and works, esp. for day's wages, for another. 

jour'ney -work_' ( -wGrk' ), n. Work done by a journeyman. 

joust (just ; joost), v. & n. ; joust'er, n. See 2d just, etc. 

Jove ( jov ), n. [L. (gen.) Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. 
Cf. Jupiter.] 1. Jupiter. 2. The planet Jupiter. Poetic. 

jo'vi-al (jo'vl-dl), a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis. The planet 
Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or 
jovial.] 1. [cap.] Of or pert, to Jove, the god or the planet. 
2. [cap.] Astrol. Having Jupiter as a natal planet ; hav- 
ing the characteristics or destiny belonging to those whose 
natal planet is Jupiter. 3. Joyous ; jolly ; merry. — Syn. 
Gay, festive, mirthful, gleeful. See jocular. — jo'vi-al-ly, 
adv. — jo'vi-al-ness, n. 

jo'vi-al'i-ty (-al'I-ti ), n. Quality or state of being jovial. 

Jo'vi-an (jo'vi-an), a. Of or pert, to, or like, Jupiter. 

jowl (jol), n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceafl jaw.] 1. A 

_ jaw, esp. the under jaw. 2. The cheek. 

jowl, n. The hanging part of a double chin ; dewlap (of 
cattle) ; wattle (of a fowl). 

jowl, n. The head, or head and adjacent parts, of a fish. 

joy (joi), n. [OF. joie, L. gaudia, pi. of gaudium joy, gau- 
dere to rejoice, be glad.] 1. The emotion excited by acqui- 
sition or expectation of good ; gladness ; delight ; happiness. 
2. That which causes joy or happiness. 3. The sign or ex- 
hibition of joy ; gayety ; mirth. — Syn. Exultation, rap- 
ture, bliss, merriment, festivity, hilarity. See pleasure. 

— v i. To rejoice ; be glad ; exult. — v. t. 1. To gladden. 
2. To enjoy. Obs. or Poetic. 

joy'ance (-dns), n. Enjoyment; delight; gayety. 
joy'ful (joi'fool), a. Full of joy ; causing joy ; very glad. — 

Syn. See jocular. — joy'ful-ly, adv. — joy'ful-ness, n. 
joy'less, a. Not having or causing joy ; unenjoyable. — 

joy'less-ly, adv. — joy'less-ness, n. 
joy'OUS (-us), a. Glad ; joyful ; affording or inspiring joy. — 

Syn. Se£ jocular. — joy'ous-ly, adv. — joy'ous-ness, n. 
Ju'bal (joo'bal), n. Bib. A son of Lamech, and father of 

"all such as handle the harp and organ." Gen. iv. 21. 
jub'bah (jub'd), n. [Hind, jubba, fr. Ar. jubbah."] Along 

outer garment worn by Mohammedans of 

the better class. 
ju'be (joo'be), n. [L. jube, the first word 

of a prayer, imper. of jubere to order.] 

Arch, a A chancel screen or rood screen. 

b The gallery above the screen, from which 

parts of the service were formerly read. 
ju'bi-lance (joo'bl-lans), ju'bi-lan-cy (-lan- 

si), n. State of being jubilant. 
ju'bi-lant (-Idnt), a. [L. jubilans, -antis, 

p. pr.] Shouting with joy ; exulting. 
ju'bi-late (-lat), v. i. & t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; 

-lat'ing. [h.jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare, fr. 

jubilum a wild cry, shout.] To shout for 

joy ; exult ; rejoice. 
Ju'bHa'te (ju'bT-la'te ; yoo'be-la'ta), n. [L. 

imper. of jubilare to shout for joy.] 1. The Jubbah. 

100th Psalm (99th in the Vulgate and the Douay Version) ; 

— from its first word in the Latin versions. Also, a musical 

setting of this psalm. 2. The third Sunday after Easter ; ■ — 

the introit is the 66th Psalm (65th in the Vulgate and the 

Douay Version), beginning in the Latin version with Jubi- 
late Deo. [exultation ; rejoicing.: 
ju'bi-la'ticn (jootn-la'shwn), n. A triumphant shouting ; 
ju'bi-lee (joo'bi-le; 86), n. [F. jubilS, L. jubilaeus, Gr! 




.file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
tee, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, venjure (87) ; 






if 



JUDAH 



543 



JULIAN 



lo}0rr\a?os, fr. Heb. yobel trumpet blast.] 1. Also jubile. 
Jewish Hist. An institution (Lev. xxv. 8-17) to be ob- 
served every fiftieth year by the liberation of all Hebrew 
slaves, restoration of alienated lands, etc. 2. R. C. Ch. A 
year of remission of the penal consequences of sin, pro- 
claimed from time to time by the Pope. 3. The 50th (some- 
times 25th) anniversary of an event, or its commemoration. 

4. A season or occasion of general joy. 6. Jubilation. 
Ju'dah (joo'dd), n. [Heb. Yehudah.] Bib. A son of 

Jacob, and the ancestor of the tribe of Judah in southern 
Palestine, the most powerful of the twelve tribes of Israel. 

Ju-da'ic (joo-da'ik) 1 a. Of or pertaining to the Jews ; 

Ju-da'i-cal (-T-kdl) / Jewish. 

Ju'da-ism (joo'da-Yz'm ; 86), to. 1. The religious doctrines 
and rites of the Jews. 2. Conformity to Jewish rites and 
ceremonies. — Ju'da-ist, to. — Ju'da-is'tic (-Is'tlk), a. 

Ju'da-ize (-Tz), v. i. & t. ; -da-ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To con- 
form, or convert, to Judaism. — Ju/da-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

Ju'das (joo'dds), n. 1. Bib. The disciple who betrayed 
Christ. See Iscariot. 2. A treacherous person ; one who 
betrays under the semblance of friendship. 3. Bib. a One 
of the twelve apostles, not Iscariot. John xiv. 22. b A 
brother of James (see James, d), by some identified with 
Judas, 3 a. Matt. xiii. 55. See Jude. 

Judas tree. Any of a genus (Cercis) of caesalpiniaceous 
trees. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of the 
European species (C. sillquastrum) . 

Jude (jood), or Ju'das (joo'dds), n. [L. Judas, Gr. 'lov- 
Sas; same name as Judah.] The author of the Epistle of 
Jude, in the New Testament. 

Ju-de'an, Ju-dae'an (joo-de'an), a. [L. Judaeus.] Of or 
pertaining to Judea or the Jews. — to. A Jew. 

Judge (juj), n. [F. juge, fr. L. judex, judicis; jus law -f- 
root of dicere to say.] 1. An officer authorized to decide 
litigated questions ; esp., the presiding magistrate in a court 
of justice. 2. a Jewish Hist. One of the magistrates who 
long governed Israel, after Joshua's death, b In pi. [cap.] 
The seventh book of the Old Testament, called in full the 
Book of Judges. It records the history of the judges. 3. 
An umpire ; as, a judge in a race. 4. One who has the knowl- 
edge or skill necessary to decide on the merits or value of 
something ; a connoisseur ; critic ; as, a. judge of old china. 

— v. t. & i. /judged (jujd) ; judging (juj'ing). 1. To hear 
and determine as a judge ; pass judgment on ; also, to de- 
cree. 2. To sit in judgment on ; criticise ; as, "Judge not, 
that ye be not judged." 3. To conclude or determine by 
exercise of the judgment ; esteem ; deem ; think ; as, to 
judge one honest ; to judge according to appearances. 4. 
To govern ; — said of a Hebrew judge. Archaic. 

Judge Advocate. Mil.- & Nav^ An officer appointed to 
act as prosecutor at a court-martial. 

judge'-made', a. Created by judges or judicial decision ; 
as, judge-made law ; — often used opprobriously. 

judg'er (juj'er), to. One who judges. 

judge'ship, n. The office or function of a judge. 

judg-mat / ic(juj-mat / Ik),judg-mat'i-cal (-I-kal), a.\Judge 
+ -matic as in dogmatic.'] Showing good judgment ; judi- 
cious. — judg-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. All Colloq. 

judgement, judge'ment (juj'ment), to. 1. The pronounc- 
ing of a formal opinion or decision ; also, the opinion or de- 
cision given. 2. Law. a Act of determining, as in courts, 
what is conformable to law and justice ; also, the decree or 
sentence of a court, b The obligation, esp. a debt, created 
by decree of court ; also, the certificate evidencing such a 
decree ; as, to obtain a judgment against one. 3. The sen- 
tence of God as the judge of all ; esp., final award ; as, the 
Last Judgment. 4. A calamity regarded as sent by God. 

5. Justice ; righteousness. Archaic. 6. The mental act of 
judging; the operation of the mind,' involving comparison 
and discrimination, by which knowledge of the values and 
relations of things is mentally asserted or formulated. 7. 
Power or faculty of judging wisely ; good sense ; as, a man 
of judgment. 8. Result of judging ; opinion ; decision. 
Syn. Judgment, sensibility, taste (esp. in their aesthet- 
ic relations). Judgment implies nice and discriminating 
perception or discernment ; sensibility connotes delicacy 
and susceptibility of feeling ; taste includes both ; as, the 
faculty of taste or correct judgment; "A rectitude of judg- 
ment in the arts, which may be called a good taste, does in 
a great measure depend upon sensibility" ; "Persons of 
much sensibility are always persons of taste." 

judgment, or judgement, day. [Often caps.] Theol. The 
day of the Last Judgment ; the last day ; doomsday. 

ju'di-ca-tive (joo'dT-ka-tiv ; 86), a. Having power to judge ; 
judicial ; juridical ; as, the judicative faculty. 

ju'di-ca-to-ry (joo'di-kd-to-ri ; 86), a. Of or pert, to judg- 
ment ; dispensing justice ; judicial. — to. ; pi. -rles (-riz). 
1. A court of justice ; tribunal. 2. Administration of justice. 

ju'di-ca-ture (-tjf ), to. [F., or LL. judicatura.] 1. State, 
profession, or function of those who administer justice ; 
also, the administration of justice. 2. Judges collectively ; a 
court of justice. 3. Right of judicial action ; jurisdiction. 



ju-di'cial (joo-dish'dl ; 86), a. \_~L.judicialis, fr. judicium 
judgment, judex judge.] 1. Of or pert, or appropriate to 
the administration of justice, courts of justice, or a judge 
thereof ; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; — 
discing, in general from legislative, executive, adminis- 
trative, ministerial. 2. Specif., sanctioned, ordered, or en- 
forced, by a court ; as, judicial sale. 3. Fitted for judging 
or deciding ; exercising, involving, or relative to, judgment ; 
as, a judicial mind. — ju-di'cial-ly, adv. 
Syn. Judicial, judicious. That is judicial which per- 
tains to, or is characteristic of, a judge, or implies the pass- 
ing of a judgment ; that is judicious which exercises or 
shows sound judgment ; as, a judicial decision (one by a 
judge)_ ; a judicious decision (one showing good judgment). 

ju-di'ci-a-ry (-i-a-rl), a. Of or pert, to courts, judges, or 
judicial procedure ; judicial. — n. That branch of govern- 
ment in which judicial power is vested ; the system of courts 
of justice in a country, or the judges collectively. 

ju-di'cious (-dlsh'us ; 86), a. [F. judicieux.] Directed by 
sound judgment ; wise ; discreet ; sagacious. — Syn. See 
judicial, wise — J u-di'cious-ly , adv — ju-di'cious-ness, n . 

Ju'dith (job'dith), n. [L. Judith or Gr. 'lovUQ, fr. Heb. 
Yehudith.] The heroine of the book of the same name in 
the Apocrypha. She was a beautiful Jewess, who attended 
Holofernes, an Assyrian general, in his tent, killed him 
when he was drunk, and saved her town. 

Ju'dy (-di), to.; pi. -dies (-diz). [Corrupt, of Judith.] A 
character in the show of "Punch and Judy." See Punch. 

jug (jug), n. [A corruption of, or nickname for, Joan, or Jo- 
anna.] 1. A pitcher or ewer ; specif., U. S., a deep vessel 
with a narrow mouth and a handle on one side. 2. A prison ; 
jail. Slang. — v. t. ; jugged (jugd) ; jug'ging (jug'ing). 1. 
To stew, as a hare, in a jug or jar placed in water. 2. To 
commit to jail ; imprison. Slang. 

ju'gal (joo'gal; 86), a. [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.] 
Anat. & Zo'ol. Pertaining to or designating a bone of the 
lateral part of the face below the eye. 

Jug'ger-naut (jug'er-not), n. 1. A Hindu god. Var. of 
Jagannath. 2. An object of blind devotion or ruthless 
sacrifice, as an institution or belief. Cf. Jagannath. 

jug'gle (-'1), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [OF. jogler, 
jugler. See juggler.] 1. To perform the tricks of a jug- 
gler. 2. To practice artifice or imposture. — v. t. 1. To be- 
guile or deceive, as by jugglery. 2. To perform juggling 
tricks with ; as, to juggle knives. — n. 1. An act or piece of 
juggling. 2. An imposture; deception. 

jug'gler (-ler), n. [OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, fr. L. 
joculator jester, joculari to jest, joculus alittle jest, dim. of 
jocus jest, joke.] 1. One skilled in tricks of illusion, esp. 
sleight of hand, or in feats of dexterity. 2. Deceiver ; cheat. 

jug'gler-y (-1), n.; pi. -gleries (-Iz). 1. Art or act of a 
juggler; sleight of hand. 2. Trickery ; imposture. 

jug'gling (-ling), n. Jugglery. — p. a. Cheating; tricky. 

ju'glan-da'ceous (joo'glan-da'shSs ; 86), a. [L. juglans 
walnut.] Bot. Belonging to an important family (Juglan- 
dacese) of trees including the walnut, hickory, and pecan. 

ju'gu-lar ( joo'gu-ldr ; 86 ), a. [L. jugulum collar bone.] 
1. Anat. a Of or pertaining to the throat or neck, b Of or 
pertaining to the jugular vein. 2. Zo'ol. a Having the 
ventral fins beneath the throat in front of the pectorals. 
b Designating a ventral fin so situated. — n. Short for 
jugular vein, one of the large veins returning the blood 
from the head. 

ju'gu-late (-lat), v. t. [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. 
jugulum. See jugular.] To cut the throat of ; strangle. 

juice (joos ; 86), n. [F. jus broth, juice, L. jus.] 1. The fluid 
contents of plant or animal substance ; in pi., all the fluids 
in the animal body. 2. Any liquid extracted from a body. 

juic'y(joos'i), a. ; juic'i-er (-i-er) ; juic'i-est. Abounding 

_ with juice ; succulent. — juic'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

ju'ju (joo'joo), n. 1. A fetish, charm, or amulet of West 
African tribes, or the magic power attributed to it. 2. The 
beliefs and superstitions connected with the use of jujus. 

ju'jube (joo'joob ; 86), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. fifu^ov, 
Per. zizfun.] 1. The drupaceous fruit of any of several 
trees (genus Zizyphus) of the buckthorn family, of the 
Mediterranean region ; also, any of the trees. 2. a A jelly 
made from jujubes, b A lozenge flavored with, or in imita- 
tion of, the jujube fruit. 

ju'ju-ism (-Iz'm), to. = juju, 2. 

JU'jUt'SU ( joo'jdbt'sdo ), to. Also ju'jit'SU (-jlt'sdo), jiu'- 
jut'su, jiu'jit'SU (joo'-)- [Jap. jujutsu; ju soft + jutsu 
art.] The Japanese art of self-defense without weapons, 
depending largely on the turning to use of an opponent's 
own strength and weight to disable him. 

ju'lep (joo'lep ; 86), n. [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. 
juldb, jullab, fr. Per. gulab, rose water julep ; gul rose + 
ab water.] 1. A drink flavored with aromatic herbs ; esp., 
Med., a sweet, demulcent mixture, used as a vehicle. 2. A 
beverage of brandy or whisky with sugar, ice, and sprigs of 
mint ; — called also mint julep. U. S. 

Jul'ian (jobl'ydn), a. Relating to, or derived from, Julius 






K 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



JULIENNE 



544 



JURISPRUDENT 



> 



Caesar ; as, the Julian Calendar, in which the astronomi- 
cal year was taken as 365 days, 6 hours, and the civil year 
was made to consist of 365 days with 366 days in every 
fourth, or leap, year, with the months as now. 

|| ju'lienne' (zhii'lyen' ; joo'lT-en'), n. [F.] A clear soup 
containing thin strips of carrots, onions, etc. 

Ju'liet (joo'li-St), n. See Romeo. 

Ju-ly' (joo-ll'), n. ; pi. -lies (-Hz'). [L. Julius; — from 
Julius Caesar, born in this month.] The seventh month of 
the year, having 31 days. 

jum'ble (jum'b'l), v. t. & %.; jum'bled (-b'ld) ; -bling 
(-bling). To mix confusedly. — n. 1. A confused mixture. 
2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring-shaped. 

jum'bo (jum'bo), n. A big, clumsy thing or person; — 
from Jumbo, an African elephant of great size, once in the 
London Zoological Gardens, later sold to P. T. Barnum, 
and killed in a train accident in Canada in 1885.^ 

jump (jump), n. Obs. or Dial. 1. A kind of loose jacket for 
men. 2. In pi. A kind of under bodice, worn, usually, in- 
stead of stays. 

jump, v. i. 1. To spring free from the ground ; bound ; leap. 
2. To bounce ; jolt. 3. To pass abruptly as if by a leap ; as, 
a price jumps. 4. To coincide ; tally ; — used with with. 

— v. t. 1. To pass over or across by a spring or leap ; over- 
leap. 2. a To leap aboard of ; as, to jump a train. U. S. 
b To leave as if by a leap ; as, to jump the track. 3. To 
cause to jump; as, to jump a horse. 4. Sporting. To cause 
to break cover ; start. 5. To seize suddenly or fraudulent- 
ly, as a mining claim, as on the plea of a flaw in title. 6. 
To hazard. Obs. 7. Smithwork. a To join by a butt weld. 
b To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows. 

— n. 1. Act of jumping ; leap ; bound. 2. Space cleared 
by a leap. 3. A sudden involuntary movement ; a start. 
4. A sudden abrupt rise or transition, as : a A dislocation 
in a stratum ; fault, b An abrupt interruption of level in a 
piece of brickwork or masonry. 

jump'er (jum'per), n. A loose upper garment ; esp., a loose 

jacket worn by workmen over their ordinary dress. 

jump'er, n. One who, or that which, jumps ; specif. : a A 
long drilling tool, used in mining, quarrying, etc. b Any 
of several kinds of sleds. 

jumping jack. A toy figure of a man, jointed and made to 
jump or dance on strings or a sliding stick. 

jump spark. A spark produced by the jumping of elec- 
tricity across a permanent gap. Cf. make-and-break. 

jun'co (jurj'ko), n.; pi. -cos (-koz). [Sp. junco a rush, L. 
juncus.] Any of numerous small American finches (genus 
Junco) ; a snowbird. 

junction (jurjk'shun),n. {L-junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, 
to join.] 1. Act of joining ; state of being joined ; union ; 
coalition. 2. Place or point of meeting; specif., the place 
where railroad lines meet or cross. 

junc'ture (-tyr), n. [L. junctura.] 1. A junction. 2. The 
line or point where, or that by which, two bodies are joined ; 
joint ; articulation ; seam. 3. Point of time ; crisis. 
Syn. Conjuncture, exigency, emergency, crisis, pass, strait, 
pinch, quandary, predicament. — Juncture, exigency, 
emergency, crisis agree in the idea of an important or cru- 
cial point of time or combination of circumstances. Junc- 
ture emphasizes the concurrence or convergence of events ; 
exigency implies urgency or the pressure of necessity ; an 
emergency is an (esp.) unforeseen or sudden exigency ; a 
crisis is a decisive juncture, or a turning point ; it often im- 
plies suspense ; as, a critical juncture; the exigency of the 
occasion forced him to act ; we cannot foresee every emer- 
gency ; affairs have come to a crisis, 

June ( joon ; 86 ), n. [L. Junius, fr. name of a Roman 
gens.] The sixth month of the year, having thirty days. 

June beetle or bug. In the northern U. S., any of several 
large brown beetles that begin to fly about the first of June. 

June berry. The small berrylike pome fruit of the shad- 
bush ( Amelanchier) ; also, the tree itself. 

jun'gle (jur/g'l), n. [Hind, jangal; Skr. jangala desert.] 
An impenetrable thicket, esp. one characteristic of the 
lowlands of India ; hence, any tangled mass of vegetation. 

jungle fowl. Any of several Asiatic wild birds ( genus 
Gallus), esp. a species (G. bankiva) of India from which 
domestic fowls are believed to have descended. 

jun'gly (jun'gli), a. Consisting of, or pert, to, jungles; 
abounding with jungles; junglelike. 

jun'ior (jdon'yer ; 86), a. [L., compar. oijuvenis young.] 
1. Younger. Abbr., Jr. or jr. ;as, John Smith, Jr. 2. Lower 
in standing or in rank ; later in office ; as, a. junior partner. 
Composed of juniors ; as, a junior class. 3. Of more recent 
date ; more modern ; as, his mortgage is junior to mine. 

— n. 1. A younger person. 2. One of a lower or later stand- 
ing ; in American colleges and schools, one in the year next 
to the senior, or last, year. [being junior. 

jun-ior'i-ty (joon-yor'i-tl), n. State, quality, or relation of 
ju/ni-per ( joo'nT-per ; 86 ), n. [L. juniperus.] 1. Any of 
a large genus (Juniperus) of evergreen pinaceous shrubs 
or small trees having globose, berrylike cones. The blue 




fruits of the common juniper (J. communis) have a warm, 
pungent taste and are used to flavor gin. 2. In the Old 
Testament, a leafless fabaceous shrub (Genista rsetam). 

junk (jurjk), n. [Pg. junco.'] Naut. Any of various ves- 
sels of Chinese and neigh- 
boring waters having a very 
high poop and an over-, 
hanging stem. 

junk ( junk ), n. 1. 
Pieces of old cordage 
used to make gaskets, 
mats, oakum, etc. 2. 
Old metal, glass, pa- 
per, etc. 3. Hard salt- 
ed beef supplied to 
ships. 4. A chunk: 
lump. Chinese Junk. 

|| Jun'ker (ydorj'ker), n. [G.] A young German noble or 
squire ; esp., a member of the conservative or reactionary 
aristocratic party in Prussia ; — often used with implica- 

# tion of overbearing haughtiness, social exclusiveness, etc. 

jun'ket (jun'ket ; 24), n. 1. A cream cheese, or a dish of 
curds and cream, or of milk coagulated and flavored. 2. A 
sweetmeat. 06s. 3. A feast ; an outing or excursion, esp. at 
public cost. — v. i. & t. To feast ; go on or take a junket. 

Ju'no (joo'no), n. [L.] Roman Relig. An ancient Italian 
goddess, consort of Jupiter, whose attributes she largely 
shared. She was goddess of marriage and childbirth. By 

_ the Romans Juno was identified with the Greek Hera. 

jun'ta (jun'td), n. [Sp., fr. L. jungere, junctum, to join.] 
1. A council, tribunal, or committee, esp. one for legisla- 
tion or administration, as in Spain, etc. 2. A junto. 

jun'to (-to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [Corrupt, of junta."] A 
number of men combined for some purpose, as party in- 
trigue ; a faction ; cabal ; clique. — Syn. See combination. 

jupe(joop; F. zhup),7j. [OF.; in F., a skirt. See jupon.] 1. 
A man's coat, jacket, or tunic. Obs. 2. A woman's tunic, 
jacket, or bodice ; in pi., stays. Scot. 3. A woman's skirt ; 

— in this sense a Gallicism. 

Ju'pi-ter (joo'pi-ter; 86), n. [L. Jupiter, Juppiter (gen. 
Jovis) fr. Jovis -f- pater father. See Jove.] 1. Roman Re- 
lig. An ancient Italian god of the heavens, corresponding to 
the Greek Zeus. See Zeus. 2. The largest planet, and the 
brightest except Venus. Its mean distance from the sun is 
5.2028, the earth's mean distance being unity ; its period of 
revolution is 4332.6 days, and its mean diameter about 
87,000 rniles.^ 

ju'pon (joo'pon ; joo-pon'), n. [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, 
Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubbah. See jubbah.] 
A surcoat or long sleeveless coat worn over the armor. 

Ju'ra (joo'rd), n. Geol. = Jurassic. 

ju'ral (joo'ral ; 86), a. [L. jus, juris, right.] Of or pert, to 
law ; legal ; also, of or pert, to rights or obligations. 

ju'rant (-rant), a. [L. jurans, -antis, p. pr. See jurat.] 
Making oath ; swearing ; — specif, opposed to nonjurant. 

Ju-ras'sic (joo-ras'ik), a. [From the Jura Mountains be- 
tween France and Switzerland.] Geol. Pert, to or desig- 
nating the Mesozoic period succeeding the Triassic, marked 
by the presence of gigantic saurians and by the first ap- 
pearance of birds. — n. The Jurassic period or system ; 

— called also the Jura. 

ju'rat ( joo'rat ; F. zhu'ra'), n. [LL. juratus, fr. L. jura- 
tus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear.] 1. A person under 
oath, as a juror. Obs. or Hist. 2. Any of various public 
officials ; as : a A municipal officer, similar to an alderman, 
in some English towns, b A magistrate in the Channel Is- 
lands. C In France, etc. : (1) A municipal magistrate. (2) 
An officer sworn to enforce the corporate law. 3. [L. jura- 
tum, neut. p. p.] Law. A memorandum added to an affida- 
vit stating when and before whom it was made. 

ju-rel' (hoo-rel'), n. [Sp.] Any of several carangoid food 
fishes of warm seas (as Carangus chrysos of the Atlantic). 

ju-rid'i-cal ( joo-rid'i-kal ), a. [L. juridicus ; jus, juris, 
right, law + root of dicere to say. ] 1. Of or pert, to the 
administration of justice or the office of a judge. 2. Of or 
pert, to law or jurisprudence ; legal. i-cal-ly, adv. 

ju'ris-con'sult (joo'ns-kon'sult ; -kon-sult'), n. [ L. juris- 
consultus ; jus, juris, right + consultus skillful, p. p. of 
consulere to consult.] A man learned in law, esp. in the 
Civil law ; _ a jurist. 

ju'ris-dic'tion (-dlk'shwn), n. [F. jurisdiction, L. jnris- 
dictio ; jus, juris, right, law -f- dictio a saying, speaking.] 
1. Law. Right or power to exercise judicial authority. 2. 
Authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate ; au- 
thority ; control. 3. Sphere of authority. — ju'ris-dic'- 
tion-al (-51), a. — jii/ris-dic'tion-al-ry, adv. 

ju'ris-pru'dence (-proo'dens),n. [L. jurisprudentia ; jus 
right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, prudence.] 1. The 
science or philosophy of law. 2. Law, or a system oi laws ; 
a department of law. — ju'ris-pru-den'tial (-den'shal), a. 

ju'ris-pru'dent (-dent), a. _ Understanding law ; skilled in 
jurisprudence. — n. A jurist. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd,soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; ont, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^nre, verdure (87); 



JURIST 



545 



KAKAPO 



ju'rist (joo'rfst; 86), n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. 
jus, juris, law.] One versed in the law, esp. civil law. 
ju-ris'tic ( joo-rls'tik ), a. Of or pert, to a jurist or jurispru- 
dence ; pert, to, created by, or recognized in, law ; legal. 
— ju-ris'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. — ju-ris'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
juristic act, an act of a private individual directed to the 
origin, termination, or alteration of a right. 
ju'ror (joo'rer ; 86), n. [OF. jureor one who takes oath, 
L. jurator swearer, fr. jurare to swear.] A member of a 
jury ; also, a person duly summoned to serve on a jury. 
ju'ry (-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. jurie an oath, judi- 
cial inquiry, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari.~\ 1. Law. 
A body of men sworn to give a true answer, or verdict, on 
some matter submitted to them, esp. such a body legally 
chosen to inquire into any matter of fact, and to render a 
verdict according to the evidence. 2. A committee to 
determine relative merit or award prizes at a competition. 
ju'ry, a. Naut. For temporary use, usually in an emer- 
gency ; as, a jury mast. > 
ju'ry-man (-man), n. A juror. 

|| jus (jus), n. ; pi. jures (joo'rez). [L.] Law. Law; laws 
collectively ; a rule or principle of law ; also, legal right. 
jus'sive (jus'iv), a. [L. jubere, jussurn, to command.] 
Expressing, or having the effect of, a command ; — chiefly 
a grammatical term. 
just (just), a. [F. juste, L. Justus, fr. jus right, law, jus- 
tice.] 1. Conforming to the spiritual law ; righteous before 
God. Now Chiefly Biblical. 2. Righteous ; violating no 
right or obligation ; fair ; impartial ; hence, as of punish- 
ments, deserved. 3. Legally right ; lawful ; as, a just title 
to property. 4. Conformed to truth or a proper standard ; 
reasonable ; right ; due ; as, a just suspicion. 5. Exact ; 
accurate ; as, just measurements. — Syn. Equitable, up- 
right, honest, true, normal. 

«— adv. 1. Precisely ; exactly ; neither more nor less ; as, 
just enough. 2. Closely ; almost. 3. Precisely at the time 
referred to or implied ; now, or but a moment ago ; as, he 
just went. 4. Barely ; merely ; only ; by a very little ; as, 
he just missed it. 5. Simply ; quite ; — intensive ; as, the 
game was just splendid. Colloq. 

just now, the least possible time since ; a moment ago. 
lust (just), joust (just ; joost), v.i. [OF. juster, jouster, 
joster, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh. ] 1. To join battle ; 
engage, esp. on horseback, as men at arms. 06s. 2. To 
engage in a just ; tilt. — n. A combat on horseback be- 
tween two knights with lances ; a combat (often, a mock 
combat) of this kind as part of a tournament ; a tilt ; 
often, in pi., a tournament. — just'er (jus'ter), joust'er, n. 
H just'au'corps' (zhus /, to / k6r , ) ) n. [F., lit., close to the 
body.] A tight -fitting garment for the body ; esp., in the 
dress of the 17th century and later, a variety of the doublet. 
jus'tice ( jus'tis ), n. [OF., fr. L. justitia, fr. Justus just.] 
1. Quality of being just. 2. The principle or practice of 
just dealing ; rectitude ; integrity ; 3. Uprightness ; equita- 
bleness ; fairness. 4. The rendering to every one his due ; 
just treatment ; also, merited reward or punishment. 5. 
Administration of law ; as, a court of justice. 6. A court 
of justice, or its jurisdiction. 7. A judge ; magistrate. 
Syn. Justice, equity. In ordinary usage, justice implies 
the strict and judicial rendering of what is due ; equity 
emphasizes rather the idea of fairness or even-handed 
impartiality ; as, a judge should administer justice with 
equity. 

justice of the peace. Law, a subordinate magistrate 
appointed (first in 1327) esp. for the conservation of the 
peace in a specified district, originally with power to ad- 
minister summary justice in minor cases, commit for trial 



in a superior court, etc. In the States of the United States 
his powers and duties vary widely, being largely regulated 
by statute. 
jUS'tic-er (-tT-ser), n. [F. justicier."] A judge. Archaic. 
jus'tice-ship, n. The office or function of a justice. 

jus-ti'ci-ar (jGs-tlsh'I-dr), jus-ti'ci-a-ry (-a-n), n. [LL. 
justitiarius.] Eng. Hist. 1. The chief political and judi- 
cial officer of the king until the 13th century. 2. A high 
royal judicial officer. 

jus'ti-fi'a-ble (jus'ti-fl'd-b'l), a. Capable of being justi- 
fied, or shown to be just. — Syn. Defensible, warrantable, 
excusable. — jus'ti-fi'a-ble-ness, n. — jus'ti-fi/a-bly.adu. 

jus'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of justifying ; state of 
being justified ; also, that which justifies ; defense ; vindica- 
tion. — jus'ti-fi-ca-tive (jus'tl-fT-ka-tlv), a. 

jus'ti-fi-ca-to-ry (jus'ti-fi-ka-to-ri ; jus-tif'I-kd-tS-rl), a. 
Tending or serving to justify ; vindicatory. 

jus'ti-fi'er (jus'ti-fi'er), n. One who, or that which, justifies. 

jus'ti-fy (-fl), v. L; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. justifier, L. 
justificare ; Justus just + -ficare ( in comp. ) to make.] 
1. To prove or show to be just ; vindicate ; warrant. 2. To 
pronounce free from guilt or blame ; absolve ; exonerate. 
3. To adjust or arrange exactly ; make even or true, as, 
Print., lines of type, by proper spacing ; adjust, as type. 
Syn. Justify, warrant. To justify is to vindicate or to 
show sufficient grounds for ; to warrant is to justify, esp. 
by sanction or authority. See vindicate. 

— v. i. 1. Law. a To show a sufficient lawful reason for an 
act done, b To qualify as bail or surety. 2. Print. To 
form an even surface or true line ; fit exactly ; — of type. 

Jus-tin/i-a'ni-an (jus-tin'T-a'ni-dn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Justinian (a. d. 483-565), the Byzantine emperor under 
whom the laws were codified in what is called the Jus-tin/- 
i-an (jfis-tin'I-dn), or, rarely, Justinianian, Code. 

jus'tle (jus''l). Var. of jostle. 

JUSt'ly (jQst'li), adv. In a just manner. 

just'ness, n. Quality or state of being just. 

jut (jut), v. i. ; jut't'ed; jut'ting. [Corrupt, of jet.} To 
shoot out or forward ; project ; protrude ; — often used 
with out, up, etc. — n. That which projects or juts ; a 
projection. 

jute (joot; 86), n. [Beng. jut, Skr. ju\a matted hair.] 

1. The glossy fiber of either of two East Indian tiliaceous 
plants (Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis). It is used 
for sacking, twine, etc. 2. Either plant producing this fiber. 

Jute, n. A member of one of the Low German tribes of 

Jutland, some of whom settled in Kent, England, in the 

5th century. — Jut'ish (joot'ish), a. 
jut'ty (jut'I), n. ; pi. -ties ( : Tz). [See jetty.] A projection 

in a building ; also, pier ; jetty. — v. t. & i. To jut. Obs. 
ju've-nal (joo've-ndl ; 86), a. [L. juvenalis, fr. juvenis 

young.] Juvenile. — n. A youth. Obs. 
ju've-nes'cent (-nes'ent ; 86), a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. 

of juvenescere to grow young again, fr. juvenis young.] 

Growing or becoming young. — ju've-nes'cence (-ens), n. 
ju've-nile ( joo've-nll ; -nil ), a. [L. juvenilis, fr. juvenis 

young.] 1. Young ; youthful ; immature or undeveloped. 

2. Of, pert, to, characteristic of, or suitable for, youth. — 
Syn. Puerile, boyish, childish. See youthful. — n. 1. A 
young person or youth. 2. A book for children. 

ju've-nil'i-tyt-nil'i-ti), n. ;pl. -ties (-tiz). l.Youthfulness. 
2. Juveniles collectively ; in pi., juvenile traits, acts, etc. 

jux'ta-pose' (juks'td-poz'). v. t. To place side by side. 

jux'ta-po-si'tion (-po-ztsh'un), n. [L. juxta near + positio 
position.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contigu- 
ity, or side by side ; as, a juxtaposition of words. 






K 



K(ka). 1. The eleventh letter of the English alphabet. 
It is a voiceless stopped, or mute, consonant, classed as 
a guttural. See Guide to Pron., § 49. Its form and sound 
are from the Latin, into which it came from the Greek, 
which took it from the Phoenician and general Semitic letter 
Kaph. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h. 
2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : The tenth or, 
when J is used for the tenth, the eleventh in a series; tenth 
(or eleventh) in order or class ; as, Company K. 

K, or k (ka), n. ; pi. K's or Ks (kaz). The letter K, k, or its 
sound ; also, something of the general shape of the letter, 
usually of capital K. 

K, adj. Of the general shape of the letter K; as, a K frame, 
or K-frame. 

Ka'a-ba (ka'd-bd; ka'bd). Var. of Caaba. 

Ka-byle' (kd-bTF), n. [Ar. qabilah tribe, pi. qabail.] A 
Berber of Algeria or Tunis. See Berber. 

Ka'fir (ka'fer) 1 n. [Ar. kafir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to 

Kaffir (kaf'er)J be skeptical in religious matters.] ■ 1. A 



native of Kafiristan, in Asia. 2. A member of an intelli- 
gent and powerful negroid race of South Africa. 

Kafir, or Kaffir, corn. A grain-yielding sorghum, a variety 
of durra, or Indian millet. 

kail, kail'yard'. Vars. of kale, kaleyard. 

kai'nite (kl'nlt), n. Also kai'nit (kl'mt). [Gr. KaivSt re- 
cent.] Min. A natural salt consisting of potassium sulphate, 
magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride, and water of hy- 
dration. It is used as a fertilizer, etc. 

kai'ser (ki'zer), n. [G., fr. L. Caesar.'] Emperor ; — a title 
of : a Holy Roman emperors. Obs. or Hist, b Austrian em- 
perors. C Esp. [cap.], German emperors (since 1871). 

kaj'e-put. Var. of cajuput. 

ka'ka (ka'kd), n. [Maori kaka a parrot ; — so named 
from its note.] A New Zealand parrot (Nestor meridio- 
nalis). It is olive-brown marked with gray and red. 

ka'ka-po' (ka'ka-po'),^. [Maori.] A singular parrot (Strin- 
gops habroptilus) peculiar to New Zealand. Although it 
has well-developed wings, it can fly but little. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



KALE 



546 



KEEN 



kale, kail (kal), n. [Scot, kale, kail, cale, northern form of 
cole.'] 1. Cole or colewort ; in Scotland, Colloq., any plant of 
the cabbage tribe. 2. A variety of cabbage with curled leaves. 
3. A broth or soup of kale ; vegetable soup. Scot. 

ka-lei'do-SCOpe (kd-11'do-skop), n. [Gr. /caXos beautiful + 
eldos form + -scope. ] Aninstrumentcontainingloose pieces 
of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged as 
to exhibit symmetrical varicolored forms, changing as the 
position of the instrument is changed. 

ka-lei'do-SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. Of or pert, to a kaleido- 
scope ; hence : varying ; variegated. 

kal'ends. Var. of calends. 

kale worm. The larva of a cabbage butterfly. 

kale'yard', kail'yard' (kal'yard'),n. A kale garden. Scot. 
kailyard school, a school of writers who describe common 
Scottish life with much use of the vernacular. 

kal'i(kal'i; ka'lT),n. [Ar. qali.] Glasswort. 

kal'mi-a (kal'mi-d), n. [NL., after Peter Kalm, Swedish 
botanist.] Bot. Any of a small genus (Kalmia) of North 
American laurel-like evergreen shrubs with handsome co- 
rymbose flowers, including mountain laurel (K. latifolia) 
and sheep laurel (K. angustifolia). 

Kal'muck, Kal'muk (kal'muk), n. 1. A member of any 
of a confederacy of Buddhist Mongol tribes, mostly of 
western China. 2. The language of the Kalmucks. 

kal'pak. Var. of calpac. 

kal'SO-mine (kal'so-min). Var. of calcimine. 

kame (kam), n. 1. Scot. & Northern Eng. var. of COMB. 
2. A short ridge, hill, or hillock of stratified drift. 

kam'sin. Var. of khamsin. 

Kan'a-ka (kan'd-kd ; kd-nak'd), n. [Native name, prop., 
a man.] A member of the native race of Hawaii ; hence, a 
Polynesian or Melanesian. 

Ka'na-rese' (ka'nd-rez' ; -res'), a. Of or pert, to Kanara, 
in India. — n. One of a civilized Dravidian people of 
southern India ; also, their language. 

kan'ga-roo' (kan'ga-roo'), n.; pi. -roos (-rooz'). Any of a 
family (Macropodi- 
dse, esp. genus Macro- 
pus) of herbivorous 
leaping marsupials 
of Australia, New 
Guinea, and adja- 
cent islands. 

kangaroo rat. Any 
of numerous pouched, 
nocturnal, burrowing 
rodents (genera Dipo- 
domys and Periodi- 
pus) of parts of the 
western United States 
and Mexico. Giant Kangaroo. 

kan-tar' (kan-tar'), n. [Ar. qinfar.] A varying weight of 
Syria, Egypt, etc., corresponding to the hundredweight. 

Kant'i-an (kan'tT-an), a. Of or pertaining to Immanuel 
Kant ; conformed or relating to the doctrine of Kant. — n. 
A follower of Kant. 

Kant'i-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The philosophy of Immanuel 
Kant (1724-1804), who held that the content of experience 
comes from sense perception, but that its form is given a 
priori and comes from the activity of the mind itself. 

ka'o-Un \ (ka'6-lin ; ka'-), n. [Chin, kao ling, prop., high 

ka'o-linej hill; — from the place where first found.] A 
pure white clay used to form the paste of porcelain. 

|| Ka-pell'meis'ter (ka-pel'mls'ter), n. sing. & pi. [G., fr. 
kapelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a mas- 
ter.] Music. A leader or conductor, as of a chapel choir. 

ka'pok (ka'pok), n. [Javanese.] The mass of silky fibers 
about the seeds of the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra). 

kap'pa (kap'd), n. [Gr. «airxa.] The tenth letter [K, k] 
of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English k, but 
often -transliterated by c. 

ka'ra-kuP" (ka'rd-kdol'), n. [Russ. karakul' curly fleece, of 
certain sheep.] Astrakhan, esp. in the fine grades. 

kar'ma (kar'md; Skr. kiir'md), n. [Skr.] 1. Buddhism. 
The effect of a person's acts on his lot in the future exist- 
ence. 2. Theos. The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result 
of cause and effect ; the law of retribution. 
ka-roo' (kd-roo'), n. ; pi. -roos' (-rooz'). [Hottentot kard 

dry, arid.] One of the dry table-lands of South Africa. 
— a. \_cap.~] Geol. Designating, or belonging to, a great series 
{the Karoo system), of shales, sandstones, and conglomer- 
ates in South Africa, which includes the Permian and Tri- 
assic systems of that region. 
ka-ross' (kd-ros'), n. [Native name.] A square garment 
or rug of skins worn by the native blacks. South Africa. 
kar'y-o- (kar'i-3-). A combining form from Greek Kapvov, 

nut, used specif, in biology to denote nucleus of a cell. 
kar'y-o-ki-ne'sis (-kT-ne'sfs ; -ki-ne'sis), n. [NL. ; karyo- 

+ Gr. Kivtlv to move.] Biol. = mitosis. ki-net'ic, a. 

kar'y-om'i-tome (kar't-om'I-tom), n. Biol. The network 
of fibers of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed. 




kar'y-O-plasm (kar'I-o-plaz'm), n. Biol. The protoplasm 
of the nucleus. — kar y-o-plas'mic, a. 

kar'y-o-some' (-6-som'), n. [Icaryo- + 2d -some.'] Biol. 
a A nucleoluslike body in the chromatin network of the 
cell nucleus ; — opp. to plasmosome. See cell, Illust. b 
Nucleus of a cell. 

Kash-mir'i-an (kash-mer'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Kashmir 
or its people. — n. A native of Kashmir. 

ka-tab'a-sis (kd-tab'd-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. kclt&- 
/3a<rts, fr. KaTa./3ali>etv to go down.] Lit., a going down; 
leap.] the return march to the sea of the Greek auxiliaries 
of the Anabasis ; hence, any similar retreat. 

kat'a-bol'ic (kaVd-bol'Ik), a. Pertaining to, or charac- 
terized by, katabolism. — kat'a-bol'i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), o. 

ka-tab'0-lism (kd-tab'6-liz'm), n. [Gr. Kara down + /Sd\- 
\eiv to throw.] Biol. & Physiol. Destructive metabo- 
lism ; — opposed to anabolism. It involves release of 
energy and results in excretion products. 

ka-tal'y-sis,kat'a lyt'ic, etc. Vars. of catalysis, -LYTic,etc. 

kat'a-mor'phism (kat'd-mor'fiz'm), n. See metamorphism. 

ka-thar'sis (kd-thar'sis), n. [Gr. Kadapvis, fr. nadalptiv 
to cleanse.] The effects produced on the spectator 
through pity and fear working a purification of the emo- 
tions ; — a term used by Aristotle. 

kath'o-dal, kath'ode, etc. Vars. of cathodal, etc. 

ka'ty-did' (ka'tl-did'), n. Any of several large green, arbo- 
real, American orthopterous insects of the grasshopper fam- 
ily (Locustidae) ; — so called from the shrill sounds made 
by the males by means of stridulating organs at the bases 
of the front wings. 

kau'ri (kou'rT), n. [Native name.] 1. A large New Zea- 
land timber tree (Dammara australis) of the pine family. 

2. Its wood. 3. Any other species of the same genus. 
kauri resin, gum, or copal. A resinous product of the 

kauri, found in the form of yellow or brown lumps in the 
ground where the trees have grown. It is used for making 
varnish, and as a substitute for amber. See copal. 

ka'va (ka'vd), n. [Polynesian.] A shrubby species of 
pepper (Piper methysticum), from the root of which an 
intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians ; also, 
the beverage. 

Kay, Sir (ka). A rude, boastful, and malicious knight of 
the Round Table, foster brother and seneschal of Arthur. 

kay'ak (kl'ak), n. [Eskimo.] An Eskimo canoe, usually 
of sealskin with a covering to lace about the paddler. 

kayles (kalz), n. pi. 1. The set of pins used in a kind of 
ninepins or skittles. 2. [Construed as a sing.] The game 
itself. Both Dial. Eng. & Ir. 

ke'a (ka'a; colloq. ke'd), n. [Maori.] A large New Zealand 
parrot (Nestor notabilis), chiefly dull green in color, which 
kills sheep for the fat about the kidneys. 

keck (kSk), v. i. To heave or retch ; feel nausea. 

keck'le (kek''l), v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). Naut. To 
wind with rope, chain, or the like, to prevent chafing. 

keck'sy (kek'si), ».; pi. -stes (-siz). = kex. 

Ke'dar (ke'ddr), n. Bib. A tribe of tent dwellers of Arabia ; 
later, a tribal confederacy ruled by kings, destroyed by the 
Assyrians under Assurbanipal. — Ke'dar-ite, a. 

ked'dab (kSd'd), n. [Malay kedah, fr. Ar. qadah hole.] 
An inclosure constructed to entrap wild elephants. India. 

kedge (kSj), v. t. & i.; kedged (kejd) ; kedg'ing. Naut. 
To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, drop- 
ping it, and hauling the vessel up to it. — n. Also kedge 
anchor. A small anchor, used in light work, as kedging. 

ke-ef (ke-ef). Var. of kef. 

keel (kel), n. 1. A longitudinal single or built-up timber 
(or, in an iron vessel, a combination of plates) extending 
along the middle of the bottom of a vessel. 2. A ship. Poetic. 

3. Something suggestive of a ship's keel ; as : a Bot. & 
Zo'ol. Any ridgelike process ; a carina, b Aeronautics. In 
a dirigible, a construction analogous to a ship's keel ; in an 
aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface, serving merely to increase 
stability and hold the machine to its course. 

— v. t. & i. To turn up the keel of ; turn over. 
to ksel over, to upset ; capsize ; fall suddenly, as in a 
swoon. Colloq. 

keel, n. 1. A flat-bottomed ship, esp. a barge or lighter used 
on the Tyne for carrying coal ; also, a barge load of coal ; 
hence, a British weight for coal, equal to 2\\ tons. 

keel, n. [Ir. & Gael, cil ruddle.] A red ocher ; ruddle. 

keel, v. t. & i. [ AS. celan to cool. ] To cooi ; skim or stir 
to prevent boiling over. Dial. Eng., Scot., & Ir. 

keel'er (kel'er), n. A small or shallow tub. Obs. or Dial. 

keel'haul' (-hSl'), v. t. Naut. To haul (a person) under the 
keel of a ship, by ropes, as by way of punishment. 

keel'son (kel'sun), kel'son, n. A strengthening structure 
in a ship above the keel and fixed to it. 

keen (ken), a. [AS. cene bold, wise.] 1. Sharp ; having a fine 
edge or point. 2. Sharply painful ; bitter ; cutting ; piercing ; 
as, keen sarcasm ; a keen wind ; hence: a Pungent or sting- 
ing, b Vivid ; shrill. 3. Eager ; as, a keen interest ; keen 
sportsman. 4. Sharp ; acute ; — said of sight, hearing, 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, tip, circus, menu { food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



KEEN 



547 



KETCH 



smell, etc. 5. Acute of mind ; having or showing mental 
acuteness ; as, a keen wit. — Syn. Ardent ; shrewd ; bit- 
ing, sarcastic. See sharp. 

keen (ken), n. [Ir. caoine.~\ A wailing lamentation or 
dirge. — v. t. & i. To wail or bewail with the keen. 

keen'er (ken'er), n. A professional mourner who wails the 
keen at a funeral. Ireland. 

keen'ly, adv. In a keen manner. 

keen'ness, n. Keen quality ; acuteness. 

keep (kep), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. kept (kept) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
keep'ing. [AS. cepan.'] 1. To care; desire. 06s. 2. To ob- 
serve (something prescribed or obligatory) ; perform, as du- 
ty; celebrate, as a festival. 3. To conform one's habits or 
conduct to (some prescribed routine, duty, etc.) ; attend ; 
as, to keep chapel ; keep good hours. 4. To preserve or 
maintain ; — variously, as : a To preserve from danger, 
harm, or loss ; guard, b To attend on ; have the care of ; tend. 
C To hold ; maintain ; as, to keep silence ; keep watch, d 
To cause to remain ; maintain unchanged ; as, to keep 
away, down, in, out, etc. e To support ; as, to keep a family. 
f To have in one's service ; maintain, as a servant, etc. ; also, 
to lodge or feed for pay ; as, to keep boarders, g To main- 
tain a record of transactions, accounts, etc., in ; as, to keep 
books ; also, to enter (as accounts, etc.) in a book, h To 
have habitually for sale. 5. To hold ; retain ; detain ; as, 
to keep a matter in mind. 6. a To reserve ; withhold ; as, 
to keep one's counsel, b To refrain from divulging, as a 
secret ; conceal. C To remain or continue in ; as, to keep 
one's room, etc. ; frequent. 7. To conduct or carry on; main- 
tain ; manage ; continue ; as, to keep house or school. — 
Syn. Confine, restrain; husband, preserve. See celebrate. 
to keep (one) company, to pass time (with one) as for 
companionship or courtship. — to k. one's distance, to 
stand aloof ; refrain from familiarity. — to k. tab, to keep 
count (of). — to k. time, a To run on time, as a watch. 
b To perform rhythmical movements in unison. — to k. 
track of, to keep one's self informed of. 

— v. i. 1. To lodge. Now Colloq., Chiefly U. S. 2. To con- 
tinue ; persevere ; stay ; as, to keep to the right. 3. To last ; 
endure ; remain unimpaired or sweet ; as, the milk had not 
kept. 4. To be in session ; as, school keeps today. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Guard ; care ; charge. Archaic. 2. State of being 
kept ; hence, resulting condition ; as, to be in good keep. 
Rare. 3. That which protects ; stronghold ; fortress ; cas- 
tle ; specif., the donjon of a medieval castle. See castle, 
Illust. 4. Maintenance ; support ; as, a horse's keep. 

keep'or (kep'er), n. 1. One who watches, guards, main- 
tains, etc., as one in charge of a prison, or a gamekeeper. 

2. Any of various devices to keep something in position. 

3. A fruit that keeps (esp. well). 

k&sp'ing (kep'Tng ), n. 1. Act of one who keeps; observ- 
ance ; custody ; also, retention ; preservation. 2. Mainte- 
nance ; keep ; support. 3. Conformity ; harmony ; consist- 
ency ; as, it is in keeping with his character. — Syn. Care, 
guardianship, custody, possession. _ 

keep'sake' (kep'sak 7 ), n. Something kept, or given to be 
kept, for the sake of the giver ; a token of friendship. ■ 

keeve (kev), n. [AS. cy/-] A vat or tub, as for mash. 

kef (kef), n. [Ar. kaif, vulgarly kef.} 1. Languor; dreamy 
tranquillity, as from drugs. 2. The smoking material pro- 
ducing this state, esp. Indian hemp ; — in this sense usu- 
ally spelt kief, keef. [in the Caucasus. | 

kef'ir (kef'er), n. An effervescent liquor like kumiss, used| 

keg (keg), n. A small cask, usually of ten gallons or less. 

keit'lo-a ( kTt'lo-d; kat'- ), n. [ Native name. ] The two- 
homed rhinoceros, of Bechuanaland, 
supposed by some to be a distinct 
species (Rhinoceros keitloa). 

keloid (ke'loid), a. [Gr. xv^V crab's 
claw + -oid.] Med. Of a tumor, 
forming hard, flat, irregular excres- 
cences upon the skin. — n. A keloid 
tumor. 

kelp (kelp), n. 1. Any of various 
large brown seaweeds (families 
Fucacese and, esp., Laminariacese) . 
2. The ashes of seaweed, formerly- 
much used in making glass and soap, 
now in making iodine. 

kel'pie, kel'py (kel'pi), n.; pi. -pies (-piz). Scot. Myth. 
A water spirit, usually horselike in form, believed to warn, 
as by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be 
drowned, or to assist in their drowning. 

kel'son, Kelt, Kelt'ic, kel'ter. Vars. of keelson, Celt, 
Celtic, kilter. 

kel'ter. Yar. of kilter. 

ken (ken), v. t. ; kenned (kSnd) ; ken'ning. [AS. cennan 
to proclaim, or fr. related Icel. kenna to know.] 1. To 
discern. Archaic or Scot. 2. To know ; understand. Chiefly 
Scot. 3. To admit. Obs., exc. Scots Law. — v. i. To know 
(of or about). Archaic or Scot. — n. Cognizance ; view ; 
esD., reach of sight ; range of perception ; insight. 




Head of Keitloa. fjy 



kench (kench ), n. A bin in which fish or skins are salted. 
— v. t. To place or treat in a kench. Both U. S. 

Ken'il-worth i'vy ( ken'Tl-wGrth ). [ From Kenilworth 
Castle, the ruins of which it overruns. ] A delicate trailing 
scrophulariaceous Old World plant (Cymbalaria cymbala- 
ria) having ivylike leaves and small solitary lilac flowers. 

ken'nel (ken'Jl), n. The watercourse of a street ; gutter. 

ken'nel, n. [F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis dog] 1. A 
house for a dog or dogs ; also (often in pi.), an establish- 
ment where dogs are bred. 2. A pack of dogs. — v. i. ; 
-neled (-eld) or -nelled ; -nel-ing or -NEL-LiNG. To lie or 
lodge in a kennel; to retire into a kennel or lair. — v. t. 
To put or keep in a kennel. 

ke'no (ke'no), n. A form of lotto used in gambling. 

ke-no'sis (ke-no'sTs), n. [ NL., fr. Gr. Kkvoxris an emptying, 
fr. wen empty.] Theol. Christ's action of "emptying 
himself" (Phil, ii.7, R. V.) on becoming man, interpreted 
as the self-renunciation of the divine nature, wholly or in 
part ; also, any of various theories based upon this. 

Kent'ish, a. Of or pertaining to Kent, in England. 

kentledge (kent'lej), n. Naut. Pig-iron ballast. 

Ken-tuck'y (ken-tuk'T), n. One of the United States. 
Kentucky blue grass, a valuable pasture and meadow 
grass (Poa pratensis) , reaching its finest development in the 
central United States, esp. in Kentucky. — K. coffee bean, 
the seed of the Kentucky coffee tree ; also, the tree itself. — 
K. coffee tree, a tall North American caesalpiniaceous tree 
(Gymnocladus dioica) the seeds of which have been used as 
a substitute for coffee. 

kep'i ( kep'e ), n. [ F. kepi, of G. origin. ] A military cap 
having a round flat top sloping to the front, and a visor. 

kept (kept), pret. & p. p. of keep. 

ke-ram'ic (ke-ram'Ik), ke-ram'ics. Vars. of ceramic, etc. 

ker'a-tin (ker'd-tln), n. [Gr. nepas, -a-ros, horn.] The ni- 
trogenous basis of such tissues as horn, hair, feathers, etc. 

ksr'a-toid (ker'd-toid), a. [Gr. ickpas, -aros, horn + -oid.] 
Resembling a horn or horny tissue. 

k9r'a-tol (ker'd-tol ; -tol), n. [Gr. nepas, Keparos, horn.] A 
kind of artificial leather having a hard surface. Trade Name. 

ke-rau'no-graph (ke-ro'no-graf), n. [Gr. Kepawos thunder- 
bolt -f- -graph.] Meteor. An apparatus for autographi- 
cally recording the existence of a distant thunderstorm. 

kerb (kurb)^ Yar. of curb. — kerb'stone', n. Both Brit. 

ker'cbief (kur'chif), n. [OF. cuevrechief head covering ; 
covrir to cover + chief head. See cover ; chief.] 1. A 
cloth worn as a covering for the head, or otherwise for 
protection or ornament. 2. A handkerchief. 

kerf (kurf), n. [AS. cyrf a cutting off, ceorfan to cut, carve.] 
1. Act of cutting ; a cut or stroke. 2. The slit or notch made 
in cutting or sawing. 3. Something cut off ; a cutting. 

ke'rite (ke'nt), n. [Gr. ktjpos wax.] An insulating material 
made of tar or asphaltum, oils, and sulphur. 

ker'mes (kur'mez), n. [F. kermes, fr. Ar. & Per. qirmiz.~\ 

1. The dried bodies of the females of certain scale insects 
(genus Kermes) allied to the cochineal insects. They con- 
tain coloring matter analogous to carmine. 2. A dwarf 
European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which 
kermes insects feed. 

ker'mis (kur'mTs), ker'mess (-mes), n. [D. kermis, 
prop., church Mass.] 1. In and near the Low countries 
(Netherlands, Belgium, etc.), a local outdoor festival and 
fair. 2. An indoor entertainment and fair. U. S. 

kern ( kurn ), n. [ F. came a projecting angle, L. cardo, 
cardinis, a hinge. Oxf. E. D.~\ A part of the face of a print- 
ing type which projects beyond the body, or shank. — v. t. 
To form with a kern ; also, to smooth (type) about the kern. 

kern, kerne, n. [ Ir. ceatharnach foot soldier, ceatharn 
band of soldiers. ] 1. A light-armed ( esp. medieval ) Celtic 
foot soldier of Ireland or Scotland ; also, a body of kerns. 

2. A rude peasant of the wilder parts of Ireland, 
ker'nel (kur'nel), n. [AS. cyrnel, fr. corn grain.] 1. A 

seed, as of an apple. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. A whole grain 
or seed of a cereal, as of wheat or corn. 3. The part of a 
seed within the integuments ; hence, the endocarp in nuts, 
drupes, or other seedlike fruits. 4. The central or essential 
part of anything ; gist ; core ; as, the kernel of an argument. 

ker'o-sene 7 (ker'o-senO, n. [Gr. ktjpos wax.] An illumi- 
nating oil formerly distilled from bituminous shale etc. 
(hence called coal oil), but now chiefly from petroleum. 

Ker'ry (ker'i), n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). [From Kerry, county in 
Ireland.] One of an Irish breed of small, entirely black 
cattle, noted for the qaality of their milk. 

ker'sey ( kur'zi ), n. ; pi. -seys (-zTz). [Prob. fr. Kersey in 
Eng.] 1. A kind of woolen cloth, usually coarse and ribbed. 
2. In pi. Varieties of kersey ; trousers made of kersey. 

ker'sey-mere (-mer), n. [For cassimere, confounded with 
kersey.~\ A kind of woolen cloth. = cassimere. 

kes'trel (kes'trel), n. A small European falcon (Cerchneis 
tinnunculus) noted for its hovering against a wind. 

ketch (kech), n. [Prob. fr. catch, n. or v.] Naut. A kind 
of strongly built, two-masted, fore-and-aft-rigged or, for- 
merly, square-rigged vessel. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal'- 



M 



KETCHUP 



548 



KILO- 




ketch'up (kech'iip), to. [Malay kechap."] Catchup. 

ke'tene (ke'ten), to. Chem. A colorless gas, H2C:CO, of 
penetrating odor, got by decomposing acetone, ethyl ace- 
tate, or acetic anhydride by high heat, as in the electric arc. 

ke'tone (ke'ton), to. Org. Chem. Any of an important group 
of compounds including acetone. They are related to the 
aldehydes and are either colorless volatile liquids of ethereal 
odor, or crystalline solids. — ke-ton'ic (ke-ton'ik), a. 

ket'tle (kef'l), n. [ME. ketel.'] 1. A metallic vessel for 
boiling liquids ; pot ; esp., a teakettle. 2. A kettledrum. 

ket'tle-drum' (-drum'), to. A drum with a hollow hemi- 
sphere of thin copper or brass for the body. 

kettle hole. Geol. A steep-sided hollow with- 
out surface drainage, esp. in glacial drift. 

kev'el (keV'l), n. Naut. A strong cleat or 
peg, usually used in pairs, to which sheets, 
etc., are belayed. 

kex (keks), to. The dry stalk of various hoi- Kettledrum, 
low-stemmed plants, as cow parsnip. Chiefly Dial. Eng. 

key (ke), n. [Sp. cayo.~] A low island or reef. 

key, to. [AS. cseg.~\ 1. An instrument to shoot or draw the bolt 
of a lock. 2. That which affords or prevents entrance, con- 
trol, etc. ; as, the key of a defense ; hence : that which 
serves to solve or explain ; as, the key to a riddle, a map, 
etc. ; specif., a word-for-word translation, a book or table 
containing solutions to problems, etc. 3. Something resem- 
bling a key in form or function, as a watch key ; specif., 
Mach., etc., a wedge or pin fitting into a space so as to 
hold parts in place, as the keystone of an arch. 4. In vari- 
ous instruments and machines, as a piano, typewriter, 
etc., a lever actuating the mechanism or regulating the 
action. 5. Music, a The keynote of a scale. 06s. b A 
system of tones based on their relation to a keynote, from 
which it is named ; the tonality of a certain scale ; as the 
key of C major. 6. Tone of voice ; as, a plaintive key. 7. 
Hence, characteristic style, tone, or intensity of thought, 
expression, etc. 8. Bot. = key fruit. 9. Advertising. 
The matter used to key an advertisement. See key, v. t., 4. 

— v. t. 1. To lock with or as with a key. 2. Specif. : Mach. 
a To secure by means of a key, as a hammer head, a pulley 
on a shaft, etc. b To finish off (an arch) by inserting the 
keystone ; — sometimes with in or up. 3. Music. To reg- 
ulate the pitch of ; also fig., esp. with up ; as, keyed up to a 
high pitch of excitement. 4. Advertising. To insert in (an 
advertisement) matter intended to identify answers to it. 

key'board' (ke'bord' ; 57), n. 1. The bank or row of keys on 
an organ, pianoforte, etc. 2. The whole arrangement, or one 
range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc. 

keyed (ked), a. 1. Having keys, as a musical instrument. 2. 
Fastened by a key or keystone. 3. Set to a key, as a tune. 

key fruit. A samara, or winged fruit, as that of the maple. 

key'hole' (ke'hol'), n. A hole for receiving a key. 

key'note' (-not'), to. 1. Music. The tonic, or fundamental 
tone, of a key or tonality. 2. Fundamental fact or idea. 

Keys (kez), n. pi. The officials (twenty-four) constituting 
the House of Keys, the representative assembly of the 
Isle of Man. 

key'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. Arch. The wedge-shaped piece 
at the center of the crown of an arch. 2. Fig., a part or 
force on which associated things depend. 

key'way' (ke'wa'), n. 1. Mach. A groove or channel for a 
key, as in a shaft or in the hub of a pulley. 2. The aper- 
ture for the key in locks having flat steel keys, as disting. 
from the keyhole of an ordinary lock. 

kha'ki (ka'ke), a. [Hind, khaki, lit., dusty, dust-colored, 
fr. Per. khak dust.] Dull brownish yellow or drab ; — 
applied to cloth, orig., a stout cotton cloth.— n. Any kind 
oi khaki cloth or a uniform of it. 

kham'sin (kam'sm; kam-sen'), to. [Ar. khamsin, fr. 
khamsun, oblique case khamsin, fifty ; — it blows for 
about fifty days, from March till May.] A hot southerly 
periodical wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. 

khan (kan ; kan), to. [Ar. & Per. khan.] In the Orient, a 
caravansary or resthouse. 

khan, n. [ Per. & Tatar khan. ] Literally, lord ; prince ; — 
a Tatar title of rulers of Mongol, Tatar, and Turkish 
tribes, and of dignitaries in Persia, Afghanistan, etc. 

khan'ate (-at), n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. 

khed'ah (ked'a). Var. of keddah. 

khe-dive' (ke-deV), to. [F. khedive, Per. khediw prince.] 
The title of Turkish viceroys in Egypt from 1867 to 1914. 

khid'mat-gar, khid'mut-gar ( kid'mut-gar ), to. [ Hind. 
& Per. khidmatgar .] A male waiter. India. 

Khond (kond), to. A Dravidian of a group of tribes of Orissa, 
India, a section of whom were noted for human sacrifices. 

kibe (kib), to. A chapped or ulcerated chilblain. 

kib'lah (kit/ld), to. [Ar. qiblah, prop., anything opposite.] 
The point toward which Mohammedans turn in prayer. 

ki'bosh ( ki'bosh ; ki-bosh' ), n. Nonsense ; stuff ; also, 
fashion ; style. Slang. 
to put the kibosh on, to do for ; dispose of. Slang. 



kick (kik), v. i. & t. [ME. kiken.] 1. To strike, thrust, or 
hit, with or as with the foot or feet ; of a horse, ass, etc., spe- 
cif., to have a habit of kicking. 2. To object strenuously or 
grumblingly. 3. Of a firearm, to recoil, or recoil against, 
when fired. 4. Football. To score (a goal) by kicking. 

— to. 1. Act of one who, or that which, kicks ; also, power 
or aptness to kick. 2. The indentation at the bottom of a 
molded glass bottle. 3. The projection on the tang of the 
blade of a pocketknife, keeping the edge of the blade from 
the spring. See pocketknife, Illust. 

kick'er (kik'er), n. One who, or that which, kicks. 

kick'— off', n. Amer. Football. Act of making a place kick 
down the field from the 40-yard mark of the side kicking, 
in commencing play at certain stages. 

kick'shaw'(kik'sho'), kick'shaws' (-shoz'),TO. [F.quel- 
que chose something.] 1. Any trifling, trumpery thing; 
a toy. 2. A fancy dish ; tidbit. 

kid (kid), n. A small wooden tub, esp. a sailors' mess tub. 

kid, n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. A young goat. 2. Flesh or skin 
of a kid ; a thing made of kid ; as : a A kind of leather. 
b In pi. Kid gloves. 3. A child. Colloq. or Slang. — v. i. ; 
kid'ded ; kid'ding. To bring forth young ; — said of a 
goat or an antelope. — v. t. To hoax ; to humbug ; make 
fun of. Slang. 

Kid'der-min'ster (kid'er-min'ster), to. A kind of ingrain 
carpet, named from an English town. 

kid'nap' ( kYd'nap' ), v. t. ; -naped' ( -napt' ) or -napped' ; 
-NAP'iNGor-NAp'piNG. [kid a child + E. dial, nap to seize.] 
To carry (any one) away by unlawful force or by fraud, and 
against his will, or to detain (one) for that purpose. — 
kid'nap'er (-er), kid'nap'per, to. 

kid'ney (kid'nl), n.; pi. -neys (-niz). 1. Anat. Either of 
the pair of glandular organs, situated in the body cavity 
near the spinal column and behind the peritoneum, that 
excrete urea, uric acid, etc. ; a urinary or renal organ. 2. 
Temperament ; disposition ; sort ; kind ; as, "spendthrifts, 
and other fools of that kidney." 

kidney bean. The common bean {Phaseolus vulgaris). 
There are numerous varieties. 

kidney vetch. A perennial fabaceous herb of Europe and 
Asia (Anthyllis vulneraria), once used as a remedy for renal 
disorders. It is frequently cultivated for sheep fodder. 

kief. See kef. [bleached, etc.l 

kier (ker), to. A large vat in which goods are boiled,! 

kie'sel-guhr' ( ke'zel-goor' ), to. [ G., fr. kiesel flint + 
guhr sediment.] A deposit of fine, usually white, siliceous 
powder, composed chiefly or wholly of the remains of dia- 
toms, used esp. as an absorbent in making dynamite. 

kil'der-kin (kil'der-kin), to. [OD. kindeken, kinneken, 
small barrel.] A cask, or small barrel ; hence, an old Eng- 
lish measure, usually equal to 18 (formerly beer, now im- 
perial) gallons, or two firkins. 

kil'erg' ( kil'urg' ), to. [kilo- -f- erg. 2 One thousand ergs. 

kill (kil), to. J_D. Ml."] A channel; creek; river; stream; 
— used also in comb., as, in Ca.tskill. Local, U. S. 

kill (kil), v. t. [ME. kitten, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike.] 
1. To deprive of life; slay. 2. To deprive of vital or active 
quality ; destroy ; ruin ; neutralize ; put an end to. 3. a To 
consume (time), b To defeat or veto, as a bill. C Print. To 
mark or designate (matter) as not to be used. 
Syn. Kill, slay, dispatch, slaughter, murder, assassi- 
nate. Kill is the general term for depriving of life ; slay is 
now elevated or poetic ; dispatch emphasizes the idea of 
making quickly away with ; to slaughter is to kill with sav- 
age or bloody violence ; to murder is to kill with malicious 
forethought and intention ; to assassinate is to murder sud- 
denly, treacherously, or by stealth. 

— n. Act of killing ; also, an animal killed, esp. as prey. 
kill'deer' (-der'), to. Also kill'dee (kil'de). A species of 

plover {Oxyechus vociferus) ; — so named from its cry. 

kill'er (kil'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, kills. 2. Any of 
several rapacious gregarious cetaceans (esp. Orca gladia- 
tor) of the dolphin family, found mostly in northern seas. 

kil'lick (kil'ik), to. A small anchor ; also, a kind of anchor 
formed by a stone, usually inclosed by pieces of wood 
fastened together ; sometimes, loosely, any anchor. 

kil'li-fish' (kTl'i-fish'), to. Any of several small American 
cyprinodont fishes (genus Fundulus and allied genera), 
usually marked with black, much used as bait. 

kil'li-ki-nick' (-i-ki-nTk'). Var. of kinnikinic. 

kill'ing, n. Captivating ; irresistible. Colloq. 

kiln (kil ; kiln), n. [AS. cyln, cylen, L. culina kitchen.] 
A furnace or heated chamber for burning or heating some- 
thing, as brick or lime. 

kiln'-dry', v. t. To dry in a kiln. 

kil'O (kTl'o), ».; pi. -los (-oz). [F.] Short for kilogram. 

kil'o- (kTl'6-). [F. kilo-. See kilogram.] A prefix mean- 
ing thousand, used in names of units of measurement as in 
kil'o-cal'o-rie (-kal'S-rl), a great calorie (see calorie), 
kil'o-dyne (-din), kilovolt, kilowatt, etc., a unit of 1,000 
dynes, volts, watts, respectively, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin: nature, verdu^ (87); 



A 



KILOGRAM 



549 



KINGLY 




1 Kilt; 2 Plaid; 3 
Brooch ; 4 Sporran ; 
5 Glengarry Bon- 
net ; 6 Dirk. 



kil'0-gram, kil'o-gramme (-gram), n. [F. kilogramme; 
kilo- (fr. Gr. x^'o' a thousand) + gramme gram.] Metric 
System. A measure of weight, being 1,000 grams, equal to 
2.2046 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.34 grains). Abbr., kg. 

kil'o-gram-me'ter, or -me'tre (-gram-me'ter), n. Mech. 
A unit (about 7\ foot pounds) of energy or work, being the 
amount expended in raising one kilogram one meter. 

kil'o-li'ter, kil'O-li'tre (-le'ter), n. [F. kilolitre. See kilo- 
gram ; liter.] A thousand liters, or a cubic meter. Abbr., kl. 

kil'o-me'ter, kil'o-me'tre (-me'ter), n. [F. kilometre. 
See kilogram ; meter.] One thousand meters (3,280.8 
feet, nearly five eighths of a mile). Abbr., km. — kil'o- 
met'ric (-met'rlk), kil'o-met'ri-cal (-rl-kal), a. 

kilt (kilt), n. A kind of short plaited petticoat worn in 
the Highlands of Scotland by men ; 
hence, any similar garment. — v. t. 
[Of Scand. origin.] To tuck up, as 
the clothes. Chiefly Scot. 

kilt'ed (kil'ted; 24), p. a. 1. Wear- 
ing a kilt. 2. Plaited like kilting. 
3. Tucked or fastened up ; — said 
of petticoats, etc. 

kil'ter ( kil'ter ) , kel'ter (kel'-). n. 
Order; proper condition ; — esp. in 
out of, or in, kilter. Colloq. or Dial. 

kilt'ing, n. Dressmaking. A series of 
perpendicular flat plaits, each cover- 
ing about half the preceding one. 

kim'ber-lite (klm'ber-llt), n. [From 
Kimberley.'] Petrog. A greenish 
blue diamond-bearing claylike peri- 
dotite, of South Africa. 

ki-mo'no (kl-mo'no ; Jap. klm'o- 
no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz). [Jap.] 
A kind of loose Japanese gown, or 
one imitating it. 

kin (kin), n. Also kine (kin). [Gr-Kipetftomove.] Physics. 
The unit velocity in the C. G. S. system. It is a velocity of 
one centimeter per second. 

kin (kin), n. [AS. cynn kin, race, people.] 1. A group of 
persons of the same stock, race, or family ; a sept, clan, 
tribe, or people. Archaic. 2. Relatives collectively ; kin- 
dred ; also, a kinsman or relative. 3. Relationship ; con- 
nection by birth or marriage. — a. Kindred ; related ; akin. 

-kin (-kin). [Of LG. origin.] A suffix forming nouns, and 
denoting little, as in Iamb&in, little lamb ; lady&in, etc. 

kin'aes-the'si-a, kin'es-the'si-a (kln'es-the'sl-d; kl'nes-), 
n. Kinaesthesis. 

kin'aes-the'sis, kin'es-the'sis (kin'es-the'sis ; kl'nes-), n. 
[NL. ; Gr. Kivelv to move -f- aladyo-is perception.] The 
sense of muscular effort. thet'ic (-thet'Ik), a. 

kind (kind), n. [AS. cynd, gecynd, gecynde.'] 1. Nature ; 
as, the law of kind. Archaic. 2. Character ; style ; way. 
Archaic. 3. A natural group, class, or division ; as, the bird 
kind. 4. Aclass; sort; description; as.severalfcindsofmen. 
Syn. Species, genus, sort, nature, style, character. — 
Kind, sort are often used without distinction. But sort 
sometimes implies some disparagement or contempt. 
in kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, as 
disting. from its value in money ; as, the revenues were 
paid in kind. 

— a. [ AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate. See kind, n. ] 

1. Natural ; native ; also, of good nature. Obs. or Dial. 

2. Having feelings befitting our common nature ; benevo- 
lent ; sympathetic ; gracious ; also, proceeding from, or char- 
acterized by, such feelings. 3. Loving, affectionate. Rare. 4. 
Gentle; tractable, as a horse. — Syn. Benign, beneficent, 
bounteous, forbearing, tender, humane, good, lenient, clem- 
ent, mild, obliging, friendly, amicable. 

fcin'der-gar'ten ( kin'der-gar'ten ), n. [ G., lit., children's 
garden. ] A school for beginning the education of children 
by gratifying and cultivating their normal aptitude for 
exercise, play, observation, etc. gart'ner (-gart'ner), n. 

kind'-heart'ed (klnd'hiir'ted), a. Having kindness of 
nature ; humane ; sympathetic. — kind'-heart'ed-nesSjn. 

kin'dle (kln'd'l ), v. t. ; kin'dled ( -d'ld ) ; -dling (-dling). 
[Of Scand. origin.] 1. To set on fire ; ignite ; light. 2. To 
inflame, as the passions ; rouse ; incite. 3. To light up or 
inflame as if with flame. 

Syn. Kindle, ignite, inflame. Kindle is used in both 
lit. and fig. senses ; to ignite is now popularly used in the 
sense of kindle, and is rarely fig. ; to inflame, now chiefly 
fig., is to kindle to excessive or violent heat or passion. 

— v. i. 1. To take fire. 2. To grow warm or animated. 
kindTi-ness^kind'li-nes), n. 1. Quality or state of being 

kindly ; benignity ; benevolence ; also, a kindly deed. 2. 

Propitious or favorable character. 
kin'dling (kin'dling), n. 1. Act of igniting or inflaming. 

2. Combustible material for starting a fire ; — often in pi. 
kind'ly (klnd'll), a.; -Li-ER(-lI-er) ; -li-est. [AS. cyndellc, 

gecyndelic.'] 1. Natural ; native ; hereditary. Obs. or Scots 

Law. 2. Humane ; sympathetic ; hence : benevolent ; gra- 



cious. 3. Favorable ; mild ; agreeable ; beneficent. — adv. 
[ AS. gecyndelice. ] In a kind manner ; affectionately ; 
with good will. 

kind'ness (klnd'nes), n. 1. Quality or state of being kind ; 
beneficence ; rarely, kind feeling ; affection. 2. A kind act. 
— Syn. Good will, benignity, grace, tenderness, compas- 
sion, clemency, mildness, gentleness, favor. 

kin'dred ( kin'dred ), n. [ ME. kinrede, kynrede, kun- 
reden; AS. cynn kin, race + rseden rule, condition.] 1. 
Relationship ; affinity ; kinship. 2. The family or stock 
to which one belongs. — Syn. Kin, kinsfolk, kinsmen. — • 
a. Of the same family or race ; related ; of the like nature 
or properties ; cognate. — Syn. See congenial. 

kine (kin), n. pi. [For older kyen, formed like oxen, fr. 
AS. cy, pi. of cu cow.] Cows. Archaic or Poetic. 

kin'e-mat'ics (kln'e-mat'Iks ; kl'ne-), n. ( See -ics.) [Gr. 
Kivvua, Ki.vTifia.Tos, motion.] Physics. Science of motions 
considered in themselves, or apart from their causes. — 
kin'e-mat'ic (-Ik), kin'e-mat'i-cal (-kal), a. 

kin'e-mat'o-graph (kln'e-mat'6-graf ; kl'ne-), kin'e-o- 
graph' (kln'e-o-graf ; kl'ne-). Vars. of cinematograph, 

CINEOGRAPH. 

kin'es-the'si-a, -the'sis, -thet'ic. Vars. of kinesthesia , etc. 

ki-net'ic (kl-net'Ik; kl-), a. [Gr. kiptjtikos, fr. Kivelv to 
move. ] Physics. Of, pertaining to, or due to, motion ; — 
often contrasted with potential; as, kinetic energy. 

ki-net'ics (-net'Iks),n. (See -ics.) The branch of dynamics 
treating of the changes of motion produced by forces. 

ki-ne'to-graph ( kl-ne'to-graf ; kl- ), n. [Gr. kiutjtos mov- 
able + -graph. ] A cinematograph. 

ki-ne'tO-SCOpe (-skop), n. [Gr. nivr/ros movable 4- -scope. J 

1. A machine for producing moving pictures, using a mov- 
ing film carrying instantaneous views of a changing scene. 

2. = cinematograph. 

king (king), n. [AS. cyng, cyning."] 1. A male sovereign ; 
monarch. 2. In pi. [cap.~\ The historical books in the Old 
Testament recording the reigns of the kings of Israel and 
Judah. 3. A person likened to a king as being supreme or 
chief. 4. In games : a Chess. The principal piece, moving 
ordinarily one square in any direction, but obliged never 
to enter or remain in check. Cf. castling, b Cards. A card 
bearing a picture of a king. C Checkers. A man that has 
moved entirely across the board. 

King Arthur. A legendary king of Britain of the 6th cen- 
tury, who became the central figure of a great cycle of 
romance. He was said to have lived, with his wife, Guine- 
vere, at Caerleon on the Usk, whence knights set out on 
chivalrous exploits. 

king'bird' (klng'burd'), n. Any of several American fly- 
catchers (genus Tyrannus), some of which are noted for 
their pugnacitv. 

king'bolt' (kln'g'boltO, n. A vertical bolt holding in place 
the forward axle of a vehicle or a truck of a railroad car. 

king crab. Any of several species of large marine arthro- 
pods (esp. genus Xiphosurus, 
syn. Limulus) ; a horseshoe 
crab. See Illust. 

king'craft' (klng'kraft'), n. 
The art of governing as a , 
king. _ ==== ^_„ 

king'cup' «==H 
(-kup'), n. Any of several 
common buttercups. 

king'dorn (-dum), n. 1. The ran 
or attributes of a king ; dominion. 
Archaic. 2. A state or territory King Crab. (£) 
subject to a king or queen ; also, the sphere in which one 
has control ; domain. 3. The spiritual realm, having God 
as its head. 4. Nat. Hist. One of the three grand divisions 
including all natural objects : mineral kingdom, unor- 
ganized and lifeless substance and objects ; vegetable 
kingdom, plants; animal kingdom, animals. 

king'fish' (-fish'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Menticirrhus) of 
American marine sciaenoid food fishes, esp. any of a species 
(M. saxatilis) of the Atlantic coast ; — called also whiting. 
2. The opah. 3. The pintado, or sierra. 

king'fish'er (-flsh / er), n. Any of a numerous family ( Alce- 
dinidse) of nonpasserine birds, mostly crested, bright-col- 
ored, and having a long, stout, sharp bill. 

King Horn. The hero of various romances, a Christian 
prince, who is driven from his realm to a foreign country, 
and finally marries a king's daughter. 

king'let (-let), n. 1. A little or insignificant king. 2. Any of 
several tiny birds (genus Regulus) resembling the warblers. 

king'li-ness (-11-nes) , n. Kingly character or quality. 

king'ly (-11), a. ; -li-er (-11-er) ; -li-est. Of or becoming a 
king ; royal ; sovereign ; regal. — adv. In a kingly manner. 
Syn. Royal, regal, imperial, majestic, august. — Kingly, 
regal, royal. Kingly and regal are often interchanged. 
But kingly oftener refers to the character of a king, or to 
dispositions, feelings, or purposes, which are kinglike ; regal 
relates rather to the office of a king, or (esp.) to its exter- 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Expla n ations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



KING-OF-ARMS 



550 



KNEE 



nal state or pomp ; as, kingly courtesy, kingly condescen- 
sion ; regal state. Regal and royal are often interchanged ; 
but royal commonly applies to that which is in any way 
associated with the crown. 

king'-of-arms', king'-at-arms', n. ; pi. kings-of-arms, 
kings-at-arms. A chief heraldic officer of a country, as, 
in England, the Garter King-of-Arms, who regulates the 
arms of the peers and knights of the Garter (see garter, 
ft., 2), and the provincial Clarenceux King-of-Arms and 
Norroy (lit. north roy or north king) King-of-Arms, having 
jurisdiction respectively south and north of the Trent. 

king'— pin', n. 1. In bowling games : a A pin in the center 
of the frame, b The pin at the front apex of the frame. 
2. Hence, the principal or most important person in a 
group or an undertaking. Colloq. 3. A kingbolt. 

king'— post', n. Carp. A vertical member connecting the 
apex of a triangular truss with the base. 

king's, or queen's, English. Correct or pure English. 

king's, or queen's, evidence. Eng. Law. Evidence for the 
king or queen, that is, the crown or state ; esp., the evidence 
voluntarily given by an accomplice who confesses the crime 
and testifies against his accomplices. Such evidence is called 
state's evidence in the United States. 

king's evil. Scrofula ; — so called because formerly sup- 
posed to be healed by the touch of a king. 

king'ship (kmg'shTp), n. 1. State, office, or dignity of a 
king. 2. Royal rule or government. 3. Majesty. 

king truss. Carp. A truss with a king-post. 

kink (kink), n. [From D. or Sw.] 1. A twist or loop in a 
rope, thread, etc., caused by a doubling or winding upon 
itself. 2. A cramp or crick, as in the neck. 3. An odd or 
unreasonable notion ; crotchet ; whim. — v. i. To form a 
kink, as a rope. — v. t. To cause to kink ; make a kink in. 

kin'ka-jou' (kin'ka-joo'), n. [F., fr. native name.] A noc- 
turnal, arboreal, prehensile-tailed, carnivorous mammal 
(Potos caudivolvulus) of tropical America. It reaches 
three feet in length ; it is easily tamed. 

kin'kle (kin'k'l), n. A little kink. — kin'kled (-k'ld), a. 

kink'y (kink'i), a. Full of or having kinks ; as, kinky hair. 

kin'ni-kin-nick', kin'ni-ki-nic' (kin'I-ki-mk'), n. [In- 
dian, lit., a mixture.] A mixture consisting of leaves and 
bark, used by the American Indians for smoking. 

ki'no (ke'no ; kl'no), n. A dark red or blackish product 
similar to catechu, used in medicine and in dyeing. 

kins'folk' (kmz'fok'),ft. Relatives; kindred; kin. 

kin'ship (km'ship ), n. Quality or state of being kin; 
relationship. — Syn. See affinity. 

kins'man (kinz'man ) , n . Onerelated by blood or (loosely ) by 
marriage; a relative. — kins'wom'an (-woom'an),n./cm. 

ki-OSk' (ke-osk'), n. [Turk, kiushk, ki'oshk, Per. kiishk.'] 

1. A Turkish open summerhouse or pavilion. 2. A similar 
structure, as one used for a news stand, for a band stand, 
for the display of posters, bulletins, etc. 

kip (kip) , re. 1. Hide or leather from a young or small beast. 

2. A set of such hides, the number varying with the beast. 
kip'per (kTp'er), ft. [Prob. fr. AS. cypera.~\ 1. A malesalmon 

or sea trout during or after spawning. 2. A kippered salmon 
or herring. — v. t. To cure, by cleaning, salting, etc., and 
then drying or smoking. 

Kir-ghiz'(kir-gez'), n. ; pi. -ghiz (-gez') or -ghizes (-gez'ez). 
A member of a widespread race of Turkic speech and Mon- 
golian stock, chiefly of the steppe regions of Central Asia. 

kirk (kurk), ft. [Scot. See church.] 1. = church. Scot. & 
Dial. Eng. 2. {Usually cap., and with the.'] Esp., in Eng- 
lish usage, the Church of Scotland, as disting. from the 
Church of England or from the Scottish Episcopal Church. 

kirk'man (kflrk'man), ft. 1. An ecclesiastic. Chiefly Scot. 
2. A member or adherent of the Kirk (def. 2). 

kir'mess. Var. of kermis. 

kirn (kurn; kirn), n. Scot. A harvest home. 

kirsch (kersh), kiTSCh'was'ser (-vas'er), n. [G. kirsche 
cherry + wasser water.] A liquor distilled from the fer- 
mented juice of a European wild cherry (Cerasus avium). 

kir'tle (kur't'l), ft. [AS. cyrtel.~\ Archaic. 1. A man's tunic 
or coat. 2. A woman's gown. — kir'tled (-t'ld), a. 

Kis'lev (kis'lef), ft. [Heb. Kislev.] See Jewish calendar. 

kis'met (kYs'met), n. [Per. & Ar. qismat.~] Fate. Oriental. 

kiss (Ms), v. t. & i. [AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss.] 1. To 
touch or press with the Hps,as a mark of greeting, forgive- 
ness, farewell, etc. ; salute with the lips. 2. To touch gently 
or lightly. 3. Specif.: a Eng. Billiards. To touch ;as,the 
cue ball is kissing the red ball, b Billiards, Pool, etc. To 
collide, or collide with, very lightly, as one ball with another. 

— ft. 1. Act of kissing ; a salute or caress with the lips. 2. A 
gentle touch or contact. 3. A small piece of confectionery. 

kiss'er, n. One who kisses. 

kissing bug. Any of several species of blood-sucking, ven- 
omous hemipterous insects that sometimes bite the lips, 
causing painful sores, as the cone-nose (which see). 

kiSt (kist), ft. Archseol. = CIST. 

kit (kit), ft. A kitten. 

kit, n. A small violin. 

kit, ft. 1. A wooden tub, pail, or circular vessel, made of 



staves bound with hoops, and of various sizes, kinds, and 
uses. 2. A set or collection of tools or implements ; an out- 
fit ; also, the box, bag, etc., in which such a set is carried, or 
the box, bag, etc., with the contents. 3. A set ; collection ; 
— generally contemptuous ;as,thewhole kit of them. Colloq. 
kitch'en (kYch'en ; 24), n. [AS. cycene, L. coquina, fr. co- 
quere to cook] . 1. A room fitted up for, or appropriated to, 
cookery. 2. Cooking department ; cuisine. [kitchen, 

kitch'en-er (-en-er), n. One employed in, or in charge of, a 
kitch'en-ette' ( -St' ), n. A room combining a very small 
kitchen and a pantry, compactly fitted up. 

kitchen midden. [Dan. kjokkenmoddings kitchen leav- 
ings.] A refuse heap, mainly of the shells of edible mol- 
lusks, but usually with fragments of bone, implements, 
etc., marking the site of a primitive human habitation. 

kite (kit), n. [AS. cyta.~\ 1. Any of certain birds of the 
hawk family {F alconidse) , mostly small or medium-sized, 
with long narrow wings. 2. One who is rapacious ; a sharp- 
er, rogue, or rascal. 3. A light frame covered, usually, with 
paper or cloth, for flying in the air at the end of a string. 
4. A piece of fictitious commercial paper used for raising 
money or to sustain credit. Cant. 5. In pi. Naut. The 
lightest and, usually, loftiest sails, for use in light breezes, 
as skysails, flying-jib topsails, etc. 

— v. i. To get money or credit by using "kites." Cant. 

kith (kith), ft. [AS. cySSe,cyS, native land, fr. cud known.] 
Familiar friends, neighbors, or fellow countrymen, collec- 
tively ; by confusion, kindred or kin ; — now rare except 
in kith and kin, acquaintances or friends and kindred ; 
now, often, kindred ; relations ; family connections. 

kit'ten (kif'n), n. [ME. kiton, prob. fr. an OF. dial, form 
of F. chaton, fr. chat cat, LL. cattus.] A young cat ; some- 
times, a young rabbit or other animal. — v.t.& i. To give 
birth to (a kitten or kittens). — kit'ten-ish, a. 

kit'ti-wake(kit'i-wak), n. Any of several gulls(genusftissa). 

kit'ty, ft. A kitten ; also, a pet term or calling term for a cat. 

ki'va (ke'vd), n. [Hopi name, sacred chamber.] A large 
chamber built under, 
or in, the houses of a 
Pueblo village, and 
used as an assembly 
room in religious rites 
or as a men's dormi- 
tory. 

ki'wi ( ke'wi), n. 
[Maori.] An apteryx.^jfi? ^^^P b ~m'^;.1 

klep'to-ma'ni-a Jz&^r zp m ' 
(klep'to-ma'ni-d), ft. Kiva. 

[Gr. KXeirrvs thief + mania."} An insane propensity to steal. 

klep'to-ma'ni-ac (-ak), ft. One affected with kleptomania. 

Kling'sor (kl Yng'zor ) , n. In Wagner's " Parsifal , " a magician 
who sets fair women to beguile the knights. He thus takes 
the sacred spear from their chief, Amfortas, but loses it, 
and is destroyed upon his failure to enthral Parsifal. 

knack (nak), n. A sharp sound ; a snap ; a crack. 

knack (nak), n. 1. A clever way of doing something; an 
ingenious device or expedient ; formerly, often, a crafty 
device ; trick. 2. Aptness ; skill ; dexterity. 3. A clever 
contrivance ; toy ; knickknack. 

knack'er (nak'er), ft. 1. One who slaughters worn-out or 
useless horses and sells their flesh for dog's meat, etc. 2. A 
buyer of old houses, ships, etc., for their materials. 

knap (nap), ft. [AS. ensep, ensepp, top, knob, button.] A 
top or crest (of a hill) ; a summit ; hill ; knoll. 

knap, v. t. & i.; knapped (napt) ; -ping. Obs. or Dial. 1. 
To strike smartly ; rap. 2. To break or snap smartly ; 
shape or dress by breaking off pieces, as flints ; strike or 
knock off. 3. To snap ; nibble ; crop. — ft. A sharp or ab- 
rupt blow ; a rap or knock. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 

knap'sack' (nap'sak'), n. [D. knapzak; knappen to eat + 
zak bag.] A soldier's or traveler's case of canvas or leather 
for carrying necessaries on the back. Cf . haversack. 

knap'weed' (-wed'), n. [From knap a knob.] Any of a 
genus (Centaurea) of asteraceous plants, esp. a common 
European species (C. nigra) having knoblike purple flowers. 

knar (nar), ft. A knot or burr in wood. — knarred (nard), a. 

knave (nav), ft. [AS. cnafa boy.] 1. A boy or male servant 
or menial ; hence, a man of humble birth or position. Ar- 
chaic. 2. A tricky fellow ; rogue. 3. A playing card bearing 
the picture of a servant or a soldier ; a jack. 

knav'er-V (nav'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-Yz). 1. Practices of 
a knave ; trickery ; petty villainy ; fraud ; rascality. 2. 
Roguishness ; sportive mischief. Obs. 

knav'ish (-Ysh), a. Like or characteristic of a knave. — 
knav'ish-ly, adv. — knav'ish-ness, n. 

knead (ned), v. t. [AS. cnedan.~] 1. To work and press into 
a mass, usually with the hands. 2. To treat or form as by 
kneading ; as, to knead a pillow. — knead'er, ft._ 

knee (ne), n. [AS. cnSo, cneow."] 1. In man, the joint, or the 
region of the joint, in the middle part of the leg. 2. In an- 
imals : a The joint in the hind limbs of vertebrates homol- 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
* use, unite, urn, Up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



KNEECAP 



551 



KNOT 



ogous with the knee of man. b In the fore limb of hoofed 
quadrupeds, the carpal joint (corresponding to the wrist in 
man), c In birds, the tarsal joint. 3. Something suggestive 
of the human knee, esp. when bent, as a curved support or 
brace in a frame. 4. A bending of the knee, as in courtesy. 
5. A rounded or spurlike process rising from the roots of 
certain swamp-growing trees, esp. the bald cypress. 

— v. i. ; kneed (ned) ; knee'ing. To kneel ; bow. 
knee'cap' (ne'kap')> n. The patella; kneepan. 
knee'-deep', a. Rising, or sunk, to the knees. 
knee'— high', a. Rising or reaching upward to the knees, 
knee jerk. Physiol. A jerk or kick produced by a blow or 

sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee. 

kneel (nel), v. i.; knelt (nelt) or kneeled (neld) ; kneel'- 
ing. [AS. cneowlian. See knee.] To bend the knee ; fall 
or rest on the knees. — kneel'er, n. 

knee'pan' (ne'pan'), n. The patella ; kneecap. 

knell (nel), v. t. [AS. cnyllan.~\ To summon, announce, 
or proclaim by or as by a knell. — v. i. To ring ; esp., to 
toll at a death or funeral ; sound as a knell or as a warning 
or evil omen. — n. The stroke of a bell, esp. when tolled 
at a funeral or death ; hence, a warning of, or a sound indi- 
cating, the passing away of anything. 

knelt (nelt), pret. & p. p. of kneel. 

knew (nu), pret. of know. 

Knick'er-bock'er (nik'er-bok'er), n. [From Diedrich 
Knickerbocker, pretended author of Irving's "History of 
New York, " taken as a typical Dutchman.] 1. A descend- 
ant of the old Dutch settlers of New York ; hence, any New 
Yorker. 2. [I. c] A kind of short breeches gathered at the 
knee ; a costume including these ; — chiefly in pi. 

knick'knack' (-nak'), n. A trifle or toy ; gimcrack ; bawble. 

knife (nlf), n. ; pi. knives (nlvz). [AS. cnif.'] 1. An instru- 
ment consisting (in its modern form) of a thin blade, usually 
of steel and having a sharp edge, fastened to a handle. 2. A 
knifelike weapon ; a sword or dagger. Chiefly Rhetorical 
or Poetic. 3. A cutting blade or tool in a machine. 

— v. t. ; knifed (nift) ; knif'ing. 1. To cut, stab, etc., with 
a knife. 2. To try to defeat secretly or underhandedly, as 
a candidate of one's own party. Slang, U. S. 

knife'— edge', n. 1. Edge of or as of a knife. 2. Mech. A 
sharp steel wedge for a fulcrum or axis, as of a scale beam. 

knife switch. Elec. A switch consisting of one or more 
knifelike pieces 
making contact 
with flat gripping 
springs. 

knight (nit), n. [AS. 
cniht, cneoht, 
boy, youth, at- 
tendant, military 
follower.] 1. A 
military attendant ^U>^ Knife Switch, 

or follower; hence, one devoted to the service of a lady 
as her attendant or champion. 2. a In feudal times, a 
mounted man at arms serving a superior; esp., one who, 
after serving as page and squire, was admitted to a special 
military rank and bound to chivalrous conduct. See sol- 
dier, Illust. D In modern times, a man on whom knight- 
hood has been conferred by a sovereign, in the United 
Kingdom ranking next below a baronet and having the 
title Sir. c A knightlike person of ancient history or 
mythology ; specif. : (1) One of the Roman equites. (2) In 
Solon's constitution of Athens, a citizen of the second class ; 
— translating Greek tirireus, horseman. 3. a A member 
of an order or society, or the holder of a degree or rank in 
such an order or society, the ofiicial title of whom is 
"knight" ; as, a Knight Templar (Freemasonry) ; the 
Knights of Pythias ; the Knights of Labor. 4. Chess. A 
certain piece usually bearing a horse's head. 

— v. t. To dub or create (one) a knight. [of knights. I 
knight'age (-aj), n. The body of knights ; also, a register | 
knight bachelor; pi. knights bachelors. A knight of the 

most ancient, but lowest, order of knights in the United 
Kingdom ; one knighted, but not of any order of chivalry. 

knight'-er'rant, n.; pi. knights-errant. A knight who 
traveled in search of adventures in which to exhibit mili- 
tary skill, prowess, and generosity. 

knight'-er'rant-ry, n. ; pi. knight-errantries (-riz). The 
character or actions of knights-errant ; practice of wander- 
ing in quest of adventures ; quixotic act or conduct. 

knight'head' (-hed'), n. Naut. One of two supporting 
bollard timbers rising in the bows just within the stem. 

knight'hood (nlt'hood), n. 1. The rank, profession, or char- 
acter of a knight. 2. The, or a, body of knights ; knightage. 

knight'ly, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or becoming a knight ; 
chivalrous. 2. Consisting, or made up, of knights. — adv. 
In a manner becoming a knight. — knightli-ness, n. 

Knight Templar; pi. Knights Templars. 1. See Tem- 
plar, 1. 2. A member of an order of Freemasonry reputed 
to be directly descended from the ancient Templars. 

knit (nit), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. knit or knit'ted ; p. pr. & 




vb. n. kntt'ting. [AS. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot.] 1. To tie! 
Archaic. 2. To form, as a textile fabric, by interlacing 
yarn or thread in loops with needles. 3. To bring or bind 
together as by knitting ; unite firmly ; often, to develop in 
strength or sturdiness ; as, a well-A;nz7 man. 4. To draw 
together ; wrinkle ; as, the brows. — v. i. 1. To weave by 
making knots or loops. 2. To become compact ; consolidate, 
as_ the limbs. 3. To grow together, as fractured bones. 

knit'ter, n. One who, or that which, knits. 

knit'ting (nTt'ing), n. Action or work of one who knits. 

knives (nlvz), n., pi. of knife. 

knob (nob), n. 1. A rounded protuberance or mass ; bunch ; 
lump. 2. A knoblike ornament or handle. 3. A rounded 
hill or mountain, esp. an isolated one. — knob'by (-T), o. 

knob'ker'rie (-ker'I), n. [Boer D. knopkirie ; D. knophout, 
knotty stick + Hottentot kirri club.] Aclub with a knob on 
the end, used as a missile weapon by natives of South Africa. 

knock (nok), v. i. & t. [AS. cnocian, cnucian.~\ 1. To 
strike with something hard or heavy ; rap. 2. Todriveorbe 
driven against something ; collide. 3. To rap upon for 
admittance, as a door. 4. Of machinery : to rattle, as from 
backlash, from advancing the ignition too far in an internal- 
combustion engine, etc. ; pound. 

to knock down, to assign to a bidder at an auction by or 
as by the fall of the hammer. — to k. oft, to cease ; desist. 
— to k. out, to defeat ; vanquish. — to k. under, to yield. 

— n. An act of knocking ; a blow ; rap. 

knock'a-bout' (nok'd-bouf), n. A kind of small yacht, 
having a mainsail and a jib but no bowsprit. 

knock'down' (nok'doun'), a. 1. Of such force as to fell or 
overthrow ; overwhelming. 2. Made or constructed so as 
to be capable of being knocked down, or taken apart. 

knock'er (-cr), n. One who, or that which, knocks ; specif., 
a kind of hammer hinged to a door, for knocking. 

knock'— knee', n. A condition in which the knees bend in 
so as to touch each other in walking. — knock'— kneed', a. 



knock'-out' 



That knocks out ; as, a knock-out blow. 



— n. Act of knocking out, or state of being knocked out. 
knoll (nol), n. [AS. cnoll.~] A small round hill; mound. 
knoll, v. t. & i. [ME. knollen. See knell.] To ring, as a bell ; 

toll ; proclaim or summon by ringing. — n. Act of knolling ; 

knell. All Archaic or Dial. Eng. 
knop (nop), n. A knob ; a bud ; a stud, boss, or bunch. 
knosp (nosp), n. [G. knospe bud.] A knop; boss. 
knot (not), n. A species ( Tringa canutus) of sandpiper. 
knot, n. [AS. cnotta."] 1. a A lump or knob formed by 

interweaving the i 

parts of a cord, 

rope, or other 

slender and flexi- 
ble body, b Any «s^^3 

tie or fastening 

formed with 

cord, rope, etc. 

2. Hence, tig. : a 

Something not 

easily solved ; a 

difficulty; prob- 
lem, b A bond ; 




Principal Knots used by Seamen, Mechanics, and the 
like. (K.= Knot; B. = Bend ; H.= Hitch.) 1 Overhand 
K. ; 2 Figure-of-eight K. : 3 Stevedore's K. ; 4 Loop K. ; 
5 Bowline (Knot) ; 6 Bowline on a Bight ; 7 Running Bow- 
line ; 8 Bowline with a Bight ; 9 Harness H. ; 10 Prolonge 
K. ; 11 Slide K. ; 12 Sheepshank ; 13 Slip, or Running, K. ; 
14 Anchor K. or Fisherman's B. ; 15 Cat's-paw ; 16 Single, 
17 Double, Blackwall H. ; 18 Studding-sail Tack B. ; 19, 
20 Half Hitches ; 21 Rolling H. ; 22 Round Turn and 
Half H. ; 23 Clove H., or Builder's K. ; 24 Magnus H. ; 25 
Studding-sail Halyard B. ; 26 Timber H. ; 27 Timber and a 
Half H. ; 28 Reef, Square, or Flat, K. ; 29 Granny K. ; 30 
Single, 31 Double, Bowknoi ; 3iJ. 33, Surgeon's K. ; 34 
Becket, Sheet, or Hawser B., or Weaver's K. ; 35 Double 
Sheet B. ; 36 Englishman's Tie ; 37 Single. 38 Double. 
Carrick B. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. <= equals, 



fvl 



KNOTGRASS 



552 



KRTEGSSPIEL 



tie ; specif., the marriage tie. 3. A bow, cockade, or epau- 
let. 4. A cluster ; group, as of people, trees, or the like. 
5. A knob ; lump. 6. a Any swelling or protuberance in the 
tissues of a plant, as the node of a grass ; hence, any unu- 
sual excrescence, esp. the hard lump at the point of inser- 
tion of a branch, b Any fungous disease of trees character- 
ized by the development of abnormal excrescences ; — usu- 
ally with attributive ; as, black knot. 7. A figure of inter- 
laced or interwoven lines, as in embroidery. 8. A place or 
point where several or many lines, nerves, etc., meet or 
intersect. 9. Naut. a A division of the log line, serving to 
measure the rate of a vessel's motion, b A unit of speed, 
equivalent to one nautical mile (6,080.27 feet) an hour ; as, 
when a ship goes eight nautical miles an hour, her speed is 
eight knots, c Loosely, in reference to speed, a nautical mile. 

— v. t. ; knot'ted ; -ting. 1. To tie in or with, or form in- 
to, a knot or knots. 2. To unite closely or intricately; 
entangle. — v. i. 1. To form knots, as in a cord ; tangle. 
2. To knit knots for fringe or trimming. 

knot'grass'Cnot'gras'), re. 1. A polygonaceous weed {Poly- 
gonum aviculare). 2. Any of several grasses, as oat grass. 

knot'ted (-ed ; 24), p. a. 1. Tied in or with a knot or knots. 
2. Knotty. 3. Decorated with knobs or bosses. 

knot'ter (not'er), re. > 1. One who, or that which, knots. 

2. A person or machine employed to remove knots. 
knot'ty (-1), a.; -ti-er (-T-er) ; -ti-est. 1; Full of knots; 

knotted ; gnarled. 2. Intricate ; puzzling. 3. Hard and 
rough; rugged. — knot'ti-ness (-T-nes), n. 

knot'weed 7 (-wed'), »• Knapweed ; knotgrass. 

knout (nout ; noot), n. [Russ. knut.] A kind of whip for 
flogging criminals. — v. t. To punish with the knout. 

know (no), v. t.; pret. knew (nu) ; p. p. known (non) ; p. 
pr. & vb. re. know'ing. [AS. cnawan.] 1. To perceive ; 
recognize ; recognize as distinct ; distinguish ; as, I did not 
know you. 2. To perceive or apprehend as true ; perceive 
with understanding and conviction ; as, I know the right 
answer. 3. To be convinced or assured of ; as, I know it is 
here, but cannot find it. 4. To have or acquire information 
about ; as, did you know about this? 5. To be acquainted 
with ; as, to know an author. 6. a To have sexual inter- 
course with. Archaic, b To have practical knowledge or 
information of ; be skilled in ; as, to know the printer's art. 
— v. i. 1. To have knowledge ; have a clear and certain 
perception. 2. To be certain or confident. — know'er, n. 

know'a-ble (no'a-b'l), a. That can be known. ble-ness,re. 

know'ing, p. a. 1. Informed ; intelligent. 2. Artful ; cun- 
ning ; shrewd ; often, having the air of possessing special 
information ; as, a knowing rascal. — Syn. See shrewd. 
— know'ing-ly (no'ing-11), adv. — know'ing-ness, n. 

knowledge (nol'ej : 24), n. 1. Recognition ; cognizance ; — 
esp.mtotake knowledge of . Archaic. 2. Familiarity from 
actual experience ; practical skill. 3. Sexual intercourse ; 
— usually in carnal knowledge. 4. Acquaintance with fact ; 
hence : scope of information ; as, it has not come to my 
knowledge ; his knowledge is very wide. 5. Act or state of 
knowing ; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty ; as, he has 
an intuitive knowledge of some things. 6. That which 
is gained and preserved by knowing ; enlightenment; learn- 
ing; the sum of information conserved, by civilization. 7. 
That which is or may be known ; the subject to which an act 
of knowledge relates ; — chiefly in the pi; as, his knowl- 
edges are curiously unrelated. 

Syn. Knowledge, wisdom, science, information. 
Knowledge denotes acquaintance with, or clear percep- 
tion of, facts ; wisdom is the capacity of judging soundly 
and dealing broadly with facts ; esp. in their practical 
relations to life and conduct ; it often implies depth of 
insight or ripeness of experience. Science is exact, organ- 
ized, and classified knowledge, esp. in relation to the phys- 
ical world. Information is knowledge communicated 
or acquired, esp. by reading or observation. 

knowl'edge-a-ble ( nol'ej-d-b'l ), a. Intelligent; well-in- 
formed ; knowing. Colloq. 

known (non), p. p. of know. Hence : p. a. Apprehended 
or understood mentally ; learned ; hence, generally known. 
known quantity, Alg., etc., a quantity whose value is 
given ; — usually denoted by a, b, c, d, etc. 

know'-noth'ing, n. l.An ignoramus. 2. [cap.] U. S. 
Hist. A member of a political party (the American party), 
most active from 1853 to 1856, which aimed to render the 
foreign-born population politically powerless. Its members 
replied "I don't know" to questions about the party. 

knuck'le (nuk''l),n. [AS, cnucel.] 1. A rounded prominence 
at a finger joint ; also, the joint. 2. The knee or hock joint 
of a quadruped, with the adjacent parts, used in cookery. 

3. Something shaped or projecting like a knuckle, as one of 
the parts of a hinge through which the pin passes. 4. In pi. 
A metal device, covering the knuckles of the hand, used as 
a weapon ; — called also brass knuckles. 

— v. i. ; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). To yield ; submit ; — usu- 
ally used with down or under. 

knuck'le-bone' (nukn-bon'), re. 1. The bone of a knuckle 




Knuckle Joint, b. 



joint ; — in man, now only of a finger ; in an animal, a limb 
bone with a knob at the joint end, or the knob itself. 2. 
Specif. : a Cookery. = knuckle, 2. b A metacarpal or a 
metatarsal bone, as of a sheep, esp. as used in playing a 
game ; hence, usually in pi., the game played with these. 

knuckle joint, a A knuckle, b Mach. A kind of hinge 
joint. 

knur(nur),re. [ME. knor re.] A hard 
excrescence or concretion; knot; 
gnarl ; knurl. 

knurl (nurl) , n. A knot, knob, or nod- 
ule, a small ridge or bead, esp. one of a series on a metal 
surface, as on the rim of a circular nut, the edge of a milled 
coin, etc. — v. t. To furnish with ridges or beading ; mill. 

knurl'y (-11), a.; knurl'i-er (-li-er) ; knurl'i-est. Full of 
knurls, or knots ; gnarly. 

ko'bang (ko'bang), n. Also CO'bang. [Jap. ko-ban.] A 
Japanese gold coin in general circulation up to 1870. Its 
value in the 19th century was about $5.62. 

kQ'bold (ko'bold), n. [G.] In German folklore : a A kind 
of domestic spirit or brownie, b A kind of gnome. 

ko'dak (ko'dak), re. [An invented name.] 1. A kind of 
portable photographic camera. 2. A photograph taken 
with a kodak. — v. t . & i. To photograDh with a kodak. 

Kph'i-noor' (ko'hi-noor' ; ko'j-), re. [Persian koh-i-nur, 
lit., mountain of light.] A famous diamond of great size, 
surrendered to the British crown on the annexation of the 
Punjab in 1849. As now cut, it weighs 106£ carats. 

kohl(kol; ko'h'l), n. [ See alcohol.] A preparation used 
by Eastern women to darken the edges of the eyelids. 

kohl'-ra'bi (kol'ra'bi ; kol'ra'bD.n.; pi. -bies (-biz). [G. 
fr. It. cavoli rape (pi).] A race of cabbage in which the 
stem is greatly enlarged and is eaten like cauliflower. 

ko'la (ko'ld), n. The kola nut or an extract from it. 

kola nut. The brown bitter nut of an African sterculiaceous 
tree (Cola acuminata) cultivated in the West Indies and 
Brazil. It_contains much caffeine. 

koo'doo (koo'doo), n.; pi. -doos (-dooz). [Hottentot ku- 
du.'] A large African antelope (Strep- 
siceros strepsiceros, syn. S. kudu). 

||kop (kop), n. [South African D., fr. ' 
D. kop head.] Hill ; moun- 
tain. South Africa. 

ko'peck (ko'pek), re. [Russ. 
kopeyka.] A small Russian 
copper (orig. silver) coin and 
money of account. It is. the 
100th part of a ruble, and is 
now worth about half a cent. 

|| kop'je (kop'i), n. [S. Afri- 
can D.] A small kop. South , 
Africa. 

kor (kor), n. [Heb. kor.] An; 
ancient Hebrew measure ; — 
called also, in dry measure, 
homer. ^ Koodoo (Strepsiceros strep- 

Ko-ran' (ko-ran' ; ko'ran), n. siceros). 

[Ar._ qoran.] The scriptures of the Mohammedans, con- 
taining the professed revelations to Mohammed. 

Ko-re'an (ko-re'an), a. Of or pert, to Korea or the Koreans 
or their language. — n. 1. A member of the native race of 
Korea, a mixed race of Mongoloid type. 2. The language 
of the Koreans, distantly related to Japanese. 

kos (kos), n. [Hind, kos, fr. Skr. kroga.] A measure of 
distance, varying from 1 J to 2\ miles. India. 

ko'sher (ko'sher), a. [Heb. kosher fit..] Ceremonially 
clean according to Jewish law ; — used of food, esp. meat. 

— n. Kosher food ; also, a kosher shop. 

ko-tow' (ko-tou'), v.i. Also kow-tow'. [Chin, k'ot'ou 
knock head.] To kneel and knock the forehead on tht 
ground in homage or worship. — n. Act of kotowing. 

kou'miss, kour'bash. Vars. of kumiss, kurbash. 

kous'SO (kdos'o). Var. of cusso. 

kraal (kral), n. [D., fr. Pg. curral cattle pen.] 1. A form of 
stockaded village of South African natives ; also, the village 
community. 2. A stockade or pen for cattle or sheep. 
South Africa. — v. t. To confine in a kraal. 

krait (krTt), n. [Hind, karait.] A very venomous snake 
(Bungarus caeruleus) of India, allied to the cobra. 

kra/ken (kra'ken ; kra'-), re. [Norw. dial, krake (the final 
re is the article).] A fabulous Scandinavian sea monster. 

kran (kran), re. [Per. qran.] A silver coin and the monetary 
unit of Persia, now equivalent to about 8 cents. 

krem'lin (krem'lin), re. [F., fr. Russ. kremV.] The citadel 
of a Russian town or city, esp. [cap.'] that of Moscow, 
which contains imperial palaces, churches, arsenal, etc. 

kreut'zer (kroit'ser), re. [G. kreuzer.] An old German or 
Austrian copper coin worth about half a cent. 

krieg'spier (kreg'speT),or || Kriegs'spieF (kregz'speF ; G. 
kreKs'shpelO, re. [G. kriegsspiel ; krieg war + spiel play.] 
A game in which blocks or pins representing contending 




ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, Anite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ijre, verdure (87); 



KRIEMHILD 



553 



LABOR 



forces, guns, etc., are moved about on maps or a table for 
instruction in the principles of warfare. 

Kriem'hild (krem'hilt), n. [MHG. Chriemhilt, Kriem- 
hilt.] Ger. Myth. In the Nibelungenlied, the wife of Sieg- 
fried. After his death she is married to Etzel, and instigates 
the slaughter of her kinsmen in revenge for Hagen's murder 
of Siegfried. See Brunhild, Siegfried. 

krls (kres). Var. of creese. 

Krisb/na (krlsh'nd ), n. [Skr. Kfshna.] Hindu Myth. 
The eighth reincarnation of Vishnu, personifying the fruc- 
tifying and reproductive aspect of nature. 

Kriss Krin'gle (kns krin'g'l). [G. Christkindl, -del, 
Christ child, Christmas gift, a dim. of Christkind.] St. 
Nicholas, or Santa Claus. 

kro'na (kro'nd), n. ; pi. kronor (kro'n&r). [Sw.] The 
Scandinavian krone ; — so called in Sweden. 

kro'ne (kro'ne - ), n.; pi. kroner (-ner). [Dan.] The Scan- 
dinavian monetary unit, also a silver coin, equal to 100 
ore, or 26.8 cents ; — so called in Denmark and Norway. 

kro'ne (kro'ne), n.; pi. kronen (-nen). [G.] 1. A German 
gold coin, equal to 10 marks, or about $2.38. 2. The mone- 
tary unit of Austria-Hungary or the corresponding silver 
coin, equal to 100 heller, or 20.3 cents. 

kryr/ton (krTp'ton), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kpvttSv, neut. of tcpm- 
tos hidden.] Chem. An inert gaseous element, occurring in 
air to the extent of about one volume in a million. Symbol, 
Kr ;at. wt., 82.92 ; liquefying point, — 152°C. (—241.6° F.). 

Kshat'ri-ya (kshat're-yd), n. Also Kshat'ru-ya (-ru-yd). 
[Skr. kshatriya.] One belonging to the military caste, the 
second of the four great Hindu castes. 

ku'du. Var. of koodoo. 

Ktt'fic (ku'fik), a. Also Cu'fic. Of or pert, to Kufa, or 
Cufa, a town near the lower Euphrates ; — used esp. to 
designate an Arabic alphabet, early employed there. 

Ku'-Klux', or Ku'klux' (ku'kluks'), n. U. S. Hist. 1. A 
secret political organization in the South, active for several 
years after the close of the Civil War, and aiming chiefly to 
repress the political power of the freedmen ; — called also 
Xu-Klux Klan. 2. A member of the organization. 

Kul-tur'kampf (kool-toor'kampf), n. [G. ; kultur, cul- 
tur, culture + kampf fight.] Ger. Hist. Lit., culture war ; 
— a name given to a struggle (beginning May, 1873) be- 
tween the Roman Catholic Church and the German gov- 
ernment, chiefly over the latter's efforts to control educa- 
tional and ecclesiastical appointments in the interests of 
the political policy of centralization. 



ku'miss, kou'miss (koo'mTs), n. Also kon'myss, ku'- 
mys. [Russ. kumys.] A fermented (or distilled) liquor 
made from milk, originally by the Tatars from mare's or 
camel's milk, now frequently from cow's milk. 

kiim'mel (kiim'el), n. [G. kummel cumin, caraway seed, 
L. cuminum.] A liqueur flavored with caraway seed, anise, 
etc. It is made chiefly at Riga in Russia. 

kum'mer-bund'. Var. of cummerbund. 

kum'quat (kum'kwot), n. £Chin. kam-kwat gold orange.] 
A small Chinese citrous fruit, having a sweet rind and acid 
pulp; also, the tree (Citrus japonica) that bears it. 

Kun'dry (koon'drl), n. [G.] In Wagner's "Parsifal," a 
woman doomed to wander in helpless remorse. Klingsor 
forces her to beguile Amfortas. Parsifal lifts the curse from 
her by resisting her wiles. 

kunz'ite (kdonts'It ), n. [After George F. Kunz, American 
gem expert.] Min. A variety of spodumene occurring in 
beautiful amethystine crystals. 

kur'bash (koor'bash ; kdor-bash'), n. [Turk, qirbach.] A 
lash or whip of hide used as an instrument of punishment 
in Turkey, Egypt, etc. — v. t. To lash with the kurbash. 

Kurd (koord), n. A member of a fierce, dark race dwelling 
chiefly in Kurdistan. — Kurd'ish (koor'dish), a. & n. 

Ku-ril'i-an (ko^-rll'I-dn), a. Of or pert, to the Kurile Is- 
lands. — n. A native or an inhabitant of the Kurile Islands. 

kur'ra-jong' (kur'd-jong'), n. [Native name.] Any of sev- 
eral malvaceous and sterculiaceous trees or shrubs from 
whose fiber Australian aborigines make cordage, nets, etc. 

kus'so, ky'a-nite. Vars. of cusso, cyanite. 

ky'an-ize (kl'an-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
[From J. H. Kyan, inventor of the process.] To render 
(wood) proof against decay by saturating with corrosive 
sublimate. — ky'an-i-za'tion (kl'dn-i-za'shun; -I-za'-), n. 

kylix (kl'liks). Var. of cylix. 

Kyloe Oil'lo), n. One of a breed of Highland cattle. 

ky'mo-graph (kl'mS-graf), n. [Gr. Kvua wave + -graph.'] 
An automatic apparatus for recording pulse waves, respira- 
tory movements, etc. — ky'mo-grapb/ic (-graf'ik), a. 

Kym'ri, Kym'ry (kfm'rl), Kym'ric. Vars. of Cymry, etc. 

Kyr'i-e e-lei'son (klr'i-e e-ll'son ; ke'n-ae-la'I-son). [Gr. 
Kvpit IXeTjcrov.] 1. Eccl. Lit. "Lord, have mercy upon us": a 
A short petition used in various offices of the Eastern and 
Roman churches, b In the Anglican service, (1 ) a response, or 
(2) a petition, beginning with the words, Lord, have mercy 
upon us. 2. A musical setting of either of the foregoing. 



i 

( 

( 



L(eT). 1. The twelfth letter of the English alphabet. 
It is a voiced, or sonant, "liquid" consonant. Its form 
and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form 
of the Greek letter (lambda) being from the Phoenician, 
and the ultimate origin perhaps Egyptian. Etymologi- 
cally 2 is most closely related to r and u; as in piigrim, 
peregrine, couch (fr. coWocare), auburn (fr. LL. aJburnus). 
See Guide to Pron., § 51. 2. As a symbol, used to denote 
or indicate the eleventh or (cf . K, 2 a) the twelfth in a 
series ; eleventh (or twelfth) in order or class ; sometimes, 
the numeral eleven (or twelve) ; as, Company L. 3. As a 
numeral, L stands for 50, C for 50,000. 

L, or 1, n.; pi. L's or Ls (elz). 1. The letter L, 1, or its 
sound ; an ell. 2. Something suggestive of the letter L; esp., 
an extension at right angles to the length of a main build- 
ing; a wing. 

L, a. 1. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter L ; 
as, an L beam, or L -beam. 2. Elevated ; — for el., abbr. of 
elevated in elevated road or railroad. — n. An elevated 
road. Colloq., U. S. 

la (16 ; la), inter j. 1. Look ! Archaic. 2. An exclamation of 
surprise ; — commonly used with me. Dial, or Vulgar. 

la (la), n. Music. The sixth of the syllables used in solmiza- 
tion ; — applied to the sixth tone of the diatonic scale. 

laa'ger (la'ger ; 16'ger),n. [D. (in South Africa), also leger."] 
A camp, esp. one with a defensive barrier of travelers' 
wagons. South Africa. — v. t. & i. To form into, or 
camp in, a laager. South Africa. 

La'ban (la'ban), n. [Heb. Laban.] Bib. The father of 
Leah and Rachel, the wives of Jacob. See Gen. xxix. 

lab'a-rum (lab'd-rum), n.; pi. -ra (-rd). [L.] The stand- 
ard of the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to 
Christianity. It bore a monogram of the first two letters 
(XP) of the name Christ in its Greek form. Also, any sym- 
bolical standard or banner. See flag, Illust. 

lab'da-num (lab'dd-num ), n. Also lad'a-num. [L. lada- 
num, Gr. XaSavov, XtjSavov, fr. XijSov name of a shrub, mas- 
tic] A soft dark oleoresin derived from various species of 
rockrose (genus Cistus), used in plasters. 



lab'e-fac'tion (-§-fak'shun), n. [L. labefacere to weaken ; 

labare to totter + facere to make.] A weakening ; ruin. 
laa>el (la'bel), TV [OF.] 1. A band or fillet. Obs. 2. A slip 

of silk, paper, parchment, metal, etc., affixed to anything, 

and indicating the contents, ownership, destination, etc. 3. 

Arch. A projecting molding by the sides, and over the top, 

of an opening ; a dripstone. 
— v. t.; -beled (-beld) or -belled ; -bel-ing or -bel-ling. 

1. To affix a label to. 2. To describe or designate as by a 
label ; tag. — la'bel-er, la'bel-ler, n. 

la-bel'lum (ld-bel'um), n.; L. pi. -la (-d). [L., dim. of 
labrum lip.] Bot. The lip, or median member of the inner 
perianth or corolla, of plants of the orchid family. 

la'bi-a (la'bT-d), n., L. pi. of labium. 

la'bi-al (la'bi : dl), a. 1. Of or pert, to the lips, or labia. 2. 
Phon. a Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by the lips, as 
o, p, m. b Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lips, 
as oo (food), o (old), etc. — n. A labial consonant. 

la'bi-al-ism (la'bl-dl-Iz'm), n. Phon. Quality or character- 
istic of being labial ; tendency to labialize sounds. [el).| 

la'bi-al-ize (-Iz), v. t. Phon. To make labial ; round (a vow-| 

la'bi-ate (-at), a. Having lips or liplike parts. 

la'bile Oa'bll ; lab'Il), o. [L. labilis apt to slip, fr. labi to 
slip.] Liable or prone to slip or lapse ; hence : a Elec. Glid- 
ing ; as, a labile application of an electrode. Cf . stabile. 
b Chem. & Physics. Readily changing ; unstable. 

la'bi-o-den'tal (lanDi-o-den'tdl), a. Phon. Formed or artic- 
ulated with the cooperation of the lips, or one lip, and the 
teeth, as / and v. — n. A labiodental consonant. 

la'bi-um (la'bT-um), n.; L. pi. labia (-d). [L.] 1. A lip. 

2. Specif. : a In pi. Anat. The folds of integument at the 
opening of the vulva. The outer lips of the vulva are the 
labia majora; the inner, labia minora, b Zo'ol. The 
lower lip of an insect, formed by the second pair of maxillae. 

laT>or, la'bour (-ber), n. [OF. labour, labor, labur, L. la- 
bor.] 1. Physical or mental toil ; exertion, esp. when fati- 
guing, painful, or irksome ; work. 2. Laborers, operatives, 
and artisans as a body or class. 3. An act of laboring ; a 
work ; task. 4. Travail ; childbirth. — Syn. See work. 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M * 



J 



LABORATORY 



554 



LACTIDE 



— v. i. 1. To perform labor ; work ; toil. 2. To be oppressed 
with difficulties or disease ; move slowly, as under a burden ; 
Naut., to pitch or roll heavily. 3. To be in travail, or child- 
birth. — v. t. 1. To expend labor on ; specif., to till ; culti- 
vate. Chiefly Poetic. 2. To form, perform, or bring, with 
labor. Archaic. 3. To work out with effort and in detail ; 
elaborate ; as, to labor a point. 

lab'o-ra-to-ry (lab'6-rd-to-ri), n.; pi. -ries C-rYz). Origi- 
nally, the workroom of a chemist ; hence, a place devoted 
to experimental study in natural science, or to testing, ana- 
lyzing, or preparing drugs, chemicals, explosives, etc. 

Labor Day. In most States of the United States, a legal 
holiday, usually the first Monday of September, in honor 
of, or in the interests of, workingmen as a class. 

la'bored, la'boured (la'berd), p. a. Produced or performed 
with labor ; elaborately wrought ; not easy or natural. 

la'bor-er, la'bour-er (-ber-er), n. One who labors ; esp., one 
who does physical labor or work that requires strength 
rather than skill. — Syn. See workman. 

la-bo'ri-OUS (ld-bo'rT-us ; 57), a. [OF. laborios, L. laborio- 
sus, fr. labor labor.] 1. Requiring labor ; toilsome. 2. Dili- 
gent; industrious. — la-bo'ri-ous-ly,adw. — ri-ous-ness,n. 

la'bour, la'bour-er, etc. Vars. of labor, laborer, etc. 

lab/ra-dor/ite (lab'rd-dorlt; lab'rd-dor'Tt), n. Min. A 
triclinic feldspar showing a beautiful play of blue, green, 
and othercolors. Thefinestspecimenscomefrom Labrador. 

la'bret (la'bret), n. [L. labrum lip.] A piece of wood, 
shell, or stone, etc., worn in a perforation of the lip, as 
among Eskimos, certain Negroes of West Africa, etc. 

la'broid (-broid), a. [L. labrus, labros, a kind of fish.] 
Belonging to an important family (Labridse) of fishes, the 
wrasse family, including the wrasses, tautog, cunner, etc. 

la'brum (la'brum), n.; L. pi. -bra (-brd). [L.] A lip or 
edge; esp., Zool.: a The upper lip of arthropods, b The 
external margin of a gastropod shell. 

la-bur num. (ld-bur'num), n. [L.] Any of a genus (Labur- 
num) of European fabaceous poisonous shrubs, having pen- 
dulous racemes of bright yellow flowers. 

lab'y-rinth (lab'T-nnth), n. _ [L. labyrinthus, Gr. Xa/Si>pn>- 
0os.] 1. A place full of intricate passageways ; a maze. 2. 
An intricate inclosure ; esp., a maze of paths in a park or 
garden. 3. An inextricable or bewildering state of things, 
etc. ; a perplexity ; a maze. 4. The internal ear. 
Syn. Labyrinth, maze are often used with little dis- 
tinction. Labyrinth emphasizes the idea of structural 
intricacy ; maze, which often applies to what is shifting, 
heightens the implication of confusion or bewilderment. 

lab'y-rin'thi-an (-rin'thi-an), lab'y-rin'thic (-thYk), a. 
Labyrinthine. [intricate ; involved.] 

lab'y-rin'thine (-thin), a. Pertaining to or like a labyrinth ;| 

lac, lakh (lak), n. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha 
mark, sign, lac] One hundred thousand ; a great number ; 
specif., 100,000 rupees (written Rs. 1,00>000). India. 

lac (lak), n. [Per. lak."] A resinous substance secreted by a 
certain scale insect (Carteria lacca). When melted, and 
reduced to a thin crust, lac is called shellac. 

lac'co-lith (lak'6-litb), lac'co-lite (-lit), n. [Gr.Xteos a 
cistern + -lith, -lite.] Geol. A mass of igneous rock in- 
truded between sedimentary beds and resulting in a bulging 
of the overlying strata. 

lace (las), n. [OF. Iaz,ir.l..laqueu8 noose, snare.] 1. Origi- 
nally, any cord, line, or tie ; now, a string, cord, or band, 
passing through holes, and used to draw and hold together 
parts, as of a garment, a shoe, etc. 2. An ornamental braid 
for trimming men's hats, uniforms, etc. ; — now only in 
gold lace, silver lace. 3. Openwork fabric of fine threads, 
usually figured, much worn as an ornament of dress. 4. A 
dash of spirits (or, formerly, sugar) added to a beverage. 

— v. t. & i. ; laced (last) ; lac'ing (lasting). 1. To fasten, 
unite, compress, adorn, or trim with a lace. 2. To beat ; 
make stripes on. 3. To add a dash of spirits, or, formerly, 
sugar, to (a beverage). 

Lac'e-dse-mo'ni-an (las'e'-de'-mo'ni'-an), a. Also Lac'e-de- 
mo'ni-an. Of or pertaining to Lacedaemon, or Sparta, the 
chief city of Laconia. — n. A Spartan. 

lac'er-ate (las'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'e'd); -at'ing. [L. 
laceratus, p. p. of lacerare to lacerate, lacer lacerated.] 
To tear ; rend ; mangle ; hence: To afflict ; harrow. 

lac'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of lacerating. 2. A wound 
made by lacerating. 

la-cer'ti-an (ld-sur'shT-3n ; -tf-on), a. [L. lacerta lizard.] 
Zool. Of or pert, to an order or suborder (Lacertilia) of 
reptiles including lizards, geckos, etc. — la-cer'ti-an, n. 

lace'wing' (las'wing'), n. Any of certain neuropterous in- 
sects (esp. genus Chrysopa) having lacelike wings. 

lach'es (lach'ez), n. [OF. laschesse, deriv. of L. laxus 
loose, lax.] Law. Neglect to do a thing at the proper time. 

Lach'e-sis (lak'e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aax««r«, lit., lot, fr. 
Xa.yxa.feiv, Xaxeif, to obtain by lot.] See fate, n. 4. 

lach'ry-mal (lak'ri-mal), a. Better, but unusual, lacri- 
mal. [See lachrymose.] 1. Of or pertaining to tears. 2, 



Anat. Designating, pertaining to, or situated near, the 

organs producing tears. — n. = lachrymatory. 
lach'ry-ma-to-ry (-md-t6-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-rtz). One of a 

class of small vessels found in ancient tombs. It was once 

believed that tears of mourners were collected in them.— a. 

Of or pert, to tears ; designed to contain tears ; lachrymal. 
lach'ry-mose (-mos), a. [L. lacrymosus, better lacrimo- 

sus, fr. lacrima, lacruma,& tear.] Generating or shedding 

tears ; given to shedding tears ; tearful. 
lac'ing (las'Ing), vb. n. 1. Act of one that laces. 2. A lace. 
la-cin'i-ate (Id-sTn'I-at) \ a. [L. lacinia the lappet of a gar- 
la-Cin^i-at'ed (-at'e'd) / ment.] Fringed ; Bot., cut into 

deep irregular lobes ; narrowly incised. 
lack (lak), n..^ [ME. lac.'] 1. Deficiency; want; need. 2. 

That which is lacking ; thing needed. 

Syn. Lack, want (often interchangeable) agree in the idea 

of deficiency. But lack often merely states the fact of 

absence or defect ; want commonly implies that what is 

lacking is desirable or necessary. 

— v. i. 1. To be wanting ; — chiefly in p. pr. ; as, funds 
were lacking. 2. To have need ; be short ; — with of or in. 
— v.t. l.Tobe without or deficient in. 2.Towant ; need. 

lack'a-dai'si-cal (-d-da'zl-kal), a. Affectedly languid ; list- 
less ; languidly sentimental. cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

lack'a-day', inter j. Short for alackaday. Obs. or Archaic 

lack'er. Var. of lacquer. 

lack'ey (lak'i), n.; pi. -eys (-Yz). [F. laquais.] A foot- 
man ; valet ; fig., a servile follower ; toady. — v. i. & t. To 
act, serve, or attend as a lackey. 

lack'lusterl (-lus'ter), n. A want of luster. — a. Wanting 

lack'lus/tre/ luster or brightness ; as, lackluster eyes. 

La-co'ni-an (ld-ko'nl-an), a. Of or pertaining to ancient 
Laconia, in Greece. Its capital was Sparta. — n. One of 
the people of Laconia. 

La-con'ic (ld-kon'Tk), a. 1. Spartan. Rare. 2. [Z. c] Ex- 
pressing much in few words, as did the Spartans ; concise ; 
sententious. — Syn. See concise. — la-con'i-cal-ly, adv. 

la-con'i-cism (ld-kon'I-sfz'm), n. = laconism. 

lac'O-nisrtl (lak'S-nfz'm), n._ [Gr. AaKuyio-fids, fr. Aclku- 
vl$av to imitate^ Lacedaemonian manners, to speak laconi- 
cally.] A laconic style, or an instance of it. 

lac'quer (lak'er), n. [F. lacre a sort of sealing wax, Pg. 
lacre, fr. lacca lac. See lac the resin.] 1. a A varnish con- 
sisting of a solution of shellac in alcohol, b Any of various 
varnishes with a resin as the base ; specif., the natural var- 
nish got in Japan from the sap of a species (Rhus vernici- 
fera) of sumac. 2. A decorative article of wood coated with 
Oriental lacquer and often inlaid ; collectively, such work or 
articles. — v. t. To cover or coat with lacquer ; varnish. 

lac'quey (lak'i). Var. of lackey. - [mal, etc.l 

lac'ri-mal, lac'ry-mal, lac'ri-mose, etc. Vars. of lachry- | 

la-crosse' (ld-kr5s' ; 62), n. [F. la crosse, lit., the crosier, 
hooked stick.] A game of ball, originating among the North 
American Indians, now the popular field sport of Canada. 
It is played with long-handled rackets, called crosses. 

lac'ta-ry OSk'td-rT), a. [L. lactarius, fr. lac, lactis, milk.] 
Of, pertaining to, or connected with, milk. 

lac'tase (-tas),n. [See lactose ; -ase.] Chem. An enzyme, 
found in certain yeasts and in the animal body, which 
decomposes lactose into glucose and galactose. 

lac'tate (lak'tat), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk.] Chem. A salt 
or ester of lactic acid. 

lac-ta'tion (lak.-ta'shftn), n. The secretion and yielding of 
milk by the mammary gland ; act of giving suck. 

lac'te-al (lSk'te-dl), a. [L. lacteus milky, lac, lactis 
milk.] 1. Pert, to, consisting 
of, or like, milk ; milky. 2. 
Conveying or containing 
chyle ; as, the lacteal vessels. 

— n. One of the lymphatics 
of the small intestine which 
convey chyle through the mes- 
enteric glands to the thoracic 
duct. 

lac'te-ous (-#s), a. Milky. 
lac-tes'cence (lak-teVens), n. 

A becoming milky ; milkiness. 
lac-tes'cent (-ent), a. [L. lac- 

tescens, p. pr., deriv. of lac, 

lactis, milk.] 1. Milky; 

becoming milky. 2. Seeding jace? 

a Aorta ; Thoracic Duct ; 




or concerned in secreting milk. 

lac'tic (lak'tik), o. [L. lac, 
lactis, milk.] Of or pertaining 
to miik ; procured from sour 
milk or whey ; as, lactic acid. 

lac'tide (lak'tTd ; -t?d), n. Al- 
so -tid. {lactic + anhydride.] 
Org. Chem. A white crystal- 
line substance, obtained by 
heating lactic acid ; by exten- 



c Lymphatic Glands in the. 
Mesentery, connected with' 
each other and with the 
Thoracic Duct by the 
Lacteals /; d Radicles, or 
rootlike beginnings, of the 
Lacteals in the wall of the 
Intestine e; g Large Lac- 
teals separated from the 
Mesentery. 



sion, any analogous substance. Cf. lactone. 



jale, senate, cfire, am.occount, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



LACTIFEROUS 



555 



LAKY 



lac-tif'er-OUS (lak-tTf'er-us), a. [L. lac, lactis, milk + 
-ferousj Secreting or conveying milk, or a milky fluid. 

lac'to- (lak'to-), lac'ti- (lak'tl-). Combining forms from 
Latin lac, lactis, meaning milk. 

LlC-tom'e-ter (lak-tom'e-ter), n. An instrument for esti- 
mating the richness of milk. 

lac'tone (lak'ton), n. Org. Chem. Any of a series of anhy- 
drides of certain hydroxy acids, formed by the elimination 
of water from the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of the same 
molecule. — lac-ton'ic (lak-ton'Tk), a. 

lac'to-pro'te-id (lak'to-pro'te-id), n. Chem. Any of the 
proteids in milk. 

lac'to-scope (lak't8-skop),n. An mstrument for estimating 
the amount of cream in milk. 

lac'tose (lak'tos), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + -ose."] Chem. 
A hard, crystalline sugar, CnHrcOii-H-O, present in milk. 
Called also milk sugar or sugar of milk. 

la-cu'na (ld-ku'nd), n. ; pi. L. -nm (-ne), E. -nas (-ndz). [L., 
ditch, pit, lake.] 1. A blank space ; hiatus ; gap ; break. 
2. Biol. An intercellular or interstitial space ; specif., one 
of the minute cavities in bone occupied by the bone cells. 

la-cu'nal (ld-ku'ndl), la-CU'nar (-ndr), a. Lacunary. 

la-cu'nar (ld-ku'ndr), n. ; pi. E. lacunars (-ndrz), L. lacu- 
narta (lak'u-na'rT-d; 3). [L.] Arch. A ceiling, esp. one 
of sunk panels ; also, in pi., the panels in such a ceiling. 

lac'U-na-ry (lak'ii-nS-ri ; ld-ku'nd-), a. Of or pertaining 
to a lacuna ; having lacunae. 

la-CU'nose (ld-ku'nos), a. Having, or full of, lacuna?. 

la-CUS'trine (-kus'trln), a. [L. lacus lake.] Of or pertain- 
ing to lakes ; formed in, or living in, lakes. 

lac'y Gas'i), a.; lac'i-er ( : T-er) ; lac'i-est. Resembling, 
or consisting of, lace ; lacelike. 

lad (lad), n. A boy ; youth ; often, in familiarity or endear- 
ment, a man of any age. 

lad'a-num (lad'd-niim), n. [L. - ] = labdanum. 

lad'der (lad'er), n. [AS. hlseder, hlsedder.'] An appliance 
consisting of two long side pieces joined at intervals by 
rungs forming steps for ascent or descent ; also, an assem- 
blage of such appliances used together. 

lad'dle (lad'I), n. A lad ; male sweetheart. Chiefly Scot. 

lade (lad), v. t. ; pret. lad'ed (lad'ed) ; p. p. lad'ed, lad'en 
(lad''n); p. pr. & vb. n. lad'ing. [AS. hladan to load, 
draw (water).] 1. To load ; put a burden or load on or in. 
2. To throw or lift in or out with a ladle, etc. ; dip ; bail. — 
v. i. 1. To load ; take on cargo. 2. To dip up a liquid. 

lad'en (lad' 'n), p. a. [From lade, v. t.~[ Loaded; burdened. 

lad'en, v. t. To lade. 

La-din' Od-den'), n. [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin.] 
A Rhseto-Romanic dialect spoken in parts of Switzerland 
and Tirol ; also, one speaking it as his mother tongue. 

lad'ing (lad'Tng), n. 1. A loading. 2. Load ; cargo ; freight ; 
burden. — Syn. See freight. 

La-di'no fla-de'no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz; Sp. -nos). [Sp., 
cunning, learned, lit., Latin, fr. L. Latinus Latin.] 1. The 
mixed Spanish and Hebrew language spoken by Sephardim. 
2. In Spanish America and Spanish colonies, a mestizo. 

la'dle (la'd'l), n. [AS. hlsedel, fr. hladan to load, drain.] A 
long-handled cuplike spoon, often large, used in lading or 
dipping. — v. t.; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To take 
up and convey in a ladle ; dip with or as with a ladle. 

la-drone' (ld-dron'), n. [Sp. ladrdn, L. latro robber.] A 
thief or robber ; esp., a highwayman ; brigand. 

la-dron'ism (ld-dron'iz'm), n. Robbery or intimidation by 
ladrones ; — used chiefly with respect to the Philippines. 

la'dy (la'di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [ME. ladi, laefdi, AS. 
hlaefdige, hlxfdie.'] 1. The mistress of a household. Obs. 
2. A woman having proprietary rights, rule, or authority ; 
mistress ; — correlative of lord. 3. A sweetheart ; ladylove. 
4. [cap!] The Virgin Mary ; — usually with Our. 5. A 
woman of social distinction or position ; a well-bred woman ; 
— correlative of gentleman. 

C^In addressing women, the sing., lady, is now confined 
to poetic, rhetorical, or uneducated use, the ordinary form 
being madam ; but in the pi., ladies is the ordinary term. 
6. [cap.] In England, a title prefixed to the names of 
women of certain ranks, as that of: (1) a marchioness, 
countess, viscountess, or baroness ; (2) the daughter of a 
nobleman not lower than earl ; (3) the wife of a baronet or 
knight. 7. Wife. Obs. or uncultivated. 8. The triturating 
apparatus in the stomach of a lobster. — Syn. See fe- 
male, n. 

lady in waiting, a lady of a queen's or a princess's house- 
hold, appointed to wait upon or attend her. 

— a. 1. Belonging or becoming to, or characteristic of, a 
lady ; ladylike. 2. Female ; as, lady doctor, lady friend, 
etc. ; — also used humorously or affectedly of animals ; as, 
lady dog. 

la'dy-bird' (-bfird'), n. [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] Any 
of a family (Coccinellidse)oi small, roundish, often brightly 
colored beetles, mostly feeding on insects and insects' eggs. 

la'dy-DUg' (-bug'), n. A ladybird. U. S. or Dial. Eng. 



Lady Day. A day kept to commemorate an event in the life 
of the Virgin Mary ; now, the Annunciation, March 25. 

lady finger. Cookery. A variety of small cake of a shape 
suggestive of a finger. 

la'dy— kill'er, n. A man who captivates, or has the reputa- 
tion of fascinating, women. — la'dy-kilFing, a. & n. 

la'dy-kin (-kin), n. [lady + -kin.'] A little lady. 

la'dy-like' (-Ilk'), a. Like a lady; esp., becoming or suit- 
able to a lady ; hence, effeminate. — Syn. See female, a. 

la'dy-love' (-1QV), n. A sweetheart or mistress. 

la'dy's— bed'straw' (la'diz-), n. A common European bed- 
straw (Galium verum) with small yellow flowers. 

la'dy's-fin'ger, n. Var. of lady finger. 

la'dy-ship (-ship), n. Rank, position, or personality of a 
lady; — used (when preceded by her or your) to designate 
or address one having the title of Lady. 

la'dy-slip'per. Var. of lady 's-slipper. 

la'dy's-slip'per (H'dTz-), n. 1. Any of a genus (Cypripe- 
dium) of orchids whose pouch-shaped labellum somewhat 
resembles a slipper. 2. Any of certain other orchids having 
flowers somewhat resembling a slipper. 

la'dy's-smock', la'dy-smock', n. The cuckoo-flower. 

La-er'tes Ga-ur'tez), n. [L.,fr. Or. AaepTTjs.] l.Gr.Myth. 
A king of Ithaca, father of Ulysses. 2. The brother of Ophe- 
lia, in Shakespeare's "Hamlet." [levorotation, etc. I 

lae'vo-ro-ta'tion, laev'u-lin (lev'u-lTn; le'vii-). Vars. of| 

lag (lag), n. A stave of a cask, drum, etc. ; esp., Mach., one 
of the narrow boards or staves covering a boiler, arch, etc. 
— v. t.; lagged (lagd) ; lag'ging (lag'ing). Mach. To 
cover with lags or lagging. 

lag, v. t. To transport ; send to penal servitude. — n. 1. 
One transported or sentenced to penal servitude. 2. A 
term of transportation or penal servitude. All Cant. 

lag, a. 1. Last ; — now only in lag end. 2. Belated ; slug- 
gish; tardy. Obs. or R. — n. 1. One who lags or is last. 
Now Rare. 2. The lowest class. Obs. 3. Act or condition 
of lagging ; hence, a falling behind or retardation, as in a 
current. — v. i. To move slowly ; loiter. 

lag'an (lag'dn). Var. of ligan. 

lager beer, or lager (la'ger), n. [G. lager bed, storehouse 
+ bier beer.] A kind of beer made originally in Germany, 
but now also elsewhere ; — so called from its being stored 
for some months before use. 

lag'gard (lag'drd), a. Lagging ; loitering. — n. One who 
lags ; a loiterer. — lag'gard-ly, adv. — lag'gard-ness, n. 

lag'ger(lag^er),n. One who lags; a laggard ; a loiterer. 

lag'ging (-ing), n. 1. Action of covering something, as a 
boiler, with lags, or with a covering of felt, asbestos, etc. 2. 
The material so used ; also, a lag, as the bearing strips in an 
arch or vault centering. 

la-goon' (ld-goon'), n. Also la-gune'. [It. or Sp. laguna, 
L. lacuna ditch, pool, pond, lacus lake.] A shallow chan- 
nel, pond, or lake, esp. one near, or communicating with, 
the sea. 

la'ic (la'Ik), a. [L. laicus."] Also la'i-cal (-i-kal). Of or 
pert, to a layman or the laity ; lay ; secular. — - n. A layman. 

laid (lad), pret. & p. p. of LAY. 
laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water 
marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. 

lain (Ian), p. p. of LIE. 

lair (lar), n. [AS. leger."] A place in which to lie or rest; 
a bed or couch ; esp., the bed of a wild beast. — v. i. To go 
to one's lair ; lie ; rest. — v. t. To provide with a lair. 

laird (lard), n. [See lord.] A landholder. Scot. 

|| lais'sez' faire' (le'sa 7 far'). [F.] Lit., let (people) do, 
or make (what they choose) ; hence, noninterference ; — a 
phrase deprecating governmental interference intended to 
foster or regulate labor, manufactures, etc. 

la'i-ty (la'i-ti), n. [See lay, a.] 1. The people, as distin- 
guished from the clergy ; laymen. 2. Those not of a certain 
profession. 

La'i-us (la'i-us ; -yus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aalos."] See (Edipus. 

lake dak), n. [F. laque, fr. same source as lac a resin.] 
1. A purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal ; 
also, the color of this pigment. 2. Any of many insoluble 
metallic compounds of coloring matter. 

lake, n. [OF. lac, L. lacus.~\ A considerable inland bodyof 
standing water ; also, an expanded part of a river. 

lake dweller. One whose habitation is a lake dwelling. 

lake dwelling. A dwelling built over a lake, either on piles 
or on a rude foundation kept in place by piles ; specif., 
such a dwelling of prehistoric times. Cf. crannog. 

lake herring. A whitefish (Argyrosomus artedi ) found 
from Lake Memphremagog to Lake Superior and north- 
ward ; — called also cisco. 

lak'er (lak'er), n. One connected with a lake or lakes; as: 
a A visitor to the English Lake District. Obs. b A fish of or 
fromalake, esp.a laketrout. C A vessel forlake navigation. 

lakh (lak). Var. of lac, one hundred thousand. 

la 'kin (la'kTn). Obs. contraction of ladykxn. 

lak'y (lak'i), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a lake. 



< 



& = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boi*: yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
-t- combined with, = equals. 



M 



LAKY 



556 



LANCER 



iak'y (lakT), a. Of or pert, to lake, the pigment ; lake-col- 
ored, as blood when the haemoglobin has been dissolved. 

lal-la'tion (lal-a'shun), n. [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lull- 
aby.] An imperfect enunciation of the letter r, whereby it 
sounds like I. 

la'ma (la'md), n. [Tibetan blama.] A priest or monk of 
Lamaism ; — so called by foreigners. Among the Tibetans, 
a monk famed for wisdom and saintliness. 

La'ma-ism (la'md-Tz'm), n. The Buddhism of Tibet and 
Mongolia, the tenets of which are those of Buddhism 
coupled with corrupted Sivaism and native shamanistic 
beliefs and practices. The head of its hierarchal organiza- 
tion is the Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama (lit., the Ocean 
Lama). — La'ma-ist, n. 

La-marck'i-an (Ld-maVkT-dn), a. Designating, or pertain- 
ing to, Lamarckism. — n. One who holds this theory. 

La-marck'ism(-klz'm),n. Biol. The theory or doctrine 
of evolution as propounded by Lamarck (1744-1829), the 
French naturalist who founded the modern idea of evo- 
lution as opposed to the old theory of separate creation of 
each species. Lamarck held that habit, desire, and en- 
vironment produced in individual plants and animals 
changes in structure ( acquired characters ) inheritable by 
their offspring. Cf . Darwinism, Neo-Lamarckism. 

la'ma-ser-y (la'md-ser-i ; ld-ma'ser-i), n. ; pi. -series (-iz). 
A monastery of lamas, in Tibet, Mongolia, etc. 

lamb (lam), n. [AS. lamb.'] 1. A young sheep. 2. A person 
like a lamb in being innocent, gentle, weak, or the like. 3. 
One who speculates amateurishly. Stock Exchange Cant. 
4. Lamb's flesh, esp. as used for food. 
Lamb of God, the Lamb, Bib., Christ, in allusion to the 
paschal lamb. John i. 29. 

— v. i. To bring forth a lamb or lambs. 

lamb'da (lam'dd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. \&n08a.] The eleventh 
letter [A, X] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to 
English L, I. 

lamb'doid (lam'doid), a. [Gr. \an08oet8rjs, fr. \&n08a the 
letter lambda (A) + «I5os shape.] Of the general shape of 
the Greek lambda [A] ; hence, Anat., designating the 
suture connecting the occipital and parietal bones. 

lam'ben-cy (lam'ben-sT), n. ; -pi. -cies (-siz). Quality, state, 
or fact of being lambent ; that which is lambent. 

lam'bent (-bent), a. [L. lambens, p. pr. of lambere to lick.] 

1. Playing or touching lightly, as over a surface. 2. Softly 
bright or radiant. — Syn. See radiant. bent-ly, adv. 

lamb'kin (lam'kfn), n. 1. A small or young lamb. 2. A 

child, or a young or tender person. 
lamblike' (-Ilk'), a. Like a lamb ; gentle ; meek. 
lam'bre-quin (lam'bre-kin ; lam'ber-), n. [F.] 1. A kind 

of pendent scarf or covering for the helmet. Obs. or Hist. 

2. A drapery pendent from a shelf or window casing. U. S. 
lamb'skin' (ISm'skTn'), n. A lamb's skin, or leather made 

from it ; esp., a skin dressed with the wool on. 
lame (lam), a. ; lam'er (lam'er) ; lam'est. [AS. lama.] 
1. Disabled physically, esp. in the leg or foot so that the 
power of walking is impaired ; crippled. 2. Fig., halting ; 
inefficient ; defective ; as, a lame argument. 

— v. t. ; lamed (lamd) ; lam'ing (lam'Ing). To make lame ; 
cripple. — v. i. To become lame. 

la-mel'la(ld-mel'd), n.; pi. L. -im (-e), E. -LAs(-dz). [L. 
lamella, dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer.] A thin plate, 
leaf, or layer ; a platelike organ, process, or part. 

la-mel'lar (ld-mel'dr ; lam'e-ldr), a. Composed of, arranged 
in, or characterized by, lamellae ; lamellate. 

lam/el-late (lam'<?-lat '; ld-mel'at)l a. 1. Composed of, or 

lam'el-lat'ed (lam'e-lat'ed) J furnished with, thin 

plates, or lamella?. 2. Composed of a flat plate or leaf. 

Ia-mel1i-branch(ld-mel , l-braqk),n. [See lamella; bran- 
CHIA.] Zool. Any of a class (Lamellibranchia, or La- 
mellibranchiata) of mollusks, including the clams, oysters, 
mussels, etc., distinguished by having the bilaterally sym- 
metrical body inclosed within the mantle, which secretes a 
bivalved shell. bran'chi-ate (-branTu-at), a. & n. 

la-mel'li-corn (-korn), a. [lamella + L. cornu a hop.] 
Zool. a Having or designating antennae terminating in a 
group of flattened plates, b Belonging to a group of beetles 
(Lamellicornia) having such antennae, as the stag beetles, 
dung beetles, and leaf beetles. — n. A lamellicorn beetle. 

lam'el-lose (lam'e-los ; ld-mel'os), a. Lamellar. 

lame'ly, adv. In a lame manner. 

lame'ness, n. State or quality of being lame. 

la-ment' (ld-ment'), v. i. [L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a 
lament.] To express or feel sorrow ; weep ; wail ; mourn 
greatly.— v. t. To express deep sorrow for or about ; mourn 
for ; bemoan ; bewail. — Syn. See deplore.— n. 1. Ex- 
pression of grief or sorrow in complaints or cries ; lamenta- 
tion ; weeping. 2. An expression of lamentation in a literary 
form, as an elegy, ballad, or dirge. 

lam'en-ta-ble (lam'en-td-b'l), a . 1. Mournful; expressing 
grief ; doleful ; as, a lamentable countenance. 2. Fitted to 
awaken lament ; pitiable ; deplorable ; as, a lamentable 
error. — lam'en-ta-bly, adv. 



lam'en-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. 1. Act of lamenting ; audible 
expression of sorrow. 2. [cap.] In pi. A book of the Old 
Testament, attributed to the prophet Jeremiah. 

la-ment'ed (ld-men'ted), p. a. Mourned for; bewailed. 

la-ment'er, n. One who laments. 

la'mi-a (la'ml-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ai^ua.] 1. Class. Myth. 
One of a class of man-devouring monsters, commonly rep- 
resented with the head and breast of a woman and the body 
of a serpent. 2. Hence : A vampire ; witch ; sorceress. 

lam'i-na (lam'T-nd), n.; pi. L. -n^e (-ne), E. -nas (-ndz). 
[L.] 1. A thin plate or scale ; a layer ; flake. 2. Bot. The 
blade of a foliage leaf, or the similar part of a petal. See 
leaf, Illust. — lam'i-nar (-ndr), a. 

lam'i-na-ble (-nd-b'l), a. Capable of being formed into a 
lamina or laminae, as by splitting or pressure. 

lam'i-nate (-nat), a. Shaped like, or made up of, a lamina 
or laminae. — (-nat) , v. t . & i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 

1. To divide into lamina?. 2. To form into a thin plate, as 
by rolling. 3. To cover or construct with laminae ; plate. 

lam'i-nat ed (lam'T-nat'ed), a. Laminate. 
lam'i-na'tion (-na'shim), n. Process of laminating; state 

of being laminated ; also, a laminated structure ; a lamina. 
lam'i-ni'tis (-nT'tis), n. [NL. ; lamina -f- -itis.] Veter. 

Inflammation of the sensitive laminae of a horse's foot, 

resulting from overfeeding, drafts, etc. ; founder. 
Lam'mas (lam'ds), n. [AS. hldmmesse, hlafmsesse, loaf 

Mass, bread feast ; hldf loaf + masse Mass.] 1. The first 

day of August (Lammas Day). 2. The time of year 

(Lammastide) about Lammas Day. 
lam'mer-gei'er \ (-er-gT'er), n. [G. l&mmergeier ; lamm, 
lam'mer-gey'er/ pi. lammer, lamb + geier vulture.] The 

largest European bird of prey (Gypaetus barbatus), found 

in mountain regions from the Pyrenees to northern India. 
lamp (lamp), n. [F. lampe, L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. Xa/*- 

tt&j, -&Sos, torch, fr. Xd/txeu' to shine.] 1. A vessel with a 

wick for burning oil or the like to produce artificial light ; 

hence, any of various devices for producing light or heat ; 

as, an arc lamp, incandescent lamp, etc. 2. A torch. Rare 

or Poetic. 3. A heavenly body ; also, a flash, 
lam'pad (lam'pad), n. [Gr. Xa/uiraj, Xa/i7rd5os. See lamp.] 

A lamp or candlestick ; — referring to Rev. iv. 5. Rare. 
lam'pas (lam'pds), n. [F.] In horses, congestion of the 

mucous membrane of the hard palate. 
lampsblack' (lamp'blak'), n. Fine soot from the smoke of 

carbonaceous substances. It is used as a pigment. 
lam'per eel (lam'per). A lamprey. [tions.l 

lam'pi-on (-pT-wn), n. [F.] A small lamp, as for illumina-| 
lamr/light' (lamp'llt 7 ), n. Light from a lamp or lamps. 
lamplight'er (-er), n. 1. A person who lights street lamps. 

2. U. S. A spill of paper, wood, etc., for lighting lamps, 
lam-poon' (lam-poon'),n. [F-lamponJ] A personal satire 

in writing, usually malicious or abusive. — v. t. To make 
the subject of a lampoon. — Syn. Libel, defame, satirize, 
lash. — lam-poon'er, n. 

lam'prey (lam'pri), n.; pi. -preys (-prfz). [F. lamproie, 
LL. lampreda.] Any of an order (Hyper- 
oartia) of cyclo- 
stome, eellike, 
aquatic verte- 
brates having 

the mouth Sea Lamprey. (J) 
large, suctorial, and jawless. 

la'nate (la'nat), a. [L. lanatus, fr. lana wool, down.] 
Woolly ; covered with fine, long hair, or hairlike filaments. 

Lan'cas-te'ri-an (lan'kas-te'ri-dn), a. Of or pert, to the 
system of instruction of Joseph Lancaster (1?78-1838), of 
England, in which advanced pupils teach pupils below them. 

Lan-cas'tri-an Oarj-kas'trT-an), a. Eng. Hist. Of or per- 
taining to the English royal house of Lancaster. — n. A 
member or supporter of the house of Lancaster, esp. in the 
Wars of the Roses, in which its symbol was the red rose. Its 
reigning members were Henry IV., V., and VI. 

lance (lans), n. [F., fr. L. lancea!] 1. A weapon with a 
long shaft and a sharp steel head, carried by light cavalry. 
2. A soldier armed with a lance ; a lancer. 3. A spear used 
by whalers to kill a harpooned whale ; also, a similar imple- 
ment used to spear fish. — v. t. ; lanced (lanst) ; lanc'ing 
(lan'sing). 1. To pierce, cut, or the like, with or as with 
a lancet. 2. To hurl ; launch. Archaic or Poetic. 

lance'let, n. [lance + -let.] Any of certain small trans- 
parent marine animals (esp. genus Branchiostoma), the 
lowest existing vertebrates. 

Lan'ce-lot (lan'sS-lot), n. [F. Lancelot.] The most fa- 
mous knight of King Arthur's Round Table, and the para- 
mour of Queen Guinevere. Although the handsomest, most 
generous, and bravest of knights, he fails in the quest of the 
Holy Grail because of his sin. See Elaine. 

lan'ce-o-late (lan'se-o-lat), a. [L. lanceolatus, fr. lanceola 
a little lance, dim. of lancea lance.] Lance-shaped ; narrow, 
tapering to a point. See leaf, Illust. 

lanc'er (lan'ser), n. 1. a One who lances, b One who 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Bl; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; natyre, verdure (87); 



LANCET 



557 



LANKY 



carries a lance ; alight cavalry soldier armed with the lance. 
2. In pi. Dancing. A set of quadrilles of a certain arrange- 
ment ; also, the music for these dances. 
lan'cet (lan'set ; 24), n. [F. lancette, dim. of lance lance.] 

1. A surgical instrument, commonly pointed and two- 
edged, used in opening abscesses, etc. 2. Short for lancet 
arch, an acutely pointed arch (see arch, Illust.), or lan- 
cet window, a window terminating in a lancet arch. 

lance'WOOd' (lans'woodO.n. Atough, elasticwood, usedfor 
bows, cabinetwork, etc. ; also, any of several trees yielding 
it, esp. a tropical American tree (Aberemoa quitarensis). 

lan'ci-nate (lan'sl-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. lancinatus, p. p. of lancinare to tear.] To tear ; stab. 

lan'ci-nat'ing (-nat'ing), p. a. Piercing ; darting ; — used 
chiefly of pains, as often in cancer. 

Ian ci-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A tearing ; laceration ; cutting 
into; hence, sharp, piercing pain. 

land (land), n. [AS. land, lond.] 1. The solid part of the 
surface of the earth. 2. Any part of the surface of the earth, 
as a country, estate, etc. ; hence : a nation ; a people. 3. 
Ground, esp. as to its situation, nature, or quality ; soil ; as, 
bad land; timber land. 4. Law. 2l Any ground regarded 
as the subject of ownership, with its appurtenances, b An 
interest or estate in land ; loosely, any tenement or heredit- 
ament. 5. The surface between the furrows of a millstone, 
between the grooves of a rifle bore, etc. 
land of Beulah. See Beulah. — 1. of the leal, the realm 
of the blessed dead. Scot. L. of Promise, in Bible his- 
tory, Canaan ; hence, a better country or condition, of 
which one has hopes. 

— v. t. 1. To put on shore from a vessel ; disembark. 2. To 
catch and bring to shore or into a boat or the like ; capture ; 

— also fig. 3. To set down after conveying ; cause to reach, 
or come to rest (in a particular place, position, or condi- 
tion). — v. i. 1. To disembark ; also, of a vessel, to come 
to shore. 2. To come to rest or to a halt, as at a particular 
stage of a journey ; arrive ; alight. 

lan'dau (lan'do ; -dou), n. [From Landau, a town in Ger- 
many.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle with the top di- 
vided so that the vehicle can be used open or closed. 

landau-let' (-d6-leV), n. A small landau. 

land'ed (lan'ded; 24), a. 1. Owning land. 2. Consisting in, 
or derived from, land; as, landed property. 

land'falP (ULnd'fol'), n. Naut. Sighting or making land. 

land'grave' (land'grav'), n. [G. landgraf, lit., land count.] 
A German count having a certain territorial jurisdiction ; 
later, the title of certain German princes. 

land-gra'vi-ate (land-gra'vi-at), n. Office, jurisdiction, or 
authority of a landgrave. 

land'gra-vine (land'grd-ven), n. [G. landgrdfin.] Wife of 
a landgrave ; woman holding the rank of a landgrave. 

land'hold'er (-hol'der), n. A holder or owner of land. 

land'ing, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, lands. 2. A 
place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage, etc. 3. Arch. 
The level part of a staircase, at the end of a flight of stairs. 

land'la'dy (lind'la'dl), n. 1. A woman who holds and 
leases land. 2. The mistress of an inn, lodging house, etc. 

landlocked' (-lokt'), a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly so, by land. 

2. Confined to fresh water, as a fish, by some barrier. 
landlop'er (-lop'er), n. Var. of landlouper. 
land'lord' (-lord'), n. 1. The lord of land ; one who lets land 

to another. 2. The master of an inn or lodging house, etc. 

landlord'ism (-Iz'm), n. State or characteristics of a land- 
lord ; the relations of landlords to tenants, esp. as to agri- 
cultural lands ; the system or doctrine of the ownership of 
the soil being vested in one who leases it to tenants. 

land'loup'er (-loup'er ; -loop'er), n. A vagabond ; vagrant. 

land'lub'ber (-lub'er), n. Naut. One who passes his life on 
land ; hence, any one who is clumsy on shipboard. 

land'man ( -man ), n. A man who lives, or serves, on land. 

land'mark' (-mark'), n. 1. A mark to designate the bound- 
ary of land. 2. Any conspicuous object on land that marks 
a locality or serves as a guide, esp. to navigation. 3. Any 
event which marks a turning point or a stage. 

land'OWll'er (land'on'er), n. An owner of land. 

land'— poor', a. Pecuniarily embarrassed through or while 
owning much unprofitable or encumbered land. Colloq. 

land'scape (land'skap), n. [D. landschap ; land land + 
-schap, equiv. to E. -ship."] 1. A portion of land compre- 
hended in one view, esp. in its pictorial aspect. 2. A pic- 
ture representing natural scenery ; — generally disting. 
from a sea picture. 

land'side' (-sld'), n. On a plow, the sidepiece that presses 
against_ the unplowed land to steady the plow. See PLOW. 

land'skip. Obs. or archaic var. of landscape. 

land'slide' (-slid') In. The slipping down of a considerable 

land'slip' (-slip') / mass of earth or rock on any steep slope; 
also, the mass which slips down. Landslide is the more 
common in the United States; landslip, in England. 

iands'man (landz'mSn), n. 1. One who lives on the land ; 

— opp. to seaman. 2. Naut. a A sailor on his first voyage. 
b An inexperienced sailor, rated below an ordinary seaman. 



Lands'thing' (lans'tlng'), n. [Dan. landsthing, landsting ; 
land land + thing, ting, parliament.] The upper house 
of the Danish legislature. 

Land'sturm' (lant'stoorm' ; -shtdorm'), n. [G. ; land land, 
country -f sturm storm.] In various countries, esp. 
Germany : a A general levy in time of war. b The forces 
called out on such a levy, composed of men not in the army, 
navy, or Landwehr, and supposed to be called out only 
in case of grave emergency. [Prussian legislature.! 

I! Land'tag' (lant'tak'), n. [G. ; land land -f tag day.] The| 

land'ward (land'werd), adv. Also land'wards (-werdz). 
Toward the land. — o. Lying or being toward the land. 

Land'wehr' (lant'var'), n. [G., lit., land defense] That 
part of the army, in various countries, which has (usually) 
completed the required service with the colors and is exempt 
from duty during peace, except for occasional drill. 

lane (Ian), n. [ AS. lane, lone. ] 1. A narrow way between 
fences or hedges, not traveled as a highroad ; an allev be- 
tween buildings ; any narrow passageway or track. 2. An 
ocean route prescribed for steamers traveling in the same 
direction, to prevent collisions with those going in the 
opposite direction, which travel in another route ; called 
also lane route. 

lan'grage (lan'graj)ln. A kind of shot formerly used for 

lan'grel (lar/grel) / tearing sails and rigging. It con- 
sisted of bolts, nails, etc., fastened together or in a canister. 

lan'guage (lan'gwaj), n. [F. langage, fr. L. lingua tongue, 
hence speech, language.] 1. The body of words and forms 
of speech used by a considerable community, esp. when es- 
tablished by long usage ; a tongue ; as, the Latin language. 
2. Any means of expressing feeling or thought, as human 
speech, or its written or printed representation, or a system 
of signs or gestures. 3. Specif., the faculty of verbal expres- 
sion and the use of words in human intercourse, or the 
words themselves in their grammatical relationships as 
given or preserved in literary embodiments. 4. The power, 
use, or manner of use of expression, esp. verbal expression ; 
specif. : a Form, manner, or style of expression, esp. verbal 
expression ; as, strong language; simple language, b The 
vocabulary and phraseology pertaining to an art or a depart- 
ment of knowledge ; as, medical language. 
Syn. Language, speech are often interchangeable. Lan- 
guage is the more general term, while speech retains more 
explicitly the fundamental suggestion of vocal utterance. 

|| langue' d'OC' (laNg' d6k'). [F., prop., language of "oc" 
(Pr. oc yes).] The Romance dialects of the southerly prov- 
inces of France ; — so called from oc (yes) in contrast with 
the |l langue' d'o'Il' (laNg' do'el') [F., prop., language of 
"oil" (OF. oil yes, F. out')], the dialects of the basin of the 
Loire and north, which use oil or oui. 

lan'guet, lan'guette (lan'gwgt), n. [F. languette, dim. of 
langue tongue, L. lingua.'] A tonguelike part, implement, 
or process ; a tongue. 

lan'guid (-gwld), a. [L. languidus, fr. languere to be lan- 
guid.] 1. Drooping or flagging from exhaustion; weak. 
2. Sluggish ; apathetic ; listless. 3. Slow ; without force ; as, 
a languid interest. — lan'guid-ly, adv. — lan'guid-ness, n. 
Syn. Feeble, faint, heavy, torpid, sluggish ; spiritless, 
supine. — Languid, listless are often used without dis- 
tinction. But languid emphasizes the idea of weakness or 
faintness ; listless, that of mere indifference or inertia ; as, 
a sick bird with a languid eye ; a dreamy, listless mood. 

lan'gllish (-gwish), v. i. [F. languir, L. languere.] 1. To 
become languid ; lose strength or animation. 2. To droop 
or pine with longing. 3. To assume an appealing expression 
of weariness or emotion. — n. Act or state of languishing ; 
a languishing look. — lan'guish-er (-er), n. 

lan'guish-ing, p. a. 1. Becoming languid. 2. Amorously 
pensive. 3. Slow ; without force or interest. ing-ly, adv. 

lan'guish-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or state of languishing. 
2. Tenderness of look or mien ; amorous pensiveness. 

lan'guor (-ger; -gwer), n. [OF. langour, L. languor.] 1. 
A languid state ; lassitude. 2. Listless indolence ; tender 
dreaminess. 3. Dullness ; stagnation. — Syn. See lassitude. 

lan'guor-ous (-us), a. Producing, or tending to produce, 
languor ; characterized by languor. 

lan-gur' (lurj-goor'), n. [Hind, langur, fr. Skr. langulin.] 
Any of many species of Asiatic long-tailed monkeys (genus 
Presbytis). They are of slender build, and have bushy 
eyebrows and a chin tuft. 

lan'iard, n. Var. of lanyard. 

la'ni-a-ry (la'nT-a-ri ; lan'I-), a. PL- laniarius, fr. lanius 
butcher, laniare to tear in pieces.] Lacerating or tearing ; 
as, the laniary, or canine, teeth. 

la-nif'er-OUS (ld-nif'er-us) \ a. [h.lanifer or laniger ; lana 

la-nig'er-ous (-nTj'er-us) f wool ■+- ferre, or gerere, to 
bear.] Bearing wool ; woolly. 

lank (lank), a. [AS. hlanc] 1. Slender and thin; lean; 
shrunken. 2. Of hair, without curl or wave. — Syn. See 
thin. — lank'ness, n. 

lank'y (15rjk'I), a.; -i-er; -i-est. Lank; esp., of a person, 
tall, spare, and, usually, loose-jointed. — lank'i-ness, n. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh~z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. JJ Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



LANNER 



558 



LARD 



lan'ner (lan'er), to. [F. lanier.J 1. A falcon (Falco fel~ 
deggi) of countries bordering on the Mediterranean. 2. 
Falconry. Specif., the female lanner falcon, the male being 
called lan'ner-et (-et). 

lan'o-lin, lan'o-line (lan'o-lin), to. [L. lana wool.] Wool 
fat or wool grease, esp. in a purified condition. 

lans'downe (lanz'doun), to. A fine, closely woven dress 
fabric of silk and wool. 

lans'que-net (lans'ke-net), to. [F., fr. G. landsknecht a 
foot soldier, a game of cards ; land country -f- knecht boy, 
servant.] 1. A German mercenary foot soldier of the 15th, 
16th, or 17th century ; a mercenary foot soldier, esp. one 
armed with a pike. 2. A gambling game at cards. 

lant (lant) , n. [AS. hland.~\ Urine, esp. stale urine. 

lan-ta'na (lan-ta'nd; lan-ta'nd), n. [NL.] Any of a large 
genus (Lantana) of tropical verbenaceous shrubs. 

lan'ter-loo' (lan'ter-loo'), to. [See loo.] An early form of 
loo (the game). Obs. 

lan'tern (-tern), to. [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, fr. Gr. Aa/z- 
irrrip light, torch, \6./xvtiv to shine.] 1. Something inclosing 
a light and protecting it from wind, rain, etc., sometimes 

Eortable, sometimes fixed (as in a street light or light- 
ouse). 2. Arch, a An open structure on a roof, to give 
light and air to the interior, b A cupola or towerlike 
member crowning a larger one. 

lantern fly. Any of a subfamily (Fulgorinse) of homopter- 
ous insects, mostly large and handsome. The prolonged 
front of the head was formerly supposed to be luminous. 

lantern jaws. Long, thin jaws ; hence, a thin visage. 

lantern pinion, lantern wheel. Mach. A kind of pinion or 
wheel having cylindrical bars or trundles instead of teeth. 

lan'tha-num (lan'thd-niim), n. [NL., fr. Gr. \avdkvav to 
lie hid.] Chem. A rare element, allied to aluminium. Sym- 
bol, La; at. wt., 139.0. 

lant'horn (lant'hSrn ; lan'tern). Archaic var. of lantern. 

la-nu'gi-nose (ld-nii'jl-nos)la. [L. lanuginosus, fr. lanu- 

la-nu'gi-nous (-nws) / go, -ginis, down, lana wool.] 

Covered with down, or fine soft hair ; downy. 

la-nu'go (ld-nu'go), n. [See lanuginose.] A dense cottony 
or downy growth ; specif., Anal., the soft woolly hair cover- 
ing the human fetus and shed before or soon after birth. 

lan'yard, lan'iard (lan'ydrd), n. [F. laniere thong, strap, 
OF. lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong.] 1. Naut. A short 
piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships ; esp., 
one of the pieces passing through deadeyes and used to 
draw tight shrouds, stays, etc. 2. Mil. A strong cord with 
a hook at one end, used in firing certain kinds of cannon. 

La-oc'O-on (la-ok'6-on), to. [L., fr. Gr. AaoKduv."] Class. 
Myth. A priest of Apollo at Troy, who incurred the enmity 
of Athena. He was destroyed, with his two sons, by two 
serpents, which the goddess caused to come out of the sea. 

La-od'i-ce'an (-od'i-se'an), a. Of or pert, to Laodicea, a 
city in Phrygia Major (Rev. iii. 14-^16) ; lukewarm in reli- 
gion ; hence, indifferent. — - n. An inhabitant of Laodicea, 
esp. one of the early Christians, supposed to be lukewarm 
in their religion ; hence, one indifferent or lukewarm. 

La-om'e-don (la-om'e-don), n. [L., fr. Gr. AaoiiiSuvJ] A 
king of Troy, father of Priam. 

lap (lap), to. [AS. Igeppa."] 1. A loose or lower part of a gar- 
ment, that may be folded over ; specif., a skirt of a coat or 
of a gown. 2. A fold of a garment, used as a receptacle. 
3. The part of the clothing that lies on the knees, thighs, 
and lower part of the body as one sits ; that part of the 
person so covered ; fig., place of rearing and fostering. 

lap, v. t.; lapped (lapt) or, Rare, lapt; lap'ping. 1. To 
fold ; bend and lay (over or on something) ; wrap or wind 
(around something). 2. To wrap; wrap up ; cover ; clothe. 
Archaic. 3. To infold ; hold as in the lap ; cuddle. 4. To 
lay over or by the side of anything so as partly or wholly to 
cover it ; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (some- 
thing). 5. Mach. To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, 
etc. 6. Racing. To get or be a lap in the lead of (a competi- 
tor). 7. Carp. To unite, as timbers, so as to preserve the 
same breadth and depth throughout, as in scarfing. — v. i. 
To be turned or folded ; lie partly on or by the side of some- 
thing, or of one another; project (over, beyond, or into 
something). 

— n. 1. That part of a thing that overlaps another ; also, 
the measure or extent of such overlapping. 2. State of over- 
lapping. 3. One circuit around a race track, esp. when that 
is a fraction of the distance to be traversed 4. A sheet, 
layer, or bat, of cotton, wool, or flax, usually as wrapped on 
a cylinder at certain stages of manufacture. 5. Mach. A 
revolving disk of brass, lead, or the like, used to hold an 
abrasive or polishing powder on its surface. 

lap, v. i. [AS. lapianJ] To make a sound as of taking up 
drink with the tongue. — v. t. 1. To lick up with a quick 
motion of the tongue. 2. Of water, to wash with a sound 
as of licking up liquid ; splash gently. — n. 1. Act of lap- 
ping with or as with the tongue. 2. A sound of lapping or as 
of lapping ; as, the lap of waves. 3. That which is lapped, 
as liquid food for dogs. 



Branch of Larch (reduced) 
showing Leaves and mature 
Cones. 

ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd: eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



lap'a-rot'O-my (15p'd-r5t'8-mT), to. [Gr. Xar&pa loins -f- 
-tomy.1 Surg. Incision into the abdominal cavity. 

lap'board' (lap'bord' ; 24), n. A board used on the lap as a 
substitute for a table, as by tailors, seamstresses, etc. 

lap dog. A small pet dog which may be held in the lap. 

la-pel' (Id-pel'), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a 
garment which is turned back ; specif., the fold of the front 
of a coat continuing the collar ; — usually in pi. [holds. I 

lap'ful (lap'fool), to. ; pi. -fuls (-f<561z). As much as the lap| 

lap'i-da-ry (lap'I-da-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). [L. lapida- 
rius, fr. lapis stone.] 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, 
and engraves precious stones. 2. A connoisseur of gems or 
precious stones or of lapidary work. — a. 1. Pert, to the art 
of cutting or engraving stones. 2. Engraved on stone. 

lap'I-date (-dat), v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. 
lapis stone.] To stone ; kill by stoning. 

la-pid'i-fy (ld-pfd'i-fl), v. t. & i. [L. lapis, -idis, stone -f 
-/j/.] To petrify. — la-pid'i-fi-ca'tion (-fl-ka'shun), to. 

la-pil'lus (-pll'us), to.; pi. -Li (-1). [L.] A small stone; 
specif., in pi., small volcanic stony or glassy fragments. 

|| la'pis (la'pis ; lap'is), to.; pi. lapides (lap'1-dez). [L.] A 
stone; — chiefly used in Latin phrases; as : la'pis la'zu-li 
(laz'u-li), a stone of a rich azure blue (probably the sap- 
phire of the ancients) ; also, its color. 

Lap'i-thse (lap'I-the), to. pi. [L., fr. Gr. AwrWai.] Gr. 
Myth. A Thessalian people whose king, Pirithous, invited 
the centaurs to his wedding. The centaurs, inflamed with 
wine, attempted to seize the bride and other maidens, but 
were defeated by the Lapithje aided by Theseus. 

lap joint. A joint made by one layer, part, or piece over- 
lapping another. 

Lap'land-er (lap'lan-der), to. A Lapp. 

Lapp (lap), to. 1. One of a Mongoloid race, of northern 
Scandinavia and parts of Russia, very short and extremely 
brachycephalous. 2. The language of the Lapps, a Finnic 
tongue. 

lap'per (lap'er), to. One who, or that which, laps. 

lap'pet (-et ; 24), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] 1. A loose fold or 
flap of a garment or headdress. 2. Anything in a fold or 
loosely pendent, as a flap of flesh, a lobe of the ear, etc. 

laps'a-ble (lap'sd-b'l), a. Liable to lapse. 

lapse (laps), to. [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to slide, 
fall.] 1. A slip, as of tongue or pen ; a fault ; a slight devia- 
tion from truth, accuracy, etc. 2. Theol. A fall or apostasy. 
3. Law. The termination or failure of a right or privilege 
through neglect to exercise it or failure of contingency. 4. A 
gliding or slipping ; a gradual passing, esp. from a higher 
to a lower state, or in time ; — usually of immaterial things 
or fig. ; as, the lapse of centuries. 5. A falling into ruin 
or disuse. 

— v. i. ; lapsed (lapst) ; laps'tng. 1. To pass, fall, or slip 
by lapse. 2. To slide or slip in moral, conduct ; commit a 
fault by inadvertence or mistake. 3. Law. To fall or pass 
from one to another by lapse. 4. To fall into disuse or ruin. 

laps'i-ble, a. Lapsable. [shoemakers beat leather. I 

lap'stone' (lap'ston'), n. A stone held in the lap, on whichj 

lap'streak' (-strek'), a. Clinker-built ; — said of boats. 

lap'wing'flap'wlng'), to. [AS. hleapewince.~] An Old World 
plover (Vanellus vanellus) noted for its 
slow, irregular flight and shrill, wailing cry. 

lar (lar), to. See lares. 

lar 'board (lar'bord ; -berd), to. [ME. ladde- 
borde.2 Naut. The port side of a 
ship ; — superseded by port because 
of confusion with starboard. — " 
board, adv. ■ 

lar'ce-ner (lar'se-ner), to. One 
who commits larceny. 

lar'ce-nous (-nfis), a. Having 
the character of larceny ; com- 
mitting larceny. 

lar'ce-ny (lar'se-nK), to.; pi. 
-nies (-n¥z). [F. larcin, OF. 
larrecin, L. latrocinium, fr, 

unlawful taking and carrying away of personal property 
with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it ; theft. The 
common law distinguished grand larceny and petit, or 
petty, larceny according to the value of the property 
stolen, but this distinction is generally abolished. 

larch (larch), to. [Deriv. of L. larix, laricis, larch.] l.Any 
of a genus (Larix) of pina- 
ceous trees, having short, fas- 
cicled, deciduous leaves ; al- 
so, their wood, usually tough 
and durable. 2. Any of sev- 
eral conif ersof related genera. 

lard (lard), to. [F., bacon, 
pig's fat, L. lardum, lari- 
dum.'] The rendered fat of 
swine, esp. the internal ab- 
dominal fat. — v. t. 1. To 
stuff or enrich with pork or 




Lapwing. 

(i) 

latro robber.] 



Law. The 




LARDACEOUS 



559 



LASTINGNESS 



bacon. 2. To fatten ; enrich with fat. 3. To smear with 
lard, fat, or grease. 4. To garnish ; bedeck ; interlard. 

lar-da'ceous (lar-da'shus), a. Consisting of or like lard. 

lard'er (lar'der), n. [OF. lardier.] A place where meat and 
other articles of food are kept. 

lar'don (lar'don) \n. [F. lardon, fr. lard lard.] A strip 

lar-doon' (lar-doon')/ of pork or bacon used in larding. 

lard'y (lar'dl),a. Containing or resembling lard. 

la'res (la'rez ; 3), n. pi. ; sing, lar (lar) ; E. pi. lars (larz). 
[L.] [Often cap.] Roman Religion. Orig., gods or spirits 
of particular localities, as of the house, fields, etc., later 
regarded as beneficent ancestral spirits. 

large (larj ), a.; larg'er (lar'jer) ; larg'est (-jgst). [F., 
fr. L. largus.] 1. Liberal ; lavish. 06s. 2. Abundant ; am- 
ple ; also, broad ; wide. Obs. or Archaic. 3. Having more 
than usual power, capacity, or scope ; comprehensive ; ca- 
pacious ; as, a large mind, heart, sympathy. 4. Exceeding 
most other things of like kind in bulk, capacity, etc. ; big ; 
great ; — opposed to small ; as, a large house, army, sum. 
The word great, and not large, is used to qualify words 
denoting linear extent ; as, great length ; a great distance. 
5. Full in statement ; diffuse ; prolix. Archaic. 6. Lax ; 
unrestrained ; of speech or language, loose ; broad. Ar- 
chaic. 7. Naut. Of the wind, free ; fair ; favorable, esp. 
when on the quarter or abeam. — Syn. See great. 

— adv.. 1. Amply ; fully ; liberally ; freely. 06s. 2. Naut. 
With the wind free, or abaft the beam ; as, to sail large. 

— n. Liberty ; freedom. Obs., exc. in: at large, a With- 
out restraint or confinement; as, to go at large. b Of 
representatives, etc., for the whole of a State, or other divi- 
sion having subdivisions. U. S. — largely, adv. ness, n. 

lar'geSS l(lar'jes), n. [F. largesse, fr. large large.] Lib- 

lar'gesse/ eral giving ; a liberal gift ; a bounty bestowed. 

|| lar-ghet'tO (lar-get'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Less slow 
than largo, and rather more so than adagio. 

|| lar 'go (lar'go), a. & adv. [It., fr. L. largus."] Music. 
Slow or slowly ; — more so than adagio. 

lar'i-at (laVI-at), n. [Sp. la reata the rope.] 1. A long, 
small rope with a running noose, for catching cattle, etc. ; a 
lasso. 2. A rope for picketing horses. Western U. S. 

lar'ine (lar'fn ; la'rin), a. [L. larus a sea bird, perh. gull.] 
Zobl. Of or pert, to the gull family (Laridae). 

lark (lark), n. [AS. lawerce, laferce."] 1. Any of numer- 
ous singing birds (family Alaudidse), mostly of Europe, 
Asia, and northern Africa ; esp., the skylark. 2. Any of 
various more or less similar birds, as the meadow larks, 
titlarks, etc. 

lark, v. i. To sport ; frolic ; also, to ride across country or 
over obstacles. — v. t. To make sport of. — n. A frolic ; 
merry adventure. — lark'er, n. All Colloq. 

lark'er, n. A catcher of larks. 

lark'spur (lark'spur), n. Any of a genus {Delphinium) of 
ranunculaceous plants, many of 
which are cultivated for their 
showy flowers with spurred calyx. 

lar'ri-kin (larl-kln), n. [Cf. E. 
dial, larrikin a mischievous or 
frolicsome youth, larrick lively,' 
careless, larrack careless.] A 
rowdy street loafer, — a. Rowdy ; 
rough. Both Australia & Eng. 

lar'riip (lar'up), v. t. To beat or 
flog soundly. Colloq. 

lar'um (lar'um ; la'rfim). Short 
for alarum. Archaic. 

lar'va (lar'vd), n.; L. pi. -v& 
(-ve). [L. larva ghost, mask.] 
Zobl. a The immature, wingless, 
often wormlike form (as the cater- 
pillar, grub, etc.) in which insects 
that undergo metamorphosis 
hatch from the egg, and in which Larkspur, 

they remain prior to the pupa or chrysalis stage, b The 
early form of any animal which must pass through a meta- 
morphosis, as the tadpole of a frog. 

lar'val (-val), a. Of, pert, to, or in the stage of, a larva. 

lar'vat-ed (lar'vat-ed), a . [L. larvatus bewitched. See 
larva.] Masked ; clothed as with a mask ; concealed. 

la-ryn'ge-al (ld-rln'je-al ; lar'in-je'al), a. [From larynx.] 
Of, pertaining to, or used on, the larynx. 

lar'yn-gi'tis (lar'ln-jl'tis), n. [NL. See larynx ; -itis.] 
Inflammation of the larynx. — lar'yn-git'ic (-jlt'Ik), a. 

iar'yn-gol'o-gy (lar'irj-gol'o-jY), n. [See larynx; -logy.] 
Systematized knowledge of the larynx ; pathology of the 
larynx. — la-ryn'go-log'i-cal (ld-nrj'go-loj'I-kal), o. — 
lar'yn-gol'o-gist (lar'in-gol'6-jist), n. 

la-ryn'go-scope (ld-rirj'go-skop), n. [See larynx ; -scope.] 
An apparatus for examining the interior of the larynx. 

lar'yn-got'O-my (lar'irj-got'6-ml), n. [From Gr. See lar- 
ynx ; -tomy.] Surg. Operation of cutting into the larynx. 

larynx (lSr'Irjks), n.; pi. larynges (ld-rTn'jez). [NL., fr. 




Gr. \&pvyS, -vyyot."] The modified upper part of the tra- 
chea, or windpipe. In man and other mammals, and in 
amphibians, it is the organ of voice. Cf. syrinx. 

las'car (las'kdr; las-kar' ), n. [Per. & Hind, lashkar 
an army.] An East Indian native sailor employed on a 
European vessel. 

las-civ 'i-ous (la-sIV'T-us), a. [L. lascivia wantonness, fr. 
lascivus wanton.] 1. Wanton ; lewd ; lustful. 2. Tending 
to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions. — las-civ'i-ous- 
ly, adv. — las-civ'i-ous-ness, n. 

lash (lash), n. [ME. lasche whiplash, blow.] 1. A stroke 
with a whip or anything pliant and tough ; hence, a sweep- 
ing stroke. 2. The thong or cord of a whip ; also, anything 
used for whipping. 3. A stroke of satire, sarcasm, denun- 
ciation, or the like ; a cut. 4. An eyelash. 

— v. t. 1. To whip, scourge, strike, drive, or impel, with or 
as with a lash. 2. To belabor with words ; berate. 3. To 
throw with a jerk or quickly and impetuously ; as, to lash 
out scornful words. 06s. or R. — v. i. 1. To rush ; dash ; 
of rain, tears, etc., to pour ; of light, to flash. 2. To ply the 
whip ; strike ; to direct censure or sarcasm. 

lash, v. t. To bind fast with a cord, thong, or chain. 

lash/er (lash'er), n. 1. One who lashes, or whips. 2. The 
water rushing through the opening of a weir ; also, the pool 
into which the water falls. Eng., Chiefly Local. 

lash/er, n. One who, or that which, lashes, or fastens. 

lash'ing, vb. n. l.a Act of one who lashes, or binds. bThat 
which is used in binding, as a cord. 2. Act of one who 
lashes, or strikes with or as with a lash ; castigation. 

lass (las), n. [ME. lasse, lasce.] 1. A young woman ; girl ; 
sweetheart. 2. A maidservant. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

las'sie (las'I), n. A young girl ; lass. Chiefly Scot. 

las'si-tude (las'T-tud), n. [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus faint, 
weary.] Condition of body or mind when its voluntary 
functions are performed with difficulty, and only by strong 
exertion of will ; debility ; weariness. 

Syn. Lassitude, languor are often interchangeable. But 
languor is apt to imply real or affected want of energy or 
interest ; lassitude, rather relaxation or flagging of energy. 

las'so (-5), 7i.; pi. -sos (-oz). [Sp. lazo, L. laqueus. See 
lace.] A rope or long thong with a running noose, used to 
catch horses, etc. Chiefly Sp. Amer. or Southwestern 
U. S. — v. t. To catch with a lasso. — las'so-er, n. 

lasso cell. Zobl. A nematocyst. 

last (last), n. [AS. hlsest, fr. hladan to lade.] A certain 
(varying) weight or measure, formerly much used in com- 
merce, often estimated at 4,000 lbs. 

last, n. [AS. last trace, footstep.] A wooden block shaped 
like the human foot, on which boots or shoes are formed. 

— v. t. To shape with a last ; fasten or fit to a last. 

last, a. [Contr. of latest, superl. of late."] 1. Being or re- 
maining after all others ; final ; hindmost; farthest. 2. Most 
recent ; as, last week. 3. Lowest in rank or degree ; as, the 
last prize. 4. Furthest from a given quality, character, or 
condition ; most unlikely ; least fit ; as, he is the last person 
to suspect. 5. Conclusive ; final ; as, the last word on a sub- 
ject. 6. Supreme ; utmost ; as, of the last importance. 
Syn. Last, latest, final, ultimate, eventual, extreme. 
That is last which follows all others, esp. of the same sort ; 
that is latest which is furthest advanced toward a given or 
set time, or is nearest to the present time-; as. the last 
page, the latest train. That is final which definitely closes 
a series or process ; that is ultimate which comes, or is at- 
tained, at last ; as, a final decision ; ultimate success. But 
ultimate is also used of that beyond which one cannot go, 
as in tracing a process ; as, ultimate constituents. That is 
eventual which ultimately falls out or results ; as, there 
will come eventual rest. Extreme is now synonymous with 
last only in "extreme unction." 

Last Judgment, Theol., God's or Christ's final judgment 
of mankind ; also, the time of it. — L. Supper, the supper 
which was partaken of by Christ and his disciples on the 
night of his betrayal. 

— adv. 1. After all others ; at the end. 2. At a time or on 
an occasion which is last. 3. In conclusion ; lastly. 4. In 
the end ; finally ; at last. 

— n. That which is last ; end. 

last, v. i. [AS. Ixstan to perform, follow, last, fr. last, Ixst, 
footstep, course.] 1. To continue in time ; endure. 2. 
To endure in a given use ; continue unimpaired, unex- 
hausted, or the like ; as, this cloth lasts well. — n. En- 
durance. 

last'er (las'ter), n. One who, or that which, endures. 

last'er, n. A workman who shapes boots or shoes on lasts ; 
a tool for stretching leather on a last. 

last'ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. 2. A durable 
woolen stuff, used for women's shoes, etc. ; everlasting. 

last'ing, p. a. Existing or continuing a long while ; endur- 
ing ; durable. — last'ing-ly, adv. — last'ing-ness, n. 
Syn. Lasting, permanent, durable, stable. Lasting 
(sometimes equivalent to everlasting) implies long contin* 
uance ; that is permanent (opposed to temporary) which il 
fixed or established, especially in a given state or position, 



K ■ ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections In Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word* + combined with. = equals. 



M 



LASTLY 



560 



LAUDER 



Durable commonly implies power of resistance to destruc- 
tive agencies. That is stable which is firmly fixed. 

last'ly, adv. 1. In conclusion ; at last. 2. Finally. Obs. 

Lat'a-ki'a (lat'd-ke'd), n. [Turk.] A superior kind of 
Turkish smoking tobacco. 

latch (lach), n. [ME. lacche, prob. fr. lacchen to seize, AS. 
laeccan.J A movable piece which holds anything in place by 
entering a notch or cavity; esp., the catch which holds a 
door or gate closed, though it be not bolted. — v. t. & i. To 
catch or fasten by means of a latch. 

latch'et (lach'et ; 24), n. [OF. lachet, dial, form of F. lacet 
lace, dim. of lacs. See lace.] A string fastening a shoe. 

latch'key' (lach'ke'), n. A key used to lift or pull back a 
latch of a door ; loosely, a front-door key. 

latch/string' (-string'), n. A string passed through a hole 
in a door to permit the raising of the latch from outside. 

late (lat), a.; lat'er (lat'er), or lat'ter (lat'er) ; lat'est 
(lat'est), or LAST (last). [AS. laet."] 1. Coming or doing 
after the usual or proper time ; tardy. 2. Far advanced 
toward the end or close ; as, late in the day. 3. Existing, 
or holding some position or relationship, recently, but not 
now ; lately deceased, or gone out of office. 4. Recent ; as, 
the late rains. 5. Continuing or doing until an advanced 
hour ; as, late revels. — Syn. See new, slow. 
Late Latin, Low Latin, Latin in the latest stages, includ- 
ing the barbarous coinages from other languages, as Ger- 
man, French, etc., made after the classic Latin had be- 
come a dead language for the people. 

— adv. 1. After the usual, proper, or appointed time ; after 
delay ; — opposed to early. 2. Far on in the night, day, 
week, etc. 3. Not long ago ; recently. 

— n. Recentness ; — only in : of late, in time not long 
past, or near the present ; lately. 

lat'ed (lat'gd), a. Belated. Poetic. 

la-teen' (la-ten'), a. [F. voile latine a lateen sail ; prop., a 
Latin sail.] Naut. Designating, or pert, to, a peculiar rig 
common in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. 
lateen sail, Naut., a triangular sail extended by a long yard 
slung to the mast, which is usually low. See dhow, Illust. 

late'ly (lat'lT), adv. Not long ago ; recently ; of late. 

la'ten-cy (la'ten-si),n. State or quality of being latent. 

late'ness (lat'nes), n. State or quality of being late. 

la'teut (la'tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, fr. latere to lie hid.] 
Not visible or apparent ; hidden ; concealed. 
Syn. Latent, dormant, quiescent, potential. Latent 
applies to that which is present without showing itself ; dor- 
mant to that which is present without maniiesting activity ; 
as, latent ambiguities, a latent meaning ; dormant energy. 
Quiescent emphasizes rather the cessation of action than 
the presence of energy ; as, after a violent eruption the vol- 
cano became quiescent. That is potential which, though 
not actually existing now, may come into existence at some 
future time (which exists not in esse, but in posse) ; as, a 
-potential artist, potential energy ; "The apple already lies 
potentially in the blossom." 

latent heat, Physics, the thermal equivalent of the energy 
expended in melting unit mass of a solid or vaporizing 
unit mass of a liquid ; or, conversely, the thermal equiva- 
lent of the energy set free in the process of solidification or 
of liquefaction. 

la'tent-ly, adv. In a latent manner. 

lat'er (lat'er), a. & adv., compar. of late. 

lat'er-al (lat'er-dl), a. [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side.] 
Of or pertaining to the side ; situated at, directed toward or 
coming from, the side. — lat'er-al-ly, adv. 

Lat'er-an (-an), n. [L. Lateranus.'] 1. The church of St. 
John Lateran, the cathedral church of Rome and the highest 
in rank of all Roman Catholic churches. In this church 
several ecclesiastical councils (hence called Lateran coun- 
cils) have been held. 2. The palace (Palazzo del Laterano) 
adjoining the basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. 

lat'er-ite (-It),n. [1,. later brick, tile.] Petrog. A porous, 
reddish, usually ferruginous, earth formed by decomposi- 
tion of certain rocks in tropical regions ; hence, any surface 
soil similarly formed. 

lat'er-i'tious (-Tsh'us), a. [L. latericius, fr. later a brick.] 

Like bricks ; of the color of (red) bricks. 
la-tes'cent (ld-tes'£nt), a. [L. latescens, -entis, p. pr. of 
latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] Becoming 
concealed, hidden, or latent. — la-tes'cence (-ens), n. 
lat'est (latest), a. 1. Last. Archaic. 2. Superlative of 
late. — Syn. See last. 
la'tex (la'tSks), n. [L., a fluid.] Bot. A milky fluid found 

in certain cells, as of the milkweeds, euphorbias, etc. 
lath (lath), n.; pi. laths Oathz). [AS. Isett.l 1. A narrow 
strip of wood used to nail to the framework of a building as 
a groundwork to support plastering, etc. 2. Laths collec- 
tively ; lath work ; hence, sheet metal, wire cloth, etc., used 
for the same purpose. — v. t. To cover or line with laths. 
lathe (lath), n. 1. A machine by which a piece of hard ma- 
terial is held and rotated while being shaped by a tool. 2. 
A form of potter's wheel. — v. t. ; lathed (latbd) ; lath'- 
ing (lath'ing). To cut or shape with a lathe. 



lathe, n. The movable frame of a loom, carrying the reed 
for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft. 

lath'er (lath'er), n. One who places laths for the plaster. 

lath'er (lath'er), n. [AS. leaSor washing soda.] 1. Foam or 
froth with soap and water. 2. Foam from profuse sweating. 

— v. t. 1. To spread over with lather. 2. To beat ; flog. 
Colloq. — v. i. To form lather, or a froth like lather. — 
lath'er-er, n. — lath'er-y, a. 

lath'ing (lath'ing), n. 1. Act or process of putting laths in 
position. 2. Laths collectively ; lath work. 

lath'y (lath'i), a. Like a lath ; long and slender ; thin. 

lat'i-cif'er-OUS (lat'i-sif'er-us), a. [L. latex, laticis, a 
liquid -f- -ferous.~] Bot. Containing latex. 

Lat'in (lat'in), a. [L. Latinus.] 1. Of or pert, to Latium, 
a country of ancient Italy, or its people, the Latins, or the 
language used by the Romans, or Latins. 2. Designating, 
or belonging to, the Roman Catholic Church, its rites, etc., 
esp. as opposed to the Greek Church. 3. Designating, or 

!)ert. to, the peoples (French, Italian, Spanish, etc.) whose 
anguages are descended from the Latin. 

— n. 1. The language of ancient Latium and Rome, and 
until the 17th century the general language of learning and 
diplomacy in western Europe. 2. One of the people of an- 
cient Latium or Rome. 

Lat'in-ism (-Tz'm), n. A Latin idiom or mode of speech. 

Lat'in-ist, n. A Latin scholar. 

La-tin'i-ty (ld-tTn'I-tT), n. The use of the Latin tongue, 

style, or idiom ; style in writing or speaking Latin. 
Lat'in-ize (lat'in-Iz), v. t. To translate into, or express in, 

Latin ; conform to the Latin form or character. — v. i. To 

use Latinisms. 
lat'ish (lat'ish), a. Somewhat late. 
lat'i-tude (lat'i-tud), n. [L. lalitudo breadth, fr. latus 

broad.] 1. Breadth ; width ; extent ; scope. Now Rare. 

2. Freedom from narrow restrictions; independence of 
action, thought, opinion, etc. ; liberality of interpretation. 

3. Geog. Angular distance on a meridian ; now, angular dis- 
tance, north or south, from the equator. 4. A region or 
locality as marked by its latitude ; as, cold latitudes. 5. 
Astron. Angular distance of a heavenly body from the 
ecliptic ; — in full celestial latitude. — lat'i-tu'di-nal, a. 

latl-tu/di-na'ri-an (-na'rl-cm ; 3), a. Indifferent or opposed 
to a strict application of any particular standard of belief 
or opinion, esp. in religion. — n. One who practices or ap- 
proves latitude in belief, esp. religious belief, or conduct, as 
a member of the Broad Church party in the Church of Eng- 
land. — lat'i-tu'di-na'ri-an-ism (iz'm), n. 

La-to'na (ld-to'nd), n. [L.] Roman Myth. Leto. 

la-tri'a (ld-tri'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. \arptla, fr. 'Karptbttv to 
serve.] i2. C. Ch. The highest kind of worship, or that 
paid to God only ; — disting. from dulia and hyper dulia. 

la-trine' (ld-tren'),n. [L. latrina.] A privy, as in a camp. 

-latry. [Gr. \arpela service.] A suffix denoting worship 
of; as in demonolatry, worship of demons. 

lat'ten (lat'en), n. [OF. laton.'] A kind of brass or brasslike 
alloy hammered into thin sheets, formerly much used for 
church utensils ; hence, any metal in thin sheets, as sheet tin. 

lat'ter (-er), a. [ME. later, Isetter (AS. Isetra), compar. of 
lat late.] 1. More recent ; later ; esp., being of, or pert, to, 
the end of a period ; as, the latter part of the week. 2. Of 
two things, being the one mentioned second ; — opp. to 
former. 3. Last ; final ; — now rare exc. in latter days. 

Latter-day Saint. A Mormon. 

lat'ter-ly, adv. Lately ; recently ; at a later period. 

lat'ter-most (-most), a. Last ; hindmost. 

lat'tice (lat'is ),n. [F. lattis lathwork, fr. latte lath.] 1. 
A kind of wood or metal network of strips ; — called also 
latticework ; hence, any window, gate, or the like, having a 
lattice. 2. A lattice or an imitation of one, usually painted 
red, used as the sign of an alehouse or inn. Obs. or Hist. 

— v. t. ; -ticed (-1st) ; -tic-ing (-I-sing). 1. To make a lat- 
tice of ; give the appearance of a lattice to. 2. To close or 
inclose with latticework ; furnish with a lattice. 

lat'tice-work 7 (-wurk'), n. A lattice, or lattices collectively. 

lat'tic-ing (lat'I-sing), n. 1. Act or process of making a 
lattice, or of fitting a lattice. 2. A lattice ; latticework. 

laud (lod), n. [L. laus, laudis."] 1. High commendation ; 
praise ; exaltation. 2. In pi. Eccl. In the Roman Catholic 
Church and with some Anglicans, a religious service chiefly 
of praise, usually at daybreak. 3. A song of praise ; specif., 
an ascription or hymn of praise to God. — v. t. To praise ; 
celebrate ; extol. 

laud'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being laudable. 

laud'a-ble (16d'd-b'l), a. 1. Praiseworthy ; commendable. 
2. Old Med. Healthy ; not noxious ; as, laudable pus. — 
laud'a-ble-ness, n. — lau'da-bly, adv. 

lau'da-num (13'dd-num), n. [Prob. orig. same word as 
labdanum. See labdanum.] i Formerly, any of various 
preparations of opium ; now, tincture of opium. 

lau-da'tion (16-da'shun), n. Act of lauding ; praise. 
laud'a-to-ry (16d'd-to-ri), a. Pert, to or expressing pBaise. 
laud'er (-er), n. One who lauds. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LAUGH 



561 



LAWFULNESS 



laugh (laf), v. i. TAS.hlehhan,hlyhhan,hliehhan.'] l.To 
show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by peculiar movement 
of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, and 
usually by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds 
from the throat ; to have the emotion characteristic of 
laughter ; — often used with over, about, at, etc. 2. To be 
or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or bril- 
liant ; sparkle; sport; as, waters laughing in the sun. 
Poetic. 

to laugh in one's sleeve, to regard a person with amuse- 
ment while preserving a serious demeanor. 

— v. t. To affect or influence (in a specified manner), or to 
effect, express, or utter, by means of laughter or ridicule. 

— n. Act of laughing ; expression of mirth, gayety, ridicule, 
etc., peculiar to man ; the sound of laughing. 

laugn'a-ble (laf'd-b'l), a. Fitted to excite laughter. — 
laugh'a-ble-ness, n. — laugh'a-bly, adv. 

Syn. Ludicrous, ridiculous, comical, comic, droll, funny, 
amusing, humorous, witty, merry, facetious, waggish, 
sportive. — Laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, comical, 
comic, droll, funny. Laughable applies to whatever 
is fit to provoke laughter ; ludicrous commonly suggests 
laughable absurdity or incongruity ; ridiculous often adds 
the implication of contempt or derision ; as, a laughable in- 
cident ; a ludicrous predicament ; a ridiculous gesticulation. 
Comicalandcomicapply to thatwhich is mirth-provoking, 
comic being chiefly used of literary compositions intended 
to excite laughter. Droll implies laughable oddity ; as, 
Thackeray's names are often inimitably droll. Funny ap- 
plies in general to that which is amusing. 

taugh/er, n. One who laughs. 

laugh'ing, p. a. Fit to be treated or accompanied with 
laughter ; — in phrases such as this is no laughing matter. 
laughing gas, nitrous oxide, N2O, a colorless, sweetish gas 
much used as an anaesthetic. It sometimes produces exhila- 
ration and laughter. — 1. jackass , a kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) 
of Australia, about the size of a crow. 

laugh'ing-stock' (-stok'), n. An object of ridicule ; a butt. 

laugh'ter (-ter), n. [AS. hleahtor.] 1. The movement of 
the muscles of the face, esp. of the lips, with interrupted 
(often noisy) expulsion of air from the lungs, indicating 
merriment, satisfaction, or derision ; also, an expression of 
the eyes or countenance indicative of merriment or keen 
amusement. 2. A cause of, or subject for, laughter. 

launch (lanch; lonch), v. t. [OF. lanchier, lander, fr. 
lance lance. See lance.] 1. To throw, as a lance ; hurl. 
2. To cause to slide into the water ; set afloat. 3. To send 
out ; start (one) on a career ; set going ; as, to launch an 
enterprise. — v. i. 1. To move with force and swiftness, 
like, a ship sliding into the water ; plunge ; as, to launch 
into extravagance. 2. To set out, as on the sea ; — often 
used with forth or out. 

— n. 1. The movement of a vessel from the land into the 
water, esp. by sliding from the stocks ; the act or process 
causing this movement ; — often used fig. 2. Naut. a The 
largest lx>at of a ship of war. b Any open, or largely un- 
decked, power-driven boat. 

launcb/er, n. One who launches. 

laun'der ( lan'der ; lon'der ),v. t. [From obs. launder a 
washerwoman, F. lavandiere, fr. L. lavandus to be washed, 
lavare to wash.] To wash, as clothes ; wash and iron. — 
n. A sluice ; trough. — laun'der-er, n. [laundering.] 

la un' dress (-dres), n. A woman whose employment is| 

laun'dry (-drT), n. ; pi. -dries (-driz). 1. Act of launder- 
ing ; a washing. 2. A place where laundering is done. 3. 
Articles sent to a laundry to be washed. Colloq. [ing. 

laun'dry -man (-man), n. A man whose business is launder- 

Laun'ial, Sir (-fal). A knight of the Round Table, stewarc 
of King Arthur. He had an inexhaustible purse. 

lau-ra'ceous (16-ra'shws), a. [L. laurus laurel.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family (Lauracese) of shrubs and trees, 
including the laurel, sassafras, cinnamon, and other plants, 
noted for their aromatic or medicinal properties. 

lau're-ate (16're-at), a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel 
tree, laureus of laurel, laurus laurel.] 1. Crowned with 
laurel as a mark of honor ; hence : distinguished ; worthy 
of honor, esp. for poetic excellence. 2. Composed of laurel. 

— n. One crowned with laurel ; a poet laureate. 

— (16're-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-St'Tng). 1. To 
honor by crowning with a wreath of laurel. 2. Specif . : a To 
confer a university degree upon, b To appoint as poet laure- 
ate. — lau're-ate-ship', n. — lau re-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. 

lau'rel (16'rel ; lor'el), n. [OF. lorier, laurier, deriv. of L. 
laurus.] 1. Either of two species of trees or shrubs consti- 
tuting a genus (Laurus) ; esp., the bay laurel, or bay tree 
(L. nobilis), of southern Europe. Its foliage was used by 
the ancient Greeks as a mark of distinction ; later, a crown 
of laurel indicated academic honors. 2. Any of various trees 
or shrubs resembling the true laurel. See Kalmia. 3. A 
crown of laurel ; hence : honor ; distinction ; — esp. in the 
pi. ; as, to win laurels. 

— v. t. ; -reled (-reld ; -21d) or -relled ; -rel-ing or -ree- 
ling. To deck or crown with laurel. 



Lau-ren'ti-an (lo-nm'shT-an ; -shan), a. Pertaining to or 
near the St. Lawrence River ; specif., Geol., pert, to or des- 
ignating a series of granitoid rocks included in the Archaean. 

lau'rus-tine (16'rus-tTn), n. [NL. laurustinus ; L. laurus 
laurel -f- tinus laurustine.] A European caprifoliaceous 
evergreen, spring-blooming shrub (Viburnum tinus). 

lau'wine (16'wln),n. [G.] An avalanche. 

la'va (la'vd), n. [It., orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain over- 
flowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash.] Fluid 
rock such as issues from a volcano, or such rock solidified. 

la-vaTH) (ld-va'bo), n. R. C. Ch. a A passage (Ps. xxv. 6-12 
in the Douay version ; xxvi. 6-12 in other Bibles) recited by 
the priest in the Mass, after the offertory, while washing his 
hands ; — from L. lavabo (I will wash) the first word in the 
Vulgate version. bMore esp., the ritual act itself. cThe 
towel or basin used in this washing. 

lav'age (lav'Sj ; F. la-vazh'), n. [F. See lave to wash.] 
A washing ; esp., Med., the washing out of the stomach. 

|| la valliere' or || la'val'lidre' (la'val'yar' ; colloq. la'vd- 
ler'), n. [F., a sort of necktie, perh. from Louise de haVal- 
liere, mistress of Louis XIV.] A neck ornament consisting 
of a chain and single pendant, or drop. 

la-va'tion (ld-va'shiin), n. A washing ; cleansing. 

lav'a-to-ry (lav'd-t6-rT), n.; pi. -Tories (-rlz). [L. lavato- 
rium. See lave to wash.] 1. A basin or other vessel for 
washing. 2. Eccl. A ritual washing of the hands by a cele- 
brant of the Eucharist. Cf . lavabo, b. 3. a A place for 
washing the hands and face, as in hotels, schools, etc. b A 
laundry. Rare. 

lave (lav), v. t.; laved (lavd) ; lav'ing (laving). [AS. 
lafian.] To lade or pour, as with a ladle. 

lave, v. t. [F. laver, L. lavare."] To wash ; bathe ; wash or 
flow along or against. — v. i. To bathe ; wash one's self. 

la-veer' (ld-ver'), v. i. [D. laveren.] Naut. To beat ; 
tack. Obs. or R. 

lav'en-der (lav'en-der), n. [Prob. through OF., fr. LL. 
lavendula.] 1. A European mint (Lavandula vera) bear- 
ing spikes of pale purple flowers. 2. The fragrant dried 
leaves and flowers of this plant. 3. The pale purplish color 
of lavender flowers. — o. Of the color lavender. 

la'ver (la'ver), n. [L., a water plant.] Any of several com- 
mon purple edible seaweeds (as Porphyra laciniata and 
P. vulgaris). 

la'ver, n. [OF. laveoir, L. lavatorium a washing place.] 
1. A vessel for washing ; basin or bowl for water. Now 
Poetic. 2. Jewish Antiq. a A large brazen vessel in which 
the priests washed their hands and feet, b One of several 
vessels in Solomon's Temple in which the offerings for burnt 
sacrifices were washed. 3. That which washes or cleanses ; 
esp ; , the water of baptism. 

lav'ish (lavTsh), o. [OF. lavasse, lavache, a deluge of 
rain. Oxf. E. D.~\ 1. Expending or bestowing profusely ; 
prodigal ; — often used with of or in ; as, lavish of, or in, 
praise. 2. Expended or produced profusely ; excessive ; as, 
lavish expenditure. — Syn. Wasteful, extravagant, exu- 
berant, unstinted. See profuse. 

— v. t. To use lavishly ; squander. — lav'ish-er, n. — lav'- 
ish-ly, adv. — lav'ish-ment, n. — lav'ish-ness, n. 

lav'rock (lav'rSk ; lav'ruk). Scot. & dial. Eng. var. of lark. 

law (16), n. [AS. lagu, fr. Scand.] 1. Binding custom or 
rule of conduct, or the whole body of such customs and 
rules ; also, the regulation or state of society brought about 
by their existence and enforcement. 2. a Legal science ; 
jurisprudence, b Trial or remedial justice under the laws ; 
litigation ; as, to go to law. C In England and many British 
colonies, the system of rules expounded and remedies ad- 
ministered by the common-law courts, as distinct from 
courts of equity (which see). dThe legal profession as a 
whole ; — usually with the. 3. The Jewish or Mosaic law, 

— contained in the Pentateuch, Joshua, and Ezekiel (xl.- 
xlviii.) ; also, this part of the Scriptures ; hence, the Old 
Testament. 4. Adivine commandment orrevelation ; God's 
will. 5. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one 
subject, or emanating from one source ; as, divine law ; 
Roman law ; the law of real property, 6. In arts, works, 
games, etc. : the rules of construction, or of procedure ; a 
principle, maxim, or usage. 7. Philoa, & Science, A state-- 
ment of an order or relation of phenomena invariable under 
the given conditions. 8. Math. The rule or formula accord* 
ing to which anything, as the terms of a series, proceeds or 
comes into being. 9. In certain sports ; an allowance of time 
or distance given to a weaker competitor, an animal in the 
chase, or the like ; a start ; hence, mercy or indulgence. 

— v. i. To go to law ; litigate ; — sometimes followed by it, 
Colloq. or Dial. [prise. Archaic or Vulgar.\ 

law (16), laws (13z), interj. An exclamation of mild &ur-| 
law'-a-biding, a. Obedient to the law. 
law'ful (-fdol), a. 1. Conformable to law; legitimate. 2. 
Constituted, authorized, or established, by law; rightful. 

— law'ful-ly, adv. — law'ml-uess, n, 

Syn. Lawful, legal, legitimate. That is lawful which 
is in conformity with the principle or spirit of the law. moral 



< 



k » ch in G. ich, ach (50); bow; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



LAWGIVER 



562 



LEAD 



or juridical ; that is legal which is in conformity with the 
letter or rules of the law as administered ; as, a lawful con- 
tract ; a legal proceeding. Legitimate (orig. of children 
lawfully begotten) has extended its meaning to anything 
sanctioned by known authority, or logically admissible, or 
in conformity with accepted standards ; as, a legitimate 
conclusion ; the legitimate drama. 

law'giv'er (-glv'er), n. One who enacts a law ; a legislator. 

law'less (lo'les), a. 1. Without law ; not regulated by law. 
2. Not restrained or controlled by the law of morality or so- 
ciety ; unruly ; disorderly ; licentious. — law'less-ly, adv. 

law'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being lawless. — Syn. 
See ANARCHY. 

law'mak'er (16'mak'er), n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 

lawn (Ion), n. [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen ; prob. 
from the town Laon in France.] A very fine linen (or some- 
times cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. 

lawn, n. [F. lande heath.] 1. An open space between 
woods ; glade. Archaic or Poetic. 2. Grass land ; esp., 
ground covered with fine grass kept closely mown. 

lawn tennis. A variety of the game of tennis, usually played 
outdoors on a court of turf or some even surface. 

lawn'y (lon'i ), a. Made of, wearing, or resembling lawn. 

lawn'y (lon'Y), a. Having a lawn or lawns ; like a lawn. 

law'suit (16'sut'), n. A suit in law ; a case before a court. 

law'yer (lo'yer), n. 1. One versed in the laws, or a practi- 
tioner of law, as an attorney, counselor, solicitor, or barris- 
ter. 2. A bramble ; thorny stem of a brier. Dial. Eng. 

lax (laks), o. [L. laxusJ] 1. Of the bowels, loose ; open ; 
also, having the bowels loose. 2. Not tense, firm, or rigid ; 
loose ; slack ; as, a lax bandage. 3. Not strict or strin- 
gent ; vague ; as, lax in discipline. 4. Bot. Loose ; scat- 
tered ; open ; as, a lax panicle. 

Syn. Relaxed ; slack ; unconfined, unrestrained ; dissolute, 
licentious, free. — Lax, slack (in fig. senses) are often in- 
terchangeable. But lax oftener implies the opposite of 
strictness, severity, or precision ; slack suggests rather a 
contrast with vigor, promptitude, or briskness ; as, lax dis- 
cipline ; slack in one's work. 

lax-a'tion (lak-sa'shun), n. [L. laxatio."] Act of loosening 
or relaxing ; state of being loosened or relaxed. 

lax'a-tive (lak'sd-tiv), a. [F. laxatif, L. laxativus mitigat- 
ing, assuaging.] Med. a Relieving from constipation ; — 
opp. to astringent, b Subject to looseness ; — said of the 
bowels. C Characterized by looseness of the bowels ; — 
said of a malady. — n. A laxative medicine. 

Iax'i-ty (-st-ti), n. [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack.] Qual- 
ity or state of being lax, or loose. 

lax'ly, adv. In a lax manner. 

lax'ness, n. Laxity. 

lay (la), pret. of lie, to recline. 

lay, n. [OF. Zai.] 1. A song ; a simple lyric or short narra- 
tive poem ; a ballad. 2. A melody ; any musical utterance. 

lay, a. [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. Xatx6s of the people, lay, Xaos, 
Xea>s, people.] 1. Of or pert, to the laity, as distinct from 
the clergy. 2. Not of or from a particular profession. 

Jay, v. t.; laid (lad) ; lay'ing. [AS. lecgan, fr. licgan to 
lie.] 1. To bring down, as with force ; as, to lay one low. 
2. To calm ; allay ; suppress ; as, to lay the dust. 3. To put 
or set down in a recumbent position ; deposit ; as, to lay a 
book on the table. 4. To bring forth and deposit (an egg or 
eggs). 5. a To deposit as a pledge. Obs. b To wager ; bet. 
6. To impose as a duty, burden, punishment, or the like ; 
as, to lay a tax on land. 7. To impute ; charge. 8. To put 
or place ; as, to lay a cable ; lay bricks. 9. To coat ; cover ; 
spread ; as, to lay plaster. 10. To place or repose (some- 
thing immaterial) in or on something or some one ; as, he 
lays stress on correct grammar. 11. To cause to be in, or 
to place in, a given position or state ; as, to lay waste a 
region. 12. To present or offer as true or valid, or for con- 
sideration ; state ; allege ; submit ; prefer ; assert. 13. To 
prepare ; arrange ; as, to lay a table. 
to lay away, to lay by, to lay aside. — to lay down, a 
To put off or away ; to give up ; as, to lay down one's arms 
(i. e., to surrender) or one's life, b To construct the foun- 
dation or main features of ; establish ; as, to lay down a 
battleship. C To store, as wine. — to lay, or put, heads 
together, to consult. — to lay in, to store up ; lay by. — 
to lay on the table, in parliamentary practice, to postpone, 
by vote, consideration of (a motion, report, etc.) . — to lay 
out. a To extend or spread out ; as. to lay out the desired 
books ; to lay out a corpse, b To spend, as money, c To 
plan ; to map out. — to lay siege to, to besiege. — to lay 
up. a To lay by ; to store ; as, to lay up one's savings, b 
To confine or disable, as with illness. 

»- v. i. 1. To lay eggs. 2. Naut. To place one's self in a 
(given) position ; as, to lay forward. 3. To wager ; bet. 4. 
To apply one's self vigorously ; as, to lay to one's oars. 5. 
To plan ; prepare ; scheme ; as, he is laying for a chance to 
escape. Obs., Dial. Eng., or Colloq., U. S. 6. To lie (be 
prostrate, etc.). Now Dial, or Vulgar. 
to lay about, or to lay about one, to strike vigorously in 
all directions ; act vigorously. — to lay on, to strike ; beat ; 
attack. — to lay out, to purpose ; plan ; scheme. 



— n. 1. A share of the profit of a venture, esp. on whaling 
and sealing vessels ; hence, employment on shares. 2. A 
plan, field, or line of activity. Slang or Cant. 3. The way 
in which a thing lies or is laid in relation to something else ; 
as, the lay of the land. 

lay days. The days allowed by the charter party for loading 
or unloading a vessel without demurrage. 

lay'er (la'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. That 
which is laid ; a stratum ; bed ; one thickness, course, or fold 
laid over or under another ; as, a layer of clay ; a layer of 
bricks. 3. Hort. A shoot or branch which for propagation 
is usually bent to the ground, a portion being covered with 
earth. 

lay'er-ing, n. Hort. Propagation by layers. 

lay figure. [For older layman, D. leeman, ledemann ; OD. 
lede a limb, joint, D. lid."} 1. An artist's adjustable model of 
the human body. 2. A puppet. 

lay 'man (la'mdn), n. {lay + man."] One of the laity ; one 
not of the clergy or some profession or class of experts. 

lay'out' (la'ouf), n. Chiefly Colloq. 1. Arrangement or 
plan. 2. That which is laid or spread out ; specif. : a An 
outfit or supply, as of tools or apparatus, b Something 
displayed ; a spread ; as, the dinner was a fine layout. 
Slang or Cant. C In faro, the cards of a suit fastened or 
painted on a table, or the leather table top on which they 
are painted, on which the players lay out then, stakes ; any 
design or pattern similarly used. 

la'zar (la'zdr), n : [From Lazarus the beggar (Luke xvi. 
20).] A person infected with a pestilential disease, esp. a 
poor person or beggar so afflicted ; a leper. — la'zar-like', a. 

laz'a-ret'to (laz'd-ret'o), n.; pi. -tos (-oz). Also laz'a-ret' 
(-rSt'). [F. lazaret or It. lazzeretto, fr. Lazarus. See la- 
zar.] 1. A public hospital, esp. for lazars. 2. Naut. In 
some merchant vessels, a space between decks, usually near 
the stern, used as a storeroom. 

la'zar house (la'zdr). A lazaretto. 

Laz'a-rus (laVd-rus), n. [L. Lazarus or Gr. AAfopos, fr. 
Heb.] 1. Bib. a The brother of Mary and Martha. Jesus 
raised him from the dead {John xi.). b The beggar in the 
parable of "the rich man and the beggar" (Luke xvi.), de- 
scribed as "full of sores." 2. [Sometimes I. c] A diseased, 
esp. a leprous, beggar. 

laze (laz), y. i. To be lazy or idle ; act or lie lazily. — v. t. 
Towaste in sloth ; spend, as time, in idleness. 

la'zi-ly (la'zl-li), adv. In a lazy manner. 

la'zi-ness, n. Quality or state of being lazy. 

laz'u-lite (laz'u-llt), n. A native azure-blue phosphate of 
aluminium and magnesium, often occurring in crystals. 

la'zy (la'zi), a.; -zi-er (-zi-er) ; -zi-est. 1. Disinclined to 
action or labor; indolent; slothful. 2. Slow; sluggish. — 
Syn. See idle. 

lazy strap. See harness, Illust. 
jointed bars capable of great 
extension, orig. for picking up 
something at a distance. 

laz'za-ro'ne (laz'd-ro'na ; It. lad'- 
za-ro'na), n.; pi. -ni (-ne). [It. 
lazzarone."] One of the homeless idlers of Naples. 

lea (le), n. [AS. leah, lea.~\ Pasture or grassland ; meadow. 

lea (le), n. Textile Manuf. A varying measure of yarn ; for 
linen, usually 300 yards ; for cotton and silk, 120 yards. 

leach (lech), v. t. 1. To percolate (a liquid) through some- 
thing, as ashes. 2. To subject to the dissolving action of 
percolating liquid ; as, to leach ashes. 3. To dissolve out by 
percolation ; as, to leach alkali from ashes. — v. i. To part 
with soluble constituents by percolation. 

leach/y (-1), o. Permitting percolation ; porous ; pervious. 

lead (led), n. [AS. lead.] 1. A well-known metallic ele- 
ment, heavy, pliable, and inelastic. Symbol, Pb (L. plum- 
bum) ; at. wt., 207.1 ; sp. gr., 11.4. It is usually found in 
the form of the sulphide galena, its chief ore. 2. An article 
made of lead or an alloy of lead ; as : a A plummet or mass 
of lead, as for sounding at sea. b Print. A thin strip of 
type metal (or of brass) to separate lines of type. C In pi. 
Sheets of lead used for roofing.^ d In pi. Lead framing for 
panes, as in windows. 3. A thin cylinder of graphite used 
in pencils. 

»— v. t.; lead'ed (led'?d) ; lead'ing. 1. To cover, line, clog, 
or weight with lead. 2. To fix (window glass) in position 
with leads. 3. To glaze (pottery) with a glaze of which 
lead or one of its compounds is the chief constituent. 4. 
Print. To place leads between the lines of ; — often without. 

lead (led ), v. t.; led (led ) ; lead'ing. [AS. Isedan, fr. 
USan to go.] 1. To bring or take (a person or animal) ; 
as, led into captivity ; to lead captive. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. To guide or conduct as with the hand ; as, a father leads 
his child. 3. To show the way, esp. by going with ; serve as 
a way for ; hence, fig. : to direct in action, opinion, etc. ; 
counsel. 4. To conduct or direct with authority; as, to 
lead an army. 5. To precede and direct ; hence, to be chief 
among ; as, his name led all the rest. 6. To draw or direct 
by influence, good or bad ; induce. 7. To guide or constrain 



1. tongs, a system of 




Lazy tongs. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (S7); 



563 



General. Outline 




RE Nl FORM 1 



yCRBlCULATE 



PELTATE AURICULATE HASTATE" SAGITTATE 



Forms of Apex 






^/RMWMlv 'mM 




ACUMINATE .. ACUTE I V /OBTUSE "TRUNCATE . RETUSE EMARGINATE OB CORDATE /CUSPIDATeV MUCRONATE APICULATE 



DENTATION 



Forms of Margin 



LOBATION 




entire". 'SerrateX ^dentate^ crenate^repano-sinuate INCISEO 




LO&EO) CLEFT PARTED DIVIDED 



RETICULATE 



Venation 



PARALLEL 




FEATHER -VEINED OR~- 
PINNATEL.Y VEINED 



RADIATE-VEINED OB 
PALMATELY VEINED 



FROM MIDRIB 
TO MARSIN 




.'PINNATE 



Compound Leaves 



palmate 




> PINNATE .WITH TENOBIL 



NNATEL.Y 

OECOMPOUND 




'QUINQUEFOt-IOCATE. 



lMUL.TlFOL.lOL.ATe. 



Forms 1 of Growth 




PETIOLATE LEAFV SESSILE LEAVES 



AMPUEXICAUL . OECURRENT* PEBFOLIATIv . 'CONNATE 



LEAF 




M 



LEADEN 



564 



LEAST 



in a passage or course ; hence : to proceed on, along, or in 
the way of ; pass ; spend ; as, to lead a quiet life. 8. To 
begin a game, round, or trick, with. 
to lead off, to begin or take the lead in. 

— v. i. 1. To guide or conduct ; be first ; — in most of the 
analogous senses of lead, v. t. 2. To be led ; admit of being 
led. 3. To tend or reach ; take its course. 

— n. 1. Action of one that leads ; guidance ; direction. 2. 
Precedence ; also, measure of precedence. 3. Act or right 
of playing first in a game, round, or trick ; card, suit, or 
piece so played. 4. a That which leads or acts as a guide. 
D An open channel in an ice field. 5. Naut. The course 
of a rope from end to end. 6. Mining, a A lode, b An 
alluvial deposit, as of gold, in an old river bed. 

lead'en (led/'n), a. 1. Made of lead ; of the nature of lead ; 

— often with special allusion to its qualities (as softness, 
heaviness, etc.). 2. Hence : a Like lead in color ; dull gray. 
b Base in quality ; cheap. 3. Heavy or dull ; sluggish. 

lead'er (led'er), n. One that leads; as : 1. A guide; con- 
ductor. 2. A chief ; commander. 3. Music. A conductor 
or director of a band or choir ; in an orchestra, the player 
at the head of the first violins ; also, the first soprano in a 
chorus, or the first cornetist in a band. 4. A horse harnessed 
in front of others. 5. In pi. Print. A row of dots or hyphens 
to lead the eye across a space. 6. A line of gut to which the 
snell of a fly hook is attached. 7. A pipe to conduct water 
or other fluid. 8. A chief article of trade, esp. one sold 
cheap to bring trade. 9. An editorial article. Chiefly Eng. 

— Syn. See chief. [ability to lead.l 
lead'er-ship, n. Office, position, or dignity of a leader ; also,| 
lead'ing (led'Ing), n. Action of one that leads ; guidance. — 

p. a. Guiding ; directing ; foremost. — lead'ing-ly, adv. 
leading article, an editorial article ; a leader. 

lead pencil (led). A pencil of which the marking material 
is graphite (black lead). 

lead plant (led). Any of several fabaceous shrubs (genus 
Amorpha, esp. A. canescens) of the western U. S., where 
their presence is supposed to indicate lead ore. [lead.l 

leads'man (ledz'mSn), n. Naut. The man who heaves the| 

lead'y (led'i), a. Containing or resembling lead. 

leaf (lef), n. ; pi. leaves (levz). [AS. leaf."] 1. a One of the 
lateral outgrowths of a stem ; esp., one of the 
green expanded organs (foliage leaves) 
of plants. See IUust. p. 563. b A petal. 
Colloq. 2. Tobacco leaves collectively. 3. 
Collectively, the leaves of any plant as an arti- 
cle of commerce, as those of the tea plant. 
4. Something suggestive of a foliage leaf ; as : 
a A part of a book or folded sheet containing 
two pages, one on each side, b A part that 
slides or is hinged, as of shutters, doors, etc. 
C A movable part of a table top. d Metal or 
other substance in a thin sheet or plate, e 
One of the layers of fat (leaf fat) about the 
kidneys of a hog, from which leaf lard is 
made, f One of the flat superposed strips 
which constitute certain springs. 

— v. i. To produce leaves ; leave. 
leafage (lef'aj), n. Foliage ; leaves collectively. 

leafed (left), a. Haying (such) a leaf or (so many) leaves; 

— used in composition. 

leaf'i-ness (lefT-nes), n. State of being leafy. 

leaflet ( lef let ), n. 1. Bot. A division of a compound leaf. 

2. A small foliage leaf. 3. A leaflike organ or part. 4. A 
sheet of small pages folded, but not stitched ; a folder. 

leafstalk 7 (lef'stok'), n. A petiole. See leaf, IUust. 

loaf y (-T), a. ; leaf'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Having, consist- 
ing of, or abounding in, leaves. 2. Of the nature of a leaf. 

league (leg), n. [LL. leuga, leuca, of Celtic origin.] 1. A 
measure of distance varying for different times and coun- 
tries from about 2.4 to 4.6 miles (3.9-7.4 kilometers). In 
English-speaking countries it is estimated at three miles, 
either statute (land league, 4.83 km.) or nautical (marine 
league, 5.56 km.), but is usually employed indefinitely or 
poetically. 2. A measure of area ; a square league (5,760 
acres for the English land league; about 4,409 acres, or 
1,785 hectares, for the old Spanish land league). 

league (leg), n. [F. ligue, It. liga, lega, fr. L. ligare to 
bind.] A covenant between two or more nations, parties, 
or persons for the accomplishment of some purpose by 
continued united action, as mutual defense, etc. ; also, the 
alliance so formed ; a confederacy. — Syn. See alliance. 

— v. i. & t.; leagued (legd) ; leaguing Oe'ging). To 
unite in a league ; confederate. — lea'guer (le'ger), n. 

lea'guer, n. [D. leger.] 1. A camp, orig. of a besieging 
army. Hist. 2. A siege or beleaguering. — v. t. To besiege. 

Le'ah (le'd). See Laban. 

leak (lek), n. 1. A crack or hole which (contrary to inten- 
tion) admits or lets out water or other fluid ; — also used 
fig. ; as, a leak in the treasury. 2. Act of leaking ; leakage. 

3. Elec. A loss of electricity through imperfect insulation, 
or the point where it occurs. 




Foliage Leaf. 
& Blade ; p 
Petiole, or 
Leafstalk ; 
St Stipule. 



— v. i. To let water or other fluid enter or escape (contrary 
to intention), as through a hole ; also, to enter or escape in 
this manner, as a fluid ; also, fig., to be divulged gradually ; 
become known ; — usually used with out. — v. t. To per- 
mit to enter or escape through a leak. 

leak'age (lek'aj), n. 1. A leaking ; an entering or escaping 

by a leak. 2. That which leaks in or out. 
leak'y (-1), a. ; leak'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. Permitting 

water or other fluid to leak in or out. 2. Tattling ; not close. 

Colloq. — leak'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 
leal (lei), a. [OF. leial. See loyal.] Faithful ; loyal ; true. 

— leafly (lel'li), adv. Both Now Poetic or Dial. 

lean (len), v. i.; leaned (lend), sometimes leant (lent) ; 
lean'ing. [AS. hlinian, hleonian."] 1. To lie down or 
recline. Obs. or Scot. 2. To incline or bend so as to receive 
support ; as, he leaned on his staff. 3. To incline or bend 
from a vertical position ; as, a leaning column. 4. To in- 
cline in opinion or desire ; tend ; — used with to, toward,, 
etc. 5. To rely for support, comfort, etc. ; — used with on, 
upon, or against. — v. t. To cause to lean ; support or rest. 

— n. Act of leaning ; slope or inclination. 

lean (len), a. < [AS. hlaene.] 1. Wanting flesh ; destitute of, 
or deficient in, fat ; thin. 2. Wanting fullness, richness, 
productiveness, etc. ; scant. — Syn. Spare, meager, lank, 
gaunt. See thin. — n. That part of flesh which is chiefly 
muscle without fat. — lean'ly, adv. — lean'ness, n. 

Le-an'der (le-aVder), n. See Hero, 1. ' 

lean'— to' (len'tooO, a. Having only one slope or pitch ; — 
of a roof. — n. A wing or extension with a lean-to roof. 

leap (lep), v. i. ; leaped (lept) or, Chiefly^ Poet., leapt 
(lept) ; leap'ing Oep'mg). [AS. hleapan to leap, jump, 
run.] 1. To run ; rush. Obs. 2. To spring clear of the 
ground ; jump ; vault. 3. To spring ; bound ; move swiftly ; 

— also used fig. ; as, his heart leaped for joy. — v. t. 1. To 
pass over by a leap or jump. 2. To cause to leap. 

— n. 1. Act of leaping ; jump ; spring ; bound. 2. A place 
that is, or must be, leaped over ; distance covered by a leap. 

— leap'er, n. 

leap'frog' (lep'frog'), n. A play among boys, in which one 
stoops down and another leaps or vaults over him. 

leapt (lept), pret. & p. p. of leap. Chiefly Poet. 

leap year. A year of 366 days ; every fourth year, in which 
any fixed date after February leaps over a day and falls on 
the next week day but one to that on which it fell the year 
before ; a year in which February has 29 days. Years 
exactly divisible by 4, as 1920, are leap years except the 
last years of the centuries, as 1900, which are leap years 
only if exactly divisible by 400. See February. 

Lear (ler), n. A legendary king of Britain. In Shakespeare's 
"King Lear" he divides his kingdom between his two 
elder daughters, Goneril and Regan, and disinherits his 
youngest daughter, Cordelia, who loves him according to 
her "bond, nor more nor less." When driven to madness 
by the abuse of the elder sisters, he is tenderly cared for by 
Cordelia, who is murdered at her sisters' orders. 

learn (lurn), v. t.; learned (lurnd) or learnt (lurnt) ; 
learn'ing. [AS. leornian."] 1. To gain knowledge or 
understanding of, or skill in, by study, instruction, or inves- 
tigation ; fix in the mind. 2. To ascertain ; hear. 3. To 
teach. Now Vulgar. — v. i. To acquire knowledge or 
skill ; receive instruction or information. — learn'er, n. 

learn'ed (lur'ned), a. Of or pert, to learning ; characterized 
by learning ; erudite. — learn'ed-ly, adv. 

learn'ing, n. Acquisition of knowledge or skill ; knowledge 
or skill got by instruction or study ; erudition. 
Syn. Learning, lore, scholarship, erudition. Learn- 
ing is knowledge esp. as acquired by study. Lore (often 
poetical for learning) is esp. the body of knowledge (often 
traditional) on a particular subject. Scholarship implies 
proficiency or adeptness in the learning of the schools. 
Erudition is esp. profound or recondite learning. 

lease (les), v. t.; leased (lest); leas'jng (les'ing). [F. 
laisser, OF. laissier to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, 
laxus loose.] 1. To grant or convey by lease ; let ; demise. 
2. To hold or take a lease of. — n. A contract by which 
one conveys real estate for life or for a term of years, usu- 
ally for a specified rent or compensation ; also, the act of 
such conveyance or the term for which it is made. 

lease'hold' (le's'holdO, a. Held by lease. — n. A tenure by 
lease, or the land held. — lease'hold'er (-hol'der), n. 

leash (lesh), n. [OF. lesse, F. laisse, LL. laxa, fr. L. laxus 
loose.] 1. A thong or cord, as for a hawk or dog. 2. Sport. 
A brace and a half ; hence, three. — v. t. To tie together or 
hold with a leash. 

leas'ing (lez'ing), n. [AS. Uasung, fr. lias destitute of, 
false.] Act of lying ; a lie or lies. Archaic or Dial. Eng. 

least (lest), a. [AS. Isesast, Ixsest, superl. of Isessa less.] 
The superlative for little. Smallest, in size or degree; 
shortest ; slightest ; lowest. 

least flycatcher, a small plainly colored flycatcher 
(Empidonax minimus) common in eastern North America. 

— adv. In the smallest or lowest degree. 



K =• ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh*=ae in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc*, precede Vocabulary, jj Foreign Word* + combined with. •» equals. 






LEASTWAYS 



565 



LEG 



least'ways' (lest'waz'), a dv. Leastwise. Dial, or Illit. 

least'wise' (-wlz'), adv. At least ; — orig. two words in the 
phrase at least wise. Obsoles. 

leath'er (letb/er), n. [AS. leSer.] 1. The skin of an animal, 
tanned or otherwise dressed for use ; also, material consist- 
ing of such skin. 2. Something made of leather. — v. t . & i. 

1. To apply or supply leather to. 2. To beat with a thong ; 
hence, to thrash. Colloq. or Slang. 

leath'er-back (-er-bak'), n. The largest existing sea turtle 
{Dermochelys coriacea). It has a flexible carapace of 
small bones in a leathery skin. [of leather. | 

leath'er-et (-et), leath'er-ette' (-St'), n. A paper imitation! 

leath'er n (leth'em), a. Of or like leather. 

leath'er-oid (-er-oid), n. [leather -\- -oid.] A tough fibrous 
material made in boards or sheets, from paper stock, leather 
scraps, etc., used in making suit cases, trunks, etc. 

leath'er-WOOd' (-w<56dO, n. A small thymelaeaceous tree or 
shrub (Dirca palustris) of the United States, with tough, 
pliant stems. 

leath'er-y (-T), a. Resembling leather; tough. 

leave (lev), n. [AS. leaf.'] 1. Liberty granted ; permission ; 
allowance ; specif., leave of absence, as from military duty. 

2. A formal parting ; farewell ; — chiefly in to take leave. 

— Syn. See permission. 

leave (lev), v. t.; pret. & p. p. left (left) ; p. p r . <fc v b. n. 
leav'ing (lev'Tng). [AS. laefan.] 1. To allow or cause to 
remain ; as, a wound leaves a scar ; have remaining at 
death ; hence : to bequeath ; devise. 2. To let remain unre- 
moved or undone. 3. To let be without interference ; per- 
mit to be done, controlled, or the like, by another ; hence : 
to commit ; refer. 4. To put, place, deposit, or the like, so 
as to allow to remain. 5. To withdraw or depart from. 6. 
To desert ; forsake ; hence, to relinquish. 7. To cease from ; 
desist from ; stop ; as, to leave complaining. 
JS^The use of leave for let in to leave (one) be, to leave go 
(of), etc., is contrary to good usage. 

Syn. Quit ; resign, surrender, forego. — Leave, quit. 
Leave signifies merely an act of departure ; quit implies a 
going without intention of return, or a final abandonment. 
to leave off. a To desist from ; stop, b To cease wearing 
or using, c To forsake, as a habit. 

— v. i. 1. To depart ; set out. Colloq. 2. To cease ; desist. 
leave (lev), v . i. ; leaved (levd) ; leav'ing. [See leaf.] To 

send out leaves ; leaf ; — often used with out. 

leaved (levd), a. Having (such or so many) leaves"; — used 
chiefly in composition. 

leav'en (lev''n), n. [F. levain, L. levamen alleviation ; but 
taken as meaning a raising, that which raises, fr. levare to 
raise.] 1. Any substance used to produce fermentation, 
as in dough ; esp., a portion of fermenting dough reserved 
for this use ; yeast. 2. Sometimes, any ferment. 3. An ad- 
mixture or element that modifies or tempers the whole. 

— v. t. 1. To make light with leaven ; cause to ferment. 2. 
To permeate with a transforming element or admixture ; 
imbue ; impregnate ; — sometimes implying corruption. 

leav'en-ing (-'n-Ing), p. pr. & vb. n. of leaven. Specif. : 
vb. n. 1. Act of making light, or causing to ferment, by 
means of leaven. 2. That which leavens, or makes light. 

leav'er (lev'er), n. One who leaves. 

leaves (levz), n., pi. of leaf. 

leav'ing Oev'ing), vb. n. 1. Thing left ; remnant ; residue ; 

— usually in pi. 2. In pi. Refuse ; offal. 
leav'y (lev'i), a. Leafy. Chiefly Poetic. 

lech'er (lech'er), n. [OF. lecheor, -eur, glutton, libertine, 
lechier to lick.] A man given to lewdness ; a debauchee. 

lech/er-ous (-fts), a. Given to, or characterized by, lechery ; 
lustful ; also, inciting to lechery. — lech'er-OUS-ly, adv. 

— lech'er-ous-ness, n. 

lech'er-y (lech'er-I), n. Free indulgence of lust ; lewdness. 

lec'i-thin (les'i-thin), n. [Gr. Xe/ci0os the yolk of an egg.] 
Physiol. Chem. Any of several complex nitrogenous sub- 
stances found esp. in the brain and nerve tissue, in yolk of 
eggs, and in the white blood corpuscles. Lecithin is used 
in medicine for its phosphorous content. 

lec'tern (lek'tern), n. [OF. letrun, LL. lectrum, it. L. le- 
gere, lectum, to read.] A reading desk, in some churches, 
from which the lections, or lessons, are read. 

lec'tion (-shun), n. [L. lectio, fr. legere, lectum, to read.] 
1. A reading ; a variation in the text. 2. A lesson or selec- 
tion, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service. 

lec'tiqn-a-ry Gek'shun-a-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A book, 
or a list, of lections, for reading in divine service. 

lec'tor (-tor), n. [L.] Eccl. Orig., one who read the les- 
sons ; now, It. C. Ch., one ordained to a minor order, re- 
garded chiefly as a step to the priesthood. 

lec'ture (-tjir), n. [LL. lectura, fr. L. legere, lectum, to 
read.] 1. A reading ; a lection. Archaic. 2. A discourse ; 
esp., a formal discourse for instruction. 3. A reprimand 
from one in authority. — v. i.; -ttjred (-tyrd), -tur-ing 
(-^ur-ing). To deliver a lecture or lectures. — v. t. 1. To 
read or deliver a lecture to ; instruct by lectures. 2. To 
reprove formally ; reprimand ; rebuke. 



lec'tnr-er (-tjjr-er), n. One who lectures, as to classes in a 
college, or before the public. 

led (led), pret- & p. p. of lead. 

Le'da (le'dd), n. [L., fr. Gr. A»?5a.] Gr. Myth. The wife of 
a king of Sparta, and mother of Castor and Pollux, Clytem- 
nestra, and Helen of Troy. See these terms. 

ledge (lej), n. [ME. legge a bar.] 1. A projecting ridge 
or raised edge ; shelf. 2. A narrow flat surface or shelf, esp. 
one that projects, as from a wall of rock. 3. A ridge or reef 
of rock. 4. A lode or vein. 

ledg'er (lej'er), n. 1. Bookkeeping. A book in which a 
summary of accounts is preserved ; the final book of record 
in business transactions. 2. Arch, a A large flat stone, 
esp. one laid over a tomb, b A horizontal piece of timber 
secured to the uprights supporting the putlogs in a scaffold- 
ing, etc. 3. ( In this sense sometimes leger. ) A ledger 
bait or line. — a. Also leg'er. Lying or remaining in a 
place ; — now used only in : ledger line, ledger bait, fish- 
ing bait attached to a floating line fastened to the bank, etc. 

ledg'y (-1), a. Abounding in ledges ; consisting of a ledge. 

lee (le), n. [AS. hleo, hleow, shelter.] 1. Shelter ; protec- 
tion ; a sheltered place ; esp., Chiefly Naut., a place or side 
protected from the wind. 2. Naut. The quarter toward 
which the wind blows ; that side, as of a ship, farthest from 
the point from which the wind blows. — a. Naut. Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, the lee, as of a ship ; — opp. to weather. 
lee shore, a shore that the wind blows toward . — lee tide, 
a tide running in the same direction in which the wind blows. 

lee, n. ; pi. lees (lez). [F. lie.'] That which settles at the 
bottom, as of a cask of liquor (esp. wine) ; sediment ; dregs ; 
— now used only in pi. 

lee'an'gle, li'an'gle (le'ar/g'D. n. [From native name.] A 
heavy weapon of the Australian aborigines with a sharp- 
pointed end projecting at right angles from the main part. 

lee'board / (le'bord'; 57), n. A board, or frame of planks, 
lowered over the lee side of a vessel when close-hauled, to 
lessen her leeway by giving her greater draft. 

leech (lech), n. Naut. Either edge of a square sail ; the after 
edge of any fore-and-aft sail. 

leech, n. [AS. Ixce.] 1. A physician or surgeon. Archaic. 
2. Any of a numerous class (Hirudinea) of carnivorous or 
bloodsucking worms, including a European fresh-water spe- 
cies (Hirudo medicinalis) used by physicians, esp. for- 
merly, to bleed patients. 3. Med. An apparatus for drawing 
blood by suction. 4. One who clings to another to draw 
gain from him. [means of leeches. I 

— v. t. 1. To cure ; heal ; doctor. Archaic. 2. To bleed by| 
leek (lek), n. [AS. leac] A liliaceous plant (Allium por- 

rum), in flavor resembling the onion, but with a smaller 
bulb and edible leaves. [plexion ; aspect. Obs. I 

leer (ler), n. [AS. hleor cheek, face.] The cheek ; also, com-| 

leer, a. Empty ; void ; unladen. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

leer, v. i. To look askance or obliquely, esp. lustfully or 
malignly. — n. A look or cast of the eye_ conveying a sly, 
sinister, or immodest suggestion. — leer'ing-ly, adv. 

leer'y (ler'i), a. Knowing ; suspicious. Slang. 

leer'y, a. Leer, or empty. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

lees (lez), n. pi. Dregs. See 2d lee. 

leet (let), n. [LL. leta.] Eng. Hist. A kind of manor court, 
or its jurisdiction, or a day on which it was held. 

lee'ward (le'werd ; naut. lu'erd), a. Naut. Pert, to, or in 
the direction of, the lee ; — opp. to windward. — n. The 
lee side ; the lee. — adv. Toward the lee. 

lee'way' (le'waO.n. 1. Naut. Lateral movement or devi- 
ation of a ship to leeward. 2. Margin or room, as for ac- 
tion. Colloq. 

left (left), pret. & p. p. of LEAVE. 

left, a. [ME. left, lift, luft.] 1. Designating, or pert, to, 
that side of the body on which, in man, muscular action is 
generally weaker than on the other side ; — opp. to right. 
Used also of the corresponding side of any other animal and 
of the side of any object that is or would be on this side of 
a person facing its front. 2. Situated to the left ; as, the 
left side of a deliberative meeting is that to the left of the 
presiding officer ; the left bank of a river is that to the left 
of a person facing downstream. 

— n. 1. That part of space toward which the left side of 
one's body is turned ; the part on the left side. 2. [Usually 
cap. as used of a particular group.] Those members of 
a European legislature who have seats to the left ; hence, 
the liberal, radical, or democratic party, whose representa- 
tives commonly occupy those seats. See center, n., 6. 

left'-hand', a. 1. Situated on the left. 2. Left-handed. 

left'-hand'ed (-han'ded; 24, 109), a. 1. Having the left 
hand more dexterous than the right ; using the left hand in 
preference to the right. 2. Done or made with the left hand 
instead of the right. 3. Morganatic. 4. Clumsy ; awkward ; 
unlucky ; insincere ; as, a left-handed compliment. 5. Hav- 
ing a contraclockwise direction. — left'-hand'ed-ness, n. 

leg (leg), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. A limb of an animal 
supporting the body ; specif., that part of the limb between 
the knee and foot. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, a 



( 









K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word* + combined with. * equals, juj 



LEGACY 



566 



LEMUR 



leg in form or use ; as : a One of the supports of a piece of 
furniture, b One of the sides of a pair of compasses. C 
Naut. The course and distance made by a vessel on one 
tack, d Math. Either side of a triangle as disting. from the 
base or, in a right triangle, from the hypotenuse. 3. The 
part of a garment covering the leg. 4. A bow or obeisance ; 
a scrape ; — esp. in to make a leg. Obs., Archaic, or Joc- 
ular. 5. Cricket. That part of the on side of the field near, 
and in a line with, the batsman. 

— v. i. & t. ; legged (legd) ; leg'ging (lSg'ing). To use the 
legs, as in walking or running ; — usually used with it. 

leg'a-cy (leg'd-sl), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [OF. legacie office 
of a legate, legat legate, L. legatus.l; 1. The office, func- 
tion, or commission of a legate or delegate. 06s. or Rare. 

2. A gift of property, esp. personal property, by will ; be- 
quest. 3. That which comes from an ancestor or, prede- 
cessor ; as, a legacy of shame. 

le'gal (le'gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law.] 1. Of, 
pert, to, or based on, law. 2. In conformity with law ; law- 
ful. 3. Enforced ; protected, etc., in courts of law ; — dis- 
ting. from equitable. 4. Theol. a According to the Mosaic 
law or dispensation, b According or pert, to salvation by 
works, as disting. from free grace. — Syn. See lawful. 
legal memory, the legal recognition of past events or facts 
as affecting rights. Cf. time immemorial. — 1. separation. 
See a mensa et thoro. — 1. tender, that currency or 
money which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and re- 
quires a creditor to receive in payment of money obligations. 

le'gal-ism (-Iz'm), n. Strictness, or the doctrine of strict- 
ness, in conforming to law, or, in theology, in adhering to 
the doctrine of justification by works (see legal, 4). — 
le'gal-ist (-1st), n. — le'gal-is'tic (-Ts'tlk), a. 

le-gal'i-ty (le-gal'I-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Conformity to, 
or observance of, law. 2. Quality of being legal ; lawfulness. 

3. The spirit or a characteristic of the legal profession 
le'gal-ize (le'gdl-7z), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'Ing). 

To make legal ; give legal sanction to. — le'gal-i-za'tion, n. 

le'gal-ly, adv. In a legal manner ; according to law. 

leg'ate (leg'at), n. [L. legatus, fr. legare to commission, 
depute, fr. lex, legis, law.] 1. An ecclesiastic representing 
the Pope. 2. Ambassador, envoy, or delegate. 3. Roman 
Hist, a An official assistant of a general or provincial 
governor, b Under the emperors, a governor sent to a 
province. — leg'ate-Ship, n. 

leg'a-tee' (-d-te'), n. One to whom a legacy is bequeathed. 

leg'a-tine (-tin ; -tin), a. Of or pertaining to a legate. 

le-ga'tion (le-ga'shun), n. [L. legatio."] 1. The commis- 
sion of one person to act for another. 2. A legate and his 
associates ; embassy ; deputation ; now, esp., a diplomatic 
minister and his suite when not of the first rank (embassy). 
3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic 
minister. 4. The office and dignity of a legate. 

|| le-ga'to (la-ga'to), a. & adv. [It., tied.] Music. Connected 
without breaks between the tones ; — opposed to staccato. 

leg bye. Cricket. A run made on a ball that has touched 
the batsman, but not his hand or the bat. Cf . bye. 

leg'end (lej'end ; le'jend), n. [OF. legende, fr. LL., fr. L. 
legendus to be read, legere to read.] 1. A story of life, as 
of a saint ; hence : a history ; a story, as of the life of a saint. 
06s. or Hist. 2. Any story coming down from the past, 
esp. one popularly taken as historical though not verifi- 
able ; a tradition. 3. An inscription, motto, or title, as on 
a coin. — Syn. See myth. 

leg'end-a-ry (lej'en-da-ri), a. Of or pert, to a legend or 
legends ; like a legend ; fabulous. — Syn. See traditional. 

leg'er (lej'er), a. Remaining in place. Var. of ledger. 

leg'er-de-main' (-de-man'), n. [F. Uger light + de of + 
main hand, L. manus.~] Sleight of hand ; a trick of sleight 
of hand ; any artful deception or trick. de-main'ist, n. 

legged (legd; in comb., -leg'gd or -legd), a. Having legs; 
— chiefly in combination ; as, a long-legged man. 

leg'ging (leg'ing), n. Also leg'gin. [From leg.] A cover 
for the leg, like a long gaiter ; — chiefly in pi. 

leg'gy (leg'i), a. Having long legs. 

leg'horn (leg'h6rn), n. 1. A plaiting made from a straw 
grown in Tuscany, Italy ; — from Leghorn, the place of 
exportation ; also, a hat or bonnet of it. 2. [_cap.'} One of 
an important breed of rather small hardy domestic fowls. 

leg'i-bil'i-ty (lej'i-bil'I-ti), n. Quality of being legible. 

leg'i-ble (lej'T-b'l), a. [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read.] 
Capable of being read or deciphered ; plain. — leg'i-ble- 
ness, n. — leg'i-bly, adv. 

le'gion (le'jun), n. [OF., fr. L. legio, fr. legere to gather, 
collect.] 1. Roman Antiq. A body of soldiers forming the 
principal army unit, varying from 3,000 foot soldiers and 
300 knights, or cavalrymen, in early times, to 6,000 foot 
soldiers under the empire. 2. Any of certain military 
bodies ; a military force ; an army. 3. A multitude. 
Legion of Honor or Honour, an order instituted by the 
French government in 1802, when Bonaparte was First 
Consul, as a reward for meritorious services, either civil or 
military. 



le'gion-a-ry (-£-ri), a. Of, or consisting of, a legion or 
legions. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rlz). A member of a legion. See 
soldier, Illust. 

leg'is-late (lgj'is-lat), v. L; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. 
To make or enact a law or laws. — v. t. To cause to be, 
become, go, pass, or the like, by legislation. 

leg'is-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. [L. legis latio. See legisla- 
tor.] Act of legislating; preparation and enactment of 
laws ; also, the laws thus enacted. 

leg'is-la-tive (lej'is-la-tlv), a. 1. Making laws ; — disting. 
from executive or administrative and judicial. 2. Of, 
pert, to, or suitable to, legislation or the legislature. — n. 
The legislative power, body, or department ; the legislature ; 

— opposed to executive. — leg'is-la-tive-ly, adv. 
leg'is-la'tor (lej'is-la'ter), n. [L. legis lator proposer of a 

law ; lex, legis, law + lator proposer.] One who makes 
laws for a state or community ; a member of a legislature. 

leg'is-la'ture (-tyr), n. The body of persons in a state in- ' 
vested with power to make the laws. 

le'gist (le'jist), n. One skilled in law. [legitimate. | 

le-git'i-ma-cy (le-jit'I-md-si), n. State or quality of being) 

le-git'i-mate (-mat), a. [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of legiti- 
mare to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate, fr. lex, 
legis, law.] 1. Lawfully begotten. 2. Real ; genuine ; not 
false. 3. Accordant with law ; lawful ; hence, existing or 
ruling by hereditary right, as a monarch. 4. Conforming 
to recognized principles or accepted rules or standards ; 
logically admissible ; reasonable. — Syn. See lawful. 

— (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. To make le- 
gitimate ; hence : to authorize ; justify. — le-git'i-mate-ly, 
adv. mate-ness, n. [mating.! 

le-git'i-ma'tion (-ma'shiin), n. Act or process of legiti-[ 

le-git'i-ma-tize (le-jlt'i-md-tlz), v. t. To legitimate. 

le-git'i-mist (-mist), n. One who supports legitimate or 
hereditary authority, esp. a monarchy ; specif. [capJ] , a 
supporter of the claims to the crown of France of the elder 
branch of the Bourbons. — le-git'i mism (-mTz'm), n. 

le-git'i-mize (-mlz), v. t. To legitimate. — le-git'i-mi-za'- 
tion (-mT-za'shi/n ; -mT-za'shun), n. 

leg'— of-mut'ton, a. Having the general shape or outline 
of a leg of mutton. — leg-of-mutton sail, a triangular 
sail with its apex at the masthead, used on small boats. 

leg'ume (leg'um ; le-gum'), n. [F. legume, L. legumen, fr. 
legere to gather ; because they may be picked without cut- 
ting.] 1. The fruit or seed of a leguminous plant, as the 
pea, bean, etc., used for food. 2. A leguminous plant. 3. A 
pod, usually dehiscent into two parts, having seeds attached 
along the ventral suture, as in the pea. See fruit, Illust. 

le-gu'min (le-gii'mTn), n. Chem. A proteid, resembling 
casein, in seeds of leguminous and grain-bearing plants. 

le-gu'mi-nous (-mi-nus), a. 1. Pert, to, or of the nature of. 
legumes, as peas, beans, vetch, clover, alfalfa, etc. 2. Bot. 
Belonging to a large order or family (Leguminosae) of 
dicotyledonous legume-bearing plants. 

lei'sure (le'zhur ; lezh'ur), n. [OF. leisir, orig., permission, 
fr. L. licere to be permitted.] 1. Freedom or opportunity 
afforded by exemption from occupation or business. 2. 
Time free from engagement or occupation ; hence : conven- 
ience ; ease. — a. Free ; as, leisure hours. 

lei'sure-ly, a. Characterized by leisure ; not hurried. — 
adv. In a leisurely manner. — lei'sure-li-ness, n. 

leit'mo-tif/ (llt'mo-tef), or || Leit'mo-tiv' (-tef'), n. [G. 
leit- leading + motiv motive.] Music. In music drama, a 
marked melodic phrase or short passage, expressive of, or 
associated with, a certain idea, person, or situation, and 
accompanying its reappearance in the play. 

lem'an (lem'an ; le'mdn), n. [ME. lemman, lefman; AS. 
leof dear + mann man.] A sweetheart or lover ; specif., 
a paramour ; esp., in later use, a mistress. Archaic. 

lem'ma (lem'd), n.; pi. L. lemmata (-d-td), E. lemmas 
(-dz). [L., fr. Gr. Xf^/ia anything assumed, \anjiavtiv to 
take, assume.] A preliminary or auxiliary proposition used 
in a demonstration of some other proposition, as in math- 
ematics, etc. 

lem'ming (-Ing), n. [Norw.] Any of several small arctic 
rodents (genera Lemmus and Dicrostonyx), having a very 
short tail, furry feet, and small ears. 

Lem'ni-an (lem'ni-dn), o. Of or pert, to the isle of Lemnos. 

— Lemnian bole, L. earth, a grayish yellow aluminous 
earth ; sphragide. — n. A native or inhabitant of Lemnos ; 
also, Poet., Hephaestus. 

lem'on (lem'un), n. [F. limon, Per. limun."] A light-yel- 
low acid fruit related to the orange ; also, the tree (Citrus 
medica limon) that bears it. — a. Lemon-colored. 

lem'on-ade' (-ad'), n. [F. limonade.'] A beverage con- 
sisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened. 

le'mur (le'miir), n. [L., a ghost, specter.] Any of numer- 
ous arboreal, chiefly nocturnal mammals, mostly native to 
Madagascar and adjacent islands. They are allied to the 
monkeys, but are usually regarded as constituting a distinct 
suborder ( Lemur oidea). Nearly all have a foxlike muzzle, 
large eyes, and soft woolly fur. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fkrn, fip. circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LEMURES 



567 



LESS 



lem'U-res (lem'u-rez), n. pi. [L. See lemur.] Roman 

Relig. Spirits of the dead ; ghosts. 
lem'U-rine (lem'u-rln ; -rln) \ a. Like or pertaining to the 

lem'U-roid (lem'u-roid) J lemurs. — n. A lemur. 

Le-nard' rays (le-nart')- Physics. Rays emanating from 
the outer surface of a plate composed of any material per- 
meable by cathode rays, as aluminium, which forms a por- 
tion of a wall of a vacuum tube, or which is mounted with- 
in the tube and is exposed to radiation from the cathode. 
They are similar in all their known properties to cathode 
rays. The German physicist Philipp Lenard (b. 1862) first 
described them. 

Lenard tube. Elec. A tube for producing Lenard rays. 

lend (lend), v. t.; pret. & p. p. lent (lent) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
lend'ing. [AS. Isenan, fr. Isen loan.] 1. To allow the use 
of, on condition of the return of the same or an equivalent 
in kind ; as, to lend a book or money ; — opposed to borrow. 
2. To afford ; grant ; furnish ; as to lend assistance. 3. To 
let for hire ; — mostly used of money. — v. i. To make a 
loan or loans. — lend'er, n. 

Syn. Lend, loan. Loan, for lend, is not in approved use, 
except sometimes in financial language. 

length (length), n. [AS. lengS, fr. lang, long, long.] 1. The 
longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction 
from breadth or width ; extent from end to end. 2. Extent 
in time, number, or quantity ; as, length of life. 3. Quality 
or state of being long, in space or time ; extent ; duration. 
4. A space considered as a measure ; as, a race won by two 
lengths. 5. Phon. & Pros. Of a vowel or syllable, quantity 
as long or short. See long, a., 8. 6. A single piece or sub- 
division of a series ; as, a length of pipe ; a length of fence. 
7. Detail or amplification ; continuance ; as, to pursue a 
subject to a great length. 

at length, a At or in the full extent ; without abbreviation. 
b At the end or conclusion ; after a long period. 

length/en (leng'th'n), v. t. & i. To make or become longer. 

length'i-ly (leng'thf-lT), adv. In a lengthy manner. 

length'i-ness, n. Quality of being lengthy. 

length'wise' (length'wlz'), adv. & a. In the direction of 
the length; longitudinally. — lengtb/ways' (-waz'), adv. 

length'y (leng'thT), a.; length'i-er (-thi-er) ; -i-est. Hav- 
ing length ; of discourse, long ; prolix ; of persons, Chiefly 
Colloq., tall. [duct. | 

le'ni-ence (le'nT-ens ; len'y&s), n. Lenient action or con-| 

le'ni-en-cy (-en-si; -yen-si), n. Quality of being lenient; 
lenity. — Syn. See mercy. 

le'ni-ent (le'ni-ent ; len'yent), a. [L. leniens, -entis, p. pr. 
of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild.] 1. Relaxing ; 
emollient ; softening. 2. Mild ; clement ; merciful ; not 
rigorous or severe. — le'ni-ent-ly, adv. 

len'i-tive (len'i-tlv), a. Having the quality of softening or 
mitigating, as pain or acrimony ; assuasive ; emollient. — n. 

1. A lenitive medicine or application ; specif., a laxative. 

2. That which softens or mitigates ; a palliative. 
len'i-ty (-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. lenitas, fr. lenis soft, 

mild.] State or quality of being lenient ; mildness ; tender- 
ness ; clemency ; also, a lenient act or action. — Syn. Gen- 
tleness, kindness, softness, humanity. See mercy. 

Len'ni-Len'a-pe (len'Men'd-pe), n. pi. The Delaware 
Indians ; sometimes, the Delawares and allied Algonquian 
tribes of the eastern United States. 

lens (lenz), n. [L. lens a lentil ; — from the lentil-like 
shape of a double convex lens.] 1. a A piece of 
transparent substance having two opposite 
regular surfaces, both curved, or one curved 
and one plane, used for changing the direction 
of rays of light. Of spherical lenses there are six 
varieties, as here shown in section : o plano- 
concave ; b double concave, or concavo-concave ; 
c plano-convex ; d double convex ; e converging 
concavo-convex, or converging meniscus ; / 
diverging concavo-convex, or diverging menis- 
cus, b A combination of two or more simple 
lenses. 2. In the eyes of animals with well- Lenses, 
developed visual organs, a transparent body of double con- 
vex (in many cases nearly spherical) form, serving to focus 
the light on the retina. See eye. 

lent, pret. & p. p. of lend. 

Lent (lent), n. [AS. lengten, lencten, spring, Lent.] 1. An 
annual season of fasting, consisting, in the Western Church, 
of the 40 week days (Sunday being always a feast) preceding 
Easter, the first being Ash Wednesday. 2. A period of 
fasting, as, in the Middle Ages, one before Christmas. 
len'ta-men'te (len'ta-men'taKadu. [It.] Music. Slowly. 
len-tan'do (len-tan'do), a. [It.] Music. Slackening ; re- 
tarding, = rallentando. 

Lent'en (len'ten), a. [Often I. c] 1. Of, pertaining to, or 
suitable to, Lent. 2. Spare ; meager ; plain ; somber. 

len'ti-cel (-tT-sgl), n. [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. lens, lentis, 
a lentil.] Bot. One of the cortical pores in the stems of 
woody plants by means of which air penetrates to the 
interior. On the surface they appear as lens-shaped spots. 





24- 

Leopard 



len-ticfu-lar (len-tik'u-ldr), a. [L. lenticular is.] 1. Re- 
sembling a lentil in size or form ; of the form of a double 
convex lens. 2. Of or pert, to a lens. [scurfy. I 

len-tig'i-nous (-tTj'I-nus), a. Of or pert, to lentigo ; freckly ; 
len-ti'gO(len-tI'go),n.p/.;-TiGiNES(-tij'I-nez). [L.,frJens, 

lentis, lentil.] A freckly eruption on the skin ; freckle. 
len'til (len'tll), n. [F. Untitle, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of 
lens, lentis, lentil.] [Usually in pi.] 1. A fabaceous 
annual plant (Lentilla lens), cultivated in southern Europe 
and the Orient for its edible seeds. 2. A seed of this plant. 
|| len'to (len'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Slow ; slowly. 
len'toid (len'toid), a. [See lens ; -oid.] Lens-shaped. 
il l'en-voi', or l'en-voy' (len-voi' ; F. laVvwa'), n. [F. le 
the + envoi a sending.] = envoy, n., 2. 

Le'O (le'o), n.; gen. Leonis (le-o'nls). [L. See lion.] 
Astron. a A northern constellation, between Cancer and 
Virgo, pictured as a lion ; the Lion, b The fifth sign [&] 
of the zodiac, which the sun enters about July 22d. 

Le^o-nid (le'6-md), n. ; pi. E. Leonids (-nidz), L. Leonides 
Oe-on'i-dez). [From Leo.] Astron. Any of certain shoot- 
ing stars of a recurrent star shower that appear to move 
in lines directed from the constellation Leo. 

le'o-nine (-6-nTn), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion.] 
Pert, to, or characteristic of, the lion. 

Le'o-nine, a. Of or pertaining to a person named Leo or 
Leoninus, as one of the thirteen popes named Leo. 
Leonine verse, a kind of Latin verse, in which the end of 
the line rimes with the word just before the middle caesura. 

leop'ard (lep'erd), n. [OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. XeoTrapSos; X«oi» 
lion + wdp5o$ pard.] 1. A large and ferocious 
spotted cat (Felis 
pardus) of Asia and 
Africa. Its color is 
tawny or buff with 
black spots ; — called 
also panther. The 
American leopard 
is the jaguar (Felis 
onca). 2. Her a 
A lion passant! 
g a r d a n t. — * 
leop'ard-ess,n. 
Jem. 

lep'er (le'p'er), n. [F. lepre leprosy, L. lepra, fr. Gr. Xe7rpo, 
fr. \eirp6s scaly, Xeiroi scale.] A person affected with leprosy. 

lep'er-ous (-us). Obs. var. of leprous. 

lep'i-dop'ter (lep'I-dop'ter), n. A lepidopteran. 

lep'i-dop'ter-an (-an), a. Lepidopterous. — n. A lepidop- 
terous insect. 

lep'i-dop'ter-OUS (lep'i-dop'ter-as), a. [Gr. \eirls, XeirlSos, 
a scale + intpov a feather, wing.] Belonging to a large 
order (Lepidoptera) of insects consisting of the butterflies 
and the moths. They have when adult four broad wings 
which are usually covered with minute, overlapping, often 
brightly colored scales. The larvae are commonly called 
caterpillars. 

lepl-do-si'ren (-d6-sl'ren), n. [Gr. Xeirls, X«n'5os scale -+• 
Gr. oeipyv a siren.] An eel-shaped dipnoan fish (Lepido- 
siren paradoxa) inhabiting the swamps of the Amazon. 

lep'i-dote (lep'i-dot). a. [Gr. X«xi5ojt6j, fr. Xeirls, -ISos, a 
scale.] Bot. Covered with scurfy scales, as oleaster leaves. 

lep'o-rine (-8-rIn ; -rin), a. [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, lepo- 
ris, hare.] Of, like, or pert, to, a hare. [scales.! 

lep'rose (-ros), a. Nat. Hist. Covered with thin, scurfy| 

lep'ro-sy (-ro-sT ), n. [See leprous.] Med. A chronic en- 
demic infectious disease caused by a microorganism (Bacil- 
lus leprae), and marked by tubercular nodules, ulcerations, 
and disturbances of sensation. It is nearly always fatal. 

lep'rous (-rSs), a. [OF., fr. L. leprosus, fr. lepra. See 
leper.] 1. Infected with, pertaining to, or resembling 
leprosy. 2. Causing leprosy. Obs. 3. Nat. Hist. Leprose. 

Ler-nae'an (ler-ne'an), a. Of or pertaining to Lerna, a lake 
or swamp near Argos ; as, the Lernsean hydra. 

lese maj'es-ty (lez maj'Ss-t!). Also leze majesty. [F. 
lese-majeste", fr. L. laesus, fem. laesa, injured -f- majestas 
majesty.] Law. Any crime committed against the sover- 
eign power ; often, specif., any of various offenses violating 
the dignity of a ruler as representating the sovereign power. 

Les'ghi-an. Var. of Lezghian. 

le'sion (le'zhzin), n. [F. lesion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, lae- 
sum, to injure.] A hurt ; injury ; specif., Med., any morbid 
change in exercise of function or in texture of an organ. 

less (les), a. [AS. lsessa.~] Used as the comparative of 
little. 1. Smaller ; not so great ; not so much. 2. Reduced 
by subtraction or omission ; as, nine less three. 3. In re- 
spect of age, rank, importance, etc.: Secondary ; inferior ; 
minor. Obs. or R., except as in "James the Less." 
Syn. Less, smaller, fewer. Less (opposed to greater, 
more) refers esp. to degree, value, or amount ; smaller 
(opposed to larger), esp. to size, dimensions, or amount; 
fewer (opposed to more), esp. to number; as, less noise, 
trouble, room, money ; a smaller quantity, number, com- 
pany ; he has fewer (not less) pupils than formerly. 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanation* of Abbreviations used in this work. Sign*, etc., precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



-LESS 



568 



LEVANTINE 



— adv. Not so much ; in a less degree ; as, less bright. 

— n. 1. A less amount. 2. The inferior, younger, or smaller. 

-less (-les). [AS. -Mas, also separately leas free from, with- 
out, deceitful, false.] A privative suffix used to form adjec- 
tives : 1. From nouns, and denoting : being without, free 
from, lacking, destitute of. 

Examples : childless, homeZess, being without, or desti- 
tute of, a child, a home ; seamZess, free from a seam. 
2. From verbs, and denoting : exempt from or not subject 
to (the action indicated by the verb) ; incapable of (being 
acted upon in the manner indicated by the verb). 

Example : resistZess, incapable of being resisted. 
[E^ 3 In some words formed with -less, the suffix has little 
more than the force of an emphatic not, non-, or un- ; as in, 
fadeless, not fading, unfading ; ceaseless, unceasing.^ 

les-see' (les-e'), n. Law. One to whom a lease is given. 

less'en (les''n), v. t. & i. 1. To make or become less; re- 
duce ; shrink ; diminish. 2. To represent as less ; esp., to 
disparage. — Syn. Decrease ; lower, impair, weaken. 

less'er (les'er), a. [See less, a.; -er.] Smaller; inferior. 
Lesser Bear. = Ursa Minor. — L. Dog. = Canis Minor. 

— 1. doxology. See Gloria. 

les'son (les''n), n. [F. lecon lesson, reading, fr. L. lectio a 
reading, legere to read.] 1. Eccl. A portion of Scripture 

| read at divine service. 2. A reading or exercise assigned to 
a pupil for study. 3. That which is learned or taught by an 
express effort ; instruction from precept, observation, etc. 
4. A severe lecture ; rebuke ; warning. — v. t. To teach ; 
instruct ; also, to rebuke ; hence, to punish as a lesson. 

les'sor (les'or ; les-6r'), n. Law. One who grants by lease. 

lest (lest), conj. [AS. 5y lees Se the less that.] 1. For 
fear that ; that . . . not ; in order that . . . not ; as, he would 
not speak, lest he might wake me ; do not be idle, lest you 
come to want. 2. That (without the negative particle) ; — 
after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension ; 
as, I feared lest I might anger him. 

let (let), v. t. [AS. lettan, fr. Iset slow.] To hinder ; impede ; 
prevent. Archaic. — n. 1. A retarding ; hindrance ; ob- 
stacle ; delay ; — now archaic, exc. in without let or hin- 
drance. 2. Lawn Tennis, Rackets, etc. An obstruction 
of the ball in some way specified as such in the rules. It 
results in the replaying of the stroke. 

let, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. let (Obs., let'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
let'ting. [AS. iMan (past tense let, p. p. listen).] l.To 
leave ; abandon ; — now archaic, exc. with alone or be. 2. 
To cause ; make ; — now only in to let {one) know. 3. To 
permit ; allow ; suffer ; as, to let go, to let fly, to let loose, 
also (the verb, as go or be, being omitted), to let out, etc. 4. 
To make escape, as a fluid ; discharge (a gun) ; — now rare 
exc. in : to let blood, to bleed. 5. To lease ; rent ; hire 
out; also, to give or assign, as a contract; — often used 
with out. — Syn. See hire. 

to let alone, to leave alone ; to refrain from interfering 
with ; also, in the imperative, not to mention ; as, honesty, 
let alone honor, was not in him. 

— v. i. To be let or leased ; as, the farm lets for $500. 
-let (-let). [From two French dim. endings -el (L. -ellus) 

and -et, as in bracelet.'] A suffix with a diminutive force, 

forming nouns, and meaning little. 
Examples : kinglet, little king ; streamZet, little stream. 
le'thal (le'thal), a. [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. letum death.] 

1. Deadly ; mortal ; fatal. 2. Of or relating to death. 
le-thar'gic (le-thar'jik), a. Pertaining to, affected with, 

causing, or resembling lethargy; morbidly drowsy; dull; 

heavy. — Syn. See sleepy. — le-thar'gi-cal (-ji-k31), a. 

— le-thar'gi-cal-ly, adv. 

leth'ar-gy (leth'dr-jT), n. [OF. litargie, L. lethargia, fr. Gr. 
\r)6apyia, fr. Xrjdapyos forgetful, X17077 forgetfulness.] 1. 
Morbid drowsiness ; profound sleep, from which one can 
scarcely be awakened. 2. A state of inaction or apathy. 
Syn. Lethargy, torpor, stupor. Lethargy connotes 
drowsiness or apathy ; torpor suggests extreme sluggish- 
ness or suspended animation ; stupor denotes, even more 
emphatically, heaviness and deadening of the faculties, 
even amounting to complete unconsciousness. 

Le'the (le'the), n. [L., fr. Gr. at?0»7, prop., forgetfulness.] 1. 
Myth. A river of Hades whose water, when drunk , caused one 
to forget the past. 2. Oblivion. — Le-the'an (le-the'an), a. 

le-thif'er-OUS (le-thYf'er-us), a. [L. lethifer, letifer; letum 
death + ferre to bear.] Deadly ; bringing death. 

Le'tO (le'to), n. [Gr. A^rw.] Gr. Myth. The mother of 
Apollo and Artemis by Zeus. In later myths she is the mis- 
tress of Zeus, and wanders about persecuted by Hera until 
she comes to Delos, where her children are born. 

Lett (let), n. One of a people, akin to the Lithuanians, 
whose main habitat is the Kurland peninsula of Russia. 

let'ter (let'er), n. One who lets or permits. 

let'ter, n. [F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L. littera, litera, a let- 
ter ; pi., an epistle, a writing, literature.] 1. An alphabetic 
symbol ; one of the characters used in writing or print to 
represent speech sounds. 2. a A written or printed com- 
munication of a direct or personal nature, as a letter of 



credit, or one authorizing a person named, or the addressee, 
to receive funds upon the account or credit of the writer. 
The plural was formerly used in the singular sense, and is 
still in many phrases, as letters of administration, etc. 
b In pi. Literature ; belles-lettres ; learning ; erudition ; as, 
a man of letters. 3. Verbal expression ; literal statement or 
meaning ; exact significance or requirement ; as, the letter 
of the law. 4. Print. A single type ; type collectively ; a 
style of type. 5. A size of paper, 10 by 16 inches. 
letters of marque (and reprisal) , a license granted by a 
sovereign authorizing seizure of foreigners or their goods in 
reprisal ; later, a commission authorizing privateering. 

— v. t. <fc i. To mark with letters or words. — let'ter-er, n. 

let'tered (-erd), p. a. 1. Literate ; educated. 2. Of or per- 
taining to learning or literature ; learned. 3. Inscribed, 
stamped, or marked with or as with letters. 

let'ter-gram (let'er-gram), n. Teleg. A telegram (day 
lettergram or night lettergram), longer than an ordinary 
message, sent at special low rates because subject to 
priority in service of regular messages ; — so called by the 
Postal Telegraph-Cable Company. Such telegrams are 
called by the Western Union Telegraph Company day 
letters or night letters, respectively. _ 

let'ter-head/ (-e'r-hEdO, n. A heading^ printed or engraved 
on letter paper ; a sheet of paper having such heading. 

let'ter-ing, n. 1. Act or business of making, or marking 
with, letters. 2. The letters made. 

let'ter— per'fect, a. Knowing the words or lines of a (play- 
er's) part, recitation, or the like, perfectly. 

let'ter-press' (-prey), n. Print ; — often used of reading 
matter in distinction from illustrations. 

Let'tic (leVik), o. 1. Designating, or belonging to, that 
branch of the Balto-Slavic subfamily of the Indo-European 
languages consisting of the Lithuanian and Lettish lan- 
guages. 2. =» Lettish, a. — Let'tic, n. 

Let'tish (-Tsh), a. Of or pert, to the Letts or their language. 

— n. The language of the Letts, a member of the Lettic 
branch of languages. 

let'tuce (lSt'Is), n. [Prob. fr. OF. laitues, pi. of laitue, fr. 
L. lactuca lettuce.] Any of a genus (Lactuca) of cichori- 
aceous plants ; esp., the common garden species (L. saliva). 

let'— Up', n. [See let to forbear.] Abatement ; relaxation ; 
cessation ; as, it rained a week without let-up. Colloq. 

le'U (le'oo), n. ; pi. lei (la). [Roumanian leu, pi. lei, lit., 
lion. See lion.] A silver coin and the monetary unit of 
Roumania, equivalent to the franc (19.3 cents). 

leu'cine (lu'sm; -sen) n. Also -cin. [Gr. Xewcos white.] 
Physiol. Chem. A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, 
CsHio(NH2)C02H, formed in decomposition of albumi- 
nous matter by pancreatic digestion and otherwise. 

leu'cite^ (lu'slt), n. [Gr. Xewos white.] M in. A white or 
gray mineral found in igneous rocks, esp. recent lavas. It 
is a silicate of potassium and aluminium, KAl(Si03)«. 

leu'co-^ (lu'kS-). [Gr. X€dk6j white.] Combining form 
signifying white, colorless. 

leu'co-cyte (lu'ko-slt), n. Anat. A white blood corpuscle. 
Leucocytes are nucleated, amcebalike cells, and destroy 
foreign organisms, as bacteria. 

leu'CO-cy-thSB'mi-aH-sI-the'mT-d), n. [NL. ; leucocyte -f- 

leu'co-cy-the'ml-a J -hasmia.] Med. A disease in which 
the leucocytes are largely increased in number, the spleen 
or lymphatic glands are enlarged, etc. 

leu'co-cyt'ic (-sft'ik), a. Physiol. & Med. Of or pertaining 
to leucocytes ; characterized by an excess of leucocytes. 

leu / CO-cy-tO / sis (-sl-to'sls), n. _ [NL. ; leucocyte + -osis.] 
Physiol. & Med. An increase in the number of leucocytes 
in the blood. — leu'co-cy-tot'ic (-tot'ik), a. 

leu'co-plast (lu'kS-plast), n. Bot. One of the colorless plas- 
tids in the cytoplasm in the interior of tissues where light 
cannot penetrate. 

leu'cor-rhe'a \ (lu'ko-re'd), n. Med. A morbid discharge of 

leu'cor-rhoe'a/ mucus from the vagina ; the whites. 

lev (lef), n.; pi. leva (le'vd). [Bulgarian lew.] A silver 
coin and the monetary unit of Bulgaria, equivalent to the 
franc (19.3 cents). 

Le-vant' (le-vant'), n. [It. levante the east (where the sun 
rises), the Levant, deriv. of L. levare to raise.] 1. The 
East ; Orient. Obs., exc. specif., the countries washed by 
the eastern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous 
waters. 2. [Z. c] A levanter (the wind). 3. [Z. c] Levant 
morocco. — (le-vant' ; earlier, also lSv'ont), a. [Often I. 
c] Oriental ; eastern. 

Levant dollar. See dollar, 9. — L. morocco, a large- 
grained variety of morocco leather, prized for bookbinding. 

le-vant' (le-vant'), v. i. To run away from debts ; decamp. 
— le-vant'er, n. Both Slang, Eng. 

le-vant'er (le-van'ter), n. [Sometimes cap.] A strong 
easterly wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'ine (le-van'tTn ; lev'dn-tTn), a. [F. levantin, or It. 
levantino.] Of or pert, to the Levant. — n. 1. A native 
of the Levant. 2. [Z. c] A stout twilled silk fabric, foiimerly 
made in the Levant. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, ccmnect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LEVEE 



569 



LIAISON 



lev'ee (lev'e ; lev-e'), n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise, L. le- 
vare."] An embankment to prevent inundation ; also, a 
landing place or quay. Southern & West. U. S. — v. t.;-EED 
(lev'ed ;lev-ed r ) ;-ee-ing. To make levees on or along. U.S. 

lev-ee' (le-ve 7 or, esp. Brit., leVe), n. [F. lever, fr. lever to 
raise, L. levare.~] 1. A morning reception, esp. one held by 
a person of distinction. 2. In Great Britain and Ireland, a 
court assembly (held in the early afternoon) for men only. 

3. Any miscellaneous gathering of guests ; — applied esp. 
(U. S.) to the President's receptions. 

lev'el (leVel), n. [OF. livel, L. libella level, water level, 
plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, level.] 
1. a An instrument for finding, or adjusting by, a horizontal 
line or plane, b A measurement, with a level, of the differ- 
ence of altitude of two points. 2. Horizontal condition ; 
uniform altitude. 3. A horizontal surface. 4. A horizontal 
line or surface taken as an index of altitude, or distance 
above the sea level. 5. A certain position, rank, etc., con- 
ceived of as in one of several planes of different elevation ; 
as, to find one's level. 

— o. 1. Having no part higher than another ; having, or 
conforming to, the surface of the undisturbed liquid parts of 
the earth's surface. 2. Horizontal. 3. Physics. Perpendic- 
ular to all lines of force in a field of force ; equipotential. 

4. Of the same rank, condition, etc. ; specif. : a Even with 
anything else ; on the same footing ; of equal importance. 
b Phon. Without rising or falling inflection or accent. 5. 
Well-balanced ; just ; steady ; as, a level head. Colloq. 
Syn. Level, flat, even, smooth (esp. as applying to sur- 
faces). That is level which is without inclination ; fiat 
ejnphasizes rather the absence of marked curvature, prom- 
inences, or depressions, and often implies monotony ; as, 
level as a floor ; the flat surface of a table, flat and uninter- 
esting country. Even suggests esp. uniformity ; smooth im- 
plies evenness without appreciable break to sight or touch ; 
a surface may be even or smooth without being level or flat. 

— adv. In a straight or level line ; directly. 

— v. t. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. 1. To 
make level, flat, or even. 2. To bring to a horizontal posi- 
tion, as a gun ; hence, to aim. 3. To bring to a common 
level or plane, esp. as to rank, privilege, etc. ; also, to bring 
to a level with. 4. To bring to a lower level ; overthrow ; 
lower. 5. Surv. To find the heights of different points in 
(a piece of land), -as with a surveyor's level. 6. To make 
even, equal, or uniform, as in color. — v. i. 1. To aim a 
gun, etc. ; direct the eye, mind, or effort to an object. 2. 
To bring persons or things to a level. 

lev'el-er, lev'el-ler (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 

levels. 2. One who would remove social or political inequali- 
ties or distinctions. 
leveling rod, levelling rod. Surv.^ A graduated rod used 

in measuring distance between points on the ground and 

the line of sight of a surveyor's level. 
lev'el-ness, n. State or quality of being level. 
le'ver (le'ver ; leVer), n. [OF. leveor, prop., a lifter, fr. F. 

lever to raise, L. levare."] A 

rigid piece capable of turning 

about one point, or axis (the 

fulcrum), and having two or 

more other points where forces 

are applied ; — used for trans- 
mitting and modifying force 

and motion. Specif., a bar used 

to exert force at one point of 

its length, by application of a 

force at a second, and turning 

at a third (fixed) point called 

the fulcrum. 

— v. t. To raise, move, etc., 
with a lever. 

le'ver-age (-aj), n. Action of a 

lever, or mechanical advantage gained by the lever. 
lev'er-et (leVer-et), n. [Dim. of F. lievre hare.] A hare in 

its first year. [Levite.I 

Le'vi (le'vi), n. [Heb. Levi."] Bib. A son of Jacob. See| 
lev'i-a-ble (lev'i-d-b'l), a. That may be levied or levied on. 
le-vi'a-than (le-vl'd-than), n. [L., fr. Heb. livyathan.'] 

1. An aquatic animal mentioned in the Old Testament, the 
Hebrew word probably denoting a crocodile (Job xli. 1-8 ; 
Ps. lxxiv. 14), a whale (Ps. civ. 26), or elsewhere a dragon. 

2. Something huge and formidable of its kind ; — applied 
esp. to ships. 3. The political organism ; the common- 
wealth ; — introduced by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). 

lev'i-er (leVI-er), n. One who levies. 

lev'i-gate (-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed), -gat'ing. [L. 
levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, levis smooth.] 
To make smooth ; as : a To free from grit ; reduce to an 
impalpable powder or paste, b To mix thoroughly, as 
liquids, c To polish. — a. Smooth, as if polished. 

lev i-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of levigating. 

lev'in (-In), n. Lightning. Now Literary. 

lev'i-rate (lev'i-rat; le'vi-), n. [L. levir a husband's 




w 




5 ,<g^ 



zr 

F 

r 
5Z. 



The Three Classes of Le- 
vers. F Fulcrum; P Pow- 
er ; W Weight. 



brother.] A custom, as among the ancient Hebrews, ac- 
cording to which the brother of a man who dies leaving a 
widow but no children (or no male child) is obliged to 
marry the widow (cf. Gen. xxxiii., Deut. xxv.). 

lev'i-tate (lev'I-tat), v. %.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed); -tat'ing. 
[See levity.] To rise by or as if by lightness or buoyancy. 

lev'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. [See levity.] 1. Act or process 
of levitating. 2. The phenomena or illusion of maintaining 
or moving heavy objects, as the human body, in the air 
without support ; also, the subjective illusion of rising into 
or moving through the air without support, as in dreams. 

Le'vite (le'vlt), n. Bib. Hist. One of the tribe or family of 
Levi, esp. one designated to aid the priests in the care of 
the tabernacle, sacred vessels, and Temple. 

Le-vit'i-cal (le-vTt'I-kal), a. [L. Leviticus, Gr. Atuln/cot.] 
Of or pert, to a Levite or Levites, or the law contained in 
the book of Leviticus. 

Levitical degrees, the degrees of relationship within which 
marriage is forbidden in Lev. xviii. 

Le-vit^i-cus (-kws), n. The third book of the Pentateuch, 
containing the ceremonial laws for the priests and Levites. 

lev'i-ty (leVI-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. levitas, fr. levis 
light in weight.] 1. Lightness ; buoyancy. 2. Lack of 
gravity in deportment or character ; unseemly frivolity. 
3. Instability ; fickleness. — Syn. Thoughtlessness, un- 
steadiness, volatility, flightiness. See lightness. 

le'vo-ro- ta'tion, lae'vo-ro-ta'tion Oe'vo-ro-ta'shSn), n. 
[L. laevus left + E. rotation.'] Physics. Left-handed, 
or counterclockwise, rotation, as in polarization of light. 

le'vo-ro'ta-to-ry.lse'vo-ro'ta-to-ry (-ro'td-to-rI),a. Phys- 
ics. Turning or rotating the plane of polarization toward 
the left, as certain compounds, crystals, etc. 

lev'u-lin (lev'u-lTn), n. Chem. A substance resembling 
dextrin. By decomposition it yields levulose. [sugar 

lev'u-lose (-los), n. [L. laevus left + -ose.~\ Chem. Fruit 

lev'y (lev'1), n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise. See lever" 
Act or process of levying or that which is levied, 
levy in mass, Mil., a levy of all able-bodied men ; also, the 
body of men liable to service in the final reserve, in coun- 
tries where the system of a regular army with various 
classes of reserves prevails. 

— v. t.; lev'ied (-id); lev'y-ing (-i-Tng). 1. To raise or 
collect, as by assessment or execution. 2. Law. In the 
phrase to levy a fine, to establish a fine, or compromise, esp. 
of a suit for lands. See fine, n. 3. To raise or collect (as 
troops) for service. 4. To make or carry on (war). — v. i. 
To make a levy, as on property. 

lewd (lud), a. [ME. lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. 
Isewede laical.] 1. Wicked ; bad ; vicious. Archaic. 2. 
Lustful ; unchaste. — Syn. Libidinous, licentious, sen- 
sual, impure, lascivious. — lewdly, adv. — lewd'ness, n. 

lew'is (lii'is), n. Also lew'is-son (-T -sun). An iron tenon 
in sections which fit into a dovetail mortise, 
— to hoist stones, etc. 

|] lex (leks), n.;pl. leges (le'jez). [L.] Law. 

lex'i-cal ( lek'si-kdl ), a. 1. Of or pert, to the 
vocabulary of a language. 2. Of or pert, to a 
lexicon or lexicography. 

lex'i-COg'ra-pher (-kog'rd-fer), n. [Gr. Xe£i- 
Koypa4yot; \e£in6v dictionary -f- ypd<petu to 
write.] An author or compiler of a lexicon or 
dictionary. 

lex'i-COg'ra-phy (-kog'rd-fT),n. Art, process, 
or work of making a lexicon or dictionary. — 
lex'i-co-graph'ic, lexl-co-graph'i-cal, o. 

lex'i-COn (lek'si-kon), n. [Gr. \e£iic6v (sc. fapXLov), neut. 
of \ej-LKos of words, X«£is a speaking, fr. \kyeiv to speak.] A 
dictionary, esp. one of Greek, Hebrew, or Latin. 

Ley'den jar (ll'den). Elec. A glass jar coated inside and 
out with tinfoil, for about three fourths of its 
height, used to accumulate electricity ; — in- 
vented in Leiden (or Leyden) , Holland. 

leze maj'es-ty. Var. of lese majesty. 

Lez'ghi-an (lez'gi-an), n. One of the hardy 
mountaineers of Dagestan, eastern Caucasia ; 
also, their language, an agglutinative tongue. 

li'a-bil'i-ty (li'd-bll'i-ti), n. : pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
State or quality of being liable. 2. That, as an 
obligation, for which one is liable ; specif., in pi., 
debts collectively ; — opp. to assets. 

li'a-ble QI'd-b'l), a. [From F. Her to bind, L. 
ligare.] 1. Bound in law or equity ; responsi- 
ble ; answerable. 2. Exposed to a certain unde- Leyden 
sirable and more or less probable contingency or Jar. 
casualty ; — used with to. — Syn. See apt, responsible. 

H li'ai'son' Qe'a'zoN'), n. [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare to 
bind.] 1. Cookery. A thickening, usually of eggs, for 
sauces, soups, etc. 2. An illicit intimacy between a man 
and a woman. 3. Phon. In spoken French, the joining of 
adjacent words by carrying over a final consonant to a 
word beginning with a vowel or an h not "aspirate," as in 
aux armes (pron. o-zarm'), to arms ! 




Lewis, a a 
Dovetail 
Section ; 6 
Key ; C Bolt. 




( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviation* u«ed in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vecabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 



LIANA 



570 



LICH GATE 



li-a'na (IS-a'nd; lt-an'd), n. Also li-ane' (H-an'). [F. 
liane.] Any climbing perennial plant having woody stems, 
as a grapevine. Lianas are characteristic of certain tropical 
regions, as the forests of the Amazon. 

li'ar (ll'er), n. A person who knowingly utters a falsehood ; 
one who lies ; an untruthful person. 

Li'as (ll'ds), n. [F. liais sort of limestone.] Geol. The 
oldest division of the European Jurassic system, being a se- 
ries of argillaceous limestone. — Li-as'sic (ll-as'Ik), a. & n. 

li-ba'tion (11-ba'shun), n. [L. libatio, fr. libare to taste, 
pour out as an offering.] 1. Act of pouring out a liquid, as 
wine, in honor of a deity ; the liquid poured ; a drink offer- 
ing. 2. A potation ; a drinking. Affected or Humorous. 

||li-bec'cio (le-bet'cho), n. Incorrectly also li-bec'chio. 
[It. libeccio, fr. Gr. \l\f>, Xij86s.] The southwest wind. 

li'bel (ll'bel), n. [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, libel, 
lampoon, dim. of liber book.] 1. A brief writing. Obs. 
2. Any public defamatory writing, as a handbill. Obs. or 
R. 3. Law. Any representation wrongfully published and 
tending to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or 
ridicule ; also, the^ act, tort, or crime of so publishing it. 

4. Law. In some jurisdictions, as under the civil law or in 
admiralty or ecclesiastical courts, a written complaint be- 
ginning an action, and demanding relief. 5. Any defama- 
tory or unjustly unfavorable statement or representation. 

— v. t. ; -beled (-beld) or -belled ; -bel-ing or -bel-ling. 

1. To make or publish a libel against. 2. Law. To proceed 
against by filing a libel. 

li'bel-ant, li'bel-lant (ll'bel-dnt), n. One who institutes a 
suit by a libel. See libel, n., 4. 

li'bel-ee', li'bel-lee' (-&'), n. Law. One against whom a 
libel has been filed ; — corresp. to defendant in common law. 

li^bel-er, li'bel-ler, n. One who libels. 

li'bel-OUS, li'bel-lous (-ws), a. Including or involving a 
libel ; defamatory. — li'bel-ous-ly, li'bel-lous-ly, adv. 

lib'er-al (lib'er-dl), a. [F. liberal, L. liberalis, it. liber 
free.] 1. Befitting a man of free birth ; not servile or 
mean ; esp., not narrowly restricted by pecuniary or utilita- 
rian considerations ; as, a liberal education. 2. Bestowing, 
or bestowed, in a large and noble way ; generous ; ample ; 
as, a liberal gift. 3. Free from restraint ; hence, licentious. 
Archaic. 4. Not strict or rigorous ; free, as a translation. 

5. Broad-minded ; not bigoted ; catholic. 6. Not bound by 
established forms in political or religious philosophy; 
independent in opinion ; not conservative ; often, specif., 
having tendency toward democratic or republican, as distin- 
guished from monarchical or aristocratic, forms. Hence 
[cap.], designating a political party in some countries, 
notably England. Cf. conservative. 

Syn. Liberal, generous, bountiful, munificent. As 
applied to giving, liberal suggests freedom or abundance, 
generous emphasizes the idea of warm-hearted readiness 
to give ; as, a liberal allowance (one that is plentiful) ; a 
generous allowance (one that shows readiness to give, 
though perhaps small in itself). Liberal also suggests free- 
dom from prejudice or narrowness ; generous, magnanimity, 
esp. in judging ; as, liberal opinions ; a generous opponent. 
Bountiful suggests abounding liberality ; munificent, 
splendid or princely generosity. 

liberal arts [L. artes liberates, the higher arts, which the 
Romans allowed only freemen to pursue], in the Middle 
Ages, the seven branches of learning, — grammar, logic, 
rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. 
The liberal arts now include the sciences, philosophy, his- 
tory, etc., composing the course of academical or collegiate 
education. Hence, master of arts ; bachelor of arts, etc. 

— n. 1. One liberal in thought or principle ; one who favors 
greater freedom in political or religious matters. 2. [.cap.'] 
A member of the Liberal party. 

lib'er-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. Liberal principles and theories. — 
lib'er-al-ist, n. — lib'er-al-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 

lib'er-al'i-ty (Wer-al'I-tf), n.; pi. -ties (-tYz). 1. Quality 
or state of being liberal. 2. A gift ; gratuity. 

lib'er-al-ize (lib'er-dl-Tz), v. t. & i. To make or become 
liberal. — lib'er-al-iz'er, n. — lib'er-al-i-za'tion, n. 

lib'er-al-ly, a. In a liberal manner. 

lib'er-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. libera- 
tus, p. p. of liberare to free, liber free.] 1. To release from 
restraint ; free. 2. To disengage ; free from combination, 
as gases. — Syii. Deliver, emancipate. See release. 

lib'er-a'tion (-a'shSn), n. A liberating; state of being 
liberated. [erer.l 

lib'er-a'tor (lYb'er-a'ter), n. One who liberates; a deliv-j 

Li-be'ri-an (11-be'rY-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Liberia. — 
n. A native or citizen of Liberia. 

lib'er-ta'ri-an (llb'er-ta'ri-an ; 3), n. One who holds to the 
doctrine of free will ; also, one who upholds the principles 
of liberty, esp. individual liberty of thought and action. 

lib'er-tin-age (lft/er-tYn-aj), n. Libertinism in conduct. 

Ub'er-tine (-ttn), n. [L. libertinus freedman, fr. libertus 
one made free, liber free.] 1. Roman Antiq. A freedman. 

2. One free from restraint or self-restraint ; now, specif., a 
rake ; debauchee. — a. 1. Freed from slavery. Hist. 2. 



Free from restraint. 06s. or R. 3. Dissolute, profligate. 

lib'er-tin-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Licentious conduct ; lewdness. 
2. Freedom in religious matters, regarded as excessive; 
freethinking. Obsoles. 

lib'er-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tYz). [F. liberty, fr. L. liber- 
tas, fr. liber free.] 1. Freedom ; — opposed to slavery, 
serfdom, subjection, etc. 2. State, or sum of the rights 
and immunities, of those whose rights and privileges are 
protected by an organized civil community (civil liberty), 
or of those who share effectually in their government 
(political liberty), or of those who are free to exercise their 
individual rights (individual liberty). 3. Freedom from 
external restraint or compulsion; power to do as one 
pleases ; state of being disengaged. 4. Power of choice ; 
freedom in willing. 5. A privilege or license in violation of 
propriety ; as, to take a liberty. 6. Place in which certain 
immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. 7. 
Privilege; franchise; right or immunity. 8. A certain 
amount of freedom ; the limits within which such freedom 
is exercised ; as, the liberties of a prison. — Syn. See free- 
dom, [symbol of liberty.) 

liberty cap. A kind of close-fitting cap often used as a] 

li-bid'i-noUS (H-bTd'i-nSs), a. [L. libidinosus, fr. libido, 
libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it pleases.] 
Lustful ; lascivious. — Syn. Lecherous, salacious. — li- 
bid'i-nous-ly, adv. — li-bid'i-nous-ness, n. 

li'bra (ll'brd),n. JL., a balance.] I.Rom. Antiq. A pound, 
= 0.718 lb., avoirdupois. 2. [cap.] Astron.; gen. Libr^ 
(-bre) . a A southern zodiacal constellation between Virgo 
and Scorpio, pictured as a balance, or scales ; the Balance. 
b The seventh sign [— ] of the zodiac, which the sun enters 
at the autumnal equinox, about September 22d. 

li'bra (le'bra), n. [Sp.] A gold coin of Peru, equal to ten 
soles, or the pound sterling ($4.8665). 

li-bra'ri-an (IT-bra'rT-dn ; 3), n. One in charge of a library. 

li'bra-ry (ll'bra-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [F. librairie book- 
seller's shop, formerly, a library, libraire bookseller, L. 
librarius, fr. liber book.] 1. An apartment or building 
devoted to collected books ; also, an establishment for the 
custody, control and circulation of a collection of books. 
2. A collection of books for study or reading. 3. A com- 
mercial establishment for the renting of books, etc. 4. A 
series of books, similar in some way, issued by the same 
publishing house. . 

li'brate (-brat), v. i. ; -brat'ed (ll'brat-Sd) ; -brat-ing. [L. 
libratus, p. p. of librare to balance, libra balance.] To 
vibrate as a balance does ; hence, to be poised. 

li-bra'tion (11-bra'shftn), n. 1. Act or state of librating, or 
of being balanced or poised. 2. Astron. A real or apparent 
oscillatory motion, like that of a balance. 
libration of the moon, a slow apparent axial swinging of 
the visible half of the moon's surface, causing parts near 
the limb or edge to be alternately visible and invisible. 

li'bra-to-ry (ll'brd-to-ri), a. Balancing ; librating. 

li-bret'tist (li-bret'ist), n. A libretto writer. 

li-bret'to (-5), n. ; pi. E. -tos (-oz), It. -ti (-te). [It., dim. 
of libro book.] Music, a The text of an opera or for an 
extended piece of music, b The book containing the text. 

li'bri-form (lT'brT-form), a. [L. liber inner bark of a tree 
-f- -form.] Bot. Having the form of or resembling bast. 

Lib'y-an (ITb'T-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Libya. — n. 1. 
A native or inhabitant of Libya. 2. The Libyan language. 

lice (lis), n., pi. of louse. 

li'cense, li'cence (ll'sens), n. [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. 
licere to be permitted.] 1. Authority or permission given 
to do or forbear any act ; also, the document embodying 
such permission. 2. Any permitted unusual freedom of 
action. 3. Excess of liberty ; disregard of law or propriety. 
4. Deviation from strict fact, form, or rule by an artist or 
writer for effect. — Syn. See freedom. 

— v. t. ; -censed or -cenced (-senst) ; -cens-ing, -cenc-ing. 
To permit or authorize, esp. by formal license ; give license 
to. — li'cens-er, -cenc-er, n. 

li'cen-see' f li'cen-cee' (ll'sen-se'), n. A person licensed. 

li-cen'ti-ate (IT-sen'shi-at), n. ' 1. One licensed, as by a 
university, to practice a profession or calling, as medicine. 
2. On the continent of Europe, a university degree inter- 
mediate between that of bachelor and that of doctor. 

li-cen'tious (-shfis), a. 1. Characterized by license; law- 
less ; immoral. 2. Lewd ; lascivious. — Syn. Uncurbed, 
unruly, wanton, profligate, dissolute, lax, loose, sensual, 
impure, unchaste.— li-cen'tious-ly, adv. tious-ness, n. 

lich (Itch), n. [AS. lie body.] A corpse. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

li'chee' fle'che'). Var. of litchi. 

li'chen (ll'ken), n. [L., fr. Gr. XeixV-] 1. One of a group 
of plants growing as epiphytes on rocks, bark, etc. A lichen 
is a composite organism, consisting of an ascomycetous 
(rarely basidiomycetous) fungus living symbiotically with 
an alga. 2. Med. An eruptive skin disease. 

— v. t. To cover with lichens. — li'chen-ous (-iis), a. 
li'chen-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. Botany treating of lichens. 
lich gate (lich). A covered gate, as to a churchyard, through 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LICIT 



571 



LIGAN 



which the corpse is carried to the church or burial place, 
and where the bier is placed to await the clergyman. Many 
such gates still remain in England. 

lic'it (lls'It), a. [L. licitus permitted, lawful, fr. licere to 
be permitted.] Lawful ; permitted. 

lick (lik), n. [See lick, v.] 1. A stroke of the tongue in 
licking. 2. A small quantity such as might be taken upon 
the tongue. 3. A quick, careless stroke or application, as 
if by a stroke of the tongue. Colloq. 4. A place where natu- 
ral salt is found and where wild animals resort to lick it 
up. 5. A burst of energy ; a spell (of work) ; also, speed ; — 
as in at full lick. Colloq. 

— v. t. [AS. liccian.'] 1. To draw or pass the tongue over. 

2. To pass or play over or about, like a tongue, as flames. 

3. Colloq. a To strike repeatedly for punishment, b To 
conquer, as in a fight. 

to lick the dust, to bite the dust ; to be slain. 

lick'er-ish, liq'uor-ish (lik'er-Ish), a. [From an OF. 
form, influenced by E. lick.'} 1. Eager ; craving ; esp., 
eager to taste or enjoy, as food. 2. Tempting the appetite ; 
dainty. 06s. or R. 3. Lustful. ish-ness, n. 

lick'ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A flogging ; a 
thrashing. Colloq. 3. A putting into shape. 

lick'-spit'tle, n. An abject parasite or toady. 

lic'O-rice, liq'UO-rice (lik'6-rls), n. [ME. licoris, through 
OF. fr. L. liquiritia, fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. 7Xwci>ppifa ; 
yXvicbs sweet + pifa root.] 1. A European fabaceous 
plant {Glycyrrhiza glabra) with pinnate leaves and spikes 
of blue flowers. 2. Its dried root or an extract from it. 

lic'tor (lik'tor), n. [L.] Roman Antiq. An officer (at- 
tendant on chief magistrates) who bore the fasces. 

lid (lid), n. [AS. hlid.2 1. That which covers the opening 
of a vessel, box, etc. ; a movable cover. 2. An eyelid. 3. 
Either cover of a book. Colloq. 4. Bot. a In mosses, the 
operculum, b The upper half of a pyxidium. — lid'ded, a. 

lid/less, a. Having no lid ; hence : sleepless ; watchful. 

lie (IT), n. [AS. lyge.~} 1. A falsehood uttered or acted to 
deceive. 2. Something which misleads or deceives ; as, his 
cordiality was a lie. 3. A charge of lying. — Syn. Untruth. 
See falsity, — v. i.; lied (lid); ly'ing (ll'Ing). [AS. 
leogan.} To utter falsehood with intent to deceive ; tell or 
act a lie ; — also used fig. ; as, figures do not lie. 

lie, v. i.; pret. lay (la) ; p. p. lain (Ian) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
ly'ing. [AS. licgan.~] 1. To have a recumbent position on 
a support, as the ground or a bed ; be stretched out. 2. To 
assume such a position ; as, lie down and rest. 3. Of inani- 
mate things : to rest unattached in a flat or horizontal posi- 
tion ; as, the book lies on the table. 4. To be, or remain for 
a time, in a condition, position, etc., esp. of inactivity, con- 
cealment, disuse, etc. ; as, to lie low ; to lie in prison ; the 
fields lie fallow. 5. To be situated ; to occupy a certain 
position ; as, Ireland lies west of England. 6. To sojourn ; 
lodge ; as, he will lie at our house to-night. 7. To be ; con- 
sist ; — used with in ; as, remedy lies in rest. 8. Law. To 
be sustainable, as an action. 

J2P 3 The forms of lie are often ignorantly or carelessly con- 
founded with those of the transitive verb lay. 
to lie to. Naut. Of a vessel, to lie as nearly stationary as 
feasible with head to windward. 

— n. 1. The lay, as of land. 2. An animal's haunt ; covert. 
II Lied (let),n. ; pi. Lieder (le'der). [G.] Music. A Ger- 
man song or lyric. 

lief (lef ), a. [AS. leof.] Dear ; precious ; also, willing ; glad. 
Archaic. — adv. Gladly ; willingly ; freely ; — now only 
in had or would as lief, had or would liefer, etc. 

liege (lej), a. [OF. liege, lige.~\ 1. Feudalism, a Entitled 
to, or pert, to, allegiance and service ; as, a liege lord, b 
Bound to service and allegiance, as to a liege lord ; as, a 
liege man. 2. Bound to loyalty or fidelity ; hence : loyal ; 
faithful. — n. 1. A liege lord. 2. A liege subject. 

liege man, or liege'man (lej'man), n. A vassal ; hence, a 
devoted adherent. 

li'en (Ae'en ; len), n. [F., band, bond, tie, fr. L. ligamen, fr. 
ligare to bind.] Law. A legal claim ; a charge on property 
for satisfaction of a debt or duty. 

li'er (ll'er), n. One who lies down. 

li-erne' (lT-firn'), n. [F.] Arch. In Gothic vaulting, apy 
rib which does not spring from the impost and is not a ridge 
rib, but passes from one boss of the main ribs to another. 

lieu (lu), n. [F., OF. also liu, leu, fr. L. locus place.] 
Place ; stead ; — chiefly in in lieu of. 

lieu-ten'an-cy (lu-ten'an-sl ; see lieutenant), n. Office, 
rank, or commission of a lieutenant. 

lieu-ten'ant (lu-ten'ant ; British usually, in U. S. occas., 
lef-ten'ant), n. [F., fr. lieu place + tenant holding, p. pr. 
of tenir to hold, L. tenere."] 1. An officer who acts in place 
of an absent superior. 2. a A commissioned officer in an 
army. Abbr., Lt. See army, b A commissioned officer in 
the British navy, ranking next below a commander. C A 
commissioned officer in the United States navy. See navy. 

lieutenant colonel, general. Army officers. See army. 

lieutenant commander. A naval officer. See navy. 




lieutenant governor. A deputy governor; specif. : a An 
officer of a State, next in rank to the governor. U.S. b A 
governor of a district or province, subordinate to a gover- 
nor-general. British. 

life (llf), n.; pi. lives (Hvz). [AS. Zi/.] 1. The quality or 
character which distinguishes an animal or a plant from 
inorganic, or dead organic, bodies. 2. State of that which 
is alive ; fact of being alive ; hence : a Exercise of vital 
activities ; as, to bring to life, b A living being ; esp., a per- 
son, c Living beings or organisms collectively ; as, marine 
life. 3. Quality or fact of animate existence conceived as 
a part of an animal's being or as a separable attribute of the 
body ; hence, the vital force distinguishing organic from 
inorganic matter. 4. Existence, esp. conscious existence, 
conceived as a quality of the soul. 5. The series of expe- 
riences, of body and mind, which an animal or other or- 
ganism passes through during its life, constituting its lif& 
history. 6. a An individual human existence ; as, each 
day of one's life, b A biography. 7. The duration of a life. 
8. Way or manner of living ; hence, human affairs ; also ; 
lives considered collectively as forming a class or type ; as, 
city life. 9. The living form or semblance ; also, anima- 
tion ; spirit, as of a work of art. 10. That which imparts or 
excites spirit or vigor. 11. The period of duration of any- 
thing conceived to be analogous to a natural organism in 
structure, functions, force, etc. ; as, the life of a state, of 
a statute, of an iron girder. 

life belt. A life preserver in the form of a buoyant belt. 

life'blood' (llf'blud'), n. 1. The blood necessary to life. 

2. Fig., that which gives strength. 

life^boat' (-bot'), n. A strong, buoyant boat for rescuing 
shipwrecked 
persons. 

life buoy. A 
float, usually 
a buoyant 
ring, intended 

tosupport T . ( . . 

persons who L,ueDoat. 

have fallen into the water. 

lif e'f ul (lTf'fool), a. Full of, or giving, vitality. ful-ly, adv. 

life insurance or assurance. A contract of insurance 
based upon the life of a person. It insures one person or 
party against loss by the death of some person. 

life'less, a. Destitute or deprived of life ; dead, or appar- 
ently dead ; not giving or sustaining life ; hence : spiritless ; 
dull. — lif e'less-ly, adv. — life'less-ness, n. 
Syn. Inert, inactive, torpid, dull, heavy, unanimated, 
dead, inanimate. — Li£eles3, dead, inanimate. Lit., 
lifeless and dead often differ merely in emphasis, lifeless 
laying stress on the (sometimes only apparent) absence of 
life ; dead, on the presence of death ; inanimate (less often 
lifeless and dead) often applies to that which has never had 
life; as, inanimate objects. Fig., lifeless and (the stronger) 
dead, less often inanimate, connote absence of vitality, 
spirits, or activity. [resembling life.! 

life'like' (llf 'Ilk'), a. Like a living being or a real object ;| 

lifelong' (-long' ; 62), a. Lasting through life. 

life preserver. An apparatus, as a cork -filled jacket, for 
saving one from drowning by buoying up the body. 

life'time' (llf'tTm'), n. The time that life continues. 

lift (lift), n. [AS. lyft air.] The sky. Archaic or Scot. 

lift, v. t. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. To bring, or cause to move, 
up higher; raise; elevate. 2. To exalt in rank, condition, 
estimation, spirits, etc. ; also, to exalt unduly ; puff up. 

3. To pick up, as a ball from the ground. Scot. & Golf. 4. 
To collect, as moneys due ; raise. Obs., Dial., or R. 5. To 
steal. Colloq. 6. To pay and so take up, as a mortgage. 
U. S. — Syn. See raise. — v. i. 1. To try to raise some- 
thing. 2. To rise ; become or appear raised or elevated. _ 

— n. 1. Act of lifting, or raising ; also, act of rising as if 
lifting something ; upward movement ; hence, elevated 
carriage, as of the head. 2. a A rise in position or condition. 
D Assistance, as by lifting ; help. C Lifting force ; hence, 
fig., elevating power or effect. 3. That which is lifted, as a 
load. 4. That by means of which something lifts or is 
lifted, as : a Shoemaking. A layer of leather in the heel. 
b A hoisting machine ; an elevator. Chiefly Eng. c A set of 
pumps in a mine. 5. The distance through which some- 
thing is lifted. 6. Degree of elevation ; rise. 

lift'er (lifter), n. One who, or that which, lifts. 

lift pump. Mach. A pump that lifts a fluid and discharges 
it without forcing it out under pressure ; — distinguished 
from force pump. 

lig'a-ment GTg'd-ment), n. [L. ligamentum, fr. ligare to 
bind.] 1. Anything that binds one thing to another ; band- 
age ; bond. 2. Anat. A tough band of, usually, white fi- 
brous, inextensile tissue serving to connect parts, as the ar- 
ticular extremities of bones, or to hold an organ in place. 

lig'a-men'tous (-men'tus), o. Of or pert, to a ligament ; 
forming, or formed of, a ligament. 

li'gan (H'gan), or lag'an (lag'an), n. [OF. lagan, lagand.J 
Law. Goods sunk in the sea with a buoy attached. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; z!i = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



LIGATE 



572 



LIGNOSE 



li'gate (li'gat), v. t.; -gat-Ed (-gat-ed) ; -gat-ing. [L. liga- 
tus, p. p. of ligare to bind.] To tie with a ligature ; bandage. 

li-ga'tion (11-ga'shun), n. Act or process of binding ; state 
of being bound ; also, that which binds : ligature ; bond. 

lig'a-ture (lig'd-yir), n. [L. ligatura, fr. ligare, ligatum, 
to bind.] 1. Act of binding. 2. Anything that binds ; band- 
age. 3. Surg, a A thread or string for. tying the blood vessels 
to prevent hemorrhage, b A thread or wire to remove tu- 
mors, etc. 4. Music. A tie ; slur ; also, a group of notes 
connected by a slur. 5. Print. A double character, as se ; 
also, a connecting stroke ; tie. — v. t. ; -tured (-tfird) ; 
-tur-ing (-tyr-Ing). To bind, fasten, or furnish with a 
ligature ; specif., surg., to ligate ; tie. 

li'geance (ll'jans ; le'-), n. [OF.] 1. Allegiance. 2. The 
jurisdiction or territory of a liege lord or of a sovereign. 
Now Chiefly Law. 

light (I1t) f ji. [AS. leoht.~\ 1. The essential condition. of 
vision ; the opposite of darkness ; hence : a An emanation 
from a light-giving body ; as, flames give light, b The sensa- 
tion aroused by stimulation of the visual centers in the 
brain. C Physics. (1) That form of energy which, by its 
action upon the organs of vision, produces sight. Light is 
transmitted by undulations of the ether, at a velocity of 
186,300 miles a second. (2) Radiation or radiant energy 
incapable of affecting the retina, but resembling true light 
in other respects. 2. The sun's light ; daylight ; also, day ; 
esp., dawn ; as, he rose before light. 3. A radiance ; bright- 
ness ; glowing ; as, the picture hung in a good light. 4. 
That which furnishes light, as the sun, a candle, a firework, 
etc. 5. Mental or spiritual enlightenment, or its source. 
6. One who is noteworthy ; a model or example. 7. a Visible 
state ; hence, state of exposure to public observation ; as, 
to bring a matter to light . b Power of vision ; eyesight. 
Poetic. 8. The medium through which light is admitted, 
as a window or a pane in a window. 9. Appearance due to 
the particular facts presented to view ; as, to put things in 
the right light. 10. Paint. The more illuminated part of a 
scene, surface, etc., or its representation in a picture ; — 
opp. to shade. 11. Something with which a light may be 
produced, or by which something may be lighted. 

— a. 1. Having light ; not dark or obscure ; bright. 2. 
White or whitish ; not of a deep shade ; blond. 

— v. t. ; pret. & p. p. light'ed (-ed ; 24) or lit (lit) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. light'ing. 1. To set fire to ; ignite ; kindle. 2. To 
give light to ; illuminate ; hence : to cause to glow ; animate ; 
brighten ; — often used with up ; as, joy lit up her eyes. 3. 
To attend or conduct with a light. — v. i. 1. To become 
ignited. 2. To be illuminated ; receive light ; brighten ; — 
usually used with up. 

light, a. [AS. Wit, leohtJ] 1. Having little, or compara- 
tively little, weight or force ; not heavy. 2. Below the legal, 
standard, or usual weight ; as, light coin. 3. Not massive 
in construction or appearance ; as, a light bridge ; light 
tracery. 4. Slight ; not important ; as, he was held in light 
esteem. 5. Not burdensome or severe ; easily endured, 
performed, understood, etc. ; not difficult ; as, light work ; 
light novels. 6. a Easy to be digested ; hence : moderate ; 
slight ; as, light food, b Cookery. Well leavened ; as, light 
biscuit. cOf wines, beers, etc., not heavy or strong. 7. Not 
heavily burdened; carrying a relatively small cargo, or 
load, or none at all ; as, light cavalry. 8. Not burdened by 
care ; happy ; as, a light heart. 9. Not heavy or violent in 
movement or pressure; as, a light touch. 10. Active; 
nimble ; swift ; as, light of foot. 11. Indulging in, inclined 
to, or marked by, levity ; trifling ; frivolous. 12. Unsteady ; 
volatile ; fickle ; as, a girl's light fancy. 13. Wanton ; un- 
chaste. 14. a Not copious or heavy ; as, a light rain, b 
Loose ; easily pulverized, as soil. 15. Dizzy ; giddy ; deliri- 
ous ; as, to be light in the head. 16. Phon. & Pros. Of a 
syllable, unaccented, weak ; of a vowel, unaccented and 
lightly or obscurely pronounced. 

•— adv. Lightly ; cheaply ; easily ; as, "light come, light go." 

— v. i. ; pret. & p. p. light'ed (llt'ed ; 24) or lit (lit) ; 
light'ing (llt'Ing). 1. To dismount, as from a horse ; 
alight ; — used with from, off, on, at, in. 2. To descend 
and rest, perch, or settle, as a bird. 3. To come down sud- 
denly and forcibly ; fall, as a blow. 4. To come by chance ; 
fall ; happen ; — used with on or upon. 

light'en (llt''n), v. t. 1. To relieve of a load in whole or in 
part ; make lighter. 2. To make less burdensome, as cares 
or grief. 3. To cheer ; gladden. 

light'en (llf'n), v. i. 1. a To flash or shine brightly, b To 
grow lighter ; brighten. 2. To shine with or like lightning. 

— v. t. 1. To make light or clear ; illuminate ; also, to 
brighten. 2. To illuminate intellectually or spiritually ; en- 
lighten. 3. To flash out or disclose in or as in lightning. 

light'en-er, n. One who, or that which, lightens. 

light'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, lights. 

light'er, n. [D. lichter, fr. lichten to make light, unload.] 
Naut. A large barge, usually flat-bottomed, used in unload- 
ing or loading vessels not lying at wharves, or in transport- 
ing freight about a harbor. — v. t. To convey by a lighter. 




light'er-age ( : aj), n. 1. Price paid for lightering. 2. Act 
of unloading into a lighter, or of conveying by a lighter. 

light'er-man (-m#n) , n. One who is employed on, or who 
manages, a lighter. 

light'-fin'gered (llt'fir/gerd), a. Dexterous in stealing, 
esp. by picking pockets ; thievish ; pilfering. 

iight'-foot' la. Having a light, springy step; nimble; 

light'-foot'edj active. — light'-foot'ed-ly, adv. 

light'head' (-hgd') ( n. A light-headed, or frivolous, person. 

light'-head'ed (-hed'ed; 24, 109), a. 1. Dizzy; delirious, 
as with fever. 2. Thoughtless ; frivolous ; fickle. 

light'— hearted, a. Free from anxiety ; gay ; merry. — 
light'-heart'ed-ly, adv. — light'-heart'ed-ness, n. 

light'-horse'man (-hors'man), n. A soldier of light cavalry. 

light'house' (llt'hous'), n. A tower or other building with 
a light at the top, for 
guiding sailors at night. 

light'ly (llt'li), adv. 1. 
With little weight or 
force ; gently. 2. In a 
small degree ; in small 
quantity; as, to eat 
lightly. 3. With little 
or no reason. 4. Easi- 
ly. Archaic. 5. Swift- 
ly ; nimbly. 6. With- 
out care; indifferent-' 

!?,' slightingly. 7. Lighthouse. 1 Stone Tower ; 2 Iron 
Cheerfully; gayly. 8. Pile ; 3 Iron Cylinder. 

Not chastely ; wantonly. 

light'— minded, a. Frivolous ; volatile ; trifling. 

light'ness (llt'nes), n. 1. State, quality, or degree, of being 
illuminated. 2. Absence of depth or of duskiness in color. 

light'ness, n. State or quality of being light, or not heavy ; 
hence : buoyancy ; levity ; fickleness ; nimbleness, etc. 
Syn. Levity, frivolity, flippancy, volatility, flightiness, 
thoughtlessness, inconstancy, unsteadiness, instability, gid- 
diness, gayety, airiness. — Lightness, levity, frivolity, 
flippancy, volatility, flightiness. Lightness implies a 
general lack of weight or seriousness in character, conduct, 
or speech ; levity usually suggests more specifically trifling 
or unseasonable gayety ; as, he made light of his loss ; poli- 
tics cannot be treated with levity. Frivolity adds to 
lightness the implication of empty or idle speech or con- 
duct ; flippancy is esp. unbecoming levity or pertness in 
speaking of serious or sacred things. Volatility is such 
lightness or fickleness of disposition as precludes long or 
serious dwelling upon one idea or plan ; flightiness is 
extreme volatility ; it sometimes implies lack of mental 
balance ; as, savages are notable for their volatility ; dis- 
tracted with pain, he was flighty in his talk. 

light'ning (lit'nlng), n. [For lightening, fr. lighten to 
flash.] The flashing of light caused by a discharge of atmos- 
pheric electricity from one cloud to another or from a 
cloud to the earth ; hence, the discharge itself. 

lightning bug. A firefly. 

lightning rod. A metal rod connected with the earth or 
water, as on a house or vessel to protect it from lightning. 

lights (llts), n. pi. [So called from their lightness."] The 
lungs ; — not now used of human lungs by cultured people. 

light'ship / (lTt'shipO, n. A vessel witfc a brilliant light or 
lights, moored off a dangerous place as a guide for sailors. 

light'some (-sum), a. Luminous ; light ; bright. 

light'some, a. l t Light ; airy ; nimble. 2. Cheerful ; gay. 
3. Frivolous. — light'some-ly, adv. — some-ness, n. 

light/weight' (lTt'wat'),'ra. One of less than average weight ; 
specif. : a In boxing, wrestling, etc., one weighing not more 
than 133 pounds (U.-'S. amateur rules 135 pounds, Eng. 140 
pounds), b A person of little importance or mental ability. 
Colloq., Chiefly U. S. — a. Light or deficient in weight. 

light'wood' (-wood'), n. Pitchy pine wood. Southern U. S. 

light year. Astron. The distance over which light can 
travel in a year ; — a unit in expressing stellar distances. 
It is more than 63,000 times the distance from the earth 
to the sun. 

lign'-al'oes (lln'al'oz; lTg-nal'oz), n. [OF. lignaloes, L. 
lignum aloes, wood of aloe.] 1. The resinous wood of an 
East Indian thymelaeaceous tree (Aquilaria agallocha). 
It is burnt asa perfume by the Orientals. 2. The drug aloes. 

lig'ne-OUS (ITg'ne-tis), a. [L. ligneus, fr. lignum wood.] 
Of, of the nature of, or like, wood ; woody. 

lig'ni-fy (lTg'ni-iT), v. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'ing). 
[L. lignum wood + -/z/.] To change into wood ; make or 
become woody. — lig'ni-fi-ca'tion (-fl-ka'shun), n. 

lig'nin (-nin), n. A substance or mixture of substances 
which, with cellulose, is the essential part of woody tissue. 

lig'nite (-nit), n. [L. lignum wood.] A variety of coal 
between peat and bituminous coal, esp. one in which the 
woody texture is distinct ; — called also brown coal or 
wood coal. — lig-nit'ic (lig-nYt'ik), a. 

lig'nose (lig'nos), n. [L. lignum wood 4- -oseJ] 1. Bot. 
Cellulose or a variety of lignin. 2. An explosive compound 
consisting of wood fiber and nitroglycerin. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjuxe (87); 



LIGNTJM-VrLffi 



573 



LIMELIGHT 



Ug'num-vi'tae (llg'num-vl'te), n. [L., wocxi of life ; lig- 
num wood + vita, gen. vitae, life.] Any of various tropi- 
cal American trees (genus Guaiacum) with hard, heavy 
wood ; also, the wood. 

lig'ro-ine, llg'ro-in (ITg'r6-Yn), n. A volatile inflammable 
liquid used as a solvent and illuminant. 

lig'u-la (lTg'fi-ld), n. ; pi. L. -l^e (-le), E. -las (-ldz). [L., a 
little tongue. See ligule.] Bot. Aligule. 

lig'u-late (-lat) \a. [See ligtjle.] 1. Strap-shaped. 

lig'U-lat'ed (-lat'e'd)/ 2. Bot. Furnished with ligules. 

lig'ule (-ul), n. [L. ligula, lingula, dim. of lingua tongue.] 
Bot. a A thin appendage of a leaf at the junction of blade 
and petiole, as in grasses, b A ligulate corolla of a ray floret. 

lig'ure (lig'iir ), n. [L. ligurius, Gr. \iyupi.oi>, Xiyyoupiov, 
XiyKobpiov, XvyKovpiov, equiv. to Heb. leshem.'] A kind of 
precious stone, perhaps the jacinth. Ex. xxviii. 19, xxxix. 12. 

Li-gU'li-an (li-gu'rl-aa), a. Of or pert, to Liguria or the 
Ligurians. — n. A native or inhabitant of Liguria. 

lik'a-ble, like'a-ble (llk'd-b'l), a. Such as attracts liking. 

like (Ilk), a.; lik'er (lik'er) ; lik'est (-est). [AS. gelic, fr. 
ge- + lie body, and orig. meaning, having the same body 
or shape.] 1. Having the same, or nearly the same, appear- 
ance, qualities, or characteristics ; similar ; also, now rarely, 
alike ; as, no two were like. 2. Indicative of ; as, it looks 
like good fishing. 3. Inclined toward ; as, to feel like taking 
a walk. 4. = likely ; — now chiefly in colloquial use: (a) 
with the infinitive ; as, they're like to meet again ; (6) 
chiefly with the perfect infinitive ; as, he had like to have 
died (or was like to have died). 

JSP 3 Like is used at will as a suffix with nouns to form adjec- 
tives expressing resemblance ; as, manlike, like a man. 

— n. That which is like another ; counterpart ; copy ; equal. 

— adv. or prep. 1. In the manner of or to the same extent 
as. 2. Alike ; equally. Archaic. 3. In the manner of one 
that is; — now only in : like mad, in a furious manner. 
4. Likely ; probably ; — now chiefly in like enough, very 
like, and (Colloq. or Dial.) as like as not. 

— conj. As ; like as ; as if ; as, do like I do. This use is 

f>rovincial and contrary to good usage, though occasionally 
ound in good writers. 

— v. *.; liked (llkt) ; lik'ing (liking). To come near; 
escape narrowly ; as, he liked to have died. Now Dial, or 
Uncultivated. 

like, v. i. [AS. lician, gelician, to please.] To be suitable 
or pleasing ; — chiefly with dative object. Archaic. — v. t. 
To have a liking for ; enjoy. 

Syn. Like, love. As applied to persons, like suggests 
varying degrees of attraction ; love implies deep or strong 
attachment. The habitual use of love for like, with refer- 
ence to trivial objects (as, I love ice cream), is a vulgarism. 

— n. A liking ; preference ; fancy ; — usually in pi. 
like'a-ble. Var. of likable. 

likeli-hood (llk'li-hdtfd), n. 1. Probability ; as, in all like- 
lihood. 2. A probability ; also, a sign ; indication. 

like'ly (-li), a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Appearing like 
truth ; probable ; credible. 2. So circumstanced as to ren- 
der something probable ; as, he is likely to go. 3. Suitable ; 
as, a likely place to fish. 4. Promising ; also (R. or Dial.), 
comely ; as, a likely boy. — adv. Probably. 
Syn. Likely, probable. That is likely which there ia 
good reason to expect or believe ; probable, which there 
is more reason to expect or believe than not. See apt. 

lik'en (llk''n), v. t. To represent as like ; compare. 

like'ness (llk'nes), n. 1. State or quality of being like. 2. 
Appearance ; guise ; shape. 3. A copy ; effigy ; portrait ; as, 
it is a good, or bad, likeness. — Syn. See resemblance. 

lik'er (lik'er), n. One who likes. 

like'wise' (-wlz'), adv. & conj. [See wise, n.] In like 
manner ; also ; moreover ; too. — Syn. See also. 

lildn' (le'kTn'), n. [Chin., from (Pekingese) li one thou- 
sandth of a tael -f- ch'ien money.] A Chinese provincial 
tax levied at inland stations on imports or articles in transit. 

lik'ing (lik'ing), n. State of being pleased with a thing or 
person ; hence : inclination ; desire. 

lilac (ll'lak), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. lllak, fr. Per. lilaj, lilanj, 
indigo plant, or fr. the kindred lllak bluish.] 1. A well- 
known garden shrub (Syringa vulgaris) with pink-purple 
fragrant flowers ; also, any other species of the genus, as 
that one (S. persica) from which the white-flowered garden 
lilac has been derived. See inflorescence, Illust. 2. A 
light purplish color like that of the common lilac flower. 

Ill i-a'ceous (lil'i-a'shus), a. [L. liliaceus, fr. lilium lily.] 
1. Bot. Belonging to the lily family (Liliacese), a large 
family of monocotyledonous plants, the stems of which usu- 
ally have a bulbous base. 2. Like or pertaining to lilies. 

lil'ied (lil'id), a. 1. Like a lily ; fair as a lily. 2. Covered or 
decorated with, or having many, lilies. 

Lil'ith (lil'ith ; ll'lith), n. [Heb. LttWA.] Jexvish Folk- 
lore. A female demon worshiped by the Jews during the 
Babylonian captivity. Later, she i3 represented as a night 
demon or vampire in the form of a seductive woman, the 
first wife of Adam, or, in medieval demonology, a witch. 



lilli-bul-le'ro Oil'T-bii-le'ro), n . Part of the refrain of a 
song mocking the Irish Catholics, popular in England 
during the revolution of 1688 ; hence, the song itself. 

LiTli-pu'tian (lXVl-pu'shan),a. Of or pertaining to Lillipui, 
the island in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" inhabited by tiny 
people ; hence, very small. — n. One of the people of Lilli- 
put ; hence, a tiny creature, esp. a pompous one. 

lilt Gilt), n. 1. A lively, buoyant song or air. 2. Rhythmical 
swing or cadence. 3. A swinging or springy movement. 

— v. i. & t. To sing a lilt ; sing merrily. 

lil'y (lil'I), n.; pi. -ies (-Iz). [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. 
X«tpio»/.] 1. Any plant, flower, or bulb 
of a genus (Lilium) of herbaceous 
plants, having scaly bulbs, whorled or 
scattered leaves, and showy flowers ; 
as, the common white lily (Lilium 
candidum). 2. Any of numerous 

f)lants related to or resembling the 
ily ; also, any of the flowers of these 
plants. 3. The heraldic fleur-de-lis 
as the symbol of France or its kings ; 
— chiefly in pi. ^.Auction Bridge. 
A royal spade. Obsolescent. 
lily of the valley, a low perennial 
convallariaceous herb (Cenvallaria 
majalis) bearing white flowers. See 
inflorescence, Illust. 

— a. Pure, white, pale, or delicate, 
as a lily ; like a lily. 

lim'a-cine (lim'd-sln ; -sin ; ll'md-), 
[L. Umax, limacis, slug, snaiL] 




Turk's-cap Lily (Lili- 
um superbum) . 
Zo'dl. Of, pertaining 



to, or resembling the slugs (genus Limax and its allies). 
limb (Vim), n. [AS. Urn.'] 1. A leg, arm, or wing. 2. A thing 
or person regarded as a part or agent of something else ; as. 
a limb of the law. 3. Hence : a limb of the Devil ; a young 
scamp ; an imp. Colloq. 4. A large primary branch or 
bough of a tree. 5. Something suggestive of a leg, arm, or 
branch ; as, a limb of the sea. — Syn. See bough. 

— v. t. To dismember. 

limb, n. [L. limbus border.] 1. A border or edge, as of cer- 
tain corollas, of the disk of a heavenly body, etc. 2. The 
graduated margin of an arc or circle in an instrument for 
measuring angles. 

lim/bate (lTm'bat), a. [L. limbatus, fr. limbus border, 
edge.] Bot. & Zo'dl. Bordered, as when one color is sur- 
rounded by an edging of another. 

limbed (limd), a. Having limbs ; — chiefly in combination. 

lim'ber (lim'ber), a. 1. Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. 2. 
Supple ;-lithe. — Syn. See flexible. — v. t. To cause to 
become limber. — iim'ber-ness, n. 

lim'ber, n. Mil. The detachable fore wheels, axle, and 
pole of a gun carriage. — v. t. & i. Mil. To attach the 
limber to (the gun carriage) ; — often used with up. 

lim'bers (lim'berz), n. pi. Shipbuilding. Gutters or con- 
duits on each side of the keelson to carry water to the pump 
well ; — used attributively in sing. ; as, limber hole. 

lim'bic (-bik), a. [See limb.] Of, pert, to, or forming, a 
border ; marginal ; as, the limbic lobes of the brain. 

lim'bo (-bo), n. [L. limbus border, edge, in limbo on the 
border.] 1. {Often cap.~\ A region supposed by some Scho- 
lastic theologians to lie on the edge of hell. 2. A place or 
condition of restraint or confinement, or a place or condi- 
tion of neglect or oblivion. 

Lim'burg cheese | (lim'burg ; -er). A soft cheese made 

Lim'burg-er, n. > in the Belgian province of Limburg 

Lim'burg-er Cheese] (Limbourg). The curing develops a 
peculiar and, to most people, unpleasant odor. 

lim'bus (lim'bus). = limbo. 

lime (11m), n. [AS. Urn.'] 1. Birdlime. 2. Calcium oxide, 
CaO, a caustic, highly infusible substance, white when 
pure, obtained by calcining < limestone, shells, etc. ; — 
called also quicklime. Quicklime when treated with water 
develops great heat, forming slaked lime, or calcium 
hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. 

— v. t. ; limed (limd) ; lim'ing (lim'ing). 1. To cement. 2. 
To smear or entangle as with a viscous substance. 3. To 
treat with lime ; apply lime to, as land. 

lime, n. [Obs. line, for lind linden.] Linden tree. 

lime, n. [F., the fruit, fr. Ar. llmah.2 A rutaceous tree 
(Citrus medica acida) closely related to the lemon ; also, 
its small, greenish yellow, very acid fruit. 

lime'kiln/ (-kil' ; -kiln 7 ), n. A kiln or furnace in which 
limestone or shells are burned to produce lime. 

limelight' (-lit'), n. 1. a An intense light produced by in- 
candescence of a piece of lime in an intensely hot flame ; — — 
called also calcium light. It is used esp. to illuminate por- 
tions of a stage or objects or persons on the stage, b Hence, 
any bright light similarly used. 2. a Theat. That part of 
the stage upon which the limelight is cast and the atten- 
tion of the spectators concentrated, b Hence, conspicuous 
position before the public. 



t 



s = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. =■ equals. 



LIMEN 



574 



LINEOLATE 



li'men (lT'men), n. [L.] Psychol. — threshold. 

Lim'er-ick (lim'er-Tk), n. A nonsense poem of five lines of 
which 1, 2, and 5 rime, and also 3 and 4. 

lime'stone' (llm'ston'), n. A rock consisting chiefly of cal- 
cium carbonate and yielding lime when burned. It is 
formed chiefly of organic remains, as shells, coral, etc. 

lime tree, a The linden tree, b A tupelo, or sour gum 
(Nyssa ogeche), of the southern United States. 

lime twig. A twig smeared with birdlime ; hence, a snare. 

lime'wa'ter (-wo'ter), n. 1. A water solution of slaked 
lime. 2. Water holding much calcium carbonate or sul- 
phate in solution. 

li-mic'o-line (ll-mik'o-lTn ; -ITn), a. [L. limicola a dweller 
in the mud ; limus mud + colere to dwell.] Shore-inhabit- 
ing ; belonging to a family (Limicolae) of grallatorial birds 
including sandpipers, snipes, plovers, curlews, avocets, etc. 

lim'i-nal (lim'i-nal), a. [L. limen, liminis, threshold.] 
Psychol. Pertaining to the limen, or threshold (which see). 

lim^it (lim'it), n. [From L. limes, limitis.] 1. That 
which terminates, circumscribes, or confines ; bound ; bor- 
der ; edge. 2. A period, space, or thing defined by limits. 
3. Math. A fixed value or form which a variable may 
approach indefinitely, but cannot reach. 4. In poker and 
other betting games, the sum agreed on as the greatest 
by which stakes may be increased at one time. — Syn. 
Boundary, termination, confine. 

— v. t. 1. To assign to or within certain limits. Chiefly Law. 
2. To set a limit to ; terminate or restrict by a limit or limits. 

lim'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be limited. 

lim'i-ta-ry (lim'i-ta-ri), a. 1. Limited, as in authority. 2. 
Of, pert, to, or serving as, a boundary ; limiting. 

liml-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of limiting; state of 
being limited. 2. That which limits ; restriction ; qualifi- 
cation. 3. Law. A certain statutory period after which a 
claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. 

lim/i-ta-tive (lim'i-ta-tiv), a. Limiting ; restrictive. 

lim'it-ed, p. a. 1. Confined within limits ; restricted. 2. 

Of a railroad train, accommodating a limited number or 

class of passengers. 3. Designating a government having 

constitutional limitations placed upon the scope of action 

. of one or more of its branches ; as, a limited monarchy. 

lim'it-er (-ter), n. One who, or that which, limits. 

lim'it-less, a. Having no limits ; boundless. 

limn (lim), v. t. [F. enluminer to illuminate, limn, LL. 
illuminare to paint.] To draw or paint, as a picture; 
hence : to depict; express. — lim'ner (lim'ner), n. 

lim-nol'o-gy (lim-nol'6-ji), n. [Gr. X£ji*"7 pool, marsh + 
-logy."] The scientific study of fresh waters, esp. that of 
ponds and lakes, including their biological conditions. 

lim'o-nene (lim'S-nen), n. [From NL. Citrus medica 
limon the lemon tree.] Org. Chem. A widely distributed 
terpene, C10H16, of an agreeable lemonlike odor. 

li'mo-nite (ll'mo-nlt), n. [Gr. Xei^iwv a moist grassy place, 
a meadow.] Min. Hydrous ferric oxide, 2Fe OV3H2O, an 
important ore of iron, occurring as a yellowish brown pow- 
der and otherwise, including bog ore and ocher ; — called 
also brown hematite. — li'mo-nit'ic (-nit'ik), a. 

li'mou-sine' (le'moo-zen'), n. [From Limousin, a^i old 
province in France.] An automobile body with permanent 
inclosed top like a coupe ; an automobile with such a body. 

limp (limp), a. 1. Lacking stiffness, flaccid, flexible. 2. 
Lacking firmness, as of character. 

Syn. Flaccid, flabby, flimsy, limber, loose, drooping, soft, 
inelastic. — Limp, flaccid, flabby, flimsy. Limp im- 
plies lack of stiffness ; flaccid, want of firmness or elastic- 
ity ; that is flabby which hangs loose of its own weight (as 
esp. flesh or tissues) ; that is flimsy which is loose and 
unsubstantial in texture or structure ; as, a limp collar ; a 
flaccid and wrinkled skin ; flabby muscles. 

— v. i. To halt ; walk lamely. — n. A halt in one's walk ; 
act of limping. — limp'er, n. 

lim/pet (lim'pet ; 24), n. [AS. lempedu, it. LL. lampreda 
lamprey.] Any of numerous marine gastropod mollusks hav- 
ing a low conical shell, found adhering to rocks or timbers. 

lim/pid (-pid), a. [L. limpidus.] Characterized by clear- 
ness or transparency ; clear ; translucent. — Syn. Pellu- 
cid, lucid, crystal. See transparent. — lim'pid-ly, adv. 
— lim'pid-ness, n. [limpid.l 

lim-pid'i-ty (lim-pid'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being| 

limp'ly (limp'li), adv. In a limp manner. 

limp'ness, n. Quality or state of being limp. 

limp'sy (limp'sT), lim'sy (lim'sT), a. Limp. U. S. & Dial. 

lim'u-loid (lim'u-loid), a. [limulus + -oid.~\ Zo'ol. Like, 
or pert, to, the king crabs. — n. A king crao. 

lim'U-lUS(-lus),n. ;pl. limuli (-11). [L., somewhat askance, 
dim. of limus sidelong, askance.] Any of the genus (Xi- 
phosurus) consisting of the king, or horseshoe, crabs. 

lim'y (llm'i), a.; lim'i-er (-i-er) ; lim/i-est. 1. Smeared 
with, or consisting of, lime; viscous. 2. Containing, re- 
sembling, or having the qualities of, lime (calcium oxide). 

linch'pin' (linch'pin'), n. [AS. lynis axletree.] A pin in- 
serted in the end of an axletree to hold the wheel on. 



lin'den (lTn'den), n. [Orig. an adj. from lind linden tree, 
AS. lind.'] Any of a genus {Tilia) of large and handsome 
trees, with cordate leaves and cymose yellow flowers ; the 
basswood. The lindens typify a family (Tiliacese). 

line (lin), n. [ME. lin. See linen.] Flax. Obsoles. or Dial. 

line, v. t.; lined (lind) ; lin'ing (lln'ing). [See line flax.] 

1. To cover the inner surface of, as a cloak. 2. To 
put something in the inside of ; fill ; as, to line one's purse 
with money. 3. To serve as the lining of. 

line, n. [AS. line cable, hawser, lin flax ; influenced by F. 
ligne line, fr. L. linea.] 1. A thread, cord, or rope ; esp., 
a strong slender cord; specif.: a In pi. The reins used in 
driving. U. S. & Dial. Eng. b A cord, wire, steel tape, or 
the like, used as a measure or guide, c A fishing line. 2. A 
more or less threadlike mark, crease, or the like; as, a 
chalk line; the lines in stratified rock ; specif., a crease on 
the face or hand. 3. A mark of division or outline, as on a 
map ; hence : a limit ; boundary ; — often used fig. ; as, to 
draw a line between liberty and license. 4. Geog. a A 
circle of latitude or longitude, b The equator ; — called 
the line or equinoctial line. 5. Math. That which has 
length but not breadth or thickness. 6. A straight line ; 
fig., agreement ; harmony ; as, to be in line with the party. 
7. Music. One of the straight horizontal and parallel 
strokes of the staff. 8. Lineament ; outline ; hence : plan ; 
method ; as, a poem on the lines of the "Iliad." 9. In pi. 
Fortune ; lot. 10. Fine Arts, a A mark made by a pen- 
cil, brush, graver's tool, etc., forming a part of the design, 
as disting. from shading or coloring ; as, the lines of an 
etching, b The general character or style of a composition 
with respect to its formal elements ; — chiefly in pi. 11. A 
series, rank, or row of objects ; specif., a row of letters, 
words, etc. ; hence : a A verse of a poem, b A short letter ; 
a note, c In pi. Marriage lines ; that is, a marriage certifi- 
cate. Colloq. d In pi. Drama. The spoken words of a 
play or part. 12. A number of conveyances plying regu- 
larly under one management, or a system of transportation ; 
also, the operating organization ; as, a line of stages ; the 
Pennsylvania line. 13. Mil. & Nav. a A trench ; a ram- 
part, b In pi. Dispositions made to cover extended posi- 
tions ; as, in the enemy's lines. A body or formation of 
troops abreast ; — opp. to column, d The regular troops 
of an army, as disting. from militia, etc. e The purely 
combatant forces of an army, as disting. from the commis- 
sariat, etc. f In the U. S. navy, the officers who have to do 
with the fighting of a war vessel and its motive power, g An 
arrangement of ships in regular order, esp. abreast. 14. A 
series of ancestors or descendants. 15. Course of conduct, 
thought, occupation, or policy. 16. A rule or standard of 
conduct ; a precept. Obs. 17. A department of industry or 
activity ; as, skillful in his own line. 18. Trade. A supply 
of articles of the same general class. 19. Course or direc- 
tion ; hence, a road. 20. a The track and roadbed of a 
railway, b The connecting wire or wires between telegraph 
or telephone stations. 21. A measure of length, usually one 
twelfth of an inch. 

— v. t. 1. To represent by lines ; outline. 2. To mark with 
a line or lines ; 3. To align, as troops. 4. To place, be 
placed, or be, in a line along ; to place a line along, as of 
trees along a street. — v. i.^ To take position in a line ; 
form a line ; — often used with up. 

lin'e-age (lin'e-Sj), n. [F. lignage, L. linea line.] De- 
scent in a line from a common progenitor ; race ; family. 

lin'e-al (-al), a. [L. linealis, fr. linea line.] 1. Of or pert, 
to a line or lines ; linear. 2. In or consisting of a direct line 
of ancestry or descent ; — opposed to collateral. 3. Heredi- 
tary ; as, a lineal feud. — lin'e-al-ly, adv. 

lin'e-a-ment (-a-ment), n. [L. lineamentum, fr. linea 
line.] One of the outlines or exterior features of a body or 
figure, esp. of the face ; distinctive feature ; — usually in pi. 

lin'e-ar (-e-ar), a. [L. linearis, fr. linea line.] 1. Of, pert, 
to, or consisting of, a line or lines ; lineal. 2. Narrow ; elon- 
gated ; threadlike ; as, a linear leaf. See leaf, Jllust. 

luVe-ate (lTn'e-at), a. [L. lineatus, p. p. of lineare to re- 
duce to a straight line, fr. linea line.] Marked with lines. 

lin'e-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Lineate. 

lin'e-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Delineation ; hence, an outline. 

2. An arrangement of lines ; markings. 

line'man (lln'man), n. 1. One who carries the line in sur- 
veying, etc. 2. A man employed to inspect the rails of a 
railroad. 3. A man employed to set up or repair telegraph 
or telephone lines, or electric light or power wires. 

lin'en (lin'en ; 24), n. [Prop, an adj., fr. ME. lin flax, AS. 
lin flax, whence linen made of flax.] 1. Thread or cloth of 
flax or (rarely) hemp ; collectively, linen fabrics ; articles of 
linen. 2. Garments usually or chiefly of linen, esp. shirts, 
collars, and cuffs. — a. Made of flax or linen. 

line of force. The line of direction in which a force acts, 
or the force acting along such a line. 

lin'e-o-late (lin'e-8-lat), a. [L. lineola, dim. of linea line.] 
Zo'ol. & Bot. Marked with fine lines. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
,pse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LINER 



575 



LIP 



lin'er (lin'er), n. One who, or that which, lines. 

lin'er, n. 1. A vessel of a regular line of vessels ; as, a trans- 
atlantic liner. Also, now rarely, a ship of the line. 2. Base- 
ball. A ball which, when struck, flies through the air in a 
nearly straight line not far from the ground. 3. One who, 
or that which, makes lines on anything. 

line'-up', line'up' (lln'flp'), n. The formation of football 

Slayers before play ; hence, Colloq., used figuratively, 
ig (ling), n. [Of Scand. origin.] Heather, 
ling, n. [ME. lenge; — from its being long. See long.] 1. 
A large marine gadoid fish {Molva molva) of northern 
Europe and Greenland, resembling the cod. 2. Any of sev- 
eral other fishes. 




European Ling. 

•ling. [AS. -ling."] A suffix used to form nouns : 1. Chiefly 
from nouns or adjectives, and denoting one that belongs to, 
or, in some way, is concerned with (the thing denoted by 
the noun), or is (of the quality denoted by the adjective). 
Examples : hireling, one who receives hire or pay ; year- 
ling, one that is a year old ; firstling, one that is first. 
2. In forming diminutives, and denoting little. 
Example : \ora\ling, a little (petty or young) lord. 

-ling. [AS. -ling, a suffix expressing direction.] A suffix 
used to form adverbs of manner ; as, darkling, failing. 

lin'ger (lin'ger), v. i. [Freq. of ME. lengen to tarry, AS. 
lengan to prolong, put off, lang long.] 1. To delay ; loiter ; 
be slow in parting, going, coming, acting, etc. ; dawdle. 2. 
To remain alive or existent, although suffering, waning, or 
dying ; as, old customs linger in quiet places. 3. To move 
slowly ; saunter ; as, they were lingering homeward. 
Syn. Linger, loiter. To linger is to remain long or to be 
slow in going, esp. from reluctance to depart ; to loiter is 
to linger idly or aimlessly, esp. on the way. 

— v. t. To spend or pass in a lingering manner ; — often 
used with out. — lin'ger-er, n. 

Hlin'ge-rie' (laN'zh'-re'), n. [F.] Linen goods collectively ; 
linen or muslin underclothes, esp. of women. 

lin'go (lln'go), n.; pi. -goes (-goz). [Pr. lingo language, or 
Pg. lingoa; both fr. L. lingua tongue.] Language; dia- 
lect ; — chiefly in humorous or contemptuous use for a for- 
eign language or style of speech. — Syn. See cant. 

lin'gua fran'ca flin/gwd fran'kd). [It., prop., language of 
the Franks.] A hybrid language, fundamentally Italian, 
used by the Latin races in intercourse with Greeks and 
Levantines ; hence, any language similarly used. 

lin'gual (-gwdl), a. [L. lingua tongue.] Of or pert, to the 
tongue or a tonguelike part ; Phon., formed with the aid of 
the tongue, as t, d, n. — n. A lingual sound or letter. 

lin'gui-form (lin'gwl-form), a. [L. lingua tongue -f 
-forrn.]] Having the form of the tongue ; tongue-shaped. 

lin'guist (-gwTst),n. [L. lingua tongue, speech, language.] 
A person skilled in languages, esp. living languages. 

lin-guis'tic (lin-gwis'tik) \a. Of or pert, to language or 

lin-guis'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / languages or linguistics. — Un- 
guis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

lin-guis'tics (-tlks), n. (See -ics.) The science of languages 
or of the origin, signification, and application of words. 

lin'gu-late (llr/gu-lat), a. [L. lingulalus fr. lingula a 
little tongue.] Tongue-shaped ; ligulate. 

ling'y (llng'I), a. [1st ling + -y.] Heathy ; heathery. 

lin'i-ment (lin'i-ment), n. [L. linimentum, fr. linire, 
linere, to besmear, anoint.] A preparation thinner than an 
ointment, for frictional application to the skin, esp. as a 
sedative or a stimulant. 

li'nin (ll'nin),ra. [L. linum flax.] l.Chem. A bitter, pur- 
gative substance derived from the purging flax (Linum c.a- 
tharticum). 2. Biol. The substance of the achromatic 
fibrous network of a cell nucleus. 

lin'ing (lln'Ing), n. 1. That which lines anything, as a box ; 
also, fig., contents. 2. Act of providing a lining. 

link (link), n. A torch of tow, pitch, or the like. 

link, n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. A single ring of a chain. 2. 
One of the links of a surveyor's chain used as a measure, 
7.92 inches. 3. A tie ; bond. 4. Something suggestive of a 
link of a chain ; specif. : a A sausage as a division of a 
chain. Colloq. or Dial, b A winding of a stream ; also, the 
adjacent ground ; — usually in pi. Scot. C Mach. Any in- 
termediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion. 

| See link motion, d Kinematics. A constructive part of a 
mechanism, having at least two elements belonging to 
different pairs. See chain, n., 6. 

— v. t. & i. To unite with or as with a link ; couple, 
iink'age (llnk'aj), n. 1. Act of linking, or state of being 

linked ; also, a system of links. 2. Mech. Any system of 
links or bars jointed together and more or less constrained 



by having a link or links fixed, by means of which straight 
or approximately straight lines, or other point paths, may 
be traced. See straight-line motion. 3. Elec. The link- 
ing together of magnetic lines of force and the coils or turns 
of the conductor through which they pass. 

link'boy' (llnk'boi'Hn. A boy or man that carries a link, 

link'man (-man) / or torch, to light passengers. 

link motion. Mach. A kind of valve gear or reversing gear 
for a steam engine, in which the valve rod is connected to a 
block (called the link block) sliding in a slotted link. 

links, n. pi. 1. Gently undulating, sandy land. Scot. 2. 
[_Sometim.es construed as a singular."] A golf course. 

link'work' (link'wfirk'), n. ' A fabric of links of metal or 
other material fastened together ; also, a chain. 

linn (lin), n. [Ir. linn, or Gael, linne; in senses 2 & 3 prob. 
fr. AS. hlynn torrent.] Chiefly Scot. 1. A pool, esp. one 
beneath a waterfall. 2. A waterfall. 3. A steep ravine. 

Lin-nae'an, Lin-ne'an (11-ne'an), a. Pertaining to, or after 
the method of, Karl von Linne, Latinized Linnaeus (1707- 
78), the Swedish naturalist who established the binomial 
system of nomenclature. He proposed (1735) an artificial 
classification of plants which was long the standard. 

lin'net (lln'et ; 24), n. [OF. linette, L. linum flax ; it feeds 
on flaxseed and hempseed.] A small Old World finch (Li- 
nota cannabina) often termed, according to its varying 
plumage, gray linnet, red linnet, etc. 

li-no'le-um (11-no'le-um), n. [L. linum flax -f- oleum oil.] 
1. Linseed oil hardened by oxidizing. 2. A floor cloth with 
a surface of hardened linseed oil and ground cork. 

lin'O-type (lTn'6-tTp' ; lln'6-), n. Print. A typesetting ma- 
chine which casts each line of type in one piece. 

lin'seed' (I!n'sed / ), n. [AS. linsxd.] Flaxseed. 

linseed oil. See flaxseed. 

lin'sey-wool'sey (lin'zl-wdol'zl ; Hn'si-w6t>l'sl), n. [See 
linen ; wool.] 1. Coarse cloth of linen and wool, or cotton 
and wool. 2. Jargon ; nonsense. Obs. 

lhi'Stock (lin'stok), n. [Corrupt, fr. D. lontstok ; lont slow 
match + stok stick.] A pointed, iron-shod, forked staff, 
to hold a lighted match for firing cannon. Obs. or Hist. 

lint (lint), n. [L. linteum linen, linteus made of linen, 
linum flax, lint.] 1. Flax. Obs. or Scot. 2. Linen scraped 
or otherwise made into a downy or fleecy substance for 
dressing wounds, etc. ; also, fluff from yarn or fabrics. 

lin'tel (lln'tel), n. [OF., fr. a. LL. dim. of L. limes limit.] 
A horizontal architectural member spanning an opening, as 
a door or window, to carry a superstructure. 

lint'white' (lint'hwit'), n. [AS. linetwige.\\\ The linnet. 

lint'y (lin'tl), a. Like lint ; full of, or covered with, lint. 

lin'y, lin'ey (lln'I), a. Like a line or streak ; marked with, 
or full of, lines. 

li'on (ll'un), n. [F., fr. L. leo, -onis, fr. Gr. X«oj>.] 1. A 
large carnivorous 
mammal (Felis 
leo), of the 
cat family, in- 
habit i ng 
sandy or 
rocky wastes 
of Africa and 
southern Asia 
to western In- 
dia. 2. [cap."] 
A str on . = 
Leo. 3. An ob- 
ject of interest 
and curiosity, 
esp. a person so 
regarded. 

li'on-ess (-es), n. 
A female lion. 

li'on-et (-gt), n. 
[OF., dim. of lion."] A young or small lion. 

li'on-heart', n. A lion-hearted person ; esp. [cap."], Rich- 
ard I. of England, called Cceur de Lion. 

li'on-i-za'tion (-I-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), n. Act of lionizing. 

li'on-ize (ll'wn-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Izlng). 1. 
To treat or regard as a "lion, " or celebrity. 2. To show the 
"lions," or objects of interest, to (a person) ; also, to visit 
or view the "lions," or objects of interest, of (a place). — 
v. i. To visit or view the "lions," or sights, of a place. 

Lion's Heart. See regulus. 

lip (lip), n. [AS. lippa.2 1. Either of the two fleshy folds 
which surround the orifice of the mouth. 2. An edge, as of a 
hollow vessel or cavity, esp. when flaring or overlapping. 
3. An edge of a wound. 4. Anat. & Zo'dl. Any liplike part 
or structure. 5. Bot. a = labium, b = labellum. 

— a. Of utterance, coming from the lips only, and hence in- 
sincere ; as, lip service, worship, etc. 

— v. t. ; lipped GIpt) ; lip'ping. 1. To touch with the lips ; 
hence : to kiss ; also, to lap. 2. To utter ; speak. Rare. 




Lion. 



i 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |[ Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



M 



LIPASE 



576 



LITANY 



lip'ase (ftp'asl.n. [Gr. \lvos fat.] Physiol. Chem. A lipo- 
lytic enzyme in the blood, pancreas, various seeds, etc. 

lip'o-lyt'ic (Hp'6-llt'ik), a. [Gr. XZttos fat + -lytic] Ca- 
pable of decomposing fats. 

li-po'ma (li-po'md), n.; pi. -mata (-md-td). [NL. ; Gr. 
At7ros fat + -oma.~\ Med. A tumor consisting of fatty tissue. 

lipped (lipt), a. Having a lip or lips ; — often in comb. 

lip'per (lip'er), n. Naut. A slight roughness or ruffling of 
the sea ; also, a light spray from small waves. 

li'quate (ll'kwat), v. t. [L. liquatus, p. p. of liquare to 
melt.] Metal. To subject to the process of liquation; 
separate by liquation ; — sometimes used with out. 

li-qua'tion (ll-kwa'shun), n. Metal. Separation of a fusible 
substance from one less fusible by means of a degree of heat 
sufficient to melt one but not the other. 

lique-fac'tion (lik'we-fak'shun), n. Act of liquefying; 
state of being liquid. 

liq'ue-fi'a-ble (-fl'd-b'l), n. Capable of being liquefied. 

liq'ue-fi'er (-er), n. That which liquefies, as an apparatus 
for liquefying gases ; also, one who liquefies. 

liq'ue-fy (lik'we-fl), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing. [F. 
liquefier, L. liquere to be liquid + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To reduce to a liquid. 

li-ques'cent (li-kwes'ent), a. [L. liquescens, p. pr.] Be- 
coming, or tending to become, liquid ; melting. 

li'queur' (le^kur' ; li-kur'), n. [F. See liquor.] An aromatic 
spirituous liquor, usually sweetened. 

liq'uid (lik'wid), a. [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be fluid or 
liquid.] 1. Flowing freely like water. 2. Physics. Char- 
acterized by free movement of the constituent molecules 
among themselves, but without the tendency to separation 
that is characteristic of gases ; neither solid nor gaseous. 
3. Flowing ; smooth-sounding ; specif., Phon., of consonant 
sounds, flowing ; vowel -like, as the sounds of I and r. 4. Of 
assets securities, etc., cash or readily convertible into cash. 
5. Clear and transparent, as air. — Syn. See fluid. 
liquid measure, the measurement of liquids, or a unit 
or system for such measurement in which 4 gills = 1 
pint, 2 pints = 1 quart, 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 

— n. 1. A substance in the liquid state. Liquids differ from 
gases in being only slightly compressible, and in being 
incapable of indefinite expansion. No sharp line can be 
drawn between liquids and solids. Cf. fluid. 2. Phon. A 
consonant having a smooth, flowing, or vowel-like sound. 
The term is indefinite, by some limited to I and r, by others 
to I, r, m, n, etc. Cf. liquid, a., 3. 

liq'uid-am'bar (lik'wid-am'bdr), n. [NL. See liquid ; am- 
ber.] 1. A yellowish fragrant balsamic liquid that exudes 
from the North American sweet gum. 2. Any of the ge- 
nus (Liquidambar) of hamamelidaceous trees including 
esp. the North American sweet gum {L. styraciflua) and 
the species {L. orientalis) of Asia Minor that yields storax. 

liq'ui-date (lik'wi-dat), v. t.; -dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'ing. 
[LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidate to liquidate, L. liqui- 
dus liquid, clear.] 1. Law. To determine, as by agree- 
ment, the amount of (indebtedness or damages). 2. To 
discharge ; pay off, as a debt. 3. To settle the accounts and 
distribute the assets of (a corporation or estate) in bringing 
it to an end. — v. i. To liquidate one's debts or accounts. 

liq'ui-da'tion (-da/shun), n. Act or process of liquidating, 
or state of being liquidated ; as, to go into liquidation. 

liq'tii-da'tor (lTk'wT-da'ter), n. One who liquidates ; esp., a 
person appointed to conduct the winding up of a company. 

liq-uid'i-ty (li-kwid'T-ti), n. Quality or state of being liquid. 

liq'uid-ly, adv. In a liquid mannw. 

liq'uid-ness, n. Quality or state of being liquid ; liquidity. 

liq'uor (llk'er), n. [OF. licur, L. liquor, fr. liquere to be 
liquid.] 1. Any liquid. 2. An alcoholic beverage, esp. if 
strong or distilled. 3. Pharm. A solution of a medicinal 
substance in water. — v. t. 1. To treat with a liquor or 
solution. 2. To supply or ply with liquor ; — often with up. 
Slang.— v. i. To drink liquor ; — often with up. Slang. 

liq'uor-ice, liq'uor-ish. Vars. of licorice, lickerish. 

li'ra (le'ra), n.; It. pi. lire (-ra). [It., fr. L. li bra the 
Roman pound.] 1. A silver coin and the monetary unit of 
Italy, equivalent to 100 
centesimi, or one franc 
(19.3 cents). 2. A gold 
coin and the monetary 
unit of Turkey, equiva- 
lent to 100 piasters 
($4,396). L 

lir i-o-den'dron (lTr'i-o-^ 
den'dron), n. ; L. pi. 
-dra (-drd). [NL. ; Gr. 
\tlpiov lily + hkvb pov 
tree.] The tulip tre< 
(Liriodendron tulipi- 
jfera), a North Amer- 
ican magnoliaceous tree 
with soft fine-grained 




Flower and Leaf 
of the Lirio- 
dendron. 



white or light -colored wood, called whitewood or white 
poplar and valuable as timber. t> 

lir'i-pipe (lir'i-plp), lir'i-poop (-poop), n. [LL. lirripU 
pium.] A pendent part of the old clerical or academic 
tippet ; afterwards, a tippet ; a scarf. 06s. or Hist. 

Lisle (111 ; F. lei), n. 1. The former spelling of Lille, a city 
of France. 2. [I. c] Lisle thread, or a fabric or article, as 
a glove or stocking, woven of it. 

Lisle thread, a hard twisted thread, originally of linen and 
produced at Lille, but now often of cotton. 

lisp (lisp), v. i. [AS. wlisp stammering, lisping.] 1. To 
substitute th for s or z in speaking. 2. To speak imperfectly 
or falteringly. — v. t. To utter with a lisp or in an imper- 
fect or faltering manner ; hence, to express in simple, child- 
like language. — n. Habit, act, or sound of lisping. 

H lis pendens (lis pen'denz). [L.] A pending suit ; — used 
esp. with reference to the doctrines that a court has con- 
trol over property involved in a suit. 

lisp'er, n. One who lisps. 

lis'som Hlis'um), a. [For lithesome!] Lithe; supple; 

lis'somej flexible ; hence : nimble ; agile. — Syn. See flex- 
ible. — lis'som-ness, -some-ness, n. [ ArchadcA 

list (list), v. t. & i. [See listen.] To hearken ; listen (to).| 

list, n. [AS. list a list of cloth.] 1. A strip forming the 
selvage of cloth. 2. A strip of cloth ; hence, a strip or band 
of other material. 3. a Band of color, b A band, strip, or . 
the like, formed by parting the hair or beard, c Carp. A 
narrow strip of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from the edge of a 
plank or board. 4. A limit or boundary ; also, an inclosure. 
5. [F. liste.] A roll or catalogue, as of items ; a register. 6. 
Agric One of the ridges made in listing. North America. 
Syn. List, roll, catalogue, register, inventory, sched- 
ule. List, the general term, denotes a simple series of 
names (as, a list of articles to be purchased, of guests to be 
invited) ; a roll is esp. a list of the members of some body ; 
a catalogue is an ordered, and often detailed, list or roll 
(as, a library catalogue, a college catalogue, a bookseller's 
catalogue) ; register emphasizes the formal or official char- 
acter ; an inventory is an itemized list of articles on hand 
(as, the annual inventory of a merchant's stock) ; a sched- 
ule is esp. a list in tabular form (as, a schedule of rates). 

— a. Made of selvage or other strips of cloth. 

— v. t. 1. To put a list, or border, on ; cover with list, or 
with strips of cloth. 2. Carp. To cut away a narrow strip, 
as of sapwood, from the edge of (a board, etc.). 3. To enroll 
in a list or catalogue ; esp. : a To enter in a price list, as 
goods, b To engage, as a soldier ; enlist. 4. Agric. a To 
prepare, as land, for a crop by making alternating beds and 
alleys. Southern U. S. b To put (land, a field) in maize, 
or Indian corn, with a lister. North America. — v. i. To 
enlist in the army or navy. 

list, v. i. [AS. lystan to be pleasing, lust pleasure.] 1. To 
please; suit; like; wish; incline (to). Archaic. 2. [Perh. 
a different word.] Naut. To careen ; — of a ship. — n. 1. 
Inclination ; wish. Archaic 2. An inclination to one side ; 

— mostly nautical. 

lis'tel (ITs'tel), n. [F.] Arch. A list, or narrow fillet. 

lis'ten (lis''n), v. i. [AS. hlystan, fr. hlyst hearing.] 1. To 
give ear; hearken. 2. To give heed; yield to advice. — 
Syn. See hear. — n. Act of listening. Rare. 

lis'ten-er, n. One who listens. 

list'er (ITs'ter), n. 1. One who lists ; esp., one who m^es a 
list or roll. 2. A kind of plow which 
throws a deep furrow, and at the same^ 
time plants and covers grain, esp. In- 
dian corn. North America. 

lis'ter-ine (-en), n. [After Sir Joseph 
(Baron) Lister.] An antisep- 
tic solution containing benzoic ** 
and boric acids, essential oils, 
etc. Trade Name. 

Lis'ter-ism (-Tz'm), 
n. Surg. Antisepti- 
cism, orig. as prac- 
ticed by Sir Joseph 
(Baron)Lister. 

list'less flfet'- 
les), a. [list de- 
sire + -less.] 
Having no de- 
sire or inclina- 
tion; indiffer- 
ent jspiritless. 

— Syn. See 
languid. — 




Tricycle 



Covering 



Seed Spout ; 
Shovels. 

list'less-ly, adv. — list'less-ness, n. 

lists (lists), n. pi. ; rare in sing. [Prob. fr. list a border, 
confused with F. lice the lists, inclosing barrier, LL. lidae, 
pi.] 1. The barriers of a tilting field ; hence, the field itself. 
2. A place of contest ; an arena ; — used esp. in : tojenter 
the lists, to join in a contest. 

lit (ITt), pret. & p. p. of light. 

lit'a-ny (lit'd-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-nYz). [OF. letanie, L. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve. event 5nd, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdurd (87); 



LITCHI 



577 



LITURGICALLY 



litama, Gr. Xtra^ela, fr. \ito.vcUlv to pray.] Eccl. a In litur- 
gical churches, a solemn supplication, usually penitential 
in character and responsive in form, b [cap.] With the, 
the general supplication of this form in the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer. m j 

li'tchi' (le'che'), n. [Chin, li chih.\ A fruit having a rough 
papery shell inclosing an aromatic pulp containing one 
seed ; also, the sapindaceous tree (Litchi chinensis) bear- 
ing this fruit, native to China. 

-lite (-lit). Combining form from Greek \L9os, a stone. 

li'ter, li'tre (le'ter), n. [F. litre, fr. litron, an old measure, 
Gr. Xirpa a silver coin, pound.] A measure of capacity in the 
metric system, being a cubic decimeter, or 61.022 cubic 
inches, .908 U. S. dry quart, or 1.0567 U. S. liquid quarts. 
Abbr., I. 

lit'er-a-cy (lit'er-d-si), n. State of being literate. 

lit'er-al (-51), a. [OF., fr. L. litteralis, literalis, fr. littera, 
litera, a letter.] 1. According to the '"letter," or the natu- 
ral or usual construction and implication of a writing or 
expression. 2. a True to fact ; not exaggerated, b Giving 
a strict construction ; matter-of-fact ; — said of persons. 3. 
Of translations, etc., following the "letter," or exact words ; 
not free. 4. Of, pert, to, or expressed by, letters ; as, a lit- 
eral error. — lit'er-al-ly, adv. — lit'er-al-ness, n. 

lit'er-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. A following of the letter, or literal 
sense, or a tendency to adopt literal interpretations ; hence, 
Fine Arts, extreme realism in portrayal. — lit'er-al-ist, n. 

lit'er-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz)._ State or quality 
of being literal ; also, a literal meaning or interpretation. 

ltt'er-al-ize (lit'er-dl-Tz), v. t. To make literal ; interpret 
literally. — lit'er-al-iz'er (-Tz'er), n. 

iit'er-a-ry (-a-ri), a. 1. Of or pertaining to letters, or litera- 
ture (often esp. belles-lettres). 2. Versed in literature; 
connected with literature or men of letters. 

lit'er-ate (-at), a. [L. litteratus, literatus.~] 1. Instructed 
in letters ; able to read and write. 2. Pert, to, or learned in, 
literature ; literary. — n. 1. A learned or literary person. 
2. One who can read and write. 

H lit'e-ra'ti (lit'e-ra'ti), n. pi. [L.] Men of letters. 

|i lit'e-ra'tim (-tim), adv. [LL.] Letter for letter. 

Ut'er-a'tor (lit'er-a'ter), n. A literary man ; a litterateur. 

iit'er-a-ture (lTt'er-d-tftr), n. [F. litterature, L. littera- 
tura,literatura,\esnmng, grammar, writing, littera,litera, 
letter.] 1. Literary culture. Now Rare. 2. Production of 
literary work, esp. as an occupation. 3. Literary produc- 
tions collectively ; specif. : aThe total of preserved writings 
belonging to a given language or people, b The class or 
total of writings, as of a given country, notable for literary 
form or expression ; belles-lettres. C The body of writings 
having to do with a given subject, as physics. 4. Any kind 
of printed matter, as advertising matter. Colloq. or Cant. 
Sjn. Literature, belles-lettres. Literature is now 
used chiefly of writings distinguished by artistic form or 
emotional appeal. But the word is often applied to the 
whole body of writings on a particular subject, regardless 
of literary excellence. Belles-lettres emphasizes the 
purely aesthetic aspects of literature. 

-lath (-lith). A suffix from Greek \ldos, stone. Cf. -LITE. 

li-thie'mi-a, li-the'mi-a (li-the'ml-d), n. [NL.; Uthic + 
•4emia.~] Med. A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is 
present in the blood. — li-thce'mic, li-the'mic (-mik), a. 

lith'arge (lith'arj), n. [F., fr. L. lithargyrus, Gr. \idapyv- 
poc scum of silver ; \idos stone -f- apyvpos silver. Litharge 
is found in silver-bearing lead ore.] Lead monoxide, PbO, 
a yellowish red substance, variously obtained. 

lithe (lith), a.; lith'er (lltfe'er) ; lith'est. [AS. IWe ten- 
der, mild, gentle.] Capable of being easily bent ; pliant ; 
flexible ; limber. — Syn. See flexible. — lithe'ness, n. 

li-the'mi-a, li-the'mic. Vars. of lith^emia, LiTH^inc. 

lithe'some (lTth'sftm), a. Pliant ; limber ; iissom. 

lith'i-a Oith'i-d), n. [Gr. \idos stone.] A white crystalline 
substance, the oxide of lithium, LiaO. 

lithia water. A mineral water characterized by the presence 
of lithium salts, esp. the carbonate and bicarbonate. 

litb/ic (lith'ik), a. [Gr. Xt0i/c6s of stones, XWos stone.] 1. 
Of or pert, to stone. 2. Med. Of or pert, to the formation 
of uric-acid concretions (stone), esp. in the bladder. 

lith'ic, o. Of or pertaining to lithium. 

litb/i-um (-i-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. \i9os stone ; — it was 
discovered in a mineral.] Chem. A soft, silver-white metal, 
the lightest known. Sp. gr., 0.59 ; symbol, Li ; at. wt., 6.94. 

lith'o- (lith'o-). A combining form from Greek \L8os, stone. 

lith'o-graph (lith'6-gra.f), v. t. To produce, copy, or portray 
by lithography. — n. A print made by lithography. 

li-thog'ra-pher Qi-thog'rd-fer), n. One who lithographs. 

li-thqg'ra-phy (lT-thog'rd-fi), n. Art or process of putting 
writing or designs on stone with a greasy material, and of 
producing printed impressions therefrom ; any similar proc- 
ess using a substance other than stone. — lith'o-graph'ic 
(lIth'6-graf'Tk), -graph'i-cal (-!-kdl), a. — -i-cal-ly, adv. 

lith'oid Oith'oid) \a. Like a stone ; having a stony 

li-thoi'dal (li-thoi'ddl)J structure. 



li-thol'o-gy (lT-thol'6-ji), n. The science of rocks. See 

PETROLOGY. ObsoleS. 

lithfo-marge (llth'6-marj), n. [litho- + L. marga marl.] 
Min. A smooth, compact variety of common kaolin. 

lith'o-phyte (fit), n. 1. An organism having a hard stony 
structure or skeleton, as coralline algae, corals, etc. 06s. or 
R. 2. Phytogeog. A plant which grows on the surface of 
rocks, as a lichen. 

lith'o-sphere (-sfer), n. The solid part of the earth ; — 
opp. to hydrosphere and atmosphere. 

li-tfl0t'0-my(H-thot'6-mT),7t. lL.lithotomia,Gr.\i6oTOfiia. 
See litho- ; -tomy.] Surg. Operation or art of cutting for 
stone in the bladder. — lith'o-tom'ic (llth'5-tom'lk), 
lith'o-tom'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. 

lith'o-trip'sy (lith'6-trTp'sT), n. [litho- + Gr. rpL0uv to 
rub, grind.] Surg. = lithotrity. 

li-thot'ri-ty (lT-thot'ri-ti), n. [litho- + L. terere, tritum, 
to rub, grind.] Surg. The operation of breaking a stone in 
the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided. 

Lith'u-a'ni-an (lTth / u-a'nT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Lith- 
uania or the Lithuanians or theirlanguage. — n. 1. A native, 
or one of the people, of Lithuania. 2. The language of the 
Lithuanians, a Lettic tongue archaic and highly inflected. 

lith'y (lTth'I ; lithl), a. Easily bent ; pliable. 

lit'i-ga-ble (llt'T-gd-b'l), a. Such as can be litigated. 

lit'i-gant (-gdnt), a. [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr.] Disposed 
to, or engaged in, litigation.— n. One engaged in a lawsuit. 

lit'i-gate (-gat), v. t. ; -gat^ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. [L. liti- 
gatus, p. p. of litigare to litigate, fr. lis, litis, dispute, law- 
suit.] To make the subject of a lawsuit ; contest at law. — 
v. i. To carry on a legal contest by judicial process. 

lit i-ga'tion (-ga'shwn), n. Act or process of litigating; a 
suit at law ; a judicial contest ; also, fig., dispute ; discussion. 

li-ti'gious (li-tiyus),a. [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium dispute, 
fr. litigare. See litigate.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest ; 
contentious. 2. Subject to, involved in, or liable to, a law- 
suit. 3. Of or pert, to litigation. — Syn. See belligerent. 

— li-ti'gious-ly, adv. — li-ti'gious-ness, n. 
li'tis-con'tes-ta'tion (H'tTs-kon'tes-ta'shan), n. [L. litis 

contestatio. See litigate ; contest.] Roman & Civil 
Law. Act or stage of proceedings by or at which an action 
is legally begun. 

lit'mus (lit'mus), n. [D. lakmoes; lak lacquer + moes a 
pottage.] A dyestuff got from certain lichens. It is turned 
red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies. 

li'to-tes (ll'to-tez), n. [XL., fr. Gr. Xitottjs, fr. Airos plain, 
simple.] Rhet. A figure of speech in which an affirmative is 
expressed by the negative of its opposite ; as, "a citizen of 
no mean city," that is, of an illustrious city. 

li'tre (le'ter). Var. of liter. 

lifter (lit'er), n. [F. litiere, LL. lectaria, fr. L. lectus 
bed.] 1. A couch with shafts, and usually covered and cur- 
tained, for carrying passengers. 2. A stretcher for carrying 
a sick or wounded person. 3. Straw, hay, etc., used as bed- 
ding for animals. 4. Specif., Forestry, the upper, only 
slightly decomposed portion of the forest floor, under 
which lies the humus. 5. Things lying scattered about ; 
scattered rubbish. 6. Disorder or untidiness. 7. The young 
brought forth at one time by a muciparous animal, as a 
sow, cat, etc. ; — also 6g. 

— v. t. 1. To supply with litter, as cattle. 2. To put into 
disorder, as a room. 3. To give birth to ; — said, primarily, 
of brutes. — v. i. To produce a litter, or young. 

|| lit'te'ra'tew/ (le'ta'ra'turO, n. [F.] One who occupies 
himself with literature ; a literary man. 

lit'ter-y (lit'er-i), a. Covered or encumbered with litter; 
consisting of or constituting litter. 

lit'tle (lit/'l), a.; less, or less'er; least, or (chiefly dial, 
or familiar) lit'tler, lit'tlest. [AS. lytel.'] 1. Small in 
size or extent ; diminutive ; — the opposite of big, large, or 
great. 2. Short in duration ; brief. 3. Small in quantity or 
degree ; not much. 4. Small in dignity, power, importance, 
or scope ; not great ; as, little farmers ; a little game. 5. 
Small in force ; weak. 6. Small in sympathies ; narrow ; 
mean ; illiberal. — Syn. See sma.ll. 

Little Bear, Astron., Ursa Minor. — L. Englander. See 
anti-imperialism. — L. John, a lieutenant of Robin 
Hood, of great strength and of great skill in archery. — 1. 
office, R. C. Ch„ an office recited in honor of the Blessed 
Virgin Mary. — L. Russian. See Russian, n. 

— adv. 1. In a small quantity or degree ; slightly. 2. When 
preceding the verb : not at all ; — chiefly used with think, 
imagine, know, etc. ; as, little did I think it would rain. 

— n. 1. That which is little ; a small amount, time, etc. 
2. A small degree or scale ; miniature. — lit'tle-ness, n. 

Lit'tle— end'i-ans, n. pi. See Big-endians. 

lit'tO-ral (Ufo-rdl), a. [L. littoralis, litoralis, fr. littus, 

litus, seashore.] Of or pert, to a shore, esp. of the sea. — 

n. A coastal region. 
li-tur'gic (li-tur'jik)) a. [Gr. \etrovpyiKos.'] Pert, to, or of 
li-tur'gi-cal (-jT-kal)J the nature of, a liturgy; of or pert. 

to public prayer and worship. — li-tur'gi-cal-ly, adv. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of AMjrevu»**-^> — «*J in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. JJ Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



M 



LITURGICS 



578 



LOADING 



li-tur'gics (ll-tur'jlks), n. (See -ics.) The science of wor- 
ship ; history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies. 

lit'ur-gist (lit'ur-jlst), n. 1. One who favors or adheres 
strictly to a liturgy. 2. A student or compiler of liturgies. 

lit'ur-gy (-ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [F. liturgie, or LL. li- 
turgia, fr. Gr. Xeirovpyla a public service, public worship.] 

1. The Holy Communion or Mass (so called in the Eastern 
Church) ; a form of service for this ; a Mass. 2. A form of 
public worship ; a ritual. 

liv'a-ble (liv'd-b'l), a. 1. Such as can be lived. 2. Such 
as is suitable or pleasant to live in or with. 

live(liv), v. i. ; lived (livd) ; liv'ing (llv'Ing)^ [AS. libban, 
lifian.] 1. To be alive. 2. To continue in life, existence, 
activity, or memory. 3. To get a livelihood ; subsist ; — 
used with on or by; also, to be nourished; feed. 4. To 
pass life in a certain manner, as to habits or circumstance ; 
as, to live in ease. 5. To live a life rich in experience or 
emotion. 6. To make one's home ; dwell. 7. To cohabit ; 

— used with together or with. 8. To outlast danger ; float ; 

— said of a vessel. — Syn. See reside. — v. t. 1. To pass, 
or spend, as one's life. 2. To act habitually in conformity 
with ; as, to live new ideas. 

live (llv), a. [Abbr. from alive.] 1. Having life ; alive. 2. 
Of or pertaining to life or living beings. 3. Full of life; 
specif. : a Teeming ; swarming with living beings ; springing 
from, or indicating, teeming life ; as, "all the live murmur 
of a summer's day." b Energetic or alert ; wide-awake ; 
as, a live town. Chiefly U. S. 4. In a state of activity ; 
as : a Burning ; glowing. b Engirt. Imparting power ; as, a 
live axle. C Having an electric current passingthrough, as a 
wire. 5. Of color : bright ; vivid. 6. In its pure or native 
state ; of a mineral, native ; of rock, not quarried. 7. Print. 
Ready for use ; as, live matter or copy ; — applied esp. to 
type set up and kept for printing. 8. Gunnery. Unexplod- 
ed ; loaded, as a shell, cartridge, etc. 
live load, Arch. & Engin., a load variable in position or 
amount. — 1. oak, in the southern United States, an ever- 
green oak (Quercus virginiana) having hard, heavy wood. 

— 1. steam, steam direct from the boiler, having its full 
power of expansion. — 1. stock, horses, cattle, and other do- 
mestic animals such as are kept for profit. Cf. stock, n., 17. 

live'a-ble (liv'd-b'l). Var. of livable. [livedA 

lived (livd), a. Having life ; — only in composition ; as, long-| 

live'— for-ev'er (liv'-), n. A species of stonecrop (Sedum 
telephium) with pink or purple flowers. 

live'li-hood (llv'li-hdod), n. [ME. livelode, liflode, prop., 
course of life, life's support, maintenance ; AS. lif life -f- 
lad way, maintenance.] Means of supporting life; sub- 
sistence ; maintenance. — Syn. See living. 

live'li-ly (-IT), adv. In a lively manner. 

liveli-ness, n. Quality of being lively. 

live'long' (llv'lSng'; 62), a. [ME. (the) lefe longe, leve 
longe. See lief, o. ; long.] Whole ; entire ; long in pass- 
ing ; — used of time, usually implying tediousness. 

lively (llv'lt), a. ; -li-er (-lt-er) ; -li-est. [AS. liflic living. 
See life, -ly.] 1. Full of life ; vigorous ; active ; animated. 

2. Representing life ; lifelike. Now Rare. 3. Enlivening ; 
as, lively air, liquor. 4. Vivid ; brilliant. 5. Responding 
quickly to outer forces ; rebounding quickly, as a baseball. 
Syn. Animated, vivacious, sprightly, gay, spirited, brisk, 
energetic, buoyant, airy, blithe, sportive, frolicsome. Lively, 
animated, vivacious, sprightly, gay apply to that which 
is full of life. Lively suggests esp. briskness, alertness, or 
energy ; animated applies esp. to that which is also spirited 
or bright ; as, a lively dance, pace ; a lively (or animated) dis- 
cussion ; an animated smile. Vivacious and (esp.) sprightly 
suggest greater lightness of spirits or quickness of wit ; as, 
a vivacious woman ; sprightly, but not frivolous. Qay im- 
plies exuberant spirits ; as, a gay lark. 

— adv. In a lively manner ; briskly ; vigorously ; vividly. 

liv'er (llv'er), n. 1. One that lives. 2. A resident. 

liv'er, n. [AS. lifer."] 1. In vertebrates, a large glandular 
organ which secretes bile and causes important changes in 
many substances contained in the blood which passes 
through it. 2. In many invertebrates, a large compound 
gland discharging into the alimentary canal. 3. The liver 
regarded as the seat of passion or desire, esp. amorous. A 
white liver is traditionally the characteristic of a coward. 

liv'er-ied (-Id), a. Wearing a livery. See livery, 4 & 5. 

liv'er-WOTt 7 (-wurtO.n. 1. Any bryophyte of a class {Hepat- 
icx) related to and resembling the mosses, but differing in 
reproduction and development, etc. Liverworts are found 
on damp ground, old logs, tree trunks, etc. 2. The hepatica. 

liv'er-y (-Y), n.; pi. -eries (-Yz). [F. livree, formerly, a 
gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., a 
delivery, dispensing, livrer to deliver, L. liberare to set 
free.] 1. Act or fact of delivering ; specif.: a Dispensation 
of food, clothing, etc., to retainers or their animals. Obs. or 
Hist, b Law. Act of delivering legal possession of property. 
2. An allowance of food or ration dispensed, as to a family, 
to horses, etc. Obs. or R. 3. The uniform clothing issued 
by feudal superiors to their retainers. 4. The distinctive 



dress often worn by servants of a person of some fashion ; 
— now only of the dress of menservants. 5. Hence : a 
Persons in livery ; retainers ; followers ; — used as a col- 
lective noun, b The peculiar dress or garb of any associ- 
ation or body of persons ; as, the livery of a priesthood, of 
a school, etc. ; also, collectively, the whole body of persons 
wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of the 
association. 6. Characteristic garb or outward appear- 
ance ; as, "April's livery." 7. a The feeding and care of 
horses for pay ; boarding of horses, b A livery stable. U. S. 

liv'er-y-man (-man), n. 1. A liveried retainer. Archaic. 2. 
A freeman of the City of London, entitled to wear the dis- 
tinguishing dress, or livery, of the company, or guild, to 
which he belongs. 3. One who keeps a livery stable. 

livery Stable. A stable where horses and vehicles are kept 
for hire, and where stabling is provided. 

lives (llvz), n., pi. of life. 

liv'id (lYv'Yd), a. [L.lividus,ir. livere to be bluish.] Black 
and blue ; leaden ; discolored. — li-vid'i-ty (li-vYd'I-tY), n. 

liv'ing (-ing), n. 1. State of one who, or that which, lives. 

2. Manner or rule of life. 3. Possibility of living, esp. com- 
fortably ; as, there is no living with him. 4.Means of living ; 
livelihood. 5. Estate ; property. Archaic. 6. A benefice. Eng. 
Syn. Living, livelihood, subsistence, sustenance. 
Living and livelihood refer to maintenance in general. 
Living is now rare except in the phrase to mate, or earn, 
a living; livelihood sometimes suggests more definitely 
actual means of support ; as, his trade is his only livelihood. 
Subsistence and sustenance refer more specifically to 
that which actually sustains animal life. Subsistence is the 
more general term ; sustenance is chiefly limited to food. 

liv'ing, p. a. 1. Alive ; that lives. 2. Active ; operative ; as, 
a living faith. 3. Of or pert, to a living being or group ; as, 
within living memory. 4. Producing life or vigor ; enliven- 
ing. 5. Full of, or true to, life ; lively ; vivid. 

li'vre (le'ver; F. le'vr'), n. [F., fr. L. libra a pound of 
twelve ounces.] A former French money of account, origi- 
nally the value of a pound of silver (or gold). 

lix-iv'i-ate (lik-siv'Y-at), v. t. [L. lixivius pert, to lye, lix 
ashes, lye.] To separate a soluble substance from one that 
is insoluble, by leaching. — lix-iv'i-a'tion, n. 

lix-iv'i-um (-um), n. [L. lixivium, lixivia, fr. lix ashes, 
lye.] Any solution obtained by lixiviation ; esp., lye. 

liz'ard (lYz'drd), n. [OF. laisart, laisarde, lesarde, L. la- 
certa, lacertus.] 1. Any of numerous small four-legged, 
long-bodied reptiles, with tapering tail and scaly or tuber- 
culated skin. 2. Zo'dl. Any member of the order or sub- 
order (Lacertilia) including the ordinary lizards (def. 1) 
and the gecko, chameleons, and allied limbless forms. 

lizard fish, a Any of certain marine fishes (family Synodon- 
tidse ) with lizardlike heads and large mouths, b The saury. 

lla'ma (la'md; Sp. lya'ma), n. [Peruvian : cf. Sp. llama.] 
Any of several South American ruminants allied to the 
camel, but smaller and with no hump ; esp., the domesti- 
cated variety of guanaco {Lama huanacos), used for cen- 
turies as a beast of burden in the Andes. 

Ua'no (la'no; Sp. lya'no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz; Sp. -nos). 
[Sp., plain, fr. L. planus.] An extensive plain. Sp. Amer. 

Lloyd's (loidz), n. A London corporation for carrying on 
the business of marine and other insurance, publishing 
shipping news, etc. Lloyd's originates from the coffee shop 
opened by Edward Lloyd, in 1688. 

lo (15), inter j. Look! behold! 

loach (loch), n. [F. loche.] Any of certain small Old World 
fresh-water fishes constituting a family (Cobitidse), or in- 
cluded in the carp family. 

load (lod), n. [ME. lode load, way ; same word as lode, but 
confused with lade, load, v.] 1. That which is, or is to be, 
laid on or put in anything for conveyance ; a burden ; hence : 
the quantity proper or customary to carry or draw, as in a 
cart ; a cargo ; pack. 2. That which is upborne or sustained. 

3. That which burdens the mind, as care. 4. The charge of 
a firearm. 5. Mech. a Pressure due to superimposed weight. 
b External resistance overcome by a machine or prime 
mover, as by a dynamo or a steam engine. 6. In pi. A 
great deal ; very much ; quantities. Colloq. 

Syn. Load, burden. Lit., a load is that which is carried ; 
burden commonly adds the implication of difficulty or 
labor ; as, a load of hay ; his coat was a burden to him. 

— v. t. 1. To lay or put a load on or in. 2. To place on or in 
something, as for carriage. 3. To supply abundantly ; as, 
to load one with gifts. 4. To adulterate or drug ; as, to 
load wine. Cant. 5. To add weight to, of ten in a fraudu- 
lent manner ; as, to load a cane ; loaded dice ; to load 
paper (with kaolin). 6. Life Insurance. To increase (the 
net premium) by the amount called loading (which see) ; 
to charge, as a life or policy, with a loading in addition to 
the net premium. — v. i. 1. To give or receive a load. 2. 
To insert the charge in a firearm. — load'er, n. 

load'ing, n. Life Insurance. An amount added to the net, 
or pure, premium to provide for business expenses, future 
contingencies, and profits or bonuses. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker-; ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LOADSTAR 



579 



LOCKSMITH 



load'star 7 . Var. of lodestar. 

load'stone', lode'stone' (lod'ston'), n. [load (an obs., 
Scot., or dial. var. of lode), lode -f- stone."] Min. A piece 
of magnetite possessing polarity like a magnetic needle. 

loaf (lof), n.; pi. loaves (lovz). [AS. hlaf.] A regularly 
shaped or molded mass of bread, cake, or sugar. 

loaf, v. t. To spend time in idleness. 

loafer (lof'er), n. One who loafs; a lazy lounger; hence, 
one who has the bad habits typical of street loafers. 

loam (lorn), n. [AS. lam.'] 1. Earthy matter of clay and 
sand, usually considered as containing decomposed organic 
matter. 2. Founding. A mixture of sand, clay, etc., used 
in making molds. — v. t. To cover, smear, or fill with loam. 

loam'y (-T), a. Consisting of or like loam. 

loan (Ion), n. [AS. Ian.] 1. Act of lending ; permission to 
use. 2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. money lent 
at interest. — v. t. & i. To lend. — Syn. See lend. 

loath, loth (loth), a. [AS. Z53\] 1. Odious. Obs. 2. Filled 
with disgust or aversion ; unwilling ; reluctant ; as, loath to 
part. — Syn. See reluctant. 

loathe (loth), v. t.; loathed (lothd) ; loath'ing (lotfe/Tng). 
[AS. laSian to be hateful.] To dislike greatly ; now, esp., 
to have extreme disgust at, or abhorrence for; detest. — 
Syn. See hate. — loath'erfloth'er), n. 

loath'ful (loth'fool), a. Causing loathing. Now Rare. 

loath'ing (-Ing), n. Extreme disgust ; abhorrence. 

loath'ly (lotfe'll), a. Loathsome ; repulsive. — (lotb/ll ; 
loth'-), adv. Unwillingly ; reluctantly. Rare. 

loath'ness (loth'nes), n. Reluctance; unwillingness. 

loath'some (loth/sum), o. Fitted to cause loathing; dis- 
gusting ; detestable. some-ly, adv. some-ness, n. 

loaves (lovz), n., pi. of loaf. 

lob (lob), v. L; lobbed (lobd) ; lob'bing. To throw, toss, 
or the like heavily or slowly ; specif. : a Cricket. To bowl 
underhand, b Lawn Tennis. To return (a ball) in a high 
curve. — v. i. 1. To go heavily or lumberingly. 2. Lawn 
Tennis. To make alob.— n. A lobbing ; specif.: nCricket. 
A slow underhand ball pitched well up in the air. b Lawn 
Tennis. A ball returned in a high curve. 

lo'bate (lo'bat) \a. [See lobe.] Having lobes or rounded 

lo'bat-ed (-bat-ed)/ divisions; lobed; as, a lobate leaf. 

lo'bate-ly, adv. So as to form lobes. 

lo-ba'tion (16-ba'shun), n. State of being lobed ; formation 
of lobes or lobules. See leaf, Illust. 

lob'by (lob'i), n. ; pi. -bies (-Iz). [LL. lobium, lobia, same 
word as laubia a covered portico, fr. OHG. louba arbor.] 
1. A passageway, esp. when serving also as a waiting room, 
etc., as in the British House of Commons and in capitols 
in the United States. 2. The persons, collectively, who fre- 
quent the lobbies, or other parts, of a legislative house to 
transact business with the legislators, esp. for the purpose 
of lobbying. 

— v. i. ; -bied (-id) ; -BY-rNG. To address or solicit mem- 
bers of a legislative body in the lobby or elsewhere with in- 
tent to influence their votes by personal agency. Chiefly 
U. S. — v. t. To urge or procure the passage of, as a bill, 
by lobbying. — lob'by-ism, n. _ 

lob'by-ist, n. A person who lobbies. 

lobe (lob), n. [Gr. Xo/36s.] A somewhat rounded projection 
or division, esp. of an organ or part. 

lobed (lobd), a. Having lobes ; lobate ; specif., Bot., having 
rounded divisions extending less than halfway to the center 
or midrib. See leaf, Illust. 

lo-be'li-a (lo-be'li-d ; -bel'yd), n. [NL., after one Lobel.] 
Any of a genus (Lobelia) of herbaceous plants having red, 
blue, or white flowers with a very irregular corolla. 

loblolly (lob'loTi), n.; pi. -lies. 1. Thick gruel. 2. A 
pine {Pinus tseda) of the southern United States, having 
thick, flaky bark, and spiny-tipped cones; any of several 
related pines. 

loblolly bay. An evergreen theaceous shrub or small tree 
(Gordonia lasianthus) of the southern United States. 

lob'scouse' (lob'skous'), n. Also lob'scourse'. Naut. A 
dish of meat with vegetables, ship biscuit, etc. 

lob'ster (-ster), n. [AS. loppestre, fr. L. locusta a marine 
shellfish.] Any 
large long-tailed 
crustacean, used 
as food, esp. any 
of a genus {Ho- 
marus) with 
stalked com- 
pound eyes and 
two great claws, 
or pincers. 

lob'u-lar (u-ldr), 
a. Like or per- 
taining to a lob- 
ule or lobules. 

lob'ule (-ul), n. A small lobe, or a subdivision of a lobe. 

to'cal (lo'kal), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place.] 1. Charac- 
terized by, or relating to, place, or position in space ; having 




American Lobster. 



a definite spatial form. 2. Relating to, characteristic of, ot 
confined to, a particular place or places; not general or 
widespread. 3. Hence : relating to what is local ; not broad 
or general ; as, a local point of view. 

local option, the right or obligation of determining by 
popular vote within and for a certain district some question 
of public policy, esp. that of the sale of alcoholic beverages. 

— n. A local person or thing ; as : a Railroads. Short for 
local train, a train to accommodate a certain limited dis- 
trict, b In newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the 
place where the paper is published. 

lo'cale' (lS'kal'), properly lo'cal', n. [F. local.] A locality, 
esp. with reference to some characteristic feature. 

lo'cal-ism (lo'kdl-Iz'm), n. State or quality of being local ; 
affection for a particular place ; also, a local idiom or habit. 

lo-caPi-ty (16-kal'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Fact or state 
of being local. 2. A place ; esp., a geographical place. 

lo'cal-i-za'tion (lo'kal-I-za'shun ; -I-za'-), n. Act of local- 
izing, or state of being localized. 

lo'cal-ize (loHcdl-Tz), v. t. To make local ; fix in, or assign or 
confine to, a definite place, or locality. [or part.l 

lo'cal-ly, adv. In respect of place, or of a particular place] 

lo'cate (lo'kat), v. t.; -cat-ed (-kat-ed) ; -cat-ing. [L. lc~ 
catus, p. p. of locare to place, locus place.] 1. To desig- 
nate the site or place of, as a mining claim. 2. To establish 
in a certain place ; settle ; place. 3. To find the place of, 
or to assign a place to, as in any series. — v. i. To place 
one's self ; settle. Colloq. 

lo-ca'tion (lo-ka'shun), n. 1. Civil Law. A letting for hire. 
2. Act of locating ; fact or state of being located. 3. Situ- 
ation; place; specif., place of residence or settlement. 4, 
A tract of land designated as to place and purpose of use, as 
a mining claim. 

loc'a-tive (lok/d-tiv), a. Gram. Pertaining to or designat- 
ing a case denoting place, or the place where or wherein. 

— n. The locative case, or a word in that case. 
lo'ca-tor (lo'ka-ter ; 16-ka'ter), n. One who locates land or 

a mining claim. U. S. 
loch (Iok), n. [Gael. & Olr.] A lake ; also, a bay or arm 

of the sea, esp. when nearly landlocked. Scot. 
lo'chi-a (lo'kl-d; lok'i-d), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. Xoxia, pi., 

fr. Xoxios of childbirth, \6xos a lying in, childbirth.] Med. 

The discharge from the uterus and vagina shortly after 

childbirth. — lo'chi-al (lo'ki-51), a. 
lo'ci Go's!), n., pi. of locus. 
lock (lok), n. [AS. locc] 1. A tuft, tress, or ringlet of hair ; 

hence, in pi., the hair of the head. 2. A naturally cohering 

bunch of wool, cotton, flax, or the like ; a tuft. 
lock, n. [AS. loc] 1. A fastening, as for a door fastened 

and opened 

by a key or 

by a combi- 

nation. 2. 

Any of vari- 
ous holds in 

wrestling. 3. 

The appa- 
ratus of a 

firearm by Canal Lock. 

which the charge is exploded. 4. Act of locking or fasten- 
ing together ; also, a state of being locked or fixed. 5. A 
device to lock a wheel in descending a hill. 6. An inclosure 
in a canal, river, dock, etc., with gates, used in raising or 
lowering boats from level to level. 7. A chamber with air- 
tight doors connecting a compartment where the air is un- 
der pressure (as a ship's stokehole under forced draft) with 
places having normal air pressure. See air lock. 

— v. t. 1. To fasten the lock or locks of ; make fast with or 
as with a lock or locks. 2. To confine ; to shut (in or out) ; 
— often used with up, in, or out. 3. To make fast or rigid, 
as by the engaging of parts. 4. To make fast by interlink- 
ing ; as, to lock arms. 5. a To invest (funds, capital) where 
it is not easily convertible into money ; — used with up. 
b To hold inactive ; overcome ; as, the senses are locked 
in sleep. 6. Engin. a To move (a vessel) or permit it to 
pass, by raising or lowering it in a lock ; — also used with 
in, out, down, up, or through, b To provide with locks, 
as a canal. — v. i. 1. To become locked. 2. To interlock ; 
interlink. 3. To go or pass by means of a lock, as of a 
canal ; — used with in, into, out, through, etc. 

lock'age Gok'aj), n. Act or process of, or toll paid for, pass- 
ing a vessel through a lock or locks, as of a canal. 

lock'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, locks. 2. A draw- 
er, compartment, chest, or closet, that may be locked. 3. 
Naut. A chest or compartment for stowing things snugly. 

lock'et (-et ; 24), n. [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc lock.] 
A case for a miniature or lock of hair, as on a necklace. 

lock'jaw 7 (-J60, n. Med. A variety of tetanus in which the 
jaws are locked rigidly together. 

lock'out' (-out'), n. Act of locking out ; refusal of an em- 
ployer to furnish work to employees, as a means of coercion. 

lock'smitb/ (-smith'), n. One who makes or mends locks. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. » equals. 



M 



LOCK STEP 



580 



LOGICAL 



lock step. A mode of marching by a body of men in a very 
close file, in which the leg of each moves with the corre- 
sponding leg of the person ahead. 
lock Stitch. A peculiar sort of stitch formed by the locking 

together of two threads, as in most sewing machines. 
lock'up' (loVup 7 ),. n. 1. Act of locking up ; state of being 

locked up. 2. A jail. 
lo'co (lo'ko), n. [Sp. loco insane.] 1. = loco weed. 2. = 
loco disease. — v. t. To poison with loco weed ; hence, 
Colloq., to render insane or mad. 
loco disease. A chronic nervous affection of cattle, horses, 

and sheep, caused by eating the loco weed. 
lo'co-fo'CO (-fo'ko), n.; pi. -focos (-koz). 1. A friction 
match. 06s. U. S. 2. [cap.] U. S. Hist. Orig. (1835), a 
member of the wing of New York City Democrats oppos- 
ing the granting of monopolistic charters, etc.; later, a 
member of the State Equal Rights party, organized by 
this faction of the Democratic party, or, for some years (as 
used by the Whigs), any Democrat, 
lo co-mo'bile (-mo'bil), a. [L. locus place + E. mobile.] 
Having the power to move about ; as, a locomobile crane. 

lo'co-mo'tion (-mo'shwn), n. [L. locus place + motio mo- 
tion.] Act or power of moving from place to place. 

lo'co-mo'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Of or pert, to, or able to accom- 
plish, locomotion, or travel. 2. Of, pert, to, or designating 
a machine, esp. an engine, that moves about by the opera- 
tion of its own mechanism. — n. A locomotive engine ; a 
self-propelled vehicle ; esp., a steam engine, or electric mo- 
tor, designed to haul cars on a railroad. 

lo'co-mo'tor (-mo'tor), a. Of or pertaining to locomotion. 
— locomotor ataxia, Med., a disease of the nervous system 
attended with peculiar disturbances of gait, etc. 

loco weed. [See loco.] Any of several fabaceous herbs of 
the western United States. They cause loco disease. 

loc'U-lar (lok'u-ldr), a. [See loculus.] Bot. & Zo'ol. Hav- 
ing, or composed of, cells, or loculi ; as, bilocular. 

loc'u-lus (lok'u-l&s), n. ; L. pi. -li (-11). [L., little place.] A 
small chamber or cavity ; a cell. — loc'u-late (-lat), a. 

lo'CUS (lo'kws), n.; L. pi. -ci (-si), & -ca (-kd). [L., place.] 
1. A place ; locality. 2. Plane Geom. A line or group of 
lines containing all and only such points in the plane as 
satisfy a given condition. 

lo'cust (lo'kiist), n. [L. locusta locust.] 1. Any grasshop- 
per of the family (Acrididse) including the species that 
often travel in vast swarms and destroy vegetation. 2. A 
harvest fly or cicada. See cicada. 3. [Prob. from locust, 
the insect.] a An American fabaceous tree (Robinia pseu- 
dacacia) with pinnate leaves and drooping racemes of 
white flowers ; also, its hard durable wood, b The honey 
locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). C The carob tree. 

lo-cus'ta (13-kus'td), n. [NL. See locust.] Bot. The 
inflorescence of grasses and sedges. See inflorescence, 
Illust. 

lo-cu'tion (lS-ku'shun), n. [L. locutio, fr. loqui to speak.] 
1. Utterance ; discourse ; also, phraseology. Obsoles. 2. A 
particular or peculiar form of expression. 

lode (lod), n. [AS. lad way, journey.] 1. A path ; road ; also, 
a waterway. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 2. Mining, a A rock fis- 
sure filled with mineral of later deposition ; also, this body 
of mineral, b Any ore deposit occurring in its natural place 
within definite boundaries separating it from the rocks. 

iode'star 7 . load'star' (lod'star'), n. [lode, load + star. See 
lode.] A star that leads ; esp., the polestar. 

lode'stone'. Var. of loadstone. 

lodge (loj), n. [F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. 
louba bower, G. laub foliage.] 1. A small or temporary 
dwelling house ; a hut ; booth ; tent ; hence, any abode, as 
for a caretaker on an estate, etc. 2. Hence, a house set 
apart for residence in the hunting or other special season. 
3. In secret societies, the hall or meeting place of a local 
branch or the members composing it. 4. A cabin, hut, or 
tent of the North American Indians ; a wigwam, tepee, or 
the like ; hence, a family of Indians, or the persons who 
usually occupy an Indian lodge. 5. The lair of a wild animal. 

— v. t.; lodged (lojd) ; lodg'ing (loj'ing). 1. To provide 
quarters for, esp. temporarily. 2. To shelter; entertain; 
specif., to take as a lodger. 3. To settle in a place ; fix. 4. 
To deposit for preservation. 5. To place or vest, as author- 
ity in an agent. 6. To lay or deposit (a complaint, informa- 
tion, or the like) before a proper authority. 7. To throw or 
beat down, as growing grain. — v. i. 1. To remain or dwell 
temporarily ; to have sleeping quarters ; pass the night. 2. 
To dwell ; reside ; specif., to reside as a lodger. 3. To come 
to a rest ; stop and remain ; as, the bullet lodged in a tree 
trunk. — Syn. See reside. 

lodg'er (loj'er), n. One who, or that which, lodges ; specif., 
one who occupies a hired room or rooms in another's house. 

lodg'ing (-ing), n. 1. Dwelling; abode; esp., temporary 
abode ; sleeping place ; quarters. 2. In _ pi. A room or 
rooms in another's house, as a place of residence. 

lodging house. A house where lodgings are provided. 

lodgement, lodge'ment (-ment), n. 1. A lodging place ; 



lodgings. Rare. 2. Act or manner of lodging ; state of being 
lodged ; also, material lodged in a place. 

lodl-CUle (lod'i-kul), n. [L. lodicula, dim. of lodix, lodi- 
cis, a coverlet.] Bot. In the flowers of grasses, one of the 
delicate scales borne on the torus. 

lo'ess (lo'2s ; lus), n. [G. loss.'] A peculiar deposit of loam, 
covering large areas in North America, Europe, and Asia. 

loft (loft ; 62), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. A room or floor 
above another ; esp., an attic. 2. a An attic of a barn ; hay- 
loft, b An upper floor of a warehouse or business building, 
esp. when without partitions. U.S. c A gallery in a church, 
hall, etc. ; as, the organ loft. 3. Golf, a Pitch or slope of the 
face of a club (tending to drive the ball upward), b Act of 
lofting, or a lofting stroke. 

— v. t. 1. To make or furnish with a loft ; as, a lofted house. 
2. To cause to have loft ; a lofted golf-club head. 3. Golf. 
To strike (the ball) so that it goes over an obstacle. — v. i. 
Golf. To loft the ball. 

loft'er (lSf'ter), n. Golf. An iron club used in lofting the 

ball ; — called also lofting iron. 
loft'i-ly (-tMI), adv. In a lofty manner. 
loft'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being lofty. 
loft'y (ISf'ti ; 62), a. ; loft'i-er (-tf-er) ; loft'i-est. [From 

loft.] 1. Rising high ; high ; esp., having imposing height. 

2. Haughty ; proud ; overweening ; as, with lofty contempt. 

3. Elevated in character, spirit, language, etc. ; exalted. 
— Syn. Dignified, stately, majestic, sublime. See high. 

log Gog), n. l.A bulky piece or length of unshaped timber. 
2. Something inert, heavy, or stupid. 3. Naut. An appa- 
ratus for measuring the rate of a ship's motion through the 
water, orig. a triangular block (the log chip) fastened to a 
line (the log line). 4. The record of the rate of a ship's 
speed or of her daily progress ; also, the nautical record of a 
ship's voyage or the book in which it is kept. 

— v. t.; logged (logd) ; log'ging (log'ing). 1. To fell and 
lop (a tree) ; cut (timber) into logs ; fell the timber on (a 
tract of land). 2. Naut. To enter in a log (sense 4). — v. i. 
To engage in cutting or transporting logs. 

log'an, or log'gan, Stone (log'dn). [For logging, fr. dial. 
log to rock.] = rocking stone. 

lo'gan-ber'ry (lo^gan-ber'i), n. [After J. H. Logan of Cali- 
fornia.] A hybrid between the raspberry and blackberry. 

lo-ga'ni-a'ceous (lo-ga'nY-a'shws), n. [After James Logan, 
Irish botanist.] Bot . Belonging to a family (Loganiaceae) 
of herbs, shrubs, and trees disting. from the gentian family 
by the presence of stipules. Most species are poisonous. 

log'a-03'dic (log'd-e'dik), a. [Gr. \oyaoiSiKos, lit., prose- 
poetic ; — from the mixed rhythm ; \6yos discourse, prose 
+ doiSi) song.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. Composed of dactylsand 
trochees, or of anapaests and iambi, combined. 

log'a-rithm (log'd-ritfe'm ; -rith'm), n. [Gr. \6yos propor- 
tion + &pi6n6s number.] Math. The exponent of that 
power of a fixed number (called the base) which equals a 
given number (called the anti-logarithm). Logarithms to 
the base 10 are conveniently used to abridge arithmetical 
computations on the principle that the antilogarithm of the 
sum of the logarithms of two or more numbers is equal to 
the product of the numbers. 

log'a-rith'mic (-rTth'mik; -ritfe/mYk)la. Math. Of or af- 

log/a-rith'mi-cal (-mi-kai) / fecting the loga- 

rithm ; as, a logarithmic decrement, derivation, etc. 

log book, or log / bOOk / , n. Naut. See log, n., 4. 

log chip, log line. Naut. See log, n., 3. 

loge (lozh), n % [F. See lodge.] A booth or stall; specif., 
a box or stall in a theater or opera house. 

log'gan stone. See logan stone. 

log'ger (log'er), n. One engaged in logging. 

log'ger-head' (-hed'), n. [Dial, logger a log or block of 
wood + head.~\ 1. A blockhead. 2. Naut. An upright 
piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, around which a turn 
of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. 3. A 
very large marine turtle (Caretta caretta) of the Atlantic. 

4. An American shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). 
to be at loggerheads, to contend or quarrel. 

log'gia (loj'd ; lo'ji-d :It .16d'ja), n. ; pi. E. loggias (loj'dz ; 
16'jl-dz), It. logge (ISd'ja). [It., of G. origin. See lodge.] 
Arch. A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in 
being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a 
part of the main edifice ; from a porch, in being intended 
ndt for entrance, but for an out-of-door sitting room, 

log'ic (loj'Ik), n. [F. logique, L. logica, fr. Gr. Xoyik^ (sc. 
tcx*''?), f r - Xo-yixos belonging to speaking or reason, \6yos 
speech, reason, \kyuv to say.] 1. The science, art, or laws 
of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought ; science 
of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and 
systematic arrangement. 2. A treatise on logic ; also, the 
methodology or formal principles of any branch of knowl- 
edge ; as, the logic of art. 3. Reasoning ; esp., sound rea- 
soning ; also, something that tends to convince as com- 
pletely as reasoning ; as, the logic of a situation or of facts. 

log'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or used in, logic. 2. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask,sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, drb, odd, soft, connect; 
Sse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



LOGICALITY 



581 



LONG BOW 



According to the rules of logic. 3. Skilled in logic. 4. Rea- 
sonable or to be expected under all the circumstances ; as, 
the logical result of an act. — log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

log'i-cal'i-ty (loj'Y-kal'i-tl), n. Logical character. 

lo-gi'cian (lo-jish'an), n. One skilled in logic. 

log'i-on (log'T-on), n. ; L. pi. logia (-d). [Gr. \byiov say- 
ing, fr. \6yos word.] A saying or maxim of a religious teach- 
er ; specif. [Often cap.'] , a saying of Jesus ; — applied esp., 
chiefly in the pi., to such sayings contained in collections 
supposed to have been used by Matthew and the other 
evangelists, and to Agrapha (which see). 

lo-gis'tics (16-jTs'tTks), n. (See -ICS.) [Gr. Xayiortxis 
skilled in calculating, deriv. of \6yos number, reckoning.] 
1. The art of elementary numerical calculation. 2. Mil. 
That branch of the military art which embraces the details 
of transport and supply. 

log'O- (log'o-). [See logic] Combining form from Greek 
\6yos, word, thought, speech, discourse. 

log'o-gram (-gram), n. A word letter; a phonogram repre- 
senting a word. — log'o-gram-mat'ic (-grd-mat'ik), a. 

log'o-graph (-graf), n. A character or sign representing a 
word ; a logogram. [raphy.l 

log'O-graph'ic (log'6-graf'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to logog-| 

lO-gOg'ra-phy (lo-gog'rd-fi), n. [Gr. \oyoypa<t>ia a writing 
of speeches ; \6yos word, speech + ypa.<j>eiv to write.] 1. 
Use of logotypes in printing. 2. A mode of reporting 
speeches in long hand, in which a number of reporters took 
three or four words each in succession. 

log'o-griph (log'o-grTf), n. [logo- + Gr. yptfas a fishing 
net, a dark saying, a riddle.] 1. A sort of riddle requiring 
the discovery of a chosen word from various combinations 
of its letters, etc. ; — thus, to discover the chosen word 
chatter from cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. 2. Any anagram. 

io-gom'a-chy (16-gom'd-kT), n.; pi. -chies (-kiz). [Gr. Xo- 
yofiaxia- ; X6>os word + uaxv fight, contest.] 1. Contention 
in or about words merely. 2. The game of word making. 

Log'os (log'os), n.; L. pi. Logoi (-oi). [NL., fr. Gr. X6705 
word, form expressing a thought.] Theol. Christ, the di- 
vine Word ; — used by St. John. Hence, the second person 
of the Trinity considered as the expression or incarnation of 
the divine Reason. 

log'0-type (-5-tIp), n. Print. A single type containing two 
or more letters, or a syllable or word, as the, and ; — dis- 
ting. from ligature, in which the letters are united to form 
a single character. — log'O-typ'y (-tlp'i), n. 

log'roll' (log'rolO, v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling ; affect 
or further by logrolling. U. S. — log'roll'er, n. U. S. 

log-rolling, n. A combining to assist another in considera- 
tion of assistance in return ; — used opprobriously of 
certain political methods. Chiefly U. S. 

log Ship. Var. of log chip. See log, »., 3. 

log'wood' (log'wdod'), n. [From being imported in logs."] 
1. The very hard brownish heartwood of a Central Ameri- 
can caesalpiniaceous tree (Hsematoxylon campechianum). 
It is much used in dyeing. 2. The tree itself. 

lo'gy (lo'gi), a.; lo'gi-er (lo'gi-er) ; lo'gi-est. Heavy or 
dull, esp. in motion or thought ; as, a logy horse. U. S. 

-logy (-16-ji). [Gr. -\oyia, fr. Xoyos word, discourse, \iyetv 
to speak.] A combining form denoting a speaking or say- 
ing, discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science. 

Lo'hen-grin (lo'en-grm), n. [G.] The Knight of the Swan, 
a hero of medieval German romance who comes in a swan- 
drawn boat to champion Elsa from a charge of murder 
preferred by her guardians. Lohengrin saves and marries 
her ; when she violates his mandate not to ask his name, 
he tells her, but is borne away from her forever. 

loin (loin), n. [OF. logne, deriv. of L. lumbus loin.] 1. 
That part of man or a quadruped on either side of the spinal 
column between the hip bone and the false ribs ; — chiefly 
in pi., and often, in Biblical or poetic diction, denoting : a 
The part of the body to be clothed or girded, b The seat of 
generation or procreation. 2. A cut of meat from the loins, 
chiefly that which includes the vertebrae of the loins. 

loi'ter (loi'ter), v. i. [D. leuteren.] To be slow in moving ; 
be dilatory ; saunter. — Syn. See linger. — v. t. To waste, 
as time ; — used with away. — loi'ter-er, n. 

Lo'ki (lo'ke), n. [ Icel. Loki. ] Norse Myth. A god who is 
contriver of discord and mischief, sometimes classed with 
the /Esir, sometimes with the Jotunns. He is able to trans- 
form himself into innumerable shapes. See Ragnarok, 
Heimdall, Freya, Andvari. 

loll (151), v. i. 1. To droop; dangle. 2. Of the tongue, to 
hang out loosely ; also, of an animal, to let the tongue loll, 
as when heated. 3. To move or recline in a lax or lazy man- 
ner. — v. t. To let loll, or rest lazily or droopingly. — n. 
Act of lolling ; also, one who, or that which, lolls. 

Lollard (lol'drd), n. [Through LL. or OD. fr. LG. & D. 
lollen to sing in a murmuring strain.] Hist. One of a cer- 
tain sect in England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th cen- 
turies, who were religious and economic reformers and fol- 
lowers of Wycliffe, and so condemned by the church. 



loll'er, n. One who lolls ; as, lollers by profession. 

lol'li-pop (lol'I-pop), n. A kind of candy, often in the form 
of a lump on the end of a stick. 

lollop (lol'up), v. i. [From loll] 1. To loll or lounge 
Colloq., Brit. 2. To go or move with bounds or leaps. 

Lom'bard (lom'bdrd ; lum'-), n. [F.] 1. One of a Teutonic 
tnibe which dwelt in the 1st and 2d centuries on the Elbe, in 
the 5th on the Danube, and after their invasion of Italy, in 
568, chiefly in the valley of the Po ; a person descended 
from this people, or a native of the part of Italy named 
from them. 2. [Also I. c] A money lender or banker ; — 
in allusion to the early Lombard bankers. 06s. or Hist. 

Lombard Street. A London street famous for banks and 
note brokers ; hence, the money interests of London. 

lo'ment (lo'ment), n. [L. lomentum bean meal and rice 
used as a cosmetic wash, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] An 
indehiscent legume, as of the tick trefoils, which breaks at 
maturity into one-seeded sections. See fruit, Illust. 

lomen-ta'ceous (lo'men-ta'shus), a. Bot. Of the nature 
of or resembling a loment ; bearing loments. 

lone (Ion), a. [Abbr. fr. alone.] 1. Without company; soli- 
tary ; hence, lonesome. 2. Unmarried or in widowhood. 
Chiefly Humorous. 3. Being by itself ; also, unfrequented ; 
hence : causing loneliness ; lonely. — Syn. See solitary. 

lone'li-ly (lon'li-lT), adv. In a lonely manner. 

lone'li-ness, n. Quality or state of being lonely. 

lonely, a. ; -li-er (-11-er) ; -li-est. 1. Without company ; 
alone ; lone. 2. Solitary ; retired ; unfrequented. 3. De- 
pressed because of feeling one's self alone; lonesome. 4. 
Dreary ; desolate ; as, a lonely sky. — Syn. See solitary. 

lone'some (-siim), «. ; -som-er (-er) ; -som-est. 1. Secluded 
from society ; unfrequented ; solitary ; hence, causing lone- 
liness or depression. 2. Conscious of, and depressed by, 
solitude. — Syn. See solitary. — lone'some-ly, adv. — 
lone'some-ness, n. 

long (long ; 62), o. [AS. long, lang.] 1. Of considerable 
extent from end to end; not short; specif., forming the 
chief linear dimension ; as, the long side of anything ; hence, 
considerably greater in this dimension than in any other ; 
as, a long building or boat ; also, comparatively great in the 
dimension of its axis ; not broad ; as, a long skull or head. 

2. Of considerable extent in time ; not brief ; hence, tedious. 

3. Containing many items, counts, or members ; as, a long 
list. 4. Extended to (a specified) measure in space or time 
or in any series ; as, a mile long. 5. Designating a measure 
of a greater length or quantity than the standard ; as, a 
long mile. 6. Directed to what is distant in space, time, or 
accessibility ; far-reaching ; as, long sight ; a long farewell. 

7. Distant in time ; far away ; as, a long date ; a long note. 

8. Of a relatively great duration ; — said in phonetics esp. 
of one vowel sound as compared with another called short, 
or, in prosody, esp. of a syllable. 9. Finance & Com. 
Having a supply of stocks or goods ; prepared for, or de- 
pending for a profit upon, an advance in prices. 

in the long run, in the final result. — 1. dozen, thir- 
teen. — 1. measure, linear measure. — 1. moss, a bro- 
meliaceous epiphytic plant (Slrepsia usneoides) forming 
pendent tufts upon trees in the southern United States. — 
1. ton. See ton. 

— n. Phon. & Pros. A long sound or syllable. 

— adv. [AS. lange.]^ 1. For or during a long time or the 
length of a time indicated; as, do not stay long; as long 
as he lives. 2. At a point of duration far distant ; as, long 
afterwards. 3. As used in the comparative : After or be- 
yond the indicated time ; as, to stay longer. 

long, adv. & prep. Short for along. Archaic or Dial. 

long, v. i. [AS. langian to grow long, to long.] To feel a 
strong desire or craving ; — used with an infinitive, or with 
after or for. 

Syn. Long, yearn, hanker, crave. Long expresses 
strong desire or earnest wish ; yearn (chiefly elevated or 
poetical) implies eager or restless, often tender, longing ; 
hanker (chiefly colloq. or familiar) suggests the uneasi- 
ness, craving, the urgency, of appetite ; as. I long to talk 
with you ; he yearned to see her again ; to hanker for ex- 
citement ; a hankering after money ; a craving for drink. 

long (long; 62), v. i. [AS. gelang belonging, dependent, 
consequent.] To be suitable or meet ; befit ; beseem ; per- 
tain ; be appurtenant , appendant. Archaic. 

lon'gan Oon'gdn), n. [Chin, lung yen, name of the plant.] 
A pulpy fruit, related to the litchi, produced by an East 
Indian sapindaceous tree (Nephelium longan) ; also, the 
tree itself. 

lon'ga-nim'i-ty (lor/gd-nYm'i-ti), n. [L. longanimitas ; 
longus long + animus mind.] Long-suffering ; patience. 

long'beard 7 (long'berd'), n . See bellarmine. 

long-boat 7 Oong'bot' ; 62), n. Naut. The largest boat car- 
ried by a merchant sailing vessel. 

long bow, or long'bow' (-bo'), n. The bow drawn by hand 
and discharging an arrow. Cf . crossbow. 
to draw (pull, use, etc.) the long bow, to tell large 
stories ; make exaggerated statements. 



< 



1 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z. in axure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations ©f Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals, KA 



LONG CLOTH 



582 



LOOT 



long cloth, or long'cloth' (-klSth' ; 62), n. A kind of cotton 
cloth of superior quality.. 

longe (lunj), n. [F. longe halter, rope used in training 
norses.] Man. a A long rope used to lead or guide a horse. 
D The use of the longe. C A place, usually a ring, for train- 
ing or exercising horses. — v. t. ; longed (lunjd) ;*longe'- 
ing. To guide or exercise (a horse) by means of a longe, or 
guide rope, or in a longe, or ring. [of life.l 

lon-gev'i-ty (lon-jev'I-ti), n. Long duration of life ; length! 

lon-ge'vous^ (lon-je'vSs), a. [L. longaevus ; longus long+ 
aevum lifetime, age.] Long-lived. 

long'hand 7 (long'hand' ; 62), n. The characters used in ordi- 
nary writing ; handwriting ; — opposed to shorthand. 

long'-head'ed, a. 1. Having unusual foresight or sagacity. 
2. Dolichocephalic. — long'-head'ed-ness, n. 

long'horn 7 (long'horn'), n. An animal having long horns. 

lon'gi- (lon'jf-). Combining form fr. Latin longus, long. 

lon'gi-corn (-korn), a. [longi- -f- L. cornu horn.] Having 
long antennae. — n. A longicorn beetle (fam. Ceramby- 
cidse) . 

long'ing (long'Yng; 62), n. An eager desire; craving. 

lon'gi-ros'tral (lon'ji-ros'tral), a. Having a long bill ;of or 
pertaining to an old group (Longirostres) of birds includ- 
ing the ibises and shore birds. 

long'ish (ISng'Ish), a. Somewhat long; moderately long. 

lon'gi-tude (lon'jl-tud), n. [L. longitudo, fr. longus long.] 
1. Length. Now Chiefly Jocular. 2. Geog. The arc of 
the equator intercepted between, or the angle between, the 
meridian of a given place and a prime meridian, as that of 
Greenwich, England. 3. Astron. The distance, in degrees, 
reckoned eastward on the ecliptic from the vernal equinox 
to the ecliptic meridian of any given point. 

lon'gi-tu'di-nal (-tu'dT-nal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to lon- 
gitude or length. 2. Extending in length ; placed or running 
lengthwise. 3. Biol. Extending along, or pert, to, the ante- 
roposterior (usually the longest) axis. di-nal-ly, adv. 

Lon'go-bard (lon'gS-bard), n. & a. [L. Longobardi.] = 
Lombard. 

long prim'er (prYm'er). Print. A size of type. See type. 

long'shore' ( lSng'shor' ; 62 ), a. [For alongshore.} Be- 
longing to the seashore ; being along the shore. 

long'shore'man (long'shor'man), n. [For alongshore- 
man.~\ One employed about the wharves of a seaport, 
esp. in loading or unloading vessels. 

long'-sight'ed, a. Far-sighted ; hence, sagacious. 

long'some (ISng'sSm), a. [AS. langsum.J Extended in 
length ; hence : tediously long ; tiresome. Archaic or Dial. 

long'spur 7 (-spur'), n. Any of several long-clawed fringil- 
line birds (chiefly genus Calcarius) of the arctic regions 
and Great Plains of North America. 

long'-suf 'fer-ing, a. Bearing injuries or provocation for a 
long time with patience. — n. Long patience of offense. 

long'-wind'ed (-win'ded; 24, 109), a. Able to retain the 
breath a long time ; hence, tediously long in speaking. 

long'wise' (-wiz'), long'ways' (-waz'), adv. Lengthwise. 

100 (loo), n. [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, lanturlu."] 
1. A game at cards. 2. The money played for, or each stake, 
at loo. 3. Failure to win a trick at loo. — ■ v. t. To subject 
to a forfeit at loo. 

k>of (loof), loo'fah (loo'fd), n. Vars. of luff, luffa. 

look (look), v. i. [AS. locian."] 1. To have or exercise the 
visual sense ; see. 2. To direct the eyes for seeing. 3. To 
appear or show one's self to see or as if to see ; — usually 
used with out. 4. To direct or pay attention ; give heed ; 
take care. 5. To expect ; anticipate (that). 6. To turn, go, 
or resort (to) ; as, he looks to me for help. 7. To seem to a 
perceiver ; appear. 8. To face ; front. — Syn. See see, 
seem. — v. t. 1. To observe ; examine ; — now only in 
look over. 2. To look for ; specif. : a To expect, b To seek ; 
— now only with out or up. 3. To give a look to ; as, to 
look a man in the eye. 4. To influence, bring or express by 
looking ; as, to look down opposition ; to look malice. 

— n. 1. Act of looking ; glance. 2. Expression of counte- 
nance ; hence, personal aspect. 3. Appearance. — look'er,n. 

look'er— on', n. ; pi. lookers-on (--erz-). A spectator. 
Syn. Looker-on, spectator, beholder, observer. Look- 
er-on often suggests greater detachment or more casual 
observation than spectator, which often implies presence 
at a spectacle so as to see it. Beholder is chiefly poetical 
or elevated ; observer implies close and directed attention. 

look'ing-glass', n. A mirror. 

look'out' ( lotik'out' ), n. 1. a A watching for an object or 
event, b The place from which such observation is made. 
C One engaged in watching. 2. View ; outlook ; prospect. 
Chiefly Eng. 3. Object of care or concern. Colloq. 

loom (loom), n. [See loon, the bird.] 1. A loon. 2. An 
auk, guillemot, or puffin. 

loom, v. i. 1. To appear above the surface of sea or land, or 
to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, esp. from at- 
mospheric influences ; as, the ship looms large. 2. To ap- 
pear in an exaggerated or an impressively great form. — n. 
A looming appearance, shadow, or reflection. 



loom, n. [AS. geloma utensil, implement.] 1. A frame or 
machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric. 2. 
Naut. That part of an oar inboard »£ 
from the rowlock. 





Working Parts of 
Hand Loom. 1.1 Yarn 
Beam; 2, 2 Cloth 
Beam ; 3 Cord with 
Weights for keeping 
Warp Threads tight ; 
4. 4 Leash Rods ; 5, 5 Heddles, suspended from Pulleys 
(9, 9), and raised and lowered by Treadles (8, 8) to form the 
Shed for the Shuttle (10) ; 6. 6 Reed ; 7. 7 Temple. 

loon (loon), n. Also, Obs. or Dial. & Scot., lown. 1. A 
worthless person ; also, a lout ; boor ; clown. 2. A boy ; 
lad. Chiefly Scot. 

loon, n. [ For older loom, of Scand. origin. ] Any of several 
fish-eating diving birds (genus Gavia) of northern regions, 
including the common, or great northern, diver or loon ((?. 
immer) . 

loon'y, lun'y (loon'i), a. Crazy ; daft ; foolish. 
Slang. — n. ; pi. -ies (-Iz). A loony person ; a | 
lunatic. Slang. [Archaic. 

loop (loop), n. A small opening; a loophole.) 

loop, n. 1. A fold or doubling of a 
thread, rope, etc. ; hence : a ring or 
fold forming a catch, often of metal 
or wood ; an eye, staple, etc. 2. A 
loop-shaped figure, course, bend, 
etc. 3. In various technical senses, 
as : a Physics. The portion of a vi- 
brating string, air column, etc., be- 
tween the nodes ; also, an antinode. 
See node, Illust. b A stitch in cro-j 
cheting, knitting, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To make a loop or loops Loon <- Gavta immer). 
of or in ; fasten with a loop or loops ; — often with up. 2. 
To make a loop or loops on or about ; as, to loop one's finger 
with cord. — v. i. To make or form a loop, as the measur- 
ing worm in crawling ; hence, to go or progress in this man- 
ner. — loop'er (loop'er), n. 

loop (loop), n. [F. loupe.} Iron Works. A mass of iron in a 
pasty condition gathered into a ball for the tilt hammer or 
rolls. — v. i. To form a loop. 

loop-hole' (-holO, n. [loop opening + hole."] 1. A small 
opening, as in a wall or parapet, through which weapons 
may be discharged. 2. A hole or aperture that gives a pas- 
sage, or way of escape or evasion ; — chiefly used fig. — v. t. ; 
-holed '(-hold') ; -HOi/iNGt-hol'ing). To make loopholes in. 

loop Stitch. Embroidery. A chain stitch fastened at the 
loop end by a short stitch ; — called also picot stitch. 

loose ( loos ), a. ; loos'er (-er) ; loos'est. [Of Scand. orig.] 
1. Not fastened so as to be fixed, rigid, firm, or tight ; as, 
loose teeth, ribbons, etc. 2. Free, esp. from confinement ; 
not bound or secured ; as, a lion loose ; loose coins, pages, 
parts of a machine ; hence : disconnected ; detached ; ran- 
dom ; as, loose information ; loose paragraphs. 3. Com- 
posed of free particles ; not cohering ; as, loose earth. 4. 
Not dense, close, or compact, in structure or arrangement ; 
as, loose texture. 5. Wanting in restraint ; lax ; also, disso- 
lute ; lewd ; as, a loose life. 6. Wanting in precision or care ; 
not strict, close, or rigid. 

— adv. Loosely ; not so as unduly to bind or constrain. 

— v. L; loosed (loost) ; loos'ing (loos'ing). 1. To make 
loose ; unbind, unpack, etc. 2. To free from restraint ; re- 
lease. 3. To release from an obligation ; disengage ; remit. 
4. To discharge, as an arrow, a gun. 5. To relax ; make less 
rigid, tight, or strict. 6. To make or render loose ; break 
up the firmness or coherence of. — v. i. 1. To become 
loose ; loosen. 2. To discharge an arrow, gun, etc. ; shoot. 

loose'ly (loos'li), adv. In a loose manner. 

loos'en (looV'n), v. t. To set, let, or make loose ; as : a To 
release, b To relax, as the bowels, discipline, etc. C To dis- 
connect. — v. i. To become loose. 

loos'en-er, n. One who, or that which, loosens. 

loose'ness, n. State or quality of being loose. 

loose'strife' (loos'strTF), n. [loose, v. + strife; as a trans- 
lation of the L. name lysimachia.} 1. Any of a genus 
(Lysimachia, esp. L. vulgaris) of primulaceous plants 
having leafy stems and yellow or white flowers. 2. Any of a 
genus (Lythrum)oi herbs and subshrubs, typifying a family 
(Lythraceae), including the purple loosestrife (L. salica- 
ria), which has a long spike of purple flowers. 

loot ( loot ), n. [Hind. Zuf.] Plunder ; booty ; spoils ; esp., 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fkrn, up, circtfe, menu; food, foot: out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



LOOTER 



583 



LOTOPHAGI 



the spoils taken in war or the gains of official corruption. 
— Syn. See booty. — v. t. & i. To sack, as a city ; rob, 
esp. by corruption ; also, to carry off as loot. — loot'er, n. 
lop (lop), v. t. ; lopped (lopt) ; lop'ping. 1. To hew branches 
or twigs from (a tree, vine, etc.) ; trim. 2. To cut off or 
remove, as twigs from a tree. — v. i. To perform the act of 
lopping, or trimming. — n. A part or parts of a tree, etc., 
lopped off ; esp., parts not measured for timber. 
lop, v. i. To hang down ; droop ; flop loosely or limply.— 
v. t. To let hang down ; droop, as the ears. 

lope (lop), v. i. ; loped (lopt) ; lop'ing._ To go or move with 
a lope. — n. 1. An easy gait, resembling a canter, charac- 
teristic of saddle ponies of the western United States. 2. 
Hence, an easy bounding gait capable of being sustained for 
a considerable period ; as, the lope of a wolf. 

lop'-eared' (lop'erdO, a. Having ears that droop. 

lo'pho-branch ( lo'fo-brank ), n. [Gr. Xotfoy crest, tuft + 
fipayxiov gill. ] Zo'dl. Any of an order ( Lophobranchii ) 
of small teleost fishes, including the sea horses and pipe- 
fishes, having the gills in tufts on the branchial arches. 

lop'per (lop'er), n. One who lops. 

lop'sid'ed (-sld'ed ; 24, 109), a. Leaning to one side, as from 
a defect of structure ; hence, unsymmetrical. 

lo-qua'cious (16-kwa'shus), a. [L. loquax, -acts, fr. loqui 
to speak.] Given to talking ; garrulous ; voluble. — Syn. 
See talkative. — lo-qua'cious-ly , adv. — cious-ness, n. 

lo-quac'i-ty (16-kwas'i-tT), n. Talkativeness; garrulity. 

lo'quat (lo'kwot ; -kwat), n. [Chin, (of Canton) lo kwat the 
medlar.] A Japanese evergreen malaceous tree (Eriobo- 
trya japonica), often cultivated ; also, its edible fruit. 

lord (lord), n. [AS. hlaford, for hlafweard, i. e., bread 
keeper ; hlaf bread, loaf -\-weard keeper, guard.] 1. One 
who has power and authority, as from headship or leader- 
ship ; a master ; ruler ; one who has authority from property 
rights ; a proprietor. 2. a A titled nobleman, whether peer 
of the realm or not ; — applied in the United Kingdom : 
(1) to a baron ; (2) less formally, to any temporal peer from 
baron to marquis ; (3) by courtesy, to the son of a duke or 
marquis, or the eldest son of an earl ; (4) to a bishop ; (5) as 
a judicial title, to a Scottish Lord of Session, b Specif., in 
pi. [cap.] , usually with the, the House of Lords, formerly of 
England, Scotland, or Ireland, later of Great Britain, now of 
the United Kingdom (see under house). 3. A title of ref- 
erence or address prefixed to the names of the persons men- 
tioned in 2 a, and forming part of certain official titles ; as, 
lord advocate, lord chamberlain, etc. It is used as a pre- 
fixed title as follows : (1) In less formal use for Mar- 
quis, Earl, and Viscount; — with of omitted. (2) Before 
the title of peerage of a baron; as, Lord Tennyson, the 
Christian name, if mentioned, coming first, thus, Alfred, 
Lord Tennyson. (3) As a courtesy title before the name and 
surname of the younger sons of dukes and marquises ; as, 
Lord James Alton. 4. A husband. Now Poetic or Hu- 
morous. 5. Feudalism. One of whom a fee or estate is 
held ; the proprietor of feudal land. _ 6. [cap.] a The Su- 
preme Being ; Jehovah, b The Savior ; Jesus Christ. 7. 
Astrol. A planet having controlling power or influence. 
Lord of Misrule, the master of revels, as at Christmas; 
— in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Obs. or Hist. — 
the Lord's Day, Sunday. — the Lord's Supper, a The 
supper partaken of by Jesus the night before his cruci- 
fixion, b The sacrament in commemoration of this ; the 
Eucharist ; the Holy Communion. 

— v. i. To play the lord ; domineer ; — esp. in to lord it over. 

lord'ing, n. 1. A lord ; — esp. in address ; also, in pi., sirs ; 
masters. Archaic. 2. A lordling. 

lordli-ness (lord'll-nes), n. State or disposition t>f a lord ; 
dignity ; often, arrogance or haughtiness. 

lord'ling Qord'ling), n. A little or insignificant lord. 

lordly (lord'li), a.; -li-er (-lT-er) ; -li-est.^ Suitable for, 
pertaining to, or resembling a lord ; specif. : a Grand ; 
coble, b Proud; haughty; insolent. — Syn. Imperious, 
overbearing, tyrannical, despotic, domineering, arrogant. 
See masterful. — adv. In a lordly manner. 

lor do'sis (lor-do'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. X6p5w<nt, fr. \opS6s 
bent so as to be convex in front.] Med. A curvature of the 
spine forward, usually in the lumbar region. 

lord'ship (lord'shTp), n. 1. Rank or position of a lord; 
hence [Often cap.] , with his or your, a title applied to a 
lord (except an archbishop or a duke, who is called his or 
your Grace) or a judge (in the United Kingdom). 2. Seign- 
iory ; the jurisdiction of a lord. 3. Dominion ; authority. 

lore (lor; 57), n. [L. lorum thong.] Zo'dl. The space be- 
tween the eye and bill in birds, and the corresponding re- 
gion in reptiles and fishes. 

lore (lor ; 57), n. [AS. lar.] 1. Act of teaching, or what is 
taught ; hence : wisdom ; counsel. Archaic. 2. Knowledge ; 
erudition, esp. when regarded as traditional, anecdotal, or 
miscellaneous. — Syn. See learning. 

Lo're-lei' (lo're-ll'; lor'e-), n. [G.] In German legend, a 
siren, who haunted a rock on the Rhine, and by her beauty 
and singing lured sailors to destruction on a reef below. 



lor'gnette' (lor'nyet'), n. [F.] 1. An eyeglass or eyeglasses 
with a long handle. 2. An opera glass. 

lo-ri'ca (16-rI'kd ), n.; L. pi. loric^e (-se). [L., fr. lorum 
thong.] 1. Anc. Armor. A cuirass, orig. of leather. 2. 
Zo'dl. A hard protective case, as of an armadillo. 

lor'i-cate (lor'I-kat), a. Zo'dl. Having a lorica ; of the na- 
ture of a lorica. — lor'i-cat'ed, a. [small lories. I 

lor'i-keet (lor'I-ket), n . [See lory.] Any of numerous! 

lo'ris (lo'rls ; 57), n. [F., fr. Flem. lorrias lazy, the sloth.] 
Either of two small nocturnal slow-moving lemurs, esp. the 
slender loris (Loris gracilis). 

lorn (lorn), a. [See forlorn.] 1. Lost ; ruined. Archaic. 
2. Forsaken ; desolate ; forlorn. 

lor'ry (lor'i; liir'1), n.; pi. -ries (-Yz). [Prob. from dial. 
lurry to pull or lug.] 1. A kind of large, low, horse truck 
or automobile truck. Brit. 2. Any of various trucks or 
other vehicles running on rails. 

lo'ry (lo'rl; 57), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Malay tStrl, nurl.] 
Any of numerous parrots (subfamily Loriinse), of Austra- 
lia, etc., often having the tongue brushlike at the tip. 

los'a-ble (looz'd-b'l), a. That can be lost. 

lose (looz),^;. t. ; pret. & p. p. lost (lost ; 62) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
los'ing (looz'ing). [AS. losian to become lost, perish, los 
destruction.] 1. To bring to destruction ; ruin ; — chiefly 
in the passive ; as, the crew was lost. 2. To suffer the loss 
of; part with (something of value), esp. accidentally or by 
separation. 3. To suffer loss through the death, removal, 
separation, killing, wounding, capture, or desertion, of (a 
person, troops, etc.). 4. To fail to keep, sustain, or main- 
tain ; as, to lose one's balance, mind, health, senses, etc. 5. 
To fail to keep at hand or accessible ; as, to lose one's coat. 
6. To fail to keep in sight or mind ; as, he was lost in the 
crowd. 7. To go astray from, as from a road. 8. To waste ; 
squander ; as, to lose a day. 9. To fail to gain, win or be 
successful in, as a prize, contest, suit, etc. 10. To prevent 
from gaining or keeping ; as his mistake lost him his office. 
11. To cause or suffer (one's i self, a person) to lose his way 
or bearings ; — chiefly reflexive or passive ; hence, to suffer 
loss of (one's, or his, its, etc., identity, self-control,etc). 12. 
Of things : to hide or obscure (itself) ; become hidden or ob- 
scured. — v. i. To suffer loss. — los'er (looz'er), n. 

lo'sel (lo'zel; looz'el), n. [ME. losel, lorel.] A worthless 
person. — a. Worthless. Both Archaic or Dial. 

loss (los ; 62), n. [AS. los destruction.] 1. State or fact of 
being destroyed ; ruin ; perdition ; as, the loss of a vessel at 
sea. 2. Act or fact of suffering deprivation ; esp., uninten- 
tional parting with something. 3. Act or fact of failing to 
win or utilize, or the resulting state ; as, the loss of a race. 
4. That which is lost ; specif., waste. 5. Mil. The losing of 
soldiers in battle or by surrender ; also, chiefly in pi., killed, 
wounded, or captured soldiers. — Syn. Privation, detri- 
ment, injury, damage. 
at a loss, puzzled ; uncertain. 

lost (lost ; 62), p. a. [p. p. of lose, v. t.] 1. Ruined. 2. 
Parted with ; gone out of one's possession. 3. Having wan- 
dered from, or unable to find, the way ; also, no longer visi- 
ble. 4. Absorbed ; as, lost in thought. 5. Not gained or 
won ; also, wasted. 6. Specif. : a Taken from the possession 
of ; denied ; — used with to ; as, hope was forever lost to 
him. b Of persons : hardened ; insensible ; as, lost to shame. 

Lot (lot), n. [Heb. Lot.] Bib. Abraham's nephew, who 
escaped the destruction of Sodom. His wife was turned into 
a pillar of salt because she looked back. Gen. xix. 26. 

lot Got), n. [AS. hlot.] 1. An object used as a counter or 
check in determining a question by chance. 2. Use of lots 
as a means of deciding anything ; as, to choose bv lot. 3. 
What comes to or befalls one upon whom a choice by lot 
has fallen ; that which is conveyed by a lot ; hence : a share ; 
allotment. 4. That which comes or happens without human 
design or forethought ; fortune ; fate ; esp., the part or fate 
which falls to one by the choice or will of the powers over- 
ruling man's destiny, — in Christian conception, by divine 
Providence. 5. A tax, duty, or customs fee. Cf. scot and 
lot, under scot. Chiefly Brit. 6. A distinct portion or plot 
of land. 7. A separate portion ; a number of objects collec- 
tively. 8. A considerable quantity or number ; a great deal ; 
— often intensively in pi.; as, lots of people. Colloq. 9. 
Kind or sort (of person ; etc.) ; as, he is a bad lot. Colloq. 

— v. t.; lot'ted ; lot'ting. 1. To form or divide into lots, 
as land. 2. To allot ; apportion. 3. To cast lots for ; divide 
by lot. — v. i. To cast or draw lots. 

lote tree. = lotus tree. 

loth, lothly, loth/some, etc. Vars. of loath, etc. 

Lo-tha'ri-o ( lo-tha'n-o ; 3), n.; pi. -rios (-oz). 1. In 
Rowe's drama "The Fair Penitent," a gay and unscrupu- 
lous rake. 2. A seducer or deceiver of women ; a rake. 

lo'tion (lo'shSn), n. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] 
1. Act of washing. Obs. 2. A liquid medicinal preparation 
for bathing the skin or an injured or diseased part. 

Lo-toph'a-gi (l$-tof'd-jT), n . pi. [L., fr. Gr. Xuro^ayot; 
Xwtoj lotus + <l>ayc7v to eat.] In the "Odyssey," a people 



i 






U 



I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, «tc, precede Vocabulary, j] Foreign Word. + combined with. « equali 



M 



LOTTERY 



584 



LOWBORN 



(visited by Odysseus) who subsisted on the lotus and lived 
in the dreamy indolence it induced. 
lot'ter-y (16t'er-T), n.; pi. lotteries (-Tz). [Prob. fr. It. 
lotteria."] A scheme for distributing prizes by lot, esp. such 
a scheme in which lots, or chances, are sold, 
lotto (-5), n. [It., prop., a lot.] A game of chance, played 

with numbered cards. 
lo'tus (lo'tiis), n. Also, Iq'tos. [L. lotus, Gr. Xwt6j.] 1. 
Gr. Legend. The fruit which was eaten by the Lotophagi ; 
also, the tree bearing it, usually identified with one (Zizy- 
phus lotus) of the jujube trees. 2. Any of several nymphae- 
aceous plants represented in ancient Egyptian and Hindu 
art : a The Indian, or sacred, lotus (Nelumbo nelumbo) ; 
also, the water chinquapin. See nelumbo. b Either of two 
Egyptian water lilies (Castalia lotus and C. cozrulea). 3. 
Any of a genus (Lotus) of fabaceous herbs or subshrubs 
having pinnate leaves and umbellate flowers. 

lo'tus-eat'er, lo'tos-eat'er, n. One of the Lotophagi; 
hence, one who gives himself up to dreamy indolence. 

loud (loud), a. [AS. hlud.'] 1. Of sound : marked by inten- 
sity ; not low, soft, or subdued. 2. Giving or making a loud 
sound ; hence, noisy. 3. Striking, as from clamor, emphasis, 
etc. ; outspoken. 4. Offensively vivid or strong ; unrefined ; 
as, loud dress, manners, etc. Colloq. — Syn. Noisy, bois- 
terous, clamorous, turbulent, blustering. — adv. With 
loudness; loudly. — loud'ly, adv. — loud'ness, n. 

loud'en (-'n), v. i. & t. To become, or make, louder. Rare. 

lough (15k), n. [Ir. loch.] A lake ; pool ; arm of the sea ; 
— now used only as an Irish equivalent of loch. 

lou'is d'or' (loo'I d6r'). [F., gold louis.] 1. A French gold 
coin worth from about $4 to $4.79, superseded in 1795. 2. A 
current gold coin of France, the 20-franc piece (§3.86). 

Lou'is Qua-torze' (loo'i ka-torz'). [F., Louis fourteenth.] 
Designating, or pertaining to, the French styles in archi- 
tecture, decorative art, furniture, etc., prevailing in the 
reign (1643-1715) of Louis XIV., marked by a completer 
return to the ancient orders and details with great richness 
of interior decoration. 

Lou'is Quinze' (kaNz'). [F., Louis fifteenth.] Designating, 
or pertaining to, the French styles prevailing in the reign 
(1715-74) of Louis XV., marked esp. by its floridity, as in 
the rococo. 

Lou is Seize' (saz'). [F., Louis sixteenth.] Designating, or 
pertaining to, the French styles prevailing in the reign 
(1774-93) of Louis XVI., marked esp. by the increasing 
approach to the antique, while taking on a light and simple 
construction. 

Louis Treize' (traz'). [F., Louis thirteenth.] Designating, 
or pertaining to, the French styles prevailing in the reign 
(1610—43) of Louis XIII. The architecture is of developed 
Renaissance style, with much of the Gothic picturesque- 
ness. The designs in furniture are square and angular. 

lounge (lounj), v. i.; lounged (lounjd) ; loung'ing. 1. To 
move or act in a lazy or listless way. 2. To spend time lazily, 
whether lolling or idly sauntering ; to stand, sit, or recline, 
in an indolent manner. — v. t. To waste by lounging ; frit- 
ter ; — used with away. — n. 1. An idle gait or stroll ; 
state of reclining indolently. 2. A place of or for lounging, 
as a room in a clubhouse. 3. A piece of furniture resem- 
bling a sofa. — loung'er (loun'jer), n. 

|| 10Ur/-ga'rou' (loo'ga'rob'), n.; pi. loups-garous (loo'- 
ga'roo'). [F.] A werewolf. 

lour, lour'ing, lour/y. Vars. of lower (frown), etc. 

louse (lous), n. ; pi. lice (lis). [AS. lus, pi. lys.~] 1. Any 
of certain small, wingless, usually flattened insects, para- 
sitic on warm-blooded animals. 2. Hence, any of various 
small parasitic insects, arachnids, crustaceans, etc. 

louse'wort' (Ious'wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Pedicularis) 
of scrophulariaceous herbs ; wood betony. 

lous'y (louz'I), a.; -i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Infested with 
lice. 2. Mean ; vulgar ; vile ; — a term of abuse, and now 
vulgar. — lous'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. — lous'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

lout (lout), v. i. & t. [AS. lutan.~\ To bend ; bow. Archaic. 

lout, n. A clownish, awkward fellow ; a bumpkin. 

lout'ish, a. Clownish ; rude ; awkward. — Syn. See boor- 
ish. — lout'ish-ly, adv. — lout'ish-ness r n. 

lou'ver (ldo'ver), n. [OF. lovier.] Medieval Arch. 1. A 
roof lantern, or turret, to give ventilation 
or light. 2. A louver board, or an aperture n 
or frame with louver boards fitted in. 

louver boards or boarding. The sloping . 
overlapping boards set at intervals in open- Hi 
ings, to shed rainwater. 

lov'a-ble (liiv'd-b'l), a. Having qualities,^ 
that excite, or are fitted to excite, love;" 
worthy of love. — lov'a-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-tT), 
lov'a-ble-ness, n. — lov'a-bly, adv. 
Syn. Lovable, amiable. Lovable is the 
more positive term, and applies to that LouverBoards. 
which inspires, or is worthy of, love ; amiable (often a 
somewhat negative word) is often applied to that which is 
felt as pleasing or attractive. 

lov'age (luv'aj), n. [ F. livkche, fr. L. levisticum, ligusti 




cum, fr. Ligusticus of Liguria.] A European apiaceous 
herb (Levisticum levisticum), cultivated in old gardens 
for use as a domestic remedy. 
love (luv), n. [AS. lufu.] 1. A feeling of strong personal 
attachment ; ardent affection. 2. Desire for, and earnest 
effort to promote, the welfare of another, esp. as seen in 
God's solicitude for man and in man's due gratitude and 
reverence to God. 3. Strong liking ; fondness. 4. Tender 
and passionate affection for one of the opposite sex ; also, 
an instance of love ; a love affair. 5. The object of affection. 
6. leap.] Cupid, or Eros, as the god of love ; sometimes, 
Venus. 7. Tennis, etc. Nothing ; no points scored ; — 
used in calling the score. — Syn. See attachment. 
love-in-idleness, the heartsease, or wild pansy. — 1. -lies- 
bleeding, a cultivated amaranth, esp. one (Amaranthus cau- 
datus) with crimson flowers and, sometimes, reddish leaves. 

— v. t.; loved (luvd) ; lov'ing (luv'Ing). 1. To have or 
manifest love for. 2. To take delight or pleasure in ; like. 
3. To show love for by caressing ; — a childish use. 4. To 
thrive in ; as, the rose loves sunlight. — v. i. To be in love. 

— Syn. See like, fond. 

love'a-bil'i-ty, love'a-ble, etc. Vars. of lovability, etc. 

love apple. The tomato. 

love bird. Any of numerous small parrots that show great 
affection for their mates. 

love feast. A meal or banquet in token of brotherly love ; 
specif. : a = agape, b A religious service in imitation of the 
agapae, as among the Moravians and Methodists. 

love knot. A knot or bow of ribbon as a token of love. 

love'less, a. Without love ; unloved or unloving. 

love'li-ly (-li-li), adv. In a lovely manner. 

love'li-ness, n. Quality of being lovely. 

love'lock' (luv'lok'), n. A prominent lock of hair. 

love'lorn' (-lorn'), a. Forsaken by one's love. 

lovely (-11), a.; -li-er (-li-er); -li-est. 1. Loving; also, 
lovable. Obs. or R. 2. Beautiful; esp., having a deliaate 
beauty. 3. Beautiful in character. 4. Very pleasing. 
Syn. Charming, delightful, delectable, enchanting. 

love potion. A compounded aphrodisiac draft ; a philter. 

lov'er (luv'er), n. One who loves ; as : a A friend, b One in 
love with one of the other sex ; usually, a male lover ; in 
pi., a pair in love with each other. C A paramour, d One 
who has a strong liking for something. 

lov'er-ly (Iuv'er-1T), a. & adv. Like a lover. 

love'sick' (luv'sik'), a. Languishing with love; expressive 
of languishing love. — love'sick'ness, n. 

love'some (-sum), a. Lovely ; lovable ; loving. Archaic. 

lov'ing (luv'ing), p. a. Feeling or expressing love. — Syn. 
See fond. — lov'ing-ly, adv. — lov'ing-ness, n. 

loving cup. A large ornamental drinking vessel having two 
or more handles. 

lov'ing— kind'ness, n. Tender regard ; mercy ; favor. 

low (15), v. i. [AS. hlowan.'] To make the calling sound 
of cattle ; moo. — v. t. To utter with a lowing sound. — n. 
The calling sound made by cattle. 

low (lo), o. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Having small elevation ; 
not high or tall. 2. Dead ; — now only predicatively. 3. 
Of a dress : low-necked ; decollete. 4. Below the normal 
level, surface, base of measurement, or the like ; as, low 
land ; low water. 5. Near the equator. 6. Near the horizon, 
as the sun. 7. With reference to historic time : compara- 
tively recent ; as, a relic of low antiquity. 8. Of relatively 
little importance or of inferior standing ; specifically, hum- 
ble in station. 9. Deficient, inferior, or unusually small in 
quantity, intensity, value, etc. ; as, a low number, price, 
supply, etc. 10. Of sounds, etc., specif. : a Not loud, b 
Music. Not high ; depressed in pitch (see pitch) ; grave. 
C Phon. Of vowels, articulated with a (relatively) low posi- 
tion (in relation to the palate) of the active part of the 
tongue, as a (am) contrasted with the "high" e (me). 11. 
Deficient or inferior in strength, energy, animation, or the 
like ; as, low spirits. 12. Deficient or inferior in quality ; 
esp., as of diet, plain. 13. Lacking high character; as : a 
Wanting exaltation in thought or diction, b Mean ; base ; 
vulgar. 14. Not advanced in organization, evolution, civili- 
zation, etc. — Syn. See humble. 

low area. Meteor. = low, n.,2. — low-area storm. Me- 
teor. = cyclone, 2. — Low Church. See High Church. 

— Low German, a The group of Teutonic languages in- 
cluding Gothic, Dutch, English, etc. b Plattdeutsch. — 
Low Latin. = Late Latin. — Low Mass, Mass said by 
the priest throughout, without music. — low relief. See re- 
lief. — low steel, steel low Wi carbon ; mild steel ; ingot 
iron. — Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter. 

— n. 1. Card Playing. The lowest trump. 2. Meteor. An 
area of low barometric pressure. 

— adv. 1. In or to a low position ; not aloft ; not on high. 
2. Astron. Near the equator or horizon. 3. In subjection, 
poverty, or disgrace. 4. Humbly ; meanly. 5. Cheaply. 6. 
Not loudly ; gently. 

low, lowe (15), n. &v. i. [Of Scand. origin.] Flame; blaze; 

glow ; light. 06s. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
low'born' (lo'bSrn'), a. Born in a low condition or rank. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Ilr; old, obey, Orb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing*, ink; then, thin; nature, venture (87) ; 



LOWBOY 



585 



LUGGAGE 



low'boy' (lo'boiO, n. A chest of drawers, usually not more 

than four feet high, standing on short legs, U. «S\ 
low'bred' (lo'bred'), a. Bred, or like one bred, in a low 
condition of life ; rude ; vulgar. 

low'er (lou'er), lour (lour), v. i. [ME. lowren, luren.] 1. 
To frown ; look sullen. 2. To be dark and threatening, as 
clouds. — Syn. See frown. — n. A lowering look. 

low'er (lo'er), a., corn-par. of low. Specif., Geol., designating 
an earlier period or formation (of the period named). See 
upper, a., 2. 

Lower Cretaceous. Geol. See Comanchean, Cretaceous. 
— L. Silurian. Geol. = Ordovician. — 1. world, a The 
earth, b = nether world. 

low'er (lo'er), v. t. [From lower, compar. of low, a.] l.To 
let descend by its own weight ; let down. 2. To reduce the 
height of. 3. To depress as to direction or object ; as, to 
lower one's aim. 4. To reduce in intensity, strength, value, 
etc. — v. i. To become lower or less ; diminish. 

low'er— case', a. Print. Pert, to, or kept in, the lower case ; 
small (not capital), as letters. Abbr., 1. c. See 2d case, n., 4. 

— v. t. To change (capitals or small capitals) to small letters. 

low'er-ing (lou'er-Tng), lour'ing (lour'ing), p. a. Frown- 
ing ; gloomy. — low'er-ing-ly f lour'ing-ly, adv. 

low'er-most (lo'er-most), a. Lowest. 

low'er-y (lou'er-T), lour'y (lour'i), a. Cloudy ; gloomy. 

low'ing (lo'ing), n. The calling sound made by cattle. 

low'land (-land), n. Low or level country. 

low'land-er (-lan-der), n. A native or inhabitant of the 
lowlands, esp. \_cap.] of Scotland. Cf. Highlander. 

low'li-head (-hed), n. Lowly state. Archaic. 

low'li-ness, n. Quality or state of being lowly. 

low'ly (lo'll), a.; -li-er (-lT-er) ; -li-est. 1. Belonging to a 
low rank ; hence : modest ; humble ; meek. 2. Low in posi- 
tion or development ; inferior ; secondary. — Syn. See 
humble. — adv. 1. In a lowly manner ; humbly ; meekly ; 
modestly. 2. In a low position, manner, or degree. 

lown (loon). Var. of loon, a boor. 

low'-necked' (lo'nekf), a. Decollete, as a dress. 

low'ness, n. Quality or state of being low. 

low'-pres'sure, a. Having, employing, or exerting, a low 
degree of pressure ; as, a low-pressure steam engine. 

low'-spir'it-ed (109), a. Dejected; depressed. 

lox'o-drom'ic (-drom'ik), a. [Gr. Xo£6s oblique + -drome.'] 
Pertaining to sailing on rhumb lines. 

loxodromic curve or line, Geom., a line on the surface of a 
sphere making equal oblique angles with all meridians ; 
rhumb line. It is the path of a ship sailing always oblique 
to the meridian in the direction of one and the same point 
of the compass. [sailing. | 

los'o-drom'ics (-iks), n. (See-ics.) Artor method of oblique| 

loy'al (loi'dl), a. [F., fr. OF., fr. L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, 
law.] 1. Faithful to law or the lawful government or sover- 
eign. 2. True to one to whom fidelity is due ; constant ; 
faithful. 3. Of, pertaining to, or showing loyalty ; as, loyal 
expressions. 4. Legitimate. Obs. — loy'al-ly, adv. 

loy'al-ist, n. A person who adheres to his sovereign, or to the 
lawful authority, esp. in times of revolt or revolution. 

loy'al-ty (-ti), n. State or quality of being loyal. 
Syn. Fidelity, faithfulness, allegiance, fealty, constancy, 
homage, devotion. — Allegiance, loyalty, fealty, hom- 
age. Allegiance emphasizes the idea of objective obliga- 
tion or duty owed ; loyalty oftener connotes the feeling or 
sentiment (often strong or even enthusiastic) accompanying 
a sense of allegiance ; as, the allegiance of a subject ; the 
loyalty at a clansman. Fealty implies fidelity in allegiance ; 
homage is a dutiful or deferential acknowledgment of supe- 
rior power, merit, or excellence ; as, the chivalrous spirit 
of fealty ; to pay homage to learning. 

loz'enge (loz'enj ; 24), n. [F. losange.] 1. A figure with 
four equal sides and two acute and two obtuse 
angles ; diamond. 2. A small cake or tablet ; 
originally, one diamond-shaped, flavored, and 
often medicated. [Eng. & U. S. I 

loz'eng-er (loz'en-jer), n. A lozenge. Dial.\ 

lub'ber (lub'er), n. 1. A big, clumsy, awkward fellow ; esp., 
a drone ; lout. 2. Naut. An unskilled seaman. 

lub'ber-ly, a. & adv. Like a lubber. 

lubber's hale. Naut. A hole in the floor of the "top," 
next the mast, through which one may go farther aloft 
without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. 

lu'bric (lu'brik), lu'bri-cal (-bri-kdl), a. [F. lubrique, L. 
lubricus slippery.] Lubricous. Obs. or R. [lubricates.! 

lu'bri-cant(iu'bri-kant),a. Lubricating. — n. That which} 

lu'bri-cate (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
lubricatus, p. p. of lubricare to lubricate.] 1. To make 
smooth or slippery. 2. To apply a lubricant to. 

lu'bri-ca'tion (-ka'sh&n), n. Act of lubricating, or state of 
being lubricated. 

lu'bri-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One that lubricates ; specif., a de- 
vice for lubricating. 

lu-bric'My (lu-bris'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-ttz). [F. lubriciti, 
L. lubricitas, slipperiness.] 1. Slipperiness ; smoothness ; 
oiliness. 2. Lasciviousness ; lewdness. 




Lozenge. 



lu'bri-COUS (lu'brT-kus), a. [L. lubricus."] 1. Having a 
smooth surface ; slippery. 2. Unstable ; elusive ; tricky. 

luce (lus), n. [OF. lus, L. luciua a kind of fish.] A pike, 
esp. when full grown. 

lu'cen-cy (lii'sen-sT), n. Quality of being lucent. 

lu'cent (lu'sent), a. [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to shine, 
lux, lucis, light.] Shining ; bright ; also, clear ; translucent. 

— Syn. See transparent. — lu'cent-ly, adv. [falfa.l 
lu-cern',-cerne'(lu-surn'),n. [Y.luzerne, Pr .luserno.] Al-i 
lu'cid (lu'sid), a. [L. lucidus, fr. lucere to shine, lux. lucis, 

light.] 1. Shining ; bright. 2. Clear ; pellucid. 3. Designat- 
ing, or characterized by, a sane or normal state of the facul- 
ties. 4. Easily understood ; clear. — Syn. Luminous, sane. 
See transparent, clear. — lu'cid-ly, adv. cid-ness, n. 

lu-cid'i-ty (lu-sid'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being lucid. 

Lu'ci-fer (lu'sT-fer), n. [L., bringing light, n., the morning 
star ; lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.] 1. The planet 
Venus, when the morning star ; — used fig. in Isa. xiv. 12 
of a king of Babylon. 2. Satan as identified with the rebel 
archangel before his fall ; — chiefly in as proud as Lucifer. 
3. |7. c] A friction match ; — also lucifer match. 

lu-cif'er-ous (lu-sTf'er-us), a. [See Lucifer.] Giving 
light ; illuminating. Rare. 

Lu-ci/na (lu-sl'nd), n. [L., fr. fern, of adj. lucinus, fr. lux, 
lucis, light.] Rom. Myth. Goddess of childbirth ; — an ap- 
pellation of Juno or, sometimes, Diana. 

luck (luk), n. [LG. or D. luk, for geluk.J 1. That which 
happens to one seemingly by chance ; chance ; hap ; fortune. 

2. Favorable fortune ; good luck. 

luck'less, a. Being without (good) luck ; unfortunate. 

luck'y (-T), a. ; luck'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Favored by 
luck ; fortunate. 2. Producing good, or resulting in good, 
by chance or unexpectedly ; favorable ; happy ; as, a lucky 
mistake. — luck'i-ly, adv. — Iuck'i-ness, n. 
Syn. Lucky, fortunate, happy. Lucky emphasizes 
more strongly than fortunate the element of chance ; 
happy often suggests rather that which is auspicious or 
felicitous, and is sometimes equivalent to opportune; as, z. 
lucky hit ; a. fortunate circumstance ; to be fortunate in one's 
friendships ; a happy omen, accident, issue. 

lu'cra-tive (lu'krd-tiv), a. [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari tc 
gain, lucrum gain.] Yielding lucre ; profitable. — lu'cra- 
tive-ly, adv. — lu'cra-tive-ness, n. 

lu'cre (lu'ker ; loo'-), n. [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in 
money or goods ; profit ; riches ; — now in an ill sense. 

Lu-cre'tian (lu-kre'shan), a. Of or pertaining to Lucretius, 
the Roman Epicurean philosopher and poet, or the atomic 
philosophy as developed by him. 

lu'CU-brate (lu'ku-brat), v. i.; -brat'ed (-brat'ed) ; -brat'- 
ing. [L. lucubrare to work by lamplight, lux light.] To 
work by artificial light ; hence, to produce lucubrations. 

lu'cu-bra'tiont-bra'shunKri. 1. Act of lucubrating; labo- 
rious study. 2. That which is, or appears as if, produced bv 
study or meditation in retirement ; hence, any elaborate 
literary composition, esp. an overlabored or pedantic work. 

lu'cu-bra'tor (-bra'ter), n. One who lucubrates. 

lu'cule (Iu'kul), n. [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] Astron. 
A small light fleck in the surface of the sun. Cf. facula. 

lu'cu-lent (lu'ku-lent), a. [L. luculentus.] Lucid; clear. 

lu'di-crous (lu'dT-krSs), a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, fr. 
ludus play, sport, ludere to play.] Adapted to excite 
laughter, esp. from incongruity or exaggeration ; ridiculous. 
Syn. Burlesque, comic, droll, ridiculous. See laughable. 

— lu'di-crous-ly, adv. — lu'di-crous-ness, n. 
lud-wig'i-a (lud-wij'i-d), n. [NL., after C. G. Ludwig, 

German botanist.] Any of a genus (Ludwigia) of onagra- 
ceous herbs, having bright yellow flowers with the foiL 
stamens in a row. 

luff (luf),n. Naut. a The act of sailing a ship closer to tin, 
wind, b The forward or weather leech of a fore-and-aft 
sail. — v. i. Naut. To turn the head of a vessel toward the 
wind ; sail nearer the wind. 

luf'fa (luf'd), n. [NL., fr. Ar. lu/ah.] 1. Any of a small 
genus (Luffa) of tropical cucurbitaceous plants, the fruit 
of several species of which is called dishcloth gourd. 2. 
The fruit of any of these plants. 3. The fibrous skeleton of 
the fruit, used as a sponge and in the manufacture of caps 
and women's hats ; — written also loofah. 

lug (lug), n. A lugsail. 

lug (lug), n. 1. The ear, or its lobe. Chiefly Scot. 2. That 
which projects like an ear, as a handle or support ; an ear. 

3. The leather loop or ear on a harness saddle, through 
which the shaft passes. 

lug, v. t. & i.; lugged (lugd) ; lug'ging (lug'Tng). 1. To 
pull with force ; haul or drag, or carry along, esp. with diffi- 
culty. 2. Hence, to bring in or introduce in a forced or 
unnatural manner ; as, to lug a story into conversation. 

lug, n. 1. Act of lugging ; that which is lugged. Colloq. 
2. In pi. Proud or haughty affectation ; airs ; as a person 
who puts on lugs; also, showy clothing. Colloq. or Slang. 

lug'gage (lug'aj), n. [From lug to drag.] That which is 
lugged ; esp., a traveler's baggage. Chiefly Brit. 



i 






\ 







K =• ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



M 



LUGGER 



586 



LUPERCALIA 







lug'ger ( lug'er ), re. A vessel carrying a lugsail or lugsails. 
lug'sail' (lug'sal'), or lug, 

re. A four-sided sail bent to 

a yard hanging obliquely 

on the mast and hoisted or 

lowered with the sail. See 

lugger, Illust. 
lu-gu'bri-ous (lu-gu'brT- 

us ), a. [L. lugubris, fr. 

lugere to mourn.] Mourn- 
ful; doleful. — Syn. See 

DOLEFUL. — lU-gU'- 

bri-ous-ly, adv. — lu- 
gu'bri-ous-ness, re. 

lug' worm' (lug'wurm'), re. 
Any of a genus (Areni- Lugger. 

cola) of large polychatous annelids with tufted gills on the 
back. They burrow in the foreshore of sandy beaches. 

Luke (liik), re. [L. Lucas, fr. Gr. Aou/cot.] Bib. a The 
Evangelist, a physician and companion of St. Paul, — prob- 
ably a Gentile, b The Gospel of Luke. 

luke'warm' (-worm'), a. Moderately warm ; tepid ; hence, 
indifferent. — luke'warmly, adv. — luke'warm'ness, n. 

lull (lul), v. t. To cause to rest by soothing influences ; calm. 

— v. i. To become gradually calm. — re. 1. A lullaby. 
Rare. 2. A brief cessation of storm or confusion. 

lull'a-by' (lul'd-bl'), re.; pi. -bies (-biz). A song to quiet 
babies or lull them to sleep ; a soothing refrain. 

lu'ma-chel (lu'md-kel), lu'ma-chella (-kel'd), lu'ma- 
Chelle' (-shel'), re. [It. lumachella, fr. lumachella a little 
snail, dim. of lumaca a snail, fr. L. Umax, -act's.] A gray- 
ish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a 
beautiful play of colors ; — called also fire marble. 

lum-ba'gO (lum-ba'go), re. [L., fr. lumbus loin.] Med. An 
affection usually regarded as rheumatic, marked by pain in 
the lower back or the loins. 

lum'bar (lum'bdr), a. [L. lumbus loin.] Anat. Of, pert, 
to, or near, the loins. — re. A lumbar vertebra or nerve. 

lum'ber (-ber), re. [From Lombard. See Lombard, 2.] 1. 
Old or refuse household stuff. 2. Timber, esp. that sawed or 
split into boards, planks, etc. Chiefly U. S. — v. i. 1. To 
move clumsily or as if burdened. 2. To make a rumbling 
sound ; to rumble. 3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare 
timber for market. U. S. & Canada. — v. t. 1. To heap 
together in disorder. 2. To fill or encumber with lumber. — 
lum'ber-er, lum'ber-man (-man), re. U. S. & Canada. 

lu'men (lu'men), re.; pi. L. lumina (-mT-nd), E. lumens 
(-menz). [ L., light, an opening for light. ] An opening or 



canal, or, A nat., the passageway of a tubular organ. 
lu'mi-na-ry (lu'mT-na-rT), re. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [From F 



& 



LL., fr. L. luminare a light or lamp, fr. lumen, luminis, 
light, lucere to be light, lux, lucis, light.] 1. A body that 
gives light, esp. a heavenly body. 2. An artificial light. 

lu'mi-nesce' (lu'mT-nes'), v. i. To exhibit luminescence. 

lu'mi-nes'cence (-nes'ens), re. [L. luminare to illumine + 
-escence.'] Physics. Any emission of light not ascribable 
directly to incandescence, and therefore occurring at low 
temperatures. See phosphorescence, firefly. 

lu'mi-nes'cent (-ent), a. [L. luminare to illume + -es- 
cent.~\ Exhibiting luminescence. 

m'mi-nif'er-ous (-nTf'er-us), a. [L. lumen light -f- -fer- 
ous.~\ Producing, yielding, or transmitting light. 

" lOS'i-ty (-nos'i-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-t!z). Quality 



or 



lu'mi-nos'i . 

state of being luminous ; also, a luminous thing. 

lu'mi-nous (lu'mT-nSs), a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen 
light.] 1. Shining ; brilliant ; bright. 2. Enlightened ; intel- 
ligent ; also, clear ; intelligible. — Syn. See transparent. 
— lu'mi-nous-ly F adv. — lu'mi-nous-ness, re. 

lump (lump), re. 1. A piece or mass of indefinite or irregular 
shape. 2. A protuberance, as a swelling. 3. A whole aggre- 
gation, collection, lot ; — now chiefly in in the lump. 4. 
Colloq. a A sluggish or dull person, b A heavy-set person. 
»- v. t. 1. To make into a lump ; also, to make lumps on or 
in. 2. To unite in one body or sum. 3. To take in the gross ; 
speak of collectively. — v. i. 1. To form into a lump ; be- 

, come lumpy. 2. To move or fall heavily ; stump ; thump. 

.lump, v. t. To get along with as one can, although dis- 
pleased ; as, if he doesn't like it, he can lump it. Colloq. 

lump'er (lum'per), re. 1. One who lumps things together. 
2. A laborer employed to load or unload vessels. 

lump'fish/ (lump'ffsh'), re. A soft, clumsy, scaleless marine 
fish (Cyclopterus lumpus), with tubercles on the skin. 

lump'ish, a. Like a lump ; inert ; gross ; heavy ; dull. — 
lump'ish-ly, adv. — lump'ish-ness, re. 

lump'y (liim'pT), a. ; lump'i-er (-pt-er) ; -i-est. 1. Covered 
with, or full of, lumps ; hence, of water : rough ; choppy. 
2. Like a lump ; specif., of a gem, cut thick. 
lumpy jaw, Med. & Veter., actinomycosis. Colloq. 

Lu'na(lu'nd),re. [L.] Roman Relig. 1. The moon goddess, 

" represented as driving two horses. 2. a Alchemy. Silver. 
b Her. Argent ; — so called in the blazonry of princes. 



ra'na-cy (lu'nd-si), re. ; pi. -crEs (-siz). [See lunatic] 1, 
Orig., intermittent insanity, which was supposed to be af- 
fected by changes of the moon ; now, any form of unsound- 
ness of mind, except (usually) idiocy. 2. Wild foolishness ; 
extravagant folly ; madness; — often used hyperbolically. 

Luna moth. A large and beautiful pale green American 
moth (Tropsea luna), having long tails to the hind wings. 

lu'nar (lu'ndr), a. [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon.] 1. Of, 
pertaining to, or resembling the moon ; orbed or crescent. 

2. Measured by the moon's revolutions ; as, a lunar day. 

3. [See luna, 2.] Pert, to or containing silver ; as, lunar 
caustic, i. e., silver nitrate, AgN03, esp. when fused for use 
as a cautery. — lunar month, 1. year. See month, year. 

lu-na'ri-an (lu-na'n-an ; 3), n. 1. A supposed inhabitant 
of the moon. 2. A student of the moon ; formerly, one who 
ascertained longitude by observing the moon. 

lu'nate (lu'nat) la. [L. lunatus, fr. luna moon.] Cres- 

lu'nat-ed (-nat-ed)j cent-shaped. See leaf, Illust. 

lu'na-tic (-nd-tTk), a. [L. lunaticus, fr. luna moon.] 1. 
Affected with lunacy ; insane. 2. Evincing lunacy ; crazy ; 
as, lunatic talk. 3. [Attributive use of the noun.] Appro- 
priated to, or used by, insane persons ; as, a lunatic asylum. 

— re. An insane person ; a madman, lit. or fig. 
lu-na'tion (lu-na'shun), re. The time between successive 

new moons, averaging 29 d., 12 h., 44 m., 2.7 s. ; a lunar, 
or synodical, month. 
lunch (lunch), re. [See luncheon.] 1. A luncheon, or light 
repast. Colloq. & Informal. 2. Food prepared for a lunch 

— v. i. To take lunch. — v. t. To provide lunch for. 
lunch/eon (lun'chun), re. [E. dial, luncheon, lunchion, 

lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. dial, lunch a lump.] 
Food, or a light repast, taken between meals or as an irregu- 
lar meal, esp. such a repast between breakfast and dinner. 

lunch'er, re. One who lunches. 

lune (lun), re. [L. luna moon.] Geom. A crescent-shaped 
figure bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles, on a 
plane or a sphere. 

lunes (lunz), n. pi. [See lunatic] Fits of lunacy or frenzy ; 
crazy or unreasonable freaks. Archaic. 

lu-nette' (lu-net'), re. [F., dim. of lune moon.] 1. A cres- 
cent-shaped object, as that surface at the upper part of a 
wall which is partly surrounded by a vault intersected by 
the wall. This space is often filled by a window or a muraV 
painting. 2. Fort. A fieldwork consisting of two faces, 
forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. 

lung (lung), re. [AS.iu/igen.] l.Oneof the (usually two)com- 
pound saclike organs forming the respiratory organ of air- 
breathing vertebrates. 

Description of Illustra- 
tion : The lungs are 
shown turned awayfrom 
the middle line, with the 
pericardium and fat re- 
moved to show the heart a 
and great blood vessels." 
a a Upper and Lower 
Lobes of Left Lung; 
6 6 6 Upper, Middle, and 
Lower Lobes of Right 
Lung;C Windpipe, or 
Trachea, dividing below 
into Bronchi going to 
Right and Left Lungs ; _ 
d Right Auricle ; e Right Lungs and Heart of Man seen fror/a 
Ventricle ; f Left Auri- >n front, 

cle ; g Left Ventricle ; h i Superior and Inferior Venae Cava? ; 
k Arch of Aorta ; I Descending Aorta ; m Pulmonary Ar- 
tery ; n & o Left & Right Pulmonary Arteries, Veins, and 
Bronchi. 

2. A somewhat analogous saclike respiratory organ of cer- 
tain air-breathing invertebrates, as in pulmonate gastro- 
pods, and in spiders and scorpions. 

lunge (lunj), re. [From allonge, F. allonge, fr. allonger to 
lengthen ; d (L. ad) + long long.] 1. A sudden thrust, as 
with a sword. 2. Act of plunging forward ; a leap. — v. i. 
& t.; lunged (lunjd); lung'ing (lun'jing). To make, 
cause to make, or move with, a lunge. — lung'er (liin'jer \ 

lunge. Man. Var. of longe, re. & v. 

lung'wort' (lung'wurt'), re. A European boraginaceous 
plant (Pulmonaria officinalis) with small blue flowers. 

lu'ni-form (lu'nT-form), a. [L. luna moon -f- -form.J Re- 
sembling the moon in shape. 

iu'ni-so'lar (lu'nl-so'ldr), a. [L. luna moon + E. solar."] 
Resulting from the united action, or pertaining to the mu- 
tual relations, of sun and moon. [on the moon.j 

lu'ni-tid'al (-tTd'dl), a. Pert, to tidal movements dependent! 
lunitidal interval, the interval between the transit of the 
moon and the time of the lunar high tide next following. 

lu'nu-lar (lu'nu-ldr), a. Crescent-shaped ; lunulate. 

lu'nu-late (-lat) \a. [L. lunula, dim. of luna moon.] 

lu'nu-lat/ed (-lat'ed)/ Bot. & Zo'dl. Resembling a small 
crescent ; having crescent-shaped markings. 

Lu'per-ca'li-a (lu'per-ka'lT-d), re. pi. [L., fr. Lupercus the 
Lycean Pan, fr. lupus a wolf, because he kept off wolves.] 
Rom. Relig. A ceremony, observed on Feb. 15, in which the 




ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Grb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



LUPINE 



587 



LUXURY 



priests of Faunus (the Luperci) made a circuit of the Pala- 
tine Hill, striking with goatskin thongs all women encoun- 
tered, to insure fertility and easy delivery. 
lu'pine (lu'pln), a. [L. lupinus, fr. lupus wolf.] Wolfish. 
lu'pine (lu'pin), n. [L., lupinus, lupinum.'] 1. Any of a 
genus (Lupinus) of fabaceous herbs, with white, yellow, or 
blue flowers. 2. In pi. The seed of any of these plants, esp. 
of the European white lupine (L. albus), used as food. 

lu'pu-lin (lfi'pu-lTn), n. [NL. lupulus the hop, fr. L. lupus 
the hop.] 1. The fine yellow resinous powder on the strob- 
iles of hops. It is a sedative and digestive tonic. 2. Chem. 
A crystalline bitter principle got from this powder. 

lu'pus (lu'pfts), n. [L., a wolf.] Med. A certain tubercu- 
lous cutaneous disease. It occurs in several forms. 

lurch (lurch), n. A sudden roll of a ship ; hence, a swaying 
or staggering movement. — v. i. To roll or sway suddenly 
to one side ; move with a lurch or lurches. 

lurch, n. [OF. lourche name of a game, as adj., deceived, 
embarrassed.] 1. A conclusion of a game or games with 
one player far ahead or with one failing to score. 2. An 
embarrassment ; a discomfiture ; — now used only in to 
leave (one) in the lurch. 

lurch, v. i. To lurk ; prowl ; hence : to dodge about ; sneak. 
06s. or Dial. Eng. — v. t. To get the start of (a person) 
in laying hold of or securing something ; defraud ; rob. Ar- 
chaic. — n. Act of lurching. Archaic. 

lurch'er (lur'cher), n. 1. One who lurches, or lies in wait ; 
one who watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap. 2. One 
of a mongrel breed of dogs, often used by poachers. Brit. 

lur'dan, lur'dane (lur'dan), n. [OF. lourdin, fr. lourd 
heavy, dull.] A lazy, stupid person. Archaic or Scot. 

lure (lur), n. [OF. loire, loerre.'] 1. A bunch of feathers on 
a long cord, often baited with raw meat ; — used by falcon- 
ers in recalling hawks. 2. An allurement ; enticement. 3. A 
decoy or bait for animals or fish. — v.t., ; lured (lurd) ; 
lur'ing. To draw to the lure ; hence, to allure ; entice ; 
attract. — Syn. See allure. — lur'er (lur'er), n. 

lu'rid (lu'rid), a. [L. luridus.~\ 1. Pale yellow ; ghastly 
pale ; wan ; dismal. 2. Appearing like glowing fire seen 
through, or combined with, cloud or smoke. 3. Harshly or 

. ominously vivid ; ghastly ; grimly terrible ; often, marked 
by violent passion or crime ; as, a lurid life ; a lurid story. 
4. Brown tinged with red. — lu'rid-ly, adv. rid-ness, n. 

lurk (lurk), v. i. [ME. lur ken, lorken.'] 1. To lie hidden, 
as in ambush; stay in or about a place furtively. 2. To 
escape notice or to exist secretly ; as, sorrow lurks in the 
heart. 3. To move or go furtively ; sneak ; — used with 
along, away, about, etc. — lurk'er, n. — lurk'ing-ly, adv. 
Syn. Lurk, skulk, slink, sneak. To lurk is to lie con- 
cealed in a place or to move furtively about it ; skulk adds 
the implication of shame, cowardice, or fear ; to slink is 
to steal away meanly or abjectly ; sneak heightens the 
implication of meanness or servility ; as, a lion lurking in a 
secret place ; a thief skulking down an alley ; to slink away 
like a whipped cur ; to sneak out of difficulties. 

lus'cious (lfish'us), a. 1. Grateful to taste or smell, esp. 
from sweetness ; delicious. 2. Deliciously sensuous ; often, 
cloying ; honeyed. — lus'cious-ly, adv. cious-ness, n. 

lush Gush), n. Liquor, esp. intoxicating liquor ; drink ; also, 
a drunken person. Slang. 

— v. i. & t. To drink liquor, or to give drink to. Slang. 
lush, a. 1. Full of juice or succulence ; luxuriant, as grass. 

2. Characterized by lush growth. — lush/ness, n. 

Lu si-ta'ni-an (lu'si-ta'ni-an), a. Pertaining to Lusitania 
( so called in ancient Latin ) , a region almost coinciding 
with Portugal. — n. One of the people of Lusitania. 

lust (1 fist), n. [AS. lust.] 1. Pleasure ; also, desire. Obs. 
2. Sensuous, esp. sexual, desire. 3. Longing ; eagerness to 
possess or enjoy ; — usually in a bad sense. — v. i. To have 

' an eager, esp. inordinate, desire ; — often with after. 

lust'er, n. One who lusts. 

lus'ter, lus'tre (lfis'ter), n. [F. lustre, fr. L. lustrare to 
illuminate.] 1. Fact or quality of shining with reflected 
light ; shine or sheen ; gloss. 2. Hence : a A fabric of wool 
and cotton with a lustrous surface, b Pottery. A peculiar 
surface, metallic luster, sometimes iridescent and always 
metallic in appearance. C Min. The appearance of the 
surface of a mineral as affected by, or dependent upon, its 
reflecting qualities. 3. Brilliancy ; splendor ; glitter. 4. A 
luminous object ; specif., a chandelier or the like. 5. Ra- 
diance of beauty or renown ; splendor ; distinction. 
Syn. Sheen, gloss, polish, brightness, brilliancy. — Luster, 
sheen, gloss. Luster denotes the brilliancy (often soft or 
iridescent) of objects which shine esp. by reflected light ; fig., 
it suggests splendid renown or distinction ; sheen is chiefly 
poetical. Gloss denotes the superficial luster esp. of a 
smooth or polished surface ; fig., it suggests specious ap- 
pearance, or (often) newness ; as, the gloss of satin ; a gloss 
of fine words. 

— v.t. ; lus'tered or lus'tred (-terd) ; lus'ter-ing or lus'- 
tring. To make or finish with a lustrous gloss, as cotton, 
silk, or pottery. — v. i. To have luster ; become lustrous. 

lUS'ter, lus'tre, n. [L. lustrum.'} A lustrum (in sense 2). 



lust'ful (lust'fool), a. 1. Full of, or excited by, lust ; char- 
acterized by lust. 2. Strong : lusty. 06s. — Syn. Sensual, 
fleshly, carnal, licentious, lewd, unchaste, impure. 

lus'ti-head (lfis'ti-hed), lus'ti-hood (lfis'ti-hdod), n. State 
of being lusty; lustiness. Archaic. 

lust'i-ly (-ti-li), adv. In a lusty manner. 

lust'i-ness, n. Robustness ; vigor. 

lus'tral (lus'tral), a. [L. lustralis.'] 1. Of or pertaining to, 
or used for, purification. 2. Of or pert, to a lustrum. 

lus'trate (-trat), v. t. ; -trat-ed (-trat-ed) ; -trat-ing. [L. 
lustratus, p. p. of lustrare to lustrate, fr. lustrum a lus- 
trum.] To make clear or pure by a propitiatory offering ; 
purify. — lus-tra'tion (lfis-tra'shun), n. 

lus'tre. Var. of luster. 

lus'tring (lfis'tnng), n. [F. lustrine, It. lustrino. See 1st 
luster.] A kind of glossy silk fabric. 

lus'trous (-trus),a. Having luster or sheen; shining; hence: 
radiant ; illustrious. — Syn. See transparent. — lus'- 
trous-ly, adv. — lus'trous-ness, n. 

lus'trum (-ttum), n. ; pi. E. -trums (-tr&mz), L. -tra (-trd). 
[L.] 1. Roman Antiq. A purification of the people at the 
quinquennial census. 2. A period of five years ; a luster. 

lust'y (lus'ti), a.; lust'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. [From lust.] 
1. 06s. a Merry, b Comely ; beautiful ; also, agreeable. 
C Lustful. 2. Full of life and vigor ; vigorous ; robust. 

lut'a-nist (lut'd-mst), n. Also lut'e-nist. A lute player. 

lute (lut), n. [L. lutum mud, clay.] A cement of tenacious 
infusible substance, as clay, for sealing joints, vessels, or 
tubes, or for coating retorts, etc., when exposed to heat. 

— v. t. ; lut'ed ; LUT'rNG. To close, or cover, with lute. 

lute, n. [OF. leut.~\ Music. A stringed instrument having 
a large pear-shaped body and played by plucking. — v.t.& 
i. To play on the lute ; sound like a lute. 

lu-te'ci-um (lu-te'shT-um ; -si-um), n. [NL.,fr. L. Lutetia, 
a town in Gaul, now Paris, or F. Lutece."] Chem. A metal- 
lic element separated from ytterbium in 1907. Symbol, Lu; 
at. wt., 174.0. 

lut'e-nist (lut'e-nist). Var. of lutanist. 

lu'te-o-lin (-6-lTn), n. [From NL. Reseda luteola, fr. L. 
luteolus yellowish, luteus yellow.] Chem. A yellow crystal- 
line compound, C15H10O6, the coloring principle of dyer's 
weed (Reseda luteola). It is used in dyeing. 

lute'string' (lut'stnngO, n. A plain, stout, lustrous silk, 
used for dresses and for ribbon. 

Lu'ther-an (lu'ther-an), a. Of or pertaining to Martin 
Luther (1483-1546) ; adhering to the doctrines of Luther 
or the Lutheran Church. — n. One who adheres to the 
doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. The cardinal 
Lutheran doctrine is that of justification by faith alone. 

Lu'ther-an-ism, n. The doctrines taught by Luther or 
held by the Lutheran Church. 

lu'therh (lu'thern), n. A dormer window. 

lut'ing (lut'ing), n. = lute, a cement. 

lux (luks), n. [L., light.] Photom. A unit of illuminating 
power, being the degree of illumination received by a sur- 
face one meter distant from a source of light of unit inten- 
sity. Cf. CANDLE FOOT. 

lux'ate (luk'sat), v. t. ; -at-ed (-sat-ed) ; -at-ing. [L. luxa- 
tws, p. p. of luxare to dislocate.] To put out of joint 
dislocate. [being luxated. 

lux-a'tion (luk-sa'shun), n. Act of luxating, or state of 

|| luxe (F. liiks), n. [F. luxe, fr. L. luxus.] Elegance; 
sumptuous quality or make ; — usually used with de (of) ; 
as, articles de luxe ; edition de luxe. 

lux-u'ri-ance (luks-Q'n-ans ; lug-zhoo'-), n. State or qual- 
ity of being luxuriant ; exuberance. 

lux-U'ri-an-cy (-an-si), n. Luxuriance. 

lUX-u'ri-ant (-ant), a. [L. luxurious, p. pr. of luxuriare."] 
1. Exceedingly fertile, as soil. 2. Exuberant in growth ; 
rank ; abundant. 3. Profuse and intricate in design, fertile 
in invention, or florid in device, as ornamentation. — Syn. 
See luxurious. — lux-u'ri-ant-ly, adv. 

lux-u'ri-ate (-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. luxu- 
riari, -are, to luxuriate.] 1. To grow exuberantly. 2. To 
feed or live luxuriously. 3. To indulge with unrestrained 
delight and freedom ; as, to luxuriate in description. — 
lux-u'ri-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

lux-u'ri-OUS (-rl-us), a. Of, pertaining to, or ministering to, 
luxury. — lux-u'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Luxurious, luxuriant, rank. Luxurious and luxu- 
riant now are somewhat sharply distinguished. That is 
luxurious which is given or pertains to luxury ; luxuriant 
implies exuberance or profuseness, esp. of growth or dis- 
play ; as, luxurious and pleasure-loving ; a luxurious couch ; 
luxuriant foliage ; a luxuriant imagination. Rank adds to 
luxuriant the implication of coarseness or excess ; as, rank 
weeds ; rank unweeded eloquence. 

lux'u-ry (lfik'shoo-rT), n.; pi. -RIES (-riz). [L. luxuria, fr. 
luxus excess.] 1. A free indulgence in costly gratifications 
of the appetites or tastes, as in food, dress, etc. ; also, a 
mode of life characterized by this. 2. Anything which 
pleases the senses and is also costly, or difficult to obtain. 



( 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. m> equals, 



M 



-LY 



588 



LYTTA 



■ly (-li). 1. [AS. -lie, -lie, orig. same word as lie body.] A 
suffix forming adjectives, now mostly from nouns, and de- 
noting : a Like in appearance, manner, or nature; char- 
acteristic of; befitting ; becoming. 

Examples : queenly, like or becoming a queen ; cow- 
ardZy, befitting, or characteristic of, a coward. 
b With nouns of time, every (so often). 

Examples : daiZy, every day ; monthZy, every month. 
2. A suffix forming adverbs from adjectives, participles, 
and (rarely) nouns. A majority of English adverbs are 
formed by the use of the suffix -ly. They may be classified 
as adverbs of : a Time, meaning: in, at, or during a . . . time 
or period; specif., every (so often), by the . . . ; once a . . . . 

Examples : lately, in, at, or during a late time or period; 
weekly, every week, by the week, etc. ; once a week. 
b Place, meaning : in, at, through, or the like, a place, part, 
region, direction, or the like. 

Examples : lowZy, easterly, inwardZy, remotely, thirdZy, 
etc., in or at a low, eastern, etc., place, part, region, direc- 
tion, or the like ; wideZy, in or through a wide region. 
C Manner, meaning : in a . . . manner, way, method, fash- 
ion, mode, or the like. 

Examples : slowZy, badZy, wiseZy, truly, possibZy, particu- 
larly, in a slow, bad, etc., manner, way, method, fashion. 
d Degree, number, or quantity, meaning : in or to a .. . de- 
gree, number, measure, extent, amount, quantity, etc. 

Examples : greatZy, intolerabZy, entirely, sufficientZy, 
partly, in or to a great, intolerable, etc., degree, number, 
measure, extent, amount, quantity, or the like. 
ly'can-thrope (li'kdn-throp ; 11-kan'-), n. [Gr. \vK&v9pwiros 
\ukos a wolf + avdpuwos a man.] 1. One affected with ly- 
canthropy. 2. A werewolf. See lycanthropy, 2. 
ly-can'thro-py (lT-kan'thro-pT), n. 1. A form of insanity in 
which the patient imagines himself a wolf (or some other 
animal) and imitates its actions. 2. Folklore. Assumption 
of the form and traits of a wolf by witchcraft or magic. Cf. 

BERSERKER, WEREWOLF. 

Ly-ca'on (ll-ka'on), n. [L., fr. Gr. Avk6.wi>.] Gr. Myth. An 
Arcadian king who set before Zeus, in disguise, a dish of 
human flesh to test his divinity. Zeus transformed him into 
a wolf (in other versions, struck him dead by lightning). 

Jly'cee' (le'sa'), n. [F.] A French lyceum, or secondary 

, school supported by the government, for preparing students 
for the university. 

ly-ce'um (H-se'um),n.;pZ.E. -ums (-iimz), L. -cea (-d). [L. 
lyceum, Gr. Xvneiov, after a near-by temple of 'AiroWcov 
Avaeios Apollo the wolf slayer.] 1. [cap."] A place of exer- 
cise with covered walks, in the suburbs of ancient Athens, 
where Aristotle taught. 2. A house or apartment for in- 
struction by lectures. 3. An association for debate and lit- 
erary improvement. 4. = lycee. 

lych'nis (lTk'nis), n. [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. Xux*-Zs.] 
Any of a large genus (Lychnis) of silenaceous plants, with 
terminal cymes of showy, mostly red or white flowers. Sev- 
eral species, asjjie scarlet lychnis (L. chalcedonica) and the 
rose campion JL. coronaria), are garden favorites. 

Lyc'i-an (ITs'T-an), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Lycia, a 
district centering about Mount Taurus in southern Asia 
Minor. — n. A citizen or one of the people of ancient 
Lycia ; also, their language, supposedly an Indo-European 
tongue related to Iranian. [Vergil's 9th "Eclogue." 

Lyc'i-das (-das), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aw«5as.] A shepherd in 

Lyc'o-me'des (lik'o-me'dez), n. [L., fr. Gr. Avkohv&vs^ 
Gr. Myth. A king to whose court Thetis sent Achilles dis- 
guised as a girl, so that he need not go to the Trojan War. 

ly'CO-pod (ll'ko-pod), n. Any lycopodium ; hence, any plant 
of the order (Lycopodiales) including the lycopodiums. 
Often called club moss, from the strobiles of some species. 

ly'co-po'di-um (Wko-po'di-um),n. [NL. ; Gr.Xwcos wolf + 
irovs, 7ro56s, foot.] Any of a large and widely distributed 
genus (Lycopodium) of erect or creeping evergreen plants, 
including the ground pine. 

lydd'ite (lid'It), n. [From the proving grounds at Lydd, 
England.] A kind of high explosive, chiefly picric acid. 

Lyd'i-an (lid'i-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to ancient Lydia, 
in Asia Minor, or its inhabitants. 2. In reference to Lydian 
culture, soft or effeminate ; also, voluptuous. 

lye (II), n. [AS. leah.'] 1. A strong caustic alkaline solution, 
esp. that made by leaching wood ashes containing chiefly 
potassium carbonate. It is used in making soap, washing, 
etc. 2. Any solution obtained by lixiviation ; a lixivium. 

ly'ing (ll'ing), p. pr. & vb. n. of lie (either sense). 

ly'ing-in', n. Confinement in childbirth. 

lymph (limf), n. [L. lympha water, goddess of water.] 1. 
Pure water or a spring of it. Poetic. 2. Anat. A nearly 
colorless coagulable fluid contained in the lymphatics. It 
consists chiefly of blood plasma and colorless corpuscles. 
3. Med. a A fibrinous material exuded from inflamed blood 
vessels, b A fluid containing products resulting from the 
growth of specific microorganisms on a culture medium, 
and supposed to have curative properties 




lym'phan-gi'tis (lim'fan-jI'tTs), n. [NL. ; lymph -f Gr. 
'ayyelov vessel -f- -iZis.] Med. Inflammation of the lym- 
phatic vessels. 

lym-phat'ic (lTm-fat'ik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, containing, or 
conveying lymph ; as, the right lymphatic duct. 2. Desig- 
nating or having a temperament lacking energy or indis- 
posed to exertion or excitement. 

lymphatic gland, Anat., one of the masses of lymphoid tis- 
sue (not true glands) from which lymphocytes are derived. 

— n. Anat. A vessel containing or conveying lymph. 

lym'pho-cyte (lTm'fo-sTt), n. [See lymph ; -cyte.] Anat. 
One of the small colorless, nucleated, amoeboid cells found 
in the lymph and derived from the lymphatic glands and 
other lymphoid tissues. 

lymph'oid (lim'foid), a. Anat. a Resembling lymph, b 
Resembling a lymphatic gland in structure ; adenoid, 
lymphoid cells, the characteristic cells of lymphoid tissue. 
— 1. tissue, the characteristic tissue of the lymphatic 
glands, spleen, tonsils, etc. ; — called also adenoid tissue. 

lyn-C6 / an(lIn-se , on),a. Pert, toalynx; hence, sharp-sighted. 

lynch (llnch), v. t. To inflict punishment upon, esp. death, 
without the forms of law, as when a mob hangs a suspect. 

lynch'er, n. One who lynches. 

lynch law. Formerly Lynch'S law. [Perh. from a Vir- 
ginian named Lynch, who 
took the law into hia own 
hands.] Act 
or practice of 
inflicting pun- 
is h m e n t for 
crimes or of- 
fenses, without 
due process of 
law. 

lynx (links), n 
[L. lynx, lyn-f 

cis, f r . Gr. ^J§§fgP^ ses ''Canada Lynx (Lynx 
Xu-y£.] Any of canadensis). 

a genus (Lynx) of wild cats having relatively long legs, a 
short stubby tail, and, often, tufted ears. See bobcat. The 
bay lynx (L. rufus) and allied species (as L. baileyi and 
L. fasciatus) are the bobcats. 

lynx'— eyed', a. Having acute sight. 

ly'on'naise' (le'o'naz' ; commonly Anglicized, ll'8-naz'), 
a. [F., fern, of lyonnais of Lyons.] Cookery. Prepared 
with flaked or sliced fried onions. 

|| Ly'ra (ll'rd) ,n.; gen. Lyr,e (-re) . [L. lyra, Gr. \0pa. See 
lyre.] Astron. A northern constellation, N 

taken as representing the lyre of Orpheus j 
or Mercury ; the Harp. It contains the L 
white star Vega (a Lyrae), the sixth bright- ^g 
est star in the heavens. WA = .... ^s 

ly'ra te (ll'rat) la. Lyre-shaped, as aT "' 

ly'rat-ed (-rat-ed)J leaf, or the tail of cer- 
tain birds. 

lyre (llr), n. [OF. lire, L. lyra, Gr. Xfym.] 
Music. A stringed instrument of the harp Lyra. 

class used by the ancient Greeks, esp. in accompanying 
song and recitation (see lyric). 

lyre bird. Any of three species of Australian 
passerine birds (genus Menura), the males of 
which have long tail feathers which are lyrate 
when spread. 

lyr'ic (lir'ik), n. 1. A lyric poem; a lyrical 
composition. 2. A verse of the kind usually 
employed in lyric poetry. 

lyr'ic (lir'Tk) \a. [L. lyricus, Gr. Xupi«6s.] 

lyr'i-cal (-i-kal)J 1. Of or pertaining to a lyre Lyre, 
or harp. 2. Suited to be sung to the lyre ; — used of poetry, 
generally in stanzas, expressive of the poet's feeling rather 
than of incident or events. — lyr'i-cal-ly, adv. — lyr'i- 
cal-ness, n. 

lyr'i-cism (lir'i-sYz'm), n. A lyrical expression or charac- 
teristic ; also, affectation of high-flown sentiment. 

lyr'ism (llr'iz'm), n. 1. Act of playing on a lyre or harp. 2. 
= LYRICISM. 

lyr'ist (ITr'ist ; llr'-), n. A player on the lyre ; hence, a com- 
poser or singer of lyric poetry. 

-lysis. [Gr. Xwris a loosing, \veiv to loose.] A suffix signify- 
ing a loosing, dissolving, solution, dissolution ; as, elec- 
trolysis, paralysis, etc. 

ly'sol (ll'sol ; -sol), n. [Gr. Xixris a loosing, dissolving + 
-ol, 2.] Pharm. A brown oily liquid, soluble in water, 
made by dissolving coal-tar oil of a certain grade in fat, and 
then saponifying. It is used as a disinfectant. 

-lyte. Variant of -lite. 

-lytic. [Gr. -Ximxos, fr. \vtik6s loosing.] A suffix of adjec- 
tives corresponding to nouns ending in -lysis. See -lysis. 

lyt'ta (lTt'd), n. ; L. pi. -tm (-e). [L., a worm said to grow 
under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine madness, Gr. 
Xurra, \v<r<ra, lit., madness.] A wormlike structure in the 
tongue of many carnivorous mammals, as the dog. 





ale, senate, care, am.dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
jase, unite, torn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin - r nature, verdure (87); 



M 



589 



MACROCOSM 



M 



M(2m). 1. The thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
a voiced (sonant) bilabial consonant. See Guide to 
Pron., § 52. The letter M came into English from the Greek, 
through the Latin, being further derived from the Phoeni- 
cian, and ultimately, perhaps, from the Egyptian. Etymd* 
logically m is related to n, as in lime, liraden ; emmet, arat ; 
also to b. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : 
Twelfth or (cf. K, 2) thirteenth, as in a series or in order 
or class ; sometimes, the numeral twelve (or thirteen) ; as, 
Company M ; quire m. 3. As a numeral, M stands for 
1,000 ; M for 1,000,000. 
M, or m (Hm), n. ; pi. m's, ms (emz). 1. The letter M, m, or 
its sound. 2. Print. = em. 
ma (ma), n. Mamma. Colloq. or Childish. 
ma'am (mam ; mam ; unaccented mam ; 'm), n. Madam ; 
— a colloquial form now used only parenthetically or at the 
end of a sentence, but formerly customarily in direct ad- 
dress. Its use among equals is rare. At the English court 
it is used in addressing the queen or a royal princess. 
Mat), Queen (mab). A fairy queen, the midwife that deliv- 
ers men of their dreams. 
ma-ca'bre (ma-ka'b'r ; F. ma'ka'br'), a. Also ma-ca'ber. 
[F., for OF. Macabre, dance Macabre, the dance of Maca- 
bre, where Macabre is a proper name.] Pertaining to, or 
suggestive of, the dance of death, an allegorical representa- 
tion of Death leading a motley crowd to the grave. 
mac-ad'am (mdk-ad'dm), n. [After John L. McAdam, 
Scottish engineer.] 1. Macadamized roadway or pavement. 
2. The broken stone used in macadamizing. 
mac-ad'am-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To con- 
struct or finish (a road) by compacting a layer of small 
broken stone on a convex well-drained earth roadbed. 
ma-caque' (md-kak'), n. [F., fr. Pg. macaco.'] Any of a 
genus (Macaca) of short-tailed monkeys of the Old World, 
chiefly Asia and the East Indies. 
mac'a-ro'ni (mak'd-ro'ni), n. ; pZ.-Nis (-niz) or-NiES (-nYz). 
[It. maccheroni, maccaroni, pi.] 1. A paste, chiefly of 
wheat flour dried in slender tubes. It is used, when cooked, 
as an article of food. While the same in composition as 
macaroni, spaghetti is smaller and solid, vermicelli solid 
and smaller still. 2. Hist, a In the 18th century, one of a 
class of traveled young men affecting foreign ways, b A fop. 
mac'a-ron'ic (-ron'ik), a. 1. Confused; Jumbled. 2. Of 
or pertaining to a kind of burlesque composition, in which 
the vernacular words of one or more modern languages are 
intermixed with genuine Latin words and with hybrids 
formed by adding Latin terminations to other roots. 
mac'a-roon' (-roon'),n. [F. macaron, It. maccherone.] A 
small cake chiefly of white of eggs, sugar, and pounded 
almonds. 
ma-caw' (md-k6'), n. [Native name on the Amazon ma- 
cavuana."] Any of many very large, long-tailed, brilliant- 
colored parrots (chiefly genus Ara) of South and Central 

Mac-beth' (mak-beth'), n. A king of Scotland (d. 1057), 
hero of Shakespeare's tragedy of this name. In the play, 
swayed by prophecies of his great future and by the ambi- 
tion of Lady Macbeth, he murders Duncan, then king, 
whom he succeeds. He is finally slain by his rival Macduff. 

Mac'ca-be'an (mak'd-be'an), a. Of or pertaining to Judas 
Maccabeus or the Maccabees. 

Mac'ca-bees (mak'd-bez), n. pi. 1. The name (in later 
times) of the Hasmonaeans, a Jewish family that headed a 
religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV., 175-164 b. c. 
2. Two books (1 & 2 M&ccabees) of the Apocrypha. 

mac'ca-boy (mak'd-boi)ln. [From Macouba, district in 

mac'co-boy (mak'o-boi)j the island of Martinique, where 
it is made.] A kind of snuff. [ronic.I 

mac'ca-ro'ni, mac'ca-ron'ic. Vars. of macaroni, maca-| 

Mac-duff' (mak-duf), n. A Scottish thane in Shakespeare's 
tragedy " Macbeth. " See Macbeth. 

mace (mas), n. [OF.] 1. A heavy club, often spiked, used 
esp. in the Middle Ages for breaking armor; hence, any 
club used as a weapon. 2. A staff borne by, or carried be- 
fore, a dignitary as an ensign of authority. 3. A mace bear- 
er. 4. Billiards. A rod formerly sometimes used as a cue. 

mace, n. [F. macis.'] A kind of fragrant aromatic spice 
consisting of the dried outer fibrous covering of the nutmeg. 

Mac'e-do'ni-an (mas'e-do'nT-dn), a. & n. Of or pert, to 
Macedonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Macedonia. 

mac'er (mas'er), n. [F. massier.] A mace bearer ; specif., 
in Scotland, a court officer charged with keeping order, etc. 

mac'er-ate (mas'er-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
maceratus, p. p. of macerare to soften.] 1. To make lean ; 
cause to waste away. 2. To soften by steeping in a liquid, 
with or without heat. 

mac'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. Act or process of macerating. 



ma-che'te (ma-cha'ta), n. [Sp.] A very large heavy knife, 
used for cutting cane, as a weapon, etc. Sp. America. 

Mach'i-a-vel'li-an (mak'I-d-vel'I-fin ; -ydn), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to the Florentine statesman Niccold Machiavelli 

•■•.. (1469-1527), or, esp., his political doctrine that a ruler may 
use any means, however unscrupulous, to maintain a strong 
central, government. 2. Resembling such principles; 
marked "by.jpolitical cunning. — Mach'i-a-vel'll-an, n. — : 
Mach'i-a-vdl'li-an-ism (-Tz'm), -vel'lism (-vel'Iz'm), n. 

ma-chic'o-late (md-chTk'6-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); 
-lat'ing. [LL. machicolatus, p. p. of machicolare, machi- 
collare.] To furnish with machicolations, as a turret. 

ma-Chic'O-la'tiqn (md-chik'6-la'shun ; mach'I-kS-), n. 
Arch. An opening between the corbels of a parapet, or in a 
gallery floor or the roof of a portal, through which missiles 
can be shot or dropped on an enemy below ; also, a gallery 
or parapet with such openings. See battlement, Illust. 

mach/i-nate (mak'i-nat), v. i. & t. ; -nat'ed ; -nat'ing. [L. 
machinatus, p. p. of machinari to devise, plot. See ma- 
chine.] To plan ; contrive ; esp. to scheme to do harm ; plot. 

mach i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of machinating ; also, a 
hostile scheme ; an artful plot. — Syn. See conspiracy. 

mach'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who machinates ; a plotter. 

ma-Chine' (md-shen'), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, 
device, trick, Gr. uT)xat>v> fr. m^X°s means, expedient.] 1. A 
structure ; fabric. Rare. 2. A mechanical contrivance ; 
specif, (formerly in frequent use) a vehicle, or conveyance, 
as a coach or cart or, sometimes, a ship or boat. 3. Hist. 
A military engine. 4. a Theater. An apparatus to produce 
stage effects ; — chiefly in reference to the ancient stage. 
b Hence, in literature, any contrivance for dramatic pres- 
entation ; esp., supernatural agency. 5. Any device con- 
sisting of two or more resistant, relatively constrained 
parts which may serve to transmit and modify force and 
motion so as to do work ; usually, a more or less complex 
combination of such parts together with their framework, 
etc. Cf . prime mover, simple machine. 6. Any person 
or organization that acts like a machine (def. 5) ; as, the 
social machine. 7. The body or leaders in a political party 
or other association, through which its activities are largely 
controlled. 

■— v. t.; -chined' (-shend') ; -chin'ing (-shen'ing). To 
shape or finish by the action of machinery. 

machine gun. A cannon, usually of small-arm caliber, for 
rapid, continuous firing, and operated by mechanism. 

ma-chin'er-y (md-shen'er-i), n. 1. The agencies in the de- 
velopment of a plot, as of a poem, esp. supernatural agen- 
cies. 2. Machines in general or collectively ; also, the work- 
ing parts of a machine. 3. The agencies by which anything 
is kept in action or a desired result is obtained. 

machine tool. A machine for cutting or shaping wood, 
metals, etc., by means of a tool; esp., a lathe, planer, 
drilling machine, etc. 

ma-chin'ist (-Tst), n. 1. A constructer of, or one versed in, 
machines. 2. One skilled in the use of machine tools. 

mac'i-lent (mas'I-lent), a. [L. macilentus, fr. macies lean- 
ness, macere to be lean.] Lean ; thin. 

mac'in-tosh. Var. of mackintosh. 

mack'er-el (mak'er-el), n. [OF. maquerel, LL. macarel- 
lus.] An important food fish (Scomber scombrus) of the 
North Atlantic ; also, any of various related fishes ; as, the 
Spanish mackerel (genus Scomber omorus). 

mackerel Sky. A sky flecked with small white clouds. 

Mack'i-naw (mak'i-no), a. Pertaining to Mackinac, Mich- 
igan, where stores were formerly distributed to the Indians, 
or to the Strait of Mackinac. 

Mackinaw blanket, a thick blanket formerly in common 
use in the western United States. — M. boat, a kind ot 
flat-bottomed boat, used esp. on the upper Great Lakes 
and their tributaries. — M. coat, a short, heavy, double- 
breasted coat of a blanketlike fabric, the design of which is 
often a striking plaid. — M. trout, the namaycush. 

— n. Short for Mackinaw blanket, boat, or coat. 

mack'in-tosh (-in-tosh), n. [After Charles Macintosh 
(1766-1843), the inventor.] 1. A kind of waterproof outer 
garment. 2. The cloth from which mackintoshes are made. 

mack'le (mak''l). Var. of macule. 

ma'cle (mak''l), n. [L. macula a spot.] Min. a Chiasto- 
lite ; — so called from the tessellated appearance of a 
cross section, b A twin crystal. C A dark spot in a mineral. 

mac'ra-me (mak'rd-ma; md-kra'ma), n., or macrame 
lace. [Turk, maqramah handkerchief, fr. Ar. miqramah 
embroidered veil.] A coarse, knotted fringe or lace made of 
cord (macramfi cord) or silk, used esp. in decorating fur- 
niture. 

mac'ro- (mak'rS-). A combining form from Greek uaKpos, 
long, large, great ; — opposed to micro-. 

mac'ro-COSm (m5k'rS-koz'm), n. [F. macrocosme, fr. Gr. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, =■ equals. 



MACROCOSMIC 



590 



MAGICIAN 



paicpds long, great -f- nbfffios world.] The great world ; the 
universe ; — contrasted with microcosm, or man. — mac ; - 
ro-cos'mic (-koz'mik), a. 

mac'ro-dome (mak'ro-dom), n. Cryst. See dome, n., 4. 

ma-crog'ra-phy (md-krog'rd-fi), n. Writing of great size, 
an indication of nervous disorder. 

ma'cron (ma'kron ; mak'ron), n. [Gr. nanphv, neut. of 
juaKpos long.] Gram. & Pron. A short, straight, horizontal 
mark [ ~ ] placed over vowels to denote long quantity. 
JSIPIn this book the macron indicates the name sounds of 
vowels : a in dame, e in eve, 1 in Ice, o in old, u in use. 

mac'ro-SCOp'ic (mak'ro-skop'ik), a. Large enough to be 
observed by the naked eye ; — opposed to microscopic. 

mac'ro-spore (mak'ro-spor ; 57), n. Bot. = megaspore. 

mac- taction (mak-ta'shwn), n. [L. mactatio, fr. mactare 
to slay, sacrifice.] Act of killing, esp. a sacrificial victim. 

mac'U-la (mak'u-ld), n.; pi. -lm (-le). [L., spot, stain.] 
A spot, blotch, or stain, as on the skin, on the sun, etc. 

mac'U-late (-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (dat'ed); -lat'ing. [L. 
maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot.] To spot ; stain ; 
defile. — - (-lat) , a. Spotted ; defiled ; impure. 

mac'u-la'tion (-la'sh&n), n. 1. A spotting; also, a spot; 
blemish. 2. Arrangement of markings, as on an animal. 

mac'ule (mak'ul), n. [F. macule. See macula.] 1. A spot 
or blemish ; a macula. 2. Print. A blur, or an appearance 
of a double impression. — v. t. & i. To blur ; esp., Print., 
to blur or double an impression from type. 

mad (mad), a.; mad'der (-er) ; -dest. [AS. gemsedd, p. p. 
of a v. fr. gemad mad.] 1. Disordered in intellect ; insane. 
2. Due to, or marked by, delusion or want of reason ; rash- 
ly foolish. 3. Frenzied; furious; specif., enraged; hence, 
Colloq. : angry ; vexed. 4. Carried away by desire or pas- 
sion ; infatuated. 5. Extravagant ; esp., extravagantly gay ; 
as, mad spirits. 6. Rabid ; as, a mad dog. — Syn. See 
insane. — v. t. & i. ; mad'ded ; mad'ding. To madden. 

mad'am (mad'am), n. [See madame.] A form of polite 
address to a lady ; — for the plural, the French mesdames 
is used in address or as a title. 

ma'dame' (ma'dam' ; md-dam' ; often Anglicized, mad'- 
dm), n.; pi. mesdames (ma'dam'). [F., fr. ma my (L. mea) 
+ dame dame.] 1. My lady ; — a French title of courtesy 
for a married woman, often applied in English to any for- 
eign married woman. 2. A French married woman. 

mad'cap' (mad'kap'), a. Inclined to wild or dangerous 
sports ; hence : wild ; reckless. — n. A madcap person. 

mad'den (mad r n), v. t. & i. To make or become mad. 

mad'der (-er), n. [AS. msedere.~\ 1. A European herb 
(Rubia tinctorum) with small yellowish flowers ; by exten- 
sion, any plant of the same genus, which is the type of a 
family (Rubiacese). 2. The root of this plant, used in dye- 
ing ; also, a coloring matter prepared from it. 

— v. t. To treat or dye with madder. 

mad'ding (-ing), p. a. Mad ; raving ; wild ; raging. 

mad'dish (mad'ish), a. Somewhat mad. 

made (mad), pret. & p. p. of make. Hence : p. a. Artificially 
produced, as by mixture, filling in, piecing together, etc. 

Ma-dei'ra (md-de'rd; md-da'rd), n. Wine made on the 
island of Madeira. 

(1 ma'de-moi'selle' (mad'mwa/zel' ; mad'e-mo-zel' ; colloq. 
mam'zel'), n.; pi. mesdemoiseixes (ma'd'-mwa'zel')- [F., 
fr. ma my + demoiselle a young lady.] A French title of 
courtesy given to a girl or an unmarried woman, corre- 
sponding to the English Miss. Abbr., Mile. 

mad'house 7 (mad'housO, n. An asylum for the insane. " 

mad'ly (mad'li), adv. In a mad or foolish manner. 

mad'man (mad'mdn), n. A lunatic. 

mad'ness, n. State or quality of being mad. 

Ma-don'na (md-don'd), n. [It. madonna my lady.] 1. 
[I. c] My lady; — a term of address in Italian. 2. a The 
Virgin Mary; — an Italian designation, b A picture or 
statue of the Virgin Mary. 

mad're-po-ra'ri-an (mad're-po-ra'rT-dn), a. [See madre- 
pore.] Zo'dl. Belonging to an extensive division (Madre- 
poraria) of actinozoans, including most species that pro- 
duce stony corals, — n. A madreporarian actinozoan. 

mad're-pore (mad're"-por ; 57), n. [F. madrepore, fr. It. 
madrepora.] Any of a genus ( Ac- 
ropora) of stony, often branching 
corals, abundant in tropical seas. 
— mad're-por'ic (-por'ik), a. 

mad'ri-gal ( -ri-gdl ), n. [It. ma- 
drigale.~] 1. A lyric, usually 
amorous and adapted to musical ggFtsjffp 
setting. 2. Music, a An unaccom- &p-ptm? 
panied setting of such a poem in ^^4' 
(usually) five or six parts, b Any _^ w 
part song or glee. 3 

ma-dro'na (md-dro'nyd), n. [Sp. 
madrono."] A small evergreen eri- 
caceous tree or shrub (Arbutus A Madrepore of Florida. 
menziesii) of California. It bears End of a Branch, 
edible red berries which are often called madrona apples. 




ma-du'ro (md-doo'ro), a. [Sp., mature.] Dark-colored 
and strong ; — said of cigars. Cant. 

Mae-ce'nas (me-se'nas), n. [L., the name of the patron of 
Horace and Vergil.] A patron, esp. of literature or art. 

Mael'strom (mal'strom), n. A celebrated whirlpool off the 
northwest coast of Norway ; hence, fig. [Z. c] , any destruc- 
tive or wide-reaching noxious influence. 

mse/nad (me'nad), n.; pi. E. -nads (-nadz), L. -nades 
(men'd-dez). [L. Maenas, -adis, Gr. naivas, -ados, fr. yucu- 
veadai to rave.] 1. A nymph attendant on Dionysus ; a bac- 
chante. 2. A frenzied woman. — mse-nad'ic (-nad'Tk), a. 

|| ma'es-to'SO (ma'es-to'so), a. & adv. [It., a.] Music. 
Majestic or majestically. 

||ma-es'tro (ma-es'tro), n.; pi. -tri (-tre). [It., fr. L. 
magister. See master.] A master, esp. in music ; a com- 
poser, conductor, or teacher of eminence. 

maf'fi-a (maf'fe-a), ma'fi-a (ma'fe-a), n. [It. maffia."] 1. 
In Sicily, the popular sentiment of hostility to the law, or 
those imbued with this sentiment. 2. Hence, a supposed 
organization of Sicilians or Italians in foreign countries, as 
revealed by similar hostility to law and by acts of violence, 
as murder and blackmail. 

mag'a-zine' (mag'd-zen'), n. [F. magasin, fr. It. or Sp., 
fr. Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, storehouse, granary, cellar,] 
1. A storehouse or warehouse ; esp., a repository for mili- 
tary stores. 2. a The powder room in a fort or ship, b 
A country or district especially rich in natural products, c A 
reservoir or supply chamber for a stove, camera, etc. d A 
chamber in a gun for holding cartridges to be fed automati- 
cally to the piece. 3. The contents of a magazine, as a stock 
or store of provisions or goods. 4. A pamphlet published 
periodically and containing miscellaneous articles, stories, 
poems, etc. 5. A store, or shop, where goods are for sale. 

— v. t. To store in or as in a magazine ; store up for use. 

magazine gun or rifle. A rapid-fire small arm, as a rifle, 
fitted with a magazine. See magazine, n. 2 d. 

mag'a-zin'ist (mag'd-zen'ist), n. One who edits or writes 
for a magazine. — mag'a-zin'ism (-iz'm), n. 

Mag r da-len (mag'dd-len), Mag'da-lene (-len), n. [L. 
Magdalene, fr. Gr. Mc^SaXj?^.] 1. Mary Magdalene, by 
tradition the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ (Luke vii. 
37) ; — used with the. 2. [I. c] A reformed prostitute. 

mage (maj), n. A magician. Poetic. 

Mag'el-lan'ic (maj'e-lan'ik ; mag'- : Magellan is common- 
ly pron d md-jel'dn in U. S., md-gel'dn in Eng.), a. Of or 
pert, to, or named from, Magellan, the navigator. 
Magellanic cloud. Aslron. a Either of two conspicuous 
nebulous appearances near the south pole, b See coalsack. 

ma-gen'ta (md-jen'td), n. An aniline dyestuff yielding a 
brilliant dark red ; also, the color yielded by it ; — alluding 
to a battle fought (1859) at Magenta, Italy. 

mag'got (mag'ot), n. 1. A soft-bodied, grublike, footless 
larva of an insect, as the house fly ; esp., a form living in 
decaying matter, flesh, etc. 2. A fantastic notion or caprice. 

mag'got-y (-1), a. Having maggots. 

Ma'gi (ma'jl), n. pi.; sing. Magus (ma'gus). [L., pi. of 
Magus, Gr. Mcryos; of Per. origin.] A priestly caste or 
order of ancient Media and Persia, in later times supposed 
to be sorcerers. [to the Magi.l 

Ma'gi-an (ma'ji-dn), n. One of the Magi. — a. Of or pert.| 

mag'ic (maj'ik), n. [OF. magique, fr. L. magice, fr. Gr. 
naytKT}, fr. uayiKos. See magic, a.] 1. The art which pre- 
tends to produce effects by the aid of supernatural beings or 
by a mastery of secret forces in nature. 2. The power 
brought into play by magic ; any seemingly occult power. 
— Syn. Sorcery, necromancy, conjuration, enchantment. 

mag'ic (maj'Tk), mag'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. [F. magique, L. 
magicus, fr. Gr. nayixbs, fr. /layos. See Magi.] 1. Of, per- 
taining to, or used in, magic. 2. Characterized by, or hav- 
ing the powers or effects of, magic ; hence : enchanting. 3.. 
Seemingly requiring more than human power ; imposing or 
startling in performance ; seemingly supernatural ; as, a 
magic lantern. — mag'i-cal-ly, adv. 
magic lantern, an optical instrument for throwing upon a 
screen, in a 
darkened 
room or the \ 
like, greatly 
magnified 
pictures 
from slides 
placed in the 
focus of the 
outer lens. 
See stere- 
opticon , 
cinemato- 
graph. 

ma-gi^cian 
(md-jish'- 
dn), n. [F. 
magicien. ] 




One Form of Magic Lantern. 1 Box contain- 
ing Lamp (2) ; 3 Chimney ; 4 Condensing 
Lenses ; 5 Slide Holder ; 6 Magnifying Ach- 
romatic Lenses, adjusted by Screw (7) ; 8 
Right-angled Prism for turning image up- 
right. 
One skilled"in magic ; a necromancer; sorcerer; conjurer. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb odd, soft, connect; 
Mse. unite, am, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (80. 



MAGILP 



591 



MAGUEY 



ma-gilp' (md-gilp'), ma-gilph' (-gilf). Vars. of megilp. 

mag'is-te'ri-al (maj'is-te'ri-al), a. [L. magisterius mag- 
isterial.] 1. Of or pert, to a master ; authoritative ; hence : 
overbearing ; imperious. 2. Of or pert, to a magistrate, his 
office, or his duties. — mag'is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 

mag'is-ter-y (maj'is-ter-i), n. ; pi. -teries (-Tz). [L. magi- 
sterium the office of a chief, president, director, tutor. 
See magistrate.] 1. Alchemy. A principle of nature hav- 
ing transmuting or curative powers. 2. Old Chem. A pre- 
cipitate, esp. from a metallic solution. 

mag'is-tra-cy (-trd-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. State, office, 
or dignity of a magistrate ; magistrates collectively. 2. Dis- 
trict or jurisdiction of a magistrate. 

raag'is-tral (-trdl), a. [h.magistralis.'] l.Of or pert, to a 
master ; hence : magisterial ; dogmatic. 2. Pharin. Formu- 
lated for a particular case ; — opposed to officinal. 3. 
Fort. Guiding ; principal ; as, a magistral line. 

mag'is-trate (-trat), n. [L. magistratus, fr. magister mas- 
ter.] A person having power as a public civil officer ; as : 
a The official first in rank in a government, b An official of 
a class having summary, often criminal, jurisdiction. 

mag'is-tra-ture (-tra-tur), n. Magistracy. 

mag'ma (mag'md), n. [L., fr. Gr. nayna, fr. ukaativ to 
squeeze, knead.] 1. Any crude mixture of mineral or organ- 
ic matters in a thin paste. 2. Petrog. Molten material in 
the earth from which any igneous rock or lava is formed. 

mag-mat'ic (mag-mat'Ik), a. Of or pert, to magma. 

U Mag'na Char'ta (mag'nd kar'td), Mag'na Car 'la. [LL.] 

1. The Great Charter, so called, which the English barona 
forced King John to sign June 15, 1215, at Runnymede. 2. 
A constitution guaranteeing rights and privileges. 

mag \tia-nim'i-ty (-nim'I-tl), n. ; -pi. -ties (-tlz) . 1. Quali- 
ty of being magnanimous. 2. A magnanimous deed. 

mag-nan'i-mous (mag-nan'l-mus), a. [L. magnanimus; 
magnus great + animus mind.] 1. Great of mind ; 
raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous. 2. Dic- 
tated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul ; noble. — mag- 
nan'i-mous-ly, adv. — mag-nan'i-mous-ness, n. 

mag'nate (mag'nat), n. [L. (pi.) magnates, magnati, fr. 
magnus great.] 1. A person of rank, influence, or distinc- 
tion. 2. A person prominent in the management of a large 
industry or enterprise ; as, an oil magnate. U. S. 

mag-ne'si-a (mag-ne'zhi-d, -zhd; -shT-d, -shd), n. [From 
Magnesia, in Greece.] 1. Chem. Magnesium oxide, an 
earthy white substance, slightly alkaline, used as a laxative. 

2. Magnesia alba, a white, hydrous carbonate of magne- 
sium, similarly used. — mag-ne'sian (-ne'zhan ; -shan), a. 

mag-ne'sic (-sik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing magnesia. 

mag'ne-site (mag'ne-sit), n. Min. Native magnesium 
carbonate, MgCCh, chiefly in compact or granular masses. 

mag-ne'si-um (-ne'zhi-wm ; -shT-um), n. [NL. See mag- 
nesia.] Chem. A silver-white metallic element, malleable 
and ductile, and light (sp. gr., 1.74). Symbol, Mg; at. wt., 
24.32. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with a 
dazzling, strongly actinic light (magnesium light), used 
in signaling, pyrotechny, and photography. 

fnag'net (mag'net; 24), n. [OF. magnete, L. magnes, 
-etis, Gr. MayprjTis Ai0os a magnet, metal that looked like 
silver, prop., Magnesian stone.] 1. Loadstone. 2. Anybody 
having the polarity and the property, characteristic of load- 
stone, of strongly attracting iron and some other substances ; 
specif., a mass of iron or steel having such properties artifi- 
cially imparted. 

mag-net'ic (mag-net'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the mag- 
net ; possessing the properties of the magnet. 2. Of or per- 
taining to, or characterized by, the earth's magnetism ; as, 
the rfkxgnetic meridian. 3. Capable of being magnetized, as 
a metal. 4. Endowed with great personal attractiveness. 
5. Inducing, susceptible to, or induced by, hypnotism (or 
animal magnetism, so called). — mag-net'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 
— mag-net'i-cal-ly, adv. 

magnetic equator. See aclinic. — m. flux, the total 
number of lines of force within any tube of force, or the 
product of the magneto-motive force by the permeance 
of the circuit. — m. needle, a slender bar of magnetized, 
steel which, when free to swing, as in a compass, indicates 
the direction of the earth's magnetism, and so approxi- 
mately the north and south line. — m. pyrites, pyrrho- 
tite. — rn. reluctance or resistance. Physics, the resist- 
ance offered to the passage of magnetic flux ; — analogous 
to electric resistance. — m. storm, any marked disturb- 
ance of the earth's magnetic conditions. A connection 
between sun spots and magnetic disturbances is well 
established. 

mag'net-ism (mag'net-Tz'm), n. 1. Property, quality, or 
state, of being magnetic ; manifestation of that force in na- 
ture which is seen in a magnet. 2. The science of magnetic 
phenomena. 3. Power to attract ; power to excite the feel- 
ings and gain the affections. 4. Hypnotism. 

mag'net-ite (-It), n. An iron oxide and important ore, of 
metallic luster, strongly attracted by a magnet. It some- 
times possesses polarity, and is then called loadstone. 



mag'net-ize (-Tz), v. L; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Izfng). 1. 
To communicate magnetic properties to ; convert into a 
magnet. 2. To attract by magnetism. 3. To hypnotize. — 
mag'net-i-za'tion (-I-za'shun ; -l-za'-), mag'net-iz'er, n. 

mag'net-O- (mag'net-S- ; mag-ne'tS-). A prefix meaning 
pertaining to, produced by, or connected with, magnetism. 

mag-ne'to (mag-ne'to ;mag'net-o),n. ; pi. -tos. A magneto- 
electric machine ; esp., a magneto-dynamo used to generate 
the current for the electric ignition in some internal-com- 
bustion engines, being operated by the engine itself. 

mag'net-O— dy'na-mo (mag'net-6-dI'nd-m5 ; mag-ne'to-), 
n. A dynamo with permanent field magnets. 

mag'net-O— e-lec'tllC \a. Physics. Pert, to, or charac- 

mag'net-O— e-lec'tri-calj terized by, electricity developed 
by magnets, as in a machine using permanent magnets. 

mag'net-O-e-lec-tric'i-ty, n. Electricity developed by 
means of magnets ; also, the science treating of the same. 

mag'net-o-gen'er-a'tor, n. Elec. A generator with per- 
manent magnets ; a magneto. 

mag'net-om'e-ter ( mag'ne't-om'e-ter ), n. Physics. An 
instrument for measuring the intensity of magnetic forces. 

mag'net-o-mo'tive (mag'net-6- ; mag-ne'to-mo'tiv), a. 
Elec. Pertaining to or designating a force producing mag- 
netic flux, analogous to electromotive force. 

mag-ne'to-scope (mag-ne'to-skop ; mag-neVo-), n. Phys- 
ics. An instrument for detecting magnetic force. 

mag-nif'ic (mag-mfikjla. [L. magnificus.~\ 1. Magnifi- 

mag-nif 'i-cal (-i-kdl) / cent ; sublime. 2. Intended to 
impress ; grandiloquent ; eulogistic. 

Magnificat (-T-kat), n. [L., it magnifies.] 1. The song 
of the Virgin Mary. Luke i. 46-55. 2. \l. c] A paean. 

mag ni-fi-ca'tion (mag'nT-fi-ka'shwn), n. A magnifying ; 
state of being magnified. 

mag-nif'i-cence (mag-nif'i-sens), n. [F., fr. L. magnifi- 
centia, fr. magnificus magnificent ; magnus great + 
facer e tomake.] Quality, state, or fact of being magnificent. 

mag-nif'i-cent (-sent), a. 1. Great in deed or in place ; — 
now only as an epithet of former famous rulers ; as, Sultan 
Solyman the Magnificent. 2. a Characterized by sensuous 
splendor or sumptuous adornment ; also, characterized by 
grandeur or majestic beauty, b As applied to ideas, lan- 
guage, etc. : exalted ; noble. — Syn. Glorious, majestic, 
sublime. See grand. — mag-nix 'i-cent-ly, adv. 

mag-nif'i-co (-ko), n. ; pi. -coes (-koz). [It.] 1. An appel- 
lation denoting : a A grandee of Venice, b A rector of a 
German university. 2. Any magnate. 

mag'ni-ti'er (mag'nl-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, 
magnifies ; specif., a lens or combination of lenses. 

mag'ni-fy (mag'ni-fl), v. t.; -ni-fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. 
magnifier, L. magnificare. See magnificence.] 1. To 
extol. Archaic. 2. To increase the importance or estima- 
tion of. 3. To amplify ; enlarge, actually or in apparent 
dimensions, as by a microscope. 4. To exaggerate. — v. i. 
To increase the apparent dimensions of objects. 

mag-nil'o-quent (mag-nil'S-kwent), a. [L. magnus great 
+ loquens, -entis, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking pom- 
pously ; bombastic ; grandiloquent. — Syn. See turgid. — 
mag-nil'o-quence (-kwens), n. — quent-ly, adv. 

mag'ni-tude (mag'ni-tiid), n. [L. magnitudo, fr. magnus 
great.] 1. Greatness, as in size, character, position, fame, 
importance, etc. 2. Size; spatial quality. 3. Quantity; 
capability of being greater or less. 4. Math. Anything that 
may be greater or less than something else (of the same 
class), as a length, area, volume, weight, angle, velocity, 
tension, etc. Cf. quantity, 6. 5. Astron. A degree of 
brightness, as of a fixed star. Cf. star, n., 1. 

mag-no'li-a (mag-no'li-d), n. [NL., after Pierre Magnol, 
French botanist.] Any of a genus (Magnolia) of trees hav- 
ing aromatic bark and large, often fragrant, white, pink, or 
purple flowers, and typifying a family (Magnoliacese) ; 
also, a flower of this genus. 

mag-no li-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. Bot. Belonging to a fam- 
ily (Magnoliacese) of shrubs and trees having mostly large 
and showy flowers, with indefinite petals and stamens. 

mag'num (mag'niim), n. [Neut. sing, of L. magnus 
great.} A two-quart bottle for wine or spirits. 

mag'pie (mag'pl), n. [.Mag, Maggot, equiv. to Margaret 
-j- pie magpie.] 1. Any of numerous birds 
(genus Pica and related genera) allied to 
the jays, but having a long graduated 
tail ; esp., the common European species 
(P. pica) and similar American species 
(P. hudsonica and P. nuttalli). 2. 
chatterer. 

mag'uey (mag'wa; 
Sp. ma-ga'e"), n. 
[Sp., from a mis- 
reading of alla- 
guey, a Sp. form of 
aloe.] In general, 
any species of 
agave, esp. one 







i 



European magpie. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. « equals. 



MAGUS 



592 



MAJOR 



yielding useful fiber; specif., the common century plant. 

Ma'gus (ma'gus), n., sing, of Magi. 

Mag'yar (mod'yor ) , n. [Hung.] One of the dominant peo- 
ple of Hungary ; also, their language, a Finno-Ugric tongue. 

Ma-ha-bha'ra-ta (md-ha-ba'rd-tdXn. Also-ra-tam (-tam). 
[Skr. Mahdbhdrata.] One of the two great epics of the 
Hindus, the other being the "Ramayana." Its theme is the 
struggle of two families over a kingdom in northern India. 

ma-ha-ra'ja Hmd-ha-ra'jdj, n. [Skr. mahdrdja, lit., 

ma-ha-ra'jahj great king.] A title of certain Hindu 
princes, esp. of the principal ruling chiefs. 

ma-hat' (md-hut'), n. [Skr., lit., great.] Theos. The prin- 
ciple of universal intelligence or consciousness. 

ma-hat'ma (md-hat'md), n. [Skr. mahatman, lit., great- 
souled, wise.] Theos. One of a class of sages, or "adepts," 
reputed to have knowledge and powers of a higher order 
than those of ordinary men. — ma-hat'ma-ism (-iz'm), n. 

Mah/di (ma'de), n. [Ar. mahdl leader.] Among Moham- 
medans, the last spiritual leader of the faithful. Many 
claimants have appeared, but the orthodox believe that he 
is yet to come. — Mah'dism (-diz'm), n. — Mah'dist, n. 

mahl'stick' (mal'stlk' ; mol'-). Var. of maulstick. 

ma-hog'a-ny (md-hog'd-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [From 
native name in the Antilles.] 1. A tropical American 
meliaceous tree (Swietenia mahagoni). 2. The valuable 
hard, dark wood of this tree. 3. Any of numerous other 
trees, or their somewhat similar wood. 

Ma-hom'et-an (md-hom'et-an), Ma-hom'ed-an (-gd-an). 
Vars. of Mohammedak. 

Ma-hound' (md-hound' ; -hoond'), n. [OF. Mahon, Ma- 
hom.] Mohammed ; — so called esp. in the Middle Ages. 

ma-hout' (md-hout'), n. [Hind, mahdwat.] The keeper 
and driver of an elephant. East Indies. 

Mah-rat'i, Mah-rat'ti (md-rat'I). Vars. of Marathi. 

Mah-rat'ta. Var. of Maratha. 

Ma'ia (ma'yd; ml'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mala.] See Pleiades. 

maid (mad), n. [For maiden.'] 1. An unmarried girl or 
woman ; usually, a young unmarried woman ; a maiden ; 
esp., a virgin. 2. A female servant. — maid of honor or 
honour, a An unmarried lady, usually of noble birth, 
who attends a queen or a princess, b The principal attend- 
ant on a bride at the wedding ceremony ; — so called when 
unmarried ; if married, she is called matron of honor. 

mai-dan' (mT-dan'), n. [Hind. & Per. maiddn, fr. Ar. 
maiddn.] In Asia, an open space, as for military exercises, 
or for a market place ; an open grassy tract ; an esplanade. 

maid'en (mad''n), n. [AS. msegden, dim. of AS. msegd.] 
1. A maid. 2. An instrument resembling the guillotine, 
formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals. 3. 
Sports, a In horse racing, a horse which has never won a 
race or taken a stake other than a match or a private 
sweepstakes, b Cricket. = maiden over. 

— a. 1. Of or pert, to a maiden or maidens. 2. Virgin or 
virginal. 3. Innocent ; pure. 4. Fresh ; untried ; unused. 
5. First ; earliest ; as, a maiden speech. 
maiden over, Cricket, an over in which no runs are scored. 

maid'en-hair' (-bar'), n., or maidenhair fern. Any fern 
of the genus Adiantum ; — so called from the slender 
stipes and delicate fronds. See adiantum, Illust. 

maid'en-head (-hed),re. Maidenhood. 

maid'en-hood (-hood), n. State of being a maid ; virginity. 

maid'en-ly, a. Of or pert, to a maiden or maidenhood; 
gentle. — maid'en-ly, adv. — maid'en-li-ness, n. 

maid'hood, n. [See maid ; -hood.] Maidenhood. Rare. 

Maid Marian, or Maid'mar'i-an (mad'mar'i-dn), n. In 
the Robin Hood legend, Robin's sweetheart, who followed 
him into banishment as a page and lived as a virgin huntress 
until the marriage ceremony could be performed. 

maid'serv'ant (mad'sur'vdnt), n. A female servant. 

ma-ieu'tic (ma-u'tik)l a. [Gr. fiaievriKos, fr. uala mid- 

ma-ieu'ti-cal (-ti-kal)J wife.] Designating, or pertaining 
to, the Socratic method (see under Socratic). 

ma-ieu'tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) The Socratic method. 

mai'gre (ma'ger ; ma'gr'), a. [F. See meager.] Designat- 
ing articles of diet free*from flesh or the juices of flesh. 

mail (mal), n. [F. maille ring of mail, fr. L. macula spot, 
mesh of a net.] 1. a A flexible fabric of interlinked metal 
rings for defensive armor, b Erroneously, armor ; any defen- 
sive covering. 2. The hard protective covering of various 
animals, as of a tortoise. — v. t. To arm with mail. 

mail, n. [OF. male, OHG. malaha, malha, wallet.] 1. A 
bag ; a traveling bag. Obs. or Scot. 2. a The bag or bags, 
with the letters, papers, etc., conveyed under public author- 
ity from one post office to another, b The system of appli- 
ances used in the postal service. 3. That which comes in the 
mail ; letters. Chiefly U. S. 4. That which conveys mail, 
as a vehicle or person. — v. t. To deliver into the custody 
of the post office for transmission ; to post. Chiefly U. S. 

mail (mal), n. Also maill. [ME. male tax, tribute, price ; 
of Scand. origin.] Payment ; rent ; tax. Hist, or Scot. 

mail'a-ble (mal'd-b'l), a. Lawful to mail, or post. U. S. 



mailed (maid), a. Protected by, or armed with, mail." 

mail'er (mal'er), n. 1. One who mails. 2. A mail boat. 

maim (mam), v. t. [OF. mahaignier.] 1. To deprive of 
the use of a member, so as to incapacitate a person in fight- 
ing. 2. To mutilate ; esp., to cripple or disable. — n. Dep- 
rivation of the use of a bodily member; serious physical 
injury ; — now rare exc. in the spelling mayhem. — o. 
Maimed. — maim'er, n. 

main (man), n. 1. In the game of hazard, a number which 
the caster calls before throwing ; hence, a match at dice, 
a stake, etc. 2. A match at cockfighting. 

main, n. [AS. msegen strength, power, force.] 1. Strength ; 
force ; power ; — now chiefly in with might and main. 2. 
A broad stretch or expanse ; specif. : a Mainland, b Main 
or high sea. 3. Chief part ; essential point. 4. A principal 
line or conduit ; as : a A principal duct or pipe, esp. a con- 
duit leading to or from a reservoir ; as, a gas main, b A 
trunk line of a railroad. 

— o. 1. Powerful ; mighty. 2. Designating a great stretch 
of land or sea or of space. 3. Important ; essential to re- 
sults, etc. Obs. 4. Chief ; first in size, rank, importance, 
etc. ; as, the main army. 5. Sheer ; utter ; as, by main 
force. 6. Naut. Connected with the mainmast. 

main'land (man'land), n. The continent; the principal 
land ; — in general, opposed to island, or peninsula. 

main'ly, adv. 1. Powerfully, forcibly, or violently ; hence, 
greatly or abundantly. Archaic. 2. Principally ; chiefly. 

main'mast (-mast), n. Naut. The mast regarded as the 
principal mast in a ship or other vessel. 

main'per-nor (-per-ner), n. [AF. ; OF. main hand + per- 
nor, for preneor, a taker.] Law. One who gives mainprise 
for another, esp. for a prisoner's appearance. Hist. 

main'prise (man'prlz), n. Also main'prize. [F. main 
hand + prise a taking, deriv. of L. prehendere, prehen- 
sum, to take.] Obs. or Hist. Law. a An undertaking of 
suretyship, esp. for the appearance in court of a prisoner 
to be released, b The writ of mainprise, now obsolete, com- 
manding the sheriff to release a prisoner on receipt of main- 
prise. C A prisoner's mainpernor or mainpernors. 

main/saiF (man'saK; naut., man'sT;, n. Naut. The prin- 
cipal sail on the mainmast ; — called also main course on 
square-rigged vessels. 

main'sheet't-sheV), n. One of the sheets of the mainsail. 

main/spring' (-spring 7 ), n. The most important spring in 
a mechanism, as in a watch ; hence, chief motive or cause. 

main'stay' (-sta'), n. 1. Naut. The stay from the maintop 
forward, usually to foot of the foremast. 2. Main support. 

main-tain' (man-tan'; men-), v. t. [F. maintenir, prop., 
to hold by the hand ; main hand (L. manus) + tenir to 
hold (L. tenere).] 1. To hold or keep in any state, esp. in 
efficiency or validity ; support, sustain, or uphold ; keep up. 
2. To continue or persevere in or with ; carry on. 3. To 
bear the expense of ; support. 4. To uphold and defend (a 
person). 5. To keep possession of ; hold. 6. To affirm ; esp., 
to assert as true or as subject to proof ; also, to support or 
defend by argument. — Syn. See assert, claim. — 
main-tain'a-ble, a. — main-tain'er, n. 

main'te-nance (man'te'-ndns), n. 1. Act of maintaining ; 
state of being maintained ; support, sustenance, defense, 
etc. 2. Means of sustenance. 3. Crim. Law. An officious 
or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between 
others, by assisting either party with money or means with 
which to carry it on. Cf. champerty, 1. [mainmast.! 

main'top' (man'top'), n. A platform at the head of the| 

main'-top-gal'lant (-top-gal'dnt; naut. -t'gal'dnt), a. 
Designating mast, sail, etc., next above the main-topmast. 

main'— top'mast, n. A mast next above the mainmast. 

main'— top'sail, n. The sail set on the main-topmast. 

main yard. Naut. The yard of the mainsail. 

maize (maz), n. [Sp. maiz, fr. mayz, native name in the 
Antilles.] Indian corn {Zea mays). 

ma-jes'tic (md-jes'tik), a. Also ma-jes'ti-cal (-ti-kol). 
Possessing or exhibiting majesty ; of august dignity ; noble ; 
grand. — Syn. Splendid, sublime, magnificent ; regal, 
royal ; stately, lofty, elevated. — ma-jes'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

maj'es-ty (maj'es-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. majeste, L. 
majestas, fr. an old compar. of magnus great.] 1. Sover- 
eign dignity or authority ; grandeur ; exalted dignity. 2. 
Hence [.cap.'], with a possessive, the title of an emperor, 
empress, king or queen ; as, Her Majesty. 

ma-jol'i-ca (md-jol'i-kd; md-yol'-), n. [It.] A kind of 
pottery with opaque glazing and showy decoration. 

ma'jor (ma'jer), a. [L. major, compar. of magnus great.] 
1. Greater in number, quantity, rank, importance, etc. 2. 
Of full legal age. 3. Music, a Greater by a half step than 
the corresponding minor ; — of an interval. Cf. minor, a., 
2 a. b Distant by a major interval ; — of a tone ; as, A is 
the major sixth of C. 4. Logic. Designating the term of a 
syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclusion, or 
the premise containing that term. 

— n. 1. One of superior rank in a class. 2. Mil. An officer of 
a certain rank. See army. 3. A person of age. 4. Something 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdj^re (87); 



MAJOR-DOMO 



593 



MALARIA 



that is major; specif., Amer. Univ., a subject, or one of 
several subjects, of study to which a candidate for a degree 
chiefly devotes his energies. Cf. minor, n., 4. 5. Logic. 
The major premise. 

ma'jor-do'mo (ma'jer-do'mo), n. ; pi. -domos (-moz). 
[From Sp. or It., fr. LL., fr. L. major greater + domus, 

fen. of domus house.] A man having charge of a great 
ousehold, esp. of a royal establishment ; a head steward 
or palace official ; hence, jocularly, a butler or steward. 

major general. Mil. An officer of a certain rank, properly 
commanding a division. Abbr., Maj. Gen. See army. 

ma-jor'i-ty (md-jor'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tYz). 1. Quality or 
state of being major, or greater; specif., status of being of 
full legal age. 2. The greater of two numbers regarded as 
making up a whole ; more than half of any total ; also, the 
excess of this greater number over the remainder. 3. The 
military rank and office of a major. — to go over to, or to 
join, the majority or the great majority, to die. 

ma-JUS'CUle (md-jus'kul), n. [L. majuscula somewhat 
greater or great, fern. dim. of major, majus.] A large let- 
ter, capital or uncial ; — generally a term of paleography. 

— ma-jus'cule, ma-jus'cu-lar, a. 

make (mak), n. [AS. gemaca.] Obs. or Dial. Eng. 1. An 
equal ; match ; like ; also, image or likeness. 2. A compan- 
ion or mate ; often, a husband or a wife. 

make (mak), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. made (mad) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
mak'ing (mak'ing). [AS. macian.] 1. To form or consti- 
tute, or cause to be, in external nature ; specif. : a To frame, 
fashion, prepare, construct, fabricate, manufacture, etc. ; 
as, to make a gun ; make bread, b To be, or to be capable 
of being, changed or fashioned into ; as, wool makes warm 
clothing. C Hence, to become or to have become ; as, he 
makes a good business man. d To compose, as parts or 
materials ; as, the house is made of stone, e To amount 
to; be sufficient to constitute; as, "One swallow does not 
make a summer. " t To form by an assembling of individ- 
uals ; as, twice one makes two. g To lay out and construct ; 
as, to make a garden or a road. 2. To form mentally or 
ideally ; as : a To formulate ; design ; as, to make plans to 
go away, b To compute to be ; as, he made the weight fifty 
pounds. C To consider as being ; as, he is not the fool you 
make him. d To view or think ; treat in thought or feeling ; 
hence, to act in harmony with mental or emotional regard ; 

— in various special phrases with of; as, to make little, or 
light, of a difficulty ; to make a virtue of necessity ; not to 
know what to make of the news, e To frame and hold in the 
mind ; as, to make no doubt, f To understand ; as, I could 
make nothing of his words, g To signify ; as, this makes 
much in my plans. 3. To cause to exist, appear, or occur ; 
hence : to create ; cause ; establish ; prepare ; fix ; execute ; 
as, to make a noise ; make laws ; make a price ; make a 
note, a will. 4. To cause to be or become ; as, to make 
known ; to make some one leader ; — often used with of; 
as, to make a friend of him. 5. To assure the success or 
prosperity of ; as, this election will make him. 6. To train 
to a requisite standard of efficiency ; as, to make a horse, 
dog, or falcon. 7. To cause (to act in a certain way) ; as, 
they made him go. 8. To perform (the action indicated by 
the object) ; do, act, work, effect, commit, offer, carry on, 
etc. ; as, to make war ; to make oath ; — often with the 
idea of conduct or behavior paramount ; as, to make mis- 
chief or love ; to make one's excuses or bow. 9. To gain ; 
acquire ; attain ; as, to make money. 10. To accomplish by 
going ; traverse, etc. ; also, to arrive at ; as, to make a 
march ; to make a harbor. 11. To cause (some one) to go 
or come (to some specified state) ; as, he was made to death ; 

— hence often used with away, out of the way, hence, etc., 
as a euphemism for " to kill, " and now commonly in the in- 
transitive form, to make away with. 12. Elec. To complete 
(a circuit) ; effect (a contact). 13. Card Playing, a To 
take a trick with (a card), b To name (the trump). 14. 
To eat (a meal) ; as, to make a good breakfast. 

to maKe believe, to pretend ; feign ; make pretense. — to 
m. head, a To advance, b To accumulate power, as steam 
in an engine boiler. — to m. out, to discover ; decipher ; 
also, to prove ; establish. — to m. sail, Naut., to set or 
spread sail, or additional sail ; hence, to set out on a voyage. 

— to m. up. a To compose, form, etc., as by assembling 
parts or ingredients ; constitute, b To compose, compile, 
invent, etc., as, to make up a book ; to make up a story, c 
Print. To arrange set type in (pages, columns, etc.) for 
printing, d To compensate for ; make good ; as, to make 
up lost ground, e To dress, paint, etc., for a part, as one to 
be acted on the stage, t To reconcile ; compose ; as, to 
make up a difference. 

— v. i. 1. To engage in forming or constructing something, 
or to cause something to be formed or constructed. 2. To 
cause something (understood) to assume a designated con- 
dition or to perform a designated action ; as, to make fast ; 
make ready. 3. To have effect ; — usually used with for or 
against. 4. To act (in a certain manner) ; be active ; as, to 
make bold, make merry, etc. 5. To proceed ; go ; extend ; 
as, he made toward home. 6. To increase ; grow ; as, the 



snow makes fast. 7. To start or offer (to do something) ; 
as, he made to go. 

to make up. a To assume a guise ; impersonate by means 
of costume, disguises, etc. b To become reconciled, c To 
advance or go (to or into) . d To compensate or atone (for) . 
— n. 1. a Structure ; form, b Constitution ; character ; 
kind. 2. a Action or process of manufacture, b Output. 

3. Elec. The closing or completing of an electric circuit. 

4. Card Playing. The suit named as trumps. 

make and break, Elec., any apparatus for making and 
breaking an electric circuit : a circuit breaker. 

make'bate' (mak'baf), n. A breeder of strife. Archaic. 

make'— be-lieve', n. A feigning to believe, as in children's 
play ; a fiction ; invention. — o. Feigned ; insincere. 

make'fast (mak'fast'), n. Naut. Anything to which a boat 
is fastened, as a buoy or a post on a wharf. 

mak'er (mak'er), n. One who makes ; hence : a [cap.] 
God ; — with the. b One who writes verses ; a poet. Ar- 
chaic, c Law. One who makes a promissory note. 

make'shift' (mak'shift'), n. That with which one makes 
shift ; temporary expedient. — make'shift', a. 

make'— up , n. 1. The way in which anything is made up or 
put together ; as : a The way in which one is dressed, 
painted, etc., for a part, as on the stage, b Arrangement of 
type or of articles, headlines, etc., in printed matter. 2. 
Constitution or composition of anything. 

make'weight' (-wat'), n. Something thrown into a scale 
to make weight ; something of little account added to sup- 
ply a deficiency or fill a gap. 

mak'ing (mak'ing), p. pr. & vb. n. of make. Specif. : vb. n. 

1. Action of one that makes (forming, causing, doing, etc.). 

2. Composition, or structure; esp., style of construction; 
appearance ; form ; make ; make-up. 3. Cause of advance- 
ment or success ; as, misfortune was the making of him ; 
also, potential character ; as, there is the making of a hero 
in him. 4. Something made ; as, a making of bread. 

mal- (mal-). [F. mal, L. male, adv., fr. malus, bad, ill.] A 
prefix denoting ill or evil. 

ma-la'ceous (md-la'shus), a. [L. malus apple tree, malum 
apple.] Belonging to a family (Malacese) of trees and 
shrubs, the apple family, including the apple, quince, pear, 
hawthorn, etc. The fruit is a pome. 

Mal'a-chi ( mal'd-kl ), n. [ Heb. Malaki. ] A Hebrew 
prophet known only as the reputed author of the Book of 
Malachi in the Old Testament, about 464-424 b. c. 

mal'a-Chite (-d-klt), n. [F., fr. OF. melochite, fr. Gr. 
fj.aXa.xVj uo\6xv^ a mallow ; — from its green color, like that 
of a mallow leaf.] A native green basic carbonate of copper. 
CuC0 3 -Cu(OH) 2 . 

mal'a-COl'0-gy (mal'd-kol'6-jT), n. [Gr. jmXa/cos soft -f- 
-logy.'] The branch of zoology which deals with mollusks. 

mal'a-COS'tra-can (-kos'trd-kdn), a. [Gr. jioXmos soft + 
Gr. ocrrpaKov shell of a testacean.] Any of a subclass (Mala- 
costraca) of crustaceans. In all except one order the thorax 
is composed of eight, and the abdomen of seven, segments. 

mal'ad-jUSt'ment (mal'd-just'ment), n. Bad adjustment. 

mal ad-min'is-ter (-ad-min'is-ter), v. t. To administer 
badly. [tion, esp. of public affairs. I 

mal'ad-min'is-tra'tion (-Ys-tra'shwn), n. Bad administra-l 

mal'a-droit' (mal'd-droif), a. [F. See mal- ; adroit.] Of 
a quality opposed to adroitness ; clumsy ; awkward ; un- 
skillful. — mal'a-droit'ly, adv. — mal'a-droit'ness, n. 

mal'a-dy (mal'd-di), n. ; pi. -DiES(-diz). [F. maladie, fr. 
malade ill, sick, L. male habitus, i. e., ill-kept, not in good 
condition.] 1. Any disease of the human body ; esp., a lin- 
gering or deep-seated disorder. 2. A moral or mental defect 
or disorder. — Syn. Disorder, sickness, ailment, illness. 

Mal'a-ga (-gd), n. Wine from the province of Malaga, 
Spain ; also, a sweet, white grape much cultivated in Spain. 

MaFa-gas'y (mal'd-gas'i), n. 1. sing. & pi. A native or 
natives of Madagascar. 2. The Malay language of Mada- 
gascar. — a. Of or pert, to, or characteristic of, Madagas- 
car, or its inhabitants, or their prevailing speech. 

Hma'laise' (ma/laz'; mal'az), n. [F., fr. mal ill -f aise 
ease.] An indefinite feeling of bodily uneasiness. 

mal'an-ders (mal'dn-derz), n. pi. [F. malandres, fr. L. 
malandria blisters or pustules behind the knee, especially 
in horses.] Veter. A chronic eczema on the posterior sur- 
face of the knee in horses ; — also formerly used in the sing. 

mal'a-pert (mal'd-purt), a. [OF. mal apert unskillful, ill- 
taught, ill-bred ; mal ill + apert adroit, intelligent.] Bold ; 
impudent ; saucy ; pert. — n. A malapert person. 

Mal'a-prop, Mrs. (-prop). [From malapropos.] A char- 
acter in Sheridan's "The Rivals," noted for her blunders 
in the use of words. — mal'a-prop-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

mal-ap'ro-pos' (mal-ap'ro-po'), a. [F. mal a propos; mal 
evil + d propos to the purpose.] Unseasonable ; inoppor- 
tune. — adv. Unseasonably ; inappropriately. 

ma'lar (ma'ldr), o. [L. mala the cheek.] Pertaining to the 
cheek, or the sides of the head. — n. The cheek bone. 

ma-la'ri-a (md-la'rT-d ; 3), n. [It., contr. fr. mala aria bad 
air.] 1. Infected or noxious air ; esp. an unhealthy exhala- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



( 



i 




MALARIAL 



594 



MALMSEY 



tion from certain soils, as a marsh ; miasma. 2. A febrile 
disease formerly supposed to be due to poisonous exhala- 
tions, but now known to be due to protozoan blood para- 
sites (genus Plasmodium) transferred to man by infected 
mosquitoes of a certain genus (Anopheles). 
ma-la'ri-al (md-la'ri-dl), ma-la'ri-ous (ws), ma-la'ri-an 

(-on), a. Of, pert, to, or infected by, malaria. 
maPas-sim'i-la'tion (mal'd-sTm'I-la'sh&n), to. Med. Im- 
perfect assimilation or nutrition. [ester of malic acid.l 

ma'late (ma'lat), to. [L. malum apple.] Chem. A salt or| 

ma'lax (ma'laks), v. t. [L. malaxare, malaxatum, Gr. 

uaXdaaeiv, fr. ua\aKos soft.] To soften by kneading, 

rubbing, or rolling, as drugs in the preparation of plasters. 

mal'ax-ate («i£l'ak-sat ; md-lak'sat), v. t. To malax. 

maPax-a'tion (mal'ak-sa'shun), to. Action of malaxing. 

Ma-lay' (md-la' ; ma'la), a. Of or pert, to the Malay Penin- 
sula or its inhabitants. — to. 1. A member of the dominant 
brown race of the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands. 
2. The agglutinative language of the Malays. 3. One of a 
breed of domestic fowls. — Ma-lay 'an (md-la'an), a. & to. 

MaPa-ya'lam (mal'd-ya'ldm), to. The Dravidian language 
of the Malabar coast of India, an offshoot of Tamil. 

Ma-lay'O-PoPy-ne'sian, a. Pertaining to both the Malays 
and Polynesians ; designating, or belonging to, the linguistic 
stock which includes these two races. 

Ma-lay'sian (ma-la^shan), a. Of or pert, to Malaysia. — n. 
A native of Malaysia. 

maPcon-tent' (mal'kon-tent'), a. [F.] Discontented, esp. 
with the government. — to. One who is malcontent. 

male (mal), a. [F. male, OF. masle, mascle, fr. L. mascu- 
lus male, masculine, dim. of mas a male.] 1. a Designat- 
ing, or of or pertaining to, a human being or animal of the 
sex which begets young, b Bot. Pertaining to or designat- 
ing any plant organ or reproductive body which accom- 
flishes fertilization, or the plant which bears such organs, 
n Zo'dl. & Bot., the male sex is indicated by the symbol cf. 
Cf . female. 2. Masculine ; as, male courage. 3. Consisting 
of males ; as, a male choir. 4. Denoting an intensity or su- 
periority of the characteristic qualities of anything ; — 
contrasted with female. 5. Machinery. Adapted for fit- 
ting into a corresponding hollow piece ; as, a male gauge. 
Syn. Male, masculine, manly, mannish, manlike, 
manful, virile. Male (opposed to female) applies to ani- 
mals and plants as well as to human beings, and always sug- 
gests sex ; masculine (opposed to feminine) denotes that 
(esp. strength, vigor, etc.) which belongs to, or is charac- 
teristic of, men, and often suggests gender rather than sex. 
Manly (often opposed to boyish, childish) commonly sug- 
gests a man's finer qualities, esp. courage, frankness, inde- 
pendence ; as, his big, manly voice. Manlike is more apt 
to suggest characteristically masculine qualities or (esp.) 
foibles ; as, manlike bluntness. Mannish (compare the 
implications of womanish, childish) is a term of contempt ; 
as compared with the corresponding use of masculine, it 
expresses affected rather than natural qualities ; as a wom- 
an impudent and mannish ; a mannish costume ; she is a 
masculine woman. Manful implies esp. bravery or reso- 
lution ; as, a manful struggle. Virile (stronger than mas- 
culine) suggests the qualities of fully developed manhood. 

— to. A male human being, animal, or plant. 

maPe-dic'tioil (maPe-dlk'shun), to. [L. maledictio, fr. 
maledicere to speak ill, curse ; male ill + dicer e to say.] 1. 
A proclaiming of evil against some one ; a cursing ; a curse ; 
— opposed to benediction. 2. Act of speaking evil'; slan- 
der ; state of being slandered. — Syn. See curse. — maP- 
e-tiic'to-ry (-dik'to-rl), a. 

mal'e-fac'tion (-fak'shim), to. An evil deed ; offense. 

maPe-fac'tor (-fak'ter), n. [L., fr. malefacere to do evil ; 
male ill + facer e to do.] One guilty of a malefaction, esp. 
of a crime or offense at the law ; a criminal. — Syn. Evil- 
doer, culprit, felon. — maPe-fac'tress (-tres), n. fern. 

ma-lefic (md-lef'ik), a. [L. maleficus.'] Hurtful ; baleful. 

ma-lef'i-cence (md-lef'I-sens), to. 1. Evil action ; also, an 
evil deed. 2. Maleficent or malefic quality or character. 

ma-lef 'i-cent (-sent), a. Hurtful ; baleful ; malefic ; of per- 
sons, doing evil to others. [lent. I 

ina-lev'O-lence (-lev'6-lens), to. Quality of being malevo-| 

ma-lev'O-lent (-12nt), a. [L. malevolens, -entis; male ill 
+ volens wishing.] Wishing evil ; disposed to injure others ; 
due to, or showing ill will. — Syn. Ill-disposed, spiteful, 
malignant. See malicious. — ma-lev'o-lent-ly, adv. 

mal-fea'sance (mal-fe'zdns), to. [F. malfaisance, fr. mal- 
faisant doing ill ; mal ill + faisant doing.] Wrongdoing ; 
specif., official misconduct. Cf. misfeasance. — mal-fea'- 
sant (-zdnt), a. & to. [wrong formation or structure. I 

maPfor-ma'tion (mal'for-ma'shftn), to. Abnormal or| 

mal-formed' (mal-f^rmd'), a. Badly or abnormally formed. 

ma'lic (ma'lik ; mal'ik), a. [L. malum an apple.] Org. 
Chem. Designating, or pertaining to, a crystallizable dia- 
basic hydroxy acid, C2H30H(C02H)2, found in various 
plant juices, as in apples, grapes, etc. 

maPice (mal'is), to. [F., fr. L. malitia, fr. malus ill, evil.] 
1. Enmity of heart ; malevolence ; a malignant design of 



evil. 2. Law. State of mind shown by intent to commit an 
unlawful act. — Syn. Spite, ill will, grudge, malignity, 
rancor,_ virulence, venom. See resentment. 
ma-LPcious (md-lish'us), a. 1. Indulging or exercising 
malice. 2. Characterized by, or involving, malice ; arising 
from ill will. — ma-li'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, to. 
Syn. Malevolent, malignant, malign, ill-disposed, mis- 
chievous, invidious, spiteful, resentful, rancorous, virulent, 
venomous. — Malicious, malevolent, malignant, ma- 
lign. That is malicious which is dictated by hatred or 
spite ; the word is sometimes used to imply satisfaction at 
the failures or misfortunes of others ; malevolent empha- 
sizes evil will, intent, or influence rather than malice in 
action ; as, malicious spies, injury, enemies ; a malevolent 
spirit. Malignant implies intense and active ill will ; 
malign (chiefly poetical) connotes esp. baleful influence ; 
as, malignant passion, cunning ; malign influence of the stars. 

ma-lign' (-lln'), a. [OF. maligne, malin, L. malignus; 
malus bad + root of genus kind.] 1. Having an evil dis- 
position ; malevolent ; — opp. to benign. 2. Tending to 
injure ; evil ; pernicious ; baleful ; sinister. — Syn. See ma- 
licious. — v. t. To traduce ; slander. — Syn. See asperse. 

ma-lig'nan-cy (-llg'ndn-sl), to. State or quality of being 
malignant. — Syn. Malice, malevolence, malignity. 

ma-lig'nant (-ndnt), a. [L. malignans, -antis, p. pr. of 
malignare, malignari, to do or make maliciously.] 1. Re- 
bellious against God or against a government ; malcontent. 
Hist. 2. Med. Tending or threatening to produce death. 
3. Having a baleful influence ; malign. 4. Disposed to 
do harm or inflict suffering ; malicious. — Syn. See mali- 
cious. — n. A malcontent. — ma-lig'nant-ly, adv. 

ma-lign'er (md-lln'er), to. One who maligns. 

ma-lig'ni-ty (md-lig'ni-tT), to.; pi. -ties (-tfz). 1. State or 
quality of being malignant ; malignancy. 2. A malignant 
act, feeling, event, etc. ; — usually in pi. 

ma-lign'ly (md-lih'lT), adv. In a malign manner. 

ma'lines' (ma'len'), to. [F.] 1. = Mechlin lace. 2. A 
fine silk net used in millinery and dressmaking. 

ma-lin/ger (md-lin'ger), v. i. [F. malingre sickly, weakly.] 
To feign illness or inability in order to avoid one's duty, 
as a soldier ; shirk duty by pretending illness or inability. 

ma-lin'ger-er (-er), n. One who malingers. 

mal'i-son (mal'I-z'n ; -s'n), to. [OF. male'icon, L. male- 
dictio. See malediction.] Malediction ; curse. 

maPkin (mo'kin), maw'kin, to. [Dim. of Maud, the 
proper name.] 1. A slattern ; drab ; a country wench. Obs. 
or Archaic. 2. A scarecrow ; guy. 06s. 

mall (mol), to. [F. mail, L. malleus hammer, maul.] 1. 
The mallet used in pall-mall ; also, the game, or a place or 
alley for playing it. 2. Hence : a public walk ; shaded walk. 

maPlard (mal'drd), to. [F. malart.'] The male of a com- 
mon wild duck (Anas boschas), from which the domestic 
ducks descended, or, Obs., of any domestic variety ; hence, 
commonly, any wild duck (of either sex) of this species. 

malle-a-biPi-ty (mal'e-d-bil'I-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being malleable. 

maPle-a-ble (mal'e-d-b'l), a. [LL. malleare to hammer, 
malleus hammer.] Capable of being extended or shaped by 
beating with a hammer, or by pressure of rollers. 
malleable iron, a Cast iron made from a certain variety of 
pig iron (called in the United States malleable pig iron) 
suitable for conversion into a crude wrought iron after 
casting and without remelting. b = wrought iron. 

maPle-a-ble-ness, to. Malleability. 

maPlee (mal'e), n. [Native name.] Any of several low- 
growing eucalypts (esp. Eucalyptus dumosa and E. oleo- 
sa), or the dense brushwood formed by them. Australia. 

maPle-muck (-e-muk), n. [D. mallemoke, malmoke, prop, 
companion to a harpooner ; f r. Eskimo mallikpok to follow.] 
A large petrel, fulmar, albatross, or other oceanic bird. 

maPlen-ders. Var. of malanders. 

mal-le'o-lar (md-le'o-ldr; mal'e-o-ldr), a. [See malle- 
olus.] Anat. Of or pertaining to a malleolus. 

mal-le'O-lUS (mo-le'6-Ius), n.; pi. -oli (-IT). [L., dim. of 
malleus hammer.] Anat. The rounded lateral projection 
on each bone of the leg at the ankle. 

maPlet (mal'et ; 24), to. [F. maillet, dim. of mail. See 
mall.] 1. A small short-handled maul, used esp. for driving 
a tool, as a chisel. 2. a The wooden hammerlike imple- 
ment used in playing croquet, b A polo stick. 

maPle-US (-e-ws), to.; pi. mallei (-1). [L., hammer.] Anat. 
The outermost of the three little bones of the ear. See ear. 

mal'low (-5), to. [AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva."] Any of a 
genus (Malva) of plants, with palmately lobed or dissected 
leaves, some species bearing fruits commonly called cheeses; 
hence, any malvaceous plant. 

mallow rose. The rose mallow. 

malm (mam; dial, also mom), to. 1. A soft, grayish 
white, friable limestone. 2. A rich clayey soil containing 
chalk ; marl. Dial. Eng. 

malm'sey (mam'zi), to. [From Napoli di Malvasia, or 
Monemvasia, in the Morea.] A rich, sweet, aromatic 
wine, originally produced in Greece. 



ale, senate, care, am.dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MALNUTRITION 



595 



MANCHINEEL 



jnal'nu-tri'tion (maFnu-trTsh'un), n. Faulty nutrition, 
mal-o'dor, mal-o'dour (mal-o'der), n. An offensive odor. 
mal-o'dor-ous, a. Ill-smelling. — mal-o'dor-ous-ness, n. 
mal-pighi-a'ceous (mal-pig'i-a'shws), a. [See Malpigh- 
ian.] Of or pert, to a family (Malpighiacese) of tropical 
herbs, shrubs, and vines, some of which are cultivated as 
ornamental plants. 
Mal-pigh'i-an (mal-pig'T-dn), a. Of, pert, to, or discovered 
by, Marcello Malpighi (1628-94), Italian anatomist. 
Malpighian bodies or corpuscles, Anat., minute spheri- 
cal masses in the cortex of the kidney. — M. tubes or 
vessels, Zo'61., glands opening into the posterior portion of 
the alimentary canal of most insects. 
mal'po-si'tion (mal'po-zish'un), n. Wrong or faulty posi- 
tion ; misplacement, as of the fetus. 
mal-prac'tice (-prak'tis), n. Wrongful or negligent prac- 
tice or action, esp. in professional or fiduciary conduct, as 
by a physician. — mal'prac-ti'tion-er, n. 
malt (m31t ; m51t), n. [AS. mealt.] 1. Grain, generally bar- 
ley, steeped in water until it has sprouted. Malt is impor- 
tant in brewing and distilling. 2. Malt liquor ; beer. Col- 
loq. — v. t. 1. To convert or change into malt. 2. To make 
or treat with malt or malt extract. — v. i. To become malt 
or maltlike ; also, to make grain into malt. 

malt'ase (mol'tas ; m81'-), n. Chem. = glucase. 

Mal-tese' (mol-tez'; -tes'), a. Of or pert, to Malta or its 
inhabitants. 
Maltese cat, a bluish gray variety of the domestic cat. 

— n. 1. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Malta. 2. The 
native language of the Maltese, an Arabic dialect with 
Latin and Italian elements. 

mal'tha (mal'thd), n. [L., fr. Gr. /zd\0a.] 1. Any of va- 
rious cements, some bituminous, others resembling mortar. 
2. a A black viscid substance intermediate between pe- 
troleum and asphalt ; mineral tar. b A variety of ozocerite. 

Mal-thu'sian (mal-thii'zhdn ; -zi-an), a. Pertaining to the 
political economist Rev.T. R. Malthus (1766-1834) or his 
views. Malthus held that population tends to multiply 
faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, and 
that, unless an increase of population be checked by pru- 
dential restraint, poverty is inevitable. — Mal-thu'sian, 
n. — Mal-thu'sian-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

malt'ose (mol'tos ; mol'-), n. [From malt.] Chem. A 
crystalline sugar, Ci2rl220u-H20, formed from starch by 
the action of diastase. [treatment (-ment), n.\ 

mal-treat' (mal-tref), v. t. To treat ill ; abuse. — mal-| 

malt'Ster (m61t'ster ; molt'-), n. A maker of malt. 

snalt'y (mol'tT ; mol'ti), a. Containing or like malt ; also, 
addicted to malt liquor ; Slang, drunk. 

mal-va'ceoUS (mal-va'shus), a. [L. malva mallow.] Bot. 
Belonging to the family {Malvaceae) of plants typified by 
the mallow, and including the cotton, althaea, hibiscus, 
Indian mallow, okra, etc. 

mal'ver-sa'tion (mal'ver-sa'shiin), n. [F., fr. malverser to 
be corrupt in office ; L. male ill + versari to be busy.] Evil 
conduct ; misbehavior, corruption, or extortion in office. 

mal'voi-sie (mal'vwd-ze ; mal'vd-), n. [F.] Malmsey. 

ma-ma' (ma-ma'; ma'md). Var. of mamma. 

Mam/e-luke (m£m'e-luk), n. [F. mamelouk, fr. Ar. mam- 
luk a purchased slave or captive.] 1. One of a body of sol- 
diers who were recruited from slaves and, for several centu- 
ries, had great political power in Egypt, until exterminated 
or dispersed by Mehemet Ali in 181 1. 2. [I. c] In Moham- 
medan countries, a slave. 3. [I. c] Fig., a fighting slave. 

ma-mey' (ma-ma'; -me'), n. [Haitian mamey.] One of 
three tropical American trees or their fruit : a The mamey 
de Santo Domingo (Mammea americana) of Cuba : — 
called also mamey apple, b The marmalade tree (Achras 
zapota). C The sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). 

mam-ma' (md-ma' ; ma'md), n. Also ma-ma'. [Redupli- 
cated from ma.'] Mother ; — now usually a child's word. 

mam'ma (mam'd), n. ; pi. -mje (-e). [L. mamma breast.] 
Anat. A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic 
of all mammals, but normally rudimentary in the male. 

mam'mal _(-dl), n. One of the Mammalia. 

Mam-ma'li-a (ma-ma'li-d), n. pi. [NL., fr. L. mammalis 
of the breast, mamma breast.] Zo'61. The highest class of 
vertebrates, including man and all other animals that 
suckle their young. — mam-mali-an (-dn), a. & n. 

mam'ma-ry (mam'd-rT), a. Of or pert, to the mammae. 

mam-mif'er-ous (ma-mif'er-iis), a. [mamma breast -f- 
-ferous.~j Having breasts, or mammae ; mammalian. 

mam-mil'la (-mil'd), n. ; pi. -\.s. (-e). [L., dim. of mamma 
breast.]_ Anat. A nipple. [bling a mammilla.! 

mam'mil-la-ry (mam'i-lS-ri), a. Of, pert, to, or resem-| 

mam'mil-late (-lat) "la. Having nipples, or small pro- 

mam'mil-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ tuberances like nipples. 

mam'mock (-uk), n. A fragment ; scrap. Archaic or Dial. 

mam'mon (-i/n), n. [L. mammona, Gr. nanuuvas riches, 
Aramaic mamona.] In the New Testament, riches ; hence 
[cap.] , the demon of cupidity ; riches personified. 




Restoration of Mammoth. (iJo) 



mam'mon-ism (mam'un-Iz'm), n. Devotion to the pur- 
suit of wealth ; the service of mammon ; worldliness. 

mam'mon-ist, n. A mammonite. 

mam'mon-ite (-It), n. One devoted to the pursuit of riches. 

mam'moth (-oth), n. [Russ. mdmont, mdmant.] An ex- 
tinct elephant (Ele- 
phas primigenius) 
about the size of the 
existing Indian 
elephant, with long, 
thick hair and very j 
long, upwardly] 
curving tusks. The 
name is extended to 
related extinct spe- 
cies. — a. Very 
large ; gigantic. 

mam'my (maml), 

71.; pi. -MIES (-iz). 

1. Mother ; — a 
child's word. 2. In 
thesouthernUnited 
States, a negress 
nurse or old family servant. 
man (man), n.; pi. men (men). [AS. mann, man, monn, 
mon.] 1. A human being. 2. The human race ; mankind. 
3. The male human being ; esp., an adult male person, as 
distinguished from a woman or a child. 4. With a, one, 
or any one, indefinitely. 5. One having in a high degree the 
distinctive qualities of manhood* 6. Manly character; 
manliness. 7. A term of familiar address often implying on 
the part of the speaker some degree of authority, impatience, 
or contempt ; as, Come, man, we've no time to lose ! 8. A 
husband ; — correl. of wife, and now dial, except in man 
and wife. 9. A vassal. 10. An adult male servant or em- 
ployee ; — correl. of master. 11. One of the pieces in cer- 
tain games, as chess or checkers. 

man at arms, or man of arms, a soldier ; esp., a heavy- 
armed horse soldier. 

— v. t. ; manned (mand) ; man'ning. 1. To supply with 
men, as for service, etc. 2. To strengthen for action ; for- 
tify ; brace. 3. To accustom to man, as a hawk ; tame. 4. 
Naut. To take hold of and exert strength upon ; — distin- 
guished from tend. 

man'a-cle (man'd-k'l), n. [OF. manicle, fr. L. mani- 
cula, dim. of manus hand.] A handcuff ; a shackle for the 
hand or wrist ; hence, a fetter ; restraint ; — usually in pi. 

— v. t.; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klmg). To shackle ; fetter. 
man'age (-aj), n. [From F. manege or It. maneggio, fr. It. 

maneggiare to manage, L. manus hand.] 1. Manage- 
ment. Archaic. 2. = manege. Archaic. 

— v. t.; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing (-a-jing). 1. To train (a 
horse) in the manege ; exercise in graceful or skillful action ; 
put through his paces. 2. To have under control and direc- 
tion ; hence : administer ; treat ; control ; carry on. 3. To 
guide by careful treatment ; bring around cunningly to one's 
plans. 4. To treat with care ; husband. 5. To bring about 
by contriving ; contrive. — Syn. Direct, govern, wield, 
order, contrive. See conduct. 

— v. i. To direct affairs ; administer. 
man'age-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Such as can be managed. — 

Syn. Governable, tractable, controllable, docile. — man'- 
age-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), n. — man'age-a-ble-ness, n. — 
man'age-a-bly, adv. 

man'age-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or art of managing ; 
administration; guidance; control. 2. Judicious use of 
means to accomplish an end ; skillful treatment ; cunning 
practice. 3. Those collectively who manage any enterprise 
or interest ; board of managers. — Syn. Conduct, govern- 
ment, direction, care, charge ; contrivance. 

man'ag-er (man'a-jer), n. 1. One who manages ; conduc- 
tor ; director. 2. One who conducts business or household 
affairs with economy. — man'ag-er-ship 7 , n. 

man'ag-er-ess (man'a-jer-es), n. A female manager. 

man'a-ge'ri-al (-a-je'ri-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, a manager. — man'a-ge'ri-al-ly, adv. 

man'a-kin (man'd-kin). 1. Var. of manikin. 2. Any of 
numerous small bright-colored clamatorial birds (family 
Pipridx) of tropical America. 

Ma-nas'seh (md-nas'e), n. [Heb. Menasseh.] Bib. a 
Son of Joseph, and founder of the tribe of Manasseh. 
b Son of Hezekiah and king of Judah (prob. 692-639 B.C.). 

man'a-tee' (man'd-te'), n. [Sp. manati, fr. Carib mana- 
tui.] Any of several sirenians (genus Trichechus) differing 
from the dugong in having the tail broad and rounded. 

man'chet (man'chet), n. 1. Fine wheat bread. Archaic. 
2. A small loaf or roll of white bread ; a muffin. Archa c. 

man'cni-neel' (-chi-nel'), n. [Sp. manzanillo, fr. manza- 
na an apple, fr. L. malum Matianum a kind of apple, fr. 
Matius, the name of a Roman gens.] A poisonous euphor- 
biaceous tree (Hippomane mancinella) of tropical Ameri- 
ca, having a blistering milky juice and apple-shaped fruit. 






i 
i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MANCHU 



596 



MANHOOD 



Man-chu' (man-choo'), a. Of or pert, to Manchuria or its 
inhabitants. — n. 1. One of the native Mongolian race of 
Manchuria, which conquered China (c. 1644). 2. The 
language of the Manchus, a Ural-Altaic tongue, now giving 
way to Chinese. — Man-chu'ri-an (-ri-an), a. & n. 

man'ci-pa'tion (-sl-pa'shftn), n. [L. mancipatio a trans- 
fer.] Rom. Law. A form of conveyance used in some 
transfers, and regularly for emancipating slaves and children. 

man-cip'i-um (man-sTp'i-um), n.; pi. -cipia (-d). [L.] 
Roman Law. A status of legal subjection to the will of 
another, not amounting to ownership. 

inan'ci-ple (man'si-p'l), n. [OF. manciple, mancipe, 
slave, servant, fr. L. mancipium, fr. mancipare to sell.] A 
steward or purveyor for a college, monastery, etc. 

-man'cy (-man'si). [Gr. navreia divination.] A suffix de- 
noting divination, as in chiromancy, necromancy, etc. 

Man-cUe'an (man-de'dn). n. [Mandaean mandd knowl- 
edge.] 1. Eccl. Hist. A member of a Gnostic sect still 
extant in southern Mesopotamia. 2. A dialect of Aramaic. 

man-da'mus (man-da'miis), n. [L., we command.] Law. 
a Orig., in England, any of various ancient prerogative 
writs; hence, the prerogative writ issued to enforce per- 
formance of a public duty, b (1) A common-law writ 
similarly used. (2) Any of various statutory proceedings 

' similarly used. 

man'da-rin (man'dd-nn ; man'dd-ren'), n. [Pg. manda- 
rim, fr. Malay mantri minister of state.] < 1. A Chinese 
public officer of one of the nine grades entitled to wear a 
button on the hat. 2. leap.] The dialect of Chinese used 
by the official classes ; more widely, the chief dialect of 
China. 3. A Chinese species (Citrus nobilis) of orange ; 
also, its fruit, which is much smaller than the common 
orange. 4. Any of several yellow or orange azo dyestuffs. 

man'da-ta-ry (man'dd-ta-n), n.; pi. -taries (-riz). [L. 
mandatarius.] One to whom a mandate is given ; — used, 
chiefly in Law, as correlative to mandator. 

tnan'date (-dat), n. [L. mandatum, fr. mandare to com- 
mit to one's charge, order ; manus hand + dare to give.] 

1. An authoritative command ; order ; injunction ; charge. 

2. Specif. : a A prescript from a superior court or official to 
an inferior one. b Canon Law. A rescript of the Pope, esp. 
one commanding preferment to a benefice. C Political 
Science. The instruction as to policy given by a constitu- 
ency to the elected legislative body or one of its members. 

3. a Roman Law. A contract by which one party agrees 
to perform gratuitously some act for another who agrees to 
indemnify him. b In the Civil-law systems and often in 
law text-writers, any contract of agency. 

Syn. Mandate, behest, injunction (in nontechnical 
uses). Mandate (chiefly poetical or elevated) denotes an 
authoritative or peremptory command ; behest (also poeti- 

' cal) implies a positive bidding, injunction, an emphatic 
admonition or direction, each with the force of a command. 

man-da'tor (m&'n-da'tor), n. One who gives a mandate ; — 
used, chiefly in Law, as correlative to mandatary. 

ttian'da-to-ry (man'dd-to-ri), a. Containing, or of the na- 
ture of, a mandate ; hence, obligatory. — n. A mandatary. 

man'di-ble (-di-b'l), n. [L. mandibula, -ulum, fr. man- 
dere to chew.] Anat. a A jaw ; — now chiefly of the jaws 
in beaked animals, as birds, b The bony or cartilaginous 
skeleton of the lower jaw, esp. when composed of one bone 
or piece. C In arthropods, either one of the anterior pair 
of mouth appendages which often form strong biting jaws. 

man-dib'U-lar (man-dib'u-ldr), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a 
mandible. — n. The mandible, or lower jawbone. 

Man-din'go (man-din'go), n. ; pi. -gos or -goes (-goz). A 
Negro of an extensive linguistic stock of the western Sudan ; 
also, the language of the Mandingos. din'gan (-gan), a. 

man-dola (man-do'ld),n. [It. See mandolin.] Music. A 
variety of mandolin, but larger and tuned lower. 

man'do-lin 1 (man'do-lTn), n. [F. mandoline, It. mando- 

ttian/do-linej lino, dim. of mandola, fr. L. pandura. See 
bandore.] Music. An instrument of the lute kind, having 
a deep pear-shaped body and fretted neck. 

man-dore' (man-dor' ; man'dor ; 57), n. [See mandolin.] 
Music, a A kind of four-stringed lute, b A mandola. 

man-drag'0-ra (man-drag'6-rd), n. [L. mandragoras.] 
The European mandrake ; — used esp. in allusion to its nar- 
cotic properties. 

man/drake (man'drak), n. [AS. mandragora, L. mandra- 
goras, fr. Gr. fj.avdpayopas.'] 1. A narcotic European sola- 
naceous herb (Mandragora officinarum) with whitish or 
violet-purple flowers. 2. The common May apple. U. S. 

man'drel (-drel), n. Also man'dril. 1. Machinery, a An 
axis, spindle, or arbor, used to support work that is being 
operated on. b A short live spindle, as of a lathe. 2. A 
steel core around which metal, etc., may be cast or shaped. 

man'drill (-dril), n. A large, gregarious, ferocious West 
African baboon (Papio mormon). 

man'du-cate (-dy-kat), v. t. [L. manducatus, p. p. of man- 
ducare to chew. See manger.] To masticate ; eat. Rare. 

mane (man), n. [AS. manu.] The long heavy hair on the 



upper side of, or about, the neck of some quadrupeds, as 
the horse, lion, etc. — maned (mand), a. 

man'-eat'er, n. A person or an animal that has, or is fan- 
cied to have, an appetite for human flesh, as a cannibal, any 
of certain large sharks (esp. Carcharodon carcharias), or 
a lion or tiger that has taken to eating human flesh. 

ma'nege' (ma'nezh'), n. Also ma-nege' (md-nezh'). [F. 
manege. See manage, n.] 1. A school for teaching horse- 
manship and for training horses ; a riding academy. 2. 
Art of riding, driving, or training horses. 3. The move- 
ments or paces of a trained horse. 

ma'nes (ma'nez), n. pi. [L.] 1. {Often cap.~\ Roman 
Antiq. The spirits of the dead and gods of the lower world. 
2. Hence, ancestral spirits worshiped as gods. 

ma-neu'ver, ma-noeu'vre (md-noo'ver ; -nu'ver), n. [F. 
manoeuvre, OF. manuevre, fr. manceuvrer, orig., to work 
by hand, L. manus hand 4- operari to work.] 1. A military 
or naval evolution. 2. Act of managing or moving with art- 
ful design ; a stratagem or artifice. — Syn. See artifice. 

— v. i. ; -vered or -vred (-verd) ; -ver-ing (-ver-ing) or 
-vring (-vring). 1. To execute a maneuver. 2. To manage 
with address or art ; scheme. — v. t. 1. To cause to maneu- 
ver, as troops or ships. 2. To put, get, make, draw, etc., by 
maneuvering. 3. To manage, or bring about, with skill; 
manipulate. — ma-neu'ver-er, ma-noeu'vrer (vrer), n. 

man Friday. A person wholly subservient to another, like 
Robinson Crusoe's servant Friday ; a factotum. 

man'ful (man'fdbl), a. Manly ; brave ; resolute ; noble. — 
Syn. See male. — man'ful-ly, adv. — man'ful-ness, n. 

man'ga-nate (man'gd-nat), n. A salt of manganic acid. 

man'ga-nese' (man'gd-nes' ; man'gd-nez), n. [F. manga- 
nese, fr. It., corrupt, fr. L. magnesia. See magnesia.] 
Chem. A hard, brittle metal, grayish white tinged with red. 
It rusts like iron, but is not magnetic. It is a constituent of 
certain alloys. Symbol, Mn; at. wt., 54.93 ; sp. gr., 8.0. 

manganese spar. Rhodonite. 

man-gan'ic (man-gan'ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, resem- 
bling, or containing, manganese ; specif., designating com- 
pounds in which manganese has a higher valence as con- 
trasted with manganous compounds. 

man'ga-nite (mar/gd-nlt), n. 1. Min. An ore of manga- 
nese, the hydrous oxide MnO(OH) ; — called also gray 
manganese ore. 2. Chem. Any of various salts derived 
from certain hydroxides of manganese related to the diox- 
ide, and regarded as acids. 

man'ga-nous (-mis), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or designating 
those compounds of manganese in which the element has a 
lower valence as contrasted with manganic compounds. 

mange (manj), n. [From F. manger to eat, OF. mangier. 
See manger.] Any of various forms of persistent conta 
gious skin disease affecting domestic animals and sometimes 
man, esp. of those caused by certain parasitic mites. 

man'gel-wur'zel ( man'g'l-wur'z'l ), n. [G., corrupt, fr. 
mangoldwurzel; mangold beet 4- wurzel root.] A large 
coarse variety of beet (Beta vulgaris macrorhiza). It is 
extensively grown, esp. in Europe, as fodder. 

man'ger (man'jer), n. [F. mangeoire, fr. manger to eat, 
L. manducare, fr. mandere to chew.] A trough' or open 
box in which fodder is placed for horses or cattle. 

man'gi-ly (man'ji-lT), adv. In a mangy manner. 

man'gi-ness (man'ji-nes), n. State of being mangy. 

man'gle (man'g'l), v. t.; -gled (-g'ld); -gling (-gling). 
[AF. mahangler.] 1. To cut or bruise with repeated 
strokes ; lacerate ; mutilate. 2. To spoil, mutilate, or injure 
in making, doing, or performing. — man'gler (-gler), n. 

man'gle, n. [D. mangel.'] A machine for smoothing cloth 
as sheets, etc., by roller pressure. — v. t. To smooth with a 
mangle, as damp linen. — man'gler (-gler), n. 

man'go (-go), n. ; pi. -goes or -gos (-goz). [Pg. manga, fr. 
Tamil mankay.] An oblong yellowish tropical fruit, wide- 
ly cultivated ; also, the anacardiaceous tree (Mangifera 
indica) that bears it. 

man'go-nel (-go-nel), n. [OF., deriv. of Gr. fiayyavov.] 
An obsolete engine for throwing stones, javelins, etc. 

man'go-steen (-sten), n. [Malay mangustan.] An East 
Indian tropical fruit, or the tree (Garcinia mangostana) 
that bears it. 

man'grove (-grov), n. [Malay manggimanggi 4- E. grove. - ] 
Any of a genus (Rhizophora, esp. R. mangle) of trees or 
shrubs native to tropical shores. They emit aerial prop 
roots, which ultimately form an impenetrable mass. 

man'gy (man'ji), a. ; man'gi-er (-ji-er) ; -gi-est. 1. In- 
fected with, of the nature of, or caused by, the mange. 2. 
Shabby ; squalid. 3. Mean ; contemptible. Colloq. 

man-han'dle (man-han'd'l), v. t. 1. To manage by human 
force without mechanical aid. 2. To handle roughly. 

man 'hole' (man'hoF), n. A hole for a man to go through 
or into, and so get access to a drain, electric conduit, etc. 

man'hood (-hood), n. 1. State of being man (i. e. human), 
or a man as distinguished from a child or a woman. 2. 
Manly quality ; courage. 3. Men collectively. 



ale, senate, cftre, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; .sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87); 



MANIA 



597 



MANROPE 



tna'ni-a (ma'ni-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. navla.] 1. Violent de- 
rangement of mind ; specif., a form of insanity marked by 
emotional exaltation, acceleration of the flow of ideas, and 
motor restlessness. 2. Excessive excitement or enthusiasm ; 
a craze ; a rage ; a furor. 

Syn. Mania, delirium, frenzy (in nontechnical uses). 
Mania suggests a relatively permanent, delirium a more 
temporary, state of uncontrollable emotion, excitement 
or enthusiasm. Frenzy suggests wilder or more violent 
agitation or disorder than delirium ; as, the frenzy of hate. 

ma'ni-ac (-ak), o. 1. Raving with madness ; mad. 2. Fran- 
tic ; violent. — n. A raving lunatic ; madman. 

ma-ni'a-cal (md-nl'd-kdl), a. Affected with, or charac- 
terized by, madness ; maniac. — ma-ni'a-cal-ly, adv. 

Man'i-chae'an, Man'i-che'an (man'i-ke'an), n. [LL. 
Manichaeus.] A believer in the doctrines of Mani, Manes, 
or Manichaeus, a Persian of the 3d century A. D., who 
taught a dualism derived from Zoroastrianism, viz., that 
man's body is the product of the Kingdom of Darkness 
(Evil), but that his soul springs from the Kingdom of Light 
(Good). — Man'i-chae'an, Man'i-che'an, a. — Man'i- 
chae'ism, Man'i-che'ism (man'i-ke'iz'm), n. 

man'i-cure (man'i-kur), n. [F., fr. L. manus hand -f- 
cura care. J 1. One who makes a business of caring for the 
hands, esp. the finger nails. 2. The care of the hands and 
nails, — v.t.&i. To care for (the hands and nails) ; care for 
the hands and nails of. — man'i-cur'ist (-kuVIst), n. 

man'i-fest (-fest), a. [L. manifestus.~\ Evident to the 
senses, esp. the sight ; obvious to the understanding ; plain. 
Syn. Obvious, patent, palpable, open, apparent, visible, 
unmistakable, indubitable, indisputable. — Manifest, ob- 
vious, patent, palpable apply to that which is evident. 
That is manifest which is clearly evident ; that is obvious 
which is so evident as to arrest attention ; that is patent 
which is open or unconcealed ; that is palpable which is 
evident to (or as to) the senses. 

— n. A list or invoice of a ship's cargo, to be exhibited at 
the custom house. 

— v. t. 1. To make appear distinctly ; put beyond doubt ; 
display ; prove ; evidence. 2. To exhibit the manifest of, as 
of a cargo. — Syn. Reveal, declare, disclose, discover, show. 

man'i-fes-ta'tion (-fes-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of manifesting ; 
state of being manifested ; also, that which manifests ; dis- 
play ; revelation ; disclosure. 2. A public display made to 
show power and purpose, or to gain notice for a cause. 

man'i-fest-ly, adv. In a manifest manner. 

manl-fes'to (-fes'to), n.; pL-TOES (-toz). [It.] A public 
declaration, usually of a sovereign, or other person claiming 
large powers, showing his intentions, motives, etc. 

man'i-f Old ( man'i-fold ), a. [AS. manigfeald. See many ; 
-fold.] 1. Numerous and varied. 2. Comprehending va- 
rious features ; multifarious ; — used with sing, nouns. 3. 
Being so in many ways or respects. 4. Consisting of many 
of one kind combined ; as, a manifold pipe. 
Syn. Manifold, multifarious agree in the idea of multi- 
plicity or variety. Manifold emphasizes the number or 
varied character, multifarious, the diversity, sometimes 
even the incongruity, of the elements involved ; as, mani- 
fold copies ; multifarious things. _ 

— n. 1. A copy made by manifolding. 2. Mech. A pipe fitting 
with several lateral outlets, as between the carburetor and 
engine in a gasoline engine. 

— v. t. 1. To multiply. Rare. 2. To make many or several 
copies of, as with carbon paper. — man'i-fold'ly, adv. — 
man'i-fold'ness, n. 

man'i-fold'er (-fol'der), n. One who, or that which, mani- 
folds ; esp., a contrivance for manifold writing. 

man'i-hot (man'i-hot), n. [NL., fr. F., fr. native name.] 
Bot. Any of a large genus (Manihot) of euphorbiaceous 
plants of tropical America, including bitter cassava (M. 
manihot), and various species (as M. glaziovii) yielding 
caoutchouc. 

man'i-kin (-kin), n. [OD. manneken, dim. of man man.] 
1. A little man; dwajf. 2. [Usually inform manne- 
quin.] An artist's, tailor's, or dressmaker's lay figure. 3. 
A model of the human body, showing the tissues, organs, 
etc., commonly in detachable pieces. 

Ma-nil'a, Ma-nil'la (md-nll'd), n. [Often I. c] Short for 
Manila, or Manilla, hemp, the fiber of a Philippine 
banana (Musa textilis), M. paper, a tough wrapping paper 
made from it, M. rope, etc. 

ma-nil'la, n. [F. manille, or Sp. malilla.] In various card 
games, the second best trump. 

man/i-oc (man'I-ok ; ma'ni-), n. Cf. manihot. Cassava. 

man'i-ple (man'i-p'l), n. [L. manipulus, maniplus, lit., 
a handful ; manus hand -j- root of plere to fill.] 1. A sub- 
division, 120 or 60 men, of the Roman legion. 2. Eccl. A 
bandor scarf worn on the left arm in the eucharistic service. 

ma-nip'u-lar (md-mp'u-ldr), a. Manipulatory. 

ma-nip 'u -late (-lat), v. t. & *.; -lat/ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'tng. 
[See maniple.] 1. To treat, work, or operate with the 
hands, or by mechanical means, esp. with skill. 2. To treat 
or manage with the mind, esp. skillfully. 3. To control by 



management ; also, to manage or treat artfully" or fraudu- 
lently. 4. Finance. To work (as stocks) up or down in 
price by transactions not made bona fide or in the ordinary 
course of business, as by wash sales, corners, etc. 

ma-nip'u-la'tion (md-nTp'u-la'shun), n. Act or process of 
manipulating, or state of being manipulated. 

ma-mp'u-la-tive (-12-tTv), a. Manipulatory, [nipulates.l 

ma-nip'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which. ma-| 

ma-nip'u-la-to-ry (-ld-t<5-n), a. Of, pert, to, or involving 
manipulation ; manipulative ; manipular. 

man'i-to (man'T-to), man'i-tou (-too), man'i-tu (-too), n. 
[Algonquian manito.~\ Among the Algonquian Indians, 
one of the powers controlling natural phenomena ; a spirit. 

man'kind', n. 1. {pron. man'klnd' ; formerly also man'- 
klnd') The human race. 2. {pron. man'kind') Men 
collectively, as distinguished from women. 

man'like' (man'llk'), a. Like, becoming to, or belonging 
to, a man or men ; manly. — Syn. See male. 

man'ly (-li), a. ; -li-er (-lT-er) ; -li-est. Having qualities 
becoming to a man ; manlike, esp. brave or noble ; of or be- 
coming to a man ; masculine. — Syn. See male. — adv. 
In a manly manner ; manfully. — man'li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

man'na (man'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. fiawa, Heb. man.'] 1. Bib. 
The food miraculously supplied to the Israelites in the wil- 
derness (Ex. xvi.) ; hence, divinely supplied food. 2. Some- 
thing likened to the Biblical manna. 3. Sweetish matter 
exuded by the European flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus) 
or related species. It is a mild laxative. Also, a similar 
product of various other trees, as the tamarisk. 

manna sugar. Mannite. 

man'ne-quin. Var. of manikin. 

man'ner (man'er), n. [F. maniere, fr. L. manuarius be- 
longing to the hand, manus hand.] 1. Species; kind; 
sort. 2. Fashion ; guise ; character. Archaic. 3. A way of 
acting ; a mode of procedure or execution ; way ; mode. 4. 
A habit ; custom. 5. Mode of living or acting ; behavior; 
conduct ; specif., in pi., social conduct or rules of conduct, 
as of a people or class ; behavior ; polite deportment. 
Syn. Manner, way, fashion. Manner is mode of action, 
or distinctive style ; way, often more general, may also 
designate a peculiar, personal, or intimate mode of behavior 
or procedure ; fashion occurs chiefly in phrases with after 
or in ; as, Milton's grand manner ; little womanly ways ; to 
walk in Indian fashion. See deportment, method. 

man'nered (man'erd), a. 1. Having (such) manners; — 
often in composition. 2. Affected with mannerism. 

man'ner-ism (-er-iz'm), n. Excessive adherence to a pecul- 
iar style or manner, esp. in art. — Syn. See affectation. 

man'ner-ist (-1st), n. In art, one whose works show a 
strong tendency to imitation, to obedience to a school, or to 
a peculiar and formal or too unchanging method of his own. 

man'ner-less, a. Destitute of manners ; unmannerly. 

man'ner-ly, a. Showing good manners ;_civil. — adv. With' 
good manners ; politely. — man'ner-li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

man'ni-kin. Var. of manikin. 

man'nish (man'Tsh), a. Resembling, suitable to, or char- 
acteristic of, a man ; manlike ; masculine. — Syn. See 
male. — man'nish-ly, adv. — man'nish-ness, n. 

man'nite (man'It), n. [manna -J- -ite."] Chem. A white 
crystalline substance, CeHs(OH)6, belonging to the class of 
alcohols called hexites ; — called also manna sugar and 
mannitol. — man-nit'ic (md-nTt'ik), a. 

man'ni-tol (-i-tol; -tol), n. Mannite. 

man'nose (man'os), n. [mannite + -ose.] Chem. A sugar 
(CeH^Oe) obtained by oxidation of mannite. 

ma-nceu'ver, ma-nceu'vre, etc. Vars. of maneuver, etc. 

man'-of-war', n.; pi. men-of-war. A war vessel of a 
recognized navy, esp. one armed for active hostilities. 

man'-of- war' bird. A frigate bird. 

ma-nom'e-ter (md-nom'e'-ter), n. [Gr. fiavos thin, rare + 
-meter.'] A pressure gauge or vacuum gauge. 

man'o-met'ric (man'o-met'rik)) a. Of or pert, to the ma- 

man'0-met'ri-cal (-rl-kal) / nometer or the measure- 

ment of gaseous pressure ; made by the manometer. 
manometric flame, Acous., a gas flame so arranged as to 
be made to pulsate by the action of sound waves. 

man'or (man'er), n. [OF. maneir habitation, village, prop, 
an inf., to stay, dwell, L. manere.] 1. A mansion ; also, the 
house of a lord with the land pertaining to it. 06s. 2. In 
England, in the 13th century and for some time later, an 
estate administered as a unit, esp. a demesne estate of a 
lord for which a court-baron was held ; later, from the 17th 
century on, the holding of a lord having at least the mini- 
mum number of freehold tenants entitling it to hold a court- 
baron. 3. Amer. Law. A tract of land held by tenants in 
fee simple subject to a perpetual fixed rent. Chiefly Hist. 

ma-no'ri-al (md-no'rT-al ; 57), a. Of or belonging to, or 
like, a manor ; as, manorial extents ; manorial accounts. 

manor house. The house of the lord of a manor. 

man'rope' (-rop'), n. Naut. A side rope to a gangway, 
ladder, or the like, used as a handrail. 



< 



i 
i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); bON; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreip" Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MANSARD ROOF 



598 



MARABOU 




man'sardroof (man'sard). [After its inventor.] A kind of 
roof having on all sides two slopes, the 
lower steeper than the upper. 

manse (mans), n. [LL. mansa a farm, L. 
manere, mansum, to dwell.] 1. A house- 
holder's dwelling. Obs. 2. The residence of 
an ecclesiastic ; esp., in Scotland, the house 
of a parish minister ; sometimes elsewhere, 
as in the United States, the parsonage. 

man'serv'ant ( man'sur'vdnt ), n.; pi. Mansard Roof. 
menservants. A male servant. 

man'sion (-shun), n. [OF., fr. L. mansio a dwelling, 
manere, mansum, to dwell.] 1. Abode. Obs. or Archaic. 
2. A separate abode, lodging, or chamber of a large house, 
inclosure, etc. ; — chiefly in pi. Archaic. 3. Formerly, a 
manor house ; hence, any house of some size or pretension. 
4. Astrol. a = 2d house, 13. b One of twenty-eight parts 
of the moon's monthly course. 

mansion house, a A dwelling house. Obs. b A manor 
house ; hence, now U. S. only, a large imposing house. C 
leap.'] The official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. 

manslaughter (-slo'ter), n. The killing of a human 
being, specif., Law, unlawfully but without malice. 

man'slay'er (-sla'er), n. One who commits manslaughter. 

man'slay'ing, n. The killing of a man or men ; homicide. 

man'stop'ping (-stop'ing), a. Mil. Designating a bullet 
that will cause a shock sufficient to stop a soldier advancing 
in a charge, esp. a dumdum or other expanding bullet. 

man'sue-tude (man'swe-tud), n. [L. mansuetudo.~] Tame- 
ness ; gentleness ; mildness. Archaic. 

man'ta (man'td; Sp. man'ta), n. [Sp., blanket.] 1. a A 
horse blanket, b A cloak or wrap worn by Spaniards. C 
In Spanish America, a kind of mantle or shawl worn by 
women. 2. Mil. = mantelet, 2 a. 

man'teau (man'to; F. maN'to'), n.; pi. E. -teaus (man'- 
toz), F. -teaux (maN'to'). [F.] 1. A mantle or cloak. 2. 
A kind of loose gown formerly worn by women. 

man'tel (man't'l), or man'tel-piece' (-pes'), n. [See man- 
tle.] The beam, stone, or arch, or a shelf, above a fireplace. 

man'tel-et (man't'1-et ; mant'let), n. [F., dim. of manteau, 
OF. mantel. See mantle.] 1. A short mantle or cape. 2. 
Mil. a A movable shelter formerly used by besiegers, b A 
bullet-proof shield or screen to protect gunners and also to 
keep out the smoke. It is now rarely used, c A bullet-proof 
shelter for observation and signaling in target practice. 

man'tel-let'ta (man't?-let'd), n. [It. mantelletta.2 R. C. 
Ch. A silk or woolen vestment 
without sleeves worn by cardinals, 
bishops, abbots, and the prelates 
of the Roman court. 

man'tel-piece' Sman'tel-pes'), n. 
See mantel. [ Archaic. 1 : 

man'tel-tree'(-vre'), n. A mantel.f 

man'tic (man'tik), a. [Gr. fiav- 
tikoz prophetic] Of or pert, to 
divination or prophecy ; also, 
gifted with divinatory or pro- 
phetic powers. 

man-til'la (man-til'd), n. [Sp.] 

1. A woman's light cloak or cape. 

2. A kind of veil. It is worn in 
Spain, Mexico, etc. 

man'tis (man'tis), n.; pi. -rTES 
(-tez). [NL., fr. Gr. jiLvtis a 
prophet.] Any of certain insects Mantelletta. 

(family Mantidse, esp. genus Mantis) allied to the grass- 
hoppers, with stout 
anterior legs com- 
monly held in a way 
suggestive of hands 
folded in prayer. 

man-tis'sa (man- / " jS* Mantis. (£) 

tis'd), n. [L., an 
addition, makeweight.] Math. The decimal part of a loga- 
rithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or charac- 
teristic. 

man'tle (man't'l), n. [OF. mantel, L. 'mantelum, a 
cloth, napkin, mantle.] 1. A loose sleeveless overgar- 
ment ; a cloak. Fig., something that envelops, infolds, or 
covers ; an envelope or covering. 2. Zool. a In mollusks 
and brachiopods, the fold (or pair of folds) of the body wall 
which in shell-bearing forms lines the shell, and bears the 
shell-secreting glands, b In tunicates and barnacles, the 
soft external body wall which lines the test or the shell, c 
In birds, the back together with the folded wings. 3. A 
lacelike hood of refractory material, as thoria and ceria, 
which, placed over a flame, gives light by incandescence. 

— v. t. ; -tled (-t'ld) ; -tltng (-tling). To cover or envelop, 
as with a mantle ; cloak. — v. i. 1. To spread out the wings, 
one after the other, over the legs ; — said of hawks. 2. To 
spread out ; — said of wings. 3. To gather or take on, or 
form, a covering, as of froth, etc. 4. To be or become suf 





fused with blood, as the face ; of the blood, to gather so as 
to produce a flush ; blush. 

man'tra (man'trd; Skr. mim'-), n. [Skr.] Hinduism. 
One of the hymns or ritualistic formulas of the Vedas; 
also, loosely, any charm or religious formula. 

man'tu-a (man'tfl-d), n. [From Mantua, Italy.] 1. A 
kind of rich silk. Obs. 2. [For manteau, by confusion.] A 
woman's cloak or kind of loose gown, worn esp. in the 17th- 
18th centuries. — man'tu-a-mak'er ( -mak'er ), n. — 
man'tu-a-mak'ing, n. 

man'U-al (-ii-dl), a. [F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus 
hand.] 1. Of or pertaining to the hand or hands ; done, 
made, or operated, by the hand or hands. 2. Of the na- 
ture of, or designed for, a manual, as a text of a literary 
work. — n. 1. A small book ; handbook. 2. Mil. A pre- 
scribed exercise in the handling of a weapon. 3. Music. An 
organ keyboard for the fingers. — man'u-al-ly, adv. 

man'u-fac'to-ry (-fak'to-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). A factory. 

man'u-fac'ture {-%&*), n. [L. manu, abl. of manus hand 
+ factum a making, facere to make.] 1. A making by 
hand. 06s. 2. The making of wares or material products by 
hand or machinery, often carried on systematically with 
division of labor. 3. Anything manufactured. 

— ■ v. t. ; -tured ; -tur-ing. 1. To make (products) ; to pro- 
duce by labor, esp., now, with division of labor and with 
machinery. 2. To work into forms for use ; as, to manufac- 
t ure wool. 3. To fabricate ; invent ; — chiefly disparaging. 

man'u-fac'tur-er (-t5r-er), n. One who manufactures ; spe- 
cif., an employer of operatives in manufacturing. Abbr., mfr. 

man'U-mis'sion (-mish'iin), n. Act of manumitting, or 
state of being manumitted ; formal liberation of a slave. 

man'u-mit' (-mif), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -mit'ting. [L. manu- 
mittere, manumissum; manu, abl. of manus hand + mit- 
tere to send.] To release from slavery ; free. 

ma-nure' (md-nur'), v. t. ; -nured' (-nurd') ; -nur'ing 
(-nur'ing). [OF. manuvrer, manovrer, to cultivate by 
manual labor. See maneuver.] To apply manure to ; en- 
rich, as land, by a fertilizer. — n. A fertilizer; specif., 
stable refuse, bird dung, etc. — ma-nur'er (-nGr'er), n. 

ma'nus (ma'nus), n. ; pi. manus. [L., the hand.] 1. Anat. 
The distal segment of the fore limb of a vertebrate, in- 
cluding the carpus and fore foot, or hand. 2. Rom. Law. 
The power or rights collectively of a husband over his wife. 

man'U-SCript (man'u-skript), a. [L. manu scriptus. See 
manual ; scribe.] Written with or by the hand. — n. 1. A 
written composition, as an ancient book ; esp., an author's 
copy of his work in handwriting or typewriting. 2. Writing, 
as opposed to print. Abbr., MS. (or ms.) ; pi., MSS. 

Manx (manks), a. Belonging or pert, to the Isle of Man 
or its inhabitants. [mentary tail.I 

Manx cat, one of a breed of domestic cats having a rudi-| 

— n. 1. The native language of the Manxmen, a dialect 
of Celtic. ^2.^ pi. Manx people. — Manx'man, n. 

man'y (men'i), a. The comparative and superlative are 
supplied by more, most, from a different root. [AS. manig, 
mxnig.'] Consisting of a great number; numerous; not 
few. — Syn. Multiplied, manifold, various, sundry. 
XW With a sing, noun, many is now used attributively 
only in many a or an (that is, each one of many) . It is used 
predicatively with a sing, noun in an inverted construction 
(Now Dial, or Colloq.) ; as, many is the time I've come. 

— n. & (elliptically) pron. A large number ; as, it was 
believed by many. 

man'y-plies' (men'i-plTz'), n. The omasum; — from the 
many plies, or folds, of its mucous membrane. 

man'za-ni'ta (man'zd-ne'td ; Amer. Sp. man'sa-ne'ta), n. 
[Sp., dim. of manzana an apple.] Any of various ericaceous 
Californian shrubs (genus Arctostaphylos). 

Ma'o-ri (ma'6-ri; colloq. mou'ri), n.; pi. -ris (-riz). 1. 
One of the aborigines of New Zealand, a Polynesian people, 
tall, vigorous, and brave. 2. The language of the Maoris. 

map (map), n. [From F. mappe, in mappemonde map of 
the world, fr. LL., fr. L. mappa napkin.] 1. A representa- 
tion (usually flat) of the earth's surface or a part of it ; also, 
such a representation of the celestial sphere or a part of it. 
2. Something suggestive of a map. 

Syn. Map, chart. A map has to do primarily with the 
land ; a chart, with the water, esp. as regards navigation. 

— v. t. ; mapped (mapt) ; map'ping. To represent by or on 
a map ; hence, to indicate or delineate as on a map ; sketch. 

ma'ple (ma'p'l), n. [AS. mapolder, mapulder, mapul- 
treow, maple tree.] Any of a genus (Acer) of well-known 
trees having opposite leaves and a fruit consisting of two 
united samaras ; also, its hard, light-colored, close-grained 
wood. The sap is often sweet, yielding a sirup and a sugar. 

mar (mar), v. t. ; marred (mard) ; mar'ring. [AS. merran, 
myrran (in comp.), to obstruct, impede, dissipate.] 1. To 
hinder ; impede ; stop. Obs., exc. in Bowls and Curling. 
2. To damage greatly ; impair. 3. To disfigure ; deface. 

mar'a-bOU (mar'd-boo), n. [F.] 1. a A large stork (genus 
Leptoptilus), esp. an African species (L. crumenifer) ; 
also, the adjutant, b One of the soft elongated tail or 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve; event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, &rh, up, circus, men«; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ijre, verdure (87); 



MARABOUT 



599 



MARINE 



wing coverts of a marabou, used in millinery. 2. A kind of 
thrown raw silk ; also, a thin fabric made from it, resem- 
bling marabou feathers in delicacy. 

Mar'a-bout (mar'd-boot), n. [F., fr. Pg. marabuto, Ar. 
mordbi(. ] A Mohammedan hermit or saint or his shrine ; 
esp., one of a kind of religious order among the Berbers. 

Ma'rah (ma'rd , - mar'd), n. [Heb. marah bitter.] Bib. The 
first halting place of the Israelites after entering the wilder- 
ness. The waters were bitter and could not be drunk. See 
Exod. xv. 23-25; Num. xxxiii. 8, 9. 

mar'am. Var. of marram. 

mar'a-nath'a (mar'd-nath'd). Bib. Properly, an Aramaic 
phrase {Mdran alhd, prob.,0 Lord come) in 1 Cor. xvi. 22, 
often by misinterpretation thought to form with the pre- 
ceding word {anathema) an imprecation. — n. Formerly, 
a terrible curse, as in excommunication. 

mar'a-schi'no ( mar'd-ske'no ), n. [It., fr. marasca, ama- 
rasca, a bitter cherry, L. amarus bitter.] A liqueur dis- 
tilled from the fermented juice of a certain cherry. 

ma-ras'mus (md-raz'mus), a. [NL., fr. Gr. napaafios, fr. 
napaiveiv to quench, die away] Med. Progressive emacia- 
tion. — ma-ras'mic (md-raz'mlk), a. 

Ma-ra'tha (md-ra'td), Mah-rat'ta (-rat'd), n. [Hind. Mar- 
ha$d, Marhd{td, the name of a famous Hindu race, fr. Skr. 
Mahd-rdshira.] A member of a race of India whose main 
habitat is the western Deccan and the Bombay Presidency. 

Ma-ra'thi (md-ra'te), Mah-rat'i, Mah-rat'ti (-rat'i), n. A 
Sanskritic language spoken esp. by the Marathas. 

Mar'a-tho'ni-an (mar'd-tho'nT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Mar- 
athon or the battle fought there 490 B. c, in which the 
invading Persians were defeated. 

Mar'a-thon race (mar'd-thon). A long-distance race, esp. 
a foot race of about 25 miles. 

maraud' (md-rod'), v. i. [F. marauder, fr. maraud vaga- 
bond.] To rove in quest of plunder ; plunder. — v. t. To 
make a raid upon or into for plunder. — n. Act of maraud- 
ing ; plundering ; pillage. — ma-raud'er, n. 

mar'ble (mar'b T), n. [F. marbre, L. marmor, fr. Gr. nap- 
/iopos.] 1. Any limestone more or less crystallized by meta- 
morphism and granular to compact in texture, and so capa- 
ble of taking a polish or of being used for fine architectural 
work. 2. A piece, slab, etc., of marble ; a work of art, 
record, etc., of marble ; in pi., a collection of marble sculp- 
tures, etc. 3. Something suggestive of marble in coldness, 
smoothness, hardness, etc. 4. a A little ball, orig. of marble, 
used as a plaything, b [In form marbles, construed as 
sing.'] A child's game played with marbles. 5. Marbling. 

— a. 1. Resembling or imitating marble; variegated or 
mottled. 2. Like marble in being cold, hard, smooth, white, 
unfeeling, etc. [like marble. 

— v. t. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bung (-bling). To stain or variegate! 
mar'ble-ize (-Tz), v. t. To make or color in imitation of 

marble ; cover with a surface resembling marble. U. S. 

mar'bling (-bling), n. 1. Art or practice of variegating like 
marble. 2. Markings, coloration, coating, etc., suggestive 
of the markings of marble, as an intermixture of fat and 
lean in meat. 

mar'bly (-bli), a. Like marble ; hence, cold, rigid, etc. 

marc (mark ; F. mar), n. [F.] The refuse matter remain- 
ing after pressing fruit, particularly grapes. 

mar'ca-site (mar'kd-slt), n. [F. marcassite.] 1. Min. a 
Formerly, crystallized iron pyrites, b Iron disulphide, FeS2 
{white iron pyrites), resembling iron pyrites, but of lower 
specific gravity and orthorhombic. 2. A piece or ornament 
of marcasite, or crystallized iron pyrites. 

mar-ces'cent (mar-ses'ent), a. [L. marcescens, p. pr. of 
marcescere to wither, decay, fr. marcere to wither, droop.] 
Bot. Withering without falling off. ces'cence (-ens), n. 

march (march), n. [F. marche ; of G. origin.] A territorial 
border or frontier ; esp., Eng. Hist., in pi., the frontier bor- 
der lands between England and Scotland, or England and 
Wales. — v. i. To border ; — with on, upon, with, etc. 

march, v. *. [F. marcher, in OF. also, to tread.] 1. To 
advance in step or in military order, or in regular forma- 
tion, or in an organized body, as soldiers. 2. To walk in a 
grave or stately manner ; proceed ; progress. — v. t. To 
cause to march ; cause to go by command or force. 

— n. 1. A marching, esp. of soldiers. 2. Stately or deliberate 
walk ; steady progress. 3. Distance passed over in march- 
ing. 4. A regular, uniform step, used esp. by soldiers. 5. A 
drumbeator a piece of music suited to accompany marching. 

March, n. [OF., fr. L. Martins (sc. mensis month), fr. 
Mars Mars.] Third month of the year, having 31 days. 

march'er (mar'cher), n. One who marches. 

march'er, n. One who inhabits a march, or border region. 

mar-che'sa (mar-ka'za), n.; pi. -chese (-za). fit.] In 
Italy, a woman of the rank of a marchese ; a marchioness. 

mar-che'se (mar-ka'zS), n. ; pi. -chesi (-ze). [It. See mar- 
quis.] In Italy, a noble in rank next above a count {conte), 
and next below a prince {principe) ; a marquis. 

mar'chion-ess (mar'shim-es), n. Wife or widow of a mar- 
quis ; also, a woman of the rank and dignity of a marquis. 



marchland' (march'land'), n. Borderland ; frontier. 

march/man (-man), n. A marcher, or borderer. Obs. or 
Hist. 

march'pane 7 (march'pan'), n. A kind of sweetmeat. 

Mar-CO'ni (mar-ko'ni), a. Designating, or pert, to, the 
system of wireless telegraphy used by Guglielmo Marconi. 

mar-co'ni-gram (-gr5m), n. A Marconi wireless message. 

mar-co'ni-graph (-graf),n. The apparatus used in Marconi 
wireless telegraphy. 

Mar'di gras' (maVde gra'). [F., lit., fat Tuesday.] Shrove 
Tuesday ; — in some cities a day of merrymaking. 

Mar'duk (maVdook), n. Babylon. Myth. The chief deity 
of the Babylonian pantheon, originally a local sun deity. 

mare (mar), n. [AS. mere, myre, fern, of AS. mearh horse.] 
The female of the horse kind. 

ma-rem'ma (md-rem'd), n. ; pi. -me (-a). [It., in sense 1 ] 
1. In Italy, unhealthy low marshy maritime country. 2. 
The miasma of such a region. 

mare's'— nest' (marz'ne'st'), n. Something believed to be 
wonderful, but turning out to be imaginary or a hoax. 

mare's'-tail'.n. 1. Aspreadingcirruscloud. 2. A common 
aquatic plant {Hippuris vulgaris) with dense whorls of 
awl-shaped leaves. 

mar-gar'ic (mar-gar'ik), a. ( [See margarite.] Chem. 
Designating, or pert, to, a white crystalline acid (margario 
acid), C17H34O2, between palmitic and stearic acids. 

mar'ga-rin (maVgd-nn), n. 1. Chem. A fatty substance 
got from animal fats and vegetable oils. 2. Oleomargarine. 

mar'ga-rine (-ren ; -rin ; cf. oleomargarine), n. [F.] Ar- 
tificial butter ; oleomargarine. 

mar'ga-rite (maVgd-rlt), n. [L. margarita, Gr. ixapyaptrijt 
a pearl, fiapyapov pearl, papyapos pearl oyster.] A pearl. 
Obs. or Archaic. 

mar'gay (mar'ga), n. [Tupi maracaya.] An American 
spotted wild cat {Felis tigrina) similar to the ocelot. 

marge (marj), n. [F.] A margin. Now Poetic. 

mar'gent (maVjent), n. A margin. Archaic. 

mar'gin (-jin), n. [L. margo, -ginis.] 1. A border ; edge ; 
brink ; verge ; limit. 2. A condition approximately mark- 
ing the limit at which something will remain or continue to 
be or act ; a limit beyond which change cannot take place 
without the cessation of certain activities or phenomena. 
3. An allowance or reserve, as of money, to meet conditions 
that cannot be foreseen. 4. That part of a page outside of 
the main body of text. 5. Commerce. The difference be- 
tween cost price and selling price. 6. Finance. Collateral 
security, as a percentage paid in money, deposited with a 
broker to protect him from loss on contracts entered into 
by him on behalf of his principal. 7. Life Insurance. = 
loading. — Syn. See border. 

— v. t. 1. To enter, summarize, annotate, or indicate, in the 
margin of a page or pages. 2. To form a margin to ; border. 
3. Finance. To secure by a margin. 

mar'gin-al (mar'ji-nal), o. 1. Written or printed in the 
margin ; as, a marginal note. 2. Of, pertaining to, or situ- 
ated at, a margin, border, or boundary. 3. Psychol. Pert, 
to the margin, or " fringe," of consciousness ; pert, to con- 
scious states or qualities not in the focus of attention, but 
felt dimly and indistinctly. — mar'gin-al-ly, adv. 

mar'gi-nali-a (-ji-na'lT-d), n. pi. Marginal notes. 

mar'gin-ate (maVji-nat), a. [L. marginatus, p. p.] Hav- 
ing a distinct margin. — (-nat), v. t. To furnish with a mar- 
gin ; margin. — mar'gin-a'tion (-na'shun), n. 

mar'grave (-grav), n. [G. markgraf, or D. markgraaf.'] 
1. Orig., a military keeper of the marches, or borders, in 
Germany. 2. English equiv. of G. Markgraf, a marquis. 

mar-gra'vi-ate (mar-gra'vi-at), n. Territory, jurisdiction, 
or dignity of a margrave. 

mar'gra-vine (mar'grd-ven), n. The wife of a margrave. 

mar'gue-rite (maVge-ret ; mar'ge-ret'), n. [F., pearl, dai- 
sy. See margarite.] 1. The daisy. 2. Any of several culti- 
vated species of chrysanthemum having single, daisylike 
flowers. 

Ma'ri-an (ma'n-dn; marT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Mary : 
as (1) the Virgin Mary ; (2) Mary, Queen (1553-58) of Eng- 
land ; (3) Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-87). — n. 1. One who 
worships, or is devoted to, the Virgin Mary. 2. A follower of 
Mary, Queen of Scots ; also, a modern defender of her. 

Mar'i-an (mar'i-dn), a. [L. Marianus, fr. Marius.~\ Of 
or pertaining to Caius Marius (157-86 B. c.) or his party. 

mar'i-gold (mar'i-gold), n. \Mary -f gold.] Any of sev- 
eral asteraceous plants having, commonly, large heads of 
yellow-rayed flowers ; also, any of the flowers. 

mar'i-nade (mar'i-nad), n. [F.] Cookery. A pickle con- 
taining wine, spices, etc., for enriching the flavor of meat ot 
fish; also, the meat or fish pickled in it. — v. t. To marinate 

mar'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing (-nat'- 
Ing). [See marine.] To salt or pickle, as fish, and then 
preserve in oil or vinegar ; prepare by the use of marinade. 

ma-rine / (md-ren'), a. [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea.] 1. 
Of, pert, to, or formed by or in, the sea. 2. Of or pert, to 
navigation of the sea ; naval ; nautical. 3. Of or pert, to the 






( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, (j Foreign Word. + combined with. =■ equals . 



MARINER 



600 



MARQUEE 



commerce of the sea ; maritime. 4. Serving on shipboard ; 
— said of a certain class of soldiers. 

Syn. Marine, maritime. Marine designates esp. that 
which belongs to, or is produced by, the sea, or is to be used 
at sea ; maritime oftener applies to that which borders on 
the sea or pertains to navigation or commerce on the sea. 

— n. 1. Mercantile and naval shipping collectively ; seago- 
ing vessels collectively. 2. One who serves on shipboard ; 
specif., one of a class of soldiers so serving. 3. In various 
countries, the executive department having to do with 
naval matters, corresponding to the United States Depart- 
ment of the Navy and the British Admiralty. 4. A pic- 
ture of some marine subject ; a sea piece. 

mar/i-ner (mar'i-ner ), n. [F. marinier, LL. marinarius. 
See marine ] A seaman or sailor. — Syn. See sailor. 

Ma'ri-ol'a-try (ma'ri-ol'd-tri), n. [Gr. Mapla Mary + 
-latry.l The worship of the Virgin Mary ; — usually a 
term of opprobrium^ — Ma'ri-ol'a-trotlS (-trus), o. 

mar'i-O-nette' (mar't-o-net'), n. [F., prop. dim. of Marion 
fr. Marie Mary.] A puppet moved by strings or by hand. 

Marl-po'sa lily or tulip (mar'I-po'sd). [Sp. mariposa a 
butterfly ; — alluding to the gay blossoms.] Any of a genus 
(Calochortus) of bulbous liliaceous plants of western Amer- 
ica, with tuliplike flowers of white, yellow, red, and lilac. 

mar'ish (mar'Tsh), n. Marsh. Now Poet, or Scot. 

Ma'rist (ma'rist ; 3), n. [L. Maria Mary.] R.C.Ch. A 
member of an order founded in Lyons, France, in 1816, 
made up of priests who bound themselves to some particu- 
lar work, esp. mission work, in honor of the Virgin Mary. 

Ma'rist, a. Eccl. Pert, to, or devoted to the service of, the 
Virgin Mary ; also, designating members of various insti- 
tutes founded by the Marists ; as, the Marist nuns. 

mar'i-tal (mar'i-tdl), a. [L. maritalis, fr. maritus of mar- 
riage, n., a husband.] Of or pert, to a husband or marriage. 
— Syn. See matrimonial. — mar'i-tal-ly, adv. 

mar'i-time (-tlm ; -tim), a. [L. maritimus, fr. mare sea.] 

1. Bordering on, or living near, the ocean. 2. Connected 
with the sea in respect of commerce, etc. 3. Characteristic 
of a mariner ; nautical. — Syn. See marine. 

mar'jo-ram (mar'jo-rdm), n. [OF. marjoraine, -rane, LL. 
marjorana, marjoraca."] Any of a genus (Origanum) of 
mints, including a very fragrant species (0. majorana), 
called sweet marjoram. 

mark (mark), n. Also marc. [AS. marc."] 1. An old 
weight, esp. of 8 oz. for gold and silver. 2. A money of 
account and a coin, orig. worth a mark of silver ; specif., a 
silver coin, and the gold monetary unit, of the German Em- 
pire, equal to 100 pfennigs (23.8 cents). 3. = markka. 

mark, n. [AS. mearc.~\ Boundary ; march. Archaic & Hist. 

mark, n. [AS. raearc] 1. A landmark. Obs. 2. A thing 
aimed at ; a goal or target, lit. or fig. ; an aim. 3. Bowls. 
The jack. 4. A significant token ; symptom ; sign ; indica- 
tion ; specif. : an indication of character ; a trait ; feature. 
5. An affixed, impressed, or assumed distinguishing sign or 
token ; specif. : a A character, device, label, or the like, put 
on an article to show the maker or owner, to certify quality, 
etc. ; trade-mark, b A visible sign assumed by, or put upon, 
a person, used as a badge or token, c A character (usually a 
cross) made as a substitute for a signature by one who can- 
not write, d A written or printed symbol ; as, an interroga- 
tion mark, e A number or other character used in register- 
ing ; hence, the unit of award in registering the work or 
conduct of pupils, prisoners, etc. ; also, the award made or 
the standing attained ; as, examination marks. 1 Some- 
thing, as a line, notch, or fixed object, designed to indicate 
position; as, a low -water mark; a bookmark, g Naut. 
One of the bits of leather or colored bunting placed on a 
sounding, or lead, line at 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, and 25 
fathoms. The intermediate fathoms are unmarked and are 
called deeps. 6. Limit or standard of action or fact ; as, to 
come up to the mark. 7. A visible sign, impression, or 
trace, as a line, stain, scar, discoloration, scratch; a*, a 
pencil mark; pockmark. 8. Note; importance; distinc- 
tion ; as, men of mark. — Syn. Impress, stamp, print, ves- 
tige, track ; proof, badge. 

— v. t. 1. To put a mark on ; affix a mark to ; specif. : a 
Com. To put price figures or signs on (articles) ; — used 
with down, to put a lower price on ; used with up, to set a 
higher price on. b To form, as a figure, by making marks. 

2. To bound, designate, indicate, or set apart, by or as by a 
mark ; as, his courage marked him for a leader. 3. To show 
as by a mark ; manifest. 4. In games : to keep account of 
(the points) ; enumerate and register ; score. 5. To be a 
mark upon or of ; indicate ; make notable or remarkable ; 
characterize or distinguish ; as, the stunted trees mark the 
higher mountain tops. 6. To notice ; observe ; heed ; con- 
sider. — Syn. Note, remark, regard ; point out, betoken, 
denote ; stamp, imprint, impress, brand. 

— v. i. 1. To notice or observe critically ; note. 2. To record 
points, as in a game. 

Mark, n. [L. Marcus."] Bib. a The Evangelist, John 
Mark, a fellow worker with Paul, and traditionally re- 




garded as the author of the Gospel of Mark, b The GosDel 
of Mark. V 

marked (markt), p. a. Having a mark ; hence : emphasized ; 
conspicuous. — mark'ed-ly (mar'ke'd-ir), adv. 

mark'er (mar'ker), n. One who, or that which, marks. 

mar'ket /mar'ket ; 24), n. [Deriv. of L. marcatus trade, 
market pi%ce, fr. mercari, p. p. mercatus, to trade, traffic, 
merx, mercis, merchandise.] 1. A meeting of people for 
traffic ; also, the people at such a meeting. 2. A body or 
group of men associated in the buying and selling of stocks, 
goods, etc. ; as, the stock market ; the beef market. 3. A 
place, as an open space in a town, or a large building, where 
a market is held, esp. where provisions are sold. 4. The re- 
gion in which any commodity can be sold. 5. Opportunity 
for selling or buying commodities, or the price offered for 
them. ^ [sell, in a market ; sell) 

— v. i. To deal in a market.— v. t. To expose for sale, or to| 
mar'ket-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale in a 

market. 2. Of or pertaining to buying or selling. — Syn. 

See vendible. — mar'ket-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tl), n. 
mar'ket-er (mar'ket-er), n. One who attends a market to 

buy or sell ; one who carries goods to market. 
mark'ka, mark'kaa (mark'kii), n. [Finn., fr. Sw. mark ] 

A silver coin and the monetary unit of Finland, equal to the 

franc (19.3 cents) ; — called also mark. 
marks'man (marks'man), n. One who shoots at a mark ; 

one who shoots well. — marks'man-ship, n. 
marl (marl), v. t. Naut. To cover or fasten with marline. 
marl, n. [OF. marie, LL. margila dim. of L. marga marl ] 

1. A crumbly deposit, chiefly clay and calcium carbonate, 

used as a fertilizer. Also, any of various other deposits (see 

greensand). 2. Earth. Poetic. 

— v. t. To overspread or manure with marl, 
mar-la'ceous (mar-la'shus), a. Containing or resembling 

marl ; partaking of the qualities of marl. 

mar'line (mar'lin), n. [LG. marlien, marling, or D. mar- 
ling, or marlijn; D. marren to tie + lijn line.] Naut. A 
small loosely twisted line of two strands, used for seizing. 

mar'line-spike' (-spIkO, n. Also mar'lin-spike'. Naut. 
A pointed iron tool used, 
in splicing and marling. 

marl'ite (marl'It), n. A 
variety of marl resistant 

to the action of air. — a Sailmakers' Marlinespike. B 
mar-llt'lC(mar-lit'ik),a. Marlinespike with eye for lan- 

marl'y (mar'll), «•; yard. 
marl'i-er (-li-er) ; marl'i-est. Of or pert, to marl ; resem- 
bling marl ; abounding with marl. 

mar'ma-lade (mar'md-lad), n. [F. marmelade, fr. Pg , fr. 
marmelo quince, fr. L. melimelum honey apple, Gr. fieXl- 
HT)\oj> a sweet apple ; fieXi. honey + nrjXou apple.] A jamlike 
preserve of fruit pulp, as of orange, quince, pear, etc. 

marmalade tree. A West Indian sapotaceous tree (Achras 
zapota), with fine-grained wood resembling mahogany. 

Mar'mi-on (mar'mT-on), n. The hero of Sir Walter Scott's 
poem "Marmion." He is an English knight. 

mar-mo're-al (mar-mo're-dl ; 57), mar-mo're-an (-re-dn), 
a. [L. marmoreus, fr. marmor marble.] Pert, to or like 
marble, as in being cold, white, etc. ; made of marble. 

mar'mo-set' (mar'mo-zeV), n. [F. marmouset a grotesque 
figure, an ugly little boy.] Any of numerous very small 
South and Central American monkeys (esp. genus Calli- 
thrix) having soft fur and long, hairy, nonprehensile tails. 

mar 'mot (-mot), n. [F . marmotte.~\ Any of a genus (Mar- 
mota) of rodents hav- 
ing coarse fur. The 
American species are 
called woodchucks or 
ground hogs. 

Mar'o-nite (mar '6- 
nlt), n. Eccl. Hist. 
One of a body of Syri- 
an Christians, united European Marmot, 
with the Church of Rome since the twelfth century, but 
still retaining Syriac practices. 

ma-roon' (md-roon'), n. [F. marron, fr. Sp. cimarrdn 
wild.] In the West Indies and Dutch Guiana, a fugitive 
slave, or a free negro descended from fugitive slaves, living 
in the mountains and forests. — v. t. To put (a person) 
ashore on a desolate island or coast and abandon (him). 

ma-roon', n. [F. marron a French chestnut; also, adj., 
chestnut-colored.] A dark brown chestnut color, or, ordi- 
narily, a dull red. — a. Of the above-named color. 

ma-roon'er, n. A buccaneer or pirate ; one who maroons. 

mar'plot' (mar'plof) n. One who, by officious interference, 
mars or frustrates a design, plan, or plot. 

marque (mark), n. [F. marque, in lettre de marque letter 
of marque, fr. OF. marque, merque, reprisal.] Reprisal. 
Obs. See letter of marque. 

mar-quee' (mar-ke'), n. [F. marquise, misunderstood as a 
plural.] A large field tent. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ken, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MARQUESS 



601 



MARTYRDOM 



mar'quess (mar'kwe's). Var. of marquis. 

mar'quet-ry (-ket-ri), n. [F. marqueterie, fr. marqueter 
to inlay, marque mark.] Inlaid work, as in furniture. 

mar'quis (-kwis), n. [F., fr. OF., fr. LL. marchensis ; of 
G. origin.] In European countries, a nobleman of rank 
next above an earl or count ; orig., an officer in charge of the 
marches or frontier. — mar'quis-ate (-at), n. 

jtnar-quise' (mar-kez'), n. [F.] 1. A marchioness ; — not 
used as a title of British nobility. 2. A marquee, or tent. 

3. Jewelry. A gem or a ring setting or bezel having the 
shape of the section of a double convex lens. 

marred (mard), pret. & p. p. of mar. 

mar'rer (mar'er), n. One who mars. 

mar'riage (mar'Tj), n. [F. mariage, fr. mari husband, L. 
maritus.] 1. The state, status, or mutual relation of hus- 
band and wife ; wedlock. 2. Act of marrying, or rite used 
in marrying ; a wedding. 3. Any intimate or close union. 
Syn. Marriage, matrimony, wedlock, wedding. Mar- 
riage and matrimony may alike refer to the marriage rela- 
tion or state. Marriage is the word in common use ; 
matrimony is somewhat formal or conventional, and occa- 
sionally has a half-humorous suggestion. Marriage (not 
matrimony) is also used of the act or ceremony. Wedlock is 
archaic, poetical, or legal for marriage or (esp.) matrimony ; 
wedding denotes the nuptial ceremony or (esp.) festivities. 

mar'riage-a-Me (-d-b'l), a. Fit for, or legally capable of, 
marriage. — mar'riage-a-bil'i-ty, -a-ble-ness, n. 

mar'ried (mar'id), p. a. 1. Being in the state of matrimony ; 
wedded. 2. Of or pertaining to marriage or matrimony. 

mar'ri-er (mar'T-er), n. One who marries. 

mar'ron'(F. ma/roN'), n. [F.] 1. The large sweet European 
chestnut. 06s., exc. as French. When candied, marrons are 
known as Hmar'rons' gla'ceV (ma/roN' gla/sa'). 2. = 
maroon, the color. 

mar'row (mar'6; mar'-), n. [ME. maru, maro.] A com- 
panion or mate ; a match or equal ; one of a pair ; a spouse 
or lover. 06s. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

mar'row (mar'o), n. [AS. mearg, mearh.] 1. A soft tissue 
which fills the cavities of most bones. 2. Hence : a The 
choicest of food, b The source of animal vigor or health. C 
The inmost, best, or essential part ; essence. 

mar'row-bone' (-bonO, n. 1. A bone containing marrow. 
2. Hence, Slang or Jocular : a {Usually in pi.'] Knee 
bones or knees, b In pi. Crossbones. 

irfar'row-fat' (-6-fat'), n. A late large variety of pea. 

mar'row-y (-T), a. Full of marrow ; pithy. 

mar'ry (mar'i), interj. [From name of the Virgin Mary.] 
Indeed ! in truth ! Archaic or Scot. 

mar'ry, v. t. ; -RiED(-Td) ; -ry-ing. [F. marier, L. maritare, 
it. maritus husband.] 1. To unite in wedlock ; join in mat- 
rimony, as a man to a woman, or a woman to a man. 2. To 
dispose of in wedlock. 3. To take as husband or wife ; wed. 

4. Fig., to unite in the closest and dearest relation. — v. i. 
To enter into the connubial state ; wed. 

Mars (marz), n. [L.] 1. Roman Relig. The god of war. 
He was identified with the Greek Ares, and hence associ- 
ated with Venus. March (the month) is named for him. 
Cf. Bellona, Salii. 2. Astron. One of the planets of the 
solar system, conspicuous for its red light. It is the next 
beyond the earth ; its mean distance from the sun is 141,- 
000,000 miles, its period of revolution 687 days, and its 
diameter about 4,200 miles. 3. Alchemy. Iron. 

Mar'se-illaise' (maVse-laz' ; F. mar'se'yaz'), n. [F.] Some- 
times Mar'se-illais'. The national song of republican 
France, sung first by a band of men from Marseilles, in 1792. 

mar-seilles' (mar-salz'), n. Any of certain heavy cotton 
fabrics, usually barred or ribbed. 

marsh (marsh), n. [AS. mersc, merisc, fr. mere lake.] A 
tract of soft wet land ; fen ; swamp ; morass. 

mar'shal (mar'shal), n. [OF. mareschal, fr. LL., fr. OHG. 
marah-scalc, lit., horse servant.] 1. A groom or farrier. 
Obs. 2. A military commander. Obs., exc: a Short for 
field marshal, b A general officer of the highest rank in 
various foreign armies. 3. Any of various royal household 
officers of high rank. 4. One who regulates rank and order, 
as at a feast or in a procession. 5. Any of various officers 
having police duties. 

— v. t. ; -shaled (-shdld) or -shalled ; -shal-ing or -shal- 
ling. 1. To dispose in order, esp. ceremonious or due order. 
2. To usher, direct, guide, or lead. — mar'shal-ship, n. 

mar'shal-cy (-si), n. Rank or position of a marshal. 

marsh elder, a The guelder-rose or cranberry tree, b In 
the United States, a maritime shrub (Iva frutescens) of 
the ragweed family, growing in salt marshes. 

marsh gas. Methane. 

marsh'i-ness (mar'shY-nes), n. State of being marshy. 

marsh mallow, or, esp. in sense 2, marsh'mal'low 
(marsh'mal'o), n. [AS. merscmealwe. See marsh ; mal- 
low.] 1. A perennial malvaceous herb {Althaea offici- 
nalis). The mucilaginous root is used in confectionery and 
in medicine. 2. A confection made from the root of the 
marsh mallow or from substituted materials. 




Marsh Marigold. 
Reduced. 



marsh marigold. A ranunculaceous plant (Caltha palus- 
tris), with bright yellow flowers. See 

COWSLIP. 

marsh rosemary, a Sea lavender. 
b Moorwort. 

Marsh test. [Discovered in 1836 by 
James Marsh of Edinburgh.] Anal. 
Chem. A very delicate test for arsenic, 
in which arsine is evolved. 

marsh'y (mar'shi), a.; -i-er; -i-est. 
1. Like a marsh ; boggy. 2. Pert, to, 
or produced in, marshes. 

mar-su'pi-al (mar-su'pT-dl), n. [L. 
marsupium a pouch, Gr. napabirtov^ 
dim. of n&paviTos] Zo'dl. Any of ani 
order (Marsupialia) comprising the 
lowest existing mammals except the 
monotremes. It contains the kanga- 
roos, wombats, bandicoots, opossums, 
etc. Most of them have a marsupium on the abdomen of 
the female, in which the young, born comparatively unde- 
veloped, are carried. [marsupials.l 

— o. Pert, to or having a marsupium ; of or pert, to the| 

mar-su'pi-um (-um), n.; pi. -pia (-d). [L., a pouch.] 
Anat. & Zo'dl. An abdominal pouch formed by a fold of 
the skin and inclosing the mammary glands of mono- 
tremes and most marsupials ; also, an analogous structure 
in lower animals, as fishes, crustaceans, etc. 

Mar'sy-as (mar'si-as), n. [L., fr. Gr. MapaOa<;.] Gr. Myth. 
Probably a Phrygian god of nature resembling Pan. Mar- 
syas challenged Apollo to a contest of flute with lyre. Apollo 
won only by adding his voice to the music of the strings, and 
punished Marsyas for his presumption by flaying him alive. 

mart (mart), n. [D. markt. Oxf. E. D.] 1. A fair. Obs. 2. 
A market. 3. Traffic ; also, a bargain. 06s. — v. t. To 
traffic in ; market. 

mar'ta-gon (mar'td-gon), n. [It. martagone.] The Turk's- 
cap lily (Lilium martagon). 

Mar-tel'lo tow'er (mar-tel'o). # A circular fort with guns on 
the top mounted so as to fire in any direction. 

mar'ten (mar'ten), n. [OF. martrine ; of Teutonic origin.] 
1. Any of several slender, fur-bearing, carnivorous mam- 
mals (genus Mustela), larger than the weasels, and some- 
what arboreal. 2. Fur of the marten, more often called sable. 

Mar'tha (mar'thd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Map0d.] Bib. Sister of 
Lazarus and Mary, and friend of Jesus. See Luke x. 40. 

mar'tial (mar'shal), a. [L. martialis, of Mars, god of 
war.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war ; as, martial 
music. 2. Pertaining to an army or armed force ; military ; 
— opposed to civil; — now chiefly in court-martial, etc. 
3. Experienced in, or inclined to, war ; warlike ; brave. 4. 
{cap.] Pert, to or resembling Mars. 5. {cap.] Astrol. 
Under the baleful influence of Mars. 6. Alchemy. Of, per- 
taining to, or like, iron ; chalybeate. 

Syn. Martial, warlike, military. Martial suggests esp. 
the pomp and circumstance of war, or the distinctive qual- 
ities of a warrior ; as, martial music ; martial array. War- 
like emphasizes the feeling or temper which leads to or ac- 
companies war ; it may also apply to the adjuncts of war ; 
as, warlike preparations. Military (often opposed to naval, 
civil) suggests whatever pertains to a soldier or the art or 
conduct of war on land ; as, a military bearing, discipline. 
martial law, the law administered by the military power 
of a government when it has superseded the civil authority 
in time of war, or when the civil authorities are unable to 
enforce the laws. 

mar'tial-ly, adv. In a martial manner. 

Mar'tian (-shan), a. [L. Martius.] Of or pertaining to 
Mars, god of war, or the planet Mars ; Martial. — n. One 
of the hypothetical inhabitants of Mars. 

mar'tin (mar'tin), n. [F.] A certain small European swal- 
low {Chelidon urbica) ; also, any of various swallows. 

mar'ti-net' (mar'ti-net' ; mar'ti-net'), n. A strict (orig. 
military) disciplinarian ; — commonly depreciatory. 

mar'tin-gale (mar'tin-gal ; mar'tin-), n. [F.] 1. A strap 
connecting a horse's girth to the bit or reins so as to hold 
down his head. 2. Naut. A lower stay for the jib boom or 
flying jib boom to sustain the strain of the head stays. 

Mar'tin-mas (mar'tTn-mds), n. [St. Martin + Mass 
church service.] The feast of St. Martin, November 1 1th. 

Martinmas summer. See Indian summer. 

mart'let (mart'let), n. [F. martelet or martinet] 1. The 
common European martin. 2. Her. A bird without feet. 

mar'tyr (mar'ter), n. [AS.,fr. L. martyr, Gr. paprvp, p.ap- 
rvt, prop., a witness.] 1. One who voluntarily suffers death 
for refusing to renounce his religion ; one put to death for 
his religion. 2. One who sacrifices life, station, etc., for 
principle or to sustain a cause. 3. A great or constant suf- 
ferer, as from disease. Colloq. — v. t. 1. To put to death 
for adhering to some belief, esp. Christianity. 2. To torture. 

mar'tyr-dom (-dum), n. State of being a martyr ; suffer- 
ings and death of a martyr. 



< 



( 



,- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |l Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



MARTYRIZATION 



602 



MASSIVE 




mar'tyr-ize (mar'ter-Tz), v. t. & i. To make a martyr of; 
martyr. — mar'tyr-i-za'tion (-I-za'shiin ; -I-za'sh&n), n. 

mar'tyr-o-log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kal) a. Of or pertaining to 
martyrology or martyrs. 

mar'tyr-ol'o-gist (-ol'o-jYst), n. A writer of martyrology. 

mar'tyr-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jTz). [See mar- 
tyr ; -logy.] A history, account, or register of martyrs. 

mar/tyr-y (-1), n. ; pi. -tyries (-Yz). [L. martyrium.] A 
chapel, shrine, or the like erected in honor of a martyr. 

mar'vel (mar'vel), n. [F. merveille, fr. L. mirabilia won- 
derful things, pi., fr. mirabilis wonderful, mirari to won- 
der at.] 1. A miracle. Obs. 2. That which causes wonder 
or astonishment; a wonder. 3. Wonder; astonishment. 
Archaic. — v. i. ; -veled (-veld) or -velled ; -vel-ing or 
-vel-ling. 1. To be struck with surprise ; wonder. 2. To 
have a wondering or perplexed curiosity (about something). 

mar'vel-of-Pe-ru'. The four-o'clock. 

mar'vel-ous, mar'vel-lous {-us), a. 1. Exciting marvel ; 
wonderful. 2. Partaking of the character of miracle ; in- 
credible. — mar'vel-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

Marx'i-an (mark'si-an), a. Of or pertaining to Karl Marx 
(1818-83) or the socialist theories held by him. 

Ma'ry (ma'n ; mar'i ; 3), n. [L. Maria, Gr. Mapla, Ma- 
pi&fi, of Heb. origin.] Bib. a The mother of Jesus ; — often 
called the Blessed Virgin Mary or Saint Mary, b The 
sister of Martha. C Mary of Magdala, called Mary Magda- 
lene, whom Jesus healed of evil spirits. 

mas'cle (mas'k'l),n. [OF.] 1. Her. A lozenge voided. 2. A 
steel plate, esp. of lozenge shape, used in 
series on 13th-century armor. 

mas'cot \(mas'kot),n. [F. mascotte, fr. 

mas'cotte/ Pr. mascot a little sorcerer, 
masco sorceress.] A person, animal, or 
thing supposed to bring good luck. 

mas'CU-line (-ku-lin), a. [F. masculin, 
L. masculinus, fr. masculus male, man- 
ly, dim. of mas a male.] 1. Male. Rare. Mascle, 1. 
2. Gram. Conforming, or denoting conformity, to the class 
of words distinguished primarily for males ; as, a mascu- 
line noun. 3. Of or belonging to males ; as, masculine 
attire. 4. Having the qualities of a man ; virile ; strong ; 
robust ; of a woman, mannish. — Syn. See male. 

— n. That which is masculine ; as : a A male person. D 
Gram. A word or form of the masculine gender ; also, mas- 
culine gender. — mas'cu-line-ly, adv. — line-ness, n. 

mas'cu-lin'i-ty (-lin'I-tT), n. State or quality of being 
masculine ; masculineness. 

mash (mash), n. [AS. masc-, max-, in comp.] 1. Crushed 
malt, or meal of grain, steeped and stirred in hot water to 
form wort. 2. A mixture of grain, meal, bran, or the like, 
and hot water, fed warm to animals. 3. A soft, pulpy mass. 

— v. t. 1. To subject (crushed malt, etc.) to the action of 
water, with heating and stirring, to prepare wort. 2. To 
reduce to a pulpy state by beating or pressure ; crush. 3. 
[Perh. a different word.] To affect so as to cause a senti- 
mental regard. Vulgar or Slang. 

mash'er (mash'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, mashes. 
2. A male person who attempts to make advances to, or to 
pick up an acquaintance with, women who do not know 
him, in public places. Vulgar or Slang. 

mash'ie, mash'y (mash'T), n.; pi. mashies (-Yz). A golf 
club like the iron, but with a shorter head, slightly more 
lofted. See golf, Illust. 

mas' j id (mus'jid), n. [Ar. See mosque.] A mosque. 

mask (mask), n. [F. masque.'] 1. A cover for the face, for 
disguise, protection, etc. 2. An artificial figure of a face or 
head, worn by ancient Greek and Roman actors. 3. A 
sculptured face, or a copy of a face molded in plaster, wax, 
etc. ; as, a death mask. 4. That which disguises or conceals ; 
as, the mask of night. 5. One wearing a mask ; a masker. 
6. A masquerade ; hence, a revel. 7. An old form of dramat- 
ic performance in which the actors wore masks ; also, a 
dramatic composition for such a performance. 8. In tech- 
nical uses : a Arch., etc. A grotesque head or face used as 
an ornament, b Zool. The lower lip of the larva of a dragon 
fly, forming a prehensile organ, c Hunting. The head or 
face of an animal, as a fox. d Fort. A screen, as of earth, 
brush, etc., to conceal a battery or any military operation. 

— v. t. 1. To cover, as the face, for concealment or defense. 
2. To disguise ; hide. 

mas'ka-longe (mas'kd-lonj ; mas'kd-lonj'), mas'ka-nonge 
(mas'kd-nonj ; mas'kd-nonj'). Vars. of muskellunge. 

masked (maskt), p. a. 1. Wearing or using a mask or 
masks ; disguised ; hidden. 2. Bot. Personate. 3. Zool. 
Having the outlines of the future wings, legs, and other or- 
gans visible beneath the integument, as certain insect pupae, 
masked ball, a ball in which the participants wear masks. 

mask'er (mas'ker), n. One who wears a mask ; one who 
appears in disguise at a masquerade. 

mas'lin (maz'lin), n. [AS. msestling, maesling, mseslen.] 
1. A kind of brass. Obs. 2. A vessel of it. Chiefly Dial. 



mas'lin, n. [OF. mesteillon, LL. mistilio, fr. L. mixtum, 
p. p. of miscere to mix.] Mixed grain, esp. wheat and rye, 
or bread made of it ; also, a potpourri. Now Dial. 

ma'son (ma's'n), n. [F. maqon, LL. macio, machio, mat- 
tio.] 1. One who builds with»stone, brick, etc. ; also, one 
who molds plaster, cement, etc., to resemble stonework, or 
fo r internal finish. 2. [cap.'] A Freemason. — v. t. To 
construct of masonry ; build masonry about, over, etc. 

Ma'son and Dix'on's line (dTk's'nz). Southern boundary 
line of Pennsylvania. It was run (except about 36 miles) 
by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English astron- 
omers, 1763 to 1767, and became famous as being in part 
the boundary between the free and the slave States. 

Ma-Son'ic (md-son'ik), a. Of or pertaining to Freemasons 
or their craft or mysteries. 

ma'son-ry (ma's'n-ri'), n. ; pi. -ries (-rYz) . 1. Art, trade, or 
occupation of a mason. 2. The work of a mason. 3. That 
which is built by a mason ; anything constructed ol the ma- 
terials used by masons, as stone. 4. [cap.] Freemasonry. 

Ma-St/ra l(md-so'rd), n. [NHeb. mdsorah tradition.] 

Ma-SO'rah/ The early Hebrew tradition as to the correct 
form of the text of the Scriptures ; also, in the written edi- 
tions, the marginal notes, or the text and notes, embodying 
the results of this tradition. 

Mas'o-rete (mas'6-ret), n. A Hebrew scholar learned in the 
Masora ; esp., one of the body of scribes who wrote down 
the Masora. [the Masoretes.j 

Mas'o-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. Of or relating to the Masora orj 

masque (mask), n. Var. of mask, n., 6 & 7. 

mas'qner-ade' (mas'ker-ad'), n. [F. mascarade, It. mas- 
cherata. See mask.] 1. An assembly of persons wearing 
masks, for dancing, etc. 2. A costume for wear at such an 
assembly. 3. Acting or living under false pretenses ; dis- 
guise. — v. i. ; -ad'ed (-ad'ed) ; -ad'ing. 1. To take part in 
a masquerade. 2. To frolic in disguise ; make a show of be- 
ing what one is not. — mas'quer-ad'er (-ad'er), n. 

Mass (mas), n. [AS. msesse, L. missa, fr. mittere, missum, 
to send.] 1. Eccl. The service or liturgy of the Eucharist ; 
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; the (or a) celebration 
of the Holy Communion ; — now used chiefly of the Roman 
Catholic service. 2. Music. The setting of certain portions 
of the Mass, considered as a musical composition. 

mass, n. [F. masse, L. massa, fr. Gr. juaf a a barley cake.] 
1. A quantity of matter, or the form of matter, cohering in 
one body, usually of considerable size. 2. Pharm. The homo- 
geneous lump compounded for making pills ; as, blue 
mass. 3. A large quantity, amount, or number ; a bulk ; as, 
a mass of evil, of treasure, etc. 4. Bulk ; size. 5. The main 
body ; as, the mass of men. 6. Physics. That property of 
a body to which its inertia is ascribed and which is com- 
monly taken as the measure of the amount of material 
which it contains. — Syn. See bulk. [classes. I 

the masses, the populace, as contrasted with the higher) 

— v. t. & i. To form or collect into a mass ; assemble. 
mas'sa-cre (maVd-ker),7i. [F., fr. OF. macacre, maceclt, 

shambles, slaughter.] The atrocious killing of a consider- 
able number of human beings. 

Syn. Massacre, butchery, carnage. Massacre denotes 
promiscuous and wholesale slaughter, esp. of those who 
can make little or no resistance ; butchery implies the 
cold-blooded slaughter of men as if they were beasts ; car- 
nage suggests the heaped-up bodies of the slain. 

— v. t. ; -cred (-kerd) ; -cring (-kring). To make a massa- 
cre of ; slaughter. — mas'sa-crer (-krer), n. 

mas-sage' (md-sazh'), n. [F.] A method or the act of 
treating the body by rubbing, stroking, kneading, etc., for 
remedial or hygienic purposes. — v. t. ; -saged' (-sazhd') ; 
-sag'ing (-sazh'ing). To treat by massage. 

mas-sag'ist (md-sazh'ist), n. A masseur or masseuse. 

mas-se' (ma-sa', or, esp. in British usage, mas'a), n., or 
mass© Shot. [F. masse, p. p. of masser to make such a 
stroke.] Billiards. A stroke made by hitting the cue ball 
vertically or nearly vertically on the side so as to make it 
move in a sharp curve. 

mas-se'ter (ma-se'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. uaa-rjTrip a chewer, 
fivs fjLa<rr}TTip a muscle of the lower jaw used in chewing, fr. 
naaaadai to chew.] Anat. A large muscle which raises the 
lower jaw. — mas'se-ter'ic (mas'e-ter'ik), a. 

Ijmas'seur' (ma'sur'), n.; pi. -seurs (-surz'; F. -sQr'). 
[F.] A man who practices massage. — | mas'seuse' (md'- 
suz'), n.fem.; pi. -seuses (F. -suz'). 

mas'si-COt (mas'i-kot), n. [F.] A yellow powdery^ oxide 
of lead. See litharge. It sometimes occurs as a mineral. 
It is used as a pigment and drier. 

mas'sif (mas'if ; F. ma'sef), n. [F.] Geol. a A principal 
mountain mass, defined by valleys, b A block of the earth's 
crust bounded by faults and displaced as a unit. 

mass'i-ness (mas'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being massy. 

mas'sive (mas'rv), o. [F. massif.] 1. Forming, or 
consisting of, a large mass ; weighty ; bulky. 2. Of the fore- 
head, large and bold. 3. Min. In mass, not necessarily 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; na(gre, verdure (87); 



MASSIVELY 



603 



MATCH BOARD 




Mastaba. 



without a crystalline structure, but having no regular form. 
4. Of immaterial things, impressive or broad in scope, 
effect, volume, or the like. — Syn. See bulky. — massive- 
ly, adv. — mas'sive-ness, n. 

mass meeting. A large or general assembly of people. 

mass'y (mas'I), a.; mass'i-er (-I-er) ; mass'i-est. Bulky 
and heavy ; massive ; — lit. or fig. ; as, a massy rock. 

mast (mast), n. [AS. msest, fern.] Nuts collectively, as 
acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts, etc., esp. as food for hogs. 

mast, n. [AS. msest, masc] 1. A long pole or spar rising 
from the keel of a vessel or boat to sustain the yards, booms, 
sails and rigging. 2. Any upright pole. 3. Aeronautics. A 
spar or strut to which tie wires or guys are attached. — 
v. t. To furnish with a mast or masts. 

mas'ta-ba (mas'td-bd), n. Also mas'ta-bah. [Ar. macta- 
bah a large stone bench.] Egyp- 
tology. A type of tomb connected 
with a mummy chamber in the 
rock beneath. 

mas'ter (mas'ter),n. [AS. magister, 
msegister, or OF. maistre, mestre, 
F. maitre; both fr. L. magister."] 
1. A man having another living 
being subject to his will, as the com- 
mander of a merchant vessel, the employer of a servant, 
the owner of a slave or a dog, a teacher of children, etc. ; 
also, the man whose teachings or precepts one accepts or 
follows. Often specif, [cap.'] , Christ ; — with the. 2. One 
who uses, or controls at will, anything inanimate ; as, mas- 
ters of the sea. 3. A victor, as in a contest. 4. [When used 
as a title cap.] A person holding a certain advanced aca- 
demic degree ; as, Master of Arts. 5. A workman who fol- 
lows his trade independently and teaches apprentices. 6. 
One, esp. an artist, who has attained great skill. 7. In Scot- 
land, the title of the heir apparent of a viscount or a baron. 
8. \_cap] A title prefixed to the name of a man or youth ; — 
orig. used only of persons of rank or learning, later of men 
in general ; it is now restricted to boys. As a conventional 
courtesy title for men, master (abbr. Mr.) came to be pro- 
nounced mister, and only Mr. and the spelling Mister are 
now so used. 9. A youth or boy ; young gentleman. 10. 
Law. Any of various officers of court appointed to assist 
the judge ; as, a master in, or of, chancery. 

— a. Being master, or characteristic of a master ; principal ; 
controlling ; as, a master builder ; a master lode ; often spe- 
cif., Mach., etc., designating a device or mechanism that 
controls different mechanisms or parts ; as, a master key. 

— v. t. 1. To become the master of ; conquer ; subdue. 2. 
To become an adept in ; as, to master an art. 3. To rule, 
regulate, or direct as master. 

mas'ter-at-arms', n.; pi. mas'ters-at-arms'. Nav. A 
petty officer on a man-of-war charged with the mainte- 
nance of order, discipline, the custody of prisoners, etc. 
See corporal. 

mas'ter-dom (-dum), n. Dominion; control; mastery. 

mas'ter-ful (-fool), a. 1. Inclined to play the master ; domi- 
neering. 2. Showing power or mastery. — mas'ter-ful-ly, 
adv. — mas'ter-ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Authoritative, commanding, imperious, lordly, domi- 
neering, overbearing, arrogant, self-willed, dictatorial, mag- 
isterial. — Masterful, lordly, domineering. One is 
masterful who is imperious and self-willed, or (now esp.) 
who deals with affairs commandingly or compellingly ; as, 
a proud and masterful spirit. Lordly implies a lofty and 
superior, domineering an overbearing or tyrannical, air or 
manner ; as, a lordly condescension ; a domineering tone. 

master key. A key adapted to open several locks differing 
somewhat from each other ; — often used figuratively. 

mas'ter-ly, a. Suitable to, or characteristic of, a master ; 
indicating thorough knowledge or superior skill. — adv. 
With the skill of a master. — mas'ter-li-ness, n. 

master mason, a A mason thoroughly competent in his 
trade, b A Freemason raised to the third degree. 

mas'ter-piece' (mas'ter-peV), n. Anything done or made 
with extraordinary skill ; a chef-d'ceuvre. 

mas'ter-ship, n. 1. Status, office, or dignity of a master. 2. 
Mastery ; dominion. 3. The personality of a master. 
4. The knowledge or proficiency of a master ; mastery. 

mas'ter-sing'er (mas'ter-sing'er), n. = Meistersinger. 

master stroke. A masterly action or achievement. 

master vibrator. In an internal-combustion engine with 
two or more cylinders, an induction coil and vibrator placed 
in the circuit between the battery or magneto and the coils 
for the different cylinders, which are without vibrators. 

mas'ter-work' (mas'tSr-wurk'), n. The most important 
work accomplished by a skilled person, as in architecture, 
literature, etc. ; also, a masterpiece. 

mas'ter-worV (-wurt'), n. An apiaceous plant (Impera- 
toria ostruthium), formerly much used as a potherb. 

mas'ter-y (mas'ter-!), n.; pi. -teries (-iz). 1. The posi- 
tion or authority of a master ; mastership. 2. Superiority in 
war or competition ; victory ; as, to gain the mastery. 3. 



Skill or knowledge in, or intellectual command of, a sub- 
ject such as makes one a master in it. 

mast'head 7 (mast'hedO, n. Naut. The top of a mast, esp. 
the lower mast. — v. t. Naut. a To send to the masthead 
as a punishment, b To hoist to the masthead, as a flag. 

mas'tic (mas'tik), n. [F., fr. L. mastiche, Gr. uavrlxv] 

1. An aromatic astringent resin exuding from an anacardi- 
aceous tree or shrub (Pistacia lentiscus) of the Levant ; 
also, the plant. 2. Any of various pasty cements. 

mas'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t.; -cat/ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. masticatus, p. p. of masticare to chew.] 1. To grind 
with or as with the teeth, and prepare for swallowing and 
digestion ; chew. 2. To reduce to pulp by crushing or knead- 
ing, as rubber. — mas'ti-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. 

mas'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shwn), n. A masticating, or state of 
being masticated. 

mas'ti-ca-to-ry (mas'tT-kd-to-n), a. 1. Chewing ; adapted 
to the chewing of food. 2. Of, pert, to, or affecting the 
masticating organs. — n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). A substance to 
be chewed to increase the saliva. 

mas'tiff (mas'tif), n. [Prob. fr. OF. mastin, fr. L. mansue- 
tus tame] One of a breed of powerful, smooth-coated 
dogs, valued chiefly as watchdogs. 

mas-ti'tis (mas-tl'tTs), n. [NL. ; Gr. naaros breast + 
-His.] Med. Inflammation of the breast. 

mas'tO-don (mas't6-don), n. [Gr. ixaaros breast + 68ovs, 
ddovTos, tooth.] Any of numerous species of large extinct 
elephants (chiefly of genus Mammut), having molar teeth 
with high conical cusps or parallel ridges. 

mas'toid (mas'toid), a. [Gr. /xao-roei^s ; uaoros breast + 
eUos form.] Anat. a Resembling a nipple or breast ; in 
many mammals, designating a process of the temporal bone 
behind the ear. b Pertaining to, or in the region of, the mas- 
toid process. — n. The mastoid process or bone. 

mas'tur-ba'tion (mas'tur-ba'shun), n. [L. masturbatus, 
p. p. of masturbari to practice onanism.] Self-pollution. 

mat (mSt), n. [AS. matt, fr. L. matta rush mat.] 1. A piece 
of coarse fabric made by weaving or plaiting rushes, straw, 
etc. ; anything of similar form and use ; esp. : a A piece of 
material for use at a door to wipe the shoes on. b A piece 
of material used to support vases, toilet articles, dishes, etc., 
or for ornament. 2. Anything growing thickly, or closely 
interwoven ; as, a mat of weeds. 

— y.t.dc i. ; mat/ted (mat'ed ; 24) ; mat'ting. 1. To cover 
with or as with a mat or matting. 2. To twine or felt to- 
gether into, or like, a mat. 

mat, n. [F., a dull color ; dull-colored.] 1. A border with a 
gold surface, or one of paper, pasteboard, etc., serving as a 
frame or margin for a picture. 2. A dead or dull finish, or 
roughened surface, as in gilding or painting. — a. Having a 
dull and lusterless but uniform surface. — v. t. To render 
mat, as metal or glass. 

Mat a-be'le (mat'd-be'le), or Mat'a-beles (-lez), n. pi.; 
sing. Matabele. A Zulu people driven out of the Trans- 
vaal by the Boers in 1838. They settled in Matabeleland 
north of the Limpopo River. 

mat'a-dor (mat'd-dor ; -dor), n. Also mat'a-dore (mat'd- 
dor). [Sp. matador, prop., a killer.] 1. The man appointed 
to kill the bull in bullfights. 2. Card Playing. In certain 
games, one of the principal trumps. 

match (mach), n. [F. meche.] 1. A wick or cord prepared 
to burn at a uniform rate, as for firing a charge of powder. 

2. A splint of wood or a small piece of cord, paper, or cloth, 
dipped in melted sulphur to make it ignitible by the use of 
the tinder box. Obs. or Hist. 3. A short, slender piece of 
wood, or other material, tipped with a mixture by which 
fire is produced, formerly by contact with a chemical re- 
agent, now by friction. 

match, n. [AS. gemaecca.] 1. An equal or companion in 
age, rank, or the like ; also, a rival ; antagonist. 06s. 2. A 
person or thing equal or similar to another ; one able to 
mate or cope with another ; an equal. 3. An exact counter- 
part. 4. A pair suitably associated ; as, the carpet and cur- 
tain are a match. 5. A bringing or coming together of two 
parties for a contest or the like. 6. A matrimonial union. 
7. A candidate for matrimony. 

— v. t. 1. To marry, esp. with reference to the suitability of 
the parties. 2. To encounter as an antagonist ; now, 
always, to encounter successfully ; equal. 3. To bring a 
match, or equal, against ; to set something in competition 
with, or in opposition to, as equal. 4. To make or procure 
the equal of, or that which is exactly similar to, or corre- 
sponds with ; as, to match a vase. 5. To adapt or suit (one 
thing to another). 6. To fit together, or make suitable for 
fitting together; specif., to furnish with a tongue and a 
groove, at the edges ; as, to match boards. — v. i. 1. To 
marry ; mate. 2. To be equal or similar, as in size, figure, 
color, or the like ; to correspond. 

matcb/a-ble (mach'd-b'l), a. Capable of being matched. 
match board. A board having a groove in one edge and a 
tongue on the other. 



( 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; . boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to "Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. D Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal* 



MATCHER 



. 604 



MATTE 



Snatch'er, n. One who matches ; a matching machine. 

match'less (mach'les), a. Having no equal ; unequaled. 

match/lock' (-lok/), n. An old form of gunlock in which the 
priming was fired by a match ; a musket with such a lock. 

match'mak'er, n. One who makes matches for burning. 

match'mak'er (-mak'er), n. One who schemes to bring 
about a marriage or marriages. — match'mak'ing, n. & a. 

match play. Golf. Play in which the score is reckoned by 
counting tnr*- holes won by each side. Cf. medal play. 

match/woo^, (mach'wood'), n. 1. Touchwood. Obs. 2. 
Wood suitable for matches ; hence, splinters. 

mate (mat), n. [See checkmate.] Chess. A checkmate. — 
v. t. ; mat'ed (mat'ed ; 24) ; mat'ing (-ing). To checkmate. 

mate, n. 1. A companion ; comrade. 2. A match ; an equal. 
3. a A husband or wife, esp. one suited to the other spouse. 
b One of a pair of animals associated for breeding. 4. a 
Naut. An officer in a merchant vessel, ranking next below 
the master, b Nav. A subordinate assistant to a warrant 
officer ; as, a boatswain's mate. C In the United States 
navy, a subordinate officer having no rank, but taking pre- 
cedence of all other enlisted men. 

— v. t. 1. To oppose as equal ; match. 06s. or R. 2. a To 
marry, b Of animals, to pair. 3. To couple or associate as 
mate, or equal, —-v. i. To be or become a mate or mates. 

ma'te, ma'te (ma'ta ; ma'ta) , n. [Sp. mate.'] A beverage 
prepared in South America from the leaves of a certain 
holly (Ilex paraguayensis) ; also, the plant ; — called 
also Paraguay tea. It is a strong stimulant. 

mat'e-lote (mat'e-lot), mat'e-lotte (-lot), n. [F. matelote, 
f r. matelot a sailor ; properly, a dish such as sailors prepare.] 
A stew, commonly of fish, flavored with wine and served 
with a wine sauce containing onions, mushrooms, etc. 

ma'ter-fa-mil'i-as (ma'ter-fd-mil'i-as)^ n. [L. ; mater 
mother + familias, gen. of familia family.] The mistress 
of a house ; the mother of a family ; a matron. 

ma-te'ri-al (md-te'rT-dl), a. [L. materialis, fr. materia 
stuff, matter.] 1. Of or pertaining to matter ; corporeal ; 
bodily ; physical ; as, material substance. 2. Philos. Per- 
taining to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing ; 
pertaining to real significance, rather than to form, logical 
manner, or possible significance. 3. Of solid or weighty 
character; of consequence; important ; essential; as, 
material evidence. 4. Pertaining to or affecting man's 
physical nature ; sensual or sensuous ; bodily ; as, material 
enjoyments. 5. Derived from matter as the chief con- 
stituent of the physical universe ; as, material forces. 

— n. 1. The substance or substances, or the parts, goods, 
etc., composing anything, or necessary for any given pur- 
pose or use. 2. Data of any sort, as notes, sketches, etc., 
to which may be given a more finished form. 3. Matter 
viewed as the relatively formless basis of reality. 

ma-te'ri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Philos. Any theory which 
considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently ex- 
plained by the existence and nature of matter. 2. Tend- 
ency to give undue importance to material interests. 

ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. 1. An adherent of materialism. 2. One 
who holds to the existence of matter ; — disting. from 
idealist. 3. One absorbed in material interests. 

ma-te'ri-al-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. Of or pert, to materialism or 
materialists ; of the nature of materialism. 

ma-te'ri-al'i-ty (-Sl'i-tY), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). Quality or 
state of being material ; that which is material. 

ma-te'ri-al-i-za'tion (-T-za'shtin ; -T-za'-), n. Act of mate- 
rializing, or state of being materialized. 

ma-te'ri-al-ize (md-te'n-dl-Iz), v. t.j -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing 
(-iz'ing). 1. To invest with material character istics ; ex- 
press through the medium of material objects. 2. Spirit- 
ualism. To make (a spirit) visible in or as in a material 
form. — v. i. To appear as a material form ; become a 
realized fact. — ma-te'ri-al-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 1. Philos. In respect of the matter, as 
distinguished from the form ; in respect of the material 
cause. 2. With or with respect to, or in the state of, matter, 
or physical substance. 3. Substantially ; essentially. 

ma-te'ri-a med'i-ca (md-te'ri-d med'T-kd). [L. See mat- 
ter ; medical.] 1. Material or substance used in remedies ; 
— a general term. 2. Medical science treating of the nature 
and properties of all substances used for curing disease. 

|| ma'te'ri-el' (ma/ta're-elO, n. [F. _ See material.] Mate- 
rial part of a thing ; material supplies ; esp., that in a com- 
plex system which constitutes the materials, or instru- 
ments employed ; — disting. from personnel. 

ma-ter'nal (md-tur'ndl), a. [L. maternus, fr. mater moth- 
er.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or being a mother ; motherly. 
2. Derived or received from, or connected through, one's 
mother. — Syn. See motherly. — ma-ter'nal-ly, adv. 

ma-ter'ni-ty (-nT-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or quality 
of being a mother ; character or relation of a mother ; 
motherliness. — maternity hospital, a lying-in hospital. 

math (math), n. [AS. mae8.~] A mowing, or that which is 
gathered by mowing. Obs. or Dial. 



math'e-mat'ic (math'e-mat'ik), a. [From F. or L., fr. Gr. 
tiadrifiaTCKos disposed to learn, mathematical, fr. /xadrjuara 
things learned, uavdavuv to learn.] Mathematical. Now 
Rare. — n. Mathematics. 

math/e-mat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Of, pert, to, or according to, 
mathematics ; hence : theoretically precise ; accurate. — 
math'e suat'i-cal-ly, adv. [matics.l 

math/e-ma-ti'cian (-md-tish'on), n. One versed in mathe-| 

math^e-mat'ics (-mat'iks), n. (See -ics.) The science 
treating of the exact relations existing between quantities 
or magnitudes and operations, and of the methods by which, 
in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are 
deducible from others known or supposed. 

mat'in (mat'In), n. [F. matines, fern. pi. fr. L. matutinus 
of the morning, fr. Matuta goddess of the morning.] In 
pi. Eccl. One of the canonical hours : a A service or office 
for morning, properly said at midnight, sometimes at day- 
break, b In Anglican churches, the order for, or service of, 
Morning Prayer ; — often spelt mattins in English usage. 

— a. Of or pertaining to matins or the morning. 

mat'i-nee' (mat'i-na', or esp. in British usage, mat'l-na'), 
n. [F.,_fr. matin^ morning.] A reception, or a musical or 
dramatic entertainment, held in the daytime. 

mat'ing (mat'Ing), vb. n. A pairing or matching. 

mat'rass (mat'rds), n. [F. matras.] Chem. a See bolt- 
head, b [Usually spelt mattrass in the trade.] A small 
hard glass tube closed at one end, used in blowpipe analysis. 

ma'tri-arch (ma'tn-ark), n. [L. mater mother + Gr. &pxos 
chief.] A woman who is the head and ruler of her family ; a 
ruler by maternal right ; — corresponding to patriarch. — 
ma'tri-ar'chal (-ar'kal), a. — ma'tri-ar'chal-ism, n. 

ma'tri-ar'chate (-kat), n. A matriarchal state or govern- 
ment ; the fact or theory of matriarchal institutions. 

ma'tli-arch'y (ma'tn-aVkT), n.;pl. -archies (-kiz). A 
state or stage of social evolution in which descent is reck- 
oned only in the female line, all children belonging to the 
mother's clan ; hence, often, rulership by woman. 

mat'ri-ces (mat'rT-sez ; md-trl'sez), n., pi. of matrix. 

mat'ri-cid'al (mat'ri-sid'dl ; ma'tn-), a. Of or pertaining 
to matricide. 

mat'ri-cide (-sld), n. [L. matricidium ; mater mother + 
caedere to kill.] 1. The murder of a mother by her child. 
2. [L. matricida.] One who murders one's own mother. 

ma-tric'U-lant (md-tnk'u-ldnt), n. An applicant or candi- 
date for matriculation. 

ma-tric'u-late Mat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
matricula a public roll, dim. of matrix. See matrix.] To 
enroll ; admit to membership by enrollment, as in a body or 
society, esp. in a college or university. — v. i. To be matric- 
ulated. — n. One who is matriculated. 

ma-tric'u-la'tion (md-trTk'u-la'shun), n. Act of matricu- 
lating, or state of being matriculated. 

mat'ri-mo'ni-al (mat'ri-mo'ni-dl), a. Of or pertaining to 
marriage ; connubial ; nuptial. — mat'ri-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. 
Syn. Matrimonial, conjugal, connubial, nuptial, mar- 
ital all refer to marriage. Matrimonial is the most gen- 
eral term for whatever pertains to the marriage relation ; 
as, matrimonial alliances. Conjugal and connubial are often 
used interchangeably. More strictly, conjugal connotes 
the married persons, connubial, the marriage state ; as, 
conjugal love ; connubial contracts. Nuptial has primary 
reference to the marriage rites or ceremony ; as, "the nup- 
tial torch. " Marital suggests specif, that which pertains to 
a husband (as, marital authority) ; it is also used with 
general application to marriage ; as, marital discomfort. 

mat'ri-mo-ny (mat'rY-mo-n!), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [OF. 
matrimoine, L. matrimonium, fr. mater mother.] 1. 
Marriage; wedlock. 2. Card Playing, a A game played 
by several persons, with a layout, b Any king and queen 
in the game of matrimony and in some other games. — Syn. 
See marriage. 

ma'trix (ma'triks), n.; pi. matrices (mat'ri-sez; as Lai. 
prop, md-trl'sez). [L., fr. mater mother.] 1. The womb. 
2. That which gives form, origin, or foundation to some- 
thing inclosed or embedded in it, as a mold for casting, a 
cement to bind materials in mass, etc. 3. a Biol. The inter- 
cellular substance of a tissue, b Anat. A formative part, as 
the cutis beneath a nail. 4. The earthy or stony substance 
in which an ore or other mineral is bedded ; the gangue. 

ma'tron (ma'trun), n. [F. matrone, L. matrona, fr. mater 
mother.] 1. A wife or a widow, esp. one who is a mother. 
2. A housekeeper ; esp., a woman who manages the domestic 
economy of a public institution. — ma'tron-al (-31), a. 

ma'tron-age (ma'trun-aj ; mat'rwn-), n. 1. A body of ma- 
trons. 2. Matronly care ; also, matronly state. 

ma'tron-ize (-Iz), v. t. 1. To make a matron of ; make 
matronly. 2. To act the part of a matron toward ; chaperon. 

ma'tron-ly ( -li ), a. Like or befitting a matron ; hence : 
sedate ; grave. — adv. Like a matron. 

matte (mat), n. [F.] 1. Crude, impure metal, as copper 
or lead, smelted from sulphide ores. 2. Mat, or dull finish. 



ale, senate, care, am,occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, drb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MATTER 



605 



MAY 



mat'ter (mat'er),n. [F.matierejr. L.. materia.] l.Thatof 
which any physical object is composed ; material ; constitu- 
ents ; also, a particular kind or portion of material ; as, color- 
ing matter. 2. Specif., substance excreted or discharged 
from living animal bodies ; esp., a purulent discharge ; pus. 
3. Physics. Whatever occupies space ; that which is con- 
ceived to constitute the body of the outward or physical 
universe and, with energy, to form the basis of objective 
phenomena. 4. Philos. The indeterminate subject of re- 
ality ; the unorganized basis or stuff of experience which, 
when combined with form, or the ideal element, gives phe- 
nomena, or real objects. 5. Concern ; affair ; hence, indefi- 
nitely, a thing or things ; as, a small matter. 6. Subject of 
action, discussion, feeling, complaint, or the like ; subject 
matter. 7. Ground ; cause, esp. of anything disagreeable or 
distressing ; difficulty. 8. Affair of consequence ; moment ; 
— chiefly in what matter? no matter, etc. 9. Amount; 
quantity ; — often indefinite ; as, a matter of ten miles. 
10. Printing. Anything to be set in type ; copy ; also, type 
set up. 11. Post Office. Mail matter; mail. 

— v. i. 1. To be of importance ; import. 2. To maturate. 

mat'ter-of— fact', a. Adhering to facts ; conforming to ab- 
solute reality ; not fanciful or imaginative. 

Mat'thew (math'u), n. [F. Mathleu, L. Matthaeus, Gr. 
Marflcuos.] Bib. a A collector of customs at Capernaum, 
who became one of the Twelve Apostles, b The Gospel of 
Matthew. 

mat'ting (mat'Tng), n. 1. Act of interweaving so as to 
make a mat. 2. A kind of carpeting made of straw, etc. 

mat'tock (-uk), n. [AS. mattuc] An implement, for dig- 
ging and grubbing, of which the head has one blade like an 
adz, the other like a narrow ax or pointed like a pickax. 

mat'toid (-oid), n. [It. matto mad + -oid.] A person of 
congenitally abnormal mind bordering on insanity. 

mat'trass. Chem. Var. of matrass. 

mat'tress (mat'res), n. [OF. materas, fr. Ar. matrah a 
place where anything is thrown, what is thrown under 
something, fr. tar aha to throw.] 1. A bed stuffed with 
hair, moss, or the like, and tufted or otherwise fastened. 2. 
Hydraul. Engin. A mass of interwoven brush, poles, etc., 
to protect a bank from erosion by currents or waves. 

mat'u-rate (matlji-rat), v. i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'tng. 
[L. maturatus, p. p. of maturare to make mature.] To 
ripen; mature; specif., to suppurate. 

mat'u-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. 1. Process of suppurating 
perfectly ; suppuration. 2. Process of bringing, or of com- 
ing, to full development or maturity. 3. Biol. The final 
stages of mitotic division in the formation of the egg, or in 
the development of the sperm or spermatozoon, involving 
reduction of the chromosomes. 

ma-tur'a-tive (md-tur'd-tTv ; mat^-ra-tiv), a. Conducing 
or pertaining to maturation or suppuration. 

ma-ture' (md-tilr'), a. ; -tur'er (-tur'er) ; -tur'est (-tur'- 
est). [L. maturus.~] 1. Full-grown ; ripe ; fully developed ; 
as, mature age. 2. Completely worked out ; ready for ac- 
tion or development ; perfected ; as, a mature plan. 3. 
Of or pert, to a condition of full development ; as, a man of 
mature years. 4. Having run to the limit of its time ; due, 
as a note. 5. Phys. Geog. Designating the topography of a 
surface well dissected by the erosion of running water so 
that slopes predominate greatly over flats ; — applied also 
to streams which have cut their valleys down nearly or 
quite to base level, but have not yet made them very wide. 
Syn. Mature, ripe, mellow (esp. in fig. senses). Mature 
and ripe imply fullness of growth ; mature emphasizes the 
completion of a development, ripe suggests rather readiness 
for use, or full fruition ; as, my plans are not yet mature ; he 
was now ripe for mighty enterprises. Mellow emphasizes 
the softness, sweetness, or richness attendant upon com- 
plete ripeness or maturity ; as, a mellow vein of cheerful- 
ness ; a mellow old age. 

— v. t. & i.; -tured' (-turd') ; -tur'ing (-tur'ing). 1. To 
bring, hasten, or come to maturity; ripen; perfect. 2. 
To become due, as a note. 

ma-ture'ly, adv. In a mature manner. 

ma-ture'ness, n. State or quality of being mature. 

ma-tu'ri-ty (md-tu'rT-tT), n. 1. State or quality of being 
mature ; ripeness. 2. State or fact of being due, as of a note. 

ma-tu'ti-nal (md-tu'tT-ndl ; mat^-tT'nal), a. [L. matuti- 
nalis,matutinus. See matin.] Pert, to the morning ; early. 

matz'oth (mat'soth), n. pi. [Heb. matstsoth, pi. of matst- 
sah unleavened.] Unleavened bread eaten at the Passover. 

maud'lin (mod'lin), a. [From Maudlin, i. e., Magdalen, 
who is drawn by painters with eyes swollen and red with 
weeping.] 1. Tearfully or weakly emotional ; effusively 
sentimental. 2. Drunk enough to be emotionally silly. 

mau'ger, mau'gre (mo'ger), prep. & adv. [OF. maugre, 
malgre, prop., fll will. See malice ; agree.] In spite of ; 
notwithstanding. 

maul, mall (m61), n. [See maix mallet.] 1. A heavy mal- 
let ; mace. Archaic or Hist. 2. A heavy nammer or beetle, 
esp. one for driving wedges. — v. t. 1. To beat and bruise 



or mangle ; handle roughly. 2. To split, as a rail, with a 
maul and wedge. U. S. — maul'er, n. 

maul'Stick' (mol'sttk'), n. [D. maalstok, or G. maler- 
stock; G. maler a painter + stock stick.] A stick used by 
painters as a rest for the hand while working 

mau'met (mo'met), n. [Contr. fr. Mahomet.'] 1. A false 
god or idol. Obs. 2. A puppet ; doll ; image ; also, a guy. 
Archaic or Dial. Eng. — mau'met-ry (-rl), n. 

maund (mond), n. [Hind. &. Per. man.] A greatly vnrying 
weight of India ; also, a corresponding weight of Persia, 
Turkey, etc. In India, the government maund is 100 lbs. 
troy (82.286 lbs. av. or 37.327 kg.). 

maun'der (mon'der; man'-), v. i. 1. To grumble; growl. 
06s. 2. To move languidly ; wander idly. 3. To speak in- 
distinctly or disconnectedly ; mumble. — maun'der-er, n. 

Maundy Thursday. [OF. ,'mande a command, L. manda- 
tum: — fr. an old custom of washing the feet of the poor 
on this day as a fulfillment of the "new commandment." 
John xiii. 5, 34.] The Thursday before Good Friday. 

mau'SO-le'um (mo'so-le'um), n. ; pi. E. -leums (-umz), L. 
-LEA (-d). [L., fr. Gr. /xavawXelov , fr. Mavcru>\o<: Mausolus, 
king of Caria, whose tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of 
the W : orld.] A magnificent tomb or stately sepulcher. 

mauve (mov), n. [F., mallow, L. malva ; — from the pur- 
plish color of the petals of the flower of common mallow.] 
A delicate purple, violet, or lilac color. 

mav'er-ick (mav'er-Tk), n. Cattle Raising. An unbranded 
animal, esp. a motherless calf. Western U. S. 

ma'vis (ma'vis), n. [F. mauvis.] The European song 
thrush (Turdus musicus). Local, Brit. 

ma-vour'nin, ma-vour'neen (md-voor'nen), n. [Ir. mo 
mhuirnin.] My darling ; — used of a girl or woman. Ir.. 

maw (mo), n. [AS. maga stomach.] 1. A stomach,; in 
birds, the crop. 2. The stomach as the seat or symbol of 
voracious appetite. 3. The throat, gullet, or jaws. 

maw, n., or maw seed. The seed of the opium poppy, 
commonly used as birdseed. [or Dial.l 

mawk (mok), n. [ME. mawke, maSek.] A maggot. Obs. \ 

maw'kin. Var. of malkin. Archaic or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

mawk'ish (mok'ish), a. [Orig., maggoty.] 1. Apt to cause 
satiety or loathing ; disgusting. 2. Marked by sickly senti- 
mentality ; maudlin. — mawk'ish-ly, adv. — ish-ness, n. 

max-il'la (mak-sil'd), n.; pi. -l& (-e). [L., dim. of mala 
jaw, jawbone.] 1. Anat. A membrane bone on either side 
of the face, which bears the upper teeth. 2. Zo'ol. In most 
arthropods, one of the paired appendages behind the man- 
dibles, usually serving as accessory jaws. 

max'il-la : ry (mak'si-Ia-n), a. Anat. & Zo'dl. Of or pert. 
to a maxilla. — n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). A maxillary bone. 

max'im (mak'sim), n. [L. maxima (sc. sententia, or a 
similar noun), the greatest sentence, i. e., of the greatest 
authority, fem. fr. maximus greatest, superl. of magnus 
great.] A general truth or a sententious rule of conduct ; 
esp., a proverbial saying embodying a moral or practical 
precept. — Syn. See axiom. 

max'i-mal (mak'si-mal), a. Highest ; greatest. 

max'im-ite (mak'slm-it), n. [After Hudson Maxim, the 
inventor.] A high explosive of the picric acid class, spe- 
cially adapted for use in armor-piercing shells. 

max'i-mize (mak'si-miz), v. t. [L. maximus greatest.] 
To increase to the highest degree. — v. i. To interpret a 
doctrine, duty, or the like, in the most inclusive sense. 

max'i-mum (-si-mum), n.; pi. L. -ma (-md), E. -mums 
(-miimz). [L., neut. fr. maximus. See maxim.] 1. The 
greatest quantity or value attainable in a given case ; or, the 
greatest value attained by a quantity which first increases 
and then begins to decrease ; the highest point or degree ; — 
opposed to minimum. 2. An upper limit allowed by law 
or other authority. 

— a. 1. Greatest in quantity or highest in degree attainable 
or attained, or greatest allowed by law. 2. Pertaining to, 
marking, or determining a maximum. 

may (ma), n. [AS. mseg.] A maiden. Archaic or Dial. 

may (ma), v. ; pres., sing., 1st & 3d pers. may, 2d may'est 
(ma'est), mayst (mast), pi. may ; pret. might (mit). Infini- 
tive and participles now lacking. [AS. pres. mseg. I am 
able, pret. meahte, mihte.] 1. [y. i.] To be able. Obs. 2. 
As auxiliary, with the infinitive without to, denoting : a 
Ability ; competency ; — oftener expressed by can. b Liber- 
ty ; opportunity ; permission ; possibility ; as, he may go. C 
Desire or wish, as in prayer ; as, may you live happily, d 
Contingency ; — esp. in clauses of purpose, result, conces- 
sion, indirect question, in indefinite relative clauses, etc. 
Syn. May, can. So far as can and may come into compari- 
son, can expresses ability, whether physical or mental ; 
may implies permission or sanction ; as, he will come if he 
can (if he is able) ; I shall come, if I may (if I am permitted). 
The use of can for may in asking permission is incorrect. 

May, n. [F. mai, L. Maius.] 1. The fifth month of the 
year, having 31 days. 2. The springtime of life ; prime ; 
heyday. 3. [I. c] The hawthorn or its blossoms. 4. The 
merrymaking of May Day. 



i 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MAYA 



606 



MEANING 



ma'ya (ma'ya), n. [Skr. maya.~\ Hinduism. Illusion ; the 
physical universe conceived as having no true reality. 

Ma'ya (ma'ya), n. 1. An Indian of the most important 
people of the Mayan stock. The Mayas inhabit Yucatan. 
2. The language of the Mayas. 

Ma'yan (ma'yan), a. 1. Designating, or pertaining to, an 
American Indian linguistic stock occupying southeastern 
Mexico and parts of Guatemala and Salvador. When dis- 
covered, shortly after 1500, the Mayan peoples had a high 
culture. 2. Of or pertaining to the Mayas. 

May apple. An American herb {Podophyllum peltatum) 
of the barberry family, or its edible, yellow, egg-shaped 
fruit of mawkish flavor. 

may'be (ma'be), adv. [For it may be.] Perhaps. 

may'DUSh' (ma'boosh'), n. The hawthorn. Chiefly Archaic. 

May Day. The first day of May, often celebrated by the 
crowning of a May queen with a garland, and (less com- 
monly than formerly) by dancing about a Maypole. 

May'flow'er (-flou'er), n. 1. In England, any of several 
plants which flower in May, as the hawthorn, marsh mari- 
gold, etc. 2. The trailing arbutus. See arbutus. U. S. 

May fly. An ephemera. 

may'hap'tma'hap' ; ma'hap), may'hap'pen (-hap^n), adv. 
[For it may hap.] Perhaps. Archaic or Dial. 

may'hem (ma'hem), n. [See maim.] Law. The maiming 
of a person by depriving him of the use of any of his mem- 
bers necessary in fighting. [Day. I 

May'ing (ma'ing) , n. [Often I. c] Celebration of May| 

may'on-naise' (ma'o-naz' ; F. ma'yS'nSz'), n. [F.] A 
sauce of egg yolks beaten up with olive oil and seasoned. 

may'or (ma'er ; mar), n. [F. maire, fr. L. major, compar. 
of magnus great.] The chief magistrate of a city or bor- 
ough. — may'or-al (ma'<5r-dl), a. 

may'or-al-ty (-tT), n. Office, or term of office, of a mayor. 

May'pole' (ma'pol'), n. A tall pole erected in an open place 
and wreathed with flowers as a center for May-day sports. 

may'pop' (ma'pop 7 ), n. The edible fruit of a passion flower 
(Passiflora incarnata) ; also, the plant itself. So. U. S. 

May queen. A girl or young woman crowned queen in the 
sports of May Day. 

May'tide' (-tldO, May'time' (-t!m'), n. The month of May. 

may'weed' (-we'd'), n. [AS. msegpa mayweed.] A strong- 
scented European asteraceous weed (Anthemis cotula), 
naturalized in the United States. It has daisylike flowers 
with a yellow disk and white rays. [face ; head. I 

maz'ard (maz'drd), n. Obs. 1. A cup or bowl. 2. The| 

maz'a-rine' (maz'd-ren'), a. Mazarine blue in color. 
mazarine blue, a deep blue, named for Cardinal Mazarin. 

Maz'da-ism, Maz'de-ism (maz'dS-iz'm), n. The religion 
of the ancient Persians. See Ormazd, Zoroastrianism. 

maze (maz), n. 1. Confusion of thought; perplexity: 
amazement. 2. A confusing and baffling network, as of 
paths ; labyrinth. — Syn. See labyrinth. — v. t.; mazed 
(mazd) ; maz'ing (maz'ing). 1. To stupefy; daze. Archaic. 
2. To perplex greatly ; bewilder. Rare. 

ma'zer (ma'zer), n. A drinking bowl, orig. of a hard wood. 

ma'zi-ly (ma'zT-lT), adv. In a mazy manner. 

ma'zi-ness, n. State of being mazy. 

ma-zur'ka (md-zur'kd; md-zoor'-), ma-zour'ka f-zopr'- 
kd), n. [Pol. mazurka a woman of the province Mazovia.] 
A Polish dance in moderate triple time ; also, music for it. 

ma'zy ( ma'zT ), a.; -zi-er ( -er ) ; -zi-est. _ [From maze.'] 
Perplexed with or as with turns and windings ; winding ; 
intricate; confusing. 

me (me), pers. pron. [AS. me, dat. & ace] The objective 
(dative or accusative) case of /. 

mea'cock (me'kok), n. An uxorious or effeminate man. Obs. 

mead (med), ra. [AS. meodo.] A fermented drink of water 
and honey with malt, yeast, etc., or one made from manna. 

mead, n [AS. msed.] A meadow. Poetic. 

mead'OW (med'o), n. [AS. msedwe, an inflectional form of 
msed.] Grassland, esp. a field on which grass is grown for 
hay; often, a tract of low or level land producing grass 
which is mown for hay. 

meadow lark. Any of several varieties of an American os- 
cine bird (Sturnella magna) about the size 
of a robin, with yellow breast marked 
with a black crescent 

meadow rue. Any of a genus (Tha- 
liclrum) of widely distributed ra- 
nunculaceous herbs. The 
leaves resemble those of rue 

mea d'ow- 
sweet'dned'- 
o-swet'),n. 1* 
Any of a genus 
( Spirsea ) of 
plants ; esp., a low shrub 
(S. salicifolia), of Europe 
and America, with white 
flowers in terminal pan- 
icles ; — called also mead- 




ow queen. 2. Any of a closely related genus (Filipendula). 

mead'OW-y ( -I ), a. Resembling or consisting of meadow. 

mea'ger, mea'gre (me'ger), a. [F. maigre, L. macer.] 1„ 
Destitute of, or having little, flesh ; thin ; lean. 2. Desti- 
tute of richness, strength, etc. ; poor ; barren ; as, a meager 
education. — Syn. Lank, gaunt, starved, emaciated. — 
mea'ger-ly, mea'gre-ly, adv. — -ger-ness, -gre-ness, n. 

mea'gre (me'ger), n. [F. maigre.] A large European 
sciaenoid food fish (Scisena aquila). 

meal (mel), n. [AS. melu, melo.] 1. Grain (esp. maize, rye, 
or oats) or pulse coarsely ground and unbolted. 2. Any 
powdery substance resembling meal (sense 1 ) in size. 

meal, n. [AS. mM measure, mark, sign, appointed time, 
a meal.] The portion of food taken at a particular time to 
satisfy appetite ; repast ; also, act or time of eating a meal. 

-meal. [AS. -maelum, orig. dat. pi. of msel. See 2d meal ] 
A suffix forming adverbs, and signifying measure or portion 
taken at one time; as in piecewieaZ. 

meal'ies (mel'iz), n. pi. ; sing, mealie. [Cape D. milje, fr. 
Pg. milho maize, L. milium millet. Oxf. E D.] Maize, or 
Indian corn ; in sing., an ear of maize. South Africa. 

meal'i-ness (mel'I-nes), n. Quality or state of being mealy. 

meal'time' (mel'tlm'). n. The usual time of eating a meal. 

meal worm. The larVa of certain beetles infesting grain, 
used as food for some cage birds. 

meal'y (mel'i), a.; meal'i-er (-i-er) ; meal'i-est. 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities of meal ; soft, dry, and friable. 2. Con- 
taining meal ; farinaceous. 3. Mealy-mouthed. 4. Flecked 
with white or gray ; spotty ; also, pale ; floury. 

meal'y-mouthed' (-mouthd'; -moutht'), a. Using soft 
words ; affectedly or timidly delicate of speech. 

mean (men), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. meant (ment) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. mean'ing. [AS. msenan to recite, tell, intend, wish.] 
1. To have in the mind, as a purpose ; intend. 2. To have 
in mind as the object, signification, or the like, of any ex- 
pression or symbol ; as, to say what one means ; hence : to 
signify ; import ; as, this means nothing. 3. To have in 
mind a particular reference or destination for (a remark, 
gift, or the like). — v. i. To purpose or intend ; — chiefly 
in to mean well or ill. 

mean, a. [AS. gemxne common.] 1. Without distinction 
or eminence ; common ; low. 2. Without power or acumen ; 
ordinary. 3. Of little value or account ; shabby ; contempti- 
ble. 4. Wanting dignity of mind ; ignoble ; base. 5. Penu- 
rious ; stingy ; as, mean hospitality. 6. a Characterized by 
petty selfishness or malice ; specif., ill-tempered. Colloq., 
U. S. b Ashamed ; " small " ; as, to feel mean. Colloq., U. S. 
— Syn. Ignoble, abject, wretched, vulgar, servile, me- 
nial ; spiritless, groveling, slavish ; dishonorable, disgrace- 
ful, shameful, despicable ; paltry, sordid. See base. 

mean, a. [OF. meiien, fr. L. medianus that is in the mid- 
dle, medius middle.] 1. Occupying a middle position ; in- 
termediate ; as, in the mean time ; a mean course. 2. Math. 
Average ; having that value intermediate between extremes 
or between successive values which each would have were 
they all equal but of the same aggregate value ; as, mean 
distance. — Syn. See average. 

— n. 1. Something intermediate. Obs. 2. The middle point, 
or that which is at or near it ; as, the golden mean ; henci; : 
medium ; moderation ; measure. 3. Math, a A quantity 
having an intermediate value between several others of 
which it expresses the mean value ; usually, unless otherwise 
specified, the one simple average (arithmetical mean,) 
got by dividing the sum of the quantities by their number. 
b Often, the second or third term in a proportion of four 
terms. 4. [Usually in form means, construed as sing.] 
Intermediate agency ; instrument. 5. In pi. Resources ; 
property, revenue, etc. ; as, his means have been exhausted ; 
a man of means. 

me-an'der (mS-an'der), n. [From the Mxander (now Men- 
derez) River in Phrygia, proverbial for its windings.] A 
winding, as of a stream ; hence, a winding course ; — usually 
in pi. — v. i. & t. 1. To wind or turn in a course ; follow an 
intricate course. 2. To wander aimlessly or listlessly. 

me-an^drous (me-an'drus), a. Winding ; flexuous. _ 

mean'ing (men'ing), n. 1. That which is meant ; intent; 
aim ; object. 2. That which is, or is intended to be, signi- 
fied; import; sense; significance. 

Syn. Meaning, sense, signification, significance, im- 
port, purport. Meaning, the general term, is that which 
a thing signifies or (esp.) that which it is designed or in- 
tended to express ; as, my meaning is plain ; the meaning 
of a word. Sense suggests esp. a particular or specific, or 
■(sometimes) an intelligible, meaning ; as, in which sense do 
you mean to take the word, in that sense, he is a man. 
Signification is esp. established or accepted meaning, as of 
a word or a symbol ; significance is meaning (often covert 
rather than ostensible) regarded as of weight or moment ; 
as, the signification of a name ; the significance of a look. 
Import sometimes denotes little more than meaning, esp. 
regarded as conveyed ; as, the import of his talk. Oftener 
import implies momentous significance ; as, a work of no im- 
port. Purport is meaning esp. in the sense of general tenor. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MEANINGLESS 



607 



MEDIATE 



~p.a. Intending; also, expressive ; significant. — mean'r 
ing-less, o. — mean'ing-ly, adv. — mean'ing-ness, n. 

meanly (men'li), adv. Moderately. Obs. 

mean'ly, adv. In a mean manner ; poorly ; ignobly. 

mean'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being mean. 2. An 
instance of being mean ; a mean act. 

meant (ment), pret. & p. p. of mean. 

mean'time 7 (men'tim'), adv. In the intervening time or 
interval ; at the same time. — n. The intervening time. 

mean'whUe' (-hwll'), n. & adv. = meantime. [pork.| 

mea'sled (me'z'ld), a. Infected or spotted with measles, asj 

mea'sles (me'z'lz), n.; pi. in form, but used as singular in 
senses 1 & 2 a. [ME. masel, pi. masles, mesel.~] I.Med. 
A contagious eruptive febrile disorder. 2. [Prob. fr. OF. 
mesel leprous, fr. LL., fr. L. misellus unfortunate, dim. of 
miser wretched.] a A disease of cattle and swine, caused 
by the larvae of certain tapeworms (genus Tsenia). b As a 
pi. The larvae causing this disease, when contained in flesh. 

mea'sly (-zlT), a. 1. Infected with measles. 2. Containing 
tapeworms ; — said of meat. 3. Contemptible. Slang. 

meas'ur-a-Dle (mezh'uT-d-b'l), a. Capable of being meas- 
ured. — meas'ur-a-bly, adv. 

meas'ure (mezh'ur; 87), n. [F. mesure, L. mensura, fr. 
metiri, mensus, to measure.] 1. Act or process of ascer- 
taining the extent, dimensions, quantity, degree, capacity, 
or the like, of a thing ; measurement. 2. An instrument, as 
a yardstick, for measuring. 3. The dimensions, capacity, or 
quantity of anything, determined by measuring. 4. A unit 
of measurement. 5. Hence : a criterion ; gauge. 6. A system 
of measurement, as cubic measure. See phrases, below. 
7. Due or given extent, degree, or quantity ; portion due 
or proportion ; often, due restraint or limitation ; — used 
esp. in in, with, or beyond measure, etc. 8. An extent, 
degree, or quantity. 9. Regulated division of movement 
as in music, poetry, etc. 10. A tune ; melody. Poetic. 
11. Arith. A number contained in a given number one or 
more times without a remainder. 12. A step or definite 
part of a progressive course or policy ; specif., a legislative 
enactment proposedor adopted. 13. In pi. Geol. Beds 
or strata ; — chiefly in coal measures (which see). 
cubic measure, measurement of volume in cubic units, 
esp. the common system in which 1728 cu. inches = 1 cu. 
foot, 27 cu. feet = 1 cu. yard. — dry m. See dry, a. — 
linear or long m., measurement of length, esp. the com- 
mon system in which 12 inches = 1 foot, 3 feet = 1 yard, 
5£ yards = 1 rod or pole, 40 rods = 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 
or 1760 yards = 1 mile. — liquid m. See liquid, a. — 
square m., measurement of area in square units, esp. the 
common system in which 144 sq. inches = 1 sq. foot, 9 sq. 
feet = 1 sq. yard, 30J sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, 100 sq. rods 
= 1 acre. — surveyors' m. See surveyor. 

— v. t. ; -ured (-urd) ; -UR-rNG (-ur-ing). 1. To compute or 
ascertain the measure of by a rule or standard ; hence : to 
estimate ; value. 2. To allot or distribute by measure ; — 
often used with out or off. 3. To determine or lay off in 
measuring, as a given distance. 4. To pass through or over 
in journeying, as if determining the distance. 5. To mark 
the bounds or limits of. 6. To serve as the measure of. 7. 
To bring into comparison or competition ( with ) ; as, to 
measure one's skill with a rival. 8. To estimate with refer- 
ence to a standard or measure ; as, to measure one's needs 
by one's fortune. — v. i. 1. To measure something. 2. To 
result on being measured ; admit of being measured. 

meas'ured (-urd), p. a. 1. Regulated by a standard ; hence : 
graduated ; moderated ; as, he walked with measured steps ; 
calculated ; deliberated ; as, to speak in measured terms. 2. 
Metrical ; rhythmical. — meas'ured-ly, adv. 

meas'ure-less, a. Without measure; immeasurable. 

Xneas'ure-ment (-ur-ment) , n. 1. Act or result of measuring ; 
mensuration. 2. Extent, size, capacity, amount, or quan- 
tity ascertained by measuring. 3. A system of measures. 

meas'ur-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, measures. 

measuring worm. The larva of any geometrid (which see). 

meat (met), n. [AS. mete.~\ 1. Food in general ; esp., solid 
food ; hence, the edible part of anything. 2. Flesh used as 
food ; specif., flesh ( = flesh, n., 2), as disting. from fish or 
fowl. 3. A meal ; specif., dinner ; the chief meal ; — now 
only in at, before, or after meat, etc. 

me-a'tus (me-a'tus), n.; pi. E. -tuses (-ez; 24), L. -tus. 
[L., a passage.] Anat. a A natural passage or canal, b 
The opening of such a passage. 

meat'y (met'i), a. ; meat'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Abounding 
in, or resembling, meat ; hence, fig. : pithy ; fullof substance. 

Mec'ca (mek'a), n. An Arabian city, birthplace of Mo- 
hammed and holy city of the Moslems (cf. Caaba) ; hence, 
the goal of a pilgrimage. — Mec'can (mek'dn), a. 

me-chan'ic (me-kan'ik),a. [L. mechanicus, Gr. urjxaviKds, 
fr. fnfxavri. See machine.] 1. Pert, to manual labor; in- 
volving manual skill. 2. Of or pert, to a mechanic or arti- 
san, or the artisan class. 3. Of, pert, to, or of the nature cf, 
a machine or machines ; mechanical. — n. One who prac- 
tices any mechanic art ; artisan. — Syn. See workman. 



me-chan'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, concerned 
with, or engaged in, manual labor ; of the artisan class. 2. 
Of or pertaining to machinery or mechanism ; made by a 
machine or with tools. 3. Done as if by a machine ; pro- 
ceeding automatically, or by habit, without special inten- 
tion or reflection. 4. Pert, to, governed by, or accordant 

with, mechanics, or the laws of motion. i-cal-ly, adv. 

mechanical power, a simple machine. See under simple. 

mech'a-ni'cian (meVd-nlsh'an), n. One skilled in the 
theory or construction of machines ; a machinist. 

me-chan'ics (mS-kSn'Iks), n. (See -ics.) Applied mathe- 
matics treating of the action of forces on bodies. 

mech'a-nism (mek'd-ntz'm), n. 1. The arrangement or 
relation of the parts of a machine, or of something compara- 
ble to a machine ; the parts of a machine, taken collectively. 
2. Mechanical operation or action. 

mech'a-nist (-nist), n. A machinist ; mechanician. NowR. 

mech'a-nize (-nTz), v. t. To make mechanical. 

mech'a-no-ther'a-py (meVd-n8-the'r'd-pT),n. [Gr. fivx*"V 
machine + therapy.'] Med. Treatment of disease by me- 
chanical means ; — sometimes called movement cure. 

Mechlin lace (meVUn). A kind of costly pillow lace made 
at, or originating in, Mechlin, in Belgium. 

med'al (me'd'dl), n. [F. medaille, It. medaglia, deriv. of 
L. metallum metal.] A piece, usually a disk, of metal bear- 
ing a device, etc., to commemorate some event or person, or 
to serve as a reward. — v. t.; -aled (-aid) or -alled ; -al- 
-ing or -al-ling. To honor or reward with a medal. 

med'al-ist, med/al-list, n. 1. A designer, engraver, or 
maker of medals. 2. One who has gained a medal for merit. 

me-dal'lic (me-dHl'lk), a. Of or pert, to a medal or medals. 

me-dal'lion (m^-d&l'yun), n. [F. medaillon, It. .medaglio- 
ne, augm. of medaglia. See medal.] 1. A large medal. 2. 
Something resembling a large medal, as a tablet bearing a 
figure in relief, a portrait, a device on a book cover, etc. 

medal play. Golf. Play in which the score is reckoned by 
counting the total number of strokes for the round of the 
course. Cf. match play. 

med'dle (med''!), v. i. [OF. medler, mesler, LL. miscu- 
lare, a dim. fr. L. miscere to mix.] 1. To mix ; mingle. 
Obs. 2. To fight ; contend. Obs. 3. To interest, engage, or 
concern one's self unnecessarily or impertinently ; inter- 
fere ; — often used with with or in. — med'dler ( -ler ), n. 
Syn. Meddle, tamper. To meddle (with or in) is to act 
officiously or impertinently in another's affairs ; to tamper 
(with) is esp. to make unwarranted alterations in some- 
thing, or to try meddlesome experiments with it ; as 
applied to persons, tamper suggests improper influences. 

med / dle-some (med^l-sum), a. Given to meddling. 

Mede (med), n. One of the people of ancient Media. The 
Medes were nearly related to the Persians ; they attained 
their greatest power 700-500 b. c. 

Me-de'a (me-de'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. MTjSeia.] Gr. Myth. An 
enchantress, daughter of ^Eetes, a king of Colchis. She 
helped Jason to win the Golden Fleece, and returned with 
him to Iolcus, retarding her father's pursuit by strewing 
the sea with the limbs of her brother. She restored Jason's 
father to youth, and compassed the death of Pelias. When 
Jason deserted her for Creiisa, princess of Corinth, Medea 
sent her rival a poisoned robe, killed her own children, 
fired the palace, and departed in a serpent-drawn chariot. 

me'di-a (me'di-d), n., L. pi. of medium. 

me'di-a, n.; pi. medle (-e). [NL., fr. L. medius middle.] 
Gram. One of the sonant mutes (voiced stops), /3, 8, y (b, d, 
g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages ; so 
named as intermediate between the tenues, v, t, k (p, t, k), 
and the aspiratae (aspirates), <$>, d, \ (ph or/, th, ch). 

me / di-a-cy (-si), n. Mediate state or quality. 

me'di-ae'val, me'di-ae'val-ism, etc. Vars. of medieval, etc. 

me'di-al (-51), a. [L. medialis, fr. medius middle.] 1. 
Middle ; median. 2. Phon. Situated within a word, as p in 
happy, topic. 3. Of or pertaining to a mean or average ; 
ordinary ; — n. Gram, a A medial letter ; also, a form of a 
letter used medially, as disting. from one used finally or ini- 
tially, as in Arabic, b = 2d media. — me'di-al-ly, adv. 

me'di-an (-an), a. [L. medianus.'] 1. Medial; middle; 
Zo'dl., specif., of unpaired organs and parts, lying in a plane 
dividing any animal into right and left halves. 2. Statistics. 
Des ; gnating a point so chosen in a series that half of the 
individuals in the series are on one side of it, and half on the 
other ; thus, in the series 3, 4, 5, 7, and 11, the average is 
6 and the median number is 5. [Mede.l 

Me'di-an, a. Of or pert, to Media or the Medes. — n. A| 

me'di-an-ly, adv. In a median position or direction. 

"Jie'di-ate (me'di-at), a. [L. mediatus, p. p. of mediare, 
v. t., to halve, v. i., to be in the middle.] 1. Intermediate. 
Now Rare. 2. Acting by or involving means, or interme- 
diate agency ; not direct or immediate. 3. Gained or effected 
by a medium or condition. 

— (-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To interpose between 
parties in order to effect a reconciliation ; act as an interme- 
diary. — Syn. See interpose. — v. t. 1. To effect or settle 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
"^lanatkras of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with. =• equals. 



MEDIATELY 



608 



MEET 



by mediation. 2. To act as the intermediary or medium in 
effecting, communicating, etc. 
me'di-ate-ly, adv. In a mediate manner ; not directly or 

primarily ; — opposed to immediately. 
me'di-a'tion (-afshun), n. Act of mediating; relation of 
one that is an intermediary; intervention ; intercession ; 
specif., Internat. Law, intercession or agency of one power 
between two or more other powers, on their invitation or 
consent, amicably to arrange differences between them. 

me'di-a-tive (me'dT-a-tiv), a. Pertaining to mediation. 

me/di-a-ti-za'tion (-d-tT-za'shun ; -tT-za'shiin), n. A medi- 
atizing, or state of being mediatized. 

me'di-a-tize (me'dT-d-tlz), v. t. [F. mediatiser, or G. 
mediatisierenJ] 1. Under the Holy Roman Empire, to 
reduce (a prince or state) to mediate instead of immediate 
vassalage to the empire ; to annex (a state, etc.) to another, 
the former sovereign being allowed to retain his title and, 
usually, some governmental rights. 2. To render mediate. 

me'di-a'tor (-a/ter), re. One who mediates; esp., one who 
interposes for reconciliation ; an intercessor. 

me'di-a-to-ry (me'dT-d-to-n), a. Of, pert, to, or of the 
nature of, mediation. — me'di-a-to'ri-al (-d-to'rl-dl), a. 

me'di-a'tress (-tres; 24), -a'trice (-tris), n. Mediatrix. 

me'di-a'trix (-a'trlks), n.; pi. -trices (-a-trl'sez). [L.] A 
female mediator. 

med'ic (med'Tk), n. [L. medica. Gr. urjSiKri (sc. nba grass) 
alfalfa, fr. Mt)Slk6s Median.] Any of a large genus (Medi- 
cago) of Old World cloverlike fabaceous herbs ; esp., alfalfa. 

med'i-ca-ble (-T-kd-b'l), a. [L. medicabilis, fr. medicare, 
medicari, to heal, medicus physician.] That may be medi- 
cated, cured, or healed. 

med'i-cal (-kdl), a. [LL. medicalis, L. medicus belonging 
to healing, mederi to heal.] Of or pert, to the science or art 
of medicine, esp. in the narrower sense. — -cal-ly, adv. 

me-dic'a-ment (me-dTk'd-ment ; med'i-kd-ment), re. [L. 
medicamentum.~\ A medicine ; a healing application. 

med'i-cate (med'i-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. medicatus, p. p. of medicare, medicari, to heal.] 1. 
To treat with medicine ; cure. 2. To impregnate with any- 
thing medicinal ; to drug ; as, medicated soap. 

med'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act or process of medicating. 

med'i-ca-tive (med'i-ka-tTv), a. Medicinal ; curative. 

Med'i-ce'an (-se'dn), a. Of or pert, to a Florentine family, 
the Medici, of great power and wealth in the 14th, 15th, and 
16th centuries. 

me-dic'i-na-ble (me-dis'i-nd-b'l ; older pron., as in Shake- 
speare, med'stn-d-b'l), o. Medicinal ; healing. Archaic. 

me-dic'i-nal (me-dis'T-nal), a. [L. medicinalisJ] Cura- 
tive ; alleviative. — me-dic'i-nal-ly, adv. 

med'i-cine (med'T-sin ; med'i-s'n), n. [OF. medicine, L. 
medicina, fr. medicus. See medical.] 1. The science and 
art dealing with the prevention, cure, or alleviation of dis- 
ease ; in a narrower sense, the science and art which are the 
province of the physician as disting. from the surgeon and 
obstetrician. 2. A substance or preparation used in treating 
disease ; a medicament ; remedy. 3. A drug or the like used 
for a purpose not curative, as a love potion, a poison, the 
alchemist's elixir, etc. 06s. 4. See medicine man. 

— v. t. ; -cined (-sind ; -s'nd) ; -cin-ing. To give medicine to. 

medicine man. Among savages, one who professes to cure 
sickness, drive away evil spirits, and control the weather by 
the use of medicine, that is, some object supposed to give 
power over natural or magic forces. 

med'i-CO- (med'i-ko-). Combining form from Latin medi- 
cus, signifying relating to medicine, concerned with the 
application of medical principles, etc., as in med'i-co- 
le'gal, med'i-co-mor'al, etc. 

me'di-e'val, me'di-Ee'val ( me'di-e'vdl ; med't- ), a. [L. 
medius middle + aevum age.] _ Of, pertaining to, charac- 
teristic of, or like that of, the Middle Ages. 

me'di-e'val-ism, me'di-ae'val-ism (-iz'm), re. Medieval 
belief or practice ; method or spirit of the Middle Ages ; 
devotion to medieval institutions, practices, etc. ; an insti- 
tution, practice, or the like, which is a survival from the 
Middle Ages. 

me'di-e'val-ist, me'di-ae'val-ist, n. One in sympathy with, 
or versed in, the history, art, spirit, etc., of the Middle Ages. 

me'di-e'val-ly, me'di-ae'val-ly, adv. In a medieval man- 
ner ; in accordance with, or in the time of, medievalism. 

me'di-o'cre (me'dT-o / ker), a. [F. mediocre, L. medic cris, 
fr. medius middle.] Of but a moderate excellence ; ordinary. 

me'di-oc'ri-ty (-ok'n-tT), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being mediocre. 2. A mediocre person. 

med'i-tate (med'i-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed); -tat'ing. 
[L. meditatus, p. p. of meditari to meditate.] 1. To con 
template ; ponder. Rare. 2. To intend ; plan. — Syn. See 
conscder. — v. i. To dwell in thought ; muse ; reflect. 

med'i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), re. Act of meditating; thought; 
esp., close thought ; serious contemplation ; reflection. 

med'i-ta-tive (med'i-tS.-tiv), a. Disposed to meditate; 
given to meditation. — med'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. 

med'i-ter-ra'ne-an (-te-ra'ne-dn), a. [L. mediterraneus 




medius middle -f- terra land.] 1. Inclosed, or nearly in- 
closed, with land ; as, the mediterranean sea of the Silurian 
age. 2. leap.'] Of or pert, to the Mediterranean Sea. 
Mediterranean fruit fly, a two-winged fly (Ceratitis capi- 
lata) whose larva lives in ripening fruits. — Mediterranean 
race, Ethnol., a division of the Caucasian race dwelling 
about the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and comprising 
the ancient Iberians, Ligurians, Pelasgians, etc., together 
with their descendants. 

me'di-um (meMi-um), re. ; pi. E. -ums (-umz), L. -dia (-d). 
[L. medium the middle, medius middle.] 1. That which 
lies in the middle ; middle condition or degree ; mean. 2. 
That through or by which a force acts or anything is done ; 
means ; instrumentality ; hence : surrounding substance or 
element ; environment. 3. a Biol. A mixture or substance 
on or in which to cultivate organisms, b Painting. A liquid 
with which pigment is mixed for application ; a vehicle. 4. 
One supposedly susceptible to supernatural agencies and so 
capable of imparting knowledge derived from them or of 
doing things by their aid. 

— a. Having a middle position or degree ; medial. 

me'di-Um-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. Of, pertaining to, or having 
the characteristics of, a medium (sense 4). 

me-djifdi-e.me-dji'di-ehCme-je'di-e),™. [Turk. mejidieh.] 
1. A silver coin of Turkey, equivalent to 19 (formerly 20) 
piasters (83.5 cents). 2. A gold lira, or Turkish pound. 

med'lar (med'ldr), re. [OF. meslier, fr. L. mespilum the 
fruit of the medlar, Gr. neairtKov.] 
A small Asiatic malaceous tree 
(Mespilus germanica), widely 
cultivated ; also, its edible fruit. 

med'ley (-11), re. ; pi. -leys (-ITz). 
[OF. meslee, medlee, fr. meslerA 
v. See meddle.] 1. The confu-l 
sion^ of a hand-to-hand fight;' 
melee. Archaic. 2. A mixture ; 
esp., a heterogeneous mixture ; a 
jumble. 3. Music. A composi-| 
tion of passages, esp. disjointed! 
ones, from different pieces. — a. 
Mingled ; mixed ; motley. — v. t. 
To make a medley of; mix. 

me-dul'la (me-duFd), n. [L.] 1. 
Anat. a The marrow of bones, b Medlar, a Flowering 
The deep or inner substance or Shoot ; b Fruit. Reduced, 
tissue of an organ or part, as of a kidney or hair, c Short 
for medulla oblongata. 2. Bot. The pith or central por- 
tion of fundamental tissue when inclosed by a definite vas- 
cular cylinder, as in dicotyledons and gymnosperms. 

me-dul'la Ob'lon-ga'ta (ob'lon-ga'td). The lowest, or pos- 
terior, part of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord. 

med'ul-la-ry (med'u-la-rT ; me-dul'd-rf), a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or like, the medulla or the medulla oblongata, 
medullary ray, Bot., one of the rays, or plates of paren- 
chymatous tissue, separating the vascular bundles in the 
stems of dicotyledons and gymnosperms 

Me-du'sa (-dtl'sd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Me8ovaaJ] 1. Gr. Myth. 
One of the Gorgons. 
She was slain by Per- 
seus, who gave her 
head to Athena. See 
Gorgon. 2. [I. c] 
[pl. medusa (-se).] A 
jellyfish. 

meed (med), n. [AS. 
med."] 1. That which 
is given in considera- 
tion of merit. 2. A 
bribe. 06s. 3. Merit ; 
worth. 06s. 

meek (mek), a. [Of 
Scand. origin.] 1. 
Gentle ; kind. 06s. 2. Antique Mask of Medusa known as 
Mild of temper ; pa- ' h e Medusa Rondanini. 

tient ; forbearing ; submissive ; humble. 3. In an unfavora- 
ble sense : tamely submissive ; spiritless ; easily cowed or 
imposed upon. — adv. Meekly. — Syn. See gentle. — 
meek'ly, adv. — meek'ness, n. 

meer'schaum (mer'shom ; -shum), n. [G., lit., sea foam.] 
1. A white clayiike mineral, soft, and light enough, when in 
dry masses, to float in water ; — called in mineralogy sepio- 
lite. H., 2-2.5 ; sp. gr., 2. It is a hydrous silicate of magne- 
sium, H4Mg2Si30io. 2. A tobacco pipe of this mineral. 

meet (met), v. t.; pret. & p. p. met (met) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
meet'ing. [AS. metan, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting.] 1. To 
come upon or across. 2. To come into proximity with ; 
also, to go to the place of arrival of ; as, to meet a train. 3. 
To come into connection with ; join ; intersect. 4. To come 
within the perception or recognition of; as, to meet the 
«ye ; to meet the ear. 5. To fight, cope, or grapple with ; 
oppose. 6. To come into the presence or company of design- 
edly ; as, he will meet the President to-morrow. 7. To expe- 




ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; dic.ir; go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MEET 



609 



MELIC 



rience; suffer; as, the eye met a horrid sight ; he met his 
fate. 8. To equal ; match ; as, the supply meets the demand ; 
to discharge or pay, as a debt. — v. i. 1. To come into con- 
tact or proximity, esp. by mutual approach ; join ; come into 
close relationship. 2. To assemble ; congregate ; as, the 
class meets weekly. 3. To have an encounter or conflict. 4. 
To agree ; unite. 

— n. Act of meeting ; also, those who assemble, or a place 
of meeting. Chiefly Sporting. 

meet, a. [ME. mete fitting, moderate, scanty, AS. mxte 
moderate.] Suitable ; fit. — adv. Meetly. 06s. 

meet'ing, n. 1. Act of persons or things that meet ; as : 
a A duel, b A gathering; assembly; convention, c An 
assembly for worship; esp., a dissenting or nonconformist 
congregation, d A race meeting. 2. A union ; a junction. 

meet'ing-house' (-housO, n. A building for worship; a 
church ; in England, a building so used by dissenters. 

meet'ly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; properly. 

meg'a- (meg'd-), meg'a-lo- (-16-). [Gr. nkyas, neyaXov, 
great.] Combining forms signifying : a Great, extended, 
powerful, b Metric System, Elec, Mech., etc. A million 
times, a million of : as in me^adyne. 

meg'a-ce-phaPic (-se-fal'ik), meg'a-ceph/a-lous (-sSf'd- 
ISs), a. [mega- + Gr. Ke<pa\ri head.] 1. Large-headed. 2. 
Craniom. Having a cranial capacity in excess of the mean 
(which for modern Europeans and Asiatics ranges from 
1,500 to 1,600 cubic centimeters). 

meg'a-dyne (meg'd-dln), n. Physics. A million dynes. 

Me-gae'ra (me-je'rd),rc. [L., fr. Gr. Meyaipa.'] See Erinys. 

meg'a-far'ad (-far'ad), n. Elec. A million farads. 

meg'a-fog' (-fog'), n. _ A fog signaling apparatus having 
megaphones pointing in different directions for sounding 
instructions to befogged vessels according to a code. 

meg'a-lith (meg'd-lith), n. One of the huge stones or 
boulders used in various prehistoric monuments, as the 
menhir, dolmen, etc. — meg'a-litb/ic (-lith'ik), a. 

meg'a-lo- (meg'd-16-). See mega-. 

meg'a-lo-ce-pha'li-a (-se-fa'li-d)ln. [NL. megalocepha- 

meg'a-lo-ceph'a-ly (-sef'd-lT) j lia, fr. Gr. ncyaXoKtya- 
Xos having a large head.] Med. The condition of having an 
abnormally large head. — meg'a-lO-ce-phaPic (-se-fal'ik), 
meg'a-lo-ceph'a-lous (-sef'd-liis), a. 

meg'a-lo-ma'ni-a (-rna'm-d), n. A form of mental aliena- 
tion marked by delusions of grandeur. — meg a-lo-ma'ni- 
ac (-5k), n. — meg'a-lo-ma-ni'a-cal ( -md-nl'd-kdl ), a. 

meg'a-lo-saur' (meg'd-16-sorOlra. [NL. megalosaurus ; 

meg'a-lo-sau'rus (-so'rus) / megalo- + Gr. aavpos liz- 
ard.] Paleontology. Any of a genus (Megalosaurus) of 
gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs. 

meg'am-pere' (meg'am-par'), n. Elec. A million amperes. 

meg'a-phone (meg'd-fon), n. A device to magnify sound, 
or direct it in a greater volume, as a very large funnel used 
for a speaking trumpet. 

meg'a-pod (meg'd-pod), a. [mega- 4 Gr. nobs, iroSot, foot.] 
Large-footed. — n. Var. of megapode. 

meg'a-pode (-pod), n. Any of a family (Megapodiidsz) of 
large-footed gallinaceous birds, of Australasia and the East 
Indies, including the brush turkeys ; a mound bird. 

meg'a-scope (-skop), n. A kind of magic lantern for throw- 
ing a magnified image on a screen. SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. 

meg'a-spo-ran'gi-um (-spo-ran'ji-um), n.; pi. -gia (-d). 
[NL.] Bot. A sporangium which develops only megaspores. 

meg'a-spore' (meg'd-spor' ; 57), n. Bot. The larger of the 
two kinds of asexual spores produced by heterosporous 
plants. They always give rise to the female prothallium. In 
seed plants the embryo sac of the ovule is a megaspore. 

meg'a-there (-ther), n. [mega- -f- Gr. drjplov beast.] Pa- 
leontology. Any of a genus (Megatherium) of extinct eden- 
tates including some larger than any existing quadrupeds 
except the elephants. They are allied to the sloths. 

meg'a-volt' (-volt'), n. Elec. A million volts. 

meg'erg' (meg'urg'), n. Physics. A million ergs. 

me-gilp' (me-gilp'), me-gilph' (me-gilf), n. A gelatinous 
preparation, commonly of linseed oil and mastic varnish, 
used by artists as a vehicle for colors. 

meg'ohm/ (meg'om'), n. Elec. A million ohms. 

me'grim (me'gnm), n. [F. migraine, LL. hemigrania, L. 
hemicrania, Gr. ittiiKpavia ; i7jut- half + Kpaviov skull.] 1. 
A kind of sick or nervous headache ; migraine. 2. A fancy ; 
whim ; esp., in pi., lowness of spirits ; "the blues." 

mein'ie, mein'y (man'i), n. [OF . maisniee, maisnie. See 
menial.] A household ; retinue ; train. Obs. or Archaic. 

Meis'ter-sing'er (mTs'ter-sing'er ; -zing'er), n. sing. & pi. 
[G.] A member of one of certain guilds, chiefly of work- 
ingmen, established between about 1300 and 1500 in cer- 
tain German cities, for the cultivation of poetry and music. 

mel'an-cho'li-a (meFan-ko'li-d^rc. [L. See melancholy.] 
A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme de- 
pression of spirits and delusions, or a case of this. 



meFan-cho'li-ac (meTdn-ko'li-ak), n. One affected with 
melancholia. — a. Affected with melancholia. 

mel'an-chol'ic (-kol'Ik ; mel'dn-kol'ik), a. 1. Given to or 
having melancholy ; depressed. 2. Affected with, like, or 
pert, to, melancholia. — meFan-choPi-cal-ly, adv. 

mel'an-Chol-y (mel'an-kol-i), n.; pi. -cholies (-iz). [OF. 
melancolie, L. melancholia fr. Gr. fxt\ayxo\la ; /it\ai, 
-avos, black + >;oX.i7 gall, bile.] 1. Black bile (see humor, 
n., 1), or a condition marked by irascibility and depression 
attributed to excess of black bile ; later, melancholia. 2. 
Depression of spirits ; dejection. 3. Pensive meditation or 
sadness. 

Syn. Despondency, dejection, low spirits, hypochondria, 
gloom, sadness, sorrow. — Melancholy, sadness, dejec- 
tion, gloom. Sadness is the general term for depression of 
spirits, of whatever degree ; melancholy is settled depres- 
sion ; it often suggests little more than pensive, sometimes 
pleasing, sadness ; as, sadness of heart ; melancholy, yet not 
mournful. Dejection suggests esp. the mood of one dis- 
couraged or dispirited ; gloom is profound despondency or 
heaviness of spirits; as, in deep dejection; a sullen gloom. 
See despondency. 

— a. Characterized or affected by, or expressive of, melan- 
choly. — Syn. Mournful, sad ; meditative, pensive ; de- 
pressing, afflictive, lamentable. 

Mel'a-ne'sian (meTd-ne'shan), a. [Gr. yeXaj, -avm, black 
+ wjo-os island.] Of or pert, to Melanesia or Melanesians. 

— n. A member of the dominant native race of Melanesia, 
a dark-skinned people with thick beards and frizzy hair. 

me'lange' (ma'laNzh'), n.; pi. melanges (F. ma'laNzh'). 
[F.] A mixture ; a medley. 

me-lan'ic (me-lan'ik), a. 1. Med. Melanotic. 2. Elhnol. 
Characterized by or evincing melanism. 

mel'a-nin (mel'd-nm), n. Physiol. Chem. Any of various 
dark brown or black amorphous pigments in the human 
body. 

mel'a-nism (-niz'm), n. [Gr. m«W, -avov, black.] An un- 
usual, or high degree of, development of black or nearly 
black color in skin, eyes, and hair, or in plumage or pelage, 
the integument of invertebrates, etc. — mel'a-nis'tic, a. 

mel'a-no- (mel'd-no-). Combining form fr. Gr. /ueXas, fikXa- 
vos, black, dark. 

mel'a-noid (mel'd-noid), a. 1. Blackish; melanistic. 2. 
Med. Pert, to or resembling melanosis. 

mel'a-no'sis (-no'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yeXdvoxns a grow- 
ing black.] Med. Morbid deposition of black matter in the 
tissues, often malignant and causing pigmented tumors. 

mePa-not'ic (-not'ik), a. 1. Med. Affected with, or relat- 
ing to, melanosis. 2. Zobl. Melanistic ; characterized by, 
or exhibiting, melanism. 

mel'a-nous (mel'd-niis), a. [Gr. m«Xos, -avos, black.] 
Ethnol. Melanic. 

mePan-tha'ceous (mel'an-tha'shus), a. [Gr. ukXas black 
4- avdos flower.] Belonging to a family (Melanthaceae) of 
monocotyledonous bulbless plants, related to the lily fam- 
ily (Liliaceae), including the bellworts (genus Uvularia), 
the white hellebores (genus Veratrum), etc. 

mePa-phyre (mel'd-flr), n. [F., fr. Gr. fxkXas, -avos, black -f- 
F. porphyre porphyry.] Petrog. A porphyritic igneous 
rock with dark-colored aphanitic groundmass. 

MePchite (meKklt), n. [LGr. MeXxlrai, pi., fr. Syr. malko 
king.] Eccl. Hist, a Anciently, one of certain orthodox 
Eastern Christians in Egypt and Syria, b Now, one of a 
Christian body, chiefly in Syria and Egypt, which acknowl- 
edges the Pope, but adheres to the liturgy, canon law, etc., 
of the Eastern Church. 

Mel-Cbiz'e-dek (mSl-klz'e-dek), n. Bib. A king and priest 
who blessed Abraham. See Gen. xiv. 18 ; Heb. vii. 

meld (meld), v. t. & i. [G. melden to announce.] Card 
Playing. In pinochle, to declare or announce for a score ; 
as, to meld four kings. — n. Any combination or score 
which may be declared, or melded, in pinochle. 

MeFe-a'ger (me'Pe'-a'jer), n. [L., fr. Gr. MtXea-ypoy.] Gr. 
Myth. A hero at whose birth it was foretold that his life 
would last no longer than the brand burning on the hearth. 
His mother quenched it, and hid it. At the Calydonian boar 
hunt Meleager gave Atalanta the trophies. In the ensuing 
quarrel he slew his uncles. His mother, enraged, thrust the 
brand into the fire, causing his death. In the "Iliad," 
Meleager perishes by his mother's curses. 

|| mS'lee' (ma'la'), n. [F., fr. meler to mix.] A fight be- 
tween combatants mingled in a confused mass ; a fray. 

me'li-a'ceous (me'li-a'shiis), a. [Gr. ^eXia the ash tree.] 
Belonging to a family (Meliaceze) of tropical trees and 
shrubs, including the mahogany, the sandal tree, the 
Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata) , etc. 

mePic (meFTk), a. [Gr. neXmbs, fr. y.kXos song.] Of or 
pertaining to song ; lyric ; specif., Gr. Lit., designating, or 

f>ertaining to, a development of Greek poetry, essentially 
yrical and musical in character, which followed the elegiac 
and iambic poetry of the 7th and 6th centuries B. c. 



( 






K => ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MELELOT 



610 



MEMORY 



mel'i-lot (mel'T-lot), n. [F. mililot, L. melilotos, fr. Gr. 
ixtXLXuros a kind of clover ; neXi honey + Xcotos lotus.] Any 
of a genus (Melilotus) of fabaceous herbs, sweet clovers, 
having trifoliolate leaves and yellow or white flowers. 

mel'i-nite (-nTt), n. [F. melinite, fr. Gr. nijXivos quince- 
yellow.] A high explosive similar to lyddite. 

mel'io-rate (mel'yo-rat), v. t. & i. ; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat/- 
ing. [L. melioratus, p. p. of meliorare to meliorate, 
melior better.] To make or become better; improve; 
ameliorate ; make more tolerable. 

mello-ra'tion (-ra/shun), n. Act of meliorating, or state of 
being meliorated ; also, an improvement ; a betterment. 

mel'io-ra-tive (mel'yo-ra-tlv), a. Meliorating ; improving. 

mel'io-ra'tor, n. One who, or that which, meliorates. 

mel'io-rism (-riz'm), n. [L. melior better.] Ethics. The 
belief or doctrine that the world tends to become better 
and that man has the power of aiding its betterment ; — 
contrasted with pessimism and optimism. — mel'io-rist 
(-rlst), n. — meFio-ris'tic (-ns'tlk), a. 

mel-ior'i-ty (mel-yor'i-ti), n. State or quality of being bet- 
ter ; melioration. 

mell (mel), v. t. & i. [OF. meller, mesler. See meddle.] 
To mix ; join, as in combat ; muddle. Archaic, or Scot. & 
Dial. Eng. 

mel-lif'er-OUS (me-lTf'er-tts), a. [L. mellifer; mel, mellis, 
honey + ferre to bear.] Producing or bearing honey. 

mel-lif'lu-ence (-loo-ens), n. Quality or state of being mel- 
lifluent ; a flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow. 

mel-lif'lll-ent (-ent), a. [L. mellifluens.'] Mellifluous. 

mel-lif lU-OUS (-us), a. [L. mellifluus;mel,melis, honey 
+ fluere to flow.] Flowing or sweetened with or as with 
honey ; smooth ; honeyed. — mel-lif 'lu-ous-ly, adv. 

mel'low (mel'o), a. [ME. melwe.'] 1. Soft or tender from 
ripeness. 2. Of wine : well-matured ; not harsh or acid. 3. 
Soft ; loamy, as soil. 4. Not coarse, rough, or harsh ; soft ; 
delicate ; full and pure ; — said of sound, color, style, etc. 
5. Well-matured ; also, made sweet or gentle by maturity. 

— Syn. See mature. — v. t. & i. To make or become 
mellow. — mel'low-ly, adv. — mel'low-ness, n. 

mel'o-co-ton' (mel'6-ko-ton' ; : k6-toon'), mel'o-co-toon' 
(-toon'), n. [Sp. melocoton a kind of peach tree or its fruit, 
LL. melum cotoneum quince, fr. Gr. /xrjXov Kv8o)viot>. See 
quince.] An old variety of peach having one side deep red, 
and the flesh yellow. 

me-lo'de-on (me-lo'de-iin), n. [See melody.] A kind of 
small reed organ, with a suction bellows worked by treadles. 

me-lod'ic (me-lod'ik), a. Of or pert, to melody ; melodious. 

me-lo'di-OUS (-lo'di-us), a. Containing, producing, charac- 
terized by, or of the nature of, melody ; musical. — me-lo'- 
di-ous-ly, adv. — me-lo'di-ous-ness, n. 

mel'o-dist (mel'o-dist), n. A composer or singer of melodies. 

mel'o-dize (-dlz), v. t. To make melodious. — v. i. To 
make melody. — mel'o-diz'er (-dlz'er), n. 

mel'o-dra'ma- (mel'o-dra'md ; mel'o-dra'md), n. [F. melo- 
drame, fr. Gr. n&Xos song + Spafia drama.] A kind of dra- 
ma, commonly romantic and sensational, with music inter- 
spersed ; hence, any drama abounding in romantic senti- 
ment and sensational situations, typically ending happily. 

mel'o-dra-mat'ic (mel'o-drd-mat'ik), a. Of or pert, to 
melodrama ; sensational in situation or action. — Syn. See 
dramatic. — mel'o-dra-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. [dramas.] 

mel'o-dram'a-tist (-dram'd-tist), n. One who writes melo-j 

mel'O-dy (mel'o-di), n. ; pi. -DiEs(-diz). [F. mSlodie, fr. L. 
melodia, fr. Gr. neXwdla a singing, choral song, ueXcodos 
melodious ; fiekos song -f- &oi56s singer.] 1. An agreeable 
succession of sounds ; musical quality. 2. Music, a The 
succession of single tones. Melody, harmony, and rhythm 
are the vital elements of music, b A rhythmical succession 
of single tones, of a given mode or key, expressing a motive 
or idea ; hence : an air ; tune. C The chief voice part in a 
harmonic composition ; the air. 3. A poem composed for 
singing to some melody or tune. — Syn. See harmony. 

mel'on (mel'un), n. [F., fr. L. melo, for melopepo an 
apple-shaped melon, Gr. nvXo-Kkiroiv ; nfjXov apple + -weiroiv a 
species of melon.] l.Themuskmelon. 2. The watermelon. 

Mel-pom'e-ne (mel-pom'e-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. MeXTconkv-q, 
lit., the songstress.] Class. Myth. The Muse of tragedy. 

melt (melt), v. i. & t. ; pret. & p. p. melt'ed, Archaic p. p. 
mol'ten (mol't'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. melt'ing. [AS. meltan, 
v. i., mieltan, myltan, v. t.] 1. To change from a solid to 
a liquid state, usually by heat. 2. To dissolve ; disintegrate ; 
soften ; as, sugar melts in the mouth. 3. To break up ; 
vanish or cause to vanish by being dissipated ; as, the clouds 
melt away. 4. To be overcome or prostrated, as because of 
sorrow or fear. Obs. 5. To soften ; become or render tender, 
mild, or gentle ; as, to melt one's heart. 6. To diminish 
gradually ; waste away ; — usually used with away. 7. To 
absorb or blend ; merge insensibly ; as, the hills melt into 
the sky. 

— n. 1. Act or operation of melting ; state of being melted. 
2. A melted substance ; also, the quantity melted at a single 
operation or during a certain period. — melt'er, n. 



melt'a-ble, a. That can be melted. — melt'a-bil'i-ty, n. 

mel'ton (mel'tun), n. [From Melton Mowbray, in Eng- 
land. Oxf. E. ZX] A kind of stout smooth woolen cloth with 
very short nap. 

Me-lun'geon (me-lun'jun), n. One of a mixed white and 
Indian people in parts of Tennessee and the Carolinas. 

mem'ber (mem'ber), n. [F. membre, fr. L. membrum.'] 
1. Anat. A part or organ of the animal body ; esp., a limb. 

►' Archaic. 2. Bot. A part of a plant body ; a unit of struc- 
ture. 3. One of the persons composing a society, commu- 
nity, or party. 4. a A member of Parliament ; — used only 
with reference to the House of Commons. Abbr., M. P. 
Eng. b A member of Congress ; — used only with reference 
to the House of Representatives. U. S. 5. A part of a whole ; 
an independent constituent of a body, structure, or organ- 
ized thing, or a unit in a series, as a member of a syllogism, 
an equation, a genus, etc. 

mem/ber-ship, n. 1. State or status of being a member. 2. 
The collective body of members, as of a society. 

mem'bra-na'ceous (mem'brd-na'shus), a. Membranous. 

mem'brane (mem'bran), n. [L. membrana skin covering 
the separate members of the body, parchment, fr. L. mem- 
brum member.] Any thin, soft, pliable sheet or layer of 
animal or vegetable tissue. 

membrane bone. Anat. A bone which ossifies in connec- 
tive tissue, instead of in a previously formed cartilage. 

mem'bra-nous (mem'brd-nus), a. 1. Consisting of, resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, membrane. 2. Med. Marked by 
the formation of a membrane ; as, membranous croup. 

rae-men'to (me-men'to), n. ; pi. -tos, -toes (-toz). [L., 
remember, be mindful, imper. of meminisse to remember.] 

1, leap.'] R. C. Ch. In the Canon of the Mass, either of 
two prayers beginning Memento. — the first a prayer for 
the living, and the second for the dead. 2. A thing to 
awaken memory ; reminder ; souvenir. 

Mem'non (mem'non), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mhuvup.] 1. Gr. 
Myth. The beautiful son of Tithonus and Eos (Aurora). 

2. Antiquities. A celebrated colossus near Thebes, Egypt, 
said to emit a harplike sound at sunrise. 

mem'oir (mem'wor ; -war ; mem'-), n. [F. memoire, m., 
memorandum, fr. memoire, i., memory, L. memoria.] 

1. In pi. A history composed from personal experience, or as 
gathered from particular sources by the writer ; often, esp., 
an account of one's own life or of episodes in it. 2. A biog- 
raphy. 3. An account of something noteworthy ; a disser- 
tation ; in pi., the transactions or proceedings of a society. 

mem'o-ra-bil'i-a (meWo-rd-bil'i-d), n. pi.; sing, memo- 
rabile (-rab'i-le). [L.] Things remarkable and worthy of 
remembrance or record ; also, the record of them. 

menVo-ra-bil'i-ty (-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-t Tz). Quality or state 
of being memorable ; also, a memorable person or thing. 

mem'0-ra-ble (me'm'o-rd-b'l), a. [L. memorabilis, fr. 
memorare to bring to remembrance, memor mindful.] 
Worthy of remembrance or note. — mem'o-ra-ble-ness, 
n. — mem'o-ra-bly, adv. 

mem'o-ran'dum (-ran'dum), n.; pi. E. -dums (-dumz), L. 
-da (-dd). [L., something to be remembered.] 1. An in- 
formal record of something ; a note to help the memory. 

2. Marine Insurance. The body of exceptions in a policy 
wholly or partially exempting the insurer. 

me-mo'ri-al (mS-mo'ri-al ; 57), a. [L. memorialis, fr. 
memoria memory.] 1. Serving to preserve remembrance ; 
commemorative. 2. Of or pertaining to memory. 
Memorial Day, a day (May 30 in the North, and of 
varying date in the Southern States) appointed for com- 
memorating the dead soldiers and sailors of the Civil War; 

— called also Decoration Day. U. S. 

— n. 1. Anything intended to preserve the memory of a 
person or an event, as a monument or a practice. 2. A 
statement of facts addressed to a government, to a society, 
etc., often with a petition or remonstrance. 

me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. 1. One who writes or signs a memorial. 
2. A writer of memorials, or memoirs. 

me-mo'ri-al-ize (me^-mo'ri'-ol-iz. ; 57), v.t: l.To address or 
petition by a memorial. 2. To commemorate. — me-mo'- 
ri-al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shun; -I-za'shitn), n. 

|| me-mor'i-ter (me-mor'i-ter), adv. [L., fr. memor mind- 
ful.] By or from memory ; by heart. 

mem'o-rize (mem'o-rlz), v. t.; -rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'ing 
(-rlz'ing). [See memory.] To commit to memory, learn by 
heart. — mem'o-ri-za'tion (-n-za'shun ; -rl-za'shun), n. 

— mem'o-riz'er (mem'o-rlz'er). n. 

mem'o-ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [OF. memoire, memo- 
rie, fr. L. memoria, fr. memor mindful.] 1. The act, ca- 
pacity, or function of mentally reproducing and recognizing 
previous experience. 2. The sum total of a mind's experi- 
ences as actually or possibly remembered. 3. The time with- 
in which past events can be or are remembered ; as, within 
the memory of man. 4. The experience involved in remem- 
bering any past event ; also, the thing which is the subject 
of remembrance ; hence, character, conduct, etc., as pre- 
served in remembrance. 5. Commemoration ; remembrance. 



ale, senate, cSre, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ijre, venjure (87); 



MEMPHIAN 



611 



MENTAL 



Syn. Memory, remembrance, recollection, reminis- 
cence. Memory is the general term for mental reproduc- 
tion of experiences. Remembrance (now somewhat rare) 
suggests esp. the state of being remembered or the act of 
keeping in mind; as, "This do in remembrance of me." 
Recollection often implies a conscious effort to recall. 
Reminiscence (chiefly in the pi.) now suggests esp. the 
retrospective recalling of events or experiences in which 
one has had part ; as, dismal reminiscences of suffering. 

Mem'phi-an (mem'fT-an), a. Of or pertaining to the an- 
cient city of Memphis in Egypt ; hence, Egyptian. 

|| mem'-sa'hib (mem'sa'Ib), n. [Hind, mem-sahib ; mem 
(fr. E. ma'am) + Ar. cahib master.] Lady ; mistress ;_ — 
used by Hindustani-speaking natives in India in addressing 
a European married woman. 

men (men), n., pi. of man. 

men/ace (men'as), n. [F., fr. L. minaciae, pi., threats, fr. 
minax, -acis, projecting, threatening, minae projecting 
points, threats.] 1. The show of an intention to inflict evil ; 
a threat. 2. That which menaces. — v. t.; -aced (-ast) ; 
-ac-ing (-a-sing). To threaten. — Syn. See threaten. — 
v. i. To act in a threatening manner ; utter menaces. — 
men'ac-er (men'a-ser), n. — men'ac-ing-ly, adv. 

me'nad, me-nad'ic. Vars. of m.enad, monadic. 

me'nage' (ma'nazh'), me-nage' (me-nazb/), n. [F.] 1. A 
household. 2. Domestic management ; housekeeping. 

me-nag'er-ie (me-naj'er-i ; me-nazh'er-T), n. [F. menage- 
rie, deriv. of menage household.] 1. A place where animals 
are kept and trained, esp. for exhibition. 2. A collection 
of wild or foreign animals in cages, esp. for exhibition. 

mend (mend), v. t. & i. [Abbr. fr. amend.'] 1. To free from 
faults or defects ; alter (anything) for the better ; correct ; 
also, to repair, as anything torn, broken, etc. 2. To make 
amends for ; atone for ; — now used only in least said, soon- 
est mended. 3. In general, to improve, better, or ameliorate. 
Syn. Mend, amend, emend. To mend, in ordinary 
usage, is to restore to soundness or integrity, esp. that which 
is broken or torn, or, in a more general sense, to alter some- 
thing for the better. To amend is to better or improve, esp. 
by the removal of faults, blemishes, or errors ; as, we 
amended the translation by correcting various errors. To 
emend is specif, to make or suggest a correction or im- 
provement in a (presumably corrupt) text. [place. I 

— n. Act or fact of mending, or repairing ; also, a mended| 
on the mend, growing better, as in health ; improving. 

men-da'cious (men-da/shus), a. [L. mendax, -acis, lying.] 
Given to deception or falsehood ; lying. da'cious-ly, adv. 

men-dac'i-ty (-das'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). Quality or 
state of being mendacious ; also, a lie. — Syn. See falsity. 

Men-de'li-an (-de'li-an), a. [See Mendel's law.] Biol. 
Pert, to Mendel or Mendel's law ; following Mendel's law. 
— Men-de'li-an-ism (-Tz'm), Men'del-ism (men'del-), n. 

Men'del's law (menMelz). A principle governing the in- 
heritance of many characters in animals and plants, dis- 
covered by Gregor J. Mendel (Austrian Augustinian abbot, 
1822-84) in breeding experiments with peas. He showed 
that height, color, and other characters depend on the pres- 
ence of determinating factors (allelomorphs) , behaving as 
units, and that the second and later generations of cross- 
breeds exhibit these characters in all possible combinations, 
each combination in a definite proportion of individuals. 

mend'er (meVder), n. One who mends ; an improver. 

men'di-can-cy (menMT-kan-sI), n. Condition of being 
mendicant ; beggary ; begging. 

men'di-cant (-kant), a. [L. mendicans, -antis, p. pr. of 
mtndicare to beg, mendicus indigent.] Practicing beggary ; 
also, characteristic of a beggar. — n. A beggar, [cancy.j 

men-dic'i-ty (men-dls'T-tl), n. [L. mendicitas.'] Mendi-| 

Men'e-la'llS (men'e-la'iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Me^Xaos.] Gr. 
Myth. A son of Atreus, king of Sparta, younger brother of 
Agamemnon, and husband of Helen. See Helen of Troy. 

men-harden (men-ha'd'n), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A 
marine clupeoid fish (Brevoortia tyrannis), used for bait 
or for making oil and fertilizer. 

menTiir (men'her), n. [Bret. ; men stone 4- hir high.] Ar- 
chseol. An upright stone, a monolith standing alone or as 
one of an avenue or circle of monoliths. Cf. obelisk. 

me'lli-al (me'ni-al ; men'yal), a. [ME. meyneal, fr. mei- 
nie, meyne, household, OF. maisniee, maisnie. See man- 
sion.] 1. Pert, or appropriate to servants, esp. domestic 
servants ; — now disparaging. 2. Servile ; sordid ; mean. 
Syn. Menial, servile, slavish. Menial is now used deroga- 
torily of services or offices which, it is implied, are sordid 
or degrading. Servile now implies esp. mean or cringing 
submission ; slavish connotes utter abjectness, or exces- 
sively laborious toil ; as, mean, servile compliance ; servile 
imitation. Both servile and slavish are used of unduly close 
dependence upon an original model or rule. 

— n. 1. A domestic servant, esp. one of humble rank. 2. A 
person of servile character. — me'ni-al-ly, adv. 

Meniere's' dis-ease' ( ma'nyarz' ). [After E. A. Meniere 
(b. 1839), French physician.] Med. A disease character- 
ized by deafness and vertigo, associated with or due to a 
morbid condition of the internal ear. 




a Concave Menis- 
cus of Water ; 6 
Convex Meniscus 
of Mercury. 



me-nin'ges (me-nin'jez), n. pi.; sing, meninx (me'n'frjks). 
[NL., fr. Gr. nfjviy^, -1770$, membrane.] Anat. The three 
membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater! 
which envelop the brain and spinal cord. 

men'in-gi'tis (men'in-jl'tis), n. [NL. See meninges; 
-itis.] Inflammation of the meninges. git'ic (-jTt'Ik), a. 

me-nis'CHS (me-nTs'kus), n.; pi. L. -nisci (-nis'i), E. 
-cuses (-kus-ez ; 24). [NL., fr. Gr. w 
vlffKos, dim. of y.r\vn the moon.] A 
crescent or crescent-shaped body ; as : 
a Optics. A convexo-concave lens, b 
Physics. The surface of a liquid col- 
umn curved by surface tension. 

menl-sper-ma'ceous ( men'i-sper- 
ma'shus), a. [Gr. ft-fivrj the moon 4- 
arrkpixa seed.] Bot. Belonging to a 
family {Menispermacese) of herba- 
ceous or woody climbers, the moon- 
seed family, having 3-parted dioecious 
flowers and narcotic properties. 

Men'non-ist, n. = Mennonite. 

Men'non-ite (men'on-Tt), n. Eccl. One of a small denomi- 
nation of evangelical Protestant Christians, so called from 
Menno Simons (1492-1559) of Friesland, one of their lead- 
ers. Their faith enjoins foot washing, intermarriage only of 
members of the same faith, nonresistance of violence, etc. 

me-nol'o-gy (me-nol'6-jT), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [NL. me- 
nologium, fr. Gr. ftrjv month + \6yos discourse.] 1. A 
register or calendar of months. 2. East. Ch. A calendar of 
all the festivals celebrated in honor of the saints and mar- 
tyrs, with brief notices of the lives of each. 3. An account 
of saints arranged in calendar order. 

men'o-pause (men'S-poz), n. [Gr. pi)v, yinvos, month 4- 
rtaveiv to cause to cease.] Physiol. The period of final 
cessation of menstruation ; the climacteric. It usually 
occurs between the ages of forty-five and fifty. 

men'sal (men'sal), a. [L. mensis month.] Monthly. 

men'sal, a. [L. mensalis, fr. mensa table.] Belonging to, 
or used at, the table ; done or carried on at table. 

men'ses (men'sez), n. pi. [L. mensis month, pi. menses, 
lit., months.] Physiol. The monthly discharge of women. 

men/stru-al (-strd6-al), a. [L. menstrualis.~\ 1. Monthly. 
2. Of or pertaining to the menses. — men'stru-OUS (-us), a. 

men'stru-ate (-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To dis- 
charge the menses. 

men'stru-a'tion (-a'shun), n. The discharge of the men- 
ses ; also, the state or the period of menstruating. 

men'stru-um (-um),n.; pi. E. -ums (-timz), L. -strtja (-a). 
[L., neut. of menstruus monthly.] Any solvent. 

men'SU-ra-ble (men'shdb-rd-b'l), o. [L. mensurabilis, fr. 
mensurare to measure, fr. mensura measure.] Measura- 
ble. — men'su-ra-bil'i-ty (-rd-bll'i-ti), ». 

men'su-ral (-ral), a. Of or pert, to measure. 

men'SU-rate (-rat), v. t. To measure. Rare. 

men'SU-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. [L. mensuration, fr. men- 
suratus, p. p. of mensurare. See measure.] 1. Act, proc- 
ess, or art, of measuring. _ 2. The branch of applied geome- 
try concerned with finding lengths, areas, and volumes 
from certain simple data of lines and angles. 

men'su-ra-tive (men'shdo-ra-tiv), a. Measuring; adapted 
for measurement. 

-ment (-m?nt). [F. -ment, or L. -mentum.'] A suffix form- 
ing nouns, mostly from verbs, and meaning : 1. Act, proc- 
ess, or the like, of (doing what the verb denotes). 
Examples : development, act or process of developing ; 
achievement, act of achieving. 

2. State or coniition of. 

Examples : amazement, state of being amazed ; bewilder- 
ment, state or condition of being bewildered. 

3. That which is, or a thing that is (produced, formed, 
effected, made, etc., by the action denoted by the root 
word); also, a thing that (does what the root word denotes). 

Examples : development, that which is developed ; at- 
tachment, a thing that is attached ; amusement, a thing 
that amuses. [pert, to the chin. I 

men'tal (men'tal), a. [L. mentum the chin.] Anat. Of or| 
men'tal, a. [L. mentalis, fr. mens, mentis, the mind.] Of 
or pert, to the mind ; intellectual. 

Syn. Mental, intellectual, intelligent. Mental is con- 
trasted esp. with bodily; intellectual, with emotional, 
moral, and the like ; as, the mental faculties, menial work ; 
intellectual enjoyments. Mental never applies to persons ; 
intellectual may apply to either persons or qualities. As 
compared with intelligent, intellectual implies esp. interest 
in pursuits or studies which exercise the intellect ; intelli- 
gent (which may apply to animals as well as to human 
beings) suggests rather native sagacity or quickness of 
perception ; as, an intellectual woman ; an intelligent child. 
mental healing, act, practice, or process of healing ail- 
ments of any kind through the instrumentality of the 
mind ; — chiefly used popularly of the healing of bodily 
ailments through mental influence. — mental healer. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



MENTALITY 



612 



MERCY SEAT 



men-tal'i-ty (men-tal'I-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of mind ; 
mental power. 2. Mind considered as a characteristic. 

men'tal-ly (mSn'tal-I), adv. In the mind ; intellectually. 

men-tha'ceous (men-tha'shus), o. [L. mentha mint. See 
mint.] Belonging to a family (Menthacew) of aromatic 
and fragrant herbs, shrubs, and rarely trees, the mint fam- 
ily, including peppermint, spearmint, sage, savory, etc. 

men'thane (men'than), n. [G. menthan.'] Org. Chem. 
Any of three isomeric saturated hydrocarbons, C10H20, dis- 
tinguished as o-, to-, and p-. 

men'thene (-then), n. Org. Chem. A colorless oily hydro- 
carbon, CioHis, obtained from menthol by dehydration. 

men'thol (men'thol ; -thol) , n. [L. mentha mint + alco- 
hol] Chem. A white anodyne substance, C10H19OH, a 
chief constituent of oil of peppermint. 

men'tion (-shun).n. [F.,fr. L. mentio.'] A brief or casual 
speaking or notice ; a specifying or specification, usually 
by name. — v. t. To make mention of ; refer to casually ; 
specify, esp. by name. — men'tion-a-ble, o. 

men'tion-er, n. One who mentions. 

men'ton-niere', men'to-niere' (men'to-nyar'), n. [OF. 
mentonniere, fr. menton chin, L. mentum.~\ A piece of 
armor for the chin, esp. one used only in battle. 

men'tor (-tor), n. [Gr. MivTup, prop., counselor.] 1. 
[cap.~] Gr. Myth. A friend to whom Odysseus, when setting 
out for Troy, intrusted his house and the education of 
Telemachus. 2. [F.] Hence, a wise and faithful counselor. 

inen'u (men'u ; F. me-nii'), n. [F., slender, minute.] A 
bill of fare ; also, the dishes served. 

Me-phis'to (me-fis'to). Short for Mephistopheles. 

Meph'is-to-phe'le-an ( mef'Ts-to-fe'le-an ; -tSf'e-le'an ), 
Meph'is-tO-phe'li-an (-to-fe'll-an ; -fel'yan), a. Pert, to 
or resembling the devil Mephistopheles, esp. as portrayed 
in Goethe's "Faust" ; devilish ; crafty. 

Mepb/is-toph'e-les (mefis-tof'e-lez), n. [G.] One of the 
seven chief devils in the old demonology, and, after Satan, 
the most powerful of the infernal legions. In Goethe's 
"Faust" he is a cold, scoffing, relentless, crafty fiend. 

me-phit'ic (me-flt'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or due to, 
mephitis ; offensive to the smell ; poisonous ; noxious. 

me-phi'tis (me-fl'tis), n. [L.] A noxious or foul exhala- 
tion from the earth ; any stench. 

mer'can-tile (mCir'kan-til ; -til ), a. [F. & It., fr. L. mer- 
cans, -antis, p. pr. of mercari to traffic] 1. Of or pert, to 
merchants or trade ; commercial. 2. Econ. Of or pert, 
to the mercantile system. — Syn. See commercial. 
mercantile paper, negotiable paper given by merchants 
for goods bought or received on consignment. — m. sys- 
tem, Econ., the system of public economy that developed 
in Europe upon the centralization of power accompanying 
the decay of the feudal systems. Its policy was determined 
rather by national aims than local or individual interests, 
seeking to secure a favorable balance of trade, develop 
agriculture and manufactures, create a merchant marine, 
and establish foreign trading monopolies. 

mer'can-til-ism (-tTl-iz'm; -tll-iz'm), n. 1. The spirit, 
theory, or practice of mercantile pursuits ; commercialism. 
2. Econ. The theory or practice of the mercantile system. 

mer-cap'tan (mer-kap'tan), n. [G., fr. LL. mercurium 
captans seizing mercury (captans, p. pr. of L. captare to 
seize).] Org. Chem. Any of a series of compounds of the 
general formula RSH, analogous to the alcohols ; specif., 
ethyl mercaptan, C2H5SH ; — called also sulphur alcohol. 

Mer-ca'tor'S chart (mer-ka'terz ; mer-ka'torz). [After 
Gerhard Mercator, Flemish geographer.] _ A chart con- 
structed on the principle of Mercator's projection. 

Merca tor's projection. A method of map making in which 
the meridians are drawn parallel to each other, and the 
parallels of latitude are straight lines whose distance from 
each other increases with their distance from the equator. 

mer'ce-na-ri-ness (mur'se-na-ri-nes ; 24), n. Quality of 
being mercenary. 

mer'ce-na-ry (mur'se-na-n), a. [L. mercenarius, fr. mer- 
ces wages, reward.] 1. Acting or desirous merely for re- 
ward or pecuniary gain ; hireling ; venal ; sordid ; selfish. 
2. Serving for pay or wages ; hired ; — now only of soldiers 
serving in a foreign army. 

Syn. Mercenary, hireling, venal. Mercenary in the 
sense of hired applies (without necessary opprobrium) only 
to soldiers. That is mercenary, in ordinary usage, which is 
actuated by (usually sordid or self-seeking) considerations 
of profit or reward ; as, a mercenary transaction. Hireling 
applies to that which is (esp.) servilely sold, venal, to that 
which is (esp.) basely purchasable, for a dishonorable con- 
sideration ; as, a hireling poet ; venal wit. [nary soldier.j 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). One who is hired ; now only, a merce-| 

mer'cer (mur'ser), n. [F. mercier, fr. L. merx, mercis, 
wares.] A dealer in textile fabrics, as silks or woolens. Eng. 

mer'cer-ize (-Tz), v.t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). [From 
John Mercer, an English caiico < printer.] To treat (cot- 
ton fiber or fabrics) with caustic alkali, causing the fiber 
to shrink and become stronger and more receptive of dyes, 
or, sometimes, to assume a silky luster. 



a. 



2. 



mer'cer-y (mGr'ser-i), n.; pi. -ies (-iz). [F. mercerie.] 
Mercers' goods or wares ; also, a mercer's shop. Eng. 

mer'chan-dise (-chan-dlz), n. [F. marchandise, OF. mar- 
cheandise.~] 1. The objects of commerce ; wares ; goods. 
Abbr., mdse. 2. Commerce ; traffic. Archaic. — v. i. & t '• 
-dised ( -dlzd ) ; -dis'ing ( -dlz'Ing ). To trade ; traffic. ' 

mer'chant (-chant), n. [OF. marcheant, marchant, fr. 
LL. mercatans, -antis, p. pr. of mercatare to negotiate, L. 
mercari to traffic, merx, mercis, wares.] Orig., a traf- 
ficker ; trader ; now : a One who traffics on a large scale, 
esp. abroad, b A retailer ; a shopkeeper. Scot. & U.S.— 
Of, pert, to, or used in, trade ; commercial. 

mer'chant-a-ble (-chan-td-b'l), a. Marketable. 

mer'chant-man (-man), n. 1. A merchant. Archaic. 
A trading vessel. 

mer'chant-ry (-ri) , n. 1. Mercantile business ; trade. 
The body of merchants taken collectively. 

Mer'ci-an (mur'si-an ; -shi-an), a. Of or pert, to the old 
Anglian kingdom of Mercia, comprising central England. 

mer'ci-ful (-si-fool), a. Full of mercy ; exercising mercy ; 
compassionate. — Syn. Gracious, clement, benignant. See 
humane. — mer'ci-ful-ly, adv. — ci-iul-ness, n. 

mer'ci-less, a. Destitute of mercy ; pitiless. — mer'ci- 
less-ly, adv. — mer'ci-less-ness, n. 

mer-CU'ri-al (mer-ku'ri-al), a. [L. mercurialis, fr. Mercu- 
rius Mercury.] 1. [cap.] Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
the god Mercury. Now Rare. 2. Having qualities due to 
being born under the planet Mercury, or belonging to, or 
inspired by, the god Mercury, or likened to the proper- 
ties of the metal mercury ; as : swift ; active ; eloquent ; 
clever ; crafty ; commercial ; thievish ; fickle, etc. Cf . sat- 
urnine, 2. 3. Of, pert, to, or due to the use of, mercury.— 
n. A medicinal preparation containing mercury. 

mer-cu'ri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. Med. Morbid condition pro- 
duced by the absorption of mercury. 

mer'-cu'ri-al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shun ; -T-za'shfin), n. Act of 
mercurializing, or state of being mercurialized. 

mer-CU'ri-al-ize (mer-ku'rf-al-Iz), v. t. 1. To make mer- 
curial. 2. Med. To affect or treat with mercury. 3. Photog. 
To treatwith mercury. 

mer-cu'ri-al-ly, adv. In a mercurial manner or by a mer- 
curial process. 

mer-CU'ric (-rTk), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing, 
mercury ; — said specif, of compounds in which this ele- 
ment has a valence of two. 

mer'CU-rous (mur'ku-rus ; mer-ku'rSs), a. Chem. Of, pert, 
to, or containing mercury ; — said specif, of compounds in 
which mercury may be regarded as having a valence of one. 

Mer'cu-ry (mur'ku-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. Mercuriua. 
the god and the planet.] 1. Roman 
Relig. A Latin god of commerce and 
gain whose cult was derived from 
that of the Greek Hermes, and to 
whom were ascribed the attributes 
of Hermes. See Hermes. 2. [I. c] 
A carrier of tidings; a messenger. 
3. Astron. A planet of the solar 
system, being the nearest known one 
to the sun, from which its mean dis- 
tance is about 36,000,000 miles. Its 
period is 88 days, and its diameter 
about 3,000 miles. 4. [I. c] Chem. 
A heavy silver-white liquid metallic 
element ; — popularly called quick- 
silver. Chemical symbol, Hg (L. hy- 
drargyrum) ; at. wt., 200.6; sp. gr. 
13.54. 5. [I. c] The mercury in a 
thermometer or barometer. 6. [I. c] 
Bot. a A poisonous euphorbiaceous 
European plant (Mercurialis pe- 
rennis) ; — called also dog's mer- 
cury, b The poison ivy. U. S. 

Mer-CU'ti-o (mer-ku'shf-o), n. In 
Shakespeare's " Romeo and Juliet, " Mercury. Bronze 
a witty, madcap gentleman, friend Statue by Giovanni 
to Romeo. dl Bologna. 

mer'cy (mGr'si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). [F. merci, L. merces, 
thercedis, hire, pay, reward, LL., equiv. to misericordia 
pity, mercy.] 1. Forbearance from inflicting harm, esp. in 
punishment ; compassionate treatment, esp. of the suffering 
or helpless ; clemency. 2. Disposition to be merciful. 3. A 
merciful act, as of God. 

Syn. Grace, clemency, lenity, leniency, pity, mildness, 
kindness, indulgence. — Mercy, grace, clemency, len- 
ity, leniency. Mercy is esp. kind or compassionate treat- 
ment of the suffering or condemned ; grace (now archaic) is 
spontaneous favor to the guilty or undeserving ; clemency 
is mildness esp. in the exercise of power. Lenity is esp. 
mild or gentle, leniency (opposed esp. to rigor, severity), 
easy or indulgent, treatment of faults or failings. 

mercy seat. Jewish Antiq. The gold plate resting on the 
ark, on which the blood of sacrificial animals was sprinkled. 




ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, 6bey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, frrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinjf, ink; (hen, (bin; nature, verdure (87); 



MERE 



613 



MESOBLASTIC 



mere (mer), n. [AS. mere mere, sea.] A body of standing 
water ; a lake or pool. Archaic, Poetic, or Dial. Eng. 

mere, n. [AS. maere, gemaere.'] A boundary. 

mere, a. ; superl. mer/est (merest). [L. merus.~} 1. Noth- 
ing other or less than ; unqualified. Obs. 2. Only this, and 
nothing else ; such, and no more ; simple. 
Syn. Mere, bare. Mere is commonly used to emphasize 
the limitations of a thing, as if it were declared to be "simply 
what it is and nothing more" ; bare is stronger, and often 
suggests something that just escapes falling short of what 
it actually is ; as, mere civility (civility and nothing more) ; 
bare civility (civility that just escapes being incivility). 

-mere (-mer). [Gr. a*«p°* part.] Zool. A combining form, 
meaning part, portion; as in blastomere. 

mere'ly, adv. 1. Purely ; entirely. Obs. 2. Not otherwise 
than ; simply ; barely ; solely ; only. 

mere'stone' (mer'stonO.n. A landmark of stone. Archaic. 

mer'e-tri'cious (mer'e-trl'sh'us), a. [L. meretricius, fr. 
merctrix, -ids, a prostitute, fr. merere to earn.] 1. Of, 
pert, to, characteristic of, or being, a prostitute. 2. Allur- 
ing by false show ; gaudily and deceitfully ornamented ; 
tawdry, as the style of a painter or writer. — mer / e-tri , - 
cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. 

mer-gan'ser (mer-gan'ser), n. [NL., fr. L. mergus diver 
(bird, fr. mergere to plunge) + anser goose.] Any of a sub- 
family (Merginas) of fish-eating ducks having a hooked bill 
and the head usually crested. 

merge (murj), v. t. & i. ; merged (mQrjd) ; merg'ing (mur'- 
jlng). [L. mergere, mer sum."] To be, or to cause to be, 
swallowed up or absorbed ; immerse. — Syn. See mingle. 

mer'gence (mur'jens), n. A merging ; state of being merged. 

merg'er (mur'jer), n. Law. An absorption of one estate 
or interest in another, or of a minor in a greater offense. 
With reference to corporations, merger denotes the vesting 
of the control of different corporations in a single one by 
the issue of stock of the controlling corporation in place of 
a majority of the stock of the others, without dissolution 
of the consolidating companies as, strictly, in consolidation. 

merg'er (mur'jer), n. One who, or that which, merges. 

-mer'ic (-mer'ik). Combining form fr. Greek nkpos, part. 

me-rid'i-an (me-rTd'T-an), a. [OF. meridien, fr. L. meridi- 
anus, fr. L. meridies noon ; medius mid + dies day.] 1. 
Being at, or pert, to, midday; belonging to, or passing 
through, the highest point in a heavenly body's diurnal 
course. 2. Pert, to, or characteristic of, the highest point 
or culmination ; culminating. 3. Of or pert, to a meridian. 

— n. 1. Midday. Obs. or R. 2. Highest apparent point of a 
star or the sun. 3. Highest point, as of success. 4. Astron. 
A great circle of the celestial sphere passing through its 
poles and the zenith of a given place. 5. Geog. A great circle 
on the earth passing through the poles and any given place ; 
now esp., the half of such a circle included between the poles. 

me-rid'i-O-nal (-S-nal), a. [F. meridional, L. meridiona- 
lis, fr. meridies midday, south. See meridian.] 1. South- 
ern ; southerly. 2. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, people 
living in the south, as of Europe, esp. France. 3. Of, pert. 
to, or resembling, a meridian. — n. [cap.~\ One who lives in 
the south, as of Europe, esp. France. nal-ly, adv. 

me-ringue' (me-rang'; F. -raNg'),n. [F.] Cookery. A 
kind of icing for tarts, pies, etc., chiefly of sugar and beaten 
whites of eggs ; also, a small cake made of this. 

me-ri'no (me-re'no), a. [Sp.] 1. Designating, or pert, to, 
a certain breed of fine-wooled sheep. 2. Made of merino. 

— n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). 1. A merino sheep. 2. A fine fabric 
of wool and cotton, orig. of merino wool. 3. A kind of fine 
woolen yarn used in hosiery, underwear, etc. 

mer'i-Stem (mer' 1 -stem), n. [Gr. jxepL$uv to divide.] Bot. 
Embryonic or undifferentiated tissue, the cells of which 
are capable of active division. — mer'i-Ste-mat'ic, a. 

mer'it (mer'It), n. [F. merite, L. meritum, fr. merere, me- 
reri, to deserve.] 1. Due punishment or, usually, reward. 
2. Quality, state, or fact of deserving well or ill ; desert ; as, 
treat each man according to his merit. 3. Quality, state, 
or fact of deserving well ; worth ; excellence ; as a poet of 
great merit. 4. That which is counted to one as a cause or 
reason of deserving well ; a praiseworthy quality, act, etc. 
— Syn. See desert. — v. t. To earn ; deserve. 

mer'it-ed, p. a. Deserved. — mer'it-ed-ly, adv. 

mer'i-tq'ri-ous (-Y-to'rT-iis ; 57), a. [L. meritorius that 
brings in money.] Deserving of reward or honor; well- 
deserving. — mer'i-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. — to'ri-ous-ness, n. 

merl, merle (murl), n. [F. merle, L. merula, merulus.J 
The European blackbird (Merula merula). 

merlin (mur'lin), n. [OF. esmerillon.'] A small Euro- 

Eean falcon (Falco sesalon) ; also, the American pigeon 
awk {F. columbarius) , which resembles it. 
Merlin, n. [XL. Merlinus.W. Myrddin."] In medieval ro- 
mance.afamousprophetandmagician. SeelGRAiNE, Vivian. 
merlon (-Ion), n. [F., fr. It. merlone, augm. of merlo bat- 
tlement.] Fort. One of the solid intervals between em- 
brasures of a battlement. See battlement, Illust. 
mer'maid (-mad), n. Also, Rare, mer'maid'en. [See 



mere lake ; maid.] A fabled marine creature, typically rep. 
resented with a woman's body and a fish's tail ; sea nymph, 

mer'man (-man), n. The male corresponding to a mermaid ; 
a sea man, or man fish. 

mer'O-blas'tic (mer'S-blaVtrk), a. [Gr. nkpos part + -blast 
-f- -ic] Embryol. Undergoing partial or incomplete cleav- 
age; — said of certain eggs, as opp. to holoblastic. — 
mer'o-blas'ti-cal-ly, adv. [Pleiades I 

Mer'o-pe (mer'S-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mepbin,.'] See| 

-merous. [Gr. /ikpot part.] Bot. A suffix signifying divided 
into (so many) parts; as, dimerous, pentamer ous, etc. 

Mer'o-vin'gi-an (mgr / 8-v!n'ji-a'n), a. Designating the fir?t 
Frankish dynasty in Gaul, or France, founded about 500, 
and succeeded in 752 by the Carolingian dynasty. 

mer'ri-ly (mer'i-ll), adv. In a merry manner. 

mer'ri-ment (mer'i-ment), n. Act of merrymaking ; mirth ; 
hilarity ; frolic. 

mer'ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being merry. 

mer'ry (mer'T), a.; -ri-er (-ri-er) ; -ri-est. [AS. myrge, 
myrige, pleasant.] 1. Pleasing ; delightful ; also, amusinc- 
Archaic. 2. Laughingly gay ; joyous ; mirthful ; hilarious ; 
sportive. 3. Facetious ; jocular. Archaic. 4. Marked by 
gayety or festivity. — Syn. See jocular. 

mer'ry— an'drew (-an'droo), n. One whose business is to 
make sport for others ; a buffoon ; a clown. 

mer'ry— go— round', n. 1. Any of various revolving contriv- 
ances, as a ring of seats on a revolving platform, for amuse- 
ment. 2. Fig. : a rapid round ; a whirl. 

mer'ry-mak'ing (-making), o. Festive ; jolly. — n. Act 
of making merry ; festivity. — mer'ry-mak'er, n. 

mer'ry-thought' (mer'I-thot'), n. The wishbone. 

me'sa (ma'sa), n. [Sp.] A table-land or plateau with an 
abrupt or steeply sloping side or sides ; a high terrace. 

|| me'salliance' (ma'zal'yaNs'), n. [F.] A marriage with 
a person of inferior social position ; a misalliance. 

mes-cal' (mes-kal'), n. [Sp. mezcal, fr. Mex.] 1. Either of 
two cactaceous plants (Lophophora lewinii and L. uil- 
liamsii) having rounded stems or joints covered with ribbed 
tubercles, the tops being called mescal buttons. The 
plant is used as a stimulant and antispasmodic, esp. among 
the Mexican Indians. 2. An intoxicating liquor distilled 
from agave leaves. 3. Any agave that yields the liquor. 

mes'dames' (ma'dam'), n., pi. of madam, madame. 

II mes'de-moi'selles', n., pi. of mademoiselle. 

me-seems' (me-semz'), v. impers.; pret. me-seemed' 
(-semd'). It seems to me. Poetic or Archaic. 

mes'en-ceph'a-lon (meVen-sef'd-lon), n. [NL. See meso- ; 
encephalon.] Anat. The middle segment of the brain. 

mes-en'chy-ma (mes-er/kT-md), n. [NL. ; meso- + paren- 
chymal Embryol. A mesoblastic tissue comprising all the 
mesoblast except the mesothelium and the structures de- 
rived from it. It gives rise to the connective tissues, blood, 
lymphatics, bone, cartilage, etc. — mes-en'chy-mal 
(-mal), mes-en'chy-mat'ic (-mat'tk), a. 

mes'en-ter'ic (-ter'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a mesentery. 

mes-en'ter-on (mes-e'n'ter-on), n. [NL. See meso-; en- 
teron.] Anat. & Zool. That part of the alimentary canal 
which is developed from the archenteron and is lined with 
hypoblast. — mes-en'ter-on'ic (-Sn'ik) , a. 

mes'en-ter-y (mes'en-tgr-T), n.; pi. -teries (-ter-Yz). [Gr. 
p.e<T€i>Tepioif ; fikaos middle + Ivrtpov intestine.] Anat. & 
Zool. a In vertebrates, the membranes, or one of the mem- 
branes, which invest the intestines and their appendages 
and connect them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal 
cavity, b In various invertebrates, a membranous or muscu- 
lar fold connecting the intestine and body wall. 

mesh (mesh), n. 1. One of the openings inclosed by the 
threads of network, or, in pi., the threads inclosing it. 2. 
Network ; a net.3. Machinery. Engagement of gear teeth ; 

— used chiefly in in mesh. — v. t. & i. 1. To catch in 
meshes as of a net ; entangle ; insnare. 2. Of gear teeth, to 
engage or become engaged. 

Me'shach (me'shak). Bib. See Shadrach. 
mesh'work' (mesh'wflrk'), n. Meshes collectively. 
mesh'y (mesh'T), a. Composed of meshes ; netted. 
mefsi-al (me'zT-al ; meVi-al), a. [Gr. p.ecros middle.] Zool. 

Middle ; median ; — opposed to lateral. — me'si-al-ly, adv. 
mes-mer'ic (mez-mer'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or induced 

by, mesmerism. — mes-mer'i-cal-ly (-T-kal-i), adv. 
mes'mer-ism (mez'mer-Lz'm), n. [After F. A. Mesmer, 

who brought it into notice at Vienna, about 1775.] Hypno- 
tism ; — an early name. 
mes'mer-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'mG (-TzTng). 

To hvpnotize. — mes'mer-ist, n. iz'er (-Tz'er), n. 

mesn'al-ty (men'cil-ti ), n. [Of AF. origin. See mesne, 

a.] Law. Estate or condition of a mesne lord. 
mesne (men), a. [Cf. mean intermediate.] Law. Middle ; 

intervening ; as, a mesne lord, one tenant to a superior. 
mes'o- (mes'S-). Combining form fr. Gr. peaos, middle. 
mes'o-blast (-blSst), n. Embryol. & Zool. The middle 

germ layer of the embryo ; the mesoderm. See germ layer. 

— mes'o-blas'tic (-blas'tfk), o. 



< 



\ 



k «= ch in G. ich, ach (50); boM; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc. precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



MESOCARP 



614 



METAMERISM 



mes'o-carp (mgs'o-karp), n. Bot. The middle layer of a 
pericarp consisting of three distinct or dissimilar layers. Cf . 

ENDOCARP, EPICARP. 

mes'0-derm (-durm), n. Embryol. & Zodl. The meso- 
blast ; also, the tissues which are subsequently developed 
from it. See germ layer. — mes'o-der'mal (-dur'mdl),a. 

mes'o-gas'tri-um (-gas'tn-um), n. [NL. ; meso- -f Gr. 
yaarl)p belly.] 1. Embryol. A fold of peritoneum connecting 
the stomach with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. 

2. Anat. The umbilical region. — mes'O-gas'tric (-trlk), a. 
mes'o-neph'ros (-nef'ros), n. [NL. ; meso- + Gr. ve<i>p6s 

kidney.] Embryol. One of the middle of the three pairs of 
embryonic renal organs of typical vertebrates ; the Wolffian 
body. — mes'o-neph'ric (-rik), a. 

mes'O-phyll (mes'6-fil), n. Bot. The green parenchyma 
between the epidermal iayers of a foliage leaf. 

mes'O-phyte (-fit), n. Phytogeog. A plant that grows un- 
der medium or normal conditions of moisture, as contrast- 
ed with desert plants (xerophytes) and aquatics (hydro- 
phytes). — mes'o-phyt'ic (-fit'Tk), a. 

mes'o-plast (mes'6-plast), n. Biol. The nucleus of a cell. 
— mes'o-plas'tic (-plas'tTk), a. 

mes'o-the'li-um (-the'li-um), n. [NL.] Anat. & Em- 
bryol. a Epithelium of mesoblastic origin, b That part of 
the mesoblast (and tissues derived from it) lining the primi- 
tive coelom. It is more or less epithelial. — mes'0-tb.e'li-al 
(-the'li-al), a. 

mes'o-tho'rax ( -tho'raks ), n. Zodl. The middle segment 
of the thorax of an insect. 

mes'o-tho'ri-um (mes'6-tho'n-um), n. [NL.] Chem. A 
radioactive product intermediate between thorium and 
radiothorium, with a period of 5.5 years. 

Mes'o-zo'ic (-6-zo'ik), a. [meso- + Gr. fwi? life.] Geol. 
Pert, to or designating a grand division of geological history 
between the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic, marked by the 
spread of reptiles. — n. The Mesozoic era or group. 

mes-quite' (mes-kef ; mes'ket), n. [Sp. mezquite, fr. 
Mex.] 1. A mimosaceous tree or shrub (Prosopis glandu- 
losa), of the southwestern United States and Mexico, with 
fragrantflowers and pods rich in sugar. 2. The screw bean. 

mess (mes), n. [OF. mes, LL. missum, p. p. of mittere to 
put, place (e. g., on the table), L. mittere to send.] 1. A 
quantity of food ; specif., food set or provided for a meal. 
Archaic, exc. : a A prepared dish or a portion or kind of 
soft food, as porridge, b Enough of (a specified) food for a 
dish or meal. Archaic or Colloq. 2. A confused or disa- 
greeable mixture ; hodgepodge ; hence : a muddle ; botch. 

3. A group of persons who regularly eat together ; also, the 
meal so taken; as, the officers' mess. 

— v. t. 1. To supply with meals. 2. To make a mess of ; 
muddle. — v. i. 1. To take meals with a mess. 2. To 
make a mess or muddle ; also, to putter. 

mes'sage (mes'aj), n. [F., fr. LL. missaticum, fr. L. mit- 
tere, missum, to send.] 1. Any notice or communication 
sent from, or given by, one to another. 2. Specif., an official 
communication sent by a messenger; as, the President's 
message. 3. A divinely inspired or revealed communica- 
tion, as of a prophet. 4. A messenger's service or function ; 
an errand or mission. 

mes'sen-ger (mes'en-jer), n. [OF. messagier. See mes- 
sage.] 1. One who bears a message or does an errand ; 
specif., an office servant or other person whose duty is to 
bear messages. 2. A forerunner ; harbinger ; herald. — Syn. 
Carrier, courier. 

Mes-si'ah (m^-sl'd), n. [Heb. mashiakh anointed.] The 
expected king and deliverer of the Hebrews ; the Christ. — 
Mes-si'ah-ship, n. 

Mes'si-an'ic (meVI-an'ik), a. Of or pert, to the Messiah. 

Mes-Si'as (me-sl'as), n. [LL., fr. Gr. Meo-o-tas.] Messiah. 

|| Mes'si'dor' (mes^-dor'), n. [F., fr. L. messis harvest -f- 
Gr. b&pov gift.] See Revolutionary calendar. 

mes'sleurs (mes'yerz ; F. ma'syu'), n.,pl. of monsieur ; — 
used also (usually abbr. Messrs.) as pi. of E. Mister (Mr.). 

mess'mate' (meVmat'), n. An associate in a mess. 

mes'SUage (mes'waj), n. [OF. mesuage, fr. LL. mansum. 
See manse.] Law. A dwelling house with its outbuildings 
and the lands appropriated to the household use. 

mess'y (mSs'I), a. Like a mess ; disordered ; untidy. 

mes-tee' (mes-te'), n. [See mestizo.] The offspring of a 
white person and a quadroon. West Indies. 

mes-ti'za (meVte'zd), n., fern, of mestizo. 

mes-ti'ZO (mes-te'zo), n.; pi. -zos (-zoz). [Sp. mestizo, de- 
riv. of L. mixtus mixed.] A person of mixed blood, esp. one 
of Spanish and American Indian blood. 

met (mSt), pret. & p. p. of meet. 

met'a-. [Gr. nerd, between, with, after.] A prefix meaning 
between, with, after, behind, over, about, reversely, and 
specifically implying : a A change, b Sequence in time ; 
later in time ; also, situation posterior or beyond, c Chem. 
Also used adjectively. (1 ) Denoting a form of certain inor- 
ganic acids derived from the ortho, or ordinary, form by 



the loss of one molecule of water from each molecule oi 
the acid ; as, raefophosphoric acid, HPO3. Cf. pyro-. (2) A 
substance isomeric with, or otherwise closely related to, 
the one to whose name the prefix is attached ; as, metalde- 
hyde, mefostannic. (3) Any of certain benzene derivatives ; 
as, raetaxylene, meta position. 

me-tab'O-lism (me-tab'6-liz'm), n. [Gr. uera0o\ri change ; 
M«rd beyond + 06.\\eip to throw.] Biol. The sum of the 
processes concerned in the building up (anabolism) of pro- 
toplasm and its destruction (katabolism) ; the chemical 
changes, in living cells, by which energy is provided for vital 
processes and activities and new material is assimilated to 
repair waste. — met'a-bol'ic (met'd-bol'tk), a. 

me-tab'O-lize (-Hz), v. t. To subject to metabolism. 

met'a-car'pilS (met'd-kiir'pus), n. [NL.,fr.Gr.MeraKdp5rioi/; 
nerd beyond, between + Kapwds wrist.] The part of the 
hand or forefoot ( esp. of its skeleton ) between the carpus 
and the phalanges. — met'a-car'pal (-pdl), a. & n. 

met'a-cen'terUmet'd-sen'ter; met'd-sen'ter), n. Hydros. 

met'a-cen'trej & Shipbuilding. The point of intersection 
(M in Illust. ) of the vertical 
through the center of buoyancy 
(B) of a floating body with the 
vertical through the new center?^ 




of buoyancy (B 1 ) when the body 3- 

is displaced however little. When — ^ 

M is above the center of gravity 

(G) of the floating body, the po- Metacenter. 

sition of the body is stable ; when below it, unstable. — 

met'a-cen'tric (sen'tnk), a. 

met'a-chro'ma-tism (-kro'md-tfz'm), n. [meta- + Gr. 
xpw^ua, xp&uutos, color.] Change of color, esp. from heating 
or cooling. — met'a-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'ik), a. 

met'age (met'aj), n. [From mete, v.~\ Official measure- 
ment of contents or weights ; also, the charge for it. 

met / a-gen'e-sis (meVd-jen'e-sIs), n. Biol. Alternation of 
generations ; specif., alternation of a gemmiparous and a 
sexual generation. — met'a-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 

me-tag'na-thOUS (me"-tag'nd-thMs), a. [meta- + Gr. yv&- 
Oos jaw.] Having the tips of the mandibles crossed, as the 
crossbills .j— me-tag'na-thism (-thiz'm), n. 

met'al (met'dl), n. [OF. metal, L. metallum metal, mine, 
Gr. ukraWov mine.] 1. Any of a class of substances typi- 
cally fusible and opaque, good conductors of electricity, and 
of a peculiar luster; as, gold and bronze are metals; also, 
the substance composing a metal or metals without refer- 
ence to specific character ; as, a ball of metal. 2. Chem.. 
Specif., an elementary metal, as distinguished from a mixed 
metal, or alloy. Cf. nonmetal. 3. Her. Either of the two 
noble metals, argent (silver) and or (gold), used as tinctures. 
4. Material ; substance ; stuff ; — often used in special 
manufactures to denote partially prepared materials. 
Hence : disposition ; temper ; mettle. 5. Specif. : a Fused 
glass, b Type metal ; hence, Print., state of being in type. 
C = road metal. 6. The effective power or caliber of guns 
on a war vessel ; as, a ship with more metal in its main 
battery. 

— v. t. ; met'aled (-did) or met'alled ; met'al-ing or met'- 
al-ling. To cover or furnish with metal. 

me-tal'lic (me-taFIk), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or character- 
istic of, a metal ; of the nature of or resembling metal. 2. 
Yielding metal ; metalliferous. 

met'al-lif'er-OUS (met'dl-If'er-fts), a. [L. metallifer; me- 
tallum -f- ferre to bear.] Yielding or containing metal. 

met'al-line (met'al-in ; -In), a. 1. Metallic. 2. Impreg- 
nated with metallic salts. 

met'al-list (-1st), n. A worker in, or one skilled in, metals. 

metallo-. Combining form of L. metallum, meaning metal. 

met'al-log'ra-phy (met'dl-og'rd-fi), n. Microscopic study 
of metal structure and alloys. 

met'al-loid (me"t'dl-oid), n. Chem. a An alkali metal, as 
sodium, or an alkaline-earth metal, as calcium. Obs. b 
Sometimes, an element, as arsenic, resembling the typical 
metals in some ways only, c Usually, a nonmetal. See non- 
metal. — a. 1. Having the appearance of a metal. 2. 
Chem. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a metalloid. 

met'al-lur'gic (-ur'jik) \a. Of or pert, to metallurgy. — 

met'al-lur'gi-cal (ji-kdl)/ met'al-lur'gi-cal-ly, adv. 

met'al-lur'gy (-ur'ji), n. [L. metallum metal + root of 
ipyov work.] The science and art of preparing metals for 
use from their ores. — met/al-lur'gist (-ur'jlst), n. 

met'a-mer (met'd-mer), n. Chem. A compound which is 
metameric with one or more others. 

met^a-mere (-mer), n. Zodl. One of a longitudinal series of 
similar segments or parts composing the body in many ani- 
mals, as in many worms and in arthropods ; a somite. 

met'a-mer'ic (-mer'ik), a. 1. Zodl. Of or pert, to a meta- 
mere or metamerism. 2. Chem. Isomeric. 

me-tam'er-ism (me-tam'er-Jz'm), n. 1. Zodl. The state 
of being made up of metameres ; serial segmentation. 2. 
Chem. State or quality of being metameric ; also, the rela- 
tion or condition of metameric compounds. 



ale, senate, care^am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ttrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; .sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure <87); 



METAMORPHIC 



615 



METHEGLIN 



met'a-mor'phic (met'd-mor'flk), a. 1. Subject to or caus- 
ing change; changeable; variable. 2. Geol. Of, pert, to, 
produced by, or exhibiting metamorphism. 

met'a-moi'phism (met'd-mor'flz'm), n. 1. Metamorpho- 
sis. 2. Geol. Change in the constitution of a rock, esp. a 
change due to pressure, heat, and water, and resulting in 
a more compact and more highly crystalline condition. 

met'a-mor'phose (meVd-mor'foz ; -fos), v. t.; -phosed 
(-fozd ; -fost) ; -phos-ing. 1. To transform ; transmute. 2. 
To subject to metamorphism. — Syn. See transform. 

met'a-mor'pho-sis (-fo-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. 

Gr. jtiera/i6p0w(7ts, fr. p.erap.op(j)ovv to transform ; fieri. + 
fiop<t>Ti form.] 1. Change of form, structure, or substance, 
esp. by witchcraft or magic ; also, the form resulting from 
this. 2. Zo'dl. A marked and more or less abrupt change in 
the form or structure of an animal in its development after 
the embryonic stage, as when an insect larva becomes a 
pupa, or the pupa an imago, or when a tadpole changes to 
a frog. 3. Physiol. Metabolism. 
met'a-nepb/ros (-nef'ros), n. [NL. ; meta- + Gr. v&f>p6s 
kidney.] Embryol. One of the posterior of the three pairs 
of embryonic renal organs developed in typical vertebrates. 
jnet'a-phor (met'd-fdr), n. [F. metaphore, L. metaphora, 
fr. Gr. ixera<popa, fr. fi€ra(f>kpui> to carry over, transfer ; *era 
beyond, over + fykpeiv to bring, bear.] Rhet. A figure of 
speech by which a word or phrase literally denoting one 
kind of object or idea is applied to another to suggest a 
likeness between them; as in "the ship plows the sea"; 
"a volley of oaths." — Syn. See COMPARISON. 
met'a-phor'ic (-for'Ik), a. Metaphorical. 
met'a-phor'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. Of, pert, to, or comprising a 
metaphor ; figurative. — met'a-phor/i-cal-ly, adv. 
met'a-phrase (met'd-fraz), n. [Gr. /ierd^pacris, fr. fiera- 
<t>pal;*iv to paraphrase.] A literal translation. — v. t. 1. 
To make a metaphrase of. 2. To alter the wording of. 
xnet'a-phrast (-frast), n. One who metaphrases, as by ren- 
dering verse into a different meter. [physics.l 
met'a-phys'ic ( -fiz'Ik ), a. Metaphysical. — n. Meta-| 
met'a-phys'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to metaphysics ; 
hence, abstract or abstruse ; as, metaphysical reasoning. 
2. Pert, to or having real being or the essential nature of 
reality ; as, metaphysical truth. 3. Preternatural or super- 
natural. 4. Designating, or pert, to, certain 17th-century 
poets given to forced conceits or elaborate subtleties of 
thought and expression. — met'a-phys'i-cal-ly, adv. 
met'a-phy-si'cian (met'd-fl-zlsh'dn), n. One versed in 
metaphysics. 
met'a-pnys'ics (-fiz'iks), n. (See -ICS.) [Gr. nerd, ra <f>v- 
i cikcl after physics ; fieri. + $u(tik6s of nature (<£&<ris), natural, 
physical.] That division of philosophy which includes ontol- 
ogy, or the science of being, and epistemology, or the 
theory of knowledge; in a looser sense, all of the more 
abstruse branches of philosophy ; in a narrower sense, on- 
tology alone. 

met'a-plasm (met'd-plaz'm), n. [L. metaplasmus, Gr. 
fierairXaafios ,* fieri, beyond, over + irXicoeiv to mold.] 
1. Gram. A change in the letters or syllables of a word. 2. 
Biol. That part of the contents of a cell consisting of life- 
less matter or inclusions. Some of them may later be con- 
verted into protoplasm, cell walls, or secretions. — met'a- 
plas'mic (-plaz'mlk), a. 
met'a-so'ma-tism (-so'md-tlz'm) "In. {meta- + Gr. a&fia, 
met'a-SO'ma-to'sis (-so'md-to'sls)! o&fiarm, body.] Geol. 
Metamorphism developed by chemical transformation and 
partial replacement of the constituent minerals. 
me-tas'ta-sis (me-tas'td-sls), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., tran- 
sition, fr. Gr. fieraaratris, fr. fiediaravai to place in an- 
other way ; fieri after + laravax to place.] 1. Rhet. Change 
of subject, esp. sudden transition. 2. a Physiol. & Med. 
Change in place of a disease, bodily function, etc. ; transfer 
of a function, disease, or morbific matter from one part or 
organ to another, b Biol. Metabolism. 3. Change of state, 
substance, or form; esp., Theol., a spiritual change, as 
during baptism. 

met'a-stat'ic (met'd-stat'Ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
caused by, metastasis ; as, a metastatic abscess. 
met'a-tar/sal (-tar'sdl), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the meta- 
tarsus. — n. A metatarsal bone. 
met'a-tar'sus (-tar'siis), n. ; pi. -si (-si). [NL.] Anat. & 
Zo'dl. The part of the foot (in quadrupeds of the hind foot) 
between the tarsus and phalanges. 
me-tath'e-sis (me-tlth'e-sls), n.; L. pi. -ses (-sez). [L., 
fr. Gr. fieraBevis, fr. fieraridevai to place differently ; fieri. 
+ ridevat to set.] 1. Gram. Transposition, as of letters or 
sounds. 2. Med. A mere change in position of a morbid 
substance. 3. Chem. Act or process of substituting one 
atom or radical for another in a molecule. — met'a-thet'- 
ic (met'd-thet'Ik), met'a-thet'i-cal (-T-kal), a. 
met/a-tho'rax (met'd-tho'raks), n. [NL.] Zool. The pos- 
terior segment of the thorax of an insect, 
me'ta'yer' {F. ma't^ya'; E. me-ta'yer), n. [F., deriv. of 



L. medietas half.] One who cultivates land for a share 
(usually one half) of its yield, receiving stock, tools, etc, 
from the landlord. — me'ta'yage' (ma'te'yazh' ; E. mg- 
ta'yaj), n. 

Met'a-zo'a (met'd-zo'd), n. pi. [NL. ; meta- + Gr. fwoi> 
animal.] Zool. All animals except the Protozoa. They nave 
the body, when adult, composed of numerous cells differen- 
tiated into tissues and organs. Reproduction is chiefly sex- 
ual, each individual beginning its existence as a single cell 
(see egg) and generally passing through an embryonic stage. 

met'a-zo'an (-dn), a. Zool. Of or pertaining to the Meta- 
zoa. — n. One of the Metazoa. 

met'a-zo'ic (-Ik), o. Zool. Metazoan. 

mete (met), v. t.; met'ed (met/eM), met/ing. [AS. metan.'\ 

1. To measure. 2. To allot. — v. i. To measure. Archaic. 
mete, n. [See mete to measure.] 1. Goal. 06s. 2. Bound- 
ary; — chiefly pi., in metes and bounds. 

met'em-pir'ic (meVem-pir'Ik) la. [meta- + empiric, -al."\ 

met'em-pir'i-cal (-I-kdl) j Metaph. Related or be- 

longing to the objects of knowledge within the province of 
metempirics. 

met'em-pir'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The science or study 
of concepts and relations which are conceived as beyond, 
and yet as related to, the knowledge gained empirically. 

me-temp'sy-cho'sis (me-temp'sl-ko'sis), n.; pi. -choses 
(-sez). [L., fr. Gr. neren4'VX 0} (ris ; tier a. beyond + ifiipu- 
xow to animate ; tv in -f 4/vxh soul.] The passing of the 
soul at death into another body ; transmigration of souls. 

met'en C-ph'a-lon (met'en-seFd-lon), n.; L. pi. -LA (-Id). 
[NL. ; meta- -f- encephalon.J Anat., Embryol., & Zool. 
a The posterior segment of the brain ; the afterbrain. It is 
practical'" coextensive with the medulla oblongata, b The 
epencepnalon. — met-en'ce-phal'ic (met-en'se-fal'Ik), a. 

ine'te-or (me'te-or), n. [F. meteore or LL. meteorum, fr. 
Gr. fiereapov, pi. nereupa things in the air, fierewpcn high in 
air; fiera beyond -f- t&pa, alupa, a suspension.] 1. Any 
phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, as a whirl- 
wind, cloud, etc. 2. Specif., a meteoroid heated to incan- 
descence by friction in passing through the atmosphere ; a 
shooting star. 

me'te-or'ic (-or'Tk), a. 1. Of or pert, to a meteor or meteors. 

2. Like a meteor ; flashing ; transiently brilliant. 
me'te-or-ite' (me'te-or-It'), n. A stony or metallic body 

fallen to the earth from outer space ; loosely, a meteor or 
meteoroid. See meteor. — me'te-or-it'ic (-It'Ik), a. 

me'te-or-O-graph' (-o-graf ; me't^-or'-), n. Meteor. An au- 
tographic apparatus for recording simultaneously several 
meteorologic elements, as barometric pressure, tempera- 
ture, moisture, wind, rainfall, sunshine, evaporation, etc. 

me'te-or-oid 7 (me'te-or-oid'), n. Astron. One of the count- 
less small solid bodies in the solar system, which become 
meteors on entering the earth's atmosphere. 

me'te-or-o-lite' (-6-11 1' ; me'te-or'-), n. [meteor + -lite.'] 
A meteoric stone ; a meteorite. 

me'te-or-O-log'ic (-6-15 j'lk ) la. Of or pert, to the atmos- 

me'te-or-O-log'i-cal (-loj'I-kdl)/ phere and its phenomena, 
or meteorology. — me'te-or-0-lOg'i-cal-ly, adv. [ogy. 

ine'te-or-Ol'O-gist (-51'6-jTst), n. A specialist in meteorol-| 

me'te-or-ol'o-gy (me'te-or-ol'o-jl), n. [Gr. nereupoXoyia; 
Hereupon high in air -f- \6yos discourse.] Physics treating 
of the atmosphere and its phenomena, esp. of its variations 
of heat and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc. 

me'ter (me'ter), n. [From mete to measure.] 1. One who 
measures ; esp., an official measurer of commodities. 2. An 
instrument for measuring, and usually for recording auto- 
matically the quantity measured ; as, a gas meter. 

— v. t. To measure by means of a meter or meters. 

me'ter, me'tre (me'ter), n. [F. metre, L. metrum, fr. Gr. 
ukrpov.'] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syllables or words 
in verse ; poetical measure, depending on number, quantity, 
and accent of syllables ; rhythm ; also, any specific rhythmi- 
cal arrangement. 2. Music. That part of musical structure 
depending primarily on time values. 3. A measure of 
length, the basis of the metric system (which see), equal to 
about 39.37 inches. Abbr., m. 

-meter. [L. metrum measure, or Gr. nerpov. 1 ] A suffix de- 
noting : a An instrument or means for measuring some 
quantity; as in barometer, chronometer, voltmeter, b A 
poetical measure or arrangement of words or syllables in 
verse; as in heptameter, tetrameter. See 2d meter. 

met-nae'mo-glo'bin (mSt-he'mo-glo'bln ; met-hem'S- ; 
meth-e'mo-), n. Also met-he'mo-glo'bin. [meta- +hae' 
moglobin.'] Physiol. Chem. A soluble, brownish red, 
crystalline compound formed by the spontaneous decom- 
position of blood and also by the action of various reagents, 
meth'ane (meWan), n. [G. methan.'] Chem. A gaseous 
hydrocarbon, CIL, odorless and inflammable, produced by 
decomposition of organic matter, as in marshes and mines ; 
— called also marsh gas. See fire damp. 
me-theg'lin (me-theg'lln), n. [W. meddyglyn; meddyg 
physician (ft L. medicus) -f- llyn liquor.] An old-fash- 
ioned beverage, usually fermented, of honey and water. 



t 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; -zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals, 



WJ 



METHINKS 



616 



MEZEREON 



me-thinks' (-thTrjks'), v. impers. ; pret. -thought' (-th&f). 
[AS. pyncan to seem, me pync(e)3, me puhte, ME. me 
think(e)th, me thoughte.] It seems to me. Rare or Poet. 

meth'od (mSth'tid), n. [F. methode or L. methodus, fr. Gr. 
fieOodos method, investigation following after ; perd after -f- 
656s way.] 1. An orderly procedure or process, as, orig., of 
treating disease ; mode of procedure ; hence : manner ; way ; 
mode. 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, 
or classification ; plan or design, as of an author. 
Syn. Order, system, rule, mode, manner, way, fashion, 
course. — Method, mode, manner, way. Method is 
commonly a special or definite system of procedure ; mode, 
though often suggesting more definiteness or formality of 
procedure than way or manner, is ordinarily less specific 
than method ; as a method of teaching, of procedure, of cal- 
culation ; a modeoi life, of speaking, of running. But the 
two words are often interchangeable. 

me-thod'ic (me-thod'Ik), a. Methodical. Rare. 

me-thod'i-cal (-i'-kal), a. Arranged, or habitually proceed- 
ing, according to method ;_ characterized by method or or- 
derliness ; systematic. i-cal-ly, adv. i-cal-ness, n. 

meth'od-ism (meth'ud-Tz'm), n. 1. [cap."] The doctrines, 
polity, and worship of Methodists. 2. Devotion to methods. 

meth'od-ist (-ist), n. 1. One versed in, or observant of, 
method. Rare. 2. [cap.] One of a Christian denomination 
which is the outgrowth of a religious club formed at Oxford 
University in 1729 by John and Charles Wesley and others. 
— Meth'od-ist, a.— Meth'od-is'tic (-ls'tik), -is'ti-cal, a. 

meth'od-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
reduce to method ; dispose in due order. 

meth'od-oPo-gy (-61'5-ji), n. [Gr. pkdoSo? method + 
-logy.'] The science of method or arrangement ; hence, a 
branch of logic dealing with principles of procedure. 

me-thought' (me-thof), pret. of hethinks. 

Me-thu'se-lah (-thu'se-ld), n. Bib. One of the patriarchs, 
related (Gen. v. 27) to have lived 9G9 years. 

meth'yl (meth'iT), n. [Gr. peOv wine + &X17 wood.] Chem. 
A univalent hydrocarbon radical, CH3, known only in 
compounds. 

methyl acetate. Chem. A colorless, fragrant liquid, 
CH3CO2CH3. occurring in crude wood vinegar and wood 
spirit, and also made from methyl alcohol and acetic acid. 

meth'yl-al (meth'i-laD.n. {methylene + aldehyde.] Org. 
Chem. A light, volatile liquid, H2C(OCH3)2, of pleasant 
odor, obtained by partial oxidation of methyl alcohol. It is 
used in medicine as a hypnotic. 

methyl alcohol. Chem. A poisonous, volatile, inflamma- 
ble liquid got by distillation of wood ; wood alcohol. 

meth'yl-am'ine (metb/il-am'in.; -d-men'), n., or methyl 
amine. Also -min. Chem. A compound formed by the 
replacement by methyl of one or more hydrogen atoms in 
ammonia ; specif., a colorless, inflammable gas, CH3NH2, of 
strong ammoniacal odor, obtained from herring brine, from 
certain euphorbiaceous plants, by dry distillation of bones, 
wood, etc., and by other methods. 

meth'yl-ate (meth'i-lat), n. [methyl + alcohola^e.] Chem. 
A compound derived from methyl alcohol by the replace- 
ment of the hydroxyl hydrogen by a metal. 

— v. t. ; -at'ed (-lat'ed) ; -at'ing. To impregnate or mix 
with methyl alcohol; as, methylated spirit, ordinary 
alcohol denatured with methyl alcohol. 

meth'yl-ene (meth'i-len), n. [F. methylene, from Gr. 
pkQv wine + v\rj wood ; — a word coined to correspond to 
the name wood spirit.] Org. Chem. A bivalent hydro- 
carbon radical, CH2, not known in the free state, but con- 
veniently regarded as a component of various compounds ; 
as, methylene bromide, CEhBtt. 

me-thyl'ic (me-thil'Ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or derived 
from, methyl; as, methylic alcohol. [meticulous.! 

me-tic'u-los'i-ty (me-tTk'd-los'I-ti), n. Quality of being| 

me-tic'u-lous (me-tik'u-lus), a. [L. meticulosus, < fr. 
metus fear.] Unduly or excessively careful of small details ; 
finically scrupulous. — me-tic'u-lous-ly, adv. 

U me'tier/ (ma'tya'), w. [F.] Calling; profession; trade; 
esp., as used in English, that in which one is specially 
skilled; one's "line." 

me'tis' (ma'tes'), n. masc; me'tisse' (males'), n. fern. 
[F.] A person of mixed blood ; a half-breed. 

me'tol (me'tol; -tol), n. [G-, a trade name, fr. meta- -f- 
kresoZ cresol.] A whitish soluble powder used as a devel- 
oper in photography. 

Me-ton'lC (me-ton'ik), o. Pertaining to, or discovered by, 
Meton, the Athenian astronomer of the 5th century B. c. 
Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, after which the new 
and full moons return to the same days of the year as at 
the beginning of the previous cycle. 

met'O-nym (mSt'o-mm), n. A word used in metonymy. 

met'o-nym'ic (-nim'ik )\ a. Pert, to or involving meton- 

met'o-nym'i-cal (-i-kal)j ymy; used in metonymy. 

me-ton'y-my (me-ton'I-mf), n. [L. metonymia, Gr. pe- 
rwvvpta ; nera, indicating change + &wpa, iyopta, name.] 
Rhet. A figure of speech in which one word is put for an- 
other that it suggests ; as, a good table (that is, good food). 



met'O-pe (met'8-pe), n. [L. metopa, Gr. perlyjrrj; per& be« 
tween + 6tt^ hole.] _ Arch. The space between two tn- 
glyphs of the Doric frieze, often adorned with carving. 

me-top'ic (me-top'ik), a. [Gr. peruirov forehead.] Anat. 
Of or pert, to the forehead ; frontal ; as, the metopic suture. 

me-tral'gi-a (me"-tral'ji-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. p-fjTpa uterus + 
-algia.] Med. Pain in the uterus. 

me'tre (me'ter). Var. of meter. 

met'ric (met'nk), a. [L. metricus, Gr. perpiKSs.'] 1. Re- 
lating to, or proceeding by, measurement. 2. [F. metrique.] 
Of or pert, to the meter (measure) or the metric system. 

3. = metrical, 1. 

metric quintal (abbr. ff.), a weight of 100 kilograms, or 
220.46 pounds avoirdupois. — m. system, a decimal sys- 
tem of weights and measures originated in France and now 
in general use. The basis is the meter, which was designed 
to be, and is very nearly, one ten-millionth of the distance 
on a meridian from the equator to the pole, or about 39.37 
inches. Upon the meter are based the other primary units : 
the square meter, the cubic meter, or stere, the are (100 
square meters), the liter (the volume of a cube whose edge 
is one tenth of a meter), and the gram (the weight, very 
nearly, of distilled water at 4° C. contained in a cube whose 
edge is one hundredth of a meter). Successive multiples of 
the primary units are designated by the Greek prefixes 
deca-, hecto-, kilo-, myria-; successive parts by the Latin 
prefixes deci-, centi-, and milli-. The prefixes mega- and 
micro- are sometimes used to denote a multiple by one 
million, and the millionth part, respectively. — m. ton 
(abbr., t.), a weight of 1,000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 pounds 
avoirdupois. 

met'ri-cal (met'rT-kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to meter; ar- 
ranged in meter. 2. = metric, 1,2. — met'ri-cal-ly, adv. 

me-tri'cian (me-tnsh'dn), n. A student of meter. 

met'ri-fy^meVri-fl), v. t. [L. metrum meter + -fy.] To 
compose in, or put into, meter ; make a metrical version of. 

me'trist (me'trist; met'rist), n. [LL. metrista.] One 
skillful in making verses or handling meter ; a metrician. 

me-tri'tis (me-trl'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. n-qrpa uterus + -itis."] 
Med. Inflammation of the uterus. 

me-trol'o-gy (me-trol'6-ji), n. [Gr. p'erpov measure + 
-logy.] Science of, or a system of, weights and measures. — 
met'ro-log'i-cal (met'ro-loj'i-kal), a. 

met'ro-nome (met'ro-nom), n. [Gr. n'erpov measure -f- 
vbp.o% law.] An instrument for marking exact time. esp. 
in music, as a clock -moved pendulum. 

me'tro-nym'ic (me'tro-nim'ik ; met'ro-), a. [Gr.p.T}Tpa>j>v- 
piubs ; pr)T7]p mother + &vvpa, 6vop.a, name.] Derived from 
the name of the mother or other female ancestor. — n. A 
metronymic name or appellation. 

me-trop'O-liS (me-trop'o-lis), n.; pi. E. -uses (-ez; 24). 
[L. metropolis, Gr. p.rjTp6iroXi.s, prop., mother city (in 
relation to colonies) ; primp mother + iroXi? city.] 1. Eccl. 
The seat, or see, of a metropolitan. 2. The chief or capital 
city of a country, state, etc. 3. A principal seat or center. 

4. Gr. Hist. The mother or parent city or state of a colony. 
met'ro-pol'i-tan (met'ro-pol'i-tdn), a. Of, pert, to, or 

designating a metropolis or metropolitan. — n. l.Eccl. A 
bishop who has oversight of the bishops of a province. 2. 
One who lives in, or has the manners, customs, or ideas of, 
a (or the) metropolis (sense 2). 3. Gr. Hist. A citizen of a 
metropolis (sense 4). 

me'tror-rha'gi-a (me'tro-ra'ji-d; mefro-), n. [NL. ; Gr. 
pi)rpa uterus + -rhagia.] Med. Uterine hemorrhage, esp. 
(as disting. from menorrhagia) when not menstrual. 

-metry. [See -meter.] A suffix denoting art, process, or 
science, of measuring ; as in acidimetry, chionometry. 

met'tle (met' '1), n. [E. metal, used in allusion to the tem- 
per of the metal of a sword blade.] Quality of tempera- 
ment ; spirit, esp. as regards honor, ardor, courage, etc. 

met'tle-some (-'1-siim), a. Also met'tled (-'Id). Full of 
mettle, or spirit ; fiery. — Syn. See spirited. 

mew (mu), n. [AS. miew.] A sea gull. 

mew, n. [F. mue a molting, muer to molt, L. mutare to 
change.] 1. A cage for hawks, esp. while mewing. 2. A 
coop or cage, esp. for fattening fowls. 06s. exc. Dial. Eng. : 
A breeding cage. 3. Place of confinement or hiding place ; 
den. 4. [In form mews, but usually construed as a sing.] 
a The royal stables in London, built on the site of the king's 
mews for hawks, b A stable or range of stables round an 
open space or alley. 

— v. i. To molt ; — said of birds, esp. hawks. Archaic. 
— v. t. 1. To put or keep (a hawk) in a mew. 2. To in- 
close, confine, or conceal, as in a cage ; — now commonly 
with up; as, to mew up one's self from the world. 

mew (mu), v. i. [Imitative.] To utter a cry like mew, as a 
cat. — n. The common cry of a cat ; also, an imitation of it. 

mewl (mul), v. i. & t. To cry weakly, as a young child. 

Mex'i-can (meVsi-kdn), a. Of or pert, to Mexico or its 
people. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mexico. Mexicans 
include whites of Spanish descent, mestizos, and Indjans. 

me-ze're-on (me'-ze're-Sn), n. [F. mezereon, Per. mazar- 
yun spurge olive.] 1. A small European thymelsaceous 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, cdnnect; 
use, unite, arn, iip, circ&, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; (hen, thin; na(yre, ver^are \W}' t 



MEZEREUM 



617 



MICROPYROMETER 



shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant lilac-purple 
flowers and scarlet fruit. 2. = mezereum, 2. 

me-ze're-um (-um), n. [NL.] 1. = mezereon, 1. 2. 
Pharm. & Med. The dried acrid bark of mezereon, used in 
liniments and internally as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and 
stimulant in rheumatism, syphilis, etc. 

me-zu'zah, me-zu'za (me-zoo'za), n.; Heb. pi. -zoth 
(-zoth). [Heb. mezuzah doorpost.] Among the orthodox 
Hebrews, a piece of parchment bearing on one side the 
passages Deut. vi. 4-9 and xi. 13-21, and on the other the 
name of God Shaddai, left visible through an opening. It 
is rolled up in a case or tube and attached to the doorpost 
as both the passages command. 

mez'za-nine (mez'd-nTn ; -nen), n. Also mezzanine floor 
or story. [F. mezzanine, It. mezzanino, fr. mezzano mid- 
dle.] Arch. A low story between two high ones, esp. be- 
tween the ground floor and the story above. 

|| mez'zo (med'zo), a. [It., fr. L. medius middle, half.] 
Music. Mean ; middling ; not extreme. Abbr., m. 

mez'zo-re-lie'vo (-re-le'vo), || mez'zo-ri-lie'vo (-re-lya'- 
vo), n.; pi. E. -vos (-voz), It. mezzi-rilievi (med'ze-re- 
lya've). [It. mezzo rilievo.'] Half relief; sculpture in 
which the relief is between alto-relievo and bas-relief. 

mez'zo— SO-pra'no (-so-pra'no), n. [It.] Music, a A voice 
of somewhat full, deep quality between that of the soprano 
and contralto, b A person having such a voice. 

mez'ZO-tint (med'zo-tint ; mez'6-), n. Also mez'zo-tin'to 
(-tin'to). [It. mezzo half + Unto tinted, p. p.] 1. A man- 
ner of engraving on copper or steel by scraping, burnishing, 
etc., a roughened surface. 2. An engraving so produced. 

— v. t. To engrave in, or represent by, mezzotint. 

mho (mo), n. [Anagram of ohm.'] Elec. A unit of conduc- 
tivity, being the reciprocal of the ohm. 

mi (me), n. Music. The third of the syllables used in sol- 
mization ; — applied to the third tone of the diatonic scale. 

Mi-a'mi (mT-a'mi ; mi-am'i), n. An Indian of an Algon- 
quian tribe formerly in the country between the Wabash and 
Maumee rivers, now in Oklahoma. 

mi-aow', mi-aou' (mi-ou'), n. & inter j. The cry of a cat ; 
a mew. — v. i. To make or imitate this cry ; mew. 

mi-as'ma (mi-az'md), n. ; pi. L. -mata (-md-td), E. -mas 
(-mdz). [NL., fr. Gr. p.iaap.a defilement, fr. p.<.alutiv to pol- 
lute.] Infectious particles or germs floating in the air, or 
the air infected by them ; malaria. 

mi-as'mal (-mdl), a. Containing miasma ; miasmatic. 

mi'as-mat'ic (ml'az-mat'IkHa. Containing, or pert, to, 

mi'as-mat'i-cal (-T-kdl) / miasma ; caused by miasma. 

mi-aul' (mi-61' ; mi-oul'), v. i. & t. To cry as a cat ; mew. 

— n. The crying of a cat. 

mi'ca (ml'kd), n. [L. mica crumb, grain.] Any of a group 
of mineral silicates that readily separate into laminae, or 
thin leaves, more or less elastic. The transparent forms are 
popularly called isinglass. 

mi-ca'ce-OUS (ml-ka'she-Ss), a. Pert, to, consisting of, or 
containing mica ; resembling mica in foliation or luster. 

Mi'cah (ml'kd), n. [Heb. Mikah.] Bib. a A prophet of 
the 8th century B. c. b A book of the Old Testament. 

mice (mis), n., pi. of mouse. 

Mi'chael (ml'kel ; Bib. ml'ka-el ; mi'kel), n. [L. Michael, 
Gr. MixaTjX, fr. Heb. Mikael.~] Bib. A certain archangel 
(Dan. x. 13, 21 ; Rev. xii. 7-9). 

Mich'ael-mas (mTk'el-mds), n. [Michael + Mass reli- 
gious service.] Feast of the archangel Michael, Sept. 29th. 

Michaelmas daisy. Any of various American asters. 

miche (mich; mech ), v. i.; miched (micht ; mecht) ; 
mich'ing. [ME. mychen to pilfer.] To play truant. Dial. 

mich'er (mich'er ; mech'er), n. Truant ; sneak ; thief. Obs. 

mick'le (mlk''l), a. [AS. micelJ] Great ; much. Obs. or Scot. 

Mic'mac (mik'mak), n. One of a tribe of Algonquian In- 
dians of Newfoundland and eastern Canada. 

mi'cri-fy (ml'kri-fl), v. t. To make small or insignificant. 

mi'cro- (ml'kro-). Combining form fr. Gr. uiicpos, small, 
little, trivial, slight; signifying specifically, as in the 
metric system, millionth part of. [ampere. | 

mi'cro-am-pere' (-am-par'), n. Elec. One millionth of an| 

mi cro-bar'o -graph (-bar'6-graf), n. An instrument for 
recording minor fluctuations of atmospheric pressure. 

mi'crobe (ml'krob), n. [F., fr. Gr. uikpos small + /Sios life.] 
A microscopic organism ; germ ; popularly, a bacterium, 
esp. a pathogenic one. [microbes. 

mi-cro'bi-al (ml-kro'bi'-ai), a. Of, pert, to, or caused by,| 

mi-cro'bic (-kro'bik ; -krob'ik), a. Microbial. 

mi-cro'bi-cide (ml-kro'bi-sid), n. [microbe -{- -tide. ~\ 
Med. Any agent detrimental to, or destructive of, microbes 
or bacterial organisms. — mi-cro'bi-cid al (-sld'al), a. 

mTcro-bi-ol'o-gy (ml'kro-bl-ol'o-ji), n. The study of 
minute organisms, or microbes, as the bacteria. 

rm'cro-ce-pha'li-a (-se-fa'li-d)\n. Condition of having a 

mi'cro-ceph'a-ly (-sef'd-li) J small head or small cra- 



nial cavity. - - mi'cro-ce-phal'ic 

ceph'a-lous (-sef'd-lus), a. 



(-se-fal'ik), mi'cro- 



mi'cro-chem'is-try (-kem'Is-trl), n. The application of 
chemical tests to minute objects or portions of matter, 
magnified by the use of the microscope. 

mi'cro-cline (ml'kro-klln), n. [micro- + Gr. kKLvuv to 
incline.] Min. A mineral of the feldspar group, like ortho- 
clase or common feldspar in composition, but triclinic in 
form. It is white to pale yellow, red, or green. 

mi'cro-COC'cus (-kok'us), n.; L. pi. -ci (-kok'sT). [NL. ; 
micro- + Gr. kokkos seed.] Any of a genus (Micrococcus) 
of nonflagellate bacteria, including some pathogenic species. 

mi'cro-COSm (mT'kro-koz'm), n. [F. microcosme, L. mi- 
crocosmus, fr. Gr. fiiKpds koohos, man, lit., little world.] 1. 
Man, or human nature as an epitome of the great world; — 
opposed to macrocosm. 2. A community, institution, coun- 
try, etc., regarded as an epitome of the world or as being a 
little world. 

mi'cro-COS'mic (-koz'mik) la. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 

mi'cro-COS'mi-cal (-mi-kdl)j of, a microcosm, 
microcosmic salt, Chem., a white salt, HNaNH4P04- 
4H2O, originally obtained from human urine. It is used 
as a blowpipe reagent in testing for metallic oxides. 

mi'cro-COU-lomb' (-koo-lom'), n. Elec. One millionth of a 
coulomb. 

mi'cro-crys'tal-line (-krls'tdl-in ; -In), a. Having the 
constituent crystalline grains microscopic. 

mi'cro-cyte (ml'kro-slt), n. Anat. One of the small disks, 
resembling in color the red corpuscles, but of one third or 
one half the size, which occur in blood (in especially large 
numbers in certain forms of anaemia). [teeth. I 

mi'cro-dont (-dont), a. [micro- + -odont."] Having small| 

mi'cro-far'ad (-far'ad), n. Elec. One millionth of a farad. 

Illi'cro-gram (ml'kro-gram), n. Physics. One millionth of 
a gram. 

mi'cro-graph (-graf), n. 1. An instrument for executing 
minute writing or engraving. 2. A picture of an object as 
seen through the microscope. 

mi'cro-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to microg- 
raphy ; minutely written. 2. Related to, or disclosed by, 
microscopic examination, and exhibited, or capable of be- 
ing exhibited, in drawings or photographs. 

mi-crog'ra-phy (ml-krog'rd-fi), n. 1. Description of 
microscopic objects ; also, examination or study with the 
microscope, as of an etched surface of metal. 2. Art or 
practice of very minute handwriting. [of an ohm.l 

mi'crohm (ml'krom; mT-krom'), n. Elec. One millionth! 

mi-crol'o-gy (ml-krol'6-ji ), n. Attention to, or discussion 
of, petty items or differences. 

mi-crom'e-ter (ml-krom'e-ter), n. 1. An instrument, used 
with a telescope or microscope, for measuring minute dis- 
tances. 2. [In full micrometer caliper.] A very exact 
caliper gauge with micrometer screw attached. 

micrometer screw. A screw with a graduated head and 
fine threads used in micrometers, etc. _ [eter.l 

mi-crom'e-try (-tri), n. Art of measuring with a microm-| 

mi'cro-milli-me'ter, -me'tre (ml'kro-mil'i-me'ter), n. 
One millionth of a millimeter ; also, sometimes, as in Biol., 
a micron. Symbol, nu. 

mi'cron (mi'kron ; mik'ron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fwcpSs small.] 
One thousandth of a millimeter. Symbol, 11. 

Mi'cro-ne'sian (ml'kro-ne'shan ; -zhdn), a. [From Micro- 
nesia, fr. Gr. ulkpos small + vijcros an island.] Of or pert, 
to Micronesia or the Micronesians, or to the division of the 
Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in Micronesia. — n. 
A native of Micronesia, which is inhabited by peoples 
mostly of mixed Melanesian, Polynesian, and Malaysian 
stocks. Also, a Micronesian language or dialect. 

mi'cro-br'gan-ism (ml'kro-or'gan-iz'm), n. Biol. Any or- 
ganism of microscopic size ; esp., a bacterium. 

mi'cro-phone (ml'krS-fon), n. Physics. An instrument for 
intensifying feeble sounds or for transmitting sounds. 

mi'cro-phon'ic (-fon'ik), a. Of or pert, to a microphone ; 
serving to intensify weak sounds. 

mi'cro-pho'to-graph (ml'kro-fo'tS-graf), n. 1. A micro- 
scopically small photograph of a picture, printed page, etc. 

2. = PHOTOMICROGRAPH, 1. 

mi'cro-pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tog'rd-fi), n. Art or science of 
making microphotographs. 

mi'cro-phyte (ml'kro-flt), n. Bot. A minute plant, esp. 
one of the bacteria. 

mi-crop'ter-OUS (mi-krop'ter-ws) , a. [Gr. uiKpowrepos ; ui- 
upbs small + -KTtpbv wing.] Zo'dl. Having small or rudi- 
mentary wings or fins. 

mi'cro-py'lar (ml'kro-pi'ldr), a. Pert, to a micropyle. 

mi'cro-pyle (ml'kro-pll), n. [micro- + Gr. -ttuXtj gate, 
orifice.] 1. Zo'dl. A minute opening in the investing mem- 
branes of an egg, by which spermatozoa may enter. 2. Bot. 
The minute orifice in the integuments of an ovule through 
which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryo sac. 

mi'cro-py-rom'e-ter (ml'kro-pl-rom'e-ter), n. Physics. 
An instrument for the determination by optical methods of 
the temperature or emissivity of heat of glowing bodies of 
microscopic size. 



( 



i 



I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E x pl a n ations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MICROSCOPE 



618 



MIDWIFE 




mi'cro-scope (ml'kro-skop), re. An optical instrument, 
consisting essentially of a lens or 
combination of lenses, for making 
enlarged images of minute objects. 

mi'cro-scop'ic (-skop'Yk), a. 1. = 
microscopical, 1. 2. Like a micro- 
scope ; able to see very minute 
objects. 3. Very small ; visible only 
with a microscope. 

mi'cro-scop'i-cal (Y-kol), a. 1. Of 
or pert, to the microscope or mi- 
croscopy ; made with a microscope. 
2. == microscopic, 3. Rare. 

mi'cro-scop'i-cal-ly, adv. In a mi- 
croscopical manner ; by means of 
the microscope ; in reference to mi- 
croscopic qualities. 

mi-cros'co-pist (m!-kros'k6-p!st; 

fffSr^S 0, U ' 0nC Wh ° USCS Compound Microscope. 
the microscope. i Eyepiece ; 2 Nose- 

mi-cros'CO-py (-pi), re. Use of the piece, carrying three 
microscope ; investigation with the Objectives, 3 ; 4 Rack 
microscope. and Pinion for coarse 

mi'cro-seism .(ml'k i • o-sls'm ; ^tSS ; 5 f G s r c a r d e U w 

-siz m), re. [micro- + Gr. <T«<r/ios for Fine Adjustment ; 
an earthquake, fr. aeletv to shake.] 6 Stage ; 7 Illumi- 
A feeble earth tremor, detected nating Mirror; 8 
only by special apparatus. — mi'- Condenser. 
cro-seis'mic (-sls'mtk; -slz'-), -seis'mi-cal (-mY-kal),a. 

mi'cro-some (mi'kro-som), re. Biol. One of the minute 
granules embedded in the ground substance of protoplasm. 

mi'cro-spo-ran'gi-um (-spo-ran'jY-ftm), re.; L. pi. -gia 
(-d). [NL.] Bot. A sporangium with microspores, as, in 
seed plants, the pollen sac of the anther. 

mi'cro-spore (ml'kro-spor ; 57), re. Bot. One of the 
smaller of the two kinds of asexual spores, as a pollen grain. 

mi'cro-spo'ro-phyll (ml'kro-spo'ro-fYl), re. Bot. A sporo- 
phyll bearing microsporangia, as the stamen in seed plants. 

mi-cros'to-mous ( ml-kros'to-mus ), a. [micro- + Gr. 
arofjia, -aroj, mouth.] Having a small mouth. 

mi'cro-tome (mT'kro-tom), re. [micro- + Gr. tojuos cutting.] 
An instrument for cutting thin sections, as of organic 
tissues, for microscopical examination. 

mi'cro-tom'ic (-tom'Yk), mi'cro-tom'i-cal (-Y-kdl), a. Of 
or pert, to the microtome or microtomy ; cutting thin slices. 

mi-crot'o-my ( mi-kroV6-mY ),n. Art of using the micro- 
tome, or of preparing, with its aid, objects for microscopical 
study. — mi-crot'o-mist (-6-mYst), re. 

mi'cro-volt' (ml'kro-volt'), n. Elec. One millionth of a volt. 

mi'cro-zyme (ml'kro-zlm), n. [micro- + Gr. f 0/xr) leaven.] 
Biol. A microorganism which is supposed to act like a fer- 
ment in causing or propagating certain infectious or conta- 
gious diseases ; a pathogenic bacterial organism. 

mic'tu-rate (mYk'til-rat), y. i. [See micturition.] To 
urinate ; — etymologically incorrect in form and sense. 

mic'tu-ri'tion (mik'tu-nsh'un), re. [L. micturire to desire 
to make water, desiderative verb fr. mingere, mictum, to 
urinate.] Desire to urinate ; also, a morbidly frequent pass- 
ing of the urine ; incorrectly, act of urinating. 

mid (mid), a.; cornpar. wanting; superl. mid'most (mYd'- 
most). [AS. midd.~\ 1. Denoting or being the middle part. 

2. Middle in position ; middle ; — chiefly in combination. 

3. Phon. Articulated with a somewhat elevated position of 
the active part of the tongue (in relation to the palate) ; 
midway between high and low; — said of certain vowel 
sounds, as a ( ale ), e ( ell ), o (old). — re. Middle. Archaic. 

mid. Shortened form of amid. 

Mi'das (ml'dds), n. [L., fr. Gr. Midas.] Gr. Myth. A king 
of Phrygia who asked of Dionysus that everything he 
touched might turn to gold, but, as even his food was thus 
changed, he persuaded the god to take his favor back. In a 
musical contest between Pan and Apollo he decided in 
favor of Pan, and Apollo changed his ears into an ass's ears. 

mid'-brain', re. The mesencephalon. 

mid'day' (mYd'da'), re. The middle part of the day ; noon. 

mid'den (mYd''n), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. A dunghill. 
Archaic. 2. A heap of refuse near a dwelling; esp., a 
kitchen midden (which see)/ 

mid'dle (mYd''l), a. [AS. middel.] 1. Equally distant from 
given extremes ; mean ; medial ; as, the middle house of a 
row ; middle age. 2. Intermediate ; intervening ; mediat- 
ing ; as, a middle ground ; the middle class. 3. a Pert, to or 
designating a form or voice of the Greek verb, or of analo- 
gous verbal forms in other languages, by which its subject 
is represented as acting on, or with reference to, itself ; — 
so called as being intermediate between active and passive. 
b [cap.] Designating a period of a language or literature in- 
termediate between periods called Old and New or Mod- 
ern; as, Middle English (see English) ; Middle High Ger- 
man. {Middle German is geographical, being applied only 
to dialects of central Germany.) C Phon. Medial. 



Middle Ages, the period between ancient and modern 
times, as.the period between the fall of the Roman Empire 
(476 A. D.) and the revival of letters (about 1400) ; — 
called also Dark Ages, from their reputed intellectual ob- 
scurity. — m. ear, Anat., the tympanum. — M. Kingdom 
[a translation of Chin. Chung kuo] , China ; — a name given 
by the natives: (1) to the eighteen provinces, or China 
proper, as distinguished from the adjacent tributary coun- 
tries ; or (2) to the Chinese dominions as occupying the 
center of the earth. — m. latitude, Navig., the point situ- 
ated midway on a north-and-south line between two paral- 
lels. — m. point. Her. See escutcheon, lllust. 

— n. 1. A middle point, part, or position ; midst. 2. A 
mean ; a middle course or thing. Rare. 

mid'dle-aged' (mYd''l-ajd'), a. Being of an age between 
youth and old age ; between 30 and 50 years old. 

mid'dle-man (-man), re. An agent between two parties, as 
a dealer between the producer and the consumer. 

mid'dle-most (-most), a. Midmost. 

mid'dle- weight' (-wat'), n. One of average weight ; specif., 
in wrestling, boxing, etc., one of a class heavier than a 
welterweight and lighter than a heavyweight, the middle- 
weight limit being 158 (or sometimes 154) pounds. 

mid'dling, a. 1. Of middle or medium rank, state, size, or 
quality ; medium ; moderate ; mediocre. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the middle class. — n. Any of various commodities of 
intermediate position or quality ; as, in pi., a combination 
of the coaiser parts of ground wheat with the finest bran, 
separated in bolting. — adv. Moderately ; somewhat. Col- 
loq. o* Dial. — mid'dling-ly, adv. 

mid'dy (mYd'Y). n.; pi. -dies (-iz). A midshipman. Colloq, 

Mid'gard (mYd'gard), re. Also Mid'garth (-garth), Mith'- 
garthr (Icel. mefeb/gartfer' ). [Icel. miSgarSr.] Teut. 
Myth. The region between heaven and hell ; the earth. 

midge (mYj), re. _ [AS. mycge, mycg.] 1. Any very small 
gnat or fly ; specif., one of a certain family {Chironomidse) 
with aquatic larvae. 2. A diminutive person. 

midg'et (mYj'et ; 24), re. A very diminutive person. 

mid'— gut', re. Embryol. & Zo'ol. The mesenteron. 

mid'heav'en (mYd'heV'n), re. 1. The midst, or middle part, 
of heaven or the sky. 2. Astron. The meridian. 

|| Mi'di' (me'de'), re. [F.] The south ; esp., southern France. 

Mid'i-an-ite (mid'i-dn-It), re. Bib. A Bedouin. 

mid'— i'ron, re. Golf. A club with an iron head having a 
medium degree of loft or pitch. See golf, lllust. 

mid'land (mid'ldnd), o. 1. Inland. 2. Mediterranean. — 
re. The interior region of a country ; — usually in pi. 

mid'most (-most), a. 1. In the exact middle. 2. Being the 
middle, or midst, of. 3. Most intimate. 

mid'night' (-nit'), re. The middle of the night; twelve 
o'clock at night. — a. Of, pert, to, or like, midnight, 
midnight sun, the sun shining at midnight in the arctic 
or antarctic summer. 

mid'noon' (mYd'noon'; mYd'noon'), re. Midday; noon. 

mid'rash (mYd'rash), re.; pi. midrashim .(mid-ra'shem), 
midrashoth (-shoth), or -shot (-shot). [Heb., explanation.] 
An exposition of the Hebrew Scriptures or a part of them, 
esp. [cap.'] that made during a period of about 1,500 years 
after the Exile, represented by the Halacha and the Hag- 
gada. Midrash commonly refers to the haggadic exegesis. 

mid'rib' (mYd'rYb'), re. The central vein of a leaf blade. 

mid'riff (mYd'rYf), re. [AS. midhrif; midd mid + hrif 
bpwels_, womb.] The diaphragm (of the body). 

mid'ship, a. Naut. Of, pert, to, or in, the middle of a ship. 

mid'ship'man (mYd'shYp'mdn), re. 1. In the British navy, 
a subordinate officer, educated on shipboard for promotion 
to a sublieutenancy. 2. In the United States navy, one of 
the rank, next below a commissioned officer, composed of 
the students of the Naval Academy and former students 
doing duty elsewhere preparatory to promotion to the grade 
of ensign. 

mid'ships' (mYd'shYps'), adv. Naut. Amidships. 

midst (mYdst), n. [From middest, in the middest, for older 
in middes, where -s is adverbial (orig. forming a genitive).] 

1. The interior or central part or place ; middle. 

$W The construction in our {your, their) midst for in the 
midst of us (you, them) is common only in recent use, and 
its propriety has been much disputed. 

2. a The position or condition of being surrounded or be- 
set ; the press, b Surrounding ; setting. 

midst, prep. In the midst of ; amidst. [the stream. 

mid'stream' (mYd'strem' ; mYd'strem'), re. The middle of 

mid'sum'mer (mYd'sum'er; nud'sum'er), re. Middle of 
summer ; specif., the period about the summer solstice. 

mid'way' f-wa'), re. 1. A middle way. 06s. or R. 2. At a 
fair or exposition, a space devoted to the exhibition of cu- 
riosities, fantastic amusements, or the like. — (mYd'wa' ; 
mYd'wa'), o. & adv. In the middle of the way or distance ; 
halfway. 

mid'week' (-wek'), n. The middle of the week ; among the 
Friends [cap.] , the day Wednesday. 

mid'wife' (mYd'wif ), re. ; pi. -wives. [AS. mid with + 
wif woman.] A woman who assists women in childbirth. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, makSr; ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, veojure (87) ; 



MIDWIFERY 



619 



MILKWORT 



mid'wife'ry (mTd'wIf'ri ; -wif-n), n. Obstetrics. 

mid'win'ter (mid'win'ter ; mid'winM, n. The middle of 
winter ; specifically, the winter solstice. 

mien (men), n. [Prob. for demean, n. ; influenced by F. 
mine. Oxf. E. D.] Air ; demeanor ; carriage ; bearing ; also, 
formerly, aspect ; appearance. — Syn. See deportment. 

miff (mif), n. A petty quarrel ; a tiff. Colloq. — v. t. & i. 
To offend ; displease ; take offense. Colloq. or Dial. 

miff'y (mTf'i), a. Easily offended ; touchy. Colloq. 

might (nut), pret. of may. [AS. meahte, mihte.] 

might (mlt), n. [AS. meaht, miht.] 1. Power to accom- 
plish ; ability ; efficacy ; — now chiefly poetic except in 
with all (one's) might, or, with (one's) might and main. 
2. Great or superior strength, force, or power. 

might'i-ly (mTt'T-li), adv. [AS. mihtiglice.] 1. In a 
mighty manner ; earnestly ; vigorously ; powerfully. 2. To 
a great degree ; very much ; as, mightily amused. 

might'i-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being mighty; 
possession of might ; 2. Highness ; excellency ; —with a 
possessive pronoun [usually cap.], a title of dignity. 

might'y (-!' a.; -i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Possessing might ; 
potent. 2. Accomplished or characterized by might. 3. 
Extraordinary of its kind; great. Now Chiefly Colloq. 

— adv. In a great degree ; very. Chiefly Colloq 
mi'gnon (mln'yon; F. me'nyoN'), a. Also, fern., mi'- 

gnonne (mTn'yon; F. me'nyon'). [F.] Delicate and 
graceful ; dainty ; daintily small ; petite. 

mi'gnon-ette' (min'yiin-et'), n. [F. mignonnette, dim. of 
mignon darling.] Any of a genus {Reseda), typifying a 
family (Resedacese), of Old World herbs having racemose 
irregular flowers ; esp., a garden annual (R. odorata), hav- 
ing fragrant greenish white flowers. 

mi-graine' (mi-gran' ; ml'gran), n. [F.] = megrim, 1. 

mi'grant (ml 'grant), a. [L. migrans, p. pr.] Migrating. 

— n. One who, or that which, migrates. 

mi'grate (mT'grat), v. i.; -GRAT-ED(-grat-ed) ; -grat-ing. 
[L. migratus, p. p. of migrare to migrate.] 1. To go from 
one country or region to another with a view to residence. 
2. To pass periodically from one region or climate to an- 
other for feeding or_breeding, as various birds. 

mi-gra'tion (ml-gra'shun), n. [L. migratio.] 1. Act of 
migrating ; also, collectively, the individuals, or number of 
individuals, taking part in a (given) migratory movement. 
2. Chem. a A shifting of an atom or atoms from one part of 
the molecule to another, b A general movement or drift of 
ions toward one or the other electrode under the influence 
of electromotive force. 

mi'gra-to-ry (ml'grd-to-rT), a. 1. Migrating, or disposed to 
migrate. 2. Roving ; nomad. 3. Of or pert, to migration. 

mi-ka'do (mi-ka'do), n. [Jap. mi, a term of respect + 
kado door.] The popular title of the Emperor of Japan ; — 
now little used by the Japanese except in poetry. 

mi'kron. Var. of micron. 

mil (mil), n. [L. mille thousand.] A unit used in measuring 
the diameter of wire, being T( joff inch. 

mi-la'dy (mi-la'di), n. [F., fr. E. my lady] Lit., my lady ; 
hence (on the Continent), an English gentlewoman. 

mil'age (mll'aj). Var. of mileage. 

Mil'an-ese' (mil'dn-ez' ; -eV), a. Of or pert, to Milan in 
Italy, its inhabitants, etc. — n. sing. & pi. A native or in- 
habitant of Milan ; people of Milan. 

milch (milch), a. Giving milk ; as, a milch cow, goat, sow. 

mild (mild), a. [AS. milde.] 1. Gentle ; kind ; soft ; clem- 
ent ; hence : moderate ; temperate. 2. Metal. Soft and 
malleable; as. mild steel (steel low in carbon). — Syn. 
Calm, tranquil, soothing, placid. See gentle. 

mild'en (mii'd'n), v. t. & i. To make or become mild. 

mil'dew (mll'du), n. [AS. meledeaw, mildeaw, honeydew.] 
1. a Any of an order (Perisporiales, esp. family Erysipha- 
ceae) of ascomycetous parasitic fungi ; also, the whitish down 
or discoloration which they produce on plants or organic 
substances, b Any of many other fungi producing similar 
effects. 2. Popularly, any whitish or spotted discoloration 
caused by parasitic fungi on vegetable matter, leather, etc. 

— v . t. & i. To affect, or be affected, with mildew. — mil'- 
dew-y (-1), a. 

mild'ly (mTld'lT), adv. In a mild manner. 

mild'ness, n. Quality of being mild. 

mile (mil), n. [AS. mil, fr. L. millia, milia, pi. of mille a 
thousand, i. e., millia passuum a thousand paces.] A 
measure of distance. The ancient Roman mile was about 
1,620 English yards (1.4S2 meters). The English statute 
mile, used in the United Kingdom, the United States, 
etc., is equal to 320 rods. The geographical, or nautical, 
mile is the length of a minute, or ^ihoa of a great circle 
of the earth, or, officially, in the United Kingdom, 6,080 
feet (1,853.2 meters), called the Admiralty mile, and in 
the U. S. 6,080.27 feet (1,853.25 meters). 

mile'age (mll'aj), n. 1. An allowance for traveling ex- 
penses at a certain rate per mile. 2. Aggregate length or 
distance in miles. 3. Railroads. A charge per mile, as for 



the use of cars ; also, loosely, a book of mileage tickets, 
each of which entitles the bearer to travel one or more miles. 

mile'post' (-post'), n. A post to indicate distance in miles. 

mile'stone' (mTl'ston'), n. A stone serving as a milepost. 

mil'foil (mil'foil), n. [OF. milfoil, L. millefolium ; mille 
thousand + folium leaf.] The yarrow. 

mill-a'ri-a (mil'i-a'rT-d ; 3), n. [NL. See miliary.] Med. 
An inflammatory disease of the sweat glands marked by an 
eruption of small, isolated, red papules or vesicles sugges- 
tive of millet seeds ; miliary fever. 

mil'i-a-ry (mil'i-d-rT ; mil'yd-), a. [L. miliarius, fr. mi- 
lium millet.] 1. Resembling millet seeds. 2. Med. Accom- 
panied with an eruption of spots resembling millet seeds. 

|| mi'lieu' (me'lyfi'), n. [F., fr. mi middle (L. medius) + 
lieu place, L. locus.] Medium ; environment. 

mil'i-tan-cy (mTl'i-tan-sI), n. 1. State of being militant. 
2. Military spirit or system ; militarism. 

mil'i-tant (mfl'i-tdnt), a. [L. militans, -antis, p. pr. of 
militare to be a soldier.] Engaged in warfare ; fighting ; 
also, pugnacious, combative. — n. A militant person ; 
rarely, a soldier. — mil'i-tant-ly, adv. 

mil'i-ta-ri-ly (-ta-rT-1!), adv. 1. In a military manner. 2. 
From a military point of view. 

mil'i-ta-rism (miKI-ta-riz'm), n. 1. A military condition ; 
disposition to maintain strong military forces. 2. The 
spirit and temper that exalt the military virtues and ideals ; 
— often used derogatively of the spirit which tends to con- 
fer undue privilege or prominence on the military class. 

mil'i-ta-rist (-rist), n. 1. An expert in military matters. 
2. One who is imbued with the spirit of militarism. 

mil'i-ta-ris'tic (-ris'tlk), a. Characteristic of militarists; 
characterized by militarism. 

mil'i-ta-rize (-rTz), v. t. To bring into a condition of mili- 
tarism ; imbue with militarism. — mil'i-ta-ri-za'tion, n. 

mil'i-ta-ry (-ri), a. [L. militaris, militarius, fr. miles, 
militis, soldier.] 1. Of or pert, to soldiers, arms, war, or 
affairs of war. 2. Done by soldiers ; supported by armed 
force. — Syn. See martial. — n. Soldiery ; the army. 

mil'i-tate (-tat), v. i.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. mili- 
tare, -tatum, to be a soldier.] 1. To war ; fight ; contend. 
2. Of things : to have weight or effect ; make. 

mi-li'tia (mT-lfsh'd), n. [L., military service, soldiery.] A 
body of citizens enrolled for periodical military discipline, 
but called into active service only in emergencies. In the 
United States, all able-bodied male citizens between the 
ages of eighteen and forty-five are subject to military duty 
and are reckoned as part of the militia. It is divided into 
two classes, the organized militia and the reserve mili- 
tia. The former is now generally called the National 
Guard (see under national). Cf. line, n t 13 d, Land- 
sturm, Landwehr, etc. [militia. 

mi-li'tia-man (-man), n. One who belongs to an organized 

mil'i-uxn (mil'I-i/m), n.; L. pi. milia (-d)_. [L., millet/ 
Med. A small whitish or yellowish nodule in the skin due 
to retention of sebaceous secretion. 

milk (milk), n. [AS. meoluc, meoloc, meolc, mile] 1. The 
fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals. 
2. A liquid resembling milk, as the latex of a plant, the 
juice of the coconut, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To press or draw milk from. 2. To draw from 
the breast or udder ; extract, as milk. 3. To draw anything 
from as if by milking ; " bleed " ; exploit. 4. To draw (out) ; 
elicit ; drain (away, out of, etc.). 5. To draw out the sap, 
poison, venom, etc., from. 6. To subject to an action or 
manipulation suggestive of that practiced in milking an 
animal. — v. i. To draw or yield milk. 

milk'er (mil'ker), n. 1. One who milks. 2. An animal that 
gives milk. 3. An apparatus for milking cows. 

milk fever. Med. A slight fever attending first lactation. 

milk'i-ness (-kT-nes), n. State or quality of being milky. 

milk leg. Med. A painful general swelling of the leg, usually 
caused by infection at parturition. 

milk'-liv'ered, a. White-livered ; timorous. 

milk'maid' (mTlk'mad'), n. A woman who milks cows or 
works in a dairy. 

milk'man (-man), n. A man who sells or delivers milk. 

milk sickness. Veter. A malignant disease of cattle, occur- 
ring in the western United States, and sometimes affecting 
persons using infected meat or dairy products. 

milk'sop' (-sop'), n. An effeminate or unmanly man. 

milk sugar. = lactose. 

milk tooth. One of the temporary deciduous teeth of a 
mammal. In man there are twenty ; lower mammals have 
various numbers or none. 

milk vetch. An Old World fabaceous herb (Astragalus 
glycyphyllos) supposed to increase the yield of milk in 
goats that feed on it ; hence, any plant of the same genus or 
of certain related genera {tiomalobus, Phaca, etc.). 

milk'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of a genus (Asclepias) of per- 
ennial herbs abounding in a milky juice ; also, any plant of 
the family ( Asclepiadacese) typified by this genus. 

milk'wort' (-wurf), n. Any of a genus (Polygala, esp. P. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MILKY 



620 



MIME 



V 



vulgaris) of herbs and shrubs having showy, many-colored, 
flowers and typifying a family (Polygalaceae). They were 
formerly reputed to increase the milk of nurses. 

milk'y (nul'ki), a.; milk'i-er (-kT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Like, or 
suggestive of, milk. 2. Consisting of, containing, or 
abounding in, milk. 3. Mild ; tame ; spiritless ; as, a milky 
heart. 

Milky Way, Astron., the faintly luminous tract or belt 
seen at night stretching across the heavens, and composed 
of stars and nebulous masses ; the Galaxy. 

mill (mil), n. [L. mille a thousand.] A money of account 
of the United States having the value of j^ of a cent. 

mill, n. [AS. myln, mylen.~\ 1. A building with machinery 
for grinding grain into flour ; hence, a machine for grinding 
grain or other material. 2. A machine for expelling the 
juice, sap, etc., from vegetable tissues by pressure, grinding, 
tearing, or cutting ; as, a cider mill. 3. A machine for 
grinding and polishing ; as, a lapidary mill. 4. Any of 
various machines used in manufacturing or in working up 
raw material, or a building containing such machinery ; as, 
a sawmill; a cotton mill. 5. Die Sinking. A hardened 
steel roller for imprinting a reversed copy of a design in a 
softer metal. 6. Mach. A rotary cutter with sharp-edged 
flutings, used in dressing surfaces. 7. [From the v.] A pu- 
gilistic encounter. Cant. 8. The raised or ridged edge or 
surface made in milling anything, as a coin or screw. 

— v. t. 1. To subject, as grain, cloth, timber, etc., to some 
operation or process in a mill, or with a mill. 2. To make a 
raised border around, or to cut fine grooves or indentations 
across, the edges of, as of a coin ; also, to stamp in a coining 
press ; coin. 3. To beat, as with the fists ; thrash. Cant. 4. 
To make frothy, as by churning or whipping ; as, to mill 
chocolate. — v. i. 1. To move in a circle, as cattle. 2. To 
take part in a "mill" ; box. Cant. 

mill'board' (mil'bord'; 57), n. A strong, hard-pressed, 
flexible pasteboard, made from hemp, rope yarn, etc. 

mill cake. The incorporated materials for gunpowder, in 
a dense mass or cake, ready for granulation. [pond.l 

mill'dam' (-dam'), n. A dam to make a mill pond ; also, the) 

mille-fi-o'ri (mil'S-fi-o're), a. Also mil'le-fi-o're. [It. 
mille thousand + fiore flower, pi. fiori.~\ Designating a 
kind of ornamental glass made by fusing together rods 
or tubes of colored glass, cutting transversely, and em- 
bedding the section in clear glass. — n. Millefiori glass. 

mille-na'ri-an (mil'e-na'n-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to a thou- 
sand (years) ; of or pert, to the millennium or the millena- 
rians. — n. A believer in the millennium. 

mil'le-na-ry (mil'e-na-rT), a. [L. millenarius, fr. milleni 
a thousand each, mille a thousand.] 1. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, a thousand, esp. a thousand years. 2. Pert, to the 
millennium or the millenarians ; millennial. — n. ; pi. -ries 
(-riz). 1. A thousand ; a millennium. 2. A millenarian. 

mil-len'ni-al (mT-len'T-al), a. Of or pert, to a, or the, 
millennium. — mil-len'ni-al-ly, adv. 

mil-len'ni-um (mi-len'i-wm), n. ; pi. E. -niums (-umz), L. 
-nia (-&). [NL., fr. L. mille thousand -f- annus year.] 1. 
A thousand years ; also, a thousandth anniversary. 2. 
Specif., the thousand years mentioned in Rev. xx., during 
which holiness is to be triumphant in the world. 3. A period 
of great happiness, good government, or the like. 

mil'le-pede (mil'e-ped), mil'le-ped (-ped), n. [L. mille- 
peda ; mille a 
thousand -{-pes, 
pedis, foot.] 
Any of a numer- 
ous order or 
subclass {C hi - 
lognatha) of myriapods, usually having a cylindrical seg- 
mented body covered with hard integument. 

mil'le-pore (mil'e-por; 57), n. [L. mille thousand + 
^pore as in madrepore.'] Any of a 
genus (Millepora) of hydrozoan 
corals having a smooth surface with 
minute perforations. 

mill'er (mil'er), n. 1. One who oper- 
ates, keeps, or attends a mill, esp. a 
flour mill or gristmill. 2. A milling 
machine or tool. 3. Any of various 
moths having wings appearing as if 
covered with dust or powder. 

mill'er-ite (-It), n. [After W. H. 
Miller, English mineralogist.] Min. 
Native nickel sulphide, NiS, a brass- 
yellow mineral occurring in crystals 
and incrustations . Millepore of Florida. 

Mill'er-ite, n. A believer in the doctrine of William Miller 
(d. 1849), American preacher, who taught that the end of 
the world and the second coming of Christ were at hand. 

mill'er's— thumb' (-erz-thumO, n. Any of certain small 
fresh-water spiny-finned fishes (genera Cottus and Urani- 
dea). 

mil-les'i-mal (mT-les'i-mal), a. [L. millesimus, fr. mille 





ML 

W: 





Millet (Panicum milia- 
ceum) Inflorescence. (£) 



a thousand.] Thousandth ; consisting of thousandth parts ; 
also, of or pertaining to a thousandth. — n. A thousandth. 

mil'let (mil'et ; 24), n. [F.,dim. of mil,~L. milium.] 1. Any 
of various small-seeded 
cereal and forage grasses ; 
specif., an annual grass 
(Panicum miliaceum) 
extensively cultivated for 
its grain or as fodder. 2. 
The seed or grain of any 
of these grasses. 

mil'li- (mil'i-). [From 
L. mille thousand. ] A 
prefix denoting a thou-t 
sandth part of; as in$ 
millimeter, milliampeTe, 
etc. 

mil'li-am-pere' (am- 
par'), n. Elec. One thou- 
sandth of an ampere. 

mil'li-ard (mll'i-ard; 
-yard), n. [F.] A thou- 
sand millions ; a billion. 

mil'li-are (nul'i-ar ; mil'- 
i-ar'), n. [F.] One thou- 
sandth of an are, equal to 1.076 sq. ft. Abbr., ma. 

mil'li-a-ry (mil'T-a-n), a. [L. milliarius containing a 
thousand, fr. mille thousand. See mile.] Of or pert, to the 
ancient Roman mile ; denoting a mile or miles. 

|| mil'lier' (me'lya'), n. [F.] A metric ton. 

mil'li-gram, -gramme (mil'I-gram), n. One thousandth of 
a gram. Abbr., mg. 

mil'li-li'ter, -li'tre (-le'ter), n. One thousandth of a liter ; 
a cubic centimeter. Abbr., ml. 

mil'li-me'ter, -me'tre (-me'ter), n. One thousandth of a 
meter, equal to .03937 of an inch. Abbr., mm. 

mil'li-mi/cron (-mT'kron), n. The thousandth part of a 
micron, or the millionth part of a millimeter ; — a unit of 
length used in measuring light waves, etc. Abbr., mp. 

mil'U-ner (mil'i-ner), n. [From Milaner an inhabitant of 
Milan, in Italy ; hence, a man from Milan who imported 
women's finery.] 1. An importer or vendor of fancy arti- 
cles, esp. from Milan. Obs. 2. One who makes, trims, or 
deals in, hats, bonnets, headdresses, etc., for women. 

mil'li-ner-y (-ner-i), n. ; pi. -ies (-iz) . 1. Articles made or 
sold by milliners. 2. The business or work of a milliner. 

mil'lion (mTl'ytm), n. [F., ultimately fr. L. mille a thou- 
sand.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a thou- 
sand thousand, — written, 1,000,000. 2. An indefinitely 
large number. 3. a A million monetary units of some 
understood kind, as, in the United States, dollars, or, in 
Great Britain, pounds ; as, he is said to be worth a million. 
b The mass of common people ; — with the. 

— a. Numbering, or consisting of, a million. 

mil'lion-aire' (-ar'), n. [F. millionnaire.] One whose 
wealth is counted by a million or millions of dollars, pounds, 
francs, marks, etc. 

mil'lionth (mil'yzinth), a. Coming last in a series of a 
million ; also, constituting one of a million equal parts into 
which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A mil- 
lionth part. 2. A millionth unit or object. 

mil'li-pede (-T-ped),mil'li-ped (-ped). Vars. of millepede, 

mil'lo maize (mil'o). [Sp. millo, mijo, maize, prop., mil- 
let, fr. L. milium.'] A variety of nonsaccharine sorghum, 
similar to Kafir corn. 

mill'stone' (mTl'ston'), n. 1. Either of two circular stones 
for grinding grain or other substance ; also, the kind of 
stone of which they are composed. 2. Fig. : a Something 
that grinds or crushes, b A heavy burden. 

mill Wheel. The water wheel that drives a mill. 

mill'wright' (mil'rlt'), n. One whose occupation is to 
build mills, or to set up their machinery, esp. the shafting. 

mi-lord' (mi-l&rd'), n. [F., fr. E. my lord.] Lit., my lord ; 
on the Continent, an English nobleman or gentleman. 

mil'reis (mfl'ras; -res), n. sing. & pi. [Pg. mil reis one 
thousand reis. See rei.] A coin and the former monetary 
unit of Portugal (= $1.08) ; also, a coin and the monetary 
unit of Brazil (= 54.6 cents). One milreis is written 1$000. 

milt (milt), n. [AS. milte.] The spleen. 

milt, n. The male reproductive glands of fishes when filled 
with secretion, or the secretion itself. — v. t. To impreg- 
nate (the roe of a fish) with milt. 

milt'er (mil'ter), n. A male fish in breeding time. 

Mil-ton'ic (mil-ton'ik), a. Characteristic of, or pert, to, 
the English poet John Milton (1608-74) or his work, esp. 
his epic poem "Paradise Lost," which is noted for its 
imaginative power and sustained sublimity of style. 

mime (mlm), n. [L. mimus, Gr. u7pos.] 1. Antiq. A 
kind of drama travestying scenes from life ; also, a dialogue 
for such a drama. 2. An actor of such a drama. 3. A mimic ; 
buffoon. — v. t. ; mimed (mimd) ; mim'ing (mim'Tng). 1. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; 51d, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, frrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil: chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



MIMEOGRAPH 



621 



MINGLE 



To act our in the manner of a mime. 2. To mimic ; imi- 
tate. — v . i. To act as a mime ; play a part with a mimic 
action and usually without words. 

mim'e-O-graph' (mim'e-6-graf'), n. [Gr. fiiiitiadai to imi- 
tate + -graph.'] A kind of stencil copying device. — v. t. 
To duplicate or make with a mimeograph. 

mim'er (mlm'er), n. A mime or mimic ; a buffoon. 

mi-me'sis (mi-me'sis; mi-me'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. filfin- 
<7u imitation.] Rhet., Biol., & Med. Imitation ; mimicry. 

mi-met'ic (mi-met'ik; ml-), a. [Gr. /j.lhtjtik6s.] 1. Apt 
to imitate ; given to mimicry ; imitative. 2. Pert, to, of the 
nature of, or marked by, imitation. 3. = mimic, 3. 

mim'ic (mim'ik), a. [L. mimicus, Gr. nipiKos, fr. /iguos 
mime.] 1. Imitating ; mimetic. 2. Of the nature of, pert, 
to, or formed by, imitation or mimicry ; imitative ; as, 
mimic gestures. 3. Copying or imitating (the object de- 
noted by the noun limited) ; imitative ; — usually implying 
a copy ludicrously small or insignificant ; as, a mimic 
battle ; a mimic king. 

— n. 1. A mime, or actor in mimes. Obs. 2. One who, or 
that which, imitates ; esp., one who mimics, as to make 
sport or through servility. 

— v. t. ; -icked (-ikt_) ; -ick-ing. 1. To ridicule by imita- 
tion. 2. To copy or imitate closely, esp. servilely or ridicu- 
lously ; ape. 3. To simulate. 4. Zo'ol. To have or assume a 
resemblance to. See mimicry, 2. — Syn. See imitate. 

mim'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Mimic (in sense 2). 

mim'ick-er (mim'Tk-er), n. One who mimics ; a mimic. . 

mim/ic-ry (-ik-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Act, practice, 
or art of one who mimics. 2. Zo'ol. The superficial resem- 
blance between some animals and other animals or the 
objects among which they live, affording some advantage, 
as concealment or protection. 

Mi'mir (me'mer), n. [Icel. Mimir.] Norse Myth. A 
giant whose abode is a spring at the root of Yggdrasill. 
Drinking the water of the spring, he knows all the past and 
future. Odin gave an eye for a draft of the water. 

mi-mo'sa (mi-mo'sd ; mi- ; -zd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /ujuos im- 
itator.] Any of a large genus {Mimosa) of trees, shrubs, 
and herbs, of tropical and warm regions, as the common 
sensitive plant. The mimosas bear globular heads of small 
white or pink flowers. 

mim'o-sa'ceous (mTrn'o-sa'shits ; mrrno-), a. [See mi- 
mosa.] Belonging to a family {Mimosacese) of plants, 
of tropical and warm regions, of which the acacias and 
mimosas are the most important. 

mi'na (ml'nd), n.; pi. L. -n^e (;ne), E. -nas (-ndz). [L. 
mina, fr. Gr. ixva, of Semitic origin.] An ancient weight 
and money unit of varying value ; l-60th of a talent. 

mi-na'cious (mT-na/shus), a. [L. minax, -acis. See men- 
ace.] Threatening ; menacing. — mi-na'cious-ly, adv. 

min'a-ret (mm'd-ret), n. [F. minaret, or Sp. minarete, fr. 
Ar. manarat lamp, lighthouse, turret, nar to ^ 
shine.] A lofty tower attached to a mosque 
and surrounded by one or more balconies, 
from which the muezzin cries the call to 
prayer. 

min'a-to-ry (-to-rT), a. [L. minatorius, fr. 
minari to threaten. See menace.] Threaten- 
ing ; menacing. — min'a-to-ri-ly, adv. 

mince (mins), v. t.; minced 
(minst) ; minc'ing (min'sing). 
[F. mincer to mince, OF. min- 
der.'] 1. To cut or chop into 
very small pieces ; hash, as 
meat ; hence, to subdivide mi- 
nutely. 2. To make little of ; M 
weaken the force of ; palliate ; f • 
utter mincingly or with affected 
elegance. — v. i. 1. To walk J 
with short steps and a prim , af- 

Minaret of Mosque of 
mincemeat. Kait-Bey, at Cairo. 




f ected manner ; act with affect- '^'^Jj' 
ed elegance or delicacy. 2. To 
talk or speak with affected ni 
cety or elegance. 
— n. Minced meat 




mince'meat' (mins'meV), n. 1. Minced meat. 2. A mix- 
ture, chopped fine, of raisins, apples, suet, spices, etc., with 
or without meat. It is used in mince pies. 

mince pie. Pie the filling of which is mincemeat. 

minc'er (mTn'ser), n. One who, or that which, minces. 

minc'ing-ly, adv. In an affectedly nice manner. 

mind (mind), n. [AS. gemynd.] 1. Memory; specif. : a 
State of remembering ; remembrance ; as, to call to mind. 
b Power of remembering or recognizing ; scope or span of 
memory ; as, time out of mind. C Retention in memory ; 
mindfulness ; heed ; as, to keep in mind. 2. Commemora- 
tion ; — now chiefly in month's mind (which see). 3. Con- 
sciousness ; thought ; as, to have a thing in mind. 4. Intel- 
lectual or rational power ; understanding ; intellect ; also, 
right reason ; sanity. 5. Mental disposition or mood ; as : a 



Sentiment ; belief ; as, to speak one's mind, b Choice ; in- 
tent ; will ; as, he had no mind of his own. c Courage ; 
spirit. 6. Psychol. The subject of consciousness ; that 
which feels, perceives, wills, thinks ; also, consciousness it- 
self. 7. A person, esp. with reference to his intellectual 
powers ; as, great minds ; also, the thinking function or 
point of view of a group of people ; as, the popular mind. 
8. Philos. The conscious element or factor in the universe ; 
spirit ; intelligence ; — contrasted with matter. 
Syn. Mind, intellect, intelligence (in their nontechni- 
cal uses). Mind (commonly contrasted with body) is the 
general term ; intellect (contrasted esp. with feeling or 
will) suggests rather more definitely a specific faculty ; 
intelligence refers to readiness of comprehension ; as, 
peace of mind ; a powerful intellect ; the intelligence of a dog. 

— v. t. 1. To remember. Obsoles. 2. To remind. Obsoles. 
3. To purpose ; plan ; wish. 06s. or Scot. & Dial. 4. To 
turn the mind or attention to ; as : a To perceive ; notice. 
b To regard with attention ; heed ; note, c To obey, d To 
attend strictly or closely to ; as, to mind one's business. 5. 
To be concerned or troubled about ; hence, to object to ; 
dislike ; as, I don't mind the change. 6. To be careful or 
wary about ; as, mind what you are doing ; also, in the 
imperative, be heedful that; as, mind you do it. 7. To 
take care or charge of ; tend ; as, to mind a baby. — v. i. 
1. To give heed ; hence, to obey. 2. To be concerned or 
troubled ; care ; — chiefly in negative construction ; as, 
never mind. 3. To be careful or wary. 

mind cure. A method or the fact of healing disease by men- 
tal action; psychotherapy. [posed; inclined. I 

mind'ed (mln'ded ; 24), a. Having a (or such a) mind ; dis-| 

rnind'er (mln'der), n. One who minds. 

mind'ful (mlnd'fool), a. Bearing in mind; regardful; at- 
tentive. — mind'iul-ly, adv. — mind'ful-ness, n. [ing.l 

mind reader. One who has ability in or practices mind read-| 

mind reading. The art or faculty of perceiving another's 
thought without normal means of communication. 

mine (min), pron. & a. [AS. min my, of me.] Of me. See 
my. Mine is now chiefly a possessive adj. pron., used : (1) 
Attributively before a vowel or h; as, mine eyes have seen 
it. Archaic. (2) Following its noun in the vocative {Ar- 
chaic) or after of; as, brother mine; this sister of mine. 
(3) With its noun understood but not expressed ; as, this 
title honors me and mine (family, kindred, or the like). 

mine, n. [F.] 1. A subterranean cavity or passage. 2. A 
place from which minerals, as ores, precious stones, coal, 
etc., are got by digging or by washing the soil. 3. Loosely, 
an ore deposit. 4. A rich source ; an abundant store. 5. 
Mil. An excavation, or a case moored beneath or on the 
water, containing an explosive by the firing of which an 
enemy may be destroyed or impeded. 

— v. i.; mined (mind); min'ing (min'Tng). 1. To dig a 
mine ; work in a mine. 2. To burrow. 3. Mil. To make a 
mine ; to lay mines, as in a harbor. — v. t. 1. To dig in ; 
remove the foundation of, as by digging ; lay a military 
mine under ; undermine ; hence, to ruin or destroy slowly 
or secretly. 2. To make by burrowing, esp. underground. 
3. To get, as metals, out of the earth by digging. 4. To dig 
into for ore or metal. [mine. 

min'er (mln'er), n. One who mines; one who works in a 
min'er-al (min'er-dl), a. [F. mineral, or LL. miner alis, 
fr. minera mine, fr. OF. miniere, fr. LL. minaria.] 1. Of, 
pert, to, or of the nature of, a mineral or minerals ; inor- 
ganic. 2. Impregnated with minerals ; as, mineral watei 
mineral jelly, vaseline. — m. pitch. = asphalt, 1. — 
m. tallow, hatchettine. — m. tar, maltha. — m. wax, 
ozocerite. 

— n. 1. Any chemical element or compound occurring 
naturally as a product of inorganic processes. 2. Mining. 
Ore. 3. Anything neither animal or vegetable, as in the old 
classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vege- 
table, and mineral). 

min'er-al-ize (min'er-al-iz), v. t.; -izzd (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). 1. To transform (a metal) into an ore. 2. To pet- 
rify. 3. To impregnate or charge with minerals or ore. — 
min'er-al-i-za'tion (-l-za/shiin ; -T-za'shun), n. 

min'er-al-Og'i-cal (-oj'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to mineralogy. 

min'er-al'o-gist (-al'6-jist), n. A specialist in mineralogy. 

min'er-aPo-gy (-al'o-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [mineral + 
-logy.] The science of minerals or a treatise on it. 

Mi-ner'va (mi-nur'vd), n. [L.] Rom. Relig. An ancient 
Italian goddess of the handicrafts, who, as connected with 
Jupiter and Juno in a supreme triad, became a political or 
civic goddess. She came to be identified with Athena. 

min'gle (mir/g'l), v. t.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gllng (-gling). 
[Freq. fr. AS. mengan.] 1. To combine or join by inter- 
mixture or diffusion ; mix. 2. To associate or unite, as 
persons socially. 3. To make or prepare by mixing ; con- 
coct. — v. i. To become mingled ; mix ; blend. 
Syn. Mingle, mix, blend, merge, coalesce. Mingle, 
rather more than mix, implies that the constituent elements 
remain distinguishable ; mix is apt to lay greater stress on 
the interpenetration (often promiscuous) of the elements 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



MINGLER 



622 



MINUET 



combined ; as, mingled colors, sensations ; to mix salt and 
pepper, wine and water. Blend and (still more distinctly) 
merge imply obscuration of the individuality of the com- 
ponent parts. Coalesce suggests more definitely than 
merge the action or process resulting in the fusion. 

min'gler (mir/gler), n. One who, or that which, mingles. 

min'i-a-ture (mTn'i-d-tilr), n. [It. miniatura, fr. L. mini- 
are to color with minium.] 1. A painting in colors, as in 
medieval manuscripts. 2. Any very small painting, esp. a 
portrait, as on ivory ; also, the art of painting miniatures. 
3. A representation on a much reduced scale. — a. Being 
or represented on a small scale. — Syn. See small. 

Min'i-e ball (min'i-a ; popularly min'i). [After the in- 
ventor, Captain C. E. Minie, of France.] A conical rifle 
bullet, with a cavity in its base plugged with a metal cup, 
which, by the explosion of the charge, is driven farther in, 
expanding the sides to fit closely the rifling. 

min'i-fy (min'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'ing). [L. 
minor less + -/y.] To make small or smaller ; to lessen ; 
specif., to diminish, ?.?, in real or apparent dimensions. 

min'i-kin (-kin), n. [OD. minneken a darling, minne 
love.] Anything delicate or diminutive. Obsoles. — a. 1. 
Delicate ; dainty ; hence, mincing. 2. Very small ; tiny. 

min'im (min'im), n. [L. minimus smallest, superl. of 
minor.~\ 1. Music. A note, formerly the shortest in use, 
now a half note. See note. 2. Penmanship. A single down 
stroke, as any of the three in the letter m. 3. Anything very 
minute. 4. The smallest liquid measure, about a drop ; B \j 
of a fluid dram. Symbol, TTl or ttr. —— a. Smallest ; minute. 

min'i-mal (-i-mdl), a._ Of, pertaining to, or of the charac- 
ter of, a minim or minimum ; least ; smallest. 

min'i-mi-za'tion O-mi-za'shun ; -mi-za'shun), n. Act or 
process of minimizing. 

ttlin'i-mize (-mTz), v. t.; -mized (-mlzd) ; -miz'ing (-mTz'- 
lng). To reduce to the smallest part or proportion possible, 
— sometimes with implied depreciation. Minimize is not 
synonymous with decrease or diminish. — -miz'er, n. 

min'i-mum (min'i-mum), n.; pi. L. -ma (-md), E. -mums 
(-mwmz). [L., neut. of minimus. See minim.] 1. The 
least quantity or amount assignable, admissible, etc. ; — 
opp. to maximum. 2. The lowest point or amount reached 
or registered, as in temperature. — a. Lowest or least. 

min'ing (min'ing), n. Act or business of excavating or lay- 
ing military mines or of working mineral or ore mines. 

min'ion (min'ySn), n. [F. mignon, fern, mignonne.'] 1. a 
A ladylove or lover ; usually, a mistress. Obs. or R. b A 
favorite ; idol ; — now derogatory, c Esp., an obsequious 
or servile dependent or agent. 2. [F. mi£r,onne.~\ Print. 
A size of type. See type. — a. Delicate ; pretty. Now Rare. 

min'ish (min'ish), v. t. & i. [F. menuiser to make small, 
deriv. of L. minutus small.] To diminish ; lessen. Archaic. 

min'is-ter (-is-ter), n. [F. ministre, fr. L. minister.'] 1. A 
servant ; attendant. Archaic. 2. A subordinate ; agent. 
Rare. 3. One to whom the sovereign or executive head of a 
government intrusts the management of affairs of state, or 
some department of such affairs. 4. A representative of a 
government sent to a foreign government to transact diplo- 
matic business. 5. One duly authorized to serve at the 
altar or conduct Christian or other religious worship; a 
priest ; esp., a pastor ; clergyman. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish ; supply. Archaic. 2. To adminis- 
ter ; apply. Obs. or R. —v. i. l.Toact as a servant, attend- 
ant, or agent ; attend and serve ; serve as a minister. 2. 
To do things needful or helpful ; render aid ; — used with to. 
Syn. Minister, administer (in the sense of contributing 
esp. to one's real or supposed welfare). To minister 
(chiefly literary) is in general to be serviceable ; conducive ; 
to administer is more specifically to give, supply, or ten- 
der something, esp. professionally or officially ; as, a minis- 
tering angel ; administer to the sick ; to administer an oath. 

min'is-te'ri-al (-te'ri-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to ministry or 
service ; attendant. 2. Of or pert, to the office of minister or 
the ministry as a body. 3. Designating, or pert, to, an act 
performed in a given state of facts, in a manner prescribed 
by law without regard to, or without the exercise of, the 
agent's judgment upon the propriety of the act done ; — 
opposed to judicial. 4. Instrumental. te'ri-al-ly, adv. 

min'is-te'ri-al-ist, n. A supporter of the ministry, or of the 
party in power. 

min'is-trant (min'Is-trant), a. [L. ministrans, -antis, p. 
pr.] Ministering. — n. One who ministers. 

min'is-tra'tion (-tra'shim), n. Act of ministering ; ministry. 

min'is-try (mTn'is-tri), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [L. minis- 
terium.2 1. Act of ministering ; ministration. 2. Agency ; 
instrumentality. 3. The office, duties, or functions of a 
minister, civil or sacerdotal. 4. Christian ministers collec- 
tively ; the clergy. 5. The body of ministers of state ; the 
executive heads of departments of state collectively ; 
specif., a body of responsible ministers acting with the chief 
executive, as in Great Britain or France. In the United 
States neither the members of the president's cabinet nor 
the heads of departments are called collectively the minis- 
try or individually ministers. See cabinet, 5. 



min'i-um (-Y-#m), n. [L.] 1. A brilliant red ; vermilion. 
2. Red oxidejof lead, P63O4, a heavy, crystalline powder. 

min'i-ver (-ver), n. [OF. menu vair a grayish fur ; menu 
small + vair a kind of fur.] A kind of fur esteemed in the 
Middle Ages as a part of costume. Officially, in England, 
in recent use, a plain white fur. 

mink (mirk), n. 1. The fur of the mink (def. 2). 2. An 
animal, now, usually, a certain North American species 
(Putorius vison), related to the weasels, but larger and 
having partially webbed feet. The soft, thick fur is usually 
seal-brown with a few white spots on the chin and breast. 

Min'ne-sing/er (min'e-sing'er), n. [G., fr. minne love + 
singen to sing.] One of a class of German lyric poets and 
musicians, chiefly of noble birth, who flourished from about 
1150 to about 1350, and sang of love and beauty, often in 
poetical contests at court. 

min'now (min'o), n. 1. A small European cyprinoid fish 
(Phoxinus phoxinus). 2. In America, any small fish of the 
carp family (Cyprinidse), or of the killifishes (Cyprinodon- 
tidse) ; also, erroneously or loosely, any of various other small 
fishes, including the young of various larger fishes. 

mi'nor (mi'ner), a. [L., a comparative with no positive.] 

1. Inferior in bulk, degree, importance, etc. ; less, smaller. 

2. Music, a Less by a half step than the corresponding 
major interval ; as, a minor third is a step and a half, the 
major third being two whole steps, b Designating any of 
various scales or modes of which the most distinctive char- 
acteristic is a minor third, or the key of such a scale or 
mode ; also, designating a chord characterized by a minor 
third. The minor modes or keys are often used fqr plaintive 
or sad effect, c Distant by a minor interval ; — of a tone ; 
as, E is the minor third of C. 3. Not having reached the 
age of majority. 4. Logic. Designating the term of a 
syllogism which forms the subject of the conclusion, or the 
premise containing that term. Cf . syllogism. 5. Consti- 
tuting the minority ; as, the minor vote. 

— n. 1. Logic. The minor term ; also, the minor premise. 
2. A person under full age, or majority. 3. Music. A minor 
chord, key, or mode. 4. Amer. Univ. A subject of study 
pursued by a candidate for a degree to which less time is 
devoted than to the major. 

Mi-nor'ca (mi-nor'kd), n. [From the island of Minor ca."\ 

One of a breed of smooth-legged domestic fowls similar in 

form to the Leghorns, but larger. [friar.l 

Mi'nor-ite (ml'nor-Tt), n. [L. minor less.] A Franciscan| 

mi-nor'i-ty ( mi-nor'i-ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The 

smaller in number of two aggregates ; — cpp. to majority. 

2. Quality or state of being a minor, or under age. 
Mi'nos (ml'nos), n. [Gr. Mtwos.] Gr. Myth. A king and 

lawgiver of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa, after death 
made a judge in Hades, or his grandson, the husband of 
Pasiphae and father of Ariadne. See Minotaur. 

Min'o-taur (min'6-tor), n. [L. Minotaurus, Gr. Mivurav- 
pos ; Mii>ws Minos + ravpos a bull.] Gr. Myth. A monster, 
half man and half bull, confined in the labyrinth con- 
structed for Minos by Daedalus in Crete, where it devoured 
the periodical tribute of seven youths and seven maidens 
sent by Athens, until slain by Theseus. See Ariadne. 

minister (min'ster), n. [AS. mynster, fr. L. monasterium. 
See monastery.] A church of a monastery ; — often 
applied to the church after the monastery has ceased to 
exist, and also improperly used for any large church. 

min'strel (-strel), n. [OF. menestrel, fr. LL. ministralis, 
ministerialis, servant, workman, fr. L. ministerium ser- 
vice, minister servant.] 1. One of a medieval class of musi- 
cal entertainers, esp. such as sang to the accompaniment of 
a harp or other instrument. 2. A poet ; musician. Poetic. 

3. One of a troupe of comedians, typically presenting negro 
melodies, jokes, etc., and usually blacked ; — commonly 
called negro minstrel. 

min'strel-sy (-si), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). 1. The arts, occupa- 
tion, or songs of minstrels. 2. A body of minstrels. 

mint (mint), n. [AS. minte, fr. L. menta, mentha, Gr. 
fiivOa.2 Any of a genus (Mentha) of aromatic herbs, having 
small pink or white verticillate flowers ; by extension, any 
plant of the same family (Menthacese). 

mint, n. [AS. mynet money, coin, L. moneta the mint, 
coined money, Moneta, a surname of Juno, in whose tem- 
ple money was coined.] 1. A coin ; money. Obs. 2. A 
place where money is coined. 3. A place where something is 
manufactured or fabricated; — usually fig. 4. A great 
supply of money, such as issues from a mint ; a vast sum. 

— v. t. X. To make by stamping, as money ; coin. 2. To 
fabricate ; invent. — mint'er, n. 

mint'age (min'taj), n. 1. Coinage. 2. Cost of coining, or 
charge for coining. 3. The stamp impressed upon a coin. 

min'U-end (min'u-end), n. [L. minuendus to be dimin- 
ished, minuere to diminish.] Arith. The number or mag- 
nitude from which another is to be subtracted. 

min'U-et' (min'u-eV ; min'u-et), n. [F. menuet, fr. men,u 
small, L. minutus; — from its short steps.] A slow grace- 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



■ 



MINUS 



623 



MISCHIEF 



ful dance, consisting of a coupee, a high step, and a balance ; 
also, music suited to such a dance, 
mi'nus (mi'nus), a. [L., neut. of minor. See minor, a.] 

1. Math. Less ; decreased by ; requiring to be subtracted ; 
opposite in direction or mode ai reckoning to a correspond- 
ing plus or positive (quantity, etc.) ; negative ; as, a minus 
quantity. 2. Deprived of ; wanting. Colloq. 

minus sign, the sign [ — ] indicating subtraction or a 
negative quantity. 

— n. The minus sign ; also, a minus quantity. 
mi-nus'CUle (mi-nus'kul), n. [L. minusculus rather 

small, fr. minus less.] Paleography. A small Roman 
letter as distinguished from a capital or uncial ; the small 
cursive writing developed from the uncial about A. D. G0O- 
900. — a. 1. In, or having the size or style of, minuscules. 

2. Very small ; insignificant. 

jlin'ute (min'It), n. [LL. minuta a small portion, fr. L. 
minutus. See minute, a.] 1. The sixtieth part of an hour ; 
sixty seconds. Abbr., m. 2. Geom. The sixtieth part of a 
degree ; sixty seconds. Symbol, ' ; as, 10° 20'. 3. A point of 
time ; a moment. 4. a A memorandum, note, or draft, as of 
instructions, b In pi. Official record of proceedings at a 
meeting of an organized body. — Syn. See instant. 

— v. i. To make a minute of ; summarize ; draft. 
mi-nute' (mi-nut' ; ml-), a. [L. minutus, p. p. of minuere 

to lessen.] 1. Very small ; little. 2. Of trivial importance ; 
trifling. 3. Marked by, or paying attention to, small things 
or details ; precise. — Syn. See circumstantial. 
minute anatomy, microscopic anatomy ; histology. 

min'ute gun. A discharge of a cannon repeated at intervals 
of a minute, usually as a sign of distress or mourning. 

min'ute hand. The long hand of a watch or clock, which 
makes the circuit in an hour, and marks the minutes. 

min'ute-ly (mln'Tt-lT), a. Happening every minute; con- 
tinual. — adv. Every minute ; from minute to minute. 

mi-nute'ly (mi-nut'li ; ml-), adv. In a minute manner or 
degree ; exactly. 

min'ute-man (min'it-man), n. Amer. Hist. One of a class 
of armed citizens who pledged them- 
selves to take the field at a minute's 
notice, immediately previous to and dur- 
ing the War of Independence. 

mi-nute'ness (mi-nut'nes ; ml-), n. Qual- 
ity of being minute ; as : a Extreme small- 
ness. b Attention to minutiae ; precision. 

mi-nu'ti-a (ml-nu'shT-d), n. ; pi. -ns. 
(-e). [L., fr. minutus small.] A mi- 
nute, precise, or minor detail ; a petty 
matter or thing ; — chiefly in pi. 

minx (minks), n. 1. A lewd woman. 2. 
A pert girl ; saucy jade ; — often playful. 

Mi'o-cene (ml'6-sen), a. [Gr. nduv 
less + kolivos new, recent.] Geol. 
Pert, to or designating a period of the 
Tertiary, preceding the Pliocene. — n. 
The Miocene period or system. 

mir'a-cle (mir'd-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. mi- c 
raculum, fr. mirari to wonder.] 1. A ^^by D c" 
wonderful thing ; a marvel. 2. An event French, at Con- 
or effect in the physical world deviating cord, Mass. 
from the known laws of nature, or transcending our knowl- 
edge of these laws. 3. A miracle play. 

miracle play. One of a medieval type of dramatic repre- 
sentation showing episodes from the life of some wonder- 
working saint ; also, the type itself. In England, the term 
was used for both this type and the mystery. 

mi-rac'u-lous (mi-rak'fi-liis), a. [F. miraculeux. See mir- 
acle.] 1. Of the nature of a miracle. 2. Supernatural ; 
marvelous. 3. Working, or able to work, miracles ; wonder- 
working. — Syn. See supernatural. — mi-rac'u-lous- 
ly, adv. — mi-rac'u-lous-ness, n. 

mi-rage' (me-razh'), n. [ F., fr. mirer to look at carefully, 
aim, se mirer to look at one's self in a glass, reflect, be re- 
flected, LL. mirare to look at.] An optical effect, as on 
the ocean or on plains and deserts, due to total reflection of 
light at the surface common to two differently heated 
strata of air. The reflected image is seen, commonly in- 
verted, while the real object may or may not be in sight. 

mire (m!r), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Marsh; bog. Now 
Rare. 2. Soft or deep mud, slush, or the like ; also, dirt. 

-— v. t.; mired (mlrd) ; mir'ing (mir'ing). 1. To cause or 
permit to stick fast in mire. 2. To soil with mud or dirt. — 
v. i. To sink or stick in mire. 

Mir'i-am (mfr'i-am), n. [Heb. Miry am.] Bib. Sister of 
Moses and Aaron. See Exodus xv. 20. 

mir'i-ness (mlr'i-nes), n. State or quality of being miry. 

mirk (murk), mirk'y (mur'ki), mirk'i-ness (-kl-nes), etc. 
Vars. of murk, murky, etc. 

mir'ror (mir'er), n. [F. miroir, OF. also mireor, fr. LL. 
mirare to look at, L. mirari to wonder.] 1. A looking- 
glass ; any smooth substance that forms images by reflec- 
tion. 2. A crystal or similar device used by sorcerers, etc. 




Archaic. 3. That which gives a true likeness or image ; 
hence, a pattern. — v. t. To reflect, as in a mirror. 

mirth (mfirth), n. [AS. myrS, myrgS, mirhS. See merry.] 
Gladness or gayety, as shown by laughter ; jollity. — Syn. 
Merriment, glee, hilarity, festivity. See cheerfulness. 

mirth'ful (-fool), a. Full of, indicating, or inspiring mirth. 
— mirth'ful-ly, adv. — mirth'ful-ness, n. 

mirth'less, a. Without mirth ; joyless. 

mir'y (mlr'T), a.; mir'i-er (-T-er) ; mir'i-est. 1. Resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, mire ; boggy. 2. Abounding, or 
covered or spattered, with mire ; hence : dirty ; filthy. 

mir'za (mer'za), n. [Per. mirza, fr. mirzadeh son of the 
prince.] The common title of honor for men in Persia, 
usually prefixed to the surname. When appended to the 
surname, it signifies Prince. 

mis- (mis-). [In words of Teutonic origin, fr. AS. mis-; in 
words from French, fr. OF. mes-, F. me-, mes-, fr. L. minus 
less ; but the two are commonly confounded.] A prefix 
signifying : amiss, wrong, ill, wrongly, esp. : 1. With 
verbs, participles, or participial adjectives in the sense of : 
amiss, ill, wrongly, perversely, mistakenly, or the like. 

Examples : misadvise, to advise amiss, ill, wrongly, or 
the like ; mtschoose, to choose ill or wrongly, etc. 
2. With nouns in the sense of : wrong, bad, misdirected, 
perverse, erroneous, or the like. 
Examples : misapplication, a. wrong, bad, or perverse ap- 
plication ; mischoice, a bad, wrong, or erroneous choice. 

mis'ad-ven'ture (mls'Sd-ven'tiir), n. Mischance ; ill luck ; 
a mishap. — Syn. Accident, casualty, disaster, calamity. 

mis'ad-yise' (-viz') , v. t. To give bad counsel to. 

mis'al-li'ance (-d-ll'dns), n. An improper alliance, esp. 
in marriage ; a mesalliance. 

mis'al-ly' (-5-11'), v. t. To ally wrongly or unsuitably. 

rnis'an-thrope (mis'dn-throp), n. [Gr. niaavdpunros; fu- 
otlv to hate -f- &vdpwn-os a man.] A hater of mankind. 

mis'an-throp'ic (-throp'Ik), mis'an-throp'i-cal (-t-kal), 
a. Of, pert, to, or like, a misanthrope ; hating mankind. — 
Syn. See cynical. — mis'an-throp'i-cal-ly, adv. 

mis-an' thro -pis t (nus-an'thro-pTst), n. A misanthrope. 

mis-an'thro-py (-pi), n. Hatred of mankind. 

mis-ap'pli-ca'tion (-ap'li-ka'shun). n. Wrong application. 

mis'ap-ply' (mis'd-pll'), v. t. To apply wrongly. [stand. 

mis-ap'pre-hend^ (nus-ap're-hend'), v. t. To misunder-| 

mis-ap / pre-hen / sion (-hen'shun), n. A misapprehending ; 
a mistaking or mistake ; misconception ; misunderstanding. 

mis-ap'pre-hen'sive (-siv), a. Inclined to misapprehend. 

rnis'ap-pro'pri-ate (mls'd-pro'pn-at), v. t. To appro- 
priate or use wrongly or wrongfully. pro'pri-a'tion, n. 

mis'ar-range' (-d-ranj'), v. t. To arrange wrongly; place 
in a wrong order or manner. rangs'ment (-ment), n. 

mis'be-COme' (-be-kum'), v. t. Not to become ; suit ill. 

mis'be-got'ten (-got''n), rais'be-got' (-got'), p- a. Un- 
lawfully or irregularly begotten ; illegitimate. 

mis'be-have' (-haV), v. t. & i. To behave ill ; — formerly 
often reflexive. — mis'be-hav'ior, -hav'iour (-hav'yer), n. 

mis / be-lief / (-lef), n. Erroneous or false belief. — mis'be- 
lieve' (-lev'), v. i. &t. — mis'be-liev'er (-lev'er), n. 

mis'be-stow' (-sto'), v. t. To bestow improperly. 

mis-cal'CU-late (mis-kal'ku-lat), v. t. & i. To calculate 
erroneously ; misjudge. — mis-caPcu-la'tion (-la'shun),/!. 

mis-call' (mis-k610,f.^. 1. To misname. 2. To revile. Dial. 

mis-car'riage (-kar'ij), n. 1. Mismanagement ; failure. 2. 
Failure to carry properly ; as, miscarriage of goods. 3. Pre- 
mature expulsion of a fetus ; abortion. 

mis-car'ry (-i ), v. i. To carry, or go, wrong ; as : a To fail 
of intended result ; come to naught, b To suffer miscar- 
riage (of a fetus), c To fail of reaching the proper desti- 
nation ; go astray. 

mis'ce-ge-na'tion (mis'e-je-na'shun), n. [L. miscere to 
mix + genus race.] 1. An interbreeding of races. 2. Spe- 
cif., intermarriage or interbreeding of whites and negroes. 

mis'cel-la'ne-a (mis'e-la'ne-d), n. pi. [L.] A collection of 
miscellaneous matters ; esp., a literary miscellany. 

mis'cel-la'ne-OUS (-us), a. [L. miscellaneus, fr. miscellus 
mixed, miscere to mix.] 1. Mixed ; consisting of diverse 
things. 2. Having various qualities ; dealing with, or inter- 
ested in, diverse topics or subjects. — Syn. See indiscrimi- 
nate. OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, n. [miscellanies. I 

mis'cel-la-nist (mis'e-la-nist ; mi-sel'd-), n. A writer of | 

mis'cel-la-ny (mYs'e-la-nT), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. mis- 
cellanea, neut. pi. of miscellaneus.'] 1. A mixture of va- 
rious things ; esp., a collection of writings on various sub- 
jects. 2. In pi. Miscellaneous treatises collected in one book. 

mis-chance' (mis-chans'), n. Ill luck ; a mishap. — Syn. 
Misadventure, calamity, disaster. See misfortune. — v. i. 
To happen unfortunately or by mischance. Archaic. 

mis'chief (mis'chif), n. [ME. meschef bad result, OF. 
meschief, fr. meschever to be unfortunate ; mes- (L. minus 
less) + chief end, head.] 1. Harm ; esp., trouble or vexa- 
tion caused by human agency. 2. Harmful quality or char- 
acter ; mischievousness. 3. A cause or source of harm or 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MISCHIEF-MAKER 



624 



MISLETOE 



vexation. 4. Action that annoys or vexes ; also, mischie- 
vous disposition, as of a child. — Syn. See injury. 

mis'chief-mak'er (-mak'er), re. One who makes mischief ; 
one who excites quarrels or enmity. making, a. & n. 

mis'chie-vous (mis'chi-vus), a. Causing, or full of, mis- 
chief ; injurious ; specif., inclined to the causing of, or in- 
volving, petty injury or annoyance, as from carelessness or 
in sport; as, a mischievous child. — mis'chie-vous-ly, 
adv. — mis'chie-vous-ness, re. 

Syn. Naughty, sportive, roguish, arch, waggish. — Mis- 
chievous, roguish, arch. Mischievous implies sportive 
malice ; that is roguish which is engagingly mischievous ; 
that (esp. a look or expression of a child or woman) is 
arch which is slyly or mockingly mischievous ; as, a mis- 
chievous monkey , puppy ; a roguish wag ; an arch look. 

mis-choice' (mTs-chois'), re. A wrong or improper choice. 

mis-Choose' (mis-chooz'), v. t. & i. To choose wrongly. 

mis'ci-ble (mis'I-b'l), a. [L. miscere to mix.] Capable of 
being mixed. — mis'ci-bil'i-ty (mis'i-bil'i-ti), n. 

mis'ci-ta'tion (mis'sl-ta'shun), re. Erroneous citation. 

mis-cite' (mis-sit'), v. t. To cite erroneously ; misquote. 

mis-COl'or, mis-COl'our (mis-kul'er), v. t. To give a wrong 
color to ; fig., to misrepresent, as facts. 

mis'con-ceive'Cmis'kon-sev'), v. t. & i. To conceive wrong- 
ly ; misjudge ; misapprehend ; misunderstand ; mistake. 

mis'con-cep'tion (-sep'shun), re. Act or result of miscon- 
ceiving ; erroneous conception ; false opinion. 

mis'con-duct' (-dukt'), v. t. To conduct amiss ; mismanage. 

mis-con'duct (mis-kon'dukt), re. Wrong or improper con- 
duct ; unlawful behavior. — Syn. Misbehaviour, misde- 
meanor, misdeed, delinquency, offense, mismanagement. 

mis'con-Struc'tion (-struk'shim), re. Act of misconstruing ; 
erroneous or bad construction ; wrong interpretation. 

mis-con'strue (mis-kon'stroo ; mrs'kon-stroo'), v. t. To 
construe wrongly ; misinterpret. 

mis-COUn'sel (mis-koun'sel), v. t. To counsel amiss. 

mis-count' (mis-kount'), v. t. & i. To count erroneously ; 
miscalculate. — re. A wrong computation. 

mis'cre-ance (mis'kre'-ans), n. Quality of being miscreant ; 
adherence to false faith ; unbelief. Archaic. 

mis'cre-ant (mis'kre-ant), n. [OF. mescreant; mes- (L. 
minus less) -f- p. pr. fr. L. credere to believe.] 1. A reli- 
gious heretic ; infidel. Archaic. 2. Villain ; wretch. — a. 

1. Infidel ; heretical ; unbelieving. Archaic. 2. Destitute 
of conscience ; base ; villainous. 

mis'cre-ate' (mTs'kre'-at'), v. t. & i. To create badly or 
amiss. — a. Miscreated. — mis'cre-a'tion (-a'shun), re. 

mis-cue' (mis-ku'), re. Billiards & Pool. A false stroke, 
or slip, with a cue. — v. i. To make a miscue. 

mis-date' (mis-dat'), v. t. To date erroneously. 

mis-deal' (-del'), v. t. & i. To distribute wrongly, as cards. 

— n. Act of misdealing. — mis-deal'er, re. 

mis-deed' (-ded'), re. An evil deed. — Syn. Misconduct, 
misdemeanor, fault, offense, trespass, transgression, crime. 

mis-deem' (-dem'), v. t. & i. To deem wrongly ; misjudge. 

mis'de-mean' (mis'de-men'), v. t. & i. To misbehave. 

mis'de-mean'ant (-ant), n. 1. One convicted of a misde- 
meanor. 2. One guilty of misconduct. 

mis'de-mean'or, -mean'our (-er), re. 1. Misbehavior; a 
misdeed. 2. Law. A crime less than a felony. The distinc- 
tion between felonies and misdemeanors is now arbitrary. 

mis'de-scribe' (-skrlb'), v. t. To describe wrongly or incor- 
rectly. — mis'de-scrip'tion (-skrfp'shwn), n. 

mis / di-rect'(mis / dT-rekt'), v. t. To direct wrongly. — mis'- 
di-rec'tion (-rek'shun), re. 

mis-do' (mis-doo'), v. t. & i. To do wrongly or improperly. 
— mis-do'er (-doo'er), re. — mis-do'ing (-ing), re. 

mis-doubt' (-douf), v. t. & i. 1. To doubt, suspect, mis- 
trust. 2. To fear ; apprehend. — re. Suspicion ; mistrust. 

mise (mez ; mlz), re. [F. mise a putting, setting, mettre to 
put, lay, L. mittere to sffnd.] 1. An agreement ; as, the 
mise of Amiens and the mise of Lewes, agreements 
made in 1264 between Henry III. and the rebelling barons. 

2. Law. The (general) issue in a proceeding upon a writ of 
right. [want. Now Rare.\ 

mis-ease' (mis-ez'), re. Discomfort; distress; misery ;| 

mis'em-ploy' (mis'em-ploi'), v. t. To employ amiss. 

mi'ser (ml'zer), re. [L. miser wretched.] 1. A wretched 
person. 06s. 2. A covetous person; esp., one having 
wealth who lives miserably to increase his hoard. 

mis'er-a-ble (miz'er-d-b'l), a. _ [F. miserable, L. misera- 
bilis, fr. miserari to lament pity, miser wretched.] 1. In 
a state of misery ; wretched ; — often hyperbolical. 2. Caus- 
ing misery, or great discomfort ; pitiably poor ; as, a miser- 
able lot. 3. Pitiable ; lamentable ; as, a miserable failure. 
4. Wretchedly deficient ; worthless ; paltry ; despicable ; as, 
a miserable dinner. — Syn. Abject, forlorn. [adv. 

— n. One who is miserable, or in misery. — mis'er-a-bly,| 
Mis'e-re're (miVe-re're), re. [L., have mercy, fr. misereri 

to have mercy, miser wretched ; — from its first word in 
Latin.] 1. Eccl. The 51st Psalm (or 50th in the Douay 
version). 2. A musical setting of this Psalm. 



g 



Miseri- 
cord, 2. 



mis'er-i-cord', mis'er-i-corde' (miz'er-Y-kord' ; mT-zgr'I 
kord), n. [F. misericorde, fr. L. misericordia /fj\ 
mercy, compassion ; misereri to feel pity + cor, 
cordis, heart.] 1. Eccl. A room in a monastery 
where indulgences were allowed. 2. A thin-bladed 
dagger of medieval times for giving the coup de ^=*p ^^ 
grace. [of being miserly. I 

mi'ser-li-ness (ml'zer-li-nes), n. Quality or state | 
mi'ser-ly (ml'zer-li), a. Pert, to, like, or char- 
acteristic of, a miser ; very covetous. — Syn. See 

PARSIMONIOUS. 

mis'er-y (miz'er-Y), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). [OF. 
miserie, L. miseria, fr. miser wretched.] 1. A 
state of great distress ; wretchedness due to out- 
ward conditions, esp. privation or poverty. 2. A 
wretched circumstance ; misfortune. 
Syn. Unhappiness, wretchedness, despondency, 
affliction, distress, anguish, woe. — Misery, 
wretchedness. Misery often suggests the more 
acute or persistent, wretchedness the more abject or de- 
sponding, unhappiness or distress ; as, a life of misery ; the 
wretchedness of despair. 

mis / es-teem'(mis / es-tem'), v. t. To form a false estimate of. 

mis-es'ti-mate (mis-es'ti-mat), v. t. To estimate errone- 
ously. — n. A wrong estimate. 

mis-faith' (mis-fath'), n. Lack of faith ; mistrust. 

mis-fea'sance (-fe'zans), n. [Cf. OF. mesfaisance, fr. 
mesfaire to do wrong ; mes- (L. minus less) + faire to 
do, L./acere.] Law. A wrong done ; now, specif., the doing 
wrongfully and injuriously of an act which one might do in 
a lawful manner ; — disting. from malfeasance and non- 
feasance. — mis-iea'sor (mis-fe'zor), n. 

mis-fea'ture (-fe'tur), n. An ill or distorted feature; a 
bad feature. — mis-f ea'tured, a. 

mis-fire' (-fir'), v. i. To fail to be fired ; — said of a gun, 
mine, etc. — n. Act or instance of misfiring. 

mis-fit' (-fit' ) , n. 1. Act or state of fitting badly. 2. Some- 
thing that fits badly. — v. t. & i. To fit badly ; fail to fit. 

mis'for-ma'tion (mis'for-ma'shun), re. Malformation. 

mis-for'tune (mis-for'tyn), re. Bad fortune ; mishap ; mis- 
chance. 

Syn. Ill fortune, ill luck, misadventure, mischance, trou- 
ble, hardship, accident, mishap, adversity, calamity, disas- 
ter. — Misfortune, mischance, mishap, adversity agree 
in the idea of ill or adverse fortune. Misfortune is the 
most general term ; mischance is often more specifically 
that which in any way goes wrong ; mishap of tener denotes 
an unlucky accident ; as, it is a misfortune to be blind ; an 
unlucky mischance; to fail by some mishap. Adversity, 
the strongest word, denotes grave or continued misfortune. 

mis-give' (mis-giv'), v. t. To give or suggest doubt and 
apprehension to ; make apprehensive ; — usually of the 
mind or heart, and followed by the objective personal pro- 
noun. — v. i. To be fearful or apprehensive. 

mis-giv'ing, re. Evil premonition ; state of distrust or ap- 
prehension. — Syn. See apprehension, qualm. 

mis-gov'ern (-guv'ern), v. t. To govern ill ; rule badly. 

mis-gOV'ern-ment (-ment), re. Bad government. 

mis-guid'ance (-gid'ans), re. Wrong guidance. 

mis-guide' (-gld'), v. t. To guide wrongly. 

mis-han'dle (-had'd'l), v. t. To handle ill ; maltreat. 

mis-hap' (-hap'), re. Mischance. — Syn. See misfortune, 

mish'mash 7 (mTsh'mash'), re. Hodgepodge; jumble. 

Mish'na (mish'nd), re.; pi. Mishnayoth (mish'na-yoth'), 
[NHeb. mishnah, i. e., instruction, oral law, fr. Heb. sha- 
nah to repeat, in post-Biblical Heb., to teach, to learn.] 
1. The traditional doctrine of the Jews as embodied chiefly 
in the decisions of the rabbis before the 3d century A. D. 2, 
A single tenet ; a view of a rabbi. 3. Any collection of such 
tenets. 4. The collection of Halachoth which is the basis of 
the Talmud. — Mish-na'ic (mish-na'ik),Mish'nic, o. 

mis'in-form' (mis'in-form'), v. t. To give untrue or mis- 
leading information to. — mis'in-f orm'ant, re. — mis- 
in'for-ma'tion, re. — mis'in-f orm'er, re. 

mis'in-ter'pret (mis'Tn-tur'pret), v. t. To interpret erro- 
neously. — mis'in-ter'pre-ta'tion (-pre-ta'shun), re. 

mis'in-ter'pret-er (-er), re. One who misinterprets. 

mis-join'der (mis-join'der), re. Law. An incorrect union 
of parties or of causes of action in procedure. 

mis-judge' (mis-jiij'), v. t. & i. To judge erroneously or 
unjustly. — mis-judg'ment, -judge'ment (-juj'ment), re. 

mis-kal' (mis-kal'), re. [Per. & Ar. mithqal, fr. Ar. thaqal 
weight.] A Persian and Arabian weight equal to about 
72 grains, or 4.64 grams. 

mis-know' (-no'), v. t. 1. To misunderstand. 2. To fail to 
recognize. — mis-knowl'edge (-nol'ej ; 24), re. 

mis-lay' (-la'), v. t. To lay in a place not recollected ; lose. 

— Syn. See displace. 

mis-lead' (-led'), v. t. To lead into a wrong way ; lead astray ; 
deceive. — Syn. Delude, misguide. — mis-lead'er, re._ 
mis-lead'ing, p. a. Leading astray ; deceptive ; delusive. 

— Syn. See fallacious. 
mis'le-toe. Var. of mistletoe. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, 6p, circus, menu; fooH, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MISLIKE 



625 



MISTRAL 



mis-like' (mYs-lik'), v. t. 1. To displease. 2. To dislike. — 
n. Dislike ; aversion ; distaste. — mis-lik'er (mis-llk'er), n. 

mis-lik'ing (mis-lik'ing), n. Dislike; aversion. 

mis-made' (mis-mad'), p. a. Badly or improperly made. ' 

mis-make' (mis-mak'j, v. t. To make or form amiss. 

mis-man'age (-man'aj), v. t. & i. To manage ill. — mis- 
man'age-ment (-ment), n. — mis-man'ag-er, n. 

mis-mar'riage (mis-mar'ij), n. An unsuitable marriage. 

mis-match' 7-mach'), v. t. To match unsuitably or ill, as 
in marriage. — mis-match', n. 

mis-mate' (-mat'), v. t. To mate wrongly or unsuitably. 

mis-name' (nam'), v. t. To call by the wrong name. 

mis-no'mer (-no'mer), n. [OF. mesnommer to misname; 
mes- amiss (L. minus less) + nommer to name, L. nomi- 
nare, fr. nomen name.] 1. An erroneous naming or desig- 
nation of any person or thing. 2. A wrong name. 

mi-SOg'a-mist (mT-sog'd-mTst ; mi-), n. [Gr. niaelv to 
hate + yanos marriage.] A hater of marriage. 

mi-sog'a-my (-mi), n. Hatred of marriage. 

mi-SOg'y-nist (-soj'i-nist), n. [Gr. fiiaoyvv-qs ; fitatlv to 
hate + yvurj woman.] A hater of women. 

mi-SOg'y-nous (-ni/s), a. Woman-hating. 

mi-sog'y-ny (mT-soj'T-m ; ml-), n. Hatred of women. 

mi-SOl'O-gy (mi-sol'o-ji ; ml), n. [Gr. yucroXoyia; ntcrelv to 
hate + \6yos discourse.] Hatred of argument or discus- 
sion or of enlightenment. — mi-SOl'0-gist (-jist), n. 

mis'pick-el (mTs'pik-el), n. [G.] Min. Arsenopvrite. 

mis-place' (mTs-plas'), v. t. To put in a wrong place or on 
an improper or unworthy object. — Syn. See displace. — 
mis-place'ment (-ment), n. 

mis-play' (-pla'), n. A wrong play. 

mis-print' (print'), v.t. To print wrong or incorrectly. 

— n. A mistake in printing. 

mis-pri'sion (-prTzh'iin), n. [LL. misprisio or OF. mes- 
prison, fr. OF. mesprendre to do wrong; mes- amiss (L. 
minus) -f- prendre take.] 1. Misconduct ; misdemeanor, 
esp. in office or duty ; — esp. in : misprision of treason 
or felony, any of various serious misdemeanors (but mis- 
understood as concealment of, or omission to give notice of, 
treason or felony). 2. Misapprehension. Archaic. 

mis-pri'sion (-prTzh'un), n. Contempt ; scorn. 

mis-prize' (-prlz'), v. t.; -prized' (prlzd'); -priz'ing 
(-prlz'ing). Also mis-prise'. [OF. meaprisier to despise; 
mes- amiss, wrong (L. minus less) + LL. pretiare to 
value, L. pretium price.] To scorn; despise. 

mis'pro-nounce' (mTs'pro-nouns'), v. t. & i. To pronounce 
incorrectly. nun'ci-a'tion (-nun'si-a'shun; -shT-), n. 

mis-proud', a. Viciously proud ; arrogant. Obs. or R. 

mis-punc'tu-ate (mTs-punk'ty-at), v. t. & i. To punctu- 
ate incorrectly. — mis-punc'tu-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

mis'quo-ta'tion (mTs'kwo-ta'shun), n. Erroneous or in- 
accurate quotation. 

mis-quote' (mTs-kwof), v t. & i. To quote erroneously. 

mis-read' (-red'), v. t. To read amiss; misinterpret. 

mis-reck'on (-rek/'n), v. t. & i. To reckon wrongly; mis- 
calculate ; miscount. 

mis're-mem'ber (-re-mem'ber),_ v. t. & i. To remember 
wrongly or incorrectly ; now chiefly, Dial., to forget. 

mis're-porf (mTs're-porf), v. t. & i. To report erroneously 
or falsely. — n. Erroneous report. — mis're-port'er, n. 

mis-rep're-sent' (mis-rep're-zent'), v. t. & i. To represent 
falsely, improperly, or imperfectly. 

mis-rep're-sen-ta'tion (-zen-ta'shun), n. Untrue, improp- 
er, or unfaithful representation. 

mis-rep're-sent'a-tive (-zen'ta-tTv), a. Misrepresenting. 

mis-rule' (-rool'), v. t. To rule badly; misgovern. — n. 
Bad rule ; misgovernment ; hence : disorder ; tumult. 

miss (mTs), n. ; pi. misses (mis'ez; 24). [Contr. fr. mis- 
tress.'] 1. \_cap.~\ A title of courtesy prefixed to the name 
of an unmarried girl or woman. 2. A young unmarried 
woman or a girl. 

miss, v. t. [AS. missan."] 1. To fail of hitting, meeting, 
finding, attaining, getting, receiving, seeing, hearing, per- 
ceiving, etc. 2. To escape ; avoid. Now Dial., exc. with an 
adverb; as, I just, or barely, missed being killed. 3. To 
omit ; fail or neglect to have, do, keep, attend, etc. 4. To 
discover or feel the absence of ; want. — v. i. 1. To fail to 
hit ; deviate. 2. To fail ; not to succeed. 3. To fail to ob- 
tain, receive, secure, find, perceive, etc. ; — used with of. 

— n. 1. Loss ; lack. Obs. or Dial. 2. Failure to hit. 3. 
Failure to find, obtain, achieve, etc. Now Rare. 

mis'sal (mis'51), n. [LL. missale, liber missalis, fr. 
missa Mass.] The book containing the service of the Mass. 

mis-say' (mTs-sa'), v. t. & i. 1. To speak evil of; slander. 
Archaic. 2. To say wrongly. 06s. or R. 

mis'sel (mis'el), n., or missel thrush. A large European 
thrush (Turdus viscivorus). It feeds on mistletoe berries. 

mis-send' (mis-send'), v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly. 

mis-shape' (mTs-shap'), v. t. To shape ill ; deform. — mis- 
shapen (-shap''n), p. a. 

mis'sile (mts'il), o. [L. missilis, fr. mittere, missum, to 



cause to go, send, throw.] Capable of being thrown or pro- 
jected. — n. A weapon or object thrown, or to be thrown oi 
projected, as a bullet, a spear, an arrow. 

miss'ing (mTs'ing), p. a. Absent ; lost ; wanting ; gone, 
missing link, a A member lacking in a series, b A hypothet- 
ical intermediate form between man and his simian progen- 
itors. Many consider that the "Java man" (Plthecanthrc- 
j>us erectus), known from bones of a single individual found 
in Java, represented or approximated this form. 

mis'sion (mish'un), n. [L. missio, fr. mittere, missum, to 
send.] 1. A sending, or being sent, by authority, on some 
service or function ; commission. 2. Persons sent ; envoys, 
as of an embassy to a foreign nation. 3. A body of mission- 
aries ; also, esp. in pi., the organized effort to do missionary 
work. 4. An organization for doing missionary work. 5. A 
station or residence of missionaries. 6. A special course of 
sermons and services in connection with a particular church. 
7. That with which a messenger or agent is charged ; errand ; 
commission. 8. That which one is destined or fitted to do ; 
calling. — Syn. Message, errand, deputation. [p. p.j 

— v. t. To send on, or intrust with, a mission ; — mostly in| 
mis'sion-a-ry (-a-rT), a. Of or pertaining to missions ; en- 
gaged in, or devoted to, missions. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 
One sent on a mission ; esp., one sent to propagate religion. 

mis'sis (mTs'Is; -iz), mis'sus (-us), n. Mistress ; wife. Il- 
literate. 

Mis'sis-sip'pi-an (mTs'T-sip^i-an), a- 1. Of or pert, to Mis- 
sissippi or the Mississippi River. 2. Geol. Pert, to or desig- 
nating a period of the Paleozoic era between the Devonian 
and Pennsylvanian ; — called also Subcarboniferous. 

— n. 1. A native or citizen of Mississippi. 2. Geol. The 
Mississippian period or formation. 

mis'sive (mis'iv), n. [F. missive. See mission, n.] A let- 
ter. — a. Specially sent or ready to be sent. [rectly.l 

mis-speak' (mis-spek'), v. t. To speak wrongly or incor-| 

mis-speech' (-spech'), n. Wrong or incorrect speaking. 

mis-spell' (mis-spel'), v. t. To spell incorrectly. 

mis-spend' (-spend'), v. t. To spend amiss ; squander. 

mis-state' (-stat'), v. t. To state wrongly. — state'ment, n. 

mis-Step' (mis-step'), n. A wrong step ; an error of conduct. 

mist (mist), 7i. [AS.] 1. Visible watery vapor suspended in 
the atmosphere at or near the earth ; fog ; also, coarse, wa- 
tery vapor, floating or falling in visible particles, approach- 
ing the form of rain. 2. Hence : something resembling or 
likened to a mist ; a haze. 3. Dimness of vision ; a haze be- 
fore the eyes. 4. Something that dims, blurs, or intercepts 
vision, physical or mental. — Syn. See haze. 

— v. t. To cover with or as with mist ; dim. — v. i. To rain 
in very fine drops ; form a mist ; become dim or blurred. 

mis-tak'a-ble (mis-tak'd-b'l), a. Liable to be mistaken; 

capable of being misunderstood. 
mis-take' (-tak'), v. t. ; pret. & obs. p. p. -took' (-took') ; 

p. p. -tak'en (-tak''n) ; p.pr. & vb. n. -tak'ing (-tak'ing). 

[mis- -f- take.~\ 1. To misapprehend ; misunderstand. 2. 

To substitute erroneously in thought or perception ; as, he 

mistook you for John. 3. To err in recognizing, identifying, 

or estimating ; as, there was no mistaking the sorrow in his 

face. — v. i. To make a mistake. 

— n. An apprehending wrongly ; a misunderstanding ; un- 
intentional error. — Syn. Oversight, slip, bull. See error. 

mis-tak'en (-tak''n), p. a. 1. In error; judging wrongly. 
2. Erroneous ; wrong. — mis-tak'en-ly, adv. 

mis-teach' (mis-tech'), v. t. To teach wrongly; instruct 
erroneously or imperfectly. 

mis-tell' (-tel'), v. t. To tell or narrate erroneously. 

Mis'ter (mis'ter), n. [See master.] A title of courtesy 
(abbr., Mr.) prefixed to the name of a man and to a desig- 
nation of occupation or office ; as, Mr. Smith ; Mr. Presi- 
dent. — v. t. To address or mention as "Mr." Colloq. 

mis-term' (mis-turm'), v. t. To term, or name, wrongly. 

mis-think' (mis-think'), v. i. & t. To think wrongly or un- 
favorably ; think ill or unfavorably of. 

mist'i-ly (mTs'ti-li), adv. In a misty manner. 

mis-time' (mis-tTm'), v. t. To time wrongly or improperly. 

mist'i-ness (mis'ti-nes), n. State of being misty. 

mis'tle-toe (mis''l-to ; miz'-), n. 
[AS., misteltan; mistel mis-\ 
tletoe -f- tan twig.] 1. A Euro- 
pean parasitic shrub (Viscum 
album), with thick green leaves, 
small yellowish flowers, and 
waxy white glutinous berries. 2. 
A very similar plant (Phoraden- 
dron flavescens), of the United 
States. 

mis-took' (mis-t6"6k'), pret. &\ 
obs. p. p. of MISTAKE. 

mis'tral (mis'tral ; mis-tral'), n. 
[F., fr. Pr., fr. L. magistralis, a. 
See magistral.] A violent, cold, 
and dry northerly wind of south- 
ern France, etc. European Mistletoe. 








K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. =>= equals. 






MISTRANSLATE 



626 



MNEMOSYNE 



mis'trans-late' (mis'trans-laf), v. t. To translate incor- 
rectly. — mis'trans-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

mis-treat' (mis-tret'), v. t. To treat ill; abuse. 

mis- treatment (-ment), n. Ill treatment. 

mispress (mis'tres), n. [OF. maistresse, fr. LL. magis- 
trissa, fr. L. magistra, fern, of magister. See master.] 1. 
A woman having authority or ownership ; female head of a 

j family, school, etc. 2. A woman skilled in anything. 3. A 
sweetheart ; ladylove. 4. A woman living with, or supported 
by, a man as his paramour. 5. A form of respectful or polite 
address to a woman. Archaic or Dial. 6. [cap.] A title of 
courtesy of a woman, now superseded by the contracted 
forms Mrs. (pronounced mis'Ts or mis'iz). for a married, 
and Miss, for an unmarried, woman. 

mis-tri'al (mis-tri'al), n. Law. A trial legally of no effect, 
by reason of some error in the proceedings. 

mis-trust' (-trust'), n. Want of confidence or trust. — v. t. 
& i. 1. To suspect ; distrust. 2. To forebode ; surmise. 
Rare. — Syn. See distrust. — mis-trust'er, n. 

mis-trust'ful (-fool), a. Full of mistrust. — mis-trust'- 
f ul-ly, adv. — mis-trust'ful-ness, n. 

mist'y (mis'tY), a. ; mist'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. [AS. mistig."] 
1. Accompanied or characterized by mist ; blurred by, or as 
by, mist. 2. Dim ; vague ; mentally confused ; hazy. 

mis'un-der-stand' (mis'un-der-stand' ; mis-un'-), v. t. & i. 
To misconceive ; miscomprehend ; take in a wrong sense. 

mis'un-der-Stand'ing, n. 1. Mistake of meaning ; error. 2. 
Disagreement ; quarrel. 

mis-US'age (mis-uz'aj ; -us'aj), n. 1. Bad treatment ; ill us- 
age ; abuse. 2. Wrong or improper use, as of words. 

mis-use' (-us'), n. 1. Wrong use ; misapplication. 2. Abuse ; 
maltreatment ; violence. 

mis-use' (-uz'), v. t. To subject to misuse. — Syn. Mal- 
treat,abuse, misemploy, misapply. — mis-us'er (-Gz'er),n. 

mis-us'er (-er), n. [OF. mesuser, inf. used as n.] Law. Un- 
lawful use of a right. 

mis-val'ue (mis-val'u), v. t. To value wrongly ; misesteem. 

mis-ven'ture (mis-ven't5r),n. Unlucky venture. Archaic. 

mis-word' (mis-wurd'), v. t. To word wrongly. 

mis-wor'ship (-wilr'shTp), n. Wrong or false worship. 

mis-write' (-nt'), v. t. To write incorrectly. 

mite (mit), n. [AS. mite mite (in sense 1 ).] 1. Any of numer- 
ous members of an order (Acarida) of small, often very mi- 
nute, arachnids, often infesting animals, plants, food prod- 
ucts, etc. 2. [OD. mite, mijte, D. mijt ; prob. same word.] 
A small coin or sum of money ; — applied in the New Testa- 
ment to the lepton. Specif. , half a farthing (seeilf ark xii. 42) . 
3. Anything very small ; a bit ; jot. Colloq. 

mi'ter, mi'tre (mi'ter), n. [F. mitre, fr. L. mitra head- 
band, turban, Gr. ulrpa.] 1. Antiq. A 
woman's headband or fillet. 2. Jewish 
Antiq. The official headdress of the high 
priest. 3. Eccl. The official headdress of 
a bishop in the Western Church since 
about a. d. 1000. 4. The beveled surface 
where a miter joint is made ; also, a mi- 
ter joint. 

— v. t. & i.; -tered or -tred (-terd) ; 
-tering (-ter-ing) or -tring (-tring). 1. 
To place a miter upon ; hence, to raise to 
a bishopric. 2. To fit in a miter joint. 

miter, or mitre, box. Carp., etc. An ap- The p °P e ' s Miter, 
paratus for guiding a handsaw at the proper angle in sawing 
the ends to make a miter joint. 

mi'tered, mi'tred (ml'terd),p.a. 
1. Wearing, or entitled or privi- 
leged to wear, a miter. 2. Shaped 
like a miter ; having an apex so 
shaped. 

mitered abbey, an abbey un- 
der a mitered abbot. — m. ab- 
bot, R. C. Ch„ an abbot on whom the Pope has conferred 
the privilege of wearing a miter. 

miter, or mitre, joint. Carp., etc. A joint formed by 
pieces fitted on a line bisecting the angle of junction ; some- 
times, any bevel joint. 

mi'ter-wort', mi'tre-wort' (ml'ter-wurt'), n. Any of a ge- 
nus (Mitella) of low slender saxifragaceous herbs ; — ■ so 
called from the capsule, which suggests a bishop's miter. 

Mith'ras (mith'ras; ml'thras), Mith'ra (mith'rd; ml'- 
thrd), n. [L., fr. Gr. MLOpas, OPer. Mithra.] A Persian 
god of light, defender of truth and enemy of the powers of 
darkness. 

mith'ri-date (-ri-dat),™. [LL. mithridatum.~\ Old Pharm. 
An electuary supposed to serve as a universal antidote or 
preservative against poison ; — so called from King Mith- 
ridates VI. (see mithridatism) , its reputed inventor. 

mitb/ri-dat'ic (-dat'Tk), a. 1. leap."] Of or pert, to Mithri- 
dates VI. ; also, like him or his alleged insusceptibility to 
poisons. 2. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a mithri- 
date or mithridatism. 

mith'ri-da'tism (mYth'r T -da'tiz'm) , n . Med. Immunity from 





Miter Box. 



a poison, produced by administration of gradually increased 
doses of it. Mithridates VI., King of Pontus (d. 63 B. c. ) is 
said to have produced this condition in himself. 

mit'i-ga-ble (mit'i-gd-b'l), a. That may be mitigated. 

mit'i-gate (mit'i-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. mitigatus, p. p. of mitigare; mitis mild + root of 
agere to do.] To render mild or milder ; soften ; appease ; 
lessen ; moderate. — Syn. See alleviate. — v. i. To be or 
become mitigated ; grow mild or milder. 

mitl-ga'tion (mit'i-ga'shun), n. Act of mitigating, or state 
of being mitigated. 

mit'i-ga-tive (mit'i-ga-tiv), a. Tending to mitigate. 

mit'i-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who, or that which, mitigates. 

mi'tis casting (ml'tis; me'tis). A process for producing 
malleable-iron castings from wrought iron ; also, a casting 
made by this process ; — called also wrought-iron casting. 

mitis metal. The malleable iron produced by mitis casting ; 

— called also simply mitis. 

mi-to'sis (mi-to'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. /xlros a thread.] Biol. 
The ordinary process by which the cells of plants and ani- 
mals multiply, involving typically in successive steps the 
segregation and equal division of the chromosomes, forma- 
tion of daughter nuclei at the poles of a spindle of radiat- 
ing fibers and growth of a new cell wall through the center 
of the spindle; indirect cell division. Cf. amitosis. 

mi-tot'ic (mi-tot'ik), a. Biol. Of or pertaining to mitosis ; 
karyokinetic ; as, mitotic cell division ; opposed to ami- 
totic. — mi-tot'i-cal-ly (-T-kdl-i), adv. 

|| mi'tra'illeur' (me'tra'yfir'), n. [F.] Mil. a An artillery- 
man who serves a mitrailleuse, b A mitrailleuse. 

|| mi'tra'illeuse' (-yfiz'), n. [F., fr. mitrailler to fire grape- 
shot.] Mil. A breech-loading machine gun firing small 
projectiles rapidly from a number of barrels. 

mi'tral (ml'trdl), a. Pert, to or resembling a miter ; Anat., 
designating the cardiac valve (mitral valve) that prevents 
the blood in the left ventricle from returning to the auricle. 

mi'tre, mi'tre box, etc. Vars. of miter, etc. 

mitt (mit), n. [Abbr. fr. mitten.'] A kind of glove without 
covering for the fingers or with half fingers ; specif., Base- 
ball, a kind of glove protected on the palm side by a large 
mitten-shaped pad. 

mit'ten (mit'en), n. [F. mitaine."] 1. A covering for the 
hand having a separate sheath for the thumb only. 2. In pi. 
Boxing gloves. Slang. — to get, or give, the mitten, to 
be refused, or to refuse, as a lover. 

mit'ti-mus (-i-miis), n. [L., we send, fr. mittere to send.] 
Law. A warrant of commitment to prison. 

mix (miks), v. t. & i. [From earlier mixed, mixt, p. p. 
{Oxf. E. D.), fr. L. mixtus, p. p. of miscere.] 1. To unite 
or blend into one mass, as by stirring together ; mingle. 2. 
To unite with in company ; join ; unite. 3. To form by min- 
gling ; compound. 4. Breeding. To cross. — Syn. See 
mingle. — n. Act or result of mixing ; a mixture ; Colloq., 
a muddle or mess. 

mixed (mTkst), p. a. [For mixt, it. L. mixtus. See mix, v.] 
1. Law. Involving relations with two or more classes of 
property, rights, or the like ; as, a mixed action. 2. Formed 
by mixing ; mingled. 3. Made up of different or dissimilar 
parts, elements, qualities, or the like. 4. Made up of, or in- 
volving the action of, persons of both sexes ; as, a mixed 
school. 5. Confused or muddled, esp. with drink. 6. Phon. 
Designating a vowel in the articulation of which the whole 
tongue sinks into its neutral flattened shape, neither "back" 
nor "front" articulation predominating, as e in err. 
mixed number, the sum of an integer and a fraction. 

mix'er (mik'ser), n. 1. One who, or that which, mixes. 2. 
A person viewed as to his casual sociability ; — as, a good or 
a bad mixer. Colloq. or Slang, U. S. 

mix'ture (miks'tur), n. [L. mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum, 
to mix.] 1. Act of mixing; state of being mixed. 2. That 
which results from mixing ; a compound ; medley. 3. A mass 
of ingredients not chemically united ; — disting. fr. com- 
pound. 4. Admixture ; intermixture. 

miz'en, miz'en-mast (m?z''n), etc. Vars. of mizzen, etc. 

miz'zen (mlz'.'n), n. [F. misaine foresail, fr. It. deriv. of 
mezzo middle. See mezzo.] Naut. a The aftermost of the 
fore-and-aft sails of a three-masted vessel, set on the miz- 
zenmast ; — called also spanker, b A mizzenmast. 

— a. Naut. Of or pertaining to the mizzenmast. 
miz'zen-mast (-mast), n. Naut. The aftermost mast of a 

three-masted vessel, of a yawl, or of a ketch. 

miz'zle (miz''l), v. t. & i. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-lYng^To 
rain in very fine drops ; drizzle. Obs. or Dial. — n. Mist ; 
fine rain ; drizzle. Obs. or Dial. 

miz'zle, v. i. To take one's self off ; decamp. Slang. 

Mjoll'nir (myol'ner), Mjoll'nir (myul'-), n. See Thor. 

mne-mon'ic (ne-mon'ik), a. [Gr. nvrmoviKos, deriv. of nvaa- 
6ai to remember.] Assisting, or intended to assist, mem- 
ory ; also, of or pertaining to mnemonics or memory. 

mne-mon'ics (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) Art of developing the 
memory ; a system for assisting or improving the memory. 

Mne-mos'y-ne (-mos'T-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mvyinoavvr), lit. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



-MO 



627 



MODERNISM 




remembrance.] Class. Myth. The goddess of memory. She 
was one of the Titans and mother of the Muses by Zeus. 

-mo (-mo). A suffix (as in duodecimo, sextodecimo, etc.) 
added to the names of certain numerals, or to the numerals 
to indicate the number of leaves of a folded sheet of paper ; 
as, sixteenmo or IQmo, or, as often written, 16°, etc. 

mo'a (mo'd), n. [Native name.] Any of a family (Dinor- 
nithidae) of extinct flightless birds having the general aspect 
of an ostrich. The moas were confined to New Zealand, 
and some of them were of gigantic size. 

Mo'ab-ite (mo'ab-it), n. One of an ancient Semitic people 
closely related to the Hebrews. See Gen. xix. 37. — Mo'ab- 
ite, Mo'ab-it'ish (-It'ish), a. — Mo'ab-it'ess (-It'es), n. 
Moabite stone, a block of black basalt, discovered in 
Moab in 1868, which bears an inscription, dating from the 
9th century b. c, written in the earliest known Phoenician 
alphabet. It records the victories of Mesha, king of Moab, 
esp. those over Israel (2 Kings iii. 4, 5, 27). 

moan (mon), n. [ME. mone, mon, mane.'] Lamentation ; a 
lament ; now, a low prolonged sound, indicative of pain or 
grief. — v. t. & i. 1. To bewail audibly ; lament ; bemoan. 
2. To utter or cry wailingly. — Syn. See groan. 

moat (mot), n. [OF. mote hill, dike, bank. The name moat 
was transferred to the adjoining ditch.] A deep wide trench 
around a rampart, as of a castle, usually filled with water ; a 
ditch. — v. t. To surround with or as with a moat. 

mob (mob), n. [L. mobile vulgus, the movable common 
people. See mobile, a.] 1. The populace. 2. The, or a, 
disorderly element of the populace ; the rabble ; hence : a 
promiscuous collection of people ; a crowd. — v. t. To 
crowd about, as a mob, and attack or annoy ; force or affect 
in some way by such action. — mob'bisn (-Tsh), a. 

mob'cap / (-kap'), n. A kind of indoor cap or headdress for 
women. Chiefly Hist. 

mo'bile (mo'bil ; -bel), a. [L. mobilis, 
fr, movere to move.] 1. Movable; 
characterized by ease of movement. 
2. Moving or flowing very freely. 3. 
Changing readily in appearance and 
expression (as, mobile features), or in 
feeling, purpose, or direction (as, a 
mobile mind) ; changeable. 4. Mil. 
Capable of being readily and rapidly 
moved about ; as, mobile troops. »u A "VI ^ 

mo-bil'i-ty (mS-bil'I-tl), n. Quality oriS^l\ \\ \ 

state of being mobile. a ^l»^ \\\ 

mo/bi-li-za'tion (mo'bT-lT-za'shira ; Mobcap. 

mob'i- ; -ll-za'shiin ), n. Action or process of mobilizing. 

mo'bi-lize (mo'bT-liz; mob'T-Hz), v. t. ; -lized (-lTzd) ; 
-liz'ing (-living). l.To render mobile, or movable. 2. To 
assemble and put in a state of readiness for active service in 
war, as an army or fleet. — v. i. To undergo mobilization. 

mob-OC'ra-cy (mob-ok'rd-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [mob 
rabble -f- -cracy, as in democracy.] 1. Rule of the mob ; 
government by a mob. 2. The mob as a ruling class. 

mob'o-crat (mob'6-krat), n. One who favors mobocracy. — 
mob'o-crat'ic (-krat'ik), mob'o-crat'i-cal (-I-kal), a. 

moc'ca-sin (mok'd-stn), n. [An Indian word.] 1. A kind of 
shoe made of deerskin or other soft leather. It is the dis- 
tinctive shoe of the American Indians. 2. Any of a genus 
( Agkistrodon) of venomous snakes, including the copper- 
head ; esp., the water moccasin (A. piscivorus). 

moccasin flower. An orchid (Cypripedium acaule), of the 
eastern United States, bearing two 
large basal leaves and a solitary pink 
or white moccasin-shaped flower. 

Mo'cha (mo'kd), n. [From Mocha, 
Arabia, on the Red Sea.] A superior 
variety of coffee ; — orig. fr. Mocha. 

mock (mok), v. t. [F. moquer.] l.To 
treat with scorn or contempt ; deride ; 
ridicule. 2. To defy; despise. 3. To 
disappoint ; deceive ; delude ; as, to 
mock expectation. 4. To imitate; 
counterfeit; esp., to deride by mim- 
icry. — Syn. Taunt, jeer. See ridi- 
cule, imitate. — v. i. To make Moccasin Flower, 
sport in contempt or in jest ; scoff ; jeer. 

— n. 1. A scornful or contemptuous act or speech ; jibe ; 
jeer. 2. Mockery ; ridicule. 3. An object of, or worthy of, 
ridicule^ 4._ Imitation. 

— a. Imitating reality, but not real ; sham ; counterfeit. 
mock orange, any of various American saxifragaceous 
shrubs (genus Philadelphus) ; esp., the syringa (P. corona- 
Tius). — m. turtle soup, a soup of calf's head, veal, or other 
meat, and condiments, in imitation of green turtle soup. 

mock'er (-er), n. One who mocks. 

mock'er-y (mok'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Insulting or 
contemptuous action or speech ; derision ; ridicule. 2. A 
subject or occasion of derision or sport. 3. Mimicry ; imita- 
tion; now, an insincere, contemptible, or impertinent imi- 
4. Ridiculously useless action. 





Bird. 



tation. 



mocking bird. A common bird (Mimus polygloltos) of the 
southern 
United 
States, re- 
markable 

for its exact imitations of the^" 
notes of other birds. 

mock'ing-ly, adv. In the man- 
ner of one who mocks. 

mod'al (mod'dl), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to a mode ; consisting in 
mode or form, without the es- Mocking 

sence or reality. 2. a Music. Of or pert, to mode, b Gram. 
Of or pert, to mood; expressive of mode or manner. C 
Logic. Indicating, or pert, to, mode or modality. 

mo-dal'i-ty (mo-dal'i-tl), n.; pi -ties (-tlz). 1. Quality or 
state of being modal. Rare. 2. Logic. That qualification of 
propositions according to which they are distinguished as 
asserting (or denying) the possibility, impossibility, contin- 
gency, or necessity, of their content. 

mod'al-ly (mod'dl-T), adv. In respect of mode or manner. 

mode (mod), n. [L. modus a measure, manner, form.] 1. 
Music. An arrangement of the eight diatonic tones of an oc- 
tave according to one of certain fixed schemes of their inter- 
vals. 2. Gram. = mood. 3. Logic, a The form in which the 
proposition connects the predicate and subject, b The form 
of the syllogism, as determined by the quantity and quality 
of the constituent propositions. 4. Manner of doing or be- 
ing ; method; fashion; way. S.Metaph. Any combination 
of qualities or relations considered apart from the substance 
to which they belong, and treated as entities ; more gener- 
ally, condition, orstateof being ; manner or form of arrange- 
ment or manifestation. 6. [F.,fr. L. modusmanner.] A pre- 
vailing custom or style ; a fashion. 7. A light bluish gray ; 
sometimes, a drab. — Syn. See method, fashion. 

mod'el (mod'el), n. [F. modele, It. modello, fr. L. modu- 
lus a small measure, dim. of modus. See mode.] 1. A set of 
plans for a building. 06s. 2. A miniature representation of 
a thing. 3. A copy ; image. Now Colloq. 4. A pattern of a 
thing to be made. 5. Style of design or structure ; design. 
6. Anything or any person that serves, or may serve, as an 
example for imitation ; an exemplar. 7. A person that serves 
as an artist's pattern, esp. one who makes a business of so 
doing. 8. A woman employed to put on articles of apparel 
to show their effect to customers. — Syn. See pattern. 

— a. Serving, or that may serve, as a model. 

— v. t. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To 
plan or form after a pattern ; shape ; fashion. — v. i. 1. To 
make a pattern ; design ; as, to model in wax. 2. To assume 
the appearance of natural relief ; — said of parts of drawing 
when being drawn. — mod'el-er, mod'el-ler (-er), n. 

mod'el-ing, mod'el-ling, n. Fine Arts. Act or art of 
making a model or a work of art from some plastic mate- 
rial ; also, in painting, drawing, etc., the representation of 
solid form. 

mod'er-ate (-er-at), a. [L. moderatus, p. p. of moderare, 
moderari, to moderate, regulate, fr. modus measure.] 
Kept within due bounds ; observing reasonable limits ; not 
excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous ; limited ; restrained ; 
as : a Sparing ; temperate ; frugal ; as, moderate in eating. 
b Reasonable ; calm ; slow ; as, moderate language. cNot 
extreme in opinion, etc. ; as, moderate views, d Limited in 
degree ; fair ; hence, mediocre ; as, moderate abilities, 
Syn. Frugal, temperate, sparing ; reasonable, judicious, 
cool, calm. — Moderate, temperate are often interchang- 
able. Moderate emphasizes esp. absence of excess ; tem- 
perate, exercise of restraint ; as, moderate ambitions ; a 
temperate reply. 

— n. A holder of moderate views, as in politics ; hence [usu- 
ally cap.], a member of a party designated "Moderate." 

— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To render moder- 
ate ; restrain or reduce from excess. 2. To preside over, di- 
rect, or regulate, as a public meeting. — v. i. 1. To become 
less violent, severe, or intense. 2. To act as a moderator ; 
preside. — mod'er-ate-ly, adv. — ate-ness, n. 

mod'er-a'tion (-a/shun), n. Act of moderating; state or 
quality of being moderate ; temperateness. 

mod'e-ra'to (mod'e-ra'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. At a 
moderate tempo ; moderately. 

mod'er-a'tor (mod'er-a'ter ) , n. One who, or that which, niod- 
erates ; esp., a presiding officer. — mod'er-a'tor-ship, n. 

mod'ern (-era), a. [F. moderne, L. modernus.] Of, or 
characteristic of, present or recent time. — Syn. See new. 
— 7i. A person of modern times, or of modern views, etc. 

mod'ern-ism (-er-niz'm), n. 1. Modern practice ; esp., a 
modern usage, characteristic, etc. ; modern quality or char- 
acter, as of thought. 2. [cap.] Specif., certain methods and 
tendencies which, in Biblical questions, apologetics, and the 
history of dogma, in the endeavor to reconcile the doctrines 
of the Roman Catholic Church with the conclusions of mod- 
ern science, replace the authority of the church by purely 
subjective criteria ; — so called officially by Pope Pius X. 



i 



\ 






p - ,* 5 * 1 J" G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MODERNIST 



628 



MOLD 



mod'ern-ist (-nist), n. 1. An admirer of modern ways, fash- 
ions, schools of thought, etc. 2. An advocate of the teaching 
of modern subjects, in preference to the ancient classics. 

mo-der'ni-ty (mo-dur'ni-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Modern- 
ness ; something modern. 

mod'ern-ize (mod'er-niz), v. t.; -ized (-nizd) ; -iz'ing. To 
render modern. — mod'ern-i-za'tion (-ni-za'snftn ; -nl-), to. 

mod'ern-ly, adv. In a modern manner. 

mod'ern-ness, to. Quality or state of being modern. 

mod'est (-est ; 24), a. [L. modestus, fr. modus measure.] 

1. Placing a moderate or low estimate on one's own capa- 
bilities or merits ; not bold or presumptuous ; not boastful 
or obtrusive. 2. Appropriate to or due to absence of bold- 
ness, presumption, or arrogance ; moderate, as in amount ; 
as, a modest request; a modest income. 3. Observing the 
proprieties of sex ; decent in speech and demeanor. — Syn. 
Unobtrusive, diffident. See shy. — mod'est-ly, adv. 

mod'es-ty (-es-tl), to. Quality or state of being modest. — 
Syn. Bashfulness, humility, diffidence, shyness. 

mod'i-cum (-i-kwm), to. [L., neut. of modicus moderate, 
fr. modus measure.] A little ; a small quantity or portion. 

mod'i-fi'a-ble (-fl'd-b'l), a. That may be modified. 

mod'i-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun),TO. Act of modifying ; state of 
being modified ; as : a Limitation ; qualification, b Partial 
alteration ; state or result of being so altered. 

mod'i-fi-ca'to-ry (mod'i-fi-ka'to-n), a. That modifies, or 
tends to modify. 

mod'i-fi'er (-fl'er), to. One who, or that which, modifies. 

mod'i-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. modifier, L. 
modificare, modi fi car i ; modus limit + -ficare- (in comp.) 
to make.] 1. To limit or reduce in extent or degree. 2. To 
change somewhat in form or qualities ; as, to modify a con- 
tract. 3. Gram. To limit or restrict the meaning of ; qualify. 
4. Philol. To change by umlaut. — Syn. See qualify. 

mo-dil'lion (mo-dil'yiin), to. [F. modillon, It. modiglione.'] 
Arch. An ornamental block or bracket under the corona of 
the cornice in the Corinthian and other orders. 

mo-di'o-lus (mo-dl'o-liis), n. ; pi. -oli (-11). [L., a small 
measure, dim. of modius the Roman corn measure.] Anat. 
The central bony column in the cochlea of the ear. 

mod'ish (mod'ish), a. According to the mode ; fashionable ; 
stylish. — mod'ish-ly, adv. — mod'ish-ness, to. 

|| mo'diste' (mo'desf), to. [F.] One who makes, or deals in, 
articles of fashion ; esp., a maker of women's robes. 

Mo'dOC (mo'dok), to. One of a small tribe of Indians, for- 
merly of northeastern California, now chiefly in Oregon. 

mod'U-lar (mod/jj-ldr), a. 1. Arch. Of or pertaining to a 
module. 2. Of or pertaining to a modulus. 

mod'U-late (mod'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. modulatus, p. p. of modulari to measure, modulate, fr. 
modulus. See module.] 1. To conform to a certain propor- 
tion ; temper ; tone down. 2. To tune to a certain key or 
pitch ; vary or inflect in tone, as the voice. 3. To sing or in- 
tone. — v. i. Music. To pass from one key or note to anoth- 
er, esp. without a break in the melody or chord succession. 

mod'u-la'tion (-la'shan), to. A modulating; state of being 
modulated. 

mod'u-la'tor, to. One who, or that which, modulates. 

mod'ule (moduli), to. [F., or L. modulus a small measure, 
dim. of modus. See mode.] 1. A mere image. Poetic. Obs. 

2. A standard or unit of measurement. 3. Arch. The size of 
some one part, as the diameter or, esp., semidiameter of the 
base of a shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the pro- 
portions of the other parts of a composition are regulated. 

mod'u-lus(modlji-li<s),n. ; L. pL-Li(-lI). [L.,asmallmeas- 
ure. See module, to.] A real positive quantity, numerical or 
physical, that expresses the measure of some function, prop- 
erty, or effect, as of elasticity, strength, efficiency, etc., esp. 
under unit conditions ; — often denoted by u or M . 

Hmo'dus vi-ven'di(mo'dusvi-ven'di). [L.] Mode, or man- 
ner, of living ; a temporary arrangement of affairs. 

Mce'ra (me'rd), to. ; -pi. -km (-re). [L., fr. Gr. MoTpa.] Gr. 
Myth. The goddess, or a goddess, of fate or destiny, who 
gives to all their portion of good or of evil ; hence, in Homer, 
she is often the goddess of death. See fate, to. 

Moe'SO-Goth', or Mce'so-goth'tme'so-goth'), to. One of the 
Ostrogoths dwelling in Mcesia. — Mce'so-Goth'ic, or 
Mce'so-goth'ic (me'so-goth'Ik), a. 

mo-fette' (mo-fet'),_TO. [F.] An emanation of noxious gas, 
chiefly carbon dioxide, marking the last stage of volcanic 
activity ; also, the opening whence the gas issues. 

mo-fus'sil (mo-fus'il), to._ [Hind, mufassil, fr. Ar. mufac- 
QalJ] In India, the provincial districts ; the country. 

mog (mog), v. i. & t. To go off ; depart ; jog. Dial. 

Mo-gul' (mo-gul'), n. [Per. mughul, a Mongolian, the Great 
Mogul.] 1. A person of the Mongolian race ; specif. : a One 
of the Mongol conquerors of India or their descendants, b A 
follower of Genghis Khan. 2. [I. c] a A great personage ; 
magnate ; autocrat, b A kind of locomotive. _ 

mo'hair' (mo'har'), to. [Ar. mukhayyar a kind of coarse 
camlet.] 1. A fine camlet made from Angora-goat hair, or 



an imitation of such fabric, now usually a smooth lustrous 
one of wool and cotton mixed ; also, yarn of this hair. Cf. 
alpaca, 3. 2. A garment of this fabric. 
Mo-bam'med-an (mo-ham'ed-dn), a. Of or pert, to Mo- 
hammed, or the religion and institutions founded by him. 

— to. A follower of Mohammed, the founder of Islam. 
Mo-ham'med-an-ism (-iz'm), to. Islam. [medanism I 
Mo-ham'med-an-ize (-Tz), v. t. To conform to Moham-| 
Mo'hawk (mo'hok), to. 1. An Indian of the principal tribe of 

the Iroquois Confederacy, formerly occupying the Mohawk 
Valley, New York. During the Revolutionary War the Mo- 
hawks fled to Canada. They are now prosperous farmers. 
2. The language of the Mohawks. 

Mo-he'gan (mo-he'gdn), to. See Mohican. 

Mo-hi'can (mo-he'kdn), to. One of a tribe of Algonquian In- 
dians formerly living in Connecticut and eastern New York. 
The Pequot Indians, of whom the Mohegans were a rebel 
band, were probably a division of the Mohicans. 

Mo'Iiock (mo'hok), to. 1. = Mohawk. Obs. 2. One of cer- 
tain ruffians, often aristocrats, who in gangs committed out- 
rages in London early in the 18th century. 

mo'hur (mo'hur), to. [Hind., fr. Per. muhur, muhr, a gold 
coin, a seal, seal ring.] A gold coin long in circulation in In- 
dia, equal to 15 rupees (previous to 1835, 16 rupees), and 
worth about $7 00; called usually gold mohur. 

moi'dore (moi'dor),TO. [Pg.moedad'ouro,]it., coin of gold.] 
A former Portuguese gold coin. It was current in England 
at approximately 27 shillings. 

moi'e-ty (moi'e-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. moitie, fr. L. 
medietas, fr. medius middle, half.] 1. One of two equal 
parts ; a half. 2. An indefinite part. 

moil (moil), v. t. [OF. moillier, muiller, fr. L. mollis soft.] 
To moisten or wet ; daub ; defile. Now Dial. — v. i. To 
work hard, sometimes in the mire or wet ; labor ; drudge. — 
to. 1. Hard work ; drudgery. 2. Disorder ; confusion. 

|| moire (mwar ; mor), to. [F., fr. E. mohair. .] Orig., a kind 
of watered mohair ; later, any textile fabric to which a wa- 
tered appearance is given in calendering ; a watered silk. 

|| moi're' (mwa'ra' ; mo'ra), a. [F.] Watered ; having a wa- 
tered or clouded appearance, as silk or metals. 

|| moire' an'tique' (mwar' aw'tek' ; mor') ; pi. moires an- 
tiques (mwar'-zaN'teV). [F.] A superior thick silk moire. 

moist (moist), a. [OF. moiste.~] 1. Slightly wet ; damp ; 
of the eyes, tearful. 2. Producing, yielding, or bringing 
moisture ; as, moist weather. Obs. or Colloq. 3. Connected 
or accompanied with moisture ; as, moist eczema. 
Syn. Moist, damp, dank, humid. Moist applies in gen- 
eral to that which is but slightly wet ; damp often connotes 
unpleasant or disagreeable moisture ; dank, penetrating 
or unwholesome dampness ; as, a moist sponge, moist eyes ; 
damp air, a damp room ; a dank cave. Humid is chiefly 
poetical or scientific ; as, a humid atmosphere ; humid eyes. 

mois'ten (mois''n), v. t. To make moist or damp. — v. i. To 
become moist, as the eyes. 

moist'ness, to. Quality or state of being moist. 

mois'ture (-tur), to. That which moistens ; exuding fluid. 

moist'y (mois'ti), a. Moist ; wet ; as, moisty weather. 

moke (mok), to. A donkey. Slang or Dial. 

mo'la (mo'ld), to. [L. See 5th mole.] Med. A mass of fleshy 
matter generated in the uterus ; a false conception ; a mole. 

mo'lar (mo'ldr), a. [L. moles mass.] 1. Mech. Of or pert, 
to a mass of matter (as distinguished from molecules or 
atoms). 2. Chem. Of or pertaining to, or containing, a mole, 
or gram-molecular weight. In this sense, also molal. 

mo'lar, a. [L. molaris, fr. mola mill, molere to grind in a 
mill.] Having power to grind ; grinding ; — used esp. of the 
teeth (in man, those behind the bicuspids) adapted forgrind- 
ing by having a broad surface. — to. A molar tooth. 

mo-las'ses (mo-las'ez ; 24), to. ; pi. molasses. [Pg. melaco, 
fr. L. mellaceus honeylike, mel, mellis, honey.] The dark- 
colored, viscid sirup drained from sugar in manufacture ; 
treacle. Cf. treacle. 

mold, mould (mold), to. [ME. moul.'] 1. A growth or dis- 
coloration produced on organic matter, esp. when damp or 
decaying. The growth consists of minute saprophytic fungi 
(chiefly of the class Phycomycetes and order Mucorales). 

2. A mold fungus. — v. i. & t. To become, or make, moldy. 
mold, mould, n. [AS. molde.] 1. Soft, friable earth ; esp., 

earth containing the remains or constituents of organic mat- 
ter, and suited to the growth of plants. 2. The ground ; 
earth as used for a grave ; hence, a grave. Archaic or Scot. 

3. Earthy material ; matter ; material. 

mold, mould, to. [OF. mole, modle, fr. L. modulus. See 
model.] 1. The matrix, or cavity, from which anything 
takes its form ; also, the body containing the cavity. 2. That 
on or to which anything is modeled or formed. 3. Cast ; 
character ; kind. 4. Form ; shape ; also, body ; corporeal 
form. 5. Arch. A group of moldings. 

— v. t. 1. To mix or knead (esp. dough) to a required con- 
sistency or shape. 2. To shape ; model ; fashion. 3. To or- 
nament by molding or carving. 4. Founding. To form a 
mold of, as in sand, in which to make a casting. 



ale, senSte, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, »p, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MOLDABLE 



629 



MONANDRY 



mold'a-ble, mould'a-ble (mol'dd-b'l), o. Capable of being 
molded. 

Mol-da'vi-an (mol-da'vT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Moldavia. — 
n. A native or citizen of Moldavia ; also, the language of the 
Moldavians. 

mold'board 7 , mould'board' (mold'bord'; 57 ), n. The 
curved plate back of a plowshare ; also, an analogous part 
in a road-building machine. See plow, Illust. 

mold'er, mould' er (mol'der), v. i. & t. [From mold fine 
soft earth.] To crumble into small particles ; crumble away. 

mold'er, mould'er, n. One who molds. [moldy. I 

mold'i-ness, mould'i-ness (-dT-nes), n. State of being| 

mold'ing, mould'ing, n. 1. Act or process of shaping in or 
on a mold, or of making molds. 2. Anything cast, or appear- 
ing as if cast, in a mold. 3. Arch. A narrow surface, sunk 
or projecting, used for decoration. 




Moldings, 3. 1 Fillet and Fascia ; 2 Sunk Fillet ; 3 Quarter- 
round, sometimes called Ovolo ; 4 Torus (when large and 
combined with other moldings) ; 5 Bead or Astragal ; 6 
Reed or Reeding ; 7 Ovolo, or Thumb ; 8 Cavetto ; 9 Scotia ; 
10 Conge ; 11 Cyma Recta ; 12 Cyma Reversa ; 13 Beak ; 
14 Splay. 

mold, or mould, fungus. Any fungus that produces a 
mold ; specif., any of a certain order (Mucorales) of fungi. 

mold'y, mould'y (mol'di), a. ; mold'i-er, mould'i-er (-di- 
er) ; -i-est. Overgrown with or containing mold ; musty. 

mole (mol), n. [AS. mal.~\ A spot or small permanent pro- 
tuberance on the human body ; now, esp., a circumscribed 
pigmentary deposit. 

mole, n. [ME. molle.~] Any of numerous small insectivores 
(chiefly of the family Talpidse), with minute eyes, con- 
cealed ears, and soft fur. They live mostly underground. 

mole, n. [F. mole, It. molo.~\ A massive work of masonry or 
large stones, etc., laid in the sea, as for a breakwater. 

mole, n. [See molecule.] Chem. Gram-molecular weight, 
or a weight of as many grams as there are units in the mo- 
lecular weight of the substance in question. 

mole, n. [F. mole, L. mola, Gr. ixvXtj.'] Med. A mola. 

Mo'lech (mo'lek). Var. of Moloch. 

mo-lec'u-lar (mo-lek'u-ldr), a. [See molecule.] Phys. & 
Chem. Pert, to, connected with, produced by, or consisting 
of, molecules ; as, molecular grouping, etc. 
molecular attraction, attraction between the molecules 
of bodies, to which the phenomena of cohesion, etc., are 
ascribed. — m. weight, Chem., the weight of a molecule of 
any gas or vapor as compared with some standard of atomic 
weight ; the sum of the weights of the atoms of a molecule. 

mol'e-CUle (mol'e-kul; mo'le-kul), n. [Dim. fr. L. moles a 
mass.] 1 . Chem. A unit of matter, the smallest portion of an 
element or compound which retains identity in character 
with the substance in mass. 2. Chem. A quantity propor- 
tional to the molecular weight ; specif., a gram molecule. 3. 
Any minute particle. 

mole'hill' (mol'hTF), n. A little ridge thrown up by moles ; 
hence, an insignificant obstacle, difficulty, or the like. 

mole'skilT (-skin'), n. 1. The skin of the mole used as fur, 
or some skin cut to look like it. 2. A fabric resembling mole- 
skin (def. 1), or, in pi., garments, or, esp., trousers, of it. 

mo-lest' (mo-lest'), v. t. [F. molester, L. molestare, fr. mo- 
lestus troublesome.] 1. To trouble ; annoy ; vex. Obs. 2. To 
interfere with unwarrantably or for a hostile purpose or 
vexatiously. — Syn. See harass. — mo-lest'er, n. 

mo'les-ta'tion (mo'les-ta'shun ; mol'es-), n. Act of molest- 
ing ; state of being molested ; annoyance. 

Moll (mol), n. 1. A diminutive of Mary. 2. {Often I. c] 
Wench ; prostitute ; also, female "pal" of a thief. Slang 
or Dial. Eng. [state of being mollified. I 

mol'li-fi-ca'tion (moFi-ff-ka'shun), n. Act of mollifying, or| 

mol'li-fi'er (mol'I-f I'er) , n. One who, or that which, mollifies. 

mol'li-fy (mol'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. molli- 
fier, L. mollificare; mollis soft + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] 1. To soften. Rare. 2. To allay, as rage ; allay the 
anger of ; appease ; calm. 

mol-lus'can (-kdn), a. Pertaining or belonging to the mol- 
lusks. — n : A mollusk. 

mol-lus'coid (-koid), a. Zo'ol. Resembling the true mol- 
lusks. — ra. A molluscoid animal. 

mol-lus'cous (-kus), a. Zo'ol. Molluscan. 

mol'lusk (mol'usk), n. [F. mollusque, fr. L. mollusca a 
kind of soft nut, molluscus soft, mollis soft.] Zo'ol. Any of 
a large phylum (Mollusca) containing most of the animals 
popularly called shellfish, except crustaceans, and having 
a soft unsegmented body, protected in most cases by a cal- 



careous shell. It comprises the slugs, snails, mussels, clams, 
oysters, whelks, limpets, cuttlefishes, etc. 

mol'ly-cod / dle ( mol'i-kod''! ), n. A person who coddles 
himself or is coddled ; an effeminate man or boy. — v. t. To 
coddle ; pamper. 

Molly Ma-guire' ( md-gwlr' ) ; pi. Molly Maguires 
(-gwlrz'). 1. A member of a secret association formed in 
Ireland about 1843 for intimidating law officers. 2. A 
member of a similar association organized in the anthracite 
coal region of Pennsylvania about 1854 for intimidation 
and revenge. 

Mo'loch (mo'lok), n. [L., fr. Gr. M.o\6 x , fr. Heb. Molek.] 
Bib. A Semitic deity whose worship was accompanied by 
human sacrifice, esp. of firstborn children. 

molt, moult (molt), v. i. [ME. mouten, fr. L. mutare to 
change.] To shed or cast off the hair, feathers, outer layer 
of the skin, horns, or the like, which are replaced by new 
growth. — v. t. To cast off and renew, as the hair, etc. ; shed. 

— - n. The act or process of molting. 

mol'ten (mol't'n), p. a. [See melt.] 1. Melted, or fused, 
esp. by intense heat ; — now only of metals, glass, etc. 2. 
Made by melting and casting ; as, a molten image. 

mo'ly (mo'lT),n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L., fr. Gr. /io>\i>.] An 
herb said by Homer to have been given by Hermes to Odys- 
seus to counteract the spells of Circe. 

mo-lyb'de-nite ( mo-lib'de-nTt ; moFib-de'nlt ), n. [See 
molybdenum.] Min. Molybdenum disulphide, M0S2, 
occurring in foliated masses or scales resembling graphite. 

mo-lyb'de-num (mo-lib'de-num ; mol'ib-de'num), n. 
[NL., fr. L. molybdaena galena, Gr. no\vf55aiva, fr. /*6\u/3- 
Sos lead.] Chem. A metallic element of the chromium 
group, resembling iron in its white color, malleability, diffi- 
cult fusibility, and its capacity for forming steel-like alloys 
with carbon. Sp. gr., 9.01 ; symbol, Mo; at. wt., 96.0. 

mo-lyb'dic (mo-lib'dik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or contain- 
ing molybdenum, esp. in a higher valence. 

mo-lyb'dous (-dus), a. Of, pert, to, or containing molybde- 
num, esp. in a lower valence. 

mome (mom), n.^ A blockhead. Obs. 

mo'ment (mo'ment), n. [F. moment, L. momentum move- 
ment, motion, moment, fr. movere to move.] 1. A minute 
portion of time ; an instant. 2. Importance, as in influence 
or effect ; consequence ; as, a matter of great moment. 3. A 
definite period, or point, as of an event. Rare. 4. Mech. 
Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion, esp. 
about a point or axis. 5. Philos. An essential or constituent 
element ; momentum. — Syn. Minute, twinkling ; force, 
value, signification. See instant, importance. 

mo'men-ta-ry (mo'mftn-ta-rT), a. Continuing only a mo- 
ment ; transitory ; ephemeral. — Syn. See transient. — 
mo'men-ta-ri-ly (n-li), adv. — mo'men-ta-ri-ness, n. 

mo'ment-ly (-mcnt-lT), adv. 1. From moment to moment ; 
every moment. 2. At any moment ; in a moment ; instantly. 
3. For a, or the, moment. 

mo-men'tous (mo-men'tiis), a. Of moment or consequence ; 
weighty. — mo-men'tous-ly, adv. — tous-ness, n. 

mo-men'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td),E. -tums (-tumz). 
[L.] 1. Mech. The quantity of motion in a moving body, 
being always proportioned to the mass multiplied into the 
velocity. 2. Popularly, impetus. 3. = moment, 5. 

Mo'mus (mo'miis), n. [Gr. n&nos blame, ridicule, Momus.] 
Gr. Myth. The god of mockery and censure. 

mon'a-chal (mon'd-kal), a. [L. monachus a monk.] Pert, 
to, or characteristic of, monks or monastic life ; monastic. 

mon'a-chism (kiz'm), n. Monasticism. 

mon-ac'id (mon-as'id), a. {mono- -f- acid."] Chem. Having 
one hydrogen atom replaceable by a negative or acid atom 
or radical ; capable of combining, as regards each molecule, 
with but one molecule of a monobasic acid to form a salt or 
ester ; — said of bases and alcohols. 

mon'ad (mon'ad ; mo'nad), n. [L. monas, -adis, a unit, Gr. 
novas, -ados, fr. y.6vos alone.] 1. Philos. a A unit ; individ- 
ual ; atom, fa An individual elementary substance, both psy- 
chical and material, representing the whole universe. 2. An 
ultimate unit ; a simple being. 3. a Zo'ol. A flagellate pro- 
tozoan, b Biol. Any minute simple organism or organic 
unit. 4. Chem. A univalent element, atom, or radical. — 
mon'ad, mo-nad'ic (m6-nad'ik; mon-ad'-), mo-nad'i- 
cal (-i-kdl), a. 

mon'a-del'phous (mon'd-del'fws), a. [mono- + Gr. d5«X- 
<pos brother.] Bot. Having the filaments united into a single 
tube around the gyncecium, as in the mallow family (Mal- 
vaceae) ; — said of stamens. 

mon'ad-ism (mon'ad-iz'm ; mo'nad-), n. Philos. The the- 
ory that the universe is a composite of monads. 

mo-nad'nock (mo-nad'nok), n. [From Mt. Monadnock, 
New Hampshire, a typical example.] Phys. Geog. A hill of 
resistant rock standing in the midst of a peneplain. 

mo-nan'drous (mo-nan'drus ; mon-an'-), a. {mono- + Gr. 
iivfip, avbpbs, man, male.] Bot . Having flowers with a single 
stamen, as many orchids. [at a time.j 

mo-nan'dry (-nan'drT), n. Possession of only one husband| 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



MONANTHOUS 



630 



MONKEY JACKET 



mo-nan'thous ( mo-nan'thus ), a. [mono- + Gr. &vd6s 
flower.] Bot. One-flowered. 

mon'arch (mon'drk), n. [L. monarcha, fr. Gr. novapxn*, 
fidvapxos ; povos alone + apxew to be first, rule.] A sole 
supreme ruler ; also, the hereditary chief of a limited or 
constitutional monarchy. — mo-nar'chal (mo-nar'kal), 
mo-nar'chi-al (ki-al), a. 

mo-nar'chic (-nar'kik) )a. Of, pertaining to, or of the 

mo-nar'chi-cal (-ki-kal)J nature of, a monarch or mon- 
archy ; favoring a monarchy. — mo-nar/chi-cal-ly, adv. 

mon'arch-ism (mon'dr-kiz'm), to. Monarchic government 
or principles, or advocacy of them. — mon'arch-ist, to. 

mon'arch-y (mon'dr-ki), to. ; pi. -archies (-kiz). [F. mon- 
archie, L. monarchia, Gr. fiovapxla- See monarch.] 1. 
Sovereignty of a single person. 2. The state or territory 
ruled by, or the government exercised by, a monarch. A 
monarchy is called an absolute monarchy when there 
are no constitutional limitations on the monarch's powers ; 
a limited, or constitutional monarchy, when there are 
such limitations. 3. The system of government in which a 
single person is sovereign. 

mon'as (mon'as; mo'nas), to. ; pi. monades (mon'd-dez). 
[L.] = monad. [nature of, a monastery.! 

mon'as-te'ri-al (mon'ds-te'n-al), a. Of, pert, to, or of the! 

mon'as-ter-y (mon'ds-ter-T), to.; pi. -teries (-iz). [L. 
monasterium, Gr. p.ovaari)pi.ov, fr. novaarris a solitary, a 
monk, fr. ixovL^eiv to be alone, live in solitude, fr. pdvos 
alone.] A house of religious retirement for persons under 
religious vows, esp. monks ; a convent. — Syn. Convent, 
abbey, priory. See cloister. 

mo-nas'tic (mo-nas'tik), a. [Gr. p.ov ao-rfc monk.] l.Ofor 
pertaining to monasteries or their occupants. 2. Secluded 
from temporal concerns and devoted to religion. — n. A 
monk. — mo-nas'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. — ti-cal-ly, adv. 

mo-nas'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm),TO. Monastic life, system, or rule. 

mon'a-tom/ic (mon'd-tom'ik), a. [morw- + atomic'] 
Chem. 1. Consisting of one atom. 2. Univalent. 3. Hav- 
ing one replaceable atom or radical. 

mon-ax'i-al (mon-ak'si-dl), a. [mono- -\- axial. 2 Having 
a single axis ; uniaxial. Cf. pluriaxial. 

mon'a-zite (mon'd-zlt), n. [From Gr. p.ova$eiv to be soli- 
tary, in allusion to its isolated crystals.] Min. A phosphate 
of the cerium metals, essentially (Ce,La,Di)P04, usually 
containing thorium. 

Mon'day (mun'da), to. [AS. monandseg, i. e., day of (sacred 
to) the moon ; translation of L. lunae dies.] The second 
day of the week ; the day following Sunday. 

mo-ne'cious. Var. of monoecious. 

mon'e-ta-ry (mon'e-ta-ri ; mun'-), a. [L. monetarius pert, 
to a mint.] 1. Of or pert, to the coinage or currency. 2. Of 
or pert, to money ; pecuniary. — Syn. See financial. 

mon'e-tize (-tlz), v. t.; -tized (-tizd) ; -tiz'ing (-tlz'ihg). 
To convert into money ; give a standard value to in a. na- 
tional currency; as, to monetize silver. — mon'e-ti-za'- 
tion (-ti-za'shwn ; -tl-za'-), n. 

mon'ey (mun'i), to.,- pi. -eys (-iz). The irregular plural 
monies occurs, esp. in the sense of "sums of money." [OF. 
moneie, fr. L. moneta. See mint place where coin is made.] 

1. Metal, as gold, silver, or copper, coined, or stamped, and 
issued as a medium of exchange. 2. Any written or stamped 
promise or certificate, as a bank note, current as a means of 
payment. 3. Any form or denomination of coin or paper 
current as money. 4. Anything having a customary or con- 
ventional use as a medium of exchange or a measure, or de- 
nominator, of value. See money of account, below. 5. 
Wealth reckoned in terms of money. 6. A sum (definite or 
indefinite) of money. 

money of account, a money which is a denominator of 
value, or basis of exchange, rather than a medium of ex- 
change, used in keeping accounts, for which there may, or 
may not, be an equivalent coin ; e. g., the mill is a money of 
account in the United States, but not a coin. 

mon'ey-bag' (-bag'), to. A bag for money ; hence : a In pi. 
Humorously, wealth, b A person_ characterized by posses- 
sion or love of money ; — chiefly in pi. 

mon'eyed (miin'Td), a. 1. Supplied with money ; wealthy. 

2. Consisting of, derived from, or due to, money. 
mon'ey-er (miin'i-er), n. 1. A minter. 2. A banker. Obs. 
mon'ey-mak'ing (-making), to. Act or process of making 

or acquiring money. — a. 1. Lucrative. 2. Engaged in gain- 
ing money. — mon'ey-mak'er (-mak'er), to. 

money order. An order for the payment of money. 

mon'ey-wort' (mun'i-wurtO, to. A trailing primulaceous 
plant (Lysimachia nummularia) with rounded opposite 
leaves and solitary yellow flowers in their axils. 

mon'ger (mun'ger), to. [AS. manger e, fr. mangian to trade.] 
A trader ; dealer ; — now often implying petty or discredit- 
able traffic, and used chiefly in combination. 

Mon'gol (mon'gol), a. Mongolian. — to. 1. One of the native 
race of Mongolia, mostly nomads. 2. = Mongolian, to., 2. 

3. A member of the Mongolian race. 

Mon-go'li-an (mon-go'lT-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Mon- 




golia^ the Mongols, or their language. 2. Designating, or 
pertaining to, the division of mankind comprising the peo- 
ples of nearly all of Asia excepting Hindustan and the Mo- 
hammedan countries of the southwest, named the Mongo- 
lian race. — n. 1. A member of the Mongolian race ; also, 
a Mongol (def. 1). 2. The agglutinative Ural-Altaic language 
of the Mongols (def. 1). [lian language. I 

Mon-gol'ic (mon-gol'ik), a. Mongolian. — to. The Mongo-| 

Mon'gQl-oid (mon'gol-oid), a. Resembling a Mongol or the 
Mongols; specif., designating, or belonging to, the peoples 
of the Himalaya regions and Farther India having modified 
or inconstant Mongolian traits. — Mon'gol-oid, to. 

mon'goose (mon'goos), to.; pi. -gooses (-gz; 24). [Tamil 
manegos.] A viverrine 
mammal (Herpestes 
griseus) of India, 
about the size of a 
ferret. It fearlessly at- 
tacks and kills the 

most poisonous ' J|| SEjiiC^^^ "^Q 

snakes. ™ "^ 

mon'grel (mun'grel; Mongoose, 

mor/-), to. l.The progeny resulting from the crossing, orig. 
of two, now of several, breeds, as of dogs ; esp., a dog of no 
definable breed. 2. A cross ; as, a mongrel between two 
things. — a. 1. Of or pert, to an impure or mixed breed or 
race. 2. Of mixed origin, character, or kind, as a word. 

'mongst (mungst), prep. Amongst ; — aphetic form. 

mo-nil'i-iorm (mo-nll'i-form), a. [L. monile necklace + 
-form.] Bot. & Zo'ol. Jointed or constricted at regular in- 
tervals, so as to resemble a string of beads. See root, Illust. 

mon'ish (mon'Tsh), v. t. To admonish. Archaic. 

mon'ism (mon'Iz'm ; mo'niz'm), to. [From Gr. p.6vo% single.] 
Metaph. a That doctrine which refers all phenomena to, or 
derives them from, a single ultimate constituent or agent ; 
— contrasted with dualism and pluralism, b The doctrine 
that the universe is an organized unitary being or total self- 
inclusive structure. 

mon'ist (mon'ist ; mo'nYst), to. A believer in monism. 

mo-nis'tic (mo-nis'tYk), a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, 
monism. — mo-nis'ti-cal-ly (-ti-kdl-i), adv. 

mo-ni'tion (mo-nish'iin), to. [F., fr. L. monitio, fr. monere 
to warn, bring to mind.] 1. An admonition ; warning ; cau- 
tion. _ 2. An intimation, indication, or notice. 

mon'i-tor (mon'i-ter), n. [L., fr. monere to warn.] l.One 
who admonishes, esp. in reproof or caution. 2. A pupil or 
student selected for special duties, usually disciplinary. 3. 
A warning ; reminder. 4. Any of certain large rapacious liz- 
ards, constituting a genus (Varanus) and family (Varani- 
dx). 5. [From the name given by Captain Ericsson, its de- 
signer, to the 
first ship of 
the kind.] A 
heavily ar-pj_ — CL 

m o r e d war f>«^ s . 

vessel with ' 

low free- ^^ e Elevation of Ericsson's "Monitor." 

board, having one or more revolving turrets, carrying heavy 
guns. 6. a Mach. See 2d lathe, n., 1. b Metal. = iron- 
clad, to., 2. — mon'i-to'ri-al (-to'ri-al), a. 

mon'i-tor-ship', to. Position or office of a monitor. 

mon'i-to-ry (mon'i-to-ri), a. [L. monitorius.] Giving ad- 
monition ; warning ; admonitory. — to. A letter containing 
an admonition or warning, as from the Pope. 

mon'i-tress (-tres), to. A female monitor. 

monk (miink), to. [AS. munuc, munec, L. monachus, Gr. 
fiovaxos, fr. p.6vos alone.] One of a religious community of 
men living under a rule apart from the world and bound by 
vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty. 
Syn. Monk, friar. Since the Reformation, monk has often 
been used to include friar. But strictly a friar is a mem- 
ber of one of the mendicant orders, and the word is not 
properly interchangeable with monk. 

monk'er-y (munk'er-i), to.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Monastic 
state, life, practice, or profession ; in pi., monastic customs, 
paraphernalia, etc. 2. A monastic body or institution. 3. 
Practice or conduct characteristic of monks. 

mon'key (miir/ki), to.; pi. -keys (-kiz). l.Any member of 
the highest order of mammals (Primates) except man and, 
usually, the lemurs; specif., any of the smaller, longer- 
tailed forms as contrasted with the apes. 2. A person lik- 
ened to a monkey. 3. Any of various machines, implements, 
vessels, etc., as a falling weight used in a pile driver. 

— v. t. & i. To act or treat as a monkey does ; ape ; mock. 
to monkey with, to meddle with ; fool with. Colloq. 

monkey bread. The baobab or its fruit. 

mon'key— cup', n. Any of a genus (Nepenthes) of Malay- 
sian climbing pitcher plants. 

monkey flower. Any of several scrophulariaceous plants 
(genus Mimulus), with pink, purple, or yellow flowers. 

mon'key-ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a monkey. 

monkey jacket. A short tight jacket, worn by sailors. 




-^^li 



3EQJ' 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, drb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Ckrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MONKEY-POT 



631 



MONOPHYLLOUS 




mon'key-pot', n. 1. The urn-shaped fruit of a Brazilian 
tree (Lecythis ollaria). It is a large woody capsule con- 
taining numerous nuts. 2. The tree which bears this fruit. 

mon'key-puz'zle, n. A tall Chilean pinaceous tree ( Arau- 
caria imbricata). It bears large edible nuts._ 

mon'key-shine', n. A monkeyish trick, antic, or prank. 
Slang, U. S. egL 

monkey wrench. A wrench having |K j 
a sliding jaw. y 

moiik'hood (munk'h6od),n. l.The 
state or profession of a monk. 2. Monkey Wrench. 
Monks collectively. 

monk'ish (miir/kish), a. Of or pert, to monks; monastic ; 
as, monkish writers. Also, characteristic of monks or mo- 
nasticism ; as, monkish manners, dress, solitude ; — often 
derogatory. — monk'ish-ness, n. 

monks'hood' (murjks'hood'), n. Any of certain ranuncula- 
ceous plants which, with the wolfbanes, constitute a genus 
( Aconitum) ; aconite. 

mon'O- (mon'6-). [Gr.fj.6vos.'] A prefix signifying one, single, 
alone ; specif., Chem., indicating that a compound contains 
one atom or group of that to the name of which it is united ; 
as, monoxide, an oxide containing one oxygen atom in the 
molecule. 

mon'O-bas'ic (-bas'ik), a. Chem. a Having but one hydro- 
gen atom replaceable by a basic atom or radical in forming 
a salt ; — said of acids, b Having but one acid hydrogen 
atom replaced by a basic atom or radical. 

mon'o-car'pel-la-ry (mon'o-kar'pel-a-rT), a. Bot. Consist- 
ing of a single carpel, as a legume or pod. See fruit, Illust. 

mon'o-car'pic (-kar'pik), a. Bot. Bearing fruit but once, 
and then dying. 

mon'o-car'pous (-kar'pus), a. Bot. a Having a gyncecium 
forming a single ovary, b = monocarpic. 

mon'O-cha'si-um (-ka'zhT-iim; -zi-um), n.; pi. -SIA (-d). 
[NL. ; mono- + Gr. xa-cns division.] Bot. Any form of cy- 
mose inflorescence in which each relative main axis or pseud- 
axis produces only one branch. See inflorescence, Illust. 
Cf. dichasium, polychasium. — mon'o-cha'si-al (-21), a. 

mon'o-chord (mon'6-kord), n. [From L., fr. Gr. deriv. of 
novos single + x°P&V string.] 1. Music & Acous. A one- 
stringed instrument used to show the mathematical rela- 
tions of musical sounds. The modern form is called also 
sonometer. 2. A harmony ; concord ; agreement. Rare. 

mon'o-chro'ic (mon'o-kro'ik), a. [Gr. uovoxpoos ; novos sin- 
gle + xous, xpoos, color.] Monochromatic. 

mon'o-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'Ik), a. Of one color. — 
mon'o-chro-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

mon'o-chrome (mon'o-krom), n. [Gr. /zowxpco/ios of one 
color ; novos single + xp£>A< a color.] A painting or drawing 
in a single hue, or the art or process of producing one. — 
-Chro'mic (-kro'mik), a. chrom'ist (-krom'ist), n. 

mon'o-cle (-k'l), n. [F.] An eyeglass for one eye. 

mon'o-cli'nal (-kll'ndl), a. [mono- + Gr. KXivetv to in- 
cline.] Geol. Having, or pert, to, a single oblique inclina- 
tion. — n. A monocline. — mon'o-clPnal-ly, adv. 

mon'o-cline (mon'6-klln), n. Geol. A monoclinal fold. 

mon'o-clin'ic (-klin'ik), a. Cryst. Having one oblique in- 
tersection of the axes. 

mon'o-cli'nous (mon'o-klPnus ; mon'6-kll'nus), a. [mono- 
+ Gr. kXIut] couch.] Bot. Having both andrcecium and gy- 
ncecium in the same flower. Cf. diclinous. 

mon'o-COt'y-le'don (-kot'I-le'dwn), n. Bot. Any seed plant 
having a single cotyledon. — mon'o-COt'y-le'don-OUS (-le'- 
dun-us ; -led'itn-ws), a. [racy.l 

mo-noc'ra-cy (mo-nok'rd-sT), n. Undivided rule ; autoc-j 

mo-noc'u-lar (mo-nok'u-ldr ; mon-ok'-), a. [L. monoculus ; 
Gr. novo? single + L. oculus eye.] 1. Having only one eye. 
2. Pertaining or adapted to the use of only one eye. 

mon'O-cy'cle (mon'6-sPk'l), n. A kind of velocipede having 
one wheel only. 

mon'o-dac'ty-lous (-dak'tf-lus), a. [Gr. novo86.KTv\os ; novos 
single + SaKTvXos finger.] Having but one digit or daw. 
mo-nod'ic (mo-nod'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a monody ; specif., Music, for one voice ; homophonic. 
mon'o-dist (mon'6-dist), n. A composer or singer of a 

monody. 
mon'o-dy (mon'6-dT), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [L. monodia, 
Gr. novq>5ia, fr. novwSos singing alone ; novos single -f- codrj 
song.] 1. Gr. Lit. An ode sung by one voice, as in a trage- 
dy ; hence : a funeral song ; dirge. 2. A species of poem in 
which a single mourner expresses lamentation, as for the 
death of a friend. 3. Music, a The style of composition in 
which but one voice part carries a melody ; homophony, as 
opposed to polyphony, b A monodic composition. 4. Mo- 
notony of sound. 
mo-noe'cious, mo-ne'cious (mo-ne'shus), a. [mono- + Gr. 
oIkos house.] Bot . In seed plants, having distinct staminate 
and pistillate flowers on the same plant, as in the squash. 
mon'o-gam'ic (mon'6-ganPik), a. Monogamous. 
mo-nog'a-mist (mo-nog'd-mTst), n. One who practices, or 
upholds the principle of, monogamy. 



mo-nog'a-mous (-d-miis), a. [L. monogamus, Gr. uovhya- 
(xos ; novos single + y&nos marriage.] Upholding or prac- 
ticing monogamy ; also, of or pertaining to monogamy. 

mo-nog'a-my (-mi), n. 1. Single marriage ; specif. : a Prin- 
ciple or practice of not remarrying after the death of one's 
spouse ; — opp. to digamy. Now Rare, b Marriage with 
but one person at the same time ; — opp. to bigamy or po- 
lygamy. 2. Zool. State of being paired with a single mate. 

mon'o-gen'e-sis (mon'o-jen'e-sis), n. 1. Oneness of origin; 
specif. : Biol, a The theory of the development of all living 
things from a single cell ; — opposed to polygenesis. b 
Monogenism. 2. Biol, a Asexual reproduction, b Direct 
development without metamorphosis. 

mon'o-ge-net'icC-je-net'flO.a. l.Geol. Resulting from one 
process of formation ; — used of a mountain range. 2. Biol. 
Relating to, or involving, monogenesis. 

mon'o-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 1. Biol. Monogenetic. 2. Zo'dl. 
Reproducing in one way only. 3. Descended from one pair ; 
characterized by monogenism ; — opposed to polygenic. 

mq-nog'e-nism (mo-noj'e-niz'm), n. The theory or doc- 
trine that the human races have descended from one cre- 
ated pair. — mo-nog'e-nist (-nist), n. [nogenism.l 

mo-nog'e-ny (-nf), n. 1. Monogenesis (sense 2 a). 2. Mo-| 

mon'o-gram (mon'o-gram), n. [L. monogramma ; Gr. y.b- 
vos single + ypanna letter.] A character or cipher composed 
of two or more letters interwoven or combined, commonly 
so as to represent a name, or a part of it. — mon'o-gram- 
mat'ic (-grd-mat'Tk), a. 

mon'o-graph (mon'6-graf), n. A written account of a single 
thing or class of things ; a special treatise on a particular 
subject of limited range. — mon'o-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. 

mo-nog'y-ny (mo-noj'i-m), n. [mono- + Gr. ywr) woman, 
female] State of having only one wife at a time. Cf. mo- 
nandry. — mo-nog'y-nous (-nfts), a. 

mon'o-hy'drate (mon'6-hl'drat), n. Chem. A compound re- 
garded as the union of one molecule of water with an ele- 
ment or compound. — mon'o-hy'drat-ed (-drat-ed), a. 

mon'o-hy'dric (-hl'drik), a. Chem. a Containing one hy- 
droxyl group, b Monobasic. 

mo-nol'a-try (mo-nol'd-tri), n. [mono- + Gr. \arpela wor- 
ship.] The worship of but one god, although more than one 
may be recognized as existing. — mo-nol'a-ter, n. 

mon'O-lith (mon'6-lith), n. [F. monolithe, L. monolithus, 



Gr. novoXidos; uovos single + XiQos stone.] A single stone 




mon 

of the nature of, or given to, monologue. 

mo-nol'o-gist (mo-nol'6-jist), n. [See monologue.] 1, 
One who soliloquizes. 2. One who monopolizes conversa- 
tion. 3. (pron. mon'o-log'ist) . A monologuist. 

mon'o-logue (mon'6-log), n. [¥., fr. Gr. fiovdXoyos speaking 
alone ; poros single + K6yos discourse.] 1. A dramatic part 
or composition for a single performer. 2. Literary composi- 
tion of the nature of a soliloquy. 3. A soliloquy ; also, talk 
or discourse in company, in the strain of a soliloquy. — 
mon'o-logu'ist (-log'ist), n. 

mo-noPo-gy (mo-noPo-jT), n. Habit* of soliloquizing, or of 
monopolizing conversation. 

mon'o-ma'ni-a (mon'o-ma'nT-d), n. [NL.] Derangement 
of mind, or mania, upon a single subject only ; also, popu- 
larly, a craze or mania for something. — mon'o-ma'ni-ac 
(-ak), n. — mon'c-ma-nPa-cal (-md-nPd-kdl), a. 

mo-nonVer-ous (mo-nonPer-us), a. [Gr. uovouepr]s single ; 
novos alone + uepos part.] Bot. Having one member in each 
whorl ; — said of flowers, and usually written 1-merous. 

mon'0-rne-taPlic (mon'o-me-taPik), a. Consisting of, of 
employing, one metal ; of or pertaining to monometallism. 

mon'o-mePal-lisra (-meVdl-iz'm), n. The legalized use of 
one metal only, as gold, in the standard currency of a coun- 
try, or as the standard of money values ; also, the theory or 
practice of such use. 

mon'o-met'ric (-met'rik), a. Cryst. Isometric. 

mo-no'mi-al (mo-no'mi-dl), a. [F. monome. See mono- ; 
binomial.] l.Alg. Consisting of but a single term or ex- 
pression. 2. Biol. Consisting of a single word or term. — n. 
A monomial expression. 

rnon'O-mor'pJaic (mon'o-mor'fik), a. Biol. Having but a 
single form ; exhibiting the same or an essentially similar 
type of structure. 

mon'o-mor'phous (4us), a. Monomorphic. 

mon'o-pet'al-ous (mon'6-pet'dl-us), a. Bot. a Gamopetal- 
ous. b Having a solitary petal. [being alone.] 

mon'o-pho'bi-a (-fo^bT-d), n. [NL.] Med. Morbid dread of | 

mon'oph-thong (mon'of-thong), n. [Gr. uov6<t>6oyyos with 
one sound ; uovos alone + <f>66yyos sound, voice.] 1. A sin- 
gle, simple vowel sound. 2. A digraph. — ruoii'oph-thon'- 
gal (-thorpgdl), a. 
mon'o^phy-let'ic (mon'o-ff-leVik), a. [mono- + Gr. <j>v\k- 
Tijs tribesman, fr. 4>v\ri clan.] Of or pertaining to a single 
stock ; developed from a single common parent form. 
mon^-phyPlous (mon'S-fTPfis), a. [Gr. nov64>v\\os ; novos 



( 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. =- equals! 



MONOPHYSITE 



632 



MONTH'S MIND 



alone + <t>i>Wov leaf.] Bot . Composed of a single leaf ; as, a 
monophyllous calyx. 

Mo-noph'y-site (m6-nof'i-sTt), n. [Gr. uovo^valr^t ; uovos 
single + 4>i>cris nature.] Eccl. One of those who maintain 
that there was but a single nature in Christ or that the hu- 
man and divine in him constituted but one composite na- 
ture. — Mon'o-phy-sit'ic (mon'6-fi-sit'ik), a. 

mon'o-plane (mon'6-plan), n. A fly ing_ machine supported 
by a single aeroplane. — mon'o-planlst (-plan'Tst), n. 

mon'O-ple'gi-a (-ple'ji-d), n. [NL. ; mono- + Gr. irXrjyr) 
a stroke.] Med. Paralysis affecting a single limb or part of 
the body. — mon'o-pleg'ic (-plej'Ik ; -ple'jik), a. 

mon'O-pode (mon'6-pod), n. 1. A one-footed creature. 
2. A monopodium. — a. Having only one foot. 

mon'o-po'di-um (-po'di-um), n.; L. pi. -dia (-d). [NL. 
See mono- ; -pod.] Bot. A main or primary axis that con- 
tinues its original line of growth, giving off axes or lateral 
branches in acropetal succession from the apex. Cf. sym- 
podium. — mon'o-po'di-al (-51), a. 

mo-nop'o-lism (mo-nop'6-liz'm), n. The system, policy, or 
practices of monopolies or monopolists. 

mo-nop'O-list (-list), n. One who has a monopoly ; one who 
favors monopoly. 

mo-nop'o-lis'tic (-fts'tfk), a. Of or pert, to a monopolist ; 
tending to, or characteristic of, a monopoly or monopolies. 

mo-nop'O-lize (-Hz), v. t. To acquire a monopoly of. — mo- 
nop'o-li-za'tion (-li-za'shun), n. — mo-nop'o-liz'er, n. 

mo-nop'O-ly (-li), n. ; pi. -lies (-Hz). [L. monopolium, Gr. 
uovoiruXla, fiovoiruXiov ; fiovos alone + iruiheiv to sell.] 1. 
Exclusive control of the supply of any commodity or service 
in a given market, or, popularly, such control as enables one 
to raise the price above that fixed by free competition. 2. A 
grant or charter of a monopoly (in sense 1)._ 3. The com- 
modity subject to the monopoly ; as, tobacco is a monopoly 
in France. 4. Exclusive possession of anything. 5. A com- 
pany or combination having a monopoly. Colloq. 

mo-nop'ter-al (-ter-dl), a. [Gr. novbwrepos with a row of 
pillars only ; /xovos alone, only + wrepov feather, wing, also, 
a »w of pillars.] Arch. Of circular buildings, having a sin- 
gle ring of supporting columns, without a cella. 

mon'O-rail' (mon'6-raF), n. A single rail serving as a track 
for a wheeled vehicle. [Having a single sepal I 

mon'o-sep'al-OUS (-sep'al-ws), a. Bot. a Gamosepalous. b| 

mon'0-sper'm.OUS (-spur'mus), a. [mono- + Gr. airipua 
seed] Bot. Having only one seed. 

mon'o-stich (mon'6-stTk), n. [Gr. uovbcmxov, deriv. fr. ubv- 
os + <ttIxos verse.] A single verse ; a poem of one verse. 

mon'o-Stroph'ic (-strof'Tk), a. Pertaining to or designating 
a poem in which all the strophes or stanzas are of the same 
metric form. — n. In pi. Monostrophic verses. 

mon'o-style (mon'5-stll), a. Also mon'o-sty'lar (-stl'ldr). 
{mono- + Gr. arvXos pillar.] Arch. Having but a single 
shaft ; — said of a pier, as in a church. 

mon'o-SUl'phide (-sul'fld ; -fid),n. Also -SUlfid. Chem. A 
sulphide containing but one sulphur atom in the molecule. 

mon'o-syl'la-bism (-sil'd-biz'm), n. Monosyllabic charac- 
ter or formation ; use of monosyllables. 

mon'O-sylla-ble (-sil'd-b'l), n. [L. monosyllabus of one 
syllable, Gr. uovotriiWa&os .] A word of one syllable. — 
mon'o-syl-lab'ic (-st-lab'ik), a. — syl-lab'i-cal-ly, adv. 

mon'o-the-ism (mon'o-the-iz'm), n. [mono- -f- Gr. 0e6s 
god.] Belief that there is but one God. — mon'O-the-ist, n. 

mon'o-the-is'tic (-is'tik), a. Of or pert, to monotheism or 
monotheists. is'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. 

mon'o-tone (mon'o-ton), n. [See monotonous.] 1. Contin- 
ued utterance, or recitation, in one unvaried key or pitch. 
2. Monotony of style, as in writing or composition. 3. Mu- 
sic. A single unvaried tone ; intoning. 4. Something uttered 
or written in one tone or strain ; — often used fig. 

mo-not'O-noUS (mo-not'6-nus), a. [Gr. uovbrovos ; ubvos 
single + tow tone.] Uttered in one unvarying tone; 
marked by monotony ; without change or variety. — mo- 
not'o-nous-ly, adv. — mo-not'o-nous-ness, n. 

mo-not'o-ny (-nT), n. 1. Sameness of tone or sound ; use or 
continuity of one unvarying tone or sound ; monotone. 2. 
Sameness, or want of variety ; esp., irksome sameness. 

mon'o-treme (mon'o-trem), n. [mono- + Gr. rprjua hole.] 
Zo'ol. Any of the lowest order (Monotremata) of mammals, 
consisting of the duckbill and the echidnas. They are ovipa- 
rous. — mon'o-trem/a-tOUS (-trem'd-tus ; -tre'md-tus), a. 

mon'o-type (mon'o-tip), n. 1. Biol. The only representa- 
tive of its group, as a species constituting a genus. 2. A 
machine that casts and sets individual types. 

mon'o-typ'ic (-tTp'Tk), a. 1. Biol. Having a single type or 
representative, as a family of a single genus, or a genus 
with only a single species. 2. Of the nature of a monotype. 

mon'O-va'lent (mon'6-va'lent ; mo-nov'd-lent),a. [mono- 
+ L. valens, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. Univalent. — 
mon'o-va'lence (-lens), mon'o-va'len-cy (-len-sT), n. 

mon-OX'ide (mon-ok'sid; -sid), n. Chem. An oxide con- 
taining but one oxygen atom in the molecule. 



Mon-roe' Doc'trine (mon-ro'). U. S. Hist. The rule of for- 
eign policy of the United States, first formally announced 
by President Monroe (Dec. 2, 1823), to the general effect 
that the United States will regard as an unfriendly act any 
attempt by a European power to extend its political power 
in the Western Hemisphere. 

mon / sei / gneur , (moN'se'nyur' ; E. mon-sen'yer), n.; pi. 
messeigneurs (F. ma/se'nyfir' ; E. me-sen'yerz). [F., fr. 
mon my + seigneur lord, L. senior older.] My lord ; — a 
title [cap.'] given in France esp. to princes and church and 
court dignitaries, and used before titles of office or rank. 

I! mon-sieur' (me-syu' ; m'syu' ) ,n. ; pi. messieurs (ma/syii') 
[F., fr. mon my + sieur, abbr. of seigneur lord.] Lit., my 
lord ; sir ; — the title [cap.] in France corresponding to the 
English Mr. Abbr., M.; pi. MM. or Messrs. 

mon-si'gnor (mon-se'nyor ; It. mon'se-nyor'), || mon'si- 
gno're (mon'se-nyo'ra), n.; It. pi. monsignori (mon'se- 
nyo're). [It., my lord.] My lord ; — an ecclesiastical title of 
dignity bestowed by the Pope. Abbr., Mgr. 

mon-soon' (mon-soon'), n. [Malay musim, fr. Ar. mausim 
a time, a season.] A periodic wind, esp. in the Indian Ocean 
and southern Asia ; also, the rainy season accompanying the 
southwest monsoon in India. 

mon/ster (mon'ster), n. [F. monstre, fr. L. monstrum, 
orig., a divine omen, indicating misfortune.] 1. A fabulous 
or actually existing animal of strange or horrible form. 2. 
Any huge animal or thing. 3. An animal or plant departing 
greatly from the usual type; a monstrosity. 4. Anything 
monstrous ; esp., a person of unnatural ugliness, wicked- 
ness, or cruelty. — a. Enormous ; huge ; gigantic. 

mon'strance (-strans), n. [LL. monstrantia, fr. L. mon- 
siraretoshow.] R.C.Ch. A vessel in which the consecrated 
Host is exposed for veneration. 

mon-stros'i-ty (mon-stros'I-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being monstrous ; also, a monster. 

mon'strous (mon'striis), a. [F. monstrueux, L. monstru- 
osus, monstrosus, fr. monstrum. See monster.] 1. Devi- 
ating greatly from the natural form or character. 2. Having 
the qualities or appearance of a monster. 3. Huge ; enor- 
mous. 4. Hateful ; horrible ; dreadful. 
Syn. Monstrous, prodigious, tremendous, stupen- 
dous, colossal. Monstrous commonly suggests the ab- 
normal ; prodigious, the marvelous or unheard of ; tre- 
mendous, the astonishing, awe-inspiring, or momentous; 
stupendous, the astounding or overpowering ; colossal 
applies to that which is vast or gigantic, esp. in size ; as, a 
monstrous crime ; prodigious strength ; a tremendous explo- 
sion ; a stupendous height ; a colossal statue. 

— adv. Exceedingly ; wonderfully. Now Colloq. or Uncul- 
tivated. — moa'strous-ly, adv. — mon'strous-ness, n. 

|| mons V3'ner-is (monz ven'er-Ts). [L., mountain of Ve- 
nus. See 1st mount.] Anat. A rounded eminence of fatty 
tissue upon the pubic symphysis of the female. 

Mon r ta-gue (mon'td-gu), n. See Romeo. 

|| mont'—de— pie'te' (moN'de-pya'ta'), n. ; pi. monts-de- 
piete (moN-). [F., fr. It. monte di pieta bank (prop., 
mount) of pity or piety.] A kind of public pawnbroking 
establishment for lending money at a low rate of interest 
to poor people in need. 

mon'te (mon'ta ; mon'ta), n. [Sp., lit., mountain, hence, 
the cards left after laying out a certain number.] A favorite 
Spanish and Spanish-American gambling game at cards. 

mon-teith' (mon-teth'), n. An 18th-century kind of large 
punch bowl, with a scalloped edge ; — so called after the in- 
ventor. It was used also for carrying and cooling glasses. 

Mon'te-ne'grin (mon'te-ne'gnn ; -neg'rin), a. Also Mon'- 
te-ne'grine. Of or pertaining to Montenegro or its inhabit- 
ants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Montenegro. 

Mon'tes-SO'ri meth'od (mon'tes-so're). Pedagogy. A sys- 
tem of training and instruction, primarily for use with nor- 
mal children aged from three to six years, devised by Dr. 
Maria Montessori of Rome. Italy. 

mont-gol'fi-er (mont-gol'fi-er ; F. moN'gol'fya'), n. A bal- 
loon raised by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire in the 
lower part ; — so called from the brothers Montgolfier, 
Frenchmen, who first made such a balloon. 

month (munth), n. [AS. monaS ; akin to mona the moon.] 
l.Oneof the twelve portions(calendarmonths)into which 
the year is divided, corresponding, nearly, to the period of 
the moon's revolution ; also, a period of four weeks or of 
thirty days. 2. Astron. a A period (lunar month) of a com- 
plete revolution of the moon, esp. a synodical revolution, 
which is accomplished in 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 
2.7 seconds, b A period (solar month), the twelfth part of 
the solar year. See year. 

month'ly, a. 1. Continued for, or done in, a month ; as, the 
monthly revolution of the moon. 2. Done, happening, pay- 
able, published, etc., once a month, or every month. 3. Of 
or pertaining to the menses. — -n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). 1. A 
publication appearing once a month. 2. In pi. The menses. 
— adv. Once a month ; in every month. 

month's mind. R. C. Ch. A commemoration of one de- 
ceased as by a requiem mass, a month after death. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil- chair; po: sing, ink; Hi en, thin; nature, verdure (87): 



MONTICULE 



633 



MORACEOUS 



mon'ti-cule (mon'tT-kul), n. [L. monticulus, dim. of mons, 
montis, mountain.] A little mount ; hillock. ; specif., a sub- 
ordinate cone of a volcano. 

mon'u-ment (mon'u-ment), n. [F., fr. L. monumentum, fr. 
monere to remind.] 1. A tomb ; sepulcher. 06s. 2. Some- 
thing serving as a memorial of what is past. 3. A building, 
pillar, stone, or the like, erected in memory of the dead or of 
a person, event, action, etc. 4. A statue. Obs. 5. Any last- 
ing or notable instance. 6. A boundary stone or the like. 

mon'U-men'tal (-men'tal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, suitable for, 
or serving as, a monument^ 2. Resembling a monument ; 
as : a Conspicuous and lasting ; as, Gibbon's monumental 
work, b Conspicuous ; colossal ; gross ; as, monumental 
obtuseness. Colloq. — mon'u-men'tal-ly, adv. 

mon'ZO-nite (mon'zo-nlt), n. [From Monzoni in Tirol] 
Petrog. A granular igneous rock composed of augite, plagio- 
clase, and orthoclase in about equal quantities together 
with a little biotite. — mon'ZO-nit'ic (-nit/Tk), a. 

moo (moo), v. i. To make the characteristic cry of a cow ; 
low. — n. ; pi. MOOS (mooz) . The lowing or low of a cow. 

mooch (mooch). Var. of mouch. 

mood (mood), n. [Var. of mode.'] Gram. Distinction of form 
in a verb to express the manner in which the action or state 
it denotes is conceived. The moods commonly recognized in 
English are indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and (as 
usually, but inexactly, classed) the infinitive. Certain ver- 
bal phrases with should, v>ould, etc., are also called moods, 
as the conditional, potential, etc. 

mood, n. [AS. mod mind, feeling, heart, courage.] 1. State 
or temper of mind, esp. as affected by emotion. 2. Specif. : 
a Anger. Obs b In pi. A morose state ; bad temper. 
Syn. Disposition, humor, vein ; whim, caprice, freak. — 
Mood, humor agree in the idea of a more or less shifting or 
transitory state of mind or feeling. Mood often suggests a 
more compelling or pervasive temper than humor, which 
emphasizes more strongly the element of whim or caprice. 

mood'i-ly (mdod'i-lT), adv. In a moody manner. 

mood'i-ness, n. State of being moody. 

mood'y (mood'!), a. ; mood'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. Affected 
by a mood ; subject or given to moods, or fits of depression 
or bad temper; gloomy ; fretful. 2. Expressing, or marked 
by, a mood. — Syn. Pensive, sad, sullen, capricious. 

moon (moon), n. [AS. mona.] l.The satellite of the earth 
revolving about the latter from west to east. The moon's di- 
ameter is 2,162 miles ; mean distance from the earth, about 
238,840 miles ; mass, about one eightieth that of the earth, 
and volume, about one forty-ninth. See month. Symbols : 
• New moon ; © , or 2) First quarter ; O, or © Full moon ; 
©, or (D Last quarter. 2. A lunar month; a month. 3. Any 
satellite, or secondary planet. 4. Moonlight. 5. Something 
shaped like the moon, esp. a crescent 

— v. i. To act as if moonstruck ; wander, or gaze, about 
abstractedly. 

moon'beam' (-bem') , n. A ray of light from the moon. 

moon/blind' (-blind'), a. Afflicted with moon blindness. 

moon blindness, a Veter. An inflammation of the eye of 
the horse, recurring at periodic intervals and usually re- 
sulting in complete blindness, b Med. Nyctalopia, im- 
properly attributed to exposure to moonlight. 

moon'calf (-kaP), n. l.A monster; misshapen being. 2. A 
dolt ; stupid fellow. 

mooned (moond), p. a. Of or resembling the moon; cres- 
cent ; also, symbolized by, or identified with, the moon. 

moon'-eye', n. = moon blindness, a. [in dismay! 

moon'-eyed' (-Id'), a. 1. Moonblind. 2. Round-eyed, as| 

moon'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of a number of compressed, 
short, deep-bodied, silvery or 
yellowish marine fishes (esp. 
Selene vomer and Vomer 
setipinnis). 

moon'ish, a. Like the moon ; 
hence : variable ; capricious. 

moon'light' (moon'llt'), n. 
The light of the moon. — a. 
Of, pert, to, occurring dur- Moonfish (.Vomer setipinnis) . 
ing, or characterized by, moonlight ; moonlit. 

moon'lit' (-lit'), or, Poetic, moon'lit'ten, a. Lighted or 
illuminated by the moon. 

moon'rise' (-rlz'), n. The rising of the moon. 

moon'seed' (-sed'), n. Any of a genus (Menispermum) of 
climbing herbs, typifying a family (M enispermacese) ; — 
so called from the crescent-shaped seeds. 

moon'set' (-set'), n. The setting of the moon. 

moon'shine' (-shin'), n. 1. Moonlight. 2. Show without 
substance or reality ; empty show. 3. Liquor smuggled or 
illicitly distilled. Colloq. 

moon'shin'er (-shln'er), n. A person engaged in illicit trade 
at night ; U. S., an illicit distiller. Colloq. 

moon'shin'y (moon'shln'i), a. 1. Lighted by the moon. 2. 
Like, or suggestive of, moonlight ; visionary ; empty. 

moon'stone' (-ston'), n. A transparent or translucent feld- 
spar, used as a gem. It is of pearly or opaline luster. 




moon'struck' (moon'striik'), a. Also moon'strick'en 

(-striken). Having a mental or physical derangement at- 
tributed to the moon's influence ; crazy ; also, ill ; sick. 

moon'wort' (-wiirt'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Botrychium) oi 
ferns (esp. B. lunaria) ; — so named from the crescent- 
shaped segments of its frond. 2. The satinpod. 

moon'y (-1), a. ; moon'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Moon-shaped ; 
esp., crescent-shaped; also, pert, to or like moonlight. 2. 
Lighted by the moon. 3. Mooning ; abstracted. Colloq. 

moor (moor ; 57), n. [AS. mor.] An extensive area of waste 
sandy ground overlaid with peat, and often marshy ; heath. 

moor, v. t. To secure (a vessel) in a place, as by anchoring. 

— v. i. 1. To be secured, as a vessel, by being moored. 2. 
To secure a vessel by mooring. 

Moor, n. [F. More, Maure, L. Maurus, Gr. Mavpos.] 1. A 
native of Morocco or of a neighboring North African state. 

2. A Mohammedan of one of the native North African races 
or of the immigrant Arabs settled in North Africa ; esp , one 
of the Saracenic invaders of Spain or of their descendants. 

moor'age (-aj), n. Act of mooring ; a place for mooring. 

moor'ber-ry (-ber-T), n. Chiefly Brit. l.The bilberry. 2. 
The small cranberry. 

moor COCk. The male of the moor fowl. 

moor fowl. Also moor bird. The red grouse (Lagopus 
scoticus), of Great Britain 

moor hen. a The female of the moor fowl, b A gallinule, 
esp. the common European species (Gallinula chloropus). 

moor'ing, vb. n. 1. That which serves to moor a vessel, as 
anchors, cables, etc. ; — usually in pi. 2. In pi. The place 
where a vessel is or may be moored. 

moor'ish, a. Of or pert, to a moor ; having the character- 
istics of. or resembling, a moor ; marshy. 

Moor'ish, a. Of, pert, to, or in the style of, the Moors. 

moor'land (land), n. Land consisting of a moor or moors. 

moor'wort' (moor'wurt'), n. A small ericaceous shrub ( An- 
dromeda poll folia) found in northern moors and bogs. 

moor'y (-T), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, moors ; 
marshy ; fenny ; boggy ; also, heathy. 

moose (moos), n. [Al^onquian mons, mos, moos, he eats 
off ] l.A large 
mammal (Al- 
ee america- 
nus) of the 
deer family, 
larger than the 
European elk, 
inhabiting 
Canada and 
the northeast- 
ern United 
States. 2. The European elk. 

3. [ Also cap.] A member of 
the Progressive Party ; a Bull 
Moose. Cant., U. S. 

moot (moot), n. [AS. mot (in 
comp.), gemot, a meeting.] 
Eng. Hist. 1. A deliberative 
assembly, with political, ad- 
ministrative, and judicial 
powers. 2. A discussion, de- 
bate, or argument; esp., a 
discussion of fictitious causes 
by way of practice. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To argue for 
and against ; debate ; discuss. 
2. Specif., to argue for practice; propound and discuss 
in a mock court. 

— a. Subjected or subject to argument or discussion. 
moot court. A mock court such as is held by students of law 

for practicing the conduct of hypothetical law cases. 

moot'er, n. One who moots, argues, or disputes. 

mop (mop), n. A grimace. 

mop, n. 1. An implement for washing floors, etc., made of 
cloth, thrums, or yarn, fastened to a handle. 2. Something 
likened to a mop, as a mass of hair. — v. t. ; mopped (mopt) ; 
mop'ping. To wipe with or as with a mop. 

mop'board' (-bord' ; 57), n. = baseboard. U. S. 

mope (mop), v. i.; moped (mopt) ; mop'ing (mop'ing). To 
be dull and spiritless. — v. t. To make spiritless, stupid, or 
dejected ; — used reflexively and in passive. — n. l.A dull, 
spiritless person. 2. In pi. Low spirits ; dumps. — mop'er 
(mop'er), n. — mop'ish (mop'ish), a. — mop'ish-ly, adv. 
— mop'ish-ness, n. 

mop'py (mop'i), a. Like a mop, as long, thick hair. 

mo-quette^ (mo-kef), n. [F.] A kind of carpet or uphol- 
stery fabric having a velvety pile. It is made by hand at 
Nimes, France, and machine-made in imitation elsewhere. 

mo'ra (mo'rd; 57), n. ; pi. L. mor^e (-re), E. moras (-rdz). 
[L.] Pros. The unit of meter, equal to a short syllable. 

mo-ra'ceous (mo-ra'shiis), a. [L. morus the mulberry 
tree.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Moraceae) of trees or 
shrubs, having small diclinous apetalous flowers, including 





Moose. 



i 



K =s ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc. precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with- = equal*. 



MORAINE 



634 



MORON 



the mulberry, breadfruit, hop, Osage orange, and hemp. 

mo-raine' (mo-ran'), n. [F.] Geol. Amass of earth, stones, 
etc., deposited by a glacier. There are various types, as 
terminal, Jateral, medial, etc. — mo-rain'ic (-ran'ik), o. 

mor'al (mor'al), a. [F., fr. L. moralis, it. mos, moris, man- 
ner, custom, conduct.] 1. Of or pertaining to morals or that 
with which^ morals deal, as questions of right and wrong; 
discriminating right and wrong ; as, the moral sense ; — 
distinguished from nonmoral or unmoral, and often con- 
trasted with intellectual. 2. Conformed to accepted rules 
of right, conduct; righteous; virtuous; just; — distin- 
guished from immoral ; as, a moral life or conduct. 3. 
Capable of being governed by or of influencing the sense of 
right. 4. Acting, or suited to act, upon or through one's 
moral nature or sense of right ; as, moral consideration. 

5. Supported by reason or probability ; as, moral evidence. 

6. Equal in moral effects ; virtual ; tantamount to ; as, a 
moral victory or defeat. 7. Serving to teach a moral. 8. 
Moralizing. 

Syn. Moral, ethical. Moral may refer to the science or 
the practice of right conduct ; ethical commonly suggests 
the science ; as, moral (or ethical) principles ; an ethical (or 
moral) system ; a moral (not ethical) man. See bodily. 
moral certainty, a high degree of probability, although 
not demonstrable as a certainty ; a probability so great that 
it can be confidently acted upon in the affairs of life. 

— n. 1. Moral conduct or teachings ; — usually in pi. 2. The 
inner meaning, or practical lesson, of a fable, an experience, 
etc. 3. (pron. mo'ral'). [F.] = morale. 

mo-rale' (mo-ral'; -nil'), n. [F. moral. See moral.] 1. 
Morality ; moral principles, teachings, or conduct. 2. Con- 
dition as affected by, or dependent on, such moral or mental 
factors as zeal, spirit, hope, confidence, etc., as of an army. 

mor'al-ist (mor'al-ist), n. l.One who moralizes ; a teacher 
or student of morals. 2. One who practices moral duties. — 
mor'al-ism (-iz'm), n. — mor'al-is'tic (-fs'tik), a. 

mo-ral'i-ty (mS-ral'T-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tfz). 1. Moral qual- 
ity ; virtue. 2. That which conveys or instills moral lessons 
or sentiments ; as : a Moral inference, meaning, or lesson ; 
moralization. b A kind of allegorical play in which actors 
personify charity, faith, death, vice, etc. 3. Moral practice 
or action ; rectitude of life. 4. Morals ; ethics. 5. The rela- 
tion of conformity or nonconformity to moral righteousness ; 
quality of an intention, a character, an action, a principle, 
or a sentiment, when tried by the standard of right. 

mor'al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun;-I-za'-), n. Act of moralizing. 

mor'al-ize (mor'dl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
1. To apply to a morai purpose ; explain in a moral sense. 2. 
To furnish with moral lessons. 3. To render moral ; impart 

1 morals or morality to ; as, it aided in moralizing the natives. 

— v. i. To make moral reflections. — mor'al-iz'er, n. 

mor'al-ly, adv. In a moral sense, manner, degree, or respect. 

mor'als (mor'dlz), n. pi. 1. Science or doctrine of right con- 
duct ; ethics. 2. Moral principles or practice. [fen. I 

mo-rass' (mo-ras'), n. [D. moeras, OF. mareis.] Amarsh ;| 

mor'a-to'ri-um (mor'd-to'rT-um ; 57), ».; L. pi. -ria (-d). 
[NL., fr. L. moratorius delaying, fr. morari to delay.] 
Law. An act authorizing delay in meeting an obligation ; 
also, a period during which an obligor has a legal right to 
such delay, esp. such a period granted in an emergency, as 
to a bank or debtors generally. 

mor'a-to-ry (mor'd-to-n), a. Authorizing delay of pay- 
ment ; as, a moratory law. 

Mo-ra'vi-an (mS-ra'vi-an), a. Of or pert, to Moravia or Mo- 
ravians. — n. 1. A native or citizen of Moravia, in Austria. 
Also, the Slavonic language of the Moravians. 2. Eccl. One 
of a Protestant sect, more properly the Unitas Fratrum, 
Unity of Brethren, or United Brethren, which was an off- 
shoot of the Hussites in Bohemia. 

mo'ray (mo'ra ; mo-ra' ; 57), n ; Any of a number of vora- 
cious and pugnacious, often brightly colored, eels, consti- 
tuting a family (Mursenidse). They are especially common 
in crevices about coral reefs. A Mediterranean species (M u- 
rsena helena), the Roman mursena, is a valued food fish. 

mor'bid (mor'bid), a. [L. morbidus, fr. morbus disease.] 
1. Not sound and healthful ; diseased ; sickly ; hence, ab- 
normally impressionable, esp. by gloomy or unwholesome 
ideas or sentiments. 2. Relating to disease. — Syn. Sick, 
unwholesome. — mor'bid-ly, adv. — mor'bid-ness, n. 

mor-bid'i-ty (mor-bid'i-tT), n. Morbid state or character. 

mor-bif'ic (-bif'Ik), a. [L. morbus disease + -ficus (in 
comp. ), fr. facer e to make.] Causing disease or a sickly state. 

mor-da'cious (-da'shus), a. [L. mordax,-acis, fr. mordere 
to bite.] Biting; sarcastic. — mor-dac'i-ty (-das'I-ti), n. 

inor'dant (mor'ddnt), a. [F., p. pr. of mordre to bite, L. 
mordere.] 1. Biting ; caustic ; sarcastic ; keen. 2. Serving to 
fix colors. — n. 1. Any corrosive used in etching. 2. Any 
substance which, by combining with a dyestuff to form an 
insoluble compound, produces in the fiber a fixed color. — 
v. t. To subject to the action of, or imbue with, a mordant. 

Mor'de-cai (mor'de-kT ; mSr'de-ka'I), n. Bib. In the book 



of Esther, Esther's cousin, who, through Esther's influence 
with Ahasuerus, saved the Jews *from the destruction 
planned by Haman, and was raised to high rank by the king. 
mor'dent (-dent), n. [From It. mordente.] Music. A me- 
lodic grace made by a quick Single Double 
alternation of a principal n AJV aajv 
tone with an auxiliary tone 



uv^n^ hilu a.ii o-UiViiiaij tunc a 7 

half a step lower. It is either I 1 1 
single or double. See Illust. ^r 1 — 
The name inverted mor- l| 
dent is sometimes applied to 2 J t \ fp 
the pralltriller (which see). lyi-__ 

more (mor ; 57), a., compar. ; ^E 

positive wanting ; superl. Mordents. 1 As written ; 2 
MOST (most). [AS. mar a, As performed. 

ma.] 1. Greater ; superior ; increased ; — often used as com- 
parative of much, many. Opposed to less and fewer. 2= 
Additional ; other. — n. 1. A greater quantity, amount, or 
number. 2. An additional or greater amount. — adv. 1. In 
or to a greater quantity, extent, or degree. 2. Further; 
moreover ; besides ; as, he came once more. 

mo-reen' (mS-ren'), n. A coarse, stout woolen or woolen- 
and-cotton fabric, usually watered or with embossed figures. 

mo-rel' (mo-rel' ; mor'el), n. [F. morille, of G. origin.] Any 
of a genus (Morchella, esp. M . esculenta) of edible fungi. 

mo-rel'lo (m6-rel'o),rc. Hort. Any of certain cultivated va- 
rieties of cherry, distinguished by their dark skin and juice. 

mqre-O'ver (mor-o'ver; 57), adv. Beyond what has been 
said ; further ; besides ; also. See besides. 

Mo-resque' (mS-resk'), a. [F., fr. It. or Sp.] Of or pertain- 
ing to, or in the style of, the Moors ; Moorish. — n. The Mo- 
resque, or Moorish, style of architecture or decoration. 

Mor'gain, or, commonly, Mor'gan, le Fay (mor'gan ; -gan 
le fa). [OF. Morgain la fee Morgan the fairy ; Morgain is 
of Celtic origin.] A fairy, sister of King Arthur, said to have 
revealed to him the intrigues of Lancelot and Guinevere. 

Mor'gan (mor'gan), n. [After Justin Morgan, a horse breed- 
er.] One of a celebrated American strain of horses which 
originated in Vermont. 

mor'ga-nat'ic (mor'gd-nat'ik), a. [LL. matrimonium ad 
morganaticam, fr. morganatica a morning gift, fr. OHG. 
morgan morning, in morgangeba morning gift.] Of the na- 
ture of, or pert, to, a form of marriage which male members 
of various noble families in Europe may contract with wom- 
en of inferior rank so that the wife and children do not take 
or inherit the husband's rank or his property held in virtue 
thereof. — mor-ga-nat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

mor'gen (mor'gen), n. [D. & G.] A land measure of varying 
value, of various countries. The old Dutch morgen was 
about 2.17 acres ; it is a common measure in South Africa. 

mor'glay (m6r'gla),n. [Cf. claymore.] A claymore; sword, 
esp. leap.] that of Sir Bevis of Hampton. Obs. 

morgue (morg), n. [F.] A place where bodies of persons 
found dead are exposed for identification. 

mor'i-bund (mor'i-bund), a. [L. moribundus, fr. moriri to 
die.] In a dying state ; near death. — mor'i-bun'di-ty, n. 

mo'rin (mo'rin), n. Chem. A yellow_ crystalline substance, 
the principal coloring matter of fustic. 

mo'ri-on (mo'rT-on ; 57), n. [F., fr. Sp. morridn.] A kind of 
open helmet, without visor or beaver. See helmet, Illust. 

mo'ri-on, n. [G.] A nearly black variety of smoky quartz. 

Mo-ris'co (mo-ris'ko), a. [Sp. See morris the dance.] Mo- 
resque. — n. ; pi. -cos or -coes (-koz). A person of the 
Moorish race in Spain. 

Mor'mon (mor'rmin), n. A member of the Church of Jesus 
Christ of Latter-day Saints, a body organized April 6, 1830, 
at Fayette, Seneca County, New York. Formerly it prac- 
ticed plural marriage, but that is stated to have been dis- 
continued in 1890. — Mor'mon-ism (-iz'm), n. 

morn (morn), n. [ME. morn, morwen, morgen, AS. mor- 
gen."] Morning. Chiefly Poetic. 

morn'ing (mor'ning), n. [ME. morning, morwening. See 
morn.] 1. The first or early part of the day. 2. leap.] The 
goddess Aurora or Eos. Poetic. — a. Of, pert, to, used, 
occurring, or the like, in the morning. 
morning star, any one of the planets Venus, Jupiter, 
Mars, Mercury, and Saturn, when it rises before the sun, 
esp. Venus. 

morn'ing-glo'ry (-glo'n; 57), n.;pl. -ries (-riz). l.Any 
of various convolvulaceous twining plants (Jpomaea, esp. 

1. purpurea) with funnel-shaped white, pink, or purple 
flowers. 2. Any convolvulus, or bindweed. 

Mo'ro (mo'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp., a Moor.] 1. A mem- 
ber of any of the warlike Mohammedan tribes of the south- 
ern Philippine Islands. They are of mixed Malayan stock. 

2. The language of the Moros. 

Mo-roc'can (mo-rok'dn), a. Of or pertaining to Morocco or 
its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Morocco. 

mo-roc'CO (mo-rok'o), n. ; pi. -cos (-oz). Afine leather (orig. 
from Morocco) commonly of goatskin tanned with sumac. 

mo'ron (mo'ron), n. [Gr. fiwpds foolish.] A person whose in- 
tellectual development proceeds normally up to about the 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot: out, oil; chair; sfO; sing*, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 






MOROSE 



635 



MOSAIC 



eighth year of age and, then arrested, never exceeds that of 
a normal child of about twelve years. 

mo-rose' (mo-ros'), a. [L. morosus, fr. mos, moris, man- 
ner, habit, way of life.] Of a sour temper ; sullen ; ill- 
humored. — Syn. See sullen. — mo-rose'iy, adv. — 
mo-rose'ness, ». — mo-ros'i-ty (-ros'I-tl), n. 

-morph (-morf). Combining form fr. Gr. p-opcprj, form. 

Mor'pheus (mor'fiis; pop. mor'fe-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Mop- 
<ptvs, alluding to the shapes seen in dreams, nopfirj shape.] 
Class. Myth. The god of dreams. — Mor'phe-an (-f e-an) , a. 

mor'phi-a (-fT-d), n. Chem. Morphine. 

-mor'phic (-fik). Combining form from Greek p.op4>i],form. 

mor'phine (-fin; -fen), n. Also mor'phin. [F., fr. Mor- 
phee Morpheus.] A bitter, white, crystalline, narcotic base, 
C17H19O3N, the principal alkaloid of opium. 

mor'phin-ism (mor'fTn-iz'm), n. Med. A morbid condition 
p r oduced by the habitual use of morphine ; morphine habit. 

mor'pho-log'ic (mor'f6-loj'ik)\ a. Of or pert, to morphol- 

mor'pho-log'i-cal '-l-kal) / ogy ; structural. — mor'- 
pho-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

mor-phol'o-gist \'-jist), n._ One versed in morphology. 

mor-phol'O-gy (mor-fol'o-jT), n. [Gr. nop<pv form + -logy. ] 
1. Biology dealing with the form and structure of animals 
and plants ; the science of structural organic types. 2. 
That branch of linguistic study which deals with the origin 
and functions of inflections and derivational forms. 

mor'phon (mor'fon), n. [Gr. /xop4>oit>, p. pr. of uopfovv to 
form.] Biol. A morphological individual, characterized by 
definiteness of form ; — in distinction from bion. 

-mor'phOUS (-mor'f us). Combining form fr. Gr. p.op<$>r\,form. 

mor'ris (mor'is), n. Also mor'rice. [Sp. morisco Moorish, 
fr. Moro a Moor.] More fully morris dance. A dance for- 
merly common in England in pageants, processions, and 
May games. The dancers, in fancy dress, often took the 
parts of Robin Hood, Maid Marian, Friar Tuck, and other 
fictitious characters. Also, the dancers of a morris. 

mor'ris, n. An old game played with pebbles, pegs, or other 
counters, placed at the angles of a certain figure ; also, the 
board or ground on which the game is played. 

mor'ris chair. A kind of easy-chair with a back which 
may be lowered or raised. 

|| mor'ro (mor'ro), n. [Sp., any spherical object.] A round 
hill or point of land ; hence, mono castle, a castle on a hill. 

mor'row (mor'o), n. [ME. morwe, morwen, AS. morgen.'] 
1. Morning. Archaic. 2. The next following day after any 
day specified or understood. 3. To-morrow. 

Mors (morz), n. [L.] Roman Relig. Death, as a deity. 

Morse (mors), a. Of, pert, to, or designating an electric tele- 
graph system or alphabetic code invented by Samuel F. B. 
Morse ; as, Morse apparatus, circuit, etc. 
Morse alphabet or code, Teleg. the telegraphic alphabet 
or code, consisting of dots, dashes, and spaces, invented by 
Samuel F. B. Morse. The alphabetic code used in North 
America is given below. 

Alphabet. 

o - - 



A - — 

B 

C 

D 

E - 

F 

Q 

2 

3 





H 
I 
J 
K 
L 
M 
N 



p .. 

Q .. 

R - 

S -- 

T — 

_. U -- 

Numerals. 

4 

5 

6 

Period 



V 
W 
X 
Y 
Z 
& 



7 

8 

9 

Comma 



— n. The Morse alphabet, Morse telegraph, etc. Colloq. 
mor'sel (mor'sel), n. [OF., fr. LL. dim. of L. morsus a 

bite, mordere to bite.] 1. A little bite or bit of food. 2. A 

small quantity ; a little piece. 
mort (mort), n. [F., death, fr. L. mors, mortis.'] 1. Death. 

06s. 2. Hunting. The note sounded on the horn at a kill. 
mor'tal (mor'tal), a. [F. mortel, L. mortalis, fr. mors, 

mortis, death, mori to die.] 1. Subject to death. 2. Deadly; 

fatal. 3. So severe as to be thought of as threatening death. 

4. Of or pert, to death or its occasion or occurrence ; deathly. 

5. Human ; belonging to man, who is mortal. 6. Wishing, 
or involving a wish, to kill ; implacable ; as, a mortal ene- 
my. 7. Extreme ; very great ; esp., very grievous or tedi- 
ous ; as, two mortal hours. Colloq. — Syn. See deadly. 

— adv. Mortally. Now Rare, exc, Colloq. : Extremely ; 
very ; excessively ; grievously. 

— n. A being subject to death ; a man. — mor'tal-ly, adv. 

mor-tal'i-ty (mor-tal'T-ti), n. 1. Condition, quality, or na- 
ture of being mortal. 2. The death of large numbers ; esp., 
number or rate of deaths ; as, a time of great mortality. 
3. Death ; destruction. 4. Those who are, or that which 
is, mortal ; the human race ; humanity. 

mor'tar (m6r'ter), n. [Deriv. of L. mortarium a mortar 
(sense 1 ) or a large basin or trough in which mortar (sense 3) 




Mortar, 2 a. U. S. 12-inch Mortar. 1 
Crosshead ; 2 Piston Rod of Recoil 
Cylinder ; 3 Elevating Hand Wheel ; 
4 Saddle ; 5 Recoil Cylinder Trun- 
nion ; 6 Counter- Recoil Springs ; 7 
Racer. 



is mixed.] 1. [AS. mortere.'] A strong bowl-like vessel in 
which substances 
are pounded or 
rubbed with a pes- 
tle ; also, any of va-* 
rious devices in 
which materials are 
brayed or crushed, 
as, in a stamp bat- 
tery, the box into 
which the ore is fed. 

2. [F. mortier.'] a 
Mil. A short can- 
non used to throw 
shells of large cali- 
ber with low veloci- 
ties and usually at 
very high angles, b 
A similar cannon 
used to throw a line 
to a wrecked vessel. 
C Any of various 
contrivances for 
throwing pyrotech- 
nic bombs or shells. 

3. [F. mortier.'} A building material made of lime, cement, 
or plaster of Paris, with sand and water. 

— v. t. To plaster or make fast with mortar. 

mortar board. 1. A small square board with a handle be- 
neath, for holding mortar. 2. A kind of 
academic cap. Colloq. 

mort'gage (mor'gaj),n. [F. mort-gage, 
OF. also morgage; mort dead (L. mor- 
tuus) + gage pledge.] 1. Law. At the 
common law, a conveyance of property, ^ 
upon condition, as security for the pay- ' 
ment of a debt or the performance of a 
duty, and to become void upon pay- 
ment or performance. 2. The instru- 
ment making a mortgage conveyance, Mortar Board, 2. 
the state of the property conveyed, or the mortgagee's 
interest in it. 

— v. t.; -gaged (-gajd) ; -gag-ing (-ga-jing). 1. Law. To 
make a mortgage conveyance of. 2. To pledge ; give as 
security. [mortgaged.] 

mort'ga-gee'(-ga-je'),n. The person to whom property is| 

mort'ga-gor' (mor'ga-jor' ; mor'ga-jer), n. Also -ga-geor', 
-gag-er (mor'ga-jer). One who gives a mortgage. 

mor'ti-fi-ca'tion (mor'ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. A mortifying or 
state of being mortified ; as : a Subjection of the passions 
and appetites, by penance, abstinence, etc. b Med. Gan- 
grene ; necrosis. C Deprivation of complacency or approval 
of self ; humiliation ; chagrin, etc. 2. That which mortifies ; 
cause of humiliation, chagrin, etc. — Syn. See vexation. 

mor'ti-fi'er (-fT'er), n. One who, or that which, mortifies. 

mor'ti-fy (m6r'ti-fi), v. t.; -Ti-FiED (-fid) ; -ti-fy/ing (-fl'- 
Ing). [F. mortifier, fr. L. mortificare ; L. mors, mortis, 
death + -ficare (in comp.) to make.]_ 1. To kill. Obs. 2. 
To deaden by religious or other discipline, as the carnal 
affections ; hence : to abase ; humble. 3. To cause to feel 
mortification, or humiliation. 4. To cause to mortify, or 
gangrene.— v.i. 1. To practice penance. 2. To lose vitality 
and organic structure, as flesh of a living body ; gangrene. 

mor'tise, mor'tice (-tis), n. [F. mortaise.] A cavity, hole 




or the like, as in a timber, into or through 
srpart 

-TISED, -TICED (-tlSt) ; -TIS-ING, - 



which some < 




as in a timber, into or througn (jp-^x 
other part fits or passes.— v.t.; P(Wf 
:ed (-tlst) ; -Tis-iNG, -tic-ing 
(-ti-sing). 1. To join or fasten securely ; 
specif., to join or fasten by a tenon and b 
mortise. 2. To cut or make a mortise in. 

morfmarn/ (mort'maV), n. [F. 
mort, morte, dead + main hand.] 
Law. Lit., dead hand ; hence, the 
hand or possession of ecclesiastical 
corporations, ecclesiastics being in a Mortise ; b Tenon, 
the early law deemed civilly dead ; later, the possession of, 
or tenure by, any corporation (which, by the nature of cor- 
porations, may be perpetual). 

mor'tu-a-ry (mor'tjl-a-ri), a. [L. mortuarius, fr. mortuus 
dead.] Pertaining to the burial of the dead or to death or 
mourning. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. In medieval England, 
a customary gift to the priest of a parish from the personal 
estate of a deceased parishioner or to a priest's superior 
from the estate of a priest. 2. A place for the reception of 
the dead ; a burial place ; also, a morgue. 

mor'u-la (mor'06-ld), n.; pi. -im (-le). [NT,., dim. of L. 
morum a mulberry.] Embryol. The globular mass of cells 
(blastomeres) formed by cleavage of the egg of many ani- 
mals in its early development. — mor'U-lar (-ldr), a. __ 

Mo-sa'ic (mo-za'ik), a. Of or pert, to Moses or the institu- 
tions or writings attributed to him. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. * combined with. = equals. 



MOSAIC 



636 



MOTIVE 



mo-sa'ic (mo-za'ik), n. [F. mosatque, deriv. of Gr. 
Mova-eios of the Muses.] 1. Fine Arts. A surface decora- 
tion made by inlaying small colored pieces in patterns ; 
also, the process of making it. 2. That which is so made ; 
a piece of mosaic work. 3. Something resembling or lik- 
ened to mosaic, as a literary composition. 

— a. Formed by mosaic ; variegated ; of, pertaining to, or 
resembling, mosaic. 

mosaic gold, a Stannic sulphide, SnS2. b Ormolu. 

Mo-sa'i-cal (-T-kal), a. Mosaic, or pert, to, or resembling 
Mosaic institutions, customs, or the like. Rare. 

mos'cha-tel' (mos'kd-tel' ; mos'kd-tel), n. [F. moscatelle. 
See muscatel.] A small European herb (Adoxa moscha- 
tellina), having greenish white flowers with a musky odor. 

Mo-selle' (mo-zel'), n. Wine made in the valley of the Mo- 
selle. Some varieties are prized for their peculiar aroma. 

Mo'ses (mo'zez; 24), n. [Gr. Mcoo-tJs, Muw^s. fr. Heb. 
Mosheh.] 1. Bib. The great Hebrew prophet and lawgiver 
who led the Israelites out of Egypt. 2. Hence, a leader ; 
also, a meek man. Cf. Num. xii. 3. 

mo'sey (mo'zi), v. i. To go or move ; esp., to depart ; — 
usually used with out, off, along, etc. Slang or Dial., U. S. 

mosk (mosk). Var. of mosque. 

Mos'lem (moz'lem; mos'-), n.; pi. Moslems (-lemz), or, 
collectively, Moslem. [Ar. muslim a true believer in the 
Mohammedan faith, fr. salama to submit to God.] A Mus- 
sulman ; an orthodox Mohammedan. — a. Mohammedan. 

Mos'lem-ism (-Tz'm), n. Mohammedanism; Islam. 

mosque (mosk), n. Also mosk. [F. mosquee, fr. Sp., fr. 
Ar. masjid, fr. sajada to bend, adore.] A Mohammedan 
place of public religious worship. 

mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to), n. ; pi. -toes (-toz). [Sp., fr. mosca 
fly, L. musca.] Any of certain dipterous insects (constitut- 
ing the family Culicidse) having a proboscis fitted, in the 
females only, with needlelike organs with which they punc- 
ture the skin of fruits or animals to suck up their juice 
or blood. Some species transmit the organisms that pro- 
duce certain diseases, as malaria and yellow fever. See 

ANOPHELES. 

mosquito fleet. An aggregation of comparatively small ves- 
sels associated in some way, as the smaller coasting vessels 
of a port, the torpedo boats of a navy or fleet, etc. 

moss (mos ; 62), n. [AS. mos a marshy place.] 1. A bog ; 
esp., a peat bog, as on the Scottish border. 2. Any of a class 
(Musci) of bryophytic plants, characterized by small, leafy, 
often tufted, stems bearing sex organs ; also, a growth of 
such plants. 3. Any of various mosslike lichens ; as, Ice- 
land moss. 4. Any of several pteridophytic plants of a 
mosslike habit or form, as club mosses (Lycopodium). 

— v. t. To cover or overgrow with moss. 
moss'back' (moVbakO, n. A person so sluggish in his way 

of life or thought that he may be likened to a stone or old 
tree covered with moss ; specif., an extremely conservative 
partisan in politics. Slang, Chiefly U. S. 
moss'bunk'er (-bunk'er), n. [From D.] The menhaden. 



Overgrown with moss. 
n. State of being mossy. 



moss'grown' (-gron'), a. 

moss'i-ness (mos'i-nes). 

moss pink. A low, tufted, mosslike polemoniaceous plant 
(Phlox subulata) of the eastern United States. 

moss rose. A variety of rose with mossy calyx and stalk. 

moss'troop'er (-troop'er), n. One of a class of freebooters 
that formerly infested the mosses between England and 
Scotland ; hence, a freebooter. — moss'troop'ing, n. & a. 

moss'y (mos'i ; 62), a.; moss'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est._1. Over- 
grown, or edged, with or as with moss. 2. Resembling moss. 

most (most), a. ; superl. of more. [AS. m&st.~\ 1. Greatest 
in number, quantity, size, or extent ; — often as superlative 
n\ many, much ; nearly all. 2. Greatest in degree. 

' — n. 1. The greatest or largest quantity, amount, etc. 2. 
[Construed as pi.'] The greatest or largest number (of an 
aggregate) ; as, most of us are here. 3. The utmost ; great- 
est possible amount, value, degree, result, or the like. 

— adv. 1. In the greatest degree or to the greatest extent. 
2. Almost ; nearly. Now Colloq. or Dial. 
IdP Placed before an adjective or adverb, most is used to 
form the superlative degree, being equivalent to the termi- 
nation -est ; as, most illustrious ; most rapidly. 

-most. [AS. -mest.] A suffix forming superlatives of adjec- 
tives and adverbs, as in hindmost, ioremost, etc. 

most'ly (most'li), adv. For the greatest part ; chiefly. 

mot, n. [F. See motto.] 1. (pr on. mo) A pithyor witty say- 
ing ; a witticism. A Gallicism. 2. {pron. mot) A note or 
brief strain of a bugle, horn, or the like. [dust ; speck. I 

mote (mot), n. [AS. mot.'] A small particle, as of floating! 

mote, v.; pret. moste. [See must, v.] 1. May; might. 
Archaic. 2. Must ; also, ought. 06s. 

mo-tet' (mo-teV), n. [F., a dim. of mot word. See motto.] 
Music. A polyphonic vocal composition on a sacred text, — 
now esp. Latin and for the Roman Church. 

moth (moth; 62), n.; pi. moths (mothz). [AS. moSSe, 
mohde.] 1. Any insect whose larva feeds on woolens, furs, 
etc. 2. Any of numerous insects constituting with the but- 



terflies an order (Lepidoptera) , but distinguished from 
them by the generally stouter bodies, softer coloring, noc- 
turnal habits and varied form of antennae. 

moth'-eat', v. t. To eat or prey upon by or as by moths. 
Rare, exc. in : moth-eaten, eaten by or as by moths. 

moth'er (muth'er), n. A bacterial gelatinous membrane 
developed on alcoholic liquids during acetic fermentation. 
It afterwards thickens and settles. It is added to wine or 
cider to produce vinegar. Called also mother of vinegar. 

moth'er, n. [AS. modor.] 1. A female parent. 2. Source 
of birth or origin. 3. Used as a title of an abbess, or the 
like. 4. Maternal qualities, as tenderness or affection. 
Mother Carey's chicken (ka'rtz), any of several species 
of small petrels; esp., the stormy petrel. — M. of God, 
Eccl., the title of the Virgin Mary, sanctioned by the Coun- 
cil of Ephesus (A. d. 431 ), in opposition to the Nestorians. 

— v . t. 1. To be or act as a mother to. 2. To acknowledge 
one's self to be the mother of. 

moth'er-hood (muWer-h66d), n. State of being a mother ; 
character, qualities, or spirit of a mother. 

moth'er-in-law', n. ; pi. mothers-. In Mother of one's 
husband or wife. 2. Stepmother. 06s. or Colloq., Eng. 

moth'er-land/ (-land'), n. One's native country ; the coun- 
try of one's ancestors ; — equivalent to fatherland. 

moth'er-less, a. Destitute of a living mother. 

moth'er-li-ness, n. Quality of being motherly. 

mother liquor. The residual solution, often impure or 
complex, which remains after the substances readily or 
regularly crystallizing have been removed. 

moth'er-ly, a. Of, pert, to, like, suitable for, or charac- 
teristic of, a mother ; tender. — moth'er-ly, adv. Rare. 
Syn. Motherly, maternal are often interchangeable. 
Maternal, however, oftener refers to actual motherhood ; 
motherly often suggests such tenderness, comprehension, 
or sympathy as a mother shows. 

moth'er-oi-pearl', n. The hard pearly inside layer of 
several kinds of shells, esp. of pearl oysters, river mussels, 
and the abalone shells ; nacre. 

Mother's Day. A day appointed for the loving remem- 
brance by each person of his mother. The day was founded 
by Anna Jarvis, of Philadelphia, who designated the second 
Sunday, or for schools the second Friday, in May, as the 
time, and a white carnation as the badge. 

mother tongue, a A language from which another lan- 
guage is derived, b The language of one's native land. 

mother wit. Natural or native wit or intelligence. 

moth'y (moth'T ; 62), a. Infested with moths ; moth-eaten. 

|| mo'tif (mo'teP), n. [F.] 1. In literature or art, a salient 
feature of a work; esp., the theme, or dominant feature. 
2. Music. = motive, 3. 

mo'tile (mo'til)^ a. [See motive.] Biol. Moving, or 
capable of moving, spontaneously. — n. Psychol. A 
person whose prevailing mental imagery takes the form of 
inner feelings of action, such as incipient pronunciation of 
words, muscular innervations, etc. Cf . audile, visualizer ; 
see tactile. — mo-til'i-ty (mo-til'i-ti), n. 

mo'tion (mo'shun), n. [F., fr. L. motio, fr. movere, mo- 
tum, to move.] 1. Act, process, or state of changing place ; 
movement ; — opposed to rest. 2. Mental act or impulse ; 
inclination. 3. Action of a machine as to the relative move- 
ment of its parts. 4. A proposal looking to action or prog- 
ress, esp. a formal one in a deliberative body ; as, a motion 
to adjourn. 5. Law. An application made to a court or 
judge to obtain an order, ruling, direction, or the like. 6. 
Music. Melodic progression, as a change of pitch in the 
successive tones of a voice part. 7. A puppet show or pup- 
pet. 06s. 8. In pi. : Movements ; actions. 9. Mech. A 
mechanism ; as, a straight-line motion ; a parallel motion. 
Syn. Motion, movement, move. Motion may be em- 
ployed with reference to anything not at rest ; movement 
oftener suggests a definite, regulated, or (esp.) progressive 
motion ; as, the water, child, clock, world is always in mo- 
tion ; a retrograde movement. A move is a definite change 
of position or a step in an undertaking, usually in execut- 
ing a purpose ; as, the next move in the game. 

— v. i. To gesture, as with the hand. — v. t. To direct or 
invite by a motion, as of the hand. 

mo'tion-less, a. Without motion ; being at rest. 

motion picture. A moving picture. 

mo'ti-vate (mo'ti-vat), v. t. ; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'tng. To 
provide with a motive ; impel ; incite. — mo'ti-va'tion, n. 

mo'tive (mo'tiv), n. [F. motif, fr. LL., fr. L. movere, mo- 
tum, to move.] 1. That which incites to action, prompts 
or excites to choice, or moves the will. 2. A motif. 3. Mu- 
sic. The theme or subject ; a leading phrase or passage 
which is reproduced and varied through the course of a 
composition or a movement ; a short figure out of which a 
whole movement may be developed. See also leitmotif. 
Syn. Influence, incitement, inducement, incentive, im- 
pulse, instigation, stimulus, spur, consideration, cause, 
reason. — Motive, inducement, incentive, impulse. A 
motive is in general a consideration determining choice or 
inducing action ; an inducement is consideration held out 
to persuade, esp. to some particular action ; an incentive 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite.' urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MOTTVITY 



637 



MOUNTEBANK 



stirs or incites to performance ; an impulse is esp. an un- 
premeditated or involuntary feeling prompting to action ; 
as, his motive was to avoid trouble ; wealth and honor are 
inducements to industry ; obstacles are often incentives (not 
inducements) to industry ; yielding to impulses often causes 
misfortune. See cause. 

— a. 1. Causing motion ; able or tending to move ; pertain- 
ing to motion. 2. Pertaining to a motive or motives, 
motive power, any power, as water, steam, wind, elec- 
tricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery ; a motor ; 
a mover ; — also used fig. 

— v. t. ; -tived (-tivd) ; -tiv-ing. 1. To prompt or incite by 
or as a motive or motives ; move. 2. To connect with the 
controlling idea of a work, as in art, literature, etc.; to 
bring into unity with the main purpose. 

mo-tiv'i-ty (mo-tiv'i-ti), n. The power of moving. 
mot'ley (mot'lT), a. 1. Variegated in color; party-colored. 

2. Wearing motlev clothing. 3. Composed of diverse parts ; 

discordantly composite. 

— n. ; pi. -leys. 1. A garment of motley cloth ; also, the 
cloth, as the dress of the professional fool. 2. A jester ; fool. 
06s. 3. A mixture, esp. an incongruous one, as of colors. 

mot'mot (mot'mot), n. Any of a numerous subfamily 
(Momotinse) of tropical American jaylike birds. They trim 
their tailfeathers in the shape of a racket. [cycle, etc.j 

mo'to-car', n., mo'to-cy-cle, n., etc. See motor car, motor| 

mo-tom'e-ter (mo-tom'e-ter), n. [L. mover e, motum, 
to move + -meter."] Mach. A speed counter, as for a steam 
engine ; also, a speedometer. 

mo'tor (mo'ter), n. [L., fr. movere, motum, to move.] 1. 
One who, or that which, imparts motion. 2. Mach. A prime 
mover, as a steam engine or water wheel ; esp. : a An elec- 
tric motor, b A small, compact, powerful engine, esp. a 
gasoline engine, for use in an automobile, motor boat, or 
the like. 3. An automobile. 

— a. 1. Causing or imparting motion. 2. Anat. & Physiol. 
Designating, or pertaining to, a nerve or nerve fiber which 
passes from a ganglion or from the central nervous system 
to a muscle and by the impulse (motor impulse) which 
it transmits causes movement. Loosely, any efferent nerve, 
as opposed to a sensory or afferent nerve. 3. Psychol. In- 
volving, or pertaining to, consciousness of action ; as, mo- 
tor impulse ; motor imagery. 

— v. i. To ride in, or travel by, an automobile. 

motor boat, or mo'tor-boat ; , n. A boat propelled by a 
motor, esp. by a gasoline engine. 

motor bus, or mo'tor-bus', n. An automobile bus. 

motor car, or mo'tor-car', n. An automobile. 

motor cycle, or mo'tor-cy'cle, n. A bicycle having a 
motor attached so as to be self-propelled. 

mo'tor-drome (mo'ter-drom), n. [motor + -drome."] A 
course or track, usually inclosed, where motor-driven vehi- 
cles are raced either in speed tests or in competition. 

motor generator. The combination consisting of a genera- 
tor and a driving motor mechanically connected. 

mo-to'ri-al (mo-to'rl-al ; 57), a. Anat. & Physiol. Motor. 

mo'tor-ist, n. One who motors, esp. habitually. 

mo'tor-ize (mo'ter-Tz), v. t. To substitute motor-driven 
vehicles, or automobiles, for the horses and horse-drawn 
vehicles of (a fire department, city, etc.). 

mo'tor-man (-man), n. A man who drives a motor ; esp., 
U. S. & Canada, the driver of an electric car or electric 
locomotive, as on a street railway, elevated road, etc. 

mo'tor-y (mo'ter-i) , a. Anat. & Physiol. Motor. Rare. 

||mot-tet'tO (mot-tefto), n.;pl. -ti (-te). [It.] = motet. 

mot'tle (mot'l), v. t.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). [From 
mottled.] To mark with spots or blotches of different 
colors, or shades, as if stained ; spot ; blotch. — n. 1. In pi. 
Colored spots. 2. An appearance of, or the arrangement of, 
colored spots or cloudings on a surface. 

mot'tled (-'Id), a. [From motley.] Marked with spots of 
different colors ; variegated ; spotted. 

mot'to (mot'o), n. ; pi. -toes (-oz). [It., a word, a saying, 
fr. F. mot, L. muttum a mutter, grunt.] 1. A sentence, 
phrase, or word inscribed or borne on something as appro- 
priate to, or indicative of, its character or use, as a phrase 
or word forming part of a heraldic achievement, or a short 
quotation prefixed to an essay, discourse, etc. 2. A maxim. 

mouch (mooch), v. i. To skulk or sneak about ; loaf ; loiter. 
Obs. or Dial. & Slang. — v. t. To steal ; pilfer. 

|| mou'choir' (moo'shwar'), n. [F.] A handkerchief. 

mouf'lon \ (moof'lon), n. [F. mouflon.] Any of various 

moufflon/ wild sheep, esp. one {Ovis musimon) of Sar- 
dinia and Corsica, with large curving horns in the male. 

|] mouille' (moo/ya'), a. [F., lit., wet.] Phon. Softened in 
sound ; palatalized ; — said of certain consonant sounds, 
as that of French ill, il, when not initial (e. g., raiZZeur 
[ra/yur'] ), of French an (like ni in minion, but pronounced 
in one wave of sound), of Italian gli and gn, etc. 

mou-jlk' (moo-zhik' ; moo'zhik). Var. of muzhik. 

mould, mould'er, moult, etc. Vars. of mold, etc. 

II raou'lin' (moo'l&N'), n. [F., lit., a mill, fr. L. molinum.] 



A nearly vertical shaft enlarged from a crack in a glacier by 
the falling surface water. 

mound (mound), v. t. l.To inclose, fortify, or bound with 
a fence, mound, or rampart. 2. To form into, or heap up 
like, a mound. — n. An artificial elevation of earth ; ram- 
part ; also, an isolated natural hill, hillock, or knoll of even 
or rounded outline. 

mound, n. [F. monde the world, L. mundus the world] 
A ball or globe forming part of the regalia of an emperor or 
other sovereign ; — called also globe. 

mound builder. 1. Ethnol. One of the North American 
aborigines who built extensive burial and fortification 
mounds, esp. in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys ; — 
usually in pi. 2. A mound bird. See megapode. 

mount (mount), n. [AS. munt, fr. L. mons, montis.] 1. A 
mountain; high hill; — now poetic, exc. in names; as, 
Mount Sinai. 2. A mound, as for a fort. Obs. 3. Palmis- 
try. One of the fleshy swellings of the palm, supposed to 
indicate traits; as, the mount of Venus, at the base of 
the thumb, indicating love, sense of harmony. 

mount, v. i. [F. monter, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.] 
1. To rise ; ascend ; — often used with up. 2. To get up (on 
something, as a platform) ; esp., to seat one's self on an 
animal for riding. 3. To rise or increase in amount ; as, 
debts mount fast. — v. t. l.To ascend ; climb ; place or 
seat one's self on. 2. To put or place (on something ele- 
vated) ; as, to mount a statue on its pedestal. 3. To cause 
to mount, or get on horseback ; furnish with animals for 
riding. 4. To put upon something that sustains and fits for 
use or that preserves, as a gun on a carriage, a map on cloth, 
an object on a microscope slide, etc. 5. To be armed or 
equipped with ; as, the fort mounts twenty 12-inch guns. 
6. To prepare and set up in a natural position or attitude 
(the skin or skeleton of an animal). 7. To furnish with nec- 
essary appurtenances, esp. for exhibition ; as, to mount a 
play. 8. To put on or show one's self in (an article of cloth- 
ing). 9. To cover, as a horse. — Syn. See ascend. 

— n. 1. Act or manner of mounting ; as, the pedal mount in 
bicycling. 2. That on which a person or thing is mounted, 
as : a horse for riding ; a bicycle ; the board or flat object 
bearing a drawing, photograph, etc. ; the structure support- 
ing a cannon, including the carriage proper ; the glass slide, 
with its accessories, holding objects for examination with a 
microscope, etc. 3. An opportunity or act of riding horse- 
back, esp. in a race. Colloq. 

mount'a-ble (moun'td-b'l), a. That may be mounted. 

mountain (moun'tin), n. [F. montagne, fr. LL., fr. L. 
mons, montis, a mountain.] 1. Any elevation higher than 
a hill, and often abrupt, but without great extent of surface 
at its summit ; in pi., a group of such elevations. 2. A great 
mass ; vast amount or quantity. 

the Mountain (la Montagne), French Hist., the extreme 
revolutionary faction in the National Convention during 
the French Revolution, who occupied the highest seats. 

mountain ash. Any of several malaceous trees (genus Sor~ 
bus) having ashlike leaves and bearing bright red berries. 

mountain cranberry. A low evergreen vacciniaceous shrub 
(Vitis-idsea vitis-idaea) of high north temperate regions, 
with white, bell-shaped flowers, and dark red berries. 

mountain damson. A West Indian tree (Simarouba 
amara) whose bitter bark is used in medicine as a tonic 
and astringent. 

mountain dew. Whisky, esp. Scotch whisky, illicitly dis- 
tilled among the mountains. Colloq. 

moun / tain-eer / (-ti-ner'), n. 1. Inhabitant of a mountain 
region. 2. Mountain climber. — v. i. To climb mountains. 

mountain goat. A goatlike mammal (Oreamnos monta- 
nus) of the mountains of northwestern North America. 

mountain laurel. An American ericaceous shrub (Kalmia 
lalifolia) with glossy evergreen 
leaves and rose-colored or white 
flowers. The foliage is poison- 
ous if eaten. It is called also 
American laurel, ivy or moun- 
tain ivy, calico bush, etc. 

moun'tain-ous (moun'tT-nus), 
o. 1. Containing, or abounding 
in, mountains ; of the nature 
of a mountain. 2. Huge. 

mountain sickness. Med. A 
disease of high altitudes, due 
to the rarefaction of the air. 
It is marked by difficulty of 
breathing, fatigue, general de- 
bility, and, often, headache 
and nausea. 

mountain specter or spectre. 
An optical phenomenon sometimes seen on the summit oi 
mountains when the observer is between the sun and a 
mass of cloud. The figures of the observer and surrounding 
objects are seen projected on the cloud, greatly enlarged. 

moun'te-bank (moun'te-bank), n. [It. montimbanco; 
montare to mount -+- in in, on + banco bench.] 1. One 




Mountain Laurel. Flower- 
ing branch. 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. - equals. 



MOUNTED 



638 



MOVINGNESS 



who mounts a bench or stage in a public place and sells 
quack medicines. 2. Any boastful and unscrupulous pre- 
tender ; charlatan. — Syn. See impostor. 

mount'ed (moun'ted ; 24), p. a. That is or has been mount- 
ed ; specif., seated, serving, or performed on horseback or 
the like ; as, mounted police. 

mount'er (moun'ter), n. One who, or that which, mounts. 

mount'ing, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, mounts. 

2. That which serves as a mount for anything ; setting. 
mourn (morn ; 57), v. i. [AS. murnan.~\ 1. To express or 

to feel sorrow ; grieve ; lament ; esp., to lament some one's 
death. 2. To wear the customary garb of a mourner. 3. 
To make a low sound likened to moaning ; — said esp. of 
certain doves. See mourning dove. — v. t. 1. To grieve 
for ; lament ; deplore ; bewail. 2. To utter in a mournful 
manner or voice. — Syn. See grieve. — mourn'er, n. 

mourn'ful (morn'fool), a. 1. Full of, expressing, or indi- 
cating sorrow. 2. Causing sorrow ; saddening. — Syn. 
Sorrowful, lugubrious, sad, doleful, dolorous. — mourn'- 
ful-ly, adv. — mourn'ful-ness, n. 

mourn'ing, vb. n. 1. Act of sorrowing, esp. for a person's 
death ; lamentation. 2. Garb, drapery, or emblems indica- 
tive of grief, esp. clothing, or a badge, of black. 
mourning dove, a wild dove (Zenaidura macroura) of 
the United States. It has a plaintive note. Cf. mourn, v. i., 

3. — m. paper, note or letter paper with a black border. 
mourn'ing-ly, adv. In a mourning manner. 

mouse (mous), n. ; pi. mice (mis). [AS. mils, pi. mys.~] 

1. Any of numerous species of small rodents, esp. the house 
mouse (M us musculus), now found throughout most of 
the world. 2. Naut. a A knob made on a rope with spun 
yarn or the like, as to prevent a running eye from slipping. 
D = mousing, 2. 

— (mouz), v. i.; moused (mouzd), mous'ing (mouz'Tng). 1. 
To hunt or watch for and catch mice. 2. To watch for or 
pursue anything slily or diligently ; to pry about. — v. t. 
To search for patiently and carefully. 

mouse bird. See coly. 

mouse'— ear', n. 1. The forget-me-not. 2. A European 
hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), with soft hairy leaves. 

mous'er (mouz'er), n._ 1. An animal, as a cat, that catches 
mice. 2. One who pries about looking for something. 

mouse'tail' (mous'talO, n. Any of a genus (Myosurus) of 
ranunculaceous plants, with a tail-like torus to the flower. 

mous'ing (mouz'ing),n. 1. Hunting or catching mice. 2. 
Naut. A turn or lashing of spun yarn or small stuff, or a 
metallic fastening uniting the point and shank of a hook. 

|] mous'que-taire' (moos'ke-tar'), n. [F.] A musketeer; 
esp. [cap.], a French royal musketeer of the 17th and 18th 
centuries, noted for daring and dandyism. See soldier, 
Illust. 

mousse (moos), n. [F.] Cookery. A frozen dessert of a 
frothy texture, made of sweetened and flavored whipped 
cream, sometimes with egg yolks and gelatin added. 
mousse'line' (mobs'len'), n. [F.] Muslin. 
mousseline' de laine' ( de len' ). [ F., muslin of wool ] 
Muslin delaine. 

mous-tache' (mus-tash'j m66s-). Var. of mustache. 

mous'y (mouz'i; mous'T), a. 1. Of or like a mouse. 2. 
Quiet like a mouse. 3. Infested with mice ; smelling of mice. 

mouth (mouth), n. ; pi. mouths (mouthz). [AS. muS.] 1. 
The opening through which an animal re- 
ceives food ; also, the cavity containing the 
tongue and teeth (when present), or the 
parts inclosing this cavi 

Section of Hum 
Mouth and ad j ace 
Structures. 1 Interi 
of Nasal Fossa ; 2, 3 
Superior, Middle, 
and Inferior Tur- 
binated Bones ; 5 
Opening of Nasal 
Duct; 6 Sphe- 
noid Bone ; 7 Inte- 
rior of Pharynx ; 8 n <" fg v ; ■■,;■ 
Opening of Eu- " ~ VMW 
stachian Tube ; 9 
Hard Palate; 10 
Soft Palate; 11 
Uvula; 12 Tonsil: 
13 Tongue; 14 
Epiglottis ; 15 In- 
terior of Esopha- 
gus ; 16 Cricoid 
Cartilage ; 17 In- 
terior of Larynx ; 
18 Thyroid Carti- 
lage ; 19 Hyoid 
Bone. 

2. This opening as the means of speech or voice. 3. An 
opening suggestive of a mouth, esp. for entrance or exit ; 
orifice ; aperture ; as : a The opening of a vessel by which 
it is filled or emptied, b The opening or entrance of any 
cavity^as a cave , pit, well, etc. C The op ening through 




which a piece of ordnance is discharged, d The opening 
through which the waters of a stream are discharged, e 
The entrance into a harbor, f The opening between the 
jaws of a vise or similar tool, g The opening between the 
lips of an organ pipe ; also, an opening in a flute or similar 
instrument across which the performer blows. 4. A wry 
face ; a grimace ; as, to make mouths at one. 

— (mouth), v. t. 1. To utter with a voice affectedly big or 
swelling ; declaim. 2. To seize with the mouth or teeth ; 
mumble. 3. To accustom (a horse) to the bit and bridle. 

— v. i. 1. To declaim ; vociferate ; rant. 2. To grimace. 
mouthed (mouthd; moutht), a. 1. Furnished with a 

mouth. 2. Having (such) a mouth ; using the mouth or 
voice in a particular way ; — only in composition. 

mouth'er (moutb/er), n. One who mouths. 

mouth'ful (mouth'fobl), n. ; pi. mouthfuls (-fo"61z). 1. a 
As much as the mouth holds, b As much as is usually put 
into the mouth at one time. 2. A small quantity. 

mouth organ. Music, a The Panpipe, b A harmonicon. 

mouth'piece' (-pes'), n. 1. Something placed at or form- 
ing a mouth. 2. Thepart of a musical or other instrument 
to which the mouth is applied. 3. A spokesman. 

mouth'y (moutb/I; mouth'!), a. Garrulous; bombastic. 

|| mou'ton'nee' (moo'to'na'), a. Also mou'ton'need' 
(-nad' ). [F. moutonnee.'] Phys. Geoff. Rounded like a 
sheep's back. 

mov'a-bil'i-ty (moov'd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being movable. 

mov'a-ble (moov'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being moved; 
not fixed or stationary. 2. Changing from one date to an- 
other ; as, movable church feasts. — n. A thing capable of 
being moved ; specif. : [Usually in pi."] a Law. Personal 
property that can be moved, b An article of furniture. — 
mov'a-ble-ness, n. — mov'a-bly, adv. 

move (moov), v. t.; moved (moovd) ; mov'ing (moov'ing). 
[OF. moveir (3d pi. pres. muevent), fr. L. mover e.~\ 1. To 
change the place or position of ; shift. 2. Specif., Chess, 
Checkers, etc., to transfer (a piece or man) from one posi- 
tion to another, according to the rules; as, to move a king. 
3. To set or keep in motion ; stir ; drive ; actuate ; as, the 
wind moved the reeds. 4. To excite to action ; rouse ; influ- 
ence ; impel ; as, fear moved him to recant. 5. To arouse 
the feelings or passions of ; as, the sad tale deeply moved 
them. 6. To propose ; recommend ; specif., to propose for- 
mally in a deliberative assembly ; also, to submit a proposal 
to. 7. Med. To cause to operate, as the bowels. 8. Com. 
To cause to move, or be sold. 

Syn. Induce, cause, animate, stimulate, actuate, impel, 
prompt, incite, instigate, provoke, kindle, spur, goad. — 
Move, actuate, impel, prompt, incite, instigate. 
Move is the general term for stirring one to action ; actu- 
ate suggests more definitely the inner springs or motives of 
conduct. To impel is to move (esp. to almost involuntary 
action) as if by a push forward ; to prompt is to stimulate 
to act, as by suggestion ; as, impelled by ambition ; the 
sight of the orange prompted the child to reach out its hand. 
Incite and instigate agree in the idea of stirring to action ; 
to instigate is commonly to incite to evil ; as, incited to 
noble deeds ; an assault instigated by enemies. 

— v. i. 1. To change place, position, or posture ; stir ; pro- 
ceed ; advance. 2. To exercise one's activities ; as, to move 
in society. 3. To act; stir ; begin to act. 4. Chess, Checkers, 
etc. To make a move. 5. To change residence. 6. Of the 
bowels, to have an evacuation. 7. To make an appeal, appli- 
cation, etc. ; — with for. 8. Com. To be sold or exchanged. 

— n. Act of moving ; a movement ; as : a Chess, Checkers, 
etc. Act of moving a piece or man (see move, v. t.,2); an 
instance of this ; also, a turn to move, b An act for the 
attainment of an object ; a step or device ; as, a shrewd 
move. — Syn. See motion. 

move'a-ble, rnove'a-bly, etc. Vars. of movable, etc. 

move'ment (mobv'ment), n. 1. Act of moving ; change of 
place or position ; a particular act or manner of moving. 2. 
A system of mechanism for transmitting or transforming 
motion. 3. A series of acts and events tending toward some 
definite end ; as, the reform movement. 4. An effect as of 
motion, as in a painting. 5. Music, a = motion, 6. b 
Rhythm ; as, a dance movement. C = time (meter), d = 
tempo, e A distinct structural division of an extended 
composition, as a sonata or symphony. 6. Mil. & Nav. A 
component part of a maneuver or evolution. 7. An act of 
evacuation of the bowels. — Syn. See motion. 

mov'er (moov'er), n. One who, or that which, moves. 

mov'ie (moov'i), n. A moving picture or a moving picture 
show ; — commonly used attributively or in pi. Colloq. 

mov'ing (-ing), p. a. 1. Changing place or posture ; caus- 
ing motion, movement, or action. 2. Exciting movement 
of the mind ; touching ; pathetic. — Syn. See affecting. 
— mov'ing-ly, adv. — mov'ing-ness, n. 
moving picture, a series of pictures, usually photographs 
taken with a special machine, presented to the eye in very 
rapid succession, with some or all of the objects in the pic- 
ture represented in slightly changed positions, producing, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; natijre, verdure (87); 



MOW 



639 



MULCT 



by persistence of vision, the optical effect of a continuous 
picture in which the objects move. The usual form of 
moving pictures is that produced by the cinematograph. 

— m. sidewalk, a sidewalk constructed on the principle 
of an endless belt, so that a person on it is carried along. 

— m. staircase, m. stairway. = escalator. 

mow (mou), n. [AS. muga.] A heap or mass of hay or of 
sheaves of grain stowed in a barn ; also, the place in a barn 
for such stowing. — v. t. To lay, as hay, in a mow. 

mow (mo ; mou), n. [F. moue.] A grimace ; a mocking 
face ; a mouth. — v. i. To grimace. Both Now Rare. 

mow (mo), v. t. pret. mowed (mod) ; p. p. mowed or mown 
(mon) ; p. pr & vb. n. mow'ing. [AS. mawan.~] 1. To cut 
down, as grass, with a scythe or machine. 2. To cut the 
grass from. 3. To cut down ; cause to fall in rows or masses ; 

— used with down; as, the machine guns mowed down the 
men. — v. i. To cut grass, etc. [mowing machine. I 

mow'er (mo'er). n. One who, or that which, mows;_a| 

mowing maclJJOft. An agricultural machine armed with 
knives or cutters :or mowing standing grass, etc. 

mox'a (mok'sd), n. [Corrupt, of Jap. mogusa a kind of 
cautery.] 1. A woolly substance prepared from the young 
leaves of a Chinese wormwood (Artemisia moxa), and 
used as a cautery by burning it on the skin; any sub- 
stance similarly used. 2. Plant from which this is obtained. 

Moz-ar'ab (moz-iir'ab), n. [Sp. mozdrabe, fr. Ar. mosta'rib 
a name applied to strange tribes living among the Arabs.] 
Eccl. Hist. A member of any of certain ancient congrega- 
tions of Spanish Christians, which existed under the Moors, 
and had a liturgv of their own. 

mo-zef ta (mo-zet'd), moz-zef ta (It. mot-set'ta), n. [It. 
mozzetta.] R. C. Ch. A cape with a small hood, worn over 
the cope by the Pope and others. 

Mr. (mis'ter). The written form of the title Mister. 

Mrs. (mis'is ; -Iz). The written form of the title Mistress. 

mu (mii ; moo ; mii), n. [Gr. /iD.] The twelfth letter [M, 
fi] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English M, m. 

much (much), a.; compar. more; superl. most; — both 
from another root. [ME. moche, muche, same as mochel, 
muchel, AS. mycel, micel.] 1. Great in quantity, extent, 
or duration. 2. Many in number. Archaic. — n. 1. A 
great or an indefinite quantity. 2. A thing uncommon, 
wonderful, noticeable, or considerable ; as, it is much to be 
gentle. 

J2F 3 Much in sense 1 can be regarded as an adjective quali- 
fying a word unexpressed, and may, therefore, be modified 
by as, so, too, very. 

— adv. 1. To a great degree or extent ; greatly. 2. Nearly ; 
almost ; as, they are much of an age. 

much/ness (much'nes), n. Greatness; extent. Colloq. 

mu'cic (mu'sik), a. [L. mucus mucus.] Org. Chem. Per- 
taining to or designating a dibasic acid, (CHOH)4(C02H)2, 
obtained by the oxidation of gums, lactose, etc. 

mu'cid (mu'sld), a. [L. mucidus, fr. L. mucus mucus.] 
Musty ; moldy ; also, slimy ; mucous. 

mu'ci-lage (mu'si-laj),?!. [F., fr. L. mucilago a musty 
juice, rnucere to be mucid.] 1. Bot. A gelatinous substance 
produced in certain plants by the action of water on the 
various celluloses or pectoses. 2. An aqueous solution of 
gum or the like used as an adhesive. 

mu'ci-lag'i-nous (-laj'i-niis), a. 1. Moist and viscid or 
sticky. 2. Of, pert, to, or secreting, mucilage, as a cell. 

mu'cin (mu'sin), n. [From mucus.] Physiol. Chem. A 
glucoproteid imparting to various mucous secretions their 
ropy character, and also found between the fibers of con- 
nective tissue, as in tendons. — mu'cin-OUS (-sl-n&s), o. 

muck (muk), n. 1. Moist dung ; manure. 2. Any impure or 
decayed peat or black swamp earth, esp. when used as a 
manure. 3. Filth ; an obnoxious mess. — v. t. 1. To ma- 
nure with muck. 2. To defile with muck. Colloq. or Dial. 

muck rake. A rake for scraping up muck or dung. 

muck'rake' (muk'raV), v. i. To rake up muck ; hence, usu- 
ally, to seek for, expose, or charge, esp. habitually, corrup- 
tion, real or alleged, on the part of public men and corpora- 
tions ; — a term originally alluding to a character in Bun- 
yan's "Pilgrim's Progress." — muck'rak'er (-rak'er), n. 

muck'worm' (muk'wurm'), n. 1. A larva or grub that 
lives in muck or manure. 2. A miser. 

muck'y (-1), a. Filthy with muck ; miry. 

mu'coid (rcuVkoid), a. [mucus+-oid.] Resembling mucus. 

mu'coid, n. [mucin + -oid.] Chem. Any of a group of 
glucoproteids resembling mucin. They occur in the vitreous 
humor and the cornea, in connective tissue, etc. 

mu'co-pu'ru-lent (mu'ko-pu'roo-lent), a. Med. Having the 
appearance of or containing, both mucus and pus. 

mu-cos'i-ty (mu-kos'i-ti), n. Quality of being mucous. 

mu'cous (mu'kus), a. [L. mucosus.] 1. Of, pert, to, or 
resembling, mucus. 2. Secreting or containing mucus. 
mucous membrane, Anat., the lining membrane of those 
cavities of the body that communicate with the exterior. 

mu'cro (mu'kro), n. ; pi. E. mucros (-kroz), L. mucrones 
(-kro'nez). [L.] Bot. & Zo'ol. Any abrupt point, tip, or 
process, as that which terminates some leaves. _ 



mu'cro-nate (-kro-nat) \ a. [L. mucronatus.l Abruptly 

mu'cro-nat'ed (-nat'ed)/ pointed. See leaf, Illust. 

mu'CUS (mu'kiis), n. [L.J A viscid, slippery secretion of 
mucous membrane, which it moistens and protects. 

mud (mud), n. A slimy or pasty mixture of earth and 
water; mire. — v. t. To muddy. Now Rare. 

mud'di-ly (-T-li), adv. In a muddy manner. 

mud'di-ness, n. State or quality of being muddy. 

mud'dle (mud''l), v. t.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). [From 
mud.} 1. To cloud or stupefy ; stupefy with liquor. 2. To 
mix confusedly ; make a mess of. — n. 1. A state of being 
turbid or confused ; hence, intellectual cloudiness. 2. A 
confused mixture ; a mess. — mud'dler (-ler), n. 

mud'dy (-1), a.; -di-er (-f-er) ; -di-est. 1. Abounding in 
mud ; besmeared, dashed, or turbid with or as with mud. 
2. Consisting of mud ; gross ; impure. 3. Confused ; mud- 
dled. 4. Not clear or bright ; cloudy. — Syn. See turbid. 

—y. t. ; -died (-Id) ; -dy-ing (-i-Tng). 1. To soil with mud ; 
dirty. 2. To cloud ; make dull or heavy. 

mud'fisb/ (mud'fTsh'), n. Any of several fishes which fre- 
quent muddy water or burrow in the mud, as the common 
European loach, the bowfin, any lepidosiren, etc. 

mud puppy, a The hellbender, b Any of several American 
salamanders (genus Ambystoma). 

mud'sill' (mud'sTF), n. The lowest sill or timber of a 
house or other structure, usually embedded in the soil. 

mud'stone' (-ston'), n. Geol. Coarse-grained, gritty shale, 
with little or no '-mination. 

mu-ez'zin (mu-ez'in), n. [Ar. muedhdhin."] A Moham- 
medan crier of the hour of prayer. Cf. minaret. 

muff (muf), n. [See muffle.] 1. A soft, thick cover to 
protect the hands from the cold. 2. Colloq. a A stupid or 
inefficient person, b A bungler. 3. A bungling ; a clumsy 
failure ; failure to hold a ball, as in baseball, in attempting 
to catch it. — v. t. & i. To handle awkwardly ; bungle ; to 
make a muff. 

muffin (muf'Tn), n. [From muff.] A small light cake 
slightly sweetened, served hot for breakfast or tea. 

mui/fin-eer'' (muFin-er'), n. A vessel with a perforated 
top for sprinkling muffins with sugar, spice, salt, etc. 

muffle (mufl), n. The bare end of the nose, as of cows. 

muffle, n. [F. moufle, prop., a mitten, OF. mofle.] 1. 
Anything with which another thing is muffled. 2. An oven 
used in a furnace to heat the contents without exposing 
them directly to the fire. — v. t. ; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling. 1. 
To wrap up so as to conceal or protect ; hence, to conceal 
or cover the face of. 2. To deaden the sound of by wrap- 
ping, as an oar or drum ; to deaden the noise of (escaping 
gases) by any of various devices. 

muffler (-ler), n. Anything used in muffling ; as : a A scarf 
for the throat, b A sort of veil or scarf for women. C A mit- 
ten with a thumb, d Mach. Any of various devices for 
deadening noises. 

mufti (-ti), n. ; pi. -tis (-tiz). [Ar. mufti.'] An official ex- 
pounder of Mohammedan law, often an assessor to a court. 

mufti, n. Citizen's dress when worn by one who usually 
wears a uniform. Colloq., Chiefly Eng. 

mug (mug), n. 1. A kind of earthen or metal drinking cup. 
2. The quantity a mug holds. 3. Slang, a The face or 
mouth, b A grimace. 

mug'ger (mug'er), n. [Hind, magar, fr. Skr. makara sea 
monster.] The common, man-eating crocodile (Crocodilus 
palustris) of India, the East Indies, etc. Cf. gavial. 

mug'gi-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being muggy. 

mug'gins (mug'inz), n. 1. A game of dominoes in which 
the object is to make the sum of the two ends of the line 
some multiple of five. 2. Any of several simple card games 
that depend upon building in suits or matching exposed 
cards. 

mug'gy (mug'i), a.; -gi-er (-I-er) ; -gi-est. Warm, damp, 
and close ; as, muggy weather. 

mug'wump' (-wumpO, n. [Algonquian mugquomp a 
chief.] Originally, a bolter from the Republican party in 
1884 ; hence, anindependentin politics. — mug'wump'er-y 
(-er-i), mug'wump-ism (-iz'm),n. AllPolit. Cant, U. S. 

Mu-hanfmad-an (moo-ham'd-dan), Mu-ham'med-an, a. 
& n. Mohammedan. — _Mu-ham'mad-an-ism (-Iz'm), n. 

mu-jik' (moo-zhik' ; mob'zhik). Var. of muzhik. 

mu-lafto (mu-lat'o), n. ; pi. -toes (-oz). [Sp. & Pg. mu- 
latto hybrid, fr. mulo mule, L. mulus.~\ The offspring of a 
negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a negro ; 
hence, a person of mixed Caucasian and negro blood. 

mufber-ry (mul'ber-i), n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). [AS. morbeam 
mulberry tree (L. morum mulberry) -f- E. berry.] Any of 
a genus (Morus), typifying a family (Moracex), of trees 
bearing an edible, berrylike fruit, usually dark purple. The 
leaves, esp. of the white mulberry (M. alba), serve as food 
for silkworms. 

mulch (mulch ; mulsh), n. Agric. Any substance, as straw, 
used to protect roots of plants from heat, cold, or drought., 
or to keep fruit clean. — v. t. To cover with mulch. 

mulct (mulkt), n. [L. mulcta, multa.] A fine or penalty 



( 






k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



MULE 



640 



MUMBLE 



— v. t. ; mulct'ed ; mulct'ing. To fine for an offense or 
misdemeanor ; hence, to deprive of, as for punishment ; 
as, mulcted in the sum of one hundred dollars ; mulcted 
of his salary. 

mule (mill), n. [F., a she-mule, L. mula, f°m. of mulus] 
1. A hybrid between the horse and the ass ; esp., the off- 
spring of a male ass and a mare. Cf. hinny. 2. A very stub- 
born person. Colloq. 3. Spinning. A machine for simul- 
taneously drawing and twisting (spinning) cotton, wool, 
etc., into yarn or thread and winding it into cops. 4. A 
kind of slipper without quarter or heel. 

tnu'le-teer' (mu'le-ter'), n. [F. muletier, fr. mulet a mule, 
dim. fr. L. mulus.'] A driver of mules. 

mul'ey (mool'i). Var. of mulley. 

mu'li-efo'ri-ty (mu'li-eb'n-ti), n. [L. muliebritas, fr. mu- 
liebris of a woman, mulier woman.] Womanhood ; char- 
acteristics or qualities of a woman ; — correlative of virility. 

mul'ish (mul'ish), a. Like a mule; hence: sullen; stub- 
born. — mul'ish-ly, adv. — mul'ish-ness, n. 

mull (mul), n. [Hind. & Per. malmal.~\ A thin, soft muslin. 

mull, v. i. & t. [ME. mullen to pulverize.] To work men- 
tally ; cogitate ; ruminate ; — usually used with over; as, 
to mull over an idea. Colloq., U. S. 

mull, v. t. To heat, sweeten, and spice ; as, to mull wine. 

mul'lah (mool'd ; mfil'd), n. [Ar. maula, commonly molla 
in Turkey.] In Mohammedan countries, a learned teacher 
or expounder of the law and dogmas of Mohammedanism. 

mul'lein (mul'in), mul'len (-en), n. [AF. moleine] Any 
of a large genus (Verbascum) of coarse scrophulariaceous 
herbs, mostly with large woolly leaves and terminal spikes 
of yellow, white, or purplish flowers. 

muil'er (mul'er), n. [ME. mullen to pulverize, _ bruise.] A 
stone, thick lump of glass, or kind of pestle, with flat bot- 
tom, for grinding pigments, drugs, etc., on a hard slab. 

mul'let (mul'et ; 24), n. [F. molette.'] Her. A star, usually 
five-pointed. 

mul'let, n. [P. mulet, dim. fr. "L.mullus.] 1. Any of afami- 
ly {Mugilidx) of stout-bodied fishes, occurring in streams 
and near the shores of most seas ; — disting. as gray mul- 
let. They are all valued as food. 2. Any of a family (Mul- 




One of the Gray Mullets (Mugll cephalus). 
lidze) of fishes, including the red mullet or surmullet 
(Mullus barbatus) esteemed by the Romans. 

mul'ley (mool'i; mul'i), n.; pi. -leys. 1. A mulley, or 
polled animal. U. S. 2. A cow. Dial, or a Child's Word. 

— a. Hornless ; polled ; — said of beef cattle. 

mul'li-ga-taw'ny (mul'i-gd-to'nT), n. [Tamil milagu-tan- 
riir pepper water.] An East Indian curry meat soup ; 

mul'li-grubs (mul'i-grubz), n. A griping of the intestines ; 
colic _; also, the sulks ; the blues. Slang. 

mullion (mul'yun), n. [Corrupt, of munnion, Y.moignon 
stump of an amputated limb, stump.] 
Arch. A vertical bar or pier between win- 
dow lights, screens, etc. — v. t. To fur- 
nish or divide with a mullion or mullions. 

mul-tan'gu-lar (mul-tarj'gu-ldr), a. [L. 
multangulus ; multus much, many + 
angulus angle.] Having many angles. 

mul'ti-(mul'ti-). A prefix from L. multus, 
meaning much or many ; several ; more 
than one ; as in : mul'ti-cel'lu-lar (-sel'- 
u-ldr), mul'ti-cos'tate (-kos'tat^mul 7 - 
ti-den'tate (-den'tat), mul'ti-po'lar 
(-po'ldr), mul'ti-valve (mul'ti-valv), 
mul'ti-val'vu-lar (-val'vu-ldr ), etc., 
having more than one cell, rib, tooth, etc. 

mul'ti-coil (mul'ti-koil), a. Possessing more than one coil, 
as the winding of an armature. 

mul'ti-fa'ri-OUS (-fa'rT-ws ; 3), a. [L. multifarius ; multus 
much, many. Cf . bifarious.] Having great diversity or va- 
riety ; diversified. — Syn. See manifold. — mul'ti-f a'ri- 
ous-ly, adv. — mul'ti-fa'ri-ous-ness, n. 

mul'ti-fid (mul'ti-fid), a. [L. multifidus; multus much, 
many + findere to split.] Cleft into several or many parts, 

mul'ti-fold (-fold), a. Many times doubled ; manifold. 

mul'ti-fo'li-O-late (mul'tT-fo'li-6-lat), a. Having many 
leaflets. See leaf, Illust. 

mul'ti-form (-fSrm), a. [L. multiformis] Having many 
forms or shapes. — mul'ti-ior'mi-ty (-f6r'mi-ti), n. 

mul'ti-graph (mul'ti-graf), n. A combined rotary type- 
setting and printing machine. 




Mullion. 
a Mullions ; 
b b b Transom. 



a 



mul'ti-lat'er-al (-lat'er-dl), a. Having many sides. 

mul'ti-lin'e-al (-lin'e-dl) ( mul'ti-lin'e-ar (-dr), a. Having 
many lines. [loculi.l 

mul'ti-loc'U-lar (-lok'u-ldr), a. Having many or several| 

mul'ti-mil'lion-aire' (mul'tl-mil'yun-ar'), n. One having 
two or more million (dollars, pounds, francs, or the like). 

mul'ti-nom'i-nal (-nom'i-ndl), a. [L. multinominis ; 
multus many + nomen, nominis, name.] Having many 
names or terms. 

mul'ti-nu'cle-ar (-nQ'kle-dr), a. Multinucleate. 

mul'ti-nu'cle-ate (-nu'kle-at) \ a. Biol. Having sev- 

mul'ti-nu'cle-at'ed (-nu'kle-at'ed)/ eral or many nuclei. 

mul-tip'a-ra (mul-tip'd-rd), n.; pi. -ti-par^: (-re). [NL.] 
Med. A woman who has borne more than one child or is 
parturient the second time. 

mul-tip'a-rous (miil-tTp'd-rus) , a. Zool. Producing many, 
or more than one, offspring at a birth. 

mul'ti-par'tite (mul'ti-par'tTt), a. [L. multipartita. "] 
Divided into many parts ; having several parts. 

mul'ti-ped (mul'ti-ped), or -pede (-ped), a. [L. multipes, 
multipeda; multus many + pes, pedis, foot.] Having 
many feet. — n. A multiped animal. [phase. I 

mul'ti-phase (-faz), a. Having many phases ; Elec, poly-| 

mul'ti-plane (-plan), n. Aeronautics. An aeroplane with 
threeor more main planes arranged in a vertical series. 

mul'ti-ple (-p'l), a. 1. Containing more than one, or more 
than once ; manifold ; having several or many parts. 2, 
Elec. Designating a circuit having a number of conductors 
in parallel. — n. Math. The product of one number 
multiplied by another. 

mul'ti-plex (-pleks), a. [L. multiplex] 1. Manifold; 
multiple. 2. Elec. Pert, to or designating a system of teleg- 
raphy or telephony for transmitting, over a single wire, 
more than two messages in each direction at the same time. 

mul'ti-pli'a-ble (-pll'd-b'l ), mul'ti-pli-ca-ble (-pli-kd- 
b'l), a.. That can be multiplied. 

MlUl'ti-pli-cand' (-pli-kand' ; mul'ti-plT-kand'), n. [L. mul- 
tiplicands to be multiplied.] Math. The number that is 
to bemultiplied by another number called the multiplier. 

mul'ti-pli-cate (mul'ti-plT-kat), a. [L. multiplicatus, 
p. p. of multiplicare. See multiply.] Consisting of many 
or of more than one ; multiple ; multifold. 

mul'ti-pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or process of mul- 
tiplying ; state of being multiplied. 2. Math. Process of 
repeating or adding any given number or quantity a certain 
number of times ; commonly, the process of ascertaining by 
a briefer computation the result of such repeated additions, 
or the rule for doing so ; — the inverse of division. Sign, X. 

mul'ti-pli-ca-tive (mul'ti-pli-ka-tlv),a. Tending, or having 
the power, to multiply, or increase, numbers. 

mul'ti-plic'i-ty (-p]!s'i-tT),7i. -ties. [L. multiplicitas, fr. 
multiplex manifold.] Quality or state of being multiple, 
manifold, or various, or an instance of it ; also, a multitude. 

mul'ti-pli'er (mul'ti-pll'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
multiplies, or increases, as in numbers. 2. Math. The num- 
ber by which another number is multiplied. 3. Physics. An 
instrument or device for multiplying or intensifying some 
effect, as a coil of wire used to increase the amplitude of 
oscillations in an oscillating circuit. 

mul'Ji-ply (mul'tT-plI), v. t.; -plied (-plld) ; -ply'ing (-pli'- 
lng). [F. multiplier, L. multiplicare, p. p. -catus, fr. 
multiplex manifold.] 1. To increase in number ; add quan- 
tity to. 2. Math. To take by addition a certain number of 
times ; find the product of by multiplication. — - v. i. 1. To 
become greater in number ; become numerous. 2. To in- 
crease in extent and influence ; spread. 3. Math. To per- 
form multiplication. 

mul'ti-ply (-pli), adv. In the manner of a multiple. 

mul'ti-po'lar (-po'ldr), a. See multi-. 

mul'ti-tude (miil'ti-tud), n. [F., fr. L. multitudo, -dinis, 
fr. multus much, many.] 1. A crowd ; a large assembly. 
2. A great number of persons or things, regarded collec- 
tively. 3. State of being many ; numerousness. 
Syn. Multitude, crowd, throng. Multitude, now 
somewhat bookish, implies great numbers ; crowd, the com- 
mon term, denotes a multitude closely gathered or packed 
together without order ; throng, often suggesting a mov- 
ing multitude, heightens the implication of close pressure. 

mul'ti-tu'di-nous (-tu'dT : nus), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
being a multitude ; great in number, extent, or variety. — 
mul'ti-tu'di-nous-ly, adv. — mul'ti-tu'di-nous-ness, n. 

mul'ti-va'lent (mul'ti-va'lent ; mul-tiv'd-lent), a. Chem. 
1. Having a valence greater than one. 2. Having more 
than one degree of valence. — mul'ti-va'lence (-lens), n. 

mul'ti-valve (mul'ti-valv),mul / ti-val'vu-lar (-val'vu-ldr), 
a. Having many valves ; as, a multivalvular fruit. 

mum (mum), a. Silent ; not speaking. — inter j. Be silent! 

mum, n. [G. mumme.~\ A sort of strong ale or beer. 

mum, mumm (mum), v. t. ; mummed (mumd) ; mum'mtng. 
[p. mommen to mask, mom mask.] To mask ; specif., 
Eng., to go merrymaking in disguise at Christmastide. 

mum1)le (mum'b'l), v. i. & t.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bltng 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite,' dm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



MUMBLER 



641 



MUSCOVITE 



(-bling). [ME. momelen.'] 1. To speak thickly or ob- 
scurely with the lips partly closed ; mutter. 2. To chew 
softly with closed lips, or with little use of the teeth. — n. 
A mumbling ; a low, confused utterance. — mum'bjer, n. 

Mum'bo Jum'bo (mum'bo jum'bo), n. 1. Among the Ne- 
groes of the western Sudan, a bugbear by means of which 
the women are terrified and disciplined by societies of the 
men ; hence, loosely, any Negro idol, fetish, or bugaboo. 2. 
[Also I. c] PL mumbo jumbos (-boz). An object of su- 
perstitious homage and fear. 

inum/mer (mum'er), n. A mime; masker; buffoon. 

mum'mer-y (-1), n.; pi. -meries (-Tz). [F. momerie.]^ 1. 
Masking, as by mummers ; frolic in disguise. 2. Farcical 
show ; ceremonies regarded as ridiculous, hypocritical, etc. 

mum'mi-fy (mum'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing. To 
embalm and dry as a mummy ; make into or like a mummy. 

— mum'mi-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 

mum'my Onum'i), «.. ; pi. -mies (-iz). [F. momie, fr. Per. 
or Ar. mumiya mummy, bitumen, Per. mum wax.] A 
body of a human being or of an animal treated with preserva- 
tives after the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; hence, any 
dead body unusually well preserved. — v. t. To mummify. 

mump (mump), v. t. & i. 1. To mumble. 2. To beg ; 
sponge ; also, to cheat. 3. To be sulky. Dial. 

mump'er (miim/per), n. A beggar ; a begging impostor. 

mumps (mumps), n. ; pi. in form, but construed as sing. 
Med. A specific infectious febrile disorder characterized 
by a nonsuppurative inflammation of the parotid and other 
salivary glands and sometimes by a metastatic orchitis, 
oophoritis, or mastitis. 

mump'si-mus (mump'si-mus), n. [A blunder for the L. 
sumpsimus we have received, the story running that an 
aged priest, when corrected for saying mumpsimus in the 
service, declared that he would not change his old mumpsi- 
mus for the new sumpsimus.'] An error, esp. one due to 
ignorance, which one obstinately refuses to abandon. 

munch (munch), v. t. & i. To chew with a grinding, crunch- 
ing sound, as a beast chews provender. — munch'er, n. 

Mun-Chau'sen, Baron (mun-cho'zen). The pretended au- 
thor of a book (1st ed. 1785) of travels filled with the most 
extravagant fictions. — Mun-chau'sen-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

mun'dane (mun'dan), a. [L. mundanus, fr. mundus the 
world, an implement, toilet adornments, dress.] Of or 
pert, to the world; worldly; earthly; terrestrial; as, the 
mundane sphere. dane-ly, adv. Syn. — See earthly. 

mun'go (mur) 'go), n. A material of short fiber and inferior 
quality obtained by deviling woolen rags or remnants. 

mu-nic'i-pal (mft-nTs'i-pal), a. [L. municipalis, fr. mu- 
niceps an inhabitant of a town having Roman citizenship ; 
munia official duties + capere to take.] 1. Enjoying a 
local self-government ; — said esp. of a corporation proper 
(a town, borough, or city). 2. Of or pert, to, or character- 
istic of, such a corporation. 3. Of or pert, to the internal 
or governmental affairs of a state, kingdom, or nation. 

mu-nic'i-pal'i-ty (-pal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). A town, 
city, or other district having local self-government. 

mu-nic'i-pal-ize (mu-nis'i-pdl-Iz), v.t.; -ized _(-izd) ; -iz'- 
ing (-Iz'ing). To bring under municipal oversight or con- 
trol ; to transfer to municipal ownership or management. 

mu-nic'i-pal-ly (-T), adv. With relation to municipal af- 
fairs or government. [munificent; lavish generosity. I 

mu-nif'i-cence (-nif'i-sens), n. Quality or state of being| 

mu-nif'i-cent (-sent), a. [L. munificus ; munus service, 
gift + -ficus, fr. facere to make.] Very liberal in giving ; 
lavish ; also, characterized by great liberality or generosity. 

— Syn. See liberal. — mu-nif'i-cent-ly, adv. 
mu'ni-ment (mu'ni-ment), n. [OF., fr. L. munimentum 

a defense, fr. munire to fortify.] la Fortification. Obs. 
2. A means of defense ; munition ; support. Rare. 3. In pi. 
Law. The evidences or writings whereby one is enabled to 
defend the title to property ; esp., title deeds and papers. 

mu-ni'tion (mu-nish'un), n. [F., munition of war, L. mu- 
nitio fortification, munire to fortify.] 1. Fortification ; 
stronghold. Archaic. 2. Ammunition; also, stores and 
provisions ; hence, necessary equipment in general. 

— v. t. To provide with munitions. 

munt'jac,munt'jak(munt'jak),n. [Malay or Jav. mind- 
jangan.] Any of a genus (Muntiacus) of small deer of 
southeastern Asia and the East Indies; esp., a species (M. 
muntjak) of Java and the adjacent regions. 

mu-rae'na (mu-re'nd), n. [L., fr. Gr. ixvpaiva."] A moray. 

mu'ral (mu'ral), a. [F., fr. L. muralis, fr. murus wall.] 1. 
Of or pert, to a wall ; being on, in, or against a wall. 2. Re- 
sembling a wall, as in being steep. 

mural crown, Rom. Antiq., a golden crown, indented so 
as to resemble a battlement, be- 
stowed on him who first mounted 
the wall of a besieged place, and 
there lodged a standard. 

mur'der (mur'der), n. [ME. mor- 
der, morther, AS. mor8or.~] Law. 
The offense of unlawfully killing a Mural Crown 




human being with malice aforethought, express or implied. 

— v. t. 1. To commit murder. 2. Fig., to mutilate, spoil, 
or deform ; mangle. — Syn. See kill. 

mur/der-er, n. One who commits or is guilty of murder. 

— mur'der-ess, n. fern. 
mur'der-OUS (-us), a. Of, pert, to, or causing murder or 

bloodshed ; bloody ; bloodthirsty. — mur'der-0US-ly, adv. 
mure (mur), n. [L. murus; or F. mur ± fr. L.] A wall. 06s. 

— v. t.; mured (murd ) ; mur'ing (mur'ing). To immure. 
mu'rex (mu'reks), n.; pi. -rices (-rT-sez). [L., the purple 

fish.] Any of a genus (Murex) of marine gastropods, hav- 
ing a rough, often spinose, shell. From the murex the 
ancients obtained a purple dye. Also, any of a family 
(Muricidse) of which this genus is the type. 

mu'ri-ate (mu'rT-at), n. Chem. A salt of muriatic acid. 

mu'ri-at'ed (-at'ed ; 24), a. Containing much salt ; briny. 

mu/ri-at'ic (-at'ik), a. [L. muriaticus pickled, muria 
brine.] Pert, to brine or salt. Obs., exc. in muriatic acid, 
Chiefly Commercial, hydrochloric acid. 

mu'rine (mu'rln; -rin), a. [L. murinus, fr. mus, muris, 
mouse.] Belonging to a family (Muridx) or subfamily 
(Murinse) of widely distributed rodents, including the 
domestic rats and mice. — n. A murine rodent, [gloom. I 

murk(murk),a. [AS. myrce,mirce.'] Dark. — n. Darkness;! 

murk'y (mur'kT), a.; murk'i-er (-ki-er) ; -i-est. Dark; 
obscure ; gloomy. — murk'i-ly (-kT-li), adv. i-ness, n. 

mur'mur (mur'mur), n. [F. murmure.~\ 1. A low, con- 
fused, indistinct sound, as of running water. 2. A low, 
muttered comprint ; a grumble ; mutter. 3. Med. Any of 
various normal or pathological auscultatory sounds heard 
over the heart, blood vessels, etc. — v. i. & t. [F. mur- 
murer, L. murmurare, murmurari, fr. murmur murmur.] 
To make, or utter with or in, a murmur. — mur'mur-er, n. 

mur'mur-ing, p. a. Making a murmur or murmurs, esp. of 
complaint. — mur'mur-ing-ly, adv. 

mur'mur-OUS (-us), a. Attended with or making murmurs ; 
of the nature of a murmur ; murmuring. — mur'mur-OUS- 
ly, adv : — mur'mur-ous-ness, n. 

mur'rain (mur'Tn), n. [OF. morine, fr. morir, murir to 
die, L. mori, moriri.~\ A pestilence affecting domestic ani- 
mals ; any of several diseases of cattle, as anthrax. 

murre (mur), n. 1. Any of several guillemots (genus Uria). 
2. The razor-billed auk. 

mur'rey (muVi), n. [OF. moree a dark red color, fr. L. 
morum mulberry, blackberry.] A dark crimson red ; Her. 
sanguine. — a. Of a dark red color. 

mur'rhine (-rin ; -rin), a. [L. murr(h)inus, fr. murr(h)a.'] 
Made of a material called by the Romans murrha: — 
used of certain ancient vases of great beauty and delicacy. 
murrhine glass, glassware in which the body is trans- 
parent and shows embedded pieces of colored glass (fiori). 

mur'ther (mur'ther). Obs. or dial. var. of murder. 

mu-sa'ceous (mu-za'shus), a. [NL. Musa, the type genus, 
fr. Ar. mauz, mauzah, banana.] Belonging to a family 
(Musacese) of tropical trees or treelike herbs including the 
banana (genus Musa) and the wild plantain. 

mus'ca-del', n. = muscatel. 

mus'ca-dine (muVkd-din; -din), n. l.A large, somewhat 
musky, grape. 2. = muscatel, 1. 

|| mus'ese VO'li-tan'tes (mus'se vol'i-tan'tez). [L., flying 
flies.] Specks that seem to float before the eyes, due to 
small bodies or defects in the vitreous humor. 

mus'cat (-kat),n. [F., fr. Pr. muscat. See muscatel.] 1. 
Any of several cultivated varieties of grape, usually of light 
color and musky flavor. 2. = muscatel, 1. 

mus'ca-teP (muVkd-tel'; mus'kd-tel), n. [From It., fr. 
LL. muscatellum, fr. muscatellus nutmeglike, dim. of 
muscatus smelling like musk, muscatum, muscata, nut- 
meg.] 1. A rich sweet wine produced in France, Italy, and 
other countries from muscat grapes. 2. The muscat grape. 

mus'cid (mus'Td), a. [L. musca a fly.] Belonging to a 
family {Muscidse) of dipterous insects. The house fly 
{Musca domestica) is the type. — mus'cid (mus'id), n. 

mus'cle (muV'l), n. [F., fr. L. musculus, dim. of mus 
mouse.] 1. a An organ whose special function is to exert 
physical force, b The peculiar tissue of such an organ. It 
consists of medified, usually greatly elongated, cells (mus- 
cle fibers), which contract when stimulated. 2. Muscular 
strength or development. Colloq. 3. Var. of mussel. 

mus'cle— bound', a. Having seme of the muscles tense and 
enlarged and of impaired elasticity — a condition some- 
times produced by excessive athletic exercise. 

mus'cled (muVld), a. Furnished with muscles. 

mus'CO-va'do (mus'ko-va'do), n. [Sp. mascabado or Pg. 
mascavado unrefined, for mascabado, p. p. of mascabar to 
depreciate, for menoscabar ; menos, L. minus less 4- 
cabo head, end.] Unrefined sugar, obtained from the 
juice of the sugar cane by evaporation and draining o*" the 
molasses. It is dark-colored and moist. — mus'co-va'ao, a. 

Mus'CO-vite (mus'ko-vTt), a. Of or pert, to Muscovy (an- 
cient Russia) or sometimes, Moscow ; hence, Russian. — n. 



( 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



MUSCOVY DUCK 



642 



MUST 



1. A native or inhabitant of Muscovy ; a Russian. 2. [Z. c] 
Min. Common, or potash, mica, essentially (H,K)AlSi04. 

mus'CO-vy duck (mus'ko-vi). [Corrupt, of musk duck.} 
A duck (Cairina moschata) larger than the mallard, na- 
tive from Mexico to Brazil, but widely domesticated. 

mus'cu-lar (mus'ku-ldr), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting 
of, a muscle or muscles. 2. Performed by a muscle or the 
muscles. 3. Having well-developed muscles; brawny; 
strong. — mus'cu-lar-ly, adv. 

mus'cu-lar/i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. State or quality of being 
muscular. 

mus'cu-la-ture (mus'ku-ld-tfir), n. The muscles of an 
animal or of any part of it considered with reference to their 
arrangement or relations. 

muse (miiz)^ v. i. ; mused (muzd) ; mus'ing (muz'Tng). [F. 
muser to loiter, trifle, OF., also, to muse, reflect.] 1. To 
meditate ; ponder. 2. To be in a brown study ; be absent- 
minded. — Syn. See consider. — v. t. To think on ; med- 
itate on ; as, the poet musing a sonnet. Now Rare. 

— n. Absorbing thought ; hence : absence of mind ; a 
brown study. 

Muse, n. [F.Muse,lj.Musa, Gr. MoDcra.] 1. Class. Myth. 
One of the nine sister goddesses of song and poetry and 
of the arts and sciences ; — often in pi. They are Calliope, 
Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsich- 
ore, Thalia, and Urania. 2. [Z. c] A peculiar power of, or 
inspiration to, poetry. 

muse'ful (muz'fdol), a. Meditative ; thoughtfully silent. 

mus'er (muz'er), n. One who muses. 

inu-sette'(mu-zet'),n. [F., dim. of OF. muse.] 1. A kind of 
small bagpipe. 2. A quiet, pastoral air adapted to this in- 
strument ; also, a kind of rustic dance. 

mu-se'um (mu-ze'tim), n. [L., a temple of the Muses, 
hence, a place of study, Gr. fiovcretov, fr. MoDcra Muse.] A re- 
pository or a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curi- 
osities or objects of interest, or of works of art. 

mush (mush), n. [E. dial, mush a mash, crumbled matter.] 
1. Meal (esp. Indian meal) boiled in water. U. S. 2. Any- 
thing soft and thick, like mush. 

mush, n. A march on foot, esp. across the snow with dogs.— 
v. i. To travel on foot, esp. across the snow with dogs. Both 
Colloq., Northwestern America. — mush'er, n. 

mush/room (mush'room), n. [OF. moisseron, mousche- 
ron.J 1. Any more or less conspicuous, fleshy, basidiomy- 
cetous fungus; popularly, any edible fungus of a certain 
order {Agaricales), esp. the species called the field, or com- 
mon, mushroom (Agaricus campestris). The poisonous 
species are commonly called toadstools. 2. Something sug- 
gestive of a mushroom, as in shape. 

— a. 1. Of or pertaining to mushrooms. 2. Resembling 
mushrooms in rapidity of growth and, often, in shortness of 
duration ; ephemeral ; upstart ; as, mushroom cities. 

— v. i. To spread at the end on striking an object, as a bullet. 
mush'y (mush'i), a. ; mush'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Like mush ; 

good-naturedly weak and effusive ; weakly sentimental, 
mu/sic (mii'zTk), n. [F. musique, fr. L. musica, Gr. fiov- 
oiK-t) (sc. rex"v) any art over which the Muses presided.] 

1. Melody or harmony generally, as heard in nature or art. 

2. The science or art of pleasing, expressive, or intelligible 
combination of tones ; the art of making such combinations, 
esp. into compositions of definite structure and significance ; 
the art of inventing or writing, or of rendering, such compo- 
sitions. 3. Such a composition or compositions. 4. A band 
of musical performers. 5. Responsiveness to music. 
music of the spheres, a harmony, too ethereal to be 
heard by human ears, supposed by Pythagoras and his 
school to be produced by the planetary motions. 

mu'si-cal (mu'zi-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to music or 
its notation or performance. 2. Having the pleasing quali- 
ties of music; melodious; harmonious. 3. Fond of, or 
intelligently appreciative of, music. — n. A musicale. Col- 
loq. — mu'si-cal-ly, adv. — mu'si-cal-ness, n. 

mu'si-cale' (-kal'), n. A social entertainment, usually pri- 
vate, of which music is the leading feature. 

music box. A box or case containing apparatus for playing 
tunes mechanically, as bymeans of asteel comb with tuned 
teeth and a revolving cylinder set with small pegs. 

music hall- A place for public musical entertainments; 
specif., esp. Eng.,z. public hall for vaudeville performances. 

mu-si'cian (mu-zrsh'an), n. One skilled in music; esp., a 
professional singer, musical performer, conductor, etc. 

mu-si'cian-ly, a. Having or exhibiting the taste or skill 
appropriate to a musician ; as, a musicianly rendering. 

mus'ing (muz'ing), p. a. Meditative. — mus'ing-ly, adv. 

mus'jid (mus'jid). Var. of masjid. 

musk (musk), n. [F. muse, L. muscus, Gr. fidvxos, Per. 
musk.} 1. A substance obtained from a sac under the 
skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer. It is used as 
the basis for many perfumes. 2. The perfume emitted by 
musk, or any like perfume. 

musk cat. a A civet cat. b A scented person ; a fop. 





musk deer. A small ungulate (Moschus moschiferus) in- 
habiting high altitudes of "" 
central Asia. 

mus'kel-lunge (miis'ke- 
1 u. n j ; mus / ke-lunj / ), n. 
Also mus'kal-longe. 
[Ojibwa mashkinonje.} 
A large pike (Esox mas- 
quinongy) of the Great 
Lakes region of North 
America. It attains a 
length of 6 feet and a 
weight of 60to 80 pounds. 

mus'ket (mus'ket; 24), 
n. [F. mousquet, It. 
moschetto, formerly, a Musk Deer. ( T J g ) 

kind of hawk.] 1. The male of the sparrow hawk. Local 
& Ops., Eng. 2. A han d firearm formerly 
carried 
b y sol- 
diers, 
esp. the infan- 
try of an army. 

It was origi- Muskellunge. 
nally firedby means of a match, "or matchlock. By rifling 
and other improvements, the musket was gradually devel- 
oped into the modern rifle. 

mus'ket-eer' (-er'), n. A soldier armed with a musket. 

mus'ket-ry (mus'ket-ri), n. 1. Muskets collectively. 2. 
The fire of muskets, or the art of firing muskets. 

Mus'kho-ge'an (mus'ko-je'an), a. Designating, or pert, 
to, a North American Indian linguistic stock which includes 
the Apalachee and the Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and 
Seminole Indians (of the Five Civilized Nations). 

musk'mel'on (musk'mel'un), n. Imusk + melon.} The 
fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant ( Cucumis melo), culti- 
vated in many varieties ; also, the plant. 

musk OX. A hollow-horned bovine animal (Ovibos moscha- 
tus), now confined ^t^^^^sart^M 

to Greenland and 
theBarrenGrounds. 

musk'rat' (musk'- 
rat'), n. A large 
aquatic rodent 
{Fiber zibethicus) 
of North America, 
having webbed 
hind feet and dark ^ 
brown fur. 

musk'y(muVki),a. 
Having an odor of 
musk, or somewhat like musk ; scented with musk 

Mus'lem (muz'lem ; mils'-), -lim (-lim). Vars. of Moslem. 

muslin (muz'lin), n. [F. mousseline, fr. Mosul a city of 
Mesopotamia.] Any of various cotton cloths ; as : a A 
very thin, fine, and soft plain cloth made in India, or an 
imitation of it. b A stouter fabric, plain, printed, dyed, or 
dotted. C In parts of the United States, any of various 
coarser and heavier cottons, as shirting and sheetings. 

muslin delaine. See delaine. 

mus'quash (mus'kwosh), n. [Algonquian muscassus, 
prop., red.] The muskrat. 

muss (mils), n. 1. A scramble. 2. A state of confusion or 
disorder, or that which makes it, as rubbish. Colloq., U. S. 
3. A squabble. Slang, U. S. — v. t. Colloq., U. S. 1. To 
disarrange, as clothing ; rumple. 2=, To soil ; mess. 

mus'sel (muVl), n. [AS. muscle, L. musculus a muscle, 
mussel.] Any of various bivalve mollusks (genus Mytilus 
and related genera). 

Mus'SUl-man (mus'ul-man), n.; pi. -mans (-manz). [Per. 
& Turk, musulmdn, fr. Ar. muslin, pi. muslimxn. See 
Moslem.] A Mohammedan. 

muss'y (mus'i), a.; muss'i-er (-i-er) ; muss'i-est. [From 
mussA Disordered ; soiled ; rumpled. Colloq., U. S. 

must (must), a. [Hind, mast intoxicated, ruttish, fr. Skr. 
matta, p. p. of mad to rejoice, intoxicate.] Being in a con- 
dition of dangerous frenzy, usually connected with sexual 
excitement ; — said esp. of adult male elephants and cam- 
els, which become so at irregular intervals. 

— n. The condition of frenzy. 

must (must), n. [AS. must, fr. L. mustum (sc. vinum), fr. 
mustus young, fresh.] The expressed juice of the grape, or 
other fruit, before fermentation ; new wine. 

must, v. t. & i. [See musty.] To make or become musty. — 
n. Mustiness ; mold. 

must, v. i. or auxiliary. Used, without inflection, as both 
pres. & pret. Infinitive and participles lacking. [ME. 
moste, a pret. generally meaning, could, was free to, pres. 
mot, moot, AS. moste, pret., mot, pres.] Am obliged, is 
obliged, are obliged, etc. ; am (is, are, etc.) necessary to a 
character or result. — Syn. See ought. 




Musk Ox. (g^) 



ale, senate, care, am,occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(jjre, ver4ure (87)} 



MUSTACHE 



643 



MYNA 



mus-tache', mous-tache' (mSs-tash' or, esp. Brit., moos- 
tash'), re. [F. moustache, It. mostaccio, fr. Gr. uOara^ 
upper lip and the beard on it.] 1. The beard growing on 
the upper lip ; also, this hair on either side. 2. Zo'dl. Hair 
or bristles suggesting a man's mustache, round the mouth 
of an animal. 3. A soldier ; — in the phrase old mustache. 
A Gallicism. [tache.l 

mus-ta'chio (mus-ta'sho), re.; pi. -CHIOS (-shoz). A mus-| 

mus'tang (mus'tang), re. [Sp. mesteno belonging to the 
graziers, strayed, wild.] The small, hardy, half-wild horse 
of Texas, New Mexico, etc. 

mus'tard (-tdrd), re. [OF. moustarde, fr. L. mustum must, 
— mustard was mixed with must for use.] 1. Any of a ge- 
nus (Sinapis) of brassicaceous herbs including two species, 
white mustard (S. alba) and black mustard (S. nigra), 
cultivated, esp. in Europe, for their seeds. 2. A pungent, 
stimulant, and diuretic powder of ground mustard seed. 

mus-tee' (mus-te')- Var. of mestee. 

mus'te-line (mus'te-lln ; -Yin), a. [L. mustelinus, fr. mus- 
tela weasel.] 1. Like, or pert, to, the family {Mustelidae) 
containing the weasels and martens. 2. Brown ; tawny. 

mus'ter (-ter), v. t. [ME. mustren, prop., to show, fr. OF. 
mostrer, mustrer, L. monstrare to show.] 1. To assemble 
or gather, as troops, for roll call, parade, or the like. 2. To 
summon together ; collect and display ; enroll. — v. i. To 
be gathered together for parade, inspection, exercise, or the 
like; collect. 

— re. 1. A sample; pattern. Obs. or R., exc. in the Far 
East. 2. An assembling or review of troops or a ship's com- 
pany, as for parade. 3. The sum total of those assembled 
for muster ; also, the roll of the men. 4. Assemblage ; 
gathering. 

mus'ti-ness, re. Quality or state of being musty. 

mus'ty (mus'ti), a.; -ti-er (-ti-er) ; -ti-est. [From L. 
mustum must ; or perh. fr. E. moist.] 1. Moldy ; foul, 
or sour, and fetid. 2. Spoiled by age ; stale ; trite ; as, a 
musty proverb. 3. Dull ; heavy ; spiritless. [mutable.! 

mu'ta-bil'i-ty (mu'td-bil'i-ti), re. Quality or state of being| 

mu'ta-ble (mu'td-b'l), a. [L. mutabilis, fr. mutare to 
change.] 1. Capable of, or subject to, mutation. 2. Un- 
stable ; fickle. — Syn. Changeful, unsteady, wavering, in- 
constant, variable. — mu'ta-ble-ness, re. — bly, adv. 

mu'tate (mu'tat, or, esp. in British usage, mu-tat'), v. t. 
& i. To change ; to alter ; to undergo mutation ; specif. : 
a Philol. To change by mutation, or umlaut, b Biol. To 
deviate suddenly from the type ; to "sport." 

mu-ta'tion (mu-ta'shun), re. [L. mutatio, fr. mutare to 
change.] 1. Change ; alteration in form or qualities. 2. Phi- 
lol. Umlaut; specif., the umlaut caused by an i, whether 
vocalic or consonantal in function, originally standing in 
the syllable following. 3. Biol, a As now employed, sudden 
variation as distinguished from gradual variation in which 
new characters become fully developed only in many gen- 
erations, b The result of the above process ; a suddenly 
produced variation; a "sport." 

mu'ta-tive (mu'td-tiv), a. Of, pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, mutation, or sudden variation. 

mutch (much), re. A woman's cap, esp. the close linen or 
muslin cap of an old woman ; also, an infant's cap. Chiefly 
Dial. Eng. & Scot. 

mute (mut), a. [L. mutus."] 1. Not speaking ; speechless ; 
uttering no sound ; silent. 2. Law. Of a prisoner, refusing 
to plead. He is then said to stand mute. 3. Incapable of 
speaking ; dumb ; also, unaccompanied by speech or sound. 
4. Phon. Not uttered ; silent ; also, produced with a com- 
plete momentary closure of some part of the oral passage, 
as p, b, d, g, k, t. — Syn. See dumb. 

— re. 1. One who is mute ; as : a A deaf-mute, b A person 
employed by undertakers at a funeral. C Among the Turks, 
a dumb officer or attendant. 2. Phon. a A silent letter, b 
A consonant formed with momentary stoppage of the 
breath. Cf. mute, a., 4. 3. Music. A device for soften- 
ing or muffling the tone of a stringed or of a metal wind 
instrument. 

— v. t. Music. To muffle or deaden the sound of, as by a 
mute. — mute'ly, adv. — mute'ness, re. 

mu'ti-late (mu'ti-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
mutilatus, p. p. of mutilare to mutilate, mutilus maimed.] 
1. To cut off or remove a limb or essential part of ; maim ; 
hack. 2. To destroy or remove a material part of, so as to 
render imperfect ; as, to mutilate a book. 

mu'ti-la^tion (-la'shun), re. Act of mutilating ; state of be- 
ing mutilated ; deprivation of a limb or essential part. 

mu'ti-la'tor (-la/ter), re. One who mutilates. 

mu'ti-neer' (-ti-ner'), re. One guilty of mutiny. 

mu'ti-nous (mu'ti-nws), a. Disposed to, or characterized 
by, mutiny.— mu'ti-nous-ly, adv. — mu'ti-nous-ness,re. 

mu'ti-ny (-ni), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [From mutine to 
mutiny, fr. F. se mutiner, F. mutin stubborn, mutinous, 
fr. OF. muete riot, LL. movita, fr. L. movere to move.] 
1. Tumult ; strife. Obs. 2. Insurrection against, or refusal 



to obey, constituted or rightful authority, esp. military ol 
naval authority ; insubordination. — Syn. See rebellion. 
— v. i. ; -nied (-nid) ; -ny-ing (-ni-ing). To excite, or to be 
guilty of, mutiny. [or without speech. | 

mut'ism (mut'iz'm), re. Condition or habit of being mute.j 
mu'to-scope (mil'to-skop), re. [L. mutare to change -+- 
-scope.'] A simple form of animated-picture machine in 
which the series of pictures is mounted around the periphery 
of a wheel which is rotated. 
mut'ter (mut'er), v. i. 1. To speak indistinctly or with a 
low voice and lips partly closed ; esp., to grumble com- 
plainingly or angrily; growl. 2. To sound with a low, 
rumbling noise. — v. t. To utter with imperfect articula- 
tions, or with a low voice ; as, to mutter threats. — re. Re- 
pressed or obscure utterance ; a murmur. — mut'ter-er, re. 
mut'ton (mut''n), re. [OF. moton, molton, a ram, F. mou- 
ton sheep, LL. multo.~\ 1. A sheep. Now jocular. 2. The 
flesh of a sheep. 
mutton Chop. 1. A rib of mutton for broiling, with the end 
of the bone at the smaller part chopped off ; also, any simi- 
lar small piece of mutton, as a piece of the loin. 2. In pi. 
Side whiskers shaped like a mutton chop. 

mut'ton-y (-1), a. Having the quality of mutton. 

mu'tu-al (mu r tu-al), a. [F. mutuel, L. mutuus, orig., ex- 
changed, lent.] 1. Reciprocally acting or related ; recipro- 
cally receiving and giving or given and received ; reciprocal ; 
interchanged ; as, mutual love ; a mutual promise. 2. 
Possessed, experienced, or done by two or more at the same 
time ; common ; joint. 3. Insurance. Designating, or per- 
taining to, the method or plan (called the mutual plan) 
of insurance in which the policyholders constitute the mem- 
bers of the insuring company. 

Syn. Mutual, common. That is common in which two 
or more share (esp.) equally or alike ; mutual properly im- 
plies reciprocal action ; as, sorrow is common to all ; mutual 
esteem. Mutual is sometimes found, even among good 
writers, in the sense of common. But this sense of mutual is 
contrary to the best usage. See reciprocal. 

mu'jtU-al'My (-al'i-ti ), re. State or quality of being mutual ; 
reciprocation ; interchange ; interdependence. 

mu'tu-al-ly (mu'tu-al-T), adv. In a mutual manner. 

mu'tule (mu'tul), re. [F., fr. L. mutulus.'] Arch. A flat 
block projecting under the corona of the Doric cornice. 

mu-zhik' (moo-zhik' ; moc/-),n.[Russ.] A Russian peasant. 

muz'zle (muz''l), re. [OF. musel, fr. LL. dim. of musus.~] 
1. The projecting jaws and nose of an animal, as a horse or 
ape. 2. The mouth of a thing, as a gun. 3. A fastening or 
covering (as a band or cage) for the mouth of an animal, to 
prevent eating or biting. — v. t. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling 
(-ling). To bind the muzzle of ; fasten the mouth of, so as 
to prevent biting ; fig. to bind ; sheathe ; restrain. 

muz'zle— loading, a. Loading through the muzzle. 

my (ml), pron. & a. [ME. mi, fr. min. See mine.] Of or 
belonging to me ; — used attributively. 

my;-al'gi-a (ml-al'ji-d), re. [NL. ; Gr. uvs muscle + aXyos 
pain.] Med. Pain in the muscles. — my-al'gic (-jik), a. 

my'as-the'ni-a (ml'as-the'ni-d; ml-as'the-nl'd), re. [NL. 
See myo- ; asthenia.] Med. Muscular weakness. 

my-ce'li-oid (ml-se'li-oid), a. Bot. Resembling, or having 
the structure of, mycelium. 

my-ce'li-um (mT-se'lT-um), re. [NL., fr. Gr. uvktjs a mush- 
room.] Bot. The mass of threadlike elements (hyphse) 
forming the vegetative portion of the thallus in fungi. 

My'ce-nse'an (ml'se-ne'an), a. Of or pert, to the ancient 
city of Mycenae in Argolis, or designating the civilization 
which preceded that of the Greeks, and was typified by that 
of the Mycenaean people. 

my-ce'tO-ZO'an (ml-se'to-zo'dn), a. [Gr. ftvKtrs, -777-0$, 
fungus + fwc»> animal.] Zo'dl. Belonging to a (former) 
class (Mycetozoa) of organisms, the slime molds. See myx- 
omycetous. — re. One of this class. 

my-col'o-gy (ml-kol'o-jT), re. [Gr. nvKrjs fungus + -logy."] 
The branch of botany dealing with fungi. 

my-CO'sis (mT-ko'sis), re. [NL. ; Gr. uvktjs fungus + -osis.~} 
Med. a The infesting of any part of the body by fungi, b 
A disease due to such infestation. — my-COt'ic (-kot'Ik), a. 

my-dri'a-sis (mi-drl'd-sis ; ml-), re. [L., fr. Gr. nvSplaais.] 
Physiol. & Med. A long-continued or excessive dilatation 
of the pupil of the eye. 

myd'ri-at'ic (m!d / r! r at > / ik), a. _ Causing dilatation of the 
pupil. — re. A mydriatic medicine or agent, as belladonna. 

my'e-lin (mi'e-lin), re. [Gr. uvekos marrow.] Anat. A 
soft, white, somewhat fatty material which in certain nerve 
fibers forms a thick sheath (the medullary sheath) about 
the axis cylinder. 

my'e-lo-gen'ic (-lS-jen'ik), my'e-log'e-nous (-loj'e-nfis), 
a. [Gr. uue\6s marrow -f- -genie, -genous.] Originating in, 
or produced in, the bone marrow ; as, a myelogenic tumor. 

my'e-loid (-loid), a. [Gr. i*ve\6s marrow + -oid.] Resem- 
bling marrow in appearance or consistency, as a tumor. 

my'na (ml'nd), re. [Hind. maina.~] A common Asiatic 
bird (Acridotheres tristis) of the starling family. 



( 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=>z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. j| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



MYNHEER 



644 



MYTHOLOGY 



Myn-heer' (mTn-har' ; min-her'), n. [D. mijnheer."] The 
Dutch equivalent of Mr. or Sir ; hence [I. c] , a Dutchman. 

myo- (ml'6-). A combining form fr. Gr. fids, nvos, muscle. 

my'o-graph (mi'o-gfaf), n. Physiol. An instrument for 
determining and recording the intensity, velocity, etc., of a 
muscular contraction. 

my-ol'o-gy (ml-ol'6-ji), n. The branch of anatomy that 
treats of muscles. — my-ol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

my-O'ma (ml'o-md), n. ; L. pi. -mata (-td). [NL.] Med. 
A tumor consisting of muscular tissue. — -om/a-tous, a. 

my'o-path'i-a (-path'i-d), my-op'a-thy (ml-op'd-thi), n. 
[NL. myopathia ; myo- -j- Gr. irados suffering.] Med. Any 
affection of the muscles. — my'o-path'ic (ml'o-path'ikXa. 

my'ope (mT'op), n. [F., fr. Gr. p.vu>4>, uvuiros; nveip to 
shut the eyes + &\p, ombs, eye.] A myopic person. 

my-0'pi-a (ml-o'pi-d), n. [NL.] Med. A condition of the 
eye in which the rays from distant objects are brought to a 
focus before reaching the retina ; nearsightedness. 

my-op'ic (-op'Tk), a. Pert, to, or affected with, myopia. 

my'O-py (ml'o-pT), n. [F. myopie.~\ Med. Myopia. 

my'o-scope (ml'6-skop), n. Physiol. An apparatus for 
studying muscular contraction. 

my'o-sin (-sin), n. [Gr. p.vs, p.v6s, a muscle.] Physiol. 
Chem. The principal proteid substance of dead muscle, 
formed in the coagulation of the muscle plasma which 
takes place in rigor mortis. 

my-o'sis (ml-o'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. nbeiv to close the eyes 
or lips.] Med. Abnormal smallness or contraction of the 
pupil of the eye. 

my-ot'ic (ml-ot'ik), a. Med. Producing myosis, as opium, 
calabar bean, etc. — to. A myotic agent. 

myr'i-a- (mir'I-d-). [Gr. nvptas a myriad. See myriad.] A 
prefix, esp. in the metric system, indicating ten thousand, 
ten thousand times ; as in : myr'i-a-gram' or myr'i-a- 
gramme' (abbr., Mgr.),ten kilograms, or 10,000 grams; 
myr'i-a-li'ter (-le'ter), or myr'i-a-li'tre (abbr., ML), 
myr'i-a-me'ter or myr'i-a-me'tre (abbr., Mm.), etc. 

myj/i-ad (-dd), n. [Gr. nvpias, p.vpt.c.8os, fr. nvpios num- 
berless, pi. p.Opi.01 ten thousand.] 1. The number of ten 
thousand ; ten thousand persons or things. 2. An immense 
number ; an indefinitely large number. — a. Consisting of 
a very great but indefinite number ; innumerable. 

myr'i-a-pod' (-d-pod'), n. [Gr. uvpLos numberless + -pod.~\ 
Zo'dl. Any of a class or subclass (Myriapoda) of arthro- 
pods, consisting chiefly of the millipedes and centipedes. 
The body is made up of numerous similar segments, nearly 
all of which bear true jointed legs. 

my-ris'tic (nu-ris'tik ; ml-), a. [Gr. nvpiamKos good for 
anointing, fr. p.vpi^eiv to anoint.] Chem. Pert, to or desig- 
nating a member of the fatty acid series, C14H28O2, occur- 
ring in nutmeg butter, etc. 

myr'me-CO- (mur'me-ko-). Combining form from Greek 

p.bppr)$, pvpprjKOS, ant. 

myr'me-COPo-gy (mur'me-kol'o-jD.n. Zo'dl. The scientific 
study of ants. — myr'me-co-log'i-cal (-ko-loj'I-kdl), a. 
— myr'me-col'o-gist, n. 

myr'me-coph'a-gous (-kof'd-gus), a. Feeding on ants. 

myr'me-coph'i-lous (-T-lus),_a. Biol. Fond of , or benefited 
by, ants, as insects that live in ant hills, or plants that are 
cross-fertilized by ants. 

Myr'mi-don (mur^mT-don), n.; pi. E. -dons (-donz), L. 
-dones (mer-mTd'6-nez). [L. Myrmidones, Gr. Mvpui.86- 
ves, pi.] 1. Gr. Myth. One of a fierce Thessalian tribe or 
troop who followed Achilles, their king, to the Trojan war. 
2. [I. c] A soldier or a subordinate civil officer who exe- 
cutes all orders of a superior without protest or pity. 

my-rob'a-lan (mi-rob'd-ldn ; ml-), n. [L. myrobalanum 
the fruit of a palm tree from which a balsam was made, Gr. 
uvpoPaXavos ; pvpov any sweet juice distilling from plants + 
fiakavos an acorn.] A dried astringent fruit much resem- 
bling a prune, used in tanning and dyeing. 

myr'0-sin (mir'o-sin; ml'ro-), n. Chem. An enzyme oc- 
curring in various brassicaceous plants, as mustard, and in 
other plants of allied families. 

Kiyrrh (mur), n. [OF. mirre, L. myrrha, murra, Gr. p.vp- 
pa.~\ A yellowish brown aromatic gum resin with a bitter, 
slightly pungent taste, derived from a balsameaceous shrub 
(Balsamea myrrha). The myrrh of the Bible is supposed 
to have been a mixture of myrrh and an oleoresin. 

myr-ta'ceous (mer-ta'shus), a. [L. myrtus myrtle.] Be- 
longing to a family (Myrtaceae) of trees and shrubs, the 
myrtle family, including the eucalyptus besides other plants 
that yield the pimento, allspice, cloves, etc. 

myr'tle (mur't'l), n. [F. myrtille bilberry, fr. L. myrtus, 
murtus, myrtle, Gr. iivpros.] 1. Any of a genus {Myrtus) 
of shrubs, typifying a.ia.mi\y(Myrtaceae), esp. a European 
species (M. communis) having evergreen leaves and soli- 
tary white or rosy flowers. The ancients considered the 
myrtle sacred to Venus. 2. In the United States, any of va- 
rious plants ; as : a The common trailing periwinkle ( Vinca 
minor), b Calif ornia laurel (Umbellularia calif ornica). 



myrtle warbler. Also, myrtle bird. A North American 
warbler (Dendroica coronata). 

my-self (mi-self), pron.; pi. ourselves (our-selvz'). An 
emphasized form of the pronoun for the 1st person singular. 
Its uses are : 1. For emphasis : a As a simple objective ; as, 
he brought one for myself, b In apposition with I or me ; 
as, I myself _ was there. C As a subject nominative. Archaic. 
d As a predicate nominative often with the force of by my- 
self, alone. 2. Specif., my true, normal self. Cf. himself, 

2. 3. As a reflexive ; as, I will defend myself. 
mys'ta-gOglie (mis'td-gog), n._ [L. mystagogus, Gr. nvara- 

7C070J ; (jiOo-Tris one initiated in mysteries + kyuyos lead- 
ing, n., a leader, fr. a7«y to lead.] One who initiates into or 
interprets mysteries, esp. religious mysteries. 

mys'ta-go'gy (-td-go'ji), n. The doctrines, principles, or 
practice of a mystagogue ; interpretation of mysteries. 

mys te'ri-OUS (mis-te'n-us), a. [F. mysterieux. See 1st 
mystery.] Of or pertaining to mystery ; containing or im- 
plying a mystery ; obscure ; enigmatical _; incomprehensible, 
— mys-te'ri-ous-iy, adv. — mys-te'ri-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Secret, occult, dark, abstruse, recondite, mystic, 
inscrutable, cabalistic, esoteric, unfathomable, impene- 
trable, inexplicable. — Mysterious, mystic, inscrutable. 
That is mysterious which excites, and at the same time 
baffles, wonder or curiosity ; mystic is often a poetical 
synonym for mysterious; it also suggests that which has 
secret or esoteric significance ; as, a mysterious sound ; 
mystic rites. That is inscrutable which is unfathomably 
obscure or enigmatical, or so mysterious as to defy inter- 
pretation ; as, an inscrutable smile. 

mys'ter-y (mis'ter-i), n. ; pi. -teries (-Tz). [L. mysterium, 
Gr. p.y<TTT)piov, fr. uv<jtt)s one initiated in mysteries.] 1. 
A religious rite to which only privileged worshipers may be 
admitted. 2. A profound secret ; something wholly un- 
known, or something kept cautiously concealed, and excit- 
ing curiosity or wonder ; hence : something, as a religious 
truth or fact, beyond human comprehension ; a sacred and 
mysterious thing ; specif., Eccl., esp. in the primitive church 
and in the Eastern Church, a sacrament, as the Eucharist. 

3. A medieval dramatic representation or composition of a 
type based on Scriptural subjects, often an event or events 
in the life of Christ ; also, the type itself. 

mys'ter-y, n. [For mister a trade, OF. mestier, L. minis- 
terium service, office.] A trade ; handicraft ; craft. Archaic. 

mys'tic (mis'tik), n. 1. One initiated into a mystery. 2. 
One given to mysticism ; one who holds mystical views ; 
esp. \_cap.~\, Eccl. Hist., one who professed Mysticism. 

mys'tic (mls'tTk) \a. [L. mysticus, Gr. juuo-tikos belong- 

mys'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)J ing to secret rites.] 1. Of or pert, to 
an ancient mystery. 2. Remote from or beyond human 
comprehension ; unknowable ; mysterious. 3. Pert, to or 
importing mysticism ; allegorical ; emblematical. — Syn 
See mysterious. — mys'ti-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

mys'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. 1. Mystic character or quality. 

2. The doctrine that the ultimate nature of reality or the 
divine essence may be known in an immediate insight dif- 
fering from all ordinary sensation or ratiocination ; hence, 
the experience of those who claim to attain this knowledge. 

3. [cap.] Eccl. Hist. Belief in the possibility of direct 
intercourse with the divine Spirit, and of a knowledge of 
God and of spiritual things unattainable by the natural 
intellect. 4. Any theory asserting the possibility of attain- 
ing knowledge or power through faith or spiritual insight. 

mys'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of mystifying, or 
state of being mystified. 

mys'ti-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. mystifier. 
See mystic ; -FY.] 1. To involve in mystery ; make difficult 
to understand. 2. To puzzle ; bewilder. — Syn. See puzzle. 

myth (mith), n. [Gr. uvdos myth, fable, tale, talk, speech.] 
1. A story, the origin of which is forgotten, ostensibly his- 
torical, but usually such as to explain some practice, belief, 
institution, or natural phenomenon. Myths are especially 
associated with religious rites and beliefs. 2. A person or 
thing whose existence is imaginary or not verifiable. 
Syn. Myth, legend cannot always be sharply distin- 
guished. In general, a myth deals with the actions of the 
gods or of godlike beings ; a legend, though it may include 
supernatural incidents, concerns human beings. 

myth'ic (mith'ik), a. Mythical. 

myth'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or relating to myths; described 
in a myth ; fabulous ; imaginary. — Syn. See fabulous. 

myth'i-cal-ly, adv. In a mythical manner ; by myths. 

my-thog'ra-pher ( mT-thog'rd-fer ), n. [Gr. /j.vdoypa<t>os; 
uuOos myth + ypa4>uv to write.] A narrator of myths. 

myth'o-log'ic (mith / o-loj'ik), a. Mythological. 

myth'o-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to mythology 
or myths ; mythical ; fabulous. — myth'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

my-thol'o-gist (mi-thol'o-jist), n. One versed in mythology 
or myths. 

my-thol'O-gize (-jlz), v. i. To relate, classify, and explain 
myths ; write about myths. — my-thol'o-giz'er, n. 

my-thol'o-gy (mi-thol'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [F. my- 
thologie, L. mythologia, Gr. nvdoXoyla ; p.vdos fable, mytb 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; fooiri foot; out. ©»'; chair; 50; sine, ink; tbf"-\ thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



MYTHOPCEIC 



645 



NAPERY 



-+- X670J speech, discourse.] 1. The science treating of 
myths. 2. A body of myths, esp. that of a people. 

myth'O-pCE'ic, myth'O-pe'ic (mith'6-pe'ik), a. [Gr. y.vBo- 
ttoios making myths ; ixvdos myth + Troi.eli> to make.] 
Making or producing myths ; giving rise to myths. 

myx'a-mce'ba (mTk'sd-me'bd), n. [NL. ; Gr. y.b£a. mucus, 
slime -f- amceba.] Bot. A stage in the slime mold (class 
Myxomycetes) when the swarm spore loses its cilium and 
creeps about like an amceba. 

myx'oe-de'ma, myx'e-de'ma (mTk'se-de'md), n. [NL. ; 
Gr. fiv£a mucus, slime + oedema.'] Med. A disease pro- 



ducing a cretinoid appearance of the face, slow speech, and 
dullness of intellect, due to failure of the functions of the 
thyroid gland. — myx'oe-dem'a-tous, or myx'e- (-dem'd- 
tus;-de , md-ti/s),a.,myx / oe-dem'ic,ormyx / e-(-dem / Ik),a. 

myx'o-my-cete' (mlk'so-mT-set'), n. Bot. A slime mold. 

myx'o-my-ce'tous (-tus), a. [Gr. ub%a mucus, slime -f- 
txvK-ns, huk-otos, fungus.] Bot. Of or belonging to a class 
(Myxomycetes) of peculiar organisms, the slime molds, 
formerly regarded as animals (Mycetozoa), but now gener- 
ally thought to be plants and often separated as a distinct 
phylum (Myxophyta). 



N 



N(?n) ; pi. n's or ns (enz). 1. The fourteenth letter of the 
English alphabet. It came into Latin from the Greek, 
being further derived from the Phoenician, and ultimately, 
perhaps, from the Egyptian. The letter represents either of 
two nasal consonant sounds, as in run and ink. See Guide 
to Pron., § 55. N is etymologically most closely related to 
M. See M. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : The 
thirteenth or (cf . k, 2) the fourteenth in a series ; thirteenth 
(or fourteenth) in order or class ; sometimes, the numeral 
thirteen (or fourteen) ; as, Battery N. 

N, or n, n. ; pi. N's, or Ns (enz). 1. The letter N, n, or its 
sound ; also, something shaped like an N. 2. Print. = en. 

N, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter N ; 
also, symbolized or distinguished by the letter N. 
N rays. Physics, a radiation or emanation from certain hot 
bodies and other sources, described by M. Blondlot as en- 
hancing the luminosity of a glowing solid or gas without 
increasing its temperature, as being reflected and refracted, 
and as possessing various other characteristics. Their ex- 
istence is in question. 

nab (nab), v. t.; nabbed (nabd) ; nab'bing. To seize; 
catch suddenly ; snatch. Colloq. 

na'bob (na'bob), n. [Hind, nawwab, fr. Ar. nawwab, pi. of 
naib a vicegerent, governor.] 1. A native deputy or viceroy 
in India under the Moguls. 2. A very wealthy man. 

Na'both (na'both ; -both), n. Bib. The owner of a vineyard 
which Ahab coveted and seized. 1 Kings xxi. 

na-celle' (na-sel'), n. [F.] The basket suspended from a 
balloon ; hence, the framework forming the body of a diri- 
gible balloon, and carrying the machinery, passengers, etc. ; 
also, a boatlike, inclosed body of an aeroplane. 

na'cre (na'ker), n. [F.] Mother-of-pearl. 

na'cre-ous (-kre-ws), a. Consisting of, resembling, or pro- 
ducing, nacre ; pearly. 

na'dir (na'der), n. [F., fr. Ar. nazir as samt, prop., the 
point opposite the zenith (as samt), nazir meaning alike, 
corresponding to.] 1. That point of the celestial sphere 
directly opposite the zenith. 2. The lowest point. 

nse'void, ne'void (ne'void), a. Med. Resembling a naevus. 

nae'VUS, ne'VUS (ne'vus), n.; pi. -vi (-vl). [L.] Med. A 
pigmented place on the skin, usually congenital; a birth- 
mark ; esp., a tumor mainly of blood vessels. 

nag (nag), n. A small horse ; pony ; hence, any horse. 

nag, v. t. & i. ; nagged (nagd) ; nag'ging (nag'ing). To an- 
noy by petty faultfinding or persistent scolding or urging. 

na-ga'na (nd-ga'nd), n. Veter. A disease of live stock 
caused by trypanosomas transmitted by the tsetse fly. 

Na'hua-tian (na'wa-tldn),_ a. Designating, or pert, to, an 
American Indian linguistic stock, related to the Shosho- 
nean, comprising the Aztec and other civilized tribes of cen- 
tral Mexico and colonies southward on the Pacific coast. 

Na'hum (na'hum), n. [L., fr. Heb. Nakhum.] Bib. a A 
Hebrew prophet who predicted the fall of Nineveh, b 
A book of the Old Testament. 

na'iad (na'yad; ni'ad), n.; L u pi. na'ia-des (na'yd-dez; 
nl'd-). [L. naias, -adis, nais, -idis, Gr. ya'ias, vats.] 
Class. Myth. One of the nymphs believed to live in, and 
give life and perpetuity to, lakes, rivers, and springs. 

na-if (na-ef), a. [F. naif. See naive.] Naive. 

nail (nal), n. [AS. nsegel.] 1. The horny scale or plate on 
the fingers and toes of man, apes, and other animals. 2. A 
slender, usually pointed, piece of metal used esp. for driving 
into wood, etc. 3. A cloth measure of 2\ inches. 
on the nail, a On the spot ; immediately, b Of immediate 
interest ; under discussion ; as, a topic on the nail. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To fasten, stud, or boss with, or as with nails. 2. 
To secure ; bind ; hold, as to a bargain ; hence : to catch ; 
trap. [nails. I 

nail'er (nal'er), n. One who makes, or one who drives,! 

nain'sook (nan'sobk ; nan'-), n. [Hind, nainsukh, lit., eye 
delight.] A sort of muslin, plain or striped. 

na-ive' (na-eV), a. [F. naif, fem. naive, fr. L. nativus in- 
nate, native.] Unaffectedly simple ; ingenuous ; artless. 
— Syn. See frank, simple. — na-ive'ly (-IT), adv. 



II na/ive'te' (na'eVta'), n. [F.] Quality or an instance of 
being naive ; ingenuousness ; artlessness. 

na'ked (na'ked ; 24), a. [AS. nacod.] 1. Having on no 
clothes or covering ; nude ; bare ; uncovered ; specif. : a 
Of a weapon, etc., out of a sheath or case; as, a naked 
sword, b Bot. (1) Without pubescence; as, a naked leaf 
or stem. (2) Destitute of enveloping parts or subtending 
leaves. 2. Destitute ; bare of means. 3. Defenseless ; unpro- 
tected. 4. Without concealment or disguise ; clear ; obvi- 
ous ; plain ; as, naked words. 5. Barren ; stripped ; as, 
naked hills. 6. Without increase or addition ; mere ; 
plain ; specif., Law, having nothing to validate, confirm, or 
support it ; as, a naked title. — Syn. Denuded, unclothed ; 
exposed, unarmed. — na'ked-ly, adv. — na'ked-ness, n. 

nam'a-ble (nam'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being named. 2. 
Worthy of being named ; memorable. 

nam'ay-CUSh (nam'a-kush), n. [Indian name.] A large 
trout (Cristivomer namaycush) of the lakes of North 
America from New England to Alaska. 

nam'by-pam'by (nam'bi-pam'bi), a. [From Ambrose 
Philips, ridiculing his verses.] Affectedly pretty ; weakly 
sentimental. — n. Namby-pamby talk or writing, etc. 

name (nam), n._ [AS. nama.] 1. The title by which any 
person or thing is known or designated. 2. A descriptive or 
qualifying appellation ; epithet. 3. A designation regarded 
as representing individuality and character; as, the most 
detested names in history. 4. Reputation ; fame ; as, he 
has a name for wit. 5. Those of a certain name ; a race ; 
family ; clan. 6. Mere appellation or designation in distinc- 
tion from reality ; as, the mere name of friendship. 
Syn. Name, designation, denomination, appellation, 
title, style. Name is the general term ; a designation ig 
a distinctive name ; denomination applies esp. to a class 
or category ; as, the name of a boy, substance, etc. ; peaches 
come under the denomination of a fruit ; he disclaimed the 
designation of philosopher. Appellation (now somewhat 
bookish) suggests a more or less descriptive or characteriz- 
ing name ; a title is an appellation of rank, office, distinc- 
tion, etc. ; style is more formal or ceremonious than title; 
the verb style however, is not so formal as the noun ; as, 
the appellation of "bluestocking" ; the title of "Thane of 
Cawdor" ; the firm name or style of "Hope & Co." 

— 'y.t.; named (namd) ; nam'ing (naming). 1. To give a 
distinctive name to ; entitle ; denominate ; style ; term ; 
call. 2. a To mention by name ; mention, b Hence : to call 
by name ; identify, as by mentioning the name. 3. To des- 
ignate for a specific purpose ; nominate ; appoint ; specify. 

name'a-ble (nam'd-bT), a. Var. of namable. 

name'less, a. 1. Undistinguished ; obscure. 2. Anony- 
mous. 3. Without a name ; also, illegitimate. 4. Unnam- 
able ; indescribable. less-ly, adv. less-nsss, n. 

name'ly (nam'li), adv. That is to say ; to wit ; videlicet. 

nam/er (nam'er), n. One who names or calls by name. 

name'sake 7 (-sak'), n. [For name's sake; i. e., one named 
for the sake of another's name.] One that has the same 
name as another ; esp., one named after another. 

na'nism (na'niz'm ; nan'iz'm),n. [Gr. paws dwarf + -ism.] 
Dwarfishness ; — opposed to gigantism. 

nan-keen' (nan-ken'), n. Also nan-kin'. [From Nanking, 
China.] 1. A kind of brownish yellow cotton cloth, or an 
imitation of it. 2. In pi. Trousers made of nankeen. 

nanny goat. A female goat. Colloq. 

Na'o-mi (na'6-ml ; na-o'mT ; -mi), n. [Heb. Naomi."] Bib. 
The mother-in-law of Ruth. See Ruth i. 

na'os (na'os), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vaos.] Arch. A cella. 

nap (nap), v. i.; napped (napt) ; nap'ping. [AS. hnaeppian 
to take a nap, slumber.] To have a short sleep ; doze ; be in 
a careless, unguarded state. — n. A short sleep ; doze. 

nap (nap), n. [ME. noppe.] Woolly or villous surface of 
felt, cloth, plants, etc. ; down ; pile. — v. t. To put a nap on. 

nap, n. Short for napoleon. 

nape (nap), n. The back part of the neck. 

na'per-y (na'per-i), n. [OF. naperie, fr. nape. See nap- 
kin.] Household linen ; esp., table linen. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



NAPHTHA 



646 



NATION 




uaph'tha (naf'thd), n. [L., fr. Gr. p6uf>da.] 1. Petroleum. 
2. A petroleum product between gasoline and benzine. 

naph'tha-lene (-len), n. Also naph/tha-line (-lin; -len). 
Org. Chem. A hydrocarbon, CioHis, one of the principal 
constituents of coal tar, forming brilliant white platelike 
crystals of peculiar odor. See naphthol. 

naph'thol (naf'thol ; -thol), n. Also naph'tol (-tol ; -tol). 
[naphthalene + -ol.] Org. Chem. a Either of two deriva- 
tives of naphthalene, C10H7OH, distinguished as alpha- 
(or a-) naphthol and beta- (or /3-) naphthol ; specif., beta- 
naphthol. Both are used as antiseptics and in the manu- 
facture of dyes, b Any of various hydroxy derivatives 
containing the naphthalene nucleus. 

na'pi-form (na'pT-form), a. [L. napus turnip -f- -form.'] 
Bot. Turnip-shaped ; large and round above and tapering 
abruptly below ; — said of roots. See root, Illust. 

nap'kin (nap'ktn), n. [Dim. of OF. nape tablecloth, 
cloth, L. mappa.] 1. A little towel, or small cloth, esp. one 
for wiping the fingers and lips at table. 2. A handkerchief. 
Obs. or Scot. 

na-po'le-on (nd-po'le-on), n. [After Napoleon I.] 1. A 
French gold coin of the value of 20 francs ($3,859). 2. 
Card Playing, a A card game somewhat similar to 
ecarte. b A bid to take all the tricks (five) at napoleon. 

Na-po'le-on'ic (nd-po'le-on'ik), a. Of or pert, to Napoleon 
I., or his family ; like Napoleon. 

nap'per (nap'er), n. One who puts a nap on cloth, or, esp., 
a machine for this purpose. [downy ; shaggy. 

nap'py" (nap'i), a. [From 2d nap.] Having a nap, or pile ;| 

nap'py (nap'i), n. ; pi. -pies (-iz). Also nappie. A round or 
oval dish, with a flat bottom and sloDing sides. 

nar'ce-ine (naVse-Tn; -en), n. Also nar'ce-in (-Tn)._ [L. 
narce numbness, torpor, Gr. pap/cn.] Org. Chem. A bitter, 
white, crystalline, narcotic alkaloid, C23H27O8N3H2O, 
found in opium. 

nar-cis'SUS (nar-sis'us), n.; pi. E. -cissuses (-ez; 24), L. 
-CISSI (-sis'I). [L., fr. Gr. papmaaos, fr. 
vkpni) torpor, — alluding to its narcotic 
properties.] 1. Any of a genus (Narcissus) 
of Old World bulbous amaryllidaceous plants 
including the daffodils and the jonquil. 2. 
A flower or bulb of this plant. 3. \_cap.] 
Gr. Myth. A beautiful youth for unrequited 
love of whom Echo died. Nemesis caused 
him to fall in love with his own image re- 
flected in a fountain. He pined away and Flower of 
was changed into the narcissus. Narcissus. 

nar-CO'sis (-ko'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vapnoxm. See nar- 
cotic] Med. Production of a benumbed state or stupor ; 
narcotization ; also, the stupor produced ; narcotism. 

nar-COt'ic (-kot'Tk), a. [From F. or LL., fr. Gr. volpkutikos, 
deriv. of vapKij torpor.] 1. Having the properties of, or 
operating as, a narcotic. 2. Characterized by, or of the 
nature of, narcosis. — n. A drug, as opium, which in mod- 
erate doses relieves pain and produces profound sleep, but 
in poisonous doses produces stupor, coma, or convulsions. 

nar'CO-tism (nar'ko-tiz'm), n. 1. Narcosis. 2. Production 
of narcosis. 3. An unnatural desire or tendency to sleep. 4. 
A narcotic influence. 

nar'co-tize (nar'ko-tTz), v. t. To subject to a narcotic ; in- 
duce narcosis in. — nar'co-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shun), n. 

nard (nard), n. [L. nardus, Gr. p&p8os.] 1. Spikenard. 2. 
An ointment containing nard. 

na'res (na'rez; 3), n. pi.; sing, naris (-rTs). [L., pi. of 
naris nostril.] Anat. The nostrils. 

nar'gi-le 1 (naVgi-le), n. [Per., fr. nargil t prop., a co- 

nar'ghi-lej conut.] An Oriental apparatus for tobacco 
smoking. The smoke is drawn through water. 

na'ri-al (na'n-al), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the nares. 

nar-rate' (na-raf), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [L. 
narratus, p. p. of narrare to narrate.] To tell ; relate. 

nar-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of narrating; rehearsal; 
recital. 2. That which is related ; narrative ; story. — 
Syn. Rehearsal, relation, detail, tale. See narrative. 

nar'ra-tive (nar'd-tTv), n. 1. That which is narrated ; 
story ; history ; recital. 2. Act, art, or practice of narrating. 
Syn. Narrative, narration, account, recital. Narra- 
tive is commonly applied to that which is narrated ; narra- 
tion, to the act or process of narrating. Account is less 
formal than narrative; recital commonly implies a some- 
what detailed relation. 

— a. 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, narration. 2. 
Garrulous. Now Rare. — nar'ra-tive-ly, adv. 

nar-ra'tor (na-ra'ter), n. One who narrates. 

nar/row (nar'o), a. [AS. nearu.] 1. Of little breadth; 
not wide. 2. Limited; circumscribed. 3. Parsimonious. 
4. Illiberal; bigoted. 5. Limited in amount; meager; 
straitened ; as, in narrow circumstances. 6. Having but a 
little margin ; having barely sufficient space, time, etc. ; 
close ; near ; as, a narrow escape ; a narrow majority. 7. 
Close ; accurate ; exact ; as, to make a narrow search. 
8. Phon. Formed or articulated with a relatively tense 



condition of the tongue, the upper surface of which is at 
the same time made convex, thus " narrowing " the oral 
passage ; — said of one of a pair of vowels having the same 
"height," as contrasted with the other, called "wide." 
Thus, e (eve) is narrow, compared with 1 (ill), "wide." 
Syn. Narrow, strait. Strait adds to narrow the impli- 
cation of closeness or restriction ; as, "strait is the gate," 
and "narrow is the way" ; a narrow road. Fig., narrow 
implies illiberality or intolerance ; strait, strictness or 
rigor ; as, narrow views ; a strait sect. 

— n. 1. A narrow part, place, or thing. 2. A narrow pas- 
sage ; a strait ; — usually in pi. 

— v. t. & i. To lessen in breadth ; contract ; limit ; restrict. 
nar'row-ly (nar'S-lT), adv. In a narrow manner or degree, 

as closely, carefully, hardly, barely, illiberally, etc. 

nar'row-mind'ed (-mln'ded), a. Illiberal; bigoted. 

nar'row-ness, n. State or quality of being narrow. 

nar'thex (nar'thgks), n. [L., giant fennel, Gr. vApflfS] 
Arch. The portico of ancient churches ; — used, generally, 
for any vestibule leading to the nave. 

nar'whal (nar'hwdl), n. [Sw. or Dan. narhval.] An arctic 

*cetacean (Monodon monoceros) which becomes about 20 
feet long. The male has a long, twisted, ivory tusk. 

na'sal (na'zal), a. [L. nasus the nose.] 1. Of or pert, to 
the nose. 2. Phon. Characterized by resonance in the 
nasal passage, as m, n, ng. — n. [OF. nasel, nasal.] 1. 
Anc. Armor. A nose guard of a helmet. See helmet, Il- 
lust. 2. Phon. A nasal speech sound, as m, n, ng. In the 
production of a nasal sound the soft palate is more or less 
lowered, and the voice issues (wholly or in part) through 
the nose. 3. Anat. A nasal bone, plate, or scale. 

na-saPi-ty (na-zal'T-ti), n. Quality or state of being nasal. 

na'sal-ize (na'zdl-Tz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
tng). To render (sounds) nasal ; speak through the nose. 

na'sal-ly (na'zdl-T), adv. In a nasal manner. 

nas'cen-cy (naVen-sT), n. [L. nascentia. See nascent.] 
Condition of being nascent ; birth ; beginning ; origin. 

nas'cent (naVent), a. [L. nascens, -entis, p. pr. of nasci 
to be born.] Beginning to exist or to grow. 
nascent state or condition, Chem., the condition of an 
element at the moment of liberation from a compound, 
marked, as in the case of hydrogen or oxygen, by a chemi- 
cal activity greater than the ordinary. 

na'si-on (na'zT-on), n. [NL., fr. L. nasus nose.] Craniol. 
The middle point of the nasofrontal suture. 

na'SO-fron'tal (na'zo-friin'tdl), a. [L. nasus nose -f- E. 
frontal.] Anat. Pert, to the nasal and frontal region or 
bones. 

na'sol'o-gy (na-zol'o-jT), n. [L. nasus nose + -logy.] Sci- 
ence or study of noses. — na-soPo-gist (-jist), n. 

nas'ti-ly (nas'tY-li), adv. In a nasty manner or state. 

nas'ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being nasty. 

nas-tur'tium (nas-tur'shum ; -shi-um), n. [L. nasturtium 
a cress ; nasus nose + torquere, tortum, to twist ; — from 
its pungency.] Any of a genus (Tropseolum) of climbing 
herbs cultivated for their showy red-and-yellow flowers and 
pungent pods and seed. 

nas'ty (nas'tT), a.; -ti-er (-tY-er) ; -ti-est._ 1. Offensively 
filthy ; foul. 2. Morally filthy ; obscene ; indecent. 3. a 
Nauseous ; disgusting, b Offensive ; disagreeable. Colloq. 
in U. S. 4. Seriously harmful or dangerous ; bad ; as, a 
nasty fall. 5. Mean ; dishonorable ; ill-natured ; as, a nasty 
trick. Colloq. in U. S. — Syn. See dirty. 

na'tal (na'tdl), o. [L. natalis, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci to be 
born.] 1. Native. 2. Pert, to, or dating from, one's birth. 
Syn. Natal, native. Native refers es.p. to that which is 
associated with the place of birth ; natal (sometimes poeti- 
cal for native), esp. to that which is connected with the time 
of birth ; as, a native country, native wit ; one's natal hour. 

na'tant (na'tant), a. [L. natans, -antis, fr. natare to 
swim, v. intens. fr. nare to swim.] Swimming ; floating. 

na-ta'tion (nd-ta'shun), n. [L. natatio, fr. natare to swim.] 
Actor art of swimming or floating. — na-ta'tion-al (-31), a. 

na'ta-to'ri-al (na'td-to'n-dl ; 57), a. Swimming ; natatory. 

na'ta-to'ri-um (na'td-to'ri-um ; 57), n. ; L. pi. -toria (-a). 
[L.] A place for swimming ; esp., an indoor swimming pool. 

na'ta-to-ry (na'td-to-ri), a. [L. natatorius.] 1. Of or 
pert, to swimming. 2. Adapted for swimming. 

Na'than (na'than), n. [Heb. Nathan.] Bib. A prophet 
who reproved David for causing Uriah's death. 2 Sam. xii. 

nathe'less (nath'les) \ adv. [ME. natheles, na the les, not 

uath'less (nath'lgs) / the less, AS. na never.] Neverthe- 
less; notwithstanding. Archaic 

na'tion (na'shun), n. [OF. nacion, L. natio, orig., a being 
born, fr. natus, p. p. See nature.] 1. A people connected 
by ties of blood generally manifested in community of lan- 
guage, religion, customs, etc. 2. Any aggregation of people 
having like institutions and customs, and a sense of social 
homogeneity and mutual interest. 3. The body of inhabit- 
ants of a country united under a single government. 4. A 
multitude ; a host. Obsoles. — Syn. See people. 
the nations, a In Biblical language, the gentile nations. 
b The peoples of the earth. ■ 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn. up. circus. nv*"U; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



NATIONAL 



647 



NAUSEOUSNESS 



na'tion-al ( nash'un-al ), a. Of or pert, to a nation. 
national bank, a A bank having association with the 
finances of a nation, as the Bank of France, b U. S. A com- 
mercial bank which, besides performing the functions of 
discount and deposit, may issue circulating notes. National 
banks are under the control of a Treasury Department bu- 
reau, whose head is the Comptroller of the Currency. — N. 
Ouard, in the United States, the organized militia, under 
State control except when called into actual service of the 
Federal government ; — so called in almost all of the States 
and Territories. [chiefly in pl.\ 

— n. A member of a nation ; esp., a fellow countryman ; — | 
na'tion-al-ism (-Tz'm), to. 1. Nationality (sense 1). 2. De- 
votion to, or advocacy of, national interest or national unity 
and independence. 3. Socialism advocating the national- 
izing of industries ; collectivism. Chiefly U. S. — na'tion- 
al-ist, n. — na'tion-al-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 

na'tion-al'My (-al'i-ti), to. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. State, qual- 
ity, or relation of being, or belonging to, a nation ; national 
character; often, specif., political independence as a na- 
tion ; statehood. 2. Nationalism (sense 2). 3. A nation. 

na'tion-al-ize (nash'un-al-Jz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). 1. To make national ; make a nation of. 2. To 
vest the control, ownership, or the like, of in the nation. — 
na'tion-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), to. 

na'tion-al-iz'er (-Tz'er), to. 1. One who nationalizes. 2. One 
who advocates nationalization of land, public utilities, etc. 

na'tion-al-ly, adv. In a national manner or way. 

na'tive (na'tiv), a. [F. natif, L. nativus, fr. natus p. p. 
of nasci to be born.] 1. Born with one ; inherent ; in- 
born ; not acquired ; as, native genius, rights, liberty, etc. 
2. Closely related, asby birth. Archaic. 3. a Of or pert, to 
one as the place of birth or because of the place or the cir- 
cumstances of birth ; as, native land, etc. b Hence : natu- 
ral ; simple ; unaffected. 4. Original ; parent ; as, to return 
to one's native dust. 5. Of minerals, etc., natural. 6. Born 
in a particular place or country ; — chiefly used of non- 
Caucasian peoples. 7. Grown, produced, or originating in 
a particular place, region, or country. 8. Of, pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, natives ; as, native customs. 
Syn. Native, natural, indigenous, aboriginal, origi- 
nal. That is natural which belongs to something by 
nature, or is formed by nature ; native commonly heightens 
the implied contrast with what is acquired or artificial, and 
often denotes, esp. in the case of qualities, that which is 
inborn or inherent ; as, natural gifts, a natural lake ; native 
good breeding. That is indigenous which is native, esp. 
to a soil, country, or climate ; the word is occasionally 
used, like native, in the sense of inborn ; as, an indigenous 
race, feelings indigenous to man. That is aboriginal 
which has no known predecessor ; the word is esp. applied 
to the earliest known inhabitants of a country ; that is 
original which precedes all others of its class ; as, aborig- 
inal tribes ; the original binding of a book. See natal. 

— to. 1. Astrol. One born under a particular sign. 2. One 
born in a place or country referred to ; an animal, fruit, or 
vegetable indigenous to a certain region. 

na'tive-ly, adv. Naturally ; also, simply ; plainly. 

na'tive-ness, to. Quality of being native or natural. 

na'tiv-ism (na/tiv-Tz'm), n. 1. The policy or practice of 
favoring the native inhabitants of a country as against 
immigrants. 2. Philos. The doctrine of innate ideas. 

na-tiv'i-ty (nd-tiv'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. nativite, 
L. nativitas.~\ 1. Birth ; the circumstances attending 
birth ; specif, \_cap.~] , the birth of Christ. 2. = horoscope. 

nat'ro-lite (nat'ro-lit ; na'tro-), n. [natron + -lite."] Min. 
A silicate of sodium and aluminium, Na2Al2Si30io*2H20, 
occurring usually in colorless or white crystals. 

Ua'tron (na'tron), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. Ar. al-na^run.'] Min. 
Native sodium carbonate, Na2CO3-10H2O. 

nat'ty (nat'i), a. ; -ti-er (-T-er) ; -ti-est. Trim ; neat ; tidy ; 
spruce. — nat'ti-ly (-ti-li), adv. — nat'ti-ness, to. 

nat'U-ral (nat^i-ral), a. [F. naturel, OF. also natural, fr. 
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See nature.] 1. Of, from, or by 
birth ; natural-born ; innate ; inborn. 2. Born out of wed- 
lock ; illegitimate. 3. In accordance with human nature ; 
also, of an animal, in accordance with the nature of its 
kind. 4. Designating, or pertaining to, law or justice which 
appeals to human instinct as right. 5. In accordance with, 
or determined by, nature ; normal. 6. Hence, not artificial. 
7. Conformed to truth or reality ; true to nature. 8. Of or 
pert, to nature, or the physical universe ; relating to a spe- 
cial department of nature ; as, natural history ; natural 
science. 9. Hence, physical ; as, the natural body. 7.0. Of 
or pert, to the lower, or animal, nature ; unregenerate. 11. 
In accordance with the circumstances of the case or with 
ordinary experience. 12. Music. Having neither a flat nor 
a sharp for its signature ; written without flats or sharps. — 
Syn. See native. 

natural history, formerly, the study of animals, plants, 
minerals, and other natural objects. Now, commonly, the 
study of these, especially of animals, in a more or less 
popular or superficial way. — n. philosophy, a Orig., the 
study of nature in general, b Physics. — n. science, the 



branches of knowledge collectively which deal directly with 
natural objects, thus including biology in all its branches, 
mineralogy, geology, chemistry, physics, etc., but not ab- 
stract mathematics, philosophy, or metaphysics. — n. se- 
lection, the natural process tending to cause "the survival 
of the fittest" (that is, the survival of those forms of ani- 
mals and plants best adjusted to the conditions under which 
they live). The process is dependent upon variability in 
the characters of different individuals, gradually resulting, 
in the course of generations, in great structural changes. 
Darwin considered natural selection the most important 
factor in organic evolution ; later biologists do not gener- 
ally regard it as of so great importance. Cf. Darwinism, 
Lamarckism, mutation, psych ocenesis. — n. sine, co- 
sine, tangent, etc., the sine, cosine, etc., which are ratios, 
asdisting. from their logarithms, called logarithmic sine, etc. 

— to. 1. One born without the usual powers of reason ; an 
idiot. 2. Music, a A white key, as of a piano, b A character 
[ti] used to remove the effect of a sharp or flat preceding it. 
C A note or tone affected by a sign 4. 

nat'u-ral-ism (nat^l-ral-iz'm), n. 1. A state of nature ; 
action, inclination, or thought based on natural desires and 
instincts alone. 2. Theol. The doctrine that religious truth 
is derived from nature, not revelation ; the denial of the 
miraculous and supernatural in religion. 3. Philos. The 
doctrine that physical laws give, or may give, an adequate 
account of all phenomena ; loosely, materialism or positiv- 
ism. 4. The theory that art or literature should conform to 
nature ; realism ; also, quality, rendering, or expression of 
art or literature executed according to this theory ; specif., 
the principles and characteristics of certain 19th-century 
realisticwriters,notablyZola and Maupassant. Cf. realism. 

nat'u-rini-ist, to. 1. One versed in natural history or natural 
science, as botany and, esp., zoology. 2. One who teaches, 
or adheres to, naturalism. 

nat'u-ral : is'tic (na^-rdl-is'tik), a. 1. Natural ; realistic. 
2. Pertaining to naturalism or naturalists. 

nat'U-ral-i-za'tion (-rdl-I-za'shSn ; -I-za'shun), n. Act or 
process of naturalizing ; state of being naturalized. 

nat'U-ral-ize (nat^ji-rdl-iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
Ing). L.To confer the rights and privileges of a native sub- 
ject or citizen on. 2. To receive or adopt as native, natural, 
or vernacular. 3. To adapt ; acclimate ; as, to naturalize 
a fruit. 4. To bring into, or treat as in, accord with nature ; 
as, to naturalize miracles. — v. i. 1. To become as if na- 
tive. 2. To carry on the studies, or follow the pursuits of a 
naturalist. — nat'u-ral-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

nat'U-ral-ly, adv. 1. By nature. 2. Spontaneously. 3. As a 
natural result. 4. With truth to nature or life. 

nat'U-ral-ness, n. State or quality of being natural. 

na'ture (na'tur), n. [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus born, pro- 
duced, p. p. of nasci to be born.] 1. Birth ; origin. 2. That 
which is the source or essence of life ; creative force ; the 
powers that produce existing phenomena. 3. The existing 
system of things in time and space ; the world of matter, or 
of matter and mind ; the universe. 4. Kind ; sort ; quality ; 
as, things of this nature. 5. Natural endowment or essen- 
tial character ; instinct or native constitution. 6. Physical 
constitution or existence ; the vital powers. 7. a The primi- 
tive condition of living beings ; the wild uncultivated state. 
b Hence, a natural or normal life, c Theol. The state of 
the unregenerate soul. 8. That which accords with nature ; 
as : a Naturalness ; spontaneity, b Natural affection or 
reverence. C Natural course of events. * 

na'tured (na'tyrd), a. Having (such) a nature or disposi- 
tion ; — chiefly in combination ; as, good-natured. 

naught (not), n. [AS. nawiht, nauht, naht, nowiht, noht ; 
ne not + a ever + wiht thing, whit.] 1. Nothing ; nought. 
2. The character ; a cipher. — • a. 1. Of no account ; 
worthless. 2. Obs. a Naughty, b Bad ; unfit, c Ruined. 

naugh'ti-ly (-tl-lT), adv. In a naughty manner. 

naugb/ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being naughty. 

naugh'ty (no'tl), a. ; -ti-er (-ti-er) ; -ti-est. [From 
naught.] 1. Worthless ; bad. Obs. 2. Wicked ; wrong ; 
wayward ; — now used only archaically or in mild or spor- 
tive censure, esp. of children, as equivalent to : disobedient, 
mischievous, bad. — Syn. See bad. 

nau-ma'chi-a (no-ma'ki-d), to. ; pi. L. -chle (-e), E. -chias 
(-dz). [L. naumachia, Gr. vavuaxlo-i va.vs ship + paw 
battle.] Rom. Antiq. a A mock sea fight or a spectacle 
representing a naval battle, b A place for such exhibitions. 

nau'pli-US (no'pll-us), to. ; pi. -plii (-1). [L., a kind of shell- 
fish.] Zo'ol. In many crustaceans, a larval form (usually 
the first stage after leaving the egg) with three pairs of ap- 
pendages, a median eye, and little or no segmentation. 

nau'se-a (no'she-d; -se-d), to. [L., fr. Gr. pavaia, fr. vaOj 
ship.] 1. Seasickness ; any sickness of the stomach with a 
desire to vomit ; qualm. 2. Extreme disgust ; loathing. 

nau'se-ate (-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. nause- 
are, nauseatum.'] To become affected with nausea. — v. t. 
1. To sicken at ; loathe. 2. To affect with nausea ; sicken. 

nau'seous (no'shus ; -she-us), a. [L. nauseosus.'] Causing 
nausea ; disgusting. — nau'seous-ly, adv. — ness, to. 



* 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



N 



NAUSICAA 



648 



NECESSARILY 



Nau-sic'a-a (n6-sYk'£-d; nou-), n. [L., fr. Gr. Nauo-i/c&a.] 
In Homer's "Odyssey," the daughter of Alcinoiis, king of 
the Phaeacians, who found Odysseus after his shipwreck, 
and led him to her father's court. 

nautch (noch), n. _ [Hind, nach, fr. Skr. nrtya dance.] An 
exhibition of dancing by professional dancing girls. India. 

nau'ti-cal (no'tT-kdl), a. [L. nauticus, Gr. vo.vtikos, fr. 
vaOrrjs sailor, paOs ship.] Pert, to seamen, navigation, or 
ships. — Syn. See naval. — nau'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

nau'ti-lus (-lus), n.; pi. E. -luses (-ez; 24), L. -Li (-11). 
[L., fr. Gr. vavrlXos a sailor, a shellfish supposed to have 
a membrane which served as a sail, vatis ship.] 1. Any of a 
genus (Nautilus) of cephalopods, of the South Pacific and 
Indian oceans, having a spiral chambered shell with an 
inner pearly layer ; — called also pearly nautilus. 2. The 
paper nautilus. 

Nav'a-ho, Nav'a-jo (nav'd-ho), n. ; pi. -hos, -jos (-hoz), or 
-hoes, -joes (-hoz). One of a tribe of American Indians 
living in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. 

na'val (na'val), a. [L. navalis, fr. navis ship.] Of, pert, 
to, possessing, or characteristic of, vessels of war or a navy. 
naval auxiliary, in the United States navy, a vessel 
auxiliary to the fighting vessels, as a collier. 
Syn. Naval, nautical. Naval designates that which 
pertains to a navy, or (rarely) to ships and shipping in gen- 
eral ; nautical applies to seamen or navigation. 

nave (nav 1 ;, n. [AS. nafu.] The hub of a wheel. 

nave (nav), n. [L. navis ship, to which the church was often 
likened.] The body, or main part, of a cruciform church, 
extending from the transepts or from the choir to the 
main entrance, but not including the aisles. 

na'vel (na/v'l), n. [AS. nafela.] 1. A depression in the 
middle of the abdomen ; umbilicus. 2. Center ; middle. 3. 
Her. See escutcheon, 1. 

navel orange. A type of orange in which the fruit incloses 

I a small secondary fruit, the rind showing on the exterior a 
navel-like depression at the apex. There are several varie- 
ties, usually seedless or nearly so. 

na'vel-wort' (na'v'1-wurt'), n. 1. A succulent crassulaceous 
herb {Cotyledon umbilicus) having round peltate leaves 
with a central depression. 2. Any of a genus (Omphalodes) 
of boraginaceous plants. 

na-vic'u-lar (nd-vik'u-ldr), a. [L. navicularius, fr. navi- 
cula, dim. of navis ship.] Shaped like a boat ; scaphoid. 
navicular bone, a Anat. The scaphoid bone of either the 
carpus or tarsus, b A large sesamoid bone behind the joint 
between the coronary and coffin bone in the foot of the 
horse. — n. disease, inflammation of the navicular bone. 

nav'i-ga-ble (na.v'i-gd-b'1), a. Capable of being navigated ; 
as, a navigable river ; a navigable balloon. — nav'i-ga- 
bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), nav'i-ga-ble-ness, n. 

nav'i-gate (-gat), v. i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed); -gat/ing. [L. 
navigatus, p. p. of navigare ; navis ship -f- agere to direct.] 
To journey by water ; sail or manage a vessel. — v. t. 1. To 
sail over or on. 2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing. 

navl-ga'tion (nav'I-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of navigating. 2. 
Science or art of, or skill in, conducting vessels on the water. 
3. Obs. or R. a A voyage by water, b Shipping. 

nav'i-ga'tor (nav'T-ga/ter), n. 1. One who navigates or who 
is skillful in navigation. 2. A navvy. Eng. 

nav'vy (nav'i), n. ; pi. -vies (-iz). [Abbr. fr. navigator."] 
A laborer on canals, railroads, embankments, etc. Eng. 

na'vy (na'vl), n%; pi. -vies (-viz). [OF. navie ship, fleet, 
deriv. of L. navis ship.] l.Afieetof ships. 2.Thewarves- 
selsof a nation, considered collectively. 3. The naval es- 
tablishment of a nation, including yards, shops, officers, 
men, ships, administrative officers, etc. Officers of the 
United States navy rank as follows: admiral, vice admiral, 
rear admiral, commodore (only for retired officers), cap- 
tain, commander, lieutenant commander, lieutenant, lieu- 
tenant junior grade, ensign. 

navy blue. A dark shade of blue. 

na-wab' (nd-wob'), n. [See nabob.] 1. A viceroy under the 
Mogul government ; also [cap.] , a title of a Mohammedan 
prince, or a title of courtesy merely. India. 2. A rich, re- 
tired Anglo-Indian ; a nabob. 

nay (na), adv. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. No; — a negative 
answer, now superseded by no. 2. Not this merely, but 
also ; not only so, but. — - n. 1. A denial or refusal ; also, a 
prohibition. 2. A negative reply, vote, or voter. 

Naz'a-rene' (naz'd-ren') , a. [L . Nazarenus, Gr.Naf aprjvds.] 
Of or pert, to Nazareth or, usually, the Nazarenes. — n. 1. 
A native or inhabitant of Nazareth ; — applied esp. to Jesus 
Christ. 2. A follower of Jesus of Nazareth ; a Christian ; — 
usually contemptuous. 3. One of a sect of early Jewish 
Christians who observed the law of Moses, while not de- 
manding its observance by Gentiles, and held to certain 
heresies. 

Naz'a-rite (naz'd-rlt), n. [L. Nazaraeus,fr.Gr.T$a.J;Tipalos, 
fr. Heb. nazar to dedicate.] 1. Among the ancient He- 
brews, a consecrated person, forbidden to use wine, cut the 
hair, or touch a corpse. 2. = Nazarene. 

Ne-an'der-thaP (na-an'der-taF). a. Anthropol. Of, pert. 



to, or named from, the Neanderthal, a valley in the Rhine 
Province, Prussia, in which were found in 1856 parts of a 
skeleton of an early type of man. Hence, designating the 
Neanderthal race or man, a species supposed to have 
been widespread in paleolithic Europe. 

neap (nep), a. [AS. nepflod neap flood.] Designating the 
lowest tides (neap tides) in the lunar month, occurring at 
the first and third quarters of the moon. — n. A neap tide. 

neap, n. The pole of a vehicle drawn by two animals. U. S. 

Ne'a-pol'i-tan (ne'd-pol'i-tan), a. [L. N eapolitanus, fr. 
Neapolis Naples, Gr. Ned7roXis, lit., New town.] Of or 
pert, to Naples in Italy. — n. A native or citizen of Naples. 

near (ner), adv. [AS. near, compar. of neah nigh.] 1. At, 
within, or to a little distance (in place or time). 2. Within 
little ; almost ; nearly ; — denoting proximity in degree ; as, 
not near so good. 3. Specif. : a Closely ; as, do it as near as 
you can. b Thriftily ; with parsimony. Rare or Dial. 

— a. 1. Closely related by blood. 2. Close to one's interests, 
affection, etc. ; intimate ; 3. Not far distant ; close ; nigh. 

4. Closely following or imitating ; as, a near translation. 

5. Of animals, vehicles, etc. : on the left ; left. 6. Direct ; 
short ; as, the nearest way. 7. Close ; narrow ; as, a near 
escape. 8. Closefisted ; niggardly ; stingy. 

Syn. Near, close. Close commonly implies more imme- 
diate contact or proximity than near. 

— prep. At or within little distance from ; close to or uoon. 

— v. i. & t. To approach. [content.) 
near beer. Any of various malt liquors of small alcoholic| 
near'-by', a. Close at hand ; adjacent ; neighboring ; as, 

a near-by river. Now Chiefly Colloq., U. S. 

Ne-arc'tic (ne-ark'tik), a. [neo- + arctic] Zoogeog. Of, 
pertaining to, or designating a terrestrial division including 
Greenland, Arctic America, and the northern and moun- 
tainous parts of North America. 

near'est (ner'est), a., superlative of near. 
Syn. Nearest, next. Nearest expresses simple proximity ; 
next, earlier identical with nearest in sense, now implies 
immediate succession or precedence in an order or series. 

near'ly, adv. In a near manner or degree. 

near'ness, n. State or quality of being near. 

near'sight/ed (-slt'ed; 109), a. Seeing distinctly at short 
distances only ; myopic. — near'sight'ed-ness, n. 

neat (net), a. [F. net clean, fr. L. nitidus, fr. niter e to 
shine.] 1. Free from admixture or adulteration. 2. Free 
from what is unbecoming ; tasteful. 3. Clever ; finished ; 
adroit. 4. Orderly and cleanly ; tidy. 5. = net, a. 
Syn. Tidy, trim, prim, snug, compact ; deft, dexterous. — 
Neat, tidy, trim, prim. — Neat suggests cleanliness, 
simplicity, and a certain orderliness, deftness, or precision ; 
tidy often implies habitual neatness ; as, neatly dressed ; a 
tidy room. Trim adds the implication of spruceness or 
smartness, often of snugness or compactness ; prim sug- 
gests formality, or (often) affected nicety or precision ; as, a 
trim lawn ; a prim letter, full of formality and good advice. 

neat (net), n. sing. & pi. [AS. neat.] Cattle of the ox kind ; 
— often used attributively in neat cattle. 

'neath (neth ; neth), prep. Abbr. of beneath. Poet, [tle.l 

neat'herd' (net'hurd'), n. One having the care of neat cat-| 

neat'ly (-li), adv. In a neat manner. 

neat/ness, n. Quality or state of being neat. 

neb (neb), n. [AS. nebb.] 1. The beak of a bird or tortoise ; 
bill. 2. A person's mouth. Obs. or Dial. 3. Nose or snout, 
esp. of a beast. 4. The nib, or point, of a pen or pencil. Now 
Rare. 5. The pointed or narrowed end of a thing ; the tip. 

|| Ne'bi-im' (neVe-em'), n. pi. [Heb. nebilm prophets.] 
The books of the Hebrew Bible placed between the Torah 
and the Hagiographa, and generally called the Prophets. 

Neb'u-chad-rez'zar (neb'd-kdd-rez'dr ), or, corruptly, 
Neb'U-Chad-nez'zar (-nez'dr), n. Bib. A king of Babylon 
(about 604 to 561 B. c.) who captured Jerusalem. 

neb'U-la (neb'u-ld), n. ; pi. -~lm (-15). t [L., mist, cloud.] 1. 
Astron. A faint, cloudlike, self-luminous mass of gaseous 
matter situated at the distance of the stars. Very distant 
star clusters often appear like nebulas. 2. Med. A spot on, 
or a slight opacity of, the cornea. 

neb'u-lar (-Idr), a. Of or pert, to nebulae ; of the nature of 
or resembling a nebula. 

nebular hypothesis, any hypothesis according to which 
the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been evolved 
from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter. See plan- 
etesimal hypothesis. 

neb'u-lize (-Hz), v. t. To reduce to a fine spray ; atomize. 

neb'U-liz'er (-Hz'erXn. A form of atomizer, esp. for oils. 

neb'u-lose (-los), a. Nebulous ; cloudy ; nebulated. 

neb'u-los'i-ty (-los'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 
quality of being nebulous ; cloudiness. 2. Nebulous matter. 

neb'U-lous (neb'u-lus), a. [L. nebulosus.] 1. Cloudy or 
cloudlike ; hazy ; — often fig. 2. Of or like a nebula. — 
neb'u-lous-ly, adv. — neb'u-lous-ness, n. 

nec'es-sa'ri-an (nes'e-sa'ri-an ; 3), n. A necessitarian. — a. 
Of or pert, to necessitarianism. 

nec'es-sa-ri-ly (nes'e-sa-ri-lT),adv. In a necessary manner; 
by or of necessity ; as a necessary consequence. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, frrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



NECESSARY 



649 



NEGATIVE 



nec'es-sa-ry (neVe-sa-rT), a. [L. necessarius, fr. necesse 
necessary J 1. Impossible to be otherwise or to be done 
without ; indispensable. 2. Specif., rendering useful or 
necessary services ; — used of persons. Obs., Archaic, or 
Dial. 3. Not to be avoided ; inevitable. 4. Acting from 
necessity or compulsion ; involuntary ; — opp. to free. — 
Syn. See needful. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A thing that 
is necessary ; a requisite ; — chiefly in pi. ; as, necessaries 
of life, in Law, the things requisite for support suitable to 
one's station in life. 2. A privy ; a water-closet. 

ne-oes'si-ta'ri-an (ne-sesT-ta'ri-dn ; 3), a. Of or pert, to 
necessitarianism. — re. An adherent of necessitarianism. 

ne-ces'si-ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), re. The doctrine of philo- 
sophical necessity, esp. that the will is not free. 

ne-ces'si-tate (ne-ses'i-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'- 
ing. 1. To make necessary. 2. To force ; compel. 

ne-ces'si-ta'tion (-ta'shun), re. A making necessary ; state 
of being made necessary ; compulsion. 

ne-ces'si-tous (-ses'i-tws), a. 1. Needy ; indigent. 2. Nar- 
row ; destitute ; pinching ; pinched. tous-ly, adv. 

ne-ces'si-ty (-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. necessite, L. 
necessitas."] 1. Quality or state of being necessary ; inev- 
itableness. 2. Philos. a The principle of universal and 
uniform causation ; — contrasted with chance, b Necessi- 
tarianism ; — contrasted with freedom. 3. That which 
makes an act or an event unavoidable ; compulsion ; fate ; 
fatality. 4. Indigence ; want. 5. That which is necessary ; 
a requisite ; — often in pi. 6. Fact of being indispensable. 
Syn. See need. 

neck (nek), n. [AS. hnecca."] 1. The part of an animal con- 
necting the head and the trunk. 2. A part of an object like, 
or suggestive of, an animal's neck ; as : a The slender part 
of a bottle, etc., or of various fruits. b A narrow stretch of 
land, as an isthmus or a cape. C A narrow body of water 
between two larger bodies ; a strait, d Anat. A constricted 
part of an organ ; as, the neck of the uterus, e Music. The 
part of a violin, guitar, etc., extending from head to body. 

neck'band' (nek/band'), n. A band which goesaround the 
neck ; esp., the band of a shirt to which a collar is attached. 

neck'clotb/ (nek'kloth' ; 62), n. A neckerchief. 

neck'er-chief (-er-chif), re. A kerchief for the neck. 

neck'ing, n. Arch, a Any small molding near the top of a 
column or pilaster, b A gorgerin. 

neck'lace (-las), re. A string of jewels, beads, etc., or a 
metal band or chain, worn around the neck. 

neck'tie' (-ti 7 ), n. A scarf or tie passing round the neck and 
tied in front ; a bow fastened at the front of the neck. 

nec-k'wear' (nek'war'), re. Cravats, ties, collars, stocks, 
etc., collectively. Colloq. or Trade Term. 

neck yoke, or neck'yoke', re. A bar by which the end of the 
tongue of a vehicle is suspended from the harness collars. 

nec'ro-log'i-cal (nek/ro-lcg'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to, or of 
the nature of, necrology. — nec'ro-log/i-cal-ly, adv. 

nec-rol'O-gist (nek-rol'6-jist), re. A writer of obituaries. 

nec-rol'o-gy (-jf), re.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [Gr. vticpos dead 
body + -logy. 2 1. A register of deaths ; a list or roll of the 
dead. 2. An obituary notice. [necromancy. I 

nec'ro-man'cer (nek'ro-man'ser), re. One who practices! 

nec'ro-man'cy (-si), re. [OF. nigromance, fr. L. necro- 
mantia, Gr. veKpcfiavrda ; vexpos corpse + uavrela divina- 
tion.] The pretended art of revealing the future by com- 
munication with spirits of the dead ; hence : magic ; conju- 
ration ; enchantment. — nec'ro-man'tic (-man'tik), a. 

nec-roph'a-gOUS (nek-rof'd-gus), a. [Gr. veKpo<j>ayos ; ve~ 
Kpfc corpse + <j>ayelv to eat.] Feeding on carrion. 

nec-rop'0-lis (-rop'6-lis), re. ; pi. E. -uses (-lis-ez ; 24), Gr., 
necropoleis (-lis). [NL., fr. Gr. vei<p6iro\is ; peicpos a dead 
body, adj., dead + ttoXis city.] Lit., a city of the dead; 
cemetery ; — now chiefly used historically or of large ceme- 
teries, [or undergo, necrosis.] 

nec-rose' (nek-ros';nek'ros), v.t.&i. Med. To affect with, | 

nec-ro'sis (nek-ro'sis), re. [NX., fr. Gr. veapwris, fr. veKpobp 
to make dead, mortify, ve/cpos dead body.] 1. Med. Mortifi- 
cation or gangrene of circumscribed tissue ; esp., death of 
bone in mass, as disting. from caries. 2. Bot. A disease 
causing plant tissue to turn black and decay. 

nec-rot'ic (-rot'Ik), a. Affected with, characterized by, or 
producing necrosis. 

nec'tar (nek'tdr), re. [L., fr. Gr. ve/crap."] 1. Classic Myth. 
& Poetic. The drink (less^ properly, food) of the gods ; 
hence, any delicious or inspiring beverage.^ Cf. ambrosia. 
2. A sweet liquid secreted by plant nectaries. 

nec-ta're-an (nek-ta're-dn), a. Nectareous. 

nee' tared (nSk'tdrd), a. Imbued or mingled with nectar; 
hence, sweet or fragrant as nectar. 

nec-ta're-OUS (nek-ta're-&s), a. Of, pert, to, containing, or 
like, nectar ; sweet as nectar ; delicious. 

nec'tar-ine (nek'tdr-m ; nek'tdr-en'), re. [See nectar.] A 
smooth-skinned variety of peach. 

nec'ta-ry (nek'td-ri), re. ; pi. -ries (-riz). Bot. A gland that 
secretes nectar, or the organ or part containing the gland. 



ned'dy (nedf), re.; pi. neddies (-Tz). [Often cap."] A don- 
key. Slang or a Pet Name. 

|| nee (na), p. p.,fem. [F., fr. L. nata, fern, of natus, p. p., 
born.] Born ; — used in introducing a married woman's 
maiden family name ; as, Madame de Stael, nee Necker. 

need (ned), re. [AS. nead, nied, ned, neod, nyd.~\ 1. A 
state requiring supply or relief ; urgent want ; necessity. 2. 
In a milder sense, lack of anything desired or useful ; as, 
the need of a better education. 3. Poverty ; destitution. 
Syn. Extremity, compulsion, necessity, urgency, exigency : 
want. — Need, necessity. Necessity, implying esp. com- 
pulsion, is stronger than need, which suggests pressing or 
urgent want ;as, necessity governs all ; in time of need. 

— v. t. To be in need of ; require. — v. i. 1. To be needful ; 
be necessary ; — now rare exc. in : what needs ? there 
needs ;itnecdsnot. 2. To be in need or want. — need'er, n. 

need'ful (ned'fool), a. 1. Full of needs; needy. Archaic. 

2. Necessary for supply or relief ; requisite. — need'ful-ly.. 
adv. — need'ful-ness, re. 

Syn. Indispensable, necessary, requisite, essential, vital, in- 
tegral. — Needful, necessary, requisite, essential. That 
is needful which is required esp. to supply a want ; nec- 
essary implies more pressing need or urgent constraint ; as, 
wheels are necessary to a carriage ; a top may be needful for 
comfort. That is requisite which is needful esp. for fulfill- 
ment, completion, attainment, etc. ; that is essential which 
is absolutely and indispensably necessary ; as, the gifts 
requisite to an orator ; an essential part of brass is copper. 

need'i-neSS (ned'I-nes), re. State of being needy ; poverty. 

nee'dle (ne'd'l), re. [AS. n£dl.~\ 1. A small instrument for 
sewing, usually of steel, sharp at one end, with an eyehole 
for thread. 2. A slender rod or wire used in knitting ; also, 
a hooked instrument for netting, knitting, or crocheting. 

3. Any object suggestive of a needle, as a pointed crystal, 
a sharp pinnacle of rock, an obelisk, the rod of a needle 
valve, etc. ; specif. : a Bot. A needle-shaped leaf, esp. of the 
pine, b The magnetic needle. [pipefish.) 

nee'dle-fish' (ne'd'l-fishO, n. 1. A marine garfish. 2. A| 

nee^dle-ful (-fool), re.; pi. -fuls (-foolz). As much thread 
as is generally used in a needle at one time. 

needle gun. A kind of breech-loading rifle, developed in 
1836. A firing pin passed through the charge to the detona- 
tor in front of it. It was used by the Prussians in 1S70. 

nee'dle-point'. See point lace. 

need'less (ned'les), a. Not needed; unnecessary. — need'- 
le33-ly, adv. less-ness, re. 

needle valve. Mach. A valve consisting essentially of a 
slender pointed rod fitting into a conoidal seat sliding in a 
cylindrical bore, as in a carburetor. [needlework.j 

nee'dle-wom'an (ne'd'l-wdom'dn), re. A woman who doesj 

nee'dle-work / (-wurk'), re. Work done with a needle ; sew- 
ing ; embroidery ; also, the occupation of sewing. 

needs (nedz), adv. [Orig. a gen. of need, fr. AS. nedes."] Of 
necessity ; indispensably ; — often used with must. 

need'y (ned'I), a.; need'i-er (-i-er) ; need'i-est. Poverty- 
stricken ; indigent ; necessitous. 

ne'er (nar ; nar), adv. Contraction of never. Chiefly Poet. 

ne'er'— do— well 7 , re. A person who never does well ; a good 
for nothing. — a. Never doing well ; good for nothing. 

ne-fa'ri-OUS (ne-fa'rl-iis ; 3), a. [L. nefarius, fr. nefas 
crime, wrong ; ne- not + fas divine law.] Wicked ; iniqui- 
tous. — Syn. Detestable, villainous, infamous, impious. 
See iniquitous. — ne-fa'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, re. 

ne-gate' (ne-gat'), v. t. [See negation.] To deny ; contra- 
dict ; refute ; prove nonexistent ; nullify. 

ne-ga'tlon (-ga'shun), re. [L. negatio, fr. negare to say no, 
deny.] 1. Act of denying ; assertion of the nonreality or 
untruthfulness of anything ; denial ; • — opposite of a^ir- 
mation. 2. State of being, or a making, empty, blank, or 
nugatory ; obliteration ; annihilation. 

neg'a-tive (neg'd-tiv), a. [F. negatif, or L. negativus, fr. 
negare to deny.] 1. Maintaining denial. Obs. 2. Express- 
ing or implying negation, denial, or refusal ; refusing as- 
sent ; — opposed to affirmative. 3. Not positive or direct ; 
privative ; as, negative criticism. 4. Math., Physics, etc. 
a Designating a quantity to be subtracted ; minus, b Reck- 
oned or proceeding oppositely to an ordinary orarbitrarj' 
positive direction or sense ; as, negative acceleration, or re- 
tardation; a negative stimulus, or an action retarding 
growth. C Falling on the side of a line or plane opposite to 
an arbitrary positive side. 5. Designating, or pert, to, a 
kind of electricity (see positive electricity). 6. Photog. 
Having the lights and shades, and the relations of right and 
left, of the original, reversed. Cf. positive. 

— re. 1. A proposition by which something is denied or for- 
bidden; contradictory term, conception, or sense. 2. A 
negative reply ; refusal of assent ; veto. 3. That side of a 
question which denies or refuses. 4. A word, particle, or 
term that expresses negation or denial, as not, no. 5. 
Photog. A negative picture, usually for use in printing posi- 
tive pictures. 6. Elec. The negative plate of a cell. 7. Math. 
A negative quantity or symbol. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word, t combined with. = equals, 



N 



NEGATIVELY 



650 



NEOIMPRESSIONISM 



v- v. t.; -tived (-tivd) ; -tiv-ing (-tiv-ing). 1. To refuse 
assent to ; pronounce against ; as : a To veto. b To reject 
by vote. 2. To disprove. 3. To contradict ; deny. 4. To 
neutralize ; counteract. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

neg'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Expressing negation; negative. 

Ifleg-lect' (neg-lekt'), v. t. [L. neglectus, p. p. of neglegere 
to disregard, neglect.] To disregard ; as : a To omit to 
notice ; slight, b To be remiss in attending to. 
Syn. Neglect, disregard, slight. To neglect is to fail to 
give due attention, esp. to the performance of a task, duty, 
or the like ; to disregard (so also, less often, to neglect) is to 
pay no attention, esp. to something felt to be unimportant ; 
to slight is intentionally and somewhat contemptuously 
to neglect or disregard ; as, to neglect one's business ; disre- 
gard annoyances ; to slight a duty, a friend. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of neglecting ; state or fact of being 
neglected ; also, formerly, indifference. 2. Negligence. — 
Syn. See negligence. — neg-lect'er, n. 

neg-lect'ful (-fobl), a. Careless ; negligent ; inattentive. — 
neg-lect'f ul-ly, adv. — neg-lect'ful-ness, n. 

neg'li-gee' (neg'li-zha' ; neg'lT-zha 7 ), || nS'gli'ge' (na'gle'- 
zha'), n. [F. neglige, p. p. of nigliger to neglect.] A kind 
of easy robe or dressing gown worn by women ; hence : 
any easy, unceremonious attire; undress. 

neg'li-gence (neg'li-jcns), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
negligent ; neglect ; disregard. 2. An act or instance of 
negligence or carelessness. 3. Indifference as to appearance, 
manner, or style ; disregard of convention. 
Syn. Carelessness, thoughtlessness, neglect, inattention, 
inadvertence, remissness ; oversight, disregard, slight. — 
Negligence, neglect, Inattention, inadvertence, re- 
missness, oversight. Negligence and neglect are some- 
times . used with little distinction ; but negligence com- 
monly emphasizes the habit, neglect, the fact, of leaving 
things undone or unattended to ; as, negligence is a bad 
habit ; neglect of duty brings misfortune. Inattention is 
(often culpable) failure to attend ; inadvertence is esp. 
unintentional failure to heed ; as, criminal inattention to 
signals ; a mistake due to inadvertence. Remissness implies 
a lax and careless attitude toward duty or performance ; 
oversight suggests esp. omission through inadvertence. 

neg'li-gent (nSg'li-jent), a. [F. negligent, or L. negligens, 
p. pr. of negligere, neglegere, to neglect.] Guilty of, or 
given to, neglect ; heedless ; culpably careless ; showing lack 
of attention. — Syn. Neglectful, regardless, inattentive, 
thoughtless, indifferent, remiss. — neg'li-gent-ly, adv. 

neg'li-gi-fole (-ji-b'l), a. That may be neglected or disre- 
garded. — neg'li-gi-bly, adv. 

ne-go'ti-a-bil'i-ty (-bYl'i-tT),w. Quality of being negotiable. 

ne-go'ti-a-ble (ne-go'shi-d-b'l), a. Capable of being negoti- 
ated ; specif. : assignable or transferable in the ordinary 
course of business ; transferable by delivery, with or with- 
out indorsement as the case may be, so that the title passes 
to the transferee ; as, negotiable paper. 

ne-go'ti-ant (-shi-dnt), n. A negotiator. 

tie-go'ti-ate (-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [L. ne- 
gotiatus, p. p. of negotiari, fr. negotium business; neg- 
not + otium leisure.] 1. To sell ; pass ; — used chiefly of 
commercial paper or securities. 2. To procure, or arrange 
for, by negotiating. 3. To surmount or traverse ; deal with 
as desired ; — used of an obstacle, etc. Colloq. — v. i. To 
have dealing with a view to coming to terms upon some 
matter ; as, to negotiate for a sale. 

ne-go'ti-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. Act or process of negotiating. 

ne-go'ti-a'tor (ne-go'shf-a'ter), n. One who negotiates. 

ne'gress (ne'gres), n. A female negro. 

Ne-gril'lo (ne-gril'o), n. ; pi. -los (-oz). [Sp., dim. of negro 
black.] A Negrito ; esp., a Pygmy or Bushman. 

ne-grit'ic (ne-gnt'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to negroes ; com- 
posed of negroes ; Nigritic. 2. [cap.] Of or pert, to the Ne- 
gritos, or resembling or derived from them ; also, designat- 
ing, or belonging to, the stock from which they, with the 
Papuans and Melanesians, are wholly or in part sprung. 

Ne-gri'tO (ne-gre'to), n.; pi. -tos or -toes (-toz). [Sp., 
dim. of negro black.] A member of any of a number of 
dwarfish Negroid peoples, esp. of central and southern 
Africa and of Oceania. 

Ne'gro (ne'gro), n. ; pi. -groes (-groz). [Sp. or Pg., fr. ne- 
gro black, L. niger.2 _ 1. A person of the typical African 
branch of the Ethiopian race, inhabiting the Sudan, or, 
loosely, of any of the black races of Africa, including, be- 
sides the Negroes proper, Bantus, Pygmies, Hottentots, 
and Bushmen. 2. [Usually I. c] A black person, esp. one 
with more or less Negro blood. 

— a. [I. c] Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, negroes ; black. 

Ne'groid (-groid), a. [Also I. c] Characteristic of or re- 
sembling the Negro. — n. A member of a race sharing Ne- 
gro blood or displaying Negro traits ; esp., a Bantu. 

ne'gro-phile (-fll ; -fil)l n f r : en ;n v to t u p npBTn 
ne'gro-pllil (ne'grS-fil)/ n ' Une lnencU y t0 tne ne &°- 
ne'gro-pho'bi-a (-fo'bT-d), n. Dread of, or strong aversion 
to, the negro. 



ne'gUS (ne'gus), n. A beverage of wine, hot water, sugar, 
nutmeg, and lemon. 

Ne'gus, n. The title of a king in Abyssinia. 

Ne'he-mi'ah (ne'he-ml'd), n. [Heb. Nekhemyah.] Bib. 
a A famous Jewish leader, b Book of the Old Testament. 

neigh (na), v. i. [AS. hniegan.'] To utter the cry of the 
horse ; whinny. — n. The cry of a horse ; a whinny. 

neigh'bor, neighbour (na'ber), n. [AS. neahgebur; neah 
nigh + gebur a dweller, farmer.] 1. A person who lives 
near another. 2. A person or thing near another. — a. 
Near to another ; adjoining. — v. t. 1. To adjoin ; border 
on ; be near to. 2. To bring near ; hence, to draw into close 
association. — v. i. 1. To dwell or be situated in the vicin- 
ity. 2. To be or associate on neighborly or friendly terms ; 
— used with with. 

neigh'bor-hood, neighbour-hood (-hood), n. 1. Neighbor- 
liness. Rare. 2. State or fact of being neighbors ; proximity. 
3. Vicinity ; region near ; — usually used with of. 4. The 
people living near one another ; community. 5. A district, 
esp. with reference to the character of its inhabitants ; as, 
a squalid neighborhood. 

Syn. Neighborhood, vicinity. Neighborhood (Saxon) and 
vicinity (Latin) are often interchangeable. But neighbor- 
hood commonly implies closer proximity than vicinity and 
also, usually, friendliness ; as, he lives in our neighborhood ; 
in the vicinity of an island. 

neigh'bor-ing, neigh'bour-ing, p. a. Living or being near. 

neigh'bor : ly, neigh'bour-ly, a. Appropriate to the rela- 
tion of neighbors ; having frequent intercourse ; friendly. — 
neigh'bor-li-ness, neigh'bour-li-ness, n. 

nei'ther (ne'tfeer ; ni'-), a. & pron. [AS. nawSer, nahwae- 
Ser, nohweeder, nowSer; na, no, not + hwaeSer whether.] 
Not either; not the one or the other. — conj. 1. Not 
either ; — usually introducing the first of two or more coor- 
dinate clauses, those following beginning with nor (or, for- 
merly, neither) ; as, Ye can neither read nor write. 2. 
Nor yet ; also, not ; as, "Ye shall not eat of it, neither 
shall ye touch it." 

nek'ton (nek'ton), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vvktSv, neut. of vj]kt6s 
swimming.] Zo'dl. The actively swimming organisms of the 
surface of the sea. — nek-ter'ic (nek-ter'Ik), a. 

ne-lum'bo (ne-liim'bo), n. [Singhalese nelumbu.~] Either 
of two large water lilies, the Indian lotus' ( Nelumbo ne- 
lumbo) and the water chinquapin (N. lutea). 

nem'a-thel'minth (-thel'mmth), nem'a-tel'minth (-tel'- 
minth), n. [Gr. %a, z^/taros, thread + %\fiivs, 'i\fiiv0os, 
worm.] Zo'dl. Any of a group or phylum (Nemathel- 
minthes) of worms, having a cylindrical unsegmented body, 
and including the nematodes and acanthocephalans. 

nem/a-to-cyst' (nem / d-to-sist / ), n. [See nematode ; cyst.] 
Zo'dl. One of the minute stinging organs of hydrozoans, 
scyphozoans, and actinozoans ; a lasso cell. Cf . trichocyst. 

nem'a-tode (nem'd-tod), n. [Gr. vrifia, vhiiaros, thread.] 
Any of a class (Nematoda) of nemathelminths, including 
the roundworms, pinworm, trichina, etc. — nem/a-tode, a. 

Ne-me'an (ne-me'an ; ne'me-an), a. Gr. Antiq. Of or pert. 
toNemea, a valley in Argolis. The biennial Nemean games 
constituted one of the four great Panhellenic festivals. 

ne-mer/te-an (ne-mur'te-an), n. [Gr. N77juep7-i7s, name of 
a Nereid.] Any of a class (Nemertinea) of worms, having an 
unsegmented, more or less flattened body, mostly living in 
the mud or sand of the seacoast, and often brightly colored. 

Nem'e-Sis (nem'e-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ne^eons, fr. vky.uv to 
deal out.] 1. Gr. Relig. An ancient goddess of retributive 
justice. 2. [Often I. c] Retributive justice. 

ne'o- (ne'6-). [Gr. vkos youthful, new.] A prefix meaning 
new, recent, late; specif. : a Chem. Designating that 
variety of isomeric hydrocarbons (recently classified when 
the name was applied) in which at least one carbon atom is 
connected directly with four other carbon atoms ; — con- 
trasted with normal and iso- ; as in neopentane ; the neo- 
paraffins. b Geol. Denoting the latest subdivision of a peri- 
od ; as, iVeopaleozoic ; — disting. from meso- and eo-. 

Ne'o-cene (ne'6-sen), a. [neo- + Gr. kolivos new.] Geol. 
Pertaining to or designating the later portion of the Terti- 
ary, including both the Miocene and Pliocene. See ter- 
tiary, a., 2. — Ne'o-cene, n. 

Ne'o-Dar'win-ism, n. The theory which holds natural 
selection, as explained by Darwin, to be the chief factor in 
the evolution of plants and animals, and denies the inher- 
itance of acquired characters ; — opposed esp. to Neo- 
Lamarckism. Cf . Weismannism. 

ne'o-dym'i-um (-dim'i-wm),n. [NL. ; neo- + &dymium.~\ 
A rare metallic element. Symbol, Nd; at. wt., 144.3. 

Ne'o-gse'a (-je'd), n. [NL. ; neo- + Gr. yaia earth.] Zo'6- 
geog. The Neotropical region regarded as one of three pri- 
mary divisions. — Ne'o-gse'an, or -ge'an (-je'an), a. 

Ne'o-He-bra'ic, a. Of, pert, to, or designating modern 
Hebrew, or Hebrew of later date than the Biblical. — n. 
The modern Hebrew language. 

ne'o-im-pres'sion-ism (-im-presh'un-iz'm), n. Painting. 
A theory or practice which is a further development, on 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



NEO-LAMARCKISM 



651 



NESTLE 



more rigorously scientific lines, of impressionism (which see) . 
Its method is marked by pointillism (which see). 

Ne'o-La-marck'ism, n. Biol. Lamarckism as revived, 
modified, and expounded by recent biologists, esp. as main- 
taining that the offspring inherits characters acquired by 
the parent ; — opposed to Neo-Darwinism. 

ne'O-lith (ne'6-lith), n. A neolithic stone implement. 

ne'o-lith'ic (-ITth'Ik), a. Designating, or pert, to, a stage of 
human culture following the paleolithic and characterized 
by more and better implements of stone, bone, and horn, 
the beginnings of agriculture, and domestic animals. 

ne'o-log'i-cal (ne'6-loj'T-kal), a. Of or pert, to neology; 
employing, or of the nature of, new words or doctrines. 

ne-oPo-gism (ne-ol'o-jTz'm), n. The use of a new word, 
words, or meanings, esp. such as are not yet in good usage ; 
neology ; also, a word or meaning so used. 

ne-ol'o-gist (-jist), n. One who is given to, or who prac- 
tices, neologism or neology. 

ne-oPo-gy (ne-ol'6-jT), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). Neologism. 

ne'on (ne'on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vkos new.] Chem. An inert 
gaseous element found in the atmosphere. Sp. gr. 0.69. 
Symbol, Ne; at. wt., 20.2. 

ne'O-phyte (-o-flt), n. [L. neophytus, Gr. vefxfnrros, prop., 
newly planted ; vkas new -f- 4>vt6s grown, 06«c to grow.] 
1. A new convert ; proselyte. 2. A novice ; beginner ; tyro. 

ne^o-plasm (-plaz'm), n. Med. A new growth atypical in 
structure and termination ; a tumor. 

Ne'o-pla'to-nism, or Ne'o-Pla'to-nism (-pla'to-nYz'm), 
n. The philosophy of a group of thinkers of the early 
Christian Era who endeavored to reconcile the teachings of 
Plato and Aristotle with Oriental conceptions ; also, similar 
doctrines promulgated in medieval and modern times. — 
Ne'o-pla'to-nist, or Ne'o-Pla'to-nist, n. 

Ne'op-tol'e-milS (ne'op-tol'e-mus),^. [L.,fr.Gr. NcotttoX- 
ep.os.~\ Gr. Myth. The surname of Pyrrhus, son of 
Achilles, who after his father's death joined the forces 
against Troy. Post-Homeric legend portrays him as killing 
the aged Priajn at the altar of Zeus. 

ne'o-ter/ic (ne'6-ter'ik), a. [L. neotericus, Gr. peurepiKos, 
fr. vecorepos, compar. of vkos young, new.] Recent in origin ; 
modern ; new. — n. One of modern times ; a modern. 

Ne'o-trop'i-cal (ne'o-trop'i-kdl), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
designating a terrestrial region comprising South America, 
the Antilles, and tropical North America. 

ne-pen'the (ne-pen'the), n. Also, ne-psn'thes (-thez). [Gr. 
pijirevdes, neut. of vijirevd-fis removing sorrow (epithet of an 
Egyptian drug) ; vrj- not -f- irevdos sorrow.] A: potion or 
drug used by the ancients to drown pain and sorrow ; hence, 
anything causing oblivion. 

neph'e-lin-ite _(nef'e-lTn-it), n. Petrog. A dark, heavy, vol- 
canic rock which may be regarded as basalt containing no 
olivine and with nephelite replacing the feldspar. 

neph'e-lite (-lit), neph'e-line (-Hn), n. [Gr. ve^kX-q cloud.] 
Min. A native silicate of sodium, potassium, and alumin- 
ium, (Na, K)AlsSi9034, occurring in various igneous rocks. 

neph'ew (nef'ii; nev'ii), n. [F. neveu, OF. also nevou, L. 
nepos.] 1. The son of a brother or a sister, or, somewhat 
loosely, of a brother-in-law or sister-in-law. 2. A grandson 
or grandchild, or remoter lineal descendant. Obs. 

neph'O- (nef'6-). Combining form fr. Gr. vkfyos, cloud. 

ne-phol'0-gy (ne-fol'6-jT), n. The branch of meteorology 
treating of clouds. — neph'o-log'i-cal (nefo-loj'T-kal), a. 

neph'o-scope (nef'6-skop), n. An instrument for observing 
clouds, their direction and velocity. 

ne-phraPgi-a (ne-fral'ji-d ; nef-ral'-), n. [NL. ; nephro- + 
Gr. aXyos pain.] Med. Neuralgic pain in the kidneys. 

ne-phrec'to-my (ne-frek'to-mi ; nef-rek'-), n. [nephro- + 
-ectomy.~\ Surg. Excision of a kidney. 

ne-phrid'i-um (ne-frld'i-um ; nef-nd'-), n. ; L. pi. -ia (-d). 
[NL., fr. Gr. ve^piStos of the kidneys.] Zo'dl. An excretory 
organ of the type foundin annulate worms, mollusks, brachi- 
opods, polyzoans, etc. — ne-phrid'i-al (-dl), a. 

neph'rite (nef'rlt), n. [G. nephrit, fr. LL. lapis nephriti- 
cus. See nephritic] Min. A tough, compact variety of 
amphibole constituting the less valuable kind of jade, and 
formerly worn as a remedy for kidney diseases. 

ne-phrit'ic (ne-frit'ik ; nef-nt'ik), a. [L. nephriticus, Gr. 
v&t>pLTiKos, fr. vecfrpos a kidney.] 1. Renal. 2. Med. a Af- 
fected with a disease of the kidneys, b Relieving kidney 
disorders ; affecting the kidneys. 

ne-phri'tis (ne-frl'tis ; nef-rl'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ke^pZm.] 
Med. Inflammation of the kidneys ; specif., Bright's disease. 

nepb/ro- (nef'ro-). Combining form fr. Gr. vecjtpos, kidney. 

ne-phrot'o-my (ne-frot'o-mi ; nef-rot'-), n. Surg. Incision 
into the kidney, as for extraction of stone. 

||ne plus uPtra (ne plus ul'trd). [L., no further; ne no, 
not 4- plus more + ultra beyond.] The uttermost point 
to which one can attain ; the summit of achievement ; acme. 

nep'o-tism (nep'6-tiz'm), n. [L. nepos, nepotis, nephew.] 
Favoritism to nephews or other relatives ; bestowal of pat- 
ronage by reason of relationship. — nep'o-tist (-tist), n. 



Nep'tune (nep'tun), n. [L. Neptunus."] 1. Roman Relig. 
The son of Saturn and Ops ; the god of the waters, esp. of 
the sea, represented as bearing a trident for a scepter. His 
cult was identified with that of the Greek Poseidon. 2. 
Astron. The most remote known planet of the solar system. 
Its mean distance from the sun is about 2,792,000,000 
miles, its period of revolution 164.78 years, and its diameter 
about 32,000 miles. 

Nep-tu'ni-an (nep-tu'nT-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Nep- 
tune, the god or the planet ; of or pertaining to the sea. 2. 
Geol. Formed by the agency of water ; pertaining to or 
designating the theory of the Neptunists. 

Nep'tun-ist (nep'tu-nfst), n. Geol. One who held the (ob- 
solete) theory that the successive rocks of the earth's crust 
were formed by the agency of water. Cf. Plutonist. 

Ne're-id (ne're-Td), n. [L. Nereis, -idis, Gr. N^pety, -t5or, 
a daughter of Nereus.] Myth. A sea nymph. Nereids were 
attendant on Poseidon. They were represented usually as 
in human form, but sometimes as having the tail of a fish. 

Ne're-is (-is), n.; pi. -reides (ne-re'I-dez). [L.] A Nereid. 

Ne'reus (ne'rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ntjp«us.] Gr. Myth. A sea 
god, father of the Nereids. 

ner/o-li (ner'6-lT ; ne'ro-), n. [F. neroli, It. neroli, from the 
name of an Italian princess.] The essential oil of orange 
flowers, obtained by either distillation or enfleurage. 

Ne-ro'ni-an (ne-ro'nt-dn), a. Like, of, or pert, to, Nero 
(Roman emperor a. d. 54-68), a profligate and cruel tyrant. 

ner-va'tion (ner-va'shun), n. The arrangement of nerves, 
esp. those of leaves or the wings of insects ; venation. 

nerve (nurv), n. [L. nervus.] 1. A sinew or tendon; — 
now rare exc. in : to strain every nerve, to put forth the 
utmost exertion. 2. One of the cordlike or filamentous 
bands of nervous tissue that conduct the nervous impulses. 

3. Constitutional vigor ; energy ; strength. 4. Mental 
strength or firmness ; coolness ; resolution. 5. In pi. An at- 
tack of acute, often hysterical, nervousness. 6. a Bot. = 
vein, b Zo'dl. A nervure in an insect's wing. 

— v. t.; nerved (nurvd) ; nerv'ing (nur'ving). To give 
strength, vigor, or courage to. 

nerve'less, a. 1. Destitute of strength or courage ; wanting 
vigor ; weak. 2. Without nerves. — nerve'less-ly, adv. 

nerv'ine (nur'ven ; -vin), a. [L. nervinus made of sinews.] 
Med. Affecting the nerves ; quieting. — n. A nerve tonic. 

nerv'ing, n. The removal, chiefly in veterinary practice, of a 
portion of a nerve trunk. 

nerv'ous (nur'vus), a. [L. nervosus sinewy, vigorous. See 
nerve.] 1. Sinewy ; strong. 2. Possessing or manifesting 
vigor of mind ; forcible ; spirited. 3. Abounding in nerves. 

4. Of or pert, to the nerves ; also, affecting the nerves. 5. 
Having the nerves diseased or easily excited ; excitable ; 
timid. — nerv'ous-ly (nur'vus-li), adv. ous-ness, n. 

ner'vure (nur'vur), n. [F.] Bot. & Zo'dl. A nerve or vein, 
as in a leaf or an insect's wing. 

nerv'y (nur'vl), a.; nerv'i-er (-vi-er) ; -i-est. 1. Strong; 
sinewy. 2. a Characterized by spirited assurance ; coura- 
geous. Colloq. b Hence : cool ; cheeky. Slang. 

nes'ci-ence (nesh'i-ens ; nesh'ens), n. [L. nescientia, fr. 
nesciens, p. pr. of nescire not to know ; ne not + scire to 
know.] State of not knowing. — nes'ci-ent (-ent), a. 

ness (nes), n. [AS. nses, nes.] A promontory ; cape ; head- 
land ; — often a suffix in place names ; as in Sheerness. 

•ness (-nes ; 24). [AS.] A suffix used to form nouns, and 
denoting : 1. State, condition, or quality of being. 

Examples: goodness, state or quality of being good; 
sickness, condition of being sick ; whiteness, quality or 
state of being white. 

2. An instance of being or a thing or act that embodies 
(the state, condition, or quality denoted by the root word). 
Examples : kindness, an instance of being kind ; a kind 
act; foulness, a thing that is foul. 

Nes'sus (nes'us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Neo-o-os.] Class. Myth. A 
Centaur shot with a poisoned arrow by Hercules for trying to 
abduct his wife, Deianira. Following the dying advice of 
Nessus, Deianira steeped her husband's shirt in the Cen- 
taur's blood as a love charm, but it poisoned Hercules, 
causing such agony that he killed himself. 

nest (nest), n. [AS. nest.1 1. The bed or receptacle pre- 
pared by a bird for its eggs and young. 2. The place where 
eggs of insects, turtles, etc., are laid and hatched. 3. Any 
snug residence or retreat. 4. An abode ; haunt. 5. The in- 
habitants, occupants, or frequenters of a nest collectively ; 
as, a nest of outlaws. 6. A collection, set, or group of simi- 
lar things ; specif., a graduated series of boxes, cases, bowls, 
or the like, each fitting within the one next larger. 

— v. t. To form a nest for ; to settle or place in or as in a 
nest. — v. i. To build or occupy a nest. 

nest egg. An egg left in the nest to induce the hen to con- 
tinue to lay eggs there ; hence, fig., something laid up as the 
beginning of a fund or collection, or as a reserve. 

nes'tle (neV'l), v. i.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (nes'ling). [AS. 
nestlian.'] 1. To make and occupy a nest. 2. To lie close 
and snug, as a bird in her nest ; cuddle up. — v. t. 1. To 



i 

i 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



NESTLING 



652 



NEW 



settle, shelter, or house, as in a nest. 2. To move (a part of 
the body) against or into something as if nestling. 

nest'ling (nest'lmg ; nes'lmg), re. A young bird which has 
not abandoned the nest ; hence, a very young child. 

Nes'tor (nes'tor), re. [L., fr. Gr. N£<r™ P .] Gr. Myth. A 
king of Pylus, who in his old age joined the Greek expedi- 
tion against Troy and was noted as a wise counselor. 

Nes-to'ri-an (neVto'n-dn ; 57), re. Eccl. An adherent of 
Nestorius, a Syrian bishop of the first half of the fifth 
century, who was condemned as a heretic for maintaining 
that the divine and the human natures were not merged into 
one person in Christ. — a. Of or relating to the Nestori- 
ans, Nestorius, or Nestorianism. — Nes-to'ri-an-ism, re. 

Nes-to'ri-an, a. Relating to, or resembling, Nestor, the 
aged warrior and counselor ; hence: wise ; aged. 

net (net), n. [AS. net.'] 1. A fabric wrought or woven into 
meshes, used for catching fish, birds, etc. 2. Anything 
designed to entrap after the manner of a net ; a snare. 3. 
Anything wrought or woven in meshes; any of various 
meshed fabrics ; as, a tennis net; beaded net. — v. t. ; net'- 
ted (-ed ; 24) ; netting. 1. To cover with or as with a net. 
2. To take in or as in a net ; capture by stratagem. 3. To 
make into a net. — v. i. To make netting. — net'ter, n. 

net, a. [F. See neat clean.] Clear of, or free from, all 
charges, deductions, etc. (cf. gross) ; as : a Remaining 
after the deduction of all charges, loss, etc. ; as, net profit. 
b Clear of or excluding all tare, tret, etc. ; as, net weight. — 
v. t. To produce or gain as clear profit. 

neth'er (neth'er), a. [AS. niSera, fr. the adv. niSer, niSor, 
downward.] Situated down or below; lying beneath; 
lower ; under ; — opposed to upper. 
nether world, the world of the dead ; esp., the world of 
future punishment, generally imagined as below the earth. 

neth'er-most (-most), a. Lowest. 

net'SU-ke (net'so6-ka), n. [Jap.] In Japanese costume, a 
small object, as a button or bob, pierced with holes for cords 
by which it is hung from objects carried in the girdle. 

net'ting, re. 1. Act or process of making nets or network, or 
of forming meshes. 2. Act, process, or right of fishing with 
a net or nets. 3. A piece of network ; a network. 

net'tle (-'1), n. Naut. a A small line of rope yarn, b In pi. 
Halves of yarns in the end of a rope twisted up for pointing. 

net'tle (neV'l), n. [AS. netele, netle.] 1. a Any of a genus 
(Urtica) chiefly of coarse herbs bearing small green flow- 
ers, and armed with stinging hairs on the leaves, b Any 
urticaceous plant. 2. Any of many other prickly or sting- 
ing plants ; — usually with an attributive ; as, hemp nettle, 
a menthaceous plant (Galeopsis tetrahit). — v. t.; -tled 
(-'Id) ; -tling (net'ling). To whip or sting with or as with 
nettles ; hence : to irritate ; vex. — Syn. See irritate. 

nettle rash. Med. An eruption on the skin resembling the 
condition produced by stinging with nettles ; urticaria. 

net'work' (net'wurk'), re. 1. A fabric or structure of threads, 
cords, wires, or the like, crossing and knotted or secured 
so as to leave spaces, or meshes, between them. 2. Any 
system of similarly crossing lines or channels. 

Neuf'cha'tel' (nu'sha/tel'), re., or Neufchatel cheese. A 
kind of soft white cheese ; — from Neufchatel in France. 

neu'ral (nu'rdl), a. [Gr. vevpov nerve.] Anat. & Zool. a 
Of or pert, to a nerve or the nervous system, b Situated in 
the region of, or on the same side as, the brain and spinal 
cord ; — hence, as to vertebrates, equivalent to dorsal. 
neural arch, the cartilaginous or bony arch on the dorsal 
side of a vertebra. The series of neural arches forms the 
neural canal, in which the spinal cord is situated. — n. 
spine, Anat. & Zool., the median dorsal spine of a vertebra. 

neu-ral'gi-a (nu-ral'ji-d), n. [NL. ; neuro- + Gr. a\yos 
pain.] Med. A very acute symptomatic pain which follows 
the course of a nervous branch. [with, neuralgia. I 

neu-ral'gic (nu-ral'jik), a. Pert, to, caused by, or affected] 

neu'ras-the'ni-a (nu'ras-the'm-d; nu-ras'the-nl'd ), n. 
[NL. ; neuro- + Gr. Aadeveia weakness.] Med. Nervous 
debility from prolonged mental strain, overwork, etc. 

neu'ras-then'ic (nu'ras-then'ik), a. Med. Pert, to, or 
having, neurasthenia. — n. One having neurasthenia. 

neu-ra'tion (nu-ra'shiin), n. Nervation. 

neu-rec'to-my (nu-rek'to-mi), n. [neuro- + -ectomy.~] 
Surg. Excision of part of a nerve. 

neu'ri-lem'ma (nu'n-lem'dXre. Also -le'ma (-le'md). 
[NL. ; Gr. vevpov nerve + XeMMa peel, skin.] Anat. The 
delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber ; the primitive sheath. 

neu-ril'i-ty (nu-nl'i-ti), n. [Gr. vevpov nerve.] Physiol. 
The special properties and functions of the nerves. 

neu-ri'tis (nu-rl'tis), n. [NL. ; neuro- + -itis.] Med. In- 
flammation of a nerve or nerves. — neu-rit'ic (-nt'ik), o. 

neu'ro- (nu'ro-). Combining form from Gr. vevpov, nerve. 

neu'ro-blast (-blast), n. Embryol. One of the embryonic 
cells from which nerve cells develop. 

neu-rog'li-a (nu-rog'li-d), n. [NL. ; neuro- + Gr. y\la 
glue.] Anat. The sustentacular tissue which fills the in- 
terstices and supports the essential elements of nervous 
tissue, esp. in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia. 



neu-rol'O-gist (nS-rSl'S-jist), n. One versed in neurology ; 
also, one skilled in the treatment of nervous diseases. 

neu-rol'o-gy (-JT), n. The branch of science which treats of 
the nervous system. 

neu'rone (nu'ron), n. Anat. A nerve cell together with its 
processes. — neu-ron'ic (nu-r5n'ik), a. [disease.! 

neu'ro-path (nu'r6-path), n. A person liable to nervous] 

neu'ro-path'ic (nQ'ro-pSth'ik), a. Med. Of or pert, to 
neuropathy. — neu'ro-path'i-cal-ly, adv. [diseases. 

neu-rop'a-thist (nu-rop'd-thist), n. A specialist in nervous 

neu'ro-pa-thol'O-gy (nu'ro-pd-thol'6-ji), n. Pathology of 
the nervous system. thol'o-gist (-pd-thol'6-jist), re. 

neu-rop'a-thy (nu-rop'd-thT), n. Med. An affection of the 
nervous system or of a nerve. 

neu-rqp'ter-an (-rop'ter-an), re. [neuro- + Gr. irrepov a 
wing.J Zool. Any of an order {Neuroptera) of insects now 
often restricted to the lacewings, ant lions, and allied forms. 
— neu-rop'ter-an, a. — neu-rop'ter-ous (-us), a. 

neu-ro'sis (-ro'sis), re.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL.. fr. Gr. vevpov 
nerve.] 1. Med. A functional nervous affection ; a disease 
of the nerves without appreciable change of nerve structure. 
2. Psychol. Activity of a nervous structure as such, esp., 
activity of nerve cells with a concomitant psychosis. 

neu-rot'lc (-rot'ik), a. [Gr. vevpov nerve.] Med. a Of , pert, 
to, or affecting the nerves ; nervous, b Affected with neuro- 
sis. — re. Med. a Any toxic agent affecting mainly the 
nerves, b A neurotic person. 

neu-rot'o-my (-o-mi), re. 1. The dissection or anatomy of 
nerves or the nervous system. 2. Surg. The severing of a 
a nerve, as to relieve neuralgia. — neu-rot'o-mist, n. 

neu'ter (nu'ter),a. [L. ; ree not + uter whether.] l.Gram. 
a Of neither masculine nor feminine gender, b Neither 
active nor passive ; intransitive ; as, a neuter verb. 2. Neu- 
tral. Archaic. 3. Biol, a Sexless, b Having imperfectly 
developed generative organs, as a worker bee or an ant. 

— re., 1. Gram, a An intransitive verb, b A noun, pronoun, 
adjective, or inflectional form or class of the neuter gender. 
2. A neutral. 3. An imperfectly developed female of certain 
social insects, as ants and honeybees ; a worker. 4. A cas- 
trated animal, esp. a cat so treated. 

neu'tral (-tral), a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter."] 1. Not en- 
gaged on or assisting either side ; neuter ; specif., of a state 
or power, lending no active assistance to either or any 
belligerent. 2. Of or pert, to a neutral state or power. 3. 
Neither one thing nor the other ; indifferent. 4. In techni- 
cal uses : a Chem. Neither acid nor basic, b Biol. Neuter. 
C Bot. Without stamens or pistils, d Free from admixture 
of color, e Elec. Neither positive nor negative. 

— re. A person, party, vessel, or nation that takes no part 
in a contest between others ; one that is neutral. 

neu-tral'i-ty (mi-tral'I-ti), re. 1. Quality or state of being 
neutral ; specif., Internal. Law, the condition of a state or 
government which refrains from taking part, directly or 
indirectly, in a war between other powers. 2. The charac- 
ter of a neutral thing, place, or the like, during hostilities ; 
as, the neutrality of a port. 

neu'tral-i-za'tion (-l-za'shun ; -I-za'-), re. Act or process of 
neutralizing, or state of being neutralized. 

neu'tral-ize (nu'tral-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing) . 
1. Todestroy the peculiar properties or opposite dispositions 
of ; make neutral or ineffective ; counteract. 2. Internat. 
Law. To invest with neutrality conferring inviolability by 

belligerents, as in the case of Switzerland. iz'er, re. 

Syn. Counterbalance, nullify, counteract, countervail. — 
Neutralize, counteract, countervail. To neutralize 
is to render inoperative or ineffective, esp. by an opposite 
influence, force, or effect ; to counteract implies more 
positively contrary action ; it does not so definitely suggest 
that the thing itself ceases to act ; as, alkali neutralizes an 
acid ; the effect of the narcotic was counteracted by forced 
exercise. Countervail suggests more definitely a balance 
of opposing forces. 

neu'tral-ly, adv. In a neutral manner ; as a neutral. 

|| ne've' (na'va'), re. [F., fr. L. nix, nivis, snow.] The par- 
tially compacted granular snows of the upper end of a 
glacier ; by extension, any field of granular snow ; firn. 

nev'er (nev'er), adv. [AS. nsefre; ree not + sefre ever.] 
1. Not ever ; at no time. 2. Not in any degree or way, 
under any condition, etc. ; — used in emphatic negation ; 
as, never fear. 

never so, as never before ; more than ever before ; — now 
often expressed or replaced by ever so. — n. the (a com- 
parative), none the ; not at all the ; as, never the worse. 

nev'er-more' (-mor'; 57), adv. Never again. 

nev'er-the-less' (-the-leV), adv. or conj. Not the less ; not- 
withstanding ; yet. — Syn. However, still. See but. 

new (nu), a. [AS. niwe, neowe.] 1. Having existed, or 
having been made, but a short time ; having originated or 
occurred lately ; recent ; modern ; — opposed to old. 2. a 
Recently .discovered, recognized, or experienced; hence* 
strange ; unfamiliar ; as, new lands, doctrines, etc. b Other 
than the former, or old ; fresh ; as, to turn over a new leaf ; 
the new teacher. 3. Not habituated ; unaccustomed ; as, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



NEWCOMER 



653 



NICK 



new to the harness. 4. Beginning or appearing as the 
recurrence, resumption, or repetition of a previous act or 
thing ; as, a new year ; also, renovated or recreated ; as, 
rest had made him a new man. 5. Not previously known or 
famous. 6. leap.'] In names of languages, modern ; esp., 
in use since medieval times ; as, New Latin. 

— adv. Newly ; recently. 
Syn. New, novel, fresh, recent, late, modern. That is 
new (opposed to old) which has existed, or been known, 
but a short time ; that is novel (opposed to common, usual, 
familiar) which is, often strikingly, out of the ordinary ; as, 
new wine, scholars ; a novel experiment. That is fresh 
which has just been done, made, received, etc., or which re- 
tains or suggests the liveliness, brightness, or energy of a 
new thing. Recent is a more relative term ; it suggests 
comparative nearness to the present ; as, recent discoveries. 
Late, which is sometimes interchangeable with recent, ap- 
plies esp. to that which has recently ceased to exist, or 
which is no longer what it recently was ; as, his late resi- 
dence. That is modern (in ordinary usage) which belongs 
to the present period, or is characteristic of it ; the word 
commonly suggests contrast with a more distant past than 
that implied in recent, and often applies esp. to that which 
is latest and most approved ; as, modern languages, ideas. 
New Church. See New Jerusalem Church. — New 
Learning, English learning of the 16th century based on 
the study,then introduced into England, of the Bible and 
the Classics, esp. Greek, in the original. — New Light, 
Eccl., a member of a progressive party, or of one thought 
to follow new paths in religion. — New Style. See under 
style. — New Thought, a form of belief in mental heal- 
ing, other than Christian Science and hypnotism or psycho- 
therapy, which inculcates the conviction that man produces 
changes in his health, life, etc., by the adoption of a favor- 
able mental attitude. — New World, the land of the 
Western Hemisphere. 

new'com'er (nii'kum'er), n. One who has lately come. 

new'el (-el), n. [OF. nouel kernel, fr. LL. dim. of L. nodus 
knot.] Arch. The upright about which the steps of a cir- 
cular staircase wind ; hence, the principal post at the foot 
of a stairway, or a secondary one at a landing. 

new'fan'gled (nu'far/g'ld ; nu'fan 7 -), a. 1. Inclined to nov- 
elties ; given to new theories or fashions. 2. Newly made ; 
novel ; — used disparagingly. — new'fan'gled-ness, n. 

new'— fash'ioned (nu'fash'wnd ; nu'fash'und), a. Made in 
a new fashion or form, or lately come into fashion. 

New-found/land (nu-found'land ; as a geographical name 
preferably nQ'fund-land'), n. Short for Newfoundland 
dog, one of a breed of large, shaggy dogs, usually black, 
originating in Newfoundland, and noted for intelligence. 

New Jerusalem. The Heavenly, or Celestial, City; the 
abode of the redeemed ; the Holy City. Rev. xxi. 2. 
New Jerusalem Church, New Church, or Church of 
the New Jerusalem, the church holding the doctrines 
taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See Swedenborgian. 

new'ly (mi'li), adv. 1. Lately ; recently. 2. Anew ; afresh. 

new'mar'ket (nu'mar'ket; nu'mar'ket), n. [From New- 
market, England.] 1. A long, closely fitting coat or cloak ; 
— also Newmarket coat. 2. A certain game at cards. 

new'— mod'el (ml'mod'el), v. t. To remodel ; rearrange. 

new'ness (nu'nes), n. Quality or state of being new. 
the Newness, New England transcendentalism. Obs. or Hist. 

news (nuz), n.; pi. in form, but commonly construed as 
sing. [From new.] A report of a recent event ; informa- 
tion about a thing before unknown ; recent intelligence. 
Syn. News, tidings, intelligence. News is the general 
term ; tidings is poetical or elevated ; intelligence is esp. 
news formally communicated. 

news'boy', n., news'man (nuz'man), n. A boy, or man, 
who distributes or sells newspapers. 

news'mon'ger (-mur/ger), n. A dealer in news ; one active 
in hearing and telling news. — news'mon'ger-y (-T), n. 

news'pa'per (-pa'per), n. A paper printed and distributed 
at stated intervals, usually daily or weekly, to convey news, 
advocate opinions, etc. [news. Colloq.l 

news'y (nuz'i), a.; news'i-er; -i-est. Abounding in) 

newt (nut), n. [ME. newte, for ewte, evete, AS. efete; an 
ewt being taken for a newt.] Any of various small sala- 
manders (esp. genera Triturus, in England, and Diemic- 
tylus, in America) aquatic for a part of their existence. 

New Testament. See under testament. 

new year. The year approaching or just begun ; also, the 
first days of a year. 

new'-year', a. Of, pert, to, or suitable for, the commence- 
ment of the year ; — more often new year's. 

New Year's Day. The first day of a calendar year ; the 
first day of January. Often Colloq., New Year's. 

New Zea'land-er (ze'lan-der), n. A native or inhabitant of 
New Zealand ; — formerly applied chiefly to a Maori. 

next (neTist), a., superl. of nigh. [AS. nehst, niehst, nyhst, 
superl. of neah nigh.] Nearest ; having nothing similar in- 
tervening ; of periods of time, or when the idea of progres- 
sion is involved, immediately succeeding ; as, the next day ; 
the next chapter. — Syn. See nearest. 



next friend, Law, one who, not being regularly appointed 
a guardian, acts for the benefit of an infant, a married 
woman, or any person not sui juris, as in a suit at law. — n. 
of kin, Law, lit., the nearest blood relative or relatives: 
hence, those blood relatives {statutory next of kin) entitled 
to share in the estate of an intestate. 

— adv. 1. In the time, place, or order nearest. 2. On the 
first occasion to come ; as, when next we meet. 

nex'US (nek'sws), n.; pi. nexus. [L.] A tie ; link. 

Nez' Per'ce' (na' per'sa'). [F., pierced nose.] An Indian 
of the principal Snahaptian tribe, formerly occupying cen- 
tral Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington. 

nib (nib), n. [Variant of neb.] 1. Zool. A bill or beak. 2. 
The point of a pen, or either of the divisions of the point of 
a pen, or the whole pen. 3. A point ; prong. — v. t. ; nibbed 
(nibd) ; nib'bing. To furnish with a nib ; point. 

nib/ble (nib'T), v. t. & i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). To 
bite lightly or gently ; eat in small bits. — n. Act of nib- 
bling; a small or cautious bite. — nib'bler (-ler), n. 

Ni'be-Iung'en-lied' (ne'be-ldong'cn-letO, n. [G. SeeNiBE- 
lungs ; lied.] A great medieval German epic of unknown 
authorship containing traditions which refer to the Bur- 
gundians at the time of Attila (called Etzel in the poem) 
and mythological elements pointing to heathen times. 

Ni'be-lungS (-loongz), n. pi.; sing, -lung (-ldong). Ger. 
Myth. The children of the mist, a race of dwarfs or demons, 
the original possessors of the hoard and ring won by Sieg- 
fried ; also, the Burgundian kings in the " Nibelungenlied." 

nib'lick (mb'lik), n. A golf club with a much lofted iron 
head, used chiefly for playing the ball out of hazards, etc. 

Nic'a-ra'guan (nik'd-ra'gwan), a. Of or pert, to Nicaragua 
or its inhabitants. — n. A native or citizen of Nicaragua. 

nic'co-lite (nlk'6-llt), n. [From NL. niccolum nickel. 
See nickel.] Min. A pale copper-red mineral of metallic 
luster, usually occurring massive ; — called also copper- 
nickel. It is essentially an arsenide of nickel, NiAs. 

nice (nTs), a.; nic'er (nls'er) ; nic'est. [OF., ignorant, 
fool, L. nescius ignorant ; ne- not -f- scius knowing.] 1. 
Foolish. 06s. 2. Lewd. 06s. 3. Fastidious ; in a deroga- 
tory sense, overdainty ;_ finical ; in a laudatory sense, re- 
fined ; cultured ; discriminating. 4. a Affecting coy reserve ; 
also, modest ; hence, reluctant. 06s. b Exacting ; scrupu- 
lous ; punctilious. 5. Demanding, or characterized by, close 
discrimination, delicate, minute, or tactful treatment, etc. ; 
subtle ; fine ; as, a nice problem ; a nice distinction. 6. 
Delicatelysensitive or discriminative ; as, nice judgment ; 
hence, of instruments, methods, etc. : minutely accurate ; 
precise ; exact. 7. Pleasing, kind, considerate, etc. Colloq. 
Syn. Particular, discriminating, difficult, hypercritical, 
fastidious, finical, squeamish, prudish, queasy. — Nice, fas- 
tidious, finical, squeamish agree in the idea of very deli- 
cate susceptibility or precise discrimination, as shown, in 
the case of nice and dainty, chiefly in selection ; in the case 
of fastidious, finical, and squeamish, rather in rejection. 
Nice implies fineness of discrimination, and connotes 
rather more of intellectual quality than the other words ; 
as, an appetite too eager to be nice ; more nice than wise. 
Fastidious differs from dainty chiefly in suggesting a cer- 
tain disdainfulness in rejecting what is displeasing to one's 
taste ; as, fastidious in taste. Finical implies an affected or 
fussy fastidiousness ; as, the poet Gray has been considered 
asbeingfalsely/asZftMous./fraicaZ.effeminate ; a world of little 
finical observances. Squeamish emphasizes strongly aver- 
sion or disgust ; as, a squeamish conscience. See correct. 

nice'ly, adv. In a nice manner. 

Ni'cene (nT'sen; nT-sen'), a. [L. Nicaenus, fr. Nicaea 
Nice, Gr. Ni/ceua..] Of or pert, to Nicsea, or Nice, an ancient 
city of Asia Minor, where was held the first ecumenical 
church council, a. d. 325 ; designating, or pert, to, the creed 
adopted by the first Council of Nicasa. 
Nicene Creed, a A Christian creed adopted by the Council 
of Nicaea, A. d. 325. b A creed closely resembling the fore- 
going, which came to be regarded as the product of the 
Council of Constantinople (381) ; — hence called specifi- 
cally the Constanlinopolitan or Niceno-ConstantinopolUan 
Creed. This creed is the ecumenical creed cf the Eastern 
Church, and, with the addition of a clause, introduced by 
the Council of Toledo in 589, is the so-called Nicene Creed 
of Western Christendom. 

nice'ness, n. Quality or state of being nice. 

ni'ce-ty (nl'se-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz)^ [OF. nicete foolish- 
ness.] 1. Quality or state of being nice ; as : modesty ; re- 
serve ; prudishness. 06s. 2. A dainty, delicate, or elegant 
thing. Archaic. 3. A minute distinction, point, or detail. 
4. Delicacy or exactness of perception or discrimination ; 
precision ; as, nicety of judgment. 5. Quality of demanding 
delicacy and accuracy of treatment; as, the nicety of a 
problem. 6. Fastidiousness ; often, excessive fastidiousness. 
— Syn. See delicacy. 

niche (nTch), n. [F., fr. It. nicchiaJ] 1. A hollow or recess, 
generally in a wall, as for a statue. 2. A place, condition of 
life, position, or the like, suitable to a person or a thing. — 
v. t. ; niched (nicht) ; nich'ing. To place in a niche. 

nick (nik), n. 1. A notch; slit. 2. A broken or indented 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



NICK 



654 



NIGRITIAN 



place in any edge or surface; as, nicks in china. 3. A 
particular point or place considered as marked by a nick ; 
hence : the (or, rarely, a) critical moment or point ; as, in 
the nick of time. — Syn. See dint. 

— v. t. 1. To make a nick or nicks in ; notch ; keep count 
by nicks. 2. To make, mark, or affect by nicking, in any 
sense ; specif., to make a cross cut or cuts on the under side 
of (the tail of a horse, in order to make him carry it higher) ; 
so to cut the tail of (a horse). 3. To cut ; cut through or 
into ; cut short. 4. To hit at, or in, the nick ; strike, catch, 
or grasp at the precise and proper point or time. 

Nick (nik), to. [Prob. for Nicholas, the proper name.] The 
Devil ; — usually Old Nick. [etc.l 

nick'ar nut, nick'ar tree (nKk'er). Vars. of nicker nut,| 

nick'el (nik''l), n. [G., abbr. fr. kupfernickel ; kupfer cop- 
per + prob. nickel demon (the ore seeming to contain cop- 
per, but yielding none).] 1. Chem. A hard, malleable, duc- 
tile metal of the iron group, nearly silver-white, capable of 
a high polish, and resistant to oxidation. Symbol, Ni ; at. 
wt., 58.68 ; sp. gr., about 8.8. Nickel occurs native only in 
meteorites. 2. A coin of or containing nickel ; esp., a five- 
cent piece. Colloq., U. S. 

nick'el-ic (nik'el-Tk ; m-kel'-), a. Chem. Pert, to or con- 
taining nickel, esp. trivalent nickel. 

nick'el-if 'er-ous (nik'el-if'er-iis),a. [See nickel ; -perous.] 
Containing nickel. 

nick'el-0'de-on (nik'el-o'de-wn), to. [See nickel; odeum.] 
A place of entertainment, as for a moving-picture exhibi- 
tion, charging a fee or admission price of five cents. U. S. 

nick'el-OUS (nik'el-us_), a. Chem. Pert, to or containing 
nickel, esp. bivalent nickel. 

nick'er (nik'er), to. One who, or that which, nicks. 

nick'er, v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To neigh. 2. To laugh, usu- 
ally loudly or vulgarly, or to snigger. — to. Act of nickering 
or the sound so made. All Chiefly Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

nick'er nut. The hard, whitish, beanlike seed of any of a 
genus (Guilandina) of caesalpiniaceous tropical shrubs. 

nick'er tree. The tree which bears the nicker nut. 

nick'nack' (nik'nak'). Var. of knickknack. 

nick'name' (-nam'), to. [ME. ekename surname, hence, a 
nickname, an ekename being understood as a nekename. 
See eke ; name.] 1. A name given in derision or sportive 
familiarity, as "Shorty" for one of low stature. 2. A famil- 
iar diminutive name, as "Bill" for "William."— v. t. 1. 
To misname. 2. To give a nickname to. 

Nic'o-de'mus (nik'6-de'mits), to. Bib. A Pharisee who 
came to talk with Jesus by night. John iii. 1 , 2. 

ni-CO'tian (nT-ko'shan), to. [F. nicotiane; — after Jean 
Nicot, who introduced it into France in 1560.] 1. Tobac- 
co. Archaic. 2. A user of tobacco. — a. Of or pert, to 
tobacco. 

nic'O-tine (ntk'6-tfn ; -ten), to. Also -tin. [F. nicotine. See 
nicotian.] Chem. A poisonous alkaloid, C10H14N2, the ac- 
tive principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, oily, acrid liquid. 

nic'o-tin-ism (-tin-Tz'm ; -ten-iz'm), to. The morbid condi- 
tion induced by excessive use of tobacco. 

nic'tate (nlk'tat), v. i. [L. nictare, nictatum, fr. nicer e to 
beckon.] To nictitate. — nic-ta'tion (nik-ta'shwn), n. 

nic'ti-tate (nik'ti-tat), v. i. [Freq. fr. L. nictare, nictatum, 
fr. nicer e to beckon. ] To wink. — nic'ti-ta'tion (-ta'- 
shun), to. 

nictitating: membrane, Zo'dl., a thin membrane, or third 
eyelid, found in many animals, capable of being drawn 
across the eyeball. 

nid'der-ing (nid'er-Tng), a. Infamous; base; cowardly. 
Obs. or Archaic. — to. A niddering person. Obs. 

nide (n!d), to. [L. nidus a nest.] A nest or brood of young 
birds, as pheasants. Chiefly Eng. 

nid'i-fi-cate (md'i-fT-kat), v. i. [L. nidificare, -catum; 
nidus nest + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] To build a nest. 

nidl-fi-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. Act of building a nest. 

ni'dus (nl'dus), to.; pi. nidi (-dl). [L.] 1. A nest, esp. for 
the eggs of insects, spiders, etc. 2. A breeding place. 

niece (nes), to. [F. niece, LL. neplia, for L. neptis grand- 
daughter, niece.] A daughter of one's brother or sister, or 
(sometimes) of one's brother-in-law or sister-in-law. 

ni-el'list (ni-el'ist), to. A maker of, or worker in, niello. 

ni-el'lo (-0), to.; pi. It. nielli (-e), E. niellos (-oz). [It. 
niello, LL. nigelluma.bla.ck enamel, fr. L. nigellus,dim. of 
niger black.] 1. Any of several metallic alloys of sulphur, 
with silver, copper, lead, or the like, having a deep black 
color. 2. Art or process of decorating metal with incised 
designs filled with the black alloy ; also, work of this kind. 
3. Any object so decorated. _ \_chaic or Scot.\ 

nieve (nev), to. [Of Scand. origin.] The fist ; the hand. Ar-\ 

Ni'fl-heim (neV'l-ham)l [Icel. Niflheimr.'] Norse Myth. 

Ni'fl-heimr' (-haW'r) J The cold, dark northern region. 

nig'gard (nig'drd), to. [ME. nig niggard + -ard.] A per- 
son meanly close and covetous ; a stingy fellow ; miser. — a. 
Niggardly ;stingy.— v. t.&i. To treat or act niggardly. Obs. 
nig/gard-ly (-11), a. 1. Meanly covetous or parsimonious ; 
stingy. 2. Characteristic of a niggard ; miserly ; scanty. — 



Syn. See parsimonious. — adv. In a niggard manner. — « 
nig'gard-li-ness (-lT-nes), to. 

nig'ger (-er), to. [F. negre, fr. Sp. negro. See Negro.] 1, 
A Negro ; — now usually contemptuous. Colloq. 2. Im- 
properly or loosely, a member of any very dark-skinned 
race, as an East Indian, a Filipino, an Egyptian. 

nig^gle (nig''l), v. i. Chiefly Eng. 1. To trifle. 2. To be 
finicky or excessively critical; potter; esp., to work with 
excessive care for trifling details, as in painting. 

nig'gling (nig'lYng), to. [From niggle.] Finicky or potter- 
ing work, esp. in drawing, painting, or the like. 

nig'gling, p. a. 1. Trifling ; petty ; finicking. 2. Excessively 
elaborated ; of handwriting, cramped. 

nigh (nT), adv. [AS. niah, neh.~] 1. In or to a near situa- 
tion or relationship ; near. 2. Almost ; nearly. 3. Near to ; 
not remote or far from ; — a prepositional use due to omis- 
sion of a preposition ; as, nigh (to) shore. — a. ; nigh'er 
(-er) ; nigh'est, or next (nekst). 1. Not distant ; near. 2. 
Not remote in degree, kindred, etc. ; closely allied ; inti- 
mate. 3. Direct ; short. 4. Of domestic animals, vehicles, 
etc. : on the left ; near. — v. t. & i. To approach. 

night (nit), to. £AS. neaht, niht!\ 1. The time from sunset 
to sunrise, esp. when no light of the sun is visible. 2. Night- 
fall. 3. The darkness of night ; — often used fig. 

night-blooming cereus. A well-known cactus (Cereus 
grandiflorus) with large fragrant white flowers opening 
about midnight ; also, any of several other night-blooming 
cactuses. 

night'cap' (-kap'), to. 1. A cap or covering for the head, 
worn in bed or, formerly, in undress. 2. A drink, usually of 
spirits, taken at bedtime. Colloq. 

night'dress' (-dreV), to. A nightgown or, sometimes, other 
garments worn in bed. 

night'fall' (nlt'fol'), to. The close of the day s 

night glass. A special form of spyglass or binocular tele- 
scope by means of which objects may be seen at night. 

night'gown' (nlt'goun'), to. 1. A loose gown worn at night. 
06s. or Hist. 2. A long, loose, light garment worn in bed, 
esp. one worn bv a woman or child. 

night'hawk' (-hak'), to. 1. Any of a genus (Chordeiles) of 
North American goatsuckers, esp. a 
species (C. virgini- 
anus) of the east- 
ern United States. 
2. The European JL 1 
nightjar. 6 

night heron. Any of 

certain nocturnal [Nighthawk. 

or crepuscular herons (of Nycticorax and allied genera), 
as an American variety (A/, nycticorax nxvius), the black 
crowned night heron. 

night'in-gale (nlt'in-gal ; nlt'in-), to. [AS. nihtegale ; niht 
night -f- galan to sing.] Any of several Old World thrushes 
(genus Luscinia). The common species (L. luscinia) of 
Great Britain is noted for the sweet song of the male, often 
heard at night in the breeding season. 

night'jar' (-jar'), to. A goatsucker, esp. the European spe- 
cies (Caprimulgus europseus). 

night letter, night lettergram. See lettergram. 

night'long' (-long' ; 62), a. Lasting all night. 

night'ly, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the night or every night ; 
happening, done, or used by night or every night. 2. Char- 
acteristic of or resembling night ; as, nightly darkness. 
Syn. Nightly, nocturnal. Nocturnal applies to that 
which belongs or pertains to night in any way ; nightly, to 
that which happens or recurs every night. 

night'ly, adv. Every night ; also, at or by night. 

night'mare' (nlt'mar'), to. {night + mare incubus.] 1. A 
fiend or incubus formerly supposed to oppress people dur- 
ing sleep. 2. A condition occurring in sleep characterized by 
a sense of extreme uneasiness or discomfort, or by frightful 
or oppressive dreams. 3. Hence, any overwhelming or 
stupefying influence. 

night raven. A bird that cries at night. Now Poet. 

night'shade' (nTf shad'), to. [AS. nihtscada.'] 1. A plant 
of the genus (Solanum) including the potato and egg- 
plant, esp. an}' of several poisonous species, as the bitter- 
sweet, belladonna, etc. 2. The henbane. 

night'shirt' (-shurt'), to. A nightgown for a man or boy. 

night'time' (-tlm'), to. The time from dusk to dawn. 

night'walk'er (-wok'er), to. 1. One who roves about by 
night, as a footpad, street brawler, or prostitute. 2. A large 
angleworm, active on the surface of the ground at night. 

night watch. 1. A watch or guard by night. 2. A period 
of the night ; — usually in pi. 

ni-gres'cent (nl-gres'ent), a. [L. nigrescens, p. pr. of 
nigrescere to grow black, fr, niger black.] Approaching to 
blackness; blackish. — ni-gres'cence (-ens), to. 

Ni-gri'tian (nT-grish'an), a. Of, pert, to, or inhabiting Ni- 
gritia, a region of Central Africa, corresponding closely to 
the Sudan, and inhabited by true Negroes. 

— n. An inhabitant of Nigritia ; a Negro of the purest type. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, film, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



NIGRITIC 



655 



NITRIFICATION 




Ni-grit'ic (ni-grTt'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or like, the Nigritians. 

nig'ri-tude (nig'n-tud), n. [L. nigritudo, fr. niger black.] 
Blackness ; state of being black ; also, anything black. 
|| xri'llil (nl'hTl), n. [L.] Nothing ; a thing of no value. _ 

niTlil-ism (-M-lTz'm), n. [L. nihil nothing.] 1. Nothing- 
ness. 2. A doctrine that denies any objective or real ground 
of truth. 3. a The doctrine that the social organization is so 
bad as to make destruction desirable, independent of any 
constructive program or possibility ; esp. leap.'] , the pro- 
gram or doctrine of a Russian party proposing various 
schemes of revolutionary reform, and resorting to terrorism 
and assassination to further its ends, b Loosely, violent 
revolutionary propaganda ; terrorism ; anarchism. 

niTlil-ist (-list), n. One who advocates, believes in, or 
teaches nihilism ; esp. leap."] , a member of a Russian nihil- 
istic party resorting to terrorism. 

ni'hil-is'tic (-lis'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or characterized by 
nihilism. [also, a nullity. I 

ni-hil'i-ty (nT-hiKT-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Nothingness;! 

Ni'ke (nl'ke), n. [Gr.N1/07.] Gr. Myth, a The goddess of 
victory, generally represented as winged and carrying a 
wreath and palm branch, b Athena, as giving victory. 

nil (nil), n. [L., a contr. of nihil.] Nothing. 

nil'gai (nil'gi), n. [Hind. & Per. nilgaw, prop., a blue 
cow.] A large antelope (Boselaphus trago- 
camelus) of India. 

nill (nil), v. t. ; nilled (mid) ; nili/ing. [AS. 
nyllan, nellan; ne not + willan to will.] 
Not to will ; refuse. — v. i. To be unwilling. 
Both Obs. or Archaic. 

Ni-lom'e-ter (nl-lom'- 
e-ter), n. [Gr. NeiXo/ie- 
tplov; NeZXos the Nile 
-\- ptrpov measure.] An 
instrument for measur- 
ing the height of water 
in the Nile, esp. during 
its flood ; hence [Z. c], 
an autographic record- 1 
ing instrument for 
gauging river heights. 

Ni-lot'ic (nl-lot'ik), a. 
[L. Niloticus.] Of or pert, to the river Nile or the peoples 
of the Nile basin. 

nim'ble (nTm'b'l), a.; -bler (-bier); -blest ( : blest; 24). 
[ME. nimel, nemel.] 1. Light and quick in motion ; 
lively ; swift ; of money, circulating rapidly. 2. Of the men- 
tal faculties : alert ; acute. Also, of things, readily made, 
arranged, or designed. — Syn. Agile, brisk, prompt. See 
active. — nim'ble-ness, n. — nim'bly (nim'bli), adv. 

nim'bus (nTm'bus), n.; pi. L. nimbi (-bT),E. nimbuses 
(-ez ; 24). [L., rainstorm, cloud.] 1. A luminous cloud or 
atmosphere about a god or goddess when on earth ; hence, 
fig., a cloud or atmosphere, as of romance, about a person 
or thing. 2. Art . A circle, disk, or any indication of radiant 
light around the head of a divinity, saint, or sovereign. 3. 
Meteor. The rain cloud, a cloud of uniform grayness often 
extending over the entire sky ; in general, any cloud from 
which rain is falling. 

Kim/rod (nTm'rod), n. 1. Bib. A son of Cush, described in 
Gen. x. 8-10 as a mighty hunter and ruler. 2. A hunter, esp. 
a great one. [stupid person. Colloq.l 

nin'com-poop (nin'kom-poop), n. A fool; dolt; asillyor| 

lline (nin), a. [AS. nigon, nigan.] Being eight plus one ; 
— a cardinal number used attributively. — n. 1. The 
number greater than eight by a unit. 2. A symbol repre- 
senting nine units, as 9 or ix. 3. A playing card with nine 
pips. 4. Nine units or objects ; a set or group of nine units. 
5. Baseball. The nine players composing a side or team, 
the Nine, Myth., the Muses. 

dine'fold' (-fold'), a. Nine times repeated; nine times as 
many or great ; of nine folds, repetitions, or parts. — adv. 
To nine times as great or as many. 

nine'pence (-pens), n.; pi. -pences (-pen-sez; 24). The 
sum of nine pence, or a coin of this value. 

nine'pin (-pTn), n. 1. One of the pins used in ninepins. 2. 
[In form nine'pins', construed as sing. "J A game played 
with nine wooden pins, at which a ball is bowled. Ten- 
pins is a development of this. 

nine'teen' (nln'ten' ; nln'ten'), a. [AS. nigontyne, nigon- 
tene.] Being nine plus ten ; as, nineteen men. — n. 1. 
The number greater than eighteen by a unit. 2. A symbol 
denoting nineteen units, as 1 9 or xix. 

nine'teenth/ (nln'tenth' ; nln'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order 
after the eighteenth; — the ordinal of nineteen. Abbr., 
19th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of nine- 
teen equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. 

— n. 1. A nineteenth part. 2. A nineteenth unit or object. 

nine'ti-eth (nln'tT-eth ; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
eighty-ninth ; — the ordinal of ninety. Abbr., 90th. See 
ordinal, n., Note. 2. Constituting one of ninety equal 



parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A 
ninetieth part. 2. A ninetieth unit or object. 

nine'ty (-ti), a. [AS. nigontig.] Nine times ten; being 
eighty-nine [and one more. — n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The 
product of nine times ten. 2. A symbol for ninety units, 
as 90 or xc. 

nin'ny (nTn'I), n.; pi. -nies (-Tz). A fool; simpleton. 

ninth (ninth), a. 1. Next in order after the eighth ; — the 
ordinal of nine. Abbr., 9th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. 
Constituting one of nine equal parts into which a (whole) 
thing may be divided. — n. 1. A ninth part. 2. A ninth 
unit or object. — ninth'ly, adv. 

Ni'nus (nl'niis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Nlvos.] In Greek legend, 
the founder of Nineveh, and husband of Semiramis. 

ni , 0-bate(nl , 6-bat),n. Chem. Saltof niobium (columbium). 

Ni'o-be (nl'6-be"), n. [L. Nioba, Niobe, Gr. Ni6/3tj.] Gr. 
Myth._ Daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion. Her 
pride in her numerous children led her to compare herself 
to Leto, who had only two ; to punish her, Apollo and 
Artemis, Leto's children, slew all of Niobe's children. 
Niobe herself was changed by Zeus into stone, in which 
form she continued to mourn. — Ni'o-be'an (-be'an), a. 

ni-o'bi-um (nl-o'bi-um), n. [NL., fr. E. Niobe.] Chem. 
Columbium. 

nip (nip), v. t. ; nipped (nipt), nip'ping (-ing). 1. To catch 
tightly ; pinch. 2. To sever or remove by pinching or cut- 
ting with two meeting edges ; clip. 3. To stop ; check, as in 
growth ; — now rare exc. in to nip in the bud. 4. To be- 
numb or injure, as does cold. — n. 1. A pinching ; pinch ; 
bite. 2. A biting remark ; sarcasm ; rebuke. 3. A check to 
vegetation due to cold or frost ; hence, sharp cold. 4. A 
small fragment or bit, such as might be pinched off. 
nip and tuck, a phrase signifying equality in a contest. 

nip, n. A small draft, esp. of intoxicating liquor ; a dram. 

nip'per (nip'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, nips. 2* 
Any of various devices for nipping, as small pincers for 
holding, breaking, or cutting ; — usually in pi. 3. A horse's, 
incisor tooth, esp. one of the middle four. 4. One of the 
large_ claws or pincers of a crab or lobster. 

nip'ping, p. a. Biting ; pinching ; hence : sharp ; sarcastic ; 
painful ; as, a nipping proverb, wind. ping-ly, adv. 

nip'ple (-'1), n. 1. The protuberance of a breast, or mam- 
ma, upon which, in the female, the ducts open ; teat ; pap, 
2. Any small projection or article in which there is an orifice 
for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes ; as, the nipple 
of a nursing bottle ; the nipple of a percussion lock, or that 
part on which the cap is put. 3. A pipe fitting consisting of 
a. short pipe, with, usually, c screw thread at each end. 

nip'py (-i),.o- / -pi-er (-i-er) ; -pi-est. Disposed or tending 
to nip ; biting ; grasping ; hence, Slang : active ; vigorous. 

Nir-va r na (ner-va'na ; ner-), n. [Skr. nirvana.] Buddhism. 
The final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, by 
annihilation or by absorption into the divine. 

Ni'san (ni'san; Heb. ne-san'), n. [Heb. nisan.] See 
Jewish calendar. 

II ni'si (nl'sl), conj. [L.] Unless ; if not ; — used in Law 
after rule, decree^ order, or the like, to denote that it shall 
take effect at a given time, unless previously modified or 
avoided, as by cause shown or further proceedings. 

ni'si pri'us (ni'si pri'us). [L.] Law. Lit., unless before ; 

— used of certain causes, writs, actions, or trials. 
ni'SUS (nl'siis), n. [L., fr. niti, p. p. nisus, to strive.] A 

striving ; an effort ; conative state or character. 

nit (nit), n. [AS. hnitu.] The egg of a louse or other para- 
sitic insect ; also, the young insect. 

ni'ter, ni'tre (ni'ter), n. [F. nitre, L. nitrum niter (1), Gr. 
virpov.] 1. Natron. Obs. 2. a Potassium nitrate (saltpeter). 
b Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter). [lustrous. Rare.l 

nit'id (nit'id), a. [L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine.] Bright ;| 

ni'ton (ni'ton), n. [From its phosphorescence ; prob. fr. L. 
nitere to shine + -on as in argon, neon.] Chem. A color- 
less gaseous element resembling argon ; radium emanation. 
See radium. Symbol, Nt; at. wt., 222.4. 

ni'trate (ni'trat), n. 1. Chem. A salt or ester of nitric acid. 
See silver nitrate. 2. Potassium nitrate or sodium ni- 
trate as a fertilizer. — v. t. ; -TRAT-ED(-trat-ed) ; -trat-ing. 
1. Chem. To treat with nitric acid or a nitrate. 2. Photog. 
To prepare with silver nitrate ; — used chiefly in p. p. 

ni'tre (nl'ter). Var. of niter. 

ni'tric (-trik), a. [See niter.] Chem. Of, pert, to, or con- 
taining nitrogen ; specif., designating compounds of nitro- 
gen in its higher valence. 

nitric acid, a fuming corrosive liquid, HNO3, formed by 
the action of sulphuric acid on nitrates and in other ways. 

— n. bacteria. See nitrobacteria. — n. oxide, a color- 
less poisonous gas, NO, obtained by reduction of nitric add. 

ni'tride (nl'tnd ; -tnd), n. Also ni'trid. [From nitrogen.] 
Chem. A compound of nitrogen with a more positive ele- 
ment, as boron, silicon, and many metals. 

ni'tri-fi-ca'tion (nT'tri-fT-ka'shiin), n. Chem. Act or proc- 
ess of nitrifying; specif., a process of oxidation by which 



i 
( 



K = ch in G. ich, acb (50) ; boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E x plana tions of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



NITRIFY 



656 



NODE 



ammonia is converted into nitrites and nitrates, esp. by 
bacteria, as in all productive soils. See nitrobacteria. 
ni'tri-fy (nl'trl-f I), v. t. {niter + -fy. See niter.] Chem. To 
combine or impregnate with nitrogen ; convert, by oxida- 
tion, into nitrous or nitric acid or their salts. 

ni'trile (nl'tril ; -trll), re. [See nitro-.] Org. Chem. Any of 
a series of compounds, mostly colorless liquids, of the gen- 
eral formula RCN, which on saponification yield ammonia. 

ni'trite (nl'trlt), re. Chem. A salt or ester of nitrous acid. 

ni'tro-Cnl'trS-). [L. nitrum nativesoda, natron, Gr. vlrpov."] 
1. A combining form denoting niter. 2. Chem. A combin- 
ing form (used also adjectively, nitro) designating : (1) cer- 
tain compounds of nitrogen ot of its acids; (2) the group, 
or radical, nitrogen dioxide, or its compounds. 

ni'tro-bac-te'ri-a (-bak-te'ri-a), re. pi. [NL.] The soil 
bacteria concerned in nitrification. They comprise nitrous 
bacteria which oxidize ammonia compounds to nitrites, 
and nitric bacteria, which oxidize nitrites to nitrates. 

ni'tro-ben'zene (-ben'zen; -ben-zen'), re. Chem. A pale 
yellow, poisonous aromatic liquid, CeEU-NCh, produced by 
action of nitric acid on benzene. 

ni'tro-gel'a-tin, or -tine (-jel'd-tTn), re. Blasting gelatin. 

ni'tro-gen (nl'tr6-j£n), re. [F. nitrogene. See nitro-; 
-gen.] Chem. A colorless gaseous element, tasteless and 
odorless, constituting about four fifths (78.06 per cent) of 
the atmosphere by volume, and a constituent of all living 
tissue. Symbol, N ; at. wt., 14.01 ; sp. gr. 0.967. 

lli'tro-gen— fix'ing, a. Bacteriol. Designating, or pert, to, 
any of certain soil bacteria, as those living symbiotically 
within the roots of various leguminous plants, which have 
the power of causing free nitrogen to combine with other 
elements, forming compounds available for plant food. 

ni-trog'e-nize (ni-tr5j'e"-nlz ; nl'trS-jen-Iz), v. t. To com- 
bine or impregnate with nitrogen or its compounds. 

ni-trog'e-nous (nl-troj'e'-nus), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or 
containing, nitrogen. 

ni'tro-glyc'er-in, -ine (nl'tro-glTs'er-Yn), n. A heavy, oily, 
explosive liquid, C3Hb(NO"3)3, colorless when pure, ob- 
tained by treating glycerin with a mixture of nitric and 
sulphuric acids. In medicine it is often called glonoin. 

ni-trol'ic (nl-tr51'ik), a. Chem. Pert, to or designating 
any of a series of acids of the general formula RC(NOH)N- 
O2, formed by action of nitrous acid on nitroparaffins. 

ni-trom'e-ter (nl-tr5m'e"-ter), re. Chem. An apparatus for 

, determining the amount of nitrogen or some of its com- 
pounds in any substance subjected to analysis. 

m'tro-par'af-fin (nl'trS-paVd-fiu), n. Org. Chem. A nitro 
derivative of any member of the paraffin series. 

ni-tro'so- (nl-tro'sS-). [See nitrous.] Chem. A combining 
form (used also adjectively, nitroso) designating the group 
or radical NO, called the nitroso group or nitrosyl, or its 
compounds ; as, : reitrosobenzene, CeHsNO. 

ni'tro-syl (nl'trS-sil), n. [nitroso- + -yl.] Chem. See 
nitroso-. 

ni'trous (nl'trus), a. [h.nitrosus full of natron. See niter.] 
1. Of, pert, to, containing, or like, niter. 2. Chem. Desig- 
nating a compound of nitrogen in its lower valence. 
nitrous acid, an acid, HNO2, forming a series of salts, 
nitrites, but itself known only in solution. — n. bacteria. 
See nitrobacteria. — n. oxide, laughing gas. 

UNi'vdse' (ne'voz'), re. [F., fr. L. nivosus snowy, nix, nivis, 
snow.] See Revolutionary calendar. 

nix (niks), re. ; pi. nixes (nik'sez ; 24). [G.] Teut. Myth. 
A water sprite, usually small. 

nix'ie (nYk'si), n. ; pi. nixies (-sTz). A female water sprite. 

Ni-zam' (ne"-zam'), re. [Hind. & Per. nizam order, a ruler, 
fr. nizam order, arrangement, fr. Ar. nazama to arrange, 
govern.] 1. The title of the native sovereigns of Hydera- 
bad, Deccan, in India, since 1713. 2. [Turk, nizam.'] a The 

JTurkish regular army. b_ 11. c] pi. nizam. A soldier in it. 

1. Nj'or 



Hjorth (nyorth) 



i'drSr.] Teut. Myth. One 



In. [Icel. 

Njor'thr (nyur'ter')J of the Vanir. He was the protector 
of seafarers, and ruled over the winds. 

no (no), adv. [AS. na; ne not + a ever.] 1. Not ; — now 
only Scot, or in expressions like whether or no. 2. Not any ; 
not at all ; as, he is no worse. 3. Not so ; — opposite of yes. 
no more, a Not anything more or further ; nothing in 
addition ; no longer ; never again, b No longer existent ; 
dead ; gone. C To or in no greater degree ; no sooner ; — 
used with than ; as, he can no more do it than he can fly. 

— n. ; pi. noes or no's (noz). 1. Act of uttering no ; a refu- 
sal by using no ; a denial. 2. A negative vote or decision ; 
in pi., those who vote in the negative. 

no, a. [ME. no, non, na, nan, same word as E. none.] Not 
any ; not a ; as, I have no great regard for him. 

No-a'chi-an (no'-a'kT-dn), a. Of or pertaining to the patri- 
arch Noah or his time ; fig., extremely ancient or antique. 

No'ah(no'd),re. [Heb. Noakh.] Bib. The patriarch who 
built the ark. See Gen. v. 28-x. 

nob (nob), n. Slang. 1. The head. 2. Cribbage. A knave of 
the same suit as the card turned up, held in a hand. 

nob, n. One in a superior position in life. Slang. 



nob'by (-*), a.; -bi-er (-T-er) ; -bi-est. Very stylish, smart, 
showy, or fashionable. Slang. 

no-bil'i-a-ry (nS-bil'i-d-ri ; -yd-rT), a. [F. nobiliarie. See 
noble.] Of or pert, to the nobility. — nobiliary particle, 
a preposition, as F. de or G. von, in a title of nobility. 

no-bil'i-ty (nS-bll'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. nobilitas.] 

1. Quality or state of being noble. 2. Collectively, tnose 
who are noble ; in the United Kingdom, the peerage. 

no'ble (no'b'l), a. ; -bler (-bier) ; -blest (-blest ; 24). [F., 
fr. L. nobilis^ well-known, highborn, noble.] 1. a Of per- 
sons : possessing eminence, elevation, dignity, or the like ; 
illustrious, b Of deeds or acts : great ; famous. 2. Of high 
birth, rank, or station ; of, pert, to, or constituting the ti- 
tled persons in a state ; aristocratic. 3. Magnanimous ; lofty ; 
great ; as, a noble nature. 4. Grand, esp. in appearance ; 
stately ; imposing ; as, a noble edifice. 5. Having very ex- 
cellent qualities ; as, a noble hawk or falcon. 6. Exceed- 
ingly good or excellent ; splendid ; as, a noble estate. — 
Syn. Honorable, elevated, sublime, renowned ; generous. 
noble metals, metals which are permanent in air, showing 
no tendency to oxidation, as gold, silver, and platinum. 

— re. 1. A person of noble rank or birth ; a nobleman ; in the 
United Kingdom, a peer. 2. a An English gold coin, cur- 
rent, till 1461, at 6s. 8d. b A silver coin issued, by James 
VI. of Scotland, at 6s. 8d. — no'ble-ness, re. 

no'ble-man (-man), re. A man of noble rank ; a peer. 

no-blesse' (nS-bles'), re. [OF. noblece, F. noblesse. See 
noble.] 1. Noble birth or condition ; nobility. Obs. or R. 

2. The nobility ; persons of noble rank. [peeress. | 
no'ble-wom'an (-woom'dn), re. A woman of noble rank ; a| 
no'bly (no'bli), adv. In a noble manner or degree. 
no'bod-y (no'bod-i), re. ; pi. -bodies (-Tz). [reo, a. + body.'] 

1. No person ; no one. 2. Hence : a person of no influence, 
importance, or social standing ; an insignificant person. 

no'cent (no'sent), a. [L. nocens, p. pr. of nocere to hurt.] 
Hurtfulj harmful ; noxious ; guilty. Now Rare. 

nock (nok), re. A notch, as at either end of a bow for the 
string, or in an arrow for taking the string. — v. t. Archery. 
a To furnish (an arrow or bow) with a nock or nocks, D To 
fit (an arrow) to the string. 

noc-tam'bu-lism (nok-tam'bu-lTz'm), re. [L. nox, noctis, 
night + ambulare to walk.] Somnambulism. 

noc-tam'bu-list (-list), re. A somnambulist. 

noc/ti-lu'ca (nok'ti-lii'kd), re. [L. noctiluca something that 
shines by night ; nox, noctis, night + lucere to shine.] Zo'dl. 
Any of a genus (Noctiluca) of marine flagellate protozoans, 
remarkable for their phosphorescence. 

noc'tu-id (nok't$-id), n. [L. noctua a night owl.] Any of 
a large family (Noctuidss) of moths including the cutworm 
moths, army-worm moths, and their allies, and containing 
a majority of the moths which fly into nouses at night. 
Most of their larvae are naked, and many are pests to agri- 
culture, as the bollworm. — noc'tu-id, a. 

noc'turn (nok'turn), re. [F. nocturne.] R. C. Ch. Any of 
the three divisions of the nocturnal office, or matins. 

noe-tur'nal (nok-tur'nal), a. [L. nocturnalis, nocturnus, 
fr. nox, noctis, night.] 1. Of, pert, to, done, or occurring 
in, the night ; — opp. to diurnal. 2. Seeking food or active 
by night ; as, nocturnal birds. — Syn. See nightly. 
nocturnal, or night, office, Eccl., matins. 

noc'turne (nok'turn ; n5k-turn'), re. [F.] 1. Music. A 
night piece, or serenade, esp. a dreamy, pensive instru- 
mental composition. 2. Paint. A night scene. 

nod (nod), v. i. & t.; nod'ded; nod'ding. 1. To bow or 
incline the head in assent, salutation, approbation, invita- 
tion, or command, or involuntarily from drowsiness or 
sleep. 2. To signify by nodding the head. 3. To bend or 
incline the upper part downward or forward with a quick 
motion. — re. Act of nodding. — nod'der (nod'er), re. 

nod'al (nod'al), a. Of the nature of, or relating to, a node. 

nod'dle (nod''!), re. The head ; pate. Colloq. or Jocose. 

nod'dy (nSd'i), re. ; pi. -dies (-Tz). 1. A simpleton ; fool. 2. 
Any of several terns (genera Anous and Micranous) noted 
for tameness and stupidity. 

node (nod), re. [L. nodus.] 1. A knot, complication, or 
difficulty, as in a drama. 2. A knot, knob, protuberance, or 
swelling. 3. Bot. Joint of a stem ; point of insertion of a 
leaf. 4. Astron. Either of the two points where the orbit of 
a planet or comet intersects the ecliptic, or where the orbit 
of a satellite intersects the plane of the orbit of its primary. 
The node passed as the body goes north is the ascending 
node (£l); that passed in going south, the descending 
node (£?)• See dragon's head. 5. Physics. In a vibrating 




hlC— L 6 



lbs 



J Node, 5. The vibrating string ab, when stopped at L 
J its length, forms Nodes n, n', n", respectively at \ y £ f 
and I ab ; I, V, etc., are the Loops or Ventral Segments. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flrn. ftp, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, (bin; na(jjre, verdure (87); 



NODON VALVE 



657 



NONAGON 



body, a point, line, or plane free from vibration. 6. Geom. 
A double point, which in regard to intersections counts as 
more than one point ; the coincidence of two nonconsecu- 
tive points of a curve regarded as a system of points. 
No'don' valve (no'doN')- [After A. L. C. Nodon, French 
physicist.] Elec. An electrolytic rectifier employing a neu- 
tral solution of ammonium phosphate in water as the elec- 
trolyte, with aluminium as one electrode and lead or steel 
as the other, 
no'dose (no'dos ; no-dos'), a. [L. nodosus, fr. nodus knot.] 
Knotty; knobbed; also, Bot. & Zool., having distinct nodes. 
no-dos'i-ty (no-dos'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 

state of being nodose ; knottiness. 2. A knot ; a node. 
nod'U-lar (nodlji-ldr), a. Pertaining to, characterized by, or 

in the form of, nodules or nodes. 
nod'ule (nodlftl), n. [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus knot.] A 
small roundish mass ; a little knot or lump._ 
nod'U-lose (nod^ji-los ; nodU-los'), a. Having nodules, or 

small knots or knobs. See root, Illust. 
no-el' (nS-el r ; no'el), n. [F. noel, L. natalis birthday, fr. 
natalis natal. See natal.] A Christmas carol ; also, the 
shout of noel, made as a sign of joy. See nowel. 
no-et'ic (no-et'ik), a. [Gr. vorjTtnos, fr. voelv to perceive, 
voSh mind.] Of or pert, to the intellect or reason, esp. apart 
from sensation ; involving cognition ; intellectual. 
nog, or nogg (nog), n. 1. A kind of strong ale. Dial. Eng. 

2. Short for eggnog. 
nog (nog), n. A wooden peg, pin, or block, of the size of a 

brick, as in a wall to serve as a hold for nails. 
nog'gin (nog'Tn), n. A small mug ; also, a small quantity of 
drink , usually a gill. 
nog'ging (-ing), n. Rough brick masonry used to fill in the 
open spaces of a wooden frame. 

noftiow' (no'houO, adv. In no way ; not at all. Chiefly Dial. 

noil (noil), n. A piece or knot of short hair or fiber, as one 
combed from the longer staple, or a similar piece of waste 
silk ; also, such waste pieces collectively. 

noise (noiz), n. [F., noisy strife, brawl.] 1. Loud, confused, 
or senseless shouting ; clamor. 2. Sound of any sort, esp. if 
without agreeable or musical quality. — Syn. See sound. 

— v. t . ; noised (noizd) ; nois'ing. To report ; rumor ; 
spread by rumor or report. — v. i. 1. To talk much or loud- 
ly: 2. To make a noise or outcry. 

noise'less, a. Making, or causing, no noise or stir ; silent. 
— noise'less-ly, adv. — noise'less-ness, n. 
Syn. Noiseless, silent. That is noiseless which (esp.) 
moves without noise or stir ; that is silent which makes, or 
is broken by, no sound at all. 

nois'i-ly (nois'i-li), adv. In a noisy manner. 

nois'i-ness, n. Quality of being noisy. 

noi'some (noi'sum), a. [For noysome, it. noy for annoy. 
See annoy.] 1. Noxious ; harmful ; unwholesome. 2. 
Offensive, esp. to the smell ; disgusting. — Syn. See perni- 
cious. — noi'some-ly, adv. — noi'some-ness, n. 

nois'y (noiz'i), a.; nois'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Making, or 
given to making, a noise, esp. a loud one ; clamorous ; bois- 
terous. 2. Full of, or characterized by, noise. 

I noli me tan'ge-re (no'll me tan'j£-re). [L., touch me 
not.] 1. One not to be touched, or interfered with. 2. A 
painting representing Christ's appearance to Mary Magda- 
lene after the Resurrection. See John xx. 17. 

D nolle pros'e-qui (n51'e" pros'e-kwl). [L., to be unwilling 
to prosecute.] Law. An entry on the record denoting that 
the prosecutor or plaintiff will proceed no further in his 
action or suit, either as a whole, or as to some part. 

|] no'lo con-ten'de-re (no'io kon-ten'dS-re). [L., I do not 
wish to contend.] Law. A plea by the defendant in a crimi- 
nal prosecution, which, without admitting guilt, subjects 
him to conviction, but does not preclude his denying the 
truth of the charges in a collateral proceeding. 

noT-pros' (nol'prosO.v. t. ; -prossed' (-prost/) ; -pross'ing. 
To discontinue by entering a nolle prosequi. 

no'ma (no'md), n. [NL., fr., Gr. vow, lit., a feeding/] 
Med. Gangrenous stomatitis, occurring oftenest in debili- 
tated children, marked by ulceration of mouth and cheek. 

nom/ad (nom'dd ; no'mSd), n. [L. nomas, -adis, Gr. vofj,as, 
6£oi, pasturing, fr. voubs a pasture, allotted abode, »'e/zeij> 
to allot, drive to pasture.] One of a race having no fixed lo- 
cation, but wandering from place to place. — a. Roving. 

no-mad'ic (no-mad'Ik), a. Of or pert, to, or characteristic 
of, nomads or their way of life ; wandering. 

nom'ad-ism (nom'dd-Tz'm ; no'mad-), n. State of being a 
nomad ; nomadic tendency. 

nom'arch (nom'drk), n. [Gr. vo^ds a district + -arch."} 
The chief magistrate of a nome, or nomarchy. 

nom'arch-y (-dr-ki), n.; pi. -archies (-klz). A province of 
the modern kingdom of Greece ; a nome. 

nom'bles (num'b'lz). Var. of numbles. Obs. or Archaic. 

nom r bril (nom'brtl), n. [F., deriv. of L. umbilicus navel.] 
Her. See escutcheon, 1. 

nome (nom), n. In Greek form, no'mos (no'mos). [Gr. 
vopm.~] A province of modern Greece or of ancient Egypt. 



no'men-Cla'tor (no'men-kla'ter), n. [L. ; nomen name + 
calare to call.] One who calls persons or things by their 
names ; one who announces or assigns names. 

no'men-cla / ture Hfjr), n. The system of names used in 
any science or art, or by any school or individual. 

nom'1-nal (noni'i-nfll), a. [L. nominalis, fr. nomen, no- 
minis, name.] 1. Gram. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
noun or nouns. 2. Of, pert, to, of the nature of, or consist- 
ing in, a name or names. 3. Actually or practically existing 
in name only ; not real or actual ; as, a nominal price. 4. 
Containing or giving names ; bearing a person's name. 

nom'i-nal-ism (-Iz'm),n. Metaph. The doctrine that uni- 
versal terms such as indicate genus or species, and all gen- 
eral collective words or terms, have no objective, real exist- 
ences corresponding to them. See conceptualism. — 
nom'i-nal-ist (-1st), n. & a.— nom'i-nal-is'tic (-is'tik).a. 

nom'i-nal-ly, adv. By name, or in name only. 

nom'i-nate (-nSt), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'Ed) ; -nat'ing. [L. 
nominatus, p. p. of nominare to nominate, nomen name.] 
1. To call ; name ; specify. 06s. or R. 2. To name as a 
candidate for election or appointment ; propose by name ; 
appoint. — a. Having a special or certain name. 

norn'i-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. Act of nominating ; state or 
fact of being nominated. 

nom/i-na-tive (nSm'I-nd-tTv), a. [L. nominativus of a 
name, nominative.] 1. Gram. Designating, or pert, to, the 
case denoting the subject of a finite verb, a predicate noun 
referring to the subject, a noun word in apposition with 
either, or one in certain absolute constructions ; also, desig- 
nating, or pert, to, the relation of subject, etc., denoted by 
such case. 2. Nominated. 3. Bearing a person's name ; 
nominal, as shares. 

— n. The nominative case, or a word in it. 

nom'i-na'tor (nSm'I-na'ter), n. One who nominates. 

nom / i-nee'(-ne v ),n. [See nominate ; -ee.] Apersonnamed, 
or designated, as for any office, duty, or position. 

no-mis'tic (nS-mts'tik), a. [Gr. v6uos law.] Founded on 
law, esp. as given in a sacred book ; nomothetical. 

no-mog'ra-phy (n<5-mog'rd-fI), n. [Gr. vonoypa<t>La; vo/ios 
law + ypa4>eiv to write.] A treatise on the drafting of laws. 

no-mol'o-gy (no-mol'o-jl), n. [Gr. v6fws law + -logy.'] 1. 
The science of law and legislation. 2. The science of the 
laws of the mind ; rational psychology. 

nom/o-thet'i-cal (nSm'S-thgt'I-kai), a. [Gr. vonoOertKbt.'] 
Giving or enacting laws ; arising from, or based on, law. 

non- (n5n-). [L. non not.] A prefix meaning not ; as in non- 
active, not active ; nonpayment, neglect or failure to pay. 
t^" Aton- is generally less emphatic than in- or un-, being 
merely negative, while in- and un- are positive, often im- 
plying an opposite thing or quality. Cf. nonreligious, Ir- 
religious ; nonmoral, immoral ; non-Christian, unchristian. 

Ik^ Words beginning with non- are very numerous and are 
formed almost at will. Where the meaning is not self-evi- 
dent such words are defined. A few with self-evident mean- 
ings are given in the following list : 



non'ab-stain'er, n. 
non'ac-ced'ing, a. 
non-ac'cent, n. 
non'ae-cept'ance, n. 
non'ad-mis'sion, n. 
non-al'co-hol'ic, a. 
non-an'a-lyzed, a. 
non'at-tend'anee, n. 
non'— Cau-ca'sian, a. 
non-cel'lu-lar, a. 
non'eom-pli'ance, n. 
non'eon-duct'ing, a. 
non-con'scious, a. 
non'con-sec'u-tive, a. 
non'con-senf, n. & v. 
non/eon-senfing, a. 
non'con-ta'gious, a. 
non'con-ten'tious, a. 
non'eon-ten'tious-ly, adv. 
non'con-vic'tion, n. 
non'cor-ro'stve, a. & n. 
non-crys'tal-liz'a-ble, a. 
non-crys'tal-lized, a. 
non'de-liv'er-y, n. 
non'de-mand', n. 
non'dis-cov'er-y, n. 
non'e-lect/, n. 
non'es-sen'tial, a. & n. 
non-ex'er-cise, n. 
non'ex-isfent, a. & n. 
non'ex-plo'sive, a. & ». 
non'ex-ten'sile, a. 



non'ex-ten'sion, n. 
non-flag'el-late, a. 
non-for'feit-ure, n. 
non'ful-nll'ment, n. 
non-hu'man, a. 
non'in-duc'tive, a. 
non-in'ter-course, n. 
non-in'ter-fer'ence, n. 
non-in'ter-ven'tion, n. 
non-lu'mi-nous, a. 
non-mo'tile, a. 
non'ne-go/ti-a-ble, a. 
non'ob-serv'ance, n. 
non'oc-cur'rence, n. 
non-par'ti-san, a. & n. 
non-pas'ser-ine, a. 
non-path'o-gen'ic, a. 
non'per-form'ance, n. 
non'pre-hen'sile, a. 
non'pro-duc'tive-ness, n. 
non'pro-f es'sion-al, a. 
non're-al'i-ty, n. 
non're-trac'tile, a. 
non-ru'mi-nant, a. & n. 
non-sup'pu-ra-tive, a. 
non-tecb/ni-cal, a. 
non'ter-res'tri-al, a. 
non-ven'om-ous, a. 
non-vo'cal, a. 
non-vol'a-tile, a. 
non-vol'un-ta-ry, a. 
non-vor'ti-oal, a. 



non'age (non'aj ; no'naj) n. {non- + age."] Legal minority. 

non'a-ge-na'ri-an (non'd-je-na'ri-an ; 3), a. [L. nonage- 
narius containing ninety, nonageni ninety each.] Ninety, 
or between 90 and 100, years old. — n. One of such age. 

non'a-gon (non'd-gon), n. [L. nonus ninth + Gr. yuvia 
angle.] Math. A polygon having nine angles and nine sides. 



i 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



NONAPPEARANCE 



658 



NOODLE 



non'ap-pear'ance (non'd-per'dns), n. Default of appear- 
ance, as in court ; failure to appear. 

nonce (nons), n. [For the nonce, ME. for the nones, a cor- 
ruption of for then ones, where n in then is a relic of AS. m 
in Sam, dat. of pe. See the.] Lit., the one, single, particu- 
lar, or present (occasion, use, or purpose). 

nonce word. A word used only for a particular occasion. 

non'cha-lance (non'shd-ldns ; F. nSN'sha/laNs'), n. [F.] 
Quality or state of being nonchalant ; unconcern. 

non'cha-lant (non'shd-lant ; F. noN'sha'laN'), a. [F., fr. 
non not (L. non) + chaloir to concern (one's self) for, fr. 
L. calere to be warm.] Lacking in warmth of feeling, enthu- 
siasm, or interest ; indifferent ; careless. — Syn. See cool. 

non'cha-lant-ly, adv. In a nonchalant manner. 

non'col-le'gi-ate (non'ko-le'ji-at), a. Not belonging to a 
college ; also, of a university, not made up of colleges. 

non'com' (non'kom'), n.^ Mil. A noncommissioned officer. 
Colloq. — a. Noncommissioned. Colloq. 

non-com'bat-ant (non-kom'bdt-dnt ; non-hum'-), n. Mil. 
Any person connected with a military or naval force whose 
duties do not include fighting, as a chaplain or doctor. 

non'com-inis'sioned (non'ko-mish'und), a. Not having a 
commission. — noncommissioned officer, Mil., an en- 
listed man appointed to the grade of sergeant or corporal. 

non'com-rnit'tal (non'ko-mit'dl), a. Characterized by for- 
bearance or refusal to commit one's self ; indicating neither 
consent nor dissent. — non'com-mit'tal-ly, adv. 

non'com-mu'ni-cant (-mu'm-kdnt), n. Eccl. One not a 
communicant ; in England, in the 17th century, often, one 
who did not communicate in a church of the Establishment. 

non'com-pli'ance (-kom-pll'ans), n. Neglect of compli- 
ance ; failure or refusal to comply. — non'com-pli'ant 
(-ont), a. & n. 

Dnon com'pos men'tis (non kom'pos men'tis). [L.] 
Law. Not of sound mind. 

non'con-cur'rence (-kon-kur'ens),?z. Refusal to concur. 

non'con-duc'tor (non'kon-duk'ter), n. Physics. A sub- 
stance or body that is a very poor conductor of heat, elec- 
tricity, sound, or the like ; an insulator. 

non'con-form'ing (-for'ming), a. Not conforming ; declin- 
ing conformity, esp. to the established church. 

non'con-form/ist (-mist), n. One who does not conform to 
an established church ; esp. [Often cap.'] , one who does not 
conform to the established church of England. 

non'con-IQrm'i-ty (-for'mi-ti), n. Neglect, failure, or re- 
fusal to conform, specif, to an established church, orig., 
and now chiefly [Often cap.], to the Church of England. 

non'con-sent' (non'k on-sent'), n. & v. Dissent. — non'- 
con-sent'ing, a. 

non'de-script (non'de-sknpt), a. [non- -f- L. descriptus 
described.] Not easily described ; of no particular class or 
kind. — n. A person or thing not easily classified, or of no 
particular class or kind ; — usually disparaging. 

none (nun), pron. [AS. nan, fr. ne not + an one.] 1. No 
one ; not one. 2. Not any. As subject, none with a plural 
verb is the commoner construction unless a singular idea is 
clearly intended. 3. No ; not any ; — used attributively, 
and only before a vowel or h. Archaic. — adv. Not at all ; 
in no way ; to no extent. 

non'ef-fec'tive (nbh'e-fek'tTv), a. 1. Not effective. 2. Mil. 
& Nav. Not fit or available for duty. — n. A non-effective 
soldier or sailor. 

non-e'go (non-e'go ; -eg'o), n. [L., not I.] Metaph. The 
external world or object as contrasted with the ego. 

non-en'ti-ty (non-en'ti-tT); n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Nonexist- 
ence. 2. A thing not existing, or existing only in the imagi- 
nation. 3. A person or thing of little or no account. 

nones (nonz), n. pi. [L. nonae, fr. nonus ninth, novem 
nine.] 1. The ninth day before the ides (counting the ides) 
in the Roman calendar. 2. [F. none, fr. L. See noon.] 
Eccl. One of the canonical hours, being the ninth hour 
(in ancient Roman reckoning), or 3 P. M. ; hence, an office 
recited formerly at 3 p.m., but now in the Roman Catholic 
Church often somewhat earlier. See canonical hour. 

none'such' (nun's uch'), n. A person or thing such that there 
is no other like it ; a paragon. 

non'-Eu-clid'e-an (non'u-klid'e-dn ; -u'klT-de'dn), non'- 
Eu-clid'i-an (-u-klid'i-dn), a. Math. Not Euclidean ; spe- 
cif., not assuming all the axioms and postulates, as that re- 
lating to parallels, assumed in Euclid's "Elements." 

UOn-ex'e-CU'tion (non-ek'se-ku'shun), w. Neglect or ailure 
of execution ; nonperformance. 

non'ex-ist'ence (non'eg-zis'tens), n. 1. Absence of exist- 
ence ; nonentity. 2. That which has no existence. 

non-fea'sance (non-fe'zans), n. [non- + OF. faisance a 
doing, fr. faire to do.] Law. Omission to do something, 
esp. what ought to have been done. Cf . malfeasance. 

non-fea'sor (-fe'zor), n. Law. One guilty of nonfeasance. 

no-nil'lion (no-nil'yun), n. [F., fr. L. nonus ninth + 
-illion, as in E. million.] In French and American nota- 
tion, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers 



annexed ; m English notation, a million octillions, or a unit 
with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See numeration, Note. 

non-im'por-ta'tion (non-im'por-ta'shun), n. Want or 
failure < of importation ; refusal to import. 

non-join'der (non-join'der), n. Law. The omission of 
some person who ought to have been made a party to a 
suit, or of some_cause of action which ought to be joined. 

non-ju'rant (-joo^rdnt), a. Eng. Hist. Nonjuring. — n. A 
nonjuror ; sometimes, specif., a Presbyterian nonjuror. 

non-ju'ring (-joo'nng; 86), a. [non- + F. jurer, or L. 
jurare, jurari, to swear.] Not swearing allegiance. See 
nonjuror. 

non-ju'ror (-joo'rer), n. Eng. Hist. One who refused to 
take a certain oath (esp. of allegiance, supremacy, or abju- 
ration) ; specif., one of those, orig. beneficed clergy, who 
refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. 

non-le^gal (-le'gal), a. Not legal; specif., having no legal 
qualities ; neither required as legal nor forbidden as illegal. 

non'met'al (non'met<al; non-met'al), n. Chem. An ele- 
ment not a metal ; any of several elements, as phosphorus, 
nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, bromine, etc., which do not form 
basic oxides or basic hydroxides. 

non'me-tal'lic (non'me-tal'Ik), a. 1. Not metallic. 2. 
Chem. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a nonmetal. 

non-mor'al (non-mor'al), a. Not moral or immoral ; not 
ethical. — non'mo-ral'i-ty (non'mo-ral'i-tT), n. 

non-nu'cle-at'ed (non-nu'kle-at'ed), a. Without a nucleus. 

non'pa-reil' (non'pd-rel'), a. [F. ; non not + pareil equal, 
fr. LL. dim. of L. par equal.] Having no equal ; peerless. 

— n. 1. Something of unequaled excellence ; a paragon ; — 
often used as a name, as for a kind of sweetmeat, apple, etc. 
2. [ F. nonpar eille. ] Print. A size of type. See type. 3. 
A finch {Cyanospiza ciris) of the southern United States. 

non'par-tic'i-pat'ing (non'par-tTs'i-pat'ing ; non'pdr-), a. 
Life_ Insurance. Not participating or giving the right to 
participate in the surplus or profits ; of or pert, to insurance 
in which the policyholders do not so participate. 

non-pay'ment (-pa'ment), n. Neglect or failure to pay. 

non'plUS (non'plus), n. [L. non not + plus more, further.] 
A state in which no more can be said or done ; quandary. — 
v. t. ; -plused (-plust) or -plussed ; -plusing or -plus- 
sing. To puzzle ; stop by perplexity or the like. 

non'— pros' (non'pros'), v. t.; nonprossed' (-prosf) ; non'- 
pros'sing. To enter a non prosequitur against. 

|| non pro-se'qui-tur (non pro-sek'wi-tiir). [L., he does not 
prosecute.] Law. A judgment entered against the plaintiff 
in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute ; — usually 
abbreviated to non pros. See nolle prosequi. 

non're-ac'tive (non're-ak'tiv), a. Elec. Without inductance 
or capacity ; — said of a circuit offering only ohmic resist- 
ance to a current. 

non-res'i-dence (-rez'T-dens),». State or fact of being non- 
resident. 

non-res'i-dent (-dent), a. Not residing in a particular 
place, as on one's estate ; systematically absent from one's 
benefice, charge, or estate. — n. A nonresident person. 

non're-sist'ance (non're-zYs'tdns), n. The principles or 
practice of a nonresistant ; passive obedience or submission. 

non're-sist'ant (-tdnt), a. Making no resistance. — n. One 
who maintains, or acts on the theory, that no resistance 
should be made to constituted authority, or that violence 
should never be resisted by force. 

non're-Straint' (non're-stranf), n. Freedom from, or lack 
of, restraint, as in the treatment of the insane. 

non'sense (non'sens), n. [non- + sense.] 1. That which 
is not sense, or has no sense ; words having no sensible mean- 
ing ; absurdity. 2. Trifles ; things of no importance or value. 
— Syn. Folly, silliness, balderdash, rubbish. 

non-sen'si-cal (non-sen'si-kdl),a. Without sense ; unmean- 
ing ; absurd. — non-sen'si-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 

|| non se'qui-tur (sek'wi-tur). [L., it does not follow.] 
Logic. An inference that does not follow from the prem- 
ises, as the fallacy resulting from the simple conversion 
of a universal affirmative proposition or from the transpo- 
sition of a condition and its consequent. 

non-stri'at-ed (-strl'at-ed), a. Not striated. 

non'sub-scrib'er (non'sub-skrlb'er), n. One who does not 
subscribe; specif. [Often cap.], one who refuses to sub- 
scribe to a confession of faith, covenant, or the like. 

non'such'. Var. of nonesuch. 

non^suit' (non'sut'), n. Law. A judgment given against a 
plaintiff for his failure to prosecute his case or to establish 
a prima-f acie case. — v. t. To subject to a nonsuit. 

non-un'ion (-un'yun), a. 1. Not of, affiliated with, or ac- 
cording with the requirements of, a trade-union. 2. Not 
recognizing or favoring trade-unions or trade-unionists. 

non-un'ion-ism (-Yz'm), n. The theories, opinions, or 
practices of those who do not support trade-unions or who 
do not believe that they are beneficial. — non-un'ion-ist, n. 

non-us'er (non-uz'er), n. Law. Neglect or omission to use, 
as an easement or franchise or office. 

noo'dle (noo'd'l), n. A simpleton; blockhead; ninny. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



NOODLE 



659 



NORTHWESTWARDLY 



noo'dle, n. [G. nudel vermicelli.] A thin strip of dough 

made with flour and eggs, and used esp. in soups. 
nook (nook), n. [ME. nok.~] The space, part, etc., formed 
by an angle ; a corner ; specif. : a A corner of cloth, paper, 
or the like ; as, the nook of a Scottish plaid. Now Chiefly 
Scot, b A corner piece or angular portion of land, c A 
corner formed by two walls, etc. ; recess ; as, an ingle nook. 
d A secluded or sheltered place or corner. 

noon (noon), n. [AS. non, orig., the ninth hour, fr. L. nona 
(sc. hora) the ninth hour (see nones), or the church services 
(called nones) at that hour, later at noon.] 1. Midday ; 
twelve o'clock in the daytime. 2. Poetic, a Midnight ; — 
chiefly in noon of night, b The moon's position at mid- 
night. 3. The highest point ; culmination. 

noon'day' (noon'da'), n. Midday; noon. 

noon'ing, n. Obs., Local, U. S. or Dial. 1. Noontime. 2. 
A meal or drink taken at noon. 3. An intermission for rest 
or food in the middle of the day. 

noon'tide' (-tTd'), n. [AS. nontid ninth hour. See noon; 
tide time.] 1. Noon ; midday. 2. Midnight ; the moon's 
place at midnight. 3. Fig. : highest point ; noon. $ 

noon'time' (-tlmO, n. Midday ; noontide. 

noose (noos), n. [Prob. fr. Modern Pr. nous knot, slipknot, 
fr. L. nodus.] 1. A loop with a running knot, which binds 
the closer the more it is drawn. 2. Fig., a tie, bond, or 
snare. — v. t. ; noosed (noost) ; noos'ing. 1. To secure by 
or as by a noose ; insnare. 2. To make a noose in or of. 

no'pal (no'p51), n. [Sp. nopal, fr. Mex. nopalli.] 1. Any 
of a genus (Nopelea) of cactuses ; specif., the cochineal 
cactus (N. coccinellifera). 2. Hence, any prickly pear. 

nor (nor), conj. [ME. nor, contr. fr. nother. See neither.] 
A negative connective or particle, commonly introducing 
the second member or clause of a negative proposition to 
continue the force of not, no, or the like, in the first member 
or clause, or following neither as a correlative. 

Nord'hau'sen ac'id (nort'hou'zen). Fuming sulphuric 
acid ; — so called from Nordhausen, Prussia, where origi- 
nally manufactured. 

no'ri-a (no'n-d), n. [Sp., fr. At. na'urah.] A kind of large 
water wheel used for raising water, \_etic ' 

nor / land(nor'land),n.ForNORTHXAND.Po- 

Norfolk (nor'fok), n. Short for Norfolk AW^I 
jacket, a kind of loose-fitting plaited fjT \Ji 
jacket, having a loose belt. wl \Y« 

norm (norm), n. [L. norma a rule.] A rule 
or authoritative standard ; type ; pattern ; 
model. 

nor'mal (nor'mal), a. [L. normalis, fr. _ 
norma rule, pattern, carpenter's square.] Jji§ 

1. Geom. According to a square or rule ; 
perpendicular ; specif., of or pert, to a nor- Noria. 
mal. 2. According to or constituting a norm, rule, or prin- 
ciple ; conformed to a type or standard ; regular ; natural. 
3. Chem. a Anal. Chem. Denoting a solution of such 
strength that one liter contains one gram atom of replace- 
able hydrogen or its equivalent, b Org. Chem. Denoting 
that one of a series of isomeric hydrocarbons or hydrocar- 
bon derivatives in which no carbon atom is united with 
more than two other carbon atoms. — Syn. See regular. 
normal illusion. Psychol. See illusion, 2. — n. school, a 
school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model ; 
an institution for training teachers. 

— n. 1. Geom. a Any perpendicular ; specif., a line or plane 
perpendicular to the tangent line (or plane) to a curve (or 
surface) at a point of the curve (or surface), b The inter- 
cept (on the normal line) between the curve and the x axis. 

2. The ordinary or usual condition, degree, quantity, or 
the like ; average ; mean. 

nor-mal'i-ty (nor-mal'1-ti), n. Normal state or quality. 

nor'mal-ize (nor'mal-iz), v. t. To make normal. 

nor'mal-ly, adv. In a normal manner. 

Nor'man (nor'man), a. [F. normand, OF. normant; of 
Scand. origin.] Of or pert, to Normandy or the Normans. 
Norman architecture or style, a A type of Romanesque 
first appearing in and near Normandy about 950. b A type 
of Gothic architecture first appearing in and near Nor- 
mandy about 1160. C The Romanesque style as intro- 
duced, under Norman influence, into England. — N. 
Conquest, the conquest of England by the Normans 
under William the Conqueror in 1066. 

— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Normandy ; orig., one of 
the Northmen or Scandinavians who, in the 10th century, 
conquered the region, named after them, Normandy ; later, 
one of the mixed (Norman-French) race which, under Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, in 1066, conquered England. See 
Anglo-Norman. 2. = Norman-French. [Normans. I 

Nor'man-Frencb/, n. The French language as used by the| 
Norn (n6rn), n. [Icel. norn, pi. nornir.] Teut. Myth. One 

of the demigoddesses or divine giantesses who preside over 

and determine the fates of men and gods. 
Nor'roy (nor'oi), n., or Norroy King-of-Arms. [Lit., 

north king, fr. F. nord north -f- roi king.] See king-of-arms. 



Norse (nors), a. [Dan. Norsk, fr. Nord north.] Of a 
pert, to ancient Scandinavia or the language of its inhabit- 
ants. — n. 1. As a pi. Scandinavians collectively. 2. The 
language of the Norse. [a Northman. I 

Norse'man (-man), n. One of the ancient Scandinavians ;| 
north (north), n. [AS. norS.] 1. That one of the four car- 
dinal points of the compass which lies in the plane of the 
true meridian and to the left of a person facing east ; the 
direction opposite south. 2. Any country or region north 
of another. 3. [cap.] a That part of the United States 
lying in general north of Mason and Dixon's line (the 
southern boundary of Pennsylvania) and the Ohio River. 
b That part of Great Britain north of the Humber; the 
north country. 4. The north wind. Chiefly Poetic. 
north by east, n. by west. See points of the compass, 
under point, n. 

— a. Northern ; as : a Lying toward the north, b Proceed- 
ing or facing north. C Coming from the north. 

north pole, the most northerly point of the earth ; the 
northerly extremity of the earth's axis. — N. Star, the 
star of the Northern Hemisphere toward which the axis 
of the earth very nearly points ; polestar ; Polaris. See 
Ursa Minor, Illust. _ 

— adv. Northward ; in, to, or toward, the north. 
north/east' (north'est'), n. The point or direction halfway 

between north and east ; northeast part or region. — north- 
east by east, n. by north. See points of the compass 
under point, n. 

— a. Of, pert, to, proceeding or facing toward, or (of the 
wind) blowing from, the northeast. 

— adv. Toward or from the northeast. 

north'east'er (-es'ter), n. A northeast storm or wind. 

north'east'er-ly, a. Pert, to, or situated toward, the north- 
east ; of the wind, blowing from the northeast. — adv. 
Toward or from the northeast. [northeast. 

north/east'ern (-tern), a. Of, pert, to, or being in, the) 
norWeast'ward (-est'werd), adv. Toward the northeast ; 

in a northeast direction. — n. The northeast. 
north'east'ward-ly, a. Situated or leading toward, or blow- 
ing from, the northeast. — adv. Northeastward. 
north'er (nor'ther), n. A storm or wind from the north. 
north'er-ly, a. Of, pert, to, or situated toward, the north ; 

from the north. — adv. Toward or from the north. 
north'ern (-them), a. [AS. norSerne.] 1. Of, pert, to, or 

living or originating in, the north ; being in the north. 2. 

[cap.] Of or pert, to the North. U. S. 3. Directed toward 

the north ; coming from the north. 

Northern Crown. = Corona Borealis. — n. lights. 

See aurora borealis. — n. spy, a popular American 

apple, of green color striped with yellow and red. — N. 

Star, North Star. [wind. Rare] 

— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the north. 2. A north j 
north'ern-er (-tber-ner), n. One born or living in the north ; 

[cap.] U. S., a native or inhabitant of the North. 

north'ern-most (nor'tbern-most), a. Most northern. 

north'ing (nor'fching ; -thing), n. 1. In surveying and nav- 
igation, difference of latitude to the north from the last pre- 
ceding point of reckoning. 2. Astron. North declination. 

north/land (north'land), n. [AS. norpland.] Land in the 
north ; the north of a country, etc. — north'land-er, n. 

North/man (north'man), n. One of the inhabitants of the 
north of Europe ; esp., a Norseman. 

north'-north/east', a., adv., & «., north'-north/west', a., 
adv., & n. See points of the compass, under point, n. 

North-um'bri-an (nor-thum'brT-an), a. Of or pertaining 
to Northumberland in England, or the Anglian kingdom 
of Northumbria, which comprised eastern England and 
Scotland between the rivers Humber and Forth. — n. 1. 
A native of Northumberland or of Northumbria. 2. The 
Anglo-Saxon dialect spoken in Northumbria ; also, the 
modern English dialect of Northumberland. 

north'ward (north'werd), adv. Toward the north. — a. 
Situated, directed, looking, or extending, northward. — 
n. The northward direction, point, or part. 

north/ward-iy, a. Having a northern direction or situation ; 
blowing from the north. — adv. In a northern direction. 

north'wards (north'werdz), adv. & n. Northward. 

north'west' (-west'), n. The point or direction halfway be- 
tween north and west ; northwest part or region, 
northwest by north, n. by west. See points of the com- 
pass, under point, n. 

— a. Of, pert, to, proceeding or facing toward, or (of the 
wind) blowing from, the northwest. 

— adv. Toward or from the northwest. 
north/west'er (-wes'ter), n. A northwest storm or wind. 
north'west'er-ly, a. Toward or from the northwest. 
north'west'ern (-tern), a. Of, pertaining to, or being in, 

the northwest ; northwesterly. 

nortb/west'ward (-west'wcrd), adv. Toward the north- 
west ; in a northwest direction. — n. The northwest. 

north/west'ward-ly, a. Situated or leading northwestward ; 
blowing from the northwest. — adv. Northwestward. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



NORWEGIAN 



660 



NOTORNIS 



Nor-we'gian (nor-we'jdn ; -jY-dn), a. [Cf. F. norvSgien, 
Icel. Norvegr Norway.] Of or pert, to Norway, its inhabi- 
tants, or its language. <— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of 
Norway. 2. The Scandinavian language of the Norwegians. 
In its literary form it is practically the same as Danish. 

nose (noz), n. [AS. nosu.] 1. That part of the face, or head, 
containing the nostrils. 2. The olfactory organ of verte- 
brates. 3. Sense or faculty of smell ; also, scent. 4. Some- 
thing suggestive of, or associated with, the nose ; as : a The 
stem of a ship, b A nozzle, spout, etc. o In a torpedo, a 
small section containing the primer and screwed to the 
front ; — called also war nose. 

— v. t.; nosed (nozd) ; nos'ing (noz'ing). 1. To smell or 
scent ; hence : to detect by or as by the sense of smell ; 
scent. 2. To touch or rub with the nose ; nuzzle. 3. To 
make (one's way) by advancing the nose or front end ; as, 
the ship nosed its way in. — v. i. 1. To smell ; sniff ; scent. 

2. To pry or search, esp. into what does not concern one. 

3. To push or move with the nose or front, as a locomotive. 
nose'band' (-band'), n. That part of the headstall of a 

bridle which passes over a horse's nose. 

nose'bleed'Cnoz'bled'), n. A bleeding at the nose ; epistaxis. 

nose'gay' (noz'ga'), n. [nose + gay in the sense of a gay 
or showy thing.] A bunch of flowers or herbs ; a bouquet. 

UOS'iug (noz'ing), n. Arch. That part of the tread of a 
stair which projects over the riser, or any like projection. 

no-SOg'ra-phy (no-sog'rd-fi ), n. [Gr. voaos disease 4- 
-graphy.~\ A description of diseases. — no-SOg'ra-pher, n. 

no-SOl'0-gy (no-sol'6-ji), n. [Gr. voaos disease + -logy."] 
Med. a A classification, or a list, of diseases, b The sci- 
ence treating of diseases, or of the classification of diseases. 
C Diagnostic character of a disease. — nos'o-log'i-cal 
(nos'6-loj'i-kdl), a. — no-SOl'o-gist (n3-sol'o-jist), n. 

UOS-tal'gi-a ( nos-tal'ji-d ), n. _ [NL. ; Gr. vbaros a return 
home + d\7os pain.] Homesickness ; esp., homesickness 
causing severe melancholia. — nos-tal'gic (-jik), a. 

nos'tOC (nos'tok), n. [NL. Coined by Paracelsus.] Any 
plant of a genus (Nostoc) of blue-green algae consisting of 
monilif orm filaments united by a gelatinous substance into 
a spherical colony living on damp ground. 

nos-tol'O-gy (nos-tol'o-jl), n. [Gr. voaros a return home + 
-logy.'] Biol. The study of the senile stages of an organism 
or race of organisms. — nos'to-log'ic (nos'tft-lftj'Ik), a. 

nos'tril (nos'tril), n. [AS. nospyrl; nos for nosu nose + 
pyrel opening, hole.] An external opening of the nose. 

nos'trnm (-tium), n. ; pi. -trums (-trSms). [Neut. sing, of 
L. noster ours, fr. nos we.] 1. A medicine recommended 
by its preparer ; a patent medicine ; quack medicine. 2. A 
pet scheme or remedy, as for some political evil. 

not (n5t), adv. [ME. not, noht, nought, same word as E. 
naught. See naught.] An adverbial particle expressing 
negation ; — corresponding to the attributive no. 

no'ta-bil'i-ty (no'td-bil'I-tf), n.; pi. -ties (-Viz). 1. A no- 
table person ; person of note. 2. Quality of being notable. 

no'ta-ble (no'td-b'l), a. [F. notable, or L. notabilis, fr. no- 
tare. See notation.] 1. Worthy of note or notice ; remark- 
able ; hence, distinguished. 2. a (pron. usually not'd-b'l.) 
Efficient in managing ; — now used only of women with 
reference to household management. Obsoles. b Connected 
with, or of the nature of, household management. Obsoles. 

— ». 1. A person of note or distinction ; a notability. 2. 
[cap.'} French Hist. Before the revolution of 1789, one of 
a number of persons, chiefly of the higher orders, summoned 
by the king as a deliberative body in times of emergency. 

no'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being notable ; notability. 

no'ta-bly, adv. In a notable manner ; remarkably. 

no-ta'ri-al (no-ta'rT-dl ; 3), a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, a notary ; done, executed, etc., by a notary. 

no , ta-ry (no'td-n), n. ; pi. -exes (-riz). [L. notarius a short- 
hand writer, secretary, nota mark.] A public officer who 
attests or certifies deeds, takes affidavits, protests negoti- 
able paper, etc. ; — usually called notary public. 

no-ta'tlon (no-ta'shun), n. [L. notatio a marking, notare 
to mark, nota mark.] Act, process, or method of represent- 
ing by a system of marks, signs, figures, or characters, or 
the system so used. — no-ta'tion-al (-dl), a. 

notch (noch), n. 1. A V-shaped indentation ; a nick, as one 
cut in a tally stick. 2. A deep, close pass ; defile. U. S. — 
Syn. See dint. — v. t. To cut or make notches in ; also, to 
record or tally by or as by notches. — notch'er, n. 

note (not), n. [F. note, L. nota mark.] 1. Music, a A 

character used to indicate a certain tone, esp., in modern 

staff notation, one showing by its form the relative length, 

and by its position the pitch, of a tone. The notes in present 

• semibreve, or „ . minim, or | . 

general use are: whoU note> o » half note> J , 

crotchet, or I . quaver, or f\ . semiquaver, or fc . 
quarter note, m ' eighth note, J ' sixteenth note, m ' 

demi semiquaver, or g . hemidemisemiquaver, g 



thirty-second note, 



J' 



or sixty-fourth note, 



b Inaccurately, a key, as of a pianoforte. 2. a A melody; 
tune. Now Poetical, b A tone. 3. A cry, call, or sound, 
esp. of a bird ; — also used fig. ; as, a note of war. 4. A sign ; 
distinctive mark or feature. 5. A mark, as of punctuation, 
used in printing or writing. 6. A brief writing to assist the 
memory ; memorandum. 7. A brief explanatory comment ; 
an annotation. 8. a A short informal letter, b A formal 
diplomatic or official missive. 9. A paper acknowledging a 
debt, and promising payment. 10. Reputation ; fame ; 
distinction; as, a man of note. 11. Observation; notice; 
heed. 12. Notification. Obs. or R. — Syn. See remark. 
note of hand, a promissory note. 

— v. t. ; not'ed (not'ed ; 24) ; not'ing. 1. To notice or ob- 
serve with care ; remark ; heed. 2. To make a special men- 
tion of. 3. To record in writing ; make a memorandum of. 

note'book' (not'bcJ&k'), n- "i- A book for notes or memoran- 
dums. 2. A book in which promissory notes are registered. 
not'ed (not'Sd), p. a. Well known by reputation or report ; 
eminent ; celebrated. — not'ed-ly, adv. — not'ed-ne3S, n. 
note'less (not'lSs), a. 1. Without note ; undistinguished ; 
inconspicuous. 2. Unmusical ; voiceless. 
note'let (n5t'let), n. A little or short note. 
note paper. Writing paper of any of the various sizes usu- 
ally employed in correspondence. 
not'er (not'er), n. One who takes or makes notes. 
note'wor'thy (-wur'tM), a. Worthy of observation or 

notice; remarkable. — note'wor'thi-ly (-thi-li), adv. 
noth/ing (nuth'Ing), n. [From no, adj. + thing."] 1. Not 
anything ; nothing ; nought ;_ — opposed to anything and 
something. 2. That which is of no significance ; as, it is 
nothing to me. 3. Arith. Absence of magnitude or quan- 
tity, however small ; also, a cipher. 4. A nonentity. 5. A 
thing of no account, value, or the like ; specif., a nobody. 

— adv. In no degree ; not at all ; in no wise. 
noth'ing-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being nothing ; as : 

a Nonexistence, b Utter insignificance, worthlessness, or 
the like. C Unconsciousness ; insensibility. 2. A nonentity. 
no'tice (no'tis), n. [F., fr. L. notitia a being known, knowl- 
edge, fr. noscere, notum, to know.] 1. Intelligence, how- 
ever communicated ; information ; intimation or warning, 
esp. if formal ; specif., notification by one of the parties to 
an agreement or relation of the intention of terminating it 
at a specified time. 2. A written or printed sign or the like 
communicating information or warning. 3. Act of noting, 
remarking, or observing ; cognizance. 4. Polite or favorable 
attention ; favor ; civility. 5. An announcement or written 
mention ; as, book notices. — Syn. Attention, regard, re- 
mark, note ; consideration, respect ; advice, news. 

— v. t. ; -ticed (-tlst) ; -tic-ing. 1. To make mention of ; 
remark upon. 2. To take notice or note of ; pay attention 
to. 3. To give a formal notice to ; serve a notice on. — Syn. 
Remark, observe, perceive, see, regard, heed ; mention. 

no'tice-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being observed ; worthy 
of notice ; conspicuous. — no'tice-a-bly, adv. 

no'ti-fi-ca'tion (no'tl-fl-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of notifying ; 
intimation ; notice. 2. The written or printed matter which 
gives notice, as an advertisement. 

no'ti-fy (nS'tl-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. notifier, 
L. notificare ; notus known + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 
1. To give notice of ; make known ; publish. 2. To give 
notice to. — no'ti-fi'er (-f I'er), n. 

no'tion (-shftn), n. [L. notio, fr. noscere to know.] 1. Men- 
tal apprehension ; idea ; conception. 2. A view, theory, be- 
lief, or opinion. 3. Inclination ; fancy. 4. An ingenious de- 
vice ; any of various articles or wares, esp. small useful ones ; 
— usually used in pi. Colloq., U. S. 

no'tion-al (-dl), a. 1. Consisting of or conveying notions, 
or ideas ; expressing abstract conceptions ; speculative. 2. 
Existing in idea only; visionary. 3. Given to visionary 
expectations ; whimsical ; fanciful. — no'tion-al-ly, adv. 

no'to- (no't5-). Combining form from Greek v&tov, back. 

no'to-chord (-k6rd), n. Zool. A longitudinal elastic rod of 
cells which, in the lowest vertebrates and in the embryos of 
the higher vertebrates, forms the supporting and stiffening 
axis of the body. It represents the future spinal column of 
the higher forms. 

No'to-gse'a (-je'd), n. [NL. ; Gr. vorot the south + yala 
the earth.] Zoogeog. A realm or primary division includ- 
ing the New Zealand and Australian regions and (in 
some classifications) the Neotropical region. Cf. Arcto- 
G.EA and Neogjsa. — No'tO-gse'an, or -ge'an (-an), a. 

no'to-ri'e-ty (-tS-rl'g-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being notorious. 2. A well-known or noted person. 

no-to'ri-OUS (nS-to'rt-iis ; 57), a. [LL. notorius, fr. L. no- 
scere, notum, to know.] Generally known ; well-known ; 
universally recognized ; — now almost always used in ref- 
erence to, or as implying, evil or wickedness. — Syn. See 
famous. — no-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. — no-to'ri-ous-ness, ». 

no-tor'nis (no-tor'nis), n. [NL. ; Gr. v6tos the south + 
Spm bird.] Any of a genus (Notornis) of flightless birds 
allied to the gallinules. ""1 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



; 



NOTWITHSTANDING 



661 



NUCLEIC 



not'with-Stand'ing (not'witfe-stan'ding), adv. & oonj. 
Nevertheless ; however ; yet ; although. 
notwithstanding that, notwithstanding ; although. 
— prep. Without prevention or obstruction from or by ; in 
spite of; as, he went, notwithstanding the prohibition. 
Syn. Notwithstanding, in spite of, despite are often 
interchangeable. Notwithstanding, the least emphatic, 
implies the presence of an obstacle ; in spite of suggests 
active opposition or strongly adverse considerations ; de- 
spite is somewhat lighter in its emphasis than in spite of. 
Ijnou'gat (noo'ga; noo'ga'), n.; pi. nougats (noo'gaz; F. 
noo'ga'). [F.] A sweetmeat or confection made, usually, 
with almonds or pistachio nuts stirred into a sugar paste. 
nought (n6t), n. [AS. ndwiht, var. of ndwiht. See naught.] 
1. Nothing ; naught. Archaic. 2. Arith. Nothing ; zero ; 
a naught. 3. A worthless thing or person. — a. Bad ; in- 
jurious. Obs. — adv. Not at all ; in no way. Archaic. 

nou'me-na, n., pi. of noumenon. 

nou'me-nal (noc/me-nal ; nou'me-nal), a. Metaph. Of or 
pert, to the noumenon or noumena ; — opposed to phe- 
nomenal. — _nou'me-nal-ly, adv. 

nou'me-nal-ism (-Tz'm), n. The doctrine of the existence 
of noumena, or things-in-themselves. — nou'me-nal-jst, n. 

nou'me-non (noo'me-non ; nou'-), n.; pi. -na (-nd). [NL., 
fr. Gr. voovixevov thing perceived, p. pr. pass, of votiv to 
perceive, wOs mind.] Metaph. a That which is appre- 
hended as an object solely by the understanding, apart from 
any mediation through sense, b The unknowable real 
object, substance, or thing-in-itself which the mind posits 
as the basis, ground, or cause of phenomena. 

noun (noun), n. [OF. nun, non, nom, fr. L. nomen name.] 
Gram. A word used as the name of a person, place, or 
thing ; as, John, Venice, stick, and goodness are nouns. 

noun'al (-dl), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature or qual- 
ity of, a noun ; nominal. — noun'al-ly, adv. 

nour'ish (ntir'ish), v. t. [OF. nurir, norir, fr. L. nutrire.] 
To furnish or sustain with nutriment ; supply with what- 
ever promotes growth, development, etc. ; feed ; foster ; 
support ; — often used fig. — nour'ish-er, n. 

nour'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. That which nourishes; nu- 
triment. 2. Act of nourishing ; state of being nourished. 

nous (noos ; nous), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vovs mind.] Philos. 
Reason ; intellect ; God regarded as the World Reason. 

[] nou'veau' riche' (noo'vo' resh'), masc, Rarely, \\ nou'- 
velle' riche' (noo'velO./em.; pi. masc. nouveaux riches 
(noo'vo' resh'), fern, nouvelles riches (noo'vei'). [F.] A 
person newly become rich. 

no'va (no'vd), n.; pi. L. nov,e (-ve), E. novas (-vdz). [L., 
fem. sing, of novus new.] Astron. A new star, usually 
appearing suddenly, shining for a period, and then disap- 
pearing. Such appearances are supposed to result from 
cosmic collisions, as of a dark star with nebulous matter. 

no-vac'U-lite (no-vak'u-llt), n. [L. novacula a sharp knife, 
razop.] Petrog. A very hard, fine-grained siliceous rock, 
probably of sedimentary origin, used for whetstones. 

No'va Sco'tian (no'vd sko'shdn), n. A native or citizen of 
Nova Scotia. 

no-vate' (no-vat/ ; no'vat), v. t. & i. [L. novatus, p. p. of 
novare to make new.] To put something new in place of ; 
specif., Law, esp. Civil Law, to grant or dispose of by nova- 
tion ; make a novation ; make a novation of. 

No-va'tian (no-va'shdn), n. Eccl. Hist. One of a sect 
founded in the 3rd century by Noyatian (L., Novatianus), a 
presbyter of Rome. The Novatians held that the lapsed 
might not be received again into communion with the 
church, and later that second marriages are unlawful. 

no-va'tion (-shun), n. 1. Innovation. Now R. 2. Law. 
The substitution of a new obligation for an old one. 

nov'el (nbVel), a. [OF., fr. L. novellus, dim. of novus new.] 
New ; not formerly known ; of a new kind or character ; 
unusual ; strange. — Syn. See new. 

— n. 1. [It. novella.'] A novella ; — usually used in pi. ; 
as, the novels of Boccaccio. Now Rare. 2. [F. nouvelle 
a short story, or It. novella."] A fictitious prose narrative, 
of considerable length, in which characters and actions pro- 
fessing to represent those of real life are portrayed in a plot ; 
also, with the, the type of literature constituted or exempli- 
fied by such £ales. Cf. romance. 3. In pi. [cap.] Rom. 
Law. Certain ordinances of Justinian which were the last 
issued of those constituting the Corpus Juris Civilis. 
Syn. — Novel, romance were in earlier usage rather 
sharply contrasted with reference to subject matter, style, 
and length ; as, " The novel is a picture of real life and man- 
ners, and of the times in which it is written. The romance, 
in lofty and elevated language, describes what never hap- 
pened nor is likely to happen " ; " A novel is a kind of abbre- 
viation of a romance." In more recent usage the distinction 
is still occasionally met with. See story, fiction. 

nov'el-ette' (nov'el-et'), n. A little or short novel. 

nov'el-ist, n. A writer of a novel or novels. 

nov'el-is'tic (-Ys'tik), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic 
of, novels. — nov'el-is'ti-cal-ly (-ti-kdl-?), adv. 



nov'el-ize (nov'el-Iz), v. t. To put into the form of a novel ; 
as, to novelize a drama. 

|no-vel'la (nS-vel'la), n.; pi. -le (-15). [It.] A kind of 
tale, narrative, or story, characterized by a compact plot 
with a point; — disting. from a romance. 
nov'el-ly, adv. In a novel manner. 

nov'el-ty (nov'el-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-t!z). [OF. novelti, L. 
novellitas.] 1. Quality or state of being novel ; newness ; 
freshness. 2. Something novel ; an innovation. 
No-vem'ber (no-vem'ber), n. [L. November, or Novembris 
(sc. mensis), ninth month of the old Roman year, novem 
nine.] The eleventh month of the year, having thirty days. 
nov'ice (nov'Is), n. [F., fr. L. novicius, novitius, new, fr. 
novus new.] 1. One who has entered a religious house on 
probation. 2. One newly received into the church, or one 
newly converted. 3. One new in any business, profession, or 
calling ; beginner ; tyro. 

Syn. Novice, tyro. Novice commonly suggests inexperi- 
ence, esp. in something to be done ; tyro suggests rudi- 
mentary acquaintance, esp. with something to te learned ; 
as, a novice in golf ; the veriest tyro knows better. 

nov'ice-ship, n. State of being a novice ; novitiate. 

no-vi'ti-ate, no-vi'ci-ate (no-vish'T-at), n. 1. State or time 
of being a novice ; apprenticeship. 2. A novice. 

now (nou), adv. & conj. [AS. nu.] 1. At the present time ; 
at this moment. 2. Hence : a In the time immediately to 
follow ; as, do it now. b Very lately, a moment ago ; — 
chiefly used in just now. C At the time spoken of or referred 
to. _ 3. Chiefly used as conj. : a With the force of since, 
seeing that, often with that expressed ; as, now (or now 
that) you have come, I'll go. b Simply marking or empha- 
sizing transition of thought; as, "Come now, and let us 
reason together." 

now and again, now and then ; from time to time. — now 
and then, at one time and another ; occasionally. 

— n. The present time ; also, a present moment of time. 

now'a-days' (-d-daz'), adv. At the present day ; now. 

no'way' (no'wa'H adv. In no manner or degree ; not at all ; 

no'ways' (-waz') / nowise. 

now-el' (no-eK ; no'el), n. Also noel. [See noel.] A shout 
of joy for the birth of the Savior. 06s., exc. in Christmas 
carols. Cf. noel. 

no'where' (no'hwar'), adv. Not in or at any place. 

no'whith/er (-hwith'er), adv. To or toward no place. 

no'wise' (-wlz'), adv. Noway. 

Nox (noks), n. [L.] Roman Myth. The goddess of night. 

nox'al (nok'sdl), a. [L. noxalis, fr. noxa injury.] Pert, to 
an injury ; — chiefly as a Roman or medieval law term. 

nox'ious (nok'shus), a. [L. noxius, fr. noxa harm.] Hurt- 
ful ; injurious ; unwholesome ; corrupting. — Syn. See per- 
nicious. — nox'ious-ly, adv. — nox'ious-ness, n. 

[lno'yade' # (nwa'yad'),_n. [F., fr. noyer to drown, L. ne- 
care to kill.] Execution by drowning of many persons at 
once, — practiced at Nantes during the Reign of Terror. 

noz'zle (noz''l), n. [Dim. of nose.] Any projecting vent ; a 
small spout ; nose ; as : a A short tube, usually tapering, 
forming the vent of a hose, b A short outlet, or inlet, pipe. 

nu (nu; nu), n. [Gr. vD.] The thirteenth letter [N, v] of 
the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English N, n. 

II nu'ance' (nii'aNs'), n.; pi. nuances (F. nii'aNs'). [F.] A 
delicate gradation, as of tone, color, etc. 

nub (nub), n. 1. A knob; protuberance; lump. 2. The 
point or gist, as of a story. Colloq., U. S. 

nub'bin (nub'In), n. A small or imperfect ear of maize. U. S. 

nub'ble ( -'1), n. [Dim. of nub, knob.] A small nub. 

nuT)i-a (nu'bi-d), n. [From L. nubes cloud.] A light 
fleecy wrap worn over the head and neck by women. 

Nu'bi-an (-dn),_a. Of or pert, to Nubia. — n. One of the 
people of Nubia; esp., a member of one of the group of 
Negroid tribes who were early Christianized and who 
formed a powerful empire ; also, their Negro language. 

nu'bile (-bil), a. [L. nubilis, fr. nubere to marry.] Mar- 
riageable ; as, to be of a nubile age. — nu-bil'i-ty, n. 

nu'bi-lOUS (nu'bi-lus), a. [L. nubilus, fr. nubes cloud.] 
Cloudy; foggy; misty; fig., obscure; vague. 

nu-cel'lar (nft-sel'dr), a. Bot. Of or pert, to the nucellus. 

nu-cel'lus (-us), n.; pi. -Li (-T). [NL., dim. of nux, nucis, 
a nut.] Bot. The central and chief part of the body of an 
ovule containing the embryo sac. 

nu'cha (nu'kd), n.; pi. nuch^e (-ke). [LL., spinal marrow, 
Ar. nukha'.] The nape of the neck. 

nu'chal (nu'kdl), a. Anat. & Zobl. Pert, to, or in the 
region of, the back, or nape, of the neck ; in insects, situated 
on the thorax just behind the head. 

nu'cle-ar (-klS-dr), a. Of, pert, to, or constituting a nucleus. 

nu'cle-ate (-at), a. [L. nucleatus having a kernel.] Having 
a nucleus. — (-at), v. t. & i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To 
form into, or gather as, a nucleus. 

nu'cle-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or process of nucleating, or 
state of being nucleated ; formation of nuclei. 

nu-cle'ic (nu-kle'ik), a. Physiol. Chem. Pert, to or desig- 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



NUCLEIN 



662 



NUNCIO 



nating any of a group of acids rich in phosphorus, occurring 
uncombined in some nuclei, in others combined with a 
proteid, forming nuclein. 

nu'cle-in (nu'kle-in), n. Physiol. Chem. Any of a group of 
colorless amorphous substances found in all cell nuclei. 
They are compound proteids rich in phosphorus. 

nu-Cle'O-lar (nu-kle'6-ldr), a. Biol. Of or pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, a nucleolus. 

nu'cle-O-late (nu'kle-6-lat) \ a. Biol. Having a nucle- 

nu'cle-o-lat'ed (nu'kle-o-lat'gd)/ olus or nucleoli. 

nu-cle'o-lUS (nu-kle'o-ISs), n.; L. pi. -li (-11). [L., a little 
nut.] Biol. A comparatively large and conspicuous, usu- 
ally rounded, body found in the nucleus of most cells. 

nu'cle-O-plasm (nu'kle-6-plaz'm), n. Biol. The ground 
substance of a cell nucleus. 

nu'cle-US (nu'kle-Ss), n. ; pi. E. -cleuses (-ez ; 24), L. -clei 
(-T). [L., a kernel, dim. fr. nux, nucis, nut.] 1. A center 
about which matter gathers ; kernel ; core. 2. The small and 
brighter portion of a comet's head. 3. Biol. An organ, 
typically a rounded or oval mass of protoplasm, present in 
most plant and animal cells, and regarded as essential to 
their growth. 4. Anat. A mass of gray matter, or group of 
nerve cells, in the central nervous system, esp. in the brain. 

nude (nud), a. [L. nudus.] 1. Law. Naked ; without con- 
sideration or, in Roman and Civil law, unenforceable by 
action ; as, a nude contract ; a nude pact. 2. Bare ; naked ; 
devoid of covering ; unclothed. — n. 1. Art. A nude figure. 

2. With the, the undraped human figure ; also, state of be- 
ing nude. — nude'ly, adv. — nude'ness, n. 

nudge (nuj), v. t. ; nudged (nuj'd) ; nudg'ing (niij'ing). To 
touch or push gently with the elbow, as to call attention. — 
n. A gentle push, poke, or jog, as with the elbow. 

nu/di-ty (nu'dT-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality, state, or 
fact of being nude ; nakedness. 2. That which is nude. 

nu'ga-to-ry (nu'gd-tS-rf), a. [L. nugatorius, fr. nugari to 
trifle, nugae jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling ; insignificant. 2. In- 
operative ; ineffectual ; futile. — Syn. See vain. 

nug'get (nug'et; 24), n. A lump; a mass; esp., a native 
lump of a precious metal. 

nui'sance (nu'sans), n. [OF. fr. L. nocentia guilt, nocere 
to hurt, harm.] That which annoys or gives trouble and 
vexation ; that which is offensive or noxious. 

null (nul), a. [F. nul, or L. nullus not any ; ne not + ullus 
any, dim. of unus one.] 1. Of no legal or binding force ; 
invalid ; void. 2. Of no consequence or value ; insignificant. 

3. Equivalent to nothing, or nilj nonexistent. 

nullah (niil'd), n. [Hind, nala, fr. Skr. nala tube.] A 
watercourse, esp. a dry one ; ravine ; gully. Anglo-Ind. 

nulli-fi-ca'tion (nul'i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of nullifying; 
state of being nullified ; specif. [Often cap."] , U. S. Hist., 
the action of a State in attempting to prevent the operation 
in its territory of a Federal law. — nuFli-fi-ca'tion-ist, n. 

nul'li-fid'i-an (-fid'i-dn),n. {L.nullus none + /ides faith.] 
A person of no faith or religion ; hence : skeptic ; unbe- 
liever ; disbeliever. 

nul'li-fi'er (nul'i-fl'er), n. One who nullifies ; specif. {Often 
cap."], U. S. Hist., one who supported nullification. 

nul'li-fy (-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. nullificare; 
nullus none + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 1. To make 
null ; render invalid or void. 2. To reduce to nothing ; 
destroy ; as, this nullified his efforts. — Syn. See abolish. 

nul-lip'a-ra (nu-l!p'd-rd),n.; pi. nullipara (-re). [NL. ; 
L. nullus none + parere to bring forth.] Med. A woman 
who has never borne a child. — nul-lip'a-rous (-rus), a. 

nul'li-pore (nfll'T-por; 57), n. [L. nullus none + porus 
pore.] Bot. Any of several lime-secreting coralline algae 
formerly thought to be animals. 

nul'li-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [LL. nullitas, fr. L. 
nullus none.] 1. Quality or state of being null ; invalidity ; 
nothingness. 2. That which is null. 

numb (num), a. [ME. nume, nome, prop., seized, taken, 
p. p. of nimen to take, AS. niman, p. p. numen.~\ Enfee- 
bled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and motion ; 
benumbed ; insensible. — v. t. To make numb ; deaden. 

num'ber (num'ber), n. [F. nombre, L. numerus.] 1. To- 
tal, aggregate, or amount of units. 2. In pi. [cap.'] The 
fourth book of the Pentateuch, containing a census of the 
Hebrews. 3. In pi. Arithmetic. 4. A numeral. Symbol (for 
the word number), # ;as, #60. 5. One of a series designated 
by numerals, as an issue of a periodical, a poem in a collec- 
tion, etc. 6. The full count or complement (of a particular 
company or class of persons) ; — occasionally in pi. 7. A 
considerable number ; many ; as, a number were killed ; — 
also in pi. with intensive force ; as, they arrived in numbers. 

8. Quantity, as made up of units ; as, the difference be- 
tween the notions "many" and "few" is one of number. 

9. Gram. _ Distinction of a word as denoting or referring to 
one, two (in some languages), or more, persons or things, 
usually expressed by inflection ; also, the form, or a group of 

) forms, indicating such distinction. 10. In pi. Metrical 
groups of feet or periods ; hence, verse. — Syn. See sum. 



— v. t. 1. To count ; reckon ; enumerate. 2. To fix the num- 
ber of ; limit in number ; as, his days are numbered. 3. To 
levy up to a fixed number. Archaic. 4. To appoint or allot. 
Archaic. 5. To reckon as one of a collection. 6. To mark 
or distinguish by a number. 7. To amount to ; contain ; 
comprise. — v. i. To make an enumeration ; count ; reckon. 

num'ber-er, n. One who, or that which, numbers. 

num'ber-less, a. Innumerable ; countless. 

numb'fish/ (num'fish'), n. A torpedo (ray) which numbs 
by the electric shocks which it gives. 

num'bles, nqm'bles (num'b'lz), n. pi. [F. nombles, fr. L. 
lumbulus, dim. of lumbus a loin.] The pluck, esp. of a 
deer, used for food; umbles. Archaic. 

numb'ly, adv. In a numb manner. 

numb'ness, n. State of being numb. 

nu'mer-a-ble (nu'mer-d-b'l), a. [L. numerabilis.] Capa- 
ble of being numbered, or counted. 

nu'mer-al (-51), a. [L. numeralis, fr. numerus number.] 
1. Expressing, denoting, or representing number. 2. Of or 
pertaining to number ; consisting of number or numerals. 
Syn. Numeral, numerical. Numeral applies chiefly to 
what expresses number ; numerical, to what is expressed 
in numbers, or what pertains to number ; as, a numeral 
letter, character ; a numerical value, numerical rules. 

— n. 1. A word expressing a number. 2. A figure or charac- 
ter, or group of either, used to express a number. 

nu'mer-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of or pert, to a number or numbers. 

nu'mer-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. nu- 
meratus, p. p. of numerare to count.] gTo number ; specif., 
to divide off and read according to the rules of numeration. 

nu/mer-a'tion (-a'sbun), n. 1. Act of numbering. 2. Act 
or art of reading numbers when expressed by numerals. 
B^ = According to what is called the "English" system, the 
billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of billions, 
and each higher denomination is a million times the one 
preceding. According to the system of the French and 
other Continental nations, and also of the United States, 
the billion is a thousand millions, and each higher denomi- 
nation is- a thousand times the preceding. 

nn'mer-a'tor (nu'mer-a'ter), n. 1. Math. In a fraction, the 
term indicating the number of fractional parts taken. See 
denominator. 2. One who, or that which, numbers. 

nn-mer'i-cal (nu-mer'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to, or of the 
nature of, number; denoting number or a number; ex- 
pressed by numbers, and not letters. Numerical, as op- 
posed to algebraical, means absolute, or irrespective of sign ; 
thus, — 5 is numerically greater than — 3, though algebrai- 
cally less. — Syn. ^See numeral. — nu-mer/i-cal-ly, adv. 

nu'mer-ous (nii'mer-fts), a. [L. numerosus.] Consisting 
of or containing a great number of units ; of or pert, to great 
number. — nu'mer-ous-ly, adv. — nu'mer-ous-ness, n. 

Nu-mid'i-an (nti-mid'i-dn), a. [L. Numidianus.] Of or 
pert, to Numidia, an ancient kingdom of northern Africa 
reduced to a Roman province in the 1st century b. c. 
Numidian crane, the demoiselle. 

— n. One of the people of Numidia ; also, their Hamitic 
language. 

nu'mis-mat'ic (nu'miz-mat'ik ; nu'mis-), a. [L. numisma 
a coin, fr. Gr. vofxicrna a custom, the current coin, deriv. 
of vbfj.0% a custom.] Of, pert, to, or consisting of, coins. 

nu/mis-mat'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Science of coins and 
medals. [in numismatics. I 

nu-mis'ma-tist (nu-miz'md-tlst ; mi-mis'- ), n. A specialist! 

nu-mis'ma-tol'o-gy (-tol'6-ji), n. Numismatics. 

num/mu-lar (num'u-ldr), a. [L. nummularius, fr. num- 
mulus, dim. of nummus a coin.] Med. Coin-shaped. 

num'mu-la'tiont-la'shun),™. Physiol. The arrangement, 
like piles of coins, of red corpuscles in freshly drawn blood. 

num'mu-lite (num'u-lit), n. [L. nummus a coin -j- -lite.'] 
Zo'ol. & Paleon. Any member, esp. a fossil, of a family 
(Nummulinidse) of mostly extinct foraminifers, having a. 
shell composed of numerous chambers spirally or concentri- 
cally arranged. — num'mu-lit'ic (-lit'ik), o. 

num'skull' (num'skulO, n. [numb + skull.'] A dunce ; 
blockhead. Colloq. 

nun (nun), n. [AS. nunne, fr. L. nonna nun, fem. of non- 
nus monk.] A woman under certain religious vows, esp. one 
in a convent under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. 

nu'na-tak (noo'na-tak), n.; pi. -taks (-taks) (the pi. form 
nunatakker is Swedish). [Eskimo nunsettak."] In Green- 
land, an insular hill or mountain surrounded by an ice sheet. 

|] Nunc Di-mit'tis (nunk di-mit'is). [L. nunc now + di- 
mittis thou lettest depart.] 1. Eccl. The song of Simeon 
(Luke ii. 29-32), used as a canticle ; — from its opening 
words in the Vulgate. 2. [I. c] Dismissal ^departure. 

nun'cheon (nun'chiin ; -shun ; dial, also noon'-), n. Also 
-chion, etc. [ME. nonechenche, prop., a noon drink ; none 
noon + schench a draft, AS. scene] A light refreshment 
taken after or at noon ; a luncheon. Obs. or Dial. 

nun'ci-a-ture (nun'shi-d-tyr), n. [L. nunciare, nuntiare, 
to announce. See nuncio.] The office or term of a nuncio. 

mm'ci-O (nun'shT-o), n.; pi. -cios (-oz). [It. nunzio, nun- 
cio, fr. L. nuncius, nuntius, messenger.] The permanent 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; fchen f thin; nature, verdure (87); 



NUNCLE 



663 



NYX 



official representative of the Pope at a foreign court or seat 
of government. ... 

nun'cle (nur/k'l), n. Uncle ; — a form due to combination 
with a preceding n, as of mine. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

nun'CU-pa-tive (nun'ku-pa-tiv ; nun-ku'pd-),a. [L. nuncu- 
pative nominal.] Oral ; not written ; — used chiefly of wills. 

nun'di-nal (nun'df-ndl), a. [L. nundinalis, fr. nundinae 
the market day, the weekly market, prop., the ninth day, 
fr. nundinus belonging to nine days ; novem nine + dies 
day.] Of or pertaining to a fair or market ; pertaining to, 
or having to do with, the Roman nundines. 
nundinal letter, among the Romans, one of the first eight 
letters of the alphabet, which were used for each day in 
succession as are, now, the names of the days of the week. 

— n. A nundinal letter. 

nun'dine (-din; -dm), n. [L. nundinae, pi.] Rom.Antiq. 
A market day, held every ninth (as we reckon, eighth) day. 

nun-na'tion (nun-a'shim), n. [From nun, Arabic name of 
letter n.] Gram. The addition of a final n in declension. 

nun'ner-y (nun'er-i), n. ; pi. -neries (-iz). A convent for 
nuns or other religious women. — Syn. See cloister. 

nun's veiling. A soft, fine, thin, untwilled woolen fabric, 
used for making veils and dresses. 

nup'tial (nup'shal), a. [L. nuptialis, fr. nuptiae marriage, 
wedding, nubere, nuptum, to marry.] Of or pert, to mar- 
riage or the wedding ceremony. — Syn. See matrimonial. 

— n. Marriage ; wedding ; — now usually in pi. 
nu-ra'ghe (noo-ra'ga), n.; It. pi. -ghi (-ge). Also nu'ragh 

(noo'rag), etc. [It. dial. (Sardinia) nuraghe."] One of the 
prehistoric towerlike structures found in Sardinia. 
nurse (mirs), n. [OF. nurrice, norrice, fr. L. nutricia, 
nurse, prop., fern, of nutricius that nourishes, nutrix,-icis, 
nurse.] 1. Lit., one who nourishes : a A woman who nurses, 
or has the care of, a young child, b A person who cares for 
the sick or infirm. 2. A worker ant or bee that cares for the 
young. 3. Billiards. Act of nursing the balls. 

— v. t. ; nursed (nurst) ; nurs'ing. 1. Lit., to nourish : aTo 
nourish at the breast, or feed and tend (an infant), b To 
take care of (a child or an invalid). 2. a To care or provide 
for tenderly ; cherish ; specif., to bring up or rear by care 
from a weak or invalid condition, b To use, handle, drive, 
or the like, so as to conserve the energy of or avoid injury 
to ; as, to nurse a weak ankle in walking. 3. To hold be- 
tween, or clasp in, one's hands, as the knees ; to hold 
fondly ; to caress ; to fondle, as a nurse does. 4. Billiards. 
To keep (the balls) close together and in good position dur- 
ing a series of caroms. — v. i. To suckle ; of a child, to take 
the breast. — nurs'er (nur'ser), n. 

nurse'maid' (-mad'), n. A girl employed to tend children. 

nurs'er-y (-T), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. A nursing. Obs. 
2. a The part of a house appropriated to the care of chil- 
dren, b A place where something is fostered or has its de- 
velopment promoted; as, "Fair Padua, nursery of arts." 
C A place where young trees, shrubs, etc., are raised for 
transplanting and, esp., sale, d A place where young 
animals (as poultry or fish) are bred and developed. 3. 
That, as a practice or an institution, which fosters or 
educates. 

nurs'er-y-man (-man), n. One who conducts or cultivates 
a nursery for young trees, shrubs, etc. 

nurs'ling (nurs'ling), n. Also nurse'ling. One who, or 
that which, is nursed, as a child ; fondling. 

nur'ture (nur'tur), n. [OF. norriture, fr. L. nutritura.] 
1. A nourishing or nursing ; breeding ; training ; rearing. 2. 
That which nourishes ; food. — v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; -Tur- 
ing (-tur-ing). 1. To feed ; nourish ; rear ; foster. 2. To 
educate ; bring up or train. — nur'tur-er (-er), n. 

nut (nut), n. [AS. hnutuJ] 1. A dry fruit or seed having 
a hard shell inclosing a kernel ; also, the kernel itself. 2. 
Bot. An indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit, with a woody peri- 
carp, as the acorn, hazelnut, chestnut, etc. See fruit, 
Illust. 3. Something likened to a nut in the difficulty it 
presents, as a problem. 4. A perforated block (usually of 
metal) with an internal screw thread, as for a 
bolt. 5. Music. In instruments of the violin 
type, a piece, as of ebony, at the upper end of 
the finger board, to support the strings. 

— v. i. ; nut'ted ; -ting. To gather or seek nuts. Nut for a 
nu'tant (nii'tdnt), a. [L. nutans, p. pr. of nu- Bolt. 

tare to nod, v. intens. fr. nuere (in comp.) to nod.] Nod- 
ding ; drooping. 

nu-ta'tion (nu-ta'shwn), n. # 1. Act of _ nodding, esp. of the 
head. 2. Astron. A small inequality in the motion of pre- 
cession ; an oscillating motion of the earth's axis, like the 
nodding of a top. 3. Plant Physiol. A spontaneous, more 
or less rhythmical, change in the position of growing organs. 

nut'crack'er (nufkrak'er), n. 1. An instrument for crack- 
ing nuts ; — used in sing, or pi. 2. A certain European 
bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes) of the crow family that 




feeds on nuts, seeds, and insects ; also, a related bird (N. 
columbiana) of western North America. 

nut'galP ( nut'gol' ), n. Any nutlike gall, esp. on the oak. 

nut'hatch' (-hach'), n. Any of certain birds of a widely dis- 
tributed family (Sittidse), intermediate in character and 
habits between the titmice and the creepers. 

nut'let (-let), n. Bot. 1. Any small nutlike fruit or seed. 
2. The stone of a drupe. 

nut'meg (-meg), n. [ME. notemuge; note nut + OF. 
mugue musk.] The aromatic seed of a tree {Myristica 
fragrans) native to the Moluccas ; also, the tree. Cf. mace. 

nu'tri-a (nu'tri-d), n. [Sp. nutria an otter, fr. L. lutra.~\ 

1. The coypu. 2. The fur of the coypu. See coypu. 
nu'tri-ent (nu'trl-cnt), a. [L. nutriens, p. pr. of nutrire. 

See nourish.] Nutritious. — n. A nutritious substance. 

nu'tri-ment (-ment), n. [L. nutrimentum.'] That which 
nourishes ; nourishment ; food. — Syn. See pabulum. 

nu-tri'tion (nu-tnsh'un), n. 1. Act or process of nourishing 
or being nourished ; specif., the processes by which an ani- 
mal or plant takes in and utilizes food substances. 2. 
Nourishment ;Jood. — nu-tri'tion-al (-dl), a. 

nu-tri'tious (nu-tnsh'i/s), a. [L. nutricius, nutritius, fr. 
nutrix, -icis, a nurse.] Nourishing ; promoting growth 
and repairing natural waste ; nutritive. — nu-tri'tious-ly, 
adv. — nu-tri'tious-ness, n. 

nu'tri-tive (nu'tn-tiv), a. _ Of, pert, to, or concerned in, 
nutrition ; nutritious. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

nut'shell' (nut'sheF), n. 1. The shell inclosing the kernel 
of a nut. 2. Hence, a thing of small size, value, or the like. 
in a nutshell, in or within a small compass or limit. 

nut'ter (nut'er), n. A gatherer of nuts. 

nut'ting, n. Act of gathering or seeking nuts. 

nut'ty (nut'T), a. ; -ti-er (-i-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Abounding in 
or producing nuts. 2. Having a flavor like that of nuts ; 
hence : full of flavor ; pleasant. — nut'ti-ness (-i-nes). n. 

nuxvom'i-ca(nuksvom'i-kd). [NL. ;L. nux nut -\-vomere 
to vomit.] The poisonous seed of an Asiatic loganiaceous 
tree (Strychnos nux-vomica) ; also, the tree. The seeds, 
or nuts, yield strychnine and brucine. 

nuz'zle (nuz''l), v. t.; nuz'zled (-'Id); nuz'zling (-ling). 
To foster ; nurse ; make snug ; nestle. Rare. 

nuz'zle, v. i. & t. [Dim. or freq. fr. nose.J 1. To dig, root, 
poke, rub, or snuff with the nose. 2. To nestle ; snuggle. 

nyc'ta-gin'i-a'ceous (nTk'td-jin'i-a'shiis), a. [NL. Nycta- 
giniacese, deriv. of Gr. vb£, vvktos, night.] Bot. Belonging 
to a family ( Nyctaginiacese ) of American plants, having 
apetalous flowers with a corollalike calyx, as the four- 
o'clock. 

nyc'ta-lo'pi-a (nik'td-lo'pT-d), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. vv£, 
vvktos, night + dXaos blind + &\p, uiros, eye.] Med. A 
condition of the eyes in which one can see well only during 
the day or in a strong light. — nyc'ta-lop'ic (-lop'ik), a. 

nyc-tit'ro-pism (mk-tlt'ro-piz'm ; nfk'ti-tro-piz'm), n. 
[Gr. vbi-, vvktos, night -f- -tropism.] The tendency of cer- 
tain plant organs, as leaves, to assume special "sleeping" 
positions in the dark. — nyc'ti-trop'ic (nik'ti-trop'ik), a. 

nyl'gau (nil'go). Var. of nilgai. 

nymph (nimf), n. [L. nympha nymph, bride, maiden, Gr. 
vviKprj."] 1. Class. Myth. One of the inferior divinities of 
nature, represented as beautiful maidens dwelling in the 
mountains, forests, meadows, waters, etc. 2. A lovely girl ; 
maiden. Poetic. 3. Zo'ol. An immature stage of certain in- 
sects ; any incompletely metamorphosed stage of an insect. 

nym/pha (nim'fd), n. ; pi. -ph<e (-fe). [L.] 1. = nymph, 3. 

2. In pi. Anat. The labia minora. 
nynVpnse-a'ceous (nim'fe-a'shus), a. [L. nymphaea the 

water lily, Gr. w/n0aia.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Nym- 
phxacese) of aquatic plants, the water-lily family, having 
long-stalked, often peltate, leaves, and large flowers, and in- 
cluding, besides the water lily, the Indian, or sacred, lotus, 
the water chinkapin, etc. 

nymph'al (nin/fdl) 1 a. Of or pert, to, or consisting of, 

nym-phe'an (nim-fe'dn)/ a nymph or nymphs; inhabited 
by nymphs. 

nym'pho-lep'sy (nim'fo-lep'sT), n. [Gr. vv^ri nymph + 
XanPaveiv to seize.] A species of demoniac enthusiasm sup- 
posed to seize one who had accidentally looked upon a 
nymph ; a frenzy of emotion, as for some unattainable ideal. 
— nym'pho-lep'tic (-lep'tik), a. 

nym'pho-ma'ni-a (-ma'ni-d), n. [Gr. vv/i4>v a bride + 
ixavla madness.] Med. Morbid and uncontrollable sexual 
desire in women. — nym'pho-ma'ni-ac (-ak), a. & n. 

nys-tag'mus (nis-tag'mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. vvaray^di 
drowsiness, fr. vvaTa.t;&.v to nod in sleep.] Med. A rapid, 
rhythmical involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs, due to 
ocular muscle spasm. — nys-tag'mic (-mik), a. 

Nyx (niks), n. [Gr. Ni>£.] Gr. Myth. An ancient goddess, 
a personification of night. Cf. Nox. 



i 
i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zli = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



664 



OBJECT 



O 




Leaf and Acorns, 
White Oak. - 



Q f\ (o). 1. The fifteenth letter and fourth vowel of the 

V^ English alphabet. Its form, value, and name come 
from the Greek. O, through the Latin. The letter came 
into the Greek from the Phoenician, which perhaps de- 
rived it ultimately from the Egyptian. O has several 
sounds, the chief of which are its "long," or name, sound, 
as in bone, its " short " sound, as in nod. It occurs in sever- 
al digraphs and diphthongs. See Guide to Pron., § 56-66. 
Etymologically o is most closely related to a, e, and u ; as 
in E. bone, AS. ban ; E. stone, AS. stan ; E. broke, AS. 
brecan to break ; E. bore, AS. beran to bear ; E. dove, AS. 
dufe ; E. number, F. nombre. 2. As a symbol, used to de- 
note or indicate : the fourteenth or (cf . K, 2) the fifteenth 
in a series ; fourteenth (or fifteenth) in order or class ; some- 
times, the numeral fourteen (or fifteen) ; as, Section O. 

0, or (o), n. ; pi. O's, Oes, or Os (oz). 1. The letter O, o, 
or its sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter O. 3. A 
cipher ; zero. 

0, inter 7. An exclamation used in calling or direct address, 
also in expressing pain, grief, surprise, desire, fear, etc. 

0, n. ; pi. O's (oz). An utterance of pain, grief, etc. 

O' (o ; 6), prep. Short form for of or on. Colloq. or Dial. 

0\ [Ir. 5 a descendant.] A prefix to Irish family names, 
signifying grandson or descendant of ; as in O'Neil. 

oaf (of), re. [Of Scand. origin.] Orig., elf's child ; change- 
ling ; hence : a deformed or foolish child ; idiot. — oafish, a. 

oak (ok), n. [AS. del 1. a Any of a very large genus 
(Quercus) of hardwood fagaceous trees and shrubs. The 
fruit is a rounded nut (acorn), b The 
wood of these trees. 2. Any of va- 
rious plants suggestive of the oak, as 
in foliage ; as, poison oak. 3. A 
strong door, often of oak ; hence : to 
sport one's oak, to close one's 
outer door, signifying that one is 
out or does not desire callers. Eng. 
University Slang. 4. Oak leaves worn in a wreath. 

oak apple. Any of various large galls of oak leaves. 

oak'en (ok''n), a. Of or pert, to oaks or oak. Chiefly Poetic. 

oa'kum (o'kum), n. [AS. dcumba a- out + cemban to 
comb, carab comb.] Loose fiber picked from old hemp 
ropes. It is used to calk seams, stop leaks, etc. 

oar (or; 57), n. [AS. dr.] 1. A long, slender wooden imple- 
ment for propelling or steering a boat. 2. An oarsman. 
3. A thing resembling an oar in shape or use. — v. t. & i. 

1. To propel with or as with oars ; row. 2. To make or ac- 
complish by rowing or a rowing motion. 3. To move with 
a rowing motion. 

oar'fish' (or'fish'), re. Any of a genus (Regalecus) of nar- 
row deep-sea fishes with soft, almost jelly-like, flesh. They 

attain a length of 20 to 30 feet. 
oar'lock' (or'loV), n. A notch, fork, or other device, in 

which the oar rests in rowing or sculling. See rowlock. 
oars'man (orz'mdn ; 57), n. A rower ; an oar. 
oars'man-ship, n. The art of rowing. 
oar'y (or'i), a. Having the form or function of an oar. 
0-a'siS (6-a'sis; o'd-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 

5a<us.] A fertile or green spot in a waste or desert. 
cast (ost), re. [AS. dst.~\ A hop or malt kiln. 
oat (ot), n. [AS. ate, pi. dtan.'] 1. The grain or seed of a 

certain cereal grass (genus Avena, 

esp. A. sativa) or the plant itself; 

— usually in pi. 2. A musical pipe of 

oat straw. 06s. 
Oat'cake' (-kak'), re. Cake of oatmeal. 
oat'en (ot^n), a. 1. Made of oat grain 

or of oatmeal. 2. Of the oat ; made of 

an oat straw or stem ; as, oaten pipes. 
oat grass. 1. Any wild species of oat. 

2. Any of several oatlike grasses. 
oath (oth), re.; pi. OATHS (otfez). [AS. 

dS\] 1. A solemn appeal to God, to 
some superior sanction, or to a sacred 
or revered person, by way of attesting 
truth or inviolability ; also, the state- 
ment supported by the oath, or the 
form in which it is expressed. 2. A * / / 
solemn affirmation or declaration not Jt\ 

invoking the deity or any superior /1 
sanction. 3. A careless or blasphe- f 
mous use of the name of the divine / 
Being, or anything divine or sacred; 
an expression of profane swearing. — _ . , l , _ M 
Syn. See curse. Panicle of Oat. | 

oat'meal' (ot'mel'), re. Meal made of oats, or porridge made 
of such meal. 




oh- (ob-). [L. ob, prep.] A prefix signifying : a To, toward, 
before, facing, b Against, in opposition to. c Upon 01 
over. t d Completely, e In modern scientific Latin and 
English : reversely, in an opposite direction. 

O'ba-di'ah ( 5'bd-dl'd ), re. [Heb. 'Obadydh.] Bib. a A 
Hebrew prophet of uncertain date, b A book of the Old 
Testament. 

Ilob'bli-ga'to (oVblS-ga'to), a. [It., lit., bound.] Music. 
Required ; indispensable. — re. ; pi. obbligati (-ga'te) . A 
more or less independent accompanying part, played by a 
single instrument. 

Ob-cor'date (8b-k6rfdat), a. Heart-shaped, with the attach- 
ment at the apex : inversely cordate. See leaf, Illust. 

ob'du-ra-cy (ob'dft-rd-sl ; ob-du'rd-si), re. Quality or state 
of being obdurate. 

Ob'dll-rate (ob'du-rat ; also, esp. in poetry, ob-du'rat), a. 
[L. obduratus, p. p. of obdurare to harden ; ob + durare 
to harden, durus hard.] 1. Hardened in feelings ; hard- 
hearted ; stubbornly wicked. 2. Hard ; harsh ; intracta- 
ble. — Syn. Firm, unbending, inflexible, unyielding, stub- 
born, obstinate. — ob'du-rate-ly, adv. 

O'be-ah (o'bg-d). Var. of 2d obi. 

O-be'dl-ence (6-be'di-ens), re. 1. Act or fact of obeying ; 
state of being obedient. 2. Rule ; dominion. 3. A bow or 
curtsy ; an obeisance. Archaic or Dial. 

0-be'di-ent (-?nt), a. [OF. obedient, L. obediens, -entis, p. 
pr. of obedire. See obey.] Subject to authority ; willing to 
obey ; submissive. — o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Attentive, yielding, dutiful, compliant, obsequious, 
sycophantic. — Obedient, compliant, obsequious, syc- 
ophantic. Obedient implies due and willing submission 
to authority or control ; compliant suggests esp. readiness 
(which may be overfacile or even weak) to conform to an- 
other's desire or will ; obsequious connotes excessive or 
servile compliance ; one is sycophantic who is obsequiously 
flattering. 

O-bei'sance (o-ba'sans ; S-be'-), re. [F. obeissance obedi- 
ence.] A bodily movement, or a gesture, in token of respect 
or submission ; a bow or curtsy ; also, homage. 

Ob'e-lisk (ob'e-llsk), re. [L. obeliscus, Gr. 6/3eXi«rKoy, dim. 
of 60e\6s a spit, pointed pillar.] 1. A four-sided pillar, ordi- 
narily monolithic, tapering as it rises, and ending in a pyr- 
amid. 2. An obelus [— or -j-], or the mark of reference 
[t] called also dagger. 

eb'e-lize (-llz), v. t. To designate with an obelus or obelisk. 

Ob'e-lus (-lus), re. ; L. pi. -11 (-11). [L., fr. Gr. dpeXSs, prop., 
a spit.] The mark — or -f-, used in old MSS. to mark a 
spurious or doubtful passage or reading. 

O'ber-on (o'ber-on ; ob'er-), re. [F., fr. OF. Auberon."] Me- 
dieval Myth. The king of the fairies, husband of Titania. 

0-bOS© / (6-beV), a. [L. obesus, that has eaten itself fat, 06- 
edere to devour ; ob + edere to eat.] Very fat or fleshy. — 
Syn. See stout. — o-bese'ness, re. 

O-bes'i-ty (S-bes'I-ti), re. State or quality of being obese. 

0-bey' (5-ba') ( v. t. [F. obeir, fr. L. obedire; ob + audire to 
hear.] 1. To give ear to ; comply with the orders of. 2. To 
submit to the authority of. 3. To yield, to the impulse, 
or force of. — v. i. To yield obedience. — O-bey'er, re. 

Ob-fus'cate (Sb-fiis'kat), v. t.; -cat-ed (-kat-Sd) ; -cat-ing. 
[L. obfuscatus, p. p. of obfuscare; ob + fuscare to dark- 
en, fuscus dark.] To darken ; obscure ; becloud. 

Ob'fUS-ca'iion (ob'fus-ka'shun), re. Act or action of obfus- 
cating, or state of being obfuscated ; obscuration. 

o'bi (o'bi), re. ; pi. obis. A sash worn by women. Japan. 

o'bi (o'bi), re. [Of African origin.] A species of sorcery, 
probably of African origin, practiced among West Indian 
negroes. — o'bi-ism (-iz'm), re. 

o-bit'u-a-ry (6-bitlu-a-ri), a. [From OF. obit, fr. L. obitus 
death, fr. obire to go to meet, die ; ob + ire to go.] Of or 
pert, to the death of a person or persons. — re. ; pi. -ries 
(-nz). A notice of a death, with a biographical sketch. 

Ob-ject' (3b-jekt'), v. t. [L. objectus, p. p. of objicere, ob- 
icere, to throw before, oppose ; ob + jacere to throw.] To 
offer in opposition ; adduce as an objection. — v. i. To 
make opposition, or merely to feel averse. 

ob'ject (Sb'jSkt), re. 1. Something presented to one or more 
of the senses; something visible or tangible. 2. A sight 
that arouses feelings of pity, amusement, or the like. Now 
Rare or Colloq. 3. That which is set before the mind so as 
to be apprehended or known ; as, an object of knowledge, 
wonder, etc. 4. That sought for ; end ; aim ; motive. 5. 
Gram. A word, phrase, or clause used substantively, as 
denoting that on or toward which a verb's action is directed, 
or that to which a preposition expresses some relation. The 
direct object of a verb denotes that which is immediately 
acted upon (as ball, in "throw me the ball") ; an indirect 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Skrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



OBJECT BALL 



665 



OBSECRATE 



object denotes that which is affected indirectly, as me in 
the above example. — Syn. See intention. 

object ball. In billiard and pool games, the ball or any 
ball designed to be hit by the cue ball. 

object glass or lens. Optics. = objective, n., 2. 

Ob-jec'ti-fl-ca'tion (oVjeVtT-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of mak- 
ing objective, or state of being objectified. 

ob-jec'ti-fy (5b-jek'tT-fI), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing (-fl'- 
lng). [object + -/y.] To cause to become, or to assume 
the character of, an object ; render objective ; externalize. 

OD-jec'tion (ob-jek'shun), n. 1. An objecting. 2. That 
which is, or may be, presented in opposition ; adverse reason 
or argument. — Syn. Exception, difficulty, doubt, scruple. 

Ob-jec'tion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to objection ; offensive. 

OD-jec'tive (ob-jek'tiv), a. 1. Of or pert, to an object of 
action or feeling ; forming an object of attraction, or an 
end ; final cause. 2. Philos.^ Of or pert, to, contained in, or 
having the nature of, an object ; — opposed to subjective. 
Specif. : a Existing only in relation to mind, b Existing in- 
dependent of mind ; pert, to a thing or object as it is in 
itself. 3. Emphasizing or expressing the nature of reality 
as it is, apart from self-consciousness ; as, objective art. 
4. Gram. Pert, to or designating the case denoting the re- 
lation of object (def. 5). 5. Perspective. Belonging or relat- 
ing to the object to be delineated ; as, an objective line, 
plane, or point. 

objective point, the point or purpose toward which any- 
thing, as a journey, is directed. 

— n. 1. Gram. The objective case, or a word in it. 2. 
Optics. The lens, or system of lenses, at the end of a tele- 
scope, microscope, etc., that is nearest the object. See 
microscope, Illust. 3. An objective point, as the bull's- 
eye of a target. 

ob-jec'tive-ly, adv. In an objective manner. 

ob-jec'tive-ness, n. Objectivity. 

Ob-jec'tiv-ism (-ti-ylz'm), n. 1. Philos. Any theory that 
stresses the objective, or external, elements of reality to 
the relative neglect of the subjective, or mental. 2. Es- 
thetics. Theory or practice of objective art or literature. 
See objective, a., 3. — ob-jec'tiv-ist, n. 

ob'jec-tiv'i-ty (ob'jek-tiv'i-ti), n. State, quality, or rela- 
tion of being objective ; character of the object or objective. 

Object lesson. A lesson given by means of illustrative 
objects ; fig., something that teaches by exemplifying a 
principle in concrete form. 

ob-jector (ob-jek'ter), n. One who objects. 

Ob-jur/gate (ob-jur'gat ; ob'jur-gat), v. t. ; -gat-ed (-gat-ed ; 
-gat'ed) ; -gat-ing. [L. objurgatus, p. p. of objurgare to 
chide ; ob + jurgare to scold.] To chide ; reprove ; rebuke. 

Ob'jur-ga'tion (oVjiir-ga'shun), n. Act of objurgating; 
reproof ; rebuke. — Syn. See abuse. 

Ob-jur'ga-to-ry (ob-jur'gd-to-ri), a. Designed to objurgate 
or chide ; expressing rebuke. — ob-jur'ga-to-ri-ly (-tS- 
ri-li), adv. [See leaf, Illust. \ 

Ob-lan'ce-o-late (ob-lan'se-6-lat), a. Inversely lanceolate.! 

Ob'late (ob'lat ; ob-lat'), a. [L. oblatus offered ; — taken 
as the opposite of E. prolate.'] Geom. Flattened or de- 
pressed at the poles ; as, the earth is an oblate spheroid. 

Ob-la'tion (ob-la'shun), n. [L. oblatio, fr. oblatus, used as 
p. p. of off ere to offer, dedicate.] 1. Act of offering to God 
or a god, esp. of the eucharistic elements. 2. A religious 
offering ; sacrifice. 3. An offering made to a church. 

Ob'la-to-ry (ob'ld-to-n), a. Of or pertaining to oblation. 

Ob'li-gate (ob'li-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed); -gat'lng. 
[L. obligatus, p. p. of obligare. See oblige.] To bring or 
place under moral or legal duty or constraint ; bind by an 
obligation. — (-gat), a. 1. Bound; obligated; restricted. 
2. Biol. Limited to a single life condition ; — opp. to facul- 
tative; as, obligate parasites or plants. 

Ob'li-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 1. Law. A conditional bond 
with a penalty for nonfulfillment ; hence : a formal agree- 
ment ; contract. 2. Any duty imposed by law, promise, or 
contract, by social relations, etc. 3. That which obligates ; 
that which constitutes duty. 4. State of being indebted for 
an act of favor ; also, the act itself. — Syn. See duty. 

Ob'li-ga'to (ob'le-ga'to). Var. of obbligato. 

Obli-ga-to-ry (ob'li-gd-to-n ; ob-lig'd-), a. [L. obligato- 
rius.~] Imposing, or of the nature of, duty or obligation. 

o-blige' (S-blljO, v. L; -bliged' (-blljd') ; -blig'ing (-blli'- 
Ing). [OF. obligier, L. obligare; ob + ligare to bind.] 
1. To constrain; put under obligation to do or forbear 
something. 2. To bind by some favor rendered ; hence : to 
do a favor to ; please ; accommodate. 

Ob'li-gee' (ob'li-je'), n. 1. Law. One to whom another is 
obligated. Cf. obligor. 2. One who is obliged. Cf. obliger. 

o-blig'er (o-bllj'er), n. One who obliges. 

O-blig'ing (6-blIj'ing), p. a. Putting under obligation ; dis- 
posed to do favors ; helpful ; civil ; kind. — Syn. Complai- 
sant, courteous. — o-blig'ing-ly, adv. ing-ness, n. 

Ob'li-gor' (ob'li-gSr' ; ob'li-gor'), n. Law. One who places 
himself under a legal obligation ; — correlative to obligee. 

Ob-lique' (ob-leV ; -Ilk'), o. [L. obliquus.] 1. Neither 



perpendicular nor horizontal ; slanting; inclined. 2. Not 
straightforward ; indirect ; hence : disingenuous ; under- 
hand. 3. Not direct in descent ; collateral. 4. Anat. Des- 
ignating specif, certain obliquely placed muscles, esp. : a 
The thin flat muscles forming the outer and middle layers 
of the lateral walls of the abdomen, b Either of two muscles 
of the eyeball. 

oblique angle, an acute or obtuse angle ; — opp. to right 
angle. — o. case, Gram., any case except the nominative 
and vocative. — o. sailing, Navig., the, movement of a 
vessel when she sails upon a course, as a loxodromic curve, 
making an oblique angle with the meridian. 

— v. i. 1. To deviate from the perpendicular. 2. Mil. To 
advance obliquely, by half-facing to right or left and march- 
ing forward. — ob-liquely, adv. — ob-lique'ness, n. 

ob-liq'ui-ty (-lik'wY-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of 
being oblique; deviation from a right line or from par- 
allelism or perpendicularity. 2. Deviation from moral rec- 
titude or sound thinking. — ob-liq'ui-tous (-tws), o. 

ob-lit'er-ate (-lit'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
obliteratus, p. p. of obliterare ; ob -+- litera, littera, letter.] 
1. To erase or blot out ; efface ; cancel. 2. To wear out ; 
render imperceptible. — Syn. See erase. 

ob-lit'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of obliterating, or state of 
being obliterated ; extinction. 

Ob-liv'i-on (-lTv'i-im), n. [L. oblivio."] 1. Act of forget- 
ting, or fact of having forgotten ; forgetfulness. 2. Official 
ignoring of offenses ; amnesty ; general pardon. 3. State 
or fact of being forgotten. — Syn. See forgetfulness. 

ob-liv'i-OUS (-us), a. [L. obliviosus.] 1. Forgetful ; for- 
getting. 2. Promoting oblivion ; causing forgetfulness. — 
ob-liv'i-ous-ly, adv. — ob-liv'i-ous-ness, n. 

Ob'long (Sb'long ; 62), a. [L. oblongus ; ob + longus long.] 
Elongated, esp. as deviating from a square or circular form ; 
longer in one direction than in another, with sides parallel 
or nearly so ; rectangular, with the adjacent sides unequal. 

— n. An oblong figure, esp. when a rectangle. 
ob'lo-quy (-15-kwi), n. ; pi. -quies (-kwiz). [L. obloquium, 

fr. obloqui to speak against, blame ; ob + loqui to speak.] 
l._ Censorious speech ;_ blame ; reprehension. 2. State of 
being under censure or in contempt ; disgrace. — Syn. Re- 

S roach, odium, censure, calumny, slander. See abuse. 
-nox'ious (ob-nSk'shus), a. [L. obnoxiosus, or obnoxi- 
us; ob + noxa harm.] 1. Subject, liable, or open to harm 
or evil. 2. Liable to censure ; blameworthy. Obs. or R. 3. 
Objectionable ; odious. — Syn. See hateful. — Ob-nox'- 
ious-ly, adv. — ob-nox'ious-ness, n. 
O'boe (o'boi; o'bS-a), n. [It., fr. F. hautbois. See haut- 
boy.] Music. One of the higher wind instruments in the 
modern orchestra, yet of great antiquity ; a hautboy. 



Oboe. 

oHjo-ist (o'bo-ist), n. A performer on the oboe. 

O'bol (o'bol ; ob'ol), n. An ancient Greek coin. = obolus, 1 . 

Ob'0-lus (ob'6-liis), n. ; L. pi. -li (-11). [L., fr. Gr. 6/3oX6j.] 
1. Gr. Antiq. A weight and also a small silver coin of 
Athens, £ of a drachma. 2. Any of several small European 
coins. \_Illust. 

Ob-o'vate (ob-o'vat), a. Bot. Inversely ovate. See leaf, 

Ob-0'void (-void), a. Bot. Ovoid, with the broad end towarc 
the apex, as some fruits, etc. 

ob-SCene' (ob-sen'), a. [L. obscenus, -scaenus, or -scoenus, 
ill-looking, filthy, obscene.] 1. Foul ; filthy ; disgusting. 
Archaic. 2. Offensive to chastity or modesty ; impure. — 
Syn. Indecent, unchaste, lewd. — ob-scene'ly, adv. 

ob-scen'i-ty (-sen'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). Obscene or im- 
pure language or acts ; quality of being obscene ; moral 
impurity ; lewdness. 

Ob-scur'ant (Sb-skur'ant), n. [L. obscurans, p. pr.] One 
who obscures ; one who strives to prevent enlightenment. 

— a. Obscuring ; pert, to an obscurant. — ob-scur'ant- 
ism (-dn-tYz'm), n. — ob-scui/ant-ist, n. 

Ob'SCU-ra'tion (ob'sku-ra'shan), n. Act of obscuring ; state 
of being obscured. 

ob-scure' (ob-skur'), a. [L. obscurus, orig., covered.] 1. 
Shaded, or darkened ; dim. 2. Of or pert, to darkness or 
night ; indistinctly seen ; hidden ; remote from observation. 
3. Not noticeable ; humble ; mean. 4. Not clear, full, or 
distinct ; clouded ; as, an obscure view. 5. Not easily un- 
derstood ; not clear or legible ; abstruse or blind. — Syn. 
Indistinct, darksome, shadowy, misty ; intricate, mysteri- 
ous ; retired, unknown. See dark. 

— n. Obscurity. 

— v. t. ; -scured' (-skurd') ; -scur'ing (-skur'Ing). To make 
obscure ; darken ; make dim. — ob-scure'ly, adv. 

ob-SCUre'ness, n. Quality or state of being obscure. 
Ob-scu'ri-ty (-sku'ri-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 

state of being obscure. 2. An obscure person, place, or thing. 
Ob'se-crate (ob'se-krat), v. t.; -crat'ed (-krat'ed) ; -crat'- 

ing. [L. obsecratus, p. p. of obsecrare, prop., to ask on re- 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Word* + combined, with, *= equals, 



N 



OBSECRATION 



666 



OBTURATE 



ligious grounds ; ob + sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer 

sacred.] To beseech ; supplicate ; implore. Rare. _ 
ob'se-cra'tion (-kra'shun), n. An obsecrating ; supplication. 
ob-se'qui-ous (ob-se'kwi-us), o. [L. obsequiosus, fr. ob- 

sequium compliance, obsequi to comply with ; ob + segiu 

to follow.] 1. Complaisant ; compliant. iVo«> Rare. 2. 

Servilely or meanly attentive ; cringing ; fawning. — Syn. 

See obedient. — ob-se'qui-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 
Ob'se-quy (ob'se-kwi), n.; pi. -quies (-kwiz). [LL. obse- 

quiae, pi., funeral rites.] The last duty rendered to one 

after death ; a ceremony pert, to burial ; — now only in pi. 
Ob-serv'a-ble (ob-zGr'vd-b'l), a. 1. That must or may be 

observed, regarded, or kept. 2. Capable of being observed. 
Ob-serv'ance (-vans), n. 1. Act or practice of observing a 

rule, custom, or the like ; a heeding or keeping with care. 

2. An act, ceremony, or rite, as of worship ; a form ; prac- 
tice ; custom. 3. A religious or monkish rule or ordinance ; 
also, a company or order bound to such rule, or their con- 
vent. 4. Respectful attention; deference; homage. Ar- 
chaic. 5. Observation. — Syn. See observation. 

Ob-serv'aat (-vdnt), a. [L. observans, -antis, p. pr.] 1. 
Taking notice ; viewing or noticing attentively ; watchful ; 
attentive. 2. Submissively attentive ; obediently watchful ; 
regardful ; mindful ; — used with of. 3. Careful ; heedful. 

— n. [cap.] R. C. Ch. One belonging to a branch of the 
Order of Franciscans adhering strictly to the rule as laid 
down by the founder, esp. as to poverty. ^ 

Ob-serv'ant-ine (5b-zur'vdn-tTn ; ob'zer-van'tin), n. [F. 
observantin.] R. C. Ch. = Observant. 

Ob-serv'ant-ist, n. R. C. Ch. = Observant. 

Ob'ser-va'tion (ob'zer-va'shtm), n. 1. Observance of some- 
thing prescribed. Obs. or R. 2. Act or faculty of observing, 
or taking notice, or of recognizing and noting. Also, that 
which is observed ; the information or record so obtained. 

3. Fact of being observed. 4. Science. Act of recognizing 
and noting some fact or occurrence, esp. in nature ; specif., 
Naut., the ascertaining of the altitude of a heavenly body 
to find a vessel's position at sea ; also, the information or 
record so obtained. 5. The result of an act or acts of ob- 
serving ; conclusion ; judgment. 6. An expression of opinion 
on what one has observed ; a remark. 

Syn. Observation, observance. Observation (see re- 
mark) now commonly designates the act or the result of 
considering or marking attentively (esp.) a fact or an occur- 
rence ; observance denotes the act of heeding and follow- 
ing, in conduct, what is laid down or prescribed as a duty 
or custom. 

Ob'ser-va'tion-al (-ol), a. Of or pertaining to observation. 

Observation car. A railway passenger car arranged so as 
to facilitate viewing the scenery en route. 

ofo-serv'a-to-ry (ob-zur'vd-tS-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A 
place equipped with instruments for observing natural 
phenomena, esp. of the heavenly bodies. 2. A position or 
place affording a wide view ; a lookout. 

ob-serve' (ob-zurv'), v. t.; -served' (-zurvd'); -serv'ing. 
[L. observare, observatum; ob + servare to save, keep, 
observe.] 1. To conform one's action or practice to ; keep ; 
comply with. 2. To pay attention to ; see ; discover. 3. To 
express as what has been noticed ; say in a casual way ; 
remark. — v. i. 1. To take notice. 2. To remark ; com- 
ment. — Syn. See celebrate. [looker-on.I 

ob-serv'er (-zur'ver), n. One who observes. — Syn. See| 

ob-serv'ing, a. Observant. — ob-serv'-ing-ly, adv. 

ob-sess' (ob-ses'), v. t. [L. obsessus, p. p. of obsidere to be- 
siege ; ob + sedere to sit.] To beset or dominate ; — said 
of an evil spirit, a fixed idea, or the like. 

Ob-ses'sion (ob-sesh'iin), n. 1. Act of an evil spirit in be- 
setting or actuating a person from without ; the fact of 
being so acted upon. 2. The persistent and unescapable 
influence of an idea or emotion ; also, the emotion or idea. 

ob-sid'i-an (ob-sid'i-an), n. [L. Obsidianus lapis.] Vol- 
canic glass ; specif., except as limited by the attributive (as 
in basalt obsidian), such glass having the same composi- 
tion as rhyolite. It is usually very dark-colored. [lete.j 

Ob'so-les'cence (ob'so-les'ens), n. State of becoming obso-| 

Ob'SO-les'cent (ob'so-les'ent), a. [L. obsolescens, -entis, p. 
pr. of obsolescere to wear out, fall into disuse.] Going out 
of use ; becoming obsolete. 

Ob'SO-lete (ob'so-let), a. [L. obsoletus, p. p. of obsolescere. 
See obsolescent.] 1. No longer in use ; disused ; — chiefly 
of words, writings, or observances.^ 2. Zo'ol. Indistinct, esp. 
as compared with the corresponding character in a related 
species or earlier stage. — Syn. Ancient, antiquated, an- 
tique, outworn, neglected. See old. — Ob'so-lete-ly, adv. 
— ob'so-lete-ness, n. 

Ob/sta-Cle (ob'std-k'l), n. [L. obstaculum, fr. obstare to 
withstand, oppose ; ob + stare to stand.] That which 
stands in the way, or opposes ; an obstruction, physical or 
moral. — Syn. See difficulty. 

Ob-Stet'ric (ob-stet'nk)l a. [L. obstetricius, fr. obstetrix, 

Ob-Stet'ri-cal (-n-kdl) / -ids, a midwife, fr. obstare to 
stand before. See obstacle.] Of or pert, to obstetrics. 



ob'ste-tri'cian (ob'ste"-tnsh'an), n. One skilled in obstetrics. 

Ob-stet'rics (5b-stet'rlks), n. (See -ics.) Science of mid- 
wifery ; art of caring for women in pregnancy, parturition, 
and puerperium. 

ob'sti-na-cy (ob'stf-nd-sT), n.; pi. -ctes (-sTz). 1. Firm 
and usually unreasonable adherence to an opinion, purpose, 
or system ; unyielding disposition ; stubbornness. 2. Qual- 
ity or state of being difficult to remedy, relieve, or subdue. 
3. An obstinate action. — Syn. Cf. obstinate. 

Ob'Sti-nate (-nat), a. [L. obstinatus, p. p. of obstinare to 
set about a thing with firmness, persist in.] 1. Pertina- 
ciously adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course ; per- 
sistent ; stubborn ; — usually implying unreasonableness. 
2. Not yielding ; not easily overcome. — ob'sti-nate-ly, adv. 
Syn. Obdurate, unyielding, unbending, inflexible, immov- 
able, stiff, firm, persistent, dogged, stubborn, pertinacious, 
opinionated ; contumacious, headstrong, heady, perverse, 
intractable, refractory, unmanageable, ungovernable. — 
Obstinate, dogged, stubborn, pertinacious, intracta- 
ble, refractory agree in the idea of persistency, often in 
a bad sense. Obstinate implies persistent adherence, esp. 
against persuasion or attack, to an opinion, purpose, or 
course ; as, obstinate as a rock ; mulish obstinacy. Dogged 
adds the implication of downright and tenacious, some- 
times sullen, persistence ; as, dogged perseverance. Stub- 
born usually implies a certain (often native) fixedness or 
doggedness of character ; stubborn resistance, a stubborn 
oak. Pertinacious lacks, as compared with obstinate, the 
implication of resistance, and, as compared with stubborn, 
the suggestion of inherent quality ; it connotes a persist- 
ence that is annoying or irksome ; as, a pertinacious beggar ; 
pertinacious as a mosquito. Intractable and refractory 
imply resistance to direction, intractable more commonly 
referring to passive resistance, refractory to that which is 
active ; as, an intractable child, temper, soil ; refractory feel- 
ings, a refractory horse, pupil, ore. 

ob-Strep'er-ous (ob-strer/er-fts), a. [L. obstreperus, fr. 
obstrepere to make a noise at ; ob + strepere to make a 
noise.] Clamorous ; noisy ; vociferous ; noisily unruly or 
resistant. — Syn. See vociferous. — ob-strep'er-ous-ly, 
adv. — ob-strep'er-ons-ness, n. 

ob-Struct' (ob-striikt'), v. t. [L. obstructus, p. p. of ob- 
struere to build up against, obstruct ; ob -f- struere to pile 
up.] 1. To block up ; stop up or close, as a way ; place an 
obstacle in, or fill with obstacles to passing. 2. To be, or 
come, in the way of ; hinder from passing, operation, etc. ; 
impede ; retard. 3. To cut off the sight of (an object). — 
Syn. Bar, barricade, check, clog, choke, embarrass. 

ob-Struct'er (-struk'ter). Var. of obstructor. 

Ob-struc'tion (-struk'shun), n. 1. An obstructing; state 
of being obstructed. 2. That which obstructs or impedes ; 
hindrance. — Syn^Barrier, clog, check. See difficulty. 

ob-Stmc'tion-ist, n. One who hinders progress ; one who 
obstructs business. — ob-Struc'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. 

Ob-Struc'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to obstruct. — n. An ob- 
structive person or thing. — ob-Struc'tive-ly, adv. 

Ob-Struc'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, obstructs. 

Ob-tain' (ob-tan'), v. t. [F. obtenir, L. obtinere; ob + 
tenere to hold.] 1. To get hold of by effort ; gain possession 
of. 2. To arrive at ; attain ; gain ; reach. Archaic. 
Syn. Attain, acquire, procure, gain, win, earn, achieve, 
secure, get. — Obtain, attain, acquire, procure, gain, 
win, earn agree in the idea of getting. Obtain implies 
effort directed toward the acquisition of something desired ; 
one acquires that of which one obtains, often gradually, 
permanent possession ; to attain (less often applied to ma- 
terial things) is esp. to arrive at the object of one's ambition 
or the goal of one's endeavor ; as, can I not obtain employ- 
ment? acquire knowledge ; Peary attained the North Pole. 
To procure is to come into possession of something, often 
temporarily, esp. by search or request ; as, he procured favors 
at court. One gains esp. what is advantageous ; to win is 
to gain esp. against opposition or competition ; to earn is 
to gain by one's own exertions. 

— v.i. 1. To prevail ; succeed. Archaic. 2. To become rec- 
ognized or established ; become or be prevalent or general. 

ob-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being obtained ; procurable. 

ob-tain'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of obtaining. 

Ob-test' (ob-tSsf), v. t. [L. obtestari ; ob + testari to wit- 
ness, fr. testis a witness.] 1. To call to witness. 2. To be- 
seech. — Ob'tes-ta'tion (ob'tes-ta'shun), n. 
ob-trude' (ob-trdodO, v. t. ; -trud'ed (-trood'ed) ; -trud'- 
lng. [L. obtrudere, obtrusum; ob + trudere to thrust.] 
1. To thrust impertinently upon another ; present without 
warrant or solicitation. 2. To urge unduly or against an- 
other's will. — v. i. To thrust one's self upon a company or 
upon attention ; intrude. — Syn. See intrude. 
ob-trud'er, n. One who, or that which, obtrudes. 
ob-tru'sion (-troo'zhtin), n. Act of obtruding. 
ob-tni'sive (-siv), a. Disposed to obtrude ; pushing ; in- 
trusive. — ob-tru'sive-ly, adv. — ob-tru'sive-ness, n. 
Ob-tund' (ob-tund'), v. t. [L. obtundere, obtusum; ob + 
tundere to strike.] To dull ; blunt ; deaden ; quell. 

,Ob'tU-rate (ob'tu-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofo; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; 



nature, verdure (87); 



OBTURATION 



667 



OCELLUS 



(-rating). [L. obturatus, p. p. of obturare."] To stop or 
close, as an opening ; specif., Ordnance^ to stop (a gun 
breech) so as to prevent the escape of gas in firing. 
Ob'tu-ra'tion (ob'tu-ra'shwn), n. Act or process of obtu- 
rating, or state of being obturated. 
Ob'tU-ra'tor (ob'tu-ra'ter), n. _ That which obturates ; as : 
a Surg. An apparatus for closing an unnatural opening, as 
a fissure of the palate, b Ordnance. Any device for pre- 
venting the escape of gas through the breech mechanism of 
a breech-loading gun. c Photog. A camera shutter. 

Ob-tuse' (ob-tus'), a.; -tus'er (-tus'er) ; -tus'est. [L. ob- 
tusus, p. p. of obtundere. See obtund.] 1. Not pointed or 
acute ; blunt ; — applied esp. to angles greater than a right 
angle. See angle, Illust. 2. Not having acute perceptions ; 
stupid. 3. Dull ; deadened ; as, obtuse sound. — Syn. 
See blunt. — ob-tuse'ly, adv. — ob-tuse'ness, n. 

Ob-verse' (ob-vurs' ; ob'vurs), a. [L. obversus, p. p. of 
obvertere tc turn towards ; ob + vertere to turn.] 1. 
Facing the observer or opponent ; — opposite of reverse. 
2. Having the base narrower than the top, as a leaf. 3. 
Being a counterpart, or complement. — ob-versely, adv. 

Ob'verse (ob'vurs), n. 1. As the opposite of reverse: 
a The side of a coin bearing the principal image or in- 
scription. Cf. verso, b The front or principal surface 
of anything. 2. A counterpart. 

Ob-ver/sion (ob-vur'shun), n. Logic. The immediate infer- 
ence by which we deny the opposite of anything affirmed. 

Ob'vi-ate (ob'vl-at), v. t.; -at/ed (-at'ed); -at'tng. [L. 
obviare ; ob + viare to go, via way.] To meet or antici- 
pate and dispose of ; to avoid the occurrence or necessity of. 

Ob'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act or fact of obviating, or state 
of being obviated. 

ob'vi-ous (ob'vl-us), a. [L. obvius; ob -f- via way.] l.That 
is in the way or in front ; opposite. Obs. or Archaic. 2. 
Easily discovered, seen, or understood ; plain. — Syn. See 
manifest. — ob'vi-ous-ly, adv. — ob'vi-ous-ness, n. 

ob'vo-lute (ob'vo-lut), a. [L. obvolutus, p. p. of obvolvere 
to wrap round ; ob + volvere to roll.] Overlapping ; con- 
volute ; specif., Bot., applied to vernation in which half of 
one conduplicate leaf enrolls half of another similarly folded. 
— ob'vo-lu'tion (-lu'sMn), n. — ob'vo-lu'tive, a. 

OC'a-ri'na (ok'd-re'nd), n. [Apparently a dim. of It. oca 
goose ; named fr. the shape._ Oxf. 
E. D.] Music. A small simple 
wind instrument or toy, having a 
terra-cotta body, and giving soft 
whistlelike tones. 

OC-ca'sion (8-ka'zhfin), n. [L. oc- W Ucanna. 

casio, fr. occidere, occasum, to fall down ; ob + cadere to 
fall.] 1. A favorable opportunity ; a timely chance. 2. A 
juncture affording ground or reason for something ; hence : 
formerly, an excuse ; a pretext. 3. An occurrence, or a state 
of affairs, that brings about an unlooked-for event; con- 
tributory or incidental cause. 4. A juncture entailing need, 
or the need entailed ; hence, Obs., esp. in pi., needs. 5. An 
occurrence. Now Rare, exc. in reference to time; as, on 
the occasion of his visit. 6. A special event or function. 
Syn. Occasion, cause. The cause of an effect is that 
which actually brings it about ; the occasion is that which, 
either directly or indirectly, provides an opportunity for 
the causal agencies to act, or serves to set them in motion ; 
as, the cause of a war may be a deep-rooted enmity, the 
occasion of it, a relatively unimportant incident. 
on occasion, as occasion may arise ; occasionally. 

i— v. t. To give occasion to ; cause. 

OC-ca'sion-al (-al), a. 1. Of or pert.toan occasion ; acting 
or occurring now and then ; casual ; incidental. 2. Suitable 
or designed for, or acting on, a special occasion. 

OC-ca'sion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. Metaph. The theory that 
the apparent reciprocal action of the psychical and the 
physical is due to the intervention of God, producing on 
the occasion of a change in one a like change in the other. 

OC-ca'sion-al-ly, adv. In an occasional manner ; on occa- 
sion ; now and then ; sometimes. 

OC'ci-dent (ok'si-dent), n. [L. occidens, -dentis, fr. p. pr. 
of occidere to fall, go down.] The west ; — opposed to ori- 
ent. Specifically \_cap.], originally, Europe as opposed to 
Asia and the Orient ; now, also, the Western Hemisphere. 

OC'ci-den'tal (-den'tal), a. [L. occidentalism 1. Of, pert. 
to, or situated in, the Occident, or west ; western ; — op- 
posed to oriental. Specif, [cap. - ] , of or pert, to the Occi- 
dent. 2. Possessing inferior qualities ; — used of inferior 
precious stones, because those found in the Orient are gen- 
erally superior. — n. An inhabitant of an occidental region, 
or [cap.] of the Occident. 

Oc'ci-den'tal-ism (-Iz'm), n. Character, institutions, and 
culture of Occidental peoples ; — contr. with Orientalism. 

Oc'ci-den'tal-ize (-den'tal-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'lng. 
To render Occidental ; imbue with Occidentalism. 

OC'ci-den'tal-ly, adv. In an occidental manner or situation. 

OC-cip'i-tal (ok-sip'i-tdl), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the occi- 




put or a compound bone (occipital bone) which forms the 
posterior part of the skull. — n. The occipital bone. 

OC'ci-put (ok'si-put), n. ; L. pi. occipita (ok-sIp'T-td). [L. ; 
ob -f- caput head.] . Anat. The back part of the head or 
skull ; the region of the occipital bone. 

oc-clude' (3-kl6od' ; 86), v. t. ; -clud'ed ; -clud'ing. [L. 
occludere, -clusum; ob -f- claudere to shut.] 1. To close. 
2. To shut in or out by closing a passage. 3. Chem. To ab- 
sorb ; — said esp. of the absorbing of gases by certain 
solids; as, iron occludes hydrogen. [being occluded. I 

OC-clu'sion (-kloo'zhun), n. Act of occluding, or state of | 

OC-CUlt' (o-kult'), a. [L. occultus, p. p. of occulere to cover 
up, hide.] Hidden from the eye or the understanding; 
secret ; hence, mysterious or supernatural. — Syn. See 
recondite. — v. t. To hide from sight ; conceal ; specif., 
Astron., to hide by occultation. 

OC'cul-ta'tion (ok'ill-ta'shim), n. 1. Astron. The hiding 
from view of one heavenly body by the intervention of an- 
other ; esp., an eclipse of a star or planet by the moon or of 
a planetary satellite by its primary. 2. Act of making, or 
state of being, occult. 

OC-cult'er, n. An occulting screen. 

oc-cult'ism (o-kul'tlz'm), n. Occult theory or practice; 
belief in occult powers subject to human control. 

oc-cult'ist, n. An adherent of, or one versed in, occultism. 

OC-CUlt'ly, adv. In an occult manner. 

OC-CUlt'ness, n. Quality or state of being occult. 

OC'cu-pan-cy (ok'u-pan-si), n. Occupation (in sense 1). 

OC'cu-pant (-pant), n. [L. occupans, p. pr.] One who oc- 
cupies, or takes or has possession of a thing. 

OC'CU-pa'tion (-pa'shwn), n. [F., fr. L. occupation 1. Act 
or process of occupying ; state of being occupied ; occu- 
pancy ; tenure. 2. That which occupies time and atten- 
tion ; one's principal business in life ; calling ; trade. 
Syn. Business, profession, pursuit, calling, vocation, em- 
ployment. — Occupation, employment, pursuit, call- 
ing, vocation. One's occupation is that to which one's 
time is devoted, or in which one is regularly or habitually 
engaged ; employment, which is often interchangeable 
with occupation, may also suggest what one does in anoth- 
er's service ; as, the 8oldier's occupation ; he found employ- 
ment as a cook. A pursuit is an occupation directed, esp. 
voluntarily, to a given end ; as, literary pursuits. Calling 
is now generally used in the sense of one's regular business 
or profession ; vocation, the more elevated term, is often 
exactly equivalent to calling; but it may retain the sug- 
gestion of an employment to which one is destined by 
nature, or "called" by some higher power. 

Occupation Day. = Capitulation Day. 

oc'cu-pi'er (ok'u-pi'er), n. One who occupies. 

oc'cu-py (-pi), v. t.; -pied (-pld) ; -py'lng. [F. occuper, fr. 
L. occupare.] 1. To take or hold possession of ; possess ; 
dwell or live in. 2. To take up, or have place in, the extent, 
room, space, or time of ; fill. 3. To engage the service of ; 
employ ; busy. — v. i. To hold possession ; reside. 06s. 

OC-CUJ' (o-kur'), v. i.; -curred' (-kurd') ; -cur'ring (-kur'- 
Ing). [L. occurrere, occursum ; ob + currere to run.] 
1. To meet one's eye ; present itself ; appear ; to take place ; 
happen. 2. To come to the mind ; suggest itself. 
Syn. Occur, happen are often used without distinction. 
But occur is the more formal word of the two, applying 
esp. to a definite event ; happen is the more general term 
for that which in any way comes to pass ; as, his death 
occurred at midnight ; how did you happen to come ? 

OC-Cur/rence (o-kiir'ens), n. A coming or happening ; any 
incident or event, esp. one that happens without being 
designed or expected. — Syn. See event, [rence. Obs.\ 

OC-CUr'rent (-ent), a. Occurring. Now R. — n. An occur-] 

O'cean (o'shan), n. [F. ocean, L. oceanus, Gr. wKeavos 
ocean, in Homer, the river Oceanus.] 1. The whole body 
of salt water covering nearly three fourths of the surface of 
the globe with an estimated average depth of about 13,000 
feet ; — called also the sea or great sea. 2. One of the large 
bodies of water into which the great ocean is regarded as 
divided, as the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 3. An immense 
or limitless expanse or quantity. 

o'ce-an'ic (o'she-an'ik), a. Of or pert, to, found in or about, 
or produced by, the ocean ; frequenting the ocean. 

0-ce'a-nid (o-se'd-nid), n. [Gr. 'U K eavU, -L8os.] Gr. Myth. 
Any ocean nymph, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 

o'cean-Og'ra-phy (o'shan-og'rd-fOjW. Geography that deals 
with the ocean and its phenomena. — o'cean-og'ra-pner 
(-fer), n. — o'cean-o-graph'ic (-o-graf Tk), -graph'i-cal, a. 

0-ce'a-nus (6-se'd-nus), n. [L.,fr. Gr. V.Ktavos.] Gr.Myth. 
a The god of the stream Oceanus. He was the eldest Titan. 
He married Tethys, their children being the rivers of the 
earth and the Oceanids. b The great outer sea or river 
believed to encircle the earth. 

OC'el-lat'ed (os'e-lat'ed •, 6-sellt-ed), a. [L. ocellatus, fr. 
ocellus.'] 1. Having ocelli. 2. Like an eye, or ocellus. 

O-cel'lus (6-sePus), n.; vl. -LI (-1). [h., dim. ot oculus an 
eye.] Zo'ol. a A little eve ; a minute simple eye found in 
many invertebrates, b .Sja eyelike spot of color. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



OCELOT 



668 



OCULOMOTOR 




O'ce-lot (o'sMot), n. [ F., fr. M ex., lit., field tiger.] An 
American cat (Fe' 
lis pardalis), rang- 
ing from Texas to 
Patagonia, yellow 
or gray with mark- 
ings of black. 

o'cher, o'chre (5*- 
ker), n. [F. ocre, 
L. ochra, fr. Gr. 
<&xpo, fr. o)xp6s pale 

yellow.] Min. An ^S^^^^SP^ XiP^ Ocelot, 
earthy, often impure, ore of iron, usually red (hematite) or 
yellow Gimonite). It is extensively used as a pigment. 

— v. t. ; o'chered, o'chred (-kerd) ; o'cher-ing, o'chring 
(o'krmg). To color with ocher. — o'cher-ous, o'chre-OUS 
(-us), a. — o'cheijV (o'ker-i), o'chry (o'krf), a. 

OCh-loc'ra-cy (5k-lok/rd-si),n. [Gr. dx^-oKparla ; 6x><os pop- 
ulace + Kparos strength.] Government by the mob ; mob 
rule. — ochlo-crat'ic (ok'lo-krat'ik), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

OCh-one' (oK-on'), inter j. [It. ochon; or Gael, ochoin.] 
Alas ! — an Irish and Scottish exclamation of lamentation. 

o'chre, o'chre-ous (o'ker-us), etc. Vars. of ocher, etc. 

o'chroid (o'kroid), a. [Gr. wxpoeiSfc; d>xp6s pale yellow + 
«I5os form.] Like ocher, esp. yellow ocher, in color. 

-OCk (-wk). [AS. -uc, -oc] A suffix forming diminutives. 

O'-Clock' (6-klok'). Of (by) the clock. 

OC're-a (ok're-d ; o'kre"-), n. ; L. pi. ocre,e (-e). Often erro- 
neously ochrea. [L., greave, legging.] 1. Bot. A tubular 
sheath formed around the base of the petiole. 2. Zool. A 
sheath, as of a booted tarsus. 

OC're-ate (-at), a. [L. ocreatus.] 1. Bot. Provided with or 
having ocreae. 2. Zool. Booted, as the tarsus of some birds. 

oc'ta- (ok'td-). See ocro-. 

OC'ta-Chord (-k6rd), n. [Gr. 6kt6.xop8os with eight strings. 
See ocro- ; chord.] Music, a An instrument of eight 
strings, b A system of eight tones, as the diatonic octave. 

OC'tad (-tad), n. [Gr. Suras, -ados, the number eight.] 1. 
Chem. An octavalent atom or radical. 2. A group of eight, 
as, in ancient notation, of eight figures decimally arranged. 

OC'ta-gon (ok'td-gon), n. [Gr. bKraywvos eight-cornered; 
6/cra- (for 6/crw eight) + yowla an angle.] A (plane) poly- 
gon of eight angles and, therefore, eight sides. 

OC-tag'O-nal (5k-t2g'6-nal), a. Having eight angles and 
therefore eight sides. 

OC'ta-he'dral (ok'td-he'dral), a. Having eight plane faces ; 
of, pert. to, or formed in, octahedrons. 

OC'ta-he'drite (-drlt), n. Min. A form of titanium dioxide, 
Ti02, occurring in crystals, commonly octahedral. 

oc'ta-he'dron (-dron), n.; L. pi. -dra (-drd). [Gr. 6kt&c- 
8pov, fr. 6KT&e8pos eight-sided ; dura- (for 6kt6> 
eight) + Upa base.] Geom. A solid having 
eight plane faces. 

OC-tam'er-QUS (ok-tam'er-iis), a. Bot. & 
Zool. Having or designating organs or parts 
arranged in eights. 

OC-tam'e-ter (-e-ter), a. Pros. Consisting of 
eight measures or feet. — n. A verse contain- Octahedron, 
ing eight feet. 

OC'tan (ok'tdn), a. [L. octo eight.] Med. Occurring every 
eighth day, reckoning inclusively ; as, octan fever. 

OC'tane (ok'tan), n. Chem. Any of a group of isomeric 
hydrocarbons, CsHis, of the paraffin series. 

OC-tan'gU-lar (ok-tarj'gu-ldr), a. [L. octangulus eight- 
cornered ; octo eight + angulus angle.] Octagonal. 

OC'tant (ok'tdnt), n. [L. octans, -antis, fr. octo eight.] 
1. Geom. The eighth part of a circle ; an arc or angle of 45 
degrees. 2. Astron. & Astrol. The position or aspect of a 
heavenly body, as the moon or a planet, when distant from 
another body by 45 degrees. 3. An instrument for meas- 
uring angles, having an arc which measures up to 90°, but 
being itself the eighth part of a circle. Cf . sextant. 

OC'ta-Style (ok'td-stll), a. [L. octastylos, Gr. 6kt6.<ttvKos; 
bura- (for okto) eight) + otOXos pillar.] Arch. Having eight 
columns across the front. — n. An octastyle building. 

oc'ta- va'lent (ok'td-va'lent ; ok-tav'd-lent), a. [octa- + L. 
valens, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. Having a valence or 
combining power of eight. See valence. 

OC'tave (ok'tav), n. [L. octava an eighth, octavus eighth, 
octo eight.] 1. The eighth day (counting the festival day) 
after a church festival ; also, the week after the festival, or, 
Obs., in pi., a period of festivity ; merrymaking. 2. Music. 
a An interval of eight diatonic degrees, b The eighth tone 
in a scale, or one of successive eighth tones, c The har- 
monic combination of two tones an octave apart, d The 
notes comprised in this interval ; one of several such series 
or tone groups reckoned from a standard tone. It is the 
unit of the modern scale, e An organ stop giving tones an 
octave above those corresponding to the digitals ; the prin- 
cipal. 3. Pros. The first two quatrains, or first eight 
verses, of a sonnet ; a stanza of eight lines. See sonnet, 




ottava rima. 4. Any group of eight ; as, in chemistry, the 
law of octaves (see periodic law). 

— a. Consisting of eight ; eight. 

OC-ta'vo (Sk-tS'vo; ok-ta'-), a. [L. in octavo; in in + 
octavo, abl. of octavus. See octave.] Having eight leaves 
to a sheet, as a book. — n. ; pi. -vos (-voz). A size (com- 
monly about 6 x 9£ inches) of a book, or of its pages, re- 
sulting, originally, from folding each sheet into eight 
leaves ; also, a book of such size ; — often written 8vo or 8°. 

OC-ten'ni-al (-ten'i-dl), a. [L. octennium period of eight 
years ; octo -f annus year.] Happening everv eighth year ; 
also, lasting a period of eight years. — OC-ten'ni-al-ly, adv. 

OC-tet' (-teV), n. [From L. octo eight.] 1. Music. A com- 
position for eight parts, usually for eight soloists ; also, a 
group of eight performers. 2. Any group of eight ; specif., 
the first eight lines of a sonnet. 

OC-tiPlion (ok-tfl'y&n), n. [F. octillion.'] The number de- 
noted by a unit with 27 zeros annexed (in French and Amer- 
ican notation) or with 48 zeros annexed (in English nota- 
tion). See numeration, 2, Note. 

oc'to- (5k/tS-), oc'ta- (-td-). [L. octo eight, or Gr. 6/crci, with 
a combining form 6ktcl-.'] Combining forms meaning eight. 

Oc : to'ber (-tS'ber), n. [L., the eighth month of the prim- 
itive Roman year, which began in March, fr. octo eight.] 

1. The tenth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. 

2. Ale made in the month of October. 
OC'tO-dec'i-mo (ok'to-des'i-mo), a. [L. octodecim eight- 
een.] Having 18 leaves to a sheet, as a book. — n.; pi. 
-mos (-moz). A size (commonly 4 x 6£ inches) of a book, or 
of its pages, resulting, originally, from folding each sheet 
into 18 leaves ; also, a book of such size : — usually written 
18mo or 18°. 

OC'tO-ge-na'ri-an ( ok'to-je-na'ri-on ; 3 ), a. [See octoge- 

nary.] Eighty or between eighty and ninety years old ; 

of or pert, to such age. — n. An octogenarian person. 
OC-tog'e-na-ry ( ok-toj'e-na-ri ), a. [L. octogenarius, fr. 

octogeni eighty each, octoginta eighty.] Octogenarian. 
OC'to-na-ry (ok'to-na-r!), a. [L. octonarius, fr. octoni 

eight each, octo eight.] Of or pert, to the number eight ; 

having 8 as radix or base; proceeding by 8's. — n.; pi. 

-ries (-rlz). An ogdoad, or group of eight. 
OC'tO-pus (Sk'tS-pits; ok-to'pus), n. ; pi. E. -puses (-pus- 

ez) , L. -pi (ok-to'pl). [NL. ; Gr. 6ktuttovs eight-footed ; 

6kt6) eight + nobs, iro86s foot.] 1. Any of a genus (Octo- 




Common European Octopus. (About j\0 

pus) or, broadly, of an order (Octopoda), of dibranchiate, 
eight-armed cephalopods, excepting the argonauts. Most 
species are rather small and, usually, timid and inoffensive. 
2. Something suggestiye of an octopus ; esp., a powerful 
and grasping organization with many branches. 

OC'tO-roon/ (ok'to-roon'), n. [octo- 4- -roon, as in quad- 
roon.'] A person having one eighth negro and seven eighths 
white blood ; offspring of a quadroon and a white person. 

oc'to-style. Var. of octastyle. 

OC'tO-syl-lab'ic (ok'to-si-lab'ik), o. Consisting of eight 
syllables. — n. A line having eight syllables. 

OC'tO-syPla-ble (ok'to-sTl'd-b'l ; ok'to-sTl'-), n. A line or 
word having eight syllables. — a. = octosyllabic. 

| oc'troi' (Sk'trwa'), n. ; pi. -trois (F. -trwa'). [F.] 1. A 
tax levied on commodities as a condition of their being 
brought into a town or other urban municipality. 2. The 
boundary at which such tax is payable, or the official body 
charged with its collection. 

OC'tU-ple Jpk/til-p'l), a. [L. octuplus.] Eightfold. 

oc'u-lar (ok'u-ldr), a. [L. ocularis, fr. oculus eye.] 1. De- 
pending on, addressed to, or perceived by, the eye. 2. Of or 
pert, to the eye or eyesight ; visual. — n. The eyepiece of a 
telescope, etc. — OC'u-lar-ly, adv. 

oc'u-list (5k'u-lTst), n. [L. oculus the eye.] One skilled in 
treating diseases of the eye. 

OC'u-lo-mo'tor (-16-mo'ter), a. [L. oculus eye + E. mo- 
tor.] Anat. & Zool. Moving the eyeball ; esp., designating, 
or pertaining to, the motor oculi nerve. — n. The motor 
oculi nerve. 



ale, senate, cSre, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



OCYPETE 



669 



(ESTRUS 



O-cyp'e-te (6-sip'e-te), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Oxwirtj, lit., the 
swift flier.] See Harpy. 

od (od ; od), n. [G. ; coined by Reichenbach.] An alleged 
force or natural power, supposed to produce the phenom- 
ena of hypnotism, and to be developed by magnets, heat, 
light, chemical action, etc. Obsoles. 

Od, or 'Od (od). Also Odd. [Often I. c] A minced form of 
the word God, used euphemistically. Archaic or Dial. 

O'da-lisque, O'da-lisk (o'dd-lisk), n. [F. odalisque, fr. 
Turk, odahliq chambermaid, odah chamber.] _ A female 
slave or concubine in a harem, esp. of the Turkish sultan. 

Odd (od), a. [Icel. oddi tongue of land, triangle, odd num- 
ber, orig., a point, tip.] 1. Not paired with another ; with- 
out a mate. 2. Not divisible by 2 without a remainder ; — 
opposed to even. 3. Left over after a definite round num- 
ber has been taken or mentioned ; extra ; as, there were 
twenty and odd (or twenty odd) men there. 4. Hence : a 
Designating an inconsiderable surplus of a smaller denomi- 
nation, — as in the phrase and odd money, now shortened 
simply to odd; as, it cost ten pounds odd. b Remaining 
beyond what is complete or taken into account ; occasional ; 
as, an odd job. 5. Unusual ; singular ; strange. — Syn. 
Quaint, unmatched, uncommon, extraordinary, queer, ec- 
centric, fantastical, droll, comical. See strange. 

— n. Something odd, or additional ; specif., Golf, a stroke 
by which a player exceeds his opponent. 

odd'i-ty (od'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality of 
being odd ; singularity. 2. That which is odd. 

odd'ly, adv. In an odd manner. 

Odd'ment (od'ment), n. An odd thing, or one that is left 
over, fragmentary, or the like ; esp., in pi., odds and ends ; 
specif., Print., in a book, any parts or pages, other than 
the text, such as title page, contents, etc. 

odd'ness, n. State of being odd ; also, an oddity. 

odd'— pin'nate, a. Bot. Pinnate with a single terminal leaf- 
let. See leaf, Illust. 

odds (odz), n. pi. & sing. 1. Unequal things or conditions. 
2. Difference in favor of one as against another; advan- 
tage ; hence : excess of chances ; probability. 3. An equaliz- 
ing allowance to a competing party that is at a disadvan- 
tage. 4. Quarrel ; dissension ; — used chiefly in at odds. 
odds and ends, remnants ; scraps ; miscellaneous articles. 

Ode (od), n. [F., fr. L. ode, Gr. <i>bi) a song, esp. a lyric 
song, contr. fr. &oi5ri, fr. 6.d5tu> to sing.] 1. A short poem 
suited to be set to music or sung; esp., one expressive of 
sustained noble sentiment with appropriate dignity of 
style. 2. East. Ch. A song or hymn, usually having three, 
four, or five troparia, or stanzas ; also, a Scripture canticle. 

-Ode. A suffix from Greek 656s, way, path. 

O-de'um (S-de'iim), n.; pi. odea (-d). [L., fr. Gr. 4>5eiov, 
fr. <^Srj. See ode.] A small, roofed theater or concert hall in 
ancient Greece and Rome ; hence, in modern usage, a hall, 
gallery, etc., for musical or dramatic performances. 

Od'ic (od'ik), a. Pertaining to or forming an ode. 

od'ic (od'Tk ; od'Ik), o. Of or pert, to od. Obsoles. 

O'din (o'din), n. Norse Myth. The supreme deity of the 
later Norse pantheon, called Woden by the Germanic Teu- 
tons. He was god of wisdom, poetry, and war; also, the 
god of the dead and a god of agriculture. He was repre- 
sented as a man with hat and staff and one-eyed. See 
Mimir, JEsir, Valkyrie, Valhalla, Wild Hunt. 

O'di-ous (5Mi-i2s), a. [L. odiosus, fr. odium hatred.] De- 
serving of or provoking hatred or repugnance ; exciting 
odium. — Syn. Detestable, invidious, repulsive. See hate- 
ful. — o'di-ous-ly, adv. — o'di-ous-ness, n. 

O'di-um (o'di-iim), n. [L., fr. odi I hate.] 1. Hatred; 
state or fact of being hated. 2. The stigma attaching to 
what is hateful ; opprobrium. 

Syn. Abhorrence, detestation, hatred, antipathy ; re- 
proach. — Odium, hatred. Hatred may denote either 
the enmity which one feels for another or that which one 
experiences or incurs ; odium applies only to the latter, 
and denotes esp. the opprobrium attaching to an object of 
general aversion. 

O'do-graph (5'd6-graf), n. [Gr. 656s way + -graph.} 1. A 
machine for registering the distance traversed by a vehicle 
or pedestrian. 2. A device for recording length and rapidity 
of stride and the number of steps taken by a walker. 

O-dom'e-ter (o-dom'e-ter), n. [Gr. 656p,erpov, -rpos, an in- 
strument for measuring distances ; 656s way + ukrpov meas- 
ure.] An instrument attached to a vehicle to measure the 
distance traversed. — o-dom'e-try (-tri), n. 

-odont. A combining form fr. Gr. 65o6s, 656ptos, tooth. 

/ don-tal , gi-a (o'don-tal'ji-d; od'on-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
httovTaXyia ; dSobs, 656vtos, tooth + &A70J pain.] Med. 
Toothache. 

o'don-tal'gic (-jik), a. Of or pertaining to odontalgia. — n. 
A remedy for the toothache. [666jtos, toothA 

O-don'to- (S-don'tS-). A combining form from Greek 65ous,| 

o-don'to-blast (-blSst), n. Anat. One of the cells on the 
outer surface of the pulp of a tooth which secrete the den- 
tine. See tooth. — o-don'to-blas'tic (-blas'tfk) , a. 



O-don'tO-glos'sum (-glos'um), n. [NL. ; odonto- -f Gr. 
yX&ao-a tongue.] Any of a genus (Odontoglossum) of South 
American epiphytic orchids, much cultivated. 

O-don'to-graph (6-don'to-graf), n. Mech. An instrument 
for marking or layiDg off the outlines of gear teeth. 

O-don'toid (o-don'toid), a. [Gr. dSovrotid-qs. See odonto- ; 
-oro.] Anat. & Zodl. a Toothlike, b Of or pert, to the 
odontoid process. 

odontoid process or peg, Anat. & Zo'dl., a toothlike proc- 
ess projecting from the anterior end of the centrum of the 
axis vertebra on which the atlas vertebra rotates. 

— n. The odontoid process. 

o'don-tol'o-gy (o'don-tol'6-jT ; od'on-), n. The science 
which treats of the teeth. — o-don'to-log'i-cal (S-don'tS- 
loj'i-kal), a. 

O-don'to-phore (6-don'to-for ; 57), n. Zodl. a A structure, 
usually more or less protrusile, in the mouth of most mol- 
lusks, except the lamellibranchs, supporting the radula. b 
The radula. — o'don-topb'o-rine (o'don-tof'5-rln ; -rin), a. 

O-don'tor-nith'ic (6-don'tor-nIth'ik), a. [odonto- + Gr. 
opvis, 5pi>i6os, a bird.] Belonging to a group (Odontor- 
nithes) of Mesozoic birds provided with teeth. 

O'dor, O'dour (o'der), n. [OF., fr. L. odor. 2 1. That prop- 
erty of a substance which affects the sense of smell ; any 
smell ; scent. 2. A perfume. Archaic. 3. Repute ; estima- 
tion ; as, to be in bad odor. — Syn. See smell. 

O'dor-if/er-OUS (-TFer-us), a. [L. odorifer; odor odor + 
ferre to bear.] Yielding an odor ; usually, fragrant. — 
o'dor-if'er-ous-ly, adv. — o'dor-ifer-ous-ness, n. 

o'dor-less, a. Free from odor. 

o'dor-OUS (-us), o. [L. odorus.J Having an odor, esp. a 
sweet odor ; odoriferous ; fragrant. — Syn. See redolent. 
— o'dor-ous-ly, adv. — o'dor-ous-ness, n. 

Ods, Od'S (odz). [Often I. c] Also Odds, Odd's. See Od. 

od'yl, od'yle (od'Il ; od'il), n. [od + Gr. v\rj matter, 
material.] = od. Obsoles. — O-dyl'ic (6-dIl'ik), a. 

O-dys'seus (3-dis'us ; o-dis'e-ws), n. [Gr. 'Obvaaein.'] Gr. 
Myth. The Greek chieftain commonly called Ulysses in 
English. See Ulysses, Odyssey. 

Od'ys-sey (od'i-sl), n. [L. Odyssea, Gr. 'OSvaaeia, fr. 
'OSucra-evs Ulysses.] 1. An epic poem, attributed to Homer, 
which describes the ten years' wanderings and adventures 
of Odysseus (Ulysses) in returning to Ithaca after the siege 
of Troy. 2. A long wandering or series of travels. 

oe-col'o-gy (S-kol'6-jI), cec'u-men'ic (ek'u-men'ik), etc. 
Vars. of ecology, etc. 

ce-de'ma, e-de'ma (e-de'md), n.; L. pi. -demata (-md-td). 
[NL., fr. Gr. oUrjp.a swelling, olbelv to swell.] Med. A swell- 
ing due to the effusion of a watery fluid from the blood ves- 
sels into the intercellular spaces of the connective tissue. 

ce-dem'a-tous, or e-dem'a-tOUS ( e-dem'd-tus ; e-de'md- 
tiis), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or having, cedema. 

Q3d'i-pus (ed'i-pus ; e'di-), n. [L., fr. Gr. Oi5*ttoi;s.] Gr. 
Myth. Son of Laius and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes. 
At (Edipus's birth an oracle foretold that Laius would be 
killed by his son. The child was sent away to be killed by 
exposure, but was eventually adopted by the king of Cor- 
inth. When grown, an oracle having warned him that he 
would kill his father and marry his mother, CEdipus left 
home. On the journey he met Laius, and slew him in an 
altercation. Later he solved the riddle of the Sphinx, 
thereby freeing Thebes from distress, was made king of the 
city, and married Jocasta. Eventually, his parentage being 
discovered, Jocasta hanged herself and (Edipus tore out 
his own eyes. See Antigone, Eteocles. 

|| ceiF-de-bceuf^uy-de-buF), n. ; pi. ceils-de-boiuf (u'y'-). 
[F., lit., eye of an ox.] Arch. A circular or oval window ; — 
generally used of architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. 

|| oeillade' (u'yad'), n. [F., fr. ail eye.] A glance of the eye ; 
an amorous look ; ogle. 

03-nan'thic (e-nan'thik), a. [Gr. oIv6.v8tj vine blossom, the 
vine; olvy the vine + S.vdt] bloom, avdos flower.] Chem. 
Designating an acid once believed to exist in wine, in the 
form of a liquid (cenanthic ether) of ethereal vinous odor 
which has since been affirmed to be pelargonic ester or a 
mixture of several esters. 

oe-nol'o-gist (e-noF6-jist), n. One skilled in cenology. 

OB-nol'O-gy (e"-nol'6-ji), n. [Gr. olvos wine + -logy. .] Knowl- 
edge or study of wines. — ce'no-log'i-cal (e'no-loj'i-kal), a. 

oe'no-ma'ni-a (e'no-ma'ni-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. olvos wine -+- 
mania."] Med. a Dipsomania, b Delirium tremens. 

ce'no-mel (e'no-mel ; en'6-), n. [L. oenomeli, Gr. olvopeXi ; 
olvos wine + p.k\i honey.] Gr. Antiq. A beverage consist- 
ing of wine and honey ; hence, fig., of language or thought. 

O'er (or ; 57), prep. adv. & prefix. For over. PoeticorDial. 

oer'sted (ur'sted), n. [After Hans Christian Oersted, Danish 
physicist.] Elec. The C. G. S. unit of magnetic reluctance 
or resistance, equal to the reluctance of a centimeter cube 
of air (or vacuum) between parallel faces. Also, a reluc- 
tance in which unit magnetomotive force sets up unit flux. 

ce-soph'a-gus (e-sof'd-gus), n. Var. of esophagus. 

oes'trus (es'trus ; es'-), n. [L., a gadfly ; also, frenzy, fr. Gr. 



\7» 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



OF 



670 



OFFICIARY 



otffrpos gadfly ; sting, frenzy.] A vehement desire or im- 
pulse; stimulus; frenzy. 

Of (ov; unaccented ov), prep. [AS. of of, from, off.] 1. 
From, as in origin, source, departure, deprivation, etc. ; as, 
of noble blood ; north of, etc. ; to cure of, rid of; most of 
us. 2. From ; out of ; as a result or consequence of ; — now 
used chiefly after an intransitive verb, as die, savor, etc. ; 
or an adjective, as sick, ashamed, glad, proud, etc. 3. Be- 
longing or related to, or connected with, by way of agency, 
possession, effect, action, etc.; as, despised of man (Ar- 
chaic) ; it was kind of him ; the Epistles of Paul. 4. 
Indicating means or instrument ; by means of ; with ; on ; 
as, "Pave it all of silver and of gold." Obs. or Archaic. 
5. Indicating composition, description, specification, etc. ; 
as, a throne of gold ; a drink of wine ; the continent of 
America ; a ship of a hundred tons. 6. About ; concerning ; 
as, to boast of one's achievements; what has become of 
him ? 7. Indicating the object after a noun denoting an 
action or agent ; as, the commission of a crime ; the feeding 
of an army ; a drinker of wine. 8. Representing an Anglo- 
Saxon or Latin genitive dependent on a verb or adjective ; 
as, he smelled of the flower ; I accuse you of treason ; you 
have the advantage of me. 9. Belonging to a number or 
quantity mentioned ; out of ; from amongst ; as, most of 
the company ; the King of kings. 10. During ; in ; on. 
Obs. or Archaic & Colloq., exc. in of late ; of old, etc. 
11. On ; as, he came of an errand. Obs. or Colloq. 

off (of ; 62), adv. [ME. of, orig. the same word as E. of, 
prep.] 1. Away ; to a distance ; so as not to be on or pres- 
ent or, fig., in existence ; as, take off your hat ; to bear off; 
march off. Specif., Naut., away from the land, shore, ship, 
or wind ; as, the ship stood off. 2. Away ; at a distance ; 
removed ; as, only two weeks off; he had his coat off. 3. 
Completely ; to a finish ; as, to polish off. 
off and on, intermittently ; occasionally. 

— a. 1. Away ; gone ; as, he is off to the war. 2. Hence : a 
Designating, or pert, to, the side (i. e., the right side, the 
left being the near side) of an animal or a team farther 
from a driver on foot ; hence, right ; as, the off horse, b 
Naut. Farther from the shore ; seaward. C Cricket. Desig- 
nating the side of the field or the wicket opposite to that 
on which the batsman stands ; — opposed to on. d Dis- 
continued; given up; not on; as, all bets are off; the gas 
is off. e Remote or removed from the fact, normal condi- 
tion, or standard ; as, he is off (i. e., mistaken) in his 
reckoning. 3. Circumstanced, esp. materially ; as, well off. 

— prep. 1. Away from, as to departure, source, material, 
etc. ; as, take it off the table ; to dine off ham. 2. Not up 
to, or in condition for ; as, off his feed. 3. Naut. To sea- 
ward of ; as, two miles off shore. 4. Opening off from ; as, 
an alley off Main Street. 

off color or colour. See off-color, a. — oft side, in foot- 
ball, hockey, and several other games, said, in general, of a 
player when the ball has been last played or touched by 
one of his own side behind him. 

— interj. Stand or be off ! away ! begone ! 

— n. 1. State of being off. 2. Cricket. The off side of the 
wicket. See off, a., 2 c. 

Offal (of'al), n. [off + fall.] 1. The waste parts of a 
butchered animal. 2. Anything thrown away as worthless ; 
carrion ; refuse ; rubbish ; garbage. 

Offcast' (of'kasf ; 62), p. a. Also off '-cast'. Cast off ; re- 
jected. — n. One who, or that which, is cast off or rejected. 

Off — COl'or, or — col'our, a. 1. Not of the proper or natural 
color ; below standard. 2. Dubious ; of doubtful propriety. 

of-fence', of-fence'less, etc. Vars. of offense, etc. 

Of-fend' (o-fend'), v. i. [OF. offendre, L. offendere, off en- 
sum; ob -+- fender e (in comp.) to thrust, dash.] 1. To 
transgress the moral or divine law ; sin. 2. To cause dislike, 
anger, or vexation ; displease. — v. t. 1. To transgress ; sin 
against. Obs. 2. Bib. To cause to stumble ; cause to sin or 
fall. Obs. 3. To displease ; make angry. 

OI-fend'er (o-fen'der), n. One who offends ; wrongdoer. 

Of-fense', Of -fence' (o-fens'), n. Act of offending ; state of 
being offended ; also, that which off ends ; as : a Stumbling, 
lit. or fig. 06s. or Bib. b An occasion of stumbling or sin ; 
a stumblingblock. C Act of attacking ; assault, d Injury ; 
damage ; pain. Archaic, e Act of displeasing or affronting ; 
state of being displeased, affronted, etc. ; displeasure. A 
crime ; sin ; misdeed. — Syn. Umbrage, resentment ; mis- 
demeanor, trespass, delinquency, affront, indignity. 

Of-fen'sive (3-fen'sTv), a. 1. Making attack ; pert, to offense 
or attack ; fitted for, or used in, attacking ; — opp. to defen- 
sive. 2. Giving offense ; insulting. 3. Disagreeable ; obnox- 
ious ; disgusting. — Syn. Displeasing, distasteful ; attacking, 
invading. See hateful. — n. State or posture of one who 
offends, or makes attack ; aggressive attitude ; action of the 
attacking party ; — opp. to defensive. — of-fen'sive-ly, 
adv. — of-fen'sive-ness, n. 

Offer (of'er), v. t. [AS. offrian to sacrifice, fr. L. off err e; 
ob + ferre to bear, bring.] 1. To present, as an act of wor- 
ship ; sacrifice. 2. To tender ; proffer. 3. To bid, as a price ; 



make an offer to give or to pay. 4. Com. To present, bring 
forward, or expose for sale. 5. To propose ; suggest. 6. To 
try to inflict, make, or do ; hence : to do, make, or give ; as, 
to offer resistance, an insult, etc. 7. To try ; — used with 
the infinitive. — v. i. 1. To present something in worship 
or devotion ; sacrifice. 2. To propose. 3. To make an at- 
tempt ; — used with at. 4. To present itself ; come to hand. 

— n. 1. Act of offering or proposing ; a proffer ; proposal ; 
bid. 2. Attempt ; endeavor. — of 'f er-er, n. 

of f er-ing, n. 1. Act of one who offers ; a proffering. 2. That 
which is offered; a sacrifice; a gift. 3. Eccl. A sum of 
money offered or given at a service. 

offer-to-ry (-to-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. offertorium 
place to which offerings were brought, in LL., offertory.] 
1. [Usually^ cap.] R. C. Ch. a An antiphon or anthem 
sung or said in the Mass, during which, formerly, the faith- 
ful made their offerings, and during which, now, the collec- 
tion, if there is to be one, is taken, b That part of the Mass 
which the priest says while the offerings are made. C The 
oblation of the unconsecrated elements. 2. Chs. of the An- 
glican Communion, a The Scripture sentences said or sung 
during the collection of the offerings, b That part of the 
service at which the offerings are received. 3. The offering 
made during an offertory (defs. 1 & 2) ; hence, a collection of 
money taken at a religious service. 4. An anthem sung, or 
an organ voluntary played, during the receiving of offerings, 
in a religious service. [preparation ; extempore. 

offhand' (of 'hand' ; 62), adv. Without previous study or| 

offhand' (of 'hand'), a. Done or made offhand. 

office (of'is), n. [F., fr. L. officium.'] 1. Anything done 
for another ; service. 2. Special, proper, or assigned service, 
duty, or function ; specif. : a One's task or part in an occu" 
pation or position, b Position of trust, ministration, or 
authority, as in the public service. 3. A ceremony ; rite ; 
esp., in pi., obsequies. 4. Eccl. Any prescribed service or 
form of worship : a R. C. Ch. (1) The daily service of the 
breviary. (2) The introit. (3) The service of the Mass. b 
Chs. of the Anglican Communion. (1) Morning Prayer 
or Evening Prayer. (2) The introit. (3) The communion 
service. 5. The place where a particular kind of business 
is transacted ; place in which the clerical work of an estab- 
lishment is done; as, a lawyer's office; freight office. 6. 
Those collectively doing business in an office. 7. Specif., 
any of various buildings or sets of rooms appropriated to 
some branch of government administration ; also, the per- 
sons who conduct or direct the business ; — used with a 
qualifying word; as, War Office; Foreign Office; Patent 
Office ; Pension Office. In Great Britain, the term is applied 
to all branches or departments of government business of 
which the chief is a member of the cabinet. In the United 
States, it is applied to certain large branches which rank 
below the departments, and whose chiefs are not cabinet 
members. 8. In pi. The apartments or buildings in whkh 
the domestics discharge their duties, as kitchens, stables, etc. 
Syn. Office, post, appointment, situation, place agree 
in the idea of a position. Office commonly suggests a posi- 
tion of (esp. public) trust or authority ; post emphasizes 
duty or responsibility, often with attendant difficulty or 
danger ; as, it is a king's office to rule ; the minister refused 
to quit his post. An appointment is an office to which one 
is nominated or appointed. Situation emphasizes the idea 
of employment, esp. in a subordinate position ; as, to seek 
a situation as governess. Place, once common in the sense 
of high position, is now used, esp. familiarly or colloq., for 
position in general ; as, to lose one's place. 

Of fice-hold'er (of'is-hol'der), n. One who holds office. 

of fi-cer (-i-ser), n. [F. officier, LL. officiarius.~] 1. An 
agent. Obs. 2. One who holds an office, whether civil, mili- 
tary, or ecclesiastical. 3. a Mil. & Nav. One who holds a 
position of authority or command in an army or navy ; 
specif., one who holds a commission, b On a merchant or 
pleasure vessel, the master, captain, or any of the mates. 
4. In some honorary orders, a member in some grade above 
the lowest ; as, an officer of the Legion of Honor. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with officers. 2. To command or direct 
as an officer. 3. To command or direct ; conduct ; manage. 

office wire. Elec. Copper wire with a paraffined cotton 
insulation, used in wiring bells, annunciators, and the like. 

of-fi'cial (o-fish'al), a. [L. officialis.] 1. Of, pert, to, hold- 
ing, or derived from, an office, position, or trust ; hence : 
authorized; authoritative. 2. Pharm. Sanctioned by the 
pharmacopoeia. 3. Befitting, or characteristic of, a person 
in office or acting in an official capacity ; formal. 

— n. One holding, or invested with, an office, esp. one hav- 
ing subordinate powers. 

of-fi'cial-ism (-Tz'm), n. Action characteristic of an offi- 
cial ; also, strict adherence to office routine ; red-tapism. 

of-fi'cial-ly, adv. In an official manner or capacity. 

of-fi'ci-ant (o-fish'i-ant), n. [LL. officians, p. pr. See of- 
ficiate.] Eccl. An officiating priest or minister. 

of-fi'ci-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Connected with, or derived from, 
an office ; having a title or rank derived from an office. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ken, thin; nature, ventre (87) ; 



OFFICIATE 



671 



OLD 



of-fi'ci-ate (-i-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. offi- 
ciare. See office.] To perform divine service ; hence, to 
act as an officer in performing a duty. 
of-ffci-a'tion (-a'shun), to. Act of officiating. 
of-fi'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), to. One who officiates. 
of-fic'i-nal (o-fis'i-ndl ; of'i-sl'ndl), a. [F., fr. L. officina 
workshop, contr. fr. opificina, opifex workman.] Pharm. 
Kept in stock by apothecaries ; — said of drugs. — to. An 
officinal drug or medicine. 

of-fi'cious (o-fish'iis), a. [L. officiosus.] 1. Obliging; 
kind ; dutiful. Obs. 2. Volunteering one's services where 
they are neither asked nor needed ; meddlesome. 3. Diplo- 
macy. Of an informal or unauthorized nature ; unofficial ; 
— opposed to official ; as, an officious conversation or ca- 
pacity. — of-h'cious-ly, adv. — of-fi'cious-ness, to. 
Syn. Officious, impertinent, impudent, saucy, pert, 
cool. One is officious who obtrudes one's assistance or 
services where they are not needed ; as, an officious med- 
dler ; officious clerk. One is impertinent who meddles or 
intrudes in things which are not one's concern ; one is im- 
pudent who is unblushingly or shamelessly impertinent ; 
as, it is impertinent to ask that question ; it may be impu- 
dent to pay a stranger compliments. Saucy implies flippant 
levity, esp. to one's superiors or elders ; pert, offensive or 
ill-bred forwardness ; as, a saucy servant ; a pert upstart. 
Cool implies calm assurance or effrontery ; as, a cool stare. 
Offing (of'mg ; 62), to. That part of the sea, visible from the 
shore, where there is deep water and no need of a pilot ; 
also, distance, or position at a distance, from the shore, 
offish (-ish), a. Shy or distant in manner. Colloq. 
Offprint' (offprint' ; 62), v. t. [off + print.] To reprint 
(as an excerpt). [separately printed. I 

off prinf (of'pnnt'), n. An excerpt, as a magazine article! 
Off SCOUr'ing (of'skour'ing ; 62), to. That which is scoured 
off ; hence : refuse ; cast-off filth ; — usually in pi. 
Offset' (-set'), n. [off + set.] In general, that which 
springs, or is derived or set off from, something ; as : a Bot. 
A short prostrate lateral shoot, which takes root at the apex 
and develops a new individual, b A branch or scion of a 
family or race. C A spur from a range of hills or mountains. 
d Something that serves to compensate for something else. 
e Surv. A short distance measured from the main line of 
survey, as to avoid an obstruction, f Arch. A ledge formed 
on a wall by a diminution of its thickness above, g Mech. 
An abrupt bend, as in a pipe, to get by an obstruction, h 
Print. A transfer of type impression or pictures to the back 
of the next sheet, i Lithog. An impression taken for the 
purpose of transferring a design. 

Offset' (of'set'; of'set'), v. t.; off'set'; off'set'tlng. 1. 

To set off ; balance ; counterbalance. 2. To form an offset. 

— v. i. 1. To proceed or project as an offset. 2. (pron. 

of'set'). Print. To make an offset. 
Off shoof (of'shoot' ; 62), to. A branch, shoot, or scion of a 

stem, family, race, etc. 
Offshore' (of'shor'; 62), a._ 1. Moving, or directed sea- 
ward, from the shore. 2. Situated or operating offshore. 
offshore' (of'shor'), adv. Out from the shore ; at a distance 
from the shore. 
Offspring' (of 'spring'; 62), to. That which springs from 

something ; produce ; issue ; progeny. 
oft (oft; 62), adv. [AS.] Often. Archaic, Poetic, or 
Dial. — a. Often. Obs. or Scot. 
of ten (of'n), adv. Frequently. — a. Frequent. Archaic. 
of'ten-times' (-tlmz'), adv. Often. 
Oft'times' (oft'tlmz'), adv. Oftentimes. Archaic or R. 
Og'do-ad (og'do-ad), to. [Gr. oyboas, -abos, fr. oktco eight.] 
1. The number eight. 2. A group or set of eight ; specif., 
Gnosticism, a group of eight divine beings or eons. 
O-gee' (6-je'), to. [F. ogive.] A molding with an S-shaped 
profile. See molding, Illust. 
Og'ham, or og'am (og'dm), to. [Ir. ogham.] Any of the 
twenty characters which together form the ogham, or 
ogam, alphabet, used by the ancient British and Irish. 
O'give (o'jlv ; -jiv), to. [F. ogive, OF. also augive a pointed 
arch, LL. augiva a double arch of two arches at right 
angles.] Arch, a The arch or rib crossing a Gothic vault 
diagonally, b A pointed arch. — O-gi'val (6-jI'vdl), a. 
O'gle (o'g'l), v. t.; -gled (q'g'ld) ; -gllng (o'gling). 1. To 
view with amorous or inviting glances. 2. To eye. — to. An 
amorous or coquettish glance or look. — o'gler (o'gler), n. 
O'gre (o'ger), to. [F.] A monster or hideous giant of fairy 
tales and folklore, who lives on human beings ; hence, a 
hideous or cruel man. — o'gress (-gres), to. fern. 
O'gre-ish (o'ger-ish), o'grish (o'grish), a. Resembling, or 
suitable for, an ogre. 
oh (o), inter j. An exclamation expressing surprise, pain, 
sorrow, anxiety, shame, disapprobation, a wish, etc. — to.; 
pi. oh's, ohs (oz). The exclamation oh ! Cf. 0. 
Ohm (om), to. [After the German electrician G. S. Ohm.] 
Elec. The practical unit of electrical resistance, being the 
resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one 
volt produces a current of one ampere. — ohm'ic(om'ik), a. 



ohm'age (om'Sj), to. 
expressed in ohms. 



Elec. The resistance of a conductor 
[ing resistance in ohms.J 

ohm'me'ter (-me'ter), n. Elec. An instrument for indicat-j 

0-ho' (6-ho'), interj . An exclamation of surprise, etc. 

o-hone' (o-hon'). Var. of ochone. 

-oid (-oid). [Gr. -o-dbvs, fr. eUos form.] A suffix or com- 
bining form meaning like, resembling, in the form of. 

oil (oil), n. [OF. oile, fr. L. oleum, Gr. IXcllov.] 1. Any of 
a large class of unctuous combustible substances which are 
liquid, or easily liquefiable on warming, and soluble in 
ether, but not in water. 2. Any substance of an oily con- 
sistency ; as, oil of vitriol. 3. Art. An oil color or pigment ; 
as, to paint in oils. — oil of vitriol. See sulphuric acid. 

— v. t. To smear, anoint, or lubricate with oil. 

oil'bird' (-burd'), to. The guacharo. 

oil cake. A cake or mass of cottonseed, hempseed, etc., 
from which the oil has been expressed. 

oil'cloth' (oil'kloth'; 62), to. Cloth treated with oil or 
paint, and used for garments, floor covering, etc. 

Oll'er (oil'er), to. One who, or that which, oils, as : a One 
who oils machinery or engines, b An oil can so used. 

Oil'i-ly (-Hi), adv. Like oil ; smoothly. 

oil'i-ness, to. Quality of being oily. 

oil'let (oil'et), to. [See eyelet.] A small opening or loop- 
hole, as for light or for discharge of missiles. Obs. or Hist. 

Oil'skin' (-skin'), to. 1. Cloth made waterproof by oil. 2. 
In pi. Clothing (coat and trousers) of oilskin. 

Oil'stone' (-ston'), to. A whetstone used with oil. 

Oil'y (-i), a.; oil'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of, pertaining to, 
consisting of, containing, or like, oil ; unctuous ; oleaginous. 
2. Covered with oil; greasy. 3. Smoothly subservient; 
compliant ; unctuous ; bland. — Syn. See suave. 

oi-nol'o-gy (oi-nol'o-ji), ofno-ma'ni-a (oi'no-ma'nT-d), 
oi'no-mel (oi'no-mel). Vars. of cenology, etc. 

oint'ment (oint'ment), to. [OF. oignement, fr. F. oindre 
to anoint, L. ungere, unguere.] That which serves to 
anoint ; an unguent. 

0-jib'wa (o-jib'wa), to. Also 0-jib'way. One of a large 
tribe of Algonquian Indians, of the Lake Superior region. 

O'ka (o'kd), oke (ok), to. [Turk, oqah, fr. Ar. ukiyah, prob. 
fr. Gr. ovyyia, ovyicla, an ounce, fr. L. uncia. Cf. ounce 
a weight.] A weight of Turkey, Bulgaria, Egypt, etc., 
about 2\ pounds ; hence, a liquid measure, about l\ quarts. 

O-ka'pi (6-ka'pe), to.; pi. okapis (-pez). [Native name.] An 
African mammal ( Okapia johnstoni ) related to the 
giraffe. 

o'kra (o'krd ; ok'rd), to. [Of African origin/ 
A tall malvaceous annual 
(Abelmoschus esculen- 
tus), cultivated for its 
mucilaginous green pods ; 
also, the pod or pods, 
used as a vegetable. 2. 
A dish prepared of this 
vegetable ; gumbo. 

-Ol (-51; -ol). 1. [From 
alcohoL] Chem. A suffix 
used in naming the alco- \ 
hols. 2. A suffix from 
Latin oleum, meaning 
oil. 3. A suffix used in many pharmaceutical names. 

Old (old), a.; old'er (ol'der) or eld'er; old'est or eld'- 
est. Elder and eldest.are now chiefly used in designating 
the older or oldest of two or more persons (see elder, 
eldest). [AS. aid, eald.] 1. Not young ; advanced far in 
years or life. 2. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, old per- 
sons or advanced life. 3. Not new or fresh ; long used. 4. 
Worn out; weakened or exhausted from age or by use. 
5. Having (a certain) age or length of existence ; — regu- 
larly following the noun that designates the age ; as, she 
was eight years old. 6. Experienced ; as, an old offender. 
7. Plentiful ; great ; "grand" ; — an intensive ; as, a high 
old time. Colloq. 8. Longstanding ; not new or modern ; 
as, an old custom. 9. A colloquial term of cordiality, famil- 
iarity, or affection ; as, Old England. 10. Used of the 
Devil, esp. in various appellations, as the old one, Old Nick, 
Old Harry, etc. 11. Of or relating to the past ; ancient ; 
former ; earlier ; old-fashioned ; antiquated ; as, old times ; 
an old pupil of mine. 12. Designating that one of two or 
more things of the same kind which precedes the other or 
others ; as, the Old Testament ; the old country ; the Old 
World. 13. Designating, or pert, or according to, the style 
(called Old Style; abbr., O. S.) of reckoning time used be- 
fore the adoption of the present calendar. See under style. 
14. Phys. Geog. Well advanced toward reduction to base 
level ; — said of topography and topographic features. 
Syn. Old, ancient, venerable, antique, antiquated, 
archaic, obsolete ; older ; elder. That is old (opposed to 
young, new; see aged) which has lived or existed long, or 
which has been long in use ; that is ancient (opposed esp. 
to modern) which lived, existed, or happened long ago, or 
which has come down from remote antiquity. But ancient 




i 

i 



K*ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. J| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



OLDEN 



672 



OLYMPIAN 








and old are often interchangeable. Venerable suggests the 
dignity of age ; as, venerable gray hairs. Antique applies 
to that which has come down from ancient .times, or 
is related to them ; that is antiquated which has gone 
out of fashion, the word often implying slight contempt ; 
as, antique vases ; antiquated notions. That is archaic 
which savors of an earlier, sometimes of a primitive, 
period ; that is obsolete which has gone out of use ; as, an 
archaic word, style ; an obsolete word, custom. Elder, for- 
merly the general comparative of old, has been nearly 
superseded by the more recent older, except as used at- 
tributively to denote seniority or priority of a person, esp. 
in a family relationship, or, less commonly, of a thing. 
Old Dominion, Virginia. — Old English, a See under 
English, n., 2. ■ b Print. A style of type. See type. — Old 
French, the French language approximately from the 
9th to the 16th century. — Old Glory, the flag of the 
United States, or Stars and Stripes. Colloq., U. S. — old 
gold, a dull, slightly metallic and generally yellow color, 
supposed to resemble dull gold. — Old High German, 
High German from about 800 to 1100. — Old Icelandic, 
the Icelandic language before about 1540. — Old Light, 
Eccl., a member of a conservative party ; — contr. with New 
Light. — old maid, a An elderly or confirmed spinster. 
b A simple game of cards, played by matching them. 
— Old Norse, Old Icelandic. The oldest forms known 
are found in runic inscriptions, and in early borrowed 
works in Finnish. It belongs to the Scandinavian branch 
of the Teutonic or Germanic family. — Old Prussian. 
See Prussian. — Old Saxon. See saxon, »., 2. — old 
sledge. Card Playing. = seven up. — old squaw, a 
com- 
mon 
sea 
duck 
(H areld 
hyemalis ) 
of the more 
northern 
parts of 
the North- 
ern Hemi- 
sphere. — 
old style. 
a Lit., a 
style be- Old Squaw. Male in winter plumage. 

longing to, or characteristic of, a former time, b leap.'] See 
under style, c Print. A style of type including several varie- 
ties, modeled after the style of early printers, as Caslon, El- 
zevir, etc. See type. — Old Testament. See under testa- 
ment. — old wife, a An old woman ; usually, a prating 
old woman ; a gossip, b = oldwife. — Old World, the 
Eastern Hemisphere. 

— (old), n. Old time or a former time ; eld ; as, days of old. 
of old, formerly ; in time long past ; from old days. 

Old'en (ol'd'n), a. Old ; ancient. — v. i. & t. To grow, or 
cause to grow, old ; age. Rare. 

Old'-fan'gled (okFfan'g'ld), a. Old-fashioned. [ideas.] 

old'-fash'ioned (-fash'und), a. Adhering to old customs or| 

oldish, a. Somewhat old. 

Old'ness, n. State, quality, or fact of being old. 

Old'ster (old'ster), n. 1. In the British navy, a midshipman 
who has served four years. Cf. youngster. 2. An old or 
elderly person. Colloq. 

Old'wife' (old'wIF), n. 1. Any of various fishes, as the 
alewife, the menhaden, etc. 2. The old squaw (duck). 

Old'— world', a. 1. Of or pert, to the old, or ancient, world. 
2. [In this sense written Old World.] Of, pert, to, or char- 
acteristic of, the Old World, or Eastern Hemisphere. 

-ole (-51). [L. -olus, -ola, -olum, a dim. suffix.] A diminu- 
tive suffix forming nouns chiefly of Latin or French origin. 

o'le-a'ceous (o'le-a'shits), a. [L. olea olive.] Bot. Belong- 
ing to a family (Oleacese) of widely distributed shrubs and 
trees, the olive family, including, besides the olive, the 
ashes, lilacs, jasmine, forsythias, etc. 

Ole-ag'i-nous (-aj'I-nus), a. [L. oleaginus of the olive, 
olea olive.] Oily ; unctuous. — oTe-ag'i-nous-ness, n. 

Ole-an'der (-an'der), n. [F. oleandre.] A handsome ever- 
green apocynaceous shrub (Nerium oleander) with fra- 
grant red or white flowers and poisonous juice. 

oTe-as'ter (-as'ter), n. [L., fr. olea olive.] A shrub or small 
tree (Elseagnus angustifolia) of southern Europe with 
fragrant yellow flowers and bitter olive-shaped fruit. 

ole-ate (5'le-at), n. Chem. A salt or ester of oleic acid. 

Ole-fi'ant (o'le-fl'dnt ; S-le'ff-dnt), a. [F. olefiant, fr. L. 
oleum oil + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] Forming or pro- 
ducing an oil ; specif., designating ethylene. Archaic. 

O'le-fine (5'le-fm; -fen), O'le-fin, n. [From olefiant.] 
Chem. Any member of the series of unsaturated hydro- 
carbons of which ethylene is a type. See ethylene. 

O-le'ic (o-le'ik ; o'lS-Tk), a. [L. oleum oil.] Chem. Pert, to, 
derived from, or contained in, oil ; as : oleic acid, C17H33- 
CO2H, an oily acid found in the form of olein in certain 
fats ajad oils, such as sperm oil, olive oil, etc. 

ole-in (5'le-m), n. [L. oleum oil.] A fat, liquid at ordinary 
temperatures, abundant in animal and vegetable tissue. 



O'le-O- (ole-8-). Combining form fr. Lat. oleum, meaning oil. 

o'le-O-grapb/ (-graf), n. A kind of chromolithograph imi- 
tative of an oil painting. — o'le-O-graph'ic (-o-graf'Ik), a. 
— o'le-og'ra-phy (-5g'rd-fT), n. 

Ole-O-mar'ga-rine (-S-mar'gd-ren ; -r!n : often mispron'd 
-mar'jer-en), n. Also -rin. {olein -f- margarine, marga- 
rin.] A butter substitute made largely from animal fats. 

ole-O-res'in (-o-rez'm), n. 1. A natural product, as copai- 
ba, which is a mixture of essential oil and resin. 2. Pharm. 
A liquid extract, consisting of an oil with resin in solution. 

Ol-fac'tion (ol-fak'shiZn), n. [See olfactory.] Physiol. 
The sense of smell ; act, process, or faculty of smelling. 

0l-fac't0-ry (-t6-ri), a. [L. olf actus, p. p. of olfacere to 
smell ; olere to have a smell + facer e to make.] Anat. Of 
or pert, to the sense of smell ; as, olfactory organs. — n. ; 
pi. -ries (-riz). 1. An olfactory organ ; — usually in pi. 2. 
The sense of smell. [resin frankincense. | 

0-lib / a-num (6-lib'd-num), n. [LL.] The fragrant gum| 

ol'i-garch (81'i-gark), n. A ruler in an oligarchy. 

Ol'i-gar'chic (-gar'kik) \ a. Of, pert, to, or supporting 

ol'i-gar'chi-cai (-kl-kdl)/ oligarchy. 

Ol'i-garcfcy (ol'I-gar'ki), n.; pi. -chtes (-kiz). [Gr. <5Xi- 
yapxia. ; dXlyos few + &px«-v to rule.] A form of government 
in which the power is vested in a few, or a state so governed ; 
also, those who form the ruling few. 

Ol'i-go- (Sl'I-gfi-). Combining form from Greek 6X1705, few, 
little, small; in Med. denoting lack; deficiency. 

Ol'i-gO-cene' (ol'I-gS-sen'), a. [pligo- + Gr. kclivos new, 
recent.] Geol. Designating, or pert, to, a period of the 
Tertiary between the Eocene and Miocene. — n. The Oli- 
gocene period. 

Ol'i-gO-clase' (-klas'), n. {oligo- + Gr. /cXacns fracture.] 
M in. A soda-lime feldspar containing calcium and sodium. 

oll-go-cy-thje'mi-a, or -the'mi-a (-sl-the'mi-d), n. [NL. 
See OLiGO- ; -cyte ; -,emia.] Med. Anaemia in which the 
blood is deficient in red corpuscles. 

Ol'i-gu-re'sis (-gu-re"'sis), n. [NL. ; oligo- + Gr. ovp-qoi* 
urination.] Med. Deficiency in the excretion of urine. 

O'li-0 (o'li-o), n.; pi. olios (-oz). [Sp. olla earthen pot, 
stewof meat, L. olla pot, dish.] 1. A dish of many in- 
gredients ; hodgepodge. 2. A mixture ; medley. 3. A mis- 
cellaneous collection, as of pictures, verses, etc. ; potpourri. 

Ol'i-va'ceous (ol'I-vS'shfts), a. [L. oliva olive.] Resem- 
bling the olive ; of the color of the olive ; olive-green. 

ol'i-va-ry (SFi-vS-ri), a. [L. olivarius belonging to olives, 
oliva an olive.] Anat. a Shaped like an olive, b Of or 
pert, to the olivary body, Anat., an oval prominence on 
either side of the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. 

Ol'ive (ol'Iv), n. [F., fr. L. oliva, fr. Gr. iXata.] 1. A tree 
(Olea europsea), the type of a family {Oleacese), cultivated 
for its fruit ; also, its fruit, esteemed as a relish, esp. when 
green, and for its oil. 2. An olive branch or wreath. 3. 
Olive color. — a. 1. Of a dark brownish or yellowish green 
like the unripe olive. 2. Brownish yellow ; tawny. 

Olive branch, a A branch of the olive tree, considered 
an emblem of peace ; hence, anything offered as a sign of 
peace or good will, b A child ; — alluding to Ps. exxviii. 3. 

O-liv'en-ite (8-liv'£n-Tt ; oFi-ven-), n. [G. olivenerz -f- 
-ite.~]Min. A native copper arsenate, Cu3(AsOi)2-Cu(OH)2, 
usually olive-green. 

Ol'i-ver (ol'f-ver), n. [F. Olivier."] One of the twelve peers 
of Charlemagne, friend and companion in arms of Roland. 

Ol'l-vet (-v£t), n. [L. olivetum.] An olive grove ; — now 
used only £cop.] as proper name of the Mount of Olives. 
Acts i. 12. 

O-Uv'i-a (6-lTv'T-d), n. A rich countess in Shakespeare's 
"Twelfth Night," who falls in love with Viola disguised as 
a page, and finally marries Viola's twin brother. 

ol'iv-ine (ol'l-vln ; -ven), n. {olive + -ine.~] 1. See chrys- 
olite. 2. Green garnet. 

Ol'la (ol'd; Sp. 51'ya), n.; pi. ollas (ol'dz; Sp. ol'yas). 
[Sp. See olio.] 1. In Spain, Spanish America, etc., a 
round or bulging earthen pot or jar. 2. A dish of meat and 
vegetables cooked in such a pot ; an olio ; olla-podrida. 

Ol'la-po-dri'da (ol'd-pS-dre'dd), n. [Sp., lit., a rotten pot. 
See olio.] 1. A kind of meat and vegetable stew ; — a fa- 
vorite Spanish dish. 2. A medley ; an olio. 

Ol'O-gy (oYt5-jl),n.;pl. -gies(-jiz). [See -logy.] A science 
or branch of knowledge. Colloq. or Humorous. 

0-lym'pi-ad ($-lIm'pi-5d), n. [L. olympias, -adis, Gr. 
dXvu-rias, -dSos.] 1. Gr. Antiq. The period of four (or, in 
the ancient Greek method of counting the first and last 
year, five) years from one Olympian festival to the next. 
See Olympian. 2. The quadrennial celebration of the mod- 
ern Olympic games. 

0-lym'pi-an (-dn), a. Of or pert, to Mount Olympus in 
Thessaly, or Olympia in ancient Elis, in the Peloponne- 
sus, Greece. The Olympian games were held every fourth 
year, from 776 B. C. (as claimed). The Greeks reckoned 
time in Olympiads, or periods of four years, from that date. 
A modified revival ( the Olympic games) of the ancient 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink ; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



OLYMPIC 



673 



ONE 



Olympian games, consisting of international athletic games, 
races, etc., is held once in four years, the first having been 
at Athens in 1896. ' 

— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Olympia ; a participator 
in the Olympian games. 2. An inhabitant of Olympus ; 
esp., Gr. Relig., one of the greater deities (generally, twelve 
in number) supposed to dwell upon Olympus under the 
direct oversight of Zeus. 

O-lym'pic (-pik), a. Olympian. — Olympic games. = 
Olympian games. — n. An Olympian game ; — usually in pi. 

O-lym'pus (-pus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'OXvfj.iros.'] 1. A moun- 
tain in Thessaly believed by the ancient Greeks to be the 
abode of the Olympian gods. 2. Hence : heaven ; the sky. 

.(/ma (-o'md). [Gr. -uua, -couaros.] Med. A suffix used to 
denote a morbid condition of some part, usually a tumor. 

Cma-ha' (o'md-hoO, n. One of a tribe of intelligent and 
progressive Siouan Indians of Nebraska. 

O-ma'Sum (6-ma'sum), n. [L., bullock's tripe.] Zo'dl. The 
third division in the stomach of ruminants ; the manyplies. 

O-may'yad (6-mI'yad). Var. of Ommiad. 

om'berHom'ber), n. [Sp. hombre, lit., a man, L. homo."] 

ODl'breJ 1. An old card game of Spanish origin. 2. In 
omber, the player who attempts to win the pool. 

O-me'ga (6-me'gd; o'me-gd; 6-meg'd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
&> ukya. See mega-.] 1. Lit., the great, or long, o; the last 
letter [fi, w] of the Greek alphabet. See alpha. 2. The 
last ; the end. 

om'e-let (om'e-lSt ; Sm'let), n. Also om'e-lette. [F. ome- 
lette.'] Eggs beaten up with milk or water and fried. 

O'men (5'men), n. [L.] An indication or action taken as 
a foreshowing ; foretoken ; foreboding ; presage ; augury. — 
v. t. To foreshow by signs or portents ; presage ; augur. 

O-men'tum (o-men't&m), n.; pi. -TA (-td). [L.] Anat. A 
free fold of the peritoneum, or one serving to connect 
viscera, support bloodvessels, etc. The great omentum is 
attached to the stomach and transverse colon. The lesser 
omentum connects the stomach and liver. 

O'mer (o'mer), n. [Heb. 'omer.] A Hebrew measure, the 
tenth of an ephah. 

Otn/i-cron (om'i-kron ; 6-mi'- ; Sm'T-kron'), n. Also omi- 
kron. [NL., fr. Gr. 5 niKpbv. See micro-.] Lit., the little, 
or short, o ; the fifteenth letter [O, o] of the Greek alphabet. 

om'i-nous (om'i-nus), a. [L. omino8us, fr. omen.] Of or 
pert, to an omen or omens; portentous; esp., foreboding 
or foreshowing evil ; inauspicious. — om'i-nous-ly, adv. 
— om'i-nous-ness, n. 

Syn. Ominous, portentous, sinister. That is ominous 
which foreshadows the future or (esp.) is ill-omened or 
menacing ; as, an ominous frown. Portentous i3 some- 
times applied to what is ominous of calamity (as, a porten- 
tous calm) but often means little more than prodigious, 
monstrous. Sinister heightens the implication of some- 
thing (often covertly) baleful or malign ; as, a tinisier smile. 

O-tnis'si-ble (6-mTs'i-b'l), a. That may be omitted. 

o-mis'sion (6-mish'un), n. [L. omissio. See omit.] 1. Act 
of omitting ; state of being omitted ; neglect to do some- 
thing. 2. That which is omitted or left undone. 

o-tnit r (o-mit'), v. t. ; o-mit'ted ; -ting. [L. omittere, omis- 
snm; ob + mittere to send.] 1. To leave out or unmen- 
tioned. 2. To leave undone ; neglect. 

om'ma-tid'i-um (om'd-tid'i-um), n. ; pi. -tidia (-d).[NL., 
dim. of Gr. ouna, -aros, the eye.] Zo'dl. One of the elements 
(each corresponding to a small simple eye or ocellus) of 
which the compound eye (ommateum) of an arthropod 
is built up. 

om-mat'o-phore (o-mat'6-for ; 57), n. [Gr. 6uua, -aros, 
eye -f- -phore.] Zo'dl. A movable peduncle bearing an eye, 
as of a snail. — om'ma-topb/o-rous (om'd-tof'S-rus), o. 

Oin-mey'ad, Om-mey'a-des. Vars. of Ommiad, Ommiades. 

Om-mi'ad (o-mT'ad), n. Any member of the dynasty of 
caliphs which reigned in the East from 661 to 750, when it 
was succeeded by the Abbasside caliphs ; — so called from 
Omayya, great-grandfather of Mo'awiya, the first caliph of 
the dynasty. An offshoot of this dynasty established the 
Ommiad dynasty of Spain (756-1031). — Om-mi'ad, a. 

Om-mi'ades (o-mi'adz; -d-dez), n. pi. The Ommiads. 

om'ni- (om'nT-). [L. omnis all.] A combining form de- 
noting all, every, everywhere. 

om'ni-bus (om'ni-biis), n. [L., for all, dat. pi. fr. omnis 
all.] A large heavy four-wheeled public vehicle, esp. one 
entered from the rear and having seats running lengthwise ; 
a bus. — a. Pert, to, or providing for, many things at once. 
omnibus bill, a legislative bill making a number of mis- 
cellaneous provisions or appropriations. Pari. Cant. 

om'ni-fa'ri-ous (-fa'n-us ; 3), a. [L. omnifarius.] Of all 
varieties, forms, or kinds. 

om-nif'ic (om-nif'Ik),a. [L. omnisaM -f- -fie."] All-creating. 

om-nip'o-tence (om-mp'6-tens), n. Omnipotent quality, 
state, or power ; hence, something almighty ; [cap.] God. 

Om-nip'0-tent (-tent), a. [F., fr. L. omnipotens, -entis; 
omnis all + potens powerful.] Able in every way and for 



every work ; all-powerful. — n. One who is omnipotent; 
[.cap.] God ; — with the. — om-nip'o-tent-ly, adv. . 

om'ni-pres'enKom'nT-prez'entJ.a. [L. omnis all+E. pres- 
ent.] Present everywhere at once. pres'ence (-ens), n. 

Syn. Omnipresent, ubiquitous (in their ordinary and 
more colloquial use). Omnipresentappliesesp. to that the 
influence of which is everywhere felt ; ubiquitous, which is 
often humorous, is frequently applied to that which is pres- 
ent or turns up (esp. unexpectedly) in many places. 

om-nis'cience (om-nish'ens), n. Quality or state of being 
omniscient; hence [_cap.], God. 

om-nis'cient(-ent), a. [L. omnis all -f- sciens, -entis, p. pr. 
of scire to know.] Having universal knowledge ; infinitely 
knowing or wise. — n. One who is omniscient ; [cap.] 
God ; — with the. — om-nis'cient-ly, adv. 

om'ni-um-gath/er-um (om'ni-um-gath'er-um), n. [L. 
omnium (gen. pi. of omnis all) -f- E. gather.] A confused 
mixture or medley ; a miscellaneous collection. Colloq. 

om-niv'o-rous (om-nTv'5-rus), a. [L. omnivorus ; omnis 
all + vorare to eat greedily.] Eating everything ; esp., 
Zo'dl., eating both animal and vegetable food. — om-niv'- 
o-rous-ly, adv. — om-niv'o-rous-ness, n. 

O'mo-phag'ic (o'mo-faj'Ik), a. [Gr. w^io^ayos ; uuos raw + 
<f>ayelv to eat.] Eating, or characterized by the eating of, 
raw flesh. — 0-moph'a-gOUS (o-mof'd-giis), a. 

Om'pha-le (om'fd-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ou4)a\r).] Gr.Myth. 
A queen of Lydia whom Hercules had to serve for three 
years, wearing female apparel and spinning with the maids. 

on (on), prep. [AS. on, an.] On, in general, refers to contact 
with or to support beneath ; as : 1. Over and in contact 
with ; upon ; as, to stand on a chair. 2. In contact or juxta- 
position with (with or without support) ; as, a fly on the 
wall ; a town on the river. 3. In connection or activity with, 
in, or in respect of ; as, he was on the committee ; on duty. 
4. Indicating a basis or ground of action, opinion, reliance, 
etc. ; as, on goodauthority. 5. In, or relating to, the region 
toward ; at ; — indicating relative position ; as, the town 
lay on the east. Hence, fig., in on the contrary, on the of- 
fensive, on your behalf, etc. 6. In, within, or during ; as, 
on Monday. 7. Indicating state ; as, on fire, tap, sale. 8. 
Upon the occasion of ; following upon ; as, he met me on my 
arrival. 9. To or against ; as, rain falls on the earth ; hence, 
fig. : toward ; to the account of ; as, she smiled on him. 
10. In reference or relation to ; about ; as, an address on 
citizenship. 11. In addition to; besides; as, heaps on 
heaps. — Syn. See above. 

on to, on'to, prep., upon ; on ; to ; — usually called a col- 
loquialism ; but it may be regarded in analogy with into. 
It should be distinguished from on to where on is the ad- 
verb, as in, they went on to the next town. 

— adv. 1. In or into a position of support, contact, etc. ; as, 
put on the plates ; he had his boots on. 2. With direction 
toward something ; as, to look on; head on. 3. Forward ; 
onward; as, move on; go on. Sometimes used with the 
verb omitted as equiv. to go on. 4. In continuance or suc- 
cession ; as, and so on ; say on. 5. In or into action ; in 
course of action ; in progress ; as, a game is on. 

on and on, continuously ; for a long time together. 

— a. Cricket. Designating the side of the field or wicket on 
which the batsman stands ; — opposed to off. 

on'a-ger (on'd-jer), n.; pi. L. -gri (-grl), E. -gers (-jerz). 
[L. onager, onagrus, Gr. 5i>aypos.] 1. A wild ass (Equus 
onager) of western India and Baluchistan. 2. Mil. An 
ancient and medieval engine for throwing stones. 

on'a-gra'ceous (on'd-gra'shus), a. [Gr. ovaypa. a kind of 
plant.] Belonging to a widely distributed family (Onagra- 
cese) of plants, the evening primrose family, consisting 
chiefly of herbs, and including the willow-herbs and fuchsias. 

O'nan-ism (o'nan-iz'm), n. [Onan {Gen. xxxviii. 9).] Self- 
pollution ; masturbation. 

once (wuns), adv. [ME. ones, anes, an adverbial form fr. 
one, on, an, one.] 1. One time and no more. 2. At any 
one time ; ever ; — often conjunctive, equiv. to if ever or 
whenever ; as, once kindled, it may not be quenched. 3. At 
some one time ; — usually referring to the past ; formerly. 

— a. That once was ; former. 

— n. One time or occasion ; — used in at once, for once, 
this once, etc. 

at once, a Simultaneously, b Equally. C Immediately. 

on-cid'i-um (on-sid'i-wm), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. 07x0s barb 
of an arrow ; — from the shape of the labellum. Oxf. E. D.] 
Bot. One of a large genus (Oncidium) of tropical American 
orchids having flowers often resembling butterflies. 

on'do-graph (on'do-graf), n. [F. onde wave (L. unda)-\- 
-graph.] Elec. An instrument for autographically making 
a record (ondogram) of the wave forms of varying or alter- 
nating currents. 

on-dom'e-ter (on-dom'e"-ter), n. [F. onde wave (L. unda) 
+ -meter.] An electric wave meter. See wave meter. 

one (wun), a. [ME. one, on, an, AS. an.] 1. Being a single 
unit, being, or thing ; individual. 2. Denoting a person or 
thing indefinitely ; a certain. 3. Denoting a particular thing 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals. 



N 



-ONE 



674 



OPALESCE 






or person ; — often in antithesis to another, other. 4. Closely 
bound together ; united ; as, we were one on that subject. 
5. Single in kind ; the same ; as, those statements are one. 
one day. a On a certain indefinite day in the past, b Some 
day in the future. 

— n. 1. A single unit ; unity. 2. A symbol for a unit, as 
1 or i. 3. A single person or thing. 

y— indef. pron. 1. (pi. ones [wunz] .) A certain person or 
thing not specified ; some person or thing ; a person or thing 
of the kind under consideration. 2. Any person or thing 
whatever ; anybody, indefinitely. 

-one (-on). [From Gr. -iovq female descendant.] Chem. A 
suffix found in the names of ketones ; as in acetone. 

one'-horse', a. 1. Drawn or operated by one horse ; having 
but one horse. 2. Second-rate ; inferior. Colloq., U. S. 

O-nei'da (o-nl'dd), n. An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe for- 
merly dwelling near Oneida Lake, New York. 

O-nei'ro-crit'ic (-ro-knt'ik), n. An interpreter of dreams. 

o-nei'ro-crit'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. [Gr. bveiponpiTiubs ; 6vei P os 
a dream + kpltlkos critical, fr. npivtiv to discern.] Of, 
pert, to, or skilled in, the interpretation of dreams. 

O-nei'ro-man'cy (o-nl'ro-man'sT), n. [Gr. ovetpos dream -f- 
-mancy.~] Divination by dreams. mail'cer (-ser), n. 

one'ness (wun'nes), n. 1. Singleness ; unity. 2. Sameness ; 
uniformity ; identity ; unity in mind, purpose, or feeling. 

T>n'er-OUS (on'er-us), a. [L. onerosus, fr. onus, oneris, a 
load.] _ 1. Burdensome ; oppressive ; troublesome. 2. Law. 
Imposing or constituting a legal burden. — Syn. See 
heavy. — on'er-ous-ly, adv. — on'er-ous-ness, n. 

One'self (wun'selF), pron. A reflexive and emphatic equiv- 
alent for the indefinite pronoun one; — orig. written (as 
used in this book) one's self. 

One'-sid'ed (wiin'sld'ed), a. 1. Having, or occurring on, 
one side only ; having one side prominent or more devel- 
oped ; limited or relating to one side ; hence : partial ; un- 
fair. 2. Law. Unilateral ; as, a one-sided contract. 

One'-step', n. A lively dance in 2-4 time, danced by couples, 
involving a coupee, whirl, dip, and other steps. 

on'go'ing (on'go'ing), n. Act of going forward; proceed- 
ing ; progress ; in pi., proceedings ; doings ; current events. 

on'ion (un'yun), n. [F. oignon, fr. L. unio oneness, unity, 
single large pearl, onion.] 1. A liliaceous plant {Allium 
cepa) ; also, its edible bulb of pungent taste and odor. 2. 
Any wildspecies of the same genus. [paper.f 

on'ion-skin' (-skin'), n. A kind of thin, glossy, translucent! 

on'look'erjon'look'er), n. A looker-on. 

on'ly (on'li), a.; dial, or poetic intensive superl. onxiest. 
[AS. anllc; an one + -lie. See one ; -ly.] 1. Alone in 
its or their class ; single. 2. Alone because of superiority ; 
chief, — adv. 1. Exclusively ; solely ; merely. 2. Without 
there being others; singly. 06s. or R., exc.in: only-be- 
gotten, begotten as the only child. — conj. Save or except 
(that). 

on'o-mas'tic (on'6-mas'tik), a. [Gr. bvonaoriKos of naming, 
fr. bvop.a%tiv to name, ovoua name.] 1. Of, pert, to, or con- 
nected with, a name or names, or naming; consisting of 
names. 2. Law_. Designating an autograph signature. 

on'o-mat'o-poe'ia (on'o-mat'o-pe'ya ; 6-nom'd-to-), n. [L., 
fr. Gr. 6vop.aToirou.cL; ovopa, bvbparos, name + irottiv to 
make.] 1. Formation of a word in imitation of a sound ; as 
buzz, cuckoo. 2. Rhet. The use of words in which the 
sound is suggestive of the sense. 

on'q-mat'o-pos'ic (-Ik), a. _ Of, pertaining to, or charac- 
terized by, onomatopoeia ; imitative in origin ; echoic. 

on'o-mat'o-po-e'sis (-po-e'sTs), -poi-e'sis (-poi-e'sis), n. 
[NL., fr. Gr. buopaToiroirjo-is .] Onomatopoeia. 

on'o-mat'o-po-et'ic (-et'ik),a. Onomatopoeic. 

On'on-da'ga (on'on-do'gd), n. One of a tribe of Iroquoian 
Indians once inhabiting what is now a part of the State of 
New York. They now live in New York and Ontario. 

on'rush/ (on'rush'), n. A rushing onward. 

on'set' (on'seV), n. 1. A setting upon ; attack ; assault. 2. 
A setting about ; beginning ; commencement ; start. 

on'slaught' (-slot'), n. A furious attack or assault ; onset. 

on'to (on'too), prep. On the top of ; upon ; on. See on to, 
under on, prep. 

on'to-gen'e-sis (on'to- jen'e-sis), n. [NL.] Biol. Ontog- 
eny. — on'to-ge-net'ic, a. — on-tog'e-nist, n. 

on-tog'e-ny (on-toj'e-m), n. [See ontology; genesis.] 
Biol. The life history or development of an individual. 

on'tO-log'i-cal (on'to-loj'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to ontology. 
ontological argument, Metaph., an argument for the 
existence of God primarily from the nature of being. 

on-tol'o-gy (on-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. ovra the things being + 
-logy.'] The science of being or reality ; the branch of meta- 
physics that investigates the nature, essential properties, 
and relations of being, as such. — on-tol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

O'nus (o'nws), n. [L.] A burden; an obligation ; charge. 

on'ward (on'werd), a. Moving forward ; forward. — adv. 
Also on'wards (on'werdz). 1. Toward a point before or in 
front ; forward. 2. In an advanced position ; in front ; on. 
Syn. Onward, forward. Onward often suggests progress 



or advance in general ; forward (opposed to backward), 
specifically, movement toward what is before. 

on'y-cha (on'I-kd), n. [LL., fr. L. onyx, -ychis, onyx, also, 
a kind of mussel, Gr. 6vv%, -v\os. See onyx.] An ingredient of 
incense, prob. the operculum of a gastropod. Ex. xxx. 34. 

on'yx (on'iks ; o'niks), n. ; pi. onyxes (-ez ; 24). [L., fr. 
Gr. 6vv£ a claw, finger nail, veined gem.] Chalcedony in 
layers of different shades of color. 

O'o- (o'o-). A combining form from Greek &6v, egg. 

O'o-cyte (-sit), n. Embryol. & Zool. An egg before matu- 
ration (formation of the polar bodies); or, in certain 
protozoans, a female gamete before undergoing changes 
believed to correspond to maturation. 

0-(B'ci-um (S-e'shi-wm), n. ; pi. -cia (-d). [NL. ; oo- + Gr. 
oIkos a house.] Zool. In polyzoans, an ovicell. 

O-og'a-mous (S-og'd-mus), a. Biol. Having gametes ex- 
hibiting distinctions of sex ; heterogamous. 

0'6-gen'e-sis (o'6-jen'e-sis), n. [NL.] Biol. Formation of 
the egg and its preparation for fertilization and development. 

0'6-gO'ni-um (-go'm-um), n.; pi. L. -nia (-d), E. -niums 
(-umz). [NL. ; oo- + Gr. ybvos offspring.] 1. Bot. The fe- 
male sexual organ in obgamous thallophytic plants, contain- 
ing one or more eggs, or oospheres, which develop after fer- 
tilization into oospores. 2. Embryol. One of the descend- 
ants of a primordial germ cell which give rise to the oocytes. 

O'o-lite (o'6-llt), n. A rock consisting of small round grains, 
usually carbonate of lime, resembling the roe of fish and 
cemented together. — o'b-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

O-ql'o-gist (o-ol'6-jist), n. One versed in oology. 

O-bl'o-gy (-jl), n. Ornithology treating of birds' eggs, esp. 
their shape, color, etc. ■ — o'o-log'i-cal (o'6-loj'i-kdl), a. 

OO'long (oo'long), n. [Chin, wu black + lung dragon.] 
A fragrant variety of black tea. 

oo'rai-ak (oo'mi-ak), n. Also oomiac, umiack, and 
umiak. [Eskimo umiak.] A large, broad, Alaskan Eskimo 
boat, consisting of a wooden frame covered with skins. 

O'ii-phore (o'6-for ; 57), n. [Gr. d>o<j>6pos egg-bearing ; <bbv an 
egg + <Aop6y bearing.] = oophyte. phor'ic (-for'Ik), a. 

O'd-pho-ri'tis (-fo-rl'tTs), n. [NL. ; Gr. u>bv egg + <popbs 
bearing + -itis.] Med. Ovaritis. 

O'0-phyte (ofo-fit), n. Bot. The stage in the life history of 
an archegoniate plant, as a moss, fern, or liverwort, in which 
sexual organs are developed. Cf. gametophyte, sporo- 
phyte. — o'b-phyt'ic (-fit'ik), a. 

O'6-sperm ( o'o-spurm ), n. [ oo- + Gr. o-rrkpua seed. ] 1. 
Zool. A fertilized egg ; a zygote. 2. Bot. = oospore. 

O'6-Sphere (-sfer), n. Biol. An unfertilized egg ; a female 
gamete. 

O'b-spore (o'o-spor; 57), n. 1. Bot. The sexual spore, or 
zygote, resulting from the fertilization of an oosphere by a 
sperm cell. 2. Zool. In certain sporozoans, a zygote when 
encysted previous to division into spores. — 0'6-spor/ic 
(-spor'Tk), O-bs'po-rous (o-os'po-rus ; o'o-spo'rws), a. 

0'6-the'ca (o'o-the'kd), n.; L. pi. -cm (-se). [NL. ; oo- + 
Gr. Qr\Kt) a case.] Zool. An egg case, esp. that of many 
kinds ^f mollusks, and of some insects, as cockroaches. 

ooze (ooz), n. [AS. wos juice, moisture. Oxf. E. £>.] 1. A 
decoction of oak bark, sumac, catechu, etc., used in tan- 
ning. 2. Act of oozing; also, that which oozes. — v. i.; 
oozed (oozd) ; ooz'ing. 1. To percolate ; exude. 2. To es- 
cape, or leak out, slowly and quietly ; as, the secret oozed 
out ; his courage oozed away. 3. To exude moisture. — v. t. 
To exude or give out slowly ; — often used with out. 

ooze (ooz), n. [AS. wase dirt, mire, mud.] 1. Soft mud or 
slime. 2. A stretch or piece of muddy ground ; a marsh ; a 
bog. 3. Oceanography. A soft deposit covering large areas 
of the ocean bottom, composed largely of the calcareous 
remains of foraminifers. 

ooze leather. Leather made from sheep and calf skins by 
mechanically forcing ooze through them ; esp., such leather 
with a soft, finely granulated finish put on the flesh side ; 
hence: ooze calf, ooze finish, etc. 

OO'zy (oo'zi), a.; oo'zi-er (-zi-er) ; oo'zi-est.^ 1. Contain- 
ing, or composed of, ooze ; miry. 2. Exuding moisture ; slimy. 

O-pac'i-ty (6-pas'i-ti), n. [L. opacitas shadiness.] Quality 
or state of being opaque ; obscurity or an instance of it. 

o'pah (o'pd), n. A large oceanic fish (Lampris guttatus), 
inhabiting the Atlantic 
Ocean, and remarkable 
for its brilliant colors. 

o-pake\ Obs. or rare 
var. of opaque. 

O'pal (o'pal), n. [L. 
opalus,lr. Gr.oirdXXtoj, 
Skr. upala a stone, pre- 
cious stone.] Min. An 
amorphous form of sil- 




Opah. ( 3 i 5 ) 



ica, softer and lighter than quartz. H., 5.5-6.5. The pre- 
cious, or noble, opal is iridescent, and is valued as a gem. 
For fire opal see girasol. 
O'pal-esce' (-es'), ■». i.; -esced' (-est'); -esc'ing (-es'ing). 
To emit or exhibit a play of colors, like an opal. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



OPALESCENT 



675 



OPHIR 



©'pal-es'cent (-es'ent), a. Reflecting an iridescent light; 
having a milky iridescence. — o'pal-es'cence (-ens), n. 

O'pal-ine (o'pal-In ; -In), a. Of or like opal ; opalescent. 

O-paque' (6-pak'), a. [L. opacus shady, dark.] 1. Not lu- 
minous ; dark. 2. Impervious to light ; not transparent. 3. 
By extension, impervious (to heat, electricity, etc.) ; not 
conducting or transmitting heat, etc. 4. Obscure; also, 
dull. — Syn. See dark. — n. That which is opaque. — 
o-paque'ly, adv. — o-paque'ness, n. 

ope (op), a. & vb. Open. Poetic. 

o'pen (o'p'n), a. [AS. open.'] 1. Not shut or closed ; afford- 
ing free ingress or egress ; not obstructed or clogged. 2. 
Hence : Free to be entered, visited, or used ; without re- 
strictions as to the participants ; also, available ; as, the 
invitation is still open; disengaged. 3. Of weather or 
season, not frosty or inclement ; Naut., not foggy. 4. Un- 
covered ; exposed ; bare. Fig., liable ; — used with to; as, 
open to temptation. 5. Not secret, hidden, or disguised ; 
public. 6. Without reserve or pretense ; sincere ; frank. 

7. Extended ; expanded ; as, an open hand ; an open flower. 

8. Having openings, or the like ; as, open ranks ; also, per- 
forated ; porous ; specif., Print., more or less widely spaced 
or leaded. 9. a Music. (1) Not closed or stopped with the 
finger ; — said of the string of an instrument. Also, not 
closed at the top (of an organ pipe) ; or not stopped with 
the hand (of a horn). (2) Produced by an open string, pipe, 
etc. ; as, an open tone, b Phon. (1) Of a vowel, uttered with 
a relatively wide opening of the mouth. See close, a., 13. 
(2) Of a consonant, uttered with the oral passage narrowed 
without closure, as s. 10. Accessible ; of a person, respon- 
sive ; amenable; hence, generous. 11. Not settled or ad- 
justed ; as, an open account. 12. Without legal restrictions 
as to the opening of drinking places, places of amusement, 
etc. ; as, an open town. Colloq., U. S. — Syn. Unclosed, 
unprotected ; unreserved, artless. See frank. 

open air, theairout of doors. — open-air school, Art., see 
plein-air. — o. chain, Chem., an arrangement of atoms 
represented in the graphical formula as a chain whose ends 
are open, that is, not joined so as to form a ring ; — opposed 
to closed chain. — o. door, a Open or free admission to all ; 
hospitable welcome, b In modern diplomacy, opportunity 
for intercourse, esp. commercial, open to all upon equal 
terms. — o. policy. See valued policy. — o. stop, Mu- 
sic, a stop having the upper ends of the pipes open. — 
o. verdict, Law, a verdict on a preliminary investigation, 
finding the fact of a crime, but not stating the criminal, or 
finding the fact of a violent death without disclosing the 
cause. 

— v. t. 1. To move (a gate, lid, etc.) from its shut position. 
2. To render clear for passage. 3. Hence : a To render open 
or accessible ; as, to open a shop, b To declare (a building, 
park, etc.) open to the public. 4. To spread out ; unfold or 
unroll. 5. To make one or more openings in. 6. To loosen 
or make less compact. 7. To reveal ; — now said only of 
feelings, intentions, etc. 8. Naut. To bring into view, or 
come in sight of. 9. To interpret. Archaic. 10. To en- 
lighten ; enlarge, as the heart. 11. To enter upon ; begin ; 
start. 12. Law. To restore or recall, as an order, rule, judg- 
ment, etc., from a finally determined state to a state in 
which the parties are free to prosecute or oppose it. 

— v. i. 1. To become open ; unclose. 2. To give access ; 
also, to have an opening, passage, or outlet. 3. To expand ; 
fig., to become enlightened, as the mind. 4. To become or 
be disclosed, as to view. 5. Hunting. To bark on perceiv- 
ing the game. 6. To begin. 

Open sesame ! the magical command which opened the 
door of the robbers' den in the tale of " Ali Baba and the 
Forty Thieves" in the "Arabian Nights"; hence {Often 
o'pen— ses'a-me], a thing that unfailingly opens, or admits 
to, something. 

— n. Open space, as land without trees, etc., open ocean, 
water, or air ; — used chiefly with the. 

O'pen— air', a. Outdoor ; specif., Painting, plein-air. 

O'pen— coil', a. Elec. Designating, or pert, to, a method of 
winding an armature (open-coil armature) so that the 
circuit is closed only by the external circuit connected to it 
through the brushes and commutator. 

O'pen-er (o'p'n-er), n. One who, or that which, opens. 

o'pen— eyed' (-Id'), a. Watchful ; discerning ; receptive. 

O'pen-faced' (-fast'), a. 1. Of a watch, having the dial cov- 
ered only with a glass. 2. Having a frank or ingenuous face. 

o'pen-hand'ed, a. Generous ; liberal. — o'pen-hand'ed- 
ly, adv. — o'pen-hand'ed-ness, n. 

O'pen— heart'ed, a. Candid ; frank ; generous. 

O'pen— hearth', a. Metal. Designating, or pert, to, a process 
(open-hearth process) of making steel in a furnace hav- 
ing an open hearth called also Siemens-Martin process. 

a*pen-ing; (o'p'n-Ing ; op'ning), vb. n. 1. A making or be- 
coming open. 2. An open place or part ; a breach ; gap ; 
hole ; also, width ; span. 3. A thinly wooded space, without 
undergrowth, in a forest or grove. U. S. 4. Act of begin- 
ning ; first step or appearance. 5. An opportunity. 

O'pen-ly, adv. In an open manner. 



o'pen-mouthed' (o'p'n-mouthd' ; -moutht' ; 109), a. Hav- 
ing the mouth open ; gaping ; greedy ; clamorous. 

O'pen-ness, n. Quality or state of being open. 

O'pen-work' (o'p'n-wurk'), n. Any work so made as to 
show openings through its substance. 

op'er-a (op'er-d), n. [It., fr. opera work, composition, fr. 
L. opera pains, work, opus, operis, work.] 1. A drama 
wholly or mostly sung, with orchestral accompaniment and 
appropriate costumes, scenery, and action. 2. The score 
of a musical drama. 3. The performance of an opera. 

op'er-a-ble (op'er-d-b'l), a. Admitting of an operation ; as, 
an operable tumor. 

II O'pe'ra' bouiie'(o'pa'ra'bdof'). [F. ; opera opera + bouffe 
comic, It. buffo."] Comic opera, esp. of farcical character. 

|| O'pe'ra' CO'mique' (o'pa'ra' ko'mek'). [F.] Lit., comic 
opera, distinguished from grand opera in having its musi- 
cal numbers interspersed with spoken dialogue. 

opera glass or glasses. A small telescope, usually bin- 
ocular, with concave eye lenses ; a lorgnette. 

opera hat. A hat for wear to or at the opera ; specif., a 
man's tall silk hat made to fold flat ; a crush hat. 

opera house. A theater devoted to the performance of 
operas ; also, loosely, any theater. 

op'er-and (op'er-and), n. [From neuter of L. operandus, 
gerundive of operari. See operate.] Math. The magni- 
tude, quantity, or symbol upon which a mathematical 
operation is performed ; — called also faciend. 

op'er-ant (op'er-dnt), a. [L. operans, p. pr.] Operative. 

op'er-ate (-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. operatus, 
p. p. of operari to work, fr. opus, operis, work, labor.] 
1. To perform a work or labor ; to act. 2. To produce or 
take effect. 3. To perform an operation or series of oper- 
ations ; as : a To perform a surgical operation, b Mil. & 
Nav. To conduct operations against the enemy. C To 
deal in stocks, etc., esp. speculatively. Commercial Cant. 

— v. t. 1. To produce as an effect ; work. 2. To put into, 
or to continue in, operation or activity ; conduct. 

op'er-a t'ic (-at'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, opera. 

op'er-at'i-cal-ly, adv. In an operatic manner. 

op'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act, process, or effect of 
operating. 2. Agency ; exertion of power or influence. 
3. Mode of action or form of activity. 4. State of being 
operative. 5. An act done as part of a plan ; as, naval oper- 
ations. 6. Com. A transaction, esp. a speculative one. 7. 
A surgical action on the living body for remedial effect, as 
in amputation, etc. 8. Math. Some transformation, indi- 
cated by rules or symbols, to be made on quantities. 

op'er-a-tive (op'er-a-tiv), a. 1. Capable of acting ; operat- 
ing ; as, an operative motive. 2. Effective ; efficacious. 
3. Involving, or having to do with, physical operations, as 
of the hands or of machines ; as, operative arts. 4. Surg. 
Based upon, or consisting of, an operation or operations ; 
as, operative surgery. 5. Engaged in work ; active ; esp., 
occupied in productive labor ; working. [mechanic. 

— n. One who, or that which, operates ; a worker ; artisan ; | 
op'er-a'tor (op'er-a'ter), n. One who operates, as in doing 

mechanical, professional, or official work, in dealing in 

stocks, in transmitting telegraphic messages, etc. [lum.J 

O-per'cu-lar (o-pur'ku-ldr), a. Of, pert, to, or like, an opercu-| 

SS^efSSw ""'J* ="* * Iid ' ° r °^™- 
O-per'CU-lum (o-pur'ku-lum), n.; pi. L. -la (-Id), E. -lums 
(-lwmz). [L., a cover or lid, fr. operire to cover.] 1. Bot. 
a A lid, as of a moss capsule, or a pyxidium in seed plant? 
b The calyx limb in eucalypti. 2. Zo'dl. A lidlike process or 
part, as : a The horny or shelly plate on the foot of many 
gastropod mollusks, which serves to close the shell when the 
animal is retracted, b The gill cover of a fish. 
op'er-et'ta (op'er-et'd), n. ; It. pi. -te {It. 6'pe-ret'ta). [It., 

dim. of opera.] Music. A short, light, musical drama. 
op'er-OSe (op'er-os), a. [L. operosus, fr. opera pains, labor, 

opus, operis, work, labor.] Laborious ; elaborate. 
0-phe'li-a (6-f e'li-d ; 6-f el 'yd), n. The beautiful daughter 
of Polonius in Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Betrothed to 
Hamlet, she is crazed by his treatment of her and his killing 
of her father, and drowns herself. 
oph'i-cleide (of'i-klld), n. [F. ophicleide, fr. Gr. o^is a 
serpent + /cXets, gen. kXhSos, a key. So named because it 
was in effect the old wooden serpent, with keys added.] 
Music. A large brass wind instrument consisting of a taper- 
ing tube, bent double and provided with keys and mouth- 
piece. It is now generally supplanted by the tuba. 
O-phid'i-an (6-fTd'i-an), n. [Gr. 64>is a snake.] Zo'dl. Any 
of a division (Ophidia) of reptiles consisting of the snakes, 
or serpents. — a. Pert, to or designating this division. 
oph'i-ol'a-try (of'T-ol'd-tri ; o'fT-), n. [Gr. 6<j>is a snake -+- 
-latry.] Serpent worship. — oph'i-ol'a-trous (-trus). a. 
oph'i-ol'0-gy (-ol'S-ji), n. [Gr. 5<Ais a snake + -logy.] 

Zoology that treats of the_ophidians. 
O'phir (o'fer), n. [Heb. Ophir.] In the Bible, a region 
often mentioned as the source of gold. See 1 Kings x. 11. 



( 



i 

( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |[ Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



OPHITE 



676 



OPPROBRIOUSNESS 



oph'ite (of'it ; o'flt), n. [L. ophites, Gr. 64>Ittis (sc. \IBos), a 
kind of marble spotted like a serpent.] Petrog. A variety 
of green diabase whose augite is altered to uralite. 

O-phific (6-fit'ik), a. Petrog.^ Of the nature of, or pert, 
to, ophite ; having a rock fabric in which feldspar crystals 
are inclosed in later formed augite, as in diabase. 

Oph'i-U'ran (of'i-ii'rdn ; o'fi-), a. [Gr. 60ts snake + oboa 
tail.] Zo'dl. Belonging to a class (.Ophiuroidea) of echino- 
derms including the brittle stars and basket fishes. They 
resemble the star fishes. — n. An ophiuran echinoderm ; a 
brittle star. — oph'i-u'roid (-u'roid), a. & n. 

oph-thal'mi-a (of-thal'nu-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. 6<t>6a\nla, 
fr. 6(pda\fi6s the eye.] Med. An inflammation of the mem- 
branes or coats of the eye or of the eyeball. 

oph-thal'mic (-mik), a. Of or pert, to the eye ; ocular. 

oph'thal-mi'tis (of'thal-mi'tis), n. [NL.] Ophthalmia. 

oph'thal-mol'O-gy (-mol'6 ; ji), n. [Gr. 6<j>9a\n6': eye + 
-logy.] The science treating of the structure, functions, 
and diseases of the eye. — opb/thal-mol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

— oph-thal'mo-log'i-cal (of-thal'mo-loj'i-kdl), a. 
oph-thal'mo-SCOpe (of-thal'mo-skop), n. Physiol. An 

instrument for viewing the interior of the eye, esp. the 
retina. — oph-thal'mo-scop'ic (-skop'ik), -scop'i-cal, a. 

oph'thal-mos'co-py (of'thal-mos'ko-pi), n. Examination 
of the eye with the ophthalmoscope. 

-o'pi-a (-o'pi-d), -o'py (-o'pi). [Gr. -o-n-l a (as in &fj.p\vo3wla 
amblyopia), fr. &\p, unros, eye.] A combining form signifying 
sight, vision; as, amblyopia, ambly opy, myopia, presby- 
opia, etc. 

O'pi-ate (o'pT-at), n. [From opium.] Any narcotic medicine 
containing, or derived from, opium ; — often used fig. — a. 
Containing opium ; hence : inducing sleep ; narcotic ; fig., 
anodyne ; causing rest, dullness, or inaction. 

O'pi-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing (-at'Tng). To 
subject to the influence of an opiate ; fig., to deaden. 

O-pine' (6-pin'), v. t. & i. ; -pined' (-pind') ; -pin'ing (-pin'- 
ing). [L. opinari, p. p. opinatus.2 To have or express an 
opinion ; think ; suppose. 

O-pin'ion (6-pTn'yun), n. [F., fr. L. opinio. See opine.] 
1. That which is opined ; a belief ; view ; judgment. 2. A 
formal judgment by an expert. 3. Law. The formal expres- 
sion by a judge, court, referee, or the like, of the legal 
reasons and principles on which a decision is based. 4. A 
judgment or sentiment concerning persons or things ; esti- 
mation ; sometimes, high or favorable estimation ; esteem. 
Syn. Idea, impression, sentiment, notion. — - Opinion, 
sentiment. An opinion, in ordinary usage, is what one 
thinks or believes about something ; the word does not im- 
ply the definiteness or weight of a judgment or the assur- 
ance or certainty of a conviction ; as, to hazard an opinion ; 
public opinion. Sentiment suggests a more or less settled 
opinion, often with reference to something which involves 
one's feelings ; as, noble sentiments ; public sentiment. 

O-pin'ion-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Stiff in adhering to one's opin- 
ion ; obstinate. — Syn. See dictatorial. at'ed-ness, n. 

O-pin'ion-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or con- 
sisting in, opinion or belief ; doctrinal. 2. Opinionated. 

Op'is-thOg'na-tllOUS (op'is-thog'nd-thus), a. [Gr. binadev 
behind + yvddos jaw.] Having retreating jaws._ 

o'pi-um (o'pT-ttm), n. [L., fr. Gr. 6iru>v poppy juice, dim. 
of biros vegetable juice.] A powerful narcotic consisting of 
the inspissated juice of a poppy (Papaver somniferum). 

O'pi-um-ism (-lz'rn), n. Med. The habitual use of opium, 
or the condition induced by this. 

op'o-del'doc (op'o-del'dok), n. Any of various liniments, 
containing soap, camphor, and alcohol. 

O-pos'SUm (o-pos'um), n. [Amer. Indian (Virginia) 
apasum white beast.] Any of an 
American family {Didelphidse) 
of marsupials ; esp., a species (Di- 
delphis virginiana) chiefly noc- 
turnal, largely arboreal, and al- 
most omnivorous. When caught 
it feigns death. 

Opossum shrimp. Any of a cer- 
tain family (Mysidse) of schizo- 
pod crustaceans whose females 
carry their eggs in a pouch be- 
tween the legs. 

op'pi-dan (op'i : dan), a. [L. oppi- 
danus, fr. oppidum town.] Of or 
pertaining to a town or the town. 

— n. 1. A townsman. 2. At Eton 
College, England, and formerly 
also at other schools, a student 
not on the foundation. 

op'pi-late (op'i-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing (-lad- 
ing). [L. oppilatus, p. p. of oppilare to stop up ; ob (see 
ob-) + pilar e to ram down.] To stop up ; obstruct. 

op-po'nen-cy (o-po'nen-si), n. Opposition ; antagonism. 

Op-po'nent (o-po'nent), a. [L. opponens, -entis, p. pr. of 
opponere to set or place against, to oppose ; ob -f- ponere 




Common Opossum of 
the Southern U.S. ( 2 X 5 ) 



to place.] Opposite ; hence : opposing ; adverse. — n. One 
who opposes ; an adversary. 

Syn. Opponent, adversary, antagonist agree in the idea 
of opposition, without of necessity implying personal ani- 
mosity. An opponent is one who is on the opposite side in 
a contest ; antagonist implies sharper opposition, esp. in a 
struggle for supremacy; as, an opponent in debate; a duelist's 
antagonist. Adversary ranges in connotation from the idea 
of mere opposition to that of active hostility. 

op'por-tune' (op'or-tun' ; op'or-tun), a. [F. opportun, L. 
opportunus, lit., at or before the port.] Fit ; ready ; hence : 

seasonable ; timely. tune'ly, adv. tune'ness, n. 

Syn. Opportune, timely. Opportune often suggests 
that which fits directly into a given concurrence of circum- 
stances ; timely, that which is well-timed or seasonable ; 
as, an opportune place, moment, chance ; a timely suggestion. 

op'por-tu^nism (op'or-tu'niz'm), n. The taking advantage, 
as in politics, of opportunities, often with little regard for 
principles or ultimate consequences. 

op'por-tu'nist (-mst), n. One who advocates or practices 
opportunism. 

op'por-tu'ni-ty (-nT-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). ;1. Fit or con- 
venient time ; chance. 2. Importunity. 06s. & Erron. 

op-pos'a-ble (o-poz'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being resisted. 
2. Capable of being placed opposite something else. — 
op-pos'a-bil'i-ty (-bll'i-tf), n. 

op-pose' (3-poz'), v. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
Ing). [F. opposer. See ob- ; pose to place.] 1. To place in 
front of, or over against ; present. 2. To put in opposition, 
with a view to counterbalance ; set against. 3. To face ; 
front upon. Rare. 4. To resist ; confront. 
Syn. Withstand, resist, gainsay, contravene, oppugn. — 
Oppose, resist agree in the idea of setting one's self against 
something. Resist often implies more active striving than 
oppose, esp. against something actively adverse ; as, to 
oppose a measure ; he could not resist their attack. 

op-posed' (o-pozd'), p. a. Set in opposition; opposite. 

op-pos'er (o-poz'er), n. One who opposes. 

op'po-site (op'6-zit), a. [F., fr. L. oppositus, p. p. of op- 
ponere._ See opponent.] 1. Set over against ; facing ; — 
often with to. 2. Bot. a Situated in pairs on an axis, each 
being separated from the other by half the circumference 
of the axis, as leaves, b With reference to floral parts : = 
superposed. 3. Contrarily turned or moving. 4. Diametri- 
cally different ; contrary ; repugnant ; antagonistic. 
Syn. Opposite, contrary, contradictory. Opposite 
implies diametrical difference in position or nature, but 
does not necessarily suggest antagonism ; contrary com- 
monly implies mutual opposition or divergence, and often 
connotes antagonism ; as, opposite directions, opposite 
sides of a dispute ; contrary winds, contrary propositions. 
Contradictory is stronger than opposite or contrary, imply- 
ing variance or contrariety that admits no medium. 

— n. 1. An opponent. 06s. or R. 2. That which is opposed 
or contrary. Cf . 3d converse, n. — op'po-site-ly, adv. — 
op'po-site-ness, n. 

op'po-si'tion (-zish'wn), n. [L. oppositio. See opposite.] 
1. Act of setting opposite, or the state of being so set ; 
specif. : a Astron. The situation of a heavenly body with 
respect to another 180° from it in celestial longitude ; esp., 
such position of a planet or satellite with respect to the 
sun; — signified by the symbol <P ; as, cP % O, opposition 
of Jupiter to the sun. b Logic. The relation between two 
propositions when, having the same subject and predicate, 
they differ in quantity, in quality, or in both. 2. Hostile or 
contrary action or condition ; resistance. 3. That which 
opposes ; an obstacle ; in politics, collectively, the party op- 
posed to the party in power. 

op-pos'i-tive (5-p5z'i-tiv), a. Opposing ; adversative. 

op-press' (3-preV), v. t. [F. oppresser, LL. oppressare, fr. 
L. opprimere, oppressum ; ob + pr enter e to press.] 1. To 
overwhelm. Rare. 2. Fig. : To weigh heavily on ; weigh 
down. 3. To crush by abuse of power or authority ; tyran- 
nize over ; as, to oppress the weak. 

Syn. Oppress, depress. To oppress is to weigh upon or 
burden, as by imposition of a load ; to depress is to bring 
down or cause to sink (esp. in value, vigor, and the like) ; 
as, oppressed with forebodings ; depressed by bad news. 

op-pres'sion (-presh'Sn), n. 1. Act of oppressing ; state of 
being oppressed. 2. That which oppresses ; cruelty ; 
tyranny. 3. A sense of heaviness or obstruction in the body 
or mind ; depression ; dullness ; lassitude. 

op-pres'sive (o-pres'iv), a. 1. Unreasonably burdensome; 
unjustly severe. 2. Tyrannical. 3. Heavy ; hard to be 
borne. — op-pres'sive-ly, adv. — op-pres'sive-ness, n. 

op-pres'sor (o-pres'er), n. One who oppresses. 

op-pro'bri-OUS (o-pro'bri-#s), a. [L. opprobriosus, fr. 
opprobrium. See opprobrium.] 1. Expressive of oppro- 
brium ; scurrilous. 2. Infamous ; despised ; made hateful. 

— op-pro'bri-ous-ly, adv. — op-pro'bri-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Disgraceful, reproachful, abusive, insulting, offen- 
sive ; contemptuous, contumelious, insolent, disdainful ; 
gross, vile, vulgar, low, foul, indecent, scurrilous, scurrile. 

— Opprobrious, contumelious, scurrilous. Opprobri- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, III ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



OPPROBRIUM 



677 



ORANG-UTAN 



oub implies abusive reproach ; contumelious adds the 
implication of insolent contempt ; scurrilous, of grossness 
and vulgarity ; as, opprobrious names ; contumelious scorn ; 
scurrilous abuse. 

op-pro'bri-um (-um), n. [L. ; ob + probrum reproach, dis- 
grace.] 1. Infamy ; reproach mingled with contempt ; 
abusive language. 2. Cause of disgrace or reproach. 

Op-pugn' (o-pun r ), v. t. & i. # [L. oppugnarej ob + pug- 
nare to fight.] To fight against ; attack ; resist. 

op-pug'nan-cy (o-pug r ndn-si), n. Quality or state of being 
oppugnant ; opposition. 

op-pug'nant (o-pug'nant), a. Hostile ; opposing. 

op-pugn'er (o-pun'er), n. One who oppugns. 

Ops (ops), n. [L.] An ancient Italian goddess of harvests. 

op-son'ic (op-son'ik), a. Bacteriol. Of, pertaining to, or 
affected by, opsonin. 

opsonic index, the ratio between the number of bacteria 
destroyed by leucocytes in normal blood serum and the 
number destroyed in that to which opsonin has been added. 

Op / SO-nin (op'so-nTn), n. [Gr. 6\pwveiv to buy victuals, 
to cater.] Bacteriol. A constituent of blood serum which 
renders invading pathogenic bacteria more susceptible to 
the action of the phagocytes. 

opt (opt), v. i. [F. opter, L. optare.] To make a choice ; 
choose ; as, to opt in his favor. Rare. 

Op'ta-tive (op'td-tiv), a. [L. optativus, fr. optatus, p. p. of 
optare to choose, wish.] Expressing desire or wish. 
optative mood, Gram., that mood or form of a verb, as in 
Greek, Sanskrit, etc., which expresses a wish or desire. 

— n. Gram. The optative mood, or a verb or verbal form 
denoting it. 

op'tic (op'tik), a. [F. optique, Gr. 6itti.k6s.] 1. Visual. 
Obsoles. 2. Ocular. 3. Relating to optics ; optical. 
optic axis. Min. The line in a doubly refracting crystal, in 
the direction of which no double refraction occurs. A 
uniaxial crystal has one such line, a biaxial crystal has two. 
— o. nerve, the nerve of sight, connecting the eye and the 
optic centers of the brain. — o. thalamus [pi. -ami (-d-mi)], 
Anat., either of the pair of oblong masses of gray matter situ- 
ated on either side of the third ventricle of the brain. 

— n. The eye. Now chiefly Humorous. 

op'ti-cal (op'ti-kdl), a. 1. Relating to the science of op- 
tics. 2. Relating to vision ; optic. — op'tl-cal-ly, adv. 

op-ti'cian (op-tlsh'an), n. One who makes, or deals in, 
optical glasses and instruments. 

op'tics (op'tiks), n. (See -ics.) Science dealing with the 
nature and properties of light, and the phenomena of vision. 

Op'ti-mate (op'tl-mat), n. [L. optimas, -atis, adj., opti- 
mates, n. pi., the adherents of the best men, the aristocrats, 
fr. optimus the best.] A noble or aristocrat. 

|| op'ti-ma'tes (-ma'tez), n. pi. [L. See opthiate.] The 
nobility or aristocracy of ancient Rome. 

op'ti-me (op'tT-me), n. [L., adv. fr. optimus the best.] In 
Cambridge University, Eng., a man who obtains honors, 
but fails to get placed among the wranglers, in the mathe- 
matical tripos ; — called senior optime or junior optime 
according as he is placed in the second or third class. 

Op'ti-mism (-miz'm), n. [F. optimisme, fr. L. optimus the 
best.] 1. Metaph. & Ethics. The opinion or doctrine that 
everything in nature is ordered for the best. 2. A disposi- 
tion to take the most hopeful view ; — opp. to pessimism. 

op'ti-mist (-mist), n. An adherent of, or one given to, opti- 
mism ; — opposed to pessimist. 

op'ti-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. Of or pert, to optimism. 

op / ti-mis'ti-cal (-tT-kdl), a. Optimistic. cal-ly, adv. 

op'ti-mize (op'ti-miz), v. i. & t.; -mized (-mlzd) ; -miz / ing 
(-miz'ing). To be optimistic; treat optimistically. 

op'ti-mum (-mum), n. [L., prop. neut. of optimus best.] 
1. The best, greatest, or most favorable degree, quantity, 
etc. 2. Biol. The most favorable condition as to tempera- 
ture, light, moisture, food, etc., for the growth- and repro- 
duction of an organism. 

op'tion (op'shun), n. [L. optio.] 1. Act of choosing ; 
choice. 2. Power of choosing ; right of choice or election ; 
alternative. 3. That which is offered for choice, or which 
is chosen. 4. A stipulated privilege, given to a party in a 
time contract, of demanding its fulfillment on any day 
within a specified limit. — Syn. See alternative. 

op'tion-al (-51), a. Involving an option ; not compulsory. — 
n. An optional study ; an elective. — op'tion-al-ly, adv. 

op-tom'e-ter (op-tom'e-ter), n. [optic -f- -meter.] Physiol. 
An instrument for measuring the 
distance of distinct vision, or the 
accommodative scope of the eye, 




Optometer. 



as in selecting eyeglasses. 

op-tom'e-trist (-trist), n. One 
who is skilled in or practices op- 
tometry. 

op-tom'e-try (-trl), n. Measurement of the range of vision, 
or of the powers of vision in general, esp. by the optometer. 



op'U-lence (op'u-l?ns), n. Wealth ; riches ; affluence. 

op'U-lent (-lent), a. [L. opulens, opulentus, fr. ops, opis, 
power, wealth, riches.] Having a large estate or property ; 
rich ; hence : luxuriant ; profuse, etc. — Syn. See rich. 

O-pun'ti-a (o-pun'shi-d), n. [NL.] Bot. Any of a large 
genus (Opuntia) of cactaceous plants, the prickly pears, 
having flat or terete joints usually studded with tubercles 
bearing sharp spines or prickly hairs or both. The flowers 
are mostly yellow, and are succeeded by edible pulpy fruits. 

|| O'pus (o'pus), n. ; pi. opera (opt-rd). [L. See opera.] 
A work ; work ; esp., a musical composition. 

O-pus'cule (6-pus'kul), n. [L. opusculum, dim. of opus 
work.] A small or petty work, esp. literary or musical. 

O-quas'sa (6-kwas'd), n. [From Oquassa Lake, Maine.] 
Zo'dl. A small trout (Salvelinus oquassa) found in the 
Rangeley Lakes, Maine. 

or (or), prep., conj., & adv. [From Scand.] Ere; before. 
Obs. or Archaic. — or ever, or ere, before. Archaic. 

or, conj. [ME. or, fr. outher, other, auther, either, or, AS. 
dwSer, contr. fr. ahwseSer; a aye + hwxSer whether ; or 
ME. other, oSer, or, may be fr. AS. oSSe.] A coordi- 
nating conjunction that marks an alternative ; as, he will 
go, or I will. 

or, n. [F., fr. L. aurum gold.] Her. Yellow or gold color 
(represented in engraving by a white surface covered with 
small dots). 

-or. [L. -or.] 1. A suffix forming nouns and denoting act, 
state, or quality, of. 
Examples : error, act of erring ; fervor, state of being fer- 
vid ; candor, quality or state of being candid. 

2. A suffix (equivalent to -er, but chiefly appended to 
words of Latin origin) denoting the agent or doer, and 
signifying : one that; one who ; that which. 

Examples : elevator, one (a machine) that elevates ; actor, 
one who acts ; survivor, one who survives, etc. 

or'ach 1 (or'dch), n. [F. arroche, corrupt, fr. L. atriplex, 

or'achej Gr. drpd(j!>a£i;s.] Any of a genus {Atriplex) of 
chenopodiaceous herbs or subshrubs (esp. A. hortensis), 
abundant in saline or alkaline regions. 

or'a-cle (or'd-k'l), n. [L. oraculum, fr. or are to speak, ut- 
ter, pray.] 1. Class. Antiq. The medium, as a priest, by 
which a god reveals hidden knowledge .or divine purpose ; 
also, the place where the revelation is given. 2. The re- 
sponse of an oracle to a question or petition. 3. a A place 
or medium of communication from God, as the Jewish holy 
of holies, or an inspired prophet, b The revelation received 
from such a medium ; specif., in pi., the Scriptures. 4. One 
supposed to give oracular knowledge or decisions. 5. An 
authoritative or wise expression ; a wise answer. 

O-rac'li-lar (6-rak'u-ldr), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an 
oracle ; forecasting the future. 2. Resembling an oracle, 
as in solemnity, authority, obscurity, ambiguity, or dog- 
matism. — o-rac'u-lar-ly, adv. — o-rac'u-lar-ness, n. 

o'ral (o'ral), a. [L. os, oris, mouth.] 1. Uttered by the 
mouth ; spoken. 2. Using speech or the lips ; as, an oral 
teacher. 3. Of or pert, to the mouth. 4. Zo'dl. Designating 
the side on which the mouth is situated. — o'ral-ly, adv. 
Syn. Oral, verbal are often used as equivalent terms. 
But oral applies only to that which is spoken by word of 
mouth, and emphasizes the idea of utterance ; as, oral tra- 
dition, an oral examination. Verbal strictly applies to that 
which is communicated in words, spoken or written, or to 
that which has to do with words in contradistinction to 
ideas ; it is employed esp. of transactions that are not com- 
mitted to writing ; as, a verbal contract, a verbal message, 
verbal distinctions. 

O-rang' (6-rang'), n. The orang-utan. 

or'ange (or'enj ; -inj), n. [F., fr. Ar. ndranj, Per. ndrang. 
The o- in F. orange is due to confusion with or gold, L. 
aurum.] 1. The large, globose fruit, botanically a berry, 
of an evergreen rutaceous tree (Citrus aurantium). 2. The 
orange tree, having oval leaves and fragrant white flowers. 

3. Any of several other species of citrous trees or their fruit, 
as the mandarin orange (C. nobilis). 4. Any of several 
trees or fruits more or less resembling the orange, as the 
Osage orange. 5. The color of the orange ; reddish yellow. 

— a. Of or pert, to an orange ; of the color of an orange. 

or'ange-ade' (-ad'), n. [F., fr. orange.] A drink made of 
orange juice and water ; orange sherbet. 

Or'ange-ism (or'en-jiz'm ; or'm-), n. The doctrines or prac- 
tices of the Orangemen. — Or'ange-ist, n. 

Or'ange-man (or'enj-man; or'inj-), n. One of a secret 
society, organized in the north of Ireland in 1795, the pro- 
fessed objects of which are support of the Protestant reli- 
gion, maintenance of the laws, etc. ; — so called in honor 
of William, Prince of Orange (William III. of England). 

or'ange-ry (or'enj-n; or'inj-), n.; pi. -rtes (-rfz). [F. 
orangerie, fr. orange.] A house or other protected place 
for raising oranges in cool climates. _ 

O-rang'-u-tan 7 HS-rang'ob-tan' ; -tang' ; o'rdng-oo'tdn), 

O-rang'-OU-tang'j n. [Malay orang utan, i. e., man of the 
woods ; orang man + utan a forest, wood, wild, savage.] 



K = ch in G, ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanatkma of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ORATION 



678 



ORDINANCE 



An anthropoid ape (Pongo pygmseus) of Borneo and Su- 
matra, about two thirds as large as the gorilla, and distin- 
guished by small ears, brown skin, and long, sparse, red- 
dish brown hair. 
O-ra'tion (S-ra'strun), n. [L. oratio, fr. orare to speak, 

{>ray.] An elaborate and dignified discourse, esp. one de- 
ivered on some special occasion, as a funeral or anniversary. 

— Syn. Address, speech, harangue. See speech. 
or'a-tor (or'd-ter), n. [OF. oratour, L. orator, fr. orare to 

speak.] 1. Law. The petitioner or plaintiff. 2. A public 

speaker, esp. one distinguished for skill and power. 
or'a-tor'i-cal (-tor'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to an orator or 

oratory ; rhetorical. — or'a-tor'i-cal-ly, adv. 
or'a-to'ri-o (-to'ri-o ; 57), n. ; pi. -rios (-oz). [It.] Music. A 

dramatic text or poem, usually on some Biblical theme, set 

to music, in recitative, arias, choruses, etc., with orchestral 

accompaniment, but without action, scenery, or costume. 
or'a-tor-Ship', n. The position or office of orator. 
or'a-to-ry (or'd-to-n), n. [L. oratoria (sc. ars) oratorical 

art.] Art of an orator ; eloquence. — Syn. See elocution. 
or'a-to-ry, n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). [L. oratorium, fr. oratorius 

of praying, of an orator.] 1. A place of orisons, or prayer ; 

esp., a small chapel or room for private devotions. 2. R. C. 

Ch. One of certain religious societies. 
orb (orb), n. [L. orbis circle, orb.] 1. A sphere; esp., a 

celestial sphere ; Obs., the earth. 2. A globe ; Poetic, the 

eye. 3. A circle ; anything circular. Poetic & Now Rare. 

4. The orbit, or plane of the orbit, of a heavenly body. 

Obs. — v.t.& i. 1. To form into a globe, disk, or circle. 2. 

To encircle ; inclose. Poetic. 3. To move in an orbit. Rare. 
orbed (orbd), a. Having the form of an orb ; round. 
or-bic'u-lar (or-bik'u-ldr), a. [L. orbicularis, fr. orbicu- 

lus, dim. of orbis orb.] Like an orb; spherical; circular. 

— or-bic'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. — or-bic'u-lar-ly, adv. 
or-bic'u-late (-lit) 1 a. [L. orbiculatus.] Circular, or 
or-bic'u-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ nearly circular. See leaf, Illust. 
or'bit (Sr'bit), n. [L. orbita a track made by a wheel, 

course, circuit, fr. orbis a circle.] 1. Anat. The eye socket. 
2. Zo'dl. The skin around the eye of a bird. 3. Astron. The 
path described by a heavenly body in its revolution around 
another body. — or/bit-al (-bi-tal), a. 

or'bi-tO-na'sal (-bT-to-na'zal), a. Cranial. Of or pertain- 
ing to the orbital and nasal portions of the skull, 
orbitonasal index, a ratio denoting the relative projec- 
tion of the root of the nose beyond the plane of the orbits. 

orb'y (or'bT), a. Orblike ; pert, to, or moving like an orb. 

ore (ork), n. [L. orca a kind of whale.] The grampus or a 
supposedly similar sea animal. 

or'ce-in (8r'se-Tn), n. [See orcin.] Chem. A red nitroge- 
nous dyestuff , the essential coloring matter of cudbear and 
archil, got from orcin by action of ammonia and oxygen. 

Or'chard (or'cherd), n. [AS. orceard, ortgeard; prob. fr. 
L. hortus garden + AS. geard yard.] An inclosure con- 
taining fruit trees ; also, the trees collectively. 

or'chard-ist, n. One who cultivates an orchard. 

or'ches-tra (or^kes-trd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 6pxv<rrpa, orig., 
place for the chorus of dancers, fr. 6pxel<r9ai to dance.] 
1. Class. Antiq. In ancient Greek theaters, the circular 
space used by the chorus, in front of the proscenium. In 
Roman theaters, a corresponding semicircular space used 
for the seats of dignitaries. 2. In a modern theater, etc., 
the space used by a company of instrumental performers. 
By extension, the forward part, sometimes all, of the main 
floor in a theater. 3. Music. A company of performers on 
various instruments, including esp. those of the viol class, 
adapted for rendering symphonies, overtures, etc., or for 
playing slighter concerted music. 

or-Ches'tral (6r-kes'tral ; 6r'kes-tral), a. Of or pert, to an 
orchestra ; suitable for, or performed by, an orchestra. 

or'ches-trate (or'kes-trat), v. t. & %.; -trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; 
-trat/ing. To compose or arrange (music) for an orchestra. 

or'ches-tra'tion (or'kes-tra'shun), n. The arrangement of 
music for an orchestra ; instrumentation. 

or-ches'tri-on (or-kes'tri-on), n. A large music box like an 
elaborate barrel organ, provided with different stops, imi- 
tating a variety of orchestral instruments. 

or'chid (or'kid), n. [L. orchis, wrongly inflected orchidis, 
etc., Gr. 6pxis testicle, orchid.] Any orchidaceous plant. 

or'chi-da'ceous (-ki-da'shus), a. Of or pert, to a family 
(Orchidaceas) of perennial epiphytic or terrestrial plants, 
the orchid family, having, usually, showy flowers with a 
corolla of three petals, one (the labellum or lip) differing 
greatly from the others and often spurred. 

or'chis (or'kis), n. [L. See orchid.] An orchid; specif., 
an orchid of the type genus (Orchis). 

or-chi'tis (or-kl'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. opxis testicle + -itis.] 
Med. Inflammation of the testicles. — or-cbit'ic(-kTt'ik), a. 

or'cin 1 (or'sTn ; -si-nol ; -nol), n. [From same source as 

or'cin-olj archil."] Chem. A colorless crystalline sub- 
stance, CeHs-CHs-tOHh, obtained from certain lichens, 
from extract of aloes, and otherwise. Cf. orcein. 



Or'CUS (or'kus), n. [L.] Roman Myth. 1. The lower world; 

Hades. 2. The god of Hades ; Hades, or Pluto. 
or-dain' (or-dan'), v. t. [OF. ordener (3d sing. pres. or- 

deine), L. ordinare, fr. ordo, ordinis, order.] 1. To ap- 

?oint to a duty, office, or the like. 06s. or R. 2. Eccl. 
o invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions; intro- 
duce into the office of the Christian ministry. 3. To estab- 
lish ; constitute ; decree ; appoint ; enact ; esp., of the Deity; 
fate,etc.,to destine ; predestine. — or-dain'er (or-dan'er),7i. 
or'de-al (6r'de-51 ; -del),w. [AS. ordal, ordsel, a judgment.] 

1. A primitive means to determine guilt or innocence by 
imposing dangerous or painful tests supposed to be under 
superhuman control. 2. Any severe trial ; trying experience. 

Or/der (or'der), n. [F. ordre, fr. L. ordo, ordinis.'] 1. A 
society of persons united by some common rule of obligation 
or honorary distinction ; as : a A monastic society, b One 
of certain knightly fraternities, esp. one of those originat- 
ing in the era of the crusades, as the Knights Templars. 
C A society patterned on such an order, or its insignia or 
badge. 2. In medieval angelology, any of the nine grades 
of angels. 3. Eccl. a Any of the several grades or ranks 
of the Christian ministry ; as, major, or holy, orders (usu- 
ally, bishop, priest, deacon, and subdeacon) ; minor orders 
(acolyte, exorcist, lector, and doorkeeper), b The office or 
status of a person in the Christian ministry ; — now usu- 
ally in pi. and often with the epithet holy, c The confer- 
ment of such office ; ordination ; — usually in pi. and often 
with the epithet holy. 4. A rank or class in society. 
5. Arch, a A style of building, b Classical Arch. A type 
of column and entablature, viewed as the unit of a style. 
The Greeks used three orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corin- 
thian, to which the Romans added the Tuscan and the 
Composite. 6. Math. Degree ; thus, the order of a curve or 
surface is the same as the degree of its equation. 7. Biol. 
A category of classification above the family and below the 
class. 8. Regular arrangement ; method ; system. 9. Eccl. 
A prescribed form of service, as for a rite. 10. Customary 
mode of procedure ; — now used only of debate, etc. ; as, he 
raised a point of order. 11. Conformity to law or decorum ; 
public quiet. 12. Condition in general ; normal state. 13. 
Mil. Position of order arms (see order arms). 14. Action 
suited to a particular end. Obs. or Archaic. 15. A rule or 
regulation ; also, a command ; direction. 16. Law. a In its 
widest sense, any command or direction of a court, b Usu- 
ally, in practice, any direction of a judge or court entered 
in writing and not included in a judgment or decree. 17. 
A commission to buy, sell, or supply goods.pay money, ad- 
mit to a building, etc. 18. Com. The direction by which the 
payee or holder of negotiable paper prescribes to whom pay- 
ment shall be made. 

Syn. Order, system. Order is formal or regular arrange- 
ment ; system implies a definite, methodical, or logical 
order or plan ; as, the room is. in order; the Dewey system 
of classifying books. 
in order to, for the purpose of ; as means to. 

— v. t. 1. To put in, or reduce to, order ; specif., to ar- 
ray for battle. Archaic. 2. To regulate ; dispose ; direct ; 
rule. 3. To give an order for. 4. To give an order to; 
command. — Syn. See command. 

order arms, the command at which a soldier brings his 
rifle to a vertical position at his side, with the butt on the 
ground, and at which a cavalryman drops his sword or 
saber to the front with point on or near the ground ; also, 
the position taken at such command. 

— v. i. To give orders ; issue commands. 
or'der-er, n. One who orders. 

or'der-ing, n. Arrangement, regulation, ordination, etc. 
or'der-li-ness (-li-nes), n. Quality or state of being orderly. 
or/der-ly, a. 1. Conformed to order; in order; regular. 

2. Observant of order or rule ; hence : obedient ; quiet. 

3. Performed in good order ; well-regulated. 4. Being on 
duty ; keeping order ; conveying orders. — adv. According 
to due order ; methodically. — n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). 1. Mil. 
A'honcommissioned officer or soldier who attends a superior 
officer to carry his orders, etc. 2. A hospital attendant 
who does general work. 

or'di-nal (or'di-nal), a. [L. ordinalis, fr. ordo, ordinis, 
order.] 1. Indicating order or succession ; as, the ordinal 
numbers, first, second, etc. 2. Of or pert, to an order. — n. 

1. [Often cap.] A book containing certain church serv- 
ices, as, R. C. Ch., one containing the rubrics of the Mass. 

2. A word denoting order ; an ordinal number. 
B^The forms 1st, 2d (or, less properly, 2nd), 3d (less 
properly, 3rd), 4th, etc., used for first, second, third, 
fourth, etc., as in designating the days of the month, are 
not, properly speaking, abbreviations, and take no period. 

or'di-nance (-nans), n. [OF. ordenance. See ordain.] 
1. Orderly arrangement ; regular disposition. 2. a Order- 
ing ; direction. Archaic, b That which is decreed or or- 
dained, as by God or fate. C Established rule ; esp., any 
public enactment, rule, or law. 3. A prescribed practice 
or usage ; Eccl., an established rite or ceremony. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ORDINARILY 



679 



ORIENTALISM 



-,P 



Ordinate. P Any Point ; 
XX Axis of Abscissas ; 
YY Axis of Ordinates ; 
PA or BO Ordinate of P ; 
PB or AO Abscissa of P. 



or'di-na-ri-ly f-na-ri-lT), adv. As a rule ; commonly. 
or'di-na-ry (-na-ri), a. [L. ordinarius, fr. or do, ordinis, 
order.] 1. According to established order; regular. 2. 
Common ; usual. 3. Law. Having or designating immedi- 
ate or original jurisdiction, as opposed to that which is del- 
egated ; also, belonging to such jurisdiction. 4. Of common 
rank, quality, or ability ; not distinguished ; commonplace ; 
inferior ; of little merit. — Syn. See common. 
— n. ; pi. -RiES (-riz) . 1. An officer, who has original jurisdic- 
tion in his own right ; specif. : a Eccl. & Eng. Law. The 
archbishop of a province, or a bishop or his deputy in a dio- 
cese, b In some States of the United States, a judge of pro- 
bate. 2. Formerly, in England, a clergyman appointed to 
prepare criminals for the death penalty. 3. Eccl. An order 
of service, esp. the order for the Mass, or a certain part of it. 
4. That which is ordinary, as in use or character. 5. A meal 
served at a fixed price ; a table d'hote, or regular, meal ; for- 
merly, those present at such a meal. 6. A tavern or eating 
house, or its dining room. 7. Her. Any of several simple 
charges or bearings that are in constant use, as the bend, 
chevron, chief, etc. 

in ordinary, in constant or stated service ; as, a physician 
in ordinary, an ambassador in ordinary. 
or'di-nate (-nat), n. [L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare. See 
ordaxn.] Geom. One of the co- . \j 

ordinates of a point ; — distin- 
guished from the abscissa, 
which is the other coordinate. p 

or'di-na'tion (-na/shwn), n. [L. D 

ordinatio.] Act of ordaining ; 
state of being ordained ; specif., y , 

Eccl., the conferring of holy A * 

orders. 
ordinance (ord'nans), n. [See 
ordinance.] 1. Military sup- 
plies, including all artillery and > 
ammunition, small arms, etc. 
2. Cannon ; artillery. 
or'don-nance (or'do-nans; F. 
or'do'n'aNs'), n. [F. See or- 
dinance.] 1. Arrangement; 
order ; esp. , relative disposition of parts, as of a literary com- 
position. 2. In Europe, a law or decree ; an ordinance ; as, 
in France, esp., any of the codes on various subjects issued 
by Louis XIV. and later kings. 
Or'do-vi'cian (or'do-vish'dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
Celtic people in Wales, called by the Romans the Or-dov'i- 
ces (or-dov'i-sez). 2. Geol. Pert, to or designating the 
Paleozoic period following the Cambrian, marked by the 
emergence of great areas of land, as in North America, and 
by the largest development of trilobites, cystoids, and grap- 
tolites ; — sometimes called Lower Silurian. 
— n. The Ordovician period or system. 
or'dure (or'djjr), n. [F., fr. OF. ord filthy, fr. L. horridus 
horrid.] Filth ; dung ; excrement. 
o're (u're), n. sing. & pi. [Dan., Sw., & Norw.] A bronze 
coin and money of account of Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden, T J 5 of a krone or krona, worth about I of a cent. 
ore (or; 57), n. [AS. ora.] A native compound containing 
one or more metals or metallic constituents ; sometimes, 
also, a native metal or valuable native nonmetal, as sulphur. 
O're-ad (o're-ad; 57), n. [L. Oreas, -adis, Gr. 'Opeidj, 
-ados, fr. opos mountain.] Class. Myth. One of the nymphs 
of mountains and hills. 
O-rec'tic (o-rek'tik), a. [Gr. ope/mKos, fr. opkyav to reach 

after.] Of or pert, to the desires ; hence, appetitive. 
Oregon pine. See Douglas spruce. 

O-res'tes (6-res'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Opco-ttjs.] Gr. Myth. 
A son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who avenged his 
father's murder by slaying his mother and ^Egisthus. 
O-rex'is (-rek'sis), n. [NL.,fr. Gr.ope£is.] Desire ; appetite. 
or'gan (or'gdn), n. [AS. organe, organon, a musical instru- 
ment, L. organum, also, an implement, instrument, Gr. 5p- 
yavov .] 1. Music, a One of various instruments, esp. of 
wind; — chiefly Scriptural. Cf. Gen. iv. 21. Obs. or Hist. 
b A wind instrument, in its complete modern form the larg- 
est and most powerful of musical instruments, consisting of 
from one to many sets of pipes, sounded by compressed air 
from bellows, and played by means of one or more key- 
boards ; also, one of the component sets of pipes, with their 
accessories. C A barrel organ, d A reed organ. 2. Biol. A 
part or structure adapted to perform some specific function 
or functions, as the heart, kidney, pistil, stamen, etc. 3. An 
instrument, medium, or faculty by which an action or func- 
tion is performed or end accomplished ; as, a newspaper is 
often the organ of a party. 
or'gan-dieUor'gan-di), n. [F. organdi.] A kind of fine 
or'gan-dy f^ thin muslin, plain or figured, used for dresses. 
or-gan'ic (or-gan'ik), a. [L. organicus, Gr. bpyaviKos.] 
1. Instrumental. Rare. 2. Of or pert, to an organ or a 
system of organs ; as, the organic structure. 3. Pert, to, 
or derived from, living organisms ; as, organic life. 4. 



Pert, to, or inherent in, a certain organization or structure, 
as the law or laws by virtue of which a government, state, or 
other organization exists as such ; constitutional. 5. Chem. 
Pert, to or designating a branch of chemistry treating in 
general of the compounds produced in plants and animals 
and many other carbon compounds of artificial origin ; — 
contrasted with inorganic. 6. Having a complex structure 
comparable to that of living beings. — or-gan'i-cal-ly, adv. 
organic disease, Med., a disease attended with morbid 
changes in the structure of the affected organs ; — opposed 
to functional disease. 

or'gan-ism (or'gan-Tz'm), n. 1. Organic structure ; organi- 
zation^ 2. Biol. An individual constituted to carry on the 
activities of life by means of mutually dependent organs ; 
any animal or plant. 3. Any thing, structure, or totality, 
analogous or likened to a physical organism. 

or'gan-ist, n. A player on the organ. 

or'gan-iz'a-ble (or'gdn-Tz'd-b'l), a. That may be organ- 
ized ; esp., Biol., capable of being formed into living tissue. 

or'gan-i-za'tion (-T-za'shun; -I-za'shun), n. 1. Act or 
process of organizing. 2. State or manner of being organ- 
ized ; organic structure. 3. Any organic whole ; as, a reli- 
gious organization. 

or'gan-ize (6r'gan-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-TzTng). 
1. To make organic ; — usually in the past participle ; as, 
organized matter. 2. To arrange or constitute in inter- 
dependent parts ; systematize. — v. i. 1. To become or- 
ganic. 2. To become systematized into a whole of inter- 
dependent parts. — or'gan-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

or'ga-no-gen'e-sis (or'gd-no-jen'S-sTs), n. Biol. The origin 
and development of organs in plants and animals. 

or'ga-nog'ra : phy (-nog'rd-fi), n. Biol. A description of the 
organs of animals or plants. [ganic structure] 

or'ga-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-ji), n. The science of organs or or-j 

or'ga-non (or'gd-non), n.; pi. -na (-nd). [NL., fr. L. or- 
ganum.'] An organ or instrument of thought or knowledge, 
as a method of philosophical or scientific investigation. 

or'ga-no-ther'a-py (-n6-ther'd-pi),re. Also or'ga-no-ther'- 
a-peu'tics (-pu'tiks). Med. Treatment of disease by ad- 
ministration of portions or extracts of certain animal organs. 

or'ga-num (or'gd-num), n. ; pi. L. -na (-nd), E. -nums 
(-numz). [L.] 1. An organon. 2. Medieval Music, a A 
voice part accompanying the melody, usually at an interval 
above or below, b Part singing of this nature. 

or'gan-zine (or'gan-zen), n. [F. organsin.] A fine kind 
of double-thrown silk, used for the warp in silk weaving. 

or'gasm (or'gaz'm), n. [F. orgasme.~\ Physiol. Eager or 
immoderate _ excitement or action; esp., the height of 
venereal excitement. 

or'geat (8r'zhat; F. or'zha'), n. [F., fr. orge barley, L. 
hordeum.] A flavoring sirup prepared with an emulsion 
of almonds, or, formerly, with a decoction of barley. 

Or'gi-as'tiC^or'ji-as'tTk), a. [Gr. opyiaoTinbs. See ORGY.] 
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, orgies. 

Or'gy (or'jl), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [F. orgie, orgies, L. orgia, 
pi., Gr. bpyia.] 1. Gr. & Rom. Antiq. [Chiefly in pl.~] 
Secret rites in honor of a deity, esp. those in honor of 
Dionysus (Bacchus), characterized by ecstatic singing and 
dancing, and often dissolute revelry. Hence, any rites or 
ceremonies regarded as of a like character. 2. [In sing, or 
pi.] Drunken revelry ; carousal. 

or'i-chalch (pr'i-kalk), n. [L. orichalcum, Gr. 6pei'xaX«os; 
5pos mountain + x a X*6s brass.] Some yellow metallic sub- 
stance, perhaps brass, highly valued by the ancients. 

O'ri-el (o'ri-el ; 57), n. [OF. oriol gallery, corridor, fr. LL. 
oriolum portico, hall.] Arch. A bay window, esp. one 
polygonal in plan. 

O'ri-ent (o'rT-ent ; 57), a. [L. oriens, -entis, p. pr. of oriri 
to rise.] 1. Eastern ; oriental. Poetic. 2. Bright ; lustrous ; 
pellucid ; — said of superior gems, the most perfect being 
anciently found in the East. 3. Rising, as the sun. 

— n. 1. The east. Poetic. 2. [Usually cap.~\ The East ; 
eastern countries ; esp., the countries immediately east of 
the Mediterranean; also, the countries of Asia generally. 
3. An orient pearl ; a pearl of great luster (see orient, a., 2). 

— v. t. 1. To cause to face toward the east ; specif., to build, 
as a church, with its longitudinal axis pointing eastward, 
and its chief altar at the eastern end ; define the position of, 
or arrange, in relation to the east or to the points of the 
compass; hence, to ascertain the bearings of. 2. To set 
right, as by adjusting to principles ; arrange in order or so 
as to show the interrelation of parts or objects. 

O'ri-en'tal (-en'tdl), a. 1. Pert, to the east ; eastern. Rare. 
2. [Usually cap.] Pert, to, situated in, or characteristic 
of, the Orient, or East ; Eastern. 3. Zoogeog. [cap.] Desig- 
nating a realm or region including Asia south of the Hima- 
layas, the Philippine Islands, and part of the Indo-Malayan 
Archipelago. 4. [Sometimes cap.] = orient, a., 2. 

— n. [Usually cap.] A member of one of the indigenous 
races of the Orient ; an Asiatic. 

O'ri-en'tal-ism (-Iz'm), n. [Usually cap.] 1. Any trait, 
style, custom, expression, etc., peculiar to Oriental people; 






E = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ORIENTALIST 



680 



ORPIMENT 







also, Oriental character or culture. 2. Knowledge or use of 
Oriental languages, history, etc. 

O'ri-en'tal-ist, n. [Usually cap.J One versed in Oriental 
languages, literature, etc. 

o'ri-en'tal-ize (-Tz), v. t. & i. To make or become Oriental. 

O'ri-en-tate^ (o'ri-en-taf ; o'rf-en'tat), v. t. ;-tat'ed ; -tat'- 
ing. To orient. — v. i. To move or turn toward the east. 

O'ri-en-ta'tion (-en-ta'shun), n. Act or process of orienting ; 
position, state, or fact of being oriented. 

or'i-fice (or'i-fis), n. [F., fr. L. orificium; os, oris, a 
mouth -f- facer e to make.] A mouth or aperture, as of a 
tube ; opening ; hole ; perforation. 

Syn. Orifice, aperture. An orifice is a relatively small 
opening that forms the mouth of something ; an aperture 
is an opening (often for passage) esp. through something 
or between two objects ; as, the orifice of a tube ; an over- 
ture in the wall. 

or'i-flamme (or'I-flam), n. Also or'i-flamb (-flam). [F. 
oriflamme, OF. oriflambe, fr. LL., fr. L. aurum gold + 
flanvma flame.] 1. Hist. The ancient banner of St. Denis 
carried before the early French kings as a sacred and royal 
ensign. See flag, Illust. 2. Something suggestive of the 
historic oriflamme, as a battle standard. 

or'i-gan (-gan), n. [L. origanum, Gr. oplyavov, opelyavov."] 
A marjoram. 

or^i-gin (-jin), n. [L. origo, -iginis, fr. oriri to rise, become 
visible.] 1. The first existence or beginning ; birth ; hence: 
parentage ; ancestry. 2. That from which anything pri- 
marily proceeds ; the fountain ; spring ; c^use. 
Syn. Source, root ; rise, inception, commencement, be- 
ginning. — Origin, inception. The origin of anything 
is its beginning considered esp. with reference to that from 
which it springs ; the inception of anything is its beginning 
regarded esp. as initiating or inaugurating whatever follows. 

O-rig'i-nal (6-rIj'i-nal), a. 1. Of or pert, to the origin or be- 
ginning ; first in order or existence ; primitive ; primary. 

2. Not copied, reproduced, or translated ; novel ; fresh. 

3. Independent and creative ; inventive. — Syn. See native. 
original sin, Theol., the innate sin, or depravity, inherited 
from our parents, and originally from Adam. ' 

— n. That which is original ; as : a A source or cause ; an 
originator. Archaic, b That of which something else is a 
copy, as a document or a subject portrayed in art. c A per- 
son who is original, esp. one who is eccentric, in action or 
character. [inal.l 

O-rig'i-nal'i-ty (-nal'i-ti), n. State or quality of being orig-| 

O-rig'i-nal-ly, adv. 1. By virtue of origin ; primarily. 2. At 
the time of origin or inception ; at first. 

O-rig'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'ing. To 
give an origin or beginning to ; produce as new. — v. i. To 
have origin ; begin to exist or act. [inating ; origin. | 

O-rig'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act, fact, or process of orig 

O-rig'i-na-tive (-na-tiv), a. Able or tending to originate. 

O-rig'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who originates. 

O'ri-ole (o'rl-ol ; 57), n. [OF. oriol or LL. ori- 
olus; both fr. L. aureolus. See aureola.] 1. 
Any of a family {Oriolidee) of passerine 
related to the crows ; esp., the 
European golden oriole (Ori- 
olus galbula), which is bright 
yellow marked with black. 
Any of a genus (Icterus) 
of American oscine birds, 
as the Baltimore oriole 
(J. galbula), orchard 
oriole (I. spurius), etc., 
not closely related to the Old World orioles 
birds are usually black and yellow or orange. 

0-ri , on(6-rI , on),TO. [L.,fr. Gr. 'Qpiuv.2 1. Class. Myth. A 
hunter slain by Artemis for making love to Eos. He was 
changed into a constellation. 2. Astron. A large and bright 
constellation on the equator. 

or'i-son (or'i-zun), n. [OF. orison, oreison, fr. L. oratio. 
See oration.] A prayer ; supplication. Archaic. 

Or-lan'do (6r-lan'do), n. 1. See Roland. 2. In Shake- 
speare's "As You Like It," the lover of Rosalind. 

orle (orl), n. [F. orle an orle, a fillet, fr. LL. orlum, orla, 
for orulum, -la, border, dim. of L. ora border, margin.] 
Her. A bearing, in the form of a fillet, round the shield, 
within, but at some distance from, the border. 

Or'le-an-ist (6r'le-dn-Tst), n. An adherent of the Orleans 
family, which claims the throne of France by descent from 
a younger brother of Louis XIV. Louis Philippe, who 
reigned 1830-48, was the only sovereign of the family. 

or'lop (or'lop), n. [D. overloop upper deck, lit., a running 
over.] The lowest deck of a vessel, esp. of a ship of war. 

Or'mazd (or'miizd ; -mazd), n. _ [Zend Ahuramazda."] 
Zoroastrianism. The supreme deity, the principle of good, 
the creator, the guardian of mankind. See Ahriman. 

or'mo-lu (6r'mo-loo), n. [F. or moulu ; or gold (L. aurum) 
-\- moulu, p. p. of moudre to grind, L. molere.'] A kind of 
brass in imitation of gold. 




Golden 
Oriole. 



The male 



or'na-ment (-na-ment), n. [F. ornement, fr. L. ornamen- 
tum, fr. ornare to adorn.] 1. An article of equipment • an 
adjunct. Archaic or Eccl. 2. That which embellishes or 
adorns ; an embellishment ; a decoration. 3. Addition of 
anything that beautifies ; ornamentation ; decoration 

or'na-ment (or'nd-ment; Sr'nd-ment'), v. t. To adorn- 
deck ; embellish. — Syn. See adorn. 

or'na-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Serving to ornament ; char- 
acterized by ornament. — n. That which is ornamental ■ 
specif., Hort., a plant cultivated essentially for decorative 
purposes. — or'na-men'tal-ly, adv. 

or'na-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shwn), n. 1. Act of ornament- 
ing ; state of being ornamented. 2. That which ornaments. 

orna-ment-er, n. One who, or that which, ornaments. 

or-nate' (or-naf; or'nat), a. [L. ornatus, p. p. of ornare 
to adorn.] 1. Elaborately adorned. 2. Of a literary style 
embellished. — or-nale'ly, adv. — or-nate'ness, n. 

or'nis (or'nis), n. [G., fr. Gr. 5pm bird.] An avifauna. 

° r " mt j n ^ ( r 5r ~ nIth ' Ik) ' a - [° r - $P«*«fri f r. &p™, Spn0os, 

a bird.] Of or pertaining to birds ; as, ornithic fossils. 
or'ni-tho- (Qr'ni-tho- ; or-nl'tho-). A combining form from 
Greek opvis, Spvidos, bird. [ornithology I 

or ni-tho-log'i-cal (6r'm-th3-15j'i-kal), a. Of or pert, to 
or ni-thol'o-gist (-thol'6-jist), n. One skilled in ornithology! 
or'ni-thol'o-gy ( -ji ), n. That branch of zoology which 
treats of birds. 

or'ni-tho-pod' (6r'nT-th$-pod' ; or-nith'6-p5d), a. Paleon. 
Of or pert, to a group (Ornithopoda) of dinosaurs with hind 
feet like those of birds. — n. One of this group. 
or'ni-thop'ter (6r'ni-thop'ter), n. [ornitho- + Gr. irrepdv 
wing.] _ A flying machine designed to fly by means of flap- 
ping wings ; a mechanical bird. 
or'ni-tho-rhyn'chUS (or'ni-tho-nr/kws ; or-nT'-), n. [NL : • 

qrmtho- + Gr. pby X os snout, beak.] Zool. A duckbill. ' 
oro-. A combining form from Greek opos, mountain. 
or'o-ban-cha'ceons (or/6-ban-ka'shfe), a . [L. orobanche 
broom rape, Gr. bpo^ayxn-'] Bot. Belonging to a family 
(Orobanchacese) of plants, the broom-rape family, consist- 
ing of leafless, brown or yellow herbs, parasitic on roots. 
It includes the beechdrops. 
o-rog'e-ny (6-roj'e-ni), or'o-gen'e-sis (or'o-jen'e-sTs), n. 
Geol. The process of mountain making, esp. by folding of 
the crust. See diastrophism. — or'o-gen'ic (-jen'ik) o 
O-rog'ra-phy (o-rog'rd-fi), n. That branch of physical 
geography which treats of mountains. — or'o-graph'ic 
(or'6-graf'ik), or'o-graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 
O'ro-ide (o'ro-id; -Id; 57), n. [F. or gold (L. aurum) -f 
Gr. elSos form.] An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc or tin, 
resembling gold in color, used in making cheap jewelry. 
O-rol'0-gy (6-rol'6-ji), n. The science of mountains; orog- 
raphy. — or'o-log'i-cal (or'6-loj'i-kal), a. 
O-rom'e-ter (o-rom/S-ter), n. Meteor. An aneroid barome- 
ter having a second scale that gives the approximate eleva- 
tion above sea level. 
or'o-met'ric (or'o-met'rik), a. Pertaining to the measure- 
ment of mountains or to the orometer. 
o'ro-tund (o'ro-tund ; or'S- ; 57), a. [L. os, oris, mouth + 
rotundus round, smooth.] Full, clear, strong, and smooth ; 
ringing and musical ; — said of the voice. Also, pompous ; 
bombastic ; — said of style in writing or speaking. 
or'phan (or'fon), n. [L. orphanus, Gr. 6p<}>av6s.'] A child 
bereaved by death of both father and mother, or, less com- 
monly, of either parent. — a. Bereaved by death of 
parents. — v. t. To deprive of a parent or of parents. 
or'phan^age (-aj), n. 1. State of being an orphan. 2. An 
institution for the care of orphans. 
or'phan-hood (-hood), n. State or fact of being an orphan ; 
orphanage. [or his music! 

Or-phe'an (or-fe'dn), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling Orpheus} 
Or'pheus (Qr'fus ; commonly or'fe-ws), n. [L., fr. Gr. Op- 
0€us.] Class. Myth. A Thracian poet and musician, son of 
Apollo and Calliope, who, with his lyre, could charm beasts 
and make trees and rocks move. When his wife, Eurydice, 
died, he descended to Hades, and so pleased Pluto by his 
music that the god allowed him to lead her back to earth 
on condition that he should not look behind. He looked 
back, and Eurydice vanished among the shades. 
Or'phic (or'flk), a. l.Of or pert, to Orpheus. 2. lAlso I. c] 
Oracular. 3. Like the music of Orpheus. 
Orphic mysteries, the secret rites and doctrines of the ad- 
herents of the interpretation of Dionysiac worship ascribed 
to Orpheus as founder. Their essential import was to teach 
that the initiate might by pure life and asceticism achieve 
that mystic identification with the divine nature which the 
Dionysiacs sought in orgiastic ecstasy. 
Or'phism (-fiz'm), n. The religion of the Orphic mysteries. 
or'phrey (or'fra ; -fri), n. [OF. orfreis, F. orfroi, LL. auri- 
frigium; L. aurum gold + Phrygius Phrygian.] 1. Elab- 
orate embroidery, esp. of gold. Obs. or Hist. 2. A band, 
usually of rich embroidery, wholly or in part of gold, affixed 

fr. L. auripigmentum ; 



esp. to ecclesiastical vestments. 
or'pi-ment (6r'pi-ment), n. [F. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go: sing; ink; then, thin; na(j}re, verdure (87); 



ORPIN 



6S1 



OSCULANT 



aurum gold + pigmentum pigment.] Arsenic trisulphide, 
As2S.-i, or yellow arsenic, native or artificial. It is used as a 
pigment, in pyrotechny, etc. 
or'pin (or'pin), n. Var. of orpine. 

or'pine (or'pin), n. [F. orpin a kind of stonecrop ; — from 
the yellow blossoms of one species (Sedum acre). See orpi- 
ment.] A species (Sedum telephium) of stonecrop with 
fleshv leaves, formerly used as a vulnerary. 
Or'pihg-ton (6r'plng-tun), n. [From Orpington, Kent, 
Eng.] One of a breed of large deep-breasted domestic fowls. 
or'rer-y (or'er-I), n. [From the Earl of Orrery.'] An appa- 
ratus to illustrate the relative motions of the planets, etc. 

or'ris (-Is), n. Also or'rice. A species of iris, the Floren- 
tine iris (Iris ftorentina), or its fragrant rootstock. 

Or-si'no (or-se'no), n. See Viola. 

ort (ort), n. A morsel left at a meal ; fragment ; refuse ; — 
usually in pi. Now Rare or Archaic. 

or'tho- (6r'th6-). 1. A combining form from Gr. 6p66s, de- 
noting straight, right, upright, correct, regular. 2. Chem. 
A prefix (also used adjectively, ortho), employed : a In 
naming certain higher forms of hydration, esp. in acids ; as 
in orMophosphoric acid, OP(OH)3. b In naming certain 
benzene derivatives ; as in orthoxylene. 

Or'tho-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'Ik) la. Craniom. Having the 

or'tho-ceph'a-lous (-sef'd-lus) J relation of the height to 
the length or breadth of the skull medium. — or'tno-ceph'- 
a-ly (-sef'd-11), n. 

or'tho-Chro-mat'ic (-krc-mat'ik), a. Photog. Of, pertain- 
ing to, or producing tone values (of light and shade) in a 
photograph corresponding to the tones of nature. — or'- 
tho-chro'ma-tism (-kro'md-tlz'm), n. 

or'tho-clase (or'tho-klas ; -klaz), n. [ortho- -f- Gr. kKo.v 
to break.] Min. Common, or potash, feldspar. 

or'tho-clas'tic (-klas'tYk), a. Cryst. Cleaving in directions 
at right angles to each other ; — said esp. of the mono- 
clinic feldspars. 

or'tbo-dox (-doks), a. [L. orthodoxus, Gr. 6p665o£os ; bpObs 
right -f- 86£a opinion.] 1. Sound in opinion or doctrine ; 
hence, holding the Christian faith as formulated in the 
great church creeds and confessions ; — opposed to hereti- 
cal and heterodox. Specif, [cap.], of, pert, to, or designat- 
ing the Eastern Church. 2. According to, or congruous 
with, Scripture as interpreted in the creed of a church, the 
decree of a council, or the like. 3. Approved ; conventional ; 
as, an orthodox greeting. — or'tho-dox'ty, adv. 

or'tho-dox'y (-dok'sl), n. ; pi. -doxies (-slz). Orthodox 
character _; orthodox belief, practice, or the like. 

or'tho-ep'ic (-ep'Ik) la. Pert, to orthoepy, or correct 

or'tho-ep'i-cal (-l-kal)J pronunciation. [orthoepy. | 

or'tho-e-pist (6r'th6-e-plst ; or-tho'-), n. One skilled in| 

Or'thO-e-py (or'tho-e-pl ; or-tho'e-pl), n. [Gr. bpdokireia. ; 
bp66s right + e7roy a word.] 1. Art of uttering words cor- 
rectly ; correct pronunciation. 2. That part of grammar 
which treats of pronunciation ; phonology. 

or-thog'a-my ( or-thog'd-ml ), n. = autogamy. — or- 
thog'a-mous (-mus), a. 

or'tho-gen'e-sis (or'tho-jen'e-sis), n. [NL.] Biol. Varia- 
tion which in successive generations of an organism follows 
some particular line, evolving some new type irrespective 
of natural selection or other external factor ; determinate 
variation or evolution. — or'tho-ge-net'ic (-je-net'Ik), a. 

or-thog'O-nal (or-thog'6-ndl), a. \_ortho- -f- Gr. yuvla angle.] 
Right-angled ; rectangular. — or-thog'o-nal-ly, adv. 

or-thog'ra-pher (or-thog'rd-fer), n. One versed in orthog- 
raphy ; one who spells correctly. 

or'tho-graph'ic (or'tho-graf'Ik)! a. 1. Of or pertaining to 

or'tho-graph'i-cal (-I-kdl) J orthography ; also, correct 

in spelling. 2. Geom. Of or pertaining to right lines or an- 
gles. — or'tho -graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

orthographic projection, projection in which the project- 
ing lines are perpendicular to the plane of projection. 

Or-thOg'ra-phy (or-thog'rd-fl), n.; pi. -phies (-flz). [OF. 
ortographie, fr. L., fr. Gr. bpdoypafiia, deriv. fr. bpdbs 
right + yp&4>eii> to write.] 1. Art of writing words with 
the proper letters, according to standard usage ; correct 
spelling. 2. Grammar treating of letters and spelling. 3. 
A drawing in correct projection. 

or'tho : pe'dic, or'tho-pae'dic (-pe'dlk ; -ped'Ik), a. Med. 
Pertaining or relating to, or employed in, orthopedics. 

or'tho-pe'dics, or -pae'dics (or'tho-pe'dlks), n. (See -ics.) 
[NL., ortho- + Gr. n-cus, 7rat56s, child.] Correction or pre- 
vention of deformities in children, or in persons of any age. 
— or'tho-pe'dist, or -pae'dist (-pe'dlst ; or-thop'e-dlst), n. 

Or'tho-phyre(or'tho-fir), n. [_orthocla.se + -phyre.] Petrog. 
Porphyry having embedded crystals, chiefly of orthoclase. 

er'thop-nce'a, or/thop-ne'a (or'thop-ne'd), n. [L. orthop- 

noea, Gr. bpdbirvoia ; bpdbs straight, right + irvelv to 
breathe.] Med. A morbid condition in which respiration 
can be performed only in a* erect posture. 
or-thop'ter-an (or-thop'ter-dn), n. [ortho- + Gr. impbv 
feather, wing J Zool. Any of an order (Orthoptera) of in- 
sects comprising the grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, cock- 



roaches, etc. The mouth parts are fitted for biting. There 
are typically two pairs of wings, but many are wingless. 
Orthopterans undergo no metamorphosis. — or-tnop'- 
ter-an (-an), or-thop'ter-ous (-us), a. 

or-thop'tic (-tlk), a. Med. Pert, to, characterized by, or 
securing normal binocular vision ; as, orthoptic exercises in 
which the ocular muscles are exercised to correct deviation. 

or'tho-rhom'bic (or'tho-rom'blk), a. Cryst. Pert, to or 
designating a system of crystallization which has three un- 
equal axes at right angles to each other. 

or/tho-scop'ic (-skop'Ik), a. Optics. Giving an image in 
correct or normal proportions ; as, an orthoscopic eyepiece. 

or-thos'ti-chous (or-thos'tl-kus), a. [See orthostichy.] 
Bot. Straight-ranked ; arranged in vertical ranks. 

or-thos'ti-chy (or-thos'tl-kl ; or'tho-stlk'I), n. ; pi. -chies 
(-klz ; -Iz). [ortho- -f- Gr. arixos row.] Bot. A vertical rank 
or row, or an arrangement, as of leaves, in such ranks. 

or'tho-tone (or'tho-ton), a. [Gr. bpQorovos with the right 
accent ; 6p06s straight, right + rbvos tone, accent.] Gr. 
Gram. Having or retaining an independent accent ; not 
enclitic or proclitic ; — said esp. of certain indefinite pro- 
nouns and adverbs when used interrogatively, which other- 
wise are ordinarily enclitic. — n. An orthotone word. 

or-thot'ro-pism (or-thot'ro-plz'm), n. Plant Physiol. 
Vertical growth ; the tendency to elongate vertically, as in 
most primary stems and roots. Cf. plagiotropic. — or'- 
tho-trop'ic (or'tho-trop'Ik), a. 

or-thot'ro-pous (or-thot'ro-piis), a. [ortho- + Gr. rpkireiv 
to turn.] Bot. Having the nucellus straight ; — applied 
to certain ovules. — or-thot'ro-py (-pi), n. 

or/tol (or'tol ; -tol), n. [G., a trade name.] Photog. A yel- 
lowish white, soluble, crystalline substance, used as a devel- 
oper and also as an intensifier. It is a derivative of phenol. 

or'to-lan (or'to-lan), n. [F., fr. It. ortolano, fr. L. hortu- 
lanus gardener.] _ 1. A European bunting (Emberiza 
hortulana) about six inches long ; It is netted and fattened 
for a table delicacy. 2. a A species (Porzana Carolina) of 
rail, b The bobolink. U. S. 

o'ryx (o'rlks; or'Iks; 57), n. [L., fr. Gr. opv£.\] Any cf 
several large Af- 
rican antelopes 
(genus Oryx) . 

II OS (os), n. ; pi. 
ossa (os'd). [L.] 
Anat.dc Zool. A 
bone. 

os pubis. See 
pubis. — os in- 
no'mi-na'tum 
(1-nom'I-na'- 
tQm). [L.] Anat. 
The innominate 
bone. 

OS, n. ; pi. ORA Oryx. 

(o'rd). [L.] A nat. A mouth; opening. 

os (os), n. ; pi. osar (o'sar). [Sw. as ridge, chain of hills, pi. 
dsar."] Geol. A ridge of drift. 

O'sage or'ange (o'saj). An ornamental American mora- 
ceous tree (Toxylon pomiferum) closely allied to the mul- 
berry ; also, its yellow, tubercled, apple-shaped fruit. 

O'sar (o'sar), n., pi. of os, a ridge. 

Os'can (os'kdn), n. [L. Oscus, pi. Osci.1 One of a race of 
ancient Italy occupying Campania ; also, their language. 

OS'cil-late (os'I-lat), v. i.; -lat/ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
oscillare to swing, oscillum a swing.] 1. To move or 
swing backward and forward ; vibrate like a pendulum. 2, 
To vary or fluctuate between fixed limits ; change repeated- 
ly, back and forth. — Syn. See fluctuate. 

OS'cil-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act or fact of oscillating. 2^ 
Physics. A single swing, from one limit to the other, of an 
oscillating body ; also, Elec, an electric oscillation (see 
under electric). 

OS'cil-la / tor (os'I-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, oscil- 
lates ; specif., Elec, any device for producing electric os- 
dilations ; esp., an apparatus for generating electric waves 
in a system of wireless telegraphy. 

OS'cil-la-to-ry (-Id-to-rl), a. Characterized by oscillation. 

OS'cil-lo-gram (-16-gram), n. [L. oscillare to swing + 
-gram.'] Elec. A record made by an oscillograph. 

OS'cil-lo-graph (-graf),n. [L. oscillare to swing + -graph.] 
Elec. An apparatus for recording or indicating alternating- 
current wave forms or other electrical oscillations, usually 
consisting of a kind of galvanometer. 

OS'cine (os'In ; -in), n. [L. oscen, -inis, a singing bird.] 
Zool. Any of a superfamily or division (Oscines) of pas- 
serine birds comprising those with the most highly special- 
ized vocal apparatus. Its members are commonly termed 
the singing birds, though many do not sing. — OS'cine, a. 

OS'ci-tan-cy (-I-tdn-sI), n. [L. oscitare to yawn.] Drow- 
siness ; dullness ; sluggishness. 

OS'CU-lant (os'ku-lant), a. [L. osculans, -antis, p. pr. ot 




i 
( 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); oon; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



OSCULAR 



682 



OTALGIA 







oteulari to kiss. See osculate.] Biol. Intermediate in 
character ; connecting two groups by common characters. 

OS'CU-lar (os'ku-ldr), a. [L. osculum little mouth, a kiss.] 
Of or pertaining to the mouth or a kiss. 

os'cu-late (-ku-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. osculatus, p. p. of osculari to kiss, osculum little 
mouth, kiss, os mouth.] 1. To kiss. 2. Geom. To touch 
closely so as to have three or more points in common at the 
point of contact. 3. Biol. To be osculant. 

OS'CU-la'tion (-la'shim), re. 1. Act of osculating ; a kiss. _ 2. 
Geom. The contact of a curve or surface with an osculating 
curve or surface. 

OS'cu-la-to-ry (os'ku-ld-to-n), a. 1. Of or pert, to kissing ; 
kissing. 2. Geom. Osculating. 

OS'CU-lum (os'ku-lum), re.; pi. oscula (-Id). [L., a little 
mouth.] Zo'dl. One of the excurrent orifices of a sponge. 

-OSe (-os). [L. -osus.'] 1. A suffix denoting/uZZ of, contain- 
ing, having the qualities of, like; as in verbose, full of 
words ; globose, like a globe. 2. [F. -ose."] Chem. A suffix 
indicating that the substance to the name of which it is 
affixed is : a A carbohydrate ; as in cellulose, fructose, etc. 
b A primary alteration, or hydration, product of a proteid ; 
as in proteose, albumose, etc. 

O'sier (o'zher), re. [F.] 1. Any of Various willows (esp. 
Salix viminalis) the pliable twigs of which are used for 
furniture, basketry, etc. 2. An osier rod used in basketry. 
3. Any of several American dogwoods. — a. Made or com- 
posed of or containing osiers. 

O-si'ris (6-sI'ris), n. [L., fr. Gr. "Ocnpis; of Egypt, origin.] 
Egypt. Relig. The great god of the underworld and judge 
of the dead, brother and husband of Isis, and father of 
Horus and Anubis. 

"O'sis. [Gr. -cotrts, as in fieranopcbwais metamorphosis.] a A 
suffix signifying condition, state, process, and the like ; 
as in apotheosis, b Med. Often denoting an abnormal or 
diseased condition; as in melanosis, stenosis, etc. 

Os-man'li (os-man'li), re. ; pi. -lis (-liz). [Turk, 'osmanli 
of Osman, or Othman.] A Turk of the European branch of 
the Turkish race ; also, the language of the Osmanli Turks. 

OS'mic (os'mik ; oz'-), a. Chem. Of or pert, to osmium, esp. 
in a relatively high valence. — osmic oxide, osmium 
dioxide, Os02, a grayish black or copper-colored solid. 

OS'mi-OUS (-mi-us), a. Chem. Of or pertaining to osmium, 
esp. in a relatively low valence. 

OS'mi-um (-mT-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 6<rp.rj smell ; — fr. the 
chlorine-like odor of osmium tetroxide.] Chem. A hard, 
bluish or grayish white metal of the platinum group, the 
heaviest substance known. Symbol, Os ; at. wt., 190.9 ; sp. 
gr., 22.48 ; melting point about 3600° F. 

OS-mo'sis (os-mo_'s!s; oz-), os'mose (os'mos; oz'-), n. 
[NL. ; Gr. wo-^ios impulse + -ose.] Physics. A kind of dif- 
fusion which takes place between two miscible fluids sepa- 
rated by a permeable partition, as an animal membrane. 
The flow from a thinner to a denser fluid is called endos- 
mosis or endosmose (osmosis inward) and the slower flow 
in the opposite direction, exosmosis or exosmose (osmo- 
sis outward), though both are parts of the same process. 
— os-mot'ic (-mot'lk), a. — os-mot'i-cal-ly, adv. 

os'mund (os'mund ; oz'-), re. [F. osmonde.] Any of a 
genus (Osmunda) of ferns which form large clumps or 
crowns ; esp. the royal fern (O. regalis). 

OS'prey (os'pra), re. [Prob. through OF. fr. L. ossifraga, 
lit., bone breaker. See ossifrage.] A large hawk (Pandion 
halia'etus) which feeds on fish ; the fish hawk. 

Qs'sa (os'd), re. [L. fr. Gr. '(Wa.] Gr. Myth. A mountain 
in Thessaly. The giants, warring against the gods, piled 
Mt. Pelion on Mt. Olympus, and Ossa on Pelion, in an 
attempt to scale heaven. 

OS'se-in (os'e-Tn), re. [L. osseus bony.] Physiol. Chem. 
The chief organic basis of bone tissue, which remains after 
removal of the mineral matters from bone by dilute acid. 

OS'se-OUS (-e-us), a. [L. osseus, fr. os, ossis, bone.] Com- 
posed of or resembling bone ; bony. 

OS'si-Cle (-i-k'l), re. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, ossis, a 
bone.] Anat. & Zo'dl. A little bone or small bonelike part. 

OS'si-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), re. Physiol. 1. State or proc- 
ess of being ossified. 2. That which is ossified, as a bone. 

OS'si-frage (os'i-fraj), n. [L. ossifraga, ossifragus, os- 
prey, ossifragus bone-breaking ; os, ossis, bone + fran- 
gere to break.] 1. The lammergeier. 2. The osprey. 

OS'si-fy (os'i-fl), v. i. & t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. os, 
ossis, bone + -fy~\ 1. Physiol. To form or change into 
bone. 2. Fig., to harden ; as, to ossify the heart. 

OS'SU-a-ry (os'u-a-n ; osh'oo-), re. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. 
ossuarium, fr. ossuarius of or for bones, fr. os, ossis, 
bone.] A receptacle for the bones of the dead. Rare. 

OS'te-al (os'te-dl), a. [Gr. oareov a bone.] Osseous. 

OS-ten'si-ble (os-ten'sT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. ostendere, osten- 
sum, -turn, to show, prop., to stretch out before ; fr. o6s- 
(fr. ob-) + tendere to stretch.] Shown ; professed ; appar- 
ent ; — often used as opposed to real or actual. — Syn. 
See specious. — os-ten'si-bly, adv. 



OS-ten'sive (-siv), a. Showing ; exhibiting ; also, ostensible. 

OS-ten'sive-ly, adv. In an ostensive manner. 

OS'ten-SO'ri-um (os'ten-so'ri-'um ; 57), re.; pi. L. -ria (-d). 
[NL. See ostensible.] R. C. Ch. A monstrance. 

OS-tent' (os-tenf; os'tent), re. [L. ostentus display, fr. 
ostendere to show.] Now Rare. 1. [L. ostentum.] Mani- 
festation ; token ; portent. 2. Appearance ; show ; air. 

OS'ten-ta'tion (os'ten-ta'shun), re. [L. ostentatio.'] 1. 
Show ; display. Archaic. 2. Unnecessary show ; preten- 
tious parade. — Syn. See parade. 

OS'ten-ta'tiotlS (-shfts), a. Characterized by, fond of, or 
evincing, ostentation ; pretentious. — -ta'tious-ly, adv. 
Syn. Boastful, pompous, vainglorious, pretentious, showy. 
— Ostentatious, pretentious, pompous. Ostenta- 
tious implies undue or vainglorious display or parade ; as, 
elegant, but not ostentatious. That is pretentious which 
lays claim to greater importance, or which makes more 
show, than is warranted. Pompous implies a solemn and 
exaggerated self-importance. 

OS'te-O- (os'te-6-). Combining form fr. Greek oareov, bone. 

OS'te-O-blasf (-blast'), re. Anat. A bone-forming cell. 

OS / te-OC'la-sis(os / te-ok^ld-sis;-6-kla , sis),re. [NL.] Surg. 
The operation of breaking a bone to correct deformity. 

OS'te-O-clast' (os'te-o-klasf), re. [_osteo- + Gr. k\S.v to 
break.] 1. Anat. One of the large multinuclear cells in 
developing bone, which absorb the bony tissue in the for- 
mation of the canals, marrow cavity, etc. 2. Surg. An 
instrument for performing osteoclasis. 

OS'te-O-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis)) re. Physiol. Formation of 

os'te-og'e-ny (os'te-oj'e-nT) / bone ; ossification. 

OS'te-oid (os'te-oid), a. Anat. Like bone. 

OS'te-ol'O-gy (-ol'6-j!), re. The science dealing with the 
bones of vertebrates. O-log'i-cal, a. ol'o-gist, re. 

OS'te-O'ma (os'te-o'md), re.; L. pi. -mata (-td). [NL.] 
Med. A tumor mainly of bone ; a tumor of a bone. 

OS'te-O-path (os'te-6-path), re. A practitioner of osteopathy. 

os'te-o-path/ic (-path'ik), a. Of or pert, to osteopathy. 

OS'te-op'a-thist (-op'd-thist), re. An osteopath. 

OS'te-op'a-thy (-op'd-thT), re. Med. A system of treatment 
based on the theory that diseases can be remedied by manip- 
ulation of the bones, nerves, blood vessels, etc. 

OS'te-O-phyte 7 (os'te-o-fltO, re. Med. A small bony out- 
growth. — os'te-o-phyt'ic (-fit'ik), a. 

OS'te-O-plas'tic (-plas'tik),o. I.Physiol. Producing bone ; 
as, osteoplastic cells. 2. Surg. Of or pertaining to the 
replacement of bone. 

OS'te-O-plas'ty (-plas'tl), re. Surg. A plastic operation to 
remedy a defect or loss of bone. [for dividing bone. I 

OS'te-O-tome' (-torn'), n. Surg. Strong nippers or a chisel| 

OS'te-Ot'0-my (-ot'6-mi), re. Surg. The operation of divid- 
ing a bone or of cutting a piece out of it. 

OS'ti-a-ry (os'ti-a-rT), re.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. ostiarius 
doorkeeper, fr. ostium door.] A doorkeeper, esp. of a 
church ; specif., R. C. Ch., a member of the lowest of the 
minor orders. 

os'ti-o-lar (os'tT-o-ldr ; os-tT'-), a. Pert, to an ostiole. 

OS'ti-ole (os'ti-ol), re. [L. ostiolum a little door, dim. of 
ostium a door.] A small aperture ; an orifice or pore. 

OSt'ler (os'ler), re. [For hostler.] A stableman ; hostler. 

OS-to'sis (os-to'sis), re. [NL. ; osteo- + -osis. - ] Physiol. 
Bone formation ; ossification. 

OS'tra-cism (os'trd-siz'm), re. [See ostracize.] 1. Gr. 
Antiq. A method of temporary banishment by popular 
vote (with ballots of potsherds or tiles, and without a trial 
or special accusation). 2. Exclusion by general consent 
from common privileges, favor, etc. ; as, social ostracism. 

os'tra-cize (-slz), v. t.; -cized (-slzd); -ciz'ing (-siz'Ing). 
[Gr. harp anil; av, fr. offrpaitov tile, tablet used in voting, 
shell] To exile, banish, or exclude by ostracism. 

OS'trich (-trich), re. [OF. ostruche, fr. L. avis struthio; 
avis bird + struthio os- 
trich, fr. Gr. arpovOLcov, fr. 
arpovdos bird, sparrow.] ' 
1. Any of a genus (Stru- 
thio) of two-toed ratite 
birds; esp., one (S. came- 
lus) of northern Africa, 
the largest _ of existing 
birds, attaining a weight 
of 300 lbs. Ostriches are 
very swift-footed. Their 
wings are small and useless 
for flight. 2. A rhea. 

Os'tro-goth (os'tro-goth), 
re. [L. Ostrogothi, pi.] 
One of the East Goths. 
See Goth, re. — Os'tro- 
goth'ic, a. 

Oswego tea (os-we'go). AnAmafi- 
can mint (Monarda didyma), with 
showy, bright scarlet flowers. 

O-tal'gi-a (o-tal'ji-d), re. [NL., fr. 




Ostrich. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, ftrn, iip, circ «3s, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87): 



OTALGIC 



683 



OUT 



Gr. uTa\yta ; ovs, wros, the ear + 0X705 pain.] Med. Ear- 
ache. — O-tal'gic (6-tal'jTk), o. 

0-thel'lO (6-thel'o), n. In Shakespeare's "Othello, a 
noble-spirited Moor who has won honor in the military 
service of Venice, and married a senator's daughter, Des- 
demona. Iago, his ensign, a malignant villain, dupes him 
into believing Desdemona unfaithful. Othello smothers 
her, and later, learning her innocence, kills himself. 

Oth'er (uth'er), a. [AS. oSer one of two, either, other.] 
1. Remaining as one of two (persons, things, or groups) 
after another has been taken or specified ; as, bis other 
friend ; the other sons. 2. Second. 06s., exc. in : every 
other, every second or alternate. 3. Additional ; different ; 

' not the same ; as, gifts other than flowers ; a nature far 
other from ours. 

the other day. A day not long ago ; — usually adverbial. 
— the o. world, the world beyond the grave ; spirit world. 

— adv. Otherwise. — pron. 1. \_pl. others (-erz) ; 06s. 
other.] One or ones remaining ; part remaining ; — the 
substantive use of other, a., 1. 2. \_pl. others ; Archaic 
other.] A different or additional one ; — the substantive 
use of other, a., 3. — conj. [See or.] Or ; either. 

Oth'er-gates' (-gats'), adv. [other + gate way.] In an- 
other manner. Obs. or Dial. Eng. — a. Different. 06s. 

oth'er-guise' (-gTz') ( oth'er-guess' (-geV), a. & adv. [Cor- 
rupt, of othergates.] Othergates. 06s. or Archaic. 

Oth'er-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being other. 

Oth'er-where' (-hwar'), adv. Elsewhere. Rare. 

oth'er-while' (-hwll') "I adv. At another time, or other 

oth'er-whiles' (-hwilz')J times ; sometimes ; occasionally. 

Oth'er-wlse' (-wlz'), adv. \_other + wise manner.] 1. In 
another way, or in other ways ; contrarily. 2. In different 
circumstances. 3. In other respects. — a. Different. 

Oth'er-world/ly (uth'er-wurld'll), a. 1. Devoted to the 
prospect of a world to come, or actuated by motives con- 
nected with this prospect, to the neglect of affairs of this 
world. 2. Of or pert, to other interests than those of every- 
day experience. — oth'er-world'li-ness (-wurld'li-nes), n. 

Otti'man (oth'man). Var. of Ottoman. 

O'tic (o'tik), a. [Gr. utlkos, fr. oOs, wtos, the ear.] Of, pert, 
to, or in the region of, the ear ; auricular. 

O'ti-ose (o'shT-os), a. [L. otiosus, fr. otium ease.] 1. At 
leisure ; unemploved ; indolent ; idle. 2. Useless ; function- 
less. — o'ti-ose-ly, adv. — o'ti-os'i-ty (-os'T-tl), n. 

O-ti'tis (o-tl'tis), n. [NL. ; oto- + -itis.J Med. Inflamma- 
tion of the ear. 

O'to- (o'to-). Combining form fr. Gr. ovs, wros, ear. 

o'to-cyst (-sist), n. Zo'ol. One of the supposed auditory 
organs of many invertebrates. 

O'to-lith (-lith), n. Anat. & Zo'ol. 1. A calcareous concre- 
tion in the internal ear of a vertebrate or in the otocyst of 
an invertebrate. In many fishes they form hard, often large, 
bodies {ear stones). 2. Incorrectly, a bone of the ear. 

O-tol'o-gy (6-tol'6-ji), n. The branch of science which 
treats of the ear and its diseases. — o-tol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

O'to-SCOpe (o'to-skop), n. An instrument for examining the 
ear ; an aural speculum. 

0-tos'CO-py (6-tos'ko-pi), n. Med. Examination of the ear ; 
art of using the otoscoDe. — o'to-SCOp'ic (o'to-skop'Ik), a. 

Ot'tar (ot'dr), ot'to (ot'o). Vars. of attar. 

U Ot-ta'va ri'ma (6t-ta'va re'ma). [It. See octave ; rime.] 
Pros. A stanza of eight lines of heroic (five-foot iambic) 
verse, with three rimes, the first six lines riming alternately 
and the last two forming a couplet : thus, abababcc. It was 
used by Byron in " Don Juan," by Keats in "Isabella," etc. 

Ot'ta-wa (ot'd-wd), n. One of a tribe of Algonquian In- 
dians who, when first known, lived on the Ottawa River. 

Ot'ter (-er), n. [AS. otor.~\ Any of several aquatic, fish- 
eating, fur-bearing, musteline mammals (genus Lutra). 

Ot'to cy'cle (ot'o). [After Dr. Nikolaus Otto, German inven- 
tor.] The four-stroke cycle in which most internal-combus- 
tion engines operate. See four-cycle. 

Ot'tO-man (oi'6-man), a. [F., fr. Othoman, Othman, or 
Osman, Ar. 'Othman, a certain sultan who assumed the 
government of Turkey about 1300.] Of or pert, to the 
Turks. — n. ; pi. -mans (-manz). 1. A Turk. 2. [I. c.] [F. 
ottomane.~\ A stuffed seat without back, orig. used in Tur- 
key. 3. [I. c] A corded fabric of silk or of silk and wool. 
Oua'na'niche' (wa/na/nesh'), n. [Canadian F., of Amer. 
Indian origin.] A small land-locked variety of salmon 
(Salmo salar ouananiche) of eastern Canada. 
OU'bli-ette' (oo'ble-et'), n. [F., fr. oublier to forget.] A 

dungeon with an opening only at the top. 
OUCh (ouch), n. [ME. ouche, nouche (a nouch being taken 
for an ouch), OF. nusche, nosche, necklace, collar, LL. 
nusca, OHG. husca, nuscha.~\ A clasp, or brooch ; also, a 
setting for a gem ; hence, a jewel or ornament for the per- 
son. — v. t. To adorn with or as with ouches. 
ought (ot), v. Orig. pret., later also p. p., of owe (which 
see) ; now only an auxiliary in the pret. form, except in 
the illiterate "had ought." [ME. oughte, aughte, ahte, AS. 
ahte. See owe.] 1. As pret. or p. p. : owed. 06s. 2. As an 



auxiliary : to be bound or obliged, as by duty or moral obli- 
gation, or by what is necessary, fit, expedient, or naturally 
or logically to be expected. 

IT^ => The infinitive without to occurs after ought in older or 
poetic use ; as, "you ought not walk." 
Syn. Ought, should, must. Ought and should express 
obligation, ought commonly suggesting duty or mora! con- 
straint, should, the obligation of fitness, propriety, expedi- 
ency, etc. (but ought is often used in the weaker sense con- 
veyed by would) ; as, those things which we ought to have 
done; "The participle for the substantive should be very 
rarely used." Must implies necessity or compulsion, 
whether physical or moral. [plied by the verb ought. 

— n. Duty or obligation; esp., the moral imperative im- 

OUght (6t), n. & adv. See aught. 

ounce (ouns), n. [F. once, fr. L. uncia a twelfth, twelfth 
part of a pound or foot.] 1. A weight of various values 
(abbr., oz.) ; as : a In avoirdupois weight, the sixteenth of 
a pound (437i grains or 28.3502 grams), b In troy and 
apothecaries' weight, the twelfth of a pound (480 grains or 
31.1028 grams); — called specif, troy ounce (symbol, 5)- 
2. = fluid ounce. 3. Fig., a small portion or quantity. 

ounce (ouns), n. [F. once.'] 1. A large, beautiful, leopard- 
like cat (Felis uncia) of Tibet and southern Siberia. 2. Any 
of various other feline animals, esp. the jaguar. 

ouphe (ouf ; oof), n. [See oaf.] An elf or goblin. 

OUT (our), pron. & a. [AS. ure our, of us.] Of or pert, to us. 
Our is used : 1. As genitive pi. of I : of us ; — not now used 
except perhaps in such phrases as "in our midst," "our 
persecutors," etc., where our is usually construed as a pos- 
sessive adj. See def. 2. 2. As possessive adjective : belong- 
ing to us ; as, our country. 

%3TOur is used for my by royalty ; also by editors and 
other writers. Cf. we. 

ou-rang'-ou-tang'. Var of orang-outang. 

OU-ra'ri (ob-ra're). Var. of curare. 

ou-rol'o-gy, ou-ros'co-py. Vars. of urology, etc. 

ours (ourz), pron. & a. The form of the possessive pronoun 
our that is used absolutely, that is, with the noun not fol- 
lowing ; — often used after of ; as, this world of ours. 

OUr-selves' (our-selvz'), pron. An emphasized form for we, 
us. The singular our-self ' is used chiefly to denote a single 
person, as in regal or formal style. 

-ous (-us). [OF. -ous, -us, -os, -eus, fr. L. -osus.] 1. A 
suffix used to form adjectives, and denoting : full of, 
abounding in, having, of the nature of, having the quali- 
ties of, like. 

Examples : gracious, abounding in grace ; bulbous, hav- 
ing bulbs, hvlhlike; poisonous, of the nature of poison. 
2. Chem. A suffix denoting that the element indicated 
enters into certain compounds with a valence relatively 
lower than in compounds designated with an adjective end- 
ing in -ic; as in nitrous, sulphurous, etc. 

ou'seL Var. of ouzel. 

oust (oust), v. t. [OF. oster.] To eject ; turn out ; drive out. 

OUSt'er (ous'ter), n. [OF. infin. oster, used substantively.] 
Law. A putting out of possession ; ejection. 

OUt (out), adv. [AS. ut, and ute, utan, fr. ut.~\ Outside of, 
or away from within, a space ; from the interior ; beyond 
the limits or boundary ; not in ; hence : a Away from a 
usual, or particular place ; as, to live out (at domestic serv- 
ice away from home). D Beyond possession, control, or 
occupation ; hence, in or into a state of loss or deprivation ; 
as, the Republicans went out ; ten dollars out ; the side is 
out. Formerly also, at a loss, as from confusion, c Beyond 
the limit of existence, continuance, or supply ; to a conclu- 
sion ; completely; as, the fire burned out. d Beyond the 
limits of concealment, privacy, constraint, etc. ; hence : in 
or into a state of freedom, openness, publicity, etc. ; as, the 
secret is out ; to speak out. e Beyond the bounds of what 
is true, reasonable, proper, etc. ; in error ; in the wrong ; in 
disagreement, opposition, etc. 

out and out, completely ; openly. Cf. out-and-out. — 
out of, a prepositional phrase denoting, with verbs of move- 
ment or action, from the interior of; beyond the limit of; 
from within ; from among ; from ; hence, indicating origin, 
source, motive, etc. ; as, he gave it out of pity ; — opposed 
to in or into. Also, in predicate constructions, separated 
from ; deprived of; as, she was out of breath. 
BS^For out of date, out of true, etc., see the phrases 
under date, true, etc. 

— prep. Outside ; without ; beyond ; — now archaic or dial, 
exc. in from out or in combination as in outdoors. 

— n. One that is out ; as : a One out of office ; — generally 
in pi. b In pi. In games, as baseball and cricket, the 
players who are not having their innings. C A place or 
space outside ; a nook or corner ; an open space ; — chiefly 
used fig. in the phrase ins and outs, d That which is op- 
posed ; also, esp. in pi., an inharmonious relationship; as, 
they were at outs, e Print. A word or words omitted by the 
compositor in setting type ; an omission, i A sum expended 
or paid out ; — usually in pi. _ 

— inter j. 1. Expressing impatience, anger, or a desire to be 



< 
i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



OUT- 



684 



OUTPLAY 







rid of ; — with the force of command : go out ! begone ! 
2. Expressing grief, horror, or indignation ; — often in out 
upon or on (a person). 

— a. 1. Outside ; outer ; external. 2. Outlying. 3. Games. 
Not having its inning ; playing in the field ; as, the out side. 

— v. t. To eject. — v. i. To come or go out. 

out-. [See out, adv."] A combining form used chiefly : 1. a 
Attributively, in the sense of : situated or placed near or 
beyond the boundaries, limits, walls, or the like ; outside ; 
exterior; external; outlying; remote. 
Examples : outhouse, an outside house ; ew£district, an 
outlying district ; outfield, outlying field. 
b Adverbially, forming verbs and nouns, and denoting : 
away from the center or source; out; forth; outward. 

Examples : ouibound, ouibranching, bound, branching, 
out or outward ; outlet, an opening with outward direction. 
C Prepositionally, forming adjectives or adverbs, and mean- 
ing out of or outside of (what is designated by the noun). 

Examples : outdoor, out of doors. 
2. a As a separable prefix, to form verbs (now mostly po- 
etic), and denoting out; forth; away. Hence, the senses: 
Out of place, being, content, etc. ; forth into being or 
manifestation ; to the full or limit; utterly; completely. 
Examples : outflow, outhurl, to flow, hurl, out, or away. 
Out-wrench, to wrench out of place; outblot, to blot out of 
being; outehape, to shape out, to shape into being; out- 
wear, to wear out. 

D As an inseparable prefix, to form verbs, and denoting 
beyond, more than, exceeding, excelling, surpassing. 
Examples : outlast, outlive, ouireach, outpass, etc., to 
last, live, reach, etc., beyond or more than.^ 

OUt-act' (out-akt'), v. t. To surpass in acting; outdo. 

OUt'-and-OUt', a. Thoroughgoing ; complete ; outright. 

OUt-ar'gue (-ar'gu), v. t. To surpass or defeat in argument. 

OUt-bal'ance (out-bal'ans), v. t. To outweigh. 

out-bid' (-bid'), v. t.; *. To exceed or surpass in bidding. 

OUt'board' (out'bord' ; 57), a. & adv. Naut. Outside a ves- 
sel's hull ; outwardly from the keel. 

out'bound' (-bound 7 ), a. Outward bound. 

OUt-brave' (out-brav'), v. t. 1. To face or resist bravely ; 
also, to excel in bravery. 2. To excel in bravery, or finery. 

OUt'break' (out'brak'), n. A bursting forth; insurrection. 

OUt'build'ing (out'bil'dmg), n. A building separate from, 
and subordinate to, a main house ; an outhouse. 

outburst' (-burst'), n. A bursting forth ; an outbreak. 

OUt'cast' (out'kast'), n. One who is cast out; an exile; 
hence : a degraded person ; vagabond. — a. 1. Cast out ; 
exiled ; degraded. 2. Rejected ; thrown away. 

out'caste', n. In India, one who has been ejected from his 
caste. The outcastes are denied all ordinary social rights. 

OUt-class' (out-klas'), v. t. To excel or surpass in class. 

OUt'come' (out'kum'), n. Issue; result; consequence. 

OUt'crop' (-krop 7 ), n. Geol. & Mining, a The coming out 
of a stratum to the surface of the ground, b That part of 
a stratum which appears at the surface. — v. i. To come 
out to the surface of the ground, as strata. 

OUt'cry' (-krl'), n. ; pi. -cries (-krlz'). 1. A loud cry ; a cry 
of distress, alarm, etc. ; clamor. 2. Sale at public auction. 

OUt-cry' (out-kri'), v. t. ; *. To exceed in clamor ; cry down. 

OUt'curve' (out'kurv'), n. That which curves out. 

out-dare' (-dar'), v. t. To defeat by, or surpass in, daring. 

out-dis'tance (-dis'tans), v. t. To pass completely ; outstrip. 

OUt-do' (-doo') ( v. t. ; *. To excel ; surpass. — Syn. See ex- 
ceed. — out-do'er (-doo'er), n. 

OUt'dOor' (out'dor' ; 57), a. 1. Being, belonging, or done 
out of doors. 2. Belonging, occurring, residing, etc., out- 
side an institution such as a hospital ; as, outdoor relief. 

out'doors' (out'dorz' ; out'dorz'), adv. Out of the house ; 
out of doors. — (out'dorz'), n. The world out of doors. 

OUt'er (out'er), a. [Compar. of out.] Being on the out- 
side ; exterior ; external ; — opposed to inner. 
Syn. Outer, outward, outside, external, exterior are 
in many cases interchangeable. Outer (which sometimes 
retains its comparative force) and less often outward 
(commonly with the suggestion of motion) may be used of 
spatial relations ; as, in the outer court, outer garments ; an 
outward curve. Both words (but esp. outward) are used in 
implied contrastwith the mind or soul. That is outside 
which is on, or pertains to, the outer parts or surface of 
anything ; as, an outside stateroom. Exterior often ap- 
plies to the outer limits or portions of the thing in question ; 
external, to that wholly outside it ; as, the exterior side of 
a wall ; external existence ; exterior graces. 

OUt'er-most (out'er-most), a. Being on the extreme exter- 
nal part ; farthest outward. — OUt'er-most, adv. 

OUt-face' (out-fas'), v. t. To face or look (one) out of coun- 
tenance ; resist by bold looks ; also, to brave ; defy. 

OUt'fall' (out'fSl'), n. The mouth of a river, sewer, etc. 

OUt'field' (out'feld'), n. 1. A field beyond the inclosed land 
about a homestead. 2. Sports, a Baseball. (1) The part 
of the field beyond the diamond, or infield. (2) The players 
in the outfield, b Cricket. The part of the field farthest 
from the batsman. — out'field'er (-fel'der), n. 



out'fit (-fit), n. 1. A fitting out ; equipment. 2. The arti- 
cles forming an equipment; fig., mental or moral equip- 
ment. — v. t. & i. To furnish with an outfit ; fit out. 

out'fit'ter (-fit'er), n. One who furnishes outfits. 

out-flank' (out-flank'), v. t. Mil. To go, extend, or be, be- 
yond the flank or flanks of ; to turn the flank of. 

out'flow' (out'flo'), n. A flowing out ; efflux. 

OUt-fly' (-fll'), v. t. ; *. To surpass in flight. — v. i. To fly out. 

OUt-foot' (out-foot'), v. t. To outrun, outwalk, or outdance ; 
of a vessel, to move through the water faster than another. 

OUt-frown' (out-froun'), v. t. To overbear by frowning. 

OUt-gen'er-al (-jen'er-al), v. t.; -aled (-aid) or -alled ; -al- 
ing or -al-ling. To exceed in generalship ; outmaneuver. 

OUt-go'(-go'),v.Z.;*. To go beyond ; hence : to surpass; outdo. 

OUt'gO 7 (out'go'), n. ; pi. -goes (-goz'). 1. That which goes 
out ; that which is paid out ; outlay ; — opposite of income. 
2. A going out ; an outgoing ; efflux ; outflow. 

out'go'er (out'go'er), n. One who goes out or departs. 

OUt'go'ing, a. Going out. — n. 1. A going out. 2. Outlay. 

out-grow' (out-gro'), v. t.; *. 1. To surpass in growing. 2. 
To grow out of or away from ; grow too large for. 

OUt'growtb/ (out'groth'), n. That which grows out of, or 
proceeds from, anything ; an excrescence ; offshoot. 

OUt'guard' (-gard'), n. An outer guard or defense ; specif., 
an outpost. 

out'gush' (-gush'), n. A pouring out ; an outburst. 

OUt'haul' (-hoi'), n. Naut. A rope used for hauling out a 
sail upon a spar. 

out-Her^od (-her'iid), v. t. To outdo (Herod) in violence; 
exceed (in violence, outrage, or extravagance) ; — in, or in 
allusion to, the Shakespearean passage, "it out-Herods 
Herod," in "Hamlet" (Act III., Scene ii.), which refers to 
the blustering role of Herod in the mystery plays. 

out'house' (out'hous'), n. An outbuilding. 

OUt'ing, n. 1. A going out ; esp., an airing, or an excursion. 
2. Distance out at sea ; seaward distance. 

— a. Of or pert, to, or suitable for, an outing or outdoor 
wear ; — applied specif, to various articles of dress or the 
material of which they are made ; as outing flannel. 

OUt-jock'ey (-jok'i), v. t. To outwit. 

OUtland (out'land), n. [AS. utland.~\ A foreign land. Now 
Poetic. — a. 1. Foreign. 2. Outlying. 

OUt'land-er (out'lan-der), n. A foreigner; an alien. 

OUt-land'ish (out-lan'dish), o. 1. Foreign. Archaic. 2. 
Of unfamiliar appearance or manner ; strange ; hence : bar- 
barous ; uncouth. 3. Remote. — Syn. See strange. — out- 
land'ish-ly, adv. — out-land'ish-ness, n. 

OUt-last' (-last'), v. t. To exceed in duration ; to survive. 

OUt'law' (out'lo'), n. [AS. utlaga, utlah, of Scand. origin.] 

1. One excluded from the benefit or protection of the law. 

2. Hence : a lawless person ; a fugitive from the law. — 
v. t. 1. To deprive of the benefit or protection of law ; pro- 
scribe. 2. To remove from legal jurisdiction or enforcement. 

OUtlaw'ry (out'lo'rT), n.; pi. -rtes (-riz). Act of outlaw- 
ing ; state of being outlawed. 

OUt-lay' (out-la'), v. t.; *. To make outlay of (money). 

OUt'lay' (out'la'), n. 1. A laying out, or expending. 2. That 
which is expended; expenditure. [out.! 

outlet (out'let), n. 1. A way out ; exit ; vent. 2. A letting! 

OUtli'er (-ll'er), n. 1. One who does not live where his 
office, business, or estate is. 2. That which lies, dwells, or 
is situated or classed away from the main or kindred body. 

outline' (-lln'), n. 1. a The line that marks the outer 
limits of an object or figure ; contour ; — usually in pi. b 
The style of drawing in which contours are unshaded. C A 
sketch in outline. 2. A preliminary draft, sketch, or de- 
scription of a plan, system, etc. — Syn. See form. 

— v. t. To draw, sketch, or trace the outline of or in outline. 
OUt-live' (out-liv'), v. t. 1. To live longer than ; survive. 

2. To outgrow ; develop through. 

Syn. Outlive, survive are often interchangeable. But 
outlive often conveys a suggestion of competition never 
present in survive. Fig., outlive often carries an implica- 
tion of outlasting or outgrowing, less often found in survive. 

OUt'look' (out'look'), n. 1. A lookout. 2. The view had by 
one looking out ; scope of vision ; prospect. 

OUt'ly'ing (-li'ing), a. _ Lying or being at a distance from 
the central part or main body ; remote ; detached. 

OUt'ma-neu'ver \ (-md-noo'ver), v. t. To surpass, or get 

out'ma-noeu'vrej an advantage of, in maneuvering. 

OUt-march' (-march'), v. t. To outstrip in marching. 

OUt'most (out'most), a. Farthest outward, 

OUt-num'ber (out-niim'ber), v. t. To exceed in number. 

out'-of-door', a. Also out'-of-doors'. Outdoor. 

out'-of-the-way', a. See under way, n. 

Out'par'ish (out'par'ish), n. A parish without the walls or 
limits of a town or city ; also, a rural or outlying parish. 

out'— pa'tient, n. A patient who is not an inmate of a hos- 
pital, but receives treatment from it. 

out'pen'sion (out'pen'shwn), n. A public pension granted 
to one not required to live in a charitable institution. 

out-play' (out-pla'), v. t. To excel or defeat in playing. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



OUTPOINT 



685 



OVER 



OUt-posnt' (out-point'), v. t. Naut. To sail closer to the 
wind than. Cf. outfoot. 

out'post' (-post'), n. A post or station at a distance from 
the main body of an army, or the troops stationed there. 

out-pour' (-por'; 57), v. t. & i. To pour or flow out. 

out'pour', n. That which outpours ; outflow. 

OUt'put' (out'poot'), n. 1. The product of one or more 
mines, furnaces, or mills, in a given time. 2. Hence : yield 
of any commodity ; also, the amount which a man, ma- 
chine, factory, etc., produces or can produce in a given time. 

OUt'rage (-raj), n. [F., fr. OF., fr. outre, oltre, beyond (L. 
ultra) + -age, as in courage."] 1. Injurious and wanton 
wrong ; a gross violation of right or decency. 2. Violent 
display of passion. Obsoles. — Syn. Affront, insult, abuse. 

— v t.; -raged (-rajd) ; -rag-ing (-raj-Tng). 1. To sub- 
ject to outrage ; treat with violence or abuse. 2. To ravish. 

OUt-ra'geous (out-ra'jus), a. Of the nature of outrage or 
an outrage ; involving or doing outrage ; excessive ; violent ; 
atrocious. — Syn. Monstrous, nefarious, heinous. See fla- 
grant. — out-ra'geous ly, adv. — out-ra'geous-ness, n. 

OUt-rank' (-rank'), v. t. To exceed, or come before, in rank. 

I OU'tre' (oo'tra'), a. [F., p. p. of outrer to exaggerate, fr. 
L. ultra beyond.] Out of the common course or limits ; 
extravagant ; bizarre ; as, an outri costume ; he will talk 
on outre subjects. [extend.] 

OUt-reach' (out-rech'), v. t. & i. To reach beyond ; surpass ;| 

out'reach', n. Act or process of reaching, or stretching, out. 

U OU'tre-cui'dance' (oo'tre-kwe'daNs' ; oo'ter-kwe'dans), 
n. [F. ; outre beyond -f- cuider to think, L. cogitare.'] 
Excessive self-conceit ; arrogance. Obs. or R. 

OU'tre-mer' (oo'tre-mar'), n. [F., beyond the sea.] The 
region beyond the sea ; foreign parts. 

OUt-ride' (out-rid'), v. t. ; *. To surpass in riding, [carriage.! 

OUt'rid'er (out'rld'er), n. A mounted servant attending a] 

OUt'rig'ger (-rig'er), n. 1. Any spar or projecting timber, 
beam, or the like, run out, as from a ship's mast. 2. Naut. 
a An outboard support for a rowlock, b A boat thus 
equipped. C A projecting contrivance at the side of a boat 
to prevent upsetting, as light projecting spars with a shaped 
log at the end. 3. A projecting frame, to support the 
elevating planes or tail planes, etc., of an aeroplane. 

OUt'right' (out'rit' ; out'rit'), adv. 1. Forthwith ; at once. 
2. Straight ahead ; directly. 3. Wholly ; entirely. 

OUt'right' (out'rlt'), a. 1. Proceeding straight ahead. 

2. Straightforward ; out-and-out. 

OUt-roof (out-roof), v. t. To eradicate ; extirpate. 
out-row' (-ro'), v. t. To excel or surpass in rowing. 
OUt-run' (-run'), v. t.; *. To outstrip; go beyond. 
OUt'run'ner (out'run'er), n. One who, or that which,_runs 

out ; esp., an attendant running with or before a carriage ; 

also, a leader of a team of dogs on a dog sledge. 
OUt-sail' (-sal'), v. t. To excel or surpass in sailing. 
OUt-scorn' (-skorn'), v. t. To exceed or surpass in scorning. 
OUt-sell' (-sel'), v. t.; *. 1. To exceed in amount of sales ; 

sell more than. 2. To exceed in the price of selling ; fetch 

more than ; to exceed in value. 
OUt'sen'try (out'sen'trl), n. A sentry at the outer approach. 
OUt'set' (-set'), n. A setting out, starting, or beginning. 
out-shine' (-shin'), v. i. ; *. To shine forth. — v. t. To shine 

more brightly than ; excel in splendor. 
OUt/side' (out'sld' ; out'sld'), adv. or prep. On or to the 

outside or exterior (of) ; without ; beyond the limits (of). 
OUt'side' (out'sld'), a. 1. Of, on, or pert, to, the outside; 

external ; exterior. 2. Reaching the extreme limit, as to 

extent, quantity, etc. ; as, an outside estimate. Colloq. 

3. Situated or done beyond or outside of certain limits ; 
also, coming from or living outside a given place ; as, out- 
side labor. 4. Not included in a society, movement, etc. ; 
as, outside influences. — Syn. See outer. 

OUt'side' (out'sld' ; out'sld'), n. 1. The external, or surface, 
part ; hence, that which is manifest or superficial. 2. The 
space without an inclosure ; the outer side, as of a door, 
walk, or boundary. 3. The limit ; utmost. Colloq. 

OUt/sid'er (out'sld'er), n. One outside; esp., one not be- 
longing to the institution, party, or the like, spoken of. 

OUt-sit' (out-sit'), v. t.; *. To sit, or be in session, longer 
than, or beyond the time of ; outstay. 

OUt'skirt' (out'skurt'), n. A part remote from the center; 
edge ; border ; — usually in pi. ; as, the outskirts of a town. 

OUt-sleep' (-slep'), v. t. ; *. To sleep beyond or longer than. 

OUt-soar' (out-sor' ; 57), v. t. To soar beyond or above. 

OUt'span' (out'span'), v. t. & i. [D. uitspannen."] To un- 
yoke or disengage, as oxen from a wagon. — n. Act of, or 
place for, outspanning. Both South Africa. 

OUt-speak' (out-spek'), v. t.; *. 1. To excel in speaking. 
2. To speak openly or boldly. 3. To express more than. 

OUt'spent' (out'spent' ; out-spent'), a. Exhausted. 

out'spo'ken (out'spo'k'n ; out'spo'k'n), a. Speaking, or 
spoken, freely, openly, or boldly. — OUt'spo'ken-ness, n. 

out-spread' (out-spred'), v. t. To spread out ; expand. 

OUt-Stand' (-stand'), v. i. ; *. 1. To stand out distinctly. 2. 
To sail outward ; — said of ships. — v. t. To stay beyond. 



OUt-Stand'ing, a. That stands out ; uncollected or unpaid 
OUt-stare' (-star'), v. t. To overcome in staring ; face down. 
out-stay' (-sta'), v. t. To stay beyond or longer than. 
out-stretch' (-strech'), v.t. To stretch out ; expand. 
OUt-strip' (-strip'), v. t. [_out- + strip to pass, outstrip.] 

1. To go faster than ; leave behind. 2. Hence, to excel. 
OUt'stroke' (out'strSk'), n. An outward stroke ; specif., 

in a steam or other engine, a stroke in which the piston is 
moving toward the crank shaft ; — opposed to instroke. 

OUt-Swear' (-swar'), v. t.; *. To exceed in swearing. 

out-talk' (-tok'), v. t. To exceed in talking ; talk down. 

out-tell' (-tel'), v. t.; \ To say out ; utter. 

out-trot' (-trot'), v. t. To surpass in trotting. 

out'turn' (out'turn'), n. 1. Yield; output. 2. Com. A 
turning out, or proving to be, with respect to quantity, 
quality, or condition ; also, the quantity, quality, or con- 
dition that anything turns out to have or yield. 

out-vote' (out-vof), v. t. To outnumber in voting. 

OUt-walk' (-wok'), v. t. To excel in walking. 

out'ward (out'werd), a. [AS. uteweard, utweard. See out ; 
-ward, -wards.J 1. Out ; outer ; exterior ; as : directed or 
moving away from the center ; situated or done on the out- 
side ; relating to or forming the outer part or surface. 2. Of 
or pert, to the physical, as distinguished from the mental or 
spiritual, character ; external ; hence : formal ; superficial ; 
externally manifest. 3. External to a given interest, office, 
or sphere of activity. — Syn. See outer. 

— n. That which is outward, as external appearance, the 
external world, etc. [to the outside ; out.l 

out'ward, adv. In an outward position or direction ; on or| 

out'ward-ly, adv. 1. On, or in the direction of, the outside ; 
outward. 2. In regard to external or physical character or 
action ; in respect of appearance ; externally ; hence : ap- 
parently ; seemingly ; as, the country was outwardly calm. 

out'ward-ness, n. Quality or state of being outward. 

out'wards, adv. In an outward direction. See outward. 

OUt-watch' (-woch'), v. t. To outdo in watching. 

out-wear' (-war'), v. t.; *. 1. To wear out; consume by 
wearing. 2. To outlast. 3. To wear out or pass through ; 
hence : to outlive ; outgrow. 

out- weigh' (-wa') ( v. t. To exceed in weight or value. 

OUt-wit' (-wit'), v. t. 1. To surpass in wisdom. 2. To sur- 
pass in cunning ; hence, to get the better of by cunning. — 
Syn. See frustrate. 

OUt'work' (out'wurk'), n. Fort. A minor defense beyond 
the main body of a work, as a ravelin, rifle pit, etc. 

OUt-work' (out-wurk'), v. t.; *. 1. To work out ; produce. 

2. To exceed or excel in working. 

Out-worn' (-worn' ; 57 ; 109), pret. & p. p. of outwear. 
OUt-wrought' (-rot' ; 109), pret. & p. p. of outwork. 
ou'zel, ou'sel (oo'z'l), n. [AS. 

blackbird (Merula merula). 

thrushes or allied birds. 
O'va (o'vd), n., L. pi. of ovum. 
O'val (o'vdl), a. [L. ovum egg.] Having the 

figure of an egg, with one end broader than the 

other ; also, popularly, elliptical or ellipsoidal. 

— n. A body or figure oval in shape. 
o'val-ly, adv. In an oval form or manner. 
O'val-ness, n. Quality or state of being oval. 
o-va'ri-an (6-va'rI-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to an ovary. 
O-va'ri-Ot'O-my (-ot'6-mi), n. Surg. The operation of 

removing one or both of the ovaries. 

O'va-ri'tis (p'vd-ri'tis), n._ [NL. ; ovary + -itis.'] Med. 
Inflammation of the ovaries. 

O'va-ry (o'vd-ri), n. ; pi. -rtes (-riz). [NL. ovarium, fr. L. 
ovum egg.] 1. Anat. & Zo'ol. The female reproductive 
gland or organ ; the organ in which the eggs are produced. 
2. Bot . In angiosperms, an enlarged (usually basal) portion 
of the pistil, containing ovules. 

O'vate (o'vat), a. [L. ovatus, it. ovum egg.] 1. Oval. 2. 
Bot. Having the shape of the longitudinal section of an egg, 
with the broader end basal ; — said of surfaces, the corre- 
sponding term for solids being ovoid. See leaf, Illust. 

O-va'tion (o-va'shun), n. [L. ovatio, fr. ovare to exult, re- 
joice, triumph in an ovation.] 1. Roman Antiq. A lesser 
kind of triumph allowed for an easy victory. 2. Enthusias- 
tic popular reception or tribute. — o-va'tion-al (-al), a. 

ov'en (uv''n), n. [AS. of en, ofn.] A chamber or structure 
for baking, heating, or drying, now, esp., in a stove. 

OV'en-bird' (-burd'), n. Any of various birds which build 
nests suggestive of an oven, usually dome-shaped ; as : a 
Any of certain South American passerine birds (genus Fur- 
narius). b An American warbler (Seiurus aurocapillus). 

O'ver (o'ver), prep. [AS. ofer, prep. & adv.] 1. Above, or 
higher than ; — opposed to under. Also with the idea of 
being occupied with ; as, over their cups. 2. Above ; — as 
in authority, power, digaity, preference, etc. 3. Above or 
beyond in amount or degree ; more than. 4. Upon the 
surface of ; upon ; throughout. 5. Throughout or during 
the time of ; as, to keep anything over night. 6. Across ; 
from side to side of. — Syn. See above. 



5sZe.] 1. The European 
2. Any of certain other 



O 



Oval. 



i 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 

♦For principal parts 6ee the main verb. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



OVER- 



686 



OVERHAUL 







over all, from one extreme point to another of anything. 

«— adv. 1. To the other side ; across. Also, on the opposite 
side. 2. Specif. : a From inside to outside across the brim ; 
as, a cup running over, b Away from the perpendicular ; as, 
to fall over, c So as to bring the under side to or toward the 
top ; as, to roll a stone over, d From side to side ; across ; 
as, a brook, ten feet over. 3. In excess of a certain quantity 
or limit ; as, a few left over. 4. From beginning to end ; 
as, to look over accounts. 5. At an end. 6. Again. 

— a. Upper ; covering ; higher ; superior ; also, excessive ; sur- 
plus ; — now chiefly used in composition. — n. Cricket. A 
series of balls (usually six) bowled consecutively from one 
end of the wicket, and followed by a change to the other 
end. — v. t. To leap or go over. 

|over again, once more; with repetition ; anew. — _ o. 
against, opposite; in front. — o. and above, in addition 
to ; besides. — o. and oyer, repeatedly ; again and again. 

O'ver- (o'ver-). A prefix or combining form, chiefly used 
to denote : 1. Over (in space, rank, etc.), above; as, over- 
canopy, to canopy over ; overhang, to hang over; overlord, 
a lord above another ; overcoat, a coat over another coat. 
2. Over so as to pass from side to side, edge to edge, or the 
like; across above; as, overpass, to pass across above; 
overflow, to flow over. 3. Beyond; as, overflow, overstay, 
to flow, stay, beyond. 4. In adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, 
excessively, to excess, overmuch; in nouns, excessive; as, 
overbake, overcloy, overdrink, overeat, etc., to bake, cloy, 
drink, eat, etc., excessively, to excess, or overmuch ; over- 
busy, overbusily, overcredulous_, overcurious, etc., exces- 
sively busy, busily, etc. ; overclaim (n.), overcriticism, etc., 
excessive claim, criticism, etc. 

IGlPCompounds of over are very numerous. Most of them 
are self-explaining, as : 



I. 



t. 
& v. 



t. 



o'ver-in-dulge', v. t. & i. 
o'ver-in-dul'gence, n. 
o'ver-is'sue, v. t. 
o'ver-lade', v. t. 
o'ver-load', v. t. 
o'ver-long', a. & adv. 
o'ver-lust'y, a. 
o'ver-man'y, a. 
o'ver-meas'ure, n. 
o'ver-nice', a. 
o'ver-peo'ple, v. 
o'ver-praise', n. 
o'ver-proud', a. 
o'ver-quick', a. 
o'ver-ripe', a. 
o'ver-roast', v. t. 
o'ver-stim'u-la'tion, n. 
o'ver-stock', v. t. 
o'ver-stock', n. 
o'ver-strain', v. i. & I. 
o'ver-strain', n. 
o'ver-strict', a. 
o'ver-stud'y, v. t. & i. 
o'ver-stud'y, n. 
o'ver-sup-ply', v. t. 
o'ver-sup-ply', n. 
o'ver-task', v. I. 
o'ver-tax', v. t. 
o'ver-tax-a'tion, n. 
o'ver-tire', v. t. 
o'ver-train', v. t. 
o'ver-use' (-us'), n. 



o'ver-a-bound', v. 

o'ver-anx'ious, a. 

o'ver-bold', a. 

o'ver-care'ful, a. 

o'ver-fcau'tious, a. 

o'ver-con'fi-dence, ». 

o'ver-con'fi-dent, a. 

o'ver-cred'u-lous, a. 

o'ver-crit'i-cal, a. 

o'ver-crowd', v. t. & i. 

o'ver del'i-cate, a. 

o'ver-dose', v. t. 

o'ver-dose', n. 

o'ver-dress', v. t. 

o'ver-drive', v. I. & i. 

o'ver-ear'nest, a. 

o'ver-eat', v. t. & i. 

o'ver-e-lab'o-rate, v. I. 

o'ver-e-mo'tion-al, a. 

o'ver-es'ti-mate, v. t. 

o'ver-es'ti-mate, n. 

o'ver-es'ti-ma'tion, n. 

o'ver-ex-cite', v. t. 

o'ver-ex-ert', v. t. 

o'ver-ex-er'tion, n. 

o'ver-feed', v. t. & i. 

o'ver-fond', a. 

o'ver-fraught', a. 

o / ver-full / , a. 

o'ver-full'ness, n. 

o'ver-free', a. 

o'ver-free'ly, adv. 

o'ver-hap'py, a. o'ver-val'u-a'tion, ». 

o'ver-hast'y, a. o'ver-val'ue, v. t. 

o'ver-heat', v. t. o'ver-weignV, n. 

o'ver-high', a. & adv. o'ver-weight', v. t. 

O'ver-act' (-akf), v. t. & i. To exaggerate in acting. 

O'ver-all' (o'yer-61'), a. Including everything. 

o'ver-alls' (-olz'), n. -pi. 1. Loose trousers worn over others 

to protect them. 2. Waterproof leggings. 
O'ver-arch' (-arch'), v. t. & i. To arch over. 
O'ver-arm/, a. Cricket, etc. Done (as bowling or pitching) 

with the arm raised above the shoulder. 
O'ver-awe' (-6'), v. t. To restrain by awe or fear. 
O'ver-bal'ance (-bal'ans), v. t. 1. To exceed equality with ; 

outweigh. 2. To cause to lose balance. — n. Excess of 

weight or value ; a thing more than an equivalent. 
o'ver-bear' (-bar'), v. t. ; *. 1. To bear down, as by excess of 

weight, force, etc. ; overcome ; suppress. 2. To domineer 

over. — v. i. To be too prolific. 
O'ver-bear'ing, a. Arrogant ; domineering ; insolent. — 

o'ver-bear'ing-ly, adv. 
o'ver-bid' (-bid'), v. t. & %.; *. To outbid. 
O'ver-blow' (-bio'), v. t.; *. 1. To blow away. 2. To cover, 

as with snow, by blowing or being blown. 
O'ver-board' (o'ver-bord' ; 57), adv. Over the side of a ship ; 

from a ship into or in the water. 
o'ver-borne' (-born' ; 57), p. p. of overbear. 
o'ver-build' (-Mid'), v. t. 1. To build over. 2. To build 

too much ; to build beyond the demand. 
O'ver-built' (o'ver-bilf ; o'ver-bTlt'), a. Having too many 

buildings ; as, an overbuilt part of a town. 
O'ver-bur'den (-bur'd'n), v. t. To load with too great weight 

or too much care, etc. — o'ver-bur'den-some (-sum), a. 
t^ver-cap'i-tal-ize (-kap'i-tal-Tz), v. t. To fix or take the 



capital value of at more than its real value. — O'ver-cap'i- 
tal-i-za'tion (-T-za'shwn ; -T-za'shun), n. 

o'ver-cast' (-kast'), v. t. ; *. 1. To cast or cover over; 
hence : to cloud ; darken. 2. (pron. usually o'ver-kast') 
Sewing. To take long, loose stitches over (the raw edges of 
a seam) in order to prevent raveling ; also, to sew over and 
over. — v. i. To darken _; become overcast. 

O'ver-Charge' (o'ver-charj'), n. 1. An excessive load or bur- 
den. 2. An excessive or exorbitant charge in an account. 

o'ver-charge' (-charj'), v. t. 1. To charge or load too 
heavily ; hence : to fill too full ; crowd. 2. To charge ex- 
cessively in price. 3. To exaggerate ; overdraw. 

o'ver-check' rein (5'ver-chekO- See harness, Illust. 

O'ver-clothes' (-klothzO, n. pi. Outer garments. 

o'ver-cloud' (-kloud'), v. t. & i. To overspread with clouds. 

o'ver-coat' (o'ver-kot'), n. A coat worn over the other 
clothing ; greatcoat ; topcoat. 

o'ver-come' (-kum'), v. t.; *. [AS. ofercuman.'] 1. To get 
the better of ; surmount ; conquer ; hence (usually in pas- 
sive), to render helpless. 2. To come or pass over ; specif., 
to come over suddenly. — Syn. Overpower, overthrow, 
overwhelm, prostrate, beat. See conquer. — v. i. To be 
victorious. — o'ver-com'er (-kum'er), n. 

O'ver-con'scious (-kon'shus), a. Characterized by acute 
or undue awareness of immaterial or secondary matters, 
as of one's appearance. — o'ver-con'scious-ness, n. 

O'ver-crop' (-krop'), v. t. To exhaust the fertility of by ex- 
cessive cultivation. 

O'ver-de-vel'op (o'ver-de-vel'op), v. t. To develop exces- 
sively ; specif., Photog., to subject (a plate or film) too long 
to the developing process. de-vel'op-ment ( -ment ), n. 

O'ver-do' (-doo'), v. t. ; *. [AS. oferdon.] 1. To do too 
much ; exaggerate. 2. To overtask ; fatigue ; exhaust. 3. 
To excel. 4. To cook too much. — v. i. To do too much. 

O'ver-draft 7 , or -draught' (o'ver-draff), n. Banking. Act 
of overdrawing ; state of being, or the sum, overdrawn. 

O'ver-draw' (-dro'), v. t. ; *. 1. To draw too far; hence, 
to exaggerate. 2. Banking. To make drafts upon beyond 
the proper limit, esp. in excess of the drawer's balance. 

o'ver-draw' (o'ver-droO, n. An act of overdrawing. 

o'ver-dress' (-dresO, n. An outer or upper dress. 

o'ver-driv'en (o'ver-dnv^n), p. a. Mach. Designating, or 
driven by, a crank that travels outward (that is, in a steam 
engine, away from the engine cylinder) in the upper part of 
its stroke, or a pulley driven so that the belt advances to- 
ward the pulley at the top ; — opposed to underdriven, 
which designates a crank, or machine, etc., driven by such a 
crank or belt, that travels in the reverse direction, etc. 

O'ver-due' (o'ver-du 7 ; o'ver-du'), a. Due and more than due ; 
delayed beyond the proper time of arrival or payment, etc. 

O'ver-dye' (o'ver-dl'), v. t. To put one color over (another). 

O'ver-ex-pose' (-eks-poz'), v. t. To expose excessively ; 
specif., Photog., to subject too long to the actinic action of 
light. — o'ver-ex-po'sure (-eks-po'zhtir), n. 

O'ver-fall' (o'ver-foF), n. A sudden increase of depth in the 
bottom of the sea or other large body of water. 

O'ver-flow' (o'ver-floO, n. 1. A flowing over; inundation. 
2. That which overflows its ordinary limits ; a superfluous 
portion ; superabundance. 3. An outlet for surplus liquid. 

O'ver-flow' (-flo'), v. t. 1. To flow over; cover with or as 
with a fluid ; inundate. 2. To flow over the brim of ; also, 
to cause to overflow. — v. i. 1. To flow over the bounds, 
as water ; hence, of a crowd, to fill some space and extend 
beyond it. 2. To be filled to running over ; superabound. 
— O'ver-flow'ing (o'ver-flo'Tng), n. 

O'ver-fly' (-AT'), v. t. ; *. 1. To cross or pass over by flight. 
2. To fly better, farther, or higher than. 

O'ver-gar'ment (-gaVment), n. An outer garment. _ 

o'ver-gild' (o'ver-gTld'), v. t. To gild over; to varnish. 

O'ver-glance' (-glans'), v. t. To glance over. 

o'ver-go' (-go'), v. t. ; *. To go or spread over the surface of 
or through the extent of ; traverse ; journey through. 

O'ver-grow' (-gro'), v. t.; *s 1. To grow over; cover with 
growth or herbage, esp. that which is rank. 2. To grow be- 
yond ; outgrow. — v. i. To grow to excess. — o'ver-grown' 
(o'ver-gron' ; o'ver-gron'), a. growth' (-groth'), n. 

O'ver-hand' (-hand'), o. 1. Down from above, as a blow. 

2. Over and over ; — applied to sewing in which two edges 
are joined by repeatedly passing each stitch over both edges. 

3. Cricket, etc. = over-arm. 4. Grasping with the palm 
downward, or inward toward the body. 

overhand knot. See knot, Illust. 

— (o'ver-hand' ; o'ver-hand'), adv. In an overhand manner. 

— (o'ver-hand'), v. t. Sewing. To sew overhand. 
o'ver-hand'ed, a. = overhand, a., 2. 

O'ver-hang' (-hang'), v. t. & i. : *. 1. To hang over ; jut or 
project over (something). 2. To adorn with hangings. 

o'ver-hang', n. A projection ; also, extent of projection, as 
of a roof, or of the bow or the stern of a vessel. 

o'ver-haul' (o'ver-hol'), v. t. 1. To haul or drag over ; hence, 
to examine thoroughly for correction or repair. 2. Chiefly 
Naut. To gain on in a chase ; ove rtake. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



OVERHAULING 



687 



OVERTAKE 



to overhaul a rope, Naut., to slacken it by hauling in 

the reverse direction from that in which it was drawn taut. 

— v. i. Mech. To run or slack back when the pulling power 

is removed, as a tackle or a part of it. 
o'ver-haul'ing, n. An examination for correction or repairs. 
o'ver-head' (-hed'), adv. _ 1. Above one's head ; aloft ; 
above ; on the floor above ; in or near the zenith, etc. 2. So 
as to be covered head and all ; as, overhead in water. 
O'ver-head' (o'ver-hed'), a. 1. Operating or situated above 
or overhead. 2. Passing over the head. 
overhead charges, expenses, etc., Accounting, those gen- 
eral charges, expenses, etc., in any business which cannot 
be charged up as belonging exclusively to any particular 
part of the work or product, as where different kinds of 
goods are made ; — called also fixed charges. — o. railway 
or railroad, an elevated railway or railroad. Eng. 

o'ver-hear' (-her'), v. t.; * To hear (something) not in- 
tended to be heard. — o'ver-hear'er, n. 

O'ver-in'flu-ence (-Tn'floo-ens), v. t. To influence in an 
excessive degree ; to have undue influence over. 

O'ver-is'sue (-Tsh'u), n. An excessive issue; an issue, as of 
bonds, exceeding the limit of capital, credit, or authority. 

o'ver-joy' (-joi'), v. t. To make extremely joyful. 

o'ver-laid', pret. & p. p. of overlay. 

O'ver-land' (o'ver-land'), a. Being, or accomplished, over 
the land, instead of by sea. — adv. By, upon, or across, land. 

o'ver-lap' (-lap'), v. t. & i.; *. To extend over a part of; 
also, to extend over and beyond. 

O'ver-lap' (o'ver-lap'), n. The lapping of one thing over 
another ; the distance by which one part overlaps another. 

O'ver-lay' (-la'), v. t. ; *. 1. To lay or spread over or across ; 
superimpose ; cover. 2. Print. To put an overlay or over- 
lays on. 3. To weigh down ; overwhelm. 4. To overlie. 

O'ver-lay' (o'ver-la'), n. 1. A necktie. Obs. or Archaic. 2. 
A covering. 3. Print. A piece of paper pasted on the tym- 
pan sheet to make a stronger impression. 4. Ornamental 
work formed by overlaying, as with veneers of wood. 

O'ver-leap' (-lep'), v. t. ; *. 1. To leap over or across ; hence : 
to omit ; ignore. 2. To leap beyond (one's mark or aim) ; 
defeat by leaping too far. 

o'ver-lie' (-11'), v. t.; *. To lie over or on; suffocate by 
lying on ; as, to overlie an infant. 

O'ver-live' (-liv'), v. t. & i. To outlive; survive. 

O'ver-look' (-look'), v. t. 1. To look down on; hence: to 
rise above ; overtop. 2. To look over or through ; inspect ; 
formerly, to read. 3. To supervise ; watch over. 4. To look 
over and beyond (anything) without seeing it; hence, to 
pass over without notice, censure, or punishment. 5. To 
look on with the evil eye ; bewitch by looking on. 
Syn. Overlook, ignore. To overlook is to pass over with- 
out notice, whether intentionally or not ; to ignore is de- 
liberately and intentionally to disregard ; as, to overlook a 
fault ; to ignore the best arguments of an opponent. 

o'ver-look' (o'ver-16ok'), n. Act of overlooking, or a place 
from which to overlook ; also, a general survey. 

O'ver-lord' (o'ver-lord'), n. One that is lord over another. 

O'ver-ly, adv. Excessively ; too. Chiefly Scot. & U. S. 

o'ver-ly'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of overlte. 

O'ver-man (-man), n. 1. One in authority over others; 
overseer. 2. An arbiter. 3. (-man) In the philosophy of 
Nietzsche, a superior man capable of dominating others ; 
one fitted to survive in an egoistic struggle. 

O'ver-mas'ter (-mas'ter), v. t. To overpower ; subdue. 

O'ver-match' (-mach'), v. t. To be more than equal to or a 
match for ; hence : to overcome ; vanquish. 

O'ver-much' (o'ver-much' ; o'ver-much'), a. Too much. — 
adv. (pron. o'ver-much'.) In too great a degree ; too much. 

— (o'ver-much'), n. An excess ; surplus. 

O'ver-night' (o'ver-nTt'), n. The previous evening. — a. 
Done or lasting during the night ; also, of or relating to the 
previous evening. 

O'ver-night' (o'ver-nif), adv. In the fore part of the night 
last past ; in the evening before ; also, during the night. 

O'ver-pass' (-pas'), v. t. ; *. 1. To pass over; traverse; 
hence: to pass through ; undergo. 2. To surpass, excel, or 
exceed. 3. To overlook. — v. i. To pass by, away, or off. 

O'ver-pay' (-pa'), v. t.; *. 1. To pay too much to. 2. To 
pay more than (a just or due amount). 

O'ver-per-suade' (-per-swad'), v. t. To persuade or influ- 
ence against one's inclination or judgment. 

O'ver-plus (o'ver-plus), n. A surplus ; excess. 

O'ver-pow'er (-pou'er), v. t. 1. To excel or exceed in power ; 
vanquish ; subdue. 2. To affect intensely or overwhelm- 
ingly. — Syn. Overbear, overcome, vanquish, defeat, 
crush, overwhelm, overthrow, rout, conquer, subdue. 

O'ver-pow'er-ing, p. a. Excelling in power ; irresistible. 

O'ver-prize' (-prlz'), v. t. To prize excessively; overvalue. 

O'ver-pro-duc'tion (-pro-duk'shun), n. Excessive produc- 
tion ; supply beyond the demand at remunerative prices. 

O'ver-prootf (o'ver-proof ; o'ver-probf'), a. Stronger, or 
containing more alcohol, than proof spirit. 

O'ver-rate' (-rat'), v. t. To rate, or estimate, too highly. 



o'ver-reach' (-rech'), v. t. 1. To overtake. 2. To reach 
above or beyond. 3. a To miss by reaching too far. b To 
defeat (one's self) by overdoing. 4. To get the better of ; 
outwit ; cheat. — v. i. 1. To reach too far. 2. To strike 
the toe of the hind foot against the heel of the fore foot ; 
— said of horses. 3. To go too far in trying to advance one's 
self ; also, to be guilty of sharp practice. 

O'ver-ride' (-rid'), v. t. ; *. 1. To ride over ; ride on ; tram- 
ple down. 2, To set aside ; annul ; hence, to disregard the 
rights or wishes of. 3. To ride too much, as a horse. 4. To 
extend or pass over ; esp., chiefly Med., to overlap ; as, the 
overriding of the ends of a fractured bone. 

O'ver-rule' (-rool' ; 8G), v. t. 1. To rule or decide to the 
contrary of or against ; abrogate. 2. To bring over, as by 
persuasion ; prevail over ; overcome. — o'ver-rul'ing, p. a. 

O'ver-run' (-run'), v. t.; *. 1. To run over ; as : a To run 
across or athwart, b To run over in the manner of a fluid, 
rapid growth, etc. ; overspread. 2. To run down ; grow or 
spread over in excess ; invade and occupy ; infest ; ravage. 
3. To run through ; to pass over rapidly, esp. in thought or 
speech ; as, to overrun the contents of a book. 4. To out- 
run. 5. To run or go beyond. 6. Print. To readjust by 
shifting letters, words, or lines from one line, column, or 
page to another. — v. i. To run, spread, or flow over or by 
something ; extend beyond limits. 

O'ver-run' (o'ver-run'), n. 1. Act of overrunning; instance 
of this. 2. Amount by which something overruns. 

O'ver— sea', a. Beyond the sea ; foreign. 

o'ver-sea' (o'ver-se'), o'ver-seas' (-sez'), adv. Abroad. 

o'ver-see' (-se'), v. t.; *. 1. To look over; inspect; exam- 
ine. 2. To superintend ; supervise. 

O'ver-se'er (o'ver-se'er ; o'ver-se'er; -ser'), n. One who 
oversees ; a superintendent ; supervisor. 

O'ver-sell' (-sel'), v. t.; *. Brokers' Cant. To sell beyond 
means of delivery, or, sometimes, beyond what one can 
provide a margin for on an advance. 

O'ver-set' (-set'), v. t.; *. 1. To tip over; upset. 2. To 
cause to fall, or to fail ; subvert ; as, to overset a plot. 3. 
To overcome. — v. i. To turn over ; upset. 

o'ver-set' (o'ver-set'), n. An upsetting; overthrow. 

O'ver-sew' (o'ver-so' ; o'ver-so'), v. t.; *. To sew over and 
over ; overhand. 

o'ver-shade' (-shad'), v. t. To overshadow. 

O'ver-Shad'ow (-shad'o), v. t. 1. To throw a shadow, or 
shade, over ; darken ; obscure. 2. Fig., to tower above as 
if to cast a shadow over ; dominate ; be more important than. 

o'ver-shine' ( -shin' ), v.t. ; *. 1. To shine over or upon ; 
illumine. 2. To outshine. 

o'ver-shoe' (o'ver-shoo'), n. A shoe worn over another for 
protection from wet or cold; esp., an India-rubber shoe. 

O'ver-shoot' (-shobf), v. t. ; *. 1. To shoot over or beyond. 
2. Hence, to exceed. — v. i. To fly or shoot above or be- 
yond the mark. 

O'ver-shot' (o'ver-shot'), p. a. [From overshoot."] 1. 
Having the upper jaw extending be-_ 
yond the lower. 2. Actuated by water" 
shooting over from above, as a kind of 
vertical water wheel. 

O'ver-sight' (-sit'), n. 1. Watchful care ; 
superintendence. 2. An overlooking ; 
omission or error due to inadvertence. 
Syn. Inspection, direction, control, 
charge, supervision, surveillance, 
watch. — Oversight, supervision, 
surveillance. Oversight is the general Overshot Wheel, 
word for overseeing ; supervision implies authoritative di- 
rection or superintendence ; surveillance suggests close, 
sometimes spying, watch. See negligence. 

O'ver-size' (o'ver-sTz'), a. Larger than is necessary ; as, an 
oversize tire, one larger than is necessary for the weight 
it is to carry. 

o'ver-skirt' (o'ver-skurt'), n. An upper, or outer, skirt. 

O'ver-sleep' (o'ver-slep'), v. t. & i. ; *. To sleep too long. 

o'ver-soul' (o'ver-sol'), n. The all-containing soul ; the ab- 
solute reality. 

o'ver-spread' (-spred'), v. t.; *. To spread over or above. 

O'ver-state' (-stat'), v. t. To state too strongly ; exaggerate. 
— o'ver-state'ment (-ment), n. 

O'ver-stay' (-sta'),i>. t. 6c %.; *. To stay beyond. 

o'ver-step' (-step'), v. t. & i. ; *. To step over or beyond ; 
transgress. 

o'ver-stride' (-strld'), v. t. ; *. To stride over or beyond ; 
hence, to surpass. [highly strung; too sensitive. I 

O'ver-Strung' (o'ver-strung' ; o'ver-strung'), p. a. Too| 

o'ver-sub-scribe' (-sub-skrib'), v. t. To subscribe for more 
(securities) than are for sale. sub-scrip'tion, n. 

o'ver-sway' (-swa'), v. t. To induce to change over, as in 
a matter of opinion ; to prevail upon. 

O'vert (o'vert), a. [OF., p. p. of ovrir to open.] Open to 
view ; public ; manifest ; outward. 

O'ver-take' (o'ver-tak'), v. t. ; *. 1. To come or catch up 
with in a course or motion. 2. To come upon suddenly oi 




i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 

♦For principal par^" see the main verb. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



OVERTHROW 



688 



OXEYE 



O 



unexpectedly ; surprise ; often, to come upon suddenly as 
a calamity or adversity ; as, overtaken by a storm. 

O'ver-throw' (-thro'), v. t.; *. 1. To overturn; upset. 2. 
To cause to fall or to fail ; subvert. 3. To bring to a state 
of disorder ; derange. — Syn. Demolish, prostrate, ruin, 
defeat, vanquish. See overturn. 

o'ver- throw' (o'ver-throO, n. Act of overthrowing; state 
of being overthrown. 

o'ver-thrust' (-thrust'), n., or, in full, overthrust fault. 
A fault in which the fault plane is so inclined that the mass 
on its upper side has moved up relatively ; — called also 
reverse fault. 

/ ver-thwart'(-thw8rt'), prep. Across ; from side to side of. 

o'ver-thwart', a. Situated across or over ; opposite. 

o'ver-time' (-tlm'), n. Time beyond a limit ; esp., extra 
working time. — adv. After the proper or regular time. 

O'ver-time' (o'ver-tlm'), v. t. To appoint or allot too long 
a time to ; as, to overtime a photographic exposure. 

O'vert-ly (o'vert-li), adv. Publicly ; openly. 

O'ver-tone' (o'ver-ton'), n. [Trans, of G. oberton."] Music 
& Acoustics, a An upper partial tone, b A harmonic pro- 
duced separately. 

O'ver-top' (-top'), v. t.; *. 1. To rise above the top of; 
tower above. 2. To go beyond ; transcend ; excel ; sur- 
pass ; as, none can overtop him in goodness. 

O'ver-trade' (-trad'), v. i. To trade beyond one's capital ; to 
buy goods beyond the means of paying for or selling them. 

O'ver-trump' (-trump'), v. t. Cards. To trump with a 
higher trump than ; as, to overtrump an opposing player. 

O'ver-ture (o'ver-tfir), n. [OF., fr. ovrir. See overt.] 1. 
A proposal ; proposition formally submitted ; offer. 2. Mu- 
sic. An orchestral composition having the character of an 
introduction to an oratorio, opera, etc. — Syn. See prel- 
ude.— v. t.; -tured (-tjrd) ; -tur'ing (-tfir'ing). To make 
or present an overture, or proposal, to. 

o'ver-turn' (-turn'), v. t. 1. To turn over ; throw from a 
basis or position ; overset. 2. To subvert ; overthrow. 
Syn. Overwhelm, overthrow, subvert, upset, crush, over- 
power, overcome, defeat, discomfit, vanquish, rout, beat ; 
demolish, destroy, ruin ; overset. — Overturn, overthrow, 
subvert, upset. Overthrow commonly suggests greater 
violence or more overwhelming ruin or defeat than over- 
turn. To subvert is to overturn as from the foundations ; 
the word may imply an insidious or corrupting influence. 
Upset is more colloquial. 

— v. i. To turn over ; esp., to upset or capsize. 

O'ver-turn' (o'ver-turn'), n. 1. Act of overturning, or state 
of being overturned. 2. A reversal ; also, a turning over, as 
of goods in trade. 

O'ver-watch' (-woch'), v. t. 1. To weary by watching. 2. 
To watch over. 

O'ver- ween' (-wen'), v. i. To think presumptuously or ar- 
rogantly ; regard one's own conclusions too highly ; hence, 
to be egotistic, arrogant, or rash, in opinion. 

O'ver-ween'ing (-wen'mg), a. Unduly confident; arro- 
gant ; presumptuous ; also, exaggerated. — n. Excessive 
self-importance ; arrogance. — O'ver-ween'ing-ly, adv. 

O'ver-weigh' (-wa'), v. t. To exceed in weight; overbal- 
ance ; hence : to weigh down ; oppress. 

O'ver-whelm' (-hwelm'), v. t. To cover over completely, as 
by a great wave ; submerge ; ingulf ; hence, fig. : to crush ; 
bury ; oppress, engross, etc., overpoweringly. 

O'ver-whelm'ing, p. a. Overpowering ; irresistible. 

O'ver-wind' (-wind'), v. t.;*. 1. To wind too tightly or 
too far. 2. Elec. To wind (a magnet, as in a series motor) 
so that magnetic saturation is obtained with less than nor- 
mal current. 

O'ver-work' (-wurk'), v. t.; *. 1. To decorate all over. 2. 
To work too much or too long. 3. To fill too full of work. 
4. To work on the mind or feelings of to excess, or so as to 
excite or confuse. — v. i. To work beyond one's strength. 

O'ver-work' (o'yer-wurk' ; o'ver-wurk'), n. Work beyond 
the usual or stipulated amount ; extra or excessive work. 

O'ver-wrought' (o'ver-rot'; o'ver-rSt'), p. a. 1. Wrought 
upon excessively ; overexcited. 2. Overworked. 3. Over- 
done. 

O'vi- (o'vT-). Combining form from L. ovum, meaning egg. 

O'vi-duct (o'vi-dukt), n. Anat. & Zool. A tube or duct for 
the passage of the eggs from the ovary ; in mammals, a 
Fallopian tube. [hold or carry the eggs. 

O-vif 'er-OUS (S-vIf'er-us), a. Biol. Egg-bearing ; serving to| 

O'vi-form (5'vl-f6rm), a. Egg-shaped. 

o'vine (o'vln ; -vin), o. [L. ovinus, fr. ovis sheep.] Desig- 
nating, or pertaining to, sheep; sheeplike. [arous.l 

O'vi-par'i-ty (5'vT-par'i-tT), n. Zool. State of being ovip-| 

O-vip'a-rous (6-vYp'd-nis), a. [L. oviparus; ovum egg + 
parere to bring forth.] Zool. Producing eggs that hatch 
after exclusion from the body ; — opp. to viviparous. 

O'vi-pos'it (o'vi-poz'ft), v. i. [See ovum ; posit.] To lay 
eggs ; — esp. of insects. — o'vi-po-si'tion (-po-zish'iin), n. 

O'vi-pos'i-tor (-poz'i-ter), n. Zool. A specialized organ, as 
in certain insects and fishes, for depositing eggs. 



O'vi-sac (o'vl-sak), n. 1. Zool. A capsule containing an 
egg or eggs. 2. Anat. A Graafian follicle. 

O'vism (o'viz'm), n. Zool. The old theory that the egg 
contains the whole embryo, and is merely awakened to ac- 
tivity by the spermatozoon. Cf. spermism. — o'vist, n. 

o'void (o'void), a. [L. ovum egg + -oid.J Egg-shaped; 
ovate. Cf . ovate. — n. An ovoid body. 

o'vo-lo (o'vo-lo), n. ; pi. ovoli (-le). [It., fr. L. ovum egg.] 
Arch. A rounded, convex molding. See molding, Illust. 

o'vo-vi-vip'a-rous (o'vo-vl-vip'd-ri/s), a. [See ovum ; vi- 
viparous.] Zool. Producing eggs that have a well-devel- 
oped shell or covering, as in oviparous animals, but which 
hatch within the body of the parent, as in the case of many 
reptiles and elasmobranch fishes. 

o'vo-vi-tel'lin (-vi-tel'in) , n. Physiol. CAera.=VTTELLiN,a. 

o'vu-lar (o'vu-ldr), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an 
ovule ; as, an ovular growth. 

O'vu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Biol. The formation of eggs in 
the ovary ; the discharge of the egg or eggs from the ovary. 

O'vule (o'vul), n. [Dim. of L. ovum egg.] 1. Bot. The 
megasporangium of a seed plant ; popularly, an immature 
seed. 2. A small egg ; an egg in an early stage of growth. 

O'vum (o'vum), n. pi.; L. ova (-vd) ; E. ovums. [L., egg.] 
Biol. An egg cell, or egg, in the widest sense of the word. 

owe (o), v. t.; owed (od), Obs. ought (6t) ; ow'ing (o'lng). 
[ME. owen, awen, aghen, to have, own, have (to do), 
hence, owe, AS. agan to have.] 1. To own ; possess. Obs. 

2. To be under an obligation to restore, pay, or render 
(something) in return ; be indebted to for or in the amount 
or sum of ; — used with the dative ; as, he owes me nothing. 

3. To have or bear (a certain feeling) ; as, to owe a grudge. 

4. To have or possess as being derived or bestowed ; be in- 
debted or obliged for ; as, he owed his victory to his lieu- 
tenants. — v. i. To be in debt. 

OW'el-ty (o'el-tl), n. [OF. oelte.~\ Law. a Equality, b The 
amount paid or secured by one coparcener to another to 
equalize a partition of property. 

ow'ing (o'ing), p. p. & a. [Used passively for owed. See 
owe.] 1. Indebted ; beholden ; also, owed. 2. Had or expe- 
rienced as an effect, result, etc. ; ascribable ; — used with to. 

owl (oul), n._ [AS. tile.] Any of certain birds of prey, now 
usually considered as constituting 
a single family (Strigidse), or a 
suborder (Siriges), distinguished 
by their large head and eyes, 
short, hooked bill, strong talons, 
and more or less nocturnal habits. 

OWl'et (-et ; 24), n. [Dim. of owl.'] 
1. Any small owl ; esp., the so- 
called little owl (Carine noctua) 
of Europe. 2. A young owl. 

owl'-eyed' (oul'Id'), a. Having 
eyes like those of an owl ; — said 
of Athena, translating Greek j 
y\avK&ius (Glaucopis). 

owl'ish, a. Resembling, or char- 
acteristic of, an owl. 

own (on), o. [ME. owen, AS., 
agen, p. p. of agan. See owe.] Be- 
longing to one's self or itself ; pe- 
culiar ; — used after a possessive 
case or pronoun, as my, our, your, 
his, her, its, their, to intensify 
the idea of interest or ownership. 

own, v. t. [ME. ohnien, ahnien, AS. agnian, fr. agen own, 
adj. See own, a.] 1. To possess ; have as property. 2. To 
acknowledge ; admit ; as, to own a fault. — Syn. See ac- 
knowledge, HAyE.— v. i. To confess; — used with to; 
as, he owns to disliking the doctor. 

own'er (on'er), n. One who owns ; a proprietor. 

own'er-ship, n. State, relation, or fact of being an owner ; 
exclusive right of possession ; proprietorship. 

OX (oks), n.; pi. oxen (ok's'n). [AS. oxa.~] 1. The domes- 
tic bovine quadruped (Bos taurus), esp. an adult castrated 
male (cf . bull, steer). 2. Any animal of this genus {Bos) ; 
as, a wild ox, a musk ox, etc. 

ox'a-late (ok'sd-lat), n. Chem. A salt or ester of oxalic acid. 

OX-al'ic (ok-sal'ik), a. [From oxalis.'] Chem. Designating 
a poisonous acid, C2H2O4, existing in combination in ox- 
alis and other plants. It is prepared on a large scale for 
use in dyeing, calico printing, bleaching, etc. 

OX'a-liS (5k'sd-lTs), n. [L., a kind of sorrel, Gr. 6£a\ls, fr. 
6£6s sharp, acid.] Bot. Any of a large genus (Oxalis) of 
plants, the wood sorrels, having compound leaves and 
white, pink, purple, or yellow flowers. 

OX-az'ine (ok-saz'm ; -en), n. Also -in. [oxygen + azme.] 
Chem. An azine whose ring is made up of four atoms of 
carbon, one of oxygen, and one of nitrogen. Certain oxaz- 
ines are the parent substances of important dyes. _ 

OX'bOW' (oks'bo'), n. 1. A U-shaped frame embracing an 
ox's neck as a collar. 2. A U-shaped bend in a river. U.S. 

OX'eye' (oks'I'), n. Any of several composite plants having 




Great Gray 
Owl. 



ale, senate, care, Sin, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (8/); 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



OX-EYED 



689 



PACE 



heads with a conspicuous disk and marginal rays, as : a 
The oxeye daisy, b The field camomile (Anthemis arven- 
sis). C Any plant of a genus (Buphthalmum) of aster- 
aceous yellow-flowered herbs. Eng. d The rudbeckia, or 
yellow daisy. New Eng. 

ox'-eyed' (-Id'), a. Having eyes like those of an ox ; — 
translation of f}o€nns (Bobpis), an epithet esp. for Hera. 

oxeye daisy. 1. = daisy, 2. 2. Any plant of a certain 
genus (Heliopsis) having showy yellow-rayed flowers. 

Ox'ford (oks'ferd), n. [Sometimes I. c] Short for Oxford 
shoe or tie, a low shoe laced or tied over the instep ; — 
named from Oxford, Eng. 

Oxford movement. See Tractariantsm. 

OX'i-date (ok'si-dat), v. t. & i. To oxidize. Rare. 

ox i-da'tion (ok'si-da^shun), n. Act or process of oxidizing ; 
state or result of being oxidized. 

OX'ide (ok'sld; -sid), n. Alsoox'id. [F. oxide, oxyde ; oxy- 
gene oxygen + acide acid.] Chem. A binary compound of 
oxygen with an element or radical ; as, iron oxide, etc. 
tIPIn Lavoisier's nomenclature the oxides included all 
oxygen compounds having no acid properties, as contrasted 
with the acids, all of which supposedly contained oxygen. 

OX'i-diz'a-ble (ok'si-dlz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being oxidized. 

ox'i-dize (ok'sl-dlz), v. t. ; -dized (-dlzd) ; -diz'ing (-dlz'- 
Ing). Chem. a To combine with oxygen, b To deprive (a 
compound) of hydrogen, as by action of oxygen. C To 
change from a lower to a higher valence, as regards the 
positive element. — v.i. To become oxidized. — diz'er, n. 

ox'ime (ok'sim ; -sem), n. Also ox'im. [oxygen -f- imide.] 
Org. Chem. Any of a series of compounds, obtained chiefly 
by the action of hydroxylamine on aldehydes and ketones, 
in which the oxygen of the carbonyl group is replaced by 
the group : NOH (called the isonitroso, or oxime, group). 

ox'lip' (oks'lip'), n. [AS. oxanslyppe. See ox; cowslip.] 
1. Orig., a natural hybrid between the cowslip and prim- 
rose. 2. An English primrose (Primula elatior) with large 
pale yellow flowers. 

Ox-o'ni-an (ok-so'ni-Sn), a. [Oxonia, Latinized form of 
Oxford.'} Of or pert, to the city or university of Oxford, 
Eng. — n. A student or a graduate of Oxford University. 

OX'tongue' (oks'tungO, n. Any of several plants having 
rough, tongue-shaped leaves, as a species of bugloss ( An- 
chusa officinalis). 

OX'y- (ok'si-). A combining form from Greek 6£fc, sharp, 
keen, acute, acid, shrill, quick. 

OX'y- (ok 'si-). Chem. A prefix (which is also used adjec- 
tively, oxy) designating : a Compounds containing oxygen, 
esp. oxidation products of the compounds to whose names 
it is prefixed; as in ox*/camphor; oxyhydrocarbon, etc. b 
Hydroxyl derivatives of the compounds to whose name it 
is prefixed (in this sense more properly hydroxy-) ; as in 
oxyacetone, oxyaldehyde, etc. 

OX'y-ac'id (-as'id), n. Chem. An acid containing oxygen, as 
chloric acid (HCIO3), sulphuric acid (H2SO4). 

OX'y-cal'ci-um (-kal'si-um), a. Of or pertaining to oxygen 
and calcium ; as, the oxy calcium light. See limelight, 1. 

OX'y-gen (ok'sT-jen), n. [F. oxygene, fr. Gr. 6£0s sharp, 
acid + root of ylyvtadai to be born. So called by Lavoisier 
because he supposed it essential to every acid."] Chem. A 
colorless, tasteless, odorless, chemically active gaseous ele- 
ment occurring in the free state in air, of which it forms 
about 21 per cent by volume. Symbol, O ; atomic weight, 
16.00. It forms f by weight of water, 

oxygen acid. An oxyacid. 

ox'y-gen-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'Sd) ; -at'lng (-atfng). 
Chem. To impregnate or combine with oxygen; oxidize. 



ox'y-gen-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act or process of oxygenating. 

OX'y-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to, consisting of, 
containing, or resembling oxygen. 

OX'y-gen-ize (ok'si-jen-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'lng (-Tz'- 
Ing). To oxidize. — ox'y-gen-iz'a-ble (-Iz'd-b'l), a. 

OX-yg'e-nous (ok-sTj'e-nus), a. Oxygenic. 

OX'y-hy'dro-gen (ok's^hl'drS-jen), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, 
or consisting of, a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. — 
oxyhydrogen blowpipe, an instrument for producing a 
very hot flame by burning oxygen and hydrogen mixed at 
the moment of burning. — n. Oxyhydrogen gas. 

ox'y-mo'ron (-mo'ron ; 57), n. ; pi. -ra (-rd). [NL., fr. Gr. 
b^vuuspov; deriv. of 6£6j sharp + nupos foolish.] Rhet. A 
figure consisting of the use of a contradictory or incongru- 
ous epithet, as in : cruel kindness ; laborious idleness. 

OX'y-salt' (ok'si-solt 7 ), n. Chem. A salt of an oxyacid. 

ox'y-sul'phide (-sul'fid; -fid), n. Also -phid. 'Chem. A 
ternary compound of oxygen and sulphur. It may be re- 
garded as a sulphide in which part of the sulphur is replaced 
by oxygen. 

ox'y-toc'ic (-tos'ik), a. [1st oxy- + Gr. tSkoi birth.] Med. 
Promoting uterine contractions, or parturition. 

OX'y-tone (ok'sT-ton), a. [Gr. 6%vtovo* ; <J£ us sharp -f- t6vos 
tone.] Gram. Having an acute accent on the last syllable. 
— n. An oxytone word. 

o'yer (o'yer ; oi'er), n. [AF., a hearing, infin. as n., fr. OF. 
o'ir to hear, L. audire.} Law. a Short for oyer and ter- 
miner, b A hearing or an inspection in open court, which a 
party might demand, of certain instruments ; also, the 
demand. 

oyer and terminer, lit., to hear and determine ; hence, a 
hearing and determining ; — used in England in commis- 
sions to judges of assize, and in the United States to desig- 
nate certain criminal courts. 

O'yez' (o'yeV ), interj. Also o'yes'. [AF. oyez hear ye. See 
oyer.] Hear ! attend ! — a cry used by court criers to se- 
cure silence before a proclamation. — n. The cry itself. 

oys'ter (ois'ter), n. [OF. oistre, fr. L. pstrea, ostreum, Gr. 
darpeop.'] 1. Any of a genus (Ostrea) or family (Ostreidss) 
of marine bivalve mollusks. 2. Any of various other bivalve 
mollusks, as the pearl oyster (Avicula margaritifera). 3. 
A morsel of tender sweet meat in the concavity of the bone 
on either side of the lower part of a fowl's back. 

oyster catchsr. Any of a widely distributed genus (Hsema- 
topus) of wad- 
ing birds, from 
16 to 20 inches 
in length, with 
plumage chiefly 
black and white. 

oyster plant. 1. 
Salsify. 2. The 
sea lungwort. 

o'zo-ce'rits 
(o'z S-s e'r 1 1 • Oyster Catcher (Haematopus osCralegus). 

6-zSs'er-Tt), n. [Gr. 6$tiv to smell -f- K^poswax.] Min. A 
waxlike mineral, colorless or white when pure. It is a mix- 
ture of hydrocarbons. 

o'zone (o'zon), n. [Gr. 6f««' to smell.] Chem. A faintly 
blue, allotropic form of oxygen, produced by the silent dis- 
charge of electricity in air or oxygen, and otherwise. It has 
an odor suggesting that of weak chlorine, and is used com- 
mercially for sterilizing water, bleaching oils, etc. 

o-zou'ic (S-z5n'Tk), a. Pert, to, like, or containing ozone, 
ozonic ether, a solution of hydrogen dioxide in ether. 

o'zon-ize (-zo-nlz), v. t. To convert into, or treat with, ozone. 

o'zon-ous (-nus), a. Pertaining to or containing ozone. _j 











P(pe). 1. The sixteenth letter of the English alphabet. 
It is a voiceless bilabial stopped consonant, the voiced 
correlative of which is b. See Guide to Pron., § 72. Its 
form and value come from the Latin, into which the letter 
was brought, through the Greek, from the Phcenician, its 
ultimate origin being perhaps Egyptian. Etymologically 
p is most closely related to 6, /, and v ; as, ho661e, hopple ; 
/ather, paternal ; recipknt, receive. 2. As a symbol, used 
to denote or indicate : The fifteenth or (cf. k, 2) the six- 
teenth in a series ; fifteenth (or sixteenth) in order or class ; 
sometimes, the numeral fifteen (or sixteen) ; as, P Battery. 

P, or p (pe), n. ; pi. P's or Ps (pez). 1. The letter P, p, or 
its sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter P. 

pa (pa), n. Papa. Colloq. or Childish. 

pab'u-lum (pab'u-lum), n. [L.] The means of nutriment ; 
food ; nourishment ; hence, sustenance. 
Syn. Pabulum, aliment, nutriment (in fig. senses). 
Pabulum denotes mental diet or food for the mind ; ali- 
ment suggests esp. sustenance or support ; that is nutri- 



ment which nourishes, or which promotes growth ; as, 
" pabulum of transcendental moonshine " ; meat for the sus- 
tentation and aliment of the body ; spiritual nutriment. 

pa'ca (pa'ka ; pak'd), n. [Pg., fr. the native name.] Any of 
a genus {Agouti) of large South and Central American ro- 
dents (esp. A. paca) allied to the guinea pig. 

pace (pas), n. [F. pas, fr. L. passus a step, pace.] 1. A 
step. 2. The length of a step in walking. Ordinarily, the 
pace is 2.5 linear feet ; but in measuring distances, it is taken 
as 3 feet or 3.3 feet ( = £rod). The geometrical pace, 
or great pace, is 5 feet. The regulation pace in the British 
and United States armies is 30 inches for quick time, and 36 
inches for double time. The Roman pace (passus) was from 
the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when it next 
touched the ground, 5 Roman feet. 3. Manner of stepping 
or moving; gait. 4. A gait of the horse in which the legs 
move in lateral pairs ; — sometimes called rack. 5. Rate of 
movement ; speed ; as, to set the pace. 

— v. i. ; paced (past) ; pac'ing (pas'Tng). 1. To move with 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals, 



H 



PACED 



690 



PADDOCK 







slow or measured steps. 2. To move at a pace, as a horse. 
See pace, to., 4. — v. t. 1. To walk, over with measured 
tread. 2. To measure by paces. 3. To develop, guide, or 
control the pace of. 4. Racing. To set the pace for. 

paced (past), a. 1. Having, or trained in, a certain pace ; 
as, slow-paced. 2. Measured by pacing. 3. Racing. Having 
the pace set by a pacemaker ; as, a paced mile. 

pace'mak'er (pas'mak'er), to. Racing. One who sets the 
pace for another ; hence, one in the lead. mak'ing, n. 

pac'er (pas'er), n. One who, or that which, paces ; esp., a 
horse that paces ; also, one that acts as pacemaker. 

pa-cha'. Var. of pasha.^ 

pa-chi'si (pa-che'si ; -zi), n. [Hind, pachlsi, fr. pachis 
twenty-five, the highest throw in the game.] 1. A game, 
somewhat resembling backgammon, much played in India, 
with cowry shells for dice. 2. [Commonly spelt par-che'si, 
par-chi'si (par-che'si ; pa- ; -zi).] A game adapted from 
the above. U. S. & Eng. 

pa-chou'li. Var. of patchouli. 

pach'y- (pak'i-). Combining form fr. Gr. iraxvs thick. 

pach'y-derm (-durm), to. [Gr. iraxvdeptios thick-skinned ; 
iraxvs thick + bkptia skin.] Zool. Any of various hoofed 
mammals, mostly having a thick skin, as the elephant, 
hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, pig, etc., formerly 
classed by zoologists in a group (Pachydermata) since 
abandoned as unnatural. Hence, any thick-skinned or in- 
sensitive animal or, fig., person. — pach'y-der'ma-tOUS, a. 

pa-cif'ic (pd-sif'ik), a. [L. pacificus. See pacify.] Tending 
to make peace ; of or pert, to peace ; peaceful ; peaceable. 
Syn. Pacific, peaceable, peaceful. That is pacific which 
tends to make peace, or conciliate strife ; that is peaceable 
which is inclined to keep peace, or avoid strife ; that is 
peaceful which is at peace, or free from strife ; as, pacific 
words ; peaceable nations ; peaceful old age. — pa-cif'i- 
cal (-i-kal), a. — pa-cif'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pa-cif'i-cate (-kat), v. t. [L. pacificatus, p. p. of pacifi- 
care.'] To render peaceable ; pacify. 

pacl-fl-ca'tion (pas'i-fi-ka'shun ; pd-sif'i-ka'-), n. Act or 
process of pacifying ; state of being pacified. 

pa-cif'i-ca'tor (-ka'ter), to. One who pacifies ; peacemaker. 

pa-cif'i-ca-to-ry (pd-sif'i-kd-to-rT), a. Conciliatory. 

pa-cif'i-cist (pd-sif'i-sTst), n. See pacifist. 

II pa-Ci'fi-CO (pa-se'fS-ko), n.; pi. -cos (Sp. -kos). [Sp. 
pacifico. See pacific] A peaceable person ; — applied 
specif, by the Spaniards to the natives in Cuba and the 
Philippine Islands who did not oppose the Spanish arms. 

pac'i-ti'er (pas'i-fl'er), to. One who pacifies. 

pac'i-fism (pas'i-fiz'm), to. The spirit and temper which 
opposes the military ideals, emphasizes the defects of mili- 
tary training and the cost of war and preparation for it, and 
advocates the settlement of international disputes entirely 
by arbitration. 

pac'i-fist (-fist), to. One who is imbued with pacifism ; one 
who favors, advocates, or supports pacifism ; a pacificist. 
fcg^Pacifictst is more regularly formed, but pacifist is the 
form more generally used. 

pac'i-fy (pas'i-f I), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. pacifier, 
L. pacificare ; pax, pads, peace + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To make to be at peace ; appease ; tranquilize. 
Syn. Assuage, allay, alleviate, mitigate, soften, soothe, 
abate ; appease, placate, propitiate, conciliate, mollify, 
reconcile, win over. — Pacify, appease, placate, pro- 
pitiate, conciliate, mollify. To pacify is esp. to allay 
anger, agitation, or resentment ; to appease is to pacify by 
satisfying cravings or demands ; as, he pacified the prince ; 
to appease the wrath of God. But appease, together with 
placate and propitiate, applies esp. to the satisfaction of 
one offended or hostile ; appease implying rather the allay- 
ing of hostility, placate and propitiate suggesting more posi- 
tively the act of rendering favorable or propitious. To con- 
ciliate is to win over from unfriendliness or distrust ; to 
mollify is to soften or soothe (esp.) wounded feelings ; as, 
to conciliate the hostile ; to mollify the offended. 

Pa-cin'i-an (pd-sTn'i-an), a. Anat. Of or discovered by the 
Italian physician, Filippo Pacini (1812-83). 
Pacinian bodies or corpuscles, oval bodies terminating 
sensory nerve fibers in theskin, esp. of the hands and feet. 

pack (pak), v. t, 1. To bring together or make up fraudu- 
lently in order to secure a certain result ; as, to pack a jury. 
2. To arrange (cards) so as to cheat ; stack. Archaic. 

pack, to. [Prob. fr. D. or LG. ; cf. D. pak, G. pack.] 1. A 
bundle prepared to be carried, esp. on the back. 2. A low 
or worthless person; — usually used with naughty. Cf. 
baggage. 3. A number or quantity of associated or similar 
persons or things ; as : a A gang ; as, a pack of thieves, b A 
great collection (of things), c A number of animals, as dogs 
or wolves, hunting or kept together, d A full set of playing 
cards. 4. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven to- 
gether. 5. Med. In hydropathic practice, a wrapping of 
blankets or sheets put about a patient to give him treat- 
ment ; also, the fact or condition of being so treated. — Syn. 
See bundle, flock. 

•— v. t. 1. To make a pack of ; put or arrange in a pack. 2. 



To crowd together. 3. To fill closely or to repletion ;~crowd ; 
cram ; as, to pack a trunk. 4. Mech. To render imper- 
vious, as by filling with suitable material, as a joint. 5. To 
load with a pack ; hence, to encumber. 6. To form into a 
pack, as hounds, cards, or ice. 7. To cover, envelop, or 
protect tightly with something; specif., Hydropathy, to 
envelop in a wet or dry sheet, within numerous coverings. 
See pack, to., 5. 8. To transport in, or as in, a pack ; hence, 
to carry. Chiefly Western U. S. 9. To cause to go or de- 
part, esp. peremptorily or suddenly ; — often used with off. 

— v. i. 1. To make up packs, bales, or bundles. 2. To gather 
into packs ; crowd together. 3. To admit of stowage, or of 
making up for transportation or storage. 4. To depart, 
esp. in haste ; — generally used with off or away. 

pack'age (pak/aj), to. 1. Act or process of packing. 2. A 
bundle made up for transportation ; a parcel. 3. That in 
which anything is packed. — Syn. See bundle. 

pack animal. An animal used in carrying packs. 

pack'er (pak'er), to. A person who packs. See 1st pack. 

pack'er, to. One who makes up bundles or puts things in 
bundles ; esp., U. S., a wholesale provision dealer who 
packs his wares for a distant or future market. 

pack'et (-et ; 24), n. 1. A small pack ; little bundle. 2. Naut. 
A vessel conveying dispatches, mails, passengers, and goods 
and having fixed sailing days. — Syn. See bundle. 

pack horse. A horse used for transporting packs of goods. 

pack'ing, to. 1. Act or process of one that packs. 2. Any 
material used to pack, fill up, or make close, as the com- 
pressible material used between the surfaces of a flange 
joint or in a stuffing box or a yielding ring, as of metal, used 
around a piston, etc. 

packing house. A commercial establishment for the pack- 
ing of provisions, esp. beef, pork, lard, etc., for a distant or 
future market. 

pack'man (pak'man), to. A peddler. 

pack'sad'dle (pak'sad^'l), to. A saddle made for supporting 
the load on a pack animal. 

pack'thread' (-thred'), to. Strong thread or small twine. 

pact (pakt), to. [L. pactum, fr. paciscere to bargain, pa- 
cere to agree on.] An agreement ; compact ; specif., Rom. 
Law, an informal agreement which was not enforceable by 
action, but which the law might recognize as a valid de- 
fense ; — disting. from contract and quasi contract. 

pac'tion (pak'shim), to. [L. pactio. See pact.] An agree- 
ment ; compact ; bargain. Chiefly Scot. — pac'tion-al, a. 

Pac-to'lus (pak-to'liis), to. [L., fr. Gr. LTaKTwXos.] A river 
in Lydia, celebrated for its auriferous sands. 

pad (pad), to. [D. pad path.] 1. A path ; road. Slang or 
Dial. Eng. 2. A highway robber. Rare. 3. An easy-paced 
horse. — v. i. ; pad'ded ; pad'ding. 1. To travel on foot ; 
trudge. 2. To move with steady dull footfalls ; — esp. of 
animals. — v. t. 1. To travel upon foot ; tread. 2. To 
tread or trample down by foot travel. Chiefly Dial. 

pad (pad), to. The dull sound of footfalls or impacts of a staff. 

pad, to. 1. A cushion. 2. A cushion used as a saddle. 3. 
Something of the nature of a cushion to lessen jarring, 
friction, etc. 4. A tablet of many sheets of paper. 5. Zool. 
a A cushionlike thickening of the skin on the soles or under 
side of the toes of certain animals, b The pulvillus of an 
insect's foot. 6. The foot of certain animals, as the fox. 
7. A floating leaf of a water plant, esp. of a water lily. U. S. 

— v. t. 1. To stuff ; furnish with padding. 2. To expand, as 
a speech, with needless matter. 

pad'ding, to. 1. Act or process of one who, or that which, 
pads, or stuffs. 2. Material with which anything is padded. 

pad'dle (pad , 'l), to. 1. A kind of long-handled spade. Chiefly 
Dial. Eng. & Scot. 2. A broad-bladed implement used 
without a fixed fulcrum to propel and steer canoes and 
other boats. 3. One of the broad boards at the circumfer- 
ence of a water wheel or paddle wheel. 4. Short for paddle 
wheel. 5. A more or less paddle-shaped implement for 
stirring, mixing, beating clothes, etc. 6. Act of paddling. 

— v. %.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). 1. To use a paddle 
for propelling 'one on or through the water. 2. To row 
easily or gently. — v. t. 1. To propel or move with a paddle 
or paddles. 2. To beat or punish with a paddle. U. S. 

pad'dle, v. i. 1. To move the feet or to wade about in shal- 
low water or the like ; to dabble. 2. To use the hands or 
fingers in caressing ; toy. 3. To toddle. 

paddle box. The structure inclosing the upper part of a 
paddle wheel of a vessel. 

pad'dle-fish' (-fish'), to. A large ganoid fish (Polyodon 
spathula), related to the sturgeons, of the Mississippi River 
and its tributaries. It has a long spatula-shaped snout. 

pad'dler (pad'ler), to. One who, or that which, paddles. 

paddle wheel. Naut. A wheel with paddles or radial 
boards around its circumference, used to propel a vessel. 

pad'dock (pad'uk), to. [ME. paddok ; padde toad -f- -ock."] 
1. A frog (animal). Obs. or Scot. 2. A toad. Obs. or Ar- 
chaic. 

pad'dock, to. [For E. dial, parrock, AS. pearroc inclosure. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) • 



PADDY 



691 



PAKTONG 



fence.] 1. A small inclosure, esp. one for pasture, adjoin- 
ing a stable or house. 2. An inclosure near the stables, esp. 
at a race course, in which horses are exercised, etc. 3. In 
Australia, any field or subdivision of arable or grass land. 

— v. t. To confine in or as in_a paddock. 

pad'dy (pad'i), n. [Malay pad!.] In commerce, unhusked 
rice, growing or cut ; by extension, rice in general. 

Pad'dy, n. ; pi. -dies (-iz). [From St. Patrick, Ir. Padraig, 
the tutelar saint of Ireland.] An Irishman ; — a nickname. 

pa'di-shah (pa'de-sha), n. [Per. padshah, lit., protecting 
lord.] Chief ruler ; great king ; — a title [Often cap.'] esp. 
of the Sultan of Turkey, the Shah of Persia, and, in India, 
the British sovereign as Emperor of India. 

padlock' (pad'lok'), n. A portable lock usually having a 
shackle jointed or pivoted at one end so that it can be 
opened. — v. t. To fasten with or as with a padlock. 

pad'nag' (-nag'), n. [pad a path -f- nag."] An ambling nag. 

\\ pa'dre (pa'dra), n.; pi. Sp. & Pg. -dres (-dras) ; It. -dri 
(-dre). [Sp., Pg., & It., fr. L. pater father.] A Christian 
priest or monk ; — used in Italy, Spain, Portugal, etc. 

II pa-dro'ne (pa-dro'na), n.; pi. It. -Ni (-ne), E. -nes (-naz). 
[It.] A patron ; master ; as : a The master of a small coaster 
in the Mediterranean, b In Italy, an innkeeper or land- 
lord. C An Italian employment agent, as in America. 

pad'u-a-soy (padljj-d-soi), n. [F. pou-de-soie, influenced by 
Padua, town in Italy.] A rich, corded silk stuff. Obs. 

pas'an (pe'dn), n. Also pe'an. [L. paean, Gr. iraiav, fr. 
Ilaidj' the physician of the gods, later, Apollo.] 1. Gr. 
Antiq. A hymn in honor of a deity, orig. of Apollo or Arte- 
mis. 2. A song of joy, praise, triumph, etc. 

pss'der-ast, pee'di-at'ric, pae'do-, etc. Var. of pederast, 

PEDIATRIC, PEDO-, etc. 

pae'do-gen'e-sis (pe'do-jen'e-sis), n. Zool. Reproduction 
by young or larval animals; esp., parthenogenetic repro- 
duction in the larvae of certain gallflies. 

pae'on (pe'on), n. [L. paeon, Gr. iraioiv a solemn song, also, 
a pjeon, equiv. to iraiav. See pjsan.] Gr. & hat. Pros. 
A foot of four syllables, one long and three short. 

pse'o-ny (pe'6-nl). Var. of peony. 

pa'gan (pa'gdn), n. [L. paganus countryman, pagan, pa- 
ganus rustic, pagan, pagus the country.] 1. One who does 
not worship the true God ; a heathen ; one not a Christian, 
Mohammedan, or Jew ; formerly one not a Christian. 2. 
An irreligious person. — a. 1. Of or pert, to pagans ; 
heathen ; idolatrous. 2. Irreligious ; heathenish. 
Syn. Pagan, heathen. In modern usage, that is pagan 
which is not Christian, Jewish, or Mohammedan ; the word 
refers esp. to past customs, sentiments, beliefs, or their sur- 
vivals, and frequently implies contrast with Christianity 
rather than opposition to it ; heathen commonly suggests 
polytheism or idolatry, esp. of uncivilized peoples. 

pa'gan-ish (-Tsh), a. Like or befitting a pagan. 

pa'gan-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. State of being pagan ; esp., the 
worship of pagans ; heathenism. 2. Pagan character, mor- 
als, or aesthetic quality, esp. of classical antiquity. 

pa'gan-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
To render or become pagan or heathenish. 

pag-3 (paj), n. [F.] Formerly, a youth training for knight- 
hood, who acted as attendant of his master and mistress, 
or a youth attending a person of high degree, esp. at courts, 
as a service of honor and education ; now, a youth for 
errands, waiting on the door, etc., as in a household ; also, 
U. S., a boy to wait on the members of a legislature.— 
v. t. & i.; paged (pajd) ; pag'ing (paj'Tng). 1. To attend 
or follow (one) as a page ; act as a page. 2. To call or sum- 
mon, as by a page, or by a bell boy in a hotel. U. S. 

page (paj), n. [F., fr. L. paginal 1. One side of a leaf of 
a book, manuscript, letter, etc. Abbr., p.; pi., pp. 2. 
Print. The type set for printing a page. 3. Fig. : a A 
record ; writing ; as, the page of history, b An event or 
circumstance, such as might fill a written page. — v. t. 
To mark or number the pages of ; to furnish with folios. 

pag'eant (paj'ent; pa'jent), n. [ME. pagent, pagen, a 
movable scaffold or stage, also, what was exhibited on it, fr. 
LL. paginal] 1. A theatrical exhibition. Obs. or Hist. 
2. A structure, as a platform, on which scenes were exhib- 
ited ; one of a series of (usually) movable structures, on 
which mysteries were performed outdoors. Obs. or Hist. 3. 
Any show, tableau, or the like, on a fixed stage or a carriage 
in a public celebration. Obs. or Hist. 4. A specious dis- 
play ; unsubstantial pomp. 5. An elaborate exhibition or 
spectacle, esp. a stately or showy procession. 

pag'eant-ry ( -ri ), n. 1. Pageants or scenic shows or 
spectacles, taken collectively. Obs. 2. Elaborate or 
specious display ; pomp ; spectacular quality. 

pag'i-nal (paj'i-nal), a. [L. paginalis.] Consisting of 
pages ; of or pertaining to a page or pages. 

pag'i-nate (-nat), v. t. To page, as a book. 

pag'i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. [See page of a book.] Act or 
process of paging a book, etc. ; the characters indicating 
the sequence of the pages ; page numbering. [idol.j 

pag'od (pag'od ; pd-god'), n. Archaic. 1. A pagoda. 2. Anj 




pa-go'da (pd-go'dd), n. [Pg. pagode.] A towerlike, storied 
structure, usually a temple, or a memorial, of 
the kind frequent in India, Farther India, 
China, and Japan. 

pa-gu'ri-an (pd-gu'rl-an), a. [L. pagurus a 
kind of crab, Gr. irayovpos.] Zool. Belonging to 
the family {Paguridse) containing the typical 
hermit crabs. — pa-gu'ri-an, n. — pa-gu'rid 
(pd-gu'rld; pag'u-nd), n. 

pah (pa), interj. An exclamation of contempt 
or disgust. 

Pah'la-vi (pa'ld-ve), n. Also Pehlevi. [Per. 
Pahlavi, fr. OPer. Parthava Parthia.] The! 
Persian language of the period from the 3d to "Pagoda, 
about the 10th century a. d., employing a Semitic alphabet 
akin to that of the Avesta. 

paid (pad), pret., p. p., & p. a. of pay, to render. 

pail (pal), n. [ME. paile, prob. fr. AS. paegel wine vessel, 
gill.] A vessel for holding or carrying liquids, commonly 
circular in section, having a bail, and often fitted with a 
cover. — pail'ful (pal'fool), n.; pi. -fuls (-foolz). 

pail-lasse' (pal-yas'), n. [F., fr. paille straw.] An under 
bed or mattress of straw. 

pail-lette' (pal-yet' ; F. pa'yet'), n. ; pi. -lettes (-yets' ; F. 
-yet'). [F., dim. of paille straw. See 1st pallet.] A 
spangle ; specif., a piece of metal foil. let'ted (-yet'ed),a. 

pain (pan), n. [F. peine, fr. L. poena, Gr. ttolvti penalty.] 
1. Punishment ; penalty ; fine ; — now used only in phrases, 
as "on pain of death." 2. An affection or feeling due to 
derangement of functions, disease, or bodily injury. 3. In 
pi. The throes of childbirth ; labor. 4. Distressing uneasi- 
ness of mind ; grief. 5. In pi. Labor ; toilsome effort. 
Syn. Pain, ache. Pain, literally, denotes sharp, some- 
times sudden, bodily suffering ; ache, continuous, often 
dull, bodily suffering. See effort. 

— v. t. 1. To put to bodily uneasiness or anguish ; distress ; 
torment ; torture. 2. To distress mentally ; grieve. — Syn. 
Disquiet, trouble, afflict, agonize. 

pain'ful (pan'fool), a. 1. Full of or causing pain; afflic- 
tive ; distressing ; grievous. 2. Of the body or a bodily part, 
affected with pain. 3. Requiring toil ; difficult ; as, a pain- 
/uZ march. 4. Painstaking. Archaic. — Syn. Disquieting, 
troublesome, arduous. — pain'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness,n. 

pain'less, a. Free from pain ; without pain. 

pains'tak'ing (panz'tak'Ing), a. Taking pains; careful in 
doing ; assiduous. — n. Act of taking pains ; assiduity. 

paint (pant), v. t. [F. peint, p. p. of peindre to paint, fr. L. 
pingere, pictum.] 1. a To form a representation of, as on 
a canvas, by applying paints, b To make (a picture or de- 
sign) with pigments. 2. To ornament by painting. 3. To de- 
scribe vividly ; depict. 4. To apply paint to ; color. 5. Fig. : 
To adorn or beautify with or as with colors. 6. To put on or 
apply like paint. — v. i. 1. To practice the art of painting ; 
also, to describe vividly. 2. To color one's face in order to 
beautify it. — Syn. Picture,_portray, sketch, draw. 

— n. 1. A preparation of a pigment used to form an adhe- 
sive coating ; also, the pigment alone, or a cake of it. 2. 
Pigment, as rouge, etc., for the face or body. 

paint'ed (pan'ted; 24), a. 1. Coated, ornamented, dis- 
guised, or the like, with paint or colors ; hence, feigned. 2. 
Variegated ; party-colored ; as, the painted turtle. 
painted cup, any of a genus (Castilleja) of scrophulari- 
aceous plants, having showy bracts about the flowers. 

paint'er (-ter), n. [Corrupt, of panther."] The cougar. 

paint'er, n. A rope, usually at the bow, for fastening a boat. 

paint'er, n. One who paints ; esp. : a An artist who paints 
pictures, b One who covers buildings, etc., with paint. 

paint'ing, n. Act of one who paints ; that which is made by 
one who paints ; a painted picture, design, etc. 

paint'yjpan'ti), a. Of, or abounding in, paint. 

pair (par), n. ; pi. pairs; after a numeral, formerly, and 
now sometimes, Colloq., pair. [F. paire, LL. paria, L. 
paria, pi. of par pair, par, adj., equal.] 1. Two things of 
a kind, suited to each other, and intended to be used to- 
gether. 2. A thing composed of two corresponding pieces ; 
as, a pair of scissors. 3. Two persons or animals of oppo- 
site sexes consorting together. 4. Two of a sort ; a couple ; 
a brace. 5. Kinematics. A combination of two parts, called 
elements, which are so applied to each other as mutually to 
constrain relative motion. 6. Card Playing. A set of two 
cards of the same value or denomination ; two of a kind 
(often specified). 7. Two members of opposite parties or 
opinion who pair ; also, the arrangement thus made. See 
pair, v. i., 3. Pari. Cant. 8. A set ; — now used only in 
a pair of stairs or steps. — Syn. See couple. 

— v. t. To unite, arrange, or match so as to form a pair or 
couple ; mate. — v. i. 1. To form a pair ; match ; suit. 2. 
To unite in a pair ; couple ; mate. 3. To agree with one of 
the opposite party or opinion to abstain from voting on a 
specified question. Pari. Cant. 

pa-ja'ma (pd-ja'md), -ja'mas (-mdz). Vars. of pyjama, etc. 
pak'tong (pak'tong), n. [Dial, form of Chin, pai t'ung, 



i 
i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc. precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PAL 



692 



PALL 







P 




white copper.] A Chinese alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper, 
resembling German silver. 

pal (pal), n. [Gypsy (in England) pal brother, mate, pral 
(on the Continent), fr. Skr. bhrdtr brother.] A mate; 
chum ; esp., an accomplice. Slang. [talk.! 

|| pa-la'bra (pa-la'bra), n. [Sp.] A word ; hence : palaver ;| 

pal/ace (pal'as), n. [F. palais, fr. L. palatium, fr. Pala- 
tium one of the seven hills of Rome, where Augustus re- 
sided.] 1. The official residence of a sovereign, or, Eng., 
of an archbishop or bishop. 2. a A large, stately house, b 
A large public building, as for a superior court. 3. A build- 
ing or room fitted up as a place of amusement, refreshment, 
etc. ; as, a coffee palace. Colloq. 

pal'a-din (pal'd-dTn), n. [F., fr. It. paladino, fr. L. palati- 
nus a palace officer.] One of the douzepers ; hence, fig. : a 
knight-errant ; a distinguished champion. 

pa'lae-o- (pa'le-o- ; pal'e-6-). Var. cf paleo. 

pa-l»5'tra, pa-les'tra (pd-les'trd), n.; pi. L. -TR.E (-tre), 
E. -TRAS (-trdz). [L. palaestra, Gr. TraXalarpa, fr. iraXaUiv 
to wrestle.] Antiq. A wrestling school ; a gymnasium. 

Pal'a-me'des (pal'd-me'dez), n. [L., fr. Gr, flaXa/ii^s.] 
In post-Homeric legend, a hero of the Trojan war who was 
treacherously slain, according to one version, by Odysseus 
in revenge for Palamedes's detection of his feigned madness. 

pal'an-quin', pal'an-keen' (pal'an-ken'), n. [Pg. palan- 
quim, Jav. palangki, fr. Skr. paryahka, palyanka, bed, 
couch.] In India, 
China, etc., an in- 
closed litter. 

pal'at-a-ble (pal'at- 
d-b'l), a. Agreeable 
to the taste ; savory ; 
acceptable; pleasing. 
— pal'at-a-ble- 
ness, n. — pal'at-a- 
bly, adv. 

paTa-tal (-d-tdl), a. Palanquin. 

1. Of or pert, to the palate. 2. Phon. Formed or articu- 
lated between the tongue and the palate, esp. the hard 
palate, as : k in key, y in yes, ch in German ich, i in it, a in 
at, etc. ; also, often, the compound consonants ch in chin, 
j in jug, ni in onion. Palatal vowels are called also front 
vowels. — n. A palatal sound or its symbol. 

pal'a-tal-ize (-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). Phon. 
To make palatal, or "front"; change into a palatal. — 
paTa-tal-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun; -I-za'shun), n. 

pal'ate (-at), n. [L. palatum!] 1. The roof of the mouth. 
The front part is the hard palate, the back part is the soft 
palate, or velum. 2. Taste ; relish ; — also used fig. 

pa-la'tial (pd-la'shal), a. [L. palatium palace.] Of, pert, 
to, or befitting a palace ; magnificent. tial-ly, adv. 

pa-lat'i-nate (-lat'T-nat), n. 1. Province orterritory of a pal- 
atine. 2. leap."] A native or inhabitant of the Palatinate. 
the Palatinate, a state of the old German Empire, lying 
along the Rhine, now chiefly an exclave of Bavaria. 

pal'a-tine (pal'd-tln; -tin), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the 
palate ; as, the palatine bones, forming the hard palate. — 
n. Anat. A palatine bone. 

pal'a-tine, a. [F. palatin, L. palatinus, fr. palatium. See 
palace.] 1. Palatial. 2. Having royal privileges; as, a 
county palatine; of or pert, to a count, earl, or county 
palatine. 

pal'a-tine, n. 1. leap. - ] The Palatine Hill in Rome. See 
Seven Hills. 2. An officer of an imperial palace ; imperial 
chief minister; a vassal having royal privileges in his do- 
mains ; a count or earl palatine. 3. [cap.] A native or in- 
habitant of the Palatinate. 4. A style of fur pelerine. 

pa-la'ver (pd-la'ver ; -lav'er), n. [Sp. palabra or Pg. pala- 
vra, fr. L. parabola. See parable.] 1. In Africa, a parley 
with natives ; a conference ; debate. 2. Talk ; esp., profuse, 
idle, or beguiling talk. — v. i. To talk profusely, idly, or 
beguilingly. — pa-la'ver-er, n. 

pale (pal),a.; PAL'ER^pal'er) ; pal'est. [OF. pale.'] 1. 
Wanting in color or in intensity of color; dusky white; 
ashen. 2. Not bright or brilliant ; faint ; dim. 
Syn. White, whitish, ashy ; haggard, sickly, pallid, wan ; ob- 
scure. — Pale, pallid, wan. Pale suggests either absence 
of color (esp. with reference to the human face) or lack of 
depth or intensity of hue ; pallid implies deeper or more per- 
manent pallor ; wan heightens the idea of languor or even 
sickliness. 

— v. i. & t. ; paled (paid) ; pal'ing (paling). To turn 
pale ; lose color or luster. 

pale, n. [F. pal, fr. L. palus.] 1. A stake ; pointed slat, 
. as for fencing ; picket. 2. Aninclosure ; also, limits ; bounds ; 
esp., a territory or district under a particular jurisdiction ; 
as, the former English Pale in France or that, often called 
the Pale, in Ireland. 3. Her. A broad perpendicular stripe 
in an escutcheon, equally distant from the two edges. 

— v. t. To inclose wit h pales ; fence. 

pa'le-a (pa'le-d), n.; pi. pale,e (-e). [L., chaff.] Bot. a 



One of the chaffy scales on the receptacle in many compos- 
ite plants, b A small scale within the flowering plume in 
grasses. [or consisting of, chaff. I 

pale-a'ceous (pa'le-a'shus), a. Bot. Chaffy ; resembling, 

pa'le-eth-nol'0-gy, palae- ( -e'tb-nol'6-ji ; pal'e- ), n. Eth- 
nology of early prehistoric man. eth'no-log'i-cal (-eth'- 

no-loj'i-kdl), a. -eth-nol'o-gist (-eth-nol'6-jist), n. 

pale'face' (pal'fas'), n. A white person; — so called, as 
alleged, by the American Indians. 

pale'-faced' (-fast'), a. Having a pale face ; pale. 

pale'ly, adv. In a pale manner. 

pale'ness, n. State or quality of being pale. 

pa'le-O-, pa'lae-o- (pa'le-6- ; pal'e-6-). A combining form 
from Greek 7ra\ai6s, old, ancient. 

pale-O-bot'a-ny, or palae- (-bot'd-m), n. That branch of 

paleontology which treats of fossil plants. bo-tan'i-cal, 

a. — t -bot'a-nist, n. 

pa'le-og'ra-phy, or palae- (-og'rd-ft), n. 1. An ancient 
manner of writing ; ancient writings collectively. 2. Study 
of, or art of deciphering, ancient inscriptions and writings. 
— pale-og'ra-pher (fer), n.— pale-o-graph'ic (-6-graf- 
lk), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

pale-o-iith'ic, or palae- (-lTth'Tk), a. Of or pert, to the 
earliest known human culture, which is represented to us 
chiefly by unpolished stone implements. 

pale-on-tog'ra-phy, or palae- (-6n-tog'rd-fT), n. [paleo- 
+ Gr. ovto. existing things -f- -graphy.] The description of 
fossils. onlo-graph'ic ( -to-graf'ik ), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

pale-on'tO-lOg'ic (-on'to-lojTk), a. Paleontological. 

pa'le-on'to-log'i-cal, palae-on'to-log'i-cal (on'to-loj'i- 
kdl), a. Of or pert, to paleontology. log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pale-on-tol'o-gist, pa'lae-on-tol'o-gist (-on-tol'6-jist), n. 
One versed in paleontology. 

pale-on-tol'o-gy, or palae- (-on-tol'6-j T ) , n. [paleo- -f Gr. 
lyra. existing things + -logy.] The science dealing with the 
life of past geological periods, as shown by fossil remains of 
animals and plants. 

Pale-O-zo'ic, or Palae- (-6-zo'ik), a. [paleo- + Gr. fwi7 
life.] Geol. Of, pertaining to, or*designating a grand divi- 
sion of geological history between the Archaean and the 
Mesozoic. — n. The Paleozoic era or group. 

pale-o-ZO-ol'o-gy, or palae- (-zo-ol'6-ji),n. The paleontol- 
ogy of animals. — -ZO'o-log'i-cal, a. ZO-bl'0-gist, n. 

Pal'es-tin'i-an (pal'es-tin'i-dn), a. Of or pertaining to 
Palestine. — n. A native of Palestine. 

pal'et (pal'et ; 24), n. = palea b. 

pal'e-tot (pal'e-to ; pal'to), n. [F.] A kind of loose outer 
garment or coat for men or women. 

pal'ette (pal'et), n. [F. See 2d pallet.] Paint. A painter's 
thin tablet, with a thumb hole at one end, on which to lay 
and mix pigments ; also, the set of colors put on the palette. 

pale'wise' (pal'wlz'), adv. Her. In the manner or direction 
of a pale or pales ; vertically. 

pal'frey (pol'fn ; pal'-), n. [OF. palefrei, fr. LL., fr. L. 
par aver edus extra post horse ; Gr. nap 6. along + L. vere- 
dus post horse.] A saddle horse, esp. a small one for ladies. 

Pa'li (pa'le), n. [Skr. pali row.] A dialect descended from 
Sanskrit, used in the sacred writings of the Buddhists. 

pal'imp-sest (pal'imp-sest), n. [From L., fr. Gr. iraXifi^r)^ 
aros scraped again, izakl^-qaTov a palimpsest ; -wdXiv again 
-\-\prjv to rub.] A parchment, tablet, etc., which has been 
used two or more times, the earlier writing being erased. 

— o. Rewritten or reengraved; as, a palimpsest manu- 
script. 

pal'in-drome (-in-drom), n. [Gr. ira\li>8ponos running 
back again ; iraXu* again + Spafielp to run.] A word, verse, 
or sentence, that is the same when read backward or for- 
ward ; as in Madam, I'm Adam. 

pal'ing (pal'ing), n. 1. Act of building a fence ; fencing. 
2. Wood for making pales ; pales collectively ; a fence. 

palln-gen'e-sis (pal'in-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. irakiv again + 
-genesis.] 1. A new birth ; a regeneration. 2. The doc- 
trine of continued rebirths ; metempsychosis. 3. Biol, a 
The reproduction of ancestral characters without change ; 
— opposed to cenogenesis. b Spontaneous generation. 

pal'i-node (pal'I-nod), n. [L. palinodia, fr. Gr. iraXivuidla ; 
iraXtv again + 0*617 song.] 1. An ode or song retracting 
something in a former one. 2. A retraction. 

Pall-nu'rus (-nu'rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. UaXivovpos.] In 
Vergil's "^Eneid, " the pilot of ^Eneas, who went to sleep 
at the helm and fell overboard. 

pall-sade' (-sad'), n. [F. palissade, fr. L. palus stake, 
pale.] 1. A fence of pales or stakes, as for defense. 2. A 
long, strong stake, pointed at the top, used with others to 
set in the ground as a defense. 3. A line of bold cliffs ; — 
usually in pi. ; as, the Palisades of the Hudson. — v. t. ; 
-sad'ed (-sad'ed) ; -sad'ing. To surround, furnish, inclose, 
or fortify, with palisades. [sade. .Bare. 

pall-sa'do (-sa'do), n. ; pi. -does. [Sp. palizada.] A pali-| 

pal'ish (pal'ish), a. Somewhat or rather pale. 

pall (pol), n. [AS. pxl, fr. L. pallium cover, mantle, pall.] 



ale, senate, care, arn, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, (km, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



PALL 



693 



PALUDAMENTUM 



1. A kind of rich cloth. Obs. 2. A fine cloth spread over or 
on something. Archaic, exc, specif.: A heavy cloth, as of 
black velvet, over a coffin, hearse, or tomb. 3. Eccl. A 
chalice cloth; palla; now, esp., a piece of cardboard cov- 
ered with linen and usually embroidered. 4. A cloak or 
mantle. Archaic. 5. Fig., a covering or concealing thing ; 
a mantle or cloak, esp. a gloomy one ; as, a pall of smoke. 

— v. t. To cover with or as with a pall ; cloak. 

pall, v. i. [Either shortened fr. appall ; or fr. F. palir to 
grow pale.] 1. To become vapid, tasteless, dull, or insipid 
to the appetite or interest; as, pleasure may pall; the 
work began to pall on him. 2. To become satiated or 
cloyed, as the stomach. — v. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid. 

' Rare. 2. To satiate ; cloy. 

pal'la (pal'd), re. ; L. pi. pall.e (-e). [L.] 1. Rom. Antiq. 
A loose mantle or outer garment, worn by women. 2. Eccl. 
a An altar cloth, b A chalice cloth ; a pall. 

Pal-la'di-an (pd-la'di-dn), a. [L. Palladius, fr. Pallas, 
Palladis.] Of or pert, to Pallas Athena, goddess of wis- 
dom ; hence, of or pert, to wisdom or learning. 

pal-la'dic (pd-la'dik; -lad'Ik), a. Chem. Of or pert, to 
palladium, esp. quadrivalent palladium. 

pal-la'di-ous (pd-la'di-iis), a. Chem. Of or pert, to palla- 
dium, esp. bivalent palladium. 

Pal-la'di-um (-um), re. ; L. pi. -dia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. HaXXd- 
8ioi>, fr. LlaXXds, -ados, Pallas.] 1. Class. Antiq. Any statue 
of Pallas Athena ; esp., the famous statue on the preserva- 
tion of which was believed to depend the safety of Troy. 2. 
[I. c] That which affords security ; a safeguard. 

pal-la'di-um, re. [NL., fr. the asteroid Pallas.) Chem. A 
rare metal of the platinum group, silver-white, ductile, 
malleable, and permanent in the air, but lighter than plati- 
num and more easily fusible. Symbol, Pd; at. wt., 106.7. 

Pal'las (pal'ds), n. [L., fr. Gr. OaXXds.] 1. Gr. Myth. An 
epithet of Athena. 2. One of the asteroids. 

pall'bear'er (pol'bar'er), re. One of those who attend the 
coffin at a funeral. 

pal'let (pal'et ; 24), re. [F. paillet a heap of straw, paille 
straw, L. palea chaff.] A small, mean bed ; a bed of straw. 

pal'let (pal'et; 24), re. [F. palette; prop, and orig., a fire 
shovel, dim. of L. pala shovel.] 1. A wooden implement 
with a flat blade or plate used by potters, crucible makers, 
etc., for forming their work. 2. Gilding. A flat brush used 
in applying gold leaf. 3. Mach. A click or pawl driving or 
regulating a ratchet wheel, as in a watch. 

pal'lette (pal'et), n. [See palette.] See armor, Illust. 

pal'li-al (pal'i-al), a. [L. pallium cover, mantle.] Zo'ol. 
Of or pert, to a mantle, esp. of a mollusk. 

pal'liard (pal'ydrd), n. [F. paillard, orig., one addicted 
to the couch, fr. paille straw. See pallet a small bed.] A 
beggar or vagabond ; a lewd person. Obs. or Archaic. 

pal'll-ate (-I-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. pallia- 
tus cloaked, fr. pallium. See pall the garment.] 1. To 
reduce in violence ; mitigate ; as, to palliate a disease. 2. 
To cover with excuses ; extenuate ; as, to palliate a fault. 
Syn. Conceal, excuse, extenuate, gloss, soften. — Palliate, 
extenuate. To palliate is to conceal or cloak the enor- 
mity of an offense, to extenuate, to lessen its magnitude. 
But the two words are often used without sharp distinc- 
tion, palliate suggesting the desire to soften what is wrong or 
culpable, extenuate the attempt to excuse it more formally. 

paTli-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of palliating, or state of being 
palliated. [liative agent. 

pal'li-a-tive (pal'I-d-tiv), a. Serving to palliate.— n. A pal- 

pal'lid (-id), a. [L. pallidus, fr. poller e to be or look pale/ 
Deficient in color ; pale ; wan. — Syn. See pale. — pal'- 
lid-ly, adv. — pal'lid-ness, n. 

pal'li-um (pal'i-um), n.; pi. L. -lia (-d), E. -liums (-umz). 
[L. See pall the garment.] 1. Anc. Costume. A large 
rectangular woolen cloak, worn by men, esp. philosophers. 
2. Eccl. a R. C. Ch. A band of white wool, worn on the 
shoulders, with four purple crosses worked on it ; a pall, b 
An altar cloth ; a pall. 3. Zo'ol. = mantle, n., 2. 

pall'— mall' (pel'mel'), n. [OF. palemail, It. pallamaglio ; 
palla ball + maglio hammer, L. malleus.] 1. A game, 
formerly common, in which a ball was driven with a mallet. 

2. [Written Pall Mall.'] (pron. now also pal'mal'.) In 
London, a street on the site of a pall-mall alley, the center 
of club life ; also, the War Office, formerly in this street. 

pal'lor (pal'or), n. [L., fr. pallere to look pale.] Quality 
or state of being pale ; paleness. 

palm (pam), n. [F. paume, L. palma.] 1. The inner part 
of the hand between the bases of the fingers and the wrist. 
2. The broad flattened part of an antler. 3. A linear 
measure equal either to the breadth of the hand (3-4 inches) 
or to its length from the wrist to the ends of the fingers 
(7-10 inches) ; a hand. 4. A flat expanding part at the end 
of an armlike projection ; specif., the blade of an oar. 

— v. t. 1. To touch with the palm ; handle ; stroke ; specif., 
shake hands with. 2. To manipulate with, or conceal in, 
the palm, as in juggling. 3. To impose by fraud ; pass by 
trickery ; — usually used with off. 



palm, n. [AS. palm, palma, L. palma; — from the leaf's 
shape. See 1st palm.] 1. Any of various tropical or sub- 
tropical plants constituting a family (Phamicaceae), most- 
ly trees with tall columnar trunks bearing a crown of 
gigantic leaves. 2. A leaf of the palm, borne as a symbol 
of victory or rejoicing. 3. Any symbol of superiority, suc- 
cess, or triumph ; also, victory ; triumph ; as, he bore off 
the palm. — pal-ma'ceous (pal-ma'shiis), a. 

pal'ma Chris'ti (pal'md kns'tl). [LL., hand of Christ.] 
The castor-oil plant. Anglicized form palmacrist. 

pal'mar (pal'mdr), a. [L. palmar is.] Pert, or correspond- 
ing to the palm of the hand. 

pal'mate (-mat), a. Hand-shaped ; specif. : a Bot. Having 
lobes radiating from a common point ; — said esp. of leaf 
blades. See leaf, Illust. b Zo'ol. Having the anterior toes 
united by a web, as in swimming birds. — pal'mate-ly, adv. 

pal'mat-ed (-mat-ed), a. Palmate. 

pal-ma'tion (pal-ma'shun), re. State or quality of being 
palmate ; palmate lobation ; also, a palmate part. 

palm civet. Any of various arboreal viverrine mammals 
(genera Paradoxurus, Arctogale, Nandinia, etc.) of south- 
eastern Asia and the East Indies ; a paradoxure. They have 
a long tail, and are spotted with black. 

palm'er (pam'er), n. One who palms, as at cards or dice. 

palm'er, n. [OF. paumier, palmier, LL. palmarius.] A 
wandering religious votary, esp. one who bore a palm 
branch as a token of having visited the Holy Land. 

palmer worm. Any caterpillar which suddenly appears in 
great numbers. In America, esp. the larva of a moth 
(Ypsolophus Ugutellus) destructive to fruit trees. 

pal-met'to (pal-met'o), n.; pi. -tos,-toes (-oz). [Sp. pal- 
mito, dim. of palma palm tree.] Any of several palms of 
the West Indies and the southern United States, having 
simple, fan-shaped leaves. 

palm'ist (pam'ist ; pal'mTst), n. An adept in palmistry. 

pal'mis-ter (pal'mis-ter ; pam'is-) , n. = palmist. Now Rare. 

palm'is-try (pam'Is-trT; pal'mis-), n. [ME. pawmestry ; 
prob. fr. paume palm of the hand + maistrie skill, OF. 
maistrie!] Art or practice of telling fortunes, or of judging 
character, etc., by the features of the palm of the hand. 

pal'mi-tate (pal'mT-tat), re. Salt or ester of palmitic acid. 

pal-mit'ic(pal-mit'Tk),a. Chem. Designating a white, crys- 
talline, fatty acid, C15H31CO2H, in palm oil and in many 
fats. It melts at 62° C. (143.0° F.). It is used for candles. 

pal'mi-tin (pal'mT-tin), re. Physiol. Chem. A solid crys- 
tallizable fat, contained in palm oil and in many other fats. 

palm sugar. Sugar yielded by the sap of certain palms. 

Palm Sunday. Eccl. The Sunday next before Easter ; — 
commemorating Christ's entry into Jerusalem. John xii. 13. 

palm'y (pam'i), a. ; -i-er ; -i-est. 1. Abounding in, or de- 
rived from, palms; palmlike. 2. Flourishing; prosperous. 

pal-my'ra (pal-ml'rd), «., or palmyra palm. [Pg. pal- 
meira.] An East Indian palm (Borassus flabelliformis) 
with large fan-shaped leaves. 

palp (palp), re. A palpus. 

pal'pa-ble (pal'pd-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. palpabilis, fr. palpare 
to feel, stroke.] 1. Capable of being touched or felt ; tangi- 
ble. 2. Easily perceptible by one or more of the senses. 3. 
Plain ; obvious. — Syn. See manifest. — pal'pa-bil'i-ty 
(-bll'i-ti), pal'pa-ble-ness, re. — pal'pa-bly, adv. 

pal'pate (pal'pat), v. t.; -pat-ed (-pat-ed) ; -pat-ing (-pat- 
Ing). [L. palpare, palpatum, to feel.] To examine by 
touch, esp. medically. — pal-pa'tion (pal-pa'shiin), re. 

pal'pate (pal'pat), a. Zo'ol. Having a palpus or palpi. 

pal'pe-bral (pal'pe-bral), a. [L. palpebralis, fr. palpebra 
eyelid.] Of or pertaining to the eyelids. 

pal'pi (pal'pl), re., pi. of palpus. 

pal'pi-tate (-pT-tat), v. i.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. 
palpitare, -tatum, intens. fr. palpare. See palpate.] _ To 
throb ; pulsate violently ; flutter, as the heart when excited 
by exertion, emotion, or disease. — Syn. See throb. 

pal'pi-ta'tion (-ta'shun), re. Act or fact of palpitating; 
rapid pulsation ; a throbbing. 

pal'pus (pal'pus), re. ; pi. -pi (-pi). [NL., fr. L. palpare to 
touch.] An appendage, usually an organ of touch or taste, 
attached to a mouth part, as in insects, crustaceans, etc. 

pals'grave' (polz'graV; palz'-), n. [D. paltsgraaf ; palts 
palace + graaf count.] Ger. Hist. A count palatine. 

pals'gra-vine' (-grd-ven'), re. [D. paltsgravin.] The con- 
sort or widow of a palsgrave. [tottering ; shaky. I 

pal'sied (pol'zid), p. a. Affected with palsy; paralyzed ;| 

pal'sy (-zT), re.; pi. -sies (-ziz). [OF. paralesie, L. paraly- 
sis. See paralysis.] Paralysis ; now often, specif., shak- 
ing palsy. — v. t. ; -sied (-zld) ; -sy-ing. To paralyze. 

pal'ter (-ter), v. i. 1. To act insincerely ; play false ; equiv- 
ocate. 2. To haggle ; chaffer ; traffic. — pal'ter-er, n. 

pal'try (-tri), a.; -tri-er (-tri-er); -tri-est. Rubbishy; 
trashy ; contemptible ; pitiful. — Syn. See contemptible. 
— pal'tri-ly (-trMT), adv. — pal'tri-ness, re. 

pa-lu'dal (pd-lu'dal; pal'u-dal), a. [L. palus, -udis, a 
marsh.] Of or pert, to marshes or fens ; marshy. 

pa-lu'da-men'tum (pd-lu'dd-men'tum), re.; pi. -ta (-to). 



i 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PALUDINE 



694 



PANEL 







[L.] Rom. Antiq. A military cloak worn by a general and 

his principal officers ; the official imperial cloak. 
pal'u-dine (pal'u-din ; -din), a. [L. palus, -udis, a marsh.] 

Of or pertaining to a marsh. 
pal'U-dism (-diz'm), n. Med. Malarial disease. 
pal'y (pal'i), a. Pale; wan. Chiefly Poetic. 
pal'y, a. [F. pale. See pale a stake.] Her. Divided into 

four or more equal parts by perpendicular lines of two 

different tinctures. 
pam (pam), n. Card Playing, a The knave of clubs, esp. 

in five-card loo, in which it is the highest trump, b A game, 

like napoleon, in which pam is the highest trump. 
pam'pas (pam'pdz), n. pi. [Sp., pi. of pampa, fr. Peruv. 

parnpa field, plain.] Vast treeless plains, like steppes, south 

of the forest-covered Amazon valley, esp. in Argentina. 
pampas grass. A tall South American grass (Cortaderia 

argentea) with silky white panicles, extensively cultivated 

as an ornamental plant. 
pam-pe'an (pam-pe'dn ; pam'pe-an), a. Of or pert, to the 

pampas or the pampas Indians. — n. An Indian of the 

pampas. 
pam'per (pam'per), v. t. 1. To feed to the full ; glut. Obs. 

2. To indulge to excess. — pam/per-er (-per-er), n. 
pam-pe'ro (pam-pa'ro), n. ; pi. -ros (-roz ; Sp. -ros). [Sp., 

fr. pampa el plain.] A strong, cold wind from the west or 

southwest, which sweeps over the pampas. 
pam-pe'ro, n. ; pi. -ros. [Amer. Sp.] A pampean. 
pam'phlet (pam'flet), n. [Dim. fr. Pamphilus, a certain 

Latin poem of 12th c] A book of a few sheets of print, or 

formerly of manuscript, commonly with a paper cover. 
pam'phlet-eer' (-er'), v. i. To write and publish pamphlets. 

— n. A writer of pamphlets ; — often contemptuous. 
pan (pan), n. [AS. panne.'] 1. A vessel or dish for domestic 

uses, usually broad, shallow, and open. 2. a Either of the 
receptacles in a pair of scales or a balance, b A vessel for 
washing out gold, tin, etc., in mining. C In old guns, the 
hollow part of the lock to receive the priming, d A natural 
basin, esp. one containing standing water ; also, an arti- 
ficial basin, as for evaporating brine. 3. Hardpan. 

— v. t. ; panned (pand) ; pan'ning'. To wash, cook, or other- 
wise treat in a pan. — v. i. 1. Mining, a To wash earth, 
gravel, etc., in a pan. b To yield gold in panning. 2. To 
yield a result ; turn out (profitably or unprofitably) ; — 
used with out. Colloq. 

pail (pan), n. [Hind, pan, Skr. parna leaf.] The betel leaf ; 
also, the masticatory made of it. 

Pan (pan), n.; pi. Panes (pa'nez). [L., fr. Gr. H6.v.~\ Gr. 
Relig. A god of flocks and pastures, forests and their wild 
life, patron of shepherds, hunters, fishermen, etc. Pan was 
represented as having the legs and, sometimes, the ears and 
horns of a goat. See Faunus. 

pan- (pan-), pant-, pan'ta- (-to-), pan'to- (-to-). [Gr. ttSs, 
m., irav , neut., gen. iravrbs, all.] Combining forms signifying 
in general all, every; as in panorama, pantheism. Pan- 
(with capital) is often joined with a hyphen to names of 
countries, peoples, etc., to imply union, affiliation, or 
other community of interest, between (those referred to). 
Example : Pan-American, of or pert, to all Americans or 
America (i. e. to North and South America). 

pan'a-ce'a (pan'd-se'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. iravaiceia, fr. iravaicfis 
all-healing ; 7r£s, irav, all + &KeZa8ai to heal.] A remedy for 
all diseases ; a cure-all. — pan'a-ce'an (-an), a. 

pa-nache' (pd-nash'), n. [F., fr. It. pennacchio, fr. penna 
feather.] A plume or bunch of feathers, as on a helmet. 

pa-na'da (pd-na'dd; -na'dd), n. [Sp., fr. L. pam's bread.] 
Bread crumbs boiled, as in milk, to a pulp, and flavored. 

Pan'a-ma' hat (pan'd-ma'), or pan'a-ma', n. A fine hand- 
plaited hat made, in South and Central America, of the 
young leaves of a palmlike tree. 

Pan'a-man' (pan'd-man'), n. A native or citizen of Pan- 
ama. — a. Of or pert, to Panama or its inhabitants. 

Pan'a-ma'ni-an (-ma'nT-dn), a. & n. — Panaman. 

Pan'a-ma'no (-ma'no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz). = Panaman. 

Pan'-A-mer'i-can, a. Of, or pert, to both North and 
South America or all Americans. 

Pan'-A-mer'i-can-ism, n. The principle or advocacy of a 
political alliance or union of all the states of America. 

Pan'-An'gli-can, a. Of, pert, to, or embracing all of the 
Anglican Communion. 

Pan-atb/e-nse'a (pan-ath'e-ne'd), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. TLav- 
ad-qvaia ; iras, irav, all + 'Adrivr) Athena.] The great festival 
of Athens, in honor of Athena, tutelary goddess of the city. 
The Greater Panathensea were celebrated, with especial 
magnificence, in the third year of each Olympiad ; in other 
years, the festival was known as the Lesser Panathensea. 
— Pan-ath'e-nse'an (-an), -na'ic (-na'ik), a. 

pan'cake' (pan'kaV), n. A griddlecake; flapjack. 

pan chro-mat'ic (pan^kro-mat'Ik), a. Photog. Sensitive, as 
a plate, to light of all colors. 

pan-cra'ti-Um (pan-kra'shi-nm), n. [L., fr. Gr. irayKpariov 
a complete contest; iras, irav, all + kp&tos strength.] Gr. 




Antiq. An athletic contest including both boxing and 
wrestling. — pan-crat'ic (-krat'Ik), a. 

pan'cre-as (pan'kre-as ; pan'-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iraynpeas; 
iras, irav, all + Kpeas flesh, meat.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A large 
racemose gland discharging into the intestine (into the 
duodenum in man). It is called sweetbread when used as 
food. Its alkaline secretion, the pancreatic juice, acts 
on all classes of food. — pan'cre-at'ic (-kre-at'ik), a. 

pan'cre-a-tin (pan'kre-d-tin ; pan'-), n. Physiol. Chem. a 
An enzyme of the pancreatic juice, b A preparation made 
from the pancreas of animals, used as a digestive. 

pan-da'nus (pan-da'nus), n. [NL., fr. Malay pandan.] 
Bot. Any of a large 
genus (Pandanus) of 
chiefly Malayan plants, 
the screw pines, typify- 
ing a family {Panda- 
nacex) and having 
palmlike stems. 

Pan'da-rus (pan'dd- 
rus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 
IIav8apos.] A son of 
Lycaon, and leader of 
the Lycians in the 
Trojan War. In medie- 
val romance, as also in Pandanus (P. utilis) 
Chaucer and Shakespeare, he procures Cressida for Troilus. 

Pan-de'an (pan-de'dn), a. Of or pertaining to the god Pan. 
Pandean pipes. = Panpipe. 

pan'dect (pan'dekt), n. [L. pandecta, -dectes, Gr. iravSeKTtjs 
all-receiving ; iras, irav, all + SexecrOai to receive.] 1. In pi. 
[cap.] The great digest of the decisions, writings, and 
opinions of the old Roman jurists, forming part of the 
Corpus Juris Civilis (which see). 2. Any complete code of 
laws. 3. A complete digest. 

pan'de-mo'ni-um (pan'de-mo'ni-um), n. [NL. ; pan- + 
Gr. daifiuu a demon.] 1. [_cap.~\ The abode of demons ; in 
Milton, the capital of Hell or palace of Satan ; loosely, hell. 
2. A den of riotous vice ; also, wild uproar. 

pan'der (pan'der), n. [From Pandarus. See Pandarus.] 
1. A go-between in love intrigues ; a pimp. 2. A minister 
to the evil passions of others. — v. t. To play the pander 
for. — v. i. To act as pander. — pan'der-ly, a. Rare. 

pan'der-er, n. One who panders ; a pander. 

pan'der-ess,ji. A female pander ; a procuress. 

Pan-do'ra (pan-do'rd ; 57), n. [L., fr. Gr. Uavbtopa ;ira.s, irav, 
all + S&pov a gift.] Gr. Myth. A beautiful woman (the all- 
gifted) whom Zeus sent as a punishment for the human race 
because Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven. She mar- 
ried Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus. Zeus gave her a 
box holding all human ills, which escaped when she opened 
the box. Hope, also in the box, remained. Another version 
makes the box contain all the blessings of the gods, which 
were lost to men when she opened it. 

pan-do'ra (pan-do'rd), pan-dore' (pan-dor'; pan'dor; 57), 
n. [It. pandora, F. pandore. See bandore.] = bandore. 

pan-dow'dy (pan-dou'di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). A kind of 
deep apple pie or pudding. U. S. 

pan-du'ri-form (-du'ri-form), a. [L. pandura a bandore 
+ -form.] Fiddle-shaped. 

pane (pan), n. [F. pan skirt, lappet, part of a wall, fr. L. 
pannus a cloth, rag.] 1. A piece, section, or side of any- 
thing ; specif. : a One of the facets of a brilliant, b One of 
the sides of a nut or bolthead. 2. A panel ; hence : a A com- 
partment of a window, door, etc., consisting of one sheet of 
glass in a frame, b In modern use, the glass, or substitute 
for it, in one compartment of a window sash, door, etc. 

pan'e-gyr'ic ( pan'e-jir'ik ), n. [L. panegyricus, Gr. 

, iravrjyvpiKos fr. iravqyvpis an assembly of the people ; irds, 
irav, all + ayvpts, ayopa, an assembly.] A eulogistic ora- 
tion or writing ; laudation. — Syn. See encomium. 

pan'e-gyr'i-cal (-T-kal), a. Of the nature of a panegyric ; 
formally or elaborately eulogistic. [panegyric.! 

pan'e-gyr'ist (pan'e-jir'ist), n. One who writes or delivers a| 

pan'e-gy^rize (-ji-rlz), v. t. & i. To write or deliver a 
panegyric on ; eulogize, extol. 

pan'el (pan'el), n. [OF., dim. of pan skirt, lappet. See 
pane.] 1. A saddle pad. 2. A pad or cushion serving as a 
saddle ; formerly, a wooden saddle for an ass. 3. Law. A 
parchment with the names of persons summoned as jurors ; 
hence, the whole jury. 4. A compartment, portion, or sec- 
tion of a wall, ceiling, or other surface ; specif. : a A thin, 
usually rectangular, board, or the like, set in a surrounding 
frame ; as, the panel of a door or wainscot, b Of or in a 
window, a compartment or pane ; esp., one of the separate 
compartments of a stained glass window. C A compartment 
of an electric switchboard. 5. A strip or band inserted 
lengthwise on a skirt, etc. ; also, the portion of the body 
material between any two such pieces. 6._ Paint. A thin 
flat piece of wood on which a picture is painted ; also, the 
picture. 7. A size of photograph much longer than wide. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Ckm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; na(ure f verdure (87) ; 



PANELING 



695 



PANTLER 



Pangolin. 




8. Aeronautics. A segment of an aeroplane wing. — v. t. ; 
-eled (-eld) or -elled ; -EL-iNG or -el-ling. 1. Law. '±o 
indict. 2. To furnish, fit, or adorn with paneling. 

pan'el-ing, pan'el-ling (-ing), n. 1. Wood, etc., made into 
panels ; panels collectively with the frame to inclose them ; 
panelwork. 2. Mining. Division into panels; panelwork. 

pan'el-work' (-wurk'), n. Work done by making divisions 
into panels ; also, panels collectively ; paneling. 

pan'e-tel'a (pan'e-tel'd), n. [Sp.] A long, thin cigar, cylin- 
drical in shape, except for the finished mouth end. 

pang (pang), n. 1. A paroxysm of extreme pain ; a throe. 
2. A sudden sharp attack of any emotion, as of remorse. 
Syn. Pang, throe, twinge. A pang is a keen, intense, 
and piercing pain ; a throe is a violent, often convulsive, 
pang ; a twinge is a sharp, sudden, and (esp.) twitching 
pain, the word suggesting less anguish than pang or throe. 

— v. t. To cause to suffer pangs ; torture. Rare. 

pan'gen (pan'jen), n. [pan- + -gen.] Biol. SeeBiOPHORE. 

pan-gen'e-sis (pan-jen'e-sis), n. Biol. A theory advanced 
by Darwin to explain heredity. It assumes that the cells 
throw off minute granules called gemmules, which circulate 
and multiply in the system, and which give rise to similar 
cells in the offspring. — pan'ge-net'ic (pan'je-net'Tk), a. 

Pan'-Ger-man'ic (-jer-man'Ik), a. Of or pert, to all Ger- 
mans or Pan-Germanism. 

Pan'-Ger'man-ism^-jfir'man-iz'm), n. The idea of, or 
movement for, political union of all Germans. 

pan-golin (pan-go'lTn), n. [Malay pengguling, fr. guling 
to roll ; — from its rolling 
itself into a ball.] Any of a 
genus (Manis) of edentate 
mammals of Asia and Af- 
rica ; a scaly anteater. 

pan'han'dle (pan'han'd'l), 
n. The handle of a pan; 
hence, any arm or projec- 
tion of land suggesting the 
handle of a pan ; as, the panhandle of West Virginia. 

Pan'hel-len'ic (-he-len'ik ; -le'nlk), a. Of or pertaining to 
all Greece or Panhellenism. 

Pan-hellen-ism (pan-hel'en-iz'm), n. _ The idea of, or 
movement or sympathy for, political union of all Greeks ; 
Panhellenic spirit, policies, etc. — Pan-hel'len-ist, n. 

pan/ic (pan'ik), n. [L. panicum.~] Panic grass, or the 
edible grain of some species ; originally, Italian millet. 

pan/ic, a. [Gr. iraviubs, fr. Hav Pan.] 1. Lit., of or pert, to 
Pan ; — used of fear such as Pan was supposed to cause ; 
hence, extreme or sudden and with slight cause ; as, panic 
fear. 2. Of, pert, to, or coming from, a panic. — n. 1. A 
sudden, overpowering fright, esp. one that is groundless. 

2. A sudden widespread fright concerning financial affairs. 
— Syn. See fear. — pan'ick : y (-T-kT), a. 

panic grass. Any of a widely distributed genus (Panicum) 
of grasses, or a grass of any of several related genera. 

pan'i-cle (pan'i-k'l), n. [L. panicula a tuft on plants, dim. 
of panus swelling, ear of millet.] Bot. Strictly, a compound 
raceme ; popularly, any pyramidal, loosely branched flower 
cluster. See inflorescence, Illust. ; oat, Illust. 

pan'ic-strick'en, pan'ic-struck', a. Struck with a panic. 

pa-nic'u-late (pd-nlk'u-lat), a. Bot. Arranged or disposed 
in panicles. — pa-nic'U-late-ly, adv. 

Fan-ja'bi (pun-ja'be), n. The language of the Punjab, a 
Sanskritic tongue with Arabic and Persian loan words. 

pan-jan'drum (pan-jan'drum), n. [Coined in imitation of 
words from Gr. beginning with pan-, and of L. endings.] 
A burlesque title for an imaginary or mysterious potentate 
or pretender ; a pompous local magnate or the like. 

pan-mix'i-a (-mik'si-d), n. [NL. ; pan- + Gr. (j.l£is a mix- 
ing.] Biol. Promiscuous interbreeding without selection. 

panne (pan), n. [F.] A soft fabric resembling velvet, but 
with a longer, looser nap and a satin finish. 

pan'nier (pan'yer; -T-er), n. [F. panier, fr. L. panarium 
a bread basket, panis bread.] 1. A basket carried (often 
in pairs) on the back by a horse or a person. 2. A frame- 
work to expand a woman's skirts at the hips. 

pan'ni-kin (pan'i-kTn), n. A small pan or cup. 

pa-no'cha (pa-no'cha), n. [Mex. Sp.] 1. A Mexican raw 
sugar. 2. A sweetmeat usually made of brown sugar, cream, 
and nut meats. 

pan'o-plied (pan'o-pHd), a. Dressed in panoply. 

pan'o-ply (pan'6-pIT), n. ; pi. -plies (-pliz). [Gr. iravoirXla ; 
was, Trap, all + 6w\ov tool, in pi., armor, arms.] 1. A full 
suit of plate armor. 2. Anything protecting completely, or 
forming a bright, splendid covering. 

pan'o-ra'ma (pan'o-ra'md), n. [Gr. xos, -wav, all + opapa 
that which is seen, opav to see.] 1. A picture presenting a 
view of objects from or as from a central point. 2. A picture 
exhibited a part at a time, by being unrolled continuously. 

3. A scene that passes continuously ; as, the panorama of 
a busy street. 4. An unobstructed view in every direction ; 
hence, a comprehensive presentation of a subject. 




pan'o-ram'ic (-ram'Ik), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a panorama, 
panoramic camera, a 
photographic camera to 
take panoramic views, 
with a revolving lens. — 
p. sight, Mil., a form of 
sight enabling a marks- 
man to aim over a para- 
pet behind which he is 
sheltered. 

Pan'pipe' (pan'pTp'), n., 
or, pi., Pan-pipes' 
(-pips'). Music. A prim- 
itive wind instrument of 

short hollow reeds or x Panoramic Sight . 2 g^^ show . 
pipes bound together, ing : (I i. Tlsm of Total Reflection ; 
the lower ends stopped, b Rectifying Prism ; c Objective ; 

pan-psy'chism (pan-si'- d Roof-shaped Prism ; e Eyepiece, 
kiz'm), n. [See pan-; psychic] The theory that every 
particle of matter has a psychical character or aspect. 

— pan-psy'chic (-kik), a. 

Pan-sclav'ic (pan-sklav'ik ; -sklaVik), Pan-sclav'ism 
(-sklav'Tz'm), etc. Vars. of Panslavic, etc. 

Pan-slav'ic (-slav'ik ; -slav'ik), a. Also Pan-Slav. Of or 
pert, to all Slavs or Panslavism. 

Pan-slav'ism (-Tz'm), n. The idea of, or movement for, 
political union of all Slavs. — Pan-slav'ist (-1st), n. 

Pan'sla-von'ic (pan'sld-von'ik), a. = Panslavic. — Pan- 
slav'o-nism (pan-slav'o-nlz'm ; pan-slav'-), n. 

pan-soph'ic (pan-sof'Tk) ) a. [Gr. n avacHpos all-wise.] All- 

pan-soph'i-cal (-sof'i-kdl)j wise; claiming universal 
knowledge. — pan'so-phism (pan'so-fTz'm), n. 

pan'sy (pan'zi), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [F. pensee thought, 
pansy, fr. penser to think, L. pensare to weigh, ponder.] 
A well-known garden plant (Viola tricolor) and flower, a 
species of violet ; heartsease. 

pant (pant ; pant), v. i. [OF. panteisier to be breathless.] 
1. To breathe quickly, or in a labored manner, as from ex- 
ertion. 2. To long eagerly ; yearn. 3. To palpitate or 
throb ; pulsate violently ; — said of the heart, blood, etc. 

— v. t. To breathe or utter quickly or laboriously ; gasp ; 

— used with out or forth. 

— n. 1. A catching of the breath ; a gasp ; also, a puff of an 
engine. 2. A palpitation or throb, as of the heart. 

pan'ta-, pant- (pan'td-). A prefix denoting all. See pan-. 

Pan-tag'ru-el (pan-tag'ro6-el ; F. paN'ta/grii'el'), n. [F.] 
The gigantic son of Gargantua in Rabelais's romance of 
" Pantagruel." He is a jolly drunkard, with a coarse satiri- 
cal humor. — Pan'ta-gru-el'i-an (pan'td-groo-el'i-on), a. 

Pan'ta-gru'el-ism ( pan'td-groo'el-iz'm ; pan-tag'roo-el- 
Iz'm), n. Theory or practice of Pantagruel ; coarse humor 
with a satirical or serious purpose. — Pan'ta-gru'el-ist, n. 

pan'ta-lets', pan'ta-lettes' (pan'td-lets'), n. pi. [Dim. of 
pantaloon.'] Long loose drawers formerly worn by women 
and girls ; also, a frill or ruffle at the bottom of the drawers. 

pan'ta-loon' (-loonO, n. [F. pantalon, fr. It. Pantalone, a 
masked character in comedy.] 1. \_cap.~\ In Italian com- 
edy, a lean old dotard ; also, in pantomimes, a buffoon. 2. 
A leg garment of varying styles ; trousers ; — usually in pi. 

pan-tel'e-graph (-tel'e-graf), n. Elec. A facsimile tele- 
graph using two isochronously vibrating pendulums, one at 
each end. — pan'te-leg'ra-phy (pan'te-lcg'rd-fi), n. 

pan-tel'e-phone (pan-tel'e-fon), n. A highly sensitive form 
of microphone. — pan-tePe-pnon'ic (-fon'ik), a. 

pan-tel'ler-ite (-tel'er-It), n. [From Pantelleria, an island, 
in the Mediterranean.] Petrog. A lava related to rhyolite, 
but rich in iron and soda. 

pant'er, n. One who, or that which, pants. 

Pan'teu-ton'ic (pan'tu-tSn'ik), a. — Pan-Teu'ton-ism 
(-tu'ton-Tz'm), n. Of or pert, to all the Teutons. 

pan'the-ism (pan'the-iz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that the 
universe, taken as a whole, is God ; the doctrine that there 
is no God other than the combined forces and laws mani- 
fested in the existing universe. 2. The worship of all 
gods or of gods of different cults or peoples indifferently. 

pan'the-ist (-1st), n. One who holds to pantheism. 

pan'the-is'tic (-ls'tik) \ a. Of, pert, to, or founded in, 

pan'tha-is'ti-cal (-tT-kdl)j pantheism. 

pan-the'on (pan-the'on ; pan'the-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. tt6.v- 
deiov (sc. iepov), fr. TravOeios of all gods ; Trfis, irav, all + delos 
of the god, deos god.] 1. A temple dedicated to all the gods ; 
esp. [cap.] , the building so called at Rome. 2. A building 
likened to the Roman Pantheon ; esp., a building where 
rest the famous dead of a nation, as Westminster Abbey. 
3. The aggregate gods of a people. 

pan'ther (pan'ther), n. [F. panthere, L. panthera, Gr. ■n-dj'- 
0r/p.] 1. The leopard. 2. In America, the cougar ; also, the 
jaguar. — pan'ther-ess, n. fem. [section. I 

pan'tile' (pan'tll), n. A roofing tile with an S-shaped cross! 

pant'ing-ly, adv. In a panting manner. 

pan'tler (pan'tler), n. [F. panetier.] In a great family, 
the one in charge of the bread and pantry. Archaic. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



PANTO- 



696 



PARA- 









Pantoscopic Spec- 
tacle Lens. 



pan'to- (pan'to-). Combining form denoting all. See pan-. 

pan'to-fle (pan't3-f '1 ; pan-tof'l ; -toof'T), 
n. [F. pantoufle.~\ A slipper. 

pan'to-graph (pan'to-graf), n. A jointed 
instrument used to copy 
maps, plans, or the like, on 
any predetermined scale. — 
pan'to-graph'ic (-graf'ik), 
-graph'i-cal (-I-kal), a. 

pan-tol'o-gy (pan-tol'6-jT), n. 
A systematic view of all knowl- 
edge.— pan-tol'o-gist (-jTst), n. 

pan'to-mime (pan'to-mlm), n. _ 
[L. pantomimus, Gr. Trai>T6uiuos, lit . 
all-imitating ; iras, nravrbs, all +p2fios mimic, 
mime.] 1. A mimic actor, esp. of ancient Pantograph. 
Rome. 2. A dramatic performance in, or chiefly in, dumb 
show. 3. Dumb show of any sort. 

pan'to-mim'ic (-mim'Tk)\ a. Of or pertaining to mimicry. 

pan'to-mim'i-cal (-T-kdl)J or pantomime. 

pan'to-mim/ist (pan'to-mlm'ist), n. An actor in panto- 
mime ; also, a composer of pantomimes. 

pan'to-scope (pan't6-skop),_n. Photog. a A form of pan- 
toscopic lens, b A panoramic camera. 

pan'to-scop'ic (-skop'ik), a. Having a wide field of view. 
pantoscopic camera, a panoramic 
camera. — p. spectacles, spectacles 
with two segments of different focal 
lengths, the upper one for distant, the 
lower for close, vision. 

pan-toum' (pan-toom'), n. See pan- 
tun. 

pan'try (pan'trT), n. ; pi. -tries (-triz). 
[F. paneterie, fr. panetier pantler, 
LL. panetarius baker, L. panis 
bread.] A room or closet for bread and other provisions. 

pants (pants), n. pi. [Short for pantaloons.] Trousers or 
pantaloons ; also, drawers. Colloq. 

pan-tun' (pan-toon'), n. [Malay.] Pros. A Malay verse 
form for short improvised poems, imitated under the name 
pantoum by French and English writers. 

Pan-urge' (pan-urj' ; F. pa'niirzh'), n. [F., fr. Gr. iravovpyos 
ready to do anything ; roguish.] The favorite companion 
of Pantagruel in Rabelais's "Pantagruel." He is a good- 
hearted and jocular coward and debauchee. 

Pan'za, San'chO (san'ko pan'zd; Sp. san'cho pan'tha). 
[Sp. panza paunch.] The squire in Cervantes's "Don 
Quixote." He is a short, pot-bellied peasant, ignorant and 
credulous, but shrewd and with a store of proverbial wisdom. 

pap (pap), n. 1. A nipple; teat. Archaic. 2. Anything 
nipple-shaped. 3. A rounded hill or peak ; — chiefly in pi. 

pap, n. 1. A soft food for infants or invalids. 2. Support 
from official patronage ; as, treasury pap. Colloq. 

pa-pa', (pd-pa'; pa'pd), n. [F.] Father; — a child's word. 

pa'pa (pa'pa), n. [L., father, bishop, f r. Gr. 7rd7ras, ira.irtras.~] 
1. The Pope. Obs. or R. 2. Alsopa'pas (-pas). East.Ch. 
A parish priest, or one of the lower clergy. Obs. or R. 

pa'pa-cy (pa'pd-sT), n. [LL. papatia. See pope.] 1. The 
office, dignity, or jurisdiction of the Pope of Rome. 2. 
The popes collectively. 3. The Roman hierarchy. 

pa-pa'in (pd-pa'Tn; pa'pd-m), n. [See papaw.] Chem. 
A proteolytic enzyme present in the juice of the green fruit 
of the papaya. The commercial preparation, used as a 
digestant, is a grayish pepsinlike powder. 

pa'pal (pa'pdl), a. [F.j 1. Of or pertaining to the Pope of 
Rome. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church. 

pa-pav'er-a'ceous (pd-pav'er-a'shus), a. [L. papaver 
poppy.] Belonging to a family {Papaveraceee) of herbs or 
shrubs, the poppy family, including the Dutchman's- 
breeches, bleeding heart, bloodroot, and fumitory. 

pa-paw' (pd-po' ; po'po', esp. in spelling pawpaw), n. 
Also paw'paw'. [Sp. papayo papaw.] 1. The papaya ; 
also, the tree that bears it. 2. The oblong yellowish fruit, 
with a sweetish bananalike many-seeded pulp, of a tree 
(Asimina triloba) of the central and southern United 
States ; also, the tree that bears it. 

pa-pa'ya (pa-pa'ya), n. [Sp., prop., fruit of the papaw.] 
The edible fruit of a tropical American tree (Carica papa- 
ya). It is oblong, yellow, and has pulpy flesh and thick rind, 
with a hollow inclosing numerous black seeds. 

pa'per (pa'per), n. [F. papier, fr. L. papyrus papyrus, 
from which the Egyptians made a kind of paper, Gr. ira- 
Trvpos.'] 1. A substance made in thin sheets or leaves from 
rags, straw, bark, wood, or other fibrous material.^ 2. A 
sheet, leaf, or piece of such substance. 3. Something re- 
sembling true paper, as papyrus or papier-mache. 4. A 
document or instrument ; a writing, as an essay. 5. Hence : 

a = NEGOTIABLE PAPER, b In pi. = SHIP'S PAPERS. 6. A 

newspaper ; a journal. 7. A paper containing (usually) a 
definite quantity ; as, a paper of pins. 8. Decorated cover- 
ings for walls, made of paper. 9. A free pass. Slang. 
— v. t. 1. To write on paper ; also, to describe and publish 



on paper. 2. To fold or inclose in paper ; as, to paper pins, 

3. To furnish with paper, esp. with paper hangings. 
— a. 1. Of, pert, to, or made of, paper. 2. Resembling 

paper or existing only on paper ; as, a paper blockade. 
pa'per-er, n. One who papers ; esp., a paper hanger. 
paper hanger. One who hangs wall paper. 
paper hangings. Wall paper. 
paper money. Government notes, bank notes, or other 

paper documents that circulate as a substitute for coin. 
paper nautilus. One of a genus (Argonauta) of cephalo- 

pods, the female of which has a thin, fragile, unchambered 

shell. It is related to the octopus. 
pa'per-y (pa'per-T), a. Like paper, as in consistency. 
|| pa'pe-terie' (pa'pe-tre'), n. [F., fr. papier paper.] A case 

or box with paper and writing materials. 
Pa'phi-an (pa'fi-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Paphos, an 

ancient city of Cyprus with a famous temple of Aphrodite ; 

hence, pertaining to love, esp. illicit love, or wantonness. 
|| pa'pier'-ma'che' (pa/pya'ma'sha' ; pa/pya-ma'sha), n. 

[F., lit., chewed paper.] A hard strong substance made of 

a paper pulp mixed with size, rosin, or the like. 
pa-pil'i-0-na'ceouS (pd-pll'i-o-na'shus), a. [L. papilio 

butterfly -f- -aceous.J 1. Like a butterfly. 2. Bot. Having 

a corolla somewhat resembling a butterfly, as the pea. 
pa-pil'la (-pil'd), n.; pi. -zm (-e). [L., a nipple, pimple.] 

Any small nipplelike or pimplelike projection or part ; as : 

a Bot. An epidermal cell forming a hairlike protuberance. 

b Anat. & Zo'dl. (1) A vascular process of connective 

tissue extending into and nourishing the root of a hair, 

feather, or developing tooth. (2) A small papule. (3) One 

of the small protuberances upon the tongue. 
pap'il-la-ry (pap'i-la-ri ; pd-pil'd-rT), a. Of, pert, to, or 

resembling a papilla or papillae ; bearing papillae. 
pap'il-lo'ma (-lo'md), n. ; pi. -lomata (-td). [NL. ; papil. 

la + -oma.~\ Med. An epithelial tumor formed by hyper' 

trophy of the papillae of the skin or mucous membrane, as 

a corn or wart. 
pap'il-lose (pap'T-los), a. Covered with or bearing papillae ; 

resembling papillae. 
pap'il-lote (-lot), n. [F.] 1. A curl paper. 2. A paper 

wrapper in which cutlets are sometimes cooked and served. 
pa'pish (pa'prsh), a. Popish. — n. A papist. [ingly. 

pa'pist (pa'pist), n. A Roman Catholic ; — used disparag-| 
pa-pis'tic (pd-pTs'tTk)j a. Of or pert, to the Church of 
pa-pis'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / Rome and its doctrines and cere- 
monies ; — used disparagingly. 
pa-poose' (pd-poos'), n. [Algonquian papoosJ] A young 

child of North American Indian parents. 
pap'pose (pap'os ; pd-pos'), a. Bot. Furnished with, or of 

the nature of, a pappus. 
pap'pus (pap'us), n.; pi. pappi 

pappus, Gr. 7ro7r7ros.] Bot. Any 

appendage or tuft of appendages 

crowning the ovary or fruit in 

certain seed plants. 
pap'py (pap'i), a. [From pap 

soft food.] Paplike ; soft. 
pa'pri-ka (pa'pre-ka), n. Also 

pa'pri-ca. [Hung, paprika 

Turkish pepper.] The dried fruit AcheneswithpIppfofcUf- 

of various peppers; also, the ferent kinds. a Plumose ; 

mildly pungent red condiment & Membranaceous; c 

prepared from it. Capillary ; d Awnlike. 

Pap'U-an (pap'fi-dn ; -66-dn), a. [Malay papuwah frizzled, 

orang papuwah frizzled men, Papuans.] Pert, to Papua or 

the Papuans. — n. 1. One of the native race of Papua (or 

New Guinea) having sooty brown to black complexions anc' 

frizzly hair. 2. One of any of the darker races of Oceania. 
pap'ule (pap'ul), n. [L. papula.] Med. A pimple. 
pap'y-ra'ceous (pap'i-ra'shus), a. Papery. 
pa-py'rus (pd-pT'rus), n. ; pi. -ri (-rl). [L., fr. Gr. wairvpos. 

See paper.] 1. A tall sedge (Cyperus 

papyrus) native of the Nile region. 2.' 

The pith of this plant, sliced and pressed 

into a writing material by the ancient 

Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. 3. A 

writing on papyrus; esp., in pi., written^ 

scrolls of papyrus. 
par (par), n. [L. par, adj., equal.] l.Thej 

established value of the monetary unit, or 

of the currency, of one country expressed 

in that of another using the same standard 

of value. 2. Equality of the norr-inal and 

market values of securities. 3. Equality 

as to value, condition, or circumstances ; 

as, their pretensions are on a par. 4. 

Golf. The number of strokes required for 

a hole or round by perfect play. 
para- (par'd-). [Gr. trapk beside.] 1. A 

prefix meaning alongside of, against, 

amiss. 2. Chem. A prefix (also used ad- 

jectively, para) used : a In designating a Papyrus. 



[L., an old man, 





ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, (km, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; na(ijre, verdure (87); 



PARA 



697 



PARALLEL 




substance in some way related to the one to whose name 
the prefix is attached, as a modification, an isomer, a co- 
product, etc., as in paraldehyde, b In designating certain 
benzene derivatives ; as in paraxylene. Abbr., p-. c In 
designating certain compounds having, or assumed to have, 
the racemic form. 

Pa-ra' (pa-ra'), n. Short for Para rubber. 

par'a-blast (par'd-blast), n. [See para-; -blast.] Em- 
bryol. In meroblastic eggs of vertebrates, the yolk as dis- 
tinguished from the protoplasmic part, or archiblast. 

par'a-ble (-b'l), n. [OF. parable, L. parabola, fr. Gr. irapa- 
fioXr) a comparing, a parable, fr. irapa beside + PaXXeiv to 
throw.] A comparison ; specif., a short fictitious narrative 
embodying a moral. — v. t. & i. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling 
(-bling). To represent by parable ; compose, or speak, in, 
parables. 

pa-rab'O-la (pd-rab'5-ld), n. ; pi. -olas (-Idz). [NL., fr. Gr. 
irapaPoXri, prop., a placing beside. See parable.] 
Geom. A conic section, the intersection of a cone 
with a plane parallel to its side. 

par'a-bol'ic (par'd-bol'Ik)] a. 1. Of the nature of, 

par'a-bol'i-cal (-l-kal) / or expressed by, a par- 
able or figure ; allegorical. 2. Geom. Like or relat- 
ing to a parabola. bol'i-cal-ly (-I-kal-I), adv. 

pa-rab'O-lize (pd-rab'6-llz), v. t.; -lized (-lizd) ; Parabola 
-liz'ing (-llz'Ing). 1. To express in fables or explain as 
parables. 2. To make parabolic or paraboloidal. 

pa-rab'o-loid (pd-riib'o-loid), n. Geom. The surface gener- 
ated by the rotation of a parabola about its axis. — pa- 
rab'O-loi'dal (pd-raV6-loi'ddl ; par'd-bo-), a. 

Par'a-cel'si-an (par'd-sel'sl-dn), a. Of, pert, to, or con- 
forming to. the practice or theories of Paracelsus, a 16th- 
century Swiss physician and philosopher. 

par'a-chute (par'd-shoot), n. [F., fr. para-, as in parasol 
-p- chute a fall.] 1. An umbrellalike contrivance for mak- 
ing a descent, esp. from a balloon. 2. Something suggestive 
of a parachute, as the patagium of a mammal or reptile. 

par'a-clete (-klet), n. [L. paracletus, fr. Gr. irapaicXriTos , fr. 
irapaKoXtlv to call to aid, exhort.] An advocate ; one called 
to aid or support ; hence [ cap. ] , the Comforter or Inter- 
cessor ; — applied to the Holy Spirit. 

par'a-cy'mene (-sl'men), n. See cymene. 

pa-rade' (pd-rad r ), n. [F., fr. Sp. parada a stopping, an 
assembling for exercise, place where troops are assembled 
to exercise, parar to stop, prepare.] 1. Pompous show or 
display. 2. Mil. a The ceremonial formation of a body of 
troops for inspection or review, b The area on which troops 
regularly assemble for parade. 3. Any march or procession, 
esp., a formal one ; as, a circus parade. 4. Place where 
people promenade ; a public walk, square, or promenade ; 
also, those who parade. 

Syn. Parade, display, ostentation, pomp. Display is 
the general term for undue or excessive show ; parade is 
flaunting or spectacular display ; ostentation is preten- 
tious or vainglorious parade ; pomp is a grandiose exhibi- 
tion, often of real splendor or magnificence ; as, rhetorical 
display, a display of temper ; a parade of one's woes ; ostenta- 
tion of riches ; the pomp of power. 

— v. t. ; -rad'ed (-rad'ed) ; -rad'ing. 1. To exhibit osten- 
tatiously; show off. 2. To assemble and form, as troops 
for review ; marshal. 3. To cause to march, as for display 
or show. 4. To march over or through ; as, to parade the 
streets. — v. i. 1. To walk in public with display or osten- 
tation. 2. To assemble in military order for evolutions and 
inspection. — pa-rad'er (-rad'er), n. < 

parade rest. Mil. A position of rest in ranks in which the 
men remain silent and practically motionless. 

par'a-digm (par'd-dlm ; -dim), n. [From F. or L., fr. Gr. 
irapa5etyna, fr. irapadeiKvwai to set up as an example ; irapa. 
beside + oeinvwai. to show.] 1. An example or pattern. 

2. Gram. An example of a conjugation or declension, 
showing a word in all its inflectional forms. — par'a-dig- 
mat'ic (-dlg-mat'Ik), a. [Paradisiacal. I 

par'a-di-sa'ic (-dl-sa'Ik), par'a-di-sa'i-cal (-sa'I-kdl), a.\ 
par'a-dise (par'd-dis), n. [F. paradis, fr. L., fr. Gr. irapd- 
Seiaos park, paradise.] 1. \_cap.~\ The garden of Eden. 
See Eden. 2. a The abode of sanctified souls after death ; 
either heaven, or, as some hold, an intermediate Elysium 
for the souls of the righteous during the interval between 
death and final judgment, b The Slohammedan heaven. 

3. A place of bliss ; hence, a state of happiness. 4. An 
Oriental park, or a preserve for foreign birds and animals. 

paradise tree. A tree (Simarouba glauca), of South Florida 
and the West Indies, with compound leaves and panicles of 
small pale yellow flowers. 

par'a-dis'i-ac (-dls'I-ak), a. Paradisiacal. 

par/a-di-si'a-cal (-dl-si'd-kal), a. Of, pert, to, or resem- 
bling paradise ; paradisaical. 

par'a-dox (par'd-doks), n. [From L., fr. Gr. irapaSofrv, 
neut. of 7rapd5o£os, a. ; irapa. contrary to + 66£a opinion.] 
1. A tenet contrary to received opinion ; also, an assertion 
or sentiment seemingly contradictory, or opposed to com- 



mon sense, but possibly true. 2. A statement actually self, 
contradictory or false. 

par'a-dox'i-cal (-dok'sl-kdl), a. 1. Of the nature of a para- 
dox. 2. Inclined to paradoxes (in sense 1). — par'a-dox'i- 
cal-ly, adv. — par'a-dox'i-cal-ness, n. 

par'a-dox'ure (-doks'ur), n. [Gr. irapadofas paradoxical •+ 
ovpa tail.] A palm civet. 

par'aes-the'si-a, par'es-the'si-a (par'es-the'sl-d; -zhl-d)\ 

par'ses-the'sis, par'es-the'sis (par'es-the'sis) / 

n. [NL. ; see para- ; ^sthesia.] Med. & Physiol. Abnor- 
mal or disordered sensation, as tingling, prickling, flushing, 
etc. — par'aes-thet'ic, par'es-thet'ic (th^t'Ik), a. 

par'af-fin (par'd-fln), par'af-fine (-fin ; -fen), n. [G. pa- 
raffin, fr. L. parum too little + affinis akin ; — in allusion 
to its chemical inactivity.] 1. A waxy inflammable sub- 
stance produced in distilling wood, lignite, coal, etc., and 
occurring also in the earth. 2. Chem. Any hydrocarbon of 
the methane series, esp. any of the solid members boiling 
above 300° C. (572° F.), of which commercial paraffin is es- 
sentially composed. — v. t.; -fined (-find; -fend); -fin- 
ing. To treat or saturate with paraffin. 

par'a-gen'e-sis (par'd-jen'e-sls), n. [NL. ; para- + -gene- 
sis.'] Geol. Formation of minerals in contact, so as to affect 
one another's development. — -ge-net'ic (-je"-net'Ik), a. 

par'a-gO'ge (-go'je), n. [L., fr. Gr. irapayuyr), fr. irapaytiv 
to protract.] Gram. Addition of one or more letters to 
the end of a word, as in John-ny. gog'ic (-goj'Ik), a. 

par'a-gon (par'd-gon), n. [OF., prob. ultimately fr. Gr. 
irapaKovav to rub against ; irapa. beside + 6lk6vt) whetstone.] 
1. A model or pattern ; a type of excellence or perfection ; 
as, a paragon of beauty. 2. Print. A type twice the size of 
long primer. — v. t. 1. To compare ; compare with ; 
match. 2. To serve as a model of ; also, to set forth as a 
paragon. 3. To surpass. Obs. 

pa-rag'o-nite (pd-rag'6-nlt), n. [From Gr. irapayuv, p. pr. 
of ivapa.y(.Lv to mislead.] Min. A kind of mica correspond- 
ing to muscovite, but with sodium instead of potassium. 

par'a-graph (par'd-graf), n. [F. paragraphe, LL. para- 
graphias, fr. Gr. irapaypa4>os a line or stroke in the margin, 
deriv. of irapa beside + ypixjieiv to write.] 1. A character 
[If or If] used in manuscripts and printing, to indicate a 
paragraph (sense 2, below) and as a reference mark. 2. A 
distinct subdivision of a discourse, chapter, or writing. 3. 
A composition complete in one typographical section ; 
an item, remark, or quotation of a few lines forming one 
paragraph ; as, an editorial paragraph. 

— v. t. 1. To express in a paragraph ; also, to write para- 
graphs about. 2. To divide into paragraphs. 

par'a-graph'er, n. A writer of paragraphs. 

par'a-graph'i-a (-graf'I-d), n. [NL. ; para- -f Gr. ypa<t>eiv 
to write.] Med. A condition, in mental disorder, in which 
words or letters other than those intended are written. 

par'a-graph'ic (par'd-graf'Ik)! a. Pert, to, or consisting of, 

par'a-graph'i-cal (-graf'I-kal) / a paragraph or paragraphs. 

par'a-graph'ist, n. A paragrapher. 

Par'a-guay'an (par'd-gwa'fin ; -gwl'dn), a. Of or pert, to 
Paraguay. — n. A native or citizen of Paraguay. 

Par'a-guay tea (par'd-gwa; pa'ra-gwIO. = mate. 

par'a-keet. Var. of parrakeet. 

par'a-kite' (par'd-klt'), n. Any of various special or com- 
pound kites used for attaining great heights and for sending 
up instruments for meteorological observations. 

par-al'de-hyde (par-al'de-hld), n. Chem. A polymeric mod- 
ification, C6H12O3, of ordinary aldehyde. It is a colorless 
liquid used as a hypnotic. 

par'a-leip'sis (par'd-llp'sis), par'a-lip'sis (-llp'sls), n.; 

pi. -SES (-sez).' [Gr. irapaXei^ts ; irapa beside + \eiireiv to 
leave.] Rhet. A figure by which a speaker artfully pretends 
to pass by what he really emphasizes. 

par'al-lac'tic (par'a-lak'tlkn a. Of or pertaining to paral- 

par'al-lac'ti-cal (-tl-kdl) / lax. 

par'al-lax (par'd-laks), n. # [Gr. irapdXXafis alternation, 
mutual inclination of two lines forming an angle, fr. irapaX- 
Xaacreiv to change a little, deviate ; irapa beside + aXXatro-eiv 
to change.] The apparent displacement (or the difference 
in apparent direction) of an object, as seen from two differ- 
ent points; Astron., the difference in direction of a heav- 
enly body as seen from some point on the earth's surface 
and as seen from some other conventional point, as the 
center of the earth (diurnal, or geocentric, parallax) or 
the center of the sun (annual, or heliocentric, parallax). 

par'al-lel (par'd-lel), a. [L. parallelus, fr. Gr. irapaWriXos ; 
irapa beside + aXXr)Xav of one another, aXXos other.] 1. 
Geom. a In Euclidean geometry, and in popular use, ex- 
tended in the same direction and in all parts equally dis- 
tant ; as, parallel lines, b In non-Euclidean geometry, in- 
tersecting at infinity, as a line or plane. 2. With like direc- 
tion or tendency ; like in essential parts or characteristics ; 
as, parallel passages. 3. Music, a Keeping at the same 
distance, in pitch, apart ; as, parallel fifths, octaves, inter- 
vals. 4. Mech., etc. Having parallel sides ; as, a parallel file, 
parallel bar, each of a pair of bars raised about five feet, 



i 









K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



PARALLELEPIPED 



698 



PARASTICHY 







and parallel to each other, for gymnastic exercises. — p. 
motion, Mach., properly, a jointed link or other mech- 
anism for reproducing motion parallel to itself ; popularly, 
but erroneously, a straight-line motion (which see). 

— 7x. 1. A parallel line, curve, or surface. 2. Conformity ; 
similarity ; as, a parallel between two historic events. 3. 
A tracing of similarity ; as, to draw parallels between 
great actors. 4. Anything equal to or resembling another ; 
a counterpart. 5. Geog. One of the imaginary circles on 
the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude. 
6. Mil. One of a series of trenches constructed as a cover 
for a besieging force. 7. Print. A character [ ||] used in the 
text to direct attention to a note so marked. 8. Elec. That 
arrangement of an electrical system in which all positive 
poles, terminals, etc., are joined to one conductor, and the 
negative ones to another, so that each unit is practically on 
a parallel branch ; — called also multiple. Cf. series. 

— v. t. 1. To place or set so as to be parallel to something 
else. 2. To make to conform to something else in character, 
motive, or the like. 3. To equal ; match. 

par'al-lel'e-pi'ped (-lel'e"-pl'ped; -pip'ed; -lel-ep'i-ped), 
par'al-lel'e-pip'e-don (-lel'e-pip'e-don), n. [Gr. wapaX- 

XrfXeiriiredov a body with parallel sur- ^a^ t. ^^9 

faces ; irapaXXi)Xos parallel + iiriiredov / / ~7~S 

a plane surface.] A six-sided prism ^£" _ >-" 
whose faces are parallelograms. Parallelepiped. 

par'al-lel-ism (par'd-lel-iz'm), n. 1. Parallel quality or 
state ; precise correspondence. 2. Metaph. The theory that 
mind and matter accompany each other, but are not caus- 
ally related. 

par'al-lel-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). [Gr. 
■wapaWrjXi^ eiv .] 1. To render parallel. 2. To place paral- 
lel to ; compare. 3. To furnish with a parallel ; match. 
par/al-lel'O-gram (-lel'6-gram), n. [Gr. irapaXXrjXoy panfiov, 
prop. neut. a. ; irapaXXijXos parallel + ypafinn line.] A 
quadrilateral with opposite sides para!- > t 

lei, and therefore equal ; — sometimes / / 

restricted, erroneously, to an oblong. / / 

par'al-lel'o-pi'ped, par'al-lel'o-pip'e- / / 

don. Common but incorrect variants *■ 

of PARALLELEPIPED, -epipedon. Parallelogram. 

par'a-log'i-cal (par'd-loj'i-kdl), a. Illogical. 

pa-ral'O-gism (pd-ra.l'6-jiz'm), n. [Gr. irapaXoyianos, 
deriv. of irapa beside + Xoyi£eadai to reason.] Logic. A 
reasoning that is false in form. — pa-ral'o-gist (-jist), n. 

pa-ral'y-sis (pd-ral'I-sis), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 
7rapd\wis, fr. irapaXveiv to loosen or disable at the side ; 
irapa beside + Xveiu to loosen.] Med. Abolition or impair- 
ment of function ; esp., loss of the power of voluntary mo- 
tion or sensation ; palsy. 

par/a-lyt'ic (par'd-lit'ik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or resembling 
paralysis. 2. Affected with paralysis. 3. Inclined or tend- 
ing to paralysis. — n. A person affected with paralysis. 

par'a-ly-za'tion (-Li-za'shun ; -ll-za'shwn), n. Act or proc- 
ess of paralyzing, or state of being paralyzed. 

par'a-lyze (par'd-Hz), v. t. ; -lyzed (-llzd) ; -lyz'ing (-ITz'- 
Ing). 1. To affect or strike with paralysis. 2. To unnerve; 
render ineffective ; as, war paralyzes trade. lyz'er, n. 

par'a-mag'net (par'd-mag'net), n. A magnet; a para- 
magnetic substance. 

par'a-mag-net'ic (-mag-net'Tk), a. Magnetism. Having, 
or capable of, a greater magnetization than a vacuum ; 
magnetic ; ferromagnetic ; — opp. to diamagnetic. — par/- 
a-mag'net-ism (-mag'net-Tz'm), n. 

par'a-mat'ta, or par'ra-mat'ta (par'd-mat'd), n. [From 
Parramatta, in Australia.] A light dress fabric resembling 
bombazine or merino. 

H pa'ra-mo (pa'rd-mo; par'd-), n.; pi. -mos (-moz). [Sp. 
pdramo.] A high, bleak plateau or district, as in the Andes. 

par/a-mor'phism ( par'd-mor'fiz'm ), n. _ [ para- + Gr. 
lxop4>i) form.] M in. The change of one mineral to another, 
involving a change in physical characters without change 
of chemical composition. — par'a-mor/phic (-fik), a. 

par/a-moimt (par'd-mount), a. [OF. par amont above; 
par through, by (L. per) -f- amont above ; a (L. ad) to + 
mont mountain.] Higher or highest in rank or jurisdiction ; 
chief. — Syn. Superior. See dominant. — n. A lord par- 
amount ; a supreme ruler. [mount. I 

par'a-mount-cy (-si), n. State or quality of being para-| 

par'a-mour (-moor), n. [F. par amour, lit., by or with 
love.] A lover ; now, esp., one who loves or is loved illicitly ; 
one taking the place, without the rights, of a spouse. 

par'a-neph'ros (-nef'ros), n. [NL. ; para- + Gr. ve4>p6s kid- 
ney.] Anat. A suprarenal capsule. neph'ric (-rik), a. 

par'a-noe'a (-ne'd), -nce'ac (-ak). Vars. of paranoia, etc. 

par'a-noi'a (-noi'd), n. [NL., Gr. irapavoia.] Med. In- 
sanity, esp. a chronic form marked by very gradual impair- 
ment of the intellect and systematized delusion, often pro- 
ducing a homicidal tendency. 

par'a-noi'ac (-ak), a. Med. Of or pert, to paranoia ; affected 
with paranoia. — n. A person affected with paranoia. 

par/a-nu'cle-in (-nu'kle-In), n. Physiol. Chem. Any of a 



class of amorphous substances, sometimes called false nu- 
cleins or pseudonucleins, differing from true nucleins in 
not yielding nitrogenous bases on decomposition. 
par'a-nymph (par'd-mmf), n. [L. paranymphus, Gr. 
irapdyvn^os ; irapa beside, near + vbp.4>rj a bride.] 1. Gr. 
Antiq. a A friend who went with a bridegroom to fetch 
home the bride, b The bridesmaid who conducted the 
bride to the bridegroom. 2. A best man or a bridesmaid. 
par'a-pet (par'd-pet), n. [It. parapetto (prob. through F. 
parapet), fr. parare to guard (L. parare to prepare) -f- 
petto breast, L. pectus.'] 1. Fort. A rampart, or elevation 
of earth, stone, etc., to protect soldiers. 2. A low wall, or 
similar barrier, as a railing, esp. at the edge of a platform, 
roof, etc. — par'a-pet'ed, a. 
par'aph (par'df), n. [F. paraphe, LL. paraphus, contr. fr. 
paragraphus. See paragraph.] A flourish at the end of a 
signature. 
par'a-pher-na'li-a (par'd-fer-na'li-d), n. pi. [LL. para- 
phernalia bona, fr. L. parapherna, Gr. irapa<j>6pva; irapa 
beside + <j>eovq a bride's dowry.] 1. Law. The property 
(other than dower, marriage settlement, etc.) which by law 
remains the separate property of a married woman. 2. Per- 
sonal belongings, such as equipments, finery, etc. 3. Fur- 
nishings or apparatus ; articles of equipment. 
par'a-phrase (par'd-fraz), n. [L. paraphrasis, Gr. ira.ca.- 
<j>pacris,ir.irapa4>paFei.v to paraphrase ;irapa beside -\-4>paieiv 
to speak.] A free rendering of a text, passage, or work, giv- 
ing the meaning in another form ; hence, the use or process 
of paraphrasing as a literary or educational method. 
Syn. Paraphrase, translation, version. A paraphrase 
is a free rendering of the sense of a passage, whether in the 
same or in a different language ; a translation is a more or 
less close rendering, from one language into another ; as, a 
translation of the "Iliad" ; to paraphrase a common proverb. 
Version and translation are often used without distinction. 
But version is the technical term for the ancient (and cer- 
tain modern) translations of the Bible. 
— v. t . & i. ; -phrased (-frazd) ; -phras'ing. To express, in- 
terpret, or translate in, or to make, a paraphrase. 
par'a-phras'er (-er), n. One who paraphrases. 
par'a-phrast (-frast), n. [L. paraphrastes, Gr. irapa<t>pa<x- 

ttjs.] A paraphraser. 
par'a-phras'tic (-fras'tik) 1 a. Paraphrasing ; of the na- 
par/a-phras'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)j ture of paraphrase. — par/a- 
phras'ti-cal-ly, adv. 
pa-raph'y-sis (pd-raf'i-sis), n.; L. pi. -yses (-sez). [NL. ; 
para- -f- Gr. <f>v<ns growth.] Bot . One of the slender sterile 
filaments commonly borne among the sporogenous organs 
in many cryptogamic plants. 
par'a-ple'gi-a (par'd-ple'ji-d), n. [NL. paraplegia, fr. Gr. 
irapairXriyia hemiplegia, deriv. of irapa at the side -f- irXrjv- 
<reii> to strike.] Med. Paralysis of the lower half of the body 
on both sides. — par'a-pleg'ic (-plej'ik ; -ple'jik), a. & n. 
par'a-quet (par'd-ket). Var. of parrakeet. 
Para rubber. The caoutchouc obtained from a South 
American euphorbiaceous tree (Hevea brasiliensis) ; also, 
the similar product of other species of the same genus. 
par'a-sang (-sang), n. [L. parasanga, Gr. irapaa ayyrjs, fr. 
Old Persian.] A Persian measure of length, anciently of 
about thirty stadia or three miles. 
par'a-se-le'ne (-se-le'ne), n. ; L. pi. -km (-ne). [NL. ; para- 
+ Gr. <xeXr]VT) the moon.] Meteor. A mock moon ; a lumi- 
nous appearance seen in connection with lunar halos. 
par'a-shah (par'd-sha), n.; pi. -shoth (-shoth) or -skioth 
(-she'oth). [Heb. parashah.~\ A lesson from the Torah, or 
Law, from which at least one section is read in the Jewish 
synagogue on every Sabbath and festival. See haphtarah. 
par'a-Site (-sit), n. [L. parasitus, Gr. irapacnTos, lit., eat- 
ing beside another ; irapa. beside + alros food.] 1. Gr. 
Antiq. a One who eats at the table of another, repaying 
him with flattery, b An assistant of a priest, in charge of 
the public feasts, etc. 2. A hanger-on ; toady ; sycophant. 
3. Biol. A plant or animal living in, on, or with, some other 
living organism (called its host) at whose expense it obtains 
its food, shelter, or the like. Cf. symbiosis, commensal, 
saprophyte ; see root, Illust. 
par'a-sit'ic (-sit'ik) \ a. 1. Of the nature of a parasite ; 
par'a-sit'i-cal (-i-kal)j sycophantic. 2. Biol. [In this 
sense generally parasitic] Pert, to, or with the habit of, a 
parasite ; living on other organisms. 
par'a-sit'i-cide (-sit'i-sld), a. Destructive to parasites. — 

n. Any agent used to destroy parasites. 
par'a-sit-ism (par'd-slt-iz'm), n. 1. The art or practice of 
a parasite ; sycophancy. 2. Biol. State of being parasicic ; 
antagonistic symbiosis. 3. Med. Diseased state, esp. of the 
skin, due to parasites. 
par'a-SOl' (par'd-soF ; par'd-sol'), n. [F., fr. It. parasole; 
parare to ward off (L. parare to prepare) + sole sun (L. 
sol).] A light portable sunshade. 
pa-ras'ti-Chy (pd-ras'ti-ki ),n.;pl. -tichies (-kiz) . [para- -f- 
Gr. <rrixos a row.] Bot . An oblique or secondary spiral line 
joining leaves or scales where the internodes of the axis are 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



PARASYNTHESIS 



699 



PARHLIN 




short and the members crowded, as in a pine cone or the 
leaves of houseleek. Cf. orthostichy. 

par'a-syn'the-sis (-sTn'the-sIs), n. [NL-, fr. Gr. irapaavv- 
6e<Tis ; irapa beside + avvdea-is composition.] Philol. The 
formation of words by derivation and composition jointly, 
as denationalize. — par'a-syn-thet'ic (-sin-thet'ik), a. 

par/a-tac'tic (-tak'tTk), a. Gram. Of or pert, to parataxis. 
— par'a-tac'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. — par'a-tac'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

par'a-tax'is (-tak'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irapara^is a placing 
beside, fr. iraparaaauv to place beside.] Gram. The rang- 
ing of propositions one after another, without connectives ; 

" — opposed to hypotaxis. 

par'a-thy'roid (-thl'roid), a. Anat. Designating small 
masses of glandlike epithelium near, or embedded in, the 
thyroid gland. — par'a-thy'roid, n. 

par'boil'Cpar'boil'),!;.^ [OF. parbouillir to cook well; par 
through -+- bouillir to boil, L. bullire. Influenced in sense 
by E. part.] To boil partially ; fig., to overheat. 

par'buck'le (paVbuV'l), n. a A kind of purchase for hoist- 
ing or lowering a cylindrical 
burden, as a cask, b A double 
sling made of a single rope, for 
slinging a cask, gun, etc. — 
v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). 
To hoist or lower 
by a parbuckle. 

Par'ca (par'kd),n.; 
pi. Parce (par'se). 
[L.] Roman Relig. 
Originally, a birth 
goddess. By a false 
derivation of t h e 
word from pars (a 

' part), the Romans ■ Parbuckles, a & b. 

first identified Parca with the Greek Mcera (fr. fiolpa, a 
part), and then increased the number of Parcae to three, 
corresponding to the three Mcera?, or Fates, of the Greeks. 

par/cel (-sel), n. [F. parcelle small part, fr. L. pars part.] 

1. A portion ; part ; as, a parcel of land. Archaic or Law. 

2. An indiscriminate or indefinite number, measure, or 
quantity ; a collection ; group. 3. A bundle ; package. 4. 
A collection or lot of articles put up or dealt in as a unit ; 
as, a parcel of diamonds. — Syn. See bundle. 

— v. t. ; -celed (-seld) or -celled ; -cel-ing or -cel-ling. 
1. To divide and distribute by parts. 2. To make up into 
a parcel. 3. Naut. To cover with strips of canvas. 

— a. & adv. Part or half ; in part ; partially. 
par'cel-ing, par'cel-ling, n. Naut. Long, narrow slips of 

canvas, usually tarred, wound about a rope. 

parcel post. That branch of a postal service dealing with 
the carrying of parcels ; — often called parcels post. A 
general parcel post was established in the United States by 
Act of August 24, 1912, which took effect Jan. 1, 1913. 

par'ce-na-ry (par'se-na-rT), n. Joint heirship. 

par'ce-ner (-ner), n. [OF. parconier, fr. parcon part, por- 
tion, L. partitio a division.] Law. A joint heir ; coheir. 

parch (parch), v. t. 1. To burn the surface of; roast over 
the fire, as dry grain. 2. To dry to extremity ; shrivel with 
heat. 3. To shrivel or dry up by exposure to cold. — v. i. 
To become dry and hot. — Syn. See scorch. 

par-chee'si, par-che'si. Vars. of pachisi. 

parch'ment (parch'ment), n. [F. parchemin, fr. LL., fr. 
L. pergamena, pergamina, fr. Pergamum, in Asia Minor, 
where it was first used.] 1. The skin of an animal, as a lamb 
or goat, prepared for writing on ; also, superior paper imi- 
tating it. 2. A document on parchment. 

pard (pard), n. [L. pardus,Gr.irap5os.'] A leopard. Archaic. 

par-die', par-di', par-dy', etc. (par-de'), adv. or inter j. [F. 
par Dieu by God.] Certainly ; surely ; — orig. an oath. 
Archaic. 

par 'don (par'dun; -d'n), v. t. [OF. pardoner, LL. perdo- 
nare; L. per through, thoroughly -j- donare to give.] 1. 
To free from penalty for a fault, as a person. 2. To remit 
the penalty of ; forgive ; as, to pardon an offense. 3. To 
excuse ; as, pardon me. — Syn. See excuse. — n. 1. Act 
of pardoning ; forgiveness. 2. State of being pardoned. 3. 
Eccl. An indulgence. 4. An official warrant of remission of 
penalty. 5. Excuse or toleration ; as, I beg your pardon. 

par'don-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Admitting of being pardoned ; ex- 
cusable. — par'don-a-ble-ness, n. — par'don-a-bly, adv. 

par'don-er (-er),«. 1. A seller of indulgences. Hist. 2. One 
who pardons. 

pare (par), v. t.; pared (pard); par'ing (par'Tng). [F. 
parer to pare, as a hoof, to curry, as leather, fr. L. parare 
to prepare.] 1. To cut or shave off the superficial substance 
or ends of. 2. To cut or shave, as the outside part, from 
anything ; — with off or away. 3. To reduce by paring or 
an analogously gradual process ; as, to pare one's profits. 

pa-re'cious, -cious-ly, -cism. Vars. of parcecious, etc. 

par'e-gor'ic (paVe-gor'ik), a. [L. paregoricus, Gr. irapri- 
yopucos, fr. 7rap^7opos addressing, soothing ; nap a beside 



+ ayopa assembly.] Mitigating ; assuaging pain. — n. A 
medicine that mitigates pain ; specif., camphorated tincture 
of opium. 

pa-rei'ra bra'va (pd-ra'rd brii'vd ; bra'vd), or pa-rei'ra,n. 
[Pg., brava wild; cf. also Pg. parreira vine, parra vine 
leaf.] 1. Pharm. The root of a South American menisper- 
maceous plant (Chondodendron tomentosum) used as a 
diuretic. 2. A cosmopolitan tropical plant (Cissampelos 
pareira) of the same family, or its root; — called also 
velvetleaf. 

pa-ren'chy-ma (pd-ren'kT-md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irapkyxv^a, 
deriv. of irapa. beside + tv in + x«'* / to pour.] 1. Bot. The 
fundamental tissue making up the bulk of the substance of 
leaves (apart from veins), the pulp of fruits, the pith of 
stems, etc. 2. Anat & Zo'ol. a The essential and proper 
tissue of an organ, esp. a gland, b The soft jellylike connec- 
tive tissue, as in the flatworms. C The endoplasm of a 
protozoan. — par'en-chym'a-tOUS (paVen-kTm'd-tus), a. 

par'ent (par'ent), n. [L. parens, -entis, fr. par ere to bring 
forth.] 1. One who begets, or brings forth, offspring; a 
father or a mother. 2. That which produces, as a plant ; 
also, cause ; source ; author. 

par'ent-age (-en-taj), n. 1. Descent from parents or an- 
cestors ; birth. 2. State or fact of being a parent. 

pa-ren'tal (pd-ren'tal), a. Of, pertaining to, or character- 
istic of, a parent or parents. — pa-ren'tal-ly, adv. 

Par'en-ta'li-a (par'en-ta'11-d), n. pi. [L., prop. neut. pi. 
of parentalis parental.] Rom. Relig. The chief annual 
festival in honor of the dead, extending from midday Feb- 
ruary 13 to February 21, the day of the Feral ia (which see), 
during which temples were closed, graves adorned, and of- 
ferings made to the dead. Cf. lemures, manes. 

pa-ren'the-sis (pd-ren'the-sTs), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. 
irapkvdecns, fr. irapf.vTi.Qk.vai. to put in beside, insert ; irapa 
beside + kv in 4- ridivai to put, place.] 1. A word, phrase, 
or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, 
or attached to, a sentence grammatically complete without 
it. 2. Punctuation. One of the curved lines, ( ), inclosing 
a parenthetic word or phrase ; also, these curves collec- 
tively ; as, in parenthesis. 3. An interval or interlude. 

pa-ren'the-size (pd-ren'the-slz), v. t. To make a parenthe- 
sis of ; include within parenthetical marks. 

par'en-thet'ic (par'en-thet'ik)! a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the 

par'en^het'i-cal (-thet'I-kal) J nature of, a parenthesis. 
2. Using or containing parentheses. — -thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

par'ent-hood (par'ent-hdod), n. State or relation of a par 
ent ; the office or character of a parent. 

par'e-sis (par'e-sTs ; pd-re'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irapecns, ir. 
irapikvai to let go ; irapa from + ikvai to send.] Med. In- 
complete paralysis, affecting only motion ; also, a brain dis- 
ease, marked by progressive mental enfeeblement together 
with general paralysis of the whole body. 

par es-the'si-a, par'es-thet'ic. Vars. of paresthesia, etc. 

pa-ret'ic (pd-ret'Ik ; pd-re'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or affected 
with, paresis. — n. A person having paresis. 

par-fleche' (par-flesh'), n. A kind of raw hide, esp. of 
buffalo, soaked in crude wood-ash lye to remove the hairs. 

par'get (paVjet), v. t. [OF. pargeter to throw; par (L. 
per) + geter, jeter, to throw.] To coat or plaster, esp. or- 
namentally. — n. Plaster, whitewash, or roughcast for 
coating a wall ; also, ornamental work of plaster on walls. 

par'get-ing, n. Plasterwork, esp. in raised ornamental 
figures, or on the inside of flues. 

par-he'lic (par-he'lTk^-hel'ik), par'he-li'a-cal (par'he-11'- 
d-kal), a. Of or pertaining to a parhelion or parhelia. 

par-he'li-on (-he'lT-on), n. ; L. pi. -lia (-li-d). [L. parelion, 
Gr. irap-q\iov, irap-q\ios / Gr. irapa beside + tJXios the sun.] 
A mock sun in the form of a bright light, often tinged with 
color, sometimes near, and sometimes opposite to, the sun. 

par'i- (par'T- ). Combining form fr. L. par, paris, equal. 

pa'ri-ah (pa'rT-d; par'i-d; pd-rfd), n. [From Tamil 
paraiyan, pi. paraiyar, one of the low caste, fr. parai a 
large drum, because they beat the drums at certain festi- 
vals.] 1. A member of a certain low caste of southern India. 
2. An outcast ; one despised by society. 

Pa'ri-an (pa'ri-an ; 3), a. 1. Of or pert, to Paros, ore of the 
Cyclades, noted for its beautiful marble. 2. Designating^ 
or pert, to, a ceramic ware resembling porcelain biscuit. 

— n. 1. A native or resident of Paros. 2. Parian ware. 

pa'ri-es (pa'ri-ez ; 3), n. ; pi. parietes (pd-ri'e-tez). [L., 1 
wall.] Biol. A wall, as of a hollow organ ; — usually in pi 

pa-ri'e-tal (pd-rl'e-tdl), a. [L. parietalis.~\ Anat. & Zo'ol. 

1. Of or pert, to the parietes, or walls, of a part or cavity. 

2. Bot. Attached to the main wall of the ovary ; — said of 
ovules or a placenta. 3. Resident within the walls or 
buildings of a college. U. S.—n. One of the parietal bones. 
parietal bones, Anat. & Zo'ol. , a pair of membrane bones 
that, in man, form much of the top and sides of the crani- 
um. — p. lobe. Anal., the middle division of each cerebral 
hemisphere. 

pa-ri'e-tes (pd-rl'e-tez), n., pi. of partes. 

pa-riPlin (pd-nl'Tn), n. [sarsapariZZa 4- -in.~\ Chem. A 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PARING 



700 



PAROXYSM 







bitter, white glucoside of the saponin class, found in the root 
of sarsaparilla, smilax, etc.; — called also sarsaparillin. 

par'ing (par'ihg), n. 1. Act of paring. 2. A piece, shaving, 
or slice, pared off ; as, potato parings. 

par'i-pin'nate (par'i-pin'at), a. Bot. Abruptly pinnate. 

Par/is (par'is), n. [L., fr. Gr. LTdpis.] In Greek legend, 
a son of Priam, King of Troy. Exposed on Mt. Ida, he grew 
up as a shepherd boy._ Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena ap- 
peared before him as judge of beauty, with the Apple of 
Discord (which see). He gave the apple to Aphrodite, who 
enabled him to carry off Helen, wife of Menelaus. See 
Helen of Troy. 

par'is, n. [NL.] Any of a small genus (Paris) of European 
and Asiatic liliaceous herbs somewhat resembling trilliums. 

Paris green. A cupric arsenite, prepared as a bright green 
powder from white arsenic and acetate of copper and used 
as a_ pigment and insecticide. 

par'ish (par'Ysh), n. [OF. paroisse, parroche, L. paro- 
chia, deriv. of Gr. irapoucla a sojourning, a diocese, fr. 
TT&poiKos dwelling beside, a sojourner ; irapa beside + 
olkos house.] 1. Orig., the district committed to one pas- 
tor. Brit. 2. The subdivision of a county, often coinciding 
with the above, constituting the unit of local government. 
Brit. 3. The body of members of a parish. 4. A local 
church or congregation ; loosely, the territory in which the 
members live. See society, 5. 5. In Louisiana, a civil 
division corresponding to a county in other States. 

pa-rish'ion-er (pd-rish'wn-er), n. [ME. parishen (fr. F. 
paroissien) + -er.] One who belongs to, or is connected 
with, a parish. 

Pa-ri'sian (-rizh'an; -rYz'T-dn), a. Of or pert, to Paris, 
France. — n. A native or inhabitant of Paris, France. 

par'i-ty (pa<r'i-tT), n. [L. paritas, fr. par, paris, equal.] 
1. Equality or equivalence ; close correspondence. 2. Equal- 
ity in purchasing power between different kinds of money 
at a given ratio. 3. Equivalence in a foreign currency. 

par'i-ty, n. [From L. par ere to bear.] Med. State or fact 
of having borne offspring. 

park (park), n. [F. pare] 1. Eng. Law. An inclosed piece 
of ground stocked with beasts of the chase, held by pre- 
scription or the king's grant. 2. A tract of ground kept in 
its natural state, as for game, riding, or recreation. 3. An 
inclosure, in or near a city or town,' kept for ornament and 

{mblic recreation ; as, Central Park in New York. 4. A 
evel valley between mountain ranges ; also, any open space 
surrounded or partially surrounded by woodland ; — used 
esp. in Colorado, Wyoming, and western South Dakota. 
U. S. 5. A space occupied by assembled military animals, 
wagons, supplies, etc. ; also, the objects themselves ; as, a 
park of artillery. Hence, any place where vehicles, as auto- 
mobiles, are assembled in order ; also, the vehicles. 6. A 
kind of inclosed basin in which oysters are grown. 

— v. t. 1. To inclose in or as in a park. 2. To bring together 
in a park, or compact body ; as, to park artillery. 

par'ka (par'ka)l n. [Russ. parka, parki, dim. of para a 

par'kee (-ke) / pair, fr. G. paar, L. par."] An outer gar- 
ment made of skins, worn by Eskimos, etc. 

park'ing, n. Ground adorned with trees, lawn, or shrub- 
bery, as in a park ; specif., U. S., a strip of turf, sometimes 
with trees, in the middle of, or along the side of, a street. 

park'way' (park'wa'), n. A broad thoroughfare beautified 
with trees and turf. 

par'lance (par'lans), n. [OF., fr. F. parler. See parley.] 
Conversation ; esp., debate or parley ; also, diction. 

1] par-lan'do (par-lan'do), || par-lan'te (-ta), a. & adv. [It.] 
Music. Speaking ; in a speaking or declamatory manner ; 
to be sung or played in recitative style. 

parlc (pari), n. & v.t. & i. Talk ; parley. Archaic. 

par'le-ment. Obs. or hist. var. of parliament. 

par'ley (par'lT), n. ; pi. -leys (-liz). [F. parler speech, 
talk, prop. inf. of parler to speak, LL. parabolare, fr. L. 
parabola. See parable.] Mutual conversation ; esp., an 
oral conference with an enemy, as for a truce. — v. i. To 
speak with another ; confer, esp. orally with an enemy. 

par'lia-ment (par'lT-ment), n. [F. parlement, fr. parler to 
speak. See parley.] 1. A formal conference on public 
affairs ; esp., Hist., any of various councils. 2. [Often cap., 
esp. as a permanent institution.] In the United Kingdom, 
the assembly of the three estates, viz., the lords spiritual 
and lords temporal (constituting the House of Lords) and 
the representatives of the counties, boroughs, and univer- 
sities (constituting the House of Commons), the two 
houses with the sovereign together constituting the legis- 
lature. 3. Any of various legislative assemblies modeled 
upon the British Parliament ; as : a That of certain Brit- 
ish colonies (including Canada, Australia, etc.). b The 
French Chambers, the legislatures of Hungary, Italy, Ger- 
many, etc. 4. In France, before the Revolution of 1789, 
one of the several principal judicial courts. 

par'lia-men-ta'ri-an (-mSn-ta'ri-dn ; 3), n. 1. [cap.] Eng. 
Hist. An adherent of the Parliament in opposition to King 
Charles I. 2. One versed in parliamentary rules and usages. 



parlia-men'ta-ry (paVH-men'td-ri), c. 1. Of or pert, to 
Parliament ; of the nature of a parliament. 2. Enacted or 
ratified by Parliament. 3. According to the rules and 
usages of Parliament or of deliberative bodies. 

par'lor, par'lour (par'ler), n. [OF. parleor for parleoir, 
LL. parlatorium. See parley.] 1. A room primarily for 
conversation, for reception of guests, etc.; the "best 
room," corresponding to the drawing-room in the more 
pretentious dwellings. 2. A room in an inn, hotel, or club, 
fitted for conversation, rest, etc. ; often in pi., a suite of re- 
ception rooms,- as in a club. 3. A room or apartment fitted 
up_ for customers in -certain business establishments ; as, a 
hairdresser's parlor. Trade Cant, U. S. 

parlor, or parlour, car. A railroad car of superior type, 
furnished vyith individual chairs, sofas, etc., on which an 
extra fare is charged ; — called also drawing-room car, 
palace car, and, locally, chair car. U. S. 

par'lous (par'lus), a. [Corrupt, of perilous.] 1. Perilous. 
Archaic. 2. Dangerously clever or mischievous ; hence, 
shrewd ; cunning ; surprising ; shocking. Now Colloq. 

— adv. Exceedingly ; excessively. Now Colloq. 
Par'me-san' (par'me-zan'), a. [F. parmesan, It. par- 

migiano."] Of or pert, to Parma, Italy. 

Parmesan cheese, a pressed cheese of a rich flavor, made 

from skim milk. 

Par-nas'si-an (par-nas'T-dn), a. Of or pert, to Parnassus 
or the Parnassians. — n. 1. A poet. 2. [F. parnassien.] 
One of a school of French poets of the Second Empire 
(1852-70) who emphasized metrical form; — from the 
name (Parnasse contemporain) of their first collection of 
poems published in 1866. 

Par-nas'SUS (par-nas'ws), n. [L., fr. Gr. TlapvaaSs.] 1. 
Anc. Geog. & Gr. Myth. A mountain in Greece (in ancient 
Phocis) sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 2. A once com- 
mon title for a collection of poems. 

pa-ro'chi-al (pd-ro'ki-dl), a. [LL. parochialis, fr. L. paro- 
chia. See parish.] 1. Of or pert, to a parish ; as, a paro- 
chial school. 2. Narrow in interests or opinions ; petty ; 
provincial. 

pa-ro'chi-al-ism, n. Quality or state of being parochial. 

pa-rod'ic (pd-rod'Tk)"l a. [Gr. irapuSiKos.] Having the char- 

pa-rod'i-cal (-i-kdl) J acter of parody. 

par'O-dist (par'6-dist), n. One who parodies. 

par'o-dy (-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [L. parodia, Gr. irapu- 
6la; irapa beside + &bn song.] A writing mimicking the 
language or sentiment of an author ; travesty ; also, a bur- 
lesque of a musical composition. — Syn. See caricature. 

— v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -dy-ing. To write a parody upon. 
pa-roe'eious (pd-re'shus), a. [para- + Gr. olula house.] 

Bot. Having the male and female sex organs close together, 
as some mosses. — pa-roe'eism (-siz'm), n. 

pa-rol' (pd-rol'; par'ol), n. [Var. of parole.] A word. 
Rare, exc. in : by parol, Law, by word of mouth. — a. 1. 
Oral. 2. Law. Not under seal, as a contract. 

pa-role' (pd-rol'), n. [F., fr. LL. parabola. See parley.] 
1. Word of promise; plighted faith; esp., Mil., promise 
of a prisoner to fulfill stated conditions, in consideration 
of special privileges, usually release from captivity ; also, 
the condition of being on parole. 2. Mil. A watchword 
given only to officers of the guard and of the day. — v. t. ; 
-roled' (-rold') ; -rol'ing (-rol'ing). 1. Mil. To set at 
liberty on parole. 2. To release (a prisoner) on his own 
recognizance ; as, to parole a convict. 

par'o-no-ma'si-a (paV6-n6-ma'zhi-d; -zY-d), n. [L., fr. 
Gr., fr. irapovoixa$eiv to form a word by a slight change ; 
irapa beside + 6voua$€Lv to name, fr. 6vop.a a name.] 
Rhet. A play upon words ; a figure by which words similar 
in sound are set in opposition for the sake of antithetical 
effect ; punning ; a pun. — par'o-no-mas'tic (-mas'tik), 
-mas'ti-cal (-tT-kdl), a. — cal-ly, adv. 

par'O-nym (par'6-nYm), n. A paronymous word. 

pa-ron'y-iriOUS (pd-ron'T-mus), a. [Gr. irapuivvnos; irapa 
beside + fooua, &i>vfia, a name.] Having the same deriva- 
tion ; conjugate ; as good, goodly, goodliness, goodness. 

par'o-quet (par'6-ket). Var. of parrakeet. 

pa-rot'ic (pd-rot'Tk),a. [See parotid.] Zo'ol. Near the ear. 

pa-rot'id (pd-rot'id), a. [L. par otis, -idis, a tumor near the 
ear, Gr. irapcorls, -l5os ; irapa near -f- ovs, utos, ear.] Anat. 
Designating, pert, to, or in the region of, a salivary gland 
below and in front of the ear. — n. The parotid gland. 

par'o-tit'ic (paVo-tit'ik), a. Pert, to or having mumps. 

par'o-ti'tis (par 'o-ti 'tis), n. [NL. See parotid; -itis.] 
Med. Inflammation of the parotid glands ; mumps. 

pa-ro'toid (pd-ro'toid; par'6-toid), a. [parotid + -oid.'] 
Zo'ol. Resembling the parotid gland ; — applied esp. to 
cutaneous glandular elevations above the ear in toads, 
frogs, and salamanders. — n. A parotoid gland. 

-parous. [L. par ere to bear, to beget, to produce.] A 
suffix used to signify giving birth to, bearing, producing. 

par'OX-ysm (par'ok-siz'm), n. [Gr. irapofrcrnos, fr. irapo- 
£weiv to sharpen ; irapa beyond + b^bveiv to sharpen.] 
1. Med. A fit, attack, or exacerbation of a disease, usually 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, £krn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin j na(ore, verdure (87); 



PAROXYSMAL 



701 



PARTHENOGENESIS 



periodic. 2. A sudden, violent, and uncontrollable action or 
emotion ; convulsion ; fit ; as, a paroxysm of rage. 
Syn. Access, throe, agitation, spasm, convulsion. — Par- 
oxysm, spa*m, convulsion (in their figurative senses). A 
paroxysm ic a sudden and uncontrollable, often recurrent, 
seizure of emotion or activity ; a spasm is a short-lived and 
abnormal fit of activity, energy, emotion, or the like ; 
convulsion suggests violent and often far-reaching agita- 
tion or disturbance. 

par'ox-ys'mal (-siz'mal), a. Of the nature of a paroxysm ; 
characterized by or accompanied by paroxysms. 

par-ox'y-tone (par-ok'si-ton), n. [Gr. -wapo^vTovos, a. See 
para- ; oxytone.] Gram. A word having an acute accent 

' on the penultimate syllable. — a. Accented in this manner. 

par-quet' (par-ka' ; -ket'), n. [F., dim. of -pare an inclo- 
sure.] 1. A flooring, esp. of parquetry. 2. The lower floor 
of a theater, esp. that part from the orchestra to the par- 
quet circle ; — called also, esp. in U. S., orchestra. 

■— v. t.; par-queted' (-kad' ; -ket'ed) ; par-quet'ing. To 
furnish with a parquetry floor ; make of parquetry. 

parquet circle. That part of the lower floor of a theater 
with seats at the rear of the parquet beneath the galleries. 

par'quet-ry (par'ket-ri), n. [F. parqueterie. See parquet.] 
Wooden inlay or mosaic work, used esp. for floors. 

parr (par), n. A young salmon. 

par'ra-keet, par'a-keet (par'd-ket), n. [OF. paroquet, It. 
parrocchetto.] Any of certain parrots, esp. those of small 
size and slender form with a long graduated tail. 

par'rel (par'el), par'ral (par'al), n. [F. appareil. See 
apparel, n.] Naut. The rope loop or sliding collar by 
which a spar is held to the mast ; — called also jackstay. 

par'ri-cid'al (-sid'al), a. Of or pert, to parricide ; guilty 
of parricide. 

par'ri-cide (par'i-sid), n. [F., fr. L. parricida, paricida. 
See -cide.] 1. One who murders a person to whom he 
stands in a sacred relation, as a father or mother. 2. [L. 
parricidium.] Act or crime of a parricide. 

par'ro-ket, par'ro-quet (par'o-ke't). Vars. of parrakeet. 

par'rot (-wt), n. A bird of the order (Psittaci) including 
the parrakeets, cockatoos, macaws, etc., distinguished esp. 
by a stout, hooked bill. Some parrots learn to simulate 
laughter, etc., and to enunciate words and phrases. 

— v. t. 1. To repeat by rote, as a parrot. 2. To teach to 
repeat mechanically ; — usually in passive. 

parrot fish, a Any of a family {Scaridse) of fishes having 
striking coloration or parrotlike jaws, b Any of various 
bright-colored labroid fishes, as one (Labrtchthys psittacula) 
of Australasia, and one (Halichseres radiatus) of Florida. 

par'ry (par'i), v. t.; -ried (-id) ; -ry-ing. [F. parez, im- 
perative, or pare, p. p. of parer, fr. It. parare to parry, 
prevent, prepare, fr. L. parare to prepare.] 1. To ward off, 
as a blow. 2. To avoid ; evade ; as, to parry a question. — 
v. i. To ward off, evade, or turn aside something ; as, to 
parry with a sword. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-iz). A warding off of a thrust or blow. 
parse (pars), v. t. ; parsed (parst) ; pars'djg (par'sing). [L. 

pars a part ; pars orationis a part of speech.] Gram. To 
resolve into its elements, as a sentence, pointing out the 
parts of speech, and their interrelation ; analyze and 
describe grammatically, as a word. — pars'er (par'ser), n. 

Par'si, Par'see (par'se; par-se'), n.; pi. -sis (-sez) ; -sees. 
[Hind. & Per. Par si a Persian, a Zoroastrian. ] A Zoro- 
astrian descended from Persian refugees settled in India, 
mostly at Bombay. 

Par'si-fal (par'si-fal), n. In Wagner's opera "Parsifal," 
a knight, who, seeing Amfortas suffering, recovers from 
Klingsor the sacred spear by which alone Amfortas's 
wound may be healed. See Klingsor, Kundry. 

Par'si-ism, Par'see-ism (par'se-iz'm ; par-se'-), n. The 
religious teachings and customs of the Parsis. 

par'si-mo'ni-ous (paVsi-mo'ni-?is),a. Showing parsimony; 
frugal to excess ; stingy. — par'si-mo'ni-OUS-ly, adv. 
Syn. Sparing, illiberal, grasping, mercenary, avaricious, 
penurious, miserly, niggardly, stingy, close, covetous, sor- 
did, mean. — Parsimonious, penurious, miserly, nig- 
gardly, stingy, close. One is parsimonious who is spar- 
ing or frugal, commonly to excess ; one is penurious who 
is meanly parsimonious ; one is miserly who is sordidly 
avaricious ; one is niggardly or stingy (the ordinary 
term) who is grudging or closefisted, esp. in expending. 
Close is colloq. for stingy (see near). 

par'si-mo-ny (par'sT-mo-m), n. [L. parsimonia, parci- 
monia.~] Closeness in expenditure ; stinginess. — Syn. 
Economy, frugality, illiberality, closeness, penuriousness. 

pars'ley (pars'li), n.; pi. -leys (-ITz). [F. persil, OF. 
perresil, L. petroselinum rock parsley, Gr. ireTpotrekivou ; 
irerpos stone + aekivov parsley.] 1. A European apiaceous 
garden herb {Petroselinum petroselinum) the leaves of 
which are used to flavor soups, etc., or as a garnish. 2. 
With a. qualifying word, any of various related plants. 

pars'nip (pars'mp), n. [OF. pasnaie, fr. L. pastinaca; 
but influenced by ME. nepe turnip.] A European plant 
(Pastinaca sativa) allied to the carrot ; also, its taper root, 



poisonous in the wild state, but made edible by cultivation. 

par'son (par's'n), n. [OF. persone person, parson. See 
person.] 1. Eccl. The rector or incumbent of a parochial 
church. 2. Any clergyman ; a preacher. Chiefly Colloq., 
often Disparaging. 

par'son-age (-aj), n. 1. Eng. Eccl. Law. A certain por- 
tion of lands, tithes, and offerings, to support the parson 
of a parish. 2. The glebe and house, or the house only, ap- 
propriated by a parish for the minister. 

par-son'ic (par-son'ik) ) a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of , 

par-son'i-cal (-I-kal) / a parson ; clerical. 

part (part), n. [F. part, L. pars, gen. partis. - ] 1. One of 
the portions into which anything is divided, or regarded as 
divided ; a piece, fragment, fraction, member, or constit- 
uent. 2. Specif. : a A formal or distinctive division ; as, a 
part of speech, b An equal constituent portion ; one of 
several like quantities, numbers, etc., of which anything is 
composed. C A constituent of character or capacity ; 
hence : capability ; talent ; — usually in pi. ; as, a man of 
parts, d Math. (1) An aliquot part; submultiple. (2) In 
pi. = partial fractions. 3. Share ; lot ; interest ; duty ; 
office ; as, each did his part. 4. A particular character 
acted or to be acted in a drama or a play ; also, a character 
sustained by anyone in real life. 5. Music, a A melody or 
voice part, in concerted music or in harmony, for a particu- 
lar voice or instrument, b A particular voice or instrument 
in concerted music, or the individual score for it. 6. Quar- 
ter ; region ; district ; — usually in pi. ; as, in foreign parts. 
7. An opposing party or side ; a faction. 8. The parting or 
dividing of the hair. Colloq., U. S. 

Syn. Part, portion, piece, fragment, division. Part 
denotes simply a constituent or fraction of a whole ; a por- 
tion is a part regarded as more or less independent, or 
(esp.) as assigned or allotted to some particular individual, 
function, or purpose ; as, the fore part of the day, the hind- 
er part ; each had a portion. A piece is a detached part or 
portion, often of a vaguely defined whole ; it is often re- 
garded as relatively complete in itself ; a fragment is a 
broken or imperfect part ; as, a piece of paper, a piece of 
poetry ; fragment of a statue. A division is a part (wheth- 
er or not detached) made by dividing a mas?, body, or 
aggregate ; as, a division of a book ; a territorial division. 
in good part, without offense ; favorably ; graciously ; as, he 
took my advice in good part. Also, similarly, in ill, evil, worse, 
better, etc., part. — in p., in some degree ; partly. — p. and 
parcel, an essential or constituent portion ; — a reduplica- 
tive phrase. — p. of speech, Gram., a word classed accord- 
ing to the kind of idea or relation it denotes in the sentence. 
The parts of speech are eight : noun, adjective, pronoun, 
verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. 

part (part), v. t. [F. partir, L. partire, partiri, p. p. parti- 
tus, fr. pars, gen. partis, a part.] 1. To divide or separate 
into distinct parts ; also, to separate in thought ; analyze. 
2. To disunite ; sunder ; as, a river parts two countries. 3. 
To hold apart ; intervene between, as combatants. 4. To 
separate by extraction ; elimination, or secretion ; as, to 
part gold from silver. 5. To leave ; quit. Obs. 6. To appor- 
tion ; share ; as, they parted his raiment among them. 
Syn. Separate, part, sever, sunder. Separate implies 
a putting or keeping apart. Part often implies a closer 
original union, or a more complete separation, or both, 
than separate; as, to part two friends. Sever adds the im- 
plication of violence (esp. by cutting), and often applies to 
separation of a part from the whole ; as, to sever the head 
from the body. Sunder often implies a violent rending ; 
as, the rocks were sundered by dynamite. 
to part company, to separate, as travelers or companions. 

— v. i. 1. To be broken or divided into parts or pieces ; 
break. 2. To go away ; depart ; hence, to die. 3. To relin- 
quish a connection ; — used with with or from; as, to part 
with a friend or possession. 

par-take' (par-tak'; par-), v. i. ; for prin. parts see take. 
1. To participate ; share. 2. To take or receive a portion 
(of) ; as, to partake of food. 3. To have something of the 
character (of). 

Syn. Partake, participate, share. Partake now sug- 
gests rather appropriation by the individual ; as, to partake 
of refreshments. To participate is esp. to take part (with 
others) in something, seldom with reference to material 
things ; as, to participate in a conversation. Share empha- 
sizes strongly the idea of community of possession, enjoy- 
ment, endurance, etc. 

— v. t. To take a part in ; share. [participator.! 
par-tak'er, n. [_part + takes.] One who partakes ; sharer ;| 
part'ed (par'ted; 24), p. a. Separated; divided ; cleft ; 

hence : a Bot. Cleft so that the divisions reach nearly, but 
not quite, to the base or midrib. See leap, Illust. b De- 
ceased ; departed ; <t^ad. Archaic. 

par-terre' (par-tar'), n. [F., fr. par on, by (L. per) -f- 
terre earth, L. terra.] 1. An ornamental arrangement of 
flower plots. 2. The part of the floor of a theater behind 
the orchestra, esp., in U. S., the part beneath the galleries. 

par'the-no-gen'e-sis (par'the-no-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. -rrap- 
dkvcK virgin + genesis.] 1. Zo'dl. Reproduction by vir» 



i 



X = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals. 



N 



PARTHENOGENETIC 



702 



PARTURIENT 







P 



females by means of eggs which develop without being 
fertilized by spermatozoa, as in certain insects, crusta- 
ceans, and worms. 2. Bot. Apogamy in which an embryo 
develops from an unfertilized egg, as among certain algas 
and fungi. — par'the-no-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 

Par'the-non (par'the-non), re. [L., fr. Gr. Uapdevwv , fr. irap- 
dkvos a virgin, i. e., the goddess Athena.] A celebrated 
temple of Athena Parthenos, on the Acropolis at Athens. 
It was begun about 447 b. c, and was the most perfect 
example of the Doric order. 

Par'the-no-pse'uS (par'the-no-pe'iis), re. [L., fr. Gr. TLapde- 
vo-rraios.'] See Seven against Thebes. 

Par-then'0-pe (par-then'6-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. UapOtvoirq.] 
Gr. Myth. One of the Sirens who threw herself into the 
sea because unable to beguile Ulysses by her songs. 

Par'the-IlOS (par'the-nos), n. [Gr. wapdevos virgin.] An 
epithet applied to certain Greek goddesses, as Athena. 

Par/thi-an (par'thT-an), a. Of or pert, to ancient Parthia, 
southeast of the Caspian Sea. — re. One of the people of 
ancient Parthia, noted for fighting on horseback with the 
bow, their horses being turned as if in flight after each shot. 

nar'tial (-shal), a. [F., fr. LL. partialis, fr. L. pars, par- 
tis, a part.] 1. Inclined to one party more than the other ; 
biased. 2. Having a predilection (for) ; esp., foolishly fond. 
3. Of, pert, to, affecting, or constituting a part only. 
partial fractions, Math., the fractions into the sum of 
which a fraction may be decomposed. — p. petiole, Bot., a 
petiolule. — p. tone. Music, one of the simple tones of 
which an ordinary tone is composed. 

par'ti-al'i-ty (par'shT-al'i-ti ; -shal'-), re. 1. Quality or 
state of being partial. 2. A predilection ; special liking. 

par'tial-ly (par'shal-i), adv. 1. In a partial manner ; with 
undue bias, favor, or dislike. 2. In part ; not totally. 

par'ti-ble (par'ti-b'l), a. That may be parted; divisible. 

par-tic'i-pant ( par-tTs'i-pant ; par- ), a. Participating ; 
having a share or part. — re. A participator ; sharer. 

par-tic'i-pate (-pat), v. i. & t.; -pat'ed (-pat'ed) ; : pat'ing. 
[L. participatus, p. p. of participare to participate, fr. 
particeps partaking ; pars, partis, part + caper e to take.] 
To have a share in common with others ; partake ; share ; — 
used with with (a person), or in (a thing). — Syn. See 
partake. _ [ing.l 

par-tic'i-pa'tion (-pa'shtm), re. Act or state of participat-| 

par-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), re. One who participates. 

par'ti-cip'i-al (par'ti-sip'i-al), a. Gram. Having the nature 
and use of, or formed from, a participle. — re. A verbal de- 
rivative of participial nature. — par'ti-cip'i-al-ly, adv. 

par'ti-ci-ple (par'tT-sT-p'l), re. [F. participe, OF. also -ci- 
ple, L. parti cipium, fr. particeps participant.] Gram. A 
word partaking of the nature of both verb and adjective. 
The English verb has two participles : (1) the present, end- 
ing in -ing ; as writing; (2) the past or passive, ending 
usually in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -re ; as posted, kept, written. 

par'ti-cle (-k'l), re. [L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a 
part.] 1. A minute portion of matter ; a bit ; jot. 2. Spe- 
cif.: Meek. An indefinitely small portion of matter ; a mass 
conceived as a point, but retaining the properties of inertia 
and attraction ; — called also material point, physical 
point. 3. Any very small portion. 4. A clause or article of a 
composition or document. 5. R. C. Ch. a A little piece of 
the consecrated Host, b The fragment of the Host given to 
each communicant in lay communion. 6. Gram. A subordi- 
nate word never inflected (a preposition, conjunction, inter- 
jection) ; or an element having a distinct meaning, but used 
only in composition ; as -ward in backward, -ly in loveZy. 

par'ti-col'ored, or -coloured. Var. of party-colored. 

par-tic'U-lar (par-tik'u-lar ; par-), a. [F. particulier, L. 
particulars. See particle.] 1, Relating to a portion of 
anything ; separate ; specific. 2. Of or pert, to a single per- 
son, class, or thing ; not general ; personal ; as, one's partic- 
ular grievance. 3. Noteworthy ; special ; as, of no particu- 
lar interest. 4. Concerned with, or attentive to, details; 
hence : nice ; fastidious ; as, particular in dress. 5. Logic. 
Forming a part of a genus ; affirmed or denied of a part of a 
subject ; as, a particular proposition ; — opp. to universal. 
6. Law. a Containing a part only ; limited ; as, a particular 
estate, b Holding, or relating to, a particular estate ; as, a 
particular tenant. — Syn. Individual, respective ; pecul- 
iar, especial ; critical. See special, circumstantial. 

— re. 1. A separate member of a class, or part of a whole ; 
individual fact, or item. 2. Logic, a A concrete fact or 
characteristic ; a datum, b A particular proposition. 

par-tic'U-lar-ism (-Tz'm), re. 1. Exclusive or special devo- 
tion to a particular interest, party, sect, or the like. 2. 
Theol. The doctrine that the Divine grace is provided only 
for elect individuals. 3. The theory or practice which leaves 
each state in a federation politically independent. — par- 
tic'u-lar-ist, re. — par-tic'u-lar-is'tic (-is'tik), a. 

par-tic'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), re. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 
quality of being particular ; as : a Relation to a member or 
members of a class ; individuality ; — opp. to universality 



or generality, b Attentiveness to detail ; circumstantiality. 
C Fastidiousness. 2. That which is particular ; as : a Pe- 
culiarity, b Special circumstance ; minute detail. 

par-tic'u-lar-ize (-tik'u-ldr-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'mg). To give as a particular, or as the particulars; 
mention particularly. — y. i. To mention or attend to par- 
ticulars ; be circumstantial, as in a story. i-za'tion, re. 

par-tic'u-lar-ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner ; individu- 
ally ; severally. 2. Especially ; in a high degree. 

part'ing (par'tmg), p. a. 1. That parts ; hence : a Depart- 
ing; fig., dying, b Dividing; separating. 2. Given, etc., 
when departing ; farewell ; final. — re. 1. Act of parting ; 
state of being parted ; division ; separation. 2. Place of 
division or separation. 3. Something that serves to part or 
separate things, as a watershed. 4. A leave-taking. 5. De- 
parture ; fig., death. Archaic. 

parting strip. Arch. Any thin piece, a.s of wood, for sepa- 
rating two adjoining members. 

par/ti-san (par'tT-zan), re. [OF. partisane.] A kind of 
halberd or pike ; also, a truncheon or staff. 

par'ti-san, par'ti-zan(par'ti-zan), re. [F., fr. It. partigiano, 
deriv. of L. pars part.] 1. A person who champions an- 
other ; esp., a devoted adherent. 2. Mil. A member of a 
body of detached light troops. — Syn. See follower. 

— a. 1. Adherent, esp. blindly, to a party or faction. 2. 
Mil.^ Of or pert, to partisans or their operations. 

par/ti-san-ship', re. State of being a partisan ; feelings or 
conduct appropriate to a partisan. 

par'tite (par'tlt), a. [L. partitus, p. p.] Parted. 

par-ti'tion (par-tish'un ; par-), re. [F. partition, L. parti- 
tio. See part, d.] 1. A parting ; separation ; division. 2. 
That which divides or separates; specif., an interior wall 
dividing a house, inclosure, etc. 3. A portion ; section ; di- 
vision. 4. a Law. The severance of common or undivided 
interests, particularly in real estate ; a division into sever- 
alty of property held jointly or in common, b Logic. Anal- 
ysis into coherent parts, c Math. Resolution of an integer 
into a set of integers. 

—y.t. 1. To divide into parts or shares, as an estate. 2. To 
divide, as a house, into distinct parts by lines, walls, etc. 

par-ti'tion-ment (-rnfint), re. Act of partitioning ; also, a 
partition or compartment. 

par'ti-tive (par'ti-tiv), a. Serving to part or divide into 
parts ; Gram., denoting a part. — re. Gram. A word ex- 
pressing partition or denoting a part. tive-ly, adv. 

par'ti-zan. Var. of partisan. 

part'let (part'let), re. [For older patelet, OF. patelete a 
band of stuff.] A neckerchief, collar, or ruff. Obs. or Hist. 

Part'let, re. Proper name for a hen ; hence, a woman. 

part'ly, adv. In part ; not wholly. 

part'ner (-ner), re. [ME. partener, for older parcener, influ- 
enced by part.'] 1. An associate ; sharer ; participant ; com- 
panion. 2. a A husband or a wife, b Either of a couple who 
dance together. C Games. One who plays with another or 
others against another or others. 3. A member of a partner- 
ship. 4. In pi. Naut. A strengthening framework about 
an opening in a deck, as to support a mast. 

— v. t. 1. To associate or join as partners. 2. To be the 
partner of ; provide with a partner. 

part'ner-ship, re. 1. State of being a partner ; association ; 
participation. 2. Joint possession or interest. 3. Law. The 
relation between persons who have contracted to. join in 
business and share the profit between them. 4. The con- 
tract by which a partnership relation is created ; also, the 
association of persons joined for business ; company ; firm. 
5. Arith. = fellowship, re., 7. 

par-took', pret. of partake. 

par'tridge (par'tnj), re. [ME. partriche, OF. pertris, per- 
driz, L. perdix, -ids, fr. Gr. 
Trkp8i£ .] 1. Any of certain Old 
World stout-bodied, gal- 
linaceous game birds 
(genera Perdix, Cacca- 
bis, etc.). 2. Any of 
many birds resembling i^ 

the above, as the ruffed -S§|ij*ggjg|ji=- -gr 

grouse. See quail, re., 2. 
3. In South America, 
any of certain tinamous. European Gray Partridge. 

partridge berry, a An American trailing evergreen plant 
(Mitchella repens) having 
a scarlet berry, b See win- 

TERGREEN, 2. 

part song. A song, esp. 

unaccompanied, in two or 

more (commonly four) dis-; 

tinct vocal parts. 
par-tu'ri-en-cy ( par-tu'rT- 

en-si), re. State or quality 

of being parturient. 
par-tu'ri-ent (par-tu'n-ent), a. [L. parutriens, p. pr. of 





Partridge Berry. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PARTURIFACIENT 



703 



PASSAGE 



parturire to desire to bring forth, -par ere, partum, to bring 
forth.] Bringing forth, or about to bring forth, young. 

par-tu'ri-fa'cient (-fa'shent), to. [L. parturire to desire to 
bring forth + facer e to make.] Med. A medicine tending to 
cause parturition, or to give relief in childbearing. 

par'tu-ri'tion (par'tjl-rish'un), to. Act of bringing forth 
young ; delivery ; childbirth. 

par'ty (piir'ti), to. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. partie and in some 
senses parti, fr. F. partir to part, divide, L. partire, par- 
tiri. See part, v.} 1. A part. Obs. 2. Cause ; side ; interest. 
Obs. or R. 3. A body of persons forming one side in a con- 
test, etc. ; a body of partisans ; esp., one of the parts into 
which a people is divided on public questions. 4. The party 
system ; partisanship. 5. A detachment, as of troops. 6. A 
company or association of persons, esp. for social enjoy- 
ment, etc. 7. One of a body of persons constituting a side ; 
as, a party to a contract in an affair. 8. The plaintiff or the 
defendant in a lawsuit ; a litigant. 9. A person. Vulgar 
or Slang. — Syn. See combination. 

par'ty (par'ti), a. [F. parti divided.] Her. Parted or divided. 

par'ty— col'ored To. Colored with different tints ; varie- 

par'ty— col'ouredj gated ; as, a party-colored flower. 

party line. 1. A telephone line connecting two or more sub- 
scribers on one circuit. 2. The bounding line between ad- 
joining properties. 

party wall. Law. A wall which divides two adjoining prop- 

i erties, and in which each of the owners of the adjoining 
properties has rights of enjoyment. 

par'u-la war'bler (par'do-ld). [NL. Parula, dim. of L. 
parus titmouse.] Any of a genus (Compsothlypis, syn. 
Parula) of small American warblers ; esp., a species (C. 
americana) of the eastern United States. 

Upa'rure' (pa/riir'), to. [F., fr. par er to prepare, fr. L. pa- 
rare."} A set of ornaments or decorations for the person ; as, 
a parure of rubies or of embroideries. 

par've-nu' (par've-nii' ; F. par've-nii'), to. masc; pi. -nus 
(-nuz' ; F. -nii') ; par've-nue (-nu'; F. -nil'), to. fern.; 
pi. -nues (-nuz ; ; F. -nii' ). \_¥., prop. p. p. of parvenir to 
attain to, to succeed, to rise to a high station, L. per- 
venire to come to ; per through + venire to come.] One 
who has risen, as by wealth, above the station in which he 
was born ; an upstart. Usually Derogatory. — a. Like, or 
characteristic of, a parvenu ; upstart. Usually Derogatory. 

par'vis (par'vis), n. [F. parvis, fr. parevis, the same word 
as pare'is, parevis, paradise, fr. L. paradisus. See para- 
dise.] A court or an inclosed space before a building, esp. a 
church ; sometimes, a single portico or colonnade before a 
church ; a church porch. 

par'vo-line (par'vo-lin ; -len), to. Also -lin. [From L. par- 
vus small, or the dim. parvulus, from its low volatility.] 
Chem. Any of a series of isomeric liquid bases, C9H13N, of 
which one is found as a ptomaine in decaying horseflesh, 
mackerel, etc., and another is obtained by distilling coal. 

pas (pa), n. [F. See pace.] 1. Right of precedence. 2. A 
dance step or movement ; — chiefly in names of dances. 

Pasch (pask), n. [OF. pasche, pasque, L. pascha,Gr. iratrxa, 
fr. Heb. pesakh, fr. pasakh to pass over.] The Passover ; 
hence, the feast of Easter. Archaic, Hist., or Local. 

pas'cnal (pas'kdl), a. [L. paschalis. See Pasch.] Of or 
pert, to, or used at, Passover or Easter ; as, paschal eggs. 
paschal candle, a large wax candle, blessed, placed on the 
altar, lighted the day before Easter, and kept there until 
Ascension Day. — p. controversy, Eccl., a controversy 
lasting from the 2d to the 4th century, over the proper 
day and mode of observance of Easter. — p. flower. Var. 
of pasque flower. — p. lamb. The lamb slain and eaten 
at the Passover ; hence leaps.} , Christ. 

— n. 1. A paschal candle or candlestick. 2. The paschal, or 
Passover, celebration, supper, or lamb. 

pasch flower. Var. of pasque flower. 

pash (pash), to. The head or poll. 06s. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

pash (pash), v. t. & i. To burl ; smash. — n. A crushing or 
crashing blow. All Rare or Dial. 

pa-Sha',pa-Cha'(pd-sba'; pash'a),TO. [Turk, pasha, bdsha.} 
1. [Usually cap.} A title (placed after the name) given to 
officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governors of provinces, 
millitary commanders, etc. 2. A person bearing the title. 

pa-sha'lic, pa-Cha'lic (pa-sha'lik), n. [Turk, pashalik.} 
The jurisdiction of, or territory under, a pasha. 

Pash'to (push'to), n. The chief language of southern and 
eastern Afghanistan and parts of India and Baluchistan. 

pa-Sig'ra-phy (pd-sig'rd-fi), to. [Gr. iraai for all (dat. pi. of 
iras all) -f- -graphy.} Any of various proposed universal sys- 
tems using signs, esp. mathematical symbols, to represent 
ideas only, not words ; loosely, a universal language. 

Pa-siph'a-e (pd-slf'a-e), to. [L., fr. Gr. n ao-t<£ A77.] Gr. 
Myth. Wife of Minos, and mother by him of Ariadne, 
Phaedra, and other children. Poseidon sent a white bull 
to Minos to be sacrificed, but the king, admiring its 
beauty, preserved it, and the god caused Pasiphae to be- 
come enamored of it. In consequence she gave birth to 
Minotaur (which see). The legend probably arose from 
the early worship of the bull in Crete. 




pasque flower (pask). [OF. pasque Easter. See Pasch.] 

Any ranunculaceous plant or flower of a 

genus (Pulsatilla), allied to the anemones, 

bearing large white or purple flowers. They 

bloom about Easter. [pasquinade. | 

pas'quil (pas'kwll), n. [It. pasquillo.} A\ 
Pas'quin (-kwTn), to. The statue Pasquino; 

hence, an imaginary person on whom anon- 
ymous lampoons were fathered ; [I. c] a 

lampooner ; satirist. 
pas'quin-ade'(-kwi-nad'),TO. [It. pasquin- 

ata.} A lampoon posted in a public place. 

— v. t. To lampoon ; satirize. 

Pas-qui'no (pas-kwe'no), n. [It.] A muti- 
lated piece of statuary at Rome, on which 
it was the custom, from the end of the 15th 
century, to affix lampoons. 

pass (pas), to. [F. pas; but influenced by 
the English verb pass.} 1. A pace. Obs. 
2. A passageway ; road ; route ; specif., a 
defile through mountains. Pasque Flower 

pass, to. [F. passe, fr. passer to pass ; but (Pulsatilla nut- 
influenced by the English verb pass. ] 1. talliana). (i) 
Act of passing ; passage. 2. Act of passing an examination ; 
esp., in English universities, etc., the attainment of a per- 
centage of marks enabling the candidate to satisfy the ex- 
aminers, but not to gain honors. 3. State of things ; condi- 
tion. 4. Permission or license to pass, or to go and come, as, 
a pass on a railroad ; esp., Mil., a written permission to 
pass through the lines of an army, post, or the like. 5. A 
thrust or lunge, as in fencing. 6. Transference of objects by 
sleight of hand or the like ; also, a trick. 7. A movement 
of the hand over, before, or along anything, as by a mes- 
merist. 8. In football, hockey, etc., a transfer of the ball, 
etc., to another player of one's side. 

— v. i.; pret. passed (past) or, Rare, past; p. p. passed, 
past ; p. pr. & vb. to. pass'ing. [F. passer, LL. passare, fr. 
L. passus step.] 1. To go ; move ; proceed. 2. To go from 
one person to another ; circulate, as money ; obtain general 
acceptance, as afact. 3. To undergo transition or conver- 
sion ; as, the business has passed into other hands ; to pass 
from the liquid into the gaseous state. 4. Law. To be con- 
veyed or transferred, as by will or deed, as an estate. 5. To 
be exchanged ; be done ; as, few words passed. 6. To go 
away ; depart ; specif., to die. 7. To go by or move past, as 
a procession ; flow past. 8. To go by or glide by, as time ; 
elapse ; be spent ; as, their vacation passed pleasantly. 9. 
To have passage ; force or make one's way. 10. To go un- 
heeded, uncensured, or unchallenged ; as, the play may pass. 
11. To be carried through a body that has power to sanc- 
tion or reject ; receive legislative sanction ; be enacted ; as, 
the bill passed. 12. To go through any inspection or test 
successfully. 13. To move or come into being or under no- 
tice ; occur ; happen ; as, to know what passes. 14. Law. 
To adjudicate in a cause ; render a verdict ; — used with on 
or upon, for, etc. ; as, to pass on a point of law. 15. Fenc- 
ing. To make a pass ; thrust. 16. In sleight of hand, etc., 
to make passes ; transfer an object, as if by magic. 17. 
Cards. To decline to play a round, or to decline a privilege, 
as of making the trump. 18. In football, hockey, etc., to 
make a pass. 

— v. t. 1. a To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like ; 
cross ; traverse, b To go from one limit to the other of ; un- 
dergo. Now Rare, c To go by without noticing ; disregard. 
Now Rare, d To omit ; pass on ; as, to pass a dividend, 
i. e., to fail to declare and pay it at the time when due or 
regularly paid. eTo go successfully or satisfactorily through 
as a trial, test, etc. ; obtain the formal sanction of, as of a 
legislative body, f To go beyond ; surpass ; overstep ; as, he 
has passed sixteen. 2. a To cause or enable to pass, or go ; 
as, to pass a person into a theater, b To cause to, or let, 
pass, or elapse ; spend ; — said of time, c To cause or allow 
to advance ; specif., to give official sanction to ; ratify ; en- 
act, as a bill, d To hand or deliver, as from one to another ; 
as, to pass a football ; also, to put, as money, in circulation. 
e Law. To convey ; make over, as the title to an estate. I 
To give in pledge ; promise ; as, to pass one's word, g To 
evacuate ; void, h To cause to, or let, pass the lips ; express, 
as an opinion ; as, to pass judgment. 1 In card tricks, to 
make or perform the pass on. 

pass'a-ble (pas'd-b'l), a. [OF. ; F. only in sense 3.] 1. Ca- 
pable of being passed, as a road, or penetrated, as a forest. 
2. Generally receivable ; current. 3. Such as may be al- 
lowed to pass ; tolerable ; mediocre. 4. Capable of passing, 
or being sanctioned or enacted. — pass'a-bly, adv. 

pas-sade' (pd-sad'), to. [F. passade.} Man. A turn or 
course of a horse backward or forward over the same course. 

pas-sa'do(pd-sa'do ; -sa'-), to . ; pi. -dos, -does (-doz). Fenc- 
ing. A thrust, with advance of one foot. Obs., exc. Fig. 

pas'sage (pas'aj), v. t. & i. ; -SAGED(-ajd) ; -SAG-iNG(-a-jTng). 
[F. passager, passeger, fr. It. passeggiare.} To sidle. 

— n. Man. A sidewise movement of a horse. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PASSAGE 



704 



PASTEL 







pas'sage, n. [F. passage. See pass, v. i.] 1. Act of passing ; 
transit. 2. Transition ; passing ; lapse ; course ; progress ; 
as, the passage of time. 3. Death. Obs. 4. Right, liberty, 
or permission to pass ; as, he was refused a passage. 5. A 
voyage ; also, privilege of conveyance as a passenger, esp. by 
water. 6. Of a measure or law : enactment ; sanction. 7. A 
movement or evacuation of the bowels. 8. A means of pass- 
ing ; way ; course ; pass ; a hall, corridor, lobby, vestibule, 
etc. 9. An occurrence ; incident. Archaic. 10. A mutual 
act or transaction ; interchange, as of vows, blows, etc. ; 
encounter. 11. A portion of something, as of a discourse or 
composition; esp., an indefinite but usually small portion 
of a speech or of a literary or musical composition ; a verse, 
paragraph, sentence, etc. ; as, a passage of Scripture. 12. 
Music, a A scalelike or arpeggiolike series of notes ; a run 
or flourish, b A phrase or other section of a piece. 

— v. i. 1. To make a passage ; journey ; voyage ; cross ; 
pass. 2. To engage in a passage at arms ; fig., to fence. 

pas'sage-way' (-wa'), n. A way for passage. = passage, 8. 

pas'sant (pas'ant), a. [F., p. pr.] Her. Walking. 
passant gardant, Her., walking forward but with head 
(only) turned toward the spectator. — p. regardant, Her., 
walking forward and looking backward. 

pass book, a Banking. The depositor's book in which is 
entered a record of the deposits and withdrawals of a cur- 
rent account, b A customer's book in which a dealer enters 
a record of articles bought on credit. 

[| pas'se' (pa'sa'), a. masc, || pas'see' (pa'sa'), a. fern. [F.] 
Past ; gone by ; hence : past one's prime ; faded ; antiquated. 

passed (past), p. a. Having passed an examination or test ; 
esp., Nav., having passed an examination for promotion 
and awaiting a vacancy ; as, passed assistant paymaster. 
passed ball, Baseball, a pitched ball, not hit by the bats- 
man, that passes the catcher when he should have stopped 
it, and allows a base runner to advance a base. — p. mas- 
ter, a person who has passed as a master ; a proficient. Cf . 
vast master b, under past, a. 

passe'mentCpasfment^n. [F.] Narrow lace, gimp, or braid, 
used for trimmings; also, a pattern for lace pricked on 
parchment.— v. t. To adorn or trim with passement or lace. 

passe-men'terie (pas-men'trl ; F. pas'maN'tre'), n. [F.] 
Trimmings, esp. of braids, cords, gimps, beads, or tinsel. 

pas'sen-ger (paVen-jer), n. [F. passager.'] 1. A passer-by ; 
wayfarer ; — now used chiefly in foot passenger. 2. A trav- 
eler by an established conveyance, as by boat, train, etc. 

fl passe' par/tout' (pas' par'too')- [F. ; passer to pass '+ 
partout everywhere.] 1. That which passes, or by which 
one can pass, everywhere ; specif., a master key. 2. In pic- 
ture framing, a kind of mat; also, a kind of framing in 
which picture, glass, back, etc., are held together by strips 
of paper or cloth pasted over the edges. 

pass'er (pas'er), n. One who passes. 

pass'er-by', n.; pi. passers-by. One who passes by. 

pas'ser-ine (paVer-In ; -In), a. [L. passerinus, fr. passer a 
sparrow.] Of, pert, to, or belonging to an order (Passeri- 
formes) of birds comprising chiefly song birds of perching 
habits. It includes more than half the birds, ranging in 
size from the titmouse to the raven. — n. A passerine bird. 

pas'si-ble (pas'i-b'l), a. [L. passibilis, fr. pati to suffer.] 
Susceptible of feeling or suffering ; sensible. 

pass'ing (pas'ing), a. 1. Going by, beyond, through, or 
cway ; as, a passing traveler. 2. Gliding by ; fleeting ; as, 
the passing hour. 3. Made, given, etc., in passing ; cur- 
sory ; as, a passing remark. 4. Exceeding. Archaic. 5. 
Of, pert, to, or used in or for, passing. 
passing bell, a tolling of a bell at death (formerly done to 
invoke prayers for the dying) ; also, a tolling during the 
passing of a funeral procession or during funeral ceremonies ; 
death bell ; fig., a presage or indication of tha death or end 
of something ; knell. — p. note, a note unessential to the 
harmony and usually unaccented, interposed for melodic 
smoothness between essential notes. 

— adv. Exceedingly ; surpassingly ; very. 

— n. 1. Act of one that passes. 2. A means of passing ; ford. 
pas'sion (pash'un), n. [F., fr. L. passio, fr. pati, passus, 

to suffer.] 1. A suffering of inflicted pain ; specif. : [Often 
cap.] The suffering of Christ on the cross, or, often, His 
sufferings between the Last Supper and His death. 2. State 
of being acted on ; a passive condition ; — opposed to action. 
3. Susceptibility to external agents. Obs. or R. 4. Intense 
emotion ; often, rage or love ; also, an overpowering emo- 
tion as evinced by inordinate desire or antipathy ; as, the 
ruling passion. 5. In pi. The emotions collectively. 6. An 
object of love or ambition. — Syn. See feeling. 

pas'sion-al (-51), n. A book of the sufferings of saints and 
martyrs, for reading on their festivals. — a. Of or pert, to 
passion or the passions. 

pas'sion-ate (-at), a. [LL. passionatus."] 1. Capable or 
susceptible of passion ; easily excited, esp. to anger ; irasci- 
ble. 2. Affected with, or characterized by, passion ; ardent ; 
enthusiastic. 3. Affected with, or under the influence or 
control of, the passion of love ; as, passionate affection. — 
pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. — pas'sion-ate-ness, n. 




Syn. Passionate, impassioned. Passionate, as here 
compared (see angry), commonly applies to that which is 
marked by strong or vehement passion or emotion ; im- 
passioned, esp. to that which manifests or expresses such 
feeling ; as, passionate desire ; an impassioned gesture, look. 

passion flower. A flower or plant (genus Passiflora) cul- 
tivated for its flowers, which have suggested 
the instruments or circumstances of Christ's 
crucifixion ; _ — whence the name. 

passion fruit. Any edible fruit of a passion 
flower. 

pas'sion-less, a. Void of passion ; calm. 

Passion play. A mystery play representing 
the Passion of Christ, as that given every 
ten years at Oberammergau, Bavaria. 

Passion Sunday. The fifth Sunday in Lent. 

passion vine. The passion flower. 

Passion Week, a Properly, the week before 
Easter, b In recent use, the second week passion Slower 
before Easter, beginning with Passion Sun- {Passiflora cx- 
day. rulea). 

pas'sive (pas'iv), a. [L. passivus. See passion.] 1. Not ac- 
tive, but acted on ; affected or produced by outside force or 
agency. 2. Gram. Designating, or pert, to : a The form or 
voice of a transitive verb which makes its grammatical sub- 
ject the actual object of its action ; as, in Latin, doceor, I 
am taught._ b Verbs which assert that the subject is acted 
upon ; — disting. from active and neuter. 3. Law & Fi- 
nance. Bearing no interest ; — said of certain bonds, shares, 
etc. 4. Receiving or enduring without resistance ; patient ; 
unresisting ; as, passive obedience. 5. Med. Designating 
certain morbid conditions characterized by relaxation with 
deficient vitality. 6. Chem. Not entering readily into reac- 
tion ; inactive ; inert. 7. Not self-active ; not moving or 
acting of itself. 

Syn. Passive, impassive, stoical, apathetic, stolid. 
That is passive which is acted upon, without itself acting ; 
that is impassive which shows no emotion ; as, a passive 
spectator ; impassive as a mask. Stoical implies indiffer- 
ence to pleasure or pain ; it often suggests unflinching forti- 
tude ; as, stoical endurance. Apathetic suggests insensibil- 
ity rather than indifference ; stolid implies also heaviness 
or stupidity ; as, the apathy of despair ; a stolid idiot. 
passive balloon or aeroplane, one unprovided with 
motive power. — p. flight, flight, such as gliding and soar- 
ing, without the use of motive power. 

— n. Gram. The passive voice. — pas'sive-ly, adv. — pas*- 
sive-ness, pas-siv'i-ty (pa-siv'i-ti), n. 

pass'-key', n. A key for opening more locks than one ; a 
master key ; a passe partout ; also, a private key. 

pass'o'ver (pas'o'ver), n. [pass + over. - ] 1. [cap. 2 An an- 
nual feast of the Jews, instituted (Ex. xii.) tocommemorate 
the sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt when God smote the 
firstborn of the Egyptians. 2. The sacrifice at the feast of 
the Passover ; the paschal lamb. 

pass'port (pas'port ; 57), n. [F. passeport; passer to pass 
+ port a port, harbor.] 1. = safe-conduct. 2. An official 
document permitting one to pass or travel about unmolest- 
ed. 3. A document issued to a ship, granting or requesting 
permission to enter or leave a port or the territorial waters 
of a state ; a sea letter. 4. Fig. : a A permission or author- 
ization to pass or go about, b Anything that secures 
admission or acceptance. 

|| pas'sus (pas'us), n. ;L. pi. -sus. [L., step, pace. See pace.] 
A division or part of a poem or story ; canto. 

pass' word' (pas'wurd'), n. A word to be uttered by one 
before he is allowed to pass ; watchword ; countersign. 

past (past), o. 1. Of or pertaining to a former time ; gone 
by ; elapsed ; just gone by or elapsed ; last ; foregoing ; ago. 
2. Gram. Expressive of time gone by ; as, the past tense. 
past master, a One who has held the office of master, as in 
a lodge of Freemasons, b An adept ; a passed master. 

— n. 1. A former time or state ; that which occurred for- 
merly. 2. Past life, history, or course of action ; esp., a past 
career unknown or kept secret ; as, a man with a past. 3. 
Gram. The past tense. — adv. By ; beyond. — prep. Be- 
yond, as in time, position, power, etc. 

paste(past),n. [OF.,fr. L. pasta, fr. Gr.irao-TTi barley broth.] 
1. Dough ; esp., dough prepared with shortening, as for pie 
crust. 2. Any soft mixture or composition ; as : a A kind of 
fish condiment, b A soft confection made of fruit juice, lico- 
rice, or the like, with sugar, etc. C A kind of adhesive prepa- 
ration, as of flour and water, d The moistened clay, etc., 
used in making pottery or porcelain ; pSte. 3. Strass ; an 
imitation gem of strass. 

— v. L; past'ed (pas'ted ; 24) ; past'ing (pas'tmg). 1. To 
unite or fasten with paste ; cause to adhere by or as by 
paste. 2. To cover by or as by pasting on or over. 

paste'board' (-bord' ; 57), n. 1. A stiff material made by 
pasting together sheets of paper ; loosely, any kind of paper 
board. 2. Slang, a A visiting card, b A playing card. — a. 
Of or made of pasteboard ; hence : unsubstantial ; sham. 

pas'tel (pas'tel), n. [F., fr. Pr., dim. fr. pasta paste.] Woad. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, venjure (87) ; 



PASTEL 



705 



PATERNITY 



pas'tel (pas'tel ; pas-tel'), n. [F., fr. It. pastello, dim. of It. 
& L. pasta paste.] 1. A kind of paste made by grinding 
pigments and mixing with gum water; also, a crayon 
made of this. 2. A drawing or art of drawing in pastel. 
3. A light literary sketch. — pas'tel-ist, pas'tel-list, n. 

past'er (pas'ter), n. 1. One who pastes. 2. A gummed pa- 
per to be pasted on or over something, as a name on a ballot. 

pas'tern (pas'tern), n. [OF. pasturon, fr. OF. pasture a 
tether for beasts while pasturing ; prop., a pasturing. See 
pasture.] That part of the foot of the horse, and allied ani- 
mals, between the fetlock and the coffin bone, of which the 
upper phalanx is the great pastern bone, and the second, 
the small pastern bone, with the pastern joint between. 

Pas'teur-ism (pas'ter-Tz'm ; pas-tur'iz'm), n. [After Louis 
Pasteur, French scientist.] 1. A treatment to prevent cer- 
tain diseases, as hydrophobia, by inoculations with virus of 
gradually increasing strength. 2. Pasteurization. 

Pas'teur-i-za'tion (pas'ter-i-za'shim ; pas-tur'- ; -T-za'-), n. 
A process devised by Pasteur for preventing or checking 

[ fermentation in fluids, as wines, milk, etc., by exposure to a 
temperature of 55°-70° C. (131°-158° F.). 

Pas'teur-ize (pas'ter-Iz ; pas-tur'-), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz 7 - 
ing. To subject to Pasteurization ; treat by Pasteurism. 

j| pas-tic'cio (pas-tet'cho), n.; pi. -CI (-che). [It., fr. pasta. 
See paste.] A medley ; patchwork ; olio ; esp., a musical 
composition or a work of art made up from various sources. 

pas'til (pas'til) 1 n. [F. pastille, L. pastillus a.litt\e loaf, 

pas-tille' (pas-tel') / a lozenge, dim. of pastus food.] 1. A 
small cone or mass of aromatic paste, used for fumigating, 
deodorizing, etc. 2. An aromatic or medicated lozenge. 

pas'time'Cpas'timO.ri- [_pass -f- time.'] That which amuses, 
and serves to make time pass agreeably ; amusement ; di- 
version ; recreation. — Syn. Entertainment, sport, play. 

past'i-ness (pas'ti-nes), n. Pasty quality or condition. 

pas'tor (pas'ter), n. [OF., & L. pastor, fr. pascere, pastum, 
to pasture, feed.] 1. A shepherd. Rare. 2. A spiritual over- 
seer, as a priest ; specif., a minister. 

pas'tor-al (-51), a. [L. pastoralis.] 1. Of or pert, to shep- 
herds or rural life and scenes. 2. Relating to the care of 
souls, or to the pastor of a church. — Syn. See rural. 

— n. 1. A poem, drama, etc., describing pastoral life ; a bu- 
colic ; also, pastoral poetry, drama, etc., as a literary form. 
2. A pastoral or rural picture or scene. 3. Eccl. a A book on 
the duties of pastors, b A letter of a pastor, esp. a bishop, 
to his charge. C A pastoral staff. 

pastoral Epistles, the Epistles to Timothy and Titus in 
the New Testament, dealing largely with pastoral work. — 
p. staff, Eccl., a staff, usually of the form of a shepherd's 
crook, borne as an official emblem by a prelate ; a crosier. 

H pas'to-ra'le (paVto-ra'la), n. ; pi. It. -rali (-le), E. -rales 
(-laz). [It.] Music, a A cantata relating to rural life, b An 
instrumental piece of idyllic or rustic simplicity and senti- 
ment, sometimes suggestive of rural sounds, [character.] 

pas'tor-al-ism (pas'tor-dl-iz'm), n. Pastoral quality or| 

pas'tor-al-ist (-ist), n. 1. A composer of pastorals. 2. A 
keeper of sheep or cattle ; shepherd. 

pas'tor-al-ly, adv. In a pastoral manner. 

pas'tor-ate (-St), n. Office, state, jurisdiction, or tenure of 
office, of a pastor ; also, a body of pastors. 

pas-to'ri-um (pas-to'ri-um), n. [See pastor; cf. auditori- 
um.] A parsonage ; — so called in some Baptist churches. 
Southern U. S. 

pas'tor-Ship, n. Office or dignity of a pastor ; pastorate. 

pas'try (pas'tri), n. ; pi. -tries (-triz). [See paste.] Articles 
of food made of paste, or with a crust of paste, as pies. 

pas'tur-a-ble (pas'tjjr-d-b'l), a. Fit for or affording pasture. 

pas'tur-age (pas'tjlr-£j), n. [OF.] 1. A pasturing ; the graz- 
ing of cattle. 2. Grazing ground ; pasture. 

pas'ture (-t£r). n. [OF. pasture, L. pastura, it. pascere, 
pastum, to pasture feed.] Growing grass or grass land for 
cattle to feed upon ; pasturage. — v. i. ; -tured (-t$rd) ; 
-TUR-rNG (-tjr-ing). To feed on growing grass; graze. — 
v. t. 1. To feed. Obs., exc. : To put out to pasture ; graze. 
2. To eat while grazing ; graze. 

pas'tur-er (-tGr-er), n. A grazier or herdsman. 

past'y(pas'ti), a. Like paste, as in color, softness, stickiness. 

past'y, n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). [OF. paste.] A pie, usually of 
meat, with a paste crust, and often baked without a dish. 

pat (pat), v. t. ; pat'ted ; -ting. 1. To strike, esp. gently, 
with a flat surface, with the hand, or the like ; tap. 2. To 
strike or beat with light steps ; — said of feet. — v. i. 1. To 
strike or beat gently ; tap. 2. To walk or run lightly, pro- 
ducing pats. — n. 1. A light blow, as with the fingers ; a 
tap. 2. A small mass, as of butter, shaped by pats. 3. The 
sound of a pat or tap, as of bare feet. 

pat, a. That hits the object or mark or suits the purpose or 
occasion ; fit ; apt. — adv. Aptly ; opportunely ; readily. 

pa-ta'gi-um (pd-ta'ji-um), n.; pi. patagia (-d). [NL., fr. 
L., a gold edging.] Zo'ol. A wing membrane, as of a bat ; 
specif. : a The parachute, or fold of skin connecting the fore 
and hind limbs, as of a flying squirrel, b The fold of skin in 
front of the humeral and radio-ulnar parts of a bird's wing. 



Pat'a-gO'ni-an (pat'd-go'nl-an), a. Of or pert, tc Patago- 
nia, a region now divided between Chile and Argentina. — 
n. A native of Patagonia ; esp., one of the aboriginal Indian 
stock (see Tehuelche), said to be the tallest known race. 

patch (pach), n. A fool ; orig., a domestic fool or jester. Obs. 

patch, n. [ME. pacche.] 1. A piece of cloth sewed on a gar- 
ment to repair or strengthen it. 2. A small piece of anything 
used to repair or strengthen ; as, a patch on a kettle, a roof. 

3. A small piece of black silk or court-plaster stuck on the 
face, as to heighten beauty. 4. a A part of different color or 
character ; a large spot ; blotch, b A small piece of ground 
or of something on it ; a tract ; plot ; as, a patch of wheat. 
5. A small piece ; a scrap. 

— v. t. 1. To provide, mend, strengthen, adorn, etc., with or 
as with a patch or patches ; often, esp. with up, to repair 
clumsily. 2. To make of patches joined together, as by sew- 
ing ; arrange or put together hastily or insecurely ; piece ; — 
often used with up or together ; as, to patch up a truce. 

patch'er, n. One who patches. 

patch'er-y (-er-I), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Act of patching; 
clumsy or hasty repairing ; botchery ; a patchwork. 

pa-tchou'li 1 (pd-choo'li; pach'oo-li), n. [Of East Indian 

pa-tchou'ly/ origin.] 1. An East Indian mint (Pogoste- 
mon heyneanus). 2. A perfume made from this plant. 

patch'work' (pach'wurk'), n. Work of pieces sewed to- 
gether, esp. pieces of various colors and figures ; a thing 
patched up ; a jumble ; hodgepodge. 

patch'y (-i), a. Covered with, or diversified with, patches ; 
consisting of patches; resembling patchwork. 

pate (pat), n. The head or the crown of the head ; hence, 
brain or brains ; — generally used in ridicule or contempt. 

| pate (pat), n. [F.] Paste; specif., Ceramics, the paste or 
plastic material for pottery or porcelain. 

H pa'te' (pa'ta'), n. [F. pate.] A pie ; a pasty. 

pa-tella (pd-te"l'd), n. ; L. pi. -L2E (-e). [L., lit., a small pan, 
dim. of patina, patena, a pan.] Anat. A thick, flat, trian- 
gular, movable bone, forming the anterior point of the knee ; 
kneepan ; kneecap. — pa-tel'lar (-ax), a. [liform.| 

pa-tel / late(pd-tSl / at ; pat'e-lat), a. Having a patella ; patel- 

pa-tel'U-form(pd-tel'i-f6rm), a. [patella -\- -form.] Shaped 
like a kneepan, saucer, or limpet shell. 

pat'en (pat/en), n. [LL. patina, patena, fr. L. patina a 
pan.] 1. A shallow vessel; a plate. Archaic or Hist. 2. 
Eccl. The plate used for the bread in the Eucharist. 3. A 
thin metal disk, or something like or suggesting one. 

pa'ten-cy (pa'ten-sT ; pat'- ; cf. patent, a.), n. 1. State of 
being patent, or evident. 2. State of being unobstructed. 

pat'ent (pat'ent ; pa'tent ; in senses 4 & 5, usually pa'tent), 
a. [L. patens, -entis, p. pr. of pater e to be open : sense 1 is 
fr. F- patent.] 1. Open to public perusal ; — said of a docu- 
ment conferring a privilege or the like ; as, letters patent. 
2. Conferred or appointed, or endowed with a right or privi- 
lege, by letters patent. 3. Appropriated or protected by let- 
ters patent ; patented ; as, a patent right ; patent medicines. 

4. Open ; affording unobstructed passage ; hence : evident ; 
manifest; specif., Bot. & Zo'ol., patulous; spreading. 5. 
Open or accessible to public use ; public. 6. Milling. Of a 
certain grade of excellence, — applied to the higher grades 
of flour. U. S. — Syn. See manifest. 

patent leather, a kind of leather, used for boots, shoes, 
harness work, etc., having a hard, smooth, glossy, usually 
black, surface. — p. right, a right granted by letters pat- 
ent, esp. the exclusive right to an invention and the con- 
trol of its manufacture. 

— n. 1. An official document conferring a right or privilege. 
2. A writing securing to an inventor, for a term of years, the 
exclusive right to make, use, and vend his invention ; also, 
the monopoly or right so granted. 3. The subject matter 
protected by a patent. 4. An instrument making a convey- 
ance or grant of public lands ; also, the land so conveyed. 5. 
A right, privilege, sign, etc., of the nature of a patent. 

— v. t. 1. To grant by patent ; also, to grant to by patent. 
2. To obtain or secure by patent. 

pat'ent-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be patented. 

pat'ent-ee' (pat'en-te' ; pa/ten-te'), n. One to whom a grant 
is made, or a privilege secured, by patent. 

pa'tent-ly (pa'tent-ly), adv. In a patent manner; openly. 

pa'ter-fa-rnil'i-as (pa/ter-fd-mil'i-as), n. [L. ; pater father 
-j- familias, gen. oifamilia family.] 1. Roman Law. The 
head of a household ; hence, any one who is his own master. 
2. The father of a family. 

pa-ter'nal (pd-tur'ndT), a. [L. paternus.] 1. Of or pert, to a 
father ; fatherly. 2. Received or derived from a father ; in- 
herited from a father ; as, a paternal estate. 3. Related 
through the father ; as, a paternal aunt. 

pa-ter'nal-ism (-Iz'm), n. A relation, principle, or practice 
of care or control, asof the governed by a government, sug- 
gestive of that exercised by a father. 

pa-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a paternal manner. 

pa-ter'ni-ty (-nl-ti), n. [L. paternitas.] 1. Quality or state 
of being a father; fatherhood. 2. Derivation or descent 
from a father ; male parentage^ 



K « ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. I) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PATERNOSTER 



706 



PATRONIZE 







pa'ter-nos'ter (pa'ter-nos'ter ; pat'er-), n. [L., our father.] 

1. The Lord's Prayer, esp. in its Latin form. 2. Any for- 
mula spoken or muttered as a prayer, charm, etc. 3. A spe- 
cial bead on a rosary, indicating that a paternoster is to be 
said ; also, the entire rosary. 

path (path), n.; pi. paths (pathz). [AS. pseS, paS."] 1. A 
beaten way ; a footway ; any way or road. 2. A way or track 
in which anything moves; also, a course or way of life, 
thought, etc. ; as, "Paths of glory lead but to the grave." 

Pa-than' (pd-than'; -tan'), n. [Hind. Pathan.~\ A member 
of the principal race (Indo-Iranian) of Afghanistan. 

pa-thet'ic (pd-thet'ik), a. Rare, pa-thet'i-cal (-i-kdl). [L. 
patheticus, Gr. TraOrjriKoi, fr. TraOrjTos subject to suffering, 
iraQelv, iraaxew, to suffer.] 1. Affecting or moving the tender 
emotions, esp. pity or grief. 2. Pert, or due to the feelings 
or emotions. — Syn. See affecting. thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

path'find'er (path'fln'der), n. One who discovers a way or 
path ; esp., one who explores untraversed regions. 

-path'i-a. An equivalent of -pathy. 

path'less (-les), a. Having no path. — path'less-ness, n. 

path'O- (path'o-). Combining form fr. Gr. irados, suffering, 
disease, passion. 

path'o-gene (-jen),n. [See pathos; -gen.] Med. & 
Biol. A pathogenic organism. [disease.! 

path'o-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. Of or pert, to pathogeny ; causingj 

pa-thog'e-ny (pd-thoj'e-nT), n. Pathology treating of the 
generation and development of disease. 

pa-thog'no-mon'ic (pd-thog'no-mon'ik)) a. [Gr. ira6oyvu>- 

pa-thog'no-mon'i-cal (-mon'i-kdl) J hovlkos skilled in 

judging of diseases ; iraOos disease + yvuuovmos skilled. See 
gnomic.] Med. Specially, distinctively, or decisively char- 
acteristic of a (certain) disease. 

path'O-log'ic (path'6-loj'ik), a. Of or pert, to pathology. 

path'o-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to pathology. 2. 
Morbid ; due to disease ; as, pathological tissue. — path'o- 
log'i-cal-ly, adv. [a student of pathology.] 

pa-thol'O-gist (pd-thol'6-jist), n. One skilled in pathology ;| 

pa-thol'o-gy (-ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). 1. The science treat- 
ing of diseases, their nature, causes, progress, results, etc. 

2. The condition of an organ, tissue, or fluid due to disease. 
pa'thOS (pa'thos), n. [L., fr. Gr. iraOos a suffering, passion, 

itadelu, iraaxw* to suffer.] 1. That quality of human or 
animal experience, or of its representation in literature or 
art, which excites pity, sympathy, or tender sorrow. 2. 
The quality or character of those emotions, traits, or 
experiences which are personal, and there fore restricted 
and evanescent ; transitory and idiosyncratic dispositions 
or feelings as distinguished from those which are universal 
and deep-seated in character ; — opp. to ethos. 3. Suffer- 
ing ; the enduring of active stress or affliction. 
Syn. Pathos, pity have in common the idea of tender emo- 
tion aroused by suffering or distress. But pathos empha- 
sizes the qualities which excite the feeling, and implies a 
melancholy pleasure in their contemplation ; pity empha- 
sizes the feeling of compassion inspired by suffering, mis- 
fortune, etc., and implies a tendency to act for their relief ; 
as. pathos is the luxury of grief ; .moved by pity. 

pathway' (path'wa'), n. A way which is, or serves as, a 
path ; a footpath ; a beaten track : any path or course. 

-pathy (-path'I), -path'i-a (-path'I-d; now rarely -pd- 
thi'd). [Gr -n-adei.a, fr. irados suffering, iraOelv to suffer.] 
Combining forms denoting suffering, affection, disease. 

pa'tience (pa'shens) , h. 1. State or quality of being patient ; 
as : a Uncomplaining endurance of wrongs or misfortunes. 
b Forbearance ; leniency. C Act or power of calmly waiting 
for something, d Perseverance. 2. Sufferance. Obs. 3. A 
card game , usually for a single person ; solitaire. 
Syn. Patience, forbearance, resignation. Patience de- 
notes calm endurance or self-possession, esp. under suffer- 
ing or provocation ; it also suggests quiet waiting for what 
is expected or persistence in what has been begun. For- 
bearance is esp. self-control or long-suffering under provo- 
cation resignation suggests either submission to another's 
will or acquiescence (sometimes stoical or fatalistic) in 
things as they are ; as, to act with forbearance under ex- 
treme provocation ; resignation to the will of God. 

pa'tient (pa'shcnt), a. [F., fr. L. patiens, -entis, p. pr. of 
pati to suffer.] 1. Undergoing pains, trials, etc., without 
complaint. 2. Lenient; forbearing. 3. Expectant with 
calmness, or without discontent ; composed. 4. Constant 
in pursuit or exertion ; persevering ; as, patient endeavor. 
5. Enduring ; physically able to suffer or bear ; — used with 
of. 6 Susceptible ; admitting ; — with of; as, patient of 
various interpretations. — n. 1. A sufferer ; one who en- 
dures. Rare. 2. A person under medical or surgical treat- 
ment. 3. One passively affected. — pa'tient-ly, adv. 

pat'i-na (pat'I-nd), n.; pi. patina (-ne). [L. patina a dish, 
a pan, a kind of cake.] 1. Rom. Antiq. A kind of broad 
shallow dish ; a pan. 2. [F. patine.J A green film formed 
on copper and bronze by oxidation, and esteemed in art. 
Dpa'tio (pat'yo).n. [Sp., a court.] In Spain, Spanish Amer- 
ica, etc., a court^r courtyard ; esp., a roofless inner court. 

pat'ness, n. Fitness : apt ness ; appropriateness. 



pa'tois' (pa'twa'; pat'wa), n. [F.] A dialect (other than 
the standard, or literary, dialect) ; hence, somewhat con- 
temptuously, illiterate, undeveloped, or provincial speech. 

pa'tri-arch (pa'trl-ark), n. [OF. patriarchy fr. L., fr. Gr. 
irarpiapxys, fr. iraTpia lineage (fr. irarrip father) + &px6s 
leader.] 1. The father and ruler of a family or tribe, esp. in 
Biblical history before Moses. 2. Eccl. a In the early 
church, any of certain high dignitaries ; esp., a bishop who 
ranked above a metropolitan, b Eastern Ch. Any of the 
bishops of the four ancient sees of Constantinople, Alexan- 
dria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, the patriarch of Constantino- 
ple, called the Ecumenical Patriarch, being the highest 
dignitary in the church ; also, the head of any of the sepa- 
rated Oriental churches, as the Abyssinian, Coptic, etc. c 
R. C. Ch. A hierarchic dignitary ranking next to the Pope, 
and now merely titular except in the case of the patriarch of 
Jerusalem. 3. A person regarded as father or founder, as of 
a race, science, religion, etc. 4. A venerable old man. 

pa'tri-ar'chal (-iir'kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to a patriarch or 
patriarchs ; possessed by, or subject to, patriarchs ; of the 
nature or rank of a patriarch ; as, patriarchal authority ; a 
patriarchal church ; patriarchal family. 2. Characteristic 
of, or resembling, a patriarch ; venerable. 

pa'tri-arch'ate (pa'tri-ar'kat), n. 1. Office, dignity, prov- 
ince, see, residence, etc., of a patriarch. 2. A patriarchy. 

pa'tri-arch'y (-ki), n. ; pi. -archies (-kTz). A state of social 
development characterized by the supremacy of the father 
in clan or family in both domestic and religious functions. 

pa-tri'cian (pd-trish'dn), a. [L. patricius, fr. patres 
fathers, senators, pi. of pater."] 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting 
of, patricians. 2. Of or pert, to the patricians of the medie- 
val Italian city republics, the German free cities, etc. 3. Of, 

. pert, to, or appropriate to, one of high birth ; aristocratic. 

— n. 1, Rom. Antiq. Orig., a member of any of the families 
forming the populus Romanus, or body of Roman citi- 
zens, before the growth of the plebeian order; later, a 
noble by right of birth or privilege; — opp. to plebeian. 
2. Hist. A hereditary noble of a medieval Italian city re- 
public ; also, one of a higher order in the German free cities 

pa-tri'ci-ate (-i-at), n. 1. The position or dignity of a 
patrician. 2. A patrician class or rank ; the aristocracy. 

pat'ri-mo'ni-al (pat'ri-mo'ni-al), a. Pert, to or constitut- 
ing a patrimony ; inherited from ancestors ; hereditary. 

pat'ri-mo-ny (pat'ri-mo-m), n. ; pi. -nies (-mz). [OF. pat- 
rimoine, L. patrimonium, fr. pater father.] 1. An estate 
or property derived from one's father or other ancestor ; 
heritage. 2. An estate or property, as of a church, held 
by ancient right. — Syn. See heritage. 

pa'tri-Ot (pa'trl-ot ; pat'ri-), n. [F. patriote, fr. LL. patri- 
ota a fellow countryman, Gr. irarpwrris, fr. irarpios estab- 
lished by forefathers, irarvp father.] One who loves his 
country and zealously supports its authority and interests. 

pa'tri-ot'ic (-ot'ik), a. Inspired by patriotism ; befitting, 
or characteristic of, a patriot. — pa'tri-Ot'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pa'tri-ot-ism (pa'trY-ot-Tz'm ; pat'ri-), n. J ove of country ; 
devotion to the welfare of one's country ; tne virtues and 
actions of a patriot. 

Patriots' Day. A legal holiday, April 19, in Massachusetts 
and Maine, commemorating the battle of Lexington. 

pa-tris'tic (pd-tris'tik)l a. Of or pert, to the study of the 

pa-tris'ti-cal (-ti-kal) J writings of the Fathers of the 
Christian church, the Fathers themselves, or their writings. 

Pa-tro'clus(-tro'klus),n. [L.,fr.Gr.IIarpo/cXos.] See Hector. 

pa-trol' (-trol'), v. i. & t.; -trolled' (-trold') ; -trol'ling. 
[F. patrouiller, prop., to go through puddles, OF. patouil- 
ler to paddle.] To go the rounds of, or traverse, as for 
guarding. — n. A going of the rounds by a guard to insure 
greater security ; also, the guard or men who go the rounds. 

pa-trol'man (-man), n. One who patrols, as on a coast; 
specif., a policeman who patrols a certain beat. 

pa'tron (pa'trun), n. [F., fr. L. patronus, fr. pater father.] 
1. Roman Hist, a A master who had freed his slave, but 
retained rights over him. b A man of distinction under 
whose protection a client placed himself, c A pleader in 
court ; an advocate. 2. Eccl. Law. One who has the right 
of presentation to a benefice ; the owner of the advowson. 
Cf. advowee. Eng. 3. One who protects, supports, or 
countenances ; defender ; supporter ; as, a patron of art. 4. 
Com. A regular customer. Cant or Colloq. 5. A guardian 
saint ; a tutelary deity. 

pat'ron-age (pat'run-aj ; pa'trun-), n. Act, office, aid, etc., 
of a patron ; specif. : a Eccl. Law. The^ right of presenta- 
tion to a benefice ; advowson. b Special countenance or 
support ; as, the patronage of letters ; patronage given to 
a singer. C The right of nomination to political office ; 
also, the offices, contracts, honors, etc., which a public 
officer may bestow by favor, d Com. Business custom. 
Cant or Colloq. e Condescending favor; patronizing. 

pa'tron-ess (pa'trun-es; pat'run-es), n. A female patron. 

pat'ron-ize (pat'run-Iz ; pa/trun-), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'- 
ing (-Iz'ing). 1. To act as patron toward ; protect ; favor ; 



ale, senate, care, am,occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
wse, unite, fltra, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; siug, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PATRONIZER 



707 



PAXWAX 



aid. 2. To assume the air of a patron, or of a superior and 
protector, toward ; treat with condescension. Disparaging. 
— pat'ron-iz'er, n. — iz'ing, p. a. — iz'ing-ly, adv. 
pat'ro-nym'ic (pat'ro-nim'ik), a. [L. patronymicus, Gr. 
irarpcovvfxiKos ; TraTrjp father + bvona. name.] Derived from 
ancestors, as a name ; expressing the name of ancestors. 

— n. A modification of an ancestor's name, borne by a de- 
scendant ; as, Pelides, the son of Peleus. — pat'ro-nym'i- 
cal (l-kol), a. — pat'ro-nym'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pa-troon' (pd-troon'), n. [F. patron; for sense 2, D. pa- 
troon a patron.] 1. A patron or supporter. 06s. 2. A pro- 
prietor of any of certain tracts with manorial privileges and 
right of entail granted under the old Dutch governments of 
New York and New Jersey. 

pat'ten (pat' en), n. [F. patin."] Any of various kinds of 
foot gear; specif., a kind of overshoe with a wooden sole, 
worn to raise the feet from the wet or the mud. 

pat'ter (-er), v. i. & t. [From pater in paternoster. ] 1. To 
speak or say, as the paternoster, rapidly, mechanically, or 
mumblingly ; mutter one's prayers ; mumble. 2. To chat- 
ter ; jabber. 3. To talk or speak. Slang. — n. 1. The 
cant or talk of thieves, vagabonds, etc., or of any class ; jar- 
gon ; lingo. 2. Hence : glib talk ; chatter. Cant, or Colloq. 

pat'ter, v. i. [Freq. of pat to strike gently.] To strike or 
move with a quick succession of pats. — v. t. To cause to 
patter ; also, to spatter. — n. A pattering ; a quick succes- 
sion of slight sounds ; as, patter of rain. 

pat'tern (-em), n. [F. patron a patron, also, a pattern. 
See patron.] 1. Anything proposed :.^~ imitation; an 
exemplar. 2. Anything designed as a guHe for making 
things ; a model ; plan ; as, a dressmaker's pattern. 3. 
Form or style of decoration ; design ; as, rugs of fine pat- 
tern. Also, style or form of natural marking. 4. A speci- 
men ; sample ; esp., a model example ; as, a b^>oV of patterns. 
5. A likeness or copy. Obs. 6. A length of "loth sufficient 
for a garment ; as, a dress pattern. U. S. 7. Gun. Distribu- 
tion of shot from a shotgun or bullets from an exploded 
shrapnel on a target ; also, a diagram of such distribution. 
Syn. Model, exemplar, ideal, archetype, prototype. — 
Pattern, model, exemplar, ideal. A pattern is that 
after which something is made ; the word often applies 
esp. to that which is worthy of imitation, and this sugges- 
tion is heightened in model ; as, he is the pattern of a circle 
of admirers ; to be a model of excellence. Exemplar, 
suggests esp. an example (often personal) to be followed ; 
an ideal is a perfect standard or exemplar whether real or 
only conceived ; as, an exemplar of goodness ; an ideal of 
womanhood. 

— v. t. 1. To make or design by, from, or after a pattern ; 
copy. 2. To furnish or adorn with a pattern or design. 
to pattern after, to imitate ; follow. [or pasty. | 

pat'ty (pat'I), n. ; pi. patties (-iz). [F. pate.'] A little pie| 
pat'ty-pan' (pat'i-pan'), n. A pan for baking patties. 
pat'u-lous (pat^ji-lus), a. [L. patulus, fr. pater e to be 

open, extend.] 1. Open ; expanded ; distended. 2. Bot. 

Spreading, as the branches of a tree ; diffuse ; loosely ex- 
panded ; as, a patulous calyx. 
pau'ci-ty (po'sT-t!), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. paucitas, fr. 

paucus few, little.] 1. Fewness ; a small number. 2. Small- 

ness of quantity ; insufficiency. 
Paul (pol), n. [L. Paulus, or Gr. HaOXoj.] Bib. A Jew of 

Tarsus who became the apostle to the Gentiles ; — orig. 

called Saul. His epistles are a part of the New Testament. 

Cf. Barnabas. 
paul'dron (pol'drun), n. [OF. espauleron, fr. espaule 

shoulder.] A piece of armor for the shoulder. 
Paul'ine (pol'In ; -in), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 

the apostle Paul or his writings, esp. as to the doctrines of 

justification by faith, predestination, and election. 
Paul'ist, n. R. C. Ch. 1. In India, a Jesuit. 2. A member of 

the Congregation of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the 

Apostle, founded at New York in 1858. 
pau-low'ni-a (po-lo'n!-d), n. [NL., after the Russian prin- 
cess Anna Pavlovna, daughter 

of Paul I.] A scrophulariaceous 

tree ( Paulownia tomentosa ) 

with showy violet-purple flowers 

like those of the foxglove. 
paunch (panch ; ponch), n. [OF. 

panche, pance, L. pantex, pan- 

ticis.~] The belly ; the stomach, 

as receiving the food ; — as 

used of the human belly, now 

derogatory. 
pau'per (po'per), n. [L. See 

poor.] 1. One without means 

except such as come from charity, 

esp. public charity ; a beggar. 2. 

A very poor person. 
pau'per-ism (-Iz'm), n. State or 

quality of being a pauper ; beg- 

gary ; also, paupers collectively. 




Paulownia, leaves and 

flowers. (£) 



pau'per-ize (-Tz), v.t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-IzTng). To 
make a pauper of ; imbue with the spirit or inclinations of 
a pauper. — pau'per-i-za'tion (-i-za'shin; -T-za'-), n. 

pause (poz), n. [F., fr. L. pausa, Gr. 7ra0a«.] 1. A tem- 
porary stop or rest ; interruption ; cessation ; specif. : Pros. 
a A caesura, b An interval of one or more morse or times. 
2. Temporary inaction ; hesitation. 3. a Elocution. A 
brief suspension of the voice, b Gram. In writing and 
printing, a punctuation point, c A break or paragraph in 
writing, d Music. A symbol [T or w] over or under a 
note or rest to indicate that it is to be prolonged. — Syn. 
Stop, suspension. 

— v. i.; paused (pozd) ; paus'ing (poz'Tng). To make a 
pause ; stop ; cease for a time ; hesitate ; delay. — Syn. 
Intermit, stay, wait. — paus'er (poz'er), n. 

pav'an (pav'dn), n. Alsopav'ane. [F. pavane.] A kind of 
stately old dance by couples ; also, the music for it. 

pave (pav), v. t.; paved (pavd) ; pav'ing (pav'ing). [F. 
paver, LL. pavare, fr. L. pavire to beat down.] 1. To lay 
or cover with stone, brick, etc., so as to make a firm, level, 
or convenient surface for travel. 2. To make smooth, easy, 
or safe ; prepare ; — used with way, or rarely path. 

— n. Pavement. Chiefly Archaic or Poetic. 

|| pa've' (pa/va'), n. [F., prop., p. p. of paver to pave. See 
pave.] 1. The pavement. 2. Jewelry. A setting of jewels 
close together so as to cover the metal fully. 

pave'ment (pav'ment), n. [F., fr. L. pavimentum."] That 
with which anything is paved ; a paved road, sidewalk, etc. 

pav'er (pav'er), n. One who paves, or lays pavement. 

pa-vil'ion (pd-vil'ySn), n. [F. pavilion, fr. L. papilio a 
butterfly, also, a tent.] 1. A tent ; esp., a large peaked tent 
raised on posts. 2. Anything likened to a tent ; canopy. 3. 
Arch. A single mass of building of a decorative character ; 
as : a A light isolated building in a park, garden, or the like. 
b An elaborately ornamented mass, forming an angle, 
connecting part, or central feature of a large pile, higher 
than the main part. 4. In a hospital, a block or building 
wholly or almost separate and containing a department or 
group of wards. 5. Anat. The auricle of the ear. 6. The 
lower faceted part of a brilliant, between the girdle and the 
culet. [pavilions. I 

— v. t. To furnish with, or put in or as in, a pavilion or| 
pav'in (pav'in). Var. of pav an. 

pav'ing (pav'ing), n. 1. Act or process of laying a pavement. 

2. A pavement ; material for a pavement. 
pav'ior, pav'iour (pav'yer), n. A paver. 
pav'is (pav'is), n. [OF. pavais.~\ A large shield covering 

the whole body, used in the Middle Ages. 
pav'i-sor (pav'I-ser), n. A soldier who carried a pavis. 
pav'o-nine (pav'6-nln; -nln), a. [L. pavoninus, fr. pavo 

a peacock.] 1. Pertaining or belonging to the peacocks. 

2. Resembling a peacock's tail, as in iridescence. 
paw (po), n. [OF. poe.~\ 1. The foot of a quadruped having 

claws ; the foot of any animal. 2. The human hand. Jocose. 

— v.t.&i. 1. To strike or touch with or as with a paw ; 
hence, to handle clumsily, indelicately, or rudely. Colloq. 
2. To scrape or beat with the fore foot. — paw'er, n. 

pawl (pol), n. A pivoted tongue, or sliding bolt, on one part 
of a machine, adapted to fall into notches on another part, 
as a ratchet wheel, so as to permit motion in one direction 
only, as in a capstan ; detent. See ratchet wheel, Illust. 

pawn (pon), n. [OF. paon, peon, LL. pedo, pedonis, foot 
soldier, L. pes, pedis, foot.] Chess. Any of the 16 men of 
least value, moving only one square at a time (or, at option, 
two on its first move) ; — also used fig. ; as, a pawn in the 
political game. 

pawn, n. [OF. pan pledge, assurance.] 1. Any thing or 
person delivered to, or deposited with, another as security ; 
a pledge. 2. In general, a pledge ; guarantee. 3. State of 
being pledged ; — usually used with at, in, or from. 4. 
Act of pawning, or pledging. 

— v. t. 1. To give in pledge, or as security, as for a loan ; 
pledge. 2. To stake ; hazard. 

pawn'bro'ker (pon'bro'ker), n. One who makes a business 
of lending money on pledged personal property. 

pawn'bro'king, n. The business of a pawnbroker. 

pawn-ee' (pon-e'), n. Law. One to whom a pledge is given 
as security ; one who takes anything in pawn ; pledgee. 

Paw-nee' (po-ne'), n. An Indian of a tribe formerly ranging 
from Nebraska to the Arkansas River, and now on the 
Oakland Reservation, Oklahoma. 

pawn'er (pon'er) \ n. Law. One who pawns, or 

pawn'or (pon'er; pon-6r')/ pledges, anything as security. 

pawn'shop' (pon'shop'), n. A pawnbroker's shop. 

paw'paw'. Var. of papaw. 

pax (paks), n. [L.] 1. {_cap.~\ Peace ; — deified by the 
Romans as a goddess. 2. R. C. Ch. A tablet bearing a fig- 
ure or symbol of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint, for- 
merly kissed by the priest and by the people in the Mass. 

pax'wax' (paks'waks'), n. [For faxwax, fr. AS. feax hair 
+ a word akin to weaxan to grow.] In many mammals. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PAY 



708 



PEATY 







the median ligament of the back of the neck, composed of 
yellow elastic tissue. 

jay (pa), v. t. [OF. peier, fr. L. picare to pitch, pix pitch.] 
Naut. To smear or coat, as a vessel's bottom, a seam, etc., 
with hot tar or a waterproof composition. 

pay, v. t. ; paid (pad), or, Obs., exc. in sense 6, payed ; pay'- 
ING. [OF. pater, fr. L. pacare to pacify, appease, pax, 
pads, peace.] 1. To satisfy (another person) for service 
rendered, property delivered, etc. ; compensate ; requite. 
2. To requite according to merit ; reward or punish as 
required. 3. To discharge, as a debt or duty, by giving or 
doing what is due. 4. To give or offer, with no implied 
obligation ; as, to pay a visit. 5. To be profitable to. 6. 
To pass out, as a rope ; — used with out or away. 
Syn. Recompense, reward, compensate, remunerate, reim- 
burse, indemnify, repay, satisfy. — Pay, compensate, 
xemunerate, reimburse, indemnify. To pay is to dis- 
charge one's obligation to another ; to compensate is to 
make a fit return, esp. for services rendered. Remunerate 
often adds to compensate the implication of reward ; as, the 
old servants were remunerated by large bequests. Com- 
pensate and remunerate are often politely used when pay 
might have a more or less offensive connotation. To reim- 
burse is to make good an expenditure ; to indemnify is 
to secure against loss, or make restitution for it ; as, to 
reimburse an agent ; an insurance policy indemnifies. 

r- v. i. 1. To give a recompense ; make payment. 2. To 
make or secure suitable return for expense or trouble; be 
worth the effort or pains required ; as, it will pay to wait. _ 

— n. 1. Act of paying, state of being paid, or that which is 
paid ; an equivalent for money, goods, etc. ; payment. 2. 
Retributive punishment. Obs. or R. 3. A person considered 
in respect of his ability to pay or his practice as to paying 
promptly, eventually, etc. — Syn. See wages. 

pay'a-ble (pa/d-b'l), a. 1. That may, can, or should be 
paid ; justly due. 2. Law. a That may be discharged or 
settled by delivery of value, b That is to be settled (by any 
particular person) ; also, matured ; due. 3. Profitable ; as, 
a payable vein of ore ; a payable undertaking. 

pay-ee' (pa-e'), n. One to whom money is, or is to be, paid. 

pay'er (pa'er), n. One who pays ; specif., the person by 
whom a bill or note has been, or should be, paid. 

pay'mas'ter (pa'mas'ter), n. One who regularly pays, esp. 
as an officer or agent of a government, corporation, etc. 

pay'raent (pa'ment), n. 1. Act of paying; that which is 
paid ; pay ; recompense ; requital. 2. Punishment. 

pay'mis'tress (pa/mis'tres), n. A woman in charge of the 
paying of persons for service. 

pay'nim (pa/mm), n. [OF. paienisme heathendom, L. pa- 
ganismus paganism.] The pagan world ; heathendom ; 
also, a pagan ; an infidel, esp. a Mohammedan. Archaic. 

pea (pe), n. ; pi. peas (pez) or pease (pez) (see Note below). 
[AS. piose, pise, pisu, fr. L. pisa, pisum. The final s was 
misunderstood in English as a plural ending.] 1. The well- 
known seed of a fabaceous vine (Pisum sativum or P. ar- 
vense) in common cultivation ; also, the plant. 2. Any of 
various other plants or their seeds, like, or related to, the 
common pea; as, the sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), the 
cowpea(Vigna sinensis), etc. 3. Something small or small 
and round as a pea. 

K^The plural peas was formerly used to indicate a definite 
number, as contrasted with the collective plural pease ; the 
tendency now is to use peas as plural in all senses. 

pea'ber'ry (-beVi), n. A coffee berry with one of the two 
seeds aborted, there being but a single round pealike seed. 

Pea'bod-y bird (pe'bod-i). The white-throated sparrow. 

peace (pes), n. [OF. pais, paiz, L. pax, pads."] A state of 
quiet ; freedom from disturbance ; calm ; specif. : a Public 
quiet, order, and security, b Harmony between persons or 
nations ; amicable relations. C Tranquillity of mind or 
conscience, d Freedom from war. — v. i. To become 
quiet; stop. Obs., exc. in the imperative. 

peace'a-ble (pes'd-b'l), a. Being in or at peace ; disposed 
to peace. — Syn. Tranquil, quiet, undisturbed, still. See 
pacific. — peace'a-ble-ness, n. — peace'a-bly, adv. 

peace'break'er (pes'brak'er), n. A violator of peace or of 
the peace ; a causer of strife. — peace'break'ing, n. 

peace'ful (-fool), a. 1. Pacific ; peaceable. 2. Possessing or 
enjoying peace ; quiet ; tranquil. — Syn. See pacific, 
calm. — peace'ful-ly, adv. — peace'ful-ness, n. 

peace'mak'er (-mak'er), n. One who makes peace or recon- 
ciles parties or persons at variance. 

peace offering. A gift or service to procure peace, as one of 
the Jewish ceremonial sacrifices to God. 

peace officer. Law. A civil officer whose duty it is to pre- 
serve the public peace, as a sheriff or constable. 

peace pipe. The calumet. 

peach (pech), v. t. To impeach; indict; arraign. Obs.— 
v. i. To turn informer ; also, to blab. Obs. or Slang. 

peach, n. [OF. pesche, fr. LL. persica, L. Persicum (sc. 
malum) a Persian apple, peach.] 1. The well-known fruit, 
botanically a drupe, of a low tree (Amygdalus persica) of 
the plnm family ; also, the tree. 2. Peach color. 



peach'blow' (pech'blo'), n. Also peach blow, esp. in sense 
1. [peach + blow a flower.] 1. A peach blossom. 2. A 
delicate purplish pink color. 3. Ceramics. A glaze of this 
color, as on a certain Chinese porcelain. 

peach'y (pech'i), a.; peach'i-er; -i-est. Resembling a 
peach, esp. in delicate color. — peach'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

pea'COCk' (pe'kok'), n. [ME. pecok, fr. AS. pea peacock 
(fr. L. pavo) + E. cock the bird.] The male of, or, in com- 
mon usage, any individual of, a genus (Pavo) of large galli- 
naceous birds. The male erects and spreads at will its long 
upper tail coverts, displaying, in the common variety, the 
ocellated spots and iridescent golden and green colors. 

— v. i. To strut about like a peacock. 
pea'cock'y (-i), a. Vain ; ostentatious. 
pea'fowl 7 (pe'foul'), n. The peacock or peahen, 
peag (peg), n. See wampum. 

pea'hen' (-hen'), n. The female peafowl. 

pea'-jack'et, n. [Prob. fr. D. pij, pije, a coat of a coarse 
woolen stuff.] A thick, loose double-breasted woolen jack- 
et, or coat, much worn by sailors in cold weather, [pineA 

peak (pek), v. i. To waste away ; — used chiefly in peakand\ 

peak, n. [Variant of 1st pike (Oxf. E. £>.).] 1. The sharp 
end or pointed top of anything. 2. Specif.: a The point of a 
beard, b The projecting front part of a cap or the like, c A 
headland ; the top, or one of the tops, of a mountain, or 
range, ending in a point ; often, the whole mountain, esp. 
when isolated. 3. Naut. a The upper aftermost corner of a 
fore-and-aft sail, b The narrow part of a vessel's bow or 
stern, or the part of the hold within it. 

peak, v. t. Naut. To raise to a perpendicular, or more 
nearly perpendicular, position, as a gaff or yard. 

peaked (pekt; pek'ed; 24), a. 1. Pointed; as, a peaked 
roof. 2. (pron. usually pek'ed ; 24.) Having sharpness of 
figure or features ; thin. Colloq. 

peak'y (pek'i), a. ; peak'i-er (-T-er) ; peak'i-est. 1. Hav- 
ing a peak or peaks. 2. Peaked or pointed. 

peal (pel), n. [From appeal.] 1. Bell Ringing, a A set of 
bells ; also, a series of changes in the order of ringing a set of 
bells ; esp., the series on seven bells (the standard number). 
b Any shorter performance than a full peal ; as, a wedding 
peal ; a muffled peal ; a touch ; change. 2. A loud sound or 
succession of sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, etc. 

— v. i. To give out peals; resound. — v. t. To give forth 
loudly ; noise abroad ; as, to peal one's fame. 

pe'an (pe'an). Var. of p^ean. 

pea'nuf (-nut), n. A tropical fabaceous plant (Arachis 
hypogsea) of erect habit, whose peduncles bend after fertili- 
zation and push the pods into the ground, where they ripen ; 
also, its nutlike seed. 

pear (par), n. [AS. peru, L. pira, pi. of pirum.~\ The 
fleshy pome fruit of a malaceous tree (genus Pyrus, esp. P. 
communis) ; also, the tree. 

pearl (purl), n. [F. perle, LL. perla, perula.~] 1. A dense 
shelly lustrous concretion, of variable form and color, oc-, 
curing as an abnormal growth in some mollusks, as the 
pearl oyster, mussel, etc., and used as a gem. 2. Something 
like or likened to a pearl, as a very choice or precious thing, 
a dewdrop, a tear, etc. 3. The color of a fine pearl ; a pale 
bluish gray. 4. Mother-of-pearl ; nacre. 5. Print. A size 
of type. See type. — v. t. 1. To adorn with pearls. 2. To 
cause to resemble pearls. — v. i. To fish or hunt fcr pearls. 

pearl'ash' (purl'ash'), n. See potash. [round grains.! 

pearl barley. Kernels of barley ground to the form of small | 

pearl'er (pur'ler), n. A person who dives for pearls; one 
who employs pearl divers ; also, a boat used in pearl fishing. 

pearl'ite (pur'llt), n. 1. Metal. An alloy of carbon and 
iron, containing 0.9 per cent of carbon. See eutectoid. 2. 
Petrog. = perlite. 

pearl millet. A tall cereal grass (Pennisetum typhoideum) 
widely grown in Africa and the Orient for its seeds. 

pearl'y (pfir'li), a.; pearl'i-er (-li-er) ; pearl'i-est. Set 
with, abounding in, or resembling pearls or mother-of- 
pearl ; also, of the color of pearl. 

pear'main (par'man), n. [OF. parmain.'] A variety of 
apple, usually subacid, red-and-yellow, and ripening late. 

peart (pirt), peart'ly. Dial. vars. of pert, pertly. 

peas'ant (pez'ant), n. [OF. pa'isant, pa'isan, fr. pa'is, LL. 
pagensis, a rustic, fr. L. pagus. See pagan.] 1. A rustic ; 
esp., in Europe, a tiller of the soil, his class or rank being 
usually the lowest. 2. A base fellow ; knave ; rascal. Obs. 

peas'ant-ry (-rT), n. 1. Peasants collectively. 2. State, 
rank, or behavior of a peasant ; rusticity ; coarseness. 

peas'cod', pease'cod' (pez'kod'), n. A pea pod. 

pease (pez), n.; obs. pis. peases (-ez; 24), peasen (-'n). 
[See pea.] 1. A pea. Obs. 2. Plural of pea (which see). 

peat (pet), n. A pet ; darling. Obs. 

peat, n. A carbonaceous substance formed by partial de- 
composition in water of various plants, esp. certain mosses. 
For use as a fuel, peat is dried, and often compressed. 

peat'y (peVT), a. Of, resembling, or abounding in, peat. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, obey, Srb, 5dd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, f o&t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



PEAVEY 



709 



PEDESTAL 




pea'vey (pe'vi), n. Also, pea'vy; pi. peavles (-viz). Lum- 
bering. An iron- -^^^^ ^^ ammmm ^ mmmmmM *^ s;^ = ^ ==== -} 
pointed lever with W 

a movable iron V^ Peavey. 

hook near the end. 
peb'ble (peV'l), n. [AS. papol in papol start pebblestone] 
1, A small roundish stone, esp. one worn and rounded by 
the action of water. 2. Transparent and colorless quartz ; 
rock crystal ; also, a lens of it. 3. Pebbleware. 4. Pebble 
leather ; also, the surface produced by pebbling. — v. t. ; 
-bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-bling). To grain (leather) so as to 
produce an irregularly indented surface. 
pebble leather. Pebbled leather. [pebbles collectively. | 
peb'ble-stone't-ston'), n. [AS. papolstdn.] A pebble ; also,| 
peb'ble-ware' (peVl-warO, n. Ceramics. A variety of 

Wedgwood ware having a mottled surface. 
peb'bly (peb'li), a. Full of pebbles ; pebbled. _ 
pe-can' (pe-kan r ; -kan'), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A 
species of hickory (Hicoria pecan) of the south central 
U. S. ; also, its nut, commonly called pecan nut. 
pfcc'ca-ble (pek'd-b'l), a. [See peccant.] Liable or prone 
to sin. — pec'ca-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tl), n. 
pec'ca-dil'lo (-dil'o), n. ; pi. -los or -loes (-oz). [Sp. peca- 
dillo, dim. of pecado a sin, fr. L. peccatum. See peccant.] 
A slight offense ; a petty fault. — Syn. See fault. 
pee'ean-cy (pek'dn-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Quality or state 

of being peccant ; also, a sin ; an offense. 
pee'eant (-ant), a. [L. peccans, -antis, p. pr. of peccare to 
sin.] 1. Sinning ; transgressing. 2. Morbid ; corrupt ; in- 
ducing disease ; as, peccant humors. 
pee'ea-ry (-d-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Of Carib origin.] 
Any of a genus (Tagastu) of Ameri- 
can piglike mammals ranging from 
Texas to Paraguay. 
|| pec-ca'vi (pe-ka'vi ; pek-ka've). [L.] 
I have sinned ; hence : n. ; pi. -vis. A 
confession or acknowledgment of sin. 
peck(pek),n. [OF. pek.] l.The fourth 
part of a bushel ; a dry measure of eight 
quarts. Abbr., pk. 2. A great deal ; a 
"heap" ; as, a peck of troubles. 
peck (pek), v. t. [Var. of pick, v.] 1. 40 

To strike with the beak. 2. To pick up Collared Peccary 
(as grain), make (a hole), etc., with {Tagassu tajacu). 
or as with the beak or a pointed instrument. 3. To strike 
or pick with a pick or other pointed instrument, esp. with 
repeated quick movements. — v. i. 1. To make strokes 
with the beak, or with a pointed instrument ; pick. 2. To 
pick up food with the beak. 

— n. 1. Act of pecking ; a quick, sharp stroke. 2. The 
mark made by pecking. 

peck'er (-er), n. 1. Instrument for pecking, as a pick. 2. 
One who, or that which, pecks. 3. Courage ; spirit. Slang. 

pec'tase (pek'tas), n. \_pectm-\- diastase.] Chem. An 
enzyme that transforms pectin into pectic acid. It occurs 
in many plants, esp. in the juices of ripe fruits. 

pec'tate (-tat), n. Chem. A salt of pectic acid. 

pec'ten (pek'ten), n. ; L. pi. pectines (-tl-nez). [L. pecten, 
-inis, a comb.] In the eye of most birds and many reptiles, 
a pigmented membrane with parallel folds suggesting the 
teeth of a comb, projecting into the vitreous humor. 

pec'tic (pek'tlk), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or derived from, 
pectin; as : pectic acid, an acid formed, as in vegetable 
jellies, by the action of pectase on pectin. 

per/tin (-tin), n. [Gr. tttjktos curdled, ivnyvbvai to make fast 
or stiff.] Chem. A neutral substance occurring in many 
vegetable tissues as part of the sap or cell wall. See pectic. 

pec'ti-nate (-ti-nat), a. [L. pectinatus, p. p. of pectinare 
to comb, pecten, -inis, a comb.] Comb- 
like, as a leaf. — pec'ti-nat'ed (-nat'ed), 
a. — pec'ti-na'tion (-na'shim), n. 

pec'to-ral (pek'to-rdl), a. [L. pectoralis, 
fr. pectus, -oris, the breast.] 1. Of or 
pert, to the breast, or chest. 2. Relating 
to, or good for, diseases of the chest or 
lungs. 3. Fig., proceeding from the 
breast or heart ; as, pectoral theology. 
pectoral arch, or p. girdle, Anat., the 
bony or cartilaginous arch supporting 
the fore limbs of a vertebrate. — p. sand- 
piper, a rather small sandpiper {Pisobia 
maculata) that breeds in Arctic America ; 
— called also jacksnipe and grass snipe. 

— n. 1. Something worn on the breast, as 
a covering or ornament. 2. A medicine, 
food, or drink good for diseases of the 
chest organs, as the lungs, etc. 

pec'tose (pek/tos), n. \_pect\c + cellu- 
lose.] Chem. A substance allied to cellu- 
lose, and associated with it in the walls 
of plant cells. It differs from cellulose in solubility. It is 
easily changed to pectin. — pec-to'sic (pek-to'sik), a. 




_L 

S 

Pectinate Frond 
of a Fern. 



pec'u-late (pek'u-lat), v. i. & t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lading. 
[L. peculatus, p. p. of peculari to peculate.] To steal, or 
misappropriate, moneys, esp. public moneys, intrusted to 
one's care ; embezzle. [embezzlement. I 

per/u-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act or practice of peculating ;| 

pec'u-la'tor (pek'u-la'ter), n. One who peculates. 

pe-cul'iar (pe-kiil'ydr), a. [OF. peculier, L. peculiaris, fr. 
peculium private property.] 1. One's own ; belonging to 
an individual ; particular ; special ; as, of peculiar interest. 
2. Singular ; queer ; as, a peculiar appearance. See 

STRANGE. 

peculiar people. Eccl. Jehovah's own people ; the people 
of Israel, lit., or fig. Deut. xiv. 2. 
— n. 1. That which is peculiar, as an exclusive propertv ; 
prerogative. 2. One of the sect called the Peculiar People, 
pe-culi-ar'i-ty (pe-ku'li-ar'I-tT), n. pi.; -ITIES (-I-tiz). 
Quality or state of being peculiar; that which is peculiar; 
a special and distinctive characteristic or habit ; also, a 
singularity ; an odd trait. 

pe-cul'iar-ly, adv. In a peculiar manner. 

pe-cu'li-um (-ku'li-Km), n. [L. See peculiar.] Rom. Law. 
The private property of a wife, child, or slave. 

pe-cu*ni-a-ry (-ni-a-ri), a. [L. pecuniarius, fr. pecunia 
money, orig., property in cattle, fr. pecus cattle.] 1. Con- 
sisting of money ; exacted or given in money ; also, entail- 
ing a money penalty. 2. Relating to money ; monetary ; as, 
pecuniary affairs. — Syn. See financial. 

-ped (-ped), -pede (-ped). [L. -pes, -pedis, fr. pes, pedis, 
foot.] A suffix denoting foot, footed. 

ped'a-gog'ic (ped'd-goj'ik)) a. [Gr. ireu5a7«7i*6s.] Of or 

ped'a-gog'i-cal (-i-kdl) / pert, to a pedagogue ; con- 
cerned with pedagogics. — ped'a-gog'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ped'a-gog'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) Science or art of teach- 
ing ; principles and rules of teaching ; pedagogy ; education. 

ped'a-gog'ism (ped'd-gog'iz'm ; ped'd-go-jiz'm), ped'a- 
gogu/ism (-gog'iz'm), n. The system, occupation, char- 
acter, or manner of pedagogues. 

ped'a-gogue (-gog), n. [F. pedagogue, L. paedagogus,Gv. 
ir ai.5 ay wy 6s ; irals, 7rai56s, a boy + &ywyos leading.] A 
teacher of children ; schoolmaster, esp. one formal, dog- 
matic, or pedantic. 

ped'a-go'gy (ped'd-go'ji ; -goj'i), n.; pi. -gies (-jTz). 1. 
Pedagogics. 2. Instruction or discipline. 

ped'al (ped'dl or, esp. in Anat. & Zo'dl., pe'dal), a. [L. pe- 
dalis, fr. pes, pedis, foot.] 1. Of or pertaining to the foot 
or feet. 2. Of or pertaining to a pedal. 

ped^al (ped'al), n. A lever acted on by the foot ; a treadle, 
as in a lathe, a bicycle, an organ, etc. — v. t. & i. ; -aled 
(-aid), -alled; -al-ing, -al-ltng. To work the pedals of. 

ped'a-lier/ (ped'd-ler'), n. [F. pedalierJ] Music. A pedal 
keyboard, as of an organ ; also, a bass pianoforte played by 
such a keyboard. 

pedal point. Music. A phrase or passage in which a single 
tone, usually the tonic or dominant, is sustained by one 
part, usually the bass, while the others move in independent 
harmonies ; also, the sustained tone itself. 

ped'ant (ped'dnt), n. [F. pedant, It. pedante.~] 1. A 
schoolmaster. Obs. 2. One with book learning or the like 
who lacks ability or judgment to make proper use of his 
knowledge or shows that he overrates mere knowledge. 

pe-dan'tic (pe-dan'tlk), pe-dan'ti-cal (-ti-kdl), a. Of, pert, 
to, characteristic of, or resembling a pedant ; ostentatious 
of learning. — pe-dan'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ped'ant-ism (ped'dn-tiz'm), n. Pedantry. 

ped'ant-ry (ped'dnt-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. The actions, 
manners, method, style, etc., of a pedant.; excessive em- 
phasis of trivial details, etc. 2. An instance of this. 

ped'ate (ped'at), a. [L. pedatus having feet, pes, pedis, a 
foot.] 1. Having a foot or 
feet. 2. Footlike ; Bot., of 
leaves, palmate, with the lat- 
eral lobes cleft. — ped'ate- 
ly, adv. 

pe-dat'i-fid (pe-dat'T-fid), a. 
[L. pedatus pedate + -fid.'] 
Bot. Cleft in a pedate man- 
ner ; — applied to leaves. 

ped'dle (ped''l), v. i.; -dled (-'Id); -dllng (-ped'ling). 
[From peddler.'] 1. To travel about with wares for sale. 
2. To be busy about trifles ; piddle ; potter. — v. t. To sell 
from place to place ; hawk ; hence, to retail in small quan- 
tities ; as, to peddle fruit, milk, or tinware. 

ped'dler, pedlar (-ler), n. One who peddles ; a hawker. 

ped'dler-y, ped'lar-y (-1), n.; pi. -les (-Iz). Trade, goods, 
or business of a peddler. 

ped'dlillg (-ling), p. a. Petty; insignificant. 

-peda. A suffix denoting foot. See -ped. 

ped'er-as'ty, paed'er-as'ty (ped'er-as'tl ; pe'der-), n. [Gr. 

iraidepcuTTia, fr. iraibeoaaT-qs pederast ; irats, irat56y, boy + 
ipav to love.] Sodomy between males. — ped'er-ast, 
paed'er-ast (-ast), n. 
ped'es-tal (ped'es-tal), n. [F. piedestal. It. piedestallo, 




Pedate Leaf. 



t 
i 



. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 







N 



PEDESTRIAN 



710 



PEG 








fr. pie (or piede) di stallo foot of a stall, seat, place for 
standing ; fr. L. pes, pedis, foot, de of, and OHG. stal sta- 
tion, place.] 1. Arch. In late classic and similar styles, the 
support or foot of a column, and hence of a statue, vase, 
lamp, etc.. 2. Any base or support ; foundation. — v. t. To 
place on a pedestal. 

pe-des'tri-an (pe-des'tn-an), a. [L. pedester, fr. pes, pe- 
dis, foot.] 1. Going or performed on foot. 2. Of or pert. 
to walking ; hence, slow, dull, or commonplace. — n. A 
walker; a foot traveler. [pedestrian. I 

pe-des'tri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. Act, art, or practice of a| 

pe'di-at'ric, pse'di-at'ric (pe'di-at'rik ; ped'i-), a. [Gr. 
irais, iraidos, child + iatric] Med. Pert, to the care and 
medical treatment of children. 

pe'di-at'rics, or pse'di- (-nks)_, n. (See -ics.) Med. Medical 
science that treats of the hygiene and diseases of children. 

ped'i-cel (ped'i-sel), n. [Dim. fr. L. pediculus, dim. of pes 
foot.] 1. Bot. a Any slender stalk, esp. one supporting a 
fruiting organ, b In seed plants, an ultimate division of a 
common peduncle ; a flower stalk bearing a single flower. 
2. Anat. & Zo'dl. a A narrow basal part by which a larger 
part or body is attached, b A small foot or footlike organ, 
as of an echinoderm. 

ped'i-cel-late (-se-lat), a. Having, or attached by, a pedicel. 

ped'i-cle (-k'l), n. [L. pediculus. See pedicel.] A pedicel. 

pe-dic'u-lar (pe-dik'u-lar), a. [L. pedicularis, fr. pedicu- 
lus a louse.] Of or pert, to lice ; lousy. 

ped'i-gree (ped'i-gre), n. [ME. pedegru, fr. F. pied de 
grue crane's foot, from shape of the heraldic genealogical 
trees ; L. pes, pedis, foot + grus crane.] 1. A record of 
ancestry ; line of ancestors ; descent ; lineage. 2. Recorded 
or notable descent ; ancestry. 3. Recorded descent of an 
animal, as of a horse or dog. [descent.! 

ped'i-greed (-gred), a. Being of known, esp. of recorded,! 

ped'i-ment (-ment),?i. Arch.Ox'ig., in classical architecture, 
the trian- 
gular space 
forming the 
gable of a 
roof ; hence, 
a similar 
form used as 
a decoration 
over porti- 
coes, doors, 
etc. — ped'- 

i - men' tal Pediment. Restoration of part of the Parthe- 
(-men'tal) a non ' showing a Pediment and its Sculptures. 

ped'i-palp (ped'i-palp), n. Zo'dl. 1. = pedipalpus. 2. An 
arachnid of an order (Pedipalpida) including the whip 
scorpions and allied forms. — ped'i-pal'pous (-pus), a. 

ped'i-pal'pus (-pal'pus), n.; pi. -pi (-pi). [NL. ; L. pes, 
pedis, foot -f- E. palpus.'] Zo'dl. One of the second pair of 
appendages of arachnids, lying each side of the mouth. In 
spiders, they are leglike ; in scorpions, large and pincerlike. 

ped'lar, ped'ler (-ler). Vars. of peddler. 

pe'do-bap'tism, paVdo-bap'tism (pe'do-bap'tiz'm),^. 
[Gr. 7rcus, vaidos, child + baptism.'] Infant baptism. 

pe'do-bap'tist, pae'do-bap'tist (-tist), n. One who advo- 
cates or practices infant baptism. 

ped'o-graph (ped'6-graf), n. [Gr. ireSov ground + -graph.] 
An instrument for automatically making a topographical 
record of the ground covered by a pedestrian. 

pe-dol'O-gy, pa3-dol'0-gy (pe-dol'o-jT), n. [Gr. irals, iraiSos, 
child + -logy.] 1. Med. Pediatrics. 2. Child study. — 
pe-dol'o-gist, pae-dol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

pe-dom'e-ter (pe-dom'e-ter), n. [L. pes, pedis, foot + 
-meter.] An instrument to record the number of steps 
taken in walking, and so find the distance covered. 

ped'raiT (ped'raF), n. [L. pes, pedis, foot -f E. rail.] 
Mach. a A device, to 
replace the wheel of a 
traction engine, which 
automatically accom- 
modates itself to ob- 
stacles and rough 
roads. See Illust. b 
A vehicle having such 
pedrails. 

pe'dro (pe'dro), n. 
[From Sp. Pedro Pe- 
ter, L. Petrus, Gr. LTe- 
rpos.] Card Playing. 
a The five of trumps 
in certain varieties of 
auction pitch. See 
cinch, b A variety of 
auction pitch in which Side View of Pedrail mounting Steps, 
the five of trumps counts five. 

pe-dun'cle (pe-dun'k'l), n. [NL. pedunculus, dim. of L. 
pes, pedis, a foot.] 1. Bot. A flower stalk. 2. Zo'dl. A 





stem ; stalk ; pedicel. 3. Anat . A band of white matter 
joining parts of the brain. 

pe-dun'cled (pe-dun'k'ld), a. Having a peduncle. 

pe-dun'CU-lar (-ku-ldr), a. Of or pertaining to a peduncle. 

pe-dun'CU-late (-ku-lat) \ a. Having a peduncle ; growing 

pe-dun'cu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) j on a peduncle. 

peek (pek), v. i. [ME. piken.] To look slyly, or with the 
eyes half closed ; peep. — n. A glance ; peep. 

peel (pel), n. [ME. pel, OF. pel a stake, L. palus. (Oxf. 
E. D.).] 1. A stake; also, a stockade. Obs. 2. A small, 
massive tower or fortified residence of a kind common in 
the 16th century in the border counties of England and 
Scotland. 

peel, n. [OF. pele, L. pala.] A spadelike implement, vari- 
ously used, as for removing bread from a baker's oven. 

peel, v. t. 1. To strip off the skin, bark, or rind of. 2. To 
strip or tear off, as the skin of an animal, the bark of a tree, 
etc. — v. i. To lose the skin, bark, or rind ; come off as the 
skin, bark, or rind does. «=■ n. Skin or rind of a fruit. 

peel'er, n. A policeman ; — from Sir Robert Peel. Slang. 

peen (pen), n. The sharp or thin or rounded end of the head 
of a hammer or sledge opposite the face. — v. t. To beat 
with the peen of a hammer or sledge. 

peep (pep), v. i. 1. To cry, as a young chick, a a [ 
mouse, etc. ; cheep. 2. To speak with a small thin 
voice. — n. The sound of one that peeps ; cheep. 

peep, v. i. [Of imitative origin.] 1. To peer through 
or as through a crevice. 2. To begin to come from 
or as if from concealment ; emerge partially ; as, 
the flowers peeped above the grass. 3. To appear ; 
show ; as, his selfishness peeps out now and then. 

— v. t. To cause to appear ; protrude slightly. — a Peen. 
n. ,1. Act of peeping ; a slight look ; esp., a furtive, peering 
glance. 2. The first glance or appearance ; as, peep of day. 

peep'er, n. One who, or that which, peeps, or spies. 

peep'er, n. One who, or that which, peeps, or chirps, as a 
young chicken or pigeon, a cricket, or a frog. 

Peeping Tom. A tailor of Coventry, the only person mean 
enough to peep at Lady Godiva. He was stricken blind. 

peep Show. A small show or object exhibited, which is 
viewed through an orifice or a magnifying glass. 

peep Sight. An adjustable piece pierced with a small hole 
to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle 
or other firearm. 

peer (per), v. i. 1. To look narrowly, curiously 
or intently ; peep ; as, to peer through bars. 

2. To come in sight ; appear. Poetic. 3. To 
emerge partially ; peep out ; as, the sun 
peers through the clouds. 

peer, n. [OF. per, fr. L. par equal.] 1. One 
of the same rank, quality, etc. ; an equal ; 
match. 2. A comrade ; fellow ; associate. 
Archaic. 3. A nobleman ; a member of one 
of the five degrees of the British nobility, 
namely, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron. 
peer of the realm or of the United 
Kingdom, one of a class of peers of the 
United Kingdom entitled, by hereditary 
right or by creation of the sovereign, to 
sit in the House of Lords and to be tried 
by their peers. 

peer'age (per'Sj), n. 1. The body of peers ; also, the rank 
or dignity of a peer. 2. A record of the peers of the realm. 

peer'ess, n. The wife of a peer ; a woman ennobled in her 
own right or by right of marriage. 

peer'less, a. Having no peer, or equal ; matchless. — peer'- 
less-ly, adv. — peer'less-ness, n. [piper. I 

peet'weet (pet'wet), n. [Imitative.] The spotted sand-| 

pee'vish (pe'vish), a. 1. Habitually fretful or complaining ; 
querulous. 2. Showing ill nature or ill temper, as actions. 
Syn. Ill-humored, ill-natured, irritable, petulant, pettish, 
fretful, cross, irascible, choleric, testy, captious, splenetic, 
spleeny, snappish, waspish, crusty, touchy. — Peevish, 
petulant, pettish, fretful, cross. Peevish implies an 
irritable, querulous, or sour temper ; petulant suggests 
capricious irritation or impatience ; as, a peevish child, 
temper, spirit ; a quick, petulant nature. Pettish implies 
sulky or childish ill humor, as of one slighted or offended ; 
as, a pettish complaint. Fretful implies complaining impa- 
tience ; cross (colloq. in this sense), an irritable frame of 
mind ; as, a fretful crying ; a cross answer ; cross as a bear. 

peg (peg), n. [ME. pegge.] 1. A small pointed piece, as of 
wood, used to fasten together boards, etc., or to close the 
vent of a cask. 2. A projecting piece of wood or metal to 
hold things, as coats, or to mark a boundary or the like. 

3. A support ; reason ; as, a peg to hang a claim on. 4. 
Music. One of the wooden or metal pins of a stringed 
instrument for adjusting the tension. 5. A step ; degree ; 
— esp., Colloq., in to go down a peg. 6. Humorous or 
Slang, a A tooth, b A leg, or a foot. 7. A pointed prong 
or claw for catching or tearing, as in harpooning a turtle. 
8. A drink of spirits, usually whiskey or brandy, diluted 
with soda water. Slang, Orig. India. 




Peep Sight ad- 
justed on Leaf. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



PEGASUS 



711 



PEMPHIGUS 



— v. t.; pegged (pegd) ; peg'ging (peg'ing). 1. To put a 
peg in ; fasten with pegs ; keep in place, as with pegs._ 2. To 
indicate or mark by pegs ; as, to peg out a mining claim. 3. 
To throw. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To work diligently ; — usu- 
ally used with on, at, or away. 2. To count and score 
with pegs, as in cribbage ; also, to hit a peg in croquet. 

Peg'a-SUS (peg'd-sus), to. [L., fr. Gr. TLrjyaaos.'] 1. Gr. 
Myth. A winged horse sprung from Medusa at her death. 
With a blow of his hoof he caused Hippocrene, the fountain 
of the Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. Fig., poetic 
inspiration. See Bellerophon. 2. [gen. -si (-si).] Astron. 
A northern constellation near the vernal equinoctial point. 

peg'ma-tite (peg'md-tlt), n. [From Gr. irijyfia something 

fastened together, in allusion to the quartz and feldspar in 

graphic granite.] Petrog. a A coarse variety of granite 

■ occurring in dikes or veins ; also, the same formation in 

• other rocks ; as, syenite pegmatite, b Graphic granite. — 

peg'ma-tit'ic (-tTt'ik), a. 

peg top. A conical top, with a sharp metal peg, spun with 
a string by throwing it from the hand. — peg'— top', a. 

II pei'gnoir' (pen'war'), n. [_¥., fr. peigner to comb, L. 
pectinare. See pectinate.] A woman's loose dressing 
sack ; hence, a loose morning gown or wrapper. 

pe'jo-ra-tive (pe'jo-ra-tiv ; pe-jor'd-tlv), a. [L. pejorate 
to render worse, L. pejor worse.] Depreciatory ; dispar- 
aging ; — used esp., Philol., of words whose root meaning 
is depreciated by a suffix. — n. A depreciatory word. 

pek'an (pek'dn), n. [F. (Canada) pekan, fr. Amer. Indian 
pekane.'] The fisher (Mustela pennanti). 

pe'kin' (pe'kTn' ; -king'), n. [F. pekin.'] A silk material, 
usually striped or flowered, orig. from China, [to Peking. | 

Pe'king-ese' (pe'king-eV ; -es'), Pe'kin-ese', a. Of or pert.j 
Pekingese, or Pekinese, dog or spaniel, one of a Chinese 
breed of short-legged, pug-nosed toy dogs, with flowing coat. 

pek'oe (pek'o ; pe'ko), n., or pekoe tea. [Chin, pai white 
-f- ' hao hair (the leaves being picked with the down still 
on them), Cantonese pak-hd, Swatow pek-ho, Amoy pek-d.'] 
A black tea, of fine flavor, composed of young leaves. 

pel'age (pel'aj), n. [F., fr. L. pilus hair.] The covering, 
or coat, of a mammal, as of wool, fur, or hair. 

Pe-la'gi-an (pe-la'ji-dn), n. A follower of Pelagius, a Brit- 
ish monk, who went to Rome about 400 and died about 
418. —Pe-la'gi-an, a. 

Pe-la'gi-an-ism (-iz'm), to. The theories or doctrines of 
Pelagius, who denied original sin and baptismal regenera- 
tion, and maintained that man has perfect freedom of the 
will and does not need God's grace to set him right. 

pe-lag'ic (pe-laj'ik), a. [L. pelagicus, fr. pelagus sea, Gr. 
irk\ayos.~] Of or pertaining to the ocean ; — esp. applied 
to organisms living at the surface, away from the coast. 

pel-ar'go-nate (pel-ar'go-nat), to. Chem. A salt or ester 
of pelargonic acid. 

pel'ar-gon'ic ( pel'ar-gon'ik ), a. [ pelargonium + -ic. ] 
Chem. Pert, to or designating an acid, C8H17CO2H, of the 
formic acid series, found in the leaves of the geranium 
(Pelargonium), and also obtained artificially. Its ethyl 
ester is used in flavoring wines, brandy, etc. 

pel'ar-go'ni-um (-go'ni-ihn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Tre\apy6s a 
stork.] Any of a large genus (Pelargonium) of South 
African geraniaceous plants, having showy red or white 
flowers. See Geranium, 2. 

Pe-las'gi-an (pe-las'ji-dn ; -laz'-), a. [L. Pelasgus, Gr. 
UeXacryos a Pelasgian.] Of or pert, to the Pelasgians. — n. 
One of an early people or group of peoples mentioned by 
classical writers as the primitive dwellers in Greece and the 
easternislands of the Mediterranean. — Pe-las'gic (-jik),o. 

pel'er-ine (pel'er-In; pel'er-en'), n. [F. pelerine a tippet, 
pelerin a pilgrim. See pilgrim.] A woman's cape ; esp., a 
fur cape longer in front than behind. 

Pe'le's hair (pe'lez). [After a Hawaiian goddess associated 
with the crater Kilauea.] Glass threads or fibers formed by 
the wind from lava. It often collects in towlike masses. 

Pc'leus (pe'lus), n. [L.,fr. Gr. IL v \tvs.'] Gr. Myth. King of 
the Myrmidons, and father of Achilles. 

pelf (pelf), n. [OF. pelfre, peufre, peuffe."] 1. Stolen prop- 
erty ; spoil. 2. Money ; lucre ; gain. [Jason ; Medea. I 

Pe / li-as (pe'tf-ds; pel'i-), n. [L., fr. Gr. EeXias.] See| 

pel'i-can (pel'i-kdn), to. [F. pelican, L. pelicanus, peleca- 
nus, Gr. irtXeKav a bird of the pelican 
kind.] Any of a genus ( Pelecanus ) 
of large, web-footed birds, with a dis- 
tensible gular pouch in which the 
food (fish) is earned. 

Pel'i-des (-dez), n. [L., 
fr. Gr. U.nXeiSvs.'] Gr. 
Myth. A son of Peleus ; 
esp., Achilles. 

Pe'li-on (pe'li-on), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. n^Xwj/.] 
See Ossa. 

pe-lisse' (pedes'), n. 
[F., fr. LL. pellicea; 




Spectacled Pel- 
ican. 



in L. fem. of pelliceus, made of skins, pellis skin.] A long 
outer garment, orig. of fur or fur-lined. 

pel-lag'ra (pe-lag'rd; -la'grd), n. [It.] Med. A skin affec- 
tion, with severe constitutional and nervous symptoms. — 
pel-lag'rous (-lag'rus; -la'grus), a. 

Pel'le-as, Sir (pel'e-as). A valorous and mighty knight of 
Arthur's Round Table, who loves in vain the lady Ettarrc, 
and is shamefully treated by her. 

pel'let (pel'et ; 24), n. [F. pelote, fr. LL., fr. L. pila a ball] 
1. A round small body ; a little ball, esp. of food, medicine, 
etc. 2. A ball, usually stone, used as a medieval missile ; a 
cannon ball ; later, a bullet ; esp., one of a charge of small 
shot. 3. An imitation bullet, as of wax, putty, etc. — v. t. 

1. To form into pellets. 2. To strike with pellets. 
pel'li-cle (pel'i-k'l), n. [L. pellicula, dim. of pellis skin] 

A thin skin or film. — pel-lic'U-lar (pe-lik'u-ldr), a. 

pel'li-to-ry (pel'i-ti!)-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. paritoirc, 
paritaire, L. parietaria pellitory, or wall plant, fr. paries, 
parietis, a wall.] 1. Any of a genus (Parietaria) of urti- 
caceous plants, esp. a species (P. officinalis) called also 
wall pellitory. 2. [OF. peritre, piretre, fr. L. pyrethrum, 
Gr. irvpeQpov feverfew.] A southern European asteraceous 
plant (Anacyclus pyrethrum) resembling yarrow; also, 
its medicinal root. 3. Any of various similar plants ; as : a 
Feverfew, b Yarrow, c = masterwort. 
pellitory of Spain. = pellitory, 2. 

pell'-mell', pell'rhell' (pel'mel'), adv. [F. pele-mele, prob. 
fr. OF. mesler to mix.] 1. In utter confusion, esp. of troops, 
as in flight. 2. In furious haste ; vehemently. — to. An in- 
discriminate confusion ; a fight at close quarters ; melee. 

pel-lu'cid (pe-lu'sid), a. [L. pellucidus ; per (see per-) -+- 
lucidus clear, bright.] Transparent ; limpid ; clear ; hence, 
easy to understand. — Syn. See transparent. — pel'lu- 
cid'i-ty (pel / u-sid'i-tT),pel-lu'cid-ness, n. cid-ly,adc. 

Pel'o-pon-ne'sian (pel'6-po-ne'shdn ; -zhdn), a. Of or pert, 
to the Peloponnesus, or southern peninsula of Greece. — n. 
A native or an inhabitant of the Peloponnesus. In classical 
times the Peloponnesus was the main seat, of the Dorian 
race, notably the Spartans. It was also the chief continen- 
tal seat of the early Mycenaean civilization. 

Pe'lops (pe'lops), n. [L., fr. Gr. ETeXo^.] Gr. Myth. Son of 
Tantalus. His father served him up to the gods for food. 
The gods restored him to life, Demeter giving him an ivory 
shoulder in place of the one eaten by her. 

pe-lo'ri-a (pe-lo'n-d ; 57), to.; pi. pelories (pel'6-nz). 
[NL., fr. Gr. veXupos monstrous.] Bot. An abnormal reg- 
ularity of structure occurring in normally irregular flowers. 

— pe-lor'ic (pe-lor'ik ; -lo'nk), a. 

|| pe-lo'ta (pe-lo'td), to. [Sp., lit., ball.] A Basque, Spanish, 
and Spanish-American game played in a court, in which a 
ball is struck with a wickerwork racket. 

pelt (pelt), n. [Prob. for peltry. ,] 1. A skin of a beast, esp. 
of a sheep, goat, or fur-bearing animal. 2. A skin used as a 
garment ; apparel of skins. — Syn. See skin. 

pelt, v. t. 1. To strike repeatedly with something thrown or 
driven, often with small or comparatively harmless missiles. 

2. To hurl or throw. — v. i. 1. To throw or strike strongly 
and repeatedly. 2. To beat ; drive ; as, the rain pelted 
down. 3. To hurry ; rush. Colloq. — to. Act of pelting ; 
also, a stroke with or as with a missile. 

pel'tast (pel'tast), n. [Gr. 7reXra<rri7S, fr. 7reXrr7 light shield.] 
Gr. Antiq. A soldier armed with a light shield. 

pel'tate (-tat), a. [L. pelta shield.] Shield-shaped; scuti- 
form ; specif., Bot., having the stem attached to the lower 
surface, instead of at the base or margin. See leaf, Illust. 

— pel'tate-ly, adv. 

pelt'er, n. One who, or that which, pelts. 

pelt'ing, a. Mean ; paltry. Archaic. 

Pel'ton wheel (pel'twn). A form of impulse or turbine 
wheel driven by one or more jets of water playing at high 
velocity into the cups on the circumference, or horizon- 
tally at the bottom. 

pelt'ry (pel'tri), to. ; pi. -ries (-triz). [OF. peleterie, fr. pel 
skin, L. pellis.'] Pelts, or skins, collectively ; skins with 
the fur on them ; furs ; also, a pelt. 

|| pe-lure' (pe-liir'), to. [F., lit., peel, fr. peler to peel.] A 
crisp, hard, thin paper, sometimes used for postage stamps. 

pel'vic (pel'vik), a. Pert, to, or in the region of, the pelvis. 
pelvic arch or girdle, the bony or cartilaginous arch sup- 
porting the skeleton of the hind limbs of vertebrates. 

pel'vis (-vis), n. ; pi. -ves (-vez). [L., a basin.] 1. Anat. 
& Zo'dl. The basinlike structure, in the skeleton of many 
vertebrates, formed by the pelvic arch and adjoining bones. 
2. Anat. The cavity into which the ureter expands as it 
enters the kidney. 

pem'mi-can (pem'i-kan), to. [Cree pimikkan, fr. pim'iy 
grease ; fat.] A preparation of dried meat, fat, and, some- 
times, dried fruit. It is often compressed into cakes so as to 
furnish much nutriment in small compass for explorers, etc. 

pem'phi-gus (pem'fi-gws ;pem-fT'-),TO. [NL.,fr.Gr.7re^'J. 
-170s, a bubble.] Med. An inflammatory disease character- 
ized by blebs on the skin or mucous membranes. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = » «\'«. 



PEN 



712 



PENITENTIALLY 







pen (pen), n. [AS. penn.] 1. A small inclosure for animals ; 
also, the animals in one pen. 2. Any small place of confine- 
ment or storage. — v. t. ; penned (pend) or pent (pent) ; 
pen'ning. To shut in or as in a pen ; coop up ; inclose. 

pen, n. [OF. penne, pene, feather, quill, fr. L. penna.] 1. 
A feather or quill. 2. In pi. Wings. Archaic. 3. An instru- 
ment with a split point for writing with ink. or other fluid ; 
also, such a pen and its holder together. 4. Anything sug- 
gesting a feather or its stock ; as : a Zo'dl. The internal 
horny shell of a squid, b The midrib of a leaf. 5. A stylus 
or other instrument for scratching or graving. Obs. 6. A 
writer, or his style ; as, he has a sharp pen. 

— v. t. ; penned (pend) ; pen'ning. To write ; indite. 

pe'nal (pe'nal), a. [L. poenalis, fr. poena punishment.] 
Of or pertaining to punishment or penalties. 

pe'nal-i-za'tion (pe'ndl-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shiin), n. Act of 
penalizing, or state of being penalized. 

pe'nal-ize (-Iz), v. t. ; -ized ; -iz'ing. To put a penalty on. 

pen'al-ty (pen'al-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. penalite.] 1. 
Penal retribution ; punishment for crime or offense. 2. The 
forfeit to which a person binds himself in default of fulfill- 
ing stipulations ; fine. 3. A disadvantage imposed for a 
breach of rules ; also, a handicap. Sporting Cant. 

pen'ance (-ans), n. [OF. penance, peneance, L. paeniten- 
tia penitence.] Action performed to show penitence and as 
reparation for sin ; specif., Eccl., in some churches, a sacra- 
ment consisting in repentance for sin, confession to a priest, 
satisfaction, as some discipline or observance imposed, and 
absolution by the priest. — v. t. ; -anced (-dnst) ; -ancing 
(-an-sing). To impose penance on ; punish. 

pe-nang'-law'yer (pe-nang'-), n. A kind of cane of the 
stem of an East Asiatic palm, (Licuala acutifida) ; also, 
the palm. 

pe-na'tes (pe-na'tez), n. pi., or di pe-na'tes (dl). [L.] 
[Often cap.] Roman Relig. The gods of the household, 
worshiped in close connection with Vesta, and with the 
lares and household genius. The city also had its penates. 

pence (pens), n., pi. of penny. 

pen'cel (peVsel), n. [See pennoncel.] Obs. or Archaic. 
1. A small, narrow flag or streamer, esp. one borne at the 
lance head. 2. A lady's favor, as worn by a medieval knight. 

|| pen'chant' (paN'shaN' ; pen'chdnt), n. [F., fr. pencher to 
bend, fr. L. pendere. See pendant.] A strong mental 
leaning or attraction ; strong inclination. 

pen'cil (pen'sll), n. [OF. pincel, L. penicillum, penicil- 
lus, dim. of penis tail.] 1. A brush, esp. a fine brush of 
hair or bristles, used by artists. 2. An artist's skill in man- 
ner ; also, descriptive skill. 3. A slender cylinder of black 
lead, colored chalk, slate, etc., commonly incased in wood, 
for drawing or writing. 4. Any of various objects suggesting 
a pencil ; as : a Optics & Math. An aggregate of rays, as of 
light, esp. when diverging or converging, b Med. A small 
medicated stick, as of caustic. C A stick or crayon of rouge 
or the like for cosmetic or theatrical purposes. 

~- v. t. ; -ciled (-sild) or -cilled ; -cil-ing or -ctl-ling. To 
paint, draw, write, or mark with or as with a pencil ; esp., 
now, to sketch with a lead pencil, crayon, etc. 

pen'ciled, -cilled, a. 1. Painted, drawn, marked, or written 
with or as with a pencil. 2. Radiated ; as, penciled rays. 

pen'cil-er, pen'cil-ler, n. One who, or f bat which, pencils. 

pend (pend), v. i. [L. pendere."] 1 . To hang ; depend. 
Rare. 2. To be undecided, or in process of adjustment. 

pend'ant (pSn'dant), n. [F., orig. p. pr. of pendre to hang, 
L. pendere, v. i.] 1. Something that hangs or depends, 
esp. as an ornament. 2. A hanging ornament for roofs, 
ceilings, etc., much used in later Gothic architecture. 3. 
That by which something is suspended, as the stem and 
ring of a watch. 4. One of a pair ; a companion piece ; 
match ; — used esp. in art. 

|| pen'de-loque' (paVd'-lok'), n. [F.] Jewelry. A dia- 
mond or other stone cut in the form of a pear-shaped 
pendant. 

pend'en-cy (-den-si), n. 1. State of being pendent, or sus- 
pended. 2. State of being undetermined. 

pend'ent (-dent), a. [L. pendens, -entis, p. pr. of pendere 
to hang.] 1. Supported from above ; suspended ; as, pend- 
ent icicles. 2. Jutting over ; overhanging ; as, a pendent 
rock. 3. Undetermined ; pending ; as, a pendent dispute. 
Syn. Pendent, pendulous, pensile. Pendent empha- 
sizes the fact of suspension ; pendulous often implies 
greater freedom of attachment or a swinging motion ; pen- 
sile is chiefly applied to pendent nests or their builders. 

pen-den'tive (pen-den'tiv), n. [F. pendentif.] Arch, a 
One of the triangular pieces of vaulting supporting a cupola 
in an angular building, b That part of a groined vault 
which springs from a single pier or corbel. 

pen'di-cle (pen'di-k'l)_, n. [See pend to hang.] An append- 
age, or adjunct ; specif., a parcel of ground, a house, or the 
like, forming part of a large estate. 

pend'ing, p. a. [L. pendere to hang.] 1. Hanging ; over- 
hanging ; imminent. 2. Not yet decided ; as, a pending 
suit. — prep. During ; during the pendency of. 



Syn. Pending, during. Pending was in older usage 
synonymous with during; as, during the trial, vending the 
trial. Now, it oftener has the sense of while awaiting (an 
occurrence), until the conclusion of (an action) ; as, pending 
the decision. 

pen-drag'on (pgn-drag'un), n. [W. ; pen head -f- dragon 
leader.] [Often cap.] A chief leader or king ; — a title of 
an ancient British chief in command of other chiefs. — 
pen-drag'on-ship, n. 

pen'du-lous (pen'djJ-lSs), a. [L. pendulus, fr. pendere to 
hang.] Loosely pendent ; hanging. — Syn. See pendent. 

— pen'du-lous-ly, adv. — lous-ness, n. 
pen'du-lum (-\um), n.; pi. -lums (-lumz). [NL., fr. L. 

pendulus _ hanging, swinging.] A body so suspended from 
a fixed point that it can swing freely to and fro under the 
combined action of gravity and momentum. 

Pe-nel'0-pe (pe-nel'6-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. n^eXoirr/.] Gr. 
Myth. The wife of Odysseus. During his absence, being 
importuned by suitors, she postpones decision until she 
shall have woven a funeral pall for her father-in-law, Ta- 
ertes. Every night she unravels what she wove by day. 

Pe-nel'o-phon (pe-nel'6-fon), n. See Cophetua. 

pe'ne-plain' (pe'ne-plan'), n. [L. paene almost -f- E. 
plain.] Phys. Geog. A land surface reduced by erosion 
almost to base level, so that most of it is nearly plain. 

pen/e-tra-bil'i-ty (pen'e-trd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being penetrable. 

pen'e-tra-ble (pen'e-trd-b'l), a. [L. penetrabilis.] Capa- 
ble of being penetrated, or pierced. — pen'e-tra-bly, adv. 

pen'e-tra'li-a (-tra'li-d^n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of penetrans 
internal.] 1. Innermost parts, esp. of a temple. 2. Hidden 
things or secrets ; privacy or sanctuary, as of the home. 

pen'e-trant (pen'e-trant), o. Penetrating ; sharp ; subtile. 

pen'e-trate (-trat), v. t.; -trat'ed (-trat'gd); -trat'ing 
(-trat'ing). [L. penetratus, p. p. of penetrare to pene- 
trate.] 1. To enter into ; pierce. 2. To pervade ; permeate. 

3. To affect profoundly ; move deeply. 4. To pierce into by 
the mind ; understand. — v. i. To pass into or through 
something ; pierce ; also, to affect the feelings. 

Syn. Penetrate, pierce, perforate. To penetrate is to 
pass into (esp. the interior), often by force, energy, or 
diffusive power, as well as by sharpness ; to pierce is to pass 
through (surface or body), esp. as by that which is sharp 
or pointed ; as, the bullet penetrated a foot into the wood ; 
the needle pierced his flesh. To perforate is to pierce or 
bore a hole (or holes) through ; as, perforated paper. 
pen'e-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 1. Act or process of pene- 
trating. 2. Sharp discernment ; sagacity. 3. Optics, a Of a 
telescope, power of enabling one to see to a great distance, 
b Of a microscope, power of enabling one to see into the 
structure of an object, beyond or short of the exact focus. 

4. Gunnery. The depth to which a projectile will penetrate. 

— Syn. Sharpness, discrimination. See discernment. 
pen'e-tra-tive (pen'e-tra-tiv), a. 1. Tending to penetrate ; 

piercing ; also, acute ; sagacious. 2. Affecting ; impressive. 

— pen'e-tra-tive-ly, adv. — pen'e-tra-tive-ness, n. 
pen'guin (peVgwYn ; pSr/-), n. [Prob. orig. the great auk, 

fr. W. pen head + gwyn white.] 1. The 
great auk. Obs. 2. Any of certain flightless 
aquatic birds (order Sphenisciformes) of 
the Southern Hemisphere. 

pen'hold'er (pen'hol'der), n. A holder, han- 
dle, or rack for a pen or pens. 

pen'i-cil (pen'i-sil), n. [L. penicillum, pen- 
icillus, painter's brush, roll of lint.] Med. 
A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers. 

pen'i-cil'late (-sil'at), a. Bot. & Zool. Hav- 
ing the form of a pencil ; furnished with, or 
ending in, a tuft of hairs. — -cil'late-ly, 
adv. cil-la'tion (-sT-la'shSn), n. 

pen-in'SU-la (pen-in'su-ld), n. [L. paenin'ft 
sula ; paene almost + insula island.] A ■ 
portion of land nearly surrounded by water, ; 
and joined to a larger body by a neck, or 
isthmus ; also, any piece of land jutting out 
into the water. King Penguin. 

pen-in'su-lar _(-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a peninsula. 

pen-in'su-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. 1. State of being a penin- 
sula. 2. Character peculiar to peninsular dwellers ; narrow- 
ness of mental outlook ; provincialism. 

pe'nis (pe'nis), n. ; L. pi. penes (-nez). [L.] The male 
organ of copulation. 

pen'i-tence (pen'i-tens), n. The being penitent ; sorrow for 
sins or faults. — Syn. See contrition. 

pen'i-tent (-tent), a. [F. penitent, L. paenitens, -entis, 
poenitens, p. pr. of paenitere, poeniiere, to repent.] Feelr 
ing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses ; repentant ; contrite. 

— n. 1. A penitent person. 2. One undergoing penance, 
esp. under a confessor. 

pen'i-ten'tial (-ten'shal), a. Of or pert, to penitence or 
penance. — n. 1. Eccl. A book of rules for imposing pen- 
ance. 2. A penitent. — pen'i-ten'tial-ly, adv. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
©se, nnite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil;- chair; go; sing, irjk; then, thin; na(yre, verdure (87); 



PENITENTIARY 



713 



PENTOSE 



pen'i-ten'tia-ry (-shd-rf), a. 1. Of or pert, to penance. 2. 
Used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. 3. Mak- 
ing one liable to punishment in a penitentiary. U. S. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A house of correction in which of- 
fenders are confined, usually at labor. 2. R. C. Ch. a An 
office of the papal court which passes upon cases of con- 
science, confession, absolution from vows, etc. Its chief is 
a cardinal, called the Grand Penitentiary, b An officer 
vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases re- 
served to him. 

pen'i-tent-ly, adv. In a penitent manner. 

pen/knife' (pen'mf), n. ; pi. -knives (-nTvz'). A small 
pocketknife ; orig., knife for making or mending quill pens. 

pen'man (-man), n. 1. One who uses the pen ; a writer. 2. 
An author ; composer. 

pen'man-ship, n. Art or practice of using the pen in writ- 
ing ; style or manner of writing. 

pen'na (pSn'd), n.; pi. penn^e (-e). [L.] Zo'ol. A normal 
contour feather, as distinguished from downs, plumes, etc. 

pen name. A name assumed by an author ; a pseudonym. 

pen'nant (-ant), n. [Alteration of pennon; ME. penon, 
penoun, OF. penon, fr. L. penna feather.] 1. Naut. a A 
flag usually with the fly much longer than the hoist. See 
flag, Illust. b Any small flag used for decorating, signal- 
ing, or the like. 2. Mus. = hook, 3 c. 

pen'nate (psm'at) \a. [L. pennatus, fr. penna feather, 

pen'nat-ed (-at-ed) / wing.] Winged ; feathered. 

pen'ner, n. One who pens, writes, or composes, something. 

pen'ni-less (-i-ISs), a. Without a penny ; impecunious. 

pen'non (-«n),n. [See pennant.] 1. A long triangular flag, 
esp. as ensign of certain medieval knights, or of a regiment 
of lancers. See flag, Illust. 2. Any flag or banner. 3. A 
pennant. 4. A wing ; pinion. 

pen'non-cel, pen'non-celle (pen'Sn-sei),n. [OF. penoncel, 
dim. of penon. See pennant.] = pencel. 06s. or Hist. 

Penn'syl-va'ni-an (pen'sil-va'nf-dn), a. Geol. Pert, to or 
designating a Paleozoic period between the Mississippian 
and the Permian, marked by extensive coal deposits. See 
carboniferous, coal measures. — n. Geol. The Penn- 
sylvanian period or system. 

pen'ny (pen'!), n. ; pi. -nies (-iz), for a number of coins, 
or pence (pens), for amount in pennies. [AS. penig, pen- 
ing, pending.'] 1. An English coin, now of bronze, worth 
& of a shilling, or 2.03 cents U. S. 2. A cent. Colloq., U. S. 
f^T Penny in certain combinations (as, fourpenny or 4- 
penny, sixpenny, etc.) forms adjectives denoting price or 
value. As applied to nails, these now denote certain arbi- 
trary sizes, though orig. designating the price per hundred. 

pen'ny— a— line', a. Of authors, getting little pay, as a penny 
for each line ; hence, cheap ; inferior. — pen'ny— a— lin'er 
(-d-lln'er), n. 

pen'ny-roy'al (-roi'dl), n. [Corruption of earlier puliall 
royal, in which puliall is fr. OF. poliol, a dim. fr. L. pu- 
leium, or pulegium.] A European perennial mint (Mentha 
pulegium) with pungently aromatic leaves ; also, a similar 
American mint (Hedeoma pulegioides). 

pen'ny- weight' (pen'I-wat/), n. A troy weight containing 
24 grains, or £ s of an ounce (1.55517 grams). It was origi- 
nally the weight of a silver penny. Abbr., dwt. 

pen'ny-wise', a. Also penny wise. Wise in small matters 
only ; saving small sums while losing larger. 

pen'ny -wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of several round-leaved 
plants : a = navel wort, 1. b The Kenilworth ivy. C A 
small American gentianaceous plant (Obolaria virginica). 

pen'ny-worth^ (-wurth'), n. 1. A penny's worth ; as much 
as a penny will buy. 2. Hence : due return for money 
laid out ; a bargain. 3. A small quantity ; a trifle. 

Pe-nob'SCOt (pe-nob'skot), n. [From the river, fr. Algon- 
quian pe-noom-ske-ook at the falls of the rock.] An Indian 
of an Algqnquian tribe dwelling on the Penobscot River. 

pe'no-log'i-cal (pe'no-loj'i-kdl ; pen'o-), a. Pertaining or 
relating to penology. [of penology. I 

pe-nol'o-gist (pe-nol'o-jist), n. One versed in or a student| 

pe-nol'o-gy (pe-nol'6-jT), n. [Gr. iroivf), or L. poena, punish- 
ment + -logy.'] The study of punishment for crime ; that 
branch of criminology dealing with the deterrent and re- 
formatory treatment of criminals. 

pen'sile (pen'sTl), a. [L. pensilis, fr. pendere to hang.] 1. 
Hanging ; pendent. 2. Having or building a hanging nest, 
as some birds. — Syn. See pendent. 

pen'sion (-shun), n. [F., fr. L. pensio payment, pendere, 
yensum, to weigh, pay.] 1. A payment. Obs. 2. A stated 
allowance made, for past services or the surrender of rights 
or emoluments, to one retired from service. 3. A payment 
regularly made to any person, as for good will. 4. [F., 
pron'd paN'syoN'.] A boarding house or boarding school ; 
— now used only as French. 

— v. t. To grant or pay a pension to. 

pen'sion-a-ry (-£-ri), a. 1. Maintained by or receiving a 
pension ; hence, hireling. 2. Consisting of a pension ; as, a 
pensionary provision. — n. ; pi. -rles (-riz). A recipient 
of a pension ; a pensioner ; often, a hireling. 




Pentacles a & b. 




pen'sion-er (-er), n. 1. One in receipt of a pension. 2. Spe- 
cif. : a A gentleman-at-arms, b One of a bodyguard ; re- 
tainer. Obs. 3. One who pays for his commons. Univ. of 
Cambridge, Eng. 

pen'sive (-siv), a. [F. pensif, fr. penser to think, L. pen- 
sare to weigh, ponder, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh.] 1. 
Dreamily or somewhat sadly thoughtful ; musing. 2. Ex- 
pressing or suggesting thoughtfulness with sadness. — 
pen'sive-ly, adv. — pen'sive-ness, n. 
Syn. Dreamy, meditative, reflective, thoughtful, contem- 
plative, sober. — Thoughtful, contemplative, pensive. 
One is thoughtful who is habitually full of, or immersed 
in, thought ; one is contemplative who is given to medita- 
tion or reflection. Pensive adds to thoughtful the implica- 
tion of dreamy seriousness. 

pen'stOCk' (pen'stok'), n. [1st pen + stock.] 1. A sluice or 
gate to regulate the flow of water, sewage, etc. 2. A close 
conduit or pipe for conducting water, as to a water wheel. 

pent (pent), p. a. [Prop. p. p. of pend, var. of pen to shut 
in. Oxf. E. £>.] Penned or shut up ; 
conhned ; — often with up. 

pen'ta- (pen'td-). Combining form' 
from Gr. irevra-, which is a combin- 
ing form of wevTe, five. 

pen'ta-cle (-k'l), n. A certain magic 
symbol ; as : a Originally, a five- 
pointed star, b A six-pointed star. 

pen'ta-gon (pen'td-gon), n. [Gr. ireprdyuvov ; irtvra- 
+ yuvia. angle.] Geom. A plane figure hav- 
ing five angles and five sides. 

pen-tag'o-nal (pen-tag'6-ndl), a. Having fivei 
corners or angles. — pen-tag'o-nal-ly, adv. 

pen'ta-gram (pen'td-gram), n. [Gr. irevra.- 
ypaiiLLov, neut. of irevra.ypafj.txos having five 
lines. See penta- ; -gram.] 1. A pentacle. Regular Pen- 
2. Math. A figure determined by five points. tagon. 

pen-tam'er-OUS (pen-tam'er-ws), a. Bot. & Zo'ol. Divided 
into, or consisting of, five parts, or arranged in five sets of 
parts ; specif., Bot., having floral whorls composed of five, 
or a multiple of five, members, as the flax flower ; — com- 
monly written 5-merous. 

pen-tam'e-ter (-e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. irevranerpos. See 
penta- ; meter.] Pros. A verse of five feet; specif., the 
elegaic pentameter. — a. Having five metrical feet. 

pen'tane (pen'tan), n. [See penta-.] Chern. Any of three 
isomeric hydrocarbons, C5H12, of the paraffin series. Two 
are colorless, volatile liquids, and occur in petroleum. The 
third is a gas at temperatures above 9° C. (48.2°F.). 

pen-tap'O-dy (-tap'6-di), n. ; pi. -dies, [penta- + Gr. irobs, 
ttoSos, foot.] Pros. A measure or series of five feet. 

pen'tarch-y (pen'tar-kT), n. ; pi. -tarchies. [Gr. irevrap- 
%ia. See penta- ; -archy.] A government by five persons ; 
also, a union of five powers. 

pen'ta-Stich (pen'td-stik), n. [Gr. irevTa.oTi.xos of five 
verses ;_ irevra- five + arixos line, verse.] A composition 
consisting of five verses. 

pen'ta-Style (-stTl), a. [See penta- ; style.] Arch. Having 
five columns across the front. — n. A pentastyle building. 

Pen'ta-teUCh (pen'td-tuk), n. [Gr. irevra.revxos, irevra- 
five -f- revxos tool, book.] The first five books of the Old 
Testament collectively. — Pen'ta-teu'chal (-tu'kdl), a. 

pen-tath'lon (pen-tath'lon), n. [Gr. irkvTad\ov ; irevra- five 
+ ad\ov a contest.] 1. Gr. Antiq. An athletic contest in 
which each contestant participated in five different events, 
as leaping, foot racing, wrestling, throwing the discus, and 
throwing the spear. 2. In the modern Olympic games, a 
composite contest made up of a running broad jump, throw- 
ing the javelin, a 200-meter run, throwing the discus, and 
a 1,500-meter run. 

pen'ta-va'lent (pen'td-va'lent ; pSn-tav'd-lent), a. [penta- 
+ L. valens, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. Having a va- 
lence, or combining power, of five. See valence. 

Pen'te-COSt (-te-kost), n. [L. pentecoste, Gr. irevTrjKoarrri 
(sc. iifikpa.) the fiftieth day, Pentecost, irevrnKoa-Tos fiftieth, 
irevTT)Kovra fifty, irevre five.] 1. A solemn festival of the 
Jews, celebrated the fiftieth day (seven weeks) after the 
second day of the Passover. 2. A Christian festival com- 
memorating the descent, at Pentecost, of the Holy Spirit on 
the apostles ; Whitsunday. — Pen'te-COS'tal (-kos'tdl), a. 

pent'house' (pent'hous'), n. [Corrupt, of ventice, appen- 
tice, F. appentis. See append.] 1. A shed or rooi attached 
to, and sloping from, a wall or building. 2. Anything 
likened to a penthouse, whether attached to a building or 
not, as a window awning, a shed to protect besiegers, etc. 

pen'tO-san (pSn'tS-san), n. Also -sane (-san). [From pen- 
tose.] Chem. One of a class of complex carbohydrates 
which are widely distributed in plants, as in fruits, gums, 
woods, hay, etc., and yield pentoses on hydrolysis. 

pen'tose (pen'tos), n. [penta- + -ose.] Chem. Any of a 
group of sugars of the formula C5H5O10, having five carbon 
atoms in the molecule. (Cf. hexose.) They are formed 
by the decomposition of pentosans. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



PENTSTEMON 



714 



PERCEPT 








pent-Ste'mon (pent-ste'mon), n. [NL. ; Gr. irkvre five + 

arrjuuv warp. See stamen.] Any 

of a genus (Pentstemon) of 

chiefly American scrophularia- 

ceous herbs, bearing showy 

flowers, and often cultivated 

under the name beardtongue. 
pe'nu-chle (pe'nuk-'l). Var. of 

PINOCHLE. 

pe'nult (pe'nult; pe-nult'), n. 
Also, pe-nul'ti-ma (pe-nul'ti- 
m&). [L. paenultima (sc. syllaba), 
fern, of paenultimus last but one ; 
paene almost + ultimus the last.] 
The last syllable but one of a word. 

pe-nul'ti-mate (-mat), a. 1. Last but 
one. 2. Of or pert, to the penult. — n. Pentstemon (P. 
The penult. grandiflorus) . 

pe-num'bra (-num'brd), n. [NL., fr. L. paene almost + 
umbra shade.] 1. Optics. The space of partial illumina- 
tion, as in an eclipse, between the umbra, or perfect shadow, 
and the full light. 2. The shaded region around the dark 
central portion of a sun spot. — pe-num'bral (-bral ), a. 

pe-nu'ri-0US (-nu'ri-iis), a. [From penury.] Excessively 
sparing in the use of money ; stingy ; miserly. — Syn. See 
parsimonious^— pe-nu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

pen'U-ry (pen'u-ri), n. [L.penuria.] Absence of resources ; 
want ; extreme poverty ; destitution. — Syn. See poverty. 

pe'on (pe'on), n. [Sp. peon, or Pg. peao, a foot traveler, 
foot soldier, pawn. See pawn in chess.] 1. In India : a A 
foot soldier, b A native constable. C An attendant. 2. A 
common laborer of any kind ; — often, as to Latin Amer- 
ica, implying bondage, as for debt, [of using peon labor. I 

pe'on-age (-aj), n. State of being a peon ; also, a system| 

pe'o-ny (pe'6-ni), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [OF. pione, L. pae- 
onia, Gr. iraiuvla, fr. Haiuv, Haiap, the god of healing.] 
Any of a genus (Paeonia) of ranunculaceous plants, having 
divided leaves and large handsome flowers ; also, the flower. 

peo'ple (pe'p'l), n. sing. & pi.; in sense of a particular 
body of persons, pi. peoples. [OF. pueple, fr. L. populus.~\ 
1. A body of persons united by a common character, cul- 
ture, or sentiment; the individuals collectively of any 
characteristic group, as distinguished from the group con- 
sidered as a unit (that is, as a nation, race, or tribe) ; a 
folk ; as, the Austrian nation comprises both Germanic and 
Slavonic peoples ; the American people is made up of min- 
gling races. 2. A race, tribe, or nation ; as, the peoples of 
Europe. 3. a The persons of a particular group, considered 
distributively ; as, the people of London ; the people of 
that class, b Members of one's family or kindred ; relatives ; 
often, ancestry. Colloq. 4. The common people ; populace. 

5. The body of enfranchised citizens of a state ; electorate. 

6. Living creatures ; often, specif., animals of a certain kind 
or habit ; as, th<" bee people. 7. Persons ; folks, indefinitely. 
Syn. People, nation. People suggests the whole com- 
munity regarded as an aggregate, yet as constituting a 
unit ; nation emphasizes less the mass of individuals, more 
the political, institutional, or territorial unity ; as, the 
people of the United States constitute a nation. 

— v. t. To populate. — peo'pler (-pier), n. 

Peo'ple's par'ty. U. S. Politics. A party, formed in 1891, 
advocating public ownership of railroads, telegraphs, etc., 
an income tax, limited ownership of land, etc. 

Pe-phre'do (pe-fre'do), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ut4>prjb6>.'] See Gr,e,e. 

pe-pi'no (pe-pe'no), n. [Sp. or Pg., cucumber, fr. L. pepo 
melon.] A tropical American plant (Solanum muricatum) 
with edible fruit ; — called also melon pear. 

pep'los (pep'los)lre. [L. peplus, Gr. ■rrk-n-'Kos.'] A shawl- 

pep'lus (pe'p'l us) J like garment worn by women in ancient 
Greece, esp. a costly one. 

pep'lum (-lum), n. ; pi. E. -lums (-lumz), L. -la (-Id). [X.] 
1. A peplos. 2. A kind of overskirt suggesting the ancient 
peplos ; also, a short fitted skirt attached to a waist or coat. 

pe'po (pe'po), n. [L., a kind of melon, Gr. irkiruv.] Bot. The 
characteristic fruit of the gourd family ( Cucurbitaceae ), a 
fleshy, many-seeded fruit, usually with a hard rind, as the 
pumpkin, melon, and cucumber. See fruit, Illust. 

pep'per (pep'er), n. [AS. pipor, L. piper, fr. Gr. . irkirepi, 
■xlirepi..'] 1. A pungent con- 
diment got from an East In- 
dian plant (Piper nigrum), 
black pepper coming from 
dried slightly unripe berries, 
white pepper from dried ripe 
berries divested of pulp and 
skin ; also, a similar product 
got from any of several other 
species of the same genus. 2. 
Any plant yielding this prod- 
uct. 3. Capsicum, or the plant 
producing it. 

— v. t. 1. To sprinkle or sea- Pepper (Piper nigrum) 




son with or as if with pepper. 2. To sprinkle as pepper is 
sprinkled ; also, to spread in or as in grains. 3. To pelt. 

pep'per-and-salt', a. Having black and white inter- 
mingled in small spots ; as, a pepper-and-salt cloth or suit. 

pep'per-box' (-boks'), n. A small box or bottle, with a per- 
forated top, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. 

pep'per-corn' (-korn'), n. [AS. piporcorn.] A dried berry 
of the black pepper ; hence, a mere trifle. 

pep'per-grass' (-gras'), n. Any cress of a genus (Lepi- 
dium) consisting of small plants bearing round flattened 
pungent pods, esp. the garden peppergrass ( L. sativum ). 

pep'per-idge (-ij), n. = black gum. 

pep'per-mint (-mint), n. 1. A pungent mint (Mentha 
piperita) ; also, its volatile oil or essence. 2. A lozenge 
flavored with peppermint. 

pepper pot. a A stew of vegetables, meat or fish, and cassa- 
reep, common in the West Indies, b A highly seasoned 
stew of tripe, meat, dumplings, and vegetables. U. S. 

pepper tree. A tropical American anacardiaceous tree 
(Schinus molle), often grown for shade in warm climates. 
It has greenish flowers succeeded by red berrylike drupes. 

pep'per- wort' (-wurt 7 ), n. Peppergrass. 

pep'per-y (-1), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; pungent. 
2. Hot-tempered ; choleric. — pep'per-i-ness (-I-nes), n. 

pep'sin (-sin), n. Also pep'sine. [G. pepsin, fr. Gr. n-e^is 
digestion, irkirreiv to cook, digest.] Physiol. Chem. A pro- 
teolytic enzyme secreted in the stomach of the higher ani- 
mals ; also, a preparation of this from the stomachs of pigs, 
sheep, or calves, for use as a digestive. 

pep'sin-ate (pep'si-nat), v. t.; -at'ed (-nat'Sd) ; -at'ing 
(-nat'Ing). To treat, mix, or impregnate with pepsin. 

pep'tic (-tik), a. [L. pepticus, Gr. ireim/cos.] 1. Pert, to 
digestion. 2. Able to digest. 3. Of or pert, to pepsin. 

pep'tic, n. An agent that promotes digestion. 

pep'to-gen (pep'to-jen), n. [_peptone -f- -gen.] Physiol. 
Chem. A substance, as dextrin or meat extract, which stim- 
ulates the secretion of pepsin. 

pep'tone (-ton), n. [G. pepton, fr. Gr. vetrrbv, neut. of 
ireirros cooked ; i. e., digested.] Physiol. Chem. Any of a 
class of soluble and diffusible substances produced from 
proteids, as in peptic digestion. — pep-ton'ic (-ton'ik), a. 

pep'to-nize (-to-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing (-nlz'- 
Ing). To convert into peptone ; to digest or dissolve by a 
proteolytic ferment ; as, peptonized food. — pep'to-ni-za'- 
tion (-nT-za'shun ; -nl-za'shwn), n. 

Pe'quot (pe'kwot), n. [Narraganset Indian Paquttbog or 
Paquatauog destroyers.] One of a warlike tribe of Algon- 
quian Indians once dominant in eastern Connecticut. 

per (pur), prep. [L.] Through ; by means of ; by ; for. 

per-. [See per.] 1. A prefix meaning through, throughout, 
by, for, or used as an intensive. 2. Chem. A prefix denot- 
ing the highest, or a relatively high, state of oxidation ; as 
peroxide, permanganate. 

per'ad-ven'ture (per'ad-ven'tflj ; Pur'-), adv. & conj. [F. 
par aventure.'] 1. Perhaps ; it may be ; possibly. 2. If ; 
supposing. — n. Chance ; hap ; hence : doubt ; question. 

per-am'bU-late (per-am'bu-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'gd) ; 
-lat'ing. [L. perambulatus, p. p. of perambulare to per- 
ambulate ; per through -f ambulare to walk.] To walk 
through or over ; esp., to inspect by traversing. — v. i. To 
walk about ; stroll. 

per-am'bu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of perambulating; a 
traversing, as for inspection, survey, etc. 

per-am'bu-la-tor (-am'bu-la'ter), n. 1. One who perambu- 
lates. 2. A surveyor's wheeled instrument for measuring 
distances. 3. A low carriage for a child ; baby carriage. 

per-am'bu-la-to-ry (-ld-to-rT), a. Pert, to perambulation. 

per-cale' (per-kal' ; per'kal'), n. [F.] A fine, smooth-fin- 
ished cotton fabric, often printed. 

psr'ca-line' (pur'kd-len' ; pur'kd-lm), n. [F.] A fine cotton 
fabric, usually glossy and of one color, much used for linings. 

per-ceiv'a-ble (per-seVd-b'l), a. Perceptible. a-bly,adt\ 

per-ceive' (-seV) ( v. t.; -ceived' (-sevd') ; -ceiv'ing. [OF. 
parceivre, perceveir (3d pi. pres. parceivent, perceivent), 
fr. L. percipere, perceptum; per + caper e to take, re- 
ceive.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the senses ; see, 
hear, or feel. 2. To apprehend by the mind ; discern. 
Syn. Behold, notice, observe, distinguish, discern, discrim- 
inate, descry. — Perceive, discern. To perceive is in 
general to apprehend or take cognizance of ; discern often 
implies delicate or fine discrimination or perception ; as, it 
is too small to be perceived ; to discern truth from untruth. 

per-ceiv'er (per-seVer), n. One who perceives. 
per cent, per centum. Also per cent, (with period). [L. 
per centum."] By the hundred ; in the hundred ; — used of 
proportions, rates of interest, etc. Sign, %. 
per-cent'age (per-sen'taj), n. \_per cent -f- -age, as in aver- 
age.] A certain rate per cent ; the allowance, duty, rate of 
interest, discount, or commission, on a hundred ; loosely, a 
part or proportion of a whole. 
per'cept (pur'sSpt), n. [L. perceptum, neut. p. p. See per- 
ceive.] An object as it appears or exists in perception. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, ver<lpre <£7\r 



PERCEPTIBILITY 



715 



PERFORCE 




ner-cep'ti-ble (per-sep'tY-b'l), a. Capable of being perceived ; 
cognizable; perceivable. — per-cep'ti-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tl), 
per-cep'ti-ble-ness, n. — per-cep'ti-bly, adv. 

per-cep'tion (-shun), n. [L. perception 1. Mental appre- 
hension or cognition of objects or of ideas. 2. Cognition or 
apprehension occasioned by, and involving the presence of, 
sensation in consciousness ; specif., the object of sensible 
cognition as it appears in consciousness ; a percept. 3. An 
immediate or intuitive cognition or judgment, often im- 
plying nice observation or subtle discrimination ; as, a per- 
ception of mathematical truth. Also, the power or faculty 
of having or exercising such perceptions ; as, moral percep- 
tion. — Syn. See discernment. — per-cep'tion-al(-al), a. 

per-cep'tive (-tTv), a. Of or pert, to the act or power of 
perceiving ; having the faculty or power of, perception. 

per-cep'tU-al (per-sep'tu-al), a. Pertaining to perception; 
involving perception. 

perch (purch), n. [F. perche, ~L. perca, ir.Gi.iripKT).'] 1. A 
rather small European spiny- 
finned, fresh-water fish 
(Perca fluviatilis) ;also, 
in the United States, a 
closely similar species 
( P. fiavescens ), often 
called yellow perch. 2. 
Any of numerous similar _ Yellow Perch (P. fiavescens). (\) 
fishes, many of them marine. 

perch, n. [F. perche, L. pertica.'] 1. A horizontal pole or 
other support for birds to roost on ; hence, any elevated 
seat or station. 2. A pole connecting the fore gear and hind 
gear of a spring carriage ; a reach. 3. a A measure equal, 
(Linear Measure) to a rod or (Square Measure) to a 
square rod. b In measuring stone, etc., usually, 24| cubic 
feet. — v. i. To alight, as a bird ; sit or rest on or as on a 
perch. — v. t. To place or set on or as on a perch. 

per-chance' (per-chans'), adv. [F. par by + chance.] 1. 
By chance ; by fortune. 2. Perhaps ; possibly ; maybe. 

perch'er, n. One who, or that which, perches ; specif., an 
insessorial bird. 

Per'che-ron (pur'she-ron ; piir'che-), n. [F.] One of a 
breed of draft horses, usually dapple gray, originating in 
Perche, a dist. of France ; — called also Percheron Nor man. 

p3r-chlo'rate (per-klo'rat), n. A salt of perchloric acid. 

per-chlo'ric (-rik), a. Chem. Pert, to or designating the 

"highest oxygen acid (HCIO4) of chlorine. It is a colorless, 
oily, fuming liquid. 

per-chlo'ride (-rid; -rid), n. Chem. A chloride with a 
higher proportion of chlorine than any other chloride of the 
same substance or series. 

per-cip'i-ence (per-sip'i-ens)l n. Faculty, act, or power of 

per-cip'i-en-cy (-sip'i-en-sT) J perceiving ; perception. 

per-cip'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. percipiens, -entis, p. pr. of per- 
cipere. See perceive.] Having the faculty of perceiving, 
esp. quickly or keenly. — n. One who perceives. 

per'coid (pur'koid), per-coi'de-an (-koi'de-an), a. [L. 
perca a perch + -oid.] Zo'ol. Belonging to an extensive 
superfamily (Percoidea) of acanthopterygian fishes, in- 
cluding the true perches and related families. It is one of 
the largest natural groups of fishes. — n. A percoid fish. 

per'CO-late (-ko-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. percolatus, p. p. of percolare to percolate ; per through 
-f colare to strain.] 1. To pass or cause to pass through 
fine interstices, as a liquor ; filter. 2. To ooze through ; 
permeate. — n. Pharm. A liquid that has been percolated. 

per'co-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Act or process of percolating. 

per'CO-la'tor (pur'ko-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
percolates ; specif., a kind of coffeepot in which the heated 
water is caused to filter through the coffee. 

per-CUSS' (per-kus'), v. t. [L. percussus, p. p. of per cu- 
ter e; per + quatere to strike.] To strike smartly on or 
against ; as, to percuss the chest in auscultation. 

per-CUS'sion (-kiish'un), n. 1. Act of percussing; specif., 
the striking of a percussion cap so as to fire the charge in a 
gun. 2. The effect of violent collision ; vibratory shock. 

percussion cap. Firearms. A small metallic cap or cup, 
containing fulminating powder, used with a percussion lock. 

percussion lock. The lock of a gun fired by percussion on 
fulminating powder. 

per-cus'sive (per-kus'iv), a. Of or pert, to percussion; 
operative or operated by striking. 

per-die' (-de'). Var. of pardie. 

per di'em (per di'em). [L.] By the day. Also, chiefly U. S., 
an allowance or amount of so much by the day. 

per-di'tion (per-dTsh'ttn), n. [OF. perdicion, L. perditio, 
fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, lose.] Entire loss ; ruin ; 
esp., utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future 
state ; future misery or eternal death. 

per-du' )(per-du'; pfir'du), a. [F. perdu, fem. perdue, 

per-due' J lost.] Lost to view ; hidden ; close. 

per-dur/a-ble (per-dur'd-b'l), a. [F.] Very durable ; last- 
ing ; eternal. — per-dur'a-bil'i-ty, n. — dur'a-bly, adv. 



per'e-gri-nate (pSr'e-grT-nat), v. »*.; -nat'ed (-nat'e'd); 
-nat'ing. [L. peregrinatus, p. p. of peregrinari to travel. 
See pilgrim.] To travel ; journey. — v. t. To travel across ; 
traverse. — per'e-gri-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 

per'e-gri-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A traveling from country 
to country or from place to place ; a wandering ; journey. 

per'e-grine, per'e-grin (per'e-grin), a. [L. peregrinus. See 
pilgrim.] Foreign; alien. — n. The peregrine falcon, 
peregrine, or peregrin, falcon, a courageous, swift falcon 
(Falco peregrinus) , formerly much used in falconry. 

pe-rei'ra bark, or pe-rei'ra (pe-ra'rd), n. [Pg. pao-perei- 
ra.~\ The bark of a Brazilian apocynaceous tree (Geisso- 
spermumvellosii). It is tonic and febrifuge. Also, the tree. 

pe-rei'rine (-rtn; -ren), n. Also, -rin. Chem. An alkaloid, 
C19H24ON2, occurring in pereira bark and extracted as an 
amorphous powder. It is used as an antiperiodic and tonic. 

per'emp-to-ri-ly ( per'emp-to-ri-li : per-emp'- ), adv. In a 
peremptory manner. [emptory.l 

per'emp-to-ri-ness, n. Quality or character of being per-| 

per'emp-to-ry (per'emp-to-rT ; per-emp'-), a. [L. peremp- 
torius destructive, decisive, fr. perimere to take away 
entirely, destroy ; per + emere to buy, orig., to take.] 1. 
Taking away a right of action, debate, etc. ; hence : con- 
clusive ; absolute. 2. Incontrovertible. 3. Positive in opin- 
ion ; stubborn ; also, dictatorial. — Syn. Authoritative, 
express, arbitrary, dogmatical. See imperative. 

per-en'ni-al (per-en'T-al), a. [L. perennis; per through -f- 
annus year.] 1. Lasting or continuing through the year. 
2. Unceasing ; never-failing. 3. Bot. Continuing more than 
two years. — Syn. Enduring. See continual. — n. Bot. 

. A perennial plant. — per-en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

per'fect (pur'fekt), a. [OF. parfit, parfait, L. perfectus, 
p. p. of perficere to perform, finish, perfect ; per -\- facere 
to make, do.] 1. Having all the properties naturally be- 
longing to it ; hence, variously, complete, sound, right, 
faultless, righteous, etc. 2. Sure. Obs. 3. a Entire ; pure ; 
unqualified; as, a perfect stranger, b Utter; downright; 
as, perfect nonsense. Colloq. 4. Bot. Monoclinous. 5. Mu- 
sic. Belonging to the first and simpler consonances which 
retain their character on inversion ; — applied to the uni- 
son, octave, fifth, and fourth. — Syn. Finished, consum- 
mate, entire, blameless. See whole. 

perfect tense, Gram., a tense denoting an act or state a3 
completed at the time of speaking. 

— n. Gram. The perfect tense, or a verb form denoting it. 

— (pur'fekt; per-fekt'), v. t. To make perfect; finish; 
complete ; consummate. — per'fect-er, n. 

per-fect'i-ble (per-fek'tT-b'l), a. Capable of becoming, or 
being made, perfect. — per^ect'l-DlPi-ty (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 

per-fec'tion (-shun), n. 1. Quality or state of being perfect, 
or complete. 2. Act of perfecting. 3. A quality completely 
excellent. 4. A perfect thing or person. 

per-fec'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. Ethics. The doctrine that 
perfection of moral character is the supreme ethical end 
rather than happiness or utilitarian benefit. 2. Theol. The 
doctrine that a state of freedom from sin is attainable in the 
earthly life. — per-fec'tion-ist, n. 

per-fec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Tending to make perfect ; conduc- 
ing to perfection. 2. Gram. Expressing action as com- 
plete ; — designating an aspect or form of the verb. — per- 
fec'tive-ly, adv. — per-fec'tive-ness, n. 

per'fect-ly (pur'fekt-lT), adv. In a perfect manner. 

per'fect-ness, n. Quality or state of being perfect. 

per-lec'to (per-fek'to), n. ; pi. -fectos (-toz). [Sp., per- 
fect.] A medium-sized cigar rather thick for its length, 
tapered at both ends. 

per-fer'vid (per-fur'vTd), o. Very fervid ; ardent. 

per-fid'l-OUS (-fTd'i^is), a. [L. perfidiosus.'] 1. Guilty of 
perfidy ; false to trust. 2. Involving, or characterized by, 
perfidy. — Syn. See disloyal. — per-fid'i-ous-ly, adv. 

per'fi-dy (pur'fT-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [L. perfidia, fr. 
L. perfidus faithless ; per + fides faith.] Act of violating 
faith or allegiance ; faithlessness ; treachery. 

per-fo'li-ate (per-fo'li-at),a. [per- + L. folium leaf .] Bot. 
Having the basal part congenitally united around the stem. 
See leaf, Illust. — per-fo'li-a'tion (-a/shun), n. 

per'fo-rate (pur'fo-rat), v.t.&i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'- 
ing. [L. perforatus, p. p. of perforare to perforate ; per + 
forare to bore.] To pierce through ; also, loosely, to pierce 
through the surfaces of. — Syn. See penetrate. 

per'fo-rate (-fo-rat) \ a. Pierced with a hole or holes, or 

per'fo-rat'ed (-rat'ed)/ with pores. 

per'f o-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. Act of perforating ; state of 
being perforated, or the resulting hole. 

per'fo-ra-tive (pur'fo-ra-tiv), a. Able or tending to perfo- 
rate or pierce. 

per'fo-ra'tor (pur'fo-ra'ter), n. An instrument for perforat- 
ing, as a device for canceling tickets or perforating checks, 
or a kind of telegraphic apparatus for perforating a continu- 
ous tape according to code. 

per-force' (per-fors' ; 57), adv. [F. par (L. per) + force.} 
By necessity ; necessarily. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); DON; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PERFORM 



716 



PERIODEDE 







per-form' (-form'), v. t. [OF. parfornir, parfournir, to 
finish, complete ; par (L. per) -f- fournir to finish, com- 
plete ; — influenced by E. form.'] 1. To execute (any- 
thing) ; accomplish ; do. 2. To make ; construct ; build. 3. 
To discharge ; fulfill. 4. To render, represent, or reproduce, 
as a play ; act on the stage, as a part. — Syn. Do, transact, 
achieve, complete, consummate. See effect. — v. i. To 
do, execute, or accomplish something ; esp., to act a part, 
or to play on a musical instrument. — per-f orm'a-ble, a. 

per-form'ance (-for'mdns), n. 1. Act of performing ; exe- 
cution ; achievement. 2. A thing done ; achievement ; esp., 
an action of an elaborate or public character. — Syn. 
Completion, consummation, accomplishment, production, 
work, deed, exploit, feat. 

per-f orm'er (-mer), n. One who, or that which, performs ; 
esp., one who executes an undertaking, fulfills a promise, 
or acts a part in some performance. 

per-f ume' {-lnm f ),v.t. ; -fumed' (-fumd') ; -fum'ing (-fum'- 
Tng). [F. parfumer ; par + fumer to smoke, L. fumare, 
fr. fumus smoke.] To fill with an agreeable odor ; scent. 

per 'fume (pur'fum ; per-fum'), n. 1. A pleasant odor ; fra- 
grance ; aroma. 2. A substance that emits an agreeable 
odor; specif., a fluid preparation, as of the essence of 
flowers, used for scenting. — Syn. See smell. 

per-f um'er (per-f um'er),n. 1. One who perfumes. 2. One 
whose trade is to make or sell perfumes. 

per-f um'er-y (-i),n.;pl. -eries (-iz). 1. A perfume, or per- 
fumes in general. 2. Place for making or selling perfume. 

per-f unc'to-ry (-funk'to-n), a. [L. perfunctorius, fr. per- 
functus dispatched, p. p. of perfungi to discharge ; per + 
fungi to perform.] 1. Done mechanically and as a matter 
of routine, or carelessly and superficially ; marked by in- 
difference. 2. Mechanical ; indifferent ; careless. — per- 
func'to-ri-ly, adv. — ri-ness, n. 

per-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing. [L. per- 
fusus, p. p. of perfundere to pour over ; per + fundere to 
pour.] 1. To cover, sprinkle, or suffuse with or as with a 
liquid. 2. To spread, as a fluid, through or over something. 

per-fu'sion (per-fu'zhiin),7i. Act of perfusing, esp. of pour- 
ing or sprinkling in baptism. 

per'go-la (pur'go-ld), n. [It., fr. L. pergula shed, shop, 
vine arbor.] Lit., an arbor or bower ; specif., an arbor or 
trellis treated architecturally, as with stone columns or 
similar massive structure, as in Italian art. 

per-haps' (per-haps'), adv. [per + pi. of hap chance.] 
By chance ; peradventure ; perchance ; it may be. 

pe'ri (pe'rT), n. ; pi. -ris (-riz). [Per. peri.] Persian Myth. 
A kind of elf or fairy descended from fallen angels, excluded 
from paradise till penance is accomplished. 

per'i- (per'!-). A prefix from Greek irepl, used to signify 
around, about, round, near, inclosing, surrounding. 

per'i-anth (-anth), n. \_peri- + Gr. avdos flower.] The 
external envelope of a flower ; the floral leaves collectively. 

per'i-apt (-apt), n. [Gr. irepiairrov, deriv. fr. irepl about + 
airreiv to tie.] A charm ; amulet. 

per'i-blem (per'i-blem), n. [G. periblem, fr. Gr. ireplpXijpa 
anything put round one.] Bot. The zone of meristematic 
tissue lying between the dermatogen and the plerome in the 
growing point of a shoot ; primary or nascent cortex. 

per'i-car'di-ac (-kar'di-ak)la. Of or pert, to the pericar- 

per'i-car'di-al (-di-dl) / dium. 

per'i-car-di'tis (per'i-kar-dl'tTs), n. [NL. ; pericardium 
-\- -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the pericardium. 

per'i-car'di-um (-kar'di-um), n.; L. pi. -dia (-&). [Gr. 
irepiKapSiov, deriv. of irepl about + Kapbla heart.] Anat. 
The sac of serous membrane inclosing the heart. 

per'i-carp (per'i-karp), n. [Gr. irepiKapwiov ; irepl around 
+ (capiros fruit.] Bot. The ripened and variously modified 
walk of the ovary. — per'i-car'pi-al (-kar'pi-dl), a. 

perl-Chon'dri-um (-kon'dri-tan), n. ; pi. -dria (-a). [NL. ; 
peri- -f- Gr. xbvbpos cartilage.] Anat. The membrane of 
fibrous connective tissue that invests a cartilage except at 
joints. — per'i-chon'dri-al (-kon'dn-dl), a. 

Perl-cle'an (peVi-kle'dn), a. Of or pert, to Pericles (495?- 
429 b. c.) ; designating, or pert, to, his age, when Athens 
was at her highest material and intellectual state. 

per'i-cline (per'i-klln), n. [Gr. irepucXivris sloping on all 
sides ; irepl around + Kklveiv to incline.] Min. A variety of 
albite occurring in white opaque crystals. 

perl-cra'ni-um (per'i-kra'm-um), n.; L. pi. -nia (-&). 
[NL., fr. Gr. irepiK.pa.viov, neut. a., round the skull.] Anat. 
External periosteum of the skull. — per'i-cra'ni-al (-dl), a. 

per'i-cy'cle (per'i-si'k'l), n. [Gr. irepUvKhos spherical, 
round about. See peri- ; cycle.] Bot. A mantle of paren- 
chymatous tissue surrounding a stele. 

per'i-derm (per'i-durm), n. Bot. The cortical tissue de- 
rived from the phellogen. Cf. phellogen. Its inner por- 
tion is phelloderm, its outer portion is cork. 

pe-rid'i-um (pe-rid'i-wm), n. ; L. pi. -ia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. 
irripldiov, dim. of irripa leathern pouch, wallet.] Bot. The 
outer covering of the sporophore in many fungi. 




per'i-dot(pgr'I-dot),n. [F. peridot.'] Min. = chrysolite. 

per'i-do-tite (-do-tit), n. Petrog. Any of a group of grani- 
toid igneous rocks composed of chrysolite and other ferro- 
magnesian minerals, but with little or no feldspar. 

per'i-gee (per'i-je), n. [NL. perigeum, fr. Gr. veplyeios 
around the earth ; irepl near + yrj the earth.] Astron. That 
point in the orbit of the moon nearest to the earth ; — op- 
posed to apogee.— per'i-ge'al (-je'dl), per'i-ge'an (-an), a. 

pe-rig'y-nous (pe-nj'i-nws), a. Bot. Borne on a ring or cup 
of the torus surrounding the pistil, as the 
stamens or petals ; hav- 
ing stamens and petals 
so situated. — pe-rig'y-ny t 
(-ni), n. 

per'i-he'li-on (per'i-he'li- 
on),n. ; L. pi. -helia (-he'- 
li-d). [NL. ; peri- + Gr. 
^Xios sun.] Astron. That 
point of the orbit of a Section of Perigynous Flowers. 
planet or comet nearest to the sun ; — opposed to aphelion. 

per'il (per'il), n. [F. peril, fr. L. periculum, periclum.] 
Danger ; exposure to injury, loss, or destruction. — Syn. 
Hazard, risk, jeopardy. See danger. — v. t.; -iled (-fid) 
or -illed ; -il-ing or -il-ling. To endanger ; hazard. 

per'il-OUS (-i-lus), a. [OF. perillous, fr. L. periculosus.] 
Full of, or involving peril ; dangerous. ous-ly, adv. 

per-im'e-ter (per-im'e-ter), n. [L. perimetros, Gr. ireplne- 
rpos ; irepl around + fierpov measure.] 1. Geom. The whole 
outer boundary of a body or figure, or its measure. 2. 
Optics. An instrument for investigating the discriminative 
powers of the different parts of the retina. — per'i-met'ric 
(per'i-met'rik), -met'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. 

per'i-morph (per'i-morf), n. Min. A crystal of one species 
inclosing one of another species. See endomorph. — per'i- 
mor'phic (-mor'fik), per'i-mor'phous (-mor'fiis), o. 

per'i-ne'al (-ne'dl), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the perineum. 

per'i-neph'ri-um (per'i-nef'ri-Mm), ». [NL. ; peri- -j- Gr. 
ve<t>pbs kidney.] Anat. The capsule of connective and fatty 
tissue about the kidney. 

per'i-ne'um (-ne'um), n. ; pi. -nea (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. irepl- 
vaiov, ireplveos.] Anat. a The region included in the out- 
let of the pelvis, and traversed by the urinogenital passages 
and the rectum, b The superficial region between the 
thighs, including the anus and more or less of the genitals. 

per'i-neu-ri'tis (-nu-rl'tis), n. [NL. See perineurium ; 
-itis.] Med. Inflammation of the perineurium. 

per'^neu'ri-um (-nu'ri-wm), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [NL. ; 
peri- + Gr. vevpov a nerve.] Anat. The connective-tissue 
sheath that surrounds a bundle, or funiculus, of nerve 
fibers. Cf. epineurium. 

pe'ri-od (pe'ri-od), n. [L. periodus, Gr. irepU>5os a going 
round, way round, circumference, period ; irepl round + 
656s way.] 1. A portion of time determined by some recur- 
ring phenomenon, as by the completion of a revolution of a 
planet. 2. Specif. : Astron. a The time in which a planet 
or satellite revolves about its primary ; as, the period of 
the earth, b Physics. The time between a phase of vi- 
bration and its recurrence ; as, the period of sound waves. 
3. A certain series of years, months, days, or the like ; a 
cycle ; age ; epoch. 4. Specif., Geol., one of the divisions 
of geological time ; as, the Devonian period. 5. The com- 
pletion of a cycle, series of events, or act ; hence : a limit ; 
bound. 6. Rhet. A complete sentence. 7. a The full pause 
with which the enunciation of a complete sentence closes. 
b Punctuation. The point [.] that marks the end of a com- 
plete declarative sentence, or of an abbreviated word. 8. 
Music. A complete musical sentence, usually of eight or 
sixteen measures, consisting of two or more contrasting or 
complementary phrases and ending with a cadence. — Syn. 
Time, date, era. [acid.l 

per-i'O-date (per-I'6-dat), n. Chem. A salt of periodic! 

perl-od'ic (pur'T-od'ik), a. \_per- + iodic] Chem. Des- 
ignating, or pert, to, the highest oxygen acid of iodine. 

pe'ri-Od'ic (pe'rT-od'ik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or performed in, 
a period, or revolution, of a heavenly body. 2. Acting, hap- 
pening, or appearing, at fixed intervals ; loosely, recurring ; 
intermittent ; as, periodic epidemics. 3. Rhet. Expressed 
in, or characterized by, periods. 

periodic function, Math., a function whose values recur 
in the same order while the value of the independent vari- 
able increases or decreases constantly. — p. law, Chem., 
the generalization that the properties of the elements are 
periodic functions of their atomic weights. 

pe'ri-od'i-cal (pe'n-od^i-kdl), a. 1. = periodic. 2. Pub- 
lished or appearing with a fixed interval (more than one 
day) between the issues or numbers ; — said of magazines, 
etc. Also, of or pert, to such publications. — n. A periodi- 
cal magazine or other publication. — pe'ri-od'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pe'ri-o-dic'i-ty (-6-dTs'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being periodic, or regularly recurrent. 

per-i'o-dide (per-I'6-dTd ; -did), n. Chem. An iodide con- 
taining a relatively high proportion of iodine. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Grb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot;* out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PERIOSTEAL 



717 



PERMIAN 



per'i-os'te-al (peVY-o's'te'-d'l), a. Anat. Situated around 
bone ; of or pertaining to the periosteum. 

per'i-OS'te-um (-iim), n.; pi. -tea (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. irepi- 
Strrtot round the bones ; irepl around + oareov bone.] A nat. 
Connective tissue which closely invests all bones except at 
the articular surfaces. 

per'i-OS-ti'tis (-os-tl'tis), n. [NL. ; periosteum + -itis.~] 
Inflammation of the periosteum. tit'ic (-tit'ik), a. 

per'i-Ot'ic (-ot'Tk ; -o'tik), a. [peri- + Gr. ovs, &t6i, the 
ear.] Zo'ol. Around the ear ; designating, pert, to, or com- 
posed of, the bony elements which surround the internal 
ear and form or help to form its capsule. Cf. petrosal. 

Per'i-pa-tet'ic (per'i-pd-tet'ik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 
1repnra.TriTt.K6s, f r. irepiir arelu to walk about ; irepl -\-ira.TeZi> to 
walk.] 1. Of or pert, to the philosophy or the followers of 
Aristotle. 2. [I. c] Walking about ; itinerant. Usually 
Humorous, — n. 1. A disciple of Aristotle. 2. [I. c] A 

. pedestrian ; an itinerant. Usually Humorous. 

pe-riph'er-al (pe-rTFer-al), a. Of, pertaining to, or consti- 
tuting a periphery; hence, Anat., external. 

pe-ripn'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). [From L., fr. Gr. 
7r«pt0epeia; irepl around + <t>epeiv to bear, carry.] 1. The 
line bounding a rounded surface ; hence, the surface of any 
body. 2. Geom. The circumference or perimeter of a 
circle, ellipse, or other closed figure. 

per'i-phrase (per'i-fraz), n. Periphrasis. 

pe-riph'ra-sis (pg-nf'rd-sTs), n.; pi. -rases (-sez). [L., fr. 
Gr. Treplcfrpacris ; irepl + <t>pa-t €l1 ' to speak.] Rhet. The use 
of more words than are necessary to express the idea ; cir- 
cumlocution. — Syn. See redundancy. 

perl-phras'tic (peVi-fras'tik), a. Involving circumlocu- 
tion, or roundabout expression ; characterized by periph- 
rasis. — per'i-phras'ti-cal-ly (-ti-kal-i), adv. 
periphrastic conjugation, Gram., conjugation by the 
use of one or more auxiliaries, as distinguished from conju- 
gation by inflection of the simple verb ; as in, he does go (for 
he goes), he has been, he will be, etc. 

pe-rip'ter-al (pe-rTp'ter-dl), a. [peri- -f- Gr. irrepbv feather, 
wing, row of columns.] Arch. Having a row of columns on 
all sides ; peristylar. 

pe-rip'ter-y (pe-rTp'ter-i), n. [Gr. ireplirrepos flying round 
about.] The region surrounding a moving body, as the 
wing of a bird or a gliding aeroplane, within which cyclic or 
vortical motions of the air occur. 

pe-rique' (pe-reV), n. [Louisiana F.] A kind of strong- 
flavored tobacco raised in Louisiana, and cured in its own 
juices, so as to be very dark -colored, usually black. 

per'i-sarc (per'i-sark), n. [peri- + Gr. cdpf , aapicos, flesh.] 
Zo'ol. The outer, usually chitinous, integument of a hydroid. 

per'i-SCOpe (per'i-skop), n. 1. A periscopic lens. 2. An 
optical instrument, essentially a camera obscura, used on 
some submarines to afford a view over the water when the 
boat is submerged. Cf. panoramic sight, altiscope. 

per'i-SCOp'ic (-skop'ik)la. Viewing all around, or on all 

per'i-SCOp'i-cal (-i-kdl)j sides ; — applied to certain lenses 
giving good definition over a wide field. 

per'ish (per'ish), v. i. [F. perir, L. perire to go through, 
come to nothing, perish ; per through + ire to go.] To be 
destroyed ; hence : to waste away ; pass away ; die. 

per'ish-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Liable to perish. — a-ble-ness, n. 

per/i-spom'e-non (peVi-spom'e-non), n.; pi. -ena (-nd). 
[Gr. irepi<rircoLiei>oi>, pr. pass. p. neut. of ireptairav to draw 
around, to circumflex ; irepl around + airav to draw.] Gr. 
Gram. A word with a circumflex accent on the last syllable. 

pe-ris'so-dac'tyl, pe-ris'so-dac'tyle (pe-ns/6-dak'til), a. 

[Gr. irepiacros odd + 86.ktu\os finger.] Having the toes in 
odd numbers, or unevenly developed ; pert, to a suborder 
(Perissodactyla) of nonruminant ungulate mammals, in- 
cluding the existing horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and vari- 
ous extinct forms, that usually have an odd number of 
toes. — n. A perissodactyl mammal. [tion or action. | 

per'i-stal'sis (per'T-stal'sis), n. [NL.] Peristaltic contrac-| 

per'i-Stal'tic (peVT-stal'tik), a. [Gr. irepiaraXTiKos clasp- 
ing and compressing, fr. irepiffTeWew to surround ; irepl 
round + <TTe\\ei.v to place.] Physiol. Designating, or 
pertaining to, the wormlike wave motion of the intestines 
and similar structures produced by successive contraction 
of their muscular fibers, forcing their contents onward. 

per'i-Stome (per'i-stom), n. [peri- + Gr. arofxa mouth.] 
1. Bot. In mosses, the fringe of teeth surrounding the orifice 
of the capsule. 2. Zo'ol. Any of various parts bordering 
or near a mouth or opening, as the lip of a spiral shell. 

per'i-Style (per'T-stll), n. [L. peristylum, Gr. veplarvkov, 
ireplffrvXos ; irepl about + ctOXos column.] Arch. A range 
of columns with their entablature, etc. ; specrf., a system of 
roof-supporting columns around a court or building ; also, 
the space so inclosed. — per'i-sty'lar (-stl'ldr), a. 

per'i-to-ne'al, per'i-to-nae'al ( per'i-to-ne'dl ), a. Of or 
pertaining to the peritoneum. 

perl-to-ne'um, or -nse'um (per'T-to-ne'um), n.; pi. -nea 

(-d), -N.EA (-d). [L., fr. Gr. irepirovaiov, fr. ireptrovos 
stretched round ; irepl + relveiv to stretch.] Anat. The 




Periwinkle. 
Nat. size. 



largest serous membrane in the body, a closed sac (except 
for the fimbriated openings of the Fallopian tubes), lining 
the abdominal cavity and reflected inward over the abdom- 
inal and pelvic viscera. 

per'i-to-ni'tis (per'i-to-ni'tTs), n. [NL. ; peritoneum + 
-til's.] Med. Inflammation of the peritoneum. 

per'i-vis'cer-al (-vis'er-al), a. Zo'ol. Surrounding the 
viscera. — perivisceral cavity, Zo'ol., the body cavity. 

per'i-wig (per'i-wTg), n. [Corrupt, fr. F. perruque. See 
peruke.] A wig. — v. t. ; -wigged (-wigd) ; -wig'ging 
(-wig'ing). To dress with or as with a periwig. Now Rare. 

per'i-win'kle (-wirA'D, n. [Prob. fr. AS. pinewincle a 
shellfish.] Any of a genus (Littorina) of 
small marine gastropods with a short 
thick spiral shell, esp. a species (L. lit- 
torea) common in Europe ; also, in 
America, any of various other univalve^ 
mollusks. 

per'i-win'kle, n. [AS. pervince or OF. 
pervenke, fr. L. pervinca.~\ Any of a 
genus ( Vinca) of apocynaceous plants ; 
esp., a trailing evergreen herb (V. mi- 
nor) with blue or white flowers. 

per'jure (pur'jur), v. t.; -jured (-jurd) ; 
-jur-ing (-jur-Tng). [F. parjurer, OF. 
also per-, L. perjurare; per through, over + jurare to 
swear.] To violate the oath or vow of ; make guilty of per- 
jury ; forswear ; — chiefly used reflexively ; as, he refused 
to perjure himself. 

Syn. Perjure, forswear. Perjure is the legal term ; for- 
swear is now rare, except in the sense of renouncing upon 
or as upon oath. 

per'jured (-jurd), p. a. Guilty of perjury ; forsworn. 

per'jur-er (-jur-er), n. One who is guilty of perjury. 

per'ju-ry (-ju-n), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. perjurium.] 
False swearing ; voluntary violation of an oath or vow 
either by swear'ng to what is untrue or by omission to do 
what has been promised under oath. 

perk (purk), a. Smart ; jaunty ; brisk ; pert. — v. i. 1. To 
behave jauntily or smartly. 2. To become erect, brisk, or 
lively ; — usually with up. — v. t. To make trim or smart. 

perk r y (pur'kT), a. Perk ; pert ; forward ; jaunty ; trim. 

per'lite (pur'llt), n. [F., fr. perle pearl.] 1. Petrog. Vol- 
canic glass, with a concentric shelly structure. 2. A hetero- 
geneous constituent of iron and steel containing about eight 
tenths of one per cent of carbon. — per-lit'ic (per-lif- 
lk), a. [permanent. | 

per'ma-nence (pur'md-n«ns), n. Quality or siate of beingj 

per'ma-nen-cy (-nen-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Perma- 
nence. 2. One who, or that which, is permanent. 

per'ma-nent (-nent), a. [L. permanens, -entis, p. pr. of 
permanere to stay to the end ; per -\- manere to remain.] 
Continuing in the same state, or without any change that 
destroys form or character ; abiding ; fixed ; stable. — Syn. 
See lasting. — per'ma-nent-ly, adv. 
permanent gases, Chem. & Physics, a Certain gases, as 
hydrogen, oxygen, etc., formerly so named because sup- 
posed not to be liquefiable._ b Substances that remain gas- 
eous under ordinary conditions, as opposed to vapors. 

per-man'ga-nate (per-mar/gd-nat), n. Chem. A salt of 
permanganic acid. The permanganates are dark purple 
crystalline substances. See potassium permanganate. 

per'man-gan'ic (pur'man-gan'Tk), a. Chem. Designating, 
or pert, to, an acid of manganese, HMn04, known only in 
its aqueous solution, which is purple and strongly acid. 

per'me-a-bil'i-ty (pur'me-d-bil'i-tT), n. 1. Quality or 
state of being permeable. 2. Magnetism. Specific conduc- 
tivity for magnetic flux ; — usually symbolized by the Greek 
letter ix. [ing permeated. I 

per'me-a-ble (-b'l), a. [L. permeabilis."] Capable of be- 1 

per'me-ance (pur'me-dns), n. 1. Permeation. 2. Magne- 
tism. The reciprocal of reluctance. 

per'me-ant (-ant), a. Passing through ; permeating. 

per'me-ate (-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
permeatus, p. p. of permeare to permeate ; per + meare 
to go, pass.] 1. To pass through the pores or interstices of ; 
— esp. of fluids that pass through substances of loose tex- 
ture. 2. To enter and spread through ; pervade. 
Syn. Permeate, pervade, esp. in their fig. senses, are 
often interchangeable in the sense of penetrate, saturate, 
diffuse. But permeate commonly retains a more distinct 
suggestion of its literal force than pervade, which often 
connotes a more vague or intangible transfusion ; as, water 
permeates the ground ; an odor pervades the air ; a spirit of 
harmony -pervaded the company. 

per'me-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of permeating, or state of 
being permeated. 

per'me-a-tive (pur'me-a-tiv), a. Permeating. 

Per'mi-an (pur'mi-dn), a. [From the government of 
Perm, eastern Russia, where the formation exists.] Geol. 
Pert, to or designating the last period of the Paleozoic, fol- 
lowing the Pennsylvanian or Carboniferous, marked by the 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PERMISSIBILITY 



718 



PERSEVERE 







formation of mountains and by extensive glaciation in In- 
dia, South Africa, South America, and Australia. 

— n. The Permian period or system. 

per-mis'si-ble (per-mTs'i-b'l), a. Allowable; admissible. 
— per-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. — mis'si-bly, adv. 

per-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [L. permissio.'] Act of per- 
mitting ; formal consent ; authorization ; leave. 
Syn. Permission, leave, sufferance. Permission is 
the more formal term, and commonly implies power or au- 
thority to refuse ; leave, the more familiar term, often sug- 
gests that the license granted is left at the recipient's option ; 
as, he has my permission^ to hunt ; give me leave to with- 
draw soon. Sufferance is tacit permission, and often im- 
plies only neglect or refusal to forbid. 

per-mis'sive (-mis'iv), a. 1. Permitting ; granting liberty. 
2. Permitted ; tolerated. — per-mis'sive-ly, adv. 

permit' (-mif), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -mit/ting. [L. permittere, 
-missum, to allow, permit ; per + mittere to let go, send.] 
1. To consent to ; tolerate ; put up with. 2. a To grant 
(one) express license to do an act ; authorize, b To allow 
(one's self) to commit or to indulge in. 3. To give over ; 
commit. Obs. — v. i. To grant permission ; allow. — Syn. 
Let, suffer, endure. See allow. — per-mit'ter, n. 

per'mit (pur'mTt; now rarely per-mit'), n. Warrant; li- 
cense ; an authoritative written license or permission. 

per'mu-ta'tion (pur'mu-ta'shun), n. 1. A permuting; in- 
terchange. 2. Math. Any one of all the possible arrange- 
ments of a number of objects in a series ; also, transposition 
of the objects to effect such arrangements. 

per'mu-ta'tor (pur'mu-ta'ter), n. Elec. A special form of 
rotary converter with stationary commutator and rotating 
brushes, in which the exciting field is induced by the alter- 
nating current in a short-circuited magnetic core instead of 
being produced by an external magnet. 

per-mute' (per-mut'), v. t.; -mut'ed (-mut'ed) ; -mut'ing. 
[L. permutare, -tatum ; per + mutare to change.] 1. To 
interchange. Obs. 2. Math. To subject to permutation. 

per-ni'cious (per-nish'us), a. [L. perniciosus, fr. perni- 
cies destruction ; per + nex, necis, death.] 1. Destruc- 
tive ; ruinous ; injurious ; hurtful ; deadly ; as, pernicious 
to health. 2. Intending evil ; wicked ; malign ; as, a perni- 
cious person. — per-ni'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. 
Syn. Pernicious, baneful, baleful, noxious, noisome. 
That is pernicious which works mischief, injury, or de- 
struction ; that is baneful which is deadly, or which causes 
great harm ; baleful (chiefly poetical or literary) implies 
sinister or malign influence ; as, a pernicious casuistry ; a 
baneful notion ; a baleful look. That is noxious which is 
harmful esp. to health of body or mind ; as, noxious weeds, 
thoughts. Noisome, formerly synonymous with noxious, 
is now chiefly used in the sense of ill-smelling. 

per-nick'et-y (per-nik'et-i), a. Finical or fussy ; fastidious ; 
also, full of petty details. Colloq. 

per'o-rate (per'6-rat), v. i. [See peroration.] 1. To speak 
at length ; harangue. 2. To conclude or sum up a speech. 

per'o-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. [L. peroratio, fr. perorare, 
-ratum, to speak from beginning to end ; per + orare to 
speak.] The concluding part or summing up of a discourse. 

per-ox'ide (per-ok'sid ; -sid), n. Also -id. Chem. a An 
oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of 
the same element, b Specif., peroxide of hydrogen, much 
used as an antiseptic in the form of an aqueous solution. 

per-pend' (per-pend'), v. t. & i. [L. perpendere ; per -j- pen- 
dere to weigh.] To weigh in the mind ; attend. Archaic. 

per'pend (pur'pend), n. [F. parpaing, pierre parpaigne.~] 
Masonry. A large stone reaching through a wall so as to 
appear on both sides of it, and acting as a binder. 

per/pen-dic'U-lar (pur'pen-dik'u-lar), a. [L. perpendicu- 
laris, fr. perpendiculum plumb line ; per 
+ pendere to hang.] 1. Exactly upright 
or vertical ; Geom., at right angles to a 
given line or surface. 2. [cap.~\ Arch. Of, 
pert, to, or in, the Perpendicular Style, 
the latest variety of English Gothic, and A 



characterized by the predominance of rec- ad p er pendicu- 
tilinear lines, as in the perpendicular mul- i ar Line ; be 
lions with horizontal transoms. — Syn. Horizontal 
See vertical. Line. 

— n. 1. An appliance or instrument to indicate (a given) 
vertical line. 2. A line at right angles to the plane of the 
horizon or, Geom., to another line or surface. 3. Upright 
position; also, rectitude. — per'pen-dic'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'- 
l-ti), n. — per'pen-dic'u-lar-ly, adv. 

per 'pent. Var. of perpend, n. 

per'pe-trate (pur'pe-trat), v. t.; -pe-trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; 
-trat'ing. [L. perpetratus, p. p. of perpetrare ; per + 
patrare to perform.] To do or perform ; commit (as an 
offense) ; — usually used in a bad sense. 

per'pe-tra'tion (-tra'shiin), n. Act of perpetrating; also, 
the thing perpetrated ; an evil action. 

per'pe-tra'tor (pur'pe-tra'ter), n. One who perpetrates; 
esp., one who commits an offense or crime. 

per-pet'u-al (per-petlfl-al), a- [F. perpetuel, fr. L. perpet- 



per- 



ualis, fr. perpetuus continuing throughout, continuous, 
perpes, -etis, lasting throughout.] 1. Continuing forever or 
for an unlimited time ; continuous. 2. Hort. Blooming more 
or less continuously throughout the season. — Syn. Un- 
ceasing, endless, everlasting, incessant. See continual. 
perpetual curate, Ch. of Eng., formerly, a curate in a 
district where there is no rector or vicar and where the 
benefice is controlled by a layman. — p. motion, the con- 
ceived incessant motion of a hypothetical (but mechani- 
cally impossible) machine perpetually supplying its own 
motive forces independently of any action from without. 

per-pet'u-al-ly, adv. Continuously ; incessantly. 

per-pet'u-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. per- 
petuatus, p. p. of perpetuare to perpetuate. See perpet- 
ual.] To make perpetual ; cause to last indefinitely. 

per-pet'll-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. A making perpetual. 

per-pet'u-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who perpetuates. 

per'pe-tu'i-ty (pur'pe-tu'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. _ 
petuitas.~] 1. Quality or state of being perpetual. 2. 
Something that is perpetual. 3. Endless time. 4. Law. 
Quality or condition of an estate limited so that it becomes, 
or may be, inalienable, either perpetually or for a period be- 
yond a certain limit fixed by law ; also, the estate so limit- 
ed. 5. Annuities. A perpetual annuity. 

per-plex' (per-pleks'), v. t. [L. perplexus involved, con- 
fused ; per + plexus, p. p. of plectere to plait.] 1. To trou- 
ble with ambiguity, suspense, or anxiety ; confuse. 2. To 
involve ; entangle. — Syn. Confuse, bewilder. See puzzle. 

per-plexed' (-pleksf), p. a. 1. Doubtful ; puzzled ; bewil- 
dered. 2. Entangled ; involved ; confused ; intricate. — 

per-plex'ed-ly, adv. In a perplexed manner. 

per-plex'ing, p. a. Embarrassing ; puzzling ; troublesome. 

per-plex'i-ty (-plek'sT-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being perplexed ; intricacy ; bewilderment. 2. 
An instance of this state. 3. That which perplexes. 

per'qui-site (pur'kwl-zit), n. [L. perquisitum, neut. p. p. 
of perquirere to ask for diligently ; per + quaerere to 
seek.] An incidental gain or profit in addition to regular 
salary or wages, esp. one of a kind expected or promised. 

per'ry (per'i), n. [OF. pere, fr. peire a pear, L. pirum."} 
A fermented liquor, made like cider, from pears. 

per'salt' (solt'),n. Chem. A salt corresponding to a peroxide. 

perse (purs), a. [F. pers.'] Blue ; esp., dark blue or pur- 
plish black. — n. This color or a cloth of the color. 

per'se-cute (pur'se-kut), v. t.; -cut'ed (-kut'ed) ; -cut'ing. 
[F. persecuter, L. persequi, -secutus, to pursue, prose- 
cute ; per + sequi to follow.] To pursue so as to injure, 
grieve, or afflict ; harass ; annoy ; esp., to afflict or put. to 
death because of belief, religion, or the like. 

per'se-CU'tion (-ku'shiin), n. Act or practice of persecut- 
ing ; also, state or condition of being persecuted. 

per'se-CU'tor (-ter), n. One who persecutes. 

psr'se-CU-tO-ry (pur'se-ku-to-ri ; -ku'to-ri), a. Tending to 
persecution ; relating to persecution. 

Per'se-id (pur'se-Td), n. [From Perseus.] Astron. One 
of a group of shooting stars appearing annually about the 
10th of August. Cf. Andromedid. 

Per-seph'O-ne (per-sef'6-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Uepa-ecpovrj.'] 
Class. Myth. The daughter of Zeus and Demeter, wife of 
Hades (Pluto), and queen of the infernal regions. She was 
abducted by Hades, but was allowed to spend two thirds 
of the year with her mother. The Romans called her Per- 
sephone, Proserpina, or Proserpine. 



Per r seus (pur'sus ; pur'se-iis), n. 
1. Gr. Myth. The son of Zeus and 
Danae, who slew the Gorgon Me- 
dusa. Perseus stole the eye and 
tooth of the Graeae, refusing to re- 
turn them until the Graeae had in- 
structed him how to proceed 
against Medusa. See Andromeda, 
GR£:iE, Medusa. 2. \_gen. -sei (-se- 
I).] Astron. A northern constella- 
tion between Taurus and Cassiopeia. 

per'se-ver'ance (pur'se-ver'ans), n. 
1. Act or quality of persevering; 
persistence. 2. Theol. Continuance 
in a state of grace until it is suc- 
ceeded by a state of glory ; — some- 
times called final perseverance, 
and the perseverance of the saints. 
See Calvinism. — Syn. Steadfast- 
ness, constancy, pertinacity. 

per'se-vere' ( pur'se-ver' ), v. i.; 
-vered' (-verd') ; -ver'ing (-verg- 
ing). [F. perseverer, L. perse- 
verare, fr. perseverus very strict ; 
per + severus strict, severe. ] To 
persist in any business or enterprise 
undertaken ; maintain a purpose 
in spite of counter influences, op- 
position, or discouragement. 



[L., fr. Gr. nepaeus.] 




Perseus of Benvenuto 
Cellini. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^re, verdure (87) ; 



PERSIAN 



719 



PERSPIRATION 



Syn. Persevere, persist. To persevere is to continue in 
a given course, esp. in the face of discouragement, obstacles, 
3tc. ; the word is always used in a good sense ; to persist is 
to keep on by force of will, sometimes (in a bad sense) ob- 
stinately, esp. against opposition, remonstrance, or the like. 
Per'sian (pfir'shan ; -zhan), a. Of or pert, to Persia, the 
Persians, or their language. 

Persian blinds, persiennes. — P. carpet, a kind of one- 
piece carpet made by knotting into the warp, of linen or 
hemp, tufts of colored woolen yarn over each row of which 
a pass of the woof is made. — P. wheel, a kind of under- 
shot wheel for raising water, with spiral tubes which pick up 
water at the circumference and discharge it at the axle, or 
with buckets, discharging at the top. 

— n. 1. One of the people of Persia ; specif. : a One of the 
ancient Iranian Caucasians who under Cyrus and his suc- 
cessors became the dominant Asiatic race, b A member of 
any of the races, chiefly of Iranian blood, forming the mod- 
ern Persian nationality. 2. The chief language of the 
lranic branch of the Indo-European family. 3. A thin 
silk fabric. 4. In pi. Persiennes. 

per'si-ennes' (pur'sT-enz' ; -shl-enz' ; F. per'syen'), n. pi. 
[F., prop., fern. pi. of persien Persian.] Window blinds 
having movable slats, similar to Venetian blinds. 

per'si-flage' (per'se-flazh' ; pur'si-flazh), n. [F., fr. persi- 
fler to quiz; L. per + F. siffler to whistle, L. sifilare.~] 
Bantering talk ; light raillery. — Syn. See banter. 

per-Sim'mon (per-sim'un), n. [Of Virginia Indian origin.] 
A tree (Diospyros virginiana) of the United States, with 
small white flowers and a plumlike fruit ; also, the fruit. 

per-sist' (per-sisf), v. i. [L. persistere; per -f- sistere to 
stand, be fixed, stare to stand.] 1. To continue steadfastly, 
esp. in a course of conduct against opposing motives ; to 
persevere ; — often conveying an unfavorable notion, as of 
doggedness or obstinacy. 2. To endure or remain in place 
or existence. — Syn. See persevere. 

per-sist'ence (-sis'tens)l n. 1. Action or fact of persisting ; 

per-sist'en-cy (-ten-si) / also, quality of being persistent. 
2. Continuance in time ; specif., continuance of an effect 
after its cause is removed ; as, auditory persistence. 

per-sist'ent (-sis'tent), a. 1. Inclined to persist; having 
staying qualities. 2. Existing continuously ; enduring ; as : 
a Bot. Remaining attached beyond the usual period ; as, a 
persistenjt corolla ; — opp. to deciduous and fugacious, b 
Zo'dl. Continuing without change in function or structure ; 
as, persistent gills ; — opp. to deciduous and caducous. — 
Syn. Cf. obstinate. — per-sist'ent-ly, adv. 

per'son (pur'sun ; -s'n), n. [OF. persone, L. persona a 
mask (used by actors), personage, part, person.] 1. A 
character or part, as in a play. Archaic. 2. A human 
being ; as : a One as distinguished from things or animals. 
b One spoken of slightingly. 3. The bodily form of a human 
being ; outward appearance ; as, of comely person. 4. The 
real self of a human being ; individual personality ; as, the 
dignity of his own person. 5. Theol. Among Trinitarians, 
one of the three modes of being in the Godhead (Father, 
Son, and Holy Ghost). 6. Law. A human being, or a body 
of persons, etc., that is recognized by law as the subject of 
rights and duties. 7. Gram. One of the three relations 
(speaker, one spoken to, and another spoken of, called 
respectively the first, second, and third person) underly- 
ing discourse, distinguished by certain pronouns and, in 
many languages, by inflection of the verb. 

per'son-a-ble (pur's&n-d-b'l), a. Comely in person. 

per'son-age (-aj), n. [F. personnage.] 1. A notable or 
distinguished person ; a conspicuous character. 2. Char- 
acter assumed or represented, as in a play. 

per'son-al (-51), a. [OF., fr. L. personalis.'] 1. Of or pert, 
to a particular person ; private ; not public or general ; as, 
personal influence, comfort, etc. 2. Done in person ; direct 
from one person to another ; as, a personal letter. 3. Pert, 
to the person, or body ; as, personal charms. 4. Relating 
to an individual, his character, conduct, etc., esp. in an in- 
vidious and offensive manner; as, a personal remark. 5. 
Gram. Denoting person ; as, a personal suffix, pronoun. 
6. Law. Designating estate or property that consists in gen- 
eral of things temporary or movable ; — opp. to real. 

— n. A short newspaper paragraph relating to a person or 
persons or to personal matters. U. S. 

per'son-al'i-ty (-al'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being personal, or of being a person ; personal 
existence or identity. 2. That which constitutes distinc- 
tion of person ; individuality ; as, a striking personality. 3. 
A personal being ; a person. 4. Quality of relating to a par- 
ticular person, esp. disparagingly or hostilely ; as, vulgar 
personality. 5. A personal remark, esp. one disparaging or 
offensive ; — usually in pi. ; as, to indulge in personalities. 

per'son-al-ize (pur'swn-al-Tz), v.t. ; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'tng 
(-Iz'ing). To make personal ; personify. 

per'son-al-ly, adv. In a personal manner or relation. 

per'son-al-ty (-al-ti), n.; pi. -ties. Personal property. 

psr'son-ate (-at), a. [L. personatus masked, in an assumed 



character, fictitious, fr. persona mask. See person.] Bot. 
Of a bilabiate corolla : having the throat nearly closed by a 
projection of the base of the lower lip ; masked, as in the 
flower of the snapdragon. — (-at), v. t. 1. To assume the 
character of ; act the part of ; pass one's self off as. 2. To 
represent or characterize. Obs. — per'son-a'tor, n. 

per'son-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. A personating ; impersonation. 

per'son-a-tive (pur'swn-a-tiv), o. Relating to, or consisting 
of, personation. 

per-SOn'i-fi-ca'tion (per-son'T-fT-ka'shiin), n. Act of per- 
sonifying, or that which personifies ; specif. : a Attribution 
of personal form, character, etc. ; esp., Rhet., a figure of 
speech in which an inanimate object or abstract idea is 
endowed with personal attributes, b An imaginary person 
or creature thought of as representing a thing or abstrac- 
tion ; as, Boreas was a personification of the north wind. 
C Embodiment; incarnation; as, he -was the personifica- 
tion of good-natured indolence. 

per-son'i-fl/er (-fi'er), n. One who personifies. 

per-son'i-fy (per-son'i-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [per- 
son + -fy.~\ 1. To regard, treat, or represent as a person ; 
as, to personify nature. 2. To be the personification of ; 
impersonate ; as, he personifies law ; courage personified. 

per'son'nel' (per'sS'nel' ; pur'so-nel'), n. [F.] The body 
of persons engaged in some (esp. public) service. 

per-spec'tive (per-spek'tiv), n. [L. perspectiva (sc. ars). 




Diagram illustrating Linear Perspective. SP Station Point : 
CV Center of Vision ; DR Line of Direction ; a, b Original 
Lines ; VP Vanishing Point of the Parallels a', b' ; AA Lines 
converging to Aerial Accidental Point. 

See perspective, a.] 1. An optical glass, as a spyglass or 
telescope. Obs. 2. Art or science of representing, on a 
surface, objects as they actually appear to the eye. The 
aerial perspective of painters is the expression of space by 
gradations of color, distinctness, etc., while linear perspec- 
tive, or simply perspective, deals with the apparent direc- 
tions and dimensions of objects as seen from some point. 3. 
The appearance of objects to the eye as affected by distance 
and as indicated by their relative size, distinctness, and the 
convergence of their receding lines. 4. The interrelation in 
which parts of a subject are mentally viewed ; the aspect of 
an object of thought from a particular standpoint ; as, his- 
torical perspective. 5. A picture in linear perspective ; spe- 
cif., a scenic picture giving an effect of extension of the 
vista, as on a stage. 6. A visible scene, esp. one giving a 
distinctive impression of distance ; a vista ; hence, a mental 
view or prospect ; as, a perspective of prosperity. 

— a. [L. perspectivus, fr. perspicere, perspectum, to look 
through ; per + spicere, specere, to look.] 1. Optical. 2. 
Pert, to the art, or in accordance with the laws, of per- 
spective. — per-spec'tive-ly, adv. 

per'spi-ca'cious (pur'spi-ka'shus), a. [L. perspicax, -acis, 
fr. perspicere to look through.] 1. Clear-sighted, Archaic. 
2. Of acute mental vision or discernment ; mentally keen. 
— Syn. See shrewd. — per'spi-ca'cious-ly, adv. 

per'spi-cac'i-ty (-kas'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
perspicacious ; acuteness of sight or discernment. 

per'spi-CU'i-ty (-ku'I-ti), n. Quality of being perspicuous ; 
clearness of expression or thought ; lucidity. 

per-spic'u-OUS (per-spik'u-ws), a. [L. perspicuus, fr. per- 
spicere to look through. See perspective.] Clear to the 
understanding ; not obscure or ambiguous. — per-spic'U- 
ous-ly, adv. — per-spic'u-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. Perspicuous, perspicacious are sometimes con- 
fused. That is perspicuous which is clear or lucid (see 
clear) ; one is perspicacious who is characterized by clear 
or acute discernment (see shrewd). 
per/spi-ra'tion (pur'spi-ra'shun), n. 1. Act or piocess of 
perspiring. 2. The fluid secreted by minute tubular glands, 
the sweat glands, on the surface of the body ; sweat. 
Syn. Perspiration, sweat. Perspiration is the technical 
word, but has also gained wide currency in polite usage ; 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PERSPIRATORY 



720 



PETALINE 







sweat is stronger and more direct. To regard the word 
sweat as indelicate is overnice, and often without warrant. 
Except in technical usage, sweat, not perspiration, is used 
of the lower animals. 

i)er-spir'a-to-ry (per-spir'd-to-ri), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
producing perspiration; as, the perspiratory ducts. 

per-spire' (per-splr'), v. i. & t.; -spired' (-spIrdO ; -spir'- 
ing (-splr'ing). [L. perspirare to breathe through ; per -f- 
spirare to breathe.] 1. To exude through pores. 2. Phys- 
iol. To excrete, esp. fluids, through the skin ; sweat. 

per-suad'a-ble (-swad'd-b'l), a. Persuasible. 

per-suade' (-swad'), v. t.; -suad'ed (-swad'ed) ; -suad'ing. 
[L. persuadere,-suasum ; per + suadere to advise, per- 
suade.] 1. To induce (a person) to believe or do some- 
thing ; influence by argument, advice, entreaty, etc. ; con- 
vince. 2. To try to influence ; urge. — Syn. Prevail on, 
win over,_ allure, entice. — per-suad'er, n. 

per-sua'si-ble (per-swa'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being per- 
suaded. — per-sua'si-bil'i-ty, per-sua'si-ble-ness, n. 

per-sua'sion (-zhun), n. [L. persuasio.'] 1. Act of per- 
suading. 2. Power or quality of persuading ; persuasive- 
ness. 3. State of being persuaded ; induced opinion or con- 
viction. 4. A creed or belief ; a party adhering to a creed or 
system of opinions. 5. Kind ; sort ; as, the male persua- 
sion. Jocular. — Syn. See belief. 

per-sua'sive (-siv), a. Tending to persuade. — n. That 
which persuades. — per-sua'sive-ly, adv. — sive-ness, n. 

pert (purt), a. [For obs. apert open, evident, fr. OF., fr. L. 
xpertus, p. p. of aperire. See aperient.] 1. Indecorously 
free, or presuming ; saucy ; bold ; impertinent. 2. Lively ; 
sprightly ; smart. Obs. or Dial. — Syn. See officious. 

^er-tain' (per-tan'), v. i. [OF. partenir, fr. L. pertinere to 
reach, pertain ; per + tenere to hold, keep.] 1. To belong ; 
have connection with, or dependence on, something, as an 
appurtenance, attribute, etc. ; appertain. 2. To have rela- 
tion or reference to something. 

Syn. Pertain, appertain are often used without distinc- 
tion in the general sense of belong, but pertain often im- 
plies closer connection or relation than the rather more 
formal appertain. 

per/ti-na'cious (pur'ti-na'shws), a. [L. pertinax, -acis; 
per + tenax tenacious.] 1. Holding obstinately to any 
opinion or design. 2. Resolute ; persevering. — Syn. 
Stubborn, inflexible, unyielding, determined, firm, con- 
stant, steady. See obstinate, tenacious. — per-ti-na'- 
cious-ly, adv. — per'ti-na'cious-ness, n. 

per'ti-nac'i-ty (pur'ti-nas'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
pertinacious ; obstinacy ; persistency. 

per'ti-nence (pur'ti-nens), n. Pertinency, [nent ; relevancy.] 

per'ti-nen-cy (-nen-si), n. Quality or fact of being perti-f 

per'ti-nent (-nent), a. [L. pertinens, -entis, p. pr. of perti- 
nere. See pertain.] Belonging or related to the subject or 
matter in hand ; apposite ; relevant. — per'ti-nent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Fit, suitable, proper, applicable, relevant, apposite, 
apt, adapted, pat, apropos, germane. — Pertinent, rele- 
vant, apposite, apt apply particularly to speech. Per- 
tinent and relevant suggest logical fitness ; as, a pertinent 
suggestion ; relevant argument. Apposite denotes a high 
degree of pertinency ; as, an apposite illustration. Apt 
suggests readiness and skill in perception and expression ; 
as, apt imagery. 

pert'ly, adv. In a pert manner. 

pert'ness, n. Quality of being pert. 

per-turb' (per-turb'), v. t. [OF. perturber, fr. L. perturbare, 
-batum; per + turbare to disturb, fr. turba a disorder.] 
To disturb greatly ; trouble ; disquiet. — Syn. See disturb. 

per-turb'a-ble (-tur'bd-b'l), a. Liable to be perturbed. 

per'tur-ba'tion (pur't&r-ba/shun), n. 1. Act of perturbing ; 
state of being perturbed ; esp., agitation of mind. 2. Astron. 
A disturbance of the motion of a heavenly body, produced 
by some force additional to that which causes its regular 
motion. 3. A cause of disturbance or disquiet. 

per-tus'sis (per-tus'is), n. [NL. ; L. per very + tussis 
cough.] Med. Whooping cough. — per-tus'sal (-dl), a. 

pe-ruke' (pe-rook' ; formerly, and still by some, per'ook), 
n. [F. perruque, It. perrucca, parrucca.~\ A wig ; periwig. 

pe-rus'al (pe-rooz'dl), n. Act of perusing. 

pe-ruse' (pe-rooz'), v. £.;-rused' (-roozd') ;-rus'ing (-rooz'- 
lng). [per- -f- use.] 1. To observe ; survey ; examine. 
Obs. or R. 2. To read through or carefully ; loosely, to read. 

pe-rus'er (pe-rooz'er), n. One who peruses. 

Pe-ru'vi-an (-roo'vi-dn), a. Of or pert, to Peru or Peru- 
vians. — Peruvian bark, a bitter bark, from various South 
American trees (genus Cinchona), yielding quinine. 

— n. One of the people of Peru. 

per-vade' (per-vad'), v. t; -vad'ed (-vad'ed) ; -vad'ing. 
[L. pervadere, -vasum; per -f- vadere to go, walk.] To 
pass or spread through the whole of. — Syn. See permeate. 

per-va'sion (per-va'zhim), n. [L. pervasio. See pervade.] 
Act of pervading, or state of being pervaded. 

per-va'sive (-va'siv), a. Tending or having power to per- 
vade. — per-va'sive-ly, adv. — per-va'sive-ness, n. 

per-verse' (-vurs r ), a. [F. pervers, L. perversus turned 



the wrong way, p. p. of pervertere. See pervert.] 1. 
Turned away from the right ; wicked. 2. Obstinate in the 
wrong ; stubborn. 3. Wayward ; petulant. — Syn. Fro- 
ward, ungovernable, cross, vexatious. See wayward. — 
per-verse'ly, adv. — per-verse'ness, n. 

per : ver'sion (-vur'shun), n. Act of perverting ; state of 
being perverted ; also, a perverted form of something. 

per-ver'si-ty (-si-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state 
of being perverse ; perverseness, or an instance of it. 

per-ver'sive, a. Tending to pervert. 

per-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [F. pervertir,'~L. pervertere, -ver- 
sum; per -f- vertere to turn.] To turn or lead away from 
truth, rectitude, or propriety, esp. from religious belief; 
lead astray ; corrupt ; also, to misinterpret designedly. 

per'vert (pur'yert), n. One perverted ; one who has turned 
to error, esp. in religion ; — opposed to convert. 

per-vert'ed (per-vfir'ted), p. a. Turned from the right; 
wicked. — Syn. See corrupt. — per-vert'ed-ly, adv. 

per-vert'er, n. One who perverts. [verted 

per-vert'i-ble (per-vur'ti-b'l), a. Capable of being per 

per'vi-OUS (pur'vi-iis), a. [L. pervius; per + via a way. 
Admitting passage ; permeable. — per'vi-ous-ness, n. 

pe-se'ta (pe-sa'ta), n. [Sp.] The Spanish gold monetary 
unit, equivalent to one franc ($0,193 or 9|d.) ; also, a silver 
coin nominally of this value, but worth somewhat less. 

Pe-shit'ta (pe-shet'ta)! n. [Syriac peshitta simple.] Tho 

Pe-Shi'tO (pe-she'to) J Syriac version of the Scriptures, or 
Vulgate commonly used in the Syriac Church since early in 
the 5th century. Its authorship and date are unsettled. 

pes'ky (pes'ki), a. Vexatious ; plaguy. Colloq., U. S. 

pe'SO (pa'so), n. ; pi. -sos (-soz ; Sp. -sos). [Sp.] 1. A Span- 
ish or a Mexican dollar. 2. The monetary unit of Cuba, 
equal to 100 centavos ($1.00). Symbol, $. 3. Any of several 
Central and South American coins. 4. A silver coin and the 
monetary unit of the Philippines, equal to 100 centavos 
($0.50). Symbol, P (used like $). 

pes'sa-ry (pes'd-rf), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. pessarium, fr. 
pessum, pessus, Gr. ■jrea-aos.'] Med. a A device to be 
worn in the vagina, to support the uterus, or to remedy a 
malposition, b A medicament, in the form of a bolus or mass, 
for introduction into the vagina ; a vaginal suppository. 

pes'si-^nism (pes'i-miz'm), n. [L. pessimus worst, superl. 
of pejor worse.] 1. Metaph. The opinion or doctrine that 
everything in nature is ordered for, or tends to, the worst, 
or that the world is essentially evil ; — opposed to opti- 
mism. Cf. meliorism. 2. A disposition to take the least 
hopeful view of things. 

pes'si-mist (-mist), n. 1. One who advocates the doctrine 
of pessimism. 2. One who looks on the dark side of things. 

pes'si-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. Of, pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, pessimism ; gloomy. — Syn. See cynical. 

pest (pest), n. [L. pestis.~\ 1. A fatal epidemic disease ; spe- 
cif., the bubonic plague. 2. Something that is noxious, 
troublesome, or destructive ; a nuisance. 

Pes'ta-loz'zi-an (pes'td-lot'si-dn), a. Pert, to a system of 
elementary education which combined manual training 
with other instruction, advocated and practiced by Johann 
Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a Swiss teacher. 

pes'ter (pes'ter), v. t. To harass with petty vexations; 
annoy ; worry ; tease. — pes'ter-er, n. 

pest'house' (pest'hous'), n. A house or hospital for those 
infected with any pestilential disease ; an isolation hospital. 

pes-tif'er-OUS (pes-tif'er-us), a. [L. pestiferus, pestifer ; 
pestis pest + ferre to bear.] 1. Pest-bearing ; pestilen- 
tial ; infectious ; contagious. 2. Noxious to peace, morals, 
or the like ; vicious ; destructive. — pes-tif 'er-ous-ly, adv. 

pes'ti-lence (peVti-lens), n. Any contagious or infectious 
epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating ; specif., 
the bubonic plague ; — also used fig. 

pes'ti-lent (-lent), a. [L. pestilens, -entis, fr. pestis pest.] 
1. Deadly ; poisonous. 2. Pestilential. Rare. 3. Injurious 
to peace, morals, etc. ; pernicious. 4. Annoying ; mischie- 
vous ; plaguy. Often Humorous. — pes'ti-lent-ly, adv. 

pes'ti-len'tial (-len'shol), a. 1. Producing, or tending to 
produce, pestilence. 2. Pernicious ; morally destructive. 

pes'tle (pes'Tj, n. [OF. pestel, fr. LL., f r. L. pistillum, -lus, 
fr. pinsere, pistum, to crush.] 1. An implement for break- 
ing or braying substances in a mortar. 2.Mech. Any of va- 
rious instruments for pounding or stamping, as in a stamp 
mill, etc. — v. t. & i. To pound or mix as with a pestle. 

pet (pet), n. 1. An animal kept to pet and play with. 2. A 
person specially cherished and indulged ; a darling. — a. 
Petted ; indulged ; cherished. — v. t. ; pet'ted ; pet'ting. 
To play with fondly ; fondle ; indulge. 

pet, n. A fit of peevishness, ill humor, or fretfulness. 

pet'al (pet'dl), n. [NL. petalum, Gr. ■n-eraXcw a leaf, fr. 
7reraXos outspread, flat.] Bot. One of the leaves of a corolla. 
— pet'aled, pet'alled (-did), a. 

pet'al-if'er-ous (-dl-if'er-Ms), a. Bearing petals. 

pet'al-ine (pet'dl-Tn ; -in), a. Bot. Pertaining to a petal; 
attached to or resembling a petal. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, (km, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PETALISM 



721 



PEWIT 



pet'al-ism (pet'dl-Lz'm), n. [Gr. irera\i.<Tfi6s.] Gr. Antiq. 
A Syracusan method of banishing for five years ; — similar 
to ostracism, but using olive leaves for ballots. 
pet'a-lo'dy (pet'd-lo'di ; pe-tal'6-di), n. [Gr. irera\u5r)s 
leaflike ; ireraXov leaf -f- eldos form.] Bot. The metamor- 
phosis of various floral organs, usually stamens, into petals, 
as in many double flowers. 

pet'al-oid (pet'dl-oid), a. Having the form, appearance, 
or texture, of a petal. [tion ; as, poly petalous.l 

pet'al-OUS (-us), a. Having petals ; — usually in composi-] 

pe-tard' (pe-t'ard'), n. Also, Obs., pe-tar' (-tiir'). [F. pe- 
tard, fr. peter to break wind, explode, L. pedere, peditum.] 
1. Mil. A case containing an explosive, to break in, or 
down, gates, barricades, etc. 2. A kind of firecracker. 

pet'a-SUS (pet'd-sus), n. [L., fr. Gr. ireracros.] The winged 
cap of Mercury (see Mercury, Illust.) ; also, a broad- 
brimmed, low-crowned hat worn by the ancient Greeks 
and Romans. 

pet cock, or pet'COCk' (pet'kok'), n. Mach. A little cock, 
iaucet, or valve, as in a water pipe to let air out. 

pe-te'chi-ae (pe-te'ki-e ; pe-tek'i-e), n. pi.; sing, -ia (-T-d). 
[NL., fr. It. petecchia.] Med. Small crimson, purple, or 
livid spots, like fleabites, due to extravasation of blood, 
which appear on the skin in severe fevers. [spotted.] 

pe-te'chi-al(-dl), a. Med. Marked by, or pert, to, petechias ;| 
petechial fever, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. 

Pe'ter (pe'ter), n. [L. Petrus, fr. Gr. Uerpos, fr. irerpa rock, 
irerpos stone.] Bib. One of the Twelve Apostles, called also 
Simon or Simon Peter, the traditional author of the Epis- 
tles of Peter in the New Testament. 

pe'ter (pe'ter), v. i. To become exhausted ; run out ; fail ; 
— used generally with out. Colloq. 

Pe'ter pen'ny, or Pe'ter's pen'ny (pe'terz). [Usually in 
pi., Peter pence, or Peter's pence.] 1. A former small an- 
nual tax or tribute payable to the papal see. 2. Since 1860, 
a voluntary contribution for the Pope made by Roman 
Catholics. 

pe'ter-Sham (pe'ter-sham), n. [After Lord Petersham.'] 
A rough, knotted woolen cloth, or a coat of that material. 

pet'i-O-lar (pet'i-6-ldr), a. Bot. Pert, to, or proceeding 
from, a petiole. [petiole. I 

pet'i-O-late (-6-lat), a. Bot. & Zool. Having a stalk or| 

pet'i-ole (pet'i-ol), n. [NL. petiolus, fr. L. petiolus little 
foot, fruit-stalk.] 1. Bot. A leafstalk ; the slender stem of a 
foliage leaf. See leaf. 2. Zool. A stalk or peduncle, as the 
slender abdominal segment in wasps. 

pet'it (pet'I ; F. pe-te'), a. [F. See petty.] Small; insig- 
nificant; mean. = petty. Obs., exc. Law. 
petit jury, a jury of twelve men to try a cause and decide 
finally as to the facts in dispute ; — disting. from grand 
jury. — p. larceny. See larceny. 

P pe-tite' (pe-tef), a. [F., fern, of petit.] Small ; little. 

pe-ti'tion (pe-tish'un), n. [OF. peticion, F. petition, L. 
petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask, seek.] 1. A formal 
written request, esp. one addressed to a sovereign or politi- 
cal superior. 2. Specif., Eng. Hist., the bill in the form of a 
request by which Parliament formerly presented measures 
for the king's granting. 3. Any formal asking or begging ; 
a prayer ; supplication ; esp., a solemn request ; also, a 
single clause in such a prayer. 4. That which is asked ; 
entreaty. — Syn. See prayer. 

— v. t. To pray ; solicit ; entreat ; request. — v. i. To make 
a petition or solicitation. 

pe-ti'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. 1. Containing, or of the nature 
of, a petition. 2. Supplicatory. Obs. or Archaic. 

pe-ti'tion-er (-er), n. One who presents a petition. 

pet'rel (pet'rel), n. [Prob. a dim. of Peter ; — in allusion to 
St. Peter's walking on the sea {Matt. xiv. 29).] Any of nu- 
merous long-winged sea birds (family Procellariidse) which 
fly far from land. Several very small, dark -colored, white- 
rumped species are abundant on the Atlantic, and are 
known as stormy petrels, or Mother Carey's chickens. One 
of these is the true stormy petrel (Procellaria pelagica). 

pet'ri-fac'tion (peVrT-fak'shiin), n. 1. Actor process of 
petrifying ; state of being petrified. 2. A thing petrified. 

pet'ri-fac'tive (-tiv), a. Capable of causing petrifaction. 

pet'ri-fi-ca'tion (pet'ri-fi-ka'shun), n. Petrifaction. 

pet'ri-fy (pet'n-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. petra 
rock (Gr. irerpa) + -fy.] 1. To convert (organic matter) 
into stone or stonelike substance. 2. To benumb or 
deaden ; stupefy or make motionless, as with fear. — v. i. 
To become petrified. 

Pe'trine (pe'trln ; -trin), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
the apostle Peter, or his teachings. 

pet'ro-glyph (pet'ro-glif ), n. [Gr. irerpa rock + y\v(peiv to 
carve.] A carving on rock, esp. a prehistoric one. 

pe-trog'ra-phy (pe-trog^rd-fi), n.^ [Gr. irerpa a rock + 
-graphy.] The description and systematic classification of 
rocks. See petrology. — pe-trog'ra-pher (-fer), n. — 
pet'ro-graph'ic (pet'ro-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

pet'rol (pet'rol ; -rol ; pe-trol'), n. 1. Petroleum ; rock oil. 
Obs. or R. 2. Gasoline. British. 



pet'ro-la'tum (pet'ro-la'tum), n. [NL.] Pharm. An unc- 
tuous tasteless, odorless substance derived from petroleum, 
and used as a dressing and in ointments. Cosmoline and 
vaseline are essentially petrolatum. 

pe-tro'le-um (pe-tro'le-iim), n. [LL. ; L. petra a rock -f- 
oleum oil.] Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark 
brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which at certain 
points exists in the upper strata of the earth. Petroleum 
is refined by distillation, yielding gasoline, naphtha, ben- 
zine, kerosene, lubricating oils, paraffin, etc. 

|| pe'tro'leur' (pa'tro'lur'), n. m.; pi. -leurs (-lQr') \ [F.] 

|| pe'tro'leuse' (pa'tro'luz'), n. f. ; pi. -leuses (-luz') / An 
incendiary who uses petroleum, as in Paris in 1871. 

pet'ro-log'ic (pet'ro-loj'ik)! a,. Of or pert, to petrology. — 

pet'ro-log'i-cal (-f-kal) / pet'ro-log'i-cally, adv. 

pe-trol'o-gy (pe-trol'6-ji), n. [Gr. irerpa rock + -logy.] 
The science of rocks, treating of their origin, constitution, 
etc. Some writers have made petrography include petrol- 
ogy and lithology, but the United States Geological Survey 
and other authorities regard petrography as a branch of 
petrology. — pe-trol'O-gist (-jist), n. 

pet'ro-nel (pet'ro-nel),n. [OF. petrinal; — because placed 
against the breast (OF. peitrine) to fire.] An old firearm 
of large caliber, used chiefly by horsemen. Obs. or Hist. 

pe-tro'sal (pe-tro'sdl), a. [See petrous.] Anat. & Zool. 
Petrous ; hard ; specif., pert, to or near the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone or capsule of the internal ear ; as, the 
petrosal bone. 

pet'rous (pet'rus ; pe'trus), a. [L. petrosus.] Stony ; 
rocky ; specif., Anat., designating, or pert, to, the excep- 
tionally hard and dense portion of the temporal bone con- 
taining the internal auditory organs. Cf. petrosal. 

pet'ti-coat (pet'i-kot), n. [petty + coat.] 1. A skirt worn 
by women, girls, or young children ; now, an underskirt. 
2. A woman or girl ; the female sex. 3. Something sug- 
gestive of a woman's skirt. — a. Of, pert, to, or resembling 
petticoats or their wearers ; feminine ; as, petticoat rule. 

pet'ti-fog (-fog), v. i.; -fogged (-fogd) ; -fog'glng (-fog'- 
Ing). To do a petty law business ; also, to do law business 
in a petty or tricky way. — pet'ti-fog'ger (-fog'er), n. 

pet'ti-fog'ger-y (-T), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). The practice or 
arts of a pettifogger ; legal tricks ; chicane. 

pet'ti-ly (pet'I-li), adv. In a petty manner. 

pet'ti-ness, n. Quality of being petty ; littleness. 

pet'tish (-ish), a. [From pet peevishness.] Fretful ; peevish. 

— Syn. See peevish. — pet'tish-ly, adv. — tish-ness, n. 
pet'ti-toes (-i-toz), n. pi. 1. The feet of a pig, used as 

food. 2. The human feet, esp. those of a child. 

Upet'to (-to), n.; pi. -11 (-te). [It., fr. L. pectus.] The 
breast. — in petto, in one's own private thought. 

pet'ty (pet'I), a.; -ti-er (-I-er); -ti-est. [F. petit; prcb. 
of Celtic origin.] Of small importance; trifling; also, 
inferior ; subordinate. 

Syn. Little, small, diminutive, inconsiderable, unimpor- 
tant, trivial, trifling, insignificant. — Petty, trivial, tri- 
fling. That is petty which is of little moment ; as applied 
to persons, the word connotes small-mindedness ; as, petty 
bickering. That is trivial which is commonplace, nuga- 
tory, or frivolous ; trifling applies to that which is of the 
slightest worth or importance ; as, a trivial remark ; a tri- 
fling mistake, purchase. 

petty constable, in Great Britain, a parish or township 
officer appointed as conservator of the peace, to execute the 
process of the justices of the peace, etc. ; — now generally 
superseded by the county police. — p. officer, Nav., an 
enlisted man who corresponds in rank to a non-commis- 
sioned officer in the army. 

pet'U-lance (pet^-ldns), n. Quality or state of being petu- 
lant ; as : a Pertness. Obs. or R. b Capricious ill humor. 

pet'U-lan-cy (-lan-si), n. Petulance. 

pet'u-lant (-ldnt), a. [L. petulans, -antis, prop., making 
slight attacks upon, from a dim. of petere to attack.] 1. 
Forward; pert. Now Rare. 2. Capriciously fretful. — 
Syn. Cross, querulous. See peevish. — pet'u-lant-ly, adv. 

pe-tu'ni-a (pe-tu'ni-d), n. [NL., fr. F. petun tobacco, fr. 
Tupi petum to smoke.] Any of a genus (Petunia) of tropi- 
cal American herbs, of the nightshade family, with funnel- 
shaped corollas. They are much cultivated. 

pe-tun'tse (pe-t66n'tse ; pe-tiin'-), n. Also pe-tun'se (-se), 
pe-tun'tze, etc. [Dial, form of Mandarin pai tun-tsu ; pai 
white + tun-tsu, a mound, stone.] A partially decomposed 
granite containing some feldspar, used with kaolin in 
making porcelain. 

pew (pu), n. [OF. puie parapet, balcony, fr. L. podia, pi. 
of podium elevated place, a balcony, Gr. irbbiov, dim. of 
irovs, irodos, foot.] 1. One of the compartments in a church 
which are separated by low partitions, and have long seats ; 

— sometimes called slip. 2. One of the long, fixed benches 
which now usually constitute the seats of a church. 

pew'age (-aj), n. Pews collectively, their arrangement, or 

the income from them. 
pe'wee (pe'we), n. [From its cry.] A phcebe. 
pe'wit (pe'wit ; pu'it), n. [From its cry.] 1. The lapwing. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); oon; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PEWTER 



722 



-PHASY 







2. The European black-headed gull. 3. A phoebe or pewee. 

pew'ter (pu'ter), n. [OF. peutre.~] 1. Any of various alloys 

having tin as a chief constituent, as one of tin and copper. 

2. Utensils or vessels made of pewter, as dishes and pots. 

gew'ter-er (-er), n. One who makes pewter utensils. 
ey-e'ri-an (pI-e'rT-an), a. Of, pert, to, or named after, 
the Swiss anatomist Johann Konrad Peyer (1653-1712). 
Peyerian, or Pey'er's, glands (pl'erz). Anal., large oval 
patches of lymph follicles in the walls of the small intes- 
tines ; — called also Peyer's patches. In typhoid fever 
they become the seat of perforative ulcers. 

pfen'nig (pfen'ig), n.; pi. E. -nigs (-igz), G. -nige (-T-ge). 
[G.] A small bronze coin and money of account of Ger- 
many, worth T & 5 of a mark (about J cent U. S.). 

Phse-a'cian (fe-a'shdn), n. [L. Phaeacia the country of 
the Phaeacians, Gr. <PaiaKia, fr. <E>ata/c«s the Phaeacians, pi. 
of <l>aia£.] Gr. Myth. One of a fabulous seafaring people of 
Scheria (prob. Corfu, anc. Corcyra) who lived in happi- 
ness, with feasting, music, and dancing. — Phse-a'cian, a. 

Phse'dra (fe'drd), n. [L.,fr. Gr. <t><u5pa.] See Hippolytus. 

Pha'e-thon (fa'e-thon), n. [L., fr. Gr. Qakduv, fr. <j>ak0eiv 
to shine.] Class. Myth, a The sun god, Helios, b More 
commonly, the son of Helios. Permitted for a day to drive 
the chariot of the sun, he would have set the world on fire, 
had not Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt. 

pha'e-ton (-ton), n. [F. phaeton a kind of carriage, fr. 
Phaethon Phaethon.] A kind of light four-wheeled car- 
riage having no side pieces in front of the seat or seats. 

phag'e-de'na, phag'e-dae'na (faj'e-de'nd), n. [L. phage- 
daena, Gr. <j>aye8au>a, fr. <f>ayeZv to eat.] Med. a Spread- 
ing, obstinate ulceration, b Gangrene. 

-pha'gi-a (-fa'ji-d). [Gr.-<f>ayia, fr.0a7e«'toeat.] Combin- 
ing form denoting an eating or swallowing. 

-phag'ic (-faj'ik), -phagous. [Gr. -<j>&yos.'] Combining 
forms signifying eating, feeding on, consuming. 

phag'O-cyte (fag'6-slt), n. [Gr. tpayelv to eat + -cyte.~\ 
Physiol. Any leucocyte that shows special activity in in- 
gesting and destroying waste and harmful material, bac- 
teria, etc., in the body. — phag'O-cyt'ic (-sit'Ik), a. 

phag'O-cy-to'sis (-sl-to'sis), n. [NL. ; phagocyte -j- -osis.J 
The destruction of microorganisms by phagocytes. 

-phagous. See -phagic. 

phal'ange (fal'anj ; fd-lanj'), n. Anat. = phalanx, 3. 

pha-lan'ge-al (fd-lan'je-fil) i a. Anat. & Zo'ol. Of or pert. 

pha-lan'gal (fd-lan'gdl) J to the phalanges. 

pha-lan'ger (fd-lan'jer), n. [NL., fr. Gi.cjjaXay^ bone of the 
finger or toe ; — from the form of the phalanges.] Any of a 
family {Phalangeridx) of marsupials of the Australian re- 
gion, ranging in size from that of a mouse to that of a cat. 

pha-lan'ges (fd-lan'jez), n., pi. of phalanx. 

phal'an-Ste'ri-an (fal'dn-ste'rT-dn), a. [F. phalansterien.'] 
Of or pert, to a phalanstery or phalansterism. — n. 1. A 
member of a phalanstery. 2. One who favors phalansterism. 

phal'an-Ster-ism (faFan-ster-Tz'm)'l n. A system of phalan- 

phaFan-ste'ri-an-ism (-ste'rl-dn-) J steries ; Fourierism. 

phal'an-Ster-y (fal'dn-ster-i), n.; pi. -steries (-iz). [F. 
phalanstere, fr. Gr. <f>a\ayl; phalanx + F. monasfere mon- 
astery.] 1. A community organized on Fourier's plan (see 
Fourierism), or its buildings. 2. An association of persons 
or their dwelling. 

pha'lanx (fa'lanks ; fal'arjks), n.; pi. E. -lanxes (larjk-sez ; 
24), L. -langes (fd-lan'jez). [L.,fr. Gr. 0dXa7£.] l.Antiq. 
A body of heavy-armed infantry, originally of the Greeks, 
formed in ranks and files close and deep. 2. Any body of per- 
sons, animals, or things in close order or massed. 3. Anat. 
In vertebrates, one of the digital bones of the hand or foot. 

phal'a-rope (fal'd-rop), n. [F., fr. NL. Phalaropus, gener- 
ic name, fr. Gr. <fia\a.pis coot + irovs foot.] Any of a small 
family (Phalaropodidse) of small limicoline birds resem- 
bling sandpipers, but having lobate toes. 

phal'lic (fal'ik), a. [Gr. <£aXXwcos.] Of or pertaining to the 
phallus or phallicism. 

phaFli-cism (-i-sTz'm), n. The worship of the phallus, or of 
the generative principle in nature. — phal'li-cist (-sist), n. 

phallus (-us), n.; pi. -Li (-T). [L., fr. Gr. <£aXX6j.] An 
image of the male organ of generation, anciently an emblem 
used in the Dionysian mysteries. 

pha-nar'i-ot (fd-nar'i-ot), n. Also pha-nar'i-ote (-ot). 
[NGr. ^avapiwT-qs, fr. Phanar, the Greek quarter in Con- 
stantinople.] [Also cap. ~] One of the Greeks of Constan- 
tinople who, after the Turkish conquest, became powerful 
in clerical and other offices under Turkish patronage. 

phan'er-o-gam/ (fan'er-6-gam 7 ), n. [Gr. <pa,vep6s visible + 
ya.fj.os marriage.] Bot. One of a former division (Phanero- 
gamia) of the vegetable kingdom embracing the seed 
plants, or flowering plants ; a seed plant, or flowering plant ; 
— opposed to cryptogam. — phan'er-O-gam'ic (-gam'- 
1k), a. — phan'er-og'a-mous (-og'd-m&s), a. 

phan'tasm (fan'taz'm), n. [OF. fantasme, fr. L. phantas- 
ma. See phantom.] 1. A product of phantasy ; as : a A 
mental image of a real object ; a sensuous idea or impres- 
sion, b A delusive or illusory mental image ; phantom ; spec- 



ter. 2. An apparition of a person, living or dead, in a place 
where his body is known not to be. — Syn. See ghost. 

phan-tas'ma (fan-taz'md), n.; pi. L. -tasmata (-to), E. 
-tasmas (-mdz). [L.] A phantasm. 

phan-tas'ma-go'ri-a (-go'n-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. 4>hvTa<jp.a. 
phantasm + (prob.) Lyoph. an assembly.] 1. An optical 
effect by which magic-lantern figures on a screen appear to 
dwindle into the distance, or to rush toward the observer 
with enormous increase of size. 2. A medley or shifting 
series of imaginary figures, illusive images, or real appear- 
ances. — phan-tas'ma-go'ri-al, -ma-gor'ic (gor'ik), a. 

phan-tas'ma-go-ry (-taz'md-go-ri), w. = phantasmagoria. 

phan-tas'mal ( fan-taz'mal ), a. Pertaining to, or like, a 
phantasm ; spectral ; illusive. — phan-tas'mic (-mik), a. 

phan'ta-sy (fan'td-si), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). [See fantasy.] 
Power of receiving and reproducing sensuous impressions or 
ideas ; also, an image or representation apprehended or 
created by this power. — Syn. See fancy. 

phan'tom (-turn), n. [OF. fantosme, L. phantasma, Gr. 
<l>a.vTa.o~na, fr. 4>alvtiv to show.] 1. Deceit ; delusion ; mere 
seeming. 2. An apparition; phantasm; illusion. 3. Ap- 
pearance ; visible semblance. — Syn. See ghost. — a. 
Being, or of the nature of, a phantom. 

Pha'raoh (fa/ro; fa'ra-o), n. [L. Pharao, Gr. <papai), 
Heb. par' oh; fr. Egypt, per'-o great house.] A royal 
title in ancient Egypt ; — used in the Bible as the name of 
various Egyptian kings. 

Pharl-sa'ic (far'I-sa'ik) 1 a. 1. Of or pert, to the Phari- 

Phar'i : sa'i-cal (-sa'i-kdl)^ sees. 2. [i.e.] Making a show 
of religion without the spirit of it ; self-righteous ; hypo- 
critical. — phar'i-sa'i-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 

Phar'i-sa-ism (far'i-sa-Tz'm), n. 1. The notions, doctrines, 
or conduct of the Pharisees as a sect. 2. [1. c] Rigid ob- 
servance of external forms of religion, without genuine piety. 

Phar'i-see (-se), n. [OF. Pharisee, L. Pharisaeus, Gr. 
^apia-alos, fr. Heb. parash to separate.] 1. A member of a 
sect among the ancient Jews, noted for strict formalism and 
pretensions to superior sanctity. 2. \l. c] One who is 
Pharisaical ; a self-righteous or hypocritical person. 

phar'ma-ceu'tic (faVmd-su'tik), o. Pharmaceutical. 

phar'ma-ceu'ti-cal (-tT-kdl), a. [L. pharmaceutics, 
Gr. 4>apfiaK€VTLK0S, fr. <}>app.a.K*{}e<.v. See PHARMACY.] Of, 
pert, to, or using pharmacy. ceu'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

phar'ma-ceu'tics (far'md-su'tiks), n. (See-ics.) The science 
of preparing, using, or dispensing medicines ; pharmacy. 

phar'ma-cist (far'md-sist), phar'ma-ceu'tist (-su'tist), n. 
One skilled in pharmacy ; druggist ; pharmaceutical chemist. 

phar'ma-coFo-gy (-kol'o-ji), n. [Gr. 4>dpfj.aKov drug, poison 
+ -logy."] The science of drugs, including materia medica 
and therapeutics. — phar'ma-co-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

phar'ma-co-poe'ia (-ko-pe'yd), n. [NL. ,fr. Gr^apnaKoiroita 
preparation of medicines ; 4>app.aKov medicine + iroielv to 
make.] 1. A book describing drugs and medicinal prepara- 
tions. 2. A collection or stock of drugs. poe'ial (-ydl), a. 

phar'ma-cy (far'md-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [OF. farma- 
cie, pharmacie, Gr. (f>apnaKela, fr. <t>ap(ia.Keveii> to adminis- 
ter medicines, 4>a.pp.aKov medicine.] 1. Art or practice of 
preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and 
dispensing medicines. 2. A drug store ; apothecary's shop. 

pha'ros (fa'ros ; 3), n. [L., fr. Gr. <j>6.pos, fr. <p&pos an island, 
in the Bay of Alexandria, where Ptolemy Philadelphus 
built a lighthouse.] A lighthouse or beacon. 

pha-ryn'ge-al (fd-rin'je-dl ; far'in-je'dl), a. Pertaining to, 
or in the region of, the pharynx. [of the pharynx. 

phar'yn-gi'tis (far'in-jl'tis), n. [NL.] Med. Inflammation! 

pha-ryn'go- (fd-rin'go-). Combining form from Greek 
<papvy!;, <j>apvyyos, pharynx. 

phar'yn-goFo-gy (far'in-gol'o-jT), n. Medical science treat- 
ing of the pharynx and its diseases. 

pha-ryn'go-scope (fd-rfr/go-skop), n. An instrument for 
inspecting the pharynx. 

phar'yn-got'o-my (far'in-got'o-mT), n. Surg. The opera- 
tion of cutting into the pharynx. 

phar'ynx (far'inks), n.; pi. -rynges (fd-rfn'jez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. 4>6.pvyt;, -U770S.] Anat. The part of the alimentary ca- 
nal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus. 

phase (faz), n. [NL. phasis, Gr. cpaais, fr. cpaLvtiv to make 
to appear.] 1. Astron. A particular appearance or state in 
a regularly recurring cycle of changes, as of the moon. 2. 
Any of different and varying appearances of an object. 3. 
Physics. In uniform circular motion, simple harmonic 
motion, or in the periodic changes of any magnitude vary- 
ing according to a simple harmonic law (as sound vibra- 
tions, alternating electric currents, etc.) , the point or stage 
in the period to which the rotation, oscillation, or varia- 
tion has advanced, considered in its relation to a standard 
position or assumed instant of starting. 

phase'-wound' (faz'wound'), a. Elec. Designating an in- 
duction motor that has its secondary wound. 

-pha'si-a (-fa'zhY-d), -phasy. [NL. -phasia, Gr. -<f>a.<rla, fr. 
<f>a,vat. to speak.] A combining form denoting speech. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PHEASANT 



723 



PHILOLOGY 



pheas'ant (fez'ant), n. [OF. faisant, L. phasianus, Gr. 
4>a<riav6s ; from the river <£a<ns in Colchis.] 1. Any of nu- 
merous large, brilliantly colored, gallinaceous birds (genus 
Phasianus and allied genera), natives of Asia, but widely 
bred elsewhere. 2. Any of various birds likened to a pheas- 
ant, as, Southern U. S., the ruffed grouse. 

pheas'ant's— eye' (fez'dnts-i 7 ), n. A ranunculaceous garden 
plant {Adonis autumnalis) ; — called also garden pink. 

phel'lo-derm (fel'6-durm), n. [Gr. </>«XX6s cork + -derm.'] 
Bot. A secondary cortical tissue developed from the phello- 
gen on the inner side of the cork. It consists usually of or- 
dinary green parenchyma. — phel'lo-der/mal (-dur'mdl), a. 

phel'lo-gen (-jen), n. [Gr. 0eA\6s cork + -gen.] Bot. In 
dicotyledonous stems, a secondary meristem giving rise 
externally to the characteristic cork tissue, and internally 
to the phelloderm ; cork cambium. — phel'lo-ge-net'ic 
(-je-net'ik), a. — phel'lo-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 

phe-nac'e-tin, phe-nac'e-tine (fe-nas'e : tTn), n. [phenyl + 
acetum -\ — in, -ine.] Pharm. A white crystalline com- 
pound, CioHuC^N, used in medicine, principally as a 
febrifuge. 

phen'a-cite (fen'd-slt), n. [Gr. <phva£, -okos, deceiver.] 
Min. A glassy silicate of beryllium, Be2Si04, occurring in 
rhombohedral crystals and sometimes used as a gem. It is 
apt to be mistaken for quartz. 

phen'a-kis'to-scope (-kis'to-skop), n. [Gr. faixuaarris a 
deceiver H — scope.] An instrument resembling the zoe- 
trope in principle and use. One form consists of a disk with 
the figures arranged about the center, with radial slits 
through which the figures are viewed by means of a mirror. 

phe'na-zine (fe'nd-zin ; fen'd- ; -zen), n. Also -zin. [phenyl 
+ azo- + -ine.] Org. Chem. A yellowish crystalline basic 
substance, CeH^NaCeEU, the basis of many important 
dyestuffs. 

ph&'na-zone (fe'nd-zon; fen'd-), n. [phenyl + azo- + 
-one.] Pharm. & Chem. = antipyrine. 

phe-net'i-dine (fe-net'i-dm ; -den), n. Also -din. [phenol 
+ ethyl + a.mido + -ine.] Org. Chem. A basic amino 
liquid derivative of phenetol, with the formula CeH^NEb)- 
OC2H5, used in manufacturing dyestuffs. 

phe'ne-tol (fe'ne-tol ; fen'e-; -tol), n. [phenyl + ethyl + 
-ol.] Chem. The ethyl ether of phenol, obtained as an 
aromatic liquid, CeHs • O • C2H5. 

Phe'nix (fe'mks). Var. of Phcenix. 

phe'no-cryst (fe'no-knst ; fen'6-), n. [Gr. <pali>e<T0ai to ap- 
pear + upvo-raWos crystal.] Geol. One of the prominent 
embedded crystals of a porphyry. 

phe'nol (fe'nol ; -nol), n. \_phene (an obs. name of benzene, 
fr. Gr. 4>a.lvti.v to show) + -ol.] Chem. A crystalline sub- 
stance, C6H5OH, produced by distillation of any of various 
organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and got from the heavy 
oil from coal tar ; — popularly called carbolic acid. It is a 
caustic and neurotic poison, and, in dilute solution, is used 
as an antiseptic. 

phe'nol-phthal'e-in (f e'nol-thal'e-Tn ; -fthal'e-Tn ; fe'nol-) 
n., or phenol phthalein. Chem. A white or yellowish 
white crystalline substance, C20H14O4, formed by conden- 
sation of the anhydride of phthalic acid and phenol. 

phe-nom'e-na (fe-nom'e-nd), re., pi. of phenomenon. 

phe-nom'e-nal (-ndl), a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, 
a phenomenon or phenomena. Cf . noumenal. — phe-nom'- 
e-nal-ly, adv. 

phe-nom'e-nal-ism (-iz'm),n. Metaph. a The theory that 
limits knowledge to phenomena only, b The theory that 
we know only phenomena and that there is no existence 
except the phenomenal. — phe-nom'e-nal-ist, n. — phe- 
nom'e-nal-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. 

phe-nom'e-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-ji), n. A description, history, 
or explanation of phenomena. 

phe-nom'e-non (-non),n.; L. pi. -ena (-nd). [L.phaenom- 
enon, Gr. <j>aiv6uevov, neut. p. pr. of (palveadat to appear, 
(paiveiv to show.] 1. Any observable fact or event ; specif., 
in scientific usage, any fact or event (esp. an event) of scien- 
tific interest susceptible of scientific description and expla- 
nation. 2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or 
unaccountable. 

phe'nyl (fe'nTl ; fen'il), n. \_phene (an obs. name of ben- 
zene) + -yl.] Org. Chem. A univalent radical, C6H5, of 
which benzene is the hydride. It is the basis of many 
aromatic derivatives. 

phe'nyl-ene (f e'ni-len ; fen'i-), n. Chem. A bivalent radical, 
C6H4, occurring in certain derivatives of benzene. 

phenylene blue. See indamine. 

Pher'ec-ra-te'an (f er'ek-rd-te'an) \ n. [After Pherecrates, 

Pher'ec-rat'ic (fer'ek-rat'ik) J a Greek comic poet.] 

Gr. & hat. Pros. A logaoedic tripody, catalectic or acata- 
lectic, having either the first or second foot a dactyl and the 
others trochees. 

phew (fu), inter j. An exclamation expressing disgust, 
weariness, impatience, or the like. 

phi (fT ; fe), 71. [Gr. <f>l.] The twenty-first letter [$, <t>, <p] of 



the Greek alphabet, transliterated in English by ph (/), but 

f>robably pronounced in classic Greek as aspirated p, about 
ike ph in uphill. 

phi'al (fl'dl), n. [F. fiole, L. phiala a broad, flat, shallow 
cup or bowl, Gr. </>idXr/.] A vial. 

Phid'i-an (fid'T-dn), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
Phidias, the great Athenian sculptor (5th century b. a). 

-phil (-fTl). Combining form from Gr. <piXoi, loving. 

phi-lan'der (fi-lan'der), v. i. [Gr. <f>l\at>8pos fond of men ; 
<j>L\os loving + &vt\p man.] To make love, esp. triflingly ; 
play the male flirt. 

phi-lan'der-er (-er), n. One who philanders ; a male flirt. 

phil'an-throp'ic (fil'an-throp'ik)! o. Of or pertaining to 

phil'an-throp'i-cal (-throp'i-kol)J philanthropy ; benevo- 
lent ; humane. — phil'an-throp'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phi-lan'thro-pist (fi-lan'thro-pist), n. [Gr. <t>i\&vdpuir<x ; 
0tXoj loving + avdpwn-os a human being.] One who prac- 
tices philanthropy. 

phi-lan'thro-py (-pi), n.; pi. -pies (-piz). [L. philanthro- 
pia, Gr. <t>i\ai>0puirla.] 1. Love to mankind ; desire and 
readiness to do good to all men. 2. A philanthropic act, 
practice, agency, or the like ; — often in the pi. 
Syn. Philanthropy, charity, almsgiving. Philan- 
thropy is the spirit of active good will toward one's fellow 
men, esp. as shown in efforts to promote their welfare ; 
charity is benevolence, esp. as manifested in provision for 
the relief of the poor. Almsgiving differs from charity in 
applying only to the material relief afforded. 

phi-lat'e-ly (fi-lat'e-lT), n. [Gr. <t>L\os loving + ireXeia ex- 
emption from tax.] The collection and study of postage 
stamps, stamped envelopes, etc. ; stamp collecting. — phil'- 
a-tel'ic (fil'd-tel'Tk), a. — phi-lat'e-list (f!-lat'e-lTst), n. 

Phi-la'the-a (fi-la'the-d), n. [Coined from Gr. <t>l\os loving 
+ &\rjdei.a truth.] An international, interdenominational 
organization of Bible classes of young women. Cf. Baraca. 

-phlle (-fTl ; -fil), -phil (-fil). A combining form from Greek 
</>t'Xoy, loving, having a fondness. 

Phi-le'mon (fi-le'mon), ti. [L., fr. Gr. $i\r)nwv.] 1. In the 
New Testament, the Epistle to Philemon, a friend, and 
probably a convert, of Paul. 2. See Baucis and Philemon. 

phil'har-mon'ic (fil'har-mon'ik), a. [Gr. <£/Xos loving + 
apixovla harmony.] Loving harmony or music ; — often in 
names of musical societies ; as, the Philharmonic Society. 

phil'hel-len'ic (fil'he-len'Ik ; -le'nlk), o. Friendly to, or 
aiding, the Greek cause. 

phil-hel'len-ist (fil-hel'en-Tst ; fil'he-le'nist), n. [Gr. oi/Xos 
loving + "EXXjjj' a Greek + -ist.] A friend or supporter of 
Greece, esp. in its former struggle for independence against 
the Turks. — phil-hel'len-ism (fll-hel'en-iz'm), n. 

phil'i-beg (fil'i-beg), n. Var. of filibeg. Scot. 

Phil'ip (fil'ip), n. [See philippic] Bib. One of the Twelve 
Apostles. 

Phi-lip'pi-an (fi-lip'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Philippi, a city 
of ancient Macedonia. — n. 1. An inhabitant of Philippi. 
2. In pi. Bib. The Epistle to the Philippians. 

phi-lip'pic (-ik), n. [L. Philippicus belonging or pertain- 
ing to Philip, Gr. <PiXi7nri/<6s, fr. <PtXi7T7ros Philip, <^tXnriros 
fond of horses ; <£tXos loving + 'linros horse.] 1. [cap.] Any 
of the famous orations of Demosthenes, the Athenian 
orator, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon. 2. Any dis- 
course abounding in acrimonious invective. 

Phil'ip-pine (fiKi-pin ; -pen ; or, esp. British, -pin), a. Of 
or pert, to the Philippine Islands or their inhabitants. 

Phi-lis'tine (f T-lis'tTn ; fil'is-tm ; in British usage com- 
monly fil'Ts-tTn, -tin), n. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Plishti, 
pi. Plishtim.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient 
Philistia. 2. A person lacking liberal culture and refine- 
ment ; a person, esp. one of the middle class, who rejects 
enlightenment or is indifferent to the higher intellectual 
interests. — a. 1. Of or pert, to the ancient Philistines. 
2. Uncultured ; commonplace ; prosaic. 

Phi-lis'tin-ism (f!-lis't!n-iz'm ; fil'is-), n. State, charac- 
ter, aims, or habits of Philistines. See Philistine, n. 2. 

philo-. A combining form from Greek 4>L\os, loving, fond 
of, attached to; as in pfo7osophy, pfo'Zotechnic. 

Phil'oc-te'tes (fil'ok-te'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. <£>iXok7-77t»?s.] 
Gr. Myth. A warrior who for lighting the pyre of Hercules 
received as a heritage the hero's invincible bow and arrows, 
without which Troy could not be captured. 

phi-log'y-ny (fl-log'T-ni), n. [Gr. cj>i\oywLa. ; 4>i\os loving -f- 
yw-f) woman.] Fondness for, or love of, women ; — opposed 
to misogyny. — phi-log'y-nist, n. — phi-log'y-nous, a. 

A philologist. Now Rare. 

PHILOLOGICAL. 

„ pert, to, dealing with, or 
devoted "to, philology (esp. in the sense of linguistics). — 
phil'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phi-lol'o-gist (fi-lol'o-jTst), n. One versed in, or devoted to, 
philology ; specif., a linguistic student or scholar. 

phi-lol'o-gy (f!-lol'6-j!), n. [L. philologia love of learning, 
interpretation, philology, Gr. <t>i.\o\oyia, fr. <t>i\6~\oyos fond 
of learning; 4>i\os loving + \6yos speech.] 1. Love of 




i 
i 
< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equala. 



N 



PHILOMEL 



724 



PHONOGRAPHY 







learning or literature.^ Rare. 2. The study of language, esp. 
as a science ; linguistic science. 
phil'0-mel (fil'6-mel), to. [F. philomele.] The nightingale. 
Phii'o-me'la (-me'ld), to. [L., fr. Gr. ^tXo/z^Xa.] 1. Class. 
Myth. The daughter of a king of Athens, and sister of 
Procne. She was violated and deprived of her tongue by 
Procne's husband, Tereus. The sisters in revenge served 
Tereus's own son to him as a meal, and then fled. When he 
pursued them, the gods transformed Philomela into a swal- 
low, Procne into a nightingale, and Tereus into a hoopoe or 
a hawk. According to Ovid it was Philomela who was 
transformed into a nightingale. 2. The nightingale ; — 
used as a proper name. Poetic. 
phiPo-pe'na (-pe'nd), to. [Corruption of G. vielliebchen, 
LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, 
much loved.] A present or gift made as a forfeit in a social 
game variously played ; also, the game. 

phiPo-pro-gen'i-tive-ness ( : pro-jen'i-tTv-nes), n. Phren. 
Love of offspring ; by extension, love of children in general. 

phi-los'0-pher (f i-los'6-fer), to. [F. philosophe, L. philoso- 
phus, Gr. 4>i\6ao(j>os ; <j)l\os loving + ao4>6s wise.] 1. One 
versed in, or devoted to, philosophy. 2. One who lives 
after the principles of philosophy, esp. as advocated by the 
Stoics ; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes calmly. 

phi-lOS'O-phers' stone. Alchemy. An imaginary stone or 
preparation believed to have the power of transmuting 
other metals into gold or silver. 

phil'o-soph'ic (fil'6-sof'ik) la. Of, pert, to, or versed in, 

phil'o-soph'i-cal (-sof'i-kal)/ philosophy ; hence : rational ; 
wise ; unruffled. — phiFo-Soph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phi-los'O-phism (fi-los'o-fiz'm), n. Spurious philosophiz- 
ing ; the love or practice of sophistry. 

phi-los'o-phize (-flz), v. i. ; -phized (-flzd) ; -phiz'ing (-flz'- 
Ing). To reason like a philosopher ; search into the reason 
and nature of things. — phi-los'o-phiz'er (-f Iz'er), re. 

phi-los'O-phy (-fi), re. ; pi. -phies (-fiz). [F. philosophic, 
L. philosophia, Gr. <j>i\o<ro<j>ia, lit., the love of wisdom.] 1. 
The knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved 
into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. 2. A systematic 
body of general conceptions or principles, ordinarily with 
implication of their practical application ; as, a philoso- 
phy of life. 3. Practical wisdom ; calmness of temper and 
judgment ; equanimity. 4. A treatise on philosophy. 

-philous. Combining form fr. Gr. <j>L\os, loving, fond of. 

phil'ter, phil'tre (fil'ter), re. [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. 
4>IKtpov, fr. 0tXe<> to love.] A potion, drug, or charm sup- 
posed to excite love ; loosely, any magic potion. — v. t. To 
excite to love by a philter. 

Phi'neus (fl'nus; fTn^e-fts), re. [L., fr. Gr. $i.vevs.] Gr. 
Myth. A Thracian king who was punished for cruelty by 
having Harpies snatch away or foul his food. 

Phin'ti-as (fin'ti-as), re. [L., fr. Gr. Qivrlas.] See Damon. 

phiz (fiz), re. Short for physiognomy. Colloq. 

phle-bi'tis (fle-bT'tis), re. [NL. ; Gr. 4>\&j/, <j>\efi6s, vein + 
-itis.] Med. Inflammation of a vein. * 

phleb'o-scle-ro'sis (fleb'6-skle-ro'sis), re. [NL. ; Gr. <j>\ty, 
<£Xej86s, vein + sclerosis.'] Med. Fibrous thickening of the 
inner coats of a vein. — phleb'o-scle-rot'ic (-rot'ik), o. 

phle-bot'o-mize (fle-bot'o-mlz), v. t. & i.; -mized (-mlzd), 
-miz'ing (-miz'ing). Med. To bleed ; let blood by open- 
ing a vein. — phle-bot'O-mist (-mist), re. 

phle-bot'O-my (-mi), re. [OF. flebothomie, fr. L., fr. Gr. 
<}>\tfioToy.l a ; <fkkip, <6Xe/36s, vein + rkuveiv to cut.] Med. 
Act or practice of opening a vein to let blood. 

Phleg'e-thon (fleg'e-thon ; flej'-), re. [L., fr. Gr. &\eye9w, 
prop. p. pr. of <j>\eye9siv to blaze.] Class. Myth. A river of 
Hades, containing fire instead of water. 

phlegm (flem), n. [OF. fleume, fr. L., fr. Gr. 4>\ey/ia flame, 
inflammation, phlegm.] 1. One of the four "humors" of 
early physiology, cold and moist, and causing sluggishness. 
2. Mucus ; now, morbid or very viscid mucus in abnormal 
quantity, esp. in the respiratory passages. 3. Sluggishness 
of temperament ; apathy ; also, coolness ; equanimity. 

phleg-mat'ic (fleg-mat'ik), a. [OF. fleumatique, fr. L., fr. 
Gr. <}>\ey part/cos.] 1. Of the nature of, or abounding in, 
phlegm. Obs. or R. 2. Hence : sluggish ; apathetic ; cool ; 
composed. — Syn. See inert. — phleg-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phlegm'y (flem'i), a. 1. Of, of the nature of, or due to, 
phlegm. 2. = phlegmatic. 

phlob'a-phene (flob'd-fen), re. [Gr. 4>\6os bark -f- fia^r) a 
dyeing.] Chem. A reddish brown substance found in oak 
bark ; also, any of several similar substances obtained from 
barks and from tannic acids. 

phlo'em (flo'em), re. [G. phloem, fr. Gr. c6X6os bark.] Bot. 
That part of a bundle of vascular fibers which is composed 
of sieve tubes with adjacent cells and parenchyma and 
serving for the conduction of food materials ; bast tissue ; 
— disting. from xylem. 

phlo-gis'tic (flo-jis'tTk), a. 1. Old Chem. Of or pert, to phlo- 
giston or the phlogiston theory. 2. Fiery ; burning. Obs. 

phlo-gis'ton (-ton), re. [NL., fr. Gr. <t>\oyi<TTos burnt, in- 



flammable.] Old Chem. The hypothetical principle of fire, 
or inflammability, regarded as a material substance. 

phlog'0-pite (flog'6-plt), n. [Gr. <p\oycow6s firelike; <t>\6£ 
flame + &4>, uiros, face.] A kind of mica, usually brownish. 

phlo-go'sis (flo-go'sis), re. [NL.,'fr. Gr. c6X6y«chs burning 
heat.] Med. Inflammation of external parts of the body ; 
erysipelatous inflammation. — phlo-got'ic (-got'ik), a. 

phlor'i-zin (flor'I-zin ; flo-rl'zin), re. Also phlo-rid/zin (flo- 
rid'zin). [Gr. </>Xoi6s, <f>\6os, bark + pl$a root.] Chem. A 
white crystalline glucoside, C2iH240io-2H 2 0, extracted 
from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. It 
is used in medicine as a tonic and antiperiodic. 

phlox (floks), n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. <£X6£ flame, 
name of a plant, fr. cj>\kyeiv to burn.] Any of a large genus 
{Phlox) of handsome polemoniaceous American herbs, 
commonly cultivated. 

phlox'in (flok'sin) \ n. [Gr. <$>\b% flame + -in.'] A red 

phlox'ine (-sTn ; -sen)/ dyestuff derived from eosin. 

phlyc-te'na, phlyc-tee'na (flik-te'nd), n.; pi. -nm (-ne). 
[NL., fr. Gr. (jikvuraiv a.] Med. A small vesicle cr pustule. 

-phobe^ (-fob). A combining form from Greek <j>6f}os, fear, 
often implying dislike or aversion. 

-pho'bi-a (-fo'bi-d). [Gr.-0o/3ta, fr. <£6/3os fear.] A suffix 
denoting fear, and often implying dislike or aversion. 

pho'cine (fo'sln ; -sin), a. [L. phoca a seal.] Zo'ol. Of or 
pertaining to the seals; esp., belonging to a subfamily 
(Phocinx) which contains the typical seals. 

Phce'be (fe'be), n. [L., fr. Gr. 4>oLp v , fern, of <f>ol/3os Phoe- 
bus.] 1. Artemis. 2. The moon personified. Poetic. 

phce'be, n. [See pewee, pewit.] Any of several American 
flycatchers (genus Sayornis), esp. one (*S. phcebe) having a 
slight crest ; — called also phcebe bird. 

Ph03-be'an (fe-be'dn), a. [L. Phoebeus, Gr. <i>oij8«os.] Of, 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, Phcebus, or Apollo, esp. 
as god of poetry. 

Phoe'bus (fe'bus), n. [L., fr. Gr. *cu/Sos, fr. <j!.oT/3os bright.] 
1. Apollo ; — an epithet. 2. The sun personified. Poetic. 

Phoe-ni'cian (fe-nish'dn), a. Of or pert, to Phoenicia, on 
the coast of ancient Syria. — to. 1. One of the people of 
Phoenicia. 2. The Phoenician language, a Semite tongue. 

Phoe'nix, Phe'nix (fe'mks), n. [L. phoenix, Gr. <j>oZi>i£.] 
Egyptian Myth. A miraculous bird, an embodiment of the 
sun god, fabled to live 500 years, be consumed in fire, and 
rise in youthful freshness from its own ashes. Hence, it is 
often an emblem of immortality. 

pho'nate (fo'nat), v. i.; -nat-ed (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing (-ing). 
[Gr. <t>a>i>ri voice.] To produce vocal sounds ; to utter voice. 

pho-na'tion (fo-na'shun), to. Act or process of uttering 
voice, or vocal sound ; also, utterance of articulate sounds. 

pho-nau'to-graph (fo-no'to-graf), to. \_phono- + auto- + 
-graph.] Physics. An instrument for automatically pro- 
ducing a visible record of a sound. graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. 

-phone (-fon). Combining form fr. Gr. <f>wvf), sound, voice ; 
as in microphone, photophone, telephone, etc. 

phone (fon), to. [Gr. <^co^ sound, voice.] Phon. An element 
of speech ; a single indivisible speech sound. 

phone (fon), to. & v. Short for telephone. Colloq. 

pho-net'ic (fo-net'ik), a. [Gr. ^v-qriKos.] 1. Of or pert, to 
the voice, or its use ; of or pert, to speech sounds ; also, vo- 
cal ; sonant. 2. Representing sounds, esp. speech sounds ; 
as, phonetic symbols. Specif., designating a system of 
spelling in which each letter represents always the same 
spoken sound. — pho-net'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. 

pho'ne-ti'cian (fo'ne-tish'dn), to. One versed in phonetics. 

pho-net'ics (fo-net'iks), to. (See-ics.) The doctrine or sci- 
ence of sounds, esp. of speech sounds in actual use, includ- 
ing their representation by phonetic symbols ; phonology. 

pho'ne-tist (fo'ne-tist), n. 1. One versed in phonetics ; pho- 
netician. 2. One who advocates, or uses, phonetic spelling. 

phon'ic (fon'ik ; fo'nik), a. [Gr. <j>u)vi) sound.] 1= Of, pert, 
to, or of the nature of, sound, now usually of vocal sounds ; 
phonetic. 2. Uttered with vocal tone ; voiced. 

phon'ics (fon'iks ; fo'niks), to. (See -ics.) Science of sound: 
usually, the science of speech sounds ; phonetics. 

pho'no- (fo'no-). Combining form fr. Gr. <j>wvii, sound, tone. 

pho'no-gram (-gram), to. 1. A character or symbol used to 
represent a word, syllable, or single speech sound. 2. A 
phonograph or graphophone record. — pho'no-gram'mic, 
or pho'no-gram'ic (-gram'ik), a. 

pho'no-graph (fo'no-graf), to. An instrument for recording 
and reproducing speech, music, etc. 

pho'no-graph'ic (fo'no-grai'ik)'! a. 1. Of, pert, to, or based 

pho'no-graph'i-caK-graf'i-kdl)/ on, phonography. 2. Of, 
pert, to, or done by, the phonograph. i-cal-ly, adv. 

phO-nog r ra-phy (fS-nog'rd-fi), n. 1. A description of the 
human voice, or of speech sounds, esp. as to their phonetic 
representation. 2. Art of phonetic writing ; representa- 
tion of words as pronounced, usually by means of special 
symbols ; specif., the shorthand system invented by Isaac 
Pitman (1813-97), or a derived system. 3. Art of con- 
structing or using the phonograph. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fira, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(nre, verdure (87); 



PHONOLITE 



725 



PHOTOSPECTROSCOPE 



pho'no-lite (fo'no-llt), n. A gray, green, or brown volcanic 
rock, consisting essentially of orthoclase and nephelite (or 
leucite), that gives a ringing sound when struck; called 
also clinkstone. — pho'no-lit'ic (-lit'ik), o. 

pho'no-log'ic (fo'no-loj'ik)\ a. Of or pert, to phonology. 

pho'no-log'i-cal (-loj'I-kal)/ — pho'no-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pho-nol'o-gist (fo-nol'o-jlst), n. One versed in phonology. 

pho-nol'0-gy (fo-nol'6-ji), n. 1. The science of speech 
sounds, including the history and theory of sound changes. 
2. That part of grammar which treats of the sounds of a 
language. Cf. phonetics. 

pho-nom'e-ter (fo-nom'erter), n. Physics. An instrument 
for measuring sounds, as to intensity, or as to frequency of 
vibrations. Cf. phonautograph. 

pho'no-SCOpe (fo'no-skop), n. Physics, a An instrument 
for observing or exhibiting motions or properties of sound- 
ing bodies ; esp., a device for testing the quality of musical 
strings, b An instrument for producing luminous figures by 
the vibrations of sounding bodies. [phonotypy.l 

pho'no-type (fo'no-tlp), n. A type or character used in| 

pho'no-typ'ic (-tip'ik) ] a. Of or pert, to phonotypy or 

pho'no-typ'i-cal (-i-kdl)/ phonotype. i-cal-ly, adv. 

pho'no-typ'y (fo'no-tlp'i ; fo-not'i-pT), n. A method of 
phonetic printing, using a separate character for each ele- 
mentary sound. — pho'no-typ'ist (-1st; -pist), n. 

-phony. Combining form from Greek <$>wr\, sound, tone. 

-phore (-for; 57). [ Gr. -<p6pos. See-PHORic] Combining 
form denoting bearer, one that bears. 

-phor'ic (-for'Ik), -phorous. [Gr. -<t>6pos, fr. <j>kpuv to bear.] 
Combining forms signifying bearing, producing. 

phos'gene (fos'jln), n. [Gr. (/><£s light + -ytvr\% born.] 1. 
Chem. See carbonyl chloride. 2. Physiol. Phosphene 

phos'gen-ite (fos'jen-It ), n. A mineral, Pb2Cl2C03, con- 
sisting of carbonate of lead and chloride of lead, occurring 
in tetragonal crystals. 

phos'phate (fos'fat), n. [F. See phosphorus.] 1. Chem. A 
salt or ester of phosphoric acid. 2. Commerce. Any mate- 
rial containing chemical phosphates for use as a fertilizer. 

phos'pha-tize (-fd-tlz), v. t. ; -tized (-tTzd) ; -tiz'lng (-tiz'- 
lng). To change to a phosphate or phosphates. 

phos'pha-tu'ri-a (-tu'rl-d)^ ra. [NL. Sec phosphate; 
urine.] Med. Excessive discharge of phosphates in the 
urine. — phos'pha-tu'ric (-tu'nk), a. 

phOS'phene (fos'fen), n. [Gr. 4>u>s light + <t>alyeivto show.] 
Physiol. A luminous impression du^ to excitation of the 
retina, as by pressure on the eyeball when the lids are 

Closed. Cf. AFTERIMAGE. 

phos'phide (-fid ; -fid), n. Also -phid. Chem. A binary 
compound of phosphorus with a more positive element. 

phos'phine (-fin ; -fen), n. Also -phin. 1. Chem. A hydride 
of phosphorus, PH3, a colorless and poisonous gas with a 
garliclike odor, analogous to ammonia ; by extension, any 
of several compounds derived from the preceding by re- 
placing hydrogen with hydrocarbon radicals. 2. Dyeing. 
Chrysaniline, often in the form of a salt. 

phos'phite (fos'flt), n. A salt or ester of phosphorous acid. 

phos-pho'ni-um (fos-fo'nl-um), n. [NL. ; phosphorus + 
ammonium.] Chem. The univalent radical PKU, analogous 
to ammonium. 

phos'phor (fos'for), n. [See phosphorus.] 1. [cap.~] The 
morning star. Poetic. 2. A phosphorescent substance. 

phos'phor-esce' (-for-es'), v. i.; -esced' (-est'); -esc'lng. 
To exhibit phosphorescence. 

phos'phor-es'cence (-es'ens), n. State, property, or act of 
emitting light without sensible heat, as shown by phos- 
phorus ; also, light so produced. 

phos'phor-es'cent (-es'ent),a. Exhibiting phosphorescence. 

phos-phor/ic (fos-for'ik), a. 1. Chem. Of, pert, to, or like, 
phosphorus, esp. in its higher valence. 2. Phosphorescent. 
phosphoric acid, any of three oxyacids of phosphorus 
known respectively as ordinary or orthophosphcric acid 
(H3PO4), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), and metaphos- 
phoric acid (PIPO3). 

phos'phor-ite (fos'for-It),7i. Min. A fibrous concretionary 
variety of apatite ; also, often, phosphate rock in general. 

phos'phor-o-scope' (-6-skop'), n. [See phosphorus; 
-scope.] Physics. An apparatus for observing phosphores- 
cence produced by action of light. 

phos'phor-ous (fos'for-us; fos-fo'r&s), a. Chem. Of, pert, 
to, or like, phosphorus, esp. in its lower valence. 
phosphorous acid, a colorless crystalline dibasic acid, 
H3PO3, obtained by the oxidation of phosphorus, and in 
other ways. Its salts are called phosphites. 

phos'phor-us (fos'for-us), n.; L. pi. phosphori (-1). [L., 
morning star, Gr. <£«cr<£6pos, lit., light bringer ; 4>Q>s light -f- 
4>epeiv to bring.] 1. Any substance or body which phos- 
phoresces, esp. in the dark. 06s. or R. 2. Chem. A non- 
metallic element of the nitrogen group, usually got as a 
waxy crystalline substance, poisonous and very inflamma- 
ble, with a disagreeable smell. Symbol, P ; at. wt., 31.04. 

phos'phu-ret'ed, or -ret'ted (-ffi-ret'ed), a. Chem. Im- 
pregnated or combined with phosphorus. 



pho'tlCS (fo'tiks), n. (See -ics.) Physics. The science of 
light ; — a general term sometimes used when the term 
optics is restricted to light as producing vision. [Colloql 

pho'to (fo'to), n. ; pi. photos (-toz). Short forPHOTOGRAPH-l 

pho'to- (fo'to-). 1. Combining form fr. Gr. $(#;, faros, light. 
2. Combining form for photograph or photographic. 

pho'to-chem'is-try (-kcm'Is-tri), n. Chem. The branch of 
chemistry relating to the effect of light in causing chemical 
changes, as in photography. chem'i-cal (-I-kal) a 

pho'tO-chro'mo-SCOpe (-kro'rr.o-skop), n. [photo- + chro- 
mo- -f- -scope.] _A combination of three optical lanterns 
for projecting objects on a screen in their own colors. 

pho'to-chron'o-graph (-kron'6-graf), n. 1. Physics. An 
instrument for photographically recording minute inter- 
vals of time. 2. Astron. An instrument for the photo- 
graphic recording of star transits. 3. A chronophotograph. 

pho'to-dra'ma (-dra'md), n. = photoplay. 

phr/to-dy-nam'ics (-dl-nam'Tks ; -di-nam'iks), n. (See 
-ics.) Plant Physiol. The relation of light to the move- 
ments of plants and their organs. — -dy-nam'ic (-Ik), a. 

pho'to-e-lec'tric \ a. Of or pert, to the combined action 

pho'to-e-lec'tri-cal/ of light and electricity, or the pro- 
duction of one by the other. 

pho'to-e-lec'tron (-e-lek'tron), n. Physics. A charged par- 
ticle emitted from a metallic surface under action of light. 

pho'tO-e-lec'tro-type, n. An electrotype the matrix for 
which is produced by photographic means, as by exposing a 
sensitized gelatin film under a negative. Cf. collotype. 

pho'to— en-grave', v. t. To make a photo-engraving of. 

pho'to-en-grav'ing, n. Engraving by photography; a 
photomechanical process for reproducing pictures, etc., in 
which the printing surface is in relief ; also, a print so made. 

pho'to-gene (fo'to-jen), n. [See photo-; -gen.] An after- 
image (sense 1). 

pho'to-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 1. Due to light. Rare. 2. Biol. 
Producing or generating light ; phosphorescent ; as, photo- 
genic bacteria. — pho'to-geu'i-cal-ly (-i-kal-i), adv. 

pho'to-gram (fo'to-gram), n. Photograph. 

pho'to-graph (-graf), n. A picture or likeness obtained by 
or as by photography. — v. t. To take a picture or copy of 
by or as by photography. — v. i. To practice photography. 

pho-tog^ra-pher (fo-tog'rd-fer), n. One who practices, or is 
skilled in, photography. 

pho'to-graph'ic (fo't6-graf / ik)\a. l.Of orpert.tophotog- 

pho'to-graph'-i-cal (-i-kal) / raphy ; obtained by, or 
used in, photography. 2. Minutely or mechanically accu- 
rate in representation or reproduction. i-cal-ly, adv. 

pho-tog'ra-phy (fo-tog'rd-fi), n. Art or process of produc- 
ing images on sensitized surfaces by the chemical, or actinic, 
action of light. 

pho'to-gra-vure' (fo'to-grd-vur' ; -gra'vur), n. [F.] Any 
of several processes for making prints from an intaglio plate 
preDared photographically ; also, a print so made. 

pho'tO-he'li-O-graph (-he'li-6-graf), n. Astron. A tele- 
scope specially adapted for photographing the sun. 

pho'to-he'li-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. Astron. A double lens 
instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's di- 
ameter by photography. 

pho'tO-lith'0-graph (-lith'o-graf), n. A lithographic pic- 
ture from a design produced photographically. — v. t. To 
make a photolithograph of. — pho'to-lith'o-graph'ic 
(-graf'ik), a. — pho'to-li-thog'ra-phy (-li-thog'rd-fT), n. 

pho-tol'o-gy (fo-toFo-ji), n. The science of light ; optics ; 
photics. — pho'to-log'ic (fo'to-loj'Ik ), pho'to-log'i-cal 
(-i-kdl), a. — pho-toPo-gist (fo-tol'o-jist), n. 

pho'to-mag'net-ism (fo'to-mag'net-iz'm), n. That branch 
of physics treating of the relation of magnetism to light. 

pho'to-me-chan'i-cal (-me-kan'i-kdl)j a. Pert, to or des- 
ignating any process of producing pictures or copies by 
mechanical printing from a photographically prepared plate. 

pho-tom'e-ter (fo-tom'e-ter), n. Physics. An instrument 
for measuring the intensity of light. 

pho-tom'e-try (-tri), n. Science treating of the measure- 
ment of the intensity of light _; also, art of making such 
measurements. — pho'to-met'ric (fo'to-met'rik), -ri-cal, a. 

pho'to-mi'cro-graph (-ml'kro-graf), n. [photo- + micro- 
+ -graph.~\ 1. An enlarged photograph of a microscopic 
object. 2. = microphotograph, 1. — pho'to-mi-crog'- 
ra-phy (-ml-krog'rd-fi), n. 

pho-toph'i-lous (fo-tof'i-liis), a. Phytogeog. Light-loving ; 
growing in strong light. [dread or dislike of light.! 

pho'to-pho'bi-a (fo^to-fo'bi-d),™. [NL.] Med. A morbid 

pho'to-phone (fo'to-fon), n. A form of telephone, invented 
by A. G. Bell, based on the effect which light has on the 
electric resistance of selenium ; called also radiophone. 

pho'to-play' (-pla'), n. A play for representation or exhibi- 
tion by moving pictures ; also, the moving-picture represen- 
tation of a play. [mechanical process. I 

phO'tO-print' (-print'), n. Any print made by a photo-| 

pho'tO-proc'ess(-pros'es),n. Any photomechanical process. 

pho'to-spec'tro-scope (-spek'tro-skop), n. An instrument 
recording spectra by photography. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 






N 



PHOTOSPHERE 



726 



PHYLUM 







pho'tO-Sphere (fo'to-sfer), n. A sphere of light ; esp., the lu- 
minous envelope of the sun. — pho'to-spher'ic (-sfer'ik),a. 

pho'tO-Stat (-Stat), n. [photo- + Gr. iffravai. to make to 
stand.] A device for photographing maps, documents, etc., 
directly upon sensitized paper, without the right-and-left 
inversion of ordinary negatives. 

pho'to-syn'the-sis (-sm'the-sTs), n. [NL.] Bot. The proc- 
ess of constructive metabolism in the chlorophyll-contain- 
ing tissues of plants exposed to light. — pho'to-syn-thet'ic 
(-sin-thet'ik), a. 

pho'to-tax'is (-tak'sTs), pho'to-tax'y (fo'to-tak'sY), n. 
[NL. phototaxis ; photo- + Gr. rd£ ts an arranging.] Biol. 
The influence of light on the movements of low organisms. 

pho'to-te-leg'ra-phy (-te-leg'rd-f I), n. Telegraphy by means 
of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone ; also, less 
properly, telephotography. — pho'to-tel'e-graph (-tel'e- 
graf), n. — pho'to-tel'e-grapb/ic (-graf'Ik), a. 

pho'tO-tel'e-SCOpe (-tel'e-skop), n. Astron. A telescope 
adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies. 

pho'to-the-od'O-lite (-the^od'o-llt), n. Surv. An arrange- 
ment of two photographic cameras, the plates of which 
can be brought into the same plane, used in triangulation. 

pho'to-ther'a-py (-ther'd-pY), n. Med. The application of 
light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of 
the skin. — pho'to-ther'a-peu'tic (-ther'd-pu'tik), a. 

pho'to-ther'mic (-thur'mik), a. Of or pertaining to both 
light and heat. 

pho-tot'o-nus (fo-tot'6-niis), n. [NL. See photo- ; tone.] 

1. Plant Physiol. State of sensitiveness to light. 2. 
Physiol. An irritable condition of protoplasm, due to a 
certain intensity of light. — pho'to-ton'ic (fo'to-ton'ik), a. 

pho-tot'ro-pism (fo-tot'ro-piz'm), n. The tendency of 
growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence 
of light. Cf . heliotropism. — pho'to-trop'ic (fo'to-trop'- 
ik), a. — pho'to-trop'i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. 
• pho'to-type (fo'to-tlp), n. A block with a printing surface 
obtained from a photograph ; also, a method by which such 
a surface is obtained. 

pho'to-ty-pog/ra-phy (-t!-pog'rd-fi), n. Any photomechan- 
ical process in which the printing surface is in relief. — 
pho'to-ty'po-graph'ic (-tT'po-graf'Tk ; -tTp'6-), a. 

pho'to-typ'y (fo'to-tlp'i ; fo-tot'i-pi), n. Art or process of 
making phototypes. 

phrag'mo-cone (frag'mo-kon), n. [Gr. <f>p6.yna, <ppayn6s, a 
fence, an inclosure + kuws a cone.] Paleon. The thin, 
conical, chambered internal shell of a belemnite. 

phrase (fraz), n. [L. phrasis phraseology, Gr. <j>pdais, fr. 
<j>pa$eiv to speak.] 1. A brief expression ; Gram., two or 
more words forming an expression by themselves, not so 
complete in thought as a clause, but having in the sentence 
the force of a single part of speech ; as, an adverbial phrase. 

2. A short, pithy expression, esp. one often used. 3. A 
mode or form of speech ; expression ; diction ; phraseology. 
4. Music. A short clause or portion of a period. 

«— v. t. ; phrased (frazd) ; phras'ing (fraz'mg). 1. To ex- 
press in words or in appropriate words. 2. Music. To di- 
vide into melodic phrases. — v. i. Music. To group notes 
into phrases. 

phra'se-o-gram' (fra'ze-6-gramO, n. [Gr. 4>p&ats a phrase, 
+ -gram.'] Phonog. A conventional symbol for a phrase. 

phra'se-O-log'i-cal (-6-loj'i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to 
phraseology. 

phra'se-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jTst), n. 1. One who deals with 
phraseology. 2. A maker or user of phrases. 

phra'se-ol'o-gy (-jl), n. [See phrase ; -logy.] Manner of 
expression ; diction ; language ; style. — Syn. See diction. 

phra'try (fra'tri),n,,-_pL -tries (-tnz). [Gr. ^parpta.] 1. 
Gr. Hist. A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens. 2. 
Any analogous social division among primitive peoples, as 
among the Australian blacks and some American Indians. 

phre-net'ic (fre-net'Ik), a. [OF. frenetique. See frantic] 
1, Mad ; insane ; erratic. 2. Moved by extreme excitement ; 
fanatic : frantic. — n. One who is phrenetic ; a madman. 

phren'ic (fren'Ik), a. [Gr. <ppi)v, <ppei>6s, the midriff, or dia- 
phragm, the heart, the mind.] Anat. Of or pert, to the 
diaphragm ; diaphragmatic. 

phre-ni'tis (fre-nl'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Qpevlris] Med. In- 
flammation of the brain ; brain fever. nit'ic (-nit'ik), a. 

phren'0-(fren r 6-). Combining form from Greek <ppr}i',(ppei>6s, 
midriff, diaphragm, mind. 

phren'o-log'ic (fren'6-loj'ik), a. Phrenological. 

phren'o-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to phrenology. 

phre-nol'o-gist (fre-nol'o-jlst ), n. A person who is versed 
in phrenology. 

phre-nol'O-gy (fre-nol'o-jD.n. The hypothesis that mental 
faculties and traits of character are shown by the confor- 
mation of the skull, or the system of faculties and their 
localization based on this hypothesis. 

phren'sied, phren'sy. Vars. frenzied, frenzy. 

Phrix'us (frik'sws), n. [L., fr. Gr. #pi£os.] Gr. Myth. The 
brother of Helle. He was carried on the ram with the 




1. 

Gr. 



golden fleece to Colchis, where he sacrificed the ram to 
Zeus. See Golden Fleece. 
Phryg'i-an (frij'I-an), a. Of or pert, to Phrygia, an ancient 
country of Asia Minor, or its inhabitants. 
Phrygian cap, a close-fitting cap represented in Greek art 
as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in 
shape. It is now identified with the so-called liberty cap. 
— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia. 2. The language 

of the Phrygians. 
phthal'e-in (thal'e-in ; fthal'-), n. [See phthalic] Chem. 
Any of a series of artificial organic dye substances made as 
condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid. 
phthal'ic (-ik), a. [naphthalene + -ic.1 Chem. Pert, to or 
designating any of three isomeric dibasic acids, CeEU- 
(C02H)2, obtained by oxidation of various benzene deriva- 
tives; specif., a white crystalline substance produced by 
oxidizing naphthalene or an allied substance. 
phthal'in (-in), n. Chem. Any of a series of colorless sub- 
stances obtained by reduction from the phthaleins. 
phthis'ic (tlz'ik), n. [OF. tisique, orig. fern, a., fr. L. 
phthisicus phthisical. See phthisis.] Med. = phthisis. 
phthis'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Med. Of, pert, to, of the nature of, 

or having, phthisis ; wasting ; consumptive. 
phthis'ick-y (-i-kl), a. Phthisical ; asthmatic ; wheezy. 
phthi'sis (thl'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. <j>di<ns, fr. 4>BUiv to waste 
away.] Med. A wasting or consumption of the tissue; 
usually, pulmonary phthisis, or consumption ; tuberculosis. 
phy'CO-my-ce'tOUS (fl'ko-ml-se'tus), a. [Gr. <?!>wcos seaweed 
+ phut)?, (ivk7)tos, fungus.] Bot. Belonging to a large class 
(Phycomycetes) of ^parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal 
or alga-like fungi, including most of the common molds. 
phy-lac'ter-y (fi-lak'ter-i), n.; pi. -teries (-Tz). [L. phy- 
lacterium, Gr. <pv\a.KTr)piov, deriv. of <j>v\aa<rei.v to watch, 
guard.] 1. A small square leathern box, 
containing slips inscribed with certain 
Scriptural passages. Two such boxes are 
worn by orthodox Jews during prayer, 
one on the head and one on the left arm ^jfj 
(cf. Deut. vi. 8 and xi. 18). 2. An amu- 
let ; fig., a charm or protection. Phylacteries, 

phy/le (fl'le), ».; pi. phyl.e (-le). [NL., fr. Gr. 01A17.] 
Hist. The largest political subdivision among the ancient 
Athenians, corresponding to the Roman tribe. 
phy-let'ic (fi-let'ik), a. [Gr. <£iA€t«c6s.] Biol. Of or pert. 

to a phylum ; phylogenic ; racial. 
-phyll. A combining form from Greek <pv\\oi>, leaf. 
Phyl'lis (fil'is),ra. [L.,fr. Gr.OuXXw.] A country girl men- 
tioned in Vergil's "Eclogues"; hence (often Phillis), a 
poetical name for a pretty rustic maid or a sweetheart. 
phyl'lo- (fil'6-). Combining form fr. Gr. <j>v\\ov, leaf. 
phyl'lo-clade (fil'S-klad), n. [phyllo- + Gr. /cXdSos sprout.] 
Bot . Any flattened stem or branch performing the functions 
of leaves, as the joints of cactaceous plants ; also, errone- 
ously, a cladophylL 
phyl'lode (f ll'od), n. [Gr. <pv\\wdr]s leaflike ; 4>v\\op leaf + 
elSos form.] Bot. A flat expanded petiole replacing the 
blade of a foliage leaf and fulfilling the same functions. 
phyl'loid (fiKoid), a. Resembling a leaf. 
phyPlome (fil'om), n. [Gr. <j>vKKuiJ.a foliage.] Bot. A 
foliar organ ; a leaf and its appendages or modifications, 
in the abstract. — phyl-lom'lC (f I-lom'ik ; -lo'mik), a. 
phyl'lo-pod (fil'6-pod), n. Zo'ol. Any of an order (Phyllo- 
poda) of* entomostracan crustaceans, as the brine shrimps 
and various other forms, having leaflike swimming feet 
which also serve as gills. — phyl'lo-pod, a. 
phyl'lo-tax'is (fil'6-tak'sTsH n. [NL. phyllotoxis ; phyllo- 
phyl'lo-tax'y (fil'6-tak'si) / -f- Gr. rd£is arrangement.] 

Bot. The system or order of leaf arrangement. 
-phyl'lous ( -fiPus ). Combining form fr. Gr. -<j>vX\os, fr. 

<pv\Xov, leaf. 
phyl'lox-e'ra ( fTl'ok -se'rd ), n. C . 
[NL. ; phyllo- + Gr. $Tjp6s dry.] 
Any of age- , 

nus (Phyl- *. n , u \ 
loxera) o f 
plant lice 
closely re- 
lated to 
the aphids. 
Some spe- 
cies infest 

the grape- Phylloxera (P. vastatrix) . a, b Dorsal and Ven- 
vine. tral Views of Root-infesting Form ; c, d Leaf- 

phy-lOg'e- infesting Forms, c being a Winged Female. 
ny (fT-loj'- ^ mucri enlarged. 

e-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-mz). Also phy'lo-gen'e-sis (fi'lS- 
jen'e-sis). [Gr. <t>v\ov race, tribe -f- -geny.~] The race 
history of an animal or vegetable type. — phy'lo-gen/ic 
(-jen'ik ) , -gs-net'ic (-je-net'ik ) , a. — ge-net'i-cal-lyr adv. 
phy'lon (fl'lon), n. ; pi. phyla (-Id). [NL.,fr. Gr. ^OXo^race, 
tribe.] Biol. A tribe or race ; a genetically related group. 
phy'lum (fl'lum), n.; pi. -la (-Id). [NL. See phylon.] 





ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Cun, up, circus, menu j food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



-PHYRE 



727 



PICK 



Biol. One of the primary divisions of the animal or vegeta- 
ble kingdom ; — so called because the members are assumed 
to have a common descent. 

-phyre (-fir). Petrog. A suffix used in naming rocks that are 
porphyritic. 

phys'ic (fiz'ik), n. [OF. fisique, phisique, fr. L., fr. Gr. 
<f>vat,K-f), fr. </>utrtxos natural, 4>vais nature, 4>veiv to produce, 
grow.] 1. Physics. 06s. or R. 2. The theory or science of 
medicine. Obs. or Archaic. 3. Art of healing diseases ; 
practice of medicine ; also, the medical profession. 4. An 
internal medicine. 5. Specif., a cathartic. — v. t.; phys'- 
icked (-Tkt) ; -ick-ing. 1. To treat with physic ; esp., to 
purge. 2. To work on as a remedy ; relieve. 

phys'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to nature (as including 
all created existences) or the laws of nature ; also, of or re- 
lating to natural or material things ; material. 2. Of or 
pert, to natural science or natural philosophy or to physics. 

1 3. Of or pert, to the body ; bodily ; as, physical strength. 
1 — Syn. See bodily. — phys'i-cal-ly, adv. 

physical geography, geography treating of the exterior 
physical features and changes of the earth, in land, water, 
and air. — p. point, Mech. = particle, 2. 

phy-si'cian (fl-zish'an), n. [OF. fisicien, physicien.] A 
person skilled in physic, or the art of healing ; a doctor of 
medicine. 

phys'i-cist (fiz'i-sist), n. A specialist in physics. 

phys'ics (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) Orig., the science of the 
material world ; natural philosophy. Now, the science of 
phenomena of inanimate matter involving no chemical 
changes, comprising mechanics, magnetism, electricity, 
light, heat, and sound. 

phys'i-O- (fiz'i-6-). Combining form fr. Gr. </>wns, nature. 

phys'i-O-crat (-krat), n. [physio- + Gr. Kparelv to rule.] 
A follower of Quesnay, a Frenchman, who, in the 18th 
century, founded a system of political and economic doc- 
trines based on the supremacy of natural order, making the 
powers of nature the only proper source of public revenue. 
— phys'i-o-crat'ic (-krat'ik), a. 

phys'i-Og-nom/ic (-og-nom'ik) la. Of, pert, to, or ac- 

physl-Og-nom'i-cal (-nom'T-kal)/ cording with, the theo- 
ries of, physiognomy. — phys'i-og-nom'i-cal-ly, adv. 

physl-Og'no-mist (-og'no-mist), n. One skilled in physi- 
ognomy. 

phys'i-og'no-my (fiz'T-og'no-mi), n.; pi. -mtes (-m!z). 
[OF. phisonomie, fizonomie, deriv. fr. Gr. 4>vaioyvu>\iovla ; 
<t>v<ns nature + yvunwv a judge.] 1. Art of discovering men- 
tal characteristics from the outward appearance, esp. from 
the face. 2. Configuration, cast, or expression of the face, 
as denoting character. 3. General appearance or aspect of 
a thing. — Syn. See face. _ _ [raphy.l 

phys'i-Og'ra-pher (-5g'rd-fer), n. A specialist in physiog-| 

physl-og'ra-phy (-fi), n. 1. A description of nature or of 
natural phenomena or products. 2. Physical geography. 

pb.ys'i-0-log'ic (-6-loj'Tk)\ a. Of or pert, to physiology. — 

phys'i-o-log'i-cal (-T-kal) / physl-o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phys'i-ol'o-gist (-51'6-jist), n. One versed in physiology. 

phys'i-ol'O-gy (-JT), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. physiologia, 
Gr. <t>v<no\oyia ; 4>vcris nature + \6yos discourse.] Biology 
dealing with life or living organisms ; the study of the func- 
tions of the organs and parts during life, as distinct from 
anatomy. 

phy-sique' ( fi-zek' ), n. [F. See physic, n.] Physical or 
bodily structure, constitution, or appearance. 

phy'stf-stig'mine (fl'so-stig'min ; -men), n. Also -min. 
[From Physostigma, generic name of the Calabar bean ; 
Gr. <t>v<rav to inflate + stigma.'] Chem. An alkaloid forming 
the active principle of the Calabar bean. It is used in medi- 
cine as a myotic. 

-phyte (-fit). Combining form from Greek <\>vtov, plant. 

phy'tin (fl'tin), n. [Gr. 4>vt6v a plant + -in.] Chem. & 
Pharm. An organic phosphoric-acid compound occurring 
as a reserve material in seeds, tubers, etc. 

phy'to- (fl'to-). Combining form from Greek 4>vt6v, plant. 

phy'to-bi-ol'O-gy (fl'to-bl-ol'o-ji), n. The branch of biol- 
ogy dealing with plants, esp. their life history. 

phy'to-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis) 1 n. The origin and evolution 

phy-tog'e-ny (fi-toj'e-ni) / of plants. — phy'to-ge-net'- 
ic (fl'to-je-net'Tk), a. — phy'to-ge-net'i-cal-ly, adv. 

phy'tO-ge-Og'ra-phy (-je-og'rd-fl), n. The branch of bot- 
any treating of the geographical distribution of plants. 

phy-tog'ra-phy (fl-tog'rd-fT), n. Descriptive botany. 

phy'to-lac-ca'ceous (fl'to-la-ka'sh&s), a. [From Phyto- 
lacca, the type genus ; phyto- + It. or LL. lacca lac] Bot. 
Belonging to a family {Phytolaccacex) of chiefly tropical 
herbs, shrubs, and trees with racemose flowers. It in- 
cludes the common poke {Phytolacca decandra). 

phy-tol'o-gy (fi-tol'o-jT), n. Science of plants; botany. 

phy-toph'a-gOUS (fi-tof'd-gus), a. Zo'ol. Feeding on plants ; 
herbivorous. 

pi (pi ; pe), n. [Gr. *•?.] 1. The 16th letter [LT, w] of the 
Greek alphabet, corresponding to English P, p. 2. Math. 
The letter II, ir, as used to denote the ratio (3.14159+) of 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work» Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



the circumference of a circle to its diameter ; also, the ratio 

pi, pie (pi), n. Print. Type confusedly mixed or disarrange-1. 

— v. t.; pied ( pld ) ; pie'lng. To mix or disarrange tyjw. 

pi-ac'u-lar (pl-ak'u-ldr), a. [L. piacularis.] 1. Expiatoiy. 
2. Requiring expiation ; sinful ; criminal. 

piaffe (pyaf), v. i. Man. To move in a piaffer. 

piaf'fer (pyaf'er), n. [F. inf. taken as n.] Manege. A move- 
ment in which the horse lifts the diagonally opposite legs as 
in the trot, but without advancing or receding. 

pi'a ma'ter (pl'd ma'ter). [L., tender mother.] Anat. The 
delicate and highly vascular membrane of connective tis- 
sue investing the brain and spinal cord, internal to the 
arachnoid and dura mater. 

pi'a-nette' (pe'd-nef), n. [Dim. of piano."] Music. A 
small upright piano ; also, erron., a street piano. Eng. 

|| pi'a-nis'si-mo (pe'd-nis'i-mo ; pya-nes'se-mo), a. & adv. 
[It.] Music. Very soft ; very softly. Abbr., pp. 

pi-an'ist (pT-an'Ist; pe'd-nlst), n. A performer, esp. a 
skilled performer, on the pianoforte. 

pia'niste' (pya/nest'), n. [F.] A pianist ; — often used in 
English as if feminine. 

11 pia'no (pya'no), a. & adv. [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. 
planus even, level.] Music. Soft; softly. Abbr., p. 

pi-an'o (pT-an'o) [pi. pianos (-oz)], pi-an'o-for'te (-for'ta ; 
-fort'_; 57), n. [It., fr. piano soft + forte strong.] Music. 
A stringed instrument of percussion, giving its tones from 
steel wires struck by hammers operated from a keyboard. 
According to the shape, pianos are classed as grand (of 
which the largest is concert grand), square, or upright. 

piano player. One who, or that which, plays the pianoforte ; 
specif., a device for automatically playing a pianoforte, 
governed by a perforated music roll. 

pi'as-sa'ba (pe'd-sa'bd), n. [Pg., fr. Tupi piacaba.] 1. 
The coarse brown fiber clothing the bases of the leaf sheaths 
ina Brazilian palm (Leopoldiniapiassaba), used for ropes, 
brooms, etc. ; also, the tree. 2. The palm (Attalea funi- 
fera) yielding the coquilla nut ; also, its fiber. 

pi-as'ter (pi-as'ter), n. Also pi-as'tre. [F. piastre, fr. It., 
fr. L. emplastrum. See plaster.] The Spanish piece of 
eight, or dollar, or any of various coins based upon it ; 
specif., a small Turkish coin worth about 5 cents. 

pi-az'za (pT-az'd; It. pron. pyat'sa), n. [It., fr. L. platea 
street, courtyard.] 1. [It. pi. piazzi (pyaVse).] A large 
open square in an Italian town. 2. By extension, an arcaded 
and roofed gallery ; hence, U. S., a veranda. 

pi'broch (pe'broK), n. [Gael, piobaireachd pipe music, pio- 
bair a piper, pioba bagpipe, fr. English. See pipe.] A kind 
of Scottish Highland bagpipe music, usually martial. 

pi'ca (pl'kd), n. Print. A size of type. See type. 
double pica, a type twice the size of pica. 

pi'ca, n. [L. pica a pie, magpie.] Med. Vitiated appetite ; 
craving for unnatural food, as chalk, clay, etc. 

pic'a-dqr'tpik'd-dor'),^. [Sp.] Bullfighting. 1. Ahorse 
man with a lance, who worries but does not try to kill tlK 
bull. 2. Hence, an agile or clever arguer or user of wit. 

pic'a-resque' (-resk'), a. [Sp. picaresco, fr. vicaro rogue.] 
Of or pert, to rogues ; designating a type of fiction, of 
Spanish origin, having a rogue for the hero. 

pic'a-roon' T-roon'), n. [Sp. picaron.] 1. A rogue. 2. A 
pirate ; corsair. — v. i . To act or cruise as a pirate or brigand. 

pic'a-yune' (-yoon , ), n. 1. A small coin. U. S. 2. A trifle ; 
a bit ; — chiefly in not worth a picayune. Colloq. 

pic / a-yune / , pic'a-yun'ish (-yoon'ish), a. Of little value; 
petty ; paltry ; as, a picayunish business. Colloq. U. S. 

Pic'ca-dil'ly (pik'd-diFi ; plk'd-diFi), n. A famous Lon- 
don street of fine houses, clubs, and shops. 

pic'ca-lil'li (pTk'd-lTl'i), n. A pickle, originally East Indian, 
of chopped vegetables and pungent spices. 

pic'CO-lO (pik'o-lo), n. ; pi. -los (-loz). [It., small.] Mus. 
A small, shrill flute, pitched an octave higher than the ordi- 
nary flute. 

pic'co-lo-ist, n. A player on the piccolo. 

pice (pis), n. sing. & pi. [Hind, paisa.] An Indian copper 
coin, one fourth of an anna, worth 5 cent in U. S. money. 

pic'e-OUS (pis'e-its), a. [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.] 
Of, pert, to, or like, pitch ; inflammable ; pitch-colored. 

picn'i-ci-a'go (pich'i-sl-a'go ; -a'go),n. ; pi. -gos (-gos) . [Sp. 
in Argentina and 
Chile, fr. Araucanian 
pichi small + Sp. cie- 
go blind.] Asmallbur- 
rowing South Amer- 
ican armadillo 
(Chlamyphorus trun- 
catus). 

pich'u-rim (pTch'u- 
rim), n., or pichurim bean. [Tupi pechury, pechurxm, 
name of the tree.] One of the thick cotyledons of the seed 
of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra puchury). They 
are used as a substitute for nutmegs and also as a tonic. 

pick (pik), n. [Var. of pike.] 1. A heavy pointed iron tool 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. - equals. 








N 



PICK 



728 



PICTURESQUE 







wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in an eye be- 
tween the ends ; a pickax. 2. A sharp-pointed instrument 
for picking ; — often in composition ; as, a toothpick. 3. 
Specif., a plectrum, as for a mandolin. 

pick (pik), v. t. To throw ; pitch ; drive. Obs. or Dial. — 
v. i. To throw ; cast ; specif., Weaving, to throw the shut- 
tle across the loom. — n. Weaving. The blow that drives 
the shuttle ; hence, a single weft thread. 

pick, v. t. 1. To use a pointed instrument on ; pierce, indent, 
break up, etc., by striking with a pointed implement. 2. To 
clear of, free from, or cleanse of, something with or as with 
a pointed instrument or by plucking or tearing ; as, to pick 
a goose ; to pick a bone. 3. To pull or tear away, esp.with 
the fingers ; pluck ; gather, as fruit. 4. To eat daintily or 
mincingly. 5. To choose ; select ; cull ; as, to pick one's 
way ; to pick one's words. 6. To make, or find occasion for, 
intentionally ; as, to pick fault ; to pick a quarrel. 7. To 
take wrongfully the contents of ; rob ; — now used only in 
to pick one's pocket, purse, etc. 8. To open (a lock) by or 
as by a wire. 9. To pull or pluck (the strings of a musical 
instrument) ; hence, to play (a stringed instrument). U. S. 
— Syn. See choose. 

to pick up. a To take up, as with the fingers, b To get by 
repeated efforts ; acquire ; as, to pick up a livelihood ; to 
pick up news. C To take up, in, or along, as something 
found, overtaken, etc. ; as, the coach picks up passengers. 
d To pluck up or regain (courage or spirit). 

— v. i. 1. To gnaw. 2. To eat slowly, sparingly, daintily, or 
by morsels ; nibble ; Slang or Colloq., to eat. 3. To search 
carefully ; choose with care. 4. To steal in a small way ; 
pilfer ; — used in the phrase pick and steal. 

— n. 1. Act of picking ; as : a A blow with a pointed instru- 
ment, b Act of choosing or selecting ; choice ; also, the 
choicest or best ; as, to have one's pick. 2. The portion or 
quantity of a crop gathered at one time. 

pick'a-back' (pik/d-bak'), adv. On the back or shoulders. 

pick'a-nin'ny (-nin'i), n.; pi. -nies (-iz). [Dim. of Sp. pe- 
queno little, young, or Pg. pequeno."] A small child ; in the 
United States, a negro or colored child. 

pick'ax', pick'axe' (pik'aks'), n. [Corrupt, of ME. pikois, 
pikeis, F. picois, It. pic pickax.] A pick or mattock. 

picked (pikt), p. a. 1. Cleared or cleansed, as of worthless 
matter, by picking. 2. Selected ; chosen ; as, picked men. 
3. Purposely caused ; sought ; — said of a quarrel. 

pick'ed (pik'ed ; pikt), a. Pointed. Archaic or Dial. 

pick-eer' fpik-er'), v. i. To skirmish; reconnoiter; scout. 

pick'er (pTk'er), n. [From pick to throw.] Weaving. The 
piece that impels the shuttle through the warp. 

pick'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, picks. 2. Mach. A 
machine for loosening and separating the filaments of fi- 
brous materials. 3. Any of various instruments ; as : a A 
toothpick, b A picklock. C A tool for touching up electro- 
types, d A tool to clear out small openings. 

pick'er-el (-el), n. [Dim. of pike the fish.] In America, 
sometimes, the pike ; commonly, jffifa. anv °* sever al 
smaller species of the pike family, fffi%§^ esp. one (Esox 




reticulatus) which attains a length of about two feet. 

pickerel weed. 1. An American monocotyledonous blue- 
flowered plant (Pontederia cor- 
data) growing in shallow fresh 
water. 2. Any of various other 
plants growing in still water. 

pick'et (pik'et; 24), n. [F. 
piquet, prop. dim. of pique 
spear, pike.] 1. A pointed or 
sharpened stake, post, or pale ; 
as : a A pale for making fences. 
b A stake or peg used for tether- 
ing horses. 2. Mil. a A detached 
body of soldiers, or a soldier, serv- 
ing to guard an army from sur- 
prise, b A detachment kept ready 
in camp for such duty. 3. A per- 
son posted by a labor organiza- 
tion at a place affected by a strike. 

— v. t. 1. To inclose, fasten, fence, 
or fortify with pickets, or pointed Pickerel Weed, 1. 
stakes ; palisade. 2. To tether to or as to a picket, as a 
horse. 3. Mil. a To guard, as a camp, by picket, b To post 
as a picket. 4. To post pickets at or near. See picket, n., 3. 
— v. i. To do, or go on, duty as a picket. 

pick'ing (-Tng), n. 1. Act of one that picks. 2. That which 
is or may be picked or picked up ; a scrap ; pi., portions 
picked up or out. 3. That which is pilfered or privately 
picked up as a perquisite ; — usually in pi. 




pickle (pik''I), n. 1. Brine or vinegar for preserving food ; 
also, an article of food, or (usually in pi.) food, so preserved. 
2. A difficult situation ; predicament. Now Colloq. 3. 
Metal Work. A bath of acid, etc., to cleanse objects, as 
castings. — v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). To preserve, 
season, or steep in pickle, as cucumbers. 

pick'lock' (pik'lok'), n. 1. One who picks locks ; specif., a 
thief. 2. A tool for picking locks. 

pick'pock'et (pik'pok'et ; 24), n. One who steals purses or 
other articles from pockets. [purses. Obs. or R.\ 

pick'purse' (-purs'), n. One who steals purses or fromj 

pick'thank' (-thank'), n. One who curries favor by syco- 
phancy, talebearing, etc. ; sycophant ; talebearer. Archaic. 

Pick'wick, Mr. (pik'wik). The hero of Dickens's novel 
"The Pickwick Papers," notable for his goodheartedness 
and simplicity. He founds a club called after him, and, with 
other members under his guidance, travels over England, 
meeting with laughable adventures. 

Pick-wick'i-an (pTk-wik'i-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, Mr. Pickwick* or the Pickwick Club. 
Pickwickian sense, a parliamentary, merely technical or 
constructive, or conveniently esoteric, sense ; a sense other 
than the obvious one. 

pic'nic (pik'nik), n. [F. piquenique."] An excursion or 
outdoor pleasure party in which the members partake of re- 
freshments carried, usually, by themselves. — v. i. ; -nicked 
(-nikt) ; -nick-ing (-ni-king). To go on, or hold, a picnic ; 
eat in picnic fashion. 

pic'nick-er (-nT-ker), n. One who takes part in a picnic. 

pic'o-line (pik/6-lin ; -len), n. Also -lin. [L. pix, picis, 
pitch H — ol, 2 + -ine.2 Chem. Any of three isomeric 
bases, C6H7N, occurring in bone oil and coal tar, as color- 
less mobile liquids of strong odor. 

|| pi'cot' (pe'ko'), n. ; pi. -cots (F. -ko'). [F.] One of many 
small loops forming a border or edging, as on lace. 

pic'o-tee' (pik'6-te'),n. [F. picote dotted, pricked.] Hort. 
One of a race of carnations having white or yellow petals, 
with a marginal band of another color, usually red. 

picot stitch. = loop stitch. 

pic'ric (pik'rik), a. [Gr. wucpos bitter.] Chem. Designating 
a yellow crystalline acid, CeH^NChhOH, got by action of 
nitric acid on phenol or an allied compound. It is used as 
a dye and in explosives, as lyddite, melinite, etc. 

pic'rite (pik'rlt), n. [Gr. irinpbs bitter; — so called from 
its large per cent of magnesia.] Petrog. A variety of peri- 
dotite composed of augite and olivine. 

pic'ro- (pTk'ro-). Combining form from Gr. irucpos, bitter. 

pic'rol (pTk'rol; -rol), n. \_picro- + -ol, 3.] Pharm. A bit- 
ter crystalline antiseptic used in place of iodoform, etc. 

pic'ro-tOX'in (pik'ro-tok'sin), n. Chem : A bitter white 
crystalline substance found in cocculus indicus. It is a 
violent poison. — pic'ro-tox'ic (-sik), a. 

Pict (pikt), n. [L. Picti, pi.] One of a people, prob. Iberian, 
inhabiting Great Britain from prehistoric times, who finally 
became amalgamated with the Scots about the r 9th century. 
— Pict'ish (pik'tish), a. & n. 

pic'to-graph (pTk'to-graf), n. [See picture ; -graph.] A 




Pictographs of the Ojibwa Indians. 




pic-to'ri-al (pik-to'ri-al ; 57), a. [L. pictorius, deriv. of 
pingere to paint.] Of, pert, to, consisting of, or of the 
nature of, a picture or pictures ; graphic. — n. A pictorial 
journal. — pic-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 

Syn. Pictorial, picturesque. That is pictorial which 
pertains to, or is of the nature of, a picture ; picturesque 
applies to that which has the qualities that make a striking 
picture ; as, true pictorial charm ; a picturesque scene. 

pic'ture (pik'tyr), n. [L. pictura, It. pingere, pictum, to 
paint.] 1. A representation, esp. as a work of art, pro- 
duced by painting, drawing, engraving, photography, etc. 
2. A transitory visible image, as one made by the lens of 
the eye or a telescope. 3. A likeness or copy ; as, he is the 
picture of his father ; embodiment (of an abstraction) ; as, 
he is the picture of grief. 4. A tableau ; — called more fully 
living picture (tableau vivant). 5. A description so vivid 
as to suggest a mental image (of the thing described) . 

— v. t. ; -tured (-tfird) ; -tur-ing (-tur-ing). 1. To represent 
in a picture ; depict. 2. To describe graphically ; as, to pic- 
ture a wreck. 3. To imagine ; as, to picture one's future. 

pic'tur-esque' (-tjlr-esk'), a. [It. pittoresco.2 1. Forming, 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PICTURESQUELY 



729 



PIGMENT 



or fitted to form or suggest, a picture. 2. Possessing quaint 
rugged, or homely charm, or vivid suggestiveness, as dis- 
ting. from beauty or sublimity. — Syn. See graphic, pic- 
torial. — pic'tur-esque'ly, adv. — esque'ness, n. 

picture writing. 1. Art of recording events, etc., by pic- 
tures representing the actions or facts. 2- A record or mes- 

' sage so produced. Cf. hieroglyphic. 

pic'ul (pik'ul), n. [Jav. & Malay pikul, fr. pikul to carry 
on the back ; n., a man's burden.] A varying Oriental com- 
mercial weight. In China, Japan, Sumatra, Siam, etc., it is 
133| lbs. (60.48 kg.) ; in the Philippines, 140 lbs. 

pid'dle (pid''l), v. i.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (ding). 1. To 
potter. Now Rare or Dial. 2. To eat mincingly. 

pid'dling (-ling), a. Trifling; trivial; frivolous; paltry. 

pidg'in, pi'geon (pij'In; -Sn), n. Chinese corruption of 
business; — chiefly in pidgin English, the jargon, mainly 
of English words arranged after Chinese syntax, used in the 
East as a lingua franca between foreigners and the Chinese. 

pie (pi), n. [ME. pie, pye.~\ An article of food consisting of 
a pastry crust with any of various kinds of filling ; also, a 
kind of layer cake spread with jam or cream, as cream pie. 

pie, n. [F., fr. L. pica.] A magpie. [mess.l 

pie, n. 1. Print. See 2d pi, 1. Brit. 2. A jumble ; chaos ;| 

pie, pye (pi), n. [Prob. same word as pie magpie.] Eccl. 
A table, or collection of rules, used in England before the 
Reformation to find the service or office for the day. This 
is prob. the pie of the old oath "By cock and pie." Obs. 

pie (pi), n. [Hind, pal.'] A small coin of India, one 
twelfth of an anna, worth & cent of U. S. money. 

pie'bald' (pl'bold'), a. [pie magpie + bald.] Of different 
colors, esp. white and black ; mottled ; party-colored. 

piece (pes), n. [F. piece, LL. pecia, petia.] 1. A frag- 
ment ; a part separated ; portion. 2. A distinct or limited 
part or quantity ; a bit ; as, a piece of land. 3. A quantity, 
as a length, weight, or size, usually fixed, in which various 
articles or products are made or put up ; as, a piece, or roll 
(8-16 yds.), of wall paper. 4. A single object or individual 
(of a class or group) ; as, a piece of furniture. 5. An indi- 
vidual or single instance or example ; as, a piece of news. 
6. A person ; an individual ; — often contemptuous. Ar- 
chaic, Dial., or Slang. 7. a Chess. A superior man, as dis- 
tinguished from a pawn ; also, loosely, any man. b Check- 
ers, etc. A man. 8. A short distance ; as, down the road a 
piece. Dial. 9. A firearm, as a rifle or cannon. 10. A 
coin. 11. A production ; as : a A picture ; a painting, b 
A literary or musical composition, usually a short one. 
C A play or drama. — Syn. See part. 
of a piece, of one piece ; hence : consistent ; alike ; in har- 
mony or keeping : — sometimes followed by vxith. — p. of 
eight, the Spanish dollar, marked with the figure 8, and 
worth 8 reals. — to pieces, into pieces or fragments ; broken 
up ; broken, as in health or fortune. 

— v. t. ; pieced (pest) ; piec'ing (pes'ing). 1. To enlarge, 
complete, or repair, by adding a piece or pieces ; patch ; as, 
to piece a garment ; — often used with out. 2. To make up 
or mend by joining pieces ; unite ; as, to piece a cord ; — 
often used with together. — v. i. To unite ; come or fit 
together ; as, these pieces do not piece smoothly. 

piece goods. Fabrics or goods usually woven in and sold by 
pieces or fixed lengths, as shirtings, calicoes, etc. 

piece'meal' (pes'mel 7 ), adv. [ME. pecemele; pece a piece 
+ AS. mselum, dat. pi. of msel measure.] 1. Piece by piece ; 
little by little ; by degrees. 2. In or of pieces or parts. 

piec'er (pes'er), n. One who pieces; specif., in a spinning 
mill, a child employed to piece up broken threads. 

piece'work' (pes'wurk'), n. Work done, or paid for, by the 
piece or job. — piece' work'er, n. 

pied (pld), a. [From pie the party-colored bird.] With large 
blotches of two or more colors ; party-colored ; piebald. 

pied'mont (ped'mont), a. [From Piedmont, in Italy; It. 
piede foot + monte mountain.] Phys. Geog. Lying or 
formed at the base of mountains ; as, a piedmont glacier. 

pie'plant' (pl'plant'), n. The garden rhubarb. U. S. 

pier (per), n. [AS. per.] 1. A support for a bridge span. 

2. A supporting pillar or structure, as of an arch or lintel. 

3. A narrow piece of wall between two openings. 4. An aux- 
iliary mass of masonry to stiffen a wall. 5. A breakwater 
or mole ; hence, any similar structure for use as a landing 
place, a promenade, etc., or to protect or form a harbor. 

pierce (pers), v. t.; pierced (perst) ; peerc'ing (per'sTng). 
[F. percer.] 1, To run into or through as a pointed instru- 
ment does ; transfix ; penetrate ; stab ; as, the spear pierced 
his arm ; the cold pierced him to the bone. 2. To perforate. 
3. To force a way into or through ; as, to pierce the enemy's 
line. 4. To penetrate with the eye or mind ; discern ; as, to 
pierce a mystery. — v. i. To mak§ a way (into or through 
something) ; enter ; penetrate. — Syn. See penetrate. 

pier'cer (per'ser), n. One who, or that which, pierces. 

pier glass. A large high mirror, as, orig., a narrow one 
designed to occupy the pier, or wall space between windows. 

Pi-e'ri-an (pl-e'rl-an), a. Of or pert, to Pieria, in ancient 
Thrace, an early seat of the worship of the Muses. 



Fi-er'i-des (pi-erl-dez), n. pi. [L.,fr. Gr. LTieptoes.] Class. 
Myth, a The Muses, b Nine daughters of a Macedonian 
king, Pierus. They were defeated by the Muses in a con- 
test, and turned into birds. 

pi-er'i-dine (pl-er'1-dln ; -din), a. Also pi-er'i-an (-an). 
[From Pieris, the type genus, fr. Gr. UiepU a Muse.] Zobl. 
Belonging to a large family {Pieridx) or subfamily (Pieri- 
nse) of butterflies, comprising the cabbage butterflies, etc., 
all having three pairs of well-developed legs. 

Pier'rot' (pye'ro'), n. [F., little Peter, from Pierre Peter.] 
In old French pantomime, a character who wore white 
pantaloons and a large white jacket with big buttons, and 
often had his face whitened ; also [I. c], a masked person 
thus dressed ; in English use, a buffoon or itinerant min- 
strel thus made up. 

pier table. A table of the width of a pier between two win- 
dows, often designed to stand under a pier glass. 

pi'et,py'et (pl'et),n. [Dim. of 2d pie.] The magpie. Eng. 

pi'e-tism (pl'e-tiz'm), n. [cap.] 1. The principles or prac- 
tice of the Pietists, a German 17th-century sect which strove 
for a revival of sincere and emotional religious feeling. 2. 
Principles or practices of one who seeks to substitute the 
devotional for the intellectual ideal in Christian experience ; 
also, affectation of devotion. 

pi'e-tist (-tist), n. [Also cap.] One who believes in or prac- 
tices pietism ; — often used disparagingly. 

pi'e-tis'tic (pl'e-tls'tlk), pi'e-tis'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. [Also 
cap.] Of or pert, to the Pietists ; hence, affectedly or de- 
monstratively religious. — pi'e-tis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

pi'e-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. piete, L. pietas piety.] 
1. Quality or state of being pious ; specif. : a Earnest devo- 
tion to the service of God or the gods ; godliness ; devout- 
ness. b Filial reverence and devotion. 2. A pious act, ob- 
servance, or characteristic. — Syn. Religion, holiness. 

pi'e-zo— e-lec-tric'i-ty (pl'e-zo-), n. [Gr. iri&Sav to press 4- 
electricity.] Electricity or electric polarity due to pres- 
sure, esp. in a crystallized substance, as quartz. 

pi'e-zom'e-ter (pi'e'-zom'e'-ter), n. [Gr. Trikfav to press 4- 
-meter.] An instrument for measuring pressure ; as : a A 
manometer, b A sounding machine indicating depth by 
registering the compression of the air. c An instrument for 
measuring the sensitiveness of the skin to pressure. 

pi'e-zo-met'ric (pl'e-zo-met'nk), pi'e-zo-met'ri-cal (-rl- 
kal), a. Of or pertaining to piezometry or the piezometer. 

pi'e-zom'e-try (-zom'e-trT), n. Physics. The measure- 
ment of the compressibility of liquids. 

piffle (pif'l), v. i. To be squeamish or overnice ; hence : to 
trifle ; twaddle. — n. Act of piffling ; trifling talk or action ; 
twaddle. Dial, or Slang. 

pig (pig), n. An earthenware vessel. Scot. 

pig, n. 1. A young swine ; also, any swine. 2. Pork. Hu- 
morous. 3. A person or animal likened to a pig, as in 
greed or filth. Colloq. 4. Metal, a A casting, esp. of iron or 
lead, run directly from the smelting furnace into troughlike 
molds; — from its size, as disting. from a sow. b Any of 
the molds or channels in the pig bed. C Collectively, pig 
iron, pig lead, or the like; as, pig (iron, or the like) is 
higher (in price). [like pigs.| 

— v. i. 1. To farrow. 2. To huddle, lie together, or livej 

pi'geon (pTj'wn). Var. of pidgin (English). 

pi'geon (pij'wn), n. [F., fr. L. pipio, -onis, a young chirp- 
ing bird.] 1. Any of a family {Columbidse) of stout-bodied 
short-legged birds ; a dove ; esp., one of the domesticated 
varieties (pouters, carriers, homers, etc.) derived from the 
rock pigeon (Columbialivia). 2. A gull ; dupe. Slang. 

pi'geon-hole' (-hoF), n. 1. A hole or small recess, for 
pigeons. 2. A small open compartment in a desk, case, or 
the like, for letters, documents, etc. — v. t. 1. To place in 
a pigeonhole ; hence : to lay aside ; shelve ; as, to pigeon- 
hole a report. 2. To place, as a fact, mentally, or as if in 
a "pigeonhole" of the mind ; to label, classify, or analyze 
mentally. 

pi'geon-toed' (-tod'), a. Having the toes turned in. 

pi'geon-wing' (-wing'), n. Dancing. A fancy step executed 
by jumping and striking the legs together. U. S. 

pig'fish' (pig'fish'), n. Any of various fishes ; as : a A salt- 
water grunt (Orthopristis chrysopterus) of the United 
States, b The sailor's-choice (Lagodon rhomboides). 

pig'ger-y (pig'er-i), n.; pi. -geries (-iz). Place where 
swine are kept or bred ; a pigsty ; also, pigs collectively. 

pig'gin (-in), n. A small wooden pail or tub with an up- 
right stave as handle. 

pig'gish (pig'ish), a. Like a pig; greedy; stubborn; self- 
ish ; filthy. — pig'gish-ly, adv. — pig'gish-ness, n. 

pig'-head'ed (-hed'ed ; 24, 109), a. Stupidly obstinate. 

pig iron. Iron cast, or for casting, in pigs. 

pight (pit). Obs. pret. & archaic p. p. of pitch. 

pig'ment (pig'ment), n. [L. pigmentum, fr. root of pin- 
gere to paint.] A coloring matter ; specif. : a Any powder 
or easily powdered substance prepared as a paint Dy mixture 
with a vehicle in which it is insoluble, b Any of various col- 
oring matters in animals and plants, esp. in a cell or tissue. 



K = cfa in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals, 



N 



PIGMENTARY 



730 



PHLOWBERE 








pig'men-ta-ry (pYg'men-tS-rl), a. Of, pert, to, producing, 
or containing pigment. 

pig'men-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. Coloration with, or deposi- 
tion of, pigment ;in M ed., esp., aq excessive deposition of 
pigment cells, as in the skin. 

pig'my (pig'mi). Var. of pygmy. 

pig'no-rate (-no-rat), v. t. [L. pigneratus, p. p. of pigne- 
rare to pledge.] To pledge or pawn ; also, to take in pawn. 

pig'no-ra'tion (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of pledging or pawning. 

2. Civil Law. Distraint, as in case of cattle straying and 
doing damage. 

pig'nut' (pig'nut'), n. 1. A species (Conopodium denuda- 
tion) of earthnut. 2. The somewhat bitter nut of a species 
of hickory (Hicoria glabra) ; also, the tree. 

pig'skin' (-skin'), n. 1. The skin of a pig or hog, or leather 
made of it. 2. Coltoq. a A saddle, b A football. 

pig'stick'ing (pig'stik'ing), n. Wild-boar hunting with a 
spear, usually on horseback ; — so called by Anglo-Indians. 

pig'sty' (pig'stl'), n.; pi. -sties' (-stlz'). A sty for pigs. 

pig'tail' l-tal'), n. 1. Tobacco in small twisted ropes or 
rolls. 2. A queue, as that commonly worn by the Chinese. 

pig'weed' (pig'wed'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Chenopodium) 
of glabrous herbs ; esp., the common goosefoot, or white 
pigweed (C. album). 2. Any of several weedy amaranths. 

3. The common purslane. 

pi'ka (pl'kd), n. [Tungusic peeka.] Any of a genus 
(Ochotona) of rodents 
inhabiting high moun- 
tains in the Northern 
Hemisphere. Their near- 
est relatives are the rab- 
bits. 

pike (plk), n. [AS. pic 
point ; confused with F. 
pic pickax.] 1. A sharp 
point, or spike, as in the Pika {Ochotona prlnceps). 
center of a shield. 2. [From its pointed head.] A vora- 
cious, fresh-water food fish (Esox lucius). Cf. pickerel. 

pike, n. [F. piqued] Mil. A foot-soldier's weapon consist- 
ing of a long wooden shaft with a steel point, now super- 
seded by the bayonet. — v. t. ; piked (pikt) ; pik'ing (plk'- 
Yng). To pierce, kill, or wound with or as with a pike. 

pike, n. Colloq. 1. A tollbar on a road, or a tollgate ; also, 
the toll there paid. 2. A turnpike road. [Slang, U. S.\ 

pike, v. i. To gamble with great caution ; make small bets.| 

pik'ed (pik'ed ; pikt), a. Sharp-pointed ; peaked ; pointed. 
piked dogfish. See dogfish. 

pike'man (plk'mdn)," n. [From 2d pike.] A soldier armed 
with a pike. See soldier, Illust. 

pike perch. Any of several pikelike fishes of the perch 
family, as the sauger and wall-eyed pike. 

pik'er (plk'er), n. A gambler who "pikes" ; a small specu- 
lator. Slang, U. S. 

pike'staff (-staP), n. 1. A staff with a spike at the end, to 
guard against slipping. 2. The staff of a pike (the weapon). 

pi-laf, pi-lafi' (pf-laf). Vars. of pilau. 

pi-las'ter (pi-las'ter), n. [F. pilastre, It. pilastro, fr. LL., 
fr. L. pila a pillar.] An upright architec- 
tural member, rectangular in plan, struc- 
turally a pier, but treated as a column, 
with capital, shaft, and base. 

Pi'late (pl'lat), n. Bib. Anglicized form 
of Latin Pilatus, cognomen of Pontius 
(which see). 

pi-lau', pi-law' (pf-lou'; -16'), n. [Per. & 
Turk, pilaw.'] Rice boiled with meat, fowl, 
or fish, spices, etc. Oriental. 

pil'chard (pTl'chdrd), n. Also pil'cherd, 
pil'cher (-cher). A sardine or, locally in 
the United States and British colonies, any 
of various related fishes. '. ■ Pilaster. 

pile (pil), n. [L. pilus hair.] 1. Hair ; esp., fine soft hair ; 
covering of hair or down ; pelage. 2. Nap on a fabric ; esp., 
thick nap, as of velvet. 3. A fiber or filament, as of velvet. 

pile, n. [F., fr. L. pila pillar, pier or mole of stone.] 1. A 
mass of things heaped together, esp. more or less regularly ; 
a heap. 2. a A large number, quantity, collection, etc. ; a 
lot. Colloq., U.S. b A heap of wood for burning a corpse 
(funeral pile), a person, or a sacrifice. C A great amount 
of money ; a fortune. Slang, d A large building, or mass of 
buildings. 3. Elec. a A series of alternate disks of two dis- 
similar metals with disks between them, as of cloth, mois- 
tened with acid water, to produce a current ; — called Vol- 
ta's pile, voltaic pile, or galvanic pile, b Any similar 
arrangement for generating an electric current ; a battery. 

— v. t. ; piled (pild) ; pil'ing. 1. To lay or throw in a pile ; 
heap up ; mass. 2. To cover with heaps or load with great 
abundance ; heap ; fill. — v. i. To form a pile ; accumulate. 

pile (pil), n. [AS. pil arrow, stake, L. pilum javelin.] 1. 
Roman Antiq. The foot soldier's heavy javelin. 2. A large 
Stake or pointed timber, driven in the earth, as to support 




foundations ; any post or pillar similarly used. 3. Her. A 
wedge-shaped ordinary or subordinary, usually point down. 

— v. t. To drive or sink piles into ; support with piles. 
pi'le-ate (pT'le-at ; pil'e-), a. [L. pileatus, fr. pileus a felt 

cap or hat.] Having a pileus, or cap. 

pi'le-at'ed (-at'ed), a. Pileate ; specif., Zool., having a crest 
covering the pileum ; as, the pileated woodpecker. 

piled (pild), a. Having a pile, or nap. 

pile driver. A machine for driving down piles, usually a 
high frame with appliances for raising to a height a heavy 
mass of iron (the monkey), which falls on the pile. 

pi'le-ous (pl'le-iis), a. [See pilose.] Hairy ; pilose. 

piles (pllz), n. pi. Med. Hemorrhoids. 

pi'le-um (pl'le-um ; pil'e-), n. [NL., fr. L. pileum cap.] 
The top of the head of a bird from the bill to the nape. 

pi'le-US (-us), n. ; pi. pilei (-T). [L., a felt cap.] 1. Antiq. 
A kind of skullcap of felt. 2. The top or cap of a mushroom. 

pile'worV (pll'wurt'), n. A European ranunculaceous 
plant (Ficaria ficqria) with flowers resembling buttercups. 

pil'fer (pil'fer), v. i. & t. [OF. pelfrer.] To steal or plun- 
der ; esp., to practice petty theft ; filch. — Syn. See steal. 

pil'fer-er (-er), n. One who pilfers ; a petty thief. 

pil-gar'lic (pil-gar'lik), n. [Prop., a peeled head of garlic. 
Oxf. E. Z).] A bald-headed man ; now, a man looked upon 
with humorous contempt or mock pity ; a poor creature. 

pil'grim (pil'grim), n. [L. peregrinus, through LL. pele- 
grinus, a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through ■+■ 
ager field, country, land.] 1. A journeyer ; wayfarer. Rhet. 
2. One who travels to some holy place as a devotee. 3. In 
pi. [_cap.] U. S. Hist. The Puritans who landed from the 
''Mayflower" in 1620, and founded Plymouth Colony, 
Massachusetts ; — called also Pilgrim Fathers. 

pil'grim-age (-gn-maj), n. 1. The journey of a pilgrim; 
journey to some sacred place ; a long and weary journey. 
2. Life, regarded as a journey. — Syn. See journey. 

pil'grim's bot'tle (-grimz). A flat bottle with rings tc hold 
a cord by which it may be carried ; a costrel. [Hairy. I 

pi-lif/er-OUS (pl-lifer-us), a. [L. pilus hair + -ferous.~\\ 

pil'ing (pil'ing), n. 1. Act of supplying with piles; pile 
driving. 2. Piles collectively ; a structure of piles. 

pill (pil), n. [OF. pile, L. pila a ball.] 1. A medicine in 
a little ball, to be taken whole. 2. A pellet. — v. t. 1. To 
dose with pills. 2. To blackball ; defeat by ballot. Slang. 

pill, v. t. & i. [ME. pilen.] 1. To rob ; despoil. 06s. or 
Archaic. 2. To peel ; strip or pare off, as bark. Archaic. 

pillage (pil'aj), n. [F., fr. piller to plunder.] 1. Act of pil- 
laging or plundering, esp. in war ; plunder. 2. Spoil ; booty. 

— Syn. Rapine, depredation. See booty. 

— v. t. & i. ; -laged (-ajd) ; -lag-in g (-a-jing). 1. To strip of 
money or goods by open violence ; plunder. 2. To get or 
acquire by robbery or spoliation. — pil'lag-er (-a-jer), n. 

pil'lar (-dr), n. [OF. piler, fr. LL., fr. L. pila a pillar.] 1.' 
A firm, upright, insulated support, slender or narrow com- 
pared to its height ; more widely, any vertical support, as 
a bedpost ; also, a column or shaft standing alone, as for a 
monument. 2. Something like a pillar ; a main support. 
Syn. Pillar, column. Pillar is the more general term, 
and in its fig. use implies, stay or support. Column denotes 
a pillar, esp. of a particular type or order ; its fig. uses are 
based on resemblance of form rather than of function ; as, 
the pillars of the temple, a pillar of salt ; a Doric column, a 
column of smoke, of infantry, of a magazine. 
from pillar to post, from one place of appeal or resource 
to another ; hither and thither ; implying unsuccess. — 
Pil'lars of Her'cu-les (pil'drz) [trans, of L. Columnae 
Herculis; Gr. 'HpAxXeiat arjjXai], two promontories on 
the Strait of Gibraltar, set there, it is fabled, by Hercules. 

— v. t. To support or adorn as with pillars. 

pill bug. Any of various terrestrial isopod crustaceans 
(family Armadillididse), which roll themselves into a ball 
when disturbed. 

pil'lion (-yun), n. [It. pillin, pilliun, fr. Ir. & Gael, pill, 
peall, a hide.] A kind of light saddle ; also, a pad put be- 
hind a man's saddle, as for a woman. 06s. or Hist. 

pil'lo-ry (-S-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [F. pilori.] A device 
for publicly punishing offenders, consisting of a frame hav- 
ing holes for the head and hands. — v. t. ; -ried (-rid); 
-ry-ing (-rT-ing). 1. To set in, or punish with, the pillory. 
2. To expose to public scorn ; as, to pillory a politician. 

pillow (pil'o), n. [AS. pyle, fr. L. pulvinusJ] 1. Any- 
thing used to support one's head when reposing; esp., a 
sack filled with feathers or other soft material. 2. Any of 
various things likened to a pillow ; specif., a cushion or pad 
tightly stuffed, used in making lace (pillow lace) with 
bobbins. 3. A block or support likened to a pillow ; specif., 
Naut., a block under a bowsprit. — v. t. & i. To rest or 
lay on or as on a pillow ; also, to serve as a pillow for. 

pillow bar. Lace Making, a One of the bars or twisted 
threads in pillow lace serving to hold the pattern together. 
b The general background or filling of such threads. 

pillow-bere (-ber), n. [pillow -f- ME. here a covering.] 
A pillowcase. Archaic or Dial. 



pie, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Orn, fip, circus, menu; food, f out; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^y re, verdure (87); 



PILLOWCASE 



731 



PINFISH 



pillow-case' (-kas'), n. A removable covering, usually of 
white linen or cotton, for a pillow. 

pillow sham. An ornamental covering laid over a bed pil- 
low when it is not in use. 

pi'lo-car'pine (pI'16-kar'pTn ; -pen), n. Also -pin. Chem. 
An alkaloid, ChHigN202, obtained from the leaves of 
jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennatifolius) . It is diuretic. 

pi'lose (pl'los), a. [L. pilosus, fr. pilus hair.] Covered with 
hair, esp. soft hair ; hairy. 

pi-los'i-ty (pT-los'I-ti), n. State of being pilose; hairiness. 

pi'lot (pi'lut), n. [F. pilote, fr. It. pilota, piloto.'] 1. 
Naut. One who steers avessel; helmsman. 2. Apersonduly 
qualified to conduct vessels into and out of a port, or in 
certain waters. 3. Aeronautics. One qualified to fly a bal- 
loon, an airship, or a flying machine. 4. A guide. 5. = 
cowcatcher. — v. t. 1. To direct the course of, as of a ship. 
2. To guide, as through dangers or difficulties ; act as pilot 
through, in, or on ; as, he will pilot the way. 3. To fly or act 
as pilot of (an air-craft). 

pilot-age (-aj), n. 1. Act or business of piloting. 2. The 
compensation made or allowed to a pilot. 

pilot balloon. A small, unmanned balloon sent up to indi- 
cate the direction of air currents. 

pilot biscuit, pilot bread. Ship biscuit. 

pilot burner. A small burner kept lighted to rekindle a 
principal burner when desired. 

pilot engine. A locomotive going in advance of a train to 
make sure that the way is clear, [accompanying a shark. | 

pilot fish. A pelagic fish (Naucrates ductor) often seenj 

pilot house. Naut. Inclosed space on the upper deck shel- 
tering the stearing gear and the helmsman ; a wheelhouse. 

pi'lous (pl'lus), a. Pilose. 

pil'ule (pil'ul), n. A little pill. 

Pi'man (pe'mdn), a. Designating, or pert, to, a linguistic 
stock of North American Indians occupying southern Ari- 
zona and northwestern Mexico. 

pi-men'to (pi-men'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [Sp. pimienta, 
fr. L. pigmentum a pigment, juice of plants ; hence, some- 
thing spicy.] Allspice, or the allspice tree. 

||pi-mien'tO(pe-myen / to),n.;-TOS(-toz). [Sp.] The Span- 
ish sweet pepper, the fruit of which is used as a vegetable, 
to stuff olives, etc. [pepper. | 

pim-o'la (pim-o'ld), n. An "olive stuffed with a sweet red| 

pimp (pimp), n. Procurer ; pander. — v. i. To act as pimp. 

pim'per-nel (plm'per-nel), n. [F. pimprenelle."] Any of a 
genus ( Anagallis) of primulaceous herbs, esp. a species (A. 
arvensis) whose scarlet, white, or purple flowers close at 
the approach of bad weather. 

pimp'ing (pim'plng), a. Little ; petty ; also, puny ; sickly. 

pim'ple (plm'p'l), n. Any small pointed elevation of the 
cuticle; papule; pustule. — pim'pled (-p'ld), pim'ply, a. 

pin (pin), n. [AS. pinn, fr. L. pinna a pinnacle, point.] 1. 
A peg, bolt, etc., used to fasten articles together, or to hang 
something on. 2. a A small pointed and headed piece of 
wire, for fastening clothes, attaching papers, etc. b A larger 
pointed instrument for securing the hair or an article of 
dress ; as, hatpira, scarf pin, etc. 3. Something that resem- 
bles, or is likened to, a pin ; as : a A peg in musical instru- 
ments for regulating the tension of the strings, b A linchpin. 
C A rollingpin. d A clothespin, e A tholepin, f A belaying 

Ein. g Bowling, Skittles, etc. One of the wooden pieces to 
e bowled at. h A peg or the like in the center of a target ; 
hence, the center. Obs. i The leg ; as, to knock one off his 
pins; — chiefly in pi. Slang or Colloq. 4. An ornament, 
as a badge, fastened to the clothing by a pin ; as, a Masonic 
pin; a society pin. [ease of the eye. Obs. \ 

pin and web, two symptoms of eye disease, or some dis-| 

— v. t. ; pinned (pind) ; pin'ning. 1. To fasten, join, secure, 
or transfix by or with a pin. 2. To hold as by thrusting a 
pinjthrough ; as, to pin a person's arms to his sides. 

U pi'na (pe'nya), n. [Sp., orig., pineapple, pine cone.] 1. 
Pineapple. 2. Short for pifia cloth, a fine fabric woven 
from a fiber from the leaf of the sterile pineapple. 

pi-na'ceous (pl-na'shws), a. [L. pinus a pine tree.] Of or 
pert, to a family (Pinacese), the pine family, of coniferous 
trees and shrubs, including the pine, spruce, hemlock, fir, 
cypress, cedar, redwood, etc. 

pin'a-coid, pin'a-koid (pin'd-koid),n. [Gr. viva.%, -a/cos, a 
tablet -+- -oid.~\ Cryst. A form whose faces, usually two, 
are parallel to two axes. 

pin'a-co-the'ca (pm'd-ko-the'kd), n.; pi. L. -cm (-se), E. 
-CAS (-kdz). [L., fr. Gr. irivaKodriKr) ; iriva£, -a»cos, picture 
-f- 9-okt) repository.] A picture gallery or art gallery. 

pin'a-fore' (pin'd-for'; 57), n. [pin + aforeT\ An apron, 
usually low-neckea and sleeveless, worn esp. by children or 

firls to protect the front part of the dress. 
. -nas'ter (pl-nas'ter ; pi-), n. [L., fr. pinus a pine.] The 

cluster pine (Pinus pinaster). 
pince'— nez' (paNs'na'), n. sing, and pi. [F. ; pincer to 

Sinch -f- nez nose.] Eyeglasses kept on by a spring. 
. a'cers (pln'serz), n. pi. [ME. pynsours, fr. F. pincer to 



pinch.] 1. An instrument having two handles and two 
grasping jaws working on a pivot, used for gripping things ; 
— often called a pair of pincers. 2. Zobl. A pincerlike 
claw, as of the lobster ; a chela. 

pinch (pinch), v. t. [ME. pinchen, deriv. of OF. pincier.~] 
1. To squeeze between the finger and thumb, or between 
teeth or claws, or between the jaws of an instrument. 2. To 
squeeze or compress painfully ; as, a new shoe pinches the 
foot. 3. To afflict ; distress ; also, to cramp, contract, make 
waste or shrunken, etc., as by pain, want, or affliction ; as, 
a face pinched with hunger. 4. To straiten ; stint ; as, to 
be pinched for money. 5. To steal ; rob ; also, to arrest. 

. Slang. 6. Naut. To sail close to the wind, usually too close. 

— v. i. 1. To compress ; squeeze. 2. To be niggardly ; to be 
sparing, miserly, or close-fisted. 

— n. 1. Act of pinching ; a nip. 2. As much as may be taken 
between the finger and thumb ; a bit ; as, a pinch of snuff. 
3. Pressure ; pain ; stress ; as, necessity's sharp pinch. 4. 
An emergency ; a strait ; as, he could do it at a pinch. 

pinch bar. A lever having a projection at one end, used 
chiefly to roll heavy wheels, etc. 

pincb/beck (-bek), n. [From the inventor's name.] 1. An 
alloy of copper and zinc, used to imitate gold. 2. That 
which is spurious. — o. Made of pinchbeck ; sham ; cheap. 

pinch'cock' (-kok'), n. A clamp on a flexible tube to regu- 
late or stop the flow of a fluid through the tube. 

pinch'er (pTn'cher), n. One who, or that which, pinches ; in 
pi., pincers. 

pin'cush'ion (pin'koosh'un), n. A small cushion in which 
pins may be stuck 'ready for use. 

Pin-dar'ic (pm-dar'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or after the style 
of, Pindar (about 522 to 448? B. a), a Greek lyric poet 
famous for magnificence of style. — n. A Pindaric ode. 

pin'dling (pin'dling ; dial, -lln), a. Puny ; sickly. Dial. U. S. 

pine (pin), v. i.; pined (pind); pin'ing (pln'Ing). [AS. 
pinian to torment, fr. pin pain, L. poena.~] 1. To lan- 
guish ; lose vigor or flesh, esp. under distress or anxiety. 2. 
To languish with desire ; long intensely ; — usually used 
with for ; as, to pine for home. — Syn. Droop, flag, wither, 
decay. — v. t. To grieve or mourn for. Archaic. — n. Pun- 
ishment; torment; pain; suffering. 06s. or Archaic. 

pine, n. [AS. pin, L. pinus.} 1. Any of a genus (Pinus) 
of coniferous trees, type of a family (Pinacese), ranging in 
size from undershrubs to lofty timber trees, and having nee- 
dle-shaped leaves (pine needles). Common species are the 
white pine (P. strobus) and yellow pine (P. echinata) of 
eastern North America ; the Georgia pine (P. palustris) 
and loblolly (P. tseda), of the southern United States ; the 
bull pine (P. ponderosa), of the western United States; 
the sugar pine (P. lambertiana), of California and Oregon, 
etc. 2. The wood of the pine. 3. The pineapple. 

pin'e-al (pin'e-al), a. [L. pmea a pine cone.] Anat. & 
Zool. Designating, or pert, to, the pineal body or gland, a 
body of unknown function present in the brain in all crani- 
ate vertebrates. In some reptiles it has the structure of an 
eye, and is then called the pineal eye. 

pine'ap'ple (pTn'ap'l), n. 1. A tropical plant (Ananas 
ananas) having rigid, spiny-margined, recurved leaves, and 
bearing a short stalk with a dense oblong head of small 
rudimentary flowers. 2. The edible juicy fruit of this plant, 
consisting of the succulent ripened inflorescence. 

pine'drops' (pln'drops'), n. 1. A leafless saprophytic plant 
(Pterospora andromedea) with white nodding flowers ; — ■ 
also distinguished as Albany beechdrops. 2. Beechdrops. 

pine finch. A small North American finch (Spinus pinus) 
with streaked plumage. 

pi'nene (pl'nen), n. [L. pinus 
pine + -ene.} Chem. A terpene, 
C10H16, the chief constituent of j 
oil of turpentine, and an ingre-' 
dient in many essential oils. 

pine needle. See pine, n. 

pin'er-y (pin'er-i), n.; pi. -eries. 
(-iz). 1. A hothouse in which 
pineapples are grown. 2. A forest 
or grove of pine trees. 

pine'sap' (pln'sapO.n. A leafless saprophytic herb (Ilypo- 
pitys hypopitys) of the north temperate zone, resembling 
the Indian pipe, but yellowish or reddish. 

pine siskin. The pine finch. 

pi-ne'tum (pl-ne'tum), 71. ; pi. -ta (-td). [L., a pine grove.] 
A plantation or collection of pine trees. 

pin'ey (pin'i). Var. of piny. 

pin'featn'er (pTn'fetb/er), n. A feather not fully developed ; 
esp., a rudimentary feather just emerging. 

pin'— fire', a. 1. Of a cartridge, having a movable pin which, 
when struck by the hammer, exploded a cap in the car- 
tridge ; — not now used. 2. Of a firearm, using a pin-fire 
cartridge. — n. A pin-fire firearm. Rare. 

pin'fish' (pin'fish'), n. Any of several fishes having sharp 
dorsal spines ; esp. : a A small sparoid food fish (Diplodus 




Pine Finch. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



PINFOLD 







holbrooki) of the coasts of the United States, b The 
sailor's-choice (Lagodon rhomboides). 

pin'fold' (-fold'), n. A pound for animals ; — often figura- 
tive. — v. t. To inclose or confine in or as in a pinfold. 

ping (ping), to. [Of imitative origin.] A sharp sound such 
as that made by a bullet in passing through the air. — v. i. 
To make the sound called ping. 

ping'-pong' (-pong'), to. [Imitative.] A modification of 
tennis, played on a table with small bats, or battledores, 
and a small, light, hollow celluloid ball. 

pin'guid (pir/gwid), a. [L. pinguis fat.] Fat ; greasy. 

pin'head' (pTn'hed'), to. The head of a pin; hence, some- 
thing very small or insignificant. 

pin'hole' (-holO, to. A small hole made by or as by a pin. 

pin'ion (pin'yftn), to. [F. pignon.] Mach. A cogwheel 
with a small number of teeth or leaves, designed to gear 
with a larger wheel or with a rack. 

pin'ion, n. [OF. pignon.'] 1. Zo'dl. The distal part of a 
bird's wing, including the carpus, metacarpus, and pha- 
langes. 2. A wing. 3. A feather ; quill ; also, the flight 
feathers collectively. 4. The anterior border of an insect's 
wing. — v. t. 1. To cut off the pinion of a wing of (a bird). 
2. To disable or restrain by binding the arms, esp. to the 
body. 3. Hence: to confine ; bind, literally or figuratively. 

pin'ioned (-yftnd), a. Having wings or pinions. 

pin'ite (pin'it; pT'nTt), to. [G. pinit; — from the Pini 
mine in Saxony.] Min. A mineral, essentially a hydrous 
silicate of aluminium and potassium. 

pi'nite (pT'nlt), to. [F., fr. L. pinus pine tree.] Chem. A 
sweet crystalline substance, C6H6(OH)sOCH3, found in the 
gum of a species of pine {Pinus lambertiana) and in some 
other plants. 

pink (pTnk), v. t. 1. To pierce with small holes; cut the 
edge of, as cloth, in small scallops. 2. To stab ; pierce, as 
with a sword. 3. To adorn ; decorate. [stern. I 

pink, to. [D.] Naut. A vessel of a type having a narrow| 

pink, a. Small ; of an eye : half shut ; winking. Dial. Eng. 

pink, n. 1. Any of a genus (Dianthus) of silenaceous herbs, 
or its flower ; esp., the common garden pink (D. plumarius) , 
the China pink (D. chinensis), or the clove pink (D. caryo- 
phyllus). Cf. carnation. 2. A thing supremely excellent ; 
the highest type ; as, the pink of courtesy. 3. A color result- 
ing from mixture of pure vivid red with white. 4. The 
scarlet of the coat of a fox hunter ; hence, a fox hunter's 
coat, or a fox hunter. — a. Being oi the color called pink. 

pink eye, or pink'eye', to. Med. An acute, highly con- 
tagious, variety of conjunctivitis. 

pink'ie (pTrjk'i), to. Naut. A pink ; esp., a fishing pink. 

pink'ness, to. Quality or state of being pink. 

pink'root' (pink'root'), to. 1. Any of several loganiaceous 
herbs (genus Spigelia), esp. a 
species (<S. marilandica) of the 
United States, cultivated for its 
showy red flowers, or a tropical 
species (S. anthelmia). Both 
species are used as anthelmin- 
tics. 2. The root of any of these 
species, used in medicine. 

Pink'ster (-ster), to. [D. pink- 
ster, pinksteren, ultimately fr. 
Gr. irevTT)KO<TTri. SeePENTECOST.] 
Whitsuntide; — usually us»d 
attrib. U. S., esp. New York. 

pinkster flower. The pink 
azalea (Azalea nudi flora) .U . S. 

pin money. Money allowed by a 
man to his wife for her private 
purposes. 

pin'na (pin'd), to.; pi. L. -n.e 
(-e), E. -nas (-dz). [L., a feath- 
er, prop., a sharp point.] 1. A 
leaflet. 2. a A feather, wing, 
fin, etc. b The auricle of the ear. marilandica) . 

pin'nace (pin'as), to. [F. pinasse, pinace.] Naut. a A 
light sailing vessel, used largely as a tender. Hist, or Poetic. 
b Any of various ship's boats. 

pin'na-cle (-d-k'l), «. [F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. 
pinna. See pin.] 1. An upright architectural member, 
generally ending in a small spire, on a buttress or an angle 
pier. 2. A lofty peak. 3. The highest point ; acme ; as, the 
pinnacle of his fame. 

— v. t. ; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klTng). 1. To build or 
furnish with a pinnacle. 2. To place on or as on a pinnacle. 

pin'nate (-at), a. [L. pinnatus feathered.] Featherlike; 
having parts arranged along two sides of an axis ; specif., 
Bot., having the leaflets or primary divisions arranged on 
each side of a common petiole or rachis ; — applied to com- 
pound leaves. See leaf, Illust. — pin'nat-ed (-at-ed).a. 

pin'nate-ly (-at-li), adv. In a pinnate manner. 

pin-nat'i-fid (pi-nat'i-fid), a. [L. pinnatus feathered + 




Pinkroot 



{Spigelia 



732 PEP 

-fid."] Bot. Pinnately cleft, with narrow lobes not reaching 
to the midrib. 

pin-nat'i-lo'bate (-lo'bat), pin-nat'i-lobed (-lobd), a. Bot. 
Having lobes arranged pinnately as leaves of the white oak. 

pin-na'tion (pi-na'shun), to. Bot. State of being pinnate. 

pin-nat'i-par'tite (pi-nat'i-par'tlt), a. Bot. Parted pin- 
nately, the divisions reaching nearly to the midrib. 

pin-nat'i-sect (pi-nat'I-sekt), a. [L. pinnat us feathered -f- 
secare, sectum, to cut.] Bot. Cut to the midrib into pin- 
nate segments ; pinnately divided. 

pin'ner (pin'er;, n. Costume, a A headdress like a cap, 
with Jong side lappets, b A pinafore. Colloq. & Dial. Eng. 

pin'ni-ped (pin'i-ped), a. [L. pinna feather, fin + pes, 
pedis, foot.] Fin-footed ; specif., Zo'dl., belonging to a 
suborder (Pinnipedia) of aquatic carnivorous mammals, 
including the seals and the walruses. — pin'ni-ped, to. 

pin'nu-la (-u-ld), to.; L. pi. -l^e (-le). [L., dim. of pinna 
feather.] 1. Bot. & Zo'dl. A pinnule. 2. Zo'dl. A barb 
of a feather. — pin'nu-lar (-u-ldr), a. 

pin'nule (pin'ul), to. [L. pinnula, dim. of pinna feather.] 

1. Zo'dl. a One of the secondary branches of a plumelike 
organ ; specif., one of the lateral parts of the arm of a cri- 
noid. b In fishes, a small detached fin, as in the mackerel. 

2. Bot. A secondary pinna ; one of the ultimate divisions of 
a twice pinnate leaf. 

pi'no-chle, pi'no-cle (pe'no-k'l ; pin'6-), to. A game at 
cards ; also, a certain combination of cards in it. 

pi-no'le (pe-no'la ;pT-nol'), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. pinolli.] 1. 
Parched maize, ground and sweetened. 2. Sweet flour of 
mesquite beans. 

pi-non' (pe-nyon' ; pin'yon), to. [Sp. pindn the seed of the 
tree.] Any of various low-growing pines (Pinus parryana, 
P. edulis, etc.) of western North America, producing an 
edible nutlike seed ; also, the seed itself. 

pint (pint), to. [F. pinte.~] A measure of capacity equal to 
half a quart, or (in liquid measure) four gills. Abbr., pt. ; 
symbol, as used by apothecaries, O (from L. octarius)'. 

pin'ta (pTn'td; Sp. pen'ta), to. [Sp., lit., spot.] Med. A 
tropical disease characterized by dark spots on the skin. 

pin-ta'do (pin-ta'do ; -ta'do), to.; pi. -dos (-doz) or -does. 
[Sp. & Pg. pintado painted.] A scombroid fish (Scombe- 
romorus regalis) larger than the Spanish mackerel, com- 
mon about the West Indies. 

pin'tail' (pTn'tal'),?!. 1. A kind of river duck (Dafila acuta) 
of which the male has the central tail feathers elongated. 
2. The ruddy duck. Local, U. S. 3. A sand grouse (Ptero- 
clurus alchatus) of the Mediterranean region, India, etc. 

pin'tle (pin't'l), to. [AS. pintel penis.] 1. A (usually up- 
right) pivot pin, as of a hinge. 2. Ordnance. A 
hook at the rear of a limber to receive the ring 
on the gun trail. 

pin'to (pin' to ; pen'to), a. [Sp.] Lit., painted; 
hence : piebald ; mottled. — n. ; pi. -tos. A 
piebald or calico horse or pony. Western U. S. 

pin'weed' (pin'wed'), to. Any of a genus (Le- 
chea) of cistaceous herbs ; — in allusion to c^intle of 
their slender stems and leaves. a Hinge or 

pin Wheel, or pin'wheel', to. 1. In horology, a Rudder, 
kind of wheel in which the cogs are cylindrical pins. 2. 
Fireworks. A small coil which revolves on a pin and makes 
a wheel of colored fire. 

pin'worm' (pin'wurm'), to. A small nematode worm (Oxy- 
uris vermicularis) parasitic chiefly in the rectum of man. 

pin'y (pln'i), a. 1. Abounding in pines. 2. Of, pertaining 
to, or having characteristics of, pine ; pinelike. 

pi'nyl (pl'nil), to. [pznene + -yl.~\ Chem. A univalent 
hydrocarbon radical, C10H15, derived from pinene. 

pi'o-neer' (pl'6-ner'), to. [F. pionnier, orig., a foot soldier, 
OF. peonier, fr. OF. peon a foot soldier. See 1st pawn.] l k 
Mil. One of the soldiers, esp. of an engineer corps, detailed 
to make roads, etc. 2. One who goes before, preparing the 
way for others ; as, pioneers of civilization ; pioneers in sci- 
ence. — v. t. & i. 1. To prepare or open (a way, etc.). 2. 
To act as a pioneer for or in. 

pi'ous (pi'us), a. [L. pius.~\ 1. Showing faith in the Deity ; 
reverential. 2. Practiced under the pretext of religion ; as, 
pious frauds. 3. Dutiful, as toward parents. Archaic. — 
Syn. See devout. — pi'ous-ly, adv. — pi'ous-ness, to. 

pip (pip), to. [Short for pippin.] A small seed, as of an apple. 

pip, to. [ME. pippe, prob. fr. OD. pippe, fr. LL. pipita, 
fr. L. pituita slime, phlegm, the pip.] A contagious dis- 
ease of fowls, characterized by hoarseness, discharge from 
the nostrils and eyes, and mucus in the mouth. 

pip, to. 1. One of the conventional figures, or "spots," on 
playing cards, dominoes, etc. 2. Hort. The flowering crown 
or individual rootstock of the lily of the valley ; also, any of 
various pther dormant roots or rootstocks, as of peonies, 
anemones, etc. ; — often so called in the trade. 

pip (pip), v. i.; pipped (pTpt) ; pdp'ping. [See peep.] To 
cry or chirp, as a chicken ; peep. — v. t. To break through 
(the shell) ; — said of a young bird when it hatches. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, torn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PIPAGE 



733 



PISTOL 



pip'age (pTp'aj), to. Transportation, as of petroleum, by a 
pipe conduit ; also, the charge for such transportation. 

pi'pal (pe'pdl), n., or pipal tree. [Hind, pipal, Skr. pip- 
pala.~\ The sacred fig of India (Ficus religiosa), distin- 
guished from the banyan by the absence of prop roots. 

pipe (pip), n. [AS. pipe, fr. L. pipare to chirp.] 1. A wind 
instrument consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, 
wood, or metal, as a flageolet or an oboe. Specif., an organ 
pipe, either a flue pipe or a reed pipe. See flue pipe, reed 
pipe. 2. Naut. A peculiar whistle used by boatswains; also, 
a call or signal sounded on this whistle. 3. The bagpipe ; — 
usually in pi. 4. The voice, esp. the singing voice ; the 
peeping whistle or note of a bird, insect, etc. 5. A long tube 
or hollow body, as to conduct water, steam, etc. 6. a A 
tube with a small bowl, used for smoking tobacco, or, 
sometimes, other substances, as opium, b A pipeful of 
what is smoked. 7. [F., also, a wind instrument.] A 
large cask of varying capacity, used esp. for wine and oil ; 
also, its volume, reckoned as two hogsheads. 8. A tubular 
channel in the body; esp., chiefly in pi., the windpipe, a 
bronchus, or a passage of the lungs. 9. Any of various 
natural formations resembling a pipe or tube, as the stem 
of a plant. 

— v. t. ; piped (plpt) ; pip'ing (pip'ing). l.'To play on a 
pipe, etc. ; utter in the shrill tone of a pipe. 2. To affect, 
effect, bring, etc., by piping; as, to pipe one into good 
spirits. 3. To furnish or equip with pipes, as a building. 4. 
To ornament with piping, as a dress or a cake. — v. i. 1. 
To play on or sound a pipe. 2. To emit or have a shrill 
sound like that of a pipe. 

pipe Clay. Highly plastic and fairly pure grayish white clay, 
used in making pipes, in calico printing, for cleaning, etc. 

pipe'clay 7 , v. t. To whiten or clean with pipe clay. 

pipe'fish 7 (plp'fish'), to. Any of a family {Syngnathidse) of 

lop h o - ^p^m 

b r a n c h &== ^^^n^^^s 
fishes hav- 
ing a long Pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus) . (i) 

slender body of angular section, and a long, tubular snout. 

pipe'lay'ing, n. or pipe laying. 1. The laying of conduct- 
ing pipes underground. 2. Political intriguing. Cant, U. S. 

pipe organ. An organ with pipes. Cf. reed organ. 

pip'er (plp'er), n. One who plays on a pipe, esp. a bagpipe. 

yi-per'a-zine (pl-per'd-zin ; -zen; pi-), to. Also -zin. \_pi- 
perkiine-t- azote. + -ine.] Chem. A crystalline substance, 
(C2H4NH )2, formed by action of ammonia on ethylene 
bromide, by reduction of pyrazine, etc. 

pi-per'i-dine (pl-per'i-dm ; -den; pi-), to. Also -din. [F.] 
Org. Chem. A liquid base, C5H11N, having a hot, peppery, 
ammoniacal odor. It is obtained from piperine. 

pip'er-ine (pTp'er-Tn ; -en), n. Also -in. [L. piper pepper.] 
Chem. A white crystalline alkaloid, C17H19O2N, obtained 
from various species of pepper. 

pip'er-O-nal (pip'er-6-nal), to. [G., formed fr. piperin piper- 
ine.] Chem. A white crystalline aldehyde, C8H6O3, with 
an odor like heliotrope. It is used in perfumery. 

pipe'stem' (plp'stem'), to. The tube of a pipe (def. 6 a). 

tipe'stone' (plp'ston'), to. A kind of argillaceous stone, 
carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. 

pi-pette' (pi-pet'), to. [F., dim. of pipe tube, cask.] A 
small piece of apparatus for transferring fluids, as a slender 
glass tube. 

pip'ing (pip'ing), p. a. 1. Playing on a musical pipe. 2. 
Characterized by the music of the pipe rather than of the 
martial drum and fife ; as, piping times of peace. 3. Emit- 
ting a high, shrill sound ; whistling ; as, a piping breeze. 

— n. 1. Action of one that pipes ; also, the music or sound 
of one that pipes. 2. Pipes collectively ; material in, or 
suggestive of, the form of a pipe or pipes. 3. Dressmaking. 
A small cord covered with cloth, or a bias fold, used as a 
trimming. 4. A kind of cordlike ornamentation for pastry, 
made of frosting. 

pip'it (pip'it), n. [From its call note.] Any of various small 
singing birds (family Motacillidse) resembling the lark. 

pip'kin (pTp'kin), n. 1. A small earthen pot. 2. A piggin. 

pip'pin (-in), n. [F. pepin, pepin, a seed.] 1. A seed. Obs. 
2. Any of numerous varieties of apple ; as, the fall pippin. 

pip-sis'se-wa (pip-sis'e-wd), n. [From Amer. Indian.] 
Any of a genus (Chimaphila, esp. C. umbellata) of ever- 
green herbs, with tonic and astringent leaves. 

pi'pul (pe'pul), or pipul tree. Var. of pipal, pipal tree. 

pip'y (plp'i), a. 1. Like a pipe ; tubular. 2. Piping ; shrill. 

pi'quan-cy (pe'kdn-si), to. Quality of being piquant. 

pi'quant (-kdnt), a. [F., pricking.] 1. Piercing or sharp, 
esp. to the feelings. Archaic. 2. Stimulating to the taste ; 
giving zest ; tart ; sharp ; pungent ; — also fig. ; as, a pi- 
quant anecdote. — Syn. See pungent. — pi'quant-ly f adv. 

pPquant-ness, n. Piquancy. 

pique (pek), to. [F. pic] In piquet, the making by one 
player of thirty points in hand and play before the other 
player scores. It counts thirty additional. 



pique (pek), n. [¥., fr. piquer to prick.] A feeling of hurt 
or resentment due to a slight or injury, esp. to one's pride. 
Syn. Offense, irritation, displeasure, umbrage, resentment. 
— ■ Pique, umbrage agree in the idea of offense taken. 
Pique denotes a quick and often transient resentment, due 
esp. to wounded vanity ; umbrage is properly a sense of 
being overshadowed or slighted ; but the word commonly 
suggests little more than ruffled pride or jealous suspicion ; 
as, piqued by fancied neglect ; to give umbrage by a rebuke. 

— v. t. ; piqued (pekt) ; pi'quing (pe'klng). 1. To anger by 
wounding the pride of ; nettle. 2. To stimulate ; prick ; as, 
to pique curiosity. 3. To pride or value ; — used refiexive- 
ly ; as, he piqued himself upon his skill. — Syn. Offend, 
displease, irritate, annoy, provoke, sting ; goad. 

pi-que' (pe-ka'), n. [F., p. p. of piquer to prick.] A ribbed 
or raised-figured cotton fabric. 

pi-quet' (pe-kef ; pik'et), n. [F.] A game at cards played 
by two. The cards from two to six are excluded. 

pi'ra-cy (pl'rd-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [LL. piratia, Gr. 
yreiparfta.] 1. Robbery on the high seas. 2. Any unauthor- 
ized appropriation and reproduction of another's produc- 
tion, invention, or conception ; literary or artistic theft. 

pi-ra'gua (pl-ra'gwd; -rag'wd), to. [Sp.] Naut. a = 
dugout, 1. b A dugout widened by cutting in two and in- 
serting planks, c A two-masted, flat-bottomed boat. 

pi'rate (pl'rat), n. [L. pirata, Gr. irtiparris, lit., one who 
makes attempts (on ships), deriv. fr. iretpa attempt.] 1. 
One who commits piracy. 2. An armed vessel engaged in 
piracy. — v. i. ; -rat-ed (-rat-ed) ; -rat-ing. To play the 
pirate ; commit piracy. — v.t. 1. To commit piracy upon. 2. 




Pi-rith'o-us (pl-rith'6-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. IleiptfoJs'.] See 
LapitH/E. [loosely, any canoelike boat.l 

pi-rogue' (pT-rog'),TO. [Carib. piragua.'] A dugout canoe ;| 

pir'ou-ette' (pTr'66-et'), to. [F.] 1. A whirling or turning 
on the toes. 2. Manege. The whirling about of a horse. 

— v. i. ; et'ted (-et'ed) ; -et'ting. To perform a pirouette ; 
whirl as in a pirouette. 

pis'ca-ry (pis'kd-n), to.; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. piscarius 
relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] 1. Law. 
The right or privilege of fishing in another's waters ; — now 
in phrase common of piscary. 2. A fishing place ; a fishery. 

pis'ca-tol'o-gy (pls'kd-tol'6-ji), to. [L. piscari, piscatus, 
to fish + -logy.] Science of fishing. 

pis'ca-to'ri-al (pTs'kd-to'n-dl), a. Piscatory (sense 1). 

pis'ca-to-ry (pis'kd-to-n), a. [L. piscatorius, deriv. of 
piscis a fish.] 1. Of or pert, to fishes or fishing. 2. Living 
by fishing ; as, piscatory tribes. 

Pis'ces (pis'ez), to. pi.; gen. Piscium (pish'T-Sm). [L., 
fishes.] Astron. a A constellation between Aquarius and 
Aries, pictured as two fishes ; the Fishes, b The twelfth 
sign [X] of the zodiac, which the sun enters about Feb. 19. 

pis'ci-cuPture (-i-kuFrjr), to. [L. piscis fish + E. culture.] 
Fish culture. — pis'ci-CUl'tur-ist, n. 

pis'ci-form (pis'i-form), a. [L. piscis fish -f- -form.] 
Shaped like a fish. 

pis-ci'na (pT-si'nd; pT-se'-), to. [L., a cistern, basin, fish- 
pond, fr. piscis fish.] Eccl. A stone basin with a drain used 
by the priest in rinsing his hands and the sacred vessels. 

piscine (pis'In ; -in), a. [L. piscis a fish.] Zo'dl. Of, per- 
taining to, or like, a fish or fishes. 

pis-civ'o-rous (pT-siv'6-rus), a. [L. piscis a fish + -vo- 
rous.] Zo'dl. Feeding on fish. 

Fis'gah (piz'gd), to. [Heb. Pisgah.] Bib. The mountain 
from wjiich Moses viewed the Promised Land. Deut. iii. 27. 

pish (pish), inter j. & to. An exclamation of contempt. — 
v. i. To say pish ; express contempt. 

pi'si-form (pT'sT-form), a. [L. pisum pea + -form.] Like 
a pea or peas in size and shape ; as, pisiform iron ore. 

pis'mire' (pis'mlrO, n. An ant. 

pi'so-lite (pl'so-llte ; pTz'6-), to. [Gr. irlaov pea + -lite.] 
Geol. A limestone composed of globular concretions about 
the size of a pea. Cf. oolite. — pi'so-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

pis-tache' (pis-tash'; F. pes'tash'). Var. of pistachio. 

pis-ta'chi-o (pTs-ta'shi-o ; pis-ta'-; -sho), to.; pi. -chi-os 
(-shi-oz ; -shoz). [It. pistacchio, fr. L., fr. Gr. tti.aT6.Kiov, 
fr. ttl<ttLk7i, the tree, Per. pistah, the nut.] 1. A small 
tree (Pistacia vera), of the cashew family, of southern 
Europe and Asia Minor. 2. The seed of this tree, used for 
flavoring. 

pis'ta-reen' (pis'td-ren'), to. The old Spanish peseta as cur- 
rent in Spanish America. — o. Of small value ; picayune. 

pis'til (pis'til), to. [L. pistillum, pistillus, a pestle.] Bot. 
The ovule-bearing organ ; the ovary with its appendages. 

pis'til-late (-ti-lat), a. Bot. Furnished with or producing 
a pistil or pistils ; having pistils but no stamens. 

pis'tol (pTs'tiil), to. [F. pistole.] A short firearm for use 
with one hand. Pistols are now usually either revolvers or 
automatic magazine pistols. — v. t. ; -toled (-ti/ld) or 
-tolled ; -tol-ing or -tol-ling. To shoot with a pistol. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PISTOL 



734 



PITY 







Pis'tol, n. The ancient (ensign) of Falstaff in three of 
Shakespeare's plays, a ranting bully and swaggerer. 

pis-tole' (pis-tol'), n. [F.] The old quarter doubloon of 
Spain, worth about $4 ; any of various obsolete gold coins. 

pis'to-leer' (pis'to-ler/), n. Also pis'to-lier'. [F. pisto- 
lier.~] One who uses, or is armed with, a pistol. 

pistol grip. The part of the stock of a gun, just behind the 
lock, when shaped like an old-fashioned pistol stock. 

pis'ton (pis'tftn), n. [F., fr. L. pinsere, pistum, to pound.] 
l.Mach. A sliding piece moved by, or moving against, 
fluid pressure, usually a short cylinder moving in a cylinder. 
2. Music.^ In certain brass wind instruments, a sliding 
valve moving in a cylinder like a piston and serving, when 
depressed by a finger knob, to lower the pitch. 

piston rod. Mach. A rod by which a piston is moved, or 
by which it communicates motion. 

pit (pit), n. The hard stone of a drupaceous fruit. U.S. 

pit, n. [AS. pytt pit, hole, L. puteus well, pit.] 1. A cavity 
or hole in the ground ; as, a gravel pit. 2. A pitfall for wild 
beasts ; hence : a trap ; snare. 3. A deep place ; abyss. 4. 
Hades ; hell, or a part of it, as in the pit of hell. 5. An in- 
closed area for cockfighting, for keeping wild beasts, etc. 6. 
A surface depression or hollow, as on the human body ; as, 
the armpit. 7. Formerly, that part of a theater below the 
level of the stage and behind the orchestra ; now, in Eng- 
land, the cheaper part behind the stalls. 8. Commerce. 
That part of the floor of some exchanges devoted to a spe- 
cial branch of business ; as, wheat pit. U. S. 

— v. t. ; pit'ted (-ed ; 24) ; pit'ting. 1. To place or put into 
a pit or hole. 2. To form pits in ; as, pitted by smallpox. 3. 
To set in a pit to fight, as cocks or dogs ; match one against 
another. — v. i. To become marked with pits; specif., 
Med., to retain for a time an indentation made by pressure 
(of the finger, etc.) ; — said of the skin or flesh. 

pi'ta (pe'td), n. [Sp.] 1. The fiber obtained from the cen- 
tury plant, utilized for cordage, etc. ; also, the plant itself. 

2. = ixtle. 3. The similar fiber of any of several other 
plants, as various species of yucca. 

pit'a-paf (pit'd-pat'), adv. In a flutter; with palpita- 
tion. — n. A light, repeated sound ; a pattering. — v. i. To 
move or beat pitapat. 

pitch (pTch), n. [ME. pich, AS. pic, ~L.pix.~\ 1. A black or 
dark viscous substance got as a residue in distilling tar, oil 
from bones, etc., and occurring naturally as asphalt. 2. 
Any of various bituminous substances ; as, mineral pitch. 

3. The resin, often medicinal, from certain conifers. — v. t. 
To cover over, smear, or soil, with or as with pitch. 

pitch, v. t. [ME. picchen.'] 1. To place and set up or erect ; 
as, to pitch a tent. 2. To set in order or arrange, esp. for 
battle ; as, a pitched battle. Archaic, exc. in p. p. 3. To 
fix at a certain pitch or level ; as, to pitch a tune. 4. To 
throw, fling, hurl, or toss ; specif. : a Baseball &, formerly, 
Cricket. To serve (the ball) to the batsman, b To lead (a 
card of a certain suit) and thereby establish trumps ; to es- 
tablish (the trump) in this way. Cf. pitch, n., 4 (below). 

— v. i. 1. To encamp. Now Rare. 2. To settle ; come to 
rest. 3. To fix one's choice, decide ; — used with on or 
upon. 4. To plunge or fall, esp. forward ; as, to pitch from 
a cliff ; also, to slope. 5. Naut. To plunge so that the bow 
and stern alternately rise and fall, as a ship in a head sea ; 
— contrasted with roll. 6. Hence, to lurch. 7. Baseball 
&, formerly, Cricket. To serve the ball to the batsman ; act 
as pitcher. 8. Mech. To fit or interlock ; mesh ; engage. 

— n. 1. Act or manner of pitching, or throwing ; a cast, as 
of something from the hand. 2. Act of plunging downward ; 
esp., the pitching of a vessel in a head sea. 3. That which 
is pitched. 4. A card game, a variety of seven-up, in which 
the trump suit is determined by the first card led, or 
" pitched." 5. A point or peak ; the extreme top or bottom ; 
hence, acme ; as, the pitch of merriment. 6. A slope ; a de- 
clivity ; inclination ; specif. : Gvol. & Mining. Dip or in- 
clination of a vein or bed ; esp., inclination of an ore body 
in the direction of its strike. See dip, n., 4 a. 7. Mechanics. 
Distance apart of two things, esp. in a series, as from center 
to center of any two adjacent gear teeth. 8. Acoustics & 
Music. The acuteness or gravity of sound or of a tone, de- 
pending on the rate of the vibration producing it. The 
concert, or high, pitch has a vibration number for treble 
A (a') of about 450. The diapason normal, called French, 
international, or low, pitch, now prevailing throughout 
the musical world, gives a' at 435. 

pitch accent. Accent consisting in change of pitch. 

pitchblende' (pTch'blend'), n. A brown to black massive 
mineral with pitchlike luster occurring in certain metallif- 
erous veins. It is a source of uranium and radium. 

pitch circle. See pitch line. 

pitch'er (-er), n. [OF. pichier, 'LL.picarium.] 1. Any of 
various vessels for holding and pouring liquids, with a han- 
dle or, now rarelv, ears, and usually with a lip or spout. 2. 
Bot . A tubular or cuplike appendage or modification of 
the leaves in certain plants ; an ascidium. 



pitch'er, n. One who pitches (as hay, quoits, a ball, etc.). 
pitcher plant. Any plant with leaves wholly or partially 

modified into pitchers, or ascidia ; specif., any of various 

sarraceniaceous plants. 
pitch'fork/ {-ipxk'), n. A fork used in pitching hay, grain. 



etc. — v. t. To pitch or throw with or as with a pitchfork. 
pitch'i-ness Gi-nes), n. Quality of being pitchy. 

"deal lim 

>. 6< 




a a and c c Pitch Lines. 
3. Dark as pitch. 



pitch line. Gearing. An ideal line, in a toothed gear oi 
rack, on which the pitch is 
measured. In a circular gear 

it forms the pitch circle, ~"~ \^\ 

concentric with the axis. 

pitch'stone' (pTch'ston'), n. 
[1 st pitch + stone."] Petrog. 
A glassy rock with a resinous 
luster, containing more water 
than obsidian. 

pitch'y (-i), a. 1. Of the 
quality or nature of pitch; 
resembling pitch. 2. Abound- 
ing in, or smeared with, pitch. 

pit'e-0US (pit'e-ws), a. 1. Evincing pity ; tender. 2. Fitted 
to excite pity or sympathy ; miserable ; lamentable. — pit'- 
e-ous-ly, adv. — pit'e-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. Piteous, pitiable, pitiful. Piteous commonly 
applies to that which moves to compassion or sympathy ; 
that is pitiable which excites commiseration or (often) 
contempt ; pitiful applies to that which is pathetic or 
oftener paltry or mean ; as, a -piteous face or tale ; pitiable 
distress ; a pitiful little smile, pitiful ignorance. 

pit'fall' (pit'fSF), n. A trap for birds, beasts, or men ; esp., 
a pit with the opening masked. 

pith (pith), n. [AS. piSa.J 1. The loose spongy tissue 
occupying the center of the stem in dicotyledonous plants. 

" 2. The soft interior of a bone, feather, etc. 3. That which 
contains the strength or life ; concentrated force ; vigor ; as, 
the speech lacked pith. — Syn. Marrow, kernel, gist. 

— v. t. 1. Physiol. To destroy the central nervous system 
of (an animal, as a frog), as by passing a wire or needle up 
and down the vertebral canal. 2. To kill, as cattle, by 
piercing or severing the spinal cord. 3. To remove the pith 
from (the stem of a plant). 

pith'e-can'thrope (pTth'e-kan'throp), n. [Gr. iuAtjkos ape 
+ 6.p0pwiros man.] An extinct primate (Pithecanthropus 
erectus), constituting a genus. See missing link, b. 

pith'i-ly (-T-li), adv. In a pithy manner. 

pith'i-ness, n. Quality or character of being pithy. 

pith'less, a. Devoid of pith. 

pith'y ( pTth'i ), a.; pith'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. 1. Of or 
abounding in pith ; as, a pithy stem. 2. Having nervous 
energy ; forceful ; tersely cogent ; as, pithy remarks. 

pit'i-a-ble (piVI-d-b'l), a. 1. Deserving or exciting pity. 2. 
Arousing pitying contempt ; wretchedly insignificant ; as, 
a pitiable display. — Syn. Sorrowful, woeful. See pite- 
ous. — pit'i-a-ble-ness, n. — pit'i-a-bly, adv.. 

pit'i-er (pTt'i-er), n. One who pities. 

pit'i-ful (-fool), a. 1. Full of pity ; compassionate. 2. Pit- 
eous ; lamentable ; as, a pitiful cry. 3. Paltry ; contempti- 
ble ; as, a pitiful ambition. — Syn. Despicable, mean. See 
contemptible, piteous. — ful-ly, adv. — ful-ness, n. 

pit'i-less, a. Destitute of pity ; merciless. — pit'i-less-ly, 
adv. — pit'i-less-ness, n. 

pit'man (-man), n. 1. One who works in a pit, as in mining, 
in sawing timber, etc. 2. Mach. A rod connecting a crank 
pin with a piston, piston rod, etc. Chief y U. S. 

pit saw, or pit / saw / , n. A saw worked by two men, one on 
the log, and one beneath it, often in a pit. 

pit'tance (pit'dns), n. [F. pitancej A small portion, quan- 
tity, or allowance, esp. of money. 

pit'ter-pat'ter (pit'er-pat'er), n. A sound like that of al- 
ternating light beats ; also, a pattering of words. — adv. 
With, or with the sound of, alternating light beats. 

pi-tu'i-ta-ry (pi-tu'i-ta-ri), a. [L. pituita phlegm.] Secret- 
ing mucus. — pituitary body, a small, oval, vascular ?ody 
in the brain, now thought to produce a secretion that influ- 
ences the changes in certain tissues ; — so called because 
formerly supposed to secrete nasal mucus. 

pi-tu'i-tous (-tits), a. [L. pituitosus.'] Full of, resembling, 
or due to, mucus ; discharging mucus. 
pituitous fever, Med., typhoid fever ; enteric fever. 

pi-tu'i-trin (pi-tu'i-tnn), n. Physiol. Chem. A substance 
or extract from the pituitary body. 

pit'y (pit'i), n. ; pi. pities (-iz). [Of. pite, pitie, L. pietas 
piety, kindness, pity.] 1. A feeling for the sufferings of an- 
other ; compassion. 2. A reason or cause of pity, grief, or 
regret ; a thing to be regretted. 

Syn. Pity, sympathy, compassion, commiseration, 
condolence. Pity is feeling for another's suffering or dis- 
tress, and sometimes regards its object as weak or inferior ; 
sympathy is fellow feeling with another, esp. in his grief 
or affliction ; the word implies a certain degree of equality ; 
compassion is deep tenderness for another, esp. under se- 
vere or inevitable suffering or misfortune. Commiseration 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



PITYRIASIS 



735 



PLAINSMAN 



implies profound pity or sorrow, esp. as it finds expression, 
for another's misfortune ; condolence suggests the expres- 
sion (often formal) of sympathy. See pathos. 

— v. t. ; pit'ied (-id) ; pit'y-ing. To feel pity for ; commis- 
erate. — v. i. To be compassionate ; feel pity. 

pit'y-ri'a-sis (pTt'i-rl'd-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Tnrvplaais, 
fr. Trlrvpou, lit., bran.] 1. Med. An affection of the skin 
marked by irregular patches of thin scales. 2. Veter. A 
disease of domestic animals marked by dry epithelial scales. 

Pi'ute (pl'ut), n. ; pi. Piute or Piutes (-uts). An Indian of 
any of various Shoshonean bands of the arid regions be- 
tween the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras. 

piv'ot (piv'ut), n. [F.] 1. A point, fixed pin, or short axis, 
on the end of which something turns, 
2. The e»d of a shaft or arbor which 
turns in a support. 3. Mil ^-^ 
The soldier or element around 




a Pivot, 1. 



which a body of troops turns in changing 
front. — v.t.& i. To mount on, or fur- 
nish with, or turn on, a pivot or pivots. 

piv'ot-al (-dl), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
constituting, a pivot, or turning pomt ; as, a pivotal State 
in national elections. 

pivot gun. A gun on a pivot or revolving carriage. 

pix'ie. Var. of pixy. 

pix'y (pik'sT), n.; pi. pixies (-siz). Folklore. A fairy. 

|| piz'zi-ca'to (pet'se-ka'to), a. & adv. [It., pinched.] Mu- 
sic. A direction to violinists to pluck the string with the 
finger, instead of using the bow. Abbr., pizz. 

pla'ca-bil'i-ty (pla'kd-bil'i-ti ; plak'd-), n. [L. placabili- 
tas.~\ Quality or state of being placable. 

pla'ca-ble (pla'kd-b'l), a. [L. placabilis, fr. placare to 
quiet.] Capable of being pacified ; willing to forgive. — • 
pla'ca-ble-ness, n. — pla'ca-bly, adv. 

plac'ard (plak'ard; pld-kard'), n. [F., fr. plaquer to lay 
on.] A notice to be posted in a public place ; a poster ; bill. 

pla-card.' (pld-kard' ; plak'ard), v. t. 1. To post placards on 
or in. 2. To announce by placards. 3. To post as a placard ; 
as, to placard a bill. — pla-card'er, n. 

pla'cate (pla'kat; plak'at), v. t.; -cat-ed (-ed) ; -cat-ing. 
[L. placatus, p. p. of placare to placate.] T« appease ; 
pacify ; conciliate. — Syn. See pacify. — pla ca'tion, n. 

pla'ca-to-ry (pla'kd-to-ri ; plak'd-), a. [L. placatorius.J 
Tending or designed to placate; conciliatory. 

place (plas), n. [F., deriv. of L. platea a street, a court- 
yard, Gr. 7rXareIa, properly fern, of 7r7ari!;j flat, broad.] 
1. An open space, or square, in a city or town ; usually, a 
short street, court, or a private residence terrace. 2. Space : 
a Room ; as, make place for the ladies, b Extension in 
space ; space, esp. as contrasted with time. C Region ; 
locality. 3. A portion of space occupied by, reserved for, or 
vacated by, a body : as, a place in a theater ; also, room ; 
stead ; as, indifference in place of zeal. Esp. : a A locality 
or spot occupied as a dwelling place or the like ; as, he had 
a fine place in town, b A village, town, or city ; as, one's 
native place. 4. A building set apart for a special purpose ; 
as, a place of worship. 5. Arith. The position of a figure, 
or a figure in position, relatively to others of a series ; as, a 
number of five places. 6. Order of priority, advancement, 
dignity, etc. ; esp., social or official rank ; status ; also, func- 
tion ; as, it is my place to advise. 7. An office or position of 
employment ; a situation. 8. Racing. Position of first, sec- 
ond, or third at the finish, esp. the second. 9. Ordinal rela- 
tion ; position in order of proceeding ; as, he said in the first 
place. — Syn. Situation, position, location. See office. 
in place, a = in situ, b In proper or suitable position. 
— out of p., not in the usual or proper place ; hence : im- 
proper ; unbecoming ; as, his remarks were out of place. 

— v. t. ; placed (plast) ; plac'ing (plas'ing). 1. To put in a 
certain place, or in a certain relative position, etc. ; fix. 2. 
To put in a certain or desired place, or with a particular 
person or persons, as for attention, investment, etc. ; as, to 
place an order ; to place money in a bank, in stocks, etc. 3. 
To set ; fix ; repose ; as, to place confidence in a friend. 4. 
To identify by assigning to, or connecting with, some place, 
time, circumstance, etc. ; as,IcannotpZacehim. 5. Racing. 
To determine or announce the place of at the finish. 

pla-ce'bo (pld-se'bo), n.; pi. -bos or -boes. [L., I shall 
please.] 1. R. C. Ch. First antiphon of the vespers for the 
dead. It is taken from Psalm cxiv., in the Vulgate. 2. 
Med. A prescription given merely to satisfy a patient. 

place kick. Football. Act of kicking the ball after it has 
been placed on the ground ; an instance of this ; — disting. 
from a drop kick or a punt. 

place'man (plas'mdn), n. One who holds a place or office, 
esp. under a government ; — usually contemptuous. 

place'ment (-ment), n. Act of placing, or fact of being 
placed ; specif., in American football, the placing of the ball 
on the ground to make a place kick for a goal from the field. 

pla-cen'ta (pld-sen'td), n.; pi. L. -t,e (-te), E. -tas (-tdz). 
[L., a cake, Gr. TrXa/coDs a flat cake, fr. irXo/c6«s fiat.] 1. 
Anat. & Zo'ol. In mammals (except monotremes and most 



marsupials), the vascular structure by which the fetus is 
nourished. 2. Bot. Any sporangia-bearing surface ; specif., 
in seed plants, that part of the carpel bearing ovules. 

pla-cen'tal (-tdl), a. Pert, to the placenta ; characterized 
by a placenta. 

plac'en-ta'tion (plas'en-ta'shun), n. 1. Zo'ol. a Attach- 
ment to the walls of the uterus, b The formation or the 
type of structure of a placenta. 2. Bot. The arrangement 
or mode of attachment of a placenta. 

plac'er (plas'er), n. One who places or sets. 

plac'er (plas'er), n. [Sp.] Mining. A place where ©old is 
got by washing; an alluvial or glacial deposit containing 
particles of valuable mineral. 

pla'cet (pla'set),.n. [L. it pleases.] An expression or vote 
of assent manifested by the use of the word placet. 

plac'id (plas'id), a. [L. placidus gentle, peaceful.] Calm; 
peaceful ; quiet ; gentle. — Syn. See calm. — plac'id-ly, 
adv._ — plac'id-ness, n. 

pla-cid'i-ty (pld-sid'I-tT),n. Quality or state of being placid. 

plack'et (plak'et ; 24), n. 1. A petticoat ; Cant, a woman. 
Archaic. 2. The opening or slit in a petticoat or skirt for 
convenience in putting it on ; — called also placket hole. 

3. A pocket, esp. in a woman's skirt. 

plac'oid (plak'oid), a. [Gr. 7rXd£, 7rXa/coy, tablet, flat plate 
-f- -oid.~\ Zo'ol. Designating or having irregular, platelike, 
bony scales, often bearing spines, characteristic of the 
sharks and rays. — n. Any fish having placoid scales. 

Hpla'fond' (pla'foN' ; pld-fond'), n. [F.] Arch. A ceiling, 
whether flat or arched, esp. when of elaborate design. 

pla'gal (pla'gal), a. [F., fr. LL. plaga plagal mode, fr. Gr. 
irXayios slanting.] Music. Designating a cadence formed 
by the resolution of the subdominant chord to the tonic. 

pla'gi-a-rism (pla'jT-d-riz'm ; pla'jd-), n. Act of plagiariz- 
ing ; also, plagiarized matter. [ris'tic, a.j 

pla'gi-a-rist (-rTst), n. One who plagiarizes. — pla'gi-a-| 

pla'gi-a-rize (-rlz), v. t. & i. ; -rized (-rlzd) ; -kiz'inc (-rTz'- 
Ing). To steal or purloin and use as one's own (the ideas, 
words, etc., of another). 

pla'gi-a-ry (-rT),- n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. plagiarius kid- 
naper, plagiarist.] 1. A plagiarist. 2. Plagiarism. 

pla'gi-O-clase' (-6-klas'), n. [G. plagioklas, fr. Gr. 7rXd-yios 
oblique -+- kXcutis a breaking.] Min. & Petrog. Triclinic 
feldspar in general ; hence, esp., the soda-lime group. 

pla'gi-O-trop'ic (-6-trop'Tk), a._ [Gr. 7rXd7ios oblique -f- 
-tropic.~\ Plant Physiol. Having the longer axis inclined 
away from the vertical line, as most roots and branches. 

plague (plag), n. [L. plaga a blow, plague.] 1. That which 
smites or troubles ; any afflictive evil. 2. A nuisance. 
Colloq. 3. Any malignant, esp. infectious, disease or pesti- 
lence ; specif., any of several forms of acutejnfectious fever ; 
as, bubonic plague. — v. t.; plagued (plagd) ; pla'guing 
(pla'ging). 1. To smite, infest, or afflict with disease or 
evil ; as, plagued with famine. 2. To vex ; harass ; as, the 
boys plagued him. — Syn. Torment, distress, annoy, tan- 
talize, trouble. See harass. — pla'guer (pla'ger), n. 

pla'guy (pla'gT), a. Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting. 

— pla'guy, pla'gui-ly (-gT-li), adv. All Colloq. 
plaice (plas), n. [OF. pla'is, fr. L. platessa flatfish.] Any 

of various flatfishes, as a large European flounder (Pleu- 
ronectes platessa), or, in America, the summer flounder. 
plaid (plad; Scot, plad), n. [Gael, plaide.2 1. A rectangu- 
lar cloth, usually of tartan, worn by both sexes in Scotland 
in place of a cloak. 2. Any goods of the pattern of a plaid ; 
a checkered cloth or pattern. — a. Like a Scotch plaid ; 
checkered. — plaid'ed, a. [complain. Archaic.\ 

plain (plan), v. i. & t. [F. plaindre.~\ To lament ; mourn ;| 
plain, a. [F., level, flat, in OF., also, clear, frank, fr. L. 
planus level, flat.]_ 1. Flat; plane (which see). 2. Open; 
clear ; — now only in in plain sight, view, etc. 3. Open to 
the mind; manifest; also, candid ; guileless ; as, plain speech. 

4. Not intricate ; simple, as a pattern ; as, plain sewing. 

5. Void of embellishment ; not rich ; specif. : a Not luxuri- 
ous ; simple ; as, plain food ; plain living, b Of cloth : un- 
twilled ; also, not variegated, dyed, or figured ; as, plain 
muslin. C Of playing cards : not court, or picture, cards ; 
sometimes, not trumps ; as, plain suit. 6. Not highly born, 
stationed, cultivated, or gifted ; simple ; homely ; as, plain 
people. 7. Without beauty ; homely ; as, a plain woman. 

— Syn. Artless, unaffected, undisguised ; downright, blunt ; 
distinct, obvious, evident, apparent. See frank. 

— adv. In a plain manner ; clearly. 

— n. 1. Level land ; esp., an extensive open stretch of land 
having few inequalities of surface ; as, the plain of Jordan. 
2. In pi. In North America and the British colonies, broad 
tracts of almost treeless level country ; prairie. 

plain chant. = plain song. 

plain'-laid', a. Naut. Consisting of three left-handed 
strands forming a right-handed rope. See cordage, Illust. 
plain'ly, adv. In a plain manner. 
plain'ness, n. Quality or fact of being plain. 
plains'man (planz'mdn), n. A man who lives on the plains. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
toplanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PLAIN SONG 



736 



PLANT 







plain song. Music, a The ancient unisonous chant mel- 
ody of the church service, b A simple air or melody. 

plaint (plant), n. [F. plainte, LL. plancta, fr. L. plangere, 
planctum, to beat, beat the breast, lament.] 1. Lamenta- 
tion ; a lament. Archaic or Rhet. 2. A complaint. 

plain'tiff (plan'tif), n. [F. plaintif.] Law. One who be- 
gins a personal action or suit for an injury to his rights. 

plain'tive (-tiv), a. [F. plaintif. .] Expressive of sorrow or 
melancholy. — plain'tive-ly, adv. — plain'tive-ness, n. 

Syn. Complaining, querulous, sorrowful, mournful, melan- 
choly, sad. — Plaintive, querulous. Plaintive associates 
with the idea of complaining that of melancholy or sadness, 
or of expression in a minor key ; querulous adds to plain- 
tive the connotation of fretf ulness or peevish discontent ; as, 
a plaintive singsong ; querulous complaints. 

plait (plat ; plet ; also, esp. in British use, and for sense 2, 
plat), n. [OF. pleit, L. plicitum, p. p. of plicare to fold.] 
1. A doubling back, as of cloth on itself ; a pleat. 2. A 
braid, as of hair. — v. t. 1. To fold, esp. in plaits ; as, to 
plait a ruffle. 2. To interweave the strands of ; braid ; as, 
to plait hair. 3. To make by plaiting ; as, to plait a rug. 

plan (plan), n. [F., fr. L. planus flat.] 1. A draft or form, 
properly one drawn on a plane, as a map ; esp., a top view 
or a view of a horizontal section ; an orthographic projection 
on a horizontal plane; a graphic representation; a dia- 
gram. 2. A method of action, procedure, or arrangement ; 
a scheme. 3. In perspective, one of a number of planes con- 
ceived as perpendicular to the line of vision, and interposed 
between the eye and the pictured objects. 
Syn. Plan, design, project, scheme. Plan is the general 
word for a proposed method of action or procedure ; design 
implies a settled plan, and heightens the suggestion of pur- 
pose ; design is sometimes used in a bad sense ; as, to ma- 
ture one's plans; to carry out a design. A project is tenta- 
tive and often impracticable ; a scheme is more or less 
speculative ; as, a benevolent project ; a chimerical scheme. 

— v. t. & i.; planned (pland ) ; plan'ninc. 1. To form a 
plan of ; draft ; diagram. 2. To scheme ; devise ; contrive. 

pla-na'ri-an ( pld-na'r f-dn ; 3), n. [L. planarius level.] 
Zool. Any of a class (Turbellaria) of worms having a soft- 
bodied, mostly leaf-shaped, form, covered with cilia. Most 
are aquatic, some terrestrial, and a few parasitic. 

planch (planch ; planch), n. [F. planche.] A plank. Obs. 
or Dial. Eng., exc, specif.: A supporting slab, as of fire 
clay or iron, used in an enameling oven. 

plancb/et (plan'chet; plan'shet), n. [See planchette.] 
A flat piece of metal, esp. a blank for a coin. 

plan-chette' (plan-suet' ; -diet'; F. plaN'shet'), n. [F., 
dim. of planche plank.] A small board supported on two 
casters and a vertical pencil, said, when lightly touched by 
the hand, to move without conscious effort of the operator, 
so that the pencil traces words. 

plane (plan), n., or plane tree. [F., fr. L. platanus, Gr. 
irkaravos, fr. irXarvs broad.] Any of a family (Platanaceas) 
of trees, consisting of a single genus (Platanus), with large 
palmately lobed leaves, and flowers in round heads. 

plane, a. [L. planus."] Without elevations or depressions ; 
level ; flat ; Math., involving only planes. 
jt^ 13 In science, plane (instead of plain) is almost exclu- 
sively used to designate a flat or level surface. 
plane angle. See angle, 2 a. 

^» n. 1. A surface in which, if any two points are taken, the 
straight line that joins them lies wholly in that surface. 2. 
A flat or level material surface. 3. Level ; stage of develop- 
ment or existence ; grade ; as, to live on a low plane. 

plane, n. [F. plane.] 1. A kind of trow el to smooth or sur 
face sand, clay, etc. 2. 
Joinery. A tool for 
smoothing wood, f orm- 
ing moldings, etc. — 
v. t . ; planed (pland) ; 
planning. 1. To make 
smooth or even ; level, 
esp. with a plane ; to 
shape with a plane. 2. 
To efface ; remove. — 
v.i. 1. To work with a 
plane ; do the work of 
a plane. 2. Of a boat, 
to lift more or less out 
of the water while in 
motion, after the man- 
ner of a hydroplane. Planes, 2. 1 Plane Iron ; 2 Iron Jack 

plane'ness, n. Quality Plane; 3 Router Plane; 4 Tonguing 

v I , cu • i „„ and Grooving Plane ; 5 Block Plane ; 
or fact ot being plane. 6 Wooden Jack Plane ; 7 Wooden 

plan'er (plan'er), n. Trying Plane (6 and 7 are of English 
One who, or that pattern), 
which, planes ; specif., a planing machine. 
plan'er tree (plan'er). [After J. J. Planer, German physi- 
cian.] An ulmaceous tree (Planera aquatica) of the south- 
eastern United States, somewhat resembling the hackberry, 
but with an oval, ribbed, nutlike fruit. 




plane'-shear', n. = plank-sheer. 

plan'et (plan'et ; 24), n._ [F. planete, L. planeta, fr. Gr. 
irXavriTrjs, prop., wandering.] 1. Astron. In old astrono- 
my, any of the seven seemingly "wandering" celestial 
bodies (sun, moon, Venus, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, and 
Saturn), as disting. from the fixed stars. In modern as- 
tronomy, any body, except a comet or a meteoroid, that 
revolves about the sun. The inferior planets are Mercury 
and Venus, nearer to the sun than is the earth ; the supe- 
rior planets are Mars, the asteroids (planetoids, or minor 
planets), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Prima- 
ry, or major, planets revolve about the sun ; secondary 
planets, or moons, revolve round the primary planets as 
satellites, and with them about the sun. 2. A star, with 
reference to its reputed "influence" on the fate of men, 
as in astrology ; hence, any occult controlling power. 

plan'e-ta'ri-um (-e-ta'n-wm), n.; L. pi. -ria (-d). [NL.] 
An orrery ; also, a model or representation of the planetary 
system. 

plan'et-a-ry (plan'et-a-ri), a. 1. Of or pert, to a planet or 
the planets ; as, a planetary year. 2. Having the nature of 
a planet ; erratic ; wandering ; as, his planetary career. 3. 
Of or pert, to the earth ; mundane. 4. Astrol. Under the 
dominion or influence of a planet. 5. Mach. Designating, 
or pert, to, an epicyclic train of gear wheels, esp. one con- 
stituting an automobile transmission gear. 

plan'et-es'i-mal (-es'i-mdl), a. [See planet, infinitesi- 
mal.] Of or pert, to the exceedingly small bodies of space. 
planetesimal hypothesis, the theory that the solar 
system was formed from a nebula consisting of planetesi- 
mals ; — disting. from the gaseous and meteoritic hypoth- 
eses. More broadly, a general hypothesis of the origin of 
planetary systems. Cf . nebular hypothesis. 

— n. A minute planet ; a celestial body, from a molecule up 
to a planetoid, which revolves as a planet does. 

plan'et-oid (plan'et-oid), n. A body resembling a planet ; 
asteroid. — plan'et-oi'dal (-oi'dal), a. 

plan'et-strick'en \a. Affected by the reputed "influence" of 

plan'et— struck' J planets ; blasted ; hence, panic-stricken. 

planet wheel. Mach. A gear wheel which revolves around 
the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train. 

plan'gent (plan'jent), a. [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere 
to beat.] 1. Beating ; dashing, as a wave. 2. Resounding ; 
loud ; as, a plangent voice. — plan'gen-cy (-jen-si), n. 

plan'gor-ous (plan'gor-us), a. [L. plangor lamentation.] 
Lamenting noisily or loudly ; wailing. 

pla-nim'e-ter (pld-nim'e-ter), n. [L. planus flat + -me- 
ter.] An instrument for measuring the area of any plane 
figure by passing a tracer round the bounding line. 

pla-nim'e-try (-tri), n. Mensuration of plane surfaces ; — 
disting. from stereometry. 

plan'ish (plan'ish), v. t. [OF. planir.] To make smooth, 
as metal ; toughen and polish by hammering lightly. 

plan'i-sphere (-i-sfer), n. [See plane; sphere.] The 
representation of the circles of the sphere on a plane ; esp., 
a projection of the celestial sphere and the stars on a plane 
passing through the arctic or the antarctic circle. 

plank (plank), n. [OF. planque, planche, fr. L. planca.] 1. 
A heavy thick board. 2. Timber in planks. 3. That which 
supports, as a plank does a swimmer. 4. Politics. An arti- 
cle in a party platform ; as, a tariff plank. — v. t. 1. To 
cover, floor, or lay with planks. 2. To lay down, as on a 
plank or table ; pay ; — used with down or out. Colloq., 
U. S. 3. Cookery. To split open and broil on a piece of 
plank ; as, planked shad. 

plank'ing, n. Act of laying planks ; also, planks collectively. 

plank'— Sheer', n. Shipbuilding. The course of planks over 
the heads of the frames. 

plank'ton (plank'ton), n. [G., fr. Gr. irXayKTov, neut. of 
irXajKTos wandering, 7r\dfeo-0cu to wander.] Biol. The 
passively floating or weakly swimming animal and plant 
life of a body of water ; — opposed to benthos. — plank- 
ton'ic (plank-ton'ik), a. 

plan'ner (plan'er), n. One who plans ; a projector. 

plan'o-blast (plan'o-blast), n. [Gr. irXdvos wandering -f- 
-blast.] Zool. The Medusa form of a hydroid. 

pla'no-COn'cave (pla'no-kon'kav), a. [L. planus flat + 
E. concave.] Plane or flat on one side, and concave on the 
other. See lens, 1 a. 

pla'no-con'vex, a. [L. planus flat + E. convex.] Plane 
or flat on one side, and convex on the other. See lens, 1 a. 

pla-nom'e-ter ( pld-nom'e-ter ), n. [L. planus flat -j- 
-meter.] Mach. A surface plate. 

plant (plant), n. [AS. plante, L. planta sprout, shoot.] 1. 
A young tree, shrub, or herb ; a slip, cutting, or sapling. 
Now Dial., Local, or Trade Term. 2. Any member of the 
lower of the two groups of living organisms ; a vegetable ; 
as, trees, shrubs, herbs, and other plants. 3. a The machin- 
ery, apparatus, fixtures, etc., sometimes also the real estate, 
used in carrying on a trade or industrial business ; as, an 
electric-light plant, b A workshop or any complete appara- 
tus for performing a given work, operation, etc. ; as, an 
automobile plant, c The equipment of any institution, as a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PLANTAGENET 



737 



PLATED 



college. 4. A swindling plot or artifice, esp. when elaborate ; 
a swindle ; trick. Slang. 
— v. t. 1. To put or set in the ground for growth, as a seed 
or a young tree. 2. To set firmly, as in or on the ground ; 
fix ; as, to plant a standard. 3. To implant, as a passion, 
idea, etc. ; introduce and establish ; as, to plant Christiani- 
ty among the heathen. 4. To stock or provide with some- 
thing, esp. plants ; as, to plant a garden. 5. To colonize ; 
settle ; populate. 6. To establish (an animal) in a place in 
order to stock the locality ; introduce ; as, to plant oysters 
in beds. 7. To cause (a blow or the like) to strike, usually 
in a specified place. Slang or Colloq. 8. To place (gold, any 
valuable ore, etc.) in ground, a mine, or the like, to give a 
false impression of the richness of the property ; to "salt." 
Plan-tag'e-net (plan-taj'e-net), n. A member of the Eng- 
lish royal house founded by Geoffrey of Anjou, father of 
Henry II. The English kings from 1154 to 1485 (Henry II. 
-Richard III.) were Plantagenets. The name was adopted 
as a surname about 1460 by Richard of York (father of 
Richard III. ; it probably arose as a nickname of Geoffrey, 
alluding to a sprig of broom plant (L. planta genista) worn 
in his bonnet. 
plan/tain (plan'tan; -tin), n. [F., fr. L. plantago.] Any 
of a genus {Plantago) of common dooryard or roadside 
weeds (esp. P. major), with narrow elliptic leaves and 
spikes of minute greenish flowers. 
plan/tain, n. A species {Musa paradisiaca) of banana with 

fruit larger and less sweet than the ordinary banana. 

plan'tar (plan'tdr), a. [L. plantaris, fr. planta the sole 

of the foot.] Anat. & Zool. Of or pertaining to the sole of 

the foot. 

plan-ta'tion (plan-ta'shwn), n. [L. plantation 1. A group, 

usually large, of plants or trees under cultivation. 2. A 

place planted; esp., in the southern United States, West 

Indies, etc., a sizable estate cultivated by resident laborers. 

plant'er (plan'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, plants ; 

specif., a planting machine. 2. One who owns or cultivates 

a plantation. 3. A pioneer colonist. 

plan'ti-grade (plan'ti-grad), a. [L. planta sole + -grade."] 

Zool. Walking on the sole with the heel touching the 

ground, as the bears and man. — to. A plantigrade animal. 

plant louse. Any of certain small insects which live on 

plants and suck their juices ; an aphid. 
plan'u-la (plan'u-ld), n.; pi. -lx. (-le). [NL., dim. fr. L. 
planus flat.] Zool. The very young, free-swimming larva 
of ccelenterates, usually of flattened oval or oblong form. — 
plan'u-lar (-ldr), plan'u-late (lat), a. 
plap (plap), v. i.; plapped (-plapt) ; plap'ping. To plop. 
plaque (plak), n. [F.] 1. Any flat, thin piece, as of metal, 
used, as on a wall, for ornament. 2. An ornamental brooch 
or the like, esp. as the badge of an honorary order. 
plash (plash), v. t. [OF. plaissier to bend, interlace.] To 
cut partly, bend, and intertwine (stems, etc.) into a hedge ; 
to make or trim (a hedge) by so doing ; pleach. 
plash, v. i. & t. To splash. — n. 1. A splash. 2. A heavy or 

sudden fall of water, esp. rain. — plash'y (-T), a. 
plash, n. [AS. plsesc] A pool ; puddle. — plash'y, a. 
-pla'si-a (-pla'zM-d), -plasis, -plasy. [NL. -plasia, -pla- 
sis, Gr. 7rXdo-is a molding, TrXaacreiit to mold.] Combining 
forms denoting development, formation. 
•plasm. Combining form from Gr. -n-Xacrua, form, used esp., 

Biol., to denote the viscous material of a cell. 
plas'ma (plaz'md), plasm (plaz'm), n. [L. plasma any- 
thing formed or molded, Gr. irXaaua, fr. irXaaativ to form, 
mold.] 1. Min. A variety of quartz, green and faintly trans- 
lucent. 2. The watery part of blood, lymph, or milk ; also, 
the juice that can be expressed from muscle. 3. Protoplasm. 
plas-mat'ic (plaz-mat'Ik), plas'mic (plaz'mik), a. Biol. 

Pert, to, or of the nature of, plasma ; protoplasmic. 
plas-mo'di-um ( plaz-mo'di-um ), 7i./ L. pi. -dia (-d). 
[NL.] Biol. A multinucleate mass of naked protoplasm 
formed of united amcebalike organisms. 
plas-mol'y-sis (-mol'i-sis), n. [NL. ; plasma 4- -lysis.] 
Plant Physiol. Contraction or shrinking of the cytoplasm 
in a living cell, due to loss of water by exosmosis. 
plas'mon (plaz'mon), n. A flourlike food preparation made 

from skim milk, essentially unaltered proteid of milk. 

plas'mo-some (-mo-som), n. [plasma + 2d -some.] Biol. 

The true nucleolus of a cell, as disting. from a karyosome. 

pla'some (pla'som ; plas'om), n. [G. plasom, short for 

plasmatosum ; Gr. irXaaixa, -uaros, thing molded + trw/za 

body.] Biol. A biophore or pangen. See biophore. 

-plast (-plast). [Gr. irXacrTos formed, molded, fr. irXaaaeiv to 

form.] Combining form signifying organized particle or 

granule, cell; as, bioplast, leucoplast, etc. 

plas'ter (plas'ter), n. [AS., a plaster (in sense 1), fr. L., fr. 

Gr. enirXaarpov, fr. ifnrXava-ecv to daub on.] 1. Med. An 

application harder than ointment, spread on linen, silk, or 

the like, and applied to the body ; as, a porous plaster ; 

sticking plaster. 2. Building. A pasty composition, as of 

lime, water, and sand, hardening on drying, used for coat- 

ing walls, etc. 3. a Short for plaster of Paris [orig. brought 



from a suburb of Paris], a white powdery substance formed 
by calcining gypsum. It forms with water a paste which 
soon sets, and is used for casts, moldings, etc. b Gypsum 
that has been powdered, but not calcined. 

— v. t. 1. To overlay or cover with plaster or a similar mate- 
rial, as walls or ceilings. 2. Hence, to smear or bedaub as if 
with plaster ; as, cheeks plastered with rouge ; to plaster 
one with flattery. 3. a To apply a medicinal plaster to, as 
to a wound, b To apply (something suggestive of plaster or 
a plaster) to a surface ; as, to plaster a sign on a wall. 

plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 

plas'ter-ing, vb. n. 1. Act of applying plaster or a plaster. 
2. a A covering of plaster, b = plaster, n., 2. 

plas'ter-work 7 (-wurk 7 ), n. Plastering used to finish archi- 
tectural constructions, esp. that used for lining rooms. 

plas'ter-y (-1), a. Of the nature of plaster. 

-plas'tic ( : plas'tTk). [Gr. irXaariKos plastic] Combining 
form signifying developing, forming, growing. 

plas'tic (plas'tTk), a. [L. plasticus, Gr. 7rXa<7Ti»c6s.] 1. 
Formative ; as, "plastic Nature." 2. Pert, or appropriate 
to, characteristic of, or produced by, molding or modeling ; 
— said of sculpture, ceramics, etc. ; as, the plastic arts. 3. 
Capable of being molded or modeled, as clay ; hence, im- 
pressionable ; as, a plastic youth. 

plastic operation, an operation in plastic surgery. — 
p. surgery, surgery concerned with the repair or restora- 
tion of injured, deformed, or lost parts of the body. 

plas-tic'i-ty (plas-tis'I-ti), n. Quality or fact of being 
plastic. 

plas'tid (plas'tTd), n. [G. plastiden, pi., fr. Gr. 7rXd<rri5«, 
pi. of 7r\d<TTis, fem. of irXdor^j one who forms or molds.] 
Biol. 1. A unit of protoplasm ; cell. 2. Any of certain small 
bodies of specialized protoplasm lying in the cytoplasm of 
some cells, esp. plant cells and certain protozoans. 

plas'tron (plas'tron), n. [F.] 1. a In medieval armor, a 
metal breastplate, b A protection for the breast of a fencer. 
2. Zool. The ventral part of the shell of a turtle. 3. A 
trimming for the front of a woman's dress, often of different 
material, and narrowing from the shoulders to the waist. 

-plas'ty (-plas'ti). [See -plast.] Combining form denot- 
ing act or process of forming, development, growth. 

-plasy. Var. of -plasia. 

plat (plat), v. t.; plat'ted ; -ting. To interweave, or form 
by braiding ; plait, — n. A braid ; plait. Obs. or Dial. 

plat,«. 1. A plot of ground. 2. A plan, map, or chart, esp. of 
a town site. Now U. S. — v. t. To make a plat of ; plot. 

plat'an (plat'dn), n. [L. platanus.] The plane tree. 

plat'band' (plat'band'), n. [F. plate-bande; plat, plate, 
flat, level + bande a band.] Arch, a A flat, horizontal 
band or molding, esp. one in a group of moldings, b A 
fillet between the flutings of a column. 

plate (plat), n. [OF., metal plate, cuirass, fr. plat flat.] 1. 
A flat thin piece, esp. of uniform thickness. 2. One of the 
broad metal pieces used in armor ; also, armor of such 
pieces, in distinction from mail. 3. A flat, smooth piece of 
metal on which anything is engraved or etched, as for print- 
ing ; hence, an impression from the engraved metal, or, 
loosely, from a woodcut ; also, a full-page illustration 
printed on different paper from the rest of the book ; as, a 
book with plates; a fashion plate. Also, a page of stereo- 
type, electrotype, or the like, to be printed from ; as, pub- 
lisher's plates. 4. a Arch. A horizontal timber for carry- 
ing the trusses of a roof or the rafters directly, b Photog. A 
sensitized sheet of glass, metal, etc. c That part of an arti- 
ficial set of teeth which fits to the mouth, d Zool. A lami- 
na ; a scute, e Baseball. A small five-sided area (envelop- 
ing a diamond-shaped area one foot square) beside which 
the batter stands and which must be touched by some part 
of a player on completing a run ; — called also home plate. 
5. One of the thin parts of the brisket of a beef animal. 6. A 
coin, usually of silver. Obs. 7. Domestic vessels, utensils, 
etc., esp. such as platters, etc., of gold or silver. 8. Metallic 
ware which is plated. 9. A prize, orig. a cup or the like, 
given to a winner in a contest ; hence, loosely, a sporting 
contest, esp. a horse race, for a prize. 10. A shallow, usu- 
ally circular, vessel from which food is eaten ; hence, a plate- 
ful ; also, food and service for one person at table. 11. A 
dish similar to a table plate passed in churches, etc., in 
taking collections ; hence, a collection. 

— v. t.; plat'ed (plat'ed; 24) ; plat'ing. 1. To coyer or 
overlay with gold, silver, or other metal by a mechanical or 
chemical process. 2. To overlay with metal plates or armor 
plate. 3. To impart a very high gloss to (paper) by sub- 
jecting to heavy pressure between polished metal plates. 
4. Print. To make a stereotype or electrotype plate of. 

pla-teau' (pld-to'), n.; pi. E. -teaus (-toz'), F. -teaux (F. 
-to'; #. -toz'). [F., fr. OF. platel a small flat thing.] A 
broad, relatively elevated tract of land ; a table-land. 

plat'ed (plat'ed ; 24), a. 1. Furnished with plates or with 
metal, as for defense, ornament, etc. 2. Overlaid with a 
richer material, esp. gold or silver ; as, plated forks. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PLATEFUL 



738 



PLAYER 







plate'ful (plat/fool), n. ; pi. -fuls (-foolz). Enough to fill a 
plate ; the contents of a filled plate. [flattened by rollers.] 

plate glass. A fine kind of glass cast in thick plates and| 

plate'let, n. A minute platelike body. 

plat'en (plat'en), n. [F. platine, fr. plat flat.] 1. A plate 
of metal, esp. one that exerts or receives pressure, as the 
part of a printing press which presses the paper against the 
type. 2. In a typewriter, the roller against which the paper 
rests to be printed. 

plate paper. 1. An unsized paper with a smooth dull finish 
used in printing from incised (engraved) plates. 2. Paper 
of similar appearance, as a heavy book paper calendered to 
a dull finish. 

plat'er (plat'er), n. 1. One who plates. See plate, v., 1. 
2. A workman engaged in making, or in placing, armor 
plate, boiler plate, etc. 3. Horse Racing. A horse that 
runs chiefly in plate races ; hence, an inferior race horse. 

plate rail. A rail or narrow shelf along the upper part of a 
wall, to hold plates, etc. 

plat'form' (plat'form'), n. [F. plat flat -f -form.'] 1. A 
plan ; design ; pattern. Obs., exc. specif.: A plan of ecclesi- 
astical or religious polity or principles ; as, the Cambridge 
platform. Cf. sense 3, below. 2. A horizontal, flat, usually 
raised, surface ; as, the platform of a depot ; a gun platform ; 
esp., a raised flooring, stage, or dais, in a hall or the like, for 
speakers, performers, etc. 3. A declaration of the principles, 
esp. political, on which a group of persons or a party stands. 

platform car. Railroads. A car without permanent raised 
sides or covering ; a flat car. 

plat'i-na (plat/i-nd ; pld-te'nd), n. [Sp. or NL.] Platinum. 

plat'i-nate (plat'i-nat), n. Chem. A salt of platinic acid. 

plat'ing (plat'ing), n. 1. Art or process of covering any- 
thing with a plate or plates, or with a coating of metal. 2. A 
thin coating of metal. 3. A coating of metal plates. 

pla-tin'ic (pld-tin'ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing 
platinum ; specif., designating compounds of platinum in 
a relatively high valence. 

platl-nif'er-ous (plat'T-nif'er-ws), a. [See plattntjm; 
-ferous.] Yielding platinum ; as, platiniferous sand. 

platl-ni-rid'i-um (-nI-rTd'i-&m),n. [NL.] A natural alloy 
of iridium with platinum and other allied metals, occurring 
in silver-white or grayish metallic grains. 

plat'i-no-cy-an'ic (-no-sl-an'ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to 
or designating an acid, H2Pt(CN)4, formed by the union of 
platinous cyanide and hydrocyanic acid. 

plat'i-no-cy'a-nide (-sl'd-nld; -nid), n. Also-nid. Chem. 
A salt of platinocyanic acid. Barium platinocyanide is used 
in luminescent screens for Rontgen rays, etc. 

plat'i-noid (plat'i-noid), a. [See platinum ; -oid.] Resem- 

, bling platinum. — n. 1. An alloy, chiefly of copper, nickel, 
and zinc, used for forming electrical resistance coils and 
standards. 2. Any metal allied to platinum. 

plat'i-no-type' (plat'i-no-tlp' ; pld-tin'6-), n. [See plati- 
num ; -type.] Photog. A permanent print obtained by the 
use of a platinum salt in the sensitizing solution or develop- 
er ; also, the process of making such pictures. 

plat'i-riOUS (plat'i-nus), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or contain- 
ing platinum; specif., designating compounds of platinum 
in a relatively low valence. 

plat'i-num (-num),n. [NL.,fr. Sp platina, fr. plata silver.] 
Chem. A heavy, almost silver-white metallic element, 
ductile and malleable, but very infusible and resistant to 
most chemicals (it is slowly soluble in aqua regia) ; — 
formerly called also platina. Symbol, Pt ; at. wt., 195.2 ; sp. 
gr., 21 to 22. The melting point varies with the method 
used to determine it, being 1 7 1 0° by the resistance thermom- 
eter. Platinum has several times the value of gold. 

platinum black. Chem. A soft, dull-black powder of me- 
tallic platinum obtained by reduction and precipitation 
from its solutions. It is employed as a carrier of oxygen. 

plat'i-tude (-tud), n. [F., fr. plat flat.] 1. Quality or stateof 
being flat, dull, or insipid ; triteness. 2. A dull, stale, or in- 
sipid truism ; a commonplace. — Syn. See commonplace. 

plat'i-tu'di-nize (-tu'di-nTz), v. i. To utter platitudes. 

plat'i-tu'di-nous (-tu'di-nus), a. Characterized by, or 
abounding in, platitudes ; of the nature of a platitude. 

Pla-ton'ic (pld-ton'ik), a. [L. Platonicus, Gr. nXaroft/cos.] 
Of or pertaining to Plato, or his philosophy. — Platonic 
love, a spiritual comradeship or love, without sexual desire. 

Pla-ton'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. Platonic. 

Pla'to-nism (pla'to-niz'm), n. 1. The philosophy of Plato 
(427-347 B. a). 2. A tenet of this philosophy; a say- 
ing of Plato or one like his. 3. The doctrine or practice of 
Platonic love. [Platonism.l 

Pla'to-nist (-nist), n. One who adheres to or practices! 

Pla'to-nize (-nlz), v. i. & t. To imitate, explain by, or con- 
form to, Platonic reasoning or philosophy ; esp., to idealize. 
pla-toon' (pld-toon'), n. [F. peloton ball of thread, group 
of men, platoon, fr. pelote. See pellet.] 1. A subdivision 
of a military tactical unit such as a company, troop, etc., 
commanded by a lieutenant. 2. A set ; coterie. 
Platt'deutsch' (plat'doich'), n. [G. ; platt flat -f deutsch 



German.] The language of north Germany, a Low German 
tongue now spoken chiefly by the less educated. 

plat'ter (plat'er), n. [AF. plater, fr. F. plat plate, flat.] A 
largedish for serving meat, etc. [hats.j 

plat/ting (-ing), n. Plaited strips of cane, straw, etc., as for| 

plat'y-hel'minth (plat'i-hel'minth), n. [Gr. irXarus broad, 
flat + 'i\uivs, eXuivdos, worm.] Zo'dl. Any of a phylum 
(Platyhelminthes) of soft-bodied, usually much flattened, 
worms, the turbellarians, trematodes, and cestodes. 

plat'y-pus ( plat'i-pus ), n. [NL. ; Gr. irXarvs flat + ttouj 
foot.] The duckbill. 

plat'yr-rhin'i-an (plat'i-rin'i-dn), a. [Gr. ttX en-fa flat -f 
pts, pipbs, nose.] Having a short broad nose, or a high 
nasal index. — n. A platyrrhinian person. 

plau/dit (plo'dit), n. [From L. plaudite (said by players at 
the end of a performance), 2d pers. pi. imperative of plau- 
dere to applaud.] Act of applauding, as by clapping ; a 
round of applause. — Syn. Acclamation, encomium. 

plau'si-bil'l-ty (plo'zT-bTKT-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Qual- 
ity or state of being plausible ; also, something plausible. 

plau'si-ble (plo'zT-b'l), a. [L. plausibilis praiseworthy.] 
1. Superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable ; specious ; as, 
a plausible pretext. 2. Using specious discourse ; fair- 
spoken ; as, a plausible fellow. — Syn. See specious. — 
plau'si-ble-ness, n. — plau'si-bly, adv. 

plau'sive (plo'siv), a. Applausive. 

play (pla), v. i. [AS. plegian, plegan.~] 1. To move, operate, 
or have effect, in a lively or brisk and irregular, intermit- 
tent, or alternating manner, as wind, flame, or lightning. 2. 
To discharge or pour forth, or to be discharged or ejected, 
repeatedly or so as to make a stream ; as, the fountain 
plays daily. 3. To busy or exercise one's self for diversion ; 

— sport ; frolic ; as, children played in the street. 4. To dally ; 
trifle ; toy ; — often used with with ; as, a cat plays with a 
mouse. 5. To take part in a game ; as, to play at cards ; 
hence, to gamble ; as, to play for heavy stakes. 6. To act ; 
behave ; as, to play fair. 7. To perform on an instrument 
of music ; of the instrument, to operate so as to give music ; 
of music, to be performed ; to sound ; as, the organ plays. 
8. To act on or as on the stage ; perform. 

— v. t. 1. To operate ; work ; as : a To discharge, fire, or the 
like, with repeated or continuous effect ; as, to play cannon 
upon a fort ; to play a hose, b To keep in action, as a 
hooked fish, as to produce exhaustion or for sport, c To 
make to play ; cause to ripple, vibrate, change rapidly, etc. ; 
as, to play a searchlight on a crowd. 2. To do ; perform ; 
execute ; as, to play tricks. 3. To engage in (a game, 
etc.) ; as, to play baseball ; play the races. 4. To treat, 
practice, or deal with, in sport, jest, etc. ; as, to play house. 

5. To contend against in a game ; as, to play a visiting 
team ; also, to use, as a contestant, in a game ; as, to play 
a substitute. 6. To effect, do, drive, etc., by or as by play- 
ing ; as, to play away one's time. 7. To use, or put into 
action, as if in playing a game, esp. for one's own ends. 8. 
To perform or execute (music) ; as, to play a tune. 9. To 
perform music upon ; as, to play the cello. 10. To act or 
perform (a play, part, etc.) ; as, to play Hamlet. 11. 
Theat. To act or perform in ; as, to play the leading dra- 
matic houses. 

— n. 1. Brisk handling, using, or plying ; as, sword play. 2. 
Brisk motion, or brisk change, alternation, or intermittence 
of movement, action, or effect ; as, a play of light. 3. Action ; 
activity ; operation ; as, play of wit or fancy ; to come into, 
or in, play. 4. Freedom, room, or scope for motion or 
action ; as, the parts of the machine had plenty of play ; — 
also used fig. ; as, to give the imagination free play . 5. Exer- 
cise or action intended for amusement or diversion ; amuse- 
ment ; diversion ; sport ; frolic ; as, all work and no play. 

6. Fun ; jest ; as, he said it in play. 7. A particular amuse- 
ment ; a game ; a sport ; as, the plays of children. 8. Absti- 
nence or freedom from work. 9. Dealing ; conduct ; — now 
used only in fair play, foul play. 10. The conduct, or car- 
rying on, of a game ; as, rain interfered with play ; rough 
play. Also, a point in play ; turn to play ; as, a clever play ; 
it is your play. 11. Gambling. 12. Performance of a dra- 
matic piece ; as, he attends every play. 13. A drama. 
Syn. Play, game, sport, recreation. Play is the general 
term for exercise, physical or mental, for the sake of amuse- 
ment ; a game is play under the form of a contest, com- 
monly according to fixed rules ; sport applies esp. to out- 
door or athletic games or pastimes ; recreation is diversion 
for refreshment or relaxation. 

|| pla'ya (pla'y'a), n. [Sp.] A beach ; shore ; in the plains 
and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, 
level spot, where rain water temporarily accumulates. 

play'bill' (pla'bil'), n. A printed program of a play, with 
the parts assigned to the several actors. 

play'book' (-book'), n. A book of plays, or of a play. 

play'day' (-da 7 ), n. A day of play or diversion ; a holiday. 

played (plad), pret. & p. p. of play. — played out, per- 
formed to the end ; finished ; also, exhausted ; used up. 

play'er (pla'er), n. One who, or that which, plays ; as : a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd: eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, ih*" nature, verdure (87); 



PLAYFELLOW 



739 



PLEIN-AIR 



One who amuses himself ; an idler ; trifler. b One who plays 
at some (usually specified) game ; as, a billiard player, c A 
gambler, d Cricket, Golf, etc. A professional. Brit, e An 
actor on the stage, t One who plays a musical instrument. 
g A mechanical device for automatically playing a musical 
instrument ; esp., a piano player. 

play'fel'low (-fel'o), n. A playmate. 

play'ful (-fool), a. Full of play ; sportive ; merry. — play'- 
ful-ly, adv. — play'ful-ness, n. [go'ing, o.l 

play'go'er (-go'er), n. A frequenter of playhouses. — play'-| 

play'ground' (-ground 7 ), n. A piece of ground used for 
recreation ; as, the playground of a school. 

play'house' (-hous'), n. A theater. 

play'ing card. A card used in playing games ; esp., any of 
the cards composing a pack divided into four suits (hearts, 
diamonds, clubs, spades). 

play'mate' (-mat'), n. A companion in play; playfellow. 

play'thing' (-thing'), n. A thing to play with ; a toy. 

play'time' (pla'tlm'), n. Time for play or^diversion. 

play'wright' (-rlt'), n. A writer of plays ; a dramatist. 

pla'za (pla'zd), n. [Sp.] A public square ; a market place. 

plea (pie), n. [OF. plait, plaid, plet, fr. LL. placitum 
judgment, assembly, court, fr. L. placitum that which is 
pleasing, an opinion.] 1. Law. An action or cause in court ; 
a lawsuit ; as, to hold pleas. Chiefly Hist, or Scot. 2. 
Law. An allegation ; pleading ; specif. : a An allegation of 
fact, as distinguished from a demurrer, b A defendant's 
answer. In civil cases, this is now technically called in 
Great Britain the statement of defense, or the defense, 
and, generally, in the United States the answer, c In equity 
practice, a special answer (special plea) showing cause 
why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. 
3. An excuse ; apology ; as, necessity was his only plea. 4. 
An entreaty ; as, a plea for help. — Syn. See pretense. 

pleach (plech), v. t. To interweave or plash ; plait, as hair. 

plead (pled), v. i.; pret. & p. p. plead'ed (-ed), Colloq. 
plead (pled) or pled ; p. pr. & vb. n. plead'ing (pled'ing). 
[OF. plaidier, fr. LL. placiture, fr. placitum. See plea.] 

1. Law. To make a plea, or conduct a cause, in court. 2. 
To argue for or against a thing, as another's claim. 3. To 
entreat ; appeal earnestly ; supplicate ; beg ; implore ; as, 
to plead with a judge ; to plead for mercy. 

— v. t. 1. To discuss and defend or excuse by arguments or 
reasons ; argue at the bar ; as, to plead a cause at court. 

2. To allege or cite in, or by way of, a defense, answer, or 
excuse ; as, to plead not guilty. 3. To offer as a plea, as in 
defense, apology, or excuse ; as, he could plead inexperience. 

plead'a-ble ( pled'd-b'l ), a. Capable of being lawfully 
maintained, or of being alleged in defense or excuse. 

plead'er (-er), n. One who pleads ; an advocate ; entreater. 

plead'ing, n. 1. Law. a The acting as an advocate or 
pleader in a cause ; also, the science or art regulating the 
action of one who pleads causes, b In pi. The successive 
statements by which the plaintiff sets forth his cause, and 
the defendant his defense until issue is joined. 2. Advoca- 
cy ; intercession ; entreaty ; supplication. 

plead'ing-ly, adv. In a pleading manner. 

pleas'ance (plez'dns), n. [F. plaisance.~\ 1. Pleasure; 
joy ; delight. Archaic. 2. A pleasure ground, esp. one at- 
tached to a mansion. 

pleas'ant (plez'dnt), a. [F. plaisant. See please.] 1. 
Pleasing ; grateful ; agreeable ; as, pleasant weather. _ 2. 
Having, or characterized by, pleasing manners, behavior, 
or appearance ; agreeable ; as, a pleasant fellow. — pleas'- 
ant-ly, adv. — pleas'ant-ness, n. 

Syn. Pleasant, pleasing, agreeable. Pleasant sug- 
gests a quality of the object to which it is applied ; pleasing, 
the effect of the object upon us ; as, a pleasant day ; a pleas- 
ing prospect ; cf. a pleasant face, a pleasing face. That is 
agreeable which is in harmony with one's tastes or likings. 

pleas'ant-ry (plez'dnt-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). 1. An agree- 
able playfulness in conversation ; fun ; good-humored rail- 
lery. 2. A humorous act or speech ; a joke ; a jest. 

please (plez), v. i.; pleased (plezd) ; pleas'ing (plez'Tng). 
[OF. plaisir, fr. L. placere.] 1. To afford or give pleasure ; 
be agreeable. 2. To have the pleasure, will, desire, kind- 
ness, or humor ; be pleased or willing ; like ; vouchsafe ; 
choose ; as, do as you please. — v. t. 1. To give pleasure 
to ; make glad ; gratify ; as, to please one's self, to gratify 
one's self ; Colloq., to do as one likes. 2. To be the will or 
pleasure of ; — used impersonally ; as, please God. 

pleas'ing, p. a. Giving pleasure ; agreeable. — Syn. Grati- 
fying, delightful. See pleasant. — pleas'ing-ly, adv. 

pleas'ur-a-ble (plezh'ur-d-b'l), a. Pleasant; gratifying. — 
pleas'ur-a-ble-ness, n. — pleas'ur-a-bly, adv. 

pleas'ure (-ur), n. [F. plaisir.] 1. State of gratification ; 
delight ; joy. 2. Amusement ; sport ; frivolous or dissipat- 
ing enjoyment ; hence, sensual gratification. 3. What the 
will dictates or prefers ; will ; choice ; wish ; — used with a 
possessive ; as, what is your pleasure ? 4. A source of 
pleasure ; a delight ; joy ; gratification. 
Syn. Satisfaction, delight, delectation, gladness, joy, en- 



joyment, comfort, happiness, felicity. — Pleasure, de- 
light, delectation, gladness, joy, enjoyment. Pleasure 

(opposed to pain) is the general term for satisfaction or 
gratification ; delight (which may be relatively transient) 
implies a high degree of pleasure or lively satisfaction ; 
delectation is now chiefly humorous in its connotation ; 
as, the pleasures of hope ; a feline delight in torture. Glad- 
ness suggests esp. such happiness as shows itself (often 
quietly) in the face or demeanor ; joy is deeper-rooted than 
delight, more radiant or demonstrative than gladness; 
enjoyment is a milder term than joy, and denotes the 
satisfaction felt in something ; as, gladness of heart ; reli- 
gious joy ; the enjoyment of a visit. 

— v. t.; -ured (-urd) ; -ur-ing (-ur-Tng). To give pleasure 
to ; please. — v. i. To take pleasure ; delight ; Colloq., to 
seek pleasure ; take a holiday or outing ; as, to go pleasuring. 

pleat (plet), n. A fold (of cloth, etc.). = plait, n., 1.— 
v. t. To fold (cloth, etc.). = plait, v. t., 1. 

pleb (pleb), n. Slang. A plebeian ; also, a plebe (sense 2). 

plebe (pleb), n. [F. plebe, fr. L. plebs.] 1. The Roman 
plebs. Obs. 2. A member of the lowest class in the military 
academy at West Point. Cant, U. S. 

ple-be'ian (ple-be'ydn ; -an), a. [L. plebeius, fr. plebs. 
See plebs.] Of or pert, to the Roman plebs ; hence, of or 
pert, to the common people ; vulgar ; common. — n. One 
of the plebs ; a plebeian person. — ple-be'ian-ism, n. 

ple-bis'ci-ta-ry (ple-bTs'T-ta-n), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, a plebiscite. 

pleb'i-scite (pleb'i-sit), n. [F. plebiscite.'] 1. = plebis- 
citum, 1. 2. A vote or decree of the people on a measure 
submitted to them by some person or body having the ini- 
tiative, as where the referendum (which see) is employed ; 
— chiefly used in this sense in French history with reference 
to such votes taken in accepting constitutional provisions. 

ple'bis-ci'tum (ple'bi-sT'tum ; pleVi-), n. ; pi. -ta (-td). 
[L. ; plebs + scitum decree.] 1. Roman Hist. A vote or 
decree made by the plebs, or plebeians. 2. = plebiscite, 2. 

plebs (plebz), n. pi. [L.] 1. Roman Hist. The lower or 
secondary class of the people, orig., prob., clients of the pa- 
trician class, but later having practically equal civil rights. 
2. The common people ; populace. 

plec'tog-riath (plek'tog-nath), n. [Gr. tt\€kt6s twisted -f- 
yvaQos jaw.] Zo'dl. Any of a group {Plectog nathi) of fishes 
including the filefishes, globefishes, trigger fishes, etc. 

plec'trum (plek'trum), n. ; pi. L. -tra (-trd), E. -trums 
(-trwmz). [L., fr. Gr. irXTjKTpov thing to strike with.] A 
small instrument, as of ivory or horn, used in playing on the 
lyre, zither, mandolin, etc. 

pled (pled), pret. & p. p. of plead. Colloq. 

pledge (plej), n. [OF. plege, pleige, LL. plebium, plivi- 
um.] 1. Law. a A bail ; hostage. Now Hist, b A bailment 
of a chattel, or object of personal property, as security for 
the satisfaction of a debt or other obligation ; also, the con- 
tract, obligation, or form of property, incidental to such a 
bailment ; as, to give or put in pledge. 2. A security for the 
performance of an act ; a guarantee ; a pawn ; as, to give 
a pledge of loyalty. 3. An assurance of good will or favor 
given by drinking one's health ; a toast ; a health. 4. A 
promise or agreement to do or forbear something, as to ab- 
stain from intoxicants ; as, to sign the pledge. 5. State of 
being given or held as a security or guarantee ; pawn ; as, 
in pledge. — Syn. See earnest. 

— v. t.; pledged (plejd) ; pledg'ing (plej'ing). 1. To give 
as a pledge ; pawn. 2. To engage ; plight ; as, to pledge one's 
life. 3. To bind by or as by a pledge, or promise ; as, to 
pledge one to temperance. 4. To give evidence. of good will, 
favor, etc., by or in drinking ; toast ; as, to pledge one in a 
bumper. — Syn. See promise. 

pledg-ee' (plej-e'), n. The one to whom a pledge is given. 

pledg'er, n. One who pledges. 

pledg'et (plej'et), n. A compress for a wound, ulcer, etc. 

pledg-or' \ (plej-6r r ), n. Law. One who pledges anything ; 

pledge-or'j a pledger ; — opposed to pledgee. 

-ple'gi-a (-ple'jT-d), -ple'gy (-ple'ji)^ [NL. -plegia, Gr. 
-TrXrjyia (as in irapawXrjyla hemiplegia), fr. w\t}yri stroke, 
■n-Xriara-eiv to strike.] Combining forms used in medicine to 
signify stroke (of paralysis), paralysis, palsy. 

Ple'iad (ple'yad), n. Any of the Pleiades. 

Ple'ia-des (ple'yd-dez ; ple'd- ; pll'd-), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 
nXeidSes.] 1. Class. Myth. The seven daughters of Atlas 
and the nymph Pleione, — Alcyone, Celaeno, Electra, Maia, 
Merope, Steropeor Asterope.andTaygeta. They were trans- 
formed into the group of stars so named, the invisible 
seventh, or "lost," one (Merope) concealing herself out of 
shame for having loved a mortal. 2. Astron. A conspicu- 
ous loose cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus. Six 
stars (see def. 1) are visible to the average eye, but the tele- 
scope reveals hundreds more. Either Merope or Electra is 
commonly regarded as the "lost Pleiad." 

plein'-air' (plan'ar 7 ), a. [F.l Of, pert, to, or dealing with, 
the open (lit., full) air ; specif., designating, or pert, to, cer- 
tain schools of painting, devoted esp. to the representation 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); oon; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PLEIN-AIRIST 



740 



PLOT 







of actually existing effects of outdoor life, esp. of air and 

light. — plein'-air'ist, n. 
Plei'o-cene (pll'o-sen). Var. of Pliocene. 
Pleis'tO-cene (plls'to-sen), a. [Gr. irXelaros most -f- Kaivos 

new.] Geol. Of or denoting the period after the Tertiary. 

— n. The Pleistocene, or Glacial, period or formation. 
ple'na-ry (ple'nd-ri ; plen'd-), a. [LL. plenarius, L. plenus 

full.] 1. Full ; entire ; complete ; absolute. 2. Fully at- 
tended or constituted ; including all entitled to be present ; 

— said of an assembly, meeting, etc. — ple'na-ri-ly, adv. 
plenary indulgence, B. C. Ch., entire remission of tem- 
poral punishment due to, or canonical penance for, all sins. 

ple-nip'0-tent (ple-nip'6-tent), a. [L. plenus full + po- 
tens, -entis, potent.] Having full power. Rare. 

plen'i-po-ten'ti-a-ry (plen'i-po-ten'shi-a-ri ; -shd-n), n.; 
pi. -ries (-riz) ; [LL. plenipotentiarius.'] One, esp. a dip- 
lomatic agent, invested with full power to transact any, or a 
certain, business.— a. Containing or conferring full power ; 
unlimited ; invested with full power. 

ple'nism (ple'niz'm), n. The theory that all space is a 
plenum. See plenum, n., 2. — ple'nist (-nist), n. 

plen'i-tude (plen'i-tud), n. [L. plenitudo.'] Fullness. 

plen'i-tu'di-nous (-tu'di-nfts), a. Characterized by pleni- 
tude, or fullness ; well-filled ; humorously, stout ; portly. 

plen'te-OUS (-te-ws), a. Now Chiefly Rhet. 1. Plentiful ; co- 
pious. 2. Yielding abundance ; fruitful. — plen'te-ous-ly, 
adv. — plen'te-ous-ness, n. 

plen'ti-ful (-ti-fdol), a. 1. Yielding or containing plenty; 
opulent ; as, a plentiful year. 2. Constituting, marked by, 
or existing in, plenty ; copious ; as, a plentiful harvest. — 
plen'ti-f ul-ly, adv. — plen'ti-ful-ness, n. 
Syn. Full, lavish, profuse, abundant, copious, exuberant, 
bountiful, rich, overflowing. — Plentiful, abundant,, 
copious, exuberant. That is plentiful of which there is 
great or sufficient supply ; that is abundant which is very 
plentiful, or of which there is more than enough. That is 
copious which exists or is supplied in great abundance ; 
exuberant implies superabundance. 

plen'ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. plente, fr. L. pleni- 
tas, fr. plenus full.] 1. Full supply ; enough and to spare ; 
an abundance ; as, he had plenty of money. 2. Abundance ; 
copiousness ; as, a horn of plenty. — a. Plentiful ; abun- 
dant ; — used predicatively. Now Chiefly Colloq. 

ple'num (ple'num), n. [L., prop., neut. of plenus full.] 1. 
Fullness. 2. A space, or all space, every part of which is 
full of matter ; — opposed to vacuum. 3. Ventilation. A 
condition in which the pressure of the air in an inclosed 
space is greater than that of the outside atmosphere. See 
plenum, a. 4. A general or full assembly, esp. a joint assem- 
bly of all parts of a legislative or other body. 

— a. Ventilation. Designating, or pert, to, a system of ven- 
tilation in which air is forced into an inclosed space, as a 
room or caisson, so that leakage is outward instead of in- 
ward ; as, plenum chamber, fan, system, etc. 

ple-och'ro-ism ^ ( ple-ok'ro-iz'm ), ple'o-chro'ma-tism 
(ple'6-kro'md-tiz'm), n. [Gr. irXeiuv more -f- xpoa color.] 
Cryst. The property of showing different colors when 
viewed in the direction of different axes. 

ple'o-mor'phism (-mor'fiz'm), n. [Gr. irXeluv more + 
Hop<f>ri form.] Lit., of more than one form ; as : a Cryst. The 
property of crystallizing under two or more distinct forms. 
b Bot. Occurrence of more than one distinct form in the 
life cycle of a plant. C Biol. = polymorphism. 

ple'o-nasm (ple'6-naz'm), n. [L. pleonasmus, Gr. ir\eo- 
vaa-fios, fr. irXe<wdfeu> to be more than enough, fr. irXkov, 
neut. of irXkoiv more, compar. of 7roXus much.] Redundancy 
of language in speaking or writing ; use of more words than 
necessary to express the bare idea ; also, a case of this, or the 
redundant word or expression. — Syn. See redundancy. 

ple'O-nas'tic ( -nas'tik ), a. Of, pert, to, of the nature of, 
characterized by, or constituting, pleonasm ; redundant. 

ple'rome (ple'rom), n. [G. plerom, fr. Gr. ir\r)puua. that 
which fills up.] Bot. The central portion of the primary 
meristem at the growing points of stems and roots. It 
gives rise to the stele. — phVro-mat'ic (ple'ro-mat'ik), a. 

ple'si-O-saur 7 (-sT-o-soV), n. A plesiosaurus. 

ple'si-o-sau'rus (ple'si-o-so^rus), n.; pi. -ri (-rl). [NL. ; 
Gr. ttX^o-ios near +<raOposalizard.] Paleon. Anyofagenus 
(Plesiosaurus) of extinct marine reptiles with a long neck, 
a small head, and all four limbs developed as paddles. 

ples'sor (ples'or), n. Med. Small hammer for percussion. 

pleth'o-ra (pleth'6-rd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ir'kridwpr}, fr. ir\r)deiv 
to be full.] 1. Med. A morbid condition regarded as due to 
excess of red corpuscles. 2. State of being overfull ; excess. 

ple-thor'ic (ple-thor'ik ; pleth'6-nk), a. Marked by pleth- 
ora ; hence : turgid ; bombastic. — ple-thor'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pleu'ra (ploo'rd; 86), n.; L. pi. -km (-re). [NL., fr. Gr. 
irXevpa rib, side.] The delicate serous membrane lining 
each half of the thorax of mammals and folded back over 
the surface of the lung of the same side. — pleu'ralt-rdl), a. 

pleu'ri-sy (-ri-si), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [F. pleuresie, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. irXeuptrts.] An inflammation of the pleura, usually 



with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and cough, and with 
exudation into the pleural cavity. — pleu-rit'ic, a. 

pleurisy root. The butterfly weed ; also, its root, used as a 
remedy for pleuritic affections. 

pleu'ro- (ploo'ro- ; 86). [See pleura.] Combining form 
denoting relation to a side; specif., connection with, or 
situation in or near, the pleura. 

pleu'ro-dont (-dont), a. Zool. Having the teeth consoli- 
dated with the inner edge of the jaw, as in some lizards. 

pleu'ro-dyn'i-a (-din'i-d; ndl'm-d), n. [NL. ; pleuro- -f- 
Gr. odwr) pain.] Med. A painful affection of the side, simu- 
lating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism. 

pleu^ron (ploo'ron; 86), n.; pi. -ra (-rd). [NL., fr. Gr. 
irXevpov a rib.] Zool. One of the sides of an animal ; esp., 
one of the lateral parts of a thoracic segment of an insect, 
generally of two parts called epimeron and episternum. 

pleu'ro-pneu-mo'ni-a (-nu-mo'm-d), n. [NL.] Pleurisy 
and pneumonia together. [pleura. I 

pleu-rot'o-my (ploo-rot'o-mi), n. Surg. Incision of the| 

plex'i-form (plek/si-form), a. [plexus + -form.] Like a 
network, or plexus ; complicated. 

plex-im'e-ter (plek-sim'e-ter), n. [Gr. ttX^is stroke + 
-meter. 2 Med. A small, flat plate, as of ivory, used to re- 
ceive the blow, in percussion. 

plex'us (plek'siis), n. ; pi. plexus. [L., a twining, fr. plec- 
tere, plexum, to twine, bend.] A network, esp. of blood 
vessels or nerves. 

pli'a-Wi-ty (pll'd-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
pliable ; flexibility ; as, pliability of mind or movement. 

pli'a-ble ( pll'd-b'l ), o. [F., fr. plier to bend.] 1. Capable 
of being bent ; easy to be bent ; flexible ; pliant. 2. Easily 
influenced or persuaded. — Syn. See flexible. — pli'a- 
ble-ness, n. — pli'a-bly, adv. 

pli'an-cy Jpll'an-si), n. Quality or state of being pliant. 

pli'ant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr. of plier to bend. See ply, v.~\ 
1. Bending ; readily yielding without breaking ; flexible ; 
pliable. 2. Easily influenced ; compliant. — Syn. See 
flexible. — pli'ant-ly, adv. — pli'ant-ness, n. 

pli'ca (pli'kd), n.; L. pi. -cm (-se). [LL., a fold, fr. L. pli- 
care to fold.] 1. Med. A disease (plica polonica) of the 
hair, in which it becomes twisted and matted. 2. A bend 
or fold, as of skin. 

pli'cate (-kat), a. [L. plicatus, p. p. of plicare to fold.] 
Plaited ; folded like a fan. — pli'cat-ed (-kat-Sd), a. 

pli-ca'tion (pll-ka'shun ; pli-), n. 1. A folding ; state of 
being folded. 2. A fold ; plait. — plic'a-ture (plik'd-tjir), n. 

pli'er (pll'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, plies. 2. [In 
form pliers, sometimes construed as sino.] 
Small pincers with long jaws. 

plight (pllt), n. [ME. plit; for plet, fr. 
OF. ploit, pleit, a fold.] Condition ; state ; Pliers. 

— now usually qualified as bad ; as, a hopeless plight. — 
Syn. See predicament. 

plight, v. t. To plait ; fold. Obs. 

plight, n. [AS. pliht danger.] Pledge ; engagement. Now 
Rare. — v. t. 1. To put in danger of forfeiture ; pledge ; 
engage ; as, to plight one's faith. 2. To bind by a pledge ; 
promise ; engage ; betroth ; — often in the passive ; as, she 
was plighted to a soldier. — plight'er, n. 

Plim'soll, or Plim'soll's, mark (plim'sol ; -solz). Naut. 
The load-line mark on the sides of all British merchant 
vessels, to indicate the legal limit of submergence ; — from 
Samuel Plimsoll (1824-1898). 

plinth (plinth), n. [L. plinthus, Gr. tt\Ii>0os brick, plinth.] 
1. Arch, a The lowest member of a base ; a sub-base, as of 
a column, b A course of stones forming a continuous plinth ; 
— called also plinth course. 2. A block serving as a base 
for a statue, vase, etc. 

Pli'o-cene (pll'6-sen), a. Also Plei'o-cene. [Gr. TrXetW 
more -f- naivo* recent.] Geol. Pert, to or designating the 
latest principal subdivision of the Tertiary. — n. The Plio- 
cene period or formation. 

plod (plod), v. £.; plod'ded; -ding. 1. To walk heavily; 
trudge. 2. To toil monotonously ; drudge. — v. t. To walk 
slowly or heavily along ; to make (one's way) by so doing. 

— n. 1. Act or period of plodding ; as, a long plod. 2. The 
sound of a heavy tread, as that of a horse ; thud. 

plod'der (plod'er), n. One who plods ; esp., a drudge. 

plop (plop), v. i.; plopped (plopt) ; plop'ping. To fall, 
drop, or move with a sound suggestive of the word plop ; 
to plump. — n. The sound of an object, as a stone, drop- 
ping into water without splashing ; act of plopping. 

plot (plot), n. [AS. plot a piece of ground.] 1. A small 
area of ground ; a plat. 2. A ground plan ; a diagram. 
Obs., Archaic, or U. S. 3. The plan or main story of a 
literary composition. 4. Any secret scheme, often compli- 
cated, for doing something, usually something evil or hos- 
tile ; a conspiracy ; intrigue. — Syn. See conspiracy. 

— v. t. ; plot'ted ; -ting. 1. To make a plot, map, or plan, 
of (something). 2. To locate (a point), as on plotting paper, 
by means of its coordinates ; to draw (a course) from a num- 
ber of points marked out in this way. 3. To scheme ; con- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PLOTTER 



741 



PLUNDER 



trive, esp. secretly. — v. i. To form a plot, as against a 
government ; conspire. 

plot'ter, n. One who plots ; esp., a conspirator ; schemer. 

plot'ting paper. Paper ruled into small squares, for plot- 
ting curves, making diagrams, etc. Cf. coordinate, n., 2. 

plough (plou), plough'share', etc. Vars. of plow, etc. 

plov'er (pluv'er), n. (See plural, Note.) [OF. plovier, 
prop., rain bird, deriv. of L. pluere to rain.] 1. Any of cer- 
tain limicoline birds (family Charadriidse, esp. subfamily 
Charadriinse), stouter than the sandpipers and having a 
short bill. 2. Any of various other allied birds, as the turn- 
stone (Arenaria interpres), called chicken plover, and 
various sandpipers, esp. the Bartramian sandpiper (Bar- 
tramia longicauda), called upland, or field, plover, etc. ; 
— usually used with a qualifying term. 

plow, plough (plou), n. [AS. pldh plowland.] 1. An imple- 
ment for making a furrow in, and turning up, 
the earth, as in tilling it. The modern plow in 
its improved 
forms has 
a steel or 
chilled cast- 
iron share, 
a properly 



curved mold- 
board, land- 




Plow. A 
Share ; 
§s B Mold- 
board 



C 
C Landside ; D Colter ; E Gauge Wheel to 
side, colter regulate depth of furrow ; F Beam ; G Clevis ; 
or jointer H Handles. 

(where required), clevis, etc. 2. Any of various implements 
suggestive of a plow; as, a snowplow. 3. [_cap.~\ Astron. 
Charles's Wain, or the Dipper ; sometimes, the whole con- 
stellation Ursa Major. Chiefly British. 

— v. t. 1. To turn up or furrow with or as with a plow. 2. 
To move, cut, or cleave through, as the water in sailing. — 
v. i. 1. To use a plow ; till with a plow ; also, to admit of 
plowing ; as, the land plows hard. 2. To move or cut, as 
through water or snow, as a plow does through soil. 

plow'a-ble, plough'a-ble (plou'd-b'l), a. Capable of being 
plowed. 

plow'boy', plough'boy (-boi'). n. A boy that leads or 
guides a team in plowing ; a young rustic. 

plow'er, plough'er (-er), n. One who plows ; a plowman. 

plow'man, plough'man (-man), n. 1. One who plows; 
hence, a husbandman. 2. A rustic. 

plow'share', plough'share' (-shar'), n. The share of a 
plow, or the part that furrows the earth. 

pluck (plflk), v. t. [AS. pluccian.'] 1. To pull or pick off 
or out ; pick ; as, to pluck fruit. 2. To pull ; drag ; — 
used with out, off, from, down, asunder, etc., as, to pluck 
off a shoe. 3. To jerk ; twitch ; hence, to twang ; as, to 
pluck the strings of a banjo. 4. To pull off the feathers, hair, 
etc., of ; pick ; as, to pluck a fowl. 5. To reject (a candi- 
date) for deficiency or, formerly, misdemeanor. Orig. Eng. 
Univ. Slang. — v. i. To twitch sharply ; tug ; — usually 
used with at ; as, to pluck at one's gown. 

— n. 1. Act of plucking ; specif., a pull ; twitch ; tug. 2. 
State of being plucked. 3. [As being plucked out of the 
carcass.] The heart, liver, and lungs of an animal, as used 
for food. 4. Spirit ; courage ; resolution. Colloq. — Syn. 
See decision. — pluck'er, n. 

pluck'y (pluk'i), a.; pluck'i-er; -i-est. Having pluck; 
brave; resolute; spirited. Colloq. — pluck'i-ly, adv. — 
pluck'i-ness, n. 

plug (plug), n. 1. Any piece used to stop or fill a hole ; a 
stopple. 2. Elec. a A slightly tapered piece of conducting 
material for insertion between two conductors to make an 
electrical connection, b A spark plug. 3. A flat oblong 
cake of pressed tobacco. 4. An inferior or worn-out horse ; 
a jade. Slang or Colloq., U. S. 5. Short for plug hat, a 
silk hat. Slang, U. S. 

— v. t.; plugged (plugd) ; plug'ging (-ing). 1. To stop, 
make tight, or secure by a plug ; insert a plug in. 2. To 
shoot ; punch. Slang. — v. i. To keep doggedly at work ; 
plod. Slang. 

^lug'-ug'ly (plug'ugli), n. ; pi. -uglies (-ITz). Akind of city 
rowdy, ruffian, or disorderly tough. Slang or Colloq., U. S. 

plum (plum), n. [AS. plume, fr. L. prunum, or Gr. irpoD- 
vov, irpovuvov."] 1. The drupaceous fruit of any of various 
species of trees of an amygdalaceous genus (Prunus) closely 
allied to the cherry ; also, the tree. 2. Any of various unre- 
lated trees having an edible plumlike fruit ; also, the fruit 
itself. 3. A raisin, esp. one used in cooking. 4. Something 
like a plum, as in shape or sv/eetness ; as, a sugar plum. 5. 
A color like that of some plums, formed by mixing purple 
with black. 6. A good or choice thing of its kind. 7. The 
sum of £100,000 sterling. Obs. or Slang, Eng. 

plum'age (ploom'aj ; 86), n. [F., fr. plume a feather.] The 
entire clothing of feathers of a bird. 

plu'mate (ploo'mat), a. [L. plumatus feathered.] Zo'ol. 
Resembling a plume ; — of certain hairs, antennae, etc. 

plumb (plum), n. [F. plomb, L. plumbum lead.] A weight, 
as of lead, attached to a line, and used to indicate a vertical 



ffi 



direction, or used as a mariner's sounding lead, etc. ; a 

plummet ; a plumb bob or plumb line. 

out of plumb, ofl p., out of the vertical ; fig., out of true. 

— v. t. To sound, adjust, or test with a plumb, or plummet ; 
fig., fathom ; test ; sound. 

— a. Also plum. 1. Conforming to the direction of a line 
attached to a plumb ; vertical. 2. Downright ; absolute. 
Now Colloq. — Syn. See vertical. 

— adv. 1. Vertically. 2. Directly ; exactly ; also, immedi- 
ately. 3. Completely ; absolutely. Slang or Dial., U. S. 

plum-bag'i-nous (plum-baj'I-niis), a. Resembling, con- 
sisting of, or containing plumbago. 

plum-ba'go (-ba'go), n. [L., a kind of lead ore, fr. plum- 
bum lead.] Graphite, or black lead. 

plumb bob (plum). The bob, or weight, of a plumb line. 

plum'be-ous (pliim'be-us), a. [L. plumbeus.'] Leaden; 
lead-colored. 

plumb'er (plum'er), n. [F. plombier. See plumb.] An ar- 
tisan who works in lead, zinc, etc. ; esp., one who furnishes, 
fits, or repairs water and soil pipes, water-closets, etc. 

plumb'er-y (-er-i), n. [OF. plommerie, F. plomberie."] A 
place where plumbing or lead working is carried on. Rare. 

plum'bic (plum'bik), a. [From plumbum.] Chem. Of, pert, 
to, or containing lead ; specif., designating compounds of 
lead in a relatively high valence. 

plum-bif'er-OUS (plum-hiPer-iis), a. [plumbum + -fer- 
ous.] Producing or containing lead. 

plumb'ing (plum'ing), n. 1. Act of using a plumb. 2. Art 
of working in lead, now, esp., as a plumber, [poisoning. I 

plum'bism (plum'bTz'm), n. [From plumbum.] Med. Lead| 

plumb line. 1. A line having at one end a weight (plumb 
bob), used to determine verticality. 2. A sounding line. 

plumb'ness, n. State of being plumb or vertical. 

plum'bous (plum'bus), a. [L. plumbosus full of lead.] 
Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing lead ; specif., designating 
compounds of lead in a relatively low valence. 

plumb rule. A narrow board with a plumb line, used to 
determine verticality. 

plum'bum (plum'bum), n. [L.] Lead. See lead. 

plum'COt (plum'kot), n. [_plum + apricoL] Hort. 
A cross between the plum and the apricot. 

plume (ploom ; 86), n. [F. fr. L. pluma.] 1. A 
feather. Now Poetic, exc. : A long, conspicuous, 
or handsome feather; also, an ornamental tuft of 
feathers. 2. Plumage. Now Rare. 3. A feather, 
group of feathers, tuft of hair, or the like, worn as an 
ornament, as on a helmet. 4. A token of honor or 
prowess ; a prize. 5. Any plumose appendage, as the 
pappus of a dandelion. 

— v. t.; plumed (ploomd) ; plum'ing (ploom'Ing). 
1. To provide or adorn with plumes or plumage. 2. Plumb 
a To dress, or preen, the feathers of (itself) ; — said Rule, 
of a bird, b To preen (the feathers) ; — said of a bird, c To 
dress (one's self) with or as with plumes ; hence : to pride ; 
congratulate. — Syn. See pride. 

plume'let, n. A small plume. 

plum'met (plum'et ; 24), n. [OF. plommet, fr. plom lead.] 

1. A plumb ; also, a plumb rule ; hence, a test or criterion. 

2. A depressing weight ; as, the plummet of despair. 
plum'my (-T), a. [From plum.] Full of, consisting of, or 

like, plums ; hence, very desirable. Colloq. or Slang. 

plu'mose (ploo'mos ; ploo-mos' ; 86), a. [L. plumosus, fr. 
pluma feather.] 1. Having feathers or plumes ; feathered. 
2. Feathery; plumelike. — plu-mos'i-ty (-mos'i-ti), n. 

plump (plump), 7i. A group ; band. Archaic or Scot. 

plump (plump), a. [ME. plomp rude, clumsy.] 1. Well 
rounded or filled out ; esp., chubby ; fat. 2. Done or made 
suddenly and without reservation ; blunt ; direct. — v. t. & 
i. To make or become plump ; fill (out). 

plump, v. i. To drop, fall, sink, or come in contact, sudden- 
ly or heavily ; come or go plump. — v. t. 1. To drop, cast, 
or plunge all at once, or suddenly and heavily. 2. To utter 
suddenly ; blurt (out). — n. A sudden or heavy fall ; also, 
the sound made by such a fall. Colloq. — adv. 1. VVith a 
sudden or heavy drop. 2. Straight down ; vertically. 3. 
Directly ; bluntly ; flatly ; downright. 

plump'er (plum'per), n. One that plumps out ; esp., some- 
thing carried in the mouth to fill out the cheeks. 

plump'ly, adv. Fully ; roundly ; also, directly ; bluntly. 

plump'ness, n. Quality or state of being plump. 

plump'y (pliim'pi), a. Plump; chubby. Rare. 

plu'mule (ploo'mul ; 86), n. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma 
a feather.] 1. Bot. The primary bud of 
an embryo or germinating seed plant. 
2. Zool. A down feather. 

plum'y (ploom'!), a. Plumed; feathery. 

plun'der (plun'der), v. t. [G. plundern.'] 
l.To pillage ; spoil ; rob. 2. To take or 
appropriate by force or wrongfully ; as, 
to plunder goods. — v. i. To commit 
robbery or spoliation. — Syn. Despoil, Seedling Morning- 
sack, rifle, strip, ravage. glory, a Plumule. 



* 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 







PLUNDERAGE 

— n. 1. Act of plundering, as in war ; pillaging. 2. Pillage ; 
spoil. — Syn. See booty. 

plun'der-age (-aj), n. A plundering ; Mar. Law, embezzle- 
ment of goods on shipboard ; also, the plunder so got. 

plun'der-er (-er), n. One who plunders, or pillages. 

plunge (plunj), v. t.; plunged (plunjd) ; plung'ing (plun'- 
jing). [OF. plongier, deriv. of L. plumbum lead.] To 
cause to enter quickly and forcibly ; thrust or force, as into 
liquid, a cavity, or something yielding ; as, to plunge one's 
hand into water; to plunge a dagger into the breast; — 
also used fig. ; as, to plunge a nation into war. — v. i. 1. 
To thrust or cast one's self, as into water ; penetrate, sink, 
or enter suddenly, as into a forest. 2. To pitch or throw 
one's self headlong ; as, a horse rears and plunges. 3. To 
bet or risk large sums or gamble heavily. Slang. 

— n. 1. A place for plunging or diving, as a swimming tank. 
2. Act of plunging, a dive, leap, rush, or pitch, as into 
water. 3. Heavy and reckless betting or gambling ; haz- 
ardous or reckless speculation or expenditure. Slang. 

plung'er (plunder), n. 1. One who, or that which, plunges ; 
a diver.' 2. Mack. A piston ; esp., a long valveless piston, 
used as a forcer in a force pump (which see). 

plunk (plunk), v. t. & i. [Imitative.] Chiefly Colloq. _ 1. 
To pluck (a musical string) ; twang. 2. To drop or sink 
down suddenly or heavily ; plump. 3. To throw, push, or 
drive heavily, plumply, or suddenly ; as, to plunk down a 
dollar ; also, to hit or strike. — n. Act or sound of plunk- 
ing. Colloq. 

plu'per/fect (ploo'pur'fekt ; ploo'pur'fekt ; 86), a. [L. plus 
more + perfectus perfect.] Gram. Past perfect ; — ap- 
plied to the tense expressing an action or event as com- 
pleted at or before a given past time, as "I had heard," 
Latin "audiveram." — n. The pluperfect tense; also, a 
verb or verb form denoting it. 

plu'ral (plob'rdl ; 80), a. [L. pluralis, fr. plus, pluris, 
more.] 1. Gram. Designating, or pertaining to, the form 
or property of a word in virtue of which it denotes more 
than one, or, in some languages having a dual form, as 
ancient Greek, more than two. 2. More than one ; pert, to, 
containing, consisting of, or equal to, more than one ; as, 
plural livings ; plural marriage ; a plural wife. 

— n. Gram. The plural number or form ; also, a word in that 
form ; — opp. to singular. 

8^ = Some nouns, as trout, carp, plover, barley, wheat, etc., are 
used without change of form to denote more than one indi- 
vidual, but take the plural -s to denote more than one species 
or kind, or in some cases to emphasize the presence of the 
several component individuals ; thus, a dozen trout, a flock 
of plover ; but, the trouts of Wisconsin, the plovers of North 
America ; a barrel of fish: but, "five loaves and two fishes" ; 
a ton of barley, growing barley, the barleys are widely cul- 
tivated. Many names of tribes, races, etc., are more or less 
commonly used either without change for the plural or form 
the plural by the addition of -s. 

plu'ral-ism (ploo'ral-iz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
plural. 2. The holding by one person of two or more offices 
at once ; specif., Eccl., such a holding of benefices or 
livings. 3. Metaph. The doctrine that there are more than 
one or two kinds of being ; — opposed to monism, and to 
dualism. — plu'ral-ist, n. 

plu-ral'i-ty (ploo-ral'i-ti ; 86), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State 
of being plural ; also, state of being numerous ; a multitude. 
2. a = pluralism, 2. b A plural benefice or living. 3. The 
majority. 4. U. S. Politics. Excess of votes over those for 
any other (esp. the next) candidate for an office. 

plu'ral-ize (ploo'ral-Iz ; 86), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Tz'mg). To make plural ; express in the plural form. 

plu'ral-ly, adv. In a plural manner. 

plu'ri-ax'i-al (ploo'n-ak'si-al), a. [L. plus, pluris, more 
+ E. axial.] Having more than one axis ; — opposed to 
monaxial. 

plus (plus), a. [L., more.] 1. Math. More ; to be added ; 
positive, in distinction from negative ; — opposed to minus. 
2. In predicate use, possessed of as an addition or gain. 
Colloq. 3. Hence : additional ; extra, 
plus sign, Math., the sign -f- , denoting addition, or a pos- 
itive quantity. 

— n. 1. The plus sign ; — opposed to minus. 2. An added 
quantity. 3. A positive quantity ._ 

— prep. With the addition of ; with ; as, he paid the debt 
plus interest ; — opposed to minus. Cf. plus, a., 1. 

plush (plush), n. [F. pluche, peluche.] A textile fabric 
with a nap longer and softer than that of velvet. 

Plu'tO (ploo'to ; 86), n. [L., fr. Gr. TLXovtuv.] Class. Myth. 
The god of the lower world, usually called Hades by the 
Greeks and Dis by the Romans. See Hades, 1 a. 

plu-toc'ra-cy (ploo-tok'rd-si), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). [Gr. 
■kKovtokpoltIo. ; 7r\o0ros wealth + Kparelu to be strong, to 
rule.] Rule or dominion of wealth or of the rich ; also, a 
body of plutocrats. [fluence due to his wealth. 

plu ; tO-crat (ploo'tS-krat ; 86), "to. One who has power or in- 

plu'to-crat'ic (-krat'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or characterized 
by, plutocrats or plutocracy. 



142 



PNEUMOGASTRIC 



irvevpariKos, 



plu-tol'O-gy (ploo-tol'o-ji), n. [Gr. ttXoOtos wealth -f- 
-logy.] The scientific study of wealth. 

Plu-to'ni-an (-to'ni-dn), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of Pluto or the lower world ; infernal. 2. = Plutonic, 1. 

Plu-ton'ic (-ton'ik), a. 1. Pert, to or designating the 
theory of the Plutonists ; igneous. 2. Plutonian. 
Plutonic rocks, Geol., igneous rocks, as granite, regarded 
as having solidified at some depth below the surface. 

Plu'to-nism (ploo'to-nlz'm ; 86), n. The Plutonic theory. 

Plu'tO-nist (-nist), n. Geol. One holding the theory that 
the successive rocks of the earth's crust were formed by 
igneous fusion ; — opposed to Neptunist. 

Plu'tUS (ploo'tws), n. [L., fr. Gr. IlXoOros.] Class. Myth. 
The god of wealth. He was blinded by Zeus so that he 
might bestow his gifts without discrimination of merit. 

plu'vi-al (-vi-al), a. [L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain.] 1. Of 
or pert, to rain. Rare. 2. Geol. Due to the action of rain. 

plu'vi-O-graph/ (-6-graf), n. [L. pluvia rain + -graph.] 
A self-registering rain gauge. 

plu'vi-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. [L. pluvia rain + -meter.'] 
A rain gauge. — plu'vi-om'e-try (-om'e-tri), n. — plu'~ 
vi-o-met'ric (-6-met'nk), -met'ri-cal (-6-met'rT-kal), a. 

HPlu'vidse' (plu'vyoz'), n. [F.] See Revolutionary 
calendar. 

plu'vi-OUS (ploo'vi-Ms ; 86), a. [L. pluviosus, fr. pluvia 
rain.] Of or pertaining to rain ; rainy. 

ply (pli), v. t. & i.; plied (plTd) ; ply'ing (pll'ing). [F. 
plier, fr. L. plicare.] To bend ; fold. Now Chiefly Dial. 
Eng. — n. 1. A fold ; plait ; a turn or twist, as of yarn. 2. 
Bend ; bias ; inclination ; as, a ply of the mind. 

ply, v. t. [Short for apply.] 1. To use or wield diligently ; 
as, to ply a needle. 2. To practice or perform diligently ; as, 
to ply a trade. 3. To work at steadily or repeatedly ; urgo 
importunately ; as, to ply one with questions. — v. i. 1. To 
apply one's self ; be in steady action ; as, to ply at Greek. 
2. To direct one's course ; steer ; as, to ply toward shore. 
Now Poet. 3. To go or travel back and forth ; as, to ply 
between ports. [_pl. = pliers. | 

ply'er (pll'er), n. l.One who, or that which, plies. 2.1n| 

Plymouth Rock. One of an American breed of domestic 
fowls, of grayish white color with feathers barred with 
bluish black. Pure white and buff varieties are also bred. 

pneu-mat'ic (nu-mat'ik), a. [From L.,fr. Gr 
fr. irvev/jta, irvevnaTos, wind, air.] 1. 
Of, pert, to, or using air or wind ; 
pert, to pneumatics. 2. a Moved or 
worked, as a tool, by pressure of air. 
b Adapted for holding compressed air ; 
inflated with air, as a tire. 3. Fitted 
with pneumatic tires. 4. Spiritual. 
Chiefly Theol. — n. A pneumatic 
tire ; also, a vehicle with wheels fit- 
ted with such tires. — pneu-mat'i- 
cal (-i-kal), a. — pneu-mat'i-cal-ly, 
adv. 

pneu-mat'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) 
That branch of physics treating of the 
mechanical properties of air and other 
gases, as of their weight, pressure, elasticity, etc. _ 

pneu'ma-to- (nu'md-to-; p'nu'md-to-). Combining form 
from Greek irvevua, irvevuaros, wind, air, breath, spirit. 

pneu'ma-tol'o-gy (-tol'6-jT), n. 1. The doctrine of air or 
gases; pneumatics. 2. The doctrine of spiritual beings 
or phenomena ; esp., the doctrine of spirits intermediate 
between God and man. 

pneu'ma-tol'y-sis 0-jl-sis), n. [NX.] Geol. Action by 
which pneumatolytic minerals are formed. 

pneu'ma-tO-lyt'ic (-md-to-lit'ik), a. Geol. Formed or 
forming by vapors (or superheated liquids under pressure) ; 
— applied to certain minerals and ores. 

pneu'ma-tom'e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. Physiol. An instru- 
ment for measuring the amount of force exerted by the 
lungs in respiration. 

pneu'ma-to-phore' (nu'md-tS-for' ; nu-mat'6-for ; p'nti'-; 
p'nu-), n. \_pneumato- -\- Gr. 4>kptw to bear.] 1. Bot. A 
special root structure developed by various swamp or 
marsh plants, and functioning as a respiratory organ, as 
the knees of the bald cypress. 2. Zo'dl. A cyst or sac of a 
siphonophore, containing air and serving as a float. 

pneu'mo- (nu'mo- ; p'nu'mo-). Combining form from Greek 
Ttvtvfiuiv, Trvevuovos, lung ; as, pneumogastric ; or some- 
times from Greek irvevua, breath. 

pneu'mo-COC'cus (-kok'us), n.; pi. -ci (-kok'si). [NL.] 
Bacteriol. A bacterium (Micrococcus lanceolatus) which 
is a cause of one form of pneumonia. [Pneumatics.! 

pneu'mo-dy-nam'ics (-dl-nam'iks ; -di-), n. (See -ics.)| 

pneu'mo-gas'tric (-gas'trYk), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the 
lungs and the stomach ; designating, or pert, to, the pneu- 
mogastric nerve. — n. The pneumogastric nerve. 
pneumogastric nerve, Anat. & Zo'dl., either of the tenth 
pair of cranial nerves, arising from the medulla, and supply- 
ing branches to various organs of the body, including the 




One form of Pneu- 
matic Tire. 1 Rim 
of Wheel ; 2 Cas- 
ing or Shoe (the 
Outer "Tube") ; 
3 Air-Inflated In- 
ner Tube. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Skrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ijre, verdure (87) ; 



PNEUMONIA 



743 



POINT 



lungs, or, in water-breathing vertebrates, to the branchial 
apparatus. 

pneu-mo'ni-a (nu-mo'nT-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. -Kvevnovla, fr. 
irvevnaiv lung.] Med. Inflammation of the lungs; esp., 
croupous, or lobar, pneumonia, an acute infectious dis- 
ease, due to a specific microorganism or microorganisms. 

pneu-mon'ic (nu-mon'Tk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the 
lungs ; pulmonic. 2. Of or pertaining to pneumonia. 

pneu'mo-tho'rax (nQ'mo-tho'raks), n. Med. A state 
marked by the presence of gas in the cavity of the chest. 

po-a'ceous (po-a'shws), a. [Gr. iroa grass.] Bot. Belonging 
to a huge family (Poacese) of monocotyledonous plants, the 
grass family, distinguished from the allied sedge family (Cy- 
■peracex) by the hollow culms and by the fruit, a grain 
(caryopsis) instead of an achene. The bamboos, forming 
a large tropical subfamily, have arborescent stems. 

poach (poch), v. t. [OF. pochier put in a pocket, poach 
(eggs), fr. poche pocket.] 1. To cook (an egg) by breaking 
it into boiling water. 2. To trespass on,,esp. for game or 
fish ; steal (game). — v. i. To trespass, esp. when after 
game or fish ; steal or take illegally game or fish. 

poach, v. t. [OF. pochier to thrust or dig out with the fin- 
gers.] 1. To stamp down, trample, or cut (up), as with 
hoofs. 2. To reduce to a uniform consistency, as clay, by 
mixing thoroughly with water. — v. i. 1. To sink in walk- 
ing, as into mire ; to plod. 2. To become soft or muddy 
and full of holes when trampled on. 

poach'er (poch'er), n. One who, or that which, poaches. 

po'chard (po'chdrd), n. A common Old World duck ( Ay- 
thyaferina). 

pock (pok), n. [AS. pocc, poc] A pustule in smallpox or 
a similar disease ; a spot like, or left by, such a pustule. 

pock'et (pok'et; 24), n. [OF. poquette.'] 1. A bag or 
pouch carried by a person ; esp., a small bag inserted in a 
garment ; hence : purse ; money. 2. Something suggestive 
of a pocket ; as : a A bag in a pool table. b A bin for coal, 
grain, etc. C A small cavity containing mineral or water ; 
also, a small isolated body of ore. d Racing. The position 
of a contestant hemmed in by others. Cant, e Aeronau- 
tics. A region of high or low density in the atmosphere. Cf. 

AIR HOLE. 

— v. t. 1. To put, inclose, confine, or conceal, in or as in a 

fxjcket. 2. To take (money, etc.), esp. secretly or fraudu- 
ently. 3. To receive (an affront, rebuff, etc.) without open 
resentment ; also, to conceal or suppress, as pride or anger. 

4. U. S. Politics. To retain (a bill) unsigned until after 
Congress or the Legislature has adjourned ; — said of the 
President and some State governors. See pocket veto. 

5. Billiards. To drive (a ball) into a pocket of the table. 

6. Racing. To put (a contestant) into a pocket. Cant. 

— a. Suitable, as in size, for carrying in the pocket. 
pock'et-book' (-book'), n. A small case for carrying papers, 

money, etc., in the pocket ; also, a pocket notebook. 

pocket borough. A borough whose representation is con- 
trolled by a single person or family. Few now exist. Brit. 

pock'et-knife' (-nlfO, n. A knife with folding blades for 
carrying in the pocket. j^ 

pocket money. Money for •■^5= s ===^_ n 
small current personal ex- 
penses. 

pocket veto. The pocket- Pocketknife. A Scale ; B Spring ; 
mg of a bill so that it C Tang of Blade ; D Kick, 
shall not become a law. See pocket, v. t., 4. 

pock'mark' (pok 'mark'), n. A mark or pit due to smallpox. 

pock'-marked' (-markf), a. Marked by smallpox. 

pock'y (-1), a. ; pock'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Full of, or marked 
with, pocks ; pert, to, or affected with, pox. 

po-co'sin (po-ko's'n), n. Also po-quo'sin, etc. [Of Amer. 
Indian origin.] A swamp ; a "dismal." Southern U. S. 

pod (pod), n. A few animals in a group, herd, or flock. 

pod, n. Mech. 1. The straight groove or channel in some 
augers called pod augers. ^ --— y : --- i ^ B B^ 

pod, n. Bot. Any dry de- Pod (Mech.), 2. 

hiscent seed vessel ; specif., a legume, as of the pea or bean. 

— v. i. ; pod'ded ; pod'ding. 1. To produce pods. 
2. To fill out like a pod. 

-pod (-pod). A suffix from Greek irok, irodos, foot. 

po-dag'ra (po-dagTd; -da'grd; pod'd-), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. irodaypa; wovs, tto86s, foot -f- &ypa a catch- 
ing.] Med. Gout. 

Po-dar'ge (po-dar'je ; -ge), n. [Gr. UoShpy-q, lit., 
swift-footed.] See Harpy, 1. 

po'des-ta' (po'des-ta' ; po-des'td), n. [It. podesta, 
fr. L. potestas power, magistracy.] In Italy, any 
of several public officers ; specif. : a Hist. A gover- 
nor or chief magistrate, b A subordinate judge or p ^ 
other magistrate in some towns. 

podg'y (poj'i), a. podg'i-er ; -i-est. Fat and short ; pudgy. 

po'di-um (po'di-um), «. ; pi. -dia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. irhbiov, 
dim, of irota, woSos, foot.] Archseol. a The low wall round 




the arena of an amphitheater, above which the seats began. 
b The masonry under the stylobate of a temple. 

-po'di-um (-po'di-um). [NL., fr. Gr. ttow, ttoSos, foot, or 
fr. its diminutive irobiov a small foot.] Combining form 
signifying foot, footlike part. 

pod'0-phyl'lin (pod'6-fil'in), n. [From Podophyllum, 
generic name of the May apple ; Gr. irovs, iro56y, foot + 
4>v\\ov leaf.] Chem. A bitter purgative resin extracted from 
the rootstock of the May apple. 

po'em (po'em), n. [L. po'e'ma, Gr. iroirjua, fr. iroidv, irotlv, 
to make, compose, write, esp. in verse.] 1. A composition 
in verse, characterized by imagination and poetic diction ; 
a piece of poetry; — opp. to prose. 2. Any composition 
in highly imaginative or impassioned language. 3. Some- 
thing likened to a piece of poetry ; as, his life was a poem. 

pce-nol'o-gy. Var. of penology. 

po'e-sy (po'e-sT), n. ; pi. -sies (-siz). [OF. poesie, L. poe- 
sis, fr. Gr. 71-01770-1?.] 1. Poetry ; also, art of composing 
poems. Archaic or Poetic. 2. A short motto, as on a ring ; 
a posy. 

po'et (po'et ; 24), n. [OF. po'ete, L. po'eta, fr. Gr. 71-01777-17$.] 
An author of, or one skilled in making, poetry ; also, an 
imaginative thinker or writer. — po'et-ess, n. fern. 

po'et-as'ter (-as'ter; po'et-as'ter), n. [NL. ; poet + -as- 
ter.] An inferior or petty rimer or writer of verses. 

po-et'ic ( po-et'ik), n. Poetics. 

po-et'ic (po-et'ik) \a. Of or pert, to poets or poetry ; resem' 

po-et'i-cal (-T-kal)J bling, or suitable for, a poet or poetry ; 
imaginative or rhythmical. i-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

po-et'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The principles and rules of 
the art of poetry, or a treatise on it ; criticism of poetry. 

po'et-ize (po'et-7z), v. i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
make or compose poetry. — v. t. 1. To tell or describe in 
poetry. 2. To give a poetic character to. 

poet laureate, a Originally, a poet worthy of bearing the 
Muses' crown of laurel, b In England, a title given to a 
poet appointed by the sovereign to be a member of the 
royal household, his duty being to compose odes, etc., for 
court and national occasions. Robert Bridges (b. 1844) 
was appointed poet laureate in 1913. _ 

po'et-ry (-rT), n. [OF. po'eterie, poetrie, LL. poelria. See 
poet.] 1. The embodiment in appropriate rhythmical lan- 
guage^ usually metrical, of beautiful or high thought, im- 
agination, or emotion ; also, poems collectively ; verse. 2. 
That which is like, or likened to, poetry ; poetical quality, 
spirit, or the like ; as, the poetry of motion. 

pog'a-mog'gan (pog'd-mog'dn), n. [North Amer. Indian.] 
An aboriginal club consisting of a stone or piece of antler 
fastened to the end of a slender handle. 

po-go'ni-a (po-go'm-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ir&ywv beard.] 
Either of two species of North American terrestrial orchids 
constituting the genus Pogonia. 

|| po-grom' (po-grom'), n. [Russ., devastation, desolation.] 
In Russia, an organized massacre, as of the Jews. 

po'gy (po'gi ; pog'i), n. ; pi. -gies (-giz). The menhaden. 

poh (po), inter j. An exclamation of contempt ; bah ! 

po'i (po'e; poi), n. [Hawaiian poi, fr. po-e to mash.] A 
native Hawaiian food prepared from the taro root. 

-poi-et'ic (-poi-et'ik). [Gr. iroi-qriKos creative, ■kouIv to 
make.] Combining form denoting productive, formative; 
as, hsemapoietic. 

poign'an-cy (poin'dn-si ; -yan-si), n. Quality or state of 
being poignant. 

poign'ant (poin'dnt ; -yant), a. [F., p. pr. of poindre to 
sting, L. pungerej 1. Keen ; piercing, as a glance ; also, 
pungent ; biting ; as, a poignant scent. 2. Sharply affect- 
ing ; keen ; as, poignant grief. — Syn. See pungent. — 
poign'ant-ly, adv. 

poin'ci-a'na (poin'si-a'nd), n. [NL., after M. de Poind, a 
governor of the French West Indies.] 1. Any of a small 
genus (Poinciana) of ornamental caesalpiniaceous trees or 
shrubs with bright orange or red flowers. 2. A caesalpinia- 
ceous tree (Delonix regia) which bears the showy flower, 
often called peacock flower. Its woody pods vary from 
one to three feet in length. Called also royal poinciana. 

poin-set'ti-a (poin-set'i-d), n. [NL., after J. R. Poinsett 
of South Carolina.] Any of a genus (Poinsettia) of euphor- 
biaceous herbs, mostly with brightly colored involucral 
leaves, esp. one (P. pulcherrima) with a large scarlet in- 
volucre. They are commonly cultivated. 

point (point), n. [F. point prick, place, moment, L. punc- 
tum; also F. pointe a sharp point, a pointed object ; both 
fr. L. pungere, punctum, to prick.] 1. A tapering sharp 
end, as of a needle, sword, pencil ; the tip of anything taper- 
ing, as of a finger, rivet, boat, pickax, fleece of wool. 2. 
Hence, specif. : a A small tapering promontory or cape, b 
Mil. A small group of men thrown out before an advance 
guard or behind a rear guard on the march. With a small 
guard it consists of three men under a corporal, c In pi. 
Of a horse, the extremities. 3. Anything having a tapering 
end ; specif. : a A piercing weapon or instrument, as a dag- 
ger, bodkin, etching needle, b Lace Manuf. Any of a series 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN: yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 1) Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



POINT-BLANK 



744 



POLAR 







of needles for taking up the twist and crosses or intersec- 
tions in the net. C Railroads. A tapering rail, as in a frog or 
a switch ; in pi., in British usage, a switch, d Med. A vac- 
cine point, e Anc. Costume. A tagged string or lace used to 
fasten together certain parts of the dress, as doublet and 
hose, f Naut. One of the 32 points marked on a compass ; 
also, the difference of 11£ degrees between any two of these 
points. See points of the compass, below. 4. The chief or 
essential feature or part, as of an argument, etc. ; as, the 
point of a joke ; also, quality adapted to arrest attention ; 
distinctiveness ; salience ; as, his remarks have point. 5. 
The hole or mark made by a point, as of a needle ; also, a 
minute spot ; a speck ; specif., one of the raised dots used 
in certain systems of printing and writing for the blind. 
6. A mark used in punctuation or the like. 7. A mere spot 
indicated or supposed ; Math., that which has neither parts 
nor extent, but position only. 8. Hence : a place considered 
as to its position only ; a spot ; as, a good point from which 
to start. 9. A particular ; item ; detail ; as, the point to 
emphasize. 10. Music. A short strain, phrase, or tune. 
11. A unit, as in scoring, in quoting prices of stocks, etc., 
of size of types (see type), etc. 12. A position or condition 
attained ; a step ; stage ; specif. : a A crisis or juncture ; as, 
when it came to the point, he backed down. Rare, exc. in 
phrases, b The exact time of occurring ; as, the point of 
death. C End ; conclusion ; period, d A decision ; resolu- 
tion. 13. An end aimed at ; object ; esp., a proposition to 
be established ; as, to carry one's point. Also, aim ; course. 
14. Lace wrought with the needle on a paper pattern ; as, 
Brussels point. Loosely, pillow lace or other fine lace. See 
point lace. 15. In various games, as cricket, a position of 
a certain player ; by extension, the player himself. 
point of order, Pari. Practice, a question of order or pro- 
priety under the rules. — p. of sight, Perspective, the sta- 
tion point, or (according to some) the center of vision.— 
p. of view, the relative position from which anything is 
seen or any subject is considered. — points of the com- 
pass, the 32 divisions in a compass card, being the four 
marking east, west, north, and south, called cardinal points, 
and the rest named from their respective directions, as 
N. by E., N. N. E., N. E. by N., N. E., N. E. by E., E. N. 
E., E. by N., E., E. by S., etc. _ 

— v. t. 1. To punctuate ; specif. : a To mark, as a psalm, 
with points as an aid in chanting, b To mark (as Hebrew) 
with vowel or other points, c To divide into periods or 
groups by points or dots, as figures ; also, to separate by 
points or dots, as decimals from the integral part of a num- 
ber ; — chiefly used with off. 2. To furnish with a point or 
points ; as, to point a dart ; also, to give point or force to, as 
a remark. 3. To fill up joints of (a wall) with cement, mor- 
tar, or the like. 4. To indicate the position or direction of, 
as with the finger ; indicate ; — used esp. with out ; as, to 
point out an error. 5. To indicate (game) by a fixed look 
and position ; — said of certain dogs. 6. To direct (at, to, 
or upon) ; aim ; as, to point a gun. 

— v. i. 1. To direct something, as a finger, so as to designate 
an object ; also, to hint (at) ; allude (to) ; — used with at 
or to. 2. To point game. 3. To face ; look ; aim ; tend ; as, 
the church points to the east. 4. Naut. Of a sailing vessel, 
to sail more or less close to the wind. 

point'-blank' (point'blank'), adv. [Prob. fr. OF. de pointe 
en blanc directly, blanc prob. orig. referring to the white of 
the target.] In a point-blank manner. — a. 1. Aimed di- 
rectly toward the mark ; as, a point-blank shot. 2. Direct ; 
unqualified ; as, a point-blank refusal. — n. Gun. A point 
in the trajectory near which it begins to fall rapidly. For 
firearms in general it is the second point in which the line 
of sight, when horizontal, cuts the trajectory. 

point'-de-vice' (point'dS-vls'), a. Also point'-de-vise', 
etc. [ME. at point devis ; at at + point point, condition 
-4- devis exact, careful, OF. devis fixed, set, L. divisus di- 
vided.] Exact ; precise. Archaic. — adv. Perfectly ; ex- 
actly ; completely. Archaic. 

point'ed (poin'ted ; 24), a. 1. Having a point or points. 2. 
Sharp, direct, or pithy, esp. of expression ; terse. — Syn. 
Cf. concise. — point'ed-ly, adv. — point'ed-ness, n. 
pointed arch, Arch., an arch with a pointed crown. — p. 
style, Arch., the style characterized by the pointed arch ; 
— commonly called Gothic style. 

point'er (-ter), to. 1. One who, or that which, points or 
points out ; specif. : a 
One that points or in- 
dicates, as a rod used -am jifill I^Tfl 

to direct attention to k {^ ^^w^wl' If 40 
something, the hand 
of a time-piece, etc. 
b An item of private 
information ; a hint. 
Colloq. C One who Pointer, 

points, or aims, a gun ; specif., in the United States navy, 
one who brings the gun to the prescribed elevation, as dis- 
tinguished from the trainer, who regulates its direction, or 




train, in azimuth. 2. One of a breed of hunting dogs that 
point game. See point, v. t. 5. 3. In pi. leap.'] Two 
stars in the Great Bear, the line between which points 
nearly to the North Star. See Ursa Major, Illust. 

poin'til-lism (pwan'ti-liz'm), n. [F. pointillisme.) Paint. 
The production or representation of light effects by numer- 
ous crowded dots of unmixed pigments of various colors, 
which are blended by the eye ; — a method invented by the 
French impressionists. — poin'til-list (-list), to. 

point lace. Lace wrought wholly with the needle, as dis- 
ting. from pillow-made lace ; — called also needle-point 
lace. See point, to., 14. — point'-laced' (-last'), a. 

point'less (point'les), a. Without a point. — Syn. Blunt, 
dull, witless, inane, without force. — point'less-ly, adv. 

point system. Type Founding. A system for relating sizes 
of type bodies, leads, etc., based upon the pica body which 
is divided into twelfths, called "points," every type body 
being made to consist of a given number of these points. 
The value of the point is .0138 inch, or nearly ^ inch. For 
specimens of sizes, see type. 

poise ( poiz ), to. [OF. pois, fr. earlier pels, fr. L. pensum 
a portion weighed out. ] 1. State of being balanced ; 
equipoise ; balance. 2. The bearing or carriage of the body 
or head. 3. Suspension of motion due to exact balance ; 
hence : suspense ; indecision. — v. t. ; poised (poizd) ; 
pois'ing (poizing). 1. To weigh. Obs.orR. 2. To place, 
hold, or keep in equilibrium or equipoise ; make steady or 
stable ; balance. — v. i. To hang or be held in equilibri- 
um ; hover. [ a balancer. I 

pois'er (poiz'er), to. One who, or that which, poises ; Zo'6l.,\ 

poi'son (poi'z'n), to. [F., in OF., also, a potion, fr. L. potio 
a drink, a poisonous draft.] _ 1. Any agent which, intro- 
duced into the animal organism, may produce a morbid, 
noxious, or deadly effect. 2. That which taints or destroys 
moral purity, character, or the public welfare. — Syn. 
Venom, virus ; bane, pest ; malignity. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To infect or impregnate with poison ; as, to 
poison an arrow. 2. To injure or kill by poison. 3. To cor- 
rupt ; vitiate ; pervert ; as, to poison one's mind. 

poison dogwood or elder. = poison sumac. 

poi'son-er, to. One who poisons, esp. as a practice. 

poison hemlock. = hemlock, 1. 

poison ivy. Any of several American 
sumacs (as Rhus radicans, R. toxicoden- 
dron and R. diversiloba) , having herbage 
poisonous to the touch. 

poison oak. 1. Poison sumac. 2. Any 
poison ivy (esp. Rhus diversiloba). 

poi'son-ous (poT'z'n-ws), a. Having 
the qualities or effects of poison ; veno- 
mous. — ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Poisonous, venomous, viru- 
lent (in their fig. senses). That is poi- 
sonous which is morally deleterious or 
corrupting, or which is rankling or 
corrosive ; venomous implies active . 

malevolence, viruleDt, bitter malignity. Poison Ivy. 

poison sumac or sumach. An American sumac (Rhus 
vernix) having very poisonous herb- 
age. It is a smooth shrub, growing in 
swamps, with greenish white berries. 
The red-fruited sumacs are harmless. 

poke (pok), to. 1. Bag ; sack. Chiefly 
Dial. 2. A pocket. Obs. or Archaic. 

poke, to. A coarse American perennial 
herb (Phytolacca decandra) bearing 
dark purple berries. The roots and 
berries are poisonous. 

poke, v. t. ; poked (pokt) ; pok'ing 
(pok'ing). 1. To prod with something 
pointed ; hence : to push or thrust ; 
make by such action ; as, to poke holes 
in cloth. 2. To thrust forward, esp. Poison Sumac, 
obtrusively, lit. or fig. ; as, to poke one's nose into an 
affair. — v. i. _ 1. To thrust or push. 2. To go prying ; 
grope ; also, to idle ; dawdle ; potter ; as to poke about. — n. 
A poking ; thrust ; nudge. 

poke, to. A projecting brim or front of a woman's bonnet ; 
also, a bonnet (poke bonnet) with such a brim, [plant. | 

poke'ber-ry (-ber'I), to. The berry of the poke; also, the| 

pok'er (pok'er), to. That which pokes or is used in poking, 
as a metal rod used in stirring a fire. 

pok'er, to. A kind of gambling game at cards. 

poke'weed' (pok'wed'), to. The poke. 

pok'y (-1), a. ; pok'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Slow; dull; petty. 

Po'lack (po'lak), to. A Pole. Now Colloq. 

Po'land-er (po'lan-der), to. A Pole. 

po'lar (-Idr), a. Of or pert, to a pole, as of the earth or of a 
magnet ; lying near, or proceeding from, one of the poles ; 
as : a Likened to a pole of the earth in position, or to the 
polestar as a guide, b Likened to the poles of a magnet : 
opposite in action, etc. 
polar bear, a large white bear ( Ursus maritimtis) of the 





ale, senate, care, am, account, firm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, sSft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



POLARIMETER 



745 



POLITICALLY 



arctic regions. — p. body, cell, or globule, Biol., one of the 

minute cells which separate in mitosis from a maturating 
egg. — p. circles, Aslron. & Geog., the arctic and antarctic 
circles. See arctic, antarctic. — p. lights, the aurora 
borealis or aurora australis. 
po'lar-im'e-ter (po'ldr-im'e-ter), n. [polar + -meter."] 
Optics, a An instrument for determining the amount of 
polarization of light, or the proportion of polarized light, 
m a partially polarized ray. b A polariscope for measur- 
ing the amount of rotation of the plane of polarization, 
esp. by liquids. See polarization, 2. 




Sectional Diagram of Polarimeter, showing arrangement of 
Prisms and Lenses. ^ 

Po-la'ris (po-ia'ris ; 3), n. [NL.] Astron. The Xorth Star ; 

Alpha (a) Ursae Minoris. See Ursa Minor, Illust. 
po-lar'i-SCOpe (-lar'I-skop), n. [polar + -scope.'] An in- 
strument, essentially of prisms, for studying polarized light. 

po-lar'i-ty (-tT), n. 1. That quality or condition in virtue 
of which a body exhibits opposite, or contrasted, properties 
or powers in opposite, or contrasted, parts or directions ; 
polarization. 2. Particular state (positive or negative) 
with reference to the two poles or to polarization. 

po'lar-i-za'tion (po'ldr-i-za'sh&n ; -T-za'-), n. 1. Act of po- 
larizing ; state of being polarized, or of having poles. 2. Op- 
tics. A peculiar condition of the rays of light resulting in 
their exhibiting different properties in different directions. 
When, by any means, as by reflection, refraction, etc., the 
vibrations transverse to the direction of the ray are given a 
definite direction, the light is said to be polarized, and the 
polarization is called, from the nature of its path, plane, 
elliptical, or circular. The angle of polarization, or 
polarizing angle, is the angle of reflection for complete 
polarization. The plane of polarization is the plane in 
which the light is reflected. 3. Elec. An effect produced on 
the electrodes of a cell by the deposition on them of the 
gases liberated by the current. 

polar-ize (po'ldr-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz/ing (-Iz'Tng). 
[F. polariser.] To give polarity to ; bring into a state of 
polarization. — po'lar-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

|| pol'der (pol'der), n. [D.] A tract of low land reclaimed 
from the sea, or other body of water, by dikes. 

pole (pol), n. [L. polus, Gr. ttoXos a pivot, axis, pole.] 1. 
Either extremity of an axis of a sphere, esp. of the earth's 
axis. 2. Physics. One of the opposite or contrasted parts in 
which certain forces are manifested, as in a magnetor bat- 
tery. 3. Biol. Specif. : a In cells, esp. egg cells, either of 
two areas at opposite ends of an axis, b In nerve cells, a 
point of origin of a process. 4. The firmament ; sky. Archaic. 

pole, n. [AS. pal, L. palus.] 1. A long slender piece of 
wood ; specif., a wooden bar extending from the front axle 
of a carriage between the wheel horses, by which the car- 
riage is guided and held back. 2. A measuring stick ; also, 
a measure of length or surface ; a rod ; a perch. 

— v. t.; poled (pold) ; pol'ing (pol'ing). To act on, or 
force along, with a pole ; as, to pole a boat. 

Pole, n. A native or inhabitant of Poland. 

pole'ax' 1 (-aks'), n. [ME. pollax, polax. See poll, head ; 

pole'axe'j ax.] Mil. A long-handled battle-ax, often with 
a hook or spike opposite the blade. 

pole'cat' (-katO, n. [Prob. F. poule hen + E. cat.] 1. A 
European carnivore (Putorius putorius) of which the fer- 
ret is a domesticated variety ; also, any of various related 
species. 2. A skunk. U. S. 

po-lem'ic (po-lem'Tk), a. [Gr. TrdXeuiKos warlike, fr. wo- 
Xe^os war.] Of, pertaining to, or involving controversy ; 
controversial. — n. 1. A controversialist ; disputant. 2. A 
polemic argument or controversy. 

po-lem'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Polemic. — po-lem'i-cal-ly, adv. 

po-lem'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Art or practice of disputa- 
tion or controversy, esp. religious controversy. 

pol'e-mo'ni-a'ceous (pol'e-mo'ni-a'shus), a. [Gr. 7roXe- 
fiwvcov a kind of plant.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Pole- 
moniacese) of plants, mainly of western North America, 
including the phlox and other plants commonly cultivated. 

pole plate. Arch. A timber on the tiebeams of a roof 
and receiving the ends of the rafters. See roof, Illust. 

pol'er (pol'er), n. One who, or that which, poles ; spech., 
a pole horse ; a wheeler. 

pole'star' (pol'staV), n. 1. The North Star. 2. Fig., a 
guide ; a controlling principle ; also, a lodestar. 

pole vault. Vaulting, or a vault, with the aid of a long pole. 

po-lice' (po-leV), n. [F., fr. L. politia government, admin- 
istration, Gr. 7roXireia, fr. tto\Itt]s citizen, 7r6Xir city.] 
1. The internal organization or regulation of a state ; esp., 
such regulation affecting public comfort, health, morals, 
safety, or prosperity. 2. a The department of government 
charged with enforcement of the laws and maintenance of 



public order, safety, etc., now, esp., with respect to crimes 
public nuisances, etc. b [A collective, commonly con- 
strued as pi.] The organized force of civil officials and 
officers in this department ; esp., the police officers or con- 
stabulary of a town, city, or other community. 3. Mil. a 
In the United States army, the soldiers detailed for police 
duty, b The act or process of cleaning and putting in order 
a camp or garrison. 

— v. t.; -liced' (-lest'); -lic'ing (-lesTng). To protect or 
keep in order by or as by police. 

police court. A court of record having jurisdiction over 
various minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a supe- 
rior court or for the grand jury persons accused of more 
serious offenses. [a constable.! 

po-lice'man (-man), n. A member of a body of police ;j 

pol'i-clin'ic (pol'I-klin'ik), n. [G. poliklinik.] Med. 
Orig., a clinic held at private houses in a city [Gr. w6\^] or 
town ; by extension, a dispensary or department of a hospi- 
tal at which out-patients are treated. Cf. polyclinic. 

pol'i-cy (pol'i-sT), n.; pi. policies (-siz). [OF. policie, L. 
politia, Gr. iroXtrda government. See police, n.] 1. 
Government ; science of government ; also, a government 
or state. Obs. or Rare. 2. Wisdom in managing affair? ; 
shrewdness ; wit ; as, the policy of such a course is doubtful. 
3. Procedure based primarily on temporal or materia! 
interest, rather than on higher principles ; hence, worldly 
wisdom ; as, he allowed policy to outweigh honor. 4. A 
settled or definite course or principle of procedure or con- 
duct ; as, honesty is the best policy. 

pol'i-cy, n. [F. police, prob. fr. LL. apodixa receipt, Gr. 
&7r6(5€i£is a showing forth.] 1. A certificate of insurance. 
2. A method of gambling by betting on lottery drawings. 

pol'i-cy-hold/er (-hol'der), n. A person to whom an insur- 
ance policy has been granted. 

pol'i-o-my'e-li'tis (poTi-o-mT'e-lI'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. iroXtos 
gray + fxveXos marrow + -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the 
gray matter of the spinal cord, esp. an infectious form chiefly 
attacking children and causing motor paralysis. 

Pol'ish (pol'Tsh), a. Of or pert, to Poland or its inhabitants. 

— n. The language of the Poles, a Slavic tongue using the 
Roman alphabet, peculiar sounds being indicated by dia- 
critically marked letters. 

pol'ish (pol'Tsh), v. t. [F. polir, L. polire.] 1. To make 
smooth and glossy, usually by friction ; give luster to. 2. To 
make elegant, cultured, or polite ; refine ; as, to polish life 
or manners. 3. To affect or bring into a specified condition 
by polishing ; as, to polish away crudities. 
Syn. Polish, burnish, furbish. To polish is to make 
smooth or glossy by friction ; fig., the word implies refine- 
ment, esp. by the removal of social roughness or crudeness ; 
to burnish is to polish (esp. metal), commonly with some- 
thing hard and smooth ; to furbish (often used slightingly) 
is to rub or brush (something) until it looks bright or new ; 
as, a polished mirror, manner, gentleman ; burnished steel ; 
to furbish up one's weapons, to furbish up one's Greek. 

— v. i. To become polished. 

— n. 1. Act or process of polishing. 2. A smooth, glossy 
surface ; a luster. 3. Refinement ; elegance. 4. Anything 
used to produce a gloss. 

pol'ish-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, polishes ; also, 
that which is used in polishing. 

po-lite' (po-lit'), a. ; -lit'er (-llt'er) ; -llt'est. [L. politus, 
p. p. of polire to polish.] 1. Refined ; exhibiting a refined 
taste ; scholarly ; as, polite literature ; polite learning. 2. 
Characterized by refinement, culture, or elegance ; courte- 
ous ; civil. — po-lite'ly, adv. 

Syn. Polite, gentle, genteel. Polite, as here compared 
(see civil) , applies to that which is characterized by culture 
or refinement ; gentle suggests good or honorable birth ; as, 
polite society ; gentle breeding. Genteel now commonly im- 
plies a more or less vulgar affectation of fineness or gentility. 

po-lite'ness, n. Quality or state of being polite ; urbanity. 

— Syn. Courtesy, refinement, courteousness, civility. 
pol'i-tic (pol'i-tlk), a. [L. politicus, fr. Gr. h-oXiti/cos of 

the citizens, ttoXLttis citizen.] 1. Political ; — now chiefly 
in body politic. 2. Sagacious in promoting a policy ; hence : 
wise ; prudent ; also, in a bad sense, artful ; cunning ; as, a 
politic prince. 3. Pertaining to or promoting a policy ; 
well-devised ; expedient ; as, a politic reply. — Syn. Dis- 
creet, provident, wary, artful. See wise. 

po-lit'i-cal (po-lit'i-kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to polity, or poli- 
tics, or the conduct of government ; as, political theories. 
2. Having, or conforming to, a polity, or system of govern- 
ment ; as, a political body. 3. Having to do with control 
of the appointment or action of those who govern ; as, a 
political party. 4. Of or pert, to those who make a business 
or profession of politics ; as, merely political motives, 
political economist, one versed in political economy. — p. 
economy, economics. — p. liberty. See liberty, 2. — 
p. science, the science dealing with the organization and 
government of states. 

po-lit'i-cal-ly, adv. In a political manner; as regards 
politics. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



POLITICIAN 



746 



POLYGLOT 



pol'i-ti'cian (pol'T-tish'dn), n. 1. One versed or experienced 
in the science of government ; one devoted to politics ; a 
statesman. 2. One addicted to, or actively engaged in, poli- 
tics as managed by parties ; often, more or less disparag- 
ingly, one primarily interested in political offices or their 
profits ; as, a mere politician. 

Syn. Politician, statesman. Politieian now commonly 
implies activity in party politics, esp. with a suggestion 
of artifice or intrigue ; statesman now usually suggests 
broad-minded and far-seeing sagacity in affairs of state. 

pol'i-tic-ly (pol'i-tik-lT), adv. In a politic manner. 

pol'i-tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) 1. The science and art of 
government. 2. Theory or practice of managing or direct- 
ing affairs of public policy or of political parties ; hence, 
political affairs, principles, or the like ; as, to enter politics. 

P0l'i-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -TIES (-tiz). [L. politia, Gr. 7roXireia.] 

1. Form or constitution of the government of a state, or, 
by extension, of any organization similarly administered. 

2. A politically organized community ; a state. 

pol'ka (pol'kd), n. [Prob. fr. Pol. Polka a Polish woman.] 
1. A certain dance of Polish origin, in duple time. 2. Mu- 
sic. A lively Bohemian dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the 
third quaver (second beat) accented. 

polka dot. In textile fabrics, a pattern of many round dots 
regularly distributed. 

polka mazurka. A dance in which a mazurka step is 
joined to the polka ; also a dance tune suitable for such a 
dance, in slow 3-4 measure. 

poll (pol), n. [Gr. ol iroWol the many, the rabble.] Camb. 
Univ., Eng. With the, the students who "go up" for, or 
obtain, a poll degree, that is, a degree without honors. 

poll (pol), n. [ME. pol, polle.'] 1. The head ; skull ; esp., 
the back, or back and top, of the head, as covered by hair ; 
also, the nape of the neck. 2. A number or aggregate of 
heads ; a list of individuals, as for taxing or voting ; also, 
formerly, the counting of heads. 3. The casting or record- 
ing of votes, as of the registered electors ; also, the number 
of such votes cast. 4. A place for voting ; — in the United 
States, usually in pi. 5. A poll tax. 

t— v. t. 1. To cut off or cut short the hair, wool, or the like, 
of ; shear ; clip. 2. To cut off the top of, as a tree. 3. To 
cut off, or cut short, the horns of (cattle). 4. To enter, as 
polls or persons, in a register ; enroll ; receive and register 
the votes of ; as, to poll a jury. 5. To register or deposit, 
as a vote ; also, to call forth, as votes ; as, he polled a ma- 
jority. — v. i. To cast one's vote at a poll. 

pol'lack (pol'ok), or pol'lOCk (-uk), n. Any of several ma- 




Pollack (PollacMus carbonarius) . 
rine fishes (genera Pollachius and Theragra) of the cod 
family,. valued as food, including the true pollack (P. polla- 
chius) of the Atlantic coast of Europe, a closely allied spe- 
cies (P. carbonarius) , called also coalfish, the codfish, etc. 

pol'lard. (-drd), n. [See poll, v., poll head.] 1. A hornless 
animal (cow or sheep). 2. A tree cut back to the trunk to 
promote the growth of a dense head of foliage. — v. t. To 
convert into a pollard. 

pollen (pol'en), n. [L. pollen fine flour, dust.] The mass 
of microspores in seed plants, usually a fine yellow dust. 

poll'er (pol'er), n. One who polls. 

poll'— e'vil (pol'eVl), n. Veter. A suppurative inflamma- 
tion in the region of the poll of the horse, the result of 
bruising and infection with pus-producing organisms. 

pol'lex (pol'eks), n. ; L. pi. -lices (-i-sez). [L., the thumb.] 
The first digit of the fore limb ; the thumb. 

pol'li-nate (pol'I-nat),?;. t. Bot. To perform pollination on. 

pol'li-na'tion (-na'shun),?^ Bot. The transfer of pollen 
from the stamens to the pistils. 

pol'li-nif'er-OUS (pol'i-nif'er-iis), a. [L. pollen, -inis, pol- 
len + -ferous.2 1. Bot. Bearing or producing pollen. 2. 
Zo'ol. Adapted for the purpose of carrying pollen. 

pol-Un'i-nm (po-lTn'i-um), n.; pl._ -ia (-d). A coherent 
mass of pollen grains, as in the orchids and milkweeds. 

pol'li-wog (pol'i-wog), n. [ME. polwigle.~} A tadpole. 

pol'lock. Var. of pollack. 

poll tax (pol). A tax of so much per head, or person. 

pol-lute' (po-lut'), v. t.; -lut'ed (-lut'ed) ; -lut'ing. [L. 
pollutus, p. p. of polluere to pollute.] To make or render 
impure or unclean ; defile ; profane ; foul. — pol-lut'er, n. 

pol-lu'tion (-lu'shun), n. Act of polluting or state of being 
polluted ; defilement ; uncleanness ; impurity. 

Pol'lux (pol'uks), n. [L.] 1. See Dioscuri. 2. Astron. A 
first-magnitude star in the constellation Gemini ; Beta (0) 
Geminorum. Its twin star is Castor. 



Pol'ly (polf), n. ; pi. -lies. [Familiar form for the proper 
names Molly, Mary.] [Often I. c] A name for a parrot. 

pol'ly-wog. Var. of polliwog. 

po'lo (po'lo), n. 1. A game resembling hockey, with the 
players on horseback. 2. A similar game played by skaters. 

po'lo-naise' (po'16-naz' ; pol'6-), n. 1. [F., prop. fern, of 
polonais Polish.] An article of dress for women, consisting 
of a waist and drapery in one piece worn over a separate 
skirt. 2. Music. A certain stately Polish dance or march, 
or the music for it, in 3-4 measure. 

po-lo'ni-um (pS-lo'm-wm), n. [NL., fr. Poland, in L. form 
Polonia, — one discoverer being a Pole.] Chem. A sup- 
posed new element, a radioactive substance discovered in 
pitchblende. It is closely related chemically to bismuth. 

Po-lo'ni-us (-Us), n. The father of Ophelia in Shake- 
speare's " Hamlet. " He is a sententious old courtier, slain, 
while eavesdropping, by Hamlet. 

pol-troon' (pol-troon'), n. [F. poltron, fr. It. poltrone an 
idle fellow, coward, poltro idle, lazy.] An arrant coward ; 
craven. — a. Craven ; cowardly. — Syn. See cowardly. 

pol-troon'er-y (-er-T), n. Cowardice; pusillanimity. 

pol'y- (p51'i-). Combining form fr. Gr. iroXvs, many. 

pol'y-an'dry (pol'i-an'dn ; pol'i-an'dri), n. [poly- + Gr. 
&vr)p, &i>8p6s, man, male.] 1. State or practice of having 
more than one husband at the same time ; marriage to 
several husbands, as among various savage races or tribes. 
2. Bot. Condition of having numerous free stamens. — 
pol'y-an'drous, a. 

pol'y-an'thus (-an'thus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. iro\vav0os rich 
in flowers ; iro\vs many + avQos flower.] 1. = oxlip, 2. 2. 
A narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), or a variety descended 
from it, having rather small white or yellow flowers. 

pol'y-ar/chy (pol'I-aVki), n.; pi. -archies (-kiz). [Gr. 
iroXvapxla.^ See poly- ; -archy.] Government by many. 

pol'y-a-toni'ic (-d-tom'ik), a. Chem. Having more than 
one replaceable atom or radical. 

pol'y-bas'ic (-bas'ik), a. Chem. Having in the molecule 
more than one hydrogen atom replaceable by basic atoms 
or radicals in forming salts or esters. 

pol'y-bas'ite (pol'i-bas'It ; po-lib'd-slt), n. [G. polybasit.~] 
Min. An iron-black, metallic-looking ore of silver, consist- 
ing essentially of silver, sulphur, and antimony, AggSbS6. 

pol'y-car'pel-la-ry (pol'i-kar'pel-a-n), a. Bot. Composed 
of many carpels, as a compound ovary. See fruit, Illust. 

pol'y-Chse'tOUS (-ke'tws), a. [poly- + Gr. xairr} hair.] 
Zo'ol. Belonging to a division (Polychseta) of chaetopod 
worms, comprising most common marine worms, having 
unsegmented, stumplike limbs. — pol'y-chsete, a. & n. 

pory-Cha'si-um (-ka'zhi-wm ; -zi-um), n.; pi. -sia (-d). 
[NL. ; poly- -f- Gr. xaffis division.] Bot. A cymose inflores- 
cence in which each relative main axis produces more than 
two branches. See inflorescence, Illust. 

pol'y-Chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'ik), a. Showing a variety, or 
a change, of colors. [printed, etc., in various colors. I 

pol'y-Chroirie (pol'T-krom), a. Many-colored; painted, | 

pol'y-Chro'miC (-kro'mik), a. [poly- + (for sense 1) Gr. 
xpcojua color, or (sense 2) chromic.'] 1. Polychromatic. 2. 
Chem. Designating, or pert, to, any of several acids with 
more than one atom of chromium. 

pol'y-Chro'my (pol'i-kro'mi), n. Art or practice of poly- 
chrome painting or decoration, as in ancient sculpture. 

pol / y-Clin , ic(-klin , ik),n. Med. A clinic treating diseases of 
many sorts, or a hospital for, or an institution giving clini- 
cal instruction about, all kinds of diseases. 

pol'y-con'ic (-kon'ik), a. Relating to, or based on, many 
cones ; as, polyconic mapping. 

pol'y-dac'tyl \ (-dak'til), a. Having several or many digits, 

pol'y-dac'tylef esp. more than usual. — n. A polydactyl 
animal. — pory-dac'tyl-ism (-ti-liz'm), n. [cuRi.| 

Pol'y-deu'ces (-du'sez), n. [Gr. I1o\v5€vkvs.'] See Dios-| 

Pol'y-do'rus (-do'rus ; 57), n. [L., fr. Gr. IloXuSajpos.] Gr. 
Myth. The youngest son of Priam. According to Homer, 
he was slain by Achilles. 

po-lyg'a-la (po-lig'd-ld), n. [L., milkwort, fr. Gr. -iroXv- 
yakov ; irokbs much + 70X0 milk.] Bot. Any of a genus 
(Polygala) of showy-flowered plants popularly called milk- 
worts, including the fringed polygala (P. pauci flora). 

po-lyg'a-mist (-mist), n. One who practices polygamy. 

pO-lyg'a-moUS (-mus), a. [Gr. iroXvyafios ; iroXvs many 
+ yafios marriage.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or characterized 
by, polygamy. 2. Zo'dl. Having more than one mate at the 
same time. 3. Bot. Bearing both hermaphrodite and uni- 
sexual flowers on the same plant. — po-lyg'a-mous-ly, adv. 

po-lyg'a-my (-mi), n. State, habit, or fact of having a plu- 
rality of wives or (rarely) husbands at the same time. 

pol'y-gen'e-sis (pol'i-jen'e-sis), n. Plurality of origin ; — 
opposed to monogenesis. 

pol'y-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. 1. Having many distinct 
sources ; originating at various places or times. 2. Biol. Of 
or pert, to polygenesis. — pol'y-gen'ic (-jen'Tk), a. 

pol'y-glot (pol'i-glot), a. [Gr. iro\vy\u>TTos many-tongued ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, Til; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



POLYGON 



747 



POME 



7toX6j many + yXurra tongue.] 1. Versed in many or sev- 
eral languages. 2. Containing, or made up of, several 
tongues, or languages ; as, a polyglot Bible. — n. 1. One 
who speaks or writes several languages. 2. A book, esp. the 
Scriptures, containing versions of the same text in several 
languages. 3. A confusion of languages ; a polyglot jargon. 

pol'y-gon (pol'i-gon), n. [Gr. iroXvyuvos polygonal ; ttoXvs 
many + yuvta angle.] Geom. A figure, generally a plane 
closed figure, having many angles, and hence many sides, 
esp. one of more than four angles. 

pol'y-go-na'ceous (-go-na'shws), a. [See polygonum.] 
Bot. Belonging to a family (Polygonacese) of plants, the 
buckwheat family, chiefly of the north temperate zone, 
consisting of herbs, shrubs, and trees, and including the 



bindweeds, sorrels, docks, etc. 
po-lyg'0-nal (pS-hg'6-ndl), a. Ha\ 



po-lyg'o-nai (p5-lig'o-nal), a. Having many angles (esp. 

more than four), and hence many sides. rial-ly, adv. 

polygonal numbers, certain figurate numbers, the succes- 
sive sums of the terms of an arithmetical progression whose 
first term is 1. 

po-lyg'o-num (-num), n. [NL.,fr. L. polygonos, -on, a kind 
of plant, Gr. iroXvyovov ; ttoXvs many -J- 76^1; the knee ; — 
in allusion to the numerous joints.] Any of a large genus 
(Polygonum) of herbaceous plants, including the smart- 
weeds, knotweeds, bistorts, and water peppers. 

pol'y-graph (pql'i-graf ), n. [Gr. iro\vypa4>os writing much.] 
A manifold writer ; copying machine. graph/ic, a. 

po-lyg'y-nOUS (-lij'i-niis), a. 1. Bot. Having many styles. 
2. Practicing, pertaining to, or characterized by, polygyny. 

PO-lyg'y-ny (-ni), n. [poly- + Gr. yvirfj woman, wife.] 
State or practice of having several wives at once ; marriage 
to several wives, as among various savage races or tribes. 

pol'y-ha'liteCpol'i-ha'Ht),™. [poly- + Gr. &Xs salt.] Min. 
A mineral usually in fibrous masses, of a brick-red color due 
to iron, but consisting essentially of sulphates of calcium, 
magnesium, and potassium, 2CaSG"4 • MgS04 • K2SO4 • 2H2O. 

pol'y-he'dron (-he'dron), n.; pi. E. -drons (-dronz), L. 
-dra (-drd). [NL., fr. Gr. iroXvedpos with many sides; 
iroXus many + e8pa side.] Geom. A figure or solid formed 
by many faces or planes. — pol'y-he'dral (-drdl), a. 

Pol'y-hym'ni-a (-hTm'ni-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. UoXOuvia; 
ttoXvs many + vuvos hymn.] Gr. Myth. The Muse of ora- 
tory and the sacred lyric. 

pol'y-mer (p51'i-mer), n. [See polymeric] Chem. Any 
of two or more substances interrelated by polymerism ; spe- 
cif., a substance produced from another by polymerization. 

pol'y-mer'ic (-mer'ik), a. [poly- + Gr. jxepos part.] Chem. 
Composed of the same elements in the same proportions 
by weight, but having different molecular weights ; thus, 
cyanic acid (CNOH) and cyanuric acid ( C3N3O3H3 ) are 
polymeric with each other. 

po-lym'er-ism (po-lim'er-iz'm), n. Chem. State or quality 
of being polymeric ; also, polymerization. 

pol'y-mer'i-za'tion (poFi-mer'i-za'shiin ; -I-za'shun), n. 
Chem. Act or process of changing to a polymeric form of 
higher molecular weight ; also, the resulting state. 

pol'y-mer-ize (pol'i-mer-iz ; po-lim'er-Iz), v. t. & i. Chem. 
To subject to, or to undergo, polymerization. 

po-lym'er-ous (po-lim'er-us), a. Bot. Having many parts 
or members in a whorl. 

pol'y-morph (pol'i-morf), n. [Gr. iroXvuop^os multiform ; 
ttoXvs many + p.op4>i\ form.] A polymorphous organism or 
substance, or one of its several forms. 

pQPy-mor'phous (-mor'fus), a. Having or assuming vari- 
ous forms, characters, or styles. — poPy-mor'phic (-fik), 
a. — poPy-mor'phism (fiz'm), n. 

Pol'y-ne'sian (-ne'shdn; -zhan), a. [From Polynesia; 
Gr. ttoXvs many + vfjaos island.] Of or pertaining to 
Polynesia or the Polynesians. — n. 1. A member of any of 
several brown races of mankind widespread throughout 
Oceania. 2. The agglutinative Polynesian language. 

PoPy-ni'ces, PoPy-nei'ces (-nl'sez), n. [L. Polynices, 
Gr. TLoXweU-os.'] See Antigone, Seven against Thebes. 

poFy-no'mi-al (-no'mi-dl),n. [poly- -f- binomial.'] Alge- 
bra. 1. An expression of two or more terms, as a 2 — 2ao -f- 
b 2 . 2. Biol. A technical name of more than three words. — 
a. 1. Chiefly Math. Containing many terms. 2. Biol. 
Consisting of many names or terms. [many nuclei. I 

pol'y-nu'cle-ar (-nu'kle-dr), a. Biol. Having several or| 

pol'yp (pol'ip), n. [L. polypus, Gr. ttoXvttovs, iroXviro5os ; 
ttoXvs many + ttovs, iro86s, foot.] Zo'ol. A ccelenterate hav- 
ing typically a hollow cylindrical body, closed and attached 
at one end, and opening at the other by a central mouth 
surrounded by tentacles, as the sea anemone, the coral, etc. 

pol'y-pa-ry (pol'i-pa-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). Zo'ol. The 
common investing structure or tissue in which the polyps 
of corals and other compound forms are embedded. 

pol'y-pet'al-OUS (pol'i-pet'dl-us), a. Bot. Having the 
petals separate or not united ; — said of a flower or corolla. 

poPy-pha'gi-a (-fa'ji-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. TroXv^ayla ex- 
cess in eating.] I.Med. Abnormal hunger. 2. Zo'ol. Abili- 
ty to subsist on various kinds of food. 



po-lyph'a-gOUS (po-lIFd-gi/s), a. Eating, or subsisting 
on, many kinds of food ; also, rarely, voracious. 

poFy-phase (pol'I-faz), a. Elec. Having or producing two 
or more phases ; multiphase. 

Pol'y-phe'mus (-fe'mus), n. [L., fr. Gr. UoXvfouos.'] Gr. 
Myth. A Cyclops who imprisoned Ulysses and his compan- 
ions in a cavern and devoured two of the company daily, 
until Ulysses made him drunk and blinded him. 

poPy-phon'ic (-fon'Ik ; -fo'nlk), a. [Gr. iroXvfuvos ; ttoXvs 
many -f- <f>tavf) sound.] 1. Having, or consisting of, many 
sounds or voices. 2. Phon. Having more than one phonetic 
value ; as, Assyrian polyphonic characters. 3. Music, a 
Pert, to, or characterized by, polyphony, b Capable of giv- 
ing more than one tone at a time, as the organ or harp. 

po-lyph'o-nous (p5-lif'S-ni/s), a. = polyphonic. 

po-lyph'o-ny (pS-lif'S-ni ; pol'i-fo'm), n. [Gr. iroXvQuvla.'] 
1. Phon. Representation of more than one sound by 
means of the same written character. 2. Music. Composi- 
tion in simultaneous and harmonizing but melodically 
independent and individual voice parts ; contrapuntal 
composition. See counterpoint. 

pol'y-pho'tal (pol'I-fo'talHa. [poly- + Gr. <£ws, <£wtos, 

pol'y-phqte (pol'i-fot) / light.] Elec. Pertaining to or 
designating arc lamps so constructed that more than one 
can be used on a single circuit. 

po-lyp'i-dom (po-lip'i-dwm ; poKT-pT-dum), n. [polypus 
+ Gr. 86uos house.] A polypary. 

pol'y-po'dy (-po'dl), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [L. polypodium, 
fr. Gr. TroXvir68t.oi>, dim. of ttoXvttovs. See polyp.] Any 
of 3. genus (Polypodium) of ferns with roundish naked 
sori, growing on moist rock, trees, etc. 

pol'y-pous (pol'i-pfts), a. 1. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
polypus ; affected with polypi. 2. Pert, to or like a polyp. 

pol'yp-tych (pol'ip-tlk), n. [Gr. ttoXvtttvxos consisting of 
many folds ; iroXvs many + tttv£, tttvxos, fold.] An arrange- 
ment of panels, etc., having more parts than a triptych. 

pol'y-pus (pol'i-pus),n.;pZ. -pi (-pi). [L. See polyp.] 1. 
Zo'ol. = polyp. 2. Med. A tumor, usually with a narrow 
base, due to hypertrophy of the mucous membrane, as in 
the nose, uterus, etc. 

pol'y-syl-lab'ic (-sT-lab'Tk)la. [Gr. iroXvaOXXaQos ; ttoXvs 

pol'y-syl-lab'i-cal (-T-kal) / + avXXap-h syllable.] 1. Hav- 
ing, or characterized by, polysyllables. 2. Of a word, having 
more than three syllables. 

pol'y-syHa-ble (pol'i-siYd-b'l), n. A polysyllabic word. 

pol'y-syn'de-ton (-sin'de-ton), n. [NL., fr. poly- + Gr. 
awderos bound together.] Rhet. A figure consisting in fre- 
quent repetition of the conjunction ; — opp.to asyndeton. 

pol'y-tech'nic (-tek'nik), a. [F. polytechnique, Gr. iroXu- 
Ttxvos ; ttoXvs + rex^n an art.] Including, or pertaining to, 
many arts and sciences ; — applied esp. to schools where 
many practical branches of art and science are taught. 

pol'y-the-ism (pol'i-the-iz'm), n. [poly- + Gr. 6eos god.] 
The doctrine of, or belief in, a plurality of gods. 

pol'y-the-ist (-1st), n. A believer in polytheism. 

poPy-the-is'tic (-Ts'tTk) )a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- 

pol'y-the-is'ti-cal (-tl-kal)/ terized by, polytheism; pro- 
fessing or advocating polytheism. 

pol'y-typ'ic (-tip'Ik) 1 a. Having several or many types ; 

pol'y-typ'i-cal (-l-kal)j — opposed to monotypic. 

poPy-U'ri-a (-u'rl-d), n. [NL.] Med. Excessive secretion 
of urine, either temporary, as in nervous excitement, fevers, 
etc., or permanent, as in diabetes. — poPy-U'ric (-nk), a. 

Po-lyx'e-na (po-llk'se-nd), n. [L., fr. Gr. IIoXu|€^^.] Gr. 
Myth. A daughter of Priam, betrothed to Achilles. 

poPy-ZO'an (pol'I-zo'dn), n. [poly- + -zoa + -an.~] Any 
of a class (Polyzoa) of aquatic, mostly marine, animals 
which reproduce by budding and usually form perma- 
nently attached colonies, variously shaped, often of a deli- 
cate, branched mosslike form, or flat and encrusting stones, 
seaweeds, etc. — a. Of or pert, to the polyzoans. 

poPy-ZO-a'ri-um (-zo-a'rf-iim ; 3), n. ; pi. -ria (-d). [NL.] 
Zo'ol. A polyzoan colony or the supporting skeleton of 
such a colony. — poPy-zo-a'ri-al (-dl), o. 

poFy-ZO'ic (-zo'ik), a. Zo'ol. a Composed of many zooids. 
b Designating a spore that produces many sporozoites. 

pom'ace (pum'as), n. [L. pomum a fruit, LL., an apple.] 
1. The substance of apples, or similar fruit, crushed to a 
pulpy mass, as in cider making. 2. The substance of any- 
thing crushed to pulp, as of fish or the castor-oil bean. 

po-ma'ceous/pS-ma'shiis), a. [LL. pomum an apple.] 
Of or pertaining to apples ; specif., malaceous. 

po-made r (po-mad': -mad'), n. [F. pommade, fr. It., fr. 
LL. pomum apple.] Perfumed ointment ; pomatum. 

po'man-der (po'man-der ; p$-man'der), n. [Formerly also 
pomamber, pomeamber (Oxf. E.D.). See pome ; amber.] 
A perfume or mixture of perfumes, in a perforated box or 
bag, carried on the person, as to guard against infection. 

po-ma'tum (po-ma'tiim), n. [NL.] Pomade. 

pome (pom), n. [OF., apple, fr. L. pomum a fruit.] The 
characteristic fruit of the apple family. See fruit, Illust. 



\\ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



POMEGRANATE 



748 



POOL 




Pomegranate. Flowering 
Branch, and Fruit whole 
and in section. 



pome-gran'ate (pom-gran'at ; pom'gran'Jt; pum'-), n. 
[OF. pome grenate ; pome 
apple + grenate, fr. L. 
granata grained, having 
many grains or seeds.] The 
somewhat angular fruit, like 
an orange in size and color, 
of a certain, tropical Asiatic 
tree {Punica granatum) ; 
also, the tree. It has many 
seeds in a crimson pulp of 
agreeable acid flavor. 

pom'e-lo (pom'e-lo), n. ; pi. 
-loes (-loz) . The grapefruit. 

Pom'er-a'ni-an (pom'er-a'- 
nT-dn), a. Of or pert, to 
Pomerania, a province of 
Prussia on the Baltic sea. 

— n. 1. An inhabitant of 
Pomerania. 2. One of a 
breed of medium-sized or 
small dogs of German ori- 
gin, with long silky hair 
forming a ruff or frill about the chest, bushy tail, foxlike 
muzzle, and pointed ears ; — called also spitz dog. 

po-mifer-OUS (po-mif'er-us), a. [L. pomifer; pomum 
fruit + ferre to bear.] Bearing pomes, or applelike fruits. 

pom'mel (pum'el), n. [OF. pomel, LL. pomellus, fr. L. 
pomum fruit, LL. also, an apple.] 1. A knob, as on the 
hilt of a sword or the like. 2. The knoblike protuberance 
at the front and top of a saddlebow. — v. t. ; -meled (-eld) 
or -melled ; -mel-ing or -mel-ling. To beat soundly, as 
with the pommel of a sword ; hence, to beat with the fists. 

po-mol'0-gy (po-mol'o-ji), n. [L. pomum fruit + -logy.'] 
Science and practice of fruit growing. — po'mo-log'i-cal 
(po'mo-loj'i-kdl), a. — po-mol'o-gJSt (po-mol'o-jist), n. 

Po-mr/na (po-mo'nd), n. [L., fr. pomum fruit.] Roman 
Relig. The old Italian goddess of the fruit of trees. 

pomp (pomp), n. [F. pompe, L. pompa, fr. Gr. irofm-fj a 
sending, a solemn procession, pomp.] 1. A show of magnifi- 
cence; sometimes, esp. in the pi., vain display. 2. A 
procession marked by magnificent display ; a pageant. — 
Syn. Pageantry, splendor, state, ostentation. See parade. 

pom'pa-dour (p5m'pd-do6r ; colloq. -dor), n. [After the 
Marquise de Pompadour.] 1. A mode of dressing a wom- 
an's hair by drawing it straight back from the forehead, 
sometimes over a pad or cushion ; also a mode of dressing 
men's hair by brushing it straight up from the forehead. 
2. The hair so dressed. 

pom/pa-no (-no), n. ; pi. -nos (-noz). [Sp. pdmpano."] 
Zo'ol. a A highly valued food fish ( Trachinotus carolinus) 
of the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. 
b A fish (Palometa simillimus) of the California coast. 

Pom-pe'ian (pom-pe'ydn ; -an), a. [L. Pompeianus.'] Of 
or pert, to Pompeii, a town of Campania buried by ashes 
from Mt. Vesuvius, A. D. 79. 

pom'— pom' (pom'pom'), n. An automatic machine cannon ; 
— popularly so called from its drumming sound in action. 

pom'pon (pom'pon ; F. poN'poN'), n. [F.] 1. An orna- 
mental ball, as of feathers, for women's costume. 2. Mil. 
A tuft or ball, as of wool, sometimes worn on the hat. 

pom-pos'i-ty (-pos'I-ti), n. Quality of being pompous. 

pom'pous (pom'pws), a. [F. pompeux, L. pomposus. See 
pomp.] 1. Displaying pomp ; stately ; magnificent. Now 
Rare. 2. Characterized by excessive self-importance ; pre- 
tentious; inflated. — Syn. See ostentatious. — pom/- 
pous-ly, adv. — pom'pous-ness, n. 

ponce'let (pons'let), n. [After Jean Victor Poncelet, 
French engineer.] Physics. A unit of power, being the 
power obtained from an expenditure of one hundred kilo- 
grammeters of energy per second. 

pon'cho (pon'cho), n.; pi. -chos (-choz). [Sp.] A kind of 
cloak like a blanket with a slit in the middle for the head. 

pond (pond), n. [ME. ponde, prob. orig. an_ inclosed body 
of water and the same word as pound an inclosure.] A 
body of water smaller than a lake. 

pon'der (pon'der), v. t. & i. [OF. ponderer, L. ponderare, 
fr. pondus, ponderis, a weight.] To weigh in the mind ; de- 
liberate ; meditate. — Syn. See consider. — pon'der-er, n. 

pon'der-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being weighed. 

pon'der-a'tion (-a'shftn), n. A weighing. Rare. 

pon'der-os'i-ty (-os'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being pon- 
derous. 

pon'der-ous (-us), a. [L. ponderosus, fr. pondus, -eris, a 
weight.] 1. Heavy ; weighty ; massive ; as, a ponderous 
load. 2. Important ; momentous. Obs. or R. 3. Heavy in 
spirit ; as, a ponderous style ; a ponderous joke. — Syn. 
See bulky.— pon'der-ous-ly, adv.— pon'der-ous-ness, n. 

pond'fish/ (pond'fish 7 ), n. Any of many small American 
fresh-water sunfishes (family Centrarchidse). 

pond lily. The water lily. 



pond'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of a genus (Potamogeton) of 
aquatic plants, often growing in ponds and quiet waters. 

pone (pon), n. [Of Amer. Ind. origin.] A kind of johnny 
cake; as, corn pone; also, a loaf of it. Southern U. S. 

pon-gee' (pon-je' ; pon'je'), n. A thin soft fabric of undyed 
silk from India or China ; by extension, a dyed silk fabric 
of similar weave and texture. 

pon'iard (pon'ydrd), n. [F. poignard, fr. poing fist L 
pugnus.j A kind of dagger, usually slender with a 
triangular or square blade. — v. t. To pierce with a 
poniard. 

II pons (ponz), n.; pi. pontes (pon'tez). [L., a 
bridge.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A bridge ; — applied to, 
any of several parts which connect others ; esp., the 
pons Va-ro'li-i (vd-ro'lw), a broad mass of trans- 
verse fibers on the ventral surface of the brain in 
man and other mammals, at the anterior end of the 
medulla. 

pons a'si-no'rum (as'i-no'rum ; 57). [L., asses' 
bridge.] See asses' bridge. 

pon'tee. Var. of punty. 

Pon'tic (pon'tlk), a. [L. Ponticus, Gr. UovtikSi, I 
fr. ttovtos the sea, esp., the Black Sea.] Of or pert. Pon- 
to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea or its region. iard - 

pon'ti-fex (pon'tT-feks), n.; pi. pontifices (p5n-tTf'I-sez). 
[L. See pontiff.] A high priest ; pontiff. 

pon'tiff (-tif), n. [F. pontife, L. pontifex, -fids; prob. 
not fr. pons, pontis, bridge but fr. a lost word akin to or 
from Umbrian puntes, pi. (prob. meaning some religious 
rites in sacrificing) -f- root of L. facer e to do.] 1. Rom. Re- 
lig. A member of the council forming the highest priestly 
organization. 2. Eccl. A bishop ; esp., the Pope. 

pon-tif'i-cal (pon-tTf'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to a pontiff, 
bishop, or prelate ; episcopal ; specif., papal. 
Pontifical College [Also I. c], Rom. Relig., the highest 
priestly organization of ancient Rome. 

— n. 1. In pi. The vestments and other insignia of a 
pontiff, esp. a bishop. 2. A book giving the offices, or forms 
for rites, etc., performed by a pontiff or a bishop. 

pon-tif'i-cate (-kat), n. State, office, or term of office of a 
pontiff, as the Roman pontifex or a bishop. 

pon'til. See punty. 

Pon'tine (pon'tTn ; -tin), a. [L. Pontinus or Pomptinus.'] 
Of or pertaining to an extensive marshy district between 
Rome and Naples ; — written also Pomptine. 

Pon'ti-us (pon'shi-us ; -shws ; -ti-ws), n. The gens name of 
the Roman procurator, Pon'ti-us Pi'late (pl'lat), under 
whom Jesus was crucified. 

pon'to-nier' (pon'to-ner'), n. [F. pontonnier.] Mil. An 
officer or soldier of the engineers in charge of the bridge 
equipage and the building of pontoon bridges. 

pon-toon' (pon-toon"), n. Also -ton' (pon-toon'). [F. pon- 
ton, fr. L. ponto, pontonis, fr. pons, pontis, bridge.] A 
flat-bottomed boat ; esp., M il., a boat or portable float, such 
as a metallic cylinder, or a boatlike frame, used as one of 
the supports of a temporary bridge (pontoon bridge). 

po'ny (po'nT), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [Prob. fr. OF. poulenet, 
dim. of poulain colt, LL. pullanus, fr. L. pullus a young 
animal.] 1. A small horse ; esp., a horse of any of certain 
small stocky breeds. 2. Twenty-five pounds sterling. Slang, 
Eng. 3. A crib. Cf. horse, n. 9. College Cant, U. S. 4. A 
small liqueur glass or the liquor it will hold. Colloq. — 
v. t. & i. To pay (money), esp. in settlement of an ac-. 
count ; — used with up. Slang, U. S. 

pood (pood), n. [Russ. pud, ultimately fr. L. Cf. pound the 
weight.] A Russian weight, equivalent to about 30 lbs. 

poo'dle (poo'd'l), n. _ [G. pudel.~] One of a breed of very 
intelligent medium-sized dogs with thick, curly hair, which 
forms long ropelike strands or tightly curled ringlets. The 
usual colors are all black, all white, and black and white. 

pooh (poo; pooh), or pooh'-pooh' (poo'pooO, inter j. 
Pshaw ! pish ! nonsense ! 

pooh'-pooh' (-poo'), v. t. To make light of ; deride. 

pool (pool), n. [AS. pol.~] 1. A small and rather deep body 
of (usually) fresh water ; also, a reservoir. 2. A small body 
of standing or stagnant water ; a puddle. 

pool, n. [F. poule, properly, a hen. See pullet.] 1. The 
stake played for in certain games. 2. A kind of billiards ; 
specif., U. S., a game played with, usually, fifteen object 
balls and a cue ball on a table (pool table) having six 
pockets. 3. In a joint gambling venture, the total amount 
contributed_ to be staked ; also, sometimes, the combination 
of persons in such a venture. 4. Any aggregation of the 
interests or property of different persons made to further a 
joint undertaking ; also, the persons ; specif. : a Com. A 
common fund or combination of interests, or persons, esp. 
for speculating in, or manipulating the market price of, 
securities, grain, etc. D A combination between competing 
business houses or corporations for the control of traffic by 
removing competition. 

— v. t. To contribute to a common fund, on the basis of a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ase, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



POOL BOTTLE 



749 



PORPHYROID 



mutual division of profits or losses ; to make a common in- 
terest of ; as, the companies pooled their traffic. — v. i. To 
combine with others in a pool. 

pool bottle. A leather bottle to hold the small numbered 
balls, used to decide the order of play in some pool games. 

poon (poon), n., or poon tree. [Kanarese ponne or Mala- 
yalam & Telugu puna, or Singhalese puna.] Any of several 
East Indian trees (genus Calophyllum) ; also, their hard, 
light wood, used for masts, spars, etc. 

poop (poop), n. [F. poupe, fr. L. puppis.] Naut. a The 
stern of a vessel. Now Rare, b A deck above the spar, or 
open, deck abaft the mizzen, sometimes over a cabin. 

— v. t. Naut. To break over the stern of, as a wave. 

poor (poor), a. [ME. poure or povre, OF. povre, L. pau- 
per. 2 1. Wanting in money or goods ; needy. 2. Destitute 
of some normal or desirable quality ; as : a Scanty ; inade- 
quate ; as, a poor crop, b Lean ; emaciated ; as, a poor 
horse. C Feeble ; dejected ; as, poor health ; Qoor spirits. 
Also, mean-spirited, d Not good, as in quality ; inferior ; 
as, poor work, e Barren ; — said of land, f Unfavorable ; 
unfortunate ; as, the sick man had a poor night, g Wanting 
in elegance or marks of wealth or refinement ; as, poor 
attire ; poor surroundings, h Inefficient ; not excellent or 
satisfactory ; as, a poor orator. 3. Worthy of pity or sym- 
pathy ; as, poor fellow ! Colloq. 

poor-house' (pdor'hous'), n. A dwelling house for paupers 
kept at public expense ; an almshouse ; workhouse. 

poor law. A law providing for or regulating the public re- 
lief or support of the poor, as in England. — poor-law 
union. = union - , 4 a. 

poor'ly, adv. In a poor manner or condition ; badly. 

poor'ly, a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed. Chiefly Dial. 

poor'ness, n. Quality or state of being poor. 

poor'— spir'it-ed, a. Of a mean spirit ; cowardly ; base. 

poor'will' (poor'wil'), n. [In imitation of its note.] A bird 
(Phalasnoptilus nuttalli) of the western United States 
and Mexico similar to the whippoorwill, but smaller. 

pop (pop), n. [Of imitative origin.] 1. A small sharp explo- 
sive report. 2. A shot from a firearm. 3. An effervescing 
beverage, usually not intoxicating. 

— v. i. ; popped (popt) ; pop'ping. 1. To make a pop, or 
sharp, quick sound. 2. To go, enter, or issue forth, with a 
quick, sudden movement ; — used with in, out, upon, off, 
etc. 3. To burst open with a pop, esp. when heated, as 
corn. 4. To shoot with a firearm ; as, popping at birds. 

— v. t. 1. To thrust, push, or put, suddenly. 2. To cause to 
pop, or burst open, by heat ; as, to pop corn. 3. To fire off 
(a firearm, a blast) ; hence, to shoot. 

— adv. Like a pop ; suddenly. 

pop com. Indian corn the kernels of which may be burst 
open and puffed out by_dry heat ; also, the popped corn. 

pope (pop), n. [AS. papa, L. papa father, bishop, Gr. 
■jraTras, Trairiras, father.] 1. [Often cap.] The (or a) bishop 
of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. A 
person likened to the Pope, as in authority. 3. [Russ. pop, 
fr. LGr. 7ra7ras.] East. Ch. A parish priest. 

?ope'dom (-dum), n. Place or office of a pope ; papacy. 
ope Joan (jon). A card game resembling newmarket. 

pop'er-y (pop'er-T), n. The doctrines and practices of the 
Roman Catholic Church ; — used opprobriously. 

pop'gun' (pop'gun'), n. A child's toy gun for shooting pel- 
lets, with a popping noise, by compression of air. 

pop'in-jay (-In-ja), n. [OF. papegai, papegaut.] 1. A 
parrot. 06s. 2. A target in the form of a parrot. Hist. 3. A 
person likened to a parrot, as a talkative coxcomb. 

pop'ish (pop'ish), a. Of or pert, to the Pope or the Roman 
Catholic Church ; — used opprobriously. — -ish-ly, adv. 

pop'lar (pop'ldr), n. [OF. poplier, fr. L. populus poplar.] 

1. Any of a genus {Populus) of slender quick-growing trees ; 
also, the light soft wood of these trees. 2. The tulip tree or 
its wood. See tulip tree, 1. U. S. 

pop'lin (-lin), n. [F. popeline, fr. It. papalino papal ; — 
because made at Avignon, a papal town.] A corded fabric, 
usually of silk and worsted, used esp. for women's dresses. 

pop-lit'e-al (pop-lit'e-dl ; pop'li-te'dl), a. [From L. poples, 
-itis, the ham.] Anat. Of or pertaining to the ham, or 
back part of the leg behind the knee joint. 

pop'-o'ver, n. A puffy muffin of eggs, milk, and flour. 

pop'per (pop'er), n. One who, or that which, pops. 

pop'pet (pop'et ; 24), n. [See puppet.] 1. A small person ; 
— chiefly used endearingly. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 2. Mach. 
a An upright support or guide fastened at the bottom only, 
as a lathe poppet head, b A poppet valve, a lift valve. 

poppet head. Mach. A lathe headstock. 

pop'pied (-id), a. 1. Interspersed or adorned with poppies. 

2. Affected as with poppy juice ; hence : drowsy ; quiescent. 
•pop'ple (-'!), v. i. To have a heaving, tumbling motion, as 

a chopping sea. — n. Such a motion. 
pop'py (-!), u.; pi. -pies (-iz)._ [AS. popig, popseg."] 1. 
Any of a genus (Papaver) typifying a family (Papavera- 
cese) of bristly-hairy herbs with showy flowers. 2. Any ex- 



tract, as opium, from the plant. 3. The color of the red 

poppy ; a vivid scarlet. 
pop'py-head' (pop'i-hedO, n. Arch. A raised ornament 

often in the form of a finial, as on the tops of the upright 

ends of seats, etc., in Gothic churches. 
pop'U-lace (pop'u-las), n. [F., fr. It., fr. popolo people, L. 

populus.] The common people ; proletariat. 
pop'u-lar (-ldr), a. [L. popularis, fr. populus people.] 

1. Of or pert, to the common people ; as, popular govern- 
ment. 2. Plebeian ; vulgar. 06s. 3. Suitable to the public 
in general ; as : a Easy to understand ; plain ; as, popular 
science, b Adapted to the means of the common people ; 
hence, cheap ; as, popular prices. 4. Beloved or approved 
by the people ; as, a popular leader. 

pop'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being popu- 
lar, esp. of being esteemed by, or in favor with, the people 
at large ; as, the popularity of a law or a statesman. 

pop'u-lar-ize (pop'u-ldr-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 
Ing). To make popular. — i-za'tion (-i-za'shun;-I-za'-),n. 

pop'u-lar-ly, adv. In a popular manner. 

pop'u-late (pop'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
To inhabit or furnish with inhabitants ; to people. 

pop'u-la'tion (-la'shz/n), n. 1. All the people or inhabitants 
in a country or section. 2. Act or process of populating. 

Pop'u-lism (-liz'm), n. U.S. Politics. The political doc- 
trines advocated by the People's party. 

Pop'u-list (pop'u-list), n. [L. populus people.] U. S. Poli- 
tics. A member of the People's party. — Pop'U-lis'tic, a. 

pop'u-lous (-lws),a. [h.populosus.] Abounding in people ; 
thickly inhabited. — pop'u-lOUS-ly, adv. lous-ness, n. 

por'bea'gle (por'be'g'l). n. A shark (Lamna cornubica) 
reaching a. length of eight feet and noted for its voracity. 

por'ce-lain (por'se-lan; pors'lan), n. [F. porcelaine, It. 
porcellana, orig., the cowry.] A fine, white, more or less 
translucent earthenware ; — called also china, chinaware. 

por'ce-la'ne-ous 1 (por'se-la'ne-us), a. Of, pert, to, or like, 

por'cel-la'ne-ousj porcelain. 

por'ce-la-nite' 1 (-la-nit' ; por-sel'd-nTt), n. Petrog. A baked 

por'cel-la-nite'J clay resembling earthenware, porcelain, or 
jasper ; — in the latter case called also porcelain jasper. 

porch (porch; 57), n. [F. porche, L. porticus.] 1. Arch. 
A covered entrance to a building, commonly inclosed in 
part, projecting from the main wall with a separate roof. 2. 
A portico ; covered walk. 06s., exc. in : the Porch or the 
Painted Porch, a portico in the agora of ancient Athens, 
frequented by Zeno and his followers ; hence, the Stoic 
school of philosophy. 3. A veranda. Local, U. S. 

por'cine (por'sln ; -sin), a. [L. porcinus, fr. porcus a 
swine.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, swine. 

por'CU-pine (-ku-pln), n. [OF. pore espin, fr. L. porcus 
swine + a derivative of spina spine.] Any of certain 
rodents (as the genus Hystrix of Europe and Africa, the ge- 
nus Erethizon of North America, etc.) having sharp, erec- 
tile, readily detachable, spines mingled with their hair. 

porcupine anteater. An echidna. 

pore (por; 57), v. i.; pored (pord) ; por'ing (porting). 
[ME. pouren, puren.] To look or gaze intently, esp. in 
reading or studying ; fix the attention, esp. on something 
written ; meditate or ponder intently ; — usually with over. 

pore, n. [F., fr. L. porus, Gr. iropos passage, pore.] 1. A 
minute opening, as in the skin, a leaf, etc. 2. An interstice 
between the particles of a body ; as, the pores of stones. 

por'gy (por'gi), ti.; pi. -gies (-giz). A sparoid food fish 
(Pagrus pagrus) , called red porgy, of Europe and America ; 
also, any of various others, as the scup and the pinfish. 

po-rif'er-ous (po-riFer-fts), a. [L. porus pore + -ferous.] 
Provided with pores. 

po'rism (po'riz'm; 57), n. [LL. porisma, fr. Gr. Tr6piay.a 
a thing procured, a deduction from a demonstration, fr. 
■wopi^eLv to bring, provide.] Geom. a A proposition affirm- 
ing the possibility of finding such conditions as will render 
a certain problem capable of innumerable solutions, b Gr. 
Geom. A corollary. 

pork (pork ; 57), n. [F. pore, L. porcus hog.] 1. The flesh 
of swine, used for food. 2. A swine. 06s. — pork'y, a. 

pork'er (por'ker), n. A swine, esp. one fattened for food. 

por-nog'ra-phy (por-nog'rd-fi), n. [Gr. irbpvrj a harlot + 
-graphy.] 1. A treatment of, or a treatise on, prostitutes or 
prostitution. 2. Obscene writing, painting, or the like. — 
por-nog'ra-pher, n. — por'no-graph'ic (por'no-graPik), a. 

po-ros'i-ty (po-ros'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being porous. 2. Something porous ; also, a pore. 

po'rous (po'rus ; 57), a. [F. poreux. See pore, n.] Full of 
pores ; permeable by liquids. — po'rous-ness, n. 

por'phy-rit'ic (por'fi-nt'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to porphyry. 

2. Petrog. Relating to or like porphyry ; characterized by 
distinct crystals, as of feldspar, quartz, or augite, in a rela- 
tively fine-grained base. 

por'pby-roid (por'fi-roid ; -ro-ed'), n. [porphyry -f -oid.~\ 
Petrog. A more or less schistose, metamorphic quartz- 
feldspar porphyry or tuff. 



III 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PORPHYRY 



750 



POSE 







por'phy-ry (por'fi-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. porfire, fr. 
Gr. Trop<t>vpeos purple.] Orig., a rock of feldspar crystals em- 
bedded in a dark red or purple base. Now, commonly, any 
igneous rock of similar (porphyritic) texture, or, sometimes, 
any of various igneous rocks without this texture. 

por'poise (por'p&s), n. [OF. porpeis, fr. L. porcus swine 
-+- piscis fish.] 1. Any of various small gregarious ceta- 
ceans (genus Phocsena), esp. one, the common, or harbor, 
porpoise (P. phoccena), of the North Atlantic and Pacific. 
They are from five to eight feet long. 2. Popularly, the 
common dolphin ; or, esp. on the American Atlantic coast, 
the bottle-nosed dolphin. 

por'ridge (por'ij), n. [Prob. for pottage.'} 1. A broth or 
thin pudding made by boiling some leguminous or farina- 
ceous substance in water or milk. 2. A hodgepodge. 

por'rin-ger (-Tn-jer), n. [For pottager, fr. F. potager soup 
basin.] A dish, as a bowl or cup, from which porridge, 
broth, etc., may be eaten, esp. one for children's use. 

port (port ; 57), n. [From Oporto, in Portugal.] A strong 
wine, usually dark red, originally from Portugal. 

port, n. [AS. port, L. portus.} 1. A harbor ; haven. 2. In 
commerce, a place to which vessels may resort to discharge 
or receive cargo. 3. Revenue Law. Short for port of 
entry, a designated locality, whether a nautical port or 
not, where foreign goods may be introduced for import. 

port, n. [F. porte, L. porta.} 1. A gate ; portal. Archaic 
or Scot. 2. Naut. An opening in a vessel's side ; a porthole ; 
specif., an embrasure through which cannon may be dis- 
charged ; also, the shutter or cover for a porthole. 3. Me- 
chanics. An opening for inlet or outlet of air, gas, steam, 
water, or the like, esp. in a valve seat or valve face ; specif., 
the area of opening, in a cylinder face, of a passageway for 
the working fluid in an engine ; also, any such passageway. 

port, v. t. [F. porter, L. portare to carry.] Mil. To carry 
in a position across the body from right to left, as a gun. 

— n. 1. Carriage ; bearing ; demeanor. 2. Mil. The position 
of a weapon when ported. — Syn. See deportment. 

port, n. Naut. The left side of a vessel (as one faces from 
stern to bow) ; — opp. to starboard. See larboard. Also 
much used adjectively ; as, the port side ; the port watch. 
— v. t. Naut. To turn or put (the helm) to the port, or 
left, side of a vessel ; — chiefly used in the imperative. 

port'a-ble (por'td-b'l ; 57), a. [L. portabilis, fr. portare to 
carry.] 1. Capable of being borne ; easily transported. 
2. Endurable. Obs. — port'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

por'tage (por'taj ; 57), n. [F., fr. porter to carry.] 1. Act 
of carrying. 2. Act or process of carrying boats, goods, etc., 
overland between navigable waters ; also, the route trav- 
ersed ; as, a rough portage. 

por'tal (-tdl), n. [OF. portal, LL. portale, prop., neut. a., 
fr. L. porta gate.] 1. A door, gate, or entrance, esp. one 
that is grand and imposing. 2. a Bridge Building'. The 
space, at either end, between the first two principal trusses 
in a trussed bridge, b In skeleton construction, any verti- 
cal space between two uprights which must be kept open 
for free communication. 

— a. Anat. a Designating the transverse fissure of the liver 
where most of the vessels enter, b Designating, or pert, 
to, a large vein (portal vein) carrying the blood from 
the digestive organs and spleen to the liver, in the tissues 
of which it breaks up into capillaries. 

11 por'ta-men'tO (por'td-men'to), n. [It., fr. portare to 
carry.] Music. The passage from one note to another in a 
continuous glide through all the intervening tones. 

port'ance (por'tdns ; 57), n. [OF.] Port ; carriage. Archaic. 

por'ta-tive (-td-tiv), a. [F. portatif.} Capable of holding 
or carrying ; as, the portative force of a magnet. 

port'cray'on (port'kra'on ; 57), n. [F. portecrayon.} A 
metallic handle with a clasp for holding a crayon. 

port-CUl'lis (port-kiil'is), n. [OF. porte cole'ice a sliding 
door ; porte door + L. colare to filter.] A grating, as of 
iron, hung in or over the gateway of a fortress or castle, to 
be let down to prevent entrance. — port-cul'lised (-ist), a. 

Porte (p~rt ; 57), n. [F. porte gate, L. porta.} The Ottoman 
court ; tne government of the Turkish Empire ; — from jus- 
tice being formerly administered at the palace gate. 

| porte'-CO'chere' (pSrt'kS'shar'), n. [F. See port a gate ; 
coach.] 1. A large gateway allowing vehicles to drive into 
a court. 2. Erroneously, a carriage porch. U. S. 

H porte'mon'naie' (p&rt'mo'ne' ; Anglicized port'mun'T), 
n. [F. ; porter to carry + monnaie money.] A small 
pocketbook or purse. 

por-tend' (por-tend'), v. t. [L. portendere, -tentum, to fore- 
tell ; impend.] 1. To indicate (events, evil, etc.) as coming 
in the future ; foretoken ; — now used esp. of unpropitious 
signs. 2. To mean. Obs. — Syn. See foretell. 

por'teiit (pSr'tent; por'-; por-tent'), n. [L. portentum. 
See portend.] 1. That which portends, or foretokens; 
esp., that which portends evil ; omen ; sign. 2. Significance 
as to the future. 3. A prodigy ; a marvel. 

por-ten'tous (por-teVttts), a. 1. Of or pert, to a portent. 




2. Hence : monstrous ; prodigious ; wonderful. — Syn. See 
ominous. — por-ten'tous-ly , adv. — por-ten'tous-ness, n. 

por'ter (por'ter ; 57), n. [F. portier, L. portarius, fr. porta 
gate, door.] 1. One in charge of a door or gate ; doorkeeper. 
2. An attendant on a sleeping or parlor car. U. S. 

por'ter, n. [OF. porteor, fr. porter to carry, L. portare.} 1. 
A carrier; one who carries luggage, etc., for hire, now, 
esp., at hotels, railroad stations, etc. 2. [That is, a liquor 
for porters.} A dark heavy liquor made with browned malt. 

por'ter-age (-Sj), n. Work of a porter or the charge made. 

por'ter-ess. Var. of portress. 

por'ter-house' (-hous'), n. 1. A house where malt liquors, 
as porter, are sold and served. Now Rare. 2. Short for 
porterhouse steak, a choice steak cut from a beef just 
back of the best ribs. Colloq. Chiefly U. S. 

port-ib'li-0 (port-fo'll-o ; -fol'yo), n.; pi. portfolios (-oz). 
[It. portafoglio, portafogli ; portare to carry -j-foglio, pi. 
fogli, leaf, sheet.] 1. A portable case for holding loose pa- 
pers, prints, etc. 2. Such a case for documents of state ; 
hence, the office and functions of a minister of state or cab- 
inet member ; as, to receive the portfolio of war. 

port'hole^ (port'hol'; 57), n. Naut.^ 1. An opening in a 
vessel's side ; a port. 2. An opening in a wall or the like ; 
esp., a loophole through which to shoot. 

Por'ti-a (por'shT-d; por'shd; 57), n. An heiress in Shake- 
speare's Merchant of Venice," in love with Bassanio. 
Disguised as a doctor of law, she successfully defends Bas- 
sanio's friend, Antonio, in Shylock's suit. See Shylock. 

por'ti-co (por'ti-ko ; 57), n. ; pi. -coes or -cos (-koz). [It., 
fr. L. porticus.} Arch. A colon- 
nade or covered ambulatory. — 
por'ti-coed (-kod),a. 

11 por'tiere' (por'tyar'), n. [F.] A ' 
curtain hanging at a doorway. 

por'tion (por'shiin;57),TO. [F.,fr. 
L. portio.} 1. A part of any- 
thing ; an amount or quantity 
less than the whole. 2. An allot- 
ted part ; share ; specif. : a A part ^ 
or thing assigned by destiny; 
lot ; fate, b An inheritance. C A Portico. 

dowry. — Syn. See part. 

— v. t. 1. To divide into portions, or shares ; parcel ; dis- 
tribute. 2. To endow with a portion or inheritance ; to 
dower. — por'tion-less (por'shun-les ; 57), a. 

por'tion-er (-er), n. One who portions or has a portion. 

port'li-ness (port'lt-nes), n. Quality or state of being portly. 

port'ly (port'li ; 57), a. [From port demeanor.] Having a 
dignified port, or bearing ; stately ; imposing, now esp. on 
account of bulk ; hence, corpulent. — Syn. See stout. 

port-man'teau (pSrt-man'to), n.; pi. -teaus (-toz), -teaux 
(-toz). [F. porte-manteau ; porter to carry -f- manteau 
mantle.] A traveling bag or case, originally one adapted 
for use on horseback ; now, a stiff oblong case hinged in 
the back so that it opens like a book. Chiefly Brit. 

Por'to Ri'can (por'to re'kan), a. Of or pertaining to Porto 
Rico. — n. A native or citizen of Porto Rico. 

por'trait (por'trat ; 57), n. [F., orig. p. p. of portraire to 
portray.] 1. A pictorial representation of a person, esp. of 
the face, painted, drawn, engraved, photographed, or the 
like ; a likeness, esp. one painted from life. 2. A graphic de- 
lineation or description, as of a person. [painter.| 

por'trait-ist, n. One who makes portraits ; esp., a portrait! ' 

por'trai-ture (-tra-tilr), n. 1. Act, practice, or art of mak- 
ing portraits ; portraying ; portrayal. 2. A portrait. 

por-tray' (por-tra' ; 57), v. t. [OF. portraire, fr. L. protra- 
here, -tractum, to draw forth.] 1. To represent by draw- 
ing, painting, engraving, etc. ; to make a, picture or image 
of ; delineate ; depict. 2. To describe or depict in words ; 
to describe vividly ; also, to represent dramatically ; act. — 
por-tray'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. — por-tray'er, n. 

por-tray'al (-dl), n. Act, process, or result of portraying ; 
delineation ; esp., verbal or graphic description. 

por'tress (por'tres), por'ter-ess, n. A female doorkeeper. 

Por'tU-guese (por'tj-gez ; por't£-gez' ; -ges), a. Of or pert, 
to Portugal or its inhabitants. 

Portuguese man-of-war, any of several large siphono- 
phores (genus Physalia) having a large, crested, bladderlike 
pneumatophore by means of which they float on the surface. 

— n. 1. sing. & pi. One of the people of Portugal. 2. The 
language of Portugal and of Brazil. 

por'tU-la'ca (por'tu-la'kd ; commonly -lak'd; 57), n. [L., 
purslane.] Bot. Any of a genus (Portulaca) of chiefly trop- 
ical succulent herbs, including the common purslane. 

por'tU-la-ca'ceous (por'ty-ld-ka'shws), a. Bot. Belonging 
to a family (Portulacacese) of, usually, succulent herbs, in- 
cluding the portulacas and spring beauties. 

pose (poz), v. t.; posed (pozd) ; pos'ing. [From appose, 
for oppose.} Orig., to question ; hence : to embarrass by 
questioning ; puzzle ; nonplus. 

pose, v. t. [F. poser to place, put, fr. LL., fr. L. pausare to 
pause, pausa a pause, Gr. iravais, fr. iraimv to make to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sold; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



POSEIDON 



751 



POST 



cease. In compounds, this word appears corresponding to 
L. ponere to put, place, the substitution in French having 
been prob. due to confusion of this word with forms of L. 
ponere, posui, positum.~\ 1. To lay down; assert; pro- 
pound ; as, to pose a claim. 2. To place in a fixed position 
for effect ; arrange the posture and drapery of (a person) in 
a studied manner ; as, to pose a model. — v. i. To assume 
and maintain a studied attitude ; attitudinize ; also, to 
assume or affect a certain character. 

— n. Attitude of a person ; esp., a posture designedly as- 
sumed, as for effect. — Syn. See position. 

Po-sei'don (po-si'don), n. [L., fr. Gr. Iloo-eiScoj'.] Gr. 
Myth. God of the sea and of the watery element gener- 
ally, a son of Cronus and Rhea and husband of Amphitrite. 
He is also god of horses. His attributes include the dol- 
phin, the horse, and the trident. See Neptune. 

pos'er (poz'er), n. That which poses, or puzzles. 

pos'er, n. One who poses, or attitudinizes. c 

po'sied (po'zTd), a. 1. Inscribed with a posy, or motto. 2. 
Provided with posies, or nosegays ; flowery. 

pos'it (poz'It), v. t. [L. ponere, positum, to place.] 1. To 
put ; set ; place. 2. Logic. To assert as fact ; affirm as im- 
mediately given truth or reality ; — contrasted with infer. 

po-si'tion (po-zish'un), n. [F. position, L. positio, fr. po- 
nere, positum, to put, place.] 1. A positing, or placing. 2. 
Manner or place in which anything is placed, arranged, or 
disposed ; hence : a Posture or attitude, b Manner or way 
of viewing something ; mental attitude ; as, to define one's 
position. C Site ; place ; station ; hence, proper place ; as, 
the position of a post, d Relative place, situation, or stand- 
ing; esp., rank or status ; situation ; as, a person of posi- 
tion, e Office ; employment ; place ; as, to lose one's posi- 
tion. 3. Gr. & Lat. Pros. The state of having a short 
vowel followed by two consonants or a double consonant 
(such as x or 2), making its syllable long ; as, in Latin vol- 
vunt the syllables are long by position. 
Syn. Position, posture, attitude, pose. Position de- 
notes the way in which a thing is placed or disposed, esp. as 
to other things ; posture emphasizes the disposition of the 
parts of the body as to each other ; attitude is posture esp. 
as unconsciously expressive or intentionally assumed ; a 
pose is an attitude, esp. as assumed for effect ; as, his 
stooping position; an undignified posture; an attitude of 
defense ; the pose of an artist's model. Fig., position de- 
notes the ground or principle on which one takes one's 
stand ; posture often denotes state in general, and some- 
times connotes insincerity ; attitude suggests one's settled 
manner of thought or feeling ; pose implies affectation and 
insincerity. [to locate ; localize.] 

— v. t. To put in a, or in the, proper position ; place ; also,| 
pos'i-tive (poz'i-tiv), a. [F ' .positif,~L.positivus.'] 1. Defi- 
nitely or formally laid down or imposed ; hence : explicitly 
expressed; peremptory; explicit; definite; also, Colloq., 
downright ; absolute ; as, a positive promise. 2. Confident ; 
certain ; sometimes, overconfident ; opinionated ; dogmatic. 
3. Independent of changing circumstances or relations ; 
unrelated ; absolute ; — opp. to relative and compara- 
tive. 4. Concerned with matters of practical experience ; 
not theoretical. 5. Philos. a Affirmative and constructive, 
as disting. from skeptical, b Empirical ; subject to scien- 
tific verification ; — disting. from speculative. 6. Having 
reality ; real ; actual ; concrete ; — opp. to negative. 7. 
Math., Physics, etc. a Numerically greater than zero ; 
plus ; not negative, b Reckoned or proceeding in a direc- 
tion arbitrarily or conventionally taken as that of increase, 
onward motion, etc. 8. Designating, or pert, to, the elec- 
tricity (positive electricity) of a body whose charge is 
similar to that of glass rubbed with silk, as disting. from the 
electricity (negative electricity) of the equal and opposite 
charge of the silk. 9. Chem. Combining with acids to form 
salts ; alkaline ; basic ; as, positive elements or radicals. Cf . 
ion, 2. 10. Photog. Corresponding with the original in posi- 
tion of lights and shades ; — opp. to negative. 11. Mach. 
& Mech. Designating, or pert, to, a motion or device in 
which the movement derived from a driver, or the grip or 
hold of a restraining piece, is communicated through an un- 
yielding intermediate piece or pieces ; as, a claw clutch is a 
positive clutch, while a friction clutch is not. 12. Gram. 
Designating, or pert, to, the degree denoted by an adjective 
or adverb in its simple form. 13. Vehicles. Designating a 
method of steering or turning in which the steering wheels 
move so that they describe concentric arcs in making a turn 
to insure freedom from side slip or harmful resistance. — 
Syn. See sure. 

— n. That which is positive ; as : a Gram. The positive de- 
gree, or a form denoting it. b A positive quantity, electrode, 
picture, etc. — pos'i-tive-ly, adv. — pos'i-tive-ness, n. 

poS'i-tiv-ism (-tiv-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
positive or certain. 2. A system of philosophy originated by 
Auguste Comte, which deals only with positive facts and 
the natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, 
excluding inquiry into causes. 



pos'i-tiv-ist, n. A believer in positivism. [positivists.l 

pos'i-tiv-is'tic (-Ts'tlk), a. Of or pert, to positivism orl 

pos'se (pos'e), n. 1. Law. Short for posse comitatus. 2. A 
company ; force ; esp., a body with legal authority. 

I! pos'se CO'mi-ta'tus (kom'i-ta'tus). [L. posse to be able, 
to have power, in LL., power + LL. comitatus a county] 
1. Law. The power of the county ; hence, usually, those 
inhabitants summoned by the sheriff to assist in preserving 
the public peace. 2. A company ; posse. Colloq. 

pos-sess' (po-zes'), v. t. [See possession.] 1. To have and 
hold as property ; own. 2. To have as a property, attribute, 
etc. ; have ; as, to possess information. 3. To gain ; seize. 
Archaic. 4. To keep in control or tranquillity ; — said of 
one's self, one's feelings, etc. 5. To enter into and influence 
powerfully ; — said esp. of evil spirits, passions, ideas, etc. ; 
as, he was possessed with rage. Cf. obsess. 6. To put in 
possession ; make the owner or holder, as of property, knowl- 
edge, etc. ; as, he is possessed of wealth. 7. To bring under 
the influence (of some passion, idea, or the like) ; — used 
with with; as, to possess one with indignation. Rare. 
8. To inform ; acquaint. Obs. or R. — Syn. See have. 

pos-ses'sion (po-zSsh'un), n. [F. possession, L. possessio, 
fr. possidere, -sessum, to possess.] 1. Act or state of pos- 
sessing ; fact or state of being possessed. 2. Thing possessed ; 
in pi., property ; wealth. 3. Fact or state of being possessed, 
or dominated, by a demon, passion, idea, etc. See possess, 5. 
4. Fact or state of being under one's own control, or act 
of controlling one's feelings, etc. ; as, in this crisis his pos- 
session was admirable. Cf. self-possession. 

pos-ses'sive (-zes'Tv), a. Gram. Designating, or pert, to, 
the case ( possessive case ) denoting ownership, origin, 
etc., or a pronoun or construction, as with of, having the 
same force ; designating the relation so denoted. 
t^Present custom favors the following uses of the apos- 
trophe in possessives : (1) Before an added s for singular 
nouns, as in dog's, James's, and for plural nouns not ending 
in s, as in men's. (2) Without an added s for singular 
nouns ending in a sibilant, where the repeated sibilant would 
be disagreeable to the ear or eye ; as in Moses', princess', 
conscience', but retaining the s when the last syllable has an 
accent, whether principal or secondary ; as in Hortense's, 
Boniface's. (3) Without an added s after the terminal s in 
plural nouns, as in girls'. 

— n. Gram, a The possessive case, or a word in that case, 
b A possessive pronoun. 

pos-ses'sor (-er),n. One who possesses. — Syn. Owner, pro- 
prietor, master, holder, occupant. — pos-ses'sor-sbip, n. 

pos-ses'so-ry (-6-ri), a. Of or pert, to possession or a pos- 
sessor ; having or giving possession. 

pos'set (pbVet ; 24), n. A beverage of hot milk curdled as 
by ale, wine, etc., and often containing spices, etc. 

pos'si-bil'i-ty (-I-bil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being possible. 2. That which is possible. 

pos'si-ble (pos'i-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. possibilis, fr. posse to 
be able.] 1. Capable of being or becoming ; potential ; as, 
a bud is a possible flower; — contrasted with actual. 2. 
Not contrary to the nature of things ; free to happen or not ; 
as, it is possible that the card turned will be black ; — 
contrasted with necessary and impossible. 3. That may 
be true so far as knowledge tells ; as, it is possible that he 
will consent ; — contrasted with certain. 4. Not contrary 
to the laws of thought ; thinkable ; as, it is possible that 
space is finite. — pos'si-bly (-bli), adv. 
Syn. Possible, practicable, feasible. That is possible 
which may, given the proper conditions, exist or occur ; that 
is practicable which may be accomplished by available 
means ; feasible applies to plans or designs that may be 
readily carried out ; but practicable and feasible are often 
interchanged ; as, wireless telegraphy has been shown to be 
not only possible but practicable ; wireless telephony is not 
yet so feasible. See practicable. 

pos'sum (pos'um), n. Short for opossum. 
to play, or act, possum, to feign something, as illness, or 
ignorance, with the intent to deceive ; dissemble ; — from 
the opossum's habit of feigning death when alarmed. 

post (post), n. [F. poste, It. posto, fr. L. ponere, positum, 
to place.] 1. Mil. The station or patrol of a soldier or sen- 
try. 2. A station, place, or position, esp. one assigned ; as, a 
post of duty. 3. Mil. The place at which a body of troops 
is stationed, or the body of troops. 4. A local subdivision 
of the Grand Army of the Republic. U. S. 5. A trading sta- 
tion or settlement. 6. A position, situation, or office to 
which one is appointed ; a place. 7. Mil. In the British 
army, one of the two bugle calls (first post and last post) 
sounded at tattoo. Last post corresponds to taps in the 
United States army. — Syn. See office. 

— v. t. To station ; place. 

post, n. [F. poste, LL. posta station, post (where horses 
were kept), fr. L. ponere, positum, to place.] 1. One who 
travels express with messages, letters, etc., as a courier. 
Rare or Hist. 2. One of a series of stations for keeping 
horses for relays ; also, a stage. Now Rare. 3. A mail or the 
mail. Chiefly British. 4. A building for postal business ; 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



POST 



752 



POSTULATE 



also, a letter box. British. 5. A size of paper ; — so called 
from the original watermark, a postman's horn. 

— v. i. To travel with post horses ; hence : to ride or travel 
with haste ; hasten. — v. t. 1. To dispatch by the post or 
mail ; mail. 2. Bookkeeping, a To transfer or carry (an 
entry or item), as from journal or daybook to ledger ; as, to 
post an account. Also, to enter (an item) properly in a 
book, b To complete (the ledger or other book) by the 
transfer to it of all items in antecedent books ; make the 
proper entries in (all the books) to complete the record ; — 
often with up. 3. To inform ; as, he is well posted. Colloq. 

— - adv. With post horses ; hence : at full speed ; express. 
post, n. [AS., fr. L. postis.] A piece of timber, metal, or 
the like, fixed firmly upright, esp. as a support ; pillar ; prop. 

— v. t. 1. To affix to a post, wall, or other usual place for 
public notices ; placard. 2. To publish, announce, or ad- 
vertise by or as by the use of a placard ; placard ; as, to 
post one for cowardice. 3. To enter (a name) on a posted 
list ; as, to post an overdue ship, a club member for unpaid 
dues. 4. To affix public notices to ; placard, as a wall. 

post- (post-). [L. post behind, after.] A prefix signifying : 

1. Behind, back, or after, in position. 
Example : posicostal, behind the ribs. 

2. After, or later, in time. 

Example : posicanonical, after, or later than, the canon. 

post'age (pos'taj), n. The charge for the conveyance of a 
letter or other mailable matter by public post. 

postage Stamp. A government stamp to be put on an arti- 
cle sent by mail, in payment of the postage. [service. | 

pos'tal (pos'tal), a. Of or pert, to the post office or mailj 
postal card, a card, with a postage stamp printed upon it, 

| sold by the government for transmission through the mails 
at a rate lower than letter postage ; also (officially called 
■post card), any private or unofficial card admitted to the 
mail when bearing an adhesive postage stamp of the same 
value as that of the government card. U.S. — p. currency, 
the fractional currency bearing the facsimiles of postage 
stamps, issued for temporary use during the Civil War. U. S. 

— n. Short for postal card. Colloq., U. S. 

post'boy' (post'boi'), n. A boy who rides post : a courier ; 
also, a postilion. [the canon. 

post'ca-non'i-cal (-kd-non'i-kal), a. After, or later than,| 

post card, or postcard/, n. 1. A postal card. British. 2. 
In the United States, a private postal card (which see). 

post cbaise. A carriage for traveling post. In England it 
usually had a closed body on four wheels. 

post-clas'sic, post-clas'si-cal, a. After, or later than, the 
classic or classical period, esp. of Greek and Latin literature. 

postdate' (post'daf), v. t. 1. To date after the real time, 
or time of making, as a check. 2. To follow in time. 

post'di-lu'vi-an (-di-lu'vT-an), a. Existing or happening 
after the Flood. — n. One who lived or lives after the Flood. 

post'er (pos'ter), n. 1. One who posts bills ; a billposter. 2. 
A bill or placard, often of a decorative character. 

■pOSt'er (pos'ter), n. 1. One who posts, or travels rapidly; 
a courier ; also, a post horse. 2. One who posts a letter. 

pos-te'ri-or (pos-te'ri-er), a. [L. posterior, compar. of pos- 
terus coming after, post after.] 1. Later in time, order, 
or sequence; — opposed to prior. 2. Situated behind; 
hinder ; — opposed to anterior. 3. A nat. At or toward the 
hinder end of the body ; caudal ; — in human anatomy, of- 
ten equivalent to dorsal. 4. Bot. On the side next the axis 
of inflorescence ; superior ; — said of an axillary flower. 
Syn. Posterior, rear, hind, hinder, back. Posterior 
is the formal or technical term for that which is either 
later in time (opposed to prior) or situated behind (opposed 
to anterior). Rear belongs esp. to military usage, or refers 
esp. to structures, vehicles, etc. ; as, the rear guard, rear 
wall. Hind (opposed to front, fore) designates the member 
or pair in the rear ; as, the hind wheels ; the hind legs of a 

! horse. Hinder is equivalent to hind or (in nontechnical 
use) posterior; as, the hinder part of the brain. Back 
applies to that which is thought of as behind, remote, or 
inferior or subsidiary ; as, back stairs ; a back settlement. 

— n. In pi. The hinder parts, as of the body ; buttocks. 
pos-te'ri-or'i-ty (-or'i-tT), n. State of being later or subse- 
quent ; — opposed to priority. 

pos-ter'i-ty (-ter/i-ti), n. [L. posteritas.'] 1. Offspring to 

the furthest generation ; descendants ; — contrasted with 

ancestry. 2. All succeeding generations ; future time. 
pos'tem (pos'tern), n. [OF. posterne, posterle, fr. L. pos- 

terula, fr. posterus coming after.] A back door or gate ; a 

private entrance or way ; hence, a way of escape, or the like. 

Obsoles. — a. Situated at the back or side ; for private use ; 

as, a postern gate. 
posfex-il'i-an (post'eg-zil'i-an ; -ek-sTl'-)la. After the 
post'ex-il'ic (post'eg-zil'ik ; -ek-sil'ik) J exile ; specif., 

Jewish Hist., belonging to a period subsequent to the 

Babylonian captivity (597P-537? b. c). 
post'fix (post'fiks), n. [post- -f- -fix, as in prefix.] Gram. 

A suffix. — v. t. To annex ; Gram., to suffix. 
post-gla'cial (post-gla'shal), a. Geol. Subsequent to the 

Pleistocene, or glacial, period ; recent. See recent. 



post-grad'u-ate (-grad^i-at), a. Of, pertaining to, or design 
nating studies pursued after graduation, as at a college ; 
graduate. — n. A student pursuing such studies. 

posthaste' (post'hasf), n. Speed in traveling, as of a post, 
or courier ; great haste. Archaic. — adv. & a. With great 
speed ; very hastily ; speedy. 

post'lm-mous (pos'tj-mus ; post'hu-mus), a. [L. posthu- 
mus, postumus, properly, last.] 1. Born after the death of 
the father, as a son. 2. Published after the death of the au- 
thor, as a book. 3. Being, arising, or continuing after one's 
death; as, posthumous fame. — post'hu-mous-ly, adv. 

|| pos'tiche' (pos'tesh'), a. [F.] Counterfeit ; artificial. — 
n. 1. A substituted imitation. 2. Counterfeiting ; pretense. 

pos-til'ion, pos-til'lion (pos-til'ywn), n. [F. postilion.'] 
1. One who rides post. Obs. 2. One who rides the near 
horse of the first pair, or of a pair, drawing a coach or chaise, 
to act as a guide or driver. 

pqst'im-pres'sion-ism, n. Painting. The theory or prac- 
tice of any of several groups of recent painters, or of 
these groups collectively, characterized by reaction against 
the scientific and naturalistic character of impressionism 
and neoimpressionism, and by the effort at self-expression, 
rather than representation. It broadly includes cubism, 
which lays stress upon volume and attempts its expression 
by the use of geometrical figures or solids only, and 
futurism, which attempts to place the observer within 
the picture and to represent simultaneously a number of 
consecutive movements and impressions. 

post'li-min/i-um (post'li-min'i-umHra. [L. postlimini- 

post-lim'i-ny (post-Km'i-ni) / urn; post after -f 

limen, liminis, a threshold.] Internat. Law. The right or 
rule of law (called in full || jus postliminii [jus post'li- 
min'i-I ] ) which, when persons or things taken by an 
enemy in war come again under the control of the state 
to which they belonged, revives their former rights. 

post'lude (post'lud), n. [post- + preZude.] Music. A vol- 
untary (esp. an organ voluntary) at the end of a service. 

post'man (-man), n. One who carries letters, etc. ; formerly 
a post, or courier ; now, a letter carrier. 

post'mark' (-mark'), n. Any mark officially put on mail, as 
the date or the cancellation. — v. t. To put a postmark on. 

pqst'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. One who has charge of a sta- 
tion for accommodation of travelers ; one who supplies post 
horses. 2. One who has charge of a post office. 

post'me-rid'i-an (-me-rid'i-an), a. [L. postmeridianus. 
See post-; meridian.] Coming after the sun has passed 
the meridian ; belonging to the afternoon. 

|| post me-ri'di-em (em). [L.] Afternoon. Abbr.,P.M. 

post'mil-len'ni-al (-mT-len'i-al), a. Coming after the mil- 
lennium ; — said esp. of the Second Advent. Cf . premil- 
lennial. — post'mil-len'ni-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. — al-ist, n. 

post'mis'tress, n. A woman in charge of a post office. 

|| post mor/tem (post mor'tem). [L.] After death. 

post'-mor'tem, a. 1. Occurring or made after death. 2. 
Of or pert, to a post-mortem examination. — n. Short for 
post-mortem examination, an examination of the body 
after death ; an autopsy. 

post-na'tal (-na'ta I), a. Subsequent to birth. 

post-nup'tial (-nup'shal), a. Being, made, or happening 
after marriage; as, a postnuptial settlement. 

post'-o'bit (post'o'bit; -ob'It), a. Effective or to take 
effect or be paid, after death. 

post-obit bond, a bond payable after the death of some 
person from whom the borrower has expectations. 

post office. 1. The governmental system or department for 
forwarding mail matter. 2. An office under governmental 
superintendence where mail is received and distributed. 

postpaid' (post'pad'; 109), a. With postage prepaid. 

post-pone' (post-pt5n'), v. t.; -poned' (-pond'); -pon'ing 
(-pon'ing). [L. postponere, -positum; post after + po- 
nere to put.] 1. To defer ; put off ; delay. 2. To subordi- 
nate. — Syn. See defer. — post-pon'er (-pon'er), n. 

post-pone'ment (-ment), n. Act of postponing. 

post'po-si'tion (post'po-zish'un), n. [See postpone.] A 
placing after ; state of being placed after. 

post-pos'i-tive (-poz'i-tiv), a. [See postpone.] Charac- 
terized by postposition ; enclitic. — n. A postpositive par- 
ticle or word. 

post-pran'di-al (-pran'di-al), a. After-dinner. 

post'script (post'skript), n. [L. postscriptum, neut. p. p. 
of postscribere to write after ; post + scribere to write.] 
A paragraph added to a letter after it has been concluded ; 
an addition appended to a completed book or composition. 

pos'tU-lant (pos'ty-lant), n. [F., fr. L. postulans, p. pr. of 
postulare. See postulate.] One who makes a request ; a 
petitioner ; hence, a candidate, as for holy orders. 

pbs'tu-late (-lat), n. [L. postulatum request, fr. postulare 
to demand.] 1. Something demanded or asserted ; esp., a 
position or supposition assumed without proof or as self- 
evident. 2. A condition ; an essential preliminary. 3. Geom. 
Orig., a demand that something be granted without proof ; 
later the demand or assumption of the possibility of doing 
something, as of making some construction. Cf. axiom, 1. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Ora, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



POSTULATION 



753 



POT-WALLOPER 



— (-lat), v. t . ; -lat'ed (-lat/ed) ; -lat'ing. 1. To demand ; 
require ; claim. 2. To affirm without proof ; assume ; posit. 
Syn. Postulate, assume. To assume is to take for 
granted as the basis of argument ; to postulate is formally 
to lay down or enunciate an assumption without proof. 

pos'tu-la'tion ( pos'tu-la'shiin ), n. Act of postulating, or 
that which is postulated. 

pos'ture (pos'tjjr), n. [F., fr. L. positura, fr. ponere, posi- 
tion, to place.] 1. Relative arrangement of the parts of 
anything, esp. the body ; bearing ; esp., the attitude of a 
person ; pose. 2. State or situation in reference to circum- 
stances or surroundings ; as, the posture of affairs. 3. Men- 
tal or spiritual attitude or state. — Syn. See position. 

— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing (-tyr-ing). To put into, 
or cause to assume, a posture. — v. i. To assume a pos- 
ture or postures ; pose. — pos'tur-er (-tflr-er), n. 

pos'tur -ize (-Tz), v. t. & i. To put into a posture ; pose. 

po'sy (po'zi), n.; pi. -sies (-zTz). [Contr. fr. poesy. 1 1. A 
brief sentiment or motto, as one inscribed on a ring; Ar- 
chaic. 2. A flower ; bouquet ; nosegay. Archaic or Colloq. 

pot (pot), n. A deep hole or pit ; a pothole. 

pot, n. [AS. pott.'] 1. A metallic or earthen vessel of round- 
ed form, variously used. 2. A pot (vessel) with its contents ; 
the quantity contained in a pot ; hence : drink ; liquor ; po- 
tation. 3. A kind of wicker vessel or similar trap for catch- 
ing eels and other fish, lobsters, etc. 4. A chimney pot. 5. 
Of money, a large sum. Colloq. 6. The total of the bets at 
stake at one time ; the pool. Slang. 7. Short for pot shot. 

— v. t. ; pot'ted ; -ting. 1. To place in or as in a pot or pots. 
2. To shoot for the pot, that is, for cooking ; take a pot shot 
at. Cf. pothunter. 3. To secure ; win ; bag. Colloq. — 
v. i. To take a pot shot ; shoot. Colloq. 

po'ta-ble (po'td-b I), a. [F., fr. L. potabilis, fr. potare to 
drink.] Drinkable. — n. In pi. Things drinkable. 

pot'ash' (pot'ash'), n. [pot + ash.] Potassium carbonate, 
esp. from wood ashes. Crude potash purified is pearlash. 

po-tass' (po-taV; pot'as), po-tas'sa (pS-tas'd), n. [F. 
potasse.] Potash. 

po-tas'sic (po-tas'Tk), a. Pert, to or containing potassium. 

po-tas'si-um (-l-ilm), n. [NL. See potass, potash.] Chem. 
A soft, light, silver-white metal of the alkali group, always 
occurring combined, as in sylvite, saltpeter, etc. Symbol, 
K (kalium) ; sp. gr., 0.865 ; at. wt., 39.10. 

potassium carbonate. Chem. A white salt, K2CO3, form- 
ing a strongly alkaline solution, made from wood ashes, 
etc., and, like soda, used in making soap, glass, etc. 

potassium dichromate. Chem. A soluble salt, K2Cr207, 
forming large red triclinic crystals, largely used in dyeing, 
in photographic processes, as an oxidizing agent, etc. 

potassium manganate. Chem. An unstable green salt, 
K2Mn04, readily converted into potassium permanga- 
nate, a salt, KMn04, crystallizing in purplish prisms, solu- 
ble in water and used as an oxidizer and disinfectant. 

po-ta'tion (po-ta'shun), n. [L. potatio, fr. potare to 
drink.] 1. A drinking ; draft. 2. A drink ; beverage. 

po-ta'to (-to), n.; pi. -toes (-toz). [Sp. patata potato, ba- 
tata sweet potato, fr. native name in Haiti.] 1. The sweet 
potato. 2. The edible starchy tuber of an American sola- 
naceous plant (Solatium tuberosum) ; also, the plant. 

potato beetle. The potato bug. 

potato bug. A black-and-yellow striped beetle (Leptino- 
tarsa decemlineata) which feeds on the leaves of the potato. 

po'ta-to-ry (po'td-to-rT), a. [L. potatorius, fr. potare 
drink.] Of, pertaining to, or addicted to, drinking. 

pot'-bel'ly, n. A protuberant belly. — pot'-bel'lied, a. 

pofboil'er (pot'boil'er), n. A literary or artistic work done 
simply for money to pay current expenses. Colloq. 

pot'boy' (pot'boi'), n. A boy who carries pots of ale, beer, 
etc. ; a menial in a public house. 

pot companion. A companion in drinking ; fellow toper. 

po-teen' (po-ten'), po-theen' (-then'), n. [Ir. poitin, lit., 
a small pot.] In Ireland, illicitly distilled whisky. Ir. 

po'ten-cy (po'ten-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-sTz). Also po'tence 
(-tens). [L. potentia, fr. potens potent.] 1. Quality of 
possessing strength or power ; efficiency ; capability ; abil- 
ity. 2. Potentiality. 3. Homeopathy. Increased power of a 
medicine as produced by attenuation. 

po'tent (po'tent), a. [L. potens, -entis, p. pr. of posse to 
be able, have power ; potis able + esse to be.] 1. Having 
great power, dominion, or influence ; puissant ; as, a potent 
prince ; a potent name. 2. Forceful ; cogent ; as, a potent ar- 
gument. 3. Producing great physical or chemical effects ; 
powerful ; as, a potent medicine. — Syn. Mighty, strong, 
able, forcible. See powerful. 

po'ten-tate (-ten-tat), n. [L. potentatus power, rule, ruler.] 
One who possesses great power or sway, as a monarch. 

pp-ten'tial (po-ten'shdl), a. 1. Powerful. Rare. 2. Exist- 
ing in possibility only ; latent ; — opp. to actual. 3. Gram. 
Expressive of possibility. — Syn. See latent. 
potential mood, Gram., a verbal form or phrase used to 
express possibility, liberty, power, by the use of may, can, 
might, could, would, or should ; as, I may go ; he can write. 



— n. 1. A possibility ; potentiality. 2. Gram. The poten- 
tial mood. 3. Elec. The degree of electrification as referred 
to some standard (as of the earth). 

po-ten'ti-all-ty (-shi-al'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Potential 
quality or state : a Power ; potency, b Possibility, not ac- 
tuality ;_a possibility or capacity, or that which embodies it. 

po-ten'tial-ly, adv. In a potential manner ; latently. 

po'ten-til'la (po'ten-tll'd), n. [NL. dim. See potent.] Bot. 
Any of a large genus (Potentilla) of rosaceous herbs and 
shrubs, the cinquefoils, or five-fingers, abundant in temper- 
ate regions, having pinnate or palmate leaves. 

po-ten'ti-om'e-ter (po-ten'shT-om'e-ter), n. [potential + 
-meter.] Elec. An instrument for measuring or comparing 
electrical potentials or electromotive forces. 

po'tent-ize (po'ten-tlz), v. t.; -ized (-tlzd) ; -iz'ing (-tlz'- 
Ing). To render potent; specif., Homeopathy, to render 
(a drug) more effective by attenuation ; dynamize. 

po'tent-ly, adv. In a potent manner ; powerfully. 

poth'e-ca-ry (poth'e-ka-rl), n. Apothecary. Obs. or Scot. 

po-theen' (pS-then'), n. Var. of poteen. 

poth'er (poth'er), n. 1. A choking cloud or condition of 
dust, smoke, or steam. 2. Bustle ; bother. — v. t. & i. To 
harass and perplex ; fuss ; worry. 

pot'herb' (pot'urb' ; -hurb'), n. Any plant whose leaves or 
stems are boiled for food, as spinach. 

pot'hole' (-hoi'), n. Any pit or hole ; esp., a more or less cir- 
cular hole formed in the rocky beds of streams by the grind- 
ing action of stones or gravel whirled round by the water. 

pot'hook' (-hook'), n. 1. An S-shaped hook for hanging 
pots and kettles over an open fire. 2. A written character 
curved like a pothook, as one used in teaching to write. 

pot'house' (pot'hous'), n. An alehouse ; a low tavern. 

pot'hunt'er (-hun'ter), n. 1. A hunter who shoots anything 
that will help to fill his bag, without regard to the rules or 
spirit of sport. 2. Sports. A person who enters contests 
merely to win prizes. — pot'hunt'ing, n. & a. 

|| po'tiche' (po'tesh'), «•; pZ. -tiches (-tesh'). [F., fr. pot a 
pot.] Ceramics. A vase with a separate cover, the body 
usually rounded or polygonal with nearly vertical sides. 

po'tion (po'shiin), n. [L. polio, fr. potare to drink.] A 
draft ; dose ; esp., a dose of liquid medicine or of poison. 

Pot'i-phar ( p5t'I-fdr ), n. Bib. An Egyptian official to 
whom Joseph was sold as a slave. Gen. xxxvii. 36. 

potlatch' (pot'lach'), n. [Chinook potlalsh, pahtlatsh.] 
Among some American Indians of the Pacific coast, a cere- 
monial distribution by a man of gifts to his own and neigh- 
boring tribesmen, accompanied by festivities. 

pot'luck' (-luk'), n. Luck or chance as to what may be in 
the pot, or may be provided for a meal ; also, the food so on 
hand or provided. 

pot marigold. An asteraceous garden plant (Calendula 
officinalis), the heads of which are used to flavor soups. 

pot'pie' (pot'pl'), n. A meat pie boiled in a pot. 

pot'pour'ri' (po'poo're'), n. [F., fr. pot pot + pourri, p. p. 
of pourrir to rot, L. putrere.] A medley or mixture, as in 
music or literature ; an olla-podrida. 

pojt'sherd' (pot'shfird'), n. [pot + sherd or shard.] A 
piece or fragment of a broken earthen pot. 

pot shot. Lit., a shot fired simply to fill the pot ; hence, a 
shot taken under conditions suggesting such a shot. 

pot'stone' (-ston'), n. A more or less impure steatite, some- 
times used for culinary vessels, esp. in prehistoric times. 

pot'tage (pot'tj), n. [F. potage, fr. pot pot.] A dish of 
vegetables, or vegetables and meat ; soup, esp. a thick soup. 
Now Chiefly Literary. [vessels.] 

pot'ter (-er), n. One whose occupation is to make earthen | 

pot'ter, v. i. & t. Also, and in U. S. usually, put'ter (put'er). 
To trifle ; dawdle ; trifle or idle (away). — Syn. See trifle. 

— n . Also put'ter. Act or habit of pottering. — pot'ter-er, 
71. Also put'ter-er. 

potter's field. A public burial place, esp. in a city, for pau- 
pers, unknown persons, and criminals. Matt, xxvii. 7. 

potter's Wheel. Ceramics. A horizontal disk, revolving on 
a vertical spindle, and carrying the clay in throwing. 

pot'ter-y (-1), n. ; pi. -teries (-Tz). [F. poterie, fr. pot pot.] 
1. A shop or factory where earthen vessels are made. 2. 
Art of the potter ; ceramics. 3. Ware made from certain 
earthy materials, usually clay, molded, and hardened by 
heat ; specif., the coarser vessels so made ; earthenware. 

pot'tle (-'1), n. [OF. potel, dim. of pot pot.] 1. An old 
measure equal to two quarts. 2. A tankard of this capac- 
ity ; by ellipsis, a pottle of wine, etc. ; hence, liquor. 

Pott's disease (pots). [After Percivall Pott, English sur- 
geon.] Med. Caries of the vertebras, often resulting in cur- 
vature of the spine and paralysis of the lower extremities. 

pot'-val'iant (pot'yal'yant ; pot-val'-), a. Having the 
courage given by drink. 

pot'-wal'lop-er (-wol'wp-er; pot'wol'-), n. In certain 
boroughs of England, before the Reform Act of 1S32, a 
voter whose qualification for suffrage as a householder was 
the boiling (walloping) of his own pot. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation- 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



POUCH 



754 



POWER 







pouch (pouch), n. [OF. poche, puche.2 1. A small or 
moderate-sized bag, sack, or receptacle. 2. Specif. : a A 
money purse. Archaic or Literary, b A leather bag for 
ammunition ; also, a wooden cartridge box. c A mail bag. 
3. That which is shaped like a pouch, or bag ; as : a Med. A 
cyst or sac containing fluid, b Zo'ol. A sac or bag, esp. for 
carrying the young, as in the kangaroo ; a marsupium. 

— v. t. To put in or as in a pouch ; pocket. — v. i. 1. To 
swallow ; gorge. 2. To form a pouch or baglike cavity. 

pouched (poucht), a. Having a pouch or pouches. 
pouched rat. See gopher. 

pouf (poof), n. [F. pouf.~\ Lit., a puff; specif., a kind of 
female headdress of the latter part of the 18th century. 

pou-lard' (poo-lard'), n. [F. poularde pullet, fr. poule hen. 
See pullet.] A pullet that has been spayed for fattening ; 
hence, a fat pullet. Cf. capon. 

poult (polt), n. [ME. pulte, contr. fr. polet, pulet, F. 
poulet, dim. of poule fowl. See pullet.] A young chick- 
en, turkey, pheasant, or the like. 

poult'— de—S0ie' (poo'de-swa'). [F. poult-de-soie, pou- 
de-soie.] A kind of heavy, corded silk fabric ; a fine gros- 
grain silk. 

poul'ter (pol'ter), n. A poulterer. Obs. or Hist. 

poul'ter-er (-er), n. [From poulter.'] A dealer in poultry. 

poul'tice (-tis), n. [Prob. through OF., fr. L. puis, pi. 
pultes, a thick pap.] A soft composition applied to sores, 
inflamed parts of the body, etc. ; a cataplasm. — y. t. ; 
-ticed (-tist) ; -tic-ing (-tl-sTng). To apply a poultice to. 

poul'try (-tri), n. [OF. pouleterie. See poult.] Domestic 
fowls, as cocks and hens, capons, ducks, and geese. 

pounce (pouns), n. [F. 
ponce, fr. L. pumex, -icis, 
pumice.] 1. A powder, as 
of cuttlefish bone, formerly 
used to keep ink from 
spreading on paper. 2. 
Powder, as charcoal dust, 
for making patterns 
tnrough perforated designs. 

•—v. t.; pounced (pounst) ; 
pounc'ing. To dust , 
smooth, or finish, with 
pounce, pumice, etc. 

pounce, n. The claw, or 
talon, of a bird of prey. — 
v. t. To seize, or swoop 
down on and seize, with 
talons. — v. i. 1. To 
swoop down ; come down 
suddenly so as to seize ; — 
used with on, upon, or at. 
2. To spring, jump, or 
come suddenly; as, he 
pounced into the room. — 
n. A pouncing ; sudden 
swoop or spring. 

poun'cet box (poun'set). A box with a perforated lid, for 
sprinkling pounce, or for holding perfumes. Archaic. 

pound (pound), n. [AS. pund an inclosure (in comp.).] 
1. An inclosure maintained by public authority for con- 
fining animals taken trespassing or at large. 2. An inclo- 
sure for sheltering or trapping animals. 3. Fig., a place of 
confinement, as for criminals. 4. An area or space in which 
to keep or catch fish. — v. t. To confine in or as in a pound. 

pound, n. ; pi. pounds (poundz), or, collectively, pound or 
pounds. [AS. pund, fr. L. pondo.~] 1. A unit of weight ; 
esp., the avoirdupois pound of 7,000 grains (divided into 
16 oz.), or the troy pound of 5,700 grains (divided into 12 
oz.). Abbr., lb. or lb. (L. libra pound) ; pi., lbs. or lb. 2. a 
The gold monetary unit of Great Britain, equal to 20 shil- 
lings of 12 pence each, or $4.8605 United States money ; — 
called specif, pound sterling. Symbol, £. b [More fully 
pound Scots.] A former Scottish money of account, equal 
at one time to the English pound, but, at the union of the 
crowns, to about 20 pence English. C A gold monetary unit 
of Turkey (£T), of Egypt (£E), or of Peru (£p). 

pound, v. t. [AS. punian to bruise.] 1. To pulverize by 
beating, as with a pestle. 2. To strike heavily or repeatedly ; 
beat ; pummel. — v. i. 1. To beat ; specif., of a ship or 
boat, to fall with heavy blows, as upon the waves in riding 
over them ; also, to make a sound of heavy blows. 2. To 
walk, dance, etc., with heavy steps. 

■ — n. Act of pounding ; also, a heavy blow ; thud. 

pound'age (poun'daj), n. A sum or rate per pound. 

pound'al (-dal), n. [From pound a weight.] Physics. A 
unit of force which will impart to a mass of one pound an 
acceleration equal to one foot per second per second. 

pound'cake' (pound'kaV), n. A kind of rich, sweet cake ; 
— ■ from the chief ingredients being used in pounds, or equal 
quantities. 

pound'er (poun'der).n. 1. A thing weighing a pound. 2. A 




Poultry. 
Domestic 
Fowl v/ith 
Parts 
named. 1 
Comb; 2 
F a c e; 3 
Wattles ; 4 
Ear Lobe ; 
5 Hackle ; 6 Breast ; 7 Back ; 8 
Saddle ; 9 Saddle Hackles ; 10 
Sickle Feathers ; 11 Tail Cov- 
erts; 12 Tail Feathers; 13 Wing 
Bow; 14 Wing Co verts; 15 Sec- 
ondaries ; 17 Primaries ; 18 
Thighs ; 19 Hocks ; 20 Shanks 
or Legs ; 21 Spur ; 22 Toes. 



thing having, or having to do with,"a (specified) weight In 
pounds, as a projectile or the cannon firing it ; — used in 
combination ; as, a twelve-pounder, i. e., a cannon firing 
a twelve-pound shell. 

pound'er, n. One who, or that which, pounds. 

pound'— fooi'ish, a. Foolish in large sums or matters ; — 
contrasted with penny-wise. 

pound net. A fish trap consisting of a net or nets supported 
to form an inclosure with a narrow entrance. 

pour (por ; 57), v. t. & i. To send or issue in or as in a stream 
or flood ; emit, discharge, or escape, freely. — n. A pour- 
ing, or quantity poured ; a flood ; heavy fall ; downpour. 

|| pour'boire' (poor'bwar'), n. [F.] Lit., (money) for drink- 
ing ; drink money ; hence : a gratuity ; douceur ; tip ; fee. 

pour'er, n. One who, or that which, pours. 

|| pourparler' (poor'par'la'), n. [F.] An informal con- 
ference to discuss some affair, as preliminary to a treaty. 

pour 'point (poor'point), n. Also pur 'point. [F. pour- 
pointJ] Something quilted ; esp., a quilted doublet worn 
in the 14th and 15th centuries. 

U pousse'— ca'fe' (poos'ka'fa'), n. [F., fr. pousser to, push 
+ cafe coffee.] A drink consisting of several liqueurs, or 
cordials, poured so as to remain separate in layers, and 
usually served after coffee at dinner. 

pous-sette' (poo-set'), n. [F., pushpin.] A dancing round 
and round with hands joined, as of a couple in the contre- 
dance. — v. i. To perform a poussette. 

|| pou Sto (poo sto ; pou sto). [Gr. tvov arH> where I may 
stand; — from the reputed saying of Archimedes, "Give 
me where I may stand and I will move the earth."] A 
place to stand on ; a basis for operations. 

pout (pout), n. An arctic fish (Gadus luscus) related to 
the cod ; also, any of several fresh-water catfishes. 

pout, v. i. To thrust out the lips, as in sullenness or die- 
pleasure ; hence, to look sullen. — v. t. To protrude (the 
lips) ; swell or push out ; also, to say with a pout. — n. A 
pouting protrusion of the lips ; in pi., a fit of sullenness. 

pout'er (-er), n. 1. One who pouts. 2. One of a breed cf 
fancy pigeons having a crop which they dilate. 

pov'er-ty (pov'er-tl), n. [OF. poverte, fr. L. paupertas, fr. 
pauper poor.] 1. Quality or state of being poor or indi- 
gent ; need ; destitution. 2. Any deficiency in what consti- 
tutes richness ; poorness ; as, poverty of soil or of ideas. 
Syn. Poverty, want, destitution, indigence, penury. 
Poverty (stronger than poor) is the state of being in need ; 
want is extreme poverty ; destitution is absolute want. 
Indigence suggests severely straitened circumstances ; 
penury is extreme indigence or abject poverty. 

pow'der (pou'der), n. [F. poudre, L. pulvis, pulveris.~] 
1. Substance in fine dry particles such as are produced by 
grinding ; dust. 2. A preparation in the form of fine parti- 
cles, as a medicinal dose. 3. Any of various solid explosives, 
as gunpowder. — v. t. 1. To sprinkle with or as with 
powder ; besprinkle ; as, to powder the hair. 2. To sprinkle 
like powder, as for decoration. 3. To pulverize. — v. i. 1. 
To be reduced to powder ; as, some salts powder easily. 2. 
To use cosmetic powder. 3. To rush ; ride very fast. 

powder down. One of certain modified down feathers, as in 
parrots and herons, which disintegrate at the ends, produc- 
ing a sort of powder or scaly exfoliation. 

pow'der-flask' (-flask'), pow'der-horn' (-horn'), n. A uten- 
sil, as a horn, in which to carry powder on the person. 

pow'der-mill' (-mil'), n. A mill in which gunpowder is made. 

pow'der-y (-T), a. 1. Of the nature of, resembling, or con- 
sisting of, powder. 2. Easily crumbling to pieces ; friable. 
3. Sprinkled with powder ; dusty ; as, powdery bees. 

pow'er (-er), n. [ME. pouer, poer, OF. poeir, pooir, F. 
pouvoir, n. & v., prop, inf., fr. LL. potere, for L. posse, 
potesse, to be able.] 1. Ability to act ; faculty of doing or per- 
forming something ; capability of producing or undergoing 
an effect ; also, in pi., one of the mental or bodily faculties, 
as thinking, reasoning, etc., or a manifestation of mental or 
physical ability to act. 2. Exerted energy ; vigor ; force ; 
might ; as, a man of power ; the power of his arm. 3. Con- 
trol ; authority ; influence ; ascendancy ; as, the pomp of 
power. 4. Law. Authority, capacity, or right ; esp., au- 
thority or right to do or forbear derived by one person from 
another; as, a power of attorney. Specif., an authority (a 
power of appointment) vested in one person (called do- 
nee, or appointor) to dispose of, or create or revoke rights 
in, the property (specif, the real property) of another. 5. 
One who, or that which, has or exercises an ability to act ; 
one invested with power or influence ; a government exercis- 
ing control or possessing international influence; as, the 
great powers of Europe. 6. An order of angels ; — chiefly 
in pi. 7. A military or naval force. Archaic. 8. A large 
quantity; multitude ; host. Now Colloq.^ 9. Math. The 
product arising from the continued multiplication of a num- 
ber into itself ; as, 9 is the second power of 3. 10. Mechan- 
ics, a The rate at which mechanical energy is exerted or me- 
chanical work performed ; as, sixty horse power, b A source 
of useful mechanical energy ; as, water power; hand power, 



ale, senate, care, am, ficcount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



POWERFUL 



755 



PRAIRIE SCHOONER 



etc. Specif., a mechanical source, as opposed to human 
power. 11. Optics. The degree to which a lens, mirror, or 
any optical instrument magnifies. 

Syn. Potency, strength, vigor, energy, force, puissance, 
ability, capacity, efficiency, efficacy. — Power, strength, 
vigor, energy, force agree in the idea of ability to do or 
bear. Power is the most general term ; strength implies 
power that is inherent ; vigor, usually confined in its appli- 
cation to living things, suggests physical or mental strength 
in healthy exercise. Energy is power in terms of actual or 
potential work. Force adds the implication of resistance 
overcome ; as, the force of an appeal ; centripetal force. 
power of the keys, Eccl. & Theol., the authority with 
regard to the discipline of the church, esp. as to the power 
of granting or refusing absolution. Cf. Matt. xvi. 19. 

pow'er-ful (-fool), a. Full of or having power ; potent ; 

influential ; cogent. — pow'er-ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Potent, puissant, efficient, effective, effectual, effica- 
cious, mighty, strong, forcible, cogent. — Powerful, po- 
tent, puissant agree in the idea of ability to effect large 
results. Powerful applies to whatever is capable of produc- 
ing great effect. Potent suggests some inherent, it may be 
latent or lurking, virtue or energy, which works out its ef- 
fect with certainty. Puissant, a book word, referring chief- 
ly to persons (usually princes and potentates) or to bodies 
politic, connotes more the'outward attributes of power. 

pow'er-less, a. Destitute of power ; impotent ; unable to 
produce effect. — pow'er-less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 
Syn. Powerless, impotent. Powerless denotes merely 
lack of power ; impotent commonly adds the implication 
of positive weakness or (esp.) ineffectiveness. 

pow'wow' (pou'wouO, n. [Algonquian.] 1. Among the 
North American Indians : a A prrest, conjurer, or medicine 
man. b A ceremony, esp. of magic, performed for the cure 
of diseases, for success in hunting, etc. ; also, a conference 
of or with Indians. 2. Any assembly likened to an Indian 
powwow. U. S. — v. i. To hold a powwow, or conference. 

pox (poks), n. [For pocks, ME. pokkes. See pock.] Med. 
Any of various diseases characterized by pustules or erup- 
tions ; as, smallpox, chicken pox, etc. Without a defining 
word, usually, syphilis. 

poz'zuo-la'na (pot'sws-la'na), poz'zo-la'na (pot'so-), n. 
[It.] A siliceous rock of volcanic origin found at Pozzuoli, 
Italy. It is used in preparing a hydraulic cement. 

prac'tic (prak'tlk), a. Practical. 06s. 

prac'ti-ca-bil'i-ty ( -t!-kd-bTl'i : ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
Quality or state of being practicable, or an instance of it. 

prac'ti-ca-ble (prak'ti-kd-b'l), a. [LL. practicare to act, 
transact, fr. L. practicus active, Gr. TrpaKTtnos.'] 1. Ca- 
pable of being put into practice, done, or accomplished ; 
feasible ; as, a practicable method. _ 2. Usable : passable ; 
as, a practicable weapon. — prac'ti-ca-bly, adv. 
Syn. Practicable, practical. That is practicable which 
can be accomplished ; that is practical (opp. to theoretical, 
etc.) which can be actually turned to account. See possible. 

prac'ti-cal (-kdl), a. [L. practicus active, Gr. irpanTiKos 
fit for doing, practical, fr. irpaacreiv to do.] 1. Of, pert. 
to, or manifested in, practice or action ; — opposed to 
theoretical, ideal, speculative. 2. Available or valuable 
in practice or action ; useful ; as, a practical acquaintance 
with Latin. 3. Given or disposed to, or engaged in, action 
as opposed to speculation, etc. ; skillful or experienced from 
practice ; as, a practical mind ; a practical farmer. 4. That 
is such in practice or effect ; virtual ; as, a practical atheist. 
— Syn. See practicable. 

practical joke, a joke put in practice, the fun consisting 
in what is done rather than what is said ; esp., a trick 
played on a person. 

prac'ti-cal'i-ty (-kal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). Quality or 
state of being practical ; a practical matter. 

prac'ti-cal-ly (prak'ti-kal-i), adv. In a practical way ; from 
a practical point of view ; as : really or virtually ; in or by 
means of practice ; as, practically worthless ; practically 
acquainted with a subject ; practically safe. 

prac'ti-cal-ness, n. Quality or state of being practical. 

prac'tice, prac'tise (-tis), v. t.; -ticed or -tised (-tist) ; 
-tic-ing or -tis-ing (-ti-sing). [OF. practiser, pratiser, 
for older pratiquer, LL. practicare."] 1. To do, carry on, 
act, or exercise ; do or perform often or habitually. 2. To 
follow or work at, as a profession, etc. 3. To perform re- 
peatedly, for proficiency ; as, to practice music. 4. To 
teach by practice ; train ; drill ; as, to practice a regiment 
in firing. — v. i. 1. To act ; operate ; proceed. 2. To act or 
do something habitually. 3. To exercise or pursue a profes- 
sion, esp. medicine or law. 4. To perform certain acts often, 
for proficiency. 5. To scheme ; plot ; intrigue. Now Rare. 

prac'tice, n. 1. Actual performance or application of 
knowledge; as, naval practice; — disting. from theory, 
profession, etc. 2. Repeated or customary action ; habit ; 
custom ; as, the practice of early rising. 3. Law. The 
established method of conducting proceedings. 4. System- 
atic exercise for instruction or discipline ; as, practice in 
music. Also, practical acquaintance, proficiency, etc., so 
acquired ; as, to be out of practice. 5. The exercise of any 



vocation ; professional business or work ; as, the practice 
of medicine ; a large practice. 6. Stratagem ; artifice ; 
scheming ; a scheme ; plot. 7. Arith. A compendious 
method of performing multiplication by means of aliquot 
parts. — Syn. Usage, manner. See habit, exercise. 

prac'ticed, prac'tised (-tist), a. 1. Experienced ; expert ; 
skilled ; as, a practiced marksman. 2. Learned by prac- 
tice ; as, a practiced accent. 

prac'tic-er, prac'tis-er (prak'tT-ser), n. One who practices. 

prac'tise, prac'tis-er, etc. Vars. of practice, etc. 

prac-ti'tion-er (prak-tish'tm-er), n. One engaged in the 
actual practice of any profession, esp. law or medicine. 

prae- (pre-). Prefix from Latin prae, meaning before. 

prae-co'cial. Var. of precocial. 

prae'di-al, pre'di-al (pre'dl-ai), a. [L. praedium farm, 
estate.] Of or pert, to land or immovable property. 

prae'fect, prae-lec'tion, prae-lec'tor. Vars. of prefect, etc. 

prae'mu-ni're (pre'mu-nl're ; prem'u-), n. [Short for 
praemunire facias ; praemunire is a LL. corruption of L. 
praemonere to warn, cite.] Eng.Law. A form of writ for 
prosecuting certain offenses made punishable by forfeiture 
and imprisonment ; also, the offense or the penalty. 

prse-no'men (pre-no'men), n. ; pi. -Nomina (-nom'i-nd). 
[L. ; prae + nomen name.] Among the ancient Romans, 
the first name of a person, answering to our Christian 
name, as Caius, Lucius, Marcus, etc. 

prae-pos'tor. Var. of prepostor. 

prae-tex'ta (pre-teks'td), n.; pi. -TEXTJ& (-te). [L. (sc, 
toga), fr. praetextus, p. p. of praetexere to weave before, 
fringe ; prae -f- texere to weave.] Rom. Antiq. A white 
robe with a purple border worn by a Roman boy before he 
assumed the toga virilis, and by a girl until marriage. Origi- 
nally it was worn by magistrates and some of the priests. 

prae'tor, pre'tor (pre'tor), n. [L. praetor, fr. praeire to go 
before.] Roman Hist. A magistrate next to the consul in 
rank, known chiefly as a judicial magistrate. tor-ship, n. 

prae-to'ri-al, pre-to'ri-al (pre-to'rl-al ; 57), adj. Praetorian. 

prae-to'ri-an, pre-to'ri-an (-an ; 57), a. 1. Of or pert, to the 
Roman prastor or his office. 2. [Usually cap.] Of, pert, 
to, or designating the Pretorian Guard (see below). 
Praetorian Guard. Rom. Hist, a The emperor's body- 
guard, instituted by Augustus and suppressed by Con- 
stantine in 312. The Praetorians came to have great power, 
making and unmaking emperors, b A Praetorian. 

— n. [cap.] A soldier of the Praetorian Guard. 

prag-mat'ic (prag-mat'ik)la. [L. pragmaticus busy, ac- 

prag-mat'i-cal (-i-kdl) / tive, skilled in law and state 
affairs, systematic, Gr. irpayv.aTiK.6s, fr. irpayfia a thing 
done, business, fr. irpaaoeiv to do.] 1. Pertaining to munici- 
pal or state affairs ; — only in pragmatic sanction. 2. 
Busy ; esp., officious ; meddling ; as, a pragmatic lawyer. 
3. Opinionated ; dogmatic. 4. Practical ; matter-of-fact ; 
Philos., of or pert, to pragmatism ; dealing with practical 
values or consequences. 5. Dealing with events so as to 
show their interrelation ; as, pragmatic history. — prag- 
mat'i-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 

prag'ma-tisrn ( prag'md-tTz'm ), n. 1. Pragmatic quality 
or state ; officiousness ; dogmatism ; also, practicality. 2. 
Philos. The doctrine that the whole meaning of a concep- 
tion lies in its practical consequences, and that the purpose 
of thinking is to develop beliefs which shall serve as general 
principles of conduct. [pragmatism. | 

prag'ma -tist (-tist), n. 1. A busybody. 2. An adherent of | 

Prai'ri-al (pra/rT-21 ; pre're-al'), n. [F., fr. prairie meadow.] 
See Revolutionary calendar. 

prai'rie (pra'ri ; prar'i ; 3), n. [F. 
meadow.] A meadow or 
tract of land covered with 
grass ; specif. : a An exten- 
sive tract of level or rolling 
land in the Mississippi Val- 
ley, with a deep fertile soil 
covered, except as cultivat- 
ed, with coarse grass with- 
out trees, b A low, sandy, 
grass-grown t r a c t in the 
Florida pine woods. 

prairie chicken. A grouse 
(Tympanuchus ameri- 
canus) of the Mississippi 
Valley. Prairie Chicken. 

prairie Clover. Any of a genus (Petalostemon) of fabaceous 
plants having small rosy or white flowers. 

prairie dog. An American burrowing rodent (genus Cyno- 
mys, esp. C. ludovicianus) 
allied to the woodchucks. 
Prairie dogs inhabit the 
plains west of the Missis- 
sippi, living in large colo- 
nies, often called towns or 
villages. 

prairie schooner. A long 



pratum 





Prairie Dog. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PRAIRIE WOLF 



756 



PRECENTOR 



P 



-w 



m 



canvas-covered wagon used esp. by emigrants crossing the 
prairies. Colloq., U. S. 

prairie wolf. A coyote. 

praise (praz), v. t.; praised (prazd) ; prais'ing (praz'Tng). 
[OF. preisier, L. pretiare to prize, pretium price.] 1. To 
express approbation of ; laud ; applaud. 2. Of God or a god : 
to glorify by homage, esp. in worship or song ; laud ; mag- 
nify. — Syn. Commend, eulogize, celebrate, glorify. — n. 
1. Act of praising ; state of being praised. 2. The subject or 
reason of praise. Archaic. — Syn. Encomium, eulogy, 
panegyric, commendation, laudation. — prais'er, n. 

praise'wor'thy (-wur'thi), a. Worthy of praise ; laudable. 
— praise'wor'thi-ly (-thi-li), adv. — wor'thi-ness, n. 

Pra'krit (pra'knt), n. [Skr. prakrta original, natural, 
usual, common, vulgar.] The Aryan vernacular dialects of 
India, esp. the Secondary or medieval vernaculars, as 
distinguished from Sanskrit ; also, any one of these dialects. 

pra'line (pra'len). [F.] A confection of nut kernels. 

|| prall'tril'ler (pral'tnl'er), n.; G. pi. -triller. [G.] 
Music. A melodic embellishment consist- 
ing of the quick alternation of a principal .. 
tone with an auxiliary tone above it ; — * 
called also the inverted mordent. 

prance (prans), v. i.; pranced (pranst); 
"ranc'ing (pran'sing). [ME. prauncen.'J Z 
1. To spring from the hind legs, or move 
by so doing, as a mettlesome horse. 2. To Pralltnller. 1 As 
ride on a prancing horse ; ride gayly or written ; 2 As 
proudly. 3. To swagger. — v. t. To cause performed. _ 
to prance, as a horse. — n. Act of prancing ; a prancing 
movement. — pranc'er (pran'ser), n. 

prank (prarjk), v. t. To dress showily ; adorn ; deck ; fig., 
to dress up. — v. i. To make ostentatious show. 

prank, n. A gay or sportive action or trick ; a frolic. 

piank'ish, a. Full of pranks ; frolicsome. 

prase (praz), n. [L. prasius, fr. Gr. irpdaios of a leek-green 
color, fr. Gr. trpaoov a leek.] Min. A variety of translucent 
quartz, in color bluish green, like that of leek leaves. 

pra'se-O-dym'i-um (pra'se-S-dim'i-ftm ; pra'ze-), n. [NL. ; 
Gr. irpaoios leek -green + didymium.~] Chem. A rare metal, 
one of the constituents of didymium. Its salts are green. 
Symbol, Pr ; at. wt., 140.G. 

prate (prat), v. i. & t.; prat/ed (prat'ed) ; prat'ing. To 
talk, esp. much and idly ; to utter foolishly ; chatter ; bab- 
ble. — Syn. See chat. — n. Act of prating ; chatter. 

prat'er (prat'er), n. One who grates. 

prat'in-COle (prat'irj-kol ; pra'tin-), n. [L. pratum mead- 
ow + incola inhabitant.] Any of a genus (Glareola) of 
limicoline birds, esp. an Old World species {G. pratincola). 

prat'ique (prat'Ik ; F. pra'tek'), n. [F., prop., practice.] 
Commerce. Permission given to a ship that has satisfied 
health regulations to hold intercourse with a port. 

prat'tle (prat''l), v. i. & t.; -tled (-'Id); -tling (-ling). 
[Freq. of prate.] To prate ; esp., to talk or say lightly and 
artlessly, like a child. — Syn. See chat. — n. Trifling 
talk or chatter ; babble. 

prat'tler (prat'ler), n. One who prattles, esp. a child. 

prawn (pron), n. [ME. prane.~] Any of numerous edible, 
shrimplike, decapod crustaceans (genera Pandalus, Pe- 
nxus, etc.), found in all tropical and temperate regions, in 
both fresh and salt water. 

pray (pra), v. t. [OF. preier, L. precari, fr. prex, precis, 
a prayer.] 1. To entreat ; implore. Archaic. 2. To ask 
earnestly for ; supplicate for ; as, he prayed permission to 
return. 3. To effect, put, or bring by praying ; as, to pray 
a soul out of purgatory. — Syn. Beg, invoke, beseech, 
petition. — v. i. To make earnest request or entreaty ; 
offer prayer to a deity as a religious act. 

pray'a (prl'd), n. [Pg. praia, lit., shore, fr. L. plaga 
region.] An embanked drive or promenade along a shore 
or river bank ; an esplanade ; a bund. 

pray'er (pra'er), n. One who prays ; a supplicant. 

prayer (prar), n. [OF. preiere, fr. LL., fr. L. precarius got 
by prayer, precari to pray.] 1. Act or practice of praying ; 
supplication. 2. The offering of adoration, confession, 
supplication, thanksgiving, etc., to the Supreme Being. 
3. The form of words used in praying ; as, the Lord% 
prayer. 4. A form of religious service consisting largely of 
prayers; — often in pi.; as, Morning Prayer; he never 
attended prayers. 5. That which is prayed for. 
Syn. Prayer, petition, suit. A prayer is an earnest en- 
treaty or supplication addressed (esp.) to God, or to one 
invested with authority ; petition is often synonymous 
with prayer; the word also denotes a single clause of a 
prayer, or a formal (often joint) request addressed to some 
authority ; a suit is a rather humble or deferential petition. 

prayer book. A book containing devotional prayers. 

nrayer'ful (-fdol), a. Given to prayer ; devout. — prayer'- 

'ful-ly, adv. — prayer'ful-ness, n. 

prayer wheel. A wheel or drum inscribed with or contain- 
ing Buddhist prayers, which are deemed efficacious when 
the wheel turns. It is characteristic of Tibet and Mongolia. 



; pre-). Rarely, prse-. [L. 
A prefix denoting before 



prae, adv. & prep., 
(in time, place, or 



pre- (pre- 
before.] 
order). 

preach (prech), v. i. [OF. preechier, prechier, fr. L. prae- 
dicare to proclaim ; prae before + dicare to make known, 
dicer e to say.] 1. To proclaim tidings ; specif., to proclaim 
the gospel ; deliver a sermon. 2. To give serious advice, as 
on morals. — v. t. 1. To proclaim or inculcate in or as in a 
sermon. 2. To deliver or pronounce, as a sermon. 3. To 
bring, put, affect, or effect by preaching. 

preach/er (prech'er), n. One who preaches'; specif. : a 
A minister, b [cap.] The author of, or speaker in, the 
Book of Ecclesiastes ; also, the book itself. 

preach'i-fy (-i-fl)_, v. i. [preach -f- -/y.] To preach, esp. 
artificially or tediously ; — usually contemptuous. Colloq. 

preach'ing, n. Act or art of a preacher ; also, a sermon ; a 
public religious service. 

preach'ment (-ment), n. Act of preaching, or that which 
is preached ; esp., a tedious or unwelcome discourse. 

pre'am'ble (pre'am'b'l), n. [LL. praeambulum, fr. L. 
praeambulus walking before. See pre- ; amble.] 1. An 
introductory portion; preface; specif., the introductory 
part of a statute, stating the reasons and intent of the law, 
etc. 2. An introductory fact or circumstance ; preliminary ; 
esp., a presage. 

pre'ap-point' (-d-point'), v. t. To appoint previously. 

pre'ar-range' (pre'd-ranj'), v. t. To arrange beforehand. 
— pre'ar-range'ment (-ment), n. 

pre-ax'i-al (pre-ak'si-dl), a. Anat. In front of any trans- 
verse axis ; on the anterior side of the axis of a limb. 

preb'end (preb'end), n. [F. prebende, LL. praebenda, 
prop., things to be furnished, deriv. fr. L. prae + habere 
to have.] The stipend granted out of the estate of a cathe- 
dral or collegiate church to a canon or member of a chapter 
thereof ; also, the land or tithe yielding the stipend. 

preb'en-da-ry (preb'en-da-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A clergy- 
man attached to a collegiate or cathedral church who 
enjoys a prebend. 

Pre-^Cam'bri-an, a. Geol. Pert, to or designating the 
entire period of geological history prior to the Cambrian. 

— n. The Pre-Cambrian period or system. 

pre-ca'ri-ous (pre-ka'ri-fts ; 3), a. [L. precarius obtained 
by begging or prayer, fr. prex, precis, prayer.] 1. Depend- 
ing on the will of another ; held by courtesy ; uncertain ; as, 
precarious privileges. 2. Taken for granted without good 
reason ; unfounded ; as, a precarious conclusion. 3. De- 
pendent on circumstances or unknown causes or conditions ; 
insecure ; dubious ; as, precarious fortunes. — pre-ca'ri- 
ous-ly, adv. — ri-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. Precarious, uncertain. Precarious is much 
stronger than uncertain ; the word implies such depend- 
ence on future contingencies as involves great insecurity or 
instability ; as, precarious health ; his coming is uncertain. 
The use of precarious for dangerous or hazardous is contrary 
to good usage. 

prec'a-tive (prek'd-tiv), a. [L. precativus, fr. precari to 
pray. See pray.] Precatory ; beseeching. 

prec'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. [L. precatorius.] Of, pert, to, of 
the nature of, or expressive of, entreaty ; supplicatory. 

pre-cau'tion (pre-ko'shim), n. [F. precaution, L. praecau- 
tio, fr. praecavere, -cautum, to guard against ; prae -f- 
cavere to be on one's guard.] 1. Previous caution or care. 

2. A measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or to secure 
good or success. 

pre-cau'tion-al (-21), a. Precautionary. 

pre-cau'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a precaution ; suggesting or using caution beforehand. 

pre-cau'tious (-sh&s), a. Using precaution ; precautionary. 

pre-cede' (-sed'), v. t. & i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'ed) ; -ced'ing. 
[F. preceder, L. praecedere, -cessum ; prae + cedere to 
go.] 1. To go before in rank, importance, etc. ; take 
precedence of. 2. To be, go, or move before or in front of. 

3. To go before in order of time ; occur or exist before. 
pre-ced'once (-sed'ensH n. 1. Act or fact of preceding in 
pre-ced'en-cy (-en-si) / order of time ; priority. 2. Act, 

fact, or right of preceding in rank or dignity. 

pre-ced'ent (-ent), a. Going before; anterior; antecedent. 
Now Rare. — Syn. See antecedent. 

prec'e-dent (preVe-dent), n. 1. Something done or said 
that may serve as an example or rule to authorize or justify 
a subsequent act of the same or an analogous kind. 2. Law. 
A judicial decision, or form of proceeding, or course of ac- 
tion, serving as a rule in future similar or analogous cases. 

prec'e-den'tial (-den'shal), a. 1. Of the nature of or con- 
stituting a precedent ; as, precedential cases. 2. Having 
precedence ; preliminary. 3. Of or pert, to social precedence. 

pre-ced'ing (pre-sed'ing), p. a. That precedes; going be- 
fore, as in order, time, etc. — Syn. See antecedent. 

pre-cent' (pre-sent'). v. i. & t. To act as precentor ; lead in 
singing. 

pre-cen'tor (-sen'tor;, n. [L. praecentor, fr. praectnere to 
sing before ; prae + canere to sing.] A leader of singing ; a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ifcse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PRECENTORSHIP 



757 



PREDELLA 



directing singer, as in a cathedral choir or in churches hav- 
ing no choir. — pre-cen'tor-sbip, n. 
pre'cept (pre'sept), n. [L. praeceptum, fr. praecipere to 
take beforehand, instruct, teach ; prae + caper e to take.] 

1. Any commandment, instruction, or order intended as a 
rule of action or conduct ; esp., a command respecting 
moral conduct ; a working rule or direction. 2. Law. An 
order, warrant, or writ issued to an administrative officer. 

— Syn. Injunction, mandate, law, maxim. See doctrine. 
pre-cep'tive (pre-sep'tiv), a. Containing precepts ; of the 

nature of a precept ; mandatory ; instructive. 

pre-cep'tor (-ter), n. [L. praeceptor.] 1. One who gives 
precepts ; esp., the master of a school ; a teacher. 2. Head 
of a preceptory. — pre'cep-to'ri-al (pre'sep-to'rT-al ; 57) , a. 

pre-cep'to-ry (pre-sep'to-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-r!z). [LL. 
praeceptoria an estate assigned to a preceptor.] A reli- 
gious house of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the 
temple of the order in London. — a. Preceptive. 

pre-cep'tress (-tres), n. A female preceptor. 

pre-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [L. praecedere, praecessum, to 
precede. See precede.] Act of preceding ; precedence. 
precession of the equinoxes, Astron., a slow change in 
direction of the earth's axis, and consequent westward mo- 
tion of the equinoctial points on the ecliptic, due to the action 
of sun, moon, and planets on the protuberant matter about 
the earth's equator, so that the equinoctial points come to 
the meridian each day sooner than they otherwise would. 

pre-ces'sion-al (-51), a. Of or pertaining to precession. 

pre'cinct (pre'sirjkt), 7i. [LL. praecinctum, fr. L. prae- 
cingere, -cinctum, to gird about. See pre- ; cincture.] 1. 
An inclosure bounded by walls or other limits or by an 
imaginary line ; esp., in pi., the region immediately about a 
place ; environs. 2. A surrounding line or surface ; a bound- 
ary or limit. 3. A district, esp. one set out for governmental 
purposes, as for police control ; or, U. S., a subdivision of a 
ward or county for election purposes, etc. 

pre'ci-OS'i-ty (presh'i-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. pre- 
ciosite.'] Fastidious refinement, esp. in language. 

pre'cious (presh'ws), a. [OF. precios, L. pretiosus, fr. pre- 
tium price, value.] 1. Of great price or value ; costly ; as, a 
precious stone. 2. Of great worth in an immaterial way, as 
morally or spiritually ; dear ; as, precious recollections. 3. 
Fastidious ; overrefined ; as, precious language. 4. Egre- 
gious ; arrant ; — an intensive ; as, a precious fool. Colloq. 

— Syn. See valuable. — adv. Very ; — an intensive. 
Colloq. — pre'cious-ly, adv. — pre'cious-ness, n, 

prec'i-pice (pres'i-pis), n. [F. precipice, L. praecipitium, 
fr. praeceps, -cipitis, headlong ; prae + caput, -pitis, 
head.] A very steep or overhanging place, as the face of a 
cliff ; an abrupt declivity ; a cliff. [cipitated.l 

pre-cip'i-ta-ble (pre-sip'i-td-b'l), a. Capable of being pre-| 

pre-cip'i-tance (-sip'i-t<5ns), n. = Precipitancy, 1. 

pre-cip'i-tan-cy (-tan-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Quality or 
state of being precipitant or precipitate; headlong fall, 
speed, or hurry ; great haste ; precipitation ; rashness. 2. 
An instance of being precipitate. 

pre-cip'i-tant (-tant), a. [L. praecipitans, -antis, p. pr. of 
praecipitare to precipitate.] 1. Falling or rushing head- 
long ; moving precipitately ; falling or descending perpen- 
dicularly or nearly so ; as, precipitant flight. 2. Unexpect- 
edly or rashly brought on or hastened ; abrupt ; hasty ; as, 
precipitant rebellion. — n. Chem. Anything that causes a 
precipitation. — pre-cip'i-tant-ly, adv. 

pre-cip'i-tate (-tat), a. [L. praecipitatus, p. p. of praeci- 
pitare to precipitate, fr. praeceps headlong.] 1. Acting 
with unwise haste ; overhasty. 2. Done without, or ex- 
hibiting the lack of, due deliberation or care ; hurried ; as, 
a precipitate measure. 3. Falling, flowing, oi.' rushing, 
with steep descent. 4. Very sudden or abrupt ; as, a pre- 
cipitate illness. — Syn. See precipitous. 

— (-tat), v. t. & i. ; -tat'ed (-taVed) ; -tat'ing. 1. To throw 
or dash headlong ; cast or hurl down, as from a precipice. 

2. To cause to move, act, proceed, etc., very rapidly ; urge 
or press on with eager haste or violence ; cause to happen 
suddenly, unexpectedly or too soon ; as, to precipitate a 
conflict. 3. Chem. To separate as a precipitate. 4. Physics 
& Meteor. To condense, as a vapor. 

— n. Chem. A substance separated from a solution in a con- 
crete state, by chemical action (as by the action of a re- 
agent), or by heat or cold. 

pre-Cip'i-tate-ly, adv. In a precipitate manner, [cipitate.l 

pre-cip'i-tate-ness, n. Quality, state, or fact of being pre-| 

pre-cip'i-ta'tion (-ta'sh&n), n. Act of precipitating or state 

of being precipitated ; that which is precipitated ; specif. : 

a Headlong rush, b Great hurry ; undue, unwise, or rash 

haste ; impetuosity, c Hastening ; acceleration, d Chem. 

Act or process of precipitating from a solution ; also, a 

precipitate, e Meteor. A deposit on the earth of hail, mist, 

rain, sleet, or snow ; also, the quantity of water deposited. 

f Spiritualism. Materialization. [cipitates.l 

pre-cip'i-ta'tor (-tS'ter), n. One who, or that which, pre-| 

pre-cip'i-tin (-tin), n. [See precipitate ; -in.] Physiol. 



Chem. Any of a class of substances developed in blood se» 
rum that precipitate bacteria, protein substances, etc. 
pre-cip'i-tous (-tiis), a. [OF. precipiteux. Sec precipice.] 

1. Hasty ; rash. Rare. 2. Falling or rushing headlong ; pre- 
cipitate. Rare. 3. Steep like, or of the nature of, a preci- 
pice ; consisting of, or characterized by, precipices. — pre- 
cip'i-tous-ly, adv. — pre-cip'i-tous-ness, n. 

Syn. Precipitous, precipitate. Precipitous, in ordi- 
nary usage, denotes a physical quality only (see abrupt) ; 
as, a precipitous descent ; precipitate applies to impulses 
or actions implying headlong, overhasty. or rash action. 

H pre'cis' (pra'se' ; pra'se), n. sing. & pi. [F. See precise.] 
A concise statement ; abstract ; summary. 

pre-cise' (pre-sls'), a. [F. precis, fr. L. praecisus cut off, 
brief, concise, deriv. of prae + caedere to cut.] 1. Defi- 
nite ; exact ; distinct ; as, precise rules ; a precise voice. 

2. Strictly conforming to rule or usage ; punctilious ; scru- 
pulous ; nice ; sometimes, overnice ; fastidious. 3. Exact in 
statement, distinction, etc. ; minutely exact ; as, a precise 
definition. — Syn. Accurate, punctilious, particular. See 
correct, a. — pre-cisely, adv. — pre-cise'ness, n. — 
Syn. See precision. 

pre-ci'sian (-sTzh'an), n. One rigidly or ceremoniously 
exact in observing rules or forms, esp. in religious observ- 
ance; a formalist ; — formerly applied to the Puritans. 

pre-ci'sion (-un), n. Quality or state of being precise ; ex- 
actness ; accuracy ; definiteness. — pre-ci'sion-Lst, n. 
Syn. Precision, preciseness. Precision is commonly 
used in a good sense ; as, precision of thought, of aim. Pre- 
ciseness is often used disparagingly, with connotation oi 
primness or excessive punctilio ; as, Puritanical preciseness. 

pre-clude' (-kl6od' ; 86), v. t. ; -clud'ed (-klood'ed) ; -clud'- 
ing. [L. praecludere, -clusum; prae + claudere to shut.] 
1. To put a barrier before ; close ; stop ; as, to preclude es- 
cape. 2. To shut out or obviate by anticipation ; render in- 
effectual; as, to preclude objections. — Syn. See prevent. 

pre-clu'sion (-kloo'zhun ; 86), n. Act of precluding ; state 
of being precluded ; prevention by anticipation. 

pre-clu'sive (-siv), a. Shutting out ; precluding, or tending 
to preclude ; preventive. — pre-clu'sive-ly, adv. 

pre-CO'cious (-ko'shus), a. [L. praecox, -ocis, fr. prae- 
coquere to cook or ripen beforehand ; prae + coquere to 
cook.] Developed more than is natural or usual at a given 
age ; forward ; of, pert, to, or indicative of, premature de- 
velopment ; too forward. — pre-co'cious-ly, adv. — pre- 
co'cious-ness, n. [cious.| 

pre-coc'i-ty(-koVi-tT), n. Quality or state of being preco-| 

pre'cog-ni'tion (pre'kog-nish'im), n. [L. praecognitio, fr. 
praecognoscere to foreknow. See pre- ; cognition.] Pre- 
vious cognition ; foreknowledge. 

pre'eon-ceive'tpre'kon-seV), v. t. /-CErvED' (-sevd') j-CErv'- 
ing. To conceive, or form an opinion of, beforehand. 

pre'con-cep'tion (-sep'shun), n. Act of preconceiving; a 
conception or opinion previously formed. 

pre'con-cert' (-surt'), v. t. To concert or arrange before- 
hand ; to settle by prior agreement. [rangement.l 

pre-con'cert (-kon'sert), n. A previous agreement or ar-| 

pre'con-demn' (-dem'), v. t. To condemn beforehand. 

pre'CO-nize (pre'ko-niz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing 
(-nlz'ing). [LL. praeconizare to proclaim, fr. L. praeco, 
-onis, a crier, a herald.] 1. To proclaim or command pub- 
licly. Rare. 2. R. C. Ch. Of the Pope, to make formal ap- 
probation of (a nomination to an ecclesiastical dignity). 

pre'con-sign' (-kon-sln'), v. t. To consign beforehand. 

pre'con-tract' (-trakt r ), v. t. & i. To contract, engage, or 
stipulate previously. 

pre-con/tract (pre-kon'trakt), n. A contract preceding an- 
other ; esp., Law, an informal agreement of marriage. 

pre-cur'sive (pre-kur'siv), a. Precursory. 

pre-CUr'SOI (-ser), n. [L. praecursor, fr. praecurrere to run 
before ; prae + currere to run.] One that precedes and 
indicates approach ; a forerunner. — Syn. See forerunner. 

pre-cur'so-ry (-so-ri), a. Of the nature of a precursor or 
harbinger ; preceding or presaging ; preliminary. 

pre-da'cious (-da'shus), a. [L. praeda prey.] Living by 
preying on other animals ; predatory ; pert, to predatory 
animals. — pre-dac'i-ty (-dasT-ti), n. 

pre-date' (pre-dat r ), v. t. To antedate, as a deed. 

pred'a-10-ry (pred'd-to-rf), a. [L. praedatorius, It. prae- 
dari to plunder, praeda prey.] 1. Of, pert, to, or charac- 
terized by, plundering ; pillaging ; as, a predatory war. 2. 
Predacious ; as, a predatory animal. — pred'a-to-ri-ly, 
adv. — pred'a-to-ri-ness, n. 

pre / de-cease / (pre'de-seV), v. t. & i. To die sooner than. 

pred'e-ces'sor (pred'e-ses'er ; pre'de-), n. [F. predeces- 
seur, L. praedecessor ; prae before + decessor a retiring 
officer, fr. decedere. See decease.] 1. One who, or, some- 
times, a thing that, precedes, or has been succeeded by 
another ; one who has preceded another in any state, posi- 
tion, office, etc. 2. An ancestor ; progenitor. 

pre-del'la (pre-del'a; It. pra-del'la), n.; It. p?._-LE (-la). 
[It.] 1. The step or platform on which an altar is placed ; 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 






N 



PREDESIGNATE 



758 



PREFERENCE 



P 



also, a painting or sculpture on the face of this. 2. The 
raised secondary part of an altar ; a gradin ; also, a painting, 
sculpture, or frieze along its front. 3. A subordinate paint- 
ing forming an appendage to a picture. 

pre-des'ig-nate (pre-des'Ig-nat ; pre-dez'-), v. t. 1. To des- 
ignate beforehand. 2. Logic. To designate by prefixing a 
sign of quantity. — pre-des'ig-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 

pre-des'ti-na'ri-an (pre-des'ti-na'ri-dn ; 3), a. Of or pert, 
to predestination. — n. One who supports the doctrine of 
predestination. — pre^des'ti-na'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 

pre-des'ti-nate (-des'ti-nat), a. [L. praedestinatus, p. p. 
of praedestinare to predestine.] Predestined; foreor- 
dained; Theol., predestinated. — (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed 
(-naVed) ; -nat'ing. To foreordain ; predestine ; preordain ; 
Theol., to foreordain by divine decree or eternal purpose. 

pre-des'ti-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 1. A predestinating; 
state of being predestinated ; hence : fate ; destiny. 2. 
Theol. The decree of God from eternity respecting all 
events ; esp., the foreordaining of men to everlasting happi- 
ness or misery (one of the five points of Calvinism). 

pre-des'tine (-des'tih), v. t. To predestinate, [forehand. I 

pre'de-ter'mi-nate (pre'de-tur'mi-nat^a. Determined be- 1 

pre'de-ter'mine (preMe-tur'min), v. t. & i. 1. To deter- 
mine beforehand ; predestine. 2. To direct beforehand. — 
pre'de-ter'mi-na'tion (pre'de-tur'mi-na'shftn), n. 

pre'di-al (preMi-dl). Var. of predial. 

pred'i-ca-ble (pred'i-kd-b'l), a. That may be predicated ; 
affirmable. — n. 1. Anything affirmable of another ; an 
attribute. 2. Logic. One of the five most general relations 
of attributes involved in logical arrangements, viz. : genus, 
species, difference, property, and accident. 

pre-dit/a-ment (pre-dik'd-ment), n. [L. praedicamentum 
that which is predicated, a quality.] 1. A class or kind 
described by any definite marks. 2. Condition ; situation ; 
state ; esp., an unpleasant, unfortunate, or trying position, 
condition, or situation. 

Syn. Predicament, plight, quandary, dilemma (in 
their nontechnical senses). Predicament applies esp. to 
situations or positions (usually bad or evil) ; plight, to sim- 
ilar states or conditions ; as, he was placed in an awkward 
predicament; the unhappy plight of a friendless man. A 
quandary is a state of puzzlement or perplexity ; a di- 
lemma is a perplexing alternative or choice ; as, his ques- 

| tion put me in a quandary , he was confronted by the dilem- 
ma of capitulating o r starving. 

pred'i-cant (pred'i-kdnt), a. Preaching, — n. A preacher. 

pred'i-cate (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. [L. 
praedicatus, p. p. of praedicare to proclaim. See preach.] 

1. To proclaim ; declare ; also, to preach. 2. Specif. : a To 
assert to be a quality, attribute, or property (of) ; affirm 
(one thing of another) ; as, to predicate goodness or bad- 
ness of motives, b To imply ; connote ; as, snow predicates 
whiteness. 3. To found ; base. U. S. See Syn., below. 
Syn. Predicate, predict. Predicate applies only to the 
affirmation of qualities, properties, or attributes, and never 
has reference to the future, as predict always does. The 
use of predicate in the sense of " base, " as in "success pred- 
icated on efficiency," has no warrant in good usage. 

— v. i. To affirm something of another thing ; assert. 

— (-kat), a. 1. Predicated. 2. Gram. Belonging to the 
predicate ; predicated by a verb ; as, a predicate adjective. 

— n. 1. Logic. That which is affirmed or denied of a sub- 
ject. In Paper is white, ink is not white, whiteness is the 
predicate affirmed of paper and denied of ink. 2. Gram. 
The word or words in a proposition or sentence which ex- 
press what is said of the subject. The predicate is a finite 
verb, alone or with an object or objects, adverbial adjuncts, 
or a complement. — Syn. Affirmation, declaration. 

pred'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of predicating, or of af- 
firming one thing of another ; affirmation ; assertion. 

pred'i-ca-tive (pred'i-ka-tiv), a. Expressing predication ; 
affirming ; predicating. — pred'I-ca-tive-ly, adv. 

pred'i-ca-to-ry v -kd-to-ri), a. 1. Of or pert, to preaching. 

2. Marked by being proclaimed or set forth publicly. 
pre-dict' (pre-dfkt'), v. t. & i. [L. praedictus, p. p. of 

praedicere to predict ; prae before + dicer e to say, tell.] 
To tell or declare beforehand ; foretell ; prophesy ; presage. 
— Syn. See foretell, predicate. [foretold. | 

pre-dict'a-ble (-dik'td-b'l), a. That can be predicted, orj 

pre-dic'tion (-dik'shun), n. Act of predicting ; that which 
is foretold ; a prophecy. — Syn. Prognostication, forebod- 
ing, augury, divination, soothsaying; vaticination. 

pre-dic'tive (-tiv), a. Predicting. — pre-dic'tive-ly, adv. 

pre-dic'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, predicts. 

pre'di-gest' (pre'di-jest' ; pre'dl-), v. t. To digest before- 
hand ; subject to predigestion. 

pre'di-ges'tion (-jes'chun), n. Artificial digestion of food 
for use in illness or in case of impaired^digestion. 

pre'di-lec'tion (pre'di-lek'shwn ; pred'i-), n. [F. predi- 
lection, fr. LL. praediligere to prefer ; L. prae + diligere, 
dilectum, to choose.] A previous liking ; prepossession in 
favor of something ; partiality. 
Syn. Predisposition, prepossession, preconception, prefer- 



pre'dis-pose' (pre'dTs-poz'), 
ing (-poz'ing). 1. To dispo! 



ence ; prejudice. — Predilection, prepossession, preju- 
dice imply a predisposition for or against something. Pre- 
dilection implies an inclination to like ; as, to have a 
predilection for the whimsical. Now, prepossession al- 
most always is favorable; prejudice, unfavorable. Pre- 
possession implies a readiness to befavorablyimpressed by 
an object without adequate acquaintance ; prejudice im- 
plies a prejudgment without just grounds or sufficient 
knowledge ; as, prepossessions of childhood ; bitter but 
honest prejudices. 

. . v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'- 
o dispose or incline beforehand ; give a 
tendency to ; as, debility predisposes the body to disease. 
2. To dispose of or bequeath beforehand. 

pre-dis'po-si'tion (pre-dis'po-zish'tm), n. Act of predis- 
posing, or state of being predisposed ; previous inclination, 
tendency, or propensity ; predilection ; susceptibility. 

pre-dom'i-nance (pre-dom'i-nans), n. Quality or state of 
being predominant. — pre-dom'i-nan-cy (-nan-si), n. 

pre-dom'i-nant (-nant), a. Having ascendancy over others ; 
superior in strength, influence, authority, or position ; pre- 
vailing ; prevalent. — Syn. Ascendant, ruling, controlling, 
overruling. See dominant. — pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv. 

pre-dom'i-nate (-nat), v. i. \_pre- + dominate.'] To be su- 
perior in number, strength, influence, authority, or posi- 
tion ; have ascendancy ; prevail ; rule. nat'ing-ly, adv. 

pre-dom'i-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. Act or state of predomi- 
nating ; ascendancy ; predominance. 

pre-em/i-nence ^em'i-nens), n. Quality or state of being 
preeminent ; distinction above others in quality, rank, etc. 

pre-em'i-nent (-nent), a. [L. praeeminens, -entis, p. pr. 
of praeeminere to be prominent, surpass.] Eminent above 
others ; prominent among those who are eminent ; superior, 
esp. in excellence. — pre-e'm'i-nent-ly, adv. 

pre-empt' (-empt'), v. t. & i. [pre- + L. emptio a buying.] 
To settle on (public land) with a right of preemption ; take 
by preemption. — pre-emp'tor (-emp'tor), n. 

pre-emp'tion (-emp'shim), n. Act or right of purchasing 
before others. — pre-emp'tive (-tiv), a. 

pre-emp'to-ry (-to-rT), a. Of or pertaining to preemption. 

preen (pren), v. t. & i. [Prob. same word as prune, v.] 1. 
To trim or dress with the beak, as the feathers ; — chiefly 
of birds. 2. To trim, dress, or smooth (one's self) up. 

pre'en-gage' (pre'en-gaj'), v. t. & i. To engage beforehand. 
— pre'en-gage'ment (-ment), n. 

pre'e's-tab'lish (-es-tab'lish), v. t. To establish beforehand. 

pre'ex-il'i-an (pre'eg-zil'i-an ;-ek-sil'i-an)\a. [pre- + L. 

pre'ex-iPlc^ (pre'eg-zil'Tk ; pre'ek-sil'ik) J exilium, ex- 
silium, exile or E. exile.'] Previous to the exile ; specif., 
Jewish Hist., belonging to, or occurring in, the period be- 
fore_ the Babylonian captivity, i. e., before about GOO B. c. 

pre'ex-ist' (pre'eg-zisf), v. i. To exist before. 

pre'ex-ist'ence (-zTs'tens), n. Existence in a former state 
or previous to something else. 

pre'ex-ist'ent (-zis'tent), a. Existing previously. 

preface (pref'as), n. [F. preface, fr. L. praefatio, fr. 
praefari to say beforehand ; prae before -f- fari, fatus, to 
speak.] Something spoken or written as preliminary or in- 
troductory to a discourse, a book, or the like, as by way of 
explanation; a foreword. — v. %.; pref'aced (pref'ast) ; 
-AC-iNG (-a-smg). To make, speak, write, etc., a preface.— 
v. t. 1. To introduce by, or furnish with, a preface ; as, to 
preface a book or discourse. 2. To be preliminary to ; as, a 
sigh prefaced his words. 

pref'a-to-ry (pref'd-to-n), a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a preface ; introductory ; preliminary. 

pre'fect (pre'fekt), n. [L. praefectus, fr. praefectus, p. p. 
of praeficere to set over ; prae before + -ficere (in comp.) 
to make.] 1. In ancient Rome, any of various high officials 
or magistrates at the head of a particular command, charge, 
department, etc. 2. In modern use, a president, chief mag- 
istrate, or the like, as the head of any of the congregations 
of cardinals ; in France or China, the chief administrative 
officer of a department. 

pre-fec'tur-al (pre-fek'tur-dl), a. Of or pert, to a prefecture. 

pre'fec-ture (pre'fek-tur), n. [L. praefectura.] Ofixe, 
period of office, district, or official residence of a prefect. 

pre-fer' (pre-fur'), v. t.; -eerred' (-furd') ; -fer'ring. [F. 
preferer, L. pracferre; prae before + ferre to bear.] 1. 
To put in a higher position, rank, etc. ; exalt ; promote. 
Rare. 2. To offer ; proffer. Rare. 3. To bring, put, or set 
forward or before one ; present ; as, to prefer a claim against 
a person. 4. To set above or before something else in esti- 
mation, favor, honor, etc. ; as, to prefer French to Latin ; 
hence, to choose rather. 5. Law. To give a preference or 
priority to. — Syn. Elect, select. 

pref'er-a-ble (pref'er-d-b'l), a. Worthy to be preferred; 
more desirable. — pref'er-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), pref'er-a- 
ble-ness, n. — pref 'er-a-bly, adv. 

pref'er-ence (-ens), n. 1. Act of preferring, or state of being 
preferred ; higher estimation ; prior choice ; also, the power 
or opportunity of choosing. 2. That which is preferred. 3. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PREFERENTIAL 



759 



PREMIUM 



Law. Priority in the right to demand and receive satisfac- 
tion of an obligation. — Syn. See alternative. 

prefer-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Giving, indicating, or having 
a preference or precedence. — pref 'er-en'tial-ly, adv. 
preferential voting, Political Science, a system of voting 
in which the voters indicate their preference between can- 
didates for an office, so that if no candidate receives a 
majority of first choices the one receiving the greatest 
number of first and second choices is nominated or elected. 

pre-ler'ment (pre-fur'ment), n. 1. Act of preferring ; state 
of being advanced ; advancement ; promotion. 2. A posi- 
tion, appointment, or office of honor or profit. 

pre-fer'rer (pre-fur'er), n. One who prefers. 

pre-fig'u-ra'tion (-u-ra/sh&n), n. 1. Act of prefiguring ; rep- 
resentation by a previous figure or type. 2. Antecedent 
figureortype ; prototype. — pre-fig'ur-a-tive (-ur-a-tiv),a. 

pre-fig'ure (-fig'ur), v. t.; -ured (-urd) ; -ur-ing. [F. pre- 
figurer, or L. praefigurare. See pre- ; figure.] 1. To show, 
suggest, or announce, by an antecedent type or similitude ; 
foreshadow. 2. To figure to one's self, or imagine, before- 
hand ; as, he was not what I had prefigured him. 

pre-fig'ure-ment (-ment), n. Act of prefiguring; prefig- 
uration ; something prefigured. 

pre-fix' (pre-fiks'), v. t. [Deriv. of L. praefixus fixed be- 
fore.] 1. To put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another 
thing; as, to prefix a title to a book, a syllable to a word. 
2. To fix beforehand ; as, the prefixed hour drew near. 

pre'fix (pre'fiks), n. That which is prefixed ; esp., one or 
more letters or syllables added at the beginning of a word 
to modify its signification, as pre- in prefix, con- in conjure. 

pre-fix'ion (-shun), n. Act of prefixing ; a placing of a word 

* or particle before, esp. in combination with, a word. 

pre-form' (pre-form'), v. t. To form beforehand. 

pre'for-ma'tion (pre'for-ma'sh&n), n. 1. Act of preform- 
ing. 2. Biol. Short for theory of preformation, an old 
theory which held that every germ cell contained the or- 
ganism of its kind fully formed, and that development con- 
sisted merely in increase in size. Cf . epigenesis. 

preg'na-ble (preg'nd-b'l), a. [F. prenable, fr. prendre to 
take, L. prehendere.~\ Capable of being taken, or captured, 
by assault ; — said of a fort or stronghold. Also used fig- 
uratively. — preg'na-bil'i-ty (-biPi-ti), n. _ 

preg'nan-cy (-nan-si), n. Condition, quality, or state of 
being pregnant. 

preg'nant (-nant), a. [L. praegnans, -antis; prae-\- root 
of nasci to be born.] 1. Being with young ; teeming. 2. 
Teeming with, or full of, ideas; fertile; inventive; as, a 
pregnant mind. Arcliaic. 3. Heavy with important con- 
tents, significance, or issue ; weighty ; suggestive ; poten- 
tial ; as, pregnant replies. — preg'nant -ly, adv. 

pre-heat' (pre-het'), v. t. To heat previously, as compressed 
air before it is allowed to expand in a compressed-air engine 
(to prevent excessive cold and consequent deposition of 
frost). — pre-heat'er (-er), n. 

pre-hen'sile (pre-hen'sil), a. [F. prehensile, fr. L. pre- 
hendere, -hensum, to seize.] Adapted for grasping, esp. by 
wrapping around. — pre'hen-siPi-ty (pre'ken-sll'i-ti), n. 

pre-hen'sion (pre-hen'sh£n), n. 1. Act of taking hold, 
seizing, or grasping. Chiefly Zool. 2. Mental apprehension. 

pre'his-tor'ic (pre'his-tur'Ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or ex- 
isting in, the period before written history begins. 

prehn'ite (pran'It ; pren'It), n. [After a Dutch Colonel 
van Pre.hn.] Min. A native pale green hydrous silicate 
of aluminium and calcium, H2Ca2Al2(Si04)3, in crystalline 
aggregates. 

pre'ig-ni'tion (pre'ig-msh'im), n. Engin. Ignition in an 
internal-combustion engine while the inlet valve is open or 
before compression is completed. 

pre-judge' (pre-juj'), v. t. To judge before full and suffi- 
cient examination ; pass judgment on beforehand. — pre- 
judgment, pre-judge'ment (-mcnt), n. 

prej'u-dice (prej'6"6-dis ; 80), n. [F. prejudice, L. prac ju- 
dicium; prae before + judicium judgment.] 1. Injury 
due to some judgment or action of another, as in disregard 
of a person's right; — now used chiefly in: in, or to, the 
prejudice of ; without prejudice, etc. 2. Preconceived 
judgment or opinion ; unreasonable predilection or objec- 
tion ; esp., an opinion or leaning adverse to anything with- 
out just grounds or before sufficient knowledge. — Syn. 
Prejudgment, bias. See predilection. 

— v. t. ; -diced (-dist) ; -dic-ing (-di-smg). 1. To injure or 
damage by some judgment or action ; hence : to hurt ; dam- 
age ; as, to prejudice a good cause. Chiefly Legal. 2. To 
cause to have prejudice ; bias ; as, to prejudice a juryman. 

prej'u-di'cial (-dish'dl), a. Tending to injure or impair; 
hurtful ; damaging ; detrimental. — prej/u-dPcial-ly, adv. 

prel'a-cy (prel'd-si), n. ; pi. -ctes (-siz). 1. Office or dignity 
of a prelate. 2. Prelates collectively. 3. Church govern- 
ment by prelates ; — chiefly a hostile term for episcopacy. 

prel'ate (-at), n. [F. prelat, LL. praelatus, fr. L. praela- 
tus, used as p. p. of praeferre to prefer.] An ecclesiastic of 
superior rank and authority, as a bishop. — prePate-ship, n. 



pre-lat'ic (pre"-lat'ik)la. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a 

pre-lat'i-cal (-T-kdl) / prelate or prelacy ; like a prelate 
adhering to prelacy ; — often hostilely for episcopal. 

prePa-tism (prel'd-tiz'm), n. Prelacy ; episcopacy or ad- 
herence to it ; — chiefly used hostilely. 

prePa-tist (-tlst ) , n. One who supports or advocates prelacy ; 
hence, often hostilely, a High Churchman. 

prePa-ture (-tur), n. [F. prclalure, or LL. praelatura.~\ 
State or dignity of a prelate ; prelacy. 

pre-lect' (pre-lekt'), v. i. [L. praelectus, p. p. of praelegcre 
to read before.] To discourse publicly ; lecture. 

pre-lec'tion (-lek'skun), n. A public lecture, as to students. 

pre-lec'tor (-ter), n. A reader of lectures or discourses ; a 
lecturer, as in a university. 

pre'li-ba'tion (pre'lI-ba'shSn), n. [L. praelibatio, fr. prae- 
libare to taste beforehand.] A foretaste. 

pre-lim'i-na-ry (prc-llm'i-na-ri), a. [pre- + L. liminarii 
of a threshold, limen, liminis, threshold.] Introductory ; 
preceding the main discourse, business, or subject ; pref- 
atory. — Syn. Preparatory. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). That 
which precedes a main discourse, work, design, or business ; 
something introductory or preparatory. — Syn. Introduc- 
tion, preface, prelude. — pre-lim'i-na-ri-ly (-rT-li), adv. 

prePude (prel'ud ; pre'lud), n. [F. prelude, fr. L. prae be- 
fore -f- ludus play.] An introductory performance, action, 
event, etc., preparing for a more important matter ; pref- 
ace ; esp., Music, a strain, section, or movement introduc- 
ing the theme or chief subject, as of a fugue, suite, etc. 
Syn. Prelude, overture. Prelude suggests that which i3 
preliminary or introductory to a larger or more important 
work or movement ; overture suggests more grandiose or 
orchestral effect ; as, the prelude to a play ; the winds played 
an overture to the thunder of the storm. 

pre-lude' (pre-lud' or, esp. in ref. to music, prel'ud, pre'lud) , 
v. i. ; -ltjd'ed (pre-lud'ed ; prel'u-ded ; pre'lu-) ; -lud'ing. 
[L. praeludere, praelusum ; prae before -f- ludereto play.] 
To give or serve as a prelude ; be introductory ; Music, to 
play a prelude. — v. t. 1. To serve as prelude to ; introduce. 
2. To play as a prelude ; play a prelude to. ; — pre-lud'er, n. 

pre-lu'sion (pre-lu'zhim), n. A prelude; introduction. 

pre-lu'sive (-siv), pre-lu'SO-ry (-so-n), a. Of the nature of 
a prelude ; introductory. — pre-lu'sive-ly, -SO-ri-ly, adv. 

pre / rna-ture'(pre / md-tur' or pre'md-tur or, esp. in British 
usage, prem'd-tur), a. [L. praematurus ; prae before + 
maturus ripe.] Happening, arriving, existing, or performed 
before the proper or usual time ; too early ; untimely. See 
mature. — pre'ma-ture'ly, adv. — pre'ma-ture'ness, n. 

pre'ma-tu'ri-ty (pre'md-tu'ri-tT ; prem'd-), n. Quality or 
state of being premature. 

pre'max-iPla (-mak-sil'd), n.; pi. -ts. (-e). [NL.] Anat. 
& Zool. One of a pair of bones of the upper jaw of verte- 
brates between, and in front of, the maxillaries. — pre- 
max'il-la-ry (pre-mak'sT-la-rT), a. & n. 

pre-med'i-tate (pre-med'i-tat), v. t. & i. ; -tated (-tat'ed) ; 
-tat'ing. [L. praemeditatus, p. p. of praemeditari ; prae 
before + meditari to meditate.] To think on, and revolve 
in the mind, beforehand ; deliberate beforehand. 

pre-med / i-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of premeditating ; fore- 
thought ; planning. — pre-med'i-ta-tive (-med'i-ta-tiv), a. 

pre'mi-er (pre'mi-er ; prem'yer), a. [F., fr. L. primarius 
of the first rank, primus first.] First ; specif. : a Chief ; as, 
the premier place, b Earliest ; as, a premier statement. — 
n. The first minister of state ; more generally, chief officer ; 
esp., the prime minister, as of France. — pre'mi-er-ship', n. 

|| pre-miere r (pre-myar'), a. fern. [F.] First ; chief. — n. 
fern. ; pi. -mieres (F. pre-myar'). 1. The leading woman, 
esp. in a theatrical cast. 2. A first performance. 

pre-miPle-na'ri-an (pre-mil'e-na'ri-dn ; 3), n. One who 
holds the doctrine of premillennialism. — pre-miFle-na'- 
ri-an, a. — pre-miFle-na'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 

pre'mil-len'ni-al (pre'mi-len'i-dl), a. Coming before the 
millennium ; — said esp. of the Second Advent. 

pre'mil-len'ni-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. Theol. The doctrine that 
the second coming of Christ precedes the millennium ; — 
opp. to postmillennialism. — pre'mil-len'ni-al-ist, n. 

prem'ise, prem'iss (prem'is), n. [F. premisse, fr. fern, of 
L. praemissus, p. p. of praemittere to send before. See 
pre- ; mission.] 1. A proposition antecedently supposed or 
proved ; specif., Logic, a proposition stated or assumed as 
leading to a conclusion ; either of the first two propositions 
of a syllogism. 2. In pi. Law. a Matters previously stated 
or set forth ; hence, the part of a deed constituting all that 
precedes the habendum, b The stating part of a bill in 
equity setting forth the causes of complaint, the parties 
against whom redress is sought, etc. 3. In pi. a Law. The 
property conveyed in a deed. \> Hence, a piece of land or 
real estate ; sometimes, esp. in fire insurance, a building. 

pre-mise'fore-mlz'), v. t. ; -MiSED'(-mTzd') ; -mis'ing (-mlz'- 
Ing). To set forth beforehand or as introductory; offer 
previously, as in explanation. — v. i. To make a premise. 

pre'mi-um (pre'mT-um), n. [L. praemium, orig., what 
one has got before, or better than, others ; prat before + 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Ksplanatlons of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. J| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PREMOLAR 



760 



PRESAGER 







emere to take, buy.] 1. A reward or recompense ; a prize to 
be won in a competition ; as, a premium for excellence. 2. 
Something offered or given for the loan of money ; bonus. 
3. The consideration given for a contract of insurance. 4. 
A sum above the nominal or par value of anything ; as, he 
sold his stock at a premium. 5. The excess in purchasing 
power, or exchange value, of one form of money over another 
of the same nominal value, as of gold dollars over paper, 
at a premium, above par ; hence : unusually valuable ; in 

i high esteem ; hard to get or find. 

pre-mo'lar (pre-mo'ldr), a. Anat. & Zool. In front of or 
preceding the molar teeth ; specif., designating, or pert, to, 
certain teeth of mammals in front of the true molars, in 
man termed bicuspid teeth. — n. A premolar tooth. 

pre-mon'ish (pre"-mon'ish), v. t. & i. \_pre- + monish."] 
To forewarn ; admonish beforehand. Rare. 

pre'mo-ni'tion (pre'mo-nfsh'&n), re. [L. praemonitio.J 
1. Previous warning or information. 2. Anticipation of an 
event without conscious reason ; presentiment. 

pre-mon'i-to-ry (pre-mon'I-to-rY), a. Giving previous 
warning or notice. — pre-mon'i-to-ri-ly, adv. 

Pre-mon'strant (-strfint), a. & re. Premonstratensian. 

Pre-mon'stra-ten'sian (-strd-ten'shdn), n. [From LL. 
form of adj. fr. PrSmontre, in France.] R. C. Ch. One of 
a religious order of regular canons founded by St. Norbert 
at Premontre, near Laon, France, in 1119. They are called 
also White Canons (from their habit), and Premonstrants. 

— Pre-mon'stra-ten'sian, a. 

pre-morse' (-mors'), a. [L. praemorsus, p. p. of praemor- 
dere to bite off ; prae before + mordere to bite.] Lit., 
bitten off ; hence, irregularly truncate ; as, a premorse root. 

pre-mun'dane (pre-mfln'dan), a. Existing before or ante- 
dating the creation of the world. 

pre-na'tal (-na'tdl),^. Before birth. — pre-na'tal-ly, adv. 

pre-nom'i-nate (pre-n5m'i-nat), a. [L. praenominatus, 
p. p.] Named or mentioned before. 

pre-no'tion (pre-no'shiin), re. [L. praenotio.'] A previous 
notion or thought ; preconception. 

pre-oc'CU-pan-cy (pre-ok'u-pdn-si), re. Preoccupation. 

pre-OC'cu-pa'tion (-pa'shwn), n. Act of preoccupying, or 
state of being preoccupied ; prepossession. 

pre-OC'cu-pied (-ok'd-pld), a. Engrossed; absorbed; lost 
in thought. — Syn. See absent. 

pre-oc'cu-py (-pi), v. t.; -pied (-pTd) ; -py'ing. 1. To oc- 
cupy, or take possession of, before another ; as to preoc- 
cupy a country. 2. To engage, occupy, or engross the atten- 
tion of, beforehand ; preengage. 

pre-O'ral (pre-o'rdl ; 57), a. Zool. Situated in front of, or 
anterior to, the mouth. — pre-O'ral-ly, adv. 

pre'or-dain' (pre'or-dan'), v. t. To foreordain. — pre-or'- 
di-na'tion (-or'di-na'shwn), re. 

prep'a-ra'tion (prep'd-ra'shiin), re. 1. Act of preparing ; 
a getting ready ; equipment ; training ; formation ; manufac- 
ture. 2. State of being prepared ; readiness ; fitness. 3. 
That which makes ready, prepares the way, or introduces ; 
as, marriage preparations. 4. That which is prepared, as a 
medicinal substance fitted for use. 5. Music. The anticipa- 
tion of a discord by introducing the discordant note in the 
consonant chord immediately preceding. 

pre-par'a-tive (pre-par'd-tlv), a. Tending or serving to 

i prepare, or make ready ; preparatory. — n. A preparation. 

— pre-par'a-tive-ly, adv. 

pre-par'a-tor (-ter), re. One who prepares ; a preparer, as of 
specimens for scientific uses. 

pre-par'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. 1. Preparing, or serving to pre- 
pare, the way for something ; introductory ; as, a prepara- 
tory school. 2. Being prepared ; undergoing (esp. prelimi- 
nary) training or instruction ; as, a preparatory student. 

pre-pare' (-par'), v. t.; -pared' (-pard'); -par'ing (-par'- 
Ing). [F. preparer, L. praeparare ; prae -j- par are to 
make ready.] 1. To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular 
purpose or condition ; make ready ; as, to prepare a boy for 
college. 2. To procure as suitable or necessary ; provide. 
Rare. 3. To work up ; dress ; dress and cook ; arrange and 
make things for ; make ; form ; compound ; as, to prepare 
food, a meal, a feast, an entertainment, a drug, etc. — v. i. 
1. To make ready ; as, to prepare for war. 2. To make one's 
self ready ; get ready ; as, to prepare for death. 

pre-pared' (-pard'), p. a. Ready ; equipped ; made. — pre- 
par'ed-ly (-paVed-lI), adv. 

pre-par'ed-ness, re. State of being prepared ; readiness ; 
specif., a state of military and naval preparation for defense 
in the case of possible hostilities. 

pre-par'er (-par'er), n. One who prepares. 

pre-pay' (pre-pa/), v. t. ; for prin. parts see pay. To pay, or 
to pay the charge upon, in advance or beforehand. 

pre-pay'ment (-ment), re. Payment in advance. 

pre-pense' (pre-pens'), a. [Prob. fr. OF. porpense" medi- 
tated.] Premeditated ; as, malice prepense. 

pre-pon'der-ance (-pon'der-dns), re. Quality or state of be- 
ing preponderant ; superiority or excess in weight, influence, 
power, number, etc. ; an outweighing. 



pre-pon'der-an-cy (-der-dn-si), re. Preponderance. 

pre-pon'der-ant (-ant), a. Preponderating; superior in 
weight, force, etc. ; predominant. pon'der-ant-ly, adv. 

pre-pon'der-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing (-at'- 
ing). [L. praeponderatus, p. p. of praeponderare. See 
pre- ; ponder.] To outweigh ; exceed or surpass in weight, 
force, influence, etc. ; overbalance. — v. i. To exceed in 
weight ; descend, as the scale of a balance ; fig., to exceed in 
influence, power, etc. ; prevail ; predominate. 

pre-pon'der-at'ing (-at'ing), p. a. Dominating ; prevailing. 

— Syn. See dominant. — pre-pon'der-at'ing-ly, adv. 
pre-pon'der-a'tion (-a'shtm), re. Act, state, or fact of pre- 
ponderating. 

prep'o-si'tion (prep'6-zish'ren), re. [L. praepositio, fr. 
praeponere to place before.] Gram. A word (as of, in, out, 
to, up, down, for, etc.), generally having a fundamental 
meaning of position, direction, time, means, or other ab- 
stract relation, used to connect a noun or a pronoun (which 
it usually precedes), in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with 
some other word. 

prep'0-si'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a preposition. — prep'o-si'tion-al-ly, adv. 

pre-pos'i-tive (prg-poz'i-tlv), a. Gram. Put before ; pre- 
fixed. — re. A prepositive word or particle. 

pre'pos-sess' (pre'po-zes'), v. t. To preoccupy, as the mind 
or heart, so as to preclude other things ; hence : to preju- 
dice ; esp., to induce to a favorable opinion beforehand. 

pre'pos-sess'ing, p. a. Tending to invite favor ; attractive. 

pre/pos-ses'siqn (-po-zesh'un), re. Preoccupation of the 
mind by an_ opinion or impression already formed ; precon- 
ceived opinion ; bias ; — usually used in a favorable sense. 

— Syn. See predilection. 

pre-pos'ter-OUS (pre-pos'ter-iis), a. [L. praeposterus ; 
prae before + posterus latter.] Contrary to nature, rea- 
son, or common sense ; utterly and glaringly foolish ; ab- 
surd. — Syn. Perverted, irrational, monstrous. — pre- 
pos'ter-ous-ly, adv. — pre-pos'ter-ous-ness, re. 

pre-pos'tor, prae-pqS'tor (ter), re. [LL. praepositor.'] At 
some English public schools, any of several senior pupils 
exercising certain delegated control of the students. 

pre-po'ten-cy (-po'ten-sl), re. Quality or fact of being pre- 
potent ; predominance ; Biol., greater capacity of one of the 
parents to transmit his or her own characteristics. 

pre-po'tent (-tent), a. [L. praepotens. See pre- ; potent.] 
1. Very powerful ; superior in force, influence, etc. 2. Biol. 
Characterized by prepotency. 

pre'puce (pre'pus), re. [F. prepuce, L. praeputium.'] The 
fold of skin which covers the glans of the penis ; foreskin. 

Pre-Raph'a-el-ite, re. 1. Strictly, a member of a society of 
artists formed in England in 1848 to encourage fidelity to 
nature, sincerity, and delicacy of finish. 2. Popularly, any 
modern artist regarded as a restorer of early ideals or 
methods, as one who paints and draws with extreme mi- 
nuteness of detail. 3. Popularly, any Italian painter of the 
time before Raphael. — Pre-Raph'a-el-ite, a. — Pre- 
Raph'a-el-it'ism, re. 

pre-req'ui-site (pre"-rek'wi-zit), a. Previously required; 
necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end. — 
re. Something prerequisite. 

pre-rog'a-tive (pre-rog'd-tiv), re. [F. prerogative, fr. L. 
praerogativa precedence in voting, privilege, deriv. of prae- 
rogare to ask before another ; prae + rogare to ask.] 1. 
Precedence in rights. Civil Law. 2. A prior or exclusive 
right to exercise a power or privilege, esp. as attached to an 
office or rank. — a. Belonging to or having a prerogative. 
prerogative court, Law, formerly, in English law, the 
court of an archbishop which had jurisdiction in certain 
cases of wills or administrations. The jurisdiction is now 
vested in the Probate Division of the Supreme Court of 
Judicature. A prerogative court was established in the 
colony of New Jersey, and the probate court of that State 
is still so called. — p. writ, Law, any of certain writs (those 
of procedendo, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and 
habeas corpus) issued originally, in England, by the ex- 
ercise of the royal prerogative, and now in the discretion 
of the courts. 

11 pre'sa (pra'sa), re. ; pi. prese (-sa). [It., prop., a taking.] 
Music. A mark (written :S:, +, JK) indicating where suc- 
cessive voice parts of a canon, etc., take up the theme. 

pres'age (pres'aj ; pre'saj), re. [F. presage, L. praesagium., 
fr. praesagire; prae before + sagire to perceive acutely.] 
1. Something that foreshows or portends a future event ; 
a prognostic ; omen ; augury ; sign ; as, presages of evil. 2. 
A presentiment ; foreboding ; as, a gloomy presage. 3. A 
prediction. Rare. 4. Predictive or prophetic meaning or im- 
port ; as, full of mystic presage. 

pre-sage' (pre-saj'), v. t.; -saged' (-sajd') ; -sag'ing (-saj'- 
Ing). 1. To have a presentiment of ; forebode. 2. To fore- 
show ; portend. 3. To foretell ; predict. — Syn. See fore- 
tell. — v. i. To utter or make a prediction. 

pre-sage'ful (-fool), a. Full of presages ; ominous. 

pre-sag'er (pre-saj'er), re. One who, or that which, presages. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PRESBYOPIA 



761 



PRESERVE 



pres'by-O'pi-a (preVbT-o'pT-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. irpia&w old, 
n., an old man + -opia.] Med. A defect of vision due to 
advancing age ; a form of hypermetropia, or farsightedness. 

pres'by-op'ic ( -op'ik ), a. Affected by presbyopia ; far- 
sighted ; also, remedying presbyopia. 

pres'by-ter (prez'bl-ter ; pres'-), n. [L., an elder, Gr. 
irpeafivTepos. See priest.] 1. An elder in the early Chris- 
tian church. 2. A priest. 3. In the Presbyterian churches, 
a member of a presbytery, whether lay or clerical. 

pres-byt'er-al (prez-bit'er-al ; pres-), a. Presbyterial ; pres- 
byterian. [ter ; also, a presbytery.! 

pres-byt'er-ate(-at), n. The office or position of a presby-| 

pres'by-te'ri-al (preVbT-te'rT-dl ; pres'-), a. Of or pert, to a 
presbytery or presbyters ; presbyteral ; also, presbyterian. 

pres'by-te'ri-an (-an), a. Of, pert, to, or having government 
by presbyters ; [cap.] designating, or pert, to, a church or 
churches governed by presbyters. — n. leap.'] A supporter 
of Presbyterianism ; a member of the Presbyterian Church, 
which is trinitarian and Calvinistic. 

Pres'by-te'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. That form of church gov- 
ernment which invests presbyters with all spiritual power, 
and admits no prelates over them ; also, the faith and pol- 
ity of the Presbyterian churches collectively. 

pres'by-ter-y (prez'bi-ter-i ; pres'-), n. ; pi. -tertes (-Tz). 
1. In Presbyterian churches, a judicatory consisting of min- 
isters and laymen. 2. The jurisdiction of a presbyter or of 
a presbytery. 3. That part of a church reserved for the 
officiating priests. [foresight.! 

pre'sci-ence (pre'shi-ens ; presh'i-), n. Foreknowledge;! 

pre'SCi-ent (-ent), a. [L. praesciens, -entis, p. pr. of prae- 
scire to foreknow ; prae before + scire to know.] Having 
knowledge of coming events ; foreknowing ; foreseeing. — 
pre'sci-ent-ly, adv. 

pre-scind' (pre-sind'), v. t. [L. praescindere to cut off in 
front ; prae before + scindere to cut asunder.] Metaph. 
To separate ; abstract by an act of attention. 

pre-scribe' (pre-skrTb'), v. t.; -scribed' (-skrlbd') ; scrib'- 
ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. praescribere, -scriptum; prae -f- 
scribere to write.] 1. To lay down authoritatively as a 
guide, direction, or rule of action ; dictate ; ordain. 2. Med. 
To designate or order the use of as a remedy. 3. Law. To 
outlaw or invalidate by prescription. — v. i. 1. To give 
directions ; dictate. 2. Med. To write or give medical pre- 
scriptions. 3. Law. a To claim a title to a thing by right of 
prescription, b To become by prescription invalid or un- 
enforceable. — pre-scrib'er (-skrlb'er), n. 

pre-SCTipf (pre-skrTpt' ; pre'skrfpt), a. [L. praescriptus, 
p. p.] Ordained or appointed authoritatively ; prescribed. 

pre'script (pre'skrlpt), n. Thing prescribed ; direction ; rule. 

pre-scrip'ti-ble (pre-skrip'ti-b'l), a. Depending ®n, or de- 
rived from, prescription ; proper to be prescribed. 

pre-scrip'tion (-shun), n. 1. A prescribing; thing pre- 
scribed ; direction. 2. Med. A written direction for the 
preparation and use of a medicine ; also, the medicine. 3. 
Rom. & Civil Law. The operation of the law whereby 
rights might be acquired or extinguished by certain limita- 
tions. 4. Law. Establishment of a claim of title by use and 
enjoyment ; right or title so acquired. 

pre-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Consisting in, acquired by, pert, to, 
or arising from, prescription. — pre-SCrip'tive-ly, adv. 

pres'ence (prez'ens), n. [F. presence, L. praesentia. See 
present.] 1. Act, fact, or state of being present. 2. Imme- 
diate vicinity of a person, esp. the space in front of or 
immediately about one ; proximity ; as, to remove the hat 
in the presence of ladies ; also, presence chamber. 3. 
An assembly, esp. of persons of rank. 4. The whole of 
one's personal qualities ; personality ; esp., the person of a 
superior, as a sovereign. 5. Port ; mien ; stately bearing ; 
as, dignity of presence. 6. An apparition ; a specter. 
presence of mind, readiness or alertness in an emergency. 

presence Chamber or room. The room where a great per- 
sonage, as a sovereign, receives visitors. 

pres'ent (prez'ent), a. [F. present, L. praesens, -entis, that 
is before one, p. pr. of praeesse to be before ; prae + esse 
to be.] 1. Being before, in view, or at hand ; being in a cer- 
tain place and not elsewhere ; — opposed to absent. 2. 
Now existing or in process ; being at this time ; not past or 
future ; as, the present Congress. 3. Immediately effec- 
tive ; immediate ; instant ; as, present help is needed. 4. 
Ready ; as, a present wit. Rare. 5. Gram. Denoting, or 
pertaining to, time that now is ; as, the present tense. 
present perfect. Gram. See perfect tense. — p. tense, 
Gram., the tense of a verb which expresses action or being 
in the present time ; as, I am writing, I write, or I do write. 
— p. value or worth (of money payable at a future date), 
the principal which, drawing interest at a given rate, will 
amount to the given sum at the date on which this is to be 
paid ; thus, interest being at 6%, the present value of §106 
due one year hence is S100. 

— n. 1. Present time ; the time being or contemplated. 2. 
Present occasion or affair. 3. In pi. Law. Present letters or 
instrument, as a deed of conveyance, a lease, or other writ- 



ing ; as in "Know all men by these presents." 4. Gram. A 
present tense, or a verb form denoting it. Cf. historical 
present. — at present, at the present time ; now. 

pre-sent' (pre-zent'), v. t. [F. presenter, L. praesen- 
tare. See present, a.] 1. To bring or introduce into the 
presence of some one, esp. a superior ; introduce formally, 
as at court ; introduce for acquaintance. 2. To exhibit or 
offer to view or notice ; as, to present a new aspect. 3. To 
put before a person for acceptance ; offer as a gift. 4. To 
make a present or gift to ; as he presented me with a book. 
5. To hand or pass over, esp. ceremoniously ; deliver ; as, to 
present a petition. 6. a To nominate to an ecclesiastical 
benefice ; offer as a candidate for institution, b To lay, as a 
charge, before a court as an object of inquiry ; find or repre- 
sent judicially ; as, the grand jury presented many offenses. 
C To bring a formal public charge against ; accuse ; U. S., 
to bring an indictment or presentment against, d To aim, 
point, or direct, as a weapon. 7. To represent ; act ; person- 
ate ; perform. — Syn. See give. 

present arms, Mil., the command in response to which 
the gun or other weapon is carried perpendicularly in front 
of the center of the body, the exact position varying with 
the arm and service ; also, the position. 

pres'ent (prez'ent), n. Anything presented or given ; a gift. 
Syn. Gift, donation, gratuity, boon, grant, largess, bene- 
faction, bounty. — Gift, present, donation, gratuity, 
boon. Gift, the general term, applies to anything given ; 
a present is always intended as a compliment or expres- 
sion'of good will. Donation now suggests esp. a gift to 
some public institution ; a gratuity is a gift (usually of 
money) to an inferior, commonly for some service ; as, a 
donation to a hospital ; a gratuity to a porter. Boon (prop- 
erly denoting a gift asked) is now esp. applied to any bene- 
fit or advantage regarded as freely bestowed ; as,' I ask 
justice, not a boon. 

pre^sent'a-ble (pre-zen'td-b'l), a. Capable or admitting of 
being presented, represented, or offered ; hence, suitable to 
appear. — pre-sen'ta-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-tT), n. 

pres'en-ta'tion (prez'en-ta'shXn), n. Act of presenting, or 
state of being presented ; that which is presented ; as : a 
Act of being formally introduced, as at court, b A setting 
forth; offering; giving; bestowal. C Representation; ex- 
hibition ; show, d A present ; gift. Rare, e Eccl. Act of 
nominating a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for insti- 
tution into a benefice, f Commerce. = presentment (of a 
negotiable instrument), g Obstetrics. The particular man- 
ner in which the child appears outwardly in labor, h 
Psychol. Any object of thought or perception taken as it is 
present in consciousness at any given time ; also, the func- 
tion of entertaining such presentations. 

pres'en-ta'tion-al (-51), a. Psychol. Of or pert, to presenta- 
tion or presentations. 

pres'en-ta'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. Metaph. A theory of 
knowledge which holds that reality is immediately "pre- 
sented in perception. — pres-en-ta'tion-ist, n. & a. 

pre-sent'a-tive (pre-zen'td-tlv), a. 1. Eccl. Having the 
right of, or admitting, the presentation of a clergyman. 2. 
Metaph. Capable of being directly known by, or presented 
to, the mind ; intuitive. 

pres'en-tee' (preVen-te'). n. One to whom something is 
presented ; also, one presented, as to a benefice. 

pre-sent'er (pre-zen'ter), n. One who presents. 

pre-sen'ti-ment (pre-sen'ti-ment ; pre-zen'-), n. \_pre- + 
sentiment.'] A feeling or expectation as to what will take 
place ; an apprehension ; foreboding. — Syn. See appre- 
hension._ — pre-sen'ti-men'tal (-men'tal), a. 

pre-sen'tive (-zen'tiv), a. Bringing a conception or notion 
directly before the mind ; specif., Gram., designating words 
that do this ; — disting. from representative, symbolical, 
and symbolic — n. Gram. A presentive word. — pre-sen'- 
tive-ly, adv. — pre-sen'tive-ness, n. 

pres'ent-ly (prez'ent-lT), adv. 1. At once; immediately. 
Now Dial. 2. Soon ; shortly ; before long ; by and by. 

pre-sent'ment (pre-zent'ment), n. 1. Presentation. 2. A 
setting forth to view ; delineation ; representation. 3. Law. 
The notice taken, or statement made, by a grand jury of 
any offense within their own knowledge, without indict- 
ment. 4. Commerce. The act of offering for acceptance, 
payment, or the like, at the proper time and place any docu- 
ment, esp. a note, bill of exchange, or the like. [served. I 

pre-serv'a-ble (pre-zur'vd-b'l), a. Capable of being pre-| 

pres'er-va'tion (prez'er-va'shun), n. Act or process of pre- 
serving ; state of being preserved. 

pre-serv'a-tive (pre-zur'vd-tTv), a. Tending to preserve. — 
n. A preservative agent. — pre-serv'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. 

pre-serve' (-zurv'), v. t.; pre-served' (-zurvd') ; -serv'ing 
(-zuVving). [F. preserver, fr. L. prae before + servare to 
save.] 1. To defend from injury or evil ; protect ; save ; as, 
to preserve life. 2. To save from decay, esp. by the use of a 
preservative, as sugar, salt, etc. ; as, to preserve fruit. 3. To 
maintain ; retain ; keep intact or existent ; as, to preserve 
silence. 4. Hunting & Fishing. To keep up and reserve 
for personal or special use ; as, to preserve game or fish. — 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PRESERVER 



762 



PRETENDER 



See 







Syn. Keep, secure; uphold, sustain; guard, shield. 
defend. — v. i. To make preserves. 

— n. 1. That which is preserved ; — usually in pi. and now 
only of fruit, etc., kept by suitable preparation ; esp., fruit 
cooked with sugar. 2. A place in which game, fish, etc., are 
preserved for sport, food, etc. 

pre-serv'er (-zur'ver), n. One who, or that which, preserves. 

pre-side' (pre-zld'), v. i.; -sid'ed (-zid'ed) ; -sid'ing. [L. 
praesidere ; prae before + seder e to sit.] 1. To occupy 
the place of authority or control, as of president or chair- 
man. 2. To exercise superintendence, guidance, or control. 

pres'i-den-cy (prez'i-den-si), n.; pi. -dencies (-siz). 1. 
Function or action of one who presides. 2. Office, or term 
of office, of president; specif. [Often cap.~\, the office of 
president of the United States. 3. One of the three greater 
divisions of British India, — Madras, Bombay, and Bengal. 

pres'i-dent (-dent), n. [F. president,^, praesidens, -entis, 
p. pr. of praesidere. See preside.] One who presides ; a 
head ; now, one elected or appointed to preside, or to con- 
trol proceedings ; as : a A presiding officer, as of a legisla- 
tive body, b The chief officer of a corporation, company, 
society, etc. C [Often cap."] The chief executive officer of 
a modern republic. — pres'i-dent-ship', n. 

pres'i-den'tial (-den'shal), a. Of or pertaining to a presi- 
dent or a presidency. 

pre-sid'er (pre-zld'er), n. One who presides. 

pre-sid'i-al (pre-sid'i-al), a. [L. praesidialis, fr. praesid- 
ium a presiding over, defense, guard. See preside.] 1. Of, 
pert, to, or having a garrison ; as, a presidial castle. 2. Of 
or pert, to a presidio. 

pre-sid/i-a-ry (-a-rT), a. = presidial, 1. 

|| pre-si'dio (pra-se'dyo ; Angl. pre-sid'i-o), n. ; pi. -dios 
(-dyoz ; -T-oz). [Sp.] A garrisoned place ; a military post 
or fortified settlement ; also, a Spanish penal settlement. 

pre-sig'ni-fy (pre-sig'nT-fI),i>.£. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing {-IV- 
lng). [L. praesignificare ; prae before + significare to 
signify.] To intimate or signify beforehand ; presage. 

press (pres), v. t. [For prest a loan, ready money ; — prob. 
misunderstood as a p. p. and confused with press to 
squeeze.] To force into service, esp. naval service ; impress. 

— n. A commission or order to force men into public 
service, esp. into the navy. 

press, v. t. [F. presser, fr. L. pressare to press.] 1. To 
urge, or act on, with force, as weight ; bear upon ; squeeze ; 
compress. 2. To squeeze out the juice or contents of ; as, 
to press grapes ; also, to squeeze out, or express ; as, to 
press oil from olives. 3. To embrace closely ; hug. 4. To 
oppress ; bear hard on. Obs. 5. To influence powerfully or 
irresistibly ; constrain ; force ; compel ; as, business pressed 
them to return. 6. To try to force or persuade ; entreat, or 
entreat for, earnestly ; urge ; as, to press a person to come ; 
to press the payment of a bill. 7. To emphasize ; as, to 
press one's point. 8. To crowd ; throng. 9. To hurry ; 
hasten ; ply hard ; as, to press a horse. 

— v. i. 1. To exert pressure ; to push, crowd, or urge, with 
steady force. 2. To move on with urging and crowding ; 
hurry ; crowd ; throng ; encroach ; as, to press forward. 3. 
To urge with vehemence or importunity ; exert «a strong or 
compelling influence ; as, to press for an answer. 

— n. 1. Act of pressing forward ; a crowding. 2. A crowd ; 
throng. 3. Urgent demands of business or affairs. 4. A 
machine by which any substance is pressed or stamped ; 
also, the place containing a press or presses. 5. Specif., a 
printing press. 6. The art, business, act, or process of 
printing ; hence, printed publications collectively, esp. 
newspapers and periodicals ; as, a free press. 7. An up- 
right case or closet for the safe keeping of articles ; as, a 
clothespress. 

press of sail or canvas, Naut., as much sail as the wind 
permits ; as much sail as can be crowded. 

press agent. A person who looks after the newspaper ad- 
vertising, press notices, etc., of a theater, actor, etc. Cant. 

press'board' (-bord' ; 57), n. A kind of highly sized rag 
paper or board, sometimes containing a small admixture of 
wood pulp. It is used in presses for pressing and finishing 
knit underwear. 

press'er (pres'er), n. One who, or that which, presses. 

presser foot. See foot, 6 a. 

press gang, or press'gang', n. A detachment of men em- 
powered to force men into military, or esp. naval, service. 

pressing, a. Urgent ; exacting. — press'ing-ly, adv. 

press'man (pres'man), n. 1. One who manages a press, 
esp. a printing press. 2. Journalism. A writer or reporter 
for the press. Cant. 

press^mark' (-mark'), n. Libraries. A mark indicating the 
location of a book on the shelves or in the cases. 

press money. [For earlier prest money.'] Earnest money 
paid to a soldier or sailor on his enlistment ; imprest. Hist. 

pres'sor (pres'er), a. Physiol. Causing pressure or an in- 
crease of pressure ; as, pressor nerve fibers, stimulation of 
which causes a stronger contraction of the arteries and an 
increase of the arterial blood pressure ; — opp. to depressor. 



pres'sure (presh'ur), n. [OF., fr. L. pressura, fr. premere, 
pressum^ to press.] 1. A pressing ; state of being pressed ; 
compression ; a squeezing. 2. A constraining force or im- 
pulse ; as, the pressure of poverty. 3. Affliction ; distress ; 
burden ; as, a pressure of grief. 4. Urgency, as of business. 
5. Impression ; stamp. 6. Action of a force against some 
opposing force. 7. Elec. Electromotive force. 

pressure gauge or gage. A gauge for indicating fluid pres- 
sure, as of gas or steam ; also, a device to measure the pres- 
sure of an explosion, as in a gun barrel. 

press'work' (pres'wurk'), n. Work done on or by a press ; 
the operation, management, or product of a printing press. 

prest (prest), n. [OF., fr. prester to lend, fr. L. praestare 
become surety for ; prae before + stare to stand.] A loan 
of money ; a loan ; a gift ; press money. Obs. 

— a. Ready. Obs. 

pres-ta'tion (pres-ta'shun), n. [L. praestatio a perform- 
ing, paying, fr. praestare. _ Cf. prest, n.] Feudal Law. A 
rent, tax, or due paid in kind or in services. 

pres'ter (pres'ter), n. [OF. prestre, L. presbyter. See 
priest.] A priest or presbyter. Obs., except as in: Pres- 
ter John, in the Middle Ages, a supposed Christian sover- 
eign and priest of the interior of Asia and later of Ethiopia. 

pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tion (-ti-dij'T-ta'shun), n. [L. praesto 
ready + digitus finger.] Sleight of hand ; legerdemain. 

pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tor (-dTj'i-ta/ter), n. One skilled in legerde- 
main or sleight of hand ; a juggler ; a conjuror. 

pres-tige' (pres-tezh' ; preVtij), n. [F., fr. L. praestigium 
delusion, illusion.] Weight, influence, or force derived 
from past success or from character or reputation. 

|| pres-tis'si-mo (pres-tes'se-mo), a. & adv. [It., superl. oi 
presto.] Music. Very quick or quickly. 

prest money. Earlier form of press money. 

pres'to (pres'to), adv. [It. or Sp., quick, quickly, fr. I . 
praesto at hand, ready. ] 1. Quickly ; suddenly. 2. 
Music. Quickly ; rapidly ; — used as a direction. — n. A 
passage or movementjn quick tempo. — pres'to, a. 

pre-Slim'a-ble (pre-zum'd-b'l), a. Such as may be pre- 
sumed or supposed to be true. — pre-sum'a-bly (-b\X),adv. 

pre-sume'(-ziim'),u.£. ; -SUMED'(-zumd') ; -sum'ing (-zum'- 
Tng). [F. presumer, L. praesumere, -sumptum ; prae be- 
fore -+- sumere to take.] 1. To take upon one's self before- 
hand; esp., to do without authority; to venture. 2. To 
take for granted ; infer ; suppose. 3. To raise a presumption 
of or that ; as, a receipt presumes payment. — v. i. 1. To 
suppose or assume on grounds deemed valid ; infer. 2. To 
venture, go, or act by assuming leave or authority not 
granted ; take liberties ; as, to presume upon friendship. 

pre-SUm'ed-ly (-zum'ed-li), adv. Presumably. 

pre-sum'er (-zum'er), n. One who presumes. 

pre-sump'tion (-zump'shun), n. 1. Act of venturing be- 
yond due bounds ; forward or arrogant opinion or conduct ; 
arrogance ; effrontery. 2. Act of taking for granted ; belief 
on incomplete proof. 3. Ground for presuming ; probable 
evidence. 4. That which is presumed. 5. Law. An infer- 
ence as to the existence of one fact not certainly known, 
from the known existence of some other fact. 

pre-sump'tive (-t!v), a. Based on presumption or proba- 
bility ; presumed ; probable. — pre-sump'tive-ly, adv. 
presumptive heir. = heir presumptive. 

pre-SUmp'tU-OUS (-ty-ws), a. [L. praesumptuosus.] 1. 
Full of presumption ; presuming ; overbold ; arrogant ; rash. 
2. Founded on presumption ; as, a presumptuous idea. 3. 
Done with bold design, rash confidence, or in violation of 
known duty ; willful ; as, presumptuous sins. — Syn. See 
arrogant. — pre-sump'tu-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

pre'sup-pose' (pre'sw-poz'), v. t. To suppose or assume be- 
forehand ; presume ; require as antecedent ; as, an effect 
presupposes a cause. 

pre-SUp / po-si'tion(pre-siip / 6-zish'tin), n. Act of presuppos- 
ing ; that which is presupposed ; presumption ; conjecture. 

pre'sur-mise' (pre'sur-mlz'), n. A previous surmise. 

pre-tence'. Var. of pretense. 

pre-tend' (pre-tend'), v. t. [F. pretendre, L. praetendere, 
-tentum, to stretch forward, pretend, assert ; prae + ten- 
dere to stretch.] 1. To hold before, as a disguise. Rare. 2. 
To hold out, or represent, esp. falsely ; to profess, or make 
a show of, falsely, esp. deceitfully ; feign ; sham ; as, to 
pretend illness, affection. 3. To put forward as being true, 
esp. falsely; allege falsely; as, to pretend unfitness for 
an office. — Syn. See assume. 

— v. i. 1. To venture ; attempt ; try ; as, 1 dare not pretend 
to say. 2. To put in or make a claim ; lay claim to some- 
thing ; — usually with to ; as, to pretend to wisdom. 3. To 
make believe ; feign ; sham ; as, he pretended as though 
he were glad ; to pretend to be asleep. 

pre-tend'ed, p. a. Unreal ; false. — pre-tend'ed-ly, adv. 

pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends ; one who claims a_ title 
(to something) ; one who makes a false show ; specif., a 
claimant to a throne ; — applied esp. [cap.] to the son 
(Old Pretender or the Pretender) and the grandson 
(Young Pretender) of James II., king of England. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PRETENSE 



763 



PRICE 



pre-tense', pre-tence' (pre-tens'), n. [OF. pretense, fr. L. 
praetendere, -tensum, to pretend.] 1. A claiming ; claim 
made. Now Rare. 2. Pretension ; ostentation ; vainglori- 
ous display. 3. A holding out to others something as true, 
esp. falsely or with feigning ; deception ; simulation ; as, pre- 
tense of illness. 4. False or hypocritical show, argument, or 
reason ; pretext ; as, it is all a pretense. 5. Intention. 06s. 
Syn. Appearance, assumption, affectation, pretext, pre- 
tension, feint, plea, subterfuge. — Pretense, pretext, pre- 
tension, feint, plea. Pretense applies to that which is 
falsely or deceitfully held out as real or true ; a pretext 
is more specifically an ostensible reason or motive assumed 
to conceal the true one ; as, he made a pretense of being 
sick ; his pretext for going was a promise to visit a sick 
friend. Pretension implies the assertion of a claim (wheth- 
er true or false) to the possession of a certain character or 
of certain qualities ; as, his version makes no pretension to 
verbal accuracy. A feint is a deceptive act or an assumed 
appearance, often of the nature of an artifice ; plea sug- 
gests an (oiten feigned) apology or excuse ; as, he made a 
jeint of going, in order to get an invitation to remain ; his 
plea of sickness was not accepted. 

pre-ten'sion (pre-ten'shiin), n. 1. Act of pretending ; also, 
state or quality of having claims, as to excellence, or of be- 
ing pretentious. 2. A claim made (true or false) ; profes- 
sion ; as, pretensions to scholarship. 3. A false representa- 
tion ; pretense. 4. Ostentation ; display ; pretense. — Syn. 
See PRETENSE. 

pre-ten'tious (-shiis), a. Full of pretension; making pre- 
tension, or outward show, as of excellence. — Syn. See os- 
tentatious. — pre-ten'tious-ly, adv. — tious-ness, n. 

pre'ter-, prae'ter- (pre'ter-). A prefix from L. praeter, 
meaning past, by, beyond, more than. 

pret'er-it, pret'er-ite (pret'er-it), a. [L. praeteritus, p. p. 
of praeterire to pass by.] 1. Bygone. Rare. 2. Gram. 
Past ; — applied esp. to a tense or form denoting an action 
or state simply as bygone, without reference to duration, 
etc. — n. The preterit tense, or a preterit word or form. 

pret'er-i'tion (-ish'un), n. [L. praeteritio.~\ 1. A passing 
by or over; state of being passed by or over. 2. Specif., 
Theol., the Calvinistic doctrine that God passes over those 
not elect, leaving them to eternal death. 

pre-ter'i-tive (pre-ter'i-tiv), a. Gram. Expressing past 
time ; used only or esp. in preterit tenses, as certain verbs. 

pret'er-it-pres'ent, pret'er-ite-pres'ent, a. Preterit in 
form but present in meaning, as ought, can, etc. 

pre'ter-mis'sion (pre'ter-mlsh'un), n. [L. praetermissio. 
See pretermit.] A passing by or omitting ; an omission. 

pre'ter-mit' (pre'ter-mit'), v. t.; -mit'ted ; -ting. [L. prae- 
termittere, -termissum; praeter beyond -j- mittere to 
send.] To pass by ; omit ; disregard. 

pre'ter-nat'U-ral (-narji-rdl), a. Beyond, or different from, 
what is natural, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous ; 
irregular ; abnormal. — Syn. See supernatural. — pre'- 
ter-nat/u-ral-ism (-iz'm), n: — pre'ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. 

pre'text (pre'tekst; pre-tekst'), n. [F. pretexte, L. prae- 
textus, fr. praetexere to weave before, allege as an excuse ; 
prae + texere to weave.] That which is assumed in order 
to conceal a purpose or condition ; pretense ; disguise ; ex- 
cuse. — Syn. See pretense. 

pre'tor, pre-to'ri-al, pre-to'ri-an. Vars. of praetor, etc. 

pret'ti-fy (prit'i-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing (-fi'ing). 
\_pretty + -fy.~] To make pretty, esp. in a petty way. 

pret/ti-ly (prlt'i-li), adv. In a pretty manner. 

pret'ti-ness, n. Quality or state of being pretty. 

pret'ty (pnt'i), a.; -ti-er (-f-er) ; -ti-est. [AS. prsettig, 
prsetig, crafty, sly, fr. prgst, prsett, deceit, trickery.] 1. 
Pleasing by delicacy or grace; neat or elegant without 
grandeur ; pleasing, but not grand. 2. Pleasing to the 
mind ; admirable ; fine ; as, a pretty wit. 3. Good ; fine ; — 
often ironical ; as, a pretty trick. 4. Moderately large ; as, a 
pretty fortune. 5. Stout ; intrepid. Archaic or Scot. 
pretty fellow, a fine fellow, dandy, fop. Archaic. 

— adv. 1. Prettily. Dial. 2. In some degree ; moderately ; 
rather ; — less emphatic than very; as, I am pretty sure of 
it ; pretty cold weather. 

pre-typ'i-fy (pre-tip'I-fl), y. t.; : fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'- 
Ing). To prefigure ; exhibit previously in a type. 

pret'zel (pret'sel), n. [G. prezel, brezel.~] A kind of brittle 
biscuit, in the form of a twisted ring, salted on the surface. 

pre-vaiF (pre-vaF), v. i. [F. prevaloir, OF. prevaleir, L. 
praevalere ; prae before + voter e to be strong.] 1. To gain 
the victory ; have the mastery ; triumph. 2. To have effect, 
power, or influence ; succeed ; obtain ; as, the practice pre- 
vails to this day. 3. To bring persuasion, inducement, or 
urgency to bear (on, upon, or with) successfully ; as, I pre- 
vailed^ on him to wait. 

pre-vaiFing, p. a. 1. Having superior force or influence ; 
predominant ; efficacious ; as, the prevailing team. 2. 
Prevalent ; most general ; as, the prevailing discontent. 
Syn. General, common, prevalent, rife, widespread, cur- 
rent, extensive. — Prevailing, prevalent, rife, current. 
Prevailing applies esp. to that which is predominant, or 



which generally or commonly obtains ; prevalent sug. 
gests esp. that which is widespread or which, esp. at a 
given time, prevails extensively ; as, the prevailing opinion ; 
a prevalent error. Rife suggests great or active prevalence, 
sometimes with the implication of profusion or abundance ; 
as, rumor was rife that Gordon had been slain. Current 
applies to that which is a matter of general use, knowledge, 
acceptance, or circulation ; as, current reports ; current coin. 

prev'a-lence ( prev'd-lens ), n. Also prev'a-len-cy (-len- 
si), n. Quality or condition of being prevalent. 

prev'a-lent (-lent), a. [L. praevalens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. 
Prevailing ; predominant ; as, the prevalent arms. Now 
Rare. 2. Most generally received, current, adopted, or prac- 
ticed ; also, widespread ; prevailing ; as, a prevalent dis- 
ease. — Syn. See prevailing. — prev'a-lent-ly, adv. 

pre-var'i-cate (pre-var'i-kat), v. i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; 
-cat'ing. [L. praevaricalus, p. p. of praevaricari to walk 
crookedly, collude ; prae before + varicare to straddle, 
varicus straddling, varus bent.] To deviate from the 
truth ; equivocate ; quibble. — Syn. See equivocate. 

pre-var'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of prevarication ; a de- 
viation from the truth ; equivocation ; quibbling. 

pre-var'i-ca'tor (-var'i-ka'ter), n. One who prevaricates. 

prev'e-nance (prev'e-nd'ns), n. [F. prevenance.'] A going 
before ; anticipation, esp. of others' desires ; complaisance. 

pre-ven'ience (pre-ven'yens), n. 1. = prevenance. 2. 
Fact or state of being prevenient ; a going before ; antece- 
dence. 

pre-ven'ient (-yent), a. [L. praeveniens, p. pr.] 1. Going 
before ; preceding ; antecedent ; hence, preventive. 2. An- 
ticipatory ; expectant ; — ^used with of. 

pre-vent' (-vent'), v. t. [l_. praevenire, -ventum; prae + 
venire to come.] 1. To precede; anticipate. 06s. or Ar- 
chaic. 2. To keep (from doing something) or make impos- 
sible of occurrence ; stop ; preclude ; hinder. 
Syn. Prevent, preclude, avert. Prevent is the general 
term for hindering, checking, or stopping ; to preclude is 
to hinder by excluding, or (esp.) to prevent by anticipative 
action ; as, the storm prevented their coming ; he precluded 
any argument by resigning. To avert is to prevent or turn 
aside (esp.) some threatened evil ; as, to avert war. 

pre-vent'a-ble (-ven'td-b'l)la. Capable of being prevented. 

pre-vent/i-ble (-tl-b'l) / — pre-vent'a-bil'i-ty (pre- 
ven'td-blFi-tl), pre-vent'i-bil'i-ty, n. 

pre-vent'er (-ter), n. One who, or that which, prevents. 

pre-ven'tion (pre-ven'shiin), n. Act of preventing ; thwart- 
ing ; also, that which prevents ; obstruction ; preventive. 

pre-ven'tive (-tiv), a. Tending or serving to prevent ; ob- 
viating ; warding off ; as, preventive treatment. — n. That 
which prevents ; something that intercepts access or occur- 
rence ; hindrance; Med., something to prevent disease; a 
prophylactic. — pre-ven'tive-ly, adv. 

pre'vi-OUS (pre'vi-us), a. [L. praevius ; prae + via way.] 
Going before in time or order ; prior. — Syn. Preceding, 
former, foregoing. See antecedent. — pre'vi-ous-ly, adv. 
— pre'vi-ous-ness, n. 

previous question, Pari. Procedure, the question whether 
the main issue shall be voted on or not, at once, without 
further debate. In America, the object of the motion is to 
hasten action ; in England, by a negative vote, to delay. 
Cf. closure. 

pre- vise' (pre- viz'), v. t. [See prevision.] 1. To foresee. 
Rare. 2. To inform beforehand. 

pre-vi'sion (-vizh'wn), n. [F. prevision, fr. L. praevidere, 
praevisum, to foresee ; prae before + videre to see.] Fore- 
sight ; prescience. 

prey (pra), n. [OF. preie, deriv. of L. praeda.] 1. Spoil ; 
plunder. Now Rare. 2. Any animal seized by another to 
be devoured ; hence, a person given up or seized as a victim. 
3. Act of seizing upon as prey. — v. i. 1. To pillage ; plun- 
der ; of a carnivore, to take food by violence. 2. To bring 
distress ; wear upon ; — used with on or upon ; as, the 
trouble preyed upon his mind. — prey'er (pra'er), n. 

Pri'am (prl'anO.n. [L,.Priamus, Gr. Upiafios.'] Gr.Myth. 
The last king of Troy, husband of Hecuba. Hector, Paris, 
and Helenus were among his children. He was slain by 
Neoptolemus in the sack of Troy. 

Pri'a-pe'an (prl'd-pe'an), a. Of or pert, to Priapus or his 
worship ; phallic. 

Pri-a'puS (prl-a'pus),n. [L.,fr. Gr. Uplawos.'] Class. Myth. 
The male generative power personified as a god, the son of 
Dionysus and Aphrodite, and regarded as protector of vine- 
yards, gardens, herds, bees, and fish. 

price (prls), n. [OF. pris, L. pretium.~] 1. Value ; worth. 
2. The quantity of one thing, usually money, that is ex- 
changed or demanded in barter or sale for another. 3. 
Reward ; recompense ; as, the price of industry. 
Syn. Price, charge, cost, expense, value, worth. Price 
is what is asked or demanded, esp. for goods or commodi- 
ties ; charge is what is asked or demanded, esp. for serv- 
ices ; cost and expense denote what is given for something, 
cost designating the price paid, expense implying outlay in 
general ; value and worth denote that by virtue of which 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. (| Foreign Wor4» + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PRICELESS 



764 



PRIME 



a thing is useful or desirable, worth suggesting esp. intrinsic 
excellence or personal or moral value. 

— v. t.; priced (prist) ; pric'ing (prls'ing). 1. To set a 
price on ; value. 2. To ask the price of. Colloq. 

price'less, a. Of inestimable worth ; invaluable. 

pric'er (pris'er), to. One who fixes prices. 

prick (prik), to. [AS. prica, pricu, a point, dot.] 1. A 
sharp thing ; a pointed instrument ; specif., Obs., a goad ; 
as, "to kick, against the pricks." 2. A pricking, or sensa- 
tion of being pricked ; a stinging pain ; remorse ; as, the 
pricks of conscience. 3. A mark made by a pointed in- 
strument ; a puncture ; point ; dot. 

— v. t. 1. To pierce slightly with something pointed ; 
specif. : Far. a To drive a nail into (a horse's foot) so as to 
cause lameness, b To nick. 2. To ride or guide with spurs ; 
spur; urge; as, he pricked his horse on. 3. To pain or 
sting, as with remorse ; as, his conscience pricks him. 4. 
To mark or outline by pricking ; as, to prick a pattern ; to 
prick the notes of a song. 5. To denote by a puncture ; 
hence : to choose ; mark ; as, to prick a man for sheriff. 6. 
To raise or erect, as the ears of an animal in listening; 
hence : to prick up the ears, to listen sharply ; have the 
attention strongly engaged. 7. To trace on a chart, as a 
ship's course ; — often used with off. 

to prick off, or out, Hort., to transplant (young plants). 

— v. i. 1. To be punctured ; feel a sharp pain, as by punc- 
ture. 2. To spur onward; esp., to ride fast. Archaic. 3. To 
point upward ; be erect ; as, the dog's ears pricked up. 

prick'— eared 7 (prik'erd'), a. Having erect, pointed ears ; 
— applied esp. in the 17th c. by Cavaliers to the Round- 
heads, whose close-cut hair made their ears conspicuous. 

prick'er (-er), to. 1. One who, or that which, pricks ; a sharp 
point ; prickle. 2. Specif., one who spurs forward ; a rider, 
as a light horseman or a huntsman. 

prick'et (-et ; 24), to. [prick + -et.~] 1. A spike on which a 
candle is stuck ; hence, such a point with its base or stand. 
2. A buck in his second year, having unbranched horns. 

prick'le (-'1), to. [AS. pricele, pride.'] A small, sharp point ; 
a fine, sharp process or projection ; a spine, thorn, or the 
like. — v. t. ; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). 1. To prick slightly, 
as with prickles. 2. To cover with pricks or dots. 

prick' li-ness (-li-ngs), n. Quality of being prickly. 

prick'ly (-11), a. 1. Full of prickles ; armed or covered with 
prickles. 2. Pricking ; stinging ; as, a prickly sensation. 
prickly ash, a prickly aromatic rutaceous shrub (Zan- 
thoxylum americanum) with yellowish flowers. — p. heat, 
Med., an inflammatory disease of the sweat glands, charac- 
terized by small red pimples, and attended with intense 
itching and tingling. • — p. pear, a Any of a genus (Opun- 
lia) of flat-jointed prickly cactuses, often used as food for 
stock, b The pear-shaped edible fruit. — p. poppy, any 
of a genus (Argemone) of papaveraceous plants with prickly 
stems and large yellow or white flowers. 

prick song. 1. Music written, or noted ; — so called from 
the points or notes. Obs. 2. Descant ; counterpoint. 

pride (prld), to. [AS. pryte, fr. prut proud.] 1. Quality or 
state of being proud ; as : a Inordinate self-esteem ; con- 
ceit, b Lofty self-respect ; a reasonable or justifiable feeling 
of elation, as because of achievements. 2. Proud behavior 
or treatment ; arrogance ; disdain. 3. Mettle ; also, sexual 
desire. Obs. 4. That of which one is proud, as beauty, 
character, children, etc. 5. Highest pitch ; prime ; as, in 
the pride of one's life. Archaic. 6. Show ; ostentation ; 
glory ; as, the pride and pomp of war. 
Syn. Vanity, conceit, self-conceit, egotism, supercilious- 
ness, haughtiness, lordliness. — Pride, vanity, conceit. 
Pride is a high esteem of one's self for some real or imag- 
ined merit or superiority ; vanity is empty pride in respect 
of one's person, attainments, possessions, etc., esp. with an 
excessive desire for the notice, approval, or praise of others ; 
as, "pride goeth before destruction" ; pride in one's work ; 
an overweening vanity. Conceit, or self-conceit, is over- 
weening pride or self-esteem. 
pride of China, p. of India, the China tree. 

~ v. t. ; prid'ed (prid'ed ; 24) ; prid'ing (prid'ing). To in- 
dulge in pride ; rate highly ; plume ; — used reflexively ; as, 
to pride one's self on one's skill. 

Syn. Pride, plume. To pride one's self (upon, on) is to 
indulge one's pride, to plume one's self (upon, on), to dis- 
play one's vanity ; as, to pride one's self upon one's attain- 
ments, to plume one's self on a petty triumph. 

pride'ful (prld'fool), a. Full of pride ; haughty. 

Prid'win (prld'wTn), to. In Arthurian romance, King Ar- 
thur's shield, bearing a picture of the Virgin Mary. 

pri'er (pri'er), to. Alsopry'er. [From pry.] One who pries; 
one who inquires narrowly, or is inquisitive. 

priest (prest), to. [AS. preost, deriv. of L. presbyter, Gr. 
irpeafivrepos, elder, older, n., an elder, compar. of wpkafivs 
an old man.] 1. One set apart or authorized to perform re- 
ligious or sacred functions. 2. Christian Church. A person 
ordained to the ministerial, pastoral, or sacerdotal office ; a 
presbyter ; minister ; specif., a person ordained to the second 
order in the ministry, between bishop and deacon. 



priest'craft' (-krait'), to. Priestly policy; the policy of a 
priesthood ; — usually derogatory. 

priest'ess, to. A woman who officiates in sacred rites. 

priesthood (-hood), n. 1. Office or character of a priest ; 
priestly function. 2. Priests collectively. 

priest'ly, a. Of or pertaining to a priest or priests as a class. 

priest'— rid' la. Controlled or oppressed by a priest or 

priest'-rid'den J priests. 

prig (prig), v. t. & i.; prigged (pngd) ; prig'ging. 1. To 
steal ; pilfer. Cant. 2. To haggle ; bargain hard. Scot. 3. 
To entreat ; beg. Scot. — to. A thief ; pilferer. Cant. 

prig, to. One narrowly and self-consciously engrossed in his 
own mental or spiritual attainments. 

prig'ger-y (prlg'er-I), n. Intellectual or moral conduct or 
attitude of a prig ; also, priggism. 

prig'gish (-ish), a. Like, or characteristic of, a prig. ! — 
prig'gish-ly, adv. — prig'gish-ness, to. 

prig'gism (-Iz'm), to. Quality or state of being priggish. 

prim (prTm), a.; prim'mer (-er) ; prim'mest. [OF., first, 
principal, fine, fr. L. primus first.] Formally neat or pre- 
cise ; stiffly decorous or nice. — Syn. See neat. — v. t. ; 
primmed (primd) ; prim'ming. To make prim. 

pri'ma-cy (prl'md-sl), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [LL. primatia, 
fr. L. primas, -atis, one of the first, chief, primus first.] 1. 
State of being prime, or first, as in time, place, rank, etc. ; 
preeminence. 2. The office, rank, or character of a primate. 

pri'ma don'na (pre'md don'd) ; pi. E. prima donnas (-dz), 
It. -me donne (pre'ma don'na). [It., lit., first lady.] A 
principal female singer in an opera or concert organization. 

|| pri'ma fa'ci-e (prl'md fa'shT-e). [L., fr. abl. of primus 
first + abl. of fades appearance.] At first view ; on the 
first appearance ; so far as appears on the surface. 
prima-facie evidence, Law, evidence sufficient to raise 
a presumption of fact or to establish the fact in question 
unless rebutted. 

pri'mage (pri'ma j), to. [F.] A small charge or percentage, 
for use of cables, ropes, etc., in unloading goods from a 
vessel, added to the freight (charge for carriage). 

pri'mal (-mal), a. [LL. primalis, fr. L. primus first.] 1. 
Primary; original. 2. First in importance; principal; 
chief. — Syn. See primary. 

pri'ma-ri-ly (pri'ma-ri-li) : adv. _ In a primary manner ; in 
the first place ; in the first intention ; originally. 

pri'ma-n-ness, n. The quality or state of being primary. 

pri'ma-ry (prl'md-rT), a. [L. primarius, fr. primus first.] 
1. First in order of time or development or in intention ; 
primitive ; original. 2. First in dignity or importance ; 
chief ; principal ; as, primary planets. 3. First in order, as 
being preparatory to something higher ; as, primary as- 
semblies. 4. Chem. a Having undergone the first stage of 
substitution or replacement, b Org. Chem. Designating a 
radical in which the combining carbon atom is united with 
only one other carbon atom ; designating compounds formed 
by such radicals. 5. Designating, or pert, to, the principal 
quills of a bird's wing. See poultry, Illust. 6. Elec. In an 
induction coil or transformer, pert, to or designating the in- 
ducing current or its circuit, in distinction from the induced 
(or secondary) current ; as, the primary coil. 
Syn. Primary, prime, primitive, primal, pristine, 
primeval, primordial. That is primary which comes 
first in the order of development, or which is first in im- 
portance ; prime applies to that which is first, esp. in rank, 
degree, or dignity ; that is primitive which is associated 
with origins or beginnings, esp. those more or less remote ; 
the word often connotes antiquated qualities ; primal is 
poetical or elevated for primary or primitive; as, primary 
schools, the primary object of education ; health is his 
prime care, a prime minister ; primitive implements ; the 
primal curse. That is primeval which belongs to the first 
ages ; that is primordial which is of earliest origin or for- 
mation ; as, " the forest primeval" ; primordial atoms. That 
is pristine (esp. of qualities) which belongs to an early or 
the original state ; as, her pristine beauty. 
primary colors, a The principal spectrum colors, from 
which other colors can be produced : red, green, and blue, 
or violet (formerly, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, 
and violet), b Painting. Red (crimson), yellow, and blue. 

— to. ; pi. -ries (-nz). 1. That which stands first in order, 
rank, or importance. 2. A meeting of voters of the same 
party at which the first steps are taken toward the nomi- 
nation of candidates, as by choosing delegates to nominat- 
ing conventions. U. S. 3. One of the feathers or quills on 
the distal joint of a bird's wing. See poultry, Illust. 4. 
Elec. A primary coil. 

pri'mate (prl'mat), to. [F. primat, L. primas, -atis, one 
of the first, chief, primus first.] 1. Eccl. A bishop of the 
see which ranks first in a province or provinces. 2. ZooL 
One of the highest order (Primates) of mammals, consist- 
ing of man and the apes, monkeys, marmosets, and lemurs. 

pri'mate-Ship (pri'mat-ship), to. Office, dignity, or posi- 
tion of a primate ; primacy. 

prime (prim), a. [F., fr. L. primus first.] 1. Primary ; 
original ; as, the prime cause. 2. First in rank, dignity, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



PRIMELY 



765 



PRINCIPLE 



etc. ; chief ; as, prime minister. 3. First in excellence ; as, 
prime wheat. 4. Math, a Divisible by no number except it- 
self or unity ; as, 7 is a prime number, b Having no com- 
mon divisor but 1 ; — used with to; as, 12 is prime to 25. 
— Syn. See primary. 

prime conductor, Elec., the large conductor of a frictional 
electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or re- 
tain the positive electricity. — p. meridian, a meridian 
from the intersection of which with the equator longitude 
is counted, both east and west ; as, the prime meridian of 
Greenwich. — p. minister, the responsible head of a min- 
istry or executive government, esp. of a monarchical gov- 
ernment ; as, the English prime minister. — p. mover. 
Mech. a A natural agency applied by man to the produc- 
tion of power, b An engine, or machine, to receive and 
modify force and motion from a natural source, and apply 
them to drive other machinery, as a water wheel, steam 
engine, etc. C Fig., the original or the most effective force 
in any undertaking or work. 

— n. 1. The first part ; earliest stage ; hence : dawn ; spring. 
2. a Spring of Hie ; youth, b The period, in human life, of 
highest or full health, strength, or beauty. 3. That which 
is first in quality ; best part. 4. The morning ; R. C. Ch., 
the first canonical hour. Orig., prime denoted the first 
quarter of the artificial day, reckoned from G A. M. to 6 
p. M. ; afterwards, the end of the first quarter, that is, 
9 A. M. 5. Arith. A prime number. 6. Any of the first set 
of equal parts (generally GO) into which a unit, esp. a de- 
gree, is divided ; a minute. 7. The accent ['] used to denote 
a prime (sense 6) and now also for many other purposes, as 
in algebra, thus a' (to be read a prime). 8. Music, a A 
tone of the same staff degree with a given tone, b The pitch 
relation between two such tones, or their simultaneous 
combination. The perfect prime, represented by the ratio 
1 : 1, is called also the unison, c The tonic, or key note. 

— v. t.; primed (prlmd) ; prim'ing (prlm'Ing). 1. To pre- 
pare for firing, as a firearm, by supplying with a firing 
charge. 2. Hence : a Chiefly Mechanics. To put into a 
working condition by performing a necessary preliminary 
operation on, as to prime a pump by pouring water into the 
barrel, b To lay the first color, coating, or preparation 
upon (a surface), as in painting, c To prepare ; post ; 
coach ; as, to prime a witness. — v. i. 1. To prime, or 
serve as priming for, a gun. 2. Steam Boilers. To work so 
that fine water particles become mixed up with, and are 
carried over by, the steam. 

prime'ly, adv. In a prime manner ; excellently. 

prime'ness, to. Quality or state of being prime. 

prim'er (prlm'er), to. One who, or that which, primes ; esp., 
a cap, tube, or wafer containing fulminating powder or the 
like for igniting an explosive charge. 

prim'er (pnm'er), to. [OF. primier first.] 1. A small ele- 
mentary book (orig. a small prayer book) for teaching chil- 
dren to read ; hence, any small book of elementary princi- 
ples. 2. Print. See type. 

pri-me'ro (pri-me'ro), to. [Sp. primera, fr. primero first.] 
An old game at cards, in which four cards were dealt to 
each player, each card having thrice its ordinary value. 

pri-me'val (prl-me'vdl), a. [L. primaevus ; primus first 
+ aevum age.] Belonging to the first ages ; primitive ; 
primal. — Syn. See primary. — pri-me'val-ly, adv. 

pri'mi-ge'ni-al (prl'mi-je'ni-al), a. [L. primigenus, pri- 
migenius.~] First formed or generated ; primary ; primal. 

pri'mine (prl'mln), n. [L. primus first.] Bot. a The 
outermost of the two integuments of an ovule, b The inner 
integument, formed earlier than the outer. Cf. secundine. 

prim'ing (prlm'Ing), n. 1. Act of one that primes some- 
thing. 2. a The powder or other material used to fire a 
charge in a firearm or in blasting, b Paint. The first coat- 
ing of color, size, or the like, laid on a surface. 

pri-mip'a-ra (prl-mip'd-rd), to. [L. ; primus first + pa- 
rere to bring forth.] Med. A woman who is parturient for 
the first time or who has borne one child and no more. — 
pri'mi-par'i-ty (prl'mT-par'i-ti), n. 

pri-mip'a-rous (prl-mTp'd-rus), a. Belonging to a first 
birth ; bearing young for the first time. 

prim'i-tive (prTm'I-tiv),a. [L. primitivus."] 1. Pert, to the 
beginning or origin or to early times; original; primeval; 
first. 2. Characterized by the style, simplicity, rudeness, 
etc., of early times ; old-fashioned ; as, primitive tools. 3. 
Original ; primary ; radical ; not derived ; as, a primitive 
verb in grammar. — Syn. See primary. — n. 1. An origi- 
nal or primary word ; — opposed to derivative. 2. Math. 
The algebraic or geometric form from which another is de- 
rived. — prim'i-tive : ly, adv. — -tive-ness, to. 

prim'ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner. 

prim'ness, to. Quality or state of being prim ; preciseness. 

pri/mo-gen'i-tor (pri'mo-jen'i-tor), to. [LL., fr. L. primus 
first + genitor a begetter.] An ancestor ; a forefather. 

pri'mo-gen'i-ture (-tur), to. [LL. primogenitura, fr. L. 
primus first + genitura generation, birth.] 1. State of be- 
ing the firstborn of the same parents or parent. 2. Law. An 
exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the first-bom. 



pri-mor'di-al (prT-mor'di-dl), a. [L. primordialis, It. pri- 
mordium beginning ; primus first + ordiri to begin a web, 
to begin.] 1. First in order; of earliest origin. 2. Biol. 
Originally or earliest formed in the growth of an individual 
or organ ; primitive ; — opposed to definitive. — Syn. See 
primary. — pri-mor'di-al-ly, adv. 

pri-mor'di-al-ism (-Tz'm), to. Devotion to, or persistence 
in, conditions of the primordial state. 

primp (primp), v. i. & t. To prink. Chiefly Dial. 

prim'rose' (prim'roz'), to. [ME. prymerose, fr. F. prime- 
role, deriv. of LL. primula, fr. L. primus first.] 1. Any of 
a genus (Primula) of perennial herbs having large tufted 
basal leaves and showy variously colored flowers ; also, the 
flower. 2. A light yellow color like that of certain primroses. 

— a. Of or pert, to the primrose ; hence : flowery ; gay. 
prim'u-la'ceous (-u-la'sh#s), a. [LL. primula primrose.] 

Bot. Belonging to a family (Primulaccse) of herbs, the 
primrose family, of wide distribution, chiefly in the North- 
ern Hemisphere, and including the primroses, cyclamens, 
loosestrifes, etc. 

prince (prins), to. [F., fr. L. princeps, -cipis, the first, 
chief ; primus first + capere to take.] 1. The one of high- 
est rank ; a sovereign ; — now rarely applied to a female. 
2. A title given to the son of a sovereign, or other member 
of a royal family. 3. The English equivalent of a title of 
nobility in certain European countries, ranking in some 
cases above, in others below, that of duke. 4. One at the 
head of, or very eminent in, a class or profession ; as, a 
merchant prince. 

Prince Albert coat, a double-breasted frock coat. Colloq. 
— P. of Darkness, the Devil ; Satan. — P. of Glory, the 
Deity. — P. of Peace, Jesus Christ ; — alluding to Isaiah 
ix. 6. — P. of Wales, a title conierred on the eldest son, or 
heir apparent, of the British sovereign. 

prince'dom (prlns'dum), n. The jurisdiction, sovereignty, 
rank, or estate of a prince. 

prince'kin, prince'let, n. A little, young, or petty prince. 

prince'ling, n. A little or petty prince ; a princekin. 

prince'ly (pnns'lT), a. 1. Of or relating to a prince ; royal ; 
as, princely birth. 2. Befitting or characteristic of a prince ; 
regal ; noble ; as, a princely fortune. — adv. In a princely 
manner. — prince'li-ness (-li-nes), to 

prin'cess (pnn'ses), to. [F. princesse."] 1. A female prince ; 
a woman having sovereign power or the rank of a prince. 

2. The daughter or granddaughter of a sovereign ; loosely, 
a female member of a royal family. 3. The consort of a 
prince ; as, the Princess of Wales. 

princess royal, the eldest daughter of the British sovereign. 

prin-cesse' (pnn-ses'), a. [F., a princess.] Of a woman's 
dress, close-fitting with waist and skirt in one. 

prin^ci-pal (prTn'sT-pal), a. [F., fr. L. principalis] High- 
est in rank, authority, importance, etc. ; chief ; main. 
principal part , Gram., one of the inflectional forms of a verb 
(in English, the present tense, past tense, and past partici- 
ple) from which the rest can be derived, or which exhibit 
its different stems ; thus, sing, sang, sung. 

— n. 1. A leader, chief, or head. 2. Law. a One who em- 
ploys another to act for him. b One primarily liable on an 
obligation, as disting. from an indorser, surety, etc. c The 
chief actor in a crime, or an abettor present at it ; — disting. 
from an accessory. 3. a A capital sum placed at interest, 
due as a debt, or used as a fund ; — disting. from interest 
or profit, b The main body of an estate, devise, or bequest 
left by a decedent ; — disting. from income. 4. A presiding 
or chief officer, as of certain colleges and, in the United 
States, esp. of a school or academy. 5. Arch. & Engin. 
The construction which gives shape and strength to a roof, 
generally one of several trusses of timber or iron. 6. Music. 
In English organs, the chief open metallic stop, an octave 
above the open diapason. 

prin / ci-pal'i-ty (-pal'T-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Supreme 
station or power ; sovereignty. 2. In medieval angelology, 
one of a high order of angels. 3. Territory or jurisdiction 
of a prince ; country that gives title to a prince ; as, the 
principality of Wales. 

prin'ci-pal-ly (prin'si-pdl-i), adv. In a principal manner; 
in the chief place or degree ; primarily ; chiefly ; mainly. 

prin'ci-pal-sbip', to. The office or position of a principal. 

prin-cip'i-um (prm-sip'T-um), to.; pi. -ia (-d). [L.] A 
principle; esp., in pi., first principles; elements. 

prin'ci-ple (prTn'si-p'l), n. [F. principe, L. principium 
beginning, foundation, fr. princeps, -cipis. See prince.] 
1. A source ; origin ; ultimate element or cause. 2. An 
original faculty or endowment ; as, the principle of habit. 

3. A fundamental or general truth ; as, the principles of 
religion. 4. A general or settled rule or ground of action ; a 
governing law of conduct ; as, a man of no principle. 5. 
Any constituent, esp. a drug, plant extract, etc., giving to a 
substance its essential properties. — v. t.; -pled (-p'ld); 
-pling (-pling). To equip with principles ; establish or fix 
in certain principles ! 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equate, 



N 



PRINCOX 



766 



PRIVY 



prin'cox (prin'koks),n. Alsoprin'cock (-kok). [Prob. prim 
+ cock.'] A coxcomb ; pert youth. 06s. or Archaic. 

prink (prink), v. i. To dress or arrange one's self for show 
or affectedly. — v. t. To dress up. — prink'er, n. 

print (print), v : t. [ME. printen, prenten, shortened fr. 
emprenten to impress. See imprint, v.] 1. To fix or im- 
press, as a mark, character, idea, etc., into or on something. 
2. To stamp something in or on. 3. To stamp or impress 
with characters, patterns, or the like, transferred by pres- 
sure from plates, types, etc. 4. Specif., to strike off an im- 
pression or impressions of, as from type, engraved plates, 
etc. ; hence, to do the typesetting, presswork, etc., of, as a 
book, newspaper, etc. ; also, to publish in print ; as, to print 
the disclosures. 5. To form in characters like those of type 
(other than script). 6. Photog. To take (a copy, a positive 
picture, etc.) from a negative, from a drawing on transpar- 
ent paper, etc., upon a prepared surface. 

— v. i. 1. To take impressions of type, electrotypes, engrav- 
ings, etc. 2. To publish a book, article, piece of music, or 
the like. 3. To make characters like those used in type 
(other than script) ; as, to print with a pen. 

— n. 1. A line, character, figure or indentation made by 
pressure. 2. A stamp or die for molding. 3. That which re- 
ceives an impression, as from a mold ; as, a print of butter. 
4. Printed letters ; impression from type ; as, small print ; 
clear print. 5. Hence, printed matter ; esp., a printed pub- 
lication. 6. An impression taken from anything, as in li- 
thography. 7. A printed cloth ; a fabric figured by stamp- 
ing, esp. calico or cotton cloth. 8. A photographic copy 
made on a sensitized surface. 

in print, a In a printed form ; published, b To the letter ; 
with accurateness. Now Dial, c Still on sale bythe pub- 
lisher. — out of p., not procurable from the publisher, the 
edition being exhausted ; — said ot books, etc. 

print'a-Me (prin'td-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being printed, or 
of being printed from. 2. Capable of being lawfully or 
properly published ; — usually used with a negative. 

print'er (prin'ter), n. One who prints or works at the busi- 
ness ot printing ; a typesetter or a pressman. 

printer's dev'il (-terz). A young apprentice in a printing 
office who often gets very black from the printer's ink. 

prini'er-y (-ter-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. A place where 
cloth is printed ; print works. 2. A printing office. 

printing, n. Act, art, practice, or business of one who, or 
that which, prints ; typography. 

printing ink. See ink, n„ 1. — p. machine, a printing 
press, esp. one operated by power. Chiefly British. — p. 
out, Photog., a method ot printing in which the image is 
fully brought out by the direct actinic action of light, with- 
out subsequent development with chemicals. — p. press, 
any of numerous machines for printing from an inked sur- 
face, as of types, wood blocks, copper plates, lithographic 
stones, or the like. 

print'less, a. Making, bearing, or taking no imprint. 

pri'or (prl'er), a. [L. prior former, previous.] 1. Preced- 
ing in order of time ; antecedent. 2. Precedent in order of 
knowledge, origin, classification, privilege, rank, etc. — 
Syn. See antecedent. — n. The superior or ruler ot a 
priory (conventual prior), or the coadjutor of an abbot 
ranking next to him (claustral prior) . 

pri'or-ate (-at), n. Dignity or office of a prior. 

pri'or-ess, n. A woman superior of a priory of nuns. She 
ranks next in dignity to an abbess. 

pri-or'i-ty (pri-or'i-ti),7i. Quality or state of being prior, or 
of preceding something ; — opp. to posteriority. 

pri'or-ship, n. State or office of a prior ; priorate. 

pri'O-ry (prl'6-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. priorie.] A 
religious house next below an abbey. — Syn. See cloister. 

prise (priz). Var. of prize. — pris'er. Obs. var. ot prizer. 

prism (pri .'m), n. [L. prisma, Gr. vpla^a., fr. wpi £eiv to 
saw.] 1. dteom. A solid whose bases or ends are 
similar, equal, and parallel polygons, the faces 
being parallelograms. 2. Optics.^ A transparent 
body in the form of a 3-faced prism (def . 1 ). 3. 
Cryst. A form the faces of which are parallel to 
one axis ; specif., one whose faces are parallel to 
the vertical axis ; — in distinction from dome. 

pris-mat'ic (priz-mat'Tk), a 1. Of, pert, to, or 
like, a prism. 2. Formed by a prism ; resembling 
the colors of light refracted by a prism ; as, pris- 
matic spectrum colors. 3. Cryst. Orthorhombic. 
mat'i-cal, a. — i-cal-ly, adv. 

pris'moid (priz'moid), n. A body that approaches a prism 
in form. — pris-moi'dal (-moi'dal), a. _ 

pris'on (priz''n), n. [F., fr. L. prehensio, prensio, a seiz- 
ing, arresting.] 1. A place where persons are confined, or 
restrained of liberty ; hence, a place or state of confine- 
ment ; as, to be in prison. 2. Specif., a place for the safe 
custody or confinement of criminals or others legally com- 
mitted ; in the United States, esp., a State prison (which 
see). — v. t. To imprison. 

prison breach or breaking. Law. The act by which a 




prisoner escapes by force and violence from a plaice in 
which he is lawfully in custody. 

pris/on-er (prfz''n-er ; priz'ner), n. A person under arrest, 
or in custody, whether in prison or not ; a captive. 

pris'on-er's base (priz''n-erz ; prfz'nerz). An old game, 
played variously, now chiefly by children, the common 
feature being that players are touched, or tagged, as they 
attempt to run between stations or bases. Called also 
prisoner's bars. 

pris'tine (pris'tTn ; -tin), a. [L. pristinus.] Belonging to 
the earliest period or state. — Syn. See primary. 

prith'ee (pritb/e), inter j. A corruption of pray thee. Obs. 
or Archaic. [Contemptuous .1 

prit'tle-prat/tle (prifl-praVl), n. Empty talk; prattle.| 

pri'va-cy (prl'vd-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. State of being 
in retirement ; seclusion. 2. A place of seclusion ; retreat. 
3. Secrecy. 

[) Pri-vat'do-cent' (pre-vat'do-tsenf), n.; G. pi. -docenten 
(-tsen'ten). Also Pri-vat'do-zent'. [G. ; privat private + 
docent teacher. See docent.] In German and some other 
European universities, a licensed teacher or lecturer de- 
pendent upon fees for remuneration. 

pri'vate (prl'vat), a. [L. privatus private, prop. p. p. of 
privare to deprive, originally, to separate, fr. privus single, 
private.] _ 1. Of or concerning an individual person, com- 
pany, or interest ; personal ; not public ; as, private prop- 
erty ; a private secretary. 2. Sequestered ; secret ; secluded ; 
solitary ; as, a private room ; I wish to be private. 3. Not 
invested with, or engaged in, public office or employment ; 
not public in character or nature ; as, a private citizen ; 
private life ; private schools. 4. Not publicly known ; not 
open ; secret ; as, a private understanding. 

J — n. 1. Privacy ; retirement ; — now used only in in pri- 
vate. 2. Mil. A soldier below the grade of a noncommis- 
sioned officer. 

pri^va-teer' (-vd-ter'), n. 1. An armed private vessel com- 
missioned to cruise against the commerce or war vessels of 
the enemy. 2. The commander, or one of the crew, of a 
privateer. — v. i. To cruise in or as a privateer. 

pri'va-teers'man (-terz'man), n. An officer or seaman of a 
privateer. 

pri'vate-ly ( pri'vat-li ), adv. In a private manner or way. 

pri'vate-ness, n. State or quality of being private ; retire- 
ment ; privacy ; secrecy. 

pri-va'tion (prl-va'shun), n. [L. privatio. See private.] 
1. A depriving ; deprivation, esp. of rank or office. 2. State 
of being deprived or destitute of something ; destitution ; 
need. 3. Condition of being absent ; negation. 

priy'a-tive (priv'd-trv), a. [L. privativus.] 1. Causing 
privation : depriving. 2. Consisting in the absence of some- 
thing ; not positive ; negative. 3. Gram. Denoting priva- 
tion or negation ; as, a privative word ; giving a negative 
force to a word ; as, a privative particle. — n. That which 
is privative ; Gram., a privative prefix or suffix. 

priv'et (priv'et ; 24), n. 1. An ornamental European shrub 
(Ligustrum vulgare) of the olive family, with evergreen 
leaves and small white flowers ; also, any of various other 
species of the same genus. The privets are much planted for 
hedges. 2. An oleaceous tree (Forestiera acuminata) of 
the southern United States. 

priv'i-leget-i-lej), n. [F. privilege, L. privilegium a law 
for or against an individual ; privus private -f- lex, legis, 
law.] 1. A right or immunity granted as a peculiar advan- 
tage or favor ; a personal right, esp. in derogation of com- 
mon right. 2. Any of various fundamental or sacred rights 
considered as peculiarly guaranteed and secured to all per- 
sons by modern constitutional governments. 3. Finance. 
A call, put, spread, or straddle. 

— v. t.; -leced (-lejd) ; -LEG-iNG(-lej-ing). 1. To grant 
some particular right or exemption to ; as, to privilege 
Congressmen from arrest. 2. To exempt ; deliver, as from 
evil or danger. 

priv'i-ly (-11), adv. In a privy manner ; privately ; secretly. 

priv'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. privete.'] 1. Pri- 
vacy ; secrecy ; confidence. 2. Private knowledge ; joint 
knowledge of a private concern. 3. Law. A connection, or 
bond of union, between parties, as to some particular 
transaction ; the relationship between privies. 

priv'y (-?), a. [F. prive, fr. L. privatus private.] 1. Not 
public ; private ; — now used only in such terms as privy 
council, the privy purse, privy seal, etc. 2. Secret ; clan- 
destine ; also, hidden. Archaic. 3. Private ; secluded ; as, 
privy chambers. Archaic. 4. Secretly cognizant ; privately 
knowing ; as, his wife was privy to it. 
privy council, a secret council ; esp. : [cap.] Eng. Hist. 
a The body of men appointed by the crown, without any 
patent or grant, to advise it in matters of state. The main 
duty of the council at present is to advise the crown as to 
the issue of ordinances, or orders in council, b The simi- 
lar body appointed to advise the governor-general of 
Canada. — p. councilor or councillor, a member ot a 
privy council. — p. seal, in Great Britain, the seal which the 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PRIZE 



767 



PROCELEUSMATIC 



king uses in grants, etc., which are to pass the great seal, or 
in lesser matters that do not require ( the great seal. 

— n.; pi. privies (-Iz). 1. Law. Any of those persons hav- 
ing mutual or successive relationship to the same right of 
property. 2. A backhouse ; latrine. 

prize (prlz), v. t.; prized (prlzd); priz'ing. [From 
prize, n.] To press, force, or move, esp. with a lever ; pry. 

prize, n. [F. prise a seizing, hold, grasp, fr. L. prendere, 
prehendere, p. p. prensus, prehensus ; — in some senses, 
as 4, influenced by OF. pris price, F. prix prize.] 1. Act of 
capturing ; also, something captured. Rare, except in the 
sense of: Property, as a ship or her cargo, captured 
in virtue of the rights of war ; esp., a legal capture at sea. 
2. Anything worth striving for ; advantage ; privilege. 3. 
Something offered or striven for in competition or in con- 
tests of chance. 4. A contest for a reward. Obs. 5. A 
lever ; also, leverage. Dial, or Archaic. 

— a. 1. Prized ; esteemed ; noble. Obs. 2. Having been 
awarded a prize ; as, prize paintings. 3. Awarded as a 
prize ; as, a prize trophy. 4. Of or pert, to a military or 
naval prize or prizes ; as, a prize court, prize crew, etc. 

prize, v. t.; prized (prlzd) ; priz'ing (priz'ing). [OF. pri- 
sier, fr. L. pretiare, fr. pretium worth, value, price.] 1. 
To appraise ; price ; rate. 2. To value highly ; esteem. 3. 
To make a prize of ; seize as a prize, as a vessel. [in war.l 

prize court. A court having jurisdiction of all prizes taken| 

prize fight. An exhibition contest of pugilists for a stake 
or wager. — prize fighter. — prize fighting. 

prize money. Nav. A portion of the proceeds of a captured 
vessel or other property divided among the captors ; also, a 
sum granted by the government to participants in the de- 
struction of an enemy's vessel or vessels in battle. Prize 
money in the United States navy was abolished in 1899. 

priz'er, n. One who contends for a prize, esp. in boxing or 
wrestling. Obs. or Archaic. 

prize ring. The ring (see ring, n., 3 b) for a prize fight ; 
also, the system and practice of prize fighting, [fore, forth.l 

|| pro (pro), prep. [L.] Latin preposition signifying for, be-\ 

pro, adv. For, on, or in behalf of, the affirmative side ; — in 
contrast with con. — n. A person, argument, etc., on the 
affirmative side ; — usually in pi. 

pro and con, for and against. — pros and cons (proz, 
k5nz), the arguments or reasons for and against. 

pro- (pro- ; pro-). [L. pro, or Gr. irpo.] A prefix signifying 
in general before, in front, forth, forward, for, in behalf 
of, in place of, according to. Pro- is used to denote : 1. 
a Priority of place, with the sense of position before, in 
front of, anterior. 
Examples : propose, to place before; prothorax, the 
anterior (segment of the) thorax. 

b Priority of order or time, in the sense of occurring be- 
fore, beforehand ; also, in scientific terminology,- with the 
idea of primitive, rudimentary. 

Examples : prologue, part spokdn before (the main piece) ; 
procarp, immature cystocarp. Cf. proto-. \_front.\ 

2. Forth, forward, in the sense of motion before or to the\ 
Examples : proceed, to go before or forward; progress, 

a moving forward ; proclitic, leaning forward. 

3. For, in behalf of, in favor of, from the idea of standing 
before or in front of for defense or protection. 

Examples : procure, to gain, lit., to care for ; prolocutor, 
one who speaks for another ; proslavery. 

4. In place of, for, instead of, with the idea of substitu- 
tion ; used also specif, in titles. 

Examples : pronoun, a word used instead of a noun; 
proconsul, a person acting in place of a consul. 

5. According to, in proportion. 

Example : proportion, arrangement according to parts. 

pro'a (pro'd), n. [Malay prau, prahu.~] Naut. A double- 
ended outrigger swift-sailing canoe of the Malay Archi- 
pelago, with one side flat, which is kept to leeward. 

prob'a-bi-lism (prob'd-bi-lTz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that 
certainty is impossible, but that probability suffices to 
govern belief and action. 2. R. C. Theol. The doctrine that 
culpability does not attach to an action based upon a judg- 
ment of its probable, moral lawfulness where certainty is 
not attainable. — prob'a-bi-list (-list), n. 

prob'a-bil'i-ty (prob'd-bil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
Quality or state of being probable ; likelihood. 2. Some- 
thing probable. 3. Math. In the doctrine of chance, the 
likelihood of the occurrence of any particular form of an 
event ; the ratio of the frequency of that form of the event 
to the entire frequency of the event in all forms. 4. In pi. 
A forecast of the weather, esp. the government official 
daily forecast. ■ 

prob'a-ble (prob'd-b'l), a. [L. probabilis, fr. probare to 
try, prove.] 1. Supported by evidence inclining the mind 
to believe, but leaving some room for doubt ; likely. 2. Sup- 
porting, or giving ground for, belief, but not demonstrat- 
ing ; as, probable evidence. — Syn. See likely. 

prob'a-bly (-bli), adv. In a probable manner; in likeli- 
hood; in or with probability ; as, it is probably so. 



pro'bang (pro'bang), n. A slender elastic rod with a sponge 
on the end, for removing obstructions, as from the esophagus. 
pro'bate (pro'bat), a. [From L. probatus, p. p. of probare 
to prove.] Of or belonging to a probate, or court of pro- 
bate, or its jurisdiction. — n. Law. Official proof, esp. of 
an instrument offered as the last will and testament of a 
person deceased. — v. t. To make probate of. 
pro-ba'tion (pro-ba'shiin), n. [L. probatio, fr. probare to 
try, prove.] 1. Act of proving ; also, proof. Now Rare. 2. 
Any of various proceedings or systems designed to ascertain 
truth, determine character, qualification, etc. ; examina- 
tion ; trial ; as, on probation ; also, a period or state of trial ; 
as, her probation is finished. 
pro-ba'tion-al (-dl), a. Probationary. 
pro-ba'tion-a-ry (-£-rf), a. Of or pert, to probation. 
pro-ba'tion-er (-er), n. One under probation. [proof.l 

pro'ba-tive (pro'bd-tiv), a. Serving for, or pert, to, trial or| 
pro'ba-to-ry (pro'bd-to-rl), a. 1. Probationary. 2. Pert. 

to, or serving for, proof ; as, probatory evidence. 
probe (prob), v. t.; probed (probd) ; prob'ing (prob'Tng). 
[L. probare to try, examine.] 1. To examine with a probe. 
2. To search to the bottom ; examine thoroughly ; as, to 
probe official conduct. — n. Surgery. A slender instru- 
ment for examining a cavity, as a wound or ulcer, etc. 
prob'i-ty (prob'i-ti ; pro'bT-), n. [L. probitas, fr. probus 
good, honest.] Tried virtue or integrity ; uprightness. — 
Syn. See honesty. 
prob'lem (prob'lem), n. [F. probleme, L. problema, fr. Gr. 
TrpoPXrjua, lit., something thrown forward ; deriv. of irpb be- 
fore, forward + /SdXXeiv to throw.] 1. A question proposed 
for solution ; hence : a matter difficult of solution or settle- 
ment ; a doubtful case. 2. Math. Anything that is required 
to be done. Cf. theorem, proposition. 
prob'lem-at'ic (-at'Ik) 1 a. Of the nature of a problem ; 
prob'lem-at'i-cal (-T-kdl)j uncertain; doubtful. 
pro'bos-cid'e-an (pro'bo-sid'e-dn), a. Proboscidian. 
pro'bos-cid'i-an (-I-dn), a. [See proboscis.] 1. Having or 
resembling a proboscis. 2. Zool. Belonging to an order or 
suborder (Proboscidea) of ungulate mammals consisting of 
the elephants and their extinct allies. 
pro-bos'cis (pro-bos'is), n. ; L. pi. -bosctdes (-i-dez). [L., 
fr. Gr. irpoPocrKLs ; irpb before + fioantiv to feed.] 1. The 
trunk of an elephant ; also, a long and flexible snout in other 
animals, as in a tapir. 2. Zool. Any of various tubular proc- 
esses or prolongations of the head of animals, esp. : a In 
insects, a tubular sucking organ, often adapted also for 
piercing, as in lepidopterans and dipterans. b In many 
annelids and other invertebrates, the anterior, muscular, 
protrusible part of the alimentary canal ; the pharynx. 
pro-cam'bi-um(-kam'bT-um),n. [NL. See pro-; cambium.] 
Bot. That portion of meristematic tissue from which the 
vascular bundles are developed. — pro-cam'bi-al (-51), a. 
pro'carp (pro'karp), n. Bot. The female reproductive organ 

of the gametophyte in certain red algae. 
pro'ca-the'dral (pro'kd-the'drdl), n. Eccl.A parish church 
used as a cathedral, or diocesan church, as in a new diocese. 
pro'ce-den'do (pro'se-dcn'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [Abl. 
of the gerund of L. procedere. See proceed.] Law. Any 
of various writs issuing out of a superior court to an infe- 
rior court authorizing or directing the inferior court to 
act upon certain matters, as in remitting a cause for trial. 
pro-ce'dur-al (pro-se'clyr-dl), a. Law. Of or pert, to pro- 
cedure ; as, a procedural contract, one binding the maker 
to abide by the award of a court. 
pro-ce'dure (pro-se'4yr), n. [F . procedure."} 1. Progress; 
conduct. Now Rare. 2. Law. The mode of beginning and 
conducting litigation. 3. An action in a course of conduct ; 
a proceeding. — Syn. See process. 
pro-ceed' (pro-sed'), v. i. [F. proceder, fr. L. procedere, 
-cessum; pro forward + cedere to move.] 1. To move, 
pass, or go, forward or onward ; advance ; continue ; pro- 
gress. 2. To issue or come forth as from a source ; come 
(from) ; emanate. 3. To go on in an orderly or regulated 
manner ; prosecute a design ; as, to proceed on sound prin- 
ciples. 4. To be derived from ; arise ; result. 5. Law. To 
begin and carry on a legal proceeding. — Syn. See advance. 
— (pro'sed), n. That which results, proceeds, or accrues 
from some possession or transaction ; esp., the amount real- 
ized from a sale or other transaction ; — now only in pi. 
pro-ceed'ing, n. 1. Action of one who proceeds, or goes for- 
ward. 2. A carrying on of a course of action ; also, a meas- 
ure or step in a course of business ; a transaction. 3. Law. 
a In pi. Course of procedure in an action at law. b Any 
step in litigation. 4. In pi. The published record of the ac- 
tion taken, or of things done, addresses read, etc., at the 
meetings of a society or association. Cf. transaction, 3. 
— Syn. Measure, step. See process. 
proc'e-leus-mat'ic (pros'e-lus-mat'ik), a. [From L., fr. 
Gr. TrpoKeXewruaTCKos, fr. TrpoKeXeveiv to rouse to action 
beforehand; irpb + nehevuv to incite.] 1. Inciting; ani- 
mating. Rare. 2. Pros. Of, pert, to, or designating, one or 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PROCEPHALIC 



768 



PRODUCT 







more proceleusmatics. — to. Pros. A foot of four short syl- 
lables, [the front of the head. | 

pro'ce-phal'ic (pro'se-fal'Tk), a. Zo'dl. Pert, to or forming | 

proc'ess (pros'es or, esp. in British usage, pro'ses), to. [F. 
proces, L. processus. See proceed.] 1. Act of proceed- 
ing ; progress ; advance ; of time, passing ; lapse ; — now 
chiefly used in in process ; as, in process of construction ; 
in process of time. 2. A series of actions, motions, or occur- 
rences ; progressive act or continuous operation or treat- 
ment ; a series of operations leading to some result ; as, a 
process of manufacture. 3. Law. Any writ or other writing 
by which a court exercises its jurisdiction ; hence : such 
mandates or writings collectively in an action or proceed- 
ing ; also, the whole course of proceedings. 4. Any marked 
prominence or projecting part ; an outgrowth or extension 
of an animal or plant. 5. Print. Photomechanical proc- 
esses collectively. Also used adjectively ; as, process block, 
plate, work, etc. • 

Syn. Process, procedure, proceeding (in nontechnical 
uses). Process denotes a progressive action or a series of 
acts or steps, esp. in a regular course of performing or 
making ; procedure denotes esp. the method of prosecut- 
ing or conducting an operation or process ; proceeding 
applies esp. to measures or transactions ; as, a mental 
process, a chemical process ; correct procedure ; a harsh pro- 
ceeding. 

— -v. t. 1. Law. To issue, or take out, process against; 
serve process on. 2. To subject to some special process. 

pro-ces'sion (pro-sesh'&n), n. [F., fr. L. processio.] 1. 
Regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress. 2. Act or condi- 
tion of issuing forth. 3. That which is movingonward in an 
orderly, stately, or solemn manner, esp. a train of persons. 

pro-ces'sion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to a procession. — to. 
A hymn sung during a church procession. — pro-ces'- 
sion-al-ly, adv. [near.] Law. Next; nearest.) 

pro'chein (pro'shen), a. [F. prochain, deriv. of L. prope\ 
prochein ami or amy (am'i; a'me'). = next friend. 

pro-Claim/ (pro-kl am'), v. t. [F. proclamer, L. proclamare ; 
pro + clamare to call.] 1. To announce officially by word 
of mouth ; cry. 2. To make known by public announce- 
ment ; publish abroad ; declare. 3. To outlaw by proclama- 
tion ; hence, to forbid or restrict by legal proclamation. 4. 
To disclose ; manifest ; as, his face proclaimed his sincer- 
ity. — Syn. Promulgate, announce. See declare. — n. A 
calling out ; proclamation. Rare. — pro-claim'er, n. 

procla-ma'tion (prok'ld-ma'shwn), n. Act of proclaiming ; 
thing proclaimed ; announcement ; publication. 

pro-clit'ic (pro-klit'ik), a. [Gr. irpoichLvtiv to lean for- 
ward.] Gram. Leaning forward (as to accent) ;_ — said of 
words which, having no accent, are in pronunciation closely 
attached to the following word. — to. A proclitic word. 

pro-cliv'i-ty (-kliv'I-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tfz). [L. procliyi- 
tas.2 1. Inclination ; propensity ; tendency ; — used with 
to or toward, and usually of something evil ; as, a pro- 
clivity to steal. 2. Readiness ; aptitude. Now Rare. — 
Syn. See bent. 

Proc'ne (prok'ne),TO. [L., fr. Gr. UpoKvr].'] See Philomela. 

pro-con'sul (pro-kon'swl), to. [L., fr. pro for + consul con- 
sul.] Roman Antiq. An officer, not a consul, who dis- 
charged the duties of a consul ; a governor of, or a military 
commander in, a province. — pro-con'su-lar (-su-ldr), a. 
— pro-con'su-late (-lat), to. — pro-con'sul-ship, n. 

pro-cras'ti-nate (pro-kras'ti-nat), v. t. & i.; -nat'ed 
(-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. [L. procrastinatus, p. p. of procras- 
tinare to procrastinate ; pro forward + crastinus of to- 
morrow, eras to-morrow.] To put off from day to day; 
defer ; postpone. — Syn. See defer. 

pro-cras'ti-na'tion (-na'shim), to. Act or habit of procras- 
tinating ; delay ; dilatoriness. [nates. I 

pro-cras'ti-na'tor (-kras'ti-na'ter), to. One who procrasti-j 

pro'cre-ant (pro'kre-dnt), a. [L. procreans, p. pr.] Pro- 
creative ; generating. Rare. 

pro'cre-ate (-at), v. t.; pro'cre-at'ed (-at'ed); pro'cre- 
At'ing. [L. procreatus, p. p. of procreare ; pro forth -f- 
creare to create.] To generate and produce ; beget. 

pro'cre-a'tion (-a'shun), to. Act of procreating. 

pro'cre-a'tive (pro'kre-a'tTv), a. Having the power to be- 
get ; generative ; also, pert, to procreation. tive-ness, n. 

Pro-crus'te-an (pro-krus'te-dn), a. Of or pert, to Procrus- 
tes or his mode of torture ; enforcing conformity by harsh, 
arbitrary methods. 

Pro-crus'tes (pro-kriis'tez), to. [L., fr. Gr. HpoKpovarTjs, 
fr. irpoKpovtiv to beat out, to stretch.] Gr. Antiq. A leg- 
endary highwayman of Attica, who tied his victims on an 
iron bed, and stretched them or cut off their legs to fit them 
to its length. See Theseus. 

proc'tor (prok'ter), to. [From procurator.'] One employed 
to manage the affairs of another ; specif. : a Law. A pro- 
curator in the civil or canon law. b An officer in a univer- 
sity or college who enforces order and obedience to its laws. 

proc-to'ri-al (prok-to'ri-dl;57), a. Of or pertaining to a 
proctor, esp. an academic proctor ; magisterial, 



proc'tor-ship, to. Office, position, or function of a proctor. 

pro-CUm'bent (pro-kum'bent), a. [L. procumbens, -entis, 
p. pr. of procumbere to fall or lean forward.] 1. Lying 
down, or on the face ; prone. 2. Bot. Trailing ; prostrate. 

pro-cur'a-ble (-kur'd-b'l), a. Capable of being .procured. 

proc'u-ra-cy (prok'u-ra-si), to.; pi. -cies (-siz). Office or 
act of a proctor or procurator ; management for another. 

proc'U-ra'tion (-ra'shun), to. 1. Management for another ; 
in civil law, agency. 2. A power of attorney ; a proxy. 3. 
Act of procuring ; procurement. 

proc'll-ra'tor (prok'u-ra'ter), to. 1. Law. An agent ; proc- 
tor. 2. Roman Antiq. Any of various imperial fiscal 
agents or administrators. — proc'u-ra-to'ri-al, a. 

proc'll-ra-to-ry (proVfi-rd-to-rl ; pro-ku'rd-), a. Pert, to, 
tending to, or authorizing procuration. 

pro-cure' (prS-kur'), v. t. ; -cured' (-kurd') ; -cur'ing (-kur'- 
Ing). [F. procurer, L. procurare to take care of ; pro for + 
curare to take care.] 1. To bring into possession ; acquire ; 
gain ; get ; — often used with indirect object ; as, he pro- 
cured me employment. 2. To contrive ; effect ; cause ; as, 
they procured his arrest. 3. To obtain for prostitution. — 
Syn. See obtain. — v. i. To pimp. 

pro-cure'ment (-ment), to. 1. Act of procuring; attain- 
ment. 2. Management ; agency. [pimp; pander. j 

pro-cur'er (-kur'er), to. 1. One who procures anything. 2. A| 

pro-cur'ess (-5s), to. A woman pander. 

Pro'cy-on (pro'si-on), to. [L., a constellation which rises 
before the Dog Star, Gr. TlpoKvuv ; irpd before + nbuv dog.] 
Astron. A first-magnitude star in Canis Minor ; Alpha (a) 
Canis Minoris. 

prod (prod), to. 1. A pointed thing for pricking or punc- 
turing, as a goad. 2. A prick, punch, or poke; hence, a 
sharp reminder or incitement, as to action ; as, to give one's 
memory a prod. — v. t. ; prod'ded ; prod'ding. To thrust 
a pointed instrument into ; hence, to goad or incite, as to 
activity. — prod'der, to. 

prod'i-gal (prod'I-gdl), a. Given to prodigality ; recklessly 
profuse ; also, lavish ; wasteful ; loosely, profusely liberal ; 
as, prodigal hospitality. — Syn. Extravagant. See pro- 
fuse. — to. One who spends prodigally ; spendthrift. 

prod'i-gal'i-ty (-gal'i-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. prodi- 
galite, or L. prodigalitas, fr. prodigus prodigal, prodigere 
to squander, drive forth ; pro- forth + agere to drive.] Ex- 
travagance, or an extravagant act, in expenditure, esp. of 
money ; waste ; loosely, profuse liberality. 

prod'i-gal-ly, adv. In a prodigal manner ; profusely. 

pro-di'gious(pro-dij'ws),a. [L. prodigiosus,ix.prodigium 
a prodigy.] Extraordinary in bulk, extent, quantity, or de- 
gree ; vast ; immense. — Syn. Huge, enormous, portentous, 
marvelous, amazing, astonishing, extraordinary. See mon- 
strous. — pro-di'gious-ly, adv. — pro-di'gious-ness, to. 

prod'i-gy (prod'I-ji), to.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. prodigium."] 
1. Something extraordinary, or out of the usual course of 
nature, from which omens are drawn ; a portent. 2. Any- 
thing so extraordinary as to excite astonishment ; a marvel ; 
as, a prodigy of learning. 3. A monster ; a monstrosity. — 
Syn. Wonder, miracle. 

prod'ro-mal (prod'ro-mdl), a. Med. Of or pert, to pro- 
dromes ; as, the prodromal stage of a disease. 

pro'drome (pro'drom), to. [Gr. Trpodpop-os running before; 
irpo + dp6p.os a running.] Med. A premonitory symptom. 

pro-duce' (pro-dus'),v. «.;-duced' (-dust'); -duc'ing. [L. 
producere, -ductum, to bring forward, produce ; pro + 
ducere to lead.] 1. To bring forward ; exhibit ; show ; as, 
to produce a document in court ; to introduce ; bring be- 
fore the public, as a play or a performer. 2. To bring 
forth, as young or a natural product ; bear ; yield. 3. Econ. 
To make economically valuable. 4. To cause to be or 
happen ; originate, as an effect ; bring about ; as, vice 
produces misery. 5. To manufacture ; make. 6. To cause 
to accrue ; as, capital produces profit. 7. To draw out ; ex- 
tend in length ; lengthen. — v. i. To yield appropriate off- 
spring, crops, effects, etc. 

prod'uee (prod'us), to. That which is produced; product; 
yield ; specif., agricultural products. — Syn. See product. 

pro-due'er (pro-dus'er), to. 1. One who produces, brings 
forth, or generates. 2. One who produces, or manufactures, 
articles of consumption ; — opposed to consumer. 3. A 
furnace or apparatus for producing combustible gas for 
fuel, for driving gas engines, making illuminating gas, etc. 

pro-dUC'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. Capable of being produced. 

prod'UCt (prod'iikt), to. [L. productus, p. p. of producere. 
See produce.] 1. Anything produced, as by generation, 
growth, labor, thought, chemical reaction, etc. _ 2. Math. 
The number or magnitude resulting from multiplication to- 
gether of two or more numbers or magnitudes ; in general, 
the result of any multiplication. 3. Chem. See educt, 2. 
Syn. Product, production, produce. Product is the 
general word ; production may denote the act or proces3 
of producing ; when used concretely, it usually applies to 
the products of intellectual or artistic labor ; produce 
(ordinarily collective) denotes esp. agricultural products ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



PRODUCTION 



769 



PROGNOSIS 



as, agricultural products, a product of industry, skill ; a 
production of genius ; this year's produce, a produce garden. 

pro-duc'tion (pro-dflk'shun), n. [L. productio a lengthen- 
ing.] 1. Act of producing. 2. That which is produced ; a 
product; specif., a literary or artistic work. 3. Econ. 
The creation of economic value ; — opp. to consumption. 
— Syn. Produce, fruit, work, performance. See product. 

pro-duc'tive (-tlv), a. 1. Having the quality or power of 
producing ; also, fertile ; profitable ; as, productive soil. 2. 
Bringing into being ; originative ; as, an age productive of 
poets. — pro-duc'tive-ly, adv. — pro-duc'tive-ness, n. 

pro'duc-tiv'i-ty (pro'duk-tlv'i-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being productive ; productiveness. 

pro'em (pro'em), n. [F. proeme, fr. L., fr. Gr. -rrpooiuiov; 
irpb before + olp.os way, strain of a song.] Preface or intro- 
duction, esp. to a poem. — pro-e'mi-al (pro-e'mT-al), a. 

prof a-na'tion (prof'd-na'shiin), n. Act of profaning, esp. 
sacred things ; desecration. 

Syn. Profanation, desecration, sacrilege. Profana- 
tion implies esp. irreverent or contemptuous treatment of 
sacred things ; desecration suggests a more positive vio- 
lation of their sanctity ; sacrilege is the sin or crime of 
profaning or desecrating. [ing.| 

pro-fan'a-to-ry (pro-fan'd-to-rl), a. Profaning; desecrat-| 

pro-fane' (pro-fan'), a. [F., fr. L. prof anus; pro before + 
fanum temple.] 1. Not sacred or holy ; as : a Not possess- 
ing peculiar sanctity ; hence : secular ; as, profane history 
or art. b Unholy. 2. Treating sacred things with contempt, 
disrespect, irreverence, or undue familiarity ; irreverent ; 
hence : irreverent in language ; blasphemous. 3. Not ad- 
mitted to the temple ; uninitiated, as into rites or mysteries ; 
hence : of low or common standing ; vulgar ; as, the profane 
mob. — Syn. Temporal, worldly ; unsanctified, unhallowed, 
ungodly. See irreligious. 

— v. t. 1. To treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or con- 
tempt (something regarded as sacred) ; desecrate ; pollute. 
2. To put to a wrong or unworthy use ; debase ; abuse ; 
defile ; as, to profane one's talents. — pro-fan'er, n. — 
pro-fane'ly, adv. — fane'ness, n. 

pro-fan'i-ty (-fan'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tYz). 1. Quality or 
state of being profane; irreverence; esp., blasphemy. 2. 
Profane language or acts. — Syn. See blasphemy. 

pro'fert (pro'fert), n. [L., he brings forward.] Law. An 
allegation in a pleading or on the record that the pleader 
produces an instrument in open court. 

pro-fess' (pro-feV), v. t. [ME. professed bound by a vow, 
F. profes, masc, prof esse, fem., professed (monk or nun), 
L. professus, p. p. of profiteri to profess ; pro before + 
fateri to confess, own.] 1. To declare openly, as one's be- 
lief, action, etc. ; avow ; acknowledge. 2- To set up a claim 
of ; pretend ; hence, to present a show of ; as, to profess 
one's self a physician. 3. To pretend to knowledge of ; set 
up as an authority or practitioner in. — v. i. To avow. 

pro-fess'ed-ly (-ed-lT), adv. By profession; avowedly. 

pro-fes'sion (-fesh'un), n. 1. A professing; open declara- 
tion ; avowal. 2. That which one professes ; an avowal ; 
specif., Christian or religious faith and purpose openly 
avowed ; as, his professions are insincere. 3. That of 
which one professes knowledge ; vocation, if not purely 
commercial, mechanical, agricultural, or the like ; calling ; 
as, the profession of arms. The three professions, or 
learned professions, are, esp., theology, law, and medi- 
cine. 4. Those engaged in a calling collectively ; as, the 
profession distrust him. — Syn. See trade. 

pro-fes'sion-al (-51), a. 1. Of or pert, to a profession, or 
calling ; as, professional courtesy. 2. Engaged in one of 
the learned or skilled professions. 3. a Engaged in by 
professionals ; as, a professional race ; — opp. to amateur. 
b Engaging in an occupation as one's profession or life 
work for gain ; as, a professional soldier ; — often specif, 
applied to one thus following an occupation generally or 
properly engaged in as a pastime or from higher motives 
than mere gain. — n. One who engages in anything pro- 
fessionally ; a professional worker ; — opp. to amateur. 

pro-fes'sion-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. The following of a profes- 
sion, sport, etc., for a livelihood or for gain; also, the 
characteristics, methods, etc., of professionals or of a par- 
ticular profession. 

pro-fes'sion-al-ly, adv. In a professional way or capacity. 

pro-fes'sor (pro-fes'er), n. [L., teacher, public teacher.] 
1, One who professes, or avows, his sentiments or opinions, 
esp. in religion. 2. One who professes, or publicly teaches, 
any branch of learning ; esp., a lecturing or teaching officer 
in a university, college, or other seminary, on whom the 
title has been formally conferred by the academic authori- 
ties ; as, a professor of mathematics. 3. One who teaches, 
or, more loosely, one who practices, any art, sport, or occu- 
pation requiring skill ; as, a professor of dancing. Colloq. 

pro'fes-so'ri-al (pro'f e-so'n-dl ; 57), a. Of or pert, to, a 
professor. — pro'fes-so'ri-al-ly, adv. 

■ pro'fes-so'ri-ate (pro'fe-so'n-at), n. A body of professors, 
as those of a university or college ; also, professorship. 



pro-fes'sor-Ship (pro-fSs'er-shTp), n. The office, duties, or 
position of an academic professor. 

proffer (prof'er), v. t. [AF. profrer, OF. porofrir; por for 
(L. pro) + ofrir to offer.] To offer for acceptance ; make 
a tender of. — n. An offer ; tender. [proficient. I 

pro-fi'cien-cy (pro-flsh'en-sT), n. Quality or state of being) 

pro-fi'cient (-ent), ». [L. proficiens, -entis, p. pr. of pro- 
ficere to go forward, progress.] One well advanced in any 
business, art, science, or branch of knowledge or skill ; 
expert. — a. Well-skilled ; versed. — pro-fi'cient-ly, adv. 

pro'file (pro'fll ; -fel), n. [It. profilo, fr. profilare to draw 
in profile ; L. pro + filum thread, outline.] 1. An outline 
or contour. 2. A human head seen or represented sidewise, 
or in a side view. 3. A side or sectional elevation ; as : a 
Arch. A section of any member at right angles with its 
main lines, b Engin. A drawing showing a vertical section. 
— Syn. See form. 

— v. t.; -filed (-flld; -feld) ; -fil-ing. To draw the verti- 
cal outline of ; draw a profile of. 

profit (profit), n. [OF. profit, profeit, fr. L. profectus 
advance, progress, profit.] 1. Accession of good ; valuable 
results ; benefit ; gain. 2. Excess of returns or income over 
expenditure in a given transaction, business, or the like ; 
as : the excess (gross profit) of gross receipts over the ex- 
penditures directly involved ; or the net proceeds (net 
profit) obtained by deducting from the gross proceeds all 
forms of expense or outlay. 3. The ratio of profit (in sense 
2) for a given year to the amount of capital invested. 4. 
Economics. The share of the employing classes in the dis- 
tribution of the products of industry, as distinct from 
wages and rent ; — usually in pi. 

— v. i. 1. To gain advantage ; improve ; gain ; as, to profit 
by advice. 2. To be of use or advantage ; do or bring good. 

— v. t. To be of service to ; benefit ; advantage. 

prof it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Yielding or bringing profit or gain ; 
lucrative ; useful. — Syn. See beneficial. — prof it-a- 
ble-ness, n. — prof 'it-a-bly f adv. 

profit-less, a. Without profit ; unprofitable. 

prof li-ga-cy (-11-gd-si), n. Quality or state of being prof- 
ligate ; as : a Abandoned character or conduct ; dissolute- 
ness. _ b Reckless extravagance ; immoderate profusion. 

prof li-gate (-gat), a. [L. profligatus, p. p. of profligare to 
dash to the ground, destroy.] 1. Broken down in recti- 
tude, principle, virtue, or decency ; dissolute. 2. Reck- 
lessly or immoderately extravagant or profuse. — Syn. See 
abandoned. — n. A profligate person. gate-ly, adv. 

prof lu-ent (prof'loo-ent ; pro'floo- ; 86), a. [L. profluens, 
p. pr.] Spreading ; flowing forth or forward. 

pro-found' (pro-found'), a. [F. profond, L. profundus ; 
pro forward -j- fundus bottom.] 1. Opening or reaching 
to a great depth ; deep. 2. Intellectually deep ; thorough ; 
as, a profound scholar. 3. Marked by intensity ; deeply 
felt ; intense ; as, a profound sleep ; profound respect. 4. 
Bending low ; showing deep humility or respect ; as, a pro- 
found bow. 5. Coming from a depth ; deeply drawn ; as, a 
profound sigh. — Syn. See deep. — n. 1. The deep ; the 
sea. 2. An abyss. found'ly, adv. found'ness, n. 

pro-fun'di-ty (-fun'di-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. pro- 
funditas.~\ 1. Quality or state of being profound ; depth. 
2. That which is profound or deep. 

.pro-fuse' (-fus'), a. [L. profusus, p. p. of profundere to 
pour forth or out ; pro forward -f- f under e to pour.] 1. 
Pouring forth liberally, as esp. money or gifts ; prodigal. 
2. Done, given, furnished, etc., with great or excessive 
liberality ; very abundant or copious. — pro-fuse'ly (pro- 
fus'll), adv. — pro-fuse'ness, n. 

Syn. Bountiful, liberal, lavish ; prodigal, extravagant, 
wasteful. — Profuse, lavish, prodigal. Profuse implies 
a pouring forth fully or freely; lavish, an expending or 
bestowing without stint or measure ; prodigal, extrava- 
gant or reckless profusion or lavishness ; as, profuse thanks, 
apologies ; lavish hospitality ; the prodigal son. 

pro-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of one who is profuse; 
lavish expense. Now Rare. 2. Abundance ; lavish supply. 

prog (prog), v. i.; progged (progd) ; prog'gixg (prog'ing). 
To wander, esp. in order to steal, beg, or find something ; 
Obs., Cant, or Dial. — n. Victuals ; food. Cant or Slang. 

pro-gen'i-tor (pro-jen'i-ter), n. [L., fr. progignere, -geni- 
tum, to bring forth, beget ; pro- + gignere to beget.] A 
lineal ancestor ; a forefather. — pro-gen'i-tor-ship', n. 

prog'e-ny (proj'e-nT), n. [F. progenie, fr. L. progenies, fr. 
progignere. See progenitor.] Descendants ; offspring. 

pro-glot'tis (pro-glot'is), n.; pi. -tides (-T-dez). [NL. ; 
Gr. trpo forward + yXCirra the tongue.] Zo'ol. One of the 
segments of a tapeworm, containing both male and female 
reproductive organs. — pro-glot'tic (-ik), a. 

prog-nath'ic (prog-nath'Tk) la. [pro- + Gr. yvados jaw.] 

prog'na-thOUS (prog'nd-thus)J Anat.& Zo'ol. Having the 
jaws projecting beyond the upper part of the face. — prog'- 
na-thism (prog'nd-tMz'm), prog'na-thy (-thi), n. 

prog-no'sis (prog-no'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. irpoyvaxTLs, a know- 
ing beforehand, deriv. of irpb -\- yiyvtoaiceiv to know.] Med. 



K =» ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
"Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. J| Foreign Word. 4 combined with. ■= equals, 



N 



PROGNOSTIC 



770 



PROLIXNESS 







Forecast of the course and termination of a disease ; also, 
the outlook, afforded by such a forecast. 

prog-nos'tic (-nos'tlk), a. [Gr. irpoyvaaTiubs.] Indicating 
something future by signs or symptoms ; foreshowing. — n. 
1. A sign indicating a future event ; omen. 2. Forecast ; 
prophecy. 3. Med. A symptom helpful in prognosis. 

prog-nos'ti-cate (-ti-kat), v. t. To foretell from signs or 
symptoms ; to prophesy ; predict. — Syn. See foretell. 

prog-nos'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of prognosticat- 
ing ; prediction. 2. That which foreshows ; foretoken. 

prog-nos'ti-ca'tor (-ka'ter),^. One who prognosticates. 

pro'gram, programme (pro'gram), n. [L. programmes, a 
public proclamation, manifesto, Gr. irpbypauiia, fr. irpo- 
yphfyeiv to write before or in public ; irpb + ypa&eiv to write.] 

1. A public notice ; a prospectus ; syllabus ; — now usually 
a brief outline of the order for, or of the subjects of, any 
public exercise, performance, etc. 2. Hence, the selections 
or features of a performance or entertainment collectively. 
3. An official bulletin. 4. A plan of future procedure. 

program, or programme, music. Music. Descriptive 
instrumental music which follows a definite argument or 
program of incidents, scenes, or moods. 

prog'ress (prog'res or, esp. British, pro'gres), n. [L. pro- 
gressus, fr. progredi, p. p. -gressus, to go forward ; pro^ + 
gradi to go.] 1. A moving or going forward ; a proceeding 
onward ; advance, physical, mental, or moral. 2. Growth, 
development, or course of anything, as a war, trade, etc. 

3. A journey, esp., a journey of state ; circuit. Now Rare. 
Syn. Progress, progression. Progress denotes advance 
or forward movement ; progression is either the act of ad- 
vancing or progress by successive steps or degrees ; as, easy 
progress, the progress of a disease, of a campaign ; slow 
progression, arithmetical progression. 

pro-gress' (pro-gres'), v. i. To make progress; continue 
onward in course ; proceed. — Syn. See advance. 

pro-gres'sion (pro-gresh'un), n. 1. Act of progressing. 2. 
Course ; passage ; also, lapse or process of time. 3. Math. 
A discrete series that has a first but no last element, esp. 
one in which any intermediate element is related by a uni- 
form law to the other elements. In an arithmetical pro- 
gression, the terms increase or decrease by equal differ- 
ences ; as 2, 4, 6, 8, .... ; 4, 1, -2, -5, In a geometrical 

progression, the terms increase or decrease by equal 

ratios ; as 2, 4, 8, 16, 4. Music, a Succession of tones 

or chords ; the movement of the parts in harmony ; 
motion, b = sequence. — Syn. See progress. 

pro-gres'sion-al (-21), a. Progressive. 

pro-gres'sion -ist (pro-gresh'un-ist), n. One who believes 
in the progression of society, or of organic evolution, to- 
ward perfection. — pro-gres'sion-ism (-Iz'm), n. Rare. 

prog'ress-ist (prog'res-ist ; cf. progress), n._ 1. A pro- 
gressionist. 2. A member of any of various political parties 
holding views assumed to be progressive ; a progressive. 

pro-gres'sive (pro-gres'Iv), a. 1. a Moving forward; ad- 
vancing ; increasing ; as, progressive motion or course ; — 
opposed to retrograde, b Advancing by successive stages or 
degrees ; as, a progressive series. 2. Tending to progress ; 
favoring progress ; as, a progressive policy. 3. Taxation. 
Designating, or pert, to, a plan of taxation in which the 
rate increases by a certain amount with certain increases 
in the amount of the income or wealth. Cf. degressive. 

4. [cap.] Of or pert, to the Progressive party, U. S. Poli- 
tics, the party formed, chiefly out of the Republican party, 
in 1912 under tbe leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. It de- 
manded direct primaries, direct election of U. S. senators, 
woman suffrage, recall of judkial decisions in some cases, etc. 

— n. 1. One who is progressive. 2. [cap.'] A member of the 
Progressive party. U. S. sive-Iy, adv. sive-ness, n. 

pro-hib'it (-hlb'It), v. t. [L. prohibitus, p. p. of prohibere; 
pro before, forth + habere to have, hold.] 1. To forbid by 
authority ; interdict. 2. To hinder ; prevent ; forbid. — 
Syn. See forbid. — pro-hib'it-er, n. 

pro'hi-bi'tion (pro'hl-blsh'un), n. 1. Act of prohibiting. 

2. A declaration or injunction forbidding some action. 3. 
The forbidding by law of the sale and, sometimes, the 
manufacture of alcoholic liquors as beverages. 

pro'ni-bi'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. System or theory of those 
who favor prohibition (sense 3) ; leap.] principles and 
policy of the Prohibitionists. 

pro'hi-bi'tion-ist, n. One who favors prohibition (sense 3) ; 
specif, [cap.], a member of the Prohibition party, U. S. 
Politics, organized as a national party in 1869, the aim of 
which is prohibition by law of the manufacture, importa- 
tion, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. 

pro-hib'i-tive (prS-hlb'I-tlv), a. Prohibitory. 

pro hib'i-to-ry (-T-to-rl), a. 1. Serving or tending to pro- 
hibit or exclude. 2. Containing negation or prohibition. 
Prohibitory Index. B. C. Ch. See index, n., 7. 

pro-ject' (pro-jekf), v. t. [L. projectus, p. p. of proicere, 
projicere; pro forward + jacere to throw.] 1. To throw 
or cast forward ; shoot forth. 2. To contrive ; scheme, as 
a plan. 3. Geom., Perspective, etc. a To t hrow forward in 



a prescribed direction (as a point, line, area, etc.) so as to 
depict on a given surface, b To depict (one figure or extent) 
on another, according to any fixed correspondence. 4. To 
externalize or perceive as spatially and sensibly objective, 
as an idea or image. — v. i. To extend forward ; jut. 

proj'ect (proj'ekt), n. That which is projected or designed ; 
a scheme ; plan. — Syn. See plan. 

pro-jec'tile (pro-jek'tll), a. 1. Projecting or impelling for- 
ward ; as, a projectile force. 2. Caused by impulse or pro- 
jection ; impelled forward ; as, projectile motion. — n. A 
body projected by exterior force and continuing in motion 
by its own inertia ; specif., a missile for a firearm. 

pro-jec'tion (-shun), n. 1. Act of projecting. 2. A jutting 
out ; also, a part that projects. 3. A scheming or planning. 
4. Geom., Perspective, etc. Act or process of projecting on 
a surface ; also, the picture so formed. 5. Act of external- 
izing, or of perceiving a mental object as spatially and sen- 
sibly objective ; also, the object projected. 
Syn. Projection, protuberance, bulge. A projection 
juts out at an (often sharp) angle ; a protuberance swells 
or pushes out, often in rounded rather than angular form ; a 
bulge is a protuberance (seldom sharp), esp. as caused by 
pressure ; as, the projection formed by the eaves of a roof ; 
protuberances of a potato ; a bulge in a wall. 

pro-jec'tive (-tTv), a. Pert, to, or produced by, projection. 

pro-jec'tor (pro-jSk'ter), n. 1. One who forms projects ; 
sometimes, one who forms chimerical, speculative, or 
cheating schemes. 2. That which projects, as: a A device 
for projecting a beam of light, b An optical instrument tor 
projecting a picture upon a screen, as by a magic lantern or 
by an instrument for projecting (by reflection) a picture of 
an opaque object, as a photograph, insect, etc., in the colors 
of the object itself. 

pro-lapse' (pr5-laps'), n. [L. prolapsus, fr. prolabi, pro- 
lapsus, to fall forward ; pro forward -f- labi to glide, fall.] 
Med. The falling down of an internal part of the body, as 
of the uterus. — v. i. To fall down or out, as in a prolapse. 

pro-lap'sus (-sus), n. [L.] Med. Prolapse. 

pro'late (pro'lat), a. [L. prolatus, used as p. p. of prof err e 
to extend.] Stretched out ; extended ; esp., of a spheroid, 
elongated in the direction of a line joining the poles. 

pro'leg' (pro'lggO, n. [pro- for, in place of -f- leg.] Zool. 
One of the fleshy legs found on the abdominal segments of 
the larvae of lepidopterans, sawflies, etc. 

prole-gom'e-non (pro'lS-gom'e-non ; prol'e-), n.; pi. -gom- 
ena (-nd). [NL., fr. Gr. irpoKeybaevov, properly neut. pass, 
p. pr. of irpoXkyeiv to say beforehand.] A preliminary ob- 
servation ; a preface to a book or treatise ; — chiefly in pi. 

pro-lep'sis (pro-lep'sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. irpbX-n^ts, fr. irpo- 
\ap.fjiive>.v to take beforehand.] Anticipation ; as : a.Rhet. 
A figure in which objections are anticipated, b Gram. The 
use of an adjective in anticipation of a state or effect to be 
produced, as in the use of gentle in " Ere humane statute 
purged the gentle weal" (that is, so that it became gentle). 
C Chron. An error in chronology, consisting in an event 
being dated before its actual time. — ■ pro-lep'tic, a. 

pro'le-ta'ri-an (pro'lS-ta'rl-an ; proTe^S), a. [L. prole- 
tarius. See proletary.] Of or pertaining to the proleta- 
rians ; hence, Now Rare : mean ; vulgar. — n. 1. One of the 
poorest and lowest class in a community or state. 2. One 
of the wage-earning class ; esp., one without capital. 

pro'le-ta'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. The condition or political 
position of the proletarians. [of proletarians.!. 

pro'le-ta'ri-at (-at), n. [F. proletariat.] The class or body) 

pro'le-ta-ry (pro'le-ta-rl ; prol'e-), n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). [L. 
proletarius, fr. proles offspring.] In ancient Rome, a 
citizen of the lowest class, without property and regarded 
as capable of serving the state only by having children. 

pro-lif'er-ate (pro-llf'er-at), v. i. Biol. To grow by the 
rapid production of new parts, or new cells or buds ^repro- 
duce by a repeated process of budding or cell division. — 



pro-lifer-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 
pro-lif'er-OUS (prS-Uf'er-us), a. 



pro-lit'er-ous (pr5-lll'er-us), a. [L. proles offspring -f- 
-ferous.] 1. Bot. a Reproducing freely by offsets, gemmae, 
or other vegetative means, b Developing a leafy shoot 
from a normally terminal organ, as a flower or fruit. 2. 
Zool. Proliferating ; specif., of corals, producing a cluster 
of branchlets from a larger branch. 

pro-liflc (-Ik), a. [F. prolijique, fr. L. proles offspring.] 
1. Producing young or fruit, esp. abundantly ; fruitful. 2. 
Serving to produce or cause, esp. abundantly ; as, a pro- 
lific brain. — Syn. See fertile. — pro-lif 'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pro-lig'er-ous (-lij'er-us), a. [L. proles offspring + -ger- 
ous.] Proliferous; productive. 

pro'lix (pro'liks ; pro-liks'), a. [L. prolixus.] 1. Unduly 
prolonged or drawn out, esp. by diffuseness ; verbose ; as, a 
prolix oration. 2. Indulging in unduly protracted dis- 
course ; verbose ; tedious ; as, a prolix orator. — Syn. 
Diffuse, lengthy ; protracted, tiresome, wearisome. — pro- 
lix'ly, adv. — pro-lix'ness, n. • 

pro-lix'i-ty (-si-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state of 
being prolix ; prolixness. — Syn. See redundancy. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask.sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, conn |ct| 
Sse, unite, urn 8 up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, Oun; nature, verdure [pn. 



PROLOCUTOR 



771 



PRONEPHROS 



pro-loc'll-tor (pro-lok'u-ter ; prol'o-ku'ter), n. [L., fr. 
proloqui, p. p. -locutus, to speak out.] One who speaks 
for another ; specif. : a Ch. of Eng. The speaker or presid- 
ing officer of the lower house of a convocation, b leap. ,] In 
England, the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords. 

pro'log-ize (pro'log-Iz ; -16-jlz), v. i. To prologuize. Rare. 

prorogue (pro'log ; prol'og), n. [F., fr. L. prologus, fr. Gr. 
irpokoyos, fr. irpo\eyeiv to say beforehand ; irpb + \kyav to 
speak.] 1. The preface or introduction to a discourse, 
poem, or performance ; as, the prologue of Chaucer's 
"Canterbury Tales" ; esp., a discourse or poem spoken 
before a dramatic performance. 2. One who delivers the 
prologue to a play. — v. t. ; -logued (-logd) ; -loguing. To 
introduce as with a preface, or prologue. [logue. Rare.\ 

pro'logu-ize (pro'log-iz ; prol'og-), v. i. To deliver a pro-| 

pro-long' (pro-long' ; 62), v. t. [OF. prolongier or prolon- 
guier, F. prolonger, L. prolongare ; pro + longus long.] 

1. To extend in space or length. 2. To lengthen in time ; 
draw out ; continue ; as, to prolong one's days. 

pro-lon'gate (-lor/gat), v. t.; -gat-ed (-gat-ed) ; -gat-ing. 

To prolong ; extend in space or in time. 
prolon-ga'tion (pro'lorj-ga'sh&n), n. 1. Act of prolonging. 

2. A part added by prolonging. 

pro-longe' (pro-lonj' ; F. pro'loNzh'), n. [F.] Field Artil- 
lery. A rope with a hook and a toggle, variously used, as 
to drag a gun carriage or to lash it to the limber at a little 
distance. — prolonge knot. See knot, Illust. [prolongs.] 

pro-long'er (prS-long'er ; 62), n. One who, or that which, | 

pro-lu'sion (prS-lii'zhwn), n. [L. prolusio, fr. proludere 
to prelude ; pro before + ludere to play.] A trial before 
the principal performance ; a prelude ; preliminary ; hence, 
an introductory or preliminary essay or exercise. 

prom / e-nade' (prom'e-nad'), n. [F., fr. promener to lead, 
se promener to go for a walk, L. prominare to drive along ; 
pro + minare to drive animals.] 1. A walk, esp. in a pub- 
lic place, for pleasure, display, or exercise. 2. A place for 
walking ; a public walk. 3. A large ball or dance. 

— v. i. -nad'ed ; -nad'ing. To take, or go on, a promenade. 
prom'e-nad'er (-er), n. One who promenades. 
Pro-me'the-an (pro-me'the-an), a. Of, pert, to, or derived 

from, Prometheus ; as, the Promethean fire. 

Pro-me'theus (-me'thus; commonly -the-iis), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. npo/j.rjdevs.'] Gr. Myth. A Titan who stole fire from 
heaven and gave it to man. Zeus doomed him to be bound 
to Mount Caucasus and to have a vulture daily consume 
his liver, which grew again at night, until an immortal 
should consent to renounce immortality in his favor. This 
Chiron did. Cf. Pandora. 

prom/i-nence (prom'i-nens), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
prominent ; projection ; conspicuousness. 2. That which is 
prominent ; a protuberance or projection. 

prom-i-nen-cy (-nen-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Prominence. 

prom'i-nent (-nent), a. [L. prominens, -entis, p. pr. of 
prominere to jut out, project.] 1. Standing out or pro- 
jecting beyond the line or surface of something ; jutting. 

2. Distinctly manifest ; marked ; conspicuous ; as, a promi- 
nent feature. 3. Standing out from the crowd ; eminent ; 
as, prominent names. — prom'i-nent-ly, adv. 

Syn. Prominent, conspicuous, salient, signal. That 
is prominent which stands out (lit. or fig.) so as to attract 
attention ; that is conspicuous which issoclearlyexhibited 
that the eye (or the mental vision) cannot miss it. That is 
salient which catches the attention at once ; that is signal 
which is memorably prominent or conspicuous ; as, the 
salient points of an argument ; a signal defeat, victory. 

pro'mis-CU'i-tytpro'mis-ku'T-ti; prom'Ts-), n.; pi. -ties 
(-tiz). 1. Promiscuousness ; mixture of kinds or classes. 2. 
Promiscuous sexual union. 

pro-mis'CU-OUS (pro-mis'ku-iis), a. [L. promiscuus ; pro 
before, in place of, for + miscere to mix.] 1. Mingled in- 
discriminately ; confused ; as, a promiscuous crowd. 2. 
Distributed or applied without order or discrimination ; in- 
discriminate ; as, promiscuous intercourse ; promiscuous 
praise. 3. Haphazard ; casual ; as, a promiscuous manner. 

— Syn. See indiscriminate. — pro-mis'cu-ous-ly, adv. 

— pro-mis'cu-ous-ness, n. 

prom/ise (prom'is), n. [F. promesse, L. promissum, pi. 
promissa, fr. promittere, -missum, to put forth, promise ; 
pro + mittere to send.] 1. A declaration which gives an 
assurance of something to be done or forborne ; an engage- 
ment. 2. A cause or ground for hope, expectation, or assur- 
ance, esp. of success or distinction ; as, a youth of promise. 

3. That which is promised. 

— v. t. ; -ised (-Tst) ; -is-ing. 1. To engage to do or forbear 
something ; covenant. 2. To afford reason to expect ; fore- 
token ; as, the clouds promise rain. 3. To assure emphati- 
cally ; — often suggesting a threat of disadvantage or mis- 
fortune. Colloq. 

Syn. Promise, engage, pledge. Promise is the general 
term ; engage adds the implication of a binding agreement ; 
pledge implies a solemn assurance or formal guarantee. 
Promised Land. See Land of Promise. 



•— y. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise. 2. To afford or 
give ground for expectations ; as, the day promises well. 

prom'is-ee' (-is-e') ( n. Law. One to whom a promise is 
made. 

prom'is-er (prom'Ts-er), n. One who promises. 

prom'is-ing, p. a. Giving promise ; affording hope or assur- 
ance. _ [takes ; a promiser.l 

prom'i-sor (-T-sor), n. Law. One who engages or under-| 

prom/is-SO-ry (-so-n), a. 1. Containing a promise. 2. In- 
surance. Stipulating or representing what is to happen or 
to be done subsequent to the time of making the contract ; 

— said of representations, warranties, etc. 
promissory note, Law., a written promise to pay on 
demand or at a fixed future time a certain sum of money 
to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. 

prom'on-to-ry (prom'Sn-to-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. 
promonturium, prumunturium.~] A high point of land or 
rock projecting into the sea ; a lofty headland. 

pro'mor-phoPo-gy (pro'mor-fol'6-ji), n. [G. promorpho- 
logie.~] Biol. Morphology in which the forms of organisms 
and their parts are considered geometrically. 

pro-mote' (pro-mot'), v. t.; -mot'ed (-mot'ed); -mot'ing. 
[L. promotus, p. p. of promovere to move forward, pro- 
mote ; pro + movere to move.] 1. To contribute to the 
growth or prosperity of (something in course); further; 
encourage ; as, to promote learning. 2. To exalt in station, 
rank, or honor ; elevate ; advance ; as, to promote an officer. 

— Syn. Patronize, help ; prefer, dignify. 
pro-mot'er (-mot'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, pro- 
motes. 2. Specif., one who? alone or with others, initiates 
the organization of a company, the sale of bonds, stock, etc. 

pro-mo'tion (-mo'shun), n. Act of promoting, or state or 
fact of being promoted, as in rank or honor ; preferment. 

pro-mo'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to promote. 

prompt (prompt), a. [L. promptus, prop., brought forth, 
hence, visible, ready, quick ; deriv. of pro + emere to take.] 
1. Ready and quick to act ; meeting requirements readily ; 
responding instantly ; — opp. to lardy. 2. Done or ren- 
dered readily or immediately ; immediate. 
Syn. Punctual, ready, expeditious, quick, speedy, swift. — 
Prompt, punctual, ready, expeditious. Prompt im- 
plies quick or instant action (often with alacrity) ; ready 
adds to prompt the implication of dexterity or facility ; 
punctual implies exact adherence to a regular or appointed 
time ; as, prompt obedience ; a ready hand ; punctual 
attendance. That is expeditious which is characterized 
by, or leads to, prompt or speedy performance ; as, an 
expeditious messenger, way. 

— n. 1. Com. A limit of time given for payment of an 
account for produce purchased ; also, the contract by 
which this time is fixed. 2. That which prompts or reminds. 

— v. t. 1. To assist or induce the action of ; instigate ; in- 
cite ; as, pride prompted them to go. 2. To suggest ; dic- 
tate ; as, her goodness prompted the action. 3. To remind ; 
specif., to remind (a speaker) of words or topics forgotten ; 
give a cue to. — Syn. See move. 

prompt'er (promp'ter), n. One who prompts. 

promp'ti-tude (promp'ti-tud), n. Quality, fact, or habit of 
being prompt. 

prompt'ly, adv. In a prompt manner. [tude.l 

prompt'ness, n. Quality or fact of being prompt ; prompti-j 

pro-mul'gate (pro-mul'gat), v. t.; -gat-ed (-gat-ed) ; -gat- 
ing. [L. promulgatus,p.p. of promulgare to promulgate.] 
1. To make known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, 
or tidings ; publish abroad. 2. To publish abroad with in- 
tent to gain adherents to ; as, to promulgate a doctrine. 
3. Law. To issue or give out (a law) by way of putting it 
into execution. — Syn. See declare. — pro'mul-ga'tor 
(pro'mul-ga'ter; prom'ul-), n. 

pro'mul-ga'tion (pro'mul-ga'shim ; prom'ul-), n. A pro- 
mulgating ; publication ; open declaration. 

pro-mulge' (pro-mulj'), v. t.; -mulged' (-muljd') ; -mtjlg'- 
ing. To promulgate ; publish ; teach publicly. 

pro-na'os (-na'os\ n. [L., fr. Gr. wpovaos ; irpo before -f- 
vaos temple.] Arch. The porch or vestibule of a temple. 

pro'nate (pro'nat), v. t.; -NAT-ED (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing (-nat- 
fng). To cause to assume a position of pronation. 

pro-na'tion (pro-na'shiin), n. Physiol. & Anat. a A rota- 
tion of the hand so that the palm is turned down (the arm 
being extended forward) and the thumb inward toward the 
body ; also, the resulting position ; — opp. to supination. 
h Act or state of lying face downward ; procumbency. 

pro-na'tor (pr6-na'tor), n. [NL.] Anat. A muscle which 
produces pronation. 

prone (pron), a. [L. pronus.~] 1. Bending forward; in- 
clined ; hence : expressing submission ; humble. 2. Flat 
with the face downward ; procumbent ; — opp. to supine. 
Hence, prostrate. 3. Sloping ; inclined ; not level. 4. In- 
clined ; propense ; disposed ; — said of the mind or affec- 
tions, usually in an ill sense ; as, prone to mischief. — Syn. 
See bent. — prone'ly, adv. — prone'ness, n. 

pro-neph'ros (pro-nef'ros), n. [NL. ; Gr. irp6 before + vt<t>- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PRONG 



772 



PROPHECY 








p6s kidney.] Embryol. One of the anterior of the three 
pairs of embryonic renal organs of typical vertebrates. 

prong (prong ; 62), n. A sharp point or sharp-pointed instru- 
ment, as the tine of a fork, a point of an antler, etc. — v. t. 
To stab or pierce with a prong or fork. 

prong'horn' (-horn' ), n. A peculiar antelopelike ruminant 
(Antilocapra americana) confined to the 
treeless parts of the western United States 
and Mexico. 

pro-nom'i-nal (pro-nbm'i-nal), a. [L. pro- 
nominalis.'] Belonging to, or of the nature of, 
a pronoun. — pro-nom'i-nal-ly, adv. 

pro'noun (pro'noun), n. 
[Through OF., fr. L. pro- 
nomen ; pro for -J- nomen 
name, noun.] Gram. Lit., a 
word used instead of a noun, 
or name ; one of a small 
group of words used to stand 
in place of, or to refer to, 
words or expressions denot- 
ing persons or things eitherl 
mentioned or understood, as, 
he, she, it, you, which, etc. 

pro-nounce' (pro-nouns'), Pronghorn. (* s ) 

v. t. ; -nounced' (-nounsf) ; -nounc'ing (-noun'sing) . [OF. 
prononcier, L. pronuntiare; pro forth -f nunciare, nun- 
tiare, to announce.] 1. To utter articulately ; speak with 
the proper sound and accent. 2. To utter officially or sol- 
emnly ; deliver, as a decree. 3". To speak or utter rhetorical- 
ly ; deliver ; as, to pronounce an oration. 4. To declare or 
affirm ; as, to pronounce a tale false. — v. i. To give a pro- 
nunciation ; articulate ; as, to pronounce faultlessly. — 
pro-nounc'er (-noun'ser), n. 

pro-nounce'a-ble, a. Capable of being pronounced. 

pro-nounced' (-nounsf), p. a. Strongly marked ; decided. 

pro-nounce'ment (-nouns'ment), n. A pronouncing, or de- 
claring ; a declaration ; formal announcement. 

II pro-nun'cia-mien'to (pro-noon'thya-myen'to), n.; pi. 
-Tos(-toz). _[Sp.] > Also pro-nun'ci-a-men'to (pro-nuV- 
shi-d-men'to ;_-si-d-). A proclamation or pronouncement. 

pro-nun'ci-a'tion (pro-nun'si-a'shun ; -shi-a'shwn), n. Act 
or mode of pronouncing (words). 

proof (proof), n. [For ME. preef, deriv. of OF. prover. See 
prove.] 1. Any effort or process designed to establish or 
discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial ; as, to put to proof; 
specif., Math., an operation for testing the accuracy of a 
previous operation ; a check. 2. Quality or state of having 
been proved or tried ; as, armor of proof. 3. Convincing co- 
gency of evidence ; also, evidence that induces, or (less ex- 
actly) tends to induce, certainty of the judgment ; demon- 
stration. Properly, proof is the effect or result of evidence; 
evidence is the medium of proof. 4. Print. A trial impres- 
sion, as from type, taken for correction or examination. 5. 
Proof strength, that is, the minimum strength of proof 
spirit ; as, overproof. Also, strength with reference to the 
standard for proof spirit ; as, to ascertain the proof. 

— a. 1. Firm or successful in resisting ; as, proof against 
harm. 2. Used in proving or testing, or serving as a proof. 
Specif., designating, or pert, to, samples of perfectly fine 
(i. e., pure) gold or silver prepared and kept in the United 
States mints and assay offices as standards ; as, proof gold 
and silver. 3. Being of a certain standard ; as, proof spirit. 
proof sheet, Print., a proof. — p. spirit, a strong distilled 
liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, containing not less 
than a standard amount (in the United States one half in 
bulk of the mixture) of alcohol. — p. vinegar, the strongest 
kind of malt vinegar. 

proof reader. One who reads, and marks corrections in, 
printers' proofs. — proof reading. 

prop (prop), v. t.; propped (propt), Rare propt; prop'- 
ping. To support by placing something under or against or 
by being placed under or against ; to sustain. — n. That 
which props or sustains ; a support ; stay. 

pro'pse-deu'tic (pro'pe-du'tlk)! a. [Gr. irpo-rrai8eveiv to 

pro'pse-deu'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / teach beforehand ; irpd be- 
fore + iraideveiv to bring up a child, irats, iraidos, child.] 
Of, pert, to, or conveying preliminary instruction ; intro- 
ductory to any art or science. 

pro'pse-deu'tic, n. A propaedeutic branch of knowledge. 

pro'pae-deu'tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) The preliminary 
learning connected with any art or science. [gated. I 

prop'a-ga-ble (prop'd-gd-b'l), a. Capable of being propa-| 

prop'a-gan'da (prop'd-gan'dd), n. [Abbr. fr. L. de pro- 
paganda fide. See propagate.] 1. [cap.~] R. C. Ch. a A 
congregation of cardinals charged with the management of 
missions, b A college instituted by Urban VIII. to educate 
priests for missions. 2. Hence : a Any organization for 
spreading a particular doctrine or system, b The doctrine 
or principles thus propagated. C The scheme or plan for 
propagating a doctrine or system. 

prop'a-gan'dism (-diz'm), n. Art, practice, or system of 



propagating tenets or principles ; zeal in propagating one's 
opinions. _ [propagandising 

prop'a-gan'dist (-dist), n. One devoted to any system of] 

prop'a-gate (prop'd-gat), v. t. ; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'ing. 
[L. propagatus, p. p. of propagare to propagate.] 1. To 
cause to continue or multiply by generation. 2. To cause to 
spread or extend. 3. To extend the action of ; diffuse ; 
transmit ; as, to propagate sound or light. 4. To spread 
from person to person ; extend the knowledge of ; dissemi- 
nate, as a report or a religion. 5. To multiply ; increase. 
Obs. — v. i. To have young or issue ; be produced by gener- 
ation, or, in plants, by seeds, cuttings, etc. 

prop'a-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of propagating; as : a 
Reproduction ; continuance or multiplication by genera- 
tion, b Diffusion ; as, the propagation of sound. 

prop'a-ga-tive (prop'd-ga-tlv), a. Pert, to propagation; 
producing by propagation, or by a process of growth. 

prop'a-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who propagates. 

pro'pane (pro'pan), n. [propyl + methane.] Chem. A 
heavy gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H8, of the paraffin series, 
occurring naturally dissolved in crude petroleum. 

pro'par-OX'y-tone (pro'par-ok'si-ton), n. [Gr. irpoTrapotf- 
topos, a. See pro- ; paroxytone.] Gram. A word having 
the acute accent on the antepenult. — pro'par-ox'y-tone, 
-ton'ic (-ton'ik), a. — pro'par-ox'y-tone, v. t. 

pro-pel' (pro-pel'), v. t.; -pelled' (-peld') ; -pel'ling. [L. 
propellere, -pulsum ; pro + pellere to drive.] To impel 
forward or onward by applied force ; drive ; push. 

pro-pel'lant (-pel'dnt), n. A propelling agent. [propel. I 

pro-pel'lent (-ent), a. Driving forward ; able or tending to| 

pro-pel'ler (-er), n. One who, or that which, propels; esp., 
a screw propeller. 

pro-pend' (pro-pen d'),i\ i. [L. propendere, propensum; 
pro forward, forth + pendere to hang. See pendent.] 
To be predisposed ; tend. Obs. or R. 

pro-pense' (-pens'), a. [L. propensus, p. p.] Inclined; 
disposed ; prone. — pro-pense'ly, adv. 

pro-pen'sion (-pen'shwn), n. [L. propensio. - ] Propensity. 

pro-pen'si-ty (-si-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Natural inclina- 
tion ; bias ; bent. — Syn. See bent. 

pro'pe-nyl (pro'pe-nTl), n. [G., formed fr. propyl."] Org. 
Chem. The hydrocarbon radical C3H6 ; specif. : a The 
univalent radical CH3 • CH : CH. b The univalent radical 
CHs-H : CH 2 . C The trivalent radical CH 3 -CH 2 -C. d 
Glyceryl, esp. in the phrase propenyl alcohol (glycerin). 

prop'er (prop'er), a. [F. propre, fr. L. proprius. - ] 1. One's 
own ; individual. Archaic or Tech. 2. Belonging to the 
natural or essential constitution ; peculiar ; as, every animal 
has its proper instincts. 3. Befitting _ one's nature, quali- 
ties, etc. ; appropriate ; right ;fit ; as, water is the proper 
element for fish. 4. Conforming to usage or convention ; 
correct ; as, a proper expression ; proper conduct. 5. Hon- 
est ; chaste ; respectable. 6. Becoming ; handsome. Ar- 
chaic or Dial. 7. Pert, to or designating one individual 
only ; as, a proper noun (see below). Cf. common. 8. Of or 
pert, to an exact or specified part ; rightly called or consid- 
ered ; as, Greece proper. B.Her. Represented in its natural 
color. 10. Eccl. Adapted or appointed to a special service 
or season ; as, the proper preface for Whitsuntide. 11. 
Fine ; excellent ; — often ironical. — Syn. See fit. 
proper diphthong. See diphthong, 1. — p. fraction, 
Aritti., a fraction having the numerator less than the de- 
nominator. — p. noun or name, Gram., a name distinguish- 
ing an individual from others of the same class, as John, 
Boston, America ; — opp. to common noun, as boy, cat, tree. 

— n. That which is proper or set apart to a particular use ; 
specif., Eccl., a service, collect, hymn, or the like, appointed 
as suitable for a particular day or season. Cf . common, n., 4. 

pro-perl-spom'e-non (pro-per'i-spom'e-non), n. ; pi. pro- 
perispomena (-nd). [NL., fr. Gr. irpowepiairup.ei'ov ; irp6 
before + Trepiairau to circumflex.] Gr. Gram. A word 
which has the circumflex accent on the penult. — a. Writ- 
ten or pronounced as a properispomenon. 

prop'er-ly, adv. ^Suitably ; fitly ; strictly ; rightly ; correctly. 

prop'er-tied (prop'er-tid), a. Possessing property. 

prop'er-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties ( : tiz). [OF. proprete.'] 1. 
That which is proper to anything ; a peculiar quality of a 
thing ; essential attribute ; as, sweetness is a property of 
sugar. 2. An acquired or artificial quality ; peculiarity. 
3. The exclusive right to possess, enjoy, and dispose of, a 
thing ; ownership ; in a broad sense, any valuable right or 
interest considered primarily as a source or element of 
wealth. 4. That to which a person has a legal title ; thing 
owned ; estate ; as, a. man of large property. 5. In pi. 
Theater. All the adjuncts of a play except the painted 
scenery and (now) the costumes. — Syn. See quality. 

proph'e-cy (prof'e-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [OF. profecie, 
L.prophetia, Gr. Trpo<t>r]Tela, deriv. of -Kpocp-qT^s. See proph- 
et.] 1. Action, function, vocation, or declaration of a 
prophet ; esp., a declaration of something to come ; a pre- 
diction ; esp., an inspired foretelling. 2. Bib. A book of 
prophecies ; a history ; as, the prophecy of Isaiah. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PROPHESIER 



773 



PROROGATION 



propn'e-si'er ( prof'e-sl'er ), n. One who prophesies. 

proph'e-sy (-si), v. t. ; -sied (-sTd) ; -sy'ing (-sl'ing). 1. To 
utter with or as with divine inspiration. 2. To foretell ; pre- 
dict. 3. To foreshow ; herald. — Syn. See foretell. — 
v. i. 1. To declare or foretell as a prophet. 2. To give in- 
struction in religious matters ; expound the Scriptures. 

proph'et (-et), n. [F. prophete, L. propheta, fr. Gr. irpo- 
<j>VTvs, deriv. of irpo for + 0doai to speak.] 1. One who 
speaks for another, esp. for a god ; a spokesman. 2. Eccl. 
One inspired by God to speak in His name, esp. in announc- 
ing future events. 3. One who prophesies, or foretells events. 
— proph'et-ess, n. fern. — proph'et-hood (hood), n. 
the Prophet, among Mohammedans, Mohammed. — the 
Prophets, certain, chieiiy prophetic, books of the Old Tes- 
tament ; — contrasted with the Law. 

pro-ph9t'ic (pro-fet'Ik)\ a. Of or pert, to a prophet or 

pro-phet'i-cal (-l-kal) / prophecy ; interpretative ; predic- 
tive ; — with of. — pro-phet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

pro'phy-lac'tic (pro'fi-lak'tik ; prof'i-), a. [Gr. irpofiv- 
\clktlk6s, fr. T!-po4>v\aacTtiv to guard against.] 1. Med. 
Defending or preserving from disease. 2. Protective ; as, a 
prophylactic talisman. — n. A prophylactic medicine. 

pro'phy-lax'is (-lak'sis), n. [NL.] Med. Art of guarding 
against or preventing disease ; preventive treatment. 

pro-pine' (Scot, pro-pen' ; -pin'), v. t. [L. propinare, Gr. 
irpoitlvtiv ; irpb -f- wivtiv to drink.] To give ; offer. — n. A 
gift, esp. of drink money. Both Obs. or Scot. 

pro-pin'qui-ty (pro-pTn'kwi-ti), n. [L. propinquitas, fr. 
propinquus near, prope near.] State of being near; 
nearness in place, time, or kinship. — Syn. See proximity. 

pro'pi-ol'ic (pro'pT-ol'ik), a. Org. Chem. Pertaining to or 
designating an acid, HC ■ C-C02H, a pungent liquid de- 
rived from acetylene. . 

pro'pi-on'ic (-on'ik), a. [proto- + Gr. tIuv fat.] Org. 
Chem. Pert, to or designating one of the fatty acids, C2H5- 
CO2H, a colorless, pungent liquid produced in the distilla- 
tion of wood, in the fermentation of glycerin, etc. 

pro'pi-O-nyl (pro'pi-6-nil), n. Org. Chem. The univalent 
radical C2H5CO, the radical of propionic acid. 

pro-pi'ti-ate (pro-pish'i-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-aVed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. propitiatus, p. p. of propitiare to propitiate, propi- 
tius favorable.] To appease and render favorable ; con- 
ciliate. — Syn. See pacify. 

pro-pi'ti-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of propitiating. 
Syn. Propitiation, reconciliation, expiation, satisfac- 
tion, atonement. Propitiation and reconciliation refer 
primarily to the person offended ; expiation and satisfac- 
tion, to the offense ; atonement may have either reference. 

pro-pi'ti-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who propitiates. 

prc-pi'ti-a-to-ry (-d-to-rl), a. Having the power to make 
propitious ; pertaining to, or employed in, propitiation ; ex- 
piatory. — n. Jewish Antiq. The mercy seat. 

pro-pi'tious (pro-pish'fts), a. [L. propitiusJ] 1. Favorably 
disposed ; gracious ; helpful ; as, the fates are propitious. 
2. Favorable ; auspicious ; fortunate ; as, a propitious out- 
look. — pro-pi'tious-ly, adv. — pro-pi'tious-ness, n. 

Syn. Favorable, prosperous, promising, auspicious, oppor- 
tune, happy, lucky. — Propitious, auspicious. That is 
propitious which is in general conducive to success ; that 
is auspicious which is of happy omen ; as, the discontent 
was propitious for an insurrection ; an auspicious event. 

prop'o-lis (prop'6-lis), n. [L., fr. Gr. irpoiroXis ; irpb before 
+ iroXis city.] A brownish resinous material, of waxy 
consistency, collected by bees from buds and crevices of 
trees and used as a cement. 

pro-pone' (pro-pon'), v. t. ; -poned' (-pond') ; -pon'ing. [L. 
proponere.~\ To propose ; state. 

pro-po'nent (-po'nent), n. 1. One who makes a proposal, or 
lays down a proposition. 2. Law. The propounder of a 
thing,' as a will for probate. 

pro-por'tion (-por'shwn; 57), n. [OF. proporcion, 
-tion, fr. L. proportio ; fr. pro portione; pro be- 
fore + portio part, share. ] 1. The relation in magni- 
tude, quantity, or degree _ of one to another; ratio. Loose- 
ly, size ; in pi., dimensions. 2. Symmetrical arrange- 
ment ; symmetry ; as, to be out of proportion. 3. One's 
share of a whole distributed by rule; lot. 4. Math, a 

Equality of ratios, as ^ = -g, or a : 6 :: c : d. b The rule of 

three, in arithmetic, in which the three given terms and the 
one sought are proportional. 

— v. t. 1. To adjust in a suitable proportion or relation ; as, 
to proportion expenditure to income. 2. To form with 
symmetry or suitableness of parts. 

pro-por'tion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being propor- 
tioned ; also, proportional ; symmetrical. 

pro-por'tion-al (-dl), a. 1. Having a due proportion, or 
comparative relation ; being in suitable proportion or de- 
gree. 2. Math. Having the same or- a constant ratio. — 
pro-por'tion-al'i-ty (al'I-ti), n. — pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. 
Syn. Proportional, proportionate, commensurate. 
Proportional is the more general term, applying to that 
which has, or is in, due proportion ; proportionate often 



suggests conformity to some proportion assumed or ex- 
pected ; as, a proportional allotment ; a punishment propor- 
tionate to the crime. Commensurate applies to things 
exactly proportionate, or equal in measure or degree ; as, 
a man of learning and commensurate wisdom. 

— n. Math. Any number or quantity in a proportion. 

pro-por'tion-ate (-at), a. Proportioned ; proportional. — 
Syn. See proportional. — (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'e'd) ; 
-at'ing. To make proportional ; proportion. — pro-por'- 
tion-ate : ly, adv. — pro-por'tion-ate-ness, n. 

pro-por'tion-er, n. One who, or that which, proportions. 

pro-por'tion-ment (-ment), n. A proportioning, or state or 
fact of being proportioned. 

pro-pos'al (-poz'al), n. 1. Act of proposing ; presentation. 
2. That which is proposed ; offer. — Syn. See proposition. 

pro-pose' (-poz'), v. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing. [F. pro- 
poser ; pro (L. pro) -f- poser to place. See 2d pose.] 1. 
To set before the mind ; state ; propound ; also, to picture 
in the mind. 2. To offer for consideration or adoption ; as, 
to propose peace. 3. To purpose ; intend ; as, he proposed 
to go, in spite of all objections. — v. i. 1. To scheme ; de- 
sign ; as, "man proposes, but God disposes." 2. To offer ; 
specif., to offer one's self in marriage. — pro-pos'er, n. 

prop'o-Sl'tion (prop'o-zish'wn), n. [L. proposition 1. 
Act of setting or placing forth, or of offering. 2. That 
which is proposed or offered, as for consideration, accept- 
ance, or adoption ; proposal. 3. A project, undertaking, 
etc. Colloq. or Slang. 4. Any expression in which some 
quality, state, or relation is predicated of some being or 
fact. 5. Math. A formal statement of a truth to be demon- 
strated (a theorem), or of an operation to be performed (a 
problem). 6. Rhet. That which is stated or affirmed for 
discussion or illustration. 

Syn. Proposal, proposition. Proposal commonly sug- 
gests the act of proposing ; proposition denotes more def- 
initely the thing proposed ; as, a proposal of marriage ; his 
proposition to join forces with us was not accepted. 

prop'o-si'tion-al (-al), a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
proposition ; considered as a proposition. al-ly, adv. 

pro-pos'i-tus (pro-poz'i-tws), n. [L.] Law. Lit., the 
person proposed ; specif., the one whose relations are sought 
to be ascertained or shown by a genealogical table. 

pro-pound' (pro-pound'), v. t. [From earlier propone, L. 
proponere, -positum, to set forth, propound.] To offer for 
consideration ; set forth ; propose ; put. — pro-pound'er,n. 

pro-prae'tor, pro-pre'tor (-pre'tor), n. [L. propraetor; pro 
-f- praetor praetor.] Roman Hist. A praetor who, having 
served at Rome, was sent out to govern a province. 

pro-pri'e-ta-ry (-prl'e-ta-ri), n.; pi. -ries f-tiz). [L. pro- 
prietarius.~\ 1. A proprietor ; owner. 2. A body of pro- 
prietors. — a. Belonging or pert, to a proprietor ; owned ; 
as, a proprietary medicine. 

pro-pri'e-tor (-ter), n. [For older proprietary."] One who 
has the legal right or exclusive title to anything ; owner. 
— pro-pri'e-tor-ship', n. — pro-pri'e-tress, n. fem. 

pro-pri'e-ty (pro-prl'e-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. propri- 
ete, L. proprietas, fr. proprius. See proper.] 1. Owner- 
ship ; also, property. Obs. 2. Individual quality ; essence ; 
also, peculiarity ; property. 3. Quality or state of being 
proper or suitable ; fitness ; appropriateness ; as, propriety 
of behavior, language. 4. Fitness as to social conventions ; 
consonance with established forms or customs. — Syn. 
See decorum. 
the proprieties, the customs and manners of good society. 

prop root. Bot. Any root which serves as a prop or support 
to the plant, as in the mangrove. 

pro-pul'sion (-pul'shwn), n. [See propel.] Act or process 
of propelling. [pel ; driving on ; urging.] 

pro-pul'sive ( -siv ), o. Tending, or having power, to pro-| 

pro'pyl (pro'pTl), n. [propionic + -yl.~\ Org. Chem. The 
univalent radical C3H7, of which propane is the hydride. 

prop'y-lse'um (prop'i-le'wm), n. ; pi. -l.ea (-a). [L., fr. Gr. 
rrpoirvkaiov ; irpo -+- iruX?/ gate.] Classical Arch. Any ves- 
tibule or entrance of architectural importance before a 
building or inclosure ; — often in pi. 

prop'y-lite (prop'i-llt), n. \_propylon + -ite.~] Petrog. An 
altered form of andesite ; — orig. supposed to mark the 
beginning of Tertiary eruptive activity, whence the name. 

prop'y-lon (prop'i-lon), n.; pi. propyla (-Id). [L., fr. Gr. 
irp6wv\ov; irpo before + tv\t] a gate.] Anc. Egypt. Arch. 
An outer monumental gateway standing before the pylon, 
or main entrance gateway, to a temple, etc. 

|| pro ra'ta (pro ra'td). [L.] In proportion ; proportion- 
ately ; according to share, interest, or liability of each. 

pro-rat'a-ble (pro-rat'd-b'l),a. That can be prorated. U. S. 

pro'rate' (pro'raV; pro'rat'), v. t. & i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed ; 
-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [From pro rata.] To divide or distri- 
bute proportionally ; assess pro rata. Chiefly U.S. 

pro'ro-ga'tion (pro'ro-ga'shiin), n. [L. prorogatio prolon- 
gation, postponement.] A proroguing ; specif., Brit. Pari. 
Practice, the ending of a session of parliament by com- 
mand of the sovereign or, in a colony, of his representative. 



1 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



PROROGUE 



774 



PROSTRATE 



pro-rogue' (pro-rog'), v. t.; -rogued' (-rogd'); -ro'guing 
(-ro'ging). [OF. proroguer, proroger, L. prorogare, -ga- 
tum, to prolong, defer ; pro + rogare to ask.] 1. To post- 
pone. Obs. 2. Brit. Pari. Practice. To end the session of 
(a parliament) by order of the crown. — Syn. See adjourn. 

pro-sa'ic (pro-za'Ik), a. [L. prosaicus, fr. prosa prose. 
See prose.] 1. Of or pert, to prose. Obs. 2. Dull ; com- 
monplace ; prosy. — pro-sa'i-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 
Syn. Matter-of-fact, uninteresting, humdrum, prosy, in- 
sipid, flat. — Prosaic, prosy. That is prosaic which per- 
tains to prose or (oftener) which is commonplace or unex- 
citing ; that is prosy which is dull or tedious, esp. in talk or 
manner of writing ; as, a prosaic life ; a prosy speaker. 

pro'sa-ism (pro'za-Tz'm), n. A prosaic phrase or expression. 

pro-sce'ni-um (pro-se'nT-wm), n. ; L. pi. -nia (-d). [L., fr. 
Gr. irpoaK^vioy ; irpo before + ctc^i? tent, stage.! 1. Anc. 
Theater. The stage. 2. Mod. Theater. The stage in front 
of the curtain ; sometimes, the curtain and its framework. 

pro-scribe' (pro-skrlb'), v. t.; -scribed' (-skrlbd') ; -scrib'- 
ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. proscribere, -scriptum, to write be- 
fore, publish, proscribe ; pro before + scribere to write.] 

1. Rom. Antiq. To publish or post the name of, as one 
whose property is forfeited or one condemned to death ; 
doom or condemn. 2. To outlaw. 3. To denounce and con- 
demn ; interdict ; prohibit ; as, the Puritans proscribed 
theaters. — pro-SCrib'er (-skrlb'er), n. 

pro-scrip'tion (-skrip'shiin), n. 1. Act of proscribing ; out- 
lawry. 2. State of being proscribed ; interdiction. 

pro-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
proscription. — pro-scrip'tive-ly, adv. 

prose (proz), n. [F. prose, L. prosa, prosa oratio, fr. pror- 
sus, prosus, straight on, for proversus ; pro forward + 
versus, p. p. of vertere to turn.] 1. Ordinary language, as 
in speaking or writing ; — opposed to verse. 2. Dull and 
commonplace discourse. 3. R. C. Ch. See sequence. 4. 
A prosaic person. Rare. — a. 1. Pert, to, or composed of, 
prose. 2. Dull; prosaic. — v. t. & i.; prosed (prozd) ; 
pros'ing (proz'Tng). To write or talk in prose or prosily. 

pros'e-CUte (pros'e-kut), v. t.; -cut/ed (-kut'ed) ; -cut'ing. 
[L. prosecutus, p. p. of prosequi to follow, pursue. See 
pursue.] 1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, exe- 
cute, or accomplish ; carry on ; as, to prosecute a scheme. 

2. Law. a To seek to get or enforce by legal process ; as, to 
prosecute a right or a claim, b To proceed against judi- 
cially, esp. for a crime or breach of law ; as, to prosecute a 
thief. — v. i. To institute and carry on a legal suit or prose- 
cution ; sue ; as, to prosecute for public offenses. 
prosecuting attorney, Law, the attorney who conducts 
proceedings, esp. of a criminal nature, in a court on behalf 
of the government ; a public prosecutor. 

pros'e-CU'tion (-ku'shim), n. 1. Act or process of prose- 
cuting ; pursuit ; as, the prosecution of a scheme, war. 2. 
Law. a The institution and carrying on of a suit or pro- 
ceeding in a court of law or equity ; specif., the institu- 
tion and continuance of a criminal suit, b The party by 
whom criminal proceedings are instituted or conducted. 

pros'e-CU'tor (pros'e-ku'ter), n. One who prosecutes ; spe- 
cif., Law. : a The person who institutes an official prosecu- 
tion before a court, b A public prosecuting attorney. 

pros'e-lyte (pros'e-llt), n. [OF. proselite, L. proselytus, 
Gr. irpoarjXvTos, adj., that has come, n., a newcomer.] A new 
convert, esp. to some religion or sect, or to some opinion, 
system, orparty. — Syn. See convert. — v. t. & i. ; -lyt'- 
ed (-llt'ed) ; -lyt/ing. To convert ; make a proselyte of ; 
make proselytes. 

pros'e-ly-tism (-li-tiz'm ; -llt-Tz'm), n. 1. Act or practice 
of proselyting. 2. Conversion to a religion, system, etc. 

pros'e-ly-tize (-lT-tTz; -llt-Tz), v. t. & i. To proselyte. 

pros'en-ceph'a-lon (pros'en-sef'd-lon), n. [NL. ; Gr. irpos 
toward, near to + E. encephalon.] Embryol. & Zo'ol. 
The most anterior of the secondary cerebral vesicles of the 
developing brain of vertebrates ; also, a division of the adult 
brain composed of the cerebral hemispheres and adjacent 
parts which develop from this vesicle. — pros-en'ce- 
phal'ic (pros-en'se-fal'ik), a. 

j>ros-en'cb.y-ma (pros-en 'ki-md), n. [NL. ; Gr. irpos near 
+ parenchyma."] Bot. One of the two general types of tis- 
sue found in the higher plants. It differs from parenchyma 
in being made up of elongated cells without intercellular 
spaces. — pros'en-chym'a-tous (pros'en-kim'd-tus), o. 

pros'er (proz'er), n. One who proses. 

Pro-ser'pi-na (pro-sur'pi-nd), Pros'er-pine (pros'er-pin ; 
-pen), n. [L. Proserpina.] Persephone. 

pros'i-ly (proz'i-li), adv. In a prosy manner. 

pros'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being prosy. 

Ilpro'sit (pro'sTt), inter j. [L., 3d pers. sing, sub j. present 
of prodesse to do good ; pro for + esse to be.] Lit., may 
it do (you) good ; — a salutation used, esp. among Ger- 
mans, as in drinking healths. 

pro-slav'er-y (pro-slav'er-i), a. Favoring slavery; specif., 
U. S. Hist., favoring noninterference with the institution 
of negro slavery. — n. Advocacy of slavery. 



pro-SOd'iC (pro-sod'ikHa. Pertaining to prosody; accord- 

pro-sod'i-cal (-I-kdl) J ing to the rules of prosody. 

pros'o-dist (pros'6-dist), n. One skilled in prosody. 

pros'o-dy (-di), n. [L. prosodia tone or accent of a sylla- 
ble, Gr. irpoawdia a song sung to or with an accompanying 
song, deriv. of irpos + d>8rj song.] That part of grammar 
treating of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of the 
laws of versification or metrical composition. The principal 
symbols for representing features of prosody are : ' for 
ictus or accent ; • for secondary accent ; | f or a division 
between feet. Thus, 

Thy face | is far I from this 1 our war. 
" a short syllable = one mora, or J ; - a long syllable = 

two moras, or | ; w two syllables = (together) one mora, 

o r JJ > w two syllables = (together) 1£ morae, or /J. 5 

" or ~ a variable syllable (the lower mark noting the 
more usual or normal quantity). 

pros'o-po-pce'ia (pros'S-po-pe'yd; prS-so'po-), n. [L., fr. 
Gr. TrpoauTroTroua ; irpbaonrov person -f- iroit.lv to make.] 
Rhet. A figure consisting in personification ; also, orig., a 
figure by which one who is absent is introduced as speaking. 

pros'pect (pros'pekt), n. [L. prospectus, fr. prospicere, 
-spectum, to look forward ; pro before, forward + specere, 
spicere, to look, to see.] 1. Act of seeing ; survey ; sight. 2. 
That which is seen ; the region which the eye overlooks at 
one time ; view ; outlook ; scene. 3. Relative aspect ; out- 
look. 4. Act of looking forward ; anticipation ; as, a pros- 
pect of the future. 5. Ground for expecting the realization 
of that which is hoped for ; expectation ; as, a prospect of 
success ; also, that which one has to look forward to ; as, 
gloomy prospects. 6. Mining, a The gold or other mineral 
got by washing a sample of dirt or ore. b A mineral deposit, 
or a superficial excavation indicating a deposit. 

— v. t. & i. To explore, examine, or test for something, as a 
mining claim or a deposit for gold. — pro-spec'ter, pros'- 
pec-tor, n. 

pro-spec/tive (pro-speVtiv), a. 1. Looking forward in 
time ; acting with foresight ; — opposed to retrospective. 
2. That is in prospect ; expected ; as, a prospective benefit. 
— pro-spec'tive-ly, adv. 

pro-spec'tUS (-tiis), n. [L., a prospect.] A preliminary 
statement of a plan or scheme, affording a view of its nature ; 
esp., an authorized description of a forthcoming literary 
work or of a business enterprise. 

pros'per (pros'per), v. t. [F. prosperer, v. i., or L. pro- 
sperare, v. t., fr. prosper, prosperus, prosperous.] To 
render successful. — v. i. To succeed ; thrive. 

pros-per'i-ty (pros-per'i-ti), n. State of being prosperous ; 
good fortune ; success ; — opposed to adversity. — Syn. 
Thrift, weal, welfare, well-being. 

Pros'per-0 (pros'per-o), n. In Shakespeare's "Tempest," 
the Duke of Milan, who, being cast on an uninhabited is- 
land, by magic raises a tempest, in which his brother An- 
tonio, who had deposed him, is shipwrecked on the island. 

pros'per-OUS (-us), a. [AF., fr. OF. prospere, and fr. L. 
prosperus or prosper.] 1. Favorable ; propitious ; as, a 
prosperous wind. 2. Making gain, or increase ; thriving ; 
successful ; as, a prosperous voyage. — Syn. Fortunate, 
flourishing, auspicious, lucky. — pros'per-OUS-ly, adv. 

pros'tate (pros'tat), a. [Gr. irpoo-T&Trjs one who stands be- 
fore ; -wpb before -j- laravai to set.] Anat. Designating a 
partly muscular, partly glandular body, prostate gland, 
surrounding the commencement of the urethra of the male. 

— n. The prostate gland. — pro-stat'ic (pro-stat'Tk), a. 
pros'the-sis (pros'the-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Trp6<rdeo-is an 

addition ; irpos to + nQkvai to put, place.] 1. Surg. The 
addition to the body of some artificial part, as a leg, eye, or 
tooth. 2. Gram. The prefixing of one or more letters to a 
word, as in oeloved. 

pros-thet'ic (pros-thet'Tk), a. Of or pert, to prosthesis. 

pros'ti-tute (pros' ti-tut), v. t.; -tut'ed (-tut'ed) ; -tut'ing. 
[L. prostitutus, p. p. of prostituere to prostitute ; pro + 
statuere to place.] 1. To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use. 
2. To devote to base or unworthy purposes ; as^ to prosti- 
tute talents. — a. Openly lewd ; abandoned ; infamously 
mercenary. — n. One who is prostitute ; esp. a woman who 
practices lewdness for hire ; harlot. — pros'ti-tu'tor, n. 

pros'ti-tu'tion (-tti'shun), n. 1. Act or practice of prosti- 
tuting the body ; common lewdness of a woman, esp. for 
hire. 2. Act of setting one's self to sale, or of devoting to 
base or unworthy purposes what is in one's power. 

pros'trate (-trat), a. [L. prostratus, p. p. of prosternere 
to prostrate ; pro + sternere to throw down.] 1 1. Lying 
with the body extended ; stretched out. 2. Lying at an- 
other's mercy ; powerless. 3. Lying in a suppliant posture ; 
as, a prostrate worshiper. 4. Bot. Trailing on the ground. 

— v. t.; -trat-ed (-trat-ed) ; -trat-ing. 1. To lay flat; 
level ; fell. 2. To overthrow ; destroy ; ruin ; as, to pros- 
trate a city. 3. To throw (one's self) down in humility, rev- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



PROSTRATION 



775 



PROTHONOTARY 



erence, or adoration. 4. To deprive of strength ; reduce 
greatly ; as, prostrated by fever. 

pros-tra'tion (pros-tra'shun), n. Act of prostrating; state 
of being prostrate ; fig., great depression ; lowness. 

pro'style (pro'stll), a. [L. prostylus, Gr. Trpocrrvkos ; 
■npb before + <rrD\os pillar.] Arch. Having a (usually 
four-columned) portico in front. — n. A prostyle building. 

pros'y (proz'i), a.; pros'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est (-I-est). 1. Of 
or pertaining to prose ; like prose. 2. Dull and tedious ; 
prosaic. — Syn. See prosaic. 

pro'ta-gon (pro'td-gon), n. [Gr. irpurayov, neut. of Trpiora- 
yos, a wrong reading in Xenophon, Anab., II. ii. 16, for 7rpa>- 
tos first.] Chem. A nitrogenous phosphorized substance 
occurring chiefly in brain and nerve tissue, the principal 
constituent of the white matter of the brain. 

pfO-tag'O-nist (pro-tag'6-mst), n. [Gr. Trpuraycovio-T-hs ; 
■n-pwTos first + iyuvKTr-qs actor, 6.ya)i> a contest.] One who 
takes the leading part in a drama ; hence, one who takes 
the lead in any great matter. 

pro'tan'dry (pro'tan'dn ; pro-tan'dn), n. [proto- + Gr. 
&vtjp, &i>Sp6s, man.] Bot. Dichogamy in which the anthers 
mature and shed their pollen before the stigma of the same 
flower is receptive ; — contrasted with protogyny. — pro- 
tan'drqus (pro-tan'drws), a. 

prot'a-sis (prot'd-sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. irpSracns, lit., a 
stretching before ; itpo before + relveiv to stretch.] 1. 
Gram. The introductory or subordinate member of a (gen- 
erally) conditional sentence ; — opposed to apodcsis. 2. 
a The first part of an ancient drama, introducing the char- 
acters and explaining the argument. Cf. epitasis. b The 
introduction of a drama, narrative poem, etc. 

pro'te-an (pro'te-dn; pro-te'dn), a. 1. leap.'] Of or per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, Proteus. 2. Exceedingly 
variable ; readily assuming different shapes or forms. 

pro-tect' (pro-tekt'), v. t. [L. protectus, p. p. of protegere, 
lit., to cover in front ; pro + tegere to cover.] 1. To cover 
or shield from danger or injury ; defend ; guard. 2. Econ. 
To foster, or foster the production of, by a protective tariff. 
3. Com. & Finance. To see that ( a note, draft, etc. ) is 
paid or satisfied at maturity. — Syn. See defend. 

protected cruiser. A cruiser with no side or vertical armor, 
but with light armor on turrets, etc., and a protective deck. 

pro-tect'ing, p. a. That protects. — pro-tect'ing-ly, adv. 

pro-tec'tion (-tek'shun), n. 1. Act of protecting ; state of 
being protected ; preservation from loss, injury, or annoy- 
ance 2, That which protects ; a defense ; refuge. 3. A safe- 
conduct ; passport. 4. Economics. The freeing of the pro- 
ducers of a country from foreign competition at home by 
imposition of duties on foreign goods ; also, the theory or 
policy favoring this ; — opp. to free trade. — Syn. Guard, 
security, safety. [practice of protectionists.! 

pro-tec'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. Econ. Doctrine, policy, orj 

pro-tec'tion-ist, n. Econ. One who favors protection. 

pro-tec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Affording protection ; sheltering ; 
defensive. 2. Of or pert, to economic protection ; as, a 

protective tariff. — pro-tec'tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

protective deck, Nav., a steel deck, usually convex, sev- 
eral inches thick, joining the ship's ends and sides below 
the water line. — p. tariff, Econ., a tariff that protects do- 
mestic producers, esp. one designed to secure protection 
as disting. from a tariff for revenue. See protection, 4. 

pro-tec'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, protects ; a 
defender ; guardian ; patron. 2. Eng. Hist, a One having 
the care of the kingdom during the king's minority ; regent. 
b [cap.] Short for Lord Protector, the title of Oliver 
Cromwell as the head of the British Commonwealth (1053- 
58), and of his son Richard (165S-59). — pro-tec'tor-sbip, 
n. — pro-tec'tress, n. fem. 

pro-tec'tor-ate (-tor-at), n. 1. Government by a protector ; 
also, the rank or office of a protector. 2. The relation of 
one state to another which it protects and partly controls ; 
also, the authority exercised, or the country so protected. 

|| pro'te'ge' (prS'ta'zha') , n. masc. ; pZ.-GES (-zhaz' ; F.-zha') 1 

(] pro / te / gee'(pro / ta / zha'), n.fem. ; pi. -GEEs(-zhaz' ; -zha') / 
[F.] One under the care and protection of another. 

pro'te-id (pro'te-Td), n. [G. proteid, ir. protein.] Physiol. 
Chem. Any of a class of very complex substances present in 
all living cells, both animal and vegetaole, and necessary in 
the diet of animals. All contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, 
and oxygen, and, usually, a little sulphur. 

pro'te-in (-in), n. [G. protein, fr. Gr. irpareveiv to be 
first.] Proteid. 

pro-tend' (pro-tend'), v. t. & i. [L. protendere, protensum ; 
pro forth -f- tendere to stretch.] To stretch forth ; extend 
lengthwise orlinearly;protractin time; lengthen. NoivRare. 

pro-ten'sive (-ten'sTv), a. 1. Drawn out in time ; extended ; 
enduring. 2. Extended lengthwise or linearly ; relating to 
linear extension. 

pro'te-ol'y-sis (pro'te-ol'T-sis),?!. [NL. ; proteid -f- -lysis.] 
Cleaving or hydrolysis of proteids with formation of sim- 
pler, soluble products, as in digestion. — pro'te-O-lyt'ic, a. 



pro'te-ose (pro'te-os), n. [proteid + -ose.] Physiol. Chem. 
Any of a class of intermediate soluble products formed from 
proteids by digestion with gastric and pancreatic juice, and 
also by the hydrolytic action of boiling dilute acids and al- 
kalies, etc. ; an albumose. 

Prot'er-o-zo'ic (prot'er-6-zo'Tk), a. [Gr. irpdrtpos before, 
former + fw) life.] Geol. Pert, to or designating the era 
preceding the Paleozoic ; Algonkian. — n. The Proterozoic 
era or group. [ness ; petulance. Rare.\ 

pro-ter'vi-ty (pro-tur'vT-tT), n. [L. protervitas.] Peevish-I 

pro-test' (pro-test'), v. t. [F. protester, L. protestari ; pro 
+ testari to be a witness.] 1. To declare solemnly ; assert ; 
affirm ; as, to protest one's loyalty. 2. To call to witness. 
Rare. 3. To make a certain formal declaration or notice to 
protect the holder of (a dishonored bill of exchange or note) ; 
— said of the notary or a party in interest. 4. To make a 
protest against. — Syn. See affirm. — v. i. To make a 
solemn declaration, esp. a written one expressive of opposi- 
tion or condemnation. 

pro'test (pro'test), n. 1. Act of protesting; that which is 
protested ; solemn declaration of opinion against some act. 

2. Law. a A declaration in writing, made by a notary 
public on behalf of the holder of a bill or note, protesting 
against all parties liable for any loss or damage by nonac- 
ceptance or nonpayment, b An authenticated declaration 
made by the master of a vessel upon his arrival in port after 
a disaster, showing that any damage or loss sustained was 
not owing to the fault of the vessel or her officers or crew. 
C A declaration made by a party, as before paying a tax, 
duty, etc., to show that his action is not voluntary. 

prot'es-tant (prot'es-tdnt), n. [F., fr. L. protestans, -antis 
p. pr. See protest, v. t.] One who protests; specif.: [cap] 
a Orig., one of those Lutheran princes who signed a protest 
at the Diet of Spires (1529) against an edict intended to 
crush the Reformation, calling upon the Emperor Charles 
V. to summon a general council, b Any Christian who is an 
adherent of any of the churches which separated from the 
Roman Catholic Church at the Reformation or of any of 
the bodies descended from them ; — a designation rejected 
by many Anglicans. 

— a. 1. Making a protest. 2. [cap.] Of or pert, to Protes- 
tants or their faith and practice ; as, Protestant writers. 
Protestant Episcopal Church, the religious body which 
represents in the United States the Anglican Communion, 
organized as separate from the Church of England in 1789. 

prot'es-tant-ism (-Tz'm), n. Religion of the Protestants ; 
adherence to this religion ; Protestants collectively. 

prot'es-ta'tion (-ta'shSn), n. Act of protesting'; public 
avowal ; a solemn declaration, esp. of dissent. 

prot'es-ta'tor (prot'es-ta'ter), n. A protester. 

pro-test'er (pro-tes'ter), n. One who protests; specif. : a 
One who utters a solemn declaration, b [cap.] Scot. 
Hist. In the 17th century, one of a party among the Cov- 
enanters which protested against the resolution of 1G50, 
effecting a reconciliation with the Royalists ; a Remon- 
strant ; — opposed to Resolutioner . 

pro-test'ing-ly, adv. In a protesting manner. 

Pro'teus (pro'tus; -te-iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Upurevs.] Class. 
Myth. A prophetic sea god in the service of Poseidon (Nep- 
tune). When seized, he would assume different shapes. 
Hence, one who easily changes his appearance or principles. 

pro-te'van-gel'i-um (pro-te'van-jel'i-ftm), n. [NL. See 
PEOTO- ; evangel.] 1. The first announcement of a Savior 
{Gen. iii. 15). 2. [cap.] More fully Protevangelium of 
James. The apocryphal "History of James concerning the 
Birth of Mary." 

pro'tha-la'mi-on (pro'thd-la'mT-on) In. ; L. pi. -mia (-d). 

pro'tha-la'mi-uni (pro'thd-la'mT-wm)/ [NL. ; Gr. -npb be- 
fore + da\ap.os chamber, esp. the bridal chamber.] A song 
in celebration of a marriage. 

pro-thal'li-um (pro-thal'i-ftm), n.; pi. -lia (-d). [NL] 
Bot. The minute, reduced, thalloid gametophyte of the 
ferns and their allies (phylum Pteridophyta), bearing sex 
organs (archegonia and antheridia). — pro-thal'li-al (-dl), a. 

protb/e-sis (proth'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irpodtais a plac- 
ing in public, fr. irpoTidhai to set before.] 1. East. Ch. 
Preparation and preliminary oblation of the eucharistic 
bread and wine, or the table or the part of the bema, used 
in this office. 2. Phon. Prefixing of an inorganic sound toa 
word ; as Lat. status, OF. estat, Eng. estate. — pro-tbet'ic 
(pro-thet'Ik), a. — pro-thet'i-cal-ly (-J-kdl-i), adv. 

pro-thon'0-ta'ri-al (pro-thon'o-ta'rT-dl ; 3), a. Of or per- 
taining to a prothonotary- 

pro-tbon'o-ta-ry (pro-thon'o-ta-ri), or pro-ton'o-ta-ry 
(pro-ton'-), n.; pi. -rtes (-riz). [LL. protonotarius ; Gr. 
irpCiTos first -f- L. notarius a scribe.] 1. A chief notary or 
clerk. 2. Eccl. a R. C. Ch. One of twelve persons, consti- 
tuting a college in the Roman Curia, whose office is to 
record pontifical acts and canonizations, etc. b East. Ch. 
The chief secretary of the patriarch of Constantinople. 

3. Law. A register or chief clerk of a court in certain States 
of the United States. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PROTHORACIC 



776 



PROVERBIAL 







pro-tho'rax (pr6-tho'r£ks), n. Zool. The anterior segment of 
the thorax of insects. — pro'tho-rac'ic (pro'tho-ras'Tk), a. 

pro'tist (pro'tist), n. [Gr. TrpdmoTos first.] Biol. Any of a 
group (Protista) of unicellular organisms including the pro- 
tozoans and unicellular plants. — pro-tis'tan (pro-tis'tdn), 
a. & n. — pro-tis'tic (-tik), a. 

pro'to- (pro'to-). 1. A prefix from Gr. fl-pwros, first, pri- 
mary. 2. Chem. a Denoting the first or lowest of a series, 
or the one having the smallest amount of the element to 
the name of which it is prefixed, b Sometimes = mono-. 
3. Astron. & Chem. A combining form (also used adjec- 
tively) prefixed to the names of chemical elements to denote 
their supposed dissociated forms to which certain lines in 
star spectra are attributed. See protometal. 

pro'to-cal'ci-um (-kal'si-um), n. See protometal. 

pro'tO-COl (pro'to-kol), n. [F. protocole, fr. LL., fr. Gr. 
irpuiTOKoXXov the first leaf glued to the rolls of papyrus and 
the notarial documents ; irpwros first -\-k6X\o. glue.] An orig- 
inal copy, draft, minute, or record ; specif., Diplomacy, a 
preliminary memorandum, often signed by the negotiators, 
as a basis for a final convention or treaty. 

— v. i. To make protocols, or first drafts ; issue protocols. 

pro'to-gine (pro'to-jin; -jen), n. [proto- + root of Gr. 
ylyveardai to be born.] Petrog. A kind of fine-grained 
granite or gneiss. [togyny.l 

pro-tog'y-nous (pro-toj'i-nws), a. Characterized by pro-| 

pro-tog'y-ny (-T-ni), n. [proto- -f- Gr. ywi) woman, 
female.] Bot . That form of dichogamy in which the stigma 
matures and withers before the anthers of the same flower 
ripen and shed pollen ; — contrasted with protandry. 

pro'to-lith'ic (pro'to-lith'Tk), a. Designating, or pert, to, 
the earliest stone age ; eolithic. See paleolithic. 

pro'to-mag-ne'si-um (-mag-ne'zhi-mn ; -shi-ftm), n. See 
protometal. 

pro'to-mar'tyr (-mar'ter), n. The first martyr in any cause ; 
— applied esp. to Stephen, the first Christian martyr. 

pro'tO-met'al (-met'dl), n. Any of various metals of finer 
form, indicated by enhanced lines in their spark spectra 
(which are also observed in the spectra of some stars), ob- 
tained at the highest available laboratory temperatures ; as 
protocalcium, protomagnesium, etc. See proto-, 3. — pro'- 
tO-me-tal'lic (-me-tal'ik), a. 

pro'to-ne'ma (pro'to-ne'md), n.; pi. -mata (-td). [NL. ; 
proto- + Gr. vfjua, vquaros, a thread.] Bot. The primary 
growth or thalloid stage of the gametophyte in mosses, 
corresponding somewhat to the prothallium in ferns. 

pro-ton'o-ta-ry (pro-ton'6-ta-ri). Var. of prothonotary. 

pro'tO-plasm (pro'to-plaz'm), n. [G. protoplasma, fr. Gr. 
irp&Tos first + irXacrpa form.] Biol, a Orig., the formative 
material of animal embryos, b Later, cytoplasm. C Now, 
commonly, the essential substance of the cell body and nu- 
cleus of cells of animals and plants, regarded as the only 
form of matter in which life is manifested. Protoplasm is 
ordinarily a viscous, translucent material holding fine gran- 
ules in suspension. — pro'to-plas'mic (pro'to-plaz'm lk), a. 

pro'to-plast (pro'to-plast), n. [L. protoplastus the first 
man, Gr. TrpwrowXacrTos formed or created first ; irpuros 
first + TrXaa-ros formed.] 1. One that was first formed ; 
specif., the hypothetical original ancestor or pair of ances- 
tors of any species. 2. Biol, a The protoplasmic cell con- 
tents, as a vital unit, b A plastid. — pro'to-plas'tic, a. 

pro'to-pope' (pro'to-pop'), n. East. Ch. One of the clergy 
of first rank in the lower order of secular clergy. 

pro'tO-Ste'le (pro'to-ste'le), n. Bot. The solid stele char- 
acteristic of most roots, and of the earliest portions of 
stems. See stele. 

pro'to-type (-tip), n. [F., fr. L. prototypus original, 
primitive, Gr. Trpwrorviros. See proto- ; type.] An original 
or model after which something is copied ; pattern ; arche- 
type. — pro'to-typ'al (-tlp'dl), pro'to-typ'ic (-tip'ik), a. 

pro-tox'ide (pro-tok'sTd ; -sid), n. Also -id. Chem. In a 
series of oxides, that one which has the lowest proportion 
of oxygen. 
protoxide of nitrogen, laughing gas (nitrous oxide). 

Pro'to-zo'a (pro'to-zo'd), n. pi. [NL.] Zool. A phylum 
consisting of the protozoans. 

pro'to-ZO'an (-zo'dn), n. [proto- + -zoa + -an.'] Zool. 
Any of a phylum (Protozoa) of animals in which the body 
consists (usually) of only a single cell, and reproduction is by 
fission. Most of them are invisible to the naked eye. They 
are mostly aquatic, abounding in the sea and in stagnant 
water ; some are parasites. — a. Of or pert, to protozoans. 

pro-tract' (pro-trakt r ), v. t. [L. protractus, p. p. of protra- 
here ; pro + trahere to draw.] 1. To draw out, usually in 
time ; continue ; prolong ; as, to protract a debate. 2. To 
draw with scale and protractor; plot. 3. Zool. To pro- 
trude ; — opp. to retract. 

pro-trac'tile (pro-trak'til), a. Capable of being thrust out 
or protracted ; protrusile. Cf. retractile. 

pro-trac'tion (-trak'shun), n. 1. A drawing out ; prolonga- 
tion, as of a debate. 2. A making of a plot, as on paper. 3. 




Pros. Prolongation of a syllable beyond its usual value. 

pro-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Drawing out or lengthening in 
time ; prolonging, continuing ; delaying. 

pro-trac'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, protracts, 
or causes protraction. 2. An instru- 
ment for laying down and measuring 
angles on paper. 

pro-trude' (-trood'), v. t. & i. ; -trud'- 
ed (-trood'ed) ; -trud'ing. [L. pro- 
trudere, protrusum ; pro + trudere 
to thrust.] To thrust out ; project. Common Protractor. 

pro-tru'sile (-troo'sil), a. Capable of being protruded. 

pro-tru'sion (-zhiin), n. A protruding ; state of being pro- 
truded. 

pro-tru'sive (-siv), a. 1. Thrusting or impelling forward. 
2. Capable of being protruded ; protrusile. sive-ly, adv. 

pro-tu'ber-ance (-tu'ber-dns), n. Something protuberant 
or swelled or pushed beyond the adjacent surface ; fact or 
state of being protuberant. — Syn. See projection. 

pro-tu'ber-an-cy (-dn-si), n. Quality or state of being 
protuberant ; protuberance ; prominence. 

pro-tu'ber-ant (-ant), a. [L. protuberans, -antis, p. pr.] 
Bulging or swelling beyond the surrounding or adjacent 
surface ; swelling ; prominent. — pro-tu'ber-ant-ly, adv. 

pro-tu'ber-ate (-at), v. i. [L. protuberare; pro + tuber 
hump.] To swell; bulge. — pro-tu'ber-a'tion (-a'shim),n. 

pro'tyle (pro'til ; -til), n. [proto- + Gr. iiXtj stuff, mate- 
rial.] Chem. & Astron. A hypothetical primordial sub- 
stance supposedly differentiated into what are recognized 
as distinct chemical elements. 

proud (proud), a. [AS. prut. J 1. Feeling or manifesting 
pride ; as : a Possessing or showing too great self-esteem ; 
hence : arrogant ; haughty, b Having proper self-respect or 
self-esteem. C Exulting (in) ; elated ; — often used with of; 
as, proud of one's country. 2. Arising from, or produced 
by, pride ; as, proud contempt. 3. Full of mettle or vigor ; 
valiant ; as, a proud steed. 4. Giving reasons for pride 
worthy of admiration ; splendid ; admirable ; as, proud 
titles. — proud'ly, adv. 

proud flesh, Med., an exuberant growth of granulations 
in a wound or ulcer. 

proust'ite (proos'tlt), n. [After L. J. Proust, French 
chemist.] Min. A sulphide of arsenic and silver, Ag3AsS3, 
of a cochineal red, in crystals, and also massive. 

prov'a-ble (proov'd-b'l), a. That may be proved. 

prove (proov), v.t.; proved (proovd) or proven (proov''n) ; 
prov'ing (proov'ing). [OF. prover, fr. L. probare to try, 
approve, prove, probus good, proper.] 1. To try, or to 
ascertain, by an experiment or by a standard ; test ; as, to 
prove a gun. 2. To establish or ascertain by argument or 
evidence ; demonstrate ; show ; as, to prove one's point. 3. 
To establish the genuineness or validity of ; verify ; probate ; 
as, to prove a will. 4. To know by trial ; experience ; as, to 
prove God's mercy. 5. Arith. To test or verify, as the 
correctness of an operation or result. — Syn. Justify, con- 
firm, manifest. — v. i. l.To make trial ; attempt. 2. To 
be found by experience, trial, or result ; turn out to be ; as, 
the report proves false. 

prove'a-ble. Var. of provable. 

pro-vec'tion (pro-vek'shwn), n. [L. provectio an advance- 
ment.] Philol. A carrying forward, as of a final letter to a 
following word, as in a nickname for an ekename. 

pro-ved'i-tor (pro-ved'i-ter), n. [It. proveditore, deriv. of 
L. providere to provide.] A purveyor. 06s. or R. 

prov'en (pr6ov , 'n), p. a. Proved. [nience.l 

prov'e-nance (prov'e-nans), n. [F.] Origin ; source ; prove-| 

Pro'ven'C.al' (pro'vaN'saK ; sometimes Anglicized pro'ven- 
sal', -sal'), a. [F., fr. Provence, fr. L. provincia province.] 
Of or pert, to Provence, in France, its inhabitants, or their 
language. — n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Provence. 2. 
The Provencal language. From the 11th to the middle of 
the 14th century it was used in the lyric literature of the 
troubadours. 

prov'en-der (prov'en-der), n. [OF. provende, provendre, 
fr. LL. praebenda. See prebend.] 1. Dry food for domes- 
tic animals, as hay, oats, etc. ; feed. 2. Food or provisions. 
Obs. or Humorous. — v. t. To fodder ; feed, as a horse. 

pro-ve'ni-ence (pro-vefrn-ens ; -ven'yens), n. [L. prove- 
niens, -entis, p. pr. of provenire to come forth ; pro forth 
+ venire to come.] Origin ; source ; provenance ; — used 
esp. in the fine arts and in archaeology. 

prov'er (proov'er), n. One who, or that which, proves. 

prov'erb (prov'erb), n. [F. proverbe, fr. L. proverbium; 
pro before, for + verbum a word.] 1. An old and common 
saying ; a maxim ; saw ; adage. 2. An obscure saying ; par- 
able ; — a Biblical use. 3. A subject of contemptuous refer- 
ence, reproach, or derision. 4. In pi. [cap.~] A book (Book 
of Proverbs) of the Old Testament, containing wise max- 
ims. — Syn. See axiom. 

pro-ver'bi-al (pro-vur'bT-dl), a. 1. Mentioned or com- 
prised in, used as, or of the nature of, a proverb ; hence : 
commonly known ; well-known ; as, his generosity is pro- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing; iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PROVERBIALLY 



777 



PRURIENCY 



verbial. 2. Of or pert, to proverbs ; characteristic of a 
proverb ; as, proverbial wisdom. — pro-vei/bi-al-ly, adv. 

pro-vide' (-vld'), v. t.; -vid'ed (-vid'ed) ; -vid'ing. [L. 
■provider e, -visum; pro + videre to see.] 1. To look out 
for in advance ; procure beforehand ; prepare. Now Chiefly 
U. S. 2. To supply ; afford ; contribute ; as, the garden pro- 
vides food. 3. To furnish ; supply ; — now used with with ; 
as, provided with corn. 4. To stipulate ; as, a contract pro- 
vides conditions. — v. i. 1. To procure means in advance ; 
take anticipatory measures ; — used with against or for; 
as, to provide for old age. 2. To make ready ; prepare. 

pro-vid'ed (-vld'ed), conj. On condition; with the under- 
standing ; if ; — usually used with that . — Syn. See if. 

prov'i-dence (prov'I-dens), n. 1. Act of providing ; prepa- 
ration. 2. Foresight ; care ; esp., the foresight and care of 
God for His creatures ; hence \_cap.~\ , God. 3. A manifesta- 
tion of God's care over His creatures ; an event divinely or- 
dained. 4. Prudence ; economy ; frugality. 

prov'i-dent (-dent), a. [L. providens, -entis, p. pr. of pro- 
videre to provide.] Providing for the future. — Syn. Fore- 
casting, careful, thrifty. See wise. dent-ly, adv. 

prov'i-den'tial (-den'shal), a. Effected by, or referable to, 
divine direction ; opportune ; fortunate. tial-ly, adv. 

pro-vid'er (pr6-vld'er), n. One who provides. 

prov'ince (prov'Ins), n. [F., fr. L. provincial 1. Roman 
Hist. An outlying country or region brought under Roman 
government. 2. A country or region dependent on a distant 
authority ; specif., any of those British colonies in America 
now united into the Dominion of Canada. Hence, Colloq., 
the Provinces, the Dominion of Canada, or, usually, the 
Maritime Provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and 
Prince Edward Island. 3. In pi. A portion of a country, 
esp. one outside the capital or largest city, as, in England, 
all of the country outside of London. 4. A region ; district ; 
hence, a department of knowledge or activity ; as, the 
province of science. 5. a An administrative division of a 
country, b Eccl. A district forming the jurisdiction of an 
archbishop or metropolitan. 6. Function of a person or 
body ; office ; sphere ; as, woman's province. 

pro-vin'cial (pro-vTn'shal), a. 1. Of or pert, to a province ; 
specif, \_cap., when referring to the Provinces (see province, 
2)], of or pert, to the provinces (esp. in British use) ; as, a 
provincial government or dialect. 2. Characteristic of a 
province ; hence : countrified ; also, narrow ; illiberal ; as, a 
provincial spirit. — Provincial time. See standard time. 

— n. One who is provincial or is from a province. 

pro-vin'cial-ism (-iz'm), n. Provincial quality or charac- 
teristic ; as : a Attachment to local institutions, ideas, etc. ; 
hence, illiberality. t> A word or mannerism peculiar to a 
province or remote district. 

pro-vin'ci-al'i-ty (-shl-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). Qual- 
ity or state of being provincial ; peculiarity characteristic 
of a province. 

pro-vin'cial-ly, adv. In a provincial manner. 

pro-vi'sion (-vTzh'un), n. [L. provisio. See provide.] 
1. Act of providing, or preparing ; that which is provided ; 
preparation. 2. A store of needed materials prepared be- 
forehand ; esp., a stock of food ; food ; — often in pi. 3. A 
stipulation ; condition ; proviso ; as, the provisions of a 
contract. 4. Eng. Hist. Promotion to office by an ecclesias- 
tical superior ; esp., appointment by the Pope to a benefice 
before it became vacant. 

— v. t. To supply with provisions, esp. food ; victual. 
pro-vi'sion-al (-al), a. Of the nature of a provision; esp., 

serving as a provision for the time being ; _ — used of partial 
or temporary arrangements. — pro-vi'sion-al-ly, adv. 

pro-vi'sion-a-ry (-a-n), a. 1. Containing, consisting of, or 
of the nature of, a provision or proviso. 2. Provisional. 

pro-vi'sion-er, n. A furnisher of provisions. 

pro-Vl'so (pro-vl'zo), n. ; pi. -sos (-zoz). [L., abl. p. p., (it) 
being provided. See provide.] A clause, as in a statute, by 
which a condition is introduced ; a conditional stipulation. 

pro-vi'sor (-zer), n. One who receives a papal provision. 

pro-vi'so-ry (-zo-ri), a. 1. Of the nature of or containing a 
proviso ; conditional. 2. Provisional. vi'so-ri-ly, adv. 

prov'o-ca'tion (prov'6-ka'shwn), n. [F. provocation, L. 
provocation Act of provoking ; that which provokes. — 
Syn. Annoyance ; incitement ; stimulus. 

pro-VOC'a-tive (pro-vok'd-tiv ; -vo'kd-tiv), a. Serving to 
provoke or stimulate ; exciting. — pro-voc'a-tive, n. — 
pro-voc'a-tive-ly, adv. — pro-voc'a-tive-ness, n. 

pro-voke' (pro-vok'), v. t.; pro- voiced' (-vokt') ; -vok'ing. 
[F. provoquer, L. provocare to call forth ; pro forth + vo- 
care to call.] 1. To call forth ; summon. Obs. 2. To move ; 
arouse ; as, to provoke one to action. 3. To cause ; insti- 
gate ; excite ; as, to provoke an argument. 4. To incite or 
incense to action (a faculty or passion) ; hence : to irritate ; 
offend ; as, he was greatly provoked. — Syn. Stir up ; vex, 
exasperate, nettle, anger. See irritate. — pro-vok'er, n. 

pro-vok'ing (-vok'ing), p. a. That provokes ; tending to 
irritate or provoke. — pro-VOk'ing-ly, adv. 



prov'ost (prov'ust ; also, esp. in mil. terms, pro'vo, pro"- 
vo'), n. [OF., fr. L. praepositus placed before, a chief. 
See preposition.] A superintendent or official head ; a? : 
a In Scottish burghs, the chief magistrate, b The head of 
any of various colleges. C The head of certain churches or 
of some cathedral chapters, d Keeper of a prison. Obs. 

provost marshal. A military or naval officer appointed as 
a head of the police. 

prov'ost-ship, n. Office or position of a provost. 

prow (prou), n. [F. proue, L. prora, Gr. jrp£pa.] 1. The 
bow of a vessel ; Poetic, the vessel. 2. Something answer- 
ing to the bow of a vessel, as the front end of a flying ma- 
chine or of an airship. 

prow, a. [OF. prou, preu, fr. L. pro, prod, in prodesse to 
be useful.] Valiant ; brave ; gallant. Archaic. 

prow'ess (prou'es), n. 1. Distinguished bravery; valor. 
2. A brave or valorous act or feat. — Syn. See courage. 

prowl (proul), v. t. & i. [ME. prollen to search about.] 
To rove about stealthily, esp. for prey or booty. — Syn. See 
ramble. — n. Act of prowling, as for prey. — prowl'er, n. 

prox'i-mal (prok'si-mal), a. 1. Nearest, as to a point of ori- 
gin, a body, center of motion, etc.; proximate. 2. Biol. 
Designating that end of a limb or other part which is near- 
est to the point of attachment ; — opposed to distal. 

prox'i-mate (-mat), a. [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare 
to approach, fr. proximus, superl. of prope near.] Near- 
est ; next ; immediately preceding or following. — Syn. 
Closest, immediate, direct. — prox'i-mate-ly, adv. 
proximate cause, a cause which directly, or with no 
mediate agency, produces an effect or a specific result. 

prox-im'i-ty (prok-sim'I-ti), n. [L. proximitas.'] Quality 
or state of being next ; immediate nearness. 
Syn. Neighborhood, vicinity, propinquity. — Proximity, 
propinquity. Proximity denotes simple nearness ; pro- 
pinquity connotes close neighborhood, and refers esp. to 
personal vicinity. 

prox'i-mo (prok'sT-mo), adv. [L., on the next, abl. of 
proximus.'] In or of the next month after the present ; as, 
on the 3d proximo. Abbr., prox. Cf. instant, a.; ultimo. 

prox'y (prok'sT), n. ; pi. proxies (-siz). [ME. prokecie, 
contr. fr. procuracie procuracy.] 1. Office or function of 
a procurator, or agent ; authority to act for another ; agency. 
2. A person authorized to act for another. 3. A writing 
authorizing another to act in the signer's stead. 

prude (prood), n. [F., prudish, orig., modest.] A woman 
who affects excessive modesty or propriety, esp. in the rela- 
tions of the sexes. 

pru'dence (proo'dens), n. Quality or state of being prudent ; 
discretion ; carefulness ; policy ; also, economy ; frugality. 
Syn. Prudence, calculation, foresight, forethought. 
Prudence implies caution, circumspection, or economy, 
esp. in practical affairs ; calculation often connotes cold or 
selfish prudence. Foresight implies prudent care for the 
future ; forethought (sometimes equivalent to foresight) 
suggests rather due consideration of contingencies. 

pru'dent (-dent), a. [F., fr. L. prudens, -entis, contr. fr. 
providens. See provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting 
means to ends ; practically wise ; discreet ; sensible ; — 
opposed to rash ; dictated by prudence or forethought ; as, 
prudent behavior. 2. Provident; not extravagant; as, 
prudent expenditure. See wise. 

Syn. Cautious, wary, circumspect, prudential, consider- 
ate, economical, frugal. — Prudent, prudential. Pru- 
dential differs from prudent in suggesting more strongly 
considerations of expediency, which are often pecuniary 
and sometimes selfish. 

pru-den'tial (proo-den'shal), a. 1. Proceeding from, or 
marked by, prudence ; discreet ; as, prudential habits. 2. 
Exercising prudence ; discretionary ; advisory ; as, a pruden- 
tial committee. — Syn. See prudent. tial-ly, adv. 

pru'dent-ly, adv. In a prudent manner. 

prud'er-y (prood'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). Quality of being 
prudish ; excessive modesty or propriety ; primness. 

prud'ish (prood'ish), a. Like a prude; of excessive propri- 
ety, esp. in the relations of the sexes ; prim. — prud'ish-ly, 
adv : — prud'ish-ness, n. 

pru'i-nose (proo'i-nos), a. [L. pruinosus, fr. pruina hoar- 
frost.] Bot. & Zool. Covered with whitish dust or bloom. 

prune (proon), v. t. & i.; pruned (proond) ; prun'ing 
(proon'ing). [ME. prunen, pruinen, proinen, to preen, 
trim.] 1. To cut off the superfluous parts, branches, or 
shoots of ; clear of useless material ; trim. 2. To cut off or 
out, as useless parts. 3. To preen ; trim ; dress. 

prune, n. [F., fr. L. prunum plum.] A plum ; now, any 
plum that may be, or has been, dried without fermentation. 

pru-nel'la (pr6o-nel'd)l n. [F. prunelle.'] A smooth wool- 

pru-nello (proo-nel'o)J en or mixed stuff, now generally 
black, used for the uppers of shoes ; a kind of lasting. 

pru-nelle' (-nel'), n. [F., dim. of prune. See prune, n.] 
A small yellow dried plum packed without the skin. 

prun'er (proon'er), n. One who prunes. 

pru'ri-ence (proo'rT-ens) \n. Quality or state of being 

pru'li-en-cy (proo'rT-en-si)J prurient. 






< 






k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PRURIENT 



778 



PSYCHOLOGIZE 







pru'ri-ent (proo'rl-ent), a. [L. pruriens, -entis, p. pr. of 
prurire to itch.] Itching, esp. with lust ; longing ; un- 
easy with desire ;_lustful. — pru'ri-ent-ly, adv. 

pru-rig'i-nous(proo-nj'i-nus),a. [L. pruriginosus.] Med. 
Tending to, affected by, or of the nature of, prurigo. 

pru-ri'go(proo-rI'go),n. [L., itching, itch.] Med. A chronic 
inflammatory skin disease marked by itching papules. 

pru-rit'ic (-rit'ik), a. Med. Pert, to or producing pruritus. 

pru-ri'tus (proo-rl'tus), n. [L.] Med. Itching. 

Prussian (prush'dn), a. Of or pert, to Prussia or its people. 
Prussian blue, Chem., any of several cyanogen com- 
pounds, esp. a certain dark blue one used as a pigment. 

— n.l. One of the people of Prussia, which, besides Ger- 
manic Teutons, contains in the west a considerable body of 
Danes and in the east Lithuanians and Slavs, including 
Poles, Wends, and Czechs. The original Prussians, or 
Borussians, were akin to the Lithuanians. 2. The language 
of the Prussians. Old Prussian, or Borussian, a Balto- 
Slavic language, became extinct in the 17th century. 
Modern Prussian is a dialect of German. 

prus'si-ate (prus'i-at), n. Chem. A salt of prussic acid. 
prus'sic (-ik), a. [From Prussian blue.] Hydrocyanic. 
pry (prl), n. [Corrupted fr. prize a lever, mistaken as a pi.] 

A lever or the like for prying ; also, leverage. — v. t. ; 

pried (prld) ; pry'ing. To raise or move, or pull (apart), 

or attempt to do so, with a pry, or lever ; prize. 
pry, v. i. [ME. prien.] To look or inspect closely ; peep ; 

peer ; — often implying impertinent meddling or curiosity. 

— n. Curious inspection ; impertinent peeping. 
pry'er. Var. of prier. 

pry'ing, p. a. Inspecting closely or impertinently ; peeping ; 
peering ; inquisitive. — Syn. See curious. ing-ly, adv. 

pryt'a-ne'um (pnt'd-ne'wm),TO.; pi. -nea (-ne'd). [L., fr. 
Gr. HpvTa.vt~i.ov, fr. TrpvravLs prytanis.] Gr. Antiq. In many 
towns, a public building consecrated to Hestia and con- 
taining the state hearth; esp., a public hall in Athens, 
where official hospitality was extended to distinguished 
citizens, envoys, etc. 

pryt'a-nis (prit'd-nis), n.; pi. -nes (-nez). [L., fr. Gr. 
ivpvTa.vis.'] Gr. Antiq. a In various free states, a chief magis- 
trate, b A member of one of the ten sections into which the 
Athenian council was divided, and to each of which belonged 
the presidency of the senate for about one tenth of the year. 

pryt'a-ny ( : ni), n.; pi. -nies. [Gr. irpvTavda.] Gr. Antiq. 
Office or dignity of prytanis ; chief magistracy ; presidency. 

psalm (sam), n. [AS. sealm, L. psalmus, fr. Gr. \J/a\p:6s, 
fr. i/'dXXeii' to pull, play upon a stringed instrument, sing to 
the harp.] A sacred song or poem ; hence : a [Often cap.'] 
One of the hymns collected into a certain book of the Old 
Testament, or a modern metrical version of such, b [cap.] 
In pi. The Book of Psalms in the Old Testament. 

— v. t. To extol in psalms ; hymn ; smg. 

psalm'ist (sam'ist), n. 1. An author of a psalm or psalms ; 
— used chiefly \_cap. and with the] of David. 2. Eccl. A 
precentor or cantor who leads or sings the music in public 
worship, as in the Eastern Church. [psalms. | 

psalm'o-dist (sam'6-dist ; sal'mo-), n. One who sings| 

psalm'o-dy (sam'6-di ; sal'mo-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz) . [LL. 
psalmodia, ir. Gr. x^aXnuSia; \}/a\fi6s psalm -j- hdHetv to 
sing.] Act or art of singing psalms ; also, psalms collectively. 

Psal'ter (sol'ter), n. [OF. sautier, psaltier, fr. L. psalte- 
rium psaltery.] The Book of Psalms ; often, a book con- 
taining the Psalms separately printed. — psal-te'ri-an, a. 

psal-te'ri-um (sol-te'ri-'um ; sal-), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L., a 
psaltery, psalter ; — from the resemblance of the folds to 
the leaves of a book.] The omasum. 

psal'ter-y (sol'ter-i), n.; pi. -teries (-iz). [OF. psalterie, 

, fr. L., fr. Gr. \pa\rripiov, fr. xpaWeiv. See PSALM.] Music. 
An ancient instrument of the zither type. 

psam'mite (sam'It), n. [F., fr. Gr. xl/annirris sandy, from 
^/a.p.p.o% sand.] Petrog. Any sandstone ; — distinguished 
from psephite. 

pse'phite (se'flt ; pse'-,, n. [Gr. \prj<f>os pebble -f- -ite.~] 
Petrog. Any coarse fragmental rock, as conglomerate. Cf . 
psammite. [sympodium. 

pseu-dax'is (su-dak'sis ; psu-), n. ; pi. -es (-sez). Bot. A 

pseu'de-pig'ra-pha (su'de-pig'rd-f d ,- psu'-), n. pi. [NL/ 
Lit., false or spurious writings ; hence, writings purporting 
to be produced by Biblical characters or in Biblical times, 
but never accepted as canonical. — pseu-dep'i-graph'ic 
(su-dep'i-graf'ik ; psu-). 

pseu'de-pig'ra-phous (su'de-pig'rd-f us ; psu'-), a. [Gr. 
\pev8eirLypa<j>os falsely inscribed. See pseudo- ; epigraphy.] 
Inscribed with a false name. 

pseu'do- (su'do- ; psii'do-). [Gr. \pev8ris lying, false.] A com- 
bining form signifying '.false, counterfeit, pretended, spu- 
rious. 

Examples : pseudo-apostle, pseudoclergy or pseudo-cler- 
gy, etc., a. false, counterfeit, pretended, or spurious apos- 
tle, etc. Hence, pseu'do, a. 

pseu'do-carp (su'do-karp ; psu'-), n > Bot. A fruit which 
does not consist exclusively of the ripened ovary and its 



contents. The apple, fig, strawberry, etc., are examples. 
pseu'do-car'pous (-kar'pus), a. Pert, to or having a pseu- 

docarp. 
pseu'do-morph (su'do-morf ; psu'-), n. [See pseudomor- 
phous.] 1. An irregular or deceptive form. 2. Min. A min- 
eral having the characteristic outward form of another 
species (or of some object, as a shell) ; — often used with 
after governing the form resembled. — pseu'do-mor'phic 
(-mor'fik), a. — pseu'do-mor'phism (-fiz'm), n. 
pseu'dO-mor'phous (-mor'fus), a. [GT.^ev86^op<i>os;^evSM 
false + nop<j>rj form.] Not having the true form ; of the 
nature of a pseudomorph ; pseudomorphic. 
pseu'do-nu'cle-in (-nu'kle-m), n. Chem. A paranuclein. 
pseu'do-nym (su'do-nim), n. A fictitious name ; pen name 
pseu-don'y-mous (sfi-don'i-mus), a. [Gr. xPevSuwfios '; 
fcvSfc false + 6w/j.a, ovop.a, a name ] Bearing or using a. 
fictitious name, as a work or an author. — pseu-don'y- 
mous-ly, adv. — pseu'do-nym'i-ty, n. 
pseu'do-pod (su'do-pod ; psQ'do-), n. A pseudopodium. 
pseu'do-po'di-um (-po'dl-wm), n.; pi. -dia (-d). [NL.] 
Zool. A temporary protrusion or retractile process of the 
protoplasm of a cell, as for locomotion or for taking up food 
pseu'do-pro'style (-pro'stll), a. Falsely or imperfectly 

prostyle. — n. A pseudoprostyle building. 
pseu'do-scope (su'do-skop ; psu'-), n. Optics. An instru- 
ment which exhibits objects with their proper relief re- 
versed, — an effect opposite to that produced by the 
stereoscope. — pseu'do-scop'ic (-skop'ik), a. 

pshaw (sho ; psho), inter j. & n. Also psha. An exclama- 
tion expressive of contempt, disdain, dislike, etc. — v.i. To 
express contempt, disdain, etc., by saying Pshaw! 

psi-lan'_thro-py (sl-lan'thro-pi ; psi-), n. Also, psi-lan'- 
thro-pism (-piz'm) . [Gr. xpCXavOpuwos merely human ; ^t\6$ 
bare, mere + avOpunos a man.] The doctrine of the mere- 
ly human existence of Christ. 

psi-lom'e-lane (-lom'e-lan), n. [Gr. fr\6s bare, mere + 
M«Xas, -avos, black.] Mm. A hydrous oxide of manganese 
occurring in smooth, botryoid, iron-black or steel-gray 
forms, massive or stalactitic. 

psi-lo'sis (sl-lo'sis ; psi-), n. [Gr. xfiLXweis a stripping bare 
of hair.] Med. a Falling out of hair, b A chronic disease, 
occurring esp. in hot climates, attended with ulceration of 
the mucous membrane of the entire digestive tract. 

pso'as (so'ds ; pso'-), n. [Gr. i,6a a muscle of the loin.] 
Anat. Either of two internal muscles of the loin :one, the 
psoas magnus, inserted into the femur ; the other, psoas 
parvus, inserted into the brim of the pelvis. 

pso'ra (so'rd ; pso'- ; 57), n. [L., fr. Gr. ^wpa.] Med. A cuta- 
neous disease ; esp., the itch ; scabies. 

pso-ra'le-a (so-ra'le-d ; pso-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. t^wpaXeos 
scabby.] Any of a widely distributed genus (Psoralea) of 
tabaceous herbs and shrubs with compound leaves and 
spicate or racemose purple or white flowers. 

pS3-ri'a-siS (so-ri'd-sis ; pso-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ^wpiaa-is, fr. 
\Puipa psora.] Med. A chronic skin disease, characterized by 
circumscribed, red, scaly lesions. — pso'ri-as'ic (so'ri-as'- 
ik ; pso'-), pso'ri-at'ic (-at'ik), a. 

psy'cha-nal'y-sis (sl'kd-nal'i-sls ; psi-), n. Ipsycho- + 
analysis.] A method of psychotherapeutic analysis resting 
on the theory that hysteria is due to repression of desires 
consciously rejected but subconsciously persistent. 

Psy'che (sl'ke ; psi'-), n. [L., fr. Gr. *v X v, fr. 4>v X i) soul.] 
1. Class. Myth. A lovely maiden, personifying the soul, 
usually figured with the wings of a butterfly, emblematic of 
immortality. In one legend, she is a nymph beloved by Cu- 
pid (Eros), and is immortalized. 2. [Z. c] The human soul. 

psy-chi'a-try (sl-kl'd-tri ; psi-), n. [Gr. xPv X v the mind + 
tarpeia healing.] The treatment or study of mental diseases. 
— psy'chi-at'ric (sl'ki-at'nk ; psi'-), -at'ri-cal, a. — 
psy-chi'a-trist (sl-kl'd-trist ; psi-), n. 

psy'chic (sl'kik), n. Spiritualism. A person having ab- 
normal psychical powers, esp. the power of automatic 
writing or of conversing in a trance state. 

psy'chic (sl'kik) 1 a. [Gr. \Pv\ik6s, fr. ^vxh soul, mind.] 

psy'chi-cal (-ki-kdl)/ 1. Of or pert, to the human soul, or 
the living principle in man. 2. Of or pert, to the mind ; 
mental ; — contrasted with physical. i-cal-ly, adv. 

psy'cho- (sl'ko-; psl'ko-). A combining form from Greek 
ipvxv, soul, mind, understanding. 

psy'cho-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. 1. Genesis through an 
internal force, as opposed to natural selection. 2. Philos. 
Origin and development of the mind ; also, science of men- 
tal development. 

psy'cho-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. Of mental origin, or dependent 
upon mental influences. 




psy'cho-log'i *» 

psy-chol'o-gist (sl-kol'6-jist), n. One versed in psychology. 
psy-chol'O-gize (sl-kol'o-jlz), v. i.; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing 
(-jlz'ing). To pursue psychological investigations. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



PSYCHOLOGY 



779 



PUBLISH 



psy-Chol'O-gy (-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). The science of 
mind ; systematic knowledge and_ investigation of the 
genesis, powers, and functions of mind ; also, a treatise on 
this science. 

psy-chom'e-ter (sT-kom'e-ter ; psT-), n. One who practices 
psychometry ; also, an instrument used in psychometry. 

psy-chom'e-try (-trf), n. 1. The art of measuring the 
duration of mental processes, or of determining the time 
relations of mental phenomena. 2. An alleged faculty of 
divination through contact with, or proximity to, an ob- 
ject or person. [pathic temperament. | 

psy'cho-path (sl'ko-path; psi'-), n. A person of psycho-j 

psy'cho-path'ic (-path'Ik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, of the nature 
of, or characterized by, psychopathy. 2. Characterized by 
extreme susceptibility to religious emotion, conscientious 
doubts and fears, etc., or subject to hallucinatory ideas in 
such matters. 3. Erron., of or pert, to psyckotherapeutics. 

psy-chop'a-thist (sl-kop'd-thist ; psi-), n. An alienist. 

psy'cho-pa-thol'o-gy (si'ko-pd-thol'6-ji ; psi'-), n. The 
pathology ol mental diseases. 

psy-cnop'a-thy(si-kop'd-thi ;psi-),n. Med. Mental disease. 

psy'cho-phys'i-cal (si'ko-f Iz'i-kal ; psi'-), a. Of or per- 
taining to psychophysics. 

psy'cho-phys'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Psychology which 
treats of the psychical and physical in their conjoint opera- 
tion. — psy'cho-phys'i-cist (-l-slst), n. 

psy-cho'sis (si-ko'sis ; psi-), n. ; pi-CHO-SES (-sez). [NL.] 

1. Psychol. A concrete psychical process or element ; also, 
any total consciousness at a given moment. Cf . neurosis, 2. 

2. Med. A disease of the mind. 
psy'cho-ther'a-peu'tics (sl'ko-ther'd-pu'tiks ; psl'ko-), n. 

(See -ics.) Med. Treatment of disease by acting on the 
mind ; mind cure. — psy'cho-ther'a-peu'tic (-pu'tik), a. 

psy'cho-ther'a-py (-ther'd-pi), n. Psychotherapeutics. 

psy-Chrom'e-ter (si-krom'e-ter ; psi-), n. [Gr. \pvxpbs cold 
+ -meter.'] A hygrometer, or instrument for measuring the 
aqueous vapor in the atmospnere, consisting essentially of 
two similar thermometers, one with a wet bulb. 

Ptall (p'ta), n. Egypt. Relig. The chief god of Memphis, 
regarded as shaper of the world and as father ot gods and 
men. He is usually figured as swathed like a mummy 
and as bearing the symbols of life, strength, and stability. 

ptar'mi-gan (tar'mi-gdn), n. [Gael, tarmachan.] Any of 
various species of 
grouse (genus Lago- 
pus) of northern and 
mountainous regions. 
The winter plumage 
is usually white and 
the summer plumage darkish 

pter'i-dol'o-gy (ter'i-dol'6-ji; 

p'ter'I-), n. [Gr. irrepls, irrept'Sor, 

fern + -logy.'] The science or study Ptarmigan. 

of ferns. — pteri-dol'o-gist (-jlst), n. — pter'i-do-log'i- 

cal _(-do-loj'I-kdl), a. 

pter'i-do-phyte' (ter'i-do-flt'sp'ter'-),™. [Gr. irrepis, -plSos 
fern -+- -phyte.] Bot. Any of a phylum (Pteridophyta) of 
plants, including the ferns and the fern allies (horsetails, ly- 
copods, and quillworts). They represent the highest type of 
flowerless plants. [phytes.l 

pter'i-do-phyt'ic (-flt'Ik), a. Of, pert, to, or like, pterido-| 

pter'O-dac'tyl (-6-dak'til), n. [Gr. irrepov wing -f- SclktvXos 
finger, toe.] Any of an order (Pterosauri) of extinct flying 
reptiles. The length, including the tail, was between 3 and 
4 feet. A featherless membrane extended from the body 
along the arm to the end of the enormous fifth digit. 

pter'o-pod (ter'6-pod ; p'ter'-), a. [Gr. -wrepov feather + 
-pod.] Zo'dl. Of or pert, to a division (Pteropoaa) of small 
mollusks, now generally regarded as a suborder of gastro- 
pods, having the anterior lobes of the foot developed in the 
form ot broad, thm, winglike organs, with which they swim 
at or near the surface of the sea. — n. A pteropod mollusk. 
— pte-rop'o-dan (te-rop'6-dan ; p'te-), a. & n. 

pter'o-saur (ter'6-sor ; p'ter'o-), n. [Gr. Trrepov feather -f 
aavpos lizard.] = pterodactyl. 

ptei'y-gOid (ter'i-goid ; p'ter'-), a. [Gr. irrepvZ, irrepvyos, 
wing, fin + -oid.] Anat. & Zo'dl. Designating, pertaining 
to, or in the region of, a certain bony or cartilaginous ele- 
ment of the skull of vertebrates. — n. Anat. A pterygoid 
bone, muscle, artery, or other part. 

pter'y-la (ter'Md; p'ter'-), n.; pi. -lm (-le). [NL. ; Gr. 
■KTepbv feather + v\rj wood, forest.] Zo'dl. One of the defi- 
nite areas of the skin of a bird, on which feathers grow. 

pter'y-lo'sis (-lo'sis),n. [NL.,fr. pteryla.] Zo'dl. Arrange- 
ment of feathers in definite areas of growth (pteryla?) . 

ptis'an (tiz'dn), n. [L. ptisana peeled barley, barley water, 
Gr. irTtaavT}, fr. -KTiaativ to peel, husk.] 1. A decoction of 
barley with other ingredients. 2. Med. An aqueous medi- 
cine containing little, if any, medicinal agent ; a tisane. 

Ptol'e-ma'ic (tol'e-ma'ik), o. Of or pert, to Ptolemy (fl. 2d 
century a. d.), the Alexandrian geographer and astronomer. 
Ptolemaic system, the astronomical system maintained 




by Ptolemy, and generally accepted until superseded by 
the Copernican system. It supposed the earth to be the 
fixed center about which the sun and stars revolve. 

PtoPe-ma'ist (tol'e-ma'Ist), n. A supporter of the Ptol- 
emaic system. 

pto'ma-ine (to'ma-in, -en ; colloq. to'man), n. Also pto'- 
ma-in. [Gr. Trruifia dead body.] Chem. Any of a class of 
alkaloids formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on 
nitrogenous matter. Some are harmless, others poisons. 

pto'sis (to'sTs ; p'to'sis), n. [XL., fr. Gr. ttwis a falling.] 
Med. Drooping of the upper eyelid, produced by paralysis 
of its levator muscle. — pto'tic (-tik), a. 

pty'a-lin (tl'd-lln ; p'tl'-), n. [Gr. irrvaXou spittle.] Physiol. 
Chem. The diastase of saliva. It occurs in the saliva of man 
and many animals, except (probably) typical carnivores. 

pty'a-lism (-liz'm), n. [Gr. irrva.\i<Tn6s.] Salivation, or ex- 
cessive flow of saliva, occurring in stomatitis. 

pub (pub), n. A public house ; tavern. Slang, British. 

pu'ber-ty (pu'ber-ti), n. [L. pubertas, fr. puber, pubes, 
adult.] The earliest age at which a person can beget or 
bear children, usually considered to be about 14 years in 
males and 12 in females in temperate climates. 

pu'bes (pu'bez), n. [L., pubes (in sense 1 a), from pubes 
adult.] 1. Anat. a The hair which appears upon the lower 
part of the hypogastric region at the age of puberty, b The 
pubic region. 2. Bot. Pubescence. 

pu-bes'cence (pu-bes'ens), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
pubescent. 2. Bot. & Zo'dl. An epidermal covering of soft 
short hairs, or down ; also, state of being so covered. 

pu-bes'cent (pu-bes'ent), a. [L. pubescens, p. pr. of pu- 
bescere to reach puberty, grow hairy.] 1. Arrived at pu- 
berty. 2. Hairy ; specif., downy. 

pu'bic (pu'bik), a. Anat. Pert, to or designating the lower 
part of the hypogastric region, or the os pubis. See pubis. 

pu'bis (-bis), n., or || OS pubis (os). [NL. See pubes.] 
Anat. The ventral and anterior of the three principal 
bones composing either halt of the pelvis. 

pub'lic (pub'llk), a. [L. publicus, poblicus.] 1. Of or 
pert, to the people ; pert, to or affecting a nation, state, or 
community at large ; — opposed to private; as, the public 
good._ 2. Open to the knowledge or view of all ; common ', 
notorious ; as, public report. 3. a Open to the use of the 
public in general for any purpose as business, pleasure, 
religious worship, etc. ; as, a public place or road, b Open 
to enjoyment by the public under certain rights and lia- 
bilities ; as, a public carriage, public house, etc. 
public house, any inn or hotel ; esp., in British usage, any 
house where intoxicating liquors are sold by retail to be 
consumed on the premises. — p. school, a In Great Britain, 
any ofvarious schools wholly or partly under public control, 
or maintained largely by endowment ; esp., any of various 
select and usually expensive endowed schools which give a 
liberal modern education or prepare pupils for the univer- 
sities, b In the United States, a free primary, grammar, or 
high school maintained by the local government. — p.- 
service corporation, a corporation organized to render 
services more or less essential to the public convenience or 
saiety, such as street-railway companies, lighting compa- 
nies, etc. A larger measure of control is exercised over them 
than over other private corporations. — p. spirit, a spirit 
ot interest in the public weliare of the community com* 
bined with an effort to serve it. 

— n. 1. The general body ot mankind or of a nation or com- 
munity ; the people, indefinitely ; as, the American public; 
also, a particular body of people ; as, an author's public. 2. 
A public house; inn. Colloq., Brit. 

pub'li-can (pub'li-kdn), n. [L. publicanus.] 1. Roman 
Antiq. A farmer of the public revenues ; hence, a collector 
of toll. 2. Keeper of a public house, or inn. British. 

pub'li-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. [F.] 1. Act of publishing; 
state of being published ; proclamation ; promulgation. 2. 
That which is published; esp., any book, pamphlet, etc., 
offered for sale or to public notice. 

pub'li-cist (pub'll-sist), n. A writer on, or one versed in, 
the laws of nations, political science, etc. 

pub-lic'i-ty (pub-lis'I-ti), n. Quality or state of being pub- 
lic, or open to common knowledge ; notoriety. 

pub'lic-ly (piib'lik-li), adv. 1. Without concealment; 
openly. 2. In the name of the community. 

pub'lic-ness, n. 1. Publicity. 2. Quality or state of belong- 
ing to the community. 

pub'lish (-lish), v. t. [F. publier, L. publicare, publico- 
turn.] 1. To make public ; divulge ; promulgate ; proclaim ; 
as, to publish a law. 2. Law. Specif. : a In the law of libel, 
to exhibit (libelous matter) intentionally to one or more 
persons capable of understanding it other than the person 
libeled or, as to criminal liability, to the person libeled. 
By statute in some States of the United States exhibition of 
libelous matter to the person libeled is publication with 
respect to civil liability, b In the law of wills, to acknowl- 
edge (an instrument) by some act that shows it to be the 
testator's intention that it shall operate as his last will and 
testament. 3. To expose for sale, distribution, etc. ; esp.. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with, =■ equals. 



N 



PUBLISHER 



780 



PULLET 







to print and to issue from the press, as a book, newspaper, 
engraving, etc. 

pub'lish-er ( pub'lish-er ), n. One who publishes ; esp., 
one who issues, or causes to be issued, from the press for 
sale or circulation books or other matter printed, en- 
graved, or the like. 

pub'lish-ment (-ment), n. Publication. 

puc-COOn' (pu-koon'), n. [From Amer. Indian.] Any of 
several American plants yielding a red pigment ; also, the 
pigment ; specif.: a The bloodroot. b Any of several boragi- 
naceous plants (genus Lithospermum). 

puce (pus), a. [F., fr. puce a flea, L. pulex, pulicis.] Of 
a dark brown or brownish purple color. 

puck (puk), n. 1. A sprite ; fairy ; elf ;. specif, leap."], a mis- 
chievous fairy, called also Robin Goodfellow, Hobgoblin, 
etc. 2. A disk of vulcanized rubber used in the game of 
hockey as the object to be driven through the goals. 

puck'a (puk'd), a. [Hind, pakka cooked, ripe, solid.] Good 
of its kind ; of buildings, made of brick and mortar. India. 

puck'er (puk'er), v. t. & i. To gather into small folds or 
wrinkles; — often used with up. — n. 1. A fold; wrin- 
kle ; a collection of folds. 2. Perplexity ; agitation. Colloq. 

puck'er-y (-1), a. Puckering or tending to pucker. 

Puck'ish, a. Resembling, or characteristic of, Puck ; merry ; 
mischievous ; as, Puckish freaks. 

pud'ding(po6d'ing), n. [ME. pudding, poding.] 1. A 
piece of intestine stuffed with seasoned chopped meat or 
the like and boiled. 2. A kind of food of a soft consistence, 
commonly served as a dessert. 

pudding stone. = conglomerate, n., 2. 

pud'dle (pud''l), n. [ME. pod el.] 1. A small pool of dirty 
water. 2. Puddled clay, loam, etc. — v. t.; -dled (-'Id) ; 
-dling. 1. To muddy. 2. To temper or work (clay, loam, 
etc.) when wet, usually with admixture of gravel, sand, or 
chalk, so as to make a mixture impervious to water. 3. To 
render impervious to water with puddle. 4. To subject 
(iron) to intense heat and frequent stirring in the presence 
of oxidizing substances, so as to convert it from cast iron to 
wrought iron. — pud'dler, n. 

pud'diing ( -ling ), n. 1. The act or process of one who, or 
that which, puddles (clay, loam, iron, etc.). See puddle, v. t. 
2. = puddle, n., 2. 

pud'dly (-IT), a. Full of or resembling puddles. 

pu'den-cy (pu'den-si), n. [L. pudens, p. pr. of pudere to 
be ashamed.] Modesty ; shamefacedness. 

pu-den'dum (pu-den'dum), n. ; pi. -da (-dd). [NL., neut. 
of pudendus that of which one ought to be ashamed, fr. 
pudere to be ashamed.] Anat. The external organs of gen- 
eration, now only of the female : the vulva. — pu-den'dal, a. 

pudg'y (puj'I ), a.; pudg'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Short and 
stout. — pudg'i-ness, n. 

pueb'lo (pweb'lo), n.; pi. -los (-loz). [Sp., a village, fr. L. 
populus people.] 1. An Indian village of Arizona and ad- 
jacent regions, built of stone or adobe in the form of a com- 
munal house. 2. [cap.'] An Indian of one of the pueblos. 
The Pueblo Indians are industrious agriculturists, skilled 
in weaving, pottery, and basketry. 3. Any Indian village of 
the southwestern United States. 4. A district, generally 
comprising several towns and hamlets, nearly equivalent to 
the American township or county. Phil. I. 

pu'er-ile (pu'er-il), a. [L. puerilis, fr. puer child, boy.] 

1. Juvenile. Rare. 2. Childish, as contrasted with ma- 
ture; foolish; unthinking; unworthy of an adult; as, a 
puerile remark. — Syn. See youthful. — pu'er-ile-ly, adv. 

pu'er-il'i-ty (-il'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. Quality of 
being puerile. 2. That which is puerile, or childish ; esp., 
an expression or act which is unthinking or silly. 

pu-er'per-al(pu-ur'per-al), a. [L. puerpera lying-in woman; 
puer child + parere to bear.] Of or pert, to childbirth. 

pu'er-pe'ri-um (pu'er-pe'ri-um),7i ; [L., childbirth.] Med. 
The state of a woman after childbirth. 

puff (puf), n. [ME. puf.] 1. A sudden and single emission 
of breath ; sudden or short blast of wind ; slight gust ; whiff. 

2. Any of various light or inflated objects ; as : a A kind of 
light pastry, b A soft ball or a soft pad for applying powder 
to the skin or hair, c A soft, loose roll of hair, d In dress- 
making, a fold of material gathered at the edges and left 
loose in the center, e A quilted or tufted bed covering filled 
with cotton or wool. 3. Exaggerated praise, esp. in a pub- 
lic journal. Colloq. 

— v. i. 1. To blow in, or to emit, a puff or puffs. 2. To 
breathe quick and hard. 3. To be inflated ; — usually used 
with up. — v. t. 1. To blow, emit, drive, or inflate with a 
puff or puffs ; also, to puff at. 2. To swell, as with pride ; — 
often used with up. 3. To praise with exaggeration or not 
disinterestedly. 4. To arrange in puffs, as the coiffure, etc. 

puff 'ball 7 (puf'bol'), n. Any of various globose fungi (fam- 
ily Lycoperdacese) that discharge the ripe spores in a 
smokelike cloud. Some are edible. 

puff bird. Any of numerous South and Central American 
coraciiform birds, also called barbets. They often sit with 
the feathers of the head fluffed out. 




Puffin (Fratercula 
arctica). (£) 



puff' er (pilfer), n. 1. One who, or that which, puffs. 2. Any 
of numerous fishes capable of inflating the body ; a globefish. 

puff'er-y (-1), n. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). Act of puffing, or bestow- 
ing extravagant commendation ; undue praise. 

puffin (puf'in), n. [From puff.] Any of several sea birds 
(genera Fratercula and Lunda) of 
the auk family. The common puffin 
(F. arctica) of the North Atlantic is 
about a foot long. 

puff'i-ness (-I-nes), h. Quality or con- 
dition of being puffy. 

pufring adder. See hognose snake. 

puff paste. A short, rich dough for ; 
light, flaky pastry. 

puffy (puff), a.; puff'i-er (-f-er) ; 
-I-EST. 1. Swollen with air or any^ 
soft matter.^ 2. Inflated ; bombastic, ff* 
3. Blowing in puffs ; gusty. 

pug (pug), v. t.; pugged (pugd) ; pug'-| 
ging (pug'mg). 1. To mix and stir 
when wet, as clay for pottery, etc. 
2. To fill or stop with clay by tamp- 
ing; fill in with mortar to deaden 
sound. — n. Tempered or pugged clay. 

pug, n. [Corrupted fr. puckT] One of a breed of small pet 
dogs somewhat resembling in appearance a dwarf bulldog. 

pug, n. [Hind, pag foot.] The footprint of an animal. In- 
dia. — v. i. To track by footprints. India. 

pug'gree (-re), pug'gry (-rf), n.; pi. -grees (-rez), -gries 
(-riz). [Hind, pagri turban.] A light scarf wound around 
a hat or helmet to protect the head from the sun. India. 

pugh (poo ; pooh), inter j. Pshaw! pish! — in contempt, etc. 

pu'gil-ism (pu'jT-liz'm), n. [L. pugil a pugilist, boxer.] 
The practice of boxing, or fighting with the fists. 

pu'gil-ist (-list), n. One who fights with his fists; esp., a 
professional prize fighter ; a boxer. 

pu'gil-is'tic (-ITs'tTk), a. Of or pertaining to pugilism. 

pug mill, or pug'mill', n. A kind of mill for grinding and 
mixing clay, etc., consisting of an upright shaft armed with 
knives which revolve in a hollow cylinder, tub, or vat. 

pug-na'cious (pug-na'shus), a. [L. pugnax, -acts, fr. pug- 
nare to fight.] Disposed to fight ; quarrelsome. — Syn. See 
belligerent. — pug-na'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. 

pug-nac'i-ty (-nas'i-tT), n. Inclination or readiness to fight. 

pug nose. A nose turning upward at the tip and usually 
short and thick ; a snub nose. 

pug'-nosfcd' (pug'nozdO, a. Having a pug nose. 

puis'ne (pu'nT), a. [See puny.] Law. Younger or inferior 
in rank ; junior. — n. A junior ; esp., a puisne judge. 

pu'is-sance (pu'T-sans; pu-Ts'-), n. [F.] Power; force. 

pu'is-sant (-sant), a. [F., orig. a p. pr., fr. L. posse to be 
able.] Powerful ; strong ; mighty. — Syn. See powerful. 
— pu'is-sant-ly, adv. 

puke (puk), v. i. & t.&n. Vomit. Obs. or Vulgar. 

puk'ka. Var. of pucka. 

pul'chri-tude (pul'kn-tud), n. [L. pulchritudo, fr. pul- 
cher beautiful.] Beauty ; comeliness ; loveliness. 

pule (pul), v. i.; puled (puld); pul'ing (pul'ing). To 
whimper ; whine, as a complaining child. — pul'er, n. 

pul'ing, p. a. Whimpering; childish. 

pull (pool), v. t. [AS. pullian.] 1. To exert force on so as 
to cause, or tend to cause, motion toward the force ; draw ; 
as, to pull up an anchor. 2. To draw apart ; tear ; rend ; 
as, to pull a thing to pieces. 3. To gather with the hand, or 
by drawing toward one ; pluck ; as t> to pull fruit. 4. To 
move or operate by drawing something toward one ; as, to 
pull an oar ; hence, to transport by rowing ; as to pull a 
person across a stretch of water. 5. Print. To take or 
make, as a proof. 6. To pluck, as a fowl. 7. In various 
games, to hit (a ball) in an oblique direction ; specif. : a 
Cricket. To play (a ball) from off to leg. b Golf. To 
strike (the ball) so as to cause it to curve to the left. 8. 
Horse Racing. To hold back (a horse), esp. so as to pre- 
vent winning. 9. To make a police raid upon ; also, to 
arrest. Cant or Slang. 10. To draw out ; as, to pull a 
knife or a gun. Slang, U. S. 

to pull a long, wry, or the like, face, to assume an ex- 
pression of seriousness, gloom, disgust, or the like. 

— v. i. To exert one's self in an act or motion of drawing or 
hauling ; tug ; as, to pull at a rope. 

— n. 1. Act of pulling ; also, the force so exerted ; a tug. 2. 
Act or exercise of rowing ; as, a short pull. Colloq. 3. A 
knob, cord, wire, handle, or other device for pulling or for 
operating something by pulling ; as, a bell pull. 4. A drink. 
Slang. 5. Influence ; advantage. Colloq. or Slang. 

pull'back' (-baV), n. A drawback ; hindrance. Now Rare. 
pull'er (potil'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, pulls. 2. A 

horse that habitually thrusts its head forward against the 

bit and so maintains a pull on the reins. 
pul'let (pool'et ; 24), n. [OF. polete, F. poulette, dun. of 

poule hen, L. pullus a young animal, a young fowl.] A 

young hen, esp. one under a year old. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
pse, unite, 8xn, up, circus, menii ; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PULLEY 



781 



PUNCHEON 



pulley (pdol'i), n.; pi. -leys (-Tz). [F. poulie] 1. A 
sheave, or small wheel with a grooved rim, used to change 




Pulley. 
Tackles, showing 
theoretical ratios of 
Weight Lifted (IF) 
to Pulling Power (P). (1) 
W = P: (2)W=2P; (3.4, G) 
TF = 4P; (5)TF = 3P. The 
small p's indicate tensions 
in the various cords. 



the direction and 
point of applica- 
tion of a pulling 
force or, usually 
in groups of two or more, to 
increase an applied force, 
esp. in lifting. 2. A_ pulley 
(as above), or a combination 
of pulleys, regarded as a me- 
chanical power. 3. Any 
wheel used to transmit power 
by means of a band, belt, etc. 

Puil'man car (pool'mdn), or Pullman, n. [After George 
M. Pullman.'] A sleeping car or day car of superior equip- 
ment, made or run by the Pullman Co. 

pul'lu-late (pul'u-lat), v. i. : -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. pullulare to sprout, from pullulus a young animal, a 
sprout, dim. of pullus. See pullet.] To germinate ; bud ; 
multiply abundantly. Iter.'] A spirometer.] 

pul-mom'e-ter (pul-mom'e-ter), n. [L. pulmo lung + -me-\ 

pul-mom'e-try (-trT), n. [L. pulmo lung -f- -metry.'] The 
determination of the capacity of the lungs. 

pul'mo-na-ry (puFmo-nu-n), a. [L. pulmonarius, fr. pul- 
mo, -onis, a lung.] 1. Pert, to the lungs. 2. Having lungs. 
pulmonary artery, an artery which conveys (venous) 
blood from the heart to the lungs. In man it divides into 
the right and left pulmonary arteries, which go to the right 
and left lungs, respectively. — p. vein, a vein which returns 
(arterial) blood from the lungs to the heart. 

pul'mo-nate (pul'mo-nat), a. Zobl. a Having lungs or 
lunglike organs, b Pert, to one of the primary divisions or 
orders (Pulmonata) of gastropod mollusks, having a lung 
or respiratory sac, and comprising a large proportion of 
the land snails and the slugs, and many fresh-water snails. 

— n. A pulmonate gastropod. 

pul-mon'ic (pul-mon'ik), a. [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung.] 
Pertaining to or affecting the lungs. — n. 1. A pulmonic 
medicine. 2. A person affected with disease of the lungs. 

pul'mo'tor (pul'mo'tcr), n. [L. pulmo lung + E. motor.] 
An apparatus for producing artificial respiration by pump- 
ing oxygen or air, or a mixture of the two, into and out of 
the lungs, as of a person who has been asphyxiated. 

pulp (pulp), n. [L. pulpa.] 1. The fleshy or pithy part of a 
vegetable or animal body, organ, or part, as the flesh of a 
fruit, the pith of a plant stem, the soft part of a tooth, etc. ; 
hence, any moist soft mass of undissolved matter, esp. 
animal or vegetable, as the material of which paper is 
made when ground up and suspended in water. 2. Mining. 
Pulverized ore mixed with water so as to resemble mud ; 
also, dry crushed ore. 

— v. t. ; pulped (pulpt) ; pulp'ing. 1. To reduce to pulp. 2. 
To deprive of the surrounding pulp, or integument, as a 
coffee bean. — v. i. To be or become pulpy or pulplike. 

pulp'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being pulpy. 

pul'pit (pool'pit), n. [L. pulpitum.~] 1. A place, usually 
elevated, in a church, where the clergyman stands while 
preaching or conducting the service. 2. The body of the 
clergy ; preachers as a class. 

pul'pit-eer' (-pi-teV), n. A preacher. Contemptuous. 

pulp'y (pul'pT), a.; pulp'i-er (-pi-er) ; pulp'i-est. Like 
pulp ; consisting of pulp ; specif., fleshy, succulent. 

pul'que (pool'ka), n. [Sp., in Mexico.] A fermented drink 
made in Mexico from the juice of the agave. 

pul'sate (pul'sat), v. i.; -sat-ed (-sat-ed); -sat-ing. [L. 
pulsatus, p. p. of pulsare to strike.] To throb, as a pulse ; 
beat, as the heart. 

puPsa-tile (-sd-til), a. 1. Capable of being struck or beaten ; 
played by beating. 2. Pulsating ; throbbing, as a tumor. 

pul-sa'tion (pul-sa'shftn), n. 1. Act of pulsating. 2. A sin- 
gle beat, throb, or impulse. 

pul'sa-tive (piil'sd-tiv), a. Beating ; throbbing. 

pul-sa'tor (pul-sa'ter),7i. [L., a beater.] Mach. Any of va- 
rious machines operating by pulsations, as a pulsometer. 

pul'sa-to-ry (-sd-to-rl), a. Capable of pulsating ; throbbing. 

pulse (puis), n. [L. puis, pultis, a thick pottage.] The 
edible seeds of various leguminous plants, as peas, beans, 
etc. ; also, any plant yielding such seeds. 

pulse, n. [OF. pous, fr. L. pulsus (sc. venarum) the beat- 
ing of the pulse fr. pellere, pulsum, to beat, strike.] 1. 
The throbbing in the arteries due to the contractions of 
the heart. 2. Fig., general tendency of thought or feeling ; 



S^ 



as, the pulse of an audience ; the pulse of patriotism. 3. A 
beat or stroke ; esp., any measured or regular beat ; vibra- 
tion. — v. i. ; pulsed (pulst) ; puls'ing. To beat, as the ar- 
teries ; pulsate ; throb. — pulse'less, a. 

pulse wave. The wave of increased pressure started by the 
ventricular systole and radiating over the arterial system. 

pul-sim'e-ter (pul-sim'e-terj.n. [_pulse -f- -meter.'] Phys- 
iol. A sphygmograph. 

pul'sion (pul'shun), n. [L. pulsio, fr. pellere, pulsum, to 
drive.] The act of driving forward ; propulsion. 

pul-som'e-ter (pul-som'S-ter), n. [pulse -\- -meter.] 1. A 
kind of pump, with valves, for raising water by steam, 
without intervention of a piston ; — called also vacuum 
pump. 2. A sphygmograph. 

pul'ver-a-ble (pul'ver-d-b'D, pul'ver-iz'a-ble (-Tz'd-b'l), a. 
Capable of being pulverized. 

pul'ver-ize (pul'ver-Iz), v. t. & *.; -ized (-Tzd); -lz'ing 
(-Tz'Tng). [F. pulveriser, or L. pulverizare, fr. pulvis 
dust.] To reduce, or be reduced, to powder or dust, as by 
grinding, etc. — pul'ver-i-za'tion (-I-za'shim ; -I-za'-), n. 

pul'ver-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, pulverizes. 

pul-ver'u-lent (pill-vcVo6-lent), a. [L. pulverulentus.] 
Consisting of, or reducible to, fine powder ; powdery ; dusty. 

pul-vil'lus (pul-vTl'us), n. ; pi. -Li (-T). [L., a little cush- 
ion.] Zool. A pad or cushionlike process on an insect's foot. 

pul'vi-nate (pul'vT-nilt) la. [L. pulvinatus, fr. pulvinus a 

pul'vi-nat'ed (-nat'ed) J cushion, an elevation.] 1. Bot. 
& Zool. Cushion-shaped. 2. Bot. Having a pulvinus. 

pul-vi'nus (pul-vl'nus), n.; pi. -Nl (-nl). [L., cushion.] 
Bot . The cushionlike enlargement of a petiole or of a second- 
ary petiole at the point of insertion. 

pu'ma (pu'md), n. [Peruvian puma."] The cougar. 

pum'ice (pum'Ts), n., or pumice stone. [L. pumex, pu- 
micis.] A highly vesicular volcanic glass used, esp. pow- 
dered, as an abrasive. — v. t. To clean, etc., with pumice. 

pu-mi'ceous (pu-nush'us), a. [L. pumiceus.] Of or per- 
taining to pumice ; resembling pumice in structure. 

pum'mel. Var. of pommel. 

pump (pump), n. A low shoe with a perfectly plain surface, 
no fastenings, a thin sole, and, in those for 
men, a low heel. It is worn esp. with evening 
dress and for dancing. 

pump, n. Any of numerous devices or ma- 
chines for raising, transferring, or compress- 
ing liquids or gases, or for attenuating gases, 
esp. by suction or pressure, or both. Cf. air 

PUMP, FORCE PUMP, LIFT PUMP, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To raise with a pump, as water, etc. 
2. To draw water, air, or the like, from ; free 
from water, etc., with a pump ; as, to pump „ 
a ship. 3. Fig., to draw out, as information, 5 ^ 1 ^^^ 
secrets, or, now rarely, money, by persistent section. AC 
questioning or plying; to question or ply Cylinder or 
persistently so as to elicit something. 4. To Barrel ; AB 
operate by a handle or lever, as if by a pump ^' P e !_ -^ 
handle ; as, to pump an organ. _ B u ck e t ' or 

— v. i. 1. To work, raise water, etc., with a p is ton; R 
pump. 2. To move up and down like a pump Rod or Spear ; 
handle. — pump'er, n. ' vv Valves. 

pump'er-nick'el (pum'per-nTk"! ; G. po&m'per-), n. [G.] 
A coarse and acid, but nourishing, bread made of unbolted 
rye, much used in Germany and now also common elsewhere. 

pump'kin (pump'kin ; colloq. and commonly pun'kin), n. 
[OF. pompon, poupon, fr. L. pepo, peponis, Gr. iri-n-cov, 
properly, ripe.] 1. The widely cultivated gourdlike fruit of 
a cucurbitaceous vine (Cucurbita pepo) ; also the vine. 2. 
In England, any large variety of squash. 

pumpkin seed. Any of various small fresh-water sun- 
fishes, esp. the common sunfish {Eupomotis gibbosus). 

pun (pun), n. A play on words of the same sound but 
different meanings or on different applications of a word ; 
paronomasia. — v. i. To make puns or a pun. — v. t. To 
persuade or affect by a pun ; as, to be punned to death. 

Upu'na (poo'na), n. [Sp., of Peruvian origin.] A cold arid 
table-land, as in the Andes of Peru. 

punch (punch), n. [Hind, panch, panch, five, Skr. pancan. 
So called because made of five ingredients.] A spiced bev- 
erage of wine or distilled liquor, water, milk, tea, etc. 

Punch, n. [Abbr. fr. punchinello.] The principal charac- 
ter in Punch and Judy, a puppet show in which a little 
humpback, Punch, quarrels ludicrously with his wife, Judy. 

punch, v. t. To strike or thrust forcibly against, esp. with 
the fist. — n. A quick thrust or blow, as with the fist. 

punch, n. [Abbr. fr. puncheon.] A tool variously shaped 
at one end for different uses, and either solid or hollow and 
sharp-edged, esp. one for making holes or cutting out 
pieces of a particular shape, driving a bolt or nail, etc. ; a 
die. — v. t. To perforate, stamp, drive, or make with an 
instrument by pressure or by a blow. 

punch'eon (pun'clum), n. [OF. ponchon, poincon awl, 
bodkin, fr. L. punctio a pricking, fr. pungere, punctum, 




i 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; ^h=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation! 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede- Vocabulary. U Foreign Word- + combined with. « equals. 



N 



PUNCHER 



782 



PURCHASABLE 







to prick.] 1. A figured die or punch used by goldsmiths, 
cutlers, etc. 2. Carp. A short, upright framing timber. 
3. A large cask of varying capacity ; also, its volume as a 
measure. The legal value in England of the wine puncheon 
was formerly 84 wine gallons (70 imperial gallons). 

punch'er (pun'cher), to. One who, or that which, punches. 

pun'chi-nel'lo (pun'chi-nel'o), to.; pi. -loes (-oz). [It. 
pulcinella, dim. of pulcina chicken, fr. L. pullicenus, 
pullus. ] 1. A buffoon ; Punch. 2. Any similarly gro- 
tesque or absurd personage. 

punc'tate (punk'tat) \a. [From L. punctum point.] Bot. 

punc'tat-ed (-tat-ed)j & Zool. Dotted with minute spots 
or depressions. [spot or depression.! 

punc-ta'tion (punk-ta'shwn), to. Bot. & Zool. A minute | 

punc-til'i-o (purjk-til'i-o ; -yo), to.; pi. -ios (-T-oz; -yoz). 
[It. puntiglio, or Sp. puntillo, dim. fr. L. punctum point.] 
A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, etc. ; par- 
ticularity or exactness in forms. 

punc-til'i-ous (-i-us; -yus), a. Attentive to punctilio; ex- 
act in forms of conduct, etiquette, or duty. — Syn. See 
scrupulous. — punc-til'i-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, to. 

punc'tu-al (punk'tu-al), a. [F. ponctuel, fr. L. punctum 
point.] 1. Consisting in, or limited to, a point. 2. Punc- 
tilious ; precise. 3. Appearing or done at, or adhering ex- 
actly to, an appointed time ; prompt. — Syn. See prompt. 

punc'tu-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
punctual ; specif., quality or habit of keeping one's en- 
gagements at the exact time ; promptness. 

punc'tu-al-ly, adv. In a punctual manner. 

punc'tu-ate (-tu-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [Cf. F. 
ponctuer, LL. punctuare to define, fix. See punctual.] To 
separate (written matter) into sentences, clauses, etc., by 
punctuation marks, to make the structure or meaning clear ; 
— also used fig. — v. i. To use punctuation marks. 

pimc'tu-a'tion (-a/shun), n. Gram. Act or art of punctu- 
ating a writing or discourse ; division of literary composi- 
tion into sentences, and members of a sentence, by means 
of punctuation marks. 

punctuation marks, the period, colon, semicolon, com- 
ma, interrogation mark, exclamation mark, parentheses, 
dash, and brackets. 

punc'tu-a'tor (purjk'ya-a'ter), n. One who punctuates. 

punc'ture (purjk'tyr), n. [L. punctura, fr. pungere, punc- 
tum, to prick.] 1. Act of puncturing. 2. A small hole 
made by something pointed, —v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; -Tur- 
ing (-tur-Tng). To prick ; make a puncture in. 

pun'dit (pun'dit), n. [Hind, pandit, Skr. pandita a learned 
man.] A learned man ; teacher ; esp., a Brahman versed in 
the science, laws, and religion of the Hindus. India. 

pung (pung), n. [Earlier torn pung, a corrupt, of toboggan 
or its source.] A kind of box sleigh ; originally, a rude 
oblong box on runners. U.S. [gent. I 

pun'gen-cy (pun'jen-sf), n. Quality or state of being pun-| 

pun/gent (-jent), a. [L. pungens, -entis, p. pr. of pungere, 
punctum, to prick.] 1. Causing a sharp sensation, as of 
the taste, smell, or feelings ; pricking ; biting ; acrid. _ 2. 
Sharply painful ; penetrating ; poignant. 3. Caustic ; sting- 
ing ; biting ; — said of speech, etc. — pun'gent-ly, adv. 
Syn. Acrid, biting, piquant, poignant, stinging, sharp, 
caustic, tart, keen, piercing, penetrating. — Pungent, pi- 
quant, poignant. That is pungent which is biting or 
acrid (lit. with reference to taste or smell ; otherwise fig.) ; 
that is piquant (lit. with reference to taste) which is tart 
or pleasantly pungent, or which (fig.) gives zest or whets in- 
terest or curiosity ; as, a pungent odor ; the pungency of rail- 
lery ; a piquant sauce ; neat, lively, piquant verse. Poign- 
ant, a doublet of pungent, is now chiefly fig., and applies 
esp. to keen or piercing emotions ; as, poignant scorn, griefs. 

Pli'nic (pti'nik), a. [L. Punicus, fr. Poeni the Carthagini- 
ans.] Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, the ancient Cartha- 
ginians ; hence (from the Roman view of their character) : 
faithless ; treacherous. — n. The language of ancient Car- 
thage, a Phoenician dialect. 

pu'ni-ness (-ni-nes), n. Quality or state of being puny. 

pun'ish (pun'ish), v. t. [F. punir, fr. L. punire, punitum.] 
1. To impose punishment on ; afflict with pain, loss, or 
suffering for a crime or fault ; chasten. 2. To inflict a 
penalty for ( an offense ) on the offender ; visit, as a fault, 
crime, etc., with pain or loss ; as, to punish treason with 
death. 3. To deal with roughly or harshly ; — chiefly used 
with regard to a contest; as, our troops punished the 
enemy. Colloq. or Slang. — v. i. To inflict punishment. 
Syn. Correct, discipline, chastise, chasten, castigate. — 
Punish, chastise, chasten. To punish is to inflict pen- 
alty for violation of law, disobedience, or intentional 
wrongdoing ; to chastise is to inflict (esp. corporal) pun- 
ishment, sometimes in anger, often with a view to reforma- 
tion or amendment ; to chasten is to afflict or trouble, not 
so much in view of a specific offense as to discipline or work 
a change for the better ; as, he was punished for his crime ; 
" Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth. " _ [ment.l 

pun'ish-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Deserving of, or liable to, punish-| 

pun'ish-er, n. One who punishes. 



pnn'ish-ment (-ment), to. 1. Act of punishing. 2. Any 
pain, suffering, or loss inflicted on, or suffered by, a person 
because of a crime or evil-doing. 3. Severe or rough treat- 
ment. Cf. punish, 3. Colloq. or Slang. 

pu'ni-tive (pu'm-tiv), a. Also pu'ni-to-ry (-to-ri). Of or 
pert, to punishment ; involving or inflicting punishment. 

Pun-ja'bi (pim-ja'be), n. [Hind, panjabi, fr. Panjab Pun- 
jab ; panj five + ab waters.] A native of the Punjab, 
India, peopled largely by Indo- Aryans. 

punk (punk), n. 1. Wood so decayed as to serve for tinder ; 
touchwood. 2. Artificial tinder. 3. A prostitute. Obsoles. 

pun'kah (pur/kd), n. Alsopun'ka. [Hind, pankha a fan.] 
A machine for fanning a room, usually a frame covered with 
canvas, suspended from the ceiling. India. 

punk'ie (pfln'ki), to. A minute biting fly (genus Ceratopo- 
gon or allied genus of the family Chironomidse ) found in 
swarms in various wooded or mountainous regions. U. S. 

pim'ster (pun'ster), to. One addicted to punning. 

punt (punt), v. i. [F. ponter, or It. puntare, fr. L. punc- 
tum point.] To gamble, esp., originally, at basset ; now, 
esp., to play at a gambling game against the banker. 

punt, to. [AS., fr. L. ponto punt, pontoon.] 1. A narrow, 
flat-bottomed boat with square ends, usually propelled with 
a pole. 2. Football. Act of punting the ball. — v. t. 1. To 
propel, as a punt, by pushing with a pole ; also, to convey in 
a punt. 2. Football. To kick (the ball) before it touches 
the ground, when let fall from the hands. — v. i. 1. To 
boat or hunt in a punt. 2. To punt a football. 

punt'er (pun'ter), to. One who punts ; specif., one who plays 
against the banker or dealer, as in baccarat and faro, or 
who bets against a bookmaker. 

pun'tO (ptin'to ; It. poon'to), to. [It., fr. L. punctum point.] 
Fencing. A point or pass ; thrust. 06s. 

pun'ty (pun'ti), to.; pi. -ties. [F. pontis, pontil.] Glass 
Making. An iron rod for handling the hot glass ; a pontil. 

pu'ny (pu'ni), a.; -ni-er (-ni-er) ; -ni-est. [F. pmne 
younger, later born ; puis afterwards + ne born, L. natus.] 
1. Puisne ; junior ; also, inexperienced. Obs. 2. Imperfect- 
ly developed ; small and feeble ; insignificant ; petty. 

pup (pup), to. [See puppy.] 1. A young dog ; puppy. 2. A 
young seal. — v. i. ; pupped (pupt) ; pup'ping. To bring 
forth whelps or young, as a bitch. 

pu'pa (pu'pd), to.; pi. pup^e (-pe). [NL., fr. L. pupa girl, 
doll, puppet.] Zool. a The intermediate, usually quiescent, 
form assumed by metabolic insects between the larval stage 
and the beginning of the adult stage, b Sometimes, the 
stage preceding the imago in other insects or an interme- 
diate stage of development in some other invertebrates. 

pu'pal (-pal), a. Of or pertaining to a pupa. 

pu'pate (pu'pat), v . i. To become a pupa. — pu-pa'tion, n. 

pu'pi-form (-pi-form), a. Shaped like a pupa ; pupal. 

pu'pil (-pil), to. [F. pupille, n. fern., L. pupilla pupil of 
the eye, orig. dim. of pupa girl.] The contractile aperture 
in the iris of the eye. 

pu'pil, to. [F. pupille, n. masc. & fem., L. pupillus, -la, 
dim. of pupus boy, pupa girl.] 1. A youth of either sex 
under an instructor or tutor ; a scholar. 2. Roman & Civil 
Law. A boy or a girl under the age of puberty (under four- 
teen if a male, under twelve if a female) and placed in 
charge of a tutor or guardian. — Syn. See disciple. 

pu'pil-age (pu'pil-aj), to. State or period of being a pupil. 

pu'pil-lar'i-ty, pu'pi-lar'i-ty (pu'pi-lar'i-ti), to. The period 
before puberty. Chiefly Scots Law. 

pu'pil-la-ry (pu'pT-la-n), a. 1. Of or pert, to a pupil, or 
ward. 2. Anat. Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye. 

pu'pil-lom'e-ter (-lom'e-ter), to. [L. pupilla pupil + -me- 
ter.'] An instrument for measuring the pupil of the eye. 

pu-pip'a-rous (pu-pip'd-rus),a. [pupa + -parous.] Zool. 
Of or pert, to a division (Pupipara) of dipterous insects in 
which the young are born ready to become pupae, as in the 
sheep tick, horse tick, etc. 

pup'pet (pup'et ; 24), to. [OF. poupette.] 1. A little child ; 
poppet ; pet. Obs. 2. A small image in human form ; doll. 
3. A similar figure, often with jointed limbs, as in a puppet 
show ; marionette. 4. One acting as another wills ; a tool. 

pup'pet-ry (-ri), to.; pi. -ries (-riz). Appearance, action, 
or trivial finery as of a puppet show ; hence , affectation. 

PUp'py (pup'i), to.; pi. -pies (-iz)._ [F.poupee doll.] 1. A 
young dog ; a whelp. 2. A conceited impertinent person ; 
a silly fop. Contemptuous. 

pur, purr (pur), v. i.; purred (ptird) ; pur'ring. [Imita- 
tive.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a 
cat does when pleased. — v. t. To signify or express by 
purring. — to. The sound made by one that purs. 

pur'blind' (pur'bllnd'), a. [Prob. for pure-blind, i. e., 
wholly blind.] 1. Blind. 06s. 2. Almost blind; dim-sighted. 
— pur'blind'ly, adv. — blind'ness, to. 
Syn. Purblind, blind. Purblind commonly suggests 
spiritual shortsightedness or obtuseness ; blind implies en- 
tire absence of vision. 

pur'chas-a-ble (pur'chas-o-b'l), a. Capable of being pur- 
chased ; hence : venal ; corrupt. 






ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PURCHASE 



783 



PURPOSE 



pur'chase (-chas), v. t. ; -chased (-chast) ; -chas-ing (-chas- 
ing). [OF. por charier, pur charier, to pursue, seek, eager- 
ly, fr. por, pur, for (L. pro) + charier to chase. See chase.] 
1.' To pursue and obtain ; to gain or acquire. 2. Law. To 
acquire (real estate) by any means except descent or inher- 
itance. 3. To get by paying money or its equivalent ; buy. 
4. To get by outlay, as of labor, danger, etc. ; as, to- pur- 
chase favor with flattery. 5. To apply to (anything) a de- 
vice for obtaining a mechanical advantage ; get a purchase 
on ; also, to move by a purchase. 

— n. 1. A seeking or getting anything ; hence : endeavor ; 
attempt. Obs. 2. Law. Acquisition of real estate by any 
means except descent or inheritance. 3. Acquisition for a 
price ; buying. 4. That which is got or acquired ; gain ; 
booty; acquisitions; now, specif., that which is obtained 
for a price. 5. Value or worth (in yield or return) ; — chiefly 
in phrases ; as, a year's purchase. 6. Any mechanical hold 
or advantage applied to the raising or removing of heavy 
bodies, as by a lever or tackle ; also, the apparatus or device 
used. 7. In New Hampshire, an unorganized minor territo- 
rial division consisting of land which was originally laid off 
and sold by the State to an individual or individuals. 
worth, or at, [so many] years' purchase, worth, or at, a 
value or cost of a thing as expressed in the length of time re- 
quired for its income to amount to the purchasing price ; 
as, to buy an estate at a year's, or at ten years', purchase. 

pur'chase-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Purchasable. 

pur'chas-er (-chas-er), n. One who purchases. 

pur 'dan (pur'dd), n. [Hind. & Per. par da.'] A curtain or 
screen ; esp., in India, one used to screen women from pub- 
lic observation ; also, the material for making such curtains. 

pure (pur), a. ; pur'er (pur'er) ; pur'est (-est). [F. pur, fr. 
L. purus.~] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extrane- 
ous matter ; clear ; mere ; simple ; unmixed ; sheer; as, pure 
air ; pure nonsense. 2. Free from defilement ; innocent ; 
guileless ; chaste ; as, a pure mind. 3. Genuine ; real ; per- 
fect ; as, he spoke pure English. 4. Of a single, simple sound ; 
as, a pure vowel sound or consonant sound. 5. Abstract ; 
theoretic ; as, pure mathematics ; — disting. from applied. 
Syn. Pure, sheer, absolute. Pure is often equivalent 
to mere; sheer is tantamount to utter or downright; that 
is absolute, which is regarded as strictly or unqualifiedly 
what it is declared to be ; as, pure folly ; a sheer impossi- 
bility ; absolute honesty. 

— n. Purity. Rare. 

Pure, Simon. A Pennsylvania Quaker in Mrs. Centlivre's 
comedy "A Bold Stroke for a Wile." Being personated in 
London by one Colonel Feignwell, who gets Pure's creden- 
tials, the real Pure is treated as an impostor till he estab- 
lishes his identity. Hence : [Often I. c] Si'mon-pure', a. 

|| pu'ree' (pii'ra'), n. [F.] A dish made by reducing boiled 
food to a pulp ; esp., a soup with thickening so treated. 

pure'ly (pur'li), adv. In a pure manner ; as : a Without ad- 
mixture, b Completely ; absolutely ; perfectly. C Merely ; 
solely, d Innocently ; chastely. 

pure'ness, n. State or quality of being pure ; purity. 

pur'fle (pur'f'l), v. t.; -fled (-fid) ; -fling (-fling). [OF. 
pour filer ; pour for + fil thread, L. filum.~] 1. To deco- 
rate, esp. with a border or fringe ; embroider. 2. To edge 
or line with fur. — n. A hem, border, or trimming. 

pur'fling (-fling), n. Ornamentation on a border; specif., 
an inlaid border of a musical instrument, as a violin. 

pur-ga'tion (pur-ga'shun), n. Act of purging. 

pur'ga-tive (pur'gd-tTv), a. Purging or tending to purge; 
cathartic. — n. Med. A purging medicine ; a cathartic. 

pur'ga-to'ri-al (-to'n-dl ; 57) la. Of or pert, to purgatory ; 

pur'ga-to'ri-an (-to'n-dn) J expiatory. 

pur'ga-to-ry (pur'gd-to-n), n. [LL. purgatorium. See 
purge.] 1. [capT] A state or place of purification after 
death, in which, as Roman Catholics and some others be- 
lieve, certain offenses may be expiated. 2. Place or state of 
temporary or temporal torment. — a. Cleansing ; expiatory. 

purge (purj), v. t.; purged (purjd) ; purging (pur'jmg). 
[OF. purgier, L. purgare ; purus pure + root of agere 
to make, to do.] 1. To cleanse ; purify. 2. To clear of 
guilt or of moral or ceremonial defilement ; exculpate ; 
specif., to clear of legal guilt by the oaths of compurgators 
or by wager of battle. 3. To remove in cleansing ; wash 
away. 4. To act on as a purgative or cathartic. — v. i. 1. 
To become pure, as by clarification. 2. To have or pro- 
duce frequent evacuations from the intestines. 

— n. 1. A purging ; purgation. 2. That which purges ; esp., 
a purgative. 

purg'er (pur'jer), n. One who, or that which, purges. 

purg'ing (purging), n. Act or process of cleansing or puri- 
fying; specif., excessive evacuations; esp., diarrhea. 
purging flax, an annual European species of flax (Linum 
catharticum) , used as a cathartic and diuretic. 

pu'ri-fi-ca'tion (pu'n-fi-ka'shtm), n. Act of purifying. 

pu-rif'i-ca-to-ry (pu-nf'i-kd-to-n), a. Serving or tending 
to purify. 

pu'ri-fi'er (pu'ri-fi'er), n. One who, or that which, purifies. 

pu'ri-fy (pu'ri-fl),?;. t. & i. ; -FiED (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. puri- 



fier, L. purificare ; purus pure -f- -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To make or become pure ; as : a To free from ex- 
traneous or noxious matter, b To free from guilt or defile- 
ment, c To free ( language) from improprieties or barbarisms. 

Pu'rim (pu'rim), n. [Heb. pur, pi. purlm, a lot.] A Jew- 
ish festival, held either in February or in March, according 
to the year. Called also the Feast of Lots. 

pu'rine (pu'rTn ; -ren), n. Also pu'rin (-rin). [Abbr. fr. L. 
purum pure + NL. uricum uric + -in.] Chem. A color- 
less or white crystalline compound, C5H4N:, got from uric 
acid, regarded as the parent substance of the uric-acid group. 

pur'ism (pQr'Iz'm), n. Rigid insistence upon purity or 
nicety, esp. in the use of words, etc. ; also, an expression 
exhibiting such adherence. 

pur'ist, n. One solicitous, or too solicitous, about purity or 
nicety, esp. in language ; specif., a prig. — pu-ris'tic, a. 

pu'ri-tan (pQ'rT-tdn), to. 1. One scrupulous in his religious 
life ;one who affects great purity of life ; — sometimes derog- 
atory. 2. [cap.'] Eccl. Hist. One of the party of English 
Protestants who, in the time of Elizabeth and the first two 
Stuarts, opposed traditional and formal usages, and advo- 
cated simpler forms of faith and worship than those estab- 
lished by law ; — orig. a term of reproach. — Pu'ri-tan, a. 

pu'ri-tan'ic (-tan'Ik) \a. 1. [cap.] Of or pert, to the Pu- 

pu'ri-tan'i-cal (-i-kal)J ritans, or their doctrines. 2. Pre- 
cise and very scrupulous in observance of religious require- 
ments and in the manner of living ; strict ; rigid. — pu'ri- 
tan^i-cal-ly, adv. — pu'ri-tan'i-cal-ness, n. 

Pu'ri-tan-ism (pu'rT-tdn-Tz'm), n. The doctrines, ideas, or 
practice of, or characteristic of, Puritans ; strictness or 
austerity, esp. in matters of religion or conduct. 

pu'ri-ty (-tT), to. The condition or quality of being pure ; 
specif.: a Freedom from foreign admixture or deleterious 
matter, b Cleanness ; freedom from foulness or dirt. C 
Freedom from guilt ; innocence ; chastity, d Freedom from 
sinister or improper motives or views, e Freedom from 
foreign words and idioms, or from barbarous or improper 
words or phrases ; as, purity of style. 

purl(purl), n. Malt liquor medicated or spiced ; orig., beer bit- 
tered with herbs ; now, hot beer with gin, sugar, and spices. 

purl, v. t. & i. [Contr. fr. purfle] 1. To purfle. 2. To in- 
vert the stitches in knitting. — n. 1. In the 15th-17th cen- 
turies, a border of embroidery, gold lace, or galloon. 2. A 
spiral of gold or silver wire for use in lace making. 3. Knit- 
ting. Inversion of stitches, producing a ribbed appearance. 
4. A plait or fold in an article of dress. 

purl, v. i. 1. To run swiftly round, as a stream flowing 
among obstructions ; eddy ; swirl ; make a murmuring 
sound, as a brook. 2. To move in circles, ripples, or undu- 
lations ; curl. — to. 1. A circle made by a fluid in motion ; 
eddy ; ripple. 2. A gentle murmur, as of purling water. 

pur'lieu (pur'lu), to. [Corrupted (by influence of lieu place) 
fr. OF. puralee, poralee, fr. poraler to go through.] 1. 
Eng. Hist. Afforested land disafforested so as to remit to 
the former owners their rights. 2. Hence : a One's haunt or 
beat ; bounds, b Outskirts ; environs ; neighborhood ; now, 
esp., a mean or more or less disreputable section or quarter 
of a town or city. 

pur'lin H-lin), n. Arch. In roofs, a horizontal member 

pur'line/ supporting the common rafters. See roof, Illust. 

pur-loin' (pur-loin'), v. t. & i. [OF. purloignier to retard, 
delay, fr. pur, por (L. pro) + loin far off (L. longe).] To 
steal ; filch. — Syn. See steal. — pur-loin'er, to. 

pur'ple (pur'p'l), to. [OF. purpre, fr. L. purpura purple 
fish, purple dye, fr. Gr. Tropcfrbpa.] 1. A color formed by a 
combination of red and blue, in various proportions. The 
purple color of the ancients was probably our crimson. 2. 
Cloth dyed purple, or a garment of it ; esp., a purple robe 
emblematic of rank or authority, specif., that of Roman 
emperors. 3. Imperial or regal rank or power ; also, Colloq*, 
exalted station ; great wealth. 4. Cardinalate. 

— v. t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pllng (-pling). To make or dye pur- 
ple. — v. i. To become or turn purple. [regal. I 

— a. 1. Showing or having the color purple. 2. Imperial ;| 
purple avens. See avens. — p. medic, lucern, or alfalfa. 

pur'plish (pur'plish), a. Somewhat purple. 

pur'ply (pur'pli), a. Purplish. 

pur'point. Var. of pourpoint. 

pur'port (pur'port ; pur-port'; 57), v. t. [AF. purporter, 
fr. OF. porporter to carry about ; reflexively, to extend ; 
por (L. pro) -f- porter to carry (L. portare).] To have as 
its purport or the like ; to mean or seem to mean or intend. 

pur'port (pur'port), to. Meaning. — Syn. See meaning. 

pur'pose (-pus), v. t. & i.; -posed (-pust) ; -pos-ing (-ing). 
[OF. pourpos, fr. pur, por, pour (L. pro) -f- poser to 
place. See 2d pose.] To propose, as an aim, to one's self; 
intend ; design ; resolve. 

— n. 1. That which one sets before one's self as an object to 
be attained ; design ; intention ; as, weak of purpose. 2. 
The object, effect, or result aimed at, intended, or attained ; 
as, to speak to the purpose. — Syn. End, aim, plan. See 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



PURPOSEFUL 



784 



PUT 







intention. — pur'pose : iul (-f<561), a. — pur'pose-less, a. 
on purpose, with previous design, intentionally. 

pur'pose-ly, adv. With purpose or design ; intentionally. 

pur'pos-er (-pus-er), n. One who purposes. 

pur'po-sive (-po-sTv), a. Having or indicating purpose. — 
pur'po-sive-ly, adv. — pur'po-sive-ness, n. 

pur-pres'ture (pur-pres'tur), n. [AF.] Law. Encroach- 
ment upon, or inclosure of, another's land, esp. public land, 
or, in England, land belonging to the king ; also, the prop- 
erty so inclosed or seized. 

pur'pu-ra (pur'pu-rd), n. [L., purple, purple fish. See 
purple.] Med. A disease marked by livid spots on the 
skin or mucous membranes, due to extravasated blood. 

pur'pu-rate Grat), n. Chem. A salt of purpuric acid. 

pur'pure (-pur), n. [L. purpura purple. See purple.] 
Her. Purple, — represented in engraving by diagonal lines 
from sinister chief to dexter base. 

pur-pu'ric (pur-pu'nk), a. 1. Med. Of or pertaining to 
purpura. 2. Org. Chem. Pert, to or designating a nitrog- 
enous acid, CsHsOeNs, related to uric acid, and known 
only in purple-red compounds. 

pur'pu-rin (pur'pu-rm), n. Chem. An orange or red crys- 
talline compound, Ci2Hb(C0)2(0H)3, obtained from mad- 
der root or prepared artificially. It is used in dyeing. 

purr (pur), v. i.& t. & n. Murmur, of a cat. See pur. 

purse (purs), n. [AS. purs, LL. bursa, fr. Gr. (ivpcra skin, 
leather.] 1. A small bag or pouch, esp. to carry money in ; 
a pocketbook. 2. A treasury ; finances ; money ; as, the 
public purse. 3. A sum offered as a prize, or a sum collected 
as a present. 4. Any bag, pouch, or the like suggestive of a 
money purse ; as, the purse of some fishing nets. 

— v. t. ; pursed (purst) ; pursuing (pur'sing). 1. To put into 
a purse. 2. To contract into folds or wrinkles ; pucker ; 
knit ; as, to purse the lips. 

purse'-proud', a. Proud because of one's wealth. 

purs'er (pur'ser), n. 1. Naval. A paymaster. Obs. 2. A 
clerk on a passenger vessel who keeps the accounts. 

pur'si-ness (pur'si-nes), n. State of being pursy. 

purs'lane (purs'lan), n. [OF. porcelaine, corrupt, fr. L. 
porcilaca for portulaca.] Any portulacaceous plant. The 
common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is used as a pot- 
herb, for salads, etc. 

pur-SU'al (pur-su'dl), n. Act of pursuing ; pursuit. 

pur-SU'ance (pSr-su'dns), n. 1. Act of pursuing. 2. State 
of being pursuant ; consequence. 

pur-SU'ant (-su'dnt), a. Acting or done in consequence (of 
anything) ; hence : conformable ; according ; — with to. 

pur-SU'ant, pur-su'ant-ly, adv. Agreeably ; conformably. 

pur-sue' (pur-su'),v. t.; -sued' ( : sud') ; -su'ing. [OF. por- 
sivre, poursuir, f r. L. prosequi ; pro -f- sequi to follow.] 
1. To follow with a view to overtake ; chase. 2. To seek ; 
use or adopt measures to obtain ; as, to pursue pleasure. 3. 
To proceed along, for some end or object ; follow ; as, to 
pursue a peace policy. 4. To prosecute ; be engaged in ; as, 
to pursue war. 5. To persecute. — Syn. See follow. — 
v. i. 1. To go in pursuit ; follow. 2. To proceed, esp. in 
discourse. A Gallicism. — pur-SU'er (-su'er), n. 

pur-SUit' (-sut'), n. [F. poursuite, OF. also poursieute."] 

1. Act of pursuing. 2. That which one pursues, or engages 
in, as a course of business or occupation. — Syn. Chase, 
prosecution. See occupation. 

pur'sui-vant (pur'swi-vant), n. [F. poursuivant, prop., 
pursuing.] 1. An officer of the Heralds' College ranking 
below a herald, but having similar duties. 2. A state mes- 
senger. 3. A follower ; an attendant. 

pur'sy(pur'si),a.; pur'si-er ( -sT-er) ; -si-est. [ME. pursy, 
purseyf, fr. F. poussif.'] Short-breathed and, usually, fat ; 
hence : fat and, often, short ; swelled with pampering. 

pur'te-nance(-te-nans), n. [ME. purtenaunceJ] That which 
pertains to something ; esp., the pluck of an animal. 06s. 

pu'ru-lence (pu'roo-lens) \ n. Quality or state of being puru- 

pu'ru-len-cy (-len-sT) J lent ; also, purulent matter. 

pu'ru-lent (Du'ro6-lent), a. [L. purulentus, fr. pus, puris, 
pus, matter.] Consisting of pus ; attended with suppura- 
tion. — pu'ru-lent-ly, adv. 

pur-vey' (pur-va'), v. t. & i. [OF. porveeir, fr. L. provi- 
dere. See provide.] To furnish or provide, as provisions. 

pur-vey'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of providing or procuring. 

2. That which is provided ; provisions. 3. Eng. Law. A 

Eroviding of supplies or services for the crown or sovereign 
y preemption or impressment at an appraised valuation. 
It was a royal prerogative, abolished in 1660. 

pur-vey'or (-er), n. 1. One who purveys ; a caterer. 2. An 
officer who formerly provided or exacted provision, under 
the right of purveyance. Eng. 

pur'view (pur'vu), n. [OF. porveu, pourveii, provided, re- 
solved. See purvey.] 1. The body, or the scope, of a stat- 
ute. 2. Sphere of authority ; scope ; as, the purview of a 
book. 3. Range of vision ; outlook. 

PUS (pus), n. [L.] The opaque creamy matter produced by 
the process 01 suppuration. It consists chiefly of leucocytes 
suspended in a serous exudate 



Pu'sey-ism (pu'zY-iz'm), n. Eccl.Hist. Tractarianism 
(which see) ; — so called from E. B. Pusey (1800-82), one 
of the leaders of the movement. — Pu'sey-ite (-It), n. 

push (pdosh), v. t. [F. pousser, fr. L. pulsare, v. intens. fr. 
pellere, pulsum, to beat, push.] 1. To press against in 
order to impel ; move or endeavor to move by pressure ; — 
opp. to draw. 2. To gore. Bib. or Dial. 3. To press or 
urge forward ; drive ; prosecute ; as, to push an objection. 
4. To bear hard on ; put to straits ; as, pushed for funds. 
Syn. Push, shove, thrust. Push implies the application 
of force by a body already in contact with the object to be 
impelled ; to shove is esp. to push continuously, or along 
the surface of another body ; to thrust is to push or shove 
violently or forcibly ; as, to push a bowlder over a cliff ; shove 
a table across a floor ; thrust one's arm through a window. 

— v. i. 1. To make a thrust. Obs. or R. 2. To attack. 06s. 
3. To press with steady force. 4. To press forward, esp. 
with energy or haste ; as, the horsemen pushed on. 

— n. 1. A thrust ; shove. 2. An attack ; attempt ; hence, an 
emergency ; as, when it came to a push, he failed. 3. Ag- 
gressive energy or enterprise. Colloq. 4. A part to be 
pushed, as the button of an electric bell. 5. A company or 
set of associates ; specif. : a An influential, limited, or ex- 
clusive set. Slang, b A gang of larrikins, or street rowdies. 
Cant or Slang, Australia. 

push button. A small knob or button pushed to ring a bell, 
to light or put out an incandescent lamp, etc. 

push'cartM-kart'), n. A cart or barrow pushed by hand. 

push'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, pushes. 

push'ing, p. a. Enterprising ; energetic ; also, officious. 

push'pin' (poosh'pin'), n. A child's game played with pins. 

push'tu (push'too). Var. of Pashto. 

pu'siHa-nim'i-ty (pu'si-ld-nTin'i-ti), n. Quality or state 
of being pusillanimous ; cowardice. 

pu'sil-lan'i-mous (-lan'i-mws), a. [L. pusillanimis ; pu- 
sillus very little -J- animus mind, spirit.] 1. Weak or 
mean in spirit ; cowardly. 2. Evincing, due to, or marked 
by, weakness of spirit or cowardice. — Syn. Faint-hearted, 
timid. See cowardly. — pu'sil-lan'i-mous-ly, adv. 

pus'ley (pfis'li), n. Purslane. Colloq., U. S. 

puss (poos), n. 1. A cat. 2. A hare. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 3. 
A young woman or a child ; — a pet name. 

puss'y (pdos'i), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). 1. = puss. 2. A silky 
willow catkin. Colloq. 

pus'sy (pus'i), a. Full of or like pus. 

puss'y wil'low (poos'i). Any willow (esp. the American 
Salix discolor) having large cylindrical silky aments. 

pus'tu-lant (pus'tu-lant), n. [L. pustulans, p. pr. See 
pustulate, v. t.] A medicine that produces pustules. 

pus'tu-lar (pus'tu-ldr), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 
of, pustules. 2. Covered with pustulelike prominences. 

pus'tu-late Mat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. pustulatus, p. p. of pustulare to blister, pustula pus- 
tule.] To form into pustules, or blisters. 

— (-lat), a. Covered with pustules. 
pus'tu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of producing pustules, or 

state of being pustulated ; also, a pustule. 

pus'tule (-tul),n. [L,. pustula.] 1. A small circumscribed 
elevation of the cuticle with inflamed base, containing 
pus. 2. Any small pimplelike or blisterlike elevation. 

pus'tu-lous (pus'U5 : lws), a. Pustular; pustulate. 

put (put), n. A rustic ; clown. 

put (poot), v. t.; pret. & p. p. put; p. pr. & vb. n. put't 
ting. [ME. putten to thrust, push.] 1. To impel ; push ; 
as, to put a knife or bullet into one. 2. To throw or cast, 
esp. with a certain pushing overhand motion ; as, to put the 
shot. 3. To drive or force; incite; urge ; constrain. 4. To 
bring to a (given) position or place ; to place ; lay ; set ; fig., 
to cause to be or exist in a specified relation, condition, or 
the like ; — usually with a preposition, as in, to, on, etc. ; 
as, to put one in fear or to flight ; to put a theory in prac- 
tice ; to put a ship about. 5. To attach or attribute ; as- 
sign ; as, to put a wrong construction on an act. 6. To set 
before one for judgment, acceptance, or rejection ; offer ; 
state ; express ; as, to put a question. 
to put by. a To turn, set, push, or thrust aside, b To lay 
aside ; store up ; as, to put by money. — to put off. a To 
lay aside ; discard, b To turn aside ; elude ; frustrate ; 
baffle. C To delay ; postpone. See defer, Syn. — to put 
to it, to distress ; press hard ; perplex. 

— v. i. 1. To steer ; turn ; as, to put back. 2. To urge or 
press onward ; to make one's way with force or violence ; 
rush ; push ; as, to put for home ; — often with out, off, etc. 
to put about, Naut., to change direction, as by tacking ; 
fig., to change or reverse one's course. — to put forth, a To 
shoot, bud, or germinate, b To leave a port or haven, as a 
ship ; set out. — to put in. a Naut. To enter a harbor or 
place of shelter, b To call at or enter a place, as of refresh- 
ment. — to put up. a To take lodgings ; lodge, b To 
sheath the sword ; refrain from further fighting, c To pay 
down or stake money. Slang, U. S. — to put up with, to 
bear or suffer without recompense, punishment, or resent- 
ment ; endure ; tolerate ; as, to put up with bad fare. 

Sle, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PUTAMEN 



785 



PYRAMID 



— n. 1. Act of putting ; a thrust ; push ; throw ; cast. 2. 
(pron. put) A certain game at cards. 3. A privilege which 
one party buys of another to "put" (deliver) stock, grain, 
etc., at a fixed price and date. Brokers' Cant. 

pu-ta'men (pu-ta'men) , to. [L.] Bot. The stone of a dru- 
paceous fruit, as of the peach. 

pu'ta-tive (pii'td-tiv), a. [L. putativus, fr. putare, puta- 
tum, to reckon, suppose.] Commonly thought or deemed ; 
reputed ; supposed. — pu'ta-tive-ly, adv. 

put'log 7 (poot'log 7 ; put'-), to. Arch. One of the short 
pieces of timber on which the flooring of a_ scaffold is laid. 

put'— off 7 (poot'of 7 ; 62), n. A shift for evasion or delay ; an 
evasion ; an excuse. 

put'— out 7 (pdot'out 7 ),n. Sports. Act of putting a player out. 

pu'tre-fac'tion (pu 7 tre-fak'shun), to. Act or process of pu- 
trefying ; putrefied condition ; also, that which is putrefied. 

pu'tre-fac'tive (-t!v), a. 1. Of or pert, to putrefaction. 2. 
Causing, or tending to promote, putrefaction. 

pu'tre-fy (pii'tre-fl), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy 7 ing. [F. 
putrefier ; L. putrere to be rotten -f- -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To render or become putrid ; to rot ; decompose ; 
of tissues in a living body, to gangrene. — Syn. See decay. 
— pu'tre-fi 7 er (-fl'er), to. 

pu-tres'cence (pu-tres'ens), to. State of being putrescent ; 
also, putrescent matter. 

pu-tres'cent (pu-tres'ent), a. [L. putrescens,p. pr. of pu- 
trescere to grow rotten.] 1. Becoming putrid. 2. Of or 
pertaining to putrefaction. 

pu-tres'ci-ble (-I-b'l), a. Liable to become putrid. — n. A 
substance, usually nitrogenous, which is liable to undergo 
decomposition in contact with air and moisture. 

pu'trid (pu'trid), a. [L. putridus, fr. putrere to be rotten, 
fr. puteror putris rotten, putere to stink, be rotten.] 1. 
Tending to decomposition or decay ; decomposed ; rotten. 
2. Indicating, or proceeding from, decay ; as, a putrid 
smell. — pu-trid'i-ty (pu-trid'i-tl), pu'trid-ness, to. 

pu'tri-fy. Var. of putrefy. 

putt (put), n._ Golf. A stroke made on a putting green to 
play the ball into the hole. — v. i. To make a putt. 

put'tee (put'e). Var. of putty, a gaiter. 

put'ter (put'er ; poot'er). U. S. & dial. var. of potter, v. 

put'ter (poot'er), to. One who puts something. 

putt'er (put'er), to. Golf, a A club with a short shaft, used 
in putting. See golf, Illust. b One who putts. 

put'ti-er (put'i-er), to. One who putties, as a glazier. 

put'ties (put'iz), to., pi. of putty. 

putt'ing green (put'ing). Golf. The green, or plot of 
smooth turf, surrounding a hole. 

put'ty (put'i), ».; pi. -ties (-Tz). [Hind. pa\\i ribbon, 
brace, tie.] A kind of gaiter wrapped round the leg. 

put'ty, to. [F. potee putty, potful, pot pot.] 1. A common 
cement made usually of whiting and boiled linseed oil. 2. 
Any of various other substances resembling putty (def. 1) ; 
as : a A mixture of ferric oxide and boiled linseed oil (iron 
putty), or of red and white lead and boiled linseed oil (red- 
lead putty), used by mechanics in making pipe joints, etc. 
b Plastering. A cement, consisting of lump lime slaked 
with water, used, mixed with plaster of Paris or sand, for 
the finishing coat (putty coat). 

— v. t.; -tied (-id) ; -ty-ing. To cement or stop with putty. 

putty powder. An oxide of tin, or of tin and lead in any of 
various proportions, used in polishing glass, metal, etc. 

put'ty-root 7 (put'T-root 7 ), n. An American orchid (Aplec- 
trum spicatum) having a slender naked rootstock produc- 
ing each spring a scape of brown flowers. 

put'— up 7 (poot'up 7 ), a. Prearranged ; plotted ; — used in a 
bad sense ; as, a put-up job. Colloq. 

puz'zle (puz''l), n. [For opposal a problem.] 1. A thing 
that perplexes ; a difficult problem or question ; esp., a toy, 
contrivance, etc., designed to test ingenuity. 2. State of 
being puzzled ; perplexity. 

— v. t. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -ZLiNG(-ling). 1. To perplex ; confuse. 
2. To solve by thought or ingenuity ; — used with out. 
Syn. Nonplus, perplex, mystify, bewilder, distract, stag- 
ger, pose, disconcert. — Puzzle, perplex, mystify, be- 
wilder, distract express various mental reactions upon 
what is intricate, complicated, or involved. Puzzle implies 
baffling complication or intricacy ; perplex adds to puzzle 
the implication of disturbing uncertainty ; as, I was puz- 
zled by his contradictions ; a perplexing problem. To mys- 
tify is to puzzle or perplex, esp. by playing on one's credu- 
lity ; as, the magician mystified the audience. Bewilder 
expresses utter perplexity and dull confusion, as of one 
lost in a maze ; distract implies strong agitation arising 
from divergent or conflicting emotions. 

— v. i. 1. To be bewildered or perplexed. 2. To work in the 
way the solution of a puzzle requires. 

puz'zle-ment (-ment), to. Puzzled state ; perplexity. 

puz'zler (-ler), to. One who, or that which, puzzles. 

py-ee'mi-a, py-e'mi-a (pl-e'mi-d), n. [NL. ; pyo- + 
-aemia.] Med. A form of blood poisoning due to the ab- 
sorption of pyogenic microorganisms into the blood, and 



characterized by multiple abscesses throughout the body, 
chills, fever, sweating, etc. — py-a3'mic, -e'mic, a. 

pyc-nid'i-um (pTk-nid'I-um), n. ; pi. -ia (-d). A pycnium. 

pyc'ni-um (pik'ni-ikn), to. ; pi. -nia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. iry- 
Kvbi : crowded.] Bot. In certain ascomycetous fungi, a special 
cavity or receptacle bearing conidia on its inner walls. 

pyc-nom'e-ter (pik-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. ttvkvSs thick, dense 
+ -meter.'] Physics. A specific-gravity bottle or tube ; a 
standard vessel, often provided with a thermometer, for 
measuring and comparing the densities of liquids or solids. 

pyc'no-style (pik'no-stll), a. [Gr. Trvuvbarvkos with the pil- 
lars close together ; irvKvos close -f- o-rOXoj pillar.] Arch. 
Having an intercolumniation of one and a half diameters. 

— n. A pycnostyle colonnade. 

pye (pi). Obs. or dial. Eng. var. of pie. 

pya'bald 7 . Var. of piebald. 

py'e-li'tis (pl 7 e-ll'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. irvtXos basin -f -His.'] 
Med. Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. 

py'e : lo-gram 7 (pl'e-16-gram 7 ; pT-el'6-), to. [Gr. irvtXot 
basin + -gram.] A picture made by pyelography. 

P'/e-log'ra-phy (pI 7 e-log'rd-fT), to. [Gr. Tr&eXos basin + 
-graphy.] Application of skiagraphy to the region of the 
pelvis. 

py-e'mi-a, py-e'mic, etc. Vars. of pyemia, etc. 

py'et (pl'et). Var. of piet, magpie. 

py-gid'i-um (pl-jid'I-um), n.; pi. -ia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. 
irvyl&iov, dim. of 7ri>7i7 rump.] Zo'ol. A caudal structure, 
or the terminal body region, of various invertebrates. 

Pyg-ma'li-on (pTg-ma'lT-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ilu-y/iaX'.coj'.] 
Class. Myth. See Galatea, b. 

pyg-me'an (pig-me'dn), a. Pygmy. 

Pyg'my (pTg'mT), n.; pi. -mies (-mTz). Also Pig'my. [L. 
pygmaeus, Gr. irvyualos, f r. irvyp.ii fist, a measure of length.] 

1. One of a race of dwarfs described by Greek authors. 

2. One of a race of Central African Negritos, some less 
than four feet in stature. 3. [/. c] A short, insignificant 
person ; a dwarf. — Syn. See dwarf. [dwarf. I 

pyg'my (pig'mi), a. Also pigmy. Very small ; diminutive ;| 

py'in (pl'in), n. [Gr. vbov pus.] Physiol. Chem. A con- 
stituent of pus. 

py-ja'ma (pl-jii'md; pi-), pa-ja'ma (pd-), n. [Hind, pae- 
jama, lit., leg clothing ; Per. pai foot + jamah garment.] 
In India and Persia, thin loose trousers or drawers such as 
those worn by Mohammedan men and women. 

py-ja'mas (pi-ja'maz; pi-), or, chiefly U. S., pa-ja'mas 
(pd-jii'mdz), n. pi. A garment, similar to the Oriental py- 
jama, adopted among Occidentals for wear in the dressing 
room and during sleep ; also, a suit of drawers and blouse 
for such wear. 

Pyl'a-des (pil'd-dez), n. [L., fr. Gr. IIiAdS??*.] Gr. Myth. 
A nephew of Agamemnon, husband of Electra. 

py'lon (pl'lon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ttv\6ju a gateway.] 1. Ar- 
chseol. A gateway ; specif., Egypt. Arch., a gateway build- 
ing having a truncated pyramidal form ; also, two such 
truncated pyramids with the gateway between. 2. Aero- 
nautics. A marking post or tower, esp. in an aerodrome. 

py-lo'rus (pi-lo'rus ; pi- ; 57), n.; pi. -ri (-rl). [L., fr. Gr. 
irv\up6s pylorus, gatekeeper ; irvXrj a gate + ovpos guardian.] 
Anat. The opening from the stomach into the intestine. 
— py-lor'ic (-lor'ik), a. 

py'o- (pl'6-). Combining form from Greek tzvov, pus. 

py 7 0-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. Med. The formation of pus; 
the methods and conditions of pus formation. 

py 7 o-ge-net'ic (-je-net'ik). Of or pert, to pyogenesis. 

py 7 o-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. Med. Generating pus ; also, of or 
pert, to pyogenesis. 

py-Og'e-nous (pl-oj'e-nus), a. Med. Caused by pus. 

py'or-rhe'a UpI 7 o-re'd), n. [NL. ; pyo- + -rhea.] Med, 

py'or-rhoe'aj A discharge of pus. 

|| py 7 or-rhe'a al-ve 7 o-la'ris (al-ve 7 6-la'ns ; 3), Med., dis- 
ease marked by loosening of the teeth, usually attended by 
a flow of pus from the alveoli ; Riggs' disease, [puration.l 

py-O'sis (pl-o'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. wuwais.] Med. Sup-| 

pyr (plr ; plr), n. [Gr. irvp fire.] Photom. A unit of light 
intensity, being slightly less than the btandard candle. 

pyr'a-lid (pir'd-lid), a. [L. pyralis, -idis, a kind of winged 
insect, Gr. irvpaXis, an unknown bird.] Pert, to a family 
{Pyralidx) of moths comprising, in most classifications, a 
vast and heterogeneous assemblage of small, or medium- 
sized, plainly colored, slender-bodied and long-legged spe- 
cies. — n. A pyralid moth. — py-ral'i-dan, a. & n. 

pyr'a-mid (-mid), n. [L. pyr amis, -idis, fr. Gr. vvpanis, 
-idos.] 1. In geometry, a figure having for * 
its base a plane polygon and for its sides '' 
several triangles with a common 
vertex and with their bases form- 
ing the sides of the base. In gen- 
eral, any solid body of such a 
shape. 2. Anything, esp. an edi- 
fice, of the shape of a pyramid 
(in sense 1). 3. Arch. A monu- 
mental structure, typically with Pyramids. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. ■ equals. 



N 



PYRAMIDAL 



786 



PYROXENIC 







square base, and four triangular faces meeting at a point, as 
esp. in ancient Egypt. 4. Hort. A tree grown or pruned in 
pyramidal shape. 5. Cryst. A form each face of which in- 
tersects the vertical axis and two lateral axes ; in the tetrag- 
onal system, a form each face of which intersects the verti- 
cal axis and one lateral axis. 6. Speculation. The series of 
operations involved in pyramiding. 

™- v. i. Speculation. To enlarge one's holding or interest in 
a series of operations on a continued rise or decline by using 
the profits to buy or sell additional amounts on a margin. — 
v. t. Speculation. To use, or to deal in, in a pyramiding 
transaction. 

py-ram'i-dal (pi-ram'i-ddl), a. Of, pert, to, or in the form 
of, a pyramid ; pyramidic. — py-ram'i-dal-ly, adv. 

pyr'a-mid'ic (pir'd-mTd'ikHa. [Gr. irvpatudiKds.] Of or 

pyr'a-mid'i-cal (-T-kdl) J pert, to a pyramid ; pyrami- 
dal. — pyr'a-mid'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Pyr'a-mus and This'be (pir'd-mus ; thTz'be). [L., fr. Gr. 
Tlvpanos, GiVjSj?.] Legendary lovers of ancient Babylon. 
Ovid relates that they made love through a chink in a wall. 
Thisbe came first to the tryst, but, seeing a lioness, which 
had killed an ox, fled, losing her garment, which the beast 
smeared with blood. Pyramus, supposing her dead, killed 
himself. Thisbe, finding him dead, killed herself. 

py-rar'gy-rite (pI-rar'jT-rlt), n.^ [Gr. irvp fire -f- apyvpos 
silver.] Min. A sulphide of antimony and silver, Ag3SbS3, 
occurring in crystals or massive, and having a dark red or 
black color with metallic luster ; — called also ruby silver 
ore, dark red silver ore. Cf. proustite. 

pyr'a-zine (pTr'd-zTn ; -zen), n. Also -zili. [pyridine + 
azine.] Org. Chem. A feebly basic solid, C4H4N2, or any 
of various derivatives of the same. 

pyre (plr), n. [L. pyra, Gr. irvpa, fr. nvp fire.] A funeral 
pile ; a combustible heap on which the dead are burned. 

py'rene (pl'ren), n. [Gr. irvp fire.] Chem. A white crys- 
talline hydrocarbon, CieHio, occurring in coal tar and in a 
solid product obtained in idria from an ore of mercury. 

py'rene, n. [Gr. ivvp-qv stone of a fruit.] Bot. The stone or 
endocarp of a drupelet ; hence, any small hard nutlet. 

Pyr'e-ne'an (pTr'e-ne'dn), a. [L. Pyrenaei (sc. montes) fr. 
Pyrene the Pyrenees, Gr. Hvpijvq.] Of or pert, to the Pyre- 
nees, separating France and Spain. 

py-ret'ic (pl-ret'ik), a. [Gr. Trvperos burning heat, fever, 
fr. irvp fire.] Med. Of or pertaining to fever ; febrile. 

pyr'e-tol'0-gy (pir'e-tSl'6-ji ; pl're-), n. [Gr. irvperos fever 
+ -logy.'] Med. That branch of medicine treating of fevers. 

py-rex'i-a (pl-rek'si-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Trvpea-aeiv to be 
feverish, Trvperos fever.] Med. The febrile condition. 

py-rex'i-al (-si-dl), a. Med. Of or pert, to fever ; feverish. 

pyr-he'li-om'e-ter (plr-he'li-Sm'e-ter ; pir-), n. [Gr. irvp 
fire + tJXios sun -4- -meter.'] Physics. An instrument for 
measuring the direct heating effect of the sun's rays. 

py-rid'ic (pl-nd'ik), a. Chem. Related to pyridine. 

pyr'i-dine (pir'i-dln ; -den), n. [pyrrol + toluidine.] Org. 
Chem. A colorless liquid, C5H5N, with a pungent odor ob- 
tained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by 
the decomposition of certain alkaloids. It is the nucleus of 
many organic substances, and is used in denaturing alcohol, 
as an antiseptic, germicide, etc. 

pyr'i-form (pir'i-form), a. [L. pyrum, pirum, a pear + 
-form.] Having the form of a pear ; pear-shaped. 

py'rite (pl'rlt ; pir'It), n. Min. Iron pyrites, chemically, 
iron disulphide, FeS2, a brass-yellow mineral with a bril- 
liant metallic luster ; fool's gold. 

py-ri'tes (pi-rl'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. iruptr»?y, a., Trvpirrjs \ldos 
a mineral which strikes fire, irOp fire.] Min. Any of several 
metallic -looking sulphides, as pyrite. 

py-rit'ic (pT-nt'TkJla. Min. Of, pert, to, or resembling, py- 

py-rit'i-cal (-T-kdl) J rites. — pyritic smelting, Metal., 
the process of smelting pyritic ores without previous roast- 
ing, utilizing the heat of their own combustion. 

py'ro (pl'ro), n. Short for pyrogallol (pyrogallic acid). 

py'ro- (pl'ro- ; pTr'6- ; see note below), pyr-. [Gr. irvp, irvpos, 
fire.] Combining form designating fire or heat; specif., 
Chem. (also used adjectively), used to imply an actual or 
theoretical derivative by action of heat. In inorganic 
chemistry pyro- is often used in naming an acid derived 
from the ordinary form by the loss of one molecule of water 
from two of the acid ; as, 2H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) — H2O 
= H4P2O7 (pyrophosphoric acid). 

B2P The etymological pron. is pTr'6- (the y being short in 
Greek), and words formed with this prefix were, until re- 
cently, given the short sound (i) as in pronouncing diction- 
aries. The best present usage, however, decidedly prefers 
the long sound (1) in most of these words. Cf . dyna-, hypo-. 

py'ro-cat'e-chin (pI'ro-kat'e-chTn ; -kin ; pir'o-), n. Chem. 
A white crystalline compound, CeH^OHXo), found in va- 
rious plants, and variously formed, as by distillation of cat- 
echin, wood, etc. It is used as a photographic developer. 

py'ro-chem'i-cal (-kem'T-kdl), a. Pertaining to chemistry 
at high temperatures ; as, a pyrochemical agent. 



py'ro-clas'tic (pl'ro-klas'tik ; pTr'6-), a. Geol. Composed 
of fragments of volcanic rock, as trass, tuff, and agglom- 
erate, [from a molten magma. I 

py'ro-crys'tal-line (-kris'tdl-Tn;-In),a. Geol. Crystallized! 

py'ro-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trik), a. Of, pertaining to, or exhib- 
iting, pyroelectricity. — n. A pyroelectric substance. 

py'ro-e-lec-tric'i-ty (-e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. Electric polarity 
produced on certain crystals by change of temperature. 

py'ro-gal'late (-gal'at), n. Chem. A salt of pyrogallic acid ; 
an ether of pyrogallol. 

py'ro-gal'lic (-gal'ik), a. See pyrogallol. 

py'ro-gal'lol (-51; -81), ra. [pyroaallic + -ol.] Org. Chem. 
A poisonous white crystalline substance, CelLtOHb, ob- 
tained chiefly by the action of heat on gallic acid. It has 
weak acid properties and hence is called also pyrogallic 
acid. It is the developer most used in photography. 

py-rog'ra-phy (pl-rog'rd-fi), n. The art or process of pro- 
ducing designs or pictures by burning or scorching; a 
design or picture so made. — py-rog'ra-pher (-fer), n. — 
py'ro-graph'ic (pl'ro-graf'ik ; pir'o-), a. 

py'ro-gra-vure' (pl'ro-grd-vur' ; -gra/vur ; pir'o-), n. \_pyro- 
-f- F. gravure engraving.] == pyrography. 

py'ro-lig'ne-OUS (-lTg'ne-ws) \ a. \_pyro — \-L.. lignum wood.] 

py'ro-lig'nic (-lig'nik) J Obtained by destructive dis- 

tillation of wood. — pyroligneous acid, an acid reddish 
brown liquid containing about 4 to 7 per cent of acetic acid. 
— p. alcohol or spirit, methyl alcohol. 

py-rol'O-gy (pl-rol'6-ji), n. Mineralogy treating of the 
characters of a mineral observed by the use of the blowpipe. 

py'ro-lu'site (pl'ro-lu'sit), n. \_pyro- + Gr. \ovtii> to wash.] 
Min. Native manganese dioxide, Mn02, a dark mineral of 
metallic luster, used in glassmaking, making chlorine, etc. 

py-roPy-sis (pl-rSl'i-sis), n. [NL.] Chem. Act or process 
of chemical decomposition by the action of heat. — py'ro- 
lyt'ic (pl'ro-liVik ; pTr'6-), a. 

py'ro-mag-net'ic (pI'ro-mag-net'Tk ; pTr'6-), a. Physics. 
Pertaining to, produced by, or acting by, the combined 
agency of heat and magnetism. 

py'ro-man'cy (pY'ro-man'sT ; pir'6-), n. [LL. piromancia, 
fr. Gr. TrvpofiavTela ; irvp fire -4- fiavreia. divination.] Divi- 
nation by means of sacrificial fire. — py'ro-man'tic 
(-man'tik), a. & n. 

py'ro-ma'ni-a (-ma/ni-d), n. An insane disposition to in- 
cendiarism. — py'ro-ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. 

py-rom'e-ter (pl-rom'e-ter), »._ Physics. 1. An instru- 
ment for measuring the expansion of solid bodies by heat. 
2. Any instrument for measuring degrees of heat above 
those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. 

py-rom'e-try (pI-rSm'e-trT), n. The art of measuring de- 
grees of heat ; art of using the pyrometer. — py'ro-met'ric 
(pl'ro-met'rik ; pir'o-), -met'ri-cal (-met'ri-kdl), a. 

py'ro-mor/phite (pl'ro-mor'flt ; pir'o-), n. [G. pyromor- 
phit; Gr. irvp fire + ^op<j>-q form.] Min. A native chloride 
and phosphate of lead, (PbCl)Pbt(P04)3, occurring in 
crystals or masses ; — called also green lead ore. 

py'rone (pl'r5n), a. [G. pyron.] Org. Chem. An unsatu- 
rated cyclic compound, C5H4O2, one variety of which is the 
parent substance of several natural yellow dyestuffs. 

py'rope (pi'rop), n. [L. pyropus a kind of red bronze, Gr. 
wvpuTTos ; irvp fire + on/- the eye, face.] Min. A variety of 
garnet, deep red in color, frequently used as a gem. 

py'ro-pho-tom'e-ter (pl'ro-fo-tom'e-ter ; pir'o-), n. An in- 
strument for optical measurement of high temperatures.. 

py'ro-phyPlite (-f iPTt), n. \_pyro- + Gr. 06XW leaf.] M in. 
A hydrous silicate of aluminium, HAl(SiOs)2, usually white 
or greenish. The compact variety is used for making slate 
pencils, and is called pencil stone. 

py'ro-saP (pl'ro-sal'), n. [antipyrine + salicylic] Pharm. 
A colorless crystalline derivative of antipyrine and salicylic 
acid, used as an antipyretic and analgesic. 

py-ro'sis (pl-r5'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. irbpwais a burning, an 
inflammation, fr. irvpovv to burn.] Med. An affection of the 
stomach, characterized by a burning sensation with eruc- 
tations of an acrid fluid ; heartburn ; water brash. 

py'ro-Stat (-stat), n. \_pyro- + Gr. iaravai to make to 
stand.] A thermostat, esp. one for high temperatures. 

py'ro-sul'phate (-sul'fat), n. = disulphate. 

py'ro-SUl-phu'ric (-sul-fti'rik), a. See disulphuric. 

py'ro-tech'nics (-tek'niks), n. (See -ics.) Art of making 

fireworks ; manufacture and use of fireworks. tech'nic 

(-tek'nik), -tech'ni-cal (-ni-kdl), a. — tech'nist (-nist), 
n. — py'ro-tech'ny (pl'ro-teVni ; pTr'S-), n. 

py'ro-tox'in (-t8k r sin), n. Physiol. Chem. A bacterial poi- 
son capable of inducing febrile symptoms. 

py'rox-ene (pl'rSk-sen ; pir'8k-), n. [F. pyroxene, fr. Gr. 
irvp fire + £evos a stranger ; — so called because (wrongly) 
supposed to be rare in igneous rocks.] Min. A common 
mineral of many varieties, all silicates, chiefly of calcium 
and magnesium, usually _ occurring in short, thick, pris- 
matic crystals, or in massive forms, often laminated. 

py'rox-en'ic (-sen'Ik), o. Pertaining to, containing, or 
composed of, pyroxene. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, dm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



PYROXENITE 



787 



QUADRATURE 



py-rox'e-nite (pT-rok'se-nTt), n. Petrog. a Any rock con- 
sisting essentially of pyroxene, b Igneous rock of granitoid 



texture, consisting mainly of pyroxene 
jy-rox'y-lin (pi-rok'si-lin) \ n. [pyro- 



py-rOX'y-lin ^i-roK'si-iin,i i n. \_pyro- -\- Gr. £ii\ov wood.] 

py-rox'y-line (-lin ; -len) J Guncotton, or a substance of 
similar composition, obtained by nitrating cellulose, as tis- 
sue paper. 

Pyr'rha (pir'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. UOppa.] See Deucalion. 

pyr'rhic (pir'ik), n. 1. [Gr. irvppixn-] An ancient Greek 
martial dance. 2. [L. pyrrhichius (sc. pes), Gr. irvppixi.os 
(sc. ttous).] Pros. A foot of two short syllables. — pyr'rhic, a. 

Pyr'rho-nism (pir'o-niz'm), n. 1. The doctrines of Pyrrho 
(about 3G5-275 b. c), founder of a school of skeptics in an- 
cient Greece. 2. Hence, any extreme skepticism. 

pyr'rho-tite (-tit), pyr'rho-tine (-tin), n. [Gr. nvppos 
flame-colored, irup fire.] Min. A bronze-colored native sul- 
phide of iron of metallic luster. It often contains nickel. 
Called also magnetic pyrites. [emus.I 

Pyr'rhus (pirws), n. [L., fr. Gr. LTuppos.] See Neoptol-| 

pyr'rol (pir'ol ; -51) \n. [G. pyrrol, fr. Gr. irvppos fiery + L. 

pyr'role (pir'ol) J oleum oil.] Org. Chem. A colorless 
liquid, C4H5N, of chloroformlike odor. Also, any of vari- 
ous derivatives of the same. Pyrrol is very weakly basic, 
and from it are derived various substances, including nico- 
tine and other alkaloids, chlorophyll, proteins, etc. 

Py-thag'O-re'an (pi-thag'6-re'an ; pith'd-go-), a. Of or 
pert, to Pythagoras (a Greek philosopher, born about 5S2 
B. c.) or his philosophy. — n. A follower of Pythagoras. 

py-thag'o-re'an-ism (-iz'm), n. The school and system of 
philosophy founded by Pythagoras. To Pythagoras him- 
self is ascribed the doctrine of metempsychosis. 

Pyth'i-a (pith'i-d), n. 1. [Gr. Uvdla.'] A priestess of Apollo 
at Delphi. See Delphian, a. 2. n. pi. [Gr. rdII60ia.] The 
Pythian games. See Pythian b. 

Fyth/i-ad (-ad), n. Gr. Antiq. The period, four years, in- 
tervening between celebrations of the Pythian games. 

Pyth'i-an (-an), a. [L. Pythius, Gr. HWios of Pytho, 
older name of Delphi.] Gr. Antiq. a Designating, or pert. 
to, Apollo, as patron or god of Delphi, b Designating, or 
pert, to, the games celebrated at Delphi every four years. 

Pytb/i-as (pitb/i-ds), n. See Damon. 



Pyth'ic (pith'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, the 

Pythia, who delivered oracles while in an ecstasy. 
py'tho-gen'ic (pl'tho-jen'ik ; pith'6-), a. [Gr. iriOuy to rot 

+ -genie.'] Generated by putrefaction or filth ; — used esp . 

in : pythogenic fever, typhoid fever, formerly supposed to 

be so caused. 
Py'thon (pl'thon), n. [L. Python (in sense 1), Gr. II6<W] 

1. Gr. Myth. A monstrous serpent which arose from the 
mud left by the deluge which Deucalion survived. The 
serpent dwelt in caves near Delphi, where Apollo slew him. 

2. [/. c] Any of various large nonvenomous snakes (genus 
Python or family Pythonidse ) closely related to the boas ; 
loosely, any large snake, as a boa or anaconda. 3. [I. c] 
[L. Pytho a familiar spirit, Gr. nvduv.'] In some ver- 
sions of the New Testament, a soothsaying spirit or demon ; 
also, a diviner by spirits. 

pyth'o-ness (pit.h'6-nes), n. [L. pythonissa, in sense 2 
through OF. phitonise, LL. phitonissa."] 1. \_cap.~\ Gr. 
Antiq. = Pythia. 2. Any woman supposed to be possessed 
or inspired by a soothsaying spirit or demon. 

py-thon'ic (pi-thon'Ik), a. [L. pythonicus, Gr. vvdoiviKos. 
See Pythian.] Oracular ; pretending to foretell events. 

py-u'ri-a (pl-u'ri-d), n. [NL. ; pyo- + -una.] Med. A 
morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine. 

pyx (piks), n. [L. pyxis, Gr. wv£is box, esp. of 
of boxwood, ttu£os boxwood.] 1. R. C. Ch. 
The receptacle in which the Host is reserved. 
2. More fully pyx chest. A box in the British 
mint in which are deposited sample coins re- 
served for trial. 

pyx-id^i-um (pTk-sTd'T-um), n.; pi. pyxidia 
(-a). [NL., fr. Gr. irvt.Lot.ov, dim. of irv£Ls box. 
See pyx.] But. A capsule which dehisces into Pyxidium. 
an upper and a lower half, as in the plantain, purslane, etc. 

pyx'ie (pik'si), n. [From the botanical name, prob. con- 
fused with pixy.] A creeping shrub (Pyxidanthera bar- 
bulata) of the pine barrens of New Jersey and North Caro- 
lina, with white or pink star-shaped flowers. 

pyx'is (plk'sis), n.; pi. pyxides (-si-dez). [L. See pyx.] 1. 
Class. Archseol. A boxlike vase, generally cylindrical and 
furnished with a cover. 2. A box ; a jewel case. 








Q(ku). 1. The seventeenth letter of the English alphabet. 
It has but one sound (that of k), and is always followed 
by u, the two letters together being sounded like kw, except 
in some words in which the u is silent. See Guide to Pron., 
§ 74. The name (ku) is from the Erench ku, which is from 
the Latin name of the same letter ; the form is from the 
Latin, which derived it, through a Greek alphabet, from 
the Phoenician, the ultimate origin being perhaps Egyptian. 
Etymologically, q or qu is most nearly related to c {ch, tch), 
p, g, and wh; as in cud, quid, L. eguus, ecus, horse, Gr. 
i7r7ros, whence E. eguine, hippie ; L. guod which, E. u'/iat ; 
L. aguila, E. eaole ; E. kitchen, ME. kic/iene, AS. cycene, 
L. coguina. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : 
The sixteenth or (cf. K, 2) the seventeenth in a series ; six- 
teenth (or seventeenth) in order or class ; sometimes, the 
numeral sixteen (or seventeen). 

Q, or q, n.; pi. Q's or Qs (kiiz). 1. The letter Q, q, or its 
sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter Q. 

qua (kwa; kwa), conj. [L., abl. fern, of qui who.] In so 
far as ; in the capacity or character of ; as. 

quack (kwak), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] 1. Of a duck, to 
utter its characteristic cry. 2. To utter a cry like or likened 
to a duck's. — n. The duck's cry, or a sound like it. 

quack, n. [Abbr. fr. quacksalver.] 1. A boastful pretender 
to medical skill. 2. A charlatan. — a. Pertaining to quacks 
or quackery ; pretending to cure diseases. 

— v. i. To play the quack ; boast. 

quack'er-y (kwak'er-i), n.; pi. -epies (-Tz). Acts, arts, or 
pretensions of a quack ; charlatanry. [charlatan. Rare.\ 

quack'sal-ver (kwak'sal-ver ) , n. [D . kwakzalver."] A quack ; | 

quad (kwod), n. Print. A quadrat. 

quad, n. A quadrangle. Colloq. 

Quad'ra-ges'i-ma (kwod'rd-jes'i-md), n. [L., fr. quadra- 
gesimus fortieth.] Eccl. a The forty days of Lent. Obs. 
b Short for Quadragesima Sunday, the first Sunday in 
Lent. 

quad'ra-ges'i-mal (-mdl), a. 1. Consisting of forty; — 
said esp. of the Lenten fast of forty days. 2. leap.] Lenten. 

quad'ran'gle (kwod'ran'g'l), n. [F., fr. L. quadrangulum.] 

1. Geom. A plane figure having A/\ ".^y c 

four angles and four sides ; any / ^n^^ — / 
figure having four angles. 2. A ./^-"""^n. / 

quadrangular inclosure, esp. when B ^e_ _^/i> 

surrounded by buildings. 3. The ACDB Quadrangle, 1. 




tract of country represented by one of the atlas sheets pub 
lished by the United States Geological Survey. — quad-ran'- 
gu-lar (kwod-rar/gu-ldr), a. 

quad'rant (kwod'rant), n. [L. quadrans, -antis, a fourth 
part.] 1. Geom. The quarter of a circle, an 
arc of 90° ; also, the area bounded by a quad- 
rant and two radii. 2. Anal, Geom. Any of 
the four parts into which a plane is divided 
by rectangular coordinate axes lying in that 
plane. The upper right-hand part is the 
first quadrant; the others successively aa Quadrants. 
counter-clockwise are the second, third, and fourth. 3. An 
instrument for measuring altitudes, commonly a graduated 
arc of 90°, with an index, sights, etc. 4. Mach. Any piece 
shaped like, or suggestive of, the quadrant of a circle. 

quad-ran'tal (kwod-ran'tal ; kwod'rcln-), a. Of or pert, to a 
quadrant ; included in, or of the shape of, a quadrant (def . 1 ) . 

quad'rat (kwod'rdt), n. Print. A block of type metal lower 
than the letters, — used in spacing and in blank lines. 

quad'rate (-rat), a. [L. quadratus squared.] Square or 
approximately square. Now Rare. — n. 1. A square ; 
hence, anything_ resembling a square, as a rectangular 
space. 2. An object square or cubical in form, or approxi- 
mately so. 3. Astrol. Distant from each other 90° ; — said 
of two heavenly bodies. — v. i. ; -rat-ed (-rat-ed) ; -rat- 
ing. To square ; agree ; correspond ; — used with with. — 
v. t. To make accordant with ; conform to. 

quad-rat'ic (kwod-rat'ik), a. 1. Square. 2. Algebra. 
Marked by terms of second degree as the highest ; as, a 
quadratic equation, in which the highest power of the un- 
known quantity is a square. 

quad-rat'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) That branch of algebra 
which treats of quadratic equations. 

quad-ra'trix (kwod-ra'tnks), n.; pi. E. -trlxes (-tnk-sez ; 
24), L. -trices (kwod'rd-trl'sez). [NL.] Geom. A curve 
used in the quadrature of other curves. 

quad'ra-ture (kwod'rd-tur), n. [L. quadratura.] 1. Act 
or process of squaring or making square ; specif., the (im- 
possible) problem (quadrature of the circle) of finding 
the side of a square exactly equal in area to a given circular 
area. 2. Square shape; a square. Obs. or R. 3. Astron. 
a The relation of two heavenly bodies when distant from 
each other 90°. b Either of two points on an orbit in a 
middle position between the syzygies ; as, the quadratures 



|i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equal*. 



N 



QUADRENNIAL 



788 



QUALITY 



of the moon (points where, the moon being in quadrature 
with the sun, one half of the lunar disk is illumined). 

quad-ren'ni-al (kwod-ren'I-dl), a. [L. quadriennium a 
space of four years ; quadri- + annus year.] 1. Compris- 
ing, or lasting through, four years. 2. Occurring once in 
four years, or at the end of every four years. al-ly, adv. 

quad-ren'ni-um (-um), n.; L. pi. -nia (-d). [NL. See 
quadrennial.] A space or period of four years. 

quad'ri- (kwod^ri-). [L. ; akin to quattuor four.] Combin- 
ing form meaning four, four times, fourfold. 

quad'ric (-nk), a. Math. Of or pert, to the second degree ; 
— used where there are more than two variables. — n. 
Alg. A quantic of the second degree. 

quad'ri-ceps (-n-seps),n. [NL. ; quadri- + L. caput head. 
Anat.^ The great muscle of the front of the thigh, [pede 

quad'ri-cy'cle (-sl'k'l), n. A four-wheeled cycle or veloci 

quad'ri-fid (-fid), a. [L. quadri fidus; quadri- + finder e to 
cleave.] Divided, or cleft, into four parts, as a petal. 

quad-ri'ga (kwod-rl'gd), n.; pi. -g.e (-je). [L.] Class. 
Antiq. A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast. 

quad'ri-lat'er-al (-lat'er-dl), a. [L. quad? -Hater -us. See 
lateral.] Having four sides and four angles, j 

— n. 1. Geom. A plane figure of four sides / 
and four angles ; quadrangle. 2. A quadran- / 

gular area of ground, as one defended by four [_ 

fortresses supporting each other. Quadrilateral. 

qua-drille' (kwd-dnl'), n. [F., fr. a Sp. or It. dim. fr. L. 
quadra a square.] 1. A square dance of five figures, in com- 
mon time, for four couples ; also, music for the dance. 2. A 
certain game of cards, formerly popular. 

quad-ril'lion (kwod-ril'yiin), n. [F. See quadri-; mil- 
lion.] The number denoted by a unit with 15 zeros an- 
nexed in French and American notation, or 24 in English. 

quad ri-no'mi-al (kwod'rT-no'mi-dl), n. A polynomial of 
four terms. — quad ri-no'mi-al, a. 

quad'ri-par'tite (kwod'n-par'tlt ; kwod-np'dr-tlt), a. [L. 
quadripartitus, p. p. of quadripartire to divide into four 
parts.] Consisting of, or divided into, four parts. — 
quad'ri-par-ti'tion (kwod'ri-par-tish'un),^. [syllables. I 

quad'ri-syl'la-ble (kwod'ri-sil'd-b'l), n. A word of four| 

quad'ri-va'lent ( kwod'n-va'lent ; kwod-nv'd-lent ), a. 
[_quadri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. 
Having a valence of four ; tetravalent. See valence. — 
quad'ri-ya'lence (lens), n. 

quad-riv'i-al (kwod-nv'i-al), a. [L. quadrivium a place 
where four ways meet ; quadri- (see quadri-) + via way.] 
Having four ways or roads meeting in a point; also, of 
ways or roads, leading in four directions. 

quad-riv'i-um (-ftm), n. [L. See quadrivial.] In medie- 
val times, the four "liberal arts," arithmetic, music, geome- 
try, and astronomy, constituting the higher division of the 
seven "liberal arts," and the course for the three years' 
study between the B" A. and M. A. degrees. See trivium. 

quad-roon' (kwod-roon'), n. [Sp. cuarter6n.~] The off- 
spring of a mulatto and a white person ; a person having one 
fourth negro blood. 

quad-ru'ma-nous (-roo'md-nus), a. [L. quadru-, quadri- 
+ manus hand.] Zobl. Four-handed ; belonging to a 
former order (Quadrumana) of mammals including all 
primates except man. — quad'ru-mane (kwod'roo-man), n. 

quad'ru-ped (kwod'ro6-ped), a. [L. quadrupes, -pedis; 
quadru-, quadri- + pes, pedis, foot.] Having four feet. 

— n. An animal having four feet. 

quad-ru'pe-dal ( kwod-roo'pe-ddl ; kwod'rdo-pe'ddl ), a. 
Zo'ol. a Having four feet, b Pertaining to a quadruped. 

quad'ru-ple (kwod'roo-p'l), a. & adv. [L. quadruplus, a.] 
Fourfold. — quadruple-expansion engine. See com- 
pound engine. — n. A sum or amount four times as great 
as another. — v. t. & i. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). To 
multiply or be multiplied by four ; increase fourfold. 

quad'ru-plet (-plSt), n. A collection of four of one kind ; 
specif., in pi., four children born in the same labor. 

quad'ru-plex (-pleks), a. [L.] 1. Fourfold. 2. Telegraph. 
Pertaining to a system by which four messages, two in each 
direction, may be sent simultaneously over one wire. 

quad-ru'pli-cate (kwod-roo'pli-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kaV- 
Sd) ; -cat/eng. [L. quadruplicate, p. p. of quadruplicare, 
fr. quadruplex fourfold.] To quadruple. — (-kat), a. Four- 
fold ; specif., Math., raised to the 4th power. — n. In pi. 
Four things, as copies of a document, corresponding exact- 
ly in all ways. — quad-ru'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shwn), n. 
in quadruplicate, in four copies alike in all particulars. 

quse're (kwe're), v. imperative. [L. See query.] In- 
quire ; question ; — used to signify doubt or to suggest 

) investigation. 

quses'tor (kwes'tor; kwes'-), n. Also ques'tor. [L., fr. 
quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask.] Roman Hist. Any 
of a number of officials originally judges at certain criminal 
trials, later treasurers of state. — quses'tor-ship, n. 

quaff (kwaf), v. t. & i. To drink freely or copiously. — n. 

1 A quaffing, or that which is quaffed ; a drink. — quaf f 'er, n. 
quag (kwag), n. Quagmire . Rare. 





European Quail. 



quag'ga (kwag'd), n. [Zulu (i) qaqa anything striped or 
speckled.] 1. A South African wild ass 
(Equus quagga) allied to the zebras, ex- 
terminated during the 19th century. 
Erron., a zebra. 

quag'gy (-1), a. 
Like a quag- 
mire; boggy; al- 
so, flabby. 

quag'mire' 
(kwag'mlr'),^. 

1. Soft, wet, miry 
land, which shakes 
or yields under 
foot. 2. A position 
of difficulty, as of 
one in a quag- Quagga. j 
mire. — Syn. Morass, marsh, bog, swamp, fen, slough. 

qua'haug (kwo'hog ; kwd-h6g r ). Var. cf quahog. 

qua'hog (kwo'hog ; kwd-hog'), n. [From Amer. Indian.] 
The common American round clam {Venus mer,cenaria). 

quail (kwal), v. i. To sink under trial or prospect of danger ; 
lose heart ; hence : to give way ; shrink ; cower. — Syn. 
Flinch, blench. See shrink. 

quail, n. (See plural, Note.) [OF. quaille, fr. LL. qua- 
quila, qualia."] 1. A migratory gallina- 
ceous Old World game bird (Coturnix co~ 
turnix), allied to the pheasant. 
America, any of several small galli- 
naceous game birds, most of which 
are called also partridge; specif., 
in the northern and eastern States, 
the bobwhite. 

quaint (kwant), a. [OF. cointe 
prudent, skillful, amiable, neat, fr. 
L. cognitus known.] 1. Prudent ; 
wise ; expert. Obs. 2. Character- 
ized by ingenuity or art ; skillfully 

wrought ; hence : graceful ;.neat. Archaic. 3. Curious and 
fanciful; affected. 4. Strange, esp. old-fashioned, but 
pleasing in character, appearance, or action. — Syn. See 
strange. — quaint'ly, adv. — quaint'ness, n. 

quake (kwak), v. i.; quaked (kwakt); quak'ing (kwak'- 
mg). [AS. cwacian.J 1. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, 
either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from vio- 
lent convulsion. 2. To shake with fear, cold, anger, or the 
like ; shudder ; shiver. — Syn. See shiver. — n. A shak- 
ing or trembling, esp. an earthquake. 

quak'er (kwak'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, quakes. 

2. [cap.J One of a religious sect founded by George 
Fox, about 1650 ; — orig. so called in derision. The mem- 
bers call themselves Friends. — Quak'er-ess, n. fern. — 
Quak'er-ish, a. — Quak'er-ism (iz'm), n. 

Quaker gun. A dummy piece of artillery ; — so called be- 
cause the Quakers hold to the doctrine of nonresistance. 

quak'er-la'dies (-laMiz), n. pi. Bluets. 

Quak'er-ly (-li), a. & adv. Resembling Quakers. 

quali-fi-ca'tion (kwol'i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of qualify- 
ing, or state of being qualified. 2. That which qualifies ; 
any natural endowment, or any acquirement, which fits a 
person for a place, office, employment, etc. ; also, a requi- 
site or essential of a thing. 

qual'i-fied (kwol'i-fld), p. a. 1. Fitted.; competent ; fit ; as, 
qualified for office. 2. Limited or modified, as a statement. 

qual'i-fi'er (-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, qualifies. 

qual'i-fy (-fT), v. t. ; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. qualifier, LL. 
qualificare, fr. L. qualis how constituted, as + -ficare (in 
comp.)to make.] 1. To reduce from a general to a particu- 
lar or restricted form ; modify ; limit ; as, to qualify a state- 
ment. 2. Hence : to soften ; mitigate ; abate ; diminish ; 
reduce in strength, as liquors. 3. To characterize by nam- 
ing an attribute or attributes ; to name descriptively ; esp., 
Gram., to limit or modify the meaning of ; modify. 4. To 
make such as is required ; fit, as for an office. 5. To supply 
with legal power or capacity, as by administering an oath. 
Syn. Prepare, capacitate, temper, restrict, qualify, re- 
strain. — Modify, qualify. To modify is to change in form 
or qualities rather than materially or essentially ; to qualify 
is esp. to make less general, positive, strong, or severe. 

— v. i. 1. To be or become qualified ; be fit, as for an office. 
2. To obtain legal or competent power or capacity. 

qual'i-ta-tive (-ta-ti v) , a. Relating to quality ; — often used 
in distinction from quantitative. — qual'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. 
qualitative analysis, Chem., determination of the ingre- 
dients of a substance as to kind. 

qual'i-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. qualite, L. qualitas 
fr. qualis how constituted, as.] 1. That from the posses- 
sion of which anything is such as it is ; a property, charac- 
teristic, or attribute ; as, hardness is a quality of rock. 2. 
Proper or essential being ; character ; nature ; kind ; as, 
"The quality of mercy is not strained." 3. Hence: a Spe- 
cial or temporary character; assumed or asserted rank, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
pse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



QUALM 



789 



QUARTER CRACK 




part, or position ; as, to act in quality of hostess, b Class, 
kind, or grade ; as, a fine quality of yarn. 4. Distinctive or 
peculiar character or kind ; individuality. 5. a Excellence 
of character ; as, the thoroughbred shows quality, b An ac- 
complishment. C Superior birth or station ; high rank ; as, 
a lady of quality. 6. People of good social position ; — usu- 
ally with the. Archaic or Dial. 7. Acoustics. Timbre. 8. 
Logic. Affirmation or negation in a proposition. 9. Law. 
The character of an estate as determined by the manner in 
which it is to be held or enjoyed. 

Syn. Quality, property, attribute, accident. Quality, 
the most general term, applies to that which is predicable 
of anything as one of its characteristics ; a property is a 
peculiar or special quality ; an attribute is an essential, 
inherent, or necessary, an accident, a nonessential, fortu- 
itous, or contingent, quality or property, 
qualm (kwam), n. 1. A sudden attack of illness, faintness, 
or esp. nausea. 2. A sudden misgiving or faintheartedness. 

3. A scruple of conscience ; compunction. 

Syn. Scruple, qualm, misgiving. A scruple is a feel- 
ing, esp. conscientious, of doubt or hesitation ; a qualm 
is a sudden, esp. uneasy, scruple ; a misgiving is a feeling, 
often apprehensive, of mistrust. 

qualm'ish, a. 1. Feeling, or inclined to feel, a qualm or 
qualms. 2. Like, or likely to produce, a qualm or qualms. 

quan'da-ry (kwon'dd-ri or, esp. British or Obs., kwon-da'- 
ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A state of perplexity or doubt ; a 
dilemma. — Syn. See predicament. 

Quan'dong' (kwon'dong 7 ), n. Also quandang, quantong, 
etc. [Native name.] An Australian 
santalaceous tree (Fusanus acumina- 
tus) ; also, its edible drupaceous fruit (na- 

■ tive peach), or the edible kernel or nut. 

quan'ta (-td), n. pi. of quantum. 

quan'tic (kwon'tlk), n. [L. quantus 
how much.] Math. A homogeneous 
algebraic function of two or more vari- 
ables, in general containing only positive 
integral powers of the variables. Quandong Nut. 

quan'ti-fi-ca'tion (kwon'ti-fT-ka'shSn), n. Modification by 
a reference to quantity ; introduction of the element of 
quantity. 

quan'ti-fy (-ti-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. quantus 
how much + -fy.~] 1. To fix or express the quantity of ; 
rate. 2. Logic. To make the logical quantity of explicit. 

quan'ti-ta-tive (kwon'ti-ta-tTv), a. 1. Estimated or esti- 
mable by quantity. 2. Of or pertaining to quantity. 
quantitative analysis, Chem., determination of the in- 
gredients of a substance as to quantity. 

quan'ti-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. quantite, L. quan- 
titas, fr. quantus how great, how much.] 1. The being so 
much in respect of a possible more or less ; as, mathematics 
deals with relations of quantity. 2. Spatial dimension ; as, 
the quantity of a surface. Rare, exc. Math. 3. Amount or 
portion ; bulk ; extent, etc. ; as, a small quantity of water. 

4. Great or considerable amount ; as, to find ore in quantity. 

5. a Phon. & Pros. Length or brevity of sounds (chiefly 
vowel sounds) or of syllables, b Music. The relative dura- 
tion of a tone. 6. Math. Anything to which mathematical 
processes are applicable ; whatever may be operated on ac- 
cording to fixed, mutually consistent laws ; — disting. from 
a magnitude. 7. Logic, a Of terms and conceptions : (1) 
their extension ; (2) their intension, or comprehension, b Of 
propositions, the characteristic which makes them univer- 
sal or particular, to which some add singular. 8. Law. The 
character of an estate as determined by its time of continu- 
ance, or degree of interest. — Syn. See sum. 

quan'tum (-turn), n. ; pi. -ta (-td). [L., neuter of quantus 
how much.] _ 1. Quantity ; amount. 2. Theoretical 
Physics. A discrete and indivisible quantity or unit of 
energy, analogous to the atom in the atomic theory of mat- 
ter. Radiating bodies are supposed to emit energy only in 
exact multiples of the quantum. 

quantum theory. Theoretical Physics. The theory that 
energy exists in space independent of matter and is an en- 
tity made up of definite units or particles called quanta. 

quar'an-tine (kwor'an-ten), n. [F. quarantaine, OF. quar- 
antine, quarantine, deriv. of L. quadraginta forty.] 1. 
The term, originally of forty days, during which an arriving 
ship suspected of infection is restrained from intercourse 
with the shore ; hence, such restraint, or the measures taken 
to enforce it ; also, the place where prohibited vessels are 
stationed. Now, any forced stoppage of travel or intercourse 
on account of contagious or infectious disease. 2. A period 
of forty days. — (kwor'dn-ten ; kwor'dn-ten'), v. t. ; -tined 
(-tend ; -tend') ; -ttn'ing. To subject to quarantine. 

quar'rel (kwor'el), n. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. quadras square.] 
1..A bolt or. arrow, esp. a square-headed one. 2. Arch. Any 
small quadrangular member, as a square of glass, esp. when 
set diagonally. 

quar'rel, n. [OF., querele, fr. L. querela, querella, com- 
plaint.] 1. Ground of complaint or dispute. Obsoles. 2. 



Hence, a cause or case to be disputed or defended. 3. A 
breach of concord, amity, etc. ; a disagreement ; esp., an an- 
gry dispute or strife ; altercation. — Syn. Brawl, broil, 
squabble, affray, feud, tumult, wrangle. See dispute. 

— v. i. ; -reled ( -eld ) or -relled ; -rel-ing or -rel-ling. 

1. To find fault ; cavil. 2. To have a difference or misunder- 
standing. 3. To dispute angrily or violently ; wrangle ; 
contend. — quar'rel-er, quar'rel-ler, n. 

quar'rel-some (-sum), a. Apt or disposed to quarrel; 
given to brawls and contention. — Syn. See belligerent. 
— quar'rel-some-ly, adv. — quar'rel-some-ness, n. 

quar'ri-er (kwor'i-er), n. A worker in a stone quarry. 

quar'ry (kwor'i), n. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). Archaic or Dial. Eng. 
A quarrel, or square, as : a A pane of glass, b A tile. 

quar'ry, n. ; pi. -ries (-iz). [OF. cuiriee, fr. cuir hide, 
leather, L. corium.~] 1. Hunting. A heap of the game 
killed. Obs. 2. The object of the chase ; game ; esp., the 
game hunted with hawks. — v. t. To hunt down (prey). 

quar'ry, n. [OF. quariere, LL. quadraria a quarry, whence 
squared (quadrati) stones are got.] An excavation, esp. an 
open one, for obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone. 

— v. t. ; -ried ( -id ) ; -ry-ing. 1. To dig or take from or as 
from a quarry. 2. To make a quarry in. 

quart (kwort), n. [F. quarte, n. fern., fr. quart fourth, fr. L. 
guartus fourth.] 1. A measure of capacity, both in dry and 
in liquid measure ; one fourth of a gallon ; one eighth of a 
peck ; 2 pints. Abbr., qt.; pi. qts. The U. S. dry quart = 
1.1011 liters; U. S. liquid quart = 0.9464 liter. 2. A 
vessel or measure containing a quart. ■ 

quart (kart), n. [F. quarte.] 1. Fencing. = carte. 2. In 
piquet, etc., four cards of a suit in sequence, the' highest 
four being the quart major. 

quar'tan (kwor'tan), a. [F. quartain, in fievre quartaine, 
L. quartanus, fr. quartus fourth.] Ot or pert, to the fourth ; 
specif., occurring every fourth day, inclusively. — n. Med. 
An intermittent fever which returns every fourth (in mod- 
ern reckoning, every third) day. 

|| quarte (kart), n. [F.] Fencing. = carte. 

quar'ter (kwor'ter), n. [F. quartier, L. quartarius a 
fourth part.] 1. A fourth part ; as : a The fourth part of a 
hundredweight. Abbr., qr. b Eight bushels, \ of a ton ; — 
used esp. in measuring grain. C The fourth of a pound, d 
The fourth of a yard ; a span, e Naut. The fourth of the dis- 
tance from one point of the compass to another, being the 
fourth of 11° lb', i. e., nearly 2° 49' ; — called also quarter 
point, t One fourth of a year, g A term of study in a 
college, etc. ; properly, one fourth of the school year, h As- 
tron. A fourth of the moon's period ; also, quadrature, i A 
fourth of an hour ; hence, the moment marking this. J 
Twenty-five cents, | of a dollar ; also, a silver coin of this 
value. U. S. & Canada. 2. Naut. a The after part of a 
vessel's side, b The part of the yardarm outside the slings. 

3. That part of a boot or shoe which forms the side, from 
heel to vamp. 4. One limb of a quadruped with the adja- 
cent parts. 5. One of the four parts into which the horizon 
is regarded as divided ; also, a cardinal point or division. 

6. The side of a horse's hoof between the toe and the heel. 

7. The territory or region under, or considered as under, 
any of the four conceived divisions of the horizon ; hence : 
region ; place ; also, point ; direction. 8. Her. a A bearing 
occupying the first fourth part (dexter chief) of the field. 
b Any of the four partitions of a quartered field. 9. A dis- 
trict or locality ; as, the Latin quarter in Paris. 10. Proper 
station ; assigned position. Now Rare, exc. : a Naut. A 
station at which officers and men are posted in battle, drill, 
etc. ; — usually in pi. ; as, the drum beat to quarters, b 
Place of lodging or temporary residence ; shelter ; — usually 
in pi. ; as, an army in winter quarters. C In pi. A collection 
of cabins for negroes on a plantation. Southern U. S. 11. 
Mil. Clemency shown in sparing the life of an enemy. 

— a. Consisting of, or equal to, a quarter. 

— y. t. 1. To divide into four equal parts. 2. Hence, to 
divide into parts, either more or^/ 
less than four, specif., to cleave 
asunder ; dismember. 3. Her. To 
arrange or bear, as different coats 
of arms, quarterly on one escutch- 
eon ; also, to add (a coat of arms) in 
this way. 4. Mech. To adjust or 
locate at right angles, as cranks. 
5. To shelter or entertain ; esp., to 
assign (soldiers) to a place of shel- 
ter. 6. Of a game dog, to cover (a Quartered Arms, 
field) by running over as if marking off into parts or quar- 
ters. — v. i. 1. To lodge. 2. To strike or blow on a ship's 
quarter, as the wind. 3. Of a game dog, to quarter a field. 

4. To range to and fro or from point to point. 
quar'ter-age (-aj), n. 1. A quarterly payment or allowance. 

2. Quarters or shelter, as for troops ; also, the provision of, 
or cost of providing, quarters. 

quarter back. Football. See back, n., 5 d. 

quarter crack. See sand crack. 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



QUARTER DAY 



790 



QUEEN MOTHER 







Q 



quarter (Say. A day regarded as beginning a quarter of the 

year, when quarterly payments, as rent, become due. 
quar'ter— deck 7 , n. Naut. That part of the spar, or upper, 

deck abaft the mainmast, reserved as a promenade for the 

officers and, sometimes, cabin passengers. 
quar'tered (kwor'terd), p. a. 1. Divided into quarters. 2. 

Furnished with quarters or shelter. 3. Quarter-sawed ; — 

said of timber, commonly oak. • 
quar'ter-ing, a. That quarters ; specif. : a Naut. Coming 

from a point well abaft the beam, but not directly astern ; 

— said of wind, waves, etc. b Mach. At right angles. — n. 
Division into quarters ; hence, division in general ; a specif. : 
Her. The division into four or more compartments of an 
escutcheon containing different coats of arms, b A quar- 
ter, or the coat of arms on it ; the marshaling of various 
coats of arms on one escutcheon to denote the alliances 
of one family with the heiresses of another. 

quar'ter-ly, adv. 1. By quarters ; once in a quarter of a 
year. 2. Her. In four or more parts ; — of a shield. 

quar'ter-ly, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, a quarter. 
2. Recurring during, or at the end of, each quarter. — n. ; 
pi. -lies (-llz). A periodical work published quarterlv. 

quar'Jer-mas'ter (kwor'ter-mas'ter), n. 1. Mil. A com- 
missioned officer charged with providing quarters, clothing, 
transportation, etc., for troops. 2. Naut. A petty officer 
who attends the helm, binnacle, etc. 

quar'ter-mas'ter-gen'er-al, n. Mil. In the United States, 
a staff officer who has the rank of brigadier general and is 
the chief officer in the quartermaster's department ; in 
Great Britain, an officer of high rank, stationed at the War 
Office, chief of the department charged with providing 
food, etc. 

quar'tern (-tern), n. [F. quarteron a fourth of a pound, or 
of a hundred.] 1. A fourth ; quarter ; as, a fourth of a 
pint ; a gill. 2. A loaf of bread weighing about four pounds. 

quarter note. Music. A crotchet. See note. 

quar'ter-phase', a. Elec. Two-phase ; diphase. 

quarter-saw', v. t. To saw (a log) into quarters and then 
into lumber, so as to show the grain to advantage, etc. 

quar'ter-Staif (-ter-stafO,w.; pi. -staves (-stavz' ; -stavz')- 
A staff formerly used as a weapon, wielded with one hand 
in the middle and the other between middle and end. 

quar-tet' Wkwor-tet'), n. [It. quartette-, dim. of quarto 

quar-tette'j fourth, L. quartus.~\ Music. 1. A composi- 
tion in four parts, each for a single performer ; also, the set 
of four performers of such music. 2. Any group of four. 

quar'tile (kwor'tTl), a. [L. quartus the fourth.] 1. Statis- 
tics. Designating a point so chosen that three fourths of the 
individuals in a series are on one side of it and one fourth on 
the other. Cf. median, a., 2. 2. Astrol. Designating, or 
pert, to, an aspect with a difference of 90° celestial longi- 
tude. — n. 1. Statistics. A quartile point. 2. Astrol. A 
quartile aspect ; quadrate. See aspect, 2. 

quar'to (kwor'to), a. [L. in quarto in fourth.] Having 
four leaves to the sheet, as a book. — n. ; pi. -tos (-toz). A 
size (commonly about 9? x 12 inches) of a book, or of its 
pages, resulting, orig., from folding each sheet into four 
leaves ; also, a book of such size ; — often written J,to or 4°- 

quartz (kworts), n. [G. quarz.~] A form of silica in hexago- 
nal crystals or crystalline masses. Except water, it is the 
commonest mineral, occurring in granite, sandstone, etc., 
and may be colorless and transparent, or colored. 

quartz-if'er-OUS (kw6rt-sTf'er-us), a. [quartz -f- -ferous.~] 
Consisting chiefly of quartz ; containing quartz. 

quartz'ite (kwort'slt), n. Petrog. A compact granular rock 
composed of quartz. It is a metamorphosed sandstone. 

quartz'ose (kwort'sos), quartz'ous (-sws), a. Containing, 
consisting of, or resembling quartz. 

quash (kwosh), v. t. [OF. quasser, fr. L. cassare to annihi- 
late, annul.] Law. To abate, annul, or make void. 

quash, v. t. [Prob. fr. OF. quaissier, fr. L. quassare to 
shatter.] To suppress ; crush out ; quell. 

qua'si (kwa'sl). [L.] 1. As if ; as though ; as it were ; in a 
manner ; in a certain sense or degree ; seeming ; seemingly ; 

— used as an adjective or an adverb ; or as a prefix, with a 
noun, adjective, or adverb ; as, a 'quasi argument, quasi 
historical (or gwasi-historical), etc. 2. Law. Qualifying 
something (mentioned) as being of a certain kind to which 
it belongs only by operation or construction of law and 
without reference to any intent of the party in interest, as 
the obligee or owner ; as in : quasi deposit, the obligation, 
amounting to that of a deposit, imposed by law on the 
finder of articles the owner of which is known ; quasi ease- 
ments, the rights necessary to reasonable enjoyment of 
property and passing with it in a grant unless expressly ex- 
cepted ; quasi contract, an obligation which the law im- 
poses upon a person independently of his will, in general 
corresponding to those not arising either from tort or from 
true contracts. Quasi contracts are sometimes, inaccurately, 
called implied contracts. 

quas'si-a (kwosh'I-a; kwas'- ; kwash'-), n. [NL., fr. Gra- 
man Quassi, a Surinam negro who discovered its virtues 
about 1730.] A bitter tonic drug from the wood of any of 




several tropical American simaroubaceous trees (as Quassia 
amara and Simarouba amara). 

quas'sin (kwas'in; kwos'-), n. Also quas'si-in (-i-m). 
Chem. The bitter principle of quassia, extracted as a white 
crystalline neutral substance. 

qua-ter'na-ry (kwd-tfir'na-rT), a. [L. quaternarius con- 
sisting of four each, containing four.] 1. Consisting of 
four; being, coming, etc., by fours, or in sets of four. 2. 
[cap.] Geol. Pert, to or designating the period from the end 
of the Tertiary to the present time. — n. ; pi. -eies (-riz). 
1. A group of four ; also, the number four. 2. [cap.] Geol. 
The Quaternary period (called also the Age of Man) ; 
Quaternary system of rocks. 

qua-ter'ni-on (-m-un), n. [L. quaternio, fr. quaterni four 
each.] 1. A set of four parts, things, or persons. 2. Math. 
The quotient of two vector's considered as depending on 
four distinct numbers and as expressible by a certain qua- 
drinomial ; the factor, multiplication by which converts 
one vector into another. However, authorities are not yet 
quite agreed as to what a quaternion is or ought to be. 3. 
In pi. Math. The calculus of the quaternion. 

qua-tor'zain (kd-tor'zan ; kat'or-zan), n. [See quatorze.] 
A poem of fourteen lines ; formerly, the sonnet, now, 
specif., a sonnetlike poem without strict sonnet structure. 

qua-torze' (ka-torz'), n. [F., fourteen, L. quattuordecim.'] 
Four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens, in piquet ; — 
counting fourteen. 

quat'rain (kwot'ran), r.. [F., fr. quatre four, L. quattuor, 
quatuor.2 Pros. A stanza of four lines, usually of ten-syl- 
lable iambics, riming alternately. [having four spots.) 

qua'tre (ka'ter ; F. ka'tr'), n. [F.] A card, die, or domino| 

quat're-foiF (kat'er-foil'), n. [F. quatre four + OF. foil, 
foille, leaf.] Arch. An ornamental 
foliation having four lobes, or foils. 

|| quat'tro-cen'to (kwat'tro-chen'- 
to), n. & a. [It., four hundred, 
used as an abbreviated expression Quatrefoils. 

for the dates beginning with fourteen hundred.] The 15th 
century, when applied to Italian art or literature. Cf. 
cinquecento, trecento. 

qua'ver (kwa'ver), v. i. [ME. quaven to shake, tremble.] 
To tremble ; shake ; esp., to cause the voice to vibrate ; also, 
to trill on a musical instrument. — Syn. See quiver. — 
v. t. To utter with quavers ; esp., to sing with trills or 
quavers. — n. 1. A shake, or rapid and tremulous vibra- 
tion, as of the voice. 2. Music, a An eighth note. See 
note, b A melodic shake or trill, esp. in singing. 

quay (ke), n. [OF. kai, cay.'] A stretch of paved and 
strengthened bank, or a solid landing place, as of masonry, 
made at the side of a navigable body of water. 

quay'age (-aj),n. [F.] 1. Charge for use of a quay; wharf- 
age. 2. Room on or for quays ; also, quays collectively. 

quean (kwen), n. [Orig., a woman, AS. cwene."] 1. A 
woman ; esp., a girl. 06s. or Scot. 2. A wench ; hussy. 

quea'sy (kwe'zT), a. -si-er (-zi-er); -si-est. 1. Ticklish ; deli- 
cate ; hazardous. 2. Qualmish. 3. Ill at ease. 4. Fastidi- 
ous ; squeamish. — quea'si-ly, adv. — quea'si-ness, n. 

que-bra'cho (ka-bra'cho), n. [Sp., also quiebrahacha, lit. 
break -ax, from its hard wood.] 1. Any of several tropical 
American trees having very hard wood ; esp., the red que- 
bracho, an anacardiaceous tree (Quebrachia lorentzii) of 
the Argentine region, with bright red bark, valued for its 
tannin and as a dye. 2. The wood or bark of any of these 
trees. In pharmacy quebracho bark means specif, the 
bark of the white quebracho ( an apocynaceous tree, Ma- 
caglia quebracho), used as a tonic and antispasmodic. 

queen (kwen), n. [AS. cwen wife, queen, woman.] 1. A 
wife of a king. 2. A female monarch. 3. A woman eminent 
in power or attractions ; — also used of cities, countries, 
etc. 4. The fully developed female of social bees, ants, or 
termites, whose function is reproduction ; — disting. from 
the workers, soldiers, etc. 5. Chess. The most powerful 
piece, moving, directly or diagonally, across any number of 
unoccupied squares in a straight line. 6. A playing card 
bearing the picture of a queen. 

Queen Anne's lace or laces, the wild carrot, in allusion 
to the finely cut involucre. — Q. Anne style, Arch., a 
style of English building prevalent early in the 18th cen- 
tury, characterized by modified classic ornament, by the 
use of red brickwork, and by general fitness for domestic 
architecture. — q. of the prairie, an American spiraea 
(Spiraea lobata) with ample clusters of pale pink flowers. 

— v. t. To make a queen of. — v. i. To act as, or wield the 
power of, a queen ; — usually used with it. 

queen'fish', n. A California sciasnoid food fish (Seripheus 
politus). The back is bluish, the sides and belly silvery. 

queen'ing, n. Any of several kinds of apples, as summer 
queening, scarlet queening, and early queening. 

queen'ly (kwen'li), a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. Like, becom- 
ing, or suitable to, a queen. — queen'li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

queen mother. A queen dowager who is mother of the 
reigning king or queen. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



QUEEN-POST 



791 



QUIDNUNC 




queen'-post', to. One of two vertical tie posts in a roof truss 
or similar framed truss. 

queen regent. A reigning queen, 
either in her own right (queen 
regnant) or in another's. 

queen/root' (kwen'- 
root'), n. A euphorbia- 
ceous herb (Stil- 
lingiasylvatica) ^ 
of the southern € f 

United States. Queen-post Roof. AB Tiebeam j DO EF 
Ttc rnnt is used in Queen-posts; DE Straining Piece; AD 
JnedTcine as aS BE Principal Rafters ; AC BC Rafters, 
alterative and expectorant. 

Queen's Bench, queen's counsel, queen's English, 
queen's evidence. See King's Bench, etc. 

queer (kwer), a. [Perh. fr. G. quer cross, oblique, athwart, 
OHG. twer.~] 1. Differing in some odd way from the ordi- 
nary ; singular ; peculiar. 2. Suspicious ; questionable. Col- 
loq. 3. Qualmish ; faint. 4. Spurious ; counterfeit. Slang. 

— Syn. See strange. — to. Counterfeit money. Slang. — 
v. t. To spoil the effect or success of, as by ridicule ; spoil. 
Slang. — queer'ly, adv. — queer'ness, n. 

quell (kwel), v. t. [AS. cwellan to kill.] 1. To kill. Obs. 2. 
To overpower ; subdue ; put down ; suppress. 3. To quiet ; 
allay ; calm ; as, to quell grief. — Syn. Crush, reduce, re- 
press. — quell'er, n. 

quench (kwench), v. t. [AS. cwencan, in acwencan to ex- 

t tinguish utterly.] 1. To extinguish ; make an end of ; as, to 
quench a light. 2. To extinguish the flame or fire of ; as, to 
quench a candle. 3. To extinguish by satisfying, as thirst ; 
to slake. 4. To cool suddenly, as steel in tempering. — v. i. 
To become extinguished ; go out ; hence, of passions, sensa- 
tions, etc., or of persons experiencing such : to subside ; to 
become calm or cool. — quench'a-ble, a. — quench'er, n. 

quench'less, a. Incapable of being quenched ; inextin- 
guishable. 

que-nelle' (ke-neF), to. [F.] Cookery. A forcemeat ball, 
usually of chicken or veal, commonly cooked in boiling 
water or fried in deep fat. 

quer'ce-tin (kwur'se-tin),TO. [See quercitron.] Chem. A 
yellow crystalline substance, C15H10O7, the true dyestuff of 
quercitron. — quer-cet'ic (kwer-set'ik ; -se'tik), o. 

quer'cine (kwur'sin; -sin), a. [L. quercinus, fr. quercus 
oak.] Pertaining to the oak. 

quer'Clt-ron (kwfir'sit-run), n. [G. quercitron-ge\b, fr. L. 
quercus oak + G. citrongelb citron yellow.] A large tim- 
ber oak (Quercus velutina) of the eastern United States, 
having yellow inner bark ; also, its bark, used in tanning 
and dyeing. 

quer'i-mo'ni-OUS (kwer'i-mo'm-us), a. [L. querimonia a 
complaint, fr. queri to complain.] Complaining ; queru- 
lous ; apt to complain. Rare. 

que'rist (kwe'rist), to. One who queries, or inquires. 

quern (kwurn),'TO. [AS. cweorn, cwyrn.'] A kind of primi- 
tive hand mill for grinding grain. 

quer'u-lOUS (kwer'06-lus), a. [L. querulus and querulosus 
fr. queri to complain.] 1. Apt to find fault ; habitually 
complaining. 2. Fretful ; whining. — Syn. Bewailing, la- 
menting, murmuring, discontented, dissatisfied. See plain- 
tive. — quer'u-lous-ly, adv. — quer'u-lous-ness, n. 

que'ry (kwe'ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. quaere, imperative 
sing, of quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask.] 1. A ques- 
tion ; an inquiry. 2. A doubt. 3. An interrogation point 
[?]. — v. t.; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing. 1. To inquire into ; 
ask. 2. To address questions to. 3. To indicate as doubt- 
ful ; question the correctness of ; specif., to mark with inter- 
rogation marks, as printer's proof, expressing doubt as to a 
detail. — Syn. See inquire. — v. i. To question. 

quest (kwest), n. [OF. queste, fr. L. quaerere. See query.] 
1. A jury holding an inquest. R. 2. A seeking; search; 
adventure ; specif., Medieval Romance, a knightly expedi- 
tion, as that in search of the Holy Grail (see grail) ; also, the 
knights engaged in the expedition. — v. i. 1. To search a 
trail ; also, to bay ; — said of a dog. 2. To make a search ; 
go in pursuit ; go on a quest. — quest'er, n. 

ques'tion (kwes'chim), n. [F., fr. L. question 1. Act of 
asking ; interrogation ; inquiry. 2. Discussion ; debate ; 
hence : objection ; doubt ; as, true beyond question. 3. In- 
vestigation, esp. a judicial one. 4. That which is asked ; 
query. 5. Hence, a subject of or for investigation or debate. 

— Syn. Inquiry ; topic, subject. 

— v. i. To ask questions ; inquire. — v. t. 1. To examine by 
queries ; as, to question a witness. 2. To be uncertain of ; 
doubt ; as, I question whether he got it. 3. To call in ques- 
tion ; dispute ; as, I question that statement. — Syn. See 
inquire. 

ques'tion-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Admitting of being ques- 
tioned. Rare. 2. a Open to question or dispute ; uncertain ; 

— often in it is questionable (whether, if), b Doubtful ; 
problematical ; suspicious ; as, questionable motives, deal- 



ings. — Syn. Disputable, debatable, uncertain, suspicious, 
dubious. — ques'tion-a-ble-ness, n. tion-a-bly, adv. 

ques'tion-a-ry (-a-rl), a. Asking, in the form of, or involv- 
ing, questions. — n.;pl. -ries (-riz). A set of questions, esp. 
for submission to a number of persons, as in giving instruc- 
tions to pupils, or, in psychological investigations. 

ques'tion-er, n. One who questions. [ingly.l 

ques'tion-ing-ly, adv. In a questioning manner ; inquir-| 

ques'tion-ist, n. Questioner ; inquirer. 

ques'tion-less, a. Unquestionable ; also, unquestioning. 

question mark or, Rare, stop. An interrogation point. 

|| ques'tion'naire' fees' tyo'nar'), n.; pi. -naires (F. -nar'). 

[F.] = QUESTIONARY. 

ques'tor (kwes'tor), ques'tor-ship. Var. of quaestor, etc. 

quet-zal' (ket-sal' ; ket'sdl), n. [Amer. Sp. quetzale, Mex. 
quetzaltototl, fr. quetzalli a large green leather.] A Central 
American trogon (Pharomacrus mocinno) having brilliant 
plumage, and, in the male, very long upper tail coverts. It 
is the national emblem of Guatemala. 

queue (ku), n. [F. See cue.] 1. A pigtail. = 1st cue, n., 1. 

2. A line of persons, carriages, etc. = 1st cue, to., 3. 
quib'ble (kwib r 'l), to. l.Apun. Obsoles. 2. A shift or turn 

from the point in question ; an evasion ; equivocation ; pre- 
varication. — v. i. ; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). 1. To pun. 
Obsoles. 2. To evade the point in question, as by raising 
unimportant or irrelevant points, etc. ; equivocate ; prevari- 
cate. — Syn. Cavil, shuffle. — quib/bler (-ler),_TO. 
quick (kwik), a. [AS. cwic, cwicu, living.] 1. Living ; ani- 
mate. Archaic or Dial. 2. Characterized by life or anima- 
tion ; as : a Alert ; ready ; as, a quick wit. b Active ; brisk : 
busy ; as, quick trade. 3- Pregnant. 4. Burning strongly 
or briskly ; as, a quick fire. Hence : fiery ; burning ; intense. 
5. Moving ; shifting ; — said of sand, earth ; etc. 6. Prompt 
or rapid in action or thought ; speedy ; hasty ; as, a quick 
reply. 7. Impatient ; passionate ; as, a quick temper. 8. 
Taking place rapidly or briefly ; as, a quick look. 9. Fresh ; 
bracing ; as, the air is quick. 10. Sensitive ; ready ; keen ; 
as, a quick ear. 11. Sharp ; abrupt ;as, a quick turn, curve. 
— Syn. Expeditious, swift, rapid, prompt, active, brisk, 
nimble, fleet, alert, agile, lively. See fast. 
quick grass, couch grass. — q. time, Mil., a rate of 
marching in which in the United States army 120 steps, 
each of thirty inches, in the British array 128 steps, each 
of thirty-three inches, are taken in one minute. 

— adv. In a quick manner ; quickly. 

— to. 1. A live plant, or living plants collectively ; esp., 
hawthorn ; quickset. 2. The life ; a vital part ; the sensitive 
living flesh ; specif., the part of a finger or toe to which the 
nail is attached. 

quick'en (-'n), v. t. 1. To make alive ; revive ; resuscitate ; 
hence : to excite ; stimulate. 2. To make lively, active, or 
sprightly ; of medicine, liquor, etc., to make more stimula- 
ting. 3. To hasten ; accelerate ; as, to quicken one's depar- 
ture. — Syn. Animate, revive, vivify ; sharpen, incite. 

— v. i. 1. To come to life ; become enlivened. 2. a To show 
signs of life, as the fetus in the womb, b To reach the stage 
of pregnancy in which fetal movement is first perceptible. 

3. To move with increased rapidity. — quick'en-er, to. 
quick'— fire' )a. 1. Gun. Firing in rapid succession. 2. 
quick'— fil'ingj Ordnance. Shooting with short intervals 

between shots ; — used (esp. in the British service) of single- 
barreled guns with a quick-acting breech mechanism oper- 
ated by a single movement of a crank or lever. Abbr., Q. F. 

Cf. RAPID-FIRE. 

quick'lime' (-11m'), n. Unslaked lime. See lime, 2. 

quick'ly, adv. In a quick manner (in various senses) ; spe- 
cif., speedily ; without delay. 

quick'ness, to. Quality, state, or fact of being quick ; as : 
rapidity, alertness, readiness, hastiness, abruptness, acute- 
ness, sensitiveness, keenness, etc. — Syn. Velocity, celer- 
ity, haste, expedition, promptness, dispatch, nimbleness, 
fleetness, agility, briskness. 

quick'sand' (-sand'), n. Sand easily yielding to pressure ; 
esp., a deep mass of loose sand mixed with water into which 
a person or heavy object readily sinks. 

quick'set' (-set'), n. 1. A cutting, esp. when set for a 
hedge ; specif., the hawthorn. 2. A hedge or thicket. 

quick'sil'ver (-sil'ver), to. Iquick living + silver; — from 
its fluidity.] Mercury, the metal. 

quick'step' (-step'), to. Music. A spirited march, esp. one 
in military quick time ; also, a lively dance step. 

quick'-wit'ted (109), a. Having ready wit. 

quid (kwid), to. [See cud.] A piece suitable to be chewed; 
cud ; as, a quid of tobacco. 

quid (kwid), to.; pi. quid or, rarely, qutds. A sovereign, or 
pound sterling ; 06s., a guinea. British Slang. 

quid'di-ty (kwTd'i-ti), to. ; pi. -ttes (-tlz). [LL. quidditas, 
It. L. quid what.] 1. The essence of a thing ; that which 
answers the question, Quid est ? (What is it ? ) 2. A trifling 
nicety ; a cavil ; quibble. 

quid'nunc' (-nunk'), to. [L., what now?] One curious to 
know everything going on ; a gossip. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



QUIESCE 



792 



QUINTETTE 



qui-esce' (kwT-eV), v. i.; qui-esced' C-Sst') ; qui-esc'ing. 
[L. quiescereJ] To become quiet or silent. 

qui-es'cence (-eVens), n.; pi. -cences (-sen-sez) \ State, 

qui-es'cen-cy (-en-si), n. ; pi. -cencies (-siz) J quali- 

ty, or fact of being quiescent. 

qui-es'cent (-ent), a. [L. quiescens, -entis, p. pr. of gui- 
escere to become quiet.] 1. At rest ; still ; as, a quiescent 
body or fluid. 2. Unagitated ; dormant. — Syn. See 
latent. — qui-es'cent-ly, adv. 

qui'et (kwT'et), a. [L. quietus, p. p. of quiescere to rest, 
keep quiet.] 1. In a state of rest or calm ; still ; hushed. 

2. Not excited or anxious ; calm ; placid ; as, a quiet con- 
science. 3. Not turbulent ; gentle ; as, a quiet spirit. 4. 
Not showy ; modest ; as, a quiet dress, color, etc. 5. En- 
joyed in peace and relaxation ; as, quiet pleasures. — Syn. 
Tranquil, unruffled, smooth, unmolested, undisturbed, 
peaceful. See still. 

— n. [L. quies, -etis."] 1. State or quality of being quiet, or 
in repose. 2. Freedom from disturbance ; stillness ; peace. 

— v. t. 1. To stop the motion of or the noise of ; to make 
quiet ; still ; silence. 2. To calm ; tranquilizer — v. i. To 
become still ; — often used with down. — qui'et-er, n. 

qui'et-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. A system of religious mysticism 
based on abstraction from worldly interests and the passive 
contemplation of God, esp. [cap.] as practiced by a certain 
sect founded in the 1 7th century. 2. Peace or tranquillity 
of mind ; indifference ; peacefulness ; inaction. 

Qui'et-ist, n. 1. One who believes in or practices Quietism, 
or [I. c] some similar form of mysticism. 2. [I. c] One 
who adopts a like attitude in political or social matters. 

qui'et-ly, adv. In a quiet state or manner, as motionlessly, 
noiselessly, silently, calmly, peaceably, patiently. 

qui'et-ness, n. Quality or state of being quiet ; stillness ; 
tranquillity ; calmness. 

qui'e-tude (kwl'e-tud), n. [L. quietudo."] Rest ; repose ; 
quietness ; tranquillity. 

qui-e'tus (kwl-e'tws), n. [LL. quietus quit, discharged, L., 
at rest, quiet, dead.] Final acquittance, as from debt or 
obligation ; hence, death ; also, that which quiets or calms ; 
as, to give one his quietus, to kill him, or check his activity. 

quill (kwil), n. 1. Something made of or like a hollow 
stalk ; as : a A spindle or spool, as of reed, for thread in a 
shuttle, b A musical tube or pipe, c Pharm. A roll of dried 
bark ; as, a quill of cinnamon. 2. A large stiff feather ; also, 
the hollow barrel or tube of a feather. 3. Something like or 
made from the quill of a feather ; as : a A pen for writing 
made from a quill, b A spine of the hedgehog or porcupine. 
C Music. A plectrum formed of a feather quill, used in 
plucking the strings of certain instruments, as the lute or 
the harpsichord. [ings).\ 

— v. t. To plait or flute in small cylindrical ridges {quill-\ 
quil-lai' (ki-ll'), n. [Native name.] The soapbark tree 

of Chile (Quillaja saponaria) or its detergent bark. 

quill driver. One who works with a pen ; a writer ; clerk 
or scribe. Jocose. 

quil'let (kwil'et ; 24), n. Subtlety ; quibble. Archaic. 

quill'ing (-Tng), n. A strip of lace, ribbon, etc., fluted or 
plaited so as somewhat to resemble a row of quills. 

quill'wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Isoetes), constitut- 
ing a family and order of aquatic or marsh plants, allied to 
the ferns and having quill-shaped leaves. 

quilt (kwilt), n. [OF. cuilte, fr. L. culcita bed, cushion, 
mattress.] 1. Orig., a kind of mattress ; now, a bed coverlet 
of two thicknesses filled with wool, cotton, etc. ; any warm 
outer bed covering. 2. Anything quilted or like a quilt. 

— v. t. 1. To fill or wad like a quilt. 2. To stitch or sew in 
layers, usually with some soft thick substance between. 

3. To stitch, sew, or mark, in lines or patterns, as quilts. 

4. To fasten between pieces of material, as money in a belt. 

— v. i. To make quilted work. — quilt'er, n. 
quilt'ing, n. 1. Act or action of one who, or that which, 

quilts something. 2. Quilted material or work ; also, mate- 
rial for quilts. 

quin-al'dine (kwin-al'din;-den),n. Also -din. [quinolme 
+ aldehyde + aniline.] Chem. ^ A colorless liquid, C9IIG- 
N • CH3, obtained as a condensation product of aldehyde 
and aniline, and occurring also in coal tar. 

qui'na-ry (kwl'nd-ri), a. [L. quinarius, fr. quini five 
each.] Consisting of five ; arranged by fives ; specif., Math., 
using five as the radix or base ; — said of a system of nota- 
tion. — n. ; pi. -exes (-riz). That which has five members. 

quince (kwins), n. [Prob. a pi. fr. ME. quyne, coin, OF. 
cooin, L. cotoneum, deriv. of Gr. iirjXov Kv86}i>ioi> quince, 
lit., apple of Cydonia, fr. Kvdwvla Cydonia, a city of Crete.] 
The applelike fruit of a malaceous tree or shrub (Cydonia 
cydonia) ; also the tree. 

quin-cun'cial (kwin-kun'shdl), a. 1. Of the form of a 
quincunx. 2. Bot. a Having five leaves so imbricated 
that two are exterior, two interior, and the other has one 
edge exterior and one interior ; as, quincuncial aestivation. 
b In phyllotaxy, 5-ranked. — quin-cun'cial-ly, adv. 



XH HC^o 



jCH HC 



^J 



S CH 



,CH 



quin'cunx (kwTn'kunks), n. [L., lit., five twelfths; quin- 
que five -f uncia an ounce.] 1. An arrange- a a 

ment of five things with one at each corner «g ,5 

and one in the middle of a square. 2. BotJ~~ 
A quincuncial arrangement, as of the parts 
of a flower in aestivation. 

quin-decfa-gon (kwln-dek'd-gon), n. [L. §k y 

quindecim fifteen + Gr.-yowaangle.] Geom. Quincunx. 
A figure, generally plane, with fifteen angles and, conse- 
quently, fifteen sides. 

quin'de-cem'vir (kwm'de-sem'ver), or, Latin form, quin'- 
de-cim'vir (-sim'ver), n.; pi. -viRi (-vi-rl). [L. quinde- 
cimvir; quindecim fifteen -f- vir a man.] Rom. Antiq. 
One of a body of fifteen men ; esp., Rom. Relig. a member 
of a college of priests having charge of the Sibylline Books. 

quin'i-a (kwin'i-d), n. [NL.] Chem. Quinine. 

quin'ic (kwin'ik), a. [See quinine.] Chem. Pert, to or 
designating a white crystalline acid, CeH7(OH)4C02H, got 
from cinchona bark, coffee beans, etc. 

quin'i-dine (kwin'i-dln; -den), n. Also -din. Chem. An 
alkaloid isomeric with and resembling quinine, found in 
certain species of cinchona. 

qui'nine (kwl'nln ; kwi-nen'), n. Also quin'in (kwln'in). 
[Sp. quina, or quinaquina, Peruvian bark, fr. native 
name.] Chem. A bitter alkaloid, C20II24O2N2, got from the 
bark of species of cinchona ; hence, Pharm., any of the salts 
of this alkaloid, as the acetate, chloride, sulphate, etc., used 
as_ a febrifuge or antiperiodic. 

qni-noi'dine (kwT-noi'din ; -den), n. Also -din. [qwinine 
-f- -oid.~\ Pharm. A brownish resinous mixture of alka- 
loids obtained as a by-product in the treatment of cinchona 
bark and sold as a cheap substitute for quinine. 

quin'ol (kwin'ol; -51), n. Hydroquinone. 

quin'o-line (-6-lin ; -len), n. Also -lin. [quinine + -ol, 2 
+ -ine.2 Chem. A nitrogenous base, C9H7N, obtained as a 
pungent colorless liquid by distillation of alkaloids, bones, 
coal tar, etc., and also synthetically ; hence, any of various 
derivatives of the same. Quinoline is the parent substance 
of a number of alkaloids, antiseptics, dyes, etc. 

quin'one (kwin'on; kwi-non'), n. [G. chinon."] Chem. A 
yellow crystalline substance, Ce- * 

H4O2, of penetrating odor, ob- j 
tained by the oxidation of quinic Hc ^ 
acid, aniline, and other com- 11 
pounds. II 

quin'qua-ge-na'ri-an (kwin'kwd- HC ^ 
je-na r r!-an ; 3), a. [L. quinqua- 
genarius containing fifty, fifty w 

years old.] Fifty years old ; char- Quinone. 1 Fittig's Dike- 
acteristic of a person of such an tone Formula ; 2Grasbe's 
„_„ Peroxide Formula. 

dge. 

Quin'qua-ges'i-ma (-jeVT-md), n. [L., fern, of quinqua. 
gesimus the fiftieth.] Short for Quinquagesima Sun- 
day, that is the Sunday next before Lent; — called also 
Shrove Sunday. 

quin-quen'ni-ad (kwTn-kwen'i-ad),^.. A period of five years. 

quin-quen'ni-al (-al), a. [L. quinquennis ; quinque five 
+ annus year.] Occurring once in five years, or at the end 
of every five years ; also, lasting five years. — n . A quinquen- 
nial event or term. [of five years. I 

quin-quen'ni-um (-um), n.; pi. -nia (-d). [L.] A period| 

quin'que-par'tite (kwTn'kwe-par'tit), a. [L. quinquepar- 
titus.~\ Consisting of, or divided into, five parts. 

quin'sy (kwtn'zT), n. ; pi. -sies (-ziz). [OF. quinancie or 
LL. quinancia, fr. L. cynanche a sort of sore throat, Gr. 
Kwayxn ; kucjip dog + o7x«f to choke.] Med. An inflam- 
mation of the throat or adjacent parts, attended with swell- 
ing and inflammatory fever ; suppurative tonsillitis. 

quint (kwint ; kint ; formerly also as F., kaNt), n. [F. 
quinte, fr. L. quintus fifth.] 1. In piquet, a sequence of 
five cards of the same suit. 2. Music. An organ stop giving 
tones a fifth higher than the normal pitch of the digitals. 

quin'tain (kwin'tan), n. [F. quintaine, LL. quintana."] 
An object to be tilted at, as a post or a post with a pivoted 
crosspiece supporting a mark or target, etc. Hist. 

quin'tal (-tdl), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. Ar. qintar.~\ A hundred- 
weight. A metric quintal is 100 kilograms, or 220.46 
pounds. Abbr., q. 

quin'tan (-tan), a. [L. quintanus, fr. quintus fifth, quin- 
que five.] Occurring as the fifth, after four others ; also, 
occurring every fifth day, reckoning inclusively ; as, a quin- 
tan fever. — n. Med. A quintan fever. 

quin-tes'sence (kwTn-teVens), n. [F.,fr. LL. quinta essen- 
tia fifth essence.] 1. The fifth or last and highest essence 
or power in a natural body. 2. Pure or concentrated es- 
sence. 3. Hence, the most perfect representative of some- 
thing ; a type. — quin'tes-sen'tial (kwtn'te-sen'shdl), a . 

quin-tet' HkwTn-teV), n. [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto 

quin-tette'j the fifth, fr. L. quintus fifth.] 1. Music. A 
composition for five voices or instruments ; also, the set 01 
five performers. 2. Any set of five, or thing arranged for five. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



QUINTILE 



793 



QUO WARRAOT6 



Quln'tile (kwih'tTl), n. [L. quintus the fifth.] Astrol. 
The aspect of planets when separated the nlth part of the 
zodiac, or 72°. 

quin-til'lion (-til'y&n), n. [From L. quintus fifth, after 
analogy of million.'] The number denoted by a unit with 
18 annexed zeros (in French and American notation), or 
with 30 annexed zeros (in English notation). — quin- 
til'lionth (-yunth), n. & a. 

quin'tu-ple (kwin'tu-p'l), a. [L. quintus fifth. Cf. quadru- 
ple.] Multiplied by five; fivefold. — v. t. & ».; -pled 
(-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). To make, or to become, fivefold. 

quin'tu-plet (-plet), n. [From quintuple.] A collection or 
combination of, or a contrivance for, five of a kind. 

quinze (kwinz ; F. kaNz), n. [F., fifteen.] A game at cards, 
resembling vingt et un, in which the object is to make, or 
come nearest to, without exceeding, fifteen points. 

quip (kwTp), n. [Prob. fr. L. quippe forsooth, used ironi- 
cally.] 1. A smart, sarcastic turn or jest ; a gibe ; a witty 
sally. 2. A quibble. 3. A droll or eccentric act ; also, some- 
thing odd or strange ; a knickknack. — v. t. & i.; quipped 
(kwipt) ; quip'ping. To joke or gibe. Now Rare. 

qui'pu (ke'poo; kwlp'oo), n.; pi. quipus (-pooz). [Peruv. 
quipu a knot.] A contrivance of the ancient Peruvians, for 
arithmetical purposes, a mnemonic aid, etc., consisting of a 
main cord, from which hung smaller knotted cords of 
various colors, each having a special meaning. 

quire (kwlr), n. [Orig., four sheets folded together, through 
OF. quayer, quaer, deriv. of L. quaterni four each, quat- 
tuor four.] A collection of 24 (sometimes 25) sheets of paper 
of the same size and quality. 

quire (kwlr). Obs. or archaic var. of choir. 

Quir'i-nal (kwTr'i-nal ; kwT-rT'nal), n. [L. Quirinalis, fr. 
Quirinus. See Quirinus.] One of the seven hills of Rome, 
now called Monte Quirinale. On it is the residence of the 
ruling house of Italy. Hence, fig., the monarchical govern- 
ment, or regime, in Italy, as distinguished from the "Vati- 
can," or papal government. — Quir'i-nal, a. 

Qui-ri'nus (kwT-rl'nus), n. [L.] Roman Relig. An ancient 
god of war. As distinguished from Mars, he was the god of 
armed peace rather than aggressive warfare. In later 
times he was popularly identified with the deified Romulus. 

Qui-ri'tes (kwl-rl'tez), n. pi. [L.] Rom. Antiq. Roman 
citizens. The Romans called themselves in a civil capacity 
Quirites, in a political and military capacity, Romani. 

quirk (kwurk), n. 1. An abrupt turn, twist, or curve, as of 
the pen in writing ; a flourish. Arch. 2. A groove sepa- 
rating a bead or other molding from the adjoining member. 
3. A quibble ; equivocation. 4. A quip ; conceit. 5. A 
peculiarity in manner or behavior. 

quirk'y (kwur'ki), a.; quirk'i-er (-ki-er) ; -est. Full of 
quirks; tricky; as, a quirky lawyer. _ [with a quirt. | 

quirt (kwurt), n. A kind of riding whip. — v. t. To strikej 

quit (kwit), n. Any of various small passerine birds, chiefly 
of the West Indies. 

quit, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. quit or quit'ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
quit'ting. [OF. quiter, prob. deriv. of L. quietus quiet.] 
1. To free ; clear ; as, to quit one's self of an enemy. Now 
Rare. 2. To acquit. Obs. or R. 3. To discharge, as an obli- 
gation ; requite ; repay. 4. To. meet the claims upon ; con- 
duct ; acquit ; — used reflexively ; as, quit yourselves like 
men. Archaic. 5. To have done with ; stop ; hence : to 
leave ; forsake ; as, to quit work ; quit jesting ; also, to let 
go ; yield. — Syn. Relinquish, resign, abandon, surrender. 
See cease, leave. — v. i. To go away ; also, to stop ; cease. 

— a. [ME. & OF. quite.] Released from an obligation, 
burden, restriction, distress, etc. ; free ; clear. 

quitch (kwich), n., or quitch grass. [AS. cwice, fr. cwic 
living.] Couch grass ; quick grass ; fig. (of quitch) a taint. 

quit'claim/ (kwit'klam'), v. t. [OF. quite clamer to call 
quit, declare quit.] To release or relinquish a claim to. — 
n. Law. A release or relinquishment of a claim ; a deed of 
release, in which the grantor generally covenants only 
against persons who claim under himself. 

quite (kwit), adv. [ME., fr. quite discharged, free. See 
QUIT, a.] 1. Completely ; wholly ; entirely ; as, he is quite 
mistaken. 2. Positively ; really ; truly ; also, loosely to a 
considerable extent or degree ; as, it is quite near. 

quit'rent' (kwit'rent'), n. [quit, a. -f- rent.] Law. A fixed 
rent oayable in commutation of certain feudal services ; 
hence, any fixed rent due from a socage tenant. 

quits (kwits), a. Even or equal (with another) by having 
returned or repaid anything, good or evil, or its equivalent. 

quittance (kwTt'ans), n. 1. Discharge from a debt or an 
obligation ; acquittance. 2. Recompense ; requital. 

quit'ter (-er), n. One that quits or shirks ; hence, a coward. 

quit'tor (-ei), n. An inflammatory, suppurative disease of 
the feet of horses, asses, etc., in some cases affecting the 
cartilage ol the foot (cartilaginous quittor), in others 
the soft tissues just above the hoof (cutaneous quittor). 

quiv'er (kwfv'er), a. Nimble ; active. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

quiv'er (kwiv'er), v. i. To shake or move with slight and 
tremulous motion ; tremble ; shiver. 




Syn. Quiver, quaver. To quiver is to vibrste with a 
slight and tremulous motion ; quaver now applies esp. to 
the voice ; as, a quivering flame, leaf, lip ; a quavering voice. 

— n. Act, fact, or state of quivering ; a tremor. 

quiv'er, n. [OF. cuivre, cuevre.] 1. A sheath for carrying 
arrows. 2. The arrows in a quiver. — quiv'ered (-erd), a. 

|| qui vive' (ke vev'). [F.] The challenge of a French sen- 
tinel ; — used like the English challenge "Who goes there?" 
to be on the qui vive, to be on the alert, like a sentinel. 

quix-ot'ic (kwTk-sot'Ik), a. Like Don Quixote ; romantic 
to extravagance ; absurdly chivalric. — Syn. See vision- 
ary. — i-cal-ly, adv. — quix'ct-ism (kwTk'sot-Tz'm), n. 

quiz (kwiz), n.; pi. quizzes (-ez; 24). l.An eccentric per- 
son. Rare. 2. One who quizzes others. 3. A hoax ; practi- 
cal joke; jest. 4. A quizzing. — v. t.; quizzed (kwlzd); 
quiz'zing. 1. To ridicule ; banter ; chaff or mock with pre- 
tended seriousness ; make sport of ; also, to question closely. 
2. To examine or coach (as a pupil or class) by questions. 
U. S. — Syn. See ridicule. — quiz'zer (-er), n. 

quiz'zi-cal (-T-kal), a. Relating to, or of the nature of, a 
quiz, or jest ; comical ; queer. — quiz'zi-cal-ly, adv. 

quod (kwod), n. A quadrangle or court, as of a prison; 
hence, a prison. Slang. 

quoit (koif ; kwoif). Obs. var. of coif. 

quoin (koin ; kwoin), n. [See coin.] 1. Arch. Orig., a 
solid exterior angle; now, one of the. 
selected pieces of material for a corner. ' 
2. A wedgelike piece, as, specif. : a Aj 
wedge-shaped stone, used as a keystone i 
or support, b Printing. A wedge of' 
wood or metal used in fastening forms 
in a chase, etc. — v. t. 1. To wedge up t 
with quoins, as a printer's form. 2. To 
provide with quoins, as a wall corner. Stone Quoins set 

quoit (kwoit; koit), n. [ME. coite.] in Brickwork. 

1. Orig., a discus; hence, a flattened ring-shaped piece of 
iron to be pitched at a fixed object in play. 2. In pi. The 
game so played. — v. t. To throw like a quoit. Obs. or R. 

quon'dam (kwon'dam), a. [L., formerly.] Having been 
formerly; former; sometime. 

quo'rum (kwo'rum ; 57), n. [L., of whom.] 1. Orig., in 
England, the select number of justices of the peace one or 
more of whom, on account of their skill and discretion, 
were directed to be included in the number necessary to 
constitute a court ; later, all the justices of the peace collec- 
tively. 2. A specially selected or select body. 3. Such a 
number of the officers or members of anv body as is, when 
duly assembled, legally competent to transact business. 

quo'ta (kwo'td), n. ; pi. -tas (-tdz). [LL., fr. L. quota (sc 
pars), fr. quotas how many.] A (certain) proportional 
part or share ; proportion assigned in a division, [quoted. | 

quot'a-ble (kwot'd-b'l), a. Capable or worthy of beingj 

quo-ta'tion (kwo-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of quoting, or citing. 

2. That which is quoted, or cited ; a passage referred to, 
repeated, or adduced. 3. Com. The naming of the current 
price of any security or commodity ; also, the price named. 

quotation mark. In writing and printing, a mark used to 
indicate the beginning or end of a quotation. In general 
English usage two inverted commas ["] are used at the be- 
ginning, arid two apostrophes ["] at the end, but a quota- 
tion within a quotation is generally set off by single marks. 
Single marks are often, esp. in British printing, used in- 
stead of double. Matter quoted within a quotation marked 
in the latter way has the double marks. 

quote (kwot), v. t.; quot'ed (kwot'ed) ; quot'ing. [LL. 
quotare to divide into chapters and verses, fr. L. quotus. 
See quota.] 1. To name, repeat, or adduce, as a passage 
from an author, by way of authority or illustration ; cite. 
2. To cite a passage from ; as, to quote Shakespeare. 3. 
Com. To name the current price of. 4. Print. & Writing. 
To set off by quotation marks. — Syn. See cite. 

— ra. A quotation, or a quotation mark. Colloq. 

quoth (kwoth). v. t. [AS. cweSan, pret. cwaed, pi. cweedon.] 
Said ; spoke ; uttered ; — used in the first and third persons 
in the preterit, and always followed by its nominative, the 
word or words said being the object. Archaic. 

quoth'a (kwoth'd), inter j. [For quoth a said he, a being 
corrupted from he.] Indeed ! forsooth ! Archaic. 

quo-tid'i-an (kwo-tid'I-dn), a. [OF. cotidien, L. quotidia- 
nus, fr. quotidie daily ; quotus how many + dies day.] 
Daily ; recurring daily ; as, a quotidian fever. — n. Any- 
thing, esp. an intermittent fever or ague, recurring daily. 

quo'tient (kwo'shent), n. [L. quotiens, quoties, how often, 
fr. quot how many.] Arith. The number resulting from 
the division of one number by another. 

quo war-ran'to (kw5 wo-ran'to) ; pi. quo warrantos. 
[From Law L. quo warranto by what authority.] Law. 
a Orig., a writ of right requiring a person to show by what 
right he exercised any office, franchise, or liberty, b In 
modern practice, a proceeding for a like purpose begun by 
an information ; also, the information or pleading by which 
such proceeding is begun, or the proceeding itself. 







t-ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



N 



R 



794 



RACK 



R 



o 



R(ar). 1. The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet. 
It is a voiced consonant usually classed as a liquid, or 
otherwise as a semivowel. See Guide to Pr'on., § 75. The 
English letter derives its form from the Greek through the 
Latin, the Greek letter being derived from the Phoenician, 
which is perhaps of Egyptian origin. Etymologically, R is 
most closely related to I, s, and n ; as in bandore, mandoZin ; 
purpZe, L. purpura ; E. chapter, F. chapitre, L. capituZum ; 
E. was, were ; hare, G. hase ; E. order, F. ordre, L. ordo, 
ordinis ; E. coffer, coffin. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or 
indicate : The seventeenth or (cf. K, 2 ) the eighteenth in 
a series; seventeenth (or eighteenth) in order or class; 
sometimes, the numeral 17 (or 18) ; as, R Battery. 

R, or x (ar), n.; pi. R's or Rs (arz). The letter R, r, or its 
sound ; also, something shaped like the letter R. 

R, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter R. 

Ra (ra), or Re (r5), n. Egypt. Relig. The great god of the 
sun and chief deity of historical Egypt, represented by 
the lion, cat, or hawk, and usually wearing the solar disk. 

ra-ba'to (rd-ba/to; -ba'to), n. pi'.; -tos (-t5z). [F. rabat.] 
A kind of ruff or collar for the neck. 

rab'bet (rab'et ; 24), n. [Prob. fr. OF. rabat a beating down, 
fr. rabatre to beat down. Oxf. E. D.~\ A groove cut in or 
near the edge of any body, esp. one to receive another 
member, as a panel. — v. t. 1. To cut a rabbet in. 2. 
To unite the edges of, as boards, in a rabbet joint. — v. i. 
To be joined by a rabbet. [beted boards or timbers.! 

rabbet joint. Carp. A joint formed by fitting together rab-| 

rab'bi (ra.b'1 ; -T), n. ; pi. -bis or -bies (-Iz ; -Tz). [L. rabbi, 
fr. Gr. pafiPi, Heb. rabbi my master.] Master ; lord ; teach- 
er ; — a Jewish title for a teacher or doctor of the law. 

rab'bin (rab'm), n. [F.] A rabbi. [later Hebrew.] 

Rab-bin'ic (rd-bln'ik),n. The language of the rabbis; the) 

rab-bin'ic (rd-bin'Tk)! a. Of or pert, to the rabbis, their 

rab-bin'i-cal (-T-kdl) J opinions, learning, or language. 

rab'bin-ism (rab'i-mz'm), n. 1. A rabbinic expression. 
2. The teachings, traditions, or practices of the rabbis. 

rab'bin-ist, n. One of the Jews who adhered to the_ Tal- 
mud and the traditions of the rabbis. — rab'bin-is'tic 
(-nTs'tTk), rab'bin-is'ti-cal (-tT-kdl), a. 

rab'bit (rab'Tt), n. [ME. rabet.] A small burrowing ro- 
dent ("Lepus cuniculus ) allied to the hare; also, any of 
various other members of the hare family, as the cottontail. 

— v. i. & t. To hunt, catch, or kill rabbits. — rab'bit-er, n. 

rab'bit-ry (-Tt-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). A place where rabbits 
are kept ; esp., a collection of hutches for tame rabbits. 

Tab'tat-WOOd' (-wood 7 ), n. A santalaceous shrub (Pyru- 
laria pubera) of the southern United States, with greenish 
flowers and drupaceous fruits. See buffalo nut. 

rab'ble (rab''l), n. [F. rable, OF. rouable, L. rutabulum.] 
An iron bar with the end bent, or some other device, used 
in stirring, skimming, and gathering molten iron in pud- 
dling. — v. t. ; rab'bled (-'Id) ; rab'bling (-ling). To stir, 
skim, or gather with a rabble. 

rab'ble, n. [ME. rabel a pack (of hounds).] A tumultuous 
crowd of people ; a mob ; [with the] , the lowest class of peo- 
ple ; the mob. — a. Of, pert, to, or like, a rabble ; disor- 
derly ; vulgar. — v. t. To mob. 

rab'ble-ment (-ment), n. Disturbance ; tumult. 

rab-bo'ni (rd-bo'nl ; -ni), n. [Heb. rabboni.] Lit., my 
great master ; — a Jewish title of respect. 

Rab'e-lai'si-an (rab'eVla'zi-dn), a. Pert, to, or characteris- 
tic of, Rabelais or his works, as in coarse extravagant humor 
and satire. — n. One who studies or admires Rabelais, 

rab'id (rab'id), a. [L. rabidus', fr. rabere to rave.] 1. Fu- 
rious ; raging. 2. Extreme or fanatical in opinion ; as, a 
rabid partisan. 3. Affected with rabies ; mad. 4. Of or 
pert, to rabies. — rab'id-ly, adv. — rab'id-ness, n. 

ta'bi-es (ra'bi-ez), n. [L.] Canine madness ; hydrophobia. 

ra'ca (ra/kd; rd-ka'), a. [Gr. pana, fr. Chaldee reka.] Lit., 
worthless ; — used in reproach by the Jews of Christ's time. 

rac-COon', ra-coon' (ra-koon'), n. [Algonquian arakun.] 
A nocturnal, plantigrade, iargeb; 
arboreal carnivore (Procyon lotor) oJ 
North America. It is 
chiefly gray, with a bushy, 
ringed tail. 

raccoon, or racoon, dog. A 
small canine mammal (Nyc- 
tereutes procyonides) of 
Japan and China. 

race (ras), n. [OF. ra'iz, fr. L. 
radix.] A root. Obsoles. 

race, n. [ME. ras, of Scand. 
orig.] 1. Act of rushing 
onward ; run ; a progress ; 
course. Obs. or R. or Scot. 




Raccoon. 



2. Career ; course of life. 3. A contest of speed ; in pi., 
usually, a meeting for contests in the running of horses. 
4. A strong or rapid current of water, or its channel. 5. A 
watercourse, esp. when used industrially, as for mining ; 
also, the current flowing in such a course ; as, a mill race 
for turning the water wheel of a mill. 6. Mach. A guide or 
channel along which something rolls or slides ; as, a slide 
for a shuttle, a slot for ball bearings. 

— v. i. 1. To run or go swiftly, esp. in competition. 2. Ma- 
chinery. To run too fast under a diminished load, as an en- 
gine. — v. t. 1. To cause to contend in a race ; drive at high 
speed. 2. To run a race with. 

race, n. [F. race, fr. It. razza.] 1. The descendants of the 
same ancestor ; a family, tribe, people, or nation taken as 
of the same stock ; a lineage ; breed ; also, a class of individ- 
uals with common characteristics, interests, or the like. 
2. State of being one of a particular race (sense 1 ) ; also, 
the qualities, features, etc., resulting from this. 3. Zo'ol. 
a A breed of a domesticated species of individuals of a 
common descent, b A natural group inferior in rank to a 
species. 4. Hort. & Agric. A permanent variety with 
constant distinguishing characters. 5. Herd ; stud. Obs. 
6. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength, as of wine. 7. Char- 
acteristic quality or style ; nature. Now Rare. 

race'-a-bout' (-d-bouf), n. Naut. A small sloop-rigged 
racing yacht having a short bowsprit. 

race course. A course for racing contests or races. 

race horse. A horse bred or kept for racing. 

race knife. A cutting tool with a blade that is hooked at 
the point, for marking ou times. 

ra-ceme' (rd-sem' ; ra- 



mies. ^a^Z 

[L. race- _^. *^^f 



fr^ 




mus bunch of berries or grapes.] Bot. 

A type of simple indeterminate inflo- 
rescence with flowers attached at in- 
tervals to an elongated axis by pedicels, 

as in the currant. See in- 
florescence, lllust. 
ra-ce'mic (-se'mik. ; -sem'- 

Tk), a. [See raceme.] 

Org. Chem. a Pert, to or 

designating an optically 

inactive variety of tartaric 

acid found with ordinary Race Knife. 

tartaric acid in the juice of grapes, b Pert, to or designating 

other inactive compounds similarly formed. — rac'e-mism 

(ras'e-mlz'm), n. 
rac'e-mose (ras'e-mos), a. [L. racemosus full of clusters.] 

Resembling a raceme ; growing in the form of a raceme. 
rac'er (ras'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, races ; esp., a 

race horse, a swift boat, etc. 2. Turntable for a gun. See 

mortar, lllust. 3. An American black snake (Zamenis 

constrictor). 
race suicide. The gradual extinction of a race or people 

by the voluntary failure of its members to keep the birth 

rate equal to the death rate. 
race'way 7 (ras'wa 7 ), n. A canal for water. 
Ra'chel (ra'chel), n. [Heb. Rakhel.] Bib. The younger 

daughter of Laban, wife of Jacob, and mother of Joseph 

and Benjamin. See Laban. 
ra'chis (ra'kis), n.; pi. E. -chises (-ez; 24), L. -chides 

(rak'i-dez; ra'ki-). [NL. fr. Gr. p&x«, -"«.] 1. The 

spinal column. 2. Any of various axial structures ; as : a 

Bot. The elongated axis of an inflorescence, as of a raceme. 

b Zo'ol. The distal part of the shaft of a feather which 

bears the web. 
ra-Chi'tis (rd-ki'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fax?™ (sc. vbtros), fr. 

pdxis the spine.] Lit., inflammation of the spine ; common- 
ly, rickets. — ra-Chit'ic (rd-klt'ik), a. 
ra'cial (ra'shdl), a. Of or pert, to a race. — ra'cial-ly, adv. 
rac'i-ly (ras'I-li), adv. In a racy manner. 
rac'i-ness (-nes), n. Fact or quality of being racy. 
rack (rak), v. i. To go with a rack ; pace ; — said of a horse. 
— n. A certain gait of a horse or other quadruped ; specif. : 

a = pace, n., 4. b = single-foot. [and ruin.l 

rack, n. Wreck ; destruction ; — now Rare, exc. in rack] 
rack, n. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any floating vapor 

in the sky. — v. i. To fly, as vapor or broken clouds. 
rack, v. t. To draw off from the lees, as wine. 
rack, n. [ME. racke, rekke, a framework.] 

work to hold fodder for cattle, etc. 2. A 

framework, or grating, on or in which 

articles are kept or displayed. 3. A 

frame fitted to a wagon for carrying 

hay, straw, etc. 4. An engine cy 

for torturing by stretching llH 

the body. 5. A cause of anguish, or the suffering produced. 

6. A straining or wrenching ; as, the rack of storms. 7. A 




1. A frame- 



Rack 

and 

Pinion. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RACKER 



795 



RADIOLOGY 




bar with teeth on one face for gearing with those of a pinion, 
worm, etc. ; also, a notched bar used as a ratchet to engage 
with a pawl, detent, or the like. 

— v. t. 1. To stretch or strain ; stretch on the rack or wheel. 
2. To torment ; torture ; as, racked with grief. 3. Specif. : 
a To stretch up or raise beyond what is usual or fair ; of 
rents, to raise oppressively ; raise to a rack rent (which see). 
b To harass or oppress by exactions or extortion, as by rack 
rents ; as, to rack tenants. — Syn. Rend, tear, wrench. 

rack'er, n. One who, or that which, racks. 

rack'et (rak'et ; 24), re. [F. raquette.] 1. A kind of light 
bat having a netting of catgut, or, 
formerly, of cord, stretched in an 
open frame. 2. [ In form rack- 
ets, construed as 
a sing.'] A game 

played with ball Racket for Tennis 
and rackets in a 
four-walled court. 3. A snowshoe formed of cords stretched 
across a long and narrow frame of light wood. Canada & 
Northern U.S. 

rack'et, n, 1. Confused, clattering noise ; din ; noisy talk 
or sport. 2. A. scene or occurrence of excitement, tumult, 
or social dissipation. 3. A scheme, dodge, trick, or the like ; 
a trying experience. Slang. — v. i. 1. To engage in a rack- 
et ; frolic ; carouse ; dissipate. 2. To make a confused noise, 
or racket. — v. i. To affect by racket, to annoy, disturb, 
or ruin with racket. Rare. 

rack'et-taiF, n. Any of several humming birds (genera 
Spathura and Discura), having two of the tail feathers 
very long and racket-shaped. 

rack'et-y (-1 ; 24), a. Addicted to making, or characterized 
by, a racket, or noise. 

rack rail. Railroads. A toothed rack, laid as a center rail, 
engaging with a gear wheel on a locomotive, as esp. on 
mountain railroads. Hence, rack railroad or railway. 

rack rent, or rack'rent', n. {rack to stretch + rent.] A 
rent of the full or nearly full annual value of the rented 
property ; an excessive or unreasonably high rent. 

rack'-rent', v. t. To subject to rack rent, as a farm. 

rack'-rent'er, n. One who pavs, or exacts, rack rent. 

rack'work' (rak'wurk'), n. Any mechanism having a rack, 
as a rack and pinion. 

B ra'con'teur' (ra/koN'tur'), n.; -pi. raconteurs (-turz'; 
F. -tur'.). [F.j A story-teller. 

ra-coon'. Var. of raccoon. [a bat.l 

rac'quet (rak'et), rac-quette' (ra-ket'). Vars. of racket,! 

rac'y (ras'i), a. ; rac'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [From race tribe, 
family.] 1. Having a strong flavor indicating origin, as a 
wine (cf. 3d race, re., 6) ; hence : fresh ; rich ; excellent. 
2. Distinctively vigorous or spirited ; peculiar and animat- 
ed ; as, a racy style ; a racy person. 3. Agreeably stimu- 
lating ; piquant ; fresh and lively ; as, racy humor. 
Syn. Spirited, pungent, spicy, smart. — Racy, spicy. 
That is racy, in expression, which has native freshness or 
verve ; that is spicy which is piquant ; spicy does not, like 
racy, suggest native quality ; as, racy English ; spicy 
criticism, [weave or twist together.) 

rad'dle (rad''l), v. t.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). To inter-| 

rad'dle. Var. of ruddle. 

ra'di-al (ra'di-al), a. Of or pert, to a radius or ray ; consist- 
ing of or like radii or rays ; radiated. — ra'di-al-ly, adv. 
radial engine, Mach., an engine, usually an internal- 
combustion engine of a type having several cylinders ar- 
ranged radially like the spokes of a complete wheel. The 
semiradial engine has radiating cylinders on only one 
side of the crank shaft. — r. symmetry, Biol., the condi- 
tion of having similar parts regularly arranged about a 
central axis, as in a starfish. 

ra'di-an (ra'di-an), re. [From radius.] Math. An arc of a 
circle equal to the radius, or the angle at the center meas- 
ured by it. Its value is 57.2958 . . . degrees, or is°/V. 

ra'di-ance (-ans) ire. State or quality of being radiant ; 

ra'di-an-cy (-an-sT) j brilliancy ; vivid brightness. — Syn. 
Luster, splendor, glare, glitter. 

ra'di-ant (-ant), a. [L. radians, -antis, p. pr. of radiare to 
emit rays, radius ray.] 1. Emitting rays of light ; beaming ; 
as, the radiant sun. 2. Beaming with vivacity, happiness, 
etc. ; as, a radiant face. 3. Physics. Emitted or trans- 
mitted by radiation ; as, radiant heat. 
Syn. Radiant, beaming, beamy, lambent. That is 
radiant which shines brightly ; the word often implies 
lively joy or satisfaction, esp. as expressed in the face ; 
beaming, as applied to looks or expression, often suggests 
broader, more childlike or naive, satisfaction than radiant: 
as, radiant with joy : a beaming smile. Beamy is poetical. 
That is lambent which plays lightly, like flame, or shines 
with soft radiance ; as, a lambent flame. [under radial. I 
radiant engine, a semiradial engine. See radial engine,] 

— re. That which radiates ; as : a Optics. The point or 
object from which light emanates. hAstron. The point 
at which the visible paths of shooting stars meet, when 
traced backward, or whence they appear to radiate. 



ra'di-ant-ly, adv. In a radiant manner. 

ra'di-ate (ra'dT-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. fX. 
radiatus, p. p. of radiare to irradiate, radius ray.] 1. To 
emit rays ; be radiant ; shine. 2. To issue or proceed in or 
as in rays, as light or heat. — v. t. To emit in rays, as 
heat. — a. Having rays or radial parts ; radiated ; Zo'ol., 
having radial symmetry. — n. Zo'ol. Any of an obsolete 
group (Radiata) of invertebrates including those having 
parts arranged radially, as ccelenterates and echinoderms. 

ra'di-at'ed (-at'ed), p. a. 1. Emitted in rays. 2. Radiate. 

ra'di-a'tion (-a'sh&n), n. 1. Act or process of radiating; 
state of being radiated ; emission and diffusion of rays, as 
of light or heat. 2. That which is radiated ; radiant energy. 

ra'di-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Of, pert, to, or exhibiting, radiation. 

ra'di-a'tor (-a'ter), re. One who, or that which, radiates; 
specif. : a Any of various devices for heating external ob- 
jects or for cooling an internal substance by radiation, as 
a nest of pipes containing circulating steam or hot water. 
b Wireless Teleg. An oscillator. 

rad'i-cal (rad'I-kal), a. [L. radicalis having roots, fr. 
radix, -icis, a root.] 1. Of, pert, to, or proceeding from, the 
root. 2. Hence : original ; fundamental ; thorough-going ; 
extreme ; as, a radical change. 3. Bot. a Of or proceeding 
from the root of a plant ; as, radical tubers, b Proceeding 
from a rootlike stem ; basal ; as, the radical leaves of the 
dandelion. 4. Math. Of or pert, to a radix or root. 5. 
{Often cap."] Of or pert, to radicals in politics. 
radical sign, Math., the sign V (orig. an r, initial of 
radix, root), put before an expression to denote that its 
root is to be extracted ; thus, \/a, y/(a -f- b). Any other 
than the square root is indicated by a corresponding index; 
thus, -tya indicates the third, or cube, root of a. 

— n. 1. A root, or radical part ; a fundamental. 2. Philol. 
a A primitive word ; a root, b A primitive letter ; a letter 
that belongs to the root. 3. {Often cap.] In politics, one 
who advocates radical changes in laws and methods of 
government, esp. for equalizing social conditions. 4. Chem. 
a A fundamental constituent of a compound, b A group of 
atoms replaceable by a single atom or remaining unchanged 
during a series of reactions, and hence thought of as a single 
atom. 5. Alg. A radical expression ; also, the radical sign. 

rad'i-cal-ism (-Tz'm), n. State or quality of being radical ; 
also, the doctrines or principles of radicals. 

rad'i-cal-ly (-kal-T), adv. 1. In a radical manner; funda- 
mentally. 2. As regards root or source. 

rad'i-cal-ness, n. State of being radical. 

rad'i-cate (-kat), v. t. & i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
To cause to take, or to take, root ; plant deeply and firmly ; 
establish firmly. — rad'i-ca'tion (-ka'shiin), n. 

rad'i-cel (rad'i-seT), n. [Dim. of radix.] Bot. A rootlet. 

rad'i-cle (-k'l), n. [L. radicula, dim. of radix root.] 1. 
Bot. The lower portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling. 
2. Anat. The rootlike beginning of a vessel or part, as of a 
nerve fibril. 3. Chem. & Philol. = radical, re., 4 & 2. 

ra'di-O- (ra'dT-6-). Combining form indicating connection 
with, or relation to, a radius, ray, or radiation ; specif, 
denoting : a Anat. Connection with the radius of the 
forearm, b Physics & Chem. Radioactive. 

ra'di-0 (ra'di-o), a. Of or pert, to, employing, or operated 
by, radiant energy, specif., that of electric waves; hence, 
pert, to, or employed in, radiotelegraphy. — n. ; pi. -dios 
(-di-oz). Radiotelegraph or a radiotelegram. Colloq. 

ra'di-O-ac'tivet-ak'tnO.a. Also ra'di-o-ac'tive. Physics. 
Capable of emitting spontaneously rays consisting (at least 
in part) of material particles traveling at high velocities. 
Radium and its products, and, in a less degree, thorium, 
uranium, and other elements, are radioactive. — ra'di-O- 
ac-tiv'i-ty (-tiv'i-ti), n. 

ra'di-o-con-duc'tor (-kon-duk'ter), re. Elec. A substance 
or device that has its conductivity altered in some way by 
electric waves, as a coherer. [radiotelegram. I 

ra'di-o-gram/ (ra'di-6-gramO, re. 1. = radiograph. 2. = | 

ra'di-O-graph (ra'dT-6-graf), re. _ An image or picture pro- 
duced by radiation other than light, as 
by Rbntgen rays; esp., a picture of ^ 
opaque objects traversed by the rays ; 
a skiagraph. — v. t. To make a radio- |J| 
graph of. — ra'di-og'ra-pher 
(-og'rd-fer), re. 

ra'di-og'ra-phy (-og'ra-fT), re. 
Act or process of making radio- 
graphs. — ra'di-o-graph'ic (-6- 
graf'ik), -graph'i-cal(-i-kal), a. 

ra'di-o-la'ri-an (-6-la'ri-an ; 3),| 
n. [From NL. dim. of L. radi- l M 
us radius.] Zo'ol. Anyofanex-v. 
tensive division (Radiolaria) of t 
minute marine rhizopods. v 

ra'di-ol'o-gy (-51'6-jT), re. That * 
branch of science which treats of 
radioactive phenomena. 




Radiograoh. 




< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. *» equals. 



N 



RADIOMETER 



796 



RAID 







R 




ra'di-om'e-ter (ra'dT-om'e-ter), n. Physics. Instrument for 
illustrating certain phenomena of rarefied 
gases and radiant energy, and also for meas- 
uring the intensity of the latter. See Illust. 

ra'di-om'e-try (-trT), n. Physics. Use of the 
radiometer, or measurement of radiation. — 
ra'di-o-met'ric (-6-met'rTk), a. 

ra'di-o-mi-crom'e-ter (-6-ml-krom'e-ter), n. 
Physics. An instrument for indicating mi- 
nute changes of radiant heat or temperature. 

ra'di-O-phare (ra'di-o-far), n. [radio- + 
phare lighthouse. See pharos ] A radio- 
telegraphic station serving solely for deter- 
mining the position of ships. 

ra'di-o-phone / (-fon 7 ), n. Physics. Any ap- 
paratus, as the photophone, for production 
of sound by the action of radiant energy. 

ra'di-op'ti-con (-op'ti-kon), n. [radio- + 
stereopticon.] See projector, be 

ra'di-OS'CO-py (-os'ko-pT), n. Direct observa- Radiometer, 
tion of objects opaque to light by means of some other form 
of radiant energy, as the Rbntgen rays. — ra'di-O-SCOp'ic 
(-6-skop'Tk), -SCOp'i-cal (-i-kal), a. [by radiotelegraph. I 

ra'di-O-tel'e-gram (-tel'e-gram), n. A message transmitted! 

ra'di-O-tel'e-graph (-6-tel'e-graf), n. A wireless telegraph. 

ra'di-O-tel'e-grapb/ic (-6-tel'e-graf'ik), a. Of, pert, to, us- 
ing, or used in, radiotelegraphy. 

ra'di-O-te-leg'ra-phy (-te-legTd-fT), n. Telegraphy using 
the radiant energy of electrical (Hertzian) waves ; wireless 
telegraphy ; — the term adopted for use in the Radiotele? 
graphic Convention of 1912. 

ra'di-o-tel'e-phone (-tel'e-fon),n. A wireless telephone. — 
ra'di-O-te-leph'o-ny (-te-lef'6-ni ; -tel'e-fo'nT), n. 

ra'di-O-ther'a-py (-ther'd-pT), n. Treatment of disease by 
means of Rontgen rays or other forms of radioactivity. 

ra'di-O-tho'ri-um (-tho'ri-um ; 57), n. [NL.] Chem. a 
= actinium. b A radioactive substance apparently 
formed as a product from thorium. 

ra'di-O— ul'nar, a. Anat. Pert, to the radius and the ulna. 

rad'ish (rad'ish), n. [F. radis, fr. It. radice, fr. L. radix, 
-icis, a root, esp. a radish.] The pungent fleshy root of a 
brassicaceous plant (Raphanus sativus), eaten raw as a 
relish ; also, the plant. 

ra'di-um (ra'dT-um), n. [NL., fr. L. radius ray.] Chem. 
An intensely radioactive metal found (combined) in minute 
quantities in pitchblende and other uranium minerals. Sym- 
bol, Ra, or Rd ; at. wt., 226.4. By their rays, radium prepa- 
rations ionize gases, affect photographic plates, cause sores 
on the skin, etc. The radioactivity of radium is an atomic 
property, and is explained as resulting from a disintegra- 
tion of the atom. This breaking up occurs in at least seven 
stages ; the successive main products are called radium 
emanation (exradio), radium A, radium B, etc. The 
emanation is a heavy gas, the later products are solids. 

ra'di-US (ra'dT-us), n. ; pi. L. -dii (-1), E. -USES (-us-ez ; 24). 
[L., a staff, rod, radius, ray.] 1. G$om. A right line extend- 
ing from the center of a circle or sphere to the circum- 
ference or surface. 2. Anat. The anterior (thicker and 
shorter) of the two bones of the forearm or fore limb. 3. 
Zool. In radially symmetrical animals, an imaginary radial 
plane dividing the body into similar parts. 4. Mech. Dis- 
tance from a center line or point to an axis of rotation ; 
throw ; eccentricity. 5. A part analogous to the radius of a 
circle (sense 1, above) ; a radial part. 6. A distance or cir- 
cular limit defined by a radius of specified length ; as, a 
four-mile cab radius; loosely, any more or less prescribed 
area ; as, the radius of commercial activity. 

ra'di-ns vec'tor (vek'tor) ; pi. L. radii vectores (ra'dT-T 
vek-to'rez ; 57), E. radius vectors. [NL. vector a bearer, 
carrier.] a Math. A straight segment (or its length) from 
a fixed point (or pole, or center) to a variable point, b 
Aslron. A straight line joining the center of an attracting 
body with that of a body describing an orbit around it, 
as a line joining the sun and a planet or comet. 

ra'dix (ra'dTks), n.; pi. L. radices (rad'T-sez ; ra'di-sez), 
E. radixes (ra'dik-sez ; 24). [L. radix, -ids, root.] 1. 
Math. A number arbitrarily made the fundamental number 
of a system of numbers ; a base. 2. A radical ; root. 

rad'u-la (radlji-ld), n. ; pi. radul^e (-le). [L., a scraper, 
fr. radere to scrape.] Zool. In various mollusks, a chitin- 
ous band or ribbon, bearing minute teeth on its dorsal 
surface. It serves to tear up the food and draw it into the 
mouth. — rad'u-lar (-ldr), a. 

raff (raf ), re. 1. A heap ; a jumble. 2. The refuse of society ; 
rabble ; — chiefly in riffraff. 3. A low or worthless fellow. 

raf'fi-a (raf'T-d), n. 1. Fiber from the raffia palm, used for 
tying plants, basket making, hats, etc. 2. The raffia palm. 

raffia palm. A pinnate-leaved palm (Raphia ruffia), native 
to Madagascar, important for its fiber. 

raf'fi-nose (raf'i-nos), n. [F. raffiner to refine + -ose.] 
Chem. A colorless, crystalline, sweet substance, C18H32O16, 
occurring in the sugar beet, cottonseed, etc. 



raffle (raP'l), n. [ME. rafle a game at dice, OF. rafle.] A 
kind of lottery, in which a number of persons pay, in shares, 
the value of something and then determine by chance which 
shall have it. — v. i. ; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). To en- 
gage in a raffle. — v. t. To dispose of by means of a raffle ; 
— often used with off. — raf'fler (-ler), n. 

raffle, n. Refuse ; Naut. or Dial. Eng., a jumble or tangle. 

raf-fle'si-a (ra-fle'zhT-d ; -zT-d), n. [NL., after its discover- 
er, Sir S. Raffles.'] Any of a genus (Rafflesia) of Malay- 
sian stemless, leafless, parasitic plants with huge flowers, 
usually exhaling a carrionlike odor. 

raf-fle'si-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. Bot. Belonging to a family 
(Rafflesiacese) of parasitic plants having imbricated scales 
in place of leaves, and apetalous flowers, natives chiefly of 
warm regions of the Old World. 

raft (raft), n. [For raff a heap.] A large collection; a 
crowd ; as, a raft of folks. Colloq. 

raft, n. [ME., beam, of Scand. origin.] A collection of 
logs, timber, etc., fastened together, for a float or for con- 
veyance by water. 

— v. t. To transport on or as a raft ; make into a raft. — 
v. i. To use a raft, or to use something as a raft. 

raft'er (rafter), n. [AS. r&fter.] Arch. One of the sloping 
timbers of a roof. See roof, Illust. 

rafts'man (rafts'mdn), n. A man engaged in rafting. 

rag (rag), n. Any of various hard rocks. Eng. 

rag (rag), n. [ME. ragge, prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. A 
waste piece of cloth torn or cut off ; shred ; tatter. 2. Mean 
or tattered attire ; jocularly, any attire ; — usually in pi. 3. 
Something suggestive of a rag or rags and considered of lit- 
tle worth. Contemptuous or Jocular. 

rag'a-muf fin (rag'd-muf'in), n. A fellow who wears ragged 
clothing ; esp., a disreputable tatterdemalion. 

rag bolt. A bolt with barbs on its shank to hinder with- 
drawal. — rag'bolt', v. t. 

rage (raj), n. [F., fr. L. rabia, for rabies."] 1. Insanity. 
Obs. 2. Violent passion or feeling ; anger ; fury ; frenzy. 
3. The subject of eager desire ; esp. in the rage. 4. Enthu- 
siasm ; excitement, esp. at its height ; as, the rage of con- 
quest. — Syn. See anger, fashion. — v. i. ; raged 
(rajd) ; rag'ing (raj'Tng). 1. To be furious with anger or 
insanity ; storm. 2. To act with vehemence or fury ; as, the 
storm raged. 3. To prevail without restraint, as the plague. 

rag'ged (rag'ed ; 24), a. 1. Rough ; shaggy ; as, ragged 
sheep. 2. Jagged ; as, a ragged edge, cliff. 3. Unfinished ; 
irregular ; also, harsh ; dissonant ; as, a ragged voice. 4. 
Rent or worn into tatters, or till the texture is broken ; as, a 
ragged coat, sail. 5. Wearing ragged clothes. — rag'ged- 
ly, adv. — rag'ged-ness, n. 

ragged robin, asilenaceous plant (Lychnis floscuculi) 
cultivated for its pink flowers. 

rag'gee (rag'e), n. Also rag'gi, rag'gy, ra'gi. [Hind, rdgi.] 
An East Indian cereal grass (Eleusine coracana), furnish- 
ing a staple food crop in the Orient. 

ra'gi (ra'ge). Var. of raggee. 

rag'ing (raj'Tng), p. a. That rages; of a pain or disease, 
violent. — rag'ing-ly, adv. 

rag'lan (rag'lan), n. A kind of loose overcoat, usually with 
the sleeve seams carried up to the neck, — named from 
Lord Raglan, an English general. 

rag'man (-man), n. A man -who collects, or deals in, rags. 

Rag'na-rok' (rag'nd-rok'), Rag'na-rbk' (-na-ruk'), n. 
[Icel., fr. regin, r'ogn, gods + rdk reason, origin, history; 
confused with ragna-rokr twilight of the gods.] Norse 
Myth. The so-called "Twilight of the Gods," the final 
destruction of the world in the conflict of the ^Esir (gods) 
with the giants and powers of Hel led by Loki (escaped 
from bondage). 

ra-gout' (ra-goc/), n. [F. ragout, fr. ragouter to restore 
one's appetite, fr. L. re- re- + ad to + gustus taste.] A 
highly seasoned stew of meat with vegetables. — v. t. ; 
-gouted' ( -good' ) ; -gout'ing ( -goo'ing ). To make a 
ragout of. 

rag'pick'er (rag'pik'er), n. One who picks up rags and 
refuse in the streets, as a means of livelihood. 

rag'stone' (-stonO, n. = 1st rag. Eng. 

rag'time' (rag'tlm'), n. Music. Syncopated time, as in 
many negro melodies, or music in this time. Colloq. 

rag'weed' (-wed'), n. 1. In England, the ragwort. 2. In 
the United States, any of several coarse composite herbs 
(genus Ambrosia) ; esp., the common ragweed (A. artemi- 
sisefolia) or the great, or giant, ragweed {A. trifida). 

rag'wort' (-wurtO, n. Any of several asteraceous plants 
(genus Senecio) ; esp., a common European weed (S.jaco- 
bsea) having irregularly lobed and incised leaves. 

Ka'hab (ra'hab), n. Bib. a The woman of Jericho who shel- 
tered Joshua's spies. Josh. ii. b A Hebrew word meaning 
"raging monster," " insolence." Job ix. 13. 

raid (rad), n. [Northern Eng. form of road.] 1. A preda- 
tory incursion ; foray. 2. An attack or invasion, to make 
arrests, seize property, or plunder. Colloq., U. S. — v. t. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; 51d, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, wnite, £krn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RAIDER 



797 



RAM 



To make, or to take 



To make a raid on or into. — v. 
part in, a raid. — raid'er, n. 

rail (ral), n. [F. rale.] Any of numerous precocial wading 
birds (family Rallidse, subfamily Rallinae) related to the 
cranes, but smaller, prized as game birds. Among the North 
American species are the king rail (Rallus elegans), the 
clapper rail (R. crepitans), and the sora (which see). 

rail, v. i. [F. railler.~] To use insolent and reproachful lan- 
guage ; scoff ; — often used with at or against or, formerly, 
on. — v. t. To move or influence by railing. Rare. 

rail, n. [OF. reille, L. regula straight piece of wood, rule.] 
1. A bar of timber or metal extending from one support to 
another as a guard or barrier, as in fences, balustrades, etc., 
or as a support. 2. Arch. A horizontal piece in a frame or 
paneling. 3. A fence ; a railing. 4. A bar, as of rolled steel, 
of various forms, forming a runway or track for wheeled 
vehicles, etc. 5. A railroad ; as, to go by rail. 

— v. t. To provide with, or inclose within, rails or a railing. 
rail'er, n. One who rails, or reviles. 

rail'head' (-hedO, n. Railroads. In a road under construc- 
tion, the farthest point to which the rails have been laid. 

rail'ing, n. 1. A barrier consisting of a rail or rails and sup- 
ports. 2. Rails in general. 

raUler-y (ral'er-i ; ral'-), n. ; pi. -ies (-Tz). [F. raillerie, fr. 
railler to rail.] 1. Pleasantry or slight satire ; banter. 2. 
A bantering act or speech. — Syn. See banter. 

rail'road' (ral'rod'), n. 1. A runway or track of rails, laid 
in two parallel lines, to make a permanent way for wagons ; 
a road or way thus laid with one or more pairs of rails. 2. 
Specif., a permanent road or way having a line or lines of 
rails providing a track for cars and other rolling stock ; 
hence, such a road or line together with the lands, buildings, 
rolling stock, etc., pert, thereto. Railroad is commonly used 
only of heavy roads of this sort; railway is used in the 
United States of lighter roads, as street railroads, and in 
Great Britain is the usual name for both light and heavy 
roads. Abbr., R. R. 

— v.t. 1. To transport by railroad. U. S. 2. To send or put 
through at high speed ; as, to railroad a bill through Con- 
gress. Colloq., U. S. — v. i. To be employed on a railroad ; 
also, to travel by rail. U. S. 

rail'way' (-wa/), n. 1. A railroad. Abbr., Ry. Cf. railroad, 
»., 2. 2. A line of rails providing a runway for wheels ; as, a 
parcel railway in a store. 

rai'ment (ra/ment), n. [Abbr. fr. Obs. arraiment, fr. ar- 
ray.] Clothing in general ; garments ; — usually collective. 

rain (ran), n. [AS. regn.] 1. Water falling in drops from 
the clouds ; also, the descent of such drops. 2. A shower or 
continued fall of or as of rain. 3. In pi. A season regularly 
marked by heavy rainfall; the rainy season, as in the 
tropics. — v. i. 1. To fall as or like rain. 2. To send down 
rain. — v. t. 1. To pour or shower down. 2. To yield or 
shed copiously ; as, to rain favors, tears, or the like. 

rain'band' (ran'band'), n. Physics & Meteor. A dark 
band in the yellow portion of the solar spectrum near the 
sodium line, caused by watery vapor in the atmosphere. 

rain'bow' (ran'bo'), n. A bow or arc exhibiting the several 
colors of the spectrum, and formed opposite the sun by 
refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in drops of rain, 
or in spray, mist, etc. 

rain/drop' (ran'dropO, n. A drop of rain. 

rain'fall' (-fol/), n. A fall or descent of rain; amount of 
water falling in rain, snow, etc. 

rain gauge or gage. An instrument for measuring the quan- 
tity of rain that falls at a given place and time. 

rain'y (ran'i), a.; rain'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [AS. renig.] 
Abounding with rain ; wet ; showery. — rain'i-ness, n. 

raise (raz), v. t.; raised (razd) ; rais'ing (raz'ing). [ME. 
reisen, of Scand. origin.] 1. To cause to rise up ; hence : 
a To awaken ; arouse ; excite ; as, to raise the town, b To 
call up, as a spirit ; recall from death ; revivify ; as, to raise 
the dead. 2. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into being 
or to appear ; originate ; produce ; as : a To build up ; 
erect ; as, to raise a palace, b To bring or get together ; 
collect ; as, to raise money. C To breed ; propagate ; grow ; 
as, to raise cattle, corn, etc. d To bring into being ; pro- 
duce ; cause to arise or appear ; — often used with up ; as, 
"I will raise them up a prophet." e To give rise to; set 
agoing ; start ; originate ; as, to raise a smile ; to raise a 
racket, f To utter ; as, to raise a cry. g To bring to notice ; 
submit for consideration ; as, to raise an objection. 3. To 
cause to rise ; elevate ; heave ; as, to raise a stone or weight ; 
hence : a To promote ; exalt ; advance ; enhance ; as, to 

' raise the price, b To excite ; intensify ; invigorate ; heighten ; 
as, to raise the pulse, voice, spirits, c To cause to increase 
in size or amount ; specif., of negotiable paper, to increase 
fraudulently the nominal value of ; as, to raise a check, d 
In poker and similar games, to wager more than (another 
player, or another player's bet). 4. To cause to rise or be- 
come light, as bread. 5. To end the operation of, as if by lift- 
ing away ; as, to raise a siege. 6. Naut. To cause (the land 



or any other object) to rise above the horizon, or to seem 
higher, by drawing nearer to it ; as, to raise Sandy Hook. 
Syn. Raise, lift, elevate, exalt, heighten, enhance. 
As compared with lift, raise commonly suggests the bring- 
ing of something to a vertical, or to an original higher, po- 
sition ; to lift is rather to bring up from the ground, often 
with implication of weight overcome ; as, to raise (set on 
end) a telegraph pole ; to lift a pole and carry it. To ele- 
vate is esp. to raise above the usual position, attitude, or 
state ; to exalt (chiefly fig.) is to elevate in rank, inten- 
sity, power, or the like ; as, to elctate a railroad, an elevated 
style ; an exalted sentiment, ideal. To heighten is esp. to 
intensify ; enhance often adds the implication of a raising 
in value or attractiveness ; as, to heighten one's sense of 
duty ; enhanced in value by its associations. 

— n. Act of raising, or the thing raised. 
rais'er, n. One who, or that which, raises. 

rai'sin (ra'z'n), n. [F., fr. L. racemus cluster of gTapes or 
berries.] A dried sweet grape of a special type. 

|| rai'son'ne' (re'zo'na'), a. [F. raisonne, p. p.] Logical ; 
arranged systematically, or according to classes or subjects. 

ra'jah, ra'ja (ra'jd), n. [Hind, raja, Skr. rajan.] In In- 
dia, orig., a prince or king ; later, also, a chief or dignitary ; 
— used as a title of noble rank for Hindus, and also applied 
to Malay and Javanese chiefs. 

Raj'put (raj'poot; raj'poot'), n. [Hind, rajput, Skr. 
rajaputra king's son.] A member of a military caste, of 
Kshatriya rank, numerous in northern India. 

rake (rak), v. i. ; raked (rakt) ; rak'ing. [AS. racian run.] 
1. To pass with violence or rapidity ; scrape along. 2. a Of 
a hawk, to fly after game ; also, to fly wide of game, h 
Of dogs, to run with the nose to the ground. 

rake, v. i. & t. To incline from a perpendicular, as a mast. — 
n. 1. Inclination of anything from the perpendicular ; esp., 
the inclination of a mast or funnel. 2. Mech. Angle of devi- 
ation of a side of a cutting tool from a corresponding side of 
a rectangle normal to the work. 

rake (rak), n. [AS. raca, racu.~] An implement, with pro- 
jecting prongs, for gathering hay, spreading earth, etc. 

— y. t. 1. To collect, stir, scrape, scratch, etc., with or as 
with a rake, as for gathering, smoothing, or clearing some- 
thing, etc. 2. To collect with laborious industry ; scrape 
together. 3. To search through ; ransack ; as, he raked the 
records for evidence. 4. Mil. To sweep with shot ; esp., to 

'fire along the length of; enfilade, — v. i. To use a rake ^ 
scrape ; search minutely ; as, to rake in history. 

rake, n. [For rakehelly A dissolute man or (sometimes) • 
woman ; debauchee ; roue. 

rake'helT (rak'hel'), n. [rake to scrape + hell.] A lewd, 
dissolute fellow ; a debauchee ; rake. 

rake'helF, rake'hell'y (-1), a. Dissolute; wild; rakish. 

rake'— off', n. A commission, profit, or rebate, often ille- 
gitimate, received by a party to a transaction. Slang, U. S. 

rak'er (rak'er), n. One who, or that which, rakes. 

ra'ki', ra'kee' (ra'ke'; rak'e), n. [Turk, raql arrack.] A 
kind of ardent spirits used in southern Europe and the 
East, distilled from grape juice, grain, etc. 

rak'ish (rak'Ish), a. Like a rake in character, looks, etc. 

rak'ish, a. 1. Naut. Having a smart appearance indicative 
of speed. 2. Showy; dashing. — rak'ish-ly, adv. — rak'- 
ish-ness, n. 

|| rale (ral), n. [F.] _ Med. An adventitious sound, usually 
morbid, accompanying the normal respiratory sounds. 

|| rallen-tan'do (ral'len-tan'do), a. & adv. [It., a.] Music. 
Slackening ; with a gradual decrease in tempo ; ritardando. 

ral'li-er (ral'i-er), n. One who rallies. 

ral'li-form (ral'i-form), a. [NL. rallus rail -f -form.] 
Zo'dl. Like or related to the rails. 

ral'line (ral'In ; -in), a. [NL. rallus rail (bird).] Zo'dl. 
Pertaining to the rails. 

ral'ly (rail), v. t.; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. [F. rattier, fr. L. 
re- + ad + ligare to bind.] 1. To collect and reduce to 
order, as troops in confusion ; reunite ; also, to bring to- 
gether for common action. 2. To revive ; rouse. — v. i. 1. 
To assemble in order ; unite in action ; also, to renew order 
or united effort. 2. To collect one's vital powers or forces ; 
revive ; recover strength. 3. To recover strength after a 
decline in prices, as stocks. 4. Tennis, etc. To engage in 
a rally (see rally, n., 3). 

— 7i.; pi. -lies (-Iz). 1. Act or process of rallying. 2. A 
political or other mass meeting. Colloq., U. S. 3. In ten- 
nis, rackets, etc., a series of strokes ending with a failure to 
return the ball. 

ral'ly, v. t. [A later form than rail, fr. F. railler to rail.] 
To attack with raillery. — Syn. Banter, ridicule, satirize. 

— v. i. To use pleasantry or satirical merriment. 

ram (ram), 7i. [AS.] 1. A male sheep. 2. An engine of 
war used for butting, or battering ; specif. : a A battering- 
ram, b In ancient war galleys, a beak projecting from the 
prow, for cutting down an enemy's vessel, c A heavy steel 
or iron beak at the prow of a steam war vessel ; also, a vessel 
with such a beak. 3. = hydraulic ram. 4. Mach. a The 
plunger of a force pump or the like, b The striking weight 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. JJ Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



RAMA 



798 



RANGE 



5. [cap."] = Aries. 
1. To butt or strike 
2. To fill or compact 



R 



in a pile driver, steam hammer, etc 

— v. t. ; rammed (ramd) ; ram'ming. 
against violently ; as, to ram a ship, 
by pounding or driving. 

Ra'ma (ra'md), n. [Skr. Rama.'] Hindu Myth. Either the 
sixth, seventh, or eighth incarnation of Vishnu. Of these 
the seventh, Ra'ma-chan'dra (-chun'drd) [Skr. Rama- 
candra~\ , is the most famous. See Ramayana. 

Ram'a-dan' (ram'd-dan'),w. Also-a-zan'. [Ar. ramadan, 
the hot month.] In the Mohammedan year, the ninth month, 
when strict fasting is practiced ; also, the fasting. 

Ra-ma'ya-na (ra-ma'yd-nd), n. [Skr. Ramayana."] A 
Sanskrit epic, detailing the adventures of Ramachandra. 

ram'ble (rarn'b'l), n. An excursion or stroll merely for 
recreation. — v. i.; -bled (-b'ld) ;_-bling (-blmg). 1. To 
go from place to place without definite object ; roam. 2. To 
talk or write discursively. 3. To extend or grow at random. 
Syn. Ramble, roam, rove, range, prowl agree in the 
idea of movement from place to place without definite 
object or goal. Ramble suggests careless wandering, often 
for pleasure ; roam implies greater freedom and wider 
range than ramble ; as, to ramble about a city ; to roam 
about the world. To rove is to roam from point to point, 
often with particular zest ; range emphasizes the idea of 
wide space covered ; as, to rove about in quest of adven- 
ture ; to range over a wide country. To prowl is to rove 
stealthily, esp. in search of prey or booty ; as, wolves prowl 
about his camp fire. 

ram/bler (ram'bler), n. One who, or that which, rambles ; 
specif., Hort., one of a group of roses, esp. the crimson 
rambler, having high-climbing stems and very large clus- 
ters of small or medium-sized flowers. 

ram'bling (-bling), p. a. Roving; wanderingj discursive. 

ram-bu'tan (ram-boo'tdn), n. [Malay rambutan, fr. ram- 
but hair of the head.] 1. A Malayan fruit closely related to 
the litchi nut. It is bright red, covered with coarse hairs, 
and contains a pleasant acid pulp. 2. The sapindaceous 
tree (N ephelium lappaceum) which bears this fruit. 

ram'e-kin, ram'e-quin (ram'e-kin), n. [F. ramequin.] 
1. A baked preparation of cheese, bread crumbs or puff 
paste, eggs, etc. ; — usually in pi. 2. The porcelain or 
earthen mold in which the mixture is baked and served. 

ram/ie (ram'e), n. [Malay rami.] An urticaceous plant 
(Boehmeria nivea) of eastern Asia, much cultivated for its 
bast fiber ; also, the fiber. 

ram'i-fi-ca'tion (-I-fT-ka'shun), n. 1. Bot. Act or process 
of branching ; arrangement of branches. 2. A small branch 
or offshoot. 3. A division into principal and subordinate 
classes, heads, etc. ; one of the subordinate parts. 

ram/i-form (ram'i-form), a. [L. ramus branch + -form.] 
1. Bot. Having the form of a branch. 2. Branched. 

ram/i-fy (-fl), v. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. ramifier, 
fr. LL., fr. L. ramus branch -j — ficare ( in comp. ) to 
make.] To divide or spread into branches or ramifications. 

Ram'il-lieUram/i-li), n. [Often I. c] A kind of plaited 

Ram'i-lie J wig ; — fr. English victory at Ramillies (1706). 

ram'mer (ram'er), n. An implement for ramming. 

ram'mish (-ish), a. Like a ram ; hence : a Rank, b Lustful. 

ra'mose (ra'mos ; rd-mos'), a. [L. ramosus, fr. ramus a 
branch.] Branched ; having branches. 

ra'mous (ra'm«s),a. 1. Ramose. 2. Pert, to or like branches. 

ramp (ramp), v. i. [F. ramper to creep, OF., to climb.] 

1. a To be rampant, or in the posture of a beast rampant 
in heraldry, b To stand or advance with forelegs or arms 
raised as if in menace ; hence : to rage ; storm. 2. To rush 
about wildly or in frenzy. — n. Act of ramping. 

ramp, n. [F. rampe.] 1. A sloping way, as in a fortifica- 
tion, bridge, etc. 2. A short bend, slope, or curve, usually 
in the vertical plane, where a handrail, coping, or the like 
changes its direction. 

ramp'age (ram'paj ; ram'paj'), n. [See ramp, v. i.] Violent 
or riotous behavior ; a state of excitement or passion. 

ram -page' (ram-pay -.ram'paj), v. i. 1. To be violent ; rage. 

2. To rush about excitedly ; act wildly. 
ram-pa'geous (ram-pa/jus), a. Raging ; unruly ; rampant. 

— ram-pa'geous-ly, adv. — ram-pa'geous-ness, n. 
ram-pal'lian, -pal'lion (-pal'y&n), n. A ruffian. Obs. 
ramp'ail-cy (ram'pan-si), n. Quality or state of being 

rampant ; exuberance ; extravagance. 
ramp'ant (-pant), a. [F., p. pr.] 1. Ramping ; rearing up 
with forelegs or paws extended. 2. Her. Standing and 
reared up, with one foreleg raised above v - 
the other ; — said of lions, bears, etc. 
Rampant, used alone, denotes the posi- 
tion of the beast with its head in profile. 
Rampant gardant denotes rampant 
but full-faced; rampant regardant, 
rampant but looking back over the 
shoulder. 3. Threatening, extravagant, 
or unrestrained in action, etc. 4. Un- 
checked ; exuberant in growth or spread ; Lion Rampant, 
as, superstition was rampant. — ramp'ant-ly, adv. 




ram'part (ram'part), n. [F. rempart, fr. remparer to for- 
tify ; re- re- + en- (L. in) -f- parer to defend, L. parare to 
prepare.] 1. Fort. A broad embankment round a place, on 
which the parapet is raised. 2. A defense or bulwark. — 
v. t. To surround or protect with a rampart. 

ram'pi-on (-pi-un), n. 1. A European bellflower (Cam- 
panula rapunculus), having an edible tuberous root, used 
as a salad. 2. Any of a genus (Phyteuma) of campanula- 
ceous plants, having spicate or capitate blue flowers. 

ram'pire (ram'plr), n. & v. t. Rampart. Archaic. 

ram'rod' (-rod'), n. The rod used in ramming home the 
charge in a muzzle-loading firearm. [ble-down.l 

ram'shack-le (-shak-'l), a. Loose-jointed; rickety; tum-| 

ram'son (ram'z'n; ram's'n), n. [AS. hramsan, pi.] A 
broad-leaved species (Allium ursinum) of garlic ; also, its 
bulbous root, used in salads as a relish ; — chiefly in pi. 

ram/til (ram'til), n. [Bengali ramtil.] A tropical aster- 
aceous shrub (Guizotia abyssinica) cultivated for its 
seeds (ramtil, or Niger, seeds) which yield a valuable oil. 

ram/U-lose (ram'u-los), a. [L. ramulosus, fr. ramulus, 
dim. of ramus a branch.] Having many small branches. 

ra'mus (ra/mus), n. ; pi. rami (-ml). [L.] A branch. 

ran (ran). Pret. & obs. p. p. of run. 

Ran (ran), n. [Icel. Ran.] See^GiR. 

ranee (rans), n. [F.] A dull red marble with blue and 
white markings, from Belgium, and now generally sold in 
the United States as Belgian marble. 

ranch (ranch), n. [See rancho.] 1. An establishment, 
with its estate, for the grazing and rearing of horses, cat- 
tle, or sheep ; esp., the houses, barns, corrals, etc. ; also, 
the persons on the estate. 2. Loosely, a large farm. — v. i. 
To live or work on a ranch ; engage in the business of a 
ranchman. All Western U. S. & Canada. 

ranch'er (ran'cher), n. One engaged in ranching; a ranch- 
man. Western U. S. & Canada. 

ran'che-ri'a (ran'cha-re'd), n. [Sp. rancheria.] 1. A 
dwelling place of a ranchero. 2. A collection of ranchos, or 
huts, esp. for Indians. Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S. 

ran-che'ro (ran-cha'ro),n. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp. ranchero.] 
A herdsman employed on a ranch ; also, sometimes, „ne 
owner. Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S. 

ranch/man (ranch'mdn), n. A man who owns, occupies, or 
works on, a ranch. Western U. S. & Canada. 

ran'cho (ran'cho), n. ; pi. -chos (-choz). [Sp., prop., a 
mess, mess room.] 1. A rude hut or collection of huts for 
herdsmen, farm laborers, etc. Sp. Amer. 2. A ranch ; — 
disting. from hacienda. Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S. 

ran'cid (ran'sTd), a. [L. rancidus, fr. rancere to be ran- 
cid.^ Having a rank smell or taste. — ran'cid-ness. 

ran-cid'i-ty (ran-sid'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being ran- 
cid ; a rancid scent or flavor. 

ran'cor, ran'cour (rar/ker), n. [OF. rancor, rancur, fr. 
L. rancor rancidity, rancor, fr. rancere to be rank or ran- 
cid.] The deepest malignity or spite ; deep-seated enmity 
or malice. — Syn. See resentment. 

ran'cor-OUS (-us), a. Full of rancor ; deeply malignant. 

rand (rand), n. [AS. rand, rond.] A border, edge, or mar- 
gin, as an unplowed edge of a field. 06s. or Dial. Eng. 

ran'dan (ran'dan ; ran-dan'), n. Disorderly, noisy conduct ; 
a spree. Chiefly Eng. 

ran'dan, n. 1. A boat propelled by three rowers, the mid- 
dle rower pulling two sculls, bow and stroke pulling one 
oar each. 2. This style of rowing. — ran'dan, a. & adv. 

ran'dem (ran'dem), adv. With three horses harnessed 
tandem. — n. A team, or vehicle, driven randem. 

ran'dom (ran'dum), n. [OF. randon violence, rapidity.] 
Ahaphazard course or progress ; — chiefly in : at random 
without definite direction or method ; aimlessly. — a. Go- 
ing by chance ; left to chance ; aimless. — ran'dom-ly, adv. 
Syn. Chance, stray, casual, haphazard, fortuitous, acci- 
dental. — Random, haphazard. Random implies ab- 
sence of fixed aim or purpose ; haphazard heightens the 
implication of chance. 

rang (rang), pret. of ring, v. t. & i. 

range (ranj), v. t.; ranged (ranjd) ; rang'ing (ranging). 
[OF. rangier, rengier, fr. renc row, rank.] 1. To set in a 
row or rows ; dispose in a line or lines. 2. To place (an indi- 
vidual, as one's self) among others in a line ; hence, to es- 
pouse a cause, join a party, etc. ; — usually used reflex- 
ively ; as, to range one's self with the Prohibition party. 
3. To dispose or arrange systematically. 4. To lay off or lay 
out ; make level, even, or straight ; specif. : a Naut. To 
arrange (an anchor cable) on deck, b Gun. To determine 
the elevation necessary for a given distance ; give (a gun) 
such elevation, c To train (a telescope). 5. To rove over, 
through, or along. 

— v. i. 1. To rove at large ; wander ; roam, as cattle. 2. 
To move over a surface so as to explore it, esp. as a dog 
after game. 3. To be ranged ; be ranked. 4. To have, or 
extend in, a certain direction ; trend ; run ; as, to range 
along the coast. 5. a To have range ; be capable of project- 
ing, or admit of being projected ; as, the gun ranges three 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



RANGE FINDER 



799 



RAPIDLY 



miles, b To change or differ within limits. 6. Gun. To ob- 
tain the range of an object by firing alternately over and 
short of it until a hit is made. 7.Bot.& Zo'ol. To be native 
'.o, or live in, a certain region. — Syn. See ramble. 

*- n. 1. A series of things in a line ; a row ; rank ; as, a range 
of mountains. 2. An order ; class. 3. A line of direction ; 
as, in range with the foot. 4. A wandering or roving ; a 
ramble. 5. That which may be ranged over ; esp., a region 
where cattle may pasture. 6. Extent or space taken in or 
covered ; reach ; scope ; as, range of voice ; range of topics. 
7. The limits of a series of actual or possible variations, or 
the series or variations within such limits ; as, the range 
of prices is great. 8. Any of several forms of large cooking 
stoves or apparatus. 9. Leather Manuf. A part of a hide. 
See hide, Illust. 10. In the public-land system, a row of 
townships lying between two successive meridian lines six 
miles apart. U.S. 11. Bot. & Zo'ol. The region through- 
out which a plant or animal naturally lives. 12. a The 
horizontal distance to which a projectile is, or may be, 
propelled. Also, the horizontal distance of the target from 
the gun. b A place where shooting is practiced. 
Syn. Range, compass, scope. Range emphasizes the 
idea of extent ; compass, that of inclusiveness within limits ; 
scope connotes amplitude of outlook or freedom of range ; 
as, a vast range of knowledge ; the compass of human powers ; 
his abilities had full scope. 

range finder. Gunnery. An instrument, variously con- 
structed, used to determine the distance of an object. 

rang'er (ran'jer), n. 1. The keeper of a royal park or forest. 
Eng. 2. One who, or that which, ranges ; as : a A rover ; 
wanderer, b One of a body of mounted troops who range 
over a region, c In America, a warden who patrols tracts of 
forest. — rang'er-ship, n. 

rang'y (ran'ji), a. Able or apt to range for considerable dis- 
tances ; hence, long-limbed and slender ; — chiefly of cattle. 

rank (rank), a. [AS. ranc strong, proud.] 1. Luxuriant or 
coarse in growth ; grown to immoderate height ; as, rank 
weeds. 2. Overgrown ; gross ; also, overfed. Obs. 3. Pro- 
jecting to an unusual extent beyond a surface, as the blade 
of a plane when adjusted to cut deeply. 4. Producing 
luxuriantly ; very (sometimes too) rich and fertile ; as, rank 
land. 5. Strong-scented ; rancid ; offensive in smell or taste. 

6. Offensively coarse ; indecent ; foul ; as, rank language. 

7. Extreme ; gross ; utter ; — used only in reprobation ; as, 
rank treason. 8. Excessive. Obs., except Law. 9. Lustful ; 
ruttish. Obs. — Syn. Absolute, downright ; flagrant, 
glaring, palpable. See luxurious. 

Rank, n. [OF. ranc, renc, prob. fr. OHG. hring circle.] 1. 
A row ; line ; range ; series, tier. 2. Mil. a A line of soldiers 
ranged side by side ; — opposed to file, b In pi. An army ; 
the forces, c In pi. The privates as distinguished from 
officers; as, he rose from the ranks; — hence, also, used 
analogously of those in other walks of life. 3. Line ; or- 
derly arrangement ; formation ; as, to form a crowd into 
rank. 4. A social class ; an order ; as, in all ranks of society. 
5. Grade of official standing ; as, the rank of general. 6. De- 
gree of eminence or excellence ; status ; grade ; as, a writer 
of the first rank. 7. Eminence ; distinction ; as, a man of 
rank. 8. Chess. A row of squares on the chessboard par- 
allel to the sides next the players. 

rank and file, the whole body of common soldiers ; hence, 
those who constitute the bulk of a party, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To arrange in a line or row or in ranks ; set in a 
regular formation. 2. To range in a particular class or 
order ; classify. 3. To outrank. U. S. — v. i. To be ranged, 
as in a particular degree, class, etc. ; have a certain grade, 
degree of esteem, etc. 

rank'er (rank'er), n. [From rank, n.] Mil. One who 
serves or has served in the ranks ; specif., a commissioned 
officer promoted from the ranks. Colloq. 

ran'kle (ran'k'l), v. i.; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kling (-klTng). 
[OF. rancler, prob. deriv. of LL. dracunculus a sore, dim. 
of L. draco dragon.] To become or be rank or festering ; 
fester ; also, to produce a festering or inflamed effect ; — lit- 
erally, as of a sore or wound, or, now esp., figuratively, as 
of a feeling or experience. 

rank'ly, adv. In a rank manner. 

rank'ness, n. State or quality of bt ing rank. 

ran'sack,(ran'sak), v. t. [From Scind.] 1. To search for 
stolen goods ; search thoroughly. 2. To plunder. Archaic. 

— n. A ransacking ; pillage. — ran'sack-er, n. 
ran'som (-siim), n. [OF. rancon, fr. L. redemptio, fr. redi- 

mere to redeem. See redeem.] Redemption of a captive 
or capture by paying a price ; also, the price paid or de- 
manded. — y. t. 1. To redeem from captivity, servitude, 
etc., by paying a price. 2. To deliver ; redeem. 3. To re- 
lease on payment of ransom. — ran'som-er (-er), n. 
Syn. Ransom, redeem. Inordinary use, to ransom is esp. 
to release (a person) from captivity or servitude ; to redeem 
is to regain (an object), — in either case by a payment. 
rant (rant), v. i. [OD. ranten, randen, to dote, rage.] To 
declaim, or talk in extravagant language, without dignity 



of thought ; to be noisy and bombastic in talk or declama* 
tion. — n. Ranting speech ; bombast. — rant'er (ran'- 
ter), n. — rant'ing, p. a. — rant'ing-ly, adv. IColloqA 

ran'— tan 7 (ran'tan 7 ), n. A noisy knocking, as at a door.] 

ra-nun'cu-la'ceous (rd-nun^u-la'shus), a. [See ranun- 
culus.] Bot. Belonging to a large family (Ranuncula- 
cese) of plants, the crowfoot family, typifying an order 
(Ranunculales) , and including the buttercup, larkspur, 
anemone, monkshood, peony, clematis, hellebore, etc. 

ra-nun'cu-lus (rd-nur/ku-liis), n.; pi. E. -luses (-ez; 24), 
L. -culi (-11). [L., a little frog, a medicinal plant, perh. 
crowfoot, dim. of rana a frog.] Bot. Any of a large genus 
(Ranunculus) of well-known herbs, the crowfoots, or but- 
tercups, typifying a family {Ranunculacese). 

rap (rap), n. 1. Any coin of trifling value. 2. Fig., the least 
bit ; as, I don't care a rap. Colloq. 

rap, v. t.; rapped (rapt), or, often, rapt ; rap'ping. 1. To 
snatch away. 2. To transport mentally ; ravish. 

rap, v. t. & i. ; rapped (rapt) ; rap'ping. 1. To strike with 
a quick, smart blow. 2. To utter impetuously or sharply ; 
— used chiefly with out. — n. 1. A quick, smart blow. 2. 
A sound like that of knocking, ascribed to mediumistic 
agencies, as at spiritualistic seances. 

ra-pa'cious (rd-pa'shus), a. [L. rapax, -acis, fr. rapere to 
seize and carry off.] 1. Given to plunder ; seizing by force. 
2. Subsisting on prey ; predaceous. 3. Avaricious ; grasping ; 
also, greedy ; ravenous ; as, a rapacious appetite. — Syn. 
greedy. — ra-pa'cious-ly, adv. — ra-pa'cious-ness, n. 

ra-pac'i-ty (rd-pas'i-ti), n. Quality of being rapacious; 
rapaciousness. 

rape (rap), n. [L. rapa, rapum.~\ A European brassica- 
ceous plant (Brassica napus), grown as a forage crop for 
sheep, hogs, etc. Its seeds yield rape oil, and are a bird food- 

rape, n. [F. rape a grape stalk, LL. raspa grapes.] The 
pomace of grapes, left after expression of the juice or must. 
It is used for filtering, esp. in vinegar making. 

rape, v. t.; raped (rapt) ; rap'ing (rap'ing). [Prob. fr. L. 
rapere.'] 1. To seize and take away by force ; plunder. 
Archaic. 2. To commit rape on ; ravish, — n. 1. A seizing 
and carrying away by force ; robbery. 2. Law. The carnal 
knowledge of a woman forcibly and without her consent. 

rape, or rapeseed, oil. An oil expressed from rapeseed and 
used as a lubricant, for illumination, etc. 

rape'seed 7 (rap'sed 7 ), n. The seed of rape ; also the plant. 

Raph'a-el (raf'a-el ; ra'fa-), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Fa<j>aT)\, fr. Heb. 
Rephael.~] An angel mentioned in Hebrew literature. Mil- 
ton represents him as sent to instruct Adam. 

ra'phe (ra'fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pa<f>r} a seam or suture, fr. 
pawreiv to sew or stitch together.] i. Anat. The seamlike 
union of the two lateral halves of a part or organ, as of the 
tongue, having externally a ridge or furrow. 2. Bot. a In 
anatropous ovules, that part of the funicle adnate to the 
integument, forming a ridge along the body of the ovule. 
b In diatoms, the median line of a valve. 

raph'i-des (raf'I-dez), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. pact's, pa<£i'5os, a 
needle.] Bot. Crystals, generally of calcium oxalate, de- 
veloped as metabolic by-products in plant cells. 

rapid (rap'id), a. [L. rapidus, fr. rapere to seize and 
carry oft, hurry away.] 1. Very swift or quick in motion ; 
fast. 2. Advancing with haste or speed ; happening, done, 
or achieved quickly ; as, rapid growth. 3. Quick in execu- 
tion ; as, a rapid penman. — Syn. See fast. — n. A part 
of a river where the current flows very swiftly, but without 
actual waterfall ; — usually in pi. 

rap'id— fire 7 la. 1. Gun. Firing shots in rapid succession. 

rap'id-fir 7 ing| 2. Ordnance. Capable of being fired rap- 
idly ; — applied to 
mounted single- 
barreled guns of 
greater caliber 
than small arms, 
with a quick-acting 
breech mechanism 4 
operated by a single 
motion of a crank 
or lever (abbr., R. 
F.) ; specif. : a In 
the United States 
navy, designating 
such a gun using 




Rapid-fire Gun 
(Hotchkiss ex- 
pounder). 1 
Shoulder Rest ; 
2 Stoc k ; 3 
Breechblock 
Hand les ; 4 
Handles for 
use at different 
elevations; 5 
Pedestal 
Mount. 



fixed ammunition or metallic cartridge cases ; — disting. 
from breech-loading (abbr., B. L.), applied to all guns 
loading with the charge in bags, b In the U. S. army, des- 
ignating such a gun, whether using fixed or separate am- 
munition ; — not disting. from quick-fire. C In Great 
Britain and Europe, used, rarely, as synonymous with 
quick-fire. 

rap 7 id-fir'er, n. Ordnance. A rapid-fire gun. 

ra-pid'i-ty (rd-pid'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being rapid ; 
swiftness ; celerity. — Syn. Speed, fleetness, quickness. 

rap'id-ly, adv. In a rapid manner. _^ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, jj Foreign Word* + combined with, = equals. 



N 



RAPIER 



800 



RATCHET 



R 




ra'pi-er (ra'pT-er), n. [F. rapiere.] A straight two-edged 
sword with narrow blade, chiefly for thrusting. 

rap'ine (rap'in), n. [¥., fr. L. rapina, fr. rapere to seize 
and carry off.] A plundering ; spoliation ; pillage ; plunder. 

rap'pa-ree' (rap'd-reO.n. [Ir. rapaire.} An Irish freebooter, 
esp. of the 17th century ; hence : a plunderer ; vagabond. 

rap-pee' (ra-pe'), n. [F. rape, lit., grated.] A kind of 
snuff made from the darker and ranker tobacco leaves. 

rap'per (rap'er), n. One who, or that which, raps ; specif., 
the knocker of a door. 

rap-port' (ra-port' ; F. ra/por'), n. [F., fr. rapporter to 
bring back, refer.] Relation, esp. of harmony, conformity, 
accord, or affinity ; — esp. in : in rapport, or [F.] en rap- 
port (aV ra/por'), in an intimate or harmonious relation. 

U rap'proche'ment' (ra/prosh'maN'), n. [F., fr. rapprocher 
to cause to approach again. See re- ; approach.] Act or 
fact of coming or being drawn near or together ; establish- 
ment or state of cordial relations. 

rap-scal'lion (rap-skal'ywn), n. A rascal ; a scamp. 

rapt (rapt), p. a. 1. Seized and transported up or away; 
hurried away or along ; — used lit. or fig. 2. Transported 
with love, delight, etc. ; enraptured. 3. Deeply engrossed, 
as in feeling, meditation, etc. — Syn. See tense. 

Rap-to'res (rap-to'rez ; 57), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. raptor a 
plunderer.] Zo'dl. a An order consisting of the birds of prey, 
as hawks, eagles, vultures, owls, etc., 
its typical members being character- 
ized by carnivorous habits, great pow- 
ers of flight, and keenness of vision. 
They seize their prey with their sharp 
curved claws, b An order consisting 
of the birds of prey except owls. 

rap-to'ri-al (-ri-al), o. Zool. a Living 
on prey, fo Adapted to seize prey. C Of 
or pertaining to the Raptores. 

rap'ture (rap'tyr), n. [L. rapere, 
raptum, to carry off by force.] 1. Act 
of transporting ; fact of being trans- 
ported ; a hurrying along. 2. Mental 
transport, esp. of an agreeable sort ; Head and Foot of one 
ecstasy. 3. An expression, or mani- oi the Raptores. 
testation, of ecstasy ; a rhapsody. — Syn. See ecstasy. 

— v. t. ; -tured (-tyrd) ; -tur-ing (-tyr-ing). To enrapture ; 
transport. Poetic. 

rap'tur-OUS (-tyr-us), a. Feeling, expressing, or manifest- 
ing rapture ; ecstatic ; as, rapturous applause. — rap'- 
tur-ous-ly, adv. — rap'tur-ous-ness, n. 

rare (rar), a. [L. rarus thin, rare.] 1. Not dense ; thin ; as, 
a rare atmosphere. 2. Dispersed. R. 3. Not frequent ; un- 
usual ; as, a rare event. 4. Uncommon in nature ; unusual- 
ly excellent ; as, of rare beauty. 

Syn. — Rare, scarce. That is rare of which but few ex- 
amples, or instances, are found ; the word often implies 
unusual character ; scarce commonly applies to that which 
is for the time being to be had only in diminished quanti- 
ties ; as, geniuses are rare; a bad harvest makes wheat 
scarce. See dainty. 
rare earth. See earth, 9. [of meat.| 

rare, a. Not thoroughly cooked ; underdone ; — said chiefly} 

rare'bit (rar'bit), n. Cookery. A Welsh rabbit. 

rar'ee-show' (rar'e-shoO, n. A show carried about in a 
box ; hence, any cheap street show. 

rar'e-fac'tion (rar'e-fak'shim ; raVe-), n. Act or process of 
rarefying ; state of being rarefied ; — opp. to condensation. 

rar'e-fac'tive (-tiv), a. [L. rarefacere, -factum, to rarefy. 
See rarefy.] Producing, or marked by, rarefaction. 

rar'e-fy (rar'e-fl ; rar'-), v. t. & i. -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. 
rarefier; L. rarus rare + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 1. 
To make or become rare, thin, or less dense ; — opp. to con- 
dense. 2. Fig., to make more spiritual, refined, or the like. 

rare'ly (rar'li), adv. 1. Seldom ; not often. 2. Finely ; 
beautifully ; with rare skill ; as, rarely carved. 3. In an ex- 
ceptional degree ; as, rarely beautiful. 

rare'ness, n. State or quality of being rare ; rarity. 

rare'ripe' (rar'rlp'), a. [rare early -4- ripe.] Early ripe. — 
n. 1. An early ripening fruit, esp. a kind of peach. 2. A 
small or inferior onion. 

rar'i-ty (rar'I-ti; rar'-), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality, 
state, or fact of being rare ; as : a Rareness ; thinness ; as, 
the rarity (contrasted with the density) of gases. ■ b Un- 
commonness ; infrequency ; hence, unusual excellence. 2. 
That which is rare ; an uncommon thing. 

ras'cal (ras'kdl), n. [OF. rascaille the rabble.] A mean, 
trickish fellow ; a rogue ; knave ; — often jocular ; as, you 
young rascal. — a. Of or pertaining to the rabble ; low ; 
mean ; base ; as, a rascal person ; rascal fiddler. 

ras-cal'ion, ras-cal'lion (ras-kal'yun), n. A rapscallion. 

ras-cal'i-ty (ras-kal'i-tY), n.; pi. -ties (-t!z). The charac- 
ter or action of a rascal ; knavery ; a rascally act. 

ras'cal-ly (ras'kdl-i), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteris- 
tic of, a rascal ; mean ; base ; worthless ; — often humorous. 

— adv. In a rascally fashion. 




rase (raz), v. t.; rased (razd) ; ras'ing. [F. raser, LL. ra. 
sare, v. freq. fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape.] 1. To erase. 
Obs. or Rare. 2. To level to the ground. = raze, 4. Rare. 

rash (rash), n. Med. A fine eruption on the body. 

rash, a. [ME. rasch quick.] 1. Overhasty in counsel or 
action ; precipitate ; reckless ; — said of persons, and opposed 
to prudent ; as, a rash statesman or commander. 2. Due to 
or indicating too much haste or too little reflection ; as, 
rash words ; rash measures. 3. Sudden or quick in action 
or operation. Obs. 

Syn. Headstrong, hasty, heedless ; bold, adventurous, 
venturous, venturesome, daring, reckless, foolhardy, hardy, 
fearless. — Rash, adventurous, venturous, venture- 
some, daring:, reckless, foolhardy. One is adventur- 
ous who is inclined to adventure ; as, an adventurous 
mountain climber. One is venturous who is inclined to 
take chances ; venturesome (often interchangeable with 
venturous) frequently implies an excessive tendency in that 
direction. Daring: heightens the implication of fearless- 
ness ; as, a daring aviator. Rash implies undue precipi- 
tancy or hastiness ; reckless, utter heedlessness or care- 
lessness of consequences ; as, youth is rash in promises ; 
reckless shooting. One is foolhardy who is foolishly daring 
or reckless. 

rash'er, n. A thin slice of bacon or ham. 

rash'ly, adv. In a rash manner ; too precipitately. 

rash'ness, n. Quality or state of beingrash. 
Syn. Rashness, temerity. Rashness implies undue 
precipitancy ; temerity adds to rashness the implication 
of a certain audacity or even effrontery in action ; as, rash- 
ness indicates bad judgment ; temerity may arise from 
moral courage. 

URas-kol'nik (ras-kol'nyik), tc.; pi. Raskolniki (-nyi-kT) 
or Raskolniks (-nyiks). [Russ. raskol'nik dissenter, fr. 
raskol dissent.] The name applied by the Russian govern- 
ment to any subject of the Greek faith who dissents from 
the established church. 

ra-SO'ri-al (rd-so'ri-dl), a. [L. radere, ra- 
sum, to scratch.] 1. Habitually scratch- 
ing the ground for food, as a fowl. 2. 
Gallinaceous. 

rasp (rasp), v. t. [OF. rasper to scrape, 
grate, rasp.] 1. To rub or file with 
something rough, as a rasp. 2. Fig., to 
grate harshly on ; irritate ; as, some 
sounds rasp the ear. — v. i. To grate or 
scrape. — n. 1. A kind of coarse file with 
raised points instead of lines. 2. Act of 
rasping ; also, a sound like that produced 
by a rasp. 

rasp'ber-ry (raz'ber-T ; raz'-), n.; pi. -ries (-iz). [Obs. 
Dial. E. rasp raspberry + berry.] The 
fruit of any of various brambles (genus 
Rubus), distinguished from the black- 
berry by separating easily from the re- 
ceptacle when ripe ; also, the plant (esp. 
R. idseus, R. strigosus, R. oc- 
cidentalis) bearing it. 

rasp'er (ras'per), n. One who, or 
that which, rasps. 

rasp'y (ras'pi), a. 1. Like a rasp, 
or the sound made by a rasp; 
grating. 2. Raspish ; irritable. 

ra'sure (ra'zhur), n. [L. rasura, 
fr. radere, rasum, to scrape.] Era- 
sure ; obliteration. 06s. or R. Rasp- 
rat (rat), n. [AS. rset.] 1. Any of berries, 
certain rodents (genus Mus) allied 
to the mice, but considerably larger. 2. a One who deserts 
his party or associates, esp. in adversity, b = scab, n., 5. 
Cant. 3. A rat-shaped pad for the hair. U. S. 

— v. i. ; rat'ted (-ed ; 24) ; -ting. 1. a To desert one's party 
or associates, b In the trades, to work as a rat, or scab. 
Cant. 2. To catch or hunt rats, esp with a dog. 

rat'a-bil'i-ty, rate'a-biFi-ty (raVd-bil'i-ti), n. The qual- 
ity or state of being ratable. 

rat'a-ble, rate'a-ble (iat'd-b'1), a. 1. Capable of being 
rated, or appraised. 2. Proportional ; as, ratable payments. 
3. Liable to taxatioi, or rates; as, ratable property. 
Chiefly Eng. — rat'f.-bly, rate'a-bly (-bit), adv. 

rat'a-fi'atrat'd-fe'dVt. Alsorat'a-iee'(-fe'). [F. ratafia.'] 
1. A liqueur flavored with fruit or fruit kernels, esp. of a 
bitter-almond flavor. 2. A kind of cake or sweet biscuit. 

rat'al (rat'dl), n. [rate + -«^-] Amount at which a person 
is rated with reference to assessment. 

rat'a-plan' (rat'd-plan' ; F. ra'ta/plaN'), n . [F.] The 
iterative sound of beating a drum, or of a galloping horse. 

— v. t. & i. To beat a rataplan on something. 

ratch (rSch), n. A ratchet wheel, or notched bar, with which 
a pawl, or click, works. 

ratch'et (-et ; 24), n. [F. rochet ratchet, bobbin.] 1. A 
pawl, click, or detent, to act on a ratch. 2. A mechanism 
composed of a ratchet wheel, or ratch, and pawl. 



Rasorial Bird. 
Head and Foot 
of Domestic 
Fowl. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, Chin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



RATCHET BRACE 



801 



RATTLER 




ratchet brace. Mach. A boring brace with a ratchet wheel 
and pawl for rotating the tool. 

ratchet drilL A hand drill in which a lever carrying at one 
end a drill holder is revolved by a ratchet wheei and pawl. 

ratchet wheel. Mach. A wheel having teeth with which a 
reciprocating pawl engages. « 

rate (rat), v. t. & i.; rat'ed 
(rat'ed ; 24) ; rat'ing (rac- 
ing). To chide ; scold vehe- 
mently. — Syn. See reprove. 

rate, n. [OF., fr. L. rata (sc. 
pars), fr. ratus, p. p. of reri 
to reckon.] 1. Amount or 
quantity ; established por- 
tion or measure. Obs. 2. a Ratchet Wheel : 6 Recipro- 
Value ; price. Obs. or R. 3. eating Lever ; c Click, Pawl, 
Quantity, amount, or degree ° r Ratchet, for communicat- 
ee „ *v,;„rr moocnroH nor ln S motion ; a Pawl, for pre- 
of a thing measured per ve b nti ba( ^ waid mo uon. 
unit of sometning else ; pro- ° 

portional amount or degree ; as, rate per cent, the number 
of hundredths taken of a whole ; rate of interest, the speci- 
fied number of hundredths of the principal. 4. A fixed 
ratio ; proportion ; also, a charge or price fixed by a ratio, 
scale, or standard ; as, railroad rates. 5. Relative condi- 
tion or quality ; rank.; class ; as, first rate. 6. A tax on prop- 
erty ; esp., in England, a local tax ; — ■ usually in pi. 
at any rata, at all events ; in any case. 

— v. t. 1. To calculate ; reckon. 06s. or R. 2. To appraise ; 
value. 3. To consider ; regard. 4. To settle the relative 
rank, position, class, or quality of ; as, to rate a ship or 
seaman. 5. To arrange for the transportation of (goods, 
by rail, water, etc.) at a certain rate. 6. Mech. To design (a 
machine, dynamo, etc.) for a definite power, speed, etc. 

— v. i. To be set or considered in a class ; have rank. 
rate'a-bil'i-ty, rate'a-ble, etc. Vars. of ratability, etc. 
ra'tel (ra'tel), n. [Cape D., orig. ratelmuis (D. muis 

mouse).] A musteline mammal (genus Mellivora) of South 
Africa and India, badgerlike in size, form, and habits. 

rat'er (rat'er), n. One who rates. 

rath (rath) \ a. [AS. hrsed quick.] 1. Quick ; eager. Obs. 

rathe (rath) j or R. 2. Early. Obs. or Poetic. 3. Pert, to 
the early part of the day. season, year, etc. Poetic or Dial. 

— adv. [AS. hrade, hrse8e.~] Early; betimes. Poetic. 
rath'er (rafch'er; ra'tfeer), adv. [AS. hraSor, compar. of 

hraSe, hrxSe, quickly, immediately.] 1. More quickly ; 
earlier. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. More properly, reasonably, 
or truly ; hence, instead ; as, rather a dream than a reverie ; 
nothing bettered, but rather worse. 3. More than not ; 
somewhat ; as, I rather expect to go ; rather rainy. 4. More 
readily or willingly ; as, I would rather go than stay. 

I) Raths'kel'ler (rats'kel'er), n. [G.] Orig., in Germany, 
the basement of the city hall, often used for a restaurant 
where beer is sold ; hence [usually I. c] , a saloon or 
restaurant of the German type below the street level. 

rat'i-fi-ca'tiqn (raVI-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of ratifying ; state 
of being ratified ; confirmation ; sanction. 

rat'i-fy (rat'I-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. ratifier, 
LL. ratificare ; L. ratus fixed by calculation, firm, valid + 
-ficare (in comp.) to make.] To approve and sanction; 
confirm ; establish ; settle. — rat'i-fi'er (-fl'er), n. 
Syn. Ratify, sanction, confirm, authorize. To ratify 
is to make valid, esp. by formal approval ; sanction often 
adds the implication of countenance, furtherance, or sup- 
port ; as, his choice was ratified by the army ; his measures 
were sanctioned by the king. To confirm is to ratify by 
formal or decisive assent ; to authorize is to sanction by 
authority ; as, to confirm a treaty ; to authorize a translation. 

rat'ing (rat'ing), n. Classification according to grade ; 
rank ; grade ; class. 

ra'ti-0 (ra'shl-o ;ra'sho),?i. ;'pZ.-Tios. [L., fr. reri, ratus, to 
reckon, think.] l.Math. Quotient of one magnitude divided 

by another of like kind ; — written as a fraction, thus -, §, 

or with a colon between terms, thus a : c, 3 : 2, and is 
read "ratio of a to c," "ratio of 3 ;o 2." Sometimes the 
difference of two numbers is called their arithmetical 
ratio; their quotient, their geometrical ratio. 2. Hence, 
fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree ; rate ; pro- 
portion; as, the ratio of representation in Congress; in 
the ratio of 2 to 3. 3. Portion ; ration. Obs. 

ra'ti-OC'i-nate (rash'I-os'I-nat), v, i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ■ 
-nat'lng. [L. ratiocinatus, p. p. of ratiocinari, fr. ratio 
reason.] To reason. — ra'ti-OC'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 

ra'ti-OC'i-na'tion ( : na^shi2n), n. Reasoning, or the mental 
process of exact thinking ; also, a specific process of reason. 

ra'ti-OC'i-na-tive (-6s'I-na-tIv), a. Of or pert, to ratiocina- 
tion ; also, characterized by, or addicted to, ratiocination. 

ra'tion (ra'shun ; rash'tm), n. [F. ; or I . ratio a reckon- 
ing, relation, LL. ratio ration.] An allowance of provi- 
sions, esp. a fixed daily allowance to a soldier or a sailor. 

— r. t. 1. To supply with rations, as a regiment. 2. To allot 
or distribute as rations. 



ra'tion-al (r3sh'un-al), a. [L. rationalis."] 1. Having 
reason or understanding ; reasoning. 2. Of, pert, to, of the 
nature of, or characterized by, reason ; as, the rational 
faculty. 3. Agreeable to reason ; intelligent ; sensible ; as, 
rational conduct. 4. Math. Not involving a surd ; as, a ra- 
tional quantity. 5. Gr. & Lat. Pros. Capable of being 
measured in terms of the mora, or metrical unit ; having the 
normal ratio between arsis and thesis. — n. That which is 
rational. 

Syn. Rational, reasonable. Rational suggests esp. the 
possession of reason regarded as a faculty of the mind ; 
reasonable implies particularly the exercise of reason, or 
conformity to reason, esp. from a practical point of view ; 
as, rational powers of mind ; a reasonable law, action, 
rational horizon. Aslron. See horizon, 2 b. 

ra'tion-a'le (-a'le), n. [L. ralionalis, neut. rationale."] 
An explanation or exposition of the principles of some 
opinion, hypothesis, phenomenon, etc. ; also, the principles 
themselves. 

ra'tion-al-ism (rash'im-al-iz'm), n. 1. Theol. The doc- 
trine or system of those who base their religious opinions on 
reason rather than revelation. 2. Philos. The theory that 
reason is a source of knowledge in itself, superior to and 
independent of sense perceptions. 

ra'tion-al-ist, n. An adherent of rationalism. 

ra'tion-al-is'tic (-Is'tlk) \ a. Belonging to, or in accord- 

ra'tion-al-is'ti-cal (-ti-kal)J ance with, the principles of 
rationalism ; tending toward, or characterized by, ration- 
alism. — ra'tion-al-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

ra'tion-al'i-ty (-al'I-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). Quality or 
state of being rational; reasonableness; a rational view, 
practice or the like. 

ra'tion-al-ize (-al-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing. 1. To 
make rational ; also, to endow with reason. 2. To inter- 
pret in the manner of a rationalist ; convert to rationalism. 
— ra'tion-al-i-za'tion (-I-za'sh5n; -I-za'shiin), n. 

ra'tion-al-ly, adv. In a rational manner ; reasonably. 

rat'ite (rat'It), a. [L. ratis a raft.] Having a fiat breast- 
bone, as the ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and moas ; — op- 
posed to carinate. 

rat'line, rat'lin (rat'lin), n. Naut. a Small, usually three- 
stranded, tarred rope used for rat- 
lines (in sense b). b One of the small 
transverse ropes attached to the 
shrouds to serve as steps. 

ra-toon' (ra-t6on'), n. [Sp. retono.J 
A sugar-cane stalk or shoot, specif, 
one of the second year's growth from 
the root, or later. — v. i. ; -tooned' 
(-toond') ; -toon'ing. To sprout or 
spring up from the root, as sugar cane. 

rats'bane' (rats'ban'),n. [rat+bane.] 
Rat poison ; esp., white arsenic. 

rat'-tail 7 (rat'tal'), a. Like a rat's tail 
in form ; as, a rat-tail file. 

rat-tan' (ra-tan'), n. [Malay rotan.~] 
1. a Any of a genus of climbing palms 
{Calamus) with remarkably long stems, b A portion of 
one of these stems. Rattans are used for walking sticks, 
wickerwork, etc. 2. A rattan cane or switch. 

rat-teen' (-ten'), n. [F. ratine.'] A thick woolen stuff 
quilled or twilled, used chiefly for linings. 

rat'ten (raf'n), v. t. & i. [E. dial, ratten a rat, hence, lit., 
to do mischief like a rat.] To deprive of the machinery, 
tools, etc., used in one's employment (as by destroying or 
stealing them), to coerce an employer. Cant, Chiefly Eng. 

rafter (-er), n. One who rats or anything that catches 
rats, esp. a dog, as a terrier. [Abounding in rats.l 

rat'tish, a. 1. Characteristic of, like, or pert, to, a rat. 2.| 

rat'tle (rat''l), v. t. ; rat'tled (-'Id) ; -tltng. Naut. To fur- 
nish with ratlines ; — often used with down. 

rat'tle, v. i. [ME. ratelen.'] 1. To make a quick succession 
of sharp noises, as by collision of hard bodies ; clatter. 2. 
To talk rapidly and idly ; chatter. Colloq. 3. To move or 
go with a rattling noise. — v. t. 1. To cause to make a rat- 
tling sound. 2. To say, perform, affect, etc., in a brisk, 
lively fashion, esp. with a rattle or clatter ; as, he rattled 
off his lesson. 3. To rouse ; chase hard (game, etc.). 4. To 
disconcert ; as, to rattle a player in a game. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds. 2. 
An instrument (as a toy, etc.) for making a rattling sound. 
3. Noise ; racket ; esp., noisy, rapid talk ; chatter. 4. The 
sound-producing organ on a rattlesnake's tail. 5. The 
noise in the throat caused by air passing through mucus 
which the lungs cannot expel, as at the approach of death. 

rat'tle-box' (-boksO, n. 1. A boxlike toy that makes a rat- 
tling sound ; a rattle. 2. a Any fabaceous herb (esp. Cro- 
talaria sagittalis) the seeds of which, when ripe, rattle in 
the inflated pod. b The silver-bell tree, [headed chatterer." 

rat'tle-brain' (-branO.rat'tle-pate 7 (-pat'), n. An empty- 

rat'tler (rat'ler), n. One who, or that which, rattles; spe 
cif. : a A rattlesnake, b A tumbling barrel ; rumble. 




Shrouds and 

lines. 



Rat- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; ah=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
E xp l a na tions of Abbreviations used in this work, i igns, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



RATTLESNAKE 



802 



REACH 








*at'tle-snake' (-'1-snak'),, n. Any of certain venomous Amer- 
ican snakes (family Cro'ta- 
lidse) having horny inter- 
locking joints at the end of 
the tail which rattle sharp- 
ly when shaken. 

rattlesnake plantain. Any 
of a genus (Peramium) of 
orchids ; — so called in al- 
lusion to the checked or 
mottled leaves. 

rat^tle-snake'-root' 
(-root') , n. 1. Any of vari- 
ous asteraceous plants 
(genus Nabalus, esp. N. 
serpentarius) , formerly of 
repute as a remedy for 
snakebites. 2. The Senega 
root. 

rat'tle-snake'-weed', n. 

1. One of the hawkweeds 
(Hieracium venosum). 2. 
In California, a small api- 
aceous weed (Daucus pu- Rattlesnake. 
sillus). 3. The rattlebox (Crotalaria sagittalis). 

rat'tle-trap' (-trap'),ra. 1. [Usually in pi.] Knickknacks. 

2. Anything loosely built or noisily shaky, esp. a vehicle. 
rat'tly (-11), a. Making, or inclined to make, a rattling 

noise ; also, of a noise, like that made by rattling. 

rat-toon', ra. & v. Var. of ratoon. 

rat'ty (-T), a.; -tier (-T-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Characteristic of 
a rat. 2. Abounding in rats. 

rau'ci-ty (ro'sT-tT), ra. Quality or state of being raucous. 

rau'cous (ro'kws), a. [L. raucus.] Hoarse ; harsh ; rough ; 
as, a raucous voice. — rau'COUS-ly, adv. 

rav'age (rav'aj), ra. [F., fr. ravir to ravish. See ravish.] 
Desolation by violence ; devastation ; havoc ; waste. — 
Syn. Despoilment, desolation, pillage, plunder, spoil. — 
v. t. ; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing._ To lay waste ; spoil ; plunder ; 
desolate. — v. i. To commit ravages. — rav'ag-er, ra. 
Syn. Destroy, ruin, devastate, waste, pillage. — Ravage, 
devastate, sack agree in the idea of despoiling or laying 
waste. Ravage emphasizes the idea of violence ; devastate, 
that of waste or ruin ; sack, that of plunder or pillage ; as, 
to ravage or devastate^ a country ; to sack a town. 

rave (rav), ra. [E. dial, raves, or rathes, a frame laid on a 
wagon, for hay, etc.] One of the upper sidepieces of the 
frame of the body of a wagon or sleigh. 

rave (rav), v. i.; raved (ravd) ; rav'ing (ravTng). [Prob. 
fr. OF. raver, rever, to rave, revel, F. rever to dream, rave.] 

1. To talk, declaim, or act as if mad or wild ; rage. 2. To 
talk with excessive enthusiasm or excitement. — v. t. To 
utter in madness or frenzy. — ra. Act or condition of raving. 

rav'el (rav''l), v. t. ; -eled (-'Id) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el- 
ling. [OD. ravelen.] 1. To let fall into a tangled mass ; 
hence : to entangle ; involve. 2. To undo the texture of ; 
untwist ; unweave or unknit. 3. Fig., to disentangle ; make 
plain ; as, to ravel a meaning. — v. i. To become raveled. 

— n. 1. A tangle ; an entanglement. 2. Something raveled 
or torn ; a raveling. — rav'el-er, rav'el-ler, a. 

rave'lin (rav'lm), n. [F.] Fort. A detached work, with 
two embankments, which make a salient angle. 

rav'el-ing, rav'el-ling (rav''l-ing), n. That which is rav- 
eled out ; esp., a thread detached from a texture. 

rav'el-ment (rav''l-ment), ra. An entanglement, lit. or fig. 

rav'en (raV'n), rav'in (-in), ra. |~OF. ravine, fr. L. rapina 
rapine.] 1. Rapine ; rapacity. Archaic. 2. Prey ; plunder. 

rav'en (rav''n), v. t. 1. To seize by violence. Obs. or R. 

2. To devour with great eagerness. — v. i. To prey with 
rapacity ; be greedy ; show rapacity. 

ra'ven (ra'v'n), ra. [AS. hrsefn.] A glossy black bird (Cor- 

vus corax) of the crow 

kind. — a. Glossy black 

like the raven ; jet black. 
rav'en-ing (rav''n-ing), 

ra. Rapacity ; extortion. 

— p. a. Rapacious. 
rav'en-ous (-us), a. [OF. ra- 

vinos rapacious, violent.] 

1. Rapacious; voracious. 

2. Eager for prey or gratifi- 
cation ; as, a ravenous de- 
sire. — Syn. See greedy. — 
rav'en-ous-ly, adv. — rav'- 
en-ous-ness, n. 

ra-vine' (rd-ven'), n. [F., fr. ravir to snatch away, L. ra- 
pere.] A depression worn out by running water, larger 
than a gully and smaller than a valley. 

rav'ing (raVIng), p. a. Talking wildly ; delirious. 

rav'ish (rav'ish), v. t. [F. ravir, fr. L. rapere to tear away, 
ravish.] 1. To seize and carry away by violence. 2. To 
transport with emotion, esp. with joy or delight. 3. a To 




Raven. 



abduct (a woman), b To rape. — Syn. Entrance, enrap. 
ture ; delight. — rav'ish-er, n. 

rav'ish-ment, n. 1. Act of ravishing ; abduction. 2. Trans- 
port of delight ; rapture ; ecstasy. 

raw (ro), a. [AS. hrsew, hreaw.] 1. Not cooked. 2. In the 
natural state or nearly so ; little changed by art ; unrefined ; 
as, raw materials. 3. Crude ; immature ; unpracticed ; as, 
raw judgment. 4. Deprived of skin ; galled. 5. Disagreea- 
bly damp or cold ; chilly ; bleak. — Syn. See crude. 

— n. A raw, sore, or galled place ; — usually fig. 

— v. t. To make raw, or sore. 

raw'boned' (ro'bond'), a. Having little flesh ; gaunt. 

raw'head 7 (-hed'), ra. A specter mentioned to frighten 
children ; as, rawhead and bloodybones. 

raw'hide' (-hid'), ra. Untanned cattle skin ; specif., a whip 
of untanned (or raw) hide twisted, braided, or rolled. 

raw'ly, adv. In a raw manner. 

raw'ness, n. Quality or state of being raw. 

ray (ra), v. t. [For array.'] To array or dress. 

ray, n. [F. raie, L. raia.~] Zo'ol. Any of numerous fishes 
(suborder Batoidei), including the skate, torpedo, and 
sting ray, typically having the body very flat up and down 
and expanded laterally. 

ray (ra), n. [OF. rai, fr. L. radius a beam, ray.] 1. One 
of the lines of light which appear to radiate from a bright 
object ; hence : a Any line of radiant energy, or a stream 
of particles traveling in the same line, as in radioactive 
phenomena.^ b The geometrical line, normal to the wave 
front, in which light, heat, or the like is propagated. 2. A 
thin line like a ray, esp., one of a number diverging from a 
center ; as, a star of six rays. 3. Light of a ray or rays ; 
radiance ; — also used fig. 4. A small or unsubstantial 
amount ; particle. 5. A glance ; sight ; vision ; — from an 
old theory of vision. 6. Bot. a = ray flower, b A branch 
or flower stalk of an umbel, c = medullary ray. 7. Zo'ol. 
a One of the rods which support the membrane in a fish's 
fin. b One of the radiating divisions of a radiate, as an arm 
of a starfish. — Syn. See beam. — v. i. 1. To emit rays ; 
also, to issue as rays. 2. To radiate. 

ra'yah (ra'yd; rT'd), n. [Ar. ra'iyah a herd, a subject, fr. 
ra'a to pasture.] A person, not a Mohammedan, forced to 
pay a capitation tax to the Ottoman Porte. 

ray flower. Bot. One of the marginal flowers of the capitu- 
lum in the aster, goldenrod, daisy, sunflower, etc. 

ray'less, a. Destitute of rays ; hence : a Dark ; blind, b 
Emitting no rays, c Having no rays or raylike parts. 

ray'on-nant (ra'o-nant ; F. re'yo'naN'), a. [F.] 1. Her. 
Darting forth rays. 2. [cap.] Arch. Characterized by 
radiating lines, as in window tracery ; — applied to the 
French Gothic style of the 14th century. 

raze (raz), v. t.; razed (razd) ; raz'ing (raz'Tng). [F. raser 
to scrape, shave. See rase.] 1. To cut or wound slightly ; 
graze. 2. To erase.^ 3. To lay level with the ground ; over- 
throw ; destroy ; ruin ; as, to raze a city. 

ra-zee' (rd-ze'), n. [F. vaisseau rase, fr. raser to raze, ra- 
zee.] Nuut. A ship which has her upper deck cut away. 
Obs. or Hist.— • v. t.; -zeed' (-zed'); -zee'ing. To cut 
down a ship thus ; to abridge by cutting off or out parts. 

ra'zor (ra'zer), n. [OF. & LL. rasor.] A keen-edged in- 
strument used in shaving the face or head. 

ra'zor-back' (-bakO, ra. 1. A rorqual. 2. A thin-bodied, 
long-legged, half-wild hog. Chiefly Southwestern U. S. 

ra'zor-backed' (-baktO, a. Having a lean or thin back. 

ra'zor-billed' (-bild'), a. Having a razor-shaped bill. 
razor-billed auk, an auk ( Alca torda) of the northern 
North Atlantic. It is about 16 inches long. 

ra'zure (ra'zhur). Var. of rasure. 

raz'zi-a (raz'i-d; F. ra/zya'), n. [F., fr. Ar. ghazia (pron. 
razia in Algeria).] A foray ; a raid. 

re (ra), n. Music. Second of the syllables used in solmiza- 
tion ; — applied to the second tone of the diatonic scale. 

re-. [L. re-, red-.] A prefix denoting : 1. Back, as back 
to an original or former state or position, or in opposi- 
tion; as in recline, refuge, recall, etc. 2. Again, chiefly by 
way of repetition or restoration. Examples : rejoin, to 
join again; reattach, to attach again; renew, etc. 

re'ab-sorb' (re'ab-sorb'), v. t. To absorb anew or again. 
— re'ab-sorp'tion, n. 

reach (rech), v. t. [AS. rsecan, riecean, to extend.] 1. To 
extend ; stretch out ; thrust out, as a limb. 2. To pass to 
another ; hand over. 3» To touch, seize, or the like, by ex- 
tending some part of the body, esp the hand, or something 
held by one. 4. To extend to ; stretch out as far as ; as, his 
land reaches the river. 5. To arrive at ; come to ; attain to ; 
as, his letter readied me ; to reach an understanding. 6. To 
strike, hit, or touch, with a missile. 7. To influence or im- 
press ; as, to reach one with kindness. — v. i. 1. To 
stretch out the hand or arm, esp. as if to touch or grasp 
something. 2. To strain after something; make efforts; 
as, the mind reaches for knowledge. 3. To extend in di- 
mension, time, amount, action, influence, etc. ; stretch out ; 
as, the results reached into the next century. 4. Naut. To 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, £krn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



REACHER 



803 



REALISTICALLY 



sail directly on one's course with the wind forward of the 
beam. 5. To get or make its way (to a place, point, etc.) ; 
also, of a gun, sound, or the like, to carry ; of the eye, to see ; 
as, as far as the eye can reach. 

— n. 1. Act of reaching or stretching out ; as, he made a 
reach for him. 2. Power of reaching ; hence, power of 
seizing, touching, etc., or, esp., extent of such power; as, 
within reach of the guns. 3. Power of attainment ; extent 
or range of force, capacity, etc. ; as, within the reach of 
everyone. 4. An extent ; expanse ; hence : a straight or level 
stretch, as between locks in a canal; an arm of the sea 
extending up into the land ; a promontory ; — also used 
fig. 5. Naut. A leg sailed by a vessel between tacks ; also, 
a course of sailing with the wind forward of the beam, but 
not so as to compel tacking. 6. A shaft, pole, or rod join- 
ing the hind gear of a vehicle to the forward gear, as in a 
wagon, bobsled, etc. — reach'er (-er), n. 

re— act' (re-akt'), v. t. To act or perform a second time. 

re-act' (re-akt'), v. i. 1. To return an impulse or impres- 
sion ; resist action by an opposite force. 2. To act in mu- 
tual or reciprocal opposition. 3. To respond to a stimulus. 
4. To act or move in a contrary direction or manner. 

re-act'ance (re-ak'tans), n. Elec. The influence of a coil of 
wire upon an alternating current passing throughit, tend- 
ing to choke or diminish the current, or the similar influence 
of a condenser ; inductive resistance. 

re-ac'tion (-ak'shun), n. 1. Mechanics. The force which a 
body opposes to a force acting upon it. 2. Reciprocal or 
return action or influence. 3. Chemical transformation or 
change ; a chemical process or its result. 4. Med. An action 
induced by vital resistance to some other action ; depres- 
sion or exhaustion consequent on overexertion or over- 
stimulation ; heightened activity succeeding depression or 
shock. 5. Psyche-physics. A regular or characteristic re- 
sponse to a stimulation of the nerves. 6. A counter tend- 
ency or contrary movement ; as, a reaction of opinion. 

re-ac'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of, pert, to, characterized by, or 
favoring reaction. — n.; pi. -aries (-riz). One who favors 
reaction ; esp., one who seeks to undo political progress. 

re-ac'tion-ist, n. A reactionary. — a. Reactionary. 

re-ac'tive (re-ak'tiv), a. Pert., due, or tending, to reaction ; 
having power to react. 

read (red), v. t.; pret. & p. p. read (red) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
read'ing (red'mg). [AS. rxdan to read, advise, counsel, 
guess.] 1. To interpret (as a riddle, etc.) ; hence : to fore- 
see ; foretell ; as, to read the future. 2. To go over, esp. 
understandingly, as characters or words, with or without 
utterance ; peruse. 3. To learn of by perusal ; as, to read 
the news. 4. Hence, to discern by observation of signs, as 
facial expression. 5. To attribute (a meaning, explanation, 
etc.) to what is read. 6. To register; indicate; — said of 
a thermometer, speedometer, etc. 7. To make a special 
study of, as by perusing books ; as, to read law. 8. To utter 
aloud or render something written, esp. interpretatively. 
to read one a lecture or lesson, to admonish or, some- 
times, rebuke a person vigorously. 

— v. i. 1. To perform the act of reading. 2. To learn by 
reading ; — usually used with of. 3. To utter aloud what 
is written. 4. To bear construction, have import, be in ef- 
fect, or the like, when read (in sense 2, v. t.) ; as, the ticket 
reads to Boston. 5. To study, esp. by reading. 6. To ap- 
pear in writing or print ; as, it reads thus in my copy. 

— n. Reading ; spell of reading. [man.] 
read (red), a. Versed in books; learned; as, a well-read| 
read'a-ble (red'd-b'l), a. 1. Legible. 2. Worth reading ; in- 
teresting. — read'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), read'a-ble-ness, n. 

read'er T-er), n. 1. One who reads ; specif. : a One who 
reads lectures or expounds subjects to students ; a teacher ; 
lecturer ; — used esp. in some universities as the title of 
certain instructors, b One who reads manuscripts offered 
for publication and advises regarding their merit. C A pro- 
fessional reciter ; an elocutionist. 2. A book for instruc- 
tion and practice in reading. 

read'i-ly (red'i-li), adv. In a ready manner :_ a Without 
delay or objection ; cheerfully, b Quickly ; easily. 

read'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being ready ; prepa- 
ration ; willingness. 2. Ease or facility of performance. 

— Syn. Quickness, expedition, promptitude, promptness ; 
aptitude, aptness, knack, skill, expertness, dexterity, ease. 

readying (red'mg), n. 1. Act of one who reads ; perusal ; 
recital. 2. A public recital ; also, a lecture. 3. Study of 
books ; literary scholarship. 4. Form in which anything is 
written ; version. 5. Written or printed matter to be read. 
6. Manner of rendering something written ; also, interpre- 
tation ; as, an actor's reading of a part. 7. That which is 
indicated so as to be read, as on the scale of a barometer. 
reading book, a book for teaching reading ; a reader. — 
r. desk, a desk to support a book while reading, esp. in a 
church service ; a lectern. — r. room, a room appropri- 
ated to reading ; a room provided with papers, periodicals, 
etc., to which persons resort. 

— a. Addicted to reading. 



re'ad-Just' (re'a-jiist'), v. t. To adjust anew; rearrange. 
— re'ad-just'er (-jiis'ter), n. 

re'ad-just'ment (-just'ment), n. A readjusting; specif., 
Finance, the reconstruction or rehabilitation of a corpora- 
tion, effected, usually, by the voluntary action of the secu- 
rity holders. Cf. reorganization, 2. 

re'ad-mis'sion (re'ad-mlsh'un), n. Act of readmitting. 

re'ad-mit' (-mit'), v. t.; -mit'ted; -mit'ting. To admit 
again ; give entrance or access to again. 

re'ad-mit'tance (-dns), n. Readmission. 

read'y (red'I), a.; read'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [AS. rsbde, 
gzrsede.~\ 1. Prepared or supplied with what is needed for 
some act or event ; prepared, fitted, or placed for immedi- 
ate movement, action, or use. 2. Immediately liable ; 
likely ; — used esp. with to ; as, ready to sink. 3. Prepared 
in mind or disposition ; willing ; disposed ; as, ready to die. 
4. Quick ; dexterous ; expert ; also, prompt ; as, a ready 
wit. 5. At hand ; available ; handy ; as, ready money. 6. 
Present ; here ; — used in answer to a calling of the roll, 
etc. Obs. — Syn. Expeditious, unhesitating ; apt, skillful, 
facile, easy ; opportune ; free, cheerful. See prompt. 

— adv. In a state of preparation ; — used with a participle ; 
as, ready-cooked meat. 

— n. 1. Ready money; cash; — often used with the; 
as, to have the ready. Colloq. 2. Mil. A word of com- 
mand, at which the piece is held in readiness to execute 
the command "Aim !" ; also, the position assumed. 

— v. t. ; read'ied (-id) ; read'y-ing. To make ready. 
read'y-made' (red'I-mad 7 ), a. Made beforehand, in antici- 
pation of need ; not made to order ; not original. 

read'y-wit'ted, a. Quick-witted. 

re'af-firm' (re'a-ffirm'), v. t. To affirm again. — re'af- 
firm'ance (re'a-fur'mans), re-af fir-ma'tion, n. 

re'af-for'est (re'd-for'est), v. t. To convert again into a 
forest. — re'af-for'es-ta'tion (-es-ta'shftn), n. 

re-a'gent (re-a'jent), n. Chem. & Micros. Any substance 
which, from its capacity for certain reactions, is used in 
detecting, examining, or mea3uring substances, etc. 

re'al (re'dl ; Sp. ra-al'), n. [Sp., fr. real royal, L. regalis.~\ 
A small silver coin of Spanish countries ; also a money of 
account, formerly the Spanish monetary unit. 

re'al (re'al), a. [LL. realis, fr. L. res, rei, a thing.] 1. Law. 
Of or pert, to things themselves ; specif., pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, immovable property, as lands or tenements ; — 
opp. to personal. 2. Relating to things or events, rather 
than to persons or opirions ; consisting of physical things; 
as, a real offering. 3. Actual, as disting. from fictitious or 
imaginary ; as, a real existence ; a real algebraic quantity ; 
also, existing inherently, as disting. from seeming or ap- 
parent ; as, real courtesy. 4. Genuine ; — often opposed to 
ostensible. 5. Representing reality ; true. 
Syn. Substantive, positive, absolute, veritable, actual, 
true, authentic. — Real, actual, true. Real implies pri- 
marily substantive or objective existence — what is; 
actual, emergence in the sphere of action or fact — what 
has become ; true, conformity or correspondence to what is 
actual or real. Real is opposed to imaginary (as, the real 
George Washington), to artificial (as, real gems), to coun- 
terfeit (as, a real ancient medal), to fictitious (as, one's real 
name), to ostensible (as, one's real reason), and to nominal 
(as, the real attendance) . Actual is opposed to potential (as, 
the actual energy of heat), to constructive (as, actual fraud), 
to virtual (as, actual identity), and to theoretical or hypo- 
thetical (as, to illustrate by an actual case). It is also 
opposed, in the sense of "now existing, present, current," 
to past or future; as, not what has been, but the actual 
situation, confronts us. Both real and actual may be op- 
posed to ideal; as, ideal conditions, contrasted with actual, 
real conditions. True is opposed to false (as, a true story), 
and to erroneous (as, the true version of a story). 
real estate or property, lands, tenements, and heredita- 
ments ; freehold interests in landed property ; property in 
houses and land. — r. image. Optics. See image, n., 6. 

— n. Something which is real ; also, used with the, actual 
state of affairs ; in a metaphysical sense, reality in general. 

re-al'gar (re-al'gdr), n. [At. rahj al ghar powder of the 
mine, through LL. or OF.] Min. Arsenic monosulphide, 
AsS, an orange-red mineral of resinous luster used in pyro- 
techny and formerly as a pigment. 

re'al-isra (re'dl-iz'm), n. 1. Philos. a The doctrine of the 
realists, that the objects of sense perception are derivative 
from higher realities, or formative causes ; — opp. to nom- 
inalism, b The doctrine that objects of sense perception 
(and hence, the physical world generally) have objective 
being, independent of mental or psychical fact ; — opp. to 
idealism. 2. Preoccupation with, or devotion to, fact. 3. 
In art and literature, fidelity to nature or to real life ; rep- 
resentation without idealization. — Syn. See reality. 

re'al-ist, n. 1. Philos. An adherent of realism (sense 1). 2. 
One devoted to the real as opp. to the imaginary. _ 3. An 
artist or writer who aims at realism (sense 3) in his work. 

re'al-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or after the manner of, 
realism or realists. — re'al-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



REALITY 



804 



REBELLIOUS 







R 



re-al'i-ty (re-al'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality 
of being real ; actual being. 2. That which is real. 
Syn. Reality, realism (as they apply to representations 
of what is real). Reality implies so close or vivid a corre- 
spondence between the representation and the thing itself 
that the representation produces the effect of the actual 
object ; realism commonly implies faithful adherence to 
truth of detail, even where such details are trivial or sordid. 

re'al-iz'a-ble (re'al-Iz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being realized. 

re'al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shim ; -I-za'-), n. 1. A realizing ; state 
of being realized. 2. Instance or product of realizing. 

re'al-ize (re'dl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 1. 
To make real ; hence, to accomplish ; as, to realize an am- 
bition. 2. To cause to seem real ; as, imagination realizes 
fiction. 3. To conceive as real ; apprehend clearly ; as, he 
realized his danger. 4. To convert into money ; as, to 
realize assets. 5. To obtain by plans and efforts ; gain ; as, 
to realize large profits. Of property, to bring by sale or 
investment. — Syn. See conceive. — v. %. To convert an 
intangible right or property into real (tangible) property ; 
to convert any property into money. — re'al-iz'er, to. 

re'al-iz'ing (-Iz'ing), p. a. Serving to make real, or to im- 
press on the mind as a reality. — re'al-iz'ing-ly, adv. 

re'al-ly (re'dl-i), adv. In a real manner ; actually. 

realm (relm), n. [OF. reialme, reaume, deriv. of L. regalis 
regal.] 1. A kingdom. 2. Hence : province ; region ; do- 
main ; as, the realm of fancy. 3. Zoogeog. a A primary 
marine faunal division, b A primary terrestrial division 
consisting of one or more regions ; also, a division coordi- 
nate with a region (see region, 3 b). 

re'al-ness (re'dl-nes), to. State of being real ; reality. 

|| Re-al'schule (ra-al'shoo'le), n.; -pi. -schulen (-shoo'len). 
[G.] A secondary scientific school, teaching no classics, 
affording manual training, of the grade of the classical 
schools called Gymnasia. Germany, Austria, etc. 

re'al-ty (re'dl-ti ), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [real + -ty.~\ 1. 
Loyalty; honesty. Obs. 2. Real estate or property; a 
piece of real property. 

ream (rem), n. [OF. rayme, fr. Ar. rizmah bundle.] A 
quantity of paper, 20 quires, or 480 sheets (now often 500 
sheets, and in a printer's perfect ream 516 sheets). 

ream, v. t. 1. To widen the opening of (a hole) ; bevel out. 
2. To enlarge or dress out (a hole) with a reamer. 3. To 
remove (a defective part) by reaming (sense 2 above) ; — 
used with out. 

ream'er (rem'er), n. One who, or that which, reams; any 
of various tools 
with cutting edges 
to enlarge or shape 
a hole by turning ; 
a broach. 

re-an'i-mate (re- 




an'I-mat), v. t. To 



Reamers. 1 Square ; 2 Fluted. 

animate anew ; revive ; invigorate again. ma'tion, n. 

reap (rep), v. t. [AS. ripan, reopan.] 1. To cut with a 
sickle, scythe, or machine, as grain ; gather, as a harvest, by 
cutting. 2. To obtain or receive as a reward, or as the fruit 
of labor ; as, to reap a benefit. 3. To clear of a crop by 
reaping ; as, to reap a field. — v. i. To reap something ; 
gather a harvest. — reap'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

reap'er (-er), n. 1. One who reaps. 2. A reaping machine. 

reaping machine. Any of various machines for reaping 
grain, usually drawn by horses ; a reaper. 

re'ap-pear' (re'd-per'), v. i. Appear again. — pear'ance, n. 

re'ap-point' (-point'), v. t. Appoint again. point'ment, n. 

rear (rer), n. [Short for arrear.~\ 1. The part of an army, 
fleet, or force which comes or is stationed behind the rest. 
2. Back part ; as, the rear of a house. 3. Space or position 
behind, or at the back. 

— a. Being at the back ; hindmost. — Syn. See posterior. 
rear admiral, a naval officer. See navy. — r. guard, por- 
tion of an army detailed to guard the rear of the main body. 

rear, v. t. [AS. rseran.] 1. To raise or set up. 2. To erect 
by building ; construct. 3. To elevate ; raise ; — often used 
fig. ; as, the city rears its towers. 4. To breed and raise ; 
also, to cause to grow, as plants. 5. To bring up to matu- 
rity, as young ; foster ; instruct ; as, to rear children. — 
Syn. Lift, build, establish. — v. i. To rise up, esp. to rise 
up on the hind legs ; become erect. — rear'er, n. 

re-ar'gue (re-ar'gu), v. t. To argue again. ar'gu-ment, n. 

rear'-horse', n. A mantis. 

re-arm' (re-arm'), v. t. To furnish with new or improved 
arms. — re-ar'ma-ment (-ar'md-ment), to. 

rear'most (rer'most), a. Farthest in the rear ; last. 

rear'mouse'. Var. of reremouse, a bat. 

re'ar-range' (re'd-ranj'), v. t. To arrange again or anew. 

f e'ar-range'ment (-ment), n. A rearranging, or state of be- 
ing rearranged ; specif., Chem., a shifting of components of 
a substance so as to form one of different structure. 

rsar'ward (rer'werd), a. & adv. At or toward the rear. 

rear'ward 7 (-word'), to. [ME. rerewarde. See ward, to., 
guard.] The rear division of an army or fleet. Archaic. 



rea'son (reVn), n. [F. raison, fr. L. ratio."] 1. A consider- 
ation, motive, or judgment inducing or confirming a belief, 
influencing the will, or leading to an action or course of 
action ; a rational ground or motive. 2. A statement offered 
as an explanation or justification. 3. A formal account or 
reckoning. Obs. 4. A ground or cause ; that in the reality 
which makes any fact intelligible. 5. The power or faculty 
of comprehending and inferring ; intellect. 6. A sane or 
sound mind ; sanity ; sense ; as, to lose one's reason ; also, 
a sane or sound view or consideration. 7. Due exercise of 
the reasoning faculty ; right thinking ; as, to bring one to 
reason ; hence : justice ; propriety. 

Syn. Reason, understanding, sense. Reason com- 
monly suggests esp. that guiding or directing faculty dis- 
tinguishing men from the lower animals ; understanding 
applies to the faculty of clear comprehension or sound judg- 
ment ; sense adds to understanding the implication of native 
sagacity. See cause. 

— v. i. 1. To hold discussion or argument ; hence : to dis- 
course ; converse. 2. To think in logical forms ; infer or 
conclude from a consideration of data or premises. 

— v. t. 1. To question ; ask the reason for ; discuss with 
respect to reasons or explanations ; — used with what, why, 
etc. ; as, to reason what is meant ; " theirs not to reason 
why." 2. To examine or discuss by arguments ; debate ; dis- 
cuss ; as, to reason a point. 3. To support with reasons ; 
explain ; justify, persuade, or affect by reasoning or argu- 
ment ; as, to reason one into a belief. — rea'son-er, n. 

rea'son-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Having the faculty of reason; 
rational. 2. Governed by reason ; just ; rational ; as, a 
reasonable cause. 3. Not excessive or immoderate ; as, a 
reasonable price. — Syn. Equitable, fair, moderate. See 
rational. — rea'son-a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 

rea'son-ing (re'z'n-ing), n. 1. Act or process of one who 
reasons. 2. Reasons arranged and developed; course of 
argument ; as, his reasoning was profound. 

rea'son-less, a. Without, or lacking in, reason. 

re'as-sem'fale (re'd-sem'b'l), v. t. & i. To assemble again. 

re'as-sert' (-d-sftrt'), v. t. To assert again or anew. 

re'as-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To assign back or again. 

re'as-SIime' (-sum'), v. t. To assume again or anew. 

re'as-sur'ance (-shoor'dns), n. 1. Assurance renewed or 
repeated ; renewed faith. 2. = reinsurance. 

re'as-sure' (-shoor'), v. t. 1. To assure anew ; restore con- 
fidence to. 2. To reinsure. — re'as-SUr'ing-ly, adv. 

Re'au'mur', Re'au'mur' (ra'o'miir'), a. Of or pert, to 
Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur or the thermometric 
scale invented by him about 1730, in which 0° marks the 
freezing point and 80° the boiling point of water. 

reave (rev), v. t.; pret. & p. p. reaved (revd), reft (reft) 
or, Obs., raft (raft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. reav'ing. [AS. rea- 
fian, fr. reaf spoil, plunder.] To ravage ; plunder ; pillage ; 
rob. — reav'er, reiv'er (rev'er),TO. All Archaic. _ 

reave, v. t. & i. To burst ; tear ; split. Rare or Dial. 

re'bap-tize' (re'bap-tlz'), v. t. To baptize again. 

re-bate' (re-bat'; commonly rab'et), n. [See rabbet.] 
Arch. A rabbet. Cf. rabbet, to., 1. — v. t. To rabbet. 

re-bate' (re-bat'), v. t.; -bat'ed (-bat'ed) ; -bat'ing. [OF. 
rabatre to beat down, blunt, deduct.] 1. To diminish ; re- 
duce ; check. Archaic. 2. To deduct from ; discount from ; 
allow a discount to. 3. To blunt. Archaic. — re-bat'er, to. 

re-bate' (re-bat' ; re'bat), n. Deduction ; abatement ; remis- 
sion or payment back. 

re'bec, re'beck (re'bek),n. [F. rebec.'] The earliest known 
instrument of the viol class. 

Re-bec'ca, Re-bek'ah (re-bek'd), n. [L. Rebecca, Gr. Te- 
Peiaca, fr. Heb. Ribqdh.] Bib. Sister of Laban, wife of 
Isaac, and mother of Esau and Jacob. 

re-bel' (re-bel'), v. i. ; -belled' (-beld') ; -bel'ling. [F. re- 
beller, fr. L. rebellare to war again ; re- -f- bellare to war, 
bellum war.] 1. To renounce, and resist by force, the au- 
thority of one's ruler or government. 2. To be disobedient 
to authority ; revolt ; exhibit opposition or repugnance. 

reb'el (reb'el), a. [F. rebelle, fr. L. rebellis.] Of, pert, to, 
or characteristic of, rebels or rebellion ; rebellious. — n. 
One who rebels or is in rebellion. — Syn. See insurgent. 

reb'el-dom (-dum), to. 1. A region infested or held by 
rebels ; rebels collectively. 2. Rebellious conduct. 

re-bel'lion (re-bel'yftn), to. 1. Act of rebelling; revolt. 2. 
Open resistance to, or defiance of, any authority. 
Syn. Rebellion, revolution, revolt, insurrection, mu- 
tiny. Rebellion is open, organized, and armed resistance 
to constituted authority ; revolution implies the over- 
throw of one government and the substitution of another ; 
as, the Great Rebellion (1642-52) ; the American Revolu- 
tion. The two words are often used of the same event, ac- 
cording to the point of view. Revolt and insurrection 
denote an armed uprising against authority, but one of 
less extent than a rebellion ; mutiny commonly denotes an 
insurrection against military or naval authority ; as, the 
Peasants' Revolt; Whisky Insurrection ; Sepoy Mutiny. 

re-bel'lious l-yus), a. 1. Engaged in rebellion ; disposed to 
rebel ; insubordinate. 2. Resisting treatment or operation ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, 111 ; old, obey, drb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ura, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdjire (87); 



REBELLIOUSLY 



805 



RECESSION 



refractory ; as, a rebellious disease. — re-bellious-ly, adv. 
— re-bel'lious-ness, n. 

re-bind' (re-bind'), v. t. To bind anew or again ; esp., to put 
a new binding on (a book). 

ie-birth' (re-burth'), n. A new birth ; reincarnation. 

reb'0-ant (reb'6-ant), a. [L. reboans, p. pr. of reboare; 
re- re- ■+- boare to cry aloud.] Resounding loudly. Rare. 

re-born' (re-born'), p. a. Born again, lit. or fig. 

re-bound' (re-bound'), v. i. [OF. rebondir to spring back, 
reecho.] 1. To spring back on collision or impact. 2. To 
reecho ; resound. 3. To bound as if on impact, as a horse. 
Syn. Rebound, recoil. Rebound suggests a springing 
back, esp. after impact ; recoil oftener implies reaction 
after strain or stretching ; as, a ball rebounds ; a spring 
recoils. Fig., rebound suggests a resilience after depression 
or the like ; recoil, shrinking or revulsion. 

— v. t. 1. To return as by a rebound. Obs. or R. 2. To re- 
echo ; reverberate. Rare. — n. A rebounding ; resilience. 

||re-bo'zo (ra-bo'so), n.; -pi. -zos (-sos). [Sp.] A kind of 
mantilla worn by women over the head and shoulders, and 
sometimes over part of the face. Mexico cfe Sp. Amer. 

re-breathe' (re-bretb'), v. t. To breathe again. 

re-buff' (re-buf), n. [OF. rebufe, fr. It., fr. ri- (L. re-) + 
buffo puff.] 1. A brusque refusal ; snub. 2. A repercussion 
or beating back. 3. Any sharp check ; repulse. — v.t. l.To 
administer a rebuff to. 2. To drive, beat, or blow back. 

re-build' (re-bild'), v. t. To build again ; reconstruct. 

re-buke' (re-buk') ( v. t.; -buked' (-bukt') ; -buk'ing (-buk'- 
ing). [AF. rebuker to check, repel.] 1. To curb ; check. 
Obs. 2. To reprimand ; chide severely ; reprove ; censure. 
— Syn. See reprove. — n. A sharp reproof ; reprimand. 

re-buk'er (-buk'er), n. One who rebukes. 

re'bus (re'bws), n.; pi. -buses (-ez;24). _ [L. rebus by 
things, abl. pi. of res a thing.] An enigmatical representa- 
tion of words and phrases by pictures of objects the names 
of which resemble the words or their syllables ; hence, a 
kind of riddle made up of such representations. 

re-but' (re-but'), v. t. & i. ; -but'ted ; -ting. [OF. rebouter 
to repulse, drive back ; re- + bouter to push.] 1. To beat 
back ; repulse. Obs. 2. To check the advance or accept- 
ance of ; repel ; refute. 3. Law. To contradict or oppose by 
argument, plea, or countervailing proof. 

re-but'tal (re-but'dl), n. Act of rebutting. 

re-nut'ter (-er), n. [Properly fr. OF. rebouter, inf. as n. See 
rebut, v.] Law. The answer of a defendant in matter of 
fact to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 

re-but'ter, n. That which rebuts, or refutes. 

re-cal'ci-trant (re-kal'si-trdnt), a. [L. recalcitrans,p. pr. 
of recalcitrare to kick back ; re- re- -f- calcitrare to kick, fr. 
calx heel.] Kicking back ; hence : showing opposition ; re- 
fractory. — re-cal'ci-trance (-trans), n. 

re-cal'ci-trate(-trat), v. i. & t. ; -trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; -trat'- 
ING. To kick back or against ; hence, to express opposition. 
— re-cal'ci-tra'tion (-tra'shim), n. 

re'ca-les'cence (re'kd-les'ens), n. The sudden liberation 
of heat by a metal when cooling through a certain critical 
temperature, as iron at 795°C. — re'ca-les'cent (-ent), a. 

re-call' (re-kol'), v. t. 1. To call or summon back. 2. Tt 
call back to mind ; recollect. 3. To renew ; revive ; restore ; 
as, to recall peace. 4. To revoke ; annul ; retract ; with- 
draw ; as, to recall a decree. — Syn. See remember. 

— n. 1. Act of recalling or a sound or signal used to recall, or 
summon back. 2. Political Science. The right or proce- 
dure by which a public official may be removed from office 
by popular vote. 

re-cant' (-kant'), v. t. & i. [L. recantare, -latum, to recant ; 
re- + cantare to sing, sound.] 1. To withdraw or repu- 
diate formally (opinions formerly expressed) ; take back 
openly. 2. To retract ; recall. — Syn. Abjure, revoke, 
disavow, disown. See renounce. — re'ean-ta'tion (re'- 
kan-ta'shiin), n. — re-cant 'er, n. 

re'ca-pit'U-late (re'kd-pi tl£-lat), v. t. & i. /-lat'ed (-lat'ed); 
-lat'ing. [L. recapitulare, -latum; re- re- -f- capitulum 
a small head, chapter, section.] To repeat or restate briefly, 
as the principal points in a discourse ; summarize. 

re'ca-pit'u-la'tion (-la'shftn), n. 1. Act of recapitulating; 
a concise summary. 2. Biol. Repetition, in an individual, 
of phylogenetic development. 

re'ca-pit'u-la-tive (-la-tiv),re'ca-pit'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-n), 
a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, recapitulation. 

r«-cap'ture(-kap'tj5r),n. 1. Recovery by capture. 2. That 
which is recaptured. — v. t. To capture again. 

Te-cast' (re-kasf), v. t. To mold or cast anew ; reconstruct. 

re-cede' (re-sed'), v. i.; -ced'ed (-sed'ed) ; -ced'ing. [L. 
recedere, recessum; re- re- -f- cedere to go.] 1. To move 
back or away ; retreat ; retire. 2. To withdraw from a 
position of asserting, etc. — Syn. Retrograde ; desist. 

re-cede' (re-sed'), v. t. [re- + cede.] To cede back. 

re-ceipt' (re-set'), n. [OF. recete, recepte, fr. L. recipere. 
See receive.] 1. A formula according to which things are 
to be taken or combined, or some effect is to be produced ; 
a recipe. 2. That which is received, in distinction from 



what is expended ; — usually in pi. ; as, gross receipts. 3. 
Act of receiving ; reception. 4. A writing acknowledging 
the receiving of goods or money. 5. Place of receiving, 
esp. money. Obs. or Hist. 

Syn. Receipt, recipe. Receipt (in sense 1) applies esp. 
to cookery ; recipe, in strict usage, to medicine. But recipe 
is often used in the sense of receipt. See reception. 

— v. t. 1. To give a receipt for. U. S. 2. To put a receipt 
on. — v. i. To give a receipt, as for money. U.S. 

re-ceipt'or (re-set'or), n. One who receipts ; specif., Law, 
one who receipts as bailee for property taken by the sheriff. 

re-ceiv'a-ble (-sev'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being, or that 
must be, received. 2. Such that payment should be had ; 
as, bills receivable. — re-ceiv'a-bil'i-ty (-btl'i-tl), n. 

re-ceive' (-sev'), v. t.; -ceived' (-sevd') ; -ceiv'ing. [OF. 
receivre, fr. L. recipere; re- re- -f- caper e to take, seize.] 
1. To take, as something that is offered, sent, paid, or the 
like ; accept. 2. To gain the knowledge of from some com- 
munication ; as, to receive news ; also, Now Rare, to ac- 
cept as true, valid, or the like ; of a custom or practice, to 
adopt ; hence : to apprehend ; comprehend. 3. To permit to 
enter, as into one's house, presence, etc. ; hence, to greet. 
4. To admit ; hence : to have capacity for ; hold ; contain ; 
as, a bucket to receive water. 5. To come into possession 
of ; get, acquire, etc., from without ; hence, to experience ; 
as, to receive a wound. 6. To support, catch, bear ; take ; 
as, to receive a load. — Syn. See take. — v. i. 1. To be a 
recipient ; get ; accept ; admit. 2. To receive visitors ; be 
at home to receive calls. 

re-ceiv'er (-sev'er), n. 1. One who receives. 2. One who 
receives on behalf of others ; as : a One who receives money 
due ; a treasurer, b Law. A person appointed to receive, 
and hold in trust, property under litigation. 3. One who 
takes or buys from a thief goods known to be stolen. 4. 
That which receives; a receptacle; specif. : a Chem. (1) 
See bolthead ; retort, Illust. (2) A vessel to receive and 
contain gases, b The glass vessel or bell jar of an air pump. 
C That portion of a telegraphic or telephonic apparatus by 
which the electric currents or waves are converted into 
visible or audible signals. 

re-ceiy'er-ship, n. 1. Office of receiver (sense 2). 2. State 
of being in the hands of a receiver. 

re'een-cy (re'sen-si), n. State or quality of being recent. 

re-cense' (re-sens'), v. t. [L. recensere; re- again -f- cen- 
sere to value, estimate.] To review ; revise, esp. a text. 

re-cen'sion (re-sen'shun), n. [L. recensio.] 1. A review- 
ing or revising. Now Rare. 2. The review of a text by an 
editor ; critical revisal ; also, a text so revised. 

re'eent (re'sent), a. [L. recens, -entis.] 1. Of late origin, 
existence, or occurrence ; not already known, familiar, etc. ; 
modern. 2. [cap.] Geol. Pert, to or designating the pres- 
ent or existing period, which is dated from the close of the 
Pleistocene, or Glacial, period. — Syn. See new. — re'- 
cent-ly, adv. — re'eent-ness, n. 

re'eept (re'sept), n. [L. receptum, neut. p. p. of recipere. 
See receive.] Psychol. A mental image or idea formed by 
successive percepts of the same or like objects, and thus 
accentuating their common characters. 

re-cep'ta-Cle (re-sep'td-k'l), n. [L. receptaculum, fr. re- 
ceptare, v. intens. fr. recipere to receive.] 1. That which 
serves to receive and contain something. 2. = torus. 

re-cep'ti-ble (-ti-b'l), a. [L. receptibilis.'] Receivable; 
also, capable of -eceiving. — re-C3p/ti-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

re-cep'tion (-shim), n. [F. reception, L. receptio. See re- 
ceive.] l.Act of receiving; state of being received; re- 
ceipt ; admission. 2. Act or manner of receiving, esp. 
visitors; as, a warm reception ; entertainment; an occa- 
sion or ceremony of receiving guests. 3. Acceptance, as of 
an opinion or doctrine. 

Syn. Reception, receipt. Reception denotes the act, 
process, or fashion of receiving ; receipt denotes esp. the 
fact of being received ; as, his reception of your letter sur- 
prised me ; to acknowledge receipt of a letter ; the house is 
ready for the reception (not receipt) of its occupants. 

re-cep'tive (re-sep'tiv), a. Able or inclined to take in, ab- 
sorb, hold, or contain. — re-cep'tive-ly, adv. — re-cep'- 
tive-ness, n. 

re'eep-tiv'i-ty (re'sep-tiv'i-ti ; res'ep-), n.; pi. -tees (-tiz). 
State or quality of being receptive. 

re-cep'tor (re-sep'tor), n. [L., a receiver.] A receiver ; as : 
a = receiver, 3. b Telephony. A receiver. C Wireless 
Teleg. The entire receiving apparatus. 

re-cess' (re-ses' ; re'ses), n. [L. recessus, fr. recedere, -ces- 
sum, to recede.] 1. Suspension of business for a brief 
time ; a short intermission. 2. An inner or retired place or 
part. 3. An indentation or the like in a line or surface ; an 
alcove, niche, or the like. 

re-cess' (re-ses'), v. t. 1. To put into a recess ; set back or 
seclude ; retire. 2. To make a recess in. 

re-ces'sion (re-sesh'tm), n. [re- + cession."] A ceding back. 

re-ces'sion (re-sSsh'un), n. [L. recessio.] Act or fact of 
receding or retiring ; withdrawal. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Expjanatloqs of Abbreviations used la this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word, + combined with, a equala. 



N 



RECESSIONAL 



806 



RECOGNIZE 







P 



Q 



R 



re-ces'sion-al (re-sesh'un-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to recession. 
2. Pert, to a recess, or interval. — n. A recessional hymn. 
recessional hymn, a hymn sung during the recession of 
the clergy and choir from the chancel to the robing room. 

re-ces'sive (-ses'iv), a. Tending to go back ; receding, 
recessive character, Biol., a parental character which 
may not appear in a hybrid but is latently present and 
capable of transmission ; — opposed to dominant charac- 
ter, one which is always apparent when present. 

— n. A recessive character ; individual exhibiting it. 
are-charge' (re-charj'), v. t. & i. To charge again or in re- 
turn ; esp., to supply with a new charge ; reload. 

re-char'ter (re-char'ter), v. t. To charter again or anew. 

I re'chauf fe' (ra'sbq'ia'), n.; pi. -fes (F. -fa'). [F., lit., 
warmed over.] A dish of food warmed over ; a rehash. 

[J re-cner'che' (re-sheVsha/), a. [F.] Sought out with care ; 
choice ; of rare quality, elegance, or attractiveness. 

re-cid'i-vism (re-sld'i-vlz'm), n. Criminol. A falling back 
or relanse into criminal habits, esp. after punishment. — 
re-cid'i-vist (-vTst), n. — re-cid'i-vis'tic (-vTs'tTk), a. 

jre-cid'i-VOUS (-vus), a. [L. recidivus, fr. recidere to fall 
back.] Tending or liable to fall back or relapse. 

rec'i-pe (res'i-pe), n. ; pi. -pes (-pez). [L., imperative of re- 
cipe.re. See receive.] 1. A formula for making some com- 
bination or preparation ; a receipt ; a prescription. Symbol, 
Med., R-. 2. A means prescribed, or used as it prescribed, 
for producing a desired result. — Syn. See receipt. 

re-cip'i-ence (re-sTp'T-ensHn. Quality or state of being recip- 

re-cip'i-en-cy (-en-si) J ient ; reception ; receptiveness. 

re-cip'i-ent (re-sip'T-ent), n. [L. recipiens, -entis, receiv- 
ing, p. pr.] A receiver. — a. Receiving ; receptive. 

re-cip'ro-cal (-ro-kal), a. [L. reciprocus.'] 1. Done or ren- 
dered by each to the other ; mutual. 2. Mutually inter- 
changeable ; also, complementary. 3. Gram. Expressive of 
mutual action or relation ; — applied to certain pronouns 
and verbs. 4. Math. Used to denote different kinds of 
mutual relation. — re-cip'ro-cal-ly, adv. 
Syn. Reciprocal, mutual, correlative, convertible. 
Reciprocal and mutual are often used without clear dis- 
tinction with the implication of an interchange of the 
same feeling or act ; as, mutual aversion, reciprocal affec- 
tion. But reciprocal often suggests esp. that the feeling 
or action requites something previously felt or done ; as, 
his kindness resulted in reciprocal favors. Correlative 
implies mutual interdependence or a complementary rela- 
tion ; convertible is equivalent to interchangeable ; as, fa- 
ther and son are correlative terms ; the law, and the opinion 
of the judge, are not always convertible terms. 
reciprocal pronoun, Gram., a pronoun, such as the Greek 
&Wr)\ow and the English compound forms, each other, one 
another, denoting reciprocal action or cross relation ; as in, 
A and B like each other (that is, A likes B, and B likes A). 

— n. 1. That which is reciprocal to another thing. 2. Math. 
The quotient that results from dividing unity by any quan- 
tity. The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction inverted. 

ire-cip'ro-cate (-kat), v. i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat/ing. [L. 
reciprocatus, p. p. of reciprocare to move back and forth, 
reciprocate.] 1. To move forward and backward alter- 
nately (Obs., except Mechanics) ; act interchangeably ; 
alternate ; also, to be correspondent or equivalent. 2. To 
make a return for something done or given. — . t. 1. To 
cause to move back and forth. 2. To give and return mu- 
tually ; to make return for ; also, to make correspondent or 
equivalent ; as, to reciprocate favors. 

reciprocating engine, any engine in which the piston 
moves to and fro ; — disting. from rotary engine. 

re-cip'ro-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of reciprocating, or 
state of being reciprocal ; a mutual giving and returning ; 
alternate recurrence or action. 

re-cip'ro-ca-tive (re-sTp'ro-ka-tiv), a. Tending to, or char- 
acterized by, reciprocation. ; [rocates.j 

re-cip'ro-ca'tor (-ka'ter),™. One who, or that which, recip-| 

rec'i-proc'i-ty (reVT-pros'i-ti), n. 1. State of being recip- 
rocal ; mutual action and reaction. 2. Reciprocal obliga- 
tions, rights, etc. ; reciprocation. 3. Internat. Trade. That 
relation or policy as to trade, etc., between countries under 
which special advantages are granted by each to the other. 

re-cit'al (re-slt'dl), n. 1. Act of reciting; rehearsal. 2. A 
telling in detail ; narration ; account. 3. Story ; narrative. 
4. Music. A performance by one person ; — disting. from 
concert. — Syn. Recitation, enumeration. See narrative. 

rec'i-ta'tion (reVi-ta'shun), n. [L. recitatio.'] 1. Act of 
reciting. 2. Delivery before an audience of something 
memorized ; also, that which is delivered. 3. The repeating 
of a prepared lesson by pupils before a teacher. U. S. 

rec'i-ta-tive (reVi-ta-tiv;re-sIt'd-tTv),a. [recite -{--ative.J 
Pert, to recitation, or rehearsal ; narrative. 

rec'i-ta-tive' (reVI-td-tev'), n. [It. recitativo or F. recita- 
tif.~] Music. A kind of musical recitation resembling decla- 
mation ; also, a piece of music intended for such recitation. 
— a. Of, pert, to, or in the style of, recitative. 

rec'i-ta-ti'vo (res'T-ta-te'vo ; It. ra'che-), n.; pi. It. -VI 
(-ve), E. -vos (-voz). [It.] Music. Recitative. 



re-cite' (re-slf), v. t. & i. ; -cit'ed (-slt'ed) ; -ctt'ing. [L. 
recitare, recitatum ; re- re- + citare to call, cite.] 1. To 
repeat, as something prepared or committed to memory. 
2. To tell over ; go over in particulars ; as, to recite ex- 
periences. 3. To rehearse or repeat, as a lesson. U. S. — 
Syn. Narrate, recount, recapitulate. — re-cit'er, n. 

reck (rek), v. i. [AS. reccean to care for.] Archaic or 
Poetic. 1. To take heed ; care ; mind ; as, little he recks. 
2. To be of account or interest ; matter ; as, what recks it ? 

— v. t. 1. To make account ot ; care for ; heed ; regard. 2. 
To concern ; as, " What recks it them ". Poetic. 

reck'less (rek'les), a. [AS. recceleas, receleas."] 1. Neg- 
lectful. Obs. 2. Rashly negligent ; utterly needless ; care- 
less. — Syn. See rash. — less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 

reck'on (rek''n), v. t. [AS. gerecenian to explain.] 1. To 
count ; enumerate ; also, to compute ; calculate. 2. To 
estimate, by rank or quality ; account ; esteem ; repute ; as, 
"reckoned among the transgressors." 3. To attribute ; im- 
pute ; as " faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteous- 
ness." 4. To conclude ; hence : to think ; suppose ; — used 
with an objective clause ; as, I reckon he will come. — Syn. 
Number, compute, estimate ; value. — v. i. 1. To make an 
enumeration or computation. 2. To come to an accounting ; 
settle. 3. To depend ; rely ; — used with on ; as, we reckon 
on his support. 4. To think ; suppose ; guess. Colloq. 
to reckon for, to answer for ; pay the account for. — to 
r. with, a To settle accounts or claims with ; — lit. or fig. 
b To take into account ; as, to reckon with a danger. — to 
r. without one's host, orig., to reckon one's score without 
consulting one's landlord ; hence, to ignore in a calculation 
or arrangement some essential consideration. 

reck'on-er, n. a One that reckons, b An aid to reckoning, 
esp. a book of tables, etc. ; — often called ready reckoner. 

reck'on-ing, n. Act of one who reckons, counts, or com- 
putes ; calculation ; specif. : a Settlement of obligations, 
liabilities, etc. ; — also used fig. b The charge or account 
made by a host at an inn. C Navigation. The calculation of 
a ship's position ; the position so determined. 

re-claim' (re-klam'), v. t. [OF. reclamer (3d sing. pres. 
reclaime) to call back, L. reclamare, -matum, to cry out 
against.] 1. To call back, as from flight or disorderly 
action ; call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting. 2. 
To reduce from a wild to a tamed state, as an animal, esp. 
a hawk. 3. To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labor, 
cultivation, etc. ; rescue from being wild, waste, etc. ; as, 
to reclaim a desert. 4. To call back to rectitude ; reform ; 
as, to reclaim a drunkard. 5. To claim back ; demand the 
return of as a right ; as, to reclaim one's property. 6. To 
make a reclaim ; claim again. — Syn. Recover, restore, 
amend, correct. — v. i. To exclaim against anything ; con- 
tradict. Now Rare. — n. A new or fresh claim. 

re-claim'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be reclaimed. 

re-claim'ant (-ant), n. A reclaimer. 

re-claim'er (-er), n. One who reclaims. 

rec'la-ma'tion (rek'ld-ma'shun), n. [F. reclamation, L. 
reclamatio. See reclaim.] Act or process of reclaiming. 

rec'li-na'tion (-)T-na'shun), n. A leaning or reclining. 

re-cline' (re-klln'), v. t.& i. [L. reclinare; re- re- + cli- 
nare to lean.] To lean, incline, etc. ; place in, assume, or be 
in, a recumbent position. — re-clin'er (re-klln'er), n. 

re-clothe' (re-kloth'), v. t. To clothe again. 

re-cluse' (re-kloos'; 86), a. [F. reclus, fem. recluse, L. 
reclusus, fr. recludere, -clusum, to unclose, open ; later, to 
shut up.] Shut up ; sequestered ; retired from the world 
or public notice ; solitary. — n. One who lives recluse, as a 
hermit. — Syn. See hermit. 

re-clu'sion (-kloo'zhiin ; 86), n. Act of becoming, or state 
of being, a recluse ; seclusion ; imprisonment, esp. solitary. 

re-clu'sive (-siv), a. Affording or involving reclusion. 

rec'og-ni'tion (rek'og-nish'un), n. [L. recognition Act of 
recognizing ; state of being recognized ; formal acknowledg- 
ment or avowal. — re-COg'ni-tO-ry (re-kog'nT-to-rT), a. 

rec'og-ni'za-ble (rek'og-nlz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being 
recognized. — rec'og-ni'za-bly, adv. 

re-COg'ni-zance (re-kog'ni-zans ; re-kon'i-), n. [OF. re- 
conoissance, recognoissance, deriv. of L. recognoscere ; 
re- re- + cognoscere to know.] 1. Law. An obligation of 
record entered into before some court of record or magis- 
trate, making the performance of some act the condition of 
nonforfeiture ; also, the sum liable to forfeiture on such an 
obligation. 2. Acknowledgment ; avowal ; recognition. 
Now Rare. 3. A token ; symbol ; badge. Archaic. 

rec'og-nize (rek'og-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd); -niz'ing 
(-nlz'ing). [From recognizance.] 1. To avow knowl- 
edge of ; consent to admit, hold, or the like ; admit with a. 
formal acknowledgment ; as, to recognize an obligation or 
an ambassador. 2. To acknowledge formally, as by special 
attention ; take notice of ; treat as valid or independent ; 
as, to recognize^ a foreign government, a republic, or a 
belligerent ; specif., U. S., to acknowledge as the one en- 
titled to be heard at the time ; give the floor to. 3. To 
know again ; identify as previously known. 4. To acknowl- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event,. end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RECOGNIZER 



807 



RECOUPMENT 



edge acquaintance with, as by salutation. 5. To show ap- 
preciation of (services, etc.). 

Syn. Recognize, acknowledge. Recognize commonly 
adds to acknowledge a stronger implication of formal ad- 
mission or authoritative sanction ; as, a claim recognized by 
law ; acknowledge a fault. 

rec'og-niz'er (rek'og-nTz'er), n. One who recognizes. 

re-cog'ni-zor' (re-kog'nl-zSr' ; re-kon'i-), n. One who en- 
ters into a recognizance. 

re-coil' (-koil'), v. i. [F. reculer.] 1. To retreat, draw back, 
or fall back. 2. To draw back, as from anything repugnant, 
alarming, etc. ; shrink. 3. To rebound ; spring back ; as, a 
cannon recoils. 4. To return to or as to the source or 
starting point ; as, an evil deed recoils upon the doer. — 
Syn. See rebound. 

— n. 1. A starting or falling back ; rebound ; shrinking. 2. 
State ot having recoiled. — re-coil'er, n. 

re-coin' (re-koin'), v. t. To coin anew or again. 

re-coin'age (-aj), n. Act of coining, or a thing coined, anew. 

re'col-lect' (re'ko-lekf), v. t. [L. recollectus, p. p. of re- 
colligere to collect ; or, in later use, fr. re- + collect.'] 1. 
To collect again, as something scattered ; also, to gather ; 
rally ; recover. 2. To compose (one's self). 

rec'ol-lect' (reVo-lekf), v. t. [L. recollectus, p. p. of re- 
colligere to collect.] 1. To recall the knowledge of ; call to 
mind ; remember. 2. Reflexively, to compose (one's self) ; 
recover command of (one's self). — v. i. To have a recol- 
lection of something. — Syn. See remember. 

rec'ol-lec'tion (-lek'shun), n. 1. Act or power of recollect- 
ing, or calling to mind ; remembrance ; memory. 2. That 
which is recollected. — Syn. Reminiscence. See memory. 

rec'ol-lec'tive (-lek'tiv), a. Pert, to recollection ; having 
the power of recollecting. — rec'ol-lec'tive-ly, adv. 

re-com'fort (re-kum'fert), v. t. [OF. reconforter.] To com- 
fort ; console ; refresh. Obs. or Archaic. 

re'com-mence' (re'ko-mens'), v. t. & i. To commence 
again; renew. — re'com-mence'ment (-ment), n. 

rec'om-mend' (reVo-mend'), v. t. [LL. recommendare. 
See re- ; commend.] 1. To commit ; consign ; as, to recom- 
mend one's self to God. 2. To commend to favorable 
notice ; commit to another's care, confidence, or accept- 
ance, with favoring representations. 3. To make accepta- 
ble ; attract favor to ; as, his manners recommended him. 
4. To advise ; counsel ; as, to recommend one to confess. 

rec'om-men-da'tion (-men-da'shun), n. 1. Act of recom- 
mending. 2. That which commends to favor, or accept- 
ance ; specif., a letter of recommendation. 

rec'om-mend'a-to-ry (-men'da-to-ri), a. 1. Serving to 
recommend. 2. Advisory but not mandatory ; — said of 
certain appointments, parliamentary resolutions, etc. 

rec'om-mend'er, n. One who recommends. 

re'com-mit' (re'ko-mit'), v. t. To commit or intrust again ; 
specif., to refer again to a committee. mit'tal (-a\), n. 

rec'om-pense(rek'om-pens), v. t. ; -pensed (-penst) ; -pens'- 
ing. [F. recompenser, fr. LL., fr. L. re- + compensare to 
compensate.] 1. To render an equivalent to, for service, 
loss, etc. ; compensate. 2. To give compensation for ; atone 
for. — Syn. Repay, requite, reward, remunerate. — n. An 
equivalent returned for anything done, suffered, or given ; 
compensation ; requital ; reward. 

re'com-pose' (re'kom-poz'), v. t. To compose again ; specif., 
to restore to composure ; also, to rearrange or harmonize. 
— re-com'po-si'tion (re-kom'po-zish'un), n. 

D re-con'cen-tra'do (ra-kon'sen-tra'do), n.; pi. -DOS (Sp. 
-dos). [Sp., p. p. of reconcentrar to inclose, reconcentrate.] 
One who has been subjected to reconcentration. 

re-con'cen-trate (re-kon'sen-trat ; re'kon-sen'-), v. t. & i. 
To concentrate again ; concentrate thoroughly. 

re-COn / cen-tra'tion (re-kon'sen-tra'shun), n. The concen- 
trating of the rural population in or about towns for admin- 
istrative convenience, as in Cuba during 1895-98. 

rec'on-cil'a-ble (rek'on-sil'd-b'l), a. Capable of being rec- 
onciled. — rec'on-cil'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), rec'on-cil'a- 
ble-ness, n. — rec'on-ciFa-bly, adv. 

rec'on-cile (-sll), v. t.; -ciled (-slid); -cii/ing (-sil'Tng). 
[F. reconcilier, fr. L. reconciliare ; re- re- + conciliare to 
unite.] 1. To cause to be friendly again ; restore to har- 
mony. 2. To adjust, as a quarrel ; settle ; as, to reconcile 
differences. 3. To bring to acquiescence or content ; as, to 
reconcile one's self with adversity. 4. To make consistent 
or congruous ; as, to reconcile theory with facts. — Syn« 
Reunite, pacify. — rec'on-ciFer (-sll'er), n. 

rec'on-cile'ment (-ment), n. Reconciliation. 

rec'on-ciH-a'tion (-sil'i-a'shun), n. Act of reconciling; 
state of being reconciled. — Syn. See propitiation. 

lec'on-cil'i-a-to-ry (-sil'T-d-to-n), a. Serving or tending to 

reconcile. 
TCC'on-dite (rek'on-dlt), a. [L. reconditus, p. p. of re- 
condere to put up again, conceal ; re- + condere to bring 
together.] 1. Hidden ; concealed. Rare. 2. Hidden from 
the mental view ; abstruse ; obscure ; as, recondite causes 



of things. 3. Dealing in things abstruse ; profound ; as, 

recondite learning. — rec'on-dlte-ly, adv. dite-ness, n. 

Syn. Deep, abstract ; secret, hidden, dark, abstruse, 
occult, esoteric, mystic, mysterious. — Recondite, ab- 
struse, occult, esoteric. Recondite emphasizes the idea 
of profundity, esp. as to knowledge beyond ordinary com- 
prehension ; abstruse suggests esp. remoteness from or- 
dinary modes of thought, or great difficulty or complexity. 
Occult implies esp. the action of mysterious agencies ; 
that is esoteric which pertains to an inner circle of adept9 
or is understood by the initiated alone. 

re-con'nais-sance (re-kon'a-sans), re-con'nois-sance (re- 
kon'I-sans), n. [F.] Act of reconnoitering ; preliminary 
examination or survey. 

rec'on-noi'terl (rek'o-noi'ter), v.t., : -noi'tered, -noi'tred 

rec'on-noi'tre/ (-terd) ; -noi'ter-ing, -noi'tring. [F. rec- 
onnoitre, reconnaitre. See recognizance.] To examine 
with the eye ; make a preliminary examination or survey of, 
esp. for military or engineering operations. — v. i. To make 
a reconnaissance. — rec'on-noi'ter-er, -noi'trer, n. 

re-con'quer (re-kon'ker), v. t. To conquer again. — re- 
con'quest (-kwest), n. 

re'con-sid'er (re'kon-sTd'er), v. t. 1. To consider again. 2. 
Pari. Practice. To take up for renewed consideration, as a 
motion or a vote previously acted on. — re'con-sid'er-a'- 
tion (-a'shSn), n. 

re-con'sti-tute (re-kon'stT-tut), v. t. To constitute again or 
anew. — r3-con'_sti-tu'tion (-tu'shun), n. 

re'con-Struct' (re'kon-strukt'), v. t. To construct again, 
reconstructed ruby, an artificially prepared ruby, differ- 
ing from the natural stone by containing bubbles. 

re'con-struc'tion (-struk'shun), «. Act of reconstructing; 
specif, i usually cap.], the process of reorganizing the 
governments of the Southern States, after the Civil War, 
in accordance with the Acts of March 2 & 23, 1867. 

re'con-struc'tive (-tlv), a. Reconstructing ; tending to 
reconstruct; as, a reconstructive- policy. 

re'con-vene' (-kon-ven'), v. i. & t. To convene again. 

re'con-verf (-vurt'), v. t. To convert again or back. — re'* 
con-ver'sion (-vur'shun), n. # 

re'con-vey' (-va'), v. t. To convev back (to the former 
place or to a former owner). — re'con-vey'ance (-ans), n. 

re-cord' (re-kord'), v. t. [F. recorder, fr. L. recordari to re- 
member ; re- re- + cor, cordis, heart, mind.] To commit 
to writing, printing, inscription, or the like ; transcribe or 
enter, as in a book, in order to preserve authentic evidence 
of, or on a wax cylinder, rubber disk, etc., for reproduction, 
as by a phonograph ; register ; enroll. 

rec'ord (rek'ord ; -ord), n. 1. A recording or being re- 
corded ; reduction to writing as evidence ; also, the writ- 
ing ; a register. 2. Esp. : a An official writing recording 
public acts, b An authentic official copy of a document. C 
An official memorandum stating the proceedings of a 
court of justice. 3. Testimony. Archaic. 4. Something 
written or transcribed to perpetuate a knowledge of events ; 
also, that on which such record is made, as a monument. 5. 
Something made by perforating, indenting, or otherwise 
transforming an original blank, for reproduction, esp. of 
sound ; as : a The cylinder or disk used to reproduce 
sounds in phonographs, etc. b The perforated paper roll 
of an automatic piano player, etc. 6. The known facts in 
the course of anything, as in a man's career. 7. That which 
has been recorded as publicly achieved in any kind of 
competitive sport ; also, the best of such achievements. 
Syn. Records, archives. Records are in general written 
accounts of facts or events; archives are public records. 

— a. Denoting a performance, occurrence, or condition sur- 
passing others of its kind ; as, a record run ; record prices. 

re-cord'er (re-kor'der), n. 1. The chief judicial officer of 
a cky or borough. 2. One who records, esp. officially. 3. A 
recording, esp. autographic, apparatus or instrument. 4. 
Music. An obsolete kind of flageolet. 

re-cord'er-ship, n. The office of a recorder. 

re-count' (re-kounf), v. t. To count or reckon again. 

re-count' (re-kount' ; re'kount), n. A counting again. 

re-count' (re-kount'), v. t. [OF. reconter ; re- + conter to 
relate.] To tell over ; relate in detail ; rehearse ; enumerate. 

re-COUp' (re-koop'), v. t. [F. recouper to cut again or back, 
in OF. also to reduce, diminish ; re- re- + couper to cut.] 
1. Law. To keep back rightfully (a part) so as to diminish 
a sum due ; deduct, as from damages. 2. To get compensa- 
tion for. 3. To reimburse ; indemnify. — n. Law. Act of 
recouping. — re-coup'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

Hre-COU'pe' (re-koo'pa'), a. [F.] Jewelry. Lit., recut ; 
designating a form of rose with 36 facets. See rose, n. f> 6. 

re-COUp'ment (-ment), n. Act of recouping, or that which 
is recouped. 

Syn. Recoupment, set-ofl, counterclaim. Recoup- 
ment applies to equities growing out of the same affair 
from which the principal demand arises. Set-ofl denotes 
a distinct claim. Counterclaim includes both recoup- 
ment and set-off, and is in effect a distinct action which can 
be brought to reduce the amount and cost of litigation. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanation* of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, r equal*. 



N 



RECOURSE 



808 



REDACTOR 







R 



re-COUrse' (re-kors'; 57), re. [F. recours, L. recursus a 
running back, return, fr. recurrere, -cursum. See recur.] 

1. Resort or application for assistance ; specif., resort (to a 
person) for the meeting of an obligation. 2. A source of 
aid ; person or thing resorted to. 3. Access ; admittance. 
without recourse, Commerce, words which, added to the 
indorsement of a negotiable instrument, protect the indors- 
er from liability to the indorsee and subsequent holders. 

re-COV'er (re-kiiv'er), v. t. [OF. recovrer, fr. L. recuperate. 
See recuperate.] 1. To get again ; specif., to regain, as 
lost property. 2. Law. To gain as a compensation or re- 
turn ; as, to recover damages ; obtain title to by a judicial 
decision. 3. To make up for ; retrieve ; repair the loss or 
injury of; as, to recover lost time. 4. To restore from 
sickness, faintness, etc. ; cure ; heal. 5. To overcome ; get 
better from (sickness, etc.). 6. To rescue ; deliver. 7. To 
obtain ; reach ; come to. Archaic. 8. To obtain or regain 
in valuable form from a waste product or by-product ; as, 
to recover sulphur in making soda. — Syn. Retake, repos- 
sess, resume, recruit. — - v. i. 1. To regain health after 
sickness ; hence, to regain a former (good) state ; as, to re- 
cover from fright. 2. Law. To obtain judgment in one's 
favor in a suit for something. 3. Rowing, Fencing, etc. To 
make a recovery. [a. — re-COV'er-er, n.\ 

— n. Recovery (esp. in sense 2). — re-COV'er-a-ble (-d-b'l),| 
re-cov'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Act of recovering. 

2. Sports, a Rowing. The movement of the body and oar 
or oars, after completion of a stroke, into position for the 
next stroke. D Fencing, Sparring, etc. Act of regaining 
the position of guard after making an attack. 3. Restora- 
tion from sickness, weakness, fright, or the like. 

rec're-an-cy (rek're-dn-si), n. Quality or state of being rec- 
reant ; mean-spiritedness ; apostasy. 

rec're-ant (rek're-dnt), a. [OF., p. pr. of recreire to sur- 
render allegiance, LL. recredere to surrender ; L. re- back 
+ credere to intrust, believe.] 1. Crying for mercy ; 
craven. 2. Apostate ; false ; unfaithful. — Syn. See cow- 
ardly, [deserter ; an apostate. | 

— n. 1. One who begs for mercy ; a cowardly wretch. 2. AJ 
re'-cre-ate', v. t. To create anew. — re'-cre-a'tion, n. 
rec're-ate (rek're-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [L. 

recreatus, p. p. of recreare to create anew, refresh. See 
re-; create.] To give fresh life to; reanimate; revive; 
refresh ; divert ; amuse. — v. i. To take recreation. 

rec're-a'tion (-a/shun), re. Act of recreating ; state or fact 
of being recreated ; refreshment. — Syn. See play. 

rec're-a-tive (rek're-a-tTv), a. Tending to recreate; recre- 
ating ; amusing ; diverting. 

rec're-ment (rek're-ment), n. [L. recrementum ; re- re- + 
cernere, cretum, to separate, sift.] Superfluous matter 
separated from that which is useful ; dross ; scoria. 

rec're-men-ti'tious (-men-tish'us), a. Of, pert, to, consist- 
ing of, or of the nature of, recrement or dross ; superfluous. 

re-crim'i-nate (re-knm'i-nat), v. i. & t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'ing. [LL. recriminare. See criminate.] To accuse 
in return ; make a countercharge or accusation. 

re-Clim/i-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of recriminating ; also, 
a counter accusation. 

re-crim'i-na-tive (-na-tTv), a. Recriminatory. 

re-crim'i-na-to-ry (-nd-to-n), a. Having the quality of re- 
crimination ; retorting accusation ; recriminating. 

i'e'cru-desce' (re'kroo-des'), v. i.; -DESCED'(-dest') ; -desc'- 
ing (-des'Ing). [L. recrudescere to become raw again.] 
To break out again ; esp., to come into renewed activity. 

re'cru-des'cence (-des'ens), re. State or fact of breaking out 
again ; renewed severity of a disease, wound, sore, etc. 

re'cru-des'cent (-ent), a. Breaking out again after tempo- 
rary abatement or suppression. 

re-cruit' (re-kroot'), v. t. [F. recruter, fr. recrue recruit- 
ing, recruit, prop., a new growth, deriv. of re- re- + croitre 
to grow, L. crescere.'] 1. To supply with new men, as an 
army ; fill up by enlistment ; also, to muster ; raise. 2. To 
repair by fresh supplies, as anything wasted ; remedy de- 
ficiency in. Now R. 3. Hence : to renew in strength or 
health ; reinvigorate. — v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of 
men for service. 2. To gain new supplies of anything wasted 
or exhausted ; gain health, spirits, etc. ; recuperate. 

— n. Mil. A newly enlisted soldier. — re-cruit'er, n. 
re-Cruit'ment (-ment), n. Act or process of recruiting. 
re-crys'tal-lize (re-kns'tal-Iz), v. i. & t. To crystallize 

again. [the region of the rectum. I 

rec'tal (rek'tal), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the rectum ; in( 
rec'tan'gle (rek'tan'g'l), n. [L. rectus right + angulus 
angle.] Geom. A right-angled par- 
allelogram. 

rec-tan'gu-lar (rek-tan'gu-ldr), a. 

Right-angled ; having one or more 

right angles. — rec-tan'gu-lar'i-ty 

(-lar'T-tT), re. 

rec'ti-fi-ca'tion (rek/tT-fT-ka'shim), re. 



Rectangle. 
Act or operation of 
rectifying ; as, the rectification of spirits. 
rec'ti-fi'er (-fT'er), re. One who, or that which, rectifies. 



rec'ti-fy (rek'tT-fT), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. recti, 
ficare; rectus right + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 1. To 
make or set right ; amend. 2. To refine or purify, esp. by 
repeated distillation ; as, to rectify proof spirit. 3. To set 
right by adjustment or calculation ; — esp. in : to rectify 
a globe, to adjust a globe in preparation for solving a prob- 
lem. 4. Elec. To make (an alternating current) unidirec- 
tional, varying periodically between zero and a maximum. 

— Syn. See correct. 

rec'ti-lin'e-ar (-lin'e-dr), rec'ti-lin'e-al (-31), a. IL.rectus 
straight + E. linear, lineal.'] 1. Moving in or forming a 
straight line. 2. Formed or bounded by straight lines. 

rec'ti-tude (rek'tT-tud), re. [L. rectitudo, fr. rectus right.] 
1. Rightness of principle or practice ; uprightness ; integ- 
rity. 2. Correctness of judgment or of procedure. 

rec'to (rek'to), n.; pi. -tos (^ioz). [L., abl. of rectus 
right.] Print. The right-hand page ; — opposed to verso. 

rec'tor (-ter), n. [L., a leader, ruler, fr. regere, rectum, to 
lead straight, to rule.] 1. In the Anglican and Protestant 
Episcopal churches, a clergyman in charge of a parish. 2. 
The head or head master of a university, school, etc. 

rec'tor-ate (rek'ter-at), n. Office, rank, station, or term of 
a rector. [rectory. I 

rec-to'ri-al (rek-to'rT-dl), a. Pertaining to a rector or aj 

rec'to-ry (rek'to-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A benefice held 
by a rector ; the church, parsonage, or benefice of a parish, 
with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. Eng. 2. A rector's 
house ; parsonage. 

rec'tum (-turn), n. ; L. pi. -ta (-td). [NL. (sc. intestinum), 
fr. L. rectus straight.] Anat. The terminal part of the 
intestine, from the sigmoid flexure to the anus. 

|| rectus (-tiis), re.; pi. recti (-tl)._ [NL., fr. L. rectus 
straight.] Anat. Any of several straight muscles, as of the 
abdomen, thigh, head, and eye. 

re-cum/ben-cy (re-kum'ben-si), re. Act of leaning, resting, 
or reclining ; state of being recumbent. 

re-cum'bent (re-kiim'bent), a. [L. recumbens, -entis, p. 
pr. of recumbere to lie down.] Leaning ; reclining ; lying. 

— re-cum'bent-ly, adv. 

re-cu'per-ate (-ku'per-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. recuperatus, p. p. of recuperare."] To recover ; regain ; 
also, to restore to health. — v. i. To recover health of 
strength ; convalesce ; also, to recover from pecuniary loss. 

re-CU'per-a'tion (-a'shun), re. Recovery, as of anything 
lost, esp. of the health or strength. 

re-CU'per-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Recuperatory ; tending to re- 
covery ; restorative ; having the power of recuperating. 

re-cu'per-a-to-ry (-d-to-ri), a. Of or pert, to recuperation. 

re-cur' (re-kur'), v. %.; -curred' (-kurd') ; -cur'ring. [L. 
recurrere; re- re- + currere to run.] 1. To resort ; have 
recourse. 2. a To go or come back in thought or discourse ; 
as, recurring to our former subject, b To come again to 
mind ; as, the scene recurred to him ; also, to come up 
again for consideration ; as, the question recurs. 3. To 
occur or appear again, as a fever. 

re-cure' (re-kur'), v. t. & i. [Due to confusion of recover 
to get again, with L. recurare to cure.] To cure. Obs. 

re-cur'rence (-kur'ens), n. Act of recurring; state of be- 
ing recurrent ; return ; resort ; recourse. 

re-cur'rent (-ent), a. [L. recurrens, -entis, p. pr.] "L.Anat. 
Running or turning back in direction, as a nerve. 2. Re- 
turning from time to time ; recurring, as fever. 

re-cur'vate (-kfir'vat), a. [L. recurvatus, p. p.] Recurved. 

re-curve' (-kurv'), v. t. & i. To curve in an opposite or 
unusual direction ; bend back or down. 

rec'U-san-cy (rek'ii-zan-sT ; re-ku'-), re. State of being 
recusant or a recusant ; nonconformity ; refusal to obey. 

rec'u-sant (-zdnt), a. [L. recusans, -antis, p. pr. of recu~ 
sare to refuse, object to ; re- re- + causa a cause, pretext.] 
Refusing, as to submit ; dissentient ; specif., Eng. Hist., 
refusing to attend services of the Established Church. 

— n. A dissenter ; nonconformist. 

re-cuse' (re-kuz'), v. t. [F. recuser, or L. recusare. See 
recusant.] To refuse or reject ; esp., to challenge or ex- 
cept to a judge or judges as interested or otherwise incom- 
petent. Obs. or R., exc. in Civil & Canon Law. 

red (red), a.; red'der (-er) ; red'dest. [AS. read."] 1. 
Having, or characterized by, the color red. 2. Magnetism. 
Pert, to or designating the north pole of a magnet ; — opp. 
to blue. — n. 1. A fundamental color, appearing at the 
lower end of the visible spectrum. See spectrum. 2. Any 
pigment or dye that colors red. 3. A thing, animal, or per- 
son that is red or dressed in red. 4. [cap.~\ An anarchist 
who practices or advocates violence. Cant. 

re-dact' (re-dakt'), v. t. [L. redactus, p. p. of redigere; 
red-, re-, again, back -f- agere to drive.] 1. To compose or 
frame (a statement, proclamation, or the like). 2. To re- 
duce (written matter) to a form suiting its purpose ; to di- 
gest and put in shape (matter for publication) ; to edit. — 
re-dac'tor (ter), re. 

re-dac'tion (re-dak'shun), re. A revision ; a new edition. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event 4 end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RED ALGE 



809 



REDRESS 



red alga. Bot. See rhodophyceous. 

re-dan' (re-dan'), n. [F., for OF. redent a double notching, 
fr. L. re- re- + dens, dentis, tooth.] Fort. A work having 
two parapets forming a salient angle toward the enemy. 

red-ar'gue (red-ar'gu), v. t.; -ar'gued (-gild) ; -ar'gu-ing. 
[L. redarguere ; red-, re-, re- + arguere to accuse, charge 
with.] To confute ; disprove or refute (a statement, argu- 
ment, etc.) ; — chiefly in Scots Law. — red'ar-gu'tion, n. 

red as'tra-chan (as'trd-kan). A yellowish early apple with 
Iipht and dark red splashes and irregular streaks, a heavy 
bloom, white crisp flesh, and rather acid flavor. 

red'breast' (red'brest 7 ), n. An animal having a red breast ; 
as : a The robin, b A kind of sandpiper. C A kind of bream. 

red'bud' ( -bud' ), n. An American caesalpiniaceous tree 
(Cercis canadensis) with heart-shaped leaves and small 
pink flowers ; also, any of various related species. 

ted'cap' (-kap'), n. 1. A person wearing a red cap. 2. A 
kind of goblin. 3. The European goldfinch. Local, Eng. 

red corpuscle. One of the colored corpuscles of the blood 
of vertebrates, which contain haemoglobin and carry oxygen 
from the respiratory organs to the various tissues. 

red cross. 1. The cross (red on white field) of St. George, 
England's national emblem. 2. The Geneva cross, a red 
Greek cross on a white field, adopted by the Geneva Con- 
vention, 1864, as the badge of neutrality in war. 3. [cap.'] 
A hospital or ambulance service, usually a national society, 
for alleviating sufferings in war or calamity ; also, a member 
or worker of such a society. 

redd (red), v. t. To clear up ; clean up ; tidy. Scot, or Dial. 

red deer. 1. The stag (Cervus elaphus) of temperate 
Europe and Asia. 2. The Virginia deer in its summer coat. 

red'den (red''n), v. t. & i. [From red, a.] To make or be- 
come red or reddish ; flush ; blush. 

red-den'dum (re-den'dum), n.; -pi. -da (-dd). [Neut. of L. 
reddendus that must be given back or yielded.] Law. A 
clause in a deed by which some new thing is reserved out 
of what had been granted before. 

red'dish (r?d'Tstu, a. Somewhat red. — red'dish-ness, n. 

red drum. A large drumfish {Sciaenops ocellata), an im- 
portant food fish of the Atlantic coast of the United States. 

rede (red), n. [AS. rsed counsel, fr. rsedan to counsel.] 
Archaic, Poetic, or Dial. 1. Counsel or advice ; scheme ; 
plan ; method. 2. A story ; tale. — v. t. Archaic. 1. To 
advise ; counsel. 2. To interpret ; explain ; also, to relate. 

re-deem' (re-dem'), v. t. [L. redimere, redemptum; red-, 
re-, again + emere to buy.] 1. To buy back. 2. Hence, to 
recover, as pledged property, or remove the obligation of, 
as a note, by paving what is due. 3. To ransom or liberate 
as from captivity or obligation. 4. To deliver from the 
bondage of sin and its penalties, esp. by the atonement of 
Christ. 5. To fulfill, as a promise. 6. To make amends 
for ; atone for. — Syn. See ransom. — re-deem'a-ble, a. 

re-deem'er, n. One who redeems ; specif, [cap.'] , Christ. 

re'de-liv'er (re'de-liv'er), v. t. 1. To give back; return. 
2. To deliver (a message, etc.) again ; Obs., to report. — 
re'de-liv'er-y (-er-i), n. 

re'de-mand' (re'de-mand'), v. t. To demand back or again ; 
inquire again. — n. A demanding back ; a second or re- 
newed demand. R. — re'de-mand'a-ble (-man'dd-b'l), a. 

re-demp'tion (re-demp'shun), n. [F. redemption, L. re- 
demption A redeeming ; state of being redeemed. — Syn. 
Ransom, deliverance, salvation. 

re-demp'tive (-tiv), a. Serving or tending to redeem. 

Re-demp'tor-ist (-tor-Tst), n. [F. redemptoriste, fr. L. 
redemptor redeemer, fr. redimere. See redeem.] R. C. Ch. 
One of an order, Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, 
founded in 1732, devoted to preaching to the neglected. 

re-demp'to-ry (-to-ri), a. Of or pertaining to redemption ; 
paid for ransom ; serving to redeem. 

re'de-vel'op (re'de-vel'op), v. t. & i. To develop again; 
specif., Photog., to intensify (a developed image). — re'de- 
vel'op-er (-er), n. — re'de-vel'op-ment (-ment), n. 

red'fin' (red'fTn'), n. Any of certain cyprinoid and catosto- 
mid fishes; esp., a small shiner (Notropis comutus) of 
eastern and central North America. 

red fir. See Douglas spruce. 

red lire. A composition that burns with a bright red light, 
used in pyrotechny, signaling, etc. 

red grouse. A ptarmigan (Lagopus scoticus) of the British 
Isles that does not turn white in winter; — commonly 
called simply grouse. 

red gum. [AS. read red + gund matter.] An eruptive dis- 
ease of the sweat glands in infants ; prickly heat. 

red'-hand' \ a. Having hands red with blood ; in the very 

red'— hand'edj act ; — said of a person taken .in the act of 
homicide ; hence, fresh from the commission of crime. 

red'head' (red'hed'), n. 1. A person that has red hair. 
2. An American duck (Aythya americana), highly es- 
teemed as a game bird. It is allied to the canvasback. 

red hind (hind). A grouper (Epinephelus guttatus), im- 
portant as a food fish in Cuba (where it is called cabrilla). 
It is largely olive, with red spots. 



red'-hot' (109), a. Of a red heat ; fig., excited ; furious. 

red'in-gote (red'Ip-got), n. [F., corrupt, fr. E. riding 
coat.'] A long plain double-breasted outside coat, now one 
worn by women. 

re-din'te-grate (re-dTn'te-grat), v. t.; -grat'ed (-grat'ed) \ 
-grat'ing. [L. redintegratus, p. p. of redintegrare to re- 
store. See integrate.] To make whole again ; renew ; 
restore to integrity or soundness. 

re-din'te-gra'tion(-gra'shun), n. 1. Restoration to a whole, 
sound, or previous state ; renewal ; renovation ; as, a redin- 

■ tegration of friendship. 2. Psychology. Revival, or tend- 
ency to revival, of the whole of a previous mental state 
when part of it recurs. 

re'di-rect' (re'di-rekt'), a. Law. Designating, or pert, to, 
the examination of a witness after cross-examination. U. S. 

re'di-rect' (re'di-rekt'), v. t. To direct again or anew. — 
re'di-rec'tion (-rek'shSn), n. 

re'dis-trib'ute (re'dis-trlb'ut), v. t. To distribute again. — 
re-dis'tri-bu'tion (-tn-bu'shun), n. 

red lattice. Red latticework, — formerly common in the 
windows of alehouses ; hence, an alehouse or tavern. 

red lead. Red oxide of lead, Pb304, a heavy crystalline pow- 
der used as a pigment and in the manufacture of glass, etc. ; 
minium. 

red lead ore. Min. Crocoite. 

red lead putty. See 2d putty, 2 a. 

red'-let'ter, a. Of or pert, to a red letter, or marked by red 
letters ; hence, happily memorable. 

red-letter day. A holy day marked in the calendar with 
red letters ; hence, a day that is fortunate or happv. 

red'-light' dis'trict. A district in which disorderly re- 
sorts are frequent ; — so called in allusion to the red light 
kept in front of many such resorts at night. Colloq. 

red man. 1. An American Indian. 2. [cap."] A member of 
the Improved Order of Red Men, a fraternal order. 

red'ness, n. Quality or state of being red ; red color. 

red ocher or ochre. Min. A red, earthy, often impure va- 
riety of hematite, used as a pigment. 

red'o-lence (red'6-lens), n. Quality of being redolent; 
sweetness of scent ; fragrance. 

red'0-lent (-lent), a. [L. redolens, p. pr. of redolere to dif- 
fuse odor.] Fragrant ; odorous ; — usually used with of. 
Syn. Fragrant, odorous, redolent, aromatic. Fra- 
grant means emitting an agreeable odor ; odorous may 
suggest either a pleasant smell or (sometimes) an unpieas- 
ant one ; redolent (of, with) applies to that which is 
strongly impregnated with an odor, pleasant or unpleasant, 
and is chiefly fig. ; as, a fragrant rose ; odorous perfumes ; 
redolent of joy. Aromatic adds to fragrant the suggestion 
of spiciness or pungency ; as, aromatic vinegar. 

red osier. 1. A European willow (Salix purpurea) the red- 
dish twigs of which are extensively used for basketry, etc. ; 
also, any of several related willows. 2. The osier dogwood 
{Cornus stolonifera) of the eastern United States. 

re-dou'ble (re-dub''l), v. i. & t. 1. To double in size, 
amount, or degree. 2. To reecho. 3. To reflect. 

re-doubt' (re-douf), n. [F. redoute, fr. It., fr. JLL. reductus, 
lit., a retreat, fr. L. reducere. See reduce.] Fort, a In 
permanent works, a work within an outwork, b A small 
inclosed work commonly temporary and used esp. in forti- 
fying tops of hills and passes, etc. 

re-doubt'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. [OF. redoutable.'] Formidable; 
dread ; also, worthy of respect or reverence ; — often in 
irony or burlesque. — re-doubt'a-ble-ness, n. 

re-doubt'ed, p. a. Formidable ; dread ; renowned. 

re-dound' (re-dound'), v. i. [OF. redonder to overflow, L. 
redundare; red-, re- + undare to surge, fr. unda a wave.] 
1. To rise or surge, as water ; overflow ; abound. Obs. 2. To 
return ; rebound. 06s. 3. To flow back as an effect ; hence : 
to conduce ; contribute ; result ; as, to redound to one's 
credit, advantage, etc. — Syn. See conduce. 

— n. Return, as of effect ; result. 

red'o-wa (red'6-wd; -vd), n. [F. & G., fr. Bohem. rejdo- 
vakJ] A Bohemian dance of two kinds, one in triple time, 
like a waltz, the other in 2-4 time, like a polka. 

red pepper. Cayenne pepper. See capsicum. 

red'poll' (red'polO, n. Any of several small finches (genus 
Acanthis). The males usually have a red crown. 

red polled cattle (pold). An English breed of hornless cat- 
tle of a uniform reddish color, raised for beef and milk. 

re-draft' (re-draft'), n. 1. A draft on the maker or indors- 
ers of a bill of exchange dishonored by the drawee, for the 
amount of the bill and charges. 2. A second draft or copy. 

re-draw' (re-dro'), v. t. & i. To draw again; make a 
redraft. — re-draw'er, n. 

Red Republican. Orig., one who maintained extreme re- 
publican doctrines in France, — because a red liberty cap 
was the badge of the party ; an extreme radical. Cant. 

re-dress' (re dres'), v. t. [F. redresser to straighten. See 
RE- ; dress.] 1. a To put right ; amend. Obs. b To adjust 
again (usually, the balances). 2. To set right, as a wrong , 
repair, as an injury ; make amends for ; remedy. 3. To make 
amends to ; relieve of a thing unjust or oppressive. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
T.splanatlons of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word* -t combined with. = equals. 



fsr 



REDRESSER 



310 



REENFORCE 







R 




— to. 1. Reparation of wrong ; amends. 2. Remedy ; relief. 
Obs. 3. A redressing ; correction ; reformation ; — used 
with of. — re-dress'er, to. — Syn. See reparation. 

red'root' (-root'), to. 1. A plant (Gyrotheca capitata) of 
the couthern United States, with sword-shaped leaves, cy- 
mose woolly flowers, and a red root, sometimes used as a 
dye. 2. = alkanet, la. 3. A kind of pigweed. 

red'— Short', a. [Sw. rddskort, neut. of rodskor ; rod red 
+ skdr brittle.] Metal. Brittle when red-hot ; — said of 
certain kinds of iron. — red'-short'ness, to. 

red'skin' (red' skin'), to. A North American Indian. 

red'start' (red'starf), to. [red + start tail.] 1. A Euro- 
pean singing bird (Phceni- 
curus phosnicurus) allied 
to the _ nightingale. 2, A 
flycatching warbler {Seto- 
phaga ruticilla) of eastern 
North America. 

red tape. Tape used in public 
offices ; hence, official for- 
mality and delay. — red'— American Redstart (Male). 
tape', a. — red'-tap'ism (-Tz'm), to. 

red'top' (red' top'), to. A grass (Agrostis alba) valued in 
the United States for pasturage and esp. for lawn mixtures. 

re-duce' (re-dus'), v. t.; -duced' (-dust') ; -duc'ing (-dus'- 
lng). [L. reducere, -ductum, to bring back ; red-, re- + 
ducere to lead.] 1. To restore (a condition, etc.). Obs. or 
R. 2. Med. To restore to its proper place or condition, as a 
displaced part. 3. To bring into a certain order, arrange- 
ment, classification, etc. ; as, to reduce animals to classes ; 
to reduce language to rules ; also, to change the form of ; 
commit ; as, to reduce a statement to writing. 4. Arith. 
To change the denominations of (a quantity) or the form of 
(an expression) without changing the value ; as, to reduce 
hours to minutes or minutes to hours ; to reduce fractions 
to their lowest terms. 5. To bring to a certain condition 
by grinding, pounding, rubbing, etc. ; as, to reduce to 
powder. 6. Chem. To bring to the metallic state by re- 
moval of nonmetallic elements; hence: to remove oxygen 
from ; deoxidize. 7. To bring (to obedience, order, etc.), by 
compulsion ; bring to any inferior state in rank, etc. ; lower ; 
degrade ; as, to reduce expenses ; to reduce to poverty. 8. 
Specif. : a Law. To bring (into or to possession), as a right 
or property, b Geom. To construct a figure similar to and 
smaller than (a given figure), c Photog. To render less 
dense, as a negative. 9. To bring to terms ; conquer ; sub- 
due ; as, to reduce a fort. — Syn. Diminish, lessen, mini- 
mize, curtail ; subject, subjugate. See abase, conquer. — 
v. i. To become reduced in any way. 

re-duc'er (-dus'er), to. One who, or that which, reduces; 
specif. : a Mach. ( 1 ) A contrivance for reducing the dimen- 
sions of one part so as to fit it to another, as a device for hold- 
ing a drill in a chuck. (2) A reducing valve, b Photog. A 
reducing agent, either a developer or an agent for reducing 
density. [pressure. I 

reducing valve, Mach., an automatic valve for reducing! 

re-duc'i-ble (-i-b'l), a. That may be reduced. 

re-duc'tion (-diik'shun), to. [L. reductio. See reduce.] 
A reducing, or state of being reduced. 

re-duc'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to reduce. 

re-dun'dance (-dun'dans), to. Redundancy. 

re-dun'dan-cy (-dan-si), to. 1. Quality or state of being re- 
dundant ; superfluity ; excess. 2. That which is redundant. 
Syn. Redundancy, tautology, pleonasm, verbosity, 
verbiage, prolixity, diffuseness, circumlocution, pe- 
riphrasis. Redundancy is the generic term for the use of 
more words than are needed to express one's meaning. Tau- 
tology is needless or useless repetition of the same idea in 
different words ; pleonasm (sometimes a means of proper 
emphasis) denotes the use of words whose omission would 
leave one's meaning intact. Verbosity is excessive wordi- 
ness ; it differs from pleonasm in that it is too pervasive to 
be remedied by excision ; verbiage applies to that which is 
verbosely expressed, or which consists of nothing but words. 
Prolixity implies excessive and wearisome attention to triv- 
ial particulars; diffuseness is the opposite of conciseness. 
Circumlocution and (more bookish) periphrasis denote 
an indirect way of saying a thing. See excess. 

re-dun'dant (-dant), a. [L. redundans, -antis, p. pr. of re- 
dundare to overflow. See redound.] 1. Exceeding what is 
natural or necessary ; superabundant ; exuberant ; as, a re- 
dundant quantity. 2. Characterized by redundance ; pleo- 
nastic ; as, redundant language. — Syn. Superfluous, ex- 
cessive, overflowing. — re-dun'dant-ly, adv. 

re-du'pli-cate (re-du'pli-kat), a. [L. reduplicatus, p. p. 
See re- ; duplicate.] Double ; doubled. — (-kat), v. t. ; 
-cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 1. To redouble ; repeat. 2. 
Philol. To repeat the first letter or letters of (a word) ; 
form by reduplication. 

re-du'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. 1. A doubling, or state 
of being doubled ; also, a part folded back on itself. 2. 
Philol. The doubling of a syllable or letter, esp. in the 
perfect tense and other verbal forms in Greek, Latin, and 




related languages ; also, the syllable thus added ; as in L. 

tetuW, poposci. 

re-du'pli-ca-tive (re-du'pli-ka-tiv), a. Of or pert, to redu- 
plication ; formed by reduplication ; reduplicate. 

red'ware' (red'war'), to. [red, a. + ware seaweed.] A 
large brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) common off 
the New England coast. 

red'wing' (red'wing'), to. 1. A European thrush (Turdua 
musicus) having the under wing coverts red. 2. A red- 
winged blackbird. 

red'wood' (-wood'), n. 1. Any wood yielding a red dye or 
the tree furnishing the wood. 2. Any of various trees hav- 
ing reddish wood. 3. a A Californian pinaceous timber 
tree (Sequoia sempervirens) attaining a height of from 
200 to 300 feet, b Its handsome brownish red wood. 

re-ecb/O (re-ek'o), v. t. & i. To echo back ; reverberate. — 
to. An echo of an echo ; reverberation. 

reed (red), to. [AS. hreod.] 1. Any of various bamboolike 
grasses (esp. Trichoon phragmites) or one of their slender, 
often jointed, stems. 2. A growth or mass of reeds. 3. An 
arrow, as of a reed. 4. An ancient Jewish measure of six cu- 
bits. 5. A musical instrument made of 
the hollow joint of some plant ; a pastoral 
pipe. 6. Music. A thin, elastic tongue 
of cane, wood, or metal, fastened to the 
mouthpiece of the clarinet, organ reed 
pipe, etc., or to a reed block or other 
fixture over an air opening, as in the 
reed organ or accordion, and vibrated 
by the breath or other air current. 7. In 
a loom, a series of flat strips, orig. of 
reed, that compact the fabric by beating 
up the weft. 8. Arch., etc. A small con- 
vex molding ; a reeding. — v. t. To dec- 
orate with reeds, or reeding. \U. S.\ 

reed'bird' (-bQrd'), to. The bobolink. | 

reed'buck' (-bilk'), to. Any of a genus 
(Redunca) of rather small African ante- ^fJ 
lopes. The females are hornless. 

re-ed'i-fy (re-ed'I-fl), v. t. To rebuild. R. Reed 6 x Reed 

reed'i-ness (red'i-nes), to. State or qual- pi pe '; 2 Section 
ity of being reedy. of Boot, a Body ; 

reed'ing (red'mg), to. [From REED, the b Boot ; c Tuning 
plant.] Arch, a A small convex mold- Wire ; d Foot ; e 
ing ; a reed, b Such reedings collective- # f^d Block US ' 
ly ; also, decoration by means of them. 

reed/ling (red'ling),_TO. [reed -1- 1st -ling.'] A small, long- 
tailed European bird (Panurus biarmicus) which fre- 
quents reedy places. The male has a tuft of black feathers 
on each side of the face. Called also bearded titmouse. 

reed mace. The cat-tail. Eng. 

reed warbler. Any of several small European warblers 
(genus Acrocephalus, esp. A. streperus). 

reed'y (red'i), a. 1. Abounding in reeds ; made ot or like a 
reed or reeds. 2. Of the quality of a reed instrument in tone. 

reef (ref ), to. [Prob. fr. D. rif or LG. & G. riff.] 1. A ridge 
of rocks or sand at or near the surface of the water. 2. Min- 
ing. A vein ; lode. Australia. 

reef, to. [ME. riff.] Naut. a That part of a sail taken in or 
let out to regulate the size, b Act of reefing. — v.t. & i. 
Naut. a To reduce (a sail) by rolling or folding up part of 
it. b To lower or bring inboard wholly or partially (a spar), 
as a topmast or bowsprit ; house. 

reefer (refer), to. 1. Naut. One who reefs. 2. A heavy 
close-fitting, usually double-breasted, jacket. [1.1 

reef knot. A square knot, used in reefing sails, etc. See knot,| 

reek (rek), to. [AS. rec] 1. Smoke. Now Literary or 
Scot. & Dial. Eng. 2. Vapor ; steam ; an exhalation ; a 
disagreeable fume or smell. — v. i. To emit vapor, usually 
warm and moist ; to fume ; steam ; exhale. 

reek'y (-1), a. 1. Emitting reek. 2. Soiled with reek. 

reel (rel), to. 1. a A lively dance of the Scottish Highland- 
ers, b Music suited for this dance. 2. The Virginia reel. 

reel, to. [AS. hreol.] 1. A revolvable device on which yarn, 
thread, cordage, or the like, is wound. 2. A kind of small 
windlass for the butt end of a fishing rod. 3. A quantity of 
thread, wire, paper, or the like, wound on a reel (defs. 1 or 
2). — v. i. 1. To wind on a reel. 2. To draw by reeling a . 
line ; as, to reel a fish in. 

reel, v. i. 1. To turn round and round ; whirl : a Of the 
eyes, to roll with dizziness, b Of the mind, head, or the 
like, to be giddy ; be in a whirl. 2. To give way ; waver, as a 
line in battle. 3. To walk, sway, or move unsteadily. — v. t. 
To move on or through (a street) staggeringly. Rare. 

— to. Act or motion of reeling or staggering. 

re'e-lect' (re'e-lekf), v. t. To elect again. — re'e-lec'tion, n. 

re-e'1'i-gi-ble (re-el'i-jT-b'l), a. Eligible again. 

re'em-bark' (re'em-bark'), v.t.&i. To embark again. — 
re'em-bar-ka'tion (-bar-ka'shSn), to. 

re'en-act' (-en-akf), v. t. To enact again. — re'Sn-act'- 
ment (-ment), n. 

re'en-force' (re'en-fors' ; 57), v. t. To strengthen with new 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old r obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
pse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



REENFORCEMENT 



811 



REFORM 



force, assistance, material, or support; specif., to strength- 
en with additional troops or ships. 

reenforced concrete, concrete having within its mass a 
system of iron or steel supports. = ferro-concrete. 

— n. Something which reenforces or strengthens, as an 
additional band at the rear of a cannon. 

re'en-force'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of reenforcing ; state 
of being reenforced. 2. That which reenforces ; esp., in pi., 
additional troops or ships. [gage'ment (-ment), n.\ 

re'en-gage' (-gaj'), v. t. & i. To engage again. — re'e*n-| 

re'en-grave' (-grav'), v. t. To engrave again. 

re'en-list' (-list), v. t.& i. To enlist again.— re'en-lisf- 
ment (-ITst'ment), n. 

re-en'ter (-en'ter), v. t. & i. To enter again. 
reentering angle, an angle pointing inward. — r. poly- 
gon, a polygon having one or more reentering angles. 

re-en'trant (-trant), a. Directed inward, as an angle. 

re-en'try (-trf), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). 1. A second or new 
entry. 2. Law. A retaking possession. 3. Card Playing. A 
card that by winning a trick will enable one to regain the lead. 

re'es-tab'lish (re'es-tab'lTsh), v. t. To establish anew; 
restore. — re'es-tab'lish-ment (-ment), n. 

reeve (rev), n. Female of the ruff (sandpiper). 

reeve, v. t.; pret. & p. p. rove (rov), reeved (revd) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. reev'ing. Naut. a To pass, as the end of a rope, 
through a hole in a block, cleat, etc. b To fasten by passing 
through or around something. C To pass a rope through. 

reeve, n. [AS. gerefa.'] O. Eng. Hist. An administrative 
official who was in part a ste\vard_, bailiff, or overseer. 

re'ex-am/i-na'tion (re'eg-zanVi-na'shun), n. A second ex- 
amination ; esp., Law., an examination made by a party 
calling a witness, upon matters arising out of the cross- 
examination, [examination.! 

re'ex-am/ine (re'eg-zam'Tn), v. t. To subject to a second | 

re'ex-Change' (re'eks-chanj'), n. 1. Com. a The process by 
which is recovered the expense chargeable on a bill of 
exchange or draft which has been dishonored in a foreign 
country, b The draft so drawn, or the expense or percent- 
age included in it. 2. A renewed or second exchange. 

re'ex-port' (-port' ; 57), v. t. To export again, as what has 
been imported. — re-ex'port, n. — re-ex'por-ta'tion, n. 

re-face' (re-fas'), v. t. To supply with a new face, or front. 

re-fash'ion (re-fash'un), v. t. To fashion anew. 

re-fect' (re-fekf), v. t. [L. refectus, p. p. of reficere; re- 
re- + facer e to make.] To refresh ; — usually reflexive ; 
as, they refected themselves after their ride. Archaic. 

re-fec'tion (re-fek'shun), n. [F. refection, L. refectio. See 
refect.] Recreation or refreshment, esp. after hunger or 
fatigue ; repast ; lunch. 

re-fec'tion-er (-er), n. Eccl. One in charge of a refectory. 

re-fec'to-ry (-to-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. refectorium.~\ 
A room for refreshment ; orig., a dining hall in a convent. 

re-fer' (-fur'), v. t.; -ferred' (-furd') ; -fer'ring. [L. re- 
ferre; re- + ferre to bear.] 1. To place in or under by a 
mental or rational process ; assign, as to a class, cause, 
motive. 2. To send or direct elsewhere, as for aid, informa- 
tion, decision, etc. ; make over or submit to another. 
Syn. Refer, ascribe, attribute, impute, charge. To 
refer (to) (see allude), is to bring (a thing) into relation 
with or under its proper class or category ; as, the robin is 
referred to the thrush family. To ascribe (to) is to refer (a 
thing, esp. a quality) to that which is regarded as its source 
or possessor ; attribute is stronger ; as, to ascribe all 
events to God ; attributing to selfishness what was due to 
indifference. Impute is commonly applied to what is 
bad; charge is stronger than impute; as, "we usually 
ascribe good, but impute evil ' ' ; charge the crime on cupidity. 

— v. it 1. a To have relation or reference ; relate ; point. 
b To direct attention ; make reference. 2. a To have re- 
course ; apply ; betake one's self ; as, to refer to a dictionary. 
b To direct inquiry for information, as in respect of one's 
integrity, capacity, etc. ; as, to refer to a former employer. 

ref'er-a-ble (ref'er-a-b'l), a. Capable of being referred. 

ref'er-ee' (-e'), n. One to whom a thing is referred for set- 
tlement; arbitrator; specif.: a An attorney to whom a 
matter in a pending proceeding is referred by the court to 
be heard and determined upon, or reported to the court. 
b An umpire, as in certain games or sports ; sometimes, 
specif., a judge of certain points of play, as in American 
football. — v. t. & i. To act as referee. 

ref'er-ence (ref'er-ens), n. 1= A referring; state of being 
referred. 2. Relation ; respect ; as, with reference to my 
promise. 3. a That which alludes to something, b A specif- 
ic direction of the attention, as to a passage or book ; also, 
the passage or book referred to. 4. One who, or that which, 
is referred to ; as : a One of whom inquiries can be made as 
to another, b A written statement of the qualifications of 
an employee given by the employer. U. S. 

ref er-en'dum (ref'er-en'dum), n. ; pi. -da _(-dd). [Gerun- 
dive fr. L. rcferre. See refer.] The referring of measures 
already passed upon by the legislative body to the body of 
voters, or electorate, for approval or rejection ; also, the 
right so to pass on laws, or the vote by which this is done. 



re-fer'rer (re-ffir'er), n. One who refers. [ness, n.\ 

re-fer'ri-ble (-T-b'l), a. = referable. — re-fer'ri-ble-j 

re-fine' (re-fin'), v. t.; -fined' (-find') ; -fin'ing (-fin'ing). 
[re- + fine to make fine.] 1. To reduce to a fine or pure 
state ; purify ; cleanse ; as, to refine gold, sugar, etc. 2. To 
purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, etc. ; make ele- 
gant or excellent : polish ; — not now used of persons ; as, 
to refine the manners, language, etc. 3. To change, remove, 
or eliminate by purifying. — v. i. 1. To become pure. 2. 
To affect nicety or subtlety, as in thought. 3. To improve 
in delicacy, elegance, or excellence, as if by polishing. 

re-fined' (-find'), p. a. Freed from impurities, alloy, etc.; 
purified ; polished ; cultured ; free from vulgarity, etc. 

re-fine'ment (-ffn'ment), n. 1. Act or result of refining; 
state of being refined ; that which is refined. 2. Elegance ; 
polish ; culture ; also, an example of this ; as, a man of 
refinement, or of many refinements. 3. A refining or ren- 
dering subtle in thought, argument, or the like ; subtlety ; 
as, refinements of logic. 4. A refining or improving; a 
state of being, or a thing, so refined. — Syn. Purification; 
politeness, gentility, cultivation. See delicacy. 

re-fin'er (-fln'er), n. One who, or that which, refines. 

re-fin'er-y (-T), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). A building and appara- 
tus for refining, or purifying, esp. metals, oil, or sugar. 

re-fit' (-fit'), v. t. To fit for use again ; restore after damage 
or decay. — v. i. To get refitted ; obtain fresh supplies or 
equipment. — n. A refitting, or fitting out again. 

re-flect' (-flekt'), v. t. [L. refiectere, -flexum; re- re- + 
fleeter -e to bend.] 1. To bend back ; throw or cast back ; 
esp., to cause to return, or to send back, after striking ; as, 
a mirror reflects light. 2. To give back an image of. 3. To 
bring or cast as a result ; as, to reflect credit on one. — v. i. 

1. To be reflected. Obs. or R. 2. To throw or turn back 
the thoughts (upon anything) ; contemplate ; think seri- 
ously. 3. To cast or bring reproach, discredit, or the like. 
4. To throw back light, heat, etc. — Syn. Cogitate, medi- 
tate, ponder, muse. See consider. — re-flect'er, n. 

re-flec'tion, re-flex'ioil (-flek'shun), n. 1. Act of reflect- 
ing; state of being reflected; specif., return of light, heat, 
sound, etc., from surfaces. 2. That which is produced by 
reflection ; specif. : a Reflected light or heat, b A reflected 
image. 3. Act of bending, turning, or folding back ; 
specif., the bending back of a part on itself ; also, a reflected . 
part. 4. Reproach cast ; imputation ; as, a reflection on 
one's honor. 5. Mental consideration of some suggested, 
idea ; as, much given to reflection. 6. A thought, idea, or 
opinion formed after contemplation ; as, a wise reflection. 
— Syn. Meditation, contemplation, cogitation, considera- 
tion, thinking. See animadversion. 

re-flec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Throwing back images, light, etc. 

2. Of, pert, to, or caused by, reflection ; reflected. 3. De- 
liberative ; thoughtful ; concerned with ideas ; as, reflective 
consciousness. 4. Self-conscious ; involving reflection ; ai», 
modesty is a reflective emotion. — re-flec'tive-ly, adv. 

re-flec'tor (-ter), n. Something that reflects ; as : a A 
polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, b A 
reflecting telescope. C A device for reflecting sound. 

|| re-flet' (re-fle'), ra. [F., reflection. See reflect.] Luster; 
special brilliancy of surface ; — used esp. in ceramics to 
denote a peculiar metallic brilliancy ; as, gold reflet. 

re'flex (re'fieks), a. [L. reflexus. See reflect.] 1. Bent, 
turned, or directed back ; of light, etc., reflected ; of 
thougnt, retroactive ; introspective. 2. Produced in reac- 
tion, in resistance, or in return. 3. Physiol. Of, pert, to, or 
producedby, stimulus or excitation without any necessary 
intervention of consciousness ; as, reflex action. 

— n. 1. Reflection ; reflected light or color. 2. A reflection, 
or image. 3. Physiol. A reflex action. 

re-flex' (re-fleks'), v. t. To bend, turn, or fold back; re- 
flect. — re-flexed' (-fleksf), p. a. 

re-flex'ion. Var. of reflection. 

re-flex'ive (-flek'siv), a. 1. Reflex ; — used of mental acts. 
2. Gram, a Denoting an action that is directed back on 
the agent or subject ; as/' perjured" is a reflexive verb in 
"the witness perjured himself"; "keeps" is a reflexive 
verb in "he keeps aloof. "_ b Referring back to the subject ; 
as, a reflexive pronoun (in English, those ending in -self). 

— n. A reflexive pronoun or verb. — re-flex'ive-ly, adv. 
ref'lu-ent (ret'loo-ent ; 86), a. [L. refluens, p. pr.] Flow- 
ing backj ebbing. — ref'lu-ence (-ens), n. 

re'flux (re'fliiks), n. A flowing back, as the return of a 
fluid ; ebb ; refluence. 

re-for'est (re-for'est), v. t. & i. To replant with trees. — 
re-for'est-a'tion (-es-ta'shwn), n. 

re-forge' (re-forj' ; -forj'), v. t. To forge or fashion agair. or 
anew ; make over. — re-f org'er, n. 

re-form' (re-form'), v t. [OF. reformer, L. reformare. 
See re- ; form.] To change into a new and improved form 
or condition ; amend or improve by change of form, by re- 
moval of faults or abuses, etc. ; restore to a former good 
state, or bring from bad to good ; emend ; correct ; improve. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equala- 



N 







R 



REFORMATION 

' — Syn. Rectify, mend, repair, better, reclaim. — v. i. To 
return to a good state ; amend or correct one's own charac- 
ter or habits. 

— n. Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or 
depraved, or a case of it. — Syn. See reformation. 

refor-ma'tion (reFor-ma'shun), n. 1. Act of reforming; 
state of being reformed ; improvement in form or charac- 
ter ; change from worse to better ; correction ; amendment. 
2. [_cap.~] The important religious movement in western 
Christendom beginning early in the 16th century and re- 
sulting in the formation of the various Protestant churches. 
Syn. Reformation, reform. Reformation denotes the 
act or state ; reform, the fact or result. Reformation im- 
plies a more comprehensive change than reform, which 
commonly applies to the amendment of some particular 
condition or abuse ; as, the Reformation in Germany, the 
reformation of a criminal ; tariff reform, the reform party. 

ye'for-ma'tion (re'for-ma'shun), n. Act of forming anew ; 
new formation. 

re-form'a-tive (re-for'md-tiv), a. Tending to reform. 

re-form'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Tending to or desiring, or in- 
tended for, reformation. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A penal in- 
stitution for promoting the reformation of young offenders. 

re-formed' (-f6rmd'), p. a. 1. Corrected; amended; — 
used specif. \_cap.~\ of the whole body of Protestant churches 
originating in the Reformation or, more restrictedly, of 
various churches formed by Zwingli, Calvin, and others 
who separated from Luther on the doctrine of the Lord's 
Supper, etc. 2. Improved in character and life ; as, a re- 
formed gambler. 

re-form'er (-for'mer), n. 1. One who effects or urges a 
reform. 2. One of the leaders of the Reformation. 

re-form'ist, n. A reformer. 

reform school. Penology. A reformatory. U. S. 

re-fract' (-frakf), v. t. [L. refractus, p. p. of refringere; 
re- re- + frangere to break.] Physics. To subject (rays of 
light, heat, etc.) to refraction. 

re-frac'tion (-frak'shiin), n. Act of refracting ; state of be- 
ing refracted ; specif., Physics, deflec- 
tion of a ray of light, sound, etc., in 
passing obliquely from one medium 
into another in which its velocity is 
different, as from air into water. 

re-frac'tive(-tiv),a. Serv- 

| ing or able to refract; 

j pert, or due to refraction. 

| — re-frac'tive-ness, n. 

te-frac-tiv'i-ty ( re'frak- 

"tiv'i-t!), n. Optics. Re- 
fractive power; refrac- 
tiveness. 

re'frac-tom'e-ter (-tom'- 
e-ter), n. {refraction + 
-meter.'] Any of various 
instruments for measur- 
ing refraction. 

re-f rac'tor (re-f rak'ter) ,n . 
Anything that refracts; 
specif., Optics, a refract 




Refraction. 

A Section of 
Prism, show- 
ing Refrac- 
tion. The In- 
cident Ray 06, 
is refracted at 
d and again at _ 
k, the Eye (ft)|| 
seeing a vir- '_ 
tual image of L 




at 0- ; oeo' Angle of Deviation. 

B Section of Vessel, lower part 
filled with Water; si Ray of Light 
i n straight line ; spr Ray of Light 
ing telescope (see TELE- refracted ; Qq Perpendicular ; 
SCOPE). spQ Angleof Incidence ;rpq Angle 

re-frac'tO-ry (-to-n), a. of Refraction. 

1. Obstinate ; contumacious ; unmanageable. 2. Resisting 
ordinary treatment ; difficult to fuse, reduce, etc. ; as, a re- 
fractory ore. — Syn. Unruly, ungovernable. See obsti- 
nate. — re-frac'to-ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. — to-ri-ness, n. 

ref'ra-ga-ble (ref'rd-gd-b'l), a. [LL. refragabilis, fr. 
refragari to oppose.] That may be controverted. 

re-frain' (re-fran'), v. t. [OF. refrener, fr. L. refrenare; 
re- back + frenum bridle.] To curb ; restrain. 06s. or 
Archaic. — v. i. To hold back or aloof ; forbear ; abstain. 
— Syn. See abstain. — re-frain'er, n. 

re-frain', n. [F., deriv. of L. refringere to break off.] The 
burden of a song ; a phrase or verse which recurs at the end 
of each stanza or division of a poetic composition ; also, 
the musical setting of such a phrase or verse. 

re-fran'gi-ble (-fran'jT-b'l), a. [re- + L. frangere to 
break.] Capable of being refracted. — re-fran'gi-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-ti), n. 

re-fresh' (-fresh'), v. t. [OF. refreschier, fr. re- re- + fres 
fresh.] 1. To make fresh, as by wetting or cooling ; make 
fresh again, or fresher ; restore strength, spirit, etc., to. 2. 
To strengthen or renew (the memory). 3. To repair ; reno- 
vate. Obs. or R. — Syn. Invigorate, revive, recreate. — 
v. i. 1. To become fresh again ; revive. 2. To refresh 
one's self .— re-f resh'er (-er), n. — re-fresh'ing-ly, adv. 

re-fresh'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of refreshing; state of 
being refreshed ; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, etc. 

2. That which refreshes ; esp. (chiefly in pi.), food or drink. 
re-frig'er-ailt (-frTj'er-dnt), a. Refrigerating; cooling; 

allaying heat or fever. — n. That which makes cool or cold ; 



812 REGARD 

as : a A medicine to allay fever, b Any substance, as ice, 
ammonia, etc., used in reducing temperatures. 

re-frig'er-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [L. 
refrigeratus, p. p. of refrigerare; re- re- -f- frig er are to 
cool, fr. frigus, frigoris, coolness.] To make or keep cool ; 
specif., to freeze or chill (food) for preservation. 

re-frig'er-a'tion (-frij / er-a'shim), n. Act or process of re- 
frigerating, or cooling ; state of being cooled. 

re-frig'er-a-tive (re-fnj'er-a-tTv), a. Tending to cool ; allay- 
ing heat. — ■ n. Med. A refrigerant. Obs. or R. 

re-frig'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. That which refrigerates; esp., 
a box or room for keeping food, etc., cool, usually by means 
of ice. — re-frig'er-a-to-ry (-d-to-rT), a. 

re-frin'gent (re-frm'jent), a. [L. refringens, p. pr. of re- 
fringere. See refract.] Refractive ; refracting. 

reft (reft), pret. & p. p. of reave. Bereft. 

refuge (ref'uj), n. [F., fr. L. refugium; re- + fugere to 
flee.] 1. Shelter or protection from danger or distress. 
2. That which, or one who, protects from danger, distress, 
or calamity ; an asylum ; place inaccessible to an enemy. — 
Syn. Retreat, covert. — v. t. & i. To shelter. Obs. or R. 

ref ; u-gee' (-u-je'), n. [F. refugie.~] One who flees for safety, 
esp. to a foreign power or country. 

re-ful'gence (re-ful'jensH n. _ Quality of being refulgent; 

re-ful'gen-cy (-jen-si) / brilliancy ; splendor ; radiance. 

re-ful'gent (-jent), a. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere to 
flash back.] Casting a bright light; radiant; brilliant; 
resplendent ; shining ; splendid. — re-ful'gent-ly, adv. 

re-fund' (re-fund'), v. t. & i. [L. refundere; re- re- + fun- 
dere to pour.] 1. To pour back. Obs. 2. To give back ; 
esp., to repay. — re-fund'er, n. — re-fund'ment, n. 

re-fund' (re-fund'), v. t. To fund anew, as a public debt. 

re-fur'bish (-fur'bish), v. t. To furbish anew. 

re-fur'nish (-ffir'nish), v. t. To furnish anew. 

re-fus'al (re-fuz'al), n. 1. Act of refusing; denial of any- 
thing that is demanded or is offered for acceptance. 2. The 
right to refuse or take before others ; option. 

re-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t. & i.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing (-fuz'- 
mg). [F. refuser, deriv. of L. refundere. See refund.] 
1. To decline to accept ; reject. 2. To decline to submit 
to or undergo ; decline to do or give ; deny ; as, to refuse 
to help one. 3. To decline to jump or leap over, as a fence 
or ditch ; — used of a horse. 4. To renounce ; give up ; 
abandon. Obs. — Syn. See decline. 

refuse (ref'us), a. [ME. refus, perh. fr. F. refuse, p. p., 
refused.] Refused ; rejected ; worthless. — n. [ME. 
refuse, refuce, prob., fr. F. refus refusal.] That which is 
refused or rejected as useless ; worthless matter ; rubbish. 
— Syn. Dregs, sediment, scum, dross. 

re-fus'er (re-fuz'er), n. One who refuses ; esp., a recusant. 

re-fut'a-ble (re-fut'd-b'l), a. That may be refuted. — re« 
fufa-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. — re-fut'a-bly, adv. 

re-fut'al (re-fut'al), n. Act of refuting ; refutation. 

ref u-ta'tion (ref'u-ta'shwn), n. Act of refuting ; disproof. 

re-fute' (re-fut'), v. t.; -fut'ed (-fut'ed); -fut'ing. [L. 
refutare to repel, refute.] To disprove by argument, evi- 
dence, or proof ; prove to be false or erroneous. — Syn. 
Overthrow, confute. See deny. — re-fut'er (re-fut'tr), n. 

re-gain' (-gan'), v. t. 1. To gain anew ; recover ; as, to re- 
gain confidence. 2. To get back to ; reach again ; as, to 
regain the shore. — re-gain'er, n. 

re'gal (re'gal), a. [L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king.] Per- 
taining or suitable to a king ; royal ; hence : stately ; splen- 
did, etc. — Syn. See kingly. 

re-gale' (re-gal'), v. t. & i. -galed' (-gald') ; -gal'ing. [F. 
regaler.'] To entertain or feast sumptuously ; refresh. — n. 
1. A sumptuous repast. 2. A choice dish. 3. Regalement. 

re-gale'ment (-gal'ment), n. Act of regaling; anything 
which regales ; entertainment ; refreshment. 

re-ga'li-a (re-ga'li-d), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of regalis regal.] 

1. The rights and prerogatives of a king. 2. The emblems, 
symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty, as the crown, scepter, 
etc. 3. Decorations or insignia of an office or order. 

re-gal'i-ty (-gal'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties. 1. Royalty ; sovereignty. 

2. Eng. & Scot. Hist. Royal or sovereign jurisdiction in 
the hands of a subject by virtue of a grant from the crown. 

3. A country or territory subject to royal jurisdiction. 
re'gal-ly, adv. In a regal manner. 
Re'gan (re^gan), n. See Lear. 
re-gard' (re-gard'), v. t. [F. regarder; re- re- + garder to 

guard, heed, keep.] 1. To keep in view ; view. 2. To look 
closely at ; notice particularly. 3. To look after ; care for. 
06s. 4. To take into account ; consider ; as, to regard the 
law. 5. To esteem ; care for. 6. To heed ; respect. 7. To 
look upon ; hold ; consider ; as, to regard fasting as a duty. 
8. To relate to ; concern ; as ; I agree with you as regards 
this. — Syn. See esteem. — • v. i. To look attentively ; 
gaze ; also, to heed. 
— n. 1. Aspect ; air. Obs. or R. 2. A look ; glance ; gaze. 3. 
Respect ; relation ; particular. 4. Consideration ; heed ; 
care ; as, regard for others. 5. A consideration or motive. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event. end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing*, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



REGARDANT 



813 



REGRETFULNESS 



6. Respect ; esteem ; affection ; as, to have a high regard 
for a person ; — often in the pi. 

re-gard'ant I'-gar'dant), a. [F ] 1. O. Eng. Law. Lit., 
regarding ; — used only in villein, or villain, regardant, 
a villein as to a (particular) manor, misunderstood as, a 
villein attached to the soil. 2. Her. Depicted with the face 
in profile and looking backward ; — used of an animal. 
3. Regardful. — n. A villein regardant. Hist. 

re-gard'ful (-gard'fool), a. 1. Heedful; observant. 2. Re- 
spectful. — Syn. Mindful, attentive. — re-gard'ful-ly, 
adv. — re-gard'ful-ness, n. 

re-gard'ing, prep. Concerning; respecting. 

re-gard'less, a. Having no regard ; heedless ; careless. — 
Syn. Negligent, indifferent, inattentive, neglectful. 

re-gat'ta (-gat'd), n.; pi. -tas (-dz). [It.] Orig., a gondola 
race in Venice ; now, a rowing or sailing race or races. 

re'ge-late (re'je-lat ; re'je-lat'), v. i. Physics. To freeze 
together again ; undergo regelation, as ice. 

re'ge-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [re- + L. gelatio a freezing.] 
Physics. Act or process of freezing together again, as of 
two pieces of ice when pressed together. 

re'gen-cy (re'jen-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Office of ruler ; 
dominion ; government. 2. Esp., the office, jurisdiction, or 
dominion of a regent, or vicarious ruler, or of a body of re- 
gents ; deputed government. 3. A body of regents. 4. A 
territory governed by a regent or regency. 5. The period 
during which a regent governs. 

re-gen'er-a-cy (re-jen'er-d-si), n. Regenerate state. 

re-gen'er-ate (-at), a. [L. regeneratus, p. p. of regenerare 
to regenerate.] 1. Theol. Spiritually reborn ; "born again" ; 
regenerated; become Christian. 2. Restored; reformed; 
redeemed ; as, a regenerate race. 

— (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. Theol. To cause 
to be spiritually born again. 2. To reform completely. 3. 
To generate or produce anew ; give new life, strength, or 
vigor to ; as, to regenerate a storage battery. 4. To reestab- 
lish on a better basis ; as, to regenerate a country. — v. i. 

1. To form again. 2. To become regenerate; reform. 
re-gen'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of regenerating, or 

state of being regenerated. 2. Specif., Theol., the entering 
into a new and spiritual life ; the new birth requisite for 
entrance into the kingdom of God. 

re-gen'er-a-tive (-jen'er-a-tTv), a. 1. Tending to, or char- 
acterized by, regeneration. 2. Mech. Using the principle of 
the regenerator. 

re-gen'er-a'tor (-a/ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
regenerates. 2. Mech. A device used with hot-air engines, 
gas-burning furnaces, etc., in which the incoming air or gas 
is heated as by contact with masses of iron, brick, etc., 
previously heated by the outgoing hot air or gas. 

re'gent (re'jent), a. [L. regens, -entis, p. pr. of regere to 
rule.] 1. Exercising vicarious authority ; acting as a 
regent. 2. Ruling ; regnant. Rare. — n. 1. That which 
rules or governs. Rare. 2. One who rules. Obs. or R., exc. 
specif.: One who governs a kingdom during the minority, 
absence, or disability of the sovereign. 3.0ne of a govern- 
ing board or body, as of certain universities. 

re'gent-ship, n. The office or position of a regent. 

reg'i-cide (rej'i-sld), n. [L. rex, regis, king -f- -ride."] 1. 
One who kills a king, esp. his own king. 2. The killing or 
murder of a king. — reg'i-cid'al (-sid'dl), a. 

re-gild' (re-gild'), v. t. To gild again. 

Ure'gime' (ra'zhem'), re-gune 7 (ra-), n. [F. regime.'] 
Mode or system of rule or management ; prevailing system. 

reg'i-men (rej'i-men), n. [L. regimen, -inis, fr. regere to 
guide, rule.] 1. A governing ; administration. 2. Med. A 
systematic course of diet, etc. 3. Gram. Government. 

reg'i-ment (-ment), n. [F. regiment a regiment of men, OF. 
also government, fr. L. regimentum government, regere to 
rule.] 1. Rule ; regimen. Rare. 2. Mil. A body of soldiers 
under a colonel, consisting of a number of companies, troops, 
or batteries. — v. t. 1. Mil. To form into a regiment or reg- 
iments. 2. To form into classified units or bodies ; system- 
atize. 3. To assign to a regiment. 

reg'i-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. Belonging to or concerning a 
regiment; as, regimental officers, clothing. tal-ly, adv. 

reg'i-msn'tals (-tdlz), n. pi. The uniform worn by the 
omc2rs and soldiers of a regiment ; military dress. 

reg'i-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'sh&n), n. Act or process of reg- 
imenting ; arrangement into groups. 

Re'ginn, Re'gin (ra'yin), n. Norse Myth. A treacherous 
dwarf smith, brother of Fafnir and foster father of Sigurd, 
whom he incites to slay Fafnir. He plots to kill Sigurd, 
but is slain by him. 

re'gion (re'jSn), n. [F. region, fr. L. regio a direction, 
boundary, region, fr. regere to direct.] 1. A large tract of 
land ; an indefinite area ; district ; tract ; fig., sphere ; realm. 

2. One of the portions into which the atmosphere is con- 
ceived of as divided according to height, or the sea accord- 
ing to depth ; — also used fig. 3. Zoogeog. a A primary 
faunal division of the world, as the Australian, Ethiopian, 



etc. b The above regions treated as secondary divisions by 
being grouped into two realms, Arctogaea and Notogsea, 
or, otherwise, three, Arctogaea, Notogaea, and Neogaea. CL 
Notocea. 4. A part or division of the body. 

re'gion-al (-51), a. 1. Of or pert, to a region, as of a country 
or of the body ; sectional. 2. Of or pert, to a whole region or 
broad district ; — opp. to local; as, regional geography. 

reg'is-ter (rej'Ts-ter), n. One who registers ; registrar. 

reg'is-ter, n. [F. registre, fr. LL., fr. L. regesla, pi., fr. 
regerere, -gestum, to carry back, register ; re- re- + gerere 
to carry.] 1. A written account or record ; a book contain- 
ing regular entries of items or details, as of births, marriages, 
deaths, etc. ; also, an entry therein. 2. Registration ; 
registry. 3. a The compass of a voice or instrument, b The 
series of vocal tones produced by a particular adjustment 
of the vocal cords. In singing up (or down) the scale the 
register changes at the point where the singer readjusts the 
vocal cords to reach the higher (or lower) notes. All below 
this point are in the chest, or thick, register; all above it, 
in the head, or thin, register. 4. A device to admit or 
exclude heated air, or to regulate ventilation. 5. That 
which registers, or records. 6. Print. Fact of registering. 
7. Photog. Correspondence in position between the focus- 
ing screen and the surface of the sensitive plate or film. — 
Syn. Roll, archives. See list. 

— v. t. 1. To enter in a register ; record formally ; enroll. 

2. To record ; indicate ; as, the thermometer registers 70°. 

3. To make correspond exactly ; as, to register printed 
pages. 4. To secure the protection of as registered mail 
by prepayment of a certain special fee. — v. i. 1. To enroll 
one's name in a register. 2. To correspond exactly ; Print., 
to correspond in relative position, as two pages. 

reg'is-trar (-trar),n. [For older registrer.'] One who reg- 
isters ; an official recorder, or keeper of records. 

reg'is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 1. Act or fact of registering ; 
specif., a registry; enrollment. 2. An entry in a register. 

reg'is-try (rej'Ts-trT), n. ; pi. -tries (-triz). 1. Registration. 
2. Place where a register is kept. 3. Register (sense 1). 

tl re'gi-US (re'ji-us), a. [L., fr. rex, regis, a king.] Royal, 
regius professor, an incumbent of a professorship founded 
by royal bounty, as in an English university. 

reg'let (reg'let), n. [F. reglet, dim. of regie rule, L. regula. 
See rule.] 1. Arch. A flat, narrow molding. 2. Print, a A 
low strip of wood used like leads between lines, as in posters, 
etc. b Reglets collectively, or material for them. 

reg'ma (reg'md), n.; pi. -jiata (-md-td) or -mas (mdz). 
[XL., fr. Gr. pyyiia, -aros, fracture, 
fi. pnyvvvai to break.] Bot. A schiz- 
ocarp consisting of three or more/ 
carpels, bursting elastically. 

reg'nal (reg'nal), a. [LL. regnalis,} 
fr. regnum reign.] Of or pertaining 
to a reign, kingdom, or king. 

reg'nant (-nant), a. [L. regnans, 
-antis, p. pr. of regnare to reign.] 
1. Exercising rule or authority ;_ 
reigning ; as, a queen regnant. 

re-gorge' (re-gorj'), v. t. [F. 




Fifteen-celled Regma, 
the Fruit of the 
Sand-box Tree, (i) 

2. Ruling ; prevalent. 
regorger ; re- + gorger to 



_orge.] To vomit up ; disgorge ; to throw back. — v. i. To 
gush or be thrown back again. 

re-grant' (re-grant'), v. t. To grant back or again. — n. A 
granting again, as by way of renewal of a grant. 

re-grate' (re-grat'), v. t. [OF. regrater to regrate provi- 
sions.] 1. To buy in large quantities, as grain, provisions, 
etc., with intention of reselling, in or near the same place, 
at a profit. 2. To sell (commodities thus bought) ; retail. 

re-greet' (re-gret'), v. t. & i. To greet again or in return. — 
n. A greeting in return ; in pi., greetings. Obs. 

re'gress (re'gres), n. [L. regressus, fr. regredi, regressus, 
to go back.] A retrogression or retrogradation, lit. or fig. 

re-gress'_ (re-gres') , v. i. To go back ; return ; retrograde. 

re-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. Act of going or coming back or 
returning ; return ; regress ; retrogression ; retrogradation. 

re-gres'sive (-gres'iv), a. 1. Retrogressive; returning. 2. 
Retroactive. 3. Proceeding from effect to cause, or ob- 
tained by such a process. 

re-gret' (re-gret'), v. t.; -gret'ted ; -ttng. [F. regretter.'] 
To experience regret on account of ; to remember, think of, 
or miss, with regret ; grieve at. — n. 1. Pain or distress of 
mind on account of something past, with a wish that it had 
been different ; a looking back with dissatisfaction or long- 
ing. 2. An expression of regret ; — usually in pi. 
Syn. Grief, sorrow, misgiving ; compunction, remorse, 
repentance, penitence, contrition. — Regret, compunc- 
tion, remorse. Regret implies sorrow mingled with dis- 
satisfaction on account of something done or left undone. 
Compunction and remorse imply personal responsibility ; 
compunction denotes regretful self-reproach, esp. for pain 
caused or wrong done to another ; remorse denotes acute 
distress of conscience, as for something irreparable. 

re-gret'ful (re-gret'f6"61). a. Full of regret ; indulging in re- 
grets ; repining. — re-gret'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals, 



i 






N 



REGRETTABLE 



814 



REJECT 







R 



jre-gret'ta-ble (re-gret'd-b'l), a. Admitting of, deserving, or 
demanding regret. — re-gret'ta-bly, adv. 

leg'U-la (reg'u-ld), n. [L., a ruler, rule. See regular.] 
Arch. A band or fillet, esp. one of a series beneath the 
taenia in a Doric architrave, with guttse on its lower side. 

reg'u-lar (-Idr), a. [OF. reguler, L. regularis, fr. regula 
a rule, regere to guide.] 1. Eccl. Belonging to a religious 
order or community ; under, or pert, to, a religious rule ; 

— opp. to secular ; as, regular clergy. 2. Conformed to 
some established rule, law, principle, or type ; symmetrical ; 
as, regular features. Specif. : a Math. Having all its angles 
equal and all its sides (or faces) equal, as a polygon (or 
polyhedron) ; as, a regular pentagon, hexagon, tetrahedron, 
etc. b Cryst. Isometric. C Dot. Having the members of each 
whorl symmetrical with respect to form ; — said of flowers. 

3. Governed by rule ; uniform in course, practice, or inter- 
val of occurrence ; orderly ; methodical ; as, regular habits. 

4. Constituted, selected, conducted, etc., in conformity 
with established usages, rules, or discipline ; duly author- 
ized or qualified ; as, a regular nomination. Specif., Gram., 
of a word or inflection, conforming to the usual manner of 
inflection. 5. Thorough ; unmitigated. Colloq. 6. Mil. a 
Designating, or pertaining to, the permanently organized 
body constituting the army of a state ; as, a regular soldier. 
b Internal. Law. Designating soldiers properly recognized 
as legitimate combatants in war. 

Syn. Regular, normal, typical. That is regular which 
conforms to an established rule or standard; normal is 
more limited and exact in its application, and implies strict 
accordance with what is to be expected if regular processes 
are followed or proper functions performed ; as, regular 
procedure ; normal tastes, actions. That is typical which 
exhibits the regular or normal characteristics of a given 
type ; as, a typical Greek. 

■— n. 1. A member of a religious order or community under 
a rule ; one of the regular clergy. 2. A regular soldier. 

leg'u-lar'i-ty (-larT-tT), n. State or quality of being regular. 

reg'u-lar-ly, adv. In a regular manner. 

reg'U-late (reg'ii-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat/ing. [L. 
regulatus, p. p. of regular e.~\ 1. To adjust or control by 
rule, method, or governing principles or laws ; as, to regu- 
late prices. 2. To put in good order ; make regular ; as, 
to regulate the bowels. 3. To adjust, esp. so as to work 
accurately ; as a clock. — Syn. Dispose, direct, order, 
rule, govern. 

reg'u-la'tion (-la'sh&n), n. 1. A regulating ; state of being 
regulated. 2. A rule or order for government ; governing 
direction or law. — Syn. Method ; control, direction. 

reg'U-la-tive (reg'u-la-tlv), a. Tending to regulate. 

reg'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, regu- 
lates. 2. Specif., a contrivance for regulating and control- 
ling motion ; as : a Ilorol. A lever or index in a watch for 
making it go faster or slower, b Mach. A governor, c 
Steam Engine. (1) A balance valve for controlling the ad- 
mission of steam. (2) A reducing valve or steam-pressure 
regulating device, d Elec. An automatic device for regulrt- 
ing the voltage of a dynamo with varying load. 3. A clock, 
or other timepiece, used as a standard of time. 

reg'U-line (reg'u-lm ; -lln), a. Chem. & Metal. Of, pert, 
to, or of the nature of, a regulus. 

reg'u-lus (-lias), n.; pi. E. -luses (-ez), L. -li (-11). [L., a 
petty king, dim. of rex a king.] 1. leap.'] Astron. A first- 
magnitude star in the constellation Leo ; Alpha [a] Leonis ; 

— called also Cor Leonis, Lion's Heart. 2. Metal. The 
more or less impure button, or mass of metal, formed be- 
neath the slag in reducing ores. 

re-gur'gi-tate (re-gfir'ji-tat), v. t. & %.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; 
-tat'ing. [LL. regurgitare, regurgitatum, fr. L. re- re- + 
gurges,-itis, a gulf.] To pour, gush , or cast back or out again. 

re-gur'gi-ta'tion (-ta'sh&n), n. Act of regurgitating; esp., 
Med., the casting up of undigested food or the backward 
flow of blood to the heart. 

re'ha-bil'i-tate (re'hd-bil'T-tat), v. t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed); 
-tat'ing. 1. To habilitate again ; reinstate. 2. To put or 
bring into good repute again ; as, to rehabilitate a man or 
his name. 3. To reestablish. 

re'ha-bil'i-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. Act of rehabilitating, or 
state of that which has been rehabilitated. 

re-hash' (re-hash'), v. t. To hash over again; restate in a 
new form. — (re-hash', re'hash''), n. A rehashing ; some- 
thing served up again in a new form or under a new name. 

re-hears'al (re-hur'sdl), n. Act of rehearsing ; recital. 

re-hearse' (-hurs'), v. t.; -hearsed' (-hurst') ; -hears'ing. 
[OF. rehercier to harrow again, repeat.] 1. To repeat, as 
a statement ; recite aloud formally ; tell over. 2. To re- 
count ; narrate. Rare. 3. To enumerate. 4. To go through 
or drill in private in preparation for a public performance ; 
as, to rehearse a play. 5. To train or instruct by rehearsal ; 
as, to rehearse an actor. — Syn. Recapitulate, detail, 
describe. — v. i. To recite or repeat something for practice. 

re-hears'er, n. One who rehearses. 

re-heat' (re-het'), v. t. To heat again 



re-heat'er (-er), n. A device or apparatus for reheating, as, 
in a compound engine, a receiver furnished with some 
means of heating the exhaust steam. 

Re'ho-bo'am (re'ho-bo'dm), n. Bib. The arrogant, inca- 
pable son and successor of Solomon. See 1 Kings xii. 

rei _(ra ; re), n. ; pi. reis (ras ; res). Also ree. [Pg. real, pi. 
reis.2 A Portuguese and a Brazilian money of account, 
worth respectively about fa and fa cent. 

Reichs'rath', or Reichs'rat' (rlxs'rat'), n. [G.] The legis- 
lature, or parliament, of Austria. 

Reichs'tag' (-tliK'), n. [G.] The diet, or House of Repre- 
sentatives, of the German Empire. 

reign (ran), n. [OF. reigne, regne, fr. L. regnum, fr. regere 
to guide, rule.] 1. Royal authority ; dominion ; also, time 
during which a sovereign rules. 2. Realm. Obs. or R. 
Reign of Terror, F. Hist., a period (1793-94) in the French 
Revolution, during which the country was terrorized by 
the ferocious measures of its temporary rulers. 

— v. i. 1. To rule with sovereign power or authority ; hold 
sway. 2. Hence, to prevail, as fear, silence, etc. 

re'im-burse' (re'im-b firs'), v. t. ; -bursed' (-burst'); 
-burs'ing. [re- + imburse.2 1. To pay back ; repay ; as, 
to reimburse expenses. 2. To make restoration or pay- 
ment of an equivalent to (a person). — Syn. See pay. — ■ 
ra'im-burse'ment (-ment), n. — re'im-burs'er (-ser), n. 

re'im-port' (-port'), v. t. To import again ; import a thing 
exported. — re-im'por-ta'tion (re-im'por-ta'shim), n. 

re'im-pose' (re'Tm-poz'), v. t. To impose again. — re-im'- 
po-si'tion (re-im'po-zish'iin), n. 

re'im-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. A second or repeated 
impression, as of a book, without change. 

rein (ran), n. [F. rene, deriv. of L. retinere to hold back.] 
1. The strap of a bridle, fastened to the bit, to govern a 
horse or other animal ; — usually in pi. 2. Hence : a means 
of curbing or controlling ; a curb ; restraint ; — usually in 
pi. ; as, the reins of government. 

— v. t. 1. To provide with a rein or reins. 2. To check, stop, 
or direct by the reins ; restrain ; check ; guide. — v. i. To 
submit to control by reins. 

re'in-car'nate (re'in-kiir'nat), v. t. To incarnate again. 
re-in'car-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Renewed incarnation; a 

new embodiment ; specif., in certain ancient and Oriental 

religions or beliefs, a rebirth of the soul in another body. — 

re-in'car-na'tion-ist, n. 
rein'deer'(ran'der'), n. (See plural, Note.) [rein- is of 

Scand. origin. Cf. Icel. hreinn reindeer.] Any of several 

species of deer ( genus Rangifer ) 

of northern Europe, Asia, and 

America. 
re'in-force' (reln-f ors' ; 57). Var. 

Of REENFORCE. 

re'in-hab'it (re'in-hab'it), v. t. To 

inhabit again. 
reins(ranz), n. pi. [F., 

fr. L. ren, pi. renes.~] 

Archaic. 1. Kidneys ; 

loins. 2. Seat of the 

feelings or affections, 

formerly thought to 

be in the loins. 
re'in-sert' (re'in- 

sfirt'), v. t. To insert 

again. — re'in-ser'- 

tion (-sur'shun), n. 
re'in-stall' ( -stol'_ ), 

v. t. To install again. 

— re'in-stall'ment, -stal'ment, n. — stal-la'tion, n. 
re'in-state' (re'in-staf), v. t.; -stat'ed (-stat'ed) ; -stat'- 

ing. To instate again ; place again (in possession, or in a 

former state) ; reestablish. — re'in-State'ment (-ment),n. 
reln-sur'ance (-shoor'dns), n. A reinsuring, or the amount 

protected by reinsuring, esp. by an insurer or underwriter. 
re'in-sure' (-in-shoor'), v. t. To insure again ; specif., to 

insure in favor of one, as an insurance company, that already 

has an insurance risk on the same subject of insurance. 
re'in-trench' (-trench'), v. t. To intrench again. 
re-in'tro-duce' (re-Tn'trS-dus'), v. t. To introduce again. — 

re-in'tro-duc'tion (-diik'shim), n. 
re-in'te-grate (re-in'te-grat), v. t. To integrate again; 

as, to reintegrate a nation. gra-tion, n. 

re'in-ter' (re'in-tur'), v. t. To inter again. ter'ment,n. 

re'in-vest' (re'in-vesf), v. t. To invest again. 
re'ln-vig'or-ate (-vig'er-at), v. t. To invigorate anew. — 

i*3 / in-vig / or-a'tion, n. [second or repeated issue. I 

re-is'sue (re-ish'u), v. t. & i. To issue again. — n. A| 
re-it'er-ate (re-it'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 

reiteratus, p. p. of reiterare.'] To repeat ; say or do over 

again or repeatedly. — Syn. See repeat. 
re-it'er-a'tion, n. Act of reiterating ; repetition ; that which 

is reiterated. 
re-it'er-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Characterized by reiteration. 
re-ject' (re-jekf), v. t. [L. rejectus, p. p. of rejicere; re- 




European Reindeer (Rangifer 
tarandus). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



REJECTAMENTA 



815 



RELIANCE 



re- + jacere to throw.] 1. To refuse to acknowledge, be- 
lieve, receive, etc. ; decline to accept ; refuse. 2. To cast 
off ; throw away, as useless, etc. ; discard. 3. To spew out. 
4. To cast off ; forsake. Obs. 5. To refuse to hear, receive, 
etc. (a person). 6. To refuse to grant or consider; as, to 
reject a proposal. — Syn. See discard. — r3-ject'er, n. 

re-jec'ta-men'ta (re-jek'td-men'td), n. pi. [NL.] Things 
rejected as useless or worthless ; esp., excrement. 

re jec'tion (-jek'shun), n. Act of rejecting or state of being 
rejected ; also, that which is rejected. 



re-joice' (-jois'), v. 



t.; -joiced' (-joist'); -joic'rxG. [OF. 
re'sjo'ir (3d pi. pres resjo'issent) ; re- re- + esjo'ir to rejoice ; 
es- (L. ex-) -j- jo'ir, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] To give joy 
to ; gladden. — Syn. Delight, cheer, please. — v. i. To 
fe:l joy; be delighted. — re-joic'er (-jois'er), n. 

re-joic'ing (-ing), n. Act cf one that rejoices; joy; glad- 
ness ; an occasion or expression of joy or gladness. 

re-join' (-join'), v. t. & i. [F. rejoindre; re- re- + joindre 
to join.] 1. To join again. 2. To say as a rejoinder. 

re-join'der (-der), n. [F. rejoindre, inf. as n.] An answer 
to a reply ; in general, an answer ; reply. — Syn. See reply. 

re-ju've-nate (re-joo've-nat ; SG), v. t.; -nat/ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'en'G. [re- re- + L. juvenis young.] 1. To make 
young or vigorous again. 2. Phys. Geog. [Usually in p. a.] 
a To stimulate, as by uplift, to renewed erosive activity ; — 
said of streams, b To develop youthful features of topog- 
raphy in. — re-ju've-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. 

re-ju've-nes'cence (-nes'ens), n. 1. A rejuvenating ; renew- 
al of youth. 2. Biol. A method of cell formation in which 
the entire protoplasm of an old cell escapes by rupture of 
the cell wall, and then develops a new cell wall. 

re-ju've-nes'cent (-nes'ent), a. [re- re--f-L. juvenis 
young.] Becoming or causing to become rejuvenated. 

re-kin'dle (re-kin'd'l), v. t. & i. To kindle again. 

re-lapse' (re-laps'), v. i. ; -lapsed 7 (-lapst') ; -l<\ps'ing. [L. 
relapsus, p. p. of relabi; re- re- -f- labi to fall, slip, slide.] 
To slip or fall back into a former state or practice, as from 
convalescence. — n. A relapsing ; backsliding ; state of 
having relapsed. — re-laps'er, n. 

re-late' (re-laf), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. [In 
part fr. earlier relation, relative; cf. also F. relater to 
recount.] 1. To recount ; narrate. 2. To connect, or bring 
into relation ; establish a relation between, as by ties of 
analogy or blood. — Syn. Tell, recite, detail. — v. i. To 
pertain ; refer ; — used with to. — re-lat'er (-er), n. 

r/3-lat'ed (-lat'ed), p. a. 1. Narrated ; recounted. 2. Stand- 
ing in relation or connection. 3. Connected by blood or 
alliance, esp. by consanguinity. 4. Music. Having a close 
melodic or harmonic connection. 

re-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [F. relation, L. relatio, fr. L. re- 
lates, used as p. p. of referre. See refer.] 1. Act of relat- 
ing, or telling ; that which is related ; recital ; narration ; 
narrative ; report. 2. a State of being related or of referring ; 
connection ; as, the relation of master to servant, b Any 
aspect or quality predicable only of two or more things 
taken together, as direction, resemblance, or of one thing 
considered as a factor of itself, as self-identity. 3. Refer- 
ence ; respect ; — used esp. in in relation to. 4. Connec- 
tion by blood or affinity ; kinship. 5. A relative ; a kinsman 
or kinswoman. 6. Law. a The referring of an act to a prior 
date as the time of its taking effect ; the giving force or 
operation to an act or proceeding, as if it had happened or 
begun at a prior time, b The act of a relator at whose in- 
stance a suit is begun. 7. State of mutual or reciprocal 
interest, as in social or commercial matters ; also, in pi., 
dealings ; affairs ; as, the foreign relations of a country. 

re-la'tion-al (-31), a. 1. Of or pert, to kinship. 2. Of or 
pert, to, or specifying, a relation in general. [finity.I 

re-la'tion-ship, n. State of being related. — Syn. See af-| 

rel'a-tive (rel'd-trv), a. [L. relativusJ] 1. Gram. Referring 
to an antecedent, as a pronoun or adverb. 2. Mutually re- 
lated ; also, corresponding. 3. Music. Related, as a major 
and a minor key when the descending form of the minor is 
identical in its tones with the major. 4. Having relation ; 
referring ; pertaining ; relevant ; as, not relative to the sub- 
ject. 5. Arising from relation ; comparative ; not absolute ; 
as, a matter of relative importance. Cf. posftive, a. 3. 6. 
Dependent for signification on relation to something else ; 
as, in "John is a father," "father" is a relative term, re- 
lating "John" to some unnamed offspring. 

— n. 1. One who, or that which, relates to, or is considered 
in relation to, something else ; as : a Gram* A relative pro- 
noun, b A person connected with another (strictly) by 
blood or (loosely) by affinity ; a relation. — rel'a-tive-ly, 
adv. — rel'a-tive-ness, n. 

rel'a-tiv'i-ty (-tiv'I-tT), n. 1. State of being relative. 2. 
Philos. a State of clese dependence on another, as of the 
solar system upon the sun. b Reciprocal dependence, as 
that between the individual and society. 3. Physics. A 
principle or doctrine based upon the postulate that our 
knowledge of velocity is necessarily relative, and leading to 



such radical conclusions as that : (1) the velocity of light is 
independent of the relative velocity of the source and of the 
observer ; (2) the velocity of light is a maximum which the 
velocity of a material body can never reach ; (3) the mass 
of a body depends on its velocity. 

relativity of knowledge, a The doctrine that all human 
knowledge is only relatively true or certain, or is valid only 
for the knowing mind, b Psychol. The doctrine that sensa- 
tions have significance only in relation to other sensations. 

re-la'tor (re-ll'ter), n. [L.] 1. One who relates ; a relater. 
2. Law. A private person at whose relation, or in whose 
behalf, the attorney-general allows an information in the 
nature of a quo warranto to be hied. 

re-lax' (daks'), v. t. [L. relaxare; re- + laxare to loose.] 

1. To make lax or loose ; slacken ; loosen ; open ; as, to 
relax the muscles. 2. To make less severe, rigorous, or 
tense ; ease ; slacken ; abate ; mitigate ; as, to relax disci- 

Eline. — v. i. 1. To become lax, weak, or loose ; abate ; as, 
is grasp relaxed. 2. To remit attention or effort ; unbend ; 
as, to relax from work. — re-lax'er, n. 

re'lax-a'tion (re'lak-sa'shun ; rel'ak-), n. A relaxing; 
state of being relaxed ; abatement, or remission, as of ten- 
sion, attention, etc. ; specif., indulgence in recreation, etc. 

re-lay' (re-la'), v. t. To lay again or a second time. 

re-lay' (re-la'; re'la), n. 1. A supply arranged beforehand 
for successive relief ; specif. : a A supply of dogs, horses, 
etc. to relieve others in hunting, traveling, etc. b A 
number of men who relieve others in carrying on some 
work. 2. Mach. A relay apparatus ; a servo-motor. 3. 
Elec. An electromagnetic device by which the opening or 
closing of one circuit opens or closes a more powerful one. 

— a. Mach. Relating to an auxiliary apparatus put into 
action by a feeble force, used to control a comparatively 
powerful machine or appliance. 

re-lease' (redes'), v. t. To lease again ; let back. 

re-l3ase' (redes'), v. t.; re-leased' (re-lest') ; -leas'ixg. 
[OF. relaissier, fr. L. relaxare. See relax.] 1. Law. To 
let go or give up, as a legal claim. 2. To remit, as a payment, 
tax, etc. 3. To set free ; let go ; as, to release a captive. 
4. To relieve, as from pain, penalty, etc. 
Syn. Release, deliver, discharge, liberate, free. To 
release is to set free from restraint ; deliver implies esp. 
release from bondage or from impending evil ; discharge 
suggests esp. legal release from custody ; as, to release a 
convict, release the horses ; "deliver us from evil" ; to dis- 
charge a prisoner. To liberate is to set at liberty (evil or 
peril not being necessarily implied) ; free is less formal than 
liberate, and often implies granting of freedom; as, to 
liberate captives ; to free slaves. 

— n. 1. Deliverance or relief from care, pain, trouble, etc. 

2. Discharge from obligation or responsibility ; a giving up, 
as of a right or claim ; specif., a conveyance of a man's 
right in lands or tenements to another having an estate in 
possession ; a quitclaim. 3. Act of liberating or freeing ; 
state of being liberated or freed. 4. Engin. The act of per- 
mitting the working fluid, as steam, to escape from the 
cylinder at the end of the working stroke ; also, the point at 
which this act occurs. 5. Mach. A device adapted to hold 
or release a d evice or mechanism as required. — re-leas'er, n. 

rel'e-gate (rel'e-gat), v. t. ; -gat/ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat/ing. [L. 
relegatus, p. p. of relegare; re- -\-legare to send with a 
commission.] 1. To exile ; banish ; hence : to remove, usu- 
ally to a worse position ; consign ; transfer. 2. To put, allot, 
assign, as in or to a special category, class, or person ; also, 
to refer, as for decision. 

rel'e-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. [L. relegatio."] Act of relegat- 
ing, or state of being relegated ; removal ; assignment. 

re-lent' (rc-lent'), v. i. [re- + L. lentus pliant, slow.] 
1. To dissolve ; melt. Obs. 2. To become less hard, harsh, 
cruel, or the like ; to become more mild through compas- 
sion. — v. t. 1. To mollify. 2. To give up. Both Obs. 

re-lent'less, a. Unmoved by sympathy; unyielding; un- 
pitying. — re-lent'less-ly, adv. — re-lent'less-ness, n. 

rel'e-vance (rel'e-vdns), n. Relevancy. 

rel'e-van-cy (-vdn-sT), n. Quality or state of being relevant ; 
pertinency ; applicability. 

rel'e-vant (-vdnt), a. [F. relevant, p. pr. or LL. relevans, 
p. pr., in L., raising, lifting up. See relieve.] Bearing upon, 
or properly applying to, the case in hand. — Syn. See per- 
tenent. — rel'e-vant -ly, adv. [reliable. I 

re-li'a-bil'i-ty (re-li'd-bTl'i-tT), n. State or quality of being| 

re-li'a-ble (re-li'd-b'l), a. Suitable or fit to be relied on ; 
trustworthy. — re-li'a-ble-ness, n. — re-li'a-bly, adv. 
Syn. Reliable and trustworthy are often used with little 
distinction. But reliable often suggests qualities that can 
be relied or depended on ; trustworthy, those which merit 
trust or confidence ; as, he is a reliable man (i. e., he can be 
counted on to do what he says he will do) ; he is a trustworthy 
person (i. e., one can repose confidence in his integrity, 
veracity, discretion, etc.). Reliable is oftener applied to 
things ; trustworthy, to persons. 

re-li'ance (-dns), n. L Act of relying ; state of beingreliant ; 
dependence ; confidence ; trust. 2. Anything on which to 



4 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to F renunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



RELIANT 



816 



REMARK 



O 



R 



% 



rely ; dependence ; ground of trust ; as, the boat was a poor 
reliance. — Syn. See trust, [dence ; confident ; trusting. I 

re-li'ant (re-11'ant), a. Having, or characterized by, confi-| 

rel'ic (rel'Sk), n. [F. relique, fr. L. reliquiae, pi.] 1. Re- 
mains; specif., something venerated as the remains of a 
sacred object, event, or person. 2. A survival ; remnant. 
3. A corpse ; — usually in pi. Rare. 4. Anything held in 
esteem or reverence as a reminder of an event, person, etc. 

xel'ict (rel'Ikt), n. [L. relictus, fem. relicta, p. p. of relin- 
quere to leave behind.] A widow or widower. 

Te-lief (re-leF), n. [F., prop., a lifting up. See relieve.] 

1. Act of relieving ; state of being relieved ; succor ; com- 
fort ; ease. 2. Release from a post or performance of duty ; 
as, relief oi a sentry. 3. That which gives aid or comfort ; a 
relay. 4. Feudal Law. A fine or money composition which 
the heir of a deceased tenant paid to his lord for the privi- 
lege of taking up the landed estate ; also, sometimes, an ac- 
knowledgment of vassal tenure made by the heir to his 
lord. 5. In sculpture : the projection of figures, ornament, 
etc., from a background ; a work of art so produced. The 
kinds of relief are named according to the degree of projec- 
tion. In high relief (alto-rilievo) this is half or more than 
half the natural circumference. In low relief (basso-rilievo, 
bas-relief)itis slight, no part being entirely detached. Inter- 
mediate degrees are sometimes called half relief (mezzo- 

i rilievo). Very low relief, as on modern coins, is termed 
stiacciato. 6. In a drawing, painting, etc., the appearance 
of projection given by shading, shadow, etc., to any figure. 
Hence, vividness of outline due to contrast. 7. Phys. Geog. 
The elevations or inequalities, collectively, of a land surface. 
8. Cartography. The parts of a map, collectively, which 
represent the contour. = hypsography c. — Syn. Mitiga- 
tion ; aid, help ; remedy, redress, indemnification. 

re-li'er (re-ll'er), n. One who relies. 

re-liev'a-ble, a. That may be relieved. 

re-lieve' (-lev'), v. t.; -lieved' (-levd') ; -liev'ing. [F. re- 
lever (OF. 3d sing. pres. relieve) fr. L. relevare to lift up, 
relieve ; re- re- + levare to raise.] 1. To raise or remove, as 
anything which depresses ; alleviate ; mitigate ; as, to re- 
lieve pain. 2. To free, wholly or partly, from any burden, 
trial, evil, distress, or the like ; give ease, comfort, consola- 
tion, or succor to ; as to relieve the poor. 3. To release from 
a post, station, or duty ; as, to relieve a sentry. 4. To ease 
of any burden, wrong, or oppression. 5. To put in relief ; 
set off by contrast ; as, a house relieved against the sky. 6. 
To remove the monotony of, as by contrast or variety ; as, a 
somber dress relieved by a spot of color. — Syn. Assuage, 
ease ; succor, aid, help ; lighten, diminish, remove. — re- 
liev'er (-lev'er), n. [relief, n., 5.1 

re-lie'vo (re-le'vo), n.; pi. -vos (-voz). [It. rilievo.'] =\ 

|| re-li'gieuse' (re-le'zhyuz'), n. /.; pi. -euses (-zhyuz')f 

[J re-li'gieux' (re-le'zhyfi'), n. m.,sing. & pi. f 

[F.] A person bound by monastic vows ; a nun or a monk. 

re-li'gion (-lTj'&n), n. [F., fr. L. religio.'] 1. The outward 
act or form by which men indicate recognition of a god or 
gods to whom obedience and honor are due ; the feeling or 
expression of human love, fear, or awe of some superhuman 
or overruling power ; a system of faith and worship ; a mani- 
festation of piety ; as, "Pure religion and undefiled ... is 
this, To visit the fatherless and widows . . . and to keep 
himself unspotted from the world." 2. Specif., Christian 
faith and practice. 3. Devotion or fidelity, as to a princi- 
ple or practice ; scrupulousness ; conscientiousness. 

re-li'gion-ism (-iz'm), n. The practice of, or devotion to, 
religion ; also, affectation or pretense of religion. 

re-li'gion-ist, n. One devoted to religion ; a religious zealot. 

re-lig'i-OS'i-ty (-i-Ss'i-ti), n. Quality of being religious, 
esp., excessively or affectedly religious ; religiousness. 

re-fi'gious (-lij'us), a. [OF., fr. L. religiosus.'] 1. Possess- 
ing, or conforming to, religion ; pious ; godly. 2. Belonging 
to a religious order ; bound by vows. 3. Of, pert, to, or set 
apart to, religion ; as, a religious society. 4. Scrupulous ; 
strict ; as, with religious care. — n. One bound by religious 
vows ; a monk or friar ; a nun ; — also collective. — re-li'- 
gious-ly, adv. — re-li'gious-ness, n. 

re-lin'quish (-lirj'kwTsh), v. t. [OF., relinquir, relenquir, 
fr. L. relinquere to leave behind ; re- re — (- linquere to 
leave.] 1. To withdraw from ; desist from ; abandon ; quit. 

2. To give up ; surrender ; yield ; resign ; as, to relinquish a 
right or claim. — re-lin'quish-er, n. 

Syn. Leave, resign, waive, forgo, surrender, renounce. — 
Relinquish, resign, waive, forgo, surrender. Relin- 
quish implies that the thing given up is desired or desirable ; 
as, to relinquish one's command. Resign suggests more 
definitely a deliberate, sometimes a formal, act ; as, to 
resign one's self to fate, to resign a position. Waive implies 
a refusal to insist on or claim a right ; as to waive one's 
right. Forgo implies abstention from something already 
enjoyed or within reach ; as, to forgo a pleasure. Surren- 
der implies that possession is yielded upon compulsion or 
demand ; as, to surrender an office. 
re-lin'quish-ment (-ment), n. Act of relinquishing. 



1. 
2. 



rel'i-qua-ry (rel'T-kw£-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [F. rdu 
quaire. See relic] A small box, casket, shrine, or the 
like, in which relics are kept. 

re-lique' (re-lek'). Var. of relic, [organic remains ; relic. 

re-liq'ui-ae (re-lik'wi-e), n. pi. [L.] Remains of the dead ; 

rel'ish (rel'ish), n. [OF. reles, relais, what is left, remain 
der. See release.] 1. Aftertaste ; taste or flavor, esp. one 
characteristic and pleasing. 2. A taste ; a dash ; as, his 
story has a relish of adventure. 3. A taste for ; liking ; ap- 
petite; zest; as, a relish for satire. 4. Something taken 
with food to render it more palatable ; a condiment. 
Syn. Relish, gusto, zest (in fig. uses). Relish implies 
keen, gusto, hearty, appreciation or enjoyment ; zest 
connotes eagerness or avidity ; as, relish for a joke ; he told it 
with gusto ; an ardent zest for life. Relish and zest are used 
also in the sense of (esp. piquant) flavor. See taste. 

— y. t. 1. To give a relish, or flavor, to ; as, to relish meat 
with a sauce. 2. To taste or eat with pleasure ; like or care 
for ; as, to relish fruit. — v. i. To have a characteristic, 
pleasing, or appetizing taste ; have a flavor ; hence, to give 
gratification. — rel'ish-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

re-live' (re-liv'), v. t. & i. To live again. 

re-load' (-lod'), v. t. To load again. 

re-lu'cent (re-lu'sent), a. [L. relucens, p. pr. of relucere. 
See lucent.] Reflecting light ; shining ; glittering. 

re-luct' (re-liikt'), v. i. [L. reluctari ; re- + luctari to 
struggle.] To struggle in opposition ; fight ; object. 

re-luc'tance (-luk'tans), n. 1. Opposition. Archaic. 2. 
State or quality of being reluctant ; repugnance ; aversion ; 
unwillingness. 3. Elec. Magnetic resistance. 

re-luc'tan-cy (-tan-sT), n. — reluctance, 2. 

re-luc'tant (-tant), a. [L. reluctans, -antis, p. pr.3 
Struggling in opposition; resisting; opposing. Rare. 
Disinclined ; loath ; unwilling. — re-luc'tant-ly, adv. 
Syn. Reluctant, loath, averse. Reluctant often implies 
an internal struggle ; as, he lingered reluctant at the door. 
One is loath to do what one dislikes or hates to do ; averse 
implies habitual or rooted repugnance ; as, loath to confess ; 
to be averse to jesting. 

rel'uc-tiv'i-ty (rel'uk-tiv'i-tf), n. Elec. Specific reluctance ; 
the reluctance of a mass of the material one centimeter 
long and onesquare centimeter in cross section. 

re-lume' (re-lum'), v. t. ;-lumed' (-lumd') ;-lum'ing (-lura'- 
Ing). To rekindle ; light again. 

re-lu'mine (-lii'min), v. t. = Relume. 

re-ly' (re-11'), v. i.; -lied' (-lid') ; -ly'ing. [F. relier to 
bind, bind together or again, L. religare; re- + ligare to 
bind.] To rest with confidence ; have confidence ; trust ; 
depend ; — used with on. — Syn. Confide, repose. 

re-main' (re-man'), v. i. [OF. remaindre, remanoir (3d 
sing. pres. remaint), fr. L. remanere; re- re- + manere to 
stay, remain.] 1. To be left after another, or a part, or 
others have been removed, destroyed, or subtracted. 2. To 
be left as not included or comprised ; as, that remains to be 
proved. 3. To stay behind while others withdraw. 4. To 
continue unchanged or undiminished ; abide ; endure ; as, 
no records of this period remain. — Syn. Wait, tarry. 

— n. 1. Stay. Obs. 2. The portion remaining; esp.: a A 
fragment ; remnant ; relic ; remainder ; — chiefly in pi. b 
In pi. A dead body. 3. In pi. Posthumous works or pro- 
ductions, esp. literary. 

re-main'der (-der).n. [OF. remaindre, inf. as n.] 1. Resi- 
due ; remnant. 2. The person or persons of a company, 
family, or the like, remaining ; the rest ; as, the remainder 
of us took another road. 3. That which is left after any 
deduction. 4. Law. An estate in expectancy, which be- 
comes an estate in possession upon the determination of a 
particular prior estate, created at the same time and by the 
same instrument ; — disting. from a reversion, in which 
the residual interest is reserved by the grantor. 5. Copies of 
a book remaining in the publisher's stock when sales have 
ceased or become unprofitable. 

Syn. Remainder, residuum, remnant. Remainder is 
the general term ; a residuum is a remainder after a proc- 
ess, esp. of analysis, resolution, etc. ; as, the remainder of the 
loaves ; the residuum of a substance dissolved. Remnant 
commonly implies a small or fragmentary remainder. i 

— a. Remaining ; left ; left over. » i 
re-make' (re-mak'), v. t. To make anew. 

re-man' (re-man'), v. t. 1. To furnish anew with men. 2. 
To reimbue with courage or manliness. 

re-mand' (re-mand'), v. t. [F. remander to send word 
again, L. remandare. See re- ; mandate.] 1. To recom- 
mit ; send back ; esp., Law., to send back into custody, as 
for further evidence ; as, to remand a prisoner. 2. To con- 
sign ; remit. — n. Act of remanding ; state of being re- 
manded ; specif., Law, recommittal of an accused person. 

rem'a-nent (rem'd-nent), a. [L. remanens, p. pr. of re- 
manere. See remain.] That remains or is left ; remaining ; 
also, supplementary; additional. 

re-mark' (re-mark'), v. t. [F. remarquer ; re- -f- marquer 
to mark.] 1. To mark notably ; distinguish. Obs. 2. To 
notice ; observe. 3. To state ; say. — Syn. Heed, regard, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
fise, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; gQ; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87JU 



REMARKABLE 



817 



REMORSE 



no te. — n. 1. Act of remarking, or attentively noticing ; 
notice ; observation. 2. Mention of that which deserves at- 
tention ; also, a casual observation, comment, or statement. 
3. Engraving & Etching. A remarque. 
Syn. Remark, observation, comment, note, annota- 
tion, gloss. A remark is a more or less casual expression 
of an opinion or judgment ; observation suggests a some- 
what attentive or critical scrutiny ; as, Are there any 
remarks ? ; a wise observation about ethics. A comment is a 
critical or explanatory remark on a particular point ; a 
note is commonly, an annotation always, appended to 
the passage concerned ; as, to make comments on a text ; 
explanatory notes; marginal annotations. A gloss is an 
explanatory comment, often marginal or interlinear. 

re-mark'a-ble (-mar'kd-b'l), a. Worthy of being remarked 
or noticed ; hence : uncommon ; extraordinary. — Syn. 
Observable, unusual, strange, wonderful, notable. — re- 
mark'a-ble-nsss, n. — re-mark'a-bly, adv. 

re-marque' (-mark'), n. Also re-mark'. Engraving, a A 
small design etched on the margin of a plate and supposed 
to be removed after the earliest proofs have been taken ; 
also, any features distinguishing a particular stage of the 
plate, b A print or proof so distinguished. 

re-mar'ry, v. t. & i. To marry again. — re-mar'riage, n. 

re-me'di-a-ble (-me'dT-d-b'l), a. Capable of being remedied. 

re-me'di-al (-dl), a. [L. remedialis.] Affording remedy. 

rem'e-di-less (rem'e-di-les ; re-med'i-les), a. Beyond rem- 
edy ; incurable ; irreparable. — Syn. Irremediable, irre- 
coverable, irretrievable, desperate, hopeless. 

rem'e-dy (rem'e-di), n.; pi. -dies (-dlz). [L. remedium; 
re- + mederi to cure.] 1. That which relieves or cures a 
disease ; any healing medicine or application. 2. That 
which corrects or counteracts an evil ; corrective ; repara- 
tion ; cure ; as, a remedy for social evils. Specif., Law., 
the legal means to recover a right, or to prevent, or obtain 
redress for, a wrong. 3. Coinage. = tolerance, 3. — 
Syn. Restorative, redress, relief. [correct. I 

— v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -dy-ing. To apply a remedy to ; cure ;| 
re-mem'ber (re-mem'ber), v. t. [OF., remembrer, fr. L. re- 

memorari ; re- -f- memorare to remember.] 1. To have (an 
idea) come into the mind again ; think of again ; recollect ; 
as, to remember dates. 2. To hold in mind ; specif. : a To 
keep in mind as an object of attention or consideration ; as, 
to remember one's friends at Christmas, b To keep in 
mind as deserving a reward ; hence, to reward ; as, he was 
remembered in the will. 3. To put in mind ; remind ; — 
also used impersonally. Archaic or Dial. 4. To recall to 
the mind of another ; as, remember me to him. 
Syn. Remember, recollect, recall. Remember does 
not necessarily imply volition ; recollect commonly sug- 
gests a conscious effort to remember ; recall is less formal 
than recollect ; as, I remember her face, but cannot recollect 
her name ; to recall an occasion. 

— v. i. 1. To exercise or have the power of memory. 2. To 
have recollection ; — with of. Rare. — re-mem'ber-er, n. 

re-mem'brance (-brans), n. 1. Act of remembering; rec- 
ollecting. 2. State of being remembered ; memory ; recol- 
lection. 3. Power or faculty of remembering ; hence, period 
over which one's memory extends ; as, not in my remem- 
brance. 4. A reminder ; token ; memento ; souvenir. 5. 
Greetings recalling or betokening friendship ; — chiefly in 
pi. ; as, give my remembrances to him. — Syn. See memory. 

re-mem'branc : er (-brdn-ser), n. 1. [Usually cap.'] Any 
of several officials of the Court of Exchequer in England. 
The only one now surviving is the King's (or Queen's) 
Remembrancer, now an officer of the Supreme Court, 
responsible for the collection of debts due to the sovereign. 
2. A person who reminds another ; esp., formerly, one ap- 
pointed to do so. 3. A thing that serves to bring to, or keep 
in, mind ; a memento ; memorial. 

re'mex, n., sing, of remiges. 

yem'i-ges (rem'i-jez), n. pi.; sing, remex (re'meks). [L. 
remex, -igis, an oarsman.] The quill feathers of the wing 
of a bird. — re-mig'i-al (re-mij'i-dl), a. 

re-mind' (re-mind'), v. t. To put (one) in mind (of some- 
thing) ; cause to remember. 

re-mind'er (-mln'der), n. Something that reminds, or is de- 
signed to remind ; a memento ; also, a person who reminds. 

re-mind'ful (-mlnd'fdol), o. 1. Mindful; regardful. 2. 
Suggestive to the mind or memory ; reminiscent. 

rem'i-nis'cence (rem'i-nis'ens), n. 1. Act or power of re- 
tailing past experiences ; remembrance. 2. That which is re- 
membered ; a narration of experience ; a recollection. 3. A 
surviving feature or the like, that serves as a reminder ; as, 
the carnival is a reminiscence of the Saturnalia. — Syn. 
See MEMORY. 

rem'i-nis'cent (-ent), a. [L. reminiscens, -entis, p. pr. of 
reminisci to recollect.] 1. Of the nature of, pert, to, or 
marked by, reminiscence ; as, a reminiscent tale. 2. Re- 
calling to mind ; as, reminiscent of slavery. 

re-mise' (re-miz'), v. t.; -mised' (-mlzd') ; -mis'ing (-miz'- 
ing). [F. remis, p. p. of remettre to put back, fr. L. re- 
mittere. See remit.] Law. To grant or release, as by deed. 



re-miss' (-mis'), a- [L. remissus, p. p. of remittere to 
send back, relax.] 1. Not energetic, careful, or prompt 
in duty, business, etc. ; negligent ; careless. 2. Lacking 
earnestness or activity ; slow ; also, lagging ; tardy. 

re-mis'si-ble (-mis'i-b'l), a. Capable of being remitted or 
forgiven. — re-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-bll'I-tl), n. 

re-mis'sion (-mish'&n), n. Act or fact of remitting; as : 
a Pardon, b Relinquishment of a claim, right, debt, etc. 
C Diminution of intensity ; abatement, d Relaxation. 

re-mis'sive (-mis'Iv), a. Causing, permitting, or marked 
by, abatement ; moderating ; abating. [See negligence.! 

re-miss'ness, n. Quality or state of being remiss. — Syn.| 

re-mit' (re-mit'), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -mit'ting. [L. remittere, 
-missum, to send back, relax ; re- re- + mittere to send.] 
1. To forgive ; pardon. 2. To resign. Rare. 3. To refrain 
from exacting, inflicting, or enforcing ; as, to remit a pen- 
alty. 4. To mitigate ; abate. Obs. or R. 5. To submit or 
refer (something) for consideration, judgment, decision, 
action, etc. ; specif., Law, to send back (a cause or proceed- 
ing) to an inferior court for further action. 6. To send 
back, esp. to custody. Obs. or R. 7. To restore, as to a 
former title or status. 8. To put off ; postpone ; defer. 9. 
To transmit or send, esp. to a distance, as money due. — 
Syn. Relax, release, relinquish. — v. i. 1. To abate as in 
force or violence. 2. To send money, as in payment. 

— n. A transfer, as of a legal proceeding by one authority to 
another. Chiefly Eng. 

re-mit'tal (-mit'dl), n. Remission, as of a penalty. 

re-mit'tance (-dns), n. Transmission of money, etc., esp. to 
a distant place ; also, the thing, esp. money, remitted. 

re-mit'tent (-ent), a. Remitting or abating ; having remis- 
sions. — ra. A remittent fever. 

remittent fever, Med., a fever whose symptoms tem- 
porarily abate at regular intervals, but do not wholly cease. 

re-mit'ter (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, remits. 2. 
Law. a The principle or operation by which a person who 
obtains possession of property under a defective title is 
placed in the same legal position as if he had entered under 
some prior and more valid title which he holds, b The act 
of remitting a cause or proceeding to another court. C Res- 
toration, as to a former title, status, or condition. 

re-mit'tor (-or), n. Law. One who makes a remittance. 

rem'nant (rem'nant), a. [OF. remenant, remanant, p. pr. 
of remanoir. See remain.] Remaining ; left over. — n. 1. 
Residue ; remainder. 2. A surviving trace or suggestion ; 
as, no remnant of his former greatness. 3. A small portion ; 
fragment ; scrap. 4. An unsold end of piece goods, as of 
cloth. — Syn. See remainder. 

re-mod'el (re-mod'el), v. t. To model anew ; reconstruct. 

re-mold', re-mould' (-mold'), v. t. To mold or shape anew 
or again ; reshape. 

re-mon'e-tize (re-mon'e-tiz ; -mun'-), v. t. To restore to use 
as legal tender. mon'e-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shun ; -ti-), n. 

re-mon'strance (re-mon'strdns), n. [OF.] Act of remon- 
strating ; protest ; expostulation. 

re-mon'strant (-strdnt), a. Inclined or tending to remon- 
strate ; expostulatory. — n. 1. One who remonstrates ; 
specif. [ cap. ] , Eccl. Hist., one of the Arminians who in 
1610 addressed, to the States of Holland, a remonstrance 
showing their differences from the strict Calvinists. 2. 
[cap.'] Scot. Hist. A Protester. — re-mon'strant-ly, adv. 

re-mon'strate (-strat), v. t.; -strat-ed (-strat-ed) ; -strat- 
ing. [LL. remonstratus, p. p. of remonstrare to demon- 
strate ; L. re- + monstrare to show, point out.] 1. To 
point out ; make plain. 06s. 2. To state or plead in protest. 

— v. i. To present and urge reasons in opposition, as to an 
action ; expostulate. — re'mon-stra'tion (re'mon-stra'- 
shan; rem'on-), n. — re-mon'stra-tive (re-mon'strd-tlv), 
a. — re-mon'stra-tor (-stra-ter), n. 

Syn. Remonstrate, expostulate. To remonstrate is to 

protest or urge reasons against something ; expostulate 

implies earnest but kindly remonstrance. 
re-mon'tant (re"-mon'tdnt), a. [F., p. pr.] Hort. Flowering 

again ; — applied to roses which bloom more than once in a 

season. — n. A remontant rose, 
re-mon'toir' (re-moN'twar'; rem'on-twor'), n. [F.] A de- 
vice to give a uniform impulse to a pendulum or balance. 
rem'o-ra (rem'o-rd), n. [L., hindrance.] Any of several 

fishes (family Echeneididse) 

which 

adhere 

at will 

to other fishes 

or to vessels by 

means of a suctorial 

disk on the head. 

They were anciently fabled to check vessels. 
re-morse' (re-mors'), n. [OF. remors, fr. LL., fr. L. remor- 

dere, -morsum, to bite again ; torment re- re + mordere 

to bite.] 1. Tormenting distress excited by a sense of 

guilt ; repentant regret. 2. Pity ; compassion. Rare. — 

Syn. See regret. 




Remora, clinging 
to a Sand Shark. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. H Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



REMORSEFUL 



818 



RENOUNCE 



O 



R 



te-merse'ful (-f<3ol), a. Full of, or affected with, remorse. — 
re-morse'ful-ly, adv. — re-morse'f ul-ness, n. 

fe-morse'less (re-mors'les), a. Being without remorse; 
pitiless. — re-morse'less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 

Ve-mote' (-mot'), a.; -mot'er (-mot'er) ; -mot'est. [L. re- 
motus, p. p. See remove.] 1. Removed to, or situated at, 
a distance ; far away ; distant (in time or place) ; as, remote 
ages ; remote lands. Also, out of the way ; secluded. 2. 
Hence : a Foreign ; alien ; as, an attitude remote from 
kindness, b Not nearly related or connected ; as, remote 
from our purpose; specif., not closely akin; as, a remote 
kinsman. C Separate ; abstracted ; as, remote from our 
hopes, d Not proximate or acting directly ; not primary ; 
as, a remote cause, e Not obvious or striking ; slight ; as, 
a remote resemblance. — Syn. See DISTANT. — re-mote'- 
ly, adv. — re-mote'nesSp n. 

Jre-mo'tion (-mo'shun), n. Removal ; also, Obs., departure. 

re-mount' (re-mount'), v. t. & i. To mount again. — n. A 
fresh horse to take the place of one lost or disabled. 

re-mov'a-ble (re-moov'a-b'l), a. Admitting of being re- 
moved. — re-mov'a-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'T-ti), -a-ble-ness, n. 

re-mov'al (-al), n. A removing ; state of being removed. 

re-move' (-moov'), v. t.; re-moved' (-moovd') ; -mov'ing 
(-moov'Ing). [OF. removoir, fr. L. removere, -motum; re- 
-j- movere to move.] 1. To move away ; cause to change the 
place of ; displace ; shift. 2. To take or put away ; as, a 
remedy to remove a disease. 3. To dismiss from office ; as, 
to remove a postmaster. — v. i. To depart. 

— n. 1. Act of removing a person or thing. Now Rare. 2. 
Transfer of one's business, or of one's domestic belongings, 
from one location to another ; — in the United States, usu- 
ally called a move. 3. A dish or course at a meal. 4. Dis- 
tance, space, or interval through which anything is removed ; 
hence : a step ; degree ; as, but one remove from the presi- 
dency. 5. Absence. Obs. or R. — re-mov'er (-moov'er), n. 

Te-moved' (re-moovd'), a. Separated, as in relationship ; 
as, a first cousin once removed, that is, a cousin's child. — 
re 5 mov'ed-ness (-m6ov'ed-nes), n. 

re-mu'ner-ate (re-mu'ner-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'- 

' ING. [L. remuneratus, p. p. of remunerare, remunerari ; 
re- re- + munerare, munerari. to give, present.] To pay 
an equivalent for (any service, loss, expense, etc.), or to pay 
an equivalent to (one) for such service, etc. ; compensate ; 
pay. — Syn. Reward, satisfy, repay, reimburse. See pay. 

•e-mu'ner-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act or fact of remunerating ; 
also, that which remunerates ; compensation. — Syn. Pay- 
ment, repayment, requital. 

j-'e-mu'ner-a-tive (-mu'ner-a-tiv), a. 1. Serving to remun- 
erate. 2. Affording remuneration ; profitable. 

ire-mur'mur (re-mur'mur), v. t. & i. [L. remurmurareJ] 
To murmur repeatedly ; repeat or reply in murmurs. 

Re'mus (re'mus), n. [L.] See Romulus. 

ren'ais-sance' (ren'e-saNs' ; re-na'sans ; F. re-ne'saNs'), n. 
[F., fr. renattre to be born again.] 1. A new birth or re- 
vival. 2.Specif.: [cap.~\ a The revival (14th-16th centuries) 
of classical art and learning in Europe, marking the transi- 
tion from medieval to modern times, b The style of art 
which then prevailed. 3. A revival, or a state or period of 
marked improvement, along any line, esp. in art. 

Renaissance architecture. The style of building and 
decoration that arose early in the 15th century in Italy, 
reviving and adapting the Roman classic orders and design. 

Re-nais'sant (re-na'sant), a. Of the Renaissance. 

re'nal (re'nal), a. [L. renalis, fr. renes kidneys, reins.] 
Of or pert, to the kidneys ; in the region of the kidneys. 
renal capsules or glands, the suprarenal capsules. 

re-name' (re-nam'), v. t. To name again or anew. 

Ren'ard (ren'drd). Var. of Reynard. 

re-nas'cence (re-nas'ens), n. 1. State or fact of being re- 
nascent, or born anew. 2. [cap.] = Renaissance, 2. 

re-nas'cent (-ent), a. [L. renascens, p. pr. of renasci to 
be born again ; re- re- -f- nasci to be born.] Springing 
again into being or vigor ; being born again, or reproduced. 

^en-con'tre (ren-kon'ter ; F. raN'koN'tr'), n. [F.] = ren- 
counter, n. 

ren-coun'ter (ren-koun'ter), v. t. & i. [F. rencontrer ; re- 
-j- OF. encontrer to encounter.] To meet, esp. casually, as 
a friend. Now Rare. — n. 1. A hostile meeting, esp. a cas- 
ual one. 2. A personal contest, as in debate. 3. A meeting, 
esp. a casual meeting. — Syn. Combat, fight, clash. 

rend (rend), v. t.; rent (rent) ; rend'ing. [AS. rendan.2 
1. To part, tear off, or take away, by force. 2. To separate 
into parts with force ; tear asunder ; split ; burst ; as, to 
rend one's garments. — Syn. Break, rupture, lacerate, 
fracture. See tear. — v. i. To be rent or torn ; to become 
parted ; to split ; burst ; tear. — rend'er, n. 

ren'der (ren'der), v. t. [F. rendre to give up, translate, 
cause to become, fr. LL., fr. L. reddere; red-, re- + dare 
to give.] 1. To give or inflict in return or requital ; as, to 
render thanks. 2. To return ; restore ; hence, to give back 
by reflection, etc. Archaic. 3. To give ; deliver ; transmit ; 
as, to render a message. 4. To yield ; surrender ; as, to 



render one's life. 5. To state ; deliver ; as, to render an 
account ; to render judgment. 6. To furnish ; contribute j 
as, to render assistance. 7. To pay as due, esp. as tribute, 
etc. ; as, to render homage. 8. To cause to be or become ; 
as, to render a fortress secure. 9. To represent or depict ; 
of a musician or actor, to interpret or perform ; as, to 
render^ a song, role, etc. 10. To translate from one lan- 
guage into another. 11. To melt down ; extract or clarify 
by melting ; as, to render lard. 12. To apply a first coat of 
plaster to (a wall, etc.). 

— n. Law. 1. A return or conveyance made by the cognizee 
to the cognizor in a fine. 2. A return in kind, services, or 
money, esp. in kind or service, as by a tenant to his supe- 
rior. — ren'der-a-ble, a. — ren'der-er, n. 

ren'dez-vous (raN'de-voo ; rorj'- ; ren'-), n. ; pi. -vous, for- 
merly also -vouses (-voo'zez). [F. rendez-vous, properly, 
render yourselves, repair to a place.] 1. A place appointed 
for a meeting. 2. A refuge. Obs. 3. A meeting by appoint- 
ment. — v. i. & t. ; -voused (-vdod) ; -vous'ing (-voo'ing). 
To assemble ; meet, esp. by appointment. 

ren-di'tion (ren-dish'ftn), n. [OF.] 1. Act of rendering; 
esp., surrender. 2. Translation ; version. 3. Act of repre- 
senting, interpreting, or performing ; as, an actor's rendi- 
tion of a part. U. S. 

rend'rock 7 (rend'rok'), n. A kind of dynamite used in 
blasting, consisting of nitroglycerin, saltpeter, wood pulp, 
and paraffin or pitch. 

ren'e-gade (ren'e-gad), n. [Sp. renegado, LL. renegatus, 
fr. renegare to deny ; L. re- + negare to deny.] 1. An 
apostate from Christianity or from any form of religious 
faith. 2. A deserter ; traitor. — a. Traitorous ; apostate. 

ren'e-ga'do (-ga'do), n. ; pi. -does (-doz). A renegade. 

re-nege' (re-neg'), v. t.; re-neged' (-negd') ; re-neg'ing 
(-neg'ing). [LL. renegare to deny.] To deny ; disown ; 
renounce. Archaic. — v. i. 1. To deny. Obs. 2. Card 
Playing. To fail to follow suit when able to do so, in viola- 
tion of the rules ; revoke. — re-neg'er (-neg'er), n. 

re-nerve' (re-nurv'), v. t. To nerve again ; invigorate again. 

re-new' (re-nu'), v. t. 1. To make new again ; restore to 
freshness or vigor ; also, to gain again as new ; as, to renew 
one's strength. 2. To regenerate; as, renewed by the 
Spirit. 3. To begin again ; resume ; as, to renew one's 
efforts. 4. To repeat ; as, to renew a vow. 5. To revive ; 
reestablish ; rebuild ; as, to renew the sentiments of youth. 
6. To replace ; restore ; as, to renew one's equipment. 7o 
To grant or obtain an extension of ; continue in force for a 
fresh period ; as, to renew a note. 

Syn. Renew, renovate. To renew is esp. to make new, 
to lemake, or to begin afresh ; to renovate (commonly of 
material things) is esp. to restore to freshness by cleansing 
or repairing ; as, renewed vigor ; to renew a lease ; to reno- 
vate a house or the blood. 

— v. i. 1. To become new or as new. 2. To begin again. 
re-new'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being renewed. 
re-new'al (-al), n. A renewing, or state of being renewed. 
ren'i-form (ren'i-form ; re'ni-), a. [L. ren, renis, kidney 

+ -form.] Kidney-shaped. See leaf. Illust. 

re-ni'tent (re-ni'tent ; ren'i-tent), a. [L. renitens, -entis, 
p. pr. of reniti to strive against.] 1. Resisting pressure ; 
resistent. 2. Persistently opposed ; recalcitrant. — re- 
ni'ten-cy (re-ni'ten-si ; ren'i-ten-si), n. 

ren'net (ren'et ; 24), n. [ME., fr. rennen to run.] 1. The 
contents of the stomach of an unweaned calf or other 
animal, or the lining membrane of the stomach, used for 
curdling milk ; hence, also, any preparation of the stomach 
of animals which is used for that purpose. 2. Anything 
used to curdle milk, esp. the lady's-bed-straw. 3. Physiol. 
Chem. Rennin. 

ren'nin (ren'Tn),n. Physiol. Chem. A coagulating enzyme 
occurring in the gastric juice of man and the higher animals, 
the active constituent of rennet. 

re-nom'i-nate (re-nom'i-nat), v. t. To nominate again or 
anew. — re-nom'i-na'tion (-na'shwn), n. 

re-nounce' ( re-nouns' ), v. t.; re-nounced' ( -nounst' ) ; 
-nounc'ing (-noun'sing). [OF. renoncier, fr. L. renuntiar 
to bring back word, announce, renounce ; re- + nuntiare to 
announce, nuntius messenger.] 1. To give up, abandon, 
or resign ; as, to renounce a belief. 2. To repudiate ; 
cast off ; to refuse further to follow, recognize, etc. as, to 
renounce one's son. 3. Card Playing. To disclaim having 
a card of (the suit led) by playing a card of another suit. 
Syn. Disavow, disown, abjure, forswear, recant, retract, 
repudiate, disclaim, deny ; cast off, discard, reject ; revoke, 
recall, withdraw. — Renounce, abjure, forswear, re- 
cant, retract, repudiate agree in the idea of abandon- 
ing a former state, opinion, or assertion. To renounce is 
to make an affirmative declaration of abandonment ; as, 
to renounce a claim. To abjure (less often forswear) is to 
renounce solemnly, as under oath ; as, to abjure allegiance. 
To recant is to renounce or abjure, often formally or pub- 
licly, a proposition previously affirmed or maintained ; as, 
to recant one's heresies. To retract is to take back or 
withdraw an assertion or opinion ; as, to retract an accusa- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event>end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, &ra, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; duurj go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (37) j 



RENOUNCEMENT 



819 



REPEL 



tion. To repudiate is to disavow or disclaim responsibility 
for, or to reject as not authoritative or not binding ; as, to re- 
pudiate a doctrine, one's debts, [no cards of the suit led.l 

— v. i. Card Playing. Not to follow suit, because holding| 

re-nounce'ment (-ment), re. A renouncing; renunciation. 

re-nounc'er (-noun'ser), re. One who renounces. 

ren'O-vate (ren'6-vat ), v. t.; -v at'ed (-vat'ed ) ; -vat'ing. 
[L. renovatus, p. p. of renovare; re- re- + novare to 
make new, novus new. j To renew, make over, or repair ; 
restore to freshness, vigor, or the like. — Syn. See renew. 
— a. Renovated. 

ren'o-va'tion (-va/shun), re. Act or process of renovating, 
or state of being renovated. [ovates.l 

ren'o-va'tor (ren'6-va'ter), n. One who, or that which, ren-| 

re-nown' (re-noun'), n. [OF. tenon, fr. renomer to make 
famous, celebrate. See re- ; noun.] 1. The being widely 
and favorably known ; fame ; celebrity. 2. General report ; 
rumor. Obs. — Syn. See reputation. — v. t. To give 
renown to. Rare. [brated; eminent. | 

re-nowned' (re-nound'), a. Having renown ; famous ; cele-| 

rens'se-laer-ite (ren'se-ler-It ; ren'se-la'rlt), n. [After 

I Stephen Van Rensselaer. - ] Min. A soft, compact variety 
of talc, often worked in a lathe into inkstands, etc. 

rent (rent), pret. & p. p. of rend. 

rent, n. [From rend.] 1. An opening made by rending or 
tearing, esp. in cloth. 2. Fig. : A schism, a rupture of 
harmony. — Syn. Fissure, breach, rupture, tear, break. 

tent, re. [F. renie.fr. L. redder e. See render.] 1. Revenue. 
Obs. 2. Com. & Law. Periodical payment for the use of 
property ; esp. : a A certain periodical profit, whether in 
money, provisions, chattels, or services, issuing out of 
lands and tenements in payment for the use ; commonly, a 
certain pecuniary sum paid at fixed intervals by a tenant 
to his landlord, for the use of land or its appendages, b The 
return made by a hirer or user of personal property to the 
owner for the use thereof. 3. A piece of real property that 
is rented, or let out by the owner ; a tenement. Obs., exc. 
Colloq. or Cant, U. S. 4. Econ. a The excess of the return 
from a given piece of cultivated land over that from land of 
equal area that is barely fertile enough or barely near 
enough to market to yield a return to labor and capital 
without affording opportunity for the payment of rent 
(sense 2). It is equivalent to ordinary or commercial rent 
less interest on improvements, and nearly equivalent to 
ground rent (in sense 1). Called also economic rent, b 
Loosely, a return or profit from a differential advantage 
for production. — v. t. 1. To take and hold under an 
agreement to pay rent. 2. To grant possession of for rent ; 
lease. — v. i. To be leased or let. — rent'a-ble, a. 

rent'al (ren'tdl), n. [LL. rentale.'] 1. A rent roll. 2. The 
amount of a rent or rents. 

rente (raNt), re. [F. See 3d rent.] In France, annual 
income ; rent ; interest ; specif., in pi. rentes (in full, 
rentes sur l'fitat [raNt' siir la'ta']), interests payable by 
the government on the consolidated debt ; also, the bonds, 
shares, stocks, etc., representing this indebtedness. 

rent'er (ren'ter), n. One who rents ; esp., a lessee or tenant. 

[I ren'tier' (raN'tya'), re. [F. See 3d rent.] One who has 
a fixed income, as from lands, stocks, or the like. 

re-num/ber (re-num'ber), v. t. To number anew. 

re-nun'ci-a'tion (re-nun'sT-a'shSn ; -shi-a'shun), re. Act of 
renouncing. — Syn. Disavowal, disclaimer, rejection, ab- 
juration, recantation, abandonment, relinquishment. 

re-nun'ci-a-to-ry (re-nun'shT-d-to-n), a. Of or pert, to 
renunciation ; containing or declaring a renunciation. 

re-oc'cu-py (re-ok'u-pi), v. t. To occupy again. — re-OC'- 
CU-pa'tion (re-ok'u-pa'shun), n. 

re-o'pen (re-o'p'n), v. t. I. To open again. 2. To resume. 

re-or'der (-or'der), v. t. To order again, — n. Com. A 
subsequent order for goods given to the same person or 
firm, esp. within a short time. 

re-or'gan-i-za'tion (re-or'gdn-T-za'shun ; -T-za'shim), re. 
1. Act of reorganizing, or state of being reorganized. 2. 
Finance. The reconstruction or rehabilitation of a cor- 
poration, usually effected compulsorily. Cf . readjustment. 

re-or'gan-ize (re-or'gan-Iz), v. t. & i. To organize again or 
anew ; effect a reorganization of. — re-or'gan-iz'er, n. 

re-O'ri-ent (-o'n-ent), a. Rising again. Rare. 

rep (rjp), n. A ribbed fabric of silk or wool, or both. 

re-paint' (re-pant'), v. t. To paint again. 

re-pair' (re-par'), v. i. [OF. repairier to return.] 1. To 
go ; betake one's self. 2. To return. Obs. — re. 1. A haunt; 
resort. Now R. 2. A gathering ; concourse. Obs. 

re-pair', v. t. [F. reparer, L. reparare; re- re- + parare 
to prepare.] 1. To restore to a sound state after decay, in- 
jury, etc. 2. To remedy, heal, make right, or mend ; as, to 
repair | a loss. 3. To make amends or indemnification for 
(an injury, etc.) by an equivalent ; as, to repair an injus- 
tice. — Syn. Renew, amend, retrieve, recruit. 

•— re. 1. Act of repairing ; state of being restored to sound- 
ness, health, etc. ; restoration ; also, an instance or result of 
such restoration ; — often in pi. 2. Condition as to sound- 



as, a house in good, or bad, 
— re-pair'er, re. 
repandus bent backward.] 



ness, need of repairing, etc. ; 
repair. — re-pair'a-Ble, a. 

re-pand' (re-pand'), a. [L. 
Bot. Having a slightly undulating margin ; — said of leaves. 
See leaf, Illust. [of being repaired. I 

rep'a-ra-ble (rep'd-rd-b : I), a. [L. reparabilis.~\ Capable) 

rep'a-ra'tion (-ra'shun), re. [F. reparation, L. reparatio. 
See repair to mend.] 1. Act of repairing or restoring, etc., 
or state of being repaired or restored. 2. In pi. Repairs. 
Rare. 3. Act of making amends for a wrong, injury, etc. 
Syn. Recompense, redress, amends, requital, restitution, 
indemnity, satisfaction. — Reparation, redress, amends, 
requital agree in the idea of a return made. Reparation 
is applied chiefly to compensation or recompense for wrong, 
loss, or injury ; redress heightens the implication of satis- 
faction or remedy ; amends implies less formal satisfaction 
than redress or reparation; as, to make reparation for a 
wrong ; legal rcdresi ; to make amends for neglect. Requit- 
al may denote retaliation for injury or (oftener) a return 
for benefits ; as the requital of services or favors. 

re-par'a-tive (re-par'd-tTv), a. Repairing, or tending to 
repair ; pert, to repair or reparation. 

rep'ar-tee' (rep'dr-te'), re. [F. repartie, fr. repartir to re- 
ply.] A clever, ready, and witty reply ; skill in making such 
replies ; clever retorts collectively. — Syn. See reply. 

|| re-par'ti-mien'to (ra-par'te-myen'to), re. ; pi. -tos. [Sp., 
fr. repartir to divide.] A partition or distribution ; esp., a 
grant of land in conquered territory, including the right to 
exploit the labor of the natives living on or near it. 

re'par-ti'tion (re'par-tish'un ; re'pdr-), re. 1. Act, fact, or 
result of partitioning ; distribution. 2. A second or an addi- 
tional partition or distribution. 

re-pass' (re-pas'), v. t. & i. To pass again, esp. in the op- 
posite direction. — re-pas'sage (-pas'aj), re. 

re-past' (re-pasf), re. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. repascere to feed 
again. See re- ; pasture.] 1. Food, now only that compos- 
ing a meal ; hence : a meal ; feast. 2. Act, time, or occasion 
of taking food. Archaic. — v.t.& i. To feast ; feed. Rare. 

re-pa'tri-ate (-pa'trT-at), v. t. & i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. repatriare ; re- re- -f- patria native land.] To restore 
to one's own country, allegiance, or citizenship ; as, to repa- 
triate prisoners of war. — re-pa'tri-a'tion (-a'shwn), re. 

re-pay' (re-pa'), v. t.; -paid' (-pad') ; -pay'ing. 1. To pay 
back ; refund. 2. To give or do something for, in requital ; 
as, to repay one's kindness with gratitude. 3. To recom- 
pense ; as, to repay a kindness. 4. To give or inflict in 
payment, return, or requital. — v. i. To make payment, 
return, or requital. — Syn. Compensate, remunerate, sat- 
isfy, reimburse, requite. pay'a-ble, a. — -pay'ment, re. 

re-peal' (-pel'), v. t. [OF. rapeler to call back ; fr. re- re- ■+■ 
apeler. See appeal.] 1. To recall, as a grant, will, sentence, 
or statute ; revoke ; rescind. 2. To recall, as from exile. Obs. 

— Syn. Annul, cancel, reverse. See abolish. — re. Revoca- 
tion ; rescission ; abrogation ; as, the repeal of a law. — re- 
peal'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. — re-peal'er (-er), re. 

re-peat' (-pet'), v. t. [F. repeter, L. repetere; re- re- -f- 
petere to attack, seek.] 1. To say or utter again ; reiterate. 
2. To make, do, or cause to occur, again. 3. To say over 
from memory ; recite ; also, to utter after another. 
Syn. Repeat, reiterate. To repeat is to say or do some- 
thing over again ; reiterate applies to words oftener than 
to actions, and sometimes suggests repetition again and 
again ; as, to repeat a performance, to reiterate a demand. 

— v. i. 1. To say or do again what has been said or done. 
2. To vote more than once at an election, in violation of 
law. U. S. — re. 1. Act of repeating ; repetition. 2. A 
repetition or that which is repeated, as the repetition of a 
figure in a design on cloth, a reorder of merchandise, etc. 
Chiefly Cant. 3. Music. A passage to be repeated; a 
vertical series of dots used to direct repetition. 

re-peat'ed-ly, adv. More than once ; again and again. 

re-peat'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, repeats ; as : a 
A watch which, on pressure of a spring, strikes the time, b 
A small arm firing several shots without reloading ; — called 
also repeating firearm. C One who repeats at an election. 
U. S. d A person frequently imprisoned for crime. 

repeating decimal. Math. A decimal in which a single 
figure recurs ad infinitum, as, .13333 + ; also,^a decimal 
in which two or more figures recur, as .1454545 + ; — in 
this sense more accurately called circulating decimal. 

repeating firearm. A firearm that may be discharged many 
times in quick succession without reloading. 

re-pel' (-pel'), v. t. ; -pelled' (-peld') ; -pel'ling. [L. repel- 
lere, -pulsum ; re- re- + pellere to drive.] 1. To drive 
back ; repulse ; as, to repel an assailant. 2. Physics. To 
force, or tend to force, apart by mutual action at a distance ; 

— opp. to attract. 3. To resist or oppose effectually ; as, 
to repel an assault or argument. 4. To be incapable of 
adhering to, mixing with, or the like, as mercury to glass or 
oil with water. 5. To turn away ; refuse to receive ; reject ; 
as, to repel a suit or suitor. 6. To cause aversion in ; as, 
the sight repelled him. — Syn. Resist, oppose, repulse, 
refuse. — v. i. To exercise repulsion ; cause aversion. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



M 



REPELLENCE 



820 



REPRESENT 



The 







Q 



R 



re-pellence (re-pel'ens), re-pel'len-cy (-en-si), n. 
quality or capacity of repelling ; repulsion. 

re-pel'lent (-pel'ent), a. Repelling; able or tending to 
repel. — n. That which repels ; specif. : a Med. A medicine, 
as an application, which serves to check tumors, eruptions, 
etc. b A kind of waterproof cloth._ 

re-pel'ler,_n. One who, or that which, repels. 

re'pent (re'pent), a. [L. repens, -entis, creeping.] Bot. & 
Zo'ol. Creeping ; prostrate ; reptant. 

re-pent' (re-pent'), v. i. & t. [F. se repentir ; L. re- re- + 
poenitere to make repent.] 1. To feel penitence or regret 
for past conduct. 2. To change the mind with regard to 
one's conduct, from regret or dissatisfaction. 

re-pent'aiice (-pen'tans), n. Act of repenting, or state of 
being penitent; esp., contrition. — Syn. See contrition. 

re-pent'ant (-tant), a. 1. Penitent. 2. Expressing or show- 
ing repentance. — re-pent'ant-ly, adv. 

re-pent'er, n. One who repents. [as with animals. 

re-peo'ple (re-pe'p'l), v. t. To people anew ; also, to restock, 

re'per-CUSS' (re'per-kiis'), v. t. [L. repercussus, p. p. of 
repercutere to drive back.] To drive or beat back ; hence : 
to reflect ; reverberate. Obs. or R. 

re'per-cus'sion (-kush'wn), n. 1. A driving back ; state of 
being driven back ; also, reflection ; reverberation. 2. 
Music, a The reiteration of a tone or chord, b Reentry of 
a fugue subject after an exposition and episodes. 3. Ob- 
stetrics. In diagnosing pregnancy, the act of imparting 
through the uterine walla shocktothefetus, so thatit bounds 
upward, and falls back again against the examining finger. 

re'per-CUS'sive (-kiis'iv), a. 1. Causing to reverberate. 2. 
Driven back ; rebounding ; reverberated. 

rep'er-toire (rep'er-twar), or || re'per'tcire' (F. ra'per'- 
twar'), n. [F.] A list of dramas, operas, parts, etc., re- 
hearsed and ready for performance ; a repertory. 

rep'er-to-ry (rep'er-to-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz)^ [L. reper- 
torium, fr. reperire to find again.] 1. A repository ; store- 
house ; magazine. 2. A repertoire. 

rep'e-tend (rep'e-tend ; rep'e-tend'), n. [L. repetendus to 
be repeated, fr. repetere to repeat.] Math. That part of a 
repeating or circulating decimal which recurs continually. 

rep'e-ti'tion (rep'e-tish'un), n. [L. repetition 1. Act of 
repeating ; iteration ; reiteration. 2. Act of reciting, as 
something learned ; also, recital ; mention. 

rep'e-ti'tious (-tish'ws), a. Repeating; making repetition. 

re-phrase' (re-fraz'), v. t. To phrase anew or in a new form. 

re-pine' (re-pin'), v. i.; -pined' (-plnd'); -pin'ing (-pin'- 
Ing). [re- + pine to languish.] To feel depressing dis- 
content; complain; murmur. — re-pin'er (-pln'er), n. 

re-pique' (re-pek'), n. [F. repic. - ] In piquet, the scoring of 
thirty points before play begins and before one's opponent 
has scored, so securing the right to score ninety points. 

— v. t. ; re-piqued' (-pekt') ; -pi'quing (-peeking). To make 
a repique against. — v. i. To make a repique. 

re-place' (-plas'), v. t. ; -placed' (-plast') ; -plac'ing (-plash- 
ing). 1. To place again ; restore to a former place, condi- 
tion, or the like. 2. To take the place of ; supply the want 
of ; as, to replace lamps with gas. 3. To refund ; repay ; 
restore, as a sum borrowed. — re-place'a-ble, a. 
Syn. Replace, supersede, supplant. To replace is 
merely to take or to fill the place of something ; supersede 
commonly implies the setting aside of what is replaced ; to 
supplant is to supersede, esp. underhandedly ; as, to replace 
a loss ; to be superseded by a subordinate ; Jacob supplanted 
Esau. [replaced.l 

re-place'ment (-ment), n. Act of replacing ; state of being) 

re-plac'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, replaces. 

re-plant' (re-planf), v. t. To plant again. 

re-plead'er (re-pled'er), n. Law. A second pleading ; also, 
the right of pleading again. 

re-plen'ish (re-plen'ish), v. t. [OF. replenir ; L. re- re- -j- 
plenus full.] To fill again ; stock anew ; refill. 

re-plen'ish-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, replenishes. 

re-plen'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. A replenishing ; state of 
being replenished. 2. That which replenishes ; supply. 

re-plete' (~plet'), a. [OF. replet, L. repletus, p. p. of re- 
plere to fill again, fill up ; re- + plere to fill.] 1. Filled, 
esp. abundantly; abounding. 2. Full; complete; as, re- 
plete originality. Obs. or R. — Syn. See pull. 

re-ple'tion (-ple'shiin), n. Act of making, or state of being, 
replete, esp. in excess ; surfeit ; superabundant fullness. 

re-plev'i-a-ble (-plev'i-d-b'l), a. Also re-plev'i-sa-ble 
(-sd-b'l). Capable of being replevied. 

le-plev'in (-plev'in), n. [Deriv. fr. OF. replevir to pro- 
tect, give security for ; re- re- + plevir to pledge.] Law. 
a The return to, or recovery by, a person of chattels on giv- 
ing security for their conditional return in case of an ad- 
verse decision in an action for their possession, b The writ 
by, or the action in, which chattels are replevied. C Act of 
bailing a person, or the bail given. — v. t. Law. To replevy. 

re-plev'y (-1), v. t. ; -plev'ied (-id) ; -plev'y-ing. [OF. re- 
plevi, p. p. See replevin.] Law. a To take or get back by 
replevin, b To seize in replevin. — n. Law. Replevin. 



rep'li-ca (rep'lT-ka), n. [It., fr. replicare to repeat, reply.] 
A reproduction or copy, as of a picture or statue, esp. by the 
maker of the original. — Syn. See duplicate. 

rep'li-ca'tion (-ka'skan), n. [OF. replication, L. replica- 
tio. See reply.] 1. A reply ; specif., Law, the plaintiff's 
or complainant's reply, in matters of fact, to the defend- 
ant's plea or answer. 2. Repercussion, as of sound ; echo. 

re-pli'er (re-pll'er), n. One who replies. 

re-ply' (re-pll'), v. i.; -plied' (-plfd') ; -ply'tng. [OF. re- 
pliier to bend back, L. replicare to fold back, reply ; re- + 
plicare to fold.] 1. To answer in words ; respond ; rejoin ; 
hence, to echo. 2. To do something as a response to some- 
thing done ; as, to reply to a signal ; to reply to the fire of a 
battery. — v. t. To return as an answer. 

— ■ n. ; pi. -plies (-pllz'). 1. That which is said, written, or 
done in answer to what is said, written, or done by an- 
other ; answer ; response. 2. Law. A replication ; — now 
used only in Scots Law or in code pleading. 
Syn. Answer, reply, rejoinder, retort, repartee. An 
answer is a response in words to a question, a communi- 
cation, an objection, or an argument ; reply is somewhat 
more formal than answer. A rejoinder is strictly a reply- 
to a reply, but is often merely equivalent to reply. A retort 
is a short and pointed reply, esp. one that turns the tables 
on an assailant ; a repartee is a clever, good-natured retort. 

re-port' (re-port' ; 57), v. t. [F. reporter to carry back, car- 
ry, L. reportare to bear or bring back.] 1. To give an ac- 
count of ; relate ; tell. 2. To repeat, as something heard, or 
said, or received as a message ; hence, to make minutes of, 
as a speech ; also, to prepare an account of. 3. To state 
formally ; as, the treasurer reported a deficit. 4. Pari. 
Practice. To return or present (a matter officially referred) 
with the conclusions reached thereon. 5. To announce or 
relate, as what has been discovered by a person sent to 
examine, explore, or investigate ; as, a detective reports to 
his employer. 6. To prefer a charge of misconduct against 
(one) to a superior ; as, to report a servant to his employer. 

— v. i. 1. To make or furnish a report. 2. To present one's 
self, as for service ; as, to report at ten o'clock ; also, to give 
information, as one's address, etc. ; as, to report by letter. 

— n. 1. Common talk ; rumor ; hence : fame ; reputation. 
2. An account or relation, esp. of some matter specially 
investigated ; as, the report of an expert upon a mine. 3. 
An official statement of facts. 4. An account or statement 
of a judicial opinion or decision, or of legal cases ; in pi., the 
volumes containing such reports. 5. An account, as of a 
speech, debate, etc., as for publication. 6. An explosive 
noise ; as, the report of a gun. — Syn. Narration, recital, 
narrative, story ; hearsay. 

re-port'er (-por'ter ; 57), n. One who makes reports, as of 

legal proceedings, events, etc. ; esp., one who reports public 

proceedings, news, etc., for a newspaper. 
re-pos'al (re-poz'dl), n. Act of reposing something. 
re-pose' (-poz'), v. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'mg). 

[re- + pose.] 1. To place ; deposit. 2. To place, rest, or 

set (trust, hope, etc.) ; — used with in. 
re-pose' (re-poz'), v. t. [F. reposer, fr. LL. repausare; L. 

re- re- + pausare to pause.] To lay at rest ; rest ; — often 

reflexive ; as, to repose one's self on a couch. — v. i. 1. 

To lie or be at rest ; rest. 2. To confide ; rely. 3. To lie ; 

be supported ; recline ; as, his head reposed on a pillow. 

— n. 1. State of reposing ; rest ; quiet ; peace ; tranquillity. 
2. Composure of manner ; quiet ease of bearing. 3. Fine 
Arts. Harmony in the disposition of parts, colors, etc., 
such as gives rest to the eye. — Syn. See rest. 

re-pose'ful (-fool), a. Full of repose ; quiet. 

re-pos'it (-poz'it), v. t. [L. repositus, p. p. of reponere to 
put back ; re- re- + ponere to put.] To cause to rest or 
stay ; lay away ; deposit, as for safety ; store. 

re'po-si'tion (re'po-zish'un ; rep'6-), n. A replacing. Rare. 

re-pos'i-to-ry (re-poz'i-to-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. repo- 
sitorium.~] 1. Place where things are stored ; depository; 
storehouse. 2. A person to whom one confides something. 

re'pos-sess' (re'po-zes'), v. t. 1. To possess again ; regain 
possession of. 2. To restore to possession ; also, Scot., to 
reinstate ; — used with in. — re'pos-ses'sion (-zesh'wn), n. 

|| re-pous'se' (re-poo'sa'), a. [F., p. p., thrust back.] 
Formed in relief, as a pattern on thin metal beaten or 
pressed up from the reverse side ; also, shaped or orna- 
mented with patterns so made; as, repousse work. 

rep're-hend' (rep're-hend'), v. t. [L. reprehendere, -hen- 
sum, to check, blame ; re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of.] 
To reprimand ; blame ; censure. 

rep're-hen'si-ble (-hen'si-b'l), a. Worthy of reprehension; 
culpable. — rep're-hen'si-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), rep 7 re-hen'- 
si-ble-ness, n. — rep're-hen'si-bly, adv. 

rep're-hen'sion (-shim), n. Act of reprehending ; reproof ; 
blame ; reprimand. [reprehension or reproof. I 

rep're-hen'sive (-sTv), a. Of the nature of or conveying! 

rep're-sent' (rep're-zent'), v. t. [F. representer, fr. L. re- 
praesentare, -latum. See re- ; present.] 1. To bring 
clearly before the mind ; present. 2. To give one's own im- 



,ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, ftrn, wp, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



REPRESENTABLE 



821 



REPUBLICATION 



pressions and judgment of ; state with the design of affecting 
action or judgment ; as, he represented himself to be starv- 
ing. 3. To portray or depict ; exhibit ; as, to represent a 
figure in bronze. 4. To act the part of ; personate. 5. To 
present by means of something standing in the place of ; 
typify ; also, to symbolize ; as, words represent ideas or 
things. 6. To stand in the place of : speak and act with au- 
thority in behalf of ; as, a Congressman represents his dis- 
trict. 7. To serve as a specimen, example, or instance of ; 
as, a dozen races were represented in the steerage. — rep'- 
re-sent'a-ble (rep're-zen'td-b'l), a. 
rep're-sen-ta'tion (-zen-ta'shun), n. 1. A likeness, picture, 
model, or other reproduction. 2. A dramatic production or 
performance. 3. Act of setting forth by statement, account, 
etc., esp. for affecting action ; a statement or account so 
made ; sometimes, a protest. 4. Law. A statement of fact 
incidental or collateral to a contract, made orally or in writ- 
ing or by implication, on the faith of which the contract is 
entered into. 5. Fact of representing another, or state of 
being represented by another ; specif., the representing of 
another in a legislative body ; also, the system of choosing 
delegates to represent constituents ; as, no taxation without 
representation. 6. Delegates representing a constituency 
collectively ; as, the representation of a State in Congress. 

— Syn. Delineation, portraiture, description. 
rep're-sent'a-tive (-zen'td-tlv), a. 1. Representing, as by 

portrayal, agency, etc. ; as, the representative arts. 2. 
Pert, to, or founded on, representation of the many by 
delegates ; as, a representative government. 3. Typical ; 
as, a representative system. 

— n. One that represents ; as : a One that represents 
a number or class of persons or things ; a type, b An agent, 
deputy, or substitute ; esp., one who represents a commu- 
nity in its legislative or governing capacity ; in the U. S., a 
member of the lower house in the Congress or in a State 
legislature. — rep're-sent'a-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

re-press' (re-pres'), v. t. [L. repressus, p. p. of reprimere ; 
re- re- + premere to press.] 1. To check ; curb ; as, to 
repress a desire. 2. To press or crush back, down, or out ; 
quell ; suppress ; subdue ; as, to repress sedition. — Syn. 
See suppress. — re-press'er, n. 

re-pres'sion (-presh'un), n._ 1. A repressing, or state of 
being repressed. 2. That which represses ; check ; restraint. 

re-pres'sive (-pres'Iv), a. Having power or tending to re- 
press ; as, a repressive measure. — re-pres'sive-ness, n. 

re-prieve' (-preV), v. t.; -prieved' (-prevd') ; -priev'dmg. 

1. To delay ; postpone, esp. something evil. 2. To post- 
pone punishment of or execution of sentence on ; respite, as 
a criminal. 3. To relieve temporarily ; as, reprieved from 
pain. — n. 1. A reprieving ; state of being reprieved. 2. A 
respite or temporary escape. 

rep'ri-mand (rep'rl-mand), n. [F. reprimande, fr. L. re- 
primendus, fern, reprimenda, that is to be checked, fr. re- 
primere. See repress.] A severe or formal reproof. — (rep'- 
rl-mand ; rep'rl-mand'), v. t. To reprove severely ; repre- 
hend ; censure formally. — Syn. See reprove. 

re'prinf ( re'prlnt' ; re-print' ), n. A second or a new 
impression of a printed work ; specif., a facsimile copy. 

re-print' (re-print'), v.t. To print or impress again ; esp., to 
print another edition of. — re-print'er, n. 

re-pris'al (re-prlz'dl), n. (T. represaille, OF. reprisaille, 
fr. It. or LL., fr. L. reprehendere, -hensum. See repre- 
hend.] 1. Internat. Law. The act or practice of resorting 
to force, short of war, to procure redress of grievances, orig. 
by seizing property or persons ; also, an act or instance of 
this. Reprisals are either general, when the state is the ag- 
grieved party, or special, when an individual is injured 
and is authorized to enforce his redress. Acts of reprisal 
may be by embargo, sequestration, forcible seizure, retor- 
tion, or retaliatory acts of the nature of those complained 
of. 2. Any retaliation ; esp., in war, infliction of punish- 
ment or death on prisoners in retaliation. 3. A compensa- 
tion or return. Rare. — Syn. See requital. 

re-prise' (-prlz'), n. [Ft reprise, fr. reprendre, repris, 
to take back, L. reprehendere. See reprehend.] 1. Law. 
A deduction or charge to be made yearly out of a manor or 
estate, such as rent charge, pensions, etc. ; — usually in pi. 

2. Music. A repetition ; specif., a return to the first theme. 
re-proach' (-proch'), v. t. [F. reprocher.] 1. To charge 

with a fault ; rebuke ; censure. 2. To cast reproach, or 
bring disgrace or discredit, on. — Syn. Upbraid, blame, 
chide, condemn, — n. 1. A cause or occasion of blame, 
cemsure, disgrace, or discredit ; hence, disgrace, discredit, 
or the like, incurred. 2. Act of reproaching ; censure, re- 
buke, or blame. 3. An object of blame, censure, or scorn. — 
Syn. Disrepute, dishonor, opprobrium, contumely. — 
re-proach'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. — re-proach'a-ble-ness, n. 

re-proach'er, n. One who reproaches. 

re-proach'ftll (-fool), a. 1. Involving or deserving reproach, 
shame, or censure ; shameful. 2. Expressing or containing 
reproach or censure ; upbraiding ; as, a reproachful glance. 

— re-proach'iul-ly, adv. — re-proach'ful-ness, n. 



re-proach'ing-ly, adv. In a reproaching manner. 

re-proach'Iess, a. Irreproachable. 

rep'ro-bate (rep'ro-bat), a. [L. reprobatus, p. p. of reprc- 
bare. See reprove.] 1. Rejected ; condemned. 06s. or 
R., exc. : Theol. Condemned or rejected by God's decree; 
hence : abandoned ; depraved ; — said of persons. 2. Vi- 
cious ; corrupt. 06s. or R. — Syn. See abandoned. 

— n. A depraved, vicious, or unprincipled person ; scoundrel. 

— v. t. ; -bat'ed ( -bat'ed ) ; -bailing. 1. Theol. Of God, to 
reject, or foreordain to damnation. 2. To disapprove or 
condemn as unworthy ; reject. — Syn. See censure. 

rep'ro-ba'tion (-ba'shiin), n. Act of reprobating ; state of 
being reprobated. 

rep'ro-ba-tive (rep'ro-ba-tlv), a. Pertaining to or express- 
ing reprobation. — rep'ro-ba-tive-ly, adv. 

re'pro-duce' (re'pro-dus'), v. t. To produce again ; as : a To 
produce again by generation or the like ; as, to reproduce a 
rose, b To cause to exist again or anew, c To repeat, d To 
make an image, a copy, etc., of ; portray ; as, to reproduce a 
picture, etc. e To present or exhibit again ; as, to reproduce 
a witness. — v. i. To reproduce its kind. 

re'pro-duc'er (-dus'er), n. One who, or that which, repro- 
duces ; specif., in a phonograph, a device containing a 
sounding diaphragm and the needle or stylus that traverses 
the moving record for reproducing the sound. 

re'pro-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. 1. Act or process of repro- 
ducing ; state of being reproduced. 2. Biol. The process 
by which plants and animals give rise to offspring. 3. That 
which is reproduced or revived. 

re'pro-duc'tive (re'pro-duk'tlv), a. Of the nature of, or 
pertaining to, reproduction. — re'pro-duc'tive-ness, n. 

re-proof (re-proof), n. [See proof, reprove.] 1. Dis- 
grace ; ignominy. 06s. 2. Censure ; blame ; rebuke. — Syn. 
Admonition, reprehension, chiding. [sure ; censurable. I 

re-prov'a-ble (-proov'd-b'l), a. Deserving reproof or cen-| 

re-prov'al (-proov'dl), n. Reproof. 

re-prove' (-proov'), v. t.; -proved' (-proovd') ; -prov'ing. 
[OF. reprover (3d sing. pres. reprueve), fr. L. reprobare 
to disapprove ; re- + probare to test, prove.] 1. To chide 
as blameworthy ; rebuke. 2. To express disapprobation of ; 
censure. 3. To convince ; convict. 06s. — re-prov'er (re- 
proov'er), n. — re-prov'ing-ly, adv. 

Syn. Reprove, rebuke, reprimand, admonish, chide, 
upbraid, scold, rate, berate agree in the idea of reprehen- 
sion. To reprove is to express blame or censure, often 
kindly or without harshness ; rebuke implies sharp or 
stern reproof ; reprimand suggests reproof that is formal ; 
as, to reprove a child ; to rebuke a tempter ; to reprimand 
an officer. Admonish adds to reprove the implication of 
warning or counsel ; as, admonish him as a brother. Chide 
implies dissatisfaction ; upbraid, sharp or violent reproach ; 
as, to chide a truant ; he upbraided them with their unbe- 
lief. To scold is to chide rudely, clamorously, or with 
vituperation ; to rate or berate is to rebuke angrily or 
vehemently or to assail with abusive language ; as, to scold 
a workman ; Elizabeth rated great nobles. 

rep'tant (rep'tant), a. [L. reptans, -antis, p. pr. of rep- 
tare, v. intens. fr. repere to creep.] Creeping ; repent. 

rep'tile (-til ; -til), a. [F. reptile or L. reptile, prop. neut. 
of L. reptilis creeping, fr. L. repere, reptum, to creep.] 1. 
Creeping. 2. Hence : groveling ; low. 3. Of the nature of, 
or pert, to, a reptile or reptiles. — n. 1. An animal that 
crawls, or moves on its belly, as a snake, or on small, short 
legs, as a lizard. 2. A reptilian or, popularly, an amphibian. 
3. A groveling, mean, or despicable person. 

rep-til'i-an (-tll'I-dn), n. Zool. Any of a class (Reptilia) 
of air-breathing vertebrates, including alligators, crocodiles, 
lizards, snakes, and turtles ; a reptile. — a. Of or pert, to, 
like, or characteristic of, reptilians, a reptile, or reptiles. 

re-pub'lic (re-pub'IIk), n. [F. republic, L. respublica 
commonwealth; res thing, affair + publicus, publico,, 
public.]] A state in which the sovereign power reside- in 
a certain body of the people, and is exercised by represent- 
atives elected by, and responsible to, them ; a com- 
monwealth ; also, the form of government of such a state. 
republic of letters, the collective body of literary or 
learned men ; also, the field of literature. 

re-pub'lic-an (-11-kan), a. 1. Of, pert, to, consonant with, 
or favoring the principles of, a republic. 2. Designating or 
pert, to a political party called republican; esp. [cap.], U. 
S. Politics, one of the two great parties since 1S56, orig. 
made up from those opposed to the extension of slavery, 
esp. Freesoilers and many Whigs, Democrats, and Know- 
nothings. — n. 1. One who favors a republican government. 
2. [cap.] A member of the Republican party. U. S. 

re-pub'lic-an-ism (-Iz'm), n. 1. A republican form or sys- 
tem of government ; the principles or theory of republican 
government. 2. Attachment to, or political sympathy for, a 
republican form of government. 3. leap.'] The principles 
and policy of the Republican party. U. S. 

re-pub'lic-an-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'lng. To 
make republican in character, form, or principle. 

re-pub'li-ca'tion (-11-ka'shim), n. Act of republishing; 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this ffoik. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Eoreiga Word* + combined with. r> equals, 






N 



REPUBLISH 



822 



RESEAU 







R 



'that which is republished; a new promulgation; a fresh 

i publication, as of a book. 

re-pub'lish (re-pub'lish), v. t. To publish anew. 

re-pu'di-ate (re-pu'dT-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'tng. 
[L. repudiatus, p. p. of repudiare to repudiate, reject, 
fr. repudium separation, divorce.] 1. To divorce or put 
away, as a wife. 2. To cast off ; disown ; renounce ; as, to 
repudiate one's father. 3. To refuse to accept as true, just, 
of rightful authority or obligation, etc. ; as, to repudiate 
the claims of a pretender. 4. To refuse to acknowledge or 
to pay ; disclaim ; as, to repudiate a debt. — Syn. See 
renounce. — re-pu'di-a'tor (-a'ter), n. 

re-pu'di-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of repudiating, or state of 
being repudiated ; as, repudiation of a wife, doctrine, 
claim, debt, or the like. 

re-pugn' (-pun'), v. t. [L. repugnare, -natum; re- -f- pug- 
nare to fight.] To oppose ; resist. Obs. or Rare. — v. i. 
X. To be contradictory, at variance, inconsistent, contrary, 
or opposed. Obs. 2. To resist ; oppose. Obs. or Archaic. 

re-pug'nance (-pug'nans), n. 1. Inconsistency ; contradic- 
toriness ; as, a repugnance between two statements ; also, 
Obs., opposition ; resistance. _ 2. A strong antagonism. — 
Syn. Aversion ; antipathy ; dislike, disgust ; hostility, con- 
trariety. See ANTIPATHY. 

re-pug'nan-cy (re-pug'nan-s?), n. Repugnance. 
re-pug'nant (-nant), a. [L. repugnans, -antis, p. pr.] 

1. Inconsistent ; contradictory ; contrary. 2. Hostile ; 
opposing ; as, repugnant forces. 3. Distasteful ; offensive ; 
repulsive ; as, a repugnant face. — Syn. Opposite, 
opposed, adverse, inimical. — re-pug'nant-ly, adv. 

re-pulse' (-puis'), v. t.; -pulsed' (-pulsf) ; -puls'ing. [L. 
repuisus, p. p. of repellere. See repel.] 1. To repel ; 
beat or drive back. 2. To repel by discourtesy, coldness, or 
denial ; rebuff ; reject ; as, to repulse a suitor ; — n. 1. Act 
of repelling ; state of being repelled, in hostile encounter. 

2. Denial ; rebuff. — re-puls'er, n. 

re-pul'sion (-pul'shun), n. 1. A repulsing; state of being 
repulsed. 2. A feeling of aversion ; repugnance. 3. Phys- 
ics. Act of repelling, or the force with which bodies, parti- 
cles, or like forces, repel one another. 

rs-pul'sive (-siv), a. 1. Serving or able to repulse, or drive 
back. 2. Cold ; forbidding ; repellent ; as, a repulsive 
gesture. 3. Causing aversion or disgust ; offensive ; dis- 
gusting ; as, a repulsive sore ; a repulsive character or 
deed. — re-pul'sive-ly, adv. — re-pul'sive-ness, n. 

re-pur'chase (re-pur'chas), v. t. To buy back. — n. A 
repurchasing. — re-pur'chas-er, n. 

rep'u-ta-ble (rep'u-td-b'l), a. Having, or worthy of, good 
repute ; esteemed ; estimable. — Syn. Respectable, cred- 
itable. — rep'u-ta-bil'i-ty, n. — rep'u-ta-bly, adv. 

rep'u-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. I. Estimation in which one is 
held ; repute. 2. Specif., public esteem ; good name ; as, a 
man of reputation. 3. The general or public estimate of 
one as being, having, doing, or having done, some particu- 
lar thing ; — used with the and followed by of; as, the 
reputation of being a spy. 

Syn. Reputation, fame, renown, honor, glory, con- 
sideration, distinction. Reputation is the estimation 
in which one is held ; fame is wide celebrity ; as, his public 
fame was less than his private reputation. Renown is 
exalted or widespread fame ; honor emphasizes respect or 
esteem ; glory is signal and brilliant renown ; as, his renown 
reached abroad; "In her left hand riches and honor"; 
" The paths of glory." Consideration emphasizes the idea 
of regard, esp. as based on sterling qualities ; distinction is 
honorable preeminence ; as, consideration is "a little more 
than esteem, and a little less than admiration"; men of 
distinction. 

re-pute' (re-put'), v. t.; -put'ed (-putted); -put'ing. [L. 

, reputare to count over, think over, impute, repute; re- 
+ putare to count, think.] To hold in thought ; account ; 
esteem ; think. — n. 1. Character reputed or attributed ; 
reputation, good or bad. 2. Specif., good character or rep- 
utation ; — opp. to disrepute. 

re-put'ed (-put'ed), p. a. Having the reputation of being, 
or supposed to be, that expressed or impHed by the qualified 
noun ; as, the reputed owner. — re-put'ed-ly, adv. 

re-quest' (-kwest'), n. [OF. requeste, fr. LL. deriv. of L. re- 
quirere, -quisitum, to seek again, ask for.] 1. Act or an in- 
stance of asking for something desired ; expression of desire ; 
solicitation ; entreaty. 2. That which is asked for. 3. A state 
of being asked for or sought after ; demand ; as, to be in great 
request. — Syn. Petition, prayer, supplication, suit. 

— v. t. 1. To ask for (something) ; solicit ; as, to request a 
loan. 2. To ask (one) to do something ; as, to request one 
to go. — Syn. Beg, entreat, beseech. See ask. 

re'qui-em (re'kwl-em ; rek'wi-), n. [From L. requiem 
(ace. of requies rest), first word of the Mass.] 1. R. C. 
Ch. A Mass for the repose of a departed soul or souls. 
2. Music. A setting of the Mass for the dead. Also, a 
piece of like character for other words. 3. Any grand 
musical service or hymn in honor of the dead. 

req/ui-es'cat (rek'wT-es'kat), n. [L., fr. the phrase requi- 



escat in pace may he (she) rest in peace.] A prayer for the 
repose of the soul of a dead person. 

re-quire^ (re-kwir'), v. t.; -quired' (-kwTrd') ; -quir'ing 
(-kwlr'ing). [OF. requerre (3d sing. pres. requiert), deriv. 
of L. re- re- + quaerere to ask.] 1. To demand or enjoin ; 
claim as by right and authority ; exact ; as, to require one 
to be present. 2. To request. Archaic. 3. To demand or 
exact as necessary or appropriate ; need ; call for ; as, this 
requires haste. 4. To search for ; seek. Obs. — Syn. Di- 
rect, order. — v. i. 1. To request ; ask. Rare. 2. To be 
necessary. Rare. 3. To need ; be under a necessity. 

re-quire^nent (-ment), n._ l.Act of requiring; demand; 
requisition ; also, that which is required ; essential condi- 
tion. 2. That which is required or necessary ; need. 
Syn., Requirement, requisite. Requirement common- 
ly emphasizes the idea of something demanded or expected ; 
requisite, of something indispensable or essential ; as, 
registration is a requirement for voting ; uprightness is a 
requisite of good morals. 

req'ui-site (rek'wi-zit), a. [L. requisitus, p. p. of requirere 
to seek for.] Required by the nature of things, or by cir- 
cumstances ; necessary. — Syn. See needeul. — n. That 
which is required, necessary, or indispensable. — Syn. See 
requirement. — req'ui-site-ly , adv. — req'ui-site-ness, n. 

req'ui-si'tion (-zish'&n), n. 1. Act of requiring, or demand- 
ing, as of right ; an authoritative or formal demand or ap- 
plication ; as, a requisition for troops, money, etc. 2. 
State of being demanded or put to use ; as, carriages were 
put in requisition. 3. That which is required ; requirement. 

— v. t. 1. To make a requisition for ; demand ; press into 
service. 2. To make a requisition on. 

re-quit'al (re-kwlt'al), n. 1. Act of requiting; also, that 
which requites ; return. 2. Compensation for a loss. 
Syn. Requital, retaliation, reprisal, revenge, venge- 
ance, retribution. Requital (see also reparation) de- 
notes a return of any sort for injuries received ; retalia- 
tion implies more specifically a rendering of evil for evil ; 
reprisal is applied esp. to retaliation in warfare, whether 
by forcible seizure of property or by infliction of injuries 
similar to those received. Revenge is retaliation esp. for 
personal wrong or injury, and usually implies resentment, 
spite, or malice ; vengeance is sometimes used of passion- 
ate revenge, but oftener implies stern or righteous indigna- 
tion. Retribution is condign punishment. 

re-quite' (-kwlf), v. t.; -quit'ed (-kwlt'ed); -quit'tng. 
[re- -f- quit."] 1. To repay (as a benefit or injury) ; make 
leturn for ; as, to requite evil with good. 2. To repay (as a 
person) for a benefit or for an injury ; to reward or to re- 
taliate on ; as, to requite one for a kindness. 3. To com- 
pensate, or make up for ; as, the charms of travel more 
than requite its inconveniences. — Syn. Pay, remunerate, 
recompense, punish, revenge. — re-quit'er (-kwlt'er), n. 

re-read' (re-red'), v. t. To read again. 

rere'brace' (rer'bras'), n. [Cf. F. arriere-bras. See rear; 
brace.] In medieval armor, plate armor for the upper part 
of the arm. 

rere'dos (rer'dos), n. [rear •+■ F. dos back, L. dorsum.] 

1. A screen or partition wall, usually ornamental, behind 
an altar. 2. The back of a fireplace or open hearth. Archaic. 

rere'mouse' (rer'mousO, n. ; pi. -mice (-mis'). [AS. hrere- 
mus.~\ A bat. 06s. or Dial. 

re-rise' (re-rlz'), v. i. To rise again. 

re-sail' (re-sal'), v. t. & i. To sail again ; also, to sail back. 

re-sale' (re-sa.1' ; re'sal'), n. Act of selling again. 

re-scind' (re-sTnd'), v. t. [L. rescindere, -scissum; re- Ar 
scindere to cut, split.] 1. To abrogate ; annul. 2. Specif., 
to vacate or make void, as a law ; repeal. — Syn. See 
abolish. — re-scind'er, n. 

re-scis'sion (-sizh'ftn), n. Act of rescinding. 

re-scis'so-ry (-sis'6-n ; -siz'-), a. Rescinding ; revoking. 

re'script (re'sknpt), n. [L. rescriptum, fr. rescribere to 
write back, reply ; re- + scribere to write.] 1. Roman & 
Civil Law. The written answer of a Roman emperor or of 
a prince to an inquiry upon some matter of law or state. 

2. R. C. Ch. The official reply of the Pope upon a question 
of canon law or morals. 3. Any official or authoritative 
order, decree, or the like. ' 

res'cue (res'ku), v. t.; -cued (-kud) ; -cu-ing. [OF. res- 
courre, fr. L. re- re- + excutere to shake or dnve out ; ex 
out + quatere to shake.] 1. To free from cenfi r.ement, vio- 
lence, danger, or evil. 2. Law. To take forcibly from legal 
custody. — Syn. Retake, recapture ; deliver, liberate, re- 
lease. See save. — n. Act of rescuing. — res'cu-er, n. 

rescue grass. A tall brome grass (Bromus unioloides) 
somewhat like chess, cultivated for hay and forage. 

re-search' (re-surch'), n. [OF. recerche.2 1. A searching 
for something, esp. with care or diligence. 2. Careful or 
critical examination in seeking facts or principles ; diligent 
investigation. — Syn. See examination. — v. i. To make 
researches or investigations. — re-search'er, n. 

re-seat' (re-set'), v. t. 1. To seat or set again. 2. To put a 
new seat, or new seats, in. 

II re'seau' (ra'zo'), n. [F.] A network ; specif. : a Astron. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, evenl^end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
ftse, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; .sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87)^ 



RESECT 



823 



RESILIENT 



A system of lines forming small squares of standard size, 
which is photographed on the same plate with star images 
to facilitate measurements, etc. b In lace, a ground or 
foundation of regular meshes, like network. 

re-sect' (re-sekf), v. t. [L. resectus, p. p. of resecare to 
cut off ; re- re- + secare to cut.] To cut or pare off ; 
excise. 06s. or Surg. 

re-sec'tion (-sek'shun), n. [L. resectio."] Surg. The ex- 
cision or cutting out of a portion of bone, nerve, or other 
structure. 

res'e-da'ceous (res'e-da'shus), a. [L. reseda a kind of 
plant.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Resedaceas) of herbs, 
the mignonette family, having alternate or fascicled leaves 
and racemose irregular flowers. 

re-sell' (re-sel'), v. t. To sell again. 

is-sem/blance (re-zem'blans), n. 1. Quality or state of re- 
sembling ; similarity. 2. A likeness ; semblance. Rare. 3. 
Characteristic appearance. Rare. 4. Probability. 06s. 
Syn. Likeness, similarity, resemblance, semblance, 
analogy, agreement, affinity. Likeness commonly 
implies closer correspondence than similarity, which often 
applies to things merely somewhat alike ; resemblance 
suggests esp. superficial or external similarity ; as, a speak- 
ing likeness ; the brothers bore a close resemblance to each 
other, but there was no other similarity. Semblance often 
suggests mere outward show or seeming ; as, a wretched 
semblance of a smile. Analogy is similarity or (esp.) paral- 
lelism of relations ; as, the analogy between the world and 
the stage. Agreement implies mutual conformity ; affin- 
ity suggests inherent agreement, or such similarity as arises 
from kinship in nature ; as, length and duration have a cer- 
tain agreement; these fictions have some affinity with fact. 

re-sem'ble(-b'l), v. t. ; -seh'bled (-b'ld) ; -sem'bling. [OF. 
resembler, fr. re- + sembler to seem, fr. L. similare, simu- 
lare, to imitate.] 1. To be like or similar to. 2. To com- 
pare. Archaic. — re-sem'bler (-bier), n. 

re-send' (re-send'), v. t. To send again, or, 06s., back. 

re-sent' (re-zent'), v. t. [F. se ressentir de to feel the effects 
of ; L. re- re- -+- sentire to feel.] To feel, express, or exhibit 
indignant displeasure at. 

re-sent'ful (-fool), a. Full of resentment or inclined to 
resent. — re-sent'ful-ly, adv. — re-sent'ful-ness, n. 

re-sent'raent (-ment), n. A feeling of indignant displeasure 
because of something regarded as a wrong, insult, etc. 
Syn. Anger, displeasure, choler, indignation ; enmity, 
hatred, ill will, animosity, dudgeon, malice, spite, grudge, 
rancor, malignity, pique. — Resentment, dudgeon, 
malice, spite, grudge, rancor. Resentment is indig- 
nant displeasure, often with animosity, esp. as excited by 
affront or personal injury; dudgeon (chiefly in "in high 
dudgeon," "in deep dudgeon," etc.) adds the implication of 
pique or ruffled temper. Malice implies active or malig- 
nant ill will ; spite is mean or petty malice. A grudge is a 
cherished feeling of resentment or sullen hostility ; rancor 
is deep-seated and inveterate malice or spite. 

res'er-va'tion (rez'er-va'shun), n. 1. A keeping back, or 
concealing ; that which is kept back ; as, a mental reserva- 
tion. 2. A reserving or keeping, esp. for one's self ; as, the 
reservation of rights by the States ; also, that which is re- 
served. 3. Limiting condition ; limitation ; as, to agree to a 
plan with certain reservations. 4. A tract of public land 
reserved for special use ; as, an Indian reservation. U. S. 

re-serve' (re-zurv'), v. t.; -served' (-zurvd'); -serv'ing 
(-zur'ving). [F. reserver, L. reservare, -vaturn; re- + ser- 
vare to keep.] 1. To keep in store, as for future use ; keep 
in reserve. 2. To keep back ; not to deliver, make over, or 
disclose at once ; as, to reserve a right. 3. To set aside or 
apart ; keep ; as, to reserve a seat. 4. Eccl. To set aside (a 
portion of the consecrated elements) at the celebrating of 
the Eucharist, as for subsequent administration of Mie 
Communion to the sick. 

— n. 1. That which is reserved ; store ; extra supply. 2. 
Mil. a Troops reserved from action to be ready as a rein- 
forcement or relief ; — usually in pi. b The military or naval 
forces not in active service, but available ; also, a member of 
these. 3. Finance. Funds kept on hand to meet demands. 
4. Something reserved for a particular purpose ; specif., a 
tract of (esp. public) land set apart for some purpose ; a 
reservation ; as, forest reserves. 5. Act of reserving, keep- 
ing back, or excepting; as, to declare without reserve; 
that which is reserved ; reservation. 6. Self-restraint or 
caution in words and bearing ; as, a dignified reserve. — 
Syn. Retention, limitation ; backwardness, restraint. 

— a. Constituting, or of the nature of, a reserve. 

re-served' (-zurvd'), p. a. 1. Restrained in words or ac- 
tions ; backward or cautious in communicating one's 
thoughts, etc. 2. Set aside for future or special use. — 
Syn. ^Reticent; distant. See silent. — re-serv'ed-ly 
(-zur'ved-li), adv. [army organization.! 

re-serv'ist (-vist), n. Mil. A member of the reserves of an| 

Tjes'er-voir (rez'er-vwor ; -vwar), n. [F. reservoir, fr. LL. 

reservatorium.j 1. A place where anything is kept in store ; 

specif.: a Esp., a place where water is collected and kept 

for use when wanted, chiefly in large quantity, as to supply 



a city, drive a mill wheel, etc. b A part of an apparatus, 
as a range or a student lamp, in which a liquid is held. 2. 
A reserve supply ; a store. 
re-set' (re-set'), v. t. To set again ; as, to reset type, a saw. 

— (re-set' ; re'seV), n. Act of resetting ; a thing reset. 
re-set'tle (re-set't'l), v. t. & i. To settle again. — re-set'- 

tle-ment (-ment), n. 

re-shape' (re-shap'), v. t. To shape anew. 

re-ship' (re-ship'), v. t. To ship again ; specif. : a To put on 
board of a vessel a second time ; transfer to another ship, 
b To put in place or set up again. — re-ship'ment(-mcnt),ra. 

re-side' (re-zld'), v. i.; -sid'ed (-zld'ed) ; -sid'ing. [F. re- 
sider, L. residere; re- + seder e to sit.] 1. To dwell perma- 
nently or for a considerable time. 2. To be present ; inhere ; 
be as an attribute or element ; as, the power of thought 
resides in the mind. 

Syn. Reside, live, dwell, abide, sojourn, stay, lodg9 
agree in the idea of continuance in a given place. Live is 
the word in everyday use to express the general notion of 
having one's home in a place ; reside is more formal, and 
often implies certain legal relations. Dwell (except in 
dwelling house) and abide now belong chiefly to poetry or 
elevated prose, and abide implies more of fixedness. So- 
journ, on the other hand, is used of temporary residence ; 
it is somewhat bookish ; stay, lodge (the last with special 
reference to sleeping quarters) are commoner in this sense. 

res'i-dence (rez'i-dens), n. 1. Act or fact of residing in a 
place for some time ; act of making one's home in a place. 

2. The place or house where one resides ; dwelling place. 

3. The place where anything rests permanently ; esp., the 
seat of a power, prerogative, or the like. 4. Period or dura- 
tion of one's abode in a place. — Syn. Sojourn, stay ; 
dwelling, mansion. See habitation. 

res'i-den-cy (-den-si), n.; pi. -azs (-siz). The official res- 
idence of, or the territory subject to, a resident (in oense 2). 

res'i-dent (-dent), a. [L. residens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. Resid- 
ing ; dwelling in a place for some time ; residing, as on one's 
own estate ; — opp. to nonresident. 2. Abiding ; present ; 
inherent. — resident ambassador. See ambassador. 

— n. 1. One who resides in a place. 2. A diplomatic agent 
residing at a foreign court or seat of government ; esp., the 
representative of a government in a protectorate of it. 

res'i-dent-er (-den-ter ; Scot. rez'T-den'ter), n. A resident ; 
inhabitant. Chiefly Scot. & U. S. 

res'i-den'tial (-den'shal), a. 1. Suitable for residences. 
2. Pert, to, or connected with, residence or residences. 

res'i-den'tia-ry (-shd-ri), a. Having residence; residing; 
resident. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). One who is resident. 

re-sid'er (re-zld'er), n. One who resides ; a resident. 

re-sid'u-al (re-zid'u-al), a. Pert, to, consisting of, or consti- 
tuting a residue, residuum, or remainder. — n. A remain- 
der; residuum; specif.: a Math. (1) The difference of the 
results obtained by observation, and by computation from 
a formula. (2) The difference between the mean of several 
observations and any one of them, b A residual product 
or substance. 

re-sid'u-a-ry (-zic£i-a-ri), a. Residual, 
residuary clause, Law, that part of a testator's will in 
which the residue of his estate is disposed of. 

res'i-due (rez'i-dii), n. [F. residu, L. residuum, neut. of 
residuus remaining, fr. residere. See reside.] 1. That 
which remains after a part is taken or designated ; remnant ; 
remainder. 2. Law. The part of a testator's estate, or of 
any part thereof, remaining after the satisfaction of all 
debts and previous devises and bequests. — Syn. Rest, 
residuum, remains, leavings, relics. 

re-sid'u-urn (re-zidl£-um), n.; pi. -sid'ua (-&). [L.] 1. 
That which remains after certain deductions are made ; 
that which remains after any process, esp. of separation 
or purification ; a residual product. 2. Law. = residue, 2. 
— Syn. See remainder. 

re-sigll' (re-zln'), v. t. [F. resigner, L. resignare to unseal, 
annul, resign ; re- re- + signare to seal, stamp.] To give 
back ; yield to another ; surrender. — Syn. See abdicate, 
relinquish. — v. i. To surrender an office or position. 

res'ig-na'tion (reVIg-na'shun), n. l.Act or fact of resign- 
ing ; surrender. 2. State of being resigned, or submissive ; 
quiet or patient submission or acquiescence. — Syn. Re- 
linquishment, abdication, renunciation. See patience. 

re-Signed' (re-zlnd'), p. a. Submissive; yielding ; acquies- 
cent. — re-sign'ed-ly (-zm'ed-li), adv. — ed-ness, n. 

re-sign'er, n. One who resigns. 

re-sile' (-zil') ; v. i.; -siled' (-zlld') ; -sll'lng. [L. resilire 
to leap or spring back, withdraw ; re-_ re- + salire to 
spring.] To start or draw back ; recoil ; return to its 
original position or conformation, as an elastic body. 

re-sil'i-ence (-zil'i-ens) 1 n. 1. Act or capacity of rebound- 

re-sil'i-en-cy (-en-si) J ing, or springing back ; elasticity, 
lit. or fig. 2. Mech. The energy given out by a body which 
is released after being strained up to its elastic limit, or the 
energy to deform a bar to its elastic limit. 

re-sil'i-ent (-ent), a. [L. resiliens, p. pr. of resilire to 
spring back ; re- + salire to leap.] 1. Rebounding; re- 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 14 foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



K 



RESILIOMETER 



824 



RESPECTABLE 







R 



coiling; returning to or resuming the original position or 
shape; specif., Mech., of a body, capable of withstanding 
sudden shock without permanent deformation or rupture. 
2. Fig., possessing power of recovery ; elastic ; buoyant. 

re-siTi-om'e-ter (re-ziFi-om'e-ter), to. Mech. An* instru- 
ment for testing resilience. 

res'in (rez'in), to. [F. resine, L. resina."] Any of various 
solid or semisolid organic substances, chiefly vegetable, 
yellowish to brown, transparent or translucent, nonconduc- 
tors of electricity, and soluble in ether, alcohol, etc., but 
not in water ; specif., rosin. 

— v. t. To treat, as by rubbing or coating, with resin. 
res'in-if'er-OUS (rez'i-nif'er-Ms), a. [resin + -ferous.~\ 

Yielding resin ; as, a resiniferous tree or a resiniferous 

duct. 
res'in-oid (rez'i-noid), a. Somewhat like resin; more or 

less resinous. — to. A resinoid substance. 
res'in-ous (-mis), a. 1. Of, pert, to, characteristic of, or of 

the nature of, resin. 2. Elec. Negative. See negative 

ELECTRICITY. 

res'in-y (-m), a. Resinous. 

res'i-pis'cence (reVi-pis'ens), to. [L. resipiscentia, fr. re- 

sipiscere to recover one's senses.] Change of mind; 

repentance. Rare. 
re-sist' (re-zist'), v. t. [F. resister, L. resistere; re- -J- si- 

stere, causative of stare to stand.] 1. To stand against ; 

withstand. 2. To strive against ; endeavor to counteract 

or defeat ; antagonize ; as, to resist evil. — Syn. See oppose. 

— v. i. To make opposition ; offer resistance. 

ie sist'ance (-zis'tans), to. 1. Act or capacity of resisting ; 
opposition. 2. Physics. Any opposing force. 3. Elec. 
The opposition of a substance to the passage through it of 
an electric current ; the reciprocal of conductance. 

re-sist'ant (-tant), a. Making resistance; resisting. — n. 
One who, or that which, resists. 

re-sist'er, to. One who, or that which, resists. 

re-sist'i-ble (-tl-b'l), a. Capable of being resisted. — re- 
sist'i-bil'i-ty^ (-bil'i-ti), to. — re-sistl-bly, adv. 

re-sis'tive (-zis'tTv), a. Tending or disposed to resist. 

le'sis-tiv'i-ty (re'zis-tiv'i-ti), to. Elec. Specific resistance, 
expressed in terms of volume or (less commonly) of mass. 

le-sist'less, a. 1. Irresistible. 2. Having no power to resist ; 
making no opposition. — re-sist'less-ly , adv. — re-sist'- 
less-ness, to. 

re-sis'tor (re-zis'ter), to. Elec. A device, as a resistance 
coil, providing a resistance for an electric current. 

res'O-IU-ble (rez'6-lu-b'l), o. [L. resolubilis.l Admitting 
of being resolved ; soluble ; resolvable. — res'o-lu-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-ti), res'o-lu-ble-ness, to. 

res'O-lute (rez'6-lut), a. [See resolve.] Having a decided 
purpose ; determined ; firm ; steady. — Syn. Decided, fixed, 
steadfast, constant, persevering, unshaken. — n. A reso- 
lute person. — res'o-lute-ly, adv. — res'o-lute-ness, to. 

les'O-lu'tion (-lu'shwn), to. 1. Act or process of resolving, 
or reducing to simpler form or to component parts. 2. Gr. 
& Lat. Pros. The substitution for a long syllable of two 
equivalent shorts. 3. Music, a The passing of a voice part 
from a dissonant to a consonant tone, b The consonant 
tone or consonance in which the dissonance is resolved. 

4. Act of, or quality of mind admitting or productive of, re- 
solving or determining ; resoluteness ; also, that which is re- 
solved, or decided on ; determination ; firmness ; constancy. 

5. A formal expression of the opinion or will of an assembly 
adopted by vote. — Syn. Analysis, separation, disentangle- 
ment ; perseverance, steadfastness, fortitude ; purpose, re- 
solve. See decision. 

jes'o-lu'tion-er (-er), to. One who makes a resolution; 
specif. [Usually cap."], Scot. Hist., one favoring the resolu- 
tion of 1650. See protester, b. 

re-SOlv'a-ble (re-zol'va-b'l),a. Admitting of being resolved. 
— re-solv'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), re-solv'a-ble-ness, to. 

re-solve' (re-zolv'), v. t.; -solved' (-zolvd') ; -solv'ing. [L. 
resolvere, -solutum, to loosen, relax ; re- + solvere to loos- 
en, dissolve.] 1. To dissolve (into) ; melt. Obs. or Rare. 2. 
To distinguish between, or render visible the separate parts 
of, by means of an optical instrument ; as, to resolve lines 
in a spectrum. 3. Music. To make (one or more voice parts 
or the total harmony) progress from a discord into a con- 
cord. 4. To separate (into component parts or elements) ; 
change or convert by disintegration (into) ; transform, re- 
duce, as by analysis, or convert (into, to) ; analyze. 5. To 
change or convert by resolution or formal vote ; as, the Sen- 
ate resolved itself into a committee. 6. To answer or solve, 
as a problem ; disentangle ; explain ; hence, to clear up ; as, 
to resolve a riddle. 7. To determine or decide ; settle, or 
settle on ; as, he was resolved to aid them. 8. To declare 
or decide by a formal vote ; — followed by a clause. 9. To 
free from doubt or the like ; acquaint ; inform ; assure. Obs. 

■— v. i. 1. To disintegrate ; be reduced, as by dissolving or 
analysis. 2. Music. To progress from a discord to a con- 
cord ; — said of a voice part or of the total harmony. 3. To 
form a purpose or resolution ; determine after reflection ; as, 



to resolve on a better course of life. — Syn. Decide, con« 
elude, determine, purpose. 

— to. 1. That which has been resolved on, or determined ; a 
conclusion. 2. Resolute quality ; determination. 3. A reso- 
lution of a deliberative body. Obs. or U. S. 

re-solved' (-zolvd'), p. a. Having a fixed purpose ; deter- 
mined; resolute. — re-solv'ed-ly (-zol'ved-li), adv. 

re-SOlv'ent (-vent), a. [L. resolvens, p. pr. of resolvers. 
See resolve.] Having power to resolve ; solvent. Chiefly 
Med. — n. 1. Med. That which has power to disperse 
inflammatory or other tumors ; a discutient. 2. That which 
has the power of resolving, or causing solution ; a solvent. 

re-solv'er (-zol'ver), to. One who, or that which, resolves. 

res'o-nance (rez'6-nans), to. 1. Act of resounding by re- 
flection of sound or by sympathetic vibration ; quality or 
state of being resonant. 2. Physics. A prolongation or in- 
crease of sound due to sympathetic vibration of some body 
capable of moving in the proper period ; hence, the counter- 
part of this phenomenon in the case of vibrations other than 
sound ; as, electric resonance. 

res'o-nant (-ndnt), a. [L. resonans, p. pr. of resonare to 
resound.] 1. Resounding ; reechoing ; as, resonant elo- 
quence. 2. Physics. Pert, to or exhibiting resonance. 3. 
Echoing ; sounding ; — used with with ; as, a grove reso- 
nant with the fall of water. — res'o-nant-ly, adv. 

res'o-nate (-nat), v. i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. Phys- 
ics. To exhibit resonance ; vibrate sympathetically with 
some source of sound or electric oscillations. 
resonating system. = resonator, 2. 

res'o-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 1. Any body that is resonant (in 
sense 2). 2. Specif., Wireless Teleg., the antenna system 
and other high-frequency circuits of a receiving apparatus ; 
a resonating system. 

re-sorb' (re-sorb'), v. t. [L. resorbere; re- re- -f- sorbere to 
suck or drink in.] To swallow or suck in again ; reabsorb. 

— re-sorb'ence (-bens), to. — re-sorb'ent (-sor'bent), a. 
res-or'cin (rez-or'sin), to. [G., fr. L. resina resin -j- G. 

orcin orcin.] Chem. A colorless, crystalline compound, 
C6H4(OH)2(to), obtained from certain resins and also arti- 
ficially. It is used in making certain dyestuffs, and in 
medicine. — res'or'cin-al (-si-nal), a. 

re-sorp'tion (re-s6rp'shun), to. 1. Act or process of resorb- 
ing ; reabsorption. 2. Petrog. The redissolving wholly or in 
part, in the molten magma of an igneous rock, of crystals 
previously formed. — re-sorp'tive (-tiv), a. 

re-sort' (re-zorf), v. i. [OF. resortir to go out again, with- 
draw ; re- + sortir to go out.] 1. To go ; repair ; betake 
one's self, esp. customarily or usually. 2. To have recourse j 
betake one's self for help, relief, etc. ; as, to resort to force. 

— to. 1. That to which, or one to whom, one resorts for help ; 
resource ; refuge ; as, a last resort. 2. Act of going, or mak- 
ing application ; recourse ; as, to have resort to arms. 3. 
Frequent, habitual, or general going or visiting; as, a 
place of popular resort. 4. A place of frequent assembly ; 
haunt ; as, "far from all resort of mirth." — re sort'er, to. 

re-sound' (re-sound'), v. t. & i. To sound again or anew. 

re-sound' (re-zound'), v. i. [OF. resoner, fr. L. resonare; 
re- + sonar e to sound.] 1. To be filled with sound ; 
reverberate ; as, the earth resounded with his praise. 2. To 
be echoed ; produce an echo ; as, the cry resounded through 
the hall. 3. To be renowned ; as, his name resounded 
through the ages. — v. t. 1. To extol with sounds ; pro- 
claim. Rare. 2. To say or repeat loudly or echoingly. Obs. 
or R. 3. To echo ; reecho. 

re-source' (-sors' ; 57), to. [OF. resorse, fr. ressourdre, re- 
sourdre, to spring forth or up again. See source.] 1. That 
to which one resorts for supply or support ; expedient. 2. 
In pi. Pecuniary means ; funds ; available means ; as, a na- 
tion's resources. 3. A means of diversion ; as, a man with- 
out resources. 4. Ability to meet a situation or the like ; as, 
a man of resources. — Syn. Resort, contrivance. 

re-source'ful (-fool), a. Full of, or abounding in, resources ; 
fertile in expedients ; rich. — re-SOUrce'f ul-ness, to. 

re-spect' (re-spekt'), v. t. [L. respectare, v. intens. fr. re- 
spicere, -spectum, look back, respect ; re- + specere, spi- 
cere, to look.] 1. To regard ; heed. 06s. 2. To relate to ; be 
concerned with. 3. To consider worthy of esteem ; hence, to 
refrain from obtruding upon ; as, to respect one's privacy. 

— Syn. Regard, esteem, honor, revere, venerate. 

— to. 1. Relation ; relationship ; reference ; regard ; as, with 
respect to, in respect of, etc. 2. A point regarded ; a partic- 
ular ; detail ; as, in some respects. 3. Regard ; considera- 
tion. 4. Favor ; partiality ; discrimination ; as, to show 
respect of persons. 5. A consideration ; motive. Obs. 
6. Esteem ; deferential regard ; honor. 7. In pi. Expres- 
sions of respect or deference ; regards ; as, to send one's 
respects to another. — Syn. See deference, esteem. 

re-spect'a-bil'i-ty (-spek'td-bil'i-ti), to. 1. Quality or state 
of being respectable. 2. A person or thing that is respecta- 
ble. 3. Importance. Obs. or R. 

re-spect'a-ble (-spek'td-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of respect; 
hence, of good or fair repute. 2. Considerable, as in size or 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event. end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; <cliair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



RESPECTABLY 



825 



RESTLESS 



number; also, moderate in excellence or number ; fair ; as, 
a respectable audience. 3. Decent in behavior, character, 
or appearance. — re-spect'a-bly, adv. 
re-spect'er, n. One who respects. — respecter of persons, 
one who regards or judges with partiality. 
re-spect'ful (-spekt'fool), a. Full of, or characterized by, 

respect ; regardful (of). ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

re-spect'ing (re-spek'tihg), prep. 1. Considering; in view 
of. 2. With regard to ; concerning. 
re-spec'tive (-spek'tiv), a.l. Regardful ; circumspect. 06s. 
or R. 2. Partial ; discriminative. Obs. 3. Particular ; sev- 
eral ; as, their respective homes. — re-spec'tive-ness, n. 

re-spec'tive-ly, adv. As relating to each ; each to each ; sev- 
erally ; as, in 1914 and 1915 Christmas day fell on Friday 
and Saturday respectively. 

re-spell' (re-spel'), v. t. To spell again. 

re-spir'a-ble (re-spir'd-b'l ; res'pT-rd-b'l), a. Suitable to 
breathe ; adapted for, or capable of, respiration. 

res'pi-ra'tion (reVpi-ra'shim), n. 1. Act or process of re- 
spiring, or breathing ; inspiration and expiration. 2.'Phys- 
iol. The process by which an animal takes in oxygen and 
gives off the products formed by oxidation in the tissues. 
3. Plant Physiol. The process of gaseous diffusion and 
interchange between the intercellular spaces of plant tissue 
and the atmosphere. 4. Breathing space ; respite. 06s. 

res'pi-ra'tor ( res'pi-ra'ter ), n. A device covering the 
mouth or nose to prevent inhalation of noxious substances. 

re-spir'a-to-ry (re-splr'd-to-ri ; res'pi-rd-), a. Physiol. Of 
or pertaining to respiration ; serving for respiration. 

re-spire' (re-splr'), v. i.; -spired' (-splrd') ;-spir'ing (-splr'- 
Ing). [L. respirare, respiratum; re- re- + spirare to 
breathe.] 1. To breathe ; inhale and exhale air successively, 
to maintain the vitality of the blood. 2. To take breath 
again ; recover hope, courage, etc. — v. t. To breathe. 

res'pite (res'pit), n. [OF. respit, fr. L. respectus respect, 
delay, in LL., the deferring of a day. See respect, v.] 
1. A putting off ; postponement ; delay. 2. Law. Tempo- 
rary suspension of the execution of a capital offender ; re- 
prieve. 3. Temporary intermission of labor, etc. — Syn. 
Pause, interval, stop, cessation. — v. t. ; res'pit-ed ; res'- 
pit-ing. To give a respite to ; affect by a respite. 

re-splend'ence (re-splen'densHn. Quality or state of being 

re-splend'en-cy (-den-si) J resplendent ; splendor. 

re-splend'ent (re-splen'dent), a. [L. resplendens, -entis, 
p. pr. of resplendere to shine brightly ; re- re- + splendere 
to shine.] Shining with brilliant luster ; splendid. — re- 
splend'ent-ly, adv. 

re-spond'(-spond'), v. i. [OF. respondre, fr. L. respondere, 
-sponsum ; re- re- + spondere to promise.] 1. To answer ; 
reply. 2. To act in response. 3. To render satisfaction ; be 
answerable ; as, the defendant is held to respond in dam- 
ages. U. S. — n. Arch. An engaged pillar supporting an 
arch or closing a colonnade or arcade. 

re-spond'ence (re-spon'dens), n. Act of responding ; state 
of being respondent ; response ; also, agreement. 

re-spond'en-cy (-den-si), n. Respondence. 

ye-spond'ent (-dent), a. 1. Responding. Obs. 2. Answer- 
ing ; responsive. — n. 1. One who makes reply. 2. Law. 
One who answers in certain suits or proceedings, esp. in 
equity and admiralty, etc. ; defendant; — disting., in cases 
of appeal, from appellant. 

re'spon-den'ti-a (re'spon-de.n'shi-d; res'pon-), n. [NL.] 
Law. A loan upon goods laden on a ship conditioned to be 
repaid, with interest, only in the event of the safe arrival 
of some part of the goods. Cf. bottomry. 

re-sponse' (-spons'), n. [OF., fr. L. respondere. See re- 
spond.] 1. An answer ; responsive act or feeling. 2. Eccl. 
a A verse, sentence, phrase, or word sung or said by the 
people or choir after or in reply to the priest ; — often indi- 
cated in liturgical books by R or R-. b A responsory. 

re-spon'si-bil'i-ty (-spon'si-bTl'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
1. State of being responsible, as for an obligation. 2. That 
for which one is accountable. 3. Ability to answer in pay- 
ment ; means of paying. U. S. 

re-spon'si-ble (-spon'si-b'l), a. 1. Liable to respond; ac- 
countable. 2. Polit. Sci. Politically answerable to the 
legislature ; as, Great Britain and France each have a re- 
sponsible ministry. 3. Able to respond for one's conduct or 
obligations; trustworthy. 4. Involving responsibility or 
accountability ; as, a responsible office. — re-spon'si-ble- 
ness, n. — re-spon'si-bly, adv. 

Syn. Responsible, answerable, accountable, amena- 
ble, liable. One is responsible, answerable, or accountable 
for something, often to some person or authority. Responsi- 
ble is the most general term ; answerable, accountable, 
and amenable often imply more immediate or specific 
responsibility. One is liable (in the sense of responsible) 
for something, or (in the sense of subject) to something ; 
one is amenable to some authority, or (sometimes) to some 
charge, punishment, claim, etc. ; as, a surety is liable for 
the debts of his principal ; the king is not amenable to law. 

re-spon'sion (-shun), n. [L. responsio. See respond.] 



1. Act of answering ; an answer ; a response. Rare. 2. In 
pi. The first university examination for candidates for the 
B.A. degree. Univ. of Oxford, England. 

re-spon'sive (-siv), a. 1. Suited (to); corresponding. 
Rare. 2. Ready or inclined to respond. 3. Characterized 
by responses ; as, responsive worship. — re-spon'sive-ly, 
adv. — re-spon'sive-ness, n. 

re-spon'so-ry (-so-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Eccl. A response ; 
esp., an anthem sung or said after or during a lection. 

rest (rest), v. t. Aphetic form of arrest. Obs. or Dial. 

rest, n. [Prob. short for arrest (see arrest, n.).] Medieval 
Armor. A projection from, or attachment on, the side of 
the breastplate to support the butt of the lance. 

rest, n. [AS. rest, raest.~\ 1. Repose ; sleep ; slumber.' 2. 
Freedom from activity ; quiet ; tranquillity. 3. Peace of 
mind or spirit. 4. Renewed vigor. Rare. 5. A place where 
one may rest ; abode ; stopping place. 6. The repose of 
death ; death ; — chiefly in at rest and to go, or be laid, to 
rest. Poetic. 7. Music, a Silence in music, b A character 



3 


<- _ 












«"1 




M 


*• s» 


I 


M 




«-1 


A . 


3?^ 




\ *\ 




V 




3 




v^ 














•»i 


»5 


«- 


Whole. 


Half. 


Quarters. Eighth. 
Rests, 7 b. 


Six- 
teenth. 


Thirty- 
secoad. 


Sixty- 

fourth. 



that stands for such silence. 8. Pros. A short pause in read- 
ing ; a caesura. 9. Absence or cessation of motion ; continu- 
ance in the same place ; as, a body will continue in a state of 
rest unless acted upon. 10. That on which anything rests 
or leans for support. 11. Billiards & Pool. A support for 
a cue ; a bridge. 

Syn. Repose ; cessation, pause, intermission, stop ; quiet- 
ness, stillness, peacefulness, peace. — Rest, repose. Rest 
implies esp. cessation from labor or exertion ; repose sug- 
gests esp. tranquillity or refreshing rest ; as, a rest from 
work ; a giant in repose. Repose often suggests self-control. 

— v. i. 1. To get repose by lying down ; sleep ; also, to be 
dead. 2. To cease from action or motion, labor or exertion ; 
cease ; be still. 3. To lie ; be fixed or supported ; as, a 
column rests on its pedestal. 4. Law. In practice, to 
bring to an end voluntarily the introduction of evidence. 
5. To repose without anxiety ; trust ; depend ; also, to 
be founded; — usually with on; as, to rest on a man's 
promise. 6. To remain or lie for action or accomplishment ; 
as, the maintenance of peace rests with him alone. — v. t. 
1. To refresh by repose ; lay at rest. 2. To lean ; settle. 
3. To base ; ground, as a. hope. 4. Law. In practice, to 
desist voluntarily from introducing evidence on; as, the 
defense then rested its case. 

rest (rest), n. [F. reste, fr. rester to remain, L. restore to 
stay back, remain ; re- + stare to stand.] With the, that 
which is left after removal of a part ; remainder ; the others. 

— Syn. Surplus, remnant. — v. i. To be left ; remain. 
re-state' (re-stat'), v. t. To state again or in a new form. — 

re-state'ment (-ment), n. 

res'tau-rant (res'to-rant ; res'to-), n. [F., fr. restaurer to 
restore, L. restaurare.'] A public eating house, [keeper. I 

|| res'tau'ra'teur' (-to'ra'tur'), n. [F.] A restaurant) 

rest day. A day of rest ; specif., the Sabbath. 

rest'er, n. One who rests. 

rest'ful (rest'fool), a. 1. Giving, characterized by, or of the 
nature of, rest ; freeing from toil, trouble, etc. 2. Being at 
rest ; quiet. — rest'ful-ly, adv. — rest'ful-ness, n. 

rest'— har'row, n. [See arrest ; harrow.] A European 
fabaceous undershrub (Ononis arvensis) with pink flowers. 

res'ti-form (reVti-form), a. [L. restis a rope + -form.'] 
Anat. Designating a pair of cordlike masses (the restif orm 
bodies) of nerve fibers on the dorsal surface of the medulla 
oblongata, and connecting it with the cerebellum. 

rest'ing, a. Bot. That rests; specif., dormant; quiescent; 
not in growing condition ; as, a resting bulb ; also, of or 
pertaining to dormancy. 

resting spore, Bot., a spore which remains dormant for g 
period before germination. 

res'ti-tu'tion (res'ti-tu'shun), n. [F., fr. L. restitutio, fr. 
restituere to restore ; re- + statuere. See statute.] Act 
of restoring ; restoration ; indemnification. — Syn. Return, 
reparation, compensation, amends. 

res'tive (res'tiv), a. [OF. restif, fr. L. restore to stay back, 
resist.] 1. Disposed to rest ; inactive. Obs. or R. 2. Obsti- 
nate in refusing to move forward ; stubborn. 3. Impatient 
under coercion or opposition ; intractable ; refractor}' ; as, 
a restive horse. 4. Uneasy ; restless. — res'tive-ly, adv. 

— res'tive-ness, n. 

Syn. Restive, restless have etymologically no connection. 
Restive now implies obstinacy or impatience under re- 
straint or coercion ; restless implies agitation, eagerness 
for change, or discontent with conditions ; as, the coloni'.u 
became restive and intractable ; to pass a restless night. 
rest'less, a. 1. Deprived of rest ; uneasy. 2. Not affordir.'? 
rest ; characterized by unrest ; as, restless times ; a restlcu 
dream. 3. Never resting ; unquiet ; as, a restless child. 4. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, acb. (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
BsBlaaatiooa of AbliBaaaflflaa used ixx this wxk. Signs, etc,, precede Vocabulary, fj Foreign. Word, + combined with. = equals. 



N 



RESTLESSLY 



826 



RETEPORE 







R 



Averse to repose ; eager for change ; as, a restless adven- 
turer. — Syn. Sleepless, agitated, unsettled, roving, wan- 
dering. See restive. — rest' less-ly, adv. — restless- 
ness, n. 

restless cavy, the wild guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) of South 
America, from which the domestic varieties are derived. 

res'tO-ra'tion (res'to-ra'shun), n. 1. Act of restoring; 
state or fact of being restored ; as : a Reinstatement ; re- 
newal, b Recovery of health, strength, etc. C Restitution. 
2. That which is restored ; specif., a representation of the 
original form, as of a fossil animal or of a building. — Syn. 
Replacement, return ; revival. — the Restoration. Eng. 
Hist., the return of King Charles II., in 1660, and the 
reestablishment of monarchy ; also, his reign (1660-1685). 

res'to-ra'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. Belief in a temporary future 
punishment and a final restoration of all to the favor and 
presence of God. — res'to-ra'tion-ist, n. 

re-Stor'a-tive (re-stor'd-tiv ; 57), a. Of or pertaining to 
restoration ; having power to restore. — n. Something 
that serves to restore, esp. a person to consciousness. 

re-Store'' (re-stor'; 57), v. t.; -stored' (-stord') ; -stor'ing 
(-stor'ing). [OF. restorer, fr. L. restaurare.~] 1. To give 
back ; return. 2. To bring back to, or put back into, the 
former or original state ; repair ; renew ; specif. : a To bring 
back to a healthy state, b To renovate ; as, to restore a 
painting. C To represent or reproduce in the original form ; 
as, to restore a ruined building, d To reinstate in a former 
position, office, or the like ; as, to restore a king. 3. To 
reestablish ; put back into existence, use, or the like ; as, to 
restore harmony among foes. — Syn. Replace, refund, 
repay, rebuild, revive, recover, heal, cure. [stores. I 

re-Stor^er (re-stor'er ; 57), n. One who, or that which, re-| 

re-Strain' (-stran'), v. t. [F. restreindre, OF. also restrain- 
dre, fr. L. restringere, restrictum. See re- ; strain.] 1. To 
draw back again ; check ; curb, as a horse. 2. To limit ; 
restrict; as, to restrain commerce. — re-strain'a-ble, a. 

re-Strain'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, restrains; 
specif., Photog., a substance, as bromide of potassium, 
used to restrain the action of a developer or other reagent. 

re-Straint' (-Strang), n. [OF. restrainte.'] 1. Act, process, 
or means of restraining ; restraining force or influence. 2. 
State of being restrained ; esp., confinement ; as, held in re- 
straint. 3. Constraint ; reserve, as in speech or manner. — 
Syn. Repression, hindrance, check, stop, curb, coercion, 
restriction. See force. 

re-Strict' (-str ikt') , v. t . [L. restrictus, p. p. See restrain.] 
To restrain within bounds ; limit ; confine. 

re-Strict'ed, p. a. Limited ; confined. ed-ly, adv. 

re-Stric'tion (-strik/shun), n. 1. That which restricts; 
limitation ; a restraint ; as, restrictions on trade. 2. Act 
of restricting ; state of being restricted. 

re-Stric'tive (-tiv), a. Serving or tending to restrict ; ex- 
pressing or conveying restrictions. — re-stric'tive-ly, adv. 

re'SUb-mit' (re'sub-mif), v. t. To submit again. 

re-SUlt' (re-zult'), v. i. [F. resulter, fr. L. resultare, resul- 
tatum, to spring back.] To proceed, spring, or arise as a con- 
sequence, effect, or conclusion ; follow ; terminate ; end ; — 
used with from or in. — n. 1. Decision of a deliberative 
assembly ; a resolution. Obs. 2. That which results ; con- 
sequence ; effect. — Syn. Conclusion, issue, event. 

re-SUlt'ant (-zul'tdnt), a. Resulting or issuing ; following 
as a consequence. — n. That which results ; specif., Mech., 
a resultant force, etc. (see composition of forces). 

re-sum'a-ble (re-zum'd-b'l), a. That may be resumed. 

re-sume' (-zum'), v. t.; -sumed' (-zumd') ; -sum'ing (-zum'- 
Jng). [L. resumere, -sumptum ; re- re- + sumere to take.] 
1. To assume or take again ; put on anew ; as, he resumed, 
his former manner. 2. To enter upon or begin again ; as, to 
resume a conversation. 3. To take back to one's self ; as, 
to resume a grant. 4. To take up again ; go back to using. 

— v. i. To begin again. — re-sum'er (-zum'er), n. 

|| re'SU'me' (ra'zii'ma'), n. [F.] A summary ; abridgment. 

re-SUm'mon (re-sum'un), v. t. To summon again. 

re-SUm_p'tion (re-zump'shiin), n. Act of resuming. 

re-SU'pi-nate (-su'pi-nat), a. [L. resupinatus, p. p. of 
resupinare to bend back. See resupine.] Bot. Inverted 
in position, as the flowers of many orchids. 

re-su'pi-na'tion (-na'shun),n. Bot. A resupinate condition. 

re'SU-pine' (re'su-pln'), a. [L. resupinus ; re- re- + su- 
pinus bent backward, supine.] Lying on the back ; supine. 

re-surge' (-surj'), v. i. ; -surged' ; -surg'ing. [L. resurgere. 
See resurrection.] To rise again, as from the dead. 

re-sur'gence (-sur'jens), n. A rising again ; resurrection. 

re-sur'gent (-jent), a. Rising, or tending to rise, again. 

res'ur-rect' (rez'u-rekf), v. t. [See resurrection.] To 
raise from the dead ; reanimate ; bring to view again.— v. i. 
To rise again from the dead. 

res'ur-rec'tion (-rek'shun), n. [F., fr. L. resurrectio, fr. 
resurgere, resurrectum, to rise again ; re- re- + surgere to 
rise.] 1. Theol. The rising again from the dead ; specif.: a 
The rising of Christ after His death and burial, b The ris- 
ing of mankind at the judgment day ; — called also general 



resurrection. 2. A rising again ; restoration ; revival. — 
res'ur-rec'tion-al (-dl), a. 

res'ur-rec'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of the nature of resurrec- 
tion ; also, of or pert, to resurrectionism. 

res'ur-rec'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. The practice of resurrec- 
tionists, or body snatchers. 

res'ur-rec'tion-ist, n. 1. One who steals bodies from 
graves, usually for dissection. 2. One who restores, revives, 
renovates, or the like. 3. A believer in resurrection. 

re'sur-vey' (re'sur-va'), v. t. To survey again or anew. 

re-sur'vey (re-sur'va), n. A second or new survey. 

re-sus'ci-tate (re-sus'i-tat), v. t. & i.; -tat'ed; -tat'ing. 
[L. resuscitatus, p. p. of resuscitare.'] To revivify ; re- 
vive, esp. from apparent death or unconsciousness. 

re-SUS'ci-ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act of resuscitating, or 
state of being resuscitated ; restoration ; revival. 

re-sus'ci-ta-tive (-ta-tiv), a. Tending to resuscitate. 

ret (ret), v. t.; ret'ted ; -ting. To soak or expose to 
moisture, as flax, hemp, or timber. Dial. Eng. or Tech. 

re-ta'ble (re-ta'b'l), n. [F., prob. for rere-table, riereta- 
ble. See rear, a. ; table.] Eccl. A raised ledge behind an 
altar, on which are placed the altar cross, vases, etc. ; also, 
a framework inclosing a decorated panel or panels. 

retail (re'tal), n. [AF., fr. OF. retail a cutting, fr. retail- 
lier to cut off, diminish, divide into pieces.] The sale of 
commodities in small quantities ; — opposed to wholesale. 

— a. Done at retail ; engaged in retailing commodities. 

re-tail' (re-tal' ; re'tal), v. t. 1. To sell in small quantities ; 
sell directly to the consumer. 2. To tell again or to many ; 
relate in detail. — v. i. To sell at retail. — re-tail'er, n. 

re-tain' (re-tan'), v. t. [F. retenir, L. retinere; re- re- -f- 
tenere to hold, keep.] 1. To continue to hold, etc. ; keep in 
possession, use, etc. ; keep. 2. To keep in pay ; employ (as a 
lawyer) by paying a preliminary fee. 3. To keep in mind ; 
remember ; as, to retain a lesson. — Syn. Hold, restrain. 

re-tain'er (-tan'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, retains. 
2. One retained or kept in service. Hist, or Archaic. 

re-tain'er, n. [After nouns in -er, fr. OF. inf. used as n.] 
Law. Act of a client by which he engages the services of a 
lawyer or professional adviser ; also, the fee paid. 

retaining wall. Civil Engin. A wall for sustaining a bank 
of earth liable to a landslide. 

re-tain'nient (-ment), n. Act of retaining ; retention. 

re-take' (re-tak'), v. t.; pret. -took' (-took') ; p. p. -tak'en 
(-tak''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. -tak'ing (-tak'Tng). 1. To take 
again ; take back. 2. To recapture. — re-tak'er (-tak'er), n. 

re-tal'i-ate (re-tal'i-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[L. retaliatus, p. p. of retaliare to retaliate.] To return the 
like for ; repay or requite in kind ; return evil for evil. 

re-tall-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of retaliating ; requital. — 
Syn. See requital. [also, retaliatory.! 

re-tal'i-a-tive (re-tal'i-a-tiv), a. Tending to retaliation;! 

re-tal'i-a-to-ry(re-tal'i-d-to-ri), a. Involving, or of the 
nature of, retaliation ; also, retaliative. 

re-tard' (-tard'), v. t. [L. retardare, -datum; re- -f- tardare 
to make slow, tardus slow.] 1. To make slow ; delay ; 
hinder ; impede ; as, to retard progress ; — opposed to ac- 
celerate. 2. To put off ; postpone ; as, to retard an ultimate 
success. — Syn. See delay. — n. Retardation ; delay. 

re'tar-da'tion (re'tar-da'shwn), n. 1. Act of retarding; 
hindrance ; — opposed to acceleration. 2. That which re- 
tards ; obstruction. 3. The amount of retarding or delay. 
— re-tard'a-tive (re-tar'dd-tTv), re-tar d'a-to-ry(-to-ri), a. 

re-tard'er, n. One who, or that which, retards. 

re-tard'ment (re-tard'ment), n. Act of retarding ; retard. 

retch (recti or, esp. in British usage, rech), v. i.; retched 
(recht ; recht) ; retch'ing. [AS. hrsecan to clear the 
throat.] To make an effort to vomit ; strain, as in vomiting. 

||re'te (re'te), n.; pi. retia (-shi-d; -ti-d). [L., a net.] 
Anat. A net or network ; plexus. 

re-tell' (re-tel'), v. t. To tell or count again. 

re'tene (re'ten ; ret'en), n. [Gr. ptjtIvt) pine resin.] Chem. 
A white crystalline hydrocarbon, CisHis, extracted from 
pine tar, etc., and found also in peat bogs. 

re-tent' (re-tenf), n. [L. retentum, neut. of retentus, p. p. 
See retain.] That which is retained, esp. in the mind. 

re-ten'tion (re-ten'shwn), n. [L. retentio.~] 1. Act of re- 
taining; state of being retained. 2.. Act of retaining, or 
ability to retain, things in the mind ; memory. 

re-ten'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to retain ; having the power 
or capacity to retain; esp., retaining knowledge well or 
readily ; having a good memory. — re-ten'tive-ness, n. 

re'ten-tiv'i-ty (re'ten-tiv'i-ti), n. The power of retaining; 
retentive force ; specif., Magnetism, the capacity for re- 
taining magnetism after the action of the magnetizing 
force has ceased ; also, sometimes, the power of resisting 
magnetization or demagnetization (usually called coercive 
force) . 

re'te-pore (re'te-por), n. [L. rete net + porus pore.] Zodl. 
Any of a genus (Retepora) of polyzoans which form deli- 
cate, coral-like colonies. 



Sle, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
©se, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(pre, verdure (87); 



RETIARIUS 



827 



RETRO CHOIR 



re'ti-a'ri-US (re'shi-a'n-us ; 3), n.; pi. -Rn (-ri-I). [L., fr. 
rete a net.] Rom. Antiq. A gladiator armed with a net and 
a trident. 

re'ti-a-ry (re'shT-S-n), a. 1. Of or pert, to nets. 2. Con- 
structing a web to catch prey, as many spiders. 3. Armed 
with a net ; hence, skillful to entangle. 

ret'i-cence (ret'I-sens), n. Quality, state, or fact of being 
reticent, or of keeping silence. — ret'i-cen-cy (-sen-si), n. 

ret'i-cent (-sent), a. [L. reticens, p. pr. of relicere to keep 
silence ; re- -f- tacere to be silent.] Inclined to keep silent ; 
uncommunicative. — Syn. See silent. — ret'i-cent-ly, adv. 

ret'i-cle (-k'l), n. [See reticule.] Optics. A system of 
lines, wires, or the like, in the focus of a telescope. 

re-tic'U-lar (re-tik'u-ldr), a. Having the form of a net or 
of network ; retiform ; intricate. 

re-tic'U-late (-lat), a. [L. reticulatus.] Resembling net- 
work ; netted ; having veins or fibers crossing like network. 
See leaf, Illust. — (-lat), v. t. & i. ; -lat'ed ; -lat'ing. To 
divide or mark so as to resemble or form network. 

re-tic'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Quality or state of being 
reticulated ; that which is reticulated ; network. 

ret'i-CUle (ret'i-kul), n. [F. reticule, L. reticulum.] 1. Op- 
tics. — reticle. 2. A small bag, orig. of network, carried 
by women as a workbag or pocket. 

re-tic'U-lum (re-tik'u-liim), n.; pi. -la (-Id). [L., dim. of 
rete a net.] ] , Zo'dl. The second stomach of ruminants, in 
which folds of the mucous membrane form hexagonal cells. 
2. A netlike structure ; network. 

re'ti-form (re'ti-form ; ret'I-), a. [L. rete a net -f- -form.'] 
Composed of crossing lines and interstices ; reticular. 

ret'i-na (ret'I-nd), n. [LL., fr. L. rete a net.] Anat. The 
sensitive membrane of the eye, which receives the image of 
vision and is connected with the brain by the optic nerve. 

ret'i-nal (-ndi), a. Of or pert, to the retina. 

ret'i-nite (ret'I-nlt), n. [Gr. farivrj resin + -ite.~\ Min. A 
kind of fossil resin. [fiammation of the retina. | 

ret'i-ni'tis (-nI'tTs),n. [NL. ; retina + -itis.] Med. In-| 

ret'i-nol (ret'i-nol ; -nol), n. [Gr. pt]rlvi] resin -f- -ol, 2.] A 
yellowish oil got by the distillation of resin. It is used in 
making printer's ink, and in medicine as an antiseptic. 

ret'i-nos'co-py (-nos'ko-pi ; ret'I-no-sko'pi), n. [retina 
+ -scopy.] The study of the retina of the eye by means 
of the ophthalmoscope. — ret'i-no-SCOp'ic, a. 

ret'i-nue (ret'I-nu), n. [OF. retenue, prop., a retaining, fr. 
OF. & F. retenir. See retain.] The body of retainers who 
follow a distinguished person ; train of attendants ; suite. 

re-tir'a-cy (re-tlr'd-si), n. Retirement ; seclusion. U. S. 

re-tire' (rg-tlr'), v. t.: -tired' (-tird') ; -tir'ing ( : tlr'ing). 
[F. retirer; re- re- + tirer to draw.] 1. To withdraw; 
take or put away ; remove ; as, to retire troops. 2. To 
withdraw from circulation or from the market ; take up or 
pay ; as, to retire bonds ; retire a note. 3. To cause to re- 
tire ; as, to retire a military or naval officer. 4. Baseball, 
Cricket, etc. To put out (a batsman). — v. i. 1. To with- 
draw from action or danger ; retreat. 2. To withdraw ; go 
into retreat ; as, to retire from the world. 3. To go to bed. 
4. To withdraw from office, business, etc. 5. To recede, or 
appear to do so ; as, the shore retires in bays and gulfs. — 
Syn. Leave, depart ; recede. 

— n. A retiring ; withdrawal ; retreat. 06s. or R. 

re-tired' (-tird'), p. a. 1. Withdrawn into seclusion; se- 
cluded ; quiet. 2. Withdrawn from active duty or business. 
retired list. Mil. & Nav. a A list of officers who, by reason 
of advanced years (in U. S. army 64, in U. S. navy 62) or 
other disability, are relieved from active service, but still 
receive pay. b A similar list of enlisted men in the United 
States army, marine corps, or navy, retired at their own 
application on seventy-five per cent of their pay and al- 
lowances, after thirty years of service. 

re-tire'ment (-tlr'ment), n. 1. A retiring; state of beiDg 
retired ; withdrawal. 2. A place of seclusion ; retreat. 

re-tir'ing (-tir'ing), p. a. Reserved ; bashful ; shy. 

re-told' (re-told'), pret. & p. p. of retell. 

re-tort' (-t6rt'), v. t. [L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere; re- 
re- + torquere to turn, twist.] 1. To return ; pay, cast, 
or hurl, back (accusation, censure, etc.). 2. To make a 
like reply to ; answer in kind ; as, to retort a sarcasm. 3. 
To answer or meet, as an argument by a counter argument 
of a like kind. — v. i. To return an argument or a charge ; 
make a severe reply. 

— n. A quick, sharp, witty, cutting, or severe reply, esp. one 
that counters another's statement. — Syn. See reply. 

re-tort', n. [F. retorte, fr. L. retorta, fem. p. p., bent back. 
See retort, v. t.] A vessel in which substances 
are distilled or decomposed by heat. 

re-tor'tion (re-tor'shun), n. 1. Act 
of retorting. 2. Law. Retalia- 
tion; in international law, the 
act of treating the subjects of a 
state giving provocation in a manner simi- 
lar to that in which that state has treated Retort. 
the subjects of the aggrieved state. 




re-touch' (re-tuch'), v. t. 1. To touch again, or rework, in 
order to improve. 2. Photog. To correct or change, as a 
negative or process plate, by hand work. — n. A new or 
fresh touch or partial reworking to effect improvement, as 
of a painting. — re-touch'er, n. 

re-trace', or re-trace' (re-tras'), v. t. [re- + trace.] To 
trace over again, or renew the outline of, as a drawing. 

re-trace' (re-tras'), v. t. [F. retracer.] To trace again or 
back, as in tracing to an origin or in going over again. 

re-trace'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being retraced. 

re-tract' (-trakt'), v. t. & i. 1. [L. retractus, p. p. of retra- 
here. See retreat.] To draw or pull back or in. 2. [F. re- 
tracter, fr. L. retractare, -latum, to handle again, recon- 
sider, retract, fr. retrahere.] To withdraw ; disavow ; re- 
cant. — Syn. See renounce. [recanting.] 

re'trac-ta'tion (re'trak-ta'shun), n. Act of retracting, or| 

re-trac'tile (re-trak'til), a. Capable of being drawn back 
or in, asthe claws of a cat. — re'trac-til'i-ty (-til'i-tl), n. 

re-trac'tion (-shSn), n. 1. Withdrawal of something ad- 
vanced, claimed, said, or done. 2. Withdrawal ; revoca- 
tion. 3. Act of retracting; state of being retracted; re- 
tractile power ; as, the retraction of claws. 

re-trac'tive (-tiv), a. Serving to retract; of the nature of 
or involving a retraction. 

re-trac'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, retracts. 

re-tread' (re-tred'), v. t. & i. To tread again. 

re-tread', v. t. To furnish (a tire, as for an automobile) with 
a new tread. 

re-treat' (-tret'), n. [F. retraite, OF. also retrete and re- 
trait, both fr. reiraire to withdraw, L. retrahere; re- re- + 
trahere to draw.] 1. Act of withdrawing, as from what is 
dangerous or disagreeable, or into privacy from business or 
society. 2. Mil. a The orderly retiring of troops or ships 
from the presence of an enemy, or from an advanced posi- 
tion ; a signal for so doing, b A signal given in the army, by 

adrum, trumpet, or the like, following evening roll call or pa- 
rade and immediately followed by the sunset gun. 3. The 
place to which one retires ; refuge ; asylum. 4. An asylum 
for the insane, for inebriates, etc. — Syn. Retirement, de- 
parture, withdrawal, recession. — v. i. To make a retreat ; 
withdraw. — v. t. To draw or lead back ; remove. 

re-tree' (re-tre'), n. Imperfect or slightly damaged paper ; 
— called also retree paper. 

re-trench' (re-trench'), v. t. [OF. retrenchier ; re- + tren« 
chier to cut.] 1. To cut down ; lessen ; reduce ; as, to re- 
trench expenses. 2. To cut off ; remove ; do away with ; ar, 
to retrench all privileges. — Syn. To diminish ; curtail. — - 
v. i. To make retrenchments ; economize. 

re-trench'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act or process of retrench- 
ing ^reduction; curtailment. 2. Fort. A defensive work 
within another, usually a simple traverse or parapet and 
ditch. — Syn. Lessening, diminution, abridgment. 

re-tri'al (re-tri'dl), n. A second trial, experiment, or test. 

ret'ri-bu'tion (reVri-bu'shun), n. [L. retributio.] 1. Re- 
quital ; return. Rare. 2. That which is given in compen- 
sation ; return suitable to the merits or deserts of, as an 
action ; esp., condign punishment for evil or wrong. — 
Syn. Recompense, retaliation. See requital. 

re-trib'u : tive (re-trib'u-tiv), re-trib'u-to-ry (-to-rl), a. Of 
or pertaining to, or involving, retribution or repayment. 

re-trib'u-tor (-u-ter), n. One who makes retribution. 

re-triev'a-ble (re-trev'd-b'l), a. Capable of being retrieved. 

re-triev'al (-S1), n. Act of retrieving ; retrieve. 

re-trieve' (-trev'), v. t.; -trieved' (-trevd'); -tbxev'lng. 
[OF. retrover to find again, recover (3d sing. pres. re- 
trieve) ; re- + trover to find.] 1. Hunting. To find and 
bring in (killed or wounded game). 2. To recover ; regain ; 
as, to retrieve freedom. 3. To restore ; revive ; as, to re- 
trieve one's character. 4. To remedy the evil consequences 
of ; make good ; repair, as a loss. — v. i. Hunting. To 
retrieve game. — n. Act of retrieving ; retrieval. 

re-triev'er (-trev'er), n. One who, or that which, retrieves ; 
esp., one of a certain breed of dogs for retrieving. 

re'tro- (re'tro- ; ret'ro- ; in retrocede {to go back), retro- 
grade, retrospect, and derivatives, ret'ro- or re'tro-). A 
prefix or combining form from L. retro, signifying back- 
ward, back; as in retroact, retrospect, retroversion. 
re'tro-act' (re'tro-akt' ; ret'ro-), v. i. To act backward, in 

return, or in opposition ; act so as to affect something done 

in the past ; be retrospective. — re'tro-ac'tion (-ak'- 

shun), n. — re'tro-ac-tiv'i-ty (-ak-tiv'i-ti), n. 
re'tro-ac'tive (-tiv), a. Fitted or designed to retroact: 

operating backward ; retrospective. 

retroactive law, Law, one operating expressly to affect 

acts done prior to the passing of the law. [back.l 

re'tro-cede' (re'tro-sed' ; ret'ro-), v. t. To cede or grant | 
ret'ro-cede (ret'ro-sed ; re'tro-), v. i. [L. retrocedere ; retro 

back + cedere to go.] To go back ; recede. 
re'tro-ces'sion (re'tro-sesh'im ; rot'ro-), n. Act of retro- 
ceding; recession; retrogression. [back.l 
re'tro-ces'sion (-sesh'wn), n. Act of receding, or ceding! 
re'tro-choir (re'tro-kwir ; ret'ro-), n. Arch. The space left 



< 












K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; -zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



RETROCOGNITION 



828 



REVERBERATE 







R 



in a church behind the high altar or choir inclosure, some- 
times used as a chapel. 

re'tro-cog-ni'tion (re'tro-kog-nish'im ; ret'ro-), re. Occult 
cognition of that which has gone before, knowledge of it not 
being accessible by ordinary means or faculties. 

re'tro-llex \ (re'tro-fleks, -flekst; ret'ro-), a. {retro- + 

re'tro-ilexedj L. flexus, p. p. of fiectere to bend, to turn.] 
Reflexed ; bent or turned abruptly backward. 

re'tro-flex'ion (-flek'shwn), re. Act of reflexing, or state of 
being retroflexed; specif., Med., the bending back of an 
organ upon itself, as of the uterus. 

ret'ro-gra-da'tion (ret'ro-grd-da'shun ; re'tro-), re. Act of 
retrograding ; state of being retrograde. 

let'ro-grade (ret'ro-grad ; re'tro-), a. [L. retrogradus, fr. 
retrogradi, -gressus, to retrograde ; retro + gradi to step.] 
1. Astron. a Having a direction from east to west ; — said 
of apparent or real motion of a celestial body, b Exhibit- 
ing such motion, as a planet. 2. Directed, moving, or tend- 
ing backward, or contrary to the previous direction ; — op- 
posed to progressive. 3. Declining from a better to a 
worse state ; as, retrograde people. 4. Inverse ; inverted ; 
as, retrograde order. 5. Opposed ; contrary. 06s. 

— v. i. ; -grad'ed (-grad'ed) ; -grad'ing. 1. To go, move, or 
appear to move, in a retrograde direction ; recede. 2. To 
decline from better to worse ; degenerate. — v. t. To turn 
back ; reverse. Rare. 

re'tro-gres'sion (re'tro-gresh'wn ; ret'ro-), re. Act or process 
of retrograding ; specif., Biol., a passing from a higher to 
a lower state or type of organization or structure, in the 
course of the_ development of an animal. sion-al (-al), a. 

re'tro-gres'sive (-gres'iv), a. Retrograding or tending to 
retrograde ; going from a better to a worse state ; retro- 
grade ; declining. Specif.: Biol. Exhibiting retrogression. 

re'tro-ject (re'tro-jekt ; ret'ro-), v. t. {retro- -f- -ject, as in 
reject.] To throw or cast back. 

re-trorse' (re-trors'), a. [L. retrorsus, retroversus; retro 
back -f- vertere, versum, to turn.] Bent backward or 
downward. — re-trorse'ly, adv. 

ret'ro-spect (ret'ro-spekt ; re'tro-), v. i. [L. retrospicere ; 
retro back -f- specere, spectum, to look.] 1. To practice 
retrospection. 2. To look back ; refer (to) ; reflect (on). 

— v. t. To reconsider ; think of by way of retrospection. 

— re. A looking back ; contemplation or review of the past. 
ret'ro-spec'tion (-spek'shun), re. Act or faculty of looking 

back on things past ; a retrospect. 

ret'ro-spec'tive (-tlv), a. 1. Looking backward, esp. in 
thought ; directed to the past. 2. Having reference to or 
affecting what is past ; retroactive. — -spec'tive-ly, adv. 

j| re-trous'se' (re-troo'sa'), a. [F., p. p. of retrousser to 
turn up.] Turned up ; — said chiefly of the nose. 

re'tro-ver'sion (re'tro-vGr'shun ; ret'ro-), re. {retro- + L. 
vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. A turning, bending, or look- 
ing back. 2. State of being turned or displaced backward. 

le-turn' (re-turn'), v. i. [F. retourner ; re- re- -f- tourner 
to turn. See turn.] 1. To go or come back again to a place 
or condition. 2. To turn away. Obs. 3. To go back or re- 
vert in thought, narration, or argument ; as, to return to 
my story. 4. To go, come, or pass, back, as in possession ; 
revert, as an estate. 5. To reply ; respond. 

— v. t. 1. To turn at an angle, as a wall. 2. To bring, carry, 
put, or send, back ; restore ; reflect, as light ; specif., Mil., 
to replace in the proper receptacle ; as, to return swords. 
3. To produce in return ; yield ; as, the province returned a 
Jarge revenue. 4. In various ball games, to play back (the 
ball) to the one who delivered it. 5. To report, or bring 
back and make known. 6. To render, as an account, to a 
superior ; report officially ; as, to return a list of voters. 
7. To make return of, as a writ. 8. To send back (upon or 
on). Rare. 9. To send in return or reply ; say in reply or re- 
sponse ; as, to return thanks. 10. To repay, as a visit ; re- 
spond to similarly. 11. Card Playing. To lead in response 
to the lead of one's partner ; specif., in : to return a lead, 
to lead a suit already led by another player. 

— re. 1. A returning, or coming back, to or from a place or 
condition ; recurrence. 2. a Arch. The continuation in a 
different direction of the face of a building, or any mem- 
ber, as a colonnade or molding, b The carrying of a mold- 
ing or group of moldings at an angle, usually a right angle, 
as in a picture frame. 3. A bend or turn, as in a rod, 
stream, or gallery ; a portion between two bends. 4. The 
profit on, or advantage from, labor, an investment, under- 
taking, etc. ; — often in pi., proceeds ; results. 5. Law. a 
The rendering back or delivery of a writ, precept, or execu- 
tion to the proper officer or court, b The certificate of an 
officer indorsed on the document. C The sending back of a 
commission with the certificate of the commissioners. 6. 
An account ; formal report ; as, election returns. 7. Act of 
returning something or sending or bringing it back to the 
same place or state. 8. That which returns or is returned. 
9. Card Playing. A lead answering to a previous lead of 
one's partner. lO. Lawn Tennis, Cricket, etc. Act of 



returning the ball : a ball returned. See return, v. t., 4. 

re-turn'a-ble (-tur'nd-b'l), a. 1. Required to be returned; 
as, a writ returnable on a certain day. 2. Capable of, or 
admitting of, being returned. 

re-turn'er, re. One who, or that which, returns. 

re-tuse' (re-tus'), a. [L. retusus blunted.] Bot. Having 
the apex rounded or obtuse, with a slight notch, as a leaf. 
See leaf, Illust. 

Reu'ben (roo'ben),re. [Heb. Reuben.] Bib. Jacob's eldest 
son or the tribe named after him. 

re-Ull'ion (re-iin'yren), re. 1. A reuniting ; state of being re- 
united. 2. An assembling of persons after separation. 

re-un'ion-ist (-Tst), re. An advocate of reunion. — re-un'- 
ion-ism (-Tz'm), re. — re-un'ion-is'tic (-is'tik), a. 

re'u-nite' (re'u-nlf), v. t. & i. To unite again ; join after 
separation, etc. — re'u-nit'er (-er), re. [tion, re.l 

re-val'ue (re-val'u), v. t. To value again. — re-val'u-a'-| 

re-vamp' (re-vamp'), v. t. To vamp again ; hence : to patch 
up ; reconstruct. — re. That which is revamped. 

re-veal' (re-vel'), v. t. [OF. reveler, L. revelare, -latum, to 
unveil, reveal. See re- ; veil.] 1. To make known (some- 
thing concealed or kept secret) ; unveil ; disclose. 2. To 
communicate by supernatural instruction or agency. — re- 
veal'a-ble (re-vel'd-b'l), a. — re-veal'er, re. 

Syn. Reveal, discover, disclose, divulge. To reveal is 
to exhibit or make known what was previously concealed ; 
discover is now rare as a synonym for reveal; as, words 
may half reveal the soul ; the removal of the mask discovered 
a scarred face. To disclose is to expose to view what has 
been concealed from sight, or (esp.) to reveal what has 
been kept secret ; to divulge is to communicate or make 
public (esp. a secret or other private matter) ; as, to dis- 
close a plot ; to divulge a secret. 

— n. Arch. The side of an opening for a window, doorway, 
or the like, between the frame and the outer surface of the 
wall ; or, where the opening is not filled with a door, etc., 
the whole thickness of the wall ; the jamb. 

re-veal'ment (,-ment), re. Revelation. 

re-veil'le (re-val'ya - ; in U. S. service rev'e-le' or rev'e-le'; 
in Brit, re-vel'i or re-val'i), re. [Prob. fr. F. reveillez, 2d 
pers. pi. imperative of reveiller to awake.] Mil. & Nav. 
A signal, by bugle or drum, at about sunrise, summoning 
soldiers or sailors to the day's duties, etc. 

rev'el (rev'el), v. i. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el- 
ling. [OF. reveler to revolt, rebel, make merry, fr. L. re- 
bellare. See rebel.] 1. To take part in a revel or revels. 2. 
To take great or intense delight or satisfaction (in). 

— re. Riotous or noisy festivity or merrymaking ; a festive 
occasion characterized by noisy jollity ; carousal. 

rev'e-la'tion (-e-la'shwn), re. 1. Act of revealing ; disclo- 
sure of what was before unknown ; also, that which is re- 
vealed. 2. Theol. a God's disclosure or manifestation of 
Himself or His will to man. b That which is revealed by 
God to man. C That which contains such revelation ; — 
often in pi. Specif., the Bible. 3. [cap.] The last of the 
canonical books of the Bible ; the Apocalypse ; — often, 
Colloq. or Erroneous, in pi. [believer in revelation. 

rev'e-la'tion-ist, re. 1. One who makes a revelation. 2. A 

rev'e-la'tor (rev'e-la'ter), re. A revealer. 

rev'el-er, rev'el-ler (rev'el-er), re. One who revels. 

rev'el-ry (-rf), re. Boisterous merrymaking; reveling. 

rev'e-nant (-e-ndnt), re. [F., p. pr. of revenir to return.] 
One who returns, as from the dead ; hence : a ghost ; 
specter ; apparition. 

re-venge' (re-venj'), v. t.; -venged' (-venjdO; -veng'ing 
(-ven'jing). [OF. revengier ; re- re- + vengier to avenge, 
revenge, L. vindicare. See vindicate.] To inflict harm or 
injury in return for ; exact satisfaction for ; avenge ; as, I 
will revenge the murder of my comrades ; he revenged 
himself upon them for the wrong they did him. — Syn. 
Retaliate, requite, vindicate. See avenge. — v. i. To 
take vengeance ; — used with upon. Obs. or Archaic. — 
re. 1. Act of revenging ; vengeance. 2. Disposition to re- 
venge ; a malignant wishing of evil to one who has injured 
us. 3. An opportunity of getting satisfaction ; as, give me 
my revenge. — Syn. See requital. — re-veng'er. re. 

re-venge'ful (-fool), a. Full of, or prone to, revenge ; vin- 
dictive. — Syn. Vengeful, resentful. See vindictive. — 
re-venge'ful-ly, adv. — re-venge'ful-ness, re. 

rev'e-nue (rev'e-nu), n. [OF. & F. revenu, prop. p. p. of 
revenir to return, L. revenir e; re- re — \- venire to come.] 
1. Return from.an investment ; income. 2. An item ofin- 
come ; a source of revenue. 3. The annual or periodical 
yield of taxes, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or munici- 
pality collects for public use. 4. The government depart- 
ment concerned with the collection of the revenue. 

revenue cutter. An armed government vessel employed to 
enforce revenue laws, prevent smuggling, etc. 

re-verb' (re-vurb'), v. t. & i. To reverberate. Obs. 

re-ver'ber-ant (-vur'ber-ant), a. Reverberating ; resonant. 

re-ver'ber-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
reverberare to strike back, repel ; re- re- + verberare to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



REVERBERATION 



829 



REVISORY 




Reverberatory Furnace for ex- 
tracting lead from galena, a Fire 
Grate ; b Hearth ; c Hopper for 
introducing dressed ore, slags, 
quicklime, etc. ; d Flue ; e Open- 
ing for feeding fire ; /, / Open- 
ings through which the mass of 
ore, etc., is stirred up. 



' lash, beat, fr. verber a lash, whip.] 1. To drive back ; re- 
pel ; echo, as sound ; reflect, as light. — v. i. 1. To rebound ; 
recoil ; be reflected or repelled, as rays of light. 2. To re- 
sound ; echo ; reecho ; — said of sound. 3. To be forced to 
strike (upon) or go (over), as flames. 

— a. Reflected ; reverberant. Rare. 

ie-ver'ber-a'tion (-a/shun), n. 1. Act of reverberating ; re- 
flection ; echo ; esp., act of reflecting light or heat, reechoing 
sound, etc. ; also, state of being reflected or reechoed. 2. 
An echoed sound ; reecho ; also, a reflection, as of light. 

re-ver'ber-a-tive (-a-tiv), a. Tending to reverberate; of 
the nature of reverberation. 

re-ver'ber-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, pro- 
duces reverberation ; specif., a reflecting lamp. 

re-ver'ber-a-to-ry (-d-to-n), a. 1. Acting by reverbera- 
tion ; forced back or diverted, as flame on the material to 
be treated. 2. Designat- 
ing a furnace (reverber- 
atory furnace), kiln, 
etc., in which the flame P 
is reflected from the roof \ 
on the material treated. '% 

— n. A reverberatory fur- ^ 
nace, kiln, or the like. 

re-vere' (re-ver'), v. t. 

-vered' (-verd') ; -ver' 

ing. [L. revereri.] To 

regard with reverence ; 

venerate ; reverence. 
rev'er-ence (rev'er-ens), 

n. [F. reverence, L. rev- 

erentia. See reverent.] 

1. Deference. Obs. or R. 

2. Profound respect min- 
gled with fear and affec- 
tion ; veneration. 3. An 
act of revering ; a token of respect or veneration ; an obei- 
sance. 4. State of being honored or respected ; dignity ; 
state. 5. One entitled to be revered ; — a title or designa- 
tion used of or to clergymen, with his or (Obsoles.) your. 
Syn. Reverence, veneration, awe, adoration, wor- 
ship. Reverence is a strong sentiment of respect and 
esteem, sometimes with a trace of fear ; veneration is deep 
or exalted reverence ; awe adds to reverence the implication 
of solemn wonder, mingled with dread, in view of some- 
thing great or terrible, sublime or sacred ; as, Boswell's 
reverence of Johnson; a religious veneration; his wondering 
awe at the greatness of men's sorrows. Adoration adds to 
veneration the idea of homage or personal devotion ; wor- 
ship is adoration paid esp. to God. See deference. 

— v. t. ; -enced (-enst) ; -enc-ing (-en-sing). To salute with 
a reverence ; regard or treat with reverence ; venerate. 

rev'er-end (-end), a. [h.reverendus, gerundive of revereri."] 
1. Worthy of reverence ; revered ; — used esp. as a title of 
respect given to ecclesiastics. 2. Of, pertaining to, or char- 
acteristic of, the clergy. 3. Reverent. Rare. 

rev'er-ent (-ent), a. [L. r ever ens, -entis, p. pr. of revereri 
to revere ; re- re — \- vereri to fear.] Disposed to revere ; 
reverential ; profoundly respectful. — rev'er-ent-ly, adv. 

rev'er-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Proceeding from or expressing 
reverence ; reverent. — rev'er-en'tial-ly, adv. 

re-ver'er (re-ver'er), n. One who reveres. 

rev'er-ie (rev'er-i), n. ; pi. -ertes (-Tz). [F. reverie, fr. 
rever to dream, rave.] 1. An irregular train of thought ; 
deep or abstracted musing ; daydream ; state of being lost 
in thought. 2. An extravagant or fanciful product of the 
mind ; a vision. — Syn. See dream. 

Ore-vers' (re-vax' ; colloq. re-ver', re-vur'), n. sing. & pi. 
[F. See reverse.] Dressmaking, Tailoring, etc. A part 
turned or folded back so as to show the inside, or a piece 
put on in imitation of such a part, as the lapel of a coat. 

te-ver'sal (re-vur's51), n. Act of reversing, as : a Law. A 
change ; overthrow ; as, the reversal of a judgment, b 
Inversion ; as, the reversal of objects by a lens. 

re-verse' (-vfirs'), a. [OF. revers, L. reversus, p. p. of 
revertere. See revert.] 1. Turned back ; opposite or con- 
trary ; as, the reverse order. 2. Acting in a manner oppo- 
site or contrary. 

— n. 1. A direct opposite or contrary. 2. The back ; — op- 
posed to obverse; as, the reverse of a leaf or trench; spe- 
cif. : a The side of a coin, medal, etc., opposite to the ob- 
verse ; also, the design on this side, b The back of a book 
leaf ; verso. 3. a Act of reversing ; reversal. Obs. or R. b 
A change from better to worse ; misfortune ; a check or 
defeat. 4. Mech. A reversing gear, movement, etc. 

— v. t. ; -versed' (-vurst') ; -vers'ing. 1. To turn upside 
down ; invert ; as, to reverse arms. 2. To revoke ; annul ; 
make void ; as, to reverse a sentence, or judgment. 3. To 
turn completely about in position or direction ; transpose. 
4. To cause to go or move oppositely; specif., Mach., to 
cause (an engine, machine, etc.) to perform its revolutions 
or action in the opposite direction. 



Syn. Overturn, overthrow, overset, invert, upset, subvert ; 
repeal, undo. — Reverse, invert agree in the idea of 
change to the contrary or opposite. Reverse denotes mere- 
ly alteration to the opposite, as of position, direction, order, 
etc. Invert denotes primarily a turning upside down ; as, 
an inverted tumbler, order. In its secondary senses it ap- 
proaches reverse, but is narrower. See converse, abolish. 

— v. i. To turn or move oppositely. 
re-verse'ly, adv. In a reverse manner. 

re-vers'er (-vur'ser), n. One who, or that which, reverses. 

re-vers'i-ble (re-vur'sT-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being reversed 
or of reversing. 2. Finished on both sides, so that cither 
may be used ; — said of fabrics. — re-versl-bil'i-ty (-bil'- 
l-ti), n. — re-vers'i-bly, adv. 

re-ver'sion (-vur'shSn), n. [F. reversion, L. reversio a 
turning back. See revert.] 1. Law. The returning of an 
estate to the grantor or his heirs, by operation of law after 
termination of the grant. 2. Right of succession or future 
possession or enjoyment. 3. Remainder. 06s. 4. Act of 
coming back, or returning, as to a former condition or 
faith ; reconversion. 5. Act of turning the opposite way, 
or state of being so turned. 6. A return toward some an- 
cestral type ; atavism. 

re-ver'sion-al (-51), a. Reversionary. 

re-ver'sion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a reversion ; involving a reversion. 

re-ver'sion-er (-er), n. Law. One who has a reversion; 
loosely, any one having a vested right to a future estate. 

re-vert' (-vurt'), v. i. [L. revertere, -versum ; re- + vertere 
to turn.] 1. To return ; go back ; recur. 2. To undergo re- 
version. — n. One who, or that which, reverts or is re- 
verted ; esp., one who returns to a former faith, [verted. | 

re-vert'i-ble (-vur'ti-b'l), o. That may revert or be re-j 

rev'er-y. Var. of reverie. 

re-vest' (re-vest'), v. t. [re- + vest."] To reinstate ; rein- 
vest ; as, to revest a king in his kingdom. — v. i. To take 
effect or vest again, as a title ; revert to a former owner ; as, 
the title revested in A. 

re-vet' (re-vet'), v. t.; -vet'ted; -vet'ting. [F. revetir, 
prop., to clothe. See revest.] Mil. & Civil Engin. To 
face, as an embankment, with a revetment. 

re-vet'ment (-vet'ment), n. [F. revetement.] A facing, as 
of stone, to sustain an embankment ; also, a retaining wall. 

re-vict'ual (re-vit''l), v. t. & i. To victual again. 

re-view' (re-vii'), v. t. [re- + view."] 1. To see again. Obs. 
2. To view, examine, or study again. 3. To go over or ex- 
amine critically or deliberately ; specif. : a To write a critical 
notice of. b To make a formal or official examination of the 
state of, as troops. C Law. To reexamine judicially ; as, a 
higher court may review the proceedings of a lower one. 4. 
To look back on ; take a retrospective view of ; as, to re- 
view the events of a day. — v. i. To write reviews ; be a 
reviewer. 

— n. [F. revue, fr. revoir to see again, fr. L. revidere; re- 
+ videre to see.] 1. A looking over or examination for 
amending or improving ; revision. Rare. 2. Law. Specif., 
judicial reexamination, as of the proceedings of a lower 
court. 3. An inspection, as of troops, by a higher officer ; an 
examination ; general survey. 4. A lesson studied or recited 
a second time. 5. A critical examination of a publica- 
tion, with remarks ; a criticism ; critique. 6. A periodical 
containing critical essays. 7. A reexamination. 

Syn. Review, critique, criticism are all used to denote a 
critical essay. Review emphasizes the idea of critical ex- 
amination or exposition ; critique and criticism lay stress 
rather upon the expression of critical judgments. 

re-view'al (-51), n. A review. [of books. I 

re-view'er, n. One who reviews ; esp. a professional critic | 

re-Vile' (re-vil'), v. £.;-vtled' (-vlld') ; -vn/iNG (-vil'Tng). 
[OF. reviler to despise, regard as vile.] To abuse with 
opprobrious language ; reproach abusively ; rail at. — Syn. 
See vilify. — v. i. To use opprobrious language ; rail. 

re-vile'ment (-ment), n. Act or practice of reviling ; abuse ; 
also, a reviling remark or speech. 

re-vil'er (-vll'er), n. One who reviles. 

re-vin'di-cate (re-vTn'dT-kat), v. t. To vindicate again; 
reclaim. — re-vin'di-ca'tion (-ka'shSn), n. t 

re-vis'al (re-viz'51), n. Act of revising ; revision. 

re-vise' (-viz'), v. t.; -vised' (-vizd'); -vis'ing (-viz'ing). 
[F. reviser, fr. L. revisere to look back, revisit.] To look 
over or reexamine for correction. — n. 1. Act of revising ; 
review ; revision. 2. Print. A proof taken after correction. 
— re-vis'er (re-vlz'er), re-vi'sor (-vl'zer), n. 

re-vi'sion (-vizh'im), n. 1. A revising. 2. That made by 
revising ; revised version. — Syn. Revisal, revise, review. 

re-vi'sion-al (-51), re-vi'sion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of or pert, to 
revision ; revisory. 

re-vis'it (re-viz'it), v. t. & »\ To visit again ; return to. — 
n. A second or repeated visit. 

re-vis'it-a'tion (-i-ta'shwn), n. Act of revisiting. 

re-vi'so-ry (re-vi'zo-ri), a. Having the power or purpose 
to revise ; revising ; of the nature of revision. 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



REVITALIZATION 



830 



RHAMNACEOUS 







R 



re-vi'tal-ize (re-vl'tal-lz), v. t. To give new life to. — re- 
vi'tal-i-za'tion (-!-za'shun; -I-za'shun), n. 

re-viv'al (re-vlv'dl), n. Act of reviving, orstate of being re- 
vived ; restoration ; specif. : a Renewed interest in some- 
thing, as literature ; of a play, book, etc., a new presenta- 
tion or publication, b In full, revival of religion. Re- 
newed interest in religion, after indifference and decline ; 
a period of religious awakening. C Reanimation from a 
state of languor or depression ; — applied to the health, 
spirits, etc. — Revival of Learning, Letters, or Litera- 
ture, the Renaissance in its literaiy aspect. 

re-viv'al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. The_ spirit or kind of religion, 
or methods, characteristic of religious revivals. 2. Tend- 
ency or desire to revive or restore. 

re-viv'al-ist, n. One who promotes revivals of religion. 

re-vive' (-vlv'), v. i.; -vived' (-vlvd') ; -viv'ing (-viv'ing). 
[F. revivre, L. revivere; re- re- -f- vivere to live.] 1. To 
return to consciousness or life ; recover life, vigor, or 
strength ; become animated or invigorated anew ; become 
active, operative, valid, or flourishing again. 2. Chem. To 
recover its proper metallic state, as a metal. 

— v. t. 1. To restore to consciousness or life ; reanimate. 
2. To bring into renewed vigor, activity, or action ; invig- 
orate again ; as, wine revived his courage. 3. To recover 
from neglect or disuse ; restore ; as, to revive a play. 4. To 
renew in the mind or memory; reawaken; refresh. 5. a 
Old Chem. To reduce to its metallic state, as a metal after 
calcination, b To restore to an active state. — re-viv'er, n. 

re-viv'i-fy (re-vTv'T-fl), v. t. & i. To cause to revive; re- 
vive. — re-viv'i-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 

rev'O-ca-ble (rev'6-kd-b'l), a. [L. revocabilis. See re- 
voke.] Capable of being revoked. — rev'o-ca-bil'i-ty 
(-bil'i-ti), rev'o-ca-ble-ness, n. — rev'o-ca-bly, adv. 

rev'O-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Recall. Obs. or R. 2. Act 
of revoking ; act by which one having the right, annuls an 
act done, a power or authority given, or a license, gift, or 
benefit conferred ; repeal, withdrawal. [recalling.! 

rev'o-ca-to-ry (rev'6-kd-to-rT), a. Of or pert, to revocation ;[ 

re-voice (re-vois'), v. t. 1. To voice again ; echo. 2. To re- 
furnish with a voice ; refit, as an organ pipe. 

re-VOk'a-ble (re-vok'd-b'l), a. Revocable. 

re-VOke' (re-vok'), v. t.; -voked' (-vokt') ; -vok'ing (-vok'- 
ing). [OF. revoquier, L. revocare; re- + vocare to call.] 
1. To bring back ; recall. Obs. or R. 2. To annul by recall- 
ing or taking back ; repeal ; rescind. — Syn. Recall, coun- 
termand. See abolish. — v. i. Card Playing. To fail to 
follow suit when able, in violation of the rules. — n. Card 
Playing. Act of revoking. — re-vok'er (-vok'er), n. 

re-VOlt' (re- volt' ; -volt'), n. [F. revolte, deriv. of It. rivol- 
vere, rivolto, to turn, direct, fr. L. revolver e. See revolve.] 
Act of revolting ; a casting off of allegiance ; change of 
party or opinion ; esp., rebellion ; insurrection. — Syn. See 
rebellion. — v. t. To affect with disgust or loathing ; 
nauseate. — v. i. 1. To renounce allegiance ; rebel ; desert 
one party or leader for another. 2. To be disgusted, or 
grossly offended ; feel disgust or nausea ; — used with at or 
against; as, his mind revolted at treason. 3. To turn or 
shrink with disgust or loathing ; as, his nature revolted from 
it. — re-volt'er, n. 

re-VOlt'ing, p. a. Repulsive ; disgusting. ing-ly, adv. 

rev'o-lute (rev'6-lut), a. [L. revolutus, p. p. of revolvere. 
See revolve.] Bot. Rolled backward or downward, as the 
margins or tips of some leaves. 

rev'O-lu'tion (-lii'shun), n. 1. A reyolving,_ or turning 
round or about a center or axis ; rotation ; strictly, a pro- 
gressive motion of a body round a center or axis, such that 
any line of the body remains throughout parallel to its 
initial position, to which it returns on completing the cir- 
cuit. 2. Of a heavenly body, act of going round in an orbit, 
or elliptic course ; also, apparent movement round the 
earth. 3. Completion of a course, as of years ; circuit ; also, 
Obs. or R., recurrence, as of an epoch or period. 4. Change ; 
alteration ; radical change ; as, a_ revolution in thought. 
5. A fundamental change in political organization, or in a 
government or constitution ; overthrow or renunciation of 
one government, and substitution of another, by the gov- 
erned ; [cap. & with the"]: a The English Revolution 
(1688-89). b The French Revolution (1789-99). C The 
American Revolution (1775-83). — Syn. See rebellion. 

rev'o-lu'tion-a-ry (-lu'snun-a-ri), a. Of, pert, to, charac- 
terized by, or of the nature of, a revolution, esp. in govern- 
ment ; tending to or promoting revolution. 
Revolutionary calendar, the calendar of the first French 
Republic, substituted for the ordinary calendar by a decree 
of the National Convention in 1793, and reckoned from Sept. 
22, 1792 (the date of the republic) . The year was divided into 
twelve months of thirty days, with five additional days 
(sansculoltides) for festivals, and six in every fourth year. 
The months, began approximately as foilows : 



VendgmiaireVintage Sept.22 
Brumaire . Fog . . Oct. 22 
Frimaire . . Sleet . Nov. 21 



Nivose . 

Pluviose 
Ventose 



Snow . Dec.21 
Rain .Jan. 20 
Wind . Feb. 19 



Thermidor, 

or Fervidor Heat . July 19 
Fructidor. Fruit . Aug. 18 



Germinal . Seed . . Mar. 21 
Floreal . . Blossom Apr. 20 
Prairial. . Pasture May 20 
Messidor . Harvest June 19 

— n. An advocate or favorer of revolution ; revolutionist. 

rev'o-lu'tion-ist, n. One engaged in a revolution ; a favorer 
of revolution ; a revolutionary. 

rev'o-lu'tion-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). 
To change fundamentally ; subject to a revolution. 

re-VOlv'a-ble (re-vol'vd-b'l), a. Capable of being revolved. 

re-volve' (re-volv'), v. t.; -volved' (-volvd') ; -volv'ing. 
[L. revolvere, -lutum; re- + volvere to roll, turn round.] 
1. To turn over in the mind ; cogitate. 2. To cause to move 
or turn around, as in an orbit or on an axis ; rotate. — v. i. 
1. To move around or turn, as in an orbit or about an axis ; 
rotate. 2. To pass in cycles ; as, the centuries revolve. 
Syn. Revolve, rotate. To rotate is to turn on or as on 
an axis ; revolve is sometimes exactly synonymous with 
rotate, but oftener denotes movement as in an orbit ; as, 
the earth rotates on its axis and revolves about the sun. 

re-VOlv'er (-vol'ver), n. Something that revolves ; specif., 




removed. 1 Trigger ; 2 
Hammer; 3 MainSpring; 
4 Rebound Slide; 5 
Hand ; 6 Sear ; 7 Bolt to release Cylinder (8) ; 9 Extractor. 

a firearm (commonly a pistol) with a cylinder of several 
chambers so arranged as to revolve on an axis, and be dis- 
charged in succession by the same lock. 

re-VUl'sion (re-vfll'shwn), n. [L. revulsio, fr. reveller e, 
-vulsum, to pluck away ; re- + vellere to pluck.] 1. Med. 
The allaying of a morbid condition by counterirritation or 
the like. 2. A strong pulling or drawing back or away; 
withdrawal. 3. A sudden or strong reaction, reversion, or 
change ; as, a revulsion of feeling. 

re-VUl'sive (-siv), a. Causing, or tending to, revulsion. 

re-ward' (-word'), v. t. [OF. rewarder, a form of regarder. 
See regard.] 1. To give as a reward. 2. To make a return, 
or give a reward, to (a person) or for (a service, etc.) ; re- 
quite ; recompense. — n. 1. That which is given in return 
for good or evil done or received ; recompense. 2. Law. 
Compensation or remuneration for services ; specif., a rec- 
ompense or premium offered by the government or a private 
individual for special services to be performed. — Syn. 
Pay, retribution, punishment. — re-ward'er, n. 

re-wind' (re-wind'), v. t. & i. To wind again. 

re-word' (re-wurd'), v. t. 1. To repeat in the same words. 
2. To alter the wording of ; restate in other words. 

re-work' (-wurk'), v. t. To work again. 

re-write' (re-rlt'), v. t. To write again or anew. 

Rey'nard (ra'ndrd; ren'drd). [F. renard; of G. origin.] 
Proper name of the fox in the medieval beast epic "Rey- 
nard the Fox" ; also [I. c], a fox. 

rhab'do-man'cy (rab'do-man'si), n. [Gr. pd/3Sos rod, stick 
+ -rnancy.'] Divination by rods or wands. 

rha'chis (ra'kis). Var. of rachis. 

Rhad'a-man'thus (rad'd-man'thws), Rhad'a-man'thys 

(-this), n. [L. Rhadamanthus, Gr. 'Padafiavdos, 'Pada/iav- 
6vs.~\ Gr. Myth. A son of Zeus and Europa. For his exem- 
plary justice he was made, after death, one of the judges in 
the lower world. — Rhad'a-man'thine (-thin), a. 

Rhas'tian (re'shan), a. Of or pert, to ancient Rhastia, a 
Roman province nearly corresponding with Tirol and the 
Grisons. — n. One of the people of Rhaetia, conquered 
about 15 B. c. by the Romans. 

Rhse'tic (-tik), a. Geol. Pert, to or designating the upper- 
most division of the European Triassic ; — in allusion to 
certain strata of the Rhaetian Alps. 

Rhse'to-Ro-man'ic (re'to-ro-man'Tk), n. The Romance 
dialects spoken in southeastern Switzerland, a part of 
Tirol, and Friuli, along the northern limits of Italian. The 
names Ladin and Romansch have also been used for some 
or even all of them. 

-rha'gi-a (-ra'ji-d), -rhage (-raj). In composition usually 
-rrhagia, -rrhage. [NL. -rhagia, Gr. -payia (as in al/ioppa- 
yla hemorrhage), fr. priyvvvai to break.] A combining form 
used to signify a bursting forth, abnormal or excessive 
discharge or flow ; as, metrorrhagia, hemorrhage, etc. 

rham-na'ceous (ram-na'shus), a. [Gr. pa.p.vos a kind of 
prickly shrub.] Bot. Belonging to a widely distributed 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event^end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na^jre, verdure (87); 



RHAPHIDES 



831 



RHODE ISLAND RED 



family (Rhamnacese) of thorny shrubs and trees, the buck- 
thorn family, typifying an order (Rhamnales). 
rhaph'i-des (raf'i-dez). Var. of raphides. 
-rhaphy. In composition usually -rrhaphy. [Gr. /5a<£^ a 
sewing, fr. pairreiv to sew.] Combining form used to sig- 
nify sewing, suture ; as in tenorrhaphy. 
rhap-sod'ic (rap-sod'ik), rhap-sod'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. Char- 
acteristic of, or of the nature of, a rhapsody ; ecstatic. 
rhap'SO-dist (rap'so-dist), n. 1. Gr. Antiq. One who re- 
cited a rhapsody ; esp., a professional reciter of epic poems, 
as of Homer. 2. Hence, one who recites or sings poems for 
a livelihood. 3. One who rhapsodizes. 

rhap'so-dize (-dlz),'!;. £.;-dized (-dizd) j-diz'ing (-dlz'ing). 
To recite as a rhapsody. — v. i. To utter rhapsodies. 

rhap'so-dy (-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [F. rapsodie, L. 
rhapsodia, Gr. f>a\pu>bla, deriv. of pairreLv to sew together, 
unite + oj5j7 song.] 1. A recitation or song of a rhapsodist ; 
a portion of a Greek epic, as a book of the "Iliad," adapted 
for recitation at one time ; a similar modern literary piece. 
2. A miscellaneous collection ; medley. 3. An utterance or 
writing characterized by emotionalism and lack of connec- 
tion and soundness. 4. Music. An irregular instrumental 
composition, like an improvisation. 

rhat'a-ny (rat'd-ni), n. [Sp. ratania, ratafia, Peruv. ra- 
jana.] 1. The root of a half-shrubby Peruvian plant (Kra- 
meria triandra), used in medicine as an astringent and 
tonic, and to color port wine. 2. The plant. 

rhe'a (re'd), n. [Assamese.] Ramie or its fiber. 

Rhe'a (re'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tea.] 1. Gr. Myth. Daughter 
of Uranus and Gaea, wife of Cronus, and mother of Zeus, 
Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter ; — hence 
called "Mother of the Gods." Rhea was identified by the 
Greeks with Cybele. 2. [I. c] The South American ostrich 
(genus Rhea). It is smaller than the African ostrich, the 
toes are three instead of two, and the tail is undeveloped. 

-rhe'a, -rhoe'a (-re'd). In use commonly -rrhea, -rrhoea. 
[NL., fr. Gr. -poia (as in <5idppoia diarrhea), fr. pelv to flow.] 
A suffix denoting flow, discharge; as in diarrhea. 

Rhein'gold' (rln'gold'; G. -golt'), n. Also, Anglicized, 
Rhine'goUV. In Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen 
(The Ring of the Nibelung), a piece of consecrated gold 
stolen from the Rhine and made into a ring by Alberich. 
When stolen from him, he lays a curse on it, which brings 
disaster to its possessors. 

rhe-mat'ic (re-mat'ik), a. [Gr. prjuariKos of or for a verb, fr. 
prina., pniiaTos, a sentence.] 1. Of or pert, to word forma- 
tion. 2. Derived from verbs. 

Rhen'ish (ren'ish), a. [L. .Rhenus Rhine.] Of or pert, to 
the river Rhine or the region near it. — n. Rhine wine. 

rhe-om'e-ter (re-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. peos stream + -meter. ] 
An instrument for measuring currents, esp. electrical cur- 
rents or the blood currents. 

rhe'o-scope (re'6-skop), n. [Gr. peos stream + -scope."] 
Physics. A galvanoscope. — rhe'o-SCOp'JC (-skop'ik), a. 

rhe'o-Stat (-stat), n. [Gr. peos stream -4- o-Taros standing 
still.] Elec. Any contrivance for regulating a current by 
means of (usually) variable resistances. Stat'ic, a. 

rhe'o-tax'is (-tak'sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. peos stream + rdfis 
an arranging. ] Biol. The tendency of certain organisms 
to respond to the stimulus of a current by movement. 

rhe-ot'ro-pism (re-ot'ro-piz'm), n. [Gr. peos stream + 
-tropism.'] Physiol. The directive influence exerted on 
growing organs by water currents. \caca rhesus).\ 

rhe'sus (re'sus), n. [NL.] An East Indian macaque (Ma-\ 

Rhe'sus (-sus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'PtJo-os.] Gr. Myth. A 
Thracian ally of Troy. An oracle declared Troy would not 
fall if his horses drank from the Xanthus. See Diomed. 

rhet'o-ric (ret'6-rik), n. [F. rhetorique, L. rhetorica, Gr. 
prjropiKfi, deriv. of prjrup orator, rhetorician.] 1. The art of 
expressive speech or of discourse, esp. the art of literary 
composition. 2. Hence : a Skillful or artistic use of speech, 
b Artificial elegance of language. 3. A treatise on rhetoric. 

rhe-tor'i-cal (re-tor'I-kdl), a. Of or pert, to rhetoric; ac- 
cording to, or exhibiting, rhetoric ; oratorical. — rhe-tor'i- 
cal-ly, adv. — rhe-tor'i-cal-ness, n. 

rhet'o-ri'cian (ret'o-rish'dn), n. 1. One who teaches, or 
is versed in, rhetoric. 2. An eloquent writer or speaker. 

rheum (room), n. [OF. reume, L. rheuma. fr. Gr. peOpa, fr. 
pelv to flow.] A watery discharge, esp. from the eyes or 
nose ; hence : a cold ; catarrh ; Poetic, tears. Archaic. 

rheu-mat'ic (roo-mat'ik), a. [OF. reumatique, fr. L.. fr. 
Gr. pevfiarucos subject to a flux. See rheum.] Of, pert, to, 
affected with, or causing rheumatism. — n. 1. One having 
rheumatism. 2. In pi. Rheumatism. Colloq. or Dial. 

rheu'ma-tism (roo'md-tTz'm), n. [L. rheumatismus 
rheum. Gr. pevp.aTiap.6s. See rheum.] Med. A constitution- 
al disease characterized chiefly by pains of various types. 
It attacks joints, muscles, or fibrous or serous structures. 

rheu'ma-toid (-toid) \a. Med. Resembling, or char- 

rheu'ma-toi'dal (-toi'dal)J acteristic of, rheumatism; af- 
flicted with rheumatism. — rheu'ma-toi'dal-ly, adv. 




rheum'y (room'i), a. Of or pertaining to rheum; abound- 
ing in or causing rheum ; affected with rheum. 

rhig'o-lene (rig'6-len), n. [Gr. oZyos cold + L. oZeum oil.] 
A petroleum product intermediate between gasolene and 
cymogene. It is exceedingly volatile, and is used in medi- 
cine to produce local anaesthesia by cooling. 

rhi'nal (rl'nal), a. [Gr. pis, pu>6s, the nose.] Anat. Of or 
pertaining to the nose ; nasal ; narial. 

rhi'nen-ceph'a-lon (rl'nen-sef'd-lon), n.; pi. -ala (-Id). 
[NL. ; Gr. pi's, bivbs, nose + eyKe<J>a\os brain.] Anat. & 
Zool. a The olfactory lobes considered as a division of the 
brain, b Either olfactory lobe. ce-phaPic (-se-fal'Ik), «. 

rhine'stone' (rln'ston-), n. [Cf. G. rheinkiesel Rhine 
quartz, F. caillou du Rhin, also rhinestone.] A colorless lus- 
trous stone made of paste ; — much used in cheap jewelrv. 

Rhine wine (rln). Wine produced in the valley of the 
Rhine and its tributaries. Rhine wines are usually light, 
dry, white, and acid, with a fine bouquet. 

rhi-ni'tis (rl-nl'tis), n. [NL. ; rhino- + -itis.'] Med. In- 
flammation of the nose, esp. of the nasal mucous membrane. 

rhi'no- (rl'no-). Combining form fr. Gr. pis, pli>6s, nose. 

rhi'no (rl'no), n. Money ; cash. Slang. 

rhi-noc'er-os (rl-nos'er-os), n. [L., fr. Gr. /W6/cepws ; pis, /5i- 
vbs, nose -f- nepas 
horn.] Any of 
a family (Rhi- 
nocerotidse) of 
large, h e r b i v- 
orous, perisso-l 
dactyl, thick -J 
skinned mam- 
mals with one or 
(in some species) 
two heavy up- 

right horns on i^^^^^^^^^J^^^Wks^ tck 
the snout. ^^^^^^^rt^ffl^^* 

rhi-noi'0-gy (rl- Indian Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros 

nol'6-jl), n. The unicornis). 

science which treats of the nose and its diseases. — rhi-nol'- 
o-gist (-jist), n. 

rhi'no-plas'ty (rPno-plas'ti), n. Plastic surgery of the 
nose. — rhPno-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. 

rhi'no-scope (rl'no-skop), n. A small mirror for use in 
examining the nasal cavity. 

rhi-nos'CO-py (rl-nos'ko-pi), n. Med. Examination of the 
soft palate, posterior nares, etc., by means of a rhinoscope. 

rhi'zo- (ri'zo-). Combining form from Greek pi$a, root. 

rhi'zo-car'pous (-kaVpws), a. Bot. Having perennial un- 
derground parts, but annual stems and foliage ; — said of 
all perennial herbs. 

rhi'zo-ceph'a-lous (-sePd-lus), a. [rhizo- + Gr. Ke<t>a.\ri 
head.] Zool. Belonging to a division (Rhizocephala) of 
extremely degenerate hermaphroditic cirripeds which live 
as parasites on ordinary crabs and hermit crabs. 

rhPzo-gen'ic (rl'zo-jeVIk) \a. Bot. Producing roots ; as, 

rhi-ZOg'e-nous (rl-zoj'e-nus)J rhizogenic tissue. 

rhi'zoid (rl'zoid), n. [rhizo- + -oid.'] Bot. In ferns, 
mosses, etc.. one of the rootlike filaments that attach the 
gametophyte to the substratum. — rhi-zoi'dal (-zoi'dal), a. 

rhi-ZOm'a-tOUS (rl-zom'd-tws ; -zo'md-tus), a. Bot. Re- 
sembling, or having the nature of, a rhizome. 

rhi'zome (ri'zom), n. [Gr. pi^oip.a mass of roots (of a tree), 
stem, race.] Bot. Any un- 
derground rootlike stem 
sending leafy shoots 
from the upper surface 
and roots from the lower 
side, as that of Solo- 
mon's-seal ; a rootstock. 

rhi'zo-mor'phous 
(rl'zS-mor'fus^a. Bot. 
Having the form of a root ; rootlike. 

rhi-zoph'a-gous (rl-zoPd-gws), a. [Gr. ptfo0d7os; p7fa a 
root + cfrayeiv to eat.] Feeding on roots ; root-eating. 

rhPzo-pod (rl'zo-pod), n. Zo'ol.^ Any of a class (Rhizopoda) 
of protozoans having as the chief 
common character the formation 
of pseudopodia which ordinarily 
serve as organs for locomotion 
and for taking food. 

rho (ro), n. [Gr. pw.] The 17th 
letter [P, p] of the Greek alpha- 
bet. corresDonding to Eng. R, r. 

rho'da-mirie (ro'dd-mm; -men), 
n. Also -min. [G. rhodamin; 
Gr. pd5oi> rose + G. amir,, amine.] 

Chem. A rose-red dye got by con- A Rhizopod ( Po i vsto . 
densing an ammo ^derivative ot me ua strigillata) . with 
phenol with phthalic anhydride; Pseudopodia extended, 
any of several related dyes. Much enlarged. 

Rhode Is'land red (rod I'land). One of an American breed 




Rhizome of Solomon's-seal. a 
Growing Stem ; b b Old Scars ; 
c Bud. 




I 



I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciatioru 
explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



RHODIAN 



832 



RICARDIAN 







R 



of single-combed domestic fowls, having a long heavy 
body, smooth yellow or reddjsh legs, and plumage chiefly 
reddisn buff, with a black tail. 

Rho'di-an (ro'dT-an), a. [L. Rhodius.] Of or pert, to 
Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean. — n. A native or 
inhabitant of Rhodes. 

rho'dic (ro'dlk), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
rhodium, esp. in its higher valences. 

rho'di-um (ro'di-imi), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pbbov rose ; — from 
its rose-red salts.] Chem. A rare element found in plati- 
num ores and separated as a grayish white metal insoluble 
in acids and very difficult to fuse. Symbol, Rh; at. wt., 
102.9 ; sp. gr., 12.2. 

rho'do-chro'site (-do-kro'sit), n. [Gr. pbbov rose + xp&<r« 
a coloring.] Min. A mineral characteristically rose-red, 
and consisting essentially of manganese carbonate, MnC03. 

rho'do-den'dron (-den'dron), n. [L., fr. Gr. pobbbevbpov, 
lit., rose tree ; pbbov rose + bkvbpov tree.] Any of a large 
genus {Rhododendron) of evergreen ericaceous shrubs, 
natives of mountainous regions in various parts of the 
Northern Hemisphere. They have handsome white, pink, 
or rose-purple flowers. 

rho'do-lite (ro'do-lit), n. [Gr. pbbov rose + -lite.'] Min. A 
pink or purple variety of garnet, used as a gem. 

rho'do-nite (-nit), n. [Gr. pbbov the rose.] Min. A pale red 
triclinic mineral consisting essentially of a manganese 
silicate MnSi03 ; manganese spar. It is often used as an 
ornamental stone, esp. in Russia. 

rho'do-phy'ceous (-f ish'ws), a. [Gr. pbbov rose + </>Dkos sea- 
weed.] Bot. Belonging to a class (Rhodophycese) of algae, 
the red algae, so called on account of their color. The red 
algae are seaweeds of deep water, and exhibit great beauty 
in form and shades of coloring. 

rho-do'ra (ro-do'rd; 57), n. [L., a kind of plant.] An 
ericaceous shrub (Rhodora canadensis), found through- 
out Canada and New England, having delicate pink flow- 
ers produced before the leaves in spring. 

-rhce'a. Var. of -rhea. 

rhomb (romb ; rom), n. [L. rhombus, Gr. pbp.(3os rhomb, 
spinning top.] Geom. = rhombus. 

rhom'bic (rom'blk), rhom'bi-cal (-bi-kal), a. Having the 
form of a rhombus, or rhomb. 

rhom'bo-he'dral (-he'drdl), a. Related to, or having the 
form of, a rhombohedron. 

rnom/bo-he'dron (-bo he'drSn), n. [Gr. pbufios rhomb -f 
'ibpa base.] A parallelepipedon. 

rhom'boid (rom'boid), n. [L. rhomboides, Gr. f>op.&oeibr}s 
rhomboidal.] A parallelogram with ob- 
lique angles and the adjacent sides un- 
equal. —a. Shaped more or less like a 
rhombus or like a rhomboid ; rhomboidal. 

rhom-boi'dai (-boi'ddl), o. 
rhomboid. 

rhom'bus (rom'bus),n. [L.] 1. An equilateral parallelo- 
gram, having its angles oblique. Rhombus 
is rarely used as including the square. 2. 
A rhombohedron. 

rhon'chus (ron'kus), n.; pi. -cm (-ki). 
[L., a snoring, a croaking.] Med. An ad- 
ventitious whistling or snoring heard on 
auscultation of the chest when the air Rhombus, 1. 
channels are partly obstructed ; a rale. — rhon'chal (-kal), 
rhon'chi-al_(-ki-dl), a. 

rhu'barb (roo'barb), n. [F. rhubarbe, LL. rheubarbarum 
for rheum barbarum, Gr. prjov rhu- 
barb.] 1. Any of a genus {Rheum) of 
polygonaceous plants, including the 
common garden rhubarbOR. rhapon- 
ticum) and other species (esp. R. 
officinale and R. palmatum) yield- 
ing the commercial product. They 
are tall, coarse herbs with large leaves 
and thick, succulent petioles. 2. 
Pharm. The root of any of several 
species of this genus, used as a com- 
bined cathartic and astringent, also as 
a mild tonic. 3. The acid leafstalks 
of the common garden species, used 
in cookery. 

rhumb (rum; rumb), n. [F. rumb.] Medicinal Rhubarb 
Navig. 1. A line crossing successive (Rheum officinale). 
meridians at a constant angle ; — Much reduced, 
called also rhumb line. 2. Any of the points of the mari- 
ner's compass. [rime, etc.l 

rhyme (rim), n., rhym'er (-er), rhyme'ster (-ster). See| 

rhyn'cho-ce-pha'li-an (rin'k6-se-fa'li-an)_, a. [Gr. pvyxos 
snout + KeqSaXi? head.] Zo'dl. Belonging to an order 
(Rhynchocephalia) of nearly extinct reptiles resembling 
lizards in general form and appearance. — n. A rhyncho- 
cephalian reptile. 

rhy'o-lite (ri'6-llt), n. [Gr. few to flow -f- -lite.'] A very 
acid volcanic rock, the lava form of granite. 



Rhomboid. 
Shaped more or less like a 




rhy'pa-rog'ra-phy (ri'pd-rog'rd-fi), n. [Gr. pvTrapoyp&<f>os 
painting foul or mean objects ; pv-xapos filthy, dirty + ypd- 
4>et.v to write, paint.] The depiction of mean, unworthy, or 
sordid subjects. — rhy'pa-rog'ra-pher (-fer), -ra-phist 
(-fist), n. — rhy'pa-ro-graph'ic (-ro-graf'ik), a. 

rhythm (ritfe'm ; rith'm), n. [F. rhythme, L. rhythmus, 
Gr. pv6p,bs measured motion, measure, proportion, felv to 
flow.] 1. Chiefly Pros, a The movement of uttered words 
as marked by the succession and alternation of long and 
short, accented and unaccented, syllables, and by the posi- 
tion of pauses, b A particular kind of such movement ; as, 
a dactylic rhythm. C Rhythmic expression. 2. Music, a 
Symmetry of movement as determined by recurrent heavy 
and light accent, b A symmetrical and regularly recurrent 
grouping of tones according to accent and time value ; 
as, a fandango rhythm. C See time, n., 12. 3. In general 
applications : movement marked by regular recurrence ; 
hence : regularity of recurrence ; periodicity. 

rhyth'mic (rith'mik ; rith'mik), n. Also rhyth'mics. (See 
-ics.) The science of rhythm and rhythmical structure. 

rhyth'mic (-mik) \ a. Pert, to, of the nature of, or 

rhyth'mi-cal (-mi-kal)j marked by, rhythm. cal-ly, 

adv. 

rhyth'mist (-mist), n. An adept in rhythm. 

ri'a (re'a), n. [Sp. ria.] Geog. A long narrow inlet, with 
depth gradually diminishing inward. 

Ri-al'to (re-al'to ; ri-al'to), n. 1. An island and district in 
Venice, Italy, the business center of the city. Hence, a 



,^1SSU 










J 



Rialto, Venice, 
marble bridge connecting this island with the island Sail 
Marco. 2. [Z. c; pi. -tos (-toz).] An exchange ; market. 

ri'ant (rl'cnt; F. re'aN'), a. [F. riant, p. pr. of rire to 
laugh,_ L. ridere.] Laughing, smiling ; gay; as, meadows 
riant in the sunlight. — ri'ant-ly (rl'dnt-li), adv. 

rib (rib), n. [AS.] 1. Anat. & Zool. One of the series of 
paired, curved, bony or partly cartilaginous rods which 
stiffen the body walls of most vertebrates. In man, there 
are normally twelve pairs. Those which do not unite with 
the sternum are the false ribs. They are the last five pairs, 
the last two pairs being called also floating ribs. 2. Cook- 
ery. A cut of meatincluding a rib or ribs. 3. A wife ; — in 
allusion to Gen. ii. 21-22. Dial, or Sportive. 4. Some- 
thing likened to a rib ; as : a Bot. One of the primary veins 
of a leaf, b A strengthening or shaping timber, bar, rod, 
etc., as one of the supporting bars or timbers branching 
from a vessel's keel, one of the arched frames of a vault, etc. 
C A prominent ridge in cloth. — v. t. ; ribbed (ribd) ; rib'- 
bing. 1. To furnish, strengthen, or mark with ribs or 
ridges. 2. To inclose, as with ribs, and protect. 

rib' aid (rTb'dld), n. rF. ribaud, OF. ribalt, LL. ribaldus.] 
One who is ribald. Rare. — a. Low, coarse, or scurril- 
ous ; esp., blasphemous, obscene, or coarsely offensive in 
language ; as, a ribald scoffer ; a ribald jest. 

rib'ald-ry (-ri), n. Ribald acts or words; — now chiefly 
applied to language. 

rib'and (rib'dnd ; formerly rib'an). Archaic var. of ribbon. 

rib'band' (rib'band' ; rib'and ; rib'dn), n. Also rib'and, 
rib'-band', rib'bon. [rib + band.] Shipbuilding. A 
long narrow strip of timber or plate, used to hold the 
frames of a vessel in position while it is building. 

rib'bing (rib'ing), n. An assemblage or arrangement of 
ribs, as in timberwork, veins in leaves, ridges in cloth, etc. 

rib'bon (rib'un), n. [OF. riban, ruban.] 1. A fillet or nar- 
row woven fabric, commonly of silk or velvet, for trimming, 
etc. 2. A narrow strip or shred. 3. Any of various things 
suggestive of a ribbon ; as : a In pi. Driving reins. Colloq. 
b A ribband. — v. t. To adorn with or as with ribbons. 

ribbon fish. Any of certain elongated, greatly compressed 
marine fishes, as the dealfish, oarfish, etc. 

Rib'bon-man (-man), n. A member of the Ribbon So- 
ciety, a society in Ireland, founded early in the 19th cen- 
tury in antagonism to the Orangemen and named from the 
green ribbon worn as a badge. Hence, Rib'bon-ism, n. 

rib' wort' (rib'wurt'), n., or ribwort plantain. A species of 
plantain (Plantago lanceolata) w ; th long, ribbed leaves ; 
also, any of several similar related species. 

Ri-car'dl-an (rf-kar'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to David 
Ricardo (1772-1823), an English political economist of the 
free-trade school. — n. A follower of Ricardo. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, .end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RICE 



833 



RIFLE 



rice (r!s), n. [F. Hz, L. oryza, Gr. opufa, $pv£ov.~\ 
well-known cereal grass (Oryza sativa) exten- 
sively cultivated in warm climates; also, collec- 
tively, its seed or grain. 

rice'bird' (-burd'), n. 1. The Java sparrow. 2. 
The bobolink. Southern U. S. 

rice paper. 1. A thin paper made from rice straw. 
2. By confusion, commonly, a kind of delicate 
Chinese paper made by cutting the pith of a 1 
certain tree or shrub into a sheet, which is flat- 
tened out under pressure. 

rich (rich), a. [AS. rice rich, powerful.] 1. 
Abounding in material possessions ; wealthy ; — 
opp. to poor. 2. Abundant ; copious ; bountiful ; 
as, a rich crop. 3. Productive or fertile ; fruitful ; 
as, rich soil. 4. Sumptuous ; costly; as, rich 
apparel. 5. Abounding in superior or pleasing 
qualities ; — esp. of food or drink which is 
highly seasoned, abounds in fat, etc., or is lus- 
cious and high-flavored. 6. a Of colors : not faint 
or delicate ; vivid, b Full and mellow in tone ; as, 
a rich voice. 7. Abounding in humor ; entertain- 
ing; hence, laughable ; absurd. Colloq. 
Syn. Rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent. One 
is rich whc has abundant possessions ; wealthy Beardless 
heightens the implication of prosperity ; affluent Rice, 
and opulent connote profusion or great abundance. 

ricb/es (rich'ez; 24), n. pi.; orig. a sing. [F. richesse."] 
That which makes one rich ; wealth. 

rich'ly, adv. In a rich manner. 

rich/ness, n. Quality or state of being rich. 

rich'weed' (rTch'wed 7 ), n. 1. A common urticaceous herb 
(Adicea pumila), of the eastern United States and Japan ; 
— called also clearweed. 2. The common ragweed. 3. The 
horse balm. 

ric'in-o-le'ic (ris'i-no-le'ik ; -no'le-Tk), a. [L. ricinus the 
castor oil plant -f- oleum oil.] Chem. Pert, to or designat- 
ing an unsaturated hydroxy acid, C18H34O3. 

ric'in-o'le-in (-no'le-m), n. Chem. The glyceryl ester of 
ricinoleic acid, forming the chief constituent of castor oil. 

rick (rik), n. [AS. hreac a heap.] A large stack, as of straw 
or hay_, in the open air. usually protected from wet with 
thatching or other covering. — v. t. To heap up in ricks. 

rick'ets (nk'ets; 24), n. pi. A children's disease charac- 
terized by defective nutrition and alterations in the bones, 
the head becoming bulky ; — called also rachitis. 

rick'et-y (-et-i), a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. Feeble in 
the joints ; shaky ; weak. — rick'et-i-ness, n. 

rick'rack' (-rak'), n. A kind of openwork edging or inser- 
tion made of serpentine braid. 

ric'o-chet' (n'k'S-sha'; -shet'),n. [F.] A glancing rebound 
or skipping, as of a projectile along the ground or water. 

— v. i.; -cheted' (-shad') or -chet'ted (-shet'ed) ; -chet'- 
ing (-sha'Ing) or -chet'ting (-shet'Ing). To skip with a 
glancing rebound or rebounds, as a projectile. 

ric'tus (nk'tus), n. [L., the aperture of the mouth.] The 
gape of a mouth ; — often restricted to the corners of the 
mouth. — ric'tal (nk'tal), a. 

rid (rid). Archaic pret. & p. p. of ride, v. i. 

rid, v. t. ; red or rid'ded ; rid'ding. [AS. hreddan to de- 
liver. ] 1. To remove, as from peril ; deliver ; — usually 
used with out of. Obs. 2. To free ; clear ; disencumber ; — 
used with of. 3. To drive away; remove by violence; 
destroy. Obs. or Archaic. 

rid'a-ble (rld'd-b'l), a. Possible or fit to be ridden (as a 
horse), or ridden over or through (as a road or ford). 

rid'dance (nd'ans), n. 1. Act of ridding or freeing. 2. De- 
liverance ; escape ; as, riddance from adversity. 

rid'den (-'n), p. p. of ride. 

rid'dle (-'1), n. [ME. ridil.~\ A coarse sieve. — v. t.; 
-dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). 1. To sift with or through a 
riddle. 2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle. 

rid'dle, n. [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plu- 
ral ending ; ME. ridels, redels, AS. rsedels, rsedelse.~\ 
Something to be solved by guessing or conjecture ; a puz- 
zling question ; enigma. — Syn. See enigma. — v. t. To 
explain ; unriddle. — v. i. To speak enigmatically. 

lide (rid), v. i.; pret. rode (rod), Archaic rid (rid) ; p. p. 
rid'den (rid''n), Archaic rid ; p. pr. & vb. n. rid'ing 
(rid'ing). [AS. ridan.~] 1. To be carried on or as on the 
back of an animal, esp. on a horse which one manages.^ 2. 
To be borne in or on a vehicle. 3. To be borne on or in a 
fluid ; float ; of a vessel, to float at anchor or when moored. 
4. To be supported in motion ; be borne along ; as, he rode 
on a wave of popularity. 5. To support and carry one, as a 
horse or vehicle ; as, a carriage rides easy or hard. 6. To 
overlap, as two leads or rules in printed matter. 
Syn. Ride, drive. One drives in a private or hired car- 
riage ; one rides on horseback, in a public conveyance, or 
in a conveyance not drawn by an animal. 

— v. t. 1. To sit on and control so as to be carried ; hence, 
to be carried along by, as if controlling ; as, to ride a 



horse ; ride the waves. 2. To control or manage, esp. auto 
cratically ; as, to be ridden by creditors. 3. To make, per- 
form, or do, by riding ; traverse or cover by riding ; as, to 
ride a race ; ride a mile. 4. To carry in a position resem- 
bling that of one riding a horse ; as, they rode him on their 
shoulders. Colloq. or Dial. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of riding ; esp., an excursion or journey 
on horseback, or in or on any vehicle or conveyance. 2. A 
road, avenue, or way, esp. as a place for riding. 

li-deau' (re-do'), n. [F., lit., curtain.] A small ridge of 
earth, as an artificial one thrown up to protect a camp. 

ri'dent (ri'dent), a. [L. ridens, p. pr. of rider e to laugh.] 
Laughing or broadly smiling. Rare. 

rid'er (rid'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, rides ; 06s. 
or R., a horse trainer. 2. An addition or amendment to a 
document, often attached on a separate piece of paper; 
esp., a clause annexed to a legislative bill in its passage. 
3. A small adjusting weight on the beam of a balance, and 
movable along the beam like the weight on a steelyard. 

rid'er-less, a. Without a rider. 

ridge (rij), n. [ME. rigge the back, AS. hrycg.] 1. The 
back, or top of the back, of an animal. 2. A range, or the 
upper part of a range, of hills or mountains. 3. A raised 
line or strip, as of ground, or as on metal, cloth, etc. 4o 
The intersection of two surfaces forming a salient angle. 

— v. t. & i. ; ridged (rijd) ; ridg'ing. To form into, or ex- 
tend in, a ridge or ridges ; furnish or mark with ridges. 

ridge'piece' (-pes'), ridge'plate' (-plat'), n. A ridgepole. 

ridge'pole' (-pol'), n. Arch. The highest horizontaftimber 
in a roof, receiving the upper ends of the rafters. See roof. 

ridge'wise (-wlz), adv. In the shape or position of a ridge. 

ridg'y (-T), a. Having a ridge or ridges ; rising in a ridge. 

rid'i-cule (nd'i-kul), n. [L. ridiculum a jest, neut. of ri- 
diculus ridiculous, fr. rider e to laugh.] 1. Remarks de- 
signed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt for the 
subject of the remarks ; banter. 2. An object of sport ; 
laughingstock. 3. Quality of being ridiculous. Rare. — 
Syn. Derision, mockery, irony, satire, sarcasm, jeer. 

— v. t.; -cuxed (-kuld) ; -cui/ing. To treat with ridicule; 
laugh at mockingly or disparagingly. — rid'i-Cufer, n. 
Syn. Ridicule, deride, mock, taunt, quiz, chaff. Ridi- 
cule may or may not involve unkindness or malice ; deride 
implies a bitter or contemptuous spirit ; mock suggests 
open and scornful derision. To taunt is to mock with keen 
reproach. Quiz and (colloq.) chaff imply good-natured 
mockery or banter. 

ri-dic'u-lous (rT-dik'u-lus), a. Fitted to excite ridicule ; un- 
worthy of serious consideration; absurd. — Syn. See 
laughable. — ri-dic'u-lous-ly, adv. — lous-ness, n. 

rid'ing (rid'ing), n. [For thriding, the initial th having 
been lost because of a preceding North. See third.] 1. One 
of the three administrative jurisdictions of the county of 
York. Eng. 2. In New Zealand, a subdivision of a county. 

rid'ing, n. Act or state of one who, or that which, rides. 

rid'ing, a. 1. Employed to travel ; traveling. 2. a Used for 
riding on ; as, a riding horse, b Used for riding or when 
riding ; as, a riding habit. 

|| ri-dot'to (re-dot'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [It., fr. LL. re- 
ductus a retreat.See redoubt.] A public entertainment 
consisting of music and dancing, often in masquerade, pop- 
ular in England in the 18th century. 

riet'bok', riet'boc' (ret'bok'), n. [D. riet reed + bok buck.] 
A reedbuck (esp. Redunca arundinum). 

|| ri-fa'ci-men'to (re-fa'che-men'to), n.; pi. -ti (-te). [It.] 
A remaking or recasting, esp. of a literary work. 

rife (rlf), a. [AS. rife abundant.] 1. Prevalent ; existing 
generally ; current ; as, the opinion was rife. 2. Abounding ; 
replete ; — usually used with with ; as, the air is rife with 
rumors. Chiefly Poetic. — Syn. See prevailing. 

riffle (rif'l), n. A ripple in a stream or current of water; 
also, a rapid. Local, U. S. 

riffle, n. Gold Mining, a Any of various contrivances (as 
biocks, bars, etc.) laid on the bottom of a sluice or launder 
to make a series of grooves or interstices to catch free gold ; 
also, a groove or interstice so formed, b A bar or cleat in a 
riffle (as above), or in a gold-washing apparatus. 

rif fler (-len, n. A curved file for working in depressions. 

riff raff' (nfraf), n. [ME. rif and raf every particle, OF. 
rifetraf'] 1. Refuse ; rubbish. 2. The rabble ; mctf. 

ri'fle (rI'f'l),v.*.;-FLED (-f 'Id) ; -fling (-fling). [OF. rifler.~] 
1. To seize and bear away by force ; snatch away ; carry off ; 
as, to rifle a person's goods. 2. To rob ; strip ; as, they 
rifled him of his goods ; to rifle a church. 

ri'fle, v. t. 1. To groove (a gun barrel) internally with spiral 
channels to insure greater accuracy of fire. 2. To whet with 
a rifle. See rifle, n., 3. 

— n. [For rifled gun.~\ 1. A firearm having upon the sur- 
face of its bore spiral grooves to impart rotary motion to the 
projectile, insuring greater accuracy of fire ; specif., in mili- 
tary use, such a firearm fired from the shoulder and distin- 
guished from a carbine by greater length and weight and 
by provision for a bayonet. 2. In pi. Mil. A body of soldiers 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbresiatioja& used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word* + combined with. = eauala, 



N 



RIFLEMAN \ 



834 



RIME 







R 



armed with rifles. 3. A strip of wood covered with emery or 
the like for sharpening scythes. 

ri'fle-man (rl'f'1-man), n. A soldier armed with, or one 
skilled in the use of, a rifle. 

rifle pit. Mil. A short trench or excavation, with a parapet 
of earth in front, to shelter one or more skirmishers. 

ri'fler (ri'fler), n. One who rifles ; a robber. 

ri'fiing (rl'fling), n. 1. Act or process of making grooves in 
a rifled barrel. 2. A system of spiral grooves cut in the sur- 
face of the bore of a gun, leaving intervening lands that cut 
into the projectile when fired or into a metal band secured 
to it and rotating it about its longer axis. 

rift (rift), n. An opening made by riving or splitting ; a cleft ; 
fissure. — » v. t . & i. To cleave ; rive ; split. 

rig (rig), v. t.; rigged (rigd); rig'ging. 1. To fit the 
rigging of (a vessel) to the masts, spars, etc. ; fit shrouds, 

, stays, etc., to (a mast, spar, etc.). 2. To furnish with 
apparatus or gear ; fit up ; equip. 3. To dress ; clothe, esp. 
in an odd or fanciful manner. 4. Com. To manipulate 
prices in ; — chiefly used in to rig the market. Cant. 

— n. 1. The distinctive shape, number, and arrangement of 
sails and masts differentiating a type of vessel. 2. Dress ; 
esp., odd or fanciful clothing. Colloq. 3. Anything rigged 
up ; outfit ; specif. : a A turnout ; equipage ; esp., a carriage 
with its horse or horses, b Tackle, apparatus, or machinery. 

rig'a-doon' (ng^d-doon'), n. [F. rigodon, rigaudon.'] A 
lively dance with a jumping step, for one couple; also, 
music for this dance, usually in spirited duple time. 

Ri'gel (rl'jel ; rl'gel), n. [Ar. rijl, prop., foot.] Astron, A 

. star in the left foot of Orion ; Beta [$] Orionis. 

rig'ger (ng'er), n. One who rigs ; specif., one whose occupa- 
tion is fitting the rigging of ships. 

rig'ging (-ing), n. 1. Naut. Ropes, chains, etc., that sup- 
port or adjust the spars and sails. 2. Tackle ; gear. 

Riggs' disease (rigz). Med. Pyorrhea alveolaris. 

right (rlt), a. [AS. rihtJ] 1. Straight ; not crooked ; as, a 
right line. 2. Upright ; erect from a base ; having its axis 
perpendicular to the base ; not oblique ; as, a right pyramid. 
3. Conformed to justice ; according with duty ; just ; up- 
right ; — now rarely used of persons. 4. Fit ; suitable ; 
proper ; correct ; as, the right man in the right place. 5. 
Real; actual; genuine. Archaic. 6. According with or 
stating truth ; correct ; true ; as, the right solution of a 
problem. 7. Well ; in good condition ; as, he does not look 
right. 8. Designed to be placed or worn outward ; as, the 
right side of a rug. 9. Designating, or pert, to, that side of 
the body on which, in man, muscular action is generally 
stronger than on the other side ; — opposed to left. Also, 
situated to the right. Cf. left, a., 1 & 2. — Syn. Lawful, 
rightful, true, correct, just, equitable. 
right angle, Math., the angle bounded by two radii that 
intercept a quarter of a circle. Two lines forming right 
angles are perpendicular to each other. See angle, Illust. 
— r. ascension, Astron., the distance eastward along the ce- 
lestial equator from the first point of Aries to the meridian 
passing through any heavenly body. See hour, n., 5b — r. 
whale, any of a genus ( Balsena) of whalebone whales, 
esp. the bowhead (B. myslicetus) and the southern right 
whale ( B. australis ) ; — so called because regarded by 
whalers as the right kind to pursue. See whale. 




A Right Whale, the Bowhead (Balsena mysticetus). 

— adv. 1. In a right, or straight, line ; directly ; imme- 
diately ; next ; as, right before me. 2. According to right ; 
righteously ; as, to do right. 3. In a suitable, desired, or 
fortunate manner ; well ; as, nothing went right. 4. Ac- 
cording to fact or truth; truly; correctly; as, to tell a 
story right. 5. Exactly ; just ; precisely. Chiefly Colloq. 
6. Very ; extremely ; as, right reverend. 

— n. 1. That which is right or correct ; specif., adherence to 
duty ; obedience to lawful authority ; freedom from guilt. 2. 
That to which one has a just claim ; a power, privilege, or 
the like, vested in one by law or by authority, social custom, 
or the like. 3. The side, part, or the like, on or toward the 
right side (see right, a., 9). 4. [Usually cap., as used of a 
-particular group.~\ Politics. In some legislative bodies of 
Europe (as in France), those members collectively who are 
conservatives or monarchists. See center, n., 6. 

right of search, Marine Law, the right of a belligerent to 
stop a merchant vessel of a neutral state on the high seas 
and examine to determine whether she is liable to capture 
for violating the laws of war, as by carrying contraband 
goods ; — called also r. of visit and search. — r. of way. 
a Law. A right of private passage over another's ground, b 
[pi. right of ways.] A narrow street ; lane. Australia. 



— v. t. 1. To bring or restore to the proper position or 
state ; adjust ; correct. 2. To do justice to ; relieve from 
wrong. — - v. i. To recover the proper or natural condition 
or position ; become upright. 

right'-a-bout', n. A turning directly about so as to face in 
the opposite direction ; also, the quarter directly opposite. 
to put, send, turn, etc., one to the right-about, to 
dismiss one ; of an antagonist, to cause to retreat. Colloq. 

right'-an'gled, a. Containing a right angle or right angles ; 
as, a right-angled triangle. See triangle, Illust. 

rHht'eous (rl'chus), a. [AS. rihtwls ; riht right + wis 
wise.] Doing, or according with, that which is right ; just; 
up r ight ; equitable ; esp., free from guilt or sin. — Syn. 
Godly, holy, virtuous. — right'eous-ly, adv. 

right/equs-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being righteous. 
2. A righteous act or quality. 3. The quality of being 
rightful or just. — Syn. Uprightness, godliness, equity, 
justice, integrity, honesty. See holiness. 

right'er (rlt'er), n. One who sets right ; vindicator. 

right'fuM-fdol), a. 1. Righteous. Obs. 2. Consonant to 
justice ; just. 3. Having a right or just claim according to 
law. 4. Belonging, held, or possessed by right, or by just 
claim. — Syn. Lawful, true, honest, equitable, proper. — 
nght'f ul-ly, adv. — right'f ul-ness, n. 

right'-hand', a. 1. Being on the right hand. 2. Of, pert, 
to, or done with, the right hand. 3. Chiefly relied on ; as, 
one's right-hand man. 

right-hand rope, rope laid up and twisted in the same 
direction as plain-laid rope. See cordage, Illust. 

right'-hand'ed, a. 1. Using the right hand habitually, or 
more easily than the left. 2. Done or made with or as 
with the right hand ; as, a right-handed blow. 3. Ro- 
tating in the same direction as the hands of a watch seen 
from in front. 4. Zo'ol. Dextrally spiral. 

rightly, adv. [AS. rihtlice.~\ 1. According to justice ; up- 
rightly. 2. Properly ; fitly. 3. Correctly ; exactly. 

right'ness, n. Quality or state of being right ; as : a Straight- 
ness. b Rectitude ; uprightness. C Correctness ; accuracy. 

rigid (rTj'Id), a. [L. rigidus, fr. rigere to be stiff or numb.] 
1. Firm ; stiff ; inflexible. 2. Not lax or indulgent ; strict. 
Syn. Unpliant, inflexible, unyielding, exact, rigorous, 
severe, austere, stern, harsh. — Rigid, rigorous. Rigid, 
emphasizes esp. the implication of uncompromising inflexi- 
bility ; rigorous, that of stringent severity or scrupulous 
exactness ; as, rigid adherence to truth ; a rigorous standard 
of morality. 

ri-gid'i-ty (ri-jTd'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being rigid. 

rig'id-ly (nj'id-li), adv. In a rigid manner. 

rig'id-ness, n. Rigidity. 

rig'ma-role (rig'md-rol), n. A succession of confused or 
foolish statements ; incoherent talk ; rambling discourse. 

rig'o-lette' (rig'o-let/), n. A woman's light scarflike head 
covering, usually knit or crocheted of wool. 

|| ri'go-let'to (re'go-let'to), n. [It.] An Italian round dance. 

rig'or, rig'our (rig'er), n. [OF. rigour, fr. L. rigor, fr. ri- 
gere to be stiff.] 1. Rigidity ; stiffness. Rare or Techni- 
cal. 2. (pron. rl'gor, rig'or) Med. Convulsive shuddering 
or tremor, as in the chill preceding a fever. 3. Plant 
Physiol. A state of rigidity in plant organs or tissues, during 
which they are incapable of responding to stimuli. 4. Qual- 
ity of being unyielding or inflexible ; strictness ; severity ; 
harshness ; also, an act or instance of this ; as, the intolera- 
ble rigors of religious persecution. — Syn. Inflexibility, 
austerity, sternness, exactness. 

rig'or-ism, rig'our-ism (ng'er-Tz'm), n. Rigidity in prin- 
ciple or practice ; strictness ; — opposed to laxity. 

rig'or-ist, rig'our-ist, n. One who is rigorous, or strict, in 
adherence to rules, standards, etc. 

|| ri'gor mor'tis (rl'gor mor'tis). [L., rigor of death.] The 
rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death, and lasts till 
decomposition sets in. It is due to formation of myosin. 

rig'or-OUS (ng'er-us), a. 1. Manifesting, exercising, or 
favoring rigor ; strict. 2. Harsh ; severe. — Syn. Inflex- 
ible, unyielding, stiff ; severe, austere, stern. See rigid. — 
rig'or-ous-ly, adv. — rig'or-ous-ness, n. 

Rigs'dag (rigz'dag), n. [Dan.] The legislature, or parlia- 
ment, of Denmark. [rix-dollar.I 

rigs'da'ler (ngz'da'ler), n. [Dan. See rix -dollar.] =| 

Rig-Ve'da (ng-va'da), n. [Skr. rgveda.'] See Veda. 

rile (rll). Var. of roil. Colloq. or Dial. 

|| ri-lie'VO (re-lya'vo), n.; pi. -vi (-ve). [It.] Sculp. & 
Arch. Relief. 

rill (ril), n. A very small brook ; a streamlet ; rivulet. 

rille (ril), n. [G. rille a furrow.] Astron. One of certain 
long, narrow, telescopic valleys on the surface of the moon. 
rilltet (ril'et), n. A little rill. 

rim (rim), n. [AS. rima, reoma, edge.] A border or mar- 
gin, usually of something curving. — Syn. See border. 

— v. t. ; rimmed (rimd) , -ming. To furnish with a rim. 
rime (rim), n. [AS. hrim.~] White frost ; hoarfrost. — v.i. 

rimed (rimd) ; rim'ing (rim' ing). To freeze or congeal 
into hoarfrost. — v. t. To cover with hoarfrost. 
rime, rhyme (nm), n. [F. rime (end) rime, in OF. also 



;ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



RIMER 



835 



RIPPLE 



verse, prob. confused with AS. rim number. F. rime is fr. 
L. rhythmus, Gr. pvdfios. See rhythm.] 1. A composition 
in verse having correspondence of terminal sounds ; hence, 
riming verse or (chiefly in -pi.) poetry. 2. Pros, a The corre- 
spondence of terminal sounds in two or more words or 
verses, b One of two or more words thus corresponding in 
sound. 

rime, or rhyme, royal, Pros., a stanza of seven ten- 
syllable iambic verses, riming a b a b b c c. 

— v.i.; rimed, rhymed (rlmd) ; rim'ing, rhym'ing (rim'- 
ing). 1. To make rimes, or verses. 2. To accord in rime ; 
end in rime. — v. t. Pros, a To put into rime, b To com- 
pose (rimed verse), c To make (words) rime ; use as rime. 

rim'er, rhym'er (rim'er), n. A maker of rimes ; versifier ; 
esp., an inferior poet ; rimester. 

rime'ster, rhyme'ster (rim'ster), n. A mere rimer. 

ri'mose (rl'mos ; rl-mps'), a. [L. rimosus, fr. rima chink.] 
Full of fissures or chinks. 

rim'ple (rim'p'l), n. [AS. hrympele.~\ A wrinkle. — v. t. 
& i.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). To rumple; wrinkle. 

rim'y (rlm'i), a. Abounding with rime ; frosty. 

rind (rind), n. [AS. rind bark, crust of bread.] An exter- 
nal covering or coat, as skin, bark, etc. 

rin'der-pest (rin'der-pest), n. [G. ; rind, pi. rinder, cattle 
+ pest pest.] Veter. An infectious disease of neat cattle, 
less commonly of sheep and goats, usually marked by diar- 
rhea, intense fever, and numerous grave lesions and func- 
tional disturbances; — called also cattle plague. 

rin'for-zan'do (ren'for-tsan'do), a. [It., fr. rinforzare to 
reenforce, strengthen.] Music. Increasing ; strengthening ; 
— a direction indicating a sudden increase of force, as of a 
phrase or voice part. Abbrs., rf., rfz. Cf . sforzando. 

ring (ring), v. t.; pret. rang (rang) or rung (rung) ; p. p. 
rung ; p. pr. & vb. n. ring'ing. [AS. hringan.'] 1. To 
cause to sound, esp. by striking, as a metallic body. 2. To 
make (a sound), as by ringing a bell. 3. To announce, 
proclaim, etc., by or as by ringing ; as, to ring in the year. 
to ring the changes on, to present the same facts or argu- 
ments in a variety of ways. 

— v. i. 1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body. 2. To 
sound sonorously or vibrantly ; as, his voice rang_ with in- 
dignation. 3. To resound ; also, to have the sensation of be- 
ing filled with ringing ; as, his ears ring. 4. To ring a bell, 
as a summons ; as, to ring for a servant. 5. To be filled with 
report or talk ; as, the town rings with his praises. 6. To 
have a particular sound or character expressive of some 
quality ; as, his words rang true. 

— n. 1. A sound made by or as by a vibrating metal. 2. 
Any loud sound; a sound continued, repeated, or rever- 
berated. 3. See change ringing. 4. A particular sound or 
character of utterance in speech or writing expressive of 
some quality ; as, his words had a ring of defiance. _ 

ling (ring), n. [AS. hring, hrinc.~] 1. A circle, or a circular 
line ; specif., a circular band or hoop ; a band, esp. of pre- 
cious metal, to be worn, usually on the finger. 2. Geom. a 
The plane figure between two concentric circles, b A tore. 
3. A race course, usually circular ; hence, an arena or area 
for competition or display ; as : a The arena of a circus, etc. 
b An inclosure where pugilists contest, usually a square one 
surrounded by ropes. C An inclosure or space in which 
animals are shown in competition, for sale, or the like, d An 
inclosure or space devoted to betting at a horse race ; hence, 
fig., those who bet there, esp. the bookmakers. 4. A com- 
bination of persons for a selfish, often corrupt, purpose, as 
to control the market, distribute offices, etc. 5. Chem. An 
arrangement of atoms graphically represented as a ring ; a 
closed chain. 

— v. t. 1. To surround with a ring ; encircle. 2. To provide 
with a ring or rings. 3. To girdle (a tree, etc.). — v.i. 1. 
To move in a ring or rings ; specif., Falconry, to rise in the 
air spirally. 2. To form or take the shape of a ring or rings. 

ring'bolt / (-bolt'), n. A bolt with a ring through one end. 

ring'bone' (-bonO, n. Veter. An excrescence or morbid en- 
largement on the pastern bones of the horse. 

ring'dove' (-duV), n. 1. A European pigeon {Columba 
palumbus) having a whitish patch on each side of the neck. 
2. A pigeon {Turtur risorius) of southeastern Europe and 
Asia, allied to the turtledove. 

ringed (rlngd), p. a. 1. Encircled or marked with or as with 
a ring or rings ; forming or shaped like a ring ; formed of 
rings. 2. Wearing a wedding ring ; lawfully wedded. 

rin'gent (rm'jent), a. [L. ring ens, -entis, p. pr. of ringi to 
gape.] Having the lips or edges gaping like an 
open mouth ; as, a ringent corolla. 

ring'er (ring'er) n. One who, or that which, 
rings. 

ring frame. = ring spinner. 

ring'lead'er (-led'er), n. A leader of any body of 
men or animals, esp. of persons engaged in viola- 
tion of law, as rioters, mutineers, etc. 

ring'let (ring'let), n. 1. A small ring. 2. A curl Ringent 
of hair. Corolla. 




ring'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. One in charge of the perform* 
ances within the ring in a circus. [the neck.l 

ring'— necked' (-nekt'), a. Having a ring of color around) 

ring spinner. A machine for spinning, in which the twist, 
given to the yarn by a revolving bobbin, is regulated by 
the drag of a small metal loop sliding on a ring around the 
bobbin, instead of by a throstle. Hence, ring spinning. 

ring'ster (ring'ster), n. A member of a ring, or clique, esp. 
of a political ring ; — chiefly opprobrious. Colloq. 

ring'-straked' (ring'strakf), a. Ring-streaked. Archaic. 

ring'-streaked' (-strektO.a. Marked with circular streaks. 

ring'worm' (-wurm'), n. A contagious skin affection caus- 
ing a ring-shaped eruption and due to a parasitic fungus. 

rink (rink), n. [Scot, rink, also, renk, course, a race.] 1. A 
level extent of ice marked off for curling ; also, the players 
of one side. 2. A division of a bowling green used by one 
side in a match ; also, the players on both sides. 3. An in- 
closed sheet of ice, usually artificial, for skating ; hence, a 
covered inclosure for roller skating. 

rinse (rins), v. t.; rinsed (rlnst) ; rins'ing (rin'sing). 
[OF. raincier, reincier.~\ 1. To wash lightly ; cleanse with 
water after washing. 2. To remove by washing lightly. — n. 
Act pr process of rinsing. — rins'er, n. 

rins'ing (rin'sing), n. The water that has been used to 
rinse a vessel ; hence, the last dregs ; — chiefly in pi. 

ri'ot (rl'fit), n. [OF. riote quarrel, dispute.] 1. Wanton or 
disorderly behavior ; uproar ; tumult. 2. Profligate living ; 
revelry. 3. Law. The tumultuous disturbance of the pub- 
lic peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons 
in the execution of some private object. — v. i. 1. To act 
in an unrestrained or wanton manner ; revel. 2. To create 
or engage in a riot or tumultuous disturbance. — v. t. To 
spend or pass in riot. Rare. — ri'ot-er (-er), n. 

Riot Act. Eng. An act (1713) providing that if any twelve 
persons are unlawfully assembled to the disturbance of the 
peace they may be commanded by proclamation to disperse, 
and that if they disregard such order they shall be guilty 
of felony. The Act has not generally been enacted in the 
United States. 

ri'ot-ous (-us), a. Involving, or engaging in, riot ; specif. : 
a Wanton ; profligate, b Of the nature of a riot (sense 3) ; 
seditious ; tumultuous. ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

rip (rip), v. t.; ripped (ript) ; rip'ping. [ME. ripen to 
search into, tear.] 1. To divide or separate by cutting or 
tearing, specif., in needlework, by cutting or breaking the 
threads of a seam ; tear off or out by violence. 2. To saw 
(wood) lengthwise of the grain. — Syn. See tear. 

— v. i. 1. To become torn apart or split asunder. 2. To go 
ahead, move, or proceed headlong or at full speed or 
energy. Colloq. 3. To break forth into vehement, often 
profane, utterance ; — usually used with out. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A rent made by ripping ; a tear. 2. A mean or 
worthless object. Colloq. 3. A portion of water made 
rough by the meeting of opposing currents, etc. 

ri-pa'ri-an (rT-pa'rT-an ; ri- ; 3), a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a 
bank.] Of, pertaining to, or living on, the bank of a river, 
or, in a broader sense, of a lake or a tidewater. 

rip cord. Aeronautics. A cord by which the gas bag of a 
balloon may be ripped open for a limited distance to release 
the gas quickly and so cause immediate descent. 

ripe (rip), a.; rip'er (rip'er) ; rip'est. [AS. ripe.] 1. 
Ready for reaping or gathering ; mature. 2. Like ripened 
fruit in ruddiness and plumpness. 3. Advanced by keeping 
to the state best for use ; mellow ; as, ripe cheese. 4. Ma- 
ture ; perfected ; consummate. 5. Maturated ; ready to 
discharge ; — used of abscesses, etc. 6. Ready for action ; 
prepared ; — formerly common with preceding verbal 
noun in -ing ; as, sinking ripe, ready to sink ; reeling ripe, 
prepared to reel (that is, intoxicated). — Syn. See mature. 
— ripe'ly (rlp'li) ; adv. — ripe'ness, n. 

rip'en (rip''n), v. i. & t.; rip'ened (-'nd) ; rip'en-lng. 1. 
To grow or make ripe ; mature. 2. To come or bring to 
perfection or completeness or to fitness for use, etc. 

ri-pid'o-lite (rI-pid'6-lTt ; ri-), n. [Gr. pints, pi.irl5os, fan 
+ -lite.'] See clinochlore. 

ri-poste'Hre-post'), n. [F. riposte."] 1. In fencing, a quick 

ri-post' / return thrust after a parry. 2. A quick and sharp 
retort. — v. i. To make a riposte, either verbally or in 
fencing ; retort quickly. [tool. 2. A double-ripper. I 

rip'per (rip'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, rips ; a ripping! 

rip'ple (rip''l), n. A toothed implement for removing seeds 
and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc. — v. t. ; rtp'- 
pled (-'Id) ; rip'pling (-ling). To remove the seeds from 
(flax, etc.), with a ripple. 

rip'ple (-'1), v. i. & t.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-ling). 1. To 
become or make fretted or dimpled on the surface, aswater 
running over rough shallows ; cover or be covered with, or 
form in, small waves or undulations, as a field of grain. 2. 
To make a sound as of water running gently over rough 
shallows. — n. 1. The dimpling of the surface of ruffled 
water ; hence, a little curling wave or an undulation. 2. 
A sound such as is made by rippling water. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



RIPPLER 



836 



ROADSTER 







R 



lip'pler (rlp'ler), n. 1. One who ripplijs flax, etc. 2. A ripple. 

rip'plet (-let), n. A small ripple. 

rip'ply (-11), a. Having ripples; as, ripply water; hence, 
resembling the sound of rippling wat or, as laughter. 

rip'rap' (rlp'rap'), n. Masonry. A foundation or sustain- 
ing wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep 
water or on a soft bottom ; also, stones so used. — v. t. ; 
rip'rapped' (-rapt') ; rip'rap^ing. Masonry. To form a 
riprap in or upon ; strengthen or support with a riprap. 

rip'saw' (-so'), n. [See rip, v. t., 2.] A saw with coarse 
teeth, used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber. 

rip'U-a'ri-an (rlp'u-a'rl-an ; 3), a. [LL. ripuarius.~] Of 
or pert, to a bank or shore ; specif, [cap. - ] , designating a 
group of Franks who established themselves early in the 
4th century on both banks of the Rhine near the present 
city of Cologne. See Frank. — n. A Ripuarian Frank. 

rise (rlz), v. i. ; pret. rose (roz) ; p. p. ris'en (rlz''n) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. risking (rlz'Ing). [AS. risan.'] 1. To move from 
a lower position to a higher ; ascend ; specif. : a To reach a 
higher level by increase of quantity or bulk ; swell ; as, a 
river rises in its bed. b To become erect ; assume an up- 
right position ; as, to rise after a fall. C To terminate an 
official sitting ; adjourn ; as, the committee rose, d To 
leave one's bed ; arise, e To swell or puff up in fermenta- 
tion ; to become light, as dough. 2. To have the aspect or 
effect of rising ; as : a To emerge above the horizon, as the 
sun. b To emerge into sight ; appear ; as, the land rose to 
view. C To become perceptible to other senses than sight, d 
To have a beginning ; proceed ; originate ; as, rivers rise in 
lakes or springs. 3. To increase in size, force, interest, 
value, loudness, pitch, etc. 4. In figurative senses: a To 
become hostile ; rebel, b To attain to a better position ; be 
promoted ; prosper, c To increase in interest or power ; — • 
said of style, thought, or discourse; as, a story rises in 
interest, d To come to mind ; be suggested. 5. To ascend 
from the grave ; come to life. 

Syn. Rise, arise. Rise is the general term, and applies to 
movement of any sort from a lower to a higher position ; 
except in poetry, and in the sense of getting up from a sit- 
ting, kneeling, or lying posture, rise, in its lit. senses, has 
practically displaced arise ; as, a balloon rises ; one arises 
(or rises) from a chair. Fig., arise applies esp. to _ that 
which springs up or appears. _ [climb. | 

— v. t. 1. To cause to rise ; raise. 2. To go up ; ascend ;| 

— (rlz ; rls), n. 1. Act of rising ; state of being risen ; as- 
cent. 2. Distance through which anything rises ; as, the 
rise of a river, hill, etc. 3. A piece of land higher than its 
surroundings. 4. Spring ; source ; origin, as of a river. 5. 
Emergency above the horizon, as of the sun. 6. Increase ; 
advance, as of price, value, rank, etc. 7. Increase of sound ; 
swelling of the voice. 8. Elevation or ascent of the voice ; 
upward change of key ; as, a rise of a semitone. 9. The up- 
ward spring of a fish to seize food or bait. 

ris'er (rlz'er), n. 1. One who rises, as one who gets up from 
bed. 2. The upright piece of a step, from tread to tread. 

ris'i-bil'i-ty (rlz'I-bll'I-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-t!z). 1. The 
quality of being risible. 2. In pi. A person's sensibilities to 
what seems ridiculous or laughable ; tendency to laugh. 

ris'i-ble (riz'i-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, risum, 
to laugh.] 1. Having the faculty of laughing ; disposed to 
laugh. 2. Exciting laughter. Rare. 3. Used in or express- 
ing laughter ; pert, to laughter. — Syn. Ludicrous, laugh- 
able, ridiculous. — n. In pi. Risibilities (sense 2). 

ris'ing (rlz'Ing), a. _ 1. Ascending ; appearing above the 
horizon. 2. Increasing in wealth, power, distinction, etc. 
3. Growing ; advancing to adult years. 
Rising Sun, Empire, or Land, of the, Japan; — the 
meaning of its native name, Nippon. 

— n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, rises. 2. That which 
rises ; specif., a tumor ; boil. 

— prep. Approaching, or, more commonly in U. S., having 
just passed, a specified age, size, etc. Dial. 

risk (risk), n. [F. risque.'] 1. Hazard ; peril ; exposure to 
loss or injury. 2. Insurance. a_The chance of loss or the 
perils to the subject matter of insurance covered by the 
contract; also, Lhe degree of probability of such loss, b 
Short for amount at risk, that is, the amount which the 
company may lose. C Loosely, a person or thing considered 
with reference to the risk involved in insuring upon him or 
it. — Syn. See danger. — v. t. 1. To expose to risk, haz- 
ard, or peril ; hazard. 2. To incur the risk or danger of. 

risk'y (rls'kl), a.; risk'i-er (-kl-er) ; risk'i-est. Attend- 
ed with risk or danger. 

|| ris'que' (reVka/), a. masc, || ris'queef (-ka), a. fern. [F., 
p. p. of risquer to risk.] Hazardous ; risky ; esp., fig., verg- 
ing upon impropriety or indecency ; as, a risque story. 

Hris'sole' (re'sol' ; rls'ol), n. [F.] Cookery. A ball or roll 
of rich minced meat or fish, covered with pastry and fried. 

|| ri'tar-dan'do (re'tar-dan'do), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Re- 
tarding ; — a direction for slackening time ; rallentando. 

rite (rlt), n. [L. ritus.2 1. A custom ; usage ; practice. Obs. 
2. Act of performing divine or solemn service ; a solemn or 



proper observance ; a ceremony. 3. A prescribed form of 
service ; liturgy. — Syn. See ceremony. 

rit'or-nelle' (rlt'or-nel'), || ri'tor-nel'lo (re'tor-nel'lo), n.; 
pi. -nelli (-nel'le). [It. ritornello, dim. of ritorno return, 
fr. ritornare to return.] Music. A short instrumental 
passage as prelude or refrain in a vocal composition ; also, 
a tutti passage in an instrumental concerto. 

|| Rit'ter (rit'er), n. sing. & pi. [G.] A knight ; a member 
of an inferior order of nobility in Germany and Austria. 

rit'u-al (rTtlu-al), a. [L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite.] Of or 
pert, to rites or a ritual. — n. 1. The established form or 
forms of conducting worship; religious ceremonial. 2. 
Hence, a code of ceremonies observed ; as, the ritual of the 
Freemasons. 3. A book containing ceremonial forms. 

rit'U-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. A system of conducting religious 
worship or exercises according to a ritual ; use of, or ad- 
herenceto, a ritual. [ism. — a. Ritualistic. I 

rit'u-al-ist (-1st), n. One who advocates or practices ritual-| 

riVu-al-is'tic (-Is'tlk), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or in accordance 
with, a ritual. 2. Adhering to ritualism ; of, pert, to, or 
characteristic of, ritualists, esp. the party of such in the 
churches of the Anglican Communion. 

rit'u-al-ly, adv. By rites or by a particular rite. 

riv'agefriv'aj^n. [F., fr. L. ripaJ] Bank; shore. Archaic. 

ri'val (rl'val), n. [F., fr. L. rivalis.'] 1. A partner; asso- 
ciate. Ops. 2. One of two or more striving to reach or get 
that which one only can possess ; competitor ; emulator. 

— a. Having the same pretensions or claims ; competing. 

— v. t. ; -valed (rl'yald) or -valled ; -val-ing or -val-ling. 
1. To stand or strive in competition with. 2. To strive to 
equal or excel ; emulate ; — often implying success. — v. i. 
To be in rivalry. Archaic. 

ri'yal-ry (-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). Act of rivaling ; state of 
being a rival ; competition. — Syn. See competition. 

rive (rlv), v. t.; pret. rived (rlvd) ; p. p. rived or riv'en 
(rlv''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. riv'ing (rlv'Ing). [ME. riven, of 
Scand. origin.] To rend asunder ; split ; cleave. — Syn. 
See tear. — v. i. To be rent asunder. — riv'er (rlv'er), n. 

riv'en (riv''n), pret. & p. p. of rive. 

riv'er (-er), n. [F. riviere a river, LL. riparia river, river 
bank, fr. L. riparius riparian, fr. L. ripa bank.] 1. A 
natural stream of water larger than a brook or a creek. 2. 
Fig., a large stream ; copious flow. [moch&rus) . 

river hog. Any of several African wild hogs (genus Pota- 

river horse. A hippopotamus. [a river or rivers. 

riv'er-ine (-in ; -in), a. Of, pert, to, formed by, or like 

riv'er-side' (-sld'), n. The side or bank of a river. 

riv'er-weed' (-wed'), n. Any of a genus (Podostemon) of 
small submerged aquatic weeds. 

riv'et (rlv'et), n. [F., fr. river to rivet.] A headed pin or 
bolt of metal, used to unite two or more pieces by passing 
it through them and heading the plain end. — v. t. 1. To 
fasten with a rivet or rivets. 2. To upset the end or point 
of, as a metal pin, by beating or pressing, so as to form a 
head v 3. To fasten firmly. — riv'et-er, n. 

|| ri'viere' (re'vyar'), n. [F.] A necklace of diamonds or 
other precious stones, esp. one of several strings. 

riv'u-let (rlv'u-let), n. [It. rivoletto, a dim. of rivolo, L. 
rivulus, dim. of rivus brook.] A small stream or brook. 

rix'-dol'lar (riks'dol'er), n. [From Sw., Dan., D., or G., 
lit., dollar of the realm.] Any of various nearly obsolete 
German, Dutch, and Scandinavian silver coins, worth from 
30 cents to $1.15, the typical value being about $1.00. 

roach (roch), n. [See cockroach. ] A cockroach. 

roach (roch), n. [OF. roche.] 1. A European fresh-water 
fish (Rutilus rutilus) of the carp family. 2. Any of various 
allied or similar fishes. 

road (rod), n. A place, less inclosed than a harbor, where 
ships may ride at anchor ; a roadstead ; — often in pi. 

road, n. [Orig. a riding, fr. AS. rdd, fr. rldan to ride.] 1. A 
place where one may ride ; an open way or public passage 
for vehicles, persons, and animals ; highway. 2. Fig., 
way ; path ; as, the road to ruin. — Syn. See way. 

road agent. A highwayman, esp. on stage routes in unset- 
tled districts. Colloq., Chiefly Western U. S. 

road'bed' (rod'bed'), n. 1. In railroads, the bed on which 
the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; also the ballast 
on which the ties rest. 2. In common roads, the whole 
material laid in place and ready for travel. 

road cart. A light two-wheeled vehicle, often having a back. 

road house. An inn or similar place ca- 
tering esp. to travelers by the road, as 
carriage parties, automO' 
bilists, etc. 

road metal. Broken stone, cinders, etc., 
used in making and repairing roads, 
ballasting railroads, etc. 

road runner. The chaparral cock. 

road'stead (-sted), n. [1st road + stead _ Road Cart, 
a place. ] A protected anchorage for ships. = 1st road. 

road'ster (rod'ster), n. 1. A horse used for pleasure or for 
light work on ordinary roads. 2. a A bicycle or tricycle 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ROADWAY 



837 



ROCKSHAFT 



for ordinary road use. b A fairly powerful automobile for 
use on common roads, usually seating two persons. 

road'way 7 (rod'wa'), n. A road, esp. the traveled part. 

roam (rom), v. i. To go from place to place with no certain 
purpose or direction ; rove ; wander. — Syn. See ramble. 

— v. t. To range or wander over. — n. Act of roaming ; 
a wandering ; ramble. — roam'er, n. 

roan (ron), a. [F. rouan.~] 1. Bay, chestnut, red, or brown, 
with gray or white thickly interspersed ; — said of a horse. 
2. Made of the leather called roan. — n. 1. Roan color. 
2. A^roan horse. 3. A kind of leather from sheepskin 
tanned with sumac to imitate ungrained morocco. 

roar (ror ; 57), v. i. & t. [AS. rarian.~] 1. a To bellow, or 
utter with a deep, loud cry, as a lion or bull, b To cry 
loudly, as in distress or anger. 2. To make a loud, confused 
sound, as winds, waves, etc. 3. To be boisterous or disor- 
derly. 4. To laugh out loudly and continuously. 5. To 
make a loud noise in breathing ; — used of a horse. See 
roaring, n., 2. — n. Sound of roaring ; a loud, deep cry ; 
loud, confused sound, as of wind, waves, etc. — roar'er, n. 

roar'ing, n. 1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of certain 
beasts, of winds or waves, etc. 2. Veter. An unsoundness 
of horses causing noisy respiration during exercise. — p. a. 

1. Making, or characterized by, a noise like a roar; as, 
roaring applause. 2. So busy, brisk, or the like, as to sug- 
gest the roar of traffic, applause, etc. ; as, a roaring trade. 

roast (rost), v. t. [OF. rostir, of G. origin.] 1. Primarily, to 
cook by exposure bufore a fire ; also, to cook (as meat) in a 
close oven. 2. To cook by surrounding with hot embers, 
ashes, etc. 3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat ; as, to 
roast coffee. 4. Metal. To heat to a point somewhat short 
of fusing, with access of air, as to expel volatile matter or 
effect oxidation. Cf. calcine, v. t., 1. 5. To banter, ridicule, 
or criticize severely. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To roast meat, etc. 

2. To undergo the process of being roasted. 

— n. 1. That which is roasted ; a piece of meat roasted or 
suitable for roasting. 2. Act or process of roasting. 

— a. Roasted ; as, roast beef. 

roast'er (ros'ter), n. 1. One who roasts. 2. A contrivance 
for use in roasting something. 3. A pig or other article of 
food fit for roasting. 

rob (rob), v. t.; robbed (robd) ; rob'bing. [OF. rober, of 
G. origin.] 1. To take something away from by force ; steal 
from. 2. Law. To take personal property in the possession 
of another from his person or his presence, feloniously, and 
against his will, by violence or by putting him in fear. 3. To 
deprive of, or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously ; de- 
fraud. — v. i. To commit robbery. 

rob'a-lo (rob'd-lo; ro'bd- ), n. ; pi. -los (-loz) : [Sp. ro- 
balo.'] Any of a family (Oxylabracidse) of pikeiike marine 
fishes of the West Indies and tropical America ; esp., a valu- 
able food fish (Oxylabrax undecimalis). 

rob'and (rob'dnd), n. [Prop., a yard band ; the first part 
of D., LG., or Scand. orig.] Naut. A small piece of spun 
yarn or marline used to fasten the head of a sail to a spar. 

rob'ber (rob'er), n. One who robs. — Syn. Plunderer, pil- 
lager, brigand, bandit, freebooter, pirate._ 

robber fly. Any of numerous predaceous flies (family Asi- 
lidas), many of them of large size. The adults prey upon 
other insects, and the larvae prey upon other insect larvae. 

rob'ber-y (-f), n. ; pi. -beries (-iz). [OF. roberie.~\ Act or 
practice of robbing ; larceny of property from the person, or 
from the immediate presence of the possessor, accom- 
plished bv violence or duress. — Syn. Depredation, spoli- 
ation, plunder, pillage, larceny, piracy, brigandage. 

robe (rob), n. [F., fr. LL. rauba gown, dress, garment.] 
1. An outer garment of a flowing and elegant style or 
make ; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, etc. ; in pi., 

I dress ; costume. 2. A skin of an animal, used asa wrap, as 
in driving ; hence, a similar wrap of any material. U. S. 

— v.t.& i. ; robed ( robd ) ; robbing (rob'Tng). To invest 
or clothe with, or to put on, a robe or robes ; dress ; array. 

rob'in (rob'in), n. [F., prop. dim. of Robert!] 1. A small 
European bird 
(Erithacus ru- 
becula) of the 
thrush family, 
having the back 
brownish olive and 
throat and breast 
yellowish red. 2. In 
North America, a 
kind of large thrush 
(Planesticus mi- 
gratorius), having 
the upper parts olivaceous 
the breast and under p 
dull reddish. 
robin redbreast. a 
European robin, b Less often 
the American robin. 




Robin. 



Robfin Good'fel'low. Folklore. See Puck. 

Robin Hood. A legendary English outlaw, usually described 
as ayeqman, with his chief resort in the forest of Sherwood, 
in Nottinghamshire. He is famed for his courage, courtesy 
and generosity, and his skill in archery. See Friar Tuck^ 
Little John, Maid Marion. [(Quercus lobata)] 

ro'ble (ro'bla), n. [Sp., oak.] The California white oak| 

rob'O-rant (rob'o-rant), a. [L. roborans, p. pr. of roborare 
to strengthen, fr. robur, roboris, strength.] Strengthening. 

— re. A roborant drug ; a tonic. 

ro'bur-ite (ro'bur-It), n. [L. robur strength.] An explosive 
containing, according to one formula, chlorinated dinitro- 
benzene and ammonium nitrate. 

ro-bUSt' (ro-biist'), a. [L. robustus oaken, hard, strong, fr. 
robur strength, a very hard kind of oak.] 1. Having or 
evincing strength or vigorous health; strong; vigorous; 
sound. 2. Rough ; rude. 3. Requiring strength or vigor. 

— Syn. Lusty, sinewy, sturdy, hale, hearty. See strong. 

— ro-bust'ly (ro-bust'li), adv. — ro-bust'ness, n. 
ro-bus'tious (-bus'chfe), a. Robust ; esp., rudely vigorous ; 

rough. Now Chiefly Humorous. — ro-bus'tious ly, adv. 

roc(rok),n. [F., fr. Ar. (fr. Per.) & Per. rokh or ru/ch.'] A 
fabulous bird of Arabia, so huge that it bore off elephants. 

roc'am-bole (rok'am-bol), n. [F., fr. G. rockenbolle; 
rocken rye -f- bolle bulb.] A European onionlike plant 
(Allium scorodoprasum) cultivated and used like garlic. 

Ro-chelle' (ro-sheF), n. A seaport town in France. 
Rochelle powders. = Seidlitz powders. — R. salt, 
sodium potassium tartrate, NaKC4H406-4H20, a cathartic 
salt crystallizing in colorless orthorhombic prisms. 

II roche' mou'ton'nee' ( r6sh' moo'to'na' ) ; pi. roches 
moutonnees (rosh'moo'to'na'). [F., sheep-shaped rock.] 
Phys. Geog. A boss of rock worn and smoothed by glacier 
ice until it has a roundish form ; a sheepback. 

roch'et (roch'et), n. [F., dim. fr. OHG. roc coat.] Eccl. 
A linen vestment, worn esp. by bishops and abbots. 

rock (rok),n. A distaff. 

rock, v. t. & i. [AS. roccian."] 1. To sway backward and 
forward ; vibrate ; totter. 2. To move as in a cradle ; lull ; 
quiet. 3. To affect in a specified manner by rocking ; as, to 
rock one to sleep. 4. In mezzotint engraving, to prepare 
the surface of (a plate) by the use of the cradle, or rocker. 

— Syn. See shake. — n. Act or process of rocking. 
rock, n. [OF. roke.] 1. A large concreted mass of stony 

material ; also, broken pieces of such masses. 2. Geol. Any- 
mineral matter occurring in large quantities ; also, a partic- 
ular mass of it. 3. That which resembles a rock in firm- 
ness ; a defense ; refuge. 4. Anything causing disaster or 
wreck suggestive of a shipwreck. 5. The striped bass. 6. a 
A kind of sweetmeat, hard, and usually flavored with 
peppermint, b = rock candy. 

rock'a-way (rok'd-wa), n. A low four-wheeled carriage, 
withstanding top, open at the sides ; later, a similar, but 
heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, with side doors. 

rock candy. Sugar obtained in large crystals or crystalline 
masses by slow evaporation. 

rock crystal. Transparent quartz, esp. when colorless. 

rock'er (rok'er), n. 1. One who rocks a cradle, etc. 2. Eith- 
er of the curving pieces on which a cradle, chair, etc., rocks ; 
also, a rocking-chair or rocking-horse. 3. Any of various 
devices or apparatus that work with a rocking motion; 
specif., Engraving, a cradle (def. 2 e). 

rocker arm. Mach. An arm borne by a rockshaft. 

rock'et (-et ; 24), n. [F. roquette, fr. It. ruchetta, fr. L. 
eruca a sort of colewort.] 1. Orig., a European brassica- 
ceous plant (Eruca sativa), sometimes eaten as a salad. 2. 
Any of a genus (Hesperis) of tall brassicaceous plants with 
white or purple flowers ; also, any of several similar plants. 

rock'et, n. [It. rocchetta, prop., a bobbin, dim. of rocca 
distaff.] A firework consisting of a cylindrical case filled 
with a combustible composition and fastened to a guiding 
stick. > It is projected through the air by the reaction of 
gases liberated by combustion. — v. i. To rise straight up 
and swiftly when flushed ; — used chiefly of pheasants. 

rock'fish' (rok'fisb/), n. Any of various fishes which live 
among rocks ; as : a Any of various food fishes (genera 
Sebastodes, Sebastichthys, etc.) of northern Pacific coasts. 
b The striped bass. C Any of several groupers of Bermuda 
and Florida, d A killifish ( Fundulus majalis ) of the 
American Atlantic coast. 

rock'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being rocky. 

rock'ing— chair', n. A chair mounted on rockers. ^ 

rock'ing— horse', n. A toy horse mounted on rockers. 

rocking Stone. A stone, often of great size, so balanced 
that it can be rocked or slightly moved, with but little t'orcel 

rock oil. Petroleum. 

rock'rose' ( rok'roz' ), n. Any cistaceous plant (esp. of 
genera Cistus and H elianthemum) . 

rock salt. Common salt (sodium chloride) occurring in solid 
form as a mineral ; esp., salt in rocklike masses. 

rock'shaft' (-shaft'), n. Mach. A shaft that oscillates on 
its journals, instead of revolving. 



; : 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; z"h = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
?«oIanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ROCKWEED 



838 



ROMAN 







R 



rock'weed' (-wed'), re. Any coarse fucoid seaweed (genera 

Fucus, Ascophyllum, Sargassum, etc.) growing on rocks. 

rock'y (rok'D.a. ; rock'i-er (-T-er) ;-i-est. 1. Full of rocks; 

consisting of rocks. 2. Like a rock ; hard ; unfeeling. 
rock'y (rok'i), a. Disposed to rock or totter, as when tipsy 

or after dissipation ; hence : shaky ; weak. Slang or Dial. 
JTO-CO'CO (ro-ko'ko),n. [F.] A florid style of ornamentation 
largely of shellwork, scrolls, and flowers, popular in Europe 
in the 17th and 18th centuries. 
rod (rod), re. [Perh. orig. same word, as rood.~\ 1. A straight 
and slender stick or bar ; specif. : a An instrument of pun- 
ishment ; fig., chastisement, b A scepter ; fig., power ; tyr- 
anny. C A wand or similar badge of office carried by various 
officials, as marshals, ushers, etc. d A staff for measuring. 
2. A measure of length ; 5 J yards, or 16£ feet, or 5.029 me- 
ters ; a perch, or pole. 
rode (rod), pret. of ride. 

ro'dent (ro'dent), a. [L. rodens, -entis, p. pr. of rodere to 
gnaw.] 1. Gnawing ; biting. 2. Zo'dl. Belonging to an or- 
der {Rodentia) consisting of the gnawing mammals, as rats, 
mice, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, and rabbits. — re. A 
rodent mammal. 
ro'di-nal (ro'di-nal), re. Photog. A developer consisting of 

a derivative of phenol, C6rl4(NH2)OH, or one of its salts. 
rod'man (rod'man), re. Surveying. The man who holds the 

leveling rod. 
rod'o-mon-tade' (rod'6-mon-tad' ; -tad'), re % [F., fr. It. 
rodomontata, fr. Rodomonte, the boastful king of Algiers 
in Italian romances of Orlando.] Vain boasting; brag; 
rant. — v. i. To boast ; brag ; rant. 
roe (ro), re. [AS. rd, rdha.'] The roe deer. 
roe, re. [For roan, ME. rowne.~] 1. The eggs of fishes, esp. 
when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. 2. The eggs 
or ovaries of certain crustaceans, as the coral of the lobster. 
roe'buck' (-bilk'), re. The male roe deer ; any roe deer. _ 
roe deer. A small deer (Capreolus caprsea) inhabiting 
parts of Europe and Asia, — the smallest European deer. 
Roent'gen, a., Roentgen ray, etc. See Rontgen, etc. 
ro-ga'tion (ro-ga'shiin), re. [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, roga- 
tum, to ask, beg.] 1. Rom. Antiq. The proposal, orig. by 
the consuls, later, also by the tribunes, of a law or decree 
for passage by the people ; also, the law or decree. 2. Eccl. 
Litany ; supplication. 
Rogation Days. Eccl. The threedays next before Ascen- 
sion Day, observed as days of special supplication. 
rog'a-to-ry (rog'd-to-n), a. [See rogation.] Seeking in- 
formation ; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain 
facts ; as, a rogatory commission. 
rogue (rog), n. 1. A vagrant ; an idle, sturdy beggar ; vaga- 
bond ; tramp. 2. A knave ; cheat. 3. In playful use, one 
who is mischievous or frolicsome. 4. A rogue elephant. 
rogue elephant. A vicious elephant which separates from 

the herd and roams alone. 
ro'guer-y (ro'ger-T), re. ; pi. -gueries (-iz). 1. Practices of 
a rogue ; knavish tricks ; also, a roguish act or practice. 
2. Arch tricks ; playful mischievousness. 
rogues' gallery (rogz). A collection of portraits of persons 

arrested as rogues or criminals, for the use of the police. 
rogues' march (rogz). Derisive music performed in driving 
away a person under popular indignation or official sen- 
tence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. 
ro'guish (ro'gish), a. 1. Resembling, or characteristic of, 
a rogue ; knavish. 2. Playfully mischievous; waggish. — Syn. 

See mischievous. — giiish-ly, adv. guish-ness, re. 

roil (roil), v. t. 1. To render turbid by stirring up sediment. 

2. To disturb (the temper) ; ruffle ; vex. 
roil'y (-1), a.; roii/i-er (-i-er) ; roiliest.^ Turbid. 
roist'er (rois'ter), re. [OF. ruistre rude, violent, F. rustre 
boor, fr. L. rusticus rustic] A roisterer. 06s. or Archaic. 
— v. i. To play the roisterer. 
roist'er-er (-er), re. A blustering or swaggering bully or 

reveler ; a riotous reveler. 
Ro'land (ro'land), re. A warden of the marches of Brittany, 
the hero of many romantic tales of the Charlemagne cycle. 
Legend made him a nephew of the emperor, and the most 
redoubtable defender of the Christians against the Sara- 
cens. He was killed at Roncesvalles, or Roncevaux, in 778. 
In Italian romances of Charlemagne he is called Orlando. 
r61e (rol), re. [F., a roll.] An actor's part or character in a 

drama ; hence, a part or function assumed by any one. 
roll (rol), v. t. [OF. roller, roler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. rotu- 
la little wheel, in LL., a roll or scroll, dim. of L. rota 
wheel.] 1. To revolve by turning over and over ; move by 
turning on an axis; as, to roll a hoop, cask, etc. 2. To 
move, or cause to be moved, on rollers ; as, to roll a box on 
a truck. 3. To wrap round on itself or on something else, 
or thus to form into a spherical or cylindrical body ; as, to 
roll up cloth. 4. To bind or involve by winding, as in a 
bandage ; inwrap ; as, to roll up a parcel. 5. To drive or 
impel with an easy motion, as of rolling ; as, a river rolls its 
water. 6. To utter copiously or with a deep sound. 
7. a To press, level, or form with a roller ; as, to roll out 



crust ; to roll rails, b Print. To ink with/a roller or rollers. 
8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum ; sound 
a roll upon. 9. To utter with a trill ; as, to roll one's r's. 
— v. i. 1. To move along a surface by rotation without 
sliding ; turn over and over ; as, a ball rolls. 2. To go or be 
transported on wheels, as a carriage. 3. To have an undulat- 
ing form, as land. 4. To incline first to one side and then to 
the other, as a ship ; to rock. 5. To move, as waves, with al- 
ternate swell and depression. 6. To be wound or formed 
into a cylinder or ball ; as, the cloth rolls evenly. 7. To 
make a heavy rising and falling or rumbling noise ; as-thun- 
der rolls. 8. To spread under a roller. 9. To perform a 
periodical revolution ; move onward as with a revolution ; 
as, time rolled om 10. To trill ; — used of certain birds. 
— ■ re. 1. Act of rolling, or state of being rolled ; also, rolling 
gait or motion. 2. That which rolls ; a roller ; revolving 
cylinder. 3. That which is rolled up ; as : a A document 
which may be rolled up ; a scroll, b Hence : a register ; 
record ; catalogue ; list. C A certain quantity, as of a fabric, 
rolled up in a package, d Cookery. (1) A kind of biscuit or 
bread, often rolled or doubled over. (2) Meat rolled and 
cooked. (3) Cake spread with jam or jelly and rolled up ; 
as, a jelly roll. 4. A heavy, reverberatory sound ; as, the 
roll of thunder; also, a prolonged sound, as of a drum, 
made by beating with strokes so rapid and regular as to 
produce a uniform tremolo. 5. A swell or undulation on a 
surface. 6. A case for toilet articles or the like, consist- 
ing of a length of leather or other material, usually with 
pockets, which can be rolled about the contents and fas- 
tened. — Syn. See list. 
roll call. The act or time of calling over a list of names ; 
also, a signal for a roll call, as one sounded on a bugle. 
roll'er (rol'er), re. 1. One who, or that which, rolls ; esp. : a 
A cylindrical body for rotating and pressing, smoothing, or 
spreading, for moving a band, belt, etc. ; a roll, b A small 
wheel, as of a caster, roller skate, etc. 2. A bandage ; fillet. 
3. One of a series of long, heavy waves on a coast. 4. Any of 
numerous mostly bright-colored Old World birds (family 
Coraciidse), esp. the common European species {Coracias 
garrula) ; — so called on account of their turning over in 
flight like tumbler pigeons. 5. A pigeon especially proficient 
in aerial tumbling or rolling. 
roller bearing. Mach. A bearing in which the journal 
rotates in contact with a number of rollers usually con- 
tained in a cage. Cf. ball bearing. 
roller skate. A skate with wheels instead of a runner. 
rol'lic (rol'ik), v. i. ; -licked (-Tkt) ; -lick-ing. To move or 

play in a careless, swaggering manner ; frolic ; sport. 
rolFing, p. a. 1. Moving or acting like one who, or that 
which, rolls. 2. Having gradual, rounded undulations of 
surface, as land. U. S. 3. Having a turn over, upon, or 
toward itself ; as, a rolling collar. 4. Of, pert, to, or used 
in, rolling. 

rolling circle, the generating circle of cycloidal and simi- 
lar curves. — r. hitch. See knot, Illust. — r. mill, a 
works where metal is rolled into plates or bars. — r. stock, 
the wheeled vehicles that run on the tracks of a railroad. 
roll'ing— pin' (rol'Tng-pTn'), re. A cylinder of wood or other 

material for rolling out paste or dough. 
roll'way' (rol'wa'), re. A way where objects are rolled or 

transported on rollers. 
ro'ly-po'ly (ro'lT-po'lT), re.; pi. roly-polies (-ITz). 1. A 
paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and 
cooked for a dessert. 2. A roly-poly person or thing. — a. 
Short and pudgy. 
Ro-ma'ic (ro-ma'ik), a. [NGr. 'ToifiaUos.'] Of or "per- 
taining to modern Greece or, esp., its language. — re. The 
modern Greek vernacular. 
Ro'man (ro'man), a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome.] 1. 
Of, pert, to, like, or derived from, Rome or the Roman 
people ; as, the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. 2. Of or pert, 
to the Roman Catholic Church. 3. Arch. Pert, to or desig- 
nating the Roman architecture or style, in which, gen- 
erally, the Tuscan and Composite orders are combined with 
the Etruscan arch and vault, utility and imposing appear- 
ance being the main characteristics. 4. [Usually l. c] 
Designating type, or the characters, of that form of the 
Roman alphabet commonly used in print ; — distinguished 
from italic. 

Roman Catholic, of, pert, to, or designating the 
Church of Rome, of which the Pope is the head ; 
also, a member of this church. — R. mile. See 
mile. — R. nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. — R. 
numeral, a numeral in the Roman system of no- 
tation, of which the following are the common 
symbols: 1=1 ; V=5; X= 10; L = 50; C = 100; 
D=500; M= 1,000. After Roman numerals used . 
to designate the serial number of a thing, as a page ■ No 
or chapter, some authorities insert the period, 
others omit it. When used with names, as George V., 
Benedict XV., the older and more general usage is to in- 
sert the period. — R. punch, a water ice made with lemon 
juice, sugar, beaten whites of eggs, and rum. 




! Roman 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. finite, um, up, drcus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



ROMANCE 



839 



ROOM 



— n. 1. A native, inhabitant, or citizen of Rome. 2. 
[Usually I. c] Roman type, letters, or print. 3. In pi. 
The Epistle to the Romans, in the New Testament. 

ro-mance' (ro-mans'), n. [F. romance, Sp. romance. _ See 
2d romance.] Music. A short lyric tale set to music ; a 
song or short instrumental piece in ballad style. 

ro-mance' (ro-mans'), n. [OF. romanz, romans, some- 
thing written in the vulgar tongue, not in Latin ; fr. LL. 
Romanice in the vulgar tongue (which sprang from Latin), 
deriv. of L. Romanus Roman.] 1. A species of tale, origi- 
nally jn meter in the Romance dialects, afterward diffused 
in verse or prose, such as the tales of Arthur's court ; hence, 
any fictitious and wonderful tale ; now, esp., a sort of novel 
characterized by adventure, surprising incident, etc. 2. An 
act or experience, or a series of acts or happenings, resem- 
bling those characteristic of romances. 3. A dreamy, imagi- 
native habit of mind. 4. [cap.] The Romance (or Romanic) 
languages. 5. A fictitious tale ; an extravagant falsehood. 

— v. %.; -manced' (-manst'); -manc'ing (-man'sing). 1. 
To write or tell romances ; indulge in extravagant stories. 
2. To be romantic or indulge in romantic fancies. — ro- 
manc'er (ro-man'ser), n. 

Ro-mance', a. [F. romance in langue romance (now 
romane) Romance language, fr. romanz, n. See 2d ro- 
mance.] Designating, or pertaining to, the Romance 
languages, that is, those languages developed from the 
vulgar Latin tongue, including Italian, Spanish, Portu- 
guese, French, Provencal, Roumanian, etc. 

Ro'man-esque' (ro'man-esk'), a. [F.] 1. Arch. Pert, to 
or designating the Romanesque architecture or style, 
which developed in Italy and western Europe between 
the periods of the Roman and the Gothic styles, charac- 
terized, in its more advanced varieties (after 1000), by- 
massive stone construction, use of the round arch and 
vault, decorative use of arcades, etc., and profuse carved 
ornament. 2. Provencal. 3. [I. c] Of or pert, to romance or 
fable : fanciful.— n. l.The Romanesque style. 2.Provengal. 

Ro-man'ic (ro-man'ik), a. [L. Romanicus.~] 1. Philol. 
= Romance, o. 2. Related to the Roman people by de- 
scent ; — used esp. of peoples speaking a Romanic tongue. 

Ro'man-ism (ro'man-iz'm), ra. The Roman Catholic re- 
ligion ; — used chiefly in depreciation. — Ro'man-ist, n. 

Ro'man-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). To 
make Roman ; specif. : a To Latinize, b To convert to the 
Roman Catholic religion, # etc. — v. i. To conform to or 
favor Roman Catholic beliefs, etc. 

Ro-mansh', Ro-mansch/ (ro-mansh' ; -mansh'), n. [Gri- 
sons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See 2d romance.] 
The language of the Grisons, in Switzerland, consisting of 
dialects descended from the Latin. 

ro-mant' (ro-mant'). Obs. var. of romaunt. 

ro-man'tic (-man'tik),_a. [F. romantique.~\ _ 1. Of or per- 
taining to romance ; involving or resembling romance ; 
hence : fanciful ; extravagant ; unreal ; as, a romantic tale. 
2. Entertaining ideas suited to a romance ; as, a romantic 
person. 3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian 
and popular literature and art of the Middle Ages ; charac- 
terized by freedom of treatment, as distinguished from 
classical restraint. 4. Characterized by picturesque strange- 
ness or variety ; suited to romance ; as, a romantic place. — 
Syn. Fantastic, fictitious, wild, chimerical. — ro-man'ti- 
cal (-ti-kal), a. — ro-man'ti-cal-ly, adv.^ 

ro-man'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. Romantic principles or 
characteristics generally ; conformity to, or practice of, the 
romantic style. Cf. classicism. ti-cist (-sist), n. 

Rom'a-ny (rom'a-nT), n. Also Rom'ma-ny. [Gypsy rom- 
ano, adj., gypsy.] A gypsy; also, the gypsy language, an 
Indie tongue spoken in many dialects, greatly corrupted 
and intermixed with words from European languages. 

ro-maunt' (ro-mant' ; -mont'), n. [OF. romant, orig. a 
mistake for romanz, in objective case. See 2d romance.] A 
romance in verse ; as, the "Romaunt of the Rose." 

Ro'me-o (ro'me-o), n. In Shakespeare's "Romeo and Ju- 
liet," the son of Montague, in love with Juliet, daughter of 
Capulet. The feud between the Montagues and Capuiets, 
though fatal to the lovers, war. ended by their death. 

Rom'ish (rom'Tsh), a. Of or relating to Rome, or, esp., the 
Roman Catholic Church ; — chiefly used disparagingly. 

romp (romp), v. i. [Variant of 1st ramp.'] To play boister- 
ously. — n. 1. A person, esp. a girl, who romps. 2. Bois- 
terous play or frolic ; rough sport. [young children. | 

romp'ers, n. pi. Outer garment of waist and trousers for| 

romp'ish, a. Inclined to romp. — romp'ish-ness, n. 

Rom'u-lus (rom'u-lus), n. [L.] The legendary founder 
and first king of Rome. With his twin brother, Remus, 
he was thrown in infancy into the Tiber, but was saved 
and suckled by a she-wolf. He slew Remus for leaping 
scornfully over the wall of his new city, Rom'!. He was 
carried to heaven by his father, Mars, and was deified by 
the Romans. Cf. Quirinus. 

ron'deau (ron'do ; ron-do'), n.; pi. -deaux (-doz). [F. See 
roundel.] A lyric form having but two (repeated) rimes, 




and usually consisting of 13 lines with a refrain (taken from 
the beginning of the first line) after the eighth and thir- 
teenth ; also, a poem in this form. 

ron'del (ron'del), n. A lyric form having but two (repeated) 
rimes and commonly 14 lines, of which the first two are 
repeated at the seventh and eighth, and the thirteenth and 
fourteenth ; also, a poem in this form. 

ron'de-let (ron'de-let), n. [OF.] A small rondeau of five 
lines, with the refrain after the second and fifth. 

ron'do (ron'do), n.; pi. -DOS (-doz). [It. rondo, fr. F. ron- 
deau.'] A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of 
a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs 
in its original key after each of the other strains. 

ron'dure (ron'djar), n. [F. rondeur roundness.] A round; 
a circle; also, roundness. Rare or Archaic. 

ron'quil (rorj'kTl), n. Any of several marine fishes (esp. Ba- 
thijmaster signatus) of the northwest coast of America. 

Rbnt'gen (nint'gen ; rent'-), a. Of or pertaining to the Ger- 
man physi- 
cist Wilhelm 
K o n r a d 
Rontgen, or 
the rays dis- 
covered by 
him. 

Rontgen 
ray, Physics, 
any of the 
rays pro- 
duced when 
cathode rays 
strike on the rsf 
surface of a 
solid, as the 
wall of the 

v a c u u m 1 Rontgen Tube, a Anode ; c Cathode ; ac An- 
tube. They ticathode. 2 Diagram showing use of Ront- 
penetrate gen Rays, i Induction Coil ; t Rontgen Tube ; 
certain V Photographic Plate. 

opaque substances and act on photographic plates. They 
were called X rays by their discoverer. Cf. X rays, under x. 

rood (rood), n. [AS. rod a cross, measure of land, rod, 
pole.] 1. A cross or crucifix ; esp., in medieval churches, a 
large crucifix at the entrance of the chancel, often sup- 
ported on a beam (rood beam) or screen (rood screen). 

2. a Usually, a square measure equal to \ of an acre, or 
40 square rods, b A linear measure varying locally, some- 
times a rod, but usually 7 or S yards. Brit. 

roof (roof), n. [AS. hrof top, roof.] 1. The cover of a 

building. 2. Fig., a house 

ing. 3. That which 

resembles, or 

sponds to, 

the covering 

or the top of 

a house.— 

v.t. To cover 

with or as 

with a roof. 
roofer (-er), 

n. One who 

puts on or re- 
pairs roofs. 
roof garden. 

A garden on 

the flat roof 

of a build- 
ing; esp., a 

place on a roof where refreshments are served, often with a 

stage for entertainments. 
roofing, n. 1. Act of covering with a roof. 2. Materials, or 

material, for a roof, or of which a roof is made. 
roofless, a. 1. Having no roof. 2. Without shelter or home, 
roof tree' (robf'tre'), n. A ridgepole ; ridgepiece. 
rook (rook), n. [F. roc, fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, castle 

at chess.] Chess. A piece moving parallel to the sides of 

the board across any number of unoccupied squares. 
rook, n. [AS. hroc] 1. A common European corvine bird 

(Corvus frugilegus) about the 

size of the American crow. 2. A 

trickish, rapacious fellow; a sharper. 
— v. t. & i. To cheat. 
rook'er-y (robk'er-i), n. ; pi. -ertes (-iz). 

1. The breeding place of a colony of 

rooks; also, the rooks collectively. Also, a 

breeding place of other gregarious birds, 

as herons, penguins, etc. 2. See fur seal. 

3. A dilapidated building with many rooms 
and occupants ; a cluster of mean buildings. 

room (room), n. [AS. rum.] 1. Extent of space, Common 
great or small ; compass ; esp., sufficient or unob- Rook, 
structed space. 2. A place appropriated to a person or 




Timbers in a Common Gable Roof, aa Wall 
Plate ; bb Tiebeam ; c King-post ; dd Struts ; 
ee Principal Rafters ; // Pole Plate ; gg Pur- 
lin ; Jih Ridgepole, or Ridgepiece ; it Com- 
mon Rafters. 




\ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; ?:h = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
fiiglaaations of Abbreviation^ used ia Ihis work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



A 
i. 



N 



ROOMER 



840 



ROSE GERANIUM 







R 




Root, aa Crown ; 
bb Main Root ; cc 
Rootlets. 



thing; — now chiefly contrasted vf^ih company; as, his 
room is better than his company. 3. A portion of space in- 
closed by walls or partitions in a building ; esp., an apart- 
ment or chamber ; — often used in ccrob. ; as, bedroom. 4. 
Opportunity or scope rendering p;>ss>ible some (given) ac- 
tion or being ; as, no room for doubt. ; this system leaves no 
room for individual development. 

Syn. Room, chamber, apartment. Room is the word 
in ordinary use ; chamber is chiefly elevated ; apartment 
suggests esp. a room or suite of rooms rented or for rent. 

— v. i. To occupy a room or rooms ; }odge. Chiefly U. S. 
room'er (robm'er), n. A lodger. Chiefly U. S. 
room'ful (-fool), n.; pi. -fuls (-fd"61z). As much or many 

as a room will hold ; also, those in a room collectively. 

room/mate' (-mat'), n. Companion with whom one rooms. 

room'y (room'T), a. ; room'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Having am- 
ple room ; spacious. — room'i-ly (-I-li), adv. i-ness, n. 

roor'back (roor'bak), n. Also, formerly, roor'bach. A de- 
famatory falsehood published for political effect. U. S. 
ttSI^ The word originated in 1844, when there was pub- 
lished, to the detriment of James K. Polk, then a candidate 
for President, an extract purporting to be from Roorback's 
"Tour through the Western and Southern States in 1836." 

roost (roost), n. [AS. hrost.] A perch, esp. a perch for fowls. 

— v. i. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a roost ; perch. 
roost'er (rdos'ter) , n. The male domestic fowl ; cock ; chan- 
ticleer. Chiefly U. S. 

root (root), v. i. & t. [AS. wrotan.] To turn up the earth, 
or dig up or out, with the snout, as swine. 

root, n. [AS. rot.] "L. Bot. In the higher plants (ferns and 
seed plants), a portion, commonly 
subterranean, of the plant body bear- 
ing neither leaves nor reproductive 
organs, but provided with a growing 
point and serving as an organ of 
absorption and asration, a food reser- 
voir, or a support. 2. Popularly, any 
subterranean part of a plant. 3. That 
which resembles a root, as in position 
or function; specif. : a An ancestor 
or progenitor; an early race; stem. 
b The part of an organ by which it is 
attached; as, the root of a tooth, c 
Philol. A primitive word form; ver- 
bal element without suffix, prefix, or 
inflectional ending ; radical, d A cause ; source ; as, the love 
of money is a root of all kinds of evil, e Music. The funda- 
mental tone of any compound tone, series of harmonics, or 
chord ; often, simply, the lowest tone of a chord in its nor- 
mal position, I The bottom ; fig., the fundamental point or 
part ; as, the root of the matter, g Math. A quantity which, 
taken as a factor a number of times (indicated by the in- 
dex), produces another quantity ; thus, 3 is a second root of 
9, since 3X3=9. Sign, V- 

— v. i. 1. To fix the root ; take root and begin to grow. 2. 
To be or become firmly fixed or established. — v. t. 1. To 
plant and fix deeply in or as in the earth ; implant firmly ; 
hence : to make deep or radical ; establish ; — used chiefly 
in p. p. 2. To tear up by the root ; eradicate ; — used with 
up, out, or away. 

root, v. i. To shout for, or otherwise noisily applaud or 
encourage, a contestant, as in sports ; — usually used with 
for. Slang or Cant, U. S. 

root beer. A kind of nonalcoholic beer made with the ex- 
tracts from various roots. See beer, n., 2. 

roofer, n. One who, or that which, roots (in any sense). 

root'let (robt'let), n. A small root ; radicel. 

root'stock' (root'stok'), n. A rhizome. 

root tubercle, Bot. One of the small nodules or swellings 
produced on roots of legumes by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 

root'y (robt'i), a. Full of roots ; consisting of roots. 

rope (rop), n. [AS. rap.'] 1. A large, stout cord of twisted 
or braided strands. 2. Punishment or death by hanging. 
3. A row or string of things united by braiding, twining, 
etc. 4. \ viscous or glutinous formation in a liquid. 

— v. i.; roped (ropt) ; rop'ing (rop'ing). To be formed 
into rope, filament, or thread. — v. t. 1. To bind, fasten, or 
tie with a rope. 2. To connect or fasten together, as moun- 
tain climbers, with a rope. 3. To separate or divide off by a 
rope ; — often used with off. 4. To lasso (a steer, horse, 
etc.). Colloq., U. S. 5. To draw as if with a rope ; inveigle ; 

— used with in. Slang, U. S. 

rope'dane'er (rop'dan'ser), n. One who dances, walks, etc., 
on a rope extended at some height. — rope'danc'ing, n. 

rop'er-y (-er-1), n. ; pi. -ies (-iz). 1. A place where ropes are 
made ; a ropewalk. 2. Roguery ; roguish tricks. 06s. 

rope'walk' (rop'wok'), n. A long covered walk, building, 
or room where ropes are manufactured. 

rope'walk'er, n. A ropedancer. 

rop'y (rop'i), a.; rop'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Forming vis- 
cid threads, etc. ; stringy ; glutinous. 2. Resembling rope. 

— rop'i-ly (rop'i-li), adv. — rop'i-ness, n. 



roque (rok), n. [Abbr. fr. croquet.] A form of croquet 
modified so as to demand greater accuracy of play. 

Roquefort' cheese, or Roquefort' (rok'for' ; rok'fort), n. 
A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, 
France. It is made from milk of ewes. 

roq'ue-laure (rok'e-lor ; rok'lor'), n. [F. ; after Due de 
Roquelaure.] A cloak reaching about to the knees, worn 
in the 18th century and in the early 19th century. 

ro-quet' (ro-ka' ; cf. croquet), v. t. & i. Croquet. To hit 
(another's ball) ; — said of a ball or of the player who 
strikes it. — n. Act of roqueting. 

ror'qual (ror'kwal), n. [Norw. rorhval, dial, royrkval; 
lit., red whale.] Any of a genus (Balsenoptera) of large 
whalebone whales having a dorsal fin. 

ro-sa'ceous (ro-za'shus), a. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.] 
Bot. a Belonging to a large family (Rosacese) of plants, the 
rose family, which includes, besides the type genus (Rosa), 
other genera(as Spirsea) handsome in cultivation, and also 
the raspberries, blackberries, etc., and, in some classifica- 
tions, the apples, almonds, plums, etc. b Having a 5-petaled 
corolla like that of the rose ; — said of a plant or flower. 

|| ro-sa'lia (ro-zal'ya), n. [Cf. F. rosalie, It. rosalia.] Mu- 
sic. A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is suc- 
cessively repeated, each time a step or half step higher. 

Ros'a-lind (roz'd-lind), n. The sprightly, charming daugh- 
ter of the exiled duke in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." 
See Orlando, 2. 

ros-an'i-line (roz-an'i-lm ; -len), n. Also -lin. [rose + ani- 
line.'] Org. Chem. A white crystalline base, NH2(CH3)- 
C6H3C(OH)(C6HiNH2)2, obtained in red-colored salts by 
oxidation of a mixture of aniline and toluidine. It is the 
parent substance of many aniline dyes. 

ro'sa-ry (ro'zd-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. rosarium a 
string' of beads, L. rosarium a rose garden, fr. rosarius of 
roses, rosa a rose.] 1. A bed of roses or a rose garden. 2. 
R. C. Ch. A series of prayers to be recited in order ; also, a 
string of beads (165 in the greater rosary, 55 in the lesser 
rosary) for counting prayers. 

rose (roz), pret. of rise. 

rose (roz), n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, fr. Gr. /365w.] 1. Any 
of a genus (Rosa), typifying a fam- 
ily (Rosacese), of erect or climbing 
shrubs with showy flowers, having, 
five petals in the wild state ; also, 
the flower. 2. A_ rosette. 3. The 
color of a rose ; pink or light crim- 
son. 4. The card of the mariner's 
compass ; also, a similar card used 
in other instruments. 5. A perfo- 
rated nozzle for delivering water in 
fine jets. 6. Jewelry. A certain form 
in which gems are cut ; also, a gem, 
esp. a diamond, so cut. ^ Wild Rose. Reduced, 

rose of Jer'i-cho (jer'i-ko) , a ^/v. 

Syrian plant (Anastatica hiero- l. ^y^ )N ^a 
chuntica) which rolls up when /Pi\/ v^v 
dry, and expands again v/hen 
moistened. — r. of Shar'on 
(shar'on). a A European spe- 
cies of St.-John's-wort. b = al- 
thaea, 2. C Bib. Perh. a narcissus 
or the meadow saffron {Colchi- 
cumautumnale). — under ther. 
[transl. of L. sub rosa] , in secret ; 
— the rose being anciently a 
symbol of secrecy. [flush. 

— v. t. To render rose-colored ; 

ro'se-ate (ro'ze-at), a. 1. Full 
of, or consisting of, roses ; rosy ; 
as, a roseate bower. 2. Resem- 
bling a rose; esp., tinged with 
rose color ; as, a roseate hue. 

rose'bay^roz'baO, n. Any spe- 
cies of rhododendron. R 6- x Dutch . a 

rose campion. A silenaceous side, and 6 Front; 2 
garden plant (Lychnis corona- Double ; 3 Brabant ; 4 
ria) with crimson flowers. Marquise; 5 Pende- 

rose cross.^ The alleged symbol loc i ue : 6 Recoupe. 
of the Rosicrucians, assumed to denote the union of a rose 
with a cross. 

rose engine. Mach. A machine for producing curved lines 
resembling a rosette, as on paper currency. 

rose'fish' (-fish 7 ), n. A large marine spiny-finned food 
fish (Sebastes ma- 
rinus) found on the 
northern coasts of 
Europe and Amer- 
ica. When mature, 
it is usually bright 
rose-red or orange- 
red. 

rose geranium. A 
South African gera- W Rosefish. 






ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



841 



TAPROOTS 



Conical. 



IslAPiFORrvi n^ Fusiform 




CARROT TURNIP 



RADISH 



ANNULATED NODULOSI 




IPECAC 




ADVENTITIOUS 




IV" 



ItvipiAISI CORN 



FIBROUS 



MONILIFORM 




A GOASS 




CEL.ARGONIUM 



TUBEROUS 




ORCHID' 



REOMV 



AERIAL. 




PARASITIC 


J 




^ 


to 


i * ' BB S*^i izz/ 


nrsr^l 






J / 


4 


lb) 








% 


EPIPHVTlO ORCHID 


DOOOKR 



ROOT 






N 



ROSE MALLOW 



842 



ROUGH 







Q 



R 



ft 



nrum (Pelargonium capitatum), grown for its fragrant 3-5- 
lobed leaves and small pink flowers. 

rose mallow. 1. Any of several malvaceous plants (genus 
Hibiscus) with rose-colored flowers. 2. The hollyhock. 

rose'ma-ry (roz'ma-n), n.; pi. -exes (-riz). [L. rosmari- 
nus ; ros dew -f- marinus marine.] A fragrant mentha- 
ceous shrub {Rosmarinus officinalis) of southern Europe 
and Asia Minor, having a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. 

ro-se'o-la (ro-ze'6-ld), n. Also rose rash. [NL., dim. of 
L. rosa rose.] A rose-colored rash. 

ro-sette' (ro-zet'), n. [F., dim. of rose a rose.] 1. An imi- 
tation of a rose made of gathered or pleated material, 
used as an ornament or a badge. 2. a Arch. An ornament 
somewhat like a roundel, and filled with leafage, b Bot. 
A very short stem or axis bearing a dense cluster of leaves. 

rose water. Water scented with roses by distillation. 

rose'— wa'ter, a. Having the odor of rose water ; hence : 
affectedly nice or delicate ; sentimental. 

rose window. Arch. A circular window filled with tracery. 

rose'wood' (roz'wood'), n. A tropical cabinet wood of a 
dark red color streaked with black, obtained from several 
species of fabaceous trees (genera Dalbergia and Machxri- 
um) ; also, any tree yielding this wood. 

Ro'si-cru'cian (ro'zT-kroo'shan ; roz'i-), n. [Probably due 
to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andrea, who in 
anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose 
Cross (G. Rosenkreuz).] One who, in the 17th century 
and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret 
society of philosophers affecting to have_ knowledge giving 
them mystic and magic powers. — Ro'si-cru'cian, a. 

ros'i-ly (roz'i-li), adv. In a rosy manner. 

ros'in (roz'in), n. [Variant of resin.] The hard, commonly 
amber-colored, resin left after distilling off the volatile 
oil of turpentine. — v. t. To rub with rosin. 

Ros'i-nan'te (roz'i-nan'te), n. [Sp. Rocinante ; rocin jaded 
horse, hack + ante before.] Don Quixote's mare, lean, 
bonv, and unsound, but regarded by him as incomparable. 

ros'in-dol (roz'Tn-dol ; -dol), or -dole, n. [G. ; rosanilin -f- 
indol.] Org. Chem. Any of a series of red dyestuffs got by 
heating indols with benzoyl chloride and zinc chloride. 

ros'i-ness (roz'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being rosy. 

ros'in-weed' (roz'in-wedO, n. Any of various western 
American asteraceous plants having a resinous foliage or 
odor ; specif., the compass plant (Silphium laciniatum). 

ro-SO'lio (ro-zoKyo), n. [It., fr. LL. ros solis sundew, from 
which it was orig. extracted.] A sweet cordial of the Medi- 
terranean region, made of brandy, sugar, raisins, etc. 

ros'tel-late (ros'te-lat), a. [NL. rostellatus, fr. L. rostel- 
lum, dim. of rostrum a beak.] Having a small beak. 

ros'ter (ros'ter), n. [D. rooster a list.] l.Mil.&Nav.A 
roll or list of officers or enlisted men, subject to certain 
assignments for duty. 2. Hence, any roll or list. 

ros'tra (ros'trd), n., L. pi. of rostrum. 

ros'tral (-trdl), a. [L. rostralis.] Pert, to a rostrum. 

ros'trate (-trat), a. Having a rostrum, or beak. 

ros'trum (-trum), n. ; pi. L. -tra (-trd), E. -trums (-trumz). 
[L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw.] Rom. 
Antiq. 1. The curved end of a ship's prow, esp. the beak 
of a war galley. 2. The platform in the Roman Forum 
where orations, etc., were delivered; — chiefly in pi., be- 
cause adorned with beaks of captured vessels. 3. Hence : a 
stage for public speaking ; platform. 4. Zo'ol. & Bot. A 
part suggesting a bird's beak ; a beaklike process. 

ros'y (roz'i), a.; ros'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. 1. Like a rose; 
blooming ; blushing. 2. Made of, or adorned with, roses. 

rot (rot), v. i. ; rot'ted ; -ting. [AS. rotian.~] 1. To decom- 
pose ; decay. 2. Fig., to become morally corrupt ; degener- 
ate. — Syn. See decay. — v. t. 1. To cause to rot. 2. 
To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc. ; ret. 

— n. 1. Process of rotting, or state of being rotten ; decay ; 
putrefaction ; also, that which is rotten or rotting. 2. Bot. 
Disease or decay of plant tissues caused by fungi, bacteria, 
etc. 3. Any of a number of parasitic diseases, chiefly of 
sheep, characterized by rotting, emaciation, etc. 

ro'ta (ro'td), n. [L., wheel.] A roll or list ; roster. 

Ro'ta, n. [LL. ; cf . L. rota wheel ; — said to allude to the 
wheel-like design of the floor of the room in which the court 
used to sit.] R. C. Ch. An ecclesiastical court that hears 
appeals; — 'Called also Rota Romana. 

ro-tam'e-ter (ro-tam'e-ter), n. [L. rota wheel + -meter.'] 
An instrument for measuring curved lines by running over 
them a small wheel connected with a recording dial. 

ro'ta -ry (ro'td-n), a. [L. rota a wheel.] Turning, as a wheel 
on its axis ; having parts that rotate ; rotatory. 

ro'tate (ro'tat, or, esp. Brit., ro-tat'), v. *'.;-tat-ed (-tat- 
ed) ; -tat-ing. [L. rotatus, p. p. of 
rotare, fr. rota wheel.] 1. To turn, as 
a wheel, round an axis ; revolve. 2. To 
perform any act, function, etc., in 
turn ; pass or alternate in a series. — 
Syn. See revolve. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to rotate, or turn, as a wheel. Rotate Corolla. 




around an axle ; revolve. 2. To cause to succeed, pass, or 
act, in turn in a series ; as, to rotate men in office. 3. Agric. 
To raise or grow in rotation ; as, to rotate crops. 

— (ro'tat), a. Having the parts flat and spreading or radi- 
ating like those of a wheel ; wheel-shaped. 

ro-ta'tion (ro-ta'sbwn), n. 1. Act of rotating or turning 
on an axis. 2. Agric. The planting or sowing of various 
crops in succession, forming a cycle, so as to avoid the ex- 
haustion of the soil. 3. Any return or succession in a 
series. 4. Forestry. The total cycle or period during which 
a given stand of timber occupies a piece of ground. — ro- 
ta'tion-al ( -dl), a. 

ro'ta-tive (ro'td-tiv), a. Rotating or causing rotation; 
rotary ; rotatory. 

ro-ta'tor (ro-ta'tor), n. [L.] One who, or that which, 
rotates ; specif., Anat. [pZ. rotatores (ro'td-to'rez ; 57)], 
a muscle which partially rotates a part on its axis. 

ro'ta-to-ry (ro'td-to-rT), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or producing 
rotation ; having parts that rotate ; rotary ; rotative. 2. 
Going or following in rotation or succession. 

rotche, rotch (roch), n. A very small, short-billed auk 
( Alle alle), breeding on the coasts of the Arctic Ocean and 
northern North Atlantic and ranging south in winter. 

rote (rot), n. [OF.] Music. A kind of medieval guitarlike 
stringed instrument, played with a bow, like the crowd, or 
by a small wheel, like the hurdy-gurdy. 

rote, n. The noise produced by the surf on the shore. 

rote, n. A fixed or customary course ; mere routine ; — now 
only in : by rote, by routine ; mechanically ; esp., by mem- 
ory of the mere forms of speech, often implying want of 
attention to the meaning. 

ro'ti-fer (ro'tY-fer), n. [NL. ; L. rota a wheel + ferre to 
bear.] Zo'ol. Any of a class {Rotifer a) of minute, many- 
celled, aquatic animals bearing one or two anterior circles of 
strong cilia, which, when in motion, appear like rapidly re- 
volving wheels. They are most abundant in stagnant fresh 
water. — ro-tif'er-al (-tif'er-dl), ro-tif er-ous, a. 

rot'l (rot''l), ». [Ar. rafl ritl.] A weight of Turkey, North 
Africa, Persia, etc., corresponding to the pound, but vary- 
ing with the locality ; also, a varying dry measure. 

ro'to-graph (ro'to-graf), n. [L. rota wheel + -graph.] 
Photography. A photograph printed by a process in which 
a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over 
the negative, the prints being then developed, fixed, cut 
apart, and washed at a very rapid rate. 

ro'tor (ro'tor), n. [Short for rotator.] Mach. A part that 
revolves in a stationary part, as the rotating member of an 
electrical machine. Cf. stator. 

rot'ten (rot''n), a. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. Having rotted ; pu- 
trid ; decayed ; hence, fetid. 2. Unsound, as if rotted ; not 
firm. — rot'ten-ness, n. [stone, used for polishing.! 

rot'ten-stone' (-ston'), n. A decomposed siliceous lime-| 

ro-tund'(rS-tund'),a. [_L.rotundus.] 1. Round or rounded 
out ; spherical. 2. Rounded ; full and flowing, as speech. 

ro-tun'da (-tun'dd), n. [Cf . It. rontonda, F. rotonde ; both 
fr. L. rotundus round, fern, rotunda.] 1. Arch. A round 
building, esp. one covered by a dome or cupola. 2. A large 
round room ; as, the rotunda of the Capitol. 

ro-tun'di-ty (-dl-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or quality of 
being rotund ; roundness ; of speech, full and flowing. 

|| ro'ture' (ro'tiir'), n. [F.] 1. State of being a roturier. 
2. Fr. & Canadian Feudal Law. Tenure of lands by one 
not of the nobility, bound only to a payment of rent. 

|| ro'tu'rier' (ro'tii'rya'), n.; pi. -riers (F. -rya'). [F.] A 
person not of noble birth ; esp., one holding land by roture. 

rou'ble (roo'b'l), rouche (roosh). Vars. of ruble, ruche. 

|| rou'e' (roo'aO, ft. [F.] A debauchee ; rake. 

rouge (roozh), n. [F.] 1. A red amorphous powder con- 
sisting of ferric oxide, used in polishing, as a pigment, etc. 

2. Any of various cosmetics used to give a red color to the 
cheeks or lips. — v. i. <fc t. ; rouged (roozhd) ; roug'ing 
(roozh'ing). To tint with rouge, as the face or cheeks. 

rouge' et noir' (roo'-zha nwar'). [F., red and black.] 
Cards. A certain card game ; — so called from the red and 
black compartments of the gaming table. 

rough (ruf), a. [AS. ruh.] 1. Having inequalities, ridges, 
or projections, on the surface ; not smooth or plain ; as, a 
rough board ; specif.: a Hairy ; shaggy ; esp., roughly or un- 
evenly hairy, as the unshorn face or the fur of some animals ; 
as, a rough coat, b Not level ; uneven ; as, a rough road. 2. 
Coarse ; unrefined ; specif.: a Harsh to the eye ; as, a rough 
landscape, b Not cultivated ; rude ; as, rough hospitality. 
C Harsh to the ear ; discordant ; grating ; as, a rough voice. 

3. Boisterous or disorderly ; tempestuous ; as, a rough 
crowd ; rough weather. 4. In a crude or unfinished state ; 
crude ; as, rough lumber ; a rough diamond ; hence : hast- 
ily or carelessly done or made and therefore confessedly 
imperfect ; as, a rough estimate. 

Syn. Rough, rude. With reference to behavior, rough 
suggests harshness, severity, or violence ; rude, uncouth- 
ness or discourtesy ; as, a rough retort ; a rude interruption. 
As applied to processes or results, rough often suggests 



aie, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, f dot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, (hin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



ROUGHCAST 



843 



ROUSTABOUT 



that which is offhand or hasty; rude, that which lacks 
finish or polish ; as, a rough guess ; a rude implement. 

— adv. In a rough manner ; roughly ; as to ride rough. 

— n. 1. A coarse, rude fellow ; rowdy ; ruffian. 2. That 
which is rough. 

— v. t. 1. To roughen. 2. To shape, make, or dress roughly. 
to rough it. a To endure hard or rude conditions of liv- 
ing, b To indulge in rough conduct or contention. 

rough'cast' (ruf'kast'), n. 1. A rude model or form. 2. A 
kind of plastering made of lime, with pebbles or shells, 
used to cover the outside of buildings. — v. t. 1. To shape 
or form roughly ; block out. 2. To plaster with roughcast. 

rough/dry' (-drl'), v. t. In laundry work, to dry without 
smoothing or ironing. 

rough/en (-'n), v. '. & i. To make or become rough. 

rough/er (-er), n. One who roughs or roughs out anything. 

rough'hew' (-hu',, v. t. 1. To hew (timber, etc.) coarsely, 
without smoothing. 2. To give the first form or shape to. 

rough/— house', n. An outbreak of violence or noisy sport, 
esp. among occupants of a house or room. Slang. 

— v. i. To start, or take part in, a rough-house. Slang. 
rough'ly, adv. In a rough manner. 

rough'ness, n. Quality or state of being rough. 

rough'rid'er (ruf'rid'er), n. One who breaks horses to the 
saddle or who rides unbroken or partly broken horses ; spe- 
cif, {cap.'], a member of the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, a 
regiment raised for the Spanish war of 1898, largely organ- 
ized, and later commanded, by Theodore Roosevelt. Colloq. 

rough/shod' (-shod'), a. Shod with calked shoes. 

rou'lade' (roo'lad'), n. [F.] Music. A melodic passage of 
short tones in uniform groups, sung on one long syllable. 

rou'leau' (roo'lo'), n. ; pi. F. -leaux (-15'; E. -loz'), E. 
-leaus (-loz'). [F., a roll, OF. rolel, dim. of OF. rolle. See 
roll.] A little roll ; specif., a roll of coins put up in paper. 

rou-lette' (roo-let'), n. [F., prop., a little wheel or ball, OF. 
roelete, dim. of roele. See rowel.] 1. A gambling game in 
which a small ball is rolled so as to fall by chance into one of 
a number of red and black compartments in a revolving 
wheel at the bottom of a bowl. 2. Any of various toothed 
wheels or disks, as for producing rows of dots on engraved 
plates, or for making short consecutive incisions in paper to 
facilitate subsequent division. 3. Geom. The path in a 
fixed plane of any point in a moving coincident plane when 
a given curve in the latter plane rolls without sliding on a 
given curve in the former. [incisions so made.| 

— v. t. To make incisions in with a roulette ; separate by I 
Rou-ma'ni-an (roo-ma'nl-an), a. Also Ru-ma'ni-an. Of 

or pert, to the kingdom of Roumania. — n. An inhabitant 
of Roumania or one whose native speech is Roumanian ; 
also, the language of Roumania, a Romance language con- 
taining many words from other languages. 

rounce (rouns), n. Print. The handle by which the bed of 
a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under 
the platen and out again ; also, the whole apparatus for 
moving the form under the platen. 

round (round), v. t. & i. [From Obs. or Dial, roun to whis- 
per, AS. runian, fr. run. See rune.] To whisper ; whisper 
to. Archaic. 

round, a. [OF. roont, reont, fern, roonde, reonde, F. rond, 
fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel.] 1. Spherical or circular, as 
a ball or disk. 2. Circular in cross section ; esp., cylindrical, 
as a gun barrel. 3. Having a curved outline or form ; ro- 
tund ; as, a round arch. 4. Full ; complete ; not fractional ; 
expressed in even units, tens, hundreds, etc., by way of ap- 
proximation ; as, round numbers. 5. Full ; large ; liberal in 
size or amount ; as, a round sum. 6. Not cramped or lim- 
ited ; as : a Free and vigorous in motion ; as, a round pace. 
b Uttered or emitted with a full tone ; as, a round voice, c 
Outspoken ; plain and direct ; as, a round oath. 7. Fin- 
ished ; polished ; rounded ; — of language or style. 8. Com- 
plete ; rounded ; esp., accomplished or done by a progres- 
sion through a series with a final return to the starting point ; 
as, a round trip. 9. Phon. Rounded ; labial. See round, 
v. t., 6. — Syn. Globose, globular, orbicular, orbed. 
round angle. Math., an angle formed by a complete rota- 
tion of a line in a plane, round a point, so that the two sides 
of the angle coincide. — r. clam, the quahog. — r. dance, 
one that is danced by couples and in which a revolving 
motion is usually prominent, as the waltz. — r. hand, a 
style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in 
nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct. 
— r. robin, a written petition, memorial, or the like, the 
signatures to which are in a circle. — R. Table, a A huge 
circular table at which King Arthur and his knights sat. b 
Hence, King Arthur and his knights collectively. 

•— n. 1. Anything round, as a circle, globe, ring. 2. A 
group ; a circle. 3. A circular dance. 4. A course ending 
where it began ; a circuit ; beat ; — often in pi. ; as, to go 
the rounds. 5. A cycle of changes, events, acts, etc. ; as, a 
round of pleasures ; hence, a complete circuit or range ; as, 
the whole round of knowledge. 6. A course of action, 
conduct, etc., performed by a number of persons in turn, or, 
loosely, simultaneously or nearly so ; as, a round'oi applause ; 



also, a bout or turn by two or more persons in competition ; 
as, a round at cards, etc. 7. Music. A kind of short vocal 
piece, like a catch, in which several voices follow each 
other round. 8. Mil. a One shot discharged by each soldier, 
gun, or cannon of a command, b Ammunition for one shot 
by each soldier, gun, or cannon. 9. A rounded or curved 
part of anything, as a humped part in a bent shaft, a pad- 
dle shaft, a coil, etc. 10. A rung of a ladder ; a round stick 
similarly placed, as in a chair. 11. A round of beef (see be- 
low). 12. In pi. See under change ringing. 13. State of 
being accurately round or circular. 
round of beef, the part of the thigh between rump and leg. 

— adv. 1. On all sides ; around ; as, to be compassed round. 
2. Circularly ; around ; as, a wheel turns round. 3. In 
circumference; as, a ball 10 inches round. 4. By, in, or 
through a circuit or cycle ; around ; as, winter has come 
round again. 5. From one side, party, opinion, etc., to 
another ; as, to bring one round to truer views. 6. In the 
vicinity ; around ; as, to loaf round. 

•—prep. 1. On every side of; as, the people stood round 
him ; also, around ; about ; as, to wind silk round a spool. 

2. About or past in a wholly or partly circular course ;"as, a 
train goes round a curve. 

— v. t. 1. To make round. 2. To surround ; encompass. 

3. To complete ; hence, to finish or conclude. 4. To fill out 
to roundness or fullness of form ; — often used with off or 
out. 5. To go round; go about (a corner or point). 6. 
Phon. a To draw (the lips) together with a round opening, 
as in pronouncing oo. b To pronounce (a vowel) with 
rounded lips. — v. i. 1. To grow round, rotund, full, 
complete, or perfect. 2. To go round ; to make a circuit or 
rounds. 3. To turn round ; wheel about. 

round'a-bout' (round'd-bout 7 ), a. 1. Circuitous; indirect. 
2. Encircling ; comprehensive, — n. 1. A merry-go-round. 
2. A short, close jacket for boys, sailors, etc. 

roun'del (roun'del), n. [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, 
rondeau, orig., a dim. fr. rond. See round, a.] 1. Poetry, 
A rondeau or rondel ; specif., a style of rondeau consisting 
of nine long lines with the refrain after the third and ninth. 
2. [F. rondelle.'] Anything round in form ; circle ; specif., a 
circular panel, window, or niche. 

roun'de-lay (roun'de-la), n. [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. 
See roundel.] 1. A _ poem of a style having a recurring 
word, phrase, or refrain ; a rondeau or similar poem. 2. a 
A song in which a simple strain is often repeated, b A 
dance in a circle. 

round'er (roun'der), n. 1. One who makes rounds ; specif., 
Slang, one who makes the rounds of criminal or disrepu- 
table resorts, etc. ; a habitual petty criminal ; a tough ; a 
dissolute idler. 2. One who, or that which, makes round. 3. 
[In form rounders, but construed as sing.~\ A game, origi- 
nally and chiefly English, somewhat resembling baseball. 

Rouhd'head' (round'hed'), n. In the reign of Charles I. 
and later, a Puritan or Parliamentarian who wore his hair 
cut short ; — used in derision by the Cavaliers. 

round'house' (-hous'), n. 1. A lockup. 06s. or Archaic. 

2. Naut. A cabin on the after part of the quarter-deck. 

3. A house for locomotive engines, built round a turntable. 
round'ing, a. 1. Round or roundish ; becoming round. 

2. Of or pertaining to, or used for, rounding something. 

round'ish, a. Somewhat round. 

round'let (-12t), n. A little circle. 

round'ly, adv. In a round manner. 

round'ness, n. Quality or state of being round. 

round'-shoul'dered (-shol'derd ; 109) , a. Having the shoul- 
ders stooping or projecting. 

rounds'man (roundz'man), n. A police officer, ranking 
next below a sergeant, who makes rounds of inspection. 

round'— up', n. 1. Act or process of collecting cattle by rid- 
ing around them and driving them in ; also, the men and 
horses collectively who do this. Western U. S. 2. Hence, a 
gathering in of scattered persons or things ; as, a round-up 
of criminals. Colloq., U. S. 

round'worm' (round'wurm'), n. A nematode worm ; spe- 
cif., any of the nematodes sometimes found parasitic in the 
intestines of man, the horse, dog, etc. 

roup'y (roup'i ; roop'i), a.; roup'i-er, -i-est. # Hoarse. 

rouse (rouz), n. 1. A bumper of liquor, esp. in honor of a 
toast. Rare. 2. Carousal ; drinking bout. 

rouse, v. i. & t. Naut. To pull strongly and all together. 

rouse, v. t. & i.; roused (rouzd) ; rous'ing (rouz'ing). 1. 
To start from a covert. 2. To wake or awake from sleep or 
repose. 3. To excite, or be roused, to activity. 4. To stir 
up ; agitate. — n. Act of rousing ; awakening ; signal for 
rousing or action. — TOUS'er, n. 

rous'ing (rouz'ing), p. a. 1. Having power to awaken or 
excite ; as, a rousing appeal. 2. Very great ; hence : of a 
he, bouncing or outrageous ; of a fire, roaring ; of trade, 
lively or very brisk. Colloq. 

roust'a-bout' (roust'd-bout'), n. A wharf laborer or deck 
hand, esp. on a river steamboat ; also, a vagrant who lives 
by chance jobs. U. S. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ROUT 



844 



RUBESCENCE 



Q 



R 



rout (rout ; Scot, root), v. i. [AS. hrutan."] Obs. or Scot. 

1. To roar ; bellow ; low. 2. To snore loudly ; hence, to 
slumber. — n. A bellowing ; shouting ; clamor ; uproar. 

rout (rout), v. i. To root, search, or rummage, as a swine. 

— v. t. 1. To root up. 2. To scoop out, as with a gouge. 

to rout out. a To turn up to view ; discover, to To turn 
out by force or compulsion. Colloq. 
rout, n. [OF. route, fr. LL., fr. L. rumpere, ruptum, to 
break..] 1. A throng. Obs. 2. A tumultuous crowd ; mob ; 
Vence, the rabble. 3. State of being disorganized and 
thrown into confused flight or retreat. 4. Law. A disturb- 
ance of the peace by persons assembled together with 
intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them 
rioters. 5. A fashionable gathering or assembly, esp. in 
the evening. Archaic. 

— v. t. To put to flight in disorder ; defeat utterly. 
rout cake. A kind of rich cake for routs, or parties. 
route (root ; see note below), n. [OF. & F., fr. L. rupta 

(sc. via), lit., broken or beaten way, fr. rumpere, ruptum, 
to break. ] 1. The course or way which is, or is to be, trav- 
eled. 2. Mil. An order for troops to march from one place 
to another, esp. that part of the order which indicates the 
location of headquarters for each evening. 
[G^The pron. rout (ou as in out) is still common in the 
U. S., prevailing in some localities ; but root, after mod. 
French, is displacing it in the best usage. 

~-v. t.; rout'ed; rout'ing. To send, forward, or trans- 
port, by a certain route. 

rout'er (rout'er), n. One who, or that which, routs, or 
scoops out ; esp., any of various devices or machines for 
routing ; as : a A kind of plane. See plane, Illust. b 
Mach. A machine with a rapidly revolving vertical spindle 
and cutter for scooping out the surface of wood or metal, 
as for blanks on an electrotype. 

rou-tine' (roo-ten'), n. [F.,fr. route way. See route.] 1. 
A round of business or pleasure frequently pursued. 2. Any 
regular course of action adhered to through force of habit. 

rou-tin'ism (-iz'm), n. Adherence to routine. tin'ist, n. 

rove (rov), v. t.; roved (rovd) ; rov'ing (rov'ing). 1. To 
draw through an eye or similar aperture. 2. To draw out 
into flakes; card, as wool. 3. To draw out and twist 
slightly, as slivers of wool or cotton, before spinning. 

— n. 1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is 
clinched in boat building. 2. A roll or sliver, as of wool, 
cotton, silk, etc., drawn out and slightly twisted. 

rove, v. i. [See rover.] To wander ; ramble. — Syn. 
Roam, range, stroll. See ramble. — v. t. To wander over 
or through. — n. Act of roving or wandering ; a ramble. 

rove beetle. Any of a numerous family (Staphylinidse) of 
long-bodied beetles which feed on decaying animal and 
vegetable matter, and can run swiftly. 

rov'er (rov'er), n. [D. roover robber, rooven, to rob.] 1. A 
pirate. 2. A wanderer ; vagrant. 3. Croquet. A ball which 
has passed through all the arches and would go out if it hit 
the stake. 4. Archery. A casual mark. 

row (rou), n. [Prob. fr. rouse, n., taken as a pi.] A noisy 
quarrel ; brawl. — v. t. To pick or have a row with ; scold 
or abuse noisily. — v. i. To engage in a row. All Colloq. 

row (ro), v. t. [AS. rowan."] 1. To propel (a boat) with oars. 

2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars. — v. i. 1. To 
use an oar or oars in rowing a boat. 2. To be moved by 
oars. — n. Act of rowing ; a trip in a rowboat. 

row (ro), n. [AS. raw, rsew."] 1. A series of persons or 
things in a continued line ; a rank ; file. 2. A line of nouses 
or buildings close together ; street with houses so placed. 

row'an tree or row'an (ro'an ; rou'an), n. A European 
malaceous tree (Sorbus aucuparia), or either of two related 
American trees (S. americana, S. sambuci folia), with 

. white flowers and red berries ; — called also mountain ash. 

row'boat' (ro'bot'), n. A boat designed to be rowed. 

row'dy (rou'di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). One who engages in 
rows, or in rough behavior ; a rough. — a. Characteristic 
of, or of the nature of, a rowdy ; rowdyish. — row'di-ness 
(-di-nes), n. — row'dy-ish, a. — row'dy-ism (-iz'm), n. 

row'el (rou'el), n. [OF. roele, rouele, prop., a little wheel, 
fr. LL. rotella, dim. of L. rota wheel.] A little wheel on a 
spur, having radiating points. — v. t.; -eled (-eld) or 
-elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To prick with a rowel. 

row'en (rou'en), n. A second-growth crop; aftermath. 

row'er (ro'er), n. One who rows a boat. 

row'lock (ro'lok ; colloq. rul'uk), n. A device serving as the 
fulcrum for an oar in rowing. 

roy'al (roi'al), a. [OF. roial,reial, F. royal, 
fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king.] 1. Kingly ; 
of or pert, to a king or sovereign ; regal ; 
as, royal power ; also, of or pert, to the 
government of a kingdom ; as, the royal 
army. 2. Under royal patronage ; char- 
tered by the crown ; as, the Royal Acad- 

. emy. 3. Characteristic of or befitting a 
king ; princely ; splendid ; as, a royal 
welcome. 4. Very large or excellent of its Rowlock, 




kind ; as, a royal octavo volume ; on a grand scale ; as, a 
battle royal. — Syn. Monarchical, imperial, august, ma- 
jestic ; superb, illustrious. See kingly. 
royal spade, Auction Bridge, a spade when spades are 
trumps under the condition that every trick over six taken 
by the successful bidder scores 9 ; — usually in pi. Obsoles. 

— n. 1. Naut. A small sail on the royal mast. It is imme- 
diately above the topgallant sail. 2. A size of paper, origi- 
nally bearing as a watermark the royal crest, a fleur-de-lis, 
of France. 3. Auction Bridge. A royal spade. 

roy'al-ism (-iz'm), n. The principles of monarchical gov- 
ernment ; adherence to a king or a royal government. 

roy'al-ist, n. An adherent of a king ; one attached to mo- 
narchical government; specif., Hist. [cap.~\ :aAsupporter 
of Charles I. ; a Cavalier, b An adherent of George III. or 
the British government in the American Revolution. 

roy'al-ly (roi'al-i), adv. In a royal manner ; like a king. 

roy'al-ty (-ti), n.; pL -ties (-tTz). [OF. roialte, royault6.~\ 
1. Royal status, station, birth, etc. ; kingship. 2. The per- 
son of a king or royal person ; collectively, royal persons. 
3. Character of, or proper to, a king ; kingliness. 4. A 
royaldomain. 5. A right or perquisite of a sovereign, as a 
seigniorage on gold_ and silver coined at the mint, a per- 
centage of gold or silver taken from mines, etc. 6. Hence : 
a A share of the product or profit (as of a mine, forest, etc.) 
paid by the user to the owner of the property, t> A compen- 
sation paid to the owner of a patent or a copyright for the 
use of it or the right to act under it. 

-rrhagia, -rrhaphy, etc. See -rhagia, -rhaphy, etc. 

rub (rub), v. t.; rubbed (riibd) ; rub'bing. 1. To subject 
(a body) to pressure and friction of something moving over 
its surface. 2. To scour or polish by rubbing ; — often 
used with up or off. 3. To move (a body) with pressure and 
friction along a surface. 4. To smear. 5= To treat or bring 
to a (certain) condition by rubbing ; as, to rub out a mark. 
— v. i. 1. To grate. 2. To fret or chafe with friction ; as, to 
rub upon a sore. 3. To move or pass with friction or diffi- 
culty ; as, to rub through life. 

— n. 1. A rubbing ; friction. 2. That which rubs ; hindrance ; 
impediment ; esp., a difficulty ; a pinch. 3. Something grat- 
ing to the feelings, as sarcasm, harsh criticism, etc. 4. A 
roughness or abrasion made by rubbing. 

rub'a-dub' (rub'a-dubO, n. [Imitative.] The sound of 
drumbeats ; hence: a repeated clamor ; a clatter. 

ru-bai-yat' (roo-bl-yat'), n. pi.; sing, rubai (roo-ba'e). 
[Ar. ruba'iyah quatrain, deriv. of ruba' four.] Quatrains ; 
as, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. 

ru-basse' (roo-bas'), n. [F. rubace.J A superior kind of 
aventurine (quartz) with ruby reflections , — called also 
Ancona ruby, Mont Blanc ruby. It is used as a gem. 

||ru-ba'to (roo-ba'to), a. [It.] Music. Lit., (time) 
"robbed" from certain notes of a measure, the time so 
taken being made up on other notes in the measure. — n. 
The modifying of metrical time in this fashion. 

rub'ber (rub'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, rubs ; as : a. 
An instrument used in rubbing, b An eraser, esp. of caout- 
chouc. 2. In various games, a set of (usually) three games, 
of which the odd game is played to decide the contest when 
each side has won one game ; also, the odd game so played ; 
also, a contest determined by the winning of (usually) two 
out of three games. 3. Caoutchouc, or India rubber, esp. in 
a commercial form. Pure rubber is soft and elastic, becom- 
ing sticky when heated, and melting at about 300° F. It is 
usually mixed with vulcanizing agents, fillers, etc., and then 
molded and vulcanized. 4. Something made of India rub- 
ber ; as : a An overshoe. Colloq. b A band of rubber. 

rub'ber-ize (rub'er-iz), v. t. To coat or impregnate with 
rubber or a rubber solution or preparation, as silk. 

rubber plant. Any plant yielding caoutchouc ; specif., the 
rubber tree (Ficus elastica), often cultivated for ornament. 

rub'ber-y (-30, a. Of the consistency of India rubber; re- 
sembling rubber ; hence, springy. 

rub'bish (rub'ish), n. [ME. robows^ robeux, rubbish.] 
Waste or rejected matter ; trash ; debris. 

rub'bish-y (-i), a. Of, or of the nature of, rubbish. 

rub'ble (-'1), n. 1. Waterworn or rough broken stones, 
broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or as filling ; 
also, masonry of rubble ; rubblework. 2. Rough stone as 
it comes from the quarry. — rub'bly (-11), a. 

rub'ble-work' (-wurk'), n. Masonry of unsquared or rudely 
squared stones, irregular in size and shape. 

ru'be-fa'cient (roo'be-fa'shent), a. [L. rubefaciens, p. pr. 
of rubefacere to make red.] Causing redness, as of the 
skin. — n. Med. An external application producing red- 
ness of the skin. — ru'be-fac'tion (-fak'shiZn), n. 

ru-bel'la (roo-beFa),^. [L. rubellus reddish.] A specific 
disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption like that of 
measles, but without catarrhal symptoms ; German measles. 

ru-bel'lite (-bel'It), n. [L. rubellus reddish, dim. of ruber 
red.] Min. A red tourmaline. It is used as a gem. < 

ru-bes'cence (-bes'ens), n. Quality or state of being or 
becoming rubescent ; a reddening ; a flush. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice.Ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
yse, unite, fitrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; na(ijre, verdpre (87); 



RUBESCENT 



845 



RUFFLE 



rn-bes'cent (-bes'ent), a. [L. rubescens, p. pr. of rubescere 
to grow red.] Growing or becoming red ; flushing. 

ru'bi-a'ceous (roo'bi-a/shus), a. [L. rubia madder.] Bot. 
Belonging to a large family (Rubiacese) of plants, the mad- 
der family, consisting of herbs, shrubs, and trees, chiefly 
tropical, including the coffee tree, the trees yielding cin- 
chona, the gardenias, houstonias, and many plants noted 
for the beauty or fragrance of their blossoms. 

Ru'bi-con (roo'bT-kon), n. [L. Rubico."] Ancient Geog. 
A small river between Italy and Gaul. By leading his army 
across this river, against the orders of the government, 
Caesar started a civil war which made him supreme. 

ni'bi-cund (-kund), a. [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to be 
red.] Inclining to redness ; ruddy. — ru'bl-cun'di-ty, n. 

ru-bid'i-um (roo-bTd'i-wm), n. [NL., fr. L. rubidus red.] 
A soft, silvery metal which decomposes water with violence 
and inflames spontaneously in air. Symbol, Rb; at. wt., 
85.45 ; sp. gr., 1.52. It resembles potassium in properties. 

ru-big'i-nous (-bij'i-mis), a. [L. rubiginosus, fr. rubigo, 
robigo, rust.] Brownish red ; rust-colored ; rusty ; rusted. 

ru'bi-OUS (roo'bi-us), a. [L. rubeus.] Red; ruby. Rare. 

ru'ble (-b'l),n. [Russ. rubV.'] A silver coin and the 
monetary unit of Russia, equal to 100 kopecks (51.5 cts.). 

m'bric (-brTk), n. [OF. rubrique, rubriche, fr. L. rubrica, 
fr. ruber red.] 1. Red chalk ; red ocher. Archaic. 2. A 
part of a written or printed work colored red ; hence : a A 
title-page, or part of it, or an initial letter or letters, etc., 
when printed in red. b The tide of a statute of law. c Lit- 
urgies. A direction or prescribed rule for the conduct of 
service, formerly always in red. d A form or thing estab- 
lished or settled, as by authority. 3. A heading of a section 
of a discourse ; a head. 4. Red. 

tu'bric (roo'bnk) la. Colored or marked with red ; also, 

fu'bri-cal (-brf-kal)J of or pert, to a rubric or rubrics. 

ru'bri-cate C-kat), a. [L. rubricatus, p. p.] Marked with 
red. — (-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed). To mark with red ; 
also, to arrange as in a rubric ; establish or fix in form. 

fu'bri-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or process of rubricat- 
ing. 2. That which is rubricated, as a letter or word. 

ftl'by (roo'bi), 7i. ; pi. -bies (-biz). [F. rubis, fr. L. rubere 
to be red. ] 1. A precious stone, a red crystallized variety of 
corundum ; — called also true, or Oriental, ruby. Cf. ru- 
basse. 2. A thing made of the ruby ; esp., Watch Making, 
a bearing, roller, or other part made of ruby, or of a substi- 
tute material. 3. The color of the ruby ; carmine red. 4. 
That which resembles the ruby in color, as red wine. 5. 
Print. Agate type. See type. Eng. 

«— a. Resembling a ruby, esp. in color ; ruby-colored ; red. 

AH-cer'vine (roo-sur'vln ; -vin;), a. [Malay rusa deer + 
L. cervus deer.] Zo'ol. Of or pert, to a genus or subgenus 
(Rucervus) of East Indian deer. 

Suche (roosh), n. [F. ruche ruche, beehive.] A plaited, 
quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, etc., used for a collar 
or cuff or as a trimming. 

ITlCh'ing (roosh'mg), n. A ruche, or ruches collectively; 
also, material for making ruches. 

ruck (ruk), n. Crowd ; throng ; esp., the crowd of ordinary 
or common persons or things ; ordinary run. 

ruck, v. t. & i. & n. Wrinkle ; crease ; pucker. 

ruc'tion (ruk'shun), n. An uproar ; a quarrel ; a rough-and- 
tumble fight ; a noisy outbreak. Colloq. or Dial. 

rud-beck'i-a (rud-bek'i-d), n. [NL., after Olaf Rudbeck, 
Swedish botanist.] Any of a genus (Rudbeckia) of astera- 
ceous perennial herbs, the coneflowers, having showy, 
mostly yellow rayed flowers, and a conical chaffy receptacle ; 
— often called yellow daisy and black-eyed Susan. 

rudd (rud), n. [From rud redness, AS. rudu."] A fresh- 
water European fish (Scardi- 
nius erythrophthalmus) of 
the carp family, somewhat 
resembling the roach. 

Uid'der (rud'er), n. [AS. roSer 
a paddle.] 1. A flat piece or 
structure of wood or metal %? 
hinged vertically at the stern ^ # w 

of a vessel, by means of which the vessel is steered. 2. In 
an aircraft, a surface the function of 
which is to exert a turning moment 
about an axis of the craft. ■ — rudder- 
less, a. [manner. I 

rud'di-ly (-Mi), adv. In a ruddy | 

rud'di-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being ruddy. 

rud'dle (-'1), n. [From rud redness, 
ruddle, AS. rudu.~\ Red ocher. — 
v. t.; -dled (rud r 'ld) ; -dllng (-ling). 
or red ocher ; to rouge. 

rud'dock (-uk), n. [AS. rudduc.~\ The European robin. 

rud'dy (-1), a. ; -di-er (-i-er) ; -di-est. [AS. rudig.] 1. Red 
or reddish. 2. Having a healthy reddish color. 
ruddy duck, an American duck (Erismalura jamalcensis) 





a Tiller ; b Rudder. 
To color with ruddle, 



having a broad bill and a wedge-shaped tail. The adult 
male has the upper parts largely rich brownish red. 
rude (rood), a.; rud'er (rood'er) ; rud'est. [F., fr. L. 
rudis; or perh. fr. L. rubidus rough.] 1. Characterized by 
roughness ; rough ; crude ; harsh ; severe ; as, a rude shock. 
2. Lacking delicacy or refinement ; as : a Unpolished ; un- 
cultured ; as, a rude people ; hence, of low rank, b Sav- 
age ; brutal. c Insulting ; impudent ; as, a rude servant. 
d Lacking artistic or refined expression ; inelegant ; as, 
rude in speech. 3. Unskillful ; raw ; ignorant ; as, a rude 
mechanic. 4. Rugged ; sturdy ; vigorous ; as, rude strength. 

— Syn. Artless, uncouth, rustic; coarse, clownish; un- 
taught, illiterate ; uncivil, saucy, impertinent, insolent, 
surly, currish, churlish; uncivilized, barbarous, violent, 
fierce ; tumultuous, turbulent, impetuous, boisterous, 
inclement. _See rough. — rudely, adv. — rude'ness, n. 

rudes'by (roodz'bl), n. An uncivil, turbulent fellow. 06s. 

ru'di-ment (roo'dT-ment), n. [L. rudimentum, fr. rudis 
unwrought, ignorant, rude.] 1. That which is unformed 
or undeveloped ; fundamental principle ; unfinished begin- 
ning. 2. Hence: an element or first principle of any art or 
science ; first step. 3. Biol. A part or organ so deficient or 
undeveloped as entirely to prevent its performing its nor- 
mal or original function ; specif., the vestige or remains of a 
part functional only in an earlier stage of the same individ- 
ual or in his ancestors. 

ru'di-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Rudimentary. 

ru'di-men'ta-ry (-men'td-rT), a. 1. Of or pert, to rudiments ; 
elementary. 2. Biol. Having the character of a rudiment. 

— ni/di-men'ta-ri-ly (-n-H), adv. — ta-ri-ness, n. 
rue (roo), n. [F. rue, L. ruta.'] A shrubby yellow-flowered 

rutaceous plant (Ruta graveolens) with a bitter taste. 
rue (roo), v. t.; rued (rood); ru'ing (roo'Tng). [AS. 
hreowan to grieve, make sorry.] 1. To regret (wrongdoing, 
an act, etc.) extremely; suffer remorse for; repent of. 2. 
To repent, as a bargain. 3. To regard (a fact, or event, 
etc.) with regret ; wish (something) had never occurred or 
existed ; as, to rue the day when one was born. — v. i. To 
feel sorrow and regret ; repent. 

— n. Bitterness ; regret ; sorrow ; repentance. 

rue anemone. A delicate vernal ranunculaceous plant 
(Syndesmon thalictroldes) of the eastern United States, 
with decompound leaves and white flowers. 

rue'ful (-fool), a. 1. Lamentable ; pitiable. 2. Expressing 
sorrow, pity, or regret ; sorrowful. — Syn. See doleful. 

— rue'ful-ly, adv. — rue'ful-ness, n. 
ru-fes'cence (ru-fes'ens), n. Rufescent quality. 
ru-fes'cent (-ent), a. [L. rufescens, p. pr. of rufescere to 

become reddish, fr. ruf us red.] Reddish ; tinged with redo 
ruff (ruf), n. A small European perch (Acerina cernua). 
ruff (ruf), n. [OF. roufle, ronfle."] Card Playing. 1. An 

obsolete game similar to whist. 2. Act of trumping. — v. i. 

& t. To play a trump card on a plain-suit lead ; trump. 
ruff, n. 1. A kind of muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, 

or fluted, formerly worn by persons of 

fashion, esp. in the reign of Elizabeth. 

2. Something suggestive of a ruff ; as, 

Zo'ol., a fringe of hairs or feathers 

around or on the neck. 3. A species 

(Pavoncella pugnax) of sandpiper of 

of Europe and Asia. The males during 

the breeding season have a large ruff of 

erectile feathers on the neck. The fe- 
male is called reeve. 
ruffed (ruft), p. a. Having a ruff. 

ruffed grouse, a North American 

grouse ( Bonasa umbellus) valued 

as a game bird in the eastern 

United States and Canada. It is 

called partridge in the North and t • 

pheasant in the South. 
ruf'fi-an (ruf'I-dn ; ruf'yan), 

n. [F. rufien, OF. ruffien, 

ruffian, pimp, rake.] A 

boisterous, cruel, brutal fel- 
low. — a. 1. Brutal ; cruel. 

2. Like or appropriate to a 

ruffian ; hence : boisterous ; 

stormy; as, winter's ruffian Rufi, 3 (Pavoncella pugnax) . a 

blasts Male ; b Female, or Reeve. 

ruf'fi-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. Ruffianly qualities or conduct. 

ruf'fi-an-ly, a. Like a ruffian ; violent ; brutal. 

ruffle (rufl), v. t.; -fled (-'Id); -fling (-ling). 1. To 
make into a ruff ; draw into plaits, or folds ; wrinkle. 2. To 
furnish with ruffles. 3. To erect in or like a ruff, as feathers. 
4. To make slightly rough or uneven, as water. 5. To agi- 
tate mentally ; disturb ; vex. 6. To turn over, as leaves of a 
book, or shuffle together, as cards, hurriedly or in disorder. 

— v. i. 1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. Obs. 2* 
To put on airs ; swagger ; — often used with it. 

— n. 1. That which is ruffled ; specif., a strip of lace, cam- 
bric, chiffon, etc., plaited or gathered, and used as a trim- 




Ruff. 1. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [) Foreign Word. + combined with. >= equals. 



N 



RUFFLER 



846 



RUN 







P 



Q 



R 



ming ; a frill. 2. State of being ruffled, or disturbed ; irrita- 
tion ; also, commotion ; tumult. 3. Mil. A low, vibrating 
beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll ; — called also ruff. 

ruf'fler (ruf'ler), n. One who ruffles ; swaggerer ; braggart. 

ru'fous (roo'fus), a. [L. rufus."] Reddish ; yellowish red or 
brownish red. 

rug (rug), n. A piece of thick fabric with a heavy nap, for 
a floor covering, a wrap, etc. ; also, a fur mat, etc. 

ru'ga (roo'gd), n. ; pi. -R.VGJS. (-je). [L.] Nat. Hist. A wrin- 
kle ; fold ; — chiefly used in pi. ; as, the rugse of the mucous 
membrane of the stomach. — ru'gate (-gat), a. 

Itug'by (rug'bT), n. [Because orig. played at Rugby school, 
Eng.] A kind of football game. See football, 2. 

rug'ged (rug'ed ; 24), a. 1. Having a rough uneven sur- 
face ; not smooth ; irregular ; rough ; hence : a Uneven ; 
unkempt, b Rough with bristles or hair ; shaggy. C Full 
of furrows and ridges ; seamed ; wrinkled. 2. Harsh ; 
sour ; austere. 3. Rude ; uncivil. 4. Turbulent ; stormy ; 
as, rugged weather. 5. Rough to the ear ; harsh. 6. Vigor- 
ous ; robust. Colloq., U. S : — Syn. Cragged ; coarse, se- 
vere ; violent, boisterous, inclement. — rug'ged-ly, adv. 
— rug'ged-ness, n. [kle.] Wrinkled. 

ru'gose (roo'gos ; roo-gos'), a. [L. rugosus, fr. ruga wrin- 

ru-gos'i-ty (-gos'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. rugositas." 
Quality or state of being rugose ; a wrinkled place ; wrinkle. 

Ruhm'korff's coil (room'korfs). [After H. D. Ruhmkorff 
(1803-77), German electrical manufacturer at Paris.] See 

INDUCTION COIL. 

ru'in (roo'm), n. [F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. ruere, ruturri, 
to fall violently.] 1. A fall. Obs. or Rare. 2. Such change 
as destroys anything or impairs effectiveness ; destruction ; 
overthrow. 3. That which causes, or act of causing, such 
destruction or impairment ; ruination ; as, drink will be his 
ruin. 4. That which is fallen down and become worthless 
from injury or decay ; esp., in pi., the remains of a ruined 
house, city, etc. 5. State of decay or worthlessness. — 
Syn. Downfall, perdition, subversion, defeat ; bane, pest. 

— v . t. & i. To bring, fall, go, or come to ruin. 
m'in-ate (-T-nat), v. t.; -at'ed (-nat'ed) ; -at'ing. To de- 
stroy ; ruin. — a. Ruined. [ruined. I 

ru/in-a'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of ruining, or state of being) 

ru'ined (-ind), p. a. That has suffered decay or ruin. 
Syn. Ruined, dilapidated. Ruined implies utter (often 
tragic) downfall or decay ; that is dilapidated which is 
falling into partial ruin or decay, esp. through neglect ; the 
word often connotes contempt ; as, a ruined temple ; a di- 
lapidated wharf, hat. 

ru'in-OUS (-i-nus), a. 1. Causing, or tending to, ruin ; de- 
structive. 2. Characterized by ruin ; ruined ; dilapidated. 
3. Consisting of ruins. — Syn. Decayed, demolished ; 
wasteful. — ru'in-ous-ly, adv. — ru'in-ous-ness, n. 

rul'a-ble (rool'd-b'l), a. That may be ruled. 

rule (rool), n. [OF. riule, rieule, fr. L. regula ruler, rule, 
model, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct.] 1. A 
prescribed guide for conduct ; a governing direction ; regu- 
lation. 2. Specif.: a The regulation prescribed for observ- 
ance by members of a religious order, b Math. A determi- 
nate method prescribed for performing an operation, c 
Gram. A general principle concerning the formation or use 
of words. 3. Uniform or established course of things ; sys- 
tematic method or practice ; as, my rule is to rise at six 
o'clock. 4. Act of ruling ; administration of law ; authority. 

5. Law. An order or direction made by a court, usually in 
writing, regulating court practice (general rule) or regu- 
lating the action of parties in special cases (special rule). 

6. A straight strip, as of wood, used as a guide in drawing, 
for measuring, etc.; a ruler. 7. Print. A thin type-high 
plate of metal (usually brass) with a line or lines as its 
face. — ■ Syn. Law, precept, maxim, guide, canon, order. 
rule of three. See proportion, 4._ 

— v. t.; ruled (roold) ; rul'ing (rool'-). 1. To control; 
govern ; manage. 2. To control by influence ; etc. ; guide. 
3. Law. To require or command by rule ; give as a direc- 
tion, order, or determination of court. 4. To mark with 
lines guided by or as by a rule or ruler. — Syn. See govern. 

— v. i. 1. To exercise supreme authority ; — often used 
with over. 2. Law. To lay down a rule or order of court ; 
decide an incidental point. 3. Com. To keep within a (cer- 
tain) range for a time ; to be in general, or as a rule ; as, 
prices rule lower to-day. 

rul'er (rool'er), n. 1. One who rules ; one who exercises 
authority, as a sovereign. 2. A strip of wood, metal, etc., 
with a smooth edge, used as a guide in drawing lines ; a rule. 

rul'ing (-ing), n. 1. Act of one who rules. 2. Act of draw- 
ing ruled lines ; also, ruled lines. _ 3. Law. A decision of a 
judge or a court, esp. one on a point of law. 

rum (rum), n. 1. An alcoholic liquor distilled from mo- 
lasses or other cane product. 2. Any intoxicating liquor ; 
intoxicating liquor in general. Colloq. 

rum, a. Old-fashioned ; queer ; odd. Slang. 

Ru-ma'ni-an (roo-ma/ni-an). Var. of Roumanian. 

rum'ble (rum'b'l), v. i.; -bled (-b'ld); -bling (-blTng). 




[ME. romblen."] 1. To make a low, heavy, rolling sound. 
2. To murmur ; ripple. — v. t. 1. To utter or give forth 
with a rumbling sound. 2. To polish or otherwise treat in 
a rumble (sense 3). — n. 1. A low, heavy, continuous 
sound like that made by heavy wagons or thunder. 2. A 
seat behind the body of a vehicle. 3. A tumbling barrel. 

rum'bler (-bier), n. One that rumbles, as a tumbling barrel. 

rum'bly (-bli), a. 1. Causing rumbling or rattling ; rough ; 
— • said of a road. 2. Tending to rumble or rattle ; of a rum- 
bling character ; as, a rumbly cart, voice. 

ru'men (roc/men), n. [L. rumen, -inis, throat.] 1. The 
first stomach of a ruminant. 2. The cud of a ruminant. 

ru'mi-nant (-mi-nant), a. [L. ruminans, -antis, p. pr.] 

1. Chewing the cud ; of or pertaining to the ruminants. 

2. Hence, given to, or engaged in, pondering ; meditative. 
— -71. Any of a division (Ruminantia) of hoofed mammals in- 
cluding those that chew the cud, as 
the oxen, sheep, goats, antelopes, 
giraffes, deer, 
and camels. 
Theherba-/ 
ceous food is\ 
swallowed 
unchewed, 
and passes 
into the ru- 

mVi~ ??i !~? Stomach of a Ruminant opened to show Struc- 
re tlCUlum, ture A Esophagus ; B Rumen ; C Reticulum ; 
whence it is D Omasum, or Manyplies ; E Abomasum ; 
regurgitated F Intestine. 

in masses, and then thoroughly masticated and mixed with 
saliva while the animal is at rest. It is then swallowed, and 
passes through the reticulum and omasum into the fourth 
stomach, or abomasum, where it is acted on by the gastric 
juice. — ru'mi-nant-ly, adv. 

ru'mi-nate (-nat), v. i.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. [L. 
ruminatus, p. p. of ruminari, -nare, fr. rumen, -inis, 
throat.] 1. To chew the cud ; chew again what has been 
chewed slightly and swallowed. 2. To meditate deliberate- 
ly ; ponder ; reflect. — Syn. See consider. — v. t. 1. To 
chew over again. 2. To ponder over ; muse on. 

ru / mi-na / tion (-na'shwn), n. 1. Act or process of rumi- 
nating, or chewing the cud. 2. Deliberate meditation or re- 
flection ; pondering. 

ru'mi-na-tive (roo'mi-na-tiv), a. Ruminating ; meditative. 

ru'mi-na'tor (-na'ter), n. One who ruminates. 

rum/mage (rum'aj), n. [For roomage, fr. room."] 1. Naut. 
A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a ship. Obs. 2. 
A thorough search by rummaging. — v. t. & i.; -maged 
(-ajd), -mag-ing (-a-jing). To search or examine thoroughly 
by looking into every corner and turning over or removing 
goods or other things ; ransack. — rum'mag-er (-a-jer), n. 

rummage sale. A sale for charity of goods consisting of 
discarded clothing, furniture, etc. 

rum'mer (-er), n. [D. roemer, romer."] A kind of large 
drinking glass or cup. 

ru'mor, ru'mour (roo'mer), n. [OF. rumour, L. rumor.'] 
1. A prolonged, indistinct noise. Obs. 2. A popular report ; 
common talk ; notoriety ; reputation. 3. A story current 
without known authority for its truth ; — often personified. 

— v. t. To tell by rumor ; give out tidings of. 

rump (rump), n. 1. The posterior end of an animal, gen- 
erally including the buttocks. 2. Among butchers, the 
piece of beef between the sirloin and the aitchbone piece. 

3. The hind end ; fag-end. 

rum'ple (rum'p'l), v. t. & i.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). 
To make uneven ; form into irregular inequalities ; wrinkle ; 
crumple ; muss. — n. A fold or plait ; a wrinkle. 

rum'pus (-pus), n. A disturbance ; fracas. Colloq. 

run (run), v. i. ; pret. ran (ran) or run ; p. p. RUN ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. run'ning. [AS. rinnan to flow (pret. ran, p. p. ge- 
runnen), and iernan, irnan, to run (pret. orn, am, earn, 
p. p. urnen).~\ 1. To move swiftly, smoothly, or with quick 
action, as a stream, wagon, person, etc. ; hasten. 2. a Ath- 
letics. To move rapidly by springing steps so that for an in- 
stant in each step neither foot touches the ground ; — dis- 
ting. from walk, b Of a horse, to move in an accelerated 
gallop, each leg acting in turn as a propeller and supporter, 
and all four legs being for an instant in the air under the 
body. 3. To move, go, pass, or proceed ; specif.: a To go 
back and forth ; ply ; as, the boat runs to Albany, b To 
steal off ; flee. C To contend in a race ; hence : to enter into 
a (political) contest ; become a candidate ; as, to run for of- 
fice, d To turn or operate, as a wheel or machinery ; rotate. 
e To migrate or move in schools ; — used of fish, f To ex- 
tend or reach (in space or time), as a ditch, a railroad track, 
the memory, etc. g To pass from one state to another ; as, 
to run in debt, h To pass or go quickly in thought or dis- 
course, i To flow, as a liquid ; as, rivers run to the sea. j To 
become fluid ; melt ; fuse, as ice, iron, etc. k To grow or de- 
velop, or to tend to do so. 1 To spread or diffuse, as a color. 
m To discharge pus, etc. n To have a course or direction ; 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ijse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (lien, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



RUNABOUT 



847 



RUSSET 



as, the line runs east, o Law. To continue in or have force 
or effect ; also, to accompany, as a valid obligation or right. 
p To accrue or become payable in due course (as interest). 
q To be written or inscribed in a specified manner ; as, the 
writ runs in the king's name, r To creep, climb, or extend 
up or along ; spread ; as, the vine runs along the fence. 4. 
To move, go, pass, happen, etc., repeatedly or in succession ; 
specif.: a To make numerous demands for payment, as upon 
a bank ; — used with on. b To be played on the stage a 
number of successive days or nights ; as, the piece ran for 
six months. 
to run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to run, as an engine, a horse, a candi- 
date, a metal, a boundary line, etc. 2. To pursue ; hunt. 
3. To perform by or as by running ; as, to run a race. 4. To 
pursue in thought. 5. To thrust ; as, to run a sword 
through a man. 6. To drive or force; as, to run a ship 
aground. 7. To fuse ; melt ; also, to mold ; cast ; as, to run 
bullets. 8. To mark out, as a boundary line ; indicate. 
9. To smuggle ; as, to run a cargo. 10. To incur, as risk. 

11. To discharge; emit; as, the faucet runs hot water. 

12. To flow with ; as, the river ran blood. 13. To conduct ; 
carry on; as, to run a hotel. Colloq., U. S. 14. To tease 
with sarcasms and ridicule. Colloq. 15. To sew, as a seam, 
continuously. 16. In various games, to make (a number 
of successful shots, strokes, etc.) in succession. 

— n. 1. Act of running. 2. a Act of migrating ; — used of 
fish. Also, a school of fishes in migration, b Continuation 
or course ; as, a run of luck. C A continuing urgent de- 
mand, as on a bank for money, d Games, etc. The making 
of a number of successful shots, strokes, or the like, suc- 
cessively ; also, the score thus made, e Music. A roulade ; 
a melodic series of consecutive tones. 3. A brook ; water- 
course. 4. That which runs, or flows, during a certain time. 
5. a Distance covered, or amount of work turned out, in a 
special course, time, or operation, b A range of ground for 
feeding stock, etc. ; as, a chicken run. 6. A trip or course ; 
journey. 7. Naut. The after part of the underwater body of 
a ship from where it begins to curve, or slope, upward and 
inward, to the stern. 8. Piquet, Cribbage, etc. A sequence ; 
as, a run of four in hearts. 9. In baseball and cricket, the 
score unit, made by running over a prescribed course. 10. 
Freedom to go about at will ; as, he has the run of the 
house. Colloq. 11. See bower bird. 

in the long run, in the course of time, trial, use, experi- 
ence, or the like. — the run, or the common run, ordi- 
nary persons ; the generality of people or things ; also, 
ordinary course or kind. 

= p. a. 1. Melted, or made from molten material ; cast ; as, 
run metal. 2. Smuggled ; as, run goods. Colloq. 

run'a-bOUt' (run'd-bouf), 7i. A kind of light uncovered 
wagon ; also, a kind of light automobile or motor boat. 

nin'a-gate (-gat), n. [ME. renegat, fr. LL. renegatus, con- 
fused with E. run, and gate way. See renegade/] A fugi- 
tive ; runaway ; also, a vagabond ; wanderer. 

run'-a-round', n. Med. A whitlow encircling the finger 
nail, but not affecting the bone. Colloq. 

run'a-way' (-wa 7 ), n. 1. A fugitive. 2. Act of running 
away, esp. of a horse or team. — a. 1. Fleeing ; having bro- 
ken away from control ; as, a runaway horse. 2. Accom- 
plished by elopement, or during flight ; as, a runaway mar- 
riage. 3. Racing. Won by a long lead ; as, a runaway race. 
Hence, decisive. 

run/ci-nate (run'sT-nat), a. [L. runcinatus, p. p. of run- 
cinare to plane off, runcina a plane.] Bot. Pinnately cut 
with the lobes pointing downward, as the dandelion leaf. 

run'dle (-d'l), n. 1. A round; step of a ladder; rung. 2. 
Something which rotates about an axis, as a wheel. 

nind'let (rund'let), n. [Dim. of OF. rondelle a little tun, 
rond round.] A small barrel of varying capacity ; an old 
liquid measure, about 18 wine, or U. S., gallons (68 liters). 

rune (roon), n. [AS. run rune, secret, mystery.] 1. Any of 
the characters of the alphabet formerly used by the Teu- 
tonic, or Germanic, peoples from about the 3d century A. D. 
2. In pi. Old Norse poetry expressed in runes. 

rung (rung), pret. & p. p. of ring. 

rung (rung), n. [AS. hrung a staff, rod, pole.] 1. A stout 
rounded stick ; crossbar ; spoke ; as, the rung of a chair. 2. 
A crosspiece of a ladder ; a round. 

ru'nic (roo'nik), a. Of or pert, to runes or Norsemen. 
runic staff. = clog almanac. 

run'let. Var. of rundlet. 

run'let (run'let), n. A rivulet; brook. 

run'nel (-el), n. [AS. rynel.'] A rivulet ; runlet. 

run'ner (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, runs, as a 
racer, an engine driver, etc. 2. Either of the pieces on 
which a sled or sleigh 
slides ; the blade of a 
skate. 3. Bot. a A 
slender prostrate 
branch which roots at 
the joints orend, form- a Runner of Strawberry Plant. 




ing new plants, b A plant which spreads by this method. 
4. A jurel (Carangus chrysos), common from Cape Cod 
southward. 5. A smuggler. Colloq. 6. One employed to 
solicit patronage, as for a boat, hotel, etc. Cant, U. S. 

run'ning, p. a. 1. Moving or advancing by running ; specif., 
of a horse : a Having a running gait, b Trained for running 
races. 2. Continuous ; as, a running fire of musketry. 3. 
Successive ; as, two days running. 4. Flowing ; easy ; 
cursive ; as, a running hand. 

running board, a narrow platform along the side of a 
locomotive, open street car, etc. — r. bowline. See knot, 
Illust. — r. gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and 
their attachments, in distinction from the body ; all the 
working parts of a locomotive or other machine. — r. 
knot, a slipknot. — r. noose, a noose made with a running 
knot. — r. title, the general title of a volume, as printed 
at the top of all left-hand pages or, sometimes, of all pages. 

nin'round 7 (run'round')- Var. of run-around. Colloq. 

runt (runt), n. [Scot., an old cow, an old, withered woman.] 
1. An animal unusually small of its kind. 2. A dwarf, or a 
person of small or stunted growth. 

run'way' (run'wa'), n. 1. The channel of a stream. 2. A 
beaten path made by animals. 3. A road on which logs are 
skidded. 4. Way or gauged track for wheeled vehicles, etc. 

ru-pee' (roq-pe'), n. [Hind, rupiyah, fr. Skr. rupya silver.] 
A silver coin and the monetary unit of British India, equal 
to 1G annas (Is. 4d. or 32.444 cents). Abbr., Re. ; pi. Rs. 

rup'ture (rup'tur), n. [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum, 
to break.] 1. A breaking apart, or state of being broken 
apart ; as, the rupture of a blood vessel. 2. Breach of peace 
or concord ; specif., open hostility or war between nations. 
3. Med. Hernia. — Syn. Breach, break, burst, disruption. 
See fracture. — v. t. & i. ; -tured (-t0rd) ; -tur-ing 
(-tjlr-ing). To cause a rupture of or in. 

ru'ral (roo'ral), a. [F., fr. L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the 
country.] 1. Of or pert, to the country, as distinguished 
from a city or town ; rustic. 2. Of or pert, to agriculture. 
Syn. Rural, rustic, pastoral, bucolic, Arcadian. Ru- 
ral refers to the country itself, esp. in its pleasant aspects ; 
rustic commonly implies a contrast with the refinements 
of the city, and often connotes rudeness or lack of polish. 
That is pastoral which has to do with the life of shepherds, 
or (esp.) with conventional rural life. Bucolic is a literary 
(sometimes humorous) synonym for rustic ; Arcadian sug- 
gests ideal pastoral simplicity. 
rural dean. See archpriest. 

ru-'ral-ism (-iz'm), n. Quality or state of being rural. 

m'ral-ist, n. One who leads a rural life. 

ru-ral'i-ty (roo-ral'i-ti), n. Ruralism ; also, a rural place. 

ru'ral-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To render 
or become rural ; give a rural appearance to. 

ru'ral-ly, adv. In a rural manner. 

ruse (rooz), n. [F., fr. ruser to use tricks.] An artifice; 
trick ; stratagem ; fraud ; deceit. — Syn. See artifice. 

rush (rush), n. [AS. risce, resce, rise] 1. Any of a genus 
(Juncus), typifying a family (Juncaceas), of aquatic or 
marsh-growing plants having cylindrical, often hollow, 
stems. Rushes are used in bottoming chairs, plaiting mats, 
etc. 2. A mere trifle ; a straw. 

rush, v. i. & t. 1. To move, push, or urge forward with im- 
petuosity or violence. 2. To act or do with undue haste 
and eagerness ; as, to rush into an agreement. 3. To make 
an onset on ; charge ; carry by assault ; as, to rush a barrier. 

— n. 1. Act of rushing ; a violent motion or course ; as, a 
rush of troops, winds, water, etc. 2. A thronging to a 
newly discovered ore field ; as, a gold rush. Also, the new 
gold field itself. Chiefly Australasia. 3. An onset ; at- 
tack ; specif., in colleges, etc., a contest between twe 
classes for temporary possession of a walk, fence, cane, etc. ; 
as, a cane rush. U. S. 4. That which comes in great rapid- 
ity, or which causes unusual activity ; as, a rush of work. 
5. Football, U. S. a One of certain players in the rush line ; 
as the center or end rush, b Act of carrying the ball. — 
rush'er, n. [dipped in grease.! 

rush candle. A candle made of the pith of- certain rushes,! 

rush'light' (rush'llf), n. A rush candle or its light. 

rush line. Football. The players of the forward line of at- 
tack or defense. U. S. 

rush/y (-1 ), a. Abounding with, or made of, rushes. 

ru'sine (roo'sln ; -sin), a. [Malay rusa deer.] Zo'ol. Of 
or pert, to a genus or subgenus (Rusa) of maned East 
Indian deer, including the sambar. 

rusine antler, an antler with the brow tine simple and 
the beam simply forked at the tip. 

rusk (rusk), n. [Sp. rosea de mar sea rusks, a kind of bis- 
cuit, rosea, prop., a screw.] 1. A light, soft bread, often 
crisped in an oven ; also, a kind of sweet biscuit. 2. Bread 
or cake browned in an oven ; also, such bread pulverized. 

Russ (rus), n. [F. Russe."] 1. sing. & pi. A Russian ; the 
Russians. 2. The Russian language. — a. Russian. 

rus'set (rus'et ; 24), a. [OF. rousset, rosset, dim. of rous, 
ros, red, L. russus.] 1. Reddish brown ; also, yellowish 
brown. 2. Made of a cloth called "russet" ; hence : coarse ; 



i> 






K = cfo in G. ich, ach (50); boN; y«t; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals* 



N 



RUSSETY 



848 



SAB^AN 







R 



rustic. Archaic. — n. 1. A russet color. 2. Cloth or cloth- 
ing of a russet color and, often, coarse texture ; esp., home- 
spun. 3. A kind of winter apple having a rough skin of a 
russet color. — rus'set-y (-1), a. [tants, or language.l 

Rus'sian (riish'dn), a. Of or pert, to Russia, its inhabi-| 
Russian Church, the established church of the Russian 
Empire, a branch of the Eastern Church. 

— n. 1. One of the people of Russia ; esp., a member of the 
dominant Slavic-speaking race, or races, of Russia. The 
Russian-speaking peoples are subdivided into the Great 
Russians, of the central and northeastern provinces ; the 
Little Russians, of Little and South Russia ; and the 
White Russians, in West Russia. 2. The chief Slavic 
language of Russia. It is divided into Great Russian, 
the standard literary language, Little Russian, spoken 
in parts of Austria-Hungary as well as northern Russia, 
and White Russian, spoken by a relatively small group 
(four or five million) in West Russia. 

Rus'sian-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'Ing). To 
make Russian, or more or less like the Russians. 

Russ'ni-ak (rus'nT-ak), n. & a. [Pol. & Ruthenian Rus- 
njak.] = Ruthenian. 

Rus'so-phile (rus'6-fil ; rus'S-ffl), n. {Russia -f- Gr. 4>[\os 
loving.] One who favors Russian policy and characteristics. 

RuS'SO-pholri-a (rus'6-fo'bi-d), n. {Russia + -phobia."] 
Morbid dread of Russia or Russian influence. — Rus'SO- 
phobe (-fob), a. & n. 

rust (rust), n. [AS. rust.] 1. The reddish coating, essen- 
tially ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, formed on iron, as upon 
exposure to moist air ; by extension, a coating produced on 
other metals by corrosion. 2. Bot. a Any of numerous mi- 
nute parasitic fungi (order Uredinales) causing discolora- 
tion of the tissues in higher plants, b The diseasecaused by 
such fungi ; also, any brown or reddish discoloration of veg- 
etation or fruit. 3. A rust-colored substance formed in 
areas on cured meat or fish, giving it a bad flavor. 4. Moral 
or mental impairment due to corrupting or deteriorating 
influences. 

—v. i. & t. To contract, or to affect or be affected with, rust. 

rus'tic (rus'tik), a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the coun- 
try.] 1. Of or pert, to the country ; rural. 2. Awkward ; 
boorish ; unpolished ; as, rustic manners. 3. Befitting the 
country ; plain ; simple ; as, a rustic entertainment ; rustic 
dress. 4. Masonry. Of or pert, to rustic work. — Syn. 
Rude, boorish, coarse. See rural. 

rustic work, a Masonry. Cut stone facing which has the 
joints rusticated, b Summer houses, furniture, etc., made 
of rough limbs of trees. 

•— n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, esp. one rude, coarse, 
or dull. 2. A rural person naturally simple in character or 
manners ; an artless, unaffected person. — rus'ti-cal (-ti- 
kal), a.&n. — rus'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

IUS'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
rusticatus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate.] 1. To go into, 
or reside in, the country. 2. To spend a period of rustica- 
tion as a punishment. — v. t. 1. To compel to reside in the 
country. 2. To punish by requiring temporary absence, as 
from a college. 3. Masonry. To bevel or rebate, as blocks 
on the edges so as to make the joints conspicuous. — rus'- 
ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 

rus-tic'i-ty (rus-tis'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being rustic. 2. A mark or instance of rural lack of 
sophistication. 

rust'i-ly (riis'ti-li), adv. In a rusty manner. 

rust'i-ness, n. State or quality of being rusty. 

rus'tle (rus''l), v. i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). 1. To 
make a rustle. 2. To act with great energy, esp. in busi- 



ness. Slang, U. S. — v. t. To cause to rustle, as leaves. 

— n. A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like 
those made by shaking leaves or swishing silk. 

rus'tler (rus'ler),7i. One who, or that which, rustles. Specif.: 
Slang, U. S. a An alert, energetic, driving person ; a hus- 
tler, b A cattle thief. Southwestern U. S. 

rust'y (rus'ti), a.; rust'i-er (-ti-er) ; rust'i-est. 1. Cov- 
ered or affected with, or resembling, rust. 2. Fig., im- 
paired by inaction, disuse, or neglect ; as, to get rusty in 
one's French. Specif., lacking agility, nimbleness, or alert- 
ness ; stiff. 

rust'y, a. Rancid ; as, rusty pork. Chiefly Dial. 

rust'y, a. Stubborn, obstinate, orill-tempered ; — used esp. 
in to ride, or turn, rusty, to become stubborn or rebellious. 

rut (rut), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. rugitus a roaring, rugire to 
roar.] Sexual desire of deer, cattle, etc. ; heat ; period dur- 
ing which this exists. — v. i. ; -ted ; -ting. To have rut. 

rut, n. [OF. rote, route, way. See route.] 1. A track 
worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything ; groove 
in which anything runs. 2. A usual or fixed practice ; reg- 
ular course. —^_v. t. To make a rut or ruts in. 

ru'ta-ba'ga (roo'td-ba'gd), n. [Sw. dial, rotabagge.] A kind 
of turnip commonly with a large elongated yellowish root, 

ru-ta'ceous (r6o-ta'sh#s), a. [L. rutaceus, fr. ruta rue.] 
Belonging to a family (Rutacese) of herbs, shrubs, and 
trees, as the rue, citron, lemon, lime, often strong-scented. 

ruth (rooth), n. [From AS. hriow sad.] 1. Compassion for 
misery of another; pity. 2. Sorrow, esp. for one's owii 
faults ; grief ; repentance ; regret. 

Ruth, n. [Heb. Ruth.] An Old Testament heroine ; also, 
the Book of Ruth, in the Old Testament. 

Ru-the'ni-an (roo-the'ni-an), n. One of a branch of the 
Little Russians, chiefly of Galicia in Austria; also, their 
Slavic dialect. See Russian. — Ru-the'ni-an, a. 

ru-then'ic (-then'ik), a. Chem. Of or pert, to ruthenium ; 
— said of compounds in which ruthenium has a relatively 
high valence. 

ru-the'ni-ous (-the'nT-us), a. Chem. Of or pert, to ru- 
thenium ; — said of compounds in which ruthenium has a 
relatively low valence. 

ru-the'ni-um (,-um), n. [NL., fr. the Ruthenians, a Rus- 
sian people ; — so called because found in the Ural Mts.] 
A rare metal of the platinum group, found in the Ural 
Mountains. It is hard, brittle, steel-gray, very infusible and 
almost insoluble in acids. Symbol, Ru; at. wt., 101.7; sp. 
gr. (crystalline form), 12.26. 

ruth'ful (rooth'fool), a. Full of ruth ; as : a Pitiful ; tender. 
b Full of sorrow, c Lamentable ; piteous. ful-ly, adv. 

ruth'less, a. Having no ruth ; cruel ; pitiless. — ruthless- 
ly, adv. — ruth'less-ness, n. 

ru'tile (roo'til ; -tel), n. [L. rutilus red, inclining to golden 
yellow.] Min. A mineral consisting of titanium dioxide, 
Ti02, usually reddish brown and of a brilliant metallic 
luster. It usually contains a little iron. 

rut'tish (riit'ish), a. Inclined to rut ; lustful ; salacious. 

rut'ty (-i), a.; rut'ti-er (-I-er) ; rut'ti-est. Full of ruts; 
as a rutty road. 

rye (rl), n. [AS. ryge.] 1. A hardy perennial cereal grass 
(Secale cereale) widely cultivated as a food grain. 2. The 
seeds or grain of this plant. 3. Whisky distilled from rye. 

rye (rl), n. [Eng. Gypsy rei.] Gentleman; as, a Romany 
rye. Gypsy. 

rynd (rind ; rind), n. A piece of iron crossing the hole in the 
upper millstone by which the stone is borne on the spindle. 

ry'Ot (ri'ot), n. [Ar. & Hind, ra'iyat tenant, peasant.] A 
[ peasant or cultivator of the soil. India. 



s 



S(es). 1. The nineteenth letter of the English alphabet. 
It is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing 
sound. It has two principal sounds : one as in sack, this, 
called a hiss ; the other as in is, wise, equivalent to z, and 
often called a buzz. Besides these it sometimes has the 
sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. In a few words s 
is silent, as in isle, debris. See Guide to Pron., §§ 76-80. 
Both the form and the name are from the Latin, which 
got the letter through the Greek from the Phoenician. 
S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and 
t; as in ice, ME. is; E. hence, ME. hennes; E. rase, raze ; 
erase, razor ; that, G. das ; E. reason, F. raison, L. razio ; 
E. was, were (see C, Z, T, and R). 2. As a symbol, used to 
denote or indicate: the 18th or (cf. K, 2) 19th in a series ; 
eighteenth or nineteenth in order or class ; sometimes, the 
numeral nineteen ; as, S Battery. 

S, or S, n. ; pi. S's or Ss (gs'iz). Also ess ; pi. esses. The 
letter S, s, or its sound ; also, something shaped like it. 



S, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter S ; as, 
S brace, chisel, curve, hook, strap, trap, wrench, etc. 

-S. 1. [ME. -es, AS. -as.] The suffix used to form the plural 
of most words. See plural, n., Note. 2. [ME. -s, for oldei 
-th, AS. -3.] The suffix used to form the third person sing, 
indie, of English verbs, as in falls. 3. An adverbial suffix ; 
as in towards, needs, always, orig. the genitive or posses- 
sive ending. See -'s. 

-'s. [ME. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the pos- 
sessive of nouns : a In the singular ; as in boy's, man's. 
b In plurals not ending in s ; as in women's, children's. 

'S. A contraction for is or (Colloq.) for has. 

sab'a-dil'la (sab'd-dil'd), n. [Sp. cebadilla, dim. of cebada 
barley.] A Mexican liliaceous plant (Skoinolon officinale) \ 
also, its seeds, which contain various alkaloids, as veratrine, 
veratridine, etc. 

Sa-bae'an, Sa-be'an (sd-be'on), a. [L. Sabaeus.] Of or 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
&se r unite, dm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venture (87); 



SABiEANISM 



849 



SACRED 




pert, to Saba (the Biblical Sheba), an ancient kingdom of 
so«thern Arabia, at its prime about the oth century b. c. — 
n. One of the people of Saba, noted for their wealth. 

Sa-bae'an-ism, Sa-be'an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The religion of 
the Sabasans, chiefly worship of the sun, moon, and stars. 

Sab'a-oth (sab'a-oth ; sd-ba'oth), n. pi. [Heb. tseba'oth, 
pi. of tsaba' a host.] Armies ; hosts. 

Sab'ba-ta'ri-an (sab'd-ta'ri-dn ; 3), a. Of or pert, to the 
Sabbath or the tenets of Sabbatarians. — n. 1. One who 
keeps the seventh day of the week as holy. 2. One who 
favors a strict observance of the Sabbath. — Sab'ba-ta'ri- 
an-ism (-iz'm),n. 

Sab'bath (sab'dth), n. [F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. <ra&- 
fiarov, fr. Heb. shabbath, fr. shdbath to rest from labor.] 1. 
In the Jewish calendar, the seventh day of the 
week, now generally called Saturday, observed 
by Jews and some Christians as a day of rest 
and worship (see Ex. xx. S-ll). 2. Sunday ; — 
often so called by Christians. 3. [I. c] A sab- 
batical vear. 4. [I. c] A time of rest or repose. 

Sab-bat'iC (sa-bat'ik)l a. [Gr. aaPPariKos.] Of, 

sab-bat'i-cal (-i-kdl) J pert, to, or like, the 
Sabbath ; enjoying or bringing an intermission 
of labor. — sab-bat'i-cal-ly, adv. 
sabbatical year, a Jewish Antiq. Every 
seventh year, in which the Israelites were com- 
manded to suffer their fields to be untilled. b 
Every seventh year, allowed for rest, travel, 
etc., as to professors in some colleges. 

Sa-be'an, Sa-be'an-ism. Vars. of Sab.ean, Sa- 

B^EANISil. 

Sa'be-ism (sa'be-Tz'm), n. = Sab^eanism:. 

sa'ber, sa'bre (sa'ber), n. [F. sabre, it. G. sabel.] 
A form of sword, usually with a curved blade. 
It is the typical cavalry arm. — v. t. ; -bered or 
-bred (-herd) ; -ber-ing (sa'ber-ing) or -brixg 
(sa'bring). To strike, cut, or kill with a saber. 

sa'ber-toothed' 1 a. Having long trenchant ca- 

saTwre-toothed'/ nine teeth, 
saber-toothed tiger or cat, any of various ex- 
tinct mammals of a subfamily (Machairodonlinse) 
of the cat family, found from the Eocene to the 
Pleistocene, characterized by a lengthening of the 
upper canines. 

Sa'bine (-bin), a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pert. tj. g. Cavalry 
to the ancient Sabines, whose chief seat was Saber. ITang; 
the Apennines northeast of Latium. They 2 Pommel; 3 
were conquered and incorporated by Rome Grip;4Guard; 
in 290 b. c. — n. One of the Sabine people, |,Y atei 6 
or their language. 

Sa'ble (-b'l) , n. [OF. sable sable, black color, fr. Russ. soboV.] 
1. A small carnivorous mammal (Mustela zibellina) 
related to the martens, found in northern Europe 
and parts of Asia. 2. Fur 
of the sable. See marten. 
Alaska sable is the fur of 
the skunk. 3. Color of sa- 
ble ; black. 4. A mourning 
garment ; — usually in pi. 
5. Her. Black, — repre- 
sentedin engraving by cross- 
ing horizontal and vertical lines. — a. Dark ; black. 

fl sa'bot' (sa'bo'), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn 
by the peasantry in various European countries. 2. Mil. 
A wooden disk to which the cartridge bag and projectile 
were formerly attached in fixed ammunition for smooth- 
bore cannon ; also, a piece of soft metal formerly attached 
to a projectile to take the grooves of the rifling. 

sa'bo'tage' (sa'bo'tazh'), n. [F.] 1. Scamped work. 2. 
Malicious waste or destruction of an employer's property 
by workmen during labor troubles. 

sa'bre. Var. of saber. 

sa'bre-tasche' (sa'ber-tash'), n. [F. sabretache, G. 
sdbeltasche ; sabel saber + tasche a pocket.] Mil. A 
leather case or pocket suspended on the left from the saber 
belt, sometimes worn by cavalry. 

sab'u-los'i-ty (sab'u-los'i-ri), n. Sandiness ; grittiness. 

sab'U-lous (sab'u-lus), a. [L. sabulosus.] Sanely ; gritty. 

Sac (sak), n. [F., fr. L. saccus sack, bag.] A baglike part 
of an animal or plant, often containing a special fluid. _ 

Sac (sak; sok), n. One of a tribe of Algonquian Indians 
formerly dwelling along the upper Mississippi. 

Sac'cate (sak'at), a. Having the form of a sac, or pouch. 

sac'ca-ton' (sak'd-ton'), n. A coarse perennial grass (Spo- 
robolus wrightii) of the southwestern United States. 

sac'cha-rate (sak'd-rat), n. Chem. a A salt or ester of 
saccharic acid, b A compound of a sugar with the oxide of 
calcium, barium, or the like ; a sucrate. 

Sac-Char'ic (sa-kar'Tk), a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
from, saccharine substances. 

Sac'cha-ride (sak'd-rTd ; -rid), n. Also -rid. Chem. a A 
compound with sugar ; a saccharate. b A carbohydrate. 




Sable. (A)*^ 



sac'cha-rif'er-ous (sak'd-rif'er-iis), a. [L. saccharon 
sugar + E. -ferous.~\ Producing sugar. 

sac-char'i-fy (sd-kar'i-fi ; sak'd-ri-fi), v. t.; -fted (-fid); 
-ey'ing. [L. saccharon sugar + -fy.] To convert into, or 
impregnate with, sugar. — sac-char'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 

sac'cha-rim'e-ter (sak'd-rim'e-ter), n. [L. saccharon 
sugar + -meter.'] Any device for measuring the amount or 
proportion of sugar in a solution. 

sac'cba-rin (sak'd-rin), n. Also -line (-rin; -ren). [F. 
saccharin, fr. L. saccharon sugar, Gr. aaK\a.p, Skr. carka- 
ra.] Chem. A coal-tar crystalline product several hundred 
times sweeter than cane sugar. 

sac'cha-rine (-rin ; -rin), a. Of, pert, to, or having the na- 
ture of, sugar; sweet. — sac'cha-rin'i-ty (-rin'T-ti), n. 

sac'cha-rize (sak'd-rTz), v. t.; -rized (-rizd) ; -riz'ing 
(-rlz'ing). To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. 
— sac'cha-ri-za'tion (-rf-za'shun ; -rf-za'shKn), n. 

sac'cha-roid (sak'd-roid), sac'cba-roi'dal (-roi'ddl), a. 
[L. saccharon sugar -f- -oid.] Resembling sugar ; crystal- 
line and granular, like loaf sugar. 

sac'cha-rose (sak'd-ros), n. Chem. a Cane sugar, b Any 
of the compound sugars ; — disting., in an old classifica- 
tion, from glucose and amylase, c = crystallose. 

sac'cu-late (sak'u-lat), a. [See.SACCULUS.] Furnished with 
a sac or sacs ; having a series of saclike expansions. 

sac'cu-laVed (-lat'ed), a. Sacculate. _ 

sac'cule (sak'iil), n. [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] 
A little sac ; specif., Anat., the sacculus of the ear. 

sac'CU-lus (-liis), n.; pi. sacculi (-11). [L., little sack.] 
Anat. A little sac ; esp., a part of the membranous laby- 
rinth of the ear. 

sac'er-do'tal (sas'er-do'tal), a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacer- 
dos, -otis, a priest.] Priestly. — sac'er-do'tal-ly, adv. 

sac'er-do'tal-ism (-Tz'm), n. System, spirit, or character 
of a priesthood; devotion to a priesthood. [Indians.] 

sa'chem (sa'chem), n. A chief in some tribes of American! 

sa'chet' (sa/sha'), n. [F.] A scent bag or perfumed pad. 

sack (sak), n. [F. sec dry, fr. L. siccus dry, harsh.] Former- 
ly, any of various strong white wines from southern Europe. 

sack, n. [F. sac] 1. The plundering of a captured place ; 
pillage ; ravage. 2. Plunder ; loot. — v. t. To pillage after 
capture ; loot. — Syn. See ravage. 

sack, n. [AS. sacc, s&cc, L. saccus, Gr. o-ojc/cot, fr. Heb. 
saq.] 1. A bag ; a large pouch. 2. A varying measure of 
capacity, being the quantity contained, or supposed to be 
contained, in a sack. 3. Also sacque. a A kind of short 
loose-fitting coat worn by women or children, b = sack 
coat. 4. Discharge ; dismissal ; as in : to get the sack, to 
be discharged or rejected. Slang. 

— v. t. 1. To put in a sack ; bag. 2. To discharge, as an em- 
ployee ; reject or jilt. Slang. 

sack'but (sak'but), n. [F. saquebute, deriv. of OF. saquier 
to pull + bouter to push.] Music, a A medieval instru- 
ment like the trombone, b Bib. Prob., the sambuke. 

sack'cloth' (sak'kloth' ; 62), n. Sacking ; — anciently worn 
as a sign of mourning, distress, penitence, etc. 

sack coat. A man's short single-breasted or double- 
breasted coat for informal wear, usually loose-fitting. 

sack'er, n. One who sacks or pillages. [sack will hold.l 

sack'ful (sak'fobl), n.; pi. -fuls (-foblz), n. As much as a| 

sack'ing, n. Stout, coarse cloth chiefly used for making 
sacks or for the covering of bales. 

sack'less, sac'less (sak'les), o. [AS. sacleas; sacu dis- 
pute, quarrel + leas free from.] Obs. or Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. 1. Guiltless. 2. Unmolested. 3. Weak ; dispirited. 

sacque (sak), n. = sack, a coat. 

sa'cral (sa'krdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to sacramental functions ; 
as, sacral laws. 2. Anat. Of or pert, to the sacrum. 

sac'ra-ment (sak'rd-ment), n. [L. sacr amentum oath, sa- 
cred thing, mystery, sacrament.] 1. An oath or solemn 
engagement. Obs. 2. Theol. An outward and visible sign 
of an inward and spiritual grace ; one of the solemn reli- 
gious ceremonies, as baptism, the Eucharist, etc., enjoined 
by Christ or by the church. 3. [Often cap.] a The Eucha- 
rist, b Chiefly R. C. Ch. The consecrated Host ; — with 
the blessed or the holy. 

sac'ra-men'tal (-men'tal), a. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 
of, a sacrament. — n. A rite or act similar to, but not in- 
cluded among, the sacraments. 

sac'ra-men-ta'ri-an (-men-ta'ri-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to 
the sacraments, or [cap.] the Sacramentarians.— n. 
[cap.] Eccl. One who holds the sacraments to be simply 
symbols ; — a name given to Zwinglians and Calvinists. 

sac'ra-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri), a. Sacramental. 

sa-cra'ri-um (sd-kra'ri-Sm ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L., fr. 
sacer sacred.] 1. Rom. Antiq. A shrine ; sanctuary ; ady- 
tum. 2. Eccl. a Anciently, the sanctuary, b R. C. Ch. =* 

PISCINA. 

sa'cre (sa'k'r), v. t. [ME. sacren, F. sacrer. See sacred.] 
06s. 1. To consecrate. 2. To worship. 

sa'cred (sa'kred), a. [Orig. p. p. of ME. sacren to conse- 
crate, fr. F., fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer holy.] 1. Set apart to 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciationi 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word> + combined, with. ■ equate. 



SACREDLY 



850 



SAGE 







R 



religious use ; not profane or common ; as, a sacred place. 

2. Relating to religion; not secular; as, sacred song. 3. 
Entitled by or as by religious rules or belief to reverence or 
veneration ; hallowed ; as, the sacred name of mother. 
4. Not to be profaned or violated ; inviolable. 5. Accursed ; 
baleful. Archaic. — sa'cred-ly, adv. — sa'cred-ness, to. 
Syn. Sacred and holy (the stronger word) are often syno- 
nyms in the sense of consecrated to (or by) religion, hal- 
lowed. Holy may emphasize inherent or essential character. 

Sac'ri-fice (sak'rT-fis ; -fiz), to. [F., fr. L. sacrificium; sa- 
cer sacred + facere to make.] 1. An offering to a deity of 
animal or vegetable life or of food, incense, or the like. 2. 
Anything consecrated and offered to God or to a divinity. 

3. Destruction, surrender, or loss made or incurred for the 
sake of something ; also, the thing sacrificed. 

— (-fiz; -fls), v. L; -ficed (-flzd; -fist); -fic'ing. 1. To 
make an offering of; immolate to atone for sin, procure 
favor, or express thankfulness. 2. To give up for the sake of 
something ; as, to sacrifice health for pleasure. 3. To sell 
at a sacrifice. Tradesmen's Cant. — v. i. To offer or make 
a sacrifice. • — sac'ri-fic'er, n. 

sacrifice hit. Baseball, a A bunt allowing a runner to ad- 
vance a base while the batter is put out. b A fly ball which 
allows a run to be scored though the batter is put out. 

sac'ri-fi'cial (-fish'dl), a. Of, pert, to, or consisting in, 
sacrifice ; performing sacrifice. — sac'ri-fi'cial-ly, adv. 

sac'ri-lege (-lej), n. [F. sacrilege, L. sacrilegium, fr. sac- 
rilegus that steals sacred things, sacrilegious ; sacer sacred 
-f- legere to gather.] The sin or crime of violating sacred 
things. — Syn. See profanation. 

sac'ri-le'gious (-le'jus), a. Violating sacred things; impi- 
ous. — sac'ri-le'gious-ly, adv. — sac'ri-le'gious-ness, n. 

sa'cring (sa'krmg), to. Consecration, esp. of the sacramen- 
tal elements. — p. a. Consecrating ; — now only in : 
sacring bell, a Sanctus bell. 

sa'crist (sa'krist), n. [LL. sacrista. See sacristan.] A 
sacristan; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy 
out music for the choir and take care of the books. 

sac'ris-tan (sak'ris-tdn), n. [LL. sacristanus, fr. L. sacer 
sacred.] An officer in charge of the sacristy ; also, a sexton. 

sac'ris-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [LL. sacristia.~\ A 
small chamber in a church for the sacred utensils, vest- 
ments, etc. ; vestry. 

sac'ro-sanct (sak'ro-sankt), a. [L. sacrosanctus."] Sa- 
cred ; inviolable. — n. That which is most holy or sacred. 

sa'cro-sci-at'ic (sa'kro-sl-at'ik), a. Anat. Of or pertain- 
ing to the sacrum and the hip ; as, the sacrosciatic liga- 
ments, which connect the sacrum and the hip bone. 

sa'crum (sa'krum), n.; L. pi. -cra (-kra). [NL., fr. L. os 
sacrum the lowest bone of the spine, lit., sacred bone.] 
Anat. & Zo'dl. That part of the vertebral column di- 
rectly connected with, or forming a part of, the pelvis. 

sad (sad), a. ; sad'der (-er) ; sad'dest. [AS. ssed satisfied, 
sated.] 1. a Heavy ; soggy; as, sad cake. Obs. or Dial, b 
Dense ; solid ; — now only in sadiron. 2. Faithful ; stead- 
fast. 06s. 3. Dull ; dark ; somber ; — said of colors. 4. Af- 
fected with grief ; downcast ; mournful. 5. Inspiring melan- 
choly or mournfulness ; as, the sad light of the moon. 6. 
Causing sorrow ; grievous. 7. Bad. Chiefly Intensive ; 
often Jocular. — Syn. Sorrowful, depressed, cheerless. 

sad'den (sad''n), v. t. & i. To make or become sad. 

sad'dle (-'1), n. [AS. sadol."] 1. A seat for a rider on a 
horse's back, a bicycle, etc. 2. A padded part of a harness 
worn on a horse's back, fastened with a girth. See har- 
ness, Illust. 3. Something suggestive of a saddle, as : a 
A piece of meat consisting of the whole upper back portion 
of an animal including both loins ; as, a saddle of mutton. 
b Poultry. The rear part of the back of a male fowl extend- 
ing to the tail. See poultry. Illust. c Geog. A ridge con- 
necting two higher elevations. 4. Specif., any of various 
devices suggestive of a saddle, as : a The bearing of an axle 
box. b Ordnance. In some types of carriage, the part which 
supports the trunnions. See mortar, Illust. 

— v. t.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). 1. To put a saddle on. 
2. To fix as a charge or burden on ; load, as with debts. 

sad'dle-bag' (-bag'), n. A pouch, usually one of a pair, 
attached to a saddle, to carry small articles. 

sad'dle-bow' (-bo'), to. The arch in the front, or the pieces 
forming the front, of a saddle. 

sad'dle-cloth' (-kloth'), to. A cloth used under a saddle. 

sad'dler (sad'ler), n. One who makes saddles and other 
horse furniture. [trade, or shop of a saddler. I 

sad'dler-y (-1 ), n. ; pi. -dleries (-Tz ). Trade, articles of j 

sad'dle-tree' (-'1-tre'), n. The frame of a saddle. 

Sad'du-cee(sadlu-se),n. [L..Sadducaei,pl.,Gr.'SaSSovKa7oi, 
Heb. Tseduqlm.~\ One of a sect, among the ancient Jews, 
that denied the resurrection, personal immortality, exist- 
ence of angels, etc. — Sad'du-ce'an (-se'dn), a. 

Sad'du-cee'ism (-se'Tz'm), n. The tenets of the Sadducees. 

sad'i'ron (sad'I'urn), n. [sad solid + iron."] A flatiron. 

sad'ly (-li), adv. In a sad manner or way. [ancholy.I 

sad'ness, n. Quality or state of being sad. — Syn. See mel-| 



safe (saf), a.; saf'er (safer) ; saf'est. [F. sauf, fr. L. 
salvus.2 1. Free from harm or risk; unhurt; sound; 
whole ; as, to arrive safe. 2. Conferring safety ; to be relied 
upon; trustworthy; as, a safe harbor. 3. Incapable of 
doing harm ; in secure custody ; as, the prisoner is safe. 
Syn. Secure, safe. Secure commonly applies to that 
about which one need feel no anxiety ; safe suggests rather 
objective freedom from danger ; as, he stood secure on a pin- 
nacle ; safe at home. Safe only is used of that which has 
escaped danger ; as, they came safe to land. 

— to. ^ A place or receptacle specially designed for safe- 
keeping ;as : a A box or chest, now of steel, for valuables. 
b A ventilated or refrigerated chest for keeping provisions. 
C A box to keep anything separate ; as, a match safe. 

safe'-con'duct (-kon'dukt), n. That which assures a safe 
passage ; as : a A convoy ; guard, b A pass ; passport ; a 
writing or warrant of security enabling a person to travel 
with safety, esp. in an enemv's country. 

safe'-con-ducf (safkon-dfikf ; -kon'dukt), v. t. To con- 
duct safely ; give a safe-conduct to. 

safe'guard' (saf gard'), n. 1. Defense ; protection. 2. Con- 
voy or guard ; a pass ; passport. — v. t. To guard ; protect. 

saf e'-keep'ing, n. A preserving in safety ; care ; custody. 

safe'ly, adv. In a safe manner ; in safety. 

safe'ness, to. Quality or state of being safe. 

safe'ty (saf tT), to. 1. Condition or state of being safe ; 
freedom from danger. 2. Hence, quality of making safe or 
of giving confidence, insuring against harm, loss, etc. 

safety fuse, a A fuse consisting of a slow-burning com- 
position in a cotton or hemp tube, b Elec. = fuse, to., 2. 

safety lamp. A miner's lamp constructed to avoid explo- 
sion of gas. In the original Davy lamp, invented by Sir 
Humphry Davy, the flame is inclosed by fine wire gauze. 

safety pin. A clasp pin, with a guard covering its point. 

safety razor. A razor with a guard or guards to prevent 
cutting the skin. 

safety valve. An automatic escape or relief valve for a 
steam boiler, hydraulic system, etc. 

saf'flow'er (saflou'er), 
to. [F. safleur, saflor, 
for safran, influenced 
by fleur flower. See 

SAFFRON ; FLOWER.] 1. 

An Old World astera- 
ceous thistlelike plant 
(Carthamus tinctori- 
us) with large orange- 
colored flower heads. 2. 
A drug, also a red dye- 1 
stuff, prepared from 
these flower heads. a Lever Safety 
Saffron (saf'riin), to. Valve, b Sec- 
[F. safran, fr. Ar. & tional Detail showing Valve, 
Per. za'fardn.'] 1. A Seat, etc. 

species of crocus (Crocus sativus) with purple flowers. 2. 
The dried orange-colored stigmas and styles of this plant. 
They are aromatic and pungent, and are used as a medi- 
cine, for a flavoring, and as a coloring matter. 3. An orange 
or deep yellow color like that of the saffron (sense 2). 

— a. Deep orange-yellow. 

safra-nine (safrd-nin; -nen), to. Also -nin. [See saf- 
fron.] 1. Chem. Any of a class of artificial dyestuffs, de- 
rivatives of azonium bases. 2. Any of various mixtures of 
safranine salts used in dyeing in place of safflower. 

saf rol (saf rol ; -rol), to. [F. safran saffron -f- -ol, 2. J 
Chem. A poisonous substance, C10H10O2, the chief con- 
stituent of oil of sassafras, used for flavoring and perfuming. 

sag (sag), v. i.; sagged (sagd) ; sag'ging (sag'Ing). 1. To 
sink in the middle by weight or under pressure ; hence, to 
lean or settle from a vertical position, as a door. 2. To 
lose firmness or elasticity ; sink ; droop ; flag. — n. 1. Fact, 
state, or degree of sagging. 2. A part or place that is 
sunken ; as, a sag in a pipe. 

sa'ga (sa'gd; sa'gd), to.; pi. -gas (-gdz). [Icel.] Any of 
the medieval Scandinavian narratives of legend or history. 

sa-ga'cious (sd-ga'shus), a. [L. sagax, sagacis.'] 1. Of 
quick sense perceptions; esp., keen-scented. Obs. or R. 
2. Of keen penetration and judgment ; discerning and ju- 
dicious ; farsighted ; shrewd ; wise. — Syn. See shrewd. 
— sa-ga'cious-ly, adv. — sa-ga'cious-ness, to. 

sa-gac'i-ty (sd-gas'i-tT), to. Quality of being sagacious; 
keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of 
judgment ; shrewdness. — Syn. Penetration, judiciousness. 

sag'a-more (sag'd-mor; 57), to. A tribal chief among cer- 
tain of the American Indians. 

sage (saj), to. [F. sauge, L. salvia, fr. salvus saved, allud- 
ing to its reputed healing virtues.] 1. A half-shrubby mint 
(Salvia officinalis) with grayish green aromatic foliage, 
used to flavor meats, etc. 2. The sagebrush. 

sage (saj), a. ; sag'er (saj'er) ; sag'est. _ [F., fr. L. sapidus, 
fr. sapere to be wise.] 1. Wise ; sagacious. 2. Proceeding 
from wisdom ; well-judged ; shrewd ; as, sage advice. 3. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SAGEBRUSH 



851 



SAINT NICHOLAS 



Grave ; solemn. Rare. — Syn. See shrewd. — n. A wise 
man ; esp., a man venerable for years, and of sound judg- 
ment and prudence. — sage'ly, adv. — sage'ness, n. 

sage'brush' (saj'brush'), n. Any of several low hoary aster- 
aceous shrubs (genus Artemisia, esp. A. tridentataox A. 
trifida) of the western alkali plains of North America. 

sag'ger (sag'er), n. [E. dial, saggard a sagger, contr. fr. 
safeguard.] Ceramics, a A box of fire clay in which deli- 
cate pieces are baked for biscuit, b The clay of which sag- 
gers are made. — v. t. To treat, as stoneware, in a sagger. 

Sa-git'ta (sd-jit'd), n. ; gen.-TM (-te). [L. lit., an arrow.] 
Astron. A small northern constellation, north of Aquila. 

sag'it-tal (saj'i-tdl), a. [L. sagitta arrow.] 1. Of, pert, to, 
or like, an arrow or arrowhead. 2. Anat. Designating the 
suture between the parietal bones of the skull. 

Sag'it-ta'ri-us (-ta'rl-us; 3), n.; gen. -tarii (-rT-T). [L., 
lit., an archer.] Astron. a A southern constellation be- 
tween Scorpio and Capricornus, pictured as a centaur 
shooting an arrow ; the Archer, b The ninth sign [/?] of 
the zodiac, which the sun enters about Nov. 23d. 

sag'it-ta-ry (saj'1-tS.-rI), n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). [See Sagit- 
tarius.] 1. [_cap."] = Sagittarius. 2. Myth. A centaur ; 
specif. [.cap.], a monster fabled in medieval romances to 
have fought in the Trojan army. 

sag'it-tate (-tat), a. [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta arrow.] 
Shaped like an arrowhead. See leaf, Illust. 

sa-git'ti-form (sd-jTt'i-form ; saj'I-ti-), a. [L. sagitta ar- 
row + -form.'] Sagittate. 

sa'gO (sa/go), n. < [Malay sagu.] A granulated starch from 
the trunk of various East Indian palms. 

sa'gum (sa/gwrn), n.; pi. -ga (-gd). [L. sagum, sagus.] 
Rom. Antiq. The military cloak. 

sa'hib (sa'Ib), n. [Hind. & Ar. cahib master, lord.] [Usu- 
ally cap.] The title used by natives when speaking to or of 
a European gentleman ; sir ; master. India. 

sa'ic' (sa'ek'), n. [F. sa'ique, Turk. sha'iqah.J Naut. A 
kind of ketch common in the Levant. 

sa'id. Var. of sayid. ^ [style. I 

said (sed), p. a. Before-mentioned ; — used chiefly in legal | 

sail (sal), n. [AS. segel, segl.] 1. An extent of canvas or 




Schooner's Sails. (An inner and an outer jib are sometimes 
, fitted.) 1 Flying Jib ; 2 Jib ; 3 Fore Staysail ; 4 Foresail ; 5 
Fore Gaff Topsail ; 6 Main-topmast Staysail ; 7 Mainsail ; 
8 Main Gaff Topsail. 




Full-rigged Ship under All Plain Sail. 1 Flying Jib ; 2 Jib ; 
3 Fore-topmast Staysail ; 4 Foresail ; 5 Lower Fore-topsail ; 6 
Upper Fore-topsail ; 7 Fore-topgallant Sail ; 8 Fore Royal ; 
9 Fore Skysail ; 10 Lower Studding Sail (never on the main) ; 
11 Fore-topmast Studding Sail ; 12 Fore-topgallant Stud- 
ding Sail ; 13 Fore-royal Studding Sail ; 14 Main Staysail ; 
15 Main-topmast Staysail ; 16 Main-topgallant Staysail ; 17 
Main-royal Staysail ; 18 Mainsail ; 19 Lower Main Topsail ; 
20 Upper Main Topsail ; 21 Main-topgallant Sail ; 22 Main 
Royal ; 23 Main Skysail ; 24 Main-topmast Studding Sail ; 
25 Main-topgallant Studding Sail ; 26 Main-royal Studding 
Sail ; 27 Mizzen Staysail ; 28 Mizzen-topmast Staysail ; 29 
Mizzen-topgallant Staysail ; 30 Mizzen-royal Staysail ; 31 
Mizzen Sail ; 32 Lower Mizzen Topsail ; 33 Upper Mizzen 
Topsail ; 34 Mizzen-topgallant Sail ; 35 Mizzen Royal ; 36 
Mizzen Skysail ; 37 Spanker, 
other fabric by means of which the wind is used to propel 




a vessel. 2. Anything suggestive of a sail ; as : a A wing. 
Poetic, b The acting surface of the arm of a windmill. 3. 
A sailing vessel; craft; also, sailing vessels collectively; 
as, twenty sail. 4. A journey or excursion on the water. 

— v. i. 1. To be impelled by the action of wind on sails ; 
hence, to be impelled on water by steam, etc. 2. To move 
or glide in a manner suggestive of a sailing boat, as a swan 
on the water, a bird through the air. 3. To be conveyed 
in a vessel on water ; pass by water. 4. To begin a water 
voyage, as, we sail to-day. — Syn. See float. 

— v. t. 1. To pass or move upon by means of sails ; hence, 
to move or journey upon (a body of water) in any way. 
2. To fly through ; glide or move smoothly through. 3. To 
direct or manage the motion of (a vessel, etc.). 

sail'boat' (sal'bot'), n. A boat usually propelled by a sail ; 
— seldom applied to large vessels. 

sail'cloth' (sal'kl8th'), n. Duck or canvas for sails. 

sail'er (-er), n. A vessel propelled by sails ; as, a fast sailer. 

sail'fish' (-fish 7 ), n. 1. Any of a genus (I stiophorus) of 
large pelagic fishes re- 
lated to the swordfish, 
but having teeth and 
a very large 
dorsal fin. 2. 
The basking shark. 

sail'ing, n. 1. Act of 
one who, or that which, 

sails. 2. Naut. The Sailfish (Isti ophorus nigri cans) . 
art of managing a vessel ; navigation ; also, the art or 
method of determining the course to be followed, direc- 
tion and distance to be sailed to reach a given point, etc. 
In spherical sailing, allowance is made for the earth's 
curvature, which is neglected in plane sailing. Great- 
circle sailing is a kind of spherical sailing in which the 
ship's course is the arc of a great circle of the sphere. 

sail'or (-er), n. 1. One who sails ; a mariner ; technically, a 
common seaman. 2. A kind of straw hat with a flat top 
and brim. 

Syn. Sailor, mariner, seaman. Sailor and mariner 
are applied broadly to those whose occupation is to sail 
the seas ; seaman denotes one (rarely an officer) who heips 
to navigate a ship. 

sail'or-ly, a. Characteristic of or resembling a sailor. 

sail'or's-choice' (-erz), n. 1. A small porgy (Lagodon 
rhomboides). 2. The pig- t^09y 

fish ( Orthopristis chry- 
sopterus). 3. A grunt 
{Hsemulon parra) found 
from Florida to Brazil. 4.i 
a pinfish (Diplodus hoi-' 

brooki). — 111^°°*^^?*^ "8" 

sain (san), v. t. [AS. seg- |K /^ 

nian, fr. L. signare to W Sailor's-choice, 1. 

mark.] To make the sign of the cross on ; bless. Now Dial. 
sain'foin (san'foin), n. [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus) 
+ foin hay (L. faenum).] A European fabaceous pink- 
flowered forage plant (Onobrychis sativa). 
saint (sant ; unaccented, as in Saint Agnes, sant), n. [F., 
fr. L. sanctus sacred, prop. p. p. of sancire to render sa- 
cred.] 1. A holy or godly person; esp., one regenerated 
and sanctified or undergoing sanctification ; a true Chris- 
tian. 2. One of the blessed dead in heaven. 3. Eccl. One 
canonized by the church. Abbr., St. 

Saint Agnes's Eve, the evening of January 20. Accord- 
ing to a popular superstition a maiden may then have a 
revelation as to her future husband. — St. Andrew's 
cross. See cross, Illust. — St. Anthony's fire, erysipe- 
las. — St. El'mo's fire or light (el'moz) [from the patron 
saint of sailors], a flamelike appearance sometimes seen 
in stormy weather, esp. at prominent points on a ship ; — 
called also corposant. — St. George's cross, Her., a 
Greek cross gules. — St.-John's-wort, any of a genus 
{Hypericum) of herbs and shrubs with yellow flowers, as 
the rose of Sharon. — St. Luke's summer, St. Martin's 
summer. See Indian summer. — St. Val'en-tine's Day 
(val'en-tlnz), Feb. 14, observed in honor of St. Valentine, 
a Christian martyr of the 3d century. The sending of love 
tokens has no connection with the saint. — St. Vi'tus's 
dance (vl'tws-iz), Med., chorea. 

— v. t. To make a saint of ; canonize. 

Saint Ber-nard' (ber-nard')" One of a breed of large, hand- 
some dogs noted for sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the 
Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland. 

saint'ed (san'ted), p. a. 1. Sacred. 2. Holy ; pious. 3. Can- 
onized. 4. Entered into heaven ; — a euphemism for dead; 
as, my sainted mother. [collectively. I 

saint'hood (-hotid), n. State of being a saint ; also, saints| 

Saint Lawrence skiff. See skiff. 

saint'ly, a. ; -li-er ; -li-est. Like a saint. li-ness, n. 

Saint Nich'0-las (nik'6-lds). A bishop of Myra, Asia Mi- 
nor (about A. D. 300). He is the patron saint of Russia, and 
of seafarers, virgins, and children. The name of St. Nicho- 
las, as bearer of presents to children on Christmas Eve, 
has been corrupted, through dial. Dutch, to Santa Claus. 




K = cb in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SAINTSHIP 



852 



SALMONEUS 







R 



S 



saint'ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint. 

saith (seth), 3d pers. sing. pres. of say. Archaic. 

sake (sak), n. [AS. sacu strife, a lawsuit.] Contention; 
strife ; accusation ; cause of accusation ; guilt ; offense ; — 
now only in for the sake of, for his sake, for both our 
sakes, etc., meaning on account of, or out of consideration 
for ; out of desire for; because of (something desired). 

sa'ke (sa'ke ; -ki), n. [Jap. sake.~] The chief alcoholic 
beverage of the Japanese, a kind of beer made from rice. 

sa'ker (sa'ker), n. [F. sacre, fr. Ar. caqr hawk.] Zool. 
A falcon (Hierofalca cherrug) of southern Europe, Asia, 
and northern Africa used in falconry. 

Sak'i-eh (sak'i-e)\n. [Ar. so qia h canal, trench.] A kind of 

sak'i-yeh (-i-ye) / water wheel used in Egypt for raising 
water from wells or pits in buckets. 

Sak'ti (sak'te ; Skr. shuk'-), n. [Skr. gakti.'] Hinduism. 
The female energy or principle. — Sak'tism (-tiz'm), n. 

sal (sal), n. [L.] Chem. Salt. See Vocab. for phrases. 

sa-laam' (sd-lam'), n. [Ar. salam peace, safety.] An Ori- 
ental salutation or compliment of ceremony ; a bowing low 
and raising the right palm to the forehead ; obeisance. 

— v. i. & t. To perform a salaam ; salute with a salaam. 
sal'a-ble (sal'd-b'l), a. Capable of being sold ; marketable. 

— sal'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), sal'a-ble-ness, n. 
sa-la'cious (sd-la'shus), a. [L. salax, -acis, fond of leap- 
ing, lustful.] Lustful ; lecherous. — sa-la'cious-ly, adv. 

— sa-la'cious-ness, sa-lac'i-ty (-las'I-tT), n. 

sal'ad (sal'dd), n. [F. salade, prob. fr. Pr. salada, fr. L. 
sal salt.] 1. A preparation of herbs, vegetables, or fruit, as 
lettuce, celery, etc., usually with a dressing, as of salt, vine- 
gar, oil, and pepper; also, a similarly dressed dish of 
chopped meat or fish with lettuce, etc. 2. Herbs or vege- 
tables for use as salad (sense 1). 

salad days. Days of youthful inexperience. 

sal'al (sal'al), n. An ericaceous shrub (Gaultheria shallon) 
of the western United States, having grapelike fruit. 

sa-lam' (sd-lam'). Var. of salaam. 

sal'a-man'der (sal'd-man'der), n. [F. salamandre, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. aaXatxavSpa.'] 1. Any of numerous harmless amphib- 
ians (order Urodela) superficially resembling lizards, but 
having a soft, moist skin. They were formerly fabled to be 
able to live in fire. 2. In the theory of Paracelsus, a being 
inhabiting the element fire. 3. Any of various articles or 
utensils used in connection with the fire, esp. for cooking. 

SaPa-man'drine (-man'drin), a. Of or pert, to, a salaman- 
der ; enduring fire. 

S"l am-mo'ni-ac (a-mo'ni-Sk). Chloride of ammonium. 

sal'a-ry (sal'd-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-r!z). [L. salarium pen- 
sion, stipend, orig., salt money, sal salt.] The recompense 
or consideration paid, or stipulate! to be paid, to a person 
at regular intervals for services ; stipend. — Syn. See 
wages. — v. t.; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing (-ri-ing). To pay, or 
agree to pay, a salary to ; attach a salary to. 

Sale (sal), n. [AS. sala.~\ 1. Act of selling; a contract 
whereby the ownership of property is transferred from one 
person to another for a sum of money, or, loosely, for any 
consideration, 2. Opportunity of selling ; demand ; mar- 
ket ; as, ready sale. 3. Auction. 
on sale, for s., offered to be sold ; in the market. 

sale'a-ble, sale'a-bil'i-ty, etc. Var. of salable, etc. 

sal'ep (sal'ep), n. {¥., fr. Ar. sahleb, prob. a corruption of 
tha'lab fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying lit., fox's 
testicles.] The dried tubers of various orchids, used for 
food like tapioca, and also as a demulcent. 

sal'e-ra'tUS (sal'e-ra'tus), n. [NL. sal aeratus ; — because 
"fixed air" (carbon dioxide) is evolved on treatment with 
acids.] Lit., aerated salt ; potassium bicarbonate, or, com- 
monly, sodium bicarbonate ; baking soda. 

sales'la'dy (salz'la'dT), n. A saleswoman. Cant, U. S. 

sales'man (salz'man), n. A man whose occupation is to 
sell goods. — sales'wom'an(-wd6m / dn), n. 

sales'man-ship, n. Art or skill of a salesman. 

sale' work' (sal'wurk'), n. Work or things made for sale ; 
hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. 

Sa'li-an (sa'li-dn), a. Denoting, or pert, to, a tribe of 
Franks who established themselves early in the 4th cen- 
tury on the river Sala (now Ijssel or Yssel) ; Salic. 

— n. A Salian Frank. 

Sal'ic (sal'ik), a. [F. Salique, fr. the Salian Franks, L. 
Salii.] Of or pert, to the Salian Franks. 
Salic law. a A code of the customary laws of the German 
tribes, including part of the laws of the Salian Franks, b 
A provision of this law excluding women from inheriting 
land ; hence, the rule excluding women from the throne in 
France in the contest between Edward III. of England and 
Philip VI. of France in the 14th century, and in Spain from 
1714 to 1830. 

Sall-ca'ceous (sal'i-ka'shus), a. [L. salix, salicis, willow.] 
Bot. Belonging to a family (Salicacess) of dioecious trees or 
shrubs, the willow family, including the willows and the 
poplars. They have small a petalous flowers in aments. 



sal'i-cin (sal'Y-sin), n. [L. salix K -ids, willow.] Chem. 
A bitter white crystalline glucoside, C13H18O7, found in 
the bark and leaves of several species of willow and poplar. 
It is used in medicine as an antipyretic, tonic, etc. 

sal'i-cyl (sal'i-sil), n. [salicin + -yZ.] Org. Chem. The 
radical, CeH4(OH)CO, of salicylic acid. 

sal'i-cyl'ate (-sil'at), n. A salt or ester of salicylic acid. 

sal'i-cyl'ic (-sTl'ik), a. Org. Chem. Designating a white 
crystalline acid, CeH4(OH)C02H. It is used as an antisep- 
tic and, in its salts, in treating rheumatism. 

sa'li-ence (sa/li-ensHn. Quality or state of being salient; 

sa'li-en-cy (-en-si) / also, that which is salient. 

sa'li-ent (sa'11-ent), a. [L. saliens, -entis, p. pr. of salire 
to leap.] 1. Leaping ; bounding ; jumping. 2. Prominent ; 
conspicuous ; as, salient traits. 3. Projecting outwardly ; 
as, a salient angle. Cf. reentering. — Syn. See promi- 
nent.— n. Mil. & Fort. A salient angle; a projecting 
part, as of a fortification or line of intrenchments. — sa'Ii- 
ent-ly, adv. 

sa-lif 'er-ous (sd-iif'er-iis), a. [L. sal salt -+- -ferous.] Pro- 
ducing, or impregnated with, salt ; salt-bearing. 

sal'i-fy (sal'i-fl), v. t.; -eied (-fid) ; -fy'ing (-fl'ing). [L. 
sal salt + -/y-] Chem. a To combine or impregnate with 
a salt, b To form a salt with ; convert into a salt. 

sal-im'e-ter (sal-im'e-ter), n. [L. sal salt + -meter.'] An 
instrument for measuring the salt in a solution. 

sa-li'na (sd-ll'nd), n. [See saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or 
salt pond, inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt works. 

sa'line (sa'lln), a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt.] 1. Consisting 
of or containing salt. 2. Pert, to or characteristic of salt ; 
salty. — n. 1. A salt spring. 2. Med. A metallic salt ; esp., 
a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium. 

sa-lin'i-ty (sd-lTn'i-tT), n. Degree of saltness. 

Sa-lique' (sd-lek'; sal'ik). Occasional var. of Salic. 

Sa'lish (sa'lish), n. A Salishan Indian ; esp., a Flathead. 

Salish-an (sa'lish-an ; sal'ish-), a. Designating, or pert, to, 
a linguistic stock of North American Indians, who formerly 
held part of British Columbia and Vancouver, ani large 
areas in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, a\g! Montana.' 

sa-li'va (sd-ll'vd), n. [L.] The weakly alkaline fluid con- 
sisting of the secretions of the glands that discharge into 
the mouth and containing (except in some animals) the dia- 
static enzyme ptyalin ; spittle. [saliva. I 

sal'i-va-ry (sal'i-va-ri), a. Of or pert, to saliva ; producing) 

sal'i-vate (-vat), v. t.;-VAT'ED (-vat'ed); -vat'ing. [L. 
salivatus, p. p. of salivare to salivate.] To produce an 
abnormal flow of saliva in, as by the use of mercury. , 

sall-va'tion (-va'shiin), n. Act or process of salivating; 
excessive secretion of saliva, often with soreness of the gums. 

sal'len-ders (sal'en-derz), n. pi. [F. solandres, solandre."] 
Veter. An eczematous eruption on the hind leg of a horse. 

sal'let (sal'et), n. [F. salade, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) 
caelata, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] A light kind of 
helmet. See helmet, Illust. 

sal'low (-0), n. [ME. salwe, AS. sealh.~\ 1. Any European 
broad-leaved willow, esp. a species (Salix caprea) often 
called great sallow. 2. A willow twig or osier. 

sal'low, a. [AS. salu.2 Yellowish ; of a pale, sickly color, 
tinged with yellow ; — usually said of the skin, etc. — v. t. 
To make sallow. — sal'low-ish, a. — sal'low-ness, n. 

sal'low-y (-1), a. Abounding in sallows. 

sal'ly (-1), n.; pi. -lies (-iz). [F. saillie, fr. saillir to gush 
out, L. salire to leap.] 1. A rushing or bursting forth ; 
esp., Mil., a sortie upon besiegers. 2. An excursion, esp. 
one off the usual track. 3. A flight of fancy, wit, or the 
like ; witticism. — v. %.; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. To leap or 
rush out ; issue suddenly, as troops to attack besiegers. 

Sal'ly Lunn' dun'). [Also I. c] [From the woman said 
to have first made them.] A kind of sweetened tea cake. 

Sal'ma-cis (sal'md-sis), n. [L. Salmacis, Gr. ^aXuads.} 
See Hermaphroditus. 

saFma-gun'di (sal'md-gun'di), n. [F. salmigondis.'] 1. A 
mixed dish, as of chopped meat and pickled herring, with 
oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. 2. A miscellany ; an olio. 

sal'mis (sal'mT ; F. sal'me'), n. sing. & pi. [F.] Also 
sal'mi (sal'mi). A ragout of partly roasted game stewed 
with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments. 

salm'on (sam'iin), n. (See plural, n.) [F. saumon, fr. L. 
salmo, salmonis.'] 1. A large marine fish (Salmo salar) 
living near the coasts, and ascending, for spawning, many 
rivers tributary to the northern North Atlantic. It is 
highly valued as a food and game fish. 2. Any of certain 
fishes closely allied to the above;: esp., any of a genus 
(Oncorhynchus) living in, and ascending the rivers trib- 
utary to, the North Pacific. 3. A yellowish red, like the 
color of the salmon's flesh. — a. Of the color called salmon. 

salm'on-ber'ry (-beVi), n. A large red-flowered raspberry 
(Rubus spectabiU s) of the Pacific coast ; also its fruit. 

Sal-mo'neus (sal-mo'nus; -ne-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Za\- 
fiuvevs."] Class. Myth. A son of iEolus, killed by a thun- 
derbolt for his presumption in equaling himself to Zeus. 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



SALMONOID 



853 



SALVE 



Sal'mon-oid (saPmon-oid), a. Like, pert, to, or belonging 
to, the salmon family {Salmonidse) . — n. A salmonoid fish. 

salmon trout (sam'un). 1. A European sea trout (Salmo 
trutta) resembling the salmon, but smaller. 2. Any of 
several large American trouts. 

saFol (saFol; -51), n. [salicylic + -ol, 3.] Pharm. Phenyl 
salicylate, CeEUCOHjCOaCoHs, a crystalline substance 
made by heating salicylic acid with phenol in presence of a 
dehydrating agent. It is antiseptic and antipyretic. 

Sa-lo'me (sd-lo'me), n. [L. Salome or Gr. XaXoifirj, fr. Heb. 
shalom peace.] Bib. The daughter of Herodias, who, in- 
structed by her mother, asked Herod for the head of John 
the Baptist as a reward for her dancing. Matt. xiv. 8. 

D sa'lon' (sa/loN'), n. ; pi. -lons (F. -Ion'). [F. See saloon.] 
1. An apartment for the formal reception of company ; 
hence, a fashionable assemblage. 2. An apartment for the 
exhibition of works of art ; such an exhibition ; specif. 
[cap.], either of two exhibitions of paintings and sculp- 
tures ( Old Salon, New Salon ), held annually in Paris. 

sa-loon' (sd-loon'), n. [F. salon, fr. It. salone, aug. of sala 
hall, room.] 1. A spacious apartment for reception of com- 
pany or for works of art ; a large room. 2. A hall for pub- 
lic entertainment ; also, a public room for specific uses ; as, 
the saloon of a steamer (i. e., the main cabin) ; an eating 
saloon. 3. A barroom ; grogshop. U. S. 

sa-loop' (-loop'), n. A drink flavored with sassafras bark, 
etc., once popular in London. 

saFpa (saPpd), n. [NL.] ZooL Any of a genus (Salpa) of 
transparent barrel-shaped or fusiform free-swimming ocean- 
ic tunicates common in warm latitudes. — saPpi-form, a. 

saFpin-got'o-my (sal'pin-got'o-mi), n. [See salpinx; 
-tomy.] Surg. Incision or excision of a Fallopian tube. 

sal'pinx (saPpinks), n. ; pi. salpinges (sal-pin'jez). [NL., 
f r. Gr. aakTnyZ , -1770s, a trumpet.] Anat. a A Eustachian 
tube, b A Fallopian tube. 

sal'si-fy (saFsi-fi), n. [F. salsifis.] A European plant 
( Tragopogon porrifolius ) of the chicory family, with an 
edible. root often called oyster plant, from its flavor. 

Sal-sil'la (sal-siPd), n. [Sp., dim. of salsa sauce, kind of 
garlic. See sauce.] Any of a genus (Bomarea) of tropi- 
cal American amaryllidaceous plants yielding edible roots. 

Sal soda, or saFso'da, n. Sodium carbonate. See soda. 

Salt (solt), a. Salacious ; lustful. Obs. 

salt (solt), n. [AS. sealt.] 1. Sodium chloride, used to 
season food, as a preservative, etc. 2. Chem. Any of a class 
of compounds formed when the acid hydrogen of an acid is 
partly or wholly replaced by a metal or a metal-like radical. 
The names of salts of -ous acids end in -ite; salts of -ic 
acids end in -ate, with a few exceptions. See -ate, 3 b. 

3. In pi. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic. 

4. A saltcellar. 5. Flavor ; taste ; savor ; seasoning ; as, the 
salt of youth. 6. Piquancy ; wit ; sense ; as, Attic salt. 
7. A sailor ; — usually qualified by old. Colloq. 

with a grain of salt, with reserve or corrective allowance. 

•— a. 1. Of, relating to, or containing salt ; preserved with, or 
tasting of, salt. 2. Overflowed with salt water ; as, salt grass. 

•— v. t. 1. To add salt to ; preserve with salt or in brine ; as, 
to salt fish, beef, or pork. _ 2. To supply (as cattle) with 
salt. 3. To precipitate (a dissolved substance) from a solu- 
tion by the addition of some salt ; — usually used with out. 
to salt a mine, to place minerals in a mine secretly so as 
to deceive others into believing it richer than it is. 

SaFtant (saFtdnt), a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of saltare to 
dance.] Leaping ; jumping ; dancing. 

saFta-rePlO/sal'td-rePo^n. ; pi. -relli (-rePe). [It., fr. L. 
saltare to jump.] 1. Italian dance, running with a hop 
step beginning each measure. 2. Music for this dance. 

sal-ta'tion (sal-ta/shun), n. m 1. A jumping ; a leap ; danc- 
ing. 2. Beating or palpitation. [dancing; saltatory. | 

SaPta-to'ri-al (sal'td-to'ri-dl), a. Pert, to leaping or| 

saPta-to-ry (saFtd-to-n), a. Leaping or dancing ; having 
the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. 

salt'cel-lar (solt'sel-er), n. [salt + OF. saliere saltcellar, 
fr. L. sal salt.] A vessel for holding salt at table. 

salt'ed (soPted; 24), p. a. 1. Treated, seasoned, or filled 
with salt. 2. a Veter. Immune against a contagious disease 
because of having recovered from it. b Hence, of persons, 
experienced ; as, a salted journalist. Both Cant or Colloq. 

Salt'er (soFter), n. 1. One who makes, sells, or deals in, 
salt. 2. One who applies salt ; also, a drysalter. 

salt'ern (-tern), n. [AS. sealtern, -sern; sealt salt -f- sern, 
em, place, house.] A building or place where salt is made. 

SaFtier, saPtire (saFter), n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatori- 
um a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius 
saltatory.] Her. An ordinary consist- 
ing of a cross formed by a bend dexter 
anda bend sinister crossing. 

SaFti-grade (-ti-grad), a. [L. saltus a leap 
+ gradi to go.] Zobl. Having feet or legs 
formed for leaping, as certain spiders. 

SalPish, a. Somewhat salt. 

salt junk. Hard salt beef. Sailors' Slang. Saltier, 




salt marsh. Grassland subject to overflow by salt water. 

salt'ness, n. Quality, state or condition of being salt. 

salPpe'terl (solt'pe'ter), n. [F. salpetre, LL. sal petrae, 

salPpe'trej lit., rock salt; — so called because it exudes 
from rocks.] 1. Potassium nitrate ; niter. It is a strong ox- 
idizer, used in explosives, matches, as a food preservative, 
flux, etc. 2. Chile saltpeter (sodium nitrate). 

salt rheum. Any of various cutaneous eruptions, esp. those 
of eczema. Colloq., esp. U. S. 

Salt River. An imaginary river up which defeated political 
parties or candidates retire to oblivion. Pol. Cant, U. S. 

salt works, or salt'works' (solt'wurks'),™. (see work, n., 
5.) A place where salt is made on a commercial scale. 

salt'worP (soh/wurf), n. 1. Any of a genus (Salsola) of 
chenopodiaceous plants, esp. some species (as S. kali) used 
in the manufacture of soda ash. 2. = glasswort, a. 

salt'y (soPti), a.; -ti-er ; -ti-est. Somewhat salt ; saltish. 

sa-lu'bri-OUS (sd-lu'bri-us), a. [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. 
salus health, safety.] Favorable to health ; healthful. — 
Syn. See healthy. ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

sa-lu'bri-ty (-tT), n. Quality of being salubrious. 

saPu-ta-ry (saFti-ta-ri), a. [L. salutaris, fr. salus health.] 
1. Promoting health ; wholesome ; healthful ; as, a salutary 
exercise. 2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some benefi- 
cial purpose ; advantageous ; as, a salutary design. — Syn. 
See healthy. ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. ri-ness, n. 

saPu-ta'tion (-ta'sMn), n._ Act of saluting ; also, that which 
is uttered or done in saluting ; a greeting. 
Syn. Salutation, salute. Salutation is a somewhat 
formal word for greeting, esp. as spoken ; salute is now 
almost confined to naval and military usage, and denotes 
a ceremonious demonstration not expressed in words ; as, 
to exchange salutations ; a salute of twenty-one guns. 

sa-lu'ta-to'ri-an (sd-lu'td-to'rT-cm ; 57), n. The student 
(commonly the one graduating second highest in rank) who 
delivers the salutatory oration. Cf . valedictorian. U. S. 

sa-lu'ta-to-ry (-lu'td-to-n), a. Expressing salutations; — 
applied esp. to the oration introducing the exercises at com- 
mencement, in some colleges and schools. U. <S. — n. ; pi. 
-ries (-riz). A salutatory oration. U. S. 

sa-lute' (-luf), v. t.; -lut'ed (-lut'ed) ; -lut'ing. [L. sa- 
lutare, -latum, fr. salus, -utis, health, safety.] 1. To ad- 
dress with courteous expressions of good will ; greet. 2. To 
compliment by an act or ceremony, as by a bow, a kiss, etc. 
3. Mil. & Nav. a To honor, as some person, by a discharge 
of cannon, by dipping colors, etc. b To show deference to 
by taking a prescribed position. — v. i. To make a salute. 

— n. 1. Act of saluting ; greeting. 2. Mil. & Nav. The po- 
sition of the hand, rifle, sword, etc., or the 
entire attitude of a person saluting a supe- 
rior. — Syn. See salutation. — sa-lut'- 
er (-lut'er), n. 

saPu-tiPer-ous (saPu-tif'er-us), a. [L. ' 

salutifer.] Salutary. 
saPva-ble (sal'vd-b'l), a. [L. salvare^ to 

save, fr. salvus safe.] Capable of being 

saved. 
SaFva-do're-an, or -ri-an (sal'vd-do're- 

dn ; -ri-dn ; 57), a. Of or pert, to Salva- 
dor or its inhabitants. — n. A native or- 

citizen of Salvador. 
saPvage (saFvaj), n. [F., fr. OF. salver 

to save, fr. L. salvare.] 1. Act of saving 

a vessel, goods, or, rarely, life from perils 

of the sea or other great danger ; also, the 

property so saved, or recompense paid for 

the saving of it. 2. Fire Insurance. In- 
sured goods rescued from fire, or their Salute, n., 2. 

value as allowed, or their proceeds on being sold. 

— v. t.; -vaged (-vajd) ; -vaging. To aid in saving so as to 
have a claim upon or against for salvage ; salve. 

saPvar-san (saFvdr-san ; G. zaPvar-zan'), n. [G. ; L. sal- 
tare to save + G. arsenik arsenic] A synthetic compound 
of arsenic, largely used in the treatment of syphilis. , 

sal-va'tion (sal-va'shun), n. [F. salvation, L. salvatio, it. 
salvare to save.] 1. Act of saving or delivering ; preserva- 
tion from destruction or calamity. 2. Theol. Deliverance 
from sin and its consequences ; redemption. 3. That which 
saves ; a thing or person that saves. 

Salvation Army. An organization on military lines, 
founded in 1865 by the Rev. Wm. Booth, for evangelization 
of the poor and degraded not reached by the churches. 

salve (salv), v. t. & i. ; salved (salvd) ; salv'ing. [See sal- 
vage.] To save, as a ship or goods, from perils of the sea. 

salve (sav), n. [AS. sealf, sealfe, ointment.] An adhesive 
composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores ; 
a healing ointment ; — often fig. — v. t. ; salved (savd) ; 
salv'ing. 1. To apply salve to. 2. To heal ; cure ; soothe as 
with an ointment, esp. by some trick or quibble ; gloss over. 

saPve (saPve), inter j. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of 
solvere to be well.] Hail ! — n. 1. The utterance of the 
interjection salve. 2. {Often cap.'] R. C. Ch. Short for 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations e f Abbreviations used in this; work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word,. + combined frith, b equals. 



H 



SALVER 



854 



SANCTUARY 







Q 



R 



Salve Regina, an antiphon recited after the divine office 
from Trinity Sunday to the Saturday before Advent. 

sal'ver (sal'ver), n. [Sp. salva salver, fr. salvar to save, 
taste, fr. L. salvare to save.] A tray or waiter. 

Sal'vi-a (-vi-d), n. [L., sage.] Any of a genus (Salvia) 
of menthaceous herbs or shrubs, the sages, varying greatly 
in habit. Many tropical species are grown for ornament. 

Sal'vo (-vo), n.; pi. -vos (-voz). [L: salvo jure, lit., right 
being reserved.] An exception ; reservation ; excuse. Rare. 

sal'VO, n. ; pZ._ -vos (-voz). [F. salve or It. salva, fr. L. salve 
hail, imperative of salvere to be well.] 1. Mil. The simul- 
taneous discharge of several pieces of artillery, correspond- 
ing to volleys of infantry fire. It is fired either in action or 
as a salute. 2. The combined shouts or cheers of a crowd. 

(| sal VO-la'ti-le (vo-lat'I-le). [NL.] Ammonium carbonate ; 
also, an aromatic alcoholic solution of it. See hartshorn. 

sal'vor (sal'ver), n. One who, esp. voluntarily, saves or 
assists in saving a ship, or her cargo, at sea. 

sam'a-ra (sam'd-rd; sd-ma'rd), n. [L. samara, samera, 
an , elm seed.] A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, 
winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, or elm ; a key or 
key fruit. It is a form of schizocarp. See fruit, Illust. 

Sa-mar'i-tan (sd-mar'I-tan), n. 1. A native or inhabitant 
of Samaria, an ancient city and region of Palestine. 2. One 
active in relieving bodily suffering ; — in allusion to Luke x. 
30-37. Called also good Samaritan. — Sa-mar'i-tan, a. 

sa-ma'ri-um j-ma'ri-iim ; 3), n. [NL., fr. samarskite.'] 
A rare metallic element discovered spectroscopically in sa- 
marskite in 1879. Symbol, Sa or Sm; at. wt., 150.4. 

sa-mar'skite (sd-mar'sklt), n. [From Samarski, a Rus- 
sian.] Min. A lustrous, velvet-black orthorhombic mineral, 
a niobate of iron, uranium, thorium, etc. It is a source of 
the thorium oxide in incandescent gas mantles. 

sam'bar, sam'bur (sam'bur; samM, n. [Hind, sambar, 
sabar."] Any of several large Asiatic deer having a maned 
neck; esp., the Indian elk (Cervus aristotelis). 

sam'bo (sam'bo), n. ; pi. sambos (-boz). [Sp. zambo bandy- 
legged, the child of a negro and an Indian.] A negro ; some- 
times, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto. Colloq. 
or Humorous. 

sam'buke (sam'buk), n. [L. sambuca, Gr. aanfivia].'] 
Music. A kind of ancient stringed instrument. 

same (sam), a. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. Being not another or 
other ; identical. 2. Not differing in kind ; like in quality 

i or qualities; as, two books printed on the same paper; 
corresponding ; as, on the same day every year ; equal ; as, 
poles the same in height. 3. Just mentioned, or about to be 
mentioned ; as, this same man. - Syn. See identical. 
JSP 3 Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that, and 
is often used substantively. In making comparisons it is 
followed by as or with. 

same'ness, n. 1. State of being the same ; identity ; simi- 
larity. 2. Hence : want of variety ; tedious monotony. 

Sa'mi-an (sa'mi-an), a. [L. Samius."] Of or pert, to the 
island of Samos, in the .<Egean Sea. — n. A native or in- 
habitant of Samos. 

sam'iel (sam'yel), n. [Turk, sam-yeli; Ar. samm poison 
+ Turk, yel wind.] The simoom. 

sam'i-sen (sam'i-sen), n. [Jap-f fr. Chin, san hsien three 
strings.] Music. 
A Japanese banjo- 
like instrument of 
three strings. 

sa'mite (sa'mlt), n. 
[OF. samit, fr. LL. Samisen. a Plectrum, 

fr. LGr. e^auiros, Z&utjtos, woven with six threads ; Gr. <l£ 
six + piros thread.] A kind of heavy silk stuff, generally 
interwoven with gold. 

Sam/let (sam'let), n. A young or small salmon ; a parr. 

Sam'nite (sam'nlt), n. One of the people of ancient Sam- 
nium, a district of south central Italy. They were an off- 
shoot of the Sabines. — Sam'nite, a. 

Sa-mo'an (sd-mo'dn), a. Of or pert, to Samoa or its inhab- 
itants. — n. One of the natives of Samoa, among the finest 
and purest in type of the Polynesians ; also, the language of 
the Samoans. 

Sam'o-thra'cian (sam'6-thra'shdn), a. [Gr. 2ajuo0pa/cios.] 
Of or pert, to the island of Samothrace (Samothraki), in 
the ^Egean Sea, or designating the mysteries for which it 
was famous. — n. An inhabitant of Samothrace. 

sam'o-var (-var), n. [Russ., lit., self-boiler.] A metal urn 
used, orig. in Russia, for heating water, esp. in making tea. 

Sam/o-yed/, Sam'o-yede' (sam'6-yed'), n. [Russ. Samo- 
yed.~\ 1. One of a Mongolian people, hunters and fishers, 
inhabiting Siberia. 2. One of a breed of Russian dogs, 
extensively used as sledge dogs. 

Sam'o-yed'ic (-yed'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to the Samoyeds. 
2. Designating, or pert, to, a subfamily of the Ural-Altaic 
languages. — n. The language of the Samoyeds. 

Samp (samp), n. [Massachusetts Indian nasaump un- 
parched meal porridge.] Coarse hominy. U. S. 





sam'pan (sam'pan), n. [Chin, san pan, lit., three planks.] 

A form of -. .=.. •„- -, 

skiff used on c 
the coasts of 
China, Ja- 
pan, etc. 

sam'phire 
(-fir), n. [F. 
l'herbe de 
Saint Pierre 
herb of Saint Peter.] 

1. A fleshy apiaceous Sampan. 

European sea-coast plant (Crithmum maritimum) used 
for pickles. 2. Common glasswort (Salicornia herbacea). 

sam'ple (sam'p'l), n. [OF. essample, example, fr. L. exem- 
plum. See example.] A part of anything presented as evi- 
dence of the quality of the whole ; a specimen. — Syn. See 
example. — v. t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling. To take or test a 
sample or samples of. 

sam'pler (-pier), n. 1. A piece of needlework made as a sam- 
ple of skill. 2. One who examines samples or by samples. 
3. Any of various_devices for sampling, as grain, ore, etc. 

sam'shu (sam'shoo), n. [Chin, san three + shao fire, i. e., 
thrice distilled.] An alcoholic liquor distilled in China from 
rice or large millet ; also, in general, a spirituous drink. 

Sam/son (sam'sun), n. [Gr. 'Zappuv, fr. Heb. Shimshon.'] 
Bib. An Israelite of great physical strength. Judges xiii. 

Sam'U-el ( sam'u-el ), n. [L., fr. Gr. Sa^ou^X, fr. Heb. 
Shemuel."] Bib. a A famous Hebrew judge and prophet. 
b Either of two books (First and Second Samuel) in the 
Old Testament. 

sa'mu-rai' (sa'moo-rl'), n. pi. & sing. [Jap] In the for- 
mer feudal system of Japan (to 1871), the class, or a mem- 
ber of the class, of military retainers of the daimios, consti- 
tuting the gentry, or lesser nobility. 

san'a-tive (san'd-tiv), a. Curative; healing; sanatory. 

san'a-to'ri-um (-to'ri-fon; 57), n.; pi. L. -ria (-d), E. 
-riums (-umz). [L., neut. of sanatorius giving health.] 

1. A health resort ; a sanitarium. 2. An establishment for 
treatment of the sick ; a sanitarium. 

san'a-to-ry (san'd-to-n), a. [L. sanatorius, fr. L. sanare 
to heal.] Conducive to health ; healing ; curative. 
Syn. Sanatory, sanitary. Sanatory signifies conducive to 
health. Sanitary has the more general meaning of pertain' 
ing to health ; as, the camp is not sanatory, its sanitary con- 
ditions are bad. 

san'be-ni'to (san'be-ne'to), n. ; pi. sanbenivos (-toz). [Sp. 
or Pg. sambenito, prop., Saint Benedict.] 1. Anciently, a 
sackcloth coat worn by penitent heretics. 2. A. garment or 
cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, devils, etc., 
worn by a person condemned by the Inquisition and brought 
forth at the auto-da-fe. 

sanc'ti-fi-ca'tion (sank'ti-fi-ka'shzin), n. Act of sanctify- 
ing, or state of being sanctified. [monious.l 

sanc'ti-fied (sank'ti-fid), p. a. Made holy; also, sancti-| 

sanc'ti-fi'er (-fl'er), n. One who sanctifies. 

sanc'ti-fy (-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid) ; -py'ing. [F. sanctifier, 
or L. sanctificare ; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] 1. To free from sin ; purify. 2. To make sacred or 
holy ; set apart to holy use ; hallow. 3. To render produc- 
tive of holiness or piety ; as, to sanctify sufferings. 4. To 
impart or impute venerableness, respect, etc., to ; give sanc- 
tion to ; as, the intention sanctifies the deed. 

sanc'ti-mo'ni-OUS (-mo'ni-ws), a. 1. Sacred ; saintly. Obs. 

2. Making a show of sanctity ; hypocritically devout or 
pious. — sanc'ti-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

sanc'ti-mo-ny (sank r ti-mo-nT), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. 
sanctus holy.] 1. Holiness. Obs. 2. Assumed or pre- 
tended holiness ; hypocritical devoutness. 

sanc'tion (-shun), n. [L. sanctio, fr. sancire, sanctum, to 
render sacred, fix unalterably.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious 
ratification ; confirmation ; approbation. 2. That which 
induces the observance of law or custom ; binding force or 
influence. — Syn. Authorization, authority, indorsement. 

— v. t. To ratify ; confirm ; approve. — Syn. See ratify. 

sanc'ti-tude (-ti-tud), n. Sanctity. Rare. 

sanc'ti-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). [L. sanctitas, fr. sanc- 
tus holy.] 1. State or quality of being sacred or holy; 
holiness ; godliness. 2. Sacredness ; solemnity ; inviola- 
bility ; as, the sanctity of an oath. — Syn. See holiness. 

sanc'tu-a-rize (-t$-a-rlz), v. t. To shelter by sanctuary. 

sanc'tu-a-ry (-rf), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [OF. saintuaire, fr. 
L. sanctuarium, fr. sanctus sacred, holy.]l. A consecrated 
place, as a temple or sacred grove ; specif. : a The tern pie at 
Jerusalem, or the most refcjred part of it, called the Holy of 
Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, b The 
most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of 
a Christian church in which the altar is placed. C A church, 
temple, or other consecrated building, d Classical Antiq. 
A place consecrated to some god or gods, whether open 
or inclosed ; adytum. 2. A sacred and inviolable place of 
refuge and protection ; asylum. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, tun, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SANCTUM 



855 



SANITARIUM 




sanc'tum (-t&m), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] 
A sacred place ; place of retreat ; room for personal use. 

sanc'tum sanc-to'rum (sank-to'rum ; 57). [L.] 1. Holy 
of holies. 2. A place strictly private ; — often jocose. 

Sanc'tUS (-tus), n. [L. sanctus, p. p.] 1. A part of the 
Mass, or of the Communion service, of which the first words 
in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus (Holy, holy, holy). 
2. Music. A setting of the Sanctus. 

Sanctus bell. A bell rung by the server at certain times 
during the Mass or Communion service, as at the Sanctus. 

sand (sand), n. [AS.] 1. Loose granular material resulting 
from disintegration of rocks. 2. A tract, region, or deposit 
of sand ; beach ; shore ; — also in pi. 3. The sand in an 
hourglass ; hence : a moment ; in pi., the moments of one's 
life. 4. Courage ; grit. Slang. — v. t. 1. To sprinkle, pow- 
der, or mix with sand. 2. To fill, as harbors, etc., with sand, 
as by the action of currents ; — usually used with up. 

san'dal (san'dal).n. Sandalwood. 

san'dal, n. [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. aavbaXtov, dim. 
of cravSaXov. ] 1. A kind of shoe consist- 
ing of a sole strapped to the foot. 2. 
A fancy slipper or half-boot.^ 3. A 
strap or latchet to hold on a slipper or 
low shoe. 4. A kind of rubber over- 
shoe cut very low. — san'daled, san'- 
dalled (-dald), a. 

san'dal tree. An East Indian melia- Sandals, showing 
ceous tree (Sandoricum indicum) cul- two methods of 
tivated in the tropics for its fruit. fastening. 

san'dal-wood' (-wood'), or san'dal, n. [F. sandal, 
through LL., fr. Gr. a-avrakoi'.] _ 1. The close-grained, 
fragrant wood of any of certain Oriental santalaceous trees 
(genus Santalum, esp. S. album) much used in ornamental 
carving and cabinetwork ; also, the tree itself. 2. Any of va- 
rious other trees or their fragrant wood, as an East Indian 
fabaceous tree (Lingoum santalinum) , called specif, red 
sandalwood, or its heavy dark red dyewood. 

san'da-rac (san'da-rak), n. [OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. o-avSapanT).] 
1. The sandarac tree. 2. A brittle, faintly aromatic, and, 
usually, pale yellow resin obtained from the sandarac tree, 
used chiefly in making varnish and as incense. 

sandarac tree. A large pinaceous tree (Callitris qua- 
dHvalvls) of Morocco with a hard fragrant wood much 
used in building and as the source of the resin sandarac. 

sand'bag' (sabd'bag'), n. 1. A bag of sand, as for use in 
fortification, for ballast, etc. 2. A bag filled with sand for 
use as a weapon. — v. t. To hit or stun with a sandbag. — 
sand'bag'ger (-bag'er), n. 

sand blast. Sand forcibly projected by air or steam for en- 
graving or cutting glass, stone, and the like ; also, the ap- 
paratus used to apply it. _ [or Dial.\ 

sand'— blind', a. Purblind ; weaksighted. Archaic, Scot.,\ 

sand'— box' tree. A tropical American euphorbiaceous tree 
(Hura crepitans) having a woody capsule which, when 
dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. 

sand bur or burr. Any of several weeds of waste places, 
having burlike fruit ; as : a A western American night- 
shade (Solanum rostratum). b An ambrosiaceous plant 
(Gsertneria acanthicarpa) of the same region. 

sand crack. Veter. A fissure or lesion of the hoof wall 
of a horse, often causing lameness. When in front, it is 
known as toe crack, and is most common in the hind feet ; 
when in the lateral parts, as quarter crack. 

sand dollar. Any of several flat circular sea urchins (esp. 
Echinarachnius parma) which 
live on sandy bottoms. 

Sand'ed, p. a. 1. Covered or sprin- 
kled with sand ; sandy. 2. Sandy, 
as in color. 

sand eel. A sand launce. 

sand'er (san'der), n. One who, or 
that which, sands. 

sand'er-ling (-lTng), n. A small 
sandpiper (Calidris leucophsea) 
with gray and white plumage. 

sand flea. 1. Any flea living or 
breeding in sandy places, esp. the 
dog flea. 2. The chigoe. 3. A 
beach flea. 

sand'glass' (sand'glas 7 ), n. An instrument for measuring 
time by the running of sand. See hourglass. 

sand grouse. Any of numerous birds (family Pteroclidse) 
inhabiting arid parts of southern Europe, Asia, and Africa, 
closely allied to the pigeons in structure. 

sand'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being sandy. 

sand launce. Any of several small, elongate, marine fishes 




Sand Dollar {.EcMnarach- 
nlus parma). (i) 




Sand Launce (Ammodytes tobianus). (i) 
(Ammodytes or allied genus). They remain buried in sandy 
beaches while the tide is out. 




Spotted Sandpiper. 



sand'man' (-man'), n. A mythical man who makes children 
sleepy ; — prob. so called in allusion to the rubbing of 
their eyes as if there were sand in them. 

sand'pa'per (sand'pa'per),n. Paper covert 
on one side with sand glued fast, used for 
smoothing and polishing. — v. t. To smooth 
with sandpaper. 

sand'pip'er (-plp'er), n. Any 
of numerous small limicoline 
birds distinguished from 
the plovers chiefly by the 
longer bill. The common 
sandpiper of Europe 
(Actitis hypoleuca) 
and the allied spotted 
sandpiper of America 
are the most familiar. 

sand'stone' (-ston'), n. 
A rock consisting of sand united by some natural cement, as 
silica, iron oxide, or the like. 

sand viper, a A hognose snake, b The horned viper, 

sand'wich (-wlch), n. [After the Earl of Sandwich.'] 1. 
Two pieces of bread having a layer of meat, cheese, or, 
now, almost any kind of savory food between them. 2. 
Something resembling a sandwich in arrangement. — v. t. 
To make into a sandwich ; also, to insert something be- 
tween things that are unlike it. 

sand'wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Arenaria) of low, 
tufted, silenaceous herbs, which grow in dry, sandy soil. 

sand'y (san'di), a.; sand'i-er (-di-er) ; -i-est. 1. Consist- 
ing of or containing sand ; full of sand ; covered with sana. 
2. Resembling sand ; as : a Unstable, b Yellowish red ; as, 
sandy hair. 3. Gritty ; plucky. Slang. 

sane (san), a.; san'er (san'er); san'est. [L. sanus.] 
1. Mentally sound ; as, a sane man. Of the mind : not de- 
ranged ; acting rationally. 2. Proceeding from a sound 
mind ; as, a sane criticism or remark. — Syn. See wise. 

Sang (sang), pret. of SING. 

san'ga-ree' (sarj'gd-re'), n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, fr- 
sangre blood, L. sanguis."] A drink composed of wine and 
water, sweetened and spiced, common in the tropics. 

||sang'-froid'(saN'frwa'),n. [F., lit., cold blood.] Freedom 
from agitation ; coolness in difficulty ; composure. 

San'graal' (san'gral'), San'gre-al (san'gre-al), n. [See 
saint ; grail.] The Holy Grail. See grail. 

san-guic'o-lous (sarj-gwik'o-lus), a. [L. sanguis blood + 
-colous.] Inhabiting the blood, as certain parasites. 

san-guif'er-OUS (-gwlf'er-us), a. [L. sanguis blood + 
-ferous.] Physiol. Conveying blood, as an artery. [tion.| 

san'gui-fi-ca'tion (sarj'gwT-fT-ka'shim), n. Blood produc-| 

san'gui-na'ri-a (sarj'gwT-na'rl-d ; 3), n. [NL., fr L. (herba) 
sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood.] The bloodroot 
(Sanguinaria canadensis) or its emetic rootstock. 

san'gui-na-ry (san'gwT-na-rT), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. 
sanguis blood.] 1. Consisting of blood. 2. Attended with 
bloodshed ; bloody ; as, a sanguinary battle. 3. Blood- 
thirsty ; eager to shed blood ; as, a sanguinary foe. — 
Syn. Murderous, cruel. See bloody. — san'gui-na-ri-ly 
(-rT-li), adv. — san'gui-na-ri-ness, n. 

san'guine (-gwin), a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. 
sanguis blood.] 1. Red, like blood. 2. Sanguinary- ; blood- 
thirsty. 06s. or Rare. 3. In early physiology, having blood 
as the dominant humor ; now, characterized by abundant 
and active circulation of blood ; as, a sanguine tempera- 
ment, one marked by ruddiness and by cheerful and hope- 
ful, but not always tenacious, spirits. 4. Warm ; ardent ; 
confident ; as, sanguine of success. — Syn. See hopeful. 
— san'guine-ly, adv. — san'guine-ness, n. 

san-guin'e-OUS (-gwln'e-us), a. 1. Abounding with blood ; 
sanguine. 2. Of or pert, to blood ; bloody. 3. Blood-red ; 
crimson. 4. Sanguine ; confident ; hopeful. 

san-guin'O-lent (-6-lent), a. [L. sanguinolentus, fr. san- 
guis blood.] Of, pert, to, tinged or mingled w T ith, blood. 

san-guiv'o-rous (-gwiv'6-ri/s), a. [L. sanguis blood -f 
-vorous.] Subsisting upon blood, as a bat or vampire. 

Sante-drin (san'he-dnn) In. [Heb. sanhedrin, lr. Gr 

Sanlie-drim (san'he-drim)J awiSpiov; avv with + edpa i 
seat.] Jewish Antiq. Assembly ; council ; esp., more fully 
Great Sanhedrin, the supreme council of 71 members. 

San'i-cle (san'I-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. sanare to heal.] Any of 
a genus (Sanicula) of umbelliferous plants, formerly re- 
puted to have healing powers. 

sa'ni-es (sa'ni-ez), n. [L.] Med. A thin, serous fluid 
commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds. 

sa'ni-OUS (-us), a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies.] Med. Si Pert. 
to # sanies ; thin and serous, with a slightly bloody tinge, b 
Discharging sanies. 

san'i-ta'ri-an (sanl-ta'rT-on ; 3), a. Pert, to health or its 
laws ; sanitary. — n. One versed in sanitary measures. 

san'i-ta-ri-ly (-ta-ri-li), adv. In a sanitary manner. 

san'i-ta'ri-um (-ta'rf-um ; 3), n.; pi. E. -riums (-umz), L. 
-RiA (-a). [NL.] A sanatorium, esp. in sense 2. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to PronunciatiotU 
Explanations oi Abbreviations used la this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word* + combined with, a equal*. 



N 



SANITARY 



856 



SARCENET 







R 



san'i-ta-ry (sanT-ta-rY), a. [L. sanitas health.} Of or 
pertaining to health ; hygienic. — Syn. See sanatory. 

— n.j pi. -ries (-riz). A public water-closet and urinal. 
sanl-ta'tion (-ta'shtm), n. A rendering sanitary ; science 

of sanitary conditions ; use of sanitary measures ; hygiene. 

san'i-ty (san'I-ti), n. [L. sanitas, fr. sanus sound, healthy.] 
State or quality of being sane ; soundness or health of mind. 

san'jak' (san'jak'), n. [Turk, sanjaq, sanjaq, lit., flag.] 
In Turkey, a district or subdivision of a vilayet. 

San Jo-se' scale (san ho-sa'). A scale insect (Aspidiotus 
perniciosus) very destructive to fruit trees ; — first intro- 
duced into the United States at San Jose, California. 

sank (sank), pret. of sink. 

San'khya (sar/kyd), n. [Skr. samkhya."] One, probably 
the oldest, of the six orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy. 

san'nup (san'iip), n. [Algonquian.] A male American In- 
dian ; a man, specif., a brave ; a warrior ; — correl.of squaw. 

Sans (sanz ; F. saN), prep. [F., fr. L. sine without.] With- 
out ; deprived or destitute of. Obsoles. in English. 

San'scrit (san'skrlt). Var. of Sanskrit. 

sans'-cu-lotte' (sanz'ku-lof ; F. saVkii'lot'), n. _ [F., 
without breeches.] 1. Fr. Hist. Lit., a fellow without 
breeches ; — applied in reproach by the aristocrats in the 
first revolution to the extreme republicans, who rejected 
short breeches for pantaloons. 2. A radical republican ; vio- 
lent revolutionist ; Jacobin. — sans'-CU-lot'tic (sanz'ku- 
lot'Tk), a. — sans'-cu-lot'tism (-Iz'm), n. 

San'skrit (san'skrit), n. [Skr. Samskfta the Sanskrit lan- 
guage, lit., the perfect or classical language, fr. samskrta 
prepared, perfect.] _ The ancient Aryan language of India, 
from which are derived the modern Aryan tongues of that 
country. — a. Of, pertaining to, or written in, Sanskrit. 
— San-skrit'ic (san-skrit'ik), a. — San'skrit-ist, n. 

San'ta Claus or Klaus (-to klSs). See Saint Nicholas. 

san'ta-la'ceous (san'td-la'shiis), a. [Gr. aavTokov sandal- 
wood tree.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Santalacese) of 
herbs, shrubs, or, rarely, trees, mostly root parasites, having 
clustered apetalous flowers, and the fruit a nut or drupe. 
The sandalwoods form the type genus (Santalum). 

san'ta-lin (san'td-lln), n. Chem. A red crystalline sub- 
stance, the coloring matter of red sandalwood ; — called 
also santalic acid. 

san-ton'i-ca (san-ton'I-kd), n. [NL., fr. L. herba^ santo- 
nica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania.] 
The European wormwood {Artemisia pauci flora); also, 
the anthelmintic drug consisting of its dried flowers. 

san'to-nin (san'to-nin), n. Also san'to-nine. Chem. A 
white crystalline, slightly bitter substance, C15H18O3, oc- 
curring in santonica, and used as an anthelmintic. 

sap (sap), n. [AS. sxp.~] 1. The juices or fluid contents of 
a plant, esp. the watery solution which circulates through 
the vascular tissue in woody plants.^ 2. Any liquid or 
humor essential to health or characteristic of vigor ; vigor ; 
blood. 3. Sapwood, or alburnum. 4. A saphead ; simpleton. 

Sap, v . t. ; sapped (sapt) ; sap'ping. [F. saper, fr. sape a 
pcythe, LL. sappa mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or 
wearing away ; undermine. 2. Mil. To operate against, 
or pierce, by saps. 3. To unsettle ; weaken ; as, to sap the 
mind. — v. i. Mil. To proceed by or execute saps. 

— n. Mil. An approach made by besiegers, in the form of a 
•narrow trench, or, sometimes, a covered trench or a tunnel. 

sap'a-jou (sap'd-joo; F. sa'pa^zhoo'), n. [F., fr. Tupi 
sao-guacu, lit., big monkey.] A capuchin monkey. 

sa-pan' wood (sd-pan'). [Malay sapangJ] A red dyewood 
obtained from an East Indian caesalpiniaceous tree (Bian- 
csea sappan) ; also, the tree itself. 

sap'head' (sap'hed'), n. A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a 
simpleton. Colloq. — sap'— headed, a. Colloq. 

sa-phe'nous (sd-fe'nfts), a. [OF. saphene a vein of the leg, 
F. saphene, fr. Ar. safln, safin."] Anat. Designating, or 
pert, to, the two principal superficial veins of the legs, the 
long one on the inner, and the short one on the outer, side 
of the leg. 

sap'id (sap'id), a. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste.] Capa- 
ble of affecting the organs of taste ; possessing savor. 

sa-pid'i-ty (sd-pld'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being sapid. 

sa'pi-ence (sa'pl-ens), n. Quality of being sapient. 

sa'pi-ent (-ent), a. [L. sapiens, -entis, p. pr. of sapere to 
taste, have sense, know.] Wise ; discerning ; — often in 
irony. — Syn. Sagacious, knowing. See shrewd. — sa'- 
pi-ent-ly, adv. 

sa'pi-en'tial (-en'shdl), a. [L. sapientialis.'] Having, af- 
fording, or expounding wisdom. — sa'pi-en'tial-ly, adv. 

sap'in-da'ceous (sap'in-da'shfts), a. [From Sapindus, the 
type genus ; L. sapo soap -f- Indicus Indian.] Bot. Be- 
longing to a family (Sapindacese) of trees or shrubs, the 
soapberry family, including the rambutan, the supple-jack, 
and a plant that yields guarana. The fruit is often edible. 

sap'less, a. 1. Destitute of sap ; dry. 2. Fig., spiritless. 

sapling (sap'llng), n. 1. A young tree. 2. A youth. 

sap'o-dil'la (-6-diFd), n. [Sp. sapotillo, zapotillo."] 1. A 
tropical American evergreen tree (Sapota zapotillo) with 



hard reddish wood. 2. Its edible fruit, with rough skin and 
yellowish pulp ; — called also sapodilla plum. 

sap'o-na'ceous (-na'shws), a. [L. sapo, -onis, soap.] Re- 
sembling soap ; having the qualities of soap, [saponified. I 

sa-pon'i-fi'a-ble (sd-pon'i-fl'd-b'l), a. Capable of being 

sa-pon'i-fi-ca'tion (sd-pon'i-fl-ka'shim), n. Act, process, 
or result of converting into soap ; Chem., decomposition of 
any ester into the corresponding alcohol and acid ; also, the 
similarproduction of an acid from some other derivative. 

sa-pon'i-n v er (sd-pon'i-fl'er), n. That which saponifies; 
specif.,_any reagent used to cause saponification. 

sa-pon'i-fy (-fi), v. t. & i.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. sapo 
soap + -fy.] To subject to or undergo saponification. 

sap'o-nin (sap'o-nin), n. [L. sapo, -onis, soap.] Chem. 
Any of a group of glucosides occurring in many plants, as 
in soapwort, soapbark, etc., and characterized by their 
property of producing a soapy lather. 

sap'0-nite (-nit), n. [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] 
M in. A native hydrous silicate of magnesium and alumin- 
ium, occurringinsoft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling 
veins and cavities in serpentine, diabase, etc. 

sa'por (sa'por),n. [L.] Savor ; taste ; flavor ; also, juice ; sap. 

sap'o-IOUS (sap'6-rus), a. [L. saporus, saporosus, savory, 
fr. sapor taste.] Having flavor or taste. [dilla.I 

sa-po'ta (sd-po'td), n. [NL*, fr. Mex. tzapotl.'] = sapo-| 

sap'o-ta'ceous (sap'6-ta/shws), a. Bot. Belonging to a fam- 
ily (Sapotacese) of trees and plants, the sapodilla family, 
having milky juice and, often, edible fruit, and including 
the marmalade tree, bully tree, dilly, illupi, etc. Many gen- 
era (esp. Palaquium) yield gutta-percha, various gums, etc. 

sap'per (sap'er), n. One who saps ; Mil., a soldier employed 
on saps or, formerly, in any digging or on fieldworks. 

Sap'phic (saf'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to Sappho, a Greek 
poetess (c. 600 B. c.), famous for her love lyrics. 2. Pros. 
Designating certain verse forms used by Sappho. 

Sap-phi'ra (sa-fl'rd), n. See Ananias. 

sap'phire (saf'Ir), n. [F. saphir, OF. also safir, L. sap- 
phirus, Gr. ffLir<j>ei.pos, of Oriental origin.] 1. A pure vari- 
ety of corundum, in transparent or translucent crystals, 
specif, a blue transparent variety prized as a gem. 2. The 
color of the gem ; bright blue. — a. Of or resembling sap- 
phire ;_of a deep, pure blue. 

sap'phir-ine (saf'er-in ; -In), a. Made of or resembling sap- 
phire. — n. Min. a A native pale blue or green silicate of 
magnesium and aluminium usually granular, b A blue va- 
riety of spinel. 

sap'py (sap'i), a. ; -pi-er (-i-er) ; -pi-est. 1. Abounding with 
sap ; juicy ; succulent. 2. Foolish ; silly. — sap'pi-ness, n. 

sapro-. Combining form from Greek aairpos, rotten. 

sap'ro-gen'ic (sap'ro-jen^ik) 1 a. 1. Capable of producing 

sa-prog'e-nous (sd-proj'e-nus)/ decay or putrefaction, as 
many saprophytic bacteria. 2. Occurring or produced in or 
upon putrefying matter. 

sap'ro-lite (sap'ro-llt), n. Petrog. Disintegrated rock, 
usually more or less decomposed, which lies in its original 
place. — sap'ro-lit'ic (-lit'Tk), a. [caying matter.! 

sa-proph/a-gOUS (sd-prof'd-gus), a. Zodl. Feeding on de-| 

sap'ro-phyte (sap'r6-flt), n. Bot. Any organism living on 
dead or decaying organic matter, as mushrooms, various 
orchids, and_ bacteria. [organic matter. I 

sap'ro-phyt'ic (-flt'Tk), a. Bot. Living on or in decayingi 

sap'sa-gO (sap'sd-go), n. [G. schabzieger ; schaben to 
shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of whey.] A kind of Swiss 
cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot. 

sap'suck'er (-suk'er), n. Any of several small American 
woodpeckers (genus Sphyrapicus) which feed partly on sap. 

sap'wood' (-wood'), n. Alburnum. Cf. heartwood. 

sar'a-band (sar'd-band), n. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, 
fr. Per. sarband a fillet for a lady's headdress ; sar head + 
band band.] A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, or 
music for it. 

Sar'a-cen (-sen),n. [L. Saracenus.'] Orig., among the later 
Greeks and Romans, any nomad of the deserts between 
Syria and Arabia ; hence, an Arab, or, by extension, any 
Mohammedan, esp. as hostile to the Crusaders. 

Sar'a-cen'ic (-sen'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the Saracens ; 
as, Saracenic architecture. 

Sar'a-cen'i-cal (-I-kal), a. Saracenic. 

Sa'rah (sa'rd), n. [Heb. Sarah.'] Bib.Wiie of Abraham, 
and Isaac's mother. Before Isaac's birth, called Sa'rai 
(sa'rT ; sar'a-I). Gen. xi. 31 ; xvii. 15. 

sar'casm (sar'kaz'm), n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmos, Gr. 
<rap/cacr/x6s, fr. crap/cdf av to tear flesh like dogs, bite the lips 
in rage, speak bitterly, fr. <rdp£ , crapKos, flesh.] 1. A keen or 
bitter taunt ; a cutting gibe ; also, irony or the use of it, esp. 
when contemptuous. 2. Quality of being keenly reproach- 
ful or satirically contemptuous. — Syn. See irony. 

sar-cas'tic (sar-kas^tik), a. Expressing, or expressed by, 
sarcasm ; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm ; 
given to the use of sarcasm. — sar-cas'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

sarce'net, sarse'net (sars'nSt), n. A kind of fine thin silk 
fabric, used for linings, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use,, unite, £tm 6 up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SARCOCARP 



857 



SATIN 




sar'co-carp (sarlio-karp), n. [Gr. crap!;, crapicSs, flesh + 
-carp.'] Bot. a A fleshy mesocarp, as the pulpy part of a 
peach, b Improperly, any fleshy fruit. 

sar-COl'O-gy (sar-kol'6-ji), n. [Gr. <rdp£, o-ap/cor, flesh + 
-logy.'] That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. 

sar-co'ma (-ko'md), n. ; pi. L. -comata (-to), E. -comas 
(-ko'mdz). [NL., fr. Gr. aapKa>p.a, fr. crap!;, aapKos, flesh.] 
Med. Any of various vascular cancers arising from the con- 
nective tissue, and typically consisting of a mass of cells 
bound together by connective tissue. They attack esp. the 
bones. — sar-com'a-tous (-kom'd-tSs; -ko'md-tus), a. 

sar-COph'a-gUS (sar-kof'd-gus), n.; pi. L. -agi (-jl), E. 
-gdses (-gus-ez ; 24). [L., fr. Gr. crapKo^ayos, prop., eating 
flesh ; cdpf, aapKos, flesh ■}- 4>ayelvtoea.t.] l.A limestone re- 
puted among the ancient Greeks to consume or quickly dis- 
integrate dead bodies placed in it, and hence used for cof- 
fins. 2. A coffin or tomb of such stone ; hence : any stone 
coffin ; a large coffin exposed to view in the open air or in a 
tomb. [to flesh or muscle. 

sar'COUS (sar'kus), a.[Gr. <rap£, crap/cos, flesh.] Anat. Pert.| 

sard (sard), n. [L. sarda, Gr. crapoiov, or aapSios (sc. \L0os), 
Sardian stone, fr. 2&pSeir Sardes, capital of Lydia.] A 
brownish red variety of chalcedony, classed by some as a 
variety of carnelian. [Sivos \L0os.] — sard.! 

sar'dine (sar'din ; -din), %. [L. lapis sardinus, Gr. crap-\ 

sar-dine' (sar-den' ; sar'den), n. [F., fr. L. sardina, sarda.] 
1. A small clupeoid fish (Sardinella 
pilchardus) 
suitable for 
preserving i n 
oil for food; 
the pilchard. 

It occurs only . ^European Sardine, 

m European waters. 2. Any of vari- 
ous other fishes of the same genus or of other genera re- 
sembling the true Sardines or similarly preserved for food. 

Sar-din'i-an_(sar-dm'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Sardinia. — n. 
A native or inhabitant of Sardinia. 

Sar'di-US (sar'di-us), n. [L. sardius, lapis sardius. See 
sard.] 1. A sard. 2. Bib. A gem in the Hebrew high 
priest's breastplate, perhaps a ruby. Ex. xxviii. 17. 

sar-don'ic (sar-don'Ik), a. [F. sardonique, fr. L. sardoni- 
us, Gr. crapdavios, crapbovws.] Strained ; forced ; as, sar- 
donic laughter ; hence : usually, derisive and malignant ; 
sneering ; bitterly sarcastic ; — said of laughter, facial ex- 
pression, humor, etc. — sar-don'i-cal-ly, adv. 

sar'do-nyx (s'ar'do-niks), n. [L. fr. Gr. crap86i>v%. See 
sard ; onyx.] A kind of onyx having layers of sard. 

sa'ree (sa're). Var. of sari. 

sar-gas'so (sar-gas'o), n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] Gulf weed. 

sar-gas'sum (-Sm), n. [NL., fr. Pg. sargaco seaweed, or 
Sp. sargazo.] Any of a genus {Sargassum) of fucoid sea- 
weeds, the gulfweeds, widely distributed in the warmer 
parts of the Atlantic, esp. in the Sargasso Sea. 

sa'ri (sa're), n. [Hind, sari.] The principal garment of 
a Hindu woman, being a long piece of cloth wrapped round 
the waist, a portion covering the bosom and the head. 

sark (sark), n. [AS. serce, syrce, a shirt.] A shirt; a body 
garment for either sex. Archaic or Scot. 

Sar-ma'tian (sar-ma'shdn), a. [L. Sarmaticus.] Of or 
pert, to Sarmatia, anciently the region north of the Black 
Sea, or its inhabitants. Sarmatia has been used poetically 
for Poland.— n. One of the inhabitants of ancient Sarmatia. 

sar-men'tose (sar-men'tos),o. Bot. [L. sarmentum twig.] 
Producing slender prostrate branches or runners. 

sa-rong' (sa-rong'), n. [Malay sarung, orig., sheath, cov- 
ering.] A sort of skirt, the chief article of dress in the 
Malay Archipelago, worn by both sexes ; also, cloth for 
these garments. 

Sar-pe'don (sar-pe'don), n. [L., fr. Gr. HapTtyS&p.'] Gr. 
Myth. A son of Zeus and Europa. He became king of Lycia 
and Zeus gave him the privilege of living three generations. 

sar'ra-ce'ni-a (sar'd-se'nT-d), n. [NL., after a Dr. Sar- 
razin of Canada.] Any of a genus (Sar- 
racenia) of American bog herbs, the 
pitcher plants, having pitcher-shaped or 
tubular leaves, in which insects are en- 
trapped and digested. 

sar'sa-pa-ril'la (sar'sd-pd-rTl'd), n. 
[Sp. zarzaparrilla.] 1. Any of various 
tropical American species of smilax. 2. 
The dried cordlike roots of any of these, 
mildly tonic and alterative. [lin ' 

sar'sa-pa-ril'lin (-nl'm), n. See parxl-j 

sarse'net (sars'net). Var. of sarcenet. 

sar'tor (sar'tor), n. [L.] A tailor or 
mender of garments. 

sar-to'ri-al (-to'rT-al; 57), a. 1. Of orSarracema (Sar- 
pert. to a tailor or his work. 2. Anat. Of T r % e ^ ia ¥ f^' T 
or pert, to the sartorius muscle. anc j " two p itch- 

Sar-tO'ri-US (-ws), n. [NL., fr. L. sartor erlike Leaves. 





Sassafras. 
Leaves and Berries. 



a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend ; — ■ 
from the use of the muscle in rotating the leg into the posi- 
tion in which it is placed in sitting like a tailor.] Anat. A 
muscle, the longest in the human body, crossing the front 
of the thigh obliquely. 

sash (sash), n.; pi. sashes (-ez ; 24), or, collectively, sash. 
[OF. chasse frame.] The framing in which panes of glass 
are set in a glazed window or door. — v. t. To furnish with 
a sash or sashes ; as, to sash a door or a window. 

sash, n. [Ar. shash muslin turban cloth.] A scarf or band 
worn about the waist or over the shoulder ; belt ; girdle. 

— v. t. To adorn with a sash or a scarf. 

sa'sin (sa'sin), n. [Nepalese.] The common antelope 
(Antilope cervicapra) of India. 

sas'sa-by (sas'd-bT), n.; pi. -bies (-bTz). A large South 
African antelope ( Alcelaphus lunata). 

sas'sa-fras (sas'd-fras), n. [F.] An American lauraceous 
tree (Sassafras sassafras) 
with soft yellow wood and yel- 
low flowers ; also, the bark of 
the root, yielding an aromatic 
oil used as a tonic and astrin- 
gent, for flavoring, etc. 

Sas-sa'ni-an (sa-sa'nT-dn), a. 
Of or pert, to the Sassanidag. 

— n. One of the Sassanidre. 
Sas-san'i-dae (sa-san'i-de), 

n. pi. [From Sassan, grand- 
father of Ardshir I.] A dynas- 
ty of Persian kings, from Ard- 
shir I., a. D. 226-240, to Yez- 
degird III., overthrown by the , 
Arabs in 641. 

sas'sy bark (sas'i). The bark 
of a West African caesalpinia- 
ceous tree {Erythrophlozum 
guineense), used by the na- 
tives as an ordeal poison and medicinally. Also, the tree. 

Sas'tra (saVtrd; shas'trd), n. Also Shas'tra. [Skr. cas- 
tra an order, a sacred book, fr. gas to order, instruct.] A 
treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindus ; 
a book of institutes; esp., a treatise explaining the Vedas. 

sas-tnTgi (sas-trot/gi). Var. of zastrugi. 

sat (sat), pret. of sit. 

Sa'tari (sa/tdn), n. [Heb. satan an adversary, fr. satan to 
be adverse, persecute.] 1. The great adversary of man ; the 
Devil, or Prince of Darkness. According to the Talmud, he 
was an archangel, and was cast out of heaven for disobedi- 
ence. Milton follows this in "Paradise Lost." 2. [I. c] 
A devil ; a very wicked or cruel person. 

sa-tan'ic (sd-tan'ik)_, a. Also, now rare, sa-tan'i-cal. Of or 
pert, to Satan ; having the qualities of Satan ; devilish. — 
sa-tan^i-cal-ly, adv. 

Sa'tan-ism (sa'tdn-Tz'm), n. Worship of 'Satan; specif., a 
cult, real or fictitious, which travesties Christian rites, with 
many alleged blasphemies. 

satch'el (sach'el), n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of 
saccus. See sack bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying 
papers, books, or small articles ; a hand bag. 

sate (sat), v. t.; sat'ed (sat'ed) ; sat'ing. [Prob. fr. sati- 
ate.] To satiate ; glut ; surfeit. — Syn. See satiate. 

sate (sat ; sat). Archaic pret. of sit. [satiny surface.l 

sa-teen/ (sa-ten'), n. A fabric of cotton or wool, with a| 

sat'el-lite (sat'e-llt), n. [F., fr. L. satelles, -itis, an attend- 
ant.] 1. An attendant to a prince or other powerful per- 
son; an obsequious dependent. 2. Astron. An attendant 
body, revolving about a larger one, its primary ; esp., in the 
solar system, a secondary planet. — Syn. See follower. 

sa'ti-a-ble (sa'shi-d-b'l), a. That may be satiated or satis- 
fied. — sa'ti-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), sa'ti-a-ble-ness, n. 

sa'ti-ate (-at), a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, 
sat, satis, enough.] Filled to satiety ; glutted ; sated ; — 
used with with or of. — (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'- 
ing. 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of ; sate. 2. To 
fill beyond natural desire ; surfeit ; glut. 
Syn. Satiate, sate, surfeit, cloy, glut, gorge. To sati- 
ate (lit. and fig.) is to feed to the full or to repletion ; sate 
is stronger, and is chiefly poetical or elevated ; as, his few 
notes soon tire and satiate the ear ; to sate one's revenge. 
Surfeit signifies overeating with consequent nausea or dis- 
gust, an implication which cloy heightens to that of loath- 
ing ; as, to be surfeited with honey ; sameness in diet cloys 
the appetite. Glut suggests greediness or (esp.) overload- 
ing, sometimes with repletion before greed is sated ; to 
gorge is to stuff to the throat, as it were. 

sa'ti-a'tion (-a 'shun), n. Process of becoming satiated; 
state of being satiated ; satiety. 

sa-ti'e-ty (sd-tl'e-ti), n. [L. satietas, fr. sat, satis,^ enough.] 
State of being satiated. — Syn. Repletion, surfeit. 

sat'in (sat'm), n. [F., fr. It., fr. seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a 
bristle.] A silk fabric, of a thick, close texture, and over- 
shot woof, having a glossy surface. 



►2 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



SATINET 



858 



SAURY 



R 



Sat'i-net' (sat/i-net/), n. [F.] 1. A kind of satin or imitation 
satin. 2. A kind of cloth of cotton warp and woolen filling. 

sat'in-pod/ (sat'in-podO, n. Any of various European bras 
sicaceous plants (genus Lunaria, esp. L. biennis) often 
cultivated for its large round pods of a satiny texture. 

sat'in-wood 7 (-wood'), n. 1. An East Indian tree (Chlo- 
roxylon swietenia) allied to the mahogany ; also, its yel- 
lowish brown wood, with satiny luster. 2. In south Florida, 
a small rutaceous tree (Fagaraflava), with orange-colored 
wood, used for furniture and implements. 

sat'in-y (-i), a. Resembling satin ; glossy. 

sat'ire (sat'Ir), n. [L. satira, fr. satura a dish filled with 
various fruits, amedley, fr. satur sated, sat enough.] 1. A 
literary composition, originally in verse and still generally 
so, holding up abuses, vice, etc., to reprobation or ridicule. 

2. Keenness and severity of remark ; trenchant wit ; sar- 
casm._ — Syn. Lampoon, ridicule, pasquinade. See irony. 

sa-tir'ic (sd-tir'Tk), a. Pert, to, of the nature of, satire ; ut- 
tering or expressing satire. — Syn. Cutting, ironical. 

sa-tir'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of 
satire ; satiric. 2. Given to, fond of, or characterized by, 
satire; sarcastic. — sa-tir'i-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

sat'i-rist (sat'i-rist; -er-ist), n. One who satirizes; esp., 
one who writes satire. 

sat'i-rize (ji-rTz; -er-Tz), v. t.; -rized (-T-rlzd ; -er-izd) ; 
-rtz'ing (-l-rlz'ing ; -er-Tz'ing). To subject to satire. 

sat'is-fac'tion (-is-fak'shun), n. 1. Act of satisfying, or 
state of being satisfied. 2. That which satisfies. 3. Repara- 
tion for an insult, as by duel or apology. — Syn. Content- 
ment, content, gratification ; recompense, compensation, 
amends, payment, discharge, remuneration, indemnifica- 
tion. See PROPITIATION. 

Sat'is-fac'to-ry (-to-n), a. 1. Giving or producing satis- 
faction ; esp., relieving the mind from uncertainty ; suffi- 
cient. 2. Theol. Making amends ; atoning. Rare. — sat'is- 
fac'to-ri-ly (-n-li), adv. — sat'is-fac'to-ri-ness, n. 

sat'is-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [OF. satisiier; 
L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 1. In 
general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or 
thing) ; hence : to gratify fully ; make content ; as, to satisfy 
thirst. 2. To give what is due to ; as, to satisfy a creditor. 

3. a To discharge, as a claim, debt, etc. ; pay off ; requite. 
b To make reparation for ; expiate ; as, to satisfy guilt. 4. 
To give assurance to ; convince ; as, to satisfy one's self by 
inquiry. 5. To fulfill the conditions of ; as, to satisfy an 
equation ; — used of numbers and values. — Syn. Satiate, 
sate, compensate. See content, — v. i. 1. To give or 
afford satisfaction. 2. To pay ; atone. 

sa'trap (sa'trap ; sat'rap), n. [L. satrapes, Gr. aaTpi.irr]s, fr. 
OPer. khshathrapavan ruler.] 1. The governor of a prov- 
ince in ancient Persia. 2. Hence, a petty prince or despot. 

Sa'trap-y (sa'tra-pT ; sat'ra-), n.; pi. -trapies (-piz). The 
government or jurisdiction of a satrap ; a principality. 

sat'u-ra-ble (sat^-rd-b'l), a. Capable of being saturated. 

sat'u-rate (-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [L. sa- 
tur atus, p. p. of satur are to saturate, fr. satur sated.] 1. 
To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or 
soaked ; fill fully ; treat (with something) till no more can be 
taken up, as water with salt. 2. Chem. To cause to combine 
till there is no further tendency to combine ; neutralize. 
Syn. Saturate, soak, drench, steep. That is saturated 
which is completely imbued with something, or has ab- 
sorbed all that it can hold. Soak implies saturation esp. by 
immersion ; drench, esp. by pouring. Steep applies to that 
which is imbued, permeated, or infused with something. 

— (-rat), a. 1. Filled to repletion ; saturated ; soaked. 2. 
Deep ; intense ; — applied to colors. 

sat'U-rat'ed (-rat'ed), p. a. 1. Soaked through ; holding by 
absorption, solution, or the like, all that is possible. 2. Op- 
tics. Not diluted with white ; — used of pure colors. 

sat'u-ra'tion (-ra'shtin), n. 1. Act or process of saturating ; 
state of being saturated. 2. Optics. Freedom from mixture 
or dilution with white ; purity ; — used of colors. 3. Mag- 
netism. State of maximum magnetization; sometimes, 
state of maximum permanent magnetization, [saturates. 

sat'U-ra'tor (sStljt-ra'ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, | 

Sat'ur-day (sat'ur-dS), n. [AS. Sseterdseg, Sseterndazg, lit., 
Saturn's day.] The seventh and last day of the week. 

Sat'urn (sat'wrn), n. [L. Saturnus, lit., the sower, fr. 
serere, satum, to sow.] 1. Roman Relig. An ancient god 
of the seed sowing ; — later, identified with the Greek 
Cronus, and, like him, fabled to have been king during an 
ancient golden age. 2. Astron. The planet next in magni- 
tude to Jupiter, and 
next more remote 
from the sun, re- 
markable for its en- 
circling rings. Its 
mean distance from 
the sun is about 
886,000,000 miles; 
its period of revolu- 




Saturn, 2. 




tion is 29.46 years ; and its diameter, about 73,000 miles. 

Sat'ur-na'li-a (-wr-na'li-d), n. pi. [L.] 1. Roman Relig. 
The festival of Saturn, beginning Dec. 17. 2. [I. c] A 
period or occasion in which the passions or vices have 
riotous indulgence. — Sat'ur-na'li-an (-an), a. 

Sa-tur'ni-an (sd-tfir'm-dn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Sat- 
urn, whose age or reign is called the golden age ; hence, dis- 
tinguished for peacefulness, happiness, or contentment. 2. 
Astron. Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn. 
Saturnian atom, Physics, an atom consisting of a group 
of negatively charged electrons inside a mass of positive 
electrification, and revolving about the center of the posi- 
tive charge at such a rate as to be in stable equilibrium 
under their own repulsive forces and under an attraction to 
the center of the positive charge. 

sat'ur-nine (sat'ur-nln),a. [F. saturnin.] 1. [cap.'] Born 
under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn. 2. Heavy; 
grave ; gloomy ; dull ; — opposed to mercurial; as, a satur- 
nine person or temper. 3. Old Chem. Of or pert, to Sat- 
urn, or lead ; like lead. — Syn. See sullen. 

sat'yr (safer; sa'ter), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. cArupos.] 1. 
[Often cap.] Class. Myth. A syl- ~ 
van deity or demigod, part man and 
part horse or goat, given to riotous 
merriment and lasciviousness. 2. A 
lecherous man. — sa-tyr'ic (sd- 
tTr'ik), sa-tyr'i*cal (-I-kdl), a. 

sat'y-ri'a-sis (saVi-rf'd-sis), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. trarvplavis. See satyr.] 
Med. Irresistible and almost insa- 
tiable venereal appetite in the male. 

sauce (sos), n. [OF. sausse, F. 
sauce, LL. salsa, prop., salt pickle, 
L. salsus salted.] 1. A condiment 
or composition of appetizing ingre- 
dients eaten with food as a relish ; 

esp., a dressing for meat, fish, pud- Satyr. 1 (from a Greek 
dings, etc. 2. (dial. pron. sos, sas, vase), 

sas) Any garden vegetables eaten with meat ; — often called 
garden sauce. Colloq. or Dial. 3. Stewed or preserved 
fruit eaten with other food as a relish ; as, apple sauce. U. S. 
4. Sauciness ; pert or insolent language. Now Colloq. 

— v. t.;sAVCEi> (sost) ; sauc'ing (sos'ing). 1. To accom- 
pany with something to give a higher relish ; season ; flavor. 
2. To give zest, flavor, or interest to. 3. To be impudent 
or saucy to. Now Colloq. 

sauce'fcox' (-boks'), n. A saucy person, esp. a child. Colloq. 

sauce'pan' (-pan'), n. A small metallic vessel with a han- 
dle, for use in stewing, orig. for cooking sauce ; stewpan. 

sau'cer (so'ser), n. 1. A vessel for sauce. Obs. 2. Small 
dish to hold a cup. 3. Something shaped like a saucer. 

sau'cy (so'si), a.; -ci-er (-si-er) ; -ci-est. [From sauce.] 
Showing, or expressive of, impertinent boldness ; impudent ; 
pert. — Syn. Insolent, rude, uncivil. See officious. — 
sau'ci-ly (so'sT-lT), adv. — sau'ci-ness, n. 

sauerTaraut' (sour'krouf), n. [G. ; sauer sour + kraut 
herb, cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment 
in a brine made of its own juice with salt. 

Sau'ger (so'ger), n. A pike perch (Stizostedion canadense) 
similar to the wall-eye, but smaller and less valued as food. 

Saul (sol), n. [L. Saul, Heb. Shaul.] Bib. 1. First king of 
Israel, who fought the Philistines, quarreled with Samuel, 
pursued David, and fell on his own sword when defeated 
by the Philistines. 2. See Paul. 

saun'ter (san'ter ; son'-), v. i. To wander about idly ; stroll. 
Syn. Wander, roam, rove, ramble, stroll, range. — Saun- 
ter, stroll. Saunter suggests a leisurely pace, an idle and 
care-free mind, and aimlessness ; stroll often implies more 
of purpose than saunter. 

— n. A sauntering ; a strolling gait. 
saun'ter-er, n. One who saunters. 

sau'rel (so'rel), n. [F.] Any of a genus (Trachurus) of 
carangoid fishes (esp. T. trachurus and T. symmetricus) 
of Europe and America. 

sau'li-an (so'n-an), n. [Gr. aabpa, cravpos, a lizard.] Any 
of a group (Sauria) of reptiles containing the lizards, and, 
formerly, the crocodiles, etc. — a. Of or pert, to the sauri- 
ans ; lizardlike. 

sau'ro-pod (so'r6-pod), n. [Gr. <raOpos lizard + -pod.] 
Paleon. A member of a suborder or order (Sauropoda) of 
dinosaurs consisting of herbivorous forms with a long neck 
and tail, small head, and more or less plantigrade five-toed 
limbs. The group contains the most gigantic of all land ani- 
mals. — sau'ro-pod, sau-rop'o-dous (so-rop'6-diis), a. 

sau'ry (s6'ri), ».; pi. -rtes (-riz). A slender long-beaked 
fish (Scombresox saurus) related to the flying fishes, and 




Saury. ^ x'" 5 

found in the temperate parts of the Atlantic north to Cape 
Cod and the French coast. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, drb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, onite, firn, up, circus D menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SAUSAGE 



859 



SAXON 



sau'sage (s6'e£j), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salsicia, fr. L. salsus 
salted.] Meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and, 
commonly, inclosed in a skin, usually of prepared intestine. 

saus-su'rite (so-su'rlt ; sos'u-rlt), n. [F. After H. B. de 
Saussure, a Swiss.] Min. & Petrog. A tough, compact 
substance, white, greenish, or grayish, consisting chiefly of 
zoisite or epidote. — saus'SU-rit'ic (sos'u-nt'ik), a. 

Ilsau'te' (so'ta'), a. [F., p. p. of sauter, prop., to jump.] 
Cookery. Fried lightly and quickly in a little hot fat while 
being frequently turned over. Hence : sau'te', v. t. ; sau'- 
teed' (so'tad') ; sau'te'ing. 

sau'terne' (so'tern' ; so-turn'),. n. [From Sauternes, Gi- 
ronde, France.] A kind of white wine. See bordeaux. 

sav'a-ble (saVd-b'l), a. That may be saved. 

sav'age (sav'aj), a. [F. sauvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging 
to a wood, wild, silva a wood.] 1. Of or pert, to the forest ; 
remote from human habitation ; in a state of nature. 2. 
Wild ; untamed ; uncultivated ; as, savage beasts. 3. Un- 
civilized ; rude ; as, savage manners. 4. Characterized by 
cruelty ; inhuman ; brutal. — Syn. Unpolished, brutish, 
cruel, atrocious. See ferocious, barbarian, a. — n. 1. A 
human being untaught, uncivilized, or without cultivation. 
2. A man of brutal cruelty ; barbarian. — sav'age-ly, adv. 
— sav'age-ness, n. 

sav'age-ry (-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. State of being sav- 
age, or uncivilized ; savageness. 2. Savage disposition or 
action ; barbarity. 3. Savages collectively. 

sav'ag-ism (-aj-iz'm), n. State of being savage ; utter bar- 
barism ; also, savages collectively. 

sa-van'na (sd-van'd), n. [Of American Indian origin.] 1. 
A treeless plain ; an open, level region, esp. as in Florida. 
2. Phytogeog. A tropical or subtropical grassland contain- 
ing scattered trees, the undergrowth being chiefly of the 
xerophilous type, as in the " campos" of Brazil. 

|| sa'vant' (sa'vaN'), n. ; pi. savants (F. sa/vaV). [F., fr. 
savoir to know, L. sapere.] A man of learning. 

save (sav), v. t.; saved (savd) ; sav'ing (saVIng). [OF. 
salver, sauver, fr. L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe.] 1. To 
make safe ; preserve from injury or evil ; rescue. 2. Theol. 
To deliver from sin and its penalty, and bring into spiritual 
life. 3. To keep from being spent, wasted, or lost ; lay up ; 
hoard. 4. To obviate the necessity or occurrence of ; spare ; 
as, to save one labor. 5. To avoid losing the use of ; escape 
loss of ; catch ; as, to save the mail. — v. i. 1. To avoid 
unnecessary expense; prevent waste; be economical. 2. 
To keep ; last ; as, food that will save. 
Syn. Save, rescue. Save implies preservation from evil 
of any kind ; rescue more frequently suggests deliverance 
from immediate or impending danger or evil. 

save, prep, or conj. [F. sauf, properly adj., safe.] Ex- 
cept ; excepting ; not including. — Syn. See except. 

save'a-ble. Var. of savable. [lossor, rarely, damage. | 

save'— all', n. Any of various things which prevent waste or) 

sav'e-loy (saVe-loi), n. [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. 
cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain.] A 
kind of dried sausage, orig. of brains. 

sav'er (saVer), n. One who, or that which, saves. 

save reverence. See sir-reverence. 

sav'in, sav'ine (saVin), n. [AS. safinx, savine, L. sabina 
herba.] 1. A species of juniper (Juniperus sabina) with 
dark foliage, and small glaucous berries. 2. The North 
American red cedar (J. virginiana). 

sav'ing (saving), p. a. That saves ; as : a Preserving ; res- 
cuing ; as, saving grace, b Economizing ; frugal. C Making 
reservation or exception ; as, a saving clause. — n. 1. Act 
of saving : a Preservation from danger or loss, b Economy 
in outlay. 2. That which is saved ; esp., in pi., sums saved 
from time to time, and kept unexpended ; as, the savings 
of years. 3. Exception ; reservation ; saving clause. 

— prep, or conj. 1. With the exception of ; except. 2. 
Without disrespect to ; as in : saving your reverence, an 
apologetic phrase for an unseemly expression made in the 
presence (orig.) of a priest or clergyman. — sav'ing-ly, adv. 

sav'ings bank (sav'ingz). A bank the business of which is 
to receive small sums for deposit at compound interest. 

sav'ior, sav'iour (sav'yer), n. [OF. saveor, sauveour, fr. 
L. salvator, fr. salvare to save.] 1. One who saves, or de- 
livers. 2. \_cap.~] He who brings salvation to men ; Jesus 
Christ, the Redeemer ; — with the, our, your, etc. 

sa'vor, sa'VOUT (sa'ver), n. [OF., fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to 
taste.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs 
of taste or smell ; taste and odor ; flavor ; relish ; scent. 2. 
Hence, specific flavor or quality. 3. Reputation ; character. 
Archaic or Poetic. — Syn. See taste. 

— v. i. 1. To have a particular taste or smell ; — used with 
of. 2. To partake of the quality or nature ; smack ; — used 
with of; as, to savor of politics. — v. t. 1. To have the 
flavor or quality of. 2. To taste or smell with pleasure ; de- 
light in ; relish ; like ; also, fig., to have critical appreciation 
of. 3. To impart flavor to ; season ; as, to savor a dish. 

sa'vor-i-ly (-T-1T), sa'vour-i-ly, adv. In a savory manner. 
sa'vor-i-ness. sa'vour-i-ness, n. Quality of being savorv. 



sa'vor-less, sa'vour-less, a. Having no savor ; insipid. 

sa'vor-OUS (sa'ver-iis), a. Having a savor ; savory. 

sa'vor-y (sa'ver-I), n. [F. savoree.] A European aromatic 
mint (Satureia hortensis) much used in cooking ; — called 
also summer savory. 

sa'vor-y, sa'vour-y (-1), a. 1. Having a grateful savor; 
pleasing to taste or smell. 2. Pleasing morally ; reputable. 

sa-VC-y' (sd-voi'), n. [F. chou de Savuie cabbage of Savoy.] 
A kind of cabbage with wrinkled and curled leaves. 

Sa-voy'ard (sd-voi'drd ; F. sa/vwa/yar'), n. [F.] A native 
or inhabitant of Savoy. — a. Of or pert, to Savoy. 

saw (so), pret. of see. 

saw, n. [AS. sagu.] A saying ; proverb ; maxim. 

saw, n. _ [AS. sagu, sage.'] 1. A common tool or instru- 
ment with a thin blade having a series of teeth on the edge. 
2. Any of various analogous tools or devices without teeth, 
which cut by wearing out a kerf. 3. A tool or machine hav- 
ing a saw (defs. 1 and 2) for cutting ; as, a circular saw, jig 
sTiw, etc. 

— v. t.; pret. sawed (sod) ; p. p. sawed or sawn (son) ; p. 
pr. & vb. n. saw'ing. 1. To cut or separate with a saw. 2. 
To form by cutting with a saw. 3. To make motions sug- 
gesting those made with a saw ; as, to saw the air with the 
arms. — v. i. 1. To use a saw. 2. To cut, as a saw. 3. To 
be cut with a saw. — saw'er (so'er), n. 

saw'buck' (so'biik'), n. A sawhorse. U. S. 

saw'dust' (-dust'), n. Dust made by cutting with a saw. 

Saw'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of several large sharklike rays 
(genus Pristis) having a flattened elongated snout with 
stout, toothlike structures along each edge. 

saw'fly' (-fll'), n.; pi. sawflies (-fllz). Any of a family 
(Tenthredinidx) or superfamily (Tenthredinoidea) of hy- 
menopterous insects the female of which usually has an 
ovipositor with a pair of sawlike organs. 

saw grass. Any of certain cyperaceous plants (esp. any 
species of Cladium) having the edges of the leaves set with 
minute sharp teeth. [sawing by hand.| 

saw'horse' (-hQrs'), n. A rack on which wood is laid for| 

saw'mill' (-mil'), n. A mill for sawing up logs. 

sawn (son), p. p. of saw. 

saw palmetto. The common dwarf palmetto (Serenoa 
serrulata) of the southern United States ; — so called from 
its spiny-toothed leafstalks. 

saw set. An instrument used to give set to saw teeth. 

saw'yer (so'yer), n. [_saw + -yer, as in lawyer.] 1. One 
whose occupation is to saw wood ; specif., either of the two 
men who saw timber over a pit (saw pit), one standing 
above the timber, the other below it. 2. A tree which has 
fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the 
surface and sway up and down. U. S. 

sax'a-tile (sak'sd-til), a. [L. saxatilis, 
fr. saxum a rock.] Bot. & Zool. Per- 
taining to rocks ; saxicoline. 

sax'hom' (saks'hom'), n. Music. Any 
of a family of brass wind instruments 
with valves, invented by Antoine J. Sax, 
characterized by fullness and evenness 
of tone, and simple manipulation. 

sax-ic'o-line (sak-slk'$-lln ; -lin), a. 
Also sax-ic'o-lous (-15s). [L. saxum 
rock + colere to inhabit.] Bot. & 
Zool. Inhabiting or growing among 
rocks. 

sax'l-lra-ga'ceous(sak'si-frd-ga , shws), 
a. Bot. Belonging to a family (Saxifra- 
gaceae) of herbs of variable habit, the 
saxifrage family, including the alum- 
roots and miterworts. 

sax'i-frage (sak'sl-fraj), n. [L. saxifraga, name of a plant, 
fr. saxifragus stone-break- 
ing ; saxum rock -f- f ranger e 
to break.] 1. Any of a large 
genus {Saxifraga) of herba- 
ceous plants, chiefly perenni- 
als, with white or yellow flow- 
ers, some with basal, tufted 
leaves. Many grow in crevices 
of rocks. 2. Any of various 
related plants. 

Sax'on (sak'sun ; -s'n), n. [L. 
Saxo, pi. Saxones, fr. the 
Saxon national name.] 1. a 
One of a Germanic people who 
dwelt in what is now Holstein. 
They, with the Angles and 
Jutes, conquered and colo- 
nized most of England, b One 
of the Saxon or Angle con- 
querors of England ; an An- 
glo-Saxon, c One of the people Saxifrage {Saxifraga niva- 
of modern Saxony. 2. The lis) . 1 Flower ; 2 Fruit. 
language of the Saxons. Old Saxon, or the language of the 




Saxhorn. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabutary. (J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SAX0NISM 



860 



SCALLOP 







R 




original Saxon tribes, and Anglo-Saxon, the language of 
the Saxons of England, are Low German tongues. The lan- 
guage of modern Saxony is High German. 

■— a. 1. Of or pert, to the Saxons or their language. 2. An- 
glo-Saxon. — Sax'on-ism (-iz'm), n. 

Sax'o-ny (sak'so-m), n. 1. A kind of glossy woolen cloth 
formerly much used. 2. A fine yarn used in crocheting, etc. 

sax'o-phone (-fon), n. [A. J. Sax + Gr. <t>uvij tone.] 
Music. A wind instrument combining the 
reed mouthpiece of a clarinet with a bent 
conical tube of metal having finger keys. 

sax'-tu/ba (saks'tu'bd), n. [See saxhorn; 
tube.] Music. One of the larger saxhorns. 

say (sa), n. [For assay.'] Trial by sample ; 
a sample ; specimen. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

say, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. said (sed) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. say'ing. Indie, pr. sing., 3d person, 
says (sez). [AS. secgan.] 1. To express in 
words ; tell ; speak ; declare. 2. To repeat ; 
recite ; as, to say a lesson. 3. To announce as 
a decision or opinion ; assert ; hence : to state 
definitely or with surety ; be sure about ; as, 
it is hard to say what the trouble is. 4. To 
suggest as an estimate or hypothesis ; hence, 
to suppose ; — in the imperative, as, he had, 
say five hundred dollars. — v. i. To speak ; 
express an opinion. 

— n. 1. That which is said or to be said ; a 
speech ; statement ; — now only in to say, or 
have, one's say, etc. 2. One's turn or right to 
speak or decide in an affair ; as, it is my say Saxophone, 
next. Colloq. — say'er (sa'er), n. 

sa'yid (sl'id; sa'yid), n. Also say'yid (sT'yid). [Hind. & 
Ar. sayyid.] Lord ; chief ; prince ; — a Mohammedan title 
of honor, applied esp. to a supposed descendant of Moham- 
med through his daughter Fatima. 

Say'ing (sa'mg), n. That which is said ; a statement, esp. a 
proverbial one ; aphorism ; proverb. — Syn. See axiom. 

'sblood (z'bliid), inter j. An abbreviation of God's blood; 

— used as an oath. Archaic. 

Scab (skab), n. 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, etc. 
2. The mange, esp. on sheep. 3. Hort. Any of various 
fungous diseases of cultivated plants, usually indicated by 
dark-colored crustlike spots. 4. A dirty, paltry fellow. 
Low. 5. A workman who works for lower wages than, or 
under conditions contrary to, those prescribed by the trade 
union ; also, one who takes the place of a striker. Cant. 

— v. i. ; scabbed (skabd) ; scab'bing. 1. To become cov- 
ered with a scab. 2. To work as a scab. Cant. 

scab'bard (skab'drd), n. [OF. escalberc] A sheath for a 
sword, dagger, etc. — v. t. To put in a scabbard ; sheathe. 

scab'ble (skab''l), v. t. To shape or dress roughly, as stone. 

scab'by (skab'i), a.; -bi-er (-i-er) ; -bi-est. Affected with 
scabs or the scab. — scab'bi-ly (-T-1T), adv. bi-ness, n. 

sca'bi-es (ska'bi-ez), n. [L.] The itch ; mange. 

sca'bi-ous (-us), a. [L. scabiosus, fr. scabies the scab.] 
Consisting of scabs ; hence : rough ; itchy ; leprous. 

SCa'bi-OUS, n. [F. scabieuse, or LL. scabiosa (sc. herba) ; 

— prob. so named because supposed to be a remedy for 
scabies.] Any of a genus (Scabiosa) of plants having ter- 
minal heads of flowers subtended by a leafy involucre. 

sca'brous (-brus), a. [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough.] 
Rough to the touch, like a file ; scaly. brous-ness, n. 

scad (skad), n. A saurel. 

scaffold (skaf'old), n. [OF. escafaut.] Any of various 
temporary structures ; as : a A platform for exhibiting a 
spectacle or for seating spectators at a show, b A platform, 
usually elevated, for executing a criminal, c An elevated 
platform for supporting workmen and materials in build- 
ing. — v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold. 

scaf'fold-ing, n. A scaffold or system of scaffolds; sup- 
porting framework ; also, materials for scaffolds. 

SCagl-iola (skal-yo'ld), n. [It. scagliuola.] An imitation 
of ornamental stone, chiefly of ground gypsum and glue. 

SCal'a-ble (skal'd-b'l), a. Capable of being scaled. 

sca-lade' (skd-lad'),sca-la'd0 (-la'do),n. An escalade. Obs. 

sca'lar (ska'ldr), a. [L. scalaris like stairs or like a lad- 
der.] Math. Following the laws of arithmetical algebra ; — 
applied to numbers. — n. Math. In quaternions, a pure 
real number ; — disting. from a vector. 

Sca-lar'i-form (skd-lar'i-form), a. [L. scalaria flight of 
steps + -form.'} Resembling a ladder ; having a ladderlike 
formation ; as, scalariform cells or pits in plants. 

scal'a-wag, scal'la-wag (skal'd-wag), n. 1. A scamp; 
scapegrace. Colloq. 2. U. S. Hist. A white Southerner 
who acted as a Republican in Reconstruction times ; — so 
called in contempt by Southern Democrats. Slang. 

Scald (skold), v. t. [OF. escauder, eschalder, fr. L. excal- 
dare; ex -j- calidus warm, hot.] 1. To burn with hot 
liquid or steam. 2. To cause to come to a boil ; as, to scald 
milk. 3. To subject to the action of a boiling liquid ; as, to 



scald a saucepan. — n. A burn, or injury to the skin or 
flesh, by hot liquid or steam. [scabby ; scurfy. I 

scald, scalled (sk61d), a. [See scall.] Affected with scall ;| 

scald, n. — scall. 

scald (skold ; skald), n. Also Skald. [Icel. skald.] One of 
the ancient Scandinavian poets ; a Norse reciter and singer 
of heroic poems, etc. — scald'ic (skol'dik ; skal'-), a. 

scale (skal), n. [OF. escale cup.] 1. The dish of a balance ; 
hence, usually in pi., the balance itself ; an instrument for 
weighing; — also used fig. 2. leap.] In pi. Astron. The 
sign or constellation Libra. Chiefly Poetic— v. t. ; scaled 
(skald) ; scal'ing (skal'ing). 1. To weigh in scales ; also, 
to measure ; compare. 2. To have a weight of ; weigh. 

scale, n. [OF. escale.] 1. A small, flattened, bony or 
horny plai'% usually one of many overlapping each other, 
forming part of the external covering of an animal, as a fish. 
2. Any layer, leaf, or flake of any kind suggestive of a fish 
scale ; as a flake, a scab, or an exfoliation on a diseased 
skin, etc. 3. Bot.a One of the scalelike leaves which form 
the external covering of a bud in winter, b Any membrana- 
ceous, chaffy, or woody bract. 4. A hard incrustation, as 
that of ten deposited inside of a steam boiler. 5. A black 
scaly coating of oxide on the surface of heated iron and 
other metals. 6. A film ; a thin coating or covering ; as, a 
scale of ice. 7. A scale insect. 

— v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scales or scale. 2. To take off 
in thin layers ; pare off ; peel. 3. To form into scales, or to 
form scale on ; as, leprosy scales one's skin ; lime water 
scales^ a boiler. 4. To cause to skip on a water surface by 
throwing ; also, to throw, as a thin stone, so that the edge 
cuts the air. — » v i. To separate and come off in thin layers. 

scale, n. [L. scalae, pi., scala, staircase, ladder.] 1. A 
ladder ; series of steps. Obs. or Rare. 2. Hence : anything 
graduated, esp. when used as a measure or rule, specif. : 
a A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, 
ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated 
and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off 
distances, dimensions, etc. b A series of spaces marked by 
lines, representing proportionately larger distances ; as, a 
scale of miles for a map. C A basis for a numeral system ; 
as, the decimal scale. 3. Music. A graduated series of 
tones ascending or descending in pitch according to a speci- 
fied scheme of their intervals. 4. Gradation ; progressive 
series ; graded system ; as, a scale of wages. 5. Relative 
dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts ; esp., 
proportion in dimensions between a drawing, map, plan, 
or the like, and the object that is represented ; as, a map 
on a scale of an inch to a mile. 

— v. t. 1. To climb by or as by a ladder ; clamber up ; as- 
cend ; as, to scale a cliff. 2. To make or pattern in regularly 
graded proportions ; hence, to judge proportionately. 3. 
To measure (logs) ; also, to estimate the yield of standing 
timber. U. S. & Canada. 4. To reduce according to a fixed 
ratio or scale ; — sometimes used with down ; as, to scale 
down wages, etc. — Syn. See ascend, — v. i. To ascend ; 
mount ; also, to afford an ascent, as by steps. 

scale'board' (skal'bord 7 ; colloq. skab'erd), n. [2d scale + 
board.] A very thin board ; specif. : a Print. A very thin 
slip of wood for use in justifying, b A thin leaf of wood used 
for veneering, or for the back of a picture. 

scale insect. Any of numerous small but very prolific ho- 
mopterus insects (family Coccidse) the young of which suck 
the juices of plants. The adult female usually attaches 
herself permanently to the plant and degenerates into a 
degraded, often scalelike, form in which most of the exter- 
nal organs disappear. 

scale moss. Any of certain hepatics or liverworts ; — so 
called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves. 

sca-lene' (ska-len'), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. <tko.\tiv6s.] Geom.. 
a Having the sides and angles unequal ; — used of a tri- 
angle, b Oblique ; as, a scalene cone. 

scal'er (skal'er), n. One who, or that which, scales. 

scal'i-ness (skal'T-nes), n. State of being scaly. 

scall (skol), n. [Of Scand. origin.] A scurf or scabby dis- 
ease, esp. of the scalp, as in dandruff or eczema. 

scal'la-wag. Var. of scalawag. 

scalled. Orig. form of scald. 

scal'lion (skal'yun), n. [OF. escalone, fr. L. caepa Asca- 
Ionia onion of Ascalon.] 1. The shallot. 2. The leek. 3. 
Any onion which does not form a bulbous root. 

scal'lop (skol'up ; skal'-), n. [OF. escalope a shell.] 1. 
Any of numerous marine bivalve mollusks (genus Pecten 
and allies) with the shell usually radially ribbed and the 
edge undulated. The large adductor muscle of some species 
is esteemed as food. The shell of one species found on the 
coasts of Palestine was formerly often worn by returned 
pilgrims. 2. A dish (orig. a large scallop shell) in which 
oysters, etc., are cooked (usually scalloped) or served. 3. 
One of a series of segments of circles joined at their extremi- 
ties and forming an edge, as of certain laces. 

— v. t. 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into scallops. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87)* 






SCALP 



861 



SCARE 



2. Cookery. To bake in scallop shells or dishes ; prepare 
with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. 

scalp (skalp), n. 1. a That part of the integument of the 
human head usually covered with hair, b The correspond- 
ing part of an animal, esp. of a wolf, fox, etc. C A part of 
the skin of the head, with the hair, which North American 
Indians tore from an enemy as a trophy. 2. Finance. A 
small profit taken by a speculator in a quick transaction. 
Cant. 3. The top ; summit. 

— v. t. 1. To deprive of the scalp. 2. a To buy and sell at a 
small quick profit ; as, to scalp the market. Cant, b To buy 



and sell (transportation tickets) at less than the officiaf ""^P 6 ( sks p), n. [L. scapus ; shaft, stem.] 1. Bot. A pedun 



rate. Cant. — v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight 
fluctuations of the market ; — used esp. of brokers who 
operate in this way on their own account. Cant. 

scal'pel (skal'pel), n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a 
knife.] Surg. A small, straight knife with a thin blade. 

SCalp'er (skal'per), n. One who, or that which, scalps; 
specif., Cant, a trader of an exchange who seeks to make 
small profits on quick transactions, or a person who deals 
in transportation tickets at less than official prices. 

scal'y (skal'i), a.; scai/i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Covered or 
abounding with, or composed of, scales or scale. 2. Re- 
sembling scales or laminae. 3. Mean; shabby ; stingy. Slang. 
\ scaly anteater, a pangolin. 

SCam'mo-ny (skam'6-nT), n. [OF. escamonie, fr. L., fr. Gr. 
tTKay.)iuvla..~\ 1. A twining species of convolvulus {Convolvu- 
lus scammonia), native to Asia Minor. 2. A cathartic 
gum resin obtained from the root of this plant. 

scamp (skamp), n. A rascal ; a rogue ; worthless fellow. 

— v. t. To perform hastily, negligently, or imperfectly. 
SCam'per (skam'per), v. i. To run or go in a quick, hurried 

manner ; hasten away. — n. A scampering ; hasty flight. 

scamp'ish (skam'pish), a. Of or like a scamp; knavish. 

scan (skan), v. t.; scanned (skand) ; scan'ning. [L. scan- 
dere, scansum, to climb, scan.] 1. Pros. To go through 
with (verse) foot by foot, distinguishing the metrical struc- 
ture ; recite metrically. 2. To examine point by point ; 
scrutinize. — v. i. Pros. To conform to metrical rules. 

SCan'dal (skan'ddl), n. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum 
stumbling block, temptation, Gr. <tk6.p baKov.] 1. Disgrace 
brought upon religion by, or a religious or moral stumbling- 
block consisting in, something irreligious or wrong, esp. on 
the part of a person of a religious character or pretensions. 
2. Injury to reputation, or rumor or general comment caus- 
ing it. 3. Heedless or malicious defamatory talk ; often, 
malicious gossip. 4. Offense to the moral feelings or sense 
of decency. 5. A person who, or a thing which, causes scan- 
dal. — Syn. Defamation, detraction, slander, calumny. 

— v. t. ; -daled (-ddld) or -dalled ; -dai/ing or -dal-ling. 
To defame ; slander ; also, to scandalize ; offend. Rare. 

SCan'dal-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun ; -I-za/shun), n. Act of scan- 
dalizing, or that which is scandalous. 

scan'dal-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing. 1. To slan- 
der; defame. Rare. 2. To disgrace^ Rare. 3. To horrify 
or shock by some action considered immoral or improper. 

SCan'dal-OUS (-us), a. Involving scandal ; as : a Shocking 
the conscience or moral feelings, b Disgraceful to repu- 
tation; opprobrious; as, a scandalous crime or vice, c 
Defamatory ; libelous ; as, a scandalous story. — scan'- 
dal-ous-ly, adv. — scan'dal-ous-ness, n. 

Scan'dent (-dent), a. [L. scandens, -entis, p. pr. of scan- 
dere to climb.] Climbing ; as, a scandent plant. 

scan'di-a (-dl-d), n. [XL. See scandium.] Chem. Scan- 
dium oxide, SC2O3, obtained as a white infusible powder. 

Scan r di-an (-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Scandia, anciently the 
southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. 2. Designat- 
ing, or pert, to, the languages of Scandinavian 

scan'dic (-dTk), a. Chem. Of or pert, to scandium. 

Scan'di-na'vi-an (-dT-na'yT-dn)_, a. Of or pert, to Scan- 
dinavia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia ; esp., 
a member of the tall, blond, dolichocephalic dominant, race. 

SCan'di-um (-dT-wm), n. [NL., fr. Scandinavia.'] Chem. 
A rare metallic trivalent element. Symbol, Sc; at. wt., 44.1. 

SCan'sion (-shun), n. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, 
to climb.] Pros. Act or art of scanning. 

Scan-SO'ri-al (skan-so'ri-dl ; 57), a. Zo'ol. Pert, to, capable 
of, or adapted for, climbing. 

scant (skant), a. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Scarcely suffi- 
cient ; existing or supplied in meager amount ; limited ; 
stinted ; as, a scant allowance. 2. Narrow or limited in ex- 
tent ; as, a scant skirt. 3. Having a small or insufficient 
supply ; — used with of; as, scant of money. 

— v. t. 1. To limit ; stint. 2. To cut short ; be niggardly 
of ; as, to scant the food. 3. To reduce in size or extent ; 
make small ; as, do not scant the waist. 

— adv. In a scant manner ; scarcely. Obs. or Dial. 
scant'i-ly (skant'i-li), adv. In a scanty manner, 
scant 'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being scanty. 

scant' ling (skant'ling), n. [OF. escantillon.] 1. A small 
quantity or amount ; a bit ; modicum. 2. a Measure or di- 
mensions, esp. of breadth and thickness of timber, stone, 



etc., in building, or the sizes of frames, or the like, in ship- 
building, b A piece of timber of small cross-sectional area. 

scant'ly, adv. In a scant manner ; scantily ; also, scarcely. 

scant'y (skan'ti), a.; scant'i-er (-tl-er) ; -i-est. [From 
scant, a.] 1. Small ; not abundant ; as, a scanty crop. 2. 
Somewhat less than is needed ; insufficient ; scant ; as, a 
scanty supply. 3. Small in size or extent ; cramped ; short. 
Syn. Scanty, sparse. Scanty applies esp. to quantity, 
and implies meagerness ; sparse applies to number rather 
than quantity, and describes that which is thinly scattered ; 
as, a scanty gown ; a sparse population. 



cle arising at or beneath the surface of the ground, as in 
the tulip, primrose, etc. 2. Zo'ol. A shaft, as of a feather. 
3. Arch. = apophyge. 

scape, v. t. & i. [For escape.] To escape ; — now usually 
'scape. Archaic. — n. Obs. 1. Escape. 2. A slip ; escapade. 

scape'goat' (skap'gof), n. 1. Jewish Antiq. A goat on 
whose head were symbolically placed the people's sins, after 
which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. 2. 
Hence, a person or thing bearing blame for others. 

scape'grace' (-gras'), n. A graceless, unprincipled person. 

scape'— wheel', n. Horol. The wheel in an escapement 
into the teeth of which the pallets play. 

scaph'oid (skaf'oid), a. [Gr. <tk6.<j>t) a boat 4- -oid.] Anat. 
Boat-shaped ; navicular. — n. A scaphoid bone. 

scap'o-lite (skap'6-llt), n. [Gr. <jk3.itos a staff, or L. scapus 
a stem, stalk 4- -lite.] Min. Any of a group of minerals 
which are essentially silicates of aluminium, calcium, and 
sodium, esp. a species (called also wernerite) which con- 
tains from 46 to 54 per cent of silica. 

SCap'ose (skap'os; ska-pos'), a. [1st scape -\- -ose.] Bot. 
Scape-bearing ; resembling, or consisting of, a scape. 

scap'u-la (skap'u-ld), n.; pi. L. -L.E (-lc), E. -las (-ldz). 
[L.] Anat. & Zo'ol. The shoulder blade ; in most mam- 
mals, the principal or only bone of the pectoral arch. 

scap'u-lar (-ldr), a. Pert, to the shoulder or scapula. 

scap'u-lar (-ldr), n. Also scap'u-la-ry (-la-n). (F.scapu- 
laire, or LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L. scapula 
shoulder blade.] R. C. Ch. 1. a A kind of loose sleeveless 
vestment, b Two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary 
clothing and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. 2. 
Zo'ol. Any feather growing from the scapular region. See 
bird, Illust. 

scar (skar), n. [Scot, scar, scaur.] 1. An isolated or pro- 
truding rock. 2. A steep, rocky eminence. 

scar, n. [OF. escare a scab, fr. L. eschara, fr. Gr. laxo-po- 
hearth, scab.] 1. A mark remaining after a wound or ulcer 
is healed ; a cicatrix. 2. Bot. A mark left on a stem or 
branch where a fallen leaf had been attached. 3. A scarlike 
mark or indentation ; specif., Zo'ol., a cicatrix. — v. t. & i.; 
scarred (skard) ; scar'ring. To mark with or form a scar. 

scar'ab (skar'db), n. [F. scarabee, L. scarabaeus.] 1. A 
beetle that feeds on or breeds in dung, esp. the one (Scara- 
bseus sacer) sacred in ancient Egypt as symbolic of resurrec- 
tion and immortality. 2. Egyptian Archseol. A conven- 
tional representation of the scarab, used as an amulet, etc. 

Scar'a-bae'oid (skar'd-be'oid), a. [scarabxus + -cud.] 
Zo'ol. Like, or pert, to, a large family (Scarabseidse) of 
stout-bodied beetles containing the scarabs, chafers, etc. 

scar'a-bae'us (-us), n. [L.] 1. Any of a genus (Scara- 
baeus) of Old World beetles, esp. the sa- 
cred scarab of Egypt. 2. Egyptian Ar- 
chseol. = scarab, 2. 

SCar'ab-oid (skar'db-oid), a. Egyptian 
Archseol. Of the nature of or resem- 
bling a scarab, or representation of the 
scarab beetle. 

Scar'a-mouch' (skar'd-mouch'), n. 
[F. Scaramouche, It. Scaramuccia; • 

— orig. name of a celebrated Italian 
comedian.] A boastful poltroon of old 
Italian comedy (derived from Spain) ; 
hence, a cowardly buffoon. 

Scarce (skars), a.; scarc'er (skar'ser) ; Egyptian Scar- 
scarc'est (skar'sest). [OF. escars.] De- abacus (Scara- 
ficient in quantity ; not plentiful or abun- oseus sacer). 
dant ; also, deficient in number ; hence : infrequent ; rare. 

— Syn. See rare. — adv. Scarcely (see flat, a., 10). 
scarce'ly (skars'li), adv. In a scarce manner ; specif., with 

difficulty ; barely ; but just. — Syn. See hardly. 
scarce'ment (skars'ment), n. Arch. & Engin. An offset, 

or retreat, in the thickness of a wall or bank of earth, etc. 
scarce'ness, n. Quality or state of being scarce ; scarcity. 
scar'ci-ty (skar'si-tl), n. Quality or state of being scarce ; 

deficiency ; dearth ; hence : rareness ; rarity ; infrequency. 
scare (skar ; Scot, also skar), n. Golf. The part of a wooden 

club where the beveled neck and shaft are joined. 
scare (skar), v. t.; scared (skard); scar'ing (skar'Tng). 

[From ME. skar, sker, scared, Icel. skjarr.] To frighten ; 

strike with sudden fear. — Syn. See frighten. — v. i. To 




I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 1] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SCARECROW 



862 



SCHEME 







R 



be scared. Colloq. — n. Fright ; esp., sudden fright from 
a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. Colloq. 

Scare'crow' (-kro'), n. 1. An object, usually suggesting a 
human figure, set up to frighten crows, etc., away from 
crops ; hence, anything terrifying without danger. 2. A 
person clad in rags and tatters. 

scare head. A very large newspaper heading, usually sen- 
sational. Cant or Slang, U. S. 

scarf (skarf), n.; pi. scarfs (skarfs) or scarves (skarvz). 
[OF. escarpe, escharpe a pilgrim's scrip, or wallet, F. 
echarpe sash, scarf.] 1. A broad band of fabric to be worn 
over the shoulders or about the neck or over the head, 
or a sash, worn as a part of the costume, esp. of a soldier's or 
official's costume, reaching diagonally from shoulder to 
hip or around the waist. 2. Any loose band or strip worn 
for ornament or protection. 3. A cravat with falling ends. 

— v. t. 1. To throw on loosely ; put on like a scarf. 2. To 
decorate with or as with scarfs. 

scarf, v. t. 1. To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for 
a joint. 2. To unite, as pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf 
joint. — n. 1. A groove or channel formed by cutting. 2. 
a Either of the ends chamfered or cut away to fit together 
in a scarf joint, b A scarf joint. 

scarf joint. A joint made by chamfering, halving, notching, 

or otherwise cutting away _ 1 m «■, m> * 

two pieces to correspond S 1 I ij ;j ii > 



to each other and secur- 
ing them together, after 
overlapping, by bolting, "Tp 

riveting, or the like. i 

Scarf Skin 7 (skarf'skinO, 
n. Anat. The epidermis. 



■mis. t— - 
ar'T- >3 




scar'i-fi-ca'tion (sk 

fi-ka'shtm),?^. A scarify- ^f 

ing. 1-3 Forms of Scarf Joint, a Coak 

SCar'i-fi-ca'tor (-ka'ter), or Cog ; Keys. 

n. Med. An instrument containing several lancets moved 
by aspring, for making slight incisions, as in cupping. 

scar'i-li'er (-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, scarifies. 

SCar'i-fy (skar'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. scari- 
fier, L. scarificare, scarifare,ir. Gr. o-Kapifiaadai to scratch 
up.] 1. To scratch or cut the skin of ; esp., Med., to make 
small incisions in for drawing blood without opening a 
large vein. 2. Agric. To stir the surface soil of with a 
scarifier. 3. To lacerate, as the feelings. 

scar'la-ti'na (skar'ld-te'nd), n. [NL.] Med. Scarlet fever ; 
— popularly but erroneously thought to designate a milder 
form of the disease. 

scar'la-ti'noid iskar'ld-te 7 noid;skar-lat'i'-),a. [_scarlatina 
+ -oid."] Med. Resembling scarlet fever or its eruption. 

Scar'let (skar'let), n. [OF. escarlate a rich fabric, fr. Ar. or 
Per.] 1. A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow ; 
a vivid red. 2. Scarlet cloth. — a. Of the color scarlet, 
scarlet fever, an acute contagious febrile disease marked by 
inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash. — b. letter, a 
scarlet A, once used as a badge of adultery. — S. Woman, 
the Church of Rome ; — formerly often so called by Prot- 
estant controversialists in allusion to Rev. xvii. 1-6. 

scarp (skarp), n. [For escarp.] Fort. The inner side of 
the ditch. — v. t. To cut down vertically, or nearly so. 

scar'y (skar'i), a. Timid ; also, alarming. Colloq. 

scat (skat), n. A tax ; tribute. Chiefly Hist. 

scath (skath), scath'ful, etc. Obs. or dial. vars. of scathe, 

SCATHEFUL, etc. 

scathe (skath), n. [Of Scand. orig. ] Harm; damage; 
injury ; hurt ; misfortune. — v. t. ; scathed ( skathd ) ; 

; scath'ing (skatb/Ing). 1. To do harm to ; injure ; damage ; 
hurt. 2. To injure by fire ; scorch ; sear ; blast. Rhet. — 
scathe'ful (-fool), a. — scatheless (-ISs), a. 

scath'ing (skath/mg), p. a. Injuring, as by blasting or 
burning ; hence : fig., blasting ; wounding ; bitterly severe ; 
as, a scathing rebuke. — scath'ing-ly, adv. 

scat'ter (skat'er), v. t. & i. [ME. scateren, dial, form of 
schateren. See shatter.] 1. To squander (property) ; 
dissipate. Archaic. 2. To dissipate ; disperse ; dispel ; as, 
to scatter the enemy ; scatter hopes. 3. To strew ; throw 
about loosely ; cast here and there ; as, to scatter seed. — 
Syn. See dispel. — scat'ter-er, n. 

scat'ter-brain' (-bran'), -brains' (-branz'), n. A giddy or 
thoughtless person. Colloq. brained' (-brand'), a. 

scat'ter-good' (-go&d'), n. One who wastes ; spendthrift. 

scaup duck (skop). Any of several ducks (genus Aythya 
and subgenus Fuligula) of northern regions, related to the 
canvasback and the redhead. 

scaur (skar). Var. of scar, a rock. 

scav'enge (skav'enj), v. t.; -enged (-enj); -eng-ing (-en- 
jing). [See scavenger.] 1. To cleanse, as streets, from filth. 
2. Internal-combustion Engines. To remove (burned 
gases) from the cylinder after a working stroke. — v. i. In- 
ternal-combustion Engines. To operate so as to have the 
cylinders scavenged ; as, some engines scavenge poorly. 

scav'en-ger (-en-jer), n. [ME. scavager an officer with 



various duties.] One employed to clean streets and carry 
off filth ; also, any animal that devours refuse, etc. 

Scav'eng-ing (-jing), n. Internal-combustion Engines. 
Act or process of expelling the exhaust gases from the 
cylinder. 

|| sce-na'ri-0 (sha-na'n-o), n. ; pi. -nari (-e). [It.] An out- 
line or synopsis of a play or of the book of an opera, show- 
ing the scenes and the entrances and exits of the actors. 

SCend (send), n. Naut. The upward movement or displace- 
ment of a vessel in a seaway ; — opp. to pitch. — v. i. 
Naut. To lift or heave upward in a seaway. 

scene (sen), n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. aKtjvi] covered place, 
tent, stage.] 1. The stage on which a spectacle or play is 
exhibited. Rhet. or Poetic. 2. One of the slides, or other 
devices, used to give an appearance of reality to a play ; in 
pi., stage scenery. 3. A division of a drama, usually a divi- 
sion of an act. 4. The place, circumstances, etc., in which 
anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, 
etc., is laid. 5. One of a series of actions and events, esp. 
as represented in literature or art. 6. An episode in action, 
regarded as # viewed ; as, their parting was a sad scene. 7. 
An exhibition of strong feeling, esp. between persons; 
sometimes, an affected demonstration of feeling; as, to 
create a scene. 8. A landscape ; view ; prospect. 

scen'er-y (sen'er-T), n. 1. The painted scenes or hangings 
of a stage, with their accessories. 2. The general aspect of 
a landscape ; a combination of natural views. 

sce'nic (se'mk ; sen'Ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to the scene, or 
stage ; dramatic ; theatrical. 2. Of or pert, to scenery ; af- 
fording attractive scenery ; hence : theatrical in style ; using 
or affording illusory representation. 

scen'i-cal (sen'I-kdl ; se'nl-), a. Scenic. 

sce-nog'ra-phy (se-nog'rd-fl), n. [From L., fr. Gr. <rajwj- 
■ypaipta; (tktjvt) scene, stage + yp&<f>eiv to write.] 1. Art or 
act of drawing or representing in perspective. 2. Scene 
painting ; — used in reference to ancient Greece. 

scent (sent), v. t. [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, 
smell.] 1. To smell ; hence : to get or have an inkling of ; 
as, to scent a plot. 2. To fill with odor. — v. i. To hunt by 
means of the sense of smell. — n. 1. Odor; smell; fra- 
grance. 2. A class, or one of a class, of sweet : smelling, 
aromatic extracts ; perfume. 3. The odor left by an ani- 
mal in passing ; hence : course of pursuit ; track of discov- 
ery ; as, he was on a wrong scent. 4. Bits of paper dropped 
to mark their track by the hares in the game of hare and 
hounds. 5. Sense of smell. — Syn. See smell. 

SCep'terUsep'ter), n. [F. sceptre, OF. also ceptre, L. scep- 

scep'tre/ trum, fr. Gr. ck^ittpov ; staff to lean on, scepter.] A 
staff or baton borne by a sovereign as an emblem of author- 
ity ; also, royal or imperial power or authority ; sovereignty. 

— v. t. ; -tered or -tred ( -terd ) ; -ter-ing (-ter-Tng) or 
-tring (-trl ng). To endow with the scepter ; invest with 
royal authority. 

scep'tic (skep'tTk), scep'ti-cal, etc. Vars. of skeptic, etc. 

Schac'a-bac (shak'd-bak), n. See Barmecide. 

schanz (skiins), n. [Cape D., fr. D. schans a redoubt.] A 
redoubt. So. Africa. 

|| schap'ska (shap'ska), n. [Pol. czapka."] Mil. A cavalry 
helmet of a peculiar flat-topped shape. 

SChat'chen (shiit'shen), n. [Yiddish, fr. NHeb. shadkhdn, 
fr. shadakh to bring about a marriage, orig., to persuade.] 
A marriage broker, esp. among certain Jews. 

SChed'ule (sked^il ; British commonly shed'fil), n. [OF. 
cedule, scedule, fr. L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, 
strip of papyrus, fr. Gr. ax^n tablet, leaf.] 1. A document. 
Obs. 2. A written or printed formal list ; catalogue ; inven- 
tory. — Syn. See list. — v. t. ; scheduled (sked'uld) ; 
-uling (-ul-ing). To form into, or place in, a schedule. 

SCheel'ite (shel'It), n. [After K. W. Scheele, Swedish 
chemist.] Min. Native calcium tungstate, CaW04. 

SChef'fer-ite (shef'er-it), n. [After H. T. Scheffer (1710- 
59), Swedish chemist.] Min. A brown to black variety of 
pyroxene, containing manganese and frequently much iron. 

Sche-he'ra-za'de, Queen (she-ha'rd-za'de). The relater of 
the stories in the "Arabian Nights." The sultan vows to 
take a new sultana every evening and strangle her in the 
morning. At length Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter, 
offers herself, and, being awakened just before dawn, so 
excites the sultan's curiosity by her stories that he spares 
her from day to day, and finally recalls his vow. 

SChe'ma (ske'md), n.; pi. sche'ma-ta (-md-td). [L. See 
scheme.] Scheme, plan, outline, or diagram. [schema- 1 

SChe-mat'ic (ske-mat'Ik), a. Of or pert, to a scheme or aj 

sche'ma-tize (ske'md-tlz), v. i. & t.; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'- 
ing. To form, or to form into, a scheme or schemes ; to 
make, or put into, a systematic arrangement. — sche'ma- 
ti-za'tion (-tT-za'shun ; -tT-za'shwn), n. 

Scheme (skem), n. [L. schema a rhetorical figure, shape, 
figure, Gr. oxop-a, cxht^o-roi, shape, outline, plan.] 1. A com- 
bination of thoughts, theories, or the like, connected and 
adjusted by design ; a systematic plan ; as, his scheme of 
life. 2. A plan or theory of action ; design ; project ; as, an 






ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(jjre, venjure (87); 



SCHEMER 



863 



SCHOOLGIRL 



irrigation scheme. 3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram ; 
outline. 4. Astrol. A representation of the aspects of the 
celestial bodies for any moment or at a given event. 5. A 
plan reduced to a definite or tabulated form ; also, the 
tabulated form of a plan. — Syn. Purpose, device, plot. 
See plan. 

— v. t. & i.; schemed (skemd) ; schem'ing (skemTng). To 
plan ; design ; plot ; contrive. 

SChem/er (skem'er), n. One who forms schemes ; a projec- 
tor ; esp., a plotter ; an intriguer. 

schem'ing, a. Given to forming schemes ; artful ; intriguing. 

SChenk beer (shenk). [G. schenkbicr ; schenken to pour 
out + bier beer ; — because put on draft soon after it is 
made.] A mild German beer, not stored like lager. 

|| SCher-zan'do (sker-tsan'do), a. & adv. [It., p. pr.] Music. 
Playful ; in a playful or sportive manner. 

||SCher'zo (sker'tso), n.; pi. E. -zos (-tsoz), It. -Zl (-tse). 
[It.] Music. A playful, humorous movement, usually tak- 
ing the place of the old minuet in a sonata or a symphony. 

SChil'ler (shil'er), n. [G„ play of colors.] Min. A bronze- 
like luster in certain minerals, as hypersthene. 

SChil'ler-ize (-Iz), v. t. Min. To impart a schiller toby the 
development of inclusions or cavities, as bv solution and in- 
filtration. — schiller-i-za'ticn (-l-za'shiin ; -I-za'shwn), n. 

SChil'ling (shil'ing), n. [G. See shilling.] Any of several 
small German and Dutch coins formerly current, worth lat- 
terly about lj-5 cents (f-2£d.). 

SChip'per-ke (skTp'er-ke), n. [Prop., little boatman, dim. 
of D. schipper, because used as a watchdog on boats.] One 
of a breed of small tailless, usually black, dogs related to 
and resembling the Pomeranians, but shorter-haired. The 
breed originated in Holland. 

Schism (siz'm), n. [OF. scisme, L. schisma, fr. Gr. o-xi'o-jua, 
fr. axi-tH-v to split.] 1. Division ; specif., Eccl., formal divi- 
sion or separation in the Christian church ; offense of seek- 
ing to cause such division. 2. A schismatic body. 

SCluS-mat'ic (siz-mat'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, schism ; implying schism ; tending to schism. — n. One 
who creates or takes part in schism ; one who separates 
from an established church or religious communion because 
of a difference of opinion. 

schis-mat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Schismatic. 

schis'ma-tize (siz'md-tlz), v. i.; -tized (-tlzd); -tiz'ing. 
To take part in schism ; make a breach of communion. 

schist (shist), n. [F. schiste, fr. L. schistos cleaving easily, 
Gr. o-xtcros divided, divisible.] Any metamorphic crystal- 
line rock having a foliated structure and readily split into 
slabs or sheets. 

SChis-ta'ceoilS (shis-ta'shiis), a. Of a slate color. 

SChist'ose (shis'tos) \a. Of or pert, to schist ; having the 

schist'ous (shTs'tus)J character or structure of a schist. 

SChiz'o- (skiz'6-). [Gr. o-xtTeif to split, cleave.] Combin- 
ing form denoting division or cleavage. 

SChlz'o-carp (skiVo-karp), n. Bot. A dry compound fruit 
splitting at maturity into several indehiscent 1-seeded car- 
pels. See fruit, Illust. 

schiz'o-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. Biol. Reproduction by 
fission, as in schizophytic plants. 

schiz'o-my-cete' (skiz'6-ml-set'), n.; pi. -mycetes (-mT- 
setz'). [schizo- + Gr. fimrjs, hvktjtos, fungus.] Bot. A 
plant of a class {Schizomycetes) consisting of the bacteria ; 
one of the bacteria. 

schiz'o-my-co'sis (-ko'sTs), n. [NL.] Med. Any disease 
caused by the presence of schizomycetes. 

SChiz'o-phy'ceous (-fish'i/s), a. [schizo- + Gr. <£Dkos sea- 
weed.] Bot. Belonging to a class (Schizophycese) of algae 
found in both salt and fresh water. They are unicellular or 
filamentous green or bluish green plants, often united in ge- 
latinous masses, and frequently cause pollution of drinking 
water in reservoirs. 

SChiz'O-phyte (skiz'6-fTt), n. Bot. A schizophytic plant. 

SChiz'o-phyt'ic (skiz'6-fit'ik), a. Bot. Belonging to a phy- 
lum (Schizophyta) of plants exhibiting the simplest type of 
structure, reproducing by single fission. They are either uni- 
cellular or filamentous, consisting of a chain of cells, or oc- 
casionally united into cell colonies. The phylum includes 
the schizomycetes and the schizophyceous alga?. 

SChiz'O-pod (-pod), n. Zodl. Any of an order (Schizopoda) 



[Eng. snapper a kind 





A schizopod (My sis mixta). X2 

or other division of crustaceans, mostly marine, comprising 
the opossum shrimps and their allies. They have a soft 
carapace.-— schiz'o-pod,SChi-zop'0-dous (skl-zop'o-dfts ; 
ski-), a. 
SChlie'ren (shle'ren), n. pi. [G.] Petrog. Small masses or 
streaks in igneous rocks, which differ in mineral composi- 
tion from the main body. — schlie'ric (-rik ), o. 

K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



SChnap'per (shnap'er; snap'er), n. 
of fish, altered 
in spelling to 
accord with G. 
schnapper.'] A 
sparoid ma- 
rine food fish 
(Pagrus uni- 
color) of Aus- 
tralia and New 
Zealand. It is' 

usually pink or Schnapper. (J g ) 

reddish, with dark bars when young, later with bluish spots. 

schnapps (shnaps), n. [G., dram of spirits.] Holland gin. 

schnor'rer (shnor'er), n. [Yiddish, fr. G. schnurrer, fr. 
schnurren to hum, hence, from a musical instrument used 
by strolling beggars, to beg.] Among the Jews, a beggar. 

SChol'ar (skol'er), n. [L. scholaris belonging to a school, 
schola a school.] 1. One who attends a school ; one under 
tuition ; student. 2. One who holds a scholarship. 3. A 
learned person ; a person of thorough literary or scientific 
attainments. — Syn. Pupil, learner. See disciple. 

schol'arch (skol'ark), n. [Gr. crxoXdpx7/s; ax°^v school + 
apxeiv to rule.] The head of a school, esp. of an Athenian 
school of philosophy. 

SChol'ar-ly, a. Like, or characteristic of, a scholar ; exhib- 
iting scholarship ; learned. — adv. In a scholarly manner. 
Syn. Scholarly, scholastic, academic. Scholarly im- 
plies accurate and well-disciplined learning, esp. in the lib- 
eral studies ; scholastic connotes excessive subtlety or even 
pedantry ; academic implies conventionality or an undue 
emphasis on the formal ; it often suggests the point of view 
of the schools, esp. as opposed to that of men of affairs ; as, 
a scholarly man ; scholastic subtleties ; academic theories. 

SchoPar-ship, n. 1. Character or qualities of a scholar; 
learning. 2. Maintenance for a scholar ; a foundation for 
the support of a student. — Syn. See learning. 

SCho-las'tic (sko-laVt!k), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. <rxoXa(T- 
tlkos, fr. o-xoXdfeu' to have leisure, keep a school.] 1. Pert, 
to or suiting a scholar or school. 2. Of or pert, to the medie- 
val Schoolmen. 3. In the mannei of the Schoolmen ; hence : 
pedantic ; formal. — Syn. See scholarly. — n. 1. [Usu- 
ally cap.] A Schoolman. 2. One who deals with philosophi- 
cal or theological problems in the spirit of Scholasticism ; 
hence, a pedant. — scho-las'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. 

scho-las'ti-cism (-tT-siz'm), n. 1. [Usually cap.~\ The 
methods and doctrines of the Christian philosophers of the 
Middle Ages. Its main problem was reconciliation of Chris- 
tian faith with reason ; its method was formal and exces- 
sively deferential to authority. 2. A scholastic point of view. 

scho'li-a (sko'lT-d), »., L. pi. of scholium. 

SCho'li-ast (sko'lY-ast), n. [Gr. crxoXiacrr^s.] A maker of 
scholia; annotator. — SCholi-as'tic (-as'tik), a. 

scho'li-um (-wm), n. ; pi. L. -lia (-&), E. -liums (-umz). 
[NL._, fr. Gr. crxoXuw, it. cxoki). See 2d school.] 1. A 
marginal annotation, esp. on the text of a classic by an 
early grammarian. 2. A remark or observation subjoined, 
but not essential, to a demonstration or a train of reasoning. 

school (skool), n. [For shoal a crowd.] Of fish, porpoises, 
etc., a shoal ; company. — v. i. To swim in shoals. 

school, n. [AS. scolu, fr. L. schola, Gr. ax°^v leisure, em- 
ployment of leisure, disputation, lecture, a school.] 1. A 
place for instruction ; establishment for imparting educa- 
tion ; also, the institution or body of teachers and learners 
in such a place. In the United States, schools are classified 
as : (1) elementary schools, including primary schools 
(covering the first four years or grades) and grammar 
schools (covering the second four years) ; (2) secondary 
schools, including high schools and private schools im- 
mediately preparatory to college. 2. A session of an institu- 
tion of instruction. 3. A place for lectures, esp., in the Mid- 
dle Ages, for lectures in logic, metaphysics, and theology. 4. 
The body of pupils in a school. 5. The disciples or followers 
of a teacher ; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, 
science, medicine, etc. 6. Fine Arts, a A group, as of 
painters, sculptors, or musicians, under a common influ- 
ence producing a general similarity in their work, b The 
artists or art of a country or region. 7. Any place or means 
of learning or discipline ; as, the school of experience. 8. 
Mil. & Nav. Regulations governing the drill of individuals 
or of a unit ; also, the exercises carried out in accordance 
with such regulations. 

— v . t. 1. To educate or train in a school ; teach ; instruct. 
2. To discipline ; train. [the Schoolmen.) 

— a. 1. Pert, to a school. 2. [Also cap.~] Of or pert, to] 
school board. A committee in charge of local educational 

matters. 
school'book' (skool'bookO, n. A book for use in schools. 
SChool'boy' (-boi'), n. A boy belonging to a school. 
SChool'craft' (-kratV), n. Knowledge taught in the schools. 
School'fel'low (-fel'o), n. An associate in school. 
SChool'girP (-gurlO, n. A girl belonging to a school. 



< 



V 



N 



SCHOOLHOUSE 



864 



SCOFF 







R 



SChool'hOUSe' ( skool'hous'), n. A building for a school. 

Schooling, n. 1. Instruction in school ; act of teaching. 
2. Discipline ; reproof ; reprimand. 3. Cost of, or charge 
for, instruction. 

school'maid' (-mad'), n. A schoolgirl. 

school'man (-man), n. One versed in academical disputa- 
tion ; esp. {Usually cap.] , a philosopher or divine of the 
schools of the Middle Ages ; a Scholastic. 

SChool'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. A master of a school ; a 
man who teaches a school. 2. One who, or that which, 
disciplines and directs. 3. A snapper (Lutianus apodus) 
of the West Indies and southern United States. 

school/mate' (-mat 7 ), n. A companion at school. 

school'mis'tress (-mis'tres), n. A woman who governs 
or teaches a school. 

SChool'room' (-room') , n. A room in which pupils are taught. 

SChoon'er (skoon'er), n. A large glass for beer or ale. U. S. 

SChoon'er, n. [From dial, scoon to skip or skim, of Scand. 
orig.] Naut. A fore-and-aft rigged vessel, orig., and still 
typically, having two masts, but now often with three, 
four, or more, masts. See sails, Illust. [tourmaline. 

Schorl (shorl), n. [G. schorl."] Tourmaline; esp., black| 

schor-la'ceous (shor-la'shus), a. Resembling schorl. 

SChot'tish \ (shot'ish), n. [G. schottisch Scottish.] A 

SChot'tischej round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the 
polka ; also, the music for it. 

SChwan'pan' (shwan'pan'), n. = suan pan. 

SCi-ae'nid (sl-e'nid), n. [L. sciaena a kind of fish, fr. Gr. 
adaiva.] Zo'dl. One of a widely distributed family {Sciseni- 
dse) of carnivorous fishes comprising the meagre, kingfbh, 
etc. Nearly all are marine. In most the air bladder is large, 
and with it the fish produces a peculiar sound. Many are 
large and valued as food. — sci-se'noid (-e'noid), a. & n. 

sci'a-gram (sl'd-gram), sci'a-graph (-graf), etc. Vars. of 
skiagram, etc. 

SCl-at/ic (sT-at'ik), a. [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, fr. L., 
fr. Gr. l(Txio.biKo% pert, to the hips.] Of or pertaining to 
the hip ; in the region of or affecting the hip ; ischial. 

SCi-at'i-ca (-I-kd), n. [NL.] Med. Neuralgia of the sciatic 
nerve, which runs down the back of the thigh. Popularly, 
also, any painful affections of the hip and adjoining parts. 

SCl'ence (sl'ens), n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens,-entis, 
p. pr. of scire to know.] 1. Knowledge, as of principles or 
facts. 2. Accumulated and accepted knowledge systema- 
tized and formulated with reference to the discovery of 
general truths or the operation of general laws ; classified 
knowledge. 3. Esp., such knowledge relating to the physi- 
cal world; — called also natural science. 4. Any branch 
or department of systematized knowledge. 5. Art or skill 
regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. 
Syn. Science, art. Science is systematized knowledge 
considered in reference to the discovery or understanding 
of truth ; art is knowledge as applied and made efficient by 
skill. If, then, a body of laws and principles, as of rhetoric, 
is exhibited in an ordered and interrelated system, they ap- 
pear in the character of a science. If they are applied in 
actual use, as to the construction of discourse, they become, 
or furnish the working rules of, an art. See knowledge. 

SCi-en'tial (sl-en'shal), a. 1. Of or pert, to science. 2. 
Having efficient knowledge ; capable. 

SCi'en-tlf'ic (sl'en-tif'ik), a. [F. scientifique, L. scientifi- 
cus. See science ; -fic] 1. Of, pert, to, or used in, science ; 
as, scientific apparatus. 2. Agreeing with, or depending on, 
the rules or principles of science ; as, a scientific classifica- 
tion. 3. Having a knowledge of science or of a (particular) 
science. — sci'en-tif'i-cal-ly, adv. 

SCi'en-tism (sl'en-tiz'm), n. The methods, mental atti- 
tude, etc., regarded as characteristic of scientists. 

SCi'en-tist (-tist), n. 1. One learned in science, esp. nat- 
ural science. 2. [cap.] A believer in Christian Science. Cant. 

SCil'i-cet (sil'i-set), adv. [L. ; scire to know + licet it is 
permitted.] To wit ; namely ; videlicet. Abbr., scil. or sc. 

SCim'i-tar 1 (sTm'i-ter), n. [F. cimeterre or It. scimitarra.] 

SCim/i-terj An Oriental saber with a much curved 
blade. _ 

SCin'coid (sTr/koid), n. A scincoid lizard. 

SCin'coid, a. [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. 
(TKiyKos) + -oid.~\ Zo'dl. Like or pert, to the skinks. 

SCin-til'la (sin-til'd), n. [L.] A spark; atom; — 
used only fig. of evidence, truth, animation, etc. 

SCin'til-lant (sTn'tT-lant), a. [L.scintillans, p. pr. 
of scintillare to sparkle.] Scintillating. 

SCin'til-late (-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. scintillare, -latum, fr. scintilla spark.] 1. To 
emit sparks ; spark. 2. To sparkle or twinkle, as 
the fixed stars. i 

Syn. Gleam, glitter, coruscate, flash. — Scintil- f J 
late, coruscate. To scintillate is properly to // 
emit sparks ; to coruscate is to emit flashes. // 

SCin'til-la'tion (-la'shim), n. 1. Act of scintillat- If 
ing. 2. A spark or brief flash emitted in scintil- // 
lating. 3. Astron. The twinkling of stars or of ^ 
the planet Mercury. Scimitar. 




sci'o-graph (sl'6-gra.f ), sci'o-graph'ic (-graf'ik), etc. Vars. 
of skiagraph, etc. 

SCi'O-lism (sl'6-liz'm), n. Superficial knowledge. 

SCi'o-list (-list), n. [See sciolous.] One whose knowledge 
or learning is ^superficial. — SCi'o-lis'tic (-lis'tik), a. 

SCi'o-lotlS (sl'6-lws), a. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius knowing, 
fr. scire to know.] Knowing superficially or imperfectly. 

SCi'on (sl'un), n. Also (06s., exc. in sense 1) ci'on. [OF. 
cion, F. scion.] 1. Hort. Any bud, shoot, or other portion 
of a plant capable of propagation ; specif., such a part re- 
moved and prepared for grafting. 2. A descendant ; heir. - 

|| SCi're fa'ci-as (sl're fa'shi-as). [L., do you cause to 
know.] Law. A judicial writ founded upon some matter of 
record and requiring the party proceeded against to show 
cause why the record should not be enforced, annulled, or 
vacated; also, the proceeding so instituted. 

SCir'rhoid (skir'oid), a. Med. Resembling scirrhus. 

SCir-rhos'i-ty (ski-ros'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Med. A 
morbid induration, as of a gland ; state of being scirrhous. 

scirrhous (skir'us), a. Med. Proceeding from, or of the 
nature of, scirrhus ; indurated ; knotty. 

scir'rhus (-us), n. ; pi. L. -rhi (-1), E. -rhuses (-us-ez ; 24). 
[NL., fr. L., fr. Gr. aidppos, aiapos, fr. aiappos, ovapos, hard.] 
M ed.^ A hard cancerous tumor. 

SCis'sile (sis'il), a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to 
cut, split.] Capable of being cut smoothly. 

scis'sion (sizh'wn ; sish'-), n. [L. scissio, fr. scindere, 
scissum, to cut, split.] Act of cutting, dividing, or split- 
ting ; state of being cut, divided, or split ; fission ; division. 

scis'sor (siz'er), v. t. To cut with scissors or shears. 

scis'sor-er, n. One who scissors ; hence, a compiler. 

SCls'sors (-erz), n. pi. [F. cisoires, fr. L. cisorium a cut- 
ting instrument, pi. cisoria, It. caedere to cut.] A cut- 
ting instrument working like shears, but smaller ; — often 
called a pair of scissors. 

scis'sor-tail' (siz'er-taF), n. A flycatcher (Milvulus forfi- 
catus) of the southern United States and Mexico, having a 
deeply forked tail ; — called also scissor- tailed flycatcher. 

SCis'SUre (sizh'ur ; sish'-), n. [L. scissura, fr. scindere, 
scissum, to cut, split.] A cleft or opening in a body made 
by cutting ; ajissure. [pert, to the squirrels.! 

SCl'u-rine (sl'u-rln ; -rin), a. [L. sciurus squirrel.] Of orj 

SCi'u-roid (sl'u-roid), a. [L. sciurus squirrel + -oid.j 
Squirrel-like ; Bot., resembling the tail of a squirrel, as the 
spikes of certain grasses. 

sclaff (sklaf), v. i. Golf. To scrape the ground with the 
club in a stroke, before striking the ball. — v. t. Golf. To 
scrape (the club) on the ground, in a stroke, before hitting 
the ball ; also, to make (a stroke) in that way. — n. Golf. 
The stroke made by one who sclaff s. [Slavic, etc. 

Sclav'ic (sklaVik), Sclav'ism (-Tz'm), etc. Vars. of| 

SCle-reil'chy-ma (skle-rer/ki-md), n. [NL. ; Gr. trxX^poj 
hard + -enchyma as in parenchyma."] Bot. Tissue of cells 
whose walls are thickened and lignified, as in nutshells. 

SCle-ri'a-sis (skle-rl'd-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. cKXripLaais 
induration of the eyelid, fr. <tk\t)p6s hard.] Med. Indu- 
ration of any part. 

SCle/rite (skle'rit), n. [Gr. <nik-r)p6s hard.] Zo'dl. A hard 
chitinous or calcareous plate, piece, or spicule. — scle- 
rit'ic (skle-rit'ik), a. 

SCle'ro- (skle'ro- ; skler'6-). Combining form from Greek 
(TKXrjpos, hard, specif, denoting connection with, or rela- 
tion to, the sclerotic coat of the eye. 

SCle'ro-der'ma (-dur'md), n. [NL. ; sclero- + Gr. S'epua 
skin.^J Med. A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse 
rigidity and hardness of the skin. 

SCle'roid (skle'roid), a. Bot. & Zo'dl. Hard; indurated. 

scle-ro'ma (skle-ro'md), n.; pi. -mata (-md-td). [NL., fr. 
Gr. a-KXrjpwua, fr. <tk\tjp6s hard.] Med. Induration, or an 
induration, of tissues ; scleriasis. 

scle-rom'e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. Min. An instrument for 
determining the relative hardnesses of materials. 

scle-ro'sal (skle-ro'sal), a. Med. Pertaining to, or pro- 
ducing, sclerosis. [rosis ; indurated. I 

SCle-rosed' (skle-rost' ; skle'rozd), a. Affected with sclc-| 

SCle-ro'sis (skle-ro'sis), n. ; pi. -roses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. 
a k\ti puicr is.] 1. Med. Induration by increase of interstitial 
connective tissue. 2. Bot. Hardening by lignification. 

SCle-rot'ic (-rot'ik), a. [Gr. o-kXtjpos hard.] 1. Anat. Des- 
ignating, or pertaining to, the dense, fibrous, opaque, 
white outer coat of the eyeball. 2. Med. & Bot. Affected 
with sclerosis. — n. The sclerotic coat of the eye. 

scle'ro-ti'tis (skle'ro-tl'tis ; skler'o-), n. [NL. See scle- 
rotic ; -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the sclerotic coat. — 
scle'ro-tit'ic (-tit'Ik), a. 

SCle-rot'O-my (skle-rot'6-mT), n. Surg. Incision of the 
sclerotic, as in an operation for glaucoma. 

scoff (sk§f ; 62), n. 1. A derisive or mocking expression of 
scorn, derision, or contempt. 2. An object of scorn, mock- 
ery, or derision. — v. i. To manifest contempt by derisive 
acts or language ; — often used with at. 
Syn. Flout, mock, jeer, gibe, fleer, sneer, rail at, taunt, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SCOFFER 



865 



SCORPIOID 



ridicule, deride. — Scoff, jeer, gibe, fleer, sneer. Scoff 

implies insolent or irreverent mockery or derision ; jeer 
and gibe suggest taunting sarcasm or scornful raillery ; to 
fleer is to laugh or grin with impudent mockery. Sneer 
implies the ill-natured or cynical expression, or suggestion, 
of (often covert) contempt, esp. by the face or tone of voice. 

— v. t. To treat with derision ; mock at. — scoffer, n. 
SCOffing-ly, adv. In a scoffing manner. 

scold (skold), y. i. & t. To find fault, usually clamorously 
or rudely ; chide or rebuke harshly ; rate ; sometimes, to 
rail ; — often used with at. — Syn. See reprove. — n. 
One who scolds, esp. habitually. — SCOld'er, n. 

SCOl'e-cite (skol'e-slt ; sko'le-),?!. [G. scolezit, fr.Gr.cr/cwX77f 
worm.] Min. A zeolite, of the natrolite group, a hydrous 
silicate of calcium and aluminium, CaAhSuOio-SHaO. 

sco'lex (sko'leks), n. ; pi. scoleces (sko-le'sez), often also 
scolices (skol'i-sez ; sko'lT-). [NL., fr. Gr. <tkw\t)£ worm, 
grub.] Zo'dl. The head of a tapeworm or other parasitic 
worm either in the larva (bladder worm) or adult stage. 

SCO'U-on (sko'li-on), n. ; pi. -lia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. okoXiou, 
fr. <TKo\t.6s crooked.] Gr. Antiq. A kind of short poem, 
sung in turn by the guests at banquets. 

scol'lop (skoKup). Var. of scallop. 

scol'o-pen'drid (skol'6-pen'dnd), n. [From L. scolopen- 
dra a kind of multiped, Gr. <TKo\6irev5pa.'\ Zo'dl. One of a 
family {Scolopendridx) of centipedes. 

scom'broid (skom'broid), a. [L. scomber mackerel -f- -oid.~] 
Zo'dl. Like a mackerel ; belonging to a large superfamily 
(Scombroidea) of fishes containing the mackerels and ca- 
vallas, and many related smaller families, as the swordfish, 
bluefish, and dolphins ; also, belonging or pert, to the mack- 
erel family (Scombridse). 

sconce (skons), n. [Prob. fr. OF. esconse a hiding place, fr. 
esconser to hide, or its source, L. abscondere, absconsum.~\ 
1. A protection, cover, shelter, etc. ; hut ; covered stall. 2. 
Fort. An isolated defensive work ; a small fort or redoubt. 
3. Headpiece ; helmet. 4. The head ; skull ; also, brains ; 
sense. Colloq. 5. A mulct or fine, as at Oxford University, 
England. 6. A bracket candlestick or group of candlesticks 
secured to a wall. 

— v. t. ; sconced (skonst) ; sconcing (skon'sing). 1. To 
ensconce ; imprison. 2. To mulct ; fine. 

scone (skon), n. A cake, thinner than a bannock, of barley, 
wheat, or oatmeal, often baked on a griddle. Scot. 

scoop (skoop),ra. [ME. scope.] 1. A large ladle. 2. A deep 
shovel, or similar implement for dipping or shoveling ; as, a 
Hour scoop. 3. Surg. A spoon-shaped instrument, used in 
extracting certain substances or foreign bodies. 4. A basin- 
like cavity ; hollow. 5. Act of scooping ; a motion with or 
like that made with a scoop. 6. An amount of something 
obtained in large quantity, as large profits in speculation. 
Colloq. 7. = beat, n., 11. Newspaper Slang. 

— v. t. 1. To take out or up with a scoop ; hence, Colloq., to 
gather in with or as if with a scoop ; as, to scoop in a good 
profit. 2. To empty by lading ; as, to scoop a boat dry. 3. 
To make hollow ; dig out. 4. To get a scoop, or a beat, on 
(a rival). Newspaper Slang. — SCOOp'er (skobp'er), n. 

Scoot (skoot), v. i. & t. To go suddenly and swiftly ; dart. 
Colloq. — n. An act of scooting or darting. Colloq. 

SCOOt'er (-er), n. A strongly built sailboat having a flat bot- 
tom shod with steel runners, and a sharply rising stem, for 
sailing through the water or over the ice as either is met 
with. Local, U. S. Hence : scoot'er-ing, n. 

Scope (skop), n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. 
cr/coiros a watcher, mark, aim.] 1. That at which one aims ; 
intention. Archaic. 2. Range or extent of view, intent, 
action, etc. 3. Room or opportunity for free outlook, aim, 
or action ; liberty ; as, scope for one's energies. 4. Length ; 
extent ; as, scope of cable. — Syn. See range. 

-scope (-skop). [Gr. o-Koiros watcher. See scope.] Combin- 
ing form usually signifying an instrument for viewing 
(with the eye) or observing (in any way), as in microscope. 

Sco'po-lam'ine (sko'po-lam'in ; -Id-men'), n. Also -min. 
[G. scopolamin, fr. NL. Scopolia a genus of plants (after 
G. A. Scopoli of Pavia) + amine."] Chem. A crystalline 
alkaloid, C17H21O4N, occurring in the roots of certain sola- 
naceous plants (esp. genus Scopolia). It is used as a myd- 
riatic. See twilight sleep. 

SCO'po-line (sko'po-lm ; -len), n. Also -lin. Chem. A crys- 
talline tertiary base, C8H13O2N, obtained by decomposition 
of scopolamine. 

soop'u-late (skop'u-lat), a. [From L. scopulae, pi., a little 
broom.] Zo'dl. Brushlike. 

-SCOpy. [Gr. (rucnreiv to view.] A suffix denoting viewing, 
examination, scrutiny, observation. 

SCOr-bu'tic (skor-bu'tik), a. [From LL. scorbutus scurvy.] 
Med. Of, pert, to, or like, scurvy ; diseased with scurvy. 

scorch (skorch), v. t. 1. To parch by heat or burn superfi- 
cially ; to heat so as to change color and texture without 
consuming. 2. To affect painfully with or as with heat ; 
hence, fig., to assail with burning criticism, sarcasm, or the 
like. 3. To burn ; destroy by or as by fire. Archaic. 



Syn. Scorch, singe, parch, sear, char agree in denoting 
the effect of heat, esp. on surfaces. To scorch is to heat 
superficially so as to cause change of color or texture ; to 
singe is to burn esp. the tips or ends of something ; as, to 
scorch cloth in ironing, to singe one's hair. Parch empha- 
sizes the idea of drying or shriveling ; sear, that of hard- 
ening of tissues ; char, that of reduction to cinder ; as. x o 
parch com ; a charred stick ; seared with a hot iron. 

— v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface ; be or become 
parched. 2. To cycle or motor at great speed. Colloq. 

scorch'er (sk6r'cher),n. One who, or that which, scorches ; 
specif. : a A very hot day ; hence, anything withering or 
caustic, as a rebuke or sarcasm, b One who cycles or motors 
at an excessive speed. All Colloq. or Slang. 

scorch'ing, p. a. That scorches. — scorch'ing-ly, adv. 

Hscor-da'to (skor-da'to), a. [It., lit. made discordant.] 
Music. Out of tune ; altered in tuning for particular effects. 

|| SCOr'da-tU'ra (skor'da-too'ra), n. [It.] Music. An unusu- 
al tuning of a stringed instrument for some special effect. 

score (skor; 57), n. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. A notch or inci- 
sion, esp. one made as for keeping account. 2. An account 
so kept ; hence : any account ; indebtedness ; as, he paid his 
score. 3. a The number of points gained (by both sides) in 
a contest, b Act of scoring, or gaining a point or points in a 
game. Colloq. 4. Account ; reason ; motive. 5. A line or 
long mark, as a scratch ; esp., amark as a starting point or 
a goal ; a taw._6. Music. The original draft, or its transcript 
of a. composition, with the parts for all the instruments or 
voices, written on staves one above the other. 7. The num- 
ber twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally ; 
hence, in pi., a large number ; as, scores died of hunger. 

— y. t.; scored (skord) ; scor'ing (skor'mg). 1. To mark 
with lines, scratches, or notches, esp. for keeping account. 
2. Esp., to mark with significant lines or notches, as in 
keeping account of something ; as, to score a tally. 3. To 
set down ; record ; charge. 4. To gain for addition to the 
score, as points in a game ; hence, to win ; as, to score a 
success. 5. Music. To write out in score, as an overture. — 
v. i. _ 1. To keep the score in a game. 2. To make or count 
a point or points, as in a game ; tally ; win or have the ad- 
vantage. 3. To mark lines, as by incision. — scor'er, n. 

SCO r ri-a (sko'n-d ; 57), n. ; pi. -rle (-e). [L., fr. Gr. cxcopi'a, 
fr. crKcip dung.] Refuse from melting of metals, reduction 
of ores, etc. ; dross ; slag ; also, slaggy lava ; — usually in pi. 

SCO'ri-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. Of, pert, to, or like, scoria. 

SCO'ri-form (-form), a. Having the form of scoria. 

sco'ri-fy (-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [scoria + -fy.] 
To reduce to scoria. — SCO'li-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 

SCOrn (skorn), n. [ME. scorn (cf. ME. scam, fr. OF. es- 
carn, of G. origin). See scorn, v. i.] 1. Extreme contempt ; 
haughty disregard ; disdain. 2. An expression of extreme 
contempt ; taunt ; gibe. Archaic. 3. An object of extreme 
disdain, contempt, or derision. 

— v. t. [ME. scornen, fr. OF. escorner to mock, prob. orig. 
to deprive of horns, fr. L. ex out, from + cornu horn ; con- 
fused with ME. seamen. See scorn, n.] 1. To hold in, or 
reject with, scorn ; despise ; disdain. 2. To insult ; scoff at ; 
taunt. 06s. — Syn. See despise. — v. i. To scoff ; act dis- 
dainfully. — scorn'er, n. 

scorn'ful (skorn'fdol), a. Full of scorn ; contemptuous ; 
disdainful ; — often used with of. — Syn. See contemp- 
tuous. — scorn'ful-ly, adv. — scorn'ful-ness, n. 

SCOr'o-dite (skor'o-dTt), n. [G. scorodit ; — so called in 
allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, fr. Gr. aKopoSov 
garlic.] Min. A leek-green or brownish mineral in crystals 
and in earthy form. It is hydrous ferric arsenate. 

scor-pae'noid (sKor-pe'noid), a. Zo'dl. Belonging to a 
large family {Scorpsenidse) of marine spiny-finned fishes. 
— scor-pae'nid (-nid), scor-pae'noid (-noid), n. 

Scor , pi-o(sk6r'pi-o),n./ffen.. Scorpionis (-o'nis) (seeNote, 
below). [L.] Astron. 
a A southern zodiacal 
constellation between 
Libra and Sagittarius 
pictured as a scorpi- 
on ; the Scorpion, b 
The eighth sign [TTl] 
of the zodiac, which 
the sun enters about 
Oct. 23. 

BS^In designating 
stars, Scorpii (from 
Scorpius, an equiva- 
lent of Scorpio), in- 
stead of Scorpionis, is 
usually used as the 
genitive. 

scor'pi-oid (-oid), a. 
[Gr. (TKopirioet.5ris ," 
a-Kopwlos a scorpion + 
«!5os form.] 1. Z00L 
Like a scorpion ; pert, 
to the scorpion family The Constellation Scorpio. 







< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



N 



SCORPION 



866 



SCRAPE 







R 




{Scorpioidea). 2. Curved at the end like a scorpion's 
tail ; — chiefly Bot., and commonly applied to certain inflo- 
rescences ; as, a scorpioid cyme. 

SCOr'pi-on (skSr'pT-iin), n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, 
Gr. or/copTTtos.] 1. Any of an order 
(Scorpionida) of arachnids having 
an elongated body and a narrow seg- 
mented tail with a venomous sting 
at the tip. 2. Bib. A kind of scourge, 
prob. one armed with metal points. 
1 Kings xii. 11. 3. {cap.] Astron. 
= Scorpio. [tares. | 

Scorpion's Heart. Astron. = An- 

SCOt (skot), n. A payment or contri- 
bution to be made, esp. for an enter- 
tainment ; also, a share in such a 
payment. A tax ; — now chiefly in 
scot and lot (below). 
scot and lot. a A municipal tax or 
assessment for municipal expenses. 
British, b Fig., obligations collec- 
tively ; as. to pay scot and lot, i. e., to 
settle (with), 

Scot, n. [L." Scoti, Scotti, pi.] 1. 
One of a Gaelic people of northern 
Ireland who settled in Scotland 
about the beginning of the 6th cen- 
tury. 2. A native or inhabitant of Scorpion, under side. 
Scotland ; a Scotchman. 5 Sting. 

Scotch (skoch), a. Of or pert, to Scotland, its language, or 
its inhabitants; Scottish. — to. 1. Collectively, the people 
of Scotland ; the Scots. They comprise three ethnic types : a 
tall, red-blond type, indicating Teutonic descent ; a tall, 
dark type, derived from the Gaelic-speaking Celts ; and a 
short, dark, curly-haired type representing an original Ibe- 
rian population. 2. The dialect or dialects of English spo- 
ken by the people of Scotland. 

scotch, v. t. To prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc. — n. 
A chock, wedge, prop, etc., to prevent slipping or rolling. 

scotch, v. t. [Earlier scorch, prob. fr. score, v., influenced 
by scorch."] To cut superficially ; wound ; score ; scratch. 

— n. A slight cut or incision ; notch ; score. 
Scotch'man (skoch'man), n. A Scot. 

sco'ter (sko'ter), n. Any of several northern sea ducks 
(genus Oidemia), usually called coot, in America, but not to 
be confounded with the true coots, [unhurt ; clear ; safe.l 

SCOt'— free', a. Without payment of scot ; untaxed ; hence :| 

SCO'ti-a (sko'shi-d), to. [L., fr. Gr. cuorta, lit., darkness, 
from the shadow it casts, itkotos darkness.] Arch. A con- 
cave molding used especially in classical architecture, as 
in the base of a column. See molding, Illust. 

Sco'tism (sko'tiz'm), n. The doctrines of (Joannes) Duns 
Scotus, a Franciscan Scholastic (d. 1308), called the Subtle 
Doctor, which emphasize individual will and efficiency, as 
opposed to Thomism. 

Scots (skots), a. Scottish ; Scotch ; as, Scots law ; a pound 
Scots ($0,406). — n. The Scottish language or dialect. 

Scots'man (skots'man), to. A Scotchman. 

Scot'ti-cism (skot'i-siz'm), n. An idiom, or mode of ex- 
pression, peculiar to Scottish people. 

Scot'tish (-ish), a. Of or pert, to the inhabitants of Scot- 
land, their country, language, or literature ; Scotch. 

SCOUn'drel (skoun'drel), n. A mean, worthless fellow ; ras- 
cal ; villain. — a. Low ; base ; mean. — scoun'drel-dom 
(-dum), n. drel-ism (-iz'm), n. — scoun'drel-ly, a. 

SCOUr (skour), v. i. [OF. escorre, escourre, fr. L. excurrere 
to run forth.] To run swiftly ; range in pursuit or search. 

— v. t. To pass over swiftly ; also, to go over thoroughly in 
or as if in pursuit or search ; as, to scour a country for game. 

SCOUr, v. t. 1. To make clean and bright by friction. 2. To 
cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., by rubbing or scrubbing, or 
by a detergent process ; as, to scour wool. 3. To cleanse or 
clear, as by a powerful current of water ; flush ; as, to scour 
a ditch. 4. Fig., to remove as if by rubbing ; esp., to carry 
off or sweep away, as by a flood ; as, to scour the invaders 
from the land. 5. To purge ; as, to scour a horse. 6. To 
free (wheat) from dust, etc., before milling. — v. i. 1. To 
clean anything by rubbing. 2. To cleanse anything, esp. in 
a liquid. 3. Of cattle, to have diarrhea. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of scouring. 2. Diarrhea or dysentery, 
as in cattle ; — usually in pi. 3. A place scoured, esp. by 
running water. 4. A cleansing or detergent agent used in 
scouring something, as wool or the like. — scour'er, n. 

SCOUr'er, n. [From 1st scour.] One who scours, or roisters 
through, the streets, esp. by night ; a vagabond, roisterer, 
or night thief. Hist. 

Scourge (skurj), v. t. & %.; scourged (skurjd) ; scourg'ing 
(skur'jing). [OF. escorgier, fr. L. excoriare to excoriate. 
See excoriate.] 1. To whip ; lash ; flog. 2. To punish or 
afflict severely ; as, a country scourged by war. — n. 1. A 
lash or whip, esp. as used for chastising human beings. 2. 
A means of inflicting punishment or suffering ; hence : a 



punishment ; also, a cause of calamity or affliction ; as, a 
scourge of flies. — SCOUrg'er (skur'jer), n. 

scouring rush. The common horsetail (Equisetum hye- 
male) used, esp. in Europe, in scouring. 

scour'ings (-ingz), n. pi. Refuse removed in scouring; 
specif., refuse removed in scouring grain. 

SCOUSe (skous), n. A sailor's baked dish. See lobscouse. 

SCOUt (skout), v. t. To reject with contempt, as something 
absurd ; treat with ridicule ; flout. — v. i. To scoff ; — 
used with at ; as, to scout at religion. 

SCOUt, n. [OF. escoute, fr. escouter to listen, fr. L. auscul- 
tare to listen to.] 1. One sent out to gain tidings ; esp., 
Mil. & Nav., a. soldier, vessel, aeroplane, or the like, sent 
out to reconnoiter. 2. Act of reconnoitering. 3. A (male) 
college servant ; — so called at Oxford, at Cambridge called 
a gyp. Cant, Eng. 4. In cricket, etc., a fielder. 5. = boy 
scout. — v. i. To go about to explore a region or to get in- 
formation of the movements of an enemy ; reconnoiter ; 
rarely, to keep watch. — v. t. 1. To observe, watch, look 
for, or follow, as a scout. 2. To reconnoiter. 

SCOUt'mas'ter (skout'mas'ter), n. The adult leader of a 
troop of boy scouts. 

SCOW (skou), n. [D. schouw.] A large flat-bottomed boat, 
having broad square ends. 

SCOWl (skoul), v. i. 1. To draw down or wrinkle the brows, 
as in frowning ; look sour, sullen, severe, or angry. 2. To 
look threatening ; lower. — v. t. To affect, influence, etc., 
by or as by scowling. — Syn. See frown. 

— n. 1. A pulling down or wrinkling of the brows, as in 
frowning ; a frown. 2. A dark or threatening aspect. 

scrab'ble (skrab'l), v. i.; -bled (-'Id); -Sling (-ling). 
[Freq. of dial, scrab to scrape.] 1. To scrape, paw, or 
scratch with claws or paws or with the hands or feet. 2. To 
clamber ; scramble. 3. To scribble ; scrawl. — v. t. 1. To 
gather hastily as by clutching ; scramble ; — used with up, 
together, etc. 2. To scribble ; scrawl. 

— n. A scrabbling ; scramble ; also, a scribble. 

scrag (skrag), n. Any of various thin or lean and tough 
objects ; as : a A rawboned or scrawny person or animal. 
Colloq. and Depreciatory, b The lean, inferior end of a 
neck of mutton, or, less commonly, of veal. C A person's 
neck. Colloq. and Depreciatory. 

— v. t.; scragged (skragd) ; scrag'ging. To seize, pull, or 
twist the neck of ; hang by the neck ; kill by hanging. Colloq. 

scrag'ged (skrag'ed), a. Scraggy. — scrag'ged-ness, n. 

scrag'gi-ness (-I-nes), n. Quality or state of being scraggy. 

scrag'gly (-IT), a. Irregular ; jagged ; ragged ; unkempt. 

Sprag'gy (-1), a.; -gi-er (-i-er); -gi-est. 1. Rough with 
irregular points ; as, a scraggy rock. 2. Lean and rough ; 
scrawny ; as, a scraggy neck. Chiefly Depreciatory. 

scram'ble (skram'b'l), v. i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling. [For 
scrabble.] 1. To move or clamber with or on hands and 
feet or knees ; scrabble. 2. To struggle with others for 
something on the ground ; hence : to struggle unceremoni- 
ously for something ; as, to scramble for a seat. — v. t. 1. 
To collect by scrambling ; — usually used with up or to- 
gether; as, to scramble up wealth. 2. To toss or mix to- 
gether confusedly, as cards. 

scrambled eggs, eggs of which the whites and yolks are 
stirred together while cooking, or eggs beaten slightly, 
often with a little milk, and stirred while cooking. 

— n. A scrambling. — scram'bler, n. 

scran'nel (skran''l), a. Slight ; thin ; now, usually, harsh ; 
unmelodious ; as, a scrannel voice. 

scrap (skrap),n. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. A remnant ; remains ; 
a bit ; fragment ; — of food, and chiefly in pi. 2. A frag- 
ment of something written or printed ; a brief excerpt. 3. 
In pi. The crisp substance that remains after trying out ani- 
mal fat ; as, pork scraps. 4. In sing, or pi. Scrap metal. 

— v. t. ; scrapped (skrapt) ; scrap'ping. To make into scrap 
or scraps ; discard as refuse ; as, to scrap machinery. Cant. 

— a. In the form of scraps or fragments ; valuable only as 
raw material ; as, scrap metal. 

scrap, n. & v. i. Fight ; quarrel ; scuffle. Slang. 

scrap'book 7 (-book'), to. A blank book in which extracts 
or pictures cut from books and periodicals may be pasted. 

scrape (skrap), v. t.; scraped (skrapt) ; scrap'ing (skrap'- 
ing). 1. a To rub over the surface of with a sharp or rough 
instrument; make smooth or clean by or as by rasping; 
also, to grate harshly over, b To remove in this way. 2. To 
collect by or as by a process of scraping ; gather laboriously 
in small portions. 3. To draw harshly or roughly over a 
surface ; as, to scrape the feet. 

to scrape acquaintance, to make acquaintance by an 
effort, esp. without an introduction. 

— v. i. 1. To scrape anything ; rub harshly or gratingly. 2° 
To occupy one's self with getting goods, esp. money, labori- 
ously. 3. To draw back the foot along the ground or floor 
when making a bow ; as, he bowed and scraped. 

— to. 1. Act of scraping ; also, the effect of scraping, as a 
scratching, harsh sound. 2. A disagreeable predicament ; 
difficulty, esp. one due to one's own fault. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, loot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SCRAPER 



867 



SCRIMSHAW 



scrap'er (skrap'er), n. 1. An instrument with which some- 
thing is scraped. 2. One who scrapes ; as : a A fiddler ; — 
usually derogatory, b One who acquires avariciously and 
saves penuriously. 

Scrap'ple (skrap'Tj, n. [Dim. of scrap."] An article of food 
made by boiling together bits or scraps of meat, usually 
pork, with chopped herbs and flour or Indian meal. U. S. 

scrap'py (-T), a.; -pi-er; -pi-est. Consisting of scraps; 
fragmentary. pi-ly (skrap'i-li), adv.^ pi-ness, n. 

scratch (skrach), v. t. [ME. cracchen, influenced by ME. 
scratten to scratch.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the sur- 
face of with something sharp or ragged; scrape. 2. To 
scrape or rub with something rough, pointed, or edged 
without abrasion, so as to allay itching or the like. 3. To 
write or draw hastily or roughly. Colloq. 4. To cancel or 
expunge, as by drawing a line through ; hence, to withdraw 
(a horse) from the entries in a race, as by crossing its name 
off from the list of entries. 5. To dig with the claws. — 
v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing, wounding, 
digging, etc. 2. To rub one's head, back, etc., with some- 
thing rough. 3. To gather money by hard work and hoard- 
ing ; as, he scratched and saved. 

— n. 1. A break or mark made by scratching. 2. A slight, 
superficial wound. 3. In pi. Veter. See scratches. 4. The 
starting line in a race. 5. Formerly, a line up to which 
pugilists were brought to join fight ; hence, test or proof of 
courage ; as, to come up to the scratch. 6. In a handicap, 
the starting time or starting point of a competitor who 
receives neither odds nor a penalty ; also, such a competitor. 
7. In billiards, a shot which scores by chance ; a fluke. 

— a. 1. Made or done by chance and not in the way intend- 
ed ; haphazard. Colloq. 2. In sports, without handicap or 
allowance ; — used of a contest or contestant. 

SCratcb/er, n. One who, or that which, scratches. 

scratch'es (skrach'ez ; 24), n. ; pi. in form, but often con- 
strued as a sing. Veter. An affection of the skin of the hol- 
low of the fetlock of horses, accompanied with swelling, 
heat, and tenderness, and often suppuration. 

scratch'y (-i), a.; scratch'i-er ; -i-est. 1. Making, or 
accompanied with, a scratching noise. 2. Having the ap- 
pearance of scratches or of being marked or made with 
scratches ; as, a scratchy drawing. 

Scrawl (skrol), v. t. & i. To draw or mark awkwardly and 
irregularly ; write hastily and carelessly ; scribble. — n. 
Unskillful, inelegant, or carelessly hasty writing ; also, that 
which is so written. — scrawl'er, n. 

SCrawl'y (-T), a. Ill-formed; carelessly irregular. Colloq. 

scraw'ny (skro'nT), a.; -ni-er ; -ni-est. Meager; thin; 
bony. — scraw'ni-ness (-m-nes), n. Both U. S. 

Screak (skrek), v. i. To emit suddenly a sharp, shrill 
sound ; screech ; creak. — n. A creaking ; screech ; shriek. 

scream (skrem), v. i. [ME. scremen, of Scand. orig.] To 
cry out with a shrill voice ; utter a sudden, sharp outcry, 
as in fright, pain, anger, etc. — v. t. To utter as or with a 
scream. — n. Act or sound of screaming. 

scream'er (skrem'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
screams. 2. Zo'ol. Any of a family (Pala- 
medeidae) of American birds of uncertain 
affinities, including the crested screamers 
(genus Chauna) and the horned screamer 
or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). 3. Some- 
thing so remarkable or extravagant as to 
provoke a scream, as of laughter or 
joy. Slang. 



scream'ing, p. a. 




Crested Screamer. 



1. 

Uttering screams. 2. 
Having the nature of 
a scream; like a 
scream. 3. Evoking 
screams, as of mirth ; 
as, a screaming farce. 

Scree (skre), n. A peb- 
ble ; stone ; a heap of 
stones or rocky de- 
bris ; a talus. Brit. 

Screech (skrech), v. i. 
[Also, formerly, 
scritch, ME. skrich- 
en, of Scand. orig.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry or sound ; 
shriek. — v. t. To utter as or with a screech. — n. A harsh, 
shrill cry, as of acute pain or terror ; also, a similar sound 
made by or with inanimate objects. — screech'er, n. 

screech'y (-1), a. Like a screech ; shrill and harsh. 

screech owl. 1. Any of many small American owls (genus 
Megascops) with erectile ear tufts. 2. An owl (called also 
barn owl) with a harsh cry said to be ill-omened. Brit. 

Screed (skred), n. 1. A fragment ; shred. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
2. A long strip or band. Chiefly Dial, or Cant. 3. A long 
tirade. 4. Plastering. A strip, as of plaster of the thickness 
proposed for the coat, applied at intervals as a guide. 

Screen (skren), n. [OF. escren, escran.~\ 1. Anything in 
the nature of a protective partition or curtain, esp. a porta- 




ble covered framework ; a shield ; as, a fire screen ; a win- 
dow screen. 2. Arch. A wall or partition, often ornamen- 
tal, carried up to a certain height, as in a church. 3. Mil. A 
body of troops covering the movements of a main force ; as, 
a cavalry screen. 4. A surface on which an image, as a pic- 
ture, is thrown by a magic lantern, etc. 5. A coarse riddle 
or sieve for separating coarser from finer parts, as of coal, 
sand, gravel, grain, etc. 6. A sheet of glass ruled with fine 
lines, used in photographing for half-tone reproduction. 

— v. t. 1. To separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, 
or danger ; shelter ; protect ; conceal. 2. To sift, as coal, 
gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen. 3. To project (as a 
picture) upon a screen, as with a magic lantern or cinemato- 
graph. — Syn. See shelter. — screen'er, n. 

screenings (-Tngz), n. pi. Refuse from what is screened, 
esp. weeds, seeds, straw, etc., from wheat. 

screw (skroo), n. [OF. escroue, escroe, female screw.] 1. 
A common mechanical device consisting 
in its simplest form of a continuous heli- 
cal rib or thread with the cylindrical shank 
from which it projects ; — called specif. 
external, or male, screw. Also, the corre- 
sponding part into which this external 
screw fits and advances when turned ; — 
called specif, internal, or female, screw. 
2. A screw propeller, as of a steamer. 3. 
A turn of or as of a screw ; a screwing mo- 
tion or movement. 4. A worn-out, broken 
down, or otherwise unsound horse. Colloq. ^iX^Kej^^i 
5. An extortioner ; a skinflint. *££* ^ aE*. 

— v. t. 1. To turn, as a screw ; apply a Screw ; b Inter- 
screw to ; press, fasten, make firm, move, nal, or Female, 
etc., by means of a screw or screws. 2. To Screw, shown 
turn or twist round, esp. with violence or m section. 

so as to cause distortion ; as, to screw the body round ; to 
screw the neck of a fowl. 3. To force as by pressure of 
screws ; as, to screw up courage. 4. To practice extortion 
on. — v. i. 1. To turn as or like a screw. 2. To practice ex- 
tortion or oppression. 3. To turn with a twisting motion ; 
as, he screwed around in his chair. 

screw bean. The spirally twisted pod of a mimosaceous 
tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California ; 
also, the tree itself. 

screw driver, or screw'driv'er (skroo'drlv'er), n. A tool 
for turning screws in inserting or removing them. 

screwed (skrood), a. 1. Having threads like those of a 
screw. 2. Intoxicated ; drunk. Slang. 

screw'er, n. One who, or that which, screws. 

screw pine. Any of a genus (Pandanus) of plants having 
spirally arranged leaves and aerial roots. 

screw propeller. A device consisting of a central hub 
with radiating vanes forming part of two or more helical 
surfaces, used to propel steamships, boats, airships, etc 

serib'al (skrlb'al), a. Of or pertaining to a scribe. 

scrib'ble (sknb''l), y. t.; -bled (-'Id); -bling. [Freq. fr. 
scribe.'] 1. To write hastily or carelessly. 2. To fill or 
cover with careless or worthless writing. — v. i. To scrawl ; 
make meaningless marks. — n. Hasty or careless writing. 

SCrib'bler (-ler), n. One who scribbles ; hence : a writer of 
worthless or inferior matter ; an author of small reputation. 

scribe (skrlb), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write.] 1. One 
who writes ; esp., an official or public writer ; amanuensis ; 
copyist. 2. Jewish Religion & Hist. A doctor or teacher 
of the law ; lawyer. 

— v. t.; scribed (skrlbd) ; scrib'ing (skrlb'ing). 1. To 
write, engrave, or mark on ; inscribe. 2. Specif., to mark 
(wood, metal, brick, etc.) by cutting or scratching a line or 
lines, as with a scriber ; also, to make (a line or the like) 
thus. 3. Carp. To cut (anything) according to marks made, 
so as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a 
board to the curves of a molding. — v. i. To make a mark ; 
write. 

scrib'er (skrlb'er), n. One who, or that which, scribes ; spe- 
cif., a sharp-pointed tool for marking off wood, metal, etc. 

scrim (skrTm), n. A kind of light, open cotton or linen fabric, 
used in embroidery, for window curtains, etc. 

scrim'mage (skrlm'aj), n. [Altered fr. skirmish.] 1. For- 
merly, a skirmish ; now, a row or confused struggle. 2. a 
Rugby Football. = scrummage, b American Football. 
The play following the putting in play of the ball by the 
snapper-back. It does not end until the ball is dead. 

scrimp (skrTmp), v. t. 1. To make too small, short, scanty, 
or the like. 2. To provide insufficiently with something ; 
put on short allowance. — v. i. To be niggardly. — a. 
Short ; scanty ; deficient. — n. A pinching miser. Colloq. 

scrimp'y (skrTm'pT), a. ; -pi-er (-pi-er) ; -pi-est. Scanty ; 
scrimp. — scrimp'i-ness, n. Both Colloq. 

scrim'shaw' (sknm'sho 7 ), v. i. & t. Naut. To do any neat 
small mechanical job ; specif., to ornament, as shells, 
ivory, etc., by engraving. — n. Naut. A neat piece of 
mechanical work ; anything that is scrimshawed. All Sail- 
ors' Cant, U. S. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
E x p l a n ations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. *> equal*. 



N 



SCRIP 



868 



SCULPTURE 







R 



scrip (skrip), n. [ME. scrippe, LL. scrippum, perh. of 
Teutonic origin.] Small bag ; wallet. Archaic. 

Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A writing, as a certificate, 
memorandum, schedule, or list. 2. A small piece or scrap 
of paper or parchment. 3. Any of various documents used 
as evidence that the holder or bearer is entitled to receive 
something, as stock or a fractional part of a share, an 
allotment of land, etc. ; also, such documents collectively. 

Script (skript), n. [OF. escrit, L. scriptum something writ- 
ten.] 1. A writing. Obs. 2. Law. An original or principal 
instrument or document. 3. Written characters ; style of 
writing. 4. Print. See type. 

scrip-to'ri-um (skrip-to'rT-iim ; 57), n.; L. pi. -ria (-&). 
[LL., fr. L. scribere, scriptum, to write.] In an abbey or 
monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying 
manuscripts ; in general, a room devoted to writing. 

scrip'tur-al (skrip'tyr-al), a. 1. Written ; also, pert, to writ- 
ing. Rare. 2. [cap. - ] Pert, to, contained in, or according to, 
the Scriptures ; Biblical. al-ly, adv. al-ness, n. 

Scrip'tur-al-ism (-Tz'm),n. Quality or state of being Scrip- 
tural ; literal adherence to the Scriptures. al-ist, n. 

SCllp'ture (-tur), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere,^ scriptum, 
to write.] 1. Anything written ; document ; inscription. 
Obs. or Archaic. 2. [_cap.~] The books of the Old andthe 
New Testament, or of either of them ; the Bible ; — chiefly 
used in pi. 3. \_cap.~] A passage from the Bible ; a text. 
Obs. or Rare. 4. Any sacred writing. 

Scri-vel'lo (skrT-vel'o), n. ; pi. -loes or -los (-oz). An, ele- 
phant's tusk, esp. one weighing less than twenty pounds. 

SCrive'ner (sknv'ner ; skriv''n-er), n. [OF. escrivain, LL. 
scribanus, fr. L. scribere to write.] A professional or pub- 
lic writer ; one who draws contracts or prepares writings. 

SCro-bic'u-late (skro-bik'ii-lat), a. [L. scrobiculus, dim. 
of scrobis a ditch.] Bot. & Zool. Furrowed ; pitted. 

SCrof'u-la (skrof'u-la), n. [L. scrofulae, dim. fr. scrofa a 
breeding sow.] Med. A tuberculous condition with enlarge- 
ment and degeneration of the lymphatic glands, esp. those 
of the neck ; king's evil. 

scrof'u-lous (-lus), a. Pert, to or affected with scrofula. — 
scrof 'u-lous-ly, adv. — scrof 'u-lous-ness, n. 

Scroll (skrol), n. [Dim. of ME. scroue, scrowe, OF. escroe, 
escroue, LL. scroa scroll.] 1. A roll of paper or parch- 
ment; a schedule; list; also, a draft; outline. 2. Some- 
thing, usually an ornament, in form resembling a roll of 
paper, esp. one loosely or only partly rolled : specif. : a The 
curved head of viol instruments, b In ornamental design, 
any of various spiral or convoluted forms based on the 
curves taken by a scroll of parchment ; also, any ornament 
of such a form. C Her. A ribbon with a motto inscribed. 

scroll saw. A ribbonlike saw stretched in a frame, adapt- 
ed for sawing curved outlines ; also, a machine in which 
such a saw is worked, usually by foot or power. 

SCroll'work' (skrol'wurk'), n. Decorative or ornamental 
work having a scroll or scrolls as the essential feature ; also, 
thin woodwork cut into designs with a scroll saw. 

Scroop (skroop), v. i. [Imitative.] To make a crunching, 
squeaking, or grating sound ; to creak ; squeak ; grate. 

— n. A harsh sound, as of creaking, crunching, or grating. 
Both Chiefly Dial. 

Scropb/u-la / ri-a / ceous (skrof'u-la'rT-a'shus), a. [From 
Scrophularia, the type genus.] Bot. Belonging to a fami- 
ly (Scrophulariacese) of herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees of 
wide distribution, the figwort family, including digitalis, 
the speedwells, pentstemon, monkey flower, etc. 

SCro'tal (skro'tal), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the scrotum. 

scro'tum (skro'tum), n. [L.] The external bag or pouch 
which in most mammals contains the testicles. 

SCrouge (skrouj ; skrooj), v. t. To crowd ; press. Colloq. 

scrub (skrub), v. t. & i.; scrubbed (skrubd) ; scrub'bing. 
[ME. scrobben.'] To rub hard in washing ; wash with rub- 
bing ; esp., to rub with something wet, coarse, or rough, so 
as to clean or brighten. 

— n. 1. Act or process of scrubbing. 2. One who labors hard 
and lives meanly. 3. [Prob. of Scand. orig.] Vegetation 
consisting chiefly of dwarf or stunted shrubs, often thick 
and impenetrable. 4. Anything undersized, mean, or infe- 
rior ; specif. : a Forestry. A low, straggling tree of inferior 
quality, b Stock Breeding. A domestic animal not of good 
breed, esp. when inferior in size. U. S. 5. Sports. A player 
not belonging to the regular or first nine, eleven, crew, etc. ; 
a participant in a scrub game or race ; also, sometimes, a 
scrub team, crew, or the like. 

— a. 1. Undersized ; mean ; inferior ; paltry. 2. Sports. Of 
an athletic team, composed of scrubs (sense 5) or of in- 
dividuals without previous practice together ; hence, has- 
tily got together without careful selection ; as, a scrub 
team of coach horses. Also, of a game or other contest, par- 
ticipated in by scrub teams. 

scrub'bed (skrub'ed), a. Stunted ; scrubby. Archaic. 
scrub'ber (skrub'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs ; 
esp., a brush used in scrubbing. 2. = washer, 4. 



scrub'by (skrubl), a.; -bi-er; -bi-est. 1. Like scrub; 
stunted ; paltry. 2. Having much scrub, or underbrush. 

scruff (skruf), n. The nape of the neck. 

scrum, n. Rugby Football. Colloq. abbr. of scrummage. 

scrum'mage (skrum'aj), n. 1. Scot. & dial. Eng. var. of 
scrimmage. 2. Specif., Rugby Football, a certain play 
or formation (usually in a rough circle about the ball, 
which the sides then try to kick out) made when the man 
holding the ball is tackled, or for some other reason ; — 
called also scrimmage, pack, or scrum. — v. t. & i. ; 
-maged (-ajd) ; -mag-ing. Rugby Football. To play or 
place (the ball) in a scrummage ; engage in a scrummage. 

scrump'tious (skrump'shus), a. Fine; "stunning." Slang. 

scrunch (skrunch), v. t. & i. To craunch ; crunch; crush; 
squeeze. — n^ Act or sound of scrunching. 

scru'ple (skroo'p'l), n. [L. scrupulus, lit., a small sharp 
stone.] 1. A minute portion ; small part - x specif. : Rom. 
Antiq. a The smallest unit of weight, 5 J g of an as or A of 
an ounce, b A coin, worth during the Republic about $0.75. 
2. A weight of 20 grains, or £ of a dram ( = 1 .296 g.) ; — now 
used only by apothecaries. Symbol, 9. 3. Hesitation 
as to action or decision from difficulty in determining what 
is right or proper; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation, 
proceeding from conscientiousness. — Syn. See qualm. 

— v. i. & t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling. To have scruples, esp. 
conscientious ones ; as, to scruple at nothing. 

scru'pu-los'i-ty (skroo'pu-los'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). 
Quality or state of being scrupulous ; nice regard -for exact- 
ness and propriety ; punctiliousness. 

scrufpu-lous (skroo'pu-lus), a. Full of or having scruples ; 
inclined to scruple ; hence : careful ; cautious ; punctilious. 

— scru'pu-lous-ly, adv. — scru'pu-lous-ness, n. 
Syn. Scrupulous, punctilious, conscientious. Scru- 
pulous implies the utmost nicety or exactness ; punctili- 
ous suggests particularity or preciseness, esp. as to forms 
and ceremonies ; conscientious implies scrupulous, often 
painstaking, observance of duty. 

scru'ti-nize (skroo'tl-nlz), v. t. & i.; -nized (-nizd) ; -niz'- 
ing Gnlz'ing). To examine closely ; subject to scrutiny. 

scru'ti-nous (skroo'tT-nus), a. Closely examining ; scruti- 
nizing ; critical ; censorious. — scru'ti-nous-ly, adv. 

scru'ti-ny (-nT), n. IL.scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search 
carefully.] Close examination ; minute inspection ; critical 
observation and investigation. — Syn. See examination. 

scud (skud), v. i.; scud'ded ; -ding. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. 
To move or run swiftly. 2. Naut. To be driven swiftly, or 
to run, before a gale. — n. 1. Act of scudding. 2. Light 
clouds or spray driven by the wind ; also, a driving shower, 

SCU'do (skoo'do), n. ; pi. scudi (-de). [It., a crown, a dollar, 
a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield.] A silver coin, and money 
of account, used (18th, 19th centuries) in Italy and Sicily, 
worth about $0.97 ; also, a gold coin of about this value. 

scuff (skuf ), v. i. & t. To walk with a scraping movement ; 
shuffle. — n. Act of scuffing or the noise so made. 

scuffle (skuP'l), v. i.; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). [Freq. 
of scuff, v. i.] 1. To struggle or fight at close quarters and 
confusedly ; wrestle roughly. 2. To scuff ; shuffle. — n. A 
rough struggle or trial of strength. — SCUf'fler (skuf'ler), n. 

scuffle, n. Short for scuffle hoe, a hoe having the blade 
set for use in the manner of a spade and used by pushing. 
See hoe, Illust. 

sculk, sculk'er, scul-dud'der-y. Vars. of skulk, etc. 

scull (skill), n. Naut. a A small rowboat. b One of a pair 
of short oars for one person, c An oar used at the stern to 
pronel a boat. — v. t . & i. To propel (a boat) with a scull 
or sculls. — scull'er (-er), n. 

SCUl'ler-y (sktil'er-i), n. ; pi. -leries (-iz). [OF. escuelerie 
the office of keeping dishes, escuele a dish, fr. L. scutella a 
salver.] A place where culinary utensils are cleaned and 
kept ; also, a room near the kitchen, for the coarse work. 

SCUl'lion (skiil'yun), n. [OF. escouillon a dishcloth.] A 
kitchen menial ; also, in contempt, fellow ; wretch. 

SCUl'pin (-pin), n. 1. Any of numerous spiny, large-headed, 
broad-mouthed sea fishes (family 
Cottidse of the group 
Loricati). The 
flesh is usually 
scanty and 
bony. 2. A 
spiny-finned, 
large-headed 

fish (Scorpsena guttata) of the southern a Sculpin. (|) 
California coast. v 

SCUlp'tor (skulp'ter), n. [L., fr. sculpere, sculptum, to 
carve.] One who sculptures ; hence, an artist who designs 
works of sculpture, usually fashioning first a figure, or 
model, in a plastic material, after which model the mar- 
ble is cut or the mold is made from which the bronze is cast. 

— sculptress (-tres), n. fern. 

sculp'tur-al (-tjr-al), a. Of or pert, to sculpture. 
SCUlp'ture- (-tjr), n. [L. sculptural 1. Act or art of 
sculpturing wood, stone, metal, etc. ; hence, the act or art 




ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, itm t up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SCULPTURESQUE 



869 



SEAGIRT 




of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard 
materials. 2. Carved work in wood, stone, metal, etc. 

— v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. 1. To form with the chisel 
or other tool on, in, or from wood, stone, metal, etc. ; carve. 
2; Phys. Geog. To change in form by erosion. 

SCUlp'tur-esque' (skulp'^ur-esk'), a. After the manner of, 
resembling, or relating to, sculpture ; statuelike ; majestic. 

scum (skum), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Foam ; froth. 2. 
Extraneous matter risen to the surface of liquids ; also, 
the scoria of molten metals ; dross. 3. Refuse ; offscour- 
ings ; hence, low people ; as, the scum of the earth. 

— v. t.; scummed (skumd) ; sctjm'ming. To take the scum 
from ; skim. — v. i. To form a scum ; rise as scum. 

scum'ble (skum'b'l), v. t.; scum'bled (-b'ld) ; -bling. 
[Freq. of scum.'] To cover lightly, as a painting or a draw- 
ing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or similarly to add 
to (the work), to soften the effect ; paint, draw, or produce 
by this process. — n. Act or result of scumbling ; a sof- 
tened effect produced by scumbling ; also, that put on in 
scumbling. All Fine Arts. 

SCUp (skup), n. [From Amer. Indian mischup, fr. mishe- 
kuppi thick-scaled.] A common 
sparoid food fish (Stenotomus 
chrysops) of the 
Atlantic coast of 
the United States; 
— called also porgy. 

SCUp'per (skup'er), 
n. Naut. One of the holes at 
the side of a vessel to carry off Scup. (f) 

' water from the deck. 

SCUp'per-nong (-nong), n. [From Scuppernong lake and 
river in North Carolina.] A large yellowish green grape of 
the southern Atlantic States, or wine made from it. 

Scurf (skurf), n. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. Thin dry scales or 
scabs on the body, esp. on the scalp ; dandruff. 2. Foul re- 
mains of anything adherent. 3. Anything like flakes or 
scales adhering to a surface. 

scurfy (skur'fi), a.; scurf'i-er (-fT-er) ; -i-est. Having or 
producing scurf ; covered with scurf ; resembling scurf. 

scur'rile (skur'Tl), a. Also scur'ril. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra 
buffoon.] Scurrilous. 

SCUr-ril'i-ty (sku-rTl'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being scurrilous ; also, that which is scurrilous. 

SCUT'ril-OUS (skur'i-lus), a. Using, or characterized by, 
language such as only a vulgar buffoon or clown might 
use ; marked by coarseness or indecency of language, esp. 
in Jesting and invective. — Syn. Abusive, gross, vulgar, 
low. See opprobrious. — scur'ril-ous-ly, adv. — scur'- 
ril-ous-ness, n. 

scur'ry (skur'i), v. %.; -ried (-id); -ry-ing. To hasten 
away or along ; scamper. — n. 1. Act of scurrying. 2. 
Sporting. A short fast run, or informal race, on horseback. 

SCUr'vy (skur'vi), a.; -vi-er (-vi-er) ; -vi-est. [From 
scurf.] 1. Scurfy ; scabby. Obs. 2. Mean ; low ; contempti- 
ble. — scur'vi-ly (skur'vi-11), adv. — scur'vi-ness, n. 

SCUr'vy, n. Med. A disease characterized by livid spots, 
spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes. 
It is due esp. to lack of fresh vegetable food. 

Scurvy grass. Any of several cresses, esp. one (Cochlearia 
officinalis) of arctic regions, used as a remedy for scurvy. 

SCUt (skut), n. A short tail of an animal such as that of hare, 
rabbit, or deer. 

scu'tage (sku'taj), n. [LL. scutagium, fr. L. scutum a 
shield.] Feud. Law. A tax on a knight's fee, esp. one levied 
in lieu of, or for default in, military service. 

SCU'tate (sku'tat), a. [L. scutatus armed with a shield.] 
1. Buckler-shaped ; peltate. 2. Zo'dl. Covered by bony 
or horny plates, or large scales. 

SCUtch (skuch), v. t. 1. To separate the woody fiber from 
(flax, hemp, etc.) by beating ; swingle. 2. To dress (fibrous 
material, as cotton or silk) by beating.— -n. An instru- 
ment used in scutching. — scutch/er (-er), n. 

scutch/eon (skuch' un). Var. of escutcheon. 

SCUte (skut), n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler.] Zo'Sl. Any 
external bony or horny plate, as on a snake or other reptile, 
or on various fishes, myriapods, etc. ; a large scale. 

SCU-telTate (sku-tel'St ; sku'te-lat), a. [From scutellum.] 
1. Bot. & Zo'dl. Shaped like a small plate or platter. 2. 
Zo'dl. Covered with scutella ; having scutella. 

SCU'tel-la'tion (sku'te-la'shiin), n. The entire covering, or 
arrangement, of scales, as on the legs of a bird. 

SCU-tel'lum (sku-tel'um), n.; pi. -la (-d). [NL., dim. of 
L. scutum shield.] Bot. & Zo'dl. A small plate or scale. 

SCU'ti-form (sku'ti-form), a. \_scutum -f- -form.'] Scutate. 

SCUt'tle (skut''l), n. [From Scand.] 1. A broad, shallow 
dish or basket. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. A coal hod. 

SCUt'tle, v. i.; -tled (skutHd); -TUNG (-ling). To run 
swiftly ; scurry. — n. A quick pace ; a short swift run. 

SCUt'tle, n. [OF. escoutille, fr. Sp. escotilla.] 1. A small 
opening with a lid ; as : a Naut. A small opening or hatch- 
way in a vessel's deck, side, or bottom, b An opening in a 



roof. 2. The lid covering such opening. — v. t. Naut. To 
cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (a 
vessel), esp. in the bottom, in order to sink her. 

SCU'tum (sku'tfim), n.; pi. -ta (-td). [L.] 1. Roman 
Antiq. An oblong shield, carried esp. by heavy -armed in- 
fantry. 2. Zo'dl. A bony, horny, or chitinous plate. 

scye (si), n. [Eng. dial, sey.] The armhole, or opening in 
a garment for the attachment of the sleeve. Cant. 

Scyl'la (sll'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 2*6XXa.] 1. A rock on the 
Italian coast opposite the Sicilian Charybdis. 2. Class. 
Myth. A she-monster inhabiting Scylla. She was a sea 
nymph changed by Circe, who was jealous of her, into a 
monster encircled by barking dogs. 

scy'phi-form (sl'fi-form), a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] 
Bot. Cup-shaped. 

scy^pho-zo'an (sl'fS-zo'an), n. [Gr. <ndx}>os cup + t&ov an 
animal.] Zo'dl. Any of a class (Scyphozoa) of ccelenter- 
ates including certain of the jellyfishes. — scy'pho-zo'an, a. 

scythe (sith), n. [AS. siSe, sigSe.] 1. An agricultural im- 
plement, consisting of a long bert handle and long curved 
blade attached at an angle, for mowing grass, grain, etc., 
by hand. 2. Antiq. A scythe-shaped blade attached to 
war chariots. — v. t. To cut with or as with a scythe ; mow. 

Scyth'i-an (sith'I-dn), a. Of or pert, to Scythia (the re- 
gions anciently inhabited by the Scythians), or its inhabit- 
ants or their language. — n. 1. One of an ancient people, 
nomadic and savage, who inhabited the steppes north of 
the Black Sea and the region east of the Aral Sea. 2. The 
language of the Scythians, an Indo-European tongue. 
Scythian lamb, the shaggy rootstock of an Asiatic fern 
(Cibolium barometz), sometimes used as a styptic. 

'sdeath (z'deth), interj. Corrupted form of God's death, 
used as an expletive. Obs. or Archaic. 

sea (se), n. [AS. sse.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt 
water, less than an ocean. 2. An inland body of water, esp. 
if large or if salt or brackish ; sometimes, a small fresh- 
water lake ; as, the Sea of Galilee. 3. The ocean ; the body 
of salt water covering a large part of the globe. 4. The 
swell of the ocean or other body of water in or following a 
high wind ; also, a wave ; billow ; as, there was a high sea. 
5. Jewish Antiq. = brazen sea. 6. Anything resembling 
the sea in vastness ; a flood ; as, a sea of troubles. 
at S9a. a On the sea ; on a sea voyage, b Fig., without 
landmarks for guidance ; lost ; bewildered. 

sea anchor. Naut. A float, usually of canvas stretched on 
a conical frame, 
dragged by a vessel 
with the large end 
toward the vessel, 
to keep the vessel 
from drifting, or to 
keep her head to the 
wind. 

sea anemone. Any 

of numerous actino- 

zoans (order Acli- Sea Anchor, s Spreader ; I Tripping 

naria), almost in- Line. 

variably solitary. Their form and, often vivid, colors fre- 
quently give them a superficial resemblance to a flower. 
sea bass. Any of numerous serranoid marine fishes, as the 

black bass (Cenlropristes striatus) of the Atlantic coast of 

the United States. 
sea bean. Bot. Any of various tropical beans or beanlike 

seeds often carried by ocean currents to remote shores ; 

any plant producing such seeds. 
sea'board' (se'bord' ; 57), n. Isea + board, F. bord side.] 

The seacoast. — a. Bordering on, or being near, the sea. 
sea bread. Ship biscuit. 
sea bream. Any of various sparoid fishes, esp. the common 

European species (Pagellus centrodontus) and its allies, 
sea calf. The common seal. [by sea. Eng.\ 

sea coal. Mineral coal ; — because orig. brought to London | 
sea'coast' (se'kostO, n. The coast of the sea or ocean. 
sea coconut. A fan palm of the Seychelles {Lodoicea 

callipyge), or its enormous nut. 
sea COW. 1. Any sirenian, as a manatee or a dugong. 2. a 

A walrus, b A hippopotamus. 
sea cucumber. A holothurian (esp. genus Pentacta, or 

Cucumaria). 
sea dog. l.A dogfish. 2. The common seal. 3. An old 

sailor. Colloq. 4. See fogdog. 
sea elephant. A very large seal (Mirounga leonind) of the 

Southern Hemisphere. 
Sea fan. Any of certain actinozoans (esp. Gorgonia flabel- 

lum) which branch in a fanlike form. 
sea'far'er (se'far'er), n. A mariner, 
sea'far'ing (-fng), a. Following the calling of a mariner. 
sea fight. A fight between vessels at sea. [tinozoan. 

sea flower (flou'er). A sea anemone or other related ac-| 
sea foam. 1. Foam of sea water. 2. Meerschaum. 
sea fowl. Any bird habitually frequenting the sea, as an 

auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel, 
sea'girt' (se'gurt'), a. Surrounded by the sea. Chiefly Poet. 




< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciatioru 
Explanations of Abbreviations used la this work. Signs, etc, precede- V ocabulary . U Foreign Word, + combined with. - equate. 



N 



SEAGOING 



870 



SEASHORE 







R 



sea'go'ing (se'go'Tng), a. 1. Adapted for or for use in, 
sailing the open sea. 2. Seafaring. 

sea'-green', a. Of a bluish green color. 

sea gull. Any gull frequenting the sea. 

sea hog. A porpoise. 

sea holly. A European evergreen apiaceous 
plant (Eryngium maritimum). 

Sea horse. 1. A fabulous creature, half horse 
and half fish, driven by sea gods. 2. a A wal- 
rus, b Any of various small fishes (genus 
Hippocampus) , of most warm and temperate 
seas, covered with bony plates. 

Sea'— island, a. Designating a fine, silky 
long-staple variety of cotton grown on the 
coastal islands and mainland of the southern 
United States and acclimated elsewhere. 

sea kale. A European fleshy brassicaceous SeaHorse ' 2b - 
plant (Crambe maritima), used as a potherb. 

sea king. A Norse pirate chief of royal blood. See viking. 

seal (sel), n. [AS. seolh.] A marine aquatic carnivorous 
mammal (group Pinnipedia, family Phocidze or Otari- 
idas), of various species, chiefly of the colder regions, hunted 
for its fur, hide, and oil. — v. i. To hunt seals. 





Seal (Phoca vitulina). ( 5 * 5 ) 

Seal, n. [OF. seel, fr. L. sigillum a little image, seal, dim. 
of signum mark, sign.] 1. An impression made on wax, a 
wafer, or other tenacious substance ; also, that which bears 
the impression. 2. Law. Any impression, device, or mark 
given by statute law the effect of such a seal. 3. The en- 
graved or inscribed stamp for making an impression in 
wax, etc. 4. That which seals or secures ; pledge ; guar- 
anty ; security. 5. A bit of wax or a wafer placed on a letter, 
envelope, etc. ; also, a fastening, as of wire and lead on a 
door for security. 6. A device to prevent entrance or return 
of gas or air into a pipe, as by filling a sag with liquid. 

<=— v. t. 1. To affix a seal to, or mark with a seal ; authenti- 
cate ; ratify ; as, to seal a deed. 2. To mark with a stamp, 
esp. as an evidence of standard exactness, size, or quality. 
3. To give under or as under seal ; grant authentically ; as, 
to seal a pardon. 4. To fasten with a seal ; as, to seal a let- 
ter. 5. To shut close ; confine ; make fast ; keep secure or 
secret ; as, to seal up one's lips. 6. To determine irrevoca- 
bly ; as, this sealed his fate. 7. Among Mormons, to con- 
firm or set apart as a " spiritual wife " ; give in marriage. 
8. To close up the chinks, crevices, etc., of, as with plaster. 

Sea lavender. Any of a genus (Limonium) of maritime 
herbs, natives chiefly of the Old World. 

sea lawyer. An argumentative, captious sailor. Colloq. 

sea legs. Legs enabling their owner to keep his balance at 
sea. Sailors' Cant. 

Seal'er (sel'er), n. One who Seals; esp., U. S., an officer 
who tests and certifies weights and measures. 

seal'er, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in hunting seals. 

seal'er-y (-1), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). A seal rookery. 

sea letter. Naut. A vessel's passport, an instrument issued 
in time of war to a neutral vessel on leaving a port, en- 
titling the master to sail under the flag and pass of the 
nation to which she belongs, and specifying her cargo and 
crew, owners, place of lading, destination, etc. 

sea lettuce. Any of a genus (Ulva) of seaweeds the green 
fronds of which are sometimes eaten. 

sea level. The level of the surface of the sea, esp. at its 
mean position, midway between mean high and low water. 

Sea lily. A crinoid. 

sea line. The sea horizon. 

sealing wax. A resinous compound, plastic when warm, 
used to seal letters, documents, etc. 

sea lion. Any of several large seals of the Pacific. The 
largest (Eumetopias jubala) reaches a length 
of about 12 feet. 

seal ring. A ring engraved with a seal or sim- 
ilar device ; signet ring. 

seal'skin' (sel'skm'), n. 
The skin of a seal, esp. of 
one of a certain species 
(the fur seal) after re- 
moval of the coarse outer 
hair ; also, a garment ofit. 

sea lungwort. A fleshy 
plant (Pneumaria mari- 
tima) of the borage fam- 
ily, found on the northern California Sea Lion (Zalophus 
coasts of both hemispheres. calif ornianus) . 




seam (sem), n. [AS. seam.'] 1. The fold or line formed by 
sewing together pieces of cloth, leather, etc. 2. Art of sewing ; 
also, that which is being sewed ; sewing. Obs. or Dial. 3. A 
line of junction ; joint ; suture, as on a floor. 4. Geol. A 
thin stratum ; of coal, etc., a bed. 5. A line left by a cut or 
wound ; scar ; also, a wrinkle. — v. t. 1. To form a seam 
upon or of ; sew together ; unite. 2. To line ; scar ; as, his 
face was seamed. 3. To make an apparent seam in, as in 
knitting a stocking ; hence : to knit in such manner ; purl. — 
v. i. 1. To become fissured or furrowed ; crack open. 2. 
Knitting. To do seaming. See seam, v. t., 3. 

sea'-maid' (se'tnadO, n. A mermaid ; also, a nymph or 
goddess of the sea. Poetic. 

sea'man (-man), n. One who assists in managing ships at 
sea ; a sailor ; — opp. to landsman. — Syn. See sailor. 

sea'man-like' (-Ilk'), a. Characteristic of, befitting, or 
showing the skill of, a practical seaman. 

sea'man-ship, n. The skill of a good seaman. 

sea'mark' (se'mark'), n. Any elevated object on land 
serving to guide mariners ; a beacon ; a landmark. 

seam'er (sem'er), n. One who, or that which, seams ; esp. : 
a A sewing machine for seaming fabrics together, b A ma- 
chine for making seams or joints in sheet metal. 

sea mew. A sea gull. 

sea mile. A geographical, or nautical, mile. See mile. 

seam'less (sem'les), a. Without a seam. 

sea mouse. A large broad marine annelid (Aphrodite or 
allied genus) covered with long slender, hairlike setae. 

seam/stress (sem'stres), n. Also semp'stress. A woman 
whose occupation is sewing ; a needlewoman. 

seam'y (sem'i), a. ;_seam'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Having, 
containing, or showing seams, esp. in the rough ; also, re- 
sembling a seam. 2. More or less disfigured or rough, sug- 
gesting the wrong side of a garment which is disfigured by 
seams ; disreputable ; ill-seeming ; as, the seamy side of life. 

se'ance (sa'ans; sa'aNs'), n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p. 
pr. of sedere to sit.] 1. A session. 2. A meeting of spiritu- 
alists to receive spirit communications. 

sea onion. A bulbous liliaceous plant {Urginea maritima) 
of southern Europe. See squill, 1. [cent.l 

sea pen. Any of numerous polyps. Many are phosphores-| 

sea'port' (se'porf ; 57), n. A port, harbor, or town, on the 
seashore or accessible to seagoing vessels. 

sea power. 1. A nation having formidable naval strength. 
2. Naval strength. [sharks. I 

sea purse. The horny egg case of a skate or of certain! 

sear (ser), n. [F. serre a grasp, fr. L. sera bar, 
bolt.] The catch in a gunlock holding the ham- 
mer at cock or half cock. 

sear, sere (ser), a. [AS. sear.~\ Dried up; 
withered ; — said esp. of vegetation. 

sear, v. t. [AS. searian.~\ 1. To wither ; dry up. 
2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hard- 
ness ; scorch ; as, to sear the flesh. 3. To make 
callous or unfeeling ; as, vice sears the con- 
science. — Syn. See scorch. 

sea raven. A sculpin (H emitripterus america- 
nus) of the northern Atlantic coast of America. 

search (surch), v. t. [OF. cerchier, L. circare SeaPurse. 
to go about ; L. circum, circa, around.] 1. To look over or 
through in order to find something ; examine ; explore. 2. 
To inquire after ; seek. 3. To probe ; hence, to pierce or 
penetrate. 4. To examine ; try ; test ; as, God searches the 
heart. — Syn. Scrutinize, ransack. — v. i. To seek ; make 
inquiry or examination ; investigate. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of searching ; quest ; inquiry. 2. Careful 
examination ; investigation. 3. Mar. Law. Act of boarding 
and inspecting a vessel, on the high seas, in exercise of the 
right of search. — Syn. Scrutiny, exploration, research. — 
search'a-ble (sur'chd-b'l ), a. — search'er (sur'cher), n. 

searching, p. a. Exploring thoroughly ; penetrating ; keen. 
— search'ing-ly, adv. — search'mg-ness, n. 

searchlight' (sfirch'llt'), n. An apparatus for projecting a 
powerful beam of light of approximately parallel rays, 
usually devised so that it can be swiveled about. 

search warrant. Law. A warrant authorizing a search of a 
house, etc., as for stolen goods. 

sea risk. Risk of injury or loss by the sea, or while at sea. 

sea robin. Any of several gurnards (genus Prionotus) hav- 
ing red or brown on the body and fins. 

sea room. Room or space at sea to 
maneuver safely. 

sea 'scape, 
( se'skap ), 
n. A pic- 
ture of a, 
sea scene. 

sea serpent. A large marine animal re- 
sembling a serpent, often reported to 
have been seen, but never proved to exist. 

sea'shore' (se'shor' ; 57), n. The shore along the sea. 





Robin. 

(i) 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, um, up, circus, menu; food, f dot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SEASICK 



871 



SECOND-CLASS 



sea'sick' (-sYk.0, a. Affected with seasickness. 

sea'sick'ness, to. Nausea, prostration, etc., affecting per- 
sons on the water, as from pitching or rolling of the vessel. 

sea'side' (se'sld'), to. The seashore. 

sea snake. 1. A sea serpent. 2. Any of numerous venomous 
aquatic snakes (subfamily Hydrophlnse) , mostly of moder- 
ate size, chiefly found in the warmer parts of the Indian 
and Pacific oceans. 

sea'son (se'z'n), to. [F. saison, properly, the sowing time, 
fr. L. satio a sowing.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, 
as spring, summer, autumn, and winter. 2. Any period of 
the year set off, or conceived of as set off, as by social or 
business activity, etc. ; as, the theatrical season ; the Lon- 
don season, or "the season." 3. The suitable, fitting, or 
natural time or occasion ; as, the season for rest. 4. A 
while ; esp., a relatively short period. 5. Eccl. Any of cer- 
tain periods in the Christian year commemorative chiefly of 
Christ's life, as Christmastide, Eastertide, etc. 6. That 
which gives relish ; seasoning. Obs. 

in season, a In good time, or sufficiently early ; oppor- 
tunely, b In keeping with the season, c Lawfully to be 
killed or taken, as game or fish. 

— v. t. 1. To prepare ; fit. 06s. 2. To fit or adapt for use or 
a given condition ; as : a To habituate ; inure ; specif., to 
acclimate, b To cure, as timber; mature. 3. To render 
palatable ; give zest or relish to ; spice ; as, to season food. 
4. To moderate; temper; as, "when mercy seasons jus- 
tice." — v. i. To become fit for use or adapted to a condi- 
tion ; to become acclimated, cured, etc. 

sea'son-a-ble (se'z'n-d-b'l), a. Occurring in good time ; in 
keeping with the season or circumstances ; timely. — sea'- 
son-a-ble-ness, n. — sea'son-a-bly, adv. 

sea'son-al (-51), a. Of or pert, to a season or the seasons. 

sea'son-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, seasons. 

sea'son-ing, n. 1. Act or process by which anything is 
seasoned. 2. That which is added, as to food, to give zest 
or relish, as salt, spices, etc. ; condiment. 

sea squirt. A simple ascidian. 

seat (set), to. [ME. sete, of Scand. orig.] 1. The place, 
part, or thing on which one sits ; hence, anything made to 
sit in or on. 2. Specif., buttocks; gluteal region. 3. Loca- 
tion ; site ; residence ; as, a country seat ; a seat of learning. 

4. A right to sit ; sitting ; also, place of sitting ; as, a seat 
in a church. 5. Stock Exchange. A right to the privileges 
of membership ; a membership. 6. Posture or way of sit- 
ting, as on horseback. 7. Mech. A part or surface on which 
another part or surface rests ; as, a valve seat ; an engine seat. 

— v. t. 1. To place on a seat ; cause to sit ; as, to seat one's 
guests. 2. To cause to occupy a post, site, or situation ; 
station ; establish ; fix. 3. To furnish with seats or sittings ; 
as, the hall seats two thousand ; to seat a church, or per- 
sons in a church. 4. To fix on or as on a firm seat or base. 

5. To put a seat in ; repair the seat of. 6. Mech. To adjust 
on a seat ; fit to a seat. 

sea tangle. Any of various seaweeds or kelps (esp. genus 
Laminaria). 

seat'ing, n. 1. Act of providing with a seat or seats. 2. 
That which is used for, or for making, a seat or seats, as : 
a A textile fabric made of hair, used for upholstering pur- 
poses, b Mech. A seat ; also, a part or surface that beds 
on a seat. 

sea trout. 1. Any of certain true trout which inhabit the 
sea, but ascend rivers to spawn. 2. Any of several weak- 
fishes (genus Cynoscion). 

Sea urchin. Any of various echinoderms (class Echinoidea), 
esp. one of globose form having a thin, brittle, spiny shell. 

sea wall. A wall or bank to resist encroachments of the sea. 

sea'wan (se'wdn)l n. [Narraganset Indian siwan scat- 

sea'want (-wdnt)J tered, i. e., not strung.] See wampum. 

sea'ward (-werd), a. Directed or situated toward the sea. 

sea'ward, sea'wards (-werdz), adv. Toward the sea. 

sea'ware' (se'war'), n. Seaweed. 

sea'way' (se'wa/), n. Naut. a A way over the sea ; the open 
or high sea. b A moderate or rough sea ; — chiefly in in a 
seaway, c Headway of a vessel. 

sea'weed' (-wed'), n. Any plant or plants growing in the 
sea; specif., any of a class (Algae) of marine thallophytic 
plants ; an alga ; also, loosely, any of the fresh-water algae. 
Seaweeds are widely distributed in the ocean, and occur 
from tide level to considerable depths. 

Sea'wor'thy (se'wur'thT), a. Fit for a sea voyage ; able to 
stand rough weather. — sea'wor'tbi-ness (-thi-nSs), n. 

Se-ba'ce0US (se-ba'shus), a. [NL. sebaceus, fr. L. sebum 
tallow, grease.] Physiol. Of, pertaining to, or secreting 
fat ; like fat. 

Se-bac'ic (-bas'ik), a. [L. sebum tallow.] Org. Chem. 
Pert, to or designating a white crystalline acid, CsHi6- 
(C02H)2, variously got, as by dry distillation of oleic acid. 

Se-bif'er-OUS (se-bTf'er-us), a. [L. sebum tallow -f- -fer- 
ous.~] 1. Bot. Producing vegetable wax or tallow. 2. Phys- 
iol. Producing fat ; sebaceous, as certain glands. 

Seb'or-rhe'a, or -rhoe'a (seb'3-re'd), n. [NL. ; L. sebum 



tallow -f- Gr. t>tli> to flow.] Med. A morbidly increased 
discharge of sebaceous matter on the skin ; stearrhea. 

se'bum (se'bum), to. [L., tallow, grease.] Anat. The fatty 
matter secreted by the sebaceous glands. 

sec(sek),a. [F.] Dry; — used of wines and opposed to brut. 

se'cant (se'kdnt), o. [L. secans, -antis, p. pr. of secare to 
cut.] Cutting ; as, a secant line. — n. 1. Geom. A line that 
cuts another ; esp., a straight line cutting a curve in two or 
more points. See circle, Illust. 2. Trig. A right line 
drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a cir- 
cular arc to a tangent drawn from the other end ; the ratio 
of this line to the radius of the circle. Abbr., sec. 

se-cede' (se-sed'), v. i.; -ced'ed (-sed'cd) ; -ced'ing. [L. 
secedere, secessum.~] To withdraw from fellowship, com- 
munion, or association ; esp., to withdraw from a political 
or religious body. — se-ced'er (-sed'er), to. 

se-cern r (se-surn'), v. t. [L. secernere. See secrete.] 1. 
To separate ; distinguish. 2. Physiol. To secrete. — v. i. 
To distinguish ; discriminate. — se-cern'ment (-ment), to. 

se-ces'sion (-sesh'un), to. Act of seceding; withdrawal; 
specif. [Often cap.~], U. S., the withdrawal of a State from 
the national Union, as that of eleven States in 1860-61. 

se-ces'sion-ism (-iz'm), n. The doctrine or policy of seces- 
sion ; the tenets of secessionists. 

se-ces'sion-ist, to. One who upholds secession ; specif. 
[Often cap.~\, U. S. Hist., one who held that a State has a 
right to separate from the Union at its will. 

seek (sek), a. [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccus."] Barren; 
unprofitable ; i. e., without seignory, reversion, or power of 
distress ; — used of rents. 

seck'el (sek''l), to. A small reddish brown sweet and juicy 
pear ; — from one Seckel of Philadelphia. 

se-clude'(se"-klood' ; 86), v. t. ; -clud'ed (-klood'ed); -clud'- 
ing. [L. secludere, seclusum; se- aside + claudere to 
shut.]^ To shut up apart from others ; withdraw into, or 
place in, solitude. 

se-clud'ed (-klo~od'ed ; 86), p. a. Separated or withdrawn^ 
as frorn society ; solitary ; retired. — se-clud'ed-ness, to. 

se-clu'Sion (-kloc/zhun; 86), to. A secluding; secluded 
state ; separation. — Syn. Solitude, retirement, privacy. 

se-clu'sive (-siv), a. Tending to seclude ; secluding. 

seCond (sek'iind), a. [F., fr. L. secundus following, sec- 
ond, sequi to follow.] 1. Immediately after the first in place 
or time ; hence : occurring again ; another ; other ; — the or- 
dinal of two. Abbr., 2d. See ordinal, to., Note. 2. Next to 
the first in value, power, dignity, rank, degree, etc. ; second- 
ary ; subordinate ; inferior ; as, the second, officer. 3. Of the 
same kind as another ; another, like a prototype ; as, a sec- 
ond Caesar. 4. Music. Lower in pitch ; rendering a part of 
lower pitch. 

Second Advent, Theol., the second coming of Christ to 
judge both the quick and the dead. — S. Adventist. See 
Adventist. — S. Coming. Theol. = Second Advent. 

— to. 1. One who, or that which, follows or comes after ; one 
next and inferior in place, time, rank, etc. 2. One who at- 
tends another to support and aid him ; a backer ; assistant ; 
specif., one who acts as another's aid in a duel or prizefight. 
3. An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best ; 
— usually in pi.; esp., in pi., a coarse or inferior kind of 
flour or bread made from it. 4. One twelfth of an inch ; a 
line. 5. Music, a The interval embracing two diatonic de- 
grees, b A tone at this interval. C The harmonic combina- 
tion of two tones one second apart, d The second part in a 
concerted piece ; alto. 

— v. t. 1. To act as the second of; assist ; support. 2. Pari. 
Practice. To support, as a motion, by adding one's voice 
to that of the mover or proposer, esp. as a preliminary to 

further debate or a vote. 3. To encourage; further; 
advance. 

sec'ond (sek'und), n. [F. seconde. See second, a.] The 
sixtieth part of a minute of time or of angular measure, that 
is, the second regular subdivision of the hour or the degree. 
Symbol, *. 

sec'ond-a-ri-ly (sek'un-da-ri-li ), adv. 1. In a secondary 
manner, degree, or rank. 2. Second in order of importance. 

sec^ond-a-ry (-ri), a. 1. Next below the first in importance ; 
being in or of second place, origin, rank, degree, stage, etc. 
2. Min. & Petrog. Subsequent in origin ; — used of miner- 
als deposited in a previously formed rock, or derived from 
other minerals, etc. 3. Elec. In an induction coil or trans- 
former, pert, to or designating the induced current or its 
circuit. 4. Zo'dl. Designating, or pert, to, the second joint 
of the wing (the forearm) of a bird, or its quills. — Syn. 
Second, second-rate, subordinate, inferior. • — secondary 
alcohol, Chem., any alcohol which contains the radical 
CH 'OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. — s. school. 
See school. 

— to. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. One in a subordinate place ; specif., 
a delegate ; deputy. 2. Zo'dl. Any of the quill feathers aris- 
ing from a bird's forearm. See bird, Illust. 

sec'ond-class', a. Belonging to a class next below the 
first, best, or highest ; inferior ; second-rate. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SECONDE 



872 



SECULARIZE 







R 




Be-conde' (se-kond' ; F. se-goNd'), n. [F., fr. second sec- 
ond.] Fencing. A position in parrying. 

sec'ond-er (sek'iin- 
der), n. One who 
seconds or supports 
what another at- 
tempts, affirms, 
moves, or proposes. 

sec'ond-hand' 
(-imd-hand' ; 109), 
a. 1. Not original 1 
or primary; re- Lunge, and Parry in Seconde. 

ceived from another ; not new. 2. Of, pert, to, or dealing in, 
1 secondhand merchandise. 
sec'ond-ly, adv. In the second place. 
se-con'do (se-kon'do; -kon'do), n.; pi. -di (-de). [It.] 

Music. The second part in a concerted piece, esp. the lower 

part in a pianoforte duet, or its performer. 
Sec'ond-rate', a. Of the second size, rank, quality, etc. 
sep'ond-sight', n. The power of discerning what is not 

visible or of foreseeing events ; clairvoyance. 
se'cre-cy (se'kre-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [From secret.] 

1. Quality or state of being hidden ; seclusion ; privacy. 

2. Quality of being secretive ; closeness. 

se'cret (se'kret ; 24), a. [F., fr. L. secretus, p. p. of secernere. 
See secrete.] 1. Hidden ; concealed ; not revealed. 2. 
Hence : a Inscrutable ; occult ; as, the secret workings of 
Nature, b Withdrawn from general intercourse or notice ; 
secluded. 3. Faithful to a secret ; secretive ; close. Rare. 
Syn. Disguised, unknown, private, privy ; insidious, 
covert, clandestine, surreptitious, underhand, stealthy, 
furtive, sly. — Secret, covert, clandestine, surrepti- 
tious, underhand. Secret is the general term for what is 
hidden or concealed ; that is covert which is not open or 
avowed ; as, a secret passage ; a covert glance. That is 
clandestine which is secretly conducted, usually with 
evil intent ; underhand and, to a less degree, surrepti- 
tious emphasize the idea of stealth or craft ; as, a clandes- 
tine marriage ; a surreptitious look ; underhand dealings. 
secret service, a A secret political work, for the expense 
of which no account is given to Parliament. Eng. b The 
detective service of a government. In the United States, a 
division under the Treasury Department, ordinarily chiefly 
charged with the detection and arrest of counterfeiters. 

— n. 1. Something studiously concealed. 2. An undiscov- 
ered or unexplained thing ; a mystery ; as, the secrets of the 
deep. 3. The key to the solution of something; hidden 
cause or explanation ; as, the secret of success. 4. Secrecy. 
Rare, exc. in : in secret, in a private place ; in secrecy. 

sec're-ta'ri-al (sSk're-ta'rl-dl), a. Of or pert, to a secretary ; 
befitting a secretary. 

sec're-ta'ri-at (-at) 1 n. [F. secretariat."] 1. The office of 

sec're-ta'ri-ate (-at)j a secretary. 2. A place, esp. a gov- 
ernment office, for the transaction of secretarial business, 
the filing of records, etc. 

sec're-ta-ry (sek're-ta-ri), n.; pi. -taries (-nz). [LL. sec- 
retarius, orig., a confidant, fr. L. secretum a secret.] 1. A 
confidant. Obs. 2. A person employed to attend to orders, 
letters, public or private papers, etc., for an association, a 
public body, or an individual. 3. An officer of state whose 
duty is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particu- 
lar department of government. 4. A piece of furniture with 
conveniences for writing, etc. ; an escritoire. 
Secretary of State, an official having charge of some de- 
partment of business of state. In Great Britain, there are 
five, viz., for home affairs, for foreign affairs, for the colo- 
nies, for India, and for war. In the United States national 
government, the term is restricted to the head of the De- 
partment of State, which has charge of all foreign relations. 
The Secretaries of State in States of the United States 
have as their chief duty the making and keeping of records. 

secretary bird. [From its crest, which suggests a bunch 
of quill pens stuck behind the 
ear.] A large long-legged rap- 
torial African bird (Serpenta- 
Tius serpentarius) which feeds 
largely on reptiles. 

sec're-ta-ry-ship', n. The office 
of secretary. 

se-crete' (se-kref), v. t.; 
-cret'ed (-kret'ed); 
-Cret'ing. [L. secretus 
separated, secret, hidden, 
p. p. of secernere to put 
aside, separate ; se- aside 
-j- cernere to perceive, de- 
cide. 1. To keep secret or 
hidden ; esp., to hide ; con- Secretary Bird, 

ceal. 2. Physiol. & Biol. To separate, elaborate, and 
emit as a secretion. See secretion, 2 b. — Syn. See hide. 

se-cre'tion (-kre'shiin), n. 1. A secreting or concealing. 2. 
Physiol. & Bot. a Act or process of secreting, b That 
which is secreted; material separated (usually from the 
blood in animals, and the protoplasts in plants), elabo- 




rated, and discharged by a cell or cells, esp. (in animals) by 
the epithelial cells of glands. 

se-cre'tive (se-kre'tiv) , a. Tending to keep secret ; charac- 
terized by, or disposed to, secrecy. — se-cre'tive-ly f adv. 
— se-cre'tive-ness, n. 

se'cret-ly, adv. In a secret manner. 

se-cre'to-ry (sS-kre'to-rl), a. Physiol. Secreting; pert, to 
or promoting secretion. — n. A secretory organ or gland, 

sect (sekt), n. [L. secta, fr. sequi to follow.] Those at- 
tached to a certain opinion or set of opinions, or those fol- 
lowing a particular leader or authority ; a following ; spe- 
cif.: a A party ; faction, b In religion, those holding to a 
particular creed or practice ; esp., now, a party dissenting 
from an established church ; a religious denomination. C In 
philosophy, the disciples of a master ; a school, d In society 
and the state, an order, rank, class, or party. 

sec-ta'ri-an (sek-ta/ri-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to a sect or 
sects ; characteristic of one devotedly or bigotedly attached 
to a sect or denomination. — n. One of a sect ; a member 
or adherent of a special school, denomination, or the like. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. Quality or character of a sec- 
tarian ; excess of partisan or denominational zeal. 

sec-ta'ri-an-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing. To imbue 
with sectarian principles ; subject to the control of a sect. 

sec'ta-ry (sek'td-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A sectarian; esp., 
one who separates from an established church. 

sec'tile (sSk'tll), a., [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut/J 
Capable of being cut or severed smoothly by the knife. 

Sec'tion (-shim), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectufn, to cut.] 
1. Act of cutting ; separation by cutting. 2. A part cut off 
or separated, or so conceived of ; division ; portion ; slice ; 
specif.: a A distinct portion of a writing ; subdivision, 'as of 
a chapter ; division ; paragraph ; hence, the character §, of- 
ten used to mark a division, b A distinct part of a country, 
people, community, class, etc. c One of the portions, of one 
square mile each, into which the public lands of the United 
States are divided ; one thirty-sixth partof a township, d 
Railroads. In a sleeping car, a division including both an 
upper and a lower berth, e Mil. & Nav. A subdivision of a 
tactical unit or part of a unit; Mil., a subdivision of a 
platoon, f Microscopy. A very thin slice. 3. Biol. A natu- 
ral subdivision of a classificatory group, esp. of a genus, but 
often of a family or other group. 4. The description or 
representation of anything as it would ap- 
pear if cut through by a plane. In me- 
chanical drawing, a longitudinal sec- 
tion (Illust., a) usually represents the ob- 
ject cut through its center lengthwise and 
vertically; a cross, or transverse, sec- 
tion (6), as cut crosswise and vertically ; a , 
horizontal section (c), as cut through] 
its center horizontally. 

— v. t. 1. To cut or separate into sections ; 
make a section of. 2. To shade, as a mechanical drawing, 
so as to indicate a section or sections. 

sec'tion-al (-51), a. 1. Of or pert, to a section or district; 
local. 2. Consisting of sections ; divisible into sections. 

sec'tion-al-ism (-Iz'm), n. Devotion, esp. disproportion- 
ate, to the interests peculiar to a section of the country ; 
sectional feeling, prejudice, etc. U. S. 

sec'tion-al-ize (-Iz), v. t.; : ized (-Izd); -iz'ing. 1. To 
make sectional. 2. To divide according to geographical 
sections or local interests. U. S. — sec'tion-al-i-za'tion 
(-l-za'shiin ; -I-za'shun), n. 

sec'tion-al-ly, adv. In a sectional manner. 

sec'tor (sek'ter ; -tor), n. [L., prop., a cutter.] 1. Geom. 
The figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a 
circle, or the portion of a sphere generated by the revolu- 
tion of such a figure about any diameter of the circle of 
which it is a part. 2. An instrument consisting of two rulers 
connected at one end by a joint, for plotting, etc. 

sec'U-lar (-u-ldr), a. [OF. seculer, L. saecularis, fr. saecu- 
luma. race, age, the world.] 1. Coming or observed once in 
an age or a century ; as, a secular year. 2. Of or pert, to 
the progress of ages or a long period ; aged ; as, secular 
oaks. 3. Of or pert, to this world or things not religious, 
spiritual, or holy ; temporal ; worldly ; not sacred ; as, sec- 
ular music. 4. Eccl. Not bound by monastic vows or rules ; 
as, secular clergv. — Syn. See earthly. — n. Eccl. a A 
secular ecclesiastic, as a parish priest, b A layman. 

sec'a-lar-ism (-Iz'm), n. 1. State or quality of being sec- 
ular ; secular spirit. 2. Tenets or principles of secularists. 

sec'U-lar-ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every fon 
of religious faith and worship ; also, one who opposes 
church intervention in education and other civil affairs. 

sec'u-lar'i-ty (-lar1-ti), ».; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or qual- 
ity of being secular; worldliness; secularism; a secular 
matter. 

sec'u-lar-ize (sek'fi-ldr-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To 
render secular ; specif. : a To free from monastic vows or 
rules, b To transfer from ecclesiastical to temporal use, as a 
building. C To make worldly. — sec'u-lar-i-za'tion, n. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fee, unite, urn, up, circus, menu j food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SECULARLY 



873 



SEEKER 



sec'u-lar-ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner. < 

se'cund (se'kiind ; sek'iind), a. [L. secundus following the 
current of wind or water. See second, a.] Bot. Arranged 
on one side only ; unilateral. 

sec'un-dine (sek'un-dln ; -din), n. 1. Bot. Second coat, 
or integument, of an ovule. 2. Afterbirth ; — chiefly in pi. 

se-cure' (se-kiir'), a. [L. securus; se- without + cur a 
care.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety ; confident. 2. 
Overconfident ; careless. 3. Confident in opinion ; certain ; 
sure ; as, secure of a welcome. 4. Not exposed to danger ; 
safe ; as, secure from foes. 5. Free from uncertainty ; as- 
sured ; sure ; as, a secure victory. — Syn. See safe. 

— v. t. ; -cured' (-kurdO ; -cur'ing. 1. To guard ; protect ; 
make safe. 2. To put beyond hazard of losing ; assure ; in- 
sure ; as, to secure a debt by mortgage. 3. To make fast ; 
close or confine effectually. 4. To get ; acquire certainly. 
secure arms, Mil., a command and a position in the 
manual of arms, used in wet weather to guard the firearm 
from becoming wet. 

— v. i. To be fastened or secured ; fasten. 
se-cure'ly, adv. In a secure manner. 

se-CU/ri-ty (-ku'rl-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Condition or 
quality of being secure ; specif.: a Freedom from fear, anxi- 
ety or care ; confidence of power or safety ; hence : assur- 
ance ; certainty, b Freedom from risk, danger, harm, or the 
like ; safety. 2. That which secures or makes safe ; protec- 
tion; defense; specif.: a Something given or pledged to 
make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the payment 
of a debt, etc. , surety ; pledge, b One who becomes surety 
for another. 3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a 
bond, stock certificate, etc. — Syn. Protection, defense, 
guard, shelter, ease, bail. 

se-dan' (-dan'), n., or sedan Chair. [Said to be named 
from Sedan, France.] A portable chair or covered vehicle 
for carrying one person, usually borne on poles by two men. 

se-date' (-dat')i <*• [1— sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, 
to allay, calm.] Undisturbed by passion, excitement, or ca- 
price ; composed ; staid. — Syn. Settled, quiet, tranquil, 
still, serene, unruffled, sober, serious. See decorous. — se- 
date'ly, adv. — se-date'ness, n. 

sed'a-tive (sed'd-tiv), a. Tending to calm, moderate, or 
tranquilize ; specif., Med., allaying irritability and irrita- 
tion ; assuaging pain. — n. A sedative agent or remedy. 

sed'en-ta-ry (sed'en-ta-n), a. [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere 
to sit.] 1. Stationary ; settled ; as, sedentary Indians. 2. 
Accustomed to sit much or long ; as, a sedentary man. 3. 
Inactive ; also, calm ; tranquil. Rare. 4. Characterized by 
or requiring much sitting ; — opp. to active ; as, a seden- 
tary life. 5. Zo'ol. Permanently attached, as an oyster or 
barnacle. — sed'en-ta-ri-ly (-rl-li), adv. — ta-ri-ness, n. 

sedge (sej), n. [AS. secg."] 1. Any of a large genus (Carex) 
of cyperaceous, grasslike herbs, often growing in dense tufts 
in marshy places. 2. Any cyperaceous plant. 

sedged (sejd), a. Made of, or covered with, sedge. 

sedg'y (sej'i), a. Overgrown or fringed with sedge. 

se-dll'i-a (se-dil'i-d), n. pi.; sing, sedile (-dl'le). [L., pi. 
of sedile seat.] Eccl. Seats (usually three) in the chancel 
for officiating clergy, often recesses in the south wall. 

sed'i-ment (sed'i-ment), n. [F. sediment, L. sedimentum 
a settling, sedere to sit.] 1. The matter which settles to 
the bottom from a liquid ; settlings ; lees ; dregs. 2. Geol. 
Material, or a mass of it, deposited, as by water. 

sed'i-men'ta-ry ( -men'td-n ), a. Also sed'i-men'tal 
(-men'tdl), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, sediment. 
sedimentary rocks, Geol., rocks formed of sediment, as : 
a Conglomerate, sandstone, and shale, formed of fragments 
of other rock transported from their sources and deposited. 
b Rocks formed by simple precipitation from solution, as 
rock salt, or of secretions of organisms, as most limestone. 

sed'i-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shun), n. Act or process of de- 
positing sediment. 

se-di'tion (se-dish'itn), n. [OF., fr. L. seditio, orig., a go- 
ing aside.] 1. A revolt ; rebellion. Rare. 2. Conduct tend- 
ing to treason, but without an overt act ; excitement of dis- 
content against the government, or of resistance to law. 

se-di'tion-a-ry (-a-n), a. Seditious. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 
A promoter of sedition. 

se-di'tious (-us), a. 1. Of, pert, to, of the nature of, or 
tending to excite, sedition. 2. Inclined to, or guilty of, 
sedition. — se-di'tious-ly, adv. — se-di'tious-ness, n. 

Jsedlitz (sed'lTts). Var. of SErDLnz. 

se-duce' ( se-duV ), v. t. ; -duced' ( -dust' ) ; -duc'ing. [L. 
seducer e, seductum; se- aside + ducere to lead.] 1. To 
lead aside or astray, esp. from the path of duty ; entice to 
evil ; corrupt. 2. Specif. , to induce to surrender chastity. 
— Syn. Tempt, mislead, decoy, inveigle. See allure. 

se-duce'ment (-ment), n. 1. A seducing ; seduction. 2. The 
means employed to seduce, as flattery or promises. 

se-duc'er (-dus'er), n. One who, or that which, seduces. 

se-duc'i-ble (se-diis'T-b'l), a. Capable of being seduced. 

Se-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. 1. Act of seducing. 2. That 
which seduces or is adapted to seduce ; allurement. 




se-duc'tive (-tiv), a. Tending to seduce; alluring; tempt- 
ing. — se-duc/tive-ly, adv. — se-duc'tive-ness, n. 

Se-du'li-ty (-du'll-tl), n. Sedulous quality or state. Rare. 

sed'u-lc-US (sedji-liis), a. [L. sedulus, fr. sedulo busily, 
zealously.] Diligent in application or pursuit : constant 
and persevering in endeavors to effect an object ; steadily 
industrious. — Syn. Assiduous, unremitting, untiring. See 
busy. — sed'u-lous-ly, adv. — sed'u-lous-ness, n. 

se'dum (se'dum), n. [XL., fr. L. sedum houseleek.] Bot. 
Any of an immense genus (Sedum) of herbs having fleshy, 
often tufted, stems, and cymose yellow, white, or pink 
flowers. Most of them are called stonecrop. 

see (se), n. [OF. sie, sied, fr. L. sedere to sit.] 1. A seat ; 
esp., a throne. 06s. 2. Eccl. The seat or center of the 
authority of a bishop ; the rank, office, authority, etc., of 
a bishop (in the case of Rome, the Pope or papal court). 

see, v. t.; pret. saw (so) ; p. p. seen (sen) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
see'ing. [AS. seonf\ 1. To perceive with the eye ; behold ; 
view. 2. To perceive mentally ; observe ; discern ; compre- 
hend ; as, to see the point. 3. To take care or heed ; bring 
about ; make sure ; as, see that you do it. 4. To escort ; 
wait upon ; as, to see one home. 5. T^ have an interview 
with ; call upon ; visit. 6. To receive a call from ; receive. 

7. To have knowledge or experience of ; as, to see service. 

8. To learn by observation or experience. 9. In poker and 
similar games at cards, to meet (a bet). 

Syn. See, look. To see is to perceive with the eyes, with 
or without voluntary attention ; to look, which always im- 
plies volition, is to direct the eyes in order to see. 
to see service, Mil., to serve as a soldier or sailor in time 
of war ; hence, to be put to hard use in wear. — to see 
(one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end. 

— v. i. 1. To have or use the sense of sight. 2. To have in- 
tellectual sight ; know ; discern. 3. To be attentive ; take 
care ; — usually used with to. 4. To look. Obs., exc. as an 
imperative or interjection : Look ! behold ! 

see'catch' (se'kach'), see'catch'ie (-1), n. [Russ. syekach.'] 
A full-grown or adult male fur seal. Alaska. 

seed (sed), n. ; pi. seed or seeds (sedz). (See PLURAL, Note.) 
[AS. seed, fr. sawan to sow.] 1. a Bot. 
A fertilized and ripened ovule which 
may develop by germination, b Popu- 
larly, any small seedlike fruit ; as, dan- 
delion seed; grass seed, etc. 2. Agric. 
Any propagative portion of a plant, in- 
cluding true seeds, seedlike fruits, Seed- A Seed of 
tubers, bulbs, etc. 3. Physiol. Semen. violet, enlarged. 
4. Progeny ; descendants. 5. Race ; gen- ^i section 1 • c Cot- 
eration. 6. That from which anything yiedons, c'a Hy- 
springs ; source. 7. Young oysters suit- pocotyl ; e Endo- 
able for transplanting. sperm ; h Hilum. 

— v. t. 1. To sprinkle with or as with seed ; sow. 2. To ex- 
tract the seeds from. — v. i. 1. To sow seed ; plant. 2. To 
shed the seed. 3. To go to seed ; produce seed. 

seed bud. Bot. a The ovule, b The plumule. [seeds.l 

seed'cake' (-kak'). n. A cake or cooky containing aromatic! 
seed coat. Bot. The testa or integument of a seed. 
seed'er (sed'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, sows or 

plants seeds. 2. An apparatus for seeding stone fruit. 
seed'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being seedy. 
seed leaf. See cotyledon. 
seed'less, a. Having no seeds. 
seed'ling (-ling ), n. 1. Hort. A plant 

grown from seed. 2. Forestry. Any ^ 

young tree under three feet in height. 
seed plant. A plant that bears seeds. 
seeds'man (sedz'man), n. 1. A sower. 2. A 

dealer in seeds. [ing. 

seed'time' (sed'tim'), n. The season for sow- 
seed vessel. Any dry hollow fruit containing 

the seeds, as a capsule or pod ; a pericarp. 
seed'y (sed'i), a.; seed'i-er (-i-er); 

-i-est. 1. Abounding with seeds ; bearing 

seeds ; having run to seed. 2. Worn out ; 

shabby ; spiritless ; feeling or looking^ 

miserable or wretched. Colloq. 
see'ing, n. Sight ; vision or power 
see'ing, conj. [Orig. p. pr. of see.] 

view of the fact (that) ; since ; because. 
seek (sek), v. t.; pret. & p. p. sought 

(s3t) ; p. pr. & vb. n. seek'ing. [AS. se- 

can, secean.'] 1. To go in search of ; look 

for. 2. To inquire for ; ask for ; as, to 

seek help ; also, Obs., to beseech ; en- 
treat. 3. To try to acquire or gain ; aim Seedling of Horn- 

at ; as, to seek fame. 4. To try to reach beam (Carpi- 

or come to ; go to ; as, we sought the 

beach. 5. To try ; attempt ; — followed 

by an infinitive ; as, he sought to enter. 

6. To search ; explore. R. — v. i. 1. To 

make search or inquiry. 2. To go ; apply ; 

— with to or unto. Obs. — seek'er, n. 




[vision. I Si 
)ower of I J? f 
;ee.] In^ l J 




nus). 1 Primary 
Root ; 2 Rootlet; 
3, 3 Root Hairs ; 
4 Hypocotyl ; 5 
Cotyledon ; 6 
Young Stem ; 7, 
7 True Leaves. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with, *= equals,, 



N 



SEEL 



874 



SELACHIAN 







R 



S 



Seel (sel), v. t. [F. siller, tiller, fr. til an eyelash, L. ti- 
lium.] 1. Falconry. To close the eyes of, as a hawk, by 
drawing threads through the lids. 2. Hence : to shut or 
close, as the eyes ; blind. 

Seem (sem), v. i. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. To look to be ; ap- 
pear ; as, they seemed pleased. 2. To appear to exist or be ; 
— chiefly in there seems ; as, there seems no need of going. 
3. To appear to one's own mind or opinion ; as, I seem to 
hear voices. — seem'er, n. 

Syn. Seem, appear, look may imply opposition to what 
is, or may merely emphasize the idea of show or semblance. 
Seem is the most general ; that appears which is thought 
of as presenting itself to view ; look suggests most defi- 
nitely appearance to the eye. 

Seem'ing, p. a. Having a semblance, whether with or with- 
out reality ; apparent ; ostensible. — n. Appearance ; sem- 
blance ; specif., false appearance ; hypocrisy. — seemlng- 
ly, adv. — seem'ing-ness, n. 

Seem'ly (sem'll), a.; -li-er (-li-er); -li-est. [Of Scand. 
origin.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or char- 
acter. — Syn. Becoming, fit, fitting, suitable, proper, ap- 
propriate, congruous, meet, decent, decorous. — adv. In 
a seemly manner ; becomingly. — seem'll-ness (-H-nes), n. 

Seep (sep), v. i. [AS. slpian to take in moisture.] To run 
or leak through fine interstices ; ooze ; percolate slowly. 
Dial. Eng. & U. S. — n. A small spring ; a spot where 
water or pe_troleum oozes out slowly. Dial. Eng. & U. S. 

seep'age (sep'aj), n. Act or process of seeping; oozing; 
also, seeping fluid. Dial. Eng. & U. S. 

seer. Var. of ser. 

Se'er (se'er ; ser), n. 1. One who sees. . 2. (ser, se'er) One 
who foresees or foretells events; prophet. 3. One gifted 
with second-sight ; specif., one versed in crystal gazing. 

Seer'suck'er (ser'suk'er), n. [Pers. shir o shakkar a kind 
of silk cloth, lit., milk and sugar.] A light linen, or cotton, 
fabric, usually striped and with a slightly puckered surface. 

see'saw / (se'so'), n. [Reduplication of saw, to express the 
alternate motion to and fro.] 1. A children's pastime in 
which they move up and down on opposite ends of a bal- 
anced plank ; also, the plank so used. 2. A back and forth 
or reciprocating motion. 3. Whist. A crossruff. 

— a. Moving up and down or to and fro. 

— v. i. & t. To move with a reciprocating motion ; move 
back and forth or up and down ; alternate in the lead. 

seethe (setfe), v. t. & i.; pret. seethed (sethd) ; p. p. 
seethed, Now R. sod'den (s5d''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
seeth'ing. [AS. seoSan, p. p. soden.~\ 1. To decoct or pre- 
pare for food in hot liquid ; boil. 2. To soak or saturate, as 
in liquor. — n. Act of seething, or state of being seethed. 

se-gar r (se-gar'). Var. of cigar. 

seg'gar (seg^er). Var. of sagger. 

seg'ment (seg'ment), n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, 
cut off.] 1. Any of the parts into which a body naturally 
separates or is divided ; part cut off ; a section ; portion ; 
as, a segment of an orange. 2. Geom. a A part cut off from 
a figure by a line or plane ; esp., that part of a circular area 
cut off by a chord. See circle, Illust. b The part of a 
sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel 
planes. — v. t . & i. To separate into segments. 

Seg-men'tal (seg-men'tal ; seg'men-tal), a. Of, pert, to, or 
of the nature of, a segment or segments. tal-ly, adv. 

seg'men-ta-ry (seg'men-ta-rT), a. Segmental. 

seg'men-ta'tion (seg'men-ta'shun), n. Act or process of 
dividing into segments ; state of being so divided ; esp., 
Biol., formation of a multiplicity of cells from a single cell ; 
cleavage, as in a developing egg cell. 

segmentation cavity. Embryol. A blastocoele. 

Use'gno (sa'nyo), n. [It.] Music. A sign; specif., the 
sign j£ or :S:, marking the beginning or end of a repeat. 

Seg're-gate (seg're-gcit)_, a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segre- 
gare to separate ; se- aside + grex, gregis, flock, herd.] Set 
apart ; separate ; select.— (-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; 
-gat'ing. To separate or cut off from others or from the 
main body ; set apart, — v. i. Chem., Geol., etc. To sepa- 
rate from the general mass, and collect together, as in crys- 
tallization or solidification. 

seg're-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of segregating, or state of 
being segregated; also, a segregated portion or mass. 

seg're-ga-tive (seg're-ga-tiv), a. Tending to segregate; 
characterized by segregation. 

D se'gui-dil'la (sa'ge-del'ya), n. % [Sp.] A certain Spanish 
stanza or a lively air to which it is sung ; also, a dance to 
this air, or music for such a dance. 

seiche (sash), n. [F.] An oscillation or undulation of the 
surface of a lake or landlocked sea, varying in period from a 
few minutes to several hours. 

Seid'litz (sed'lits^ a. Also Sed'litz. Of or pertaining to 
Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. 

Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts consisting of two sepa- 
rate powders, one of sodium bicarbonate and Rochelle salt 
and the other of tartaric acid. The powders are dissolved 



separately in water, and then mingled and drunk while 
effervescing, as a mild cathartic. 

seign'ior (sen'yer), n. [OF. seignor, fr. L. senior elder.] 
1. A lord ; gentleman ; esp., lord of a manor. 2. A title of 
address in southern Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. 

seignior-age (-aj), n. Something claimed or taken by vir- 
tue of sovereign prerogative ; specif., a charge (over and 
above the brassage) on bullion brought to a mint to be 
coined ; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion 
and the value as money of the pieces coined from it. 

seign'ior-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to a seignior. 

seign'ior-y (-1), n.; pi. -iories (-Tz). Power, authority, or 
jurisdiction of a seignior ; lordship ; dominion ; domain. 

sei-gno'ri-al (se-nyo'rl-al), a., sei'gno-ry (se'nyo-n), n., 

etc. = SEIGNIORAL, SEIGNIORY, etc. 

sei-le'nos, n. Var. of silenus. 

seine (san ; sen), n. [AS. segne, fr. L. sagena, Gr. aa.yi\vr\^] 
Fishing. A large net, one edge provided with sinkers and 
the other with floats. — v. t. & i. To fish with a seine. 

seise (sez), v. t. Var. of seize. Obs. or Archaic, exc. Law. 

sei/sin (se'zin), n. Possession. Var. of seizin. 

seis'mic (sls'mik; slz'-)l a. Also seis'mal (-mal). [Gr. 

Seis'mi-cal (-mi-kal) J creio-juos earthquake, adew to 
shake.] Of, pertaining to, or caused by, an earthquake. 

Seis'mfsm (sis'mTz'm ; slz'miz'm), n. [Gr. o-eio-juos earth- 
quake.] Earthquake phenomena, collectively considered. 

seis'mo- (sls'mo- ; siz'mo-). Combining form from Greek 
(T«(T/u6s, earthquake. [made by a seismograph. I 

seis'mo-gram (-gram), n. The record of an earth tremor| 

seis'mo-graph (-graf), n. _ An apparatus to register the 
shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes; 

— seis'mo-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. — seis- 
mog'ra-phy (sis-mog'ra-fi ; siz-), n. 

seis-mol'o-gy (-mol'o-jT), n. The science of 
earthquakes and attendant phenomena. 

— seis-mol'o-gist (-jTst), n. — seis 7 - 
mo-log'i-cal (sls'mo-loj'i-kal ; slz'- 
mS-), a. — log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

seis-mom'e-ter (-mom'e-ter), n. 
Physics. An instrument for 
measuring the direction, dura- 
tion, and force of earthquakes. — 
seis'mo-met'ric (sls'mo- 
met'rik; slz'-), -met'ri-cal 
(-rY-k31), a. 

seis'mo- 
scope (sTs'- 
mS-skop; 
slz'mS-), U. 
A contri- 
vance for 
detecting 
earthquake 
shocks 
sometimes 
indicating 
roughly 
their inten- 
sity, direc- 
tion, etc. — 
scop'ic 
(-skop'ik), a. 

seiz'a-ble (sez'd-b'l), a. That can be seized. 

seize (sez), v. t.; seized (sezd); seiz'ing. [OF. seisir, 
saisir, LL. satire."] 1. Law. [ In this sense, seise is the 
commoner spelling."] Orig., to put in possession ; later, to 
put into seizin (of) ; — chiefly in the passive. 2. To take 
possession of by force. 3. To lay hold of suddenly or forci- 
bly ; to take by force or by legal process ; reach and grasp ; 
clutch. 4. To grasp with the mind ; comprehend fully and 
distinctly. 5. Naut. To bind or fasten together with a lash- 
ing of small stuff, as yarn or marline ; as, to seize ropes. — 
Syn. Catch, snatch, apprehend, arrest, take, capture. — 
v. i. To take or lay hold, ortake possession, suddenly or 
forcibly ; grasp ; clutch ; — with on or upon ; as, to seize 
upon an idea. — seiz'er, n. 

sei'zin, or, more commonly, -sin (se'zin), n. [F. saisine.] 
Law. Orig., possession, whether of land or chattels ; later, 
possession of a freehold estate by one having title thereto. 

seizing (sez'Ing), n. Naut. Act of fastening together or 
lashing with small stuff ; also, the cord or lashing so used. 

sei'zor (se'zer ; -zor), n. One who seizes. 

sei'zure (se'zhur), n. 1. Act of seizing, or state of being 
seized. 2. A sudden attack, as of a disease ; a fit ; an access. 

se'jant 1 (se'jant), a. [F. seant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. se- 

se'jeantj dere.] Her. Sitting, as a lion or other beast. i 

se-la'chl-an (se-la'ki-an), a. [Gr. ae\a%os a fish having car- 
tilages instead of bones.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a group 
(Selachii) of elasmobranch fishes, variously limited and 
ranked, as : a A subclass comprising either all the elasmo- 
branchs or all except the chimseras. b An order comprising 
the existing sharks and rays. C A suborder containing the 




Seismograph. Weight (1) is hung by Wires 
(2) and Strut (3) so as to have a free lateral 
swing on j) as a pivot. Yoke piece (4) has 
pivoted to it a Lever (5), of which the short 
end rests against 1, and the long end bears a 
stylus. During an earthquake 1 remains 
steady, so that the movements of 4 cause 
oscillations of 5, which are recorded on the 
smoked surface of a Drum (6). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (sen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SELAH 



875 



SELF-INDUCTION 



existing sharks as distinguished from the rays. — n. A 
selachian fish ; a shark or ray. 

se'lah (se'la), re. [Heb. selahJ] Bib. A word of unknown 
meaning occurring often in the Psalms. 

sel'dom (sel'dum), adv. [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum.~\ 
Rarely ; not often.— a. Rare ; infrequent. Obs. or Archaic. 

se-lect' (se-lekt'), a. [L. selectus, p. pr. of seligere to se- 
lect ; se- aside + legere to gather.] 1. Taken from a num- 
ber of like or analogous kind by preference ; hence: of spe- 
cial excellence ; choice ; exclusive. 2. Nice or fastidious 
in choosing ; as, select in making friends. 
Syn. Select, elect, exclusive. That is select which is the 
result of discriminating choice ; elect often implies admis- 
sion to a select or inner circle ; exclusive suggests fastidi- 
ousness or (often) snobbishness of a clique or coterie. 

— v. t. To take by preference ; cull. — Syn. See choose. 

se-lec'tion (-lek'shiin), re. 1. A selecting; state of being 
selected. 2. Thing selected ; a collection of things chosen. 
3. Biol. Specif., any process, natural (see natural selec- 
tion*) or artificial, which results or tends to result in pre- 
venting certain individuals or groups of organisms from 
surviving and propagating, and in allowing others to do so. 

See NATURAL SELECTION, SEXUAL SELECTION, DARWINISM. 

Se-lec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or marked by, selection. 
2. Wireless Teleg. Designating a system by which two or 
more messages can be sent or received simultaneously with- 
out interference. 

selective transmission, Mach., a transmission for auto- 
mobiles, etc., by which the gear can be changed directly 
from one speed to any other by a single lever. 

Se-lect'man (-lekt'man), re. In New England (except in 
Rhode Island), one of a board of town officers, chosen an- 
nually, to transact the town's business. 

se-lec'tor (se-lek'ter), n. One who, or that which, selects. 

Se-le'ne, Se-le'na (se-le'ne; -nd), n. [Gr. ~Lekr}i>rj, it. 
ffeXrjvt) moon.] Gr. Relig. The goddess of the moon, — 
merged in Artemis and Hecate. See Endymion. 

Se-len'ic (-len'ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing sele- 
nium, in a relatively high valence. 

selenic acid, an acid, H2Se04, resembling sulphuric acid, 
but less stable, got by energetic oxidation of selenium. 

sel'e-nide (sel'e-nid; -nid), re. Also -nid. A compound of 
selenium and an element or a radical acting as an element. 

se-le'ni-ous (-le'nT-us), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or contain- 
ing, selenium, esp. in a relatively low valence. 

sel'e-nite (sel'e-nit), n. [L. selenites, Gr. aek^vir-ns (sc. 
XLdos), fr. a-e\-f]vt] the moon ; — from a fancied resemblance 
to the moon.] 1= Chem. A salt of selenious acid. 2. Afire. A 
variety of gypsum, in crystals or crystalline masses. 

se-le'ni-um (se-le'ni-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aeX-qvr) the 
moon ; — from its chemical analogy to tellurium (fr. L. 
tellus the earth).] Chem. A nonmetallic element resem- 
bling sulphur and tellurium chemically. Symbol, Se. 

sel'e-nog'ra-phy (sel'e-nog'rd-fT), re. [Gr. creX-qvij the moon 
+ -graphy.'] The science of the physical features of the 
moon. — sefe-nog'ra-pher (-fer), -ra-phist (-fist), re. — 
se-le'no-graph'ic (se-le'no-graf'lk), a. 

sefe-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-ji), re. [Gr. aiX-qvrj the moon + 
-logy.'] Astronomy treating of the moon ; loosely,_ sele- 
nography, [leucidan.l 

Se-leu'cid (se-lu'sTd), re. One of the Seleucidae. — a. Se-| 

Se-leu/ci-da3 (-si-de), re. pi. A dynasty (c. 312-65 B. c.) 
which, at the height of its power, ruled over Bactria, Persia, 
Babylonia, Syria, and part of Asia Minor. It was founded 
by Seleucus Nicator, a general of Alexander the Great. — 
Se-leu'ci-dan (se-lu'sT-dan) , Sefeu-cid'ic (sel'u-sTd'I k ) , a. 

Self (self), a. [AS. self, seolf, sylf.~\ 1. Same ; very ; identi- 
cal ; — now only archaic or in selfsame. 2. Having its own 
or a single nature or character, as in color, composition, etc. ; 
as, seZ/"-colored. — re. ; pi. selves (selvz). 1. An individual 
considered as an identical person ; a being regarded as hav- 
ing personality ; as, a man's self. 2. Hence : personal in- 
terest or advantage ; selfishness. 3. The identity of any- 
thing considered abstractly. 

self—. The noun self used as a prefix to denote : 1. The agent 
that of itself acts in a manner denoted or implied by the 
added word, or that which of itself has or embodies a qual- 
ity or state implied by the added word. 

Examples : seZ/-assumed, assumed by one's self; self- 
begotten, begotten of one's self; seZ/-uniform, uniform in 
or of icself. 

2. a That which is the object of the action implied by the 
added word ; thing affected by the action. 
Examples : seZ/-approving, approving one's self; self- 
abnegation, abnegation of self; seZ/-reproof, reproof of 
one's own self; seZ/-infiicted, inflicted on one's self. 
b That which as to itself has a certain attitude, relation, or 
the like, or is in a certain state. 
Examples : seZ/-consistent, consistent with itself; self- 
satisfied, satisfied in respect of one's self, etc. 

self-a-buse 7 , re. 1. Abuse of one's self. 2. Masturbation. 

self-act'ing, a. Acting of itself ; automatic. 



self '— as-Ser'tion, re. Assertion of one's individuality ; in- 
sistence on one's claims or rights. — self — as-ser'tive, a. 

self — as-sured', a. Self-reliant ; complacent. 

self-col'ored, or -col'oured, a. Of a single color. 

self-com-mand',re. Self-control, [self ; self-satisf action. | 

self 7 — com-pla'cen-cy, re. Complacency in respect of one's| 

self-com-pla'cent, a. Self-satisfied. 

self'— con-ceit', re. An overweening opinion of one's own 
powers, merits, etc. — self '-con-ceit'ed, a. 

Self — con'fi-dence, re. Quality or state of being confident 
of one's own strength or powers. — self '— con'fi-dent, a. — 
self-con'fi-dent-ly, adv. 

Syn. Self-confidence, self-reliance. Self-confidence 
may be used in either a good or a bad sense : self-reliance, 
in a good sense only. 

self— con'scious, a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or states as 
belonging to, or originating in, one's self. 2. Conscious of 
one's self as an object of the observation of others. — self '— 
con'scious-ly, adv. — self-con'scious-ness, re. 

self — con-sist'ent, a. Consistent with one's self or with 
itself ; logically consistent throughout ; having each part 
consistent with the rest. — self — con-sist'en-cy, re. 

self-con-tained', a. 1. Reserved ; not communicative. 2. 
Showing self-control or self-command. 3. Mach. Having 
the essential working parts so connected, as by a bedplate 
or framework, that the mutual relations and interaction of 
the parts do not depend upon outside fastenings. 

self — con-tent', re. Self-satisfaction ; self-complacency. 

self-con'tra-dic'tion, re. Contradiction of one's self or it- 
self ; specif., a statement or the like consisting of two mem- 
bers one of which contradicts the other. dic'to-ry, a. 

Self — con-trof, re. Control of one's self ; self-command. 

self-de-ceit', re. Act of deceiving one's self, or state of 
being thus deceived ; self-deception. 

self-de-cep'tion, n. Self-deceit. 

self-de-fense', or -de-fence', re. Act of defending one's 
own person, property, or reputation. — self -de-f en'sive, a. 

self— de-Iu'sion, n. Act of deluding one's self, or state of 
being thus deluded ; self-deception. 

self — de-ni'al, re. Denial of one's self or one's own desires. 

self — de-ny'ing, a. Refusing to gratify one's self ; showing 
self-denial. — self-de-ny'ing-ly, adv. 

self-de-pend'ent, a. Self-reliant. — -de-pend'ence, re. 

self —de-rived', a. Derived from itself or one's self. 

self-de-struc'tion, re. The destruction of one's self or it- 
self; esp., self-murder; suicide. — self— de-struc'tive, a. 

self-de-ter'mined, a. Determined by itself. 

self-de-vo'tion, n. Self-sacrifice. — -de-vo'tion-al, a. 

self-dis-trust', n. Want of confidence in one's self. 

self-^ed'U-cafed, a. Educated by one's own efforts, with- 
out instruction, or without pecuniary assistance. 

self — es-teem', re. Self-respect ; also, self-conceit. 

self — ev'i-dent, a. Evident without proof or reasoning. — 
self-ev'i-dence, re. — self-ev'i-dent-ly, adv. 

self— ex-anfi-na'tion, re. Examination into one's own 
state, conduct, and motives ; introspection. 

self -^ex'e-CUfing, a. Providing for its own execution ; con- 
taining a clause or clauses giving effect to its provisions by 
operation of law upon the happening of a contemplated 
event or_ contingency ; — used of laws, treaties, etc. 

self — ex-ist'ent, a. Existing, as God, of or by Himself, inde- 
pendent of any other being or cause. ex-ist'ence, re. 

self '— ex-plainfing, a. Explaining itself ; capable of being 
understood without explanation. 

self-feed^er, re. One that feeds itself automatically, as a 
boiler, printing press, etc. — self — f eed'ing, a. 

self-govfern-ment, re. 1. Self-control. 2. Government by 
joint action of the people constituting a civil body ; also, 
state of being so governed; democracy. gov'ern-ing, a. 

self-hard'en-ing, a. Metal. Designating, or pert, to, any 
of various steels that harden when heated above a red heat 
and cooled in air with moderate rapidity, without quench- 
ing. — self-hard'ened, a. 

self'-heaf (self'helO, re. 1. A blue-flowered European mint 
{Prunella vulgaris) naturalized as a weed in lawns. It was 
once supposed to have healing properties. 2. Any of several 
other plants with like reputation. 

self-help', re. Act of aiding one's self, without depending 
on the aid of others ; specif., Law, the right or fact of re- 
dressing or preventing wrongs by one's own action without 
recourse to legal proceedings, as in self-defense. 

selfhood (selfhood), re. Existence as a separate self, or 
independent person ; conscious personality. 

self-i-den'ti-ty, re. The identity of a thing with itself ; 
identity of subject and object in life and consciousness. 

self — im-por'tance, re. An exaggerated estimate of one's 
own importance or merit, esp. as manifested ; self-conceit. 
— self -im-por'tant, a. 

self Mn-duced', a. Induced by one's self or itself ; specif., 
produced by self-induction. 

self-in-duc'tion, re. Elec. Induction of an electromotive 
force in a circuit by a varying current in the same circuit. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [| Foreign Word, + combined with, = equals. 



N 



SELF-INDULGENCE 



876 



SEMILIQUID 



Q 



R 



S 



self-in-dul'gence, n. Indulgence of one's appetites, de- 
sires, etc. — self '-in-dul'gent, a. 

Self '— in-sur'ance, n. Insurance of one's self or one's own 
interests, actually'or virtually, as by laying aside a fund to 
recoup losses. — self-in-sur'er, n. 

self '-in'ter-est, n. Private interest ; selfishness. 

selfish (sel'fisn), a. Caring unduly for one's self; putting 
one's own comfort, advantage, etc., before that of others; 
being actuated by self-interest ; arising from selfishness. — 
self 'ish-ly, adv. — self 'ish-ness, n. 

self '-knowledge, n. Knowledge of one's self. 

selfless, a. Having no regard to self ; unselfish. 

self'— love', n. Love of one's self ; tendency to seek one's 
own happiness, benefit, or advantage. — self '— lov'ing, o. 

self— made', a. Having risen from poverty or obscurity 
unaided, esp. without pecuniary aid ; as, a self-made man. 

self-mur'der, n. Suicide. — self '-mur'der-er, n. 

Self-O-pin'ion, n. Opinion, esp. high opinion, of one's self ; 
self-conceit. — self-o-pin'ion-af ed, or -o-pin'ioned, a. 

self-per-cep'tion, n. Perception of the soul by itself; 
introspection. 

self-pos-sessed', a. Having or exhibiting control or com- 

i mand over one's powers ; composed in mind, manner, etc. 

self-pos-ses'sion, n. Self-control. 

self-profit, n. One's own profit ; self-interest. 

self-re-cord'ing, a. Autographic. 

self-reg'is-ter-ing, a. Registering automatically. 

self-re-li'ance, n. Reliance on one's own powers or judg- 
ment. — Syn. See self-confidence. — self '-re-li'ant> a. 

self-re-nun'ci-a'tion, n. Act of renouncing one's own 
wishes, etc. ; self-sacrifice. — self-re-nounc'ing, a. 

self-re-proach', n. Reproaching or censure of one's self. 

self-re-proach'ful, a. Reproachful of one's self. 

self-re-specf, n. Respect for one's self; laudable self- 
esteem. — self-re-specf ing, a. 

self — re-strainf , n. Restraint over self ; self-control. 

self-righf eous (-rl'chus), a. Righteous in one's own es- 
teem ; Pharisaical. — self-righfeous-ness, n. 

self-sac'ri-fice, n. Act of sacrificing one's self, or one's 
interest, for others. — self-sac'ri-fic'ing, a. 

Selfsame' (self'sam'), a. Precisely the same; identical. 

self-saf is-fied, a. Satisfied with one's self or one's ac- 
tions, etc. ; self-complacent. — self-sat'is-fac'tion, n. 

self — seek'er, n. One who seeks only, or unduly, his own in- 
terest, advantage, or pleasure. — self-seek'ing, a. & n. 

self-sown', a. Sown or disseminated spontaneously, or by 
other than human agencies, as by wind, birds, etc. 

Self —Start' er, n. A mechanism (usually one operated by 
electricity, compressed air, a spring, or an explosive gas) 
attached to an internal-combustion engine, as on an auto- 
mobile, for starting the engine without cranking it by hand. 

self —Styled', a. Styled or called by one's self ; soi-disant. 

self— suf-fi'cient (-sft-flsh'ent), a. 1. Sufficient in or for 
one's self or itself ; able to satisfy or meet one's own needs 
or aims. 2. Having an overweening self-confidence; 
haughty ; overbearing. — self-suf-fi'cien-cy, n. 

self '-suf-fic'ing, a. Sufficing for one's self or for itself. 

self-sup-porf ed, a. Supported by one's self or itself. 

self-sup -porf ing, a. Supporting one's self or itself ; inde- 
pendent. 

self-sur-ren'der, n. Surrender of one's self ; the yielding 
up of one's self, one's will, etc., to another. 

self —will', n. One's own will, esp. when opposed to that 
of others ; obstinacy. — self '-willed', a. 

self-wind'ing (-wln'ding), a. Horol. Of a clock or dial, 
wound automatically at short intervals by an electric motor. 

self-wrong', n. Wrong done to one's self. 

Sel-juk' (sel-jook'), n. A member of a Turkish dynasty 
which ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th 
and 12th centuries. — Sel-juk', Sel-juk'i-an (-i-an), a. 

Sell (sel), v. t.; pret. & p. p. sold (sold) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sell'ing. [AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver.] 1. To 
transfer (property) for a consideration ; dispose of in return 
for something. 2. To make a matter of bargain and sale, 
esp. in breach of duty, trust, or the like ; betray. 3. To 
impose upon ; trick ; deceive ; gull ; cheat. Slang. 
Syn. Sell, barter, vend, trade. To sell is to transfer 
to another for a price, usually in money ; barter implies 
an exchange of commodities ; vend applies chiefly to the 
selling of wares, merchandise, or other small articles ; trade, 
often synonymous with barter, suggests esp. the exchange 
of one particular object for another ; it also applies to traf- 
ficking in general. 

— v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities. 2. To be sold. 

— n. Imposition ; cheat ; hoax. Colloq. — sell'er (sel'er), n. 
selling charges. See overhead charges. 

Selt'zer (selt'ser), n., or Seltzer water. An effervescing 
mineral water from Nieder-Selters, in Wiesbaden, Ger- 
many ; also, an artificially carbonated water imitating it. 
sel'vage \ (sel'vej), n. £self + edge, i. e., its own proper 
sel'vedgej edge.] The edge or an edge, of a woven fabric, 
so formed as to prevent raveling. 



selves (selvz), n., pi. of self. 

se-man'tics (se-man'tiks), n. _ (See -ics.) [Gr. <Tt}na.PTiic6s 
significant, fr. arifialveiv to signify, arijia. sign.] Semasiology. 

se-man'tic (-tik), a. Of or pert, to signification or meaning. 

sem'a-phore (sem'd-for ; 57), n. [Gr. crijua a sign -f- 
-phore.'] A signal telegraph ; an apparatus for signaling by 
the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc. — 
sem'a-phor'ic (-for'ik), a. 

se-ma'si-ol'o-gy (se-ma'sT-ol'o-jY), n. [Gr. crrjfia<xla signifi- 
cation + -logy. ] Philol. The science of meanings or sense 
development (of words). o-log'i-cal (-o-loj'i-kal), a. 

se-mat'ic (se-mat'Ik), a. [Gr. ar\tia, a^fiaroi, sign, token.] 
Biol. Serving as a warning of danger, as the conspicuous 
colors of certain poisonous or dangerous animals. 

sem'bla-ble (sem'bld-b'l), a. [F., fr. sembler to seem, re- 
semble, L. similar e, simulareT] Archaic. 1. Like ; alike ; 
similar. 2. Apparent ; seeming. — n. Likeness ; resem- 
blance. Archaic. — sem'bla-bly, adv. 

sem'blance (-blans), n. [F.] 1. Image ; likeness ; form ; 
as, the semblance of a man. 2. Seeming ; appearance ; out- 
ward show ; as, a semblance of virtue. 3. Likeness ; resem- 
blance ; similarity. — Syn. See resemblance. 

sem'ble (sem'b'l), v. i. [F., fr. sembler. See semblable, 
a.] Law. It seems ; — chiefly used impersonally in reports 
and judgments to express an obiter dictum. 

se-me' (se-ma'), a. [F., sown.] Her. Sown ; covered with 
small figures, as flowers or stars, generally disposed regu- 
larly ; — used with with or of. 

se'mei-ol'o-gy (se'ml-ol'o-jT), se'mi-ol'o-gy (se'mT-), n. 
[Gr. arifitlov a mark, a sign + -logy.] Science or art of 
signs _; specif., Med., symptomatology. 

se'mei-ot'ic (se'ml-ot'ik), se'mi-ot'ic (se'mi-), a. [Gr. 
crjuetuTtKos, fr. o-qptiov a mark, a sign.] Med. Of or pert, 
to signs or symptoms of diseases. 

Sem'e-le (sem'e-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. SejtieX^.] Gr. Myth. An 
earth goddess, daughter of Cadmus and mother of Diony- 
sus by Zeus. Zeus having promised her whatsoever she 
should ask, she begged to behold him in his splendor, and 
was destroyed by his lightnings. 

se'men (se'men), n. ; pi. semina (sem'i-nd). [L.] Physiol. 
The fluid secreted by glands of the male reproductive ap- 
paratus, containing the spermatozoa ; seed ; sperm. 

se-mes'ter (se-mes'ter), n. [G., fr. L. semestris half-yearly ; 
sex six + mensis month.]) A period of six months ; esp., 
either of the two terms into which the yearly period of 
instruction is divided in many colleges, universities, etc. 

sem'i- (sem'i-). [L. semi-.'] Prefix denoting half or, some- 
times, partly, imperfectly ; as, semiannual, half-yearly, 
semztransparent, partly or imperfectly transparent. 

sem'i-an'nu-al (-an'fl-al), a. Half-yearly. 

Sem'i-A'ri-an, n. Eccl. Hist. A member of a party in the 
church of the 4th century, which held views partly Arian. 

sem'i-breve' (-breV), n. A note having half the time value 
of the breve ; — now usually called a whole note. See note. 

sem'i-cen-ten'ni-al (-sen-ten'i-dl), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
occurring at the completion of, half of a century. — n. A 
fiftieth anniversary or its celebration. 

sem'i-cir'cle (-sur'k'l), n. 1. A half circle. 2. A body or 
arrangement of objects in the form of half of a circle. 

sem'i-cir'CU-lar (-sur'ku-ldr), a. Having the form of a 
semicircle. — semicircular canals, Anat., loop-shaped 
tubular portions of the labyrinth of the ear. See ear, Illust. 

sem'i-cir-cum'fer-ence't-ser-kum'fer-ens), n. Half of a 
circumference. 

sem'i-civ'i-lized (-siv'i-lizd), a. Partially civilized. 

sem'i-CO'lon (sem'i-ko'lon), n. Punctuation. The mark 
[ ;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a 
sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma. 

sem'i-con'scious (-kon'shfts), a. Half conscious; imper- 
fectly conscious. 

sem'i-de-tached' (-de-tachf), a- Half detached ; — used of 
either of two houses built together with a party wall. 

sem'i-di-am'e-ter (-dl-am'e-ter), n. Math. A radius. 

sem'i-Die'sel (sem'i-de'zel), a. Designating an internal- 
combustion engine of a type resembling the Diesel engine 
in using heavy oil as fuel. The fuel is sprayed into an iron 
box (called a hot bulb or hot pot) opening into the combus- 
tion chamber and heated for ignition by a blast lamp until 
it is kept red hot by the heat of combustion. 

sem'i-di-ur'nal (-dl-ur'ndl), a. Pertaining to, or accom- 
plished in, half a day ; also, occurring twice a day. 
semidiurnal arc, either half of the arc traversed by a 
heavenly body between its rising and setting. 

sem'i-dome'Gdom'), n. A roof or ceiling in the form of half^ 
a dome covering a semicircular room or recess. 

sem'i-el-lip'ti-cal (-e-lip'ti-kal), a. Imperfectly elliptical. 

sem'i-fi'nal (-fl'nal), a. Sports. Half final : — used in tour- 
naments of the round, or matches in it, before the final or 
last round, — n. A semifinal round or match. 

sem'i-flu'id (-floo'id ; 86), a. Imperfectly fluid; very vis- 
cous, but not solid. — n. A semifluid substance. 

sem'i-liq'uid, a. Half liquid; semifluid. — n. A semifluid. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijkj then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SEMILUNAR 



877 



SENSATE 



sem'i-lu'nar (seml-lu'ndr), a. Shaped like a half-moon. 
semilunar bone, Anal., a certain bone of the carpus. — 
b. valves, Anat., three semicircular pocketlike folds of the 
lining of each ventricle of the heart which prevent the blood 
from flowing back from the pulmonary artery or aorta. 

— n. Anat. The semilunar bone. 

sem'i-month'ly (-munth'lT), a. Coming or made twice in a 
month. — n. Something done or made every half month, 
esp. such a periodical. — adv. At intervals of half a month. 

sem'i-nal (sem'i-nal), a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen seed.] 
1. Pert, to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen. 2. 
Contained in seed ; germinal ; rudimentary. nal-ly, adv. 

sem'i-nar' (-naV), n. [G. See seminary.] A group of stu- 
dents engaged, under an instructor, in original research. 

sem'i-na-ry (sem'i-na-rf), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. semi- 
narium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed.] 1. A place 
where a thing originates and develops. 2. A place of educa- 
tion, as a school of a high grade, an academy, or college. 3. 

= SEMINAR. 

sem'i-nif'er-ous (-nif'er-us), a. [L. semen, seminis, seed 
+ -ferous.] Bot. Seed-bearing ; producing seed. 

Sem'i-nole (sem'T-nol), n. One of a southern tribe of In- 
dians who settled in Florida and later were removed to the 
Indian Territory. 

sem'i-of-fi'cial (-5-fTsh'al), a. Half official ; having some, 
but not full, official authority. — sem'i-of-fi'cial -ly, adv. 

se'mi-ol'o-gy, n. Var. of semeiology. [transparent.] 

sem'i-O-paque' (sem'i-o-pak'), a. Half opaque; partly 



Zo'dl. Having the anterior 
toes joined only part way 



seml-pal'mate (-pal'mat) \a 

sem'i-pal'mat-ed (-mat-ed)j t 
down with a web. 

Sem'i-Pe-la'gi-an, n. Eccl. Hist. One (notably John Cas- 
sianus, a French monk of the 5th century) who held doc- 
trines intermediate between the Pelagian doctrine of the 
absolutely free will of man and his ability to save himself 
and the Augustinian doctrine that divine grace was neces- 
sary to complete salvation. 

sem'i-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. Imperfectly plastic. 

sem'i-por'ce-lain (-por'se-lan ; -pors'lan), n. An inferior 
kind of porcelain resembling earthenware ; also, a kind of 
earthenware resembling porcelain. 

seml-pre'cious (-presh'i/s), a. Precious in an inferior de- 
gree ; — said specif, of the amethyst, garnet, tourmaline, etc. 

seml-pub'lic (-public), a. To some extent public. 

sem'i-qua'ver (sem'i-kwa'ver), n. Music. See NOTE 

sem'i-ra'di-al (sem'i-ra'dT-dl), a. Half radial. 
semiradial engine. Mach. See radial engine. 

Se-mir'a-mis (se-mir'd-mis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Zeuipauis.] A 
famous princess of Assyria, to whom classical legend as- 
cribed great beauty, wisdom, and voluptuousness. 

sem'i-SOl'id (sem'i-sol'id), a. Imperfectly solid. 

Sem/ite (sem'It), n. 1. A descendant of Shem. 2. One of 
a Caucasian race represented by the Jews and Arabs and 
the ancient Babylonians, Assyrians, Aramaeans, Phoeni- 
cians, etc. 

Sem-it'ic (se-mit'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to the Semites. 2. 
Designating, or pert, to, a family of languages including 
Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and Amharic. 

Sem-it'ics (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) The scientific study of the 
language, literature, or history of the Semitic peoples. 

Sem'i-tism (sem'i-tiz'm), n. Semitic character or quali- 
ties ; also, a Semitic idiom or expression. 

sem'i-tone' (sem'i-ton'), n. Music. Lit., half a tone; the 
tone at a half step ; less properly, the half step itself. 

sem'i-ton'ic (-ton'Tk), a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, a 
semitone or semitones. [fectly translucent. | 

sem'i-trans-lu'cent (-trans-lii'sent), a. Half or imper-| 

semi- trans -par'ent (-trans-par'ent), a. Half or imper- 
fectly transparent. . , 

sem'i-vit'ri-fied (-vit'ri-fld), a. Half or imperfectly vitri- 
fied ; partially converted into glass. 

sem'i-VOW'el (sem'i-vou'el), n. 1. A sound intermediate 
between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the na- 
ture of both, as that of Eng. w or y. 2. A letter or character 
representing such a sound. 

seml-week'ly (-wek'li), a. Coming, or made, or done, 
once every half week. — n. That which comes or happens 
once every half week ; esp., a periodical published every half 
week. — adv. At intervals of half a week. 

sem/O-li'na (sem'o-le'nd), n. [It. semolino, fr. semola 
bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour.] Coarsely ground 
and carefully purified milling products of wheat, esp. hard 
wheat, used for macaroni and in cookery. 

Sem'pi-ter'nal (sem'pi-tur'ndl), a. [L. sempiternus, fr. 
semper always.] Everlasting ; eternal ; perpetual. — sem/- 
pi-ter'ni-ty (-ni-tT), n. Rare. 

semp'stress (semp'stres ; sem'-). Var. of seamstress. 

sen (sen), n. [Jap., fr. Chin, ch'ien coin.] A Japanese 
copper coin, T Jjy of a yen ( = £ cent). 

sen'a-ry (sen'd-rT), a. [L. senarius.] Of or pert, to six. 

sen'ate (sen'at),n. [F. senat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex. See 
senile.] 1. Lit., an assembly of old men ; hence, an assem- 



bly with the highest deliberative or legislative functions ; as: 
a Ancient Rome. The supreme council of the state, orig. 
having only advisory powers. At first it was wholly patri- 
cian, but at an early date plebeians were appointed, b 
[cap.] The upper and smaller branch of various legisla- 
tures, as of France, the United States, etc. See congress. 
C In general, a legislative body ; state council. 2. In cer- 
tain English universities, a body which directs the educa- 
tion and discipline. 3. In some colleges, a council composed 
of members of the faculty and elected students, to which 
are referred various matters, as of discipline. U. S. 

sen'a-tor (sen'd-ter), n. [OF. senatour, fr. L. senator."] 
A member of a senate. — sen'a-tor-ship', n. 

sen'a-to'ri-al (-to'n-dl; 57), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or befit- 
ting, a senator or a senate. 2. Entitled to elect a senator ; 
as, senatorial districts. U. S. — sen'a-to'ri-al-ly, adv. 

se-na'tUS-COn-SUlt' (sS-na'tus-kon-sult'j-kon'sulU.n. [L. 
senatus consultum.] A senatus consultum. 

Bse-na'tus con-SUl'tum (se-na'tuskon-sul'tiim);pJ. sena- 
tus consulta (-td). [L.] Anc. Rome. A decree of the 
senate, esp. after about A. D. 100, when the senate super- 
seded popular assemblies as the lawmaking power. 

send (send), v. t.; sent (sent); send'ing. [AS. sendan.] 

1. To cause to go ; specif.: a To dispatch ; as, to send a mes- 
senger, b To procure the transmission of ; as, to send a mes- 
sage. C To impel ; throw ; hurl ; as, to send a ball, an arrow. 

2. To cause to come, happen, be, etc. ; bestow ; grant ; in- 
flict ; as, till God sends relief. 3. To cause to become ; as, to 
send one mad. — v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messen- 
ger or a message or missive. 2. Naut. a To be carried for- 
ward by the impulse of a wave ; as, the ship sends violently. 
b = scend, v. i. 

to send for, to request or require by message to come or 
be brought. [carried bodily. 

— n. Naut. The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is 
sen'dal (sen'dal), n. [OF. cendal, LL. cendalum.] Any of 

various silk fabrics used in the Middle Ages, esp. a light 
thin kind ; also, an article of dress made of it. 

send'er, n. One who, or that which, sends. 

send'— off ', n. A demonstration of good will to one starting 
on an ocean trip or the like. Colloq. 

Sen'e-ca (sen'e-kd), n. One of a warlike tribe of Iroquoian 
Indians, formerly of western New York, now residing 
chiefly in New York. 

Seneca root, Seneca snakeroot. Vars. of Senega root, 
Senega snakeroot. 

Sen'e-gal-ese' (sen'e-gol-ez' ; -es'), n. sing. & pi. A native 
or natives of Senegal. [bia.l 

Sen'e-ganVbi-an (-gam'bT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Senegam-[ 

Sen'e-ga root or snakeroot (sen'e-gd). The root of a milk- 
wort (Poly gala senega), of the eastern United States, 
used as an expectorant and diuretic. 

se-nes'cent (se-nes'ent), a. [L. senescens, p. pr.] Growing 
old; aging. — se-nes'cence (-ens), n. 

sen'es-chal (sen'e-shal), n. [OF., fr. LL. seniscalcus.'] 
The bailiff, steward, or major-domo of a great medieval 
lord, holding high military command. 

se'nile (se'nll; -nil), a. [L. senilis, it. senex, gen. senis, 
old, an old man.] 1. Of, pert, to, proceeding from, or 
characteristic of, old age. 2. Phys. Geog. Approaching the 
end of a cycle of erosion ; as, a senile topography. 

se-nil'i-ty (se-niFi-tT), n. Quality or state of being senile ; 
old age, or its infirmity. 

sen'ior (sen'yer), a. [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. se- 
nis, old.] 1. Elder ; — often used after a personal name to 
indicate the older of two bearing it. Abbr., Sr. 2. Superior 
in dignity, r^nk, or office. 3. Of or pert, to the final year of 
the course in American colleges, high schools, etc. 

— n. 1. A person older than another. 2. One older in office 
or prior in grade. 3. An aged person. 4. A student in the 
senior year. At an English university, a senior fellow. 

sen-ior'i-ty/sen-yor'i-ti),^. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being senior ; priority of birth, office, or service. 
2. A body or company of seniors ; at an English university, 
a court or assembly of senior fellows of a college. 

sen'na (sen'd), n. [From Ar. sand or send.'} 1. Any ot 
various species of cassia, esp. an officinal species. 2. An 
important cathartic drug consisting of the dried leaves of 
certain African and Arabian species of cassia (as Cassia 
senna, C. acutifolia, etc.). 

sen'night (sen'it; -it), n. Also se'n'night. [Contr. fr. 
sevennight.'] A week. Archaic. 

sen'nit (sen'it), n. [seven + knit.'] 1. Naut. A braided 
cord or fabric of plaited rope yarns or other small stuff. 
2. Plaited straw, grass, or palm leaves, for making hats. 

||se-nor' (sa-nyor'), n. ; pi. senores (-nyo'ras), || se-no'ra 
(-nyo'ra), n. ; pi. senoras, || se'fio-ri'ta (sa'nyo-re'ta), n.; 
pi. senoritas. [Sp.] Spanish titles of courtesy correspond- 
ing respectively to the English Mr. or sir, Mrs. or madam, 
and Miss ; also, a gentleman, lady, young lady. 

sen'sate (sen'sat), a. [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intel- 
ligent, fr. sensus sense. See sense.] Felt or apprehended 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SENSATION 



878 



SENTIENT 



R 



S 



through a sense or the senses. — (sen'sat), v. t.; -SAT-ed 
(-sat-ed) ;-sat-ing (-sat-ing). To feel or apprehend through 
a sense or the senses. 

sen-sa'tion (sen-sa'shun), n. 1. A feeling, or state of con- 
sciousness, produced by an external object (stimulus), or by 
change in the body. 2. Any feeling ; esp., a more or less 
indefinite bodily feeling ; as, a sensation of buoyancy. 3. 
A state of excited interest or feeling, or its cause ; as, the 
crime caused a great sensation. — Syn. See sense. 

sen-sa'tion-al (-51), a. 1. Of or pert, to sensation or sen- 
sationalism. 2. Suited or intended to excite great interest 
or emotion ; melodramatic ; emotional. 

sen-sa'tion-al-ism (-f z'm), n._ 1. Philos. The doctrine that 
all our knowledge originates in sensation or sense percep- 
tions, or, in a narrower meaning, that all knowledge is made 
up of sense elements. 2. Ethics. The doctrine that feeling 
is the sole criterion of good ; sensualism. 3. The practice 
or methods of sensational writing or speaking. — sen-sa'- 
tion-al-ist, n. — sen-sa'tion-al-is'tic (-Ts'tik),a. 

sen-sa'tion-al-ly (-al-i), adv. In a sensational manner. 

sense (sens), n. [L. sensus, fr. sentire, sensum, to per- 
ceive, feel.] 1. Meaning ; import ; as, the true sense of the 
words. 2. Mind ; consciousness ; intelligence ; as, a stone 
has no sense. 3. Perception through the intellect; ap- 
prehension ; understanding ; discernment ; as, a sense of 
humor. 4. Sound perception and reasoning ; correct judg- 
ment ; also, that which is sound, or reasonable ; rational 
meaning ; as, he speaks sense. 5. Moral perception - or 
appreciation ; as, he has no sense of shame. 6. The faculty 
of receiving mental impressions through certain organs 
(sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving bodily changes ; 
also, any special faculty of sensation ; as, the five senses 
(sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch). 7. Sense percep- 
tion ; sensibility ; feeling ; as, a sense of pleasure. 8. That 
which is felt or is held as a sentiment or opinion ; judg- 
ment; as, the sense of the meeting. 9. Qeom. One of 
two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, 
may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, 
line, or surface, or to be reckoned ; — opposite senses being 
denoted by opposite signs, -1- and — . 10. Hence : direc- 
tion ; trend ; course. 

Syn. Sense, sensation, sensibility, sensitiveness, sus- 
ceptibility. Sense (see also meaning, reason) denotes a 
feeling or consciousness which is vaguer or less corporeal or 
objective than that denoted by sensation; as, he had a 
sense of some one's being near ; a general sensation of drowsy 
warmth. Sensibility is capacity, esp. keen or delicate, of 
emotion or feeling ; sensitiveness is acute, sometimes mor- 
bid, sensibility. Susceptibility, though often equivalent 
to sensibility, commonly emphasizes more strongly quick- 
ness of response to impressions from without ; as, a poet's 
susceptibility to impressions. 

— v. t. ; sensed (sgnst) ; sens'ing. To get the meaning of ; 
understand ; realize. Colloq., U. S. 

sense'less (sSns'les^ a. Destitute of, deficient in, or con- 
trary to, sense ; specif. : a Insensible ; stupid ; unconscious. 
b Stupid ; foolish. C Unreasonable ; nonsensical. — sense'- 
less-Iy, adv. — sense'less-ness, n. 

sense perception. Perception by the senses, as distin- 
guished from intellectual perception. 

sen'si-bil'i-ty (sen'sT-bll'i-ti ), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Men- 
tal receptivity ; discernment ; as, sensibility of truth. 2. 
Capacity of emotion or feeling ; delicacy of feeling ; as, sen- 
sibility to pain or praise. 3. State or quality of being sen- 
sible, or able to feel or perceive. 4. Delicacy of an instru- 
ment ; sensitiveness. — Syn. See sense, judgment. 

sen'si-ble (sen'si-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis.'] 1. Capa- 
ble of being perceived by the senses ; hence : perceptible to 
the mind ; making an impression on the sense, reason, or 
understanding ; as, a sensible change in temperature. 2. 
Capable of receiving impressions from external objects ; im- 
pressible ; as, the ear is sensible to sound. 3. Sensitive to 
impression from without ; easily affected ; as, sensible to 
kindness. 4. Readily affected by natural agents ; delicate ; 
as, a sensible thermometer. 5. Perceiving or having per- 
ception; cognizant; satisfied; persuaded; as, sensible of 
being cold. 6. Possessing sense or reason ^characterized by 
good or common sense; wise. — sen'si-ble-ness, n. — 
sen'si-bly, adv. 

Syn. Sensible, cognizant. Sensible emphasizes the ele- 
ment of feeling or consciousness in knowledge ; cognizant, 
that of information or observation ; as, he was not sensible 
that he had offended ; acutely cognizant of their presence. 
, See wise. 

sen'si-tive (sen'sf-tiv), a.^ [F. sensitif. See sense.] 1. 
Having sense or feeling; impressible by external objects. 
2. Having quick and acute sensibility ; highly susceptible ; 
easily affected ; specif., quick to take offense ; touchy. 3. 
Hence : a Mech. Having a capacity of being easily affected 
or moved ; delicate ; as, sensitive scales.^ b Chem. & Pho- 
tog. Readily affected or changed by certain agents ; as, pho- 
tographic paper is sensitive to actinic rays. 4. Of or pert, 
to sensation ; depending on or affecting sensation ; as, sen- 



sitive^ muscular motions excited by irritation. 5. Bot. 

Showing motion when irritated or stimulated, as by a touch, 

as any of various plants or parts of plants. 

sensitive plant, a well-known plant {Mimosa pudica) with 

palmate leaves, often cultivated in greenhouses. At a 

touch the leafstalk droops, and the pinnas and leaflets close 

tightly.^ 

sen'si-tive-Iy (sen'si-tiv-lT), adv. In a sensitive manner. 

sen'si-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being sensitive. — 
Syn. See sense. 

sen'si-tiv'i-ty (-tfvl-tT), n. Quality or state of being sensi- 
tive ; sensitiveness ; specif., Psychol., the capacity of experi- 
encing, conveying, or occasioning sensation. 

sen'si-ti-za'tion (-tl-za'shwn ; -tl-za'shftn), n. Act, process,, 
or result of rendering sensitive. 

sen'si-tize (sen'sl-tlz), v. t.; -tized (-tTzd) ; -tiz'ing (-tlz 7 - 
Ing)._ Chem. & Photog. To render sensitive. 

Sen'si-tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. A sensitizing agent. 

sen'si-tom'e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. [See sensitive ; -meter.] 
Photog. An instrument or apparatus for comparing and 
grading the sensitiveness of plates, films, etc. 

Sen-SO'ri-al (sen-so'ri-al ; 57), a. Sensory. 

sen-so'ri-um (-&m), n.; pi. E. -riums (-«mz),L. -ria (-a). 
[L., the seat or organ of sensation, fr. sentire, sensum, to 
feel.] 1. The gray matter of the cerebral cortex, supposed 
to be the physical basis of sensation. 2. The nervous system 
with the organs of sense. 

sen'so-ry (sen'so-n), a. 1. Of or pert, to the sensorium or 
sensation ; — esp. applied to nerves and nerve fibers carry- 
ing to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation. 2. Of 
the nature of sensation ; pert, to sense. — n. Sensorium. 

sen'su-al (sen'shoo-al), a. [L. sensualis, fr. sensus sense.] 

1. Pert, to, consisting in, or affecting the senses or sense or- 
gans ; relating to sense ; sensuous. 2. Hence : not spiritual 
or intellectual ; carnal ; fleshly ; worldly. 3. Devoted to the 
pleasures of sense and appetite ; voluptuous ; sometimes, 
lewd. 4. Pert, to the doctrine of. sensualism. — Syn. See 
sensuous. 

sen'su-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Condition or character of one 
who is sensual ; subjection to sensual appetite ; sensuality. 

2. Philos. Sensationalism. 3. Ethics. The regarding of the 
gratification of the senses as the highest good. 4. Esthet- 
ics. Emphasis put upon the sensuous qualities of an object 
or on the sensuous as the chief element of beauty. 

sen'su-al-ist, n. 1. One who is sensual. 2. One who holds 
to a doctrine of sensualism. 

sen'su-al'i-ty (-al'I-tl), n.; pi. -ities (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being sensual ; devotedness to, or free indulgence 
in, carnal or sensual pleasures ; voluptuousness. 

sen'su-al-ize (sen'shob-al-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing 
(-Tz'fng). To make sensual; debase by carnal gratifica- 
tions. — sen'su-al-i-za'tion (-al-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), n. 

sen'su-al-ly, adv. In a sensual manner. 

sen^SU-OUS (-us), o. 1. Of or pert, to the senses or sensible 
objects ; addressing the senses. 2. Easily affected through 
the senses. 3. Of the nature of sensation or of sense image- 
ry. — sen'su-ous-ly, adv. — sen'su-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Sensuous, sensual, voluptuous. Sensuous is 
favorable or neutral in sense ; sensual is derogatory ; as, 
sensuous experiences of colors, tastes ; a sensual feast, de- 
bauch. Voluptuous implies luxurious abandonment to the 
pleasures of the senses ; it may suggest either sensuous or 
(oftener) sensual enjoyment; as, voluptuous music; a vo- 
luptuous life. 

sent (sent), pret . & p. p. of SEND. 

sen'tence (sen'tens), n. [F., fr. L. sententia, fr. sentire to 
feel, think.] 1. That which is thought or opined ; an opin- 
ion ; hence : a decision ; determination ; judgment. 2. A 
maxim ; axiom ; saw. 3. Law. a In Civil and admiralty 
law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause, b In 
criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed by a 
court or judge on a person on trial ; decree or order by 
which the court imposes punishment upon a person found 
guilty, or the punishment so imposed. 4. Gram. A combi- 
nation of words complete as expressing a thought, and in 
writing marked at the close by a period, interrogation point, 
or, sometimes, an exclamation point. 

— v. t.; -tenced (sen'tenst) ; -tenc-ing (-ten-sing). To pass 
or pronounce judgment on ; doom ; prescribe the punish- 
ment of. — sen'tenc-er (-ten-ser), n. m [decisive.1 

sen-ten'tial (sen-ten'shSl), a. Of the nature of a judgment ;| 

sen-ten'tious (-shus), a. [L. sententiosusJ] 1. Full of 
meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy. _ 2. 
Abounding in sayings, axioms, or maxims ; — sometimes 
derogatory. — Syn. See concise. — sen-ten'tious-ly, 
adv. — sen-ten'tious-ness, n. 

sen'ti-ence (sen'shi-ens ; -shens) 1 n. Sentient being or 

sen'ti-en-cy (-shl-en-si ; -shen-si)/ state ; consciousness ; 
also, elementary or inchoate consciousness. 

sen'ti-ent (sen'shi-ent ; -shcnt), a. [L. sentiens,-entis, 
p. pr.] _ 1. Having a faculty or faculties of sensation and 
perception ; as, sentient man. 2. Experiencing sensation 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, footj out, oil; chair r go; sing, ink* then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SENTIENTLY 



879 



SEPULCHRAL 



and feeling ; as, a sent '.ent life. — n. A sentient being ; 
also, the mind. — sen'ti-ent-ly, adv. 

sen'ti-ment (sen'ti-ment), n. [OF. sentement, F. senti- 
ment, fr. L. sentire to feel.] 1. Feeling ; sensibility ; tender 
susceptibility ; as, less of sentiment than sense. 2. A men- 
tal attitude, thought, or judgment permeated or prompted 
by feeling ; as, religious sentiment ; in general, an emotional 
disposition with reference to some object or class of objects. 
3. Refined feeling ; delicate sensibility, esp. as expressed in 
a work of art or evinced in conduct. 4. Opinion ; notion : 
judgment. 5. A thought as distinguished from its verbal 
expression ; also, a maxim, saying, or toast. 
Syn. Sentiment (see feeling, opinion) is commonly 
used in a good sense ; sentimentality often suggests exag- 
gerated or affected sentiment. 

sen'ti-men'tal (-men'tal), a. 1. Of the nature of, or char- 
acterized or dominated by, sentiment ; as, sentimental 
motives. 2. Having an excess of sentiment or sensibility ; 
affectedly tender or emotional ; as, a sentimental girl. 3. 
Characterized by the expression of sentiment or senti- 
ments ; as, sentimental music. 

sen'ti-men'tal-ism (-iz'm), n. Quality or state of being 
sentimental ; character or behavior of a sentimentalist. 

sen'ti-men'tal-ist, n. One who has or affects sentiment, or 
fine feeling. 

sen'ti-men-tal'i-ty (-men-tal'T-ti), n. Quality or state of 
being sentimental. — Syn. See sentiment. 

sen'ti-men'tal-ize (-men'tal-Iz), v. f . ; -ized (-Yzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). To imbue with sentiment. — v. i. To think or 
act sentimentally, or like a sentimentalist. 

sen'ti-men'tal-ly, adv. In a sentimental manner. 

sen'ti-nel (sSn'ti-nel), n. [F. sentinelle, fr. It. sentinella."] 
One who watches or guards ; specif., Mil., a soldier set to 
guard an army, camp, or the like, against surprise ; a sen- 
try. — v. t. ; -neled (-neld) or -nelled ; -nel-ing or -nel- 
ling. 1. To watch over as a sentinel. 2. To furnish with a 
sentinel or sentinels. 3. To place as a sentinel. 

sen'try (sen'trT), n.; pi. -tries (-trTz). 1. One, esp. a sol- 
dier, placed on guard. 2. Guard ; watch, as by a sentinel. 

sentry box. A hut or box to shelter a sentinel at his post. 
.ge'pal (se'pal ; sep'dl), n. Bot. A leaf or division of the calyx. 

sep'al-OUS (sep'dl-iis), a. Bot. Having (so many) sepals. 

Sep'a-ra-ble (sep'd-rd-b'Dj a. Capable of being separated 
or divided. — sep'a-ra-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), sep'a-ra-ble- 
ness, n. — sep'a-ra-bly, adv. 

sep'a-rate (-rat), v. t. ; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. [L. 
separatus, p. p. of separate to separate ; se- aside -f- 
parare to prepare.] 1. To disunite ; divide ; part. 2. To 
intervene ; keep apart by occupying the space between ; lie 
between. 3. To set apart from others, as for a special 
use. — Syn. See part. — v. i. 1. To part ; become dis- 
united; as, the family separated. 2. To come apart; 
divide. 3. To form as a separate body ; as, a precipitate 
separates from a solution. 

— (-rat), a. 1. Divided from another or others ; disconnect- 
ed ; separated. 2. Disunited from the body ; disembodied. 
3. Unconnected ; distinct ; as, a separate house. 4. Solitary ; 
secluded ; as, separate confinement. 5. Particular ; single ; 
as, separate items. — sep'a-rate-ly, adv. — rate-ness, n. 

sep'a-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. 1. A separating ; state of being 
separated or separate. 2. Law. a Divorce, b A cessation 
of cohabitation between husband and wife by agreement. 

sep'a-ra-tist (sep'd-ra-tlst), n. One who withdraws, esp. 
from a church ; a dissenter ; nonconformist. ra-tism, n. 

sep'a-ra-tive (-tlv), a. Tending to cause separation. 

sep'a-ra'tor (-ra/ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, sepa- 
rates ; esp., any machine or apparatus for separating a mix- 
ture into its constituent parts, as _ for drying steam before 
it enters a steam engine, for separating cream from milk, etc. 

Se-phar'dic (se-far'dik), a. Of or pert, to the Sephardim. 

Se-phar/dim (-dim), n.pl. [NHeb.] Tews descended from 
the former Jews of Spain and Portugal. 

Se'pi-a (se'pi-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. (rijTrla cuttlefish, squid.] 1. 
Any of various cuttlefishes (Sepia or an allied genus) hav- 
ing an internal calcareous shell. 2. A rich brown pigment 
prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of various cuttle- 
fishes ; also, the color of this pigment. — a. Of the color of se- 
pia ; dark reddish brown ; also, made of, or done in, sepia. 

se'pi-O-lite' (-6-11 1'), n. [sepia + -lite.'] = meerschaum, 1. 

se'poy (se'poi), n. [Per. sipahl, fr. sipah army.] A native 
of India employed as a soldier by a European power. 

sep'sine (sep'sm; -sen), n. Also sep'sm. [See sepsis.] 
Physiol. Chem. A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in 
putrid blood and formed in the putrefaction of proteins. 

sep'sis (sep'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. crrj^is putrefaction.] Med. 
Poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent 
material or pathogenic organisms into the blood. 

sept (sept), n. [Corruption of sect, n.] 1. Anciently, in Ire- 
land, a family or group of families^ under a subordinate 
chief. 2. A similar group or social unit elsewhere. 

sep'ta (sep'td), n., pi. of septum. 

sep'tal (sep'tal), a. Of or pert, to a septum or septa. 



sep-ta'ri-nm (sep-ta'ri-iim ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-a). [NL., fr. 
L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, 
saepire, to inclose.] Geol. A concretionary nodule, usually 
of limestone or clay ironstone, intersected within by cracks 
filled with calcite, barite, etc. — sep-ta'ri-an (-dn), a % 

Bep/tate (sep'tat), a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] 
Divided by or having a partition or partitions. 

Sep-tem'ber (sep-tem'ber), n. [L., fr. septem seven, it 
being the seventh month of the primitive Roman year.] 
The ninth month of the year, containing thirty days. 

Sep-tem'brist (-brlst), n. [F. septembriste.] 1. An agent 
in the massacres (September massacres) of Royalists 
in Paris, committed from the 2d to the Cth of September, 
1792. 2. Hence : a bloodthirsty person ; a butcher. 

6ep-tem'vir (-ver), n.; pi. E. -virs (-verz), L. -viri (-vY-rl). 
[L. septemviri, pi. ; septem seven + viri, pi. of vir man.] 
Rom. Hist. One of seven associated in authority. 

sep'te-na-ry (se'p'te'-nci.-ri), a. [L. septenarius.'] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or relating to, seven. 2. Septennial. — n. ; pi. 
-ries (-rlz). 1. The number seven ; also, a group of seven. 
2. Pros. A verse of seven feet. 

sep-ten'nate (sep-ten'St), n. [F. seplennat."] A period of 
seven years, during which an office is held, etc. 

sep-ten'ni-al (-I-di), a. [L. septennium a period of seven 
years.] Lasting seven years ; also, happening or returning 
once in every seven years. — sep-ten'ni-al-ly, adv. 

H Sep-ten'tri-o (sep-t&Vtrl-o), n. [L. See Septentrion.] 
Astron. The constellation Ursa Major. 

sep-ten'tri-on (-trl-on), n. [F., fr. L. septentrio the north- 
ern regions, fr. septentriones 7 stars called the Dipper ; 
septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox.] Northern regions ; 
the north. Obs. or Archaic. 

sep-ten'tri-on-al (-a\), a. Of or pert, to the north ; boreal. 

sep-tet' (sSp-teV), n. [From L. septem seven, like duet, 
from L. duo."] 1. Music. A composition for seven instru- 
ments or voices. 2. A set of seven persons or things. 

sep'tic (sep'tTk), a. [L. septicus, Gr. ot)vti.k6s, fr. aiiweiv to 
make putrid.] Of or pert, to sepsis ; produced by putrefac- 
tion or pathogenic organisms. — n. A substance that pro- 
motes putrefaction. 

sep'ti-cae'mi-a (se'p'tT-se'mi'-d), n. Also sep'ti-ce'mi-a. 
[NL. ; Gr. crjTTiK6t putrefactive -f- -semia.~] Med. 
A poisoned condition of the blood due to patho- 
genic organisms ; blood poisoning. 

sep'ti-cioVal (sep'tl-sld'dl), a. \septum + L. 
caedere to cut.] Bot. Dividing the partitions ; — 
said of a method of dehiscence. 

sep-tic'i-ty (sep-tis'T-ti), n. Septic quality. 

sep-tif'ra-gal (sep-tif'rd-gdl), a. [septum + L. 
frangere, fractum, to break.] Bot. Breaking from 
the partitions ; — said of a method of dehiscence. 

sep-tll'lion (sep-tTl'yiin), n. [F. septilion, formed 
fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] The *JJj *• 
number denoted by a unit with 24 zeros annexed Q ap . 
(French and American notation) or with 42 zeros 8U i e of 
( English ). — sep-til'lion, o. — sep-tiPlionth Tria- 
l-yunth), n.& a. _ denum. 

sep'time (sep'tem), n. [L. septima, fern, of septimus sev- 
enth.] Fencing. 
The seventh posi- 
tion. See Illust. 

sep'tu-a-ge-na'ri- 
an (sep'ty-d-jS- 
na'ri-dn ; 3), n. A 
person who is from 
70 to 79 years of 
age; a septuage- 
nary. 

sep^tu-ag'e-na-ry Septime. 

(-aj'e-na-ri), a. [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageni seventy 
each.] Consisting of 70 ; also, 70 years old ; pertaining to 
one from 70 to 79 years old. — n. A septuagenarian. 

Sep'tU-a-ges'i-ma (-d-jes'i-md), n. More fully Septua- 
gesima Sunday. [L., fern, of septuagesimus seventieth.] 
Eccl. The third Sunday before Lent. 

Sep'tU-a-gint (sep'tfl-d-jint), n. [From L. septuaginta 
seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament still in 
use in the Eastern Church ; — so called from a discarded 
tradition that it was the work of 70 (or 72) inspired trans- 
lators. — Sep'tu-a-gin'tal (-jin'tdl), a. 

sep'tum /sep'tum), n.; pi. -ta (-td). [L. septum, saep- 
tum, an inclosure, hedge, fence.] Any dividing wall, parti- 
tion, or the like, esp. in an organism. 

sep'tu-or (sep'tji-or), n. [F.j A septet. 

sep'tu-ple (-tu-p'l), o. [LL. septuplus.l Seven times a? 
much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold. — v. t.; -pled 
(-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). To multiply by seven. 

sep'ul-cher, sep'ul-chre (-id-ker), n. [OF. sepulcre, fr. L. 
sepulcrum, -chrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] A grave ; tomb ; 
burial vault. — v. t. To bury ; inter. 

se-pul'chral (se-pul'krdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to burial, the 
grave, or monuments to the dead. 2. Suggestive of or be- 





< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. ** equals. 



N 



SEPULTURE 



880 



SERIE^A 







R 



i. 

2. 



fitting a sepulcher ; as : a Unnaturally low and grave ; — 
said of sound, esp. of the voice, b Gloomy ; funereal. 

Sep'ul-ture (sep'ul-tflr ; formerly also se-pul'tjir), to. [F. 
sepulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire to bury.] 1. Act of 
burying ; interment. 2. A sepulcher. Archaic. 

Se-qua'ClOUS (se-kwa'shws), a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. sequi 
to follow.] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; attendant. 
Archaic. 2. Following another or others unreasoningly or 
obsequiously ; slavishly deferential or imitative, esp. in opin- 
ion or practice. 3. Having or observing regular or logical 
sequence. — se-quac'i-ty (se-kwas'i-ti), n. 

se'quel (se'kwel), to. [L. sequela, fr. sequi to follow.] 
That which follows ; succeeding part ; continuation. 
Consequence ; event ; effect ; result. 

se-que'la (se-kwe'ld), to. ; chiefly in pi. -LiE (-le). [L.] A 
disease or a morbid condition left as the result of a disease. 

sequence (se'kwens), to. 1. State of being sequent ; succes- 
sion. 2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect ; result. 
3. Order of events in time ; simple succession. 4. A con- 
nected or related succession, or series, of things, events, 
etc. ; as, a sonnet sequence. 5. Music. A succession of 
repeated harmonic or melodic phrases rising or falling usu- 
ally by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale. 6. 
R. C. Ch. A hymn or rhythm introduced in the Mass on 
some occasions and sung after the epistle and gradual ; — 
called also a prose. — Syn. See succession. 

se'quen-cy (se'kwen-si), to. = sequence, 1. 

Se'quent (-kwent), a. [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to 
follow.] 1. Following; succeeding. 2. Following as an 
effect ; consequent. — to. That which follows ; esp., that 
which follows as a result ; sequence ; sequel. " 

Se-quen'tial (se-kwen'shal), a. Succeeding or following in 
order or as a result. — se-quen'tial-ly, adv. 

Se-ques'ter(se-kwes'ter), •?;.£. [F. sequestrer, L. sequestrare 
to give up for safe keeping, fr. sequester a trustee, sequi to 
follow.] 1. Law. a To separate (property) from the owner 
for a time, until a demand is satisfied, a decree fulfilled, etc. 
t) Internat. Law. To confiscate or to seize and appropriate 
under the right of preemption. 2. To cause to retire or 
withdraw into obscurity ; seclude ; — often used reflexively. 
3. To set apart ; put aside ; separate. 

se-ques'tered (-terd), p. a. Retired; secluded; isolated. 

se-ques'trate (-trat), v. t. To sequester. 

se'ques-tra'tion (se'kwes-tra/shun ; sek'wes-), n. 1. Act of 
separating, or state of being separated ; separation ; seclu- 
sion, as from society. 2. Law. The sequestering of property, 
or the state of being sequestered. — se'ques-tra'tor, to. 

Se-ques'trum. (se-kwes'triim), to.; pi. -tra (-trd). [NL. 
See sequester.] Med. A portion of dead bone which be- 
comes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis. 

se'quin (se'kwln ; sek'm), to. [F., fr. It. zecchino, fr. zecca 
the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, die, stamp.] An obsolete 
gold coin of Italy and Turkey, worth about $2.25. 

se-quoi'a (se-kwoi'd), to. [NL., after 
Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee 
alphabet.] Either of two California 
trees, the "big tree" and the redwood 
(constituting the genus Sequoia) of the 
pine family. Both trees attain an im- 
mense height and girth. 

ger (ser; sar), to. [Hind. ser. 2 A vary- 
ing weight of India, usually 55 of a 
maund. The government ser contains 
80 tolas = 2.057 lbs., or 0.933 kg. 

B se'rac' (sa'rak'), to. [F. (in the Alps), 
orig., a kind of solid cheese.] A tower 
of ice among crevasses of a glacier. * 

ser'a-file. Var. of serrefile. 

se-ragl'io (se-ral'yo; se-ral'-), to.; pi. 
It. -ragli (-ye) ; E. -raglios (-yoz). 
[It. serraglio, orig., an inclosure of 
palisades (confused with Per. seray 
palace), fr. serrare to shut, LL. serra 
bar, L. sera.] 1. [cap.] The former 
chief or official palace of the Turkish 

I sultan ; also [I. c] , any residence of the 

: sultan. 2. A harem ; loosely, a place of 
licentious pleasure. 

Se-ra'i (se-ra'e ; -rl'), n. [Per. saray, 
seray, a palace, a house, an inn.] In 
the East, a caravansary, or rest house. 

ge-rail' (se-ral'), to. [F. serail.'] A se- 
raglio ; harem. 

Ser'aph (ser'af), to.; pi. E. -aphs (-dfs), 
Heb. -aphim (-d-fim). [Heb. sera- 
phim, pi.] One of an order of celestial 
beings conceived as fiery and purifying 
ministers of Jehovah. 

se-raph'ic (sS-raf'ik)! a. Of , pert, to, or 
se-rapb/i-cal (-i-kal)j befitting, a ser- 
aph ; angelic. — se-raph'i-cal-ly, adv. 
iser'a-phim (ser'd-fIm),TO. The Hebrew 





Sequoia. 



pi. of seraph ; — sometimes erron. used as a sing, with pi. 
seraphims, as in King James Bible, Is. vi. 2, 6. Cf . cherub. 

Se-ra'pis (se-ra'pis), n. [L., fr. Gr. SdpaTris, SepaTns.] 
Mythol. An Egyptian deity. See Apis. — Se-rap'ic (-rap'- 
ik ; -ra'pTk), a. 

ser'as-kier' (seVds-ker' ; se-ras'ker), to. [Turk., fr. Per. ser 
head, chief + Ar. 'asker an army.] A Turkish com- 
mander ; esp., the commander in chief or minister of war. 

Serb (sfirb), to. [Servian Srp, Srb.] One of a Slavic tribe in 
the Roman province of Mcesia, now Serbia ; hence, a Ser- 
bian or his language. — a. Serbian. 

Ser'bi-an (sur'bi-an), a. Of or pert, to Serbia. — to. One of 
the people of Serbia, or of the race dominant in Serbia; 
also, their language. See Servo-Croatian. 

Ser-bo'ni-an (ser-bo'ni-an), a. [Gr. 2ep/Wfe.] Relating 
to Lake Serbonis, an asphaltic lake in Egypt, in which He- 
rodotus says whole armies were engulfed. 

ser'dab (sur'dab; ser-daV), to. [Ar. sir dab ice cellar, fr. 
Per. sard cold + ab water.] Archseol. A narrow chamber 
of the mastaba in which was kept a statue of the deceased. ' 

sere (ser), a. Dry; withered. See sear. 

|| se-rein' (se-raN'), to. [F.] Meteorol. A mist, or fine rain, 
which sometimes falls from a clear sky just after sunset. 

ser'e-nade' (seVe-nad'), to. [F. serenade, It. serenata."} 
Music, a Music as sung or played in the open air at night, 
esp. for gallantry, under the windows of ladies, b A piece of 
music suitable for such performance, — v.t.&i.; -nad'ed 
(-nad'ed) ; -nad'ing (-nad'ing). To entertain with a sere- 
nade ; perform a serenade. — ser'e-nad'er (-nad'er), to. 

ser'e-na'ta (ser'e-na'td), to. [It.] Music, a A cantata of a 
pastoral or dramatic character, b A composition, in several 
movements, midway between the early orchestral suite and 
the modern symphony. 

se-rene' (se-ren'), a. [L. serenus."] 1. Bright; clear; un- 
obscured ; as, a serene sky. 2. Calm ; placid ; unruffled ; as, 
a serene soul. See Note under serenity. — Syn. See calm. 

— to. 1. A serene expanse. 2. Serenity ; tranquillity. Rare. 

— se-rene'ly, adv. — se-rene'ness, to. 
se-ren'i-ty (-ren'T-tY), to. Serene quality or state. 

KW* Serenity and Serene are given as titles to certain reign- 
ing princes and other dignitaries in Europe ; as, Your 
Serenity ; His Serene Highness. 

serf (surf), to. [F., fr. L. servus servant, slave.] A slavey 
now, usually, a person bound to the soil and more or less 
subject to its owner. — serfage (-faj), serfdom l-dum), to. 
Syn. Serf, slave, thrall. Serf denotes, strictly, one who 

" is attached to the soil and sold with it into the service of 
any purchaser; a slave is the absolute property of his 
master, and may be sold at will ; thrall is now chiefly 
poetical or elevated for slave. 

serge (surj), to. [F., orig., a silken stuff, L. sericus silken.] 
1. A twilled woolen fabric. 2. A kind of twilled silk. 

ser'gean-cy (sar'jen-si), ser'jean-cy, to.; pi. -cies (-siz). 
Office or function of a sergeant. 

ser'geant, ser'jeant (-jent), to. In England serjeant is usu- 
ally preferred, except for military officers. [F. sergent, fr. 
L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve.] 1. O. Eng. 
Feudal Law. Any tenant holding by sergeanty ; hence, 
specif. : a A personal attendant upon a soldier on the field 
of war. b One acting for the king in the hearing and decid- 
ing of cases in his courts ; a sergeant at law. 2. = sergeant 
at arms. 3. Mil. A noncommissioned officer next above a 
corporal. 4. An officer in a police force, in the United 
States ranking next below captain (sometimes lieutenant), 
in England next below inspector. 

sergeant at arms, an officer of any legislative, delibera- 
tive, or judicial body who preserves order, arrests offend- 
ers, etc. — s. at law, Eng. Law, a barrister of a certain 
high (now obsolete) rank. 

sergeant, or serjeant, fish, a A striped, pelagic, somewhat 
mackerel-like fish (Rachycentron canadum) of the coasts 
of America and the East Indies, b A robalo. 

ser'geant-ship, ser'jeant-ship, to. Sergeancy. 

ser'geant-y, ser'jeant-y (-1), n. [OF. sergentie, serjan- 
tie.~] Eng. Feudal Law. Any of various feudal services of a 
personal nature by which estates were held of the king or 
other lord ; also, such tenure of land, or land so held. 

se'ri-al (se'ri-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or arranged in, a series, 
rank, or row ; appearing in successive parts or numbers. —to. 

1. A serial publication. 2. A tale, or other writing, pub- 
lished in successive numbers of a periodical. al-ly, adv. 

serial homology, Biol., homology between the metameres 
or segments of the same organism. 

se'ri-ate (se'n-at), a. Arranged in a series or succession; 

pertaining to a series. — se'ri-ate-ly, adv. 
|| se'ri-a'tim (se'rT-a'tim), adv. [NL.] In a series ; serially. 
se-ri'ceous (se-rish'us), a. [L. sericus silken.] 1. Silky. 

2. Bot. Covered with very soft silky appressed hairs. 
ser'i-cul'ture (ser'i-kuFtfir), to. [See sericeous ; culture.] 

The raising of silkworms. — ser'i-cul'tur-ist (-tjr-ist), to. 
ser'i-e'ma (ser'i-e'md; -a'md), to. [Tupi siriema.'] A 
large, long-legged, crested bird (Cariama cristata) of the 
savannas of southern Brazil. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event 5nd, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; 
lise, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87;; 



N 



SERIES 



881 



SERVICE 



seMes (se'rez ; se'n-ez), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. serere, aer- 
tum, to join together.] A number of things or events stand- 
ing or succeeding in order and connected by a like relation ; 
sequence; order; specif.: &Math. A succession of terms 
each derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed 
law. b Elec. A mode of arranging the parts of a circuit by 
connecting them successively end to end to form a single 
path for the current. The parts so arranged are said to be 
in series. — Syn. See succession. 

series motor. Elec. a A series-wound motor, b A motor 
capable of being used in a series circuit. 

series winding. Elec. A winding in which the armature 
coil and the field-magnet coil are in series with the external 
circuit ; — opposed to shunt winding. — se'ries-WOUnd', a. 

Ser'if (ser'if), n. Typog. One of the fine lines of a letter, 
esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top or bottom. See 
type, Illust. 

ser'in (ser'Tn), n. [F.] A small European finch (Serinus 
hortulanus) closely related to the canary. 

ser'in \ (ser'Tn, -en; se'rln, -ren), n. [L. sericus silken.] 

ser'inej Chem. A white crystalline substance, CH2OHCH- 
(NH2)COzH, combining both with acids and with bases. 

se-rin'ga (se-rirj'gd), n. [Pg. See syringa.] The syringa. 

se'ri-O— com'ic (se'rT-o-kom'Ik), a. Having a mixture of 
the serious and the comic. — se'ri-O— com'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. 

se / ri-OUS (se'n-iis), a. [L. serius.] 1. Grave in manner or 
disposition ; earnest ; not light, gay, or volatile. 2. Being in 
earnest ; not jesting or deceiving ; as, serious in one's inten- 
tions. 3. Important ; weighty ; as, a serious matter. 4. 
Attended with danger ; as, a serious injury. — Syn. Sol- 
emn, sedate. See earnest.— -ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

ser'jeant (sar'jent), -jeant-cy, etc. Vars. of sergeant, etc. 

ser'mon (siir'mun), n. [F., fr. L. sermo, -onis, discourse.] 

1. A discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, 
for the purpose of religious instruction, and grounded on a 
passage of Scripture. 2. Hence : a serious address ; a lecture 
on conduct or duty ; a homily ; — often depreciatory. 
Sermon on the Mount, the discourse of Christ recorded 
in Matt, v.-vii. and Luke vi. 20-49. 

ser'mon-et' (-ef), »■ Also ser'mon-ette'. A short sermon. 

ser-mon'ic (ser-mon'ikHa. Like, or appropriate to, a ser- 

ser-mon'i-cal (-T-kal) J mon ; grave and didactic. 

ser/mon-ize (siir'mun-iz), v. i. & t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -lz'ing. 
To compose or deliver sermons ; preach or preach to ; esp ; , 
to discourse or address at length didactically or dogmati- 
cally. — ser'mon-iz'er, n. 

Se-roon' (se-roon'), n. [Sp. zurron.] A bale or package, as 

• of indigo, covered with hide or wood bound with hide. 

se-ros'i-ty (se-ros'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being serous. 2. Physiol. A serous fluid. 

se'ro-ther'a-py (se'rS-ther'd-pi), n. Med. Serum therapy. 

ser'o-tine (ser'6-tin; -tin), a. [Cf. It. serotino, fr. L. 
serotinus.] Late in the day or season ; tardy ; late. Rare. 

se'rous (se'rus), a. Physiol, a Thin ; watery ; like serum ; 
as, serous fluids, b Of or pert, to serum ; as, serous glands. 
serous fluid, any of various thin watery fluids in cavities 
of the body, esp. in those lined by serous membranes. — s. 
membrane, any of certain thin, reflected, lining mem- 
branes, as the peritoneum and pericardium. 

ser'ow (ser'o), n. [From native name.] Any of several 
Asiatic goat antelopes (genus Nsemorhedus, esp. N. thar) 
of the Himalayas. 

Ser'pent (sur'pent), n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis, fr. p. pr. 
of serpere to creep.] 1. A snake, esp. a large one. 2. A 
subtle, treacherous, malicious person; specif., Satan. 3. 
Music. A kind of bass wind instrument, of the trumpet 
type, with a curved wooden tube, superseded by the double 
bassoon. 4. A species of firework having a serpentine motion. 

ser'pen-tine (sur'pen-tTn ; -tin), a. [L. serpentinus.'] Like 
a serpent ; subtle ; winding one way and the other ; sinuous. 

ser'pen-tine, n. [F.] A certain mineral or rock, consisting 
essentially of a hydrous magnesium silicate, usually^ dull 
green, and often spotted or mottled like a serpent's skin. 

ser'pent-ry (sur'pent-ri), n. Serpents collectively. 

Ser-pi'go (ser-pi'go), n._ [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] 
Med. A dry, scaly eruption on the skin ; esp., a ringworm. 

ser'ra-del'la (ser'd-del'd), n. [Cf. F. serradelle, Sp. serra- 
dilla, and Pg. serradela a kind of leguminous plant.] A 
European annual fabaceous plant (Ornithopus sativus) 
used for forage and green manure, also for bee pasturage. 

ser'ra-noid (ser'd-noid), a. [L. serra^ saw + -oid.] Of or 
pert, to a family (Serranidse) of carnivorous fishes includ- 
ing the bla ck sea bass, groupers, jewfishes, etc. 

ser'rate (ser'at) la. [L. serratus, fr. serra saw.] Notched 

ser'rat-ed (-at-ed)j or toothed on the edge, like a saw. See 
leaf, Illust. 

ser-ra'tion (se-ra'shiin), n. 1. Condition of being serrate. 

2. A formation resembling the toothed edge of a saw. 3. 
One of the teeth in a serrate margin. 

ser'ra-ture (seVd-tur), n. A serration. 
Ser're-file (ser'e-fTl), n. [F. serre-file; serrer to press, 
close up 4* Mb file.] Mil. One of a line of soldiers, esp. non- 



commissioned officers, placed in the rear of a squadron or 
troop. [sembling a saw.l 

ser'ri-form (ser'i-form), a. [L. serra saw + -form.'] Re-: 

ser'ro— mo'tor, n. Erron. var. of servo-motor. 

ser'ru-late (ser'06-lat)) a. [L. serrula a little saw, dim* 

ser'ru-lat/ed (-lat'ed) / of serra a saw.] Finely serrate ; 
having very minute teeth. Cf. denticulate. 

ser'ru-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. 1. State of being serrulate. 2c 
One of the teeth in a serrulate margin. 

ser'ry (ser'i), v. t. & i. [F. serre, p. p. of serrer, LL. ser- 
rare, fr. L. sera bar.] To crowd ; press together in ranks ; 
compact ; — chiefly used in ser'ried (-id), p. a. 

ser'tu-la'ri-an (sur'tti-la'n-dn ; 3), a. [From dim. of L. 
serta garlands, a garland.] Zool. Of or pert, to a genus 
(Sertularia) of delicate branching hydroids, the type of a 
family (Sertulariidas). — n. A sertularian hydroid. 

se'rum (se'rum), n. ; pi. E. -rums (-rumz) ; L. -ra (-rd). 
[L.] 1. The watery residue of an animal fluid after coagula- 
tion ; esp. : a Blood serum ; as, antitoxic serums are blood 
serums from animals rendered immune to a particular dis- 
ease by inoculations. See antitoxin, b The whey of milk. 
2. Any serous fluid, normal or pathological. 

serum therapy. Med. The treatment of disease by the 
injection of blood serum from immune animals. 

ser'val (sGr'vdl), n. [F., fr. Pg. lobo cerval lynx, fr. L. 
lupus wolf + cervus stag.] A large wild cat (Felis serval) 
of Africa, having long legs and large untufted ears. 

serv'ant (sur'vdnt), n. [F., fr. servir to serve, L. servir e."] 
1. Law. An agent subject in his agency to the direction and 
control of his principal. 2. One who serves; one employed 
by another, esp. for menial offices, and subject to his com- 
mand. 3. A bondman. 

serve (surv), v. t.; served (survd); serv'tng (sur'vmg). 
[F. servir, fr. L. servire.] 1. To work for ; be in the em- 
ployment of, as an inferior, domestic, slave, helper, etc. ; in 
a religious sense, to obey and worship. _ 2. To be subordi- 
nate to ; minister to. Rare. 3. To wait upon ; attend, as 
at table or in a shop. 4. To bring forward, arrange, or dis- 
tribute, as food ; — often used with up. 5. To perform the 
duties belonging to, or required in or for ; hence, to benefit ; 
as, to serve one's country. 6. To contribute or conduce to ; 
be sufficient for ; satisfy ; as, to serve one's turn. 7. a To 
answer or be (in the place of something) to ; — used with 
for ; as, the sofa served him for a bed. b To avail ; be of 
use to ; as, it served my purpose. 8. To suffice ; satisfy. 9. 
To treat ; act toward ; as, he served me ill. 10. To work ; 
operate; as, to serve the guns. 11. Law. a To bring to 
notice, deliver, or execute ; put into effect ; as, to serve 
a process, b To make legal service on (a person). 12. 
To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment. 13. 
To furnish ; supply ; as, to serve a city with light. 14. To 
copulate with ; cover ; — used of male animals. 15. In 
various games, as tennis, etc., to put (the ball) in play by 
delivering it by a stroke to one's opponent. 16. Chiefly 
Naut. To wind spun yarn, canvas, wire, etc., tightly 
around (a rope.stay, etc.) to protect it, as from chafing. 

— v. i. 1. To be or act as a servant or a slave. 2. To perform 
domestic offices ; prepare and dish up food, etc. 3. To be in 
service ; do duty as a soldier, seaman, etc. 4. To be of use ; 
answer ; suit. 5. To put the ball in play, as in tennis, etc. 

— n. Tennis, etc. a Act of serving, b The ball as served. 
serv'er (sur'ver), n. 1. One who serves ; specif., Eccl., one 

who assists the officiating priest. 2. That which serves ; a 
tray, as for dishes ; salver. 

Ser'vi-an (sur'vi-dn), a. & n. Var. of Serbian. 

serv/ice (sur'vls), n., or serv'ice tree. [Properly, the tree 
which bears serves (prob. service berries), fr. AS. syrfe 
service tree.] 1. A European tree (Sorbus domestica) re- 
sembling the mountain ash, but with larger and edible fruit. 
2. Any shadbush. U.S. 

serv'ice, n. [OF. servise, service, F. service, fr. L. servi- 
tium. See serve.] 1. Act of serving ; the occupation of a 
servant ; the performance of labor for the benefit of another 
or at another's command. 2. Labor done for another ; duty 
done or required ; office. 3. Feudal Law. The render or due 
owed by a tenant to his lord for the enjoyment of his ten- 
ancy. 4. An office of devotion ; religious rites appropriate 
to any event or ceremonial ; as, a burial service. 5. A set of 
musical settings of portions of the liturgy, esp. of the choral 
canticles, chants, etc. 6. Duty performed in, or appropriate 
to, any office or charge ; official function ; specif., military or 
naval duty ; as, to see service; hence : a branch of employ- 
ment with an organization of its own, esp. under a govern- 
ment ; as, the diplomatic service. 7. Useful office ; advan- 
tage conferred ; benefit ; avail. 8. Profession of respect ; ac- 
knowledgment of duty owed. 9. That which is served, as a 
course at table or a single portion. 10. A set of articles for a 
particular use ; as, a tea service. 11. Law. Act of bringing 
to notice ; execution of any writ or process. 12. Suit or at- 
tention paid by a lover to his lady. Archaic. 13. Act or 
means of supplying some general demand ; as, railway serv- 
ice, etc. 14. Act of serving or covering. See serve, v. t., 14. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SERVICEABLE 



882 



SETTEE 



R 



3.5. Tennis, etc. a Act of serving the ball, b The ball served. 
16. Naut. Materials used for serving a rope, stay, etc. 

serv'ice-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Willing to be of service; 
obliging. Archaic. 2. a Doing service ; beneficial ; advan- 
tageous, b Capable of, or fit for, performance of duty. 3. 
Lasting well in use. a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. 

service book. A prayer book or missal. 

service cap or hat. Mil. A cap or hat worn when full-dress 
uniform, or dress uniform, is not worn. 

service tree. See 1st service. 

service uniform. Mil. & Nav. Uniform for active or rou- 
tine service, in distinction from dress, full dress, etc. 

ser'vi-ette' (sur'vl-et' ; F. ser'vyet'), n.; pi. -ettes (-ets'; 
F. -vyet'). [F.] A table napkin. 

ser'vile (sur'vil or, esp. British, sur'vil), a. [L. servilis, 
fr. servus servant, slave.] 1. Of or pert, to a slave or serv- 
ant ; consisting of slaves ; as, the servile class. 2. a Held 
in subjection ; as, a servile land, people, b Specif. : Eng. 
Feudal Law, held by, or pert, to, a tenure of lands not 
called free. 3. Befitting a slave or servant ; as, servile 
labors. 4. Characteristic of a slave ; hence : meanly submis- 
sive ; cringing ; fawning ; as, servile flattery. — Syn. See 
menial. — ser'vile-ly, adv. — ser'vile-ness, n. 

ser-vil'i-ty (ser-vll'l-tl), n. Quality or state of being servile. 

serv'ing (sur'ving), n. Naut. = service, 16. 

ser'vi-tor (sur'vl-ter), n. 1. One who serves ; an attendant ; 
a follower or adherent. 2. Univ. of Oxford, Eng. For- 
merly, an undergraduate, partly supported by the college 
funds, who waited on table. — ser'vi-tor-ship', n. 

ser'vi-tude (-tiid), n. [L. servitudo.'] 1. Condition of a 
slave ; bondage ; state of compulsory subjection. 2. Penal 
service. 3. Condition of a servant or servitor ; menial serv- 
ice. 4. Law. A right in virtue of which property of a person 
is subject to a certain use by another person or for the bene- 
fit of another thing. 

Syn. Servitude, slavery, bondage. Servitude may 
apply to either voluntary or (oftener) compulsory subjec- 
tion to a master ; slavery and bondage imply absolute and 
enforced subjugation to another. 

Ser'vo-Cro-a'tian (sQr'vS-krS-a'shun), n. The Slavic lan- 
guage of Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croa- 
tia, Slavonia, parts of Hungary, Istria, and Dalmatia, pos- 
sessing various dialects. 

ssr'vo-mo'tor, n. Sometimes, erroneously, serro-motor. 
[F. servo-moteur. See serf ; motor.] Mach. A relay ap- 
paratus ; specif., an auxiliary motor, as for quickly and eas- 
l'y directing the reversing gear of a large marine engine. 

ses'a-me (ses'd-me), n. [OF. sisame or LL. sisamum, fr. 
L., fr. Gr. a-qaanop, c^aay.Tj.'] An East Indian annual plant 
(Sesamum indicum), or its flattish seeds, which yield an 
oil and are used as food. See open sesame. 

ses'a-moid (-moid), a. [Gr. orjaanoeidris like sesame.] Of 
or pertaining to or designating a nodular mass of bone or 
cartilage in a tendon, esp. at a joint or bony prominence. 

— n. A sesamoid bone or cartilage. 

B ses'qui- (ses'kwi-). [L., one half more, one and a half.] 
A combining form (also used adjectively, sesqui) denoting 

i one and a half times; specif., Chem., used in forming 

' ' names of compounds of three atoms or equivalents of one 

element or radical with two of another ; as, iron sesquiox- 

p ide, Fe203. 

ses'qui-pe-da'li-an(ses'kwT-pe'-da'li-an), a. Also ses'quip'- 
e-dal (ses-kwip'e-dal ; ses'kwi-pe'dal). [L. sesquipedalis ; 
sesqui- one and a half + pes, pedis, foot.] Measuring a 
foot and a half ; — humorously applied to long words. 

Ses'sile (seVil), a. [L. sessilis low, fr. sedere, sessum, to 
sit.] Attached directly by the base ; not raised on a stalk or 
peduncle. See leaf, Illust. 

ses'sion (sesh'un), n. [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to 
sit.] 1. A sitting, or being seated. A rchaic. 2. The actual 
or constructive sitting, or time of sitting, of a court, coun- 
cil, legislature, etc. 3. In pi. a Eng. Law. The sittings or a 
sitting of justices of the peace, being called : petty ses- 
sions, when held by one or more justices, without a jury, 
as for trial of minor offenses; special sessions, when 
held by two or more justices for the exercise of some special 
branch of their authority; general sessions, when held 
i by two or more justices for the general exercise of their 

' authority to try criminal cases, etc. b In the United States, 

\ any of various courts answering more or less to the English 
courts above named. 4. Presbyterian Ch. The lowest 
court, composed of the pastor and a body of elders. 

ses'sion-al (-51), a. Of or pert, to a session or sessions. 

ses'terce (ses'ters), n. [L. sestertius, fr. sestertius two 
and a half.] Roman Antiq. A coin, originally of silver, 
later of brass, equal to i of a denarius. 

ses-ter'ti-um (ses-tur'shi-&m), n.; pi. sestertia (-d). [L. 
See sesterce.] Rom. Antiq. A money of account equal to 
one thousand sesterces. [sesterce. I 

|| ses-ter'ti-us (ses-tur'shT-us), n. ; pi. -tii (-shT-I). [L.] = | 

ses-tet' (ses-tef ; ses'tet), n. [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. 
sextus."] 1. A sextet. 2. Pros. The last six lines of a sonnet. 



ses-ti'na (ses-te'nd), n, [It.] A poem of six stanzas of six 
lines each, with the line endings of the first stanza repeated 
but arranged in different order for each stanza, and con- 
cluding with a stanza of three lines. 

Set (set), n. Egypt. Myth. An evil deity, brother and enemy 
of Osiris, having a beast's head with pointed snout. 

set, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. set ; p. pr. & vb. n. set'ting. [AS. 
settan.J 1. To cause to sit ; place ; put ; fix. 2. To put (a 
fowl) on eggs to hatch them, or to put (eggs) into a nest for 
a fowl to sit on, or into an incubator. 3. To cause to be, do, 
etc. ; dispose ; start ; begin ; as, to set houses afire. 4. To fix 
firmly ; make fast or permanent ; make unyielding or obsti- 
nate; as, to set glass in asash; set one's heart on some- 
thing ; hence : to render stiff or solid ; esp., to convert into 
curd ; curdle ; as, to set milk for cheese. 5. To put into a 
desired position or condition ; adjust ; regulate ; adapt ; 
specif. : a To put in order in a particular manner ; prepare 
for use ; as, to set a table ; set a lathe for screw cutting ; set 
a trap, b To extend and bring into position ; spread to the 
wind ; as, to set the sails of a ship, c To reduce from a dislo- 
cated or fractured state ; as, to set a broken bone, d To 
make to agree with some standard ; as, to set a clock, e To 
fix (a gem or stone) in a surface or framework, esp. of metal. 
6. To stake at play ; wager ; risk. 7. To adapt (words to 
music, or music to words). 8. To appoint ; assign ; as, to 
set a price ; set a time. 9. To adorn or variegate with ob- 
jects placed here and there ; as, a stand set with flowers ; a 
brooch set with diamonds. 10. To value ; rate ; — used 
with at. 11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, 
or other game ; — used of hunting dogs. 12. To establish 
as a rule ; prescribe ; assign ; as, to set an example. 13. 
Print. To compose ; arrange (type) in words, lines, etc. 14. 
To put an edge on ; as, to set a razor. 
to set on or upon, to incite; to instigate. — to 13. sail, 
Naut., to spread the sails ; begin a voyage. 

— v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon ; go down ; ■ — used of a 
heavenly body ; hence : to sink ; pass away. 2. To plant. 3. 
Hort. To be fixed for growth ; develop as the result of ferti- 
lization ; as, the peaches set well. 4. To become fixed or rig- 
id ; harden. 5. To have a certain direction in motion ; flow ; 
tend. 6. To begin to move ; start ; — used with out, on, 
forth, or forward. 7. To indicate the position of game ; — 
used of a dog. See setter, n., 2. 8. To apply one's self. 9. 
To fit or suit one ; sit ; as, the coat sets well ; — improperly 
so used for sit. 10. In dancing, to face one's partner. 
KIF 3 The use of the verb set for sit in, the hen is setting, a set- 
ting hen, etc., although common, is not to be approved. 

— p. a. 1. Fixed in position ; rigid ; as, a set line ; a set 
countenance. 2. Firm ; obstinate ; as, set opinions. 3. Reg- 
ular ; uniform ; formal ; hence, prescribed ; as, set forms of 
worship. 4. Formed ; made ; built ; as, a heavy-sei man. 

— n. 1. Act of setting, as of a heavenly body ; hence : close ; 
termination. 2. Hort. a A young plant or rooted cutting 
ready to set out. b A small tuber ?> bulb, corm, etc. 3. A 
number of things of the same kind ordinarily used or 
classed together ; as : a A group (of persons) ; clique, b In 
dancing, the number required for a square dance ; also, the 
figures executed, c A series of games, as in lawn tennis, d 
A setting of eggs. 4. Direction or course ; as, the set of the 
stream is west here. 5. Form ; build ; also, carriage ; pose ; 
— said esp. of the body or its parts. 6. The hardening of a 
plastic or liquid substance, as by chemical action or by cool- 
ing. 7. Various technical senses : a Sidewise deflection of a 
saw-tooth point, b Any of various devices for setting saw 
teeth. C Mech. Permanent change of form due to repeated 
or excessive stress, as from compression, tension, etc ; — al- 
so used fig. Cf . fatigue, »., 4. 8. Manner of fitting ; fit ; as, 
the set of a coat. Colloq. — Syn. See coterie. 

se'ta (se'td), n. ; pi. setm (-te). [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 
Biol. Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or 
part. — se'tal (-tal), a. 

se-ta'ceous (se-ta'shus), a. 1. Set with, or consisting of, 
bristles ; bristly. 2. Bristlelike in form or texture. 

set'back' (set'bak'), n. A backset. 

Set'e-bos (set'e-bos), n. The supposed deity of Sycorax anc 
Caliban in Shakespeare's "Tempest." [Gen. iv. 25. 

Seth (seth), n. [Heb. Sheth.'] Bib. A son of Adam. See 

Seth. Egypt. Myth. Var. of Set. 

se-tifer-ous (se-tif'er-us), a. [seta + -ferous."] Produc- 
ing, or having one or more, bristles. 

se'ti-iorm (se'ti-form), a. Like a seta in form ; setaceous. 

se-tig'er-OUS (se-ti j'er-ws), a. [seta-\--gerous.~\ Setiferous. 

set'-of f ', n. 1. That which is set off against another thing ; 
an offset. 2. Law. The discharge of a debt by setting 
against it a distinct claim in favor of the debtor ; also, the 
claim itself. See recoupment. 

se'ton (se'tun), n. [F. seton, fr. L. seta bristle.] Med. A 
few threads, horsehairs, or the like, introduced beneath the 
skin to form an issue ; also, the issue. 

se'tose (se'tos ; se-tos'), a. [L. setosus, saetosus."] Bristly. 

set-tee' (se-te'), n. A long seat with a back ; specif., a me- 
dium-sized sofa with arms and a back. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, (krn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SETTER 



883 



SEWER 




Set'ter (set/er), n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; as, a 
typesetter, a setter on (inciter), etc. 2. One of a breed of 
hunting dogs /^^^ having a long wavy coat. 
They formerly ^Jg| ^\ crouched on scenting game, 
but are now 
trained to 
stand and point. 
The English set- 
ter is white with 
spots of black or 
liver brown; the 
Irish setter, en- 
tirely rich chest- 
nut brown; the 
Gordon setter, 
black with tan markings on feet, legs, neck, and muzzle. 

Set'ting (-ing), n. _ 1. Act of one who, or that which, sets. 
2. Something set in, or inserted. 3. That in which some- 
thing, as a gem, is set. 4. The eggs incubated by a fowl at 
one time ; specif., the full number of eggs laid by any bird 
before incubation. 

set'Ue (-'1), n. [AS. setl.'] 1. A seat. Archaic. 2. A bench, 
esp. a high-backed one. 3. A wide step or platform. 

set'tle, v. t.; -tled (-'Id) ; -TLiNG(-ling). [AS. setlan.'] 1. 
To place in a permanent condition ; make firm, steady or 
stable ; establish ; esp., to establish in life, in business, in a 
home, etc. 2. To quiet ; calm ; compose. 3. To determine, 
as something in doubt ; free from uncertainty ; also, to 
appoint, as a date. 4. To adjust, as a dispute ; compose ; 
pacify. 5. To adjust, as accounts ; liquidate ; balance. 6. 
Hence, to pay. Colloq. 7. a To put in order ; arrange, b 
To reduce to order or good behavior. Colloq. 8. To clear (a 
liquid, as coffee) of dregs and impurities by causing them 
to sink. 9. To cause to sink ; lower. 10. To render close or 
compact ; to make dry and firm, as soil or a road softened 
by thawing. 11. To plant with inhabitants; colonize; 
people. — Syn. Fix, regulate, arrange, decide. 

— v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent ; establish one's 
self or itself. 2. To fix one's residence. 3. To leave an irreg- 
ular, and take up a methodical, way of life ; esp., to assume 
the duties of a householder. 4. To clarify, as wine, by 
depositing matter held in suspension. 5. To sink ; descend 
gradually ; specif. : a To fall to the bottom, as dregs of a 
liquid, b To alight, as a bird, c To sink gradually to a lower 
level ; subside, as the foundation of a house, etc. d To be- 
come firm, dry, and hard, as ground after rain or frost. 6. 
To become calm. 7. To decide ; determine ; resolve. 8. To 
adjust differences or accounts ; come to an agreement. 

Set'tle-ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of settling ; state of being 
settled ; specif. : a Colonization ; occupation by settlers, b 
Act or process of adjusting or determining ; adjustment ; as, 
settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc. ; also, condi- 
tion of affairs thus adjusted. C Bestowal, or giving posses- 
sion under legal sanction or formally and permanently, d 
Arch. Gradual sinking of a structure ; also, in pi., fractures 
or dislocations caused by such sinking. 2. That which set- 
tles, or is settled, established, or fixed; specif. :a A colony 
newly established; place or region newly settled; also, a 
small village, b The sum, estate, or the like, secured to one 
by a settlement (in sense 4). 3. A settled place of abode; 
residence. 4. Law. A disposition of property for the benefit 
of some one, usually through the medium of trustees. 

settlement day. The day of settling an account. 

set'tler (set'ler), n. 1. One who settles, esp. in a new re- 

fion or a colony ; a colonist. 2. That which settles or 
nishes ; esp., a blow, argument, etc. Colloq. 

set'tling (-ling), n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, set- 
tles. 2. In pi. Lees ; dregs ; sediment ; precipitate. 

set'-to' (set'too'), n.; pi. set-tos or -to's (-tooz'). _ A con- 
test in boxing, in an argument, or the like, usually vigorous 
and brief. Colloq. 

Sev'en (seV'n), a. [AS. seofon.2 One more than six; — a 
cardinal number used attributively. 

Seven Hills, the hills upon and about which was built the 
city of Rome. According to tradition, the original city of 
Romulus was built upon the Palatine hill (later the site of 
the palaces of the Caesars), though later he united with his 
settlement those upon the Capiloline and Quirinal. The 
Cselian, Aventine, EsquiUne, and Vlminal were added later. 
— S. Wonders of the World, seven remarkable objects 
of the ancient world, usually enumerated as : 1. The pyra- 
mids of Egypt. 2. The Pharos of Alexandria. 3. The walls 
and hanging gardens of Babylon. 4. The temple of Artemis 
(Diana) at Ephesus. 5. The statue of the Olympian Zeus 
(Jupiter) by Phidias. 6. The mausoleum erected by Arte- 
misia at Halicarnassus. 7. The Colossus of Rhodes. 

— n. 1. The number greater by a unit than six ; seven units 
or objects. 2. A symbol for seven units, as 7 or vii. 3. Some- 
thing having as an essential feature seven units or members, 
as a playing card with seven pips. 

the Seven against Thebes, Gr. Myth., the expedition of 
seven heroes, Adrastus (who alone survived) , Amphiaraiis, 
Capaneus, Hippomedon (in some versions, Eteoclus), Poly- 



nices, Parthenopaeus, and Tydeus, against Thebes. It was 
undertaken, under Adrastus, to aid Polynices to recover a 
share in the kingship,, which his brother Eteocles had 
usurped. An oracle promised success to whichever brother 
their father, (Edipus, should favor ; but he cursed both, and 
the brothers slew each other. See Epigonus, 1. 

sev'en-fold' (-fold'), a. 1. Repeated seven times. 2. Hav- 
ing seven folds, thicknesses, or parts ; increased seven times. 
— adv. Seven times as much or as often. [night. j 

Seven'night (sen'It ; -it ; formally sev''n-mt). Var. of sen-| 

sev'en-teen/ (seV'n-teh'; -ten'), a. [AS. seofonliene, 
-tyne, -iene.J One more than sixteen ; — a cardinal num- 
ber used attributively. — n. 1. The number greater by one 
than sixteen ; seventeen units or objects. 2. Symbol for 
seventeen units, as 17 or xvii. 

sev'en-teentb 7 (seV'n-tenth', seV'n-tenth'), a. 1. Next in 
order after the sixteenth; — the ordinal of seventeen. 
Aobr., 17th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Being one of seven- 
teen equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. 

— n. 1. A seventeenth part. 2. A seventeenth unit or object. 

sev'enth (seventh), a. 1. Next in order after the sixth ; — 
the ordinal of seven. Abbr., 7th. See ordinal, n., Note. 
2. Being one of seven equal parts into which a (whole) 
thing may be divided. — n. 1. A seventh part. 2. A 
seventh unit or object. 3. Music, a An interval embracing 
seven diatonic degrees. See interval, 3. b A tone at this 
interval, c The harmonic combination of two tones a sev- 
enth apart, d The seventh tone of a scale, counting upward ; 
the leading tone. — sev'enth-ly, adv. 

sev'en-ti-eth (-'n-tT-eth; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
sixty-ninth ; — the ordinal of seventy. Abbr., 70th. See or- 
dinal, n., Note. 2. Being one of seventy equal parts into 
which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A seventi- 
eth part. 2. A seventieth unit or object. 

sey'en-ty (-ti), a. [AS. seofontig.'] One more than sixty- 
nine ; — a cardinal number used attributively. — n. ; pi. 
-ties (-tlz). 1. The sum of seven tens; seventy units or 
objects. 2. A symbol for seventy units, as 70 or lxx. 

sev'en-up% n. Card Playing. A certain game for two, 
three, or four players in which seven points constitute a 
game; — called also all fours, old sledge, and high, low, 
jack {and the game). 

sev'er (seVer), v. t. & i. [OF. sevrer, fr. L. separare."] 1. 
To separate, as one from another, physically or mentally ; 
divide ; part, esp. by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc. 

2. To cut or break open or apart ; disjoin ; as, to sever a 
tendon. — Syn. See part. 

sev'er-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being severed ; specif., 
Law, capable of being divided into legally independent 
rights or obligations ; — used esp. of a contract of which 
the part one party is to perform consists of distinct items. 

sev'er-al (-al), a. [AF., fr. LL., fr. L. separ separate, dif- 
ferent.] 1. Separate ; distinct. 06s. 2. a Individual ; 
single; as, three- several times, b Separable ; capable of 
separate treatment ; as, a joint and several obligation. 3. 
Diverse ; various. 4. Consisting of more than two, but not 
many ; divers ; sundry. — sev'er-al-ly, adv. 

sev'er-al-ty (-tT), n. 1. A holding by individual right. 2. 
State of separation from the rest, or from all others. 

sev'er-ance (-cms), n. Act of severing, or state of being 
severed ; partition ; separation. 

se-vere' (se-ver'), a.; -ver'er (-ver'er) ; -ver'est. [L. se- 
verus.~} 1. Serious in feeling or manner ; grave ; austere ; not 
light, lively, or cheerful. 2. Very strict in judgment, disci- 
pline, or government ; harsh ; rigorous ; as, a severe ruler. 

3. Rigidly methodical ; exactly conformed to a standard ; 
not using needless ornament, amplification, etc. ; strict ; as, 
a severe style. 4. Sharp ; distressing ; violent ; extreme ; 
as, severe pain, cold. 5. Difficult to be endured ; rigorous ; 
as, a severe test. — Syn. Stern, rigid, hard, rough, censo- 
rious, cutting, biting, keen. See strict, condign. — se- 
vere'ly, adv. — se-vere'ness, n. 

se-ver'i-ty (se-ver'i-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state 
of being severe ; specif. : a Gravity or austerity ; seriousness. 
b Extreme strictness ; harshness. C Quality or power of dis- 
tressing or paining, d Cruel treatment ; sharpness of pun- 
ishment, e Exactness ; rigorousness. 

sew (so), v. t.; pret. sewed (sod) ; p. p. sewed, sewn (son) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. sew'ing. [AS. siwian."] 1. To unite or fas- 
ten by stitches, as with a needle and thread. 2. To affect or 
bring by sewing ; — often used with up. — v. i. To work 
with needle and thread. 

sew'age (su'aj), n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain ; ref- 
use liquids or matter carried off by sewers. 2. = sewer- 
age, n.,2. . . 

se-wel'lel (se-wel'el), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] Any of 
several peculiar rodents (genus Aplodontia) of California, 
Oregon, and Washington. They live in wooded regions and 
feed on roots and herbs. 

sew'er (so'er), n. One who, or that which, sews, or stitches. 

sew'er (su'er), n. A medieval servant, or household officer, 
often of high rank, in charge of serving at table. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word, + combined with* =? equals. 



N 



SEWER 



884 



SHADOWY 



P 



Q 



R 



sew'er (su'er), n. [OF. sewiere outlet of a pond, deriv. of 
L. ex- out + aqua water.] An artificial, usually subterra- 
nean, conduit to carry off water and waste matter. 

Sew'er-age (-aj), n. 1. Removal of sewage and surface 
water by sewers'. 2. System of sewers. 3. = sewage, n., 1. 

sew'ing (so'ing), n. 1. Act or occupation of one who sews. 
2. Material that has been, or is to be, sewed ; needlework. 
sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. 

sewn (son), p. p. of sew. 

sex (seks), n. [L. sexus.~\ 1. Character of being male or 
female, or of pert, to the distinctive function of the male or 
female. 2. One of the two divisions of organisms distin- 
guished as male and female ; males or females collectively. 
Syn. Sex, gender. Sex refers to physiological distinc- 
tions ; gender, to distinctions in grammar, 
the sex, the female sex; women in general. 

sex- (seks-). [L. sex six.] A combining form meaning six; 
as, sexennial ; sexpartite. 

sex'a-ge-na'ri-an (sek'sd-je-na'rT-an ; 3), a. Being sixty or 
more and less than seventy years of age ; of or pert, to a 
sexagenarian. — n. A person from 60 to 69 years old. 

sex-ag'e-na-ry (sek-saj'e-na-ri), a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. 
sexageni sixty each.] Pertaining to or designating the 
number sixty ; proceeding by sixties ; specif., sixty or more 
and less than seventy years old. 

— n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A sexagenarian. 

Sex'a-ges'i-ma (sek'sd-jes'i-md), n. More fully Sexagesi- 
ma Sunday. [L.] Eccl. The second Sunday before Lent. 

sex'a-ges'i-mal (-mal), a. [L. sexagesimus sixtieth.] 
Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty. 

sex-en'ni-al (seks-en'i-dl), a. [L. sexennium period of six 
years ; sex six + annus year.] Lasting, or happening once 
in, six years. — n. A sexennial event. en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

sex'less, a. Without sex; neuter. — sex'less-ness, n. 

sex-par'tite (sSks-par'nt), a. Divided into six parts ; made 
up of a combination of six parts. 

sext (sekst). n. [L. sexta, fern, of sextus sixth, fr. sex six.] 
Eccl. One of the canonical hours, being orig. the sixth hour, 
or 12 M. ; hence, an office recited at this time, or now often 
somewhat earlier. 

sex'tan (seks'tdn), a. [L. sextus sixth.] Of or pert, to the 
sixth day ; recurring every sixth day. — n. Med. A fever 
that recurs every sixth day (reckoning inclusively), that is, 
with four days' interval. 

sex'tant (-tdnt), n. [L. sextans, -antis, sixth part of an as.] 
An instrument for measuring an- 
gular distances, esp. for observ- 
ing altitudes at sea to ascer- 
tain latitude and longitude. 

Sex-tet' (seks-tet'), n. 1. 
Music. A composition for 
six voices or instruments; 
also, the six performers of 
such a piece. 2. Any group 
of six persons or things. 

sex'tile(sgks'til),a. [L. sex- 
tus sixth.] Astrol. Meas- 
ured, fixed, or indicated by 
a distance of 60 degrees. — 
n. Astrol. Aspect or posi- 
tion of two heavenly bodies 
sixty degrees apart. 

Sex-Ul'lion (seks-tTl'yftn), n. [L. sextus sixth -f- million.'] 
The number denoted by a unit with 21 zeros annexed (in 
French or American notation) or with 36 zeros (in English). 

sex'to-dec'i-mo (seks'to-deVI-mo), a. [L., abl. of sextus- 
decimus the sixteenth.] Having 16 leaves to a sheet, as a 
book. — n.; pi. -mos (-moz). A size (commonly about 4^ X 
6£ inches) of a book, or of its pages, resulting, originally, 
from folding each sheet into 16 leaves ; also, a book of such 
size ; — usually written 16mo or 16°. 

sex'ton (seks'tun), n. [Contr. fr. sacristan."] An under- 
officer of a church, who takes care of the church building, 
the vessels, vestments, etc., rings the bell, attends to buri- 
als, etc., and, sometimes, digs graves. — sex'ton-ship, n. 

sex'tu-ple (-tu-p'l), a. [L. sextus sixth + quadruple.] 
Sixfold, — v. t. ; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling. To multiply by six. 

sex'tu-plex (-plSks), a. Elec. Designating a system of te- 
legraphy in which six messages, three each way, can be sent 
simultaneously over one wire. — v. t. To make sextuplex. 

sex'u-al (sek'shu-dl ; 99), a. [L. sexualis.] 1. Pertaining 
to sex or the sexes ; peculiar to, or relating to, either the 
male or female or their distinctive organs or functions. 2. 
Biol. Having sex ; — opposed to asexual. 
sexual selection, Biol., natural selection which results in 
the survival and development of certain characteristics, as 
bright colors or qualities of notes in birds, through the 
advantages for mating obtained by their possession. 

sex'u-al'i-ty (-al'i-tf), n. Quality or state of having sex. 

sex'u-al-ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation. 

Bsfor-zan'do (sfSr-tsan'do)! a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and 
Sfor-za'to (sfSr-tsa'to) / sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to 




One form of Sextant. 




force.] Music. Forcing or forced ; — a direction placed 
over a tone or chord to be given a sudden special emphasis 
and force, and indicated by sf, sfz, fz, or >. 

shabby (shab'i), a.; -bi-er (-i-er) ; -bi-est. [From AS. 
scseb, sceabb, scab.] 1. Torn or much worn ; seedy. 2. 
Clothed with worn or seedy garments. 3. Mean ; despicable ; 
as, shabby treatment. — shab'bi-ly (-1-I1), adv. — shab'- 
bi-ness, n. 

Shack (shak), n. A hut ; shanty. Colloq. N 

shack'le (shak''l), n. [AS. sceacul.] 1. Something that 
confines the legs or arms ; manacle ; fetter ; — used esp. in 
pi. 2. That which prevents free action, as if by fetters. 3. 
Any of various fastening devices, as : a A U-shaped piece 
with a pin through the ends; a clevis, b Railroads. A 
drawbar. — v. t.; -led (-'Id); -ling. 1. To confine the 
limbs of so as to prevent free motion ; to bind or fasten 
with a shackle ; chain. 2. To hinder ; impede ; cumber. 

Shad (shad), n. sing. & pi. [AS. sceadd a kind of fish.] 
Any of several fishes (genus Jjfe^ Alosa) of the herring 
family. The 
com- 
mon 
shad 
(A. sa- 
pidis- 

sima) is a valu- 
able American food 

fish. V Shad - (£) 

shad'ber-ry, n. The fruit of the shadbush ; also, the plant. 

Shad'bush' (-boosh'), n. Any of various American white- 
flowered shrublike trees (genus Amelanchier) bearing 
edible berrylike pomes. 

shad'dock (-uk), n. A globose or somewhat pear-shaped 
citrous fruit (Citrus decumana) with a bitter rind, and 
finely flavored pulp ; the tree bearing it. Cf . grapefruit. 

shade (shad), n. [AS. sceadu.] 1. Comparative obscurity 
owing to interception of the rays of light. 2. Darkness; 
obscurity ; — often in pi. 3. An obscure or secluded place. 

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, the sun's direct 
rays ; screen ; shelter. 5. Shadow. Poetic. 6. The disem- 
bodied soul (believed by the ancients to be visible, but not 
tangible) ; spirit ; ghost. 7. Degree of luminosity of a color, 
as darker or lighter. 8. A minute difference, variation, or 
degree, as of thought, expression, etc. ; as, the shades of 
meaning in synonyms. 

Syn. Shade, shadow. Shade (see also color, ghost) 
differs from shadow in not implying any particular form or 
definite limit ; a shadow represents or preserves something 
of the form of the intercepting object. Fig., shade im- 
plies darkness or obscurity ; shadow, insubstantiality or 
unreality. 

the shades, the nether world ; Hades, supposed by the an- 
cients to be the abode of disembodied spirits. 

— v. t. ; shad'ed (shad'ed ; 24) ; shad'ing. 1. To shelter or 
screen by. intercepting radiated light or heat or other rays 
or waves. 2. To hide ; conceal ; protect. 3. To obscure ; 
dim. 4. To paint in obscure colors ; darken. 5. To mark 
with, or change by, gradations, as of light or color. 6. Com. 
To lessen slightly ; as, to shade the price of anything ; — 
often used with off. Cant. — v. i. To undergo or exhibit 
minute difference or variation, as of color, value, meaning, 
etc. ; to pass by slight changes. — shade'less, a. 

shad'i-ly (shad'i-li), adv. In a shady manner. 

shad'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being shady. 

sha-doof (sha-doof), n. [Ar. shaduf.] A kind of sweep 
used in Egypt and near-by countries for raising water. 

shad'ow (shad'o), n. [From an inflexional form of AS. 
sceadu shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits ; obscurity 
in a space from which rays are cut off by an interposed body ; 
also, the image made by such an obscured space on an in- 
tersecting surface ;as, the shadow of a man. 2. Darkness ; 
obscurity ; as, evening shadows. 3. A shaded place ; shelter. 
Obs. or Rare. 4. A shaded or darker portion of a picture. 

5. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. 6. That 
which attends like a shadow; inseparable companion. 7. 
An unreal appearance or image ; an imaginary vision ; as, a 
world of shadows. 8. A ghost ; shade. 9. An imperfect and 
faint representation ; indistinct image ; as, he was a shadow 
of his former self ; also, a dim or mystical bodying forth. 
10. A small degree; shade; as, there is not a shadow of 
doubt. 11. Acoustics. A phenomenon, similar to the opti- 
cal shadow, produced by an obstructing of sound waves, 
electric waves, or the like. — Syn. See shade. 

— v. t. 1. To cut off light from ; put in shade ; shade. 2. To 
mark with gradations of light or color ; shade. 3. To repre- 
sent faintly, mystically, etc. ; betoken ; — sometimes used 
with forth or out. 4. To darken ; cast a gloom over. 5. To 
follow and watch closely, esp. secretly. — Shad'oW-er, n. 

Shad'ow-less, a. Having no shadow ; hence, supernatural. 

Shad'ow-y (shad'6-i), a. 1. Full of or causing shade or 
shadow. 2. Hence : obscure ; dim ; vague. 3. Dimly em- 
bodying, foreboding, etc. 4. Unsubstantial ; unreal. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SHADRACH 



885 



SHAMEFACED 



ShaMrach (shaMrak), n. [Heb. Shadrak.] Bib. A Hebrew 
youth who, with Meshach and Abednego, came forth un- 
harmed from a fiery furnace. See Daniel iii. 

Shad'y ( shad'I ), a.; shad'i-er ( -T-er ) ; shad'i-est. 1. 
A bounding in or causing shade. 2. Sheltered from the sun's 
rays. 3. Pert, to darkness ; of doubtful morality ; corrupt ; 
as, a shady business. Colloq. 

Sha'fi-ite (sha'fl-It ; shaf'i-), n. A member of a Sunnite 
orthodox sect founded by Mohammed ibn Idrls ash-Shafi'I 
(767-820). 

shaft (shaft), n. [AS. sceaft.] 1. The slender stem of an 
arrow ; an arrow, esp. for the long bow ; — often 36 inches 
long and hence called cloth-yard shaft. 2. The long handle 
of a spear or similar weapon ; hence : the weapon itself ; fig., 
anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted ; as, 
shafts of light. 3. A thing suggestive of a shaft (def. 1 or 
2) ; a long.'slender part, esp. when cylindrical; specif. : a 
Bot. The stem or stalk of a plant, b Zo'dl. The midrib of a 
feather. C The pole or tongue of a vehicle ; also, a thill, d 
Arch. The body of a column (see column, Illust.). e An 
obelisk or other spire-shaped or columnar monument, f Ma- 
chinery. A bar, now usually of steel, to support rotating 
pieces or to transmit power by rotation. 4. A well-like ex- 
cavation for finding or mining ore, raising water, etc. 5. A 
passage for air or light to pass through. 

Shag (shag), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair.] 1. Coarse, 
rough, woolly hair. 2. An unkempt, untended, wild growth ; 
as, a shag of weeds. 3. Long, coarse nap of cloth ; cloth 
having such a nap. — v. t.; shagged (shagd) ; shag'ging. 
To make shaggy or rough. 

shag'bark' (shag'bark'), n. Any of several^ species of rough- 
barked hickory (esp. Hicoria ovata), bearing superior nuts. 

shag'gy (-1), a.; -gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. 1. Rough with or 
as with long hair or wool. 2. Thick and rough, tangled, or 
irregular in surface, as hair. — shag'gi-ness (-T-nes), n. 

Sha-green' (sha-gren'), n. [F. chagrin, fr. Turk, caghri, 
qaghrl the rump of a horse, shagreen.] 1. A kind of un- 
tanned leather made in Russia and the East, covered with 
granulations. 2. The rough skin of certain sharks, rays, 
etc., often used in polishing. 

Shah (sha), n. [Per. shah a king, sovereign, prince.] The 
title of the ruler in certain Eastern countries, esp. Persia. 

Sha-hap'ti-an (sh'a-hap'ti-an), a. Designating, or pertain- 
ing to, a linguistic stock of North American Indians of 
Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. The Nez Perces are the 
leading tribe. — n. An Indian of this stock. 

Sha'hi, sha'hee (sha'he ; sha-he'), n. [Per. shahi.] A cur- 
rent Persian copper coin, 5 V of a kran. 

Shai-tan' (shl-tan'), n. [Ar. shai{an Satan.] Among Mo- 
hammedans : a \_also cap.] An evil spirit ; the Devil, b 
One of bad disposition ; a fiend. Colloq. 

Shake (shak), v. £.'; pret. shook (shook); p. p. shak'en 
(shaken) ;p.pr.& vb. n. shak'ing. [AS. scacan, sceacan.] 
1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations ; make 
to tremble or shiver ; as, to shake a tree. 2. To move from 
firmness ; cause to waver ; as, to shake one's faith. 3. Mu- 
sic. To give a tremulous tone to ; trill. 4. To cause to be, 
become, go, move, etc., by agitating ; specif., to throw off or 
get rid of by or as by a jolting or vibrating motion ; — gen- 
erally used with off, out, etc. — v. i. 1. To be agitated with 
motion ; tremble ; quake ; as, to shake with fear. 2. Music. 
To make a trill, or shake. 

Syn. Rock, shake, swing, sway imply motion from side 
to side. Rock differs from shake in implying a slower, less 
violent, and more uniform motion ; swing denotes the os- 
cillation of something suspended ; sway suggests a heavier 
or more unsteady oscillation than swing, of either suspend- 
ed objects or of those attached at the base. 

1. Act, motion, or result of shaking, etc. 2. Music. A 



tn. 



1 



K 



2. 1 As 

2 as per- 



rapid alternation of a principal tone 

with another of one degree above or 

below ; a trill. 3. A fissure or crack in 

timber, caused by frost, wind, quick 

drying, etc. ; also, fissured or cracked 

places or parts, collectively. 4. An 

earthquake. Colloq. 
Shake'down '(shak'doun'), n. Anim- Shake, 

provised bed, as one made on the floor written 

by spreading bedclothes over straw. formed. 
Shak'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, shakes ; also, 

that with which something is shaken. 2. leap.'] One of a 

religious celibate sect popularly so named from movements 

in dancing, which forms a part of their worship. — Shak'- 

er-ess, n. fem. — Shak'er-ism (-iz'm), n. 
Shake-spear'e-an (shak-sper'e-an), a. Also Shak-sper'e- 

an (-sper'e-an). Of, pert, to, or in the style of, Shakespeare 

or his works. — Shake-spear'e-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. 
Shak'i-ly (shak'i-lT), adv. In a shaky manner. 
Shak'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being shaky, 
shak'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of shake. — shaking palsy, a 

chronic progressive nervous disease marked by muscular 

tremor, weakness, and a peculiar gait. 




shak'o (shak'o), n. ; pi. -oes or -os (-oz). [Cf. F. shako, 
schako, Hung, csdkd.] A kind of stiff military cap or 
headdress. 

shak'y (shak'i), a.; shak'i-er (shakT-er) ; -i-est 
(-i-est). 1. Liable to shake ; as, a shaky hand. 2. 
Easily shaken ; unsound ; as, a shaky fence. 3. 
Questionable ; uncertain. Colloq. 

Shale (shal), n. [G. schale, prop., shell.] A finely 
stratified or laminated rock formed by consolida- 
tion of clay, mud, or silt. 

Shall (shal), v. t. & auxiliary ; pres., sing. 
1st & Sd pers. shall, 2d, shalt, pi. 
shall ; pret. should. Infinitive and parti- 
ciples lacking. [AS. seal, sceal, I am 
obliged (orig. a pret. ind.), pret. scolde, 
sceolde, inf. sculan.] 1. [v. t.] Owe ; be 
under obligation for. Obs. 2. [auxil., 
followed by the infinitive without to.] Am 
(is, are, etc.) obliged ; must ; hence, am Shako. 
(is, are, etc.) to ; — forming future-tense phrases. See also 
should. Shall, when used in the 2d or 3d person, regularly 
indicates that the speaker predicts or promises some one 
else's action, and hence is expressive of authority or com- 
pulsion on the speaker's part ; as in, you shall go. In the 
1st person shall expresses simply futurity ; as in, I shall be 
glad to see you. Will, in the 1st person, regularly has its 
primary force of volition or willingness ; as in, I will go ; 
that is, I am willing, or, emphatically, I am determined, to 
go. In the 2d and 3d person will denotes simply futurity. 
In a question the form is used that is expected in the 
answer ; thus, shall I ? shall he ? will he ? But shall is 
used for simple futurity in all persons : (1) after condi- 
tionals; as in, whether I (you, he) shall go; (2) in such 
clauses of indirect discourse as, you think you shall go ; (3) 
in such questions as, how shall he cut without any knife ? 
In commands, also, will is often used by way of courtesy ; 
as in, you will report to the colonel. — Syn. See WILL. 

shal-loon' (sha-loon'), n. [F. chalon, fr. Chalons, in France, 
where made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. 

shal'lop (shSl'up), n. [F. chaloupe.] A light open boat, 
used chiefly on rivers, propelled by oars or sails or by both. 

shal-lot' (sha-lot'), n. [OF. eschalote (for eschalogne). See 
SCALLION.] 1. An onionlike plant ( Allium ascalonicum) 
producing small clustered bulbs used like garlic for flavor- 
ing. 2. A small onion. 

shal'low (shal'o), a. [ME. schalowe.] 1. Not deep ; shoal. 
2. Not deep intellectually ; superficial. — n. A shallow place 
in a body of water ; a shoal. — v. i. & t. To decrease in 
depth. — shal'low-ly, adv. — shallowness, n. 

Shalt (shalt), Sd pers. sing. pres. of shall. 

Shal'y (shal'I), a. Containing or resembling shale. 

Sham (sham), n. [Orig. same word as shame.] 1. Some- 
thing intended to deceive expectation ; something that is 
not what it purports to be ; fraudulent device ; humbug. 
2. A removable ornamental covering ; as, a pillow sham. 
— a. False ; counterfeit ; pretended ; unreal. — v. t. & i. ; 
shammed (shamd) ; sham'ming. 1. To deceive or delude 
with false pretenses ; trick ; cheat. 2. To assume the man- 
ner and character, or the effects, of ; feign. 

sha'man (sha'man; sham'an), n. [Orig. same as Skr. 
cramana beggar monk, a name transferred to priests of the 
Ural-Altaic race.] A priest or conjurer of shamanism ; 
loosely, a medicine jnan. — a. Shamanic. [shamanism.] 

sha-man'ic (sha-man'Ik), a. Of, pert, to, or believing in,| 

Sha'man-ism (sha'man-iz'm ; sham'an-), n. The primitive 
religion of the_ Ural-Altaic peoples of northern Asia and 
Europe, in which the unseen world of gods, demons, and 
ancestral spirits is conceived to be responsive only to the 
shamans ; any similar religion, esp. that of some American 
Indians. — sha'man-ist, n. & a. is'tic, a. 

Sha'mash (sha'mash),«. [Assyrian.] Babylon. & Assyr. 
Myth. The chief sun god, a beneficent power which drives 
away storms, disease, and evil. 

Sham'ble (sham'b'l), n. [AS. scamel, sceamol, bench, 
stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum.] 1. In pi. A 
place where butcher's meat is sold. Rare. 2. A place for 
slaughtering animals ; abattoir ; — usually in form sham- 
bles construed as a pi., but sometimes construed as sing. 

Sham'ble, v. i.; -bled (-b'ld); -bling (-bling). To walk 
unsteadily ; shuffle along. — n. A shambling gait. 

sham'bling (sham'bling), p. a. Characterized by an awk- 
ward, irregular pace. 

Shame (sham), n. [AS. scamu, sceamu.l 1. Painful feeling 
or emotion excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropri- 
ety ; also, susceptibility to such feeling. 2. Reproach in- 
curred ; dishonor ; ignominy ; contempt. 3. Cause of shame ; 
a disgrace. — v. t. ; shamed (shamd) ; sham'ing (sham'ing). 
1. To put to shame ; dishonor ; disgrace. 2. To make 
ashamed ; humiliate ; mortify. 3. To bring or drive (a per- 
son) by shame ; as, he was shamed into generosity. 

shame'faced' (sham'fast'), a. [For shamefast ; AS. scam- 
faest. See shame, n. ; fast firm.] Easily confused or embar- 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word» + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SHAMEFACEDLY 



886 



SHARPER 



Q 



R 




rassed; diffident; bashful. — shamefacedly (-fast/If; 
-fas'Sd-li), adv. laced'ness (-fast'nes; -fas'ed-nes), n. 

Shame'ful (-f<561), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace ; injuri- 
ous to reputation ; disgraceful. 2. Exciting the feeling of 
shame ; indecent. — Syn. Degrading, infamous. — Shame'- 
ful-ly, adv. — shame'ful-ness, n. 

shameless, a. 1. Destitute of shame ; wanting modesty ; 
brazen. 2. Indicating want of sensibility to shame; in- 
decent. — Syn. Impudent, unblushing, audacious. — 
shameless-ly, adv. — shameless-ness, n. 

Sham'mer (sham'er), n. One who shams ; impostor. 

sham'my (-1), n. ; pi. -hys or -mies (-miz). [F. chamois 
a chamois, chamois leather.] 1. Zo'dl. The chamois. 2. = 

' chamois, 2. 

shamois, shamoy (pron., see chamois). Vars. of chamois. 

Sham-poo' (sham-poo'), v. t. [Hind, champna to press, 
squeeze.] 1. To massage. Rare. 2. To subject (the scalp) 
to washing and rubbing with some cleansing agent, as soap 
and water ; also, to shampoo the scalp of (a person). — n. 
Act or process of shampooing. — Sham-poo'er, n. 

Sham'rock (sham'rok), n. [Ir. seamrog, seamar.'} A trifo- 
liate plant used as a national 
emblem by the Irish, — as white 
clover, black medic, or wood 
sorrel. 

Shan (shan; shan), n. Ethnol. 
A member of a group of Mon- 
goloid tribes of the Tai stock, physi- 
cally and linguistically allied to the 
Siamese, found throughout Indo-Chi- 
na; also, the language of the Shans. 

Shan'dry-dan (shan'dn-dan), n. An Shamrock, a Wood 
old-fashioned chaise or gig; a rickety Sorrel; & White Clo- 
vehicle. Scot., Ir., & Dial. Eng. ver; c Black Medic. 

Shan'dy-gaff (shan'di-gaf), n. A mixture of beer and gin- 
ger ale. 

Shang-hai' (shang-hi'), n. [From Shanghai, in China.] 
One of a long-legged, long-necked breed of domestic fowls 
of Asiatic origin. 

Shang-hai', v. t. [From Shanghai, in China.] _ To drug, 
intoxicate, or render insensible, and ship as a sailor. 

Shank (sharjk), n. [AS. scanca, sceanca."] 1. a The lower 
part of the leg ; in man, the part between the knee and the 
ankle ; the shin ; in various animals, the apparently corre- 
sponding part; in birds, the part between the so-called 
knee and the digits (see poultry, Illust.). b Specif., in 
beef cattle, the lower part of the hind leg (cf. shin). 2. The 
entire leg. 3. That part of an instrument, tool, etc., con- 
necting the acting part with a handle or holder, as_ the 
part of a key between the bow or handle and the bit or 
wing, the middle part of an anchor, the tang of a hoe, rake, 
knife, the loop forming an eye to a button, etc. 

Shan't (sh'ant ; shant). A contraction of shall not. Colloq. 

shan'ty (shan't!), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). A small, mean dwell- 
ing ; a rough, slight building for temporary use ; hut ; cabin. 

Shant'y (shan't!). Var. of chantey, a sailor's chorus. 

Shape (snap), n. [AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature.] 
1. External appearance ; outward aspect ; figure ; form ; 
guise. 2. That which has form or figure ; a figure ; being ; 
apparition. 3. Form of embodiment, as in words ; form, as 
of thought ; concrete embodiment or example, as of some 
quality. 4. Condition or state of being. Colloq. 5. Form ; 
way ; fashion ; manner ; as in any way, shape, or manner. 
6. A model ; pattern ; mold. 7. Millinery. An untrimmed 
bonnet or hat body or frame. — Syn. See form. 

— v. t. ; pret. shaped (shapt) ; p. p. shaped or, Archaic, 
shap'en (shap''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. shap'ing. 1. To form ; 
create ; esp., to mold or make into a particular form ; give 
proper form or figure to. 2. To adapt, as to a purpose ; ad- 
just ; as, to shape the course of a vessel. 3. To image ; con- 
ceive ; body forth. 4. To design ; plan ; ordain. 

Shapeless, a. Destitute of shape or regular form; mis- 
shapen. — shapeless-ly, adv. — shape'less-ness, n. 

Shapely (shap'll), a. ;-li-er (-li-er) ;-li-est. Well-formed ; 
symmetrical ; neat. — Shapeli-ness (-lT-nes), n. . 

Shap'er (shap'er), n. One who, or that which, shapes. 

Shard (shard), n. [AS. sceardJ] 1. A fragment of some- 
thing brittle, as of an earthen vessel ; also, a shell, scale> 
etc. 2. A beetle's wing cover, or elytrum. 

shard'-borne 7 , a. Borne on shards, or scaly wing cases'. 

Share (shar), n. [AS. scear.~\ 1. The bottom part of a plow, 
which cuts the ground ; plowshare. See plow, Illust. 2. 
The analogous part of a seed drill. 

share, n. [AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut.] 1. 
A certain quantity ; portion ; division. 2. The part allotted 
or belonging to one of a number owning together any prop- 
erty or interest ; apportioned lot. 3. Any of a certain num- 
ber of equal portions into which any property is divided ; as, 
a ship owned in ten shares; the shares of the capital stock 
of a corporation. 

— v. t. ; shared (shard) ; sharping (sharing). 1. To divide 




and distribute in portions ; apportion ; divide. 2. To par- 
take of, experience, or enjoy, with others ; to take and 
possess in common. — v. i. To have part ; receive a portion ; 
partake. — Syn. See partake. — Shar'er (shar'er), n. 

Share'hold'er (-hol'der), n. One who holds or owns a share 
or shares in a joint fund or property. 

Shark (shark), n. Any of numerous elasmobranch fishes, 
often viviparous, which are esp. fes. abundant in warm 
seas 
Most of 
them are 
v o r a - 
ciousand 
destruc- 
tive of 
other fishes, 
and the larg- 
er ones are, 
often dan- 
gerous to 
man. q Trie- Man-eating Shark (Carcharodon car~ 

Shark, v.t. charias). b The Dusky Shark (Carcharias 
To get rapa- obscurus). 

ciously or by fraud. Obs. or Rare. — v. i. 1. To play the 
sharper ; swindle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. 

— n. 1. A rapacious, crafty person ; sharper. Colloq. 2. 
One who excels greatly, esp. in a particular line. Slang. 

Sharp (sharp), a. [AS. scearp."] 1. Having a very thin 
edge or fine point ; keen. 2. Terminating in a point or 
edge ; not obtuse or rounded ; somewhat pointed or edged ; 
as, a sharp hill ; sharp features. 3. Well-defined ; sharp- 
cut ; distinct, as a' shadow. 4. Affecting the senses, or feel- 
ings, as if pointed or cutting, as : of taste, pungent, acid, or 
sour ; of sound, piercing or shrill ; of pain, etc., severe ; of 
language, cutting, severe, biting. 5. Music, a High in 
pitch ; acute, b Raised a semitone in pitch ; as, C sharp 
(C#). C So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch. 
d Of an interval, major or augmented ; as, a sharp fifth, an 
augmented fifth, e Of a key or tonality, having a signature 
in sharps. Opposed in all these senses to flat. 6. Of keen 
perception ; penetrating ; as, a sharp eye. 7. Very atten- 
tive ; vigilant ; as, a sharp watch. 8. Eager in pursuit ; 
impatient for gratification ; keen ; as, a sharp appetite. 9. 
Fierce ; violent ; impetuous ; as, a sharp contest. 10. 
Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest ; shrewd 
or close in dealing ; as, a sharp customer. 11. Composed of 
hard, angular grains ; gritty, as sand. 12. Steep ; abrupt ; 
as, a sharp curve. 13. Phon. Voiceless ; surd. 
Syn. Penetrating, keen, acute, cutting, trenchant, inci- 
sive, crisp ; poignant, tart, acrid, harsh ; acrimonious, sar- 
castic, caustic ; ardent, fiery ; sagacious, astute. — Sharp, 
keen, acute, cutting, trenchant, incisive, crisp. As 
used of things, sharp (the common word) applies to either 
an edge or a point ; keen, esp. to an edge ; acute (chiefly 
technical) applies to a point regarded as angular, but not to 
an edge ; as, sharp (or keen) as a razor, sharp (not keen) as a 
needle ; an acute leaf. As applied to that which affects the 
senses, sharp is of much wider application than keen, 
which is chiefly used of cold, wind, etc. As applied to the 
senses themselves, sharp is used esp. of sight and hearing ; 
keen, of sight and smell ; acute, of hearing. As charac- 
terizing pleasures and pains, sharp suggests most defi- 
nitely that which cuts or pierces ; keen implies intensity ; 
acute, poignancy ; as, a sharp pain ; keen zest ; acute an- 
guish. With reference to persons or personal qualities, 
sharp often implies excessive cleverness or trickiness ; 
keen suggests shrewdness or quickness ; acute, penetra- 
tion or nicety of discrimination ; as, sharp practice ; a keen, 
worldly face ; an acute thinker, rather than a subtle one. 
Sharp comes into comparison with cutting, trenchant, inci- 
sive, and crisp with reference to language. Sharp implies 
esp. acrimony or sarcasm ; that is cutting which is calcu- 
lated to wound the feelings ; as, a sharp retort ; smooth and 
cutting eloquence. Trenchant implies sharp definition or 
forthright energy ; incisive, clean-cut directness ; crisp, 
terse or racy vigor ; as, the right word, bold and trenchant; 
incisive commands ; crisp and nervous in style. 

— adv. (See flat, a., 10.) In a sharp manner ; as : a To a 
point or edge ; piercingly ; eagerly, sharply, b Precisely ; 
exactly ; as, ten o'clock sharp. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Music, a A tone or note one half step above a tone 
or note named, b A character [it] on a degree of the sfaff, 
indicating a pitch a half step higher than that of the degree 
alone. 2. A sewing needle of the most pointed of the three 
grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps; — usually in the pi. 
3. Slang, a An expert, b A sharper. 

— v. t. Music. To raise in pitch ; specif., to raise above the 
proper pitch ; esp., to raise a half step. — v. i. To sound 
above the true pitch. 

sharp'-cut', a. Cut sharply ; hence : well-defined ; clear, 
sharp'en (shar'p'n), v. t. & i. To make or become sharp. 
Sharp'en-er, n. One who, or that which, sharpens. 
sharp'er (shar'per), n. One who bargains closely, or cheats 
in bargains ; a swindler ; cheating gamester. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, waite, ftrn, up, cirjcus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






SHARPIE 



887 



SHEEP 




Sharp'ie (shar'pT), n. A sharp, 'flat-bottomed boat, with 
one or two masts 
each carrying a tri- 
angular sail. Lo- 
cal, U. S. 

sharply, adv. In a 
sharp manner ; 
keenly ; acutely. 

sharp'ness, n. 
Quality or state of 
being sharp. 

sharp'-set', a. Ea- 
ger in appetite or 
desire of gratifica- 
tion ; keen. 

s h a r p'-shinned' 
(-shind'),o. Desig- 
nating a species Sharpie, with Centerboard down, and 
(Accipiter velox) Leg-of-mutton Sails extended by 
of hawk, common Sprits. 

in North America. It is noted for its dash and spirit, and 
often attacks poultry. 

Sharp'shoot'er (-shoot'er), n. One skilled in shooting, esp. 
with a rifle ; a good marksman. 

Sharp'shoot'ing, n. Skillful shooting, esp. with a rifle. 

sharp'-sight'ed, a. Having quick or acute sight. — 
sharp'-sight'ed-ness, n. 

sharp'-wit'ted, a. Acute ; discerning. 

Shas'tan (shas'tan), a. & n. = Comanchean. 

shas'tra (shas'trd). Var. of sastra. 

Shat'ter (shat'er), v. t. [AS. scateran."] 1. To break at 
once into pieces ; dash ; burst or part violently into frag- 
ments ; rend into splinters. 2. To disorder ; derange ; im- 
pair ; as, a shattered mind ; shattered health. — v. i. To 
break into fragments. — n. A fragment of anything shat- 
tered; — chiefly used in into shatters. 

Shave (shav), v. t. ; pret. shaved (shavd) ; p. p. shaved or 
shav'en (shav''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. shav'ing (shav'Tng). 
[AS. scafan, sceafan."] 1. To cut or pare, as by the sliding 
or drawing movement of a razor ; to cut off (hair) close to 
the skin with a razor. 2. To make bare or smooth by cut- 
ting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of ; as, to 
shave the face. 3. To cut off thin slices from ; cut in thin 
slices ; as, to shave wood. 4. To skim along or near the 
surface of ; pass close to, or touch lightly in passing. 
to shave a note or security, to buy it at a discount greater 
than the legal rate of interest or to deduct in discounting it 
more than the legal rate allows. Cant, U. S. 

»- v. i. 1. To remove hair with a razor ; cut closely ; hence : 
to be hard and severe in a bargain; practice extortion; 
cheat. 2. To shave a note or security. Cant, U. S. 

~-n. 1. A thin slice ; shaving. 2. Act or operation of shav- 
ing ; esp., act of shaving the beard. 3. A very small distance 
or interval ; also, a narrow escape. Colloq. 4. Any of vari- 
ous tools for shaving or cutting thin slices; as, a spoke- 
shave. 5. An exorbitant discount on a note. Cant, U. S. 

Shaveling (shav'lTng), n. A man shaved ; in contempt, a 
tonsured monk, priest, friar, or other ecclesiastic. 

Shav'er (shav'er), n. 1. One who shaves. 2. A sharper; 
cheat ; fleecer. 3. A fellow ; boy ; youngster. Colloq. 

Shav'ing (-Tng), n. That which is shaved off ; a thin slice or 
strip pared off with a shave, plane, or the like. 

Shawl (shol), n. [Per. or Hind. shal.] A square or oblong 
outer garment made of textile or netted fabric, used, esp. 
by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. 

Shawm (shorn), n. [ME. shalmie, OF. chalemie, fr. L. 
calamus reed, reed pipe.J Music. An obsolete wind instru- 
ment of the oboe class. 

Shaw-nee' (sho-ne'), n. One of a tribe of Algonquian In- 
dians originally dwelling along the Savannah River. 

Shay (sha), n. Dial, or Colloq. for chaise (mistaken as pi.). 

She (she), pron.; sing. nom. she ; poss. her (hur) or hers 
(hurz) ; obj. her ; pi. nom. they (tha) ; poss. their (tfear) 
or THErRS (tharz) ; obj. them (them). [AS. seo, sio.] 1. 
This or that female ; the woman understood or referred to ; 
the female animal, or object personified as feminine, in 
question ; — the pronoun of the 3d person sing, feminine. 
2. A woman ; any female person ; as, she of the golden hair. 
idP Used in composition or attributively, she denotes a 
female ; as, a she-bear. 

Shea butter (she ; she'a). [Mandingo si palm nut, written 
shea by Mungo Park.] A solid yellowish fat obtained from 
the seeds of an African tree (Butyrospermum parkii). 

Sheaf (shef), n.; pi. sheaves (shevz)^ [AS. sceaf.~\ 1. A 
quantity of the stalks and ears of grain bound together ; a 
bundle of grain or straw. 2. Any bundle, as of arrows 
sufficient to fill a quiver. — v. t. To gather and bind into a 
sheaf ; make into sheaves. 

sheaf'y (shef'i), a. Consisting of or like a sheaf or sheaves. 

Shear (sher), v. t.; pret. sheared (sherd) or, Archaic, 
shore (shor, 57) ; p. p. sheared or shorn (shorn ; 57) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. shear'ing. [AS. sceran, scieran, scyranJ] 




TTTTTTTTTTTP 

A form of Shears, 2. 




1. To cut, clip, or sever something from, esp. wool from 
sheep, with shears or the like ; as, to shear sheep. 2. To 
cut off ; clip ; as, to shear a fleece. 3. Mech. To subject to a 
shear. See shear, n., 2. — v. i. 1. To cut, as with a sword. 
Rare. 2.Mech. To become moreor less completely divided 
under the action of a shear ; as, weak rivets shear easily. 

— n. 1. A machine for shearing, or cutting, metal. Cf. 
shears. 2. Alech.^ An action or stress causing or tending 
to cause two contiguous parts of a solid body to slide on 
each other parallel to their plane of contact. — shear'er, n. 

Shears (sherz), n. pi. 1. Any of various cutting instruments 
or machines operating by the action of opposed 
edges of metal, esp. one which is in effect a pair 
of large or powerful scissors ; — construed as a 
pi. even when meaning a single instrument. 2. 
Something suggestive of shears ; spe- 
cif. : A hoisting apparatus consisting 
of two (sometimes more) spars fas- 
tened together at their upper ends, 
secured by a guy or guys, and pro- 
vided with tackle; — sometimes 
construed as a sing. Called also 
shear, or sheer, legs. 3. Mach. 
The bedplate of a machine tool on 
which a table or slide rest is secured ; 
as, the shears of a lathe or planer ; — sometimes construed 
as a sing., and also written shear. 

Shear , wa / ter(sher , w6 / ter), n. Any of numerous long-winged 
oceanic birds (genus Puffinus) allied to the petrels and al- 
batrosses. In flight they usually skim close to the waves. 

sheat'fish' (shet'fish'), n. A large catfish (Silurus glanis) 
of central and 
eastern Europe. 

sheath (sheth), 

n. ; pi. SHEATHS 

(shethz). [AS. 

scsbS, sceaS, 

seed.'] 1. A, 

case for a sword, 

knife, etc. ; 

scabbard. 2. A 

sheathing or Sheatfish (SUurus glanis). 

sheathlike structure or part, as a sheathlike spathe, an 

ocrea, the elytrum of an insect, etc. 

— V. t. = SHEATHE. 

sheath'bil]/ (-bil'), n. Any of several sea birds consti- 
tuting a family {Chionididse), confined to the colder parts 
of the Southern Hemisphere. 

Sheathe^ (sheth), v. t.; sheathed (shethd); sheath'ing 
(sheth'ing). 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard ; 
inclose or cover with or as with a sheath or case. 2. To fit 
or furnish with or as with a sheath. 3. To case or cover 
with sheathing ; as, to sheathe a ship with copper. 

Sheath'ing (sheth'ing), p. a. Inclosing or investing with a 
sheath. — n. 1. Act of one who sheathes. 2. That which 
sheathes ; specif. : a The casing or covering of a ship's bot- 
tom and sides to prevent corrosion, worm attacks, etc. b 
Arch. The first covering of boards, or of waterproof mate- 
rial, on the outside of a frame house or a timber roof, c Ma- 
terial for such use. 

sheath knife (sheth). A knife carried in a sheath. 

Sheath'-winged' (sheth'wlngd 7 ), a. Having elytra, or 
wing cases, as a beetle ; coleopterous. 

Sheave (shev), n. A grooved wheel, as of a pulley block. 

Sheave, v. t. ; sheaved (shevd) ; sheav'lng. To gather and 
bind into a sheaf or sheaves. 

sheaves (shevz), n., pi. of sheaf, sheave. 

She-bang' (she-bang'), n. A dwelling or shop ; institution ; 
concern. Depreciative, often jocose, Slang. 

She-bat' (she-bat'), n. [Heb. shebat.] See Jewish cal- 
endar. 

she-been' (she-ben'), n. [Of Irish origin.] An illicit liquor 
shop. — v. i. To keep a shebeen. Both Ir. & Scot. 

shed (shed), n. [Same word as shade."] A structure for 
shelter or storage, esp. a slight one, as for wagons or wood. 

Shed, v. t. ; shed ; shed'ding. [AS. scadan, sceadan, to 
part.] 1. To throw off ; give or pour forth ; emit ; cause to 
or let fall, flow off, etc., without penetrating. 2. To cast or 
throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, or shell ; 
cast ; molt ; let fall. — v. i. To part with, or let fall, a cov- 
ering, integument, etc., as a skin, seeds, leaves, etc. ; molt. 

— n. 1. Weaving. Passageway for the shuttle between the 
threads of the warp. 2. In composition : a That which parts 
or sheds ; as in waters/zed. b A shedding ; as in bloodshed. 

shed'der (shed'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds. 2. 
A crab or lobster about to molt its shell. 

sheen (shen), a. [AS. sciene, scene, scyne."] Beautiful; 
splendid ; resplendent ; bright. — v. i. To be bright ; glis- 
ten. Both Obs., Dial., or Poetic. — n. Brightness ; splen- 
dor ; glitter. — Syn. See luster. — sheen'y (-1), a. 

sheep (shep), n. sing. & pi. (See plural, Note.) [AS. seep, 
sceap.~] 1. Any of various ruminants (genus Ovis) allied to 



< 



. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this HOrk, Sigh?, etc., precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



SHEEPBACK 



888 



SHERRY 







R 



S 



the goats, esp. the domesticated variety. 2. A weak, bash- 
ful, or silly fellow. 3. Leather of sheepskin ; sheepskin. 

sheep'back' (-baV), n. = roche moutonnee. 

sheep'ber-ry (-ber-I), n. 1. A North American viburnum 
(Viburnum lentago) having white flowers in flat cymes; 
also, its black, edible, berrylike drupe. 2. = black haw, a. 

Sheep'cote' (shep'kot' ; -kot), or, Rare, sheep'COt' (-kot'), 
n. A sheepfold. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

Sheep dog. A dog used to tend sheep ; esp. : a A collie, b A 
large, shaggy, tailless dog, usually bluish gray and white. 

Sheep'fold' (shep'fold'), n. A fold or pen for sheep. 

Sheep'ish, a. Like a sheep ; bashful ; timorous to excess ; 
silly. — sheep'ish-ly, adv. — sheep'ish-ness, n. 

Sheep laurel. A North American ericaceous shrub (Kal- 
mia angustifolia) resembling the mountain laurel, but with 
smaller, bright red flowers. It is poisonous to young stock. 

sheep's eye, or sheep's'-eye', n. A shy, diffident look ; 
also, an amorous glance ; — commonly used in pi. 

sheep'shank' (shep'shank'), n. See 2d knot, Illust. 

Sheeps'head' (sheps'hed'), n. A sparoid food fish (Archo- 
sargus probatocephalus) of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of 
the United States, having broad incisor teeth suggestive of 
those of a sheep. 

Sheep'shear'ing (-sher'Tng), n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 
2. The time, or a feast at the time, of shearing sheep. 

Sheep'skin' (-skin'), n. 1. The skin of a sheep, or leather 
from it ; formerly, parchment. 2. [Frombeing written or 
printed on parchment of sheepskin.] A diploma. Cant. 

Sheep'walk 7 (shep'wok'), n. A pasture for sheep. 

Sheer (sher), a. [ME. schere pure, bright.] 1. Bright; 
shining ; clear ; pure. Obs. or Rare. 2. Very fine and thin or 
transparent ; diaphanous ; — said of fabrics. Now U. S. 3. 
Obvious ; downright ; utter ; as, sheer folly. 4. Straight up 
and down ; vertical ; perpendicular. — Syn. See pure. 

— adv. Clean ; quite ; straight ; perpendicularly. 

Sheer, v. i. [D. scheren to sheer, cut, withdraw, warp.] To 
deviate from the proper course ; turn aside ; swerve. — n. 
1. Naut. a The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, 
gunwale, and lines of a vessel, b The position of a vessel rid- 
ing to a single anchor and heading toward it. 2. A devia- 
tion, or change in a course. — Sheer'ly, adv. 

Sheer leg. 1. Naut. One of two spars secured together at the 
head to form shears. 2. [In form sheer legs} = shears, 2. 

Sheet (shet), n. [AS. scete, scyte, a sheet, piece of linen.] 
A large, broad piece of anything comparatively thin, as 
paper, cloth, etc. ; specif. : a A broad piece of cloth, usually 
linen or cotton, esp. one used for bedding, b A single piece 
of any of the various sizes of cut paper ; hence : a letter ; a 
newspaper, etc. ; also, in pi., the unbound leaves of a book. 
C A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other sub- 
stance, d A broad expanse or surface, as of water or flame. 
e Gfeol. An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded be- 
tween, or overlying, other strata. 

— v. t. To furnish, cover, or wrap with a sheet ; shroud. 
Sheet, n. [AS. sceatline, sceata lower corner of a sail.] 1. 

Naut. A rope or chain which regulates the angle at which a 
sail is set ; — often in pi. 2. Naut. In pi. The spaces at 
either end of an open boat not occupied by thwarts. 

— v. t. Naut. To haul upon by means of a sheet ; — used 
only in : to sheet home, to extend (a square sail) by haul- 
ing upon the sheets until the sail is set as flat as possible. 

Sheet anchor, a Naut. A large anchor, formerly the heav- 
iest carried, stowed just abaft the fore-sheet, b Anything 
regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger. 

Sheet'ing, n. Act of forming into, or disposing in, sheets ; 
also, material made, or to be made, into sheets. 

Sheet'work' (-wfirk'), n. Print. Work done by printing all 
the sheets first on one side and then, from another form, on 
the other side. 

Sheik, sheikh (shek; shak), n. [Ar. shaikh, lit., elder, 
chief.] 1. An Arab chief ; — now used also as an Arabic 
title of respect. 2. A high Mohammedan ecclesiastic. 3. 
In India, a Hindu convert to Islam. 

Shek'el (sheV'l), n. [Heb. sheqel, fr. shaqal to weigh.] Any 
of several ancient weights and money units of the Hebrews, 
derived from Babylonia ; later, a coin of the weight of a 
shekel. The ordinary shekel for gold was probably 252| 
grains troy ; for silver, 224£ grains. 

She-ki'nah (she-ki'nd), n. [Heb. Talmud, lit., the dwell- 
ing.] Jewish Theol. The Divine Presence or Manifestation, 
a divine agency through which God rules the world. 

Shel'drake' (shSl'drak'), n. [E. dial, sheld variegated + 
drake.'] 1. Any of various Old World ducks (genera Ta- 
dorna and Casarca) somewhat resembling geese. 2. Any 
merganser ; also, locally, any of various other ducks. 

Shelf (shelf), n. ; pi. shelves (shelvz). [AS. scylfe.'] 1. A 
thin, flat, usually long and narrow, piece set horizontally, 
as on a wall, to set things on ; a ledge. 2. Something resem- 
bling a shelf or ledge ; as : a A sand bank or ledge of rocks 
in a body of water, as a reef or shoal, b A flat, projecting 
layer of rock. C Mining. A stratum with a shelflike sur- 
face ; bedrock under alluvial soil. 



shell (shel), n.; pi. shells or, in sense 4d, usually collec- 
tively, shell. [AS. scell, scyll.~] 1. A hard outside cover- 
ing ; specif. : a The covering, or outside part, of a nut. b A 
pod. c The hard or tough covering of an egg. d A hard 
rigid covering of an animal, as a mollusk, crustacean, etc. 
2. A shell-bearing mollusk. 3. Tortoise shell. 4. Some- 
thing suggestive of, or likened to, a shell ;-as : a Any slight 
hollow structure ; framework, b Outside covering, lit. or 
fig. ; husk. C A kind of light racing boat, d A hollow projec- 
tile for cannon, containing a bursting charge, e A case 
holding the charge for breech-loading small arms, I Fire- 
works. A case or cartridge containing an explosive, which 
bursts after having been thrown high into the air. 

— v. t. 1. To remove the shell of ; take out of the shell, pod, 
etc. 2. To separate the kernels of (Indian corn, wheat, 
oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk. 3. To throw shells or 
bombs at, on, or into ; bombard. — v. i. 1. To fall off, as a 
shell, crust, etc. 2. To cast the shell ; fall out of the pod 
or husk. 

shel-lac' (she-lak' ; shel'ak), n. Also shel-lack', shell'- 
lac'. [shell -f- 2d lac:~\ A purified form of lac largely used 
in varnishes. — v. t. ; -lacked' (she-lakf ; shel'akt) ; -lack'- 
ing. To coat or treat with shellac. 

shell'bark' (shel'bark'), n. The shagbark. 

shell'fish' (-flsh'),n. Any aquatic invertebrate animal hav- 
ing a shell, esp. a mollusk or a crustacean. See mollusk. 

shell heap, shell mound. See kitchen midden. 

Shell'proof (shel'proof), a. Capable of resisting shells or 
bombs ; bombproof. [with, shells. | 

Shell'work' (-wfirk'), n. Work composed of, or adornedj 

Shell'y (shel'i), a. 1. Abounding in shells; consisting of 
shells or a shell. 2. Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, a shell. 

Shel'ter (-ter), n. [AS. scildtruma a troop of men with 
shields ; scild shield + truma a troop of men.] 1. That 
which covers or defends ; protection or place of protection ; 
screen ; refuge. 2. State of being covered and protected ; 
protection. — Syn. Asylum, sanctuary, defense, security. 

— v. t. 1. To be a shelter for ; provide with a shelter : 
shield ; protect ; harbor. 2. To screen or cover from notice ; 
disguise. 3. To take or betake to cover, or safety ; as, they 
sheltered themselves under a rock. — v. i. To take shel- 
ter. — shel'ter-er, n. — shel'ter-less, a. 

Syn. Shelter, shield, screen. Shelter suggests esp. pro- 
tection from exposure ; shield, from assault ; screen often 
implies concealment. 

shel'ty, Shel'tie (-tf), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). A Shetland pony. 

Shelve (shelv), v. i. ; shelved (shelvd) ; shelving. [Prob. 
fr. shelf a. ledge.] To incline ; slope. 

Shelve, v. t. " 1. To furnish with shelves. 2. To place on a 
shelf ; hence : to lay on the shelf ; put aside ; dismiss. 

Shelving, n. Material for shelves ; shelves collectively. 

Shelv'y (shel'vi), a. Sloping ; shelving. 

Shem (shem), n. Bib. The eldest son of Noah. See Gen 
v. 32. [Semite, etc.l 

Shem'ite (shem'It), Shem-it'ic (-Tt'ik), etc. Vars. of| 

Shend (shend), v. t.; shent (shent) ; shend'ing. [AS. scen- 
dan to disgrace.] To blame, reproach, or revile; punish; 
degrade; disgrace; confound. Obs. or Archaic. 

Shent (shent), pret. & p. p. of shend. Obs. 

She'ol (she'ol), n. [Heb. sheol.~\ The underworld; the 
abode of the dead ; Hades ; also, the grave. 

shep'herd (shep'erd), n. [AS. sceaphyrde."] A herder of 
sheep ; fig., a pastor. — v. t. To tend, guard, lead, or drive 
as a shepherd. — shep'herd-ess, n. fern. 

shepherd dog, shepherd's dog. A sheep dog ; a collie. 

Shepherd kings. = Hyksos. 

shep'herd's— purse', n. An annual brassicaceous weed 
(Bursa bursa-pastoris) bearing pouchlike pods. 

sher'ard-ize (sher'dr-dlz), v. t.; -ized (-dlzd); -iz'ing 
(-diz'ing). [After Sherard Cowper-Coles, inventor of the 
process.] To galvanize by treating with zinc and heating in 
a tightly closed retort. 

Sher'a-ton (sher'a-ton), n. Furniture. A style, character- 
ized by straight lines and Louis-Seize details, developed in 
England toward the end of the 18th century, esp. by Thomas 
Sheraton. 

sher'bet (shur'bet), n. [Ar. sharbat a drink.] 1. An Orien- 
tal beverage of diluted fruit juice. 2. A water ice. 

sherd (shurd). Var. of shard. 

She-reef'l (she-ref), n. [Ar. sherif noble, holy, n., a prince.] 

She-riif , / 1. A descendant of Mohammed through his 
daughter Fatima. 2. An Arab prince or chief ; — used as a 
title. Specif., the local governor of Mecca. 

Sher'iff (sher'if), n. [AS. scir-gerefa. See shire; reeve.] 
The chief executive officer of a shire or county, esp. charged 
with the execution of the laws and preservation of the 
peace. In both England and the United States, the office is 
now mainly ministerial. [shrievalty. I 

sher'iff-al-ty (-51-tT), sher'iff-dom, sher'ifl-wick, n. = | 

Sher'ris (sher'is). Obs. var. of sherry. 

Sher'ry (sher'i), n.; pi. -ries (-iz). [From Xeres, now 
Jerez de la Frontera, a Spanish town.] A still white wine 



ale, senate, care, am, dccount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SHERRY COBBLER 



889 



-SHIP 




Greek Shield. 



made in the vicinity of Jerez, near Cadiz, Spain ; any similar 
wine. 

Sherry cobbler. A beverage prepared with sherry wine, 
water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc. 

sheth (sheth), n. The part of a plow which projects down- 
ward below the beam, to hold the share, etc. 

Shet'land po'ny (shet'land). One of a small, stocky, 
hardy breed of horses, with a long rough coat and long 
mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands. 

Shew (sho), v. t. & i. Var. of show. Archaic or Rare. 

shew'bread' (sho'bred 7 ), show'bread', n. Jewish Antiq. 
Bread of exhibition ; — the unleavened bread which the 
priests placed before Yahweh in the sanctuary {Ex. xxv. 30). 

Shi'ah (she'd), n. = Shiite. 

Shib'bo-leth (shib'6-leth), n. [Heb. shibboleth ear of corn, 
stream.] 1. Bib. The word by the pronunciation of which 
the Gileadites distinguished the fleeing Ephraimites, who 
said sibboleth instead of shibboleth. Judges xii. 2. Cri- 
terion ; test ; watchword. 

shied (shld), pret. & p. p. of shy. 

shield (sheld), n. [AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld.~\ 1. 
A broad piece of defensive armor 
carried on the arm or by the hand, 
— formerly in general _ use in war. 
2. One who, or that which, protects 
or defends ; defense ; shelter ; pro- 
tection. 3. Ordnance. A screen of 
armor plate, usually attached to 
the carriage, protecting an other- 
wise exposed gun. 4. Tunneling & 
Mining. An iron or steel frame- 
work moved forward in excavating 
to support the ground ahead of 
the brickwork or other lining. 5. Her. The escutcheon 
or field on which are put the bearings in coats of arms. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To cover with or as with, or serve as, a shield ; 
defend ; protect. 2. To avert, as a misfortune ; forbid. Ar- 
chaic. — Syn. See shelter. — shield'er, n. 

Shi'er (shi'er), n. Also shy'er. A horse given to shying. 

Shift (shift), v. t. [AS. sciftan to divide.] 1. To move or 
remove ; transfer ; as, to shift the blame. 2. To exchange ; 
change ; as, to shift the scenes. — v. i. 1. To change posi- 
tion, etc. ; move ; veer ; as, the cargo shifted. 2. To use ex- 
pedients ; contrive ; manage ; manage to liveor get along ; 
as, to shift for one's self. 3. To practice indirection or 
evasion ; as, he quibbles and shifts. 

— n. 1. Act of shifting ; as : a Change ; substitution ; as, to 
make a shift. _ b A turn ; hence : an expedient ; trick ; as, 
reduced to pitiable shifts. 2. Something changed or used 
in alternation ; esp. : a A change of clothes, b A woman's 
chemise. 3. The change of one set of workmen for another ; 
a turn of work or set of workmen who work in turn. — 

' Syn, See expedient. — shift'er (shifter), n. 

Shift'i-ness (-ti-nes), n. Quality or state of being shifty. 

Shift'less (shift'les), a. 1. Lacking in expedients ; hence : 
lazy ; thriftless ; inefficient. 2. Manifesting, or characteris- 
tic of, lack of efficiency or thrift in work or the like ; as, 
shiftless management. — Shif t'less-ness, n. 

Shift'y (shift!), a. ; shift'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. Full of 
shifts ; fertile in expedients ; tricky. [Shiites.l 

Shi'ism (she'iz'm), n. The doctrines and principles of the| 

Shi'ite (-It), n. [Ar. shi'al a follower of the sect of Ali, 
ir. shVah a multitude following one another in pursuit of 
the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. sha'a to follow.] A 
member of that one of the two main divisions of Mohamme- 
dans which rejects the first three caliphs, and considers Ali, 
Mohammed's son-in-law, as the first imam or successor of 
the Prophet. Cf. Sunnite. — Shi-it'ic (she-it'ik), a. 

Shi-kar' (shS-kar'), n. [Hind. & Per. shikar. ~\ Hunting; 
sport. India. — v. t. To hunt. India. 

shi-ka'ri, shi-ka'ree (-ka're), n. [Hind, shikari.] A 
sportsman ; esp., a native hunter or guide. India. 

shil-la'lah, shil-leflagh (shT-la'la), n. A cudgel ; — from 
Shillelagh, a town in Ireland, famous for its oaks. Irish. 

Shilling (shTl'ing), n. [AS. scilling.~\ 1. A British silver 
coin and money of account, equal to twelve pence (24 \ 
cents U. S.), or l-20th of a pound sterling. Abbr., s. 2. a A 
coin and money of account of Scotland in use previous to 
1707, — latterly worth only one English penny, b Any of 
several related moneys of the Continent, as the German 
schilling or the Danish skilling. 3. In the United States, a 
corresponding denomination of money differing in value in 
different States, now practically obsolete. 4. The Spanish 
or Mexican real, worth 12J cents ; — formerly so called in 
New York and some other States. 

Shil'ly-shally (-T-shaFi), adv. [Reduplication of shall /.] 
In an irresolute or hesitating manner. — v. i. To hesitate ; 
occupy one's self with trifles. — n. Irresolution ; occupation 
with trifles. — a. Hesitating ; irresolute. 

Slii'loh (shl'lo). [Heb. shlloh.~] A word of uncertain mean- 
ing, used in Jacob's deathbed speech. Gen. xlix. 10. 



shily (shT'li). Var. of shyly. 

shim (shim), n. A thin slip of wood, metal, stone, etc. 
used to fill in, as to level a stone in building, a railroad tic , 
etc. — v. t. To fill out, or level up, to a desired height or a 
true surface by the use of a shim or shims. 

Shim'mer (shTm'er), v. i. [AS. scimrian."] To shine with 
a faint, tremulous light ; gleam ; glimmer. — Syn. See 
flash. — v. t. To cause to shimmer. — n. A faint, tremu- 
lous light ; glimmer. 

shim'mer-y (-1), a. Full of shimmers ; shimmering. 

shim'mey, or -my (shim'i), n.; pi. -meys (-Iz) or -mies 
(-Tz). _ [From chemise, taken as pi.] A chemise. Scot.j& 
Dial, 'or Colloq. 

shin (shin), n. [AS. scinu.] 1. The front part of the leg be- 
low the knee. 2. Specif., in beef cattle, the lower part of the 
foreleg ; — disting. from shank. — v. i.; shinned (shind) ; 
shin'ning. To climb (a pole, tree, etc.) by alternately em- 
bracing with the arms or hands and the legs ; — often with 
up. Colloq. — v. t. To shin up (a tree, pole, etc.). Colloq. 

Shin'dy (-dl), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). Uproar or row. Slang. 

Shine (shin), v. %.; pret. & p. p. shone (shon ; shon), Ar- 
chaic or R. shined (shind) ; p. pr. & vb. n. shin'ing (shin'- 
ing). [AS. scinan.J 1. To emit rays of light ; as, the sun 
shines. 2. To beam with radiated or reflected light ; 
gleam ; as, it shone like silver. 3. To be conspicuous or dis- 
tinguished; as, he shines in conversation. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to shine. 2. [In this sense the pret. shined is com- 
mon.] To make bright ; polish ; as, to shine shoes. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Quality or state of emitting light ; illumination. 
2. Splendor ; luster ; sheen ; as, the shine of silk. 3. A 
polish ; gloss ; Colloq., a polish given to shoes. 4. Sunshine ; 
fair weather ; as, in rain or shine. 5. Slang, U.S. a A 
liking ; fancy, b A caper ; trick ; prank. 

Shin'er (shln'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, shines. 

2. Any of many small silvery fishes (genus Notropis, etc.). 
shin'gle (shin'g'l), n. [For shindle, fr. L. scindula, scan- 

dula.'] 1. One of the thin oblong pieces of wood used to 

cover roofs, etc. 2. A sign or signboard, as of a lawyer's 

office. Humorous & Colloq. 

— v. t. ;-gled (shTn'g'ld) ; -gling (-glTng)^ 1. To cover 
with shingles, as a roof. 2. To cut (the hair) so that the 
ends lie like shingles ; cut (the hair) short. 3. To subject to 
the process of expelling impurities by hammering and 
squeezing, as a bloom of iron. — shin'gler (shTn'gler), n. 

Shin'gle, n. 1. Coarse, rounded detritus or alluvial material, 
differing from ordinary gravel only in the larger size of the 
stones. Chiefly British. 2. A place, as a beach, strewn 
with shingle. — Shin'gly _(-glT), a. 

Shin'gles (-g'lz), n.; pi. in form, but construed as sing. 
[OF. cengle, orig., a girth, fr. L. cingulum a girdle.] Med. 
A kind of herpes usually affecting the trunk of the body, 
round which it spreads like a girdle. Cf. herpes. 

shin'ing (shin'ing), a. 1. Emitting or reflecting light, esp. 
steadily ; radiant ; lustrous. 2. Splendid ; brilliant ; as, a 
shining example. — Syn. Glistening, effulgent, refulgent ; 
gleaming, flashing. See bright. — shin'ing-ly, adv. 

Shin'leaf' (shTn'lef), n. One of a genus (Pyrola) of low 
herbs with roundish leaves, once used for plasters. U. S. 

shin'ny, shin'ney (shin'i), n.; pi. -nies, -neys (-niz). 
Hockey as informally played by boys, etc. ; also, the curved 
stick used. 

Shin'plas'ter (shin'plas'ter), n. 1. A plaster for sore shins. 
2. Formerly, a piece of unsecured or poorly secured paper 
money, esp. one greatly depreciated ; also, a piece of paper 
money of a denomination Jess than a dollar, formerly 
issued. Slang, U. S. 

Shin'to' (shin'to'), n. [Chin, shen god + tao way, doc- 
trine.] The ethnic cult (primarily ancestor and hero wor- 
ship) of the Japanese ; also, the religion based on this. — 
Shin'to-ism, n. — Shin'to-ist, n. 

shin'y (shin'i), a.; shin'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Bright; 
clear ; unclouded. 2. Polished ; lustrous ; glossy. 

Ship (ship), n. [AS. scip.'] 1. Any large seagoing vessel. 
2. Naut. A vessel with a bowsprit and three masts (main- 
mast, foremast, and mizzenmast), and, rarely, with a fourth 
mast, each composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a top- 
gallant mast, and, sometimes, higher masts. 3. In general, 
any water craft or vessel, esp. one not propelled by oars, 
paddles, etc. — ship of the line, formerly, a ship of war 
large enough to have a place in the line of battle. 

— v. t. ; shipped (shTpt) ; SHrp'piNG. 1. To put or receive on 
board a ship, or other vessel, for transportation ; send by 
water. 2. To commit to any conveyance for transportation ; 
as, to ship goods by rail. 3. To send away ; get rid of. Col- 
loq. 4. To engage for service on a ship, as seamen. 5. To 
put (oars, the tiller, etc.) in place for use. — v. i. 1. To en- 
gage to serve on a vessel. 2. To embark on a ship. 

-Ship (-ship). [AS. -scipe.'] A suffix forming nouns and de- 
noting : 1. State, quality, or character of. 
Examples : son ship, state of being a son ; scholars/lip, 
character or quality of a scholar. 
2. Office, dignity, or profession. 












K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. *= equals. 



N 



SHIP BISCUIT 



890 



SHOEBUL 







R 



Examples : clerkship, office or profession of a clerk ; 
lordship, office or dignity of a lord. 

3. Art or skill of. 

Examples : horsemanship, penmanship, etc., art or skill 
of a horseman, etc. 

4. A concrete instance or example of the (quality, state, or 
dignity denoted by the word in its primary sense) or some- 
thing showing, exhibiting, holding, or embodying (that 
quality, state, etc.) ; a thing that is. 

Examples : hardship, a thing that is hard (to bear) ; 
(His) Lordsfaip, one holding the dignity of a lordship. 

5. A collective total of (those having a given character or 
state). 

Example : fellowship, a total of those united as fellows. 

6. The rule or dominion, or the jurisdiction, of (one hold- 
ing the given character or state). 

Examples : kingship, lordship, etc., the rule, dominion, 
or jurisdiction of a king, lord, etc. 

ship biscuit. Also ship bread. Hard biscuit prepared for 
use on shipboard ; hard-tack ; pilot bread. 

Ship'board' (ship'bord 7 ; 57), n. A ship's side; 06s. or R., 
a ship ; — used chiefly in adverbial phrases ; as, on ship- 
board. 

Ship'build'er (-bTl'der), n. One who buildsshipsand other 
vessels ; naval architect ; shipwright. — ship'build'ing, re. 

Ship'en-tine (-en-ten), re. [ship + barkentine.) A four- 
masted vessel with three square-rigged masts, like a ship, 
and a fourth mast fore-and-aft rigged. 

Ship'load' (ship'lod'), re. The load or cargo of a ship; as 
much or as many as constitutes a load of a ship. 

Ship'man (-man), re. A seaman ; sailor. 06s. or Poet. 

ship'mas'ter (-mas'ter), re. The master of a vessel other 
than a war vessel. 

ship'mate' (-mat 7 ), n. A fellow sailor. 

ship'ment (-ment), re. Act or process of shipping ; delivery 
of goods to a carrier for transportation ; also, the goods 
shipped ; a consignment. 

Ship money. Eng. Hist. An impost levied at various times 
on ports, towns, etc., to provide ships for national defense. 

Ship'own'er (-on'er), n. An owner of a ship or ships or of a 
share therein. 

ship'per (shTp'er), re. One who ships goods. 

Ship'ping, re. 1. Act or business of one who ships goods. 2. 
Vessels generally ; tonnage. 3. A voyage. 06s. 

Ship'shape' (shTp'shap'), a. Arranged as befits a ship; 
trim ; tidy ; orderly. — adv. In a shipshape manner. 

Ship's husband. Naut. An agent on land, representing the 
owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts. 

Ship's papers. Mar. Law. The papers with which a vessel 
is required to be provided for due inspection under the law, 
including the certificate of registry, crew list, clearance, 
etc., required by the country to which the ship belongs, 
and the sea letter, proofs of ownership, bills of lading, bill of 
health, etc., required by the law of nations. 

Ship'worm/ (shTp'wurm'), re. Any of certain burrowing 
marine mollusks (esp. Teredqnava- 
lis) destructive to the piles of 
wharves, wooden ships, etc. 

Ship'wreck' (-rek'), re. 1. The de- 
struction or loss of a vessel, as by 
sinking or grounding. 2. A wrecked 
ship, or its parts; wreckage. 3. 
Fig., ruin ; irretrievable loss or fail- 
ure. — v, t. To destroy by, or cause 
to suffer, shipwreck ; wreck. 

Ship'wright' (-ritO,re. A builder or 
repairer of vessels. Shipworm ; Section of 

Ship'yard' (-yard'), re. Place where Wood containing its 
ships are built or repaired. Burrows. 

Shire (shir ; sher), re. [AS. scw\] 1. A district ; region. 2. 
In Great Britain, a territorial division usually identical with 
a county, orig. under the supervision of an earl. 

Shire horse. One of an English breed of heavy draft horses, 
having long hair on the back of the cannons and fetlocks. 

shire town, See county seat. 

Shirk (shurk), v. t. To avoid or evade meanly, unfaithfully, 
or by fraud. — v. i. To evade an obligation ; avoid the per- 
formance of duty. — re. One who evades duty, labor, etc. 

Shirk'er (shur'ker), re. One who shirks ; a shirk. 

Shirr (shur), v. t. 1. Sewing. To make a shirr or shirrs in. 
2. Cookery. To break (eggs) into a dish with cream or 
crumbs and bake in the oven or on the fire. 
_-— re. Sewing. A series of close parallel runnings which are 

- drawn up so as to full the material. 

Shirt (shurt), re. [AS. scyrte a short garment, skirt, kirtle.] 
A loose undergarment for the upper part of the body, now 
commonly one worn by men, boys, or infants. 

shirt'ing, n. Cloth suitable for making shirts. 

shit'tah (shTt'd), re., or shittah tree. [Heb. shittah, pi. 
shittim.'] A tree, probably an acacia, of the wood (shit'- 
tim (shTt'im), or shittim wood) of which the ark, altars, 
etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made (Ex. xxxvii. 1.). 




Shi'va (she'vd), re. Var. of Siva. 

shive (shiv), re. # A thin piece ; splinter ; specif., a woody 
scale from flax in breaking ; such scales collectively. 

Shiv/er (shiv'er), re. [From shive.~] One of the fragments or 
splinters produced by the sudden breaking of a brittle 
thing ; — chiefly in pi. — v.t.& i. To splinter ; shatter. 

Shiv'er, v. i. [ME. chivern, cheverenJ] To tremble ; quiv- 
er ; shake, as from cold or fear. — v. t. Naut. To cause (a 
sail) to shake or tremble by steering close to the wind. 

— re. Act of shivering or trembling. 

Syn. Shiver, shudder, quake are often interchangeable ; 
but shiver suggests esp. the effect of cold ; shudder, that of 
horror or aversion j quake, that of fear. 

shiv'er-y (shiv'er-i), a. Tremulous; shivering. 

Shiv'er-y, a. Easily shivered ; brittle. 

Shoal (shol), re. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, crowd.] 
A crowd ; throng ; — said esp. of fish. — Syn. See flock. 
— v. i. To throng ; school, as fish. 

Shoal, a. Having little depth ; shallow. — n. 1. A place 
where a body of water is shallow ; a shallow. 2. A sand 
bank or bar making the water shoal ; — now applied only 
to elevations or knolls (not rocky) on which there is a depth 
of water of 6 fathoms or less, as disting. from bank, on 
which there is a greater depth of water, and from reef, a 
rocky elevation or knoll on which there is a depth of 6 
fathoms or less at low water. — Syn. See flock. 

— v. i. To become shallow gradually ; to shallow. — v. t. To 
cause to become shallow ; to come to a shallow part of ; as, 
a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less 
deep. 

shoal'y (-1), a. Full of shoals. — shoal'i-ness (-T-nes), re. 

shoat (shot). Var. of shote, hog. 

Shock (shok), re. A conical pile of sheaves of grain set up in 
the field. — v.t.& i. To collect, or make up, into a shock 
or shocks. 

shock, v. t. 1. To give a shock to ; cause to shake ; hence, to 
encounter with violence. 2. To strike with surprise, terror, 
horror, or disgust. 3. Physiol. To subject (the body) to an 
electrical discharge. — v. i. To meet with a shock. 

— re. 1. A blow, impact, concussion, or violent shake or jar ; 
an abrupt, forcible onset ; as, the shock of arms. 2. A sud- 
den agitation of the sensibilities or the cause of it. 3. Med. 
A sudden depression of vitalities marking a profound im- 
pression on the nervous system ; as, surgical shock. 4. A 
stroke of paralysis. Colloq. 5. Physiol. The effect caused 
by the discharge of electricity through the animal system. 
Syn. Shock, concussion. Shock is used of both mate- 
rial and immaterial things ; concussion, belonging rather 
to learned or technical usage, is used of material things 
only ; as, an earthquake shock ; electric shock ; his death 
was a shock to me ; concussion of the air, brain. 

Shock, re. 1. A thick, bushy mass, as of hair. 2. Also 
Shock'— dog'. A long-haired dog ; esp., a poodle. — a. 
Bushy ; shaggy ; as, shock hair. 

shock absorber. Any of various devices to regulate the 
action of the springs, esp. by deadening the force of their 
recoil, as on an automobile. 

shock'er (shok'er), re. One who, or that which, shocks. _ 

Shock'— head'ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair. 

Shocking, a. Causing to shake or tremble ; esp., striki v 
with horror or disgust ; very offensive. — shock'ing-ly, adi 

Shock tactics. Mil. Tactics, esp. of cavalry, in which th. 
force of personal impact i3 largely relied upon ; — disting. 
from fire action. 

Shod (shod), pret. & p. p. of SHOE. 

Shod'dy (shod'D, re.; pi. -dies (-iz). 1. Fluffy waste from 
carding or weaving wool, etc. 2. A fibrous material got by 
shredding refuse woolen or cotton goods. 3. A cloth of infe- 
rior quality made entirely or largely of shoddy ; hence, an 
inferior person or thing claiming superiority ; also, preten- 
tious vulgarity. 4. Refuse or inferior articles or matter. 

— a. ; -di-er (-i-er) ; -di-est. Wholly or in part of shoddy ; 
hence, Colloq. : not genuine ; sham. 

Shoe (shoo), re.; pi. shoes (shooz), or, Obs., Archaic, or 
Dial. Eng. shoon (shdon). [AS. scoh, sceoh.J 1. The ordi- 
nary outer covering for the human foot, usually of leather. 
Boot is the general term, esp. in England, for all forms 
reaching above the ankle, as distinguished from shoe. In 
the United States, shoe is applied both to the half-boot and 
the low-cut Oxford shoe or tie. 2. A thing_ suggestive of 
shoe ; as : a A protective metal plate or rim nailed to 
animal's hoof, b A band, as of steel, on the^ runner c 
sleigh, etc. C A_ drag under a wheel of a vehicle, used 
retard motion in going down hill, d The part of a br I 
which presses on a wheel, e A socket or ferrule, as of ii 
to protect the point of a wooden pile, pole, staff, or 
like, f The outer casing of a pneumatic automobile tin 

— v. t. ; pret. & p. p. shod (shod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. shoe'; 
1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes. 2. To protect, strenj 
en, or ornament by adding a point or working face of hai 
or handsomer material. 

Shoe'bill' ( shdb'bil' ), re. A large African wading b 
(Baleeniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, conne 
use, unite, Urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, ver^re (8 






SHOEBLACK 



891 



SHOT 



Shoeblack' (-blak'), n. A bootblack. 

shoe'horn' 1 (-horn'), n. A curved piece, as of horn, to 

shoe'ing-horn'j aid in slipping on a shoe. 

shoe'mak'er (shoo'mak'er), n. One who makes shoes. 

sho'er (shob'er), n. One who furnishes, or fits on, shoes. 

sho'far. Var. of shophar. 

shog (shog), n. & v. t. & i. Shake ; shock ; jog. Obs. or Scot. 

sho'gun' (sho'gobn'), n. [Jap. sho-gun, fr. Chin, chiang 
cMri leader of an army.] A title of military governors of Ja- 
pan ; — called by foreigners tycoon. — sho'gun'ate (-at), n. 

Shone (shon ; shon), pret. & p. p. of shine. 

Shoo (shoo), inter j. Begone ! away ! — used esp. in frighten- 
ing away fowls. — v. t. To scare away by crying "shoo 1 " 
— v. i. To cry "shoo!" 

shook (shook), pret. of shake. 

Shook (shook), n. 1. A set of staves and headings sufficient 
in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, etc. 2. A set of 
parts of boxes, or of a piece of furniture, ready to be put 
together. 3. A shock of sheaves. \_Eng.\ 

shoon (shoon), n., pi. of shoe. Archaic or Scot. & Dial] 

shoot (shoot), v. t.; pret. & p. p. shot (shot) ; Obs. p. p. 
shotten ; p. pr. & vb. n. shoot'ing. [AS. sceotan.~] 1. To 
send forth, esp. rapidly or suddenly ; cast ; throw ; emit ; 
discharge. 2. To push or thrust forward ; stick out ; pro- 
ject ; protrude ; — often used with out or forth ; as, a plant 
shoots out a bud. 3. To let fly, or project, with force from 
a bow, sling, gun, or the like, as an arrow, bullet, etc. 4. To 
discharge (a bow, gun, etc.). 5. To hit, kill, or wound with 
a missile. 6. To pass rapidly along, through, over, or under ; 
as, to shoot the rapids. 7. To variegate by interweaving 
threads of different colors ; color in streaks or patches ; — 
used esp. in p. p.; as, silk shot with silver. Cf. shot, p. a. 
8. To kill game in or on, by shooting ; as, to shoot a covert. 

— v. i. 1. To drive or rush swiftly ; dart. 2. To dart with 
a piercing sensation ; as, shooting pains. 3. Hence, to 
twinge with pain. 4. To bud ; sprout. 5. To spring up or 
grow rapidly ; develop ; — often used with up. 6. To pro- 
trude ; jut ; project ; extend ; as, the land shoots into a prom- 
ontory. 7. To cause a bow, gun, etc., to discharge a missile ; 
as, they shot at a target ; specif., to practice hunting or tar- 
get firing with a gun. 8. To discharge a missile, as a bow, 
gun, etc. ; as, the gun shoots well. 9. Sports. To play by 
propelling the ball, marbles, or the like (in a certain way). 

— n. 1. Act of shooting ; shot. Obs. or Colloq. 2. a A 
shooting match, b A hunt. 3. Reach of a shot ; range. 4. 
A sending out of new growth ; also, the new growth ; as : a 
A stem with its leaves, esp. one newly developed, b A bud- 
ding horn or antler. 

Shoot (shoot), n. A chute. 

Shoot'er, n. One who, or that which, shoots, [ing season.! 

shooting box. Small house in the country to use in the shoot-[ 

shooting iron. See iron, n., 4 d. 

shooting star. 1. = meteor, 2. 2. The American cowslip. 

shop (shop), n. [AS. sceoppa treasury, storehouse, stall.] 

1. A building or apartment where goods are retailed ; store. 

2. A room, department, or building in which mechanics or 
artisans work, esp. one, as in a factory, devoted to some par- 
ticular line ; as, a machine shop. 3. Any factory or manu- 
facturing establishment ; — often in pi. 4. One's occupa- 
tion, business, etc., as a topic of conversation, esp. when 
introduced unseasonably ; as, to talk shop._ 

— v. i. ; shopped (shopt) ; shop'ping. To visit shops in or- 
der to buy or inspect goods. 

Sho'phar (sho'far), n. Also sho'far. [Heb. shophar.] A 
horn, usually of a ram, used as a trumpet by the ancient 
Hebrews, as in battle or on sacred festivals, or still used in 
Jewish synagogues, as on Yom Kippur. [shop. I 

Shop'keep'er (shop'kep'er), n. A trader who sells goods in a| 

Shop'lift'er (-lifter), n. [_shop + lift to steal.] One who 
steals from a shop, esp. under pretense of buying, [ant.l 

Shop'man (-man), n. A shopkeeper or shopkeeper's assist-| 

shop'per (-er), n. One who shops ; one who visits shops for 
purchasing or inspecting wares. [trader. | 

Shop'py (-1), a. Characteristic of the shop or of the smallj 

shop'walk'er (shop'wok'er), n. One who walks about in a 
shop as an overseer and director ; a floorwalker. 

Shop'worn' (-worn' ; 57), a. Somewhat worn or marred by 
having been kept in a shop. 

Shore (shor; 57), n. A prop placed against the side of a 
structure, or beneath anything, to 
prevent sinking or sagging. — v. t.; 
shored (shord) ; shor'ing. To sup- 
port by a shore or shores ; prop ; — 
usually used with up. 

Shore, n. The land bordering a' body, 
esp. a large body, of water; the Ship on the Stocks, 
coast. supported by Shores. 

Syn. Shore, coast, beach, strand, bank. Shore is the 
general word for the land adjacent to the sea, a lake, or a 
large stream ; coast denotes the land along the sea only, esp. 
as a boundary ; beach applies to the pebbly or sandy shore 
of the sea or a lake ; strand is elevated or poetical for shore 




or teach; bank denotes the steep or sloping margin of" a 
stream. 

shore'less, a. Having no shore, or coast ; unlimited. 

Shor'ing (shor'ing ; 57), n. Act of supporting with a prop 
or shore ; a system of shores ; shores collectively. 

shorn (shorn ; 57), p. p. of shear. 

Short (short), a. [AS. scort, sccort.'] 1. Of relatively small 
extent from end to end ; of brief length ; not long ; of per- 
sons, small of stature ; not tall. 2. Of small extent in time ; 
of brief duration ; brief ; as, a short life, breath ; also, not 
long retentive ; as, a short memory. 3. Of discourse, a liter- 
ary work, etc., brief ; concise ; not lengthy ; as, a short ad- 
dress. 4. Curt ; abrupt ; uncivil ; as, a short answer ; to be 
short with one. 5. Phon. & Pros. Of a relatively small 
duration ; not prolonged in utterance, as a vowel or syllable ; 

— opp. to long. 6. Not coming up to a measure, standard, 
or requirement, or to something regarded as such ; as, short 
weight, allowance. 7. Of a missile, throw, etc., not reach- 
ing to or as far as some mark, place, or the like ; — some- 
times used with of. 8. Less than ; not equal or amounting 
to ; — used with of; as nothing short of war could avail. 9„ 
Insufficiently supplied ; not having a reasonable, or the or- 
dinary, amount ; — usually used with of or in ; as, to be 
short of money. 10. Finance & Com. a Not having at the 
time of sale goods or property that one has (nominally) sold ; 

— usually used with of or in ; as, to be short of wheat, b 
Of or pert, to a sale of securities or commodities which the 
seller does not possess ; prepared for, or depending for a 
profit upon, a fall in prices ; as, a short sale. 11. Easily bro- 
ken; crisp; friable; as, short pastry. — Syn. See brief. 

— n. 1. Anything that is short ; hence, a summing up ; 
concise statement. 2. In pi. Things that fall short of ex- 
pectation or correctness ; deficiencies. 3. In pi. Refuse, 
clippings, or trimmings, thrown off in various manufactur- 
ing processes, and used for inferior products. 5. In pi. The 
part of milled grain next finer than the bran ; sometimes, 
middlings. 6. In pi. a Breeches ; smallclothes. Slang, b 
Loose trousers of knee length for athletes, etc. 7. Phon. & 
Pros. A short sound, or its symbol ; also, a short syllable. 
for short, for brevity ; as, Abraham, called Abe for short. — 
in s., in few words ; briefly. — the s. and the long, the 
whole stcry ; the sum total. 

— adv. 1. In a short manner ; abruptly ; curtly. 2. In the 
character or condition of one who is short of what he has 
(nominally) sold ; as, to sell stocks short. 

Short'age (shor'taj), n. A deficiency or deficit. 
Short'cake' (short 'kak'), n. 1. A crisp, short breakfast or 

tea cake. 2. A similar, thicker cake split and spread with 

sweetened fruit, usually served hot ; also, a sweetened layer 

cake spread with fruit and served cold. 
Short Circuit. Elec. A circuit through a small resistance, 

esp. one which acts as a shunt to a circuit of larger resistance. 

— short'-cir'cuit, v. t. & i. 

Short'conVing (short'kiim'Tng ; shSrt'kum'ing), n. A fail- 
ing or coming short ; neglect in performance of duty. 

short'en (shor't'n), v. t. & i. To make or become short or 
shorter. — short'en-er, n. [reefing. | 

to shorten sail, Naut., to reduce the extent of sail, asby| 

Short'en-ing (shor't'n-mg ; short'nmg), n. 1. Act of mak- 
ing or becoming short or shorter. 2. That which renders 
Eastry short, or crumbly, as lard. 
ort'hand/ (short'hand'), n. A rapid method of writing 
by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols for 
letters, words, etc. ; stenography. See phonography. 

— a. a Using shorthand, b Written in shorthand. 
Short'-hand'ed (-han'ded; 24), a. Short of the regular 

number of servants, helpers, or "hands." Colloq. 

Short'horn' (short'horn'), n. One of a breed of large, heavy 
beef cattle having short horns. 

Short'-lived' (-HvdO.a. Not living or lasting long. 

Short'ly, adv. 1. In a short or brief time or manner ; soon ; 
quickly. 2. In a few words ; briefly. 3. Abruptly ; curtly. 

short'neSS, n. Quality or state of being short. 

Short'sight'ed (short'slt'ed), a. 1. Not able to see far; 
nearsighted ; myopic. 2. Lacking, or characterized by 
lack of, foresight. — short'sight'ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness,re. 

Short'-spo'ken (-spo'k'n), a. Speaking in a quick or short 
manner ; hence : gruff ; curt. Colloq. 

short step. See half step. 

short'stop' (-stop'), n. In baseball, a player stationed in the 
field between second and third base. 

Short'-wind'ed (-wm'ded ; 24, 109), a. Having a quick, 
difficult respiration, or unable to make much violent exer- 
tion without having such respiration. 

Sho-Sho'ne-an (sho-sho'ne-an ; sho'sho-ne'an), a. Desig- 
nating a North American Indian linguistic stock extending 
from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierras. 

Shot (shot), p. a. Woven, as silk, or dyed, as a mixed fabric, 
so as to be changeable in tint or appearance when viewed 
from different points ; as, shot silk. [reckoning ; scot.l 

Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceotan to shoot.] A share ;| 

shot, n.; pi. shot or shots (shots). [AS. scot a shooting, 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SHOTE 



892 



SHREWDNESS 



R 



gesceot a missile.] 1. A missile, esp. for firearms ; specif., a 
solid projectile for artillery ; — disting. from shell. 2. Col- 
lectively, small pellets of lead, a number of which are 
used for the missile charge of a shotgun, etc. ; as, a charge 
of shot; bird shot. Also [pL shot, sometimes shots], a 
single one of these pellets. 3. Anything thrown, cast forth, 
emitted, or let fly, with force. See shoot, v. t. & n. 4. a 
The flight of a missile, or the distance to which it is thrown. 
b Fig., reach ; range ; as, within earshot . 5. A marksman. 

6. Act of shooting ; discharge of a firearm, etc. 7. Mining, 
etc. A blast. 8. Athletics. A spherical weight to be put, 
or thrown, in competition for distance throwing. 9. A 
stroke in certain games, as in billiards. 10. A conjecture ; 
also, an attempt. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; shot'ted ; -ting. To load with shot or shell, as a gun. 
Shote (shot), n. A young hog; a shoat. [at short range.l 
Shot'gun' (shot'gun'), n. A smoothbore gun for firing shot] 
Shot samples. Metal. Samples taken for assay from molten 

metal by pouring a portion into water, to granulate it. 

Shot'ten (-'n), a. [Prop. p. p. of shoot."] 1. Having ejected 
the spawn and so of inferior food value, as a herring ; hence, 
good-for-nothing. Obs. or Dial. 2. Dislocated, as a bone. 

Shot'ty (shot'i), a. Shotlike ; hard and round. 

shough (shok). Var. of shock, a dog. 

Should (shood), pret. of shall. [AS. scolde, sceolde. See 
shall.] As auxiliaries should and would are used : 1. To 
form the "preterit future" tense, expressive of action, etc., 
as impending in the past ; as in, I said that I should go. 
2. [In these uses the choice between should and would is 
based on the distinctions between shall and will (see 
shall).] To form the conditional mood (as, I should go, 
I should have gone), used esp. : a In the conclusion in sen- 
tences of rejected condition ; as in, if I had not fallen, I 
should not have been hurt ; if he were here, he would tell us. 
b In conditional clauses expressive of uncertainty or re- 
serve ; as in, should you come, I shall meet you. C In state- 
ments, requests, etc., which it softens ; as in, so it should 
seem ; should you like tea ? 3. Should, esp. when empha- 
sized, is also used to express moral obligation; as, you 
should be sorry for your rudeness. — Syn. See ought. 

Shoul'der (shol'der),n. [AS. sculdor.'] 1. The laterally pro- 
jecting part of the human body formed by the bones and 
muscles where the arm joins the trunk. In animals, the 
corresponding region. 2. The shoulders, together with the 
upper part of the back, being that part on which it is most 
easy to carry a burden ; : — chiefly in pi. 3. Fig., that which 
supports or sustains ; as, the blame rests on my shoulders. 
4. A projection or part suggestive of the human shoulder ; 
as, the shoulder of a vase. 5. Print. The part of the top of 
a type which projects beyond the base of the raised charac- 
ter or the like. See type, Illust. 6. The upper joint of the 
foreleg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market. 

7. Leather Manuf. A part of a hide. See hide, Illust. 8. 
Fort. The angle of a bastion between the face and flank ; — 
called also shoulder angle. 

— v. t . & i. 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder ; jostle. 
2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders ; hence : to as- 
sume the burden of ; as, to shoulder responsibility. 

shoulder bar. = stock, n., 3 c. 

shoulder blade. The flat bone of the shoulder, to which the 
humerus is articulated ; the scapula. 

Shoulder Strap. A strap worn on or over the shoulder, esp., 
Mil. & Nav., a narrow one worn with certain uniforms by 
commissioned officers as a badge of rank. 

Shout (shout), v. i. To utter a sudden and loud cry; to 
speak or say loudly and vehemently.-— v. t. To utter with a 
shout, or cry ; — sometimes used with out. — n. 1. A loud 
burst of voice or voices ; a vehement and sudden outcry. 

Shout'er, n. One who shouts. 

Shove (shviv), v. t.; shoved (shiivd) ; shov'ing (shuVTng). 
[AS. scufanJ] 1. To push ; thrust. 2. To push along or 
away carelessly or rudely. — Syn. See push. — v. i. 1. To 
push or drive forward ; to move onward by pushing or jos- 
tling. 2. To move off or along by pushing, as with an oar 
or a pole used by one in a boat ; — sometimes used with 
from or off. — n. Act of shoving ; a forcible push. 

Shov'el (shuV'l), n. _ [AS. scofl, sceofl.] 1. A scooplike 
implement used to lift and throw earth, coal, grain, etc. 
2. A shovel hat. Colloq.— - v. t.; -eled (-'Id) or -elled; 
-el-ing or -el-ling. 1. To take up and throw with a shovel. 
2. To clear or clean out with a shovel, as a ditch. 3. To 
throw or convey roughly or in the mass, as if with a shovel ; 
as, to shovel food into the mouth. 

shov'el-board' (-bord', 57), n. Var. of shuffleboard. 

Shov'el-er, shov'el-ler (-er), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, shovels. 2. Any of a genus (Spatula) of broad-billed 
river ducks, esp. a widely distributed species (S. clypeata). 

Shovel hat. A hat with a broad brim turned up at the sides, 
worn by some English clergy. 

Shov'el-head' (-hed'), n. 1. A shark (Sphryna tiburo) 
allied to the hammer-head, but with the head narrower and 
less hammer-shaped. 2. The shovel-nosed sturgeon. 



shov'el-nosed' (-nozd'), o. Having a broad, flat head, nose 
or beak. 

shovel-nosed shark, a Either of two sharks ( Hexaw 
chus corinus and HeptrancMas maculatus) occurring on the 
California coast, b A sand shark. — s. sturgeon, a small 
sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi 
Valley and parts of the southern United States. 

Shov'er (shuv'er), n. One who, or that which, shoves. 

Show (sho), v. t.; pret. showed (shod) ; p. p. shown (shon) 
or showed ; p. pr. & vb. n. show'ing. Also, now Rare, 
shew, shewed, shewn, shewing. [AS. sceawian to look, 
see, view.] 1. To exhibit or present to view ; display. 2. To 
tell ; disclose ; reveal ; as, to show treachery. 3. To direct ; 
guide ; as, show him in. 4. To make apparent or clear ; 
prove; explain ;_ manifest ; as, to show by evidence. 5. To 
explain something to ; teach ; inform ; as, he showed me 
the solution. 6. To bestow ; confer ; as, to show favor. — 
v. i. 1. To appear; look; seem. 2. To be noticeable ; as, the 
spot shows. 3. To make one's or its appearance ; be pres- 
ent. Colloq. 4. To give a performance. Theatrical Cant. 

— n. 1. Act of showing ; exposure to sight ; exhibition. 2. 
That which is shown; display; exhibition. 3. Proud or 
ostentatious display ; parade ; pomp. 4. Semblance ; ap- 
pearance ; as, a show of reason. 5. Deceitful appearance ; 
pretense ; as, a show of diligence. 6. Indication ; sign ; as, a 
show of gold. 7. Opportunity. Colloq., U. S. [letters. I 

Show bill. A large advertising sheet printed in large | 

show'bread'. Var. of shewbread. 

Show case. A case with glass top or sides or both, to display 
and protect shopkeepers' wares, articles in museums, etc. 

Show'er (sho'er), n. One who shows, or exhibits. 

Show'er (shou'er), n. [AS. scur.'] 1. A brief fall of rain or 
of sleet, hail, or, rarely, snow. 2. That which resembles a 
shower ; as, a shower of sparks. 3. A copious supply be- 
stowed. 4. Pyrotechny. A device for producing a shower 
of slow-burning stars. 5. Short for shower bath. — v. t. 
1. To water with a shower ; wet copiously. 2. To bestow or 
scatter in abundance ; rain. — v. i. To rain or fall in or as 
in a shower. 

Shower bath, a A bath in which water is showered on the 
person, b A device for producing such a bath. 

Show'er-y (-1), a. 1. Raining in showers ; — abounding with 
frequent showers of rain. 2. Of, pert, to, or resembling 
a shower or showers. — show'er-i-ness, n. 

show'i-ly (sho'i-li), adv. In a showy manner. 

show'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being showy. 

Show'ing, n. A display or exhibition of something ; also, a 
presentation of some fact, condition, or the like. 

Show^man (shopman), n. One who exhibits, or aids in ex- 
hibiting, a show ; proprietor of a show. 

shown (shon), p. p. of show. 

show'room' (sho'room'), n. A room where a show is 
exhibited ; also, a room for the display of merchandise. 

Show'y (sho'i), a.; show'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. Making a 
show ; ostentatious ; gaudy ; gorgeous ; sumptuous. 

Shrank (shrarjk), pret. of shrink. 

shrap'nel (shrap'nel), n., sing. & pi. [After a British gen- 
eral, Henry Shrapnel 
(1761-1842).] A shell con- 
taining small round pro- 
jectiles, a bursting charge 
and a fuse to produce ex- 
plosion at a given instant. _, , 4 , _ s *> 

Shred (shred), n. [AS. Shrapnel 1 Combination Fuse. 
«~~a~ a \ T a iA»,„ „ „>.„„. time and percussion ; 2 Steel 
screade.l A long, narrow Case . 3 shmpnel Balls ; 4 Cen- 
piece cut or torn off ; a tral Tube ; 5 Guncotton ; 6 
strip. In general, a frag- Loose Powder, 
ment ; a piece. — v. t. ; pret. & p. p. shred or shred'ded ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. shred'ding. To cut or tear into shreds. 

Shred'der (-er), n. A person who shreds ; an implement, or 
machine for shredding. [shreds ; ragged. I 

shred'dy (-1), a.; -di-er (-i-er) ; -di-est. Consisting of | 

Shrew (shroo), a. Wicked. Obs. — n. 1. A scolding or 
brawling woman ; termagant. 2. [AS. 
screawa ; — so called because consid- 
ered venomous.] Any of numerous 
small, molelike mammals (family 
Soricidse) with.a pointed snout, very 
small eyes, and velvety fur. 

— v. t. To beshrew ; curse. Archaic. 
shrewd (shrood), a. _ [Orig. p. p. of shrew, v.] 1. Obs. a 

Evil; wicked, b Mischievous; troublesome. C Shrewish. 
d Dangerous ; beset with hardships. 2. Biting ; keen ; 
harsh ; as, a shrewd wind. 3. Artful ; wily ; cunning ; as, a 
shrewd tempter. 4. Clever in practical affairs ; sharp- 
witted ; keen ; as, a shrewd observer ; a shrewd reply. — 
shrewd'ly, adv. — shrewd'ness, n. 
Syn. Shrewd, sagacious, sage, sapient, perspicacious, 
astute, subtle, knowing. Shrewd implies native clever- 
ness in practical affairs ; sagacious, a word of more dig- 
nity, often suggests greater discernment or more far- 
sighted judgment than shrewd. Sage often connotes age 
or deep wisdom. Sapient is now commonly ironical. Per- 





Shrew. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', iqk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



SHREWISH 



893 



SHUTDOWN 



Loggerhead Shrike 
{Lanius ludovicianus) . 




adv. Shrilly. 



spicacious implies acute discernment ; astute heightens 
the suggestion of artfulness, diplomacy, or craft. Subtle 
implies delicate and penetrating discernment, and often 
excessive nicety. Knowing suggests either sophisticated 
sh*ewdness or an air of having private knowledge. 

Shrew'ish (shroo'ish), a. Having the qualities of a shrew ; 
scolding; peevish. — shrew'ish-ly, adv. — ish-ness, ra. 

shrew'mouse' (-mous'),n. ; pi. -mice (-mis 7 ). A shrew. 

Shriek (shrek), v. i. [Orig. same word as screech.'] To utter 
a sharp, shrill sound or cry ; scream, as in sudden fright, or 
anguish. — v. t. To utter in or with a shriek or shrieks. — 
n. A sharp, shrill outcry ; scream. — Shriek'er, n. 

shriev'al (shrev'al), a. Of or pertaining to a sheriff. 

shriev'al-ty (shrev'al-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). The office, 
term of office, or jurisdiction, of a sheriff. 

shrieve (shrev), n. A sheriff. Obs. 

Shrift (shrift), n. [_ AS. serif Q 1. Act of shriving. 2. Con- 
fession to a priest, esp. by a ( 
dying penitent, with conse- 
quent absolution. 

Shrike (shrlk), n. [AS. 
scric a kind of thrush.] Any _ 
various oscine, chiefly insectivo- 
rous, birds (family Laniidse, esp. 
genus Lanius), including _ the 
butcher birds, which sometimes 
kill small birds, mice, etc. 

Shrill (shrll), a. 1. Having or 
emitting a sharp piercing tone or 
sound ; sharp ; acute. 2. Keen ; 
bright ; clear. Archaic. — n. A 
shrill sound. Rare. — v. i. & t. 
To emit, or sound with, or utter 
in, a sharp piercing sound or tone. 

shrill'ing, n. A more or less continued shrill noise or cry. 

Shrill'ness, n. Quality or state of being shrill. 

shril'ly (shril'lT), adv. In a shrill manner. 

shrill'y (shnl'i), a. Somewhat shrill. 

shrimp (shrimp), n. 1. Any of numerous small, mostly 
marine, crustaceans (genus Crangon 
and allies). Many are used as food. 
2. A puny or insignificant person; 
dwarf ; — used in contempt. 

Shrine (shrln), n. [AS. serin, fr. L. 
scrinium case, box.] 1. A case, box, 
or other receptacle, esp. one for sacred 
relics. 2. The tomb of a saint. 3. An 
object or place consecrated to some 
deity or saint. 4. A place or object 
hallowed from its history or associa- 
tions. — v. t. To enshrine. 

Shrink (shrink), v. i. ; pret. shrank (shrank) 
or shrunk (shrunk) ; p. p. shrunk or (chiefly 
as p. a.) shrunk'en (shrunken) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. shrink'ing. [AS. scrincan.] 1. To 
wrinkle, bend, or curl ; shrivel ; contract in 
compass or extent, as from moisture, heat, or 
cold ; become compacted ; also, fig., to 
be reduced in volume or contracted, as 
trade. 2. To withdraw or retire, as 
from danger; recoil, as in fear, hor- 
ror, or distress. 3. To wince ; flinch. 
Syn. Shrink, flinch, wince, blench, quail. Shrink 
implies an instinctive recoil, as from something painful ; to 
flinch is to swerve or draw back, esp. from lack of firm- 
ness, as from pain ; to wince is to flinch slightly. Blench 
is often equivalent to flinch; it is sometimes used of the 
glance. To quail is to shrink coweringly. 

— v. t. To cause to shrink^ 

— n. Act of shrinking ; shrinkage ; contraction. 
Shrink'age (shrirjk'aj), n. Act or amount of shrinking. 
shrink'er (-er), n. One who shrinks. 

Shrive (shriv), v. t. & i.; pret. shrived (shrivd) or shrove 
(shrov); p. p. shriv'en (shriven) or shrived ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. shriv'ing. [AS. serif an to shrive, impose penance.] 1. 
To hear the confession of ; confess and absolve. 2. To con- 
fess (one's self) and receive absolution ; to make one's con- 
fession ; as, to shrive one's self. 

Shriv'el (shriv' '1), v. i. & t.; -eled (-'Id), -elled ; -el-ing, 
-el-ling. To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles ; shrink in 
corrugations. — Syn. See wither. 

Shroff (shrof), n. [Ar. garraf.] A banker ; money changer ; 
also, a bank expert who tests silver coins. Oriental. 

Shroud (shroud), n. [AS. scrud a garment, clothing.] 1. A 
garment. Obs. 2. Esp., the dress for the dead ; winding 
sheet. 3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud. 4. 
Naut. One of the lateral, supporting ropes leading, usually 
in pairs, from the masthead ; — usually in pi. 

— v. t. 1. To cover with a shroud ; dress for the grave. 2. To 
conceal ; hide ; veil. — v. i. To take shelter. Archaic. 

Shroud'— laid', a. Composed of four strands laid right- 
handed with a heart, or core ; — said of rope. 




Shrimp 
(Crangon vul- 
garis). 



shroud'less, a. Without a shroud, or winding sheet. 

shrove (shrov), pret. of shrive. 

Shrove Sunday. Quinquagesima Sunday. 

Shrove'tide' (shrov'tld'), n. [From shrive + tide."] The 
days (of preparatory confession) immediately before Ash 
Wednesday ; sometimes, Shrove Tuesday. 

Shrove Tuesday. The Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. 

Shrub (shrub), n. [Ar. sharab.] A beverage made from some 
acid fruit juice, as lemon or raspberry, and sugar, some- 
times with spirit, and usually to be diluted before drinking. 

Shrub, n. A wpody-stemmed perennial plant distinguished 
from a tree chiefly by its low stature and by having several or 
many primary stems arising at or near the ground ; a bush. 

Shrub'ber-y (shrflb'er-i), n. ; pi. -beries (-Tz). 1. A growth 
of shrubs ; shrubs collectively. 2. A plantation of shrubs. 

Shrub'by (-T), a.; -bi-er C-T-er) ; -bi-est. Full of shrubs; 
also, of the nature of or like a shrub. — shrub'bi-ness, n. 

shrug (shrug), v. t. & i.; shrugged (shrugd) ; shrug'ging 
(shrug'ing). To draw up or contract (the shoulders), esp. 
in dislike, dread, doubt, etc. — n. Act of shrugging. 

Shrunk (shrunk), pret. & p. p. of shrink. 

shrunk'en (shrunk/'n), p. a . Shriveled ; atrophied. 

shuck (shuk), n. 1. A shell, husk, or pod ; esp., the outer 
covering of a nut. 2. The shell of an oyster or clam. U. S. 

— v. t. To deprive of the shucks. — Shuck'er, n. 
Shud'der (shud'er), v. i. To tremble involuntarily ; shiver ; 

quake, esp. with fear, aversion, or cold. — Syn. See shiv- 
er. — n. Act of shuddering. — shud'der-ing-ly, adv. 
shuffle (shuf'l), v. t.; -fled (-'Id) -fling Gling). [Orig. 
same word as scuffle, and freq. of shove.'] 1. To shove one 
way and another ; push from one to another. 2. To mix or 
rearrange by pushing or shoving, as the cards in a pack. 3. 
To remove or introduce by artificial confusion ; as, she 
shuffled the letter out of sight. 4. To move or perform 
with a shuffle, or dragging gait ; as, to shuffle the feet. — 
v. i. 1. To thrust one's self forward ; shove. 2. To change 
the relative position of cards in a pack. 3. To change posi- 
tion ; shift ground ; equivocate ; cavil. 4. To make shift ; 
proceed awkwardly or with difficulty ; as, to shuffle through 
a task. 5. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner ; scuffle. 

— n. 1. Act of shuffling. 2. A trick ; artifice ; evasion. 3. A 
slovenly, dragging motion or gait ; scuffle. 

shuffle-board' (-bord' ; 57), n. 1. A board on which a cer- 
tain game is played by shoving pieces of metal or money on 
a long table to reach certain marks ; also, the game. 2= 
A similar game played on the deck of a ship. 

Shuffler (-ler), n. 1. One who shuffles. 2. A scaup duck. 

Shu'lam-ite (shoo'lam-Tt), n. [Heb. hashulamith.] Bib. 
The bride in the Song of Solomon. S. of SoL vi. 13. 

Shun (shun), v. t.; shunned (shund) ; shun'ning. [AS. 
scunian.] To avoid ; keep clear of ; escape from ; eschew. 

— Syn. See avoid. — shun'ner, n. 

Shunt (shunt), v. t. [E. dial., to move, push, stand aside, 
fr. ME. shunten to avoid.] 1. To turn to one side ; shift ; 
specif., Chiefly Eng., to switch (a car or train). 2. Elec. 
To provide with, or place on, a shunt. — v. i. To go or 
turn aside or off. 

— n. 1. A shunting. 2. a Railroads. A switch. Chiefly 
Eng. b Elec. A conductor joining two points in a circuit so 
as to form a parallel or derived circuit, as for regulating the 
amount passing in the main circuit. Hence, shunt circuit. 

Shunt'er, n. One who, or that which, shunts. 

Shunt winding. Elec. A winding so arranged as to divide 
the armature current and lead a portion of it around the 
field-magnet coils ; — opposed to series winding. — 
shunt'-wound' (shunt'wound'), a. 

Shut (shut), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. shut ; p. pr. & vb. n. shut'- 
ting. [AS. scyttan to shut or lock up.] 1. To shoot or ad- 
just, as a bolt, so as to fasten. Obs. or Rare. 2. To close so 
as to hinder ingress or egress. 3. To forbid entrance into ; 
bar; as, to shut the ports by a blockade. 4. To preclude ; 
exclude ; as, shut from every shore. 5. To fold together ; 
close up parts of ; as, to shut a book. 

Syn. Close, shut. To close is strictly to stop an opening ; 
to shut is to close, esp. in such a way as to bar ingress or 
egress. Close is the more general, shut, the more direct and 
emphatic, word. 

to shut up. a To close ; as, to shut up the house, b To 
inclose ; confine ; imprison ; as, to shut up a convict. 

— v. i. To close itself ; become closed. 

to shut down, to stop work ; — usually of a factory, etc 

— to shut up, to cease speaking. Colloq. 

— o. 1. Closed or fastened. 2. Rid ; clear ; free ; — used 
with of. Now Dial. Eng. & U. S. 3. Phon. Formed with 
complete closure of the mouth passage, as the stopped con- 
sonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. _ 4. Orthoepy. Cut off 
abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as 
a in cat, i in bit, etc. 

— 7i. 1. Act or time of shutting ; close. 2. The line or place 
of union of two pieces of welded metal. 

Shut'down' (-dounO, 7i. A shutting down ; discontinuance, 
esp. of work in a factory or the like. 









K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections In Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SHUTTER 



894 



SIDE LIGHT 







R 




Shuttle- 
cock. 



Shut'ter (shut'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, shuts or 
closes. 2. A movable cover or screen for a window ; blind. 
3. Photog. A mechanical device attached to a camera for 
opening and closing to expose the plate or film. 4. A re- 
movable cover, lid, slide, or gate for closing an aperture. 

— v. t. To cover or furnish with a shutter or shutters. 

shut'tle (-'1) , n. 1. An instrument used in weaving for shoot- 
ing the woof thread between the warp threads. 2. The slid- 
ing thread holder in a sewing machine ; a rotary or other 
device for a similar purpose. — v. t. & i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; 
-tling (-ling). To move to and fro like a shuttle. 

shut'tle-cock' (-koV), n. A cork, stuck with feathers, to be 
struck by a battledore for sport ; also, the 
sport. — v. t. To send to and fro ; bandy. 

Shy (shi), v. t. & i.; shied (shid) ; shy'ing. To 
throw sidewise with a jerk ; fling. — n. ; pi. 
shies (shlz). 1. A side throw ; fling. 2. Slang 
or Colloq. a A fling ; sneer, b A trial ; try. 

Shy (shi), a. ; shi'er (shi'er) or shy'er ; shi'est 
or shy'est. [AS. sceoh.] 1. Easily frightened ; 
timid. 2. Bashful ; coy. 3. a Disposed to 
avoid a person or thing through caution or timidity ; 
watchful ; as, the boatmen were shy of the rapids, b Wary ; 
suspicious ; distrustful ; as, the baby is shy of dogs. 4. a 
Scant ; very light ; as, that tree is a shy bearer, b Lacking ; 
short ; — sometimes used with on ; as, I am shy on clean 
collars. Slang. C Short ; not having paid ; — used esp. in 
poker. Cant. 

Syn. Shrinking, bashful, diffident, modest, coy, shame- 
faced, demure. — Shy, bashful, diffident, modest, coy 
agree in the idea of sensitiveness to the notice or society of 
others. Shy implies a shrinking (usually manifested by 
reserve) from familiarity or contact with others ; bashful 
implies an instinctive shrinking from public notice, usually 
resulting in awkwardness, and characteristic of childhood. 
Diffident implies a distrust of one's own ability, opinion, 
or powers ; modest denotes an absence of all undue confi- 
dence in one's self or one's powers ; as, slow and diffident ; 
modest confidence. Coy suggests assumed shyness, often 
with the further implication of coquetry. 

— v. i. ; pret. & p. p. shied (shid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. shy'ing. 
To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion ; — 
said esp. of horses. 

— n.; pi. shies (shlz). A sudden start aside. 
shy'er. Var. of shier. 

Shy'lock ( shl'lok ), n. A revengeful, merciless Jewish 
money lender in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice," who 
attempts to exact the forfeit of a pound of Antonio's flesh 
pledged for a loan. See Antonio, Portia. 

Shy'ly, adv. In a shy manner. 

Shy'ness, n. Quality or state of being shy. 

Shy'ster (shl'ster), n. [E. dial., fr. Gael, siostair barrator.] 

I A trickish knave ; esp., a knavish lawyer. U. S. 

si (se). [It.] Music. The seventh of the syllables used in 
solmization ; — applied to the seventh tone of a major scale. 

Si'a-la-gog'ic (sl'd-ld-goj'ik), a. Med. Promoting the flow 
of saliva. — n. A sialagogue. 

Si-al'a-gOgue (sl-al'd-gog), n. [Gr. cla\oi> saliva + d 70765 
leading.] An agent which promotes the flow of saliva. 

Si'a-M (sI'd-lTd), si-al'i-dan (sl-al'i-ddn), a. [Gr. o-iaXfe 
a kind of bird.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a family (Sialidse) of 
neuropterous insects including the hellgramite and allies. 

si'a-loid (sl'd-loid), a. [Gr. aiakov saliva -f- -oid.] Resem- 
bling saliva. 

Si'a-mese' (sl'd-meV; -meV), a. Of or pert, to Siam, its 
native people, or their language. — n. 1. sing. & pi. One 
of the people of Siam ; specif., a member of the dominant 
race of Siam. 2. The language of the Siamese, an Indo- 
Chinese tongue. 

sib (sib), n. [AS. sibb, gesib. See gossip.] A blood rela- 
tion ; kinsman. Now Rare. — a. _ Now Chiefly Scot, or 
Archaic. 1. Related by blood or kinship ; akin. 2. Closely 
related ; allied ; very similar. 

Si-be'ri-an (sl-be'n-dn), a. Of or pert, to Siberia. — n. A 
native or inhabitant of Siberia. 

Sib'i-lant (sib'i-lant), a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibi- 
lare to hiss.] Making, uttered with, or representing a 
hissing sound ; hissing ; as, s, z, sh, and zh represent sibi- 
lant sounds. — n. A sibilant sound or a letter or symbol 
representing one. — sib'i-lance (-ldns), -lan-cy (-ldn-si),w. 

Sib'i-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Utterance with a hissing sound ; 
also, the sound itself ; a hiss. 

sib'yl (sib'il), n. [L. sibylla, Gr. alf3vX\a.] A prophetess ; 
seeress ; esp., Class. Myth., any of a number (said to be 
ten) of prophetesses credited to widely separate parts of 
the ancient world ; as, the Cumaean sibyl who sold the 
Sibylline Books to Tarquin. 

si-byl'ic, Si-byl'lic (si-b'il'ik), a. Sibylline. 

sib'yl-line (sib'i-lln ; -lin), o. 1. Pert, to the sibyls or the 
productions of sibyls. 2. Prophetic ; mysterious ; occult. 
Sibylline Books, Rom. Relig., a collection of Grecian 
oracles said to have been brought from Cumae by a sibyl 
and sold to Tarquinius Superbus. 



SIC (sik), adv. [L.] Thus ; — sometimes inserted [sic] to 
note that an expression, spelling, etc., is just as given. 

Sic'ca-tive (slk'd-tiv), a. _ [L. siccativus.] Drying ; caus- 
ing to dry. — « n. Something that promotes drying ; dryer. 

Si-cil'i-an (si-sil'i-dn ; -ydn), a. Of or pert, to Sicily or its 
inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Sicily. 

Sick (sik), v. t. l.To seek ; chase ; attack ; — said chiefly of 
or to a dog. 2. To incite as a dog ; — used chiefly with on. 

Sick, a. [AS. seoc] 1. Affected with disease ; ill ; indis- 
posed. 2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea ; inclined 
to vomit. 3. Disordered; perturbed; distempered; un- 
sound; as, sick at heart. 4. Depressed and longing for 
something; pining; languishing; — used with for; as, to 
be sick for one's home. 5. Disgusted ; surfeited ; — used 
with of; as, to be sick of flattery. 6. Not in proper or usual 
condition ; impaired ; spoiled ; as, sick wine ; a sick plum- 
age. 7. a Indicative of sickness ; sickly ; as, a sick look. 
Colloq. b Designed for, or put to, the use of a sick person % 
as, a sick bed. 

Syn. Sick, ill have been used, in the best English, with 
little distinction. In Great Britain, usage now tends to con- 
fine sick to the sense of "nauseated." 

sick'en (sik''n), v. t. & i. To make or become sick. 

sick'en-er (sik''n-er), n. Something that tends to sicken. 

sick'en-ing (-Tng), a. Causing sickness ; nauseating. — 
sick'en-ing-ly, adv. 

Sick'ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick, or nauseated. 2. Somewhat 
sickening. — sick'ish-ly, adv. — sick'ish-ness, n. 

sick'le (-'1), n. [AS. sicol, fr. L. secula, fr. secare to cut.] 
1. An agricultural implement consisting 
of a curved metal blade with a handle. 
The blade was formerly often serrate. 2. [cap.'] 
Astron. A group of stars in the constellation Leo. 

sick'le-bill' (-Ml'), n. Any of various birds with a 
strongly curved bill, as a curlew. 

sick'le-pod' (-pod'), n. A kind of rock cress (Arabis 
canadensis) having very long curved pods. 

sick'li-ness (-li-nes), n. Quality or state of being 
sickly. Sickle. 

sick'ly (-li), a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Somewhat sick ; 
disposed to sickness ; habitually ailing ; as, a sickly body. 2. 
Characteristic or indicative of sickness ; as, a sickly com- 
plexion. 3. Marked by or producing disease ; as, a sickly 
climate. 4. a Sickening ; nauseating ; as, sickly smell, b 
Hence : mawkish ; disgusting ; as, sickly sentimentality. 5. 
Appearing as if sick ; languid ; pale. — Syn. Infirm, weak- 
ly, unhealthy. 

— adv. In a sick manner or condition ; ill. 

— v. t. ; sick'lied (sik'lid) ; -ly-ing. To make sickly; — 
usually in p. p. ; as, "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of 
thought." Rare. 

sick'ness, n. 1. Diseased condition ; illness. 2. A malady ; 
disease ; ailment. 3. Nausea ; qualmishness. 

si'da (sl'dd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. <rL5n a kind of plant.] Bot. 
Any of a large genus (Sida) of tropical malvaceous herbs or 
shrubs with, usually, small white or yellow flowers. Some 
species, as the Queensland hemp (Sida rhombifolia), yield 
useful fibers ; most are mucilaginous and afford demulcents. 

side (sTd), n. [AS. side.] 1. The margin, edge, or border of a 
surface ; esp., one of the longer edges as distinguished from 
shorter edges (called ends) ; a bounding line of a geometri- 
cal figure. 2. One of the surfaces that limit a solid, esp. one 
of the longer surfaces ; a face ; as, the side of a box, a plank, 
etc. 3. Any outer portion of a thing considered as having a 
particular aspect ; as, the upper side of a sphere. 4. a A 
longitudinal half of the body, or that which pertains to 
such a half ; as, a side of beef, b The right or left part of 
the trunk of the body. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill. 
6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to 
another or others ; a body of advocates or partisans ; party ; 
hence: the cause which one maintains against another; as, 
he is on our side. 7. A line of descent through one parent ; 
as, the grandfather on one's mother's side. 8. Fig., an 
aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other ; as, 
the bright side of poverty. 9. Naut. The outer surface of 
a ship on either side above the water line. 10. Billiards. 
Sidewise spin imparted to a ball. See English, n. Brit. 
side by side, close together and abreast. 

— a. 1. Of or pert, to a side, or the sides ; lateral. 2. Indi- 
rect ; oblique ; incidental ; as, a side issue. 

— v. i.; sid'ed (sid'ed) ; sid'ing (sld'ing). To embrace the 
opinions, or take the part, of one or of a party as opposed to 
another or others ; — usually used with with. — v. t. To 
put or thrust aside. 

side arms. Mil. & Nav. Weapons worn at the side or in 
the belt, as sword, revolver, bayonet, etc. 

side'board' (sld'bord' ; 57), n. A piece of dining-room fur- 
niture for holding articles of table service. 

side'hilP (-Ml'), n. The side or slope of a hill. U. S. 

side light, a Light from the side ; an incidental illustration. 
b Naut. The red light on the port bow or green light on the 
starboard bow of vessels under way at night. 



ak, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, um, up, ckcus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (ken, thin; na(ure, verdure (S7); 



SIDELING 



895 



SIGNAL 



Side'ling (sid'ling), adv. [side + 2d -ling.'] Sidelong ; lat- 
erally ; obliquely. — a. Inclining to one side ; sloping. 

side'long' (-long' ; 62), adv. [See sideling, adv.'] 1. Later- 
ally ; obliquely. 2. On the side ; as, to lay a thing sidelong. 

— a. Lateral ; oblique ; indirect. 

side'piece 7 (sld'peV), n. A piece forming, or contained in, 
the side of something ; specif., Joinery, the jamb, or cheek, 
of an opening in a wall, as of a door or window. 

sid'er-al (sid'er-al), a. [L. sideralis. See sidereal.] Re- 
lating to the stars ; specif., Astrol., baleful. Rare. 

Si-de're-al (si-de're-al), a. [L. sidereus, fr. sidus, sideris, 
constellation, star.] 1; Relating to the stars or constella- 
tions; starry; astral. 2. Astron. Measured by the appar- 
ent motion of fixed stars ; as, a sidereal day. 
Bidereal day, the interval between two successive transits 
of the first point of Aries over the upper meridian of any 
place. It is equal to 23 h. 56 m. 4.09 s. of mean solar time. 

sid'er-ite (sTd'er-it), n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. ai5r]- 
piT7)s, -pins, of iron, <rL8r)pos iron.] Min. a Formerly, load- 
stone, b Native ferrous carbonate, FeCG"3, a valuable ore 
usually light yellowish brown in color. — sid'er-it'ic, a. 

sid'er-o-lite' (-6-11 t'), n. [Gr. aiSvpos iron + -lite.] A kind 
of meteorite. See meteorite. 

sid'er-o-stat' (-staV), n. [L. sidus, -deris, star + Gr. 
(ttcitos standing, fixed, larkvai to place.] A stron. An axially 
mounted mirror moved by clockwork, to reflect the rays of a 
body in a constant direction. Stat'ic (-stat'ik), a. 

side'sad/dle (sid'sad''!), «. A woman's saddle on which the 
rider sits with both feet on the same side of the horse. 

side Step. A step aside, as, in boxing, to avoid a blow. 

side'step', v. i. To take a side step. — v. t. To avoid, as a 
blow. Both Colloq., and often Fig. 

side'track' (sld'trak'), v. t. 1. Railroads. To transfer to a 
siding from a main line. 2. Hence : to switch off ; turn aside, 
as from a purpose. Colloq. — n. Railroads. A siding. 

side'walk' (-wok 7 ), n. A walk for foot passengers at the 
side of a street or road ; foot pavement. 

side'ways' (-wazy, side'way' (-wa'), adv. Sidewise. 

side'wise' (-wiz'), adv. On or toward one side ; laterally. 

sid'ing (sid'ing), n. 1. Railroads. A short track connected 
with themain track ; a sidetrack. 2. Carp. The covering of 
the outside wall of a frame house ; also, in general, dressed 
lumber for this purpose. U. S. 

si'dle (sl'd'l), v. i. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To go or 
move with one side foremost ; move sidewise. 

Si-do'ni-an (sl-do'ni-an), a. Of or pert, to Sidon, an an- 
cient seaport of Phoenicia. — to. An inhabitant of Sidon. 

Siege (sej), n. [OF. siege, F. siege a seat, a siege, deriv. of 
L. sedere to sit.] 1. A seat ; esp., a throne. Archaic. 2. 
Obs. a Place or situation ; seat, b Rank ; grade. 3. a The 
besetting of a fortified place by an army ; the act of besieg- 
ing, or the state of being besieged, b Hence, a continued at- 
tempt to gain possession. — Syn. See blockade. — v. t. ; 
sieged (sejd) ; sieg'ing. To besiege ; beset. Now Rare. 

Sieg'fried (seg'fred ; G. zeK'fret), to. [G.] Ger. Myth. A 
hero who wins the hoard and ring of the Nibelungs, a magic 
sword, and a cap (or cloak) that renders the wearer invisi- 
ble. He slays a dragon and makes himself invulnerable 
(except between the shoulders) by bathing in its blood. 
Wagner makes Siegfried release from enchantment and 
wed Brunnehilde before he falls in love with Gutrune, 
Gunther's sister. See Brunhild, Hagen, Kriemhild. 

Sie'mens process. See open-hearth. 

si'e-nite (sJ'J-nlt), si'e-nit'ic. Vars. of syenite, syenitic. 

si-en'na (si-en'd), n. [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena in Italy.] 
An earthy substance, brownish yellow when raw, and orange- 
red or reddish brown when burnt, much used as a pigment. 
It owes its color to oxides of iron and, usually, manganese. 

si-er'ra (-er'a), n. [Sp., prop., a saw, L. serra saw.] 1. A 
range of mountains or hills rising in peaks or crags, giving 
it a serrated or irregular outline. 2. The pintado (fish). 

Si-es'ta (sT-es'td), n. [Sp.] A midday or after-dinner nap. 

Ilsieur (syur), n. [F., fr. seigneur.] Sir; — a title of re- 
spect used, esp. formerly, by the French. 

sieve (siv), n. [AS. sife.] A utensil with meshes for sepa- 
rating the coarser particles of a substance 
from the finer ones. — v. t . & i. ; sieved 
(sivd) ; siev'ing (siv'ing). To sift. 

Sieve tube. Bot. A tube or vessel consisting 
of elongated cells (sieve cells) placed end 
to end, the walls between ( sieve plates) be- A form of Sieve, 
ing perforated to allow passage of food solutions. With 
adjacent cells they form sieve tissue. See phloem. 

sif'fle (sif'l), n. [F. siffler to whistle.] Med. A sibilant rale. 

Sift (sift), v. t. [AS. sifian.] 1. To separate with or as with 
a sieve, as fine particles from coarse. 2. To pass through or 
as through a sieve. _ 3. To examine critically or minutely so 
as to know or eliminate one element from another ; as, to 
sift evidence. — sift'er, n. 

Sigh (si), y. i. 1. To make a deep, audible respiration, esp. 
from fatigue, grief, sorrow, etc. 2. Hence: to lament; 
grieve ; yearn ; — often used with for ; as, to sigh for past 




joys. 3. To make a sound like sighing, as wind ; sough. — 
v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs. 2. To express by 
sighs ; as, to sigh out one's grief. — n. Act of sighing. — 
sigh'er, n. 
sight (sit), to. [AS. gesiht, gesihS.] 1. Power of seeing; 
faculty of vision. 2. Act of seeing ; perception of objects by 
the eyes ; view 3. That which is seen ; specif. : a A view ; 
esp. a spectacle ; a show ; something worth seeing, b Some- 
thing odd, ludicrous, or the like; as, her hat was a sight. 
Colloq. 4. Visibility ; open view ; range of vision ; as, with- 
in sight . 5. a Inspection ; as, a note intended for your sight 
only, b Insight ; opportunity for investigation ; as, to get a 
sight into a business. 6. Mental view ; opinion ; judgment ; 
as, that was wrong in my sight. 7. A device, as a point, to 
guide the eye, as in aiming a'firearm. 8. An aim or observa- 
tion taken by means of a sight or sights. 9. A great number, 
quantity, or sum ; as, a sight of money. Colloq. 
at sight, as soon as seen or presented to sight ; as, a draft 
payable at sight ; he reads Greek at sight. 

— v. t. 1. To get sight of ; see ; as to sight land. 2. To look 
at through or as through a sight ; look at with care ; as, to 
sight an object. 3. To direct by means of a sight or sights ; 
as, to sight a rifle. 4. To equip with sights ; adjust the 
sights of. — v. i. 1. To take aim by a sight. 2. To look 
carefully in a given direction. 

sight'hole' (slt'hol'), n. A peephole. 

sight'less, o. 1. Wanting sight ; blind. 2. Invisible. Rare. 

sight'ly, a. 1. Pleasing the sight ; comely. 2. Affording a 

fine view ; as, a sightly eminence. Colloq. — sight'li-ness,n. 

sight'— see'ing, a. Engaged in, or devoted to, seeing sights. 

— n. Act of seeing sights. — sight'— se'er (-se'er), to. 
sig'il (slj'il), to. [L. sigillum a seal.] Arcliaic. a A seal ; 

signature, b A sign or mark, in astrology or magic. _ 

sig'il-late (sij'T-lat), a. [L. sigillatus with little images.] 
1. Decorated by means of stamps, as pottery. 2. Bot. 
Marked with seal-like impressions. 

sig'il-la'tion (-la'shim), to. 1. Decoration, as of pottery, by 
means of stamps. 2. The mark of a cicatrix. 

Sig'ma (sig'md), to. [Gr. alyua.] The 18th letter [2, a, s] 
of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English S, s. 

sig'mate (-mat), a % [From sigma.] Having the shape or 
form of the Greek sigma or the letter S. 

sig'moid (sTg'moid), a. [Gr. aiyp.oeih-})s ; alyp.a sigma + 
eI5os form.] 1. Curved like the letter S, or Greek s. 2. 
Anat. Pert, to the sigmoid flexure of the intestine, as the 
sigmoid artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric. 
sigmoid flexure, an S-shaped curve, as in the neck of a 
bird or turtle ; specif., Anat., the contracted and crooked 
part of the intestine between the colon and the rectum. 

Sign (sin), n. [F. signe, L. signum.] 1. That by which 
anything is represented ; a mark ; token ; type. 2. An event 
considered as showing the will of a god or of God ; a miracle ; 
wonder. 3. An action or gesture expressive of a thought, 
command, or wish. 4. A lettered board, or the like, placed 
on or before a building, shop, or office to advertise a busi- 
ness, etc. 5. Astron. One of the 12 divisions of the ecliptic 
or zodiac (see table, below). Their names were orig. the 
names of the constellations in the several divisions of the 
zodiac ; now, owing to precession of the equinoxes, the con- 
stellation Aries is in the sign Taurus, Taurus in Gemini, etc. 



NAME &. SYMBOL 



Aries, Ram f 
Taurus, Bull 'tf 
Gemini, Twins J( 
Cancer, Crab @ 
Leo, Lion Q 

Virgo, Virgin TXP 
Libra, Balance — 



SUN EN- 
TERS* 



Mar. 21| 
Apr. 20, 
May 20: 
June 21 
July 22 
Aug. 22, 
Sept. 22 ! 



NAME &. SYMBOL 



TERS' 



Scorpio, Hi Oct. 23 

Scorpion 
9 Sagittarius, /Nov. 23 

| Archer 
10 Capricornus, ^iDec. 21 

| Goat 
lliAquarius, s» Jan. 20 

Water Bearer 
12lPisces, Fishes X Feb. 19 



* Approximately. 
6. Math. A character indicating the relation of quanti- 
ties, or an operation performed on them ; as, the sig?is +, 
— , -j-, etc.; also, an abbreviation or conventional mark 
having a fixed meaning ; as, the integral sign f, the radical 
sign y/, the derivative sign D. 7. Med. An objective evi- 
dence of disease ; that is, one appreciable by some one 
other than the patient. 8. Music. Any character, as a flat, 
sharp, dot, etc. 9. Hunting. A trace ; spoor ; as, a bear 
sign. U. S. 

sign manual, an autograph signature ; specif., the official 
signature of a sovereign, chief magistrate, or the like, to an 
official document, as letters patent, .to give validity. 

— v. t. 1. To mark with a sign, esp. the sign of the cross. Ar- 
chaic. 2. To represent by a sign ; signify. 3. To affix a sig- 
nature to. 4. To assign or convey formally ; — usually used 
with away. 5. To engage by securing the signature of. — 
v. i. 1. To make a sign or signal. 2. To write one's name, 
esp. in token of assent or obligation ; — often, Colloq., used 
with off; as, to sign off, that is, to relinquish one's claims. 

Sig'nal (sig'nal), to. _ [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum 
sign.] 1. A token ; sign. Obs. 2. A sign made to give notice 



i 



, 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



SIGNALER 



896 



SILICON 







R 



of something, as of a command or danger; as, a signal to 
fire. 3. a A sign, event, or watchword agreed upon as the 
occasion of concerted action, b That which incites to action. 

— a. Noticeable ; extraordinary ; as, a signal exploit. — 
Syn. Eminent, remarkable, memorable, notable. striking s 
conspicuous. See prominent. 

—v. t. & i.; -naled (-nald) or-NALLED; -nal-ing or -nail- 
ling. 1. To communicate by signals. 2. To notify by a 
signal or signals. — sig'nal-er, sig'nal-ler (sTg'ndl-er), n. 

Sig'nal-ize (-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing. 1. To make sig- 
nal, or noteworthy. 2. To point out carefully or distinctly. 

sig'nal-ly, adv. In a signal manner ; eminently. 

sig'nal-man (-man), n. A man whose business is to manage 
or display signals. 

sig'nal-ment (-ment), n. [F. signalement.~] Description 
by peculiar, appropriate, or characteristic marks. 

sig'nate (sTg'nat), a. [L. signatus, p. p. of signare to 
mark.] Zo'dl. Having markings like letters. 

sig'na-to-ry (sTg'nd-to-n), a. Signing ; joining in a signa- 
ture. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A signer ; subscriber. 

Sig'na-ture (-tur), n. [F. signature or LL. signatura, fr. 
L. signare to mark, mark out.] 1. A person's name written 
with his own hand ; autograph. 2. Music, a The sign (one 
or more sharps or flats) placed after the clef at the begin- 
ning of a staff to designate the key when this is not C. b A 
sign placed after the key signature to indicate the time. 3. 
Print, a A letter or figure at the bottom of the first page of 
each sheet of a book, etc., to direct the binder in arranging 
the sheets, b The printed sheet so marked, or the form from 
which it is printed. 4. Pharm. That part of a prescription 
giving the directions, usually prefaced by S or Sig. (abbrev. 
of Latin signa, imperative of signare, to sign or mark). 

sign'board' (sln'bord' ; 57), n. A board for or bearing a 
notice or sign. 

sign'er (sln'er), n. One who signs. 

Sig'net (sTg'net), n. [OF.] A seal, esp. : a In England, the 
seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and cer- 
tain grants, b Impression made by or as by a seal, or signet. 

sig-nif'i-cance (sig-niPI-kdns), n. 1. Quality or state of 
being significant ; expressiveness. 2. That which is signi- 
fied ; meaning ; as, the significance of a gesture, word, look, 
nod, etc. 3. Quality of being important; importance; 
weight ; consequence. — Syn. See meaning. 

oig-nif'i-can-cy (-kan-sT), n. Significance. 

Sig-nif'i-cant (-kant), a. _ [L. significans, -antis, p. pr.] 
1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known something ; 
having a meaning. 2. Suggesting or containing some covert 
or special meaning ; expressive or suggestive ; as, a signifi- 
cant look, circumstance. 3. Important ; momentous. 
Syn. Significant, expressive. That is significant which 
has meaning, or (esp.) which hints or suggests some special 
import ; that is expressive which is characterized by (often 
vivid) expression. 

— n. That which has significance ; sign ; token. Rare. 

Sig-nif'i-cant-ly, adv. In a significant manner. 

Sig'ni-fi-ca'tion (sig'ni-fi-ka'shim), n. 1. Act of signify- 
ing ; a making known by signs or other means. 2. That 
which is signified ; meaning of a sign, character, etc. — 
Syn. See meaning. 

sig-nif'i-ca-tive (sTg-mPi-kd-tiv ; -kS-tiv), a. Significant. 

Sig-nif'i-C-a'tor (-ka'ter), n. That which signifies ; specif., 
Astrol., a planet that rules a house. [nines. 

Sig'ni-fPer (sTg'ni-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, sig-| 

Sig'ni-fy (sig'm-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. signi- 
fier, L. significare ; signum sign + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] 1. To show by a sign ; communicate by words, ges- 
tures, or the like ; make known ; express. 2. To mean ; im- 
port; as, it signifies little. — Syn. Manifest, declare, in- 
timate, denote, mean. — v. i. To have meaning ; matter ; 
as, it does not signify, i. e., it is of no moment. 

Si'gnior (sen'yer), n. Sir ; Mr. ; — English form of the Ital- 
ian signor and the Spanish senor. 

|| si'gnor (se'nyor), n. [It.] 1. See signore. 2. A lord or 
gentleman, esp. an Italian of distinction or rank. 

|| si-gno'ra (se-nyo'ra), n. ; pi. -re (-ra). [It.] A title of ad- 
dress or respect among Italians corresponding to the Eng- 
lish Madam or Mrs. 

I sl-gno're (se-nyo'ra), n. ; pi. -ri (-re). [It.] A title of ad- 
dress or respect among Italians corresponding to the Eng- 
lish Sir or Mr. When used before a person's name the form 
is signor. [Miss.l 

|| si'gno-rPna (se'nyS-re'mQ.n.; pi. signorine (-na). [It.]| 

I si'gno-ri'no (-no), n.; pi. signorini (-ne). [It.] Young 
gentleman ; master ; — a diminutive of signore. 

Sl'gno-ry (se'nyo-rY). Var. of seigniory. [post.l 

sign'post' (sln'post/), n. A post for a sign or signs ; guide-| 

SPgurd (ze'goort), n. [Icel. Sigur8r.~\ See Brynhild, 
Fafnir. 

Sikh (sek), n. [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] An ad- 
herent of Sikhism. — Sikh, o. 

Sikh'ism (-iz'm), n. The tenets and practices of a Hindu 
sect founded by Nanak Shah about A. d. 1500 in the 



Punjab. It involves belief in one god, abolishes caste dis- 
tinctions, and refuses to recognize Brahmanical supremacy. 

si'lage (sI1£j), n. Agric. Fodder, usually finely cut, pre- 
served by compressing it white green in a silo, pit, or stack. 

Si'le-na'ceous (sl'le-na'srms), a. [From Silene, the type 
genus.] Bot. Belonging to a family {Silenacese) of herbs, 
the pink family, having stems usually swollen at the joints, 
and including the pinks, chickweed, sweet William, etc. 

Si'lence (sl'lens), n. [F., fr. L. silentium. See silent.] 

1. State of keeping or being silent ; forbearance from speech 
or other noise ; muteness. 2. Absence of mention ; as : a 
Oblivion ; obscurity, b Secrecy ; failure to make something 
known. 3. Absence of sound or noise ; absolute or general 
stillness ; as, the silence of night. 

— inter j. Be silent ! 

— v. t.; -lenced (sl'lenst); -lenc-ing (-len-smg). 1. Tc 
compel to silence ; stop the noise of. 2. Mil. To cause to 
cease hostile firing, esp. by return fire ; as, to silence the 
batteries of an enemy. 3. To put to rest ; quiet ; as, to si- 
lence opposition. 

sPlenc-er (-12n-ser), n. One who, or that which, silences ; 
as : a The muffler of an internal-combustion engine, b Any 
of various devices to silence the humming of telegraph 
wires. C A device for silencing the report of a firearm. 

EPlent (sl'lent), a. [L. silens, -entis, p. pr. of silere to be 
silent.] 1. Making no utterance ; mute ; taciturn. 2. Free 
from sound or noise ; perfectly quiet ; still ; as, a silent 
room. 3. a Unuttered ; unexpressed ; as, silent grief, b 
Pron. Not pronounced, as e in fire. 

Syn. Silent, taciturn, reticent, reserved. Silent may 
imply either a transient state or a characterizing quality ; 
taciturn suggests habitual disinclination to speech. One 
is reticent who is disposed to keep one's own counsel ; re- 
served often adds to reticent the implication of restraint of 
manner. See noiseless, still. 

silent partner, one who has no voice in the firm's busi- 
ness as between the partners. 

Si-len'ti-a^ry (sl-len'shi-a-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. 
silentiarius.2 1. One appointed to keep silence and order. 

2. A Byzantine court officer, appointed originally to pre- 
serve silence, but often acting as a confidential adviser or 
envoy in matters of state. 

si'lent-ly, adv. In a silent manner. 

si'lent-ness, n. State or condition of being silent ; silence. 

si-le'nus (sl-le'nus), n.; pi. -ni (-nl). Also sei-le'nos 
(sl-le'nos). [L. Silenus, fr. Gr. SetX^os.] Gr. Myth. One 
of a type of woodland deities related to the satyrs and cen- 
taurs, and represented as part horse or part goat. Silenus 
viewed as an individual \_cap.~] is son of Hermes, or of Pan, 
and fosterer and companion of Bacchus. He is represented 
as old, short, stout, and bald-headed, with full beard and 
flat nose, and, commonly, as tipsy. 

si-le'si-a (si-le'shi-d ; -shd), n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, 
orig. from Silesia, in Prussia. 2. A twilled cotton fabric. 

si'lex (sl'leks), n. [L., flint, pebblestone.] Silica, esp. in 
the form of quartz, etc. 

SiPhou-ette' (sil'66-et'), n. [F., after Etienne de Sil- 
houette (1709-67), French politician.] An 
outline figure of an object filled in, usually 
with black ; a profile of this kind, as in a 
shadow, — v.t.; -et'ted (-et'ed) -et'ting. 
To represent by, or project upon a back- 
ground so as to form, a silhouette; — 
used chiefly in p. p. 

siPi-ca (sil'i-kd), n. [NL., fr. L. silex, si- 
licis, el flint.] Chem. Silicon dioxide, Si02, 
occurring naturally as quartz and opal. Silhouette. 

siPi-cate (-k£t), n. Chem. A salt or ester of any of the 
silicic acids. 

si-li'ceous (sT-lish'us), a. [L. siliceus."] 1. Pertaining to, 
containing, or like, flint or silica. 2. Phytogeog. Growing 
in a soil composed largely of silica. 

si-lic'ic (-lis'ik), a. Chem. Pert, to, derived from, or con- 
taining, silica or silicon. 

siPi-cide (sTl'I-sid ; -sid), n. Chem. A compound of silicon 
with another element or with an equivalent radical. 

SiPi-ciPer-OUS (sTl'i-sTf'er-iis), a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint 
+ -ferousJ] Producing, containing, or united with, silica. 

si-lic'i-fy (si-lis'i-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. silex, 
silicis, a flint + -fy-1 To convert into, or to impregnate 
with, silica. — si-licl-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'sh&n), n. 
silicifled wood, wood the material of which has been re- 
placed by some variety of quartz. 

si-lPcious (si-lish'us), a. Siliceous. 

si-lPci-um (si-lish'i-iim ; si-lis'-), n. [NL.] Silicon. 

siPi-cle (siPi-k'l), n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua pod.] 
A silique broader than it is long. See fruit, Illust. 

siPi-con (siPI-kon), n. [See silica.] A nonmetallic element 
occurring abundantly (always combined) in nature, being, 
next to oxygen, the chief elementary constituent of the 
earth's crust ; — called also silicium. Symbol, Si; at. wt., 
28.3. It forms grayish white metallic-looking masses, and 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SILICULOSE 



897 



SIMILAR 



It 




Silkworm (Bombyx mori) . a 
Larva ; b Pupa ; c Adult 
Female ; d Adult Male. 

The basis or foundation of a 



is used in making steel as a deoxidizer and hardener, 
melts at 1430° C. and can be cast like iron. 
Si-lic'u-lose (sl-lik'u-los), a. Bot. a Bearing silkies, b Of 

the form or appearance of a silicle. 
Si-lique' (si-lek' ; sll'Ik), to. [F., fr. L. siliqua pod.] Bot. 
A narrow many-seeded fruit, characteristic of the cress 
family, having two valves with a false partition, and open- 
ing by marginal sutures. See fruit, Illust. 

Sil'i-quose (sll'i-kwos), a. Bot. Bearing siliques. 

Silk (silk), to. [AS. seolc, seoloc] 1. The fine, strong, lus- 
trous fiber produced by various insect larvae, usually to form 
a nest, or cocoon ; esp., that of certain caterpillars (the silk- 
worms), used for weaving into fabrics. 2. Thread or cloth 
made of the above material. 3. The silklike thread or fiber 
produced by some other animal, as by certain spiders or 
mollusks. 4. Something resembling silk, as the silky styles 
on an ear of Indian corn. 

— v. i. To blossom ; — said of maize. Colloq. 

silk'a-line' \ (sTl'kd-len'), n. A soft, thin cotton fabric, hav- 

silk'a-lene'J ing a smooth finish resembling silk. 

Silk cotton. A cottony substance enveloping the seeds of 
any of various bombacaceous trees (the silk-cotton 
trees), specif, that of either of two West Indian species 
(Ceiba pentandra and Ochroma lagopus). 

silk'en (sll'k'n), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or made of, silk. 2. Re- 
sembling silk ; silky ; hence : soft ; delicate ; tender ; smooth. 
3. Dressed in silk ; hence, luxurious. 

silk'i-ness (siFki-nSs), to. Quality or state of being silky. 

Silk'-Stock'ing, a. Wearing silk stockings ; hence : ele- 
gantly or richly dressed ; luxurious ; aristocratic. — n. A 
luxurious person ; an aristocrat. 

silk'weed' (-wed'), to. = milkweed. 

silk'worm' (sllk'wurm'), to. The larva of any of certain 
moths which spins a strong 
silk in forming its cocoon. 
The common silkworm is the 
larva of a bombycid moth 
{Bombyx mori). 

silk'y (sil'ki), a.; silk'i-eb. 
(-kl-er) ;-i-est. 1. Of, pert, 
to, or like, silk; silken; 
hence, soft and smooth. 2. 
Covered with soft appressed 
hairs, as a leaf. 

Sill (sll), to. [AS. syl, syll.] 
thing; esp., a horizontal piece, as a timber, forming the 
lowest member of a frame or supporting a structure ; 
as, the sill or sills of a house, of a bridge, etc. ; hence : a 
The timber or stone at the foot of a door ; the threshold. 
D The timber or stone supporting, or forming the lowest 
piece in, a window frame. 

Sil'la-bub (sil'd-bub), to. A dish made by mixing wine or 
cider with milk, forming a soft curd ; also, sweetened cream 
flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. 

sil.'li-ly (-1-11), adv. In a silly manner. 

sil'li-ness, to. Quality of being silly ; foolishness. 

sil'ly (sll'i), a. ; -li-er (-i-er) ; -li-est. [AS. sselig, gesxlig, 
happy, good, sxl good fortune, happiness.] 1. Harmless; 
innocent. Obs. 2. Weak ; feeble. 06s. or Scot. 3. Rus- 
tic ; simple ; humble. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 4. a Weak in 
intellect ; foolish ; witless ; simple, b Imbecile ; senile. Scot. 
& Dial. Eng. 5. Proceeding from, or characterized by, 
weakness or folly ; unwise ; absurd ; stupid ; as, silly con- 
duct ; a silly question. — Syn. See foolish. 

si'lo (si'lo), to.; pi. -los (-loz). [Sp., fr. L. sirus.] Agric. 
A pit or vat for green fodder to be converted into y\ 
silage. — v.t.; si'loed (-lod) ; -lo-ing. Agric. ' flj ' 
To place in a silo ; ensile. HI 

Si-lo'am (si-lo'dm),?^ Bib. A pool near 
Jerusalem. See John ix. 7. 

Silt (silt), to. [ME. cylle gravel.] Mud or 
fine earth suspended in water ; a deposit of 
such mud or earth. — v.t. & i. To choke, 
fill, or obstruct with silt. 

silt'y (sil'ti), a.;_-Ti-ER (-I-er); -ti-est. 
Full of or resembling silt. 

Si-lun'dum(si-lun'dum), to. [Trade name.] 
A very hard form of silicon carbide, pro- 
duced in the electric furnace, having high 
electrical resistance. 

Sil'u-res (sll'u-rez), to. pi. [L.] A people 
of Britain, described by Tacitus as occupy- One ^ form of 
ing chiefly southern Wales, and supposedly Silo; partly in 
of Iberian origin. section. 

Si-lu'ri-an (si-lu'ri-dn ; si-), a. _ 1. Of or pert, to the Silures. 
2. [So called because first applied to a series of rocks found 

. in the region once inhabited by the Silures.'] Geol. Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, the Paleozoic period between the Ordo- 
vician and Devonian, marked by coral-reef building and the 
appearance of great crustaceans. The Silurian system, as 
originally named, was divided into the Lower Silurian, 




now generally called Ordovician, and the Upper Silurian, 
now called simply Silurian. 

— n. The Silurian period or system. 

si-lu'rid (-rid), a. [L. silurus a sort of river fish, Gr. 
aiXovpos.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a large family (Siluridas) of 
fishes, the catfishes, mostly voracious fresh-water carnivores, 
generally lurking on or near the bottom. — n. A silurid fish. 

si-lu'roid (-roid), a. Zo'ol. Belonging or related to the cat- 
fishes (Siluridse). — n. A siluroid fish. 

Sil'va, syl'va (sil'vd), n.; pi. E. -vas (-vdz), L. -vs. (-ve). 
[L., prop., a wood, forest.] 1. The forest trees of a region 
collectively. 2. A description of the trees of a region. 

sil'van, syVvan (-van), a. [L. silva, less correctly sylva, 
a wood, grove.] Of or pert, to woods ; composed of woods 
or groves ; woody ; hence : rural ; rustic. 

Sil-va'nus (sll-va'nus), to. [L. See silvan.] Roman Relig. 
A rural deity, a genius of the woods, fields, flocks, and 
homes of herdsmen. He is represented as a cheerful old 
man, often holding a shepherd's pipe, pine-crowned, and 
carrying a branch or a gardener's knife. 

sil'ver (sll'ver), to. [AS. seolfor.] 1. A white metal, sono- 
rous, ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high polish. 
Symbol, Ag (argentum.) ; at. wt., 107.88. 2. Coin made of 
silver ; silver money. 3. Silverware ; an article, or articles 
collectively, made of, or plated with, silver. 4. a Some- 
thing resembling silver, b The color of silver. 

— a. 1. Made of silver. _ 2. Resembling silver; silvery j 
white. 3. Giving a clear, ringing sound ; soft and clear. 4. 
Of or pert, to silver. 

silver age. a Classical Myth. The second age of the world, 
in which men gave themselves up to luxury and pride, and 
lost the patriarchal simplicity of the golden age. b Latin 
Lit. The latter part of the classical period (A. D. 14-180), 
in which Tacitus, Martial, Juvenal, the two Plinys, and 
others wrote. — s.-bell tree, the snowdrop tree. — s. ni- 
trate, a salt got by dissolving silver in nitric acid and 
evaporating. See lunar caustic. — s. wedding. See 

WEDDING. 

— v . t. 1. To coat with silver, as by electroplating. 2. To 
coat with a substance like silver ; as, to silver a mirror. 3. 
To polish like silver ; make hoary or white like silver. 4. 
Photog. To cover with a sensitive layer of a silver salt. 

— v. i. To acquire a silvery color. — sil'ver-er (-er), to. 
sil'ver-ber'ry (-ber'i), to. A western American tree or shrub 

(Elseagnus argentea) having silvery foliage and silvery 
edible berries. 

silver certificate. A certificate issued by a government 
that there has been deposited with it silver to a specified 
amount, payable to the bearer on demand. In the United 
States and its possessions, it is issued against the deposit 
of silver coin, and is not legal tender, but is receivable for 
customs, taxes, and all public dues. 

sil'ver-fish' (-fish'), to. Any of various silvery fishes : a The 
tarpon, b A silvery variety of goldfish, c A silversides. d A 
North American cyprinoid fish (Abramis chrysoleucus). 

Sil'ver-i-ness (-i-nes), to. Quality or state of being silvery. 

Sil'ver-ing, to. Act or process of covering with a film of 
silver ; also, the film so laid on ; silvery appearance. 

sil'ver-ly, adv. Like silver in appearance or in sound. 

sil'vern (-vera), a. Of or like silver ; silvery. Poetic. 

sil'ver -sides' (-ver-sldz'), sil'ver-side' (-sid'), to. 1. Any of 
certain small fishes (family Atheridse, esp. Menidia nota- 
ta) related to the gray mullets, with a silvery stripe on each 
side. 2. Any of various fresh-water minnows. 

sil'ver-smitb/ (-smith'), to. A worker in silver. 

sil'ver-ware' (-war'), to. Silver dishes, vases, utensils, etc. 

sil'ver-weed' (-wed'), to. A rosaceous herb (Potentilla 
anserina) with pinnate leaves silvery white beneath. 

sil'ver-y (-1), a. 1. Resembling silver ; grayish white and 
lustrous ; as, silvery locks. 2. Covered with silver. 3. Soft 
and clear in sound ; as, a silvery laugh. 

Sil'vi-CUl'ture (sil'vi-kul'tur), to. [L. silva forest + E. 
culture.'] The branch of arboriculture dealing with forests 
or forest trees. CUl'tur-al (-tur-dl), a. tur-ist, to. 

Si-mar' (si-mar'), to. [F. simarre. See chimer.] A loose 
garment or robe for women. Archaic or Rare. 

Sim'a-rou'ba (sim'd-rob'bd), n. [NL., fr. Carib (in 
Guiana) simaruba.] Bot. Any of a genus (Simarouba) of 
tropical American trees, having bitter bark, used as a tonic, 
and drupaceous fruit ; also, the bark. 

si'ma-rou-ba'ceous (-rob-ba'shus), a. [See simarouba.] 
Bot. Belonging to a family (Simaroubacese) of chiefly 
tropical trees and shrubs having bitter bark, mainly pin- 
nate leaves, and small flowers. The fruit is a drupe, a 
samara, or a berry. 

Sim'e-on (sim'e-3n), to. [L., fr. Heb. Shim'on.j Bib. 1. 
The second son of Jacob and Leah. 2. A devout man who, 
seeing the infant Jesus, uttered the song Nunc Dimittis. 
Luke ii. 25-35. 

sim'i-an (-i-an), a. [L. simia an ape.] Resembling, or 
pert, to, the apes and monkeys ; apelike. — to. Any monkey 
or ape, esp. an anthropoid ape. # p m 

sim'l-lar (-ldr), a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, sum- 



< 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explana tions of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, j| Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals, 



N 



SIMILARITY 



898 



SINEW 







R 



lar.] 1. Nearly corresponding ; having a general likeness. 
2. Geom. Having the same shape, differing only in size and 
position ; — used of figures. — sim'i-lar-ly, adv. 

Sim'i-lar'i-ty (-l-lar'i-tf), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being similar ; likeness ; hence, a point in which 
things are similar. — Syn. See resemblance. 

sim'i-le (sim'i-le), n. ; pi. -les (-lez). [L.] Rhet. A figure of 
speech which likens, or draws on explicit comparison be- 
tween, two different things in one or more aspects ; an imagi- 
native comparison. — Syn. See comparison. 

Si-mil'i-tude (si-mil'T-tud), n. [F. similitude, L. simili- 
tudo.~] 1. Quality or state of being similar ; similarity ; like- 
ness. 2. A comparison or likening of one thing to another ; 
also, the expression making the comparison ; hence : a For- 
merly, a simile, b Now, chiefly in Biblical use, a parable or 
allegory. 3. That which is similar ; a copy ; facsimile ; also, 
the form or likeness of something. 

Sim'i-ous (sim'I-ws), a. [L. simia an ape.] Simian. 

sim'mer (sim'er), v. i. & t. To boil gently ; be on the point 
of boiling ; cook in liquid heated almost or just to boiling. 

Si'mon_(si'm5n), n. Bib. See Peter. 

Sim/o-ni'a-cal (sTm'6-ni'd-kdl), a. Of, pertaining to, guilty 
of, or consisting of, simony. — sim'o-ni'a-cal-ly, adv. 

Si : mo'ni-an (sI-mo'nT-an), n. Eccl. Hist. A follower of 
Simon Magus ; a member of any of certain early heretical 
sects, esp. Gnostics, reputed to follow his teachings. 

Si'mon Ma'gUS (sl'mon ma'gws). [L. magus magician.] 
Bib. A sorcerer, converted by Philip {Acts viii. 9-24) and 
rebuked by Peter for trying to purchase the power of giving 
the Holy Ghost. [real ; authentic. Colloq.\ 

Si'mon-pure', a. [See Pure, Simon.] Genuine ; true ;| 

sim'O-ny (sTm'6-m), n. [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. 
Simon. See Simon Magus.] Traffic in what is sacred ; the 
crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 

si-moom' (si-moom'), n. Also si-moon' (-moon'). [Ar. 
samum, fr. samma to poison.] A hot, dry, violent, dust- 
laden wind that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, etc. 

Sim'per (sim'per), v. i. To smile in a silly manner. 
Syn. Simper, smirk. To simper is to smile in an af- 
fected or languishing manner ; smirk implies esp. self- 
complacency or conceit. 

— n. A silly smile ; smirk. — sim'per-ing-ly, adv. 
Sim'ple (-p'l), a.; -pler (-pier); -plest. [F., fr. L. sim- 

plus, or simplex.] 1. Single ; uncompounded ; uncom- 
bined ; elementary ; — opp. to compound; specif. : a Bot. 
Without subdivision or branches ; having only one blade, 
or not compound, as a leaf, b Chem. Elementary, c Zo'dl. 
Consisting_ of a single individual. 2. Free from intricacy ; 
not complicated or involved ; as, a simple machine ; easy 
to understand or solve ; plain ; as, simple language. 3. Un- 
adorned ; plain ; not luxurious ; as, simple dress ; simple 
diet. 4. Of low degree ; humble ; as, simple villagers. 5. 
a Not given to artifice ; undesigning ; sincere, b Artless ; 
unaffected; straightforward; as, simple manners. 6. a 
Ignorant ; of but moderate understanding ; hence : weak 
in intellect ; foolish ; silly, b Proceeding from ignorance, 
weakness of mind, etc. ; as, a simple reply. 7. Insignifi- 
cant ; of small value ; trifling ; unimportant. 8. Mere ; 
not other than ; as, the simple truth. 
Syn. Simple, innocent, artless, naive, unsophisti- 
cated. Simple implies esp. lack of art or affectation ; it 
may also suggest gullible inexperience. Innocent implies 
a guileless or unsuspecting nature or demeanor ; artless 
heightens the implication of ingenuousness ; as, the inno- 
cent consciousness of a child ; artless betrayal of ignorance. 
Naive (see frank) commonly suggests engaging or re- 
freshing artlessness ; unsophisticated, the stronger word, 
sometimes implies a touch of contempt ; as, a naive ques- 
tion ; a raw and unsophisticated youth. 
simple chain. See chain, n., 6. — s. fraction, a fraction 
whose terms are integers, as f . — s. interest, interest paid 
only on the principal. — s. machine, any of six (or more) 
mechanisms formerly considered elements composing all 
machines: (1) lever, (2) wheel and axle, (3) pulley, (4) in- 
clined plane, (5) wedge, (6) screw ; also, by some, the jointed 
link, or toggle joint, and the hydraulic press. 

— n. 1. Something not mixed or compounded. 2. A me- 
dicinal plant ; — each plant being supposed to constitute a 
simple remedy. 3. A person of humble position ; — com- 
monly in contrast with gentle. — sim'ple-ness, n. 

Sim'pler (-pier), n. One who collects simples ; a herbalist. 

Sim'ple-ton (-p'l-ttm), n. [F. simplet, prop. dim. of simple 
simple.] A person of weak intellect ; a silly person. 

sim'plex (-plSks), a. [L., simple, plain.] In telegraphy, 
designating, or pert, to, a system in which onlv one message 
is sent over a line at a time. 

Sim'pli-ci-den'tate (sim'pli-si-den'tat), a. [L. simplex, 
simplicis, simple 4- dens, dentis, tooth.] Belonging to 
the principal suborder (Simplicidentata) of rodents, con- 
taining all but the hares, rabbits, and pikas. 

Sim-plic'i-ty (sTm-plis'i-tT) , n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being simple ; clearness ; plainness. 2. Artless- 
ness. 3. Weakness of intellect ; silliness ; folly. 



sim'pli-fi-ca'tion (sim'p^fi-ka'shwn), n. Act or process 
of simplifying. [simplifiesA 

sim'pli-fi'er (sim'pli-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, | 

Sim'pli-fy (-fl), v. t.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'tng. [See simple; 
-ey.] To make simple or simpler; make less complex; 
show an easier way of doing, making, etc. 

Sim'ply (sim'pli), adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; 
merely. 2. Plainly ; without art or subtlety. 3. Foolishly. 

sim'u-la'cre (sim'u-la'ker), n. [F.] Image, as of a god to 
which worship is rendered ; likeness. 

Sim'u-la'crum (srm'u-la'kr&m), n.; pi. -lacra (-krd). 
[L. See simulate.] 1. An image. 2. A vague, unreal 
semblance ; mock appearance ; sham. 

sim'U-lar(sim'u-ldr), n. A pretender. Rare. — a. False ; 
counterfeit ; also, pretending. Rare. 

sim'u-late (-lit), a. [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to 
simulate.] Feigned; pretended. -— (-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed 
(-lat'e'd) ; -lat'ing. To assume the mere appearance of, 
falsely ; to counterfeit ; feign ; imitate. — Syn. See assume. 

Sim'u-la'tion (-la'shim), n. Act of simulating; feigning. 
Syn. Simulation, dissimulation, hypocrisy. Simula- 
tion is positive, and implies the assumption of a false ap- 
pearance ; dissimulation is negative, and suggests the 
concealment of one's true nature or purpose. "Simulation 
is a pretense of what is not, and dissimulation a conceal- 
ment of what is." Hypocrisy is a stronger word, and de- 
notes esp. a false or insincere profession of goodness by one 
of selfish aims or life ; as, smooth hypocrisy. 

sim'u-la'tor (slm'u-la'ter), n. One who simulates. 

si'mtll-ta'ne-OUS (sI'miH-ta'ne'-Ss ; sim'ul-), a. [LL. si- 
multaneus, fr. simultim at the same time.] Existing, 
happening, or done at the same time. — Syn. See con- 
temporary. — si'mul-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. — si'mul-ta'ne- 
ous-ness, si'mul-ta-ne'i-ty (-td-ne'i-ti), n. 

sin (sin), n. [AS. synn, syn.] 1. Transgression of the law 
of God ; iniquity. 2. An offense ; misdemeanor. 

— v. i. ; sinned (sYnd) ; sin'ning. 1. To violate the divine 
law by actual transgression or by neglect ; violate any rule 
of duty ; — often used with against. 2. To violate human 
rights, law, or propriety ; transgress ; — often used with 
against. — v. t. 1. To do or commit sinfully ; to commit 
(a sin). 2. To effect, bring about, etc., by a sin or sins. 

Si'na-it'ic (sl'na-It'ik), a. AlsoSi-na'ic (sl-na'ik). [From 
Mount Sinai.] Of, pert, to, or given at, Mount Sinai. 

sin-al'bin (sm-al'bm), n. [L. sinapi mustard 4- alba, 
fern, a., white.] Chem. A white crystalline basic glucoside, 
C30H42O15N2S2, in white-mustard seeds. 

sin'a-pine (sin'd-pm; -pen), n. Also sin'a-pin. [L., 
sinapi mustard.] Chem. An alkaloid, C16H25O6N, in the 
seeds of black mustard. 

sin'a-pism (sTn'd-piz'm), n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. mvairur- 
ixos, the use of a mustard blister, deriv. of alvairi mustard.] 
Med. A plaster or poultice containing mustard. 

Since (sins), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. ME. sithens, sith- 
enes (-s being an adverbial ending ; see -s, 3), deriv. fr. AS. 
si3San, sySSan, seoSSan, afterward, after.] 1. a From a 
definite past time until now. b Subsequent to a certain past 
time and before the present ; as, appointed last year, and 
since reappointed. 2. In the time past ; before this or now ; 
ago ; as, long since dead. (Some critics object to this usage.) 

— prep. From the time of ; subsequently to ; after. 

— conj. 1. From and after the time when. 2. Seeing that ; 
because ; as, since you insist, I must go ; — formerly used 
with that. — Syn. See because. 

Sin-cere' (sin-ser'), a.; -cer'er (-ser'er); -cer'est. [L. 
sincerus.] 1. Pure ; unmixed ; unadulterated. Archaic. 
2. Whole ; sound ; perfect. Obs. 3. Being in reality what it 
appears to be ; genuine ; true ; real ; as, a sincere love. 
4. Honest ; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation ; as, a 
sincere friend. — Syn. Unfeigned, unaffected, frank, up- 
right. See honest. — sin-cere'ly, adv. — cere'ness, n. 

sin-cer'i-ty (-ser'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being sincere ; 
honesty of mind or intention ; freedom from simulation. 

sin-cip'i-tal (-sTp'i-tal), a. Of or pert, to the sinciput. 

sin'ci-put (sin'si-piit), n. [L., half a head ; semi- 4- caput 
head.] Anat. a The forehead, b The upper half of the skull.* 

Sind'bad the Sail'or (sind'bad ; sTn'-). A man whose won- 
derful voyages are related in the "Arabian Nights." 

|| si'ne (si'ne), prep. [L.] Without. 

sine (sin), n. [LL. sinus sine, fr. L. sinus bosom.] Math, a 
Formerly, the perpendicular from one extremity of an arc 
of a circle to the diameter through the other extremity, b 
Now, the ratio of the length (from the diameter to the 
circle) of this perpendicular to that of the radius of the 
circle. C Hence, in respect to any given angle in a right- 
angled triangle, the ratio of the side opposite the angle to 
the hypotenuse of the triangle. Abbr., sin (without period). 

si'ne-cure (sT'ne-kur), n. [L. sine without 4- cur a care.] 
1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. 2. 
Any office or position requiring little or no responsibility or 
active service. — si'ne-CUT-ist (-kur-ist), n. 

Sin'ew (sTn'u), n. [AS. sinu, seonu.] 1. A tendon. 2. a A 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, ver<jure (87) ; 



SINEWLESS 



nerve. Obs. _ b Strength ; nervous energy ; — chiefly in pi. 
3. That which supplies strength or power ; as, the sinews 
of war.— v. t. To knit or strengthen with or as with sinews. 

Sin'ew-less, a. Having no sinews ; hence, without vigor. 

Sin'ew-y (sin'u-T), a. 1. Pert, to, consisting of, or like, a 
sinew or sinews. 2. Nervous ; vigorous ; strong ; tough. 

B sin'f O-ni'a (sm'fo-ne'd; It. sen'fo-ne'a), n.; pi. sinfonle 
(-ne'a). [It.] Music. = symphony. 

Sin'ful (sm'fdol), a. Tainted with, or full of, sin ; wicked ; 
iniquitous ; unholy. — sin'f ul-ly, adv. — sin'ful-ness, n. 

Sing (sing), v. i.; pret. sang (sang) or sung (sung) ; p. p. 
sung ; p. pr. & yb. n. singling. [AS. singan.] 1. To utter 
vocal sounds with musical inflections or melodious modu- 
lations. 2. To produce harmonious or pleasing sounds, as 
a brook. 3. To make a small, shrill sound ; as, the air sings 
through a crevice. 4. To hum ; ring ; as, his ears began to 
sing. 5. To relate or celebrate something in poetry. 

— v. t. 1. To utter with musical inflections or modulations. 
2. To chant ; intone ; as, to sing Mass. 3. To celebrate in 
song or in verse ; as, "arms and the man I sing." 4. To ex- 
press enthusiastically ; as, to sing one's praises. 5. To dis- 
patch, force, influence, bring, etc., by or as by song ; as, to 
sing_ a child to sleep. 6. To accompany, or attend on, with 
singing ; as, to sing a victor home. 

— n. 1. A singing, esp. in company ; Slang or Colloq. 2. A 
small shrill sound, as of a bullet in flight ; a whiz. 

Sing'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That can be sung. 

singe (sTnj), v. t.; singed (sTnjd); singe'ing (sin'jTng). 
[AS. sengan, orig., to cause to sing, fr. singan to sing, in 
allusion to the hissing sound often produced when a sub- 
stance is singed.] 1. To burn superficially ; scorch. 2. To 
remove the nap of (cloth), or the down of (a fowl, etc.), by 
exposing to burning heat. — Syn. See scorch. — n. A 
burning of the surface ; slight burn. — sing'er (sin'jer), n. 

sing'er (sing'er), n. One who, or that which, sings. 

Sin'gha-lese' (sir/gd-lez'; -leV), Sin'ha-lese' (smlid-). 
a. [Skr. Simhala Ceylon.] Lit., of or pertaining to Cey- 
lon ; hence : designating, or pertaining to, the principal 
race (of a mixed Aryan and Dravidian stock) of Ceylon, or 
their language. — n. 1. sing. & pi. A member of the 
Singhalese race._ 2. The language of the Singhalese, an 
Aryan tongue with many Dravidian words. 

Sin'gle (sirj'g'l), a. [OF. sengle, single, L. singulus."] 1. 
One only, as distinguished from more than one ; consisting 
of one alone ; individual ; separate. 2. Alone ; without com- 
pany or aid. 3. Hence, unmarried ; as, a single woman. 4. 
Pert, to one only ; hence : private ; not public. 5. Performed 
by one or by one on each side ; as, single combat. 6. Pure ; 
unmixed. 7. Free from defect ; sound ; healthy ; — said esp. 
of the eye or vision. 8. Simple ; sincere ; artless ; as, a pure 
and single heart. 9. Foolish; weak. Obs. 10. Of low 
strength or richness ; — distinguished from double, etc. 11. 
a Of flowers, having only the normal number of petals or 
rays ; not double ; as, a single rose, b Of plants, bearing 
single flowers. 12. = simplex. 

Syn. Single, sole. That is single of which there is only 
one ; that is sole which is thought of as not only single, but 
alone ; as, a single survivor ; the sole survivor. 
single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying 
the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a 
single account. See double entry. — s. tax, Econ., a tax 
to be levied on a single object as the sole source of public 
revenue, esp. by taking the entire economic rent of land. 

— v. t.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). 1. To select (one) 
from among a number; choose out from others; — usu- 
ally used with out ox from. 2. To take alone, or one by one ; 
treat separately. — v. i. To take the gait called single-foot ; 

— said of horses. 

— n. 1. A unit ; one ; as, to score a single. 2. Sports, a 
"i Lawn Tennis. A game with but one player on each side ; 

— usually used in pi. b Golf. A match between two play- 
ers, as distinguished from a foursome, c Baseball. A base 
hit. d Cricket. A hit for one run. 

sin'gle-act'ing, a. 1. Acting in one direction only ; as, a 
single-acting plunger. 2. Having simplicity of action ; — 
said esp. of a firearm in which the trigger has to be cocked 
by hand. — sin'gle-ac'tion, n. 

sin'gle-breast'ed (87), a. Designating a coat, waistcoat, 
or the like, which laps over the breast only enough for but- 
toning, and has buttons on one edge only. 

Sin'gle— i oof, n. A horse's gait in which each foot strikes 
singly, with alternately one and two feet on the ground. — 
v. i. To proceed by means of the single-foot, as a horse or 
other quadruped. — sin'gle— foot'er, n. 

Sin'gle-hand'ed, a. 1. Having but one hand. 2. Un- 
assisted ; managed or done by one person or with one hand. 

Sin'gle-heart'ed, a. Free from duplicity ; single-minded. 

sin'gle-mind'ed, a. Guileless ; single-hearted. 

Sin'gle-ness, n. Quality or state of being single. 

Sin'gle-phase', a. Elec. Relating to or employing an 
alternating current of one phase. See phase, n., 3. 

sin'gle-stick' (-stTk'), n. Formerly, a stout cudgel ; now, a 



899 SINK 

stick, usually with a guard near the handle, used for hitting 
and fencing ; also, the sport of fencing with these sticks. 

sin'gle-sur'faced (sln'g'l-sur'fast), a. Having one sur- 
face ; — said specif, of aeroplanes or aerocurves that are 
covered with fabric, etc., on only one side. 

sin'gle-ton (-tim), n. 1. In certain card games, as whist, 
a card which is the only one of its suit held at the deal. 2. 
A single part or thing distinct from others grouped with it. 

sin'gle-tree' (-tre'), n. A whippletree. 

sin'gly (sir/gli), adv. 1. Individually ; severally. 2. As or 
by a single individual or unit. 3. Single-handed. 

sing'song' (sing'song'), n. 1. Verse marked by monoto- 
nous cadence ; doggerel. 2. A monotonously rhythmical 
tone. — a. Having a monotonous cadence or rhythm. 

[| Sing'spiel' (sing'spel' ; G. zing'shpel'), n. [G. ; singen to 
sing -{-spiel a play.] Music. A semidramatic work, 
partly in spoken dialogue and partly in song, of a kind 
popular in Germany in the latter part of the 18th century. 

sin'gu-lar (sTn'gu-ldr), a. [F. singulier, OF. also singuler, 
fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single.] 1. In- 
dividual ; single ; separate. Obs. 2. Logic. Considered by 
itself or as a single instance ; individual ; as, a singular 
term ; — opp. to general. 3. Each ; individual. Archaic or 
Law. 4. Gram. Denoting one person or thing ; as, the sin- 
gular number; — opp. to dual and plural. 5. Separate 
from others ; alone ; hence : a Unique ; unparalleled ; as, a 
singular instance in history.^ b Unusual ; strange ; as, a 
singular phenomenon. C Eminent ; exceptional ; as, a man 
of singular ability, d Odd ; whimsical. — Syn. Unexam- 
pled, extraordinary, remarkable, peculiar, eccentric, fantas- 
tic. See STRANGE. 

— n. 1. Gram. The singular number, the inflectional form 
denoting it, or a word in that form. 2. Logic. That which 
is considered by itself or as a single term. 

Sin'gu-lar'i-ty (-lar'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being singular. 2. That which is singular ; a sin- 
gular person, thing, act, etc. ; peculiarity. [single. I 

Sin'gu-lar-ize ( slr/gu-ldr-Iz ), v. t. To make singular or| 

sin'gu-lar-ly, adv. In a singular manner ; as : a Unusually ; 
uniquely ; exceptionally, b Strangely ; oddly. [gularity.j 

sin'gu-lar-ness, n. Quality or state of being singular ; sin-| 

Sin'ha-lese'. Var. of Singhalese. 

Sin/i-cism (sin'i-siz'm), n. [L. Sinae the Chinese.] Any- 
thing, esp., a manner or custom, peculiar to the Chinese. 

Sin'is-ter (sTn'is-ter), a. [L. sinister.'] 1. On the left hand ; 
left ; — opp. to dexter. 2. Her. Pert, to that side of a shield, 
or escutcheon, at the left of the person wearing it. See es- 
cutcheon, Illust. 3. Appearing or observed on the left and 
hence (that side being regarded as unlucky) : inauspicious ; 
disastrous; evil; as, sinister influences. 4. Wrong; dis- 
honest ; corrupt ; as, sinister aims. 5. Indicating lurking 
evil or harm; as, a sinister face. — Syn. See ominous. — 
sin'is-ter-ly, adv. — sin'is-ter-ness, n. 

sin'is-tral (-trdl), a. Of or pert, to the left; inclining to 
the left ; — opposed to dextral. — sin'is-tral-ly, adv. 

Sin'is-trorse' (-trors'; sTn'is-trors'), a. [L. sinistrorsus, 
sinistroversus, turned toward the left side ; sinister left + 
versus, vorsus, turned.] Bot. Twining spirally from right 
to left, as the stem of the hop ; — opposed to dextrorse. 

Sin'is-trous (sin'is-trus), a. 1. Being on the left side; in- 
clined to the left ; sinistral. 2. Unlucky ; ill-omened. 

Sink (sink), v. i.; pret. sank (sarjk), or sunk (surjk) ; p. p. 
sunk or, Obs., sunk'en, now used as adj.; p. pr. & vb. n. 
sink'ing. [AS. sincan.] 1. To fall by or as by the force of 
gravity ; descend lower and lower ; subside. 2. a To fall 
slowly, as to the ground from weakness ; fail in strength. 
b To fall to a lower level, as a river ; subside ; diminish in 
volume or apparent height. C To decline or pass to a state 
considered as lower, weaker, or the like ; degenerate ; as, to 
sink into sleep, oblivion, poverty, d To fall in pitch or 
tone ; as, his voice sank to a whisper. 3. To enter or pene- 
trate deeply or below the surface. 4. Hence : to enter so as 
to impress lastingly ; as, to sink into one's memory. 5. To 
perish. Archaic. 6. To become or appear hollow or de- 
pressed ; as, her cheeks sank in. — Syn. Fall, subside, 
drop, droop, lower, decrease. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to sink ; immerse ; submerge ; lower ; 
hence : to degrade ; debase ; destroy. 2. To reduce or ex- 
tinguish by payment, as a national debt. 3. To suppress ; 
ignore. 4. To excavate downward ; as, to sink a well ; also, 
to place or fix in a depression so made ; as, to sink a post. 

— n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water ; a cesspool. 2. A 
shallow basin or vessel connected with a drain and usually 
with a water supply, as in a kitchen. 3. Geol. Any slight 
depression or basin in the land surface, esp. one with no out- 
let ; specif., one of the hollows in limestone regions (lime- 
stone sink), often communicating with a subterranean 
passage so that waters running into it are lost ; — called 
also sink hole. 4. The lowest part of a natural hollow or 
closed basin whence the water of one or more streams 
escapes by evaporation. Western U. S. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations, used in this work., Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. II Eoreiga Word. + combined with, «= equals. 



N 



SINKER 



900 



SISTINE 



R 



sink'er (siqk'er), n. One who, or that which, sinks ; specif., 
a weight on something, as on a fishline, to sink it. 

shlk'ing (sink'ing), n. Act of one who, or that which, sinks, 
sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart to 
accumulate at interest, usually for the purpose of extin- 
guishing a debt, as of a nation, municipality, or company. 

sin'less (sm'les), a. Free from sin. — sin'less-ly, adv. — 
sin'less-ness, n. 

sin'ner (-er), n. One who sins ; esp., one who sins without 

repenting ; an incorrigible transgressor. 
, sin offering. Something offered as an expiation for sin. 

Sin'o-log'i-cal (sin'6-loj'i-kal), a. Relating to the Chinese 
language or literature. 

Sin'o-logue (sin'S-log), n. [L. Sinae, an Oriental people 
mentioned by Ptolemy, Gr. XZvai + Gr. X670S discourse.] 
One versed in the Chinese language, literature, or history. 

— Si-nol'o-gist (si-nol'6-jist), n. — Si-nol'o-gy (-ji), n. 
sin'ter (sin'ter), n. [G.] Geol. Any of certain porous or 

vesicular, esp. siliceous or calcareous, deposits. 

sin'u-ate (-u-at), a. [L. sinuatus, p. p. of sinuate to wind, 
bend.] _ Sinuous ; wavy ; specif., Bot., having the margin 
wavy with strong indentations ; — said of leaves. See leaf, 
Jllust. — (-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To wind ; be 
sinuous. — sin'u-ate-ly, adv. — sin'u-a'tion, n. 

sin'u-os'i-ty (-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Sinuous 
quality or state. 2. That which is sinuous ; a bend ; wind. 

Sin'U-OUS (sih'u-us), a. [L. sinuosus, it. sinus curve.] 1. 
Bending in and out ; of a serpentine or wavy form ; winding. 
2. Bot . Sinuate. — sin'u-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

Si'nus (si'nus), n.; pi. L. sinus, E. sinuses (-ez; 24). [L., 
a bent surface, curve.] 1. A hollow, bend, or fold ; specif., a 
bay of the sea. 2. Anat. <fc Zo'dl. A cavity; a recess or 
depression ; esp. : a A cavity in the substance of a bone of 
the skull which communicates with the nostrils and con- 
tains air. b A channel for venous blood, c A dilatation in a 
canal or vessel. 3. Med. An elongated cavity in which pus 
is collected. 4. Bot . A depression between adjoining lobes, 
as of a leaf, corolla, etc. 

Si'on (sl'on), n. = ZiON. 

Siou'an (soo'an), a. Designating, or pert, to, one of the 
great linguistic stocks of North American Indians, origi- 
nally dwelling in Virginia and the Carolinas, but later 
holding extensive portions of the Middle West. 

Sioux (soo), n. sing. & pi. An Indian of one of the most im- 
portant tribes of North America, now dwelling in Dakota 
and Nebraska. The Sioux are warlike and of fine physique. 

sip (sip), v. t.; pret. sipped (sTpt), or, Rare or Poet., sipt ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. sip'ping. 1. To drink in small quantities or 
little by little. 2. To drink out of by sips. Poetic. — v. i. 
To take a sip or sips. — n. 1. Act of sipping. 2. A small 
draft taken with the lips ; slight taste. 

Sipe (sip). Var. of seep. Chiefly Scot. & U. S. 

si'phon (sl'fon), n. [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. 
oi(j>u>v siphon, pipe.] 1. A pipe or tube bent to form two 
legs of unequal length, through which a liq- 
uid will flow to a lower level over an interme- 
diate elevation by atmospheric pressure. 2. 
A siphon bottle. 3. Zo'dl. Any of various 
tubular organs of animals, as of many bi- 
valve mollusks and gastropods, for drawing 
in or ejecting fluids, etc. 

*— v. t. To convey, or draw off, by a siphon ; a Siphon, 

— often with off. — v. i. To pass or be through 
conveyed by means of a siphon ; — said of 
liquids, and usually used with over. 

si'phon-age ( sl'f on-aj ), n. The action of a 
siphon. 

Siphon bottle. A bottle for aerated water, which is driven 
out through a bent tube in the neck by the pressure of the 
gas within the bottle, when a valve in the tube is opened. 

Si'pho-no-phore' (sl'f 6-no-f or' ; sl-fon'6-), n. pi. [Gr. 
ai<t>wi> siphon, tube -f- -phore.~] Zo'dl.^ Any of an order 
(Siphonophora) of hydrozoans consisting of certain free- 
swimming or floating pelagic forms, mostly delicate, trans- 
parent, and often beautifully colored. 

Si'phun-cle (sl'fun-k'l), n. [L. siphunculus, sipunculus, 
dim. of sipho. See siphon.] Zo'dl. a A membranous tube 
which runs through the partitions of chambered cephalo- 
pod shells, b A honey tube of an aphid. 

Sl-phun'cu-late (sl-fun'ku-lat)) a. Zo'dl. Having a si- 

si-phun'cu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) / phuncle. 

Sip'pet (sip'et ; 24), n. A small piece, esp. of toast, soaked 
in milk, broth, etc. ; a small piece of toasted or fried bread 
for garnishing. 

Sipt (sipt). Sipped. Rare or Poet. 

Sir (sur), n. [F. sire, contr. fr. L. senior an elder, elderly 
person.] 1. A gentleman ; esp., a man of rank ; lord ; mas- 
ter ; — in this sense usually sire. Obs. 2. A title prefixed 
[cap."] to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet, for- 
merly to that of one of higher rank ; also, sometimes pre- 
fixed [I. c] to his title of rank ; as, sir knight. 3. A title 
formerly prefixed \_cap.~\ to the name of a clergyman, 




which water 
flows from 
the Dish b. 



sometimes to his professional title ; as, Sir Priest. 4. A re- 
spectful title used in addressing a man, esp. an elder or su- 
perior, without using his name. 

Sir-dar' (ser-dar'), n. [Hind. & Per. sardar; Per. sar head 
+ dar holding.] 1. In India : a A native chief ; also, a 
high military officer, b A head palanquin bearer or a body 
servant; — called also sirdar bearer. 2. In Turkey, 
Egypt, etc., a commander in chief, esp. of the Anglo- 
Egyptian army. 

sire (sir), n. [F. sire. See sir.] 1. A person of authority; 
lord ; master. See sir, 1 . Obs. 2. A title of respect formerly 
used in addressing superiors, now only in addressing a 
sovereign. 3. A male progenitor ; father ; — often used in 
composition, as in grandsire; — also used fig. 4. The male 
parent of a beast, esp. of a horse or dog. [stallion. 

— v. t.; sired (slrd) ; sir'ing. To beget ; — said esp. of a 
Si'ren (sl'ren), n. [L., fr. Gr. atipr\v^\ 1. I Also cap.] 

Class Myth. One of a group of sea nymphs (usually three) 
said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and by 
their singing to lure mariners to destruction. 2. An en- 
ticing, dangerous woman ; also, a woman who sings sweet- 
ly. 3. Either of two amphibians (esp. Siren lacertina) 
destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent 
external gills as well as lungs. 4. [From F.] Acoustics. An 
apparatus producing musical tones by the rapid interrup- 
tion of a current of air, steam, or other fluid by a per- 
forated rotating disk, used in acoustical investigations and, 
in a largeform, as a fog signal, etc. 

— a. Bewitching ; fascinating ; as, a siren song. 
si-re'ni-an (sT-re'ni-an), n. Any of an order (Sirenia) of 

aquatic herbivorous mammals, as the manatee, dugong, etc. 

Sir'i-us (sir'i-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Zdpios, prop., scorching.] 
The Dog Star, the brightest star in the heavens. 

sir'loin' (sur'loin'), n. [OF. & F. surlonge; sur upon -+- 
longe loin.] A loin of beef, or a part of a loin ; esp., in the 
United States, the part next behind the porterhouse. 

si-roc'co (sT-rok'o), n. ; pi. -cos (-oz). [It. sirocco, scirocco, 
fr. Ar., fr. sharq sunrise, east.] 1. a A hot, dust-laden 
wind blowing north from the Libyan deserts, b A warm, 
moist, southeast wind, in the same regions. 2. Any hot 
wind of cyclonic origin, blowing from arid or hot regions, 
including the harmattan of the west coast of Africa, the 
hot winds of Kansas and Texas, the khamsin of Egypt, etc. 

Sir'rah (sir'd), n. [F. sire. See sire.] A term of address 
(usually to a man or boy) used in anger or contempt or as 
denoting superior authority, etc. Archaic. 

sir'— rev'er-ence, n. [L. salva reverentia, where salva is 
adj.] An equivalent of save reverence, a phrase used apolo- 
getically before any unseemly expression. 06s. 

sir'up, syr'up (sir'&p), n. [F. sirop, fr. Ar. sharab a 
drink, sirup.] Orig., a thick, viscid liquid made from the 
juice of fruits, etc., boiled with sugar; hence, any concen- 
trated aqueous solution of sugar. 

sir'up-y, syr'up-y (sir'wp-i), a. Like sirup. 

si-sal' hemp (se-sal' ; sis'al ; si'sal). [From Sisal, Yuca- 
tan.] Any of several agaves or their strong white fiber, esp. 
the henequen {Agave rigida sisalana). 

sis'co-wet (sis'ko-wSt), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A 
large, fat variety (Cristivomer namaycush siskawitz) of 
the namaycush found in Lake Superior. 

Sis'er-a (sis'er-d), n. Bib. A Canaanite who led an army 
against the Israelites. Jael, a woman who offered him shel- 
ter, killed him with a tent nail or pin. See Judges iv.-v. 

sis'kin (sis'kin), n. A small, sharp-billed Old World finch 
(Spinus spinus) allied to the goldfinch. 

sis'mo-graph (sTs'mo-graf), sis'mo-graph'ic (-graf'Ik), 
etc. Vars. of seismograph, etc. 

siss (sis), v. i. [Imitative.] To make a hissing sound. — n. 
A hissing noise. Both Obs., Dial., or Colloq. 

Sis'sy (sis'i), n.; pi. sissies (-iz). 1. A contraction of sis- 
ter ; — often used as a term of address for girls. Colloq. 2. 
An effeminate boy or man. Colloq. 

sis'ter (sis'ter), n. [From Scand.] 1. A female person (or, 
by extension, animal) considered in relation to another per- 
son (or animal) having in common the same parents (whole 
sister), or one parent (half sister). 2. A woman closely 
associated with another or others, as in the same sisterhood, 
faith, order, etc. 3. One of the same kind or condition ; — 
often used attrib. ; as, sister fruits ; a sister ship. 4. A 
member of a sisterhood ; — used in pi. as the title of many 
religious orders ; as, a Sister of Charity. 

sis'ter-hood (-hood), n. 1. State or relation of being a sis- 
ter ; office or duty of a sister. 2. Sisters collectively ; a so- 
ciety of women united in one faith or order. 

sis'ter-in-law', n. ; pi. -ters-in-law (sis'terz-). The sister 
of one's husband or wife ; also, the wife of one's brother. 

sis'ter-ly, a. Like or becoming a sister ; affectionate. 

Sis'tine (sTs'ten ; -tin), a. [It. sistino.~] Of or pert, to any 
of the popes named Sixtus. — Sistine Chapel, the Pope's 
private chapel in the Vatican ; — built by Sixtus IV. — S. 
Madonna, a famous madonna, now in Dresden, painted 
by Raphael for the church of St. Sixtus at Piacenza, Italy. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(nre, ver«jnre (87); 



SISTRUM 



901 



SKELETON 




sis'tnim (sis'trum), to. [L., fr. Gr. oeiorpov, fr. aeUiv to 
shake.] A kind of metallic instrument shaken to 
make it jingle ; — used esp. in the worship of Isis. 

Sis'y-phe'an (sisl-fe'an), a. Relating to Sisy- 
phus, or resembling the labors of Sisyphus ; re- 
quiring continual redoing ; as, Sisyphean labors. 

Sis'y-phUS (sis'i-fus), to. [L., fr. Gr. 2/<™</>oy.] 
Gr. Myth. A crafty and avaricious king of Cor- 
inth, condemned in Hades to roll to the top of a 
hill a huge stone, which each time rolled back. 

Sit (sit), v. %.; pret. sat (sat), Archaic sate (sat, 
rarely sat) ; p. p. sat, Obs. sit'ten (sif'n) ; p. 
pr. & vb. to. sit'ting. [AS. sittan.~\ 1. To rest 
on the haunches or buttocks. 2. To perch ; rest 
with the feet drawn up, as birds. 3. To remain 
in repose or inactivity. 4. To be situated; lie, * ls r t ^ u ^ 
rest, or bear ; — used with on ; as, the burden me nted 
sits lightly on him. 5. To be adjusted ; fit ; as, a with 
coat sits well or ill. 6. To cover and warm eggs sacred 
for hatching, as a fowl ; incubate. 7. To hold a cat * 
relative position ; have direction. 8. To occupy a place as a 
member of an official body ; as, to sit in Congress. 9. To 
hold a session ; — used of legislatures, courts, etc. 10. To 
pose, as for one's picture. — v. t. 1. To sit on, as a horse. 
2. To cause to be seated ; seat. 

to eit out. a To remain to the end of ; as, to sit out a dull 
play, b To outstay, as in a social call. 

Site (sit), n. [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. situs 
placed, lying, situate.] The place where anything is, or is to 
be, fixed ; situation ; local position ; as, the site of a city ; 
to choose a site for a church. 

Sit'fast' (sit'fast'), to. Far. A callosity with inflamed edges 
on the back of a horse, under the saddle. 

sith (sith), prep., adv., & conj. [See since.] Since ; after- 
wards ; seeing that. Obs. or Archaic. 

Sifter (sit'er), n. One who, or that which, sits. 

sifting, n. 1. Act or posture of one who, or that which, 
sits. 2. A seat in a church, theater, etc. 3. A session, as of 
a court. 4. Incubation ; also, number of eggs incubated by 
a fowl at one time. — a. 1. Being in the state or position of 
one who, or that which, sits. 2. Pert, to, or used in or 
for, sitting ; as, a sitting room. 

sit'U-at'ed (sit^i-aVed), a. Also sit'u-ate (sitMS : at), a. [L. 
situatus, fr. situare to place.] Having a site ; situation, or 
location ; being in a relative position ; permanently fixed ; 
located ; as, a town situated on a hill. 

sit'U-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Manner or position in which 
an object is placed ; locality ; site. 2. Position as regards 
conditions and circumstances ; state ; condition. 3. Tem- 
porary state or relation of affairs at a moment of action, 
as in a drama. 4. Position of employment ; place ; office. 

— Syn. Seat, station, post, case, plight. See state, office. 
si'tUS (si'tus), n. [L.] Situation ; location ; position ; esp., 

the fitting or natural position, as of a part of a plant, etc. 

SitZ bath (sitz). [G. sitzbad.'] A tub in which one bathes 
in a sitting posture ; also, a bath so taken ; a hip bath. 

Si'va (se'vd; she'vd), Shi'va (she'vd), to. [Skr. Civa, 
properly, kind, gracious.] A god of the supreme Hindu 
triad, typifying destruction and reproduction. 

Si'va-ism (-Iz'm), n. The worship of Siva as the supreme 
god. — Si'va-ist, n. — Si'va-is'tic (-Ts'tlk), a. 

Si-van' (se-vaV), to. [Heb.] See Jewish calendar. 

si'wash (sl'wosh), n. Corrupt, of salish. Northwest. U. S. 

SIX (siks), o. [AS. six, seox, siex.~] One more than five ; 
twice three ; — a cardinal number used attributively. — n. 
1. The number greater by a unit than five ; six units or ob- 
jects. 2. A symbol for six units, as 6 or vi. 3. Something 
having as an essential feature six units or members, as a 
playing card marked with six pips. 

six'fold' (siks'fold 7 ), a. Six times as much or as many. 

six'pence (-pens), n. ; pi. -pences (-sez; 24). The sum of 
six pence ; also, an English silver coin of this value. 

six'pen'ny (-pen'jQ, a. Of the value of, or costing, six- 
pence ; hence : of trifling worth ; cheap ; trashy. 

six'score' (-skor' ; 57), a. & n. [_six + score, n.] Six times 
twenty ; one hundred and twenty. 

sixte (sikst), n. [F., fr. six six.] Fencing. The sixth parry, 
the same as tierce with the finger nails turned up. 

six'teen' (siks'ten 7 ; siks'ten'), a. [AS. sixlene, sixtyne.~] 
Fifteen and one more ; — a cardinal number used attribu- 
tively. — n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen ; 
sixteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for sixteen units, as 16 
or xvi. 

six-teen'mo (siks-ten'mo), to. ; pi. -mos. = sextodecimo. 

sixteenth' (siks'tenth' ; siks'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order 
after the fifteenth ; — the ordinal of sixteen. Abbr., 16th. 
See ordinal, n., Xote. 2. Being one of sixteen equal parts 
into which any (whole) thing is divided. 
sixteenth note, Music, a semiquaver. See note, n„ 1 a. 

— n. 1. A sixteenth part. 2. A sixteenth unit or object ; the 
next in order after the fifteenth. 3. Music, a An interval 
of two octaves and a second, b A sixteenth note. 



sixth (stksth), a. 1. Next in order after the fifth ; — the or- 
dinal of six. Abbr., 6th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Being 
one of six equal parts into which any (whole) thing is 
divided. 

sixth chord, Music, a chord made up of a tone with its 
third and its sixth, usually regarded as the first inversion 
of a triad ; ; — called also chord of the sixth. 

— to. 1. A sixth part. 2. A sixth unit or object. 3. Music. 
a An interval of six diatonic degrees, b A tone at this inter- 
val. C The harmonic combination of two tones a sixth 
apart, d The sixth tone of a scale, counting upward. 

Sixthly, adv. In the sixth place. 

six'ti-eth (siks'ti-eth ; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
fifty-ninth ; — the ordinal of sixty. Abbr., 60th. See ordi- 
nal, to., Note. 2. Being one of sixty equal parts into which 
any (whole) thing is divided. — to. 1. A sixtieth part. 2. 
A sixtieth unit or object. 

Six'tine (siks'tin), a. Sistine. 

six'ty (siks'tT), a. [AS. siextig, sixtig."] Six times ten ; 
threescore ; — a cardinal numeral used attributively. — n. ; 
pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The sum of six times ten ; sixty units or 
objects. 2. A symbol for sixty units, as 60 or lx. 

siz'a-ble (slz'd-b'l), a. Of suitable size ; usually, of consid- 
erable bulk. — siz'a-ble-ness, to. — siz'a-bly', adv. 

siz'ar (siz'er), n. Also siz'er. [From 2d size, to., 1.] In the 
universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, a student, 
who, having passed a certain examination, is exempted 
from college fees and charges. He formerly waited on table. 

Size (siz), n. Any of various glutinous materials, as prepara- 
tions of glue or flour, for glazing paper, fiber, plaster, etc. 

— v. t. ; sized ( sTzd ) ; siz'ing (siz'ing ). To cover or glaze 
with size ; prepare with size. 

size, to. [Abbr. fr. assize.~\ 1. Allowance, as of food ; allot- 
ment. Obs. 2. Extent of surface or volume ; relative pro- 
portions or magnitude ; magnitude. 3. Figurative bulk ; 
condition as to rank, ability, etc. 4. A conventional rela- 
tive measure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, etc. — 
Syn. Bulk, volume, area. 

— v. t. 1. To fix the weight, measure, capacity, etc., of. Obs. 
2. To fix or adjust in size. 3. To adjust or arrange accord- 
ing to size or bulk. 4. To ascertain, measure, or estimate 
the size of. U. S. 

size'a-ble, size'a-ble-ness, etc. Vars. of sizable, etc. 
sized (sTzd), a. Having a (particular) size or bulk, 
siz'ing (-Tng), to. Size (the glutinous material). 
Siz'y (slz'i), a. [From 1st size.] Viscous; glutinous. 
siz'zle (sTz''l), v. i.; -zled (-'Id); -zling (-ling). [Imita- 
tive.] To hiss ; fry, or shrivel up, with a hissing sound. 

— to. A hissing sound, as of something frying over a fire. 
Both Dial. Eng., Colloq., or U. S. 

skald. Var. of 4th scald. 

Skat (skat), to. [G., fr. It. scartare to discard.] 1. A three- 
handed card game played with 32 cards, of which two con- 
stitute the skat (sense 2), or widow. 2. Skat. A widow of 
two cards, counting for the player. 

Skate (skat), n. [From Scand.] Zo'dl. Any of numerous 
rays (esp. genus Raja) 
with greatly developed 
pectoral fins, which give 
the animal a rhom- 
boidal shape. 

skate (skat), n. 
[For skates, fr. D. 
schaats.] 1. A me- 
tallic runner with a 
frame fitting the sole 
of a shoe, for gliding 
on ice. 2. A roller skate. 

— v. i. ; skat'ed (skat'ed; 
24) ; skat'ing (skat'ing). To glide on skates. 

Skat'er (skat'er), to. 1. One who skates. 2. A water strider. 

Skat'ole (skat'ol), Skat'ol (-51 ; -51), n. [Gr. andp, a/cards, 
dung + -ol.~\ Chem. A compound, C9H9N, formed by 
putrefaction of albuminous matter and found in the human 
intestine and in excrement. 

Skean (sken), to. [Gael. & Ir. sgian.~] A dagger ; dirk. 

ske-dad'dle (ske-dad''l), v. i.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dlinc. To flee 
as in panic ; run away. — to. A skedaddling. Both Colloq. 

Skee (ske), to. Var. of ski. 

Skeg (skeg), to. The after part of the keel of a vessel ; now, 
esp., the part connecting the keel with the bottom of the 
rudder post in a single-screw vessel. 

Skein (skan), to. [OF. escaigne.~\ A quantity of yarn, 
thread, silk, etc., put up after it is taken from the reel, 
usually in a sort of knot. 

Skel'e-tal (skel'e-tal), a. Of or pert, to a skeleton. 

Skel'e-ton (skel'e-tun), to. [NL., fr. Gr. aKeXerov (sc. trufia) 
dried body, mummy, aKeXeros dried up a/ceXXtu/ to dry up, 
parch.] 1. The bones of a human being or other vertebrate 
collectively ; the bony or more or less cartilaginous frame- 
work supporting the soft tissues and protecting the internal 
organs ; also, the whole of the more hard and rigid parts of 




Smooth, or Barn-door, 
Skate (Raja Usvis). 



i 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreyiations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



SKELETON CONSTRUCTION 



902 



SKINNER 



R 



any animal. 2. Fig. : a A very thin or lean person, or ani- 
mal, b The framework of anything, as of a building, c An 
outline, as of a literary work. — a. Consisting of or resem- 
bling a skeleton. 

Skeleton construction. A method of constructing build- 
ings in which the chief members are of steel, the walls being 
supported at the floor levels by the steel frame itself. 

skel'e-ton-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -lz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
To prepare a skeleton of ; also, to reduce to its skeleton. 

Skeleton key. A key with a large part of the bit filed away 
to enable it to open a number of locks as a master key. 

Skep (skep), n. [Of Scand. orig.] 06s. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
1. A kind of coarse round farm basket. 2. A beehive, esp. 
one of twisted straw. 

Skep'tic, scep'tic (skep'tik), a. _ Skeptical ; — now used 
chiefly of a philosophical sect or its doctrines.- 

Skep'tic, scep'tic (skep'tik), n. [Gr. <nceTTTiK6s thought- 
ful, reflective, fr. ankirTeadai to look carefully about, consid- 
er.] 1. One whose attitude is critically inquiring or is 
characterized^ by doubt or suspended judgment. 2. One 
who believes in skepticism as a doctrine or makes use of it 
as a method. 3. One who doubts, or disbelieves in, Chris- 
tianity. — Syn. Unbeliever, doubter. See infidel. 

Skep'ti-cal, SCep'ti-cal (-tT-kal), a. Of or pert, to a skeptic 
or skepticism ; characterized by skepticism. — Skep'ti-cal- 
ly, scep'ti-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 

skep'ti-cism, scep'ti-cism (-ti-siz'm), n. 1. A doubting 
state of mind. 2. Philos. The doctrine that all knowledge 
is uncertain ; also, the method of suspended judgment, 
destructive criticism, or systematic doubt, characteristic of 
skeptics. 3. Doubt of, or unbelief in, Christianity. 

skep'ti-cize, scep'ti-cize (-sTz), v. i.; -cized (-slzd); ^iz'- 
ing (-sTz'ing). To doubt ; also, to pretend to skepticism. 

Sketch (skech), n. [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo sketch, splash.] 

1. An outline ; rough draft ; esp., a preliminary or incom- 
plete drawing of an object or scene recording its chief fea- 
tures. 2. A simply constructed literary composition, as a 
short story. — v. t. To outline ; make a sketch of. — v. i. 
To make a sketch. — sketch'er, n. 

Sketch/book 7 , n. A book of sketches or for sketches. 
Sketch'y (-5Q, a. Like a sketch; roughly outlined. — 

sketch'i-ly (skech'i-li), adv. — sketch'i-ness, n. 
Skew (skii), a. 1. Turned or twisted to oneside ; — chiefly 

used in technical phrases. 2. Not symmetrical. 3. Hence : 

distorted ; perverted. — skew arch, an arch whose jambs 

are not at right angles with the face. 

— adv. Awry ; obliquely ; askew. [a blunder.] 

— n. A twist ; turn ; a movement aside ; distortion, hence, | 
<— v. i. 1. To walk or move obliquely ; go sidling. 2. To look 

obliquely ; squint. — v. t. 1. To cause to take an oblique 

position or direction ; distort. 2. To shape or form in an 

oblique way. 3. To throw or hurl obliquely. 
Skew'back' (sku'bakO, n. A part, as a course of masonry, 

an iron plate, etc., having 

an inclined face to receive * 

the thrust or pressure of 

another inclined part, as 1 - £,3. 

a segmented arch. M a 

skew'bald' (-bold'), o-h 

[ME. skewed piebald.] 

Of horses, etc., marked with spots and patches of white and 

some other color. Cf . piebald. 
Skew'er (skii'er), n. 1. A pin for fastening meat to a spit, 

or for keeping it in form while roasting. 2. Any of various 

things shaped or used like such a pin. 

— v. t. To fasten with or as with skewers. ^ 
Ski (ske), n.; pi. ski (ske) or skis (skez). [Dan. ski.] One 

of a pair of long strips of hard wood bound one on each foot 
and used for gliding over snow. — v. i. To use ski. 

ski'a-gram, sci'a-gram, n. = skiagraph, n. 

Ski'a-graph (skl'a-graf), n. A shadowlike image or picture 
made on a sensitive surface, esp. by Rbntgen rays. Cf. ra- 
diograph. — v. t. To make a skiagraph of. — ski-ag'ra- 
pher (skl-ag'ra-fer), n. 

Ski-ag'ra-phy(skI-ag'r&-fT),TC. [Gr.(TKia.ypa<l>la,fr.<TKt.ayp&- 
4>o% drawing in light and shade ; a nib. shadow + yp&xpav to 
delineate.] The art of projecting or delineating shadows or 
of making skiagraphs. 

Skid (skid), n. [From Scand.] 1. A shoe or clog placed un- 
der a wheel to prevent its turning when descending a hill. 

2. A timber, bar, rail, etc., used in pairs or sets to form a 
way on which something may be slid or rolled, as from a 
truck. 3. Naut. A wooden fender hung over a vessel's side 
to protect it in handling cargo, etc. ; — usually in pi. 4. 
Aeronautics. A runner (one of two) attached under some 
flying machines, to facilitate landing. 5. Act of skidding. 

— v. t. ; skid'ded ; -ding. To check,_drag, etc., with or on a 
I skid or skids. — v. i. 1. To slide without rotating ; — said 

of a wheel. 2. To slip ( sideways on the road ; — said esp. of 

an automobile. 

ski'er (ske'er), n. One who skis. 
skiff (skif), n. [F. esquif, fr. It. schifo, fr. OHG sK/.] 1. 




A light rowboat. 2. A boat with centerboard and spritsail, 

light enough to be rowed ; — called in full St. Lawrence 

skiff. 
skil'ful, skil'ful-ly, etc. Vars. of skillful, etc. 
Skill (skil), n. [Of Scand. orig.] 1. Obs. a Understanding ; 

judgment, b Argument ; proof ; also, reason ; motive. 2. 

Knowledge of, and expertness in, execution or performance ; 

practical ability in art, science, etc. ; expertness ; aptitude. 

— Syn. Dexterity, adroitness. 
Skill, v. i. To make a difference ; signify ; matter ; — used 

impersonally in negative or interrogative clauses. Archaic. 
skilled (skild), a. Having skill ; — often used with in; as, a 

Serson skilled in drawing. — Syn. See skillful. 
il'let (skil'et ; 24), n. A kind of small metal vessel with a 
handle, esp. for culinary purposes ; a stewpan or, U. S., a 
frying pan. 

Skill'ful, skil'ful (-fool), a. Having or displaying skill; 
expert. — skill'ful-ly, skil'ful-ly, adv. — skill'ful-ness, 
skil'ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Skilled, expert, well-versed, dexterous, adroit, deft, 
clever, apt, proficient. — Skillful, skilled, expert agree 
in the idea of proficiency. Skillful, the most general term, 
implies a union of knowledge and readiness ; as, a skillful 
operator ; a skillful economy. Skilled implies the mastery 
of the details of an art, trade, or handicraft through prac- 
tice ; as, a skilled mechanic. Expert suggests extraordinary 
proficiency achieved in a special field ; as, an expert 
accountant. 

Skim (skim), a. Skimmed ; as, skim milk. 

skim, v. t. ; skimmed (skimd) ; skim'ming. [Apparently 
from scum. See scum.] 1. To clear (a liquid) from scum or 
floating substance ; also, to take off by or as by skimming ; 
as, to skim cream. 2. To pass swiftly or lightly over ; glide 
along. 3. To read or examine superficially and rapidly ; as, 
to skim a book. 4. To skip or ricochet ; as, to skim stones 
on the water. — v. i. 1. To pass lightly or hastily ; glide 
along evenly and smoothly, esp. near the surface. 2. To 
become coated with a film or scum. 3. To skip or ricochet 
over a surface, as on water. 

— n. 1. Act of skimming. 2. That which is skimmed ; 
hence : scum ; film ; also, refuse. 

skim'ble-scam'ble, skim'ble-skam'ble (skim'b'1-skam'- 
b'l; skim''l-skam / 'l), a. Rambling; unconnected; con- 
fused. Colloq. 
Skim'merj-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, skims ; esp., 
a utensil for skimming liquids. 2. Any of 
several long-winged marine birds (genus 
Rhynchops) allied to the terns. 
^^^^^K^ skim milk. Milk from which 

^^^^^^^^^ the cream has been skimmed. 
N^: " il^^skim'ming (skim'mg),n. Sub- 

stance skimmed 
from a liquid ; — 
chiefly in pi. 
Black Skimmer. Skimp (skimp), 

v. t. To slight ; do carelessly ; to scrimp. — v. i. To save or 
economize unduly ; be parsimonious. — a. Scanty ; meager. 
Skim'py (skim'pi), a.; -pi-er (-pi-er) ;_ -pi-est. a Spare; 
scanty ; skimp, b Stingy ; parsimonious ; niggardly. — 
Skimp'i-ly (-pi-li), adv. All Dial, or Colloq. 
Skin (skin), «._ [Of Scand. orig.] 1. The integument, or 
external covering, of an animal. 2. The integument of an 
animal as separated from the body, specif-, that of a small 
animal, as a calf or sheep, as disting. from the hide of a 
large animal. 3. A vessel of skin to hold liquids. 4. The 
outermost layer, or surface, cf anything ; rind, husk, peel, 
etc. 5. Shipbuilding. The covering, of planking or iron 
plates, outside the framing, forming the sides and bottom 
of a vessel ; the shell. 6. Slang, a = skinflint, b A cheat 
or fraud ; a sharper. 

Syn. Skin, hide, pelt, fell. Skin, the most general term, 
applies esp. to the integument of animals ; hide, esp. to the 
skins (commonly undressed) of the larger animals ; pelt, to 
skins (often of smaller animals) with the hair, wool, or (esp.) 
fur on. Fell is now chiefly elevated or poetical for skin, hide, 
or pelt. 

— v. t. ; skinned (sklnd) ; skin'ning. 1. To strip the skin 
from ; flay ; peel. 2. To cover with or as with skin. 3. To 
strip of money or property ; fleece. Slang. — v. i. To be- 
come covered with, or as with skin. 

Skin'bound' (-bound 7 ), a. Having the skin adhering closely 

to the flesh ; hidebound ; affected with scleroderma. 
skin'-deep', a. Superficial. — skin'-deep', adv. 
Skin'flint' (-flint'), n. A penurious person ; miser ; niggard. 
skink (skirjk), n. [L. scincus, Gr. cvayKos.] Any of a large 

group of lizards 

(family Scinci- 

dse) , m o s tly -^ ge_" 

small, with 

stout scales. Many 

burrow in the sand. Skink. 

skin'ner (skin'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, skins or 

flays. 2. A dealer in skins. 




^d 




ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; na^ire, verdure (87) ; 



SKINNINESS 



903 



SLAKE 



skin'ny (skin'i), a.; -ni-er (-i-er) ; -ni-est. 1. Of the na- 
ture of or like skin. 2. Consisting chiefly of skin ; thin ; 
emaciated. — skin'ni-ness (-T-nes), n. 

skip (skip), v. i. ; skipped (skipt) ; skip'ping. 1. To move 
with leaps and bounds ; move with light dancing motion ; 
caper. 2. To pass from point to point omitting the inter- 
vals, as in writing, speaking, etc. ; pass without notice or 
attention ; — often used with over. 3. To ricochet. 
Syn. Trip, hop, jump, bound, leap. — Skip, bound. To 
skip is to move by leaping lightly and gracefully. Bound 
implies longer and more vigorous leaps. Skip often implies 
joy or sportiveness ; bound, elasticity or buoyancy of spirit. 

— v. t. 1. To leap lightly over ; as, to skip rope. 2. To pass 
over or by without notice ; omit ; miss ; as, to skip a page. 
3. To cause to ricochet. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A light leap or bound ; esp., a gait, often used by 
children, made up of alternating hops and steps. 2. A pass- 
ing over or neglecting ; omission. 

Skip' jack' (skip'jak'), n. Any of various fishes that jump 
above, or play at, the surface of the water, as the bonito, 
saury, bluefish, etc. 

Skip'per (skip'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, skips. 2. 
The saury or other allied fish. 3. The larva of the cheese 
fly, a small, black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) infest- 
ing cheese, ham, etc. 4. Any of various small insects (family 
Hesperiidx or superfamily Hesperiinse) resembling butter- 
flies, but in structure more like moths. 

Skip'per, n. [D. schipper.~] The master of a fishing or 
small trading vessel ; Colloq., the master of any vessel. 

Skir'mish (skur'mish), v. i. [OF. escremir, eskermir, to 
fight, to fence.] To fight as skirmishers ; engage in a skir- 
mish. — n. 1. A slight fight in war, usually incidental to 
larger movements. 2. A slight contest ; brisk preliminary 
conflict. 

Skir'mish-er (-er), n. One who skirmishes; specif., Mil., 
one of the soldiers deployed, in extended order, to cover the 
front or flanks of advancing troops. 

Skirr (skur), v. t. 1. To scour, as for enemies. 2. To skim 
over ; cause to glide or skim. 

Skir'ret (skir'et; 24), n. [ME. skyrwyt, skirwhit."] An 
Asiatic apiaceous plant (Sium sisarum) cultivated in 
Europe for its sweet, edible, tuberous roots. 

Skirt (skurt), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. The lower, hanging 
part of a coat, dress, etc. ; specif., a separate outer gar- 
ment for women or girls covering the body from the waist 
down ; also, a petticoat. 2. On a saddle, one of the pend- 
ent side flaps. 3. Border ; margin. 4. Arch. An apron 
piece or border, as a baseboard or the molded piece under a 
window stool. 5. Butchering. The diaphragm or midriff. 

— v. t. 1. To cover with or as with a skirt ; surround. 2. To 
border ; run along the edge of ; as, the plain was skirted by 
trees. — v. i. To be or live on the border ; move along the 
edge ; as, to skirt along a coast. — Skirt'er, n. 

Skit (skit), n. 1. A taunt ; jest ; joke. 2. A short literary 
composition, esp. one involving humor or satire. 

Skit'ter (skTt'er), v. i. 1. To pass or glide lightly or with 
quick touches at intervals ; skip ; skim. 2. Angling. To 
draw the hook through, or along the surface of, the water 
with a twitching motion. — v. t. To cause to skitter ; 
specif., Angling, to impart a twitching motion to. 

Skit'tish (-ish), a. [E. dial, skit to caper, as a restive 
horse.] I. Marked by levity or liveliness ; as, a skittish 
fancy. 2. Easily frightened ; shy ; as, a skittish colt. 3. 
Restive ; capricious ; also, tricky ; deceptive ; as, skittish 
fortune. — skit'tish-ly, adv. — skit'tish-ness, n. 

Skit'tles (-'lz), n.; pi. in form, but construed as sing. 
[Of Scand. orig.] A game, resembling ninepins, played 
by throwing wooden disks at the pins. 

Skive (sklv), n. A diamond wheel. 

Skive (sklv), v. t. ; skived (sklvd) ; skiv'ing (skiv'Tng). To 
cut off, as leather, in thin layers or pieces ; to pare. 

Skiv'er (sklv'er), n. A cheap leather, made of the grain 
side of a split sheepskin, tanned in sumac, and dyed. 

Skoal (sk51), interj. [From Scand.] Hail ! — n. Saluta- 
tion or toasting by crying "Skoal ! " ; a health. 

Sku'a (sku'd), n., or skua gull. [From Scand.] A jaeger, 
esp. one of a certain 
genus (Megalestris). 

Skulk (skulk), v. i. [Of 
Scand. orig.] To hide, or 
get out of the way, sneak- 
ingly ; to lie close ; to move 
furtively; lurk. — Syn. 
See lurk. 

Skulk (skulk) In. One who 

skulk'er (-er)J skulks ; 
hence, an idle, good-for- 
nothing fellow. 

Skull (skul), n. 1. The 
skeleton of the head of a vertebrate ; the cranium and those 
parts immovably united with it. 2. The head or brain ; mind. 

Skull'cap' (skul'kapQ, n. 1. A close-fitting cap; esp., a 




light brimless cap for indoor wear. 2. Any of various plants 
of the mint family (genus Scutellaria) having helmet- 
shaped flowers. 
Skunk (skunk), n. [From Amer. Indian.] A common mam- 
mal {Mephitis mephitis) 



of temperate North Ameri- 
ca, allied to the weasels. It 
can eject a very offensive 
secretion produced in two 
perineal glands. — v. t. 
To defeat, as in cards, so 
that one's opponent fails 
to score. Slang, U. S. 
skunk cabbage. Also 



skunk'weed' 



l.A 




Skylark. (1) 




broad-leaved plant (Spa- 
thyema faetlda), of the 
arum family, which sends 
up in the spring a spathe 
of a disgusting odor. 2. A 
somewhat similar plant 
(Lysichiton camstschatcense) of the Pacific coast States. 

Skup'shti-na (sk66p'shti-na), n. [Servian, fr. skupiti to 
assemble.] The unicameral national assembly of Servia. 

Sky (ski), n.; pi. skies (sklz). [Of Scand. orig.] 1. The 
upper atmosphere ; the region of clouds, storms, etc. ; 
hence, the weather ; — often in pi. 2. The heavens ; firma- 
ment. 3. Heaven. — v. t. ; skied (skid) or skyed ; sky'ing 
(skl'ing). To hang (a picture on exhibition) in the top 
row, which is, usually, an unfavorable position. Colloq. 

sky'-blue' (ski'bloo'), a. Having the blue color of the sky ; 
azure. — n. A sky-blue or azure color. 

Skye terrier (ski). [From Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, 
Scotland.] One of a Scottish breed of short-legged, long- 
bodied, long-haired terriers of medium size. 

Sky'ey (skl'i), a. Of or like the sky ; ethereal. Chiefly Poet. 

Sky'lark' (skl'lark'), n. The common Old World lark 
( Alauda arvensis), noted 
for its song, which it utters 
as it rises in almost per- 
pendicular flight. 

sky'lark', v. i. To run about 
the rigging of a vessel in sport ; 
hence, to frolic boisterously. 

sky'light' (-lit'), n A window in a 
roof, ceiling, etc. [naut. Slang. I 

sky'man (skl'man), n. An aero-| 

Sky pilot. 1. A ship's chaplain or ^J>&x~* 
other clergyman. 2. Aeronautics. A licensed pilot. Both 
Slang. 

Sky'rock'et (skl'rok'et ; 24), n. A rocket that ascends, and 
explodes high in the air. 

Sky'sail' (skl'saF ; naut. skl's'l), n. Naut. The sail set next 

above the royal. See ship, Illust. 
Jjky'scape (-skap), n. A portion of the sky comprising a 
single view ; also, a representation of such portion. 

Sky'scrap'er (-skrap'er), n. A very tall building. 

sky 'ward (skl'werd), a. & adv. Toward the sky. — sky'- 
wards (-werdz), adv. 

Slab (slab), n. 1. A thick plate or slice of anything. 2. The 
outside piece taken from a log in sawing it into boards. 

— v. t. 1. To saw, or otherwise form, into slabs ; also, to 
saw the outside slab or slabs from. 2. To cover with slabs. 

Slab'ber (slab'er; slob'-), v. i. & t. & n. Slobber. 

slack (slak), n. Small coal ; also, culm. 

slack (slak), a. [AS. slzec, .sZeac] 1. Slow ; as, a slack pace. 
2. Sluggish ; as, slack water. 3. Not using due care ; re- 
miss ; inattentive ; as, slack in duty. 4. Wanting in activi- 
ty ; dull ; as, a slack season. 5. Lax ; not tense ; as, a slack 
rope. 6. Weak ; unnerved ; unstrung ; as, a slack hand. 
7. Underdone ; insufficiently treated ; as, slack bread. — 
Syn. Loose, relaxed. See lax. — adv. Slackly. 

— n. 1. The part of anything (as a rope) that hangs loose. 

2. Cessation ; stop ; specif., slack water. 

slack (slak) \ v. i. & t. 1. To slow down ; loosen ; relax ; 

Slack'en (-'n)j retard; abate; be negligent; slake. 2. To 
become less active or violent ; abate. 3. = slake, v. i., 2. 

Slack'ly, adv. In a slack manner. 

slack'ness, n. Quality or state of being slack. 

Slag (slag), n. [Sw. slagg, or LG. slacke.~\ 1. The dross or 
scoria of a metal ; cinder. 2. The scoria of a volcano. — 
v. i. & t.; slagged (slagd) ; slag'ging. Metal. To form, 
or form into, a slag. [or containing slag. 

slag'gy (-i ), a.; slag'gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. Pert, to, like,| 

slain (slan), p. p. of slay. 

Slake (slak), v. t.; slaked (slakt); slak'ing (slak'ing). 
[AS. slacian, sleacian, to grow slack.] 1. To slacken ; 
retard. 2. To render less tense ; also, to assuage ; mitigate. 

3. To allay ; quench ; as, to slake thirsty 4. To mix (lime) 
with water. The resulting slaked lime is calcium hydrox- 
ide. See lime, 2. — v. i. 1. To abate ; flag. 2. To become 
hydrated ; as, the lime slakes. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); bow; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



r 1 



N 



-k 



SLAM 



904 



SLEEP 







R 



Slam (slam), v.t. & i.; slammed (slamd) ; slam'ming. 
[Of. Scand. origin.] 1. To shut violently ; bang. 2. To put 
in or on some place forcibly and noisily ; strike forcibly and 
noisily. — n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, slams ; also, 
the shock or noise so made. 2. An old card game. 3. Card 
Playing. The act or fact of winning all the tricks of a deal 
(called, in bridge, grand slam, the winning of all but one 
of the thirteen tricks being called a little slam) . 

slan'der (slan'der), n. [OF. esclandre scandal, fr. L. scan- 
dalum. See scandal.] Defamation, oral or written ; spe- 
cif., Law, a false oral report maliciously uttered and tend- 
ing to injure the reputation of another. — v. t. To utter 
slander against ; defame. — Syn. Calumniate, vilify, ma- 
lign, belie, reproach. See asperse. — slan'der-er (-er), n. 

Slan'der-OUS (-us), a. 1. Given to or uttering slander. 2. 
Containing, or of the nature of, slander ; calumnious. — 
slan'der-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

Slang (slang), n. Originally, cant of thieves, gypsies, beg- 
gars, etc. ; now, language consisting either of new words or 
phrases, often of the vagrant or illiterate classes, or of ordi- 
nary words or phrases in arbitrary senses, and haying a con- 
ventional but vulgar or inelegant use ; also, the jargon of a 
particular class. — Syn. See cant. — v. t . & i. To address 
with slang or ribaldry ; use slang or vulgar abuse. Colloq. 

Slang'y (slang'i), a.; slang'i-er ; -i-est. Of, pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, slang ; disposed to use slang. — slang'i- 
ly (-1-I1), adv. — slang'i-ness, n. 

Slank (slarjk), pret. & p. p. of slink. 

Slant (slant), v. i. & t. [ME. slenten to slope, slide.] To 
turn or incline from a right line or a level ; to slope. 
Syn. Slant, slope. Slant emphasizes esp. the idea of 
(commonly sharp) divergence from aright line ; slope sug- 
gests rather the resulting, often gradual, inclination. 

— n. A slanting direction or plane. — a. Oblique. 
slanting, p. a. Oblique ; sloping. — slant'ing-ly, adv. 
slant'ly, slant'wise' (slant'wlz'), adv. Slantingly. 

Slap (slap), n. A blow, esp. one from or as from the open 
hand ; also, a rebuff ; insult. — v. t. ; slapped (slapt) ; 
slap'ping. 1. To subject to a slap. 2. To put or place with 
force. Colloq. — adv. Suddenly ; instantly. Colloq. 

Slap'dash' (-d5sh'), a. Carelessly violent or sudden ; heed- 
lessly impetuous. — slap'dash 1 ', adv. & n. 

Slap'jack' (-jaV), n. A flapjack ; a griddlecake. Dial. U. S. 

Slap'per, n. One who, or that which, slaps. 

slash (slash), v. t. 1. To cut by sweeping, esp. random, 
strokes ; cut in long slits ; gash. 2. To lash ; ply the whip on. 

=— v. i. To strike violently and at random, esp. with or as 
with an edged instrument ; cut hastily and carelessly. — to. 
1. Act of slashing, or a cut so made ; a gash. 2. A slit made 
in a garment to show a fabric within. 3. A stroke with a 
whip ; a cut. 4. In a forest, an open tract strewn with 
debris; also, such debris. — slash'er (slash'er), n. 

slash, n. Wet or swampy land ; — usually in pi. Local, U. S. 

slashing, n. Act of one who, or that which, slashes; a 
slash. — a. 1. That cuts violently or at random. 2. Dash- 
ing ; impetuous.^ Colloq. 3. Huge. Dial, or Slang. ■ 

Slash pine. An inferior pine (Pinus heterophylla) , of the 
coast region of the southern United States, having very 
hard wood ; — so called because growing in "slashes." 

Slat (slat), n. A thin, narrow bar of wood or metal ; a lath. 

Slat, v. t. ; slat/ted ; slat'ting. To strike ; beat ; also, to 
throw smartly against something else. Dial, or Colloq. — 
v. i. To flap violently, as a loose sail. Naut. or Colloq. 

— n. Act of one who, or that which, slats ; a smart blow 
or slap. Dial., Colloq. or Naut. 

Slate (slat), v. t. ; slat'ed (slat'ed) ; slat'ing. [AS. slMan 
to set dogs on, hunt.] To criticize ; reprimand. Colloq. 

Slate, n. [OF. esclat a shiver, splinter.] 1. A dense, fine- 
grained, laminated rock produced by compression of clays, 
shales, etc. 2. A color like that of common slate ; dark 
bluish gray. 3. A prepared piece of slate, esp. for roofing 
or for a writing tablet. 4. A list of candidates, officers, etc., 
devised beforehand. Polit. Cant, U. S. — v. t. 1. To cover 
with slate or a slatelike substance. 2. To register (as on a 
slate, subject to revision) for an appointment. Polit. Cant, 
U. S. — Slat'er (slat'er), n. 

Slat'er (slat'er), n. Any of various isopod crustaceans ; esp., 
a sow bug or wood louse. 

Slating (slat'ing), n. 1. Act of one who slates ; work of a 
slater. 2. Slates collectively ; also, material for slating. 

Slat'tern (slat'ern), n. An untidy, slovenly woman. 

Slat'tern-ly, a. Pertaining to or like a slattern ; sluttish. 

— adv. In a slatternly manner. — Syn. See slovenly. 
Slat'y (slat'i), a.; slat/i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Of the nature 

of or resembling slate. 
Slaughter (slo'ter), n. [From Scand.] Act of killing; 
specif. : a Violent or wanton destruction of life ; carnage. 
It) Act of butchering cattle or other beasts for market. — 
Syn. Massacre, butchery, murder, havoc. — v. t. 1. To 
kill, esp. violently and ruthlessly or in large numbers. 2. To 
butcher ; kill for market. 3. Com. To transact, execute, or 
sell at a sacrifice. — Syn. See kill. — slaugh'ter-er, n. 



slaugh'ter-house' (-hous'), n. A building where beasts are 
butchered for the market ; an abattoir ; — also used fig. 

slaugh'ter-man (-man), n. A slaughterer ; executioner. 

Slaugh'ter-OUS (-us), a. Destructive; murderous. 

Slav (slav ; slav), n. [G., of Slavic origin.] A person speak- 
ing a Slavic language as his native tongue ; hence, a person 
of the prevailing type or race among the Slavic-speaking 
peoples. The Slavs include the Russians, Poles, Bohemi- 
ans, Moravians, Bulgarians, Serbians, Croatians, Sorbs, 
Wends, Slovaks, and qthers. 

slave (slav), n. [F. esclave, fr. LL. Slavi or Sclavi, name 
of a certain people. ] 1. A person held in bondage ; bond- 
man. 2. One who has lost control of himself, as to vice, 
lust, etc. 3. A drudge. — Syn. Bondman, bondmaid, 
thrall, vassal. See serf. — v. i. ; slaved (slavd) ; slav'ing. 
To labor as a slave ; drudge ; toil. — v. t. To enslave. 

slave'hold'er (slaVhol'der), n. One who holds slaves. 

Slave'hold'ing, a. Holding persons in slavery. 

slav'er (slav'er), n. 1. A slave ship. 2. A slave trader. 

Slav'er (slav'er), v. i. To let spittle, etc., run from the 
mouth. — v. t. To smear with saliva ; slobber. — n. Saliva 
driveling from the mouth. 

slav'er-er (-er), n. One who slavers or drivels; hence : a 
An idiot, b A servile flatterer or parasite. 

slav'er-y (slav'er-i), n. 1. The condition of a slave ; bond- 
age. 2. The institution of slaveholding. 3. A condition 
like or suggesting that of a slave. 4. Continued and weari- 
some labor ; drudgery. — Syn. Enthrallment, enslave- 
ment, captivity, vassalage. See servitude. 

Slavic (slav'ik ; slav'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the Slavs 
or their languages ; Slavonic. — n. The group of allied lan- 
guages spoken by the Slavs. 

Slavish (slav'ish), a. Of, pert, to, or befitting a slave ; ser- 
vile. — Syn. See menial. — -ish-ly, adv. — ish-ness, n. 

Slavism (slav'iz'm ; slav'iz'm), n. The common feeling 
and interest of the Slavonic race. 

Slav'o- (slav'o- ; slav'o-). Combining form for Slav. 

Slav-OCla-cy (slav-ok'rd-si), n. [slave + -cracy."] U. S. 
Politics. Formerly, the persons or interests representing 
slavery, or using influence to preserve or advance slavery. 

Sla-VO'ni-an (sld-vo'nT-an), a. = Slavonic. — n. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Slavonia ; loosely, a Slav. 

Sla-vonlc (sld-von'ik), a. Of or pertaining to Slavonia or 
its inhabitants, or the Slavs or their language. 

Slav'o-phile (slav'3-fll ; slav'S- ; -fil), slav'o-phil (-fil), n. 
[Slav + Gr. 4>l\os loving.] One who greatly admires the 
Slavs, their institutions, art, etc. — Sla-vophl-lism, n. 

Sla-voph'o-bist (sld-vof'6-bist), n. [Slav + Gr. <t>60os 
fear.] One who fears or dislikes the Slavs. 

Slaw (slo), n. [D. sla, contr. fr. salade salad.] Sliced cab- 
bage served as a salad. 

Slay (sla), v. t.; pret. slew (sloo ; 86) ; p. p. slain (slan) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. slay'ing. [AS. slean to strike, slay.] 1. To 
strike. Obs. 2. To put to death by violence ; hence : to kill ; 
destroy. — Syn. Murder, slaughter. See kill. 

Slay'er (-er), n. One who slays; a murderer. 

sleave (slev), n. 1. Knotted or tangled part of silk or thread. 
2. Silk not yet twisted ; floss. — v. t. ; sleaved (slevd) ; 
sleav'ing. Weaving. To separate or divide, as threads. 

slea'zy (sle'zT; sla'zi), a.; slea'zi-er (-zi-er ) ; -zi-est. 
Wanting firmness of texture or substance ; flimsy. — slea'- 
zi-ness (-zi-nes), n. 

Sled (sled), n. [D. slede.'] 1. A vehicle on runners for con- 
veying loads, esp. over snow or ice ; sledge. _ 2. A small 
vehicle with runners for sliding on snow or ice. — v. t. ; 
sled'ded ; sled'ding. To convey or transport on a sled. 

sled'der (sled'er), n. 1. One who drives a sled. 2. A horse 
or other animal that draws a sled. 

Sled'ding (-ing), n. 1. The use of a sled, as for transporta- 
tion. 2. The state of the sr'sw which admits of using sleds. 

Sledge (slej), n. A strong vehicle with low runners, or one 
made of plank slightly turned up at one end without run- 
ners, for transporting loads, esp. on snow or ice ; a sled. 

— v. i. & t. ; sledged (slejd), sledg'ing. To travel or con- 
vey in a sledge or sledges. 

sledge, n. Also sledge hammer. [AS. slecge, fr. slean to 
beat.] A large hammer, usually wielded with both hands. 

— v.t.& i. To beat or strike with or as with a sledge. 
Sleek (slek), a. Having an even, smooth surface ; smooth , 

hence, glossy. — Syn. See smooth. — v. t. To make 
smooth ; render smooth, soft, and glossy ; smooth over ; 
also, to allay. — sleekly, adv. — sleek'ness, n. 

sleek'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, sleeks; any of 
various implements used in sleeking leather, cloth, etc. 

sleek'y (-1), a. Of a sleek appearance ; smooth. 

Sleep (slep), v. %.; pret. & p. p. slept (slept) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. sleep'ing. [AS. slsepan.'] 1. To be, or pass time, in the 
condition of repose called sleep ; to slumber. 2. a To lie dor- 
mant ; to be quiescent or inactive ; as, his anger sleeps, b 
To be dead. 3. Plant Physiol. To take sleep. See sleep, 
n., 2. — v. t. 1. To rest in, or be in a state of (sleep) ; — 
) with a cognate object ; as, to sleep the sleep of the just. 2. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ikrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SLEEPER 



905 



SLIME 



To spend, use up, or get rid of, in or by sleep ; — used with 
away, off; as, to sleep away the hours. 

»— n. 1. A natural, temporary, and periodical diminution of 
sensation, feeling, and thought, amounting in heavy slum- 
ber to an almost complete cessation of conscious life. 2. 
Plant Physiol. Nyctitropism. 3. Rest or repose; often, 
fig., death. — Syn. Slumber, nap, doze, drowse. 

Sleep'er, n. 1. One who sleeps ; a drone, or lazy person ; one 
who is dead. 2. A railroad sleeping car. Colloq., U. S. 3. 
A beam, etc., used, on or near the ground, to support a 
structure, keep rails in place, etc. ; stringpiece— 

Sleep'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a sleepy manner. 

sleep'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being sleepy. 

sleep'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of sleep. 
sleeping car, a railroad car with compartments and 
berths for sleeping. — s. partner, a silent partner. — s. 
sickness, a generally fatal disease common among the 
natives of parts oi tropical West Africa, characterized by 
drowsiness. It is believed to be due to a parasite introduced 
by the bite ef a certain fly. 

sleep'less (slep'Ies), a. Having no sleep or rest. — sleep'- 
less-ly, adv. — sleep'less-ness, n. 

Sleep'walk'er (-wok'er), n. A somnambulist. 

Sleep'walk'ing, n. Walking in one's sleep ; somnambulism. 

sleep'y (slep'i), a. ; sleep'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Drowsy ; 
inclined to sleep ; hence : dull ; lazy ; sluggish. 2. Tending to 
induce sleep ; soporific. 

Syn. Sleepy, drowsy, slumberous, somnolent, lethar- 
gic. One is sleepy who is inclined to sleep, drowsy, who is 
heavy with sleep. Slumberous often suggests the repose 
of latent powers ; somnolent connotes esp. sluggishness in 
one asleep or sleepy ; lethargic implies torpor or apathy. 

Sleet (slet), n. Fine, driving, icy particles, often with rain. 

— v. i. To shower sleet. — sleet'y (-1), a. 

sleeve (slev), n. [AS. slief, slef, slyf.J 1. The part of a 
garment covering an arm only. 2. Mach. A tubular part de- 
signed to fit over another part. — v. t. ; sleeved (slevd) ; 
sleev'ing. To furnish with sleeves. — sleeve'less, a. 

Sleigh (sla), n. [D. slee.~\ A vehicle on runners used to 
transport persons or goods 
on snow or ice ; — in England 
commonly called a sledge. — 
Sleigh'er (sla'er), n. 

sleigh'ing, n. 1. Act of rid- 
ing in a sleigh. 2. State of 
the snow or ice enabling the 
use of sleighs. 

Sleight (slit), n. [From Sleigh. 

Scand.] 1. Cunning ; craft. Obs. 2. A sly artifice ; a 
scheme ; trick ; esp., a feat so dexterous that the way it is 
executed is not perceived. 3. Dexterity ; skill. 
sleight of hand, a trick or tricks requiring skillful ma- 
nipulation ; legerdemain ; also, expertness in such tricks. 

Slen'der (slen'der), a. [OD. slinder.']^ 1. Small or narrow 
in circumference or width in proportion to the length or 
height ; slim. 2. Weak ; feeble ; slight ; as, slender hope. 
3. Moderate ; inconsiderable ; meager ; small ; as, a slender 
income. 4. Spare ; abstemious ; frugal ; as, a slender diet. 
— slen'der -ly, adv. — slen'der-ness, n. 
Syn. Slender, slim, as applied to material objects, are 
often interchangeable, but slim often implies the greater 
slightness or fragility. See thin. 

Slept (slept), pret. & p. p. of SLEEP. 

sleuth (slooth ; 86), n. 1. The track of man or beast, esp. as 
followed by scent. Obs. 2. A bloodhound. 3. Hence, a de- 
tective. Colloq., U. S. 

sleuth'hound' (-hound'), n. A hound that tracks animals 
by the scent ; bloodhound. 

Slew (sloo; 86), n. [See slough a wet place.] A wet or 
marshy place ; a river inlet. See 2d slough, n., 2. 

Slew (sloo ; 86), pret. of slay ; also, var. of slue. 

Sley (sla), n. [AS. siege.'} A weaver's reed. 

Slice (slis), n. [OF. esclice, fr. esclicier, esclichier, to break 
to pieces.] 1. A thin, broad piece, esp. one cut off. 2. A 
knife with a broad blade, as for serving fish ; a spatula for 
spreading anything, as paint or ink. 

— v. t. ; sliced _ (sllst) ; slic'ing (slis'ing). 1. To cut into 
slices ; cut a slice or slices from. 2. To cut into parts ; di- 
vide. 3. To clear by means of a slice bar, as a fire, or grate 
bars. 4. To remove as a slice ; cut off ; — usually used with 
off. 5. Golf. To strike (the ball) so that the face of the club 
draws across the face of the ball and deflects it (with a 
righthanded player, to the right). — slic'er (slis'er), n. 

Slice bar. A kind of poker with a broad, flat end, for stir- 
ring a fire, clearing out ashes from the bars of a furnace, etc. 

Slick (silk), a. Sleek. Chiefly Dial, or Colloq. — adv. 
Smoothly ; plausibly ; smartly. Colloq. — v. t. To make 
sleek ; sleek ; Slang, to make trim ; — often with up. Chief- 
ly Dial, or Colloq. — n. 1. Joinery. A wide paring chisel. 
2. A smooth and slippery surface or place ; esp., a smooth 
area on the surface of the water, usually caused by the 
presence of oil, as from a school of fish. U. S. 

Slick'ens (slik'enz ; -inz), n. Mining. The pulverized ma- 




terial (pulp) from a quartz mill, or the lighter soil of hy- 
draulic mines. U. S. 

Slick'en-side 7 (sllVn-sId'), n. [slicken smooth + side, 
n.] Geol. A smooth, usually striated, polished surface of 
rock, produced by friction ; — usually in pi. — v. t. ; -sh>'- 
ed (-sld'ed ; 24) ; -shVing. To form slickensides upon. 

slick'er (sllk/er), n. A long, loose waterproof coat. U. S. 

slid (slid), pret. & p. p. of sldde. 

slid'den (slid"n), p. p. of slide. 

slide (slid), v. i.; pret. slid (slid) ; p. p. sltd'den (slid''n), 
slid ; p. pr. & vb. n. slh/ing (slld'ing). [AS. slidan.'] 1. 
To move along a surface, as on snow or ice, without inter- 
mission of contact ; slip ; glide. 2. To pass without ob- 
serving or being observed or heeded ; — often, Now Colloq., 
used with let. 3. To pass smoothly or gently onward ; glide ; 
as, a boat slides through the water. 4. To move or go easily, 
quietly, quickly, or secretly ; — often used with out, away, 
etc. 5. To slip in walking or standing. Obsolescent. 
Syn. Slide, slip, glide. Slide commonly suggests esp. con- 
tact with the surface ; slip, entire absence of friction or ob- 
struction ; glide, the smoothness or ease of the movement. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to slide along a surface. 2. To pass or 
put quietly or imperceptibly ; slip ; as, the thief slid his 
hand into the bag. 

— n._ 1. Act of sliding. 2. That on which anything moves by 
sliding. 3. That which operates by sliding, as a cover for 
an aperture. 4. The descent of a mass of earth, rock, or 
snow down a declivity ; as, a landsZide. 5. A plate of glass 
on which is a picture to be projected by a stereopticon or 
the like ; also, a plate on which is an object to be examined 
with a microscope. 6. Music, a A grace of two or more 
small notes moving by conjoint degrees and leading to a 
principal note, b A portamento. C In the trumpet and 
trombone, a U-shaped section of tube pushed out and in 
to produce the tones between the fundamental and its 
harmonics. — ■ slid'er (slld'er), n. 

slide bar. 1. A bar serving as a slide or guideway for some- 
thing, as in a crosshead. 2. A bar that can be slid into, 
or out of, position. 

slide knot. A kind of slipknot. See knot, Illust. 

slide valve. Mech. Any valve which opens and closes a 
passageway by sliding 
over a port ; specify 
kind of sliding 
valve often used 
in steam engines 
for admitting 
steam to the pis- 
ton and releasing 
it, alternately. 

sliding scale, a A 

scale for rais- 
ing or lowering Eg 
imposts in pro- 
portion to the 
fall or rise of 
prices, b Econ. A 
scale of work- 
men's wages un- Slide Valve, a Cylinder of a steam engine ; 
der which the P Piston P; b Steam Chest; i. Steam 
wages depend, Pipe; S Slide Valve shown admitting 
more or less, steam through the Port e, and opening 
upon the selling communication between the Exhaust 
price of the prod- Passage / and the Port c. 
uct, the rate of pay rising and falling with the price accord- 
ing to a certain scale. 
Slight (slit), a. [ME. slijt, sleght, orig., smooth, flat.] 1. 
Slender ; slim ; frail ; as, a slight figure. 2. Not strong in 
intellect or character ; foolish ; silly. 3. Unimportant ; pal- 
try ; mild ; weak ; feeble ; scant ; as, a slight effort, impres- 
sion, pain. 

— v. t. To disregard as insignificant ; make light of ; as : a 
To treat (a person) with intentional neglect, b To perform 
carelessly and inadequately. — Syn. See neglect. 

— n. A slighting; esp., an intentional neglect of courtesy 
due ; manifestation of moderate contempt. — Syn. Disre- 
gard, negligence, inattention, contempt, indignity. 

Sllght'ing, p. a. Characterized by disregard or disrespect ; 
disparaging ; as, a slighting remark. — slight'ing-ly, adv. 

Slight'ly, adv. In a slight manner or degree. 

slight'ness, n. Quality or state of being slight, inconsid- 
erable, slender, or the like ; also, formerly, negligence. 

sli'ly (sll'li). Var. of slyly. 

Slim (slim), a. ; slim'mer (-er) ; -mest. [D. slim crafty, bad, 
awry.] 1. Bad ; worthless ; mean. Scot. & Dial. 2. Frail ; 
slight ; unsubstantial ; poor ; as, a slim structure ; a slim 
chance. 3. Of small diameter or thickness in proportion to 
the height or length ; slender. 4. Small in numbers, amount, 
etc. ; sparse ; as, a slim attendance. — Syn. See slender. 

Slime (slim), n. [AS. slim.} 1. Soft, moist earth or clay; 
viscous mud. 2. Any dirty substance that is moist, soft, 
and adhesive. 3. Bitumen. Archaic. 4. The mucous or 
mucuslike secretion of the skin of slugs, land snails, etc. 

— v.t.; slimed (sllmd) ; slim'ing (slIm'Tng). 1. To smear 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explan ations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SLIME FUNGUS 



906 



SLOT 







R 



or cover with slime ; make slimy. 2. To remove slime 
from, as fish for canning. 

slime fungus. A slime mold. 

slime mold or mould. Any myxomycetous organism. 

Slim'i-ly (slIni'i-iT), adv. In a slimy manner. 

slim'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being slimy. 

slim'ly (slim'll), adv. In a slim manner ; thinly. 

slim'ness, n. Quality or state of being slim. 

Slim'sy (slim/zT ; -si), a. Flimsy ; frail, as a fabric or struc- 
ture. Colloq., U. S. 

slim'y (sllm'i), a.; slim'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Of or pert, to 
or like slime ; also, covered with or yielding slime. 

Sling (sling), n. A drink of spirit and water sweetened. 

Sling, v. t.; pret. slung (slung), Archaic slang (slang); 
p. p. slung ; p. pr. & vb. n. sling'ing. [AS. slingan to 
wind, twist.] 1. To throw with a sling. 2. To throw ; hurl ; 
cast. 3. To place in a sling or slings for hoisting or lower- 
ing ; also, to move, hoist, etc., by slings ; as, to sling a 
cask. 4. To suspend by a sling ; as, to sling a rifle. 

— n. 1. An instrument, as a short strap with two strings 
fastened to the ends, for throwing stones, etc., by cen- 
trifugal force. 2. Act or motion of hurling with or as with 
a sling ; a throw ; fig., a stroke. 3. A contrivance to sus- 
pend something ; as : a A bandage put round the neck to 
support the arm or hand, b A loop, as of rope or chain, 
etc., to suspend something. C Naut. A chain or rope to sup- 
port a yard or to lower or hoist a boat ; — usually in pi. 

Sling'er (-er), n. One who slings, or uses a sling, 
slink (slink), v. t. To cast, or bring forth, prematurely; 
— said of beasts. 

— a. Produced prematurely. — n. The prematurely born 
young (esp. a calf) of a beast. 

Slink (slink), v. i.; pret. slunk (slunk), Archaic slank 
(slarjk) ; p. p. slunk ; p. pr. & vb. n. slinking. [AS. 
slincan.J To steal off or away ; sneak. — Syn. See lurk. 

Slip (slip), v. i., slipped (slipt) ; slip'ping. [ME. slippen, 
and ME. slipen."] 1. To slide ; hence : to move smoothly 
and with little friction ; glide. 2. To lose one's footing or 
one's hold by reason of sliding. 3. To err ; fall into error. 4. 
To move or start out of place with a sliding motion ; — of- 
ten used with out , off, etc. ; as, the tool slipped and cut me. 
5. To go, come, pass, move, etc., in a quiet, furtive manner ; 
steal ; — used with off, away, etc. ; as, time slipped by. 6. 
To pass away or escape without notice or through inatten- 
tion, neglect, etc. ; as, he let his opportunities slip. — Syn. 
See slide. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to slip ; slide ; put, pass, or the like, 
quickly, quietly, or secretly. 2. To omit to seize or utilize, 
as an advantage ; pass over. 3. To cause to slip or slide 
off or out of place ; as, a dog slips his collar. 4. To let 
loose, as in pursuit of game ; as, to slip a hound. 5. To 
slink (young) ; — said of beasts. 

— n. 1. Act of slipping ; fig., a sudden mishap. 2. An in- 
advertent fault ; error ; blunder ; as, a slip of the tongue. 3. 
A slight transgression or offense ; a false step. 4. Geol. & 
Mining. Any slight movement dislocating the parts of a 
rock mass ; the result of such a movement. 5. Hort. A 
cutting or scion. 6. A long and narrow piece ; strip ; a slen- 
der or slim person, esp. such a boy or girl. 7. A leash for a 
dog ; — because it can be quickly slipped. 8. Any covering 
easily slipped on ; as : a An underwaist or dress lining, b 
A child's pinafore or frock, c A case for a pillow, etc. 9. 
Mach. = creep. See creep, v. i., 5. _ 10. A long seat or 
narrow pew. U. S. 11. Naut. a An artificial slope made for 
a landing, as at a ferry. Eng. b An inclined plane on which 
a vessel is built or repaired. C A space for vessels to lie in be- 
tween wharves or in a dock. U S. d The difference between 
a vessel's actual speed and the speed she would have if the 
propelling instrument acted upon a solid. 12. Potter's clay 
in a very liquid state, used for decoration or as a cement. 
13. A whetstone having a cross-section in general like that 
of a wedge or of two wedges back to back. 14. Cricket. The 
position of a fielder, or the fielder himself, on the off side of 
the wicket and behind the wicket keeper. 

slip'knot' (slTp'not 7 ), n., or slip knot. A knot which slips 
along the rope around which it is made. See knot, Illust. 

Slip'page (sllp'aj), n. Act or amount of slipping; specif., 
Mach., loss in working, as in transmission of power. 

Slip'per (sllp'er), a. [AS. slipur.'] Slippery. Obs. or Scot. 
& Dial. Eng. 

Slip'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, slips. 2. A kind of 
light shoe, easily slipped on or off. 

slip'pered (-erd), a. Wearing, or provided with, slippers. 

slip'per-i-ness, n. Quality or state of being slippery. 

slip'per-y (-er-T), a. [See slipper, a.] 1. Allowing or caus- 
ing anything to slip ; smooth. 2. a Untrustworthy ; tricky ; 
sly ; also, fickle ; undependable ; as, a slippery person, b 
Unstable ; uncertain ; not to be counted on ; as, slippery 
promises. 3. Not easily held ; liable or apt to slip away ; 
as, a slippery savage. 4. Wanton ; unchaste. 

slippery elm. An American elm (Ulmus fulva) with muci- 
laginous inner bark ; also, the bark, used as a demulcent. 



Slip'py (slTp'i),ji. ; -pi-er ; -pi-est. [AS. slipig.'] Slippery. 

slip'shod' (-shod'), a. 1. Wearing shoes or slippers down 
at the heel. 2. Careless in dress, manners, etc. ; slovenly. 

slip'slop' (-slop'), n. Colloq. 1. Weak, poor, or flat liquor ; 
slops. 2. Weak, profitless talk ; twaddle. 

Slipt (slipt). Slipped. Rare. 

Slit (silt), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. slit or slit'ted ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. slit'ting. [AS. slitan to tear.] 1. To cut ; sever. Obs. 
2. To cut lengthwise ; cut into long strips. 3. To make a 
slit or long fissure in or on. — n. A long cut ; narrow open-,. *r 
ing. — slit'ter (slit'er), n. 

Slith'er (sliWer), v. i. & t. To slide ; slip ; glide. 

Sliv'er (sliVer), v. t. [AS. slifan to split.] To cut into 
long, thin pieces or very small pieces ; slit. — v. i. To split ; 
have slivers split off. — n. 1. A sharp, slender fragment ; 
splinter. 2. A strand, as of cotton, ready for roving ; also, 
wool, in a ribbonlike form, from the combing machine. 

Sliv'er-er, n. One who slivers ; esp., one who slivers fish. 

Slob (slob), n. 1. Mud, esp. of the seashore or sea bottom ; 
ooze. Chiefly Irish or with reference to Ireland. 2. A 
shiftless, untidy person ; — a vulgar term of contempt. 

Slob'ber (slob'er), v. i. To let saliva or liquid fall or dribble 
from the mouth ; slaver ; slabber ; drool. — v. t. To wet 
and foul by slobbering. — n. Saliva or liquid dribbling 
from the mouth ; slabber ; drool. — slob'ber-er, n. 

Slob'ber-y (-1), a. Wet ; sloppy, as land. 

Sloe (slo), n. [AS. sla.~] 1. The astringent fruit of the 
blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) ; also, the tree. 2. Any of 
various American wild plums (P. americana, P. alle- 
gheniensis, etc.). 

Slog (slog), v.t. &_i.; slogged (slogd) ; slog'ging. To hit 
hard, esp. with little attention to aim or the like as in 
cricket or boxing ; slug ; also, to drive with blows. — Slog'- 
ger (slog'er), n. Both Cant or Colloq. 

Slo'gan (slo'gan), n. [Gael, sluagh-ghairm ; sluagh army 
+ gairm a call.] The war cry, or gathering word, of a 
Scottish Highland clan ; any rallving cry or battle cry. 

Sloid, slqjd (sloid). Vars. of sloyd. 

sloop (sloop), n. [D. sloep.~\ 1. Naut. A vessel having one 
mast and a fore-and-aft rig 
consisting of at least a boom- 
and-gaff mainsail and a jib. 
2. Naval. A sloop of 
war, formerly, a vessel 
rigged either as a 
ship, brig, or schoon- 
er, and mounting 
from ten to thirty- 
two guns ; later, any 
war vessel larger 
than a gunboat, car- 
rying guns on one 
deck only; now, a 
small, armed vessel, 
equipped with sails 
as well as steam. 
Now Only Eng. 

Slop (slop), n. [AS. 
slop (in coinp.) frock, 
overgarment.] 1. 
Any outer or loose garment. Obs. 2. Loose breeches ; — 
chiefly in pi. 3. In pi. Cheap ready-made clothes ; also, 
often, among seamen, clothing, bedding, etc. 

slop, n. 1. A puddle. Obs. 2. Liquid spilled or thrown 
about ; a spot soiied or wet with spilled liquid. 3. Mean, 
esp. weak, drink or liquid food ; — usually in pi. 4. In pi. 
Dirty refuse water ; water in which anything has been 
washed or rinsed- 5. A watery food for animals, or watery 
waste, esp. containing nutritive matter ; as, distillery slop. 

— v.t.& i. ; slopped (slopt) ; slop'ping. 1. To spill or be 
spilled, as a liquid, esp. by the motion of the vessel con- 
taining it. 2. To soil with a liquid spilled. 

slope (slop), n. [Prob. fr. AS. slupan to slip, p. p. slopen.'] 
1. An oblique direction ; a line or direction inclining from a 
horizontal ; slant. 2. Any sloping ground ; an incline ; ac- 
clivity ; declivity. 3. The part of a continent descending 
toward a particular ocean ; as, the Pacific slope. — a. Slop- 
ing ; slanting. Obs. or Archaic. — v.t.& i. ; sloped (slopt) ; 
slop'ing (sloping). To incline, esp. from the horizontal; 
slant. — Syn. See slant. — slop'er (slop'er), n. 

Slop'ing (slop'ing), a. Inclining or inclined; oblique; 
slanting. — slop'ing-ly, adv. 

Slop'py (slop'i), a. ; -pi-er (-i-er) ; -pi-est. 1. Wet so as to 
spatter easily ; wet as if spattered. 2. Slovenly ; careless. 
Colloq. — slop'pi-ly (-T-li), adv. — slop'pi-ness, n. 

slop'shop', n. A shop where slops (cheap clothes) are sold. 

slop'work' (-wurkO, n. The manufacture of slops, or cheap 
clothing ; also, such clothing ; slovenly work. 
Slosh (slosh), v. i. To wallow, flounder, or move with 
splashing, through water, mire, or a wet place. 
Slot (slot), n. [LG. & D. slot a lock.] 1. A slat. Dial, or 
Rare. 2. A bolt or bar to fasten a door. Dial. Eng. 




Sloop Yacht. 
Mainsail ; 3 
naker. 



1 Club Topsail; 2 
Balloon Jib ; 4 Spin- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing*, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SLOT 



907 



SLUMP 




slot (slot) , n. [Prob. fr. OF. esclot.] The track of a deer ; 
hence, any track or trail. 

Slot, n. A narrow aperture or depression as in or through 
some object or part, esp. for the reception of some moving 
or sliding piece or part or for some object to pass through. 

— v. t. To cut a slot in. 

Sloth (sloth ; sloth; 62), n. [From slow.'] 1. Slowness ; tar- 
diness. Archaic. 2. Disinclination to action ; sluggishness ; 
laziness; indolence. 3. ^ 

"Any of several slow-mov- 
ing arboreal edentate 
mammals of tropical for- 
ests of South and Central 
America, consisting of 
three-toed sloths (genus 
Bradypus), having three jl 
claws on each front foot, 20 
and two-toed sloths 
(genus Cholcepus), having 
the front feet two-clawed. 

Sloth'ful (-fool), a. Addict- Two-toed Sloth {Cholcepus hoff- 
ed to sloth ; lazy ; indolent. manni) . 

— Syn. See idle. — sloth'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

Slot machine. A machine the operation of which is started 

by dropping a coin into a slot. 

Slot'ter (slot'er), n. One who, or that which, makes slots. 

Slouch (slouch), n. 1. A hanging of the head ; drooping at- 
titude ; ungainly gait. 2. An awkward, clownish fellow. 
3. A hanging down or drooping, as of a hat brim. — v. i. 1. 
To droop, as the head. 2. To walk, stand, or sit in a care- 
less, ungainly manner. — v. t. To cause to droop. 

Slouch'y (slouch'i).a.; slouch'i-er (-T-er) ; sloucb/i-est. 
Slouching, esp. in gait or attitude. — slouch'i-ly (-Mi), 
adv. — slouch'i-ness, n. 

Slough (sluf), n. 1. The skin, esp. the cast-off skin, of a 
serpent, etc. ; cast. 2. Med. The dead mass separating from 
a foul sore or from gangrenous tissues. — v. i. 1. Med. To 
separate as dead matter from living tissues ; — often used 
with off or away. 2. To be shed or cast off, as the skin ; 
also, of the animal, to shed or cast its skin ; molt. — v. t. To 
cast off, as the skin or slough ; hence, fig., to discard. 

Slough (slou), tt. [AS. sloh, slog, a hollow.] 1. A place of 
deep mud or mire. 2. (sloo) Also Slew, slue. A marshy 
place ; a side channel or inlet from a river. Local, U. S. 

Slough'y (slou'i), a. Full of sloughs ; miry. 

Slough'y (sluf'I), a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a 
slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh. 

Slo-vak' (slo-vak' ; sl5'vak), n. [Bohem. Slowdk, orig., a 
Slav.] One of a Slavic people of northwestern Hungary ; 
also, their language. — Slo-vak'i-an (slo-vak'i-an ; -va'- 
ki-an), a. & n. 

Slov'en (sHav^n), n. [Prob. fr. D. slof careless, a sloven.] 
One habitually negligent of neatness or cleanliness, esp. in 
dress or person ; one lazy and slipshod. 

SlO-vene' (slo-ven'), n. [G. Slowene.] One of a Slavic peo- 
ple of Carinthia, Carniola, and Styria in Austria-Hungary. 

— Slo-vene', a. — Slo-ve'ni-an (-ve'ni-an) , a. & n. 
Slov'en-ly (sluv r 'n-li), a. Having the habits of a sloven; 

characteristic of a sloven ; slipshod. — slov'en-li-ness, n. 
Syn. Untidy, slatternly, dowdy, frowzy, blowzy, dis- 
orderly, frumpish. — Slovenly, slatternly, dowdy, frow- 
zy, blowzy. Slovenly implies lack of neatness or order, 
strictly as displayed by a man ; slatternly applies esp. to a 
woman. Dowdy (commonly of women) suggests lack of 
taste or style in dress ; frowzy implies utter unkemptness, 
blowzy, a coarse and red complexion ; but frowzy and 
blowzy are sometimes interchanged. 

Slov'en-ly, adv. In a slovenly manner. 

Slov'en-ry (-ri), ra. Slovenliness. 

Slow (slo), a. [AS. slaw.] 1. Moving at a low speed ; not 
swift or rapid. 2. Not happening in a short time ; linger- 
ing ; gradual ; as, slow growth. 3. Not ready ; not prompt 
or quick ; sluggish ; as, slow of speech. 4. Not hasty or 
precipitate ; deliberate ; as, slow to wrath. 5. Behind in 
time, as a watch. 6. Stupid ; dull ; as, a slow evening. 7. 
Of such a nature or in such a condition as to hinder 
rapid progress, movement, etc. ; as, a slow track. 
Syn. Slow, late, tardy, dilatory. Slow (opposed to 
fast) may denote either inertness or lack of rapidity ; that 
is late (opposed to early) which comes after the due or 
proper time ; as, a slow train, intellect ; the train was late. 
That is tardy (opposed to prompt, punctual) which is slug- 
gish or late or behindhand ; one is dilatory who is a ha- 
bitual laggard, or inclined to procrastinate ; as, a tardy 
pupil ; dilatory in action. 

— adv. Slowly. — v. t. To render slow ; also, to retard ; 
delay. — v. i. To go slower ; — often with up or down. 

slow'hound' (-hound'), n. A sleuthhound. Obs. or Archaic. 

Slow'ly, adv. In a slow manner ; tardily. 

slow match. A match, or fuse, made so as to burn slowly 
and evenly, used for firing blasting charges, etc. 

Slow'ness, n. Quality or state of being slow. 

Slow' worm' (-wurm'), n. The blind worm. 



sloyd (sloid), n. [Sw. sl'ojd skill, dexterity, esp. skilled la- 
bor.] Lit., skilled mechanical work, such as that of wood 
carving ; hence, a system (sloyd system) of training in the 
use of tools and materials. 

slub (slub), n. 1. A roll of wool, cotton, or silk that is 
slightly twisted ; roving. 2. In pi. Thick places in cotton 
rovings, slivers, and yarns. — v. t. ; slubbed (slubd) ; 
slub'bing. To draw out and twist slightly (slivers of wool). 

slub'ber (slub'er), v. t. Obs. or R. or Dial. 1. To do in a 
slovenly way ; botch, scamp. 2. To daub ; stain ; darken. 

Sludge (sluj), n. 1. Mud ; mire ; slush ; sleet. 2. Something 
resembling mud or slush ; as : a A muddy or slimy deposit 
from sewage, b Mud from a drill hole in boring. 3. Small 
floating pieces of ice. 

sludg'y (sluj'i), a. Miry ; slushy ; consisting of sludge. 

Slue (sloo ; 86), v. t. & i. ; slued (slood) ; slu'ing (sloo'ing). 
Also Slew. [E. dial, slew to turn round.] To turn about 
a fixed point, usually the center or axis ; twist. — n. Act or 
process of sluing a body ; also, the position when slued. 

Slue, n. A slough. 

Slug (slug), n. [ME. slugge sluggard, sluggen to be sloth- 
ful.] 1. A sluggard. Archaic. 2. Any of numerous terres- 




Slug (Litnax agrestis) . Nat. size, 
trial pulmonate gastropods (esp. genus Limax) related to 
ordinary land snails, but having the shell rudimentary and 
often buried in the mantle or wanting entirely. 3. Any 
smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which creeps like a 
gastropod. 4. A rough piece of metal, esp. one used as a 
missile, as in old-time muskets ; hence, a small bullet for air 
guns, etc. 5. Print, a A thick strip of metal less than type- 
high, b A type-high strip, as one with a figure, letter, etc., 
for temporary use, or a line of type in one piece. 6. A heavy 
blow, esp. with the fist. Slang. 

— v. t.; slugged (sliigd) ; slug'gdjg (-ing). 1. To make 
sluggish. 06s. 2. To strike heavily, esp. with the fist. Cant 
or Slang. — v. i. To become changed in shape by passing 
through the bore ; — used of the projectile of a firearm. 

Slug'gard (slug'ard), n. [_slug + -ard.] One habitually 
lazy, idle, and inactive ; a drone. — a. Sluggish ; lazy. 

Slug'ger (-er), n. One who strikes hard or with heavy 
blows; hence, a boxer ; a prize fighter. Slang. 

slug'gish (slug'ish), a. 1. Idle and lazy, esp. habitually °, 
slothful ; dull. 2. Slow ; having little motion ; inert ; as, a 
sluggish stream ; a sluggish liver, pulse, etc. 3. Charac- 
teristic of a sluggard ; dull ; stupid ; tame. — Syn. Indo- 
lent, dronish, drowsy, inactive. See inert. — Slug'gish-ly, 
adv. — slug'gish-ness, n. 

sluice (sloos ; 86), n. [OF. escluse, LL. exclusa, sclusa, 
prop., a shutting out, fr. L. excludere, -clusum. See ex- 
clude.] 1. An artificial passage for water, fitted with a 
gate to regulate the flow ; also, a water gate or floodgate. 2. 
A channel through which anything flows. 3. The stream 
flowing through a floodgate ; also, a body of water pent up 
behind a floodgate. 4. A long, inclined trough, or flume, for 
washing auriferous earth, floating down logs, etc. ; specif., 
Gold Mining, such a contrivance paved with riffles, etc., to 
hold the quicksilver for catching the gold. 

— v. t. ; sluiced (sloost) ; sluic'ing (sloos'ing). 1. To draw 
off by or as by a sluice. 2. To let water upon through a 
sluice ; wet copiously. 3. To wash with or in a stream run 
ning through a sluice ; as, to sluice earth in mining. 4. To 
transport or float through a sluiceway, as logs._^- v. i. i % 
pour, as from a sluice. [sluice. 

sluice gate. The sliding gate of a| 

Sluice'way' (-wa'), n. An artificial 
channel into which water is let by 
a sluice. Specif. : = sluice, n., 4. 

slum (slum), n. A foul street of a 
city, esp. one with a slovenly, often 
vicious, population ; a low neighbor- 
hood; — usually in pi. — v. i.; 
slummed (sliimd) ; slum'ming. To t^f 
visit or frequent slums. Colloq. Sluice Gate. 

Slum'ber (slum'ber), v. i. [AS. slumerian, fr. sluma slum- 
ber.] 1. To sleep ; doze ; drowse. 2. To be in a state of 
negligence or inactivity. — n. Sleep, esp. light sleep ; doze. 
— slum'ber-er, n. — slum'ber-less, a. 

slum'ber-ous (-us), a. Also slum'brous (-brits). 1. Sopo- 
rific. 2. Sleepy ; drowsy. — Syn. See sleepy. 

Slum'ber-y (-!), a. Somnolent ; sleepy ; occurring in sleep. 

slum'gum' (slum'gum'), n. The impure residue, consisting 
of cocoons, propolis, etc., remaining after the wax is ex- 
tracted from honeycombs. 

slum'mer (-er), n. One who slums. 

Slump (slump), n. 1. A boggy place. Scot. 2. A falling or 
declining, esp. suddenly and markedly ; a falling off ; as, a 
slump in prices. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To fall or sink suddenly, 




< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zli = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SLUNG 



908 



SMEARY 



P 



Q 



R 



as through ice, in a bog, etc. 2. To undergo a slump, or 
sudden decline. Colloq. 

Slung (slung), pret. & p. p. of SLING, 
slung shot, a small mass of metal or stone fixed on a flexi- 
ble handle, strap, or the like, for use as a weapon. 

slunk, pret. & p. p. of slink. 

Slur (slur), v. t. ; shirked (slurd) ; slob/ring (-ing). 1. To 
soil, as by smearing ; sully ; contaminate. 2. To disparage ; 
asperse. 3. To pass over lightly or with little notice ; slight ; 
also, to make vague, obscure, or indefinite by slight treat- 
ment ; as, to slur facts. 4. To pronounce indistinctly ; as, 
to slur a syllable. 5. Music, a To perform (two or more 
successive tones of different pitch) in a legato manner, b 
To mark with a slur in order to indicate such performance. 

— n. 1. A mark or stain ; hence : a slight reproach or dis- 
grace ; stigma. 2. A slighting intimation ; innuendo. 3. 
Music, a A curved line [>— . ' or /*"-\ j connecting notes to 
be sung to the same syllable or performed without a break, 
as when made in one continued breath on a wind instru- 
ment or with one stroke of a bow. Cf . tie, n. ; legato, a. 
b The combination of two or more slurred tones ; a legato 
effect. 4. Phon. A weak or very light glide. 

slur'ry (sliir'i), n.; pi. -ries (-iz). Thin, watery mud or 
cement, or any similar substance. 

Slush (slush), n. 1. Soft mud or mire. Rare. 2. A mixture 
of snow and water; half-melted snow. 3. A mixture of 
grease and other materials for lubrication, esp. of masts and 
spars. 4. Refuse grease and fat from cooking, esp. on ship- 
board. 5. Mach. A mixture of white lead and lime with 
which the bright parts of machines are painted. 6. Trashy 
and emotional talk or writing ; gush. 

— v. t. 1. To cover or smear with slush. 2. To fill in with 
mortar, cement, or the like ; — often with up. 3. To wash 
roughly or wet copiously ; sluice. Colloq. 

slush'y (-1), a. Abounding in, characterized by, or resem- 
bling, slush ; as, slushy streets ; a slushy speech. 

Slut (slut), n. 1. Untidy woman ; slattern. 2. A woman or 
girl low or loose in character ; a hussy ; jade. Chiefly Eng. 
3. A bitch. — slut'tish (-ish), a. — slut'tish-ly, adv. — 
slut'tish-ness, n. 

Slut'ter-y (-er-i), n. Sluttishness. Rare. 

Sly (sll), a.; sli'er (sli'er) or sly'er; sli'est or sly'est. 
[ME. sli, slegh, sleih, fr. Scand.] 1. Cunning ; shrewd ; 
ingenious ; — in a good sense. Obs. 2. Artful ; crafty ; also, 
marked by artful secrecy ; subtle ; as, a sly trick. 3. Lightly 
artful or mischievous ; roguish ; as, sly jests. — Syn. 
Crafty, wily. See cunning. — sly'ly, sli'ly (sll'll), adv. — 
sly'ness, n. 

Sly'boots' (sll'boots'), n. ; pi. in form but usually construed 
as a sing. A sly, cunning, or waggish person or animal. 
Humorous. 

Slype (slip), n. [See slip, v. i.~\ Arch. A narrow passage, 
esp. between the transept and chapter house or deanery in 
a cathedral or monastic church. 

Smack (smak), n. [D. smak.~] A sailing vessel, esp. a sloop 
or cutter, used chiefly in coasting and fishing ; in England, 
a large fishing vessel, strictly one fore-and-aft-rigged. 

smack, n. [AS. smsec taste, savor.] 1. Taste or flavor, esp. 
a slight one ; savor. 2. A small quantity ; taste ; smatter- 
ing ; as, a smack of knowledge. 3. A loud kiss ; buss. 4. A 
quick, sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, 
as in gusto, or of a whip. 5. A quick, smart blow ; a slap. 
— Syn. See taste. 

— v. i. 1. To have a smack, or savor, of anything. 2. To 
suggest by its quality ; — usually used with o/; as, his talk 
smacked of cant. 3. To kiss with a sharp noise ; buss. 4. 
To make a noise by separation of the lips, as after tasting 
anything good. — v. t. 1, To kiss with a sharp noise ; buss. 
2. To make a smack (of the lips). 3. To strike so as to 
make a sharp noise. 

smack'ing, p. a. Making a sharp, brisk sound ; hence : 
brisk ; lively ; spanking ; as, a smacking breeze. — n. A 
sharp, quick noise ; a smack. 

small (smol), a. [AS. smsel."] 1. Relatively little in size; 
diminutive. 2. Little, or not large, in number, duration, 
value, etc. 3. Of little consequence, significance, or the 
like ; trivial ; insignificant; as, a small matter. 4. Not of 
marked talent or distinction ; lesser ; as, small poets. 5. 
Carrying on a small business, or the like ; as, small trades- 
men. 6. Of little strength ; as : a Of the voice, gentle ; soft ; 
also, thin and clear, fo Diluted or weak ; thin ; as, small 
beer. 7. Petty ; mean ; as, a small nature. 
Syn. Small, little, diminutive, miniature. Small fop- 
posed to large) and little (opposed to big, great) are often 
used without distinction. But small (which is oftener than 
Utile applied to number, quantity, amount, etc.) often sug- 
gests that which is less than the ordinary or the expected ; 
little is more absolute ; it may also connote tenderness or 
pathos, which small rarely does ; a smallhouse ; a little house ; 
a small (not little) attendance ; my little boy ; his small boy ; 
a pathetic little smile. Diminutive is stronger than small. 
That is miniature which is on a very small scale ; as, a 
miniature creation. Also, see less, a. 



small arms, arms carried on the person ; now, generally, 
only portable firearms. — s. cranberry, the common Euro- 
pean cranberry (Oxycoccus oxycoccus) ; so called in the 
United States. — s. fry, small fish ; hence, persons or things 
of little importance. — s. hours, the, the early hours of the 
morning, as one o'clock, two o'clock, etc. — s. pica. Print. 
See type. — s. talk, light or trifling conversation. 

— adv. 1. In small pieces or parts. 2. In or to small extent, 
quantity, or degree ; slightly. Obs. 3. Faintly ; timidly ; 
specif., in or with a gentle or subdued voice. 

— n. 1. A small thing ; — now only in pi. 2. The small or 
slender part of a thing ; as, the small of the leg or of the 
back. 3. In pi. Smallclothes. Colloq. & Obs. or Archaic. 
4. In pi. = responsion, 2. Univ. of Oxford. 

small'age (smol'aj), n. Ismail + F. ache smallage, fr. L. 
apium parsley.] The wild form of celery. 

smallclothes' (-klotbz'), n. pi. Knee breeches ; esp., the 
tight-fitting knee breeches of the 18th century. Archaic. 

small'ish, a. Somewhat small. 

small'ness, n. Quality or state of being small. 

small'pox' (smoKpoks'), n. Ismail + pox, pocks."} A con- 
tagious febrile disease, with a peculiar pustular eruption. 

small'sword 7 (-sord'), n. A light sword for thrusting ; esp., 
the sword worn by 18th-century civilians of standing. 

smalt (smolt), n. [It. smalto,lA\. smaltum.} A deep blue 
pigment prepared by fusing together silica, potash, and ox- 
ide of cobalt, and reducing to powder the glass thus formed. 

smalt'ite (smol'tlt), smalt'ine (-tin), n. A tin-white or 
gray lustrous mineral, essentially a compound of arsenic 
and cobalt, but usually containing iron and nickel. 

smar'agd (smar'agd), smar'agde, n. [L. smaragdus. See 
emerald.] The emerald. — sma-rag'dine (smd-rag'din), 
a. Both Obs. or Rare. 

sma-rag'dite (-dlt), n. Min. A green foliated amphibole. 

smart (smart), v. i. [AS. smeortan.~\ 1. To feel, or be the 
seat of, a pungent local pain. 2. To feel sharp pain of mind ; 
feel grief ; suffer. 3. To cause a smart ; as, the blow smarted. 
— v.t. To cause to smart. Rare. — n. 1. A quick, pungent 
pain ; a pricking local pain. 2. Sharp pain of mind ; poign- 
ant grief ; as, the smart of affliction. 

— a. 1. Causing smart or a smart ; stinging. 2. Keen ; 
severe ; poignant ; as, smart pain or grief. 3. Vigorous ; 
sharp ; as, smart exercise. 4. Brisk ; fresh ; as, a smart 
breeze. 5. Witty ; now, esp., somewhat cheaply witty ; as, 
a smart saying. 6. Active ; capable ; clever ; shrewd. 7. 
a Rich or showy ; — said of articles of dress, etc. b Elegant- 
ly, sprucely, or showily dressed. C Fashionable ; in the mode ; 
as, the smart set. Colloq. 

Syn. Smart, clever. Smart suggests either pungency of 
wit, often verging on pertness, or spruceness or dash of 
style ; clever implies intellectual adroitness or dexterity, 
and often suggests contrast with more substantial qualities ; 
as, ill-bred persons are often smart and captious ; she liked 
to be thought clever. In colloq. usage (esp. in U. S.), clever 
is often loosely synonymous with "nice," good-natured. 

smart'en (smar't'n), v. t. To make smart or spruce; — 
usually used with up. — v. i. To smarten one's self. 

smart'ly (smart'lT), adv. In a smart manner. 

smart money. 1. Exemplary damages. 2. a Money al- 
lowed to soldiers, sailors, workmen, etc., for wounds and 
injuries received. Eng. b Money paid to cancel an agree- 
ment or to free one's self from some unpleasant engagement. 

smart'ness (smart'nes), n. Quality or state of being smart. 

smart'weed' (smarfwed'), n. The water pepper {Polygo- 
num hydropiper) ; also, any of several other species of the 
same genus of plants. _ ■ 

smash (smash), v. t. [Prob. imitative, with influence of 
mash.} 1. To dash to pieces ; crush. 2. To destroy ut- 
terly ; shatter ; as, to smash a theory. 3. Lawn Tennis. 
To hit (the ball) from above the level of the net with a very 
hard overhand stroke. — v. i. 1. To go to pieces suddenly, 
as from collision. 2. To move or be propelled violently 
against something. 

— to. 1. A breaking or dashing to pieces ; also, Colloq., a se- 
vere collision. 2. Utter or serious disaster ; ruin ; wreck. 
Colloq. 3. A drink of spirits with ice, water, sugar, and 
mint, or the like ; as, a brandy smash. — smash'er, n. 

smash'— up', n. A smash ; esp., a disastrous collision. Colloq. 

smatch (smach), n. Taste ; smack ; — lit. or fig. 

smat'ter (smat'er), v. i. To have a slight, superficial knowl- 
edge ; — usually with of. — v. t. To have, or talk with, a 
smattering of. — n. Superficial knowledge ; smattering. 

smat'ter-er (-er),«. One who has only superficial knowledge. 

smat'ter -ing, n. A slight, superficial knowledge. 

smat'ter-ing-ly, adv. Superficially ; with slight knowledge. 

smear (smer),n. [AS. smeoru fat, grease.] 1. An unctuous 
substance; grease. 2. A blot or blotch; daub ;_ stain. — 
v. t. 1. To overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or 
adhesive; daub; Obs., to anoint ceremonially; — some- 
times used fig., usually with the implication of sullying or 
contaminating. 2. To spread or lay (on) in a blotch or daub. 

smear'y (smer'i), a. 1. Tending to smear; viscous. 2. 
Soiled or greasy, as if smeared. — smear 'i-ness, n. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SMELL 



909 



SMOOTH 




smell (smel), v. t. [ME. smellen, smillen, smullen."] 1. To 
perceive by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smell ; get the 
scent of. 2. To detect, perceive, or investigate as if by the 
sense of smell ; scent out ; — often used with out. — v. i. 1. 
To have an odor or scent ; have a particular odor ; — often 
used with of. 2. To savor or smack of any quality. 3. To 
exercise the sense of smell ; — formerly used with to, now, 
Colloq., with of or at. 4. To pry or make investigations ; 
nose; — usually used with the adverb about. 

— n. 1. The sense by which certain qualities of substances 
are perceived through the instrumentality of the olfactory 
nerves. 2. Any sensation of odor, scent, perfume, etc. ; 
also, the quality of a thing which affects the olfactory 
organs. 3. An act or instance of smelling ; sniff. 4. A repre- 
sentation or suggestion of a smell, esp. a subtle suggestion. 
Syn. Smell, odor, scent, fragrance, perfume, aroma. 
Smell, the most general word, and odor may suggest 
either a pleasant or an unpleasant impression. Scent often 
implies less strength than smell or odor; fragrance is a 
fresh and pleasant odor. Perfume may be either natural or 
artificial, and either light or heavy. Aroma suggests a dis- 
tinctive, often delicately spicy, odor. See redolent. 

smell'er (-er), n. 1. One who smells (in any sense). 2. A 
tactile bristle, as one of a cat's whiskers ; a feeler. 

smell'— feast', n. A parasite ; a sponger. 

smell'ing salts. An aromatic preparation of carbonate of 
ammonia and, often, some scent, to avoid or relieve faint- 
ness, headache, etc. 

smell'y (smel'I), a. Odorous; esp., unpleasantly odorous. 

smelt (smelt), pret. & p. p. of smell. 

smelt (smelt), n. [AS.] Any of certain small fishes (of the 
family Ar- 
g entinidx, 
esp. and orig. 
O s m e r u s 
ep erlanus) 
closely resem- 
bling the 
trout in gener- 
al structure. Smelt (Osmerus mordax). 

smelt, v. t. To melt or fuse, as ore, in order to separate and 
refine the metal ; hence : to reduce ; refine. — v. i. To 
smelt a metal ; be smelted or fused. 

smelt'er (smel'ter), n. One who, or that which, smelts; a 
smeltery, or a man who owns or runs one. 

smelt'er-y (-1 J, n. ; pi. -eries. A smelting establishment. 

smew (smu), n. A merganser (Mergus albellus) of north- 
ern Europe and Asia. The male has a large white crest. 

smila-ca'ceous (sml'la-ka'shus), a. [See smilax.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family (Smilacacese) of herbs or somewhat 
woody vines, having leaves with one to five prominent 
parallel veins, dioecious flowers, and globose berries. 

smi'lax (sml'laks), n. [L., bindweed, Gr. onl\a£.~\ 1. Any 
of a genus (Smilax) of plants, the greenbriers, usually 
woody vines, often with sharp prickles. Several tropical 
species yield sarsaparilla. 2. A delicate twining plant (As- 
paragus asparagoides) much used for decoration. 

smile (smil), v. %.; smiled (smlld) ; smii/ing (smll'Tng). 

1. To have, produce, or exhibit a smile. 2. To look joyous 
or favorably disposed ; have an appearance suggesting joy 
and good will ; as, smiling spring. 3. To be propitious ; 
favor ; as, fortune smiled on him. — v. t. To affect, express, 
etc., by a smile ; as, to smile consent. 

— n. 1'. A facial expression marked esp. by an upward curv- 
ing of the corners of the mouth and indicating amusement, 
pleasure, etc., or contempt, derision, etc. 2. Fig. : a Favor ; 
propitiousness ; as, the smiles of Providence. b Gay or joy- 
ous appearance ; as, the smiles of spring. — smil'er (smll'- 
er), n. — smil'ing-ly, adv. 

smirch (smurch), v. t. To smear with that which stains or 
makes dirty ; soil ; sully ; — often used fig. of reputation, 
honor, etc. — n. A smutch ; smear ; stain. 

smirk (smurk), v. i. [AS. smercian, smearcian, to smile.] 
To smile in an affected or conceited manner ; simper. — 
Syn. See simper. — n. An affected smile ; simper. 

smit (smit), p. p. &, Rare, pret. of smite. 

smite (smit), v. t.; pret. smote (smot), rarely smit (smit) ; 
p. p. smit'ten (smif'n), smit, or, Rare, smote; p. pr. & 
vb. n. smit'ing (smit'ing). [AS. smitan to smear, soil.] 1. 
To strike, esp. heavily, as with the hand or an instrument 
held in the hand. 2. To cause to strike ; drive ; strike ; — 
used with on, against, into, etc. 3. To blast ; destroy the 
life or vigor of, as by a stroke ; hence : to afflict ; chasten. 
4. To strike or affect (with passion or emotion) ; as, smitten 
with amazement. 5. To bring distress or grief to ; trouble ; 
as, his conscience smote him. 6. To affect with the force 
and abruptness of a blow ; as, a cry smote his ears. — Syn. 
See strike. — v. i. 1. To strike, esp. heavily. Archaic. 

2. To act like a sudden blow on something. 
smit'er (smif er), n. One who, or that which, smites. 
smith (smith), n. [AS. smi3.~\ One who forges with the 

hammer ; a worker in metals ; forger. 



smith'er-eens' (smTth'er-enz'), smitli'ers (smith'erz), n. 
pi. Fragments ; atoms ; flinders. Colloq. or Dial. 

smith'er-y (smith'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. The work- 
shop of a smith ; smithy ; stithy. 2. Work done by, or the 
trade or craft of, a smith. 

smith'son-ite (smith'sim-It), n. [After J. L. M. Smith- 
son.'] Min. a Native zinc carbonate, ZnCC>3 ; — called also 
calamine, b = calamine, a. 

smith'y (-1), n.; pi. smithies (-iz). [AS. smiSSe.'] The 
workshop of a smith, esp. a blacksmith. 

smit'ten (smTt''n), p. p. & p. a. of smite. 

smock (smok), n. [AS. smocc.'] 1. A woman's chemise; 
shift. Archaic or Dial. 2. A smock frock ; also, a some- 
what similar garment worn by women. — v. t. 1. To clothe 
in a smock. 2. To make or ornament with smocking. 

smock frock. A coarse frock, or long shirt, worn over the 
other dress, as by farm laborers, esp. in Europe. 

smock'ing ( smok'Tng ), n. Needlework. Ornamental 
shirred work which produces a honeycombed effect. 

smoke (smok), n. [AS. smoca.'] 1. The gaseous products 
of burning materials, esp. of organic materials, as wood, 
coal, peat, etc., made visible by carrying small particles of 
carbon, which finally settle as soot. 2. Visible fumes from 
anything, as aqueous vapor, etc. 3. Anything unsubstan- 
tial or ephemeral, as idle talk. 4. Act or fact of smoking, 
esp. tobacco. — Syn. Fume, reek, vapor, smother. 

— v. i. ; smoked (smokt) ; smok'ing (smok'Tng). 1. To emit 
or exhale smoke ; reek. 2. To emit smoke offensively, un- 
duly, or improperly. 3. Fig., to burn ; be kindled ; rage. 4. 
To raise a dust like smoke by rapid motion ; hence : to move 
very fast ; as, the car smoked past. 5. To smoke a pipe, ci- 
gar, cigarette, etc. — v. t. 1. To apply smoke to ; disinfect, 
cure, etc., by smoke ; as, to smoke hams. 2. To fill or scent 
with smoke ; as, to smoke a room ; — often used with up. 
3. To subject to the action of smoke, as for driving out, stu- 
pefying, etc. ; — used with out ; as, to smoke out a wood- 
chuck. 4. To detect ; smell; suspect. Archaic. 5. To in- 
hale and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco ; use or burn in 
smoking ; as, to smoke a pipe or cigar. 

smoke'jack'(-jakO, n. A device for turning a spit by a wheel 
moved by the ascending 
gases in a chimney. 

smoke'less, a. Making or 
having little or no smoke, 
smokeless powder, one 
of a class of powders (usu- 
ally composed of guncot- 
ton with or without other 
substances) producing 
little or no smoke on ex- 
plosion. 

smok'er (smok'er), n. 1. 
One who, or that which, 
smokes. 2. A smoking 
car or compartment. Col- 
loq. 3. A gathering for 
smoking and social in- 
tercourse. Colloq. Smokejack. 

smoke'stack' (smok'stak'), n. A chimney; esp., a pipe 
serving as a chimney, as of a locomotive, shop, or factory^ 

smoke tree. Any of a genus (Cotinus) consisting of two 
species of small anacardiaceous trees or shrubs which bear 
large panicles of minute flowers suggestive of smoke. 

smok'y (smok'i), a. ; smok'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Emitting 
smoke, esp. in large quantities or offensively. 2. Like, or of 
the color of, smoke. 3. Filled with smoke ; thick ; hazy ; as, 
a smoky atmosphere. 4. Tarnished with smoke ; as, a 
smoky ceiling. — smok'i-ly (smok'i-li), adv. i-ness, n. 

smol'der, smoul'der (smol'der), v. i. 1. To burn and 
smoke without flame ; waste away by slow combustion. 2. 
To exist in suppressed or smothered activity ; burn inward- 
ly ; as, a smoldering feud. — n. Smoke ; smother. 

smooch (smooch). Var. of smutch. 

smooth (smooth), a. [AS. smoS.2 1. Having an even sur- 
face ; not rough. 2. Evenly spread or arranged ; sleek ; as, 
smooth hair. 3. Without lumps or with perfect blending 
of the elements ; as, a smooth batter. 4. Without hair, 
either by nature or as a result of shaving; as, a smooth 
cheek. 5. Gently flowing ; hence : unruffled ; calm ; as, a 
smooth disposition. 6. Fluent ; even ; as, a smooth style. 
7. Bland ; mild ; soothing ; hence : a Not harsh or acrid to 
the taste ; as, a smooth wine, b Flattering ; free from what 
is unpleasant ; suave ; as, smooth words. 8. Without jar- 
ring, jolting, etc. ; as, a smooth motion. 9. a Greek Gram. 
Sounded without the aspirate ; as, the 6mooth breathing. 
b Phon. Liquid ; vowel-like, as the consonants I, m, n, ng, 
r. 10. Mech. & Physics. Causing no resistance to a body 
sliding along its surface ; frictionless. 
Syn. Smooth, sleek, glossy. Smooth implies even- 
ness or uniformity of surface ; that which is sleek is smooth 
and soft ; that which is glossy is smooth and shin- 
ing ; as, a panther sleek of coat ; the beech has smooth and 




< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; -zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used hi this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SMOOTHBORE 



910 



SNAPPING TURTLE 







Q 



s 



glossy foliage. Fig., these words imply speciousness or 
plausibility. See level. 

— adv. Smoothly. 

— n. 1. Act of making smooth ; a stroke which smooths. 2. 
That which is smooth ; a smooth part. 

— v. t. 1. To make smooth or even. 2. To make easy ; free 
from obstruction or difficulties. 3. To free from harshness ; 
make flowing ; as, to smooth the voice. 4. To palliate ; 
gloze ; as, to smooth over a fault. 5. To quiet, soften, esp. 
with blandishments ; also, to make agreeable or bland ; as, 
to smooth an angry person. 6. To remove or reduce ; — 
usually used with away ; as, to smooth away a hillock. 

Smooth'bore', or smooth'-bore', a. Firearms. Having a 
bore of smooth surface ; — disting. from rifled. [smooth. I 

smooth/en (smooth/'n), v. t. & i. To make or become] 

smootb/er (-er), n. One who, or that which, smooths. 

smooth'— faced' (-fast'), a. 1. Beardless ; clean-shaven. 2. 
Smooth, or bland, in expression. 

smooth'ly, adv. In a smooth manner. 

smooth'ness, n. Quality or state of being smooth. 

smote (smot), pret. (&, Rare, p. p.) of smite. 

smoth'er (smuth'er), n. [ME. smorther, fr. AS. smorian 
to choke.] 1. That which smothers or stifles, as smoke, fog, 
etc. 2. A state of smoldering or, fig., of suppression ; also, a 
fire that smolders. 

— v. t. 1. To deprive of the air necessary for life ; suffocate. 
2. To stifle ; deprive of air by a thick covering, as of ashes ; 
deaden ; as, to smother a fire. 3. To suppress ; conceal ; as, 
to smother one's displeasure. 4. Cookery. To cook in a cov- 
ered dish, or cover thickly with something. — v. i. 1. To be 
suffocated or stifled. 2. To smolder. 3. To be suppressed or 
deprived of vent, as wrath. — smoth'er-y (smutfe'er-T), a. 

smoul'der (smol'der). Var. of smolder. 

smudge (smuj), n. 1. A thick or suffocating smoke. Now 
U. S. 2. A smoldering mass of combustibles used to keep 
off insects. Chiefly U. S. & Canada. 3. A smutch ; smear. 

— v. t. ; smudged ( smujd ) ; smudg'ing ( smuj'ing ). 1. To 
smoke with a smudge. U. S. 2. To smutch ; smear. — 
smudg'y (smuj'i), a. — smudg'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

smug (smug), a.; smug'ger; -gest. Primly or affectedly 
neat, nice, or proper, as in dress ; characterized by, or of or 
pert, to, a commonplace, self-satisfied, and affectedly or 
primly proper air or character. — Syn. See suave. 

smug'gle (smug''l), v. t. & i.; -gled (-'Id), -gling (-ling). 
1. To import or export secretly and contrary to law or 
without paying duties imposed by law. 2. To convey or 
introduce clandestinely. [ployed in smuggling.) 

Smug'gler (-ler), n. 1. One who smuggles. 2. A vessel em- ( 

smug'ly, adv. In a smug manner. 

smug'ness, n. Quality or character of being smug. 

smut (smut), n. 1. Foul matter, like soot; also, a spot 
made by, or a particle of, such matter. 2. A destructive 
fungous disease of various plants ; any fungus producing it ; 
as, corn or wheat smut. 3. Obscene language ; ribaldry ; 
obscenity. — v. t.; smut'ted; smut'ting. To stain or 
taint with smut. — v. i. 1. To gather, or be affected by, 
smut. 2. To give off smut ; crock. 

Smutch (smuch), n. A dark or dirty mark or stain ; smudge. 

— v. t. To blacken, as with smoke, soot, etc. ; smudge. — 
smutch'y, a. 

smut'ty (smut'I), a. ; -ti-er (-i-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Affected by 
smut (the fungus). 2. Soiled or tainted with smut ; smut- 
ted. 3. Smut-colored ; dark ; dusky. 4. Obscene ; indecent. 

— smut'ti-ly (-i-lT), adv. — smut'ti-ness, n. 
Smyr'ni-ot (smur'ni-ot), Smyr'ni-ote (-ot), a. [NGr. 

2nvpvi6}T7)s.'] Of or pert, to Smyrna. — n. A native or in- 
habitant of Smyrna. 

snack (snak), n. 1. Share ; part. 06s., exc, Colloq. in : to go 
snacks, to share. 2. A bite ; morsel ; hasty repast. Colloq. 

snaffle (snaf'l), n._ [D. snavel beak, snout.] A kind of 
jointed bridle bit without curb ; — called also snaffle bit, 

— v. t. ; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). To put a snaffle in the 
mouth of ; submit to a snaffle ; bridle. 

Snag (snag), n. 1. A stump of a branch lopped off ; protu- 
berance ; a rough branch broken off. 2. A tooth projecting 
beyond the rest ; a broken or decayed tooth. 3. A tree or 
branch fixed in the bottom of navigable water and danger- 
ous to boats. U. S. & Australia. 4. Fig., a concealed dif- 
ficulty or obstacle ; as, he ran against a snag in his enter- 
prise. Colloq. 5. A secondary branch of an antler. — v. t. ; 
snagged (snagd) ; snag'ging (snag'Tng). To run upon, or 
entangle with, a snag ; also, to clear (a river) of snags. U. S. 
& Australia. — snag'ged (-ed ; 24), a. — snag'gy (-1), a. 

snail (snal), n. [AS. snsegel, snegel.2 1. Any of numerous 
gastropods, esp. a terrestrial one 
with a spiral shell (family Helici- 
dse). Some are used as food (esp. 
in France). 2. A sluggard. 

snailf-paced' (-past'), a. Slow- 
moving, like a snail. 

Snake (snak), n. [AS. snaca."] Any 
of numerous limbless reptiles (group Ophidia, an order 




Snail (Macrocyclis con- 
cava) . 




or suborder of the Squamata) having a very elongate 
body ; an ophidian ; serpent. Some snakes have certain of 
the salivary glands modified into poison glands and some 
of the upper teeth developed into grooved or tubular fangs. 

— v. t.; snaked (snakt) ; snak'ing (snak'ing). To drag or 
draw, as a snake from a hole ; jerk ; — often used with out. 
blang, U. S. — v. i. To crawl or move like a snake ; pro- 
gress in a wavy or spiral course ; move stealthily ; sneak 

snake'bird' (-burd'), n. Any of several fish-eating birds 
(genus Anhinga), allied to the 
cormorants, but having a long 
snakelike neck. 

snake fence. A worm fence. 

snake'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of vari- 
ous fishes, as the ribbon fish, re- 
sembling, or suggestive of, a snake. 

snake'head' (-bed'), n. A turtlehead. 

snake'root' (-roof), n. Any of numerous 
plants, mostly reputed 'to cure snake 
bites; also, the root of any of these. 
Among the more important are: Vir- 
ginia snakeroot (Aristolochia serpenta- 
ria) ; black s. (Cimicifuga racemosa and 
species of Sanicula) ; Senega s. (Po- Snakebird. 
lygala senega) ; button s. (Eryngium and species of La- 
ciniaria) ; white s. (Eupaiorium ageratoides) . 

snak'y (snak'i), a. ; snak'i-er (-T-er), -i-est. 1. Pert, to, or 
characteristic of, a snake or snakes ; like a snake ; serpen- 
tine. 2. Sly ; cunning ; deceitful. 3. Covered with, having, 
or abounding in, snakes. 

snap (snap), v. t. ; snapped (snapt) ; snapping. [LG. or D. 
snappen to snap up, snatch.] 1. To snatch, or seize sud- 
denly, esp. with the teeth ; hence, to bite. 2. To break 
short, as brittle substances. 3. To attack suddenly with 
sharp, angry words ; — usually used with up. 4. To crack ; 
cause (as a whip) to make a cracking noise. 5. To shut or to 
close down with a sharp sound ; as, to snap the hammer of 
a gun. 6. To project with a quick, jerky motion ; as, to 
snap back a football. 7. To take an instantaneous photo- 
graph of ; snapshot. 

— v. i. 1. To grasp sharply or snatch (at anything) as with 
the teeth ; — usually used with at. 2. To break short or 
suddenly ; as, the mast snapped. 3. To give forth a sharp, 
cracking noise ; crack, as blazing wood. 4. To utter sharp, 
angry words ; — often used with at; as, to snap at a child. 
5. Of a firearm, to make a sharp sound by the falling of the 
hammer ; miss fire. 6. Of the eyes, to flash, as in anger. 

— n. 1. Act of snatching, or seizing suddenly, as with the 
teeth. 2. A sudden breaking of something brittle or tense ; 
also, the sharp sound of such breaking. 3. A sudden, sharp 
blow, as with the finger sprung from the thumb. 4. A 
sharp, abrupt sound, as the crack of a whip. 5. That 
which is, or may be, seized or obtained quickly ; hence : a 
bite or morsel ; a snack. 6. A small catch held by a spring, 
or one which closes with a snapping sound ; a device having 
such a catch. 7. Briskness ; vigor ; energy. Colloq. 8. A 
sudden severe spell of (cold) weather. 9. A thin, crisp cake, 
usually small and flavored with ginger. 10. Any task, 
labor, or the like, that yields satisfactory results with little 
effort. Slang, Chiefly U. S. 11. Photog. A snapshot. 

— • a. Done, made, or carried through, quickly and without 

deliberation ; as, a snap decision. Colloq. 
snap'— back', n. American Football. Act of snapping back 

the ball ; also, sometimes, the center rush. 
srjap'drag'on (snap'drag'wn), n. 1. Any of several garden 

plants (genus Antirrhinum, esp. A. majus) having showy 

flowers likened to a dragon's face. 2. A game in which 

raisins are snatched from burning brandy and eaten ; also, 

that which is so eaten, 
snap'hance' (snap'hans'), n. [D. snaphaan a gun, orig., 

the snapping cock of a gun.] A spring lock carrying a 

flint ; also, an old-time musket having such a lock, 
snap'per (snap'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, snaps. 2. 

a Any of numerous active carnivorous basslike marine 

fishes (family Lutianidse) of warm seas, b Any of various 

other fishes, as the young of the bluefish, therosefish, etc. 

3. a A snapping turtle, b A snapping beetle. 
snap'per— back', n. American Football. The player who 

snaps back the ball ; the center rush. 
snapping beetle. Any of numerous beetles (of the family 

Elateridse) which produce a 

slight snapping noise with 

the prothorax, 

as in jumping; 

an elater. 
snapping turtle. 

Either of two large and vo- 
racious American aquatic 

turtles (Chelydra serpen- 

Una and Macrochelys lacer- Snapping Turtle (Chelydra ser- 




tina), which seize their prey 



pentina). (^) 



with a snap of their jaws. Both are much used as food. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, flan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



SNAPPISH 



911 



SNOW 



snap'pish (-ish), a. 1. Apt to snap at persons or things. 
2. Apt to speak sharply or testily ; also, tart ; peevish. — 
snap'pish-ly, adv. — snap'pish-ness, n. 

snap'py" (-1), a. ; -pi-er (-I-er) ; -pi-est. 1. Snappish. Colloq. 
2. Full of snap, or life and briskness. Colloq., U. S. 

snap'shot' (-shot'), n. 1. [Commonly snap shot.] a A 
quick offhand shot, b Act of taking a snapshot (sense 2). 2. 
An instantaneous photograph, taken usually with a hand 
camera, without formal posing of the subject. — v. t . & i. 
To photograph by a snap shot. 

Snare (snar), n. [AS. sneare string, snare.] 1. A contriv- 
ance, often consisting of a noose, for catching birds, etc. ; 
a trap ; gin. 2. Anything by which one is entangled and 
brought into trouble. 3. A gut string of a snare drum. 
Syn. Snare commonly suggests a noose ; trap, a spring 
or other mechanical device. Fig., snare implies entangle- 
ment or inveiglement ; trap, ambush or surprise. 

— v. t.; snared (snard) ; snar'ing (snar'ing). To catch 
with a snare ; insnare ; entangle. — snar'er (snar'er), n. 

snare drum. The smaller common military double-headed 
drum, which, for greater resonance, has a catgut string or 
strings (snares) stretched across its lower head. 

snarl (snarl), v. t. To form raised work on the outer sur- 
face of (thin metal ware) by repercussion. _ 

snarl, v. t. & i. [From snare, v. t.] To involve in knots ; 
to entangle or become entangled ; hence : complicate ; em- 
barrass. — n. A knot of hair, thread, or the like, difficult to 
disentangle ; tangle. 

snarl, v. i. 1. To growl, as a dog ; grumble. 2. To talk in 
rude, surly terms. — v. t. To utter or express with a snarl 
or by snarling. — n. Act of snarling ; a growl ; also, a surly 
or peevish expression or angry contention. — snarl'er, n. 
— snarl'ing, a. & n. — snarl'ing-ly, adv. 

snarl'y (snar'lT), a. Snarling ; ill-natured ; peevish. 

snatch (snach), v. t. To seize abruptly, or without cere- 
mony. — Syn. Twitch, pluck, grab, catch, grasp, gripe. 

— v. i. To try to seize something suddenly ; — often with at. 

— n. 1. A hasty catching or seizing ; a grab. 2. A short peri- 
od of vigorous action ; as, to work by fits and snatches. 3. 
A brief spell, as of sleep. 4. A small piece or fragment ; a 
broken part ; a scrap ; as, a snatch of song. — snatch'er, n. 

snatch block. Navt. A block which can be opened on one 
side to receive the bight of a rope. See block, Illust. 

snatch'y (snach'i), a. Interrupted ; spasmodic. 

snath (snath), n. Also snathe (snath). [AS. snsed, fr. 
sriiSan to cut.] The handle of a scythe. 

sneak (snek), v. i. [AS. snican to creep.] 1. To creep or 
steal (away or about) furtively. 2. To act furtively and 
cowardly. — Syn. See lurk. — n. 1. A sneaking fellow. 
2. Act of sneaking. 3. In pi. = sneakers, shoes. Slang. 

sneak'er (snek'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, sneaks. 
2. In pi. Noiseless shoes with soft soles, esp. such shoes as 
are worn in games, as tennis. Colloq. or Cant. U. S. 

sneak'ing, p. a. 1. Cowardly ; furtive ; underhand. 2. Of 
feelings, tastes, etc., concealed ; shamefaced ; as, a sneak- 
ing sympathy for a rascal. — sneak'ing-ly, adv. 

sneak'y (snek/i), a. Like, or characteristic of, a sneak. 

sneer (sner), v. i. [ME. sneren.] 1. To grin ; grimace. Obs. 
2. To show contempt by curling the lip, etc.^ 3. To speak 
contemptuously or derisively. — Syn. Gibe, jeer, fleer. See 
scoff. — v. t. 1. To utter with a sneer. 2. To affect (in 
some specified way) by sneering ; to drive or force, or to ex- 
press, by or with a sneer or sneers. 

— n. 1. Act of sneering. 2. A change of countenance indica- 
tive of contempt. 3. A verbal insinuation of contempt. — 
sneer'er, n. — sneer'ing-ly, adv. 

sneeze (snez), v. i.; sneezed (snezd) ; sneezing. [ME. 
snesen.] To make a sudden, violent, spasmodic, and audi- 
ble expiration of breath, chiefly or wholly through the nose. 

— n. Act or fact of sneezing. — sneez'er, n. 
sneeze'weed' (-wed 7 ), n. A yellow-flowered asteraceous 

plant of the eastern United States (Helenium autumnale) 

the odor of which is said to cause sneezing. Also, any of 

several other species of the same genus. 
sneeze'wort' (-wurt'), n. A strong-scented European plant 

{Achillea ptarmica) resembling yarrow. 
snell (snel), n. A short line, as of horsehair, gut, etc., by 

which a fishhook is attached to a longer line. U. S. 
snick (snik), v. t. 1. To cut slightly ; nick. 2. Cricket. To 

hit (a ball) a light glancing blow. — n. 1. A nick ; notch. 

2. Cricket. A snicking blow. 
snick and snee, v. To thrust and cut. — a. Used for cut- 
ting and thrusting ; as, a snick and snee knife ; — in this 

sense also snick-and-snee or snick-a-snee. 
snick'-a-snee', n. 1. A combat with snick and snee knives. 

2. A knife for cutting and thrusting. 
snick'er (snTk'er), v. i. To laugh in a partly suppressed 

manner, with audible catches of the voice ; giggle. — v. t. 

To utter with, or express by, a snicker. Colloq. — n. A 

half-suppressed, broken laugh ; giggle. 
snick'er-snee' (-sne'), n. A large knife ; a snick-a-snee. 
sniff (snlf), v. i. [ME. sneven.] To draw air audibly up 



Wilson's Snipe. 




the nose ; snuff, as in contempt. — v. t. 1. To draw in with 
the breath through the nose. 2. To perceive as by sniffing ; 
scent ; smell ; as, to sniff danger. — n. Act or sound of 
sniffing ; also, that which is sniffed. [To snuffle. I 

sniffle (-'1), v. i.; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling. [Freq. of sniff.']] 

sniff ^y (snif'i), a. Inclined to sniff, or manifest contempt 
or disdain ; supercilious. Colloq. & Dial. 

snig'ger (smg'er), v. i. & t.& n. Snicker. — snig'ger-er, n. 

snig'gle (snlg''l), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [From 
dial. Eng. snig an eel.] To fish for eels by thrusting the 
baited hook into their holes. — v. t. To catch, as an eel, by 
sniggling ; hook ; insnare. 

snip (snip), v. t.; snipped (snTpt) ; snip'ping. [D. snip- 
pen.'] To cut off at one stroke, as with shears. — n. 1. 
A single cut, as with shears ; a clip. 2. A bit «ut off ; hence, 
any small or insignificant object. Colloq. 3. Small hand 
shears for cutting sheet metal ; — usually in pi. 

snipe (snip), n. (See plural, Note.) Any of certain limico 
line birds (genus Galli- 
nago) related to the 
woodcocks. They fre- 
quent bogs and marshes 
and are valued as game 
whole snipe (G. gallinago) and 
Wilson's snipe (G. delicata) 
are larger than the half snipe 
or jacksnipe ( Limnocryptes 
gallinula). — v. i. & t. ; sniped ; 
snip'ing. 1. To shoot or hunt 
snipe. 2. To shoot at (individ- 
uals of an enemy's forces) esp. at long range or from cover. 

snip'er (snTp'er), n. One who snipes. 

snip'pet (snTp'et ; 24), n. A small part or piece. 

snip'pet-y (-1), a. Ridiculously small ; petty, [cut short. I 

snip'py (smp'i), a.; -pi-er (-i-er) ; -pi-est. Fragmentary ;| 

sniv'el (snivel), v. %.; -eled (-'Id), -elled; -el-ing, -el- 
ling. 1. To run at the nose. 2. To snuffle. 3. To cry or 
whine with snuffling ; hence, to lament whiningly. — n. 1. 
Mucus from the nose. 2. Act of crying, whining, etc., with 
sniveling. — sniv'el-er, sniv'el-ler, n. 

snob (snob), n. [E. dial., a cobbler, a tailor (in contempt).] 
One who meanly admires station and material possessions, 
esp. such a one who regulates his attitude toward persons 
or matters according to wealth, station, etc. 

snob'ber-y (-er-i), n. Snobbish conduct ; snobbishness. 

snob'bish (-ish), a. Of, pert, to, characteristic of, or be- 
fitting a snob. — snob'bish-ly, adv. — snob'bish-ness, n. 

snood (snood), n. [AS. snod.] A fillet worn round the hair 
by a young woman, sometimes, esp. in Scotland, emblem- 
atic of maidenhood. — v. t. To bind or braid up, as the 
hair, with a snood. 

snoop (snoop), v. i. To pry into others' affairs in a sneaking 
way. — n. _One who snoops. — snoop'er, n. All U. S. 

snooze (snooz), n. A nap. — v. i.; snoozed (snoozd); 
snooz'ing. To doze ; drowse. Both Colloq. or Dial. 

snore (snor; 57), v. i.; snored (snord) ; snor'ing. To 
breathe during sleep with a rough, hoarse, vibratory noise. 

— v. t. To pass in, or effect by, snoring ; — often used with 
away. — n. Act or noise of snoring. — snor'er (snor'er), n. 

snort (snort), v. i. 1. To force air audibly through the nose, 
so as to make a noise, as do high-spirited horses. 2. To 
laugh loudly. Colloq. & Dial. — v. t. 1. To expel with or as 
with a snort. 2. To utter with, or express by, a snort. 

— n. Act or sound of snorting. — snort'er, n. 

snot'ter (snot'er), n. Also snorter. Naut. a A flat rope se- 
cured to a yardarm, to which a tripping line is bent, used in 
sending down topgallant and royal yards, b A loop or ring 
of rope or metal for receiving the lower end of a sprit. 

snout (snout), n. 1. The long, projecting nose of a beast, as 
of a swine ; muzzle ; also, the anterior prolongation of the 
head of various animals, as of a weevil ; a rostrum. 2. The 
nose of a person. 3. The nozzle of a pipe, hose, etc. 

snout beetle. Any of a group (Rhynchophora) of beetles 
consisting of the curculios, or true weevils ; — so called be- 
cause the head is usually prolonged to form a snout or beak. 

snow (sno), n. [LG. sanue, or D. snaauw.] A square- 
rigged vessel, now rare, differing slightly from a brig. 

snow, n. [AS. snaw.] 1. Ice in the form of white or trans- 
parent crystals or flakes congealed 
in the air from particles of water, 
and falling or fallen to the earth. 
2. Any of various congealed sub- 
stances of snowlike appearance ; as, 
acetylene snow. 3. A fall of snow 
or of something resembling snow. 

— v. i. To fall in or as snow ; — 
used impersonally ; as, it snows. — 
v. t. 1. To shower down like snow. 
2. To cover, obstruct, imprison, 
shut in, etc., with snow ; — used 
with in, up, under, or over. Crystals of Snow. 




i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SNOWBALL 



912 



SOBER 







R 




Snowball' (-b81'), n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or 
rolled together. 2. Any of certain cultivated white-flowered 
viburnums, as the guelder-rose, or cranberry tree. — - v. t. 
To pelt with snowballs. — v. i. To throw snowballs. 

Snow banner. A bannerlike stream of snow blown into the 
air from a mountain peak, often having a pinkish color and 
expending horizontally for several miles across the sky. 

snow'ber-ry (sno'ber-T), n. Any of various shrubs (esp. 
Symphoricarpos racemosus and Chiococca racemosa) 
bearing white berries. 

snow'bird' (-burd'), n. 1. = snowflake, 2. 2. A junco. 

snow'-blind' (-blind'), a. Having defective vision caused 
by the glare of the sunlight reflected from snow. 

Snow'-bound', a. Shut in or blockaded by snow. 

snow'-broth', n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just 
melted ; hence, very cold liquor. 

snow bunting. See snowflake, 2. 

snow'bush' (-b66sh'),n. Any of several white-flowered orna- 
mental shrubs (esp. the Californian Ceanothus velutinus). 

snow'driff (sno'drift'), n. A drift of snow. 

Snow'drop' (-drop'), n. A bulbous plant (Galanthus niva- 
lis) of the amaryllis family, bearing nodding white flowers, 
which often appear while the snow is still on the ground ; 
also, a flower or bulb of this plant. 

snow'fall' (-f61'_), n. A fall of snow ; specif., the amount of 
snow that falls in a single storm or in a given period. 

Snow'flake' (-flak'), n. 1. A flake or crystal of snow. 2. A 
finch (Passerina nivalis) of northern regions which often 
appears in flocks during snowstorms ; — called also snow 
bunting. 3. Any of a genus (Leucojum, esp. L. vernum) 
of bulbous plants resembling the snowdrop. 

snow'i-ly (-T-1T), adv. In a snowy manner. 

snow'i-ness, n. State or quality of being snowy ; whiteness. 

snow line or limit. The lowest limit of perpetual snow. 

snow'plow', Snow'plough' (sno'plou'), n. Any of various 
contrivances used to clear away snow from roads, etc. 

Snow'shed' (-shed'), n. A shelter to protect from snow, as a 
long structure over an exposed part of a railroad. 

snow'shoe' (-shoo'), n. A slight frame of wood, strung like 
a tennis racket, worn under the shoe ^^^7} Snowshoe 
to prevent sinking in soft snow. 

snow'slide' (-slid'), 
n. A snow ava- 
lanche ; snowslip. 

snow'slip' (-slip'), n. A large mass or avalanche of snow 
which slips down the side of a mountain, etc. 

snow'Storm' (-storm'), n. A storm with falling snow. 

snow'y (-T), a. ; snow'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Abounding or 
covered with snow. 2. White like snow. 3. Pure ; spotless. 

Snub (snub), v. t.; snubbed (snubd) ; snub'bing. 1. To 
check or rebuke with a tart, sarcastic remark ; reprimand. 
2. To treat or affect with contempt or neglect ; slight de- 
signedly ; also, to affect in a specified way by such treat- 
ment ; as, snubbed into silence. 3. To check the motion of 
(a running line or cable) suddenly ; also, to check or stop 
short by a suddenly tautened line. 

■— n. 1. A sudden check given to a running rope or cable. 
2. A check or rebuke ; an intended slight. 

— a. Short, somewhat flat, and turned up at the end ; — 
said of the nose. — snub'ber, n. \by nose.l 

snub'by (-T), a. ; -bi-er (-T-er) ; -bi-est. Snub ; as, a snub-\ 

snub'-nosed' (-nozd'), a. Having a snub nose. 

snuff (sniif), n. The charred part of a candle wick. — v. t. 

To crop the snuff of, as a candle. 
snuff, v. t. 1. To draw in, or inhale, forcibly through the 

nose ; sniff. 2. To perceive by smelling ; scent ; smell. 3. 

To sniff in order to examine ; — said of dogs, horses, etc. 

— v. i. 1. To inhale through the nose noisily and forcibly ; 
to sniff or smell inquiringly, as a horse, dog, etc. 2. To sniff 
in or as in disgust. Obs. 3. To take snuff, esp. habitually. 

— n. 1. Act of snuffing ; often, a sniff of contempt or dis- 
dain. 2. Tobacco pulverized and prepared to be taken into 
the nose ; also, the amount taken at once ; a pinch. 

snuff 'box' (-boks'), n. A small box for holding snuff. 

snuff 'er (-er), n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. A porpoise. 3. In 
pi. A device for cropping and holding the snuff of a candle. 

snuff'i-ness (-T-nes), n. State of being snuffy. 

snuffle (snufl), v. i.; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). [Freq. 
of snuff. .] To breathe or inhale through the nose noisily, 
as in whimpering ^r when the nose is partially stopped up ; 
also, to speak through or as through the nose ; speak na- 
sally ; — often said of hypocritical, canting persons. 

— n. 1. Act or fact or sound of snuffing. 2. In pi. A stopped- 
up condition of the nose, causing one to snuffle. 3. An af- 
fected nasal twang ; hence : cant ; hypocrisy. — snuf fler 
(-ler), n. 

snuffy (sniif'T), a. 1. Like snuff. 2. Soiled with snuff. 
snug (snug), a.; snug'ger (-er) ; -gest (-est). 1. Trim; 

tidy ; compact ; by extension, sheltered or protected, as 

against poverty or intrusion ; cozy. 2. Close ; concealed ; 

as, he lay snug. 3. Fitting closely, but not too tight, as a 

coat ; close and smooth ; as, a snug fit. 



Syn. Snug, cozy. Snug implies trimness, closeness, or 
security ; cozy suggests warmth, shelter, and ease ; as, a 
snug-fitting coat ; a cozy armchair ; cozy talk by the fire- 
side ; a snug little crib. 

— v. i. ; snugged (snugd) ; snug'ging. To lie close ; snug- 
gle ; — often used with up or together. — v. t. 1. To place 
in a snug position. Rare. 2. To arrange neatly and smoothly. 

snug'ger-y ( snug'er-T J, n. ; pi. -ies ( -iz ). A snug, cozy 
place ; esp., a small room or den. Colloq. 

snug'gle (-'1), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [Freq. of 
snug.~\ To move one way and the other to get close ; cud- 
dle ; nestle. — v. t. To draw close, as for comfort ; cuddle. 

snug'ly (snug'lT), adv. In a snug manner. 

snug'ness, n. Quality or state of being snug. 

so (so), adv. [ME. so, sa, swa, AS. swa.2 1- In that man- 
ner, degree, or state ; as indicated or implied, or as supposed 
to be known ; as, why did he come so late ? 2. In like man- 
ner or degree ; in such manner ; to such degree ; — used 
esp. as correlative of as in negative assertions and in ques- 
tions implying a negative answer. Thus, "he is not so rich 
os Croesus" is preferred to "he is not as rich as Croesus." 

3. Very ; in a high degree ; as, he is so good. Chiefly Colloq. 

4. For that reason ; for like reason ; by this or that means ; 
thus ; as, obey the laws, so shalt thou prosper. 5. The case 
being such ; therefore ; — used as both an adverb and a 
conjunction ; as, so they sent him away. 6. [Equivalent to 
so be it.'] It is well ; let it be ; — expressing assent. 7. Well; 
the fact being as stated ; — an expletive ; as, so the work is 
done, is it ? 8. [Equivalent to is it so ? ] Is it thus ? — 
with upward inflection; as, "So?" Colloq. 9. There- 
abouts ; more or less ; — used after or ; as, I have read only 
a page or so. — Syn. See therefore. 

■— conj. 1. Provided or on condition that ; if ; as, I am con- 
tent so you are satisfied. 2. So that ; in such a way that ; 
hence : accordingly ; therefore ; — used with a clause of 
purpose or result ; as, he was sick, so they were quiet. 

— inter j. Be as you are ! stand still ! that will do ! 

soak (sok), v. t. [AS. socian.~] 1. To saturate in a fluid; 
steep. 2. To drench ; wet thoroughly. 3. To draw in by 
pores or interstices ; as, a sponge soaks up water. 4. To 
penetrate by percolation ; as, the water soaked his shoes. 
— Syn. See saturate. — v. i. 1. To become saturated. 
2. To enter (into something) by pores or interstices ; as, 
water soaks into the earth. 3. To drink intemperately or 
gluttonously. Slang. 

— n. 1. Act or process of soaking ; also, state of being 
soaked. 2. The liquid in which anything is soaked. 

soak'er (-er), n. One that soaks. 

soak'age (-Sj), n. Act of soaking, or state of being soaked ; 
also, the amount entering or issuing by soaking. 

soap (sop), n. [AS. sape.2 A cleansing agent made, usually, 
by the action of alkali on fat, and consisting essentially of 
sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids ; by extension, any 
salt of such an acid. — v. t. To rub or wash over with soap. 

soap'bark', n., or soapbark tree. 1. The quillai. 2. Any 
of several tropical American mimosaceous shrubs (genus 
Pithecolobium) having saponaceous bark; also, the bark. 

soap'ber-ry (sop'ber-T), n., or soapberry tree. Any of a 
genus (Sapindus, esp. S. saponaria), typifying a family 
(Sapindacese) , of trees bearing saponaceous fruit ; also, the 
fruit,_ used in the West Indies for cleaning clothes. 

soap'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Quality or state of being soapy. 

soap plant. Any plant some part of which may be used in 
place of soap ; specif., a Californian liliaceous plant (Chlo- 
rogalum pomeridianum) . 

soap'stone', n. Steatite, a soft stone with a soapy feel. 

soap'suds' (-sudz'), n. pi. Suds made with soap. 

soap'wort' (-wurt'), n. A European silenaceous plant (Sa- 
ponaria officinalis ) widely naturalized in the United 
States. The bruised leaves are detergent. 

soap'y (-T), a.; soap'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Like soap; soft 
and smooth ; smeared with soap. 

soar (sor; 57), v. i. [OF. essorer { F. s'essorer to soar, 
essorer to expose to the air (for drying) ; L. ex out + aura 
air.] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird ; mount on or as on wings ; 
specif., to progress upward by taking advantage of air cur- 
rents ; glide indefinitely without loss of altitude, as a bird 
or an aeroplane. 2. To be exalted in thought, spirits, or 
imagination. — Syn. See float. — n. Act of soaring ; 
upward flight. — soar'er, n. 

sob (sob), v. i. /sobbed (sobd) ; sob'bing. 1. To sigh with 
a sudden heaving of the breast ; weep with a convulsive 
catching of the breath. 2. To make a sound suggestive of a 
sob or sigh ; sough ; as the wind sobs. — v. t. To utter with 
a sob or sobs ; also, usually reflexive, to bring to a certain 
state by sobbing ; as, to sob one's self to sleep. 

— n. Act or sound of sobbing. 

sob'bing (-Tng), n. Act of one who, or that which, sobs. 

SO'ber (so'ber), a. [F. sobre, fr. L. sobrius.*] 1. Not so 
influenced by liquor as to have one's faculties materially 
impaired ; not drunk ; also, temperate in the use of liquor. 
2. Temperate or moderate in thought or action ; self-con- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SOBERLY 



913 



SOEVER 



trolled ; calm. 3. Characterized by dispassionate reason or 
judgment ; rational ; deliberate ; as, sober judgment. 4. 
Serious or subdued in demeanor, habit, appearance, color, 
etc. ; solemn ; grave ; sedate ; as, sober garments. — Syn. 
Steady, cool, collected, unimpassioned, staid. See earnest. 
— v.t.& i. To make or become sober. — so'ber-ly, adv. 
SOl)er— mind'ed (-mln'ded ; 109), o. Of a sober disposition. 
SoTjer-ness (-nes), n. State or character of being sober. 
So-bran'je (so-bran'ye), n. {"Bulgarian, lit., assembly.] 
The unicameral national assembly of Bulgaria. 
SO-bri'e-ty (so-brl'e-tT), n. State or quality of being sober ; 
specif.: a Temperance, b Moderation. C Seriousness. 
(1 so'bri'quet' (so'bre'ka' ; so'bri-ka), n. [F.] A nickname. 
soc (sok ; sok), n. [See soke.] = soke. 
SOC'age (sok'aj), n. [From soc.] Law. Orig., in medieval 
England, a certain tenure fixed in amount and kind, gener- 
ally agricultural ; later, any such tenure paying a money 
rent only and not burdened with military service. 
SOC'ag-er (-a-jer), n. A tenant by socage ; a socman. 
so'-called' (so'kold'). a. Also so called. 1. Called or 
designated thus ; — used predicatively, usually without 
hyphen ; as, the Republican party, so called. 2. Com- 
monly named (but with doubtful propriety) ; thus termed ; 
— used attributively ; as, his so-called friends. 
SOC'cer (sok'er), n. [Corrupt, fr. association."] Association 
football. Slang. [position.] 

SO'cia-bil'i-ty (so'shd-bTl'i-ti), n. Sociable quality or dis-| 
SO'cia-ble (so'shd-b'l), a. [L. sociabilis, fr. sociare to asso- 
ciate, fr. socius a companion.] 1. Inclined to, or adapted 
for, society ; companionable ; social. 2. Affording oppor- 
tunities for, or marked by, friendly and, esp., informal 
meeting and conversation ; as, a sociable evening. — Syn. 
Affable, communicative. See social. — n. A gathering for 
social purposes ; an informal reception. Colloq., U. S. — 
so'cia-ble-ness, n. — so'cia-bly, adv. 
so'cial (so'shdl), a. [L. socialis, fr. socius companion.] 
1. Of or pert, to companionship or mutual relationship and 
intercourse with others of one's kind; as, social recrea- 
tions. 2. Hence : companionable ; sociable ; as, a social 
person; also, leading to, or characteristic of, sociable ac- 
tions ; adapted to society ;_as, social graces. 3. Of or pert. 
to society or a social organism ; as, social science. 4. a Bot. 
Naturally growing in groups or masses, as certain species, b 
Zo'dl. (1) Living in more or less organized communities ; as, 
social ants. (2) Compound ; colonial ; as, social ascidians. 
5. Rom. Hist. Pert, to the Italian allies (socii) of Rome. 
Syn. Social, sociable, convivial. That is social which 
pertains to society in general or has to do with human in- 
tercourse ; one is sociable who is companionable, or fond 
of mingling or talking with others. Convivial implies fes- 
tive or jovial fellowship. 

social contract or compact, Polit. Set., an agreement, 
expressed or implied, existing between the members of ,a 
political society for the regulation of their relations with 
each other and with the government. — s. evil, prostitu- 
tion. — s. science or sciences, the science or sciences of 
all that relates to the social condition and well-being of 
man as a member of society ; sociology. — s. settlement, 
a house or settlement, esp. in the poorer districts of a large 
city, where men and women of education reside to better, 
by example and aid, the lives of those about them. 
— n.~ SOCIABLE. 

so'cial-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. A political and economic theory 
of social reorganization, the essential feature of which is 
governmental control of economic activities, to the end 
that competition shall give way to cooperation and the op- 
portunities of life and the rewards of labor shall be equi- 
tably apportioned. 2. Policy and practice accordant with 
socialistic theory ; as, municipal socialism. 3. Disposition 
to seek social reform through political agencies ; the charac- 
ter shown in this disposition; — opp. to individualism. 

So'cial-ist, n. An advocate or practicer of socialism. 
Syn. Socialist, communist. A socialist has a definite 
economic theory or political program indicating the results 
of the action which he advocates. A communist , as a rule, 
has no such theory, but accepts the principles of common 
or communal ownership and lets the future take care of it- 
self. Hence, communist may apply to those whose ideas 
are cruder or more revolutionary than those of socialists. 

so'cial-ist (so'shdl-TstH a. % Pert, to, or of the nature of, so- 

so'cial-is'tic (-is'tik) J cialism or socialists. 

SO-ci-al'i-ty (so'shi-al'i-ti), n. 1. Quality, state, or fact of 
being social ; sociability. 2. The social instinct or impulse. 

so'cial-ize ( so'shal-iz ), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. 1. To 
render social. 2. To render socialistic. i-za'tioil, n. 

SO'cial-ly, adv. In a social manner. 

so'cial-ness, n. Quality or state of being social. 

SO-Ci'e-ty (so-sl'e-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. societas, fr. 
socius a companion.] 1. The relationship of men associ- 
ated in any way ; companionship ; fellowship ; company. 2. 
Sociology. A group of individuals united by common 
interest and having some organization. 3. A number or 
body of persons associated for mutual or joint usefulness, 



pleasure, or profit ; an association. 4. The more cultivated 
portion of any community in its social relations and in- 
fluences ; people of social standing collectively. 5. Eccl. In 
Congregational churches in the United States, esp. in New 
England, a corporation connected with a local church, 
having control of the church buildings and of the minister's 
salary ; — called also parish. 6. Phytogeog. A group or 
community, as of species, governed by similar life condi- 
tions ; as, a plant society. — Syn. See association. 
Society of Jesus. See Jesuit, 1. 

So-cin'i-an ( so-sTn'i-dn ), a. Pert, to Faustus Socinus 
(1539-1 G04), an Italian theologian who denied the Trinity, 
the divinity of Christ, the personality of the Devil, the native 
and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and 
the eternity of future punishment. — So-cin'i-an-ism, n. 

so'ci-o-log'ic (so'shT-o-loj'ik) \ a. Of or pert, to sociology. 

so'ci-o-log'i-cal J-iT-kal) J — log'i-cal-ly ; adv. 

so'ci-ol'o-gist (-5F6- jist) , n. One who is versed in sociology. 

SO'ci-ol'O-gy (sq'shi-ol'o-jT), n. [L. socius companion + 
-logy.] The science of the constitution, phenomena, and 
development of society ; social science. 

SOCk (sok), n. [AS. socc, fr. L. soccus a kind of low-heeled 
shoe.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient 
Greece and Rome ; — used as a symbol of comedy (cf. 
buskin, 2.). 2. A stocking with a short leg. 

SOCk-dol'a-ger (-dol'd-jer), n. [Corrupt, of doxology.] 1. 
That which ends or settles a matter, as a decisive blow. 
2. Something unusually large. Both Slang, U. S. 

sock'et (sok'et ; 24), n. Any hollow thing or place which 
receives and holds something else. — v. t. To provide with, 
or support in or by, a socket. 

SO'cle (sok''l ; so'k'l), n. [F., fr. It. zoccolo, also, wooden 
shoe.] Arch. A projecting member, usually molded, at the 
foot of a wall or pier, or beneath the base of a column, 
pedestal, or the like. 

soc'man (sok'man ; sok'-), n. [See soke.] A. S. & Early 
Eng. Law. a = sokeman. b A tenant by socage ; socager. 

So-crat'ic (sS-krat'ik), a. Of or pert, to Socrates, the Gre- 
cian sage (469-399 b. a), or his philosophy, method, etc., 
esp. his manner of instruction (Socratic method) by 
means of a series of questionings designed to elicit conces- 
sions or opinions eventually establishing some general 

truth. — n. A follower of Socrates. crat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Socratic irony, pretended humility or willingness to 
learn from others assumed for the sake of making their 
errors conspicuous by means of adroit questioning. 

sod (sod), n. [From its sodden state in wet weather. See 
seethe.] That stratum of the soil which is filled with the 
roots of grass, herbs, etc. ; turf ; sward ; also, a piece of it ; a 
turf. — v. t. ; sod'ded ; -ding. To cover with sod. 

So'da (so'dd), n. [It., soda, in Olt., ashes used in making 
glass.] 1. Sodium carbonate ; — called specif, washing 
soda, sal soda. 2. Sodium bicarbonate; — called specif. 
baking soda, cooking soda, soda saleratus. 3. Sodium 
hydroxide ; — usually called caustic soda. 4. Sodium oxide. 
5. In soda alum, soda salts, etc., sodium. 6. Short for 

SODA WATER. 

soda ash. Commercial anhydrous sodium carbonate. 

soda fountain. An apparatus with delivery tube, faucets, 
etc., for drawing soda water. U. S. 

soda lime. A mixture of caustic soda and quicklime. 

so'da-lite (so'dd-llt), n. # [soda + -lite.] Min. A trans- 
parentto translucent mineral of vitreous or greasy luster, 
found in certain igneous rocks. It is a silicate of sodium 
and aluminium with some chlorine, Na4(AlCl)Ai2(S04)3. 

SO-dal'i-ty (so-dal'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-t!z). [L. sodalitas, 
fr. sodalis comrade.] A fraternity ; a brotherhood. 

soda water. Originally, a beverage consisting of a weak 
sclution of sodium bicarbonate with some acid to cause 
effervescence ; now, commonly, a beverage of water highly 
charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) and flavored. 

sod'den (sod''n), a. [p. p. of seethe.] 1. Boiled ; seethed. 
2. Soaked ; saturated ; soggy ; as, sodden turf or clothes. 3. 
Not well cooked ; heavy, as bread. 4. Appearing as if soaked 
or seethed ; esp., showing effects of habitual intemperance ; 
as, sodden features. — v. i. & t. To become or make 
sodden. — sod'den-ness, n. 

SO'di-um (so'dT-um), n. [NL., fr. E. soda.] Chem. A 
waxy, silver-white metallic element of the alkali group, 
occurring abundantly ( always combined), as in common salt, 
sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter), borax, etc. Symbol, Na 
(natrium); at. wt., 23.00; sp. gr., 0.97; melting point, 
95.6° C. Sodium oxidizes readily in air. 

Sod'om (sod'om), n. Bib. A city or country the wicked- 
ness and destruction of which, with _the_ neighboring Go- 
morrah, are described in Gen. xviii.-xix. 

Sod'om-ite (-It), n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. [I. c] 
One guilty of sodomy. [natural carnal copulation.! 

sod'om-y (-T), n. [F. sodomie, fr. Sodome Sodom.] Un : | 

SO-ev'er (so-eVer). [so -f- ever.] A word used in composi- 
tion with who, what, where, when, how, etc., and indicat- 
ing any out of all possible or supposable persons, things, etc. 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



SOFA 



914 



SOLECISM 



R 



\ 



so'fa (so'fd), n. [Ar.guffahJ] A kind of long seat, usually 
upholstered and having a back and arms. 

SOf'fit (sof'it), n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. soffiggere to hide, 
L. suffigere to fasten below. See suffix.] Arch. The under 
side of the subordinate parts and members of a building, 
such as staircases, archways, entablatures, cornices, or the 
like. See extrados, Illust. 

Soft (soft ; 62), a. [AS. softe, a. & adv., orig. adv., the a. 
being sefte.] 1. Easily yielding to pressure; easily im- 
pressed, molded, or cut ; also, malleable ; — opposed to 
hard. 2. Susceptible ; easily affected ; esp., gentle ; kind ; 
tender ; as, a soft heart. 3. Not rough or harsh, as to the 
touch, sight, or ear ; smooth ; delicate ; as, soft silk ; a soft 
hue ; a soft voice. 4. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, 
etc. ; mild ; courteous ; kind ; as, soft eyes. 5. Gentle in 
action ; easy ; also, of the weather : damp ; wet ; more 
rarely, mild ; warm. 6. Gently curved ; not angular or 
abrupt ; as, soft outlines. 7. Quiet ; peaceful ; as, soft 
slumbers. 8. a Weak ; impressible ; esp., Slang, amorous ; 
spoony; also, effeminate, b Simple; foolish. Colloq. c 
With muscles not hardened by exercise. Colloq. d Of bev- 
erages, not alcoholic. Colloq. 9. Characterized by freedom 
from substances, as calcium and magnesium salts, which 
prevent lathering ; — said of water. 10. Pron. Of conso- 
nants : a Sibilant or spirant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.), as 
disting. from stopped or explosive (as g in go, c in come, 
etc.) ; — opp. to hard, b Sonant or voiced, as disting. from 
surd or voiceless ; flat ; as b, d, g, etc., in contrast with p, t, 
k, etc. ; — opp. to sharp or hard. 

soft chess, a European brome grass (Bromus hordeaceus), 
naturalized as a weed in the United States. — s. soap, a 
semifluid soap, usually made with potash ; fig., Colloq., 
nattering ; wheedling ; blarney. 

— adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. — inter j. Be quiet! easy! 
hold! stop! 

SOf'ta (sof'td), n. [From a Turkish pronunciation of Per. 
sokhtah burnt, inflamed, a student.] Any one attached to 
a Mohammedan mosque ; esp., a student of the higher 
branches of theology in a mosque school. 

soften (sofn ; 62), v. t. & i. To make or become soft or 
softer. — sof'ten-er (-er), n. 

softly, adv. In a soft manner. 

soft'ness, n. Quality or state of being soft. 

SOft'-Shell' (soft'shelOl a. Having a soft or fragile shell, as 

soft'— shelled' (-sheld')/ a crab (see hard-shell crab). 

soft wood, or soft'wood ' (soft'wood'), n. 1. Any wood 
light in texture, nonresistant, and easily worked. 2. Fores- 
try. The wood of a coniferous tree ; also, the tree itself. 

SOg'gy (sog'i), a. ; sog'gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. Heavy and 
wet ; sodden ; soaked. 

SO-ho' (so-ho'), interj. Ho! — a word used in calling from 
a distance or to express surprise ; a sportsman's halloo. 

|| SOi'— di'sant' (swa'de'zaN') , a. [F. ; soi one's self + di- 
sant, p. pr. of dire to say.] Self-named ; self-styled ; — 
used disparagingly ; hence : pretended ; would-be. 

soil (soil), n. [ME. soile, prob. fr. OF. soil, souil, a miry 
place, soil of a boar (see soil a miry place), confused with 
L. solum bottom, ground, earth, or LL. solium a threshing 
floor.] 1. The loose surface dirt in which plants grow. 2. 
Firm land ; earth ; also, land ; country. — v. t. To enrich 
with soil or muck ; manure. 

Soil, v. t. [OF. soillier.] 1. To make dirty on the surface ; 
foul ; dirty ; defile. 2. To stain or mar, as with disgrace ; 
sully. — Syn. Besmear, daub, tarnish, defile, pollute. — 
v. i. To become soiled or dirty. — n. That which soils ; 
also, a soiled place ; stain. 

Soil (soil),n. [OF. soil, souil."] 1. A miry or marshy place, 
or a tract of water, sought by hunted game, as deer. 2. 
Dung; manure. 

Soil, v. t. [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, L. satullare, fr. 
satullus, dim. of satur sated.] To feed, as stock, in the 

! barn or an inclosure with fresh grass or green food cut for 
them ; fatten ; also, to purge by feeding on green food. 

Soil'ure (soil'ur), n. Act of soiling ; also, a stain ; pollution. 

Hsoi'ree' (swa/ra' ; swo-ra'), n. [F.] An evening party. 

SO'ja (so'jd; so'yd), n., or SOJa bean. [NL. See soy.] The 
soy bean. 

SO'journ (so'jurn ; so-jurn' ; Brit, often soj'ern, suj'-), v. i. 
[OF. sojorner, fr. L. sub under, about + diurnus of the 
day.] To dwell temporarily ; tarry. — Syn. See reside. 

— n. A temporary residence ; hence : a delay ; stay. 
SO'journ-er, n. One who sojourns. 

Soke (sok), n. [LL. soca, fr. AS. socn, prop., a seeking.] 
A.-S. & Early Eng. Law. A right of inquiry or hearing 
and determining, or a duty of seeking or suing in a certain 
court or the right of exacting such suit ; hence : a The right 
of local jurisdiction, with its attendant fees and fines, b A 
district or territory subject to a particular jurisdiction. 

SOke'man (sok'mdn), n.; pi. -men (-men). A.-S. & Early 
Eng. Law. A man under the soke of another. Cf. socman. 

SOl (sol), n. [L.] 1. The sun. 2. leap.] Rom. Relig. The 
sun god, depicted as driving four horses. 3. Alchem. Gold. 



sol (sol), n. [It.] Music. The fifth of the syllables in sol- 
mization ; — applied to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale. 

SOl (sol), n.; pi. E.Sols (solz), Sp. soles (so'las). [Sp.] A 
silver coin and money of account of Peru, equal to 100 cen- 
tavos (48.7 cents) ; also, a former gold coin. 

SOl'ace (sol'as), n. [OF. solas, soulaz, L. solacium, sola- 
tium, fr. solari to console.] Comfort in grief ; alleviation of 
grief or anxiety ; relief. — Syn. Consolation. — v. t. ; -aced 
(-ast) ; -AC-iNG (-a-sing). 1. To cheer in grief or calamity ; 
console. 2. To allay ; soothe ; assuage ; as, to solace grief. 
3. To divert ; cheer ; — sometimes reflexive. — Syn. See 
comfort. — sol'ace-ment (-ment), n. 

SOl'a-na'ceous (sol'd-na'shus), a. [L. solanum night- 
shade.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Solanacese) of strong- 
scented, often narcotic, herbs, shrubs, and trees, the night- 
shade family, including the tomato, eggplant, potato, night- 
shade, bittersweet, capsicum, tobacco, petunia, etc. 

so'lan goose (so'ldn). [Icel. sula.] The common gannet. 

|| SO-la'llO (so-la'no), n. [Sp., fr. L. solanus (sc. ventus), fr. 
sol the sun.] A hot, easterly wind of the Mediterranean. 

so-la'num (so-la'niim), n. [L.] = nightshade. . 

so'lar (so'ldr), a. [L. Solaris, fr. sol sun.] 1. Of, pert, to, 
or proceeding from, the sun. 2. Measured by the sun ; as, 
the solar year. 3. Produced, or affected, by the action of 
the sun. 

solar month. See month. — s. plexus, Anat., a nervous 
plexus behind the stomach and in front of the aorta and 
the crura of the diaphragm. It contains several ganglia, 
and distributes filaments to all the abdominal viscera. — s. 
system, the sun with the celestial bodies revolving round it. 

so'lar-ism (so'ldr-Tz'm), n. Excessive tendency to inter- 
pret myths by reference to the sun. — so'lar-ist (-ist), n. 

SO-la'ri-um (so-la'ri-wm ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L.j An 
apartment exposed to the sun, as for convalescents. 

SO/lar-i-za'tion (so'ldr-i-za'shiin ; -I-za'shwn), n. The ac- 
tion of the sun's rays ; specif., Photog., the action of sun- 
light (or any light) on an overexposed sensitive surface, re- 
sulting in reversals of the image. 

so'lar-ize (so'ldr-Iz), v. i.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Iz'Ing). 
To become affected, or to affect, by solarization. 

SO-la'ti-um (so-la/shi-ftm), n.; pi. solatia (-d). [L. See 
solace, n.] Anything that alleviates or compensates for 
suffering or loss ; compensation, esp. for injured feelings. 

sold (sold), pret. & p. p. of sell. 

SOl'der (sod'er), n. [F. soudure, OF. soudeilre, prop., a 
soldering, fr. OF. & F. souder to solder, L. solidare to fas- 
ten.] 1. A metal or alloy used to join metallic surfaces. It 
is applied in a melted state. Solders that melt readily are 
soft solders; others fusing at a red heat are hard solders. 
2. Anything that unites or cements. — v. t. 1. To join 
with solder. 2. To mend ; patch up. — SOl'der-er, n. 

Sol'dier (soFjer), n. [OF. soldeier, soldoier, fr. L. solidus 
a coin (hence applied to a soldier's pay).] 1. One engaged 
in military service. 2. Specif., an enlisted man, as disting. 
from a commissioned officer ; sometimes, a private. See Il- 
lust. at p. 915. 3. A man of military experience and skill or 
of noted valor ; — used in emphasis or distinction. 4. a In 
most termites, a kind of wingless individual differing from 
the workers in its larger size, large head, and long jaws, b 
In certain true ants, one of a type of workers distinguished 
by the large head and jaws. 

soldier of fortune, one who follows a military career 
wherever there is promise of profit, adventure, or pleasure. 

— v. i. 1. To serve as a soldier. 2. {pron. often so'jer) To 
make a pretense of working, while doing only enough to 
escape punishment ; shirk. Colloq. — sol'dier-ship, n. 

sol'dier-ly (soFjer-lT), a. Like or befitting a soldier ; brave. 

SOl'dier-y (-1), n. A body of soldiers ; soldiers collectively. 

Sol'do (sol'do ; It. soFdo), n. ; pi. -di (-de). [It. See sou.] 
A small Italian coin and money of account worth £$ libra. 

sole (sol), n. [F. sole, LL. sola, L. solea ; — from its flat 
shape. See 2d sole.] 1. Any 
of certain flatfishes (usually 
separated as the family Soie- 
idae), with small mouth, 
small gill openings, and 

small eyes placed close to-flljP* 1 **" c ~"*ww 
gether; esp., the common^ Sole. (j* 2 ) 

European species (Solea solea), much prized as a food fish. 
2. Any of certain American flatfishes (as Eopsetta jordani 
and Psettichthys melanostictus) resembling the true sole. 

sole, n. [AS., fr. LL. sola, L. solea.] 1. The under surface 
of the foot. 2. The part of a shoe, boot, etc., on which the 
sole of the foot rests. 3. The bottom of anything, or that on 
which anything rests ; as, the sole of a plane. 

— v. t. ; soled (sold) ; sol'ing. To furnish with a sole. 
sole, a. [L. solus, or OF. sol (fr. L. solus).] 1. Being or 

acting without another ; single ; individual ; only. 2. Alone ; 
isolated ; solitary. Archaic. 3. Law. Single ; unmarried ; 
as, a feme sole (see feme sole). — Syn. See single. 
SOl'e-cism (sol'e-sTz'm ; so'le-), n. [F. solecisme, fr. L., fr. 
Gr. aoKoiKKTiibs ; — from the corruption of the Attic dia- 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Sse, unite, urn, up, circus, menn; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; ihen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



915 



EGYPTIAN 

ANCIENT 



ASSYRIAN 

ANCIENT 




GREEK HOPUTE 

5™ CENT. B.C. 



NORMAN 

I I T - CENT. 




TEMPLAR 

13™ CENT. 



HARQUEBUSIER 
I6 T - CENT. 




MOUSQUETAJRE 

17 ™ CENT. 



KNIGHT IN 
ARMOR tisoo) 



ROMAN LEGIONARY 
A.D. 2~°CENT. 



ARCHER 

15™ CENT. 




UHLAN (LANCERJ 

19™ CENT. 




DRAGOON 

19™ CENT. 




GUARDSMAN 

l7™-ie™CENT. 




INFANTRYMAN 

GERMAN ISI6 



GRENADIER 

19™ CENT. 




INFANTRYMAN 

FRENCH 1916 



GERMAN 

4™ CENT. 



CROSSBOWMAN 

13™ CENT. 



HUSSAR 
19™ CENT, 




INFANTRYMAN 

RUSSIAN 1916 



FRANK 

9 T - CENT. 




PIKEMAN 

16™ CENT. 




CUIRASSIER 

19™ CENT. 




INFANTRYMAN 

BRITISH 1916 



< 






SOLDIER 



N 



SOLECIST 



916 



SOLITUDE 







Q 



R 




lect among the Athenian colonists of 26Xoi in Cilicia.] 1. A 
deviation from the idiom of a language or from the rules of 
syntax ; loosely, any minor blunder in speech. 2. Any im- 
propriety, absurdity, or unfitness, as in deeds or manners. 
Syn. Solecism, barbarism, impropriety. A solecism 
is a construction violating an idiom ; a barbarism is a 
word or phrase not in accepted use; an impropriety is 
a word or phrase used in a sense contrary to good usage ; 
thus, "between you and I" is a solecism; "to suicide" is 
a barbarism; the use of "transpire" to mean "happen" is 
an impropriety. [cism.l 

SOl'e-cist (sol'e-sist ; so'le-), n. One who commits a sole-| 

sol'e-cis'tic (-sis'tTk), sql'e-cis'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. Pert, to 
or involving a solecism ; incorrect. 

sole'ly (sol'li), adv. 1. Without another ; singly ; alone. 2. 
Entirely ; exclusively ; as, he relied solely on himself. 

SOl'emn (sol'em), a. [OF. solempne, L. solemnis, sollem- 
nis.~] 1. Marked with religious rites and pomps ; enjoined 
by, or connected with, religion ; sacred. 2. Stately ; ceremo- 
nious ; grand ; important. Archaic. 3. Serious ; grave ; as, 
a solemn promise. 4. Dark, as expressive of melancholy ; 
sad ; mournful ; as, a suit of solemn black. 5. Affectedly 
grave or serious ; as, a solemn face. 6. Law. Made in legal 
form; ceremonious. — Syn. Formal, ritual, ceremonial, 
reverential, devotional. See earnest. 
Solemn League and Covenant. See covenant, n., 4. 

SO-lem'ni-ty (so-lem'm-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. A reli- 
gious or ritual ceremony ; hence, any ceremony, celebra- 
tion, or formal festivity. 2. Quality of being solemn ; se- 
riousness ; formal dignity ; gravity. 3. Solemn state or 
feeling ; awe or reverence ; also, the quality producing it. 

SOl'em-ni-za'tion (sol'em-nT-za'shun ; -nl-za'shiin), n. Act 
of solemnizing ; celebration. 

SOl'em-nize (sol'em-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd)_; -niz'ing 
(-nlz'ing). 1. To perform with solemn ceremonies or legal 
formality ; as, to solemnize a marriage. 2. To dignify or 
honor by ceremonies ; celebrate. 3. To make grave, serious, 
and reverential. — Syn. See celebrate. niz'er, n. 

SOl'emn-ly (sol'em-li), adv. In a solemn manner. 

sol'emn-ness, n. State or quality of being solemn. 

SO'le-noid (so'le-noid ; so-le'noid), n. [fix. ouK-qv chan- 
nel, pipe + -oid.~\ Elec. An electro- 
dynamic spiral so made as to have 
the effect of a series 
of equal and parallel 
circular currents. 
When traversed 
current the solenoid, 

or helix, acts in gen- Two forms of Solenoid, 

eral like a magnet. — SoFe-noi'dal (sol'e-noi'dal ; so'le-), a. 
— sol'e-noi'dal-ly, adv. 

sole trader. A feme-sole trader. 

SOl'-fa' (sol'fa'), v. i.; -faed' (-fad') ; -fa'ing. [It. sol/a 
the gamut, from the syllables sol, /a.] To sing the notes 
of the gamut. — v. t. To sing to solmization syllables. — n. 
Music, a The syllables used in sol-faing, b Solmization. 
C The gamut, d See tonic sol-fa. — sol'-fa'ist, n. 

U sol'fa-ta'ra (sol'fa-ta'ra), n. [It., fr. solfo brimstone, sul- 
phur, L. sulfur."] Geol. A volcanic area or vent which 
yields only vapors and gases and the like. — sol'fa-ta'ric 
(-ta'nk), a. 

|| SOl-feg'gio (s&l-fed'jo), n. ; pi. -gi (-je). [It., fr. solfa the 
gamut.] Music, a The arrangement or singing of tones in 
the scale by the names do, re, mi, etc. b A singing exercise 
upon such syllables. 

SOrfe-ri'no (sol'fe-re'no), n. Fuchsine, or the color pro- 
duced by it ; magenta ; — so called from So! f< ?rino in Italy. 

SO-lic'it (so-lis'it), v. t. [F. solliciter, "L.sollicitoir?,, soli- 
zitare, -atum, fr. sollicitus wholly (i. e. violently) moved , 
sollus whole + citus, p. p. of ciere to move.] 1. To a.=x 
earnestly ; petition ; as, to solicit a man for alms. 2. 1 3 
seek ; plead for ; as, to solicit a favor. 3. To awake or ex- 
cite to action ; rouse desire in ; allure. — Syn. Beseech, re- 
quest, crave, supplicate, entreat, beg, implore, importune. 
See invite. — v. i. To make solicitation ; importune. 

SO-liCi-ta'tion (-l-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of soliciting ; impor- 
tunity. 2. Excitement ; allurement ; enticement. 

SO-lic'i-tor (so-lis'i-ter), n. 1. One who solicits. 2. Law. a 
In English practice : formerly, a person admitted to prac- 
tice law in a court of chancery, or equity ; now, one admitted 
to practice law in any court. The solicitor is distinguished 
from the barrister in not having the right to plead in a su- 
perior court, b The law officer of a city, town, department, 
or government. U. S. 

SO-liC'i-tor-gen'er-al (-jen'er-ol), n. # The second law offi- 
cer in the government of Great Britain ; also, a similar offi- 
cer under the United States government ; also, the chief 
law officer in some States of the United States. 

SO-lic'il-ous (-i-tus), a. [L. sollicitus, solicitus. See so- 
licit, v. t.~] Eager to obtain something desirable, or to 
avoid something evil; anxious; careful; apprehensive. — 
so-lic'it-ous-ly, adv. — so-lic'it-ous-ness, n. 



■sismmmm 



SO-lic'i-tress (-tres), n. A female solicitor or petitioner. 

SO-lic'i-tude (-i-tud), n. [F. sollicitude, or L. sollicitudoJ 
1. State or fact of being solicitous ; anxiety. 2. Cause ot 
care or uneasiness ; a care ; trouble ; — chiefly, in pi. Bare. 
— Syn. See care. 

sol'id (sol'id), a. [L. solidus.'} 1. Capable of resisting, up 
to a certain limit, forces tending to deform ; rigid ; — opp. 
to gaseous and liquid or fluid. 2. Not hollow ; full of 
matter ; as, a solid globe ; dense ; sometimes, heavy. 3. Cu- 
bic ; as, a solid foot. 4. Compact ; hard ; firm ; stable ; as, 
solid earth ; solid opposition. 5. Entirely of one substance, 
formation, kind, etc. ; as : a Even or unbroken ; flush ; as, a 
solid wall, b Print. Not having the lines separated by 
leads ; not open. C Designating a color, background, etc., 
all of one tone, d Unbroken ; written without a hyphen ; — 
used of a compound word, e United ; unanimous ; as, the 
solid South. Polit. Cant, U. S. 6. Sound ; strong. 7. 
Trustworthy ; reliable ; substantial ; weighty ; real ; genu- 
ine ; as, solid reasons. 8. Complete ; entire ; unbroken ; as, 
a solid hour. Colloq. — Syn. See firm. 
solid angle. See 2d angle, 2 a. — s. geometry, geome- 
try of three dimensions. 

— n. 1. A solid substance or body ; any substance which 
does not visibly flow. 2. A magnitude having three dimen- 
sions (length, breadth, and thickness) ; a part of space 
bounded on all sides, as a cube or a sphere. 

SOl'i-da'go (sol'i-da'go), n.; pi. -goes (-goz). [NL., fr. L. 
solidare to strengthen, in allusion to its reputed healing 
qualities.] Bot. Any of a large genus (Solidago) of chiefly 
North American asteraceous plants ; a goldenrod. 

SOl'i-dar'i-ty (-dar'i-ti), n. [F. soljdarite.~] An entire con- 
solidation of interests and responsibilities ; community. 

SOl'i-da-ry (sol'T-da-rT), a. 1. Having solidarity. 2. Boman 
& Civil Law. Constituting, or pert, to, a contract in which 
there are several obligations in the debtors with correspond- 
ing rights in the creditors in a single subject matter. 

SO-lid'i-fi-ca'tion (so-lid'i-fi-ka'shim), n. Act of solidify- 
ing or state of being solidified. 

SO-lid'i-fy (so-lid'i-fl), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid); -fy'lng. 
[solid -f- -/y.] To make or become solid, or compact. 

so-lid'i-ty (-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality of 
being solid ; specif., hardness ; massiveness. 2. Moral firm- 
ness ; validity ; truth ; as, the solidity of an argument. 3. 
Geom. Volume ; space within a closed area. 

SOl'id-ly, adv. In a solid manner. 

sol'id-ness, n. State or quality of being solid. 

sol'i-dus (sol'i-dus), n.; pi. -idi (-dl). 1. [L.] Boman 
Antiq. A gold coin valued at about $3.02. It was later 
called bezant. 2. [LL.] A medieval money of account 
equal to 12 denarii. 3. a The oblique line /, orig. a long s 
[Jf ] , abbrev. for shilling, b A sloping line [/] sometimes 
used instead of a horizontal line [— ] in fractions, as 5 /s 
for |, or in separating denominations in expressing a sum 
of money, as £3/12/6 (= £3 12s. 6d.). 

sol'i-fid'i an (sol'i-fid'i-an), n. [L. solus alone + fides 
faith.] Eccl. One who maintains that faith alone, without 
works, is sufficient for justification. — soll-fid'i-an, a. 

SO-lil'O-quize (s3-lTI'6-kwTz), v. i. ; -quized (-kwizd) ; -qutz'- 
ing (-kwlz'ing). To utter a soliloquy ; talk to one's self. 

SO-lil'O-quy (-kwi),n. ;p£.-qutes (-kwTz). [L. soliloquium; 
solus alone -f- loqui to speak.] Act of talking to one's 
self ; a monologue. 

sol'ip-sism (sol'ip-siz'm), n. [L. solus alone -f- ipse self.] 
Metaph. The theory or assumption : a That the self can 
know nothing but its own modifications and states, b That 
the self is the only existent thing. — SOl'ip-sist (-sist), n. 

SOl'i-taire' (sol'i-tar'), n. [F.] 1. A recluse ; hermit. 2. A 
single diamond or (sometimes) other gem set alone, o. A 
game (as_ at cards) which one person can play alone. 

sol'i-ta-ri-ly (sol'i-tS-ri-li), adv. In a solitary manner. 

s'ol'i-ta-ri-ness, n. State of being solitary. 

SOl'i-ta-ry (sol'i-ta-ri), a. [L. solitarius, fr. solitas soli- 
tude, solus alone.] 1. Living or being by one's self or by 
itself ; single ; lonely ; also, pert, to a single person or thing ; 
performed, passed, or endured alone ; as, a solitary life. 2. 
Not frequented ; remote ; retired ; lonely ; as, a solitary 
residence. 3. Not inhabited; desolate; deserted; hence: 
gloomy ; dismal ; as, the solitary desert. 4. Single ; sole. 
Syn. Solitary, alone, lonely, lonesome, lone, desolate. 
Alone emphasizes the fact of being entirely by one's self ; 
solitary connotes a sense of isolation or remoteness ; as, 
to be alone in the house ; a solitary walk. One is lonely 
who feels one's self alone and longs for companionship ; a 
place is lonely which is unfrequented ; lonesome heightens 
the implication of dreariness ; lone is chiefly poetical. That 
is desolate which is deserted or left alone, or (esp.) for- 
lorn ; as, "Your house is left unto you desolate." 

— n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A recluse ; hermit. 

SOl'i-tude (sol'i-tud), n. [F., fr. L. solitudo, fr. solus 
alone.] 1. State of being alone, or remote from society ; 
loneliness ; seclusion. 2. A solitary or lonely place. 
Syn. Solitude, isolation. Solitude is the state of being 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (sen, thin; nature, ver4ure (87) ; 



SOLLERET 



917 



SOMNOLENCY 




alone, esp. in its subjective aspects ; isolation suggests esp. 
the objective fact of detachment ; as, musing in solitude ; 
the isolation of a man against the sea and sky. 

SOl'ler-et (sol'er-et ; sol'er-et'). n. [F. soleret, dim. fr. OF. 
soler shoe.] Armor. A flexible steel shoe or one of its over- 
lapping plates. See armor, Illust. 

sol'mi-za'tion (sol'mi-za/shun), n. [F. solmisation, fr. 
solmiser to sol-fa ; — from the notes sol, mi.] Music. Act, 
practice, or system of using a set of syllables to denote the 
tones of a scale ; sol-fa notation. Cf . tonic sol-fa. 

Solo (so'lo), n.; pi. E. -los (-loz), It. -li (-le). [It., lit., 
alone, fr. L. solus alone.] 1. Music. An air, strain, or a 
whole piece played or sung by one person, with or without 
accompaniment. 2. Any of several card games in which one 
plays alone against the others, or without a partner. 

—a. Music. Performing, or performed, alone; not concerted. 

SO'lO-ist, n. One who sings or plays a solo. 

Sol'O-mon (sol'6-mSn), n. [Gr. SoXo/wkv, 2a\wu<bp, fr. 
Heb. Shelomoh.] Bib. A king of Israel 
in the 10th century b. c, noted for wis- 
dom, and the reputed author of Proverbs, 
Canticles, Ecclesiastes, and Wisdom of 
Solomon. He was the son of David by 
Bath-sheba. 

Sol'o-mon's seal (-mfinz). 1. A mystic 
symbol of the union of soul and body. 2. 
[Preferably Sol' o-mon's— seal'.] Any of 
a genus (Salomonia) of convallariaceous One form of Sol- 
plants ; — from scars on the rootstock. omon's Seal. 

So'lon (so'lon), n. [From Solon, the Athenian lawgiver.] 
A legislator; sage. 

So-lo'ni-an (so-lo'nT-an)) a. Of or pert, to Solon, the Athe- 

So-lon'ic (so-lon'ik) J nian lawgiver, or his legisla- 
tion. From his sweeping changes, the term Solonian law 
sometimes implies drastic measures. 

sol'stice (sol'stis). n. [L. solstitium ; sol sun -f- sister e to 
cause to stand.] 1. Astron. a The point in the ecliptic 
at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or 
south, namely, the first point of Cancer and the first point 
of Capricornus, which are respectively the summer sol- 
stice and the winter solstice in northern latitudes ; — so 
called because the sun then apparently stands still in its 
course, b The time of the sun's passing the solstices, about 
June 21 and Dec. 21. 2. Hence, furthest or highest point. 

sol-sti'tial (sol-stTsh'dT), a. Of, pert, to, or being a solstice ; 
also, happening at a solstice, esp. the summer solstice. 

SOl'u-bil'i-ty (soFu-bil'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or 
state of being soluble; degree to which solution may be 
carried. 

SOl'u-ble (sol'u-b'l), a. [L. solubilis, fr. solvere, solutum, 
to loosen, dissolve.] 1. Susceptible of being dissolved in a 
fluid. 2. Susceptible of being solved ; solvable ; as, the 
mystery is perhaps soluble. — sol'u-ble-ness, n. 

|| SO'lUS (so'lus), a. masc, so'la (so'ld), a. fern. [L.] Alone ; 

— chiefly used in stage directions and the like. 
SO-lu'tion (so-Ei'shun), n. [OF. solucion, fr. L. solutio, fr. 

solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve, solve.] 1. Separation 
of parts ; disruption ; breach. 2. State of being disinte- 
grated; resolution; disintegration; hence, hesitancy. 3. 
Act or process of solving a problem, question, etc., or state 
of its being solved ; explanation. 4. a Act or process by 
which a substance (solid, liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed 
into a liquid substance ; also, the resulting liquid, b Any 
homogeneous mixture (usually liquid) the composition of 
which can undergo continuous variation within certain 
limits ; also, the act or process by which such a mixture is 
produced. 5. Med. a Termination of a disease, b A crisis. 
6. Rom. & Civil Law. Discharge of a contract by perform- 
ance, esp. payment ; performance of an obligation. 

solv'a-ble (sol'vd-b'l), a. 1. Susceptible of solution. 2. Ca- 
pable of being paid and discharged, as debts. — solv'a- 
bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), solv'a-ble-ness, n. 

solve (solv), v. t.; solved (solvd) ; solv'tng. [L. solvere, 
solutum."] To clear up (what is obscure or difficult) ; to 
explain ; resolve ; work out to a result or conclusion ; settle. 

— Syn. Explain, unfold. — solv'er (sol'ver), n. 
sol'ven-cy (sol'ven-si), n. Quality or state of being solvent. 
sol'vent (-vent), a. [L. solvens, p. pr.] 1. Able to dissolve ; 

dissolving. 2. Able to pay all just debts. — n. 1. A sub- 
stance (usually liquid) capable of, or used in, dissolving 
something. 2. That which resolves or explains. 

So-mali (so-ma'le) \ n. 1. One of a Hamitic race of Soma- 

So-mal' (s6-mal r ) J liland, many tribes of which are inter- 
mixed with Negro and Arab blood. 2. Their language. 

SO-mat'ic (so-mat'ik), a. [Gr. (rufiariKos, fr. <ra>jua body.] 1. 
Biol. Pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal. 2. 
Anat. Pertaining to the wall of the body. 
somatic cell, Biol., one of the cells of the body of an in- 
dividual that become differentiated and compose the tis- 
sues, organs, etc., of that individual ; — opp. to germ cell. 

SO'ma-to- (so'md-to-). Combining form from Greek auua, 
aufiaros, body ; as in somatology. 




SO'ma-tol'o-gy (so'md-tol'S-jT), n. 1. Doctrine or science 
of general properties of material substances. 2. Anthropol. 
The comparative study of the structure, functions, and de- 
velopment of the human body. — SO'ma-tO-lOg'ic (-to- 
loj'Tk), so'ma-to-log'i-cal (-T-kal), a. 

SO'ma-tO-pleure' (so'md-to-ploor' ; 86), n. [somato- + Gr. 
irXtvpa side.] Embryol. In the embryos of craniate verte- 
brates, the outer, or parietal, of the two layers into which 
the lateral plate of the mesoblast splits. The somatopleure 
forms the body wall. 

SOm'berl (som'ber), a. [F. sombre."] 1. Dull ; gloomy. 2. 

som'brej Melancholy; grave; depressing. — som'ber-ly, 
som'bre-ly, adv. — som'ber-ness, som'bre -ness, n. 

Som-bre'ro (-bra'ro), n.; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp 1( fr. sombra 
shade.] A kind of broad-brimmed hat, 
usually of felt, orig. worn in Spain and in 
Spanish America, but now also in the 
southwestern United States. 

som'brous (som'brus), a. Somber. 

-some (-sum). [AS. -sum.] An ad- 
jective suffix meaning like or same, Sombrero, 
and indicating a considerable degree of the thing or quality 
denoted in the first part of the compound ; as in mettlesome, 
gladsome, winsome, blithesome, etc. [body.j 

-some (-som). Combining form from Greek a&iia, trw/iaros,! 

some (sum), a. [AS. sum.] 1. A certain ; one ; — indicat- 
ing a person, thing, etc., as not designated specifically, and 
often correlative to another, other, or others; as, at so?ne 
time or other. 2. Being a certain (indefinite) portion or 
number ; more or less (as indicated by the context) ; as, 
some wine ; some persons. 3. Constituting one portion or 
group ; — correlative to other or others; as, some think one 
way ; others, another. 4. About ; more or less ; — used ad- 
verbially, now only before a numeral ; as, some eighty houses. 
Syn. Some, any. In general, some emphasizes lack of 
specification ; any lays stress on indifference of choice or 
lack of limitation. 

— pron. A certain (indefinite) quantity, portion, or number, 
as distinguished from the rest. 

SOme'bod-y (sum'bod-i), n. ; pi. -bodies (-iz). 1. A person 
unknown or uncertain ; some person. 2. A person of con- 
sideration or importance ; a personage. 

some'how' (-hou'), adv. In one way or another; in some 
way not yet known or designated ; by some means ; — 
sometimes emphasized by the addition of or other. 

som'er-sault (sum'er-solt), 7i. Also som'er-set (-set). [F. 
soubresaut a jump, leap, OF. also soubresault, fr. Pr., fr. 
L. super over + saltus a leap.] A leap or fling in which a 
person turns his heels over his head. — v. i. To turn a som- 
ersault. 

some'tbJng (sum'thing), n. 1. Some thing ; a thing, event, 
incident, etc., unknown, undetermined, or not specifically 
designated ; a certain indefinite thing. 2. A portion, more 
or less ; an indefinite quantity or degree. 3. A thing or a 
person of importance. — adv. In some degree ; somewhat ; 
to some extent. 

some'time' (-tlm/), adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely re- 
ferred to ; once ; formerly. 2. At a time undefined ; once 
in a while ; sometimes. 3. At one time or other hereafter ; 
as, I will do it sometime. — a. Having been formerly ; 
former ; late. 

some'times' (-timz'), adv. 1. Formerly; once; sometime. 
Obs. 2. At times ; now and then ; occasionally. 

Some'what 7 (-hwbV), n. 1. A certain indeterminate quan- 
tity or degree ; a part, more or less ; something. 2. An im- 
portant or noteworthy person or thing. — adv. In some 
degree or measure ; a little. 

some'where' (-hwar'), adv. In or to some place unknown 
or not specified ; in one place or another. 

some'whith/er (sum'hwith/er), adv. To some place. 

SO'mite (so'mlt), n. [Gr. <ruua body.] Anat. One of the 
longitudinal series of segments into which the body of many 
animals, esp. articulates and vertebrates, is divided. — so r - 
mi-tal (so'mT-tdl), so-mit'ic (s6-m!t'ik), a. 

som'nal (som'ndl), n. [L. somnus sleep + E. chloraZ.] 
Pharm. A solution of chloral hydrate and urethane in 
alcohol, used as a hypnotic. 

som-nam'bu-lant (som-nam'bu-lant), a. Walking, or ad- 
dicted to walking, while asleep. 

som-nam'bu-late (-lat), v. i. & t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'- 
ing. [L. somnus sleep + ambulare, -latum, to walk.] To 
walk when asleep. — som-nam'bu-la'tion (-la'shSn), n. 

SOm-nam/bu-lism (-bu-liz'm), n. A state in which one 
asleep walks or performs actions appropriate to the waking 
state. — som-nam'bu-list (-list), n. — lis'tic (-lis'tlk^a. 

SOm-nif'er-OUS (-nif'er-iis), a. [L. somnifer; somnus 
sleep + ferre to bring.] Soporific ; inducing sleep. 

Som-nif'ic (-ik), a. [L. somnificus.] Somniferous. 

som-nil'o-quist (-nil'o-kwist), n. JL. somnus sleep + 
loqui to speak.] One who talks in his sleep. 

som'no-lence (som'no-lens)) n. Sleepiness ; drowsiness ; 

som'no-len-cy (-no-len-sT) f inclination to sleep. 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



. 



N 



SOMNOLENT 



918 



SORDID 



Q 



R 



som'no-lent (som'nS-lent), a. [L. somnolentus, fr. somnus 
sleep.] Sleepy ; drowsy, inclined to sleep. — Syn. See 
sleepy. — som'no-lent-ly, adv. [Hypnos. 

Som'nus (-nus), n. [L.] The Roman god of sleep. See 

son (sun), n. [AS. sunu.] 1. A human male considerec 
with reference to his parents or either of them. 2. A son- 
in-law. 3. A male descendant ; in pi., descendants in gen- 
eral. 4. An adopted male child ; — used in address where 
a sense of like relation to that of father and child is felt. 5. 
A man of a given country, faith, etc. ; as, sons of New 
England; a son of the Church. 6. [cap., and with the"] 
Jesus Christ, called the Son of God, and the Son of man. 

SO'nance (so'nans), n. 1. A sound ; tune. Obs. 2. Sonancy. 

so'nan-cy (-nan-si), n. Quality or state of being sonant. 

SO'nant (so'nSnt), a. [L. sonans, -antis, p. pr. of sonare.] 
1. Of or pertaining to sound ; sounding. 2. Phon. Uttered 
with voice or vocal sound, as distinguished from mere breath 
sound ; voiced ; vocal ; tonic ; — the opposite of surd, or 
voiceless. — n. A sonant sound or its symbol. 

SO-na'ta (so-na'td), n. [It., fr. It. & L. sonare to sound.] 
Music. An extended composition, for one or two instru- 
ments, having three or four movements which are contrast- 
ed in rhythm, but written in related keys. 

son'der (zon'der), a. Yachting. Pert, or belonging to the 
sonderclass ; as, sonder boats. 

son'der-class' (zonMer-klas'), n. [G. sonderklasse special 
class.] Yachting. A special class of small yachts developed 
in Germany, restricted in regard to size, displacement, sail 
area, and cost of construction. The crew must be amateurs 
and citizens of the country in which the yacht was built. 

song (song ; 62), n. [AS. song, sang, fr. singan to sing.] 1. 
That which is sung by a human being, a bird, insect, etc. ; 
also, singing ; vocal music. 2. A lyricpoem adapted to vo- 
cal music ; a ballad ; any poetical strain ; poem. 3. Poetical 
composition ; poetry ; verse ; as, heroic song. 4. Music. A 
musical setting for a lyric poem or ballad. 5. A trifle ; as, it 
was bought for a song. — Syn. Canticle, carol, ditty, catch, 
round, hymn, lay. 

Song of Solomon, or Song of Songs, a certain book of 
the Old Testament ; the Canticles. 

song'ful (-fool), a. Disposed to sing ; songlike ; melodious. 

song'ster (song'ster ; 62), n. 1. One skilled in singing ; — 
chiefly of birds. 2. A book or folder of popular songs. 

Song/Stress (-stres), n. A female singer. 

SO-nif'er-OUS (so-mf'er-us), a. [L. sonus sound + -fer- 
ous.] Sounding ; producing or conveying sound. 

son'-in-law', n. ; pi. sons-in-law. The husband of one's 
daughter. 

son'net (son'et ; 24), n. [F., fr. It. sonetto, dim. of suono 
sound, song, fr. L. sonus a sound.] 1. A short poem, usu- 
ally amatory. 06s. 2. A verse form of Italian origin consist- 
ing of 14 lines, typically five-foot iambics, grouped either 
into an octave of two quatrains and a sestet of two tercets, 
or into three quatrains and a couplet, the rimes being ar- 
ranged according to any of various definite schemes ; also, a 
poem in this form, usually expressing an isolated sentiment. 

— v. i. & t. To compose sonnets ; celebrate in sonnets. 

son'net-eer' (-er'), n. A composer of sonnets, or small 
poems ; — often used in contempt. — v. i. & t. To com- 
pose sonnets ; to sonnet. 

son'net-ing, n. The composition or recital of sonnets. 

SO-nom'e-ter (so-nom'e-ter), n. [L. sonus sound -f- -me- 
ter.'] See MONOCHORD. 

SO-nor'i-ty (s6-nor'i-ti),n. Sonorous quality or state. 

SO-no'rouS (so-no'rws), a. [L. sonorus, fr. sonor sound.] 
1. Giving sound when struck ; resonant. 2. Loud or full in 
sound, as, a sonorous voice. 3. Impressive in sound ; high- 
sounding ; as, sonorous language. — SO-no'rous-ly, adv. — 
so-no'rous-ness, n. 

son'ship (siin'shTp), n. State or relation of a son. 

soon (soon), adv. [AS. sona.] 1. At once; immediately. 
Obs. 2. In a short time ; before long ; also, shortly after any 
time specified or understood ; as, soon after sunrise. 3. 
Early. 4. Promptly ; quickly ; also, easily. 5. Readily ; 
willingly ; as, I would as soon go as not. — Syn. See early. 

soon'er (soon'er), n. One who settles on government land 
before it is legally open to settlement in order to gain the 
prior claim ; hence, any one who anticipates another in act- 
ing in order to gain an unfair advantage. Slang, U. S. 

soot (soot ; soot), n. [AS. sot.] A black substance formed 
by, or disengaged in, combustion and adhering to the chim- 
ney or pipe conveying the smoke ; the fine powder, chiefly 
carbon, which colors smoke. — v. t. To cover with soot. 

SOOth (sooth), a. & adv. [AS. soS.] 1. a True ; real. Obs. 
b True ; not false ; also, trustful ; trustworthy ; reliable. 2. 
Pleasing ; sweet. Rare. — n. Truth ; reality. Archaic. 

soothe (sooth), v. t.; soothed (soothd) ; sooth'ing. [AS. 
gesoSian to prove the truth of.] 1. To assent to ; humor by 
compliance ; hence : to blandish ; flatter. 06s. or Rare. 2. 
To quiet ; calm ; comfort. 3. To soften ; mollify ; assuage ; 
allay ; as, to soothe one's grief. — Syn. Compose, tranquil- 
ize, pacify, mitigate. — sooth'er (-er), n. 



sooth'fast' (sooth'fast'), a. [AS. soSfsest, prop., firm as to 
truth.] True ; genuine ; also, truthful ; faithful. — sooth/ - 
lastly, adv. — SOOth'fast'ness, n. All Archaic. 

sooth'ly, adv. In or with truth ; truly. Archaic or Scot. 

SOOth'say' (-sa 7 ), v. i. [Prop., to say truth.] To foretell. 

SOOth'say'er (-sa'er), n. One who foretells ; a diviner. 

SOOth'say'ing, n. 1. Act of one who soothsays, or foretells 
events ; art or practice of making predictions. 2. A predic- 
tion ; a prophecy ; a prognostication. 

SOOt'y (sdot'I; soqt'i), a. ; soot'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. 
Pert, to or producing soot ; soiled with soot. 2. Having a 
dark brown or black color like soot. — SOOt'i-ness (-i-nes),n. 

sop (sop), n. 1. Anything steeped, or dipped and softened, 
in a liquid ; esp., a morsel, as of bread, cake, etc., dipped in 
a liquid. 2. Anything given to pacify. — v. t.; sopped 
(sopt) ; sop'ping. _ 1. To steep or dip in or as if in a liquid ; 
also, to drench (with). 2. To soak up ; — usually used with 
up ; as, to sop up water. — v. i. To soak in. 

soph/ism (sof'Tz'm), n. [OF. soffime, sophisme, fr. L., fr. 
Gr. <r6<j>iaua, deriv. fr. <ro<f>6s wise.] An argument, esp. a for- 
mal one, intended to deceive ; also, an argument embodying 
a subtle fallacy, but not intended to deceive. — Syn. See 

FALLACY. 

Sophist, n. 1. One of a class of teachers of rhetoric, phi- 
losophy, and conduct in ancient Greece. They became mas- 
ters of adroit and specious reasoning. 2. [I. c] Hence, a 
captious or fallacious reasoner. 

soph'ist-er (sof'Ts-ter),?i. 1. A sophist. 2. In some English 
universities, a student in his second (junior sophister) 
or third (senior sophister) year of residence. 

SO-phis'tic (so-fis'tik) 1 a. Of or pertaining to a sophist or 

SO-phis'ti-cal (-ti -kal) / sophistry; fallaciously subtle. — 
so-phis'ti-cal-ly, adv. — so-phis'ti-cal-ness, n. 

SO-phis'ti-cate (-tT-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[LL. sophisticatus, p. p. of sophisticare.] 1. To render 
sophistical ; quibble about ; subtilize. 2. To refine over- 
much ; make artificial ; make knowing or worldly-wise ; — 
used chiefly in p. p. & p. a. 3. To mislead by sophistry; 
delude. 4. To adulterate ; falsify. — (-kat), a. Sophisti- 
cated ; esp., deprived of simplicity or naturalness. 

SO-phis'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of sophisticating, or 
state of being sophisticated. 

soph'ist-ry (sof'is-tn), n.; pi. -trtes (-triz). 1. The arts, 
teachings, and practices of the Sophists ; esp., disputation. 
2. Specious but fallacious reasoning. — Syn. See fallacy. 

Soph'o-cle'an (-6-kle'on), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, the Athenian tragic poet Sophocles (c. 496-406 b. c). 
Sophoclean irony, the irony of an utterance uncon- 
sciously carrying an unintended and unwelcome meaning. 

soph'o-more (sof'6-mor'; 57), n. [Prob. fr. ME. sophine 
sophism -f- -or."] A student in the second year of a four- 
year college course ; one next above a freshman. — soph'o- 
mor'ic (-mor'Ik), -i-cal (-i-kfil), a. All now U. S. 

SO'phy (so'fi ; sof'i), n.; pi. sophies (so'fiz; sof'iz). Also 
so'phi. [From the name of a Persian dynasty.] A former 
title of kings of Persia. 

SO'por (so'por), n. [L.] Med. Profound or lethargic sleep. 

SOp'o-rif'er-OUS (sop'o-rif'er-tis), a. [L. soporifer; sopor 
sleep + ferre to bring.] Soporific. — sop'o-rif 'er-OUS-ly, 
adv. — sop o-rif 'er-ous-ness, n. 

SO'po-rif'ic (so'po-nf'ik ; sop'o-), a. [L. sopor sleep + 
facer e to make.] Causing, or tending to cause, sleep ; som- 
niferous. — n. A thing that is soporific ; a narcotic. 

sop'py (sop'i), a. Soaked or saturated ; very wet or sloppy. 

SO-pra'no (so-pra'no), n.; pi. E. -nos (-noz), It. -ni (-ne). 
[It., fr. soprano highest, sopra above, L. supra.] Music. 
a The treble ; the highest quality of voice, b A part for 
such a voice, c A singer, esp. a woman, with a treble voice. 

— a. Pert, to the soprano ; performing the soprano. 

SO'ra (so'rd; 57), n., or sora rail. A small short-billed 
North American rail (Porzana Carolina). 

sorb (sorb), n. [L. sorbus (the tree), sorbum (the fruit).] 
Any of various European malaceous trees, esp. the service 
tree or rowan tree ; also, its fruit. 

Sorb (sorb) , n. [G.] One of a Slavic people whose present 
representatives are the Wends living in Saxony and Bran- 
denburg. — Sorb'i-an (sor'bT-an) , a. & n. 

sorb apple. The fruit of the service tree. 

Sor'bon-ist (sSr'bon-Yst), n. [F '. sorboniste."] A doctor of, 
or a student at, the Sorbonne. 

Sor-bonne r (sor-bon'), n. [F.] 1. Orig., a house and theo- 
logical college founded at Paris in 1257 by Robert de Sor- 
bon. 2. Later, the faculty of theology there, suppressed in 
1792. 3. Now, the seat of the public courses of the faculties 
of science and letters of the University of Paris. 

sor'cer-er (sor'ser-er), n. A practicer of sorcery ; magician ; 
wizard. — SOr'cer-ess, n. fern. 

SOr'cer-y (-T), n.; pi. -ceries (-iz). [OF. sorcerie, fr. sor- 
rier sorcerer, fr. LL., fr. L. sors, sortis, lot.] The use of 
power gained from the help of evil spirits, esp. for divining ; 
necromancy ; witchcraft. — sor'cer-ous (-us), a. 

sor'did (sor'did), a. [L. sordidus, fr. sordere to be dirty.] 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SORDIDLY 



919 



SOUND 



1. Filthy ; dirty ; Bot. & Zo'ol., dirty or muddy in color. 2. 
Vile ; base ; gross ; also, mean or low ; ignoble ; despicable. 
3. Meanly avaricious ; covetous ; niggardly. — sor'did-ly, 
adv. — sor'did-ness, n. 

sore (sor ; 57), a. ; sor'er (sor'er) ; sor'est. [AS. sar.] 1. 
Sensitive to pain from pressure ; tender. 2. Sensitive to 
mental pain, vexation, etc. ; sensitive ; as, a subject on 
which he felt sore. 3. Distressed mentally ; pained ; griev- 
ing ; also, irritated ; vexed ; as, a sore conscience. 4. Dis- 
tressing ; grievous ; vexatious ; severe ; violent ; of anything 
unpleasant, extreme ; very great ; as, sore distraction. 

—n. 1. A place where the skin and flesh are ruptured, 
bruised, or diseased so as to be tender or painful ; a sore 
place, as a boil or an ulcer. 2. A source of pain or vexation. 

— adv. Sorely. 

SO-re'di-um (so-re'dT-um), n.; pi. -dia (-&). [NL., fr. Gr. 
aupos a heap.] Bot. One of the vegetative buds or gemmae 
on the surface of the thallus in lichens. — SO-re'dl-al, a. 

sore'fal'con, sore'hawk' (sor'fo'k'n ; -fol'k'n ; -hok' ; 57), n. 
[OF. sor sorrel.] A peregrine falcon in its first-year, red- 
dish (unmolted) plumage ; a red hawk. 

sore'ly (sor'li ; 57), adv. In a sore manner ; grievously. 

Sore'ness, n. Quality or state of being sore. 

sor'ghum (s6r'gum),_?i. [NL.] 1. A cereal grass (Andro- 
pogon sorghum) cultivated in many varieties, esp. in warm 
countries, as a fodder or grain plant or for making molasses 
or sirup. 2. Sirup from sorghum juice, rich in glucose. 

SO-ri'teS (so-rl'tez), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. Gr. crcopeirvs (sc. 
avWoyianos), prop., heaped up (hence, a heap of_ syllo- 
gisms), fr. awpos a heap.] Logic. A series of propositions so 
arranged that the predicate of each forms the subject of the 
next, the conclusion uniting the subject of the first proposi- 
tion with the predicate of the last. — SO-rit'i-cal, a. 

SO-ror'i-cide (so-ror'I-sTd), n. [L. sororicidiurn; soror 
sister 4- caedere to kill.] 1. Act of one who kills his own 
sister. 2. [L. sororicida.~] One who commits this crime. 

SO-ror'i-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz)^ [L. soror sister.] A 
society or club of girls or women, as in a college. [club.l 

SO-ro'sis (so-ro'sis), n. [Cf. L. soror sister.] A woman's! 

SO-ro'sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. crupbs a heap.] Bot. A collective 
fleshy or pulpy fruit formed by the union of many flowers, 
as in the mulberry and pineapple. See fruit, Illust. 

sor'rel (sor'el), a. [OF. sorel, dim. of sor sorrel.] Yellowish 
or reddish brown. — n. 1. A sorrel color. 2. A sorrel ani- 
mal ; specif., a male fallow deer in its third year. 

sor'rel, to. [OF. surele, fr. sur sour.] Bot. Anyof various 
plants (genera Rumex and Oxalis) having sour juice. 

sorrel tree. A small ericaceous tree (Oxydendrum arbo- 
reum) with white flowers and sour evergreen leaves. 

SOr'ri-ly (sor'i-lT), adv. In a sorry manner. 

sor'ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being sorry. 

sor'row (sor'o), to. [AS. sorg, sorh. Not akin to sorry."] 
1. Uneasiness or pain of mind due to loss or disappoint- 
ment ; unhappiness ; sadness. 2. Contrition ; penitence. 3. 
A cause of grief or sadness ; trouble ; affliction. 
Syn. Sorrow, grief, woe, affliction, tribulation. Sor- 
row is the most general term ; grief is poignant sorrow, 
esp. for a definite cause ; woe is deep or inconsolable grief 
or misery; as, "a man of sorrows, and acquainted with 
grief"; destined to eternal woe. Affliction is grievous 
distress, esp. such as is due to loss or calamity ; tribula- 
tion (chiefly Biblical) is severe affliction. 

— v. i. To feel sorrow ; grieve. — sor'row-er, to. 
sor'row-ful (-fool), a. Full of, expressive of, characterized 

by, or inducing sorrow. — Syn. Sad, mournful, dismal, 
disconsolate, grievous, lamentable, doleful, distressing. — 
sor'row-ful-ly, adv. — sor'row-ful-ness, n. 

sor'ry (-T), a.; -ri-er (-i-er) ; -ri-est. [AS. sarig sad, fr. sar 
sore, grief, pain.] 1. Painful ; grievous. 2. Grieved for 
loss ; feeling sorrow ; specif., grieved for evil done or caused ; 
feeling regret ; penitent ; — now usually expressing moder- 
ate grief or sympathy, or an apology. 3. Melancholy ; dis- 
mal ; mournful. 4. Poor ; pitiful ; contemptible ; mean ; as, 
a sorry excuse. 

sort (sort), to. [F., fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, part.] A lot; 
hence : chance ; destiny ; rarely, magic ; sorcery. Obs. 

sort, to. [F. sorte, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, part.] 1. A 
group having the same or similar characteristics ; a kind, 
class, order, or species. 2. Way ; fashion ; manner ; as, this 
will please in a different sort. 3. Character ; quality ; na- 
ture ; as, people of evil sort. 4. Print. Any character or 
type considered as a separate element in a font ; — chiefly 
in pi. — Syn. See kind. 

of sorts, of different kinds; usually, depreciatingly, of a 
poor kind ; as, a dog of sorts. — out of sorts, a Print. With 
some sorts of type deficient, b Out of order ; ill ; vexed ; 
disturbed. Colloq.. 

— v. t. 1. To place, rank, separate, or select according to 
sort, kind, class, etc ; classify ; assort. 2. To put to rights ; 
adjust ; specif., of a horse, to feed and bed down. Scot. & 
Northern Eng. — v. i. 1. To consort. 2. To suit ; fit ; har- 
monize. — sort'a-ble, a. — sort'er, n. 



SOr'tle (sSr'te), n. [F., fr. sortir to go out.] Mil. A sally of 
troops from a besieged place against the besiegers. 

sor'tl-lege (sor'ti-lej), n. [F. sortilege, fr. LL., fr. L. sor- 
tilegus foretelling, as n., a soothsayer ; sors, sortis, lot + 
legere to select.] Divination by lots ; loosely, sorcery. 

SO'rus (so'rus), n. ; pi. sORl(-rl). [NL.,fr. Gr.o-wposa heap] 
In ferns, one of the clusters of sporangia forming the so- 
called "fruit dots" on the fertile fronds. 

SOS. The letters signified by the signal ( ) pre- 
scribed by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention 
of 1912 for use by ships in distress. 

SO'so' \ (so'so'), a. Middling ; passable ; tolerable. — adv. 

SO'-SO'J Tolerably ; passably. Both Chiefly Colloq. 

|| SOS'te-nu'tO (sos'ta-noo'to), a. [It.] Music. Sustained ; 
— applied to a movement or passage the notes of which are 
to be sustained to their full nominal value ; also, to a pas- 
sage the tones of which are to be somewhat prolonged. 

SOt (sot), n. [F., fool, fr. LL. sottus.~\ One having his facul- 
ties dulled by excessive drinking ; a habitual drunkard. 

SO-te'ri-0-log'ic (so-te'ri-6-loj'Ik) \a. Theol. Of or per- 

SO-te'ri-o-log'i-caK-ri-6-loyi-kal)/ taining to soteriologv. 

SO-te'ri-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. [Gr. auTtjpla safety + -logy'.] 
Theol. The doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ. 

So'thic (so'thik, soth'ik) 1 a. [Gr. ScofWos, fr. Gr. 2a>0n, 

So'thi-ac (so'thi-ak) [ Egypt, sept.] Of or pertaining 
to So'this (so'this), or Sirius, the Dog Star ; canicular. 
Sothic, or Sothiac, year, Chronol., the Egyptian year of 
365daysand 6hours, — as disting. from the Egyptian vagua 
year, which contained 365 days. The Sothic, or Sothiac, 
period consists of 1,460 Sothic years, or 1,461 vague yearc. 

SOt'ni-a (sot'ni-d), n. [Russ. sotnya a hundred, fr. sto hun- 
dred.] Mil. A Cossack cavalry squadron. 

SO'tol (so'tol ; so-toV),n. Any of a genus (Dasylirion) of 
yuccalike plants of the southwestern United States. 

sot'tish (sot'ish), a. Like a sot; doltish; very foolish; 
drunken. — sot'tish-ly, adv. — sot'tish-ness, n. 

U sot'to VO'ce (sot'to vo'cha). [It.] Under the voice ; in an 
undertone ; hence, aside. 

SOU (soo), n.; pi. sous (sooz ; F. sdo). [F., fr. OF. sol, fr. 
LL., fr. L. solidus a gold coin.] 1. An old French coin, 
orig. of gold, later of silver, finally of copper, and worth in 
the 18th century about a cent. 2. Popularly, the present 
bronzeS-centime piece, worth about a cent. 

sou-a'ri nut (soo-a're). The large edible nutlike seed of any 
of a genus (Caryocar) of South American trees (esp. C. nu- 
ciferum). Souari nuts yield a bland oil used in cookery. 

sou'bise' (soo'bez'), n. [F.] A sauce made of white onions 
and melted butter mixed with veloute sauce. 

SOU-brette' (soo-bret'), to. [F.] Theat. Orig., in comedies, 
an intriguing lady's maid ; hence: a coquettish maidservant 
or frivolous young woman ; an actress who plays such a part. 

SOU-chong' (soo-shong'), n. [Chin, hsiao chung small or 
fine sort.] A kind of black tea of a fine quality. 

Souffle (soo'f'l), to._ [F.] Med. A murmuring or blowing 
sound ; as, the uterine souffle heard in pregnancy. 

|| souffle' (soo'fla'; sooffla), a. [F., lit., puffed.] Often 
SOUfflee'. Cookery. Filled with air by beating, and baked. 

— n. A delicate, sweet or savory, spongy dish of beaten eggs, 
milk, etc., baked. 

SOUgh (suf; sou), ra. [AS. swogan to sound.] A hollow 
moaning, a murmuring, or a sighing, as of the wind ; sigh ; 
sob. — v. i. To make a sough ; sigh, as the wind. 

SOUl (sol), n. [AS. sawel, sawl.] l.An entity conceived as 
the essence, substance, or actuating cause of individual life, 
esp. life manifested in psychical activities ; the vehicle of 
individual existence, separate in nature from the body and 
usually held to be separable in existence. 2. Hence: the 
psychical or spiritual nature of the universe ; the world soul. 
3. Man's moral and emotional nature ; hence, effective ex- 
pression of emotion and sentiment. 4. The seat of real life, 
action, etc. ; animating or essential part ; as, the soul of 
harmony. 5. The leader ; inspirer ; moving spirit ; as, he 
was the soul of that enterprise. 6. Courage ; spirit ; fervor ; 
affection or other noble manifestation of the heart or moral 
nature. 7. A human being ; person. 8. A disembodied 
spirit ; a spiritual being. 

SOUl'ful (soKfool), a. Full of deep feeling or sentiment. 

soul'less (-les), a. Having no soul, or no greatness or noble- 
ness of mind or feeling. less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. 

SOU' mar'que' (sdo' mar'ka'). [F.] a An old French copper 
coin, worth about one and a quarter sous, b (pron. mar'- 
ke' ; -ka'). Little or nothing ; a trifle ; as, not worth a sou 
marque. Often also sou' mar'quee' (mar'ke r ). U. S. 

sound (sound), a. [AS. sund.] 1. Free from flaw, defect, or 
decay ; not impaired ; as, sound timber. 2. Healthy ; not 
diseased ; — said of body or mind. 3. Firm ; strong ; safe ; 
also, secure ; trustworthy ; as, a sound bank. 4. Founded 
in truth or right ; right ; as, a sound thinker. 5. Morally 
good or honorable ; orthodox ; as, sound doctrine. 6. Thor- 
ough ; as, a sound beating. 7. Not broken or troubled ; — 
said of sleep. 8. Legal ; valid ; as, a sound title. 






< 



< 



m 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z In azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SOUND 



920 



SOUVENIR 







R 



Sound, n. [AS. sund a swimming.] A fish's air bladder. 

sound, n. [AS. sund narrow sea, strait.] A long passage 
(larger than a strait) of water connecting two larger bodies, 
as a passage connecting a sea with the ocean, or a channel 
passing between a mainland and an island. 

sound, v. t. [F. sonder.~\ 1. To measure the depth of, esp. 
by line and plummet ; fathom. 2. To find or seek the 
thoughts, motives, etc., of (a person) ; examine ; try ; probe. 

3. Med. To explore or examine, as the bladder, with a 
sound; also, to examine by auscultation or percussion. 

— v. i. 1. To ascertain the depth of water, as with a sound- 
ing line. 2. To dive down suddenly, as a fish when hooked. 

— n. Med. Any elongated instrument or probe, usually me- 
tallic, for exploring cavities of the body. 

sound, n. [OF. son, fr. L. sonus."] 1. The or a sensation 
due usually to stimulation of the auditory nervous centers 
by vibrations communicated from a vibrating body through 
an intervening elastic medium, ordinarily the air, but 
sometimes due to subjective disturbances, as the ringing of 
the ears, a blow on the head, etc. ; as, the sound of a drum ; 
tone ; noise ; report. 2. Physics. Vibrational energy which 
occasions the above sensation. 3. A particular tone or noise 
of any character ; as, a sound of rejoicing ; a warning sound. 

4. Noise without meaning ; mere noise. 5. Distance within 
which a certain noise may be heard ; earshot. 

Syn. Sound, noise. Sound is the general term ; noise 
suggests esp. meaningless, confused, or discordant sound. 

— v. i. 1. To make a noise or sound. 2. To be conveyed in 
sound ; be spread or published. 3. To make or convey a 
certain impression, or to have a certain import, when 
heard ; hence: to seem ; appear ; as, the story sounds false. 
4. Law. To have, or tend in, its import, nature, effect, or 
the like ; — with in, and formerly into, to, against. Obs., 
exc. as a legal term ; as : to sound in tort. 

— v. t. 1. To cause to sound. 2. To cause to exist as a 
sound, as a note. 3. To speak ; utter audibly. Now Rare. 
4. To order, indieate, or proclaim by a sound or sounds ; as, 
to sound a retreat. 5. To celebrate by or as by sounds ; as, 
to sound a man's praises. 6. To examine, as the chest, by 
causing to sound. 

SOUnd'er, n. One who, or that which, sounds (in any sense). 

sound'ing, n. [From sound to fathom.] Naut. a Measure- 
ment as by the use of line and plummet, or the depth so 
ascertained, b In pi. Any place or part of a body of water 
where a hand sounding line will reach bottom. 
sounding balloon, an unmanned balloon sent aloft for 
meteorological or aeronautic purposes. Cf. pilot balloon 1 . 

— s. lead (led), the plummet at the end of a sounding line. 

— s. line, Naut., a line, weighted at one end, used in 
sounding. — s. machine, a machine by which pressure of 
the water at the bottom is ascertained and thus the depth. 

soundness, o. Silent ; noiseless. 

sound'ly, adv. In a sound manner. 

sound'ness, n. Quality or state of being sound ; integrity. 

— Syn. Strength, solidity ; healthiness, sanity ; truth. 
SOUP (s6op) ? n. [F. soupe, fr. OF. sope, supe, soupe, orig., 

a sop.] A liquid food usually made by boiling meat or vege- 
tables, or both, in water ; broth. 

|| soup'con' (soop'son'), n. [F.] A suspicion ; a suggestion ; 
hence : a very small portion ; a taste. 

Sour (sour), a. [AS. sur.'] 1. Having an acid or tart taste, 
like that of vinegar or unripe fruit ; tart ; specif., changed, 
as by fermentation, so as to be acid, rancid, or musty ; 
turned ; as, sour milk. 2. Distasteful ; disagreeable ; un- 
pleasant ; of persons, cross ; peevish ; morose ; as, a man of 
sour temper ; also, expressive of such qualities ; as, a sour 
reply. 3. Afflictive ; painful ; bitter. 4. Cold and wet ; as, 
a sour day. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

Syn. Sour, tart, acid, acidulous, acrid, astringent, 
bitter (esp. in fig. senses). Sour applies esp. to that wh'.cl. 
is crabbed or morose ; tart suggests pungency or sharp- 
ness ; that which is acid is biting or caustic ; that is acidu- 
lous which is mildly acid ; as, a sour, envious disposition ; a 
tart temper ; acid sarcasm. That is acrid which is harsh or 
irritating ; astringent connotes sternness or austerity ; 
that is bitter which is (esp.) grievous, virulent, or cutting ; 
as, "temper, scorn, disgust, all the more acrid feelings"; 
astringent virtue : a bitter cry ; bitter cold. 
sour gourd, a The acid fruit of an Australian tree (Adansc- 
nia gregorii) ; also, the tree itself, b Sometimes, the baobab. 

— s. grapes, things which people affect to despise because 
they cannot possess them. — s. gum. a Any of a genus 
(Nyssa) of cornaceous trees ; esp., the black gum. b The 
sorrel tree. , . , . ,. [distasteful. 

— n. A sour substance ; fig., that which is disagreeable or| 

— v. t. & i. To make or become sour. 

source (s5rs ; 57), n. [OF. sourse, sorse, deriv. of L. sur- 
gere to lift, spring up. See surge.] 1. The beginning of a 
stream of water or the like, as where it rises from the 
ground ; spring ; fountain. 2. That from which anything 
comes forth ; origin ; first cause. 

SOUr-dine' (soor-den'), n. [F., fr. It. sordino.] Music, a 
= mute, n. 3. b A harmonium stop for partly shutting off 
the wind supply, in order to play full chords softly. 



SOUrly, adv. In a sour manner (in any sense of the word). 

sour'ness, n. Quality or state of being sour. 

sour'sop' (sour'sop'), n. The succulent fruit of a small 
West Indian tree ( Annona muricaia) ; also, the tree itself. 

souse (sous), n. [OF. sous, solz. In sense 1, fr. the v.] 1. 
Act of sousing. 2. Pickle made with salt. 3. Something 
steeped in pickle, as fish or pigs' feet. — v. t. ; soused 
(soust) ; sous'iNG^sous'ing). 1. To pickle. 2. To plunge or 
immerse in a liquid. 3. To.drench, as by immersion. 

souse, v.i. & t. To attack with a swoop ; descend or pounce 
upon with speed and violence, as a hawk. — n. Act of 
sousing, or swooping ; a swoop. — adv. With a sudden 
swoop ; violently. 

H SOU'tache' (soo'tash'), n. [F.] A kind of trimming or 
embroider j braid made of silk, wool, cotton, or tinsel, in 
varying width ; — called also Russia, or Russian, braid. 

|| SOU'tane' (soo'tan' ; soo'tan'), n. [F., fr. It. sottana, LL. 
subtana, fr. L. subtus below, beneath, fr. sub under.] A 
long close garment, buttoned in front, esp. one of black 
worn by Roman Catholic clergy ; a cassock. 

south (south), n. [AS. suS, for sunS.~] 1. The cardinal 
point directly opposite the north. 2. A country or region 
farther south than another. 3. \_cap.~] That part of the 
United States south of Mason and Dixon's line (southern 
boundary of Pennsylvania) and the Ohio River, correspond- 
ing in general to the former slave-holding States. 

— - a. Situated at the south, or in a southern direction ; 
proceeding toward the south, or coming from the south ; 
southern. [the south. 

— adv. Toward the south ; in the south ; of the wind, from| 

— v. i. ; southed (southd) ; southing. To turn or move 
toward the south. 

South/down', n. One of an important English breed of 
medium-sized short-wooled hornless sheep. 

south/east' (south'esf ; colloq. sou'-), n. The point or di- 
rection halfway between south and east ; southeast part or 
region. — a. Of or pertaining to, proceeding or facing to- 
ward, or (of the wind) blowing from, the southeast. — adv. 
Toward, or from, the southeast. [east.l 

south/east'er (-es'ter), n. A storm or wind from the south-| 

south'east'er-ly, a. & adv. Toward or from the southeast. 

SOUth/east'ern (-es'tern), a. Southeast; southeasterly. 

south'east'ward \(-est'werd; -li), adv. Toward the 

south'east'ward-lyj southeast. [south. I 

south'er (soutfe'er), n. A wind, gale, or storm from the| 

SOUth'er-ly (suth'er-li), a. Of, pert, to, or situated toward, 
the south ; southern. — adv. Toward or from the south. 

SOUth'ern (suth'ern), a. [AS. suSerneJ] 1. Of, pertaining 
to, or situated in or toward, the south ; proceeding from or 
toward the south. 2. [_cap.~\ Of or pert, to the South. U. S. 
Southern Cross, four bright stars in the Southern Hemi- 
sphere, situated as if at the extremities of a 
Latin cross ; also, the constellation of which 
the above are the brightest stars. — S. 
Crown. = Corona Australis. 

SOUth'ern-er (-er-ner), n. An inhabitant or 
native of the south, esp. [cap.~\ of the 
southern United States. 

south'ern-ly, a. Somewhat southern.— 
adv. Southerly ; southward, [thest south. I 

SOUth/ern-most (suth'ern-most), a. Far-| 

SOUth/ern-wood' (suth'ern-wood'), n. A shrubby European 
wormwood {Artemisia abrotanum), often cultivated. 

SOUth'ing (soutb/ing), n. 1. Tendency, progress, or dis- 
tance southward. 2. The time at which a heavenly body 
passes the meridian of a place. 3. Astron. South declina- 
tion. 4. Surv. cfe Navig. Distance southward from any 
point of departure measured on a meridian ; — opposed to 
northing. 

south/paw' (soutl/po 7 ), a. Baseball. Using the left hand 
in pitching ; — said of a pitcher. Cant. — n. A pitcher 
who pitches with the left hand. Cant. 

SOUth'ron (suth'rwn), a. Southern. — n. A southerner. 

south'-south'east', a., south'-south'west', a. See points 
of the compass, under point, n. 

south'ward (south'werd), adv. Toward the south. — o. 
Toward the south. — south'ward-ly, adv. 

southwards (-werdz), adv. Southward. 

SOUth'west' (south'wesf ; colloq. sou'-), n. Point or direc- 
tion halfway between south and west ; southwest part or 
region. — a. Of, pert, to, proceeding or facing toward, or 
(of the wind) blowing from, the southwest ; toward or from 
the southwest. --- adv. Toward or from the southwest. 

SOUth'west'er (-wes'ter), n. Often, esp. in nautical use, 
SOU'-wesfer. 1. A storm, gale, or strong wind from the 
southwest. 2. A hat of painted canvas, oiled cloth, or 
the like, with a flap at the back, worn in stormy weather. 

sou th' west' er-ly, a. Toward or from the southwest. 

south'west'ern (-tern), a. Southwesterly. 

south' west 'ward \ (-west'werd ; -IT), adv. Toward the 

sou th' west' ward-ly/ southwest. 

sou've-nir' (soo've-ner' ; s6o've-ner), n. [F., fr. L. sub- 




Southern 
Cross. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, frrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SOVEREIGN 



921 



SPANNER 



venire to come up, come to mind. See subvene.] That 
which serves as a reminder ; memento ; keepsake. 
SOV'er-eign (sov'er-in ; suv'-), a. [OF. soverain, sovrain, 
fr. LL. superanus, fr. L. superus that is above, super 
above.] 1. Supreme ; paramount ; as, a sovereign good. 2. 
Supreme in position or power ; chief ; as, our sovereign 
prince ; specif., princely ; royal. 3. Independent of, and un- 
limited by, any other ; absolute in authority ; as, a sover- 
eign state. 4. Excellent ; effectual, as a remedy. 

— n. 1. A person, body of men, or state in which sovereign 
authority is vested. 2. A British gold coin worth one pound 
sterling ($4.8665). It is legal tender to any amount. So 
called from the effigy of the monarch on the obverse. The 
present coin, issued from George III. on, contains 123.274 
grains of gold 11-12 fine. — Syn. King, prince, monarch, 
potentate, emperor. — sov'er-eign-ly, adv. 

sov'er-eign-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state of 
being sovereign or a sovereign ; also, the power, right, 
authority, or status of a sovereign ; dominion ; supremacy. 

sov'ran ( siiv'rdn ; sov'- ), sov'ran-ty ( -ti ). Vars. of sov- 
ereign, sovereignty. Chiefly Poet. 

SOW (sou), n. [AS. sugu.] 1. The adult female of swine. 2. 
Metal, a The channel leading to molds in the pig bed. b A 
mass of metal solidified in such a channel. 

SOW (so), v. t.; pret. sowed (sod); p. p. sown (son) or 
sowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. sow'ing. [AS. sawan.~] 1. To scat- 
ter, as seed, on the earth for growth ; plant by strewing. 2. 
To scatter seed on, in, or over ; as, to sow a field. 3. To 
spread, scatter, or strew abroad ; disseminate ; as, to sow 
strife. — v. i. To scatter seed for growth. 

SO-war' (so-war' ; -wor'), n. [Per. sawar a horseman.] In 
India, a native cavalryman ; also, a mounted orderly. _ 

SOW bug (sou). A wood louse (genus Oniscus and allies), 
esp. one that cannot roll up. Cf . pill bug. 

SOW'er (so'er), n. One who, or that which, sows. 

SOW thistle (sou). Any of a genus (Sonchus) of cichoria- 
ceous weeds ( esp. S. oleraceus ), said to be eaten by swine. 

Soy (soi), n. [Jap. shoyu, fr. Chin, shi yiu; shi pickled 
fruit (beans, olives, etc.) 4- yiu oil.] 1. A Chinese and 
Japanese liquid sauce for fish, etc., made from beans (esp. 
soy beans) by long fermentation and then long digestion in 
brine. 2. [More fully soy bean.] An Asiatic fabaceous 
herb (Glycine hispida), or its white seed. 

50'ya (so'yd), n. The soy bean. India. 

SO'zal (so'zal), n. [Gr. aw^tiv to save.] Pharm. An astrin- 
gent crystalline salt of aluminium, used as an antiseptic. 

SO'zin (so'zin), n. [Gr. a&Zeiv to save.] Physiol. Chem. 
Any defensive protein normally present in the animal body. 

spa (spa ; obs. or archaic, spo), n. A mineral spring ; — 
from a place of this name in Belgium having mineral 
springs ; hence, a place where there are mineral springs. 

space (spas), n. [F. espace, fr. L. spatium space.] 1. That 
which is characterized by dimension (esp. three mutually 
perpendicular dimensions), boundlessness, and indefinite 
divisibility. 2. Math. Continuous extension in which ob- 
jects may exist and change position. 3. Linear distance ; 
extension ; also, a portion of extension ; distance ; interval ; 
as, the space of a mile. 4. Quantity of time ; interval ; dura- 
tion ; time ; as, in the space of a lifetime. 5. Time for a spe- 
cial purpose ; opportunity ; chance. 06s. 6. A short time ; 
while. Archaic. 7. Print. A small piece of metal lower 
than a face type, so as not to receive ink, used to separate 
words or letters. 8. Teleg. The interval during whicn the 
key is open, or not in contact, in operation. 9. Music. A 
degree, or open place, of the staff. 

— u. # t.; spaced (spast); spac'ing (spas'ing). To place 
at intervals ; arrange or separate with a space or spaces 
between. [serves to space. | 

spae'er (spas'er), n. One who, or that which, spaces orj 
spa'cious (spa'shiis), a. [L. spatiosus."] l.Vast in extent ; 
of great space ; roomy. 2. Large or magnificent in scale ; 
not petty or mean ; also, comprehensive ; expansive. — 
spa'cious-ly, adv. — spa'cious-ness, n. 
Spade (spad), n. [AS. spsedu, spada.'] 1. A digging imple- 
ment heavier than a shovel and adapted for being pushed 
into the ground with the foot. 2. Something suggestive of 
v Jie spade (sense 1 ) as : a An implement used in cutting up 
a whale, b Ordnance. A spade-shaped prong on the under 
side of the trail of a gun carriage to check recoil. 
to call a spade a spade, to call a thing by its right name, 
however coarse ; to tell plain facts in plain words. 

— v. t. ; spad'ed (spad'ed ; 24) ; spad'lng. To dig, or to 
pare off, with a spade. 

Spade (spad), n. [Sp. espada, lit., a sword (Spanish cards 
bearing the figure of a sword), fr. L. spatha, Gr. a-rradT}.'] 
One of a certain suit of playing cards ; also, the figure on 
this suit, or, usually in pi., the suit. 

spade 'fish' (spad'fish'), n. 1. A deep-bodied spiny-finned 
food fish (Chsetodipterus faber) found on the coasts from 
Cape Cod to Cuba. 2. The paddlefish. 

spad'er (spad'er), n. One who, or that which, spades. 

Spa-di'ceous (spa-dish'us), a. [L. spadix, -icis, a date- 




brown or nut-brown color. See spadix.] 1. Oi a bright 
brown or chestnut color. 2. Bot. Bearing flowers on, or of 
the nature of, a spadix. 

spa'dix (spa'dTks), n. ; pi. spadices (spa-dl'sez). [L., a 
palm branch broken off, with its fruit, Gr. 
(T7rdSi£.] Bot. A spike with a fleshy axis, 
usually inclosed in a spathe. See inflores- 
cence, Illust. 

spa-ghet'ti (spd-ggt'i), n. [It.] A variety 
of macaroni made in cords. See macaroni. 

spa-gyr'ic (spd-jir'Tk), spa-gyr'i-cal (-1- 
kal), a. [LL. spagyricus, fr. Gr. airav 
to draw, to separate + bydpeiv to assem- 
ble.] Alchemic. 

spa'hi \ (spa'he), n. [Turk. & Per. sipahl.'] 

spa'heej 1. One of a former corps of Turk- 
ish cavalry. 2. One of a corps of Algerian a Spathe. 6 Spa- 
native cavalry in the French army. dix (bearing 

spake (spak). Archaic pret. of speak. flowers at c) 

spall (spol), n. A chip or fragment, esp. of of Jack-in-the- 
stone. — v. t. To break up or reduce by P ul P lt - 
chipping, as with a hammer. — v. i. To give off spalls ; to 
chip along the edges. 

spal-peen' (spal-pen' ; spal'pen), n. [Ir. spailpin.'] A 
scamp ; rascal ; — often used playfully. Irish. 

span (span), n. [AS. spann.~\ 1. The space from the end 
of the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended ; 
in English measure, 9 inches (22.86 cm.). 2. Anything con- 
ceived of as an extent, stretch, reach, or spread, between 
two definite limits ; specif. : a A limited or brief space of 
time, b Spread or extent between abutments or supports r 
also, the portion of anything thus extended. 3. [Perh. a 
different word. Cf. D. span.'] A pair of horses, mules, or 
other animals driven together. 

— v. t. ; spanned (spand) ; span'ning. 1. To measure by the 
hand with fingers and thumb extended, or by encompassing 
with the fingers and thumb. 2. To stretch ; extend. Ar- 
chaic. 3. To spread, stretch, or extend, over or across ; to 
cover as with an arch or span. 

spa-nae'mi-a, or -ne'mi-a (spd-ne'mT-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. 
awavos scarce + -semia.] Med. Morbid impoverishment of 
the blood. nae'mic,' or -ne'mic (-ne'mik ; -nem'ik), o. 

span/drel (span'drel), n. The irregularly triangular space 
between the exterior curve of an 
arch on either side and the inclos- 
ing right angle ; or the space be- 
tween the adjoining exterior curves 
of two contiguous arches and a 
horizontal line above them or an- 
other arch inclosing the two. s s Spandrels. 

Span'gle (span'g'l), n. [Dim. of AS. spange a clasp.] A 
small plateor boss, as of shining metal, for ornamentation ; 
any sparkling bit. — y. t.; -gled (-g'kd) ; -gling (-gling). 
To set or sprinkle with or as with spangles. — v. i. To 
gleam as if covered with spangles ; glisten ; glitter. 

Span'iard (span'ydrd), n. A native or citizen of Spain. 

span'iel (span'yel), n. [OF. espagnol, espagneul, fr. L. 
Hispania Spain.] 1. Any of numerous breeds of small or 
medium-sized dogs, usually with long hair and large droop- 
ing ears. Spaniels are divided into three main classes : (1) 
field spaniels (or springers), adapted for hunting small 
game, including the clumber and cocker (which see) ; (2) 
water spaniels, which are larger and have curly hair ; (3) 
toy spaniels, including the King Charles and Blenheim 
spaniels, which are very small and kept as pets. 2. A cring- 
ing, fawning person. [their language. | 

Spanish (-Tsh), a. Of, or pert, to Spain, the Spaniards, orj 
Spanish Armada. See armada. — s. bayonet, cr dag- 
ger, a liliaceous plant (Yucca aloifolia) of the southern 
United States, with rigid, spine-tipped leaves. — S. fly, a 
brilliant green beetle of southern Europe, from which can- 
tharides is prepared. — S. Main, the mainland of the 
northern coast of South America ; improperly, the southern 
portion, or the whole, of the Caribbean Sea. — S. needles, 
any of several asteraceous plants (esp. Bidens bipinnata) 
having achenes armed with barbed awns. 

— n. 1. The chief language of Spain. Cf. Castllian. 2. 
Collective pi. The people of Spain. 

Span'ish A-mer'i-can. a Designating, or pert, to, those 
countries of America in which Spanish is the national lan- 
guage, b Designating, or pertaining to, the war between 
Spain and the United States in 1898. — n. A native or citizen 
of a Spanish American country, esp. of Spanish descent. 

spank (spank), v. t. To strike, or to strike the buttocks of, 
as with the open hand. — n. A slap, esp. on the buttocks. 

spank, v. i. To move quickly, dashingly, or spiritedly. 

spank'er (spank'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, spanks. 
2. Naut. The fore-and-aft sail on the after mast of a square- 
rigged vessel, or the fourth mast of a schooner. 

spank'ing, p. a. 1. Moving with a quick, lively pace; 
loosely, dashing ; lively. 2. Remarkable of its kind. Slang. 

span'ner (span'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, spans. 2c 




< 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SPAN-NEW 



922 



SPEAKER 







R 



A tool, having a jaw or socket at either or both ends to turn 

a nut, bolt, pipe, or the like ; a wrench. 
span'-new', a. [From Scand.] Quite new ; brand-new. 
span'worm' (-wurmO, n. The larva of any geometrid moth, 
spar (spar), n. Among miners, any of various nonmetallic 

minerals, usually cleavable and somewhat lustrous. 
spar, n. A mast, yard, boom, gaff, or the like. — v. t.; 

sparred (spard) ; spar'ring. To equip with spars. 
spar, v. i. 1. To fight or strike with the feet or spurs, as 

cocks do. 2. To box with the fists, esp. scientifically. 

— n. A movement of offense or defense in boxing ; also, a 
contest at sparring ; a boxing match. 

spar'a-ble (spar'd-b'l), n. [Corrupt, fr. sparrow bill. - ] A 
kind of small nail used by shoemakers. 

spare (spar), v. t.; spared (spard); spar'ing (spSr'ing). 
[AS. sparian, fr. spser spare, sparing, saving.] 1. To re- 
frain from using or the like ; as, to spare expense ; also, to 
withhold from ; forbear ; as, to spare one the trouble. 2. 
To use frugally or stintingly. 3. To deprive one's self of, 
as by being frugal ; do without ; dispense with ; give up ; 
part with ; as, he spared them the money ; he could not 
spare the time. 4. To forbear to destroy, punish, or in- 
jure ; show mercy to ; as, he spared their lives ; to spare 
one's feelings. — v. i. 1. To be frugal or parsimonious. 
2, To refrain from inflicting harm. 

— a. ; spar'er # (sparser) ; spar'est. 1. Scanty ; not abun- 
dant or plentiful. 2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary. 3. 
Wanting flesh or fat ; lean ; gaunt ; thin. 4. Superfluous ; 
as, spare time, or cash. 5. Held in reserve, as fo* emer- 
gency. — Syn. See thin. 

"- n. 1. That which has not been used or expended. 2. 
Bowling. Act of knocking down all the pins in two bowls. 
U. S. — spare'ly, adv. — spare'ness, n. 

spare'rib' (spar'nt/), n. A cut of pork, consisting of ribs 
somewhat closely trimmed of meat. 

sparge (sparj), v. L; sparged (sparjd) ; sparg'ing (spiir'- 
jing). [L. spargereJ] To sprinkle ; moisten by sprinkling. 

sparg'er (spar'jer), n. A sprinkler; specif., Brewing, a 
device with hollow perforated revolving arms for sprinkling 
grain in the mash tun to remove the final traces of wort. 

spar'ing (spar'ing), p. a. Saving; frugal; merciful. — 
Syn. See frugal. — spar'ing-ly, adv. — spar'ing-ness,ra. 

Spark (spark), n. [AS. spearca.'] 1. A small particle of fire 
or ignited substance emitted by a burning body. 2. Any- 
thing resembling such a particle, as in brilliancy, evanes- 
cence, etc. 3. That which, like a spark, may be kindled 
into flame or action ; a feeble germ ; an elementary prin- 
ciple ; as, a spark of life. 4. Elec. The light accompanying a 
sudden disruptive discharge between two conductors sepa- 
rated by air or some similar medium. _ 

« — v. i. Elec. To produce sparks ; specif., to have the elec- 
tric ignition working, as an internal-combustion engine. 

spark, n. 1. A brisk, showy, gay man. 2. A lover ; beau. — 
v. i. & t. To play the spark, or beau ; court. Colloq. 

spark arrester, a Any of various contrivances to prevent 
the escape of sparks, as from a smokestack. U. S. b Elec. 
A device to minimize or prevent sparking at a place where 
a circuit is made and broken. 

spark coil. Elec. An induction coil, esp. of an internal- 
combustion engine, wireless telegraph apparatus, etc. 

spark'er (spar'ker), n. 1. Anything that produces sparks, 
as a spark plug. 2. Elec. A spark arrester. 

spark gap. Elec. The space between high potential termi- 
nals through which the discharge passes. 

spar'kle (spar'k'l), n. A little spark ; a scintillation ; also, 
quality of sparkling. — v. i. & t. ; spar'kled (-k'ld) ; spar'- 
kling (-kling). 1. To emit or cause (sparks) ; throw off in 
sparks ; scintillate ; twinkle. 2. To effervesce. — Syn. 
Coruscate, glitter. See flash. — spar'kler (-kler), n. 

spar'kling (-kling), p. a. Emitting sparks ; flashing ; lively ; 
also, effervescing or effervescent. — Syn. Brilliant, shining. 
— spar'kling-ly, adv. — spar'kling-ness, n. 

spark plug. In most internal-combustion engines with 
electric ignition, a plug, screwed into the cylinder head, ar- 
ranged so that an electric current passing through it makes 
a spark inside the cylinder. 

spar'ling (spar'ling), n. [ME. sperling."] 1. The Europe- 
an smelt {Osmerus eperlanus). 2. A young herring. U. S. 

spa'roid (spa'roid ; spar'oid), a. [L. sparus a certain spa- 
roid fish + -oid.~] Belonging to a family (Sparidse) of deep- 
bodied marine fishes, the sea breams, related to grunts and 
snappers, and including the porgy, scup, sheepshead, etc. 

spar'row (spar'o), n. [AS. spearwa."] 1. A small passerine 
bird (Passer domesticus) of the Old World, naturalized in 
America, Australia, etc.; — 'Called also in the United States, 
English sparrow. 2. Any of various small finches resem- 
bling the above in form or habits. 

spar'row-grass' (-gras'), n. Corrupt, of asparagus. Colloq. 

sparrow hawk. 1. Any of various small hawks (genus 
AccipiteT). 2. A small American falcon (Falco sparverius) 
resembling the kestrel. 

Slfar'ry (spar'T), a. Of, like, or abounding with, spar. 



sparse (spars), a.;, spars'er (spar'ser); spars'est. [L. 
sparsus, p. p. of spargere to strew, scatter.] Of few and 
scattered elements ; scanty ; thinly scattered. — Syn. See 
scanty. — sparse'ly, adv. — sparse'ness, n. 

spar'si-ty (spar'si-ti), n. State of being sparse ; scantiness. 

Spar'tan (spar'tdn), a. Of or pert, to Sparta, esp. ancient 
Sparta, in Laconia, ruled by a Dorian people noted for 
their military organization and rigorous discipline and valor ; 
hence : hardy ; undaunted. — n. A citizen of Sparta ; hence, 
a person of great fortitude. — Spar 'tan-ism (-iz'm), n. 

spar'te-ine (-te-In ; -en), n. Also -in. [Gr. air&pros the 
broom + -ine.~] Chem. A very bitter narcotic liquid alka- 
loid, C15H26N2, extracted from the common broom. 

Spasm (spaz'm), n. [F. spasme, L. spasmus, Gr. <nra<ru6s, 
fr. ciraeiv, awav, to draw, convulse.] I.Med. An involuntary 
and unnatural muscular contraction. In clonic spasms 
contractions and relaxations alternate ; in tonic spasms 
the contraction is steady and uniform, and prolonged, as in 
tetanus. 2. A sudden, violent, and temporary effort, emo- 
tion, etc. — Syn. See paroxysm. 

SpaS-mod'lC (spaz-mod'Ik), a. [Gr. aira<rfiu87]s ; criraanos a 
convulsion + eloos likeness.] 1. Med. Of, pert, to, or af- 
fected or characterized by, a spasm or spasms. 2. Acting 
fitfully ; jerky ; intermittent. — Syn. See fitful. — spas- 
modical (-i-kdl), a. — spas-mod'i-cal-ly, adv. 

spas'tic (spas'tik), a. [L. spasticus, Gr. atraoTiKos.'] Med. 
Of or pert, to spasm ; spasmodic ; esp., pert, to tonic spasm ; 
tetanic. — spas'ti-cal-ly (-ti-kal-I), adv. 

spat (spat), n. A light blow ; slap ; hence, a petty quarrel, 
esp. a verbal one. — v. t. ; spat'ted ; spat'ting. To slap. 

— v. i. To dispute ; quarrel. All Colloq. or Dial. 
spat, n. A young oyster or other bivalve mollusk ; — chiefly 

used as a collective. — v. i. To emit spawn. 

spat, pret. of spit. [chiefly used in pl.\ 

spat, n. [For spatterdash.] A kind of short gaiter ; — | 

spate (spat)_, n. 1. A freshet ; flood. 2. A sudden, heavy 
storm or rain ; also, a waterspout. All British. 

spa-tha'ceous (spd-tha'shiis), a. Bot. Having a spathe; 
of the nature of or resembling a spathe. 

spathe (spatfe), n. [L. spatha, Gr. <nraQri.~\ Bot. The large 
sheathing bract or pair of bracts inclosing an inflorescence 
(esp. a spadix) on the same axis, as in the calla. — spathed 
(spathd), a. — spa'those (spa'thos ; spath'os), a. 

spath/ic (spath'ik), a. Like spar (the mineral). j 

spath/ose (spath'os), a. Spathic. 

spa'tial (spa'shdl), a. Of or. pert, to space. tial-ly^ adv. 

spat'ter (spat'er), v. t. 1. To splash with liquid ; soil by 
splashing. 2. To scatter by splashing ; sprinkle around ; as, 
to spatter mud. 3. Fig. : To asperse ; defame. 

— n. 1. Act or noise of spattering, or state of being spat- 
tered ; a splashing. 2. A drop or splash on something ; 
also, a spot or stain due to spattering. 

spat'ter-dash 7 (-dash'), n. [spatter + dash."] A legging or 
gaiter extending to the knee ; — chiefly used in pi. 

spat'ter— dock', n. The common yellow water lily (Afym- 
phsea advena) ; also, any other species of the same genus. 

spat'u-la (spat/u-ld), n. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of 
spatha a spatula.] -- 
A flexible k n i f e - f 
like implement for 
spreading paints, Spatula, 

drugs, etc. — spat'u-lar (-ldr), a. [See leaf, IllustA 

spat'u-late (-lat), a. Shaped like a spatula ; spoon-shaped.) 

spav'in (spav'In), n. [OF. esparvin.~] A disease of the hock 
of horses, marked by a bony enlargement inside of the leg, 
due to a sprain or a violent effort. — spav'ined (-ind), a. 

spawn (spon), v. t. & i. [OF. espandre, properly, to shed, 
spread, fr. L. expandere to spread out.] 1. To produce or 
deposit (spawn). 2. To bring forth ; generate or be gener- 
ated ; — used in contempt. — n. 1. The eggs of fishes, oys- 
ters, or other aquatic animals. 2. Any product or offspring ; 
— used in contempt. — spawn'er (-er), n. 

spay (spa), v. t. To remove the ovaries of (a female animal). 

speak (spek), v. i.; pret. spoke (spok), Archaic spake 
(spak) ; p. p. spo'ken (spo'k'n), Obs. or I Hit. spoke ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. speak'ing. [AS. specan.'] 1. To utter words or 
articulate sounds with the ordinary voice. 2. To express 
opinions ; talk ; as, speak for yourself. 3. To utter a dis- 
course, harangue, or the like ; as, to speak at a meeting. 4. 
To make mention ; as, he spoke of you. 5. To convey senti- 
ments, ideas, etc., as if by utterance ; as, features that 
speak of self-will. 6. To sound, as does a bugle. — Syn. 
Say, tell, discourse, articulate, pronounce. See talk. , 
to speak by the book, to speak exactly or formally. 

— v. t. 1. To utter by speaking ; express orally. 2. To tell or 
express in words ; utter ; as, to speak the truth. 3. To 
express or declare in any way ; as, fame speaks him honest. 
4. To sound the praises of ; extol. 5. To use, or be able to 
use, in talk or conversation ; talk ; as, to speak Latin. 6. To 
address ; accost ; hail ; as, to speak a vessel. 

speak'a-ble (spek'd-b'l), a. Capable of being spoken. 
speak'er (-er), n. 1. One who speaks ; specif. : a One who de« 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftra, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SPEAKERSHIP 



923 



SPECTROBOLOMETER 




livers a discourse or address, b One who speaks for others ; 
esp., a presiding officer ; a chairman. 2. A book of selections 
for declamation. U. S. — speak'er-ship, n. 
speak 'ing, p. a. _ 1. Uttering speech ; used for conveying 
speech. 2. Seeming capable of speech ; lifelike ; expressive ; 
as, a speaking likeness. — n. Act of uttering words ; also, 
public declamation. — speak'ing-ly, adv. 
spear (sper), n. [AS. spere.] 1. A weapon with long shaft 
and sharp head or blade for thrusting or throwing ; a lance. 
2. A spearman. 3. A sharp-pointed, barbed instrument for 
stabbing fish or other animals. 4. A shoot, as of grass ; 
spire ; reed ; also, any young shoot or sprout. 
XW Spear, as symbolizing male, is used attributively with 
the force of pertaining to the father ; as, the spear side, the 
father's side in descent ; — opposed to spindle side; so, a 
^ spear cousin ; spear kin. 

— v. t. To pierce or strike with a spear. — v. i. To shoot 
into a long stem, as a plant ; spire. — spear'er, n. 

spear/fish' (sper'fTsh'), n. _Any of several large pelagic 
fishes (genus Tetraptu- 
rus) having 
a beak some- 
what like 
that of the 
swordfish. - 

spear grass. Spearfish (Telrapturus imperator). 

Any of numerous grasses having spear-shaped inflorescences 
or stiff, pointed leaves. [spear. I 

Spear'man (-man), n. One, esp. a soldier, armedwith a[ 

spear'mint' (-mint'), n. [From its spire-shaped inflores- 
cence.] The common garden mint (Mentha spicata), 
yielding an aromatic oil. 

spear'wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of several species of crowfoot 
(Ranunculus) having spear-shaped leaves. 

spe'eial (spesh'dl), a. [From L. specialis, fr. species (see 
species) ; or short for especial.] 1. Of or pert, to or con- 
stituting a species or sort. 2. Relating to a single thing or 
class of things ; individual ; particular ; unique ; as, a spe- 
cial charm. 3. Distinguished by some unusual quality ; 
uncommon ; extraordinary ; as, a special occasion. 4. 
Designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or the like ; 
limited in range or function ; as, a special act cf Congress. 
Syn. Special, particular, individual, specific, con- 
crete. That is special which is out of the ordinary ; that 
is particular which is considered in and for itself, as con- 
trasted with others of the sort ; that is individual which 
is single, or peculiar to one only, or strikingly characteris- 
tic ; as, take special care ; a particular date ; the individu- 
al quality of this wine ; a thing personal and individual. 
Specific implies precise or explicit designation ; concrete 
adds the implication of actual existence or embodiment ; 
as, to give a specific instance ; to adduce a concrete example. 
special plea. See plea, n., 2 C. 

— n. 1. One appointed for a special service or occasion, as 
a (special) constable, train, examination, etc. 2. One that 
is special (sense 4), as a (special) train, examination, etc. 
in special, specially ; in particular. Archaic. 

spe'cial-ism (-iz'm), n. Devotion to a special branch of 
knowledge, art, or science ; as, medical specialism. 

spe'cial-ist (-ist), n. One who devotes himself to some 
special branch of learning, art, or business. 

spe'ci-al'i-ty (spesh'i-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). = spe- 
cialty, 2, 3, 4 & 5. 

spe'cial-i-za'tion (spesh'dl-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shSn), n. 1. 
Act of specializing, or state of being specialized. 2. Biol. 
Structural adaptation to the performance of some particu- 
lar function, or to environment. 

spe'cial-ize (spesh'al-iz), v. t. ;_-ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. 1. To 
apply to a specific use ; — chiefly in p. p. 2. Biol. To 
develop adaptively, as an organism or one of its parts. — 
v. i. To pursue a special mode of action or development ; 
concentrate one's efforts on a special subject. 

3pe'cial-ly, adv. In a special manner. 

Spe'cial-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of being spe- 
cial ; possession of peculiar or particular characteristics. 2. 
A particular or distinctive object, subject, or thing ; also, a 
special characteristic, mark, or quality. 3. An object hav- 
ing some special characteristic, quality, or the like ; esp. a 
manufactured article of a special kind or for a special pur- 
pose ; as, a dealer in specialties ; also, an article to which 
special attention is devoted. 4. A branch of learning, art, 
business, or the like, to which one especially devotes himself. 
5. A contract or obligation under seal ; a contract by deed. 

spe'ei-e (spe'shi-e), abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in: 
in specie, i. e., in kind ; in (its own or a specified) form. 

spe'cie (spe'shT), n. [For coin or money in specie.'] Coin, 
usually of gold or silver ; hard money. 

spe'eies (spe'shez ; -shi-ez), n. sing. & pi. {h., a sight, out- 
ward appearance, shape, form, sort, kind.] 1. A mental 
image or sensuous presentation ; form ; aspect ; appearance. 
2. R. C. Ch. The appearance of bread or of wine which the 
respective transubstantiated Eucharistic elements have ; 
hence, the consecrated elements so appearing. 3. Logic. A 



group of individuals having common attributes and a 
common name; a conception subordinated to another 
called a genus. 4. Biol. A category of classification lower 
than a genus or subgenus and above a subspecies or variety ; 
a group of animals or plants which have in common one or 
more distinctive characters, and do or may interbreed and 
reproduce their characters in their offspring ; a distinct 
kind or sort of animal or plant. 5. A sort ; kind ; variety. 6. 
Money of silver, gold or other metal ; specie. Obs. 

spe-cif'ic (spe-sTf'ik), a. [F. specifique, or LL. specificus; 
L. species^ + facer e to make.] 1. Of, pert, to, or constitut- 
ing a species ; as, the specific name of an animal. 2. Pre- 
cisely formulated or restricted ; specifying ; definite ; explic- 
it ; as, a specific statement. 3. Med. a Preventing or curing 
disease by a peculiar adaptation, b Of a disease, due to a 
particular microorganism or virus. — Syn. See special. 
specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of any volume of a 
substance to the weight of an equal volume of some other 
substance (usually water for solids and liquids and air for 
gases) taken as the standard or unit ; relative density. 

— n. 1. Anything peculiarly adapted to its purpose. 2. 
Med. A specific remedy. See specific, a., 3 a. — spe-cif'i- 
cal (-T-kal), a. — spe-cif'i-cal-ly, adv. 

spec'i-n-ca'tion (spes'i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of specify- 
ing or determining by a mark or limit. 2. Act or process of 
making or becoming, or state of being, specific (in sense 1). 
3. A designation or statement of particulars; particular 
mention ; also, a single article, item, or particular. 4. 
Patent Law. A written description of the invention or 
discovery and of the manner and process of making, con- 
structing, compounding, and using the same. 

spec'i-fy (spes'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. speci- 
fier, fr. LL. specificare. See species ; -FY.] 1. To mention 
or name in a specific or explicit manner. 2. To include as 
an item in a specification. 

spec'i-men (-men), n. [L., fr. specere to look, behold.] 1. 
A part, or one of a number, intended to show the kind and 
quality of the whole ; a sample. 2. A person of an unusual 
or exaggerated type ; a character ; as, a tough specimen. 
Colloq. or Slang. — Syn. See example. 

spe'ci-OS'i-ty (spe'shT-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being specious. 2. That which is specious. 

Spe'cious (spe'shus),a. [L. speciosus good-looking, spe- 
cious.] 1. Pleasing in appearance ; showy. Archaic. 2. 
Apparently right ; superficially, but not actually, fair, just, 
or correct ; as, specious reasoning ; a specious claim. 
— spe'cious-ly, adv. — spe'eious-ness, n. 
Syn. Specious, plausible, colorable, ostensible. Spe- 
cious implies a fair appearance assumed for deceit ; that is 
plausible which is superficially reasonable or pleasing, with 
or without deceit ; specious emphasizes purpose, plausi- 
ble, effect ; as, a smooth pretense of specious love ; the flaw 
which his paradox made plausible. That is colorable for 
which some justification may be alleged ; as, a colorable 
transaction. That is ostensible (often opp. to real, actual) 
which is avowed or apparent ; the word often implies pre- 
tense ; as, his ostensible motive. 

speck (spek), n. [AS. specca.] 1. A small discoloration ; a 
spot ; stain ; blemish. 2. A small piece or object ; bit ; par- 
ticle ; mite. — v. t. To produce specks on or in. 

speck'le (spek''l), n. [Dim. of speck."] A little speck or 
spot. — v. t. ; speck'led (-'Id) ; speck'ling (-ling). To 
mark with speckles ; speck ; spot. , , 

specs (speks). Short for spectacles. Colloq. 

spec'ta-cle (speVtd-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. spectaculum.] 1. 
Something exhibited to view, esp. as unusual and notable ; 
a noteworthy sight. 2. Specif., a public display appealing 
to the eye by its mass, color, etc. ; as, a dramatic spectacle; 
a naval spectacle. 3. In pi. A device to aid vision or pro- 
tect the eyes, consisting usually of two lenses supported by 
a frame with a bridge over the nose and bows passing over 
the ears. Cf. eyeglass, 1. 4. In sing, or pi. Any of various 
things suggestive of a pair of spectacles. — Syn. Show,_ 
exhibition, pageant. 

spec'ta-cled (-k'ld), a. l.Having or wearing spectacles. 
2. Zo'dl. Having color markings suggesting a pair of specta- 
cles ; as, the spectacled goose, the common gannet, etc. 

spec-tac'U-lar (spek-tak'u-ldr), a. Of, pert, to, or of the 
nature of, a spectacle, or show ; adapted or intended to 
excite wonder and admiration by unusual display. — spec- 
tac'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. — spec-tac'u-lar-ly, adv. 

spec-ta'tor (spek-ta'ter), n. [L.] One who looks on or be- 
holds ; a beholder. — Syn. See looker-on. — spec-ta'- 
tress (-tres), spec-ta'trix (-triks), n. fern. 

spec'terl (spek'ter), n. [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum image, 

spec'trej specter, specere to look.] A visible disembodied 
spirit ; apparition ; ghost. — Syn. See ghost. 

spec'tra (spgk'trd), n., L. pi. of spectrum. 

spec'tral (-tral), a. 1. Of, like, or pert, to, a specter; 
ghostly. 2. Of, pert, to, or made by, a spectrum. — spec- 
tral'i-ty (spek-tral'i-tl), n. — spec'tral-ly, adv. 

spec'tro- (spek'tro-). Combining form for spectrum. 

spec / tro-bO-lom'e-ter (-tro-bo-lom'e-ter), n. Physics. A 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals, 



N 



SPECTROELECTRIC 



924 



SPENCERIAN 







R 



combination of spectroscope and bolometer for determin- 
ing the distribution of energy in a spectrum. 

Spec'tro-e-lec'tric (spek'tro-e-lek'trik), a. Pert, to or des- 
ignating any form of spark tube the electric discharge within 
which is used in spectroscopic observations. 

spec'tro-gram (spek'tr 6-gram ),n. Physics. Aphotograph, 
map, or diagram of a spectrum. 

Spec'tro-graph (-graf), n. Physics, a An apparatus for 
photographing a spectrum. b A photograph of a spectrum. 

Spec'tro-he'li-O-gram' (-he'li-6-gra.m'), n. Astrophysics. 
A photograph of the sun made by monochromatic light, 
and showing the sun's faculse and prominences. 

Spec'tro-he'li-O-graph/ (-graf'),n. Astrophysics. Anappa- 
ratus for making spectroheliograms. [analysis.] 

spec-trol'0-gy (spek-trol'6-ji), n. The science of spectrum] 

spec-trom'e;ter (spek-trom'e-ter), n. Physics, a An instru- 

, ment used in determining the index of refraction, b A 
spectroscope fitted for measurements of the spectra ob- 
served with it. — spec'tro-met'ric (spek'tro-met'rTk), a. 

spec'tro-pho-tom'e-ter (spek'tro-fo-tom'e-ter), n. Optics. 
An instrument for comparing the intensities of the corre- 
sponding colors of two spectra. 

spec'tro-scope (spek'tro-skop), n. An optical instrument 
for forming and examining spectra. 




A simple form of Spectroscope, p Prism of Flint Glass ; a 
Telescope with Eyepiece ; b Collimator through which the 
Light, which enters at the Slit in the End S from the Flame 
of the Bunsen Burner d, passes to the Prism to form Spec- 
trum in a; c Tube with a Micrometer ; e Holder for Sub- 
stance whose Spectrum is to be examined ; / Flame illumi- 
nating Micrometer Scale ; Adjusting Screws. 

spec'tro-scop'ic (-skop'ik)l a. Of, pert, to, or produced 

spec'tro-scop'i-cal (-i-kal)j by, a spectroscope, or spec- 
troscopy. — spec'tro-scop'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Epec-tros'CO-py ( spek-tros'k6-pi ; spek'tro-sko'pi ), n. 
Study of spectra ; use of the spectroscope. CO-pist, n. 

Spec'trum (spek'trwm), n. ; pi. -tra (-trd). [L. See spec- 
ter.] Physics. An image formed when a beam of light, or, 
in general, of radiant energy, is dispersed so that its rays are 
arranged in the order of their wave lengths. Thus, by caus- 
ing white light to pass through a prism, a spectrum is ob- 
tained in which several colors form a series, from deepest 
red (about 770 millimicrons wave length) , through orange, 
yellow, green, and blue to deepest violet (about 390). 

spec'u-la (-u-ld), n., L. pi. of speculum. 

spec'U-lar (-ldr), a. 1. Pert, to, or having the qualities of, 
a speculum, or mirror. 2. Med. Of or pert, to a speculum. 

3. Affording a view. R. — specular schist. = itabirite. 
Spec'U-late (-u-lat), v. %.; -lat'ed (dat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 

speculatus, p. p. of speculari to spy out, observe.] 1. To 
ponder a subject in its different aspects and relations; 
meditate ; theorize ; — used with on or upon. 2. Commerce. 
To buy or sell with the expectation of profiting by a rise or 
fall in price ; often, to engage in hazardous business trans- 
actions for the chance of unusually large profit. 

Spec'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Intuition ; vision. Archaic. 
2. Faculty, act, process, or product of speculating; esp., 
reasoning taking the form of prolonged and systematic 
analysis. 3. Commerce, a Act of speculating. See specu- 
late, v. i„ 2. b Any individual transaction so entered into. 

Spec'U-la-tive (spek'u-la-tiv), a. 1. Of or pert, to vision ; 
esp., giving a wide view ; also, inquisitive. Obs. 2. Of or 
pert, to, given to, involving, formed by, or engaged in, 
speculation. — Syn. Contemplative, theoretical. — spec'- 
u-la-tive-ly, adv. — spec'u-la-tive-ness, n. 

Spec'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who speculates. 

Spec'U-la-tO-ry (-ld-to-n), a. 1. Intended or adapted for 
viewing or espying. 2. Speculative (sense 2). 

Spec'U-lum (-lum), n.; pi. L. -la (-Id), E. -lums (-lumz). 
\L,.,{t. specere to behold.] 1. A mirror, esp. of metal. 2. A 
reflector in an optical instrument. 3. Med. An instrument 
for dilating and illuminating certain passages of the body. 

4. Zo'ol. A patch of color on the secondaries of most ducks, 
and of some other birds, as domestic fowls. 

sped (sped), pret. & p. p. of speed. 




speech (spech), n. [AS. sp&c,ir. specan to speak.] 1. Fac- 
ulty of uttering articulate sounds or words ; faculty of ex- 
pressing thoughts by words ; power of speaking. 2. Act or 
manner of expressing thoughts in spoken words ; oral utter- 
ance. 3. That which is spoken ; uttered words expressive 
of thought, also an interchange of spoken words ; talk ; con- 
versation. 4. A formal public discourse ; oration ; harangue. 
5. A particular language ; tongue ; dialect. 6. Talk ; men- 
tion ; report. Archaic. 

Syn. Speech, address, oration, harangue. Speech 
is the general term ; an address is a formal speech ; an 
oration is an elaborate or rhetorical address, esp. on a 
notable occasion ; a harangue is a vehement or noisy 
speech. See language. 

speech'i-fy (-i-fl), v. %.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. \speech + 
-fy-1 To make a speech; harangue. Derisiveor Humorous. 

speech/less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of speech. 2. Not 
speaking ; silent ; dumb. 3. Not conveyed by words ; want- 
ing oral expression. — Syn. See dumb. — speech'less-ly, 
adv. — speech/less-ness, n. 

speed (sped), n. [AS. sped success, swiftness, fr. spowan 
to succeed.] 1. Prosperity in an undertaking; success. 
Archaic. 2. Act or state of moving swiftly ; swiftness ; 
rapidity ; also, rate of motion ; velocity. — Syn. Celerity, 
quickness, expedition, hurry. See haste. 

— v. i. ; pret. & p. p. sped (sped), speed'ed, p. pr. & vb. n. 
speed'ing. 1. To go ; fare. Obs. 2. Archaic, a To experi- 
ence any fortune, good or ill ; fare, b To succeed ; prosper. 
3. To hasten ; move with celerity ; as, an arrow sped past. 

— v. t. 1. To promote ; further ; aid ; favor ; as, may Heaven 
speed me. 2. To send forth or away ; dismiss ; as, to speed 
the parting guest. 3. To cause to make haste ; dispatch 
with celerity ; hence : hasten ; hurry. 4. To hurry to destruc- 
tion ; ruin ; kill. Archaic. 5. Mach., etc. [pret. & pp. 
speed'ed.] To set, adjust, or design to or for a definite 
speed or speeds. — Syn. Expedite, accelerate. — speed'er, n. 

speed counter. Mach. A device for automatically counting 
the revolutions or pulsations of 
an engine or other machine ; — ; 
called also simply counter, [ner. 

speed'i-ly, adv. In a speedy man-. 

speed'i-ness, n. Quality of being 
speedy. 

speed-om'e-ter (sped- 
6m'e-ter), n. An in- 
strument for indicating Speed Counter, 
speed or velocity, esp. of a motor vehicle. 

speed'way' (sped'wa'), n. A course on which fast driving, 
as of horses or motor cars, is allowed. 

Speed'well (-wel), n. Any of a genus {Veronica) of herbs 
with variously colored flowers, esp. the common speedwell 
( V. officinalis) and the germander speedwell ( V. chamx- 
drys). [Syn. See fast. I 

speed'y (-T), a.; speet/i-er^-i-est. Marked by speed, — | 

Speiss (spls), n. Metal. A mixture of impure metallic arse- 
nides produced as a regulus in smelting certain ores. 

spe-lae'an) (spe-le'dn), a. [L. spelaeum, speleum, cave, 

spe-le'an / Gr. oirqXaiov.'] Of, pert, to, or occurring in, a 
cave or caves ; also, dwelling in caves ; troglodytic. 

Spell (spel), v. t. [AS. spelian to supply another's place.] 
To take the turn of, at work ; relieve. Obs. or Cant. — v. i. 
To rest from work for a time. Colloq. — n. 1. a The relief 
of one person by another in any work or duty, b A period of 
work, duty, etc. ; a turn ; also, a rest from work. 2. Any 
relatively short period ; as, a spell of cold, or of hot, weather. 
3. A fit, as of illness ; turn. Colloq:, U. S. 

spell (spel), n. [AS. spell a saying, tale, speech.] A spoken 
word or formula of words supposed to have magic power ; 
an incantation ; charm. 

— v. t. ; spelled (speld) or spelt (spelt) ; spell'ing. 1. To 
put under a spell ; charm ; bewitch. 2. To name, write, or 
print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters. 3. To 
constitute ; signify ; import ; as, such an act spells ruin. 4. 
To read with difficulty; as, to spell out the sense of an 
author. 5. To trace out by characters, marks, or qualities. 

— v. i. To form words with letters, esp. the proper letters. 
spelPbind' (spel'blnd'), v. t. [From spellbound."] To bind 

or hold by or as by a spell or charm ; fascinate ; charm. — 

spell'bind'er (-bln'der), n. [nated.l 

spell'bound 7 (-bound'), a. Bound by or as by a spell ; fasci-| 
spell'er (-er), n. 1. One who spells. 2. A spelling book, 
spell'ing, n. Act of one who spells ; orthography. 

spelling bee, a spelling match. U. S. — s. book, a book 

for teaching pupils to spell. 
spelt (spelt), pret. & p. p. of spell. 
spelt, n. [AS., fr. L. spelta.'] A race of wheat (Triticum 

sativum spelta) having loose ears with triangular grains. 
spel'ter (spel'ter), n. Zinc ; — so called esp. in commerce. 
spen'cer (spen'ser), n. [After the 3d Earl Spencer.] A short 

jacket or outer coat. [mast.l 

spen'cer, n. Naut. A trysail abaft the foremast or main-| 
Spen-ce'ri-an (spSn-se'n-an), a. Of or pert, to Herbert 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, drn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, Uain; nature, verdure (8,7).? 



SPENCERIANISM 



925 



SPHEROIDITY 



Spencer (1820-1903) or Spencerianism. — n. A follower of 
Herbert Spencer. 

Spen-ce'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The synthetic philosophy of 
Herbert Spencer, its central idea being the evolution of the 
cosmos from relative simplicity to relative complexity 
through the operation of mechanical and vital forces. 

Spend (spend), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. spent (spent) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. spending. [AS. spendan, fr. L. expendere or dis- 
pendere. See expend ; dispend.] 1. To consume by using ; 
lay out ; expend. 2. To bestow ; confer. 3. To consume 
wastefully ; squander; esp., to exhaust of force; wear 
away ; weaken ; as, a spent arrow. 4. To pass, as time. 
— v. i. 1. To expend, consume, use, or waste something. 
2. To waste or wear away ; lose force or strength ; as, 
energy spends in use. — spend'er, n. 

Spend'thrift/ (spend'thrift'), n. One who spends money 
profusely or improvidently. — a. Prodigal ; wasteful. 

spent (spent), p. a. 1. Exhausted ; worn out. 2. Exhausted 
of its active or effective quality ; as, spent tanbark is tan- 
bark exhausted of tannic acid. 

sperm (spurm),n. [OF. esperme,ir. L.,fr. Gr. <nrkpfj.a,-a.Tos, 
fr. airelpew to sow.] The male fecundating fluid ; semen. 

Sperm, n. Spermaceti ; also, sperm oil. See sperm whale. 

-Sperm. A combining form fr. Gr. a-wepp-a, seed, germ. 

sper'ma-ce'ti (spur'md-se'tT ; -set'i), n. [L. sperma sperm 
+ ceti, gen. of cetus whale, Gr. kj}tos.] A yellowish or 
white waxy solid which separates from sperm oil, and is 
used in making candles, cosmetics, etc. 

-spermal. See -spermous. 

sper'ma-ry _(spur'md-rl), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). Zobl. An 
organ in which spermatozoa develop ; sperm gland ; testis. 

sper-ma'ti-a (sper-ma'shT-d) , n., pi. of spermatium. 

sper-mat'ic (sper-mat'Ik), a. Pert, to sperm or a spermary. 
spermatic cord, Anat., the cord which suspends the testi- 
cle within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and 
vessels and nerves of the testicle. — s. veins, Anat. & 
Zo'dl., the veins leading from the testes. In man they are 
numerous and form, with other tributaries, the pampini- 
form plexus in the spermatic cord. 

sper-ma'ti-um (sper-ma'shT-um), n. ; pi. -tia (-d). [NL.] 
Bot. a In the red alga?, a nonmotile male gamete, b In 
certain fungi and lichens, a similar cell developed within 
spermogonia. 

sper'ma-to- (spur'md-to-). Combining form from Greek 
tnrepfia, -aros, seed, sperm, semen. 

sper'ma-to-cyte' (-sit'), n. Biol. A cell giving rise to 
sperm cells or spermatozoa. 

sper'ma-to-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sYs), n. Biol. The formation 
of spermatozoa. — sper'ma-to-ge-net'ic (-je-net'Tk), a. 

sper'ma-to-go'ni-um (-go'nT-um), n.; pi. -gonia (-d). 
[NL. ; spermato- + Gr., yovrj offspring.] Biol, a Zo'dl. 
One of the primitive male germ cells, b Bot. A spermogo- 
nium. go'ni-al (-dl), a. [or a sperm cell.l 

Sper'ma-toid (spur'md-toid), a. Biol. Resembling sperm| 

sper'ma-to-phore' (-to-for' ; 57), n. Zo'dl. A special cap- 
sule or mass inclosing a number of spermatozoa extruded 
by the male of various animals, as annelids, mollusks, etc., 
and some vertebrates. — sper'ma-toph'o-ral (-tof 6-rdl), a. 

Sper'ma-to-phyte' (-fit'), n. Any plant of a phylum (Sper- 
matophyta) embracing the highest plants, or those that 
produce seeds ; a seed plant, or flowering plant. 

sper'ma-tor-rhe'a^per'ma-tor-rhce'a (-t3-re'd),ra. [NL.] 
Med. Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the 
semen without copulation. 

sper'ma-to-zo'al (-to-zo'dl), a. Biol. Of or pert, to a sper- 
matozoon or spermatozoa. 

sper'ma-to-zo'id (-to-zo'Td), n. [spermatozoon + Gr. 
elSos form.] Bot. A motile male gamete or male sexual cell, 
usually developed within an antheridium, and liberated in 
the presence of water. 

sper'ma-to-zo'oid (-oid), n. Bot. A spermatozoid. 

Sper'ma-tO-ZO'on (-on), n.; pi. -zoa (-0). [NL. ; sperma- 
to — (- Gr. £u>oi> an animal.] Zo'dl. A male sexual cell or 
sperm cell of an animal, the function of which is the ferti- 
lization of the egg. The spermatozoa are capable of more 
or less active spontaneous movement. 

-spermic. A suffix denoting having (such or so many) 
seeds. See -spermous. 

sperm'ic (spur'mik), a. Of or pertaining to sperm. 

Sperm'ine (spur'min ; -men), n. Also -in. [See 1st sperm.] 
Physiol. Chem. A nitrogenous base occurring combined 
with phosphoric acid in semen. As a drug it is a tonic. 

sperm'ism (-nriz'm), n. Biol. The theory, formerly held by 
many, that the sperm or spermatozoon contains the germ 
of the future embryo. 

sper'mo-go'ni-um (-m6-go'ni-um),_ n.; pi. -nia (-ni-d). 
[NL. ; Gr. airepua seed -J- yov-fi offspring.] Bot. Acupshaped 
or depressed receptacle in which spermatia are produced, as 
in various fungi and lichens. 

sper'mo-pMle (spur'mo-fil ; -ffl), n. [Gr. oirkpna. a seed 
+_ -phile.J Any of numerous burrowing rodents (genus 
Citellus and allied genera) related to the marmots and the 



true squirrels ; — called also gopher and ground squirrel. 

They live in colonies and do great damage to crops. 
sper'mo-phyte (-fit). Bot. Var. of spermatophyte. 
-sper'mous (-spur'mus), -sper'mal (-mdl), -sper'mic 

(-mik). Combining forms used, chiefly in botany, to signify 

having (such or so many) seeds or germs; seeded; as in 

angiospermous, monosperraous, etc. 
sperm Whale. A large whale (Physeter macrocephalus) of 




Sperm Whale, 
the warmer parts of all oceans ; the cachalot. Its head has 
a large closed cavity, or case, containing fluid spermaceti 
and sperm oil. 

sper'ry-lite (sper'i-llt), n. [After F. L. Sperry, who dis- 
covered it.] Min. An arsenide of platinum, PtAs2, occur- 
ring in grains and minute isometric crystals of a tin-white 
color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario, and is the only 
compound of platinum known to occur in nature. 

spetch'es (spech'ez), n. pi. Parings and refuse of leather 
hides, skins, etc., used as a by-product, as for making glue. 

spew (spu), v. t. & i. [AS. spiwian, spiwan.~] To eject 
from the stomach ; vomit ; cast forth ; eject. — n. That 
which is vomited ; vomit. Dial. — spew'er, n. 

sphac'e-late (sfas'e-lat), v. i. [NL. sphacelare, -latum, to 
mortify, Gr. a<pa.Ke\os gangrene.] Med. To decay or become 
gangrenous; mortify. — sphac'e-la'tion (-la/shim), n. 

sphag'nous (sfag'nizs), a. Bot. Pert, to or abounding in 
peat or bog moss. 

sphag'num (sfag'num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. acpayvos a kind of 
moss.] Any of a genus {Sphagnum) of mosses, the peat, 
or bog, mosses ; also, collectively, a mass of these plants 
used by florists in packing, potting, etc. 

sphaPer-ite (sfal'er-It), n. [Gr. cr0a\€p6s treacherous, un- 
certain.] Min. A widely distributed ore of zinc, essentially 
zinc sulphide. H., 3.5-4. Sp. gr., 3.9-4.1 ; — called also 
blende or zinc blende. 

sphene (sfen), n. [F. sphene, fr. Gr. <r<t>i)v a wedge, from a 
form of its crystals.] Min. Titanite, esp. when light-colored. 

sphe'nic (sfe'nik), a. [Gr. 0-^17 v wedge.] Wedge-shaped ; as, 
a sphenic number, or one having three unequal factors. 

sphe'no-gram (sfe'n6-gram),n. [Gr:<r<f>r]p wedge + -gram."] 
A cuneiform, or arrow-headed, character. 

sphe'noid (sfe'noid), a. [Gr. <74>r)uoeib^ ; afyyv wedge + 
elSos form.] 1. Wedge-shaped. 2. Anat. & Zo'dl. Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, a compound bone of the base of the 
cranium. — sphe-noi'dal (sfe-noi'dal), 0. 

spher'al (sfer'dl), a. Of, pert, to, or like a sphere or the 
spheres ; hence : symmetrical ; harmonious. 

sphere (sfer), n. [OF. espere, L. sphaera, fr. Gr. cr4>alpa a 
sphere, a ball.] 1. Geom. A body or space bounded by one 
surface all points of which are equally distant from a point 
within called its center. 2. Hence : any globe or globular 
body, esp. a celestial one ; an orb. 3. Astron. a The appar- 
ent surface of the heavens (half of which forms the dome 
of the visible sky), b In ancient astronomy, one of the 
revolving spherical transparent shells in which stars, sun, 
planets, and moon were supposed to be set. 4. Circuit or 
range of action, knowledge, or influence ; compass ; prov- 
ince ; place or scene of action or existence. 5. Rank ; or- 
der of society ; social position or class. 6. An orbit. Obs. or 
Rare. 7. The atmosphere ; heavens. Poetic. 

— v. t. ; sphered (sferd) ; spher'ing (sfer'ing). 1. To place 
in a sphere or among the spheres. 2. To form into a sphere. 

spher'ic (sfer'ik), a. Spherical (senses 1 & 2). 

spher'i-cal (-T-kal),a. 1. Having the form of a sphere ; like 
a sphere ; globular ; as, a spherical body. 2. Of or pert, 
to a sphere or spheres. 3. Of or pert, to the heavenly bod- 
ies, or their spheres (sense 3 b). — spher'i-cal-ly, adv. 
sphericalaberration , Optics, aberration due tc the spher- 
ical form of a lens or mirror. — s. sailing. See sailing. 

sphe-ric'i-ty (sfe-ris'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being 
spherical ; roundness. 

spher'ics (sfer'Tks), n. (See -ics.) Mathematics dealing 
with the circles, figures, etc., produced by planes intersect- 
ing a sphere ; spherical geometry and trigonometry. 

sphe'roid (sfe'roid), n. A figure having nearly the form of a 
sphere; esp., a figure (spheroid of revolution) made by 
revolving an ellipse about one of its axes. 

Sphe-roi'dal (sfe-roi'dal), a. Having the form of a spheroid. 

sphe'roi-dic'i-ty (sfe'roi-dis'i-tiH n. Quality or state of be- 

sphe-roi'di-ty (sfe-roi'di-tT) / ing spheroidal. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



SPHEROMETER 



926 



SPILL 



R 





Bphe-rom'e-ter (sfe-rom'e-ter), n. Isphere + -meter. 2 

Physics. An instrument for measuring 

the curvature of spherical and other 

surfaces. 
spher'ule (sfer'ool), n. [L. sphaerula.'] 

A little sphere or spherical body. 
Spher'u-lite (sfer'<56-llt), n. Petrog. A 

spherical crystalline body, having a 

radiated structure, in some vitreous vol- 
canic rocks, as obsidian and perlite. — 

spher'u-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 
spher'y (sfer'i), a. Poetic & Rare. 1. 

Round; spherical; starlike ; as, her Spherometer. 

sphery eyes. 2. Of or pertaining to the spheres. 
Sphinc'ter (sfink'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a<j>lyyeiv to bind 

tight.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A ringlike muscle surrounding, and 

able to contract or close, a natural opening or passage. — 

sphinc'ter-al (-31), a. 
Sphinx (sfirjks), n.; pi. E. sphinxes (sfink'sez; 24), L. 

sphinges (sfin'jez). [L., fr. Gr. o4>£yQ 

1. Gr. Myth. A monster having (typi- 
cally) a lion's body, wings, and the 
head and bust of a woman. 
The Sphinx of Thebes pro- 
posed a riddle to all passers, 
and on their failure to guess,, j^ -=^p^. 
it destroyed them. (Edipus 
guessed the riddle, and the 5 
Sphinx slew herself The rid- 
dle was : What creature walks ^ 
in the morning on four feet, at _ 
noon on two, at evening on 
three ? The answer is : Man, 
as a baby on hands and knees, •' 
later on his feet, and in old age The Great Sphinx at Gizeh. 
with a staff. 2. A sphinxlike person ; one of enigmatical or 
inscrutable character and purposes. 3. Egypt. Art. An im- 
age of a recumbent lion with the head of a man, ram, or 
hawk. 4. Zo'ol. A hawk moth. 

Sphrag'ide (sfraj'id), n. [L. sphragis, -idis, Lemnian 
earth, f r. Gr. o-4>payls, -T5or, a seal ; — because sold in sealed 
packets.] Lemnian bole or earth. 

Sphyg'mic(sfig'mik),a. [Gr. <r<f>vyii6s the pulse.] Physiol. 
Of or pertaining to the pulse. [the pulse.\ 

sphyg'mo- (sf Tg'mo-) . Combining form from Greek <r(j>vyn6s,\ 

sphyg'mo-gram ( -gram ), n. Physiol. A tracing consist- 
ing of a series of curves corresponding with the beats of the 
heart or pulse. 

Sphyg'mo-graph (-graf), n. An instrument for showing 
graphically the movement of the pulse. — sphyg'mo- 
graph'ic (-graf'Tk), a. 

sphyg'moid (sfig'moid), a. Physiol. & Med. Resembling 
the pulse ; pulselike. 

sphyg-mom'e-ter (sfTg-mom'e-ter), n. Physiol. An instru- 
ment for measuring the strength of the pulse beat; a 
sphygmograph. 

sphyg'mo-scope (sfig'mo-skop), n. = sphygmograph. 

Spi'ca (spl'kd),n. [L., an ear, as of grain.] Astron. A 
star of the first magnitude in the constellation Virgo; 
Alpha (a) Virginis. It is a spectroscopic binary. 

Spi'cate (spl'kat), a. [L. spicatus, p. p. of spicare to fur- 
nish with spikes, or ears.] 1. Bot. & Zo'ol. Having the form 
or arrangement of a spike. 2. Zo'ol. Spurred. 

VlSpic-ca'tO (spek-ka'to),a. [It., p. p. of spiccare to detach.] 
Music. Detached ; — indicating, esp. in violin music, that 
v. very note is to be made distinct and pointed, as by short 
e\ ringy movements of the bow. 

spice (spis), n. [OF. espice, fr. L. species a species, LL., 
spices, drugs, etc., of the same sort.] 1. A kind ; sort. Obs. 

2. A specimen ; a small portion. Obs. or Dial. 3. An aro- 
matic or savory article of food. Obs. or Dial. Eng., exc. : 
Any of certain aromatic or pungent vegetable condiments, 
as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, etc., mostly used in a 
powdered state. 4. A pungent odor. 5. That which gives 
zest or pungency ; as, variety is the spice of life. — Syn. 
See vein. [spices ; make spicy. I 

— v. t. ; spiced (spist) ; spic'ing (spis'ing). To season with| 

spice'ber'ry (spis'ber'i), n. 1. The checkerberry. 2. A 
myrtaceous tree (Eugenia procera) of the West Indies and 
Florida ; also, its fruit. 

Spice'bush' (-boosh'), n. An American lauraceous shrub 
(Benzoin benzoin) with spicy aromatic bark. 

spic'er-y (-T), n. ; pi. spiceries_ (-iz). 1. Spices. 2. A re- 
pository of spices. Obs. 3. Spiciness. 

spice'wood' (spls'wdod 7 ), n. The spicebush. 

spic'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a spicy manner. 

Spic'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being spicy. 

spick'-and-span', or, more fully, spick'-and-span'- 
new', a. New and fresh ; brand-new. Cf . span-new. 

spic'U-la (spik'u-ld), n.; pi. -lm (-le). [NL., dim. of L. 
spica a spike, ear.] A spicule. 



spic'u-lar (spYk'u-ldr), a. [L. spiculum a dart.] Dartlfke. 

spic'U-late (-lat), a. [L. spiculatus, p. p. of spiculare to 
sharpen, to point.] Like or having spicules or spikelets. 

spic'ule (spik'ul), n. [L. spiculum little point, dart.] 1. A 
minute, slender, pointed body ; a needlelike body. 2. Zo'ol. 
One of the small calcareous or siliceous bodies which sup- 
port the tissues of various invertebrates, as in sponges. 

spic'U-lum (-liim), n.; pi. -ula (-Id). [L., a little point.] 
Zo'ol. a Any of various small spicular organs, as the spines 
of an echinoderm. b A spicule. 

Spic'y (spIs'T), a.; spic'i-er (spls'i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Flavored 
with or containing spice or spices ; fragrant ; aromatic. 2. 
Producing, or abounding with, spices. 3. Fig., piquant ; 
pungent ; keen ; racy. — Syn. Balsamic, smart. See racy. 

spi'der (spl'der), n. [ME. spipre, fr. AS. spinnan to spin.] 
1. Any of various arachnids comprising an order (Aranei- 
da) and having four pairs of walking legs and a body with 
but two main parts. They spin threads of silk to form 
cocoons or nests, or traps for entangling their prey. 2. Any 
of various things suggestive of a spider, esp. in having slen- 
der radiating parts, as a kind of frying pan (orig. with long 
legs), a trivet, etc. 3. Mach. A skeleton or frame having ra- 
diating arms or members. 4. A spider phaeton, wagon, etc. 

spider cart. A kind of lightly constructed cart. 

spider monkey. Any of numerous monkeys of the genus 
Ateles ranging from southern Mexico to Paraguay. They 
have long slender limbs, the thumb being absent or rudi- 
mentary and the tail very long and prehensile. 

spider phaeton. A very high carriage of light construction, 
having a covered seat in front and a footman's seat behind. 

spider wagon or waggon. A spider cart. 

spi'der-wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Tradescantia) 
of plants having white, pink, or violet ephemeral flowers 
with slender hairy stamens ; hence, any plant of the same 
family (Commelinacese). Cf. dayflower. 

spi'der-y (spl'der-i), a. Resembling a spider; spiderlike. 

spied (spld), pret. & p. p. of spy. 

spie'gel-ei'sen (spe'gel-I'zen ; G. stipe'-), n. Also spie'gel- 
i'ron (-I'Mrn^spie'gel. [G.spiegeleisen; spiegel mirror 
+ eisen iron.] A crystalline white cast iron containing car- 
bon and manganese. 

spiel (spel), n. [Cf. G. spiel play, spielen to play.] Play ; 
game ; — applied to almost any action or thing, esp. a talk, 
speech, story, etc. — v. i. To talk ; speak ; make speeches, 
etc. Both Slang, U. S. 

spi'er (spT'er), n. One who spies ; a spy. 

spig'ot (spig'ut), n. A pin or peg used to stop the vent in a 
cask ; also, the plug of a faucet or cock ; sometimes, U. S., 
a faucet or cock. 

spike (spTk), n. [L. spica."] 1. An ear of corn or grain. 2. 
Bot . A form of raceme in which the pedicels are suppressed 
so that the flowers are sessile along the axis, as in the com- 
mon plantain. See inflorescence, Illust. 

spike, n. 1. Any of various pointed, usually slender, objects 
or projections ; specif., a kind of very large nail. 2. An un- 
branched antler of a young deer. 3. In pi. Baseball. Three 
projections formed by the turned-up edges of a metal plate 
fastened to the sole of a player's shoe to prevent slipping. 
4. Short for spike team. — v. t. ,- spiked (splkt) ; spik'ing 
(splk'ing). 1. To fasten or furnish with spikes. 2. Mil. To 
disable (a cannon) temporarily by plugging the vent. 3. 
To pierce, impale, etc., with or on a spike. 

spike lavender. A mint (Lavandula spica) closely related 
to true lavender. 

spike'let (splk'let), n. Bot. A small or secondary spike j^ 
one of the spikes of the inflorescence of grasses and sedges. 

spike'nard (-ndrd), n. [OF. spicanard> fr. LL. spica nar- 
di. See spike an ear ; nard.] 1. a A fragrant ointment of the 
ancients, b An East Indian aromatic valerianaceous plant 
(Nardostachys jatamansi) from which the above is 
believed to have been derived. 2. An American araliaceous 
plant (Aralia racemosa), with aromatic root. 

spik'er (splk'er), n._ One who,_or that which, spikes ; specif., 
a workman who drives the spikes in railroad ties. N 

spike team. A team of three draft animals harnessed two 
abreast and one leading. U. S. 

spik'y (splk'i), a. 1. Spikelike. 2. Furnished with spikes. 

spile (spll), n. 1. A small plug to stop a vent. 2. A spou:. 
inserted in a tree to conduct sap. U. S. 3. A large stake 
driven into the ground as a support ; a pile. — v. t. ; spiled 
(splld) ; spil'ing (spll'ing). To supply with a spile or 
spiles ; to pile ; also, to make a small vent in, as a cask. 

spil'i-kin, spil'li-kin (spil'i-kin), n. [OD. spelleken a 
small pin.] 1. One of a number of small pieces or pegs 
used in playing some games, as jackstraws, or for counting 
the score, as in cribbage. 2. In pi. A game played with such 
pieces. 

spil'ing (spll'ing), n. Spiles collectively. 

spill (spil), n. A slender piece ; as : a A peg for plugging a 
hole. D A metallic rod or pin. C A small roll of paper, or slip 
of wood, for lighting lamps, etc. 

spill (spil), v. t. ; spilled (spild) or spilt (spilt) ; sp hx'ino. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SPHLER 



927 



SPIRE 



[AS. spillan to destroy.] 1. To cause or allow to fall, flow, 
or run out, esp. so as to be lost, wasted, etc. ; hence, to lose, 
or suffer to be scattered ; — said of fluids or of substances 
in loose particles. 2. To shed (blood). 3. Naut. To relieve 
(a sail) from pressure of the wind. — v. i. To fall or run 
out'or over and thus, usually, be lost or wasted. 

— n. Act of spilling ; state of being spilled ; also, that 
which is spilled ; specif. : Colloq. a A throwing out or off 
accidentally, as from a vehicle or horse, b A flowing out 
or over ; a downpour. 

spill'er, n. One who, or that which, spills. 

spill'er, n. In mackerel fishing, a large seinelike net sup- 
ported by wooden poles and ropes from the side of a vessel 
to hold part of a catch. New England. 

spil'li-kin. Var. of spilikin. 

spill'way' (spil'wa 7 ), n. Hydraul. Engin. A passage for su- 
perfluous water in a reservoir ; a paved apron or a dam or 
part of a dam, etc., over which water flows. 

Spi'lo-site (spi'16-slt), n. [Gr. o-tti'Xos a spot + -ite.] 
Petrog. A spotted schistose rock produced by contact 
metamorphism of clay slate, usually by diabase. 

spilth (spilth), n. Spilling ; thing spilt ; waste. Archaic. 

spin (spin), v. t.; pret. spun (spun), Archaic span (span) ; 
p. p. spun ; p. pr. & vb. n. spin'ning. [AS. spinnan.~] 1. 
To draw out and twist into threads ; produce by drawing 
out and twisting a fibrous material. 2. To form, as a 
thread of silk or a web, by extrusion of a viscous fluid ; — 
said of spiders, silkworms, etc. 3. To form or produce by a 
slow process ; draw (out) ; prolong ; protract ; — usually 
used with out ; as, to spin out a story. 4. To turn round 
rapidly ; whirl ; twirl ; as, to spin a top. 5. To fish with a 
spinning bait. 6. Mech. To shape (sheet metal) into a 
hollow form by bending or buckling it by pressing with a 
smooth tool or roller while the metal revolves, as in a lathe. 

— v. i. 1. To make yarn or thread from fiber by drawing and 
twisting. 2. To form a thread or threads, as a spider. 3. To 
whirl, as a top. 4. To move swiftly, as on a bicycle. Colloq. 
5. To fish with a spinning bait, as a spoon bait ; troll. 

— n. Act of spinning. 

spi-na'ceous (spT-na/shus), a. Bot. Pert, to or resembling 
spinach or plants of its family {Chenopodiacese). 

spin'ach (spin'aj ; -ech), n. Also spin'age (-ai). [OF. es- 
pinache, It. Ar. isfanaj, aspanakh.] A potherb (Spina- 
cia oleracea) of the goosefoot family. 

spi'nal (spl'nal), a. Anat. a Of, pert, to, or near the back- 
bone, b Pertaining to a spine (pointed process) or spines. 
spinal column, the articulated series of small bones or 
vertebrae forming the backbone ; the spine. — s. cord, the 
thick longitudinal cord of nervous tissue extending from 
the brain along the dorsal side of the spinal column. 

spin'dle (spm'd'l), n. [AS. spinl, fr. spinnan to spin.] 1. 
a In hand spinning, a round stick, tapering toward each 
end, used to twist and hold the yarn, b The long rod or pin 
in spinning wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on 
which it is wound. 2. A fusiform piece or figure ; specif., 
the fusee of a watch. 3. Any pin or rod suggestive of a 
spindle (sense 1), esp. one that turns or on which some- 
thing turns ; specif. : a Mach. An arbor, mandrel, axle, or 
shaft ; esp., a revolving piece of less size than a shaft ; as, 
the spindle of a lathe, vane, capstan, etc. b A round, 
usually iron, pile or pipe placed on a rock or shoal as a guide 
for navigators. 4. A yarn measure containing, in cotton 
yarn, 15,120 yards; in linen yarn, 14,400 yards. 
B2IP Spindle, as symbolizing female, is used attributively 
with the force of pertaining to the mother; as, the spindle 
side, the mother's side in descent ; — opposed to spear side. 

— v. i.; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To shoot or grow 
into a long, slender stalk or body ; become disproportion- 
ately tall and slender. 

spin'dle-leg'ged (-leg'ed; -legd 7 ; 24), spin'dle-shanked' 
(-shanktO, a. Having long, slender legs. -" 

spin / dle-legS / (-legz / ), n. pi. 1. Long, slender legs. 2. [Con- 
strued as a sing.] A person with slender legs. Humorous 
or Contemptuous. 

spin'dle-shanks' (-shanks'), n. = spindlelegs. 

spindle tree. Any of a genus (Evonymus) of shrubs or 
trees whose hard wood has been used for spindles. 

spin'dling (-dling), a. Long and slender, or disproportion- 
ately tall and slender ; as, a spindling tree, boy. 

— n. A spindling person or thing. 
spin'drift (spin'drift), n. Spoondrift. 

spine (spin), n. [L. spina.] 1. A stiff, sharp process on a 
plant or animal. 2. The backbone ; spinal column. 3. 
Something resembling the spine, or backbone ; a ridge, 
spin'el (spin'el ; spi-nel'), n. [F. spinelle, fr. It., fr. L. 
spina thorn, alluding to its pointed crystals.] A mineral 
consisting essentially of aluminium and magnesium and of 
various colors, the red variety being the gem spinel ruby. 
H., 8; sp. gr., 3.5-4.1. See balas. 
spineless (spln'les), a. 1. Having no spine ; invertebrate ; 
also, having a flexible spinal column ; fig., without back- 
bone or courage. 2. Without spines. 




Spinning Wheel, 
Yarn. 



spi-nes'cent (spl-nes'ent), a. [L. spinescens. -entis, p. pr. 
of spinescere to grow thorny, fr. spina a thorn.] 1. Bot. 
Becoming spiny ; spinose. 2. Zo'ol. Tending toward spini- 
ness ; spinulose. 

spin'et (spin'et; spi-net'), n. [OF. espinete, fr. L. spina 
thorn ; — from its quills, resembling thorns.] Music. An 
obsolete keyed instrument resembling a harpsichord, but 
smaller, with one string of brass or steel wire to each note, 
sounded by means of leather or quill plectrums. 

spin'i-fex (spln'i-feks), n. [XL. ; L. spina spine 4- facere 
to make.] Any of a genus (Spinifex) of chiefly Australian 
spiny grasses useful as sand binders and for fodder. 

spi-nig'er-OUS (spT-nTj'er-us), a. [L. spiniger; spina 
spine + gerere to bear.] Bearing a spine or spines. 

spin'i-ness (spTn'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being spiny. 

Spin'na-ker (spTn'd-ker), n. Naut. A large triangular sail 
set on a long light pole (spinnaker boom), and used when 
running before the wind. See sloop, Illust. 

spin'ner (-er), n. One who, or that which, spins. 

Spin'ner-et (-et), n. Zo'ol. An organ for producing a thread 
or threads of silk from the secretion of the silk glands, as in 
the spider and in certain caterpillars. 

spin'ner-y (-1), n.; pi. -neries (-iz). A spinning mill. 

spin'ney (spin'I), n. ; pi. -neys (-niz). [OF. espinaye, es- 
pinei, fr. L. spinetum thicket of 
thorns.] A copse ; thicket. Eng. 

spinning jenny. An engine or 
machine for spinning wool or cot- 
ton, with many spindles. 

spinning wheel. A machine for 
spinning yarn or thread, in which 
a wheel drives a single spindle. 

spin'ny. Var. of spinney. 

spi'node (spl'nod), n. [L. spina 
thorn + nodus knot.] Math. A 
stationary point ; — disting. from 
crunode and acnode. 

spi'nose (spi'nos; spl-nos' ), a. 
[L. spinosus. fr. spina thorn.] Full of, or armed with, 
spines. — spi'nose-ly, adv. — spi'nose-ness, n. 

spi-nos'i-ty (spT-nos'i-tl), n. ; pi. -ties. Spinose quality or 
state ; thorniness, lit. or fig. ; also, a thorny part or thing. 

spi'nous (spfnus), a. Having the form of a spine or thorn ; 
spinelike ; also, spinose ; spiny. 

Spi-no'zism (spT-no'zIz'm), n. The philosophy of Benedic- 
tus (or Baruch) de Spinoza (1632-77), who taught that the 
universe is formed of one substance, which is God and in 
which thought and extension (or mind and physical reality) 
inhere. — Spi-no'zist (-zist), n. 

spin'ster (spin'ster), n. 1. A woman (or, Obs., man) who 
spins. 2. Formerly, a title given to unmarried women of the 
gentle classes from a viscount's daughter down ; now, an 
unmarried woman. 3. Popularly, an unmarried woman no 
longer young ; an old maid. — spin'ster-hood, n. 

Spin-thar'l-SCOpe (spTn-thar'i-skop), n. [Gr. o-n-ivdapLs 
spark + -scope.] A small instrument containing a minute 
particle of a radium compound mounted in front of a fluo- 
rescent screen and viewed with magnifying lenses. — spin- 
thar'i-scop'ic (-skop'Ik), a. 

spi'nule (spl'nul ; spTn'ul), n._ [L. spinula, dim. of spina 
a spine.] A small spine. — spin'U- 
lose (spTn'u-los ; spl'nu-), a. 

spin'u-les'cent (spTn'u-les'ent), a. 
Bot. Having small spines ; some- 
what spiny. 

spin'y (spin'T), a. ; SPiN'i-ER(-i-er) ; 
-i-est. Having spines ; thorny. 

spir'a-cle (splr'd-k'l; spl/rd-), n. 
[L. spiraculum, fr. spirare to 
breathe.] 1. A breathing hole ; 

i vent. 06s. 2. Zo'ol. A breathing 
-^orifice, as the blowhole of a whale. 

spi-rae'a, spi-re'a (spl-re'd), n. 
[L.. fr. Gr., fr. airelpa a coil.] 1. 
Any of a genus (Spirsea) of rosa-' 
ceous shrubs with small white or 
pink flowers. Many species are cul- 
tivated. 2. Any of several similar 
shrubs of common cultivation. 

spi'ral (spT'ral), a. [See 1st spire.] 1. Winding round a 
center or pole and gradually receding from it. 
2. Helical, like the thread of a screw. 3. 
Geom. Of, pert, to, or like, a spiral. 
spiral spring, a spring consisting of a wire | 
coiled in a fiat spiral, or in a helix. 

— n. 1. Geom. a A curve (generally plane) of 
spiral form, b A helix. 2. Anything spiral. 

spi'ral-ly, adv. In a spiral manner or form. 

spi'rant (-rant), n. [L. spirans, p. pr. of 
breathe.] Phon. A fricative consonant. 

spire (spir), n. [L. spira coil, Gr. cnrelpa.] 1. A spiral; 
curl. 2. The upper part of a spiral shell. 




a Flower. 




Spiral. 
spirare to 



< 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SPIRE 



928 



SPLASHER 







R 



Spire (spir), n. [AS. splr shoot, stalk.] 1. A slender blade 
or stalk, as of grass. 2. A tapering body that 
shoots up or out to a_ point ; specif., a steep 
tapering roof surmounting a tower or structure ; 
loosely, asteeple.— v.i.; spired (splrd) ; spir'- 
ing. To shoot out or up in a spire. 

spi-re'a (spT-re'd), n. Var. of spiraea, [shell.] 

spired (splrd), a. Spiral, or having a spire, as a| 

Spi'reme (spl'rem), n. [Gr. airelprjua, awet- 
pa/xa, a coil.] _ Biol. The chromatin of a cell 
nucleus, when in the form of a filament. 

spi-rif'er-ous (spl-rifer-us), a. [L. spira a 
coil + -ferous.] Zo'ol. a Having a spiral part 
or organ, b Spired. 

spi-ril'lum (spl-ril'um), n.; L. pi. -la (-d). 
[NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] Any of a genus 
{Spirillum) of spirally curved, flagellate bac- 
teria ; loosely, any filiform bacterium. 

spir'it (spTr'it), n. [OF. espirit, esperit, L. 
spiritus, fr. spirare to breathe, blow.] 1. The 
breath of life ; life, or the life principle, con- 
ceived as a kind of breath or vapor animating 
the body, or, in man, mediating between body 
and soul. 2. The life principle viewed as the 
"breath" or gift of deity ; hence, the agent of 
vital and conscious functions in man ; the soul. Spire, 2. 
3. [Often cap."] In the abstract, life or consciousness viewed 
as an independent existence. 4. [cap.] A part of the divine 
nature ; the Holy Spirit. 5. Any supernatural being ; appa- 
rition ; specter ; ghost ; sometimes, a sprite ; fairy. 6. An 
individual ; person ; — esp. with reference to characteristics 
of mind or temper ; as, a bold spirit. 7. Temper, disposi- 
tion, or attitude of mind ; mood ; — often in pi. ; as, to be in 
good spirits. 8. Liveliness, energy, vivacity, courage, etc. ; 
as, to act with spirit. 9. Animating or controlling princi- 
ple ; quality, or idea ; hence : intent ; real meaning ; as, the 
spirit of a law. 10. In nature, any volatile or airy agent or 
essence. Obs. or Hist. 11. a Alchemy. Any of the four 
substances, sulphur, sal ammoniac, quicksilver, and arsenic 
(orpiment). b In old chemistry, any liquid produced by dis- 
tillation; in modern use, any strong distilled alcoholic liq- 
uor ; esp., ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol, the spirits, or spirit, 
of wine (it having been first distilled from wine) ; — often 
in pi. C Pharm. A solution in alcohol of a volatile principle. 
d Dyeing. Any of various solutions, esp. of tin salts, used as 
mordants ; as, tin spirits, aniline spirit, etc. 12. Gram. = 
spiritus, 2. Now Rare. — Syn. Ardor, fire, animation, 
cheerfulness, vivacity. See ghost. 
spirit, or spirits, of hartshorn. See ammonia. 

-— v. t. 1. To animate with vigor ; encourage ; inspirit ; — 
sometimes used with up. 2. To convey rapidly and 
secretly, as if by the aid of a spirit ; kidnap ; — often used 
with away or off. 

spir'it-ed, a. 1. Animated ; full of vigor ; lively. 2. Having 
(such) a spirit ; — used in composition ; as, high-spirited. 
— spir'it-ed-ly, adv. — spir'it-ed-ness, n. 
Syn. Spirited, mettlesome, fiery. Spirited implies ar- 
dor, animation, or fullness of life ; mettlesome often adds 
the implication of courage or daring ; fiery, that of impet- 
uous eagerness or fierce vehemence ; as, a spirited horse ; 
spirited eloquence ; a mettlesome horse ; a fiery temper. 

spir'it-ing, n. Action, work, or service of a spirit. 

spir'it-ism (spTr'i-tTz'm), n. = spiritualism, 2. — spir'- 
it-ist, n. — spir'it-is'tic (-tTs'tTk), a. 

spir'it-less, a. Destitute of spirit. — spir'it-less-ly, adv. 

spirit level. A level in which the adjustment to the horizon 
is shown by the position of a bubble in alcohol or ether. 

spir'it-OUS (spir'i-tus), a. Like spirit ; refined ; pure. Rare. 

spir'it-u-al (-ltji-dl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, 
spirit; incorporeal. 2. Of or pert, to the higher endow- 
ments of the mind ; mental ; intellectual. 3. Of or pert, to 
the moral feelings or states of the soul. 4. Of, pert, to, or 
like, the soul or its affections, specif, as influenced by the 
divine Spirit ; hence : pure ; holy ; heavenly-minded ; — 
opposed to carnal. 5. Of or pert, to sacred things or the 
church ; as, lords spiritual and temporal. 
spiritual incest. Eccl. Law. a Cohabitation between per- 
sons spiritually allied by baptism or confirmation, b The 
act of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, 
the one depending on the collation of the other. — s. wife, 
among the Mormons, in the practice of polygamy, any wife 
other than the first one taken. 

spir'it-u-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. The doctrine that all that 
exists is spirit ; idealism. 2. A belief or doctrine that de- 
parted spirits hold intercourse with mortals, esp. through a 
medium ; also, the practices based on this belief ; spiritism. 

spir'it-U-al-ist, n. 1. One who professes a regard for spirit- 
ual things only. Rare. 2. One who maintains the doctrine 
of spiritualism (sense 1). 3. One who believes in spiritual- 
ism (sense 2) ; one who seeks intercourse with departed 
spirits. — spir'it-u-al-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. 

spir'it-u-al'i-ty (spir'iyi-al'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
Quality or state of being spiritual ; spiritual character. 2. 



Eccl. Law. That which belongs to the church, or to a per- 
son as being an ecclesiastic, or to religion. 

spir'it-U-al-ize (spir'Iyi-al-iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. 
1. To render spiritual; purify from the corrupting influ- 
ences of the world ; animate. 2. To give a spiritual mean- 
ing to ; — opposed to literalize. — spir'it-U-al-i-za'tion 
(-i-za'shiin ; -I-za'-), n. 

spir'it-u-al-ly, adv. In a spiritual manner. 

spir'it-u-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being spiritual. 

spir'it-U-al-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). The clergy; also, 
spiritual possessions ; spiritual doctrine. 

i| spi'ri'tu'el' (spe're'tii'el'), a. masc, || spi'ri'tu'elle' (-el') 
a. fern. [F.] Like a spirit ; refined ; ethereal ; also, spright- 
ly ; bright ; witty. 

spir'it-u-ous (spir'it>ii-its), a. Containing, or of the nature 
of, alcoholic (esp. distilled) spirit-; ardent. OUS-ness, n. 

|| spi'ri-tus (spir'i-tus), n. Sing. & pi. [L. See spirit, ».] 

1. Spirit. 2. Gram. A breathing ; an aspirate. 
spiritus as'per [L. asper rough], Gr. Gram., a rough breath- 
ing. Cf. breathing, n.,5. — s. le'nis [L. lenis smooth] , Gr. 
Gram., a smooth breathing. Cf. breathing, n., 5. 

spi'ro-graph (spl'ro-graf ), n. [L. spirare to breathe + 
-graph.'] Physiol. An instrument for recording respiratory 
movements. [screw or spiral.) 

spi'roid (spi'roid), a. [See spire a spiral ; -oid.] Like a| 

spi-rom'e-ter (spl-rom'e-ter), n. [L. spirare to breathe + 
-meter.'] An instrument for measuring the breathing ca- 
pacity of the lungs. — spi-rom'e-try (-tri), n. 

spirt (spurt). Var. of spurt. 

spir'u-la (spYr'o6-ld), n. [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] 
Zo'ol. Any of a genus (Spirula) of small dibranchiate ceph- 
alopods having a many-chambered shell in a flat spiral. 

spir'y (splr'l), a. Of a spiral form ; wreathed ; curled ; ser- 
pentine, [abounding in spires. 

spir'y, a. Of or like a spire ; tall, slender, and tapering ; 

spit (spit), n. [AS. spitu?] 1. A slender, pointed rod to hole 
roasting meat. 2. A narrow point of land running out into 
a body of water. — v. t.; spit'ted (-ed) ; spit'ting. To 
thrust a spit through ; hence, to thrust through or impale. 

Spit, v. t. ; pret. & p. p. spit or spat (spat) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
spit'ting. [AS. spittan.] 1. To eject from the mouth. 2. 
To eject; throw out ; belch. — v. i. 1. To eject saliva. 

2. To rain or snow slightly, as in scattered drops or flakes. 
Colloq. — Syn. See expectorate. — n. 1. Spittle ; sali- 
va ; also, the act or an act of spitting. 2. A frothy secretion 
resembling saliva exuded by certain insects ; also, a spittle 
insect. 3. A sprinkle of rain ; a slight fall of snow. 

spit'al (spit'al), n. [ME. spitel. See hospital.] Alazar 
house ; a hospital. Obs. 

spit ball. 1. Paper chewed and rolled into a ball. 2. Base- 
ball. A variety of pitched ball produced by moistening one 
side of the ball with saliva. Cant. 

spitch'COCk' (spich'kokO, n. An eel split and broiled or 
fried. — v. t. To split (as an eel) lengthwise^and broil or fry. 

spite (spit), n. [From ME. despit despite.] 1. Injury ; dis- 
honor. 06s. 2. Ill will with a disposition to annoy ; petty 
malice ; grudge ; rancor. 3. Vexation ; chagrin. Rare. — 
Syn. Spitefulness, pique, malevolence. See resentment. 
in spite of, or spite of, in defiance or contempt of ; not- 
withstanding. See Syn. under notwithstanding, prep. 

— v. t. ; spit'ed (splt'ed) ; spit'ing. 1. To do despite to ; 
treat maliciously; shame; mortify. 2. To fill with spite; 
offend ; vex. Obs., Scot., or Rare. 

spite'ful (splt'fool), a. Filled with or showing spite; 
malicious. — spite'ful-ly, adv. — spite'ful-ness, n. 

spit'fire' (spit'flr'), n. A violent, irascible person. Colloq. 

spit'ter (-er), n. 1. One who_ puts meat on a spit. 2. A 
young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp. 

spit'ter, n. One who spits or expectorates. 

spit'tle (-'1), n. [From spit to eject from the mouth.] 1. 
Saliva ; 2. The frothy secretion of some insects. 

spittle insect. Any of numerous small leaping homopter- 
ous insects (family Cercopidse). Cf. cuckoo spit. 

spit-toon' (spT-toon'), n. A receptacle for spit ; a cuspidor. 

spitz dog (spits). [G. spitz.] One of a breed of dogs with 
long silky hair, bushy tail, and sharp muzzle and ears. 

spit'zen-burgh (spit'sen-burg), n. Any of several varieties 
of red-and-yellow apples. 

splanch'nic (splank/mk), a. [Gr. tnr'Ka.yxvov entrail.] 
Anat. Of or pertaining to the viscera ; visceral. 

splash (splash), v. t. 1. To strike and dash about (water, 
mud, etc.). 2. To spatter water, mud, etc., upon ; bespat- 
ter. 3. To make (one's or its way) with splashing. Rare. 
4. To cause to appear splashed ; as, fields splashed with 
poppies. — v. i. 1. To dash about water, mud, etc. 2. To 
fall or strike with a splash. — n. 1. Liquid splashed ; also, 
a spot or daub. 2. A noise made in splashing. 3. A blotch. 

splash/board' (-bord 7 ; 57), n. 1. = dashboard, 9 a. 2. A 
plank used to close the sluice of a flood dam ; — usually in pi. 

splash'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, splashes ; that 
which is splashed, or keeps off splashes, as a screen behind 
a washstand. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SPLASHY 



929 



SPOLIATION 



Splash'y (splSshf), a. 1. Full of dirty water; wet and 
muddy ; slushy. 2. Of or resembling splashes or blotches. 
splat (splat), n. A broad, flat, upright member in the middle 
of a chair back. 

splat'ter (splat'er), v. i. & t. To spatter ; splash. 

splay (spla), v. t. [Abbr. of display. .] 1. To display; 
spread. 06s. 2. To dislocate, as a shoulder bone. 3. To 
slope or slant, as the side of a window, etc. -— n. 1. Spread ; 
expansion. 2. Arch. A slope or bevel, esp. of the sides of a 
door or window. — a. Spread out; broad and flat; fig., 
1 — clumsy ; ungainly. 

splay'foot' (spla'foot 7 ), n. ; pi. -feet. _ A foot abnormally 
flattened and spread out, as by flattening of the arch ; the 
deformity exhibited by it. — splay'f oof, splay'f OOt'ed, a. 

splay'mouth' (-mouth'), n. A wide mouth; a mouth 
stretched wide, as in derision. 

Spleen (splen), n. [L. splen, Gr. air\r)v milt, spleen.] 1. 
Anal. & Zo'ol. A highly vascular, glandlike, ductless organ 
in the abdomen of most vertebrates ; the milt. Its exact 
function is not known. It was formerly believed to be the 
seat of the emotions or passions. 2. Anger ; latent spite ; 
ill humor ; malice. 3. A fit of anger or passion. Obsoles. 
4. Melancholy ; hypochondria. Obsoles. 5. A fit ; freak ; 

.. whim ; mood. Obs. 6. Laughter or violent mirth. Obs. 

Spleen'ful (-fool), a. Full of, or affected with, spleen; 
peevishly angry ; ill-humored. — spleen'ful-ly, adv. 

Spleen'wort' (splen'wfht/), n. Any of a genus ( Asplenium) 
of ferns having linear or oblong sori borne obliquely on the 
upper side of a veinlet. 

spleen'y (-T), a. ; spleen'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Full of or dis- 
playing spleen; specif. : a Irritable; peevish; fretful, b 
Melancholy. 

splen'dent (splen'dent), a. [L. splendens, p. pr.] 1. Shin- 
ing ; lustrous ; beaming. 2. Very conspicuous ; illustrious. 

splen'did (-did), a. [L. splendidus, fr. splendere to shine.] 
1. Possessing or displaying splendor ; as : a Shining ; bril- 
liant, b Showy ; magnificent ; gorgeous ; as, a splendid 
palace. 2. Illustrious ; brilliant ; grand ; glorious ; as, a 
splendid victory. 3. Excellent ; very good or fine ; as, a 
splendid likeness. Colloq. — Syn. See grand. — splen'- 
did-ly, adv. — splen'did-ness, n. 

splen-dif'er-ous(-dif'er-us),a. [splendor -\--ferous.~\ Lit., 
splendor-bearing ; splendid ; gorgeous. Obs. or Humorous. 

Sjien'dor, splen'doar (-der), n. [L. splendor, fr. splen- 
dere to shine.] 1. Great brightness ; brilliancy. 2. Mag- 
nificence ; pomp ; brilliancy ; glory. — Syn. Luster, gor- 
geousness, display, showiness, parade, grandeur. 

splen'dor-ous (-der-iis), splen'drous (-drus), a, Splendid. 

sple-net'ic (sple-ngt'ik ; splen'e-tik), a. [L. spleneticus.~\ 
1. Splenic. 2. Affected with spleen ; spiteful ; peevish ; 
fretful. — Syn. Morose, gloomy, fretful. See sullen. — n. 
One affected with spleen or having a diseased spleen. — 
sple-net'i-cal (sple-net'I-kal), a. — sple-net'i-cal-ly, adv. 

sple'ni-al (sple'm-al), a. [L. splenium a plaster, a patch, 
Gr. ffTtX-qviov a bandage.] Anat. Pert, to a splenius muscle. 

splen'ic (splen'ik^sple'nik), a. [L. splenicus, Gr. o-ttX?;- 
vikos.~\ Of or pertaining to the spleen. 

sple-ni'tis (sple-nl'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-ttX^^tis of the 
spleen.] _ Med. Inflammation of the spleen. 

splen'i-tive (splen'I-tiv), a. Fiery; passionate; splenetic. 

sple'nwis (sple'ni-ws), n. [NL.] Anat. A flat muscle of 
each side of the back of the neck and upper dorsal region. 

sple-not'O-my (sple-not'6-mi), n. [Gr. air\i]v spleen + 
-tomy.~\ Surg. Incision into, or excision of, the spleen. 

spleu'chan (splii'Kan), n. [Gael. spliuchan.~] A tobacco 
pouch, used also as a purse. Scot. & Ir. 

splice (splis), v. t.; spliced (spllst) ; splic'ing (splls'ing). 
[D. splitsen, OD. splissen.'] 1. To unite, as two ropes, or 
parts of a rope, by interweaving the strands. 2. To unite, 
as spars, timbers, etc., by a lap joint. 3. To unite in mar- 
riage. Slang. — n. A joining or junction made by splicing. 

splic'er (splis'er), n. One who splices ; also, Naut., a fid 
used in splicing. 

spline (splln), n. 1. Mach. A key in the form of a fiat strip 
or feather, for insertion in a slot or groove between parts ; 
also, a keyway for such a key. 2. A long strip for drawing 
flat curves. — v. t. ; splined (spllnd) ; splin'ing (splin'- 
ing). To cut a keyway in for a feather key, or spline ; slot. 

splint (splint), n. 1. A piece split off ; splinter. 2. Surg. An 
appliance, as of wood, to hold or protect an injured part. 
3. A splint bone. 4. Veter. An exostosis or bony enlarge- 
ment on the cannon bone of the horse from the knee down 
to about the lower third of the bone, due to periostitis. 5. 
Medieval Armor. One of the thin metal plates, usually 
overlapping, of which a kind of armor, splint armor, is 
made up. 6. A thin strip of wood interwoven with others to 
make a chair seat, basket, etc. 

— v. t. To fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb ; 
also, to strengthen as if with splints. 

splint bone. Far. One of the rudimentary, splintlike meta- 
carpal or metatarsal bones on either side of the cannon bone 
in the limbs of the horse and allied animals. 



splin'ter (splin'ter), v. t. 1. To split into long, thin pieces; 
shiver. 2. To fasten with splinters, or splints. — v. i. To 
become split into long pieces ; shiver. — n. A thin piece 
split off lengthwise ; splint. — splin'ter-y (-T), a. 

Split (split), v. t. & i.; split or, Rare, split'ted; split- 
ting. 1. To divide lengthwise ; rive. 2. To burst ; rend ; 
tear asunder. 3. To divide into parts or factions, as a politi- 
cal party; break up; break (with). 4. Chcm. To divide 
into components ; — often used with up. Also, to remove 
(a component) by such division ; — used with off ; as, tc 
split off carbon dioxide. 5. To split one's votes or vote. 
6. To betray confidence. Slang. — Syn. See tear. 
to split hairs, to make overnice distinctions. — to s. one's 
votes or vote or ticket, to vote for candidates of different 
parties in one election. 

— n. 1. A crack, rent, or fissure. 2. A breach or separation, 
as in a political party ; a division. 3. A splinter ; fragment. 
4. Specif. : a Leather Manuf. Any of the sections of a skin 
made by dividing it into two or more thicknesses, b Basket- 
work. Any of the three or four strips into which osiers are 
commonly cleft ; — usually in pi. 

— a. 1. Divided ; cleft ; fractured. 2. Exchanges. Of quota- 
tions, given in sixteenths, quotations in eighths being regu- 
lar; as, 10/^ is a split quotation. _ 

split infinitive, Gram., a simple infinitive having a modi- 
fier between the to and the verb ; as, to largely decrease. 
The split infinitive has been avoided by most careful 
writers, though some use it, esp. when it is desired to em- 
phasize the adverb. 

split'saw' (-so'), n. A ripsaw. 

split'ter (spllt'er), n. One who, or that which, splits. 

splotch (sploch), n. & v. t. Spot ; blotch. — splotcll'y, a. 

splurge (splurj), n. An ostentatious demonstration or dis- 
play. Colloq. — v. i. To make a splurge. Colloq. 

SpluVter (splut'er), v. i. & t. To sputter ; utter hastily and 
confusedly. — n. A confused noise, as of hasty speaking ; 
confusion. Both Colloq. or Dial. — spiut'ter-er, n. 

•pod'u-mene (spodlu-men), n. [Gr. criroSobnevos , p. pr. 
pass. fr. airobow to burn to ashes, fr. airobbs ashes.] Min. 
A monoclinic mineral occurring in prismatic crystals, often 
of great size. It is a silicate of aluminium and lithium. 

spoil (spoil), v. t. ; spoiled (spoild) or spoilt (spoilt) ; spoil'- 
in». [OF. espoillier, fr. L. spoliare, fr. spolium spoil.] 1. 
To plunder ; rob ; as, to spoil one of his goods. 2. To take 
by force ; plunder. Archaic. 3. To impair ; vitiate ; de- 
stroy ; ruin. 4. To impair the disposition of (a person) ; as, 
to spoil a child. — v. i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery. 
2. To become corrupted or tainted ; decay, as, fruit. 

— n. 1. That which is taken by violence or after a contest ; 
booty; loot. 2. Public offices and their emoluments re- 
garded as belonging to a successful party or faction ; — 
usually in pi. 3. Spoliation. Rare. 4. Injury ; ruin ; corrup- 
tion. Obs. or Rare. 5. An object for plundering ; prey. 6. 
Goods, esp. objects of virtu, collected and considered as being 
a loss to their provenience, esp. such as are acquired by spe- 
cial or systematic endeavor ; as, his pictures were the spoil 
of all Europe. — Syn. See booty. — spoil'er, n. 

spoil'age (spoil'aj), n. Act of spoiling; that which is 
spoiled, as sheets of paper in printing. 

Spoil'five' (-fivO, n., or spoil five. A certain game at cards. 

spoils'man (spoilz'man), n. Politics. One who serves in 
order to get a share of the spoils ; also, one who sanctions 
the spoils system. 

spoils system. Politics. The practice of regarding or 
treating public offices and their emoluments as something 
to be distributed among the victorious party. Chiefly U. S. 

spoke (spok), pret. of speak. 

spoke (spok), n. [AS. spaca.~\ 1. The radius or ray of a 
wheel ; any of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, 
or nave, and serve to support the rim or fellies. 2. A rung 
of a ladder. 3. Any of a series of handles projecting radially 
from a cylinder or wheel, as from a steering wheel. 4. A 
bar to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from turning, as in go- 
ing down hill. 

— v. t. To furnish with a spoke or spokes, as a wheel. 
spo'ken (spo'k'n), p. a. 1. Uttered ; oral ; — opposed to 

written. 2. Speaking ; — used in composition ; as, well- 
spoken. 

spoke'shave' (spok'shaV), n. A tool, with a blade like that 
of a plane and a handle on each side, for dressing sharply 
curved work, as spokes. 

spokes'man (spoks'man), n. A speaker for another or 
others ; mouthpiece. — spokes'wom/an (-woom'an), n. 

spo'li-ate (spo'li-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. spoliatus, p. p. of spoliare to spoil.] To plunder ; pil- 
lage ; despoil ; rob. 

spoli-a'tion (-a'shim), n. 1. Act of plundering ; robbery ; 
specif., robbery in war; esp., authorized plundering of 
neutrals at sea. 2. Canon Law. a The act of an incumbent 
in taking the fruits of a benefice under a pretended title, b 
A process or writ for possession, as of a church. 3. Law. 
Injury done to, or change made in, a document by a 
stranger to the document. 4. Admiralty & Internal. 



\ 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. *= equals. 



N 



SPOLIATIVE 



930 



SPOROPHYTE 







R 



Law. The intentional destruction of a ship's papers when she 
is suspected of smuggling, carrying contraband of war, etc. 

Spo'U-a-tive (spo'li-a-tiv), a. Serving to take away, dimin- 
ish, or rob, esp., Med., to diminish the amount of blood. 

spo'li-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who spoliates; a spoiler. 

spo'li-um (spo'li-urn), n.; pi. spolia (-a). [L.] Spoil. 

spon-da'ic (spon-da/ik)\a. [L. spondaicus, spondiacus, 

spon-da'i-cal ( : i-kal) J fr. Gr. o-irovoei.a.Kbs.~] Pert, to a 
spondee ; consisting of, or characterized by, a spondee or 
spondees; as, a spondaic hexameter, i. e., one which has a 
spondee instead of a dactyl in the fifth foot. 

Spon'dee (spon'de), rc. [L. spondeus, fr. Gr. oirovb'eios (sc. 
-nrovs), fr. aizovbi) a libation. At libations, melodies chiefly in 
spondees were used.] Pros. A foot of two long syllables, as 
in Latin leges. 

Sponge (spunj), n. [OF. esponge, fr. L. spongia, Gr. airoy- 
yia, 0-^67705.] 1. The elastic porous mass of interlacing 
horny fibers forming the internal skeleton of certain fixed 
marine animals (phylum Porifera). Also, the animal or 
colony of animals producing it. Sponges are remarkable for 
their capacity of absorbing water without losing their tough- 
ness, and are variously used. 2. a One who, or that which, 
absorbs or takes in anything freely, as a sponge does water. 
b One who lives on others ; a parasite. 3. Any spongelike 
substance ; specif. : a Raised dough, b Any of various met- 
als, as platinum, obtained in spongelike form, usually by re- 
duction without fusion. C Surg. A piece of absorbent mate- 
rial, as a pad of sterilized gauze, used to absorb blood or flu- 
ids, as from incisions. 4. A long-handled brush, or swab, 
for cleaning the bore of a cannon. 

— -i\ t.; sponged (spunjd) ; spong'ing (spun'jing). 1. To 
cleanse, wipe, or wet with a sponge. 2. To erase or wipe out 
with or as with a sponge ; efface ; — used with out, off, etc. 
3. To absorb or take up with or as with a sponge ; as, to 
sponge up water. 4. To get by imposition or mean arts 
without cost. — v. i. 1. To absorb, as a sponge. 2. To get 
a living, a meal, etc., meanly at the expense of another ; as, 
he sponges on his friends. 3. To gather, or fish for, sponges. 

spong'er, n. 1. One who sponges. 2. One engaged in 
gathering sponges. 

spon'gy (spun'jT), a. ; -gi-er (-jT-er) ; -gi-est. 1. Soft and 
full of cavities ; absorbent ; of an open, loose, pliable tex- 
ture. 2. Moist and soft. — spon'gi-ness (-ji-nes), n. 

spon'sion (spon'shwn), n. [L. sponsio, fr. spondere, spon- 
sum, to promise solemnly.] 1. Act of becoming surety. 2. 
Internat. Law. An act or engagement on behalf of a state 
by an agent not specially authorized for the purpose. 

Spon'son (-siin), n. Naut. A projection from a ship's side, 
to act as a bearing or protection for some part. 

Spon'sor (-ser), n. [L., fr. spondere, sponsum, to engage 
one's self.] 1. One who binds himself to answer for an- 
other's default. 2. One who at the baptism of an infant 
professes the Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its 
religious education ; a godfather or godmother. — spon- 
SO'ri-al (spon-so'ri-al ; 57), a. — spon'sor-ship, n. 

spon'ta-ne'i-ty (spon'td-ne'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
Quality or state of being spontaneous. 2. Spontaneous or 
voluntary action or movement. 

Spon-ta'ne-OUS (spon-ta/ne-iis), a. [L. spontaneus, fr. 
f t.-onte of free will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceeding from natu- 
ral feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native 
proneness or tendency, without constraint ; as, spontane- 
ous applause. 2. Proceeding from, or acting by, internal 
impulse, energy, or natural law, without external force ; as, 
spontaneous growth. 3. Produced without being planted, 
or without human labor. — spon-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. — 
spon-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. 

Syn. Spontaneous, voluntary, automatic. Sponta- 
neous emphasizes the idea of an inner impulse or energy, 
acting without external stimulus ; voluntary always im- 
plies the power of choice ; it lays stress on the absence of 
external compulsion. That which is automatic (like that 
which is spontaneous) is self-acting ; but automatic (unlike 
spontaneous) implies an activity which is merely mechanical. 
spontaneous generation, Biol., the generation of living 
from nonliving matter ; abiogenesis ; — from a former be- 
lief that organisms commonly developing in putrid organic 
matter arose spontaneously from it. 

spon-toon' (spon-toon'), n. [F. sponton, esponton, It. 
spontone, spuntone.~] Mil. A kind of short pike formerly 
borne by subaltern officers of the British infantry and all 
commissioned officers of the early United States militia. 

Spook (spook), n. [D.] A spirit ; ghost ; apparition ; hob- 
goblin. — spook'ish, spook'y (-1), a. All Humorous. 

spool (spool), n. [OD. spoele.] 1. A cylinder, esp. one with 
a rim or ridge at each end and an axial hole for a pin or spin- 
dle, used to wind thread or yarn on. 2. Something resem- 
bling a spool (in sense 1). — v. t. To wind on a spool. 

spoon (spoon), n. [ME. spon spoon, chip, AS. spon a chip.] 
1. A utensil having a small shallow bowl, with a handle, 
used esp. in cooking or eating. 2. Something resembling a 
spoon (in sense 1 ) ; as : a = SPOON hook, b Naval Ord- 



Spoonbill. 





nance. An extension outboard of the top of a torpedo tube 
to keep the torpedo horizontal when launched. C Golf. (1) 
Formerly, a wooden club with a concave face. (2) Now, a 
wooden club with a shorter shaft than a brassy and a face of 
medium loft without concavity. 

— v. t. 1. To take up in or as in a spoon. 2. Fishing. To 
catch by fishing with a spoon 
hook. 3. In croquet, golf, etc., 
to push or shove (a ball) with 
a lifting motion. — v. i. 1. 
To fish with a spoon hook. 2. In 
croquet, golf, etc., to spoon a ball. 

spoon, n. A silly person; esp., a 
silly lover. Slang. — v. i. To act 
in a spoony fashion. Slang. 

Spoon'bill' (spoon'bTIO, n. Any of 
several wading birds (genera Pla- 
talea and Ajaia), closely allied to 
the ibises, having the bill greatly 
expanded. 

spoon'drift (spoon'drift), n. Spray 
blown from waves during a gale at sea ; spindrift. 

spoon'ful (-fool), n.; pi. -euls (-fdolz). As much as a spoon 
can contain ; usually, a teaspoonful. 

spoon hook. A form of lure for fishing, usually consisting of 
a piece carrying a revolv- 
ing spoon-shaped plate of 
bright metal and a hook or 
hooks at one end, attached 
to the line by a swivel. 

spoon'y, spoon'ey Spoon Hook, 

(spoon'!), a. Silly ; soft ; foolishly or demonstratively fond. 
Slang. — n.; pi. -nies, -neys. A spoony. person. Slang. 

spoor (spoor), n. [D.] The track or trail of a wild animal. — 
v. i. & t. To follow or track by a spoor. 

spo-rad'ic (spo-rad'Tk), a. [Gr. a-n-opaSiKos scattered.] Oc- 
curring singly, or apart from others of the same kind, or 
in scattered instances; separate; single. — spo-rad'i-cal 
(-i-kal), a. — spo-rad'i-cal-ly, adv. — cal-ness, n. 

spo'ra-do-sid'er-ite (spo'rd-do-sid'er-It), n. [Gr. airop&s, 
-ados, scattered + siderite.~] The commonest form of me- 
teorite, almost entirely crystalline in structure, with dis- 
seminated grains of nickel iron. 

spo-ran'gi-um (spo-ran'ji-iim), n.; pi. -gia (-a). [NL ; 
Gr. (nropos seed + ayyelov receptacle.] Bot. A case or sac 
containing spores ; specif., the sac in which asexual spores 
are produced. — spo-ran'gi-al (-al), a. 

spore (spor ; 57), n. [Gr. airopa or airdpos a sowing, seed, 
fr. 0-ireipei.v to sow.] Biol. Any of various primitive repro- 
ductive bodies, typically unicellular, produced by plants 
and some protozoans. A spore is a nucleated mass of proto- 
plasm, with or without a cell wall, capable of growth into a 
new individual either independently (asexual spore) or 
through union (sexual spore). — v. i. Bot. To form or de- 
velop spores, as a plant. 

spore case. Bot. A sporangium. 

spore fruit. Bot. An ascocarp. 

spore mother cell. Bot. In plants bearing sporangia, as the 
ferns and seed plants, the mother cell of a spore. These 
cells are the product of the final division of the archespore ; 
each develops a group of four spores called a tetrad. 

spo-rif'er-OUS (-ni'er-us), a. Bearing or producing spores, 

sporo-. [Gr. uriropa or o-iropos a sowing, seed.] Combining 
form for spore. 

spo'ro-carp (spo'ro-karp), n. Bot. a In the red algae (Rho- 
dophycese) and ascomycetous fungi, the multicellular body 
which develops from a fertilized archicarp or procarp; a 
cystocarp. It produces a number of asexual spores called 
carpospores. b In mosses, the sporogonium. 

spo'ro-cyst (-sist), n. 1. Zobl. a (1) The case or cyst se- 
creted by certain protozoans preliminary to sporulation. (2) 
A protozoan in such an encysted condition, b In certain 
trematode worms, a saclike stage which buds off cells from 
the membrane lining its internal cavity. 2. Bot. Sporocyte. 

spo'ro-cyte (-sit), n. Bot. A spore mother cell. 

spo'ro-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. Biol, a Reproduction by 
spores, b Spore formation. 

spo-rog'e-nous (spo-roj r e-nits),a. Biol, a Producing spores. 
b Reproducing by spores. 

spo'ro-go'ni-um (spo'ro-go'nT-um), n.; L. pi. -nia (-a). 
[NL. See sporo- ; -gony.] Bot. The asexual generation, 
or sporophyte, in mosses, consisting of a stalk (seta) bear- 
ing a theca, or capsule in which spores are produced. 

spo'ro-phore (spo'ro-for; 57), n. Bot. A spore-bearing 
branch or organ ; that part of the thallus of a sporophyte 
which develops spores ; in seed plants, the placenta. 

spo'ro-phyll (spo'rS-fil), n. Also spo'ro-phyl. Bot. A 
spore-bearing leaf ; a leaf more or less modified in form and 
structure \*hich develops sporangia. 

spo'ro-phyte (spo'ro-fft), n. Bot. In plants exhibiting 
alternation of generations, the generation which bears 
asexual spores ; — opp. to gametophyte. 



;51e, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
lise, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



■SPOROUS 



931 



SPRING 



-SporOUS. A suffix used to signify having spores. 

spo'ro-zo'an (spo'ro-zo'an), a. \_sporo- + Gr. %£>ov ani- 
mal.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a class of protozoans consisting 
exclusively of parasitic forms, which pass through a com- 
plicated life history comprising both asexual and sexual 
generations, in the course of which reproduction by sporu- 
lation takes place. The group includes various pathogenic 
members, as the malaria parasite. — n. One of this class. 

spo'ro-ZO'ite (-zo'It), n. Zool. In certain sporozoans, a 
small active spore, esp. one of those produced by division of 
the passive spores into which the zygote divides. 

spor'ran (spor'an), n. [Gael. sporan.~] A large purse or 
pouch of skin with the hair or fur on, worn in front of the 
kilt by Highlanders in full dress. See kilt, Illust. 

sport (sport ; 57), n. [Abbr. fr. ME. desport, disport. See 
disport.] 1. That which diverts, and makes mirth ; pas- 
time ; amusement. 2. Specif., an outdoor pastime, as hunt- 
ing or fishing done for recreation, or an outdoor athletic 
game, as baseball or lawn tennis ; — extended also to cover 
such indoor games as bowling, rackets, etc. 3. a Pleasantry; 
raillery ; as, he questioned them in sport. b Mock ; mock- 
ery ; derision ; as, they make sport of me. 4. a A thing driven 
about in or as in play ; plaything. Rare, exc. : b Fig., a butt 
for mirth or derision. 5. Dalliance ; amorous play. Obs. 6. 
One interested in sports, now esp. for gambling ; hence : a 
gambler ; also, a flashy, cheap person. Colloq. 7. Biol, a A 
sudden spontaneous deviation or variation from the type ; 
amutation. bSpecif., Bot., a bud variation. — Syn.Game, 
frolic, mirth. See play. [esp. in public. Colloq.l 

— v. t. 1. To divert ; amuse. Obs. 2. To show, use, or wear \ 
to sport one's oak. See oak, n. 3. 

— v. i. 1. To play ; frolic ; also, to wanton. 2. To engage in 
sports ; also, to bet habitually. 3. To trifle ; speak or act in 
jest. 4. Biol, a To deviate or vary abruptly from the type ; 
mutate, b Specif., Bot., to exhibit bud variation. 

sport'ful (sport'fool), a. Full of sport ; merry ; playful. — 
sport'ful-ly, adv. — sport'ful-ness, n. 

spor'tive (spor'tiv), a. 1. Tending to, or engaged in, sport ; 
gay ; frolicsome ; playful ; merry. 2. Relating to sports, 
esp. field sports. 3. Amorous ; wanton. Obs. — spor/tive- 
ly, adv. — spor'tive-ness, n. 

sports'man (sports'man), n.^ 1. One who pursues sports, 
esp. of the field. 2. One who in sports is fair and generous ; 
a good loser and a graceful winner. — sports'man-like, 
sports'man-ly, a. — sports'wom'an (-woom'an), n.Jem. 

sports'man-ship, n. The art or skill of sportsmen ; what- 
ever is characteristic of sportsmen. 

Sport'y (spor'ti ; 57), a.; sport'i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-est. Char- 
acteristic of a sport or a sporting man ; flashy. Colloq. 

spor'U-late (spor'6"6-lat), v. i. Bot. To undergo sporulation. 

spor'U-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Biol. Formation of spores; esp., 
division into many small spores (esp. after encystment). 

spor'ule (spor'ool), n. Biol. A small spore. 

spot (spot), n. 1. A mark made by foreign matter ; blot. 2. 
A stain on character or reputation ; fault ; blemish. 3. A 
small part differing, as in color, finish, or material, from the 
main part, or from the ground upon which it is ; as, the 
leopard's spots. 4. A small extent of space ; a place ; as, in 
this spot. 5. A scisenoid food fish (Leiostomus xanthu- 
rus) of the Atlantic 
coast of the United 
States , marked with 
dark bars and two 
black spots. 

—v.t.; spot'ted; 
-ting. 1. To mark 
in or with spots; 
stain. 2. To blem- 
ish; disgrace. 3.To 
mark or note so as Spot {Leiostomus xanihurtis). 
to insure recognition ; hence : to recognize ; detect. Cant. 4. 
To place on a spot. — v. i. To become stained with spots. 

— a. Lit., being on the spot ; hence : Commerce, a On hand 
lor immediate delivery after sale ; as, spot wheat, b Paid 
or ready for payment on delivery ; as, spot cash. 

spot'less, a. Without a spot; esp., free from reproach or 
impurity. — Syn. Blameless, unblemished, immaculate, 
irreproachable. — spot'less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. 

spot'lighf (-lit'), n. The projected spot or circle of light 
used to illuminate brilliantly a single person or object or 
group on the stage ; hence, conspicuous public notice. Cf. 
limelight. Cant or Colloq. [ished.l 

Spot'ted (-ed), p. a. Marked with spots ; fig., sullied ; blem-| 
spotted crake, a small European rail (Porzana maruetta) 
similar to the American sora. — s. fever, Med., any of va- 
rious eruptive fevers ; esp., typhus fever or epidemic cere- 
brospinal meningitis. — s. sandpiper, a common sand- 
piper (Actitis macularia) , the under parts of the adult being 
spotted with black in summer. 

Spot'ter (-er), n. One who, or that which, spots ; Cant, U. S., 
one employed to detect dishonesty or irregularities, [spots. | 

Spot'ty (-1), a. ; -ti-er ; -ti-est. Full of, or marked withj 




spous'al (spouz'ttt), n. Marriage ; nuptials ; — usually " i 
pi. — a. Of or pertaining to a spouse or marriage ; nuptial. 

spouse (spouz), n. [OF. espous, espos, fern, espouse, fr. L. 
sponsus, sponsa.'] Either one of a married couple. — v. t. 
To wed ; espouse. 06s. or Archaic. 

spout (spout), v. t. 1. To throw out forcibly and abundant- 
ly, as liquids, esp. in a jet or stream. 2. To utter magnilo- 
quently or volubly ; as, to spout verses. 3. To pawn. Slang. 
— v. i. 1. To issue with violence or copiousness, as in a jet. 
2. To eject material in a jet. 3. To utter a speech, esp. 
pompously or volubly.-— n. 1. That through which any- 
thing spouts or is carried so as to issue in a stream. 2. A 
shoot or lift often formerly used in a pawnbroker's shop ; 
hence, Slang, a pawnbroker's shop. 3. A discharge or jet 
of water or other liquid, esp. when rising in a column ; 
specif., a waterspout. — spout'er, n. \_Rare.\ 

sprack (sprak), sprag (sprag), a. Alert ; active. Dial. or\ 

sprag (sprag), n. A billet of wood, as a block for a wheel. 

sprain (spran), v. t. [OF. espreindre to press, force out, fr. 
L. exprimere. See express, v. t.~] To weaken, as a joint or 
muscle, by sudden and excessive exertion or strain. — Syn. 
See strain. — n. 1. Act of spraining ; sudden or violent 
overstrain or wrenching. 2. Condition caused by spraining. 

sprang (sprang), pret. of spring. 

sprat (sprat), n. [AS. sprott.'] A European fish (Pomolo- 
bus sprattus) closely allied to the common herring and the 
pilchard ; also, any of various other fishes, esp. of the her- 
ring family. 

sprawl (sprol), v. i. [AS. spreawlian."] 1. To struggle, esp. 
convulsively ; now, to move awkwardly, when lying down. 
2. To spread the limbs carelessly, while recumbent. _ 3. To 
spread or climb irregularly or in a straggling fashion, as 
vines. — v. t. To cause to sprawl. — n. Act or posture of 
sprawling 1 — sprawl'er, n. 

spray (spra), n. 1. A branch with small branches, esp. bear- 
ing foliage or flowers. 2. Something resembling a spray 
(def. 1), as a decorative design or ornament. 

spray, n. 1. Liquid flying in small drops or particles, as the 
wind-blown spume from the sea. 2. An instrument for pro- 
ducing or applying a spray (def. l). — v.t.&i. 1. To scat- 
ter in spray ; discharge spray. 2. To throw spray on ; as, to 
spray a tree. — spray/er (-er), n. 

spray'ey (-1), a. Consisting of or like sprays ; branching. 

spray'ey, a. Consisting of or resembling spray, as of water. 

spread (spred), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. spread ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
spreading. [AS. sprsedan.'] 1. To scatter ; distribute, or 
cause to extend, over a surface ; strew. 2. To stretch or ex- 
pand to a greater extent or to the full size ; open ; unfurl ; 
as, to spread a sail. 3. To stretch forth ; extend ; as, the 
tree spreads its branches. 4. a To divulge ; disseminate ; 
as, to spread a report, b To propagate, as a disease. C To 
diffuse, as effluvia ; emit. 5. a To cover or overlay ; as, to 
spread a floor with rugs, b To prepare ; set and furnish, as 
with provisions ; as, to spread a table. 6. To recount ; set 
forth openly or at length ; as, the matter was spread on the 
record. 7. To push or force apart ; as, the locomotive 
spreads the rails. 8. To make a pretentious show of (one's 
self) ; as, he spread himself in that address. Slang, U. S. — 
Syn. Propagate, disperse, scatter, publish, circulate. — v. i. 
1. To become spread. 2. To be extended or stretched ; 
expand. 3. To be forced, or to become, apart or farther 
apart ; as, the rails spread. 

— n. 1. Extension ; diffusion ; expansion ; as, the spread of 
learning. 2. Extent ; compass ; expanse. 3. A cloth to cover 
a table or a bed. 4. A table as spread with a meal ; hence : 
meal ; feast ; banquet. Colloq. 5. Speculation. An option 
in the nature of a put and a call in which the put price is 
different from the call price. 

spread'-ea'gle.a. Pretentious; boastful; bombastic. Colloq. 
& Humorous, U. S. 

spread'er, n. One who, or that which, spreads. 

spree (spre), n. 1. A frolic. 2. A drunken carousal ; a de- 
bauch. — v. i.; spreed (spred); spree'ing. To carouse. 

Spreng'el ex-plo'sive (spreng'el; shpreng'el). Any of a 
class of high explosives, formed by mixing, just before use, 
an oxidizing and a combustible ingredient, neither of which 
by_ itself is explosive ; — so named from the inventor. 

sprig (sprig), n. 1. A small shoot, twig, or the like. 2. A 
scion ; youth ; lad. Chiefly Humorous or Disparaging. 3. 
A brad or nail with no head. — v. t. ; sprigged (sprigd) ; 
sprig'ging (-ing). 1. To mark or adorn with sprigs ; as, to 
sprig muslin. 2. To strip (a shrub, plant, etc.) of a sprig or 
sprigs; also, to pluck (a sprig or sprigs). 3. To drive 
sprigs, or brads, into. — sprig'ger (sprig'er), n. 

sprig'gy (-T), a. Full of sprigs or small branches. 

spright (sprit). Archaic var. of sprite. 

spright'ly (sprit'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. Having 
animation ; lively ; brisk ; airy ; gay. — adv. Spiritedly. 
Obs. — Syn. See lively. — sprightli-ness (-li-nes), n. 

spring (spring), v. i.; pret. sprang (sprang) or sprung 
(sprung) ; p. p. sprung ; p. pr. & vb. n. spring'ing. [AS. 
springan.'] 1. To leap ; bound. 2. To start or rise sud- 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with, » equals. 



N 



SPRINGAL 



932 



SPUR 







R 



denly, as from a covert ; also, to dart ; shoot. 3. To fly 
back ; recoil, as a bent bow. 4. To bend ; warp, as a plank. 

5. a To shoot up, out, or forth ; emerge ; arise ; issue, as a 
plant from its seed, a stream from its source, etc. b Specify 
of the day, to dawn. Archaic or Poetic. 6. a To tower ; 
rise, as a spire, b Arch. To start from the impost, rounding 
upward and outward ; — said of a vault or arch. - 

«— v. t. 1. To cause to spring. 2. To produce or disclose sud- 
denly or unexpectedly ; as, to spring a surprise. 3. a To 
crack ; split, b To bend or strain so as to weaken, as a mast. 
4. To explode, as a mine. 5. To cause to close suddenly ; as, 
to spring a trap. 6. To bend by force ; force or put by bend- 
ing ; as, to spring in a slat or a bar. 7. To leap over ; as, to 
spring a fence. 

is— n. 1. Act of springing, as a leap, jump, recoil, rebound, 
etc. 2. a The first stage ; early portion, b Season of the year 
when plants begin to vegetate, usually including March, 
April, and May in the north temperate zone. Spring, of 
the astronomical year, begins with the vernal equinox and 
ends with the summer solstice. Also used fig. 3. Any source 
of supply, esp. that of a stream ; an issue of water from the 
earth ; natural fountain. 4. An elastic body or device that 
recovers its original shape when released after being dis- 
torted. 5. Cause ; origin ; motive ; as, springs of conduct. 

6. Elastic power or force or a motion indicative of this ; as, 
he walked with a spring. 7. A lively tune or dance. 06s._ or 
Scot. 8. Naut. A crack, fissure, or permanent deformation 
in a mast or yard. 

Spring'al (spring'al), spring'ald (-aid), n. [OF. espring- 
ale.] A medieval military engine for casting stones and 
arrows by means of a spring. 06s. or Hist. 

Spring'al, spring'ald, n. [Scot, springald, springel, fr. 
Scot. & E. spring.] An active young man ; stripling. 06s. 

Spring beauty. A portulacaceous plant (Claytonia vir- 
ginica) which in early spring sends up a 2-leaved stem bear- 
ing pink flowers ; also, any claytonia. 

Spring'board' (spring'bord' ; 57), n. An elastic board, se- 

i cured at the ends or at one end, used in performing feats 
of agility or in exercising. 

spring'bok' (-bbV), spring'buck' (-buk'), n. [D. spring- 
bok, lit., springbuck.] A South African ga- 
zelle ( Antidorcas euchore) noted for spring- 
ing lightly into the 
air. 

springe (spnnj),n. 
[ME. sprenge.] A 
noose_ fastened to 
a spring to catch 
small game ; snare, 

spring'er (spring'- 
er), ji. 1. One 
who, or that 
which, springs. 2. 
Arch. The stone 
or other solid 
which forms the 
impost. 3. a A Springbok, 

grampus, b A field spaniel. See spaniel, c The springbok. 

Spring gun. A firearm discharged by a spring when this 
is trodden upon or is otherwise moved. 

spring'halt' (-holt'), n. [spring + 2d halt.'] Stringhalt. 

spring'head' (-hed'), n. A fountain or source. 

spring'i-ness (-I-nes), n. Quality or state of being springy. 

Spring'ing (springing), n. 1. Act or process of one who, or 
that which, springs. 2. Arch. [In full springing line.] 
The line, usually horizontal, from which an arch springs. 

Spring'tail' (spring'tal'), n. Any of numerous small wing- 
less insects (suborder Collembola) whose 
caudal stylets enable them to leap. 

spring'tide' (spring'tld'), spring'time' 
(-timO, n. The season of spring. 

spring'y (spring'!), a.; spring'i-er (-i- 
er) ; -i-est. 1. Like a spring ; elastic. 2. 
Abounding with springs ; wet ; spongy. 

sprin'kle (sprfr/k'l), v. t.; -kled (-k'ld); 
-kling (-kling). 1. To scatter in drops or 
particles. 2. To scatter on ; besprinkle. — 
v. i. 1. To scatter, as a liquid, so that it 
falls in particles; be sprinkled. 2. To 
rain lightly in scattered drops. 

— n. A sprinkling ; esp., a slight rain. 

sprin'kler (-kler), n. One who, or that 
which, sprinkles. 

sprin'kling (-kling), n. Act of one who, or Springtail.Much 
that which, sprinkles, or a quantity sprin- enlarged, 
kled ; specif. : a A small quantity falling in scattered drops 
or particles, b A small number scattered, or as if scattered, 
here and there ; as, a sprinkling of people. 

sprint (sprint), v. i. To run at top speed. — n. A short run, 
row, or the like, at top speed. — Sprint'er (sprin'ter), n. 

Sprit (sprit), v.i. [AS. spryttan to sprout, bud. See sprout.] 
To sprout ; bud ; germinate, as barley steeped for malt. 






Spritsail. 
v . t. 1. To cause 




s R rit ?r n ' [AS-spr^of.] 1. A pole, as for use in punting. Ena. 

2. Naut. A small pole or spar which 

crosses a fore-and-aft sail diagonally. 
sprite (sprit), n. [OF. esprit, fr. L. spir- 

itus. See spirit.] 1. A shade ; ghost ; 

spirit ; apparition. 2. Elf ; fairy ; goblin. 
sprit'sail' (sprit 'sal'; naut. -s'l), n. 

Naut. A sail extended by a sprit. 
sprock'et (sprok'et ; 24), n. Mach. a A 

tooth, as on a wheel (sprocket wheel) 

shaped so as to engage with a chain, b A 

sprocket wheel. 
sprout (sprout), v. i. [AS. sprutan.] To 

germinate, as a seed ; form new shoots. - 

to sprout. 2. To deprive of sprouts. Dial, or Colloq. — n 

1. lne shoot of a plant. 2. In pi. Brussels sprouts, 
spruce (sproos), n. [ME. Spruce or Pruse Prussia: be 

cause first known as 

a native of Prussia, 

or because its 

sprouts were used 

for making spruce 

beer."] 1. a Any of 

a genus (Picea) of 

pinaceous ever- 
green trees, as the 

Norway spruce 

(P. abies) and the 

American black 

spruce (P. mari- White Spruce. Leaves and Cones. 

ana), b The wood of any of these trees. 2. Any of several 

other coniferous trees, as the Douglas spruce, hemlock 

spruce (which see). 

— a.; spruc'er (sproos'er) ; spruc'est (-est). 1. Neat and 
dapper ; smart ; trim ; — sometimes implying lack of dig- 
nity. 2. Overnice ; affectedly fastidious ; fussy. — Syn. 
See finical. 

— v.t.& i. ; spruced (sproost) ; spruc'ing (sproos'ing). To 
dress smartly ; give or restore a look of neatness to ; — often 
with up. NowColloq. — spruce'ly, adv. — spruce'ness,re. 

spruce beer. [G. sprossenbier ; sprosse sprout, shoot + 
bier beer.] A fermented beverage flavored with spruce, esp. 
one made from spruce twigs and leaves, boiled with sugar. 

sprue (sproo), re. Founding, a The hole through which 
metal is poured into the gate and thence into the mold, b 
The_ waste piece cast in this hole ; hence, dross. 

spruit (sprut), n. [D., a sprig, shoot, sprout.] A small 
affluent of a river, often dry. South Africa. 

sprung (sprung), pret. & p. p. of spring. 

spry (sprl), a.; spri'er or spry'er; spri'est or spry'est. 
Nimble ; active. Colloq. & Dial. 

spud (spud), n. 1. A sharp, narrow spade, esp. for digging 
up large-rooted weeds. 2. A potato. Dial. & Colloq. 3. 
Something short and thick ; Local, U. S., a piece of fried 
dough. — v. t. ; spud'ded ; -ding. To dig with a spud. 

spud'der (spiid'er), n. = 1st barker. 

spue (spu). Obs. or Scot. & Dial. var. of spew. 

spume (spurn), re. [L. spuma.] Froth; foam; scum. — 
v. i.; spumed (spumd) ; spum'ing (spum'ing). To froth; 
foam. — spu'mous (spu'mfc), spum'y (spum-'i), a. 

spu-mes'cent (spu-mes'ent), o. [L. spumescens, p. pr. of 
spumescere to grow foamy, fr. spuma foam.] Like froth 
or foam ; foaming. — spu-mes'cence (-ens), re. 

spun (spun), pret. & p. p. of spin. 
spun silk, a cheap fiber, made from floss silk, carded and 
spun, often mixed with cotton. — s. yarn, small rope or 
small stuff of rope yarns loosely twisted, as for seizings. 

spunk (spunk), re. [Gael, spong tinder, sponge, or Ir. sponc, 
fr. L. spongia sponge.] 1. Wood that readily takes firs ; 
touchwood ; also, tinder made from a species of fungus ; 
punk. 2. A spark or gleam ; a little fire. 3. Spirit ; mettie ; 
also, anger ; passion. Colloq. — v. i. To kindle. Colloq. 

spiink'y (spunk'T), a.; spunk'i-er (-T-er); -i-est. Full of 
spunk ; mettlesome ; also, touchy. Colloq. 

spur (spur), re. [AS. spur a, spora.] 1. A pointed imple- 
ment secured to a rider's heel to urge the horse by its pres- 
sure. 2. A goad to action ; an incitement ; as, on the spur 
of the moment. 3. Something suggesting a spur ; as : a A 
projecting root or short branch of a tree, b Ergot of rye. 
C A hollow spurlike part of a corolla or calyx, as in the 
larkspur, d Any stiff sharp spine, as on the wings and legs 
of certain birds ; esp., the spine on a cock's leg. See poultry, 
Illust. e A metal spine or gaff for fastening to the leg of a 
gamecock, for fighting. 4. In permanent fortifications, a 
buttress of_ masonry projecting at intervals from a wall 
which requires reenforcement. 5. Arch, a A short wooden 
brace of a post, b = 2d griffe. 6. Carp. A brace ; strut. 7. 
A ridge or lesser elevation that extends laterally from a 
mountain or range of mountains. 

— v. t. ; spurred (spfird) ; spur'ring. 1. To prick with 
spurs ; hence : to incite ; stimulate ; instigate. 2. To pro- 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Sse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SPURGALL 



933 



SQUARENESS 



To spur 



vide with a spur or spurs ; to put gaffs on. — v. i 
on one's horse ; hasten. 

spur/gall' (-g61')i n. A gall or wound from the sour. 

spurge (spurj), re. [OF. espurge, fr. espurgier to purge, L. 
expurgate. See expurgate.] Any of a genus {Euphorbia) 
of plants, mostly shrubby and yielding bitter, milky juice. 

Spur gear. Mach. A spur wheel ; also, gear consisting es- 
sentially of such wheels. — spur gearing. 

spur'— heeled' (spur'heldO, a. Zo'ol. Having the claw of the 
hind toe elongated and straight, as the larks. 

spu'ri-OUS (spu'ri-ws), a. [L. spurius.~] 1. Bastard. 2. 
Not proceeding from the true source ; not genuine ; coun- 
terfeit ; false. 3. Bot. Being (such or so) superficially but 
not morphologically ; as, a spurious fruit. See fruit, II- 
lust. — Syn. Adulterate, supposititious, fictitious. See ar- 
tificial. — spu'ri-ous-ly, adv. — spu'ri-ous-ness, n. 

spurn (spurn), v. t. [AS. spurnan to kick, offend.] 1. To 
kick ; drive back or away as with the foot. 2. To reject 
with disdain ; treat with contempt ; as, to spurn an offer. 
— v. i. 1. To kick. Obs. or R. 2. To manifest disdain in 
rejecting anything ; make contemptuous opposition. — re. 
1. A kick. Rare. 2. Disdainful rejection; contemptuous 
treatment. — spurn'er, re. 

spurred (spurd), a. Having a spur or spurs. 

spur'rer (spur'er), re. One who, or that which, spurs. 

spur'ri-er (spur'I-er), re. One who makes spurs. 

spur'ry \ (spur'i), re. ; pi. -ries (-iz) ; -reys (-iz). QD. or 

spur'rey / OF. spurrie.~\ Any of several small silena- 
ceous herbs ; esp., a white-flowered European herb (Sper- 
gula arvensis) with whorled filiform leaves. 

spurt (spurt), v. i. [AS. spryttan to sprout.] To gush out ; 
spout forth ; jet. — x t. To expel, as a liquid, in a jet ; 
squirt. — re. A sudden gushing forth, as of liquor ; a jet : 

spurt, re. A sudden manifestation of pent-up strength ; in- 
creased exertion for a short time. — v. i. To make a spurt. 

spur track. Railroads. A short branch line of track ; esp., a 
side track joined to its main line by a single switch. 

spur wheel. Mach. The simplest form of toothed wheel, 
having teeth parallel to the axis. 

sput'ter (sput'er), v. i. ; -tered (-erd) ; 
-ter-ing. 1. To spit small, scattered 
particles, as in slovenly and rapid speak- 
ing ; splutter. 2. To utter words hastily 
and indistinctly. 3. To throw out any- 
thing, as jets of steam, with a noise as of 
one sputtering, as green wood burning. 

— v. t. 1. To eject rapidly and in par- 
ticles, with a spluttering sound. 2. To 
utter spasmodically and confusedly. Spur Wheel. _ 

— re. 1. Act of sputtering. 2. Moist matter thrown out in 
small particles. 3. Confused and excited speech ; hence: 
fuss ; ado. — sput'ter-er, re. 

spu'tum (spu'tum), re.; pi. sputa (-td). [L., fr. spuere, 
sputum, to spit.] That which is expectorated ; spittle. 

spy (spl), v. t. ; spied (spld) ; spy'ing. [OF. espier, of Teu- 
tonic origin.] 1. To discover at a distance, or in a state of 
concealment ; espy ; see. 2. To discover by close searchor 
examination ; as, to spy a secret fault. 3. To explore ; in- 
spect secretly ; — usually used with out; as, they spied out 
the land. — v. i. 1. To scrutinize. 2. To watch secretly ; — 
often used with on or upon. 

— n. ; pi. spies (spiz). 1. One who watches, esp. secretly or 
furtively, the conduct of others. 2. One who, clandestinely 
or on false pretenses, obtains or seeks information in the 
zone of operations of a belligerent, with intent to communi- 
cate to the enemy. Soldiers or aviators in uniform passing 
through or over the enemy's lines for this purpose are not 
spies. Spies are subject to be shot. 

spy'glass' (-glas'), re. A small telescope. 

squab (skwob), a. 1. Fat ; short and thick. 2. Unfledged ; 
recently hatched. — n. 1. A nestling of a pigeon or simi- 
lar bird. 2. A short, fat person. 3. A cushion ; also, a sofa. 

squab, adv. With a heavy fall ; plump. Colloq. or Dial. 

squab'ble (skwobH), v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). To 
quarrel noisily ; wrangle. — v . t. Print. To disarrange so 
that readjustment is necessary ; — said of composed type. 

— n. A noisy dispute ; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. 
squab'bler (-ler), n. One who squabbles ; a brawler. 
squab'by (-T), a. ; -bi-er ; -bi-est. Short and thick ; squat. 
squad (skwod), n. [F. escouade, earlier esquadre, fr. It. 

squadra, L. ex + quadra a square.] 1. Mil. A small party 
of men grouped for drill, inspection, or other purpose. 2. 
Hence, any small group of individuals engaged in a common 
enterprise or effort. 
squad'ron (skwod'run), n. [F. escadron, formerly also 
esquadron, fr. It. squadron^. See squad.] 1. A square of 
troops. Obs. or Rare. 2. Any body of men in regular forma- 
tion _; specif., Mil., a division of a cavalry regiment. 3. Nav. 
A division of a fleet ; in the United States navy, eight ves- 
sels, regarded as the tactical unit ; also, from two to eight 
ships on the same station or service. 4. Aeronautics. A di- 
vision or detachment of a fleet of aircraft. 




— v. t. To form into, or arrange in, squadrons; hence, to 
array in formal order. — squadroned (-rfind), a. 

squail (skwal), re. 1. A disk or counter used in the game of 
squails. Archaic. 2. [In form squaila, construed as a sing.J 
An old game in which disks or counters on a table are 
snapped at a mark in the center. Now Rare. 

squal'id (skwol'Td), a. [L. squalidus, fr. squalere to be 
foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect ; foul ; filthy. — Syn. 
See dirty. — squa-lid'i-ty (skwo-ITd'I-ti), n. — squal'- 
id-ly, adv. — squal'id-ness, n. 

squall (skwol), n. A sudden violent gust of wind, often 
with rain or snow. — v. i. To blow a squall. 

squall, v. i. & t. To cry out or scream violently. — n. A 
harsh, piercing cry. — squall'er, re. 

squall'y (skwol'i), a. ; squall'i-er ( T-er) ; -i-est. Abound- 
ing with or threatening squalls. 

squal'or (skwol'or; skwa'lor), re. [L., fr. squalere to be 
filthy.] Squalidness ; miserable and unkempt condition. 

squa'ma (skwa'md), n.; pi. squamae (-me). [L., a scale.] 
Biol. A scale or scalelike structure. 

squa'mate (-mat), a. [L. squamatus."] Scaly. 

squa-ma'tion (skwd-ma'shwn), n. 1. State or quality of be- 
ing squamate. 2. The arrangement of scales on an animal. 

squa-mo'sal (-mo'sal), a. 1. Scalelike; squamous. 2. 
Zo'ol. Designating, or pert, to, a membrane bone of the 
skull of many vertebrates, corresponding to the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone of man. 

squa'mous (skwa'mus), squa'mose (skwa'mos; skwd- 
mos'), a. [L. squamosus, fr. squama a scale.] Scaly ; 
specif., Anat., designating, or pert, to, the anterior upper 
portion of the temporal bone of man and various mam- 
mals. — squa'mous-ness, n. [squamous. I 

squam'u-lose (skwam'u-los; skwa'mu-), a. Minutely| 

squan'der (skwonMer), v. t. & i. 1. To scatter; disperse. 
06s. or Rare. 2. To spend lavishly, profusely, or waste- 
fully ; dissipate. — Syn. Expend, waste, scatter. — n. Act 
of squandering ; waste. Rare. — squan'der-er, n. 

square (skwar), n. [OF. esquarre, deriv. of L. ex -f- quad- 
rus, adj., square, quattuor four.] 1. A parallelogram hav- 
ing four equal sides and four right angles. 2. Anything of, 
or approximating to, this form ; specif. Agric, the bracts 
subtending the flower of the cotton plant. 3. A quadrilat- 
eral area bounded by streets, or the distance along one 
side of it. 4. An open place or area, as at the meeting of 
streets. 5. An instrument having at least one right angle 
and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test 
square work. 6. The fact of having, or conformity to, a 
true square ; as, to be out of square. 7. A standard ; canon. 
Obs. 8. Mil. A body of troops in square formation. 9. 
Arith. & Alg. The product of a number or quantity multi- 
plied by itself ; as, 9 is the square of 3. 
on the square, a At right angles ; not obliquely, b In 
an open, fair manner ; honestly. Colloq. c On equal terms. 

— v. t. ; squared (skward) ; squaring (skwar'ing). 1. To 
form with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. To 
form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces ; 
also, to measure iu order to find the deviation from a right 
angle, straight line, or plane surface. 3. To bring approxi- 
mately to a right angle ; as, to square one's shoulders. 4. 
To compare with, or reduce to, any given standard ; ad- 
just ; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others. 5. 
To make even ; balance ; settle ; as, to square accounts. 

6. Math. To multiply (a number or a quantity) by itself. 

7. Math. To find a square equal in area to ; as, to square a 
circle (an impossible operation) ; to square a triangle. 8. 
To induce to favorable or satisfactory action or attitude by 
a gift or a bargain, esp. a corrupt one ; bribe. Slang. 9. To 
place accurately in position, as in bearings. 

— v. i. 1. To accord, conform, or agree ; fit ; — usually 
used with with. 2. To take a boxing attitude ; — often 
used with up or off. Colloq. 

— a. 1. Having four equal sides and four right angles. 2. 
Forming a right angle ; as, a square corner. 3. Squared ; 
converted from a linear unit into a square unit of area nav- 
ing the side of the same length ; as, a square foot. 4. Hav- 
ing a shape broad for the height, with rectilinear and angu- 
lar outlines ; as, a man of a square frame. 5. Exactly 
adjusted or correspondent ; hence : just ; exact ; honest ; as, 
square dealing. 6. Even ; leaving no balance ; as, to make 
accounts square. 7. Of a meal, etc., substantial ; satisfy- 
ing. Colloq. 8. Straightforward ; absolute ; unequivocal ; 
as, a square contradiction. 9. Naut. At right angles with 
the mast and keel. 

square bracket. Printing. See bracket, re. 3. — s. dance, 
a dance consisting of a set figure, or a series of figures, per- 
formed by an even number of couples, as a quadrille. — 
s. knot, a knot in which the terminal and standing parts 
are together and parallel each to the other ; a reef knot. 
See knot, Illust. — s. measure, the measure of areas in 
square units ; also, a system of such units. See measure. 
— s. piano. See piano. — s. root, Math., that root which, 
multiplied by itself, produces the given number or quanti- 
ty ; a second root. — square'ly, adv. — squareness, re. 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SQUARER 



934 



SQUIRT 



R 



SQliar'er ( skwSr'er ), to. One who, or that which, squares. 

square'-rigged' (skwar'ngd'), a. Naut. Having the prin- 
cipal sails extended on yards suspended horizontally at the 
middle ; — disting. from fore-and-aft. 

square'-toed' (-tod'), a. 1. Having the toe square, as a 
shoe. 2. Fig. : Old-fashioned ; precise ; prim. 

square'— toes' (-toz'), to. An old-fashioned, precise person. 

squar'rose (skwar'os ; skwo-ros'), a. [L. squarrosus scurfy, 
scabby.] Bot. & Zool. Rough with divergent scales or 
processes ; also, thickly crowded and rigid, as leaves. 

squash (skwosh), to. [Massachusetts Indian askutasquash, 
in which asq, pi. asquash, means raw, green, immature, 
applied to fruit and vegetables used green, or uncooked.] 
The fruit of any of several vines (genus Cucurbita) of the 
cucumber family ; also, the vine. 

squash, v. t. To beat or press into pulp or a flat mass ; 
crush. Colloq. — v. t. 1. To fall heavily and helplessly. 
Colloq. 2. To make a splashing or squelching sound. 
Colloq. — to. 1. Something soft and easily crushed ; specif., 
Obs. or Rare., an unripe pod of peas. 2. A sudden fall or 

' shock of a heavy, soft body. 3. A crushed mass. 4. A game 
much like rackets. — squash'er, to. 

Squash bug. A large black American hemipterous insect 
( Anasa tristis) injurious to squash vines. 

squash'y (skwosh'i), a. ; squash'i-er ; -i-est. Easily 
squashed ; soft ; esp., soft and wet. — squash/i-ness, to. 

squat (skwot), v. t. ; squat'ted or squat ; squat'ting. [OF. 
esquater, -tir.~\ To cause to crouch or squat ; — chiefly re- 
flexive. — v. i. 1. To sit down upon the hams or heels. 2. 
To sit or keep close to the ground. 3. To settle on land, 
esp. new or unoccupied land, without right or title ; also, to 
settle *n public land under government regulation with a 
view to acquiring title. 

— a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels ; crouching. 2. Short 
and thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. 

— to. The posture of one who, or that which, squats. 
squat'ter (skwot'er), to. One who, or that which, squats ; 

specif. : a One who settles on land, esp. new or unsettled 
land, without a right or title, b In the United States and 
Australia, sometimes, one who settles lawfully on govern- 
ment land with a view to acquiring title. 

squat'ty (skwot'i), a. Squat ; dumpy ; thickset. 

squaw (skwo), to. [Massachusetts Indian squa.~\ A female ; 
a woman ; — used with reference to North American Indians. 

squaw'fish' (skwo'fish'), to. A large cyprinoid fish (Ptycho- 
cheilus oregonensis) found in the Pacific coast rivers from 
central California northward. 

squawk (sk wok), v. i. [Imitative.] To utter a harsh, ab- 
rupt scream, as a fowl. — to. 1. Act or noise of squawking. 
?./The black-crowned night heron. — squawk'er, to. 

squaw man. A white man married to an Indian woman, 
and, usually, living as one of her tribe. 

squaw'root' (skwo'rootO, n. An American leafless fleshy 
plant (Conopholis americana) parasitic on oak roots. 

squeak (skwek), v. i. 1. To utter or make a squeak. 2. To 
break silence or secrecy ; confess ; betray. Slang. — v. t. 
1. To cause to squeak. 2. To utter or speak in a shrill 
piping tone. — to. A sharp, shrill, usually short, cry or 
sound. — squeak'er (-ex), to. [shave. Colloq.\ 

a narrow, or a near, squeak, a narrow escape ; a close| 

squeak'y (-1), a.; squeak'i-er; -i-est. Squeaking. — 
squeak'i-ly (skwek'Mi), adv. — squeak'i-ness, to. 

squeal (skwel), v. i. 1. To utter a squeal. _ 2. To turn in- 
former ; betray a secret. Slang. — to. A shrill, sharp, some- 
what prolonged cry. — squeal'er (-er), n. 

squeam'ish (skwem'ish), a. [ME. squaimous, sweymous, 
prob. fr. ME. sweem dizziness.] Inclined to be sick at the 
stomach ; qualmish ; hence : fastidious ; easily disgusted or 
offended. — Syn. Overnice, scrupulous. See nice. — 
squeam'ish-ly, adv. — squeam'ish-ness, to. 

squee'gee (skwe'je ; skwe-je'), to. A kind of scraper with a 
leather or rubber edge used for drying decks, windows, etc., 
by squeezing off the superfluous water ; hence : a smaller 
similar device used by photographers, lithographers, and 
others ; also, a squeegee roller. — v. t. ; -geed (-jed ; -jed') ; 
-gee-ing. To smooth, press, or treat with a squeegee. 

squeegee roller. A small India-rubber roller with a handle, 
used esp. in printing and photography as a squeegee. 

squeeze (skwez), v. t.; squeezed (skwezd) ; squeezing. 
[AS. cwesan, cwysan.~] 1. To exert pressure on opposite 
sides or parts of ; compress. 2. To force, gain, or procure by 
or as by pressure. 3. To make a squeeze of. See squeeze, 
to., 2. Cant. 4. To oppress, as with burdens, taxes, etc. — 
Syn. Constrict, hug, pinch, gripe. — v.i. To press ; crowd ; 
— often used with through, into, etc. 

— to. 1. Act of squeezing ; pressure. 2. A counterpart made 
by squeezing an object into a plastic substance. Cant. 

squeeze play. Baseball. A play in which, when there is a 
runner on third base and not more than one out, the batter 
bunts a pitched ball, the runner starting for home as soon 
as the pitcher makes a motion to pitch. Cant. 

SQUeez'er, to. One who, or that which, squeezes. 



squelch (sk welch), v. t. To quell or crush; hence to dis- 
comfit ; disconcert ; put down. Colloq. 

squelch, v. i. 1. To make a sound such as that made by a 
body plunging into water, mud, etc., or by a person walking 
in wet shoes. 2. To be or become silenced or discomfited. 
Colloq. — to. 1. A sound as of squelching in wet boots ; 
also, a heavy fall. 2. = squelcher. All Colloq. 

squelcher, n. A crushing argument or answer. Colloq. 

squib (skwib), to. 1. A paper tube or ball filled with gun- 
powder to be fired so as to burn and often to explode with a 
crack; hence, a broken firecracker the powder in which 
burns with a fizz. 2. Blasting. A kind of slow match or 
safety fuse. 3. A brief witty or sarcastic writing or speech ; 
lampoon ; also, Obs., a writer of lampoons. 

— v. i. ; squibbed (skwibd) ; squib'bing. 1. To move about 
restlessly. Obs. 2. To explode with a slight, sharp crack or 
a fizz. — v. t. 1. To throw, use, or explode, like a squib. 2. 
Tomake squibs or lampoons against ; pasquinade. 

squid (skwid), to. 1. Any ten-armed cephalopod (esp., anv 
species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, or a related genus) hav- 
ing a long, taper body, and a caudal fin on each side. 2. A 
heavily weighted jig used in fishing for bluefish. 

squier (skwlr). Obs. var. of square, squire. 

squil'gee (skwtl'je ; skwil-je'), to. 1. = squeegee. 2. 
Naut. A strap, or becket, and a toggle used to confine a 
studding sail while being set. 

— v. t. ; -geed (-jed ; -jed') ; -gee-ing. To squeegee. 
squill (skwil), to. [F. squille, L. squilla, scilla, Gr. oTciXXa.] 

1. a A bulb or root of the sea onion (Urginea maritima) 
cut in thin slices for use as an expectorant and diuretic ; — 
chiefly in pi. b The plant itself. 2. Any of a genus (Scilla) 
of liliaceous bulbous herbs with pink, blue, or white race- 
mose flowers borne on a naked scape. 

squil'la (skwil'd), to.; pi. E. -las (-dz), L. -L2E (-c). [L., 
prawn, shrimp.] Any of a genus (Squilla) of crustaceans 
which burrow in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. 

squinch (skwinch), to. Arch. A supporting arch, lintel, 
corbeling, or the like, across the corner J fl|iL ; j E r--j ,,,-j c 

' of a room. [peep. Eng . I |f| iryOsX-!"'', 

squin'ny (skwin'i), to. & v. Squint ;| 

squint (skwint), a. 1. Looking ob- 
liquely or askance. 2. Not having the U 
optic axes coincident ; — said of the 
eyes. 

— v. i. 1. To see or look obliquely or 
askance ; also, to look or peer with 
eyes partly closed. 2. To be cross- Squinch. 
eyed. 3. To deviate from a true line ; hence, to have an in- 
direct bearing or implication ; as, his remarks squint to- 
ward revolt. — v. t. 1. To cause to squint ; direcVobliquely. 

2. To close (the eyes or an eye) partly. Colloq. 

— to. 1. Act, fact, or habit of squinting. 2. Hence : a Med. 
Strabismus, b Arch. = hagioscope. — squint'er, to. 

squint'-eyed' (-TdO, a. Having eyes that squint ; cross- 
eyed ; hence : looking askance ; prejudiced ; malignant. 

squin'y (skwin'i ; skwin'i). Var. of squinny, squint. 

squir'arch-y, squire'arch-y (skwIr'ar-kT), to. ,- pi. -archies 
(-kiz). 1. The gentry collectively. 2. Government by the 
English landed gentry, or squires ; — alluding to their po- 
litical influence, esp. before the Reform Bill of 1832. 

squire (skwlr), to. [For esquire."] 1. A shield bearer or 
armor bearer of a knight. Cf. esquire, 1. 2. In England, 
a title of dignity next below knight, and above gentleman ; 
hence, also, in both England and America, a title of office 
and courtesy, most usually given in England to country 
gentlemen, in the United States to justices of the peace and 
to lawyers and judges. 3. A male attendant on a great per- 
sonage ; also, Colloq., a gallant devoted to a lady ; also, 
Obs., a procurer. 

— v. t.; squired (skwlrd); squir'ing (skwTr'ing). 1. To 
attend as a squire. 2. To attend as a beau, or gallant ; es- 
cort. Colloq. 

squire'ling, to. A petty squire. 

squirm (skwurm), v. i. To twist about with contortions 
like an eel or a worm ; wriggle ; writhe. — to. Act or fact of 
squirming ; wriggle. 

squir'rel (skwur'el ; skwir'-), to. [OF. esquireul, escureul, 
fr. LL. dim. of L. sciurus, Gr. ffulovpos; ap- 
parently fr. Gr. ff/u& shade + ovp& tail.] 1. 
Any of various small or medium-sized rodents 
(family Sciuridse) ; esp. any of the arboreal 
forms with a long bushy tail and 
strong hind legs. 2. In Australia, 
any of certain flying phalangers. 

squirrel corn. An American pa- 
paveraceous herb (Bikukulla x 
canadensis) with much-divided, 
leaves and a scape bearing a ra- 
ceme of cream-colored flowers. 

squirt (skwurt), v. t. & i. To eject 
or come forth, as water, in a stream cut of a narrow pipe 
or orifice ; spurt ; jet. 





Fox Squirrel. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



SQUIRTER 



935 



STAGHOUND 



squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecballium elaierium), of the 
cucumber family, the fruit of which forcibly ejects its seeds. 

— n. 1. Act of squirting ; also, an instrument for squirting a 
liquid. 2. A small, quick stream ; jet. — squirt'er, n. 

stab (stab), v. t. ; stabbed (stabd) ; stab'bing. 1. To pierce 
with or as with a pointed weapon ; as, to stab a man. 2. To 
thrust or drive (a pointed weapon, etc.). — v. i. To thrust 
or give a wound with or as with a pointed weapon. 

— n. A thrust of, or a wound made by or as by, a pointed 
weapon. — Stabler, n. 

Stat)ile (sta'bil ; stab'Tl), a. [L. stabilis, fr. stare to stand.] 
Stationary ; not moving ; — specif., in electrotherapeutics, 
opposed to labile ; as, stabile electrodes. See labile, a. 

Sta-bil'i-ty (std-bTl'T-tT), n. 1. State or quality of being 
stable ; steadiness ; firmness ; as, the stability of a struc- 
ture. 2. Fixedness ; — opp. to fluidity. 3. Steadiness or 
firmness of character or purpose ; constancy. 4. Mech. 
State or quality of being stable, as of an equilibrium or a 
steady motion. — Syn. Steadfastness, stableness. 

Stab'i-lize (stab'T-lTz), v. t.; -lized (-lTzd) ; -liz'ing (-liz'- 
Tng). To make stable ; specif., Aeronautics, to maintain 
the equilibrium of (a flying machine, etc.) by means of fixed 
surfaces or other devices not manipulated by the pilot. — 
Stab'i-li-za'tion (-li-za'shwn ; -11-za'-), n. 

Stab'i-liz'er (-lTz'er), n. One that stabilizes ; specif., Aero- 
nautics, a device for stabilizing (a flying machine, etc.). 

Sta'ble (sta'b'l), n. [OF. estable, fr. L. stabulum, fr. stare 
to stand.] 1. A building for beasts to lodge and feed in, esp. 
one with stalls. 2. The horses of a certain stable collec- 
tively ; also, all the persons concerned with a certain stable 
collectively. Racing Cant. 

— v.t.& i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling. To lodge in a stable. 
Sta'ble, a. [OF. estable, fr. L. stabilis, fr. stare to stand.] 

1. Firmly established ; not easily moved, shaken, or over- 
thrown ; fixed ; as, a stable government. 2. Steady in pur- 
pose ; constant. 3. Durable ; not subject to sudden change ; 
abiding ; permanent ; as, a stable foundation. 4. So placed 
as to resist forces tending to cause motion ; of such struc- 
ture as to resist distortion or molecular or chemical dis- 
turbance ; also, resistant to a breaking force. — Syn. See 
lasting. — sta'ble-ness, n. — sta'bly (-bli), adv. 

Sta'bling, n. 1. Act of lodging (horses, etc.) in a stable. 

2. Accommodation (esp. for horses) in a stable ; stables. 
Stab'lish (stab'lish), -ment. Archaic for establish, etc. 
Stac-ca'tO (std-ka'to ; It. stak-ka'to), a. [It., detached.] 

I Music. Disconnected ; cut short or apart by 

I gaps of silence ; — op- 
posed to legato. 
Stack (stak),n. [From 
Scand. ] 1. A large 
pile of hay, grain, Staccato Marks. 

straw, or the like. 2. A more or less orderly pile or heap ; 
as, a stack of billets. 3. An English unit of measure for coal 
and wood, as fuel, equal to 108 cu. ft. (4 cu. yds.). 4. Arch. 
A number of flues in one structure rising above the roof ; 
hence, any chimney or conduit for smoke. 5. A fixed rack or 
set of fixed racks with shelves for books. 6. Mil. A pyrami- 
dal self-supporting pile of arms ; now, specif., such a pile 
composed of three interlocked rifles or carbines. 7. A large 
quantity or number, as of coin. Colloq. 

— v.t. To pile up. — to stack cards, Card Playing, to ar- 
range cards secretly for cheating. 

Stack'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, stacks ; specif., a 
, device for stacking hay or straw ; esp., an elevator or blast 
tube attachment to a threshing machine for stacking the 
straw, as on a wagon. 

Stac'te (stak'te), n. [L., fr. Gr. araKTrj, prop., fem. of ara- 
ktos oozing out in drops.] One of the sweet spices used by 
the ancient Jews to prepare incense. 

Stac-tom'e-ter (stak-tom'e-ter), n. [Gr. otolktos oozing out 
in drops (fr. ara^eiv to drop) + -meter, .] Pharm. A drop- 
ping glass or pipette of small bore, for counting the drops. 

Stad'dte (stad'T), n. [AS. staSol, staSul, a foundation, 
-s. firm seat.] 1. A support ; staff. Obs. 2. The supporting 
frame or base of a stack, as of hay. 

stad'hold'er (stad'hol'der), stadt'hold'er (stat'-), n. [D. 
stadhouder ; stad place, city + houder a holder.] Orig., 
a viceroy in a Netherlands province ; later, the chief execu- 
tive of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. 

Sta'di-a (sta/di-d), n. [It.] 1. Surv. a A temporary sta- 
tion, b A stadia rod. Now Chiefly Eng. C An instrument 
with stadia hairs. Chiefly U. S. 2. Mil. A kind of range 
finder consisting, in its simplest form, of a graduated stick 
held at arm's length. 

Stadia hairs or wires. Surv. In a theodolite, etc., hori- 
zontal cross hairs or wires equidistant from the central 
horizontal cross hair. 

Stadia rod. Surv. A graduated rod used with an instrument 
of the stadia class to measure the distance from the obser- 
vation point to the place where the rod is positioned. 

sta'di-um (sta'di-um), «.; pi. L. -dia (-d), E. -diums 
(-umz). [L., a stadium (sense 1 ), Gr. o-tASuw.] 1. A Greek 



SP 




measure of length, the Attic stadium being 60G.9 English 
feet, or 185 meters. 2. Gr. Antiq. A course for foot races, 
with tiers of seats for spectators. 3. A similar modern 
structure, with its inclosure. 4. A stage ; period. 

Staff (staf), n. [G. staffieren to fill out, adorn, fr. D., fr. OF. 
estoffe stuff.] Arch. A plaster combined with fibrous and 
other materials, used for temporary ornamental buildings. 

Staff, n.; pi. in senses 1, 2, staves (stavz ; st'avz) or staffs 
(stafs) ; in senses 3, 4, staffs. [AS. stsef staff.] 1. A pole or 
stick ; as : a A stick carried in the hand for support ; hence, 
a support, b A cudgel or club, c A pole, stick, or wand as 
an ensign of authority, d A pole on which a flag is dis- 
played, e The long handle of certain weapons, as a lance 
or poleax. f Any of various graduated sticks or rules, as 
used in building, etc. 2. Music. The five horizontal lines, 
with their spaces, on which music is written ; — called also 
stave. 3. [From staff, 1 c, an ensign of authority.] a Mil. 
An establishment of officers, not having command, but 
having administrative and executive duties, b Nav. (1) 
The officers not in line to succeed to a command, as naval 
constructors, paymasters, sur-i 
geons, etc. (2) Officers detailed,! 
to serve on the staff of the com- 
mander of a fleet or squadron. 
4. A body of assistants to a su- 
perintendent or manager; as, 
the staff of a newspaper ; a hos- 
pital staff. 

staf'fel-ite fstaf'el-Tt), n. [From 
Staff el, in Prussia, where it is found.] 
Min. A greenish phosphate and car- 
bonate of calcium, occurring in 
forms of fibrous, radiating structure. 

Staff Officer. Mil. & Nav. An offi- 
cer serving on a staff. 

stag (stag), n. [Prob. fr. Scand. ; ^ 
cf. Icel. steggr a male bird, male 
cat ; prob. through a doubtful AS. Head of European Stag. 
stagga.'] 1. a The adult male of the European red deer, b 
The male of certain other large deer (esp. genus Cervus). 
2. A castrated bull. 3. A man at a social gathering unac- 
companied by a woman ; also, a social gathering of men 
only ; — often used attributively. Colloq. 

Stag beetle. Any of numerous, mostly large, lamellicorn 
beetles (constituting the family Lu- 
canidse) the males of which have long 
and often branched mandibles sug- 
gesting the antlers of a stag, [haw, a.| 

Stag'busb/ (stag'boosh 7 ), n. = black j 

Stage (staj), n. [OF. estage dwelling, 
situation, stage, deriv. fr. L. stare to 
stand.] 1. An elevated platform, esp. 
one on which an orator may speak, a 
play may be presented, etc. 2. Specif., 
the raised flooring in a theater where 
plays are enacted ; also, the whole 
space back from the proscenium, in- 
cluding wings, flies, etc. 3. Micros- ' 
copy. The small platform of the stand 
of a microscope on which the object 
for examination is placed. 4. A scaf- 
fold ; staging. 5. The theater ; the Sta S Beetle, 
drama; also, the theatrical profession. 6. Scene of any noted 
action, event, or career. 7. A place of rest on a regularly 
traveled road ; a station. 8. A stage-coach. 9. The distance 
between two places of rest on a road ; hence, a degree of ad- 
vance in a journey or in any pursuit, process, etc. 10. a 
Biol. One of several periods in the development of many ani- 
mals and plants ; as, the larval stage. In insects, often called 
instar. b Geol. One of the subdivisions of a series of strata. 

— v. t.; staged (stajd) ; stac'ing (staj'ing). To exhibit on 
or as on a stage ; specif., to put (a play) on the stage. 

Stage'coacb/ (stlj'koch'), n. A coach that runs regularly 
between stations, to convey passengers. 

stage'craft' (-kraff), n. Art of writing or staging plays. 

Stag'er (staj'er), n. 1. One who has long acted on the stage 
of life ; — - usually with old. 2. A stage player. Archaic. 

Stage whisper. A loud whisper, as by an actor, pretended 
not to be heard by one or more of the actors. 

Stag'ger (stag'er), v. i. & t. To reel, or cause to reel, to one 
side and the other ; sway ; totter ; hence : to waver, or cause 
to waver, in purpose ; hesitate ; shock. — n. 1. A reeling or 
tottering movement of the body in trying to walk or stand. 
2. In pi. Veter. A cerebral and spinal disease of horses and 
other animals, attended by reeling or sudden falling ; — 
called also blind staggers. 3. In pi. Bewilderment ; per- 
plexity. Rare. — stag'ger-er, n. — stag'ger-ing-ly, adv. 

Stag'ger-bush/ (stag'er-bobsh'), n. An American erica- 
ceous shrub (Pieris mariana) poisonous to stock. It has 
clusters of nodding white flowers. 

Stag'hound' (stag'hound'), n. One of a nearly extinct 




i 



i 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals. 



N 



STAGILY 



936 



STAMP 







R 



breed of hounds, formerly used in hunting the stag and 
other large animals. 

Stag'i-ly (staj'i-lT), adv. In a stagy manner. 

Stag'i-ness (-i-nes), n. State or quality of being stagy. 

Stag'ing (staj'ing), n. 1. = scaffold, C. 2. Business of 
running stagecoaches; also, act of journeying in stage- 
coaches. 3. Act or art of putting a play on the stage. 

Stag'i-rite (staj'i-rlt), n. _ A native of Stagira, a town in 
ancient Macedonia ; specif., Aristotle. 

Stag'nant (stagnant), a. [L. stagnans, -antis, p. pr.] 

1. Not flowing ; hence, foul from want of motion, as a pool. 

2. Not active or brisk ; dull. — stag'nan-cy (-ndn-sT), n. 
Stag'nate (-nat), v. i.; -NAT-ED (-nat-ed) ; -nat-ing. [L. 

stagnatus, p. p. of stagnate to stagnate, stagnum body of 
standing water.] 1. To be or become motionless ; hence, 
to become impure or foul by want of motion. 2. To be or 
become dull or inactive. 

Stag-na'tion (stag-na'shun), n. 1. State of being stagnant ; 
cessation of flowing ; as, stagnation of the blood. 2. Lack, 
of action, or of brisk action ; cessation of activity ; as, stag- 
nation of business. 

Stag'y (staj'i), a.; stag'i-er (-T-er) ; stag'i-est. Having 
characteristics of the stage ; theatrical ; as, a stagy person, 
tone, or bearing ; — used depreciatively. 

Staid (stad), a. Sober ; grave ; steady ; sedate. — Syn. See 
decorous. — staid'ly, adv. — staid'ness, n. 

Stain (stan), v. t. [Abbr. fr. distain.'] 1. To discolor with 
foreign matter ; make foul ; spot. 2. To tinge with a color 
or colors combining with or penetrating the substance ; 
dye. 3. To spot with guilt or infamy ; soil; tarnish; as, to 
stain a life or a name. — Syn. Sully, discolor ; disgrace, 
taint, dishonor. — v. i. To give or receive a stain. 

— n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter ; a place discol- 
ored ; a spot. 2. A dye, pigment, etc., used in staining. 3. 
A natural spot of a color different from the ground color. 

4. Taint of guilt ; tarnish ; also, cause of reproach ; shame. 

5. A cause of reproach or disgrace. — Syn. Blot, pollu- 
tion, disgrace, infamy. — Stain'er, n. — Stain'less, a. # 

Stair (star), n. [AS. stseger, fr. stlgan to rise.] 1. A series 
of steps from one level to another. Chiefly Technical or 
Scot. 2. Any one of a series of steps for ascending or de- 
scending ; collectively, in pi., a series of steps ; a flight of 
stairs; a stair (sense 1). 

Stair'case' (star'kas'), n. A flight, or series of flights, of 
stairs with their supportingframework, casing, balusters.etc. 

Stair/head 7 (-hed'), n. The head or top of a staircase. 

stair'way' (star'wa 7 ), n. A way -up or down a flight or 
flights of stairs ; staircase. 

Stake (stak), n. [AS. staca."] 1. A pointed piece, as of wood, 
driven or to be driven into the ground as a mark, support, 
etc. 2. A post to which a person is bound when put to 
death by burning ; hence, fig., death by such burning. 3. A 
stick inserted upright in a loop, eye,or mortise, as at the side 
or end of a cart. 4. That which is staked, or hazarded, for 
gain or loss ; something wagered or risked. 5. Short for 
grubstake. 6. The prize set in any contest ; — often in pi. 
7. A property or interest involved ; as, a stake in a business, 
at stake, involved ; implicated ; hence, jn jeopardy. 

— v. t. ; staked (stakt) ; stak'ing (staking). 1. To fasten 
or support with stakes ; also, to tether to a stake. 2. To 
mark the limits of by stakes ; — used with out or off. 3. To 
wager ; venture ; bet. 4. Short for grubstake. 

Stake'hold'er (-hol'der), n. The holder of a stake, or wager. 

Sta-lac'ti-form (std-lak'ti-form), a. Like a stalactite. 

Sta-lac'tite (std-lak'tlt), n. [Gr. ctclXclktos oozing out in 
drops, dropping, fr. araXa^eiv to drop.] Geol.a A pendent 
deposit of calcium carbonate, resembling an icicle, in a cav- 
ern, b A similar formation of other material ; as, a stalac- 
tite of lava. — stal'ac-tit'ic (stal'ak-tit'ik), stal'ac-tit'i- 
cal (-T-kal), a. 

Sta-lag'mite (std-lag'mit), n. [Gr. o-raXa-yjua that which 
drops, fr. o-raXdf tii> to drop.] Geol. a 
A deposit, more or less like an inverted 
stalactite, formed by calcareous water 
dropping on the floor of a cavern, b A 
similar deposit of other material. — 
stal'ag-mit'ic (stal'Sg-mTt'ik), stal'- 
ag-mit'i-cal (-i-k«l), a. 

Stale (stal), v. i. Of horses and cattle, 
to urinate. — n. Urine of horses or 
cattle. 

Stale, a. ; stai/er (stal'er) ; stal 'est. 
1. Vapid or tasteless from age; as, 
stale beer. 2. Not new ; not fresh ; as, 
stale bread. 3. Trite ; commonplace ; 
as, stale wit. 4. Impaired in vigor or 
energy by prolonged activity ; — said 
esp. of < overtrained athletes. 5. Im- 
paired in legal force or effect, as a lien, 
by laches or disuse. 

— v. t. ; staled (staid) ; stalling (stall- 
ing). 1. To make stale ; destroy charm 




Lll 
Stalagmites. 



or freshness of. 2. To render common ; cheapen. — v. i. To 
become stale ; wear out. — stale'ly, adv. — stale'ness, n. 

Stale'mate' (stal'mat'), n. Chess. The position of the king 
when, though not in check, he cannot move without being 
put in check and no other piece can be moved. — v. t. To 
subject to a stalemate ; hence, to bring to a standstill. 

Stalk (st6k), n. [ME. stalke, fr. stale, AS. stela stock,, 
stem.] 1. The stem, or main axis, of a plant. 2. Bot. Any 
supporting organ, as a petiole, peduncle, etc. 3. That 
which is like, or likened to, the stalk of a plant, as the stem 
of a quill. 

Stalk, v. i. [AS. stalcian to go slowly.] 1. To walk or steal 
along cautiously or furtively. Obs. 2. To approach game 
stealthily or under cover. 3. To walk with lofty, haughty, 
or pompous bearing. — v. t. To approach, as game, under 
cover or by stealth. — n. 1. A stately or haughty step or 
walk. 2. Act or process of stalking game. — stalk'er, n. 

Stalked (stokt), a. Having, or borne on, a stalk or stem. 

Stalk'ing— horse', n. 1. A horse, or a figure like a horse, 
behind which a hunter stalks game. 2. A mask ; pretense. 

stalk'y (stok'T), a. Like a stalk. 

Stall (stol), n. [AS. steall, stall, place, seat, station, stable.] 

1. A place where horses or cattle are kept ; a stable ; esp., a 
compartment for one horse, ox, or the like. 2. A small apart- 
ment or booth in which business is conducted ; also, a bench, 
table, etc., on which articles are exposed ; as, a butcher's 
stall. 3. A seat in the choir of a church, for one of the offi- 
ciating clergy. 4. In a theater, orig., a seat with arms; 
now, one of the seats in the forward part of the orchestra. 
5. A covering or sheath for a finger or thumb. 

— v. t. 1. To install. Obs. 2. To put or keep in a stall 
or stable. 3. To fatten by stall-feeding. Archaic. 4. To 
check or stop by causing to become fast in mud, snow, or 
the like ; to mire ; hence, to stop or check unintentionally ; 
as, to stall an engine by too great a load. — v. i. 1. To live 
in or as in a stall. Obs. 2. To kennel, as dogs. 3. To stick 
fast, as in mire ; hence, to stop contrary to intention, as an 
engine from an overload. 

Stall'-f eed', v. t. ; -fed' ; -feed'ing. To feed and fatten in 
a stall or on dry fodder. 

Stal'lion (stal'y un), n. [OF. estalon, fr. OHG. stal a stable.] 
A male horse not castrated. 

Stal'wart (stol'wert ; stol'-) , a. [AS. stselwyrSe, -wierSe, 
serviceable.] Stout ; strong ; sturdy ; also, brave ; valiant. 
— Syn. See strong. — n. 1. A stalwart person. 2. An 
unwavering partisan ; specif. [cap.~\, U. S. Politics, one of 
that faction of the Republican party which during Grant's 
administrations (1869-1877) built up a strong "machine." 
Cf . half-breed. — stal'wart-ly, adv.— stal 'wart- ness, n. 

Stal'worth (-wwrth), a. Stalwart. Archaic or^Dial. 

Sta'men (sta'men), n. ; pi. E. -mens (-menz) (Only in 2d 
sense) ; L. stamina (stam'i-nd) (only in 1st sense). [L., 
warp, thread, fiber.] 1. A thread ; esp., a warp thread. 

2. The microsporophyll in seed plants ; that organ of the 
flower which gives rise to the male gamete or fertilizing cell. 
It consists of the anther and the filament. 

Stam'i-na (stam'i-nd), n. pi. [L., pi. of stamen the warp.] 
1. The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives 
it strength. 2. Chief strength or support ; power of endur- 
ance ; backbone ; — commonly used as a sing. 

Stam'i-nal (-ndl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, a sta- 
men or stamens. 2. Of or pert, to or exhibiting stamina. 

Stam/i-nate (-nat), a. Bot. Having or producing stamens ; 
esp., having stamens but no pistils. Cf. pistillate. 

Sta-min'e-al (std-min'e-dl), a. Staminal (def. 1). 

Stam'i-nif'er-ous (stam'i-mf'er-ws ), a. [stamen -f- -fer- 
ous.~\ Bot. Bearing or having stamens. 

stam'i-no'di-um (-no'dT-wm), n.; pi. -dia (-d). [NL. See 
stamen ; -oid.] Bot. An abortive or sterile stamen. 

stam'i-no'dy (stam'i-no'di), n. [stamen + Gr. eI5os 
form.] Bot. Metamorphosis of a flower organ into a stamen. 

Stam'mel (stam'el), n. [OF. estamel.~] An old kind of 
coarse woolen cloth dyed red ; also, the color or the dye. 

Stam'mer (-er), v. i. & t. [AS. stamur, stamer, stammering.] 
To speak with involuntary stops or hesitations ; stutter. 
Syn. Stammer, stutter are ordinarily synonymous, ex- 
cept that stutter is more emphatic. Stammer often indicates 
embarrassment or hesitation ; stutter, stronger emotion. 

— n. Act of stammering ; defective utterance. 
Stam'mer-er, n. One who stammers. 

Stamp (stamp), v. t. [AS. stempan.] 1. To crush; pul- 
verize. 2. To strike or beat forcibly with the bottom of the 
foot. 3. To bring down (the foot) forcibly and noisily on 
the ground or floor. 4. To impress or imprint with a mark ; 
hence, to fix deeply or indelibly. 5. To cut out, bend, or in- 
dent with a stamp, die, or the like. 6. To indicate as by 
a mark or stamp ; mark ; distinguish. 7. To put a stamp 
on; as, to stamp a letter. — v. i. 1. To strike; beat; 
crush. 2. To strike the foot forcibly and noisily downward. 

— n. 1. Act of stamping. 2. That which stamps ; as : a An 
instrument for making imprints, as a die. b A heavy pestle, 
raised by water or steam power, for crushing ores. 3. The 



/ 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



STAMP ACT 



937 



STAND-UP 



mark, impression, design, or the like, made by stamping. 
4. Specif., an official mark or seal set on things, as to evi- 
dence the payment of a government tax, or on papers to 
signify that a duty or tax has been paid, or certain condi- 
tions fulfilled. 5. A stamped or printed device or slip of 
paper issued by the government at a fixed price, and re- 
quired to be put upon certain papers or things as evi- 
dence that the government dues are paid; as, a postage 
stamp. 6. = trading stamp. 7. A character or reputation 
fixed as if by imprinting ; distinctive nature or sign. 8. 
Value or authority, as if given by an official stamp. 9. A 
thing stamped, as a coin or medal. Obs. 10. Make ; cast ; 
form ; character. 11. In pi. a Money ; esp., paper money. 
Slang, U. S. b Government stamp duties. 

Stamp Act. An act of the British Parliament (1765) im- 
posing a duty on all paper, vellum and parchment used 
in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on un- 
stamped materials null and void. 

Stam-pede' (stam-ped'). re. _ [Sp. estampida."] 1. A wild, 
headlong scamper, or running away, of a number of ani- 
mals ; hence, a sudden flight, as of an army in a panic. 2. 
A sudden unconcerted acting together of a number, as 
from some common impulse. — v. i. ; -ped'ed (-ped'ed) ; 
-ped'ing. 1. To run away in a panic ; — used of droves of 
cattle, horses, etc., also of armies. 2. To act together sud- 
denly and unconcertedly. — v. t. To cause to stampede. 

Stamp'er (stam'per), re. One who, or that which, stamps, 
as : a Post Offices. A canceler of stamps, b An instrument 
for pounding or stamping, c Any of various stamping ma- 
chines for pulverizing, cleansing, etc. 

Stance (stans), re. [OF. estance a standing, position.] 1. 
Station ; position ; site. Scot. 2. Mode of standing or be- 
ing placed ; posture ; as, the stance of a figure in a picture. 
-*3. Golf. The position of a player's feet, relative to each 
other and to the ball, in making a stroke. 

Stanch, Staunch (stanch; stanch), v. t. [OF. estanchier.'] 

1. To stop or check the flow of ; stop the flow of blood from. 

2. To quench ; quell. Archaic or Dial. — v. i. To cease, as 
the flowing of blood. 

— n. A floodgate. — a. 1. Water-tight ; sound ; hence: firm ; 
strong. 2. Constant and zealous ; loyal ; steadfast ; true. 
Syn. Resolute, steadfast, unwavering, unswerving, steady. 
— Stanch, steadfast agree in the idea of firmness of prin- 
ciple. Steadfast implies unwavering or unswerving adher- 
ence to a course or policy ; stanch emphasizes resoluteness, 
or unquestioning loyalty to a cause or idea. 

Stanch'er (stan'cher), n. One who, or that which, stanches, 
or stops, flowing ; specif., a styptic. 

Stan'chion (stan'shftn), re. [OF. estanchon, estancon, de- 
riv. fr. L. stans, stantis, standing.] An upright bar, post, 
■ prop, or support. — y . t. To secure (cattle in a stall) by a 
stanchion or stanchions. 

Stanchly, adv. In a stanch manner. 

stanch'ness, n. Quality or state of being stanch. 

Stand (stand), v. i.; pret. & p. p. stood (sto*6d) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. stand'ing. [AS. standan."] 1. To take, or be at 
rest in, an upright or firm position ; specif., to support one's 
self on the feet in an erect or nearly erect position ; — 
opposed to lie, sit, kneel, etc. 2. To take or have one's 
stand ; as, to stand, aside ; hence : be situated or located ; 
as, the house stands on a hill. 3. To cease from progress ; 
pause ; stop. 4. To remain unchanged or unimpaired ; en- 
dure ; abide ; last ; as, the lawstill stands. 5. To assume 
and maintain a particular position, as with reference to a 
course of action ; be fixed or steadfast ; as, to stand for 
temperance. 6. To make a stand ; act in opposition or re- 
sistance. 7. To have or maintain a relative position, order, 
or rank in or as in a graded scale ; as, the stock stands 
above par. 8. To hesitate ; scruple ; as, he will not stand 
at murder. 9. To be in some particular state ; be ; as, he 
stands accused. 10. To be essentially ; consist ; — used 
with in. 11. To be consistent ; agree ; — used with with, 
except in the phrase, it stands to reason. 12. To be a can- 
didate. 13. Naut. To hold a course at sea ; sail (in a speci- 
fied direction). 14. To measure when erect on the feet. 
15. To concern ; be of interest or advantage (to). 
to stand by. a To be near ; be present, b To maintain ; 
defend ; support, c Naut. To be, or get, ready ; as, stand by 
to raise the anchor. — to s. in, to cost. — to s. off. a To 
keep one's self at a distance, b Not to comply. — to s. on 
or upon, a To depend upon, b To deem important ; insist 
on ; as, to stand on one's rights. C Naut. To continue on the 
same tack or course. — to s. out. a To project, b To per- 
sist in resolution or resistance ; — to s. over, to be post- 
poned. — to s. pat. a Poker. To play, or signify one's in- 
tention of playing, one's hand as dealt, without resorting 
to the draw, b Hence, Colloq., to oppose change of any 
kind ; esp., U. S. Politics, to oppose any change in policy, 
esp. in the tariff policy. Hence : stand'pat'ter, n., -pat r - 
tism, n. — to s. to, to ply ; persevere in using ; as, to stand 
to one's oars. — to s. up for, to defend ; justify ; support. — 
to s. upon. = to stand on. — to s. up to, to meet fairly 
and fully, as a danger, a foe, an obligation. 



— v. t. 1. To set upright ; cause to stand. 2. To endure ; 
sustain ; tolerate ; bear. 3. To withstand ; as, the city 
stood the siege. 4. To submit to ; suffer ; abide ; as, to 
stand trial. 5. To be at the expense of ; pay for ; as, 
to stand treat. Colloq. — Syn. See bear. 

to stand a chance, a show, etc., to have a chance or a 
likelihood or possibility. — to s. fire, a Mil. & Nav. To 
receive the fire of an enemy without giving way. b To be 
capable of exposure to high temperatures without material 
damage. — to s. off, to hold at bay, as an assailant ; put 
off, as a dun. — to s. one's ground, to stand firm ; main- 
tain one's position. 

— n. 1. Act of standing. 2. Specif ., a halt or stop, esp. for 
defense or resistance. 3. A place or post where one stands ; 
station. 4. Specif. : a The place where a witness stands to 
testify, b A raised platform or station whence a race or 
other outdoor spectacle may be viewed. 5. A stall or booth 
for business ; any location or station for business. 6. Theat. 
A town where a touring company stops for performance ; 
as, a one-night stand. 7. A small table ; also, something on 
or in which anything may be placed for support. 8. A suit, 
set, or the like ; of soldiers, a troop. Obs. or Dial. 9. The 
relative number of plants growing on a given area ; as, a 
good stand of corn. 10. A young tree, usually reserved 
when other trees are cut ; also, a tree growing or standing 
on its own root. 

stand'ard (stan'ddrd), n. [OF. estandart, of Teutonic ori- 
gin.] 1. a An emblematic figure ; as, the eagle was the 
standard of the Roman legion ; specif., Her., a long, taper- 
ing flag of considerable size and richness used by a noble or 
leader ; — disting. from a banner, b Loosely, a banner ; as 
the royal British standard. See flag, Illust., for both a & 
b. 2. That which is established by authority as a rule for 
measuring. 3. That which is established by authority, cus- 
tom, or general consent as a model or example ; criterion ; 
test. 4. Coinage, a Legal weight and fineness of the metal 
used in coins, b The standard of value of a monetary sys- 
tem, being in modern systems gold (the gold standard) or 
silver (the silver standard). 5. An upright support. 6. 
Forestry, a A tree permitted to remain after felling the cop- 
pice, b Any tree from one to two feet in diameter breast- 
high. 7. Hort. A tree, shrub, or herb with an erect, tree- 
like stem, and not dwarfed by grafting nor trained upon a 
wall or trellis. 8. Bot. A vexillum. 

Syn. Standard, criterion. A standard is an accepted 
or established rule or model ; criterion adds the implica- 
tion of a test. 

— a. l.Being, affording, or according with, a standard for 
comparison and judgment. 2. Having a recognized value, 
standard time the civil time established by law or by 
general usage over a region or country. In England, the 
standard time is Greenwich mean solar time. In the United 
States and Canada, there are five standards of time, viz., 
Provincial (in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia), Eastern, 
Central, Mountain, and Pacific, corresoonding severally to 
the mean local times of the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th 
meridians west from Greenwich, and being therefore four, 
five, six, seven, and eight hours earlier, respectively, than 
Greenwich time. 

Standard bearer. An officer or soldier of an army, com- 
pany, battery, or troop, who bears a standard ; hence, the 
leader of any organization or movement ; as, the standard 
bearer of a political party. 

Stand'ard-ize (stan'ddr-dlz), v. t. ; -ized (-drzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-dlz'Tng). To reduce to, or compare with, a standard. 

Stand'ard-i-za'tion (-dT-za'shiin ; -dl-za'shiin), n. Act of 
standardizing ; state of being standardized. 

Stand'— by', re. ; pi. -bys. One to be relied upon. Colloq. 

Stand'er, n. One who, or that which, stands. 

Stand'ing, p. a. 1. Upright or erect ; as, standing grain. 
2. Not flowing ; stagnant ; as, a standing pool. 3. Estab- 
lished by law, custom, or the like ; settled ; permanent ; as, 
a standing army ; standing committees. 4. Not movable ; 
fixed ; as, a standing bed. 5. Done from a standing posi- 
tion ; as, a standing jump. » 

— n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, stands or comes to 
a stand. 2. Place to stand in ; station. 3. Condition in 
society ; relative position ; reputation ; rank ; as, a man of 
good standing. 4. Maintenance of position or condition ; 
duration ; as, a custom of long standing. 

Stand'ish (stan'dish), re. Istand + dish."] A stand for writ- 
ing materials. 

Stand'-Off/, re. 1. Act of standing off. 2. A counterbalanc- 
ing effect ; hence : a tie ; a draw. 

stand'pat'ter, re. See to stand pat, under stand, v. i. 

Stand'pipe' (stand'plp' ), re. A high vertical pipe or reser- 
voir for water, used to equalize pressure in a supply system. 

Stand'pbint' (-point 7 ), re. A fixed point or station ; position 
from which objects or principles are viewed and judged ; 
as, the historical standpoint. 

stand'stilF (-stil'), re. Stop ; state of rest. 

Stand'-up', a. 1. Erect ; upright. 2. Done, taken, etc., by 
one in a standing position ; as, a stand-up lunch. Colloq. 



i 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, |j Foreign Word. + combined with, «= equals. 



N 



STANHOPE 



938 



STARLIGHT 







R 




stan'hope (stanliop; -op), n. A style of buggy with 
high seat, closed 
back, and charac- 
teristic side con- 
struction. 

Stank (stank), pret. 

Of STINK. 

stan'na-ry (stan'd- 
ri), n. ; pi. -ries. 
[LL. stannaria.~\ A 
tin mine ; tin works. 

stan'nate (stan'at), 
n. A salt of stannic 
acid. Stanhope. 

stan'nel (stan'el), n. Also stan'iel (stan'y£l). [AS. stan- 
gella, lit., stone yeller.] The kestrel. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. 

Stan'nic (-ik), a. [L. stannum tin.] Chem. Of, pert, to, or 
containing, tin, esp. in its valence ot four. Cf. stannous. 

Stan'nite (stan'It), n. Min. A steel-gray or iron-black 
mineral of a metallic luster ; tin pyrites. It is a compound 
of tin, copper, iron, and sulphur, and sometimes zinc. 

Stan'no-type (stan'5-tlp'), n. [L. stannum tin -f- -type.} 
A photograph taken upon a tin plate ; a tintype. 

Stan/nous (-us), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or containing, 
tin, esp. in its valence of two. Cf. stannic. 

Stan'num (-urn), n. [L.] Chem. Tin. 

Stan'za (stan'zd), ra.; pi. -zas (-zdz). [It., fr. L. stans, 
p. pr. of stare to stand.] Pros. A group of verses forming 
a division of a song or poem. — Syn. See verse. 

Sta-pe'di-al (std-pe'dl-dl), a. [LL. stapes stirrup.] Anat. 
Of or pert, to the stapes. 

Sta-pe'li-a (-li-d), n. £NL., after Joannes Bodaeus a Stapel, 
a physician and botanist of Leiden.] 
of a genus (Stapelia) of leafless A 
asclepiadaceous herbs, with 
oddly colored flowers usually 
having the odor of carrion. 

Sta'pes (sta'pez), n. [LL., 
a stirrup.] Anat. The in- 
nermost ossicle of the ear 
of mammals. See ear, 
Illust. 

staph'y-lo-plas'ty (stSP- 
l-lft-plas't!),™. [Qr.oTa.(t>- 
vkf) bunch of grapes, the 
uvula -f- -plasty.'] Surg. 
A plastic operation for 
remedying defects of the 
soft palate— Staph'y-lo- 
plas'tic (-16-plas'tlk), a. 

staph'y-lor'a-phy, 
staph'y-lor'rha-phy 
(-loVd-fT). n. [Gr. oratf>- 
v\r) bunch of grapes, the 
uvula + fi&Trreiv to sew.] Stapelia OS. asterias). 

Surg. The plastic operation of uniting a cleft palate. 

Sta'ple (sta'p 1), n. [Prob. fr. D. stapel a pile, stocks, em- 
porium.] 1. A settled mart ; emporium. Hist. 2. Place of 
supply ; source ; as, a staple of news. 3. Principal commod- 
ity of traffic; chief product. 4. A chief constituent or 
item. 5. Unmanufactured or raw material. 6. a A lock of 
wool, b The general fiber of i wool, cotton, flax, etc. 7. 
[Prob. fr. OF. estaple stake to which things were fas- 
tened.] A loop of iron or wire with two points to be driven 
into wood, etc., to hold a hook, pin, etc. 

— a. 1. Established in commerce ; settled ; as, a staple 
trade. 2. Regularly produced in large quantities ; princi- 
pal ; chief ; as, a staple commodity. 

'— v. t.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-pling). 1. To secure by a 
staple or staples. 2 To sort according to its staple; as, 
to staple cotton. 

Sta'pler (-pier), n. 1. A dealer in staple goods. 2. One em- 
ployed to assort wool according to its staple. 3. A machine 
that binds papers together with wire staples. 

Star (star), n. [AS. steorra.~\ 1. Orig., any heavenly body 
visible as a small spot or a point of light ; now, any of those 
heavenly bodies that are visible as apparently fixed points 
of light, or of those, specif, called planets, that periodi- 
cally change their apparent position. Astronomically the 
sun is often called a star, because its spectrum is practically 
identical with the spectrum of nearly half of the fixed stars. 
Technically, stars are designated in the order of brightness, 
in a given constellation, by making use of letters of the 
Greek alphabet, the magnitude being expressed decimally ; 
as, a Lyrae, 0.2 (the decimal magnitudes from — 1.4 to 1.5 
corresponding to the old designation first magnitude ; 1 .6 
to 2.5 to second magnitude; 2.6 to 3.5 to third magnitude, 
and so on). 2. Astrol. A star, esp. a planet, supposed to 
influence fortune ; hence, destiny ; fortune. 3. A conven- 
tional figure having five or more points, representing a star ; 
something likened to, or suggestive of, a star. 4. Specif. : a 




An asterisk [*] ; — used as a reference to a note, to fill a 
blank, etc. b A white or light-colored spot on the forehead 
of an animal, as a horse, c Elec. The figure produced by 
joining the coils or circuits of a polyphase apparatus or 
system at a common point ; — used chiefly adjectively (as 
in star connection, grouping, winding) to indicate that this 
method of joining is used. 5. A person of brilliant and at- 
tractive qualities ; Theat., the principal member of a com- 
pany, usually playing the chief roles. 
star of Bethlehem, also star-of-Bethlehem, any of 
various liliaceous plants (esp. Ornitfiogalum umbellatum) . — 
Stara and Stripes, the flag of the United States ; — popu- 
larly so called. 

— y. t.; starred (stard); star'ring. 1. To set or adorn 
with stars ; bespangle. 2. To mark with an asterisk. 3. 
Theat. To present as a star. — v. i. To be brilliant or 
prominent ; specif., Theat., to act as a star. 

Star apple. A tropical American sapotaceous tree (Chry- 
sophyllum cainito) ; also, its apple-shaped edible fruit, the 
carpels of which present a starlike figure when cut across. 

Star'board (star'bord ; -berd ; 57), n. [AS. stiorbord, i. e., 
steer board.] Naut. That side of a vessel on the right of 
a person on board facing the bow ; — opp. to port, formerly 
larboard. — a. Naut. Pert, to the starboard. — adv. To- 
ward the starboard side. — v. t. Naut. To put to the star- 
board side ; as, to starboard the helm. 

Starch (starch), n. [ME. starche, fr. stare, sterc, strong, 
AS. stearc stiff.] 1. A white, odorless, tasteless, granular 
or powdery carbohydrate, (CeHioOs)^, widely disseminated 
among plants. It is an important element of food, and is 
used in making commercial glucose, for stiffening linen, etc. 
2. A stiff, formal manner ; rigid or constrained convention- 
ality ; stiffness. 

— v. t. To stiffen with or as if with starch. 

Star Chamber. [Prob. from the stars with which the 
ceiling of the room where it sat was decorated.] Eng. Hist. 
An ancient high court (abolished in 1641) exercising wide 
civil and criminal jurisdiction, which sat without a jury. 
It could proceed on mere rumor or examine witnesses, and 
it could apply torture. 

Starch'y (star'chY), a.; starch'i-er (-chi-er) ; starchi- 
est. Consisting of starch ; resembling starch or something 
starched ; hence : stiff ; precise. — Starch'i-ness (-nes), n. 

Star drift. Astron. Similar and probably related motion 
of the stars of an asterism, as distinguished from apparent 
change of place due to solar motion. 

Stare (star), v. i. ; stared (stard) ; starring (starring). 
[AS. starian."] 1. To gaze fixedly, as through wonder, im- 
pudence, etc. 2. To be conspicuous ; as, staring colors. — 
Syn. See gaze. — v. t. To gaze at ; also, to affect in a 
specified way by a fixed gaze ; as, to stare one out of coun- 
tenance. 

— n. Act of staring ; a fixed look, as suggesting wonder, im- 
pudence, etc. — Star'er (star'er), n. 

Star'flsh' (star'ffsh'), n. Any of numerous echinoderms 

(constituting the class 

Asteroidea) 

having a body of 

radially disposed 

arms, usually five 

in number. 
star flower. Any 

of several plants 

having star- 
shaped pentam- 

eroua flowers ; 

as : a The star 

of Bethlehem, b 

Any of a genus 

(Trlentalls) of 

primulaceous 

plants, 
star'gaze't-gaz'), 

v. i. To gaze at 

or as if at stars. 
Star'gaz'er (star'gaz'er), n. 1. One who gazes at the stars ; 

an astrologer ; sometimes, jocosely, an astronomer. 2. Any 

of several spiny-rayed marine fishes (family Uranoscopidae) 

whose eyes are on top of the head and look directly upward. 
Star'gaz'ing (-gaz'Tng), n. 1. Act or practice of a stargazer. 

2. Hence, absent-mindedness ; abstraction. 
Star grass. Any of a genus (Hypoxis) of amaryllidaceous 

plants, with small star-shaped flowers. 
star'ing-ly (star'Ing-li), adv. In a staring manner. 
Stark (stark), a. [AS. stearc stiff, strong.] 1. Stiff ; rigid ; 

as, stark in death. 2. Unyielding ; stern ; harsh. Obs. or 

Dial. Eng. 3. Strong ; powerful. Archaic. 4. Sheer ; 

utter ; as, stark folly. — Syn. See stiff. — adv. Wholly ; 

quite ; as, stark mad. — stark'ly, adv. 
stark'-nak'ed (-nak'ed ; 24), a., or stark naked. Wholly 

naked ; quite bare. 
Star'Iight' (star'lTtO, n. The light given by the stars. — a. 

Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only. 




Starfish, 
(i) 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



STARLING 



939 



STATISTICS 




Starling (-ITng), n. [AS. stserlinc] 1. Any of numerous 
passerine birds (Sturnus or allied genus) 
of the Old World. The European starling 
( S. vulgaris ) has been naturalized in the 
United States, Australia, etc. 2. A 
protective structure of 
piles round a pier of a 
bridge. 

Star'lit' (star'lif), a. 
Starlight. 

star'-nosed' (-nozd'), a- 
Designating an Ameri- 
can mole, the star- 
nosed mole (Condylu- European 'Starling. 
racristata), having small radiating processes surround- 
ing the nostrils. 

Starred (stard), p. a. 1. Adorned with stars. 2. Theat. 
Presented as a star. 3. Marked with an asterisk. 

Star route. U. S. Postal Service. Any route, other than 
railroad, steamboat, and mail messenger routes, over which 
mail is carried under contract. 

Star'ry (staVI), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the stars ; abound- 
ing with stars. 2. Consisting of, or proceeding from, the 
stars ; stellar. 3. Shining like stars ; sparkling. 4. Stellate. 

star shower. A meteoric shower. 

star'-span'gled (-span'g'ld), a. Spangled with stars. 

Start (start), n. [AS. steort.] A tail; — now dial. exc. in 
composition ; as, redstart. 

Start (start), v. i. [ME. sterten.] 1. To move suddenly and 
quickly ; dart ; spring. 2. To give an involuntary twitch or 
spring, as in sudden surprise, pain, joy, etc. 3. To set out ; 
begin. 4. To become somewhat displaced or loosened. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to start ; rouse ; as, to start a hare. 2. To 
startle. Obs., R., or Scot. 3. To cause to move or act ; set 
going. 4. To displace or loosen ; dislocate ; as, to start a 
bolt. 5. To tap and begin drawing from, as a cask. 

— n. 1. Act of starting ; sudden involuntary motion, as from 
surprise, fear, etc. 2. A spasmodic and brief effort or ac- 
tion ; as, by fits and starts. 3. A sudden, capricious im- 
pulse ; sally ; also, movement under a sudden, capricious 
impulse ; as, starts of fancy. 4. A part that has started or 
become loosened or displaced ; a loosening or displacement. 
5. The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action ;^ — 
opposed to finish. ' 6. A lead or handicap at the beginning 
of a competition. — start'er, n. 

Star thistle. A spiny European asteraceous plant (Cen- 
taurea calcitrapa) having heads of purple flowers ; also, a 
related species (C. solstitialis) with yellow flowers. 

Star'tle (star't'l), v. i.; -tled (-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). [AS. 
steartlian to stumble.] To move suddenly as in surprise, 
fear, alarm, etc. — v. t. To excite by sudden alarm, sur- 
prise, etc. ; frighten suddenly. — Syn. Start, shock, alarm. 

— n. A start or shock, as in alarm, surprise, etc. 
Star'tler ( star' tier ), n. One who, or that which, startles. 
Star'tling (star'tling), p. a. Causing sudden fear, surprise, 

anxiety, or the like. — star'tling-ly, adv. 

star type. Mach. See radial engine. 

Star-va'tion (star-va'shwn), n. Act of starving ; state of 
being starved. 

Starve (starv), v. %.; starved (starvd); starv'ing. [AS. 
steorfan to die.] 1. To perish with or as with hunger ; 
suffer extreme hunger. 2. To perish, or suffer greatly, with 
cold. Rare in U. S. 3. Hence : to suffer from any want ; be 
in need. — v. t. 1. To kill with hunger ; also, to distress or 
subdue by famine. 2. To destroy with cold ; freeze ; chill. 
Eng. 3. To destroy, or to weaken or disable, by want of 
any kind. 4. To get rid of or destroy as by starving. 

Starveling (starv'ling), n. One who, or that which, pines 
or is thin from lack of nutriment. — a. Hungry; lean; 
pining with want. 

Starv'er, n. One who starves. 

Star'wort' (star'wurt'), n. 1. Any species of aster. 2. Any 
of various chickweeds (genus Alsine). 3. Water starwort. 

Sta'sis (sta'sis ; stas'is), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-rAcris a standing 
still.] Physiol. An arrest of the blood current due, pre- 
sumably, to abnormal resistance of the capillary walls. 

State (stat), n. [OF. estat, fr. L. status a standing, posi- 
tion.] 1. Mode or condition of being ; condition. 2. Con- 
dition as to wealth, social position, etc. ; standing ; rank ; 
status. 3. Condition of living; specif., elaborate style; 
hence, formal dignity, pomp, etc. 4. = estate, n., 4. 5. A 
person of high rank, as a noble. Obs. or Archaic. 6. In pi. 
The states-general of a country. 7. A_ political body, or 
body politic ; any body of people occupying a definite terri- 
tory andpolitically organized under one government, esp. 
one that is not subject to external control. 8. [Often cap.] 
Any of a number of commonwealths, or bodies politic, con- 
stituting a sovereign state (in sense 7) by federation, as in 
the United States and the German Empire. 9. The terri- 
tory or the government of a state (in sense 7 or 8) ; also, the 
entity collectively constituted by the body politic, territory, 
and government of a state. 



— v. t. ; stat'ed (stat'ed) ; stat'ing. 1. To set ; fix ; as, 5 
stated time. 2. To express the particulars of ; narrate. 
Syn. Mode, circumstances, case, plight, predicament, con- 
dition, situation. — State, condition, situation. State 
is the general word, and denotes mode of existence ; con- 
dition, commonly more specific than state, often refers to 
an object considered esp. in and for itself ; situation de- 
notes state esp. as to external objects and influences ; but 
the three words are often used with little distinction ; as, 
the state of one's health ; the condition of one's clothes ; an 
awkward situation. 

state'craft' (stafkraft'), n. State management. 

state'hood, n. Condition or character of being a state. 

State-house' (-hous'), n., or state house. The building in 
which a State legislature sits ; a State capitol. U. S. 

State'lv (-11), a.; -li-er (-lT-er) ; -li-est. Evincing state, or 
lofty dignity. — Syn. Majestic, grand, august, imposing. 

— state'lv, adv. — state'li-ness (-11-nes), n. 
state'ment (-m?nt), n. 1. Act of stating. 2. That which is 

stated ; a narrative ; report. 3. An abstract of an account 
showing the balance due. 

state prison. Also state's prison, a A prison maintained 
by the state, esp. one for political offenders or for persons 
confined for reasons of state, b [Usually State prison.] In 
the United States, a prison maintained in a State under 
State laws, usually, for persons convicted of the more 
serious grades of crime, or felonies. 

stat'er (stat'er), n. One who states. 

Stafter (sta'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. crrar^p.] Antiq. & A gold 
coin of Persia and of various ancient Greek states. The 
Attic stater was equivalent, in fine gold, to about $5.72 
(£1 3s. 6d.). b A silver coin of various values. 

State rights, or States' rights. The rights, under the 
Constitution of the United States, inhering in the sepa- 
rate States. V. S. 

State'room' (stat'room/), n. 1. An apartment of state in a 
palace or great house ; — in this sense, written state room. 
2. An individual apartment on a vessel or a railroad car. 

State's evidence (stats). Law. Evidence for the govern- 
ment or the people ; — used chiefly in to turn stale's evi- 
dence. U. S. See king's evidence. 

States'-gen'er-al (stats'jen'er-al), n. An assembly of the 
governing classes or of their representatives in a country, 
esp. [cap.] the representative assembly of France prior to 
1615 and in 1789, or the Dutch parliament. 

States'man (stats'man), n. A man versed in government ; 
esp., one who shows unusual wisdom in treating great 
public matters ; also, a man actually occupied^ with the 
affairs of government and influential in shaping its policy. 

— Syn. See politician. — states'man-like, -man-ly, a. 

— states'man-shlp, n. 

stat'ic (staVik) 1 a. [Gr. arariKos causing to stand, skilled 

Stat'i-cal (-l-kal)J in weighing.] 1. Acting by mere weight 
without motion ; as, statical pressure. 2. Pert, to bodies at 
rest or in equilibrium. 3. Pert, to passive, as disting. from 
active, elements. 4. Econ. a Dealing with absolute quan- 
tities of goods or money, such as capital, rather than with 
rates of movement from hand to hand, such as income, b 
Less correctly, but oftener, dealing with problems as they 
present themselves in a stable state of society. — stat'i- 
cal-ly, adv. 

Stat'ics (stat'Iks), n. (See -ics.) Mechanics treating of the 
equilibrium of forces, or relating to bodies as held at rest by 
the forces acting on them ; — disting. from dynamics. 

sta'tion (sta'shun), n. [OF. stacion, estacion, fr. L. sta- 
tio, fr. stare^ statum, to stand.] 1. Posture. Rare. 2. Place 
where anything stands, esp. where a person or thing habitu- 
ally stands or is appointed to remain for a time. 3. Specif. : 
a A regular stopping place, as ona railroad, b A place or 
region to which a government ship or fleet is assigned for 
duty. 4. Post assigned ; sphere of duty or occupation. 5. 
Situation ; position ; location ; as, to take up one's statioii 
in front. 6. Social standing ; rank. 

Syn. Station, depot. The use of depot as a synonym for 
railroad station is contrary to the best usage. 
station of the cross [Often cap.] , Eccl., any of a series, 
usually 14, of representations (images or pictures) of the 
successive stages of Christ's passion. 

— v. t. To appoint or assign ; place ; set. 

Sta'tion-a-ry (-a-rf), a. 1. Fixed in a certain place, course, 
mode, or the like ; not moving ; stable. 2. Not changing 
condition ; neither improving nor getting worse. — n. ; pi. 
-eies (-riz). One who, or that which, is stationary or tends 
to remain in one place, condition, or the like. 

Sta'tion-er (-er), n. [LL. stationarius.] 1. A bookseller or 
publisher. Obs. 2. One who sells articles used in writing. 

Sta'tion-er-y (-er-i), n. The articles usually sold by sta- 
tioners. — a. Belonging to, or sold by, a stationer. 

Sta-tis'ti-cal (std-tls'ti-kal), a. Of or pert, to statistics. — 
sta-tis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

Stat'is-ti'cian (stat'is-tish'an), n. One versed in, or en- 
gaged in compiling, statistics. 

Sta-tis'tics (std-tls'tiks), n. # (See -ics.) 1. [Construed as 
sing.] Systematic compilation or use of facts or instances 



i 



i« 



X = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, s equals. 



N 



STATOBLAST 



940 



STEARIN 



Q 



R 



for general inferences. 2. [Construed as »?.] Classified 
facts respecting the condition of the people in a state, or re- 
specting any particular class or interest or matter, esp. 
those facts which can be stated in numbers. 

Stat'O-blast (stat'6-blast), ft. [Gr. oraros standing (i. e., 
remaining) -j- -blast.'] Zo'dl. In many fresh-water polyzo- 
ans, a bud or germ developed in the body, in a chitinous en- 
velope, and generally serving to preserve the species in 
winter, bursting and developing in spring. 

Sta'tor (sta'tor ; stat'er), ra. Mack. A stationary part in or 
about which another part (the rotor) revolves, esp. when 
both are large, as the stationary member of an electrical 
machine. 

Stat'o-scope (stat'6-skop), n. [Gr. ffraros standing, fixed 
-f- -scope.'} 1. Physics. A sensitive form of aneroid barom- 
eter for recording small changes in atmospheric pressure. 

2. An instrument for registering the rise and fall of a bal- 
loon or airship. 

Stat'u-a-ry (stat/ji-a-ri), ft.; pi. -asies (-riz). 1. One who 
makes statues. 2. Art of making statues. 3. A collection 
of statues ; statues collectively. 

Stat'ue (stat/ji), ft. [F., fr. L. statua."] The sculptured or 
modeled likeness of a living being, in the full form on all 
sides, as in marble or bronze. 

Stat'ued (stated), a. Adorned with statues. 

Stat'u-esque' (stat/jS-esk'), a. Resembling a statue, as in 
massive or formal dignity. 

Stat'u-ette' (-ef), ft. [F.] A small statue, usually one 
much smaller than life size. Cf. figurine. 

Stat'ure (stat^ir), ft. [F., fr. OF., fr. L. statura, orig., up- 
right posture.] Natural height of an animal, esp. man. 

Sta'tus (sta'tus), n. [L.l State ; condition. __ 
|| status in quo (kwo), [| s. quo [L., state in which], the 
state in which anything is ; state existing. 

Stat'u-ta-ble (stat/£-td-b'l),a. Made or imposed by stat- 
ute ; statutory ; also, made in conformity to statute. 

Stat'ute (stat/jit), ft. [OF. estatut, statut, fr. LL., fr. L. 
statutus, p. p. of statuere to set, ordain.] Something laid 
down or declared as fixed or established ; hence : a A law en- 
acted by, or by the authority of, a legislature ; an act. b An 
act of a corporation or of its founder intended as a perma- 
nent rule or law ; as, the statutes of a university. 

statute mile. See mile. 

Statute Staple. Eng. Law. A bond of record acknowledged 
before the mayor of the staple, by which the creditor might, 
on nonpayment, forthwith have execution against the body 
and property of the debtor. It is now disused. 

Stat'u-tO-ry (stat/jl-to-ri), a. Enacted, constituted, or im- 
posed, by statute ; depending on statute for its authority. 

Staunch (stanch). Var. of stanch. 

Stau'ro-lite (sto'ro-llt), ft. [Gr. <rravp6s a cross + -lite.'] 
Min. A native brown to_ black basic silicate of aluminium 

,and iron, HFe AlsSi20i3, in prismatic crystals, often twinned 
so as to resemble a cross. — Stau'ro-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

Stau'ro-SCOpe (-skop), ft. [Gr. cravpos a cross -f- -scope."] 
Cryst. A modified polariscope used to find the position of 
planes of light vibration in sections of crystals. 

Stave (stav), ft. [From staff, and corresponding to the pi. 
staves."] 1. A stick ; cudgel ; staff. 2. Any of a number of 
strips forming the sides, covering, or lining of something, 
as of a cask. 3. A bar or round of a rack, ladder, etc. 4. a 
A metrical portion ; stanza ; staff, b Music. = 2d staff, 2. 

— v. t.; pret. & p. p. staved (stavd) or stove (stov) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. stav'ing (stay/ing). 1. To break in a stave or the 
staves of ; break a hole in ; — often used with in. 2. To fur- 
nish with staves ; also, to form into staves. 3. To keep at a 
distance, as by force or craft ; drive away ; — usually used 
with off. — v. i. To break ; be stove, as a ship. 

Staves (stavz), ft., pi. of staff (see staff), stave. 

Staves'a'cre (stavz'a'ker), ft. [OF. stafisagre, LL. staphis 
agria, Gr. <ttol4>Ls dried grape + aypios wild.] A European 
and Asiatic larkspur (Delphinium staphisagria\ having 
racemose purple flowers. Its seeds contain delphinine, and 
are violently emetic and cathartic. 

Stay (sta), n. [AS. stseg.] 1. Naut. A rope, now usually of 
wire, supporting a mast. 2. A guy rope or the like. 

Stay (sta), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. stayed (stad) or staid (stad) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. stay'ing. [OF. estayer to prop.] 1. To 
prop ; support. 2. To satisfy for a time, as the stomach by 
food ; sustain. 3. To endure ; withstand. 4. To stop ; 
check ; also, to hinder ; detain ; keep back. 5. To wait for ; 
await. 6. To fasten with stays, as a mast. 

— v. i. 1. To depend ; rely. Rare. 2. To cease from action 
or motion ; specif. : a To cease. Archaic, b To delay ; wait ; 
tarry, c To remain ; dwell, d To stand still ; not to retreat. 

3. To attend as a servant ; — used with on. Rare. 4. To 
hold out in or as in a race. Colloq. 

Syn. Stay, stop. The use of stop for stay in the sense of, 
to remain for a time (as, I am stopping at the Grand Hotel), 
is contrary to good usage. See reside. 
■•— ft. 1. A support. 2. In pi. A corset. 3. A hindrance ; 
check. 4. A halt ; stand ; stop ; specif., a stopping, or more 



Naut. Of a vessel, keeping 
5. Sober and well ordered, 
unremitting, stable. See 
[come, steady. | 



usually a suspension, of procedure or execution by judicial 
proceedings or executive mandate. 5. Continuance in a 
place ; sojourn. — stay'er, n. 

Stay'sail' (sta'sal' ; naut. sta's'l), ft. Any sail on a stay. 

Stead (sted), ft. [AS. stede.] 1. Place, or spot, in general. 
Obs. or Dial., exc. in composition. 2. Advantage ; serv- 
ice; avail; — used esp. in : to stand in stead, to be of 
service or advantage ; or, rarely, to do {formerly make) 
stead, to be of avail. 3. Place or room which another had, 
has, or might have ; as, I came in his stead. 
in stead of, or in the s. of, in place of. See instead. 

— v. t. To avail ; help. 

Steadfast, Sted'fast (stgd'fast), a. [AS. stedefsest, that is, 
fast in place.] 1. Firmly fixed or established. 2. Constant ; 
unswerving. — Syn. See stanch. — stead'f ast-ly, sted'- 
f ast-ly, adv. — stead'f ast-ness, sted'fast-ness, n. 

Stead'i-ly (-1-1T), adv. In a steady manner. 

stead'i-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being steady. — 
Syn. Constancy, resolution, unchangeableness. [Eng. 

steadying (-ing), n. A farmhouse and offices. Scot. & Dial. 

stead'y (-T), a. ; stead'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [From steadJ 
ft.] 1. Firm in position ; fixed. 2. Constant ; not fickle or 
wavering ; — said of persons. 3. Regular ; constant ; uni 
form; — said of things. 4. 
nearly upright in a seaway. 
Colloq. — Syn. Invariable, 

EQUABLE. 

— v. t. & i. ; stead'ied (-id) ; stead'y-ing. To make, or be-j 

— inter j. Naut % An order to the steersman to keep the ves- 
sel's head pointing as it is. 

Steak (stak), ft. [From Scand.] A slice of meat, esp. of 
beef or venison, for broiling, frying, etc. 

Steal (stel), v. t. ; pret. stole (stol) ; p. p. sto'len (sto'l'n) ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. stealing. [AS. stelan.] 1. To take feloni- 
ously ; to take without right and with intent to keep wrong- 
fully. 2. To appropriate to one's self furtively. 3. To in- 
sinuate ; smuggle. Obs. 4. To move stealthily ; as, he stole 
his hand into hers. 5. To take possession of gradually 
and imperceptibly. 6. To accomplish in a concealed or un- 
observed manner ; as, to steal a look. 7. To go stealthily or 
secretly on ; as, to steal one's way. 8. Baseball. To gain (a 
base)_ unaided by a hit, a put-out, or any kind of an error ; 
— said of a base runner. 

Syn. Steal, pilfer, filch, purloin, embezzle. Steal is the 
general term ; pilfer and filch imply petty thieving ; to pur- 
loin is esp. to carry off by theft ; embezzle implies fraudu- 
lent appropriation by breach of trust. 

— v. i. 1. To commit theft. 2. To move furtively. 

— ft. 1. An act of stealing. 2. Anything stolen. Colloq^. 
Steal'er (stel'er), n. One who steals. 

Stealth (stelth), ft. [From steal, v.] 1. Theft. 06s. 2. A 
going stealthily. Obs. 3. Secret or clandestine procedure or 
action ; — in either a good or a bad sense. 

Stealth'y (stel'thi), a.; stealth'i-er (-thi-er) ; -i-est. Act- 
ing or done by stealth ; furtive ; sly. — Stealth'i-ly (-thi- 
1T), adv. — steal th'i-ness, n. 

Syn. Stealthy, furtive are often interchangeable. But 
stealthy frequently suggests slow or deliberate as well 
as secret or clandestine procedure ; furtive often implies 
quick, no less than sly or surreptitious, action. 

Steam (stem), n. [AS. steam vapor, smoke, odor.] 1. The 
invisible gas or vapor into which water is converted when 
heated to the boiling point ; water in the state of vapor. 2. 
The mist formed by condensation of water vapor. 3. 
Hence, any exhalation. 4. Power ; force ; nerve. Colloq. 

— v. i. 1. To emit steam. 2. To rise or pass off as vapor. 3. 
To move or travel by the agency of steam. — v. t. To ex- 
pose to the action of steam. 

steam'boat' (-bot'), ft. A boat propelled by steam." 

Steam boiler. A boiler for producing steam. See boiler, 3. 

Steam Chest. The chamber from which steam is distributed 
to a steam-engine cylinder ; — called also valve chest or box. 
See slide valve, Must. 

Steam engine. An engine driven or worked by steam. 

Steam'er (stem'er), n. 1. A machine driven or propelled by 
steam, as : a A steamship or steamboat, b A steam-pro- 
pelled automobile, road locomotive, traction engine, or the 
like. 2. A vessel in which articles are subjected to steam, 
as in washing or cookery. «i 

steam'ship' (stem'ship'), n. A ship propelled by steam. ' 

Steam'y (stem/i), a. Consisting of or resembling steam; 
full of steam ; vaporous ; misty. [lipase.! 

Ste-ap'sin (ste-ap'sin), ft. [G. ; stearin + pepsin.] =| 

Ste'a-rate (ste'd-rat), n. A salt or ester of stearic acid. 

Ste-ar/ic (ste-ar'ik), a. Physiol. Chem. Pert, to, obtained 
from, or like, stearin or tallow. 

stearic acid, Chem., a fatty acid, C18H36O2, obtained by 
saponification of stearin, in white crystalline scales soluble 
in alcohol and ether. The stearic acid of commerce is a mix- 
ture of stearic and palmitic acids. 

Ste'a-rin (ste'd-rin), n. [Gr. arkap tallow.] 1. A constitu- 
ent of many animal and vegetable fats and oils, which 
raises the melting point of the fat. 2. Also ste'a-rine. a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; 51d, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



STEAROPTENE 



941 



STEP 



Tire solid portion of any fat ; — disting. from olein, the 
liquid portion, b Com. Stearic acid. 

Cte'a-rop'tene (ste'd-rop'ten), re. [stearic + elaeopferee.] 
Chem. The part of an essential oil separated as a solid on 
cooling or long standing ; — contrasted with elseoptene. 

ste'ar-rhe'a, or -rhce'a (ste'S-re'd), re. [NL. ; Gr. arkap 
tallow + pelf to flow.] Med. Seborrhea. 

Ste'a-tite (ste'd-tlt), re. [Gr. trrkap, arkaros, tallow.] Min. 
A massive variety of talc, used for hearths, coarse utensils, 
etc. ; — called also soapstone. — Ste'a-tit'ic (-tlt'ik), a. 

sted'fast, sted'fast-ly, etc. Vars. of steadfast, etc. 

Steed (sted), re. [AS. steda a studhorse, war horse, fr. stod 
a stud of breeding steeds.] A horse ; esp., a spirited horse 
for state occasions or for war. Literary. 

Steel (stel), re. [AS. stel, steli, style."] 1. A variety of iron 
combined with a small portion of carbon and intermediate 
between cast iron and wrought iron, very tough and, when 
tempered, hard and elastic ; now, also, nearly pure iron made 
by fusion processes. Mild, or soft, steel, contains less than 
0.15 per cent of carbon ; medium steel, from 0.15 to 0.30 
per cent of carbon ; hard steel, more than 0.30 per cent 
of carbon. 2. An instrument or implement of steel, as a 
sword, knife sharpener, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To overlay, point, or edge, with steel. 2. To make 
hard or strong ; hence, to make insensible or obdurate. 

SteeMiead' (stel'hed'), re. A North American trout (Salmo 
rivularis) found from northern California to Alaska. 

Steel'ing (stel'ing), re. 1. Casehardening. 2. Engraving. 
The process of electroplating engraved copper plates with a 
film of iron to render them more durable. 

Steel'V (stel'i), a. 1. Made or consisting of steel. 2. Re- 
sembling steel, as in hardness, firmness, color, etc. 

Steel'yard (-yard; colloq. stil'yerd), re. A form of lever 
balance for weighing a 
body suspended from the 
shorter arm, the long arm 
being graduated for the 
counterpoise ;- often in pi. 

steen'bok' (sten'bok'; 
stan'-), re. [D., lit., stone 

buck.] = STEINBOK. 




Steelyard. 



Steep (step), v. t. To soak; esp., to extract the essence of 
by soaking, as in water below the boiling point ; fig., to im- 
bue with. — Syn. See saturate. — v. i. To be steeped. 

— n. State or process of steeping ; also, something steeped, 
or something, as a vessel or a liquid, used in steeping. 

Steep, a. [AS. steap.] 1. Having a side or slope making a 
large angle with the horizontal ; precipitous. 2. Excessive. 
Slang. — Syn. See abrupt. — re. A precipitous place. 

Steepler (-er), re. A vessel in which things are steeped. 

Stee'ple (ste'p'l), re. [AS. stepel, stypel, tower.] A tall 
structure, usually topped with a spire, surmounting a church 
roof. — stee'pled (-p'ld), a. 

stee'ple-busn/ (-boosh'), n. = hardhack. 

Stee'ple-chase' (-chas'), n. A race across country by horse- 
men ; hence, a race over a prescribed course obstructed by 
hedges, walls, etc. — Stee'ple-Chas'er (-chas'er), re. 

Steeple jack. A man who makes a business of climbing 
steeples, high chimneys, etc., as for making repairs. Colloq. 

Steep'ly, adv. In a steep manner. 

Steep'ness, re. Quality or state of being steep. 

Steer (ster), re. [AS. steor.] A young castrated male of the 
ox kind, or, in the western United States, one of any age. 

Steeiyr. t. [AS. slieran, styran, steoran.] 1. To direct the 
course of by movements of a rudder, helm, or the like. 2. 
Hence : to guide ; manage ; direct. 3. To wend ; direct ; as, 
to steer one's way. — v. i. 1. To direct a vessel in its 
course ; hence, to direct one's self or one's conduct. 2. To 
take a direction, or course ; obey the helm. 

Steer'a-ble (ster'd-b'l), a. That can be steered ; dirigible. 

Steer'age (ster'aj), re. 1. Act of steering. 2. a Effect of the 
helm on a ship, b In many vessels, a section occupied by 
passengers paying the smallest fares and receiving inferior 
accommodations. [make a vessel answer the helm.l 

Steer'age-way' (-wa 7 ), re. Naut. Headway sufficient to| 

Steers'man (sterz'man), re. One who steers ; helmsman. 

Steeve (stev), re. Naut. The angle which a bowsprit makes 
with the horizon or with the keel. 

Steeve, v. t. To stow, as in a vessel's hold, by means of a 
steeve or jackscrew. — re. A spar, with a block at one end, 
used in stowing cargoes, as of cotton bales, etc 

Stein (stln ; G. shtln), n. [G.] An earthen mug, esp. for beer. 

Stein'bock' (stin'bok'), re. [G., ibex, fr. stein stone + bock 
buck.] 1. The European ibex. 2. A steinbok. 

stein'bok' (stin'bok'), re. [See steenbok.] Any of several 
small antelopes (genus Raphicerus) of South Africa. 

Ste'le (ste'le), re. [NL., fr. L. stela, fr. Gr. arrfKn a post, an 
upright stone.] 1. Archseol. A slab or pillar of stone, used 
esp. by ancient Greeks as a gravestone, sometimes sculp- 
tured or painted ; also, a pillar serving as a milepost or the 
like. 2. Bot. The central cylinder in the stems and roots 
of vascular plants, consisting of the vascular bundles. 




Stellar (stel'dr), a. [L. stellaris, fr. stella a star.] Of, pert, 
to, or like a star or stars ; astral. — stellar-y (stel'dr-T), a. 

Stel'late (stel'at) \ a. [L. stellatus set with stars, starry.] 

Stellat-ed (-at-ed)J Pointed or radiated like a star. 

Stel'li-form(stel'i-f6rm),a. [L. stella a star.] Star-shaped. 

Steiau-lar (-u-ldr), a. [L. stellula little star.] 1. Starlike ; 
radiated. 2. Marked with starlike spots of color. 

Stem (stem), re. [AS. stemn, stefn, staefn, tree stem, stem 
or stern of a vessel.] 1. The main axis or trunk of a tree or 
other plant ; hence, any part supporting leaves or flowers ; 
stalk; stock. Specif., Bot., any axis which develops buds 
and shoots in place of roots. 2. A peduncle, petiole, or 
pedicel. 3. The stock, or a branch, of a family. 4. Some- 
thing like, or likened to, the stem of a plant ; as, the stem of 
a pipe or a watch case. Specif.: a Zool. The central axis of a 
feather, b A main or heavy stroke of a letter. See type, 
Illust. 5. The piece to which the sides of a ship or boat are 
secured in the bow ; the prow. 6. Philol. That part of an 
inflected word not changed by inflection ; theme ; base. 7. 
Music. The short perpendicular line extending upward or 
downward from the head of a note. 

— v. t.; stemmed (stemd) ; stem'ming. 1. To remove the 
stem or stems from. 2. To make stems for. 

stem, v. t. 1. To stop ; dam up. 2. Of a vessel, to make 
headway against ; — also used figuratively. 

Stem'mer (stem'er), re. One who, or that which, stems; 
specif., a machine for stemming grapes, etc. 

stem'son (-swn), re. A piece of curved timber bolted to the 
stem, keelson, etc., in a ship's frame near the bow. 

Stem'— winding (stem'wln'ding), a. Wound by an inside 
mechanism turned by the knob at the end of the stem ; — 
said of a watch. — stem'— wind'er (-wln'der), re. Colloq. 

Stench (stench), re. [AS. stenc a strong smell.] A stink. 

Sten'cil (sten'sil), re. [Prob. fr. OF. estencele spangle, 
spark, L. scintilla."] 1. A 
piece of thin sheet, as of 
metal, so perforated that 
when it is laid on a surface 
and color is applied, a cer- Stencil, 

tain figure is produced. 2. A pattern or design produced by 
stenciling. — v. t. ; -ctled (-slid) or -cilled ; -cil-ing or 
-cil-ling. To mark or paint by means of a stencil. 

Sten'o-graph (-6-graf), re. A production of stenography. — 
v. t. To write or report by stenography. 

Ste-nog'ra-pher (ste-nog'rd-fer), re. One skilled in stenog- 
raphy ; a writer of shorthand. [stenography. 1 

sten'o-graph'ic (sten'6-graf'Tk), a. Of, pert, to, or using, | 

Ste-nog'ra-phist (ste-nog'rd-fTst), re. A stenographer. 

Ste-nog'ra-phy (ste-nog'rd-fl), re. [Gr. ffrevos narrow, little 
+ -graphy.] Art of writing in shorthand, by using abbre- 
viations or characters for whole words ; shorthand. — StenA- 
o-graph'ic (sten'o-graf'ik), -i-cal, a. — cal-ly, adv. 

Sten'o-pa'iC (sten'6-pa'Ik), a. [Gr. <rrev6s narrow 4- 
oxalos having an opening or hole, 6-n-r) opening.] Designating 
certain optical devices having narrow openings. 
stenopaic slit, a narrow slit used to determine the refrac- 
tion of the eye, as a measure of astigmatism. — s. specta- 
cles, opaque spectacles with small central openings. 

Sten'tor (sten'tor), re. [L., fr. Gr. Sr^i-top.] A herald, in 
Homer's "Iliad," who had a very loud voice ; hence [I. c], 
any person having a powerful voice. [extremely loud.' 

Sten-to'ri-an (sten-to'ri-dn ; 57) , a. Of or pert, to a stentor ; j 

Step (step), v.i.; stepped (stept); step'ping. [AS. stseppan.] 
1. To advance or recede by raising and moving one foot to 
another resting place, or by so moving each foot in succes- 
sion ; move the feet as in walking. 2. To go on foot ; walk, 
esp. a short distance. 3. To walk gravely or resolutely. 

— v. t. 1. To set or place, as the foot. 2. Naut. a To fix the 
foot of in its step and so erect (a mast), b To place (a deck) 
in position. 3. To perform, or step through (a dance), in a 
stately manner. Archaic. 4. To measure by stepping; 
hence, to divide by successive measurements ; — often used 
with off. 5. To fashion or arrange in a series of steps. 

to step down, to step up, Elec, to decrease or to increase 
in potential. See transformer. 

— re. 1. An advance or movement made by one removal 
of the foot; a pace ; hence, in pi., progress. 2. A rest for 
the foot in ascending or descending, as a stair or a round 
of a ladder. 3. A degree, rank, or plane in a series or prog- 
ress. 4. Mach. One of a series of offsets, or parts, re- 
sembling the steps of stairs, as one of the series of parts of a 
cone pulley on which the belt runs. 5. The space passed 
over by one movement of the foot in walking or running. _6. 
A small space or distance. 7. A footstep ; footprint. 8. Gait ; 
manner of walking ; also, the sound of a step ; footfall. 9. 
Proceeding ; measure ; action ; an act. 10. Music, a A de- 
gree (line or space) of the scale or staff, b Any interval be- 
tween two contiguous degrees of the scale or staff. The five 
greater intervals (those between c and d, d and e, f and g, 
g and a, a and b) are called whole steps; the two lesser 
(those between e and /, b and c) are called half steps. 11. 
Naut. A frame of wood or metal intended to receive an up- 



< 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined, with. = equals. 



N 



STEP- 



942 



STERTOROUS 











R 



right shaft ; such a framing or a solid block or platform sup- 
porting the heel of a mast. 

Btep-. [AS. steop-J] A prefix used before father, mother, 
brother, sister, etc., to indicate that the person thus 
spoken of is a relative only by the marriage of a parent. 

Step'broth'er (step'bruth'er), n. A son of one's step-parent 
by a former marriage. [a former marriage.) 

Step'child' (-child'), n. A child of one's wife or husband by| 

Step'dame' (-dam'), n. A stepmother. Archaic. 

step'daugh'ter (-d6'ter), n. A daughter of one's wife or 
husband by a former marriage. 

Step'-down' (-dounO, a. 1. Elec. See transformer. 2. 
Mach. Designating a gear or gearing that reduces a ve- 
locity ratio. [a subsequent marriage.] 

Step'fa'ther (-fa'ther), n. The husband of one's mother byj 

Step'lad'der (step'lad'er), n. A portable set of steps, esp. 
one with flat, comparatively broad steps in place of rungs 
and with a hinged back frame. [subsequent marriage. I 

Step'moth'er (-muth'er), n. The wife of one's father by a| 

Step'— par'ent (-par'ent), n. A stepfather or stepmother. 

Steppe (step), n. [G. or F., fr. Russ. step'. - ] One of the vast 
tracts in southeastern Europe or in Asia which are in gen- 
eral level and without forests. 

Stepped (stept), a. Having a step or steps. 

Step'per (step'er), n. One who, or that which, steps, esp., a 
high-spirited horse. 

Step'ping-Stone', n. 1. A stone projecting above water or 
mud, on which to step in walking. 2. A means of progress 
or advancement. [by a former marriage. I 

Step'sis'ter (-sls'ter), n. A daughter of one's step-parent) 

Step'son' (step'sun'), n. A son of one's husband or wife 
by a former marriage. 

Step'-up', a. 1. Elec. See transformer. 2. Mach. Desig- 
nating a gear or gearing that increases a velocity ratio. 

-Ster (-ster). [AS. -estre, -istre."] A suffix denoting agent 
(orig. a woman), esp. one who does something with skill or 

I as an occupation ; as in spinster (orig., a woman who spins), 
songster; — often depreciatory, as in dabster, gamester. 

Ster'co-ra'ceous (stur'k5-ra'shus),a. [L. stercus, -oris, 
dung.] Of or pert, to dung ; containing dung. 

ster'co-ra-ry (stur'k6-ra-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). PLL. 
stercorarium, fr. L. stercorarius belonging to dung.J A 
place for containing dung. — a. Stercoraceous. 

Ster-CU'U-a'ceous (ster-ku'll-a'shus), o. [From L. Stercu- 
lius, the deity that presided over manuring, fr. stercus 
dung ; — in allusion to the fetid odor.] Bot. Belonging 
to a family (Sterculiacese) of trees and shrubs,_ natives of 
warm regions, with very diverse habit and foliage. The 
family includes the cacao, kola nut, etc. _ 

Stere (ster), n. [F. stere, fr. Gr. <rrepe6s solid.] A cubic meter. 
Abbr., s. or st. 

Ster'e-O- (ster'e-§- ; ste're-6-). [Gr. <rrept6s solid.] Com- 
bining form meaning solid, hard, firm. 

Ster'e-O-bate (-bat), n. [L. stereobata; Gr. crrepeos solid + 
/8drj?s that treads or covers.] Arch. The lower part or 
basement of a building or pedestal ; — used loosely to name 
several different forms. 

Ster'e-O-chem'is-try (-kem'is-trT), n. Chemistry dealing 
with the arrangement of the parts of a molecule in space. 

Ster'e-o-chrome' (-krom'), n. A stereochromic picture. 

Ster'e-O-chro'my (ster'g-6-kro'mY ; ste're-), n. \_stereo- -f- 
Gr. xp^A" 1 color.] Wall painting in which water glass is used 
as a vehicle and protective coating. — ster'e-o-ciiro'mic 
(-kro'mik), a. chro'mi-cal-ly (-mi-kal-i), adv. 

Ster'e-O-gram' (-gram'), n. A diagram or picture repre- 
senting objects with an impression of solidity or relief ; also, 
a stereograph. 

ster'e-o-graph' (-graf), «• Any picture, or pair of pictures, 
prepared for the stereoscope. 

Stere-Og'ra-phy (ster'e-og'rd-ff ; ste're-), n. Art of de- 
lineating the forms of solid bodies on a 
plane ; a branch of solid geometry 
showing the construction of all regu- 
larly defined solids. — Ster'e-O-graph'- 
ic (-6-graf'ik), -graph'i-cai (-Y-kdl), a. 
— ster'e-o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ster'e-o-i-som'er-ism (-l-som'er-iz'm), d { 
Chem. A kind of isomerism ex> 



n. 



plained on the assumption that the 
atoms of the molecule have a definite 
arrangement in space. See isomeric. 
Ster'e-om'e-try (-om'e-tn), n. The Stereography 




mensuration of solid .figures ; - ,- ing . a Tetrahedron . 



. Plan 

j:_ f or cutting and fold- 
»««*/ ing: a Tetrahedron 
tmguished from planimetry. — Ster'- & Hexahedron or 

e-O-met'ric (-o-mSt'rik), a. met'- Cube ; c O c t a h e - 

ri-Cal (-ri-kol), a. cal-ly, adv. dron ; d Dodecahe- 

Ster'e-op'ti-COn (-op'ti-kon), n. [NL. dron;eIcosabe- 
See stereo- ; optic] A highly devel- dron - 
oped form of the magic lantern for projecting pictures, 
chiefly photographic, upon a screen by means of an intense 
light. 



ster'e-o-scope' (ster'S-o-skop' 

strument with two eye- 
glasses producing the ef- 
fect of solidity or relief by 
combining the images of 
two pictures taken from 
points of view a little way 
apart. — ster'e-o-scop'ic 
(-skopfk), -scop'i-cal (-1- 
kal), a. cal-ly, adv. 

ster'e-os'co-py (-8s'k6-pT ; -S-sko'pT), 
n. The use or construction of the 
stereoscope; also, the preparation of 
the views used. — ster'e-OS'co-pist 
(ster'e-os'ko-pYst ; ste're-; ster'e-o- 
sko'pist ; ste're-6-), n. 

Ster'e-O-trope^ster'g-o-trop' ; ste're-), 
n. An instrument exhibiting moving 
pictures in stereoscopic relief, pic- 
tures which show successive phases 
of the motion being mounted on a 



ste're-), n. An optical in- 




<& 



1 Stereoscope. 2 Di- 
agram. Rays from 
V and V 1 by lenses 
I V are so refracted 
to the eyes at e e' 
as to appear to 
come from one 
point, P. 

revolving cylinder and viewed through stereoscopic lenses. 

Ster'e-O; type' (-tip'), n. 1. A plate made by taking a mold 
of a printing surface and making from this a cast in type 
metal. 2. Stereotypy. — v. t.; -typed' (-tlpt'), -typ'ing 
(-tlp'ing). 1. To make stereotype plates of, as a book. 2. 
To fix in lasting form ; make permanent. typ'er, n. 

Ster'e-O-typ'y (ster'g-6-tTp'I ; ste're-; -ot'i-pi), n. Art or 
process of making stereotype plates. — Ster'e-O-typ'ic 
(-tfp'Ik), a. 

Ster'ile (ster'Tl), a. [L. sterilis."] 1. Producing little or no 
crop ; unfruitful ; barren. 2. Biol. Incapable of reproduc- 
tion ; as, a sterile seed, flower. 3. Free from microorgan- 
isms, esp. pathogenic bacteria ; as, a sterile fluid. 

Ste-ril'i-ty (ste-ril'i-tl), n. Condition of being sterile. 

ster'i-lize (ster'l-llz), v. t.; -lized (dlzd); -liz'ing (-Hz / - 
Yng). To make sterile, as : a To deprive of the power of re- 
producing ; render incapable of germination or fecundation. 
b To free from pathogenic bacteria, etc., as by heat. — 
ster'i-li-za'tion (-H-za'shun ; -11-za'shiin), n. 

Ster'i-liz'er (-llz'er), n. One who, or that which, sterilizes. 

Ster'let (stur'let), n. [Russ. sterlyad', through F. or G. 
sterlet.~\ A small sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) found in 
the Caspian Sea and its rivers, and highly esteemed for its 
flavor. The finest caviar is made from its roe. 

Ster'ling (stur'llng), n. [ME. sterlynge, starling, prop, a 
coin.] The standard of fineness of lawful British coin. — a. 
1. Pert, to the standard British money of account or coin- 
age ; as,a pound sterling. 2. Of full value ; conforming 
to the highest standard ; genuine ; as, sterling merit. 

Stern (sturn), a. [AS. styrneJ] 1. Having a certain hard- 
ness or severity of nature or aspect ; severe ; grim ; austere. 
2. Proceeding from, or characteristic of, such a nature or as- 
pect ; as, a stem look. 3. Stout ; resolute ; as, a stern re- 
solve ; also, firm ; unyielding ; as, stern discipline. — Syn. 
Forbidding, unfeeling, cruel, pitiless, relentless. See strict. 

Stern, n. 1. The after end of a ship or boat. 2. Hence, the 
hinder part of anything. 

Ster'nal (stQr'nal), a. Of or pertaining to the sternum. 

Stern board. Naut. A going or f allingastern. 

Stem Chase. Naval, a A chase in which a pursuing vessel 
follows in the wake of one pursued, b A stern chaser. Rare. 

Stern Chaser. Naval. A gun so placed as to be able to fire 
astern at a vessel that may be in chase. 

stern'fore'most (stflra'for'most), adv. With the stern in 
advance ; hence : awkwardly ; blunderingly. 

stern'ly, adv. In a stern manner. 

stem'ness, n. Quality or state of being stern. 

Stern'post' (sturn'post'), n. Shipbuilding. A bar of timber 
or iron at the extremity of the keel to support the rudder 
and receive the ends of the planks or plates. 

Stern'son (sturn'siin), n. Shipbuilding. The end of a 
keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; — called also 
stern knee and sternson knee. 

Ster'num (stur'nwm), n.; pi. L. -na (-nd), E. -nums 
(-nwmz). [NL., fr. Gr. arkpvov chest.] Anat. A bone or car- 
tilage, or a series of bony or cartilaginous segments, con- 
necting the ribs in front in most vertebrates above fishes ; 
the breastbone. 

Ster'nu-ta'tion (stflr'nu-ta'shMn), n. [L. sternutatio, fr. 
sternutare to sneeze.] Sneezing. 

ster-nu'ta-tive (ster-nu'td-tiv),ster-nu'ta-to-ry (-to-rf),a. 
Provocative of sneezing. 

Stern'way' (stilrn'wa'), n. Movement of a ship backward ; 
— the opposite of headway. 

Stern'-wheel'er, n. A steamboat having a stern wheel in- 
stead of side wheels. Colloq., U. S. 

Ster'O-pe (ster'6-pe),n. [L.,fr.Gr.2Tep67r?7.] SeePLEiADES. 

Ster'tor (stur'tor), n. [NL., fr. L. stertere to snore.] Med. 
Act or fact of producing a snoring sound, due to obstruc- 
tion of the air passages of the head, as in sleep ; snoring. 

Ster'tO-rous (stur'to-rfts), a. [L. stertere to snore.] Char- 



iale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Sse, unite, ftrn, op, circus, menii; food, loot; out, oil, chair; go; sing, iijkj then, thin; nature, verdure (§7} ; 



STERTOROUSLY 



943 



STUBITE 



acterized by a deep snoring, as in apoplexy ; hence, hoarsely 
breathing. — ster'to-rous-ly, adv. — ster'to-rous-ness, n. 

Stet (stet), L., subj. 3d pers. sing, of stare to stand, remain. 
Print. Let it stand ; — used to signify that something once 
erased, or marked for omission, is to remain. — v. t. ; stet'- 
ted ; stet'tlng. Print. To cause or direct to remain after 
having been marked for omission ; to mark with the word 
stet. or with a series of dots below or beside. 

Steth'o- (steth'o-). Combining form from Greek arffios, 
breast, chest. 

Ste-thom'e-ter (ste-thom'e-ter ; steth-om'-), n. Physiol. 
An apparatus for measuring the external movements of the 
chest wall during respiration. 

steth'o-scope (steth'6-skop), n. Med. An instrument used 
in auscultation, as of the chest, to convey to the ear sounds 
producedin the body. — steth'o-scop'ic (-skSp'Tk), -scop'- 
i-cal (-1-kal), a. — cal-Iy, adv. — ste-thos'co-pist (ste"- 
thSs'ko-pist ; steth-os'- ; steth'o-sko'pist), n. — ste-thos'- 
oo-py (-pi), n. 

Ste / ve-dore / (ste'v^-dor 7 ; 57), n. [Sp. estivador packer, 
deriv. of L. stipare to press.] One whose occupation is to 
load and unload vessels in port. — v. t. & i. To unload and 
load a vessel or vessels as a stevedore. 

stevedore's knot. See knot, Illust. 

Stew (stu), v. t. & i. [ME. stuwen to bathe, OF. estuver."] 
1. To boil slowly ; seethe. 2. To worry. Colloq. — n. 1. A 
brothel ; — usually in pi. Archaic. 2. A dish prepared by 
stewing ; also, Obs., a utensil used in stewing. 3. Worry ; 
a state of agitation or worry. Colloq. 

Stew'ard (stu'erd), n. [AS. stlweard, stigweard, lit., a sty 
ward.] 1. A man employed to manage domestic concerns, 
supervise servants, collect rents, keep accounts, etc. 2. One 
who actively directs affairs ; a manager ; as, the stewards of 
a jockey club. 3. One who supervises the provision and 
distribution of food, as in a club ; specif., on a ship, one 
who superintends the culinary affairs, etc. ; also, a waiter 
or caretaker of staterooms. 4. A fiscal agent. — Stew'ard- 
ess, n. fem. — stew'ard-ship, n. 

Stew'pan' (stu'pan'), n. A pan for stewing. 

Sthen'ic (sthen'ik), a. [Gr. adevos strength.] Med. Strong ; 
active ; — said esp. of morbid states that are attended with 
excessive action of the vital processes. [Gorgon.! 

Sthe'no (sthe'no ; sthen'o), n. [L., fr. Gr. Z0ej>«.] See| 

|| stiac-cia'to (styat-cha'to), a. & n. [It., crushed, flat- 
tened.] See relief, n., 5. 

Stib'i-um (stib'i-um), n. [L. stibium, stibi, Gr. <rr{/3i.] 
Chem. Antimony. — Stib'i-al (stib'I-dl), a. 

stib'nite (stTb'nlt), n. Min. Native antimony trisulphide, 
Sb2S3, occurring in orthorhombic, lead-gray, lustrous crys- 
tals, and also massive ; — called also gray antimony. It is 
the chief source of antimony, and is used in matches, fire- 
works, etc. [or line. 2. A row of trees. I 

Stich (stik), n. [Gr. vtLxos a row, line.] 1. Pros. A verse| 

Stich'ic (-ik), a. [Gr. otixlk&s.~] Of, pert, to, or consisting 
of, stichs, or lines as metrical units. 

stich'worf (stich' wurt'), n. Any of various plants (genus 
Alsine) related to the chickweeds. 

Stick (stik), n. [AS. sticca."] 1. A shoot taken from a tree 
or shrub, esp. when dry or dead. 2. A stem or branch of 
a tree taken for fuel or timber. 3. Any long and relatively 
slender piece of wood ; specif., a. rod ; wand ; staff. 4. 
Anything like, or likened to, a stick in shape. 5. One who 
is inert or stupid. Colloq. 6. Print, a A composing stick. 
D A stickful. 7. A stab. 8. Adhesive tendency ; adhesion. 
9. An impediment ; also, hesitation ; delay ; demur. 10. 
A portion of liquor, as brandy, put into a drink. Colloq. 

— v. t.; pret. & p. p. stuck (stuk), Obs. sticked (stikt) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. stick'ing. 1. To pierce with a pointed im- 
plement ; stab ; kill by piercing. 2. To cause to penetrate ; 
as, to stick a pin into one's ringer. 3. To push ; thrust ; 
poke ; as to stick out one's arm. 4. To fasten by thrusting 
in ; as, to stick a flower in one's buttonhole ; to adorn with 
things fastened on, as by piercing ; as, a coat stuck with 
badges. 5. To set with something pointed ; as, a cushion 
stuck with pins. 6. To fix on a pointed implement ; impale. 
7. To attach by causing to adhere ; in general, to place ; as, 
to stick a cap on one's head. 8. To smear ; — used with 
up. Colloq. 9. To puzzle ; nonplus ; as, to stick one with a 
hard problem. Colloq. 10. To compel to pay by beating in 
a game or a gamble ; also, to get the better of, esp. fraudu- 
lently. Slang. 11. To supply sticks or brush as a prop for, 
as for a vine. 12. To raise, esp. in scorn or disgust; — 
used with up or an equivalent. 

to stick out, to go through with to the end. — to s. up, 
to stop ; esp., to stop in order to rob ; hence, to rob. 

— v. i. 1. To adhere. 2. To remain where placed ; hold 
fast ; cling. 3. To be fixed by or as by piercing ; as, the 
spear sticks in the shield. 4. To be firm or persistent, as 
against opposition or temptation ; persist ; — used with to, 
at, out, or, rarely, upon. 5. To be thrust or put ; protrude ; 
— commonly used with up, out, through, etc. ; as, his hair 
sticks up. 6. To be prevented from going farther ; be 



stayed ; as, to slick in the mud. 7. To be puzzled ; hesi- 
tate ; scruple ; — often used with at. 

Stick'er (stlk'er), n. One who, or that which, sticks ; as : 
a One who posts bills ; billsticker. b = paster, 2. Polit. 
Cant, U. S. C Something puzzling ; a poser. Slajig. 

Btick'ful (-fool), n.; pi. -fuls (-foolz). Print. As much set 
type as fills a composing stick. 

stick'i-ness (stlk'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being sticky. 

Sticking plaster. Adhesive plaster for closing wounds, etc. 

Stick insect. Any of various orthopterous insects (as Dia- 
pheromera femorata), usually wingless and resembliag 
sticks or twigs in form and color. 

stick'le (stlk''l), v. i.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). [Prob. fr. 
ME. stightlen, to arrange, govern, freq. of stihten, AS. 
stihtan.~\ 1. To contend pertinaciously on insufficient 
grounds ; higgle. 2. To hesitate ; scruple ; demur. 

Stick'le-back' (-bak 7 ), n. [Dial, stickle stubble, bristle + 
back.] Any of numerous small, scaleless, nest-building 
fishes (family Gasterosteidx) having two or more free 
spines in front of the dorsal fin. [thing. I 

stick'ler Mer), n. One who stickles, esp. for some trifling! 

Stick'seed' (-sedO, n. Any of a genus (Lappula) of boragi- 
naceous plants ; — in allusion to the bristly, adhesive fruit. 

stick'tignf (-tit'), n. The bur marigold. 

stick'y (-1), a. ; stick'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Adhesive ; glu- 
ey ; viscous ; viscid ; glutinous. 2. Humid and hot. Colloq. 

Stiff (stif), a. [AS. stif.'] 1. Not easily bent ; rigid ; .firm. 2. 
Not liquid or fluid ; thick and tenacious ; as, stiff paste. 

3. Tense ; taut ; as, a stiff rein. 4. Not moving with ease ; 
not limber ; as, stiff joints. 5. Not natural and easy ; con- 
strained ; affected ; as, a stiff style. 6. Of a breeze, current, 
or the like : having force not easily opposed ; strong. 7. 
Strong and lusty ; brave and stanch. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. 8. Stubborn ; obstinate ; pertinacious ; as, a stiff 
adversary. 9. Strong ; — said of a beverage. 10. Harsh ; 
hard to bear. Obs. or Colloq. 11. Difficult ; as, a stiff 
ascent. 12. Naut. Bearing a press of canvas or any exter- 
nal force other than that of the water without easily in- 
clining ; as, a stiff vessel ; — opposed to crank. Cf. steady, 

4. 13. a High ; large ; as, a stiff price. Slang, b Unyield- 
ing ; firm in prices ; as, a stiff market. — stiffly, adv. 
Syn. Formal, starched ; stark, rigorous. — Stiff, stark. 
Stiff implies lack of pliancy or flexibility ; stark suggests 
rigidity, as of death. Stiff is common in fig. use ; stark is 
sometimes employed as a strong intensive. 

stiffen (stTf'n), v. t. & i. To make or become stiff or stiffer. 

stif f '— heart'ed, a. Obstinate ; stubborn ; contumacious. 

stiffness, n. Quality or state of being stiff. 

sti'fle (stl'f'l), v. L; -fled (-fid) ; -fling (-fling). [From 
ME. stif stiff, or fr. Scand.] 1. To stop the breath of ; 

, choke ; suffocate. 2. To stop ; extinguish ; as, to stifle a 
fire. 3. To suppress ; smother ; as, to stifle one's wrath. — 
v. i. To be stifled ; become smothered or choked. 

Sti'fle, n., or stifle joint. [From ME. stif stiff.] The joint 
next above the hock in the hind leg of certain quadrupeds, 
esp. horses and dogs. It corresponds to the knee in man. 

sti'fled (stl'f'ld), a. Diseased in the stifle. 

stig'ma (stig'md), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-mdz), chiefly in senses 
1, 2, and 5; L. -mata (-md-td). [L., a mark, brand, Gr. 
ariyfia, -aros, the prick of a pointed instrument.] 1. A 
mark made with a burning iron ; a brand. 2. Any mark of 
infamy or disgrace ; stain or reproach caused by dishonor- 
able conduct. 3. Med. A red speck on the skin, caused 
either by the extravasation of blood produced by nervous 
influence, as in hysteria or mental ecstasy, or by capillary 
congestion, as in the case of drunkards. 4. A mark or sign 
of defect, taint, etc. 5. Bot. That part of the pistil which 
receives the pollen grains, and on which they germinate. 
6. Anat. & Zobl. A small spot, mark, scar, or a minute 
hole. 7. In pi. R. C. Ch. Marks believed to have been su- 
pematurally impressed on the bodies of certain persons in 
imitation of the wounds of Christ. 

Stig-maf ic (stlg-m£t'ik), a. 1. Of the nature of, or marked 
with, a stigma or stigmata. 2. Optics. Anastigmatic ; — 
applied specif, to a certain type of photographic lens. 

Stig'ma-Usm (stig'md-tiz'm), n. 1. A condition in which 
stigmata are present. 2. The condition of a lens or of the 
eye in which rays of light from one point are brought to a 
single focal point on the retina. Cf . astigmatism. 

stig'ma-tist (-tist), n. One believed to be marked with 
supernatural stigmata. See stigma, 7. 

stig'ma-tize (-tlz), v. t.; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'lng (-tlz'ing). 
1. To mark with a stigma, or brand. 2. To set a mark of 
disgrace on ; describe opprobriously ; as, to stigmatize an 
incorrect use of a word. 3. To produce stigmata upon. See 
stigma, 3, 7. — stig'ma-ti-za'tion (-tl-za'shun ; -tl-za'-),7i. 

Stifbene (stTl'ben), n. [See stilbite.] Org. Chem. A hy- 
drocarbon, CeHoCH : CHCsHs, used in making dyestuffs. 

sWDite (-bit), n. [Gr. arCK^v to shine.] Min. A mineral 
of the zeolite family, a hydrous silicate of aluminium, calci- 
um, and sodium, occurring in sheaflike aggregations of crys- 
tals and in radiated masses ; — called also desmine. 



< 



i 



K = eh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; 2h = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals. 



N 



STILE 



944 



STIPEND 







R 



Stile (stll), n. [AS. stigel a step, ladder, stigan to ascend.] 
1. A step, or set of steps, for passing over a fence or wall ; 
also, a turnstile. 2. Arch. One of the upright pieces in fram- 
ing or paneling ; one of the primary members of a frame, 
into which the secondary members are tenoned. 

Sti-let'to (stT-let'o), to.; pi. -tos (-oz). [It., dim. of stilo a 
dagger, fr. L. stilus a pointed instrument.] 1. A kind of 
slender dagger. 2. Instrument for making eyelet holes, etc. 

— v.t.; -toed (-od) ; -to-ing. To stab with a stiletto. 
Still (stil), a. [AS. stille.] 1. Motionless ; being at rest ; 

quiet ; as, sit still. 2. Not disturbed ; calm ; tranquil ; as, 
still waters. 3. Silent ; hushed. 4. Comparatively quiet or 
silent ; soft ; gentle ; low ; as, a still small voice. 5. Not 
sparkling or effervescent ; — said of wines. 
Syn. Still, quiet, silent. That is still which is motion- 
less or at rest, often with implication of hush or noiseless- 
ness ; quiet, which may also refer to either sound or mo- 
tion, adds to still the implication of tranquillity or repose ; 
silent implies absolute stillness or quiet as to sound only ; 
as, still as the grave ; a quiet evening ; the silent night. 
still life, Fine Arts, that kind of subject in a picture which 
consists of inanimate objects, as fruit, flowers, etc. . 

— n. Absence of noise ; silence. Now Chiefly Poetic.^ 

— adv. 1. Always ; constantly. 2. a To this or that time ; 
as, he is still here, b In the future as now and before. C 
After that ; as, he still feared. 3. In an increasing or ad- 
ditional degree ; even more ; as, still better. 4. Notwith- 
standing ; nevertheless. — Syn. See but. _ 

— v. t. 1. To stop, as physical motion or agitation ; to make 
still ; as, to still the sea. 2. To appease ; calm ; quiet ; al- 
lay ; as, to still passions. 3. To silence ; as, to still a child. 
— Syn. Lull, pacify, subdue, suppress, check, restrain. 

Still (stil), n. 1. A vessel, boiler, or copper used in distilling 
liquids, 
esp. alco- 
holic liq- 
uors; a 
retort ; 
some- 
times, the 
whole ap- 
paratus 
used in 
vaporiza- 
tion and 
condensa- 
tion. 2. A 
house 

i or works *"" x 

where lia- Still, 1. a Body, or Boiler ; b Head ; c Tube lead- 
.,„„ „ _ M _ ing from the Head to the Worm (s), inclosed in 
j. s ..f T , e Cistern of Cold Water ; d Receiver ; e Water 
distilled; Tank for supplying Cistern ; X Overflow Pipe, 
a distillery. 

— v.t. [Shortened fr. distill.'] To distill ; specif., to expel 
spirit from by heat ; to evaporate and condense in a cooling 
device, or to obtain or purify in this way. 

Still'born' (-born'), a. Dead at the birth. 

Still'— hunt 7 , to. 1. A hunting for game in a quiet manner, 
or under cover ; stalking. 2. Hence, the pursuit of any ob- 
ject quietly and cautiously. Colloq. — Still'— hunt', v.t&i. 

Stirii-cid'i-um (stil'i-sid'i-um), to. [L.] Med. The flow- 
ing of a liquid drop by drop, as of the urine in strangury. 

Stil'li-form (stil'i-form), a. [L. stilla a drop + -form.] 
Having the form of a drop. 

Still'ness (stiTnes), n. Quality or state of being still; 
specif., quiet ; silence ; taciturnity. 

Still'son wrench (stTl'sun). A pipe wrench having an 
adjustable L-shaped jaw piece sliding in 
a sleeve that is pivoted to, and loosely 
embraces, the han- 
dle. Pressure on the 
handle increases 

key wrench. Stillson Wrench. Open Position dotted. 

Still'y (stil'i), a. Still ; calm ; as, "oft in the stilly night." 
Rare. — adv. Quietly ; silently. 

Stilt (stilt), to. 1. One of two poles with a support to raise 
the foot above the ground in 
walking. 2. Any of certain very 
long-legged three-toed limicoline 
birds (genera Himantopus and 
Cladorhynchus) , allied to the 
avocets. They chiefly inhabit in- 
land ponds and marshes, nesting 
in small colonies. — v. t. To raise 
on or as on stilts. 

Stilt'ed, p. a. Elevated as if on 
stilts ; hence : pompous ; bombas- 
tic ; also, stiffly formal ; starched. 
— stilt'ed-ness, to. 
stilted arch, Arch., an arch sep- 
arated from the impost by verti- 
cal members. 






European Stilt. 



stim'u-lant (stim'u-lant), a. [See stimulate.] Serving to 
stimulate; specif., Physiol., producing increased vital 
action. — to. That which stimulates or excites ; specif., 
Physiol. & Med., an agent that produces a temporary in- 
crease of vital activity ; esp., an alcoholic beverage. 
stim'u-late (stim'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. stimulatus, p. p. of stimulare to goad on, incite, 
stimulus a goad.] 1. To excite as if with a goad ; rouse or 
animate to action or more vigorous exertion by some pun- 
gent motive or by persuasion ; spur on. 2. Specif. : a 
To excite the activity of (a nerve or an irritable muscle), 
as by electricity, b To arouse by an intoxicating, esp. an 
alcoholic, beverage. — Syn. Animate, incite, urge, insti- 
gate, irritate. — v. i. To act as a stimulant or stimulus 
Stim'u-la'tion (-la'shim), to. Act of stimulating, or state oi 

being stimulated. 
Stim'u-la-tive (stim'u-la-tYv), a. Having power or tendi ,g 

to stimulate. — n. That which stimulates. [lat s 

Stim'U-la'tor (-la'ter), to. One who, or that which, stimu- 
Stim'U-lus (-lus), to.; pi. -is (-11). [L.] 1. A goad. 2. 
Something that rouses the mind or spirits -, an incentive. 
3. That which excites or produces a temporary increase of 
vital action ; esp., Physiol., any substance or agent capa- 
ble of evoking the activity of a nerve or irritable muscle, or of 
producing an impression on a sensoty organ or more esp. 
on its specific end-organ. Cf. irritability. 
Sti'my. Var. of stymie. 

Sting (sting), v. t.; pret. & p. p. stung (stung), Archaic 
stang (stang) ; p. pr. & vb. n. sting'ing (sting'Tng). [AS. 
stingan.] 1. To prick painfully ; as : a To wound with a 
poisonous sting, b To affect with sharp quick pain or 
smart ; as, hail stung their faces. 2. To cause to suffer 
acutely ; as, stung with remorse. 3. To incite as with a 
sting. — v.i. 1. To use, or wound with, a sting. 2. To give 
a keen burning pain or smart or sharp distress. 
— to. 1. Zo'ol. Any of various sharp organs of offense and de- 
fense, esp. when connected with a poison gland, adapted to 
wound by piercing. 2. Bot. A stinging hair, as of a nettle. 
3. A goad ; incitement ; stimulus. 4. The point of an epi- 
gram or sarcasm. 5. The thrust of a sting into the flesh ; 
act of stinging ; also, a wound or pain caused by a sting. 6. 
A sharp or poignant sensation of mental distress, as from 
remorse or shame. 
Sting'er (-er), to. One who, or that which, stings ; specif. : 
a An animal or plant that stings, b = sting, to., 1. 
Stin'gi-ly (stTn'ji-li), adv. In a stingy manner. 
Stin'gi-ness, to. Quality or state of being stingy. 
Sting ray or sting'ray', to. Any of numerous rays (family 
Dasyatidse) having one or more sharp barbed dorsal spines 
on the whiplike tail, capable of inflicting severe wounds. 
Sting'y (sting'i), a. Stinging ; able to sting. 
Stin'gy (stin'ji), a.; -gi-er (-ji-er) ; -gi-est. [E. dial., ill- 
tempered, biting, nipping (weather).] 1. Meanly avari- 
cious ; miserly. 2. Scanty. — Syn. See parsimonious. 
Stink (stink), u. i.; pret. stank (starjk), stunk (stunk) ; p.p. 
stunk ; p. p. & vb. to. stinking. [AS. stincan to have a 
smell (good or bad).] To emit a disgusting odor ; hence, to 
be in bad repute. — v. t. To cause to stink ; affect by a 
stink ; — often with up. — to. A disgusting odor ; stench. 
Stink'er (-er), to. One who, or that which, stinks. Specif., 
any of several large petrels which have an offensive odor. 
Stink'horn' (-horn'), to. Any of a genus (Phallus, esp. P. 

impudicus) of ill-smelling basidiomycetous fungi. 
stinking smut. See 1st bunt, 2. 

Stink'pot' (stink'pot'), to. Mil. & Nav. An earthen jar 
charged with materials of an offensive and suffocating 
smell, formerly sometimes thrown upon an enemy's deck. 
Stink'Stone' (-ston'), to. Any stone which emits a fetid 
smell on being struck or rubbed, owing to the decomposi- 
tion of organic matter. 

stink'weedV (-wed'), to. Any of various strong-scented or 
ill-smelling plants, as the Jimson weed, etc. 
Stint (stint), to. Any of several small sandpipers, as the 

dunlin (and certain species of Pisobia). 
Stint (stint), v. t. [ME. stinten, stenten, stunten, to cause 
to cease, to cease, AS. styntan (in comp.) to blunt, dull.] 
1. To stop. Archaic. 2. To restrain within certain limits ; 
limit ; hence, to restrict to a scant allowance. 3. To assign 
a certain (i. e., a definitely limited) task to. — v. i. 1. To 
stop; cease. Archaic. 2.Tobesparingorfrugal. — to. 1. Re- 
straint ; limitation ; also, limit ; bound. 2. Quantity or task 
assigned ; esp., a definite task prescribed. — stint'er, to. 
Stint r ing-ly, adv. In a stinting manner. 
Stipe (stlp), to. [L. stipes stock, branch.] Bot. A short 
stalk or support, as a mushroom stem or fern-leaf petiole ; 
specif., in seed plants, a stalklike prolongation of the torus 
beneath the ovary. [leaflet. I 
Sti'pel (stl'pel), to. [See stipule.] Bot. The stipule of a| 
Sti-pel'late (stl-pel'at ; sti'pel-at), a. Bot. Having stipels. 
sti'pend (stT'pend), to. [L. stipendium ; stips, gen. stipis, 
a gift, donation of small coin + pendere to weigh or pay 
out.] Settled pay or compensation for services. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circus, menli; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



STIPENDIARY 



945 



STOCKING 




Sti-pen ; di-a-ry (stl-pen'dl-a-rl), a. 1. Receiving pay ; per- 
forming services for a stated compensation. 2. Rendering 
tribute or taxes, as in money or services. — ■ n. ; pi. -ries 
(-rlz). 1. One who receives a stipend. 2. A tribute-paying 
or tax-paying estate or tenant. 3. Roman Hist. A province 
that paid tribute rather than a tax. 

Bti'pes (sti'pez), n. ; pi. stipites (stlp'I-tez). [L., a stock.] 
Zool. A stalk or stem, as the second segment of a maxilla 
of an insect or crustacean. 

Stip'i-tate (stip'i-tat), a. [NX,, stipitatus, fr. L. stipes. 
See stipe.] Bot. Having, or borne on, a stipe, as a pod. 

Stip'ple (stip''l), v. t.; -pled (-'Id); -pling (-ling). [D. 
stippelen to make points, to spot, dot.] 1. To engrave by 
means of dots. 2. To render in paint, ink, etc., by small, 
short touches, so as to produce an even or softly graded 
shadow ; apply (paint, etc.) by repeated small touches. 

— n. Also Stip'pling (-ling). In the graphic arts, any mode 
of execution by which shading is produced by separate 
touches ; also, the effect so produced. 

Stip'U-lar (stlp'u-ldr), a. Like, pert, to, or provided with, 
stipules ; growing on or like stipules. 

Stip'u-late (-u-lat), a. Bot. Furnished with stipules. 

Stip'u-late (-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
stipulatus, p. p. of stipulari to stipulate.] To agree to do 
or forbear anything ; bargain ; contract. — v. t. To arrange 
definitely; specify (something). 

Stip'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of stipulating ; a contract- 
ing ; an agreement; also, that which is stipulated, or 
agreed on ; a condition. — stip'u-la'tor (stlp'u-la'ter), n. 

STip'ule(stIp'ul),7i. [L.stipula stalk.] Oneof the pair of ap- 
pendages at the base of 
the leaf in many plants. 

Stir (stur), v. t. ; stirred 
(sturd) ; stir'ring. [AS. 
styrian.'] 1. To change 
the place or position of ; 
move. 2. To impart 
movement to : a To dis- 
turb the relative posi- 
tion of the constituent 
particles of, as of a fluid, 
by moving something 
about in it. b To move vigorously or briskly ; bestir ; — usu- 
ally reflexive. 3. To rouse ; specif. : a To excite or incite ; 
inflame ; stimulate, b To awaken or start up ; hence : to 
bring into notice ; agitate ; moot. — Syn. Awaken, rouse, 
animate, provoke. — v. i. 1. To move. 2. To be in motion ; 
specif.: a To be active or busy ; as, to stir in one's behalf. 
b To be roused, agitated, or the like. Archaic. 3. To be 
current, as news. 4. To be stirred or be capable of being 
stirred ; as, the paste stirs easily. 

— n. 1. Act or result of stirring ; agitation ; activity ; bustle. 

2. Public disturbance ; tumultuous and seditious disorder. 
Syn. Hurry, flurry, pother, bustle, fuss, ado, to-do. — 
Stir, bustle, fuss, ado. Stir suggests brisk movement or 
activity ; bustle adds the implication of a noisy, obtrusive, 
or self-important display of energy ; fuss implies flurry or 
fidgety agitation or endeavor ; ado occurs chiefly in idio- 
matic phrases. 

stirps (sturps), n. ; pi. stirpes (stur'pez). [L., stem, stock.] 
^"*~-^ 1. Stock ; race ; family ; hence, Law, the person from 
whom a family is descended. 2. Biol. The total of the 
organic units which are found in, and determine the de- 
velopment of, a fertilized egg. 

Stir'rer (-er), n. One who, or that which, stirs. 

Stir'ring (stur'Ing), p. a. 1. Active; lively. 2. Rousing; 
inspiring. — Syn. Animating, stimulating, exciting. 

Stir'rup (stlr'up; stur'wp), n. [AS. stigrdp; stigan to 
mount -f- rap_ rope.] 1. A kind of ring attached to a saddle, 
to support a rider's foot. 2. Any piece resembling or likened 
to a stirrup, as, Carp. & Mach., for a support, clamp, etc. 

3. Naut. A rope secured to a yard, with a thimble in its 
lower end for supporting a footrope. 

stirrup bone. Anat. The stapes. 

Stirrup cup. A cup of wine or the like taken by a rider about 

to depart ; hence : a farewell cup ; parting glass. 
Stitch (stlch), n. A distance ; a space of time. Obs. or Dial. 
Stitch, n. [AS. stice a pricking.] 1. A local sharp and sud- 
den pain, esp. in the back or side. 2. a In hand sewing, a 

single pass of a needle, or the loop or 

turn of the thread thus made and j| 

left in the fabric ; in machine sew- W 

ing, a single complete motion of a' 

needle and shuttle carrying the 

thread through the fabric, or the 

loop or interlocked thread resulting. 

b A single turn of the thread round 

the needle in knitting, crocheting, 

etc. ; a link, or loop, of yarn. C A 

particular arrangement of stitches 

or method of stitching. 3. Any 




Sewing 

Stitches. 
Stitch. 



Machine 
A Chain 
or Loop 



least part of a fabric or dress. Colloq. 



Stitch. B Lock Stitch. 



— v. t. 1. To form stitches in. 2. To unite by stitches. — ■ 
v. i. To practice stitching, or needlework ; sew. 

Stitch'er, n. One who, or that which, stitches. 

stith'y (stltb/I; stlth'I), n.; pi. stithies (-Iz). [From 
Scand.] 1. An anvil. 2. A smithy ; a forge. 

Sti'ver (stl'ver), n. VD.stuiver.~] A Dutch coin, and money 
of account, worth about 2 cents ; hence, a trifle. 

Sto'a (sto'd), n. [Gr. o-rod. See Stoic.] Gr. Arch. A por- 
tico, usually long, walled at the back, and with a front 
colonnade, to afford a promenade or a gathering place. 

Stoat (stot), n. [ME. stot.~] The European ermine, esp. in 
the brown summer coat ; also, any ermine or weasel. 

Stoc-ca'do (sto-ka'do ; -ka'do) ; pi. -does (-doz). Also stoc- 
ca'ta (-to), n. [F. estocade, fr. It. stoccata, fr. stocco ra- 
pier, fr. G. stock stick.] A stab ; thrust. Archaic. 

Stock (stok), n. [AS. stocc stock, trunk, stick.] 1. A 
wooden post ; stump ; block of wood. 2. One who is dull, 
stupid, or lifeless like a block. 3. The chief supporting or 
holding part ; the part in which others are inserted, or to 
which they are attached ; specif. : a Portable Firearms. 
The wooden part to which the barrel and other parts are 
secured, b Field-Gun Carriages. The long beam which 
forms the basis of the carriage body. In modern field-gun 
carriages it is called the trail, c Rapid-fire Guns. The 
connecting arm between the slide and the shoulder piece ; — 
called also shoulder bar. d The contrivance by which bits 
are held in boring ; a bitstock ; brace, e The block of wood 
or metal frame which constitutes the body of a plane, f 
Mech. A holder for a threaded die for cutting screw threads 
on bolts, etc. 4. The main stem of a plant ; trunk of a tree. 
5. Hort. The stem or plant in which a graft is inserted ; 
also, any plant from which cuttings are taken. 6. a The 
original progenitor; the original from which others have 
been derived, b Line of descent ; lineage ; family. C A strain, 
race, or group in a breed or species. 7. Zool. A compound 
organism ; an aggregate of connected zooids. 8. In pi. A 
frame with holes for confining the feet, or feet and hands, 
of public offenders. 9. In pi. The frame on which a ship 
rests while building ; hence: on the stocks, in preparation ; 
under construction. 10. The part of a tally formerly given 
to the creditor in a transaction. 11. The debt or fund 
represented by such a stock (def. 10) or a series of them ; 
hence, a debt or fund due to individuals for money loaned, 
or the securities representing such debt or fund. 12. The 
capital of a company or corporation in transferable shares ; 
also, often in pi., funds or property made up of shares in 
various corporations or in corporations in general. 13. a 
The fund or capital employed in a business, b A merchant's 
or manufacturer's store of goods ; hence : store ; supply ; 
accumulation. _ 14. Card Playing. That portion of a pack 
of cards not distributed to the players at the beginning of 
certain games. 15. Raw materials ; as, paper stock. 16. 
Cookery. A liquid or jelly containing the juices and soluble 
parts of meat, vegetables, etc., extracted by cooking, used 
in making soup, gravy, etc. 17. Domestic animals collec- 
tively ; — called also live stock. 18. A covering for the leg, 
or leg and foot. 06s. 19. A close-fitting wide band or cravat 
for the neck. 20. a Cabbage or colewort. b Any of various 
brassicaceous plants, as the gillyflower. 

— v. t. 1. To put in the stocks (sense 8). 2. To lay up ; store ; 
as, to stock goods. 3. To provide with stock ; provide with 
requisites ; store ; as, to stock a store with supplies, a farm 
with cattle, a river with fish, etc. 

— v. i. 1. To send out new shoots, as from the crown of a 
plant. 2. To put in stock, or supplies ; — often used with up. 

— a. Used for constant service ; kept in stock ; standing. 
StOCk-ade' (stok-ad'), n. [F. estacade stockade, boom, fr. 

It. steccata a palisade.] 1. Mil. A line of stout posts or 
timbers forming a barrier. 2. An inclosure, or pen, made 
with posts and stakes. — v. t. ; -ad'ed (-ad'ed) ; -ad'ing. 
To surround, fortify, or protect, with a stockade. 

Stock'bro'ker (stok'bro'ker), n. A broker who deals in 
stocks. — stock'bro'king (-king), n. 

Stock company, a Com. A corporation the capital of which 
is represented by stock (sense 12). b Theat. A company em- 
ployed more or less permanently in playing a repertoire un- 
der the same management. [pigeon {Columba senas).\ 

Stock'dove' (stok'duv'), n. A common European wild 

Stock exchange, a A place where stocks are bought and 
sold, b An association of stockbrokers who meet and trans- 
act business by recognized forms, usages, etc. 

Stock'fish' (-fish 7 ), n. Salted and dried fish ; also, unsalted 
dried codfish. 

Stock'hold'er (-hol'der), n. Finance. One who is a holder 
or proprietor of stock or stocks. 

Stock'i-ly (-I-1I), adv. In a stocky manner. 

stock'i-ness (-I-nes) , n. Quality or state of being stocky. 

Stock'i-net' (-I-neV), n. An elastic textile fabric imitating 
knitting, used for stockings, undergarments, etc. 

StOCk'ing (stok'Ing), n. [From stock, n., 18.] A close- 
fitting covering for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven ; 
also, something suggestive of such a covering. 



< 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



.., 



STOCKISH 



946 



STOOL 



Stock'Ish (stokTsh), a. Like a stock ; stupid ; blockish. 

Stock'job'ber (-job'er), n. a In British usage, a member 
of the stock exchange who does business with other mem- 
bers only, not with the public ; — often called jobber, and, 
on the exchange itself, dealer, b In the U. S., a stock- 
broker ; — often in contempt. — stock' job'ber-y, n. — 
stock' job'bing, n. 

stock 'man (stok'man),?i. One owning, or in charge of, live 
stock ; a ranchman. Australia & U. S. 

Stock'-still' (109), a. Still as a stock, or fixed post. 

Etock'y (-1), a.; stock'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Short and thick. 

Stock'yard' (-yard'), n. A yard for live stock ; specif., an 
inclosure with stables, pens, sheds, etc., where cattle, sheep, 
swine, and horses are kept temporarily for slaughter, mar- 
ket, or shipping. 

Stodg'y (stoj'i), a. ; stodg'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. Dial, or Col- 
loq. 1. a Thick ; heavy ; — said of food, b Miry ; sticky. 2. 
Stuffed ; crammed ; hence : thickset ; also, lumpish. 

Sto'gy (sto'gT), n. ; pi. -gies (-giz). 1. A brogan. 2. An in- 
expensive cigar made in the form of a cylindrical roll. 

Sto'ic (sto'Ik), n. [L., stoicus, Gr. o-ronicos, fr. arwUds, lit., 
of or pert, to a stoa, o-rod a roofed colonnade, a portico, 
— referring to a portico in Athens where the Stoics taught.] 
1. A member of the school of philosophy founded by Zeno 
about 308 b. c. The Stoics held that men should be free from 
passion and unmoved by joy or grief. 2. [I. c] One not 
easily excited ; one apparently indifferent to pleasure or pain. 

Sto'ic (sto'Ik) la. 1. [cap.] Of or pert, to or like the 

Sto'i-cal (-i-kul)J Stoics or their doctrines. 2. Not affected 
by passion ; showing indifference to pain or pleasure. — 
Syn. See passive. — sto'i-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

stoi'chi-ol'o-gy (stoi'ki-ol'6-ji), n. Also stoi'chei-ol'o-gy, 
Stoe'chi-ol'O-gy. _ [Gr. cttoix^ov a first element + -logy.'] 
1. Physiology which treats of the elements, or principles, 
composing animal tissues. 2. Statement or discussion of 
the first principles of any science or art. o-log'i-cal, a. 

stoi'chi-om'e-try (-ora'e-tri), n. Also stoi'chei-om'e-try, 
Stoe'chi-om'e-try. [Gr. (ttoix&ov a, first element -\--metry.] 
Chem. a Calculation of the combining weights, etc., of the 
elements, b The branch treating of the laws of chemical 
combination. O-met'ric (-6-met'rTk),-ri-cal (-ri-kal), a. 

Sto'i-cism (sto'i-slz'm), n. 1. The opinions, maxims, or 
conduct, of the Stoics. 2. \l. c] The principle or practice 
of showing indifference to pleasure or pain ; impassiveness. 

Stoke (stok), v. t.; stoked (stokt) ; stok'ing (stok'ing). 
[D. stoken, fr. stok a stick.] To poke, as a fire ; hence : to 
tend, as a fire or furnace ; supply with fuel. — v. i. To stoke 
a fire or furnace ; supply a furnace with fuel. 

Stoke'hold' (stok'hold')., n. Naut. A space in front of a 
boiler of a ship from which the furnaces are fed ; the stoke- 
hole of a ship ; also, a room containing a ship's boilers. 

Stoke'hole' (-hoi'), n. The mouth to the grate of a furnace ; 
also, the space where the stokers stand ; a stokehold. 

Stok'er (stok'er), n. [D. See stoke, r. t.] One employed to 
tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, esp. on a steamship 
or locomotive ; also, a machine for feeding a fire. 

Stole (stol), n. [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. 0-7-0X17 a garment.] 
1. A loose garment reaching to the feet. 2. Eccl. A nar- 
row band, esp. of silk, worn over the shoulders by bishops 
and priests, and pendent on each side nearly to the ground. 
3. A woman's long fur garment for the neck and shoulders. 

Stole, pret., Sto'len (sto'l'n), p. p., of steal. 

Stol'id (stol'id), a. [L. stolidus.] Not easily aroused or 
excited ; having or expressing little or no sensibility ; im- 
passive. — Syn. See passive. — id-ly, adv. — id-ness, n. 

Sto-lid'i-ty (sto-lid'i-tt), n. Quality or fact of being stolid. 

Sto'lon (sto'lon), n. [L. stolo, -onis.] 1. Bot. A slender 
branch developing a bud and roots at the tip or at both 
node and tip. 2. Zool. An extension of the body wall, from 
which buds are developed, giving rise to new zooids that 
usually remain united by the stolon. 

Sto'ma (sto'md), n. ; pi. -mata (sto'md-td; stom'd-). [Gr. 
0-Tofj.a, -0.7-os, a mouth.] Biol. Any of various small mouth- 
like openings, esp. in the lower animals, among the cells of 
a serous membrane, or in the epidermis of plants. 

Stom'ach (stiim'uk), n. [F. estomac, L. stomachus gullet, 
liking, vexation, fr. Gr. arouaxos stomach, throat, gullet, 
c-To/xa mouth.] 1. a In man and most vertebrates, the di- 
lated portion of the alimentary canal beyond the esophagus, 
or gullet, in which the earlier stages of digestion take 
place, b In invertebrates, any digestive cavity. 2. Appe- 
tite ; hence: desire; inclination. 3. A particular disposi- 
tion or mental attitude ; as : a Temper ; spirit, b Pride ; 
arrogance. Obs. C Anger ; spleen ; resentment. 4. The 
belly ; abdomen ; — a common but erroneous use. 

— t;. t. 1. To resent. 2. a To bear without repugnance, nau- 
sea, or the like, b To bear without overt resentment ; brook. 

Stom/ach-er (-er), n. X. One who stomachs. 2. (pron. 
-iik-er ; -d-cher.) An ornamental covering for the breast. 

sto-mach'ic (sto-mak'ik), a. Also sto-mach'i-cal (-i-kdl). 
1. Of or pert, to the stomach. 2. Strengthening to the 
stomach : cordial. — n. Med. A stomachic tonic. 



stomach tooth. A lower canine, esp. of the first dentition. 
Its appearance is often attended with gastric disturbance. 

Sto'ma-ta (sto'md-td; stom'd-), n., L. pi. of stoma. 

stom'a-tal (stom'd-tal ; sto'md-), a. Bot. & Zool. Pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, a stoma. 

Sto-mat'ic (sto-mat'Ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the mouth. 
2. Bot. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a stoma. 

Sto'ma-ti'tis (sto'md-tl'tis ; stom'd-), n. [NL.] Med. In- 
flammation of the mouth. 

stom'a-to- (stom'd-tS-; sto'md-). Combining form from 
Greek arbp-a, arbu.aros, mouth. 

sto'ma-tol'o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. Med. Science of the mouth 
and its diseases. [surgery of the mouth. | 

Stom'a-tO-plas'ty (stom'd-to-plas'ti ; sto'md-), n. Plastkj 

stom'a-to-pod' (stom'd-tS-pod' ; sto'md-), n. Any of an 
order (Stomatopoda) of crustaceans, including the squillas, 
having the gills borne on the appendages of the abdomen. 

Sto'mo-dae'um, or -de'um (sto'mo-de'&m ; stom'5-), n. ; pi. 
-D.EA (-d). [NL. ; Gr. arby.a, -aros, mouth + odalos on the 
way.] Embryol. & Zool. The anterior or oral part of the 
alimentary canal or tract. dae'al, or -de'al (-dl), a. 

Stomp (stomp), v. i. [Obs. or dial, form of stump.] To 
stamp with the foot. Dial. — v. t. To stamp ; mash. Dial. 

-Stomy. Combining form from Greek arrbna, mouth ; — used 
specif, in' surgery to denote an operation establishing an 
artificial opening, usually permanent (into some part or 
parts) ; as in gastrostomy, ileostomy, etc. 

Stone (ston), n. [ME. ston, stan, AS. stan.] 1. Concreted 
earthy or mineral matter : a A small piece of rock or one of 
moderate size, b Rock or rocklike matter as a material, 
esp. for building. 2. A precious stone ; gem. 3. Something 
made of stone, as a gravestone, grindstone, whetstone. 
4. Something resembling a small stone ; as : a Med. A 
calculous concretion, esp. one in the kidneys, bladder, 
or gall bladder, b A testicle, c The hard endocarp of a 
drupe ; any hard, stonelike seed. 5. Print. A stand or 
table with a smooth, flat top ( orig. of stone ) on which to 
impose type ; ■ — called also imposing stone. 6. A vary- 
ing unit of weight, now legally 14 pounds in Great Britain. 

— v. t. ; stoned (stond) ; ston'ing (ston'mg). 1. a To pelt 
with stones, b To pelt to death with stones. 2. To make 
like stone ; petrify. Now Rare. 3. To remove the stones 
or seeds of. 4. To wall, face, or line with stones. 

— a. Made of stone or stoneware. 

Stone age. The culture period preceding the bronze age, 
subdivided into a paleolithic and a neolithic period (q. v. ). 

Stone'chat' (-chat'), n. A common European singing bird 
(Pratincola rubicola). 

stone'crop' (ston'krop'), n. [AS. stan- 
cropp.] A mosslike 
plant (Sedum acre) 
with pungent fleshy 
leaves and yellow flow- 
ers ; also, any of several 
related species. 

stone'cut'ter (stSn'kiit'- 
er), n. One who cuts stone; also, a 
machine for dressing stone. — Stone'- 
cut'ting, n. 

Stone fly. Any of numerous insects (constituting the family 
Perlidse and order Plecoptera) having aquatic larvae. 

Stone fruit. Any fruit with a stony endocarp ; a drupe. 

Stone lily. A fossil crinoid. 

Stone parsley. A slender Old World apiaceous herb (Sison 
amomum), with aromatic seeds used as a condiment. 

Ston'er (ston'er), n. One who, or that which, stones. 

Stone roller, a An American fresh-water fish ( Hypen- 
telium nigricans) of the sucker family, b A common 
American cyprinoid fish (Camposto?na anomalum). 

Stone'ware' (-war'), n. A species of coarse earthenware. 

Stone'work' (-wurk'), n. 1. Work made of stone. 2- In pi. 
An establishment where stones are cut, esp. for masonry ; 
— sometimes construed as sing. 

Ston'i-ly (-1-IT), adv. In a stony manner. 

Ston'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being stony. 

ston'y (st5n'i),o. ; ston'i-er (-i-er) ; ston'i-est. 1. Abound- 
ing in stone or stones. 2. Consisting of stone. Archaic or 
Poetic. 3. Pertaining to, resembling, or characteristic of, 
stone ; hence : inflexible ; pitiless ; obdurate ; cold. 4. Con- 
verting into stone or as into stone ; petrifying. 
stony coral, any coral with a very hard calcareous skeleton. 

Stood (stood), pret. & p. p. of stand. 

Stool (stool), n. A stock or parent plant ; specifically, the 
stump or root which throws out shoots or yields layers for 
propagation ; also, a cluster of shoots from an old root or 
clump. — v. i. To form a stool ; tiller. 

Stool, n. [AS. stol a seat.] 1. A single seat without a back. 
2. A seat used in evacuating the bowels ; hence, an evacu- 
ation of the bowels. 3. A bench or portable support for the 
feet or the knees ; a footstool ; as, a kneeling stool. 4. a A 
pole or the like to which a bird is fastened as a decoy, b The 
bird thus fastened ; a stool pigeon ; a decoy duck. U. S. 




Stone- 
chat, (i) 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Skm, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



STOOL PIGEON 



947 



STOUT 



Stool pigeon, a A pigeon used to decoy others into a net. 
b A person used as a decoy. 

Stoop (stoop), v. i. [ME. stoupen."] 1. To bend or lean for- 
ward and downward ; specif., to assume habitually a bent 
position. 2. To condescend ; descend ; as, to stoop to flat- 
tery. 3. To yield ; assume a position of humility or subjec- 
tion. 4. To pounce ; swoop. — v. t. 1. To bend forward 
and downward. 2. To prostrate ; subject. Obs. or Rare. 

— n. 1. Act of stooping ; specif., a habitual forward bend of 
the back and shoulders. 2. Descent, as from dignity or 
superiority ; condescension ; act or position of concession, 
humiliation, etc. 3. A swoop. 

Stoop (stoop), n. [D. stoep.'] Originally, a covered porch 
with seats, at a house door ; now, any porch, platform, en- 
trance stairway, or small veranda, at a house door. U. S. 

Stoop. Var. of stoup. 

Stop (stop), v. t.; pret. & p. p. stopped (stopt), stopt 
(Chiefly Poetic) ; p. pr. & vb. n. stop'ping. [AS. stoppian 
(in corhp.).] 1. To close, as an aperture, by filling or ob- 
structing ; hence, to stanch (a wound). 2. To obstruct ; ren- 
der impassable ; as, to stop a passage. 3. To arrest or check 
the progress of ; cause to cease ; suppress. 4. Hence, to par- 
ry, as a blow. 5. Music. To regulate the pitch of, as a violin 
string by pressure with the finger, or a wind-instrument 
tube by closing one or more finger holds. 6. To punctuate. 
Syn. Stop, arrest, check. To stop, the general term, is 
to cause advance, or (often) movement of any sort, to 
cease ; as, to stop a clock. To arrest is esp. to stop (and 
often to hold fixed) in the midst of movement, develop- 
ment, progress, or the like ; as, arrested development. To 
check is esp. to stop or arrest partially or temporarily ; as, 
his extravagance was checked by the fear of want. See cease. 

<— v. i. 1. To cease to go on ; halt. 2. To stay ; tarry. 
Colloq. — Syn. See stay, cease. 

— n. 1. Act of stopping ; state of being stopped. 2. That 
which stops ; obstacle ; obstruction ; specif., a device for 
arresting or limiting motion in a machine. 3. Music, a 
The closing of an aperture in the air passage, or pressure of 
the finger upon the string, of an instrument, so as to alter 
the pitch of its tone ; hence, any contrivance by which the 
pitch of an instrument is so regulated, b A graduated set 
of organ pipes or reeds of like kind and tone quality, c A 
stop knob, or handle, by which the player controls a 
register of organ pipes or a coupler, tremolo, etc. 4. A 
mark of punctuation. 5. Naut. A piece of small line or the 
like used to bind or secure something ; as, to secure a furled 
sail with stops. 6. Phon. a Any consonant formedwith a 
compl :te momentary closure at some point in the voice pas- 
sage, the nasal passage also being closed, as p, b, t, d, k, g ; 
— disting. from open consonant. Also, by some, any conso- 
nant formed with complete closure of the oral, but not of 
the nasal, passage, as the nasals m, n, ng. b The oral 
closure characteristic of such consonants. — Syn. Cessa- 
tion, check, interruption. 

Stop'COCk' (stop'kok/), n. A bibcock, faucet, or short pipe, 
fitted with a turning stopper, or plug, for permitting or re- 
straining the flow of a liquid or gas. 

Stope (stop), n. Mining. An excavation for extracting ore 
in successive steps or ledges ; hence, any excavation for ex- 
traction of ore, as disting. from a shaft, drift, airway, etc. 

— v. t. & i. ; stoped (stopt) ; stop'ing (stopping). Mining. 
To extract (ore) from or as from a stope. 

Stop'-gap' (stop'gapO, n. That which closes or fills up an 
opening ; hence : a temporary expedient ; makeshift. 

Stop'page (stop'aj), n. Act of stopping, or arresting mo- 
tion, progress, or action ; also, state of being stopped. 

Stop'per (-er), n. One who, or that which, stops, fills up, 
closes, etc., as a cork or plug ; a stopple. — v. t. To close or 
secure with a stopper. 

Stop'ple (stop''l), n. A stopper. — v. t. ; -pled (-'Id) ; -pling 
(-ling). To close the mouth of with or as with a stopple. 

Stop watch. A watch with a hand or hands that can be 
started or stopped at will, for timing, as of races, etc. 

Stor'age (stor'aj ; 57), n. 1. Act of storing ; state of being 
stored ; safe-keeping of goods in a depository. 2. Space for 
the safe-keeping of goods ; also, the price charged for this. 

Storage battery. A battery for generating electricity by 
the reversal of chemical reac- 
tions previously produced in it 
by an electric current. 

Sto'rax (sto'raks; 57), n. [L., 
storax, styrax, Gr. <rr6pa£.] 1. 
A resin derived from various 
styracaceous trees (esp. Styrax 
officinalis). 2. A fragrant bal- 
sam, obtained from the bark of a 
species of liquidambar (Liquid- 
ambar orientalis), used as an 
expectorant and in perfumery. 

Store (stor; 57), n. [OF. estor , 
provisions, supplies, fr. estorer. ^J^rl^l r^™,^ 
See store v. *.] 1. That which ° uter Casing Removed 





Stork 
(Ciconia alba). 



is accumulated ; source from which supplies may be drawn ; 
reserve fund. 2. In pi. Specif., articles, esp. of food, accu- 
mulated for a specific object ; supplies. 3. Hence : an abun- 
dance ; great amount. 4. A storehouse ; warehouse. 5. A 
place where goods are kept for sale ; a shop. Chiefly V. S. 

— v. t.; stored (stord) ; stor'ing. [OF. estorer to con- 
struct, restore, store, LL. staurare, for L. instaurare to 
renew, restore.] 1. To furnish ; provide ; supply ; as, to 
store a ship with provisions. 2. To collect a supply ; lay 
away ; as, to store up energy. 3. To deposit, as in a store- 
house, for preservation. 

storehouse' (stor'hous' ; 57), n. A building for storing 
goods, esp. provisions ; warehouse ; store. 

store'room' (-room'), n. A room for storing things. 

Sto'rey (sto'ri), n.; pi. -reys (-rlz). Var. of stor/, of a 
building. 

Sto'ried (sto'rTd ; 57), a. Also sto'reyed (-rid). Having 
(such or so many) stories ; as, a two-storied house. 

Sto'ried, p. a. 1. Told in a story. 2. Celebrated in story or 
history. 3. Bearing designs representing scenes from story 
or history ; as, a storied frieze. 

Sto'ri-ette' (sto'rT-ef ; 57), n. [story + -ette.'] A little, or 
short, story ; a short tale. Cant. 

Stork (stork), n. [AS. store."] Any of various large wading 
birds (family Ciconiidae) allied to the 
ibises and herons, as the common Euro- 
pean white stork (Ciconia alba). 

Stork's'-bilF (storks'bil'), n. Any pel- 
argonium (so called from the beaklike 
prolongation of the axis of the recepta- 
cle) ; also, a plant of a related genus 
(Erodium). 

Storm (storm), n. [AS.] 1. A disturb- 
ance of the atmosphere attended by 
wind, rain, snow, hail, sleet, or thunder 
and lightning; a heavy fall of rain, 
snow, or hail. 2. A shower or flight of 
objects, esp. of missiles violently 
thrown ; as, a storm of arrows. 3. A 
commotion or tumult in civil, political, 
or private life. 4. A vehement outburst, 
as of passion, or of the expression of emotion. 5. Mil. A de- 
termined assault on a fortified place. — Syn. Tempest. 

— v. i. 1. To blow with violence ; also, to rain, hail, snow, or 
the like, usually violently ; — used impersonally. 2. To 
rage. — v. t. Mil. To attack, and attempt to take, by sud- 
den assault ; as, to storm a fortification. 

storm'y (stor'mi), a.; storm'i-er (-mY-er) ; -i-est. 1. 
Characterized by, or pert, to, a storm ; subject to storms ; 
tempestuous. 2. Proceeding from, or characterized by, 
violent agitation or fury ; turbulent ; violent ; raging ; as, a 
stormy life ; a stormy man. — Storm'i-ly (-mi-li), adv. — 
storm'i-ness (-mT-nes), n. 
stormy petrel. See petrel. 

Stor'thing', Stor'ting' (stor'ting'), n. [Norw. storting; 
stor great + ting court.] The parliament of Norway. 

Sto'ry (sto'ri ; 57), n. ; pi. .ries (-nz). [OF. estore, estoree, 
p. p. of estorer. See store, v. t.~] A set of rooms on one floor 
or level ; a floor, or the habitable space between two floors ; 
also, a horizontal architectural division of a building. 

Sto'ry, n. [OF. estoire, fr. L. historia. See history.] 1. A 
connected narration of past events; history; as, the story 
of Rome. 2. a An account of some incident, b A report ; a 
statement ; as, his story was convincing. C An anecdote. 
3. In literature, a narrative in prose or verse ; a tale ; esp., a 
fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel. 4. The plot 
of a work of literature. 5. A fib ; falsehood ; — a euphe- 
mism used chiefly by or with reference to children. Colloq. 
Syn. Story, tale, anecdote. Story is the general and 
familiar word ; tale is often elevated or poetical, and fre- 
quently connotes more than story ; an anecdote is a short 
account of a single incident. Cf. narrative. 

— v. t.; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing. 1. To narrate or describe in 
story. 2. To adorn with a story, or scene from history, etc. 
See storied, p. a., 3. [a. & n.\ 

sto'ry-tell'er, n. One who tells stories. — sto'ry-tell'ing,] 

Stoss (stos; G. shtos), a. [G., a thrust.] Geol. Facing 
toward the direction from which an overriding glacier im- 
pinges orjmpinged ; — said of the side of a hill, etc. 

Stoup (stoop), n. 1. A small vessel for liquids. 2. E^ccl. A 
basin for holy water at the entrance of a church. 

Stout (stout), a. [OF. estout bold, strong, proud, foolish.] 
1. Strong and firm of character; specif. : a Brave; bold. 
b Firm ; stubborn. 2. Physically or materially strong : 
sturdy ; firm ; tough ; enduring ; as, a stout ship, cloth ; 
also, substantial ; strong ; as, stout liquor. 3. Having a 
bulky body ; stocky ; corpulent ; — opp. to thin, slender. 
Syn. Fat, fleshy, plump, portly, corpulent, obese, burly, ro- 
tund, thickset. — Stout, portly, corpulent, obese, burly. 
Stout implies a thickset, bulky figure or build ; portly adds 
to stout the implication of a more or less dignified and im- 
posing appearance ; corpulent (in present usage) and 



i 



< 



•4 



X = ch in G. Ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. fl Foreign Word, + combined with. *= equals. 



N 



STOUT-HEARTED 



948 



STRANGENESS 



P 



R 



s 



obese imply a disfiguring excess of flesh ; as* a stout, puffy 
man ; a large, portly figure ; a short and corpulent person. 
Burly adds to stout the implication of sturdiness or bluff- 
ness ; as, "a burly, roaring, roistering blade." See strong. 

— n. A strong malt liquor ; a strong porter. 

Stout'— heart'ed, a. Having a stout heart or spirit ; brave ; 
courageous. — stout'-heart'ed-ness, n. 

Stout'ly, adv. In a stout manner. 

stout'ness, n. Quality or state of being stout. 

sto'va-in (sto'vd-m), n. Also -ine. [stove (a translation 
of F. proper name Fourneau) + -in, -ine."] Pharm. A 
substance, C14H22O2NCI, the hydrochloride of an amino 
compound containing benzoyl, used as a local anaesthetic. 

Stove (stov), pret. & p. p. of stave. 

stove (stov), n. [AS. stofa a room for a warm bath.] 1. a 
A hothouse for plants. Eng. b A drying room. 2. Any of 
various apparatus, commonly of iron, for heating and cook- 
ing. 3. A kiln, as for firing pottery. 

Stove'pipe' (stov'pip'), n. Pipe, or a pipe, of sheet iron, 
used as a stove chimney or to connect a stove with a flue. 

Stow (sto), v. t. [From ME. stowe a place, AS. stow.'] 1. 
To place compactly ; pack. 2. To hide ; lodge. 3. To ar- 
range anything compactly in. 4. To hold ; furnish room for. 

StOW'age (sto'aj), 7i. 1. Act or method of stowing; also, 
room for stowing. 2. That which is stowed. 3. Money 
paid for stowing goods. 

Stow'a-way' (sto'd-wa'), ra. One who hides on a vessel, or 
on a railroad train, to obtain a free passage. 

Stra-bis'mus(strd-bTz'mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. o-rpa/Sio-juos, fr. 
<TTpat3L£ei.v to squint.] An eye affection in which the optic 
axes cannot be directed to the same object ; cross-eye. — 
stra-bis'mic (-mlk), stra-bis'mi-cal (mi-kdl), a. 

Stra-bot'O-my (-bof 8-mT), n. [Gr. <rrpa/36s squinting + 
-tomy.~\ Surg. The operation for curing strabismus by 
dividing one or more muscles of the eyeball. 

Strad'dle (strad''l), v. i. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). 1. To 
stand, sit, or walk with legs wide apart ; to sit astride. 2. 
To be noncommittal ; be " on the fence. " Colloq. -— v. t. 
1. To stand or sit astride of. 2. To be noncommittal in 
regard to, or to favor, or seem to favor, both sides of ; as, 
to straddle an issue. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Act of straddling. 2. Distance between the feet or 
legs of one straddling. 3. Stock Exchanges. An option giv- 
ing the holder the double privilege of a "put" and a "call." 
— Strad'dler (strad'ler), n. 

strag'gle (strag''l), v. i. ; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). 1. To 
wander from the direct course ; stray. 2. To wander off or 
become separated from others of its kind ; be, become, or 
occur as if, dispersed. — Strag'gler (-ler), n. 

Strag'gly (-li), a. Straggling ; spread out irregularly. 

Straight (strat), a. [ME. strei^t, properly p. p. of strecchen 
to stretch, AS. streht, p. p. of streccan to stretch, extend.] 
1. Having an invariable direction; lying evenly through- 
out its extent ; — said of a line. 2. Having the general 
characteristics of a straight line ; not curved or crooked. 
3. Conforming to justice and rectitude ; upright. 4. Di- 
rect ; uninterrupted ; unbroken ; specif. : a Reliable. Colloq. 
b Candid ; frank. Colloq. c Poker, etc. Composed of cards 
in a regular sequence, as the ace, king, queen, jack, and ten- 
spot ; as, a straight flush. 5. Properly ordered or arranged ; 
as, to set things straight. 6. Making no exceptions or devi- 
ations in one's support of a principle, policy, party, etc. ; as, 
a straight Republican ; also, cast for all the regular candi- 
dates of a party ; as, a straight ballot. Chiefly Political 
Cant, U. S. 7. Unmixed ; undiluted ; unmodified ; as, 
whisky straight. Slang. 8. Having a fixed price for each, 
regardless of the number sold. Slang or Cant, U. S. 
straight face, a face showing no merriment or emotion. 

— adv. Directly ; rightly ; straightway. 

— n. 1. Something straight ; specif. : a A straight line, b 
The section of a race track between the last turn and the 
winning post ; — with the. 2. Poker, etc. A straight hand 
of five cards; a sequence. — '!;, t. To straighten. Rare. 

Straight'a-way' (strat'd-wa'), a. Straightforward; as, a 
straightaway racecourse. — n. A straightaway course. 

Straight'edge' (-ej'), n. A bar or slip, as of wood or metal, 
having a straight edge for testing straight lines, etc. 

Straight'en (strat''n), v. t. To make straight ; put in order. 

— v. i. To become straight. — Straight'en-er, n. 
Straight'for'ward (-for'werd), a. Proceeding in a straight 

course or manner ; hence : honest ; frank. — straight'for'- 
ward-ly, straight'f or/ward, adv. — f or'ward-ness, n. 

Straight'— line', a. Mech. Designating a linkage or equiva- 
lent device (called straight-line motion) designed to 
produce or copy motion in a straight, or approximately 
straight, line. Such a device is often called parallel motion, 
a term which strictly applies to a device for copying straight 
lines in a parallel line or plane. 

Straight'ly, adv. In a straight manner ; directly. 

Straight'ness, n. Quality or state of being straight. 

Straight'-out' (-out' ; 109), a. Thoroughgoing ; downright ; 
as, straight-out resentment. Colloq., U. S. 



straightaway' (strat'wa/), adv. Immediately; forthwith. 
Strain (stran), n. [AS. streon gain, acquisition, begetting.] 

1. Race ; stock ; descent ; family. 2. Specif. : a Domestic 
animals having a common lineage but not distinguishing 
characters sufficient to constitute a breed, b Hort. A group 
of plants differing from the race to which it belongs by 
some enhanced or improved physiological tendency. 3. a 
Hereditary character, as of a nation, b A trace ; a streak ; 
as, a strain of humor. 4. Sort; kind; as, the common 
strain. 5. a The tenor, burden, tone, manner, style, of a 
song, poem, speech, book, etc., or, by extension, of a course 
of action or conduct; as, he spoke in a noble strain, b 
Mood ; temper. 6. A sustained note or movement ; a pas- 
sage < or flight, as of song or the imagination ; hence : a A 
distinct portion of a poem, b A melody, tune, or air. C A 
song ; a poem. — Syn. See vein. 

Strain, v. t. [OF. estraindre, estreindre, fr. L. stringere to 
draw tight.] 1. To draw tight ; stretch. Archaic. 2. To 
force ; constrain ; as, " the quality of mercy is not strained." 
3. Mech. To act upon so as to cause change of form or vol- 
ume, as forces on a beam to bend it. 4. To exert to the ut- 
most ; as, to strain every nerve. 5. To stretch beyond its 
proper limit ; as, to strain the law. 6. To injure by stretch- 
ing or by exertion of force ; as, a ship strained by a gale. 7. 
To injure by overexertion or overuse. 8. To squeeze ; press 
closely ; hug ; — now usually only in, to strain to one's 
breast. 9. a To put through or as through a strainer, b To 
remove by or as by filtration ; — usually used with out. 
Syn. Strain, sprain agree in the idea of injury from exces- 
sive stretching or exertion. But strain is of general appli- 
cation ; sprain applies only to muscles or ligaments. 

— v. i. 1. To make violent efforts ; strive. 2. To suffer a 
strain. 3. To be filtered ; percolate. 

— n. 1. Act of straining, or state of being strained ; specif. : 
a Excessive tension, b Excessive exertion ; a violent effort. 
C Hurt or injury from excessive tension or use ; a sprain ; 
wrench. 2. Mech. a Distortion due to stress or force, b 
Stress, thrust, or force. 

strain'er (-er), n. One that strains, as : a A sieve or filter. 
b A device for stretching or reenforcing something. j 

Strain'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of strain. — straining arch. 
Arch., an archlike construction to resist end thrust, as a 
flying buttress. — s. beam or piece, Arch., a short piece 
of timber in a truss, used to hold in place the ends of struts 
or rafters. See queen-post, Illusi. 

Strait (strat), a. [OF. estreit, estroit, fr. L. strictus drawn 
together, close, tight.] 1. Narrow ; as, "strait is the gate." 

2. a Restricted ; as, a strait place, b Tight ; close ; as, strait 
lacing. 3. Strict ; scrupulous ; rigorous ; as, the straitest 
sect. 4. a Distressful ; difficult, b Straitened ; hampered ; 
pinched, as in one's finances. — Syn. See narrow. 

— n. 1. A narrow pass or passage. Archaic. 2. Specif. : a 
A passageway connecting two large bodies of water ; — 
often in pi. b A neck of land. Rare. 3. A condition of dis- 
tressing narrowness or restriction ; perplexity or distress ; 
difficulty ; need ; — often in pi. 

Strait'en (straf'n), v. t. 1. To make strait ; confine. 2. a 
To restrict ; hamper. Rare, b To afflict, as with difficulty ; 
distress or embarrass, as financially. 

Strait'ened (-'nd), p. a. Distressed or embarrassed, as for 
money ; also, characterized by want or need ; as, to be in 
straitened circumstances. [violently insane, etc.| 

Strait'— jack'et, n. A strong, tight coat for restraining thej 

Strait'-laced' (-last'), a. 1. Laced tightly ; wearing tight 
stays. 2. Unusually strict in manners, morals, or opinion. 

Strait'ly, adv. In a strait manner ; narrowly ; strictly. 

strait'ness, n. Quality or state of being strait. 

Strake (strak), n. Naut. One breadth of planks or plates 
forming a continuous strip on the bottom or sides of a vessel. 

Stra-min'e-OUS (strd-min'e-ws), a. [L. stramineus, fr. 
stramen straw.] Of or like straw ; also, straw-colored. 

stra-mo'ni-um (-mo'ni-iim), n. [NL.] Also stram'o-ny 
(stram'3-ni). 1. The thorn apple (Datura) ; esp., the Jim- 
son weed. 2. Pharm. The dried leaves of the latter, used in 
medicine, esp. in asthma. 

Strand (strand), n. [Prob. fr. D. streen a skein.] Any of 
the twists, or strings, of a rope ; also, a single filament. — 
v. t. 1. To break a strand of (a rope). 2. To form (a rope, 
etc.) by uniting strands. 

Strand, n. [AS.] Ashore, now esp. of the ocean. Now Poetic 
or R. — Syn. See shore. — v.t.& i. To drive or drift on 
a strand ; hence, to run aground ; — often used fig. 

Strange (stranj), a. [OF. estrange, fr. L. extraneus exter- 
nal, foreign, extra on the outside.] 1. Alien ; foreign. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Of or pert, to another or others or some other 
kind, character, or place ; as, a strange dog. 3. Not before 
known, heard, or seen ; unfamiliar ; as, a strange land. 4. 
Novel ; extraordinary ; queer ; as, strange garments. 5. Re- 
served ; distant in deportment ; also, shy, timid, or coy. 6. 
Unaccustomed ; inexperienced. — adv. Strangely. Obs. or 
Rare. — strange'ly, adv. — strange'ness, n. 
Syn. Unusual, uncommon, unnatural, singular, peculiar, 



■* 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



STRANGER 



949 



STREAMLINE 



odd, queer, anomalous, irregular, unexampled, unprece- 
dented, remarkable ; eccentric, quaint, outlandish, erratic, 
whimsical, fantastic, fantastical, droll. — Strange, singu- 
lar, peculiar, eccentric, erratic, odd, queer, quaint, 
outlandish. That is strange which is out of the ordinary, 
familiar, or natural order ; singular often suggests that 
whose strangeness puzzles one or piques one's curiosity ; 
as, a strange, mysterious dream ; Chatterton was a singular 
character. That is peculiar which carries distinctive quali- 
ties to an extreme ; the word is often a mere synonym for 
odd or queer ; eccentric implies divergence from the beaten 
track ; erratic adds to eccentric a stronger implication of 
caprice ; as, a peculiar trick of expression ; Carlyle's taste 
for the eccentric ; the workings of his mind were erratic. 
Odd often differs little from singular or peculiar ; it some- 
times suggests an element of the fantastic ; that is queer 
which is (esp. oddly) abnormal, or dubious or questionable ; 
as, an odd superstition ; a queer feeling ; a queer transaction. 
That is quaint which is pleasantly odd or (esp.) old-fash- 
ioned ; that is outlandish which is uncouth or bizarre ; as, 
a quaint expression ; an outlandish custom. 

Stran'ger (stran'jer), n. 1. One who is strange ; specif. : a 
A foreigner, b A visitor or intruder, c A person with whom 
one is unacquainted, d One ignorant of a specified object. 
2. Law. One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title ; 
an intermeddler. 

Stran'gle (stran'gT), v. t.; -GLED (-g'ld); -gling (-gling). 
[OY.estr angler, ~L.strangulare,Gr.<TTpa.yyo.\a.v,ir.<TTpay- 
ydXrj a halter, (rrpayyos twisted.] 1. To choke to death by 
compressing the throat. 2. To stifle, choke, or suffocate 
in any way. 3. To stifle ; suppress ; repress. — v. i. To be 
strangled, or suffocated. — Stran'gler (-gler), n. 

Stran'gles (-g'lz), n. pi. in form.but construed as sing. An 
infectious febrile disease of equine animals ; — called also 
distemper. 

stran'gu-late (-gu-lat), v.t. ; -lat'ed {Asit'ed) j-lat'ing. [L. 
strangulare, -latum, to choke.] To compress, esp., Med., 
so as to stop circulation ; as, a strangulated hernia. 

Stran'gu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of strangling, or state 
of being strangled. 2. Med. Inordinate compression or con- 
striction, as of the throat, esp. such as causes a suspension 
of breathing or of the passage of contents. 

Stran-gu'ri-ous (stran-gu'ri-us), a. Med. Of or pert, to 
strangury ; suffering from strangury. 

Stran'gU-ry (strar/gu-n), n. [L. stranguria, Gr. <rrpay- 
yovpia; arpky^, arpayyos, a drop + ovpov urine.] A pain- 
ful discharge of urine, drop by drop. 

Strap (strap), n. [Var. of strop, ME. strope, AS. stropp, L. 
stroppus, struppus.] 1. A narrow strip of flexible mate- 
rial, esp. of leather, for use as a fastening. 2. Something 
consisting of, serving as, or resembling, a strap (sense 1); 
specif. : a A piece of leather, canvas, or the like or a strip of 
wood covered with a suitable material, for sharpening a ra- 
zor ; a strop, b A shoulder strap. 3. A narrow metal strip. 

— v. t.; strapped (strapt) ; -ping. l.To beat with a strap. 
2. To secure with a strap. 3. To sharpen on a strap ; strop. 

Strap hinge. A hinge with long flaps by which it is fastened. 

"^trap-pa'do (stra-pa'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [It. strap- 
pata.] A form of torture consisting in hoisting the subject 
by a rope (sometimes fastened to his wrists behind his back) 
and letting him fall to the length of the rope. 

Strap'per (strap'er), n. One who uses a strap; specif., 
Railroad Construction, a workman who bolts the splices, 
or straps, to the rails ; a splicer. 

Strap'ping, a. Tall ; lusty ; large. Colloq. 

Strass (stras), n. [After its inventor, a German.] A bril- 
liant lead glass used in manufacturing artificial gems ; paste. 

Strass (stras), n. [F. strasse, estrasse.J Silk refuse in 
skein making. 

stra'ta (stra'td), n., L. pi. of stratum. 

Strat'a-gem (strat'd-jem), n. [F. stratageme, L. strate- 

, gema, Gr. <TTpa.Tr\yrma, fr. arparriyelv to be a leader of an ar- 
my, fr. arparnybs a general ; arparos army + b.ye\.v to lead.] 
A trick in war for deceiving the enemy ; hence, in general : 
artifice ; deceptive device. — Syn. See artifice. 

Stra'tal (stra'tal), a. Of or pert, to a stratum or strata. 

Stra-te'gic (strd-te'jik ; -tej'ik) \a. Of, pertaining to, ef- 

Stra-te'gi-cal (-te'jl-kdl ; -tej'i-)/ fected or marked by, 
strategy. — stra-te'gi-cal-ly, adv. 

stra-te'gics (strd-te'jiks), n. (See -ics.) Strategy. 

Strat'e-gist (strat'e'-jist), n. One skilled in strategy. 

Strat'e-gy (-ji), n. 1. Science or art of projecting and di- 
recting military movements ; art of maneuvering troops or 
ships so as to gain the advantage in place, time, or condi- 
tions of fighting ; generalship. 2. Use of stratagem. 

Strath (strath), n. [Gael, srath.'] A river valley of consid- 
erable size ; — often used with the name of the river ; as, 
Strath Spey. Scot. 
Strath'spey' (strath'spa' ; strath f spa'), n. [From dist. of 
Strath Spey, Scotland.] A lively Scottish dance, like a 
reel ; also, music for this or having its duple time, 
strat i-fi-ca'tion (straVl-fi-ka'shtm), n. Act or process of 
stratifying ; state of being stratified. 



Strat'i-form (stratT-form), a. Anat. Having the form of a 
stratum ; designating a cartilage embedded in a groove in a 
bone to form a smooth surface over which a tendon passes. 

Strat'i-fy (-fl), v. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. Istratum + 
-fy-"] To arrange or form in strata, or layers. 

Stra-tig'ra-phy (strd-tlg'rd-fT), n. [_stratum + -graphy.~] 
1. The arrangement of strata, esp. as to position and order 
of sequence. 2. Geology treating of the arrangement and 
succession of strata. — strat'i-graph'ic (strat'I-graf'Tk), 
-graph'i-cal (-T-kdl), a. — cal-ly, adv. 

Stra'tO-CU'mu-lus (stra'tS-ku'mu-lus), n. Meteor. Strati- 
fied cumulus, consisting of large balls or rolls of dark cloud 
which often cover the whole sky, esp. in winter. 

stra'tum (stra'tiim), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E. -tums (-tizmz). 
[L., fr. sternere, stratum, to spread.] 1. A layer, either 
natural or artificial ; esp. : a Geol. A bed of sedimentary 
rock or earth of one kind, formed by natural causes, usually 
in layers, b Biol. A layer of tissue. 2. Something likened 
td a stratum of the earth ; a layer ; as, a stratum of society. 

Stra'tUS (stra'tus), n. [L. stratus a spreading out, scatter- 
ing.] Meteor. A cloud form characterized by horizontal 
extension and low altitude. 

Straw (stro), n. [AS. striaw."] 1. A stalk or stem of grain 
or pulse, esp. of wheat, rye, oats, or barley. 2. Collectively, 
the mass or material consisting of stalks of grain after 
threshing. 3. A thing of smallest worth ; mere trifle. 

Straw'ber-ry (-ber-i), n. The enlarged pulpy receptacle 
bearing many achenes, constituting fruit of any of various 
rosaceous stemless herbs (genus Fragaria) ; also, the plant. 

strawberry bass. See calico bass. 

Strawberry bush. An American shrub (Evonymus ameri- 
canus) having crimson pods and seeds with a scarlet aril. 
Also, the wahoo (E. alropurpureus) . 

Strawberry shrub. Any of a certain genus (Butneria) of 
shrubs bearing fragrant dark red or purplish flowers. 

Strawberry tomato. The edible fruit of any of several 
solanacequs herbs (genus Physalis) ; also, the plant, as the 
alkekengi. 

Strawberry tree. A European ericaceous tree (Arbutus 
unedo) with strawberrylike fruit. 

Straw'board' (stro'boroV), n. Common paper board made 
of straw pulp, used for packing, making boxes, etc. 

Straw color or colour. A light yellow color, like that of 
dry straw. — straw'-col'ored, or -col'oured, a. 

Straw vote. An unofficial vote, as one taken to indicate the 
relative strength of opposing candidates or issues. 

Straw wine. Wine from grapes dried in the sun, as on 
straw. The wine is sweet and liqueurlike. 

Straw'worm' (-wQrm'),.«. 1. A caddis worm. 2. Any of 
several hymenopterous insects (as Isosoma hordei, and I. 
grande) whose larva? are injurious to straw. 

straw'y (stro'T), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, straw. 

Stray (stra), v. i. [OF. estraier, prop, a., stray, astray.] 1. 
To wander ; deviate. 2. To rove at large ; roam ; go astray ; 
err. — Syn. See wander. — a. 1. Gone astray ; wander- 
ing. 2. Incidental ; unrelated. — n. 1. Any domestic ani- 
mal wandering at large or lost ; an estray. 2. A person or 
thing that strays. — Stray'er (stra'er), n. 

Streak (strek), n. [ME. streke, var. of strike streak, stroke, 
AS. stricaj 1. A line or long mark of a different color from 
the ground; stripe; vein.^ 2. Min. The color of the fine 
powder of a mineral, obtained as by scratching or by rub- 
bing against a hard white surface. It often differs from 
the color of the mineral in mass and is an important dis- 
tinguishing character. 3. A vein of character or tempera- 
ment : a strain ;as, a generous streak in him. 4. A layer, 
as of fat or lean in bacon ; — also, often fig. ; as, a streak of 
luck. Colloq., U. S. — Syn. See vein. 

— v. t. To form streaks or stripes in or on ; stripe. 
Streak'y (strek'T), a. Streaked ; marked with streaks. — 

streak'i-ly (-Ml), adv. — streak'i-ness, n. 
Stream (strem), n. [AS. stream."] 1. A current or course 
of water flowing on the earth, as a river, brook, etc., or of 
water or other fluid from a vessel, reservoir, or fountain ; 
specif., any course of running water; as, the streams of 
New England. 2. A steady flow, as of air ; also, a beam or 
column of light. 3. Anything moving, acting, or happening 
with continued succession of parts ; flow ; as, a stream of 
words ; also, current ; drift ; as, the stream of history. 
Syn. Stream, current are often interchangeable ; but 
current denotes esp. the more swiftly moving portion of a 
stream or other body of water. 

— v. i. 1. To issue or flow in a stream. 2. To pour out, or 
emit, a stream or streams ; as, streaming eyes. 3. To issue, 
shooter pass swiftly, as light, a comet, etc. 4. To stretch 
out at length, or in a line, often wavy ; as, a flag streams 
out. — v. t. To cause to stream. 

Streamer (-er), n. 1. A flag or pennant ; specif., a long, 
narrow flag. See flag, Illust. 2. A column of light shoot- 
ing upward from the horizon, as in the aurora. 

Stream'let (-let), n. A small stream ; a rivulet ; rill. 

Stream'line' ( strem'lin 7 ), n. The path of any particle of a 




« 



111 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word* -r combined with. = equals. 



N 



STREAMY 



950 



STRIGOSE 



R 



flowing fluid that is undisturbed by eddies or the like. — a. 
Of or pert, to a streamline ; designating a motion or flow 
that is free from turbulence ; hence, designating a surface, 
body, etc., designed to afford an unbroken flow of a fluid 
about it ; as, a streamline body for an automobile. 

3tream'y (strem'I), a. 1. Abounding with streams. 2. Like 
a stream ; issuing in a stream ; as, streamy rays. 

Street (stret), n. [AS. street, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved 
way, properly fern. p. p. of sternere, stratum, to spread.] 
1. Orig., a paved road ; public highway ; now, commonly, a 
thoroughfare, esp. in a city, town, or village ; esp., a main 
thoroughfare, as disting. from an alley, lane, or the like. 
Street usually includes the sidewalks or footpaths on either 
side, except when used in direct distinction from them, and 
often also includes the bordering dwellings, business 
houses, lots, etc., which are then often spoken of as in the 
street ; as, he lives on, or in, Main Street. 2. Hence, the 
occupants of the buildings on a street collectively ; as, the 
street was agog with curiosity. — Syn. See way. 
the street, Brokers' Cant, the thoroughfare or vicinity in 
a city where its main financial business is carried on, as 
Wall Street and vicinity in New York. 

Street Arab. A homeless vagabond in the streets of a city ; 
particularly, an outcast boy or girl ; a gamin. 

Strength (strength), n. [AS. strengSu, fr. Strang strong.] 
1. Quality or state of being strong ; ability to do or to bear ; 
force ; power. 2. Power to resist force ; solidity or tough- 
ness ; as, the strength of a beam. 3. Power of resisting at- 
tacks ; impregnability ; as, the strength of a fort. 4. In- 
tensity ; force ; vehemence ; vigor ; as, the strength of one's 
love. 5. Force as measured ; amount, numbers, or power 
of any body ; as, the strength of an army. 6. One regarded 
as embodying or affording strength ; support ; as, God is 
our strength. 7. Effective power, as in an institution or 
enactment ; security ; validity ; legal or moral force ; logical 
conclusiveness ; as, the strength of evidence. — Syn. En- 
ergy, robustness, stoutness, firmness. See power. 
strength of an acid (or base). Chem. See avidity, 2. 

Strength/en (streng'th'n), v. t. & i. To make, grow, or be- 
come, stronger ; to add strength to. — Syn. Invigorate, 
confirm, fortify, encourage. — Strength'en-er, n. 

Stren'U-OUS (stren'u-us), a. [L. strenuus.] 1. Eagerly 
pressing or urgent ; zealous ; ardent. 2. Marked by or re- 
quiring zealous energy. — Syn. See vigorous. — streM'u- 
ous-iy, adv. — stren'u-ous-ness, -os'i-ty (os'i-ti), n. 

Strep'tO-COC'CUS (strgp'to-koViis), n.; pi. -coca (-si). 
[NL. ; Gr. (rrpeirrSs pliant, curved + E. coccus.] Bacteriol. 
A microorganism of a genus (Streptococcus) of bacteria 
having cells which divide in one direction only, and remain 

1 more or less attached, forming chains. Some species are 
virulently pathogenic. They often occur in waters polluted 

r with sewage. — Strep'tO-COC'ciC (-sik), a. 

Stress (sires), v. t. [From distress, or fr. OF. estrecier, fr. 
L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to bind tight.] 1. To subject 
to mechanical stress. 2. To accent or emphasize. 

— n. 1. Pressure ; strain ; as, stress of circumstances ; — 
used chiefly of immaterial things. Hence : urgency ; im- 
portance ; weight ; significance. 2. Mech. Mutual force or 
action between contiguous surfaces of bodies, due to ex- 
ternal force ; the cohesive force or molecular resistance in a 
body opposing such action ; specif., the intensity of this 
force, commonly expressed in pounds per square inch. 3. 
Phon. Force of utterance of words, syllables, or elements, 
increasing their relative loudness ; accent. 

-Stress. Z-ster + -ess.'] A noun suffix denoting a feminine 
agent, now esp. one who does something with skill or as 
an occupation ; as in seamstress, songsiress. 

Stretch (strech), v. t. [AS. streccan.] 1. To reach out ; 
extend ; as, to stretch the arm. 2. To draw out ; expand ; 
distend ; as, to stretch cloth ; to stretch the wings. 3. To 
make tense ; strain ; as, to stretch a muscle. 4. To cause to 
reach or continue, as from one point to another ; extend. 
5. To extend too far ; hence : to exaggerate ; as, to stretch 
the truth. 6. To cause to lie at full length. — v. i. 1. To 
spread ; reach. 2. To extend or spread one's self or one's 
limbs. 3. To bear extension without breaking. 4. To strain 
the truth ; exaggerate. Now Colloq. 

— n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched, often 
unduly ; strain ; effort. 2. A continuous line or surface ; 
also, a continuous period of time. 3. Extent to which any- 
thing may be stretched ; extreme reach. 4. Course ; direc- 
tion. 5. Either of the straight side sections of a race course 
that has curving ends ; specif., that part (home stretch) 
between the last curve and the winning post. 

Stretch'er (strech'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
stretches ; specif., any of various devices for stretching or 
expanding something. 2. A brick or stone laid with its 
length parallel to the face of the wall. 3. In framed work, 
a timber or rod used as a tie, esp. when horizontal. 4. A 
litter, usually of canvas stretched on a frame, for carrying 
the disabled or dead. 

P stret'to (strat'to), n. ; pi. -ti (-te). [It., close or con- 



tracted, pressed, L. strictus, p. p. See strict.] Music, a 
In a fugue, the crowding of answer upon subject ; the di- 
vision of a fugue, properly following the "working out." 
b In an opera or oratorio, a coda in an accelerated time. 

Strew (stroo ; also, esp. British, stro), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. 
strewed (strood ; strod) ; p. p. strewn (stroon ; stron) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. strew'ing. [AS. strewian.] 1. To scat- 
ter ; spread by scattering. 2. To cover by or as by scatter- 
ing something over or on ; also, to be dispersed over as if 
scattered. 3. To spread abroad ; disseminate. 

Stri'a (strl'd), n. ; pi. stride (-5). [L., a furrow.] A minute 
groove or channel ; a narrow line or band, as of color, esp. 
when one of a series of parallel lines or grooves ; a striation. 

Stri'ate (strl'at), a. Marked with parallel striae. — (strl'at), 
v. t. ; -at-ed (-at-ed) ; -at-ing (-at-ing). To maTk with striae. 

Stri'at-ed (-at-ed), a. Striate. 

Stri-a'tion (strl-a'shun), n. 1. State of being striated ; also, 
arrangement of striae. 2. One of a series of parallel striae. 

Strick (strTk), n. 1. A bunch of hackled flax prepared for 
drawing into slivers. 2. Any of the pieces into which a lap 
of floss silk is cut up after the first carding or combing. 

Strick'en (striken), p. a. 1. Smitten ; wounded. 2. Af- 
fected injuriously by ; advanced in (what wears or tends to 
bring to an end) ; as, well stricken in age. 

Strick'le (striV'l), n. [AS. stricel, fr. strican. See strike.] 
1. An instrument to strike grain. See strike, v. t., 13. 2. 
A rifle for whetting. 3. Founding. A template consisting 
of a board or plate with a beveled edge of definite con- 
tour, used in forming a mold, core, etc., in loam or sand. 

— v. t. To smooth or form with a strickle. 

Strict (strikt), a. [L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to draw or 
bind tight.] 1. Drawn close ; tight ; as, a strict ligature. 
Also, tense ; as, a strict fiber. 2. Exact ; precise ; rigor- 
ously nice ; hence, rigid in interpretation ; as, strict con- 
struction of a law. 3. Governed or governing by exact 
rules ; rigorous ; as, strict discipline. 

Syn. Rigid, rigorous, stringent, scrupulous, exact ; inflex- 
ible, inexorable, uncompromising ; severe, stern, austere, 
ascetic, strait-laced, puritanical. — Strict, severe, stern, 
austere, ascetic. Strict (opposed to lax) implies rigorous 
exactness, esp. as regards conformity to rules or standards ; 
severe, as applied to persons, often adds the implication of 
harshness or censoriousness ; as applied to style, it sug- 
gests restraint or simplicity ; as, keeping strictest watch ; 
a strict and literal interpretation ; a severe punishment ; 
severe simplicity. Austere implies cold and formal, though 
sometimes lofty, severity ; stern suggests a severely in- 
flexible, sometimes hard or forbidding, aspect or nature ; 
as, austere truth ; stern realities of life. Ascetic implies 
austere abstinence or self-denial. [constriction.! 

Stric'tion (strik'shun), n. [L. strictio.] A constricting ;| 

Strictly, adv. In a strict manner. 

Strict'ness, n. Quality or state of being strict. 

Stric'ture (strik'tyr), n. [L. strictura a contraction.] 1. 
Strictness. Obs. 2. An adverse criticism ; censure. 3. A 
binding or contraction ; specif., a morbid contraction of 
any passage of the body. — Syn. See animadversion. 

Stride (strld), v. i. ; pret. strode (strod), Obs. strid (strid) ; 
p. p. strid'den (stnd''n), Obs. strid; p. pr. & vb. n. 
striding (striding). [AS. strldan to stride.] 1. To walk 
with long steps, esp. in a measured or pompous manner; 
also, to walk or run with long or measured steps, as a man 
or horse in a race. 2. To straddle'. Rare. -—v.t. 1. To pass 
over at a step. 2. To bestride ; hence, to ride. 

— n. Act of striding ; also, a long step. - — Stridor, n. 
StriMent (strl'dent), a. [L. stridens, -entis, p. pr. of stri- 

dere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Harsh-sound- 
ing ; grating ; shrill. — Stri'dent-ly, adv. 

Stri'dor (stn'dor ; -dor), n. [L., fr. stridere. See strident.] 
A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise; specif., Med., a harsh, 
whistling sound during obstructed respiration. 

Strid'U-late (stricPj5-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. 
To make a shrill, creaking noise, as crickets and katydids 
do by scraping a filelike structure against another surface. 

Strid'u-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. Act or sound of stridulating. 

Strid'u-la-tO-ry (stride -ld-to-n), a. Stridulous; able to 
stridulate ; used in, or adapted for, stridulation. 

Strid'U-lOUS (-lus), a. [L. stridulus.] Making a shrill, 
creaking sound. — strid'U-lous-ly, adv. lous-ness, n. 

Strife (strlf), n. [OF. estrif. See strive.] 1. Earnesten- 
deavor. Archaic. 2. Exertion for superiority ; emulation. 
3. Contention ; conflict ; fight. — Syn. Contest, struggle, 
quarrel. See contention. 

Strig'il (stnj'il), n. [L. strigilis, fr. stringere to scrape.] 

1. Gr. & Rom. Antiq. An instrument for scraping the 
skin, as at the bath. 2. One of a group of undulating chan- 
nels, or flutings, used esp. in Roman architecture. 

Strig'i-la'tion (-T-la'shwn), n. Vigorous brushing or scrap- 
ing, esp. of the skin, as by a strigil. 

Strig'il-lose (strfj'i-los), a. Bot. Finely strigose. 

Stri'gose (strl'gos ; stri-gos'), a. [Cf . F. strigueux, and L. 
strigosus lean, lank.] 1. Bot. Set with stiff bristles ; hispid. 

2. Zo'ol. Marked with fine, closely set grooves. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



STRIKE 



951 



STROBILACEOUS 



Strike (strik), v. t.; pret. struck (strfik) ; p. p. struck or, 
Chiefly Poet, or Rhet., strick'en (striken), 06s. struck'- 
en (struk''!!) ; p. pr. & vb. n. strjk'ing (striking). [ME. 
striken, AS. strlcan to go, proceed.] 1. To hit ; smite ; 
give a blow to. 2. To strike against ; collide with ; as, the 
ship struck a reef. 3. To give or inflict, as a blow. 4. To 
impel, as with a blow ; dash ; cast ; as, to strike one's head 
against a stone ; also, to smear ; to daub. 5. To afflict ; 
punish, as if with blows ; to smite. 6. To cause or pro- 
duce as by a stroke or blow ; as, to strike a light. 7. To 
cause to ignite by friction ; as, to strike a match. 8. To 
impress with a die or the like ; mint ; coin. 9. To thrust in ; 
cause to penetrate ; as, a tree strikes its roots deep. 10. To 
affect sensibly with a strong emotion or in a particular man- 
ner ; as, to strike one with horror. 11. To cause to sound, 
esp. by strokes ; indicate by sounding ; as, the clock struck 
two. 12. To hit upon, or come or^light upon, esp. suddenly ; 
meet with ; find ; as, they soon struck the trail. Chiefly 
Colloq. 13. To level, as a measure of grain, by scraping off 
with a straight instrument. 14. To make and ratify ; as, to 
strike a bargain. 15. To lower, as a flag. 16. To efface, 
cancel, or the like ; — usually used with from, off, or out. 
17. To assume (a posture, etc.). 18. To harpoon or shoot 
(a whale) with a bomb ; also, Angling, to hook (a fish). 
Syn. Strike, hit, smite. Strike is the general term ; hit, 
in the sense of strike, is rather more familiar and collo- 
quial ; smite is now chiefly elevated or poetical. 
to strike a balance, to find out the difference between the 
debit and credit sides of an account. — to s. camp, to take 
down the tents or huts of a camp. — to s. dumb, to con- 
found ; astonish. — to s. hands, to clasp hands ; hence, to 
make a compact. — to s. it rich, to find a rich vein or de- 
posit of ore ; hence, to meet with any great financial good 
fortune. Cant, or Colloq. — to s. off. a To erase from a 
list or the like ; deduct ; as, to strike off the interest of a 
debt, b Print. To print. — to s. oil, to find petroleum 
when boring for it ; — also used fig. Slang, U. S. — to s. 
out. a To produce by collision ; force out ; as, to strike 
out sparks with steel, b To blot out ; efface ; erase, c 
Baseball. To cause to strike out ; — said of the pitcher. See 
to strike out, under strike, r. i. — to s. up. a To begin to 
sing or play ; as, to strike up a tune, b To form, or enter 
upon, suddenly, as a friendship. — to s. work, to quit 
work ; esp., to go on a strike. 

— v. i. 1. To advance ; proceed ; as, to strike through the 
fields. 2. To come with force or suddenly (lit. or fig.) ; as, 
he struck on a happy thought ; the vessel struck on a rock. 
Chiefly Naut. or Colloq. 3. To give or aim a blow ; at- 
tack ; as, to strike for one's country. 4. To hit ; collide. 5. 
To sound, as a clock, by percussion. 6. To lower a flag in 
token of respect or in surrender. 7. To quit work in order 
to obtain or resist a change in conditions of employment. 
See strike, n., 6. 8. Hort. To take root. 

to strike out, Baseball, to be put out for not hitting the 
ball fairly during one's turn at the bat. See strike, ».,10. 
— to s. up, to begin to play, sing, etc. 

— n. 1. Act of striking. 2. A strickle for leveling a meas- 
ure of grain, salt, etc. ; also, a stick for removing super- 
fluous clay in molding bricks, etc. 3. Fullness of measure ; 
hence, excellence of quality. 4. Geol. The horizontal di- 
rection of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks, or the di- 
rection of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the 
upper edge of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to 
the dip. 5. Coining. The quantity or number of coins or 
the like struck at one time. 6. A stopping of work by work- 
men to obtain more pay, shorter hours, etc. 7. Act of ob- 
taining or attempting to obtain money by importunity or 
any form of blackmail or threat, esp. by introducing in a 
legislature a bill in order to obtain a bribe for withdrawing 
it. 8. A sudden finding of rich ore in mining or petroleum 
in boring for it ; hence, Colloq., any sudden success, esp. fi- 
nancial. 9. Bowling, U. S. Act of leveling all the pins with 
the first bowl ; also, the score thus made. 10. Baseball. 
Any actual or constructive striking at the pitched ball, 
three of which, if the ball is not hit fairly, cause the batter 
to be put out. [a strike.! 

strike breaker. One who takes the place of a striker during! 

Strik'er (strik'er), n. One who, or that which, strikes; 
as : a One who uses the sledge in forging, b A harpooner. C 
A workman who is on a strike, d One who, esp. in politics, 
attempts a strike. See strike, n., 7. Colloq. or Cant, U. S. 

strik'ing (striking), a. Very noticeable ; remarkable. 

String (string), n. [AS. streng.~\ 1. A small cord or slender 
strip of leather or the like, used esp. for tying things. 2. A 
thread or cord strung with a number of objects ; as, a 
string of beads ; hence, a line or series of things arranged 
on or as on a thread ; as, a string of words. 3. The cord of a 
musical instrument, as a piano, violin, etc., or of a bow ; 
specif., in pi., stringed instruments, esp. of an orchestra. 4. 
A fiber, as of a plant. 5. A nerve or tendon of an animal 
body. 06s. 6. a Arch. Short for stringcourse, string- 
piece. Specif. : b One of the inclined sides of a stair sup- 
porting the treads and risers. 7. Billiards & Pool, a The 



line from behind and over which the cue ball must be 
played after being out of play, as by being pocketed ; — 
called also string line, b Act of stringing for the break. 

— v. t. ;pret. strung (strung) ; p. p. strung, Rare, stringed 
(stringd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. string'ing (stringing). 1. To 
furnish with strings. 2. To adjust or tune the string or 
strings of, as of a violin, a bow, etc. ; hence, to make tense. 
3. To thread on a string ; file ; as, to string beads. 4. To 
deprive of strings ; as, to string beans. 5. To tie, hang up, 
or the like, with a string. 6. To extend or stretch like a 
string. 7. To hoax ; josh ; jolly. Slang. 

— v. i. 1. To form into a string or strings. 2. To move or 
progress in a string, or series. 3. Billiards, Pool, etc. To 
make the cue ball rebound from the foot cushion so as to 
stop as near as possible to the head cushion (or, some- 
times, to the balk, or string line), as for determining the 
order of play, etc. 

String beans. The unripe pods of any of several kinds of 
beans used in cooking ; — so called because the strings are 
stripped off in preparing them. 

Stringcourse' (-kors' ; 57), n. Arch. A horizontal band in 
a building, forming a part of the design in some way dis- 
tinguished from the rest of the work. 

Stringed (stringd), a. _ 1. Having strings, as an instrument ; 
also, produced by strings. 2. Tied with a string. 

Strin'gen-cy (strin'jen-si), n. Quality or state of being 
stringent ; specif. : a Strictness ; severity ; rigor, b Tight- 
ness ; lack of ease or plenty, as in financial circles. 

[j Strin-gen'do (stren-jen'do), a. [It.] Music. Urging or 
hastening the time, as to a climax. 

Strin'gent (strin'jent), a. [L. stringens, p. pr. See strict.] 
1. Strict in requirements ; restrictive ; rigid ; as, a stringent 
code of procedure. 2. Tight ; having little available money ; 
as. a stringent money market. — strin'gent-ly, adv. 

Stringier (string'er), n. 1. One who strings. 2. A longitu- 
dinal railroad sleeper borne on transverse ties. 3. Mech. 
a A long horizontal timber to connect uprights, support a 
floor, or the like, b A tie in a truss, etc. 

String'halt' (-hOlt 7 ), n. An affection of the hind legs of the 
horse, in which certain muscles contract spasmodically. 

String'i-ness (-T-nes), n. Stringy quality. 

String'piece' (-pes'), n. Arch. A long piece of timber in a 
construction, esp. a heavy and principal one, usually hori- 
zontal, as the heavy squared timber lying along the top of 
the piles forming a dock front or timber pier. 

String'y (-1), a.; string'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Consisting 
of strings ; fibrous ; filamentous. 2. Ropy ; viscid. 

strip (strip), v. t.; stripped or, Rare, stript (stript) ; 
strip'ping. [AS. strypan in bestrypan to plunder.] l.To 
deprive ; divest ; plunder (a person, building, etc.) ; esp., to 
deprive or divest of a covering or clothing ; skin ; peel. 2. 
Naut. To dismantle ; unrig. 3. To milk dry, as a cow. 4. 
To pick the cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) and 
tie them into bundles ; also, to remove the midrib from 
(tobacco leaves). 5. Mach. To tear off the thread from (a 
bolt, nut, etc.). 6. To pull or tear off, as a covering ; re- 
move ; as, to strip bark from a tree ; hence, to plunder, as 
jewels, ornaments, etc. — v. i. To take off, or become di- 
vested of, clothes or covering ; to undress wholly or partly. 

— n. A narrow or relatively long piece ; as, a strip of cloth. 
Stripe (strip), n. [OD. strijpe stripe, streak.] 1. A line, 

or long, narrow division of anything of a different color or 
structure from the ground. 2. Weaving. A pattern or 
cloth with such stripes. 3. A strip attached to something 
of a different color or material. 4. A long, narrow discolora- 
tion of the skin made by the blow of a lash or the like ; 
hence, such a blow. 5. Distinctive color ; hence : type ; 
sort ; as, persons of the same stripe. 

— v. L; striped (stript) ; strip'ing (striping). To make 
stripes upon ; variegate with stripes. 

Striped (stript ; strlp'ed ; 24), a. Having stripes ; streaked. 
striped squirrel, a chipmunk. 

Strip'ling (strip'llng), n. [_strip -f 1st -ling; as if a small 
strip from the main stock or stem.] A youth ; lad. 

Strip'per (-er), n. One who, or that which, strips. 

Strip'y (strip 7 !), a. Having, occurring in, marked by, or 
suggestive of, stripes or streaks. 

Strive (striv), v. i.; pret. strove (strov) ; p. p. striv'en 
(striven) or, Rare, strove; p. pr. & vb. n. striv'ing 
(striving). [OF. estriver; of Teutonic origin.] 1. To 
make efforts ; labor hard ; — followed by an infinitive. 2. 
To struggle in opposition ; contend ; contest ; battle ; as, .to 
strive against temptation ; strive for the truth. 3. To vie. 
06s. or R. — Syn. Struggle, endeavor, aim. — striv'er, ?z. 

Strob (strob), n. [Gr. arpofios a whirling.] Physics. A unit 
for the measurement of velocity of movement about a point 
or axis in terms of the angle passed through. It is a veloc- 
ity of one radian per second. 

Strob'ic (-Tk), a. 1. Physics. Resembling a top. 2. Having, 
or appearing to have, a spinning motion. 

Strob'i-la'ceous (strob'Ma'shi/s), a. Bot. Pert, to or re- 
sembling a strobile ; also, bearing strobiles. 



i 



i 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. 'Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



STROBHATE 



952 



STRUGGLE 







R 



Strob'i-late (strob'i-lat), v. i. Zool. To undergo strobila- 
tion. 

Strob'i-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [From Gr. trrpoflCXv a plug of 
lint shaped like a pine cone.] Zool. Asexual reproduction 
by transverse division of the body into segments which 
develop into zooids, proglottides, or separate individuals, in 
many ccelenterates and worms. 

Strob'ile (strob'fl), n. [L. strobilus pine cone, Gr. orpofii- 
Xos.] Bot. A conelike aggregation of spore-bearing leaves ; 
specif. : a In gymnospermous plants, a cone. See fruit, 
Illust. b In seed plants, the pistillate inflorescence of the 
hop. See inflorescence, Illust. 

Strob'O-SCOpe (-6-skop), n. [Gr. <rrp60oi a whirling + 
-scope.] An instrument for studying or observing a periodic 
or varying motion by means of light periodically interrupted. 

Strode (strod), pret. of stride. 

Stroke (strok), n. [ME. strok, strook, strak, fr. striken. 
See strike, v. t.] 1. Act of striking ; impact ; blow ; knock. 
2. Effect of a striking ; injury ; hurt. 3. A sudden action 
suggesting a blow ; as, a stroke of lightning ; hence: the 
result of such action ; esp., any sudden attack of disease or 
other affliction ; sometimes, specif., a stroke of paralysis. 
4. A vigorous effort to accomplish something, or the thing 
so accomplished ; as, a stroke of policy. 5. The sound of 
striking, esp. of the striking of a clock. 6. A throb or beat, 
as of the heart. 7. One of a series of beats or movements 
against a resisting medium to effect movement through or 
on it ; as, the stroke of a bird's wing in flying, of an oar 
in rowing, of a swimmer, etc. 8. Hence, Rowing : a The 
manner or character of the stroke (in sense 7). b The rower 
nearest the stern, who sets the stroke for all the rowers. 9. 
A movement, as with an implement ; as, a stroke of a pen, 
brush, etc. Also, a mark or dash made by such a stroke. 
10. Mach. The movement, in either direction, of a piston 
or other reciprocating part. 11. A caressing touch. Bare. 
— Syn. See blow. 

— v. t. ; stroked (strokt) ; strok'ing (strok'Tng). 1. To rub 
gently, esp. in one direction. 2. To set the stroke for (the 
crew of a rowing boat) or for the crew of (a rowing boat) ; 
to row as stroke of. 

Stroke oar. Rowing, a The oar nearest the stern, usually 
on the port side, b Also stroke oarsman, strokes'man 
(stroks'mon). = stroke, n., 8 b. 

Stroll (strol), v. i. To wander on foot ; rove ; specif. : a To 
saunter, b To go from place to place in search of occupa- 
tion, profit, etc., habitually or as a mode of life. — Syn. 
See saunter. — n. A strolling ; ramble. 

stroll'er (-er), n. One who strolls; a vagrant; specif., a 
strolling player. 

Stro'ma (stro'md), n. ; pi. stromata (-to). [L., a bed cov- 
ering, Gr. arpdna a couch or bed.] Anat. a The con- 
nective tissue or supporting framework of an organ, b 
The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle 
or other cell. — Stro-mat'ic (strS-mat'ik), a. 

Stro'mey'er-ite (stro'mi'er-It), n. [After Friedrich St ro- 
meyer, German chemist.] Min. A steel-gray sulphide of 
silver and copper, (Ag,Cu)2S, of metallic luster, usually in 
compact masses. 

Strong (strong; 62), a. [AS. Strang, strong."] 1. Having 
great physical power to act ; vigorous. 2. Having passive 
physical power; having ability to bear or endure; hale; 
robust ; as, a strong constitution. 3. Having or exhibiting 
moral or intellectual power, endurance, or the like ; — said 
of a person or of any faculty ; as, a man of strong imagina- 
tion, will, memory ; a man strong in imagination, loyalty, 
honor. 4. Having great resources, as of wealth, numbers, 
military or naval force, etc. ; as, a strong bank, army. 5. 
Of specified numerical strength or number; as, an army 
ten thousand strong. 6. Effective or efficient ; as, a strong 
colorist ; also, vigorous ; forceful ; cogent ; as, strong argu- 
ments. 7. Intense in degree or quality ; concentrated ; as, a 
strong acid. 8. Movingwith rapidity or force; violent; 
forcible ; as, a strong wind. 9. Ardent ; zealous ; as, a 
strong Whig. 10. Containing much alcohol ; as, strong 
liquors. 11. Solid; tough; not easily broken or injured; 
as, a strong beam ; not easily subdued or taken ; as, a 
strong fortress. 12. Well established ; as, a strong belief. 
13. Gram. Pert, to or designating a verb which forms its 
preterit by variation in the root vowel, and the past par- 
ticiple (usually) by addition of -en, as in strive, strove, 
striven; break, broke, broken; drink, drank, drunk. 14. 
Offensive or too intense in odor or flavor ; rank. Colloq. 
Syn. Forceful, powerful, firm, vehement ; lusty, sinewy, 
stout, robust, sturdy, stalwart, brawny, muscular. — 
Strong, stout, robust, sturdy, stalwart. Strong, the 
most general term, denotes lit. the possession of great 
physical power, active or passive ; as, a strong arm, consti- 
tution. Stout adds to strong, in its lit. use, the implication 
of thickness or weight, sometimes of portliness ; in its fig. 
sense it implies a certain resolute, sometimes even dogged, 
quality ; as, a stout stick ; a stout heart. Robust suggests 
the vigor and soundness of health, with toughness as of 



oak ; as, a robust physique. Sturdy suggests something 
which stands firm and unyielding ; it connotes a certain 
solidity, often of physique and character alike ; as, a 
sturdy boy. Stalwart implies largeness of frame, and, in 
its fig. sense (£7. <S.), thoroughgoing partisanship; as, a 
stalwart farmer ; a stalwart Republican. 
strong conjugation, Gram., the conjugation of a strong 
verb (see strong, a., 13) ; — disting. from the weak, or 
regular, conjugation. — s. drink, intoxicating liquor ._ 

— adv. Strongly ; greatly ; violently ; severely ; excessively ; 
— now chiefly in combinations. See flat, a. 

Strong'bark' (-bark'), n. A boraginaceous tree (Bourreria 
havanensis) of South Florida and the West Indies, having 
strong, hard wood and edible berries. 

Strong'hol&V (-hold'), n. A fastness ; a fort or fortress; a 
fortified place ; a place of security ; — often used fig. 

Strong'ly, adv. In a strong manner. 

Strong'-mind'ed (-mln'ded ; 109), a. Having a vigorous 
mind; esp., of women, having or affecting qualities of 
mind regarded as especially masculine. — strong'-mind'- 
ed-ly, adv. — strong'-mind'ed-ness, n. 

Stron'gyle (stron'jll), n. Also Stron'gyl. [Gr. arpoyyUXos 
round.] Zool. Any of certain roundworms (constituting the 
family Strongylidse) parasitic in the organs and tissues of 
man and various wild and domestic animals, some of them 
causing severe injuries or death. Cf . hookworm. 

stron'gy-lo'sis (stron'jT-lo'sis), n. [NL. ; strongyle -f 
-osis.] Med. A disease caused in man or lower animals by 
one or more species of a genus (Strongylus) of strongyles. 

Stron'ti-a (stron'shi-d),7i. [NL.] Chem. a Strontium oxide, 
SrO, a white solid resembling lime and baryta, b Loosely, 
strontium hydroxide. 

Stron'ti-an (-sfcu-an ; -shan), n. Strontium, esp. in the form 
of some compound, as strontia or strontianite. 

Stron'ti-an-ite (-It), n. [From Strontian, in Argyllshire, 
Scotland, where first found.] Min. Native strontium car- 
bonate, SrC03, occurring in various forms and colors. 

Stron'tic (stron'tik), a. Chem. Of or pert, to strontium. 

Stron'ti-um (stron'shi-&m), n. [NL., fr. Strontian, a 
parish in Argyllshire, in Scotland.] Chem. A bivalent 
silver-white metal of the calcium group, occurring natu- 
rally only in combination. Symbol, Sr; at. wt., 87.63. 

Strop (strop), n. [See strap.] A strap ; specif., a strap for 
sharpening a razor. — v. t.; stropped (stropt) ; strop'- 
ping. To sharpen on a strop. 

Stro-phan'thin (stro-fan'thin), n. [From Strophanthus, 
generic name ; Gr. arpcx^jj a turning + avdos flower.] _ A 
very poisonous glucoside extracted from certain tropical 
plants (genus Strophanthus), used as a cardiac stimulant. 

Stro'phe (stro'fe), n. ; pi. -phes (-fez). [NL., fr. Gr. trrpo^i?, 
fr. crpe<f>ei.i> to turn.] 1. In the ancient Greek choral dance, 
the movement of the chorus while turning from right to 
left of the orchestra. 2. Pros. The strain, or part of the 
choral ode, sung during the strophe (sense 1) ; a group of 
lines forming a metrical system repeated as a verse unit in 
an ode or other poem ; sometimes, a stanza. — stroph'ic 
(strof'ik), Stroph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 

Stroph'i-ole (strof'i-ol ; stro'fi-), n. [L. strophiolum a lit- 
tle chaplet, dim. of strophium a band, Gr. arpo^iov, dim. of 
<TTp6<pos a twisted band.] Bot. A crestlike excrescence 
about the hilum of certain seeds, as those of spurge ; — by 
some called also caruncle. — stroph'i-O-late (strof'i-6- 
lat ; stro'fi-), a. 

Stroph'u-lus (strof'fi-lus), n. [NL., dim. fr. Gr. arpo^os a 
twisted band or cord.] Med. A form of miliaria, of several 
varieties, occurring in infants ; red gum or white gum. 

Strove (strov). Pret. & obs. or dial. Eng. p. p. of strive. 

Strow (stro), v. t.; pret. strowed (strod) ; p. p. strown or 
strowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. strow'ing. To strew. Archaic. 

Struck (struk), pret. & p. p. of strike. 
Btruck jury, Law, a special jury of 12 men selected from 
48, these being reduced to 24 by the attorney for each side 
striking out the names of twelve. — s. measure, a meas- 
ure, as of grain, leveled off, as with a strickle. 

Struc'tur-al (struk'tur-al), a. 1. Of or pert, to structure or 
a structure. 2. Biol. Of or pert, to organic structure ; as, a 
structural element or cell. 3. Geol. Of, pert, to, or desig- 
nating, the positions and dislocations of rock masses or the 
surface forms resulting from uplifting of mountains; as, 
structural arches, valleys. — Struc'tur-al-ly, adv. 
structural iron, Engin. & Arch., iron worked or cast in 
structural shapes. — s. shape, Engin. & Arch., the shape 
of a member especially adapted to structural purposes, esp. 
in giving the greatest strength with the least material ; also, 
a member made in such a shape. — s. steel, a Rolled steel 
in structural shapes, b A kind of strong mild steel suitable 
for structural shapes. 

Struc'ture (struk'tjir), n. [L. structura, fr. struere, slruc- 
tum, to arrange, construct.] 1. Manner of building , form ; 
make ; construction. 2. Something built ; building;, edifice, 
3. Arrangement of parts, organs, or constituent tissues o? 
particles, in a substance or body. — Syn. See building. 

Strug'gle (strug'T), v. i.; -gled (-'Id) ; -cling (-ling). [ME. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect? 
Use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



STRUGGLER 



953 



STULTIFY 



atrogelen, struglen.] To put forth great efforts; strive; 
contend ; labor. — v. t. 1. To effect, accomplish, or dispose 
of in some specified way, by struggling or with a struggle. 
2. To struggle over. Rare. — n. 1. A violent effort or exer- 
tion ; act of earnest striving. 2. Contest ; strife. — Syn. 
Endeavor, labor. — Strug'gler (-ler), n. 

Strum (strum), v. t. & i. ; strummed (strumd) ; struh'ming. 
To play on a stringed instrument of music unskillfully or 
carelessly. — n. Act of strumming. 

Stru'ma (stroo'md), n.; pi. -urn (-me). [L., a scrofulous 
tumor.] 1. Med. a Scrofula, b Goiter. 2. Bot. A cushion- 
like swelling on an organ ; esp., that at the base of the cap- 
sule in many mosses. — Stru-mat'ic (stroo-mat^k), stxu'- 
mose (stroo'mos ; stroo-mos'), Stru'mous (stroo'mus), a. 

strum'mer (strum'er), n. One who strums. 

strum/pet (strum'pet ; 24), n. A prostitute. 

Strung (strung), pret. & p. p. of string. 

Strut (strut), v. i.; strut'ted (-ed) ; strut'ttng. To walk 
with a lofty, proud gait or with affected dignity. 
Syn. Strut, swagger. Strut implies a pompous affecta- 
tion of dignity ; swagger always implies ostentation, often 
insolence ; both words may be applied either to gait alone 
or to bearing and manner in general ; as, he strutted like a 
peacock ; a swaggering bully. 

— v. t. To provide with a strut or struts. 

— n. 1. A strutting ; formerly, sometimes, ostentation in 
general. 2. A bar or piece for resisting pressure endwise. 

stru'thi-form (stroo'thi-form^stru'thi-i-form 7 (-I-fOrm'), 
a. [L. struthio ostrich + -form.'] Ostrichlike. 

Stru'thi-OUS (stroo'thi-us), a. [L. struthio ostrich, fr. Gr. 
<TTpov8loov.~] Belonging to a group of ratite birds (Stru- 
thiones) including the ostriches, emus, cassowaries, etc., or, 
in a narrower sense, only the African ostriches ; ratite. 

Strut'ter (strut'er), n. One who struts. 

Strych'ni-a (stnk'ni-d), n. [NL.] Chem. Strychnine. 

Strych/nic (strik'nik), a. Of, pert, to, or produced by, 
strychnine ; as, strychnic compounds ; strychnic poisoning. 

strych'nine (strTk'nTn ; -nen), n. Also strych'nin, strycb/- 
ni-a (-nT-d). [L. strychnos a kind of nightshade, Gr. arpv- 
xra.] Chem. A poisonous alkaloid got from various plants, 
as mix vomica, and used as a neurotic and cardiac stimulant. 

Strych'nin-ism (strik'nin-Tz'm), n. Med. Morbid condi- 
tion produced by the excessive use of strychnine. 

Stub (stub), n. [AS. stub.] 1. The stump of a tree or 
shrub. 2. The short blunt remnant of something, as of a 
pencil or candle. 3. In a check book, etc., a small part of 
each leaf left for memoranda of the contents of the part 

, torn away. 4. Something short, blunt, or the like ; specif.: 
a A pen with a short, blunt nib. b A stub nail. 

— v. t.; stubbed (stubd) ; stub'bing. 1. To uproot ; extir- 
pate. 2. To remove stubs from. 3. To strike, as the toes, 
against a stub, stone, etc. U. S. 

Stub'bed (stub'ed; stiibd; 24), a. 1. Reduced to or re- 
sembling a stub. 2. Abounding in stubs, or stumps ; 
stubby. 3. Hardy ; rugged. — stub'bed-ness, n. 

Stub'ble (stubH), n. [OF. estouble, estuble, fr. LL., fr. L. 
stipula stubble, stalk.] 1. The stumps of wheat, rye, or 
other grain, left in the ground, as after reaping. 2. A rough 
surface or growth resembling stubble. — stub'bly (-li), a. 

Stub'born (-ern), a. [ME. stoburn, stiborn; prob. fr. AS. 
styb a stub.] 1. Resolute in purpose or mental attitude ; 
inflexible ; esp., unreasonably unyielding ; obstinate ; as a 
stubborn child. 2. Performed or practiced persistently or 
obstinately ; as, stubborn strife. 3. Difficult to handle, man- 
age, or treat ; refractory ; as, stubborn ore. — Syn. See 
obstinate. — stub'born-ly, adv. — stub'born-ness, n. 

Stub'by (stub'i), a.; -bi-er (-I-er) ; -bi-est. 1. Abounding 
with stubs. 2. Short, thick, and stiff, as bristles. 

Stub nail. An old horseshoe nail ; a nail broken off ; also, 
a short thick nail. 

Stuc'co (stuk'o), n.; pi. -coes, -cos(-oz). [It., fr. OHG. 
stucchi crust.] 1. Plaster for coating walls ; esp., a fine 
plaster for inside decoration. 2. An exterior coating in 
which cement is largely used. — v. t. To cover or decorate 
with stucco. 

Stuck (stuk), pret. & p. p. of stick. 

Stud (stud), n. [AS. stod.~\ 1. A collection of horses for 
breeding, racing, riding, etc. 2. The place where a stud is 
kept, esp. for breeding. 3. A studhorse. 

Stud, n. [AS. studu post.] 1. Building. A small scantling ; 
esp., one of the uprights for lath-and-plaster partitions, on 
which the laths are nailed. 2. A kind of nail with a large 
head ; an ornamental knob ; boss. 3. A detachable button- 
like device used as a fastener, for ornament, etc. 4. a Mach. 
A short projecting rod or pin. b An iron brace across the 
link of a chain cable. 

— v. t. ; stud'ded ; -ding. 1. To supply with studs, or props. 
2. To adorn with or as with studs or knobs. 3. To set with 
detached ornaments or prominent objects ; dot. 

Stud'book' (stud'bookO, n. A genealogical register of par- 
ticular breeds of animals, esp. horses, [joists, collectively. I 
Stud'ding (-ing), n. Material for studs, or joists ; studs, or| 



Stud'ding sail (sal ; naut. stun's'l). Naut. A light sail set 
at the side of a principal square sail in free winds. 

Stu'dent (stii'dent), n. [L. studens, -entis, p. pr. of stu- 
dere to study.] 1. A person engaged in study ; a learner ; 
scholar. 2. An attentive and systematic observer ; as, a 
student of life. — Syn. See disciple. — stu'dent-ship, n. 

Stud'fish' (stud'fish'), n. Any of several American killi- 
fishes (genus Fundulus, esp. F. catenatus). 

Stud'horse' (-hois'), n. A stallion, esp. one kept for breeding. 

stud'ied (stiid'id), a. 1. Made the subject of study ; well 
considered. 2. Learned. Rare. 3. Premeditated ; designed ; 
as, a studied insult. — stud'ied-ly, adv. — stud'ied-ness, n. 

stu'di-o (stu'di-o), n.; pi. -dios (-oz). [It., prop., study.] 
The workroom of an artist. 

Stu'di-ous (-us), a. 1. Given to study; devoted to the ac- 
quisition of knowledge, esp. from books. 2. Diligent in 
attention ; carefully earnest. 3. Deliberate ; studied. Rare. 
4. Favorable to study or contemplation. Poetic. — Stu'di- 
ous-ly, adv. — stu'di-ous-ness, n. 

Stud'work' (stiid'wurk'), n. Work supported, strength- 
ened, held together, or ornamented by studs. 

Stud'y (stud'i), rc. ; pZ. studies (-iz). [L. studium.] 1. Ap- 
plication of the mind to books, arts, or any subject, for ac- 
quiring knowledge. 2. Act or process of acquiring knowl- 
edge of a particular subject by one's own efforts ; as, a 
study of fishes. 3. Earnest and reasoned effort ; as, his 
study is to please. 4. Mental absorption ; meditation ; as, 
to be in a brown study. 5. A branch of learning that is 
studied; object of attentive consideration. 6. Fine Arts 
& Literature. A sketch or rendering primarily intended 
only for the instruction or assistance of the maker ; also, a 
rendering made as the result of careful investigation or ob- 
servation. 7. Music. A piece for special practice. 8. A 
building or room devoted to study or literary work. 

— v. i. ; stud'ied (-id) ; stud'y-ing. 1. To apply the mind 
to books or learning ; acquire knowledge by effort. 2. To 
fix the mind closely on a subject ; also, to ponder ; meditate. 
3. To endeavor with thought and planning ; be intelligently 
zealous. — v. t. 1. To apply the mind to, as a lesson. 2. 
To consider attentively ; make a study of ; as, to study na- 
ture. 3. To make an object of study with a view to action ; 
devise with deliberation ; as, to study a benefaction. 

Stuff (stuf), n. [OF. estoffe.] 1. Material out of which 
anything is to be or may be formed or made ; hence, any 
material regarded indefinitely. 2. Elemental part ; essence. 
3. Goods ; personal property ; esp., furniture, domestic 
goods, or baggage ; also, Colloq., ready money ; cash. 4. 
Woven material not made into garments ; fabric ; some- 
times, worsted fiber. 5. A medicine ; potion. 6. Specif. : a 
Paper stock ground ready for use. b The working fluid in 
an engine cylinder. C A composition of tallow, oil, etc., used 
to fill the pores of leather. 7. Refuse ; nonsense ; trash ; — 
often used as an interjection ; as, stuff and nonsense. 

— v. t. 1. To fill by crowding ; cram. 2. Specif. : To fill the 
cavity of (as a turkey, bedtick, or skin) with a particular 
material. 3. To crowd or fill with thoughts, ideas, etc. ; as, 
to stuff one with lies ; Slang, to hoax by a falsehood. 4. 
To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). U. S. 5. To 
fill (something) by being pressed or packed in. 6. To 
thrust or crowd in ; press ; pack. 7. To obstruct by filling 
up ; choke up, as with a cold. 8. Leather Manuf. To apply 
a coating of oil and tallow to (a skin or leather) to soften 
and preserve it. — v. i. To feed gluttonously ; cram. 

Stuff 'i-ness (-I-nes), n. State or quality of being stuffy. 

Stuffing, n. _ Act or process of, or that which is used for, 
filling anything ; specif., Cookery, any seasoning prepara- 
tion used to stuff meat ; forcemeat ; dressing. 

stuffing box. Mach. A device to prevent leakage along a 
piston rod or other mov- 
ing part that passes 
through a hole in a cyl- 
inder or other vessel con- 
taining steam, water, 
etc. It consists of a box 
or chamber made by en- 
larging the hole, and a 
gland or follower to 
compress the contained 
packing. 

■i5?iVl ( -» f '&*)■- Stuffing. Boxes: 1 in section ; 2 
bi uee i-er l-i-er; , part i y j n section, without pack- 
-i-est. 1. Ill -ventilated; j ng . a Piston Rod ; 6 Gland or 
close. 2. Angry and ob- Follower ; c, d Bushes ; e Pack- 
stinate ; sulky. Colloq., ing, shown partly broken away ; 
jj s_ / Part of Cylinder, etc. 

Stull (stul), n. A framework of timber covered with boards 
to support rubbish ; also, a framework of boards to protect 
miners from falling stones. .... 

sturti-fi-ca'tion (stul'tT-fi-ka'shiZn), n. Act of stultifying, 
or state of being stultified. 

stul'ti-fi'er (stul'ti-fl'er), n. One who stultifies. 

stul'ti-fy (stul'ti-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. stul- 
tus foolish + -/y.] To make foolish ; make a fool of. 




i 



< 



i 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. «= equals. 



N 



STUM 



954 



STYLOLITE 







R 



Stum (stum), n. [D. stom must, new wort, properly, dumb.] 
Unfermented or partly fermented grape juice ; must ; also, 
wine renewed with must. — v. t. ; stummed ( stumd ) ; 
stum'ming. To renew (wine) by mixing with must and 
raising a new fermentation. 

Stum'ble (stum'b'l), v. i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
[ME. stumblen, stomblenJ] 1. To trip in walking, run- 
ning, etc. ; stagger because of a false step. 2. To walk un- 
steadily or clumsily ; hence, to act or perform blunderingly. 
3. To fall into sin or error ; err ; slip ; offend. 4. To come or 
happen without design ; — used with on, upon, or against. 

— v. t. To cause to stumble or trip. 

— n. 1. A trip in walking or running. 2. A blunder ; fail- 
ure ; slip. — stum'bler (-bier), n. — stum'bling-ly, adv. 

Stum/bling-block' (stum'bling-blok'), n. Any cause of 
stumbling, perplexity, or error. 

Stump (stump), n. [ME. stumpe, stompe."] 1. The part of 
a tree or plant remaining in the earth after the stem or 
trunk is cut off ; stub. 2. The basal portion of a limb or 
other projecting object remaining after the rest is removed ; 
remnant ; stub. 3. In pi. The legs. Slang. 4. Cricket. 
Any of the three wooden rods stuck in the ground to form, 
with the bails, a wicket. _ 5. A short, thick, pointed roll of 
leather or paper, or similar implement, used for shading 
crayon or pencil drawings by rubbing. 6. A platform for 
political speaking (often, in early days, a tree stump). 7. 
A dare or challenge. Colloq., U. S. 

— v. t. 1. To reduce to a stump ; lop. 2. To stub, as the 
toes. Colloq. 3. To nonplus ; foil ; hence, to challenge to do 
something difficult or daring. Colloq., Chiefly U. S. 4. To 
travel over, making electioneering speeches. Colloq., U. S. 
5. Cricket. To put out (a batsman who is out of his ground) 
by the wicket keeper displacing a bail with the ball. — v. i. 
1. To walk heavily and stiffly, as if on wooden legs ; to hob- 
ble. 2. To make speeches on the stump. U. S. 

Stump'age (stum'paj), n. Timber in standing trees; also, 
a tax on the amount of timber cut. Local, U. S. 

Stump'er (stum'per), n. One who, or that which, stumps. 

Stump'y (stum'pi), a. ; -pi-er (-pi-er) ; -pi-est. 1. Abound- 
ing in stumps. 2. Short and thick ; stubby. Colloq. 

Stun (stun), v. t.; stunned (stund) ; stun'ntng. [OF. es- 
toner to stun, resound.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by 
a blow or other violence. 2. To overpower or confound with 
noise. 3. To stupefy or overpower with sudden emotion. 

— n. Condition of being stunned ; also, that which stuns. 
Stun'dist (shtoon'dist), n. [Russ. shtundist, prob. fr. G. 

stunde hour ; — from their meetings for Bible reading.] 
Eccl. Hist. One of a large sect of Russian dissenters, 
founded about 1860, who reject priestly dominion and all 
external rites of worship. — Stun'dism (-diz'm), n. 

Stung (stung), pret. & p. p. of STING. 

Stunk (stunk), pret. & p. p. of stink. 

Stun'ner (stun'er), n. One who, or that which, stuns; 
hence, Slang, one that is extraordinary, esp. for excellence. 

^tun'ning (-Ing), p. a. Overpowering; hence, Slang, strik- 
ing or astounding, esp. on account of excellence. — Stun'- 
ning-ly, adv. Chiefly Slang. 

stun'sail (stun's'l), n. Contr. of studding sail. 

Stunt (stunt), n. A feat or performance that is striking for 
the skill, strength, or the like, shown ; any feat. Colloq. 

Stunt, v. t. [See stint.] To hinder from normal growth ; 
dwarf ; cramp ; check. — n. A check in growth. 

stunt'ed, p. a. Dwarfed. — stunt'ed-ness, n. 

Stu'pa (stoo'p<30, n. [Skr. stupa.~\ = 1st tope. 

Stupe (stup), n. [L. stupa, stuppa, tow.] Med. Cloth or tow 
dipped in water or medicaments and used as a dressing. 

StU'pe-f a'cient (stu'pe-fa'shent), a. [L. stupefaciens, p. 
pr. of stupefacere to stupefy.] Producing stupefaction.— 
n. Med. Anything promoting stupefaction ; a narcotic. 

Stu'pe-fac'tion (-faVshwn), n. Act of stupefying; state 
of being stupefied ; insensibility of mind or feeling. 

Stu'pe-fac'tive (-tfv), a.&n. = stupefacient. 

stu'pe-fy (stu'pe-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. stupe- 
iier, fr. L. stupere to be stupefied + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] To make stupid or dull ; deprive of sensibility ; 
make torpid. — stu'pe-fi'er (-fi'er), n. 

StU-pen'dous (stu-pen'dus), a. [L. stupendus, fr. stupere 
to be astonished at.] Wonderful ; amazing ; esp., astonish- 
ing in magnitude or elevation. — Syn. See monstrous. — 
stu-pen'dous-ly, adv. — stu-pen'dous-ness, n. 

Stu'pid (stu'pid), a. [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be stupe- 
fied.] 1. Very dull ; wanting in understanding ; in a state 
of stupor ; stupefied. 2. Slow-witted ; crassly foolish ; as, a 
stupid writer. 3. Resulting from or evincing mental dull- 
ness ; dull ; foolish ; witless ; as, a stupid book, act, etc. — 
Syn. Simple, sluggish, senseless, doltish, sottish, heavy. 
See blunt. — n. A stupid person. — stu'pid-ly, adv. — 
stu'pid-ness, n. 

StU-pid'i-ty (stu-pid'T-ti), n. Quality or state of being fool- 
ish ; extreme dullness of understanding ; crass foolishness. 

Stu'por (stu'por), n. [L.] 1. Suspension or great diminu- 



tion of sensibility; lethargy. 2. Marked intellectual or 
moral stupidity or numbness. — Syn. See lethargy. 
Stu'por-OUS (-us), a. Affected with stupor. 
stur'died (stur'did), a. Veter. Affected with the sturdy. " 
Stur'dy (stflr'dT), a.; -di-er (-di-Sr) ; -di-est. [ME. sturdi 
harsh, stern, OF. estourdi stunned, giddy, thoughtless, 
rash.] 1. Resolute ; firm ; unyielding ; as, sturdy patriot- 
ism. 2. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; as, sturdy blows. 3. Stiff ; 
stout ; firm ; as, a sturdy oak. — Syn. See strong. — 
stur'di-ly (-di-li), adv. — stur'di-ness, n. [Gid 

Stur'dy, n. [OF. estourdi giddiness, stupefaction.] Veter 
Stur'geon (-jwn), n. [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, sturgio. 




Sturgeon. 

Any of certain large, edible, ganoid fishes (constituting the 
family Acipenseridse) widely distributed in the fresh and 
salt waters of the north temperate zone. The roe is made 
into caviar and the air bladder into isinglass. 

Stut'ter (stut'er), v. i. & t. To hesitate or stumble in utter- 
ing words; speak or utter with spasmodic repetitions or 
pauses ; stammer. — Syn. See stammer. — n. Act of stut- 
tering ; a stammer. — Stut'ter-er (-er), n. 

Sty (stl), n.; pi. sties (stlz)^ [AS. stigu.~] 1. A pen for 
swine. 2. A filthy, low, or vicious place. — v. t . & i. ; stied 
(stTd) ; sty'ing (stl'ing). To lodge or pen in or as in a sty. 

Sty, n. ; pi. sties. Also Stye. [For older styan, styanye, un- 
derstood as sty on eye, AS. stigend.'] Med. An inflamed 
swelling on the edge of the eyelid. 

Styg'i-an (stTj'I-an), a. [L. Stygius.'] Of or pertaining to 
the Styx ; infernal ; also, Rare, deathly. 

Style (stil), n. [F. style, L. stilus a style, or writing instru- 
ment, manner of writing.] 1. An instrument used by the 
ancients in writing on waxed tablets. 2. Hence : anything 
resembling the ancient style in shape or use, as: aA pen. 
b A graver, c An etching needle, d [Perh. fr. Gr. o-rOXos a 
pillar.] The pin, or gnomon, of a dial. 3. Mode of express- 
ing thought in language ; esp., such use of language as ex- 
hibits the spirit and faculty of an artist ; characteristic 
mode of expression. 4. Hence, distinctive or characteristic 
mode of presentation, construction, or execution in any- 
art, employment, or product, esp. in any of the fine arts. 5. 
Print. Manner or plan followed in dealing with certain 
details of typography, forms of expression, etc.," as spelling, 
capitalization, word division, punctuation, etc., often em- 
bodied in a book called a Btylebook. 6. Manner or method 
of acting or performing ; as, the Italian style of singing. 7. 
Mode or manner in accord with a standard, esp. in social 
relations, demeanor, etc. ; fashion ; fashionable elegance. 
8. Mode or phrase by which anything is formally desig- 
nated ; title ; mode of address. 9. A mode of reckoning 
time ; a calendar. Old Style (abbr., O. S.) refers to reckon- 
ing by the Julian calendar (see Julian) ; New Style (abbr., 
N. S.), to that by the Gregorian (see Gregorian). The 
difference between them is 10 days from 1582 to 1700, 11 
days from 1700 to 1800. 12 days from 1800 to 1900, and 13 
days since 1900. Thus, March 5, Old Style, is the same as 
March 18, New Style (since 1 900). 10. [Perh. fr. Gr. arvXos 
a pillar.] Dot. A filiform prolongation of the ovary, com- 
monly bearing the stigma at its apex. — Syn. See diction, 
fashion, name. 

— v. t. ; styled (stild) ; styl'tng (stil'ing). To entitle ; 
term, name, or call. 

Sty'let (stT'let), n. [F., fr. It. stiletto.'] 1. A small poniard ; 
stiletto. 2. Surg. A probe. 3. Zo'dl. A small, more or less 
rigid, bristlelike organ or appendage. 

Styl'lsh (stilish), a. Having style; highly fashionable; 
modish. — styl'ish-ly, adv. — styl'ish-ness, n. 

Styl'ist (-Tst), n. One who is a master or a model of style, 
esp. in writing or speaking. 

Sty-lls'tic (stT-lis'tik), o. Of or pert, to style in language. 

Sty'lite (stl'llt), n. [Gr. <ttv\Itt]s, fr. o-rOXos a pillar.] Eccl. 
Hist. One of a class of anchorites who lived on the tops of 
pillars. Simeon Stylites of Antioch (d. 459) was the founder 
and most famous of these ascetics. 

Sty'lo-bate (sti'16-bat), n. [L. stylobates, stylobata, Gr. 
o-TuXojSdri/y ; ctOXoi a pillar -f- /JAr^s one that treads.] Arch. 
The continuous flat coping, or pavement, on which a row 
of columns is supported. 

Sty'lo-graph (stl'16-graf), n. A stylographic pen. 

sty'lo-graph'ic (-grafYk), a. Of or pert, to stylography. 
stylographic pen, a pen having a conical point like that 
of a style, with a self-feeding reservoir of ink in the handle. 

Sty-log'ra-phy (stl-log'rd-fY), n. [style + -graphy.] A 
mode of writing or tracing lines by means of f> stvle, etc. 

Sty'loid (stl'loid), a. Like a style ; as, the styloid process of 
the temporal bone, of the ulna, radius, etc. 

Sty'lo-lite (stl'lo-llt), n. [Gr. errDXos a column -J- -lite."] 
Geol. A small, longitudinally grooved column, of the same 
material as the rock (usually limestone) in which it occurs. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circtrs, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (lien, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



STYLOPODIUM 



955 



SUBDIVIDE 



Stylo-po'di-um (-po'di-um), to.; pi. -dia (-d). [NL. See 
style, sense 10; -podium.] Bot. The conical swelling or 
expansion at the base of the style in apiaceous plants. 

Stylus (sti'lus), to. [L. stylus.'] 1. = style, to., 1. 2. In 
phonograph recording a pointed piece which is moved by the 
vibrations given to the diaphragm by a sound, producing an 
indented record ; also, in a phonograph, a needle or jewel 
which follows the record, vibrates the diaphragm, and re- 
produces the sound. 

Sty'mie (-mi), to. Golf. The position of two balls on the 
putting green when one ball lies directly between the other 
and the hole. — v. t. To impede by a stymie. 

Styp/sis (stTp'sis), to. [NL., fr. Gr. artyis a steeping in an 
astringent. See styptic] Application or use of styptics. 

Styp'tic (stTp'tTk), a. [L. styplicus, Gr. o-tutttikoj, fr. arb- 
<peiv to contract.] Producing contraction ; stopping bleed- 
ing; astringent. — to. Med. A styptic medicine. — Styj/- 
ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. — styp-tic'i-ty (stTp-tTs'I-ti), to. 

Sty'ra-ca'ceous (stl'rd-ka'shusKa. [L. styrax, storax, 
storax, Gr. arbpat .] Bot. Belonging to a family (Styraca- 
cese) of shrubs and trees of wide distribution. They have 
flowers with a 5-lobed corolla, and a dry or drupaceous 
fruit. They yield gums and resins. 

sty'rene (stl'ren), to. [L. styrax, storax, storax, Gr. <rrb- 
pa£.] Chem. An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C6HgCH:CH2, 
obtained, by the distillation of storax and otherwise, as a 
fragrant, aromatic, mobile liquid. 

Sty'ro-lene (stPro-len), to. [G. styrolen."\ Styrene. 

Stythe(stlth),n. [E. dial., also stife.l Mining. Choke damp. 

Styx (stiks), to. [L., fr. Gr. ZrAfJ Gr. Myth. The chief 
river of the lower world, which it encircled seven times; 
also, the nymph of the river. 

SU'a-ble (stPd-bT), a. Law. Capable of being sued ; subject 
to be called to answer in court. — SU'a-biPi-ty (-bTPT-ti ), to. 

Slian pan (swan pan). [Chin, suan p'an.~\ The Chinese 
abacus. See abacus, 1. 

sua'sion (swa'zhun), to. [L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum, 
to advise, persuade.] An exhorting or urging ; persuasion ; 
as, moral suasion. 

Slia'sive (-srv), a. Having power to persuade; persuasive. 

sua'so-ry (-so-rf), a. Suasive ; persuasive. 

suave (swav; swav), a. [L. suavis sweet, pleasant.] 
Blandly pleasing ; gracious ; bland. 

Syn. Suave, bland, oily, unctuous, fulsome, smug. 
Suave implies an affable or urbanely persuasive manner ; 
bland suggests gently soothing or coaxing qualities; as, 
the suavity of a diplomat ; a bland smile. Oily and unc- 
tuous both suggest fawning, suppleness, or hypocrisy; 
fulsome applies esp. to praise, flattery, etc., which is 
gross or cloying ; as, oily eloquence ; a look of benevolence 
rather unctuous than spiritual ; fulsome praise. Smug im- 
plies bland or unctuous self-complacency ; as, a smug face. 

suave'ly (-It), adv. In a suave manner ; blandly. 

suav'i-ty (swav'i-ti ; swa'vi-tl), n. Quality of being suave ; 
agreeableness ; pleasant urbanity. 

SUb- (sub- ; many compounds of sub-, esp. nouns, have 
variable accent, dependent upon position and emphasis). 
[L. sub under, below.] A prefix signifying : 1. In many 
words, under, beneath, below, down, near or next (to). 
Examples : subscribe, to write under ; submerge, to plunge 
down; sublingual, under, or beneath, the tongue; sub- 
structure, structure below ; suburb, place adjacent to a city. 

2. In an inferior degree, less than usual or normal, 
somewhat, imperfectly ; hence: almost, nearly. 

Examples : subacid, slightly acid ; subglobular, imper- 
fectly or almost globular ; subangular, somewhat angular ; 
subcartilaginous, partially cartilaginous. 

3. In nouns denoting rank, title, position, occupation, au- 
thority, classification, etc., (an individual, thing, or person 
that is) subordinate, inferior, or lower than (another in 
the general rank, class, or grade denoted by the added 
word). Hence sub- in various verbs, nouns of action, etc., 
implies action continued so as to form subordinate parts 
or features. 

Examples : sublieutenant, subdeacon, subgenus, a sub- 
ordinate, or inferior, lieutenant, etc. ; subclassify, subdi- 
vide, etc., to classify, etc., into subordinate classes, etc. 

4. Chem. That the ingredient (of a compound) signified by 
the term to which sub- is prefixed is present in only a small 
proportion, or less than the normal amount. 

Examples : Subiodide, subsulphide, suboxide, etc., an io- 
dide, sulphide, etc., with less than the normal amount of 
iodine, sulphur, etc. 
Prefixed to the name of a salt it is equivalent to basic. 

Example : Subacetate, basic acetate. 

5. Math. A prefix to adjectives modifying ratio, indicating 
the inverse of the ratio; as subduple, subduplicate, etc. 
A subtriplicate ratio is the inverse ratio of the cubes. 
f^W* Sub- in Latin compounds often becomes sum- before 
m, sur- before r, and regularly becomes sue-, suf-, sug-, and 
sup- before c, f, g, and p, respectively. Before c, p, and t it 
sometimes takes the form sus- by the dropping of b from 
a collateral form, subs-. 



SUb (sub), to. A subordinate ; subaltern ; substitute. Colloq. 

sub-ac'id (sub-aVTd), a. Moderately acid or sour ; as, sub' 
acid juices. — SUb'a-cid'i-ty (sub'd-sid'i-ti), to. 

SUb'a-CUte' (-d-kut'), a. Almost acute. a-CUtely, adv. 

SUb'a'gent (siib'a'jent), to. A person employed by an agent 
to perform business of his agency. a'gen-cy (-j?n-si), to. 

su'bah-dar', su'ba-dar' (soo'ba-dar'), to. [Per. & Hind. 
cubahdar, Per. cubah a province -f- dar holding, keeping.] 
The chief native officer of a native company in the British 
army, his position being about equivalent to that of cap- 
tain. India. 

SUb-aPpine (sub-al'pTn ; -pTn), a. [L. subalpinus."] Bot. 
& Zo'ol. Inhabiting the somewhat high slopes and summits 
of mountains, in the next zone below the timber line. 

SUb-aPtern (sub-61'tern or, esp. in sense 2, sub'al-turn'), a. 
[F. subalterne, LL. subalternus ; L. sub + alternus alter- 
nate.] 1. Ranked below ; subordinate ; specif., Mil., being 
below the rank of captain. 2. Logic. Particular, with refer- 
ence to a related universal or general ; as, a subaltern prop- 
osition. — to. 1. A person holding a subordinate position ; 
specif., a commissioned military officer below the rank of 
captain. 2. Logic. A subaltern proposition. 

SUb'al-ter'nate (sub'al-tuT'nat), a. ^ Succeeding by turn ; 
successive. — SUb-aPter-na'tion (sub-aTter-na'shiin), to. 

SUb'ant-arc'tic (sub'ant-ark'tik), a. Designating, or per- 
taining to, a region just without the antarctic circle. 

SUb-a'que-ous (sub-a'kwe-us), a. 1. Being under water, or 
beneath the surface of water ; adapted for use under water. 
2. Geol. Formed or occurring in or under water. 

SUb-arc'tic (sub-ark'tik), a. Designating, or pertaining to, 
a region just without the arctic circle ; approximately arctic. 

SUb-ar'id (-ar'Td), a. Moderately or slightly arid. 

SUb'at'om (sub'at'um), to. Chem. & Physics. A component 
of an atom. — sub'a-tom'ic (sub'd-tom'Tk), a. 

SUb'au-di'tion (sub'S-dish'Sn^TO. [L. subaudilio.~\ Act of 
understanding, or supplying, something not expressed ; also, 
that which is so understood or supplied. 

SUb-ax'il-la-ry (sub-Sk'si-la-n), a. 1. Under the axilla. 
2. Bot. Situated below or beneath the axil. 

SUb'— base', to. Arch. The lowest member of a base when 
divided horizontally, or of a baseboard, pedestal, etc. 

SUb'— base'ment, to. Arch. A basement or an underground 
story, or any of several, below the true basement. 

SUb'-bass' (sub'bas'), to. Also SUb'-base'. Music. The 
deepest pedal stop, or the lowest tones, of an organ. 

SUb-caPi-ber, or -bre (sub-kal'i-ber), a. 1. Smaller than the 
caliber of a gun, as a subcaliber projectile, fired through 
a tube of small caliber clamped to, or inserted in, a gun in 
target practice. 2. Of, pert, to, used in, or effected by, firing 
a subcaliber projectile ; as, a subcaliber gun. 

sub'car'bide (-kar'bld; -bid), to. Also -bid. Chem. & 
Metal. A carbide containing less than the ordinary propor- 
tion of carbon ; as, subcarbide of iron, Fe24C. 

SUb-car'ti-lag'i-riOUS (-k'aVti-laj'i-nus),a. Anat. & Zo'ol. 
a Beneath or below cartilage, b Partially cartilaginous. 

SUb'ce-les'tial (sub'se-les'chdl), a. Beneath the heavens ; 
specif., Astron., exactly beneath the zenith. 

SUb'cePlar (sub'sel'er), to. A cellar beneath a story wholly 
or partly underground ; usually, a cellar under a cellar. 

SUb'chlo'ride (-klo'rid; -rid), to. Also : rid. Chem. A 
chloride having a relatively small proportion of chlorine. 

SUb'class' (sub'klas 7 ), to. A primary division of a class ; 
specif., Biol., a category below a class and above an order. 

SUb-cla'vi-an (siib-kla'vT-dn), a. [_sub- -f- L. clavis a key. 
See clavicle.] Anat. Under the clavicle ; designating, or 
pertaining to, the subclavian artery, vein, or muscle. 
subclavian artery, Anat. & Zool., the proximal portion of 
the main artery of the arm or fore limb. — s. groove, Anat., 
either of two grooves (for the subclavian artery and vein) 
on the first rib. — s. vein, Anat., the proximal portion of 
the main vein of the arm. 

SUb'com-mit'tee (sub'ko-mTt'e), to. An under committee ; 
a part or division of a committee. 

SUb-con'scious (sub-kon'shils), a. 1. Of the nature of men- 
tal operation, but not present in consciousness ; as_, subcon- 
scious reasoning. 2. Of the lowest degree of consciousness ; 
belonging to that portion of the conscious field which falls 
without the range of attention. — SUb-COn'scious-ly, adv. 
— sub-con'scious-ness, to. 

SUb'con'tract (siib'kon'trakt), to. A contract under, or 
subordinate to, a previous contract. 

SUb'con-trac'tor (-trak'ter), to. One who contracts with a 

contractor to perform part or all of the latter's contract. 
SUb'CU-ta'neous (siib'ku-ta'ne-us), a. 1. Situated under 
the skin. 2. To be used or introduced under the skin. 
sub'dea'con (sub'de'k'n), to. Eccl. An assistant to, or a 
minister ranking next below, a deacon ; specif., in the 
Roman Catholic Church, a minister belonging to an order 
next below that of deacon, who assists at the Eucharist ; 
in the Eastern churches, a minister belonging to the highest 
of the minor orders. 
SUb'di-vide' (sub'dT-vTd'), v. t. & i. To divide again. 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SUBDIVISION 



956 



SUBLIME 



R 



SUb'di-vi'sion (sub'dT-vizh'Mn), n. 1. Ac* of subdividing. 

2. A part made by subdividing a thing. 
SUb-dom'i-nant (sub-dom'i-nont), n. Music. The fourth 

tone above, or fifth below, the tonic. 
sub-duce' (-diis') \v. t. [L. subdu»ere, -ductum; sub + 
SUb-dUCt' (-dukf) J ducere to lead, draw.] 1. To withdraw. 

2. Math. To subtract. — sub-duc'tion (-duk'shim), n. 
sub-due' (swb-du'), v. t.; -dued' (-dud'); -du'ing. [OF. 

soduire (L. seducere, with confusion of the prefix with L. 
sub under; see seduce), but confused with (probably) L. 
subdere, p. p. subditus, to subdue.] 1. To bring under ; 
conquer by force or superior power, and bring into subjec- 
tion ; also, to vanquish ; crush. 2. To overcome, as by per- 
suasion, kindness, or other mild means. 3. To destroy the 
force of ; as, drugs may subdue a fever. 4. To reduce ; low- 
er ; hence : to tone down ; soften ; as, subdued voices. 5. 
To make mellow ; to break, as land. — Syn. See conquer. 

SUb-du'er, n. One that subdues. 

SUb'ed'i-tor (sub'ed'i-ter), n. An assistant editor, as of a 
periodical. — SUb-ed'i-to'ri-al (-ed'i-to'n-dl ; 57), a. 

SUb-e'qua-to'ri-al (-e'kwd-to'n-al ; 57), a. Designating, or 
pert, to, a region just without the equatorial region. 

SU'ber-ate (su'ber-at), n. A salt or ester of suberic acid. 

SU-be're-0US (su-be're-iis), a. [L. subereus of the cOrk 
tree.] Bot . Suberose ; pertaining to cork. 

SU ber'ic (su-ber'ik), a. [L. suber cork tree.] Of or pert, to 
cork ; specif., Chem., designating a white crystalline acid, 
C6Hi2- (C02H)2, got from cork and various fatty oils. 

SU'ber-in (su'ber-in), n. [L. suber the cork tree.] Chem. 
A fatty or waxy substance characteristic of cork tissue. 

SU'ber-i-za'tion (-f-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), n. Bot. Conver- 
sion of the cell walls into cork tissue by development of 
suberin, commonly taking place in exposed tissues. 

SU'ber-ize (sii'ber-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). 
[L. suber cork.] Bot. To effect suberization of. 

SU'ber-ose (-os) 1 a. [L. suber the cork tree.] Bot . Having 

SU'ber-ous (-us)j a corky texture; suberized. 

SUb'ex-haust' ( sub'eg-zost' ), n. Mach. A secondary ex- 
haust in an internal-combustion engine to relieve the ex- 
haust valve as the latter is about to open. 

SUb'fam'i-ly (-fam'i-lY), n. Biol. A category below a family 
and above a genus. 

Sub-fus'cous (sub-fus'kus), a. [L. subfuscus,suffuscus. 
See sub- ; fuscous.] Somewhat fuscous ; duskish ; dusky. 

SUb'ge'nus (-je'nus), n.; pi. -genera (-jen'er-d). Biol. A 
category below a genus and above a species. — sub'ge- 
ner'ic (-je-ner'ik), a. — ge-ner'i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. 

SUb-gla'cial (siib-gla'shal), a. Of or pert, to the bottom of 
a glacier ; being beneath a glacier. — sub-gla'cial-ly, adv. 

SUb'group' (sub'groop 7 ), n. A subordinate group. 

sub'head' (sub'hed'), n. Any of the heads under which each 
of the main divisions of a subject may be subdivided ; also, 
a subdivision of a heading, as in a newspaper. 

sub'head'ing, n. A subhead. 

sub-in'dex (sub-Yn'deks), n.; pi. -dices (-di-sez). Math. 
A character affixed below to a symbol, to distinguish it in 
its class ; thus, ao, 6i, ci, Xn have 0, 1, 2, n as subindices. 

SUb'in-feu'date (sub'in-fu'dat), v. t. & i. ; -dat : ed (-dat- 
ed) ; -DAT-iNG (-dat-mg). To make subinfeudation of. 

SUb-in'feu-da'tion (sub-fn'fu-da'shun), n. Feudal Law. 
The granting of lands by a vassal lord to another to hold 
as vassal of himself ; also, the relation or tenure of a vassal 
so holding land. — subln-feu'da-to-ry (-fii'dd-to-ri), n. 

SUb-ir'ri-gate (-fr'i-gat), v. t. To irrigate below the surface, 
as by a system of underground porous pipes. 

11 su'bi-tO (soo'be-to), adv. [It. & L.] Music. In haste; 
quickly ; rapidly. 

SUb-ja'cent (sub-ja'sent), a. [L. subjacens, p. pr. of sub- 
jacere to lie under.] Lying under; also, being lower, 
though not directly under. — SUb-ja'cen-cy (-sen-si), n. 

SUb'ject (sub'jekt), a. [OF. subget, subjet, fr. L. subjectus 
lying under, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, subicere, to 
throw or place under ; sub + jacere to throw.] 1. Under 
the power or dominion of another ; specif., International 
Law, owing allegiance to, or being a subject of, a particu- 
lar sovereign or state. 2. Exposed ; liable ; prone ; as, sub- 
ject to temptation. 3. Being under the contingency ( of ) ; 
exposed (to) ; — used with to; as, subject to approval, de- 
bate, etc. 4. Obedient ; submissive. 

Syn. Subordinate, incident, inferior ; obnoxious. — Sub- 
ject, incident are sometimes confused, but are correla- 
tive, — incident being active and subject passive. Incident 
applies to that to which anything is liable or exposed ; sub- 
ject, to that which is liable or exposed to something ; as, 
change is incident to life ; life is subject to change. See apt. 

*- n. 1. One under the authority, dominion, control, or 
influence of another or of something else. 2. Specif., one 
subject to a monarch or ruler ; one who owes allegiance. 

3. One subjected or submitted to any physical operation or 
process ; specif., a dead body for dissection. 4. That con- 
cerning which anything is said or done ; thing or person 
treated of ; matter ; theme ; topic. 5. Gram. The word or 



word group denoting that of which anything is affirmed. 6, 
Logic. That term of a proposition indicating what the propo- 
sition signifies or characterizes ; also, the idea or thing about 
which a judgment is made. 7. Music. The principal theme, 
or melodic phrase, on which a composition or a movement 
is based. 8. Fine Arts. That which the artist aims to rep- 
resent, as a scene, figure, group, etc. 9. Philos. a That of 
which a quality, attribute, or relation may be affirmed or in 
which it mayinhere.^ b Hence : substance; substratum; 
esp., substantive reality ; the real, conceived as material or 
essential being, c The thinking agent ; the mind, ego, or 
reality of whatever sort, which supports, or assumes the 
form of, mental operations. 

sub-ject' (sub-jekt'), v. t. 1. Lit., to make subjacent. Ar- 
chaic. 2. To bring under control or dominion ; subdue ; — 
usually used with to. 3. To expose ; make liable ; — used 
with to. 4. To submit ; make accountable or subservient ; 
also, to cause to undergo ; — used with to. 

SUb-jec'tion (sub-jek'shiin), n._ Act of subjecting, or state 
of being subject ; state of obedience or submissiveness. 

SUb-jec'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Of the nature of, or pert, to, a 
subject. 2. Philos. a Pert, to the real or essential being of 
that which supports qualities, attributes, or relations ; sub- 
stantial ; real ; objective (in the modern sense. See objec- 
tive, 2 b). b Of, pert, to, or derived from, the ego, mind, or 
consciousness, or mental operation in contrast with exter- 
nal qualities and forces. 3. Hence : of, arising from, or con- 
cerned with, the individual mind ; specif. : a Illusory ; as, 
subjective appearances, b Excessively or moodily intro- 
spective ; as, a subjective life. C Lit. & Art. Modified by, 
or making prominent, the individuality of a writer or an 
artist. 4. Gram. Nominative. [tive-ness, n.\ 

— n. A nominative. — sub-jec'tive-ly, adv. — SUb-jec'-| 
SUb-jec'tiv-ism (-tiv-iz'm), n. 1. Metaph. The theory 

which limits knowledge to conscious states and elements ; 
subjective idealism ; also, any theory which attaches great 
importance to the subjective elements in experience. 2, 
Ethics. The doctrine that the supreme good is the realiza- 
tion of subjective experience or feeling. — SUb-jec'tiv-ist, 
n. — sub-jec'ti-vis'tic (-tf-vTs'tik), a. 

sub'jec-tiv'i-ty (sub'jek-tiv'I-ti), n. Subjective character, 
quality, state, or nature. 

subject matter. The matter presented for consideration 
in statement or discussion ; subject of thought or study. 

sub-join' (sub-join') s v. t. To add after something, esp. 
something said or written ; append. — Syn. See attach. 

SUb'ju-gate (siib'joo-gat ; 86), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; 
-gat'ing. [L. subjugatus, p. p. of subjugare; sub under 
+ jugum yoke.] 1. To bring under the yoke of power or 
dominion ; conquer by force, and compel to submit to con- 
trol ; subdue. 2. To make subservient ; subject. — Syn ff 
See conquer. — sub'ju-ga'tor (sub'ju-ga'ter), n. 

sub'ju-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of subjugating; state of 
being subjugated. 

sub-junc'tion (sub-junk'shun), n. 1. Act of subjoining, or 
state of being subjoined. 2. Something subjoined. 

SUb-junc'tive (-tiv), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, 
-junctum, to subjoin. ] Gram. Designating, or pert, to, 
that mood of a verb expressing the action or state not as a 
fact, but only as a contingent and dependent mental con- 
ception. In English it is often introduced by if, that, 
though, lest, unless, except, until, etc. — n. The subjunc- 
tive mood ; also, a verb or verbal form denoting it. 

SUb'king'dom (siib'king'dum), n. Biol. A primary divi- 
sion of a kingdom, now usually called a phylum. 

SUblap-sa'ri-an (sub'lap-sa'ri-dn ; 3), n. [sub- + lapse.] 
Eccl. Hist. One of a class of moderate Calvinists who held 
that the fall of man was foreseen, but not decreed, by God. 
Cf. supralapsarian, infralapsarian. 

SUb'lease' (sub'leV), n. Law. A lease by a tenant or lessee 
to another person of part or all of the leased premises. 

sub-lease' (sub-les'), v. t. & i. To make a sublease of. — 
sub-les'sor (sub-les'or; siib'les-or' ), n. — sub'les-see' 
(sub'les-e'), n. 

sub-let' (sub-let'), v. t. & i. ; -let' ; -let'ting. To lease to 
another (the one leasing being a tenant) ; underlet. 

SUblieu-ten'ant (sub'lu-ten'ant ; see lieutenant), n. An 
inferior or second lieutenant ; — not used in the U. S. 
army or navy. — sub'lieu-ten'an-cy (-on-sf), n. 

SUb'li-mate (sub'li-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'e'd) ; -mat'- 
ing. [L. sublimatus, p. p. of sublimare to elevate (in LL. 
in sense 1), fr. sublimis high.] 1. To cause to sublime ; as, 
to sublimate sulphur. 2. To refine and exalt ; elevate. 

— a. 1. Sublimated. 2. Refined ; elevated. 

— (-mat), n. Chem. A product obtained by subliming. 
sub/li-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. Act, process, or product of 

sublimating or subliming ; also, state of being sublimed. 
sub-lime' (sub-llm'), a. ; -lim'er (-llm'er) ; -lim'esx (-lim'- 
est). [L. sublimis.'] 1. Lifted up ; high. Archaic. 2. 
Exalted in character ; as, a sublime leader. 3. Producing a 
sense of elevated beauty, nobility, grandeur, awfuiness, 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SUBLIMELY 



957 



SUBSEQUENT 




Diver dressed in Sub- 
marine Armor. 



etc. ; lofty ; — said of an object, action, spectacle, etc. 4. 
Elevated by joy ; elate. Poetic. — Syn. See grand. 

<*m n. That which is sublime, or the quality of sublimity ; — 
usually used with the. 

*— v. t. ; -limed' (-llmd') ; -lim'ing (-lim'ing). 1. Chem. To 
cause to sublime ; hence, to purify. 2. To elevate ; exalt ; 
heighten ; refine. — v. i. Chem. To pass from the solid to 
the gaseous state, and again condense to solid form, with- 
out apparently liquefying. — sub-lime'ly, adv. 

SUb-lim'i-nal (-lim'i-nal), a. [sub- + L. limen threshold.] 
Psychol. Below the threshold of consciousness; subcon- 
scious ; — applied to incipient conscious states not yet suffi- 
ciently established to enforce recognition. 

SUb-lim'i-ty (sub-lTm'i-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being sublime. 2. That which is sublime. 

SUb-lin'gual (sub-lTn'gwdl), a. Anat. Under the tongue. 

SUb-lu'nar (sub-lu'ndr) 1 a. Situated beneath the moon ; 

SUb'lU-na-ry (sub'lu-na-ri)J hence: of or pert, to this 
world ; terrestrial ; mundane ; earthly. 

SUb'ma-rine' (sub'md-ren'), a. Being, acting, growing, or 
used under water in the sea. 
submarine armor or armour, a 
diver's waterproof dress having a 
helmet into which air is pumped. 

— n. A submarine boat ; esp., a sub- 
marine torpedo boat. 

sub'max-il'la (sub'mak-sTl'd), n.; 
pi. -j,m (-e). [NL.] Anat. & Zo'ol. 
The lower jaw or mandible ; the in- 
ferior maxillary bone. 

sub-max'il-la-ry (sub-mak'sT-la- 
ri), a. Anat. Below the lower jaw ; 
also, designating, or pertaining to, a 
salivary gland inside of and near the 
lower edge of the lower jawbone on 
either side. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz) . 
A submaxillary bone, gland, etc. 

SUb-me'di-ant (-me'di-dnt),n. Mu- 
sic. The sixth tone of the scale, midway between the sub- 
dominant and upper tonic. 

SUb-merge' (sub-murj'), v. t.; -merged' (-murjd') ; merg'- 
ing (mur'jTng). [L. submergere, submersum ; sub -f- mer- 
ger e to plunge.] 1. To put under water ; sink or plunge 
(anything) under water or other fluid. 2. To cover with 
water ; inundate. — v. i. To sink or plunge under water or 
other fluid ; become submerged 

Sub-mer'gence (-mur'jens), n. Act of submerging, or state 
of being submerged. 

sub-mer'gi-ble (-mur'ji : b'l), a. Capable of being sub- 
merged. — n. A submarine. 

SUb-merse' (-murs'), v. t. [L. submersus, p. p. of sub- 
mergere.'] To submerge. 

SUb-mersed' (-mursf), a. Bot. Growing under water. 

SUb-mers'i-ble (-mur'si-b'l), a. Capable of being sub- 
mersed. — n. A submarine. 

sub-mer'sion (-mur'shun), n. Act of submerging, or state 
of being submerged ; submergence. 

sub'me-tal'lic (sub'me-tal'Tk), a. Imperfectly metallic. _ 

SUb-miSS' (sub-mis'), a. [L. submissus, p. p. of submit- 
tere. See submit.] Submissive ; obsequious. Archaic. 

SUb-mis'sion (-mTsh'un), n. [OF., fr. L. submissio a let- 
ting down, lowering.] 1. Act of submitting ; esp., yielding 
to power or authority. 2. State of being submissive ; obedi- 
ence ; compliance. 

SUb-mis'sive (-mis'iv), a. Inclined or ready to submit; 
expressing submission ; yielding ; humble. — Syn. Obedi- 
ent, compliant, subservient, passive. — SUb-mis'sive-ly, 
adv. — sub-mis'sive-ness, n. 

sub-mit' (-mit'), v. t. ; -mit'ted (-ed) ; -mit'ting. [L. sub- 
mittere to set under, let down, lower ; sub under + mittere 
to send.] 1. To yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or 
authority ; — often used reflexively ; as, to submit one's 
self to another. 2. To leave or commit to the discretion or 
judgment of another or others ; refer. 3. To offer as an 
opinion, or to affirm. — v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the 
power of another ; surrender. 2. To yield or defer to the 
opinion or authority of another ; acquiesce. 3. To be sub- 
ject or submissive ; yield resignedly. — Syn. See yield. 

SUb-mit'tal (-mTt'dl), n. Act of submitting. 

SUb-mon'tane (sub-mon'tan), a. [sub- + L. mons, mon- 
tis, mountain.] Situated at the foot or near the base of a 
mountain or mountains. — SUb-mon'tane-ly, adv. 

Sub-mul'ti-ple (sub-mul'tT-p'l), n. A number or quantity 
that divides another exactly. — SUb-mul'ti-ple, a. 

SUb-nor'mal (-nor'mdl), a. Below the normal ; less than 
normal. 

Sub-o'ce-an'ic (sub-o'she-an'Tk), a. Geol. Situated, taking 
place, or formed, beneath the ocean. [officer. 

sub'of'fi-cer (sub'of'i-ser), n. An under or subordinate 

sub-or'bit-al (-6r'bi-tdl), a. Below the orbit (of the eye) 

SUb'or'der (sub'or'der), n. Biol. A category of classifica- 
tion next below an order and above a family. 



SUb-or'di-nal (sub-or'di-ndl), a. Of or pert, to a suborder. 

SUb-or'di-na-ry (-na-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Her. Any of 
several common heraldic bearings considered less impor- 
tant than an ordinary, as the orle, bordure, canton, etc. 

SUb-or'di-nate (swb-or'di-nat), a. [sub- + L. ordinatus, 
p. p. of ordinare to arrange.] 1. Placed in a lower order, 
class, or rank; as, a subordinate species. 2. Inferior in 
order, nature, importance, etc. ; as, a subordinate position. 
3. Of, pert, to, or involving subordination or subordinates ; 
submissive to authority ; specif. : Gram, a Joining word 
groups or words to others of dependent rank ; subordina- 
te or subordinating. See conjunction, 5. b Subordinated 
or dependent, as a clause in certain constructions. See 

CLAUSE, 71., 2. 

Syn. Subordinate, subservient. That is subordinate 

which belongs to a lower class, order, or rank ; that is sub- 
servient which is instrumental or useful, esp. in a subordi- 
nate capacity ; as, poetry has two ends, of which the sub- 
ordinate one is pleasure ; talents subservient to the best 
interests of humanity. 

— n. One who, or that which, is subordinate. — (-nat), v. t. ; 
-nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 1. To place in a lower order 
or class ; make or consider as of less value or importance. 
2. To make subject or subservient. — sub-or'di-nate-ly, 
adv. — sub-or'di-nate-ness, n. 

SUb-or'di-na'tion (-na'shiin), n. Act of subordinating; 
quality or state of being subordinate. 

SUb-or'di-na-tive (-6r'di-na-tiv), a. Tending to or express- 
ing subordination ; subordinating. See conjunction, 5. 

SUb-orn' (sub-orn'), v. t. [F. suborner, L. subornare ; sub 
under, secretly + ornare to equip.] 1. To procure pri- 
vately or unlawfully, as a person by bribery to commit some 
crime ; incite secretly ; instigate. 2. Law. To procure (an- 
other) to commit perjury. — SUb-orn'er, n. 

sub or-na'tion (sub'or-na'shun), n. 1. Law. The act or 
crime of procuring a person to commit perjury. 2. Act of 
procuring secretly or unlawfully. 

sub'phy'lum (-fl'lum), n. Zodl. A primary division of a 
phylum. — sub-phy'lar (-fl'ldr), a. 

sub-pce'na, sub-pe'na (sub-pe'nd), n. [NL. ; L. sub under 
+ poena punishment.] Law. A writ or process command- 
ing the person designated in it to attend court or appear 
under a penalty for failure. — v. t. ; -naed (-ndd) ; -na-ing. 
Law. To serve or summon with a subpoena. 

SUb'prin'ci-pal (-prin'sT-p'l), n. 1. An under principal. 2. 
Music. In an organ, an open diapason sub-bass. 3. Carp. 
A secondary rafter or the like. 

SUb're'gion (sub're'jftn), n. Zoogeog. One of the primary 
divisionsof a region. — SUb-re'gion-al (-dl), a. \ 

SUb-rep'tion (sub-rep'shun), n. [L. subreptio,Ax. sub- 
ripere, subreptum. See surreptitious.] 1. EccL. Act of 
obtaining secretly or unlawfully, as through suppression of 
facts. 2. A misrepresentation or an inference arising from it. 

SUb'ro-gate (sub'ro-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ;'-gat / ing. 
[L. subrogatus, p. p. of subrogare. See surrogate.] To 
put in the place of another, esp. as a creditor ; substitute. 

SUb'ro-ga^tion (-ga'shun), n. A subrogating ; specif., Law, 
the substitution of one for another as a creditor, the new 
creditor succeeding to the rights of the former. 

SUb-SCap'u-lar (sub-skap'u-ldr), a. Anat. Beneath the 
scapula ; on, or pert, to, the under (in man the anterior) 
surface of the scapula. 

SUb-scribe' (sub-skrib'), v. t. ; -scribed' (-skrlbd') ; -scrib'- 
ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. subscribere, -scriptum; sub + scri- 
bere to write.] 1. To write underneath ; sign (one's name) 
to a document. 2. To sign with one's own hand ; consent to 
(something written) by writing one's name beneath ; as, to 
subscribe a bond. 3. To attest by writing one's name be- 
neath. 4. To promise to give by writing one's name with 
the amount ; as, to subscribe ten dollars. — v. i. 1. To sign 
one's name to a document. 2. To give consent to some- 
thing written, by signing ; hence : to assent ; agree ; as, to 
subscribe to a statement. 3. To set one's name to a paper 
in token of promise^ to "ve something ; hence, to give in 
pursuance of a promise sc made. 4. To promise, or to agree 
to take and pay for, something by subscribing one's name ; 
as, to subscribe for a book. — sub-scrib'er (-skrlb'er), n. 

SUb'script (sub'skript), a. [L. subscriptus, p. p.] Written 
underneath ; as, iota subscript ; — used specif., Math., of 
a suffix or subindex. — n. Anything written below. *r 

SUb-SCrip'tion (sub-skrip'shun), n. 1. Act of subscribing. 
2. Eccl. The acceptance of articles or other tests tending 
to promote uniformity; esp., Ch. of Eng., formal assent 
to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common 
Prayer. 3. That which is subscribed; specif.: a A signed 
paper, b The signature attached to a paper. C Consent or 
attestation by writing the name below, d A sum subscribed. 

SUb'sec'tion (sub'sek'shwn), n. A subdivision of a section. 

sub'se-quence (sub'se-kwens), sub'se-quen-cy (-kwen-sT), 
n. Act or state of being subsequent. 

SUb'se-quent (sub'se-kwent), a. [L. subsequens, -entis, p. 
pr. of subsequi to follow, succeed.] 1. Following in time, 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 4- combined with. = equals. 



SUBSEQUENTLY 



958 



SUBTITLE 



order, or place ; succeeding. 2. Coming as a consequence ; 
consequent. Cf . antecedent. — sub'se-quent-ly, adv. 

Sub-serve' (siib-surv'), v. t.; -served' (-survd') ; -serv'ing. 
To serve subordinately or instrumentally ; to be subser- 
vient or instrumental to ; promote. 

SUb-ser'vi-ence (-sur'vT-ens) 1 n. Quality or state of being 

sub-ser'vi-en-cv (-vi-en-si) / subservient ; hence: in a de- 
rogatory sense, servility ; truckling. 

SUb-ser'vi-ent (-sur'vi-ent), a. Fitted or disposed to sub- 
serve ; subordinate ; hence : servile ; truckling. — Syn. See 
subordinate. — sub-ser'vi-ent-ly, adv. — ent-ness, n. 

SUb'shrub' (sub'shrub'), n. A plant somewhat shrubby or 
woody at the base. — sub-shrub'by (sub-shrub'i), a. 

sub-side' (sub-sld'), v. i.; -sid'ed (-sid'Sd) ; -sid'ing. [L. 
subsidere; sub -f- sidere to sit down, settle.] 1. To sink 
or fall to the bottom ; settle, as lees. 2. To tend downward ; 
descend ; sink. 3. To fall into a state of quiet ; cease to 
rage ; become tranquil ; abate. 

SUb-sid'ence (-sld'ens ; sub'sl-dens), n. Act of subsiding. 

sub-sid'i-a-ri-ly (-sid'i-S-ri-li), adv. In a subsidiary man- 
ner, position, or capacity. 

SUb-sid'i-a-ry (sub-sid'I-£-n), a. [L. subsidiarius. See 
subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; auxiliary; tributary; esp., 
aiding in an inferior position or capacity. 2. Of, pert, to, 
or constituting a subsidy ; depending on, or maintained by, 
a subsidy. — Syn. See auxiliary. — n. ; pi. -ries^ (-nz). 
1. One who, or that which, contributes aid or supplies ; an 
auxiliary. 2. Music. A subordinate theme or motive. 

sub'si-dize ( sub'si-dlz ), v. t.; -DizED(-dlzd); -diz'ing 
(-diz'ing). To furnish or aid with a subsidy ; as : a To pur- 
chase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy, b To 
aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money. 

SUb'si-dy (-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [L. subsidium the 
troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battle, re- 
serve, support, help.] 1. Formerly, in England, money 
granted by Parliament to the crown and raised by special 
taxation. 2. a A sum granted by one state to another, as to 
aid in prosecuting a war. b A government grant to assist a 
private enterprise deemed advantageous to the public ; a 
subvention. 3. Any gift made by way of financial aid. 
Syn. Subsidy, subvention, bounty. In ordinary usage, 
subsidy is the general term, and often carries a derogatory 
implication ; subvention applies esp. to grants for artis- 
tic, literary, or scientific, rather than commercial, pur- 
poses ; bounty emphasizes the idea of a premium. 

SUb-sist' (siib-sist'), v. i. [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, 
remain alive ; sub + sistere to stand.] 1. To continue ; re- 
tain the present state. 2. To be ; exist or continue to exist. 
3. To be maintained with food and clothing ; live. 4. To 
hold or have being through the existence of something else. 

— v. t. To support with provisions ; feed. 

SUb-sist'ence (-sis'tens), n._ 1. Act or condition of sub- 
sisting ; specif .: a Being ; existence, b Continuance. Now 
Rare, c Act of furnishing support to animal life. 2. Means 
of support ; provisions ; livelihood ; as, a meager subsistence. 
3. Inherency ; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies. — 
Syn. See living. 

Subsistence Department. Mil. A staff department of the 
United States army charged with the purchasing and 
issuing to the army of such supplies as make up the ration. 
It is commanded by an officer of the rank of brigadier 
general, called commissary general, and the department is 
popularly called the Commissary Department. 

sub-sist'ent (-tent), a. 1. Having being. 2. Inherent. 

SUb'SOiF (sub'soiF), n. The bed or stratum of weathered 
material which underlies the soil proper, or surface soil. 

— v. t. To break up the subsoil of. — sub'soiFer (-er), n. 
SUb'spe'cies (-spe'shez ; -shi-ez), n. Biol. A subdivision of 

a species ; a variety or race ; a category (usually the lowest 
recognized in classification) ranking next below a species. 

SUb'stance (siib'stans), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. sub- 
stare to be under or present, stand firm.] 1. That which 
underlie* all outward manifestations ; substratum ; that 
in which properties inhere ; that which constitutes any- 
thing what it is ; real essence. 2. The most important ele- 
ment in any existence ; main part ; essential import ; pur- 
port ; as, the substance of his remarks. 3. Body ; matter ; 
material of a thing ; hence : solidity ; firmness ; as, a fabric 
of little substance. 4. Material possessions ; estate ; prop- 
erty ; resources ; as, to waste one's substance. 

SUb-Stan'tial (sub-stan'shal), a. [F. substantiel, L. sub- 
stantialis.2 1. Of or pertaining to substance ; material. 2. 
Not seeming or imaginary ; real ; true ; as, a substantial 
good. 3. Having good substance ; strong ; stout ; solid ; as, 
a substantial fence. 4. Possessed of goods ; moderately 
wealthy ; responsible ; as, substantial men. 5. That is 
such in the main ; as, a substantial victory. 6. Consider- 
able ; large ; as, a substantial gain. 7. Important ; essen- 
tial ; material. — n. That which is substantial. — SUb- 
stan'tial-ly, adv. — sub-stan'tial-ness, n. 

SUb-Stan'tial-ism (-Tz'm), n. Philos. The doctrine that 
constant realities underlie phenomena. tial-ist, n. 



sub-stan'ti-al'ity (swb-stan'shi-al'i-ti), n. Quality or state 
of being substantial ; esp., corporeity ; materiality. 

sub-stan'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. 
To make real or existent. 2. To establish the existence or 
truth of ; verify. 3. To put into substance or concrete form. 

SUb-Stan'ti-a'tion (-shi-a'sh&n), n. Act of substantiating ; 
esp., act of proving ; evidence ; proof. 

sub'stan-ti'val (sub'stdn-ti'val ; sub'stan-tiv-al), a. Of, 
pert, to, or of the nature of, a substantive. 

sub'stan-tive (sub'stan-tiv), a. [L. substantivus.] 1. Be- 
tokening or expressing existence ; as, the substantive verb, 
that is, the verb to be. 2. Independent ; self-dependent. 3. 
Enduring; solid; firm; substantial. 4. Pertaining to or 
constituting the essential part or principles ; as, the law sub- 
stantive. 5. Dyeing. Not requiring a mordant. — n. 
Gram. _ A noun or name ; part of speech which names 
something that exists, or some object of thought. — 
sub'stan-tive-ly, adv. — sub'stan-tive-ness, n. 

SUb'stan-tiv-ize (sub'stan-tiv-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'- 
ing (-Tz'Tng). To convert into, or use as, a substantive. 

SUb'sta'tion (sub'sta'shun), n. A subordinate station, esp. 
any of several stations subsidiary to a central station. 

SUb-Stit'u-ent (sub-stit^ji-ent), n. [L. substituens, p. pr. 
See substitute.] Chem. Any atom, group, or radical sub- 
stituted for another. 

SUb'sti-tUte (sfib'stY-tut), n. [L. substitutus, p. p. of sub- 
stituere to put under, put in the place of ; sub -f- statuere. 
See statute.] 1. One who, or that which, is put in place of 
another person or thing, as a teacher, a drug, etc. 2. Spe- 
cif., one who enlists for military service in the place of a 
conscript or drafted man. — v. t.; -tut'ed (-tut'ed) ; -tut'- 
ing. To put in the place of another person or thing ; ex- 
change. — v. i. To act or serve as substitute. 

sub'sti-tu'tion (-tu'shun), n. Act of substituting, or state 
of being substituted. [stitution.l 

sub'sti-tu'tion-a-ry (-tu'shun-a-n), a. Of or pert, to sub-| 

sub'sti-tu'tive (sub'sti-tu/tiv), a. Tending to afford or 
furnish a substitute ; making, or capable of, substitution. 

sub-stra'tum (sub-stra'twm), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E. -tums 
(-tumz). [L., neut. of substratus, p. p. of substernere to 
strew under ; sub + sternere to strew.] 1. That which is 
laid or spread under; that which underlies or supports 
something. 2. Agric. The subsoil. 3. Metaph. A perma-. 
nent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena ; substance. 

SUb-Struc'tion (sub-strfik'shim), n. [L. substructio, fr. 
substruere, substructum, to build beneath ; sub + struere 
to build.] Arch. An underbuilding ; a foundation. 

SUb-Struc'ture (-struk'tur), n. 1. Arch. = substruction. 
2. An under structure ; groundwork. — sub-Struc'tu-ral, a. 

SUb-SUme' (-sum'), v.t.; -suMED'(-sumd'); -suM'iNG(-sum'-) 
[_sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up or include under, 
as individual under species, or particular under universal. 

SUb-SUmp'tion (-sump'shun), n. 1. Act of subsuming, or 
state of being subsumed. 2. That which is subsumed, as a 
minor clause or premise. 3. Scots Law. In former proce- 
dure, the minor premise containing an affirmation of the 
accused's guilt, a narrative of the material facts, etc. 

SUb-SUmp' tive (-sump'trv), o. Of, pert, to, of the nature of, 
or containing a subsumption. 

SUb-tan'gent (s fib-tan' jent), n. Geom. The intercept on the 
axis of abscissas between the ordinate and tangent drawn 
to the same point in a curve. 

SUb-tem'per-ate (-tem'per-at), a. Geog. Slightly temper- 
ate ; of or pert, to the colder parts of the temperate zone. 

SUb'ten'ant (sQb'ten'ant), n. One who rents from a tenant ; 
specif., a sublessee. — sub'ten'an-cy (-on-si), n. 

SUb-tend' (sfib-tSnd'), v. t. [L. subtendere ; sub + tendere 
to stretch, extend.] 1. To extend under, or be opposite to ; 
as, the chord subtends an arc. 2. Bot. To inclose or em- 
brace in its axil ; as, a bract subtending a flower. 

SUb-tense' (sub-tens'), rc. [See subtend, tense, a.] Geom. 
A subtending line. 

SUbter-. [ L. subter, also supter, adv. & prep.] A prefix 
denoting below, beneath, underneath, less than; — op- 
posed to super-. 

SUb'ter-fuge (siib'ter-fuj), n. [F., fr. LL. subterfugium, 
fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, escape ; subter under + 
fugere to flee.] A device, plan, or the like, for escapeor 
concealment ; an artifice used to escape censure or justify 
opinions or conduct ; evasion. — Syn. See artifice. 

SUb'ter-rane (-ter-an), n. 1. A cave or underground room. 
2. Geol. The bed rock or rocks of a particular formation. 

SUb'ter-ra'ne-an (-a'ne-an)l a. [L. subterraneus ; sub + 

SUb'ter-ra'ne-OUS (-us) / terra earth.] Being or lying 
under the surface of the earth ; hence : hidden ; secret. 

SUb'tile (sub'til ; sut'Tj, a. [L. subtilis^] Subtle. Now 
Rare. See subtle, Syn. — SUb'tile-ly, adv. tile-ness, n. 

SUb-til'i-ty (sub-til'i-ti), n. Subtlety. Rare. 

sub'til-ize (sub'tTl-Iz; sut''l-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Tz'Tng). To make subtle ; refine. — v. i. To use subtlety. 

sub'til-ty (sub'til-ti ; sut''l-ti), n. Subtlety. 

sub'ti'tle (sub'tl't'l), n. A secondary or subordinate title ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
.Bse, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food,, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, Yerjjurs ($Qj 



SUBTLE 



959 



SUCH 



hence, a main book title repeated in a subordinate position, 
as over the first page of text. 

sub'tle (sufl), a. ; -tler (-ler) ; -tlest (-lest). [OF. soutil, 
later subtil, L. subtilis.'] 1. Thin ; tenuous ; not dense or 
gross ; rare ; delicate ; as, the subtle air • a subtle pleasure. 
2. Skillfully or cunningly devised ; ingenious ; clever ; some- 
times, crafty ; sly ; as, a subtle deception. 3. Nicely dis- 
criminating ; discerning ; shrewd ; penetrating ; as, a subtle 
mind. 4. Skillful; expert. — SUb'tle-ness, n. 
Syn. Subtle, subtile. Subtle is now commoner than Bub- 
tile and tends to displace it in all senses. See shrewd. 

SUb'tle-ty (-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. Quality of being sub- 
tle ; specif. : a Cunning ; artfulness, b Mental acuteness ; 
nicety of discrimination. 2. Something subtle. — Syn. 
See DELICACY. 

SUb'tly (sut'l!), adv. In a subtle manner. 

sub-ton'ic (sub-ton'ik), a. Phon. Voiced, or sonant, as a 
voiced consonant, but not consisting of pure vocal tone as 
does a vowel. Cf. tonic. — n. 1. Phon. A subtonic sound. 
2. Music. The seventh tone of the scale. 

SUb-tract' (swb-trakt'), v. t. [L. subtractus, p. p. of sub- 
trahere to draw from beneath, withdraw ; sub + trahcre. 
See tract.] To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the 
whole or one number from another ; deduct. — Syn. See 
deduct. — sub-tract'er, n. 

snb-trac'tion (-trak'shSn), n. 1. Act or operation of sub- 
tracting. 2. Math. Act or process of subtracting one num- 
ber or quantity from another. The sign of subtraction is 
[— 3, read minus. 

SUb-trac'tive (-tw), a. 1. Tending or able to subtract. 2. 
Math. Having the negative or minus sign [ — ]. 

SUb'tra-hend 7 (sub'trd-hend'), n. [L. subtrahendus that is 
to be subtracted.] Math. The quantity to be subtracted. 

SUb-treas'ur-y (sub-trezh'ur-i), n. ; pi. -uries (-Tz). A sub- 
ordinate treasury ; specif., a branch treasury of the United 
States. — sub'treas'ur-er (-er), n. 

SOb-trop'ic (-trbp'ik) lo. Of, pertaining to, or designat- 

3Ub-trop'ic-al (-T-kal)j ing, the sub-trop'ics or regions 
bordering on the tropical zone. 

SU'bu-late (su'bu-lat), a. [NL. subulatus, fr. L. subula an 
awl.] Awl-shaped ; linear and tapering to a fine point. 

SOb'urb (sub'urb), n. tOF. suburbe, L. suburbium; sub 
under, below, near -f- urbs a city.] 1. An outlying part of a 
city or town ; a smaller place adjacent to a city ; in pi., the 
region on the confines of any city or large town. 2. Hence : 
the confines ; outer part. 

SUb-ur/ban (sub-ur'bdn), a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, suburbs. — n. A suburbanite. 

snb-ur'ban-ite, n. A dweller in the suburbs. 

SUb-ur'bi-ca'ri-an (-bi-ka'n-dn), a. [LL. suburbicarius, 
equiv. to L. suburbanus suburban.] Designating the six 
dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the Pope as met- 

| ropolitan bishop, or the provinces subjectto him as patri- 
arch ; of or pert, to these dioceses or provinces. 

sab-vene' (sub-ven'), v. i.; sub-vened' (-vend') ; -ven'ing 
(-ven'ing). [L. subvenire to come to one's assistance, 
come up ; sub under + venire to come.] To come under as 
a support ; happen by way of relief or aid. 

SOb-ven'tion (-ven'shun), n. 1. Act of coming to the aid of 
some one ; support ; help. 2. A government aid or bounty ; 
subsidy. — Syn. See subsidy. 

SUb-ver'sion (-vur'shiin), n. [L. subversio. See subvert.] 
1. Act of subverting, or state of being subverted; over- 
throw ; utter ruin ; destruction. 2. That which subverts. 

snb-ver'sive (sub-vur'siv), a. Tending to subvert. 

SOb-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [L. subvertere, subversum; sub -f- 
vertere to turn.] 1. To overturn from the foundation ; over- 
throw ; ruin utterly. 2. To pervert ; corrupt. — Syn. See 
overturn. — sub-vert'er, n. — sub-ver'ti-ble, a. 

snb'way' (sub'wa 7 ), n. An underground way or gallery; 
esp., U. S., an electric railroad under the street surface. 

snc'ce-da'ne-um (suk'se-da'nS-iim), n.; pi. -nea (-d). 
[NL., fr. L. succedaneus substituted.] A substitute. — 
suc'ce-da'ne-ous (-us), a. 

SUC-ceed' (suk-sed'), v. t. [L. succedere, -cessum, to go un- 
der, go up, follow, be successful ; sub + cedere to go along.] 

1. To come after ; be subsequent or consequent to ; follow. 

2. To follow in order ; come next after ; hence, to take the 
place of. — v. i. 1. To come after ; come next in the usual 
or prescribed course ; follow ; hence, to come next in pos- 
session ; — oiten used with to. 2. Specif., to ascend the 
throne after the removal or death of the occupant. 3. To 
descend, as an heirloom ; devolve. Rare. 4. To be success- 
ful ; prosper. — Syn. See follow. — suc-ceed'er, n. 

SUC-cen'tor (suk-sen'ter), n. [L., an accompanier in sing- 
ing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany ; sub under, after 
-+• canere to sing.] A precentor's deputy in some cathedrals. 

SUC-cess' (-ses'), n. [L. successus. See succeed.] 1. Suc- 
cession ; sequence. Obs. 2. That which comes after ; hence: 
consequence ; issue ; outcome ; result ; as, an ill success. 3. 
Favorable termination of anything attempted ; attainment 



of a proposed object. 4. A thing or person achieving success 
or favor, as a book, play, actor, etc. Colloq. 

SUC-cess'ful (-fo"61), a. Resulting or terminating in success ; 
gaining or having gained success ; often, having attained 
wealth, position, or the like. — Syn. Happy, prosperous, 
fortunate. — suc-cess'ful-ly,ad?;. — suc-cess'iul-ness,n. 

SUC-ces'sion (-sesh'wn), n. [L. successio. See succeed.] 

1. Act of succeeding; sequence; as, a succession of dis- 
asters. 2. Law. The change in legal relations by which one 
person takes the place of another in the enjoyment of, or 
liability for, his rights or duties, or both ; also, the right or 
duty so to take another's place, or the rights and duties 
succeeded to. 3. Specif., act or right of succeeding to a 
throne ; as, the War of the Spanish Succession. 4. A series 
of persons or things that follow according to some estab- 
lished rule ; as, a succession of kings. 5. A series of descend- 
ants ; lineage ; race ; descent. 

Syn. Succession, sequence, series. Succession may 
apply to things of any sort that follow in the order of time 
or place ; sequence is more limited in its application, and 
suggests esp. a uniform, logical, or regular succession ; a 
series is a succession of objects of similar nature, or stand- 
ing to each other in similar relations. 

SUC-ces'sion-al (-al), a._ Of or pert, to a succession ; in a 
regular order ; consecutive. — SUC-ces'sion-al-ly, adv. 

SUC-ces'sive (-ses'Tv), a. Following in order or in uninter- 
rupted course ; consecutive. — Syn. See consecutive. — 
suc-ces'sive-ly, adv. — suc-ces'sive-ness, n. 

SUC-ces'SOr (-seVer), n. [OF. & L. successor. See suc- 
ceed.] One who, or that which, succeeds, or follows ; one 
who takes the place and part which another has left. 

SUC'ci-nate (suk'sl-nat), n. A salt or ester of succinic acid. 

SUC-cinct' (suk-sTnkt'), a. [L. succinctus, p. p. of succin- 
gere to gird below or from below, tuck up ; sub -f- cingere 
to gird.] 1. Girded. Archaic. 2. Compressed into a nar- 
row compass; concise; terse. — Syn. Short, brief, sum- 
mary, compendious, laconic. See concise. — suc-cinct'- 
ly, adv. cinct'ness, n. 

suc'cinc-to'ri-um (suk'sink-to'n-um ; 57), n.; pi. -ria 
(-a). [LL., fr. L. succing ere to gird.] A vestment resem- 
bling a maniple, worn by the Pope in certain solemnities. 

SUC-cin'ic (suk-sln'ik), a. [L. succinum, sucinum, amber, 
prob. fr. succus, sucus, juice, sap.] Chem. a Pert, to or 
designating a white crystalline acid, (CH2C02H)2, in am- 
ber, turpentine, lignite, etc., and also produced artificially. 
b Pert, to or designating a similar and isomeric acid, 
CH3CH(C02H)2, of artificial origin. 

SUC'COT, SUC'cour (suk'er), v. t. [OF. sucurre, soucourre, 
fr. L. succurrere to run under, run to aid, help ; sub + cur- 
rere to run.] To help or relieve in difficulty, want, or dis» 
tress ; relieve. — Syn. Aid, assist, comfort. — n. 1. Aid ; 
help; assistance; relief. 2. One who, or that which, 
succors. 

suc'cor-a-tole, suc'cour-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being 
succored; admitting of relief. [Chicory. | 

SUC'co-ry (suk'S-ri), n. [From OF. cicoree. See chicory.] | 

STZC'CO-tash (-tash), n. [Am. Indian m'sickquatash maize 
not crushed or ground.] Beans and corn (kernels of maize) 
boiled together. 

SUC'CU-bus (-ti-bus), n. ;pl.-m (-bl). [NL., fr. L. succubare 
to lie under ; sub + cubare to lie down.] A demon or fiend ; 
esp., a lascivious spirit supposed to have sexual intercourse 
with mortals by night. Cf. incubus, 1. 

suc'cu-lence (-lens) 1 n. [See succulent.] Quality or 

BUC / CU-len-cy (-len-sT) J condition of being succulent. 

SUC'CU-lent (-u-lent), a. [L. succulentus, suculentus, fr. 
succus, sucus, juice.] 1. Juicy ; specif., Bot., having juicy 
or watery tissues. 2. Fig., full of mental nourishment or 
fresh interest ; not dry or jejune. — suc'cu-lent-ly, adv. 

SUC-CUmb' (sii-kum'), v. i. [L. succumbere ; sub + cum- 
bere (in comp.) to lie down.] To yield ; submit ; give way. 

SUC-CUSS' (-kus r ), v. t. To shake ; perform succussion upon. 

suc'cus-sa'tion (suk'u-sa'shun), n. = succussion. 

SUC-CUS'sion (su-kush'im), n. [L. succussio, fr. succutere 
to fling up, toss up ; sub under + quatere to shake.] Act 
of shaking ; specif., Med., a shaking of the body to ascertain 
if fluid is present in the thorax. 

SUC-CUS'sive (sii-kus'iv), a. Characterized by a shaking, 
esp. an up-and-down, motion, as in earthquakes. 

such (such), a. [AS ; swelc, swilc, swylc.~\ 1. Of that or the 
like kind ; like ; similar ; as, we never saw such scenery. 
KiF^ Such is often used emphatically to note the kind or 
quality (often understood) as extreme or of a high degree ; 
as, such a boy! I shall have such a time! When used be- 
fore an attributive adjective, such is adverbial in force. 

2. Having the quality or character specified ; as, such was 
the agreement. 3. The same; — used with as; as, such 
wealth as his. 4. Certain ; — representing the person or 
object as already particularized, or serving in place of its 
specific name. 

— pron. Such a person or thing ; — commonly used with 
plural reference ; as "the father of such as dwell in tents." 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; izh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used iu this work. Signs, etc 1 precede Vocabulary. Q Foreign Word. 4- combined with, « equals. 



N 



SUCK 



960 



SUFISTIC 







R 



SUCk (siik), v. t. [AS. sucan.] 1. To draw (a liquid) by the 
mouth ; draw by exhausting the air. 2. To draw liquid 
from by the mouth ; as, to suck an orange ; specif., to 
draw milk from (the mother, breast, etc.) with the mouth. 

3. To draw by any process like sucking ; inhale ; absorb ; 
as, to suck in air. 4. To suckle ; to nurse. — v. i. 1. 
To draw something by producing a vacuum, as with the 
mouth. 2. To draw milk from the breast or udder. 3. To 
draw air ; — used of a pump which fails to draw fluid 
because of low water or a defective valve. 

— n. 1. Act of sucking ; suction. 2. That which is drawn 
into the mouth by sucking; specif., milk drawn from the 
breast. 3. Hence : a small draft ; a sip. Colloq. 

SUCk'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks. 2. Spe- 
cif., a suckling; a sucking animal. 3. Any of a family 
(Catostomidss) of fresh-water fishes related to the carps. 

4. In various animals, an organ for adhering or holding ; 
specif., a mouth or organ adapted for sucking or adhering, 
or both. 5. The bucket of a pump ; also, the valve of a pump 
bucket (see suction pump). 6. A pipe through which any- 
thing is drawn. 7. a A shoot from the roots or lower part of 
the stem of a plant, b Bot. A haustorium. 8. A sponging 
person ; a parasite ; sponge ; also, a person easily duped ; 
greenhorn. Colloq. or Slang. [form suckers, or shoots. I 

— v. t. To strip the suckers from (tobacco, etc.). — v. i. To| 
SUCk'fish' (-fish'), n. 1. A remora. 2. A California fish 

(Caularchus mseandricus) which clings to rocks, etc., in 
tide pools with a sucker on the under side of the body. 

SUCk'le (suk''l), v. t.; -led (-I'd) ; -ling (-ling). [Freq. of 
suck.] To give suck to. — v. i. To nurse ; suck. 

SUCk'Iing (-ling), n. A child or animal before it is weaned. 

su'crate (su'krat), n. [F. sucre sugar. See sugar.] Chem. 

= SACCHARATE t>. 

SU'cre (soo'kra), n. [Sp. (Amer.), after the South American 
patriot Antonio Jose de Sucre.'] A silver coin and the 
monetary unit of Ecuador, now worth 48.7 cents, U. S. 

SU'crose (su'kros), n. [F. sucre sugar. See sugar.] Chem. 
Cane sugar, or saccharose ; by extension, any saccharose. 

SUC'tion (suk/shun), n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] Act 
of drawing, as a fluid, by exhausting the air. 

suction pump. The common pump, in which the water, 
etc., to be raised is forced by atmospheric pressure into the 
partial vacuum under the retreatingbucket on the upstroke, 
reflux being prevented by a valve in the pipe. See pump. 

SUC-tO'li-al (suk-to'n-al), a. 1. Fitted for sucking ; serving 
to adhere or draw up fluid by suction. 2. Provided with 
suctorial organs ; living by sucking. 

Su'da-nese' (soo'dd-neV ; -nes'), a. Of or pert, to the Su- 
dan. — n. sing. & pi. A native or inhabitant of the Sudan. 
The Sudanese comprise, besides Arab tribes, Hamites and 
numerous groups of Negro and Negroid tribes. 

SU-da'li-um (su-da'rY-um ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L.] A 
sweat cloth ; a handkerchief ,_ specif, that of the legendary 
St. Veronica, on which Christ is said to have impressed 
his portrait; hence, a veronica, or portrait of Christ. j 

su'da-ry (su'dd-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. sudarium, fr. 
sudare to sweat.] A sudarium. 

SU'da-to'ri-um (su'dd-to'rT-um ; 57), n. ; pi. -ria (-d). [L.] 
A hot-air bath ; also, a r<3om where hot-air baths are given. 

SU r da-tO-Vy (su'dd-to-ri), a. [L. sudatorius, fr. sudare to 
sweat.] 1. Sweating; perspiring. 2. Med. _ Inducing or 
promoting perspiration ; sudorific ; diaphoretic. — n.; pi. 
-ries (-riz). A hot-air bath ; sudatorium. 

SUdd (sud), n. [Ar. sadd barrier.] _ The floating vegetation 
which often obstructs navigation in the White Nile. 

SUd'den (sud''n ; -en), o. [OF. sodain, sudain, fr. L. subi- 
taneus, fr. subitus sudden.] 1. Happening or coming un- 
expectedly ; rapid and unforeseen ; as, sudden death. 2. 
Hastily prepared, made, done, etc. ; quick ; rapid ; as, a 
sudden departure. 3. Hasty ; violent ; precipitate. Obs. or 
R. 4. Come upon unexpectedly. Archaic. — Syn. Unex- 
pected, unusual, abrupt, unlooked-for. 

— adv. Suddenly ; unexpectedly. Obs. or R. 

— n. An unexpected occurrence. Obs., exc. in : all of a 
sudden, on a sudden, etc., suddenly. 

sud'den-ly, adv. In a sudden or unexpected manner. 

SUd'den-ness, n. State or quality of being sudden. 

SU'dor (su'dor), n. [L.] Sweat ; perspiration ; exudation. 

SU'dor-al (-dl), a. Of or pertaining to sweat; caused by 
sweat ; as, sudoral eruptions. 

su'dor-if er-ous (-Ifer-us), a. [L. sudor sweat + -ferousJ] 
Producing or secreting sweat. OUS-ness, n. 

su'dor-ific (su'dor-Tf'ik), a. [L. sudor sweat + -fie."] 
Causing or inducing sweat. — n. A sudorific medicine. 

suds (siidz), n. pi. Soapy water, esp. when frothy. 

suds'y (sud'zi), a. Resembling suds ; frothy ; foamy. 

sue (su), v. t.; sued (sud) ; su'ing (su'ing). [OF. sivre (3d 
sing. pres. siut, suit), fr. LL. sequere, for L. sequi, secutus, 
to follow.] 1. To follow with entreaty ; solicit. Obs. 2. To 
seek after ; pay court or suit to ; wpo. 3. Law. a To go to 
(a court) to get legal redress therein, b To seek justice or 



right from (a person) by legal process ; prosecute judicially^ 
C To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its 
proper termination ; gain by legal process. 

— v. i. 1. To make request (for) ; make application ; peti- 
tion ; entreat ; plead. 2. To pay suit ; woo. 3. Law. To 
take legal proceedings in court; seek (for something) in 
law ; as, to sue for damages. 

suede (swad ; F. swed), n. [F. Suede Sweden.] A kind of 
leather, usually lambskin, tanned or shaved so as to leave 
an undressed surface. 

su'et (su'et; 24), n. [Dim. fr. OF. sieu, seu, L. sebum!] 
The hard fat about the kidneys and loins in beef and mut- 
ton, which, when tried out, forms tallow. — SU'et-y (-1), a. 

suf-. An assimilated form of sub-. 

suffer (suf'er), v. t. [OF. sufrir, sofrir, fr. L. sufferre; 
sub + ferre to bear.] 1. To feel or endure (pain, annoy- 
ance, etc.) ; submit to with distress or grief. 2. To sustain ; 
bear up under. 3. To experience ; as. to suffer loss or dam- 
age. 4. To allow ; permit ; tolerate ; as, to suffer one to re- 
main. — Syn. Bear, support. See allow. — v. i. 1. To 
undergo pain of body or mind. 2. To sustain loss or dam- 
age ; as, his business suffered heavily. 3. To undergo pun- 
ishment, esp. of death. 

suf fer-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be suffered, or tolerated ; 
endurable. — suf'fer-a-ble-ness, n. — suffer-a-bly, adv. 

SUf'fer-anCG (-ans), n. 1. Act or state of suffering. Now R. 
2. A pain endured ; a misery. Obs. 3. Loss ; damage ; in- 
jury. 06s. 4. Patient endurance ; patience ; long-suffering. 
5. Negative consent by not forbidding or hindering ; tolera- 
tion ; permission ; leave. — Syn. See permission, 

suf'fer-er (-er), n. One who suffers. 

suf fer-ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or loss ; 
also, a pain endured ; a distress, loss, or injury incurred. 

SUf-fice' (su-f Is' ; -flz'), v. t. ; -ficed' (-fist' ; -f Izd') ; -fic'- 
ing ( -fls'Ing ; -f Iz'ing ). [OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf . suf- 
fisant p. pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, 
avail for, suffice ; sub under -j- facere to make. ] To sat- 
isfy ; content. — v. i. To be enough ; be adequate. 

SUf-fi'cien-cy (sS-fTsh'en-st), n. 1. Quality or state of be- 
ing sufficient, or adequate ; adequacy. 2. Qualification for 
any purpose; ability; capacity. 3. Adequate substance 
or means ; competency. 4. Conceit ; self-confidence. 

suf-fi'cient (-ent), a. [L. sufficiens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. 
Equal to the end proposed ; adequate ; enough. 2. Quali- 
fied ; fit ; competent. 3. Able to meet obligations ; respon- 
sible. Obs. or R. — Syn. See adequate. fi'cient-ly, adv. 

suffix (suf'iks), n. [L. suffixum, neut. of suffixus, p. p. of 
suffigere to fasten on, affix ; sub + figere to fix.] A letter, 
letters, syllable or syllables added to the end of a word or 
a root to modify the meaning. 

Suf-fixMsu-fTks'), v. t. To add or annex to the end. 

suf -fix'ion (-f lk'shwn), n. Suffixing, or state of being suffixed. 

SUf-flate' (-flat'), v. t. [L. suffiatus, p. p. of suffiare; sub 
+ flare to blow.] To blow up ; inflate ; inspire. Rare. 

SUf fo-cate (suf'o-kat), v. t. & i.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cas- 
ing. [L. suffocatus, p. p. of suffocare to choke ; sub + 
fauces throat.] To kill or die by stoppage of respiration ; 
stifle ; smother ; choke ; also, to extinguish, as fire. 

SUf fo-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of suffocating, or state of 
being suffocated. < 

suf fo-ca-tive (suf'6-ka-tTv), a. Tending to suffocate. 

Suffolk (suf'uk), n. [From Suffolk County, England.] 
One of an English breed of heavy work horses, esp. for farms. 

SUf fra-gan (suf'rd-gdn), a. [F. suffragant, fr. LL. suf- 
fraganeus, confused with L. suffragans, -antis, p. pr. of 
suffragari to support with one's vote. See suffrage.] 1. 
Assistant ; as, a suffragan bishop. 2. Of or pert, to a suf- 
fragan bishop. — n. Eccl. A suffragan bishop. 

suffrage (-raj), n. [F., fr. L. suffragium.] 1. A vote 
given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice 
of a person for an office or a trust ; assent ; vote. 2. The 
right or act of voting in political matters ; the franchise. 3. 
Eccl. An intercessory prayer or petition, esp. a short one. 

suf fra-gette' (suFra-jeV), n. A woman who advocates 
woman suffrage. Cant. — suf fra-gef tism, n. Cant. 

suffra-gist (sufra-jist),™. 1. A voter. 2. A person having 
certain opinions on political suffrage ; specif., a person fa- 
voring the extension of political suffrage to women. 

SUf-fu'mi-gate (su-fti'mf-gat), v. t. [L. suffumigatus, p. 
p. of suffumigare to fumigate from below.] To apply 
fumes or smoke to ; fumigate. mi-ga'tion (-ga'shwn), n. 

suf-fuse' (su-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing (-fuz'- 
mg). [L. suffusus, p. p. of suffundere to overspread. See 
sub- ; fuse.] To overspread, as with a fluid, tinge, or tint. 

suf-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act or process of suffusing,or 
state of being suffused. 2. That which suffuses or witn 
which a thing is suffused. [adherent of Sufism.| 

Su'fi (soo'fe), n. [Ar. & Per. gufl wise, pious, devout.] Anj 

Su'fism (soo'fiz'm), n. A system of Mohammedan mysti- 
cism, developed, esp. in Persia, into an elaborate symbolism 
much used by the poets. — Su-fis'tic (soo-fis'tik), a. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



SUGAR 



961 



SULPHATE 




Sugar Cane. 




SUg'ar (sho6g'er),n. [F. sucre, fr. Ar. sukkar, fr. Skr. gar 
ka,rd sugar, gravel.] 1. A sweet carbohydrate, col- 
orless or white when pure, chiefly derived from the 
sugar cane and the sugar beet. It dissolves in 
about half its weight of water 
and forms fine monoclinic crystals 
melting at 160° C. (320° F.). 
Chemically, it is C12H22O11. 2. 
By extension, any of a class of 
sweet carbohydrates, regarded 
chemically as ketonic or aldehyde 
derivatives of higher alcohols. 
Some of the most important 
sugars are : cane sugar (see def. 
1), glucose or grape sugar, fruc- 
tose or fruit sugar, lactose or 
milk sugar, and maltose or malt 
sugar. 3. Short for maple sugar. 
Local, U. S. & Canada. 4. Com- 
pliment or flattery used to cover 
something obnoxious. 06s. or 
Colloq. 
sugar of milk. = lactose. 

•— v. t. 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with 
sugar; mix sugar with. 2. To sweeten (something dis- 
tasteful) by pleasant or soft words, as of flattery. — v. i. 
To form or make sugar. 

sugar beet. A variety of beet cultivated extensively for the 
sugar yielded by its large white root. 

sug'ar-ber'ry, n. = hackberry. 

sugar cane. A grass (Saccharum 
officinarum) extensively cultivated 
in warm regions for its sugar. It is 
a stout, tall perennial, with an am- 
ple terminal panicle. See Illust. above. 

SUg'ared (shoog'erd), a. Sweetened ; fig., 
sweet ; honeyed. [of being sugary.' 

SUg'ar-i-ness (-er-i-nes), n. Quality or state. 

sugar loaf, a A loaf or mass of refined sugar, 
usually conoidal, now rarely made, b Some- 
thing shaped like a sugar loaf, as a hat or a 
hill. — su'gar-loaf , a. Sugar Beet- 

sugar maple, a A maple (Acer saccharum), of the east- 
ern United States, having smooth 
gray bark. Its sap is the chief 
source of maple sugar. 2. Any of 
several related maples having a 
sweet sap. 

sugar pine. See pine. 

sug'ar-plum' (sh66g'er-plum0, n. 
A sweetmeat ; bonbon. 

SUg'ar-y (-1), a. Like, containing, 
or consisting of, sugar ; tasting of 
sugar ; sweet ; honeyed. 

SUg-gest' (suggest'), v. t. [L. 
suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to 
put under, furnish, suggest ; sub 
under -+- gerere to carry.] To 
present (a matter, problem.etc), 
usually indirectly, to the mind ; 

intimate ; hint. — v. i. To give Sugar Maple, "a. o De- 
nse to or present ideas through tached Flower ; & Inflo- 
association. — SUg-gest'er, n. rescence. 

SUg-gest'i-ble (-jes'ti-b'l), a. Easily influenced by sugges- 
tion ; readily serving to suggest. — sug-gest'i-bil'i-ty, n. 

SUg-ges'tion (-jes'chwn), n. 1. A suggesting ; presentation 
of an idea, esp. indirectly, as through association of ideas. 
2. That which is_ suggested ; an intimation ; a hint. 3. Psy- 
chol, a The action of one idea upon another resulting in 
their connected appearance in consciousness, as in process- 
es of association, b The entrance into the mind of an idea 
or intimation, originated by some external fact or word 
which tends to produce an automatic response or reaction ; 
as, hypnotic sugg stion. 

Syn. Intimation, hint. — Suggestion, hint. A sugges- 
tion is an indirect or guarded presentation of a matter for 
consideration or action ; the word sometimes implies a 
prompting to evil ; a hint is a suggestion conveyed by 
remote or covert allusion, and often suggests lack of can- 
dor ; as, his suggestion that the journey might overtax your 
strength, I took as a hint that he would like to go himself. 
SUg-ges'tive (-jes'tTv),a. 1. Tending to suggest; pert, to 
or containing a suggestion ; stimulative of thought. 2. Sug- 
gesting, or tending to suggest, what is improper, indecent, 
etc. — sug-ges'tive-ly, adv. — sug-ges'tive-ness, n. 
SU'i-cid'al (su'i-sld'al), a. Pert, to, of the nature of, or 

suggestive of, suicide. — SU'i-cid'al-ly, adv. 
SU'i-cide (su'i-sid), n. [L. sui of one's self -f- -cide, 2.] 1. 
Act of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally ; 
self-murder. 2. Ruin of one's own interests. 3. [L. sui of 
one's self _+ -cide, 1.] One guilty of self-murder ; a felo-de- 
se. — v. i. To commit suicide. Colloq. 




flsu'i gen'e-ris (sui jen'e-rls). [L.] Of his, her, its, 01 
their, own kind ; unique, peculiar. 

Usu'i ju'ris. [L., , in one's own right.] Law. Of full legal 
capacity, as (listing, from the limited capacity of those 
under some legal disability, as infancy. 

SU'ine (sii'in ; -en), n. A mixture of oleomargarine with lard 
or other fat. It is used as a substitute for butter. 

SU'int (su'int; swint),_n. [F.] A greasy substance in the 
wool of sheep, consisting largely of potassium salts of or- 
ganic acids mixed with fatty substances ; — called also 
yolk. It is removed in washing and is a source of potash. 

suit (sut), n. [OF. siute, sieute, F. suite, fr. sivre to fol- 
low. See sue.] 1. Act of suing ; a seeking by entreaty or so- 
licitation ; entreaty; solicitation; specif., solicitation in 
marriage ; wooing. 2. a Feudal Law. Act of following or 
attending a superior, his court, or the like ; also, those who 
do so. b Law. prig., the following or attending upon a 
court to obtain justice there ; hence : an action or process 
in a court for the recovery of a right or claim ; legal applica- 
tion to a court for justice. 3. A company of attendants or 
followers ; a retinue ; suite. 4. = suite, 3. 5. Playing 
Cards. One of the four sets of cards in a pack. 6. A num- 
ber of things used together ; a set ; as, a suit of armor. 
Often, short for suit of clothes. — Syn. See prayer. 

— v. t. 1. To fit ; adapt ; accommodate. 2. To be fitted or 
adjusted to accord with ; befit. 3. To meet the desires of ; 
please ; satisfy. — v. i. To agree ; accord ; be fitting ; cor- 
respond ; — usually used with with or to. — Syn. Com- 
port, tally, match, answer, become. 

suit'a-ble (sut'd-b'l), a. Capable of suiting; proper; be- 
coming. — Syn. Fitting, accordant, agreeable, correspond- 
ent, consonant, congruous, consistent. See fit. — suit'a- 
bil'i-ty (-bil'I-tT), suit'a-ble-ness, n. — suit'a-bly, adv. 

suite (swet), n. [F.] 1. Obs. or rare var. of suit (in vari- 
ous senses) . 2. A retinue, or company of attendants, as of a 
person of position ; a suit. 3. A connected series or succes- 
sion of objects ; set ; suit ; as, a suite of rooms. 4. Music. 
a An old instrumental form, consisting of a series of dances 
in the same or related keys, b A modern instrumental form, 
free as to the character and number of its movements. 

suit'ing (sut'ing), n. Among tailors, cloth suitable for 
making suits of clothes ; — chiefly in pi. Cant. 

SUlt'or (sut'er), n. One who sues ; esp. : a A wooer ; lover ; 
— now used only of men. b Law. A party in a suit. 

sul'cate (sul'kat), a. [L. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare to fur- 
row.] Scored with deep and regular furrows. — sulfat- 
ed (-ka.t-ed),a. [sukate ; also, a sulcus. I 

SUl-ca'tion (sul-ka'shun), n. A furrowing or state of beingj 

sul'cus (sul'kws), n.; pi. sulci (-si). [L., a furrow.] A fur- 
row ; groove ; fissure ; esp., Anat., any furrow on the sur- 
face of the brain separating convolutions. 

sul'fate, sul'fide, sul'fur, etc. Vars. of sulphate, etc. 

sulk (sulk),i>. i. [See sulkiness.] To be sulky or sullen.— n. 
State of being sulky ; a sulky mood or humor ; — often in pi. 

SUlk'i-ly (-kT-lT), adv. In a sulky manner. 

SUlk'i-ness (sul'ki-nes), n. [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen 
slothful, remiss, deriv. of aseolcan to be weak or slothful.} 
Quality or state of being sulky ; sullenness ; moroseness. 

SUlk'y (sul'ki), a.; sulk'i-er (-ki-er) ; -i-est. [See sulki- 
ness.] Moodily silent ; sullen ; morose ; ill-humoredly un- 
sociable. — Syn. See sullen. 

sulk'y, n. ; pi. sulkies (-k!z). [From 1st sulky, a. ; — be- 
cause for one only/] A light two-wheeled carriage for one 
person. — a. Having wheels and a seat for the driver ; — 
said of various agricultural machines ; as, sulky cultivator. 

SUl'len (siil'en), a. [Through OF. fr. L. solus alone.] 1. Dis- 
posed to be alone ; hence : gloomily silent ; morose ; sulky. 
2. Gloomy ; dismal ; melancholy ; as, a sullen sky. 3. Heavy ; 
dull ; sluggish ; as, a sullen stream. 4. Malignant ; bale- 
ful ; as, a sullen gaze. — sul'len-ly, adv. len-ness, n. 

Syn. Sour, sulky, glum, surly, morose, saturnine, crab- 
bed, splenetic, peevish, fretful, petulant, moody, austere, 
churlish. — Sullen, sulky, glum, surly, morose, satur- 
nine, crabbed, splenetic. One is sullen who is (often by 
disposition) gloomily silent and ill-humored ; one is sulky 
who is childishly sullen, or inclined to indulge in fits of 
sullenness ; one is glum who is silent and dismal, often 
with a touch of dogged sullenness. Surly adds to sullen 
the idea of churlishness or gruffness ; morose suggests a 
sour austerity. Saturnine implies a gloomily taciturn and 
heavy disposition ; crabbed suggests a crusty or peevish 
moroseness ; splenetic adds to morose the implication of 
malice or spite. 
sul'lens (-enz), n. pi. Sullen mood or humor ; sulks. Obs. 
SUl'ly (-1), v. t. & i.; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. [AS. sylian, fr. 
sol mire.] To soil ; tarnish ; stain ; defile. — n. ; pi. -lies 
(-iz). Soil ; tarnish ; stain. 
sulph-ar'se-nate (sulf-ar'se-nat), n. = thioarsenate. 
sulph-ar'se-nide (-nld ; -nid), n. Also -nid. Chem. A com- 
pound which is both a sulphide and an arsenide. 
sul'phate (sul'fat), n. Chem. A salt or ester of sulphuric 
acid. — v. t. ; sul'phat-ed (-fat-ed) ; sul'phat-ing (-fat- 
ing). 1. To treat or impregnate with sulphuric acid or a 



< 



1 

•I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, et&, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word* 4- combined with. = equals. 



N 



SULPHATIZE 



962 



SUMMONS 







R 



sulphate ; to convert into sulphate. 2. Elec. To form a de- 
posit of a whitish scale ( probably PbaSOs ) on (the plates 
of a storage battery). — v. i. To become sulphated. 

SUl'phat-ize (-fat-Iz), v. L; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Izlng). 
To convert into sulphate, as sulphide ores by roasting. 

SUl'phide (-fid ; -fid), n. Also -phid. Chem. A binary com- 
pound of sulphur ; — formerly called sulphuret. Binary 
compounds of sulphur with the acid-forming elements 
bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and oxygen, are not 
usually called sulphides. 

SUl'phite (-fit), n. 1. Chem. A salt or ester of sulphurous 
acid. 2. A person who is spontaneous and original in his 
habits of thought and conversation. Cf. bromide, 2. 
Slang. — sul-phit'ic (sul-fit'ik), a. Slang. 

SUl'phO-nal (siil'fS-ntfl), n. Pharm. A colorless or white 
crystalline compound, (CH3)2C(S02C2Hs)2. It is an effica- 
cious hypnotic. 

SUl'phone (sQFfon), n. [G. sulfon."] Org. Chem. Any of a 
series of compounds of the general formula R • SO2 • R', 
containing sulphuryl united with two hydrocarbon radicals. 

SUl-phon'ic (sul-fon'Tk), a. Chem. Pertaining to or desig- 
nating the group SO2OH. 

sulphonic acid, any of the acids containing the sulphonic 
group, and regarded as derived from sulphuric acid by 
replacement of hydroxyl or from sulphurous acid by re- 
placement of hydrogen. 

sul-pho'ni-um (-fo'ni-&n), n. [sttZp/mr -f- ammonium.] 
Org. Chem. A hypothetical univalent radical, SH3. 

SUl'phur (sul'fur), n. [L., better sulpur.~} Chem. A non- 
metallic element occurring native and combined. Symbol, 
S; at. wt., 32.07. Native sulphur occurs in yellow ortho- 
rhombic crystals, in masses, crusts, and powder. H., 1.5-2.5 ; 
sp. gr., 2.06 (when pure). Sulphur burns in air with a blue 
flame and suffocating odor. It is used in making gunpowder, 
matches, etc., for bleaching, and in medicine, etc. 2. Any 
of numerous yellow or orange pieridine butterflies. 

— v. t. To treat with sulphur ; sulphurize. 

sul'phu-rate (-fu-rat), a. Of or pert, to sulphur ; sulphure- 
ous. — (-rat), v. t. To sulphurize. 

sul'phu-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. A sulphurizing, or state of 
being sulphurized. 

Sul'phu-ra'tor ( -ra'ter ), n. An apparatus for sulphurizing. 

sul'phur-bot'tom (sul'iur-bot'wm), n. A finback whale, or 




Sulphur-bottom. (%&?) 

rorqual {Balsenoptera musculus), of the North Atlantic, 
the largest of all whales. 

SUl-phu're-OUS (sul-fu're-iis), a. Like sulphur ; sulphurous. 
— sul-phu're-ous-ly, adv. — sul-phu're-ous-ness, n. 

SUl'pnu-ret (sfll'fu-ret), n. A sulphide. Obsoles. 

sul'phu-ret/, v.t.; -ret'ed (-ret'ed) or -ret'ted ; -ret'ing 
op -ret'ting. To combine or impregnate with sulphur. 

SUl-phu'ric (sul-fu'rik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing sul- 
phur, esp. in a higher valence. 

I sulphuric acid, a heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, 
colorless when pure, early made by distilling green vitriol, 
whence the name oil of vitriol. 

sul'phur-ize (sul'fiir-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-iz'ing). 
Chem. To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of 
its compounds ; specif., to fumigate or bleach with sulphur 
fumes. — SUl'phur-i-za'tion (-i-za'sbun; -I-za'shwn), n. 

SUl'phur-ous (siil'f ur-us ; sul-fu'r&s ; the second pron. is 
common in chem., as in sulphu'rous ac'id, etc.), a. 1. Of, 
pert, to, or containing sulphur, esp. in a lower valence. 2. 
Like sulphur or some sulphur compound ; fig., heated ; fiery. 
sulphurous acid, an acid, H2SO3, not known in the free 
state, but forming a series of salts (the sulphites). 

SUl'phur-y (sul'fur-i), a. Resembling sulphur. 

sul'phur-yl (-11), n. The radical SO2. 

SUl-phy'drate (sul-fi'drat), n. Chem. A hydrosulphide. 

SUl-phy'dric (-drik), a. Chem. Pertaining to or designat- 
ing the weak acid better known as hydrogen sulphide. 

sul'tan (sul'tSn ; Ar. sool-tan'), n. [F., fr. Ar. sultan sul- 
tan, dominion.] 1. A ruler or sovereign, esp. of a Mohamme- 
dan state ; a title of any Mohammedan prince ; specif. 
{Often cap.~\, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah. 2. 
a One of a domestic breed of pure white fowls, with legs 
and toes heavily feathered, b A sultana (bird). 

sul-ta'na (sul-ta'n&;-ta'na), n. [It.] 1. The wife or, some- 
times, the mother, sister, or daughter, of a sultan. 2. A 
mistress, esp. of a royal personage. 3. A kind of seedless 
raisin produced near Smyrna in Asia. 4. Also sultana bird. 
A purple gallinule. [office of a sultan. I 

sul'tan-ate (sul'ton-at), n.The rule, dominion, territory, or| 

sul'tan-ess, n. A sultana. 

sul'tan-ship', n. Office of a sultan ; sultanate. 

sul'try (sfil'tri), a.; sui/tri-er (-tri-er) ; -tri-est. [From 



sweltry.'] 1. Oppressively hot. 2. Very hot and moist, or 
close and oppressive, as air. — sul'tri-ly, adv. ness, n. 

Su-lu' (soo-loo'), n. [Malay Suluk.'] A member of the 
most prominent tribe of the Moro tribes, occupying the 
Sulu Archipelago ; also, their language. 

SUm (sum), n. [OF. sume, some, fr. L. summa, fr. summus 
highest.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, mag- 
nitudes, quantities, or particulars ; amount or whole num- 
ber or quantity. 2. A quantity of money or currency ; any 
amount, indefinitely. 3. The chief points or thoughts when 
viewed together ; substance ; compendium. 4. Maximum 
amount ; utmost degree ; hence : height ; completion. 5. 
Arith. A problem to be solved ; an example. 
Syn. Sum, amount, total, whole, number, quantity. 
Bum denotes the result of simple addition ; amount im- 
plies a result reached by accumulation ; as, the amount of 
one*9 purchases. Total and whole suggest completeness 
of result, while total often further implies magnitude. Num- 
ber, rather than sum, is used for an aggregate of persons 
or things, to which (except as to things in bulk or mass) 
amount should not be applied ; as, the number present, a 
6mall amount of cotton ; but not, a small amount of apples. 
Quantity may be used of objects that can be counted, but 
only when measurable in bulk ; as, a quantity of apples. 

— v. t. ; summed (sumd) ; sum'ming. 1. To cast up, as a 
column of figures ; add together ; ascertain the totality of ; 

— usually used with up. 2. To condense ; recapitulate 
briefly ; — usually used with up ; as, to sum up the evi- 
dence. — v. i. To recapitulate ; pass in review the chief 
points, as of an argument ; — commonly used with up. 

SU'mac (su'mXk ; shoo'm5k), n. Also sumach. [F. su <ic, 
fr, Ar. summaq.~\ 1. Any of a large genus (Rhus) of i„*a- 
cardiaceous shrubs and trees, including, besides those com- 
monly called sumacs, the poison dogwood, poison ivy, etc. ; 
also, the wood of any species. 2. A material used in tan- 
ning and dyeing, consisting of the shredded or powdered 
leaves, peduncles, etc., of various sumacs (esp. R. coriaria). 

Su-ma'tran (soo-ma'tran), a. Of or pert, to Sumatra or its 
inhabitants. — n. An inhabitant of Sumatra. 

sum'bul (sum'biil; sdom'bdol), n. Also sum'bal (-bol,. 
[Per.] The root of an Asiatic apiaceous plant (Ferula 
sumbul), used as a tonic and antispasmodic. 

Su-me'ri-an (su-me'n-cm), o. Also Su-mi'ri-an (su-me'-). 
Of or pert, to Sumer, an ancient region of lower Babylonia 
(or, according to some, equivalent to Babylonia), or its in- 
habitants or their language. — n. A native of Sumer ; also, 
the language of the Sumerians, or one attributed to them. 

sum'ma-ri-ly (sum'a-ri-li), adv. In a summary manner. 

sum'ma-ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being summary. 

sum'ma-riae (sum'd-rlz), v. t.; -rized (-rlzd); -riz'ing 
(-riz'ing). To tell in, or reduce to, a summary ; present 
briefly. — sum'ma-ri-za'tion (-n-za'shiin ; -rl-za'shim), n. 

— sum'ma-riz / er (-rlz'Sr), n. 

sum'ma-ry (-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [F. sommaire, or L. 
summarium, fr. L. summa sum.] An abstract, or com- 
pendium, of a fuller account ', abridged statement. — a. 1. 
Formed into a sum ; summed up ; concise ; as, a summary 
statement of facts. 2. Done without delay or formality ; 
quickly executed. — Syn. Short, brief, succinct. 

sum-ma'tion (sum-a'shiin), n. Act of summing, or form- 
ing a sum, or total amount ; addition ; also, an aggregate. 

sum'mer (sum'er), n. One who sums or does sums. 

sum'mer, n. [ F. sommier a rafter. See sumpter. ] A 
large horizontal beam or stone ; as : a A lintel, b A stone 
cap of a pier to support a lintel, arch , etc. c A principal 
floor timber, as a girder, d A horizontal longitudinal tim- 
ber in a framing. 

BUm'mer, n. [AS. sumor, sumer."] In any region, the sea- 
son of the year in which the sun shines most directly ; the 
warmest period of the year. North of the equator, summer 
popularly includes June, July, and August. — v. i. To pass 
the summer. — v. t. To keep or carry through the summer. 

summer flounder. A large flounder (Paralichthys denta- 
lus) of the coast of the United States from Cape Cod to 
the Carolinas, having dark ocellated spots on the body. 

sum'mer-house' (-hous'), ». A rustic covered structure 
in a garden or park, providing a cool retreat in summer. 

sum'mer-sault, -set. Vars. of somersault, somerset. 

SUm'mer-tide' (-tld'), n. Summer time. 

sum'mer-y (sum'er-i), a. Of, pert, to, or like, summer. 

sum'mit (sum'it), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, 
top, fr. L. summum top, fr. summus highest.] The top ; 
highest point ; utmost elevation ; zenith. 

sum'mon (sum'un), v. t. [OF. sumundre, semondre, fr. 
L. summonere to remind privily ; sub + monere to admon- 
ish, warn.] 1. To call, bid, or cite ; send for. 2. To cite by 
authority; notify or command to come or appear, as in 
court. 3. Mil. To call upon to surrender, as a fort. 4. To 
rouse or excite ; — often used with up. mon-er, n. 

sum'mons (-iinz), n.; pi. -monses (-wn-zez; 24). [OF. 
sumunse, semonse, fr. semondre to summon.] 1. Act of 
summoning ; a call by authority to appear at a place named 
or to attend to some duty. 2. Law. A citation or warning 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
ase, unite, vkm, up, circ us, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; (hen, thin; nature, verd_ure (87) ; 



SUMP 



963 



SUNWISE 



to appear in'court ; specif. : a Common-law Practice. The 
original writ by which an action was begun. It is now su- 
perseded in both England and the United States by : b A 
written notification to be served on a person, and warning 
him to appear in court and answer to the plaintiff upon 
pain of judgment for default in so doing. 3. Mil. A de- 
mand to surrender. — v. t. To summon. Rare or Colloq. 
Sump (sump), re. [E. dial.] 1. Mining, a The lowest 
portion of a shaft, below the working levels, into which the 
water drains, b An excavation smaller than, and ahead 
of, the regular work, in driving a tunnel or sinking a shaft. 

2. A reservoir at the lowest point in the oil-circulating 
system of an internal-combustion engine. 

sump'si-mus (sump'si-miis), re. [L., we have taken, fr. 
sumere to take.] A correct form or usage which should, 
in strict accuracy, replace an old error ; hence, a pedantical- 
ly correct form or usage. Cf . mumpsimus. 

SUmp'ter (sump'ter), n. [OF. sommetier the driver of a 
pack horse; akin to OF. sommier a pack horse, L. sag- 
marius, fr. sagma a packsaddle, Gr. aaynaJ] An animal, 
esp. a horse, that carries packs or burdens. 

sump'tu-a-ry (-tjl-a-rT), a. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus 
expense, fr. sumere, sumptum, to spend ; sub 4- emere to 
take, buy.] Pert, to or regulating expense or expenditure. 

samp / tU-OUS (-us), a. [L. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus ex- 
pense.] Involving large expense ; costly ; hence : luxurious ; 
splendid. — sumr/tu-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, re. 

sun (sun), n. [AS. sunne. - ] 1. The luminous heavenly body 
the light of which constitutes day ; the member of the solar 
system round which the earth and other planets revolve. 
Symbol, O or ®. The mean distance of the sun from the 
earth is estimated to be about 93,100,000 miles, its linear 
diameter 866,300 miles, and its mass 334,500 times that of 
the earth. Its mean density is about one fourth that of the 
earth. Its period of rotation is about 25 days at the equa- 
tor, but decreases toward the poles. 2. Any heavenly body 
like our sun, esp. one that is, like it, the center of a system. 

3. Sunshine. 4. Sunrise ; hence : day ; also, sunset ; as, from 
sun to sun, from sunrise to sunset. 5. A year. Rare. 6. 
That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or impor- 
tance ; any source of light, warmth, or animation. 

— v. t., sunned (siind) ; sun'ning. To expose to the sun's 
rays ; to warm or dry in or as in the sun. [sun's rays. I 

sun bath. Med. Therapeutic exposure of the body to the| 

sun'beam' (sun'bem'), n. A beam or ray of the sun. 

sun'bird' (-burd'), n. 1. Any of numerous small brilliantly 
colored singing birds ( family Nectariniidse ), native of 
Africa, southern Asia, the East Indies, and Australia, some- 
what resembling humming birds. 2. The sun bittern. 

sun bittern. Either of two peculiar Central and South 
American birds (Eurypyga helias and E. major) allied to 
the herons, rails, and cranes. 

sun'bon/net (-bon'e't ; 24), re. A projecting bonnet worn by 
women and children as a protection against the sun. 

Sttn'bow' (-bo'), re. A rainbow ; an iris. 

SUn'burn' (-burn'), re. Superficial inflammation of the skin, 
from exposure to the sun's rays. — v.t.& i. To burn or 
discolor by the sun ; tan. 

sun'burst' (-burst'), re. A burst of sunlight ; hence : some- 
thing likened to this ; as, a diamond sunburst. 

sun'dae (sun'di), re. = college ice. 

sun dance. A ceremonial dance in honor of the sun as a 
divine power ; specif., the great annual rite of certain 
North American Indians, esp. of the Siouan tribes. 

Sun'day (-da), n. [AS. sunnandxg; sunne, gen. sunnan, 
the sun + dxg day ; — being anciently dedicated to the 
sun. ] The first day of the week ; the Christian Sabbath. 
Syn. Sunday, Sabbath. Sunday is the name of the first 
day of the week ; Sabbath designates the institution rather 
than the day, and is synonymous with Sunday only in Chris- 
tian usage, the Jewish Sabbath falling on Saturday. As a 
designation of the day, Sunday is preferred to Sabbath. 

Sunday, or Sabbath, school. A school held on Sunday for 
religious instruction ; also, its members collectively. 

snn'der (sun'der), v. t. & i. [AS. sundrian (in comp.), or 
syndrian, fr. sundor asunder.] To disunite ; part ; divide ; 
sever. — Syn. See part. — n. A separation into parts ; 
division ; severance. — in sunder, into parts. 

SUn'der-ance (-5ns), n. Act of dividing or separating. 

sun'dew' (-du'), n. 1. Any of a genus ( Drosera) of carnivo- 
rous bog-inhabiting herbs, having viscid glands on their 
leaves, by means of which they capture and digest small 
insects. 2. Any plant of the sundew family ( Droseracese). 

sun'di'al (-dl'al), n. An instrument to show the time of day 
by the shadow of a gnomon, or style. 

sun disk. Egypt. Archseol. A symbol of the sun god, 
Ra, a winged disk, often 
adorned with the urasus. 

sun dog, or sun'dog', n. 
1. A parhelion. 2. A 

fragmentary rainbow ; a Sun Disk, 

small rainbow near the horizon. 






& 



Sun- 
fish, 1. 



sun/down 7 (sun'doun'), n. 1. Sunset. 2. A kind of broad 
brimmed sun hat worn by women. 

sun'dries (-driz), n. pi. Sundry small things or items. 

sun'drops' (-drops'), n. Any of several evening primroses 
(genus Kneiffia, esp. K. fruticosa). Their flowers open in 
sunlight. 

Sttn'dry (-drT), a. [AS. syndrig separate, special, several.] 
Several ; divers ; more than one or two ; various. 

SUn'fish' (-fish'), re. 1. A certain remarkable marine plectog- 
nath fish (Mola mola) having a deep body, 
truncated behind, and a short fringelike 
caudal fin. 2. a Any of many American 
perchlike fresh-water fishes (family Cen- 
trarchidse), having a deep compressed 
body, and usually a brilliant metallic color- 
ation ; esp., the common 
sunfish, or pumpkin seed 
(Eupomotis gibbosus). b 
The basking shark. cAny 
large jellyfish. 

sun'flow'er (-flou'er), n. 
1. Any of a genus (HeTi- 
anthus) of asteraceous 
plants with large yellow- 
rayed flower heads. 2. Any 
of various plants superficially resembling the \ 
above or opening in the sunshine. 

sung (siins;), pret. & p. p. of sing. 

sun'glass' (sun'glas'), n. ; pi. -glasses (-ez ; 
24). A burning glass. 

sun'glow' (-glo'), re. Meteor ol. A brownish 
yellow or rosy flush, often seen in the sky be- 
fore sunrise or after sunset, due to interference of solar rays 
scattered or diffracted from particles in the atmosphere. 

sun god. Myth. A god representing the sun or one of its 
aspects, as Ra, Shamash, Helios, etc. 

sunk (sunk), pret. & p. p. of sink. 
sunk fence, a ditch with a retaining wall, used to divide 
lands without defacing a landscape ; a ha-ha. — s. panel, 
a panel forming a shallow recess below the face of sur- 
rounding surface. [body of water. I 

sunk'en (surjk''n), a. Sunk ; esp., lying on the bottom of aj 

Sun'less, a. Destitute of sun, or sunlight. less-ness, n. 

Sunlight' (sun'llt'), re. The light of the sun. 

sunn (sun), re., or sunn hemp. [Hind, san, fr. Skr. cana.l 

1. An East Indian fabaceous plant (Crotalaria juncea), 
with slender branches, simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 

2. The valuable fiber of this plant, lighter and stronger 
than jute, and used for ropes, bags, etc. 

Sun'na, Sun'nah (soon^d), re. [Ar. sunnah.'] Lit., usage; 
tradition ; — applied orig. to the sayings and doings of Mo- 
hammed conforming to the Koran, and hence, to collections 
of moral and legal traditions supplementing the Koran. 

SUn'ni-ness, re. Quality or state of being sunny. 

Sun'nite (-It), re. [From Sunna.] A member of that one of 
the two main divisions of Mohammedans which acknowl- 
edges the first four caliphs to be the rightful successors of 
Mohammed. Cf. Shiite. 

sun'ny (siin'i), a.; -ni-er; -ni-est. 1. Of or pert, to, pro- 
ceeding from, or like the sun ; hence : shining ; bright ; 
cheerful ; genial. 2. Exposed to the sun. 

sun'rise (-rlz'), re. 1. The first appearance of the sun above 
the horizon with the accompanying atmospheric effects ; 
also, the time of such appearance. 2. The east. 

SUn'fis'ing (-riz'ing), re. Sunrise (sense 1). 

sun'set' (sun'set'), re. 1. The descent of the sun below the 
horizon with the accompanying atmospheric effects ; also, 
the time of such descent ; evening. 2. The west. 

BUn'set'ting, re. Sunset (sense 1). 

SUn'shade' (-shad'), re. Anything used as a protection from 
the sun's rays ; specif. : a A small parasol, b An awning. 

SUn'shine' (-shin'), re. 1. The sun's light, or the place where 
it shines ; the sun's direct rays, the place where they fall, or 
their warmth and light. 2. Anything warm and cheering 
like the sun ; brightness. 

sun'shin'y (-1), a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun ; clear, 
warm, or pleasant. 2. Beaming with good spirits ; cheerful. 

sun spot, or sun'spot', re. One of the dark spots that ap- 
pear periodically on the sun's surface, and are usually visi- 
ble only with the telescope. Their appearance is accompa- 
nied by loss of light, sometimes of heat, and often by mag- 
netic storms on the earth. 

SUn'stroke' (sun'strok'), re. Med. An affection, often fatal, 
due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat and marked by 
sudden prostration, with symptoms like those of apoplexy. 

SUn'-Struck', a. Overcome by, or affected with, sunstroke. 

sun'up' (sun'up'), re. Sunrise. Colloq. or Dial. 

SUn'ward (-werd), a. Facing the sun. 

sun'ward, sun'wards (-werdz), adv : Toward the sun. 

sun'wise' (-wlz'), adv. In the direction of the sun's appar- 
ent motion ; in the same direction as the movement of the 
hands of a watch lying face upwards. 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciatioru 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals* 



SUP 



964 



SUPERNAL 



sup (sup), v. t.; supped (supt) ; sup'ptng. [AS. supin to 
drink.] 1. To take (liquid) into the mouth with the lips ; 
sip. 2. To treat with supper. 06s. — n. A small mouthful, 
as of liquor or broth ; a sip. — v. i. 1. To take food, esp. 
liquid food, into the mouth a little at a time ; sip. 2. To 
eat the evening meal ; take supper. 

supe (sup), su'per (su'per), n. A stage supernumerary. 
Theat. Cant. 

SU'per (su'per), n. [See super-.] An unusually large or 
excellent grade, quality, size, degree, or the like ; also, an 
object of such a grade, quality, etc. 

SU'per- (su'per-). [L. super over, above.] A prefix denot- 
ing : 1. In reference to place, above, over, on. 

Examples : superimpose, to impose over or on ; superter- 
restrial, over the earth. 

2. As to degree, rank, authority, amount, etc., beyond, 
over, over and above, more than, in addition to. 

Examples : supernatural, over and above what is natural ; 
superhuman, over or beyond what is human, etc. 

3. Chem. That the ingredient indicated is present in a large, 
or unusually large, proportion ; as in superphosphate. 
The more definite prefixes per-, bi-, di-, acid, etc., are now 
generally preferred. 

su'per-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. [L. superabilis, fr. superare to 
surmount.] Capable of being overcome ; surmountable. 

SU'per-a-bound' (-d-bound'), v. i. To be very abundant or 
exuberant ; abound to an unusual degree. 

SU'per-a-bun'dant (-bQn'ddn..), a. Abounding to excess ; 
redundant. a-bun'dance (-dans), n. dant-ly, adv. 

SU'per-add' (-ad'), v. t. To add over and above ; annex, as 
something extrinsic. — SU'per-ad-di'tion (-a-dish'un), n. 

CU'per-al'tar (su'per-ol'ter), n. Eccl. a A small portable 
slab of consecrated <=tone which may be used on an uncon- 
secrated or a wooden altar, b Erroneously, a retable. 

su'iier-an'nu-ate (-an'u-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) j-at'ing. 
[super- -f- L. annus a year.] 1. To impair or disqualify 
on account of age or infirmity ; — chiefly in p. p., super- 
annuated. 2. To retire and pension because of old age or 
infirmity. — su'per-an'nu-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 

SU-perb' (su-purb'), a. [F. superbe, L. superbusJ] 1. 
Grand ; magnificent ; stately ; as, a superb edifice. 2. Rich ; 
elegant ; as, superb furniture. — Syn. See grand. — SU- 
perb'ly, adv. — su-perb'ness, n. 

SU'per-cal'en-der (su'per-kal'en-der), n. A calender con- 
sisting of a stack of very highly polished rolls, used to give 
an extra finish to paper, etc. — su'per-cal'en-der, v. t. 

SU'per-car'gO (su'per-kar'go), n. An officer in a merchant 
ship in charge of the commercial concerns of the voyage. 

SU'per-cil'i-a-ry (-sTl'T-a-rT), a. [L. supercilium eyebrow.] 
Anat. Of or pertaining to the eyebrow ; supraorbital ; as, a 
superciliary line of color on a bird. 

SU'per-cil'i-OUS (-i-us), a. [L. superciliosus, fr. superci- 
lium eyebrow, pride ; super over + cilium an eyelid.] 
Lofty with pride ; haughtily contemptuous. — Syn. See 
arrogant. — cil'i-ous-ly, adv. cil'i-ous-ness, n. 

SU'per-class' (sQ'per-klas'), n. Bot. & Zo'ol. A category 
equal to or below a subphylum and above a class. 

SU'per-COOl' (su'per-kool 7 ),^. t. & i. Phys % Chem. To cool 
below the freezing point without solidification, [nought. | 

su'per-dread'nought^ (su'per-dred'not'), n. See dread-| 

SU'per-em'i-nent (-nent), a. [L. super eminens, p. pr. of 
supereminere. See super- ; eminent.] Eminent in a su- 
perior degree ; surpassing others in excellence. — su'per- 
em'i-nence (-em'i-nens), n. — su'per-em'i-nent-ly, adv. 

SU'per-er'o-gate (-er'6-gat), v. i.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'- 
ing. [L. super erogatus, p. p. of supererogare to spend 
over and above.] To do more than duty requires. 

SU-per-er'o-ga'tion (-ga'shun), w._ Act of supererogating ; 
performance of more than is required by duty only. 

SU'per-e-rog'a-tive (-e-rog'd-tiv), a. Supererogatory. 

su/per-e-rog'a-to-ry (-e-rog'd-to-n), a. Performed to an 
extent not enjoined, or not required, by duty or necessity ; 
as, supererogatory services. 

SU'per-iam'i-ly (sii'per-fam'T-li), n. Bot. & Zo'ol. A cate- 
gory of classification next above a family. 

SU'per-fec'un-da'tion (-fek'un-da'shun ; -fe'kun-da'shiin), 
n. Physiol. Fertilization of two ova at the same menstru- 
ation by two different acts of coition. 

SU'per-fe'tate (-fe'tat), v. i. [L. superfetare ; super above, 
over -f- fetare to bring forth.] Physiol. To conceive after 
a prior conception, but before the birth of the offspring. — 
su'per-fe-ta'tion (-fe-ta'shun), n. 

SU'per-fi'cial (-fish'dl), a. [L. super ficialis.'] 1. Of or 
pertaining to the superficies, or surface; lying on or near 
the surface ; shallow. 2. Reaching or comprehending only 
what is obvious or apparent ; not profound ; shallow ; as, 
superficial knowledge. fi'cial-ly, adv. cial-ness, n. 

su'per-fi'ci-al'i-ty (-T-al'T-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being _ superficial ; also, a superficial quality, 
character, or the like. 

su'per-fi'ci-a-ry (-fish'i-a-n), a. = superficial, 1. 



%. 



super above, 
he surface; the 



SU'per-fi'ci-es (-fish'i-ez ; -ffsh'ez), n. 

over + fades make, figure, shape.] 

exterior part, superficial area, or face. 
SU'per-fine (su'per-fln), a. 1. Very fine; extra fine. 2. 

Very subtle or delicate ; too nice. — su'per-fine'ness, n. 
SU'per-flu'i-ty (-floo'I : ti ; 86), n. ; pi. -ities (-tiz). State of 

being, or that which is, abundant beyond what is needed. 

— Syn. Superabundance, redundancy. See excess. 
SU-per'flu-OUS (su-pur'floo-us ; 86), a. [L. superfluus 

overflowing ; super -j- fiuere to flow.] 1. In excess of what 
is wanted or is sufficient ; excessive. 2. Having more than 
is wanted or sufficient. Rare. — Syn. Useless, redundant, 
needless. flu-OUS-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. [tion. 

SU'per-fce-ta'tion (su'per-fe-ta'shun). Var. of superfeta-| 

SU'per-fuse' (-fGz'), v. t. & i. [L. superfusus, p. p. of su- 
perfundere."] To pour or be poured over or on something. 

SU/per-heat' ( : hef), v. t. 1. To overheat. 2. a To heat a 
liquid above its boiling point without converting it into 
vapor, b To heat (a vapor, esp. steam, not in contact with 
its own liquid) so that it has more than enough heat to re- 
main a dry gas at the given pressure. — su'per-heat'er, n. 

SU'per-heat' (su'per-het'), n. The extra heat imparted to a 
vapor in superheating it from a dry and saturated condi- 
tion ; also, the range of temperature passed through. 

SU'per-hu'man (-hii'mdn), a. Above or beyond what is 
human ; sometimes, divine. — Syn. See supernatural. — 
-hu-man'i-ty (-hu-man'i-ti), n. — hu'man-ly, adv. 

SU'per-im-pose' (-im-poz'), v.t. To lay or impose on some- 
thing else. — su'per-im'po-si'tion (-Wpo-zish'un), n. 

SU'per-in-CUm'bent (sti'per-Tn-kum'bent), a. Lying or 
resting on something else. — su'per-in-cum'bence (-bens), 
su'per-in-cum'ben-cy (-ben-si), n. 

su'per-in-duce' (-dus'), v. t. To bring in or on as an addi- 
tion to something ; bring about as an added quality. 

SU'per-in-duc'tion (-duk'shun), n. Act of superinducing, 
or state of being superinduced. 

su'per-in-tend' (-tend'), v. t. [L. superintended. See in- 
tend.] To have or exercise the charge and oversight of ; 
oversee with the power of direction ; supervise. 

SU'per-in-tend'ence (-ten'dens), n. Act of superintending ; 
supervision. — Syn. Oversight, care, direction. 

SU'per-in-tend'en-cy (-ten'den-sT), n. Superintendence. 

SU'per-in-tend'ent (-dent), a. Overseeing ; superintending. 

— n. One who has the charge and oversight of some place, 
institution, enterprise, affairs, etc., with power of direction. 

— Syn. Overseer, manager, director, supervisor. 
SU-pe'ri-or (su-pe'rT-er), a. [L., compar. of superus being 

above, fr. super above, over.] 1. More elevated in place or 
position ; higher ; upper. 2. Higher in rank or office ; niore 
exalted ; as, a superior officer. 3. Higher or greater in ex- 
cellence ; greater in quantity or degree of a good quality ; 
as, tea of superior grade. 4. Beyond the power or influence 
of ; too great or firm to be subdued or affected by ; — used 
with to; as, superior to one's sufferings. 5. Affecting, or 
seeming to affect, superiority ; as, a superior smile. 6. 
More comprehensive, as in classification ; as, a genus is su- 
perior to a species. 7. Bot. Above the ovary ; — used of 
parts of the flower adnate to the ovary, and so apparently 
originating from its upper part ; also, of an ovary when the 
other floral organs are plainly free from it. 8. Print. Stand- 
ing at the top of the line ; as, in x 2 + yn, 2 is a superior 
figure, n a superior letter. 

— n. 1. One who surpasses another in rank, ability, etc. ; 
one who surpasses in what is desirable. 2. Eccl. The head 
of a monastery, convent, or the like. 3. Print. A superior 
letter or figure. — su-pe'ri-or-ly, adv. 

su-pe'ri-or'i-ty (-or'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being su- 
perior. — Syn. Preeminence, excellence, predominance, 
prevalence, ascendancy, odds, advantage. 

SU'per- ja'cent (su'per-ja'sent), a. [L. superjacent, p. pr. 
of super jacere ; super above -f- jacere to lie.] Lying above 
or upon ; as, superjacent rocks. 

su-per'la-tivo (su-pur'ld-tiv), a. [L. superlativus, fr. su- 
perlatus excessive.] 1. Surpassing all other; supreme. 
2. Gram. Expressing the highest (or, with a privative aux- 
iliary, the lowest) degree or amount of the quality, manner, 
etc., denoted by an adjective or an adverb ; as, highest, 
most pleasant, least bright. See compare, v. t., 3. 

— n. 1. The utmost degree or amount. 2. Gram. The super- 
lative degree ; also, a form or word denoting it. See com- 
pare, v. t., 3. — su-per'la-tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. 

su'per-lu'nar (su'per-lu'ndrjlo. Being above the mooni 

SU'per-lu'na-ry (-nd-ri) / not belonging to this world. 

SU'per-man' (su'per-man'), n. = overman. 

su'per-nac'u-lum (-nak'u-lum), adv. [In imitation of L., 
fr. L. super over + G. nagel a nail, as of the finger.] Upon 
the nail ; — used formerly in to drink supernaculum, to 
drink till only so much is left as will rest on the finger nail. 

— n. Liquor, esp. wine, of the finest quality, fit to be 
drunk "supernaculum" ; the best liquor. 

su-per'nal (su-pur'ndl), a. [L. supernus, fr. super above.] 
1. Being n a higher place or region. 2. Celestial ; heavenly. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SUPERNATANT 



965 



SUPPLEMENT 



SU'per-na'tant (su'per-na'tant), a. [L. supernatans, p. pr. 
of supernatare to swim above.] Floating on the surface, 
as oil on water. 

su'per-nat'u-ral (-natural), a. Beyond or exceeding the 
powers or laws (i. e., observed sequences) of nature ; mirac- 
ulous ; superhuman. 

Syn. Supernatural, preternatural, miraculous, su- 
perhuman. That is supernatural which is thought of as 
above or beyond the power, agencies, or laws of nature ; 
that is preternatural which exceeds in some way what is 
natural, ordinary, or explicable, without being felt as su- 
pernatural; as, angels are supernatural beings; his face 
showed a preternatural paleness. Miraculous implies the 
direct intervention of supernatural (esp. divine) agency ; 
as, God's miraculous interpositions. Superhuman is some- 
times equivalent to supernatural, or divine; as, belief in 
superhuman agency. But superhuman is often used in 
strong hyperbole of what, though merely human, exceeds 
ordinary standards ; as, superhuman efforts, energy. 

SU'per-nat'u-ral-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
supernatural. 2. a Belief in a supreme being who is 
above, and controls, nature ; — opposed to naturalism. 
b The doctrine of a divine and supernatural agency in the 
miracles and revelations as recorded in Scripture ; — 
opposed to rationalism. — SU'per-nat'U-ral-ist, n. & a. 
— su'per-nat'u-ral-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. 

SU'per-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a supernatural manner. 

su'per-nat'ur-al-ness, n. Quality or state of being super- 
natural. 

SU'per-nu'mer-a-ry (-nu'mer-a-ri), a. [L. supernumera- 
rius.] 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed. 2. 
Exceeding a necessary, usual, or required number or quan- 
tity; superfluous. — n. ; pi. -ries (-rfz). 1. A person or 
thing beyond the number stated. 2. One beyond what is 
needed or usual ; esp., a person employed to take another's 
place in case of need ; in theaters, one not a regular actor 
who appears in mob scenes, spectacles, etc. 

SU'per-or/der, n. Biol. A category ranking between an 
order and a class or between an order and a subclass. 

SU'per-or/di-na'tion (-or'dT-na'shwn), n. Ordination of a 
person to fill a station already occupied ; esp., the ordina- 
tion by an ecclesiastical official of his own successor. 

SU'per-or-gan'ic (-or-gan'ik), a. Above or beyond that 
which is organic ; hence, of or pert, to organic beings, but 
not directly or necessarily dependent on physical organism. 

/JU'per-os'CU-late (-os'ku-lat), v. t. _ Geom. To have more 
consecutive points in common than is necessary for oscula- 
tion with ; as, a circle superosculates a conic at a vertex. 

SU'per-phys'i-cal (-fiz'i-kal), p. a. Above or beyond phys- 
ics ; not explainable on physical principles. 

su'per-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd'); -pos'ing 
(-poz'ing). [F. superposer. See super- ; pose.] 1. To lay 
(on or upon), as one kind of rock on another. 2. Geom. To 
lay (a figure ideally or in thought) on another so that all 
parts coincide with like parts. 

su'per-po-si'tion (-po-zish'un), n. Act of superposing; 
3tate of being superposed. 

su'per-sat'u-rate (-sat^ji-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed); 
-rat/ing. To add to beyond saturation. sat'u-ra'tion, n. 

su'per-scribe' (-skrlb'), v. t. ; -scribed' (-skrlbd') ; -scrib'- 
ing (-skrlb'mg). [L. superscribere, -scriptum; super 
over + scribere to write.] To write or engrave (anything) 
on the top or surface ; write a name, address, or the like, on 
the outside or cover of (anything). 

Sll'per-script (su'per-sknpt), a. Written above; — op- 
posed to subscript. — n. Math. Any index or mark written 
above, as in a 3 , b", c». 

su'per-scrip'tion (-skrip'shwn), n. 1. Act of superscribing. 
2. That which is superscribed ; inscription ; an address on a 
letter, envelope, or the like. 3. Pharm. That part of a 
prescription which contains the Latin word recipe (take) 

. or the sign B- 

su'per-sede' (-sed'), v. t.; -sed'ed (-sed'ed) ; -sed'ing. [L. 
supersedere, -sessum, to sit above,be superior to, forbear, 
omit ; super above + sedere to sit.] 1. To come or be 
placed in the room of ; replace. 2. To displace, or set aside, 
and put another in place of ; supplant.^ 3. To make void, 
useless, or unnecessary, as by coming in the place of ; set 
aside ; as, electricity has largely superseded gas. — Syn. 
See replace. — su'per-sed'er (-sed'er), n. 

SU'per-se'dure (-se'dur), n. Act of superseding. 

SU'per-sen'si-ble, a. Beyond the reach of the senses ; above 
the natural powers of perception. sen'si-bly, adv. 

SU'per-sen'si-tive (-tiv), a. Excessively sensitive; mor- 
bidly sensitive. — su'per-sen'si-tive-ness, n. 

su'per-sen'so-ry (-so-rf), su'per-sen'su-al (-sho6-al), a. 
Supersensible. 

su'per-serv'ice-a-ble (-sur'vis-d-b'l), a. Too officious. 

SU'per-ses'sion (-sesh'im), n. Supersedure. 

SU'per-Sti'tion (-stish'un), n. [F. superstition, or L. su- 
perstitio, orig., a standing still over a thing ; hence, amaze- 
ment, dread, esp. of the supernatural.] 1. An excessive 



reverence for, or fear of, that which is unknown or mysteri- 
ous ; esp., a religious belief regarded as irrational and mis- 
leading. 2. A belief, an act, or a practice, esp. of a religious 
nature, regarded as irrational, idle, or injurious ; false 
religion. 3. Such acts, beliefs, or practices collectively. 

SU'per-Sti'tious (su'per-stish'us), a. Of, pert, to, proceeding 
from, characterized by, or manifesting superstition. — SU'- 
per-sti'tious-ly, adv. — su'per-sti'tious-ness, n. 

SU'per-stra'tum (-stra'tum), n. An overlying stratum. 

SU'per-StTUCt' (-strukf), v. t. [L. super structus, p. p. of 
super struere to build upon ; super over + struere to 
build.] To build over or on something else. — su'per- 
Struc'tive (-striik'tTv), a. 

su'per-struc'tion (-struk'sh&n), n. 1. Act of building on. 
2. An edifice ; superstructure. Now Rare. 

su'per-struc'ture (-tur), n. 1. Any structure or edifice 
built on something else ; esp., Arch., all of a building above 
the basement. 2. Railroads. The ties, rails, fastenings, 
etc., in distinction from the roadbed. 3. Naut. The struc- 
tural part of a vessel , esp. a war vessel, above the main deck. 

su'per-sub'tle (-suf'1), a. Too subtle. — sub'tle-ty, n. 

SU'per-tax' (su'per-taks'), n. A tax in addition to the usual 
or normal tax. 

SU'per-ton'ic (-ton'ik), n. Music. The note next above the 
keynote ; the second of the scale. 

SU'per-vene'(-ven'), v. i.; -VENED'(-vend'); -ven'ing (-ven'- 
Ing). [L. supervenire, -ventum, to come over or upon ; su- 
per over -f- venire to come.] To come as something addi- 
tional or extraneous ; occur with reference to something 
else ; be added or follow closely, [ditional or extraneous.] 

SU'per-ven'ient (-ven'yent), a. Coming as something ad-| 

SU'per-ven'tion (-ven'shiin), n. Act or fact of supervening. 

su'per-vise' (-viz'), v. t.; -vised' (-vizd') ; -vis'ing. [LL. 
supervisus, p. p. of supervidere to oversee ; super -f- 
videre to see.] To oversee for direction ; superintend ; in- 
spect with authority. 

su'per-vi'sion (-vTzh'iin), n. Act of overseeing; superin- 
tendence ; oversight. — Syn. See oversight. 

Sll'per-vi'sor (-vl'zer), n. 1. One who supervises ; an over- 
seer; superintendent. 2. A spectator. 06s. 3. In some 
States of the United States, an elected official standing, 
either alone or with others constituting a board, at the 
head of the administration of a township or other county 
subdivision. — su'per-vi'sor-ship, n. 

SU'per-vi'so-ry (-vl'zo-ri), a. Of or pert, to supervision. 

SU'pi-nate (su'pT-nat), v. t. & %.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat/- 
ing. [L. supinare, supinatum, to bend or lay backward, fr. 
supinus supine.] Physiol. & Anal. To cause to assume, 
or to assume, a position of supination. 

SU/pi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Physiol. & Anat. a A rota- 
tion of the hand so that the palm is turned up (the arm 
being extended forward) ; also, the position resulting from 
this movement ; — opposed to pronation, b The act or 
state of lying flat on the back. 

SU'pi-na'tor (-tor), n. [NL.] Anat. A muscle which pro- 
duces the motion of supination. 

SU-pine' (su-pln' ; su'pln), a. [L. supinus."] 1. Lying on 
the back, or with the face upward ; — opposed to prone. 
2. Leaning backward ; sloping ; inclined. 3. Mentally or 
morally inert ; heedless ; thoughtless ; listless ; also, wanting 
in stamina ; abject. — SU-pine'ly, adv. — su-pine'ness, n. 

SU'pine (su'pln), n. PL. supinum (sc. verbum), fr. supinus 
bent or thrown backward.] Gram. A verbal noun, orig., 
and esp., one in Latin having generally but two cases, an 
accusativein -um, and an ablative (sometimes a dative) in-u. 

sup'per (sup'er), n. [OF. super, soper ; prop., an infinitive, 
to sup.] The evening meal ; final meal of the day. 

sup-plant' (su-plant'), v. t. [F. supplanter, L. supplan- 
tare to trip up one's heels, throw down ; sub under + planta 
the sole of the foot.] 1. To overthrow, undermine, or force 
away, esp. in order to put a substitute in place of. 2. To re- 
move or displace, as by stratagem ; esp., to displace and take 
the place of ; supersede. — Syn. See replace. — sup'plan- 
ta'tion (sup'lan-ta'shun), n. — SUp-plant'er, n. 

SUp'ple (sup''l), a. [F. souple, fr. L. supplex suppliant.] 

1. Pliant ; flexible ; as, supple joints. 2. Yielding ; com- 
pliant ; not obstinate ; as, a supple will. 3. Bending to the 
humor of others ; obsequious ; as, a supple courtier. — 
Syn. See plexible. — v. t.; -pled (-'Id); -pling (-ling). 
To make or become supple. 

SUp'ple— jack', n. Any of various woody climbers having 
tough, pliant stems (esp. Berchemia scandens). 

SUp'ple-ment (sup'le-ment), n. [F. supplement, L. sup- 
plementum, fr. supplere to fill up.] 1. That which com- 
pletes, or makes an addition to, something already organ- 
ized, arranged, or set apart; specif., a continuation of a 
book or paper to make good deficiencies or correct errors. 

2. Math. The quantity by which an arc or an angle falls 
short of 180°, or by which an arc falls short of a semicircle. 
— Syn. See appendix, complement. — (-ment), v. t. To 
fill up or supply by additions ; add to ; fill the deficiencies of. 



\ 



I' 



t 



' ) 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



1 



N 



SUPPLEMENTAL 



966 



SURCHARGE 



R 



SUP'ple-men'tal (sup'le-men'toTAa. Added ; serving to sup- 

sup'ple-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri) J ply a lack ; additional. 

sup'ple-ness (sup''l-nes), n. Quality of being supple. 

sup'ple-tive (siip'le-tiv) la. Supplying deficiencies ; supple- 

sup'ple-to-ry (-to-ri) / mentary. 

sup'pli-ance (siip'li-ans), n. Supplication; entreaty. 

sup'pli-ant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr. of supplier, fr. L. suppli- 
care to supplicate.] 1. Asking earnestly and submissively ; 
entreating ; beseeching ; supplicating. 2. Expressing sup- 
plication. — Syn. Suing, begging, imploring. — n. One 
who supplicates ; humble petitioner. — sup'pli-ant-ly, adv. 

— sup'pli-ant-ness, n. 

Sup'pli-cant (sflp'li-kant), a. Entreating ; asking submis- 
sively. — n. One who supplicates ; suppliant. 

sup'pli-cate (-kat), v. L; -cat'ed (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'ing. [L. 
supplicatus, p. p. of supplicate to supplicate.] 1. To en- 
treat for ; ask for earnestly and humbly ; implore. 2. To 
address in prayer ; entreat as a supplicant. — Syn. Be- 
seech, petition, importune, solicit, crave. See beg. — v. i. 
To make supplication. 

sup'pli-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of supplicating ; humble 
petition. — Syn. Entreaty, solicitation, craving. 

Sup'pli-ca-tO-ry (-kd-tS-ri),a. Supplicating ; humble. . 

sup-pli'er (su-pll'er), n. One that supplies. 

sup-ply' (su-pll'), y. t.; -plied' (-plld') ; -ply'ing. [OF. 
supployer, supplier, fr. L. suppler e, -pletum; sub under 
-f- plere to fill.] 1. To furnish with what is wanted or need- 
ed ; afford, or furnish with, a sufficiency ; replenish ; — of- 
ten used with with. 2. To give or provide ; furnish ; as, to 
supply money. 3. To serve instead of ; take the place of ; 
as, to supply a minister during his vacation. 4. To fill tem- 
porarily ; serve for another in ; as, to supply a pulpit. — 
Syn. Administer, minister, contribute, yield. 

— n.;pl. -plies (-pllz'). 1. Act of supplying. 2. That which 
supplies a want ; sufficiency for use or want ; specif. : a Aux- 
iliary troops ; reinforcements ; assistance ; relief. Obs. b 
The daily food, etc., necessary, esp. to an army or other 
large body of men ; stores ; — chiefly used in pi. c An 
amount of money provided, as by Parliament or Congress, 
to meet the annual national expenditures ; — usually used 
in pi.; as, to vote supplies, a One who fills a place for 
a time ; substitute ; esp., a clergyman who supplies a pulpit. 
3. Economics. Quantity of any article offered at a given 
price. Cf. demand, n. 4. — a. Serving to contain, deliver, 
or regulate a supply ; as, a supply tank. 

sup-port' (su-port' ; 57), v. t. [F. supporter, L. supportare 
to carry on, convey, in LL., to support, sustain ; sub -f- 
portare to carry.] 1. To bear the weight or stress of; 
uphold; sustain. 2. To endure; bear ; undergo ; suffer; 
tolerate; as, he could not support their taunts. 3. To 
keep from fainting, sinking, yielding, etc. ; encourage ; as, 
to support one's courage. 4. Theat. a To assume and act 
(a character), D To act with (a star). 6. To maintain; 
provide for ; as, to support a family. 6. To enable to con- 
tinue ; carry on ; as, to support a conversation. 7. To verify ; 
substantiate; as, to support one's charge. 8. To vin- 
dicate ; defend successfully ; as, to be able to support one's 
own cause. 9. To uphold by aid or countenance ; help ; as, 
to support a friend. — Syn. Patronize, assist, forward, 
back, second ; succor, uphold, favor ; nourish, cherish. 

— n. 1. Act or operation of supporting. 2. One who, or that 
which, supports. — Syn. Stay, prop, maintenance, sub- 
sistence; assistance, favor, countenance, encouragement, 
patronage, aid, help, succor ; nutriment, sustenance, tood. 

gup-port'a-ble (-por'td-b'l), a. Capable of being supported. 

— sup-port'a-bll'i-ty (-bll'i-ti), sup-port'a-ble-ness, n, 

— sup-port'a-bly, adv. 

sup-port'er (-por'ter; 57), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
supports. 2. An adherent ; one who sustains, advocates, 
and defends. 3. Her. A figure, as of a man or of an animal, 
placed on either side of an escutcheon, and exterior to it. 

J5up-pos'a-ble (-poz'd-b'l), a. That may be supposed. — 
sup-pos'a-ble-ness, n. — sup-pos'a-bly, adv. 

sup-pos'al (-pos'dl), n. Act of supposing ; supposition. 

sup-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
Ing). [F. supposer ; L. sub under -f- F. poser to place.] 1. 
To assume tentatively as proved; accept as true for the 
sake of argument or consideration. 2. To receive as true ; 
imagine ; believe ; think. 3. To require to exist or be true ; 
imply by the laws of thought or nature ; as, purpose sup- 
poses foresight. — Syn. Conclude, judge, consider, view, 
regard. — v. i. To conjecture ; think ; opine. — sup-pos'er, n. 

Sup-posed' (-pozd'), p. a. Accepted as true ; imagined ; — 
often implying falsity. — sup-pos'ed-ly (-poz'ed-li), adv. 

BUp'po-Si'tion (siip'5-zYsh'un), n. [F. supposition, L. sup- 
positio, a placing under, a substitution, fr. supponere, 
-positum, to put under, substitute.] 1. Act of supposing 
or assuming something tentatively or hypothetically, as for 
argument ; assumption. 2. Hypothesis ; conjecture ; opin- 
ion or belief without sufficient evidence. 

sup'po-si'tion-al (-51), a. Hypothetical. tion-al-ly, adv. 



sup-pos'i-ti'tious (su-poz'i-tYsh'us), a. 1. Fraudulently 
substituted; spurious; counterfeit. 2. Hypothetical. — Syn. 
See artificial. — ti'tious-ly, adv. — ti'tious-ness, n. 

sup-pos'i-tive (-poz'i-tiv), a. Including or implying sup- 
position, or hypothesis ; supposed. — n. A word denoting 
or implying supposition, as the words if, granting, assum- 
ing, etc. — sup-pos'i-tive-ly, adv. 

sup-pos'i-to-ry (-to-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. supposi- 
torium, fr. L. suppositorius that is placed underneath.] 
Med. An easily fusible preparation, usually in the form of a 
cone or cylinder, for introduction into the rectum, etc. 

SUp-press' (-pres'), v. t. [L. suppressus, p. p. of suppri- 
mere to suppress. See sub- ; press.] 1. To overpower and 
crush ; subdue ; put down ; quell ; as, to suppress a revolt. 
2. To keep in ; restrain from utterance or vent ; as, to sup- 
press a smile or yawn. 3. To conceal ; prevent publication 
or revelation of ; as, to suppress the truth. 4. To stop ; 
check ; restrain ; arrest the discharges of ; as, to suppress a 
hemorrhage. — sup-press'er, sup-pres'sor (-er), n. 
Syn. Suppress, repress. To suppress is to put down or 
keep back completely ; to repress is to check or restrain ; as, 
gaming was suppressed ; his apathy repressed all animation. 

sup-press'i-ble, a. That may be suppressed. ' 

sup-pres'sion (su-presh'im), n. Act of suppressing ; state 
of being suppressed. — Syn. Overthrow, destruction ; con- 
cealment, repression. 

sup-pres'slve (-pres'iv), a. Tending to suppress. 

sup'pu-rate (sfip'u-rat), v. i.; -rat'ed (-rat'ed) ; -rat'ing. 
[L. suppuratus, p. p. of suppurare ; sub + pus, puris, 
matter.] To generate pus. 

sup'pu-ra'tion (-ra'shwn), n. 1. Act or process of suppu- 
rating. 2. Matter produced by suppuration ; pus. 

sup'pu-ra-tive (sup'u-ra-tiv), a. Tending to suppurate ; 
attended with or promoting suppuration. 

SU'pra- (su'prd-). [L. supra, adv.] A prefix signifying over ; 
above; before; also, beyond; besides; more than. 

su'pra-lap-sa'ri-an (-lap-sa'ri-dn ; 3), n. [supra- ■+• 
lapse."] Eccl. Hist. A Calvinist who believes that God's 
decree of election determined that man should fall in order 
that the opportunity might be furnished of the redemption 
of a part of the race, the decree of salvation being conceived 
of as formed before and not after the lapse, or fall. Cf. in- 
fralapsarian. [ness ; — ;opp. to subliminal. I 

su'pra-lim'i-nal (-limT-nal), a. Conscious, orinconscious-| 

SU'pra-mo-lec'u-lar (-mo-lek'ii-ldr), a. Above, or more 
complex than, a molecule ; composed of many molecules. 

SU'pra-mun'dane (-mun'dap), a. Being above the world, 
or above our system ; celestial. [the eye.j 

su'pra-or1)it-al (-or'bi-tal), a. Anat. Above the orbit of j 

SU'pra-pro'test (-pro'test), n. Law. An acceptance of a 
bill by a third person for the honor of the drawer after pro- 
test for nonacceptance or nonpayment by the drawee. 

SU'pra-re'nal (-re'nal), a. Anat. Situated above, or ante- 
rior to, the kidneys ; designating, or pert, to, the suprarenal 
capsules or bodies ; adrenal. — n. A suprarenal capsule. 
suprarenal (or adrenal) body, capsule, or gland, a duct- 
less gland in most vertebrates near the anterior (in man 
the upper) end of each kidney. Cf. adrenalin. 

SU'pra-tem'po-ral (-tem'po-ral), a. Zool. Above, or per- 
taining to the upper part of, the temporal bone or region. 

— n. A supratemporal bone. 

SU-prem'a-cy (su-prem'd-si), n. State of being supreme ; 
also, supreme authority or power. — Syn. See ascendancy. 

SU-preme' (-prem'), a. [L. supremus, superl. of superus 
that is above, upper, super ^ above.] 1. Highest in authority 
or power ; hence : a Dominant ; overruling ; as, supreme 
over misery, b Holding or pert, to the highest rank. 2. 
Highest in degree ; extreme ; utmost ; as, supreme love. 
supreme being, a The denominating god of a pantheon. 
b [caps.'] The eternal and infinite Spirit ; God ; Jehovah ; 
— used with the. 

SU-preme'ly, adv. With the highest authority or power ; 
in the highest degree ; to the utmost. 

SU-preme'ness, n. Quality or state of being supreme. 

SUT-. [F. sur over, above, OF. sor, seur, seure, L. supra, 
superb] A prefix signifying over, above, beyond, upon. 

SU'ra (sob'rd), n. [Ar. surah a step, a degree.] One of the 
sections or chapters of the Koran. 

SU'rah (soo'rd; su'rd), n. A soft twilled silk fabric. 

SU'ral (su'ral), a. [L. sura calf of the leg.] Anat. Of or 
pertaining to the calf of the leg. 

sur'base' (sur'bas'), n. Arch. A cornice or series of mold- . 
ings above the base of a pedestal, etc. 

SUT'based' (-bast'), a. Arch, a Having a surbase, or mold- 
ing above the base, b [F. surbaisseJ] Having the curve 
center or centers below the springing line or imposts ; — 
said of an arch or a vault. 

sur-cease' (sur-ses'), n. [F. sursis, fr. sursis, p. p. of sur-* 
seoir to suspend, defer, L. supersedere. See supersede.] 
Cessation ; stop ; end. — v. t. & i. To cease ; stop. Archaic. 

sur-charge' (-charj'), v. t.; -charged' (-charjd') ; -charg'- 
ing. [F. surcharger. See SUR- ; charge.] 1. To overload ; 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
nse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot j out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, Cbin; na(ijre, verdure (87); 



SURCHARGER 



967 



SURPRISE 



overcharge. 2. Equity. To show an omission in (an 
account) for which credit ought to have been given ; — 
opposed to falsify. -— n. 1. An overcharge ; excessive bur- 
den. 2. Railroads. A charge over the usual or legal rates. 

3. Equity. The showing an omission, as in an account, for 
which credit is due, or the credit so to be allowed ; — op- 
posed to falsification. 4. Something, as a new valuation, 
officially printed on a postage stamp ; also, Colloq., a 
stamp with a surcharge. — sur-charg'er (-char'jer), n. 

SUT/cin'gle (sur'sin'g'l), n. [OF. sorcengle; sor (L. super) 
over + cengle girdle, L. cingula, fr. cingere to gird.] 1. 
A belt or girth to bind a saddle, blanket, etc., on a horse's 
back. 2. Eccl. The girdle or cincture of a cassock. — v. t. ; 
-cin'gled Gsin'g'ld) ; -cin'gling. To bind, gird, or secure 
with a surcingle. 

sur'coat' (-kot'), n. [OF. mrcote. See sur- ; coat.] An 
outer coat or cloak ; specif., the long flowing cloak of 
knights, worn over armor, and often emblazoned with arms, 
common during the 13th and 14th centuries. 

surd (surd), a. [L. surdus dim, deaf.] 1. Deaf. Obs. 2. 
Math. Involving surds ; not expressible in rational num- 
bers ; irrational. Z.Phon. Uttered, asanelement of speech, 
without voice, or vocal tone ; voiceless ; as, /, p, s, etc. ; — 
opposed to sonant, voiced. — n. Math. 1. A quantity 
that cannot be expressed by rational numbers ; thus, \/3 
is a surd. 2. Phon. A surd element of speech. 

sure (shoor), a.; sorter (-er) ; sur'est. [OF. seur, L. se- 
curus.~\ 1. Assured in mind ; knowing, believing, trusting, 
etc., with certainty ; unquestioning. 2. Admitting of no 
doubt, condition, etc. ; indubitable ; indisputable ; as, a 
sure success. 3. Entirely trustworthy or dependable ; reli- 
able ; as, a sure remedy. 4. Firmly established ; fixed ; 
stable ; as, a sure faith. 5. In such a state or of such a 
nature as certainly to happen or to do a specified thing ; cer- 
tain ; — used with to. 6. Making secure ; keeping fast, 
Syn. Certain, confident, positive ; unfailing, infallible, se- 
cure, incontestable, true. — Sure, certain, confident, 
positive. Sure and certain are often interchangeable. But 
sure frequently emphasizes the mere state of assurance ; 
certain often suggests more strongly a conviction based on 
definite grounds ; as, I felt, for a time, sure of his innocence ; 
I am now certain of his guilt. As used of objects, sure often 
applies to that which may be securely relied on ; certain, to 
that which is established or inevitable ; as, a sure defense ; 
to do it is certain death. Confident implies strong belief or 
expectation ; positive (less frequently confident) often sug- 
gests overconfidence or dogmatism. 
to be sure, or be sure, certainly ; without doubt, 
i — adv. Surely. 

sure'-f oot/ed, a. Not liable to stumble or fall. 

sure'ly (shoor'lT), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner; 
certainly ; infallibly. 2. Without danger ; securely ; safely. 

sure'ness, n. Quality or state of being sure ; certainty. 

sure'ty (shoor'tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. State of being 
sure ; certainty ; also, Obs., security ; safety. 2. That which 
makes sure; ground of confidence or security; specif., 
security against loss or damage ; security for payment or for 
the performance of some act. 3. Law. a Orig., a person 
who is a gage or pledge, b One bound with and for another 
(the principal) who is primarily liable; one legally liable 
for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. 4. A spon- 
sor. — sure'ty-ship, n. 

surf (surf), n. The swell of the sea breaking on the shore. 

sur'face (sur'fas), n. [F. See sur- ; face.] 1. The exte- 
rior of anything that has length and breadth ; a face of a 
solid, esp. the upper one ; superficies ; outside. 2. Hence, 
outward or external appearance. 3. Geom. A continuous 
magnitude of two dimensions only, as length and breadth. 

4. Fort. A part of an exterior side terminated by an angle of 
a bastion and its flank prolonged. 

— v. t.; -faced (-fast) ; -fac-ing (-fa-sing). To give a sur- 
face to ; esp., to make smooth or plain. — sur'fac-er (sur'- 
fa-ser), n. _ [as a standard of flatness. | 

surface plate. Mech. A steel instrument of precision, used| 

surface tension. Physics. That property, due to molecu- 
lar forces, which exists in the surface film of all liquids and 
tends to bring the contained volume into a form having 
the least superficial area. 

surf bird. A shore bird (Aphriza virgata) of the Pacific 
coasts of America, allied to the turnstones. 

surf 'boat' (surf'bot 7 ), n. Naut. A boat designed for use in 
heavy surf. — surf TDoat'man, n. 

surf duck. A scoter ; esp., a surf scoter. 

sur'feit (sur'fit), n. [OF. surfait, sorfait, excess, crime, 
fr. surfaire to get the advantage, prop., to overdo ; sur- 
over 4* fa-it e to do.] 1. Excess, esp. in eating and drinking. 
2. Fullness and oppression of the system, often due to ex- 
cess in eating or drinking. 3. Disgust caused by excess ; sa- 
tiety. — v. t. To produce surfeit in ; cloy. — Syn. See sati- 
ate. — v. i. To indulge to satiety. — SUT'f eit-er. n. 

surf fish. Any of a family {Embiotocidse) of small or medi- 
um-sized viviparous fishes most of which live in shallow 
water along the Pacific coast of North America. 




surf SCOter. A common American scoter (Oidemia pet- 
spiclllata), black except for conspicuous white markings on 
the head and neck of the adult male. 

SUrf'y (sur'fi), a. Consisting of, or abounding in, surf. 

surge (sfirj), n. [L. suryere, surrectum, to raise, to rise ; 
subs for sub under -4- regere to direct.] 1. A large wave ; 
billow ; a great, rolling swell of water ; also, such swells col- 
lectively. 2. The motion of, or that caused by, a swell or 
wave ; also, a motion likened to this ; a sweep or rush ; spe- 
cif., Elec, a rush of current, or rise of potential. 3. The ta- 
pered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan. 

— v. i.; surged (sGrjd) ; sl'rg'ing (sur'jTng). 1. To swell ; 
rise high and roll. 2. Naut. a To slip, as around a windlass. 
3. Elec. To rise suddenly to an excessive or abnormal value, 
as current or potential ; rise to, and fall from, such a value. 

— v. t. Naut. To let go or slacken gradually, as a rope. 
SUr'geon (sQr'jun), n. [OF. surgien, contr. fr. cirurgien. 

See chirurgeon.] One who practices surgery as a profes- 
sion. — surgeon's knot. Any of several knots used in tying 
ligatures, stitches, etc. See knot, Illust. 

sur'geon-cy (-sT), n. The position or office of a surgeon. 

SUr'ger-y (sur'jer-i), n. [OF. surgerie, contr. fr. cirurge- 
rt'e.] 1. Art or practice of healing by manual operation ; 
medical science which treats of mechanical or operative 
measures for healing diseases, deformities, or injuries. 2. 
pi. -geries (-Tz). A surgeon's operating room or laboratory. 

SUr'gi-cal (-jT-kal), a. Of or pert, to surgeons or surgery; 
done by, or used in, surgery. — sur'gi-cal-ly, adv. 

surg'y (sur'jT), a. Rising or abounding in surges or billows. 

su'ri-cate (su'rT-kat), n. [F. surikate, fr. native name in 
South Africa.] A viver- 
rine burrowing mam- 
mal (Suricata tetradac- 
tyla) of Cape Colony, 
allied to the mongooses. 

sur'loin (sfir'loin). Var 

of SIRLOIN. 

sur'ly (sur'IT), a. ; -li-es 
(-11-er) ; -li-est. 1. Ar- 
rogant. 06s. 2. Gloom- 
ily morose ; ill-natured, 
abrupt, and rude. — _ v 
Syn. See sullen. — Suricate. 
sur'li-ly (-11-11), adv. — surOi-ness, n. 

SUr-mise' (sur-mlz'), n. [OF. surmise accusation, fr. sur- 
metre to impose, accuse ; sur (see sur-) + metre to put, L. 
mittere to send.] A thought, imagination, or conjecture, 
based on scanty evidence ; suspicion. — Syn. Supposi- 
tion, guess. — v. t. ; -mised' ; -mis'ing. To imagine or infer 
on slight grounds ; guess. — Syn. See conjecture. 

SUr-mounr (-mount'), v. t. [OF. surmonter. See sur-; 
mount.] 1. To rise above ; overtop. 2. To surpass ; exceed ; 
excel. Rare. 3. To conquer ; overcome ; as, to surmount 
obstacles. — Syn. See conquer. — sur-mount'a-ble, a. 

— sur-mount'a-ble-ness, n. — mount'er, n. [let, 2.| 
sur-mullet (sur-mul'et), n. [F. surmulet.~] See 2d mul-| 
sur'name' (sur'nam'), n. 1. A name or appellation added 

to the baptismal or Christian name, and become a family 

name. 2. An agnomen. 
sur'name / (sur'nam' ; sur-nam'), v.t. To call by a surname ; 

give a surname to. — sur'nam'er, n. 
sur-pass' (sSr-pas'), v. t. [F. surpasser; sur over -f 

passer to pass.] To pass or go beyond ; exceed. — Syn. 

Excel, outdo, outstrip. See exceed. — sur-pass'a-ble, a. 
sur-pass'ing, p. a. Eminently excellent ; exceeding others. 

— adv. Surpassingly. — SUT-pass'ing-ness, n. 
SUr-pass'ing-ly, adv. In a surpassing manner or to a sur- 
passing degree. 

SUr'plice (sur'plis), n. [F. surplis, LL. superpellicium ; 
super + pellicium robe of fur.] Eccl. An outer vestment 
of white linen worn esp. by clergy of the Roman Catholic 
church and of churches of the Anglican communion. 

SUr'plus (-plus), n. [F., fr. sur over + plus more.] 1. 
That which remains when use or need is satisfied ; excess ; 
overplus. 2. Of a- corporation, the excess of net assets over 
the total face value -rf »« shares. 3. Insurance. The 
assets of a company in excess of those requisite to meet its 
entire liabilities. 4. In the State of Maine, a minor unor- 
ganized territorial division. 

— a. Being or constituting a surplus ; more than sufficient. 
sur'plus-age (-aj), n. 1. Surplus ; excess. 2. Law. In plead- 
ing, unnecessary or irrelevant matter. 

sur-pris'al (sur-prlz'al), n. A surprising ; state of surprise. 

sur-prise' (-pnz'), v. t.; sur-prised' (-prTzd') ; -pris'ing 
(-prlz'Ing). [Prob. fr. OF. soupris, souspris, p. p. of sou- 
prendre, sousprendre, to surprise ; sous-, for subs- (see 
sub-) + prendre to take, L. prehendere ; but confused with 
OF. sorprendre. See surprise, n.] 1. To come upon or 
attack unexpectedly. 2. To take unawares ; capture by 
unexpected attack ; as, to surprise a fort. 3. To strike 
with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; -zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SURPRISER 



968 



SUSPENSION 







R 



sudden, unexpected, or remarkable. 4. To cause (one) to 
do something, or to bring (one) into some state, in a sudden 
and unexpected way ; — with into; as, he surprised him 
into a confession. 

Syn. Astonish, amaze, astound, perplex, bewilder, over- 
whelm, confound, dumfound. — Surprise, astonish, 
amaze, astound. To surprise is to strike with wonder, 
esp. at something unexpected ; astonish is stronger, and 
implies the shock of sudden surprise, esp. at something 
unaccountable ; to amaze is to overwhelm with bewildered 
wonder ; to astound is to stun or stupefy with amazement. 

>— • n. [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, p. p. surpris, OF. sor- 
prendre sorpris; sor- (see sur-) + prendre. See sur- 
prise, v. t. ] 1. Act of coming upon, or taking, un- 
awares ; surprisal. 2. State of being surprised ; emotion 
excited by what is sudden and unexpected ; astonishment. 
3. Anything sudden and unexpected, esp. when causing 
astonishment ; as, what a surprise ! — Syn. Wonder, 
amazement. — sur-pris'er (swr-prlz'er), n. 

Slir-pris'ing (-prizing), p. a. Exciting wonder; amazing. 

— Syn. Extraordinary, unexpected, astonishing, striking. 

— sur-pris'ing-ly, adv. — sur-pris'ing-ness, n. 
Slir/re-Mt'tal (sur're-but'al), n. Law. Act of supporting, 

or giving evidence to maintain, a surrebutter. 

SUr're-but'ter (-but'er), ri. Common- Law Pleading. The 
reply of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 

SUr're-join'der (sur're-join'der), n. Law. The answer of a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

SUr-ren'der (sft-ren'der), n. [Prob. fr. AF. surrendre to 
deliver up, inf. as n. See sur- ; render.] 1. A yielding one's 
person or a thing into the power of another. 2. Insurance. 
The voluntary cancellation of the legal liability of the com- 
pany by the insured and beneficiary for a consideration 
(called the surrender value). 

— v. t. 1. To render up or back. Obs. 2. To yield to the 
power of another ; give up on compulsion or demand. 3. To 
give up possession of ; yield ; relinquish ; as, to surrender a 
right. 4. To yield to any influence, emotion, etc. ; — used 
reflexively ; as, to surrender one's self to grief. — Syn. See 
relinquish. — v. i. To give up to the power of another ; 
yield. — sur-ren'der-er, n. 

Sur'rep-ti'tious (sur'ep-tish'ws), a. [L. surrepticius, fr. 
surripere, subripere, to snatch away, withdraw privily ; 
sub -(- rapere to snatch.] Done or made by stealth, or 
without authority ; made or introduced fraudulently ; clan- 
destine ; stealthy. — Syn. See secret. tious-ly, adv. 

SUT'rey (sur'i), n.; pi. -reys (-iz). A kind of four-wheeled, 
two-seated pleasure car- 
riage. 

sur'ro-gate (-6-gat), n. 
[L. surrogatus, p. p. of 
surrogare, subrogare, to 
substitute ; sub under -f- 
rogare to ask.] 1. A dep- 
uty ; substitute. 2. The 
deputy of an ecclesiasti- Surrey, 

cal judge, usually of a bishop or his chancellor, esp. one who 
grants marriage licenses. 3. A judicial officer who has 
jurisdiction over the probate of wills and testaments, the 
settlement of estates, etc. Local, U. S. 

— (-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed); -gat'ing (-gat'ing). To 
put in the place of another ; substitute ; as : a Law. To 
subrogate, b Civil Law. To appoint (another) as successor 
to one's self. 

sur-round' (su-round'), v. t. [OF. suronder, soronder, to 
overflow, LL. superundare ; L. super over + undare to 
rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda wave. The English sense 
is due to the influence of E. round."] 1. To inclose on all 
sides ; encompass. 2. Mil. To inclose, as a body of troops, 
so as to cut off communication or retreat ; invest, as a city. 

— Syn. Encircle, environ, hem in. 

sur-round'ings, n. pi. The things which surround or envi- 
ron ; external or attending circumstances, conditions, etc. 

Sur'tax' (sur'taks'), n. An additional or extra tax, as in the 
schedule of railroad rates or in customs duties. — (sur'- 
taks' ; sur-taks'), v. t. To impose an additional tax on. 

SUT-tOUt' (swr-toot' ; -too' ; F. suVtdo'), n. [F., fr. sur over 
+ tout all.] A man's overcoat, esp. when long and close- 
fitting. 

sur-veil'lance (sur-val'yans ; -ans), n. [F., fr. surveiller 
to watch over ; sur over -f- veiller to watch, L. vigilare.] 
Oversight ; close watch. — Syn. See oversight. 

SUr-veil'lant (-val'yant; -val'ant), n. _ [F.] An overseer; 
supervisor ; also, a spy. — a. Overseeing ; watchful. Rare. 

sur-vey' (-va'), v. t. [OF. surveoir, sorveeir; sur, sor, 
over + veoir, veeir, to see, L. videre."] 1. To inspect ; 
look over or about, as from a height. 2. To view with 
scrutinizing eye ; scrutinize ; as, he surveyed me in silence. 
3. To examine with reference to condition, situation, value, 
etc. ; as, to survey a building. 4. To determine and deline- 
ate the form, extent, position, etc., of, by means of linear 
and angular measurements ; as, to survey a harbor. 




sur'vey (sGr'va ; silr-va'), n. 1. Act, process, operation, or 
result of surveying. 2. An examination, esp. an official ex- 
amination, with reference to condition, quantity, or qual- 
ity. 3. The operation of finding and delineating the con- 
tour, dimensions, position, etc., by applying the principles 
of geometry and trigonometry, as of any part of the earth's 
surface ; also, a measured plan and description of any place, 
or of a road or line through it. — Syn. Review, retrospect, 
prospect. [making surveys (sense 3).| 

sur-vey'ing (sik-va'Ing), n. Act, occupation, or science of| 

sur-vey'or (-er), n. 1. One who makes a survey. 2. One 
who surveys or measures land surfaces, mines, etc. ; one 
who practices the art of surveying. 3. Customs. An officer 
charged with ascertaining the quantity and value of im- 
ported merchandise ; a gauger. U. S. 

sur-vey'or-ship, n. The office of surveyor. 

sur-viv'al (-vlv'al), n. 1. Act or fact of surviving ; a living 
or continuing longer than another person, thing, or event ; 
an outliving. 2. Any habit, usage, or belief remaining after 
the conditions which caused it have passed away. 
survival of the fittest. See natural selection. 

sur-vive' (-vlv'), v. t.; -vived (-vlvd') ; -viv'ing (-vlv'ing). 
[F. survivre, L. supervivere ; super over -j- vivere to live.] 
To live beyond the life or existence of ; outlive ; outlast. — 
Syn. See outlive. — v. i. To remain alive or existent. — 
sur-viv'ing (-vIv'Tng), p. a. — sur-viv'or (-er), n. 

sur-viy'or-ship, n. 1. State of being a survivor. 2. Law. 
The right of the survivor or survivors of two or more per- 
sons having^ joint interests in an estate or other property 
to take the interest of any of the number dying. 

SUS-cept'ance (su-sep'tans), n. Elec. The vi attless com- 
ponent of admittance, the energy component being con- 
ductance. Admittance is the vector sum of these two com- 
ponents at right angles, that is, the wattless current in 
amperes divided by the electromotive force in volts. 

sus-cep'ti-bil'i-ty (-tT-bil'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. 
State or quality of being susceptible ; capability of receiv- 
ing impressions. 2. Sensibility; impressibility; sensitive- 
ness ; — often used in pi. 3. Magnetism. A coefficient 
equal to the ratio of the magnetization to the magnetizing 
force. Symbol, k. — Syn. Capability, sensibility, feeling, 
emotion. _ See sense. 

SUS-cep'ti-ble (-sep'ti^b'l), a. [F., fr. L. suscipere, -cep- 
turn, to take up, admit ; sub- + capere to take.] 1. Ca- 
pable of admitting any change, affection, influence, or con- 
dition ; readily acted on ; — used with of before an action, 
process, or condition (as, a body susceptible of change), 
with to before an influence or agency (as, everyone is sus- 
ceptible to kindness). 2. Capable of impression mentally ; 
having nice sensibility ; sensitive ; also, easily made amor- 
ous. — sus-cep'ti-ble-ness, «. — sus-cep'ti-bly, adv. 

SUS-cep'tion (sii-sep'shim), n. [L. susceptio. See suscep- 
tible.] A taking or assuming ; assumption. Rare. 

sus-cep'tive (-tiv), a. Susceptible. — sus-cep'tive-ness, 
n. — SUS'cep-tiv'i-ty (sus'ep-tTv'T-ti), n. 

SUS'lik (sus'lik), n. [Russ. su'slik.'] A spermophile, or 
ground squirrel (Citelluscitillus), of northeastern Europe 
and northwestern Asia ; in pi., the spermophiles. 

SUS-pect' (sws-pekf), v. t. [F. suspecter, or L. suspectare, 
v. freq. fr. suspicere to look up, admire, look at secretly or 
askance ; mistrust ; sub -f- specere to look.] 1. To imagine 
to be, occur, happen, etc. ; surmise ; as, to suspect danger. 
2. To imagine to be guilty, without proof ; as, to suspect 
one of lying. 3. To doubt ; mistrust ; distrust. — v. i. To 
suspect anything ; be suspicious. 

— n. One suspected ; now, a person suspected of crime. 

SUS-pect'er, n. One who suspects. 

SUS-pend' (-pend'), v. t. [F. suspendre, L. suspender e, 
-pensum ; sub -f- pendere to hang.] 1. To attach to some 
thing above ; cause to depend ; hang ; hence : to hold as if 
by hanging ; as, dust suspended in air. 2. To cause to cease 
for a time ; interrupt ; intermit ; stay ; as, to suspend a 
hearing. 3. To hold in an undetermined or undecided 
state ; as, to suspend judgment. 4. To withhold for a time 
on certain conditions; as, to suspend sentence on a con- 
victed man._ 5. To debar temporarily (from a privilege, 
office, function, etc.) ; as, to suspend a student. 6. To 
cause to cease for a time from operation or effect ; as, to 
suspend the rules. — v. i. To cease temporarily from 
operation ; esp., to stop payment, or not to meet obliga- 
tions ; — said of a business concern. 

SUS-pend'er (-pen'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, sus- 
pends. 2. Specif., one of two supporting bands arranged to 
pass over the shoulders and fasten to the trousers ; — 
commonly in pi. Called also a pair of suspenders.^ 

SUS-pense' (-pens'), n. [F. suspens, a., en suspe?is_ in sus- 
pense, fr. L. suspensus suspended.] 1. State of being sus- 
pended. 2. State of uncertainty, usually with anxiety or 
expectation ; indecision. 3. Cessation ; pause ; suspension. 

SUS-pen'sion (-pen'shiin), n. 1, Act of suspending, or 
state of being suspended. 2. Stoppage of payment or of 
meeting obligations; failure ; — used of a business con- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SUSPENSION BRIDGE 



969 



SWALLOW 



cein. 3. State of a solid when its particles are mixed with, 
but undissolved in, a fluid, and are separable by straining ; 
any substance in this state. 4. A device by which some- 
thing, as a magnetic needle, is suspended. 5. Music, a 
The holding over of one or more tones of a chord into the 
following chord, thus producing a momentary discord, 
suspending an expected concord, b The tone or tones thus 
held over. — Syn. Delay, interruption, stop. 
suspension bridge. A bridge having its roadway suspend- 
ed, usually by rods, from a freely hanging cable or cables ; 




New York and Brooklyn Suspension Bridge: total length, 
span, 1,595.5 ft. ; completed in 1883. 

— sometimes inaccurately used of a free-arched bridge, 
with roadway suspended from a trussed arched girder. 

SUS-pen'sive (-siv), a. 1. Tending to suspend, or to keep in 
suspense ; hesitating. 2. Tending to suspend or stop the 
activity in operation of something. pen'sive-ly, adv. 

SUS-pen'sor (sus-pen'ser), n. A suspensory. 

SUS-pen'so-ry (-so-n), a. Suspended ; also, fitted or serving 
to suspend ; as, a suspensory muscle. — n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). 
That which suspends, or holds up, as a truss or bandage. 
suspensory ligament, Anat., in the eye, an annular 
fibrous membrane supporting the lens. See eye, Illust. 

SUS-pi'cion (-plsh'un), n. [OF. suspecion, L. suspectio a 
looking up to, an esteeming highly, suspicion. See sus- 
pect.] 1. Act or fact of suspecting ; imagination or appre- 
hension of something, esp. of something wrong or hurtful, 
without proof or on slight evidence ; also, mistrust ; doubt. 
2. Slight degree ; a suggestion ; hint ; as, there was a sus- 
picion of sarcasm in his remarks. Colloq. — Syn. Jeal- 
ousy, distrust, mistrust, diffidence. See doubt. 

SUS-pi'cion-al (-dl), a. Of or pertaining to suspicion, esp. 
the morbid suspicions marking incipient insanity. 

SUS-pi'cious (-pish'us), a. 1. Inclined to suspect ; distrust- 
ful. 2. Indicating suspicion. 3. Open or liable to suspi- 
cion ; such as arouses suspicion or mistrust ; questionable ; 
as, suspicious circumstances. — Syn. Jealous, doubtful. 

— sus-pi'cious-ly, adv. — sus-pi'cious-ness, n. 
SUS-pire' (-plr'), v. i. [L. suspirare to breathe out, sigh.] 

To sigh. Rare. — SUS'pi-ra'tion (sus'pi-ra'shwn), n. Rare. 

SUS-tain' (-tan'), v. t. [OF. sustenir, L. sustinere; sub + 
tenere to hold.] 1. To bear up from or as from below ; up- 
hold ; support. 2. To keep from falling, sinking, or the like ; 
as, a rope sustains a weight. 3. Hence : to keep from sink- 
ing, as in despondency, etc. ; as, hope sustains him. 4. To 
maintain, carry on, or keep up, as a conversation, an effort, 
etc. 5. To maintain, or support with the needs of life ; as, 
food enough to sustain a man. 6. To aid ; comfort ; re- 
lieve ; also, to vindicate, as one's honor. 7. To suffer ; bear ; 
undergo ; as, to sustain a loss. 8. To undergo without fail- 
ing or yielding ; bear up under ; as, to sustain a shock. 9. 
To allow, support, or admit, as valid ; as, the court sus- 
tained the suit. 10. To prove ; maintain ; as, to sustain a 
statement. — sus-tain'a-ble, a. — sus-tain'er, n. _ 

SUS'te-nance (sus'te-ndns), n. 1. Act of sustaining, or 
bearing. 2. Act of maintaining or causing to subsist ; sup- 
port ; maintenance; subsistence. 3. That which supports 
life ; food ; provisions ; means of living. — Syn. See living. 

SUS'ten-tac'u-lar (sus'ten-tak'u-ldr), a. [L. sustentacu- 
lum a support.] Anat. Supporting. 

SUS'ten-ta'tion (-ta'shim), n. Now Rare. 1. A sustaining 
or being sustained ; support. 2. Maintenance ; sustenance. 

SUS'ten-ta-tive (sus'ten-ta-tTv), a. Adapted to sustain or 
nourish ; also, adapted to strengthen or corroborate. 

SU-SUr'rant (su-sur'dnt), a. [L. susurrans, p. pr. of susur- 
rare to whisper.] Whispering. Rare. 

SU-SlU'rate (-at), v. i. [L. susurrare.'] To whisper. Rare. 

— SU'sur-ra'tion (su'sa-ra'shun), n. Rare. 

SUt'ler (sut'ler), n. [D. zoetelaar, OD. soetelaar, a small 
trader, esp. in camps.] One who follows an army and sells 
provisions, liquors, etc., to the troops. — SUt'ler-ship, n. 

SU'tra (soc/trd), n.; pi. sutras (-trdz). [Skr. sutra a 
thread, a string of rules, an aphorism, fr. siv to sew.] Brah- 
manism & Buddhism. 1. a A precept ; an aphorism, b A 
collection of such aphorisms. 2. [cap.'] In pi. A body of 
Hindu aphoristic literature, forming a link between the 
Vedic and later Sanskrit literature. 

SUt-tee' (su-te'), n. [Skr. sati a faithful wife, fern, of 
sant existing, real, true, good, p. pr. of as to be.] A Hindu 
widow who cremates herself, or is cremated, on the funeral 
pile of her husband ; also, such cremation. The practice is 
now practically obsolete. — SUt-tee'ism (-Tz'm), n. 



989 ft. ; river 



SUt'tle (suf'l), a. Com. Light ; — designating the weight 
of packed goods when the tare has been deducted, but 
(esp. formerly) not the tret. — n. Suttle weight. 

SU'ture (su'tur), n. [L. sutura, fr. suere, sutum, to sew.] 

1. Act of sewing ; also, the seam or seamlike line along 
which two things or parts are sewed or united. 2. Surg. 
a The uniting of the parts of a wound by stitching. bThe 
stitch by which the parts are united. 3. Anat. & Zool. 
The line of union, or seam, in an immovable articulation ; 
also, such an articulation. 4. a Bot. The line, or seam, 

formed by the union of two adjacent mar- 
gins, b A line of dehiscence. 
— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. To unite 
by sutures ; to join by sewing or stitching. 
— su'tur-al (su't^r-dl), a. — su'tur-al-ly, 
adv. 
SU'ze-rain (sQ'ze-ran), n. [F., formed fr. 
sus above, L. susum, sursum, upward, af- 
ter the analogy of souverain sovereign.] 1. 
A superior lord to whom fealty is due ; lord 
paramount. 2. Internat. Law. A state 
that exercises political control over another 
state in relation to which it is sovereign. 
SU'ze-rain-ty (-tf), n. The dominion, authority, or relation 

of a suzerain in respect of the subject person or state. 
swab (swob), n. [See swabber.] 1. A kind of mop for 
cleaning floors, decks, etc. 2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or the 
like, for applying medicaments, giving nourishment, etc., 
to a sick person. 3. A sponge, or other substance, attached 
to a long rod, for cleaning a firearm. — _ v. t. ; swabbed 
(swobd) ; swab'bing. To clean with or as with a swab ; mop. 
swab'ber (-er), n. [D. zwabber.] 1. One who uses a swab ; 
contemptuously, one fit only for menial work. 2. A swab. 
Swa'bi-an (swa/bT-dn), a. Of or pert, to the medieval Ger- 
man duchy of Swabia, which comprised Baden, Wiirttem- 
berg, and part of Bavaria and Switzerland ; also, of or pert, 
to modern Swabia or its inhabitants. — Swa'bi-an, n. 
swad'dle (swod''l), to. [AS. sweSel, fr. sweSian to bind.] 
Anything used to swaddle with ; swaddling band. — v. t. ; 
-dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). To bind as with a bandage; 
wrap tightly with clothes ; swathe ; — used esp. of infants. 
swaddling band, cloth, or clout, a band or cloth 
wrapped round an infant, esp. a newborn infant. 
swag (swag), v. i. ; swagged (swagd) ; swag'ging (-Tng). 1. 
Obs. or Dial, a To sway ; swing. D To sag. 2. To tramp 
carrying a swag. See swag, to., 3. Australasia. — n. 1. A 
swaying. 06s. or Dial. 2. Booty ; plunder. Cant, or Slang. 
3. Australasia, a A tramping bushman's luggage, carried 
in a long roll on the back or over the shoulder, b Any simi- 
lar roll of luggage ; hence, luggage in general. 
swage (swaj), n. [F. suage.~\ A tool for shaping metal 
work by striking with a hammer or 
sledge. — v. t. ; swaged ( swajd ) ; 
swag'ing (swaj'ing). To shape with a 
swage. 
swage block. A perforated iron or 
steel block, with grooved sides, used 
for heading bolts and swaging large 1 Bottom, 
objects. and 2 Top, 

SWag'ger (swag'er), v. i. [Freq. of Swage used by 
swag.~\ 1. To walk with a conceited Blacksmiths, 
swing or strut ; walk and act pompously. 2. To boast or 
brag noisily ; bluster. — Syn. See strut. — n. Act or man- 
ner of one who swaggers. — swag'ger-er, to. 
swain (swan), n. [From Scand.] 1. A servant ; squire. 06s. 

2. A young rustic; esp., a country gallant or lover. — 
swain'ish, a. — swain'ish-ness, n. 

swale (swal), n. A slight depression or valley, often wet and 
covered with rank vegetation. Local or Dial. 

swal'low (swol'o), n. [AS. swealwe, swalwe.J 1. Any of a 
family (Hirundinidse) of small long- 
winged passerine birds noted for their 
graceful flight and regular migrations. 
In some species the tail is deeply forked. 
2. Any of certain swifts superficially 
like swallows, as the chimney swift. 

swal'low, v. t. [ME. swolewen, swol- 
wen, swelwen, swelghen, AS. swel- 
gan.~\ 1. To take through the gullet, or 
esophagus, into the stomach. 2. Hence : to take 
inor absorb in any manner ; ingulf ; engross ; 
seize and consume. 3. To receive or accept, 
as statements, etc., esp. without verification. 
Now Colloq. 4. To retract ; recant ; as, to 
swallow one's words. 5. To put up with ; bear 
patiently, as an affront. — v. i. To perform 
the act of swallowing something. 

— n. 1. Act of swallowing. 2. The gullet; 
throat. Rare. 3. As much as is swallowed at 
once; as, a swallow of water. 4. Naut. The American 
aperture in a block between the sheave and Barn S^ 31 " 
frame through which the rope reeves. w ' (s) 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with* = equals, 



N 



SWALLOWER 



970 



SWEAT 







R 



SwallOW-ei"; n. One who, or that which, swallows. 

swal'low-tail' (swol'6-tal 7 ), re. 1. A swallow's tail, or a tail 
similarly forked and tapering. 2. Any of numerous large 
butterflies (Papilio and allied genera) having the hind 
wing produced into a tail-like process. 3. A swallow-tailed 
coat ; an evening coat. Colloq. 

swal'low-tailed' (-tald'), a. Having a deeply forked tail 
like that of a barn swallow ; as, a swallow-tailed coat. 

swal'low-wort' (-wurtO, n. 1. = celandine. 2. Any of 
various asclepiadaceous plants, esp. a European species 
(Cynanchum vincetoxicum), the root of which is emetic, 
cathartic, and diuretic. 

swam (swam), pret. of swim. 

swamp (swomp), re. Wet, spongy land; marshy ground 
away from the seashore, or an area or region of such land. 
— v. t. 1. To plunge or sink into a swamp. 2. To cause (a 
boat) to fill with water ; sink by filling with water. 3. To 
submerge; overwhelm; as, swamped with letters.^ — v. i. 
1., To sink or stick in a swamp ; hence, to become involved 
in insuperable difficulties. 2. To become filled with water, 
as a boat ; founder ; sink ; hence, to be ruined. 

swamp'y (swom'pi), a; swamp'i-er (-pi-er) ; -i-est. Con- 
sisting of swamp ; swamplike. 

swan (swon), re. [AS. swanJ] 1. Any of certain aquatic 
birds (subfamily 
Cygninse) of the 
duck family, related 
to but larger than 
the geese, noted for 
their graceful move- 
ments when swim- 
ming. With two ex- 
ceptions, all have 
pure white plumage 
when adult. 2. A 
sweet singer, or a Australian Black Swan, 

poet noted for grace and melody. Cf. swan song. 

swang (swSng). Archaic or Scot. & dial. pret. of swing. 

swan'herd' (swon'hurdO, re. One who tends swans. 

swan maiden. Myth. An elf or fairy capable of becoming 
maiden or swan at will by donning or doffing a magic gar- 
ment, the swan shift, or covering of swan's feathers. 

swan'neck' (swon'nek'), re. Something curved more or less 
like the neck of a swan, as a pipe or tube. 

swan'ner-y (swon'er-i),re.; pZ.-neries (-iz). A place where 
swans are bred. 

swan pan. Var. of suan pan. 

swan's'-down' (swonz'doun'), or swans'down', re. l.The 




down, or fine, soft feathers, of the swan, 
cloth of wool mixed with silk or cotton. 



2. A soft, thick 



Swan'skin' (swon'skiV), re. 1. The skin of a swan with the 
down, or feathers. 2. Canton flannel. 

swan song. The fabled death song of the swan ; hence, a 
work of a poet, composer, etc., produced just before death. 

Swan'-up'ping (-up'ing), re. [From swan + up, prep. & 
adv.] The practice or process of marking young swans for 
the owners ; specif., an annual expedition for this purpose 
on the river Thames, England. Eng. 

swap, swop (swop), v. t. & i. To exchange ; barter ; as, to 
swap horses, knives. — re. An exchange; a barter; as, a 
good swap. All Colloq. or Dial. 

SWard (sword), re. [AS. sweard.] 1. Skin; rind. Obs. or 
Dial. Eng. 2. The grassy surface of land ; turf. — v. t. & i. 
To cover, or be covered, with sward. 

Sware (swar). Archaic or dial. pret. of swear. 

swarf (sworf), re. Fine metallic particles removed by a cut- 
ting tool; specif., chippings, etc., from soft iron castings, 
used as a reducing agent in certain chemical manufactures. 

swarm (sworm), v. i. & t. To climb ; shin. Colloq. or Dial. 

Swarm, re. [AS. swearm.] 1. A large number or mass of 
small animals, esp. insects in motion. 2. A great number of 
honeybees, with a queen, emigrating from a hive to start a 
new colony ; loosely, a colony of honeybees settled perma- 
nently in a hive. 3. Biol. An aggregation of free-floating or 
free-swimming unicellular organisms ; — applied usually to 
zoospores. 4. A multitude, as of people in motion, or of 
inanimate objects ; as, a swarm of meteorites. — Syn. 
Crowd, throng. See flock. 

— v. i. 1. To depart from a hive and emigrate in a body to 
form a new colony ; — said of bees. 2. To appear or collect 
in a crowd, like bees ; throng together. 3. To be thronged 
with beings in motion ; as, the air swarms with flies ; the 
city swarms with soldiers. 4. Biol. To move about actively, 
as zoospores, spermatozoa, and the like. — v. t. To crowd 
or throng. 

Swarm'er, re. 1. Biol, a One who, or that which, swarms. 
b A swarm spore. 2. A metal plug for a crack, as in a forging. 

swarm spore. Biol. A zoospore ; any minute motile spore 
produced in large numbers. 

swart (swort), a. [AS. sweart black.] Dark-hued ; swarthy. 

swarth (sworth), re. [Var. of sward.] Sward. Chiefly Poet. 

swarth, re. Var. of swath. 




swarth, a. Swarthy. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
swarth'y (swor'thi; -thi), a.; swarth'i-er (-thi-er; -thi- 
er) ; -i-est. Dark-hued ; tawny ; swart. — Syn. See dusky, 

— swarth'i-ly (-thT-li ; -thi-li), adv. — swarth'i-ness, re. 
swart'ness, re. Quality or state of being swart. 

swash (swosh), v. i. 1. To dash or move noisily with or as 
with a splashing sound ; splash. 2. To bluster ; brag. — v. t. 
To dash or splash about, as water. — re. 1. A dashing or 
splashing of water against something, or the noise due to 
it. 2. a A narrow channel of water within a sand bank, or 
between a sand bank and shore, fo A bar over which the sea 
washes. 3. Worthless stuff ; weak, characterless literary 
matter ; trash. Slang. 

swash'buck'ler (-buk'ler), re. A braggart; a swaggerer. 

— Hence : swash'fouck'ler-ing, swash'buckling,, a. 
swash'er (-er), re. A blusterer; braggart. Rare. 
swash'ing, p. a. 1. Swaggering ; braggart. 2. Resounding ; 

crushing ; as, swashing blows. ' 

swas'ti-ka, swas'ti-ca (swas'ti-kd), re. [Skr. svastika, fr. 
svasti welfare ; sit well + asti being.] A cer- 
tain kind of symbol or ornament (see Illust.) of 
great antiquity. Many modified forms exist, 
while various decorative designs, as the Greek 
fret, are derived from, or closely associated with, 
it. Called also fylfot and gammadion. Typical 

Swath (swoth; swoth), re. [AS. swaSu track, Swastika, 
trace.] 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together 
by the scythe. 2. The whole sweep of a scythe or a machine 
in mowing or cradling, or the path cut in one course ; hence, 
the sweep or track of something likened to a scythe. 

swathe (swath), v. t.; swathed (swatbd) ; swath'ing 
(swatb/ing). To bind with a band, bandage, or the like ; 
also, to wrap (a bandage, band, or the like) about some- 
thing. — re. A bandage ; band. — swath'er (swath'er), re. 

Sway (swa), v. t. [ME. sweyen, prob. fr. Scand.] 1. To 
wield with the hand ; swing. 2. To cause to incline to one 
side or another, or from side to side ; hence : to turn aside ; 
warp, as judgment. 3. To influence or direct ; govern ; 
guide. 4. Naut. To hoist or set up, esp. by throwing the 
weight of the body on a halyard or other rope ; — often 
used with up. — Syn. Bias, rule, swing, move, wave, 
wield. — v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by weight or 
influence ; to lean ; incline. 2. To turn one's way ; to bend 
one's course ; to go. 3. To swing from side to side ; oscillate ; 
fluctuate. 4. To have weight or influence. 5. To bear 
sway ; rule ; govern. — Syn. See shake. 

— re. 1. Act of swaying ; a swinging motion, as of a rolling 
ship ; esp., the swing or sweep of a weapon. 2. Influence, 
weight, or authority that inclines to one side ; as, the sway 
of desires. 3. Preponderance ; turn or cast of balance. Rare. 
4. Rule ; dominion ; control ; as, to bear sway. — Syn. 
Power, empire, direction. 

sway'-foacked 7 (-baktO, swayed, a. Having the back ab- 
normally hollow or sagged ; — said of horses, cows, etc. 

Swa'zi (swa'ze), re.; pi. -zis (-zez). A Bantu of an intelli- 
gent, industrious tribe of Swaziland, South Africa. 

sweal (swel), v. i. [AS. swelan.~\ To melt and run down, as 
the tallow of a candle ; hence, to waste away. Obs. or Scot. 

swear (swar), v. i.; pret. swore (swor; 57), Obs. sware 
(swar) ; p. p. sworn (sworn ; 57) ; p. pr. & vb. re. swear'- 
ING. [AS. swerian.'] 1. To utter a solemn declaration, 
with an appeal to God for its truth ; also, to affirm solemnly 
by a sacred object, as the Bible, Koran, etc. 2. To make a 
promise, threat, vow, etc., on oath ; vow. 3. Law. To take 
oath ; give evidence or state on oath. 4. To use the name of 
God or sacred things profanely ; curse. — v. t. 1. To utter 
or affirm with a solemn appeal to God or a sacred object for 
the truth of the declaration. 2. To make (a promise, threat, 
etc.) on oath ; vow. 3. Law. To bind by an oath ; adminis- 
ter an oath to. 4. To_ declare or charge on oath; as, he 
swore treason against his friend. 5. To appeal to by or with 
an oath. Rare. — Syn. See blasphemy. — swear'er(-er),re. 

sweat (swet), v. i. ; pret. & p. p. sweat or sweat'bd ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. sweating. [AS. swsetan, fr. swat, n., sweat.] 1„ 
To excrete sensible moisture through the pores of the skin ; 
perspire. 2. To exude moisture, as green plants when 
closely packed, etc. 3. To be excreted, or to exude, through 
the pores of the skin or through any porous body. 4. To 
condense moisture in drops on the surface, as a pitcher of 
water on a hot day. Colloq. 5. To work hard ; drudge. — 
v. t. 1. To. cause to perspire. 2. To exude ; as, to sweat 
blood. 3. To wet with perspiration ; as, to sweat a collar. 
4. To cause to exude moisture ; specif., to subject to fer- 
mentation, as tobacco. 5. To heat in order to extract an 
easily fusible constituent ; extract in this way ; as, to sweat 
bismuth ore. 6. Mech. To heat (as solder) until it runs, 
esp. between surfaces to unite them ; hence, to unite by 
such means. 7. To extort property or labor from by exac- 
tion or oppression, as by a system (the sweating system) 
of taking advantage of the necessities of employees to over- 
work them, usually for unduly low wages. 8. To get infor- 
mation from by close questioning. Colloq. or Cant. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SWEATER 



971 



SWELL 



to sweat coin, to remove particles of coin, esp. gold coin, 

by shaking the coins together in a bag. 
— n. 1. Perspiration. 2. Act or fact of sweating ; state of 

one who sweats ; esp., perspiration induced medicinally. 

3. That which produces perspiration ; esp., hard work ; 

drudgery. 4. Moisture issuing from any substance ; as, the 

sweat of hay or grain in a mow or stack. 5. The sweating 

sickness. Obs. 6. An exercise given a horse before a race. — 

Syn. See perspiration. 
sweat'er (swet'er), n. One who, or that which, sweats ; as : 

a A sudorific, b A kind of thick woolen jacket or jersey. C 

An employer who makes use of the sweating system. Colloq. 
sweat gland. Anat. A gland that secretes sweat, occurring, 

in man, in great numbers in most of the skin. 
sweat'i-ly (swet'i-li), adv. In a sweaty manner. 
SWeat'i-ness, n. State or quality of being sweaty. 
sweating sickness. A febrile epidemic characterized by 

profuse sweating, often fatal within two or three hours, 

that appeared in England in the 15th and 16th centuries. 

n. A 



sweat'shop' ( swet'shop 7 ) 

ployees are under the sweating system (see sw 
sweat'y (swet'I), a.; sweat'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-es 



workroom where em- 
/eat, v. t., 7). 
-est. 1. Moist 
with sweat. 2. Consisting of or like sweat. 3. Causing 
sweat ; hence : laborious ; toilsome. 

Swede (swed), n. 1. One of the people of Sweden. 2. 
[Often I. c] A rutabaga. 

Swe'den-bor'gi-an (swe'den-bor'jT-an), n. One who holds 
the religious doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg 
(1688-1772), a Swedish mystic philosopher and religious 
writer. — Swe'den-bor'gi-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 

Swed'ish (swed'Tsh), a. Of or pertaining to Sweden, its 
inhabitants, or their language. 

Swedish movements, Med., a system of exercise, active 
and passive, of different muscles and joints of the body. 

— n. 1. The language of Sweden, which as a literary lan- 
guage began to develop in the 14th century. It is an Indo- 
European tongue. 2. Collective pi. The inhabitants of 
Sweden ; Swedes. 

sweep (swep), v. i.; pret. & p. p. swept (swept) ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. sweep'ing. [ME. swepen, fr. swopen, or its source. 
See swoop, v.~] 1. To move or pass with swiftness or force, 
as if brushing the surface of anything ; move or pass swiftly, 
esp. with an easy gliding or swinging motion. 2. To move 
or pass with stateliness or dignity ; as, she swept from the 
room. 3. To pass or extend with a wide range or effect ; 
pass over anything comprehensively ; as, a plague swept 
over the country. 4. To clean rooms, etc., by brushing with 
or as with a broom. — v. t. 1. To drive or carry along or off 
by or as by brushing. 2. To pass a broom or the like across 
(a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc. 3. To carry 
or drag trailing upon the ground, as the train of a gown, etc. 
4. To brush, pass, draw, or the like, against, over, or along, 
with or as with a brushing motion ; as, to sweep the strings 
of a banjo ; also, to pass or move (something) with or as 
with a brushing motion. 5. To pass over, or traverse search- 
ingly, as with the eye ; as, to sweep the horizon. 

— n. 1. Act of sweeping ; as : a A clearing out or away, b 
Act of viewing or surveying comprehensively; also, the 
region so viewed ; as, a sweep of woodland. 2. Motion of 
a sweeping nature ; as, to row with an easy sweep ; also, the 
compass or range of such motion or of anything regarded 
as having such motion ; as, the sweep of a storm ; the sweep 
of the eye. 3. A bend ; curve. 4. Naut. A long oar for pro- 
pulsion or steering. 5. One who sweeps ; specif., a chimney 
sweeper. 6. The sweepings of workshops where precious 
metals are worked ; — usually in pi. 7. Physics. A settling 
of a substance, or tendency to settle, to thermal equilibrium. 
8. A long pole pivoted to the top of a post, to raise and 
lower a bucket for drawing water. 9. Card Playing. In ca- 
sino, a pairing of all the cards on the board, and so remov- 
ing them all ; in whist, the winning of all the tricks in a 
hand. 10. = sweepstakes, 3. — sweep'er, n. 

Sweeping (swep'ing), n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
sweeps. 2. In pi. Things collected by sweeping ; rubbish. 

sweep'ing, p. a. 1. Moving swiftly and violently ; also, of 
great range or scope ; as, a sweeping^ flood or accusation. 
2. That sweeps or cleans with or as with a broom or brush. 

— sweep'ing-ly, adv. — sweep'ing-ness, n. 
sweep'stake' (swep'stak 7 ), n. A winning of all the stakes 

or prizes by one contestant. — adv. Sweepingly. 
sweep'stakes' (-staks'), n. 1- = sweepstake. 2. The 
whole stake on an event, esp. on a horse race, awarded by 
agreement either all to the winner or in shares to several ; 

— used either as sing, or pi. 3. A race for a sweepstakes. 
sweep'y (-1), a. 1. Moving with a sweeping motion. 2. Of 

the nature of a wide sweep, curve, or bend. Colloq. 
sweet (swet), a. [AS. swete.~\ 1. a Having a certain agree- 
able taste or flavor characteristic of sugar ; saccharine ; sug- 
ary ; — opp. to sour or bitter, b Having a fresh taste ; fresh ; 

— opp. to sour, rancid, stale, etc. 2. Hence : pleasing ; 
agreeable ; as : a Fragrant ; as, a sweet perfume, b Soft ; 
dulcet ; melodious ; as, sweet music. C Pleasing to the eye ; 




fair ; as, a sweet face, d Arousing pleasing emotions ; at- 
tractive ; as, sweet dreams or fancies ; hence, dear or be- 
loved, e Mild ; kindly ; as, a sweet temper, t Dear ; — for- 
merly common in address. 3. Mack. & Mech. Smooth and 
noiseless ; as, the engine is sweet. 4. Pure and salubrious ; 
free from noxious or offensive matter; specif., not salt or 
salted ; fresh ; as, sweet water ; sweet butter. 5. Warm and 
fertile, as land ; — opp. to sour. 6. Containing sugar ; not 
dry ; — said of fermented liquors. 

sweet alyssum, an annual brassicaceous plant (Konig 
maritimum) with 
clusters of small fra- 
grant white flowers 
— s. basil, common 
basil. — s. bay. a 
The true laurel (Lau- 
rus nobllis). b An 
American magnolia 
{Magnolia virginiana) 
abundant along the 
Atlantic coast south- 
ward. — s. cicely, a 
European apiaceous 
(Myrrhis odorata) having an 
aromatic root ; also, any spe- 
cies of a related American 
genus (Washingtonia) . — s. 
clover, melilot. — s. corn, 
any variety of Indian corn 
having kernels with a high T ,i "7 .' . ,„ . 

percentage of sugar and Leaves( s -nat. size) and IFruit 
adapted for table use when (2 nat. size) of Sweet Gum. 
green. — s. fern, a Any of several ferns (genus Dryop- 
teris) having a shield-shaped indusium. b A small North 
American shrub (Comptonia asplenifolia) having aromatic 
fernlike leaves. — s. flag, a plant (Acorus calam,us) of the, 
arum family, having long flaglike leaves and a pungenf 
rootstock. — s. gale, a shrub (Myrica gale) having bitter 
fragrant leaves. — s. gum, the liquidambar tree (Liquid- 
ambar slyraciflua) of the eastern United States, having 
corky branches and hard brown wood. — s. marjoram. 
See marjoram. — s. pea, a garden plant (Lathyrus odora- 
tus) having slender, climbing stems and large fragrant flow- 
ers. — s. potato, a tropical American convolvulaceous 
vine (Batatas batatas) ; also, its sweet farinaceous root, used 
as a vegetable. The plant is the original potato. — s. Wil- 
liam, a European pink (Dianthus barbalus) having small 
flowers of many colors in dense clusters. 

— n. 1. Quality of being sweet ; sweetness. 2. [Chiefly in 
pi."] That which is sweet to the taste ; as : a A sweet disb 
fordessert. Eng. b Confectionery, preserves, etc. 3. That 
which is sweet or pleasant in odor : a perfume. 4. That 
which is pleasing to the mind. 5. A loved one ; darling. 

— adv. Sweetly. 

sweet'bread' (-bred'), n. The thymus (throat or neck, 
sweetbread) or pancreas (stomach sweetbread) of an 
animal (esp. a calf or a lamb) used for food. 

SWeet'bri'er (-brl'er),n. Also-bri'ar. A European rose (Ro- 
sa rubiginosa) with stout prickles and single pink flowers. 

sweet'en (sweV'n), v. t. & i. To make or become sweet. 

sweet'heart' (swet'hart'), n. One beloved ; a lover. 

sweeping, n. 1. A sweet apple. 2. A darling ; sweetheart. 

sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet. — sweet'ish-ness, n. 

sweet'ly, adv. In a sweet manner. 

sweet'meat' (-met'), n. Fruit preserved with sugar, as 
peaches, nuts, etc. ; a confection ; — usually in pi. 

sweet'ness, n. Quality or state of being sweet. 

sweet'sop' (-sop'), n. A tropical American tree (Annono- 
squamosa) or its sweet, pulpy fruit, 
which has a thick, green, scaly rind. 

swell ( swel ), v. i. ; pret. swelled 
(sweld) ; p. p. swelled or swol'len 
(swoF'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. swelling. 
[AS. swellan.2 1. To increase in vol- 
ume ; grow larger ; dilate ; hence, to in- 
crease in force, importance, value, or the 
like. 2. To rise so as to project from a 
given or conceived level ; as, a hillock 
swells above the plain. 3. To bulge out ; 
protuberate. 4. To be puffed up with or 
as with some emotion ; be, or appear to be, pompous, bom- 
bastic, or the like ; as, to swell with pride. 5. To play the 
dandy. Colloq. — v. t. 1. To increase the size, importance, 
value, or the like, of ; cause to rise, dilate, or increase. 2. To 
raise to arrogance ; puff up ; inflate. 3. Music. To aug- 
ment gradually in loudness, as a tone. 

— n. 1. Act of swelling ; increase in bulk, force, value, etc. 
2. A gradual rise, or rounded elevation, as of land. 3. A 
long, rolling undulation of the open sea ; loosely, a billow ; 
surge. 4. Music, a A gradual increase and decrease of the 
loudness or volume of sound ; the crescendo and diminuen- 
do combined ; also, the sign [-=rr: Zr=— ] for this, b A 
device in an organ to govern the loudness of the tones. Cf . 
swell box. 5. A fashionable person ; esp., one well dressed 
and of dashing appearance and conduct. Colloq. 




Fruit of Sweet- 
sop. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SWELL BOX 



972 



SWITCH 



R 




=— a. 1. Swollen with pride or arrogance. Obs. 2. Bearing 
indications of rank and importance ; hence, stylish. Slang. 

Swell box. Music. A box or chamber, in an organ, con- 
taining the reeds or a set of pipes, and having shutters con- 
trolled, usually, by a pedal, to regulate loudness of tone. 

swell'fish/ (swel'flsb/), n. A puffer, (esp. of the genus Sphe- 
roides or Lagocephalus). 

Swelling, n. 1. Act of that which swells ; state of being 
swollen. 2. A protuberance ; prominence ; esp., Med., a 
morbid protuberance or enlargement. 

swel'ter (swel'ter), v. i. [Freq. of ME. swelten to die, 
swoon, AS. sweltan to die.] To perspire profusely ; also, to 
be faint from heat. — v. t. 1. To oppress with heat. 2. To 
exude, as sweat. Rare. — n. A hot or sweaty condition ; 
haste or hurry, such as to cause this. Colloq. or Dial. 

Swel'ter-ing, p. a. 1. Sultry ; oppressively hot ; as, a swel- 
tering night. 2. Faint from heat ; as, a sweltering animal. 

swel'try (swel'trT), a. Oppressively hot ; sultry. 

Swept (swept), pret. & p. p. of sweep. 

swerve (swurv)_, v. i. ; swerved (swurvd) ; swerv'ing. [AS. 
sweorfan to wipe off, file, polish.] 1. To stray ; rove. Obs. 

2. To go out of a straight line ; deflect ; turn aside. 3. To 
depart or wander from what is established by law, duty, 
custom, or the like ; deviate. — v. t. To turn aside. — n. A 
swerving ; a turning aside. 

swift (swift), a. [AS.] 1. Moving with great speed ; fleet ; 
rapid. 2. Approaching, hap- 
pening, or accomplished 
with rapidity or speed ; as, 
a swift revenge. 3. Quick ; 
impetuous ; ready ; alert ; 
prompt; also, requiring 
quickness in execution or ac- 
complishment. 4. Brief ; 
short; quickly passing. — 
Syn. Speedy, expeditious. 
See east. — adv. Swiftly. 
See flat, a., 10. 

— n. 1. Any of a family 
(Micropodidse) of small, 
dull-colored birds allied to 
the humming birds and goat- 
suckers, but superficially re- 
sembling swallows. 2. Any 
of several lizards (esp. genus 
Sceloporus) which run 
swiftly. 3. A reel, or turning 
instrument, for winding yarn, thread, silk, wire, etc., upon. 
4. Agy of the large cylinders that carry forward the mate- 
rial in a carding machine ; also, a similar cylinder in any of 
various other machines. 

SWift'er (swifter), n. Naut. a A rope to hold the bars of 
the capstan in their sockets while men are turning it. b A 
rope to encircle a boat lengthwise, so as to strengthen and 
protect her. c The forward shroud of a lower mast. — v. t. 
Naut. To tauten, as slack standing rigging, by bringing the 
shrouds nearer together. 

SWift'ly (swift'lT), adv. In a swift manner. 

Swift'ness, n. Quality or state of being swift ; speed. 

Swig (swig), v. t. & i.; swigged (swTgd) ; swig'ging. To 
drink in long drafts ; gulp. — n. A long draft or drink. 
Both Dial, or Colloq. 

SWill (swil), v. t. & i. [AS. swilian, swillan, to wash, 
gargle.] 1. To wash ; drench ; rinse. Obs. or Dial. 2. To 
drink or swallow greedily ; guzzle. 3. To fill, esp. with 
drink. — n. 1. A semiliquid food for animals, esp. swine, 
composed of animal or vegetable refuse food, mixed with 
water ; or skimmed or sour milk ; also, garbage. 2. Liquor ; 
esp., liquor taken to excess. Slang. 

swim (swim), n. [AS. swima dizziness, vertigo.] A tem- 
porary dizziness or unconsciousness ; a swoon ; faint. 

— v. i.; pret. swam (swam) or swum (swum) ; p. p. swum; 
p. pr. & vb. n. swim'ming. To be dizzy ; also, to reel or 
appear to reel ; as, the lights swam before his eyes. 

Swim, v. i.; for prin. parts see swim, to be dizzy. [AS. 
swimman.] 1. To move or propel one's self in water, as 
with hands and feet, fins, etc. 2. To move with a motion 
suggesting that of swimming ; glide smoothly and quietly. 

3. To float, as on water. 4. T© abound ; be plentifully sup- 
plied ; — usually used with in or with. 5. To be over- 
flowed or drenched. — v. t. 1. To cross, or to move over 
or on, by swimming. 2. To cause to swim ; float ; as, to 
swim a horse. 3. To immerse in water that the lighter 
parts may float ; as, to swim wheat in order to select seed. 

— n. 1. Act of swimming ; also, a gliding motion likened 
to or suggesting that of swimming. 2. The air bladder, or 
sound, of a fish. — swim/mer (swim'er), n. 

Swim'mer-et (-et), n. [Dim. of swimmer.'] Zo'ol. One of 
a series of appendages under the abdomen of many crusta- 
ceans (esp. the Macrura), in some cases used for swimming. 

swim'ming, n. Vertigo ; dizziness. — p. a. Being in a state 
of vertigo or dizziness ; as, a swimming brain. 



a European Swift ; 6 Ameri- 
can Chimney Swift. 



f swim'ming (swim'Tng), p. a. 1. Capable cf, or habituated 
to, swimming ; also, adapted to, or used in, swimming. 2. 
Filled with or as with water ; as, swimming eyes, 
swimming bladder, the air bladder of a fish. 

swim'ming-ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as if 
swimming ; smoothly ; without obstruction ; prosperously. 

SWin'dle (swin'd'l), v. t. & i. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 
To cheat or defraud. — Syn. See cheat. — n. Act or 
process of swindling ; a defrauding ; a cheat. 

swin'dler (-dler), n. One who swindles ; cheat ; sharper. 

swindling (-dling), n. Act or practice of a swindler. 

swine (swln), n. sing. & pi. (See plural, Note.) [AS. 
swin.~\ Any animal of the hog kind (family Suidse) ; — 
chiefly used collectively and applied esp. to domestic hogs. 

swine'herd' (-hurdO, n. A keeper of swine. 

swine pox. Med. A variety of the chicken pox. 

swing (swing), v. i. ; vret. & p. p. swung (swung), Archaic 
pret. swang (swang; , p. pr. & vb. n. swinging (swing'- 
lng). [AS. swingan to scourge, to fly, to flutter.] 1. To 
sway; esp., to have a regular to-and-fro motion, as of a 
pendulum ; oscillate. 2. To have the motion of or as of a 
rotating body ; specif., to turn on or as on a pivot or hinge ; 
have or take a circular or curving motion or course ; as, the 
door swung open. 3. To progress with a loose, free, sway- 
ing action ; as, the troops swung along the road. 4. To use 
or sway in, a swing. See swing, n., 6. 5. To be executed by 
hanging. Cant. — Syn. See shake. — v. t. 1. To hang or 
suspend ; — often used with up. 2. To cause to swing, or 
move to and fro as if suspended ; specif., to impart motion 
to (a swing or person in a swing). 3. To hang on a pivot or 
hinges or between end supports ; as, to swing a door or 
hammock. 4. To cause to move around from one side, posi- 
tion, or direction to another, as about a pivot; also, to 
wield ; brandish ; as, to swing a sword. 5. To handle ; 
manage ; as, to swing a business deal. Cant. 

— n. 1. Act or process of swinging. 2. Arc or extent through 
which an object swings ; also, power exerted by something 
swinging. 3. A characteristic lilt or rhythmic movement of 
a literary passage or style. 4. Natural bent or bias ; tend- 
ency ; also, free scope ; as, he was given full swing in the 
business. 5. That which swings or is swung. 6. A line, 
cord, or the like, hanging loose, on which anything may 
swing ; esp., an apparatus, commonly a suspended loop of 
rope carrying a seat, on which one may sit and swing. — 
Syn. Sway, oscillation, vibration ; lilt. 

swinge (swmj), v. t. ; swinged (swinjd) ; swinge'ing (swin'- 
jing). [AS. swengan to shake, causative of swingan. See 
swing.] To beat ; scourge ; whip. — swing'er (swm'jer), n. 

swinge'ing (swTn'jing), p. a. Huge ; striking. Colloq. 

SWing'er (swing'er), n. One who, or that which, swings. 

SWin'gle (swin'g'l), n. [AS. swingel, swingele, a stroke, 
blow, whip.] 1. A wooden instrument like a large knife 
used for beating and cleaning flax. 2. The swiple of a flail. 

— v. t.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). To clean by beating 
with a swingle ; as, to swingle flax. 

swin'gle-bar/ (-bar'), n. A swingletree. 

swin'gle-tree' (-treO.n. A whippletree. See singletree. 

swing/tree' (swTng'tre 7 ), n. A swingletree. 

swin'ish (swin'isn), a. Pert, to, like, or befitting swine; 
gross ; beastly. — swin'ish-ly, adv. — swin'ish-ness, n. 

SWink (swink), v. i. & t.; pret. swank (swank), swonk 
(swiirjk) ; p. p. swonk'en (swunk''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
swink'ing. [AS. swincan."] To labor; toil; work. Archaic. 

swipe (swlp), n. [AS. swipu whip, chastisement.] 1. A 
pump handle, a starting lever for a portable engine, or the 
like; a sweep. See sweep, n., 8. 2. A strong blow given 
with a sweeping motion. — v. t. ; swiped (swipt) ; swip'ing 
(swTp'Tng). To give a swipe (sense 2) to. 

swi'ple (swip''l), n. [See swipe.] That part of a flail which 
strikes the grain in threshing ; a swingle. 

swirl (swurl), v. i. To move with an eddying or whirling 
motion ; whirl. — v. t. To cause to swirl, or whirl. — n. A 
whirling motion, or something having such a motion ; an 
eddy ; whirl. — swirl'y (swur'li), a. Chiefly Scot. 

swish (swish), v. t. & i. To wave, sway, or move, making 
a sound represented by the word "swish. " — n. A rustling 
sound, as of small waves on a shore or of silk skirts. 

Swiss (swis), a. [F. Suisse'] Of or pert, to Switzerland or 
the Swiss. — n. sing. & pi. A native of Switzerland. 

switch (swich), n. 1. A small, flexible twig or rod. 2. The 
end of the tail in some animals, as a cow or ox. 3. A sepa- 
rate tress of real or false hair, attached at one end to a 
cord or stem, worn by women to increase the apparent 
mass of their own hair. 4. Railroads, a A movable part 
of a rail, or movable parts of opposite rails, for guiding cars 
from one track to another, b Act of switching. 5. Elec. A 
device for shifting an electric current to another circuit, or 
for making and breaking a circuit. — v. t. 1. To strike with 
or as with a switch ; whip. 2. To swing or whisk ; also, Col- 
loq. or Dial., to jerk or whisk. 3. Railroading & Elec. To 
turn or shift by means of a switch. — v. i. To move off on 
or as on a switch or spur track. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SWITCHBACK 



973 



SYLVITE 



switchback' (-bak'), n. 1. An arrangement of zigzag rail- 
road tracks for lessening the grade up a steep hill. 2. An 
amusement railroad with steep rises and descents. 

Switchboard' (-bord' ; 57), re. Elec. An apparatus consist- 
ing of panels bearing a collection of switches so arranged 
that a number of circuits may be connected or combined. 

SWitch'er,re. One who, or that which, switches; a switchman. 

switch/man (-man), re. One who attends to a switch or 
switches ; one employed in switching. 

Switz'er (swit'ser), n. A Swiss. 

SWiv'el (swivel), re. 1. A part that turns on or as on a 

compound link one part of which (s p P jgjJ ^lre t0iJk^J 
turns on a headed bolt, pin, or ^^^-^ 1 'l|yF^£*g| 
the like, in the other part, so as to Swivel, 1, in Chain, 
permit rotation. 2. A swivel gun, or one fixed on a swivel. 

— v. i. ; -eled (-'Id) or -elled ; -el-ing or el-ling. To 
swing or turn, as on a pin or pivot. — v. t. To provide with, 
or secure by, a swivel. 

swob (swob). Var. of swab. 

swolPen (swoF'n), p. p. of swell. 

SWOln. Contr. of swollen, p. p. of SWELL. 

swoon (swoon), v. i. [AS. swogan to sough, sigh.] To 
faint ; — often used with away. — re. A faint ; a syncope. 

swoop (swoop), v. t. [ME. swopen, usually, to sweep, AS. 
swapan to sweep, rush.] 1. To sweep suddenly down on 
and seize ; catch while on the wing ; — commonly used with 
up. 2. To seize or catch up in any sudden sweeping man- 
ner ; as, the horseman swooped up the child. — v. i. To 
descend swiftly with closed wings upon prey, as a hawk ; 
to stoop ; pounce. 

— re. Act of coming down upon and seizing something ; a 
sudden sweeping attack. 

swop (swop). Var. of swap. 

sword (sord ; 57), re. [AS. sweord.] 1. A weapon having a 
long and usually pointed blade with a cutting edge or edges, 
as the rapier, saber, scimitar, etc. 2. The sword as the 
emblem of judicial punishment or of authority. 3. Fig., 
military power ; also, arms. 4. A cause of destruction, as 
by battle ; hence : dissension ; conflict ; war. 

Sword bayonet. Mil. A bayonet shaped like, and that can 
be used like, a sword. 

Sword'craft' (-kraff), re. 1. Knowledge of, or skill with, 
the sword. 2. The exercise of military force or power. 

sword dance. 1. A dance with naked swords. 2. A dance 
performed over swords laid on, or set point-upwards in, the 
ground, without touching them. — SWOrd dancer. 

sword'fish' (sord'fish'), re. An oceanic food fish (Xiphias 
gladius), the bones of "^^ the upper jaw of which 

a swordlike beak. 




Swordfish. 

sword grass. Any of various grasses or sedges (esp. genus 
Cladium) having leaves with a sharp or toothed edge. 

SWOrd knot. A leather or gold-lace sling tied to the hilt of a 
sword. In action it is attached to the wrist. 

SWOrd'play'(-pla'), re. Fencing ; a sword fight. play'er, re. 

SWOrds'man (sordz'man ; 57), re. Also SWOrd'man (sord'- 
man). 1. A soldier ; fighting man. Obs. 2. One skilled in 
using a sword ; a fencer. 

swore (swor ; 57), pret., sworn (sworn ; 57), p. p., of swear. 

SWOund (dial, swoond), re. & v. i. Swoon. Archaic or Dial. 

'SWOUndS (zwoundz; zwounz), interj. Contr. of God's 
wounds ; — used as an oath. Obs. or Archaic. 

swum (swum), pret. & p. p. of swim. 

swung (swung), pret. & p. p. of swing. 

Syb'a-rite (sib'd-rit), re. [L. Sybarita, Gr. 2u/3aptT7;s, fr. 
XvBapis, a Greek city of southern Italy.] One of the inhab- 
itants of ancient Sybaris, who were noted for their love of 
luxury and pleasure ; hence [Often I. c] , a voluptuary. 

Syb'a-rit'ic (-rft'ik), Syb'a-rit'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Of, pert. 
to, or resembling Sybaris or the Sybarites ; hence [Often 
I. c] : luxurious ; voluptuous ; effeminate. 

syc'a-mine (sik'd-min), re. [L. sycaminus, Gr. o-vnanivos.] 

= MULBERRY. 

syc'a-more (sik'd-mor; 57), re. [L. sycomorus, Gr. <tvko- 
fiopos fig mulberry.] 1. A fig tree (Ficus sycomorus) of 
Egypt and Asia Minor bearing a sweet and edible fruit and 
useful as a shade tree. 2. In England, a species (Acer 
pseudo-platanus) of maple ; — prob. so called from its 
dense shade. 3. In the United States, the plane tree. 

syce (sis), re. [Ar. sayis.] A groom. India. 

sy-cee' (si-se'), re. [Chin, sai sz fine silk ; — because if pure 
it can be drawn into fine threads.] Silver in ingots, used in 
China as a medium of exchange, usually stamped. 

sy-co'ni-um (sI-ko'nT-um), re. [pi. syconia], sy-co'nus 
(-nws), re. [NL., fr. Gr. <tvkov the fig.] Bot. A collective 
fleshy fruit in which the ovaries are borne upon an enlarged, 



more or less succulent, concave or hollow receptacle, as in 
the fig. See fruit, Illust. 

syc'o-phan-cy (sTk'6-fdn-sT), re. The character or a char- 
acteristic of a sycophant ; hence, servile flattery. 

syc'o-phant (-font), re. [L. sycophanta a slanderer, para- 
site, Gr. <rvKo<j>avTris false accuser, a false adviser, lit., a fig 
shower ; ovkov fig + <t>a.ivuv to show.] A parasite ; a flat- 
terer, esp. of princes and great men. — v. i. To act the 
sycophant. 

syc'o-phan'tic (-fan'tik) "la. Pert, to, or characteristic of, 

syc'o-phan'ti-cal (-tl-kal)J a sycophant ; servilely courting 
favor. — Syn. See obedient. 

Syc'o-rax (sik'6-raks), re. In Shakespeare's "Tempest," 
Caliban's mother, a "foul witch," who imprisoned Ariel for 
refusing to obey her commands. 

sy-co'sis (sl-ko'sis), re. [NL., fr. Gr. o-vkuo-is, fr. ovkov a fig.] 
Med. A noncontagious inflammatory disease of the hair 
follicles marked by a pustular eruption. 

sy'e-nite (sl'e-nlt), re. [L. Syenites (sc. lapis), Syene 
(Assuan), Egypt.] An igneous rock, chiefly of feldspar 
without noticeable quartz and usually containing subordi- 
nate amounts of hornblende, biotite, or pyroxene. 

sy'e-nit'ic (-nit'ik), a. 1. [cap.'] Relating to Syene, the 
modern Assuan. 2. Pert, to, containing, or like, svenite. 

syl'la-ba-ry (sil'd-ba-rT), re.,- pi. -ries (-rlz). A "table of 
syllables ;specif., a table of the indivisible syllabic charac- 
ters used instead of letters in some languages, as Japanese. 

syl-lab'ic (si-lab'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, a syl- 
lable or syllables.— re. Phon. A letter or sound necessary 
to the formation of a syllable ; a vowel or vowel equivalent. 

syl-lab'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Syllabic. — syl-lab'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syl-lab'i-cate (-T-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. 
To syllabify. — syl-lab'i-ca'tion (-i-ka'shun), re. 

syl-labl-ti-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), re. Act of forming syl- 
lables ; act or method of dividing words into syllables. 

syl-lab'i-fy (sT-lab'i-fl), v. t.; -fied ( : fld) ; -fy'ing. [L. 
syllaba syllable + -fy.j To form or divide into syllables. 

syl'la-bism (sil'd-biz'm), re. The expressing of the sounds 
of a language by syllabic characters. 

syl'la-bize (-biz), v. t. To syllabify. 

sylla-ble (sil'd-b'l), re. [OF. sillabe, L. syllaba, Gk-. 
o-vWafiri that which is held together, several letters taken 
together to form one sound, a syllable, deriv. of vbv with 
+ \anfiaveiv to take ; deriv. of avy with, together -H 
Xoyt f ea$ai to reckon.] 1. An elementary sound, or a com- 
bination of such sounds, uttered with a single effort ot 
impulse of the voice, and constituting a word or a part of „ 
word. 2. In writing and printing, a part of a word sepa- 
rated, as at the end of a line, from the rest and capable of 
being uttered by a single impulse of the voice. It may o? 
may not correspond to a syllable in spoken language. 3. A 
small part of a sentence or discourse ; anything concise o- 
short ; a particle. — v.t. & i. To pronounce the syllables of 

syl'la-bub. Var. of sillabub. 

syl'la-bUS (-bus), re.; pi. E. -buses (-ez), L. -bi (-bT). [L 
fr. same source as E. syllable.'] 1. An abstract giving th& 
heads, or main subjects, of a book, course of study, etc. 2. 
Law. The brief statement of the points of law determined 
and, usually, the main facts, prefixed to a reported case. 

syl'lo-gism (sTl'6-jTz'm), re. [OF. silogime, sillogisme, fr. 
L., fr. GT.o-vXXoyLo-iJ.6s a reckoning all together, a reason- 
ing, syllogism.] 1. A logical scheme or analysis of a formal 
argument, consisting of (1) a major premise, (2) a minor 
premise, and (3) a conclusion. Thus : (1) All sinners deserve 
punishment. (2) AB is a sinner. (3) Therefore, AB deserves 
punishment. 2. Deductive reasoning. 

syPlo-gis'tic (-jis'tik) 1 a. [L. syllogisticus, Gr. avXXo- 

syl'lo-gis'ti-cal (-tT-kal)J 710-nKoy.] Of, pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, or of the form of reasoning by, syllogisms. — syl'- 
lo-gis'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

syl'lo-gis'tic, re. The department of logic which treats of 
the syllogism ; also, the art of reasoning syllogistically. 

syl'lo-gize (sTP6-jIz), v. i. & t.; -gized (-jizd) ; -giz'ing. 
To reason or infer by syllogisms. — syl'lo-gi-za'tion (-ji- 
za'shim ; -jl-za'shun), re. — syl'lo-giz'er (-jiz'er), re. 

sylph (silf), re. _ [F. sylphe.] 1. An imaginary being in- 
habiting the air ; — a name given by Paracelsus to sup- 
posed elemental beings of the air conceived as mortal but 
soulless. 2. A slender, graceful woman. 

sylph'id (sil'fid), re. [F. sylphide, fern.] A diminutive 
sylph. — sylph'id-ine (-fi-din; -din), a. 

sylph'like' (silf'llk'), a. Like a sylph; graceful. 

syl'va (sil'vd). Var. of silva. 

syl'van (sTl'yan), a. [See silvan, a.] Of or pert, to a silva ; 
abounding in forests ; woody ; hence : rural ; rustic. See 
silvan. — re. A rustic ; woodsman. Rare. 

syl'van-ite (sTl'van-Tt), re. [From Transylvania, where 
first found.] Min. A telluride of gold and silver, (Au.Ag)- 
Te2, often in crystals suggesting written characters. 

syl'vite (sTl'vlt), re. Also syPvin, syl'vine (-vTn), syP- 
vin-ite (-vTn-It). [From NL. sal digestivus sylvii, potas- 



i 



< 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



SYM- 



974 



SYMPTOM 







Q 



R 



sium chloride.] Min. Native potassium chloride, KC1, 
occurring in colorless cubes or crystalline masses. 

Sym- (sim-). An assimilated form of syn-. See SYN-. 

sym'bi-ont (sim'bl-ont; sim'bi-ont), n. [Gr. ovufruv, 
(tvuPiovvtos, p. pr.] Biol. An organism living in symbiosis. 

sym'bi-o'sis (sim'bl-o'sis ; -bi : ), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ovp-PLuois 
a living together.] Biol. The living together in more or less 
intimate association or even close union of two dissimilar 
organisms. In a broad sense, the term includes parasitism, 
but ordinarily it is used of cases where the association is 
not harmful to either organism. — sym'bi-Ot'ic (-ot'ik), 
sym'bi-ot'i-cal, a. — sym'bi-ot'i-cal-ly (-i-kal-i), adv. 

sym'bol (sim'bol), n. [L. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. obp.- 
@o\ov a sign by which one knows a thing, ovufSaWeiv to put 
together, compare; ovv with + /SdMap to throw.] 1. A 
visible sign of an idea or quality or of another object ; an 
emblem ; as, the lion is the symbol of courage. 2. A letter, 
character, sign, or the like, representing something, as an 
operation in mathematics, a chemical element, etc. — Syn. 
Figure, type. See emblem. 

sym'bol-se-og'ra-phy, sym'bol-e-og'ra-phy (-e-og'rd-fT), 
n. [Gr. ovpffoXaiov sign, token, contract + -graphy.] Art 
of rightly forming and making written instruments. 

sym-bol'ic (sim-bol'ik) 1 a. 1. Of, pert, to, or of the nature 

sym-bol'i-cal (-i-kal) / of, a symbol or symbols ; express- 
ing by signs ; representative. 2. Gram. Pert, toordesig- 
natingaword, as is, shall, who, serving simply to indicate a 
relation of syntax ; — disting. from presentive. — sym- 
bol'i-cal-ly, adv. — sym-bol'i-cal-ness, n. 
symbolical books, Eccl., books which contain the creeds, 
or confessions of faith, of churches or religious bodies. — 
symbolic logic, a form of logic in which the relations of 
ideas and judgments are represented by symbols in order to 
derive conclusions by quasi mathematical processes. 

sym'bol-ism (sim'bol-iz'm), n. 1. Representation of ob- 
jects, qualities, or ideas by means of symbols or emblems. 
2. A system of symbols or representations. 3. In literature 
and art, the principles and characteristics of the symbolists 
(see symbolist, 2 C). 

sym'bol-ist, n. 1. One who employs symbols or symbolism. 

2. Specif. : a One who advocates or employs symbolism in 
religious worship, b One who cultivates or employs sym- 
bolic logic. C One who employs symbolism in art or litera- 

" ture ; esp., one of a class of writers (Verlaine, Maeterlinck, 
. etc.) and artists which arose just after 1880, esp. in France 
and Belgium. Esp. in literature, the symbolists were reac- 
tionists against realism and exalted the metaphysical and 
mysterious, esp. the mystical power and charm of music, 
endeavoring in their lyric poetry to render by rhythms and 
sounds sentiments and emotions which escape analysis. 

Cf. DECADENT, 71., 2. 

sym'bol-is'tic (-rs'tik), a. Marked by the use of symbols, 
or by symbolism ; as, symbolistic poetry. 

sym'boi-i-za'tion (sim'bol-i-za'shwn ; -T-za'shiin), n. The 
act of symbolizing ; symbolical representation. 

sym'bol-ize (sim'bol-Iz), v. i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz / - 
Jng). To use symbols or symbolism. — v.t. 1. To make rep- 
resentative of something ; regard or treat as symbolic. 2. To 
represent by a symbol or symbols. 

sym-bol'o-gy (sim-bol'6-ji), n. [symbol + -logy. 'I The 
art of expressing by, or of interpreting, symbols. 

sym-met'al-ism (sim-meVal-iz'm), n. That system of 
coinage in which the unit of currency consists of a certain 
weight of two or more metals, as gold and silver, combined. 

sym-met'ri-caKsi-meVri-kal), a. Alsosym-met'ric (-rfk). 
1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry ; having parts mutually 
well-proportioned; hence: regular; even. 2. Bot. a Capable 
of division by a longitudinal plane into similar halves ; — 
said of a flower, shoot, or organ, b Having the same number 
of members in each whorl of floral leaves ; — said of a flower. 

3. Org. Chem. Specif., pert, to or designating derivatives of 
benzene in which three or four substituting groups are at- 
tached symmetrically to the nucleus, occupying the posi- 
tions 1, 3, 5, or 1, 2, 4, 5. See benzene nucleus. Abbr., s. 

4. Math, a Having a common measure ; commensurable. t> 
Having corresponding parts or relations. — sym-met'ri- 
cal-ly, adv. — sym-met'ri-cal-ness, n. 

sym'me-trize (sim'e-trlz), v. t. T© reduce to symmetry. — - 
Sym'me-tri-za'tion (-tri-za'shiin ; -trl-za'shun), n. 

Sym'me-try (sim'e-tn), n. [L. symmetria, Gr. ovwierpta; 
ovv with + ukrpov measure.] 1. A due proportion of the 
several parts of a body to each other ; harmonious relation 
of parts. 2. Correspondence or similarity of form, dimen- 
sions, or parts on opposite sides of an axis, center, or plane. 

sym'pa-thet'ic (sim'pd-thet'Tk), a. Also sym'pa-thet'i- 
cal (-i-kal). 1. Feeling, or inclined to, sympathy ; sympa- 
thizing ; hence : agreeing ; harmonious ; congenial. 2. Due 
to, or expressive of, sympathy. 3. Anat. Pert, to the 
sympathetic system. — Syn. See congenial. — sym'pa- 
thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

sympathetic ink, a fluid for invisible writing to be made 
visible afterwards, as by application of heat. — s. system, 



Anat. & Zoo"!., a system of small gangliaand nerves, present, 
in addition to the cerebrospinal system, in most vertebrates. 
It consists of a pair of gangliate nerve cords, with numerous 
ramifications, extending from the head to the caudal or 
coccygeal region. 

Sym/pa-thize (sTm'pd-thlz), v. i. ; -thized (-thTzd) ; -thiz'- 
ing (-thiz'ing). [F. sympathiser. - ] 1. To feel or show sym- 
pathy ; be affected sympathetically. 2. To respond sympa- 
thetically to any stimulus ; as, a soul to sympathize with 
nature. 3. To agree ; accord ; harmonize ; as, their tastes 
sympathize. 

sym'pa-thiz'er (-thTz'er), n. One who sympathizes ; one 
who gives moral support to another by his sympathy with 
him. — sym'pa-thiz'ing-ly, adv. 

sym'pa-thy (-thi), n. ; pi. -thies (-thiz). [L. sympathia,Gr. 
ovuir&Beta; ovv with + iraOos suffering, passion.] 1. Feel- 
ing corresponding to that which another feels ; fellow feel- 
ing ; esp., a feeling of sorrow for suffering or for one who, or 
that which, suffers ; compassion. 2. An agreement of affec- 
tions or inclinations, or a mutual conformity of natural 
temperament, causing persons to be congenial or in accord ; 
also, harmony or agreement in general. 3. Physics. Corre- 
lation between bodies capable of communicating their vi- 
brational motion to one another through a medium. 4. 
Med. a The reciprocal influence exercised by organs or parts 
on one another, as by a diseased part on another part, b 
The influence of a certain psychological state in one person 
in producing a like state in another. 5. A tendency of things 
to unite or to act oneach other ; as, the sympathy between 
the loadstone and iron. — Syn. Commiseration, tender- 
ness, condolence. See pity. 

sym-phon'ic (sim-fon'ik), a. 1. Relating to harmony of 
sound ; symphonious ; also, sounded alike ; homophonous. 
2. Music. Of, relating to, or in the manner of, a symphony. 

Sym-pho/ni-OUS (-fo'ni-us), a. 1. Agreeing in sound; ac- 
cordant ; harmonious. 2. Symphonic. OUS-ly, adv. 

sym'pho-nize (sTm'fo-nlz), v. i. & t.; -nized (-nizd); 
-niz'ing (-niz'Tng). To agree ; accord ; harmonize. 

Sym'pho-ny (-m), n.; pi. -nies. [F. symphonic, L. sym- 
phonia, Gr. ovp.<puvla ; ovv with + <j>oivri sound, voice.] 1. A 
consonance or harmony of sounds, vocal or instrumental, or 
both. 2. Hence : consonance ; harmony ; esp., Painting, 
harmony of color or a picture marked by such. 3. Music, a 
An instrumental passage in a vocal composition, b An in- 
strumental composition in sonata form for a full orchestra. 

sym/phy-sis (sTm'fi-sTs), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL-, fr. Gr. 
av/j,<j>v(ris symphysis (in sense 1); ovv with + <t>veiv to 
cause to grow, to grow.] 1. Anat. & Zool. The union of 
certain bones in the median plane of the body, esp. that of 
the two halves of the lower jaw at the chin, and of the two 
pubic bones at the lower anterior point of the abdomen. 
2. Anat. A form of articulation admitting of very slight 
movement, as the joints between the bodies of vertebrae. 

sym'pi-e-som'e-ter, sym'pi-e-zom'e-ter (sTm'pi-e-zom'- 
e-ter), n. [Gr.ovfiirUois compression + -meter.} A sensi- 
tive barometer in which atmospheric pressure acting on a liq- 
uid in the lower part, compresses an elastic gas in the upper. 

Sym-pleg'a-des (sTm-pleg'd-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 2u/*- 
irkTjyades, lit., striking together.] Gr. Myth. Two rocks at 
the entrance of the Black Sea, which dashed against each 
other at intervals, but became fixed when the ship "Argo" 
passed safely through between them. 

sym-po'di-um (sim-po'di : #m), n.; pi. -dia (-a). 
Gr. ovv with + irbbiov, dim. of 7ro6s, 
iro&bs, foot.] Bot. An apparent main ' 
axis made up of successive secondary i_)^ 
axes, each of which represents one 
fork of a dichotomy, the other being 
of weaker growth or suppressed en- 
tirely as in the grapevine ; a pseudaxis. 

sym-po'si-dc (sim-po'zJ-ak), a. Of, or 
connected with, a symposium. — n. A 
gathering, or the table talk, at a sym- 
posium ; hence, any similar gathering 
or table talk. 

sym-po'si-arch (-ark), n. [Gr. ovvto- 

aiapxvs, ovfiirootapxos ; ovfnrooiov a 

symposium + &pxeiv to rule.] In Greek antiquity, the 
master of a feast ; hence, one who presides over, or is the 
chief figure at, a symposium. 

sym-po'si-um (-«m), n.; pi. -posia (-d). [L., fr. Gr.ovp- 
■jrooiov a drinking party ; feast ; ovv + iroois a drinking.] 
1. In ancient Greece, a compotation, usually following the 
banquet proper^ with music, singing, and conversation ; 
now, any convivial gathering, esp. one marked by free in- 
terchange of ideas in general conversation. 2. A collection 
of short essays by different authors on a common topic ; by 
extension, a series of discussions treating a common topic. 

symp'tom (sTmp't&m), n. [F. symptome, Gr. ovuvrufia 
anything that has befallen one, a chance, casualty, symp- 
tom, fr. ovixirlirreiv to fall together ; ow^with + Trlirreiv to 
fall.] 1. Med. Any affection accompanying disease ; a per- 



[NL.; 




Diagrams showing, 
A Scorpioid. and 
BHelicoid, Dichot- 
omy. 1, 1, Sym- 

podia. 



file, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SYMPTOMATIC 



975 



SYNESIS 



ceptible change, in the body or its functions, indicating dis- 
ease or the kind or phases of disease. 2. A sign ; token ; in- 

' dication ; mark ; as, vice is a symptom of weakness. 

symp'tom-at'ic (simp'tum-at'ik) \ a. 1. Of or pert, to, or 

symp'tom-at'i-cal (-i-kdl) / of the nature of, a 

symptom ; indicative. 2. According to symptoms ; as, a 
symptomatic treatment. — symp'tom-at'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Symp'tom-a-tOl'0-gy ( -d-tol'6-jl ), n. [Gr. avy-irr^fxa,, 
c-vnirTOifiaros, symptom + -logy."] Med. Medical science 
treating of symptoms of diseases ; semeiology. 

syn- (sin-). [Gr. aw with.] A prefix meaning with, along 
with, together, at the same time. Syn- becomes sym- be- 
fore p, b, and m, and syl- before I. 

syn-ac'tic (si-nak/tik), a. [Gr. awayeiv to bring together.] 
Med. Acting together ; cumulative in effect. 

syn-ser'e-sis, syn-er/e-sis (sTn-er'e-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 
awaipeais a taking together.] Gram, a The union in one 
syllable of two like vowels ordinarily separated in pronun- 
ciation ; — opposed to diaeresis, b Among some modern 
grammarians, synizesis. 

syn'aes-the'si-a, syn/es-the'si-a (sin'es-the'sT-d ; -zhi-d), 
n. [NL. See syn- ; ^sthesia.] 1. Physiol. A sensation 
produced in one part of the body by a stimulus applied at 
another part. 2.Psychol. Concomitant sensation ; esp. con- 
comitant experience of different types of sensation, as when 
sounds are apprehended as having characteristic colors. 

syn'a-gOgue (sm'd-gog), n. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. avvayuyij a 
bringing together, assembly, synagogue.] 1. A local as- 
sembly of Jews organized chiefly for public worship. 2. The 
building or place of assembly used by Jewish communities 
primarily for religious worship. 3. Sometimes, in referring 
to the early Christians, a church. 

Syn'a-lCB'pha, syn'a-le'pha (-le'fd), n. [L. synaloepha, fr. 
Gr. awa\oi4>-q, lit., a melting together.] The blending 
into one syllable of two vowels of adjacent syllables, as by 
elision, etc. ; as, th' army, for the army. 

syn'ar-thro'di-a (sin'ar-thro'di-d), n. [NL. ; syn- + Gr. 
apdpov joint + eZSos form.] Synarthrosis. — syn'ar-thro'- 
di-al (-di-dl), a. — syn'ar-thro'di-al-ly, adv. 

syn'ar-thro'sis (-thro'sis), n.; pi. -throses (-sez). [NL., 
fr. Gr. awapOpuais a being jointed together ; avv with + 
apdpov a joint.] Anat. Immovable articulation of bones by 
close union without actual ankylosis, as in sutures. 

syn'carp (sin'karp), n. Bot. A collective fruit. 

syn-car'pous (sin-kar'pus), a. Bot. a Having the carpels 
united in a compound ovary ; — opposed to apocarpous. 
b Pert, to, or characteristic of, a syncarp. 

syn-cat'e-gor'e-mat'ic ( sin-kat'e-goVe-mat'ik ), a. [Gr. 
cvyKaTTjyoptjuaTiKos.'] Logic. Implying another term to 
complete the full sense ; relative ; consignificative, as, 
"poet," which implies "man." 

syn'chro-nal (sTr/kro-ndl), syn-chron'ic (sTn-kron'ik), 
syn-chron'i-cal (sm-kron'i-kdl), o. Synchronous. 

syn'chro-nism (sn/kro-nTz'm), n. 1. The concurrence of 
events in time ; simultaneousness. 2. The chronological 
tabulation of historical events and personages. _3. Physics. 
The state of being synchronous. — syn'chro-nis'tic (-nis'- 
ttk), syn/chro-nis'ti-cal (-tT-kdl), a. 

syn'chro-nize (sir/kr6-niz),v.i. ;-nized (-nizd) ; -niz'ing. 
[Gr. avyxpovl^eiv.'] To agree in time; be synchronous. — 
v.t. 1. To assign to the same date or period. 2. To cause to 
agree in time ; make synchronous. — syn'chro-ni-za'tion 
(-ni-za'shun ; -nl-za'shun), n. — syn'chro-niz'er, n. 

syn-Chron'O-SCOpe (sTn-kron'6-skop), n. [Gr. avyxpovos of 
the same time + -scope.'] Elec. Instrument for indicat- 
ing synchronism, esp. of two sources of alternating current. 

syn'chro-nous (sin 'kro-n us ) , a. [Gr . avyxpovos ; avv with -f- 
xpofos time.] 1. Happening at the same time ; concurrent 
in time. 2. Physics. Having the same period ; also, having 
the same period and phase, as vibrations. — Syn. See con- 
temporary. — syn'chro-nous-ly, adv. 

Syn-Clas'tic (sih-klSs'tik), a. [_syn- -f- Gr. k\8.v to break.] 
Math. Physics. Curved toward the same side in all direc- 
tions ; — said of surfaces that in all directions around any 
point bend away from a tangent plane toward the same 
side, as the surface of a sphere. Opposed to anticlastic. 

syn-cli'nal (sTn-kll'ndl ; sin'klT-nSl), a. [Gr. avyuMveiv 
to incline together.] 1. Inclined downward from opposite 
directions so as to meet. 2. Geol. Formed by strata that 
dip toward a common line or plane ; — opp. to anticlinal. 

—• n. A syncline. 

syn/cline (sin'klln ; sYn-klin'), n. Geol. A synclinal fold. 

syn'cli-no'ri-um. (sin'kll-no'ri-tim ; 57), n.; pi. L. -ria 
(-d), E. -riums. [NL. ; Gr. avyKklveiv to lay together^ -+- 
bpos mountain.] Geol. A flexure of the earth's crust, like 
an inverted anticlinorium. Cf . anticlinorium. 

syn'co-pate (sin'ko-pat), v. t.; -pat/ed (-pat'e'd) ; -pat'ing. 
[LL. syncopatus, p. p. of syncopare to syncopate. See 
syncope.] 1. Gram. To contract by syncope; as, "Glos- 
ter" is a syncopated form of "Gloucester." 2. Music. To 
modify or affect by syncopation. 



A syncopating ; as : a 



'"r prr r 



syn'co-pa'tion (sTrAo-pa'shun), n 
Gram. Syncope, b Music. 
The beginning of a tone on 
an unaccented part of a 
measure, and continuing it 
through the time of the fol- 
lowing accent, which is thus 
apparently shifted back. Syncopation, b. 

syn'CO-pe (sTn'ko-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. avyKOTrrj, lit., a cutting 
up.] 1. Gram. Elision of one or more letters or sounds, or 
of a syllable, from the middle of a word ; as in ne'er for 
never. 2. Music, a = syncopation, b. b The combining 
of two voice parts so that two or more tones in one part co- 
incide with one tone in the other. 3. Med. A fainting, or 
swooning, due to cerebral anasmia. 

syn'cra-sy (sin/krd-si), n. ; pi. -sies (-sTz). [Gr. avyKpaai?.] 
A blending or combining of different things. 

syn'cre-tism (sin'kre-tTz'm), n. [Gr. avyKpr\na\ibs, fr. 
avyKpr)Ti£eLi> to make two parties join against a third.] 1. 
The union or attempted union of conflicting parties or 
principles. 2. Philol. Fusion into one of two or more origi- 
nally different inflectional forms. — syn'cre-tis'tic, a. 

syn'cre-tize (sin'kre-tlz), v. t. To attempt to unite and 
harmonize, as conflicting principles or parties. 

syn'cri-sis (sTr/kr!-sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avyxpiais a com- 
parison ; aw together + npivtiv to judge.] Rhet. A figure 
of speech in which opposite things or persons are compared. 

syn-dac'tyl, syn-dac'tyle (s!n-dak'tTl), a. [syn- + Gr. 
da.KTv\os digit.] Zool. & Med. Having two or more digits 
wholly or partly united. — n. A syndactyl bird or mammal. 

syn-dac'tyl-ism (-ti-liz'm), n. Zool. & Med. State of be- 
ing syndactyl ; union of two or more digits. 

syn'des-mo'sis (sin'des-mo'sis), n.; pi. -moses (-sez). 
[NL., fr. Gr. avvfiiauos a band.] Anat. An articulation in 
which the contiguous surfaces of the bones are bound to- 
gether by a ligament. — syn'des-mot'ic (-mot'ik), a. 

sytl-det'ic (sin-det'ik)! o. [Gr. awbtriKos, fr. awdelv to 

syn-det'i-cal (-i-kal) J _ bind together ; avv with + delv to 
bind.] Connecting ; conjunctive ; as, syndetic words or con- 
nectives. — syn-det'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syn'dic (sin'dik), n. [L. syndicus, fr. Gr. awbinos helping in 
a court of justice, advocate ; avv with + Slur; justice.] 1. A 
magistrate. 2. A business agent of a corporation or body of 
men._ — syn'di-cal (-di-kdl), a. 

syn'di-cal, a. Of or pert, to, or of the nature of, syndicalism. 

syn'di-cal-ism (sTn'di-kdl-Tz'm), n. [F. syndicalisme, 
fr. syndicat syndicate, syndicat ouvrier trade union.] The 
theory, plan, or practice of trade-union action which aims 
to abolish the present political and social system by means 
of the general strike (as distinguished from the local or sec- 
tional strike) and direct action (demonstrations, strikes, 
sabotage, and violence, as distinguished from ordinary polit- 
ical methods ). — syn'di-cal-ist, n. — syn'di-cal-is'tic 
(-ls'tlk), a. 

syn'di-cate (-di-kat), n. 1. Office or jurisdiction of a syn- 
dic ; a council or body of syndics. 2. An association of per- 
sons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to 
negotiate some business. 3. An association or group of per- 
sons who combine to carry out, on their own account, a 
financial or industrial project, as the underwriting of an 
issue of bonds, the simultaneous publication of literary 
matter, as a serial, in newspapers, magazines, etc. 

— (-kat), y. t.; -cat'ed (-kaVed) ; -cat'ing. 1. To combine 
or form into, or manage as, a syndicate ; as, to syndicate 
newspapers. 2= To acquire or control for or by, or subject 
to the management of, a syndicate ; as, to syndicate a mine. 

— v. i. To unite to form a syndicate. 
syn-ec'do-Che (si-neVd6-ke), n. [L ; synecdoche, Gr. awen- 

Soxv> Ir - avveKdex^adai to receive jointly.] Rhet. A figure 
by which a part is put lor the whole (as, fifty sail for fifty 
ships), the whole for a part (as, the smiling year for spring) , 
the species for the genus (as, cutthroat for assassin), the 
genus for the species (as, a creature for a man), the name 
of the material for the thing made, etc. — syn'ec-doch'ic 
(sTn'ek-dok'Ik), syn'ec-doch'i-cal (-T-kal), a. 

syn-e'eious (si-ne'shfe). Var. of syncectous. 

syn-er'e-sis. Var. of syn^resis. 

syn'er-get'ic (sin'er-jet'ik), a. [Gr. awepyrjri.K6t ; deriv. of 
avv with + Ipyov work] Working together; cooperating, 

syn/er-gism (sln'er-jiz'mjsT-nur'-), n. Theol. The doc- 
trine that in the regeneration of a human soul there is £ 
cooperation of God and man. — syn'er-gist (-jTst), n. 

syn'er-gis' tic (-jis'tik), a. 1. Of or relating to synergism. 
2. Cooperating ; synergetic. 

Syn'er-gy (sin'er-ji), n. [Gr. avvepyla. See SYNERGETIC.] 
Combined action; specif., Med., the combined healthy 
action of every organ of a particular system. 

syn'e-sist-e-sTs), n. [Gr. avveais intelligence.] Grcm. Acon- 
struction in which adherence to some element in the ^ense 
causes a departure from strict syntax, as in "'Phi'ip went 
down to . . . Samaria, and preached Christ unto th«"»i " 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. «= equals 






I 



N 



SYNESTHESIA 



976 



SYSTEMATIZES. 







R 



syn'es-tlie'si-^. Var. of synesthesia. 

syn-gen'e-sis (sih-jen'e-sls), n. Biol. Sexual reproduction ; 
also, the theory that the germ of the offspring is derived 
from both parents, not from either alone. Cf . ovism, sperm- 
ism. — syn'ge-net'ic (sln'je-net'Ik), a. 

syn'i-ze'sis (sln'l-ze'sls), n. [L., fr. Gr. ovvlfrms, also a 
settlement, collapse, fr. cwl$ay to sit together ; avv with -f- 
tfeiv to sit.] Gram. Contraction of two syllables into one 
by the coalescing of two adjacent vowels (or a vowel and 
a diphthong). Cf. syneresis. 

Syn'od (sln'ud), n. [L. synodus, Gr. abvoSos a meeting ; avv 
with + bb&s a way.] 1. Eccl. A council ; a formal meeting 
to consider church matters ; a governing or advisory body in 
various churches. 2. An assembly, council, or meeting. 

syn-ocFic (sl-nod'Ik)) a. 1. Eccl. Of or pert, to a synod; 

Syn-od'i-cal (-I-kdl) J transacted in, or authorized by, a 
synod. 2. Astron. Pert, to conjunction, esp. to the period 
between two successive conjunctions of the same bodies. 

syn-ce'cious, syn-e'cious (sl-ne'shus), a. [syn- + Gv. 
oIkos house.] Bot. a Having staminate and pistillate flow- 
ers in the same head, b Having archegonia and anther- 
idia in the same receptacle ; — used of mosses. 

Syn'o-nym (sln'6-nlm), n. Also -nyme. [F. synonyme or 
L. synonyma, pi. of synonymum, Gr. awuvvpov, fr. avvoi- 
wiios synonymous ; avv with, together + 5vop.a, 6wpa, 
name.] 1. One of two or more words (of one language) 
having the same or nearly the same essential meaning. 2. 
An incorrect or incorrectly applied scientific name, as a new 
name applied to a species or genus already properly named, 
or a specific name preoccupied by that of another species of 
the same genus. — syn'o-nym'i-ty (sln'6-nlm'l-tl), n. 

syn'o-nym'ic (-nim'Ik) \a. Of or pertaining to synonyms; 

syn'o-nym'i-cal (-I-kal) J synonymous. 

syn-on'y-mize (sl-non'I-mlz), v. t. To express by a syno- 
nym ; give the synonym or synonyms corresponding to. 

Syn-on'y-mous (sl-nSn'I-mi/s), a. Having the character of 
a synonym ; expressing the same, or nearly the same, idea. 

— syn-on'y-mous-ly, adv. 

syn-on'y-my (-mi), n. ; pi. -mies (-miz). _ 1. Quality of be- 
ing synonymous. 2. A system or collection of synonyms ; 
also, the study or discrimination of synonyms. 3. The 
scientific names collectively which have been used in dif- 
ferent books to designate a species or other group ; also, a 
list of these names specifying books and authors using them. 

«syn-op'sis (-nop'sls), n.; pi. -opses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 
trvpo\pis ; avv + oxpis view.] A general view of a whole ; 
abstract ; conspectus ; syllabus. — Syn. See compendium. 

Syn-op'tic (sI-nop'tlkHa. 1. Affording a general view of a 

Syn-op'ti-cal (-tl-kal) / whole, or of its principal parts. 2. 
[Often cap.~\ Affording or taking the same or a common 
view ; — applied to the first three Gospels, from their many 
agreements in subject, order, and language ; hence, of or 
pert, to the first three Gospels. — syn-op'ti-cal-ly, adv. 

Syn-OU'si-acs (sl-noo'shl-aks ; si-nou'-), n. [Gr. avvovala 
society.] The department of knowledge having to do with 
societies ; — used in library cataloguing. 

Syn-O'vi-a (si-no'vl-d), n. [NL.] Anat. A transparent, 
viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the lining membranes of 
joints, tendon sheaths, etc. — syn-o'vi-al (-S1), a. 

syn'o-vi'tis (sin'6-vl'tls), n. [NL. See synovia ; -itis.] 
Inflammation of a synovial membrane. 

Syn-pel'mous (sln-pel'imis), a. [syn- + Gr. ire\p.a the sole 
of the foot.] Zobl. Having the two main flexor tendons of 
the toes blended above the divisions which go to each digit. 

syn-tac'tic (-tak'tlk) la. Of, pert, to, or according to the 

syn-tac'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)j rules of, syntax. ti-cal-ly, adv. 

gyn'tax (sln'taks), n. [L., syntaxis, Gr. avvTa&s; deriv. of 
avv with -f- raaaeiv to arrange.] 1. A connected system or 
order ; organism. Obs. 2. Gram. Sentence structure ; 
grammar treating of concord, government, and the con- 
struction of sentences ; the due arrangement of words in 
sentences in their mutual relations, according to usage. 

Syn'the-sis (sln'the-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., a mixture, 
prop., a putting together, fr. Gr. awOeais; deriv. of avv with 
-f- TiBkvai to place.] 1. Composition, or the putting of 
things together, as in compounding medicines. 2. Chem. 
j Art or process of making, or " building up," a compound by 
union of simpler compounds or of its elements ; as, the syn- 
thesis of water ; — opp. to analysis. 3. The combination of 
separate elements of thought or sensation into a whole, as 
of simple into complex conceptions, or species into genera ; 

— opp. to analysis. — syn'the-sist (-sist), n. 
syn'the-size (-sTz), v. t.; -sized (-sTzd) ; -siz'ing (-sizing). 

1. To combine by synthesis ; unite. 2. To produce by syn- 
thesis ; as, to synthesize albumin. 

syn-thet'ic (sln-thet'Ik)la. [Gr. <tw0€tik6s.] 1. Of , pert. 

syn-thet'i-cal (-i-kdl) / to, or consisting in, synthesis ; — 
contrasted with analytic. 2. a Chem. Of, pert, to, or 
formed by, artificial synthesis ; as, synthetic camphor, b 
Philol. Pert, to or designating a language characterized by 
synthesis ; inflectional ; — disting. from analytic. 



synthetic philosophy, the philosophy of Herbert Spen- 
cer ; — so named by him as being an attempt to combine 
all the sciences into a connected whole. 

syn-thet'i-cal-ly, adv. In a synthetic manner. 

syn-ton'ic (sln-ton'Ik), a. Physics. Of or pert, to syntony. 
— syn-ton'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. — syn-ton'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syn'to-nize (sin'to-nlz), v. L; -nized (-nlzd); -niz'ing 
(-niz'Ing). [See syntony.] Physics. To adjust to a cer- 
tain wave length ; tune ; specif., to put (two or more instru- 
ments or systems of wireless telegraphy) in syntony with 
each other. — syn'to-ni-za'tion (-nl-za'shwn ; -nl-za'- 
shwn), n. — syn'to-niz'er (-niz'er), n. 

syn'tq-ny (sln'to-nl), n. [See syn- ; tone.] Physics. State 
of being adjusted to a certain wave length ; agreement or 
tuning between the time period of an apparatus emitting 
electric oscillations and that of a receiving apparatus, esp. 
in wireless telegraphy. 

sy'pher (sl'fer), v. t. Carp. To overlap the chamfered edges 
of (planks, etc.) to make a flush joint, as for a bulkhead. 

syph'i-lis (sif'i-Ks), n. [F. & NL., fr. Syphilus, name of a 
shepherd in Fracastoro's "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," 
a Latin poem published in 1530.] Med. A contagious vene- 
real disease marked by structural lesions ; pox. 

syph/i-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a. Med. Of, pert, to, or affected with, 
syphilis. — n. A person affected with syphilis. 

Syphl-lol'CKgy (-lol'6-ji), n. [syphilis + •logy.'] Medical 
knowledge of syphilis. — sypM-loPo-gist (-jist), n. 

Syr/i-ac (sir'i-ak), a. [L. Syriacus.~] Of or pert, to Syria 
or its language. — n. An Aramaic dialect spoken in Edessa 
and western Mesopotamia, where it flourished until the 
13th century. Its chief literary monument is the Peshitta. 

Syr'i-an (-an), a. Pertaining to Syria or the Syrians; 
Syriac. — n. 1. A native of Syria, esp. a native Semite. 2. 
A member of the Syrian Christian Church. 

Sy-rin'ga (si-rir/gd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. <rvpty%, ovpiyyos, 
shepherd's pipe, tube ; — its stems were formerly used as 
pipe stems.] Any of a genus (Philadelphus) of garden 
shrubs, of the saxifrage family, having white or cream-col- 
ored, often fragrant, flowers ; the mock orange. 

syr'inge (sir'inj), n. [Gr. <rvpiy£, appiyyos, pipe, tube.] 
l.A kind of small hand pump for injecting liquids into 
animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc. 2. A device for a 
similar purpose, as a rubber bag, connected with a nozzle 
by a long tube. — v. t. ; -inged (-injd) ; -ing-ing (-m-jing). 
To inject, or wash and clean, by means of a syringe. 

sy-rin'ge-al (si-rin'je-al), a. Of or pert, to the syrinx. 

syr'inx (sir'irks), n.; pi. syringes (si-rin'jez). [NL., fr. 
Gr. cvpiy£ a pipe.] 1. Music. A Panpipe. 2. The vocal or- 
gan of birds. It is a special modification of the lower part of 
the trachea or of the bronchi or of both. 

syr'phid (sur'fid), n. A syrphus fly. — syr'phid, a. 

syr'phus fly (sur'fus). [NL. Syrphus, the generic name.] 
Any of a large family {Syrphidse) of dipterous flies. The 
larvae of many species prey on plant lice. 

syr'up (sTr'wp), syr'up-y (-1). Vars. of sirup, sirupy. 

sys-tal'tic (sis-tal'tik), a. [L. systalticus drawing to- 
gether, Gr. owtciXtikos, fr. avarkWeiv to draw together.] 
Physiol. Capable of, or taking place by, alternate contrac- 
tion and dilatation ; as, the systaltic action of the heart. 

sys'tem (sis'tem), n. [L. systema, Gr. avarrina, fr. aw 
iGTavai to place together, avv + laravai to place.] 1. An 
assemblage of objects united by regular interaction or inter- 
dependence; an organic whole; as, the solar system; a 
system oi railroads. 2. Hence : the whole scheme of 
created things ; the universe. 3. An assemblage of objects 
arranged in regular subordination, after some distinct 
method or plan ; a complete exhibition of essential prin- 
ciples or facts arranged in a rational connection; as, a 
system of philosophy, government, or botany. 4. A scheme 
for interrelating things; mode of operation governed by 
general laws; as, a system of classification. 5. Regular 
method or order ; f ormal^ arrangement ; orderliness ; as, to 
have system in one's business. 6. Biol. A group of organs 
which esp. contributes toward one of the more important 
and complex vital functions ; as, the nervous system. 7. The 
body considered as a functional unit. — Syn. See order. 

sys'tem-at'ic (-at'ik) 1 a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or con- 

sys'tem-at'i-cal (-i-kal)J sisting in, or of the nature of, a 
system. 2. Proceeding according to system, or regular 
method ; methodical. — sys'tem-at'i-cal-ly, adv. 
systematic botany, s. zoology, those branches of botany 
and zoology respectively which pertain to classification. 

sys'tem-aPics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The science of classifica- 
tion ; classificatory method ; also, classification ; taxonomy. 

sys'tem-a-tism (sls'tem-d-tlz'm), n. The reduction of 
facts or principles to a system. 

sys'tem-a-tist (-tlst), n. 1. One who forms or adheres to a 
system. 2. Nat. Hist. A taxonomist. 

sys'tem-a-tize (-tlz), v. t. ; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'ing. To re- 
duce to system or method ; methodize. — sys'tem-a-ti-za'- 
tion (-tl-za'slvun ; -ti-za'shun), n. — sys'tem-a-tiz'er, n. 



oj'iiuui-oio , iiAui_*_i.i^iicii , i_iui,irj&. uuni i*ii>i&&£/i/(/o. i uuii v~*-i-^a miuii , -ii-ia snail/, /&. oyo itiu-a u£i ^i, tt/% 

ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, ftrn, up, cirews, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinsg, jsjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



SYSTEMATOLOGY 



977 



TABU 



Sys'tem-a-tol'O-gy (-tol'o-jT), n. [Gr. avvrrifia, <rvtTrfina- 

tos, system + -logy.'] Doctrine or science of systems. 
Sys-tem'ic (sis-tem'Tk), a. 1. Of, relating to, or common 

to, a system. 2 Physiol. Of or pertaining to the general 

system, or the body as a whole. 
sys'tem-ize (sis'tem-Tz), v.t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To 

systematize. i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn ; -I-za'shwn), n. 

sys'to-le (sis'to-le), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 0WT0X17, deriv. fr. abv 

with -+■ orkWeiv to place.] 1. Gram. Shortening of a long 

syllable, as for metrical convenience ; — opp. to diastole. 

2. Physiol. & Biol. The contraction of the heart and ar- 



teries by which the blood is forced onward ; — correlative 
to diastole. — sys-tol'ic (sis-tol'Ik), a. 

Syz'y-get'ic (siz'I-jet'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or constituting, 
a syzygy. — syz'y-get'i-cal-ly, adv. 

syz'y-gy (siz'I-ji), n. ; pi. -gies (-jTz). [L. syzygia conjunc- 
tion, Gr. crv^vyta; chv with + feiryjwai to join, %vy6v 
yoke.] 1. Astrqn._ The point of an orbit, as of that of the 
moon, at which it is in conjunction or opposition ; — usu- 
ally used in pi. 2. Gr. & Lat. Pros. A group of two coupled 
feet; — applied by some to a dipody, but by others restricted 
to a combination of different feet. 



T(te) ; pi. T's or Ts (tez). 1. The twentieth letter of the 
English alphabet, in value a voiceless consonant usually 
classed as a dental. Its voiced correlative is d. With the 
letter h it forms the digraph th, which has two distinct in- 
terdental sounds, as in thin, then. See Guide to Pron., § 
82. T derives its name from the Latin, and its form from 
the Pbcenicianthrough the Greek and the Latin, the ulti- 
mate origin being perhaps Egyptian. It is etymologically 
most nearly related to d, s, th; as in tug, duke ; two, dual, 
L. duo ; resin, L. resina, Gr. p-qriurj ; tenuous, thin. 2. As a 
symbol (no period), used to denote or indicate : The nine- 
teenth or (cf. K, 2) twentieth in a series, order, or class ; 
also, the numeral nineteen (or twenty). 3. As a medieval 
Roman numeral, T stands for 160, and T for 160,000. 

T (te), n.; pi. T's or Ts (tez). 1. The letter T, t, or its 
sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter T. 
to a T, perfectly ; precisely ; exactly ; as, it suits me to a T. 

T, a. Having a shape or a cross section like the letter T; 
as, T bar or T-bar, T beam, T iron, T pipe, T rail, etc. 
T square, a ruler having a crosspiece at one end, for mak- 
ing parallel lines ; — so called from its shape. 

't. Contraction of it ; — sometimes in obs., colloq.. or dial, 
use joined with the following verb without apostrophe. 

tab (tab), n. 1. A small flap, tag, or the like, as to a gar- 
ment. 2. Account ; reckoning ; as, to keep tab. Colloq. 

tab'ard (tab'drd), n. [OF.] 1. A coarse short outer coat 
with loose sleeves, or sleeveless, 
for outdoor wear. 2. A kind of 
mantle worn by knights over 
the armor, and blazoned with 
the bearer's arms. Now Hist. 

3. A herald's official garment, a 
mantle blazoned with the sover- 
eign's arms. 

ta-bas'co (td-bas'ko), n. [From 

Tabasco, a river and state of 

Mexico.] A pungent sauce made 

from capsicum berries. 
tab'by (tab'I), n.; pi. -bees (-iz). 

[F. tabis, fr. Ar. 'attabi, prop. 

name of a quarter of Bagdad 

where it was made.] 1. A kind 

of taffeta silk, usually called 

watered silk; also, a watered 

worsted material, as a moreen. 

2. A brindled domestic cat ; pop- 
ularly, any domestic cat. 3. An old maid or gossip. Colloq. 

— a. 1. Made of or like tabby ; of a wavy or watered appear- 
ance. Archaic. 2. Brindled ; as, a tabby cat. 

— v. t. ; tab'bied (-id) ; tab'by-ing. To water by calender- 
ing ; calender ; as, to tabby silk. 

ta'ber (ta'ber), n. Var. of tabor. 

tab'er-na-cle (tab'er-na-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. tabernaculum, 
dim. of taberna hut.] X, A slightly built or temporary 
habitation or shelter ; tent. 2. Hence : a habitation ; esp., 
the human body as a temporary abode of the soul. 3. 
Jewish Antiq. A tent, in the form of a wooden framework 
covered with curtains, carried through the wilderness, in 
the Exodus, as a place of sacrifice and worship. Ex. xxvi. 

4. Hence, a Jewish temple. 5. A place of worship ; — orig. 
used derogatively of the meeting places of dissenters in 
England. Now, esp., a church with a very large auditorium. 
6. A small cell or receptacle to hold a holy or preciousthing, 
as an ornamental receptacle for the pyx, a canopied niche or 
recess, as for the image of a saint, etc. — tab'er-nac'u-lar 
(tab'er-nak'u-ldr), a. 

ta'bes (ta'bez), n. [L.] Med. a Progressive emaciation, 
with hectic fever, b = tabes dorsalis. — ta-bet'ic (td- 
bet'ik ; -be'tik), a. & n. [locomotor ataxia.) 

U ta'bes dor-sa'lis (dor-sa'lis) [NL., tabes of the back],| 

ta-bes'cent (td-bes'ent), o. [L. tabescens wasting, p. pr. of 
tabescere.] Wasting away. — ta-bes'cence (-ens), n. 

ta'ble (ta'b'l), n. [F., fr. L. tabula board, tablet, painting.] 
I. A relatively smooth flat surface or thin slab ; a plate ; 




King Richard ill., of 
England, in a Tabard (2). 



slab ; panel. 2. A smooth, flat surface, or tablet, on which 
an inscription, drawing, etc., may be produced. 3. In pi. 
Backgammon. Obs. 4. An article of furniture having a 
smooth flat top fixed on legs. 5. Hence : food put on a table 
to be eaten ; fare ; as, to set a good table. 6. The company 
assembled round a table, as for eating, discussion, etc. 7. A 
table-land. 8. The upper facet of a faceted gem, esp. of a 
brilliant. 9. Arch. A stringcourse including an offset ; esp., 
a band of stone or the like set where an offset is required, so 
as to make it decorative. 10. Palmistry. Palm of the hand ; 
arrangement of the lines on the palm. 11. A condensed tab- 
ulated statement ; synopsis ; scheme ; as, a table of contents. 
12. Any collection and arrangement (generally in parallel 
columns) in condensed form of statistics, data, etc. 

— v. t. ; -bled (ta/b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 1. To lay or place 
on a table, as money. 2. To lay (a motion, etc.) on the table. 
3. To tabulate. Obs. 

tableau (tab'lo ; ta/blo'), n.; pi. -leatjx (tab'loz ; ta'blo'), 
sometimes E., -leaus (-loz). [F., dim. fr. L. tabula a paint- 
ing.] A vivid representation ; picture ; specif., a representa- 
tion of some scene by the appropriate grouping of persons. 

ta'ble-cloth' (ta'b'l-kloth' ; 62), n. A cloth for covering a 
table, esp. before the dishes, etc., are set on for meals. 

|| ta'ble d'hSte' (ta'bl' dot') ; pi. tables d'hote (ta'bl'). 
[F., lit., table of the landlord.] 1. A common table for 
guests at a hoteL 2. Commonly, a meal in a restaurant, 
etc., at a fixed price ; an ordinary. Cf. A la carte. 

ta'ble-land' (ta'b'1-land 7 ), n. A broad, level, elevated area ; 
plateau. 

ta'ble-spoon' (ta'b'l-spobn'), n. The largest spoon in com- 
mon use at table, holding half a fluid ounce, thus having 
about four times the capacity of a teaspoon and twice that 
of a dessert spoon. 

ta'ble-spoon-ful (-fool), n.; pi. -fuls (-foblz). As much as 
a tablespoon will hold ; half a fluid ounce (about 14§ c.c). 

tab'let (tab'let ; 24), n. [OF. tablete, dim. of table table.] 
1. A small table ; a small flat surface or slab ; esp., a flat 
piece on which to write, paint, draw, etc. 2. Hence, a rela- 
tively thin flat panel or the like inscribed, painted, or en- 
graved. 3. One of a set of leaves or sheets, as of ivory, fas- 
tened together and used for memoranda, etc. ; also, such a 
set ; hence, a collection of sheets of paper, like a pad, but fas- 
tened at the top only. 4. A flattishcake or piece ; as, tab- 
lets of chocolate. 5. Pharm. A solid kind of electuary or 
confection, usually in little flat squares ; — called also 
lozenge and, esp. when of a round or rounded form, troche. 

ta'ble- ware' (ta'b'1-war'), n. Ware, or articles collectively, 
for table use. 

tab'loid (tab'loid), n. A compressed portion of one or more 
drugs or chemicals or of food, etc. 
%W Tabloid is a trade-mark name. 

— a. Compressed or condensed, as into a tabloid ; adminis- 
tered in or as in tabloids. 

ta-boo', ta-bu' (td-bob'), a. [Polynesian tapu sacred, pro- 
hibited.] 1. Set apart or sacred by religious custom, or 
forbidden to certain persons or uses ; subject to a taboo. 2. 
Fjg., forbidden by social usage ; as, slang is taboo in formal 
discourse. — n. ; pi. -boos, -bus (-bboz'). 1. A sacred inter- 
diction on the use of certain things or the performance of 
certain actions, commonly imposed by chiefs or priests, 
as among most races of low culture. 2. The system of 
interdicting by taboos, most highly developed among the 
Polynesians. 

— v. t. To place under taboo ; prohibit. 

ta'bor, ta'bour (ta'ber), n. [OF.] A small drum used as 
an accompaniment to a pipe or fife played by the same per- 
son ; a timbrel. — v. i. 1. To play en a tabor. 2. Fig., to 
strike lightly and frequently. — ta'bor-er, ta'bour-er, n. 

tab'0-ret (tab'6-ret), tab'OU-ret (tab'oo-), ». [F. tabouret.'] 
1. A small tabor. 2. A seat without arms or back ; a stool ; 
also, a small stand of similar form. 3. An embroidery frame. 

tab'o-rine' (tab'6-ren' ; tab'5-ren'), tab'ou-rine' (tab'oo-; 
tab'oo-), n. [OF. tabourin.] A small, shallow drum ; tabor. 

ta-bu'. Var. of taboo. 




i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation^ 
explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign. Word. + combined with. =. equals. 



N 



TABULAR 



978 



XffiNIA 







R 



tab'u-lar (tab'u-ldr), a. [L. tabularis, fr. tabula board, 
table.] 1. Having the form of, or pert, to, a table ; as, a 
tabular rock ; tabular statistics. 2. Derived from, or com- 
puted by, the use of tables ; as, tabular calculations. 

tab'u-lar-ize (-Iz), v. t.j -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'mg). To 
tabulate. — tab'u-lar-i-za'tion (-l-za'shun ; -I-za/shun), n. 

tab'u-late (-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. ta- 
bula table.] 1. To shape with a flat surface ; make tabular. 
2. To form into a table, or synopsis ; reduce to tables. — 
(-lat), a. 1. Shaped like a table ; tabular. 2. Having trans- 
verse septa. — tab'u-la'tion (-la'shim), n. 

tab'u-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, tabulates ; 
specif., a typewriter attachment for tabulating figures, etc. 

tac'a-Kia-hac' (tak'd-md-haV) \ n. [Mex. tecoma hiyac, 

tac'a-ma-hac'a (-hak'd) h _ J lit., stinking copal.] An 
aromatic oleoresin used in ointments and plasters and as 
incense ; also, any tree yielding it, as the balsam poplar 
(Populus balsamifera). 

tace (tas), n. Armor. One of a series of steel splints form- 
ing a short skirt. See armor, Illust. 

ta'cet (ta'set), v. impers. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of tacere 
to be silent.] Music. Lit., it is silent; — a direction for a 
part to be silent through a movement. 

tacll, tache (tach), n. [OF. tache a fastening, nail.] That 
by which a thing is attached, as a buckle or clasp. Archaic. 

tach'e-om/e-ter (tak'e-om'e-ter), n. [See tachometer.] 

1. Surv. = tachymeter, 1. 2. = tachometer. 
tach ; i-ol (tak'i-ol; -ol), n. Fluoride of silver, used as an 

antiseptic and a germicide. 
ta-chis'to-scope (td-kis'to-skop), n. [Gr. raxio-Tos, superl. 

of raxvs swift + -scope.'] Psychol. An 

apparatus for exposing briefly to view a 

screen bearing letters or figures, used in 

studying range of attention, etc. 
tach'O-graph (tak'6-graf), n. [Gr. raxos 

speed + -graph.] A recording or regis- 
tering tachometer; also, its autographic 

record. 
ta-chom'e-ter (td-kom'e-ter), n. _ [Gr. 

t&xos swiftness, speed (fr. raxvs quick) + 

-meter.] Any of various instruments for 

measuring velocity or changes of velocity, 

as of running water, the blood, etc. ; a 

tachymeter. — ta-chom'e-try (-tri), n. 
tach'y- (tak'i-). Combining form from 

Greek raxvs, quick, swift. 
tach'y -graph (tak'I-graf), n. An example 

of tachygraphy ; esp., an ancient Greek 

or Roman tachygraphic manuscript. 
ta-chyg'ra-phy (td-kig'rd-fi), n. Art or 

practice of rapid writing ; shorthand 

writing ; stenography, esp. that of the Tacmstoscope. 

ancient Greeks and Romans. — ta-chyg'ra-pher (-fer), n. 

— tach'y-graph'ic (tak'i-graf'ik), tach'y-graph'i-cal, a. 
tach'y-lyte (tak'i-llt), n. Also tach'y -lite, [tachy- + Gr. 

\veiv to dissolve.] Petrog. A basaltic glass, formerly 
regarded as a mineral ; — so called because decomposable 
by acids and readily fusible. — tach'y-lyt'ic (-lit'ik), a. 

ta-chym'e-ter (td-kim'e-ter), n. 1. Surveying. An in- 
strument, esp. a transit or theodolite with stadia wires, for 
determining quickly the distances, bearings, and elevations 
of distant objects. 2. A tachometer. — ta-chym'e-try 
(-tri), n. — tach'y-met'ric (tak'i-met'nk), a. 

tac/it (tas'it), a. [L. tacitus, p. p. of tacere to be silent, 
pass over in silence.] 1. Silent. Rare. 2. Done or made in 
silence ; implied, but not expressed ; as, tacit consent. 3. 
Law. Arising without express contract or agreement ; aris- 
ing by operation of law. — tac'it-ly, adv. — tac'it-ness, n. 

tac'i-turn (-T-turn), a. [L. taciturnus.] Habitually silent ; 
not given to conversation. — Syn. Reserved. See silent. 

— tac'i-turn-ly, adv. [in speaking. 
tac'i-tur'ni-ty (-tur'ni-ti), n. Habitual silence, or reserve! 
tack (tak ; dial, also tak), n. Food ; esp. bread ; — often 

depreciatory. Cf. hard-tack. Naval & Army Slang. 
tack (tak), n. [ME. tak, takke, a fastening.] 1. A small, 
short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad, flat head. 

2. Naut. a A rope used to hold in place the lower corner of 
a course, the outer lower corner of a studding sail, or the 
forward lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail, b The corner 
of a sail to which a tack is fastened, c The direction of a 
vessel in regard to the trim of her sails ; as, on the starboard 
tack, she has the wind on her starboard side ; hence, the run 
of a vessel on one tack or a change from starboard to port 
tack or vice versa. 3. A course or method of action ; as, to 
change one's tack. 

*— v. t. 1. To fasten or attach by tacks. 2. Hence : to attach 
or secure in a slight or hasty manner ; fasten ; attach ; as, 
to tack, or baste together, two pieces of cloth. 3. In parlia- 
mentary usage, to add, as a rider, to a bill ; append. 4. 
English Law. To unite or join (securities given at different 
times) so as to prevent a person having intermediate securi- 





Tackles. 1 
Gun; 2 Luff. 



ties or rights from claiming a title to redeem or otherwise 
discharge one or more prior ones without also redeeming or 
discharging one or more subsequent ones united to the 
prior ones. 5. Naut. To change the direction of (a vessel) 
when sailing close-hauled, by putting the helm alee and 
shifting the sails. — v. i. Naut. To tack a vessel ; also (of a 
vessel), to have her tack changed. See tack, v. t., 5, & n., 
2 c. — tack'er, n. 

tack'le (tak''l), n. _ [ME. takel.] 1. An assemblage of ropes 
and pulleys for hoisting or pulling. 2. Appa- 
ratus ; equipment ; gear. 3. Act of tackling, 
or seizing and holding or stopping, as in foot- ,. 
ball ; a grasp ; hold. 4. Amer. Football. One 1' 
of two players, right tackle and left tackle, 
whose position is between guard and end 
rush. 5. Naut. The rigging of a ship ; usu- 
ally, the running rigging, or ropes, pulleys, 
etc., used in working the ship. 

— v. t. ; -led (takHd) ; -ling (-ling). 1. To 
secure with or as with tackle. Obs. or Dial. 
2. To seize ; grapple ; specif., Amer. Foot- 
ball, to seize and hold or stop (an opponent 
having the ball). 3. Hence : to attempt ; to 
undertake to do, conquer, etc. ; as, to tackle a 
problem. Colloq. • — v. i. Amer. Football. 
To make a tackle. See tackle, n., 3. — tack'- 
ler (-ler), n.^ 

tackling (-ling), n. Gear; equipment. Rare. 

tack'y (-1), a.; tack'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. 
Sticky; adhesive; — said of paint, glue, etc. 

tac'ma-hack. Var. of tacamahac. 

tact (takt), n. [L. tactus touch, fr. tangere, tactum, to 
touch.] 1. A touch. 2. The sense of touch ; feeling. Now 
Rare. 3. Sensitive mental perception ; nice discernment of 
the best course of action under given conditions ; esp., abil- 
ity to deal with others without giving offense ; address. 
Syn. Tact, address. Tact implies delicate, sympathetic 
perception, esp. of what is fit, graceful, or considerate ; ad- 
dress emphasizes more especially skill and adroitness in 
meeting the requirements of a situation ; as, Queen Eliza- 
beth's political tact was unerring ; he supports his position 
with great address. 

tact'ful (takt'fool), a. Having much tact or address. — 
tact'f ul-ly, adv. — tact'ful-ness, n. 

tac'ti-cal (tak'ti-kdl), a. Of or pert, to military or naval 
tactics ; pert, to, or marked by, planning or maneuvering. 
tactical unit, Mil., the organization which is made the 
basis of tactical instruction, as the battalion of infantry, 
squadron of cavalry, and battalion of field artillery. It is 
theoretically the largest body of men that can be directly 
commanded by the voice or signals of a single commander. 

tac-ti'cian (tak-tish'dn), n. One versed in tactics. 

tac'tics (tak'tiks), n. (See -ics.) [Gr. tolktiko., pi., and ra/c- 
Ti/o7 (sc. Texvri), sing., fr. tclktikos fit for arranging, raatreiv 
to arrange.] Mil. & Nav. 1. Art of handling or using troops 
or ships in battle or in the presence of the enemy. 2. Hence : 
any method of procedure ; esp., adroit devices or expedients 
to accomplish an end. 

tac'tile (tak'til), a. [L. tactilis tangible, fr. tangere, tac- 
tum, to touch.] 1. Of or pert, to the organs or sense of 
touch; as, tactile sensations. 2. Tangible ; as, tactile 
qualities. — n. Psychol. A person, considered as a type of 
motile, whose prevailing mental imagery is intimately asso- 
ciated with sensations of touch. 

tac-til'i-ty (tak-til'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being tac- 
tile ; perceptibility by touch. 

tac'tion (tak'shiin), n. [L. tactio.] Touch ; contact. 

tact'less, a. Without tact ; characterized by want of tact. 
— tact'less-ly, adv. — tact'less-ness, n. 

tac-tom'e-ter (tak-tom'e-ter), n. [L. tactus sense of touch 
-f- -meter.] Physiol. An instrument for testing and meas- 
uring the acuteness of the sense of touch. 

tac'tu-al (tak'tu-dl), a. Of or pert, to the sense or organs of 
touch ; derived from, or producing the sensation of, touch. 

tad'pole' (tad'polO, n. [ME. tadde toad (AS. tadie, tadige) 
+ Voll; im ^ ^2^^ 3 4 

prop., a 
toad all 
head.] 
A n a- 
quatic, 
imma- 
ture or Tadpoles of Frog. 1 Eggs ; 2 Young Larva ; 3-6 
larval Tadpoles in Successive Stages of Development, 
stage of most amphibians, during which they have gills and 
a long tail. 

tael (tal), n. [Malay tahil.] 1. A weight of eastern Asia, 
varying from 1 to 2| ounces avoirdupois (28-70 grams). 2. 
A Chinese money of account, the value of a tael of silver. 

taen (tan). Short for taken. Chiefly Dial, or Poetic. 

tse'ni-a (te'ni-d), n. ; pi. -nee (-e). [L., ribbon, tapeworm, 
fr. Gr. raiula.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A headband; fillet. 2. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd^ eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, naerui; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



T-ENIACIDE 



979 



TAKE 



Arch. The fillet, or band, at the bottom of a Doric frieze, 
separating it from the architrave. 3. A tapeworm. 4. Anat. 
A band ; a structural line ; — applied to the bands of nerv- 
ous matter in the brain and the longitudinal muscles of the 
large intestine. 

tae'ni-a-cide' (te'ni-d-sld'), n. Also te'ni-a-cide'. [taenia 
+ -cide, 1.] Med. A remedy to destroy tapeworms. 

tae'ni-a-fuge' (-fuj 7 ), n. Also te'ni-a-fuge'. [tsenia + L. 
fugare to drive away.] Med. A remedy to expel tapeworms. 

tse-ni'a-sis (te-nl'd-sTs), n. Also te-ni'a-sis. [NL. ; taenia 
-\-gasis.~] Med. Ill health due to taeniae, or tapeworms. 

taPfa-rel (taf'd-rel), taf'fer-el (-er-el). Vars. of taffrail. 

taf'fe-ta (taf'e-td), n. [F. taffetas, It. taffetta, fr. Per. taf- 
tah, orig., twisted, woven.] A fine smooth silk fabric of 
even texture, having a luster ; also, any of various kinds of 
silk or linen goods. 

taf'fe-ty (taf'e-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Taffeta. 

taffrail (taf'ral), n. [D. tafereel a panel, picture, fr. tafel 
table, L. tabula."] Naut. a The upper part of a ship's stern. 
06s. or Rare, b The rail around a ship's stern. 

taffy (-1), n. 1. A candy made of molasses or brown sugar 
boiled down, often with butter. 2. Flattery. Colloq. 

tag (tag), n. 1. A slight flap, tab, etc., forming an append- 
age ; specif. : a A card or label for appending to a package. 
b A loose end, rag, or tatter, as of clothing, c An unessen- 
tial addition, as to a play, a book, etc. 2. The end, or catch- 
word, of an actor's speech ; cue. -3. A metallic binding or 
point, at the end of a string or lace, to stiffen it. 
tag and rag, or tag, rag, and bobtail, the rabble. 

~ v. t.; tagged (tagd) ; tag'ging. 1. To fit with a tag or 
tags ; append a tag or tags to. 2. To attach a tag, or label, 
to, as to a box or package. 3. To follow closely after ; as, 
a dog tags his mistress. Colloq. — v. i. To follow closely ; 
— used with after, at, around, along, etc. Colloq. 

tag, n. A child's game in which one, designated as "it," 
runs after others until he touches, or tags, one, who in turn 
becomes "it. " — v. t. To touch in or as in the game of tag. 

Ta-gal' (ta-gal'), n. 1. One of a Malayan race, next to the 
Visayans the most numerous native people of the Philip- 
pine Islands. 2. = Tagalog, 2. 

Ta-ga'log (ta-ga'log), n. 1. A Tagal. 2. The language of 
the Tagalogs, one of the most developed of the Malayo- 
Polynesian languages. It now employs a Roman alphabet. 

tag day. A day on which contributions to some charity or 
fund are solicited promiscuously on the street, and tags 
r.re given to identify contributors. 

tag'ger (tag'er), n. 1. One who tags. 2. In pi. Very thin 
sheet metal, as thin tin plate. 

Ta-hi'ti-an (ta-he'tf-an), a. Of or pert, to Tahiti, its inhab- 
itants, or their language. — n. One of the native Polyne- 
sians of Tahiti, a people noted for fine physique and intelli- 
gence ; also, their language. 

Tai (ta'e), a. Designating, or pert, to, the chief linguistic 
stock of Indo-China, including the peoples of Siamese and 
Shan speech. — n. A member of one of the tribes of the 
Tai stock. 

tail (tai), a. [Prob. fr. OF. taillie, p. p. of taillier to cut, 
also to decide, fix, settle ; cf . LL. talliare to cut, limit by 
certain conditions, to entail, as land, taliare to cut.] Law. 
Limited ; abridged ; curtailed ; entailed. — n. Law. Limi- 
tation ; abridgment ; entail. 

tail, n. [AS. tsegel, tseglT] 1. The rear end, or a process or 
prolongation of the rear end, of the body of an animal. 2. 
Formerly, in Turkey, a horsetail carried before a pasha as a 
mark of rank ; as, a pasha of one, two, or three tails. 3. 
Any long flexible terminal appendage ; an appendage sug- 
gestive of the tail of an animal, etc. ; as, the tail of a coat, 
kite, comet. 4. The back, last, lower, or inferior part ; the 
part opposed to the head or front ; end ; rear ; specif. : a The 
lower part of a stream of water, as that which flows from a 
mill wheel after turning it. b [Often in pi.] The side of a 
coin opposite to that bearing the head, effigy, or date ; the 
reverse ; — chiefly used in heads or tails. 5. a A long braid 
or tress of hair ; a cue. b A line of persons waiting ; a cue. c 
A retinue. 6. Aeronautics. In flying machines, a plane or 
group of planes used at the rear to give automatic stability. 

— ■ v. t. 1. To make or furnish with a tail ; also, to follow like 
a tail. 2. To join to or constitute the end of ; as, to tail a 
procession ; also, to join on at the end or tail ; as, to tail one 
w r ord to another. 3. Arch. To fasten by one of the ends into 
a wall or other support ; — used with in or on ; as, to tail in 
a timber. — v. i. 1. Arch. To hold by the end ; — said of a 
timber when its end is built into a support ; — used with in 
or into. 2. Naut. To swing, or lie, with the stern in a cer- 
tain direction ; — said of a vessel at anchor. 3. To form a 
tail, appendage, etc. 

tail'— bay', n. 1. Arch. The bay or division of a framed 
floor or roof which is next the end wall, so that its joists rest 
one end on the wall and the other on a girder ; also, the space 
between a wall and the nearest girder of a floor. Cf . case- 
bay. 2. The part of a canal lock below the lower gates. 



tail'board' (tal'bord' ; 57), n. The board at the rear end of 
a cart or wagon, which can be removed or let down. 

tail coverts. The feathers which cover the bases of the tail 
quills. See poultry, Illust. 

tail'ing, n. 1. Arch. The part of a projecting stone or brick 
inserted in a wall. 2. In pi. The refuse or residue in various 
operations, as in threshing, gold mining, distilling, etc. 

tail'less (tal'les), a. Not having a tail. 

tai'lor (ta'ler) ; n. [OF. tailleor, fr. taillier to cut, LL. ta- 
liare.] One whose occupation is to cut out and make men's 
or women's outer garments. — v. i. To follow the business 
of a tailor. — tai'ior-ess, n. fern. 

tailor bird. Any of numerous Asiatic, East Indian, and 
African birds (genus Sutoria) of the warbler group, which 
stitch leaves together to support and hide their nests. 

tai'lor-made', a. Made by a tailor or according to a tailor's 
fashion ; — used specif, of women's garments made with a 
certain closeness of fit, simplicity of ornament, etc. 

tail'piece^tal'pes'), n. 1. A piece added at the end ; append- 
age. 2. Arch. A relatively shorter beam or rafter tailed in 
a wall and supported by a header. See header, Illust. 3. 
Print. An ornament at the bottom of a short page or at the 
end of a book. 4. A triangular piece, as of ebony, fixed to 
the lower end of a violin or the like, to which the strings are 
fastened. 

tail'race' (tal'ras'), n. 1. The part of a mill race below the 
wheel. 2. Mining. The channel in which tailings, in water, 
are carried off. 

tail'stock' (tal'stok'), n. Mach. The adjustable or sliding 
headstock of a lathe, containing the dead center. 

taint (tant), v. t. [F. teint, p. p. of teindre to dye, tinge, L. 
tingere, tinctum.] 1. To color ; tinge ; more broadly, to 
affect. Obs. _ 2. To imbue or impregnate with something 
odious or poisonous ; hence : to infect ; poison ; specif., to 
affect with putrefaction. 3. To contaminate morally ; de- 
file ; corrupt ; stain. — Syn. Pollute, vitiate, contaminate. 

— v. i. To be or become tainted. 

— n. 1. Tincture ; hue ; color. Obs. 2. A spot or stain ; 
hence : trace ; tinge ; as, a taint of morbidness in his nature ; 
esp., blemish ; stain of disgrace. 3. A corrupting tinge or 
trace ; infection ; as, the taint of evil companions. 

Tapping' (tl'ping'), a. [Chin, t'ai p'ing great peace.] 
Chinese Hist. Pert, to or designating a dynasty with which 
Hung-Siu-Chuen, a religious and political enthusiast, at- 
tempted to supplant the Manchu dynasty by means of the 
Taiping rebellion, incited by him in 1850 and suppressed 
by General Gordon about 1864. 

take (tak), v. t.; pret. took (took) ; p. p. tak'en (tak''n) ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. TAK'rNG (tak'ing). [AS. tacan, fr. Scand.] 

I. To lay hold of, as in grasping, seizing, catching, captur- 
ing, adhering to, or the like ; grasp ; seize ; — implying or 
suggesting the use of physical force. 2. To receive into 
one's hold, possession, etc., by a voluntary act, as in eat- 
ing, drinking, boarding a train, purchasing, choosing, etc. ; 
specif. : a To lease ; hire ; rent ; as, to take a cottage ; also, 
to subscribe for ; as, to take a magazine, b To marry ; as, 
to take a wife. 3. To remove ; abstract ; deduct. 4. a To 
withdraw ; retract ; — commonly used with back ; as, to 
take back one's promise, b To remove from life ; hence, in 
the passive : to die ; as, he was taken in the pride of life. C 
To extract ; quote ; as, a line taken from Shelley, d To get 
wrongfully ; steal ; as, he confessed to taking the money, e 
To deduce ; derive (as arguments). 5. a To charm or at- 
tract ; delight ; as, to take one's fancy, b To use malign in- 
fluence over ; cast a spell on ; infect. 6. To come or fall upon ; 
catch ; as, to be taken unawares ; plague take him. 7. To 
make choice of ; choose ; select ; as, take the road to the 
right ; to take sides. 8. To avail one's self of ; resort to ; as, 
take plenty of time to decide. 9. To require ; demand ; as, it 
takes time to learn. 10. To assume ; adopt ; undertake ; as, 
to take the offensive ; take the veil ; take the blame ; take 
steps ; take charge of a business, etc. ; specif. : a To assume 
as a property or attribute ; as, butter often takes the flavor 
of substances kept near it. b To assume the form or im- 
pression of, as of a mold. C To assume as a right, or preroga- 
tive ; as, I take the liberty of saying ; he took the croftn. 

II. To receive ; accept ; admit ; as, he takes the news ill ; 
specif. : a To contract by infection ; as, to take cold, b To 
understand ; comprehend. C To accept for guidance ; fol- 
low ; as, take my advice, d To undergo ; endure ; as, to 
take treatment for rheumatism ; he will take no affront. 
e To accept the word or the terms of ; close with ; as, to 
take one at his word. 12. To regard ; consider ; as, to take 
men for spies. 13. To observe, fix upon, or ascertain ; as, 
to take one's bearings. 14. To experience ; feel, as pride, 
joy, etc. 15. To convey ; conduct ; carry ; as, to take a child 
home. 16. To make a picture, photograph, or the like, of. 
Colloq. 17. To strike ; hit ; as, he took me in the face. 06s. 
exc. Slang or Dial. 18. To do, make, etc. ; — with an 
object denoting movement or action ; as, to take action, to 
act ; to take a walk, to walk, etc. 

Syn. Take, receive, accept. Take, the general word, 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Emanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. J] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



TAKEDOWN 



980 



TALLAGE 







R 



may or may not imply a tender or offer ; receive does ; to 
accept is to receive with assent or approval, or in the spirit 
or on the terms of the offer. 

to take amiss, orig., to mistake ; now, to impute a wrong 
motive or bad meaning to ; take offense at. — to t. a name 
in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely. — to t. arms, 
to commence war or hostilities. — to t. breath, to stop, as 
from labor, in order to breathe or rest. — to t. down, in a 
fig. use, to abase or humble. — to t. heart, to gain confi- 
dence or courage. — to t. in, in a fig. use, to cheat ; deceive ; 
gull. CoIIoq. — to t. on. a To assume ; arrogate ; as, to 
take on a character or dignity, b To apply or direct to 
(one's self) . C To engage ; hire ; as, to take on more hands. 
d To obtain on credit. — to t. stock, to make an inven- 
tory ; with of, to make an estimate, or ascertain the facts, 
of or in regard to (something). — to t. the field, Mil., to 
enter upon a campaign. — to t. the floor, to rise to make 
an address, motion, or the like. — to t. the veil, Eccl., to 
receive, or assume, a veil in token of retirement from the 
world, as a woman on becoming a nun. — to t. to heart, 
to feel deep concern or grief over. — to t. to task, to call 
to account ; reprove. — to t. to witness, to call to wit- 
ness. — to t. up the gauntlet or glove, to accept a chal- 
lenge. — to t. up the hatchet, to make or declare war ; — 
from the practice of the American Indians. 

— v. i. 1. To lay hold ; fix upon anything ; also, to obtain 
possession ; capture. 2. Law. To receive the title to prop- 
erty ; as, he takes as heir. 3. To resort ; go ; — usually used 
with to; as, they took to the boats. 4. To take effect; 
operate ; act ; as, the vaccination did not take. 5- To charm ; 
as : a To exert a spell. 06s. b To prove attractive or 
pleasing ; as, the play takes well. Colloq. 6. To be, or 
admit of being, taken; specif., to admit of being photo- 
graphed. 06s. or Colloq. 

to take after, to follow ; also, to resemble. — to t. on, to 
be violently affected, as by grief, pain, anger, etc. — to t. 
sick, to become sick. Colloq. — to t. to. a To be disposed 
to ; become attached to ; as, to take to books, b To resort 
to ; betake one's self to ; — used colloq. in phrases as : to t. 
to the brush, to t. to one's heels, to t. to the tall tim- 
ber, to flee. — to t. up with, to lodge, dwell, or consort with. 

— n. 1. Act of taking. 2. That which is taken, as the fish 
captured at one haul. 

take'down/ (tak'doun'), a. Constructed so as to be readily 
taken apart ; as, a takedown rifle. — n. The part of a take- 
down rifle or the like at which or whereby it is taken apart ; 
also, a takedown rifle. 

take'— off', n. 1. An imitation ; esp., a caricature. 2. The 
spot at which one takes off ; the place from which a jumper 
springs. 

tak'er (tak'er), n. One who takes. 

tak'ing (tak'ing), n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
takes. 2. That which is taken or received. 3. Agitation ; 
distress of mind. Colloq. — a. 1. Apt to take ; alluring ; at- 
tractive ; charming ; fetching ; as, a taking manner. Now 
Colloq. 2. Infectious ; contagious ; also, 06s., injurious ; 
noxious. — tak'ing-ly, adv. — tak'ing-ness, n. 

tal'a-ri (tal'd-ri), n. [Ar. \alari K fr. G. thaler. ~\ A silver 
coin and monetary unit of Abyssinia, equivalent to about 
$0.45 ; — called also dollar. 

ta-la'ri-a (td-la'n-d ; 3), n. pi. [L., fr. talaris of the ankles, 
talus ankle.] Class. Myth. Small wings or winged shoes 
fastened to the ankles, esp. of Hermes, or Mercury. 

tal'bot (tol'but), n. [Perh. fr. the Talbot family.] One of 
an extinct breed of dogs, supposed to be the stock from 
which the bloodhound and some other breeds are descended. 

talc (talk), n. [F., fr. Ar. talq.~\ Min. A soft magnesium 
silicate, H2Mg3(Si03)4, of which soapstone and French 
chalk are varieties. Sp. gr., 2.6-2.9. — v. t.; talcked, 
talced (talkt) ; talck'ing, talc'ing (tal'king). To rub or 
treat with talc, as a photographic plate. 

talc'ose (tal'kos) ) a. Min. Pert, to talc ; composed of, 

talc'ous (tal'kus) / containing, or resembling talc. 

tale (tal), n. [AS. talu speech, narrative.] 1. Speech ; talk. 
06s. 2. That which is told ; oral relation ; a rehearsal ; 
narration ; account ; story. 3. A libelous report or piece of 
evil gossip ; as, to tell tales. 4. A reckoning by numbers ; a 
count ; enumeration. 5. A sum ; as, the tale of years. — 
Syn. See story. 

tale'bear'er (-bar'er), n. One who officiously or maliciously 
spreads gossip, scandal, etc. — tale'bear'ing, a. & n. 

tal'ent (tal'ent), n. [OF., fr. L. talentum a talent (sense 1), 
Gr. raXavTov a balance, thing weighed, talent.] 1. An 
ancient weight and money unit. Estimated money values 
of the talent are : Hebrew, gold, $32,640 ; Hebrew, silver, 
$2,176 ; Attic, silver, $1,446. As a weight.the Attic talent 
was about 58 lbs. av. (26 kg.). 2. Inclination ; disposition. 
06s. 3. Natural ability ; preeminent and special aptitude ; 
superior intelligence and ability ; faculty ; as, a man of tal- 
ent. Cf. genius. 4. Collectively, persons of ability or skill ; 
as, he engaged the best talent to sing. 5. Collectively, ha- 
bitual betters on horses, as distinguished from the book- 
makers. Racing Slang. — Syn. Ability, endowment. See 

GENIUS, GIFT. 



[Singhalese tali- 




tal'ent-ed, a. Having talent or talents ; mentally gifted. 

ta'ler. Var. of thaler. 

ta'les (talez), n. pi.; sometimes used as a sing. [From 
tales de circumstantibus, such of the bystanders, in the 
Latih writ for summoning them.] Law. a Persons added 
to a jury, to fill a deficiency, being like, or such as, those 
regularly summoned ; — in Eng., used loosely as a sing, for 
the supply of men thus provided, b [Construed as sing.'] 
The writ summoning them ; as, to pray a tales. 

tales'man (talz'mdn), n. Law. A person summoned as one 
of the tales added to a jury. 

tale'telTer (tal'tel'er), n. One who tells tales or stories ; 
esp., a talebearer; telltale. — tale'telFing, a. & n. 

tal'i-ped(tal'i-ped), n. A clubfooted person. — a. Affected 
with talipes ; clubfooted. 

tal'i-pes (tal'i-pez), n. [NL. ; L. talus ankle + pes, pedis, 
a foot.] Surg. Clubfoot. 

tal'i-pot (tal'i-pot), n., or talipot palm. 
pat palm leaf, fr. Skr. tola palm + pattra 
leaf.] A handsome palm (Corypha um- 
braculifera)^ of Ceylon and tfa-3 Malabar 
coast. Its gigantic fan-shaped leaves are 
used as umbrellas, fans, etc. 

tal'is-man (tal'is-mdn; fll'iz-), n 



■mans (-manz). [Sp.,_ fr. Ar. 
tilism, tilsam, a magical im- 
age, fr. LGr. TeXecrna initi- 
ation, incantation, deriv. of 
Gr. TiKtlv to complete, initi- 
ate.] 1. A figure cut or en- 
graved under certain super- 
stitious observances of the 
heavens and supposed to act as a 
charm. 2. Hence : something that 
produces extraordinary effects, esp. 
in averting or repelling evil ; an amu- 
let ; a charm. 

Syn. Talisman, amulet, charm 
are often interchangeable. But talis- 
man connotes wider and more posi- , 
tive powers than amulet, which ap- % 
plies esp. to an object worn to avert " 
evil ; charm, which may be equiva- 
lent to talisman or amulet, denotes Talipot, t Inflores- 
also a magical combination of words. cence. 

tal'is-man'ic (-man'ik) 1 a. Pert, to, or having the proper- 
taris-man'i-cal (-i-kal) J ties of, a talisman ; magical. 
talk (tok), v. t. 1. To deliver in speech ; speak ; utter. 2. To 
discourse about ; discuss ; as, to talk business ; to talk shop ; 

— often used with over. 3. To speak (a language) freely ; 
as, to talk French. 4. To affect or effect by talking ; as, to 
talk one mad. 5. To consume or spend in talking ; — used 
with away; as, to talk away an evening. — v. i. 1. To 
speak ; esp., to express ideas by spoken words ; converse. 2. 
To communicate by any means ; express ideas, as by speech ; 
as, to talk by signs ; talk of politics. 3. To chatter ; prate. 
4. To confer ; consult ; as, to talk with one's lawyer. 5. To 
make sounds likened to speech. Colloq. 

Syn. Talk, speak, converse. Speak may refer to articu- 
late sounds, however disconnected ; talk implies connected 
colloquy or discourse ; as, he could not speak ; he did not 
care to talk. But speak is also used of relatively weighty or 
formal speech ; talk, of that which is more or less empty or 
frivolous; as, "A fool may talk, but a wise man speaks." 
Converse implies interchange of thoughts and opinions. 
— n. 1. Act of talking; speech; esp., familiar converse; 
conversation. 2. Report ; rumor. 3. Empty verbiage ; as, 
it is mere talk. 4. Subject of discourse ; theme for conversa- 
tion, gossip, etc. ; as, the talk of the town. 5. A conference 
or council. 6. A dialect, tongue, or style of speech. Colloq. 

— Syn. Colloquy, discourse, chat, dialogue, conference, 
communication. 

talk'a-tive (tok'd-tTv), a. Given to talking ; loquacious. — 
talk'a-tive-ly, adv. — talk'a-tive-ness, n. 
Syn. Talkative, loquacious, garrulous, voluble, flu- 
ent, glib. One is talkative who is given to talk ; loqua- 
cious suggests an incessant flow of words ; garrulous im- 
plies prosy, tedious, or rambling loquacity, esp. about triv- 
ial things. Fluent implies readiness of speech ; voluble, 
ease and smoothness ; both words often suggest excessive 
facility. Glib (commonly contemptuous) implies superfi- 
cial or smooth-tongued fluency. 

talk'er (tok'er), n. One who talks ; often, a babbler. 

talk'ing, a. That talks ; able to utter words ; also, talka- 
tive. — n. Discourse ; converse. 

tall (tol), a. 1. Comely ; fine ; excellent. Archaic. 2. Brave ; 
bold. 06s. or R. 3. High of stature. 4. Of a given height ; 
as, a man five feet tall. 5. Colloq. a Lofty ; grandiloquent ; 
also, exaggerated, b Unusual ; fine ; big. — Syn. See high. 

tal'lage (tal'aj), n. [LL. tallagium, talliagium.~\ Eng. 
Feudal Law. A toll, fee, or render paid by a tenant to his 
lord ; hence, an impost or due levied by a lord upon his 
tenants. — v. t. To cause to pay tallage ; tax. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
jise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, Uiin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



TALLBOY 



981 



TANGELO 




Tallboy, 



[F. taille cut, tally, fr. 
piece of wood on which 



tall'boy' (tSl'boiOi n. 1. A highboy. 2. A long sheet-metal 
pipe for a chimney top. 

tall'ish, a. Somewhat tall. 

tal'lith (tal'Ith), to. [NHeb. 
tallith.] Jewish Costume, a A 
tasseled undergarment worn by 
orthodox Jews, covering the 

1 chest and the upper part of the 
back, b A tasseled shawl or 
scarf worn over the head or 
round the shoulders at prayer. 

tall'ness,n. Quality of being tall. 

tal'low (tal'o), to. [ME. taluh, 
ialugh, talgh.] The suet or fat 
of sheep, oxen, etc., extracted 
by melting ; also, any fat resem- 
bling it. — v. t. To smear with 
tallow. — tal'low -y, a. 

tal'ly (tal'T), to.; pi. -lies (-Tz). 
tailler to cut.] 1. Formerly, a 

notches were cut as marks of number or account, esp. one 
of two parts of a stick split lengthwise ; later, one of two 
books, sheets of paper, etc., on which accounts were kept 
correspondingly or in duplicate. 2. Hence, any account or 
score kept by notches or marks, esp. one kept in duplicate. 
3. A notch, mark, or score made on or in a tally. 4. A 
mark connecting a group in counting ; hence, a number as a 
unit of computation. 5. A label, tag, or the like, with 
marks of identification. 6. A counterpart ; mate._ Rare. 

— v. t. ; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. 1. To register on or in a tally. 
2. To reckon ; count. Obs. 3. To score with correspondent 
notches ; hence, to make to correspond, fit, or suit. — v. i. 
1. To make a tally ; score. 2. To correspond ; match. 

tal'ly -ho' (tal'i-ho'),n.;pL-HOS (-hozO. 1. A view halloo ; 
— also used as an inter j. 2. A kind of four-in-hand pleasure 
coach. — v. t. To incite by the cry "Tallyho! " as hounds. 

Tal'mud (tal'mud), to. [Aramaic talmud instruction, doc- 
trine.] The body of Jewish civil and canonical law, con- 
sisting of the combined Mishna, or text, and Gemara, or 
commentary ; also, restrictedly, the Gemara alone. — Tal- 
mud'ic (tal-mud'ik), -i-cal (-l-kal), a. — Tal'mud-ist, to. 

tal'on (tal'wn), to. [F. talon heel, spur, LL. talo, fr. L. talus 
ankle, heel.] The claw of an animal, esp. of a bird of prey. 

Ta'los (ta'los), n. [Gr. TdXws.] Gr. Myth, a An inventor 
slain by his jealous uncle, Daedalus, b A man of brass, 
made by Hephaestus and given by Zeus to Minos, king of 
Crete, to guard that island. He bled to death when Medea 
by magic drew out the nail or plug from his single vein. 

ta'luk (ta'look ; ta-lobk'), n. [Hind, taluk, At. ta'lluq.] 
An estate including subtenants, somewhat like an English 
manor ; esp., a subdivision of a zillah, or revenue district ; a 
collectorate. India. [lus. b The ankle. | 

ta'lus (ta'lus), to. ; pi. tali (-11). [L.] Anat. a The astraga-j 

ta'lus, to. [F.] 1. Geol. Rock debris at the base of a cliff or 
slope. 2. Fort. The slope of the face of a work. 

tam'a-ble (tam'd-b'l), a. Capable of being tamed. 

ta-male (td-ma'le), n. [Amer. Sp. tamal,^ of Mex. origin.] 
A Mexican dish made of crushed maize mixed with minced 
meat, seasoned with red pepper, dipped in oil, and steamed. 

ta'man-dua' (ta'man-dwa'), n. [Tupi tamandud.] An ar- 
boreal anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) of Central and 
South America. 

tam'a-rack (tam'd-rak), to. Any of several American 
larches (esp. Larix 
laricina). 

tam'a-rin (-nn), n. 
[From the native 
name in Cayenne.] 
Any of numerous 
South American 
squirrel-like marmo- 
sets (genus Leonto- 
cebus) having elon- 
gate canine teeth, 
silky hair, and long 
nonprehensile tail. 

tam'a-rind (-rind), n. 
[From It., Sp., orPg., 
fr. Ar. tamrhindl, 
lit., Indian date.] 1. 
A tropical caesalpinia- 
ceous tree ( Tamarin- 
dus indica) having 
hard yellowish wood, pinnate leaves, 
and red-striped yellow flowers. 2. The 
edible fruit or pod of this tree, having 
an acid pulp. 

tam'a-risk (-nsk),n. \TL,.tamariscus.] Tamarind. 

Any of a large genus ( Tamarix) of Old World tropical 
shrubs or small trees. Several species yield a manna. 

tam'bac (tam'bak), n. Var. of tombac. 





tam'bour (tam'boor ; -ber), n. [F.] 1. Music. The mili : 
tary snare drum. 2. A frame, usually circular, consisting of 
two parts fitting one within the other, for embroidering ; 
also, the embroidery done on such a frame. — - v. t. & i. To 
embroider on a tambour. 

tam'bou-rine' (tam'boo-ren'),TO. [F. tambourin."] A small 
drum ; esp., a shallow one-headed" 
drum with loose metallic disks, or 
jingles, at the sides ; a timbrel. 

tame (tam), a.; tam'er (tam'er); 
tam'est. [AS. tam.] 1. Reduced 
from native wildness ; domesti- 
cated ; made tractable and useful 
to man. 2. Subdued ; also, harm- _ Tambourine, 
less ; gentle. 3. Deficient in spirit, interest, etc. ; dull • 
insipid ; as, tame scenery. — v. t. ; tamed (tamd) ; tam'ing 
(tam'ing). 1. To reduce from a wild to a domestic state ; 
make gentle, tractable, etc. ; domesticate. 2. To deprive 
of spirit, courage, etc. ; subdue ; of colors, to soften ; tone 
down. — tame'less, a. — tame'ly, adv. — tame'ness, n. 

tame'a-ble. Var. of tamable. 

Tam'il (tam'il ; tum'il), n. 1. A member of the most en- 
terprising branch of the Dravidian race, mostly Hindus, 
numerous throughout southern India. 2. The oldest, most 
cultivated, and best known, of the Dravidian languages. 

tam'ls (tam'is), n. [F., a kind of sieve.] A strainer or 
sieve, as of bolting cloth. Obs. or R. 

Tam'muz (tam'mooz ; Bib. tam'uz), n. [Heb. tammuz.] 

1. Babylon. Myth. A god of agriculture slain by his wife, 
Ishtar, and later brought back from the lower world, thus 
symbolizing the seasonal death and return of vegetation. 

2. See Jewish calendar. 

tam'my (tam'i), n.; pi. -MIES (-Tz). [F. etamine, fr. etaim 
carded wool, fr. L. stamen warp, thread, cloth.] 1. A 
kind of woolen, or woolen and cotton, cloth, often highly 
glazed, used for curtains, sieves, strainers, etc. 2. [Perh. a 
different word ; cf . tamis.] A strainer ; tamis. 

Tam' o' Shan'ter (tam' 6 shan'ter). 1. The hero of a poem 
of this title by Burns. 2. [L c. and usually hyphened.] A 
Scotch cap having a round, flattish top much wider than 
the headband and, usually, a tassel in the center. 

tamp (tamp), v. t. 1. In blasting, to plug (a drilled hole) 
with clay, sand, or the like, to prevent misdirection of the 
force of the blast. 2. To drive in or down by a succession of 
light or medium blows. [used in tamping. I 

tamp'er (tam'per), n. One who tamps ; also, an instrument! 

tam'per (tam'per), v. i. [F. temper er to temper. See tem- 
per, v.] 1. To meddle ; try trifling or foolish experiments ; 
— commonly used with with. 2. To meddle so as to alter a 
thing ; esp., to make changes without right ; as, to tamper 
with a text. 3. To deal secretly or unfairly ; esp., to use 
bribery ; as, to tamper with an official. — Syn. See med- 
dle. — tam'per-er, n. 

tam'pi-on (tam'pi-un), n. [F. tampon."] A stopper, or 
plug, for the muzzle of a piece of ordnance when not in use. 

tam'pon (tam'pon), n. [F.] Surg. A plug, as of cotton, 
introduced into a cavity to arrest hemorrhage or absorb se- 
cretions. — v. t. To plug with a tampon. [tom.| 

tam'-tam' (tum'tum'), n. & v. [Hind.] Music. = tom-| 

tan (tan), n. [Prob. fr. F. tan.] l.Tanbark. 2. A yellowish 
brown color, like that of tan (sense 1 ). 3. A brown color im- 
parted to the skin by exposure to the sun. 

— a. Of the color of tan ; yellowish brown. 

— v. t. ; tanned (tand) ; tan'ning. 1. To convert (a skin) 
into leather, orig., and still generally, by impregnation with 
an infusion of oak bark or other form of tannic acid. 2. To 
make brown, as by exposure to the sun. 3. To thrash ; flog. 
Colloq. — v. i. To become tanned. 

tan'a-ger (tan'd-jer), to. [NL. tanagra, prob. fr. Tupi tan- 
gar a.] Any of a family {Tangaridse) of American oscine 
birds, closely allied to the finches. They are mainly unmusi- 
cal. The males usually are very bright-colored. 

tan'bark' (-bark'), n. Any bark rich in tannin, bruised or 
cut into small pieces, and used in tanning. Spent tanbark 
is used for circus rings, race tracks, etc. 

tan'dem (-dem), adv. [L. tandem at length (of time only), 
punningly taken as meaning, lengthwise.] One after or 
behind another ; — said of two or more things so arranged, 
esp. of horses so driven, instead of abreast. 

— a. Consisting of two, or more, arranged tandem. 

— to. 1. A team of horses harnessed one before the other. 
2. A tandem bicycle, or one with seats for two, one behind 
the other. 

tang (tang), n. A projecting shank, prong, tongue, or the 
like, forming part of an object, as of a file, knife, etc., and 
serving to secure it to a handle, or to some other part. 

— v. t. To furnish with a tang. 

tang, n. 1. A strong or offensive taste ; esp., a taste of some- 
thing extraneous to the thing itself. 2. A sharp specific 
flavor or tinge. — Syn. See taste. 

tang, to. & v. t . & i. Twang. 

tan'ge-lo (tan'je-lo), to. ; pi. -LOS (-loz). [(cm^erine -f- pom- 






K =-ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, •= equals. 



N 



TANGENCY 



982 



TAPETUM 







R 



do."] A hybrid between the tangerine orange and the grape- 
fruit, or pomelo ; also, the fruit. [being tangent. 1 
lun'gen-cy (tan'jen-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). Act or state of| 
tan'gent (-jent), n. [L. tang ens, -entis, p. pr. of tangere to 
touch.] 1. Geom. A tangent line, curve, or surface. 2. 
Trigonometry, a The tangent line from one end of an arc 
of a circle to the radius produced through the other end of 
the arc. b The ratio of the length of such a line to the radius 
of the circle. C Hence, in reference to an (acute) angle in a 
right-angled triangle, the ratio of the leg (see leg, n., 2 d) 
opposite the angle to the adjacent leg. Abbr., tan (without 
period). 

— a. Touching ; specif., Geom., meeting a curve or surface 
at only one point, and not cutting it if produced ; — said of 
a straight line, curve, or surface. 

tan-gen'tial (tan-jen'shdT), a. Geom. Of or pert, to a tan- 
gent ; in the direction of a ta*igent. — tan-gen'ti-al'i-ty 
(.shi-al'i-ti), n. — tan-gen'tial-ly (-shdl-T), adv. 

tan'ger-ine (tan'jer-en ; tan'jer-en'), n. [From Tangier in 
Morocco.] An orange much like the mandarin, but of 
deeper color and higher flavor. 

tan'gi-ble (tan'ji-b'l), a. [L. tangibilis, fr. tangere to 
touch.] 1. Capable of being touched ; also, perceptible to 
the touch ; palpable ; as, a tangible object. 2. Capable of 
being possessed or realized ; real ; substantial ; evident ; as, 
a tangible reward. — tan'gi-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-t!), tan'gi-ble- 
ness, n. — tan'gi-bly, adv. 

tan'gle (tar/g'l), n. Any large blackish seaweed (esp. Lami- 
naria saccharina or L. digitata). 

tan'gle, v. t. ; -gled (-g'ld) ; -GLiNG(-glTng). 1. To knit to- 
gether confusedly ; interweave or interlock, as threads, in 
a knot hard to unravel ; entangle. 2. To involve ; insnare ; 
as, to be tangled in lies. — v. i. To be or become entangled. 

— n. 1. A confused knot, as of threads ; snarl. 2. State of 
perplexity ; quandary. — tan'gler (tan'gler), n. 

tan'gle-ber'ry (-ber'I), n. A species of huckleberry (Gay- 
lussacia frondosa) of the eastern United States. 

tan'gly (tar/gli), a. Snarly ; full of tangles or knots ; en- 
tangled; intricate. 

tan'gO (tarj'go ; Sp. t'an'go), n.; pi. tangos (-goz). [Sp., a 
certain dance.] 1. A difficult dance in two-four time char- 
acterized by posturing and a great variety of steps. 2. Any 
of various popular forms derived from this. — v. i. To per- 
form such a dance. 

tan'gram (tan'gram), n. A Chinese toy made by cutting a 
square of thin material into seven 
pieces, these pieces being capable of 
forming a number of different figures. 

tan'ist-ry (tan'is-tri), n. [Ir. tanaiste, 
tanaise, second, second person in 
rank.] Irish Tribal Law. A system 
by which the succession to the chief- 
taincy of the tribe and the jurisdiction 
over the communal land was deter- 
mined by election, the eldest and Tangram. 
worthiest kinsman of the deceased chief being usually 
chosen. — tan'ist, n. 

tank (tank), n. [Pg. tanque.] 1. A pond, pool, or small 
lake. 2. A large basin, cistern, or vessel of any kind; an 

' artificial receptacle for liquids ; as, a swimming tank. — 
v. t. To place or put in a tank. 

tank'age (tank'aj), to. 1. The act or process of storing in 
tanks ; also, the fee charged for this. 2. The capacity or 
contents of a tank or tanks. 3. Agric. Dried nitrogenous 
residue from tanks in which fat has been rendered, used as 
a fertilizer and feeding stuff. 

tank'ard (tank'drd), n. [OF. tanquart.] A large drinking 
vessel, esp. one with a cover. 

tan'nage (tan'aj), n. The act, process, or result of tanning. 

tan'ner (tan'er), n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. 

tan'ner-y (-1), n.; pi. -neries (-iz). 1. A place where tan- 
ning is carried on. 2. The art or process of tanning. 

Tann'hau-ser (tan'hoi-zer), n. [G. Ritter (Knight) Tann- 
hauser.] A German knight and minnesinger fabled to have 
entered the enchanted cavern in the Venusberg. He es- 
caped, but, despairing of pardon, returned. See Venusberg. 

tan'nic (tan'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or from tan. 
tannic acid, a strongly astringent acid, obtained in brown- 
ish white shining scales from gallnuts, sumac, tea, etc. ; — 
called also tannin. It is used in dyeing, tanning, etc. 

tan'ning (tan'Ing), n. 1. Art or process by which a skin is 
tanned. 2. A browning, as of the skin, by exposure to the 
sun or weather. 

tan'sy(-zi), n. ; pi. -sies(-zTz). [F. tanaisie, LL. tanaceta.] 
Any of a genus ( Tanacetum) of asteraceous plants, esp. the 
common species ( T. vulgare) having a strong aromatic 
odor, very bitter taste, and tonic properties. 

tan'ta-late (tan'td-lat), n. Chem. A salt of tantalic acid. 

tan-tal'ic (tan-tal'Tk), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, derived from, 
or containing tantalum ; specif., designating any of a series 
of acids derived from the pentoxide and known chiefly in 
their salts, the tantalates. 




tan'ta-lite (tan'td-llt), n. Min. A heavy iron-black min- 
eral, essentially tantalate of iron, Fe(Ta0 3 )2, of submetal- 
lic luster, H., 6 ; sp. gr., up to 7.3. 

tan'ta-lize (-td-llz), v. t.; -lized (-llzd) ; -eiz'ing (-Hz'ing). 
[From Tantalus.] To tease by keeping something desired 
in view but just out of reach. — Syn. See harass. — tan'- 
ta-li-za'tion (-11-za'shun ; -H-za'shwn), n. — tan'ta-liz'er 
(tan'td-llz'er), n. — tan'ta-liz'ing-ly, adv. 

tan'ta-lum (-lum), n. [NL. ; — referring to the difficulty of 
isolating it. See Tantalus.] Chem. A rare metallic ele- 
ment isolated as a rather brittle, lustrous white metal with 
slightly grayish tint. Symbol, Ta; at. wt., 181.5. 

Tan'ta-lus (-lus), n. [L., fr. Gr. TcWaXos.] Gr. Myth. A 
wealthy king, son of Zeus and father of Pelops and Niobe. 
For serving up Pelops as a meal to the gods (or for revealing 
divine counsels), Tantalus was punished in the lower world 
by being placed in water up to his chin with fruit-laden 
branches over his head. The water or fruit receded when- 
ever he sought to drink or eat. 

tan'ia-mount' (-mount'), a. [F. tant so much (L. tantus) 
+ E. amount.'] Equivalent in value, signification, or effect. 
— Syn. See identical. 

tan-tar'a (tan-tar'd), n. The blare of a trumpet or horn. 

tan-tiv'y (-tTv'i), a. Swift; rapid. — adv. Swiftly ; — a 
fox-hunting term. — n. ; pi. -tivies (-Tz). 1. Hunting. A 
cry or call to signal full chase. 2. An impetuous rush. 

|| tan'tO(tan'to), adv. [It.] Music. So much; as, "Allegro 
non tanto" (brisk, but not so very brisk). [Colloq.\ 

tan'trum (tan'trum), n. A fit of ill temper or caprice.j 

Tao'isrn (tou'iz'm), n. [Chin, tao road, reason.] A religion 
of China. Its famous apostle, Lao-tse (6th cent. B. c.) 
taught that contemplation and reason, avoidance of force, 
and disregard of mere ceremonies, are the means of regen- 
eration.— Tao'ist (-Tst), n. & a. — Tao-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 

tap (tap), v. t. ; tapped (tapt) or tapt ; tap'ping. 1. To 
strike or rap lightly ._ 2. To give a light blow or blows with. 

3. To make by tapping. 4. To put a tap (sense 2 below) on 
(a shoe, boot, etc.). — v. i. To strike or rap lightly. 

— to. 1. A light blow or rap. 2. A piece of leather fastened 
on the bottom of a boot or shoe in repairing, esp. on the 
sole. 3. In pi. Mil. & Nav. A signal, by drum, bugle, or 
trumpet, for extinguishing all lights in soldiers' or sailors' 
quarters, going to bed, and silence. 

tap, w. _ [AS. tseppa.] 1. A hole or pipe through which 
liquor is drawn. 2. A cock, faucet, or small valve, as over a. 
sink. Chiefly^ British. 3. A plug, or spile, to stop a hole, as 
in a cask ; spigot. 4. Liquor drawn through a tap ; hence : 
a certain kind or quality of liquor ; also, a taproom ; bar. 
Colloq. 5. A tool for forming an internal screw. 
on tap. a Ready to be drawn ; as, ale on tap. b Broached 
or furnished with a tap ; as, a barrel on tap. 

— v. t. 1. To pierce (a cask, tree, etc.) so as to let out, or 
draw off, a fluid. 2. To let out by piercing, or by drawing a 
plug from, the containing vessel. 3. To draw from (any- 
thing) in any analogous way ; as, to tap telegraph wires. 

4. To form a female screw in by means of a tap ; as, to tap 
a nut. 5. To connect (a street gas or water main) with a 
local supply. — v. i. To be, or act as, a tapster. 

tap'a-de'ra (tap'd-da'ra)l to. Also tapidero. [Sp. tapadera 

tap'a-de'ro (tap'd-da'ro)j lid, cover.] One of the leather 
hoods which cover the stirrups of a Mexican saddle. 

tape (tap), to. [AS. tseppe fillet.] 1. A narrow woven fillet 
or band. 2. a A tapeline. b The paper strip of a printing 
telegraph, ticker, etc. C Sports. A string stretched across 
the finishing line and broken by the first man to finish ; a 
finishing line, d = red tape. — v. t. ; taped (tapt) ; tapp- 
ing. To furnish with tape ; fasten, tie, or bind with tape. 

tape'line' (-lln'), to. _ A tape or strip, now often of steel, 
marked with linear dimensions and used for measuring. 

tape measure. = tapeline. 

ta'per (ta'per), to. [AS. tapor, tapur, taper.'] 1. A small 
wax candle ; a small light. 2. A tapering form, object, or 
part ; gradual lengthwise diminution of thickness ; as, the 
taper of a spire. _ — a. Regularly narrowed toward a point ; 
conical ; pyramidal. — v. i. & t. To become or make 
gradually smaller toward one end ; grow gradually less ; 
diminish. 

tap'es-try (tap'es-tn), to. ; pi. -tries (-tnz). [F. tapisserie, 
fr. tapis carpet, Gr. rawriTiov, dim. of ra-n-qs carpet, rug.] 
A fabric, usually of worsted, worked on a warp of thread, 
orig., by hand, the designs being usually pictorial. It is used 
for wall hangings, etc. — v. t. ; -tried (-trid) ; -try-ing. 
To furnish or adorn with or as with tapestry. 

tapestry carpet. A carpet, resembling Brussels, in which 
the designs are printed in colors before the fabric is woven ; 
esp., a kind of carpet the threads of which are printed 
before even the warp is formed. 

ta-pe'tum (td-pe'twm), to. [NL., fr. L. tapete a carpet, a 
tapestry.] 1. Bot. A layer of nutritive tissue commonly 
investing the archespore in a developing sporangium. 2. 
Anat. & Zo'dl. Any of certain membranous layers or areas, 
esp. of the choroid and retina. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, am, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



TAPEWORM 



983 



TARSLER 



Any of several large 




tape'worm' (tap'wfirraO. to. Any of numerous cestode 
worms (T&nia and allied genera) parasitic, when adult, in 
the intestine of man and various animals. The larvae live 
in the flesh of animals. 

tap'house 7 (tap'hous'), to. A house where beer is kept on 
tap for sale ; also, the barroom of a tavern. 

tap'i-0'ca (tap'I-o'kd), n. [Pg., Sp., or F., fr. Tupi typyo- 
ca; ty juice + pyd pith + oco absent.] A coarsely granu- 
lar preparation of cassava starch. 

ta'pir (ta'per), n. [Tupi tapy'ra.] 
ungulates (fami- 
ly Tapiridse), all 
of South or Cen- 
tral America, ex- 
cept one (the 
Malayan). They 
are related to the 
horse and rhinoc- 
eros and are 
chiefly nocturnal, 
shy, and gentle. 

ta'pis (ta'pis ; 
tap'Ts; ta'pe'), Malayan Tapir. 

to. [F. See tapestry.] Tapestry, or similar material, used 
for hangings, floor coverings, etc. ; formerly, the cover of a 
council table. 

on, or upon, the tapis (pron. in this use perh. more often 
as F. ta'pe') [trans, of F. sur le topis'], on the table, or 
under consideration, as a question or measure. 

tap'per (tap'er), n. One who, or that which, taps, or strikes 
lightly ; as : a Teleg. A telegraph key ; specif., a double- 
contact key that makes one contact and breaks another by 
one movement ; — called in full Morse tapper, b Wireless 
Teleg. A decoherer that acts by tapping. 

tap'per, n. One who, or that which, taps, or pierces ; specif., 
Meek., a machine for tapping nuts, etc. 

tap'pet (tap'et ; 24), n. Mach. A lever or projection moved 
by some other piece, as a cam, or intended to tap or touch 
something else, to cause a particular motion. 

tappet rod. Mech. A rod carrying a tappet or tappets. 

tap'ping (tap'ing), n. Act or process of one who, or that 
which, taps. 

tap-poon' (ta-poon'),n. [Sp. tapon a stopper.] Irrigation. 
A piece of wood or sheet metal fitted into a ditch to dam up 
the water so as to overflow a field. U. S. [tap ; barroom. I 

tap'room' (tap'roomO, to. A room where liquors are on| 

tap'l'OOt' (-root'), to. Bot. A primary root which grows down- 
ward, giving off lateral rootlets. See root, Illust. 

tap'ster (tap'ster), n. Orig., a woman who tended bar (see 
-ster) ; later, anyone employed to tap, or draw, liquors. 

tar (tar), to. [Abbr. fr. tarpaulin.] A sailor ; seaman. 

tar, to. [AS. teru, teoru.] A thick, brown to black, viscous 
liquid got by distilling wood, coal, peat, etc. — v. t.; 
tarred (tard) ; tar'ring. To smear with or as with tar. 

ta'ran-tas', ta'ran-tass' (ta'ran-tas'), to. [Russ. tarantas.] 
A low four-wheeled Russian carriage, its body resting on 
two long, springy poles. 

ta'ran-tel'la (ta/ran-tel'd),_TO. [It.] A lively, passionate 
Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, formerly supposed to cure 
the bite of the tarantula ; also, music for this dance. 

tar'ant-ism (tar'an-tiz'm), to. [It. tarantismc] Med. A 
nervous affection producing an uncontrollable desire to 
dance. It was once supposed to be due to the bite of the 
tarantula, and to be cured by dancing the tarantella. 

ta-ran'tU-la(td-ran'ty-ld), to.; pi. E. -las (-ldz). [NL., fr. 
It. tarantola, fr. L. 
Tarentum, now Ta- 
ranto, in the south 
of Italy.] Any of 
several large veno- 
mous spiders (esp. 
Lycosa tarantula). 

ta-rax'a-cum (td- 
rak'sd-kum) , to. 
[NL.] Pharm.. 
Fresh or dried dan- 
delion root. It is 
slightly tonic, diuret- 
ic, and aperient, and 
is used esp. in af- 
fections of the liver. European Tarantula. 

tar-t>QOSh' (tar-boosh'), to. [Ar. tarbush.] A red, usually 
blue-tasseled, cap worn by Moslem men, alone or as the 
inner part of a turban. The fez is a kind of tarboosh. 

tar'di-grade (tar'di-grad), a. [L. tardigradus; tardus 
slow + gradi to step.] 1. Moving or stepping slowly. 2. 
Of or pert, to a division (Tardigrada) of arthropods con- 
taining numerous microscopic mitelike creatures, found in 
water, damp moss, etc. — to. A tardigrade arthropod. 

|| tar'd} (tar'do), a. [It.] Music. Slow ; — a direction to 
perform a passage slowly. 

tar'dy (tar'di), a.; -di-er (-di-er) ; -di-est. [F. tardif, fr. 





Military Skirmish 
Target. 




L. tardus slow.] 1. Moving slowly ; slow. 2. Late ; also, 
dilatory ; — opposed to prompt. — Syn. See slow. — tar'- 
di-ly (-dl-li), adv. — tar'di-ness, to. 

tare (tar), to. 1. Bib. A weed growing in grainfields, sup- 
posed to be the darnel. 2. Any of several vetches (esp. 
Vicia sativa and V. hirsuta). 

tare, n. [F., fr. Ar. tarhah thrown away, removed.] Com. 
A deduction of weight made as an allowance for the weight 
of a container or vehicle. — v. t.; tared (tard) ; tar'ing 
(tar'ing). To ascertain or mark the tare of. 

tare (tar ; tar). Dial. var. and obs. or dial. pret. of tear, v. 

targe (tar j), to. [F.] A shield, or target. Archaic. 

tar'get (tar'get ; 24), to. [OF. targuete.] 1. A kind of small 
shield or buckler, , . 

esp. a circular | 2-yds. j 
one. 2. A mark 
to shoot at, as for 
practice ; hence : 
a A butt or mark 
that is marked by 
shots fired at it. 
b Mil. Anything 
that is fired at. C 
Fig., an object of remarks, criticisms, Common Target. 2 
etc. ; a butt. 3. Surv. The vane, or a. 2 Outer ; 3 In- 
sliding sight, on a leveling staff. 4. ner ; 4 Center ; 5 
Railroads. A day signal, as a disk of Bull's-eye. 
metal, attached to a switch stand, indicating whether the 
switch is open or closed. 

tar'get-eer' (-er'), n. One armed with a target, or shield. 

Tar'gum (tar'gum; Heb. tar-goom'), to.; pi. E. -gums 
(-gumz), Heb. Targumim (taVgoo-mem'). [Aramaic tar- 
gum interpretation.] A translation or paraphrase of some 
portion of the Old Testament in the Aramaic of Judea. 

tar'iff (tar'If), n. [F. tarif, fr. Ar. ta'rif information, ex- 
planation.] 1. A schedule, system, or scheme of duties im- 
posed by a government on exports or, esp., imports. 2. The 
duty, or rate of duty, imposed in a tariff (sense 1) ; as, the 
tariff on wool. 3. Any schedule or system of rates, charges, 
etc. — v. t. 1. To make a list of duties on, as goods. 2. 
Numismatics. To list or schedule the tariff value of. 

tar'la-tan (tar'ld-tan), to. A kind of thin, stiff, transparent 
muslin used for dresses, caps, etc. 

tarn (tarn), to. [ME. terne.] Small mountain lake or pool. 

tar'nish (tar'msh), v. t. [F. ternir, fr. terne dull, dim, 
wan.] To dull or destroy the luster of, esp. by or as by the 
action of the air, dust, etc. ; sully ; stain ; — also used fig. — 
v. i. To lose luster ; become dull. — to. Quality or state of 
being tarnished ; discoloration ; stain ; blemish. 

ta'ro (ta'ro), to.; pi. -ros (-roz). [Tahitian and Maori.] 1. 
An araceous plant {Caladium colocasia) cultivated 
throughout the tropics for its edible starchy tuberous root- 
stock, and in temperate regions (as caladium or elephant's 
ear) for a garden ornament. 2. The rootstock of this plant. 

tar-pau'lin (tar-po'lin), to. [tar + palling a covering, pall 
to cover.] 1. Canvas waterproofed with tar, paint, or the 
like, used for covering the hatches of a ship, hammocks, 
boats, etc. 2. A hat or coat of, or covered with, tarpaulin. 
3. A sailor. Colloq. and Now Rare. 

Tar-pe'ia (-pe'yd), to. In Roman legend, a maiden who be- 
trayed the citadel to the Sabines for the promise of "what 
they wore on their arms," meaning their gold bracelets. 
They threw their shields on her and killed her. 

Tar-pe'ian (-pe'yan), a. Pertaining to or designating a rock 
or peak of the Capitoline hill, Rome, from which con- 
demned criminals were hurled. 

tar'pon (tar'pon), to. A marine fish {Tarpon atlanticus) 
common on the coast of Florida and among the West 
Indies. It becomes about six feet long and is a noted game 
fish. Its flesh is of poor quality. 

Tar'quin (-kwin), to. In Roman legend, one of a family to 
which belonged the fifth king (Lucius Tarquinius Priscus) 
and the seventh king (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus). 

tar'ra-gon (tar'd-gon), to. [Sp. taragona, Ar. tarkhun.] A 
European plant ( Artemisia dracunculus) allied to worm- 
wood ; also, its aromatic herbage, used to season salads, 
flavor vinegar, etc. 

tar'ri-ance (-T-ans), to. Tarrying ; delay. Archaic. 

tar'ri-er (tarl-er), to. One who tarries or delays. 

tar'ry (tar'i), a. Of, covered with, or like, tar. 

tar'ry (tar'i), v. t. ; -ried (-id) ; -ry-ing. [ME. tarien to ir- 
ritate, hinder, AS. tergan, tirgan, provoke, irritate.] To 
wait or stop for ; as, to tarry a reply. — v. i. 1. To abide 
at or in a place ; stay ; lodge ; specif., to stay or rest in expec- 
tation ; wait. 2. To delay ; loiter. — to. A temporary stop ; 
stay. Now chiefly U. S. 

tar'sal (tar'sdl), a. 1. Of or pert, to the tarsus. 2. Desig- 
nating, or pert, to, plates of dense connective tissue which 
serve to stiffen the eyelids. — to. A tarsal bone or cartilage. 

tar'si-er (tar'si-er), n. [F.] A small nocturnal arboreal 
lemurine mammal (Tarsius spectrum) of the East Indies, 
having very long proximal tarsal bones. 



< 



t 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 4- combined with. =■ equals. 



N 



TARSUS 



984 



TATTOO 







R 



tar'sus (tar'sus), n.; pi. -si (-si). [NL., fr. Gr. rapahs the 
flat of the foot.] 1. Anat. & Zo'ol. The ankle ; part of the 
foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and leg ; also, 
the group of small bones supporting this part. 2. In describ- 
ing birds, the part between the so-called knee and foot. 3. 
Zo'ol. a In insects, the foot, or part distal to the tibia, b In 
spiders, the distal segment of the foot. 

tart (tart), a. [AS. teart.~\ 1. Sharp to the taste ; sour. 2. 
Severe ; sharp ; caustic ; as, a tart reply. — Syn. See sour. 

tart, n. [F. tarte."] A small pie, or shell of pastry containing 
jelly, custard, fruit, or the like. 

tar'tan (tar'tan), n. Woolen cloth, checkered or cross- 
barred with narrow bands of various colors, much worn in 
the Scottish Highlands ; hence, any pattern of tartan ; also, 
material of a similar pattern. — a. Made of, or like, tartan. 

tar'tan, n. [From F., Sp., Pg., or It.] A coasting vessel, 
with one mast and a lateen sail, used in the Mediterranean. 

tartar (-tar), n. [F. tartre."] 1. A substance, essentially 
acid potassium tartrate, existing in grape juice and depos- 
ited in wine casks as a pale or dark reddish crust or sedi- 
ment ; specif., a recrystallized product, distinguished from 
argol, the crude deposit, and from cream^ of tartar, got by 
further purification. 2. A concretion which often incrusts 
the teeth, consisting of salivary mucus, animal matter, and 
phosphate of lime. 

Tar'tar, n. [Per. Tatar, of Tatar origin.] 1. A native of 
Tatary (Tartary). See Tatar. 2. {Often I. c] A person of 
an irritable and violent temper. 3. \l. c] One who, being 
attacked, proves too strong for his assailant ; — esp. in to 
catch a tartar. — a. Of or pert, to Tatary or the Tatars. 

Tar'tar, n. Tartarus. Obs. 

Tar-ta're-an (tar-ta're-an) \ a. Also, Rare, Tar-ta'ri-an. 

Tar-ta're-OUS (-ta're-ws ; 3)/ Of or pert, to Tartarus. 

tartar emetic. A poisonous white crystalline salt, having a 
sweetish metallic taste, used in dyeing as a mordantand in 
medicine as a sudorific and emetic. Chemically it is anti- 
monyl potassium tartrate, KSbOCiH-iOe* JH2O. 

Tar-ta'ri-an (tar-ta'ri-an ; 3), a. Tartar. 
Tartarian Iamb, the Scythian lamb. 

Tar-ta'ri-an, n. Any of several varieties of heart cherries ; 
as, the black Tartarian. 

tar-tar 'ic (tar-tar' Ik), a. Of or pertaining to tartar; de- 
rived from or resembling tartar. 

tartaric acid, Org. Chem., an acid, C2H2(OH)2(C02H)2, 
widely diffused among plants, and obtained chiefly from 
tartar. It is used in dyeing and calico printing, in photog- 
raphy, in medicine, esp. in the preparation of Seidlitz 
powders, and as a substitute for lemon juice. 

tar'tar-ize (tar'tdr-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'Tng). 
To impregnate or combine with, or subject to the action of, 
tartar. — tar'tar-i-za'tion (-i-za'shun ; -T-za'shwn), n. 

tar'tar-OUS (-us), a. Containing, or of the nature of, tartar. 

Tar'ta-rilS (-td-riis),n. [L.,fr. Gr.Tdprapos.] Class. Myth. 
The infernal regions, described in Homer's "Iliad" as sit- 
uated as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and 
by later writers as the place of punishment for the spirits of 
the wicked. In the later poets, also, Hades. 

tart'let, n. A small tart. 

tart'ly, adv. In a tart manner. 

tart'ness (tart'ne's), n. Quality or state of being tart. — 
Syn. Sourness, acerbity, asperity. See acrimony. 

tar'trate (tar'trat), n. A salt or ester of tartaric acid. 

tar'trat-ed (tar'trat-ed), a. Med. Chem. _ Containing, or 
derived from, tartar ; combined with tartaric acid. 

Tar-'iufe' (tar-to6f ; F. tar'tiif), or Tar-tuff e' (tar-toof), 
n. [F. Tartufe 2 tartufe."] 1. The leading character, a hypo- 
critical priest, m Moliere's "Tartufe." 2. [Z. c] A hypo- 
critical devotee ; hypocrite. 

ta-sim'e-ter (td-sTm'e-ter), n. [Gr. rdens stretching, exten- 
sion (fr. rdveiv to stretch) -f- -meter.'] A modification of 
the microphone for detecting or measuring minute exten- 
sions or movements of solid bodies (and hence changes of 
temperature) by the changes of pressure produced. — ta- 
sim'e-try (-e-tri), n. — tas'i-met'ric (tas'i-met'rik), a. 

task (task), n. [OF. tasque, tasche,JA\. tasca, taxa, fr. L. 
taxare to rate, appraise.] 1. A tax ; impost. 06s. 2. Labor, 
work, or study imposed by another, often in a definite quan- 
tity ; broadly, an undertaking ; work. — Syn. Employ- 
ment, toil, lesson, stint. — v. t. 1. To tax. Obs. 2. To im- 
pose a task on ; assign a definite amount of business, labor, 
or duty to. 3. To oppress with labor ; burden ; as, to task 
one's mind with details. 4. To charge ; tax, as with a fault. 

task'mas'ter (task'mas'ter), n. One who imposes a task, or 
burdens another with labor ; an overseer. 

task'work', n. Work done as a task ; also, piecework. 

Tas-ma'ni-an (taz-ma'111-an), a. Of or pert, to Tasmania. 
Tasmanian devil, a savage carnivorous burrowing Tas- 
manian marsupial (Sarcovhilus ursinus) of the dasyure fam- 
ily. — T. wolf. See THYLACINE. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of Tasmania. 

tass (tas), n. [F. tasse.~\ A drinking cup, bowl, or the like ; 
also, the contents of a tass. Now Chiefly Scot. 



tas'sel (tas'T), n. [ME., some part of a fastening of a man- 
tle, fr. OF. tassel, taisel."] 1. A pendent ornament, ending 
in a tuft of threads or cords, attached to cushions, curtains, 
etc. 2. Something likened to a tassel ; specif., the inflores- 
cence of some plants, as of maize. — v. i. ; -seled (-'Id) or 
-selled ; -sel-ing or -sel-ling. To put forth tassels, or in- 
florescences. — v. t. To adorn with, or make into, tassels. 

tas'sel. Obs. var. of tercel. 

tas'set (-et), n. [OF. tassette."] Armor, a One of a set of steel 
splints hanging from the cuirass, b The skirt so formed. 

tast'a-ble (tas'td-b'l), a. Capable of being tasted. 

taste (tast), v. t.; tast'ed (tas'ted; 24); tast'ing (tas'- 
ting). [OF. taster to feel, try, taste.] 1. To try by the 
touch ; feel. Obs. 2. To try by the touch of the tongue ; as- 
certain the relish or flavor of by taking a little into the 
mouth. 3. To eat or drink a little of, as for testing. 4. To 
partake of ; participate in ; experience ; undergo ; as, to 
taste pleasure. 5. To like ; appreciate ; enjoy. Archaic. — 
v. i. 1. To try food or drink with the mouth ; eat or drink 
a little only ; as, to taste of wine. 2. To have a certain flavor 
to the taste ; fig., to have a particular quality ; as, the milk 
tastes sour, of garlic, etc. 3. Tt h&ve perception, experience, 
or enjoyment ; partake ; — often used with of; as, to taste 
of nature's bounty. 

— n. 1. A trial ; experience. Obs. 2. Act of tasting with the 
mouth ; gustation. 3. Quality of any substance as perceived 
by the taste organs ; savor ; flavor. 4. Physiol. The one of 
thefive senses by which certain properties of bodies (called 
their taste) are ascertained by contact with certain organs 
of the mouth. 5. Intellectual relish ; liking ; fondness ; — 
now used with for; as, he had no taste for study. 6. Power 
of discerning and appreciating beauty, order, proportion, 
symmetry, etc., esp. in the fine arts and belles-lettres ; criti- 
cal judgment ; discernment ; as, a man of taste. 7. Manner 
as to what is pleasing, refined, or good usage ; style ; as, an 
epitaph in bad taste. 8. A little piece tasted or eaten ; a 
bit ; sample ; as, a taste of cake ; a taste of sleep. 
Syn. Vein, streak, strain, dash, spice, flavor, savor, relish, 
smack, tang, touch, hint, thought, shade. — Taste, flavor, 
savor, relish, smack, tang are distinguished in their fig. 
senses. Taste denotes a sample or specimen of something, 
rather than (as in the case of the other words) a property 
of it ; as, give him a taste of your quality. Flavor, savor, 
and relish suggest either a predominant or distinctive 
quality or a tinge or trace of something ; as, their joys have 
lost the keen-edged flavor ; a savor of fear in his tone ; the 
full flavor, the whole relish of delight. Smack and tang 
(which denotes esp. a fresh or pungent flavor) are more 
homely and familiar. See judgment. 

tast'ed (tas'ted ; 24), a. Having a taste ; — usually in com- 
position ; as, sweet-tasted ; sour-tasted. 

taste'ful (tast'fool), a. 1. Savory. 2. Having, exhibiting, 
or conforming to, good taste ; as, tasteful decorations. — 
taste'ful-ly, adv. — taste'ful-ness, n. 

taste'less, a. 1. Having no taste ; insipid ; flat ; dull. 2„ 
Not manifesting, or not conscious of what is, good taste ; 
not in good taste. — taste'less-ly, adv. — less-ness, n. 

tast'er (tas'ter), n. 1. One who tastes. 2. That in which, or 
by means of which, anything is tasted, as a shallow metal 
cup for testing wine, a pipette, etc. 

tast'y (tas'ti), a. ; tast'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Having or 
showing good taste. Colloq. 2. Pleasing to the palate. — 
tast'i-ly (-ri-li), adv. — tast'i-ness, n. 

tat (tat), v. t.; tat'ted_; tat'ting. Also tatt. To make by 
tatting ; as, tatted edging. — v. i. To work at tatting. 

Ta'tar (ta'tdr), n. [See Tartar.] A member of any of 
numerous mixed tribes or hordes, mostly Mongolian or 
Turkic, inhabiting parts of Russia and of central and east- 
ern Asia ; a Tartar. — a. Of or pertaining to the Tatars. 

Ta-ta'ri-an (ta-ta'ri-an ; 3), Ta-tar'ic (-tar'ik), a. Of or 
pertaining to the Tatars. See also Tartarian. 

tat'OU-ay (tat'60-a; fa'too-I'), «. # [Paraguay Indian tatu- 
ay, lit., wound armadillo, because its fat is used on wounds.] 
A large armadillo (Cabassous unicinctus) of tropical 
South America. 

tat'ter (tat'er), n. A rag or a part torn and hanging; — 
chiefly in pi. — v.t.& i. To make or become ragged. 

tat'ter-de-mal'ion (-de-mal'yiin ; -mal'-), n. A ragamuffin. 

tat'tered (tat'erd), p. a. 1. Ragged; torn into shreds. 2. 
Clad in ragged clothes. 3. Broken ; dilapidated. Rare. 

tat'ting (-ing), n. A kind of lace made from thread wound 
on a shuttle ; also, the act or process of making it. 

tat'tle (-'1), v. i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-lmg). 1. To prate ; 
chatter. 2. To tell tales or secrets. — v. t. To utter or dis- 
close by tattling. — n. Idle talk or chat. — tat'tling (-ling), 
p. a. — tat'tling-ly, adv. 

tat 'tier (tat'ler), n. One who tattles ; an idle talker; also, 
one who tells tales. 

tat-too' (ta-too'), n. [D. taptoe; tap a tap, faucet + toe to, 
shut.] Mil. & Nav. A call sounded on drum and fife, 
trumpet, or bugle, shortly before taps, giving notice to sol- 
diers or sailors to repair to quarters. 



31e, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, fiuro, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure C 87 )? 



TATTOO 



985 



TEACHER 



tat-too', v. t. ; tat-tooed' C-tood') ; tat-toc/ing. [Of Poly- | 
nesian origin.] To mark or color (the skin) indeliblv by 
pricking in coloring matter or producing scars. — ra. A 
mark or figure formed by tattooing. — tat-too'er, ra 

tat'ty (tat'i), ra.; pi. -ties (-Tz). [Hind. tattT.'] A mat or 
screen, hung at a door or window and kept wet to cool the 
air. India. 

tau (tou), ra. [Gr. toO.] The nineteenth letter [T, t] of the 
Greek alphabet, corresponding to English T, t. 

tau cross. See cross, Illust. 

taught (tot), pret. & p. p. of TEACH. 

taunt (tant ; tont), a. Very high or tall, as masts. Naut. 

taunt (tant ; tont), v. t. 1. To tease. Obs. or Dial. 2. To 
reproach severely or insultingly ; jeer at. — Syn. Deride, 
mock, flout. See ridicule.^ — ra. 1. Upbraiding language ; 
sarcastic reproach : insulting invective. 2. An object of 
scornful reproach. — taunt'er, ra. — taunt'ing-ly, adv. 

tau'ri-form (to'n-form), a. [L. tauriformis ; taurus bull 
+ forma form.] Of the form of a bull or its horns. 

tau'rine (to'riD ; -on), a. [L. taurinus."] 1. Of or pert, to a 
bull ; bovine. 2. Relating to the zodiacal sign Taurus. 

tau'rine (to'rm; -ren), ra. Also, -rin (-r!n). [It was first 
found in ox bile. See Taurus.] Physiol. Chem. A neutral 
substance, C2H4(NH2)SOsH, occurring in small quantity 
in the juices of muscle, in thelungs, etc., and formed as a 
cleavage product of taurocholic acid. _ 

tau'ro-ChoPic (to'ro-kol'ik), a. [taurine + cholic."] Phys- 
iol. Chem. Pert, to or designating a deliquescent acid, 
C26H45O7NS, occurring as the sodium salt in bile. On hy- 
drolysis it yields cholic acid and taurine. 

Tau'rus (to'rus), ra. ; gen. Tauri (-rl). [L., a bull.] Astron. 
a A zodiacal constellation between Aries and Gemini, con- 
taining the Pleiades and Hyades, pictured as a bull's fore- 
quarters; the Bull. The second sign [to 1 ] of the zodiac, 
which the sun enters about April 20th. 

taut (tot), a. [ME. toht tough, tight, firm.] 1. Tough ; firm ; 
tight. Obs. 2. Chiefly Naut. Tight ; tensely stretched ; not 
slack ; as, a taut hawser. 3. Snug ; tidy ; in neat and proper 
condition. — taut'ly, adv. — taut'ness, 71. 

taut'en (tot''n), v. t. & i. To make, or become, taut. 

tau- tog' (to-tog'), n. [PL of taut, the American Indian 
name.] A food fish 
(Tautoga onitis) of 
the Atlan- 
tic coast 
of the 
United 
States, al- 
lied to the 
cunner. 
Called also blackfish 

tau'to-log'i-cal (to'to- 




(I) - 
i-cal-ly, adv. 



Tautog. 
loj'i-kal), a. Using tautology ; repetitious. - 

tau-tol'o-gist (to-tol'6-jlst), n. One who uses tautology. 

tau-tol'o-gize (to-tol'o-jiz), v. %.; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing 
(-jlz'ing). To repeat the sense in other words. 

tau-toPo-gy (to-toP6-j!), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. lautologia, 
Gr. ravroXoyia; ravro the same + X670S word.] Rhet. A 
repetition of the meaning in other words ; needless repeti- 
tion, as in "audible to the ear," "funeral obsequies." — 
Syn. See redundancy. 

tau-tom'er-ism (-tom'er-iz'm), n. [Gr. rairo the same + 
/xkoos part.] Chem. Condition, quality, or relation of iso- 
meric substances which are theoretically capable of chang- 
ing into each other. — tau'to-mer'ic (to'to-mer'Tk), a. 

tav'ern (tav'ern),ra. [F. taverne,ix.~L. taberna hut, tavern.] 
A house where liquors are sold to be drunk on the premises ; 
also, a public house for travelers or other transients ; hotel. 

tav'ern-er (-er-ner), ra. [F. tavernier, L. tabernarius.~\ 
One who keeps or frequents a tavern. Archaic. 

taw (to), n. Colloq. & Dial. 1. A line or mark from which 
the players shoot in certain games at marbles. 2. A marble 
to be used as a shooter ; also, a game at marbles. 

taw, v. t. [AS. tawian to prepare.] 1, To prepare, as hemp, 
by beating ; hence : to beat ; scourge. Obs. or Scot. 2. To 
dress and prepare, as skins of sheep, goats, etc., by soften- 
ing and bleaching with alum, salt, etc. — taw'er, n. 

taw'dry (-dri), a.; -dri-er (-dri-er) ; -dri-est. [From 
Saint^ Audrey, or Etheldreda; therefore, orig., bought at 
the fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys were sold.] 
Showy, without taste or elegance ; cheap and gaudy. — 
Syn. See gaudy. — taw'dri-ly, adv. — dri-ness, n. 

taw'ny (to'ni), a.; -nt-er (-ni-er) ; -ni-est. [OF. tane, tan- 
ne, p. p. of tanner to tan.] Of a dull yellowish brown color 
like things tanned, or persons tanned by the sun ; as, a 
tawny Spaniard ; the tawny lion. — Syn. See dusky. — 
taw'ni-ness (to'm-nes), n. 

tax (taks), n. [F. taxe, fr. taxer to tax, L. taxare to touch 
sharply, censure, value, estimate, fr. tang ere, tactum, to 
touch.] 1. A charge ; esp., a pecuniary burden imposed by 
authority ; specif., a charge, usually pecuniary, laid upon 



persons or property for public use. 2. A disagreeable or bur« 
densome dutv or charge ; as, a tax on time. — Syn. Impost, 
tribute contribution, duty, toll, rate, assessment, custom. 

— v. i. 1. To estimate the amount or wortn of. Obs., exc. 
Law : To assess, or fix the amount of, judicially ; as, to tax 
the costs. 2. To assess with, or subject to the payment of, a 
tax or taxes ; also, to lay any burden or demand on ; task ; 
as, to tax the memory. 3. To charge ; accuse ; also, to cen- 
sure ; — often used with with ; as, to tax a man with a crime. 

tax'a-ble (tak'sd-b'l), a. Liable to taxation. — tax'a-bil'i- 
ty, n. — tax'a-ble-ness, n. — tax'a-bly, adv. 

tax-a'ceous (tak-sa'shus), a. [L. taxus yew.] Bot. Be- 
longing to a family (Taxaces) of coniferous trees and 
shrubs, the yew family, having dioecious flowers and, com- 
monly, fleshy fruit. 

tax-am'e-ter (tak-sam'e-ter). Var. of taximeter. 

tax-a'tion (-sa'shun), ra. 1. The act of laying a tax, or of 
imposing taxes. 2. A tax ; a sum imposed as a charge. 

tax'er (tak'ser), 7i. One who taxes. 

tax'i (tak'sl), ra.; pi. taxis (-siz). Short for taxicab. 

tax'i-arch (-ark), n. [Gr. Ta.%1a.pxos; tcL£is a division of an 
army + a.pxeii> to rule.] Gr. Antiq. A military or naval 
officer commanding a certain division of varying size. 

tax'i-cab (tak'si-kab'), 71. A cab, usually a motor cab 
fitted with a taximeter. [dermv. 

tax'i-der'mist (tak'sI-dur'mTst), ra. One skilled in taxi- 

tax'i-der'my (-dur'mi^ra. [Gr. r<i£i5 arrangement -j- bkpp.a, 
a skin.] Art of preparing, stuffing, and mounting skins of 
animals, esp. vertebrates, in lifelike form. — tax'i-der'mic 
(-dur'mik), or -der'mal (-mdl), a. 

tax-im'e-ter (tak-s!m'e-ter), 71. [From F. or G. See tax ; 
-meter.] 1. An instrument, for use in a hired vehicle, which 
mechanically computes and shows the fare due at any mo- 
ment, according to a fixed tariff. 2. A taxicab. 

tax'is (tak'sis), 71. [NL., fr. Gr. Td£is a division or arrange- 
ment, fr. raao-eiv to arrange.] 1. Surg. Manual reduction 
of a displaced part, as of a hernial tumor. 2. In technical 
uses_, as in architecture, biology, etc., arrangement ; order. 

-tax'iS (-tak'sis), -tax'y (-tak'si). [Gr. ra|ts arrangement, 
fr. rao-fftiv to arrange.] Suffixes denoting an arranging, 
arrangement, order, as in chemotaxis. 

tax'ite (taVsit),^. [From Gr. Td£is arrangement.] Petrog. 
A volcanic rock so crystallized as to appear clastic. — tax- 
it'ic (tak-sit'Tk), a. [ray ; a systematist.l 

tax-on'o-mist (tak-son'o-mist), ra. One versed in taxono-| 

tax-on'o-my (tak-son'o-mT), ra. [Gr. ra^is arrangement, 
+ vdfios a law.] Classification, esp. of animals and plants 
according to natural relationships ; also, the laws and prin- 
ciples of such classification. — tax'o-nom'ic (tak'so-nom'- 
1k), a. — tax'o-nom'i-cal-ly (-i-kal-i), adv. 

tax'pay'er (taks'pa'er), ra. One who pays a tax. 

Ta-yg'e-ta (ta-ij'e-td), ra. [L. Taygete, fr. Gr. TavyeTv."] 
See Pleiades. 

taz'za (tat'sa), ra. ; pi. It.TAZZE (-sa), E. -zas (-zdz). [It.] 
A shallow ornamental cup or vase, resting on a pedestal. 

tea(te),ra. [Chin, dial.te, Chin, ch'a.] 1. a A shrub ( Thea 
sinensis) cultivated in China, 
Japan, India, etc., for its leaves. 
It bears rather large fragrant 
white flowers. b The dried 
leaves of this plant, used in the 
preparation of a beverage. Teas 
are classed as green or black, ac- 
cording to color, flavor, and mode of 
preparation. 2. An aromatic bever- 
age prepared from tea leaves by in- 
fusion with boiling water. 3. Any 
of various plants more or less like t< 
also, an infusion of their leaves u< 
medicinally or as a beverage ; as, si 
tea. 4. A light collation, usually h 
the afternoon, at which tea is commonly 
served ; hence : the evening meal, when dinner is at mid- 
day ; supper ; also, a reception at which tea is served. 

tea ball. A perforated metal ball to be filled with tea leaves 
and submerged in boiling water to make tea. 

tea'ber'ry (te'ber'i), ra. The checkerberry (def. 1). 

tea cake. A kind of cake served with tea. 

teach (tech), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. taught (tot) ; p. pr. & vb. ra. 
teaching. [AS. taecean to show, teach.] 1. To show; 
guide. Obs. 2. To make to know how ; show how ; hence,_to 
train or accustom to some action. 3. To direct as an in- 
structor ; instruct ; as, to teach a class. 4. To impart the 
knowledge of ; give lessons in ; as, to teach Greek. 5. To 
make aware by information, experience, etc. ; inform ; tell ; 
as, nature teaches one when to eat. — v. i. To give in- 
struction ; act as preceptor. 

teaclPa-ble (teclPd-b'l), a. Capable of being taught ; esp., 
apt or willing to learn ; docile. — teach'a-biPi-ty (-d-bil'I- 
tl), teaclPa-ble-ness, n. — teacb/a-bly, adv. 

teach'er (tech'er), ra. One who teaches, or instructs ; esp., 
one whose occupation is to instruct ; an instructor ; tutor. 




K = cb. in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



ffl 

i 

i 



S 



N 



TEACHING 



986 



TEETOTAL 







R 



teaching, n. The act or business of instructing ; also, that 
which is taught ; instruction. — Syn. See instruction. 

tea'cup' (te'kup 7 ), n. A cup for tea ; also, a teacupful. 

tea'cup'ful (-fool), n. ; pi. -fuls (-foolz). As much as a tea- 
cup can hold ; enough to fill a teacup. 

teak (tek), n. [Malayalam & Tamil tekku.] A tall East 
Indian verbenaceous timber tree (Tectona grandis) ; also, 
its hard, yellowish brown wood, used for shipbuilding, etc. 

tea'ket'tle (te'ket"l), n. A kettle, usually with a handle and 
spout, for boiling water for tea, coffee, etc. 

teal (tel), n. [ME. tele.'] Any of certain small river ducks 
(genera Nettion and Querquedula) , esp. the green- 
winged teal, the male of which has a chestnut head, with 
a green eye patch, and a metallic green area on the wing. 

team (tern), n. [AS. team offspring, progeny, family, a 
line of animals harnessed together.] 1. Progeny ; lineage ; 
race. Obs. 2. A group or brood of young, esp. of ducks. 3. 
Two or more horses or other beasts harnessed to one vehi- 
cle, or to a plow, etc. ; hence, often, the animals with their 
harness and attached vehicle ; also, in popular use and in 
statutes, a single animal (as well as two or more), often 
with harness and vehicle (if any). 4. A number of persons 
associated together in any work, esp. on one side in a match. 

— v. i. To engage in the occupation of driving a team ; be a 
teamster. — v. t. 1. To make a team of ; join in a team. 2. 
To convey or haul with a team ; as, to team lumber. U. S. 

team'ster (tem'ster), n. One who drives a team. 

team'work' (-wurk'), n. 1. Workdone with a team. 2. 
Work done by a number of associates, all subordinating 
personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole. 

tea'pot' (te'potO, n. A vessel with a spout, in which tea is 
made and from which it is served. 

tea'poy (te'poi ; te'poi'), n. [Hind, tipai; Hind, tin three 
-f- Per. pae foot.] Orig., an ornamental stand with three 
legs ; hence, esp., such a stand for a tea service. 

tear (ter), n. [AS. tear, taehher, tasher.] 1. A drop of the 
saline fluid secreted by the lachrymal gland. _ 2. Something 
in the form of a tear (sense 1) ; also, a solid transparent 
tear-shaped drop, as of a balsam. 3. A lament. Rare. 

tear (tar), v. t. ; pret. tore (tor ; 57), 06s. tare (tar) ; p. p. 
torn (torn ; 57) ; p. pr. tear'ing. [AS. teran.] 1. To sepa- 
rate parts of, or pull apart, by force ; rend ; also, to lacerate ; 
as, to tear the skin. 2. Hence : to disrupt ; rend ; as, torn 
by factions ; also, to distress sharply ; as, torn with grief. 3. 
To make, effect, etc., by or as by tearing ; as, to tear a hole. 
4. To remove by force ; reave ; as, a child torn from home. 
Syn. Tear, rip, rend, split, cleave, rive. To tear is to 
pull forcibly apart ; to rip is to separate forcibly, esp. along 
a line or surface of juncture ; rend is elevated or poetical, 
and implies greater violence than tear. Split implies sepa- 
ration esp. in the direction of the grain or layers ; cleave 
(commonly somewhat rhetorical) emphasizes more the idea 
of sundering ; rive is elevated or poetical for cleave. 
-v,i. 1. To separate on being pulled; be rent. 2. To move or 
act with violence, excited haste, etc. ; rush, [spree. SlangA 
— n. 1. Act of tearing, state of being torn ; a rent. 2. AJ 

tear'drop' (ter'dropO, n. A tear. 

tear'er (tar'er), n. One who, or that which, tears, or rends. 

tear'ful (ter'fool), a. Abounding with tears ; weeping. — 
tear'ful-ly, adv. — tear'f ul-ness, n. 

tear'ing (tar'Tng), a. Hasty ; furious ; tremendous. Colloq. 

tear'less (ter'les), a. Shedding no tears ; free from tears. 

tear'y (ter'I), a. Wet with tears ; tearful. 

tease (tez), v. t.; teased (tezd) ; teasing (tez'ihg). [AS. 
tsesan to pluck, tease.] 1. To disentangle and lay parallel, 
as fibers ; comb or card, as wool or flax. 2. To scratch, as 
cloth, to raise a nap ; teasel. 3. To tear or separate (a tissue 
or specimen) into minute shreds for microscopic examina- 
tion of the structure. 4. To vex with importunity or imper- 
tinence ; annoy by petty requests, or by jests and raillery ; 
plague ; sometimes, importune ; beg. — Syn. See harass. 

— n. 1. Act of teasing ; state of being teased. 2. One who, 
or that which, teases. Colloq. 

tea'sel (te'z'l), n. [AS. tsesel.] 

1. Any of a genus (Dipsacus) 

of prickly herbs having blue or 

lilac flowers in dense, oblong 

heads, esp. a variety, the fuller's 

teasel (D. fullonum), the 

flower head of which is covered 

with stiff, hooked bracts. 2. A 

flower head of the fuller's teasel, 

used, when dried, to raisea nap 

on cloth. 3. Any contrivance 
, used for teasels (in sense 2). 

— v. t. ; -seled (-z'ld) or -selled ; 
-sel-ing or -see-ling. To sub- 
ject to the action of teasels in 
order to raise a nap. — tea'sel- 
er, tea'sel-ler, n. 

teas'er (tez'er), n. One who, or 
that which, teases. 




Fuller's 
Teasel. 



tea'spoon^ (te'spoon'), n. A spoon such as is commonly 
used to stir tea, coffee, etc. See tablespoon, teaspoonful. 

tea'spoon'ful (-fd&l), n.; pi. -fuls (-foolz). Enough to fill 
a teaspoon, usually reckoned at a fluid dram (3.7 c. a). 

teat (tet), n. [OF. tete.l The protuberance through which 
milk is drawn from the breast or udder ; nipple ; mammilla ; 
— now chiefly used in reference to quadrupeds. 

tea'zel, tea'zle (te'z'l). Vars. of teasel, [ish calendar. 

Te-bet'(te-bet'),n. AlsoTe-beth'. [Heb.*e6e^.] SeejEw- 

tech'i-ly (tech'I-li), adv. In a techy manner. 

tech'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being techy. 

tech'nic (tek'nTk), n. 1. The style of performance in any 
art ; technical skill ; execution ; technique. 2. = technics. 

tech'ni-cal (tek'ni-kal), a. [Gr. rtxviKos, fr. rkxvv an art.] 
Of, pert, to, or especially appropriate to, the useful or me- 
chanic arts, or any art, science, business, etc. — tech'ni- 
cal-ly (-kal-i), adv. — tech'ni-cal-ness, n. 

tech/ni-cal'i-ty (-kal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being technical. 2. That which is technical, or 
peculiar to any trade, profession, sect, or the like, esp. in 
terminology or method of procedure. 

tech-ni'cian (tek-msh'an), n. a One skilled particularly in 
the technical details of a subject, b One skilled in the 
technique of an art, as music or painting. 

tech'nics (tek'mks), n. (See-ics.) The science or doctrine 
of an art or of arts in general ; branches of learning relating 
to the arts ; also, technic ; technique. 

technique' (teVnek'),«. [F.] Technic (in sense 1); — the 
form commonly used for method of execution in fine art. 

tech/no-log'ic (t_eVno-loj'ik)\ a. Of or pertaining to tech- 



tech/no-log'i-cal (-i-kal) 



nology. 



tech-nol'0-gist (tek-nol'o-jist),n. One skilled in technology. 

tech-nol'0-gy (tek-nol'o-ji), n. [Gr. rex^v art + -logy.] 1. 
Industrial science ; systematic knowledge of the industrial 
arts. 2. The terminology used in arts, sciences, etc. 

tech'y (tech'i), a.; tech'i-er (-i-er) ; tech'i-est. [From 
OF. teche a mark or quality (good or bad).] Peevish ; fret- 
ful ; irritable ; touchy. — Syn. See irascible. 

tec-tol'O-gy (tek-tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. TeKroiv a carpenter + 
-logy.] Biol. A division of morphology in which the or- 
ganism is regarded as composed of morphons of different 
orders. — tec'to-log'i-cal (tek'to-loj'i-kal), a. 

tec-ton'ic (-ton'ik), a. [L. tectonicus, Gr. tzktovikos, fr. reK- 
twi> builder.] Pert, to construction ; specif. : a Architectural. 
b Geol. Of or pert, to the structure of the earth's crust. 

tec-ton'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) The science or art by which 
implements, vessels, buildings, etc., are constructed. 

ted (ted), v. t. ; ted'ded ; ted'ding. To spread, or turn from 
the swath and scatter, for drying, as new-mown grass. 

ted'der (-er), n. One who teds ; also, a machine for tedding. 

|| Te De'um (te de'um). [L., fr. te (accus. of tu thou) + 
Deura, accus. of Deus God.] 1. An ancient Christian hymn 
beginning, Te Deum laudamus (We praise thee, O God). 
2. a A musical setting of this hymn, b A religious service in 
which this hymn forms a principal part. 

te'di-ous (te'di-iis ; ted'yws),a. [L. taediosus, fr. taedium. 
See tedium.] Involving tedium ; tiresome ; wearisome. — 
Syn. See irksome. — te'di-ous-ly,adt;. — te'di-ous-ness,^. 

te'di-um (te'di-um), n. [L. taedium, fr. taedet it disgusts, 
it wearies one.] Irksomeness ; wearisomeness ; tediousness. 

tee (te), n. The letter T, t ; also, something shaped like or 
resembling a T ; specif. : a. A short piece of pipe having a 
lateral outlet, b A short piece of iron fastened at its middle 
to the end of a chain, c A metal bar or beam of T section. 

tee (te), n. 1. The mark aimed at in various games, as curl- 
ing. 2. Golf. Place from which the ball is struck in starting 
for a hole ; often, specif., a small artificial elevation, as of 
wet sand, on which the. ball is poised. — v. t.; teed (ted) ; 
tee'ing. To place (the ball) on a tee. 

teem (tern), v. t. [From Scand.] To pour ; empty ; unload ; 
— usually used with out. Tech. or Dial. 

teem, v. i. [AS. teman, fr. team. See team.] 1. To bear 
young or fruit ; conceive. Rare or Dial. 2. To be ready to 
bring forth ; be prolific ; abound. — v. t. To bear ; generate. 

teem'er, n. One who teems, pours, or unloads. 

teem'ing, p. a. Prolific ; full ; also, abounding ; crowding. 

teen (ten), n. [AS. teona reproach, wrong, fr. teon to ac- 
cuse.] Grief ; sorrow ; pain ; also, anger ; malice. Archaic, 
Dial., or Scot. 

teens (tenz), n. pi. The years of one's age of which the 
numbers (from thirteen to nineteen inclusive) have the ter- 
mination -teen (see ten). 

tee'ter (te'ter), v. i. & t. [E. dial, titter.] To seesaw. — n. 
Act of teetering ; also, a seesaw. Both U. S. 

teeth (teth), n., pi. of tooth. 

teethe (teth), v. i. ; teethed (tetbd) ; teeth'ing (teth'Tng). 
To grow teeth ; also, to cut one's teeth. 

teeth'ing (teth'Tng), n. The cutting of teeth ; dentition. 

tee-tO'tal (te-to'tal), a. 1. Entire ; total. Colloq. 2. Of or 
pertaining to total abstinence from intoxicating drink ; as, 
a teetotal pledge or meeting. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TEETOTALER 



987 



TELESCOPICALLY 



tee-to'tal-er, tee-to'tal-ler (-Sr), n. One who abstains to- 
tally from intoxicating drink. — tee-to'tal-ism (-iz'm), n. 

tee-to'tal-ly, adv. Completely ; entirely ; totally. Colloq. 

tee-to'tum {-turn), n. Orig., a form of top, used in gaming, 
having a T (for Latin totum all) on one side ; hence, a 
child's toy, somewhat like a top, twirled by the fingers. 

teg'men (teg'men), n.; pi. tegmina (-mi-nd). [L., fr. 
tegere, tectum, to cover.] A tegument, or covering. 

teg'U-lar (-u-ldr), a. [LL. tegularis, fr. L. tegula a tile.] 
Pert, to or like a tile ; arranged like, or consisting of, tiles. 

teg'u-ment (-ment), n. [L. tegumentum, fr. tegere to cov- 
er.] An integument. — teg'u-men'ta-ry (-men'td-ri), a. 

te— hee' (te-he'), interj. [Imitative.] An exclamation sug- 
gesting the sound of a tittering or giggling laugh. — - n. A 
tittering laugh ; a titter. — v. i. To titter ; laugh derisively. 

Te-huel'che (ta-wel'cha), n. [Native word in Patagonia 
meaning southeast.] A member of one of several Patago- 
nian tribes characterized by great stature and a low culture. 

|| te' i'gi-tur (te' Tj'i-tur). [L., thee therefore ; — its first 
two words.] Eccl. First part of the canon of the Latin Mass. 

teil (tel), n., or teil tree. [OF. teil.] Lime tree ; linden. 
In Is. vi. 13 (A. V.), teil is mistakenly used for terebinth. 

tel'ses-the'si-a, tel'es-the'si-a (tel'es-the'si-d ; -zhT-d), n. 
[NL. ; tele- -f- sesthesia.] An impression received at a 
distance without the normal operation of the sense organs. 

tel'a-mon (tel'd-mon), n.; pi. -mones (-mo'nez). [L. tela- 
mo or telamon, Gr. reKauoiv a bearer, fr. tXtjvm to bear.] 
Arch. A male figure used as a supporting column or pilaster. 

Tel'a-mon (tel'd-mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. TeXa/uwi'.] Gr.Myth. 
Brother of Peleus and father of Ajax. He was an Argonaut 
and took part in the Calydonian boar hunt. 

tel-an'gi-ec'ta-sis (tel-an'jl-ek'td-sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. reXos 
end + a-yyelov vessel + etcTaais extension.] Med. Dilata- 
tion of the capillary vessels, producing a form of angioma. 
— tel-an'gi-ec-tat'ic (-ek-tat'ik), a. 

tel-au'to-gram (tel-6'to-gram), n. A message transmitted 
and recorded by a telautograph. 

tel-au'to-graph (-graf ), n. [tele- -{-autograph.'] A facsim- 
ile telegraph for reproducing writing, pictures, etc. The 
motions of the transmitting pencil are simultaneously 
reproduced by a pen controlled by electromagnetic devices. 

tel'e- (tel'e-). Combining form fr. Gr. ryXe, far, far off. 

tel-e'ga (te-le'ga), n. [Russ. telyega.] A rude four-wheeled, 
springless wagon, 
used in Russia. 

te-leg'o-ny (te- 
leg'o-ni), n. Biol. 
The supposed in- 
fluence of a f?ther 
on offspring sub- 
sequent to his own 
begotten of the 
same mother by Telega, 

another father. — tel'e-gon'ic (tel'e-gon'ik), a. 

tel'e-gram (tel'e-gram), n. A telegraphic dispatch. 

tel'e-graph '-graf), n. 1. Orig., an apparatus for communi- 
cation at a distance bv signals ; broadly, any special appa- 
ratus, system, or process for communication (esp. by means 





A Telegraph Key. 1. 
Terminals, connecting 
the enr*s of a break in the line wire ; 2 Key Lever, depressed 
by its Button (3), thus closing the circuit through the 
platinum Points (4). When not in use, the Spring (5) holds 
up 2, which then rests on its Back Stop (6), the break being 
closed by setting the Lever (7) in the position shown. B 
Sounder. Currents through the Magnet (1) cause it to 
draw down its Armature (2), which brings the Stop (3) 
against the Anvil (4) with a click for each current passing. 

of e'ectrical transmission) at a distance. 2. A telegram. 
— v. t. & i. To send or communicate by telegraph ; also, to 

send a telegram to (a person). 
te-leg'ra-pher (te-leg'rd-f er ; tel'e-graf'er), n. One who 

sends telegraphic messages ; a telegraphic operator. 
tel'e-graph/ic (tel'e-graf'ik), a. Of or pert, to the tele- 

— tel'e- 




j skilled 
in telegraphy ; a telegrapher. 

te-leg'ra-phone (te-leg'rd-f on), n. {tele- + -graph + 
-phone.'] An instrument for recording and reproducing 
sound by the local magnetization of a steel wire, disk, or 
ribbon, moved against the pole of a magnet connected elec- 
trically with a telephone receiver or the like. 

tel'e-graph'o-scope (tel'e-graf'o-skop), n. An instrument 



for telegraphically reproducing a picture at a distance. 

te-leg'ra-phy (te-leg'rd-fi ), n. Art or practice of making or 
using telegraphs ; as, submarine telegraphy. 

tel'e-lec'tric (tel'e-lek'tnk), a. Of or pert, to transmission 
of mechanical effects to a distance by electricity. 

tel'e-lec'tro-SCOpe (-lek'tro-skop), n. \_tele- + electro- -+■ 
-scope.] Any apparatus for bringing before the eye an im- 
age of distant objects, by the aid of electric transmission. 

Te-lem'a-chus (te-lem'd-kus), n. [L., fr. Gr. T^X^axoj.] 
Gr. Myth. Son of Ulysses and Penelope. He goes to seek his 
father, but returns in time to help slay Penelope's suitors. 

te-lem'e-ter (te-lem'e-ter), n. An instrument for measuring 
the distance of an object from an observer, as a kind of 
telescope. e-try, n. — tel'e-met'ric (tel'e-met'nk), a. 

tel'e-mo'tor (tel'e-mo'ter), n. Naut. A hydraulic device by 
which the movement of the wheel on the bridge operates 
the steering gear at the stern. 

te-len'gi-scope (te-len'ji-skop), n. {tele- + Gr. kyyin near 
+ -scope.] Optics. An instrument that may be used as a 
telescope for objects close at hand or as a microscope. 

tel'e-O-log'i-cal (tel'e-o-loj'I-kdl ; te'le-), a. Pert, to tele- 
ology ; of the nature of, or relating to, design. cal-ly, adv. 

tel'e-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. One versed in teleology. 

tel'e-ol'O-gy (tel'e-ol'6-jl ; te'le-), n. [Gr. reXos, reXeos, 
end, issue + -logy.] 1. Fact or quality of possessing final 
cause ; that character of nature showing itself in rational 
and purposive adaptation ; conception of design as a true 
cause of existence. 2. The philosophical study of evidences 
of design in nature ; also, belief in teleology as a principle 
of explanation. 

tel'e-OSt (tel'e-ost ; te'le-), a. [Gr. reXeos complete, perfect 
+ barkov bone.] Zo'dl. Of or pert, to a subclass ( Teleostei) 
of fishes including the ordinary bony fishes as distinguished 
from the ganoids, dipnoans, etc. — n. A teleost fish. 

tel'e-os'te-an (-os'te-dn), a. & n. Teleost. 

tel'e-path'ic ( tel'e-path'ik ), a. Of or pert, to telepathy; 
communicated by telepathy. — -i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. 

te-lep'a-thy (te-lep'd-th!), n. Affection of one mind by the 
thoughts or emotions of another without communication 
through ordinary channels of sensation. — te-lep'a-thist, n. 

tel'e-phone (tel'e-fon), n. An instrument for reproducing 
sounds, esp. articulate speech, at 
a distance. — v. t. & i. ; -phoned 
(-fond) ; -phon'ing (-fon'ing). To 
send or communicate by tele- 
phone ; speak to (a person) by tel- 
ephone. phon'er (-fon'er), n. 

tel'e-phon'ic (tel'e-fon'ik), a. 
Conveying sound to a distance ; 
also, of or pert, to the telephone. 
— tel'e-phon'i-cal-ly, adv. 

tel'e-pho'no-graph (-f o'no-graf ) , 
n. A combination of a telephone 
receiver and a phonograph for re- 
cording and reproducing tele- 
phone messages. Cf. telegra- 
phone. 

te-leph'0-ny (te-lef'6-ni ; tel'e-fo'- 
ni), n. Art or process of reproduc- 
ing sounds at a distance. 

tel'e-phote (tel'e-iot), n. [tele- -f- 
Gr. 4>&s, <6cor6s, light.] A telelec- 
tric apparatus for producing im- 
ages of visible objects at a dis- 
tance, [tographic. | 

tel'e-pho'to (-fo'to), a. Telepho-| 

tel'e-pho'to-graph(-to-graf), n. A 
picture or image reproduced or taken by telephotography. 

tel'e-pho'tp-graph'ic (tel'e-fo'to-graf'Tk), a. Designating, 
or pertaining to, the processes of telephotography. 

tel'e-pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tog'rd-fi), n. 1. Photography of 
distant objects in more enlarged form than is possible by 
ordinary means. 2. Art of electrically reproducing pictures 
at a distance in a way similar to that of electric telegraphy. 

tel'e-SCOpe (tel'e-skop), n. [Gr. TrfKeanoiros viewing afar ; 
rrjXe far + ctkottos a watcher.] An optical instrument used 
to aid the eye or camera in viewing or photographing dis- 
tant objects, as the heavenly bodies. Telescopes having an 
object glass, for collecting the beam of light and forming 
the image, are called refracting telescopes, as, the Lick 
(36 in. aperture) and the Yerkes (40 in.) telescopes. If the 
light is collected by a mirror, the instrument is called a 
reflecting telescope. 

— v. i. ; -scoped (-skopt) ; -scop'rNG (-skop'Tng). To slide or 
pass one within another, as do the sections of a small tele- 
scope ; hence, force a way into, or enter, another lengthwise 
as the result of collision. — v. t. To cause to telescope. 

tel'e-scop'ic (-skop'ik)l a. 1. Of or pert, to a telescope; 

tel'e-scop'i-cal (-i-kdl)j performed by a telescope. 2. Seen 
or discoverable only by a telescope. 3. Farseeing ; as, a 
telescopic eye. 4. Having the power of extension by joints 
sliding one within another. — tel'e-scop'i-cal-ly, adv. | 




Telephone Receiver, a 
Diaphragm of Soft 
Iron ; b Coil of Insu- 
lated Copper Wire sur- 
rounding the end of a 
Steel Magnet f;dd 
Longitudinal Holes in 
the Case through which 
the ends of the Coil b 
pass to the Binding 
Screws e and thence 
into the Cord. 



< 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. *= equally 



N 



TELESCOPIST 



988 



TEMPERATURE 



R 



te-les'CO-py (te-les'ko-pT ; tel'e-sko'pi), n. Art or practice 
of using or of making telescopes. — te-les'co-pist (-pist), n. 

tel'e-spec'tro-scope (tel'e-spek'tro-skop), n. Astron. A 
spectroscope arranged to be attached to a telescope to 
obtain spectra of heavenly bodies. [scopic stereoscope. I 

tel'e-Ster'e-o-scope' (-ster'e-6-skop'), n. Optics. A tele-j 

tel'es-the'sia. Var. of tel^esthesia. 

te-les'tich (te-les'tik ; tel'e-stik), n. [Gr. reXos the end -f 
o-Tt'xos a line.] A poem in which the consecutive final let- 
ters of the lines make a name. Cf. acrostic. 

tel'e-ther'mo-graph (teTe-thur'mo-graf), n. {tele- + ther- 
mo- + -graph."] Physics, a A record of fluctuations of tem- 
perature made automatically at a distant station. b An in- 
strument, usually electrical, making such records. 

tel'e-ther-mom'e-ter (-ther-mom'e-ter), n. Physics. An 
apparatus for indicating the temperature of a distant 
point. — tel'e-ther-mom'e-try (-tri), n. 

te-leu'tO-spore (te-lii'tp-spor), n. [Gr. reXevrrj completion 
+ spore.'] Bot. A teliospore. spor'ic (-spor'ik), a. 

tel'fer, tel'fer-age. Vars. of telpher, telpherage. 

tel'fqrd (tel'ferd), a. [From T. Telford, Scottish engineer.] 
Noting, or pert, to, a road pavement of rolled stone, dis- 
tinguished from macadam by its foundation of large stones. 

tel'ford-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
furnish (a road) with a telford pavement. 

tel'har-mo^ni-um (tel'har-mo'nT-ftm), n. An instrument 
for producing music (tel-har'mo-ny [tel-haVmo-nT]) at 
a distance by means of alternating currents of electricity 
controlled by an operator who plays on a keyboard. — tel'- 
har-mon'ic (-mon'ik), a. 

te'li-al (te'li-al ; tel'T-), a. Pert, to or designating a telium. 

te'li-O-spore' ( te'li-6-spor' ; tel'i- ; 57 ), n. [ telium + 
spore.] Bot. One of the thick-walled spores developed in the 
teliostage of the rust fungi. — te'li-O-spor'ic (-spor'ik), a. 

te'li-O-Stage' (-stajO, n. [telium + stage.] Bot. The final, 
or late summer, stage in the life cycle of the rust fungi. 

te'li-um (te'li-um ; tel'i-), n.j pi. telia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. 
t^Xos, reXeos, end, completion.] Bot. The sorus of the 
teliostage in rust fungi. 

tell (tel), v. t.; pret. & p. p. told (told) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
tell'ing. [AS. tellan, fr. talu tale, speech.] 1. To men- 
tion one by one ; enumerate ; reckon ; number ; as, to tell 
money ; to tell one's beads (in counting on a rosary the 
prayers said). 2. To relate in detail ; narrate ; recount ; as, 
to tell a yarn ; also, to utter ; say ; as, to tell a lie. 3. To 
make known ; disclose ; reveal ; manifest ; as, fossils tell 
much of the past ; also, to express in words ; as, I cannot 
tell how sorry I am. 4. To inform ; report or communicate 
to ; as, I told him by signs. 5. To order ; request ; direct ; 
as, he told her to go. 6. To ascertain by observing ; find 
out ; recognize ; decide ; as, how can I tell what to do ? 7. 
To assure emphatically ; as, he did do it, I tell you. 
to tell off, to number and set apart ; esp., Mil., to number 
and detail for special duty. 

— v. i. 1. To give an account ; make report. 2. To talk ; 
chat. Dial. Eng. 3. To take effect ; have a marked effect ; 
as, every shot tells. 4. To act as a talebearer ; inform ; — 
usually used with on or of. Archaic or Colloq. 

Tell, William. A legendary Swiss archer who, for refusing 
to salute the cap which Gessler, the Austrian governor, 
had set up in the market place, was sentenced to shoot an 
apple from the head of his own son. This he did. He later 
shot Gessler, and freed his country from Austria. 

tell'er (tel'er), n. 1. One who tells, or relates; informer; 
narrator ; describes 2. One who reckons, or counts ; 
specif. : a One appointed to count the votes in a legislative 
body, assembly, etc. b A bank officer who receives and 
counts money paid in, and pays money out on checks. 

tell'ing (tel'ing), p. a. Operating with effect ; effective. 

tell'tale' (-taF), n. 1. One who officiously gives informa- 
tion of the private concerns of others ; a talebearer ; in- 
former. 2. A thing that serves to give information or warn- 
ing ; as : a A contrivance indicating the position of the 
helm of a ship, etc. b A movable piece of ivory or the like 
indicating the available wind supply of an organ, c A de- 
vice to keep a check on employees, esp., a clock to register 
the time of arrival, and departure, d Railroads. A row of 
long strips hung over the tracks to warn freight brakemen 
of a low overhead bridge. 

— a. 1. Officiously telling what one should hold in confi- 
dence ; talebearing. 2. Disclosing or indicating something 
of a private nature ; betraying ; as, a telltale blush. 

tel'lu-rate (tel'vi-rat), n. Chem. A salt of telluric acid. 

tel'lu-ret (tel'u-ret)^ n. A telluride. Obsoles. 

tel-lu'ri-an (te-lu'ri-an), a. [L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] 
Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, the earth.-— n. 1. A 
dweller on the earth. 2. An apparatus to illustrate the 
causation of day and night by the earth's rotation, etc. 

tel-lu'ric (te-lu'rfk), a. [L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] 1. Of 
or pert, to the earth ; proceeding from the earth. 2. Chem. 
Of, pert, to, or containing tellurium, esp. in compounds in 
which it has a relatively high valence 



tel'lll-ride (tel'u-rid; -rid), n. Also -rid. Chem. A com- 
pound of tellurium with another element or a radical acting 
as an element ; — formerly called telluret. 

tel'lu-rite (-rlt), n._ 1. Chem. A salt of tellurous acid. 2. 
Min. Native tellurium dioxide, Te02, occurring sparingly 
in tufts of white or yellowish crystals. 

tel-lu'ri-um (te-lu'ri-um), n. [NL., fr. L. tellus, -uris, the 
earth.] Chem. A rare element related to sulphur and 
selenium, occasionally native as a crystalline substance of 
tin-white luster (sp. gr., 6.27), but usually combined with 
metals, as in sylvanite. Symbol, Te; at. wt., 127.5. 

tel'lu-rize (tel'u-rlz), v. t.; -rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'ing (-riz'- 
lng). Chem. To combine, impregnate, or treat with tel- 
lurium ; — chiefly in p. p. ; as, tellurized ores. 

tel'lu-rous (-rus), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing tel- 
lurium, esp. in compounds in which it has a lower valence 
than in the telluric compounds. 

Tel'lus (tel'us), n. [L.] Roman Relig. The goddess of 
the earth, who received and nourished the sown seed. 

tel'0-dy-nam'ic (tel'6-dT-nam'ik ; -di-), a. {tele— f- dynam- 
ic] Relating to the transmission of power to a distance. 

tel'pher-age (tel'fer-aj), n. Also tel'fer-age. {tele- + Gr. 
4>kpeiv to bear.] Any system of automatic electric transpor- 
tation, esp. one in which light cars (tel'phers or tel'f ers) 
are hung from, and run on, suspended wire cables. 

Tel'u-gU (tel'do-goo), n. 1. A Dravidian language of east 
central India, spoken by more than twenty million people 
2. A Dravidian of Telugu speech. — Tel'u-gu, a. {U. S 

tem-blor' (tem-blor'), n. [Sp.] An earthquake. Western 

tem'er-a'ri-OUS ( tem'er-a'rf-us ; 3), a. [L. temerarius _ 
Unreasonably venturous ; rash. — tem/er-a'ri-ous-ly, adv. 

te-mer'i-ty (te-mer'T-ti), n. [L. temeritas, fr. temere by 
chance, rashly.] Unreasonable contempt of danger ; ex- 
treme venturesomeness ; rashness. — Syn. See rashness. 

tem'per (tem'per), v. t. [AS. temprian, fr. L. temperare.] 
1. To mingle in due proportion ; compound ; blend. Ar- 
chaic. 2. To regulate, esp. by moderating ; soften ; mollify ; 
assuage; as, to temper justice with mercy. 3. To fit to- 
gether ; adjust. Rare. 4. To moisten and stir to a proper 
consistency, as clay for brick, etc. 5. Music. To adjust, as 
the pitch in the mathematical scale to that of the scale in 
actual use. 6. To bring (steel) to a proper degree of hard- 
ness and toughness, usually by heating and cooling more or 
less quickly ; hence, to harden or toughen (glass or any of 
various metals), as by annealing, etc. — v. i. 1. To accord ; 
agree. Obs. 2. To be or become tempered. 

— n. 1. Mixture, esp. due or just mixture of qualities ; as, 
the temper of mortar._ 2. Constitution of body ; tempera- 
ment. Obs. 3. Disposition or frame of mind, esp. as to the 
passions and affections ; as, a fiery temper. 4. Equanim- 
ity ; composure ; — now archaic exc. in to keep, or lose, 
one's temper. 5. Heat of mind or passion ; proneness to 
anger ; as, to display temper. 6. The state of a metal, glass, 
etc., esp. as to hardness and toughness. 7. A substance 
added to or mixed with something else to modify its prop- 
erties. — Syn. See disposition. 

tem/per-a-ment (tem'per-d-ment), n. [L. temperamen- 
tum a mixing in due proportion, temperament.] 1. In- 
ternal constitution. 2. The physical and mental character of 
an individual ; as, the sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric (or 
bilious), and melancholic temperaments, denoting types 
formerly believed to be due to the preponderance of one 
or other of the bodily humors (see humor, n., 2). 3. Act 
of tempering, or modifying; adjustment, as of clashing 
rules, interests, etc. ; also, the means of such adjustment. 
4. Temperature. Obs. 5. Music. The system or process of 
producing a set of compromise tones in the tuning of key- 
board instruments by slightly modifying_ the intervals of 
the pure scale so as to admit of modulations without the 
use of an inconveniently large number of distinctions in 
pitch. — Syn. See disposition. 

tem'per-a-men'tal (tem'per-d-men'tal), a. Of or pert, to 
temperament ; constitutional ; also, characterized by a 
strongly marked temperament, esp. artistic or nervous. — 
tem'per-a-men'tal-ly, adv. 

tem/per-ance (tem'per-dns), n. [L. temperantia.] 1. Ha- 
bitual moderation in the indulgence of the appetites and 
passions ; moderation ; specif., moderation in, or, narrowly, 
abstinence from, the use of intoxicants. 2. Self-control ; 
calmness. Archaic. — Syn. See abstinence. 

tem'per-ate (-at), a. [L. temper -atus, p. p.] 1. Moderate ; 
not excessive ; as : a Moderate in indulging the appetites 
or the passions, b Exhibiting self-control ; restrained. 2. 
Mild in climate or temperature; as, the temperate zone 
(see zone). — Syn. Sober, calm, cool. See moderate. 

tem'per-ate-ly, adv. In a temperate manner. 

tem/per-ate-ness, n. Quality or state of being temperate ; 
moderateness ; self-restraint. 

tem'per-a-ture (-d-tur), n. [L. temperatura due measure, 
proportion, temperament.] 1. Constitution ; temperament. 
Archaic. 2. Moderation ; also, mildness. Obs. 3. Condi- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
ase, unite, ikm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



TEMPERED 



989 



TEND 




tion as to heat or cold ; degree of heat or cold. 4. Physiol. 
& Med. Degree of heat of, esp. of the human body ; also, 
Colloq., loosely, the excess of this over the normal (of the 
human body 98°-99.5° F., in the mouth of an adult about 
98.4°). 

tem'pered (-perd), a. 1. Having (such) a temper ; — chiefly 
in composition. 2. Music. Conformed to temperament. 

tem'per-er (-per-er), to. One who, or that which, tempers. 

tem'pest (-pest ; 24), to. [OF. tempeste, fr. L. tempestas a 
portion of time, a season, weather, storm.] 1. An extensive 
violent wind, esp. one attended with rain, hail, or snow ; a 
furious storm. 2. Fig., any violent tumult or agitation. 

— v. t. & i. To move like a tempest ; agitate ; storm. 
tem-pes'tu-OUS (tem-pes'tu-us), a. [L. tempestuosus.] 

Of or pert, to a tempest ; stormy ; turbulent ; violent. — 
tem-pes'tu-ous-ly, adv. — tem-pes'tu-ous-ness, n. 

Tem'plar (tem'pldr), to. [F. templier, LL. templarius. 
See temple a church.] 1. One of 
a religious and military order first 
established at Jerusalem, about 
a. D. 1118, fo protect pilgrims and 
the Holy Sepulcher. There were 
four ranks : knights (heavy horse- 
men), sergeants (light horsemen), 
farmers (administrators of tempo- 
rals), and chaplains. The Knights 
Templars, or Poor Knights of 
the Temple, for a time had quar- 
ters in the palace in Jerusalem 
known as Solomon's Temple. See 
soldier, Illust. 2. [Z. c] A stu- 
dent of law or barrister having 
chambers in the Inner or Middle 
Temple, two Inns of Court in Lon- 
don, on the site of the Temple of Templar, 1. 
the Knights Templars. Eng. 3. Freemasonry. = Knight 
Templar, 2. 

tem'plate (-plat), tem'plet (-plet), n. [F. templet."] 1. A 
gauge, pattern, or mold, commonly a thin plate or board, 
used as a guide in mechanical work. 2. Arch. A short piece 
in a wall under a beam to distribute pressure ; also, a beam 
spanning a doorway or the like and supporting joists. 3. 
[Usually templet.] Shipbuilding. Either of two wedges 
in one of the supports on which the keel of a ship is laid. 

tem'ple (tem'p'l), n. [F.] Weaving. A device in a loom 
for keeping the web stretched transversely, as a flat wooden 
bar with small pins at each end. 

tem/ple, n. [OF., fr. L. tempora, tempus.] The flattened 
space on either side of the forehead of man. 

tem'ple, n. [AS. tempel, fr. L. templum.] 1. An edifice 
dedicated to the worship of a deity. 2. [_cap.] One of three 
successive buildings in ancient Jerusalem for the worship of 
Jehovah. 3. A Christian edifice for public worship ; a church. 
4. Any place in which divinity resides. 5. Mormon Ch. A 
building dedicated to the administration of ordinances. 6. 
[cap.] Either of two establishments of the Knights Tem- 
plars, in London and Paris. 

tem 'pled (tem'p'ld), a. Supplied with a temple or temples, 
or with churches ; inclosed in a temple. 

tem'plet (tem'plet), n. [F.] = template. 

tem'po (-po), n. ; pi. -pi (-pe). [It.] Time ; rate of move- 
ment; specif., Music, rate of speed at which a piece or 
passage moves ; — generally indicated by such words as 
largo, adagio, etc., and by reference to the metronome. 

tem'po-ral (-po-rdl), a. [L. temporalis, fr. tempora the 
temples.] Anat. Of or pertaining to the temple or tem- 
ples, or the sides of the skull behind the orbits. [skull. I 
temporal bone, a compound bone of the side of the human] 

tem'po-ral, a. [L. temporalis, fr. tempus, temporis, time.] 
1. Of, pert, to, or limited by, time. 2. Pert, to the present 
life or this world ; secular ; also, transitory ; temporary ; — 
disting. from sacred or eternal. 3. Civil or political, as 
disting. from ecclesiastical ; lay, as disting. from clerical; 
as, temporal power, a temporal peer. 4. Gram. Of or 
pert, to a tense, or tense distinction. — Syn. See earthly. 
lord temporal, one of the peers (other than ecclesiastics) 
who have the right to sit in the British Parliament. The 
lords temporal include the peers of England, 16 repre- 
sentative peers of Scotland, and 28 representatives of the 
Iri°h peerage. [ly in pl.\ 

— to. Anything temporal or secular ; a temporality ; — chief- 1 
tem'po-ral'i-ty (-ral'i-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or 

quality of being temporary ; — opposed to perpetuity. 2. 

That which pertains to temporal or material interests; 

esp., ecclesiastical revenues collectively ; — usually in pi. 
tem'po-ra-ry (-ra-ri), a. [L. temporarius, fr. tempus, 

temporis, time.] Lasting for a time only ; not permanent. 

— tem'po-ra-ri-ly (-rf-li), adv. — tem'po-ra-ri-ness, to. 
tem'po-rize (-rlz), v. i.; -rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'ing (-rlz'ing). 

[F. temporiser. See temporal of time.] 1. To comply 

with the time or occasion ; yield to the current of opinion or 

circumstances ; also, to trim, as between parties. 2. To ne- 



gotiate ; parley. Now Rare. — tem'po-ri-za'tion (-rT-za' , < 
shun; -rl-za'shwn), to. — tem'po-riz'er f-rlz'er), to. 

tempt (tempt), v. t. [OF. tempter, tenter, fr. L. temptare, 
tentare, to handle, attack, test, urge.] 1. To prove ; test ; 
try. Archaic. 2. To endeavor to persuade ; incite. 3. To 
lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil. 4. To provoke, as anger 
or a person to anger ; act presumptuously toward ; as, to 
tempt God. 5. To endeavor to accomplish or reach ; at- 
tempt. 06s. — Syn. Entice, allure, attract, decoy. 

tempt'a-ble (temp'td-b'l), a. That may be tempted. 

temp-ta'tion (temp-ta'shun), to. 1. Act of tempting. 2. 
State of being tempted, or enticed to evil. 3. That whien 
tempts, esp^ to evil. — Syn. Allurement, enticement. 

tempt'er (temp'ter), to. One who tempts, or entices ; esp. 
[cap.] , with the, the Devil, as the great enticer to evil. 

tempt'ing, p. a. Adapted to entice or allure ; as, tempting 
pleasures. — tempt'ing-ly, adv. — tempt'ing-ness, to. 

tempt'ress (temp'tres), n. A woman who tempts. 

ten (ten), a. [AS. ten, tien, tyn; akin to -teen in thirteen, 
fourteen,^ etc., fr. AS. -tyne, -tene, -tiene.] One more than 
nine ; twice five ; — a cardinal number used attributively. 
Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of 
God's commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai (Ex. 
xx. 1-18.) 

— n. 1. The number greater by one than nine ; the sum of 
five and five ; ten units or objects. 2. A symbol for ten 
units, as 10 or x. 3. A playing card having ten spots. 

ten'a-ble (ten'd-b'l), a. [F., fr. tenir to hold, L. tenere.~\ 
Capable of being held, maintained, or defended. — ten'a- 
bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), ten'a-ble-ness, to. — ten'a-bly, adv. 

ten'ace (ten'as).TO. [F. tenace tenacious, demeurer tenace 
to hold the best and third-best cards and take both tricks, 
the adversary having to lead. See tenacious.] Whist. 
The holding by the fourth hand of the best and third-best 
cards of a suit led (major tenace) ; also, the combination 
of second-best and fourth-best cards (minor tenace). 

te-na'cious (te-na'shus), a. [L. tenax, -acis, fr. tenere to 
hold.] 1. Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast ; — chiefly 
used with of. 2. Apt to retain ; retentive ; as, a tenacious 
memory. 3. Cohesive ; tough ; as, a tenacious metal. 4. 
Viscous ; sticky. 5. Pertinacious ; firm or stubborn in hold- 
ing to one's purpose. — te-na'cious-ly, adv. ness, to. 

Syn. Tenacious, pertinacious. Tenacious applies to 
either persons or things ; pertinacious, to persons or per- 
sonal qualities only. Tenacious implies retentiveness or 
adhesiveness ; pertinacious suggests dogged and often an- 
noying persistence ; as, the tenacious hold of a bulldog ; a 
pertinacious beggar. 

te-nac'i-ty (te-nas'i-tT), n. _ 1. Quality or state of being 
tenacious. 2. Physics. Resistance to rupture or separation 
of parts ; cohesiveness ; — disting. from brittlenets, fragil- 
ity, mobility, etc. 

te-nac'u-lum (-nak'u-lum), n.; pi. tenacula (-Id). [L., a 
holder, fr. tenere to hold.] Surg. A slender sharp-pointed 
hook attached to a handle, for taking up arteries, etc. 

te-naille', te-nail' (te-nal'), to. [F. tenaille, a pair of pincers 
or tongs, a tenaille, fr. L. tenaculum, pi. tenacula. See te- 
naculum.] Fort. An outwork in the main ditch between 
two bastions, consisting of one or two reentering angles. — 
v. t. Fort. To furnish with tenailles. 

ten'an-cy (ten'dn-sT), to.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Law. A hold- 
ing, or a mode of holding, an estate ; tenure ; temporary 
posession of what is another's. 2. A piece of land held of 
another. 3. The period of a tenant's possession. 

ten'ant (ten'ant), to. [F. tenant, p. pr. of tenir to hold.] 
1. Law. One who holds or possesses real estate, or some- 
times personalty, by any kind of right ; also (as correlative 
to landlord), one in temporary possession of lands or tene- 
ments of another. 2. One in possession of any place ; oc- 
cupant. — v. t. To hold, occupy, or possess as a tenant. 

ten'ant-a-ble (-an-td-b'l), a. Fit to be tenanted. 

ten'ant-less, a. Having no tenant ; unoccupied. 

tenant right. In Great Britain, the beneficial interest 
which remains in the tenant after the expiration of his 
lease ; — an indefinite term used of various rights. 

ten'ant-ry (ten'dnt-n), to. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. State or fact 
of being a tenant. 2. The body of tenants on an estate. 

tench (tench), to. [OF. tenche, L. tinea.] A European 
fresh-water cyprinoid fish ^jjgk ~ , ,,. 

(Tinea tinea) allied to the JIHs. 
dace, noted for its 
tenacity of life. 

tend (tend), v. t. 
[For attend.] 1. 
To attend as an 
assistant or pro- 
tector ; care for ; look af- 
ter ; watch ; guard. 2. 
Naut. To stand by (a 
rope or the like) in readiness to prevent its fouling or suffer- 
ing any mischance ; — in distinction from man. 3. To be 
attentive to ; attend to. 06s. 4. To await, as in order to 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined, with. = equals. 



N 



TEND 



990 



TENSION 







R 



fulfill. Rare. — v. i. 1. To serve ; attend ; — used with on 
or upon. 2. To pay attention ; give heed. 3. To await ; 
expect. Obs. 

tend, v. i. [F. tendre, L. tendere, tensum and tentum, to 
extend, tend.] 1. To move in a certain direction ; — usu- 
ally used with to or toward. Obsoles. 2. To be directed or 
have a tendency to any end, effect, degree, object, or pur- 
pose ; specif., to serve as a means ; conduce. 

tend'ance (ten'dans), n. 1. An attending or waiting; at- 
tendance; attention. 2.Persons attending; attendants. Obs. 

tend'en-cy (ten'den-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Direction or 
course toward any place, object, degree, effect, or result ; 
drift ; causal or efficient influence. 

Syn. Inclination, bent, tenor, drift, bias, proclivity, pro- 
pensity, leaning ; course, trend, set ; import, purport. — 
Tendency, tenor, drift. Tendency denotes a move- 
ment, course, or bias in a particular direction ; tenor 
suggests rather the prevailing course or (esp.) principle of 
continuity of the thing itself ; drift heightens the implica- 
tion of intention, and is often (like tenor) equivalent to 
meaning or purport; as, the tendency of iron to sink in 
water ; to keep the tenor of one's way ; I see the drift of 
your argument. 

tend'er (ten'der), n. 1. One who tends ; one who attends a 
person or thing. 2. Naut. a A vessel employed to attend 
other vessels, to supply stores, etc. b A rowboat carried 
or towed by a larger vessel, for landing passengers, etc. 3. 
A car attached to a locomotive to carry fuel and water. 

ten'der (ten'der), n. [F. tendre to stretch out, inf. as n.] 
1. Law. An offer, as of money or service, to satisfy an 
obligation, made to save a penalty for nonpayment or non- 
performance. 2. Any offer or proposal. 3. Thing offered ; 
esp., money offered in payment. A legal tender is the cur- 
rency, or money, which the law requires a creditor to accept 
when tendered in payment of money obligations. 

— v. t. 1. Law. To make a tender (sense 1) of. 2. To offer ; 
present for acceptance. 3. To show. Obs. 

ten'der, a. [F. tendre, L. tener.] 1. Easily impressed, 
broken, cut, masticated, or the like; not firm, hard, or 
tough. 2. Physically weak ; delicate ; not hardy ; as, a 
tender plant. 3. Fragile or delicate, so as to be easily in- 
jured or affected ; as, a woman's tender honor. 4. Imma- 
ture ; weak ; as, tender crops, tender knowledge. 5. Very 
susceptible to any impression, emotion, or the like, esp. to 
pain ; specif., susceptible to love, kindness, etc. ; sympa- 
thetic ; compassionate. 6. Naut. Somewhat crank ; — 
said of a vessel. 7. Adapted to a delicate or sensitive con- 
stitution or character ; gentle ; as, tender breeding. 8. Ex- 
pressive of the softer feelings ; loving. 9. Delicate or soft 
in quality or tone ; — said esp. of color, etc. 10. Easily 
giving pain ; delicate ; as, a tender subject. 11. Consider- 
ate, as of one's feelings ; careful ; also, Rare, wary ; — usu- 
ally used with of or over. — Syn. Effeminate, soft ; kind, 
humane, merciful, pitiful. 

— v. t. To attend to ; be tender toward ; esteem. 06s. 

— n. Tender feeling or consideration. Obs. 
ten'der-er, n. One who, or that which, tenders. 
ten'der-foot' (-foot'), n. ; pi. -feet (-feV). A newcomer in 

a rough or newly settled region, esp. when not inured to 
hardship. Slang or Colloq., Orig. Western U. S. 

ten'der-heart'ed (109), a. Having great sensibility; sus- 
ceptible, esp. to the softer emotions, as of love or pity. 

ten'der-loin' (-loin'), n. 1. A strip of tender flesh on either 
side of the spine under the short ribs, in beef or pork. 2. 
[cap.] In New York City, the region which is the center of 
night amusement ; hence, a similar district in any of vari- 
ous other cities. 

ten'der-ly (-1I), adv. In a tender manner. 

ten'der-ness, n. Quality or state of being tender. 

ten'di-nous (ten'di-niis), a. 1. Pertaining to or like a ten- 
don. 2. Full of tendons ; sinewy. 

ten'don (-dun), n. [F., fr. L. tendere_ to stretch.] Anat. 
A tough cord or band of dense, inelastic, white fibrous con- 
nective tissue uniting a muscle with some other part and 
transmitting the force exerted by the muscle ; a sinew. 

ten'dril (-dril), n. [From OF. tendrillon, fr. F. tendre ten- 
der.] Bot. A slender, leafless, spirally coil- 
ing organ of climbing plants, serving as a 
means of attachment to a supporting body 
or surface. — ten'dril-lar (-dn-ldr), a. 

Ten'e-brse (ten'e-bre), n. [L., pi., dark- 
ness.] R. C. Ch. Matins and lauds for the 
last three days of Holy Week, usually sung 
on the afternoon or evening of Wednes- 
day, Thursday, and Friday. 

ten'e-brif'ic (-bnf'ik), a. [L. tenebrae 
darkness + facer e to make.] Rendering Tendrils. 
dark or gloomy ; tenebrous ; gloomy. 

ten'e-brous (-e-brus), a. [L. tenebrosus, fr. tenebrae dark- 
ness.] Dark ; gloomy ; dusky. c , T T 

ten'e-ment (-ment), n. [OF. tenement a holding, a fief, LL. 
tenementum, fr. L. tenere to hold.] 1. Law. Orig., that 




which is the subject of tenure ; hence, land, or any property 
treated like land (as rents, an office, a franchise, etc.), held 
of another. 2. a A dwelling house; specif.: (1) A rented 
house or one for renting. (2) A tenement house (see below). 
b An apartment, gr suite of rooms, used by one family. 
3. Fig., dwelling ; abode ; habitation. [held by tenants, j 

ten'e-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. Of or pert, to a tenement;! 

tenement house. Commonly, a dwelling house for renting, 
esp. one divided into separate apartments, or tenements, 
for families ; often, esp. in reference to large cities, such a 
building occupied as dwellings by the poorer classes. 

te-nen'dum (te-nen'dum), n.; pi. -da (-dd). [L., fut. pass, 
p. of tenere to hold.] Law. The clause formerly used in 
deeds to designate the kind of tenure vested in the grantee. 

ten'et (ten'et), n. [L. tenet he holds, fr. tenere to hold.] 
Any opinion, principle, dogma, belief, or doctrine held as 
true ; as, religious tenets. — Syn. See doctrine. 

ten'fold' (-fold'), a. & adv. In tens ; ten times repeated. 

te'ni-a-cide, te'ni-a-fuge, etc. Var. of t^niacide, etc. 

ten'nis (ten'is),w. [ME. tenets, tenetz.~] 1. A game played 
with a ball struck with a racket in an inclosed court ; — 
called also, in the United States, court tennis. 2. = lawn 

TENNIS. 

ten'on (-uri), n. [F., fr. tenir to hold.] Carp. A projection 
left, by cutting away the wood around it, for insertion into 
a mortise to make a joint. — v. t. 1. To cut or fit for inser- 
tion into a mortise. 2. To unite by or as by a tenon. 

ten'o-ni'tis (ten'6-ni'tis), n. [NL. ; Gr. rkvuv tendon -f- 
-itis.] Med. Inflammation of a tendon. 

ten'or (ten'er), n. [L., fr. tenere to hold.] 1. State of hold- 
ing on in a continuous course ; general tendency ; course ; 
career. 2. General drift of thought ; purport ; intent ; as, 
the tenor of a speech. 3. Stamp ; character ; nature. 4. 
Law. An exact copy of a writing ; a literal transcript. 
5. [F. t4nor, or its source, It. tenore, L. tenor, properly, a 
holding ; — because the tenor voice took and held the prin- 
cipal part.] Music, a The higher of the two ordinary kinds 
of f cfcccs of adult males ; also, the part in the harmony 
adapted to this voice, b One who sings the tenor, or an in- 
strument that plays it, as the viola. C See under change 
ringing. — Syn. See tendency. _ 

— a. Music. Of, pert, to, or designating the tenor; per- 
forming the tenor ; as, a tenor voice, part, etc. 

te-nor'rha-phy (te-nor'd-fi), n. [Gr. rkvuv tendon + 
-rhaphy.] Surg. Suture of a tendon. 

te-not'o-my (-not'6-mi), n. [Gr. rkvuv tendon + -tomy.] 
Surg. The division of, or the act of dividing, a tendon. 

ten'pen-ny (ten'pen-i), a. 1. Valued or sold at ten pence. 
2. Specif., designating a size of nails. See penny, n., Note. 

ten'pin' (ten'pm'), n. 1. A pin used in the game of tenpins. 
2. [In form tenpins, construed as sing.'] A bowling game 
resembling ninepins, but played with ten pins. U. S. 

ten'rec (ten'rek), n. [F. tanrac, tenrec, fr. Malagasy ti an- 
draka.~\ Any of several insec- ^ss^l 
tivores of Madagascar, some 
of which are spiny; esp., a 
common tailless species (Ten- 
rec ecaudatus). 

tense (tens), n. [OF. tens, 
prop., time, L. tempus time, 
tense.] Gram. Time as ex- I||| 
pressed by the forms of a Ippp^ 

v"bi ftm 5 To d lx C presTd5! K~ (Ericulus „*«,. 

tinctions of time ; one of the forms which a verb takes, by 
inflection or by adding auxiliary words, to indicate such 
distinctions. 

tense, a. ; tens'er ; tens'est. [L. tensus, p. p. of tendere, 
tensum, to stretch.] Stretched tight ; rigid ; — often fig. ; 
as, a tense moment. — tense'ly, adv. — tense'ness, n. 
Syn. Tense, intense, intent, rapt. That is tense which 
is tightly stretched or under severe strain ; as, a tense rope ; 
tense thought. Intense implies extreme, sometimes exces- 
sive, strength, depth, concentration, etc. ; as, he was too 
intense in his work to enjoy pleasantries. Intent (the 
doublet of intense) applies esp. to faculties that are on the 
stretch or eagerly bent on something ; rapt implies ex- 
treme intentness, in which one is, as it were, taken out of 
one's self ; as, persons intent upon gain ; a rapt expression. 

ten'si-ble (ten'si-b'l), a. = tensile, 2. 

ten'sile (ten'sil), a. [See tense, a.] 1. Of or pert, to ten- 
sion ; as, tensile strength. 2. Capable of tension, or being 
stretched ; ductile. 

ten-sil'i-ty (ten-sil'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being tensile. 

ten-sim'e-ter (-sTm'e-ter), n. [tension + -meter.] An in- 
strument for measuring gaseous tension ; a manometer. 

ten'sion (ten'shun), n. [L. tensio, fr. tendere. See tense, 
a.] 1. A stretching ; state of being stretched or strained to 
stiffness. 2. a Strain of mind or intensity of feeling ; in- 
tense mental effort ; as, the tension of suspense, b Any 
condition of strain; as, tension in foreign relations. 3. 
Mechanics. A force (either of two balancing forces) caus- 







' l f!8Sl§! 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
,use, unite, torn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87; ; 



TENSIONAL 



991 



TERM 



mg or tending to cause extension ; also, the stress or condi- 
tion due to these forces. 4. Machinery. A device to pro- 
duce a tension, or pull. 5. Elec. a Quality in consequence of 
which an electric charge tends to discharge itself, or to pass 
from a body of greater to one of less electrical potential. 
b Potential. — ten'sion-al (-51), a. 

ten'si-ty (-sl-ti), n. Tension ; tenseness. 

ten'sive (-sTv), a. Giving the sensation of tension, stiffness, 
or contraction ; as, a tensive pain. 

ten'sor (-sor), n. Anat. A muscle that stretches a part. 

ten'— Strike', n. 1. Tenpins. A knocking down of all ten 
pins at one shot ; a strike. U. S. 2. Any successful and de- 
cisive stroke or act. Colloq., U. S. 

tent (tent), n. [Sp. Unto, prop., deep-colored, fr. L. tinctus, 
p. p. See tinge.] A sweet deep-red Spanish wine, used 
mainly for sacramental purposes. 

tent, n. [F. tente, fr. tenter. See tempt.] Surgery, a A 
roll of lint or linen, or a piece of absorbent, used to dilate 
a canal, keep open a wound, etc. b A probe for searching a 
wound. — v. t. To probe or search with or as with a tent ; 
keep open with a tent ; as, to tent a wound. 

tent, n. [F. tente, LL. tenta, fr. L. tendere, tentum, to 
stretch.] A portable lodge or shelter of skins, canvas, or 
cloth, stretched over a pole or poles or the like, usually by 
means of ropes fastened to pegs (tent pegs) driven into 
the ground. 
tent of meeting, Bib., the tabernacle (Ex. xxxiii. 7, R. V.). 

•—v. i. & t. To lodge as in a tent ; pitch a tent ; encamp. 

ten'ta-cle (ten'td-k'l), n. [From L. tentare to handle, 
feel.] 1. Zo'ol. Any of various elongated, flexible processes, 
esp. of certain invertebrates, usually tactile or prehensile 
and generally on the head or about the mouth. 2. Bot. Any 
irritable hair or process, as on the leaves of the sundew. 

ten-tac'u-lar (ten-tak'u-ldr), a. Zo'ol. Pert, to, or of the 
nature of, a tentacle or tentacles. 

tent'age (ten'taj), n. [From 3d tent.] Tents collectively. 

ten-ta'tion (ten-ta'shim), n. [L. tentatio trial.] Mech. A 
mode of adjusting or operating by successive steps, trials, 
or experiments. 

ten'ta-tive (ten'td-tTv), a. [L. tentare to try.] Of or pert, 
to a trial ; made or done as an experiment or provisionally ; 
experimental. — ten'ta-tive-ly, adv. 

tent caterpillar. Any of several species of gregarious 
caterpillars ( esp. Malacosoma americana ) which con- 
struct on trees large silken webs into which they retreat 
when at rest. 

tent'ed, a. 1. Covered with, sheltered by, or provided with, 
a tent or tents. 2. Formed or shaped like a tent. 

ten'ter (ten'ter), n. [F. tenture hangings, tapestry, prop., a 
stretching, L. tendere, tentum, to stretch.] A frame for 
stretching cloth by tenterhooks, so that it may dry even 
and square and without shrinking ; also, Obs., a tenter- 
hook. — v. t. To hang or stretch, as on tenters. — v. i. To 
admit of being tentered. 

ten'ter, n. One who has charge of something ; specif., one 
who takes care of, or tends, machines in a factory. 

ten^ter-hOOk 7 (-hook'), n. One of the row of sharp hooked 
nails set on a tenter to hold the cloth. — on tenterhooks, 
on the stretch ; hence, uneasy or in suspense. 

tenth (tenth), a. 1. Next in order after the ninth ; — the 
ordiual of nine. Abbr., 10th. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. 
Constituting or being one of ten equal parts into which a 
(whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A tenth part. 2. A 
tenth unit or object. 3. A tithe (in sense 2). 4. Music, a 
An interval embracing ten degrees of the staff ; also, a note 
at this interval ; the octave of the third, b An organ stop 
sounding a tenth above the normal pitch of the digitals 
played upon. — tenth'ly, adv. 

ten'u-is (ten'u-Ts), n.; pi. tentjes (-ez). [L., thin, fine, 
weak ; used to translate Gr. \pi\6s bare, unaspirated (used 
of these consonants).] Gram. One of the surd mutes 
(voiceless stops) k, -k, t (k, p, t), in Greek, or of their equiva- 
lents in other languages. Cf . 2d media. 

te-nu'i-ty (te-nu'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being tenuous. 

ten'u-OUS (ten'u-us), a. [L. tenuis thin.] 1. Thin; slen- 
der ; hence, flimsy. 2. Rare ; subtle ; not dense ; — said of 
fluids. — ten'u-ous-ly, adv. — ten'u-ous-ness, n. 

ten'ure (-ur), n. [F., fr. tenir to hold.] Act, right, or man- 
ner of holding, as real estate, properly of a superior ; man- 
ner in, or period for, which anything is had and enjoyed. 
— te-nu'ri-al (te-nu'rf-al), a. — te-nu'ri-al-ly, adv. 

Ote-nu'tO (ta-noo'to), a. [It., p. p. of tenere to hold.] 
Music. Held firmly to its full value, as a tone or chord ; — 
opp. to staccato. Also used adverbially. Abbr., ten. A 
f-'jnuto mark is often used. Thus : f . 

te'0-cal'li (te'6-kal'i; ta'6-kal'ye), n.; pi. -lis (-iz; -yez). 

[Mex.] Lit., God's house ; an ancient Mexican, esp. 

Aztec, temple, usually built upon a truncated pyramid. 
te'O-sin'te (te'6-sin'te), n. [Of Mex. origin.] A large 

fodder grass (Euchlasna mexicana), native to Mexico and 

Central America, closely related to maize. 



te'pee (te'pe ; tep'e), n. [Amer. Ind. tipi, fr. ti to dwell + 
pi used for.] An American Indian wigwam or tent. 




Tepee Village of r 
Plains Indians. 

tep'e-fy (tep'e-f I), v. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. To make 
or become tepid. — tep'e-fac'tion (-fak'shun), n. 

teph'rite (tef'rlt), n. [Gr. rk^pa ashes.] Petrog. A volcanic 
rock consisting essentially of feldspar, augite, and leucite or 
nepheiite. — teph-rit'ic (tef-rit'ik), a. 

tep'id (tep'Td), a. [L. tepidus, fr. tepere to be warm.] 
Moderately warm ; lukewarm ; as, a tepid bath ; tepid a*- 
fections. — te-pid'i-ty (te-pid'i-ti), tep'id-ness, n. 

tepl-da'ri-um (tep'i-da'ri-um ; 3), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L., 
neut. of tepidarius pert, to a tepid bath. See tepid.] The 
warm intermediate room, as in ancient Roman thermae. 

ter'a-phim (ter'd-fim), n. pi. [Heb. terdphim.] Bib. Idols 
used in divination, apparently household gods of Aramaean 
and ancient Jewish families. Also (construed as a sing. 
with pi. teraphims), any such idol. [wonder, monster.! 

ter'a-to- (-to). Combining form from Greek repas, reparos) 

ter'a-tog'e-ny (-toj'e-nT), n. Med. The formation of mon 
sters. — ter'a-to-ge-net'ic (-to-je-net'Ik), ter'a-to-gen'ic 
(-jen'Tk), a. [monster; abnormal. I 

ter'a-toid (ter'd-toid), a. \terato- + -oid.~\ Resembling a| 

ter'a-tol'o-gy (-tol'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jTz). Biol. The 
study of monstrosities, serious malformations, or abnormal- 
ities in animals or plants. to-log'i-cal (-to-loj'i-kal), c 

ter'bi-um (tur'bT-ilm), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden., 
Chem. A rare metal, resembling yttrium, found in certain 
minerals. Symbol, Tb or Tr ; at. wt., 159.2. — ter'bic, a. 

ter'cel (tur'sel), n. Also tercelet. [OF., dim. fr. L. tertius 
the third.] Falconry. The male of any of various falcons, 
esp. of the peregrine falcon ; also, the male of the goshawk. 

ter-cen'te-na-ry ( tur-sen'te-na-rl ), a. [L. ter thrice + E. 
centenary.'] Including, or relating to, a term of 300 years. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-riz). The 300th anniversary of any event. 

ter'cet (tur'set ; ter-set'), n. [F., fr. It. terzetto, dim. of 
terzo third, L. tertius.'] Music & Pros. A triplet. 

ter-eb'ic (ter-eVIk ; -e'bik), a. [terebinth + -ic] Chem 
Designating, or pert. to,_a whitecrystalline acid, C7H10O4, 
obtained by the oxidation of oil of turpentine by nitric 
acid, and in other ways. 

ter'e-binth (ter'e-binth), n. [L. terebinthus, Gr. repkfiiv- 
60s.] A small European tree (Pistacia terebinthus) yield- 
ing a semifluid or fluid oleoresin called Chian turpentine. 

ter'e-bin'thic (-bin'thik), a. Pert, or similar to turpentine. 

ter'e-bin'thine (-thin), a. 1. Of or pert, to the terebinth 
tree. 2. Pert, to, consisting of, or like, turpentine. 

te-re'do (te-re'do), to.; pi. E. -DOS (-doz), L. -dines (-red'i- 
nez). [L., a worm that gnaws wood, clothes, etc., fr. Gr. 
Tepr)5up.] A shipworm (genus Teredo). 

ter-el'la (ter-el'd), n. [NL., dim. fr. L. terra earth.] Elec. 
A small magnetized sphere of steel in which the distribu- 
tion of magnetism resembles that of the earth. 

te-rete' (te-reV ; ter'et), a. [L. teres, -etis, rounded off, 
terere to rub.] Cylindrical ; circular in transverse section. 

ter'gal (tur'gal), a. [L. tergum the back.] Zo'ol. Pertain- 
ing to the tergum, or back. 

ter'gi-ver-sate' (-jT-ver-saV), v. i.; -sat'ed (-sat'ed) ; -sat'- 
ing. [L. tergiversatus, p. p. of tergiversari to turn one's 
back, shift ; tergum back + versare to turn.] To shift ; 
evade ; shuffle. — ter'gi-ver-sa'tor (-ver-sa'ter), n. 

ter'gi-ver-sa'tion (-sa'shwn), n. 1. Act of tergiversating ; 
a shifting ; subterfuge ; evasion. 2. Fickleness. 

ter'gum (tur'gum), n. ; pi. -ga (-gd). [L.] Zo'ol. The back. 

term (turm), n. [F. terme, L. termen, -inis, terminus, a 
boundary, limit, end.] 1. Limit ; bound ; end. 2. Geom. A 
point, line, or surface that limits. 3. A boundary post; 
esp., a quadrangular pillar adorned with a head or bust. 
See terminus, 2. 4. A limited or definite extent of time ; 
time for which a thing lasts; as, a presidential term; 
specif. : a In universities, schools, etc., one of the regular 
fixed continuous periods of instruction, b The period for 
which a court is held. C Law. (1) The whole time for which 
an estate is granted ; also, the estate. (2) A space of time 
granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation. 5. A 
time or date fixed, appointed, or agreed upon. Obs., except 
specif. : Law. The time fixed for the payment of rents or 
interest ; esp. (Eng.), a quarter day. 6. Logic. The subject 



X 



< 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



TERMAGANCY 



992 



TERRANE 







Q 



R 



or the predicate of a proposition ; one of the three compo- 
nent parts of a syllogism. 7. A word or expression, esp. one 
used in a definite sense, particularly one peculiar to a 
science, art, profession, or the like ; as, a technical term. 
8. In pi. Propositions or provisions stated or offered for ac- 
ceptance in making an agreement ; conditions ; as, the 
terms of a sale. 9. In pi. a (1) Mutual relationship ; foot- 
ing; — often used with on or upon; as, to be on good 
terms. (2) Good or even footing ; agreement ; as, to come to 
terms, b Condition ; circumstances. Archaic. 10. Math. 
a Algebra. A member of a compound quantity ; as, a or & 
in a + b ; ab or cd in ab — cd. b Any of the members 
composing a proportion or ratio. 

— v. t. To apply a term to ; name ; call. [termagant.! 
ter'ma-gan-cy (tur'md-gan-si),rc. State or quality of being| 
ter'ma-gant (tur'md-gant), n. [OF. Tervagant, Trivi- 

gant.~\ _ 1. \_cap.~] An imaginary being formerly supposed 
by Christians to be a Mohammedan deity. He is repre- 
sented in ancient moralities, farces, etc., as vociferous, 
tumultuous, and overbearing. 2. A turbulent brawler ; — 
now used only of women. — - a. Tumultuous ; boisterous ; 
quarrelsome ; scolding. 

term day. a A day which is a term (as for payment of rent, 
etc.). b Any of the Scottish quarter days, at which times 
houses are taken and servants engaged. 

term'er (tur'mer), n. 1. Law. = termor. 2. A person 
serving a term in prison ; — used with an ordinal ; as, first 
termer, third termer. 

ter'mi-na-ble (tur'mi-nd-b'l), a. That can or may be ter- 
minated ; limitable. — ter'mi-na-bii'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), ter'- 
mi-na-ble-ness, n. 

ter'mi-nal (-ndT), a. [L. terminalis."] 1. Of or pert, to a 
term, as an end, extremity, boundary, or terminus ; form- 
ing the terminus or extremity. 2. Bot. Growing at the end 
of a branch or stem. 3. Pert, to a railroad terminal ; also, 
connected with the receipt or delivery of freight, as distinct 
from its carriage ; as, a terminal charge. 4. Of or pert, to a 
term, or fixed period of time; occurring in a term or in 
every term ; as, a terminal dinner, subscription, etc. 

— n. 1. The terminating part ; termination ; extremity ; 
end. 2. Elec. Either end of a conducting circuit, as of an 
induction coil, dynamo, or motor ; a pole. 3. Railroads, a 
The end of a line of railroad, with the switches, stations, 
sheds, etc., pertaining thereto, b A rate charged on all 
freight, independent of the distance, to cover the expenses 
of station service. C A town at the end of a railroad ; — 
more properly called a terminus. 4. Arch. A terminat- 
ing, usually ornamental, detail, as the carved end of a pew. 

Ter'mi-na'li-a (-na'li-d), n. pi. [L.] Rom. Relig. A fes- 
tival held on Feb. 23, on which neighborsmet at their mu- 
tual boundaries and joined in a meal, frolics, etc. 

ter'mi-nal-ly, adv. In a terminal manner. 

ter'mi-nate (tur'mi-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. 
[L. terminatus, p. p. of terminare."] 1. To set or form 
a term, or limit, to ; bound ; limit. 2. To put an end to ; 
end. 3. To express in terms ; describe. Rare. — Syn. 
See close. — v. i. To be limited in space or time ; end. 

ter'mi-na'tion (-na'shim), n. 1. Act of terminating. 2. 
That which ends, limits, or bounds ; bound ; end ; conclu- 
sion. 3. Gram. The ending of a word ; a final syllable or 
letter ; esp., the part added to a stem in inflection. 4. End ; 
conclusion ; completion ; result ; as, the dispute was brought 
to a satisfactory termination. 

Syn. Termination, ending, terminus. Termination 
and ending, as here compared, apply esp. to temporal rela- 
tions and are often interchangeable. But termination 
emphasizes the idea of a limit set ; ending, that of a close 
or conclusion reached ; as, the termination of a period ; he 
lived as if life had no ending. Terminus suggests spatial 
rather than temporal relations ; as, the termination of a 
journey (conclusion in time) ; a railroad terminus. 

ter'mi-na'tion-al (-dl), a. Of, pert, to, or forming a ter- 
mination. 

ter'mi-na-tive (tur'mi-na-tiv), a. Tending or serving to 
terminate ; determining ; definitive. tive-ly, adv. 

ter'mi-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, ter- 
minates. 2. A stron. The line dividing the illuminated and 
the unilluminated parts of the moon's or a planet's disk. 

ter'mi-ner (tur'mT-ner), n. [F. terminer to end, inf. as n.] 
Law. A determining. See oyer and terminer. 

ter'mi-nism (-niz'm), n. 1. Theol. The doctrine that God 
has fixed a certain term for the probation of individual per- 
sons, during which period, and no longer, they have the 
offer of grace. 2. Philos. The doctrine that the term as it 
exists in the mind is the sole basis of logical distinctions. 

ter'mi-nol'o-gy (-n51'6-ji),n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. termi- 
nus term + -logy.'] The technical or special terms used in 
a business, art, science, etc. ; nomenclature. — ter'mi- 
no-log'i-cal (-n6-18j'i-kal),a. — i-cai-ly, adv. 

ter'mi-nus (tur'mf-nus), n.; pi. -ni (-nl). [L.] 1. A 
boundary ; limit. 2. [cap.] Roman Relig. & Antiq. The 
god of boundaries ; also [I. c] , a term, or boundary stone, 




often representing Terminus. 3. Termination ; end ; limit: 
goal. 4. Either end of a railroad line ; also, the station, or 
the town or city, at that place. Cf. terminal, n., 3.— 
Syn. See termination. [A white ant.| 

ter'mite (-mit), n. [L. termes, tarmes, -itis, a woodworm.] j 

term/less (turm'les), a. Boundless ; unending. 

term'ly (-IT), a. Pert, to a term, or period ; periodical. R. 

term'or (tur'mor), n. Law. One who has an estate for a 
term of years or for life. 

tern (turn), n. [Dan. terne, tserne."] Any of numerous larine 
birds (mostly of the genus Sterna), as the 
common tern (S. hirundo) of 
both coasts of the Atlantic. 
They are most- 
ly smaller than 

the true gulls ^^SP**" ~ - * = ^*** s, *°^ 
and have a s^**^^ M^s^^. 8 

more slender ^ mm/If Common 

bill, weaker fffllBfiS Tern, 

feet, and a tail often deeply forked. 

tern, n. [F. terne, fr. L. terni three each, three.] A prize 
in a lottery resulting from the favorable combination of 
three numbers in the drawing; also, the three numbers 
themselves. 

tern, n. Naut. A three-masted schooner. Local, U. S. 

ter'na-ry (tur'nd-n), a. [L. ternarius, fr. terni three each.] 
1. Proceeding by threes; consisting of three. 2. Chem. 
Containing, or consisting of, three different elements, 
atoms, groups, or radicals. 3. Math, a Using three as the 
radix or base ; — said of a system of notation, b Having 
three^ variables ; — said of a form or quantic. 4. Metal. 
Consisting of an alloy of three metals. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A ternion; three things taken to- 
gether ; a triad. 

ter'nate (-nat), a. Consisting of threes ; arranged in threes ; 
trifoliolate ; — said esp. of leaves. — ter'nate-ly, adv. 

ter'ni-on (tur'nT-iin), n. [L. ternio, fr. terni three each.] 
The number three ; a ternary ; specif., Bibliog., a section 
of three folio sheets. 

ter'pene (tur'pen), n. [See turpentine.] Chem. Any of a 
series of isomeric hydrocarbons, C10H16, prominent in many 
volatile oils got by distilling plants, esp. conifers. 

ter'pin (tur'pin), n. Also ter'pine (-pin ; -pen). Chem. A 
white crystalline substance, CioHis(OH)2, regarded as a 
derivative of menthane. 

ter-pin'e-ol (ter-pin'e-ol ; -ol), n. {terpin + -ol, 2.] Org. 
Chem. a A white and (whenpure) crystalline compound, 
C10H17OH, occurring in certain volatile oils and formed by 
the action of dilute acids on terpin hydrate. It is used in 
perfumery, b By extension, either of two substances iso- 
meric with, and related to, terpineol proper. 

ter'pin-ol (tur'pT-nol; -nol), n. Terpineol, esp. the com- 
mercial article. 

Terp-sich'o-re (turp-sTk'6-re), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tep^xopv ; 
repi/as enjoyment + xopos dance, dancing.] Class. Myth. 
The muse of dancing and choral song. 

Terp'si-cho-re'an (turp'sT-io-re'dn), a. Of or pert, to 
Terpsichore or [Z. c] dancing. — n. A dancer. Colloq. 

I ter'ra (ter'd ; It. ter'ra), n. [L. & It.] The earth ; earth ; 
— used esp. in phrases. 

ter'ra al'ba (al'bd). [L., white earth.] a Gypsum, ground 
for a pigment, b Kaolin, used esp. as an adulterant of 
paints, etc. C Magnesia. — t. cotta. See in Vocabulary. — 
t. fir'ma (fur'md) [L.], firm, or solid, earth, as opposed to 
water. — t. in-cog'ni-ta (Tn-kog'nT-td) ; pi. ter'ras in- 
cog'ni-taB (ter'e in-kog'ni-te) [L.], an unknown land; 
unexplored country. 

ter'race (ter'as), n. [OF., fr. L. terra the earth.] 1. A 
raised level or platform of earth supported on one or more 
faces by a wall, bank of turf, or the like, often one of a se- 
ries arranged one above the other on a slope ; also, such a 
bank of turf, etc., and the raised level collectively. 2. Geol. 
A level and rather narrow plain, usually with a steep front, 
bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. 3. A street, or a row 
of houses, along the side_ or top of rising ground ; — often 
used arbitrarily in naming any kind of street or row of 
houses. 4. A flat roof of a house, esp. of a Spanish or of an 
Oriental house. 

— v. t. ; -raced (-ast) ; -rac-ing (-a-sing). To form into, or 
furnish with, a terrace or terraces. 

ter'ra COt'ta (ter'd kot'd). [It. ; terra earth + cotta, fern, 
of cotto cooked.] 1. Hard-baked pottery, esp. that of a 
brownish red or yellowish red color, used for architectural 
reliefs, statuettes, vases, etc. 2. A color or tint, usually a 
reddish brown, like that of hard-baked clay. 

ter-rain' ( te-ran' ; ter'an ), n. [F. See terrane.] 1. 
Var. of terrane. 2. Mil. An area of ground considered 
as to its use for a specific purpose, as for a battle or for 
fortifications. 

ter-rane' (te-ran' ; ter'an), n. Also ter-rain' (te-ran' ; ter'- 
an). [F. terrain, fr. L. terra earth.] Geol. A formation, or 
a group of formations. 



ale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



TERRAPIN 



993 



TEST 




ter'ra-pin (ter'd-pin), n. [From Amer. Indian.] 1. Any of 

various edible North 
American turtles 
(family Emydidse) 
living in fresh or 
brackish water ; esp. 
any of various spe- 
cies (diamond-back 
terrapins, genus 
Malaclemys) which 

live in marshes along Diamond-back Terrapin. (£) 

the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 2. Any of various other, esp. 
fresh-water, turtles. 

ter-ra'que-ous (ter-a'kwe-zis), a. [L. terra the earth + E. 
aqueous.'] Consisting of land and water. 

ter-ra'ri-um (te-ra'n-iim ; 3), n.; pi. E. -riums (-umz), 
L. -ria (-d). [L. terra earth -f- -arium, as in aquarium.'] 
A vivarium without water. 

ter-rene' (te-ren'), a. [L. terrenus, fr. terra."] Terres- 
trial ; earthly. — n. The earth ; a land or country. Rare. 

terre'plein' (tar'plan'), n. [F., fr. L. terra earth + plenus 
full.] 1. Fort. The top or platform of a rampart, for the 
cannon, behind the parapet. 2. Civil Engin. An embank- 
ment of earth with a broad level top. 

ter-res'tli-al (te-res'tri-al), a. [L. terrestris, fr. terra the 
earth.] 1. Earthly ; — opp. to celestial. 2. Representing, 
or consisting of, the earth ; as, a terrestrial globe. 3. Con- 
sisting of land, in distinction from water. 4. Of or inhabit- 
ing the land, or ground, in distinction from trees, water, 
etc. — Syn. See earthly. — n. An inhabitant of the earth. 
terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic force exerted by the 
earth as a whole. % 

ter'ret (ter'et ; 24), n. One of the rings on the top of a har- 
ness pad, through which the reins pass. 

terre'— ten/ant (tar'ten'ant), n. [AF. terretenaunt; F. 
terre earth, land 4- tenant, p. pr. of tenir to hold.] Law. 
One who has the actual possession of land ; the occupant of 
land ; often, one seized and in possession of land. 

terre'— verte' (tar'vart'), n. [F. ; terre earth 4- vert, verte, 
green.] Glauconite, or a similar mineral, used as an olive- 
green pigment by artists. 

ter'ri-ble (ter'T-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. terribilis, fr. terrere to 
frighten.] Adapted, or likely, to excite terror ; dreadful ; 
appalling. — Syn. Terrific, formidable, shocking, terrify- 
ing. See fearful. — ter'ri-ble-ness, n. — ter'ri-bly, adv. 

ter-ric'o-lous (te-nk'6-lws), a. [L. terra earth 4- -colons.] 
Zool. & Bot. Living on the ground ; terrestrial. 

ter'ri-er (ter'T-er), n. [F. terrier, chien terrier, lit., earth 
dog, fr. terre the earth, L. terra.] One of certain breeds of 
dogs differing much in shape, coat, etc., but generally 
small, vivacious, intelligent, and courageous, and often 
used to start game, as badgers, from their earth, or burrow. 

ter'ri-er, n. [F. terrier, papier terrier, LL. terrarius liber, 
i. e., a book belonging or pertaining to land or landed es- 
tates. See 1st terrier.] Law. a Formerly, a roll setting 
out the rents and services that vassals or tenants owed to 
the lord, b Hence, a book or roll in which the interests of 
private persons or corporations in lands are described. 

ter-rif'ic (te-rlf'Tk), a. [L. terrificus ; terrere to frighten 

+ facer e to make.] Exciting, or adapted to excite, great 

fear or dread ; terrible ; appalling. — ter-rif'i-cal-ly, adv. 

ter'ri-fy (ter'i-il), v. t.; -eied (-fid); -fy'ing. [L. terrere 
to frighten 4- -fy.] To alarm or frighten greatly. 

ter-rig'e-nous (te-nj'e-nfts), a. [L. terrigena, terrigenus ; 
terra the earth 4- genere, gignere, to bring forth.] 1. 
Earthborn. 2. Oceanography. Designating, or pert, to, 
oceanic sediments derived directly from the waste of land, 
as distinguished from deep-sea oozes. 

ter-rine' (te-ren'), n. [F. See tureen.] 1. A dish, orig. of 
earthenware ; esp., an earthenware jar containing some 
table delicacy and sold with its contents. 2. Cookery. A 
kind of ragout. 

ter'ri-to'ri-al (terl-to'ri-al ; 57), a. 1. Of or pert, to terri- 
tory or land. 2. Limited to a certain district ; as, territori- 
al rights. 3. [cap.] Of or pert, to all or any one of the Ter- 
ritories of the United States, or any similar district. 4. 
Mil. Designating, or pert, to, forces organized primarily 
for territorial defense. 

territorial jurisdiction, Internat. Law, the sovereign 
jurisdiction which a state has over the land within its 
limits and over its territorial waters and over all persons or 
property within them. — t. system, territorialism. — t. 
waters, Internat. Law, the waters under the territorial ju- 
risdiction of a state ; specif., the belt (often called the marine 
belt or territorial sea) of sea subject to such jurisdiction. 

— n. A member of a territorial force; specif., in Great 
Britain, a member of the territorial army, a volunteer 
army organized in 1907-1908. 

ter'ri-to'ri-al-ism (-iz'm), n. 1. A system or doctrine of 
government under which predominance is given to the 
landed class ; landlordism. 2. Eccl. A theory or system of 
church polity which gives supreme ecclesiastical control 



to a civil ruler. Cf. collegialism. 3. [cap.'] Among the 
Jews, a doctrine, theory, or movement which seeks to bring 
about the settlement of the Jews in some region where they 
will have full political privileges and constitute a majority 
of the population. Cf. Zionism. — Ter'ri-to'ri-al-ist, n. 

ter'ri-to'ri-aPi-ty (-al'i-ti), n. Possession of territory or 
state of being territorial. 

terri-to'ri-al-ize (-to'n-al-Tz ; 57), v. t. ; -ri-al-ized (-Tzd) ; 
-iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 1. To enlarge by extension of territory. 
2. To reduce to a territory. 3. To distribute among terri- 
tories or districts. — ter'ri-to'ri-al-i-za'tion (-i-za'shiin), n. 

ter'ri-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In respect of territory. 

ter'ri-to-ry (ter'i-to-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. territori- 
um, fr. terra the earth.] 1. A large extent of land ; region ; 
district. 2. Extent of land and waters belonging to, or 
under the jurisdiction of, a prince, state, or government, or 
any given portion of it. 3. Any definite portion of the area 
of a state, considered by itself ; as : a A tract at a distance 
from the seat of government, b Any area not having full 
rights of sovereignty, but governed as a dependency, or 
having a legal system more or less peculiar to itself. C 
[cap.] (1) In the United States, a portion of the country 
not included within any State, but organized with a sepa- 
rate legislature, under a Territorial governor and other offi- 
cers appointed by the President and Senate. (2) In Canada 
and Australia, a similarly organized district not yet formed 
into a Province or State. 

ter'ror (-er), n. [L.] 1. Extreme fear ; violent dread ; fright. 
2. A cause of dread or extreme fear. 3. One who, or that 
which, is difficult to manage, is a great nuisance, or the like. 
Colloq. — Syn. Alarm, fright, consternation. See fear. 

ter'ror-ism (-iz'm), n. A terrorizing; state of being ter- 
rorized ; a mode of governing, or of opposing government, 
by intimidation, as in extreme anarchy or nihilism. 

ter'ror-ist, n. [F. terrorists] One who favors or practices 
terrorism ; one who administers or coerces a government or 
community by intimidation ; specif.: a An agent or partisan 
of the revolutionary tribunal during the Reign of Terror in 
France, b A member of a Russian political party aiming to 
demoralize the government by violence and terror. 

ter'ror-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Characterized by or practicing 
terrorism. 

ter'ror-ize (-Tz), v. r t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
impress with terror ; coejce by intimidation. — ter'ror-i- 
za'tion (-i-za'shun ; -I-za'-), n. — ter'ror-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

ter'ry (-T), n. ; pi. terries (-Tz). One of the uncut loops 
forming the pile in some fabrics ; fabric with such a pile. 

terse (turs), a. ; ters'er ; ters'est. [L. tersus, p. p. of ter- 
gere to rub off, wipe off.] Elegantly concise ; free of super- 
fluous words ; pithy ; succinct. — Syn. See concise. — 
terse'ly, adv. — terse'ness, n. 

ter'tial (tur'shal), a. [L. tertius third.] Zool. Designating 
the flight feathers (those of the third row) borne on the 
basal joint of a bird's wing. — n. A tertial feather. 

ter'tian (-shan), a. [L. tcrtianus, fr. tertius the third.] 
Med. Occurring every third day, reckoning inclusively (i.e., 
every other day). — n. Med. A disease, esp. an intermit- 
tent fever, which returns every other day. 

ter'ti-a-ry (tur'shi-a-n ; -shd-n), a. [L. tertiarius contain- 
ing a third part.] 1. Of the third formation, order, or rank. 
2. [cap.] Geol. Designating, or pert, to, the Cenozoic 
period, immediately following the Mesozoic (or Secondary), 
marked by the spread of mammals. 3. Zool. Tertial. 4. 
Eccl. Of or pertaining to tertiaries. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 

1. Eccl. A member of the third order in any monastic sys- 
tem. 2. [cap.] Geol. The Tertiary period or system. 3. 
Zool. A tertial feather. 

|i ter'za ri'ma (ter'tsa re'ma). [It., a third or triple rime. J 
Pros. A scheme of continuous verse (usually iambic pen- 
tameter) arranged in tercets in which line 2 of each limes 
with 1 and 3 of the next. 

ter-zet'to (ter-tset'to), n.; pi., It. -Ti ('-te), E. -tos (-toz). 
[It., dim. of terzo the third, L. tertius.] Music. A com- 
position in three voice parts ; a trio ; esp., a vocal trio. 

tes'sel-late (tes'e-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing, 
[L. tessellatus tessellated, fr. tessella little cube, dim. oi 
tessera. See tessera.] To form into squares or checkers ; 
lay with checkerwork. — (tes'e-lat), a. Tessellated. 

tes'sel-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of tessellating ; also, the 
mosaic work so formed. 

tes'ser-a (tes'er-d), n.; pi. -ser.e (-e). [L., a square piece, 
a die.] 1. A small piece of marble, glass, or the like, having 
a square face, used in mosaic work, as for pavements, etc. 

2. Rojnan Antiq. a A small cube of ivory, wood, etc., used 
as a die in gambling, b A similar piece, often modified in 
shape, used as a ticket, token, etc. 

test (test), 7i. [OF. test (fr. L. testum), or teste (fr. L. tes- 
ta). See test cupel.] Zool. The external shell or hard cov- 
ering of many invertebrates, as mollusks, crustaceans, etc. 

test, n. [OF. test cupel, potsherd, fr. L. testum earthern 
vessel ; akin to testa potsherd.] 1. Metal. A cupel for re- 
fining precious metals ; also, a portion of metal refined for 






ffl 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals. 



N 



TESTA 



994 



TETRALOGY 







R 



assaying its gold and silver. 2. A critical examination or 
decisive trial ; as, to put a man to a test. 3. a Means of 
trial ; subjection to conditions that show the real character 
of a person or thing in a certain particular ; as, absence is 
a test of love, b That with which anything is compared for 
proof of genuineness ; standard. 4. Chem. A procedure or 
reaction used to distinguish any particular substance or 
constituent ; also, the reagent used or a positive result ob- 
tained. — Syn. Criterion, proof. See trial. 

— v. t. 1. Metal. To refine, as gold or silver, in a test, or 
cupel; subject to cupellation. 2. To put to the test or 
proof ; try. 3. Chem. To examine or try, as by a reagent. 

tes'ta (tes'td), n. ; pi. -tm (-te). [L. testa a piece of burnt 
clay, a potsherd, a shell.] 1. Bot. The hard external coat- 
ing or integument of a seed. 2. Zo'ol. A test. 

tles-ta'cean (tes-ta'shdn), a. [L. testaceum a shelled ani- 
mal, fr. testa a shell.] Of or pert, to any of several former 
groups (Testacea) of invertebrate animals having a shell, 
or test, esp. the mollusks. — tes-ta'cean, n. 

tes-ta'ceous (tes-ta'shus), a. [L. testaceus.~] 1. Of or pert, 
to a shell or shells ; of the nature of or having a hard shell. 
2. Bot. & Zo'ol. Dull brick red or brownish yellow. 

tes'ta-cy (tes'td-sT), n. Law. State or circumstance of 
being testate, or of leaving a valid will. 

tes'ta-ment (-ment), n. [L. testamentum (fr. testari to be 
a witness, make one's will) ; in reference to the Bible, trans- 
lating Gr. 5iadr}KT] last will, covenant.] 1. A solemn cove- 
nant, or, loosely, almost any legal instrument. Obs., exc: 
Bib. {cap.~\ a Either of the two distinct covenants of God 
respectively called the Old Testament and New Testa- 
ment, or the corresponding divisions of the Scriptures, b 
The New Testament, as distinguished from the Old ; a copy 
of the New Testament. 2. Law. An act by which a person 
determines the disposition of his property after his death ; 
now, usually, a will ; — chiefly used in last will and testa- 
ment, the word will being otherwise more common. 

tas'ta-men'ta-ry (-men'td-n), a. 1. Of or pert, to a will, or 
testament, or the administration of a will. 2. Bequeathed 
by will ; given by testament. 3. Done or appointed by, or 
founded on, a testament, or will. 

tes'tate (tes'tat), a. [L. testatus, p. p.] Law. Having 
made and left a will ; as, a person dying testate. 

t8S-ta'tor (tes-ta'tor) , n. [L.] A man who leaves a valid will, 
or testament, at his death. — tes-ta'trix (-triks), n. fern. 

test'er (tes'ter), n. One who, or that which, tests. 

tes'ter (tes'ter), n. [OF. testierehead covering, teste head, L. 
testa earthen pot, skull.] A canopy, as over a bed or pulpit. 

tes'ter (tes'ter), n. = teston, b. 

tes'ti-cle (tes'ti-k'l), n. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis a tes- 
ticle.] Anat. A male genital gland ; testis. 

tes'ti-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shun), _n. [L. testificatio. See tes- 
tify.] Act of testifying, or giving evidence ; testimony. 

tes'ti-fi'er (-fT'er), n. One who testifies ; a witness. 

tes'ti-fy (tes'ti-fl), v. i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. _ [OF. testi- 
fier, L. testificari ; testis a witness + -ficare (in comp.) to 
make.] 1. To make a solemn declaration ; give testimony. 
2. To declare a charge ; protest ; bear witness ; — used 
with against. 3. To serve as indication or evidence. — 
v. t. 1. To bear witness to ; affirm or declare solemnly. 2. 
To declare or make known freely or publicly. 3. To be an 
indication or evidence of ; as, acts testify intent. 

tes'ti-ly (-li), adv. In a testy manner. 

tes'ti-mo'ni-al (-mo'ni-dl), n. 1. A writing or certificate 
in favor of one's character, conduct, ability, etc., or of the 
value of a thing. 2. A token of regard or admiration, of 
obligation for services rendered, or the like, presented to 
a person, or established in his memory. — a. Of, com- 
prising, or pertaining to, a testimonial (in sense 2). 

tes'ti-mo-ny (tes'tl-mo-nT), n.; -pi. -nies (-niz). [L. testi- 
monium, fr. testis a witness.] 1. A solemn declaration or 
affirmation made to establish or prove some fact. 2. Af- 
firmation ; declaration. 3. Open attestation ; profession. 
4. Evidence or declaration of approval or disapproval. Ar- 
chaic. 5. Jewish Antiq. a The tables of the law. b Hence, 
the Scriptures. — Syn. Proof, witness, confirmation. 

tes'ti-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being testy. 

tes'tis (-tis), n.; pi. -tes (-tez). [L.] A nat. A testicle. 

tes'ton (tes'ton; tes-toon'), n. Also tes-toon'. [F. tes- 
ton, fr. OF. teste head.] Any of several coins with a head 
on the obverse ; as : a A French silver coin of the 16th cen- 
tury, worth about ten cents, b A shilling of Henry VII. of 
England ; also, one of Henry VIII., which became reduced 
to ninepence, then to sixpence (in Shakespeare's time) ; 
hence, a sixpence. 

test paper. Chem. Paper saturated with a reagent which 
changes color when acted upon by certain substances ; thus, 
litmus paper is turned red by acids, and blue again by al- 
kalies, [glass, closed at one end.l 

test tube. Chem. A tube for simple tests, usually of thin| 

tes-tu'di-nal (tes-tu'dT-nal), a. Zo'ol. Pertaining to or re- 
sembling a tortoise or tortoise shell. 

tes-til'do (-do), n.; pi. -dines (-dT-nez). [L., fr. testu 



earthern vessel.] Roman Antiq. a Any of various kinds 
of sheds to protect soldiers engaged in siege operations, 
etc. b A cover which a body of troops in close formation 
formed by overlapping their shields above their heads. 

tes'ty (tes'ti), a.; -ti-er (-ti-er) ; -ti-est. [ME. testify 
Fretful ; petulant ; easily irritated. — Syn. See irascible. 

te-tan'ic (te-tan'ik), a. Med. Of, pert, to, of the character 
of, or tending to produce, tetanus. 

tet'a-nize (tet'd-nlz), v. t. ;-nized (-nlzd) ; -nlz'ing. Phys- 
iol. To throw, as a muscle, into a state of permanent con- 
traction ; to cause tetanus in. See tetanus, n., 2. 

tet'a-IMS (-nus), n. [L., fr. Gr. reravos, fr. reravos stretched.] 
1. Med. A painful and often fatal infectious disease, caused 
by a specific bacillus, and marked by tonic spasms of the 
voluntary muscles. When confined to the lower jaw, it is 
popularly called lockjaw. 2. Physiol. The state of a muscle 
when undergoing continued vibratory contraction, as when 
stimulated by a series of induction shocks. 

tet'a-ny (tgt'd-nl), n. Med. A disease resembling tetanus, 
most commonly affecting the muscles of the extremities. 

te-tar'to-he'dral (te-tar'to-he'draT), a. [Gr. rerapros fourth 
+ eSpa base.] Cryst. Having one fourth the number of 
planes requisite to symmetry. Cf . holohedral. 

tetch'y (tech'i), etc. Vars. of techy, etc. 

|| tate'-a-t§te' (tat'a-taf ; te'ta-tat'), n.; pi. tete-A-tetes. 
[F., head to head.] 1. Private conversation, or a familiar 
interview, between two persons. 2. A short sofa or the like 
to seat two persons, esp. facing each other. — a. Being face 
to face with only two present ; sometimes, confidential or 
familiar with only two persons concerned. 

|| t§te' a t§te'. Privately ; familiarly ; — said of two persons. 

II ttite'-de-pont' (-de-poN'), n.; pi. tetes-de-pont (tat 7 -). 
[F.] Fort. A bridgehead. 

teth'er (teth'er), n. [ME. tedir.~\ A rope, chain, or the 
like, by which an animal is fastened so that it can range 
only within certain limits. — v. t. To confine by a tether. 

Tefthys (te'this), n. [L., fr. Gr. T^i>s.] Class. Myth. A 
Titaness, daughter of Uranus, sister of Cronus (Saturn), 
and wife of Oceanus. 

tet'ra- (tet'rd-). [Gr. r'erpa-^ fr. r'eaaapes, rerrapes, four.] 
A combining form or prefix signifying four. 

tet'ra-bas'ic (-bas'Tk), a. Chem. Having in the molecule 
four hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic 
atoms or radicals in forming salts or esters. 

tet'ra-chord (tet'rd-kord), n. [From L., fr. Gr. deriv. of 
rerpa- (see tetra-) + x°P?>v a chord.] Music. A diatonic 
series of four tones, with an interval of a perfect fourth be- 
tween the first and last. — tet'ra-Chor'dal (-kSr'ddl), a. 

tet-rac'id (tet-ras'id), a. \tetra- + acid.~\ Chem. Capa- 
ble of combining with four molecules of a monobasic acid 
to form a salt or ester ; — said of bases and alcohols. 

tet'rad (tet'rad), n. [L. tetras, -adis, Gr. rerpas, -aSos."\ 
1. The number four; a collection of four. 2. Chem. A 
tetrad atom, radical, or element. 

tet-rad'y-mite (tet-rad'i-mit), n. [Gr. Terp6.8vp.os four- 
fold ; — from its occurrence in compound twin crystals.] 
Min. A pale steel-gray mineral of metallic luster, essen- 
tially a telluride of bismuth, Bi2Te3. 

tet'ra-gon (tet'rd-gon), n. [From L., fr. Gr. rerp&yuvov ; 
rerpa- (see TETRA-) + yuvia angle.] Geom. A (plane) figure 
having four angles ; a quadrangle. 

tet-rag'O-nal (tet-rag'6-ndl), a. 1. Geom. Of or pert, to a 
tetragon. 2. Cryst. Designating, or pert, to, a system of 
crystallization having all three axes at right angles and the 
two lateral axes equal. {Often cap.~] , tetragrammaton.j 

tet'ra-gram (tet'rd-gram), n. A word of four letters ; specif .| 

tet'ra-gram'ma-ton (-gram'd-ton), n. [NL., fr. Gr. re- 
Tpaypapparou; rerpa- (see TETRA-) + ypappa a letter.] 
{Often cap.~\ The four consonants, variously written 
IHVH, JHVH, JHWH, YHVH, YHWH, forming the 
Hebrew "incommunicable name" of the Supreme Being, 
which in later Jewish tradition is not pronounced save with 
the vowels of Adonai or Elohim, so that the true pro- 
nunciation is lost. See Jehovah, Yahweh. 

tet'ra-he'dral (-he'dral), a. Of or pert, to a tetrahedron ; 
having, or made up of, four sides. 

tet'ra-he'drite (-he'drlt), n. [From tetrahedron.] Min. 
A fine-grained gray mineral of metallic luster, composed es- 
sentially of copper, antimony, and sulphur, CusSb2S7, but 
often containing other elements, occurring in tetrahedral 
crystals and massive. It is often a valuable ore of silver. 

tet'ra-he'dron (tet'rd-he'dron), n. ; pi. E. -hedrons (-dronz), 
L. -hedra (-drd). {tetra- -f- Gr. eSpa seat, 
base.] Geom. A polyhedron of four faces. 

tet-ral'O-gy (tet-ral'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). 
[Gr. rerpaXoyla ; rerpa- (see TETRA-) + X670S 
a speech, discourse.] 1. Gr. Drama. A 
group or series of four dramatic pieces, 
represented consecutively at Athens at 
the Dionysiac festival. 2. Any series of 
four connected dramas, operas, etc. Tetrahedron. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, venjure (87); 



TETRAMEROUS 



995 



THANE 




Tetramerous 
Flower. 



Terpa- 



tet-ram'er-OUS (-ram'er-us), a. [tetra- + Gr. nipos part.] 

1. Bot. Having the parts arranged in sets 
of four or multiples of four ; — commonly 
written J^-merous. 2. Zool. Having four 
(or apparently only four) joints in each of 
the tarsi. 

tet-ram'e-ter (-e-ter), a. [From L., fr. 
Gr. T€Tpafierpov ; rkrpa- (see TETRA-) -f- 
y.krpov measure.] Pros. Consisting of four 
measures. — n. A verse of four measures, 
that is, in iambic, trochaic, and anapaes- 
tic verse, of four dipodies, or eight feet ; 
in other verse forms, one of four feet. 

tet'ra-morph (tet'rd-morf), to. Christian Art. The union 
of the four attributes of the Evangelists in a winged figure, 
evidently suggested by the vision of Ezekiel (ch. L), stand- 
ing on winged fiery wheels, the wings covered with eyes. 

tet-rap'o-dy (tet-rap'6-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [Gr. rerf 
iroSLa.'] Pros. A set or group of four feet. 

te'trarch (te'trark ; tet'rark), to. [From L., fr. Gr. rerpap- 
Xv^> rerpapxos; rkrpa- (see tetra-) + apxos ruler.] Classi- 
cal Antiq. a A governor of the fourth part of a province, as 
in the Roman Empire ; also, a subordinate prince or petty 
king, b A subordinate commander in a Greek phalanx. — 
te'trarch-ate (-kat), tet'rarch-y (tet'rar-ki), to. 

tet'ra-Stich (tet'rd-stik ; tet-ras'tik), to. [L. tetrastichon, 
Gr. TtrpLarixov ! rkrpa- (see tetra-) -f- errtxos a row, verse.] 
A stanza, epigram, or poem consisting of four verses, or 
lines. — tet'ra-Stich'ic (tet'rd-stik'Tk), a. 

tet-ras'ti-chOUS (tet-ras'ti-kus), a. [Gr. TerpacTTixos. See 
tetrastich.] Bot. Four-ranked ; — said esp. of flowers 
arranged in a spike in four vertical rows. 

tet'ra-style (tet'rd-stll), a. Arch. Having four columns 
across the front. — to. A tetrastyle building. 

tet'ra-tom'ic (-tom'ik), a. [tetra- + atomic.'] Chem. a 
Consisting of four atoms ; having four atoms in the mole- 
cule, as phosphorus and arsenic, b Quadrivalent, c Having 
four replaceable atoms or groups. 

tet-roxfide (tet-rok'sld ; -sTd), n. Also -id. [tetra- + oxide.'] 
An oxide having four oxygen atoms in the molecule. 

tet'ter (tet'er), to. [AS. teter, tetr.] Any of various vesicular 
skin diseases, as ringworm, eczema, and herpes. 

Teu'cer (tu'ser), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tempos.] Gr. Myth, a The 
first king of Troy, whence the Trojans were called Teu/cri 
(-krT). b A son of Telamon and stepbrother of Ajax. He 
was the best archer of the Greeks before Troy, and later 
became king of Cyprus and founded Salamis. [Trojans. [ 

Teu'cri-an (tu'kn-dn), a. Of or pert, to Teucer or the| 

Teu'ton (tu'ton), n. [L. Teutones, Teutoni, a Germanic 
people.] 1. One of an ancient German tribe, the Teu'to- 
nes (tu'to-nez). It is uncertain whether they were Teutonic 
or Celtic. 2. A member of the Teutonic race ; esp., a per- 
son of German, Scandinavian, or Dutch nationality. 

Teu-ton'ic (tu-ton'ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to the Teutons; 
designating, or pert, to, the tall blond race characteristic 
of northern Europe, and including the Burgundians, Goths, 
Franks, Vandals, Lombards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, 
and Norwegians. 2. Of or designating the family of Indo- 
European languages including the Scandinavian, Gothic, 
and the High and Low German tongues. — to. The Teu- 
tonic languages collectively. 

Teu-ton'i-cism (-I-sTz'm), n. A Teutonic idiom, phrase, or 
expression ; also, a Teutonic mode or custom ; a Germanism. 

tex'as (tek'sds), to. A structure on the hurricane deck of a 
steamer, containing officers' cabins, etc., with the pilot 
house in front or on top. Western U. S. 

Texas Leaguer. [From the Texas (baseball) League.] 
Baseball. A fly that falls too far out to be handled by an 
infielder and too close in to be caught by an outfielder. Cant. 

Texas sparrow. A finch (Arremonops rufivirgata) of 
southern Texas and Mexico. It is olive-green above with 
rufous stripes on the head and yellow on the wing. 

text (tekst), n. [F. texte, L. textus texture, structure, con- 
text, fr. texere, textum, to weave, compose.] 1. A compo- 
sition on which a note or commentary is written ; the origi- 
nal words of an author, in distinction from a paraphrase, 
annotation, or commentary. 2. Hence, Bib. Crit.: Any of 
the various forms that have been assumed to represent the 
authentic reading of the Scriptures or a part of them. 3. A 
passage of Scripture, esp. one chosen as the subject of a 
sermon, or in proof of a doctrine. 4. Topic ; theme. 5. a 
The main body of matter on a printed or written page, as 
distinguished from notes, etc. b Letterpress, as distin- 
guished from illustrations and margins. 6. A style of large 
writing ; also, any style of Old English or black-letter type. 

text'book 7 (-book 7 ), to. A volume on which a teacher lec- 
tures or comments ; hence, a manual of instruction. 

tex'tile (teks'til), a. [L. textilis, fr. texere to weave.] 1. 
Of or pert, to weaving or to woven fabrics ; as, textile arts. 

2. Woven or capable of being woven ; formed by weaving ; 
as, cotton and wool are textile fibers ; textile fabrics. — n. 
1. A woven fabric. 2. A material or fiber for weaving. 



tex'tU-al (-ty-al), a. Of, pert, to, contained in, or based on, 
the text, as of the Scriptures ; also, verbal or literal. 

tex'tu-al-ism (-iz'm), to. 1. Rigid adherence to the letter 
of the text ; literalism. 2. Textual criticism of the Bible, i. e., 
criticism of the text, esp. with a view to establishing its 
original form. 

tex'tu-al-ist, n. 1. One versed in a text, esp. that of Scrip- 
ture. 2. One who rigidly adheres to the letter of a text. 

tex'tu-al-ly, adv. In or as regards the text ; also, literally. 

tex'tu-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Of or pert, to the text ; textual. — 
to. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A textualist. [change. al-ly,ach>.j 

tex'tur-al (-tyr-dl), a. Of or pert, to texture ; as, texturalj 

tex'ture (-tur), to. [L. textura, fr. texere, textum, toweave.J 
1. A woven fabric. Rare. 2. Characteristic disposition of 
interwoven threads, filaments, etc. ; as, a fabric of close 
texture. 3. Disposition of the smaller parts ; minute or 
microscopic structure, as of a mineral. 

-th. Shortened form of -eth ; as in doth, hath. 

-th. [AS. -3, -p.] A suffix of native abstract nouns of state, 
quality, action, etc. ; as, wealth, health, death. 

-th, or (after a vowel) -eth. [AS. -3a. -o3a.] A suffix form- 
ing ordinal numbers ; as, fourth, tenth, twentieth, etc. 

Tha'is (tha'is), to. An Athenian hetaera celebrated for her 
beauty. She went with Alexander on his expedition into 
Asia, and is said to have instigated him to burn the palace 
of Darius at Persepolis. 

thaPa-men-ceph'a-lon (thal'd-men-sef'd-lon), to. [NL. 
See thalamus ; encephalon.] Anat. The segment of the 
brain next in front of the mid-brain, including the optic 
thalami, pineal gland, etc. 

tha-lam'ic (thd-lam'ik ) , a. Of or pert, to the optic thalamus. 

thal'a-mus (thal'd-miis), to.; pi. -mi (-ml). [L. thalamus 
chamber, Gr. da\ap,os.] 1. Anat. = optic thalamus. 2. 
Bot. A torus, or receptacle. 

tha-las'sic (thd-las'Ik), a. [Gr. eahacra-i the sea.] Pert, to 
the sea or ocean ; — sometimes disting. from oceanic, as 
applying to seas, gulfs, etc., rather than to<oceans. 

tha'ler (ta'ler), to. sing. & pi. Also ta'ler. [G. See dollar.] 
A German silver coin worth three marks (71.4 cents). 

Tha-li'a (thd-11'd), to. [L., fr. Gr. edXeia, orig., blooming, 
luxuriant.] Class. Myth, a The Muse of comedy and bu- 
colic poetry, b One of the Graces, c A certain Nereid. 

tha-lic'trum (thd-lik'trum), to. [L., meadow rue, Gr. 66.- 
XiKxpov.] Bot. A meadow rue (genus Thalictrum). 

thal'lic (thal'ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing thal- 
lium, esp. in those compounds in which it has a higher va- 
lence than in thallous compounds. 

thal'line (-in ; -en), to. [Gr. OaWos a young shoot.] Chem. A 
white crystalline base, C9HioN(OCH3), of the quinoline se- 
ries, obtained artificially. Its salts are antipyretics. 

thal'li-um (thal'T-um), to. [NL., fr. Gr. 6a\\6s young shoot ; 
— from the bright green line in its spectrum.] Chem. 
rare metal of the aluminium group, resembling lead m 
physical properties. Symbol, Tl; at. wt., 204.0. 

thai'loid (-oid), o. [thallus -\- -oid.] Bot. Pertaining to, 
resembling, or consisting of, a thallus. 

thal'lo-phyte (thal'6-flt), to. [Gr. 6aX\6s young shoot -f 
-phyte.] Bot. Any of a phylum (Thallophyta) of plants 
including the algae, fungi, and lichens. The simpler forms 
are unicellular and reproduce vegetatively or by means of 
asexual spores ; in the higher forms the plant body is a 
thallus, and reproduction is both asexual and sexual. — 
thal'lo-phyt'ic (-fit'tk), a. 

thal'lOUS (-us), a. Also thal'li-ous (-li-ws). Chem. Of, pert, 
to, or containing thallium, esp. in compounds in which it 
has a lower valence than in thallic compounds. 

thal'lus (-us), to.; pi. -Li (-T). [NL., fr. Gr. daXXSs young 
shoot or branch, frond.] Bot. The simple vegetative plant 
body characteristic of the algas, fungi, and lichens, usually 
without differentiation into stems, leaves, or root. 

|| thal'weg' (tal'yakO, to. _ [G. ; thai valley + weg way.] 
Physiog. a A line following the lowest part of a valley, 
whether under water or not. b The line of continuous max- 
imum descent from any point on a land surface, or that cut- 
ting all contours at right angles. 

Tham'muz. Var. of Tammuz. 

than (than), conj. [AS. panne, ponne, pasnne, then (the 
older sense), than.] A particle introducing the second 
member of a comparison, used after certain adjectives and 
adverbs expressing comparison or diversity. 

than'age, thegn'age (than'aj), to. The district of a thane ; 
also, the service due from a thane to his lord. 

than'a-top'sis (than'd-top'sis), to. [Gr. davaros death -f- 
6\pts sight.] A view of death ; a meditation on death. 

Than'a-tOS (than'd-tos), to. [Gr. edi^aros.] Gr. Myth. 
Death as a personification, brother of Hypnos (Sleep) and 
son of Nyx (Night), and a dweller in the lower world. 

thane (than), to. Also, esp. Hist., thegn (than), [thane is 
prop, a Scot, form fr. ME. thein, pein, AS. pegen, pegn, a 
thane, man, warrior, follower, servant.] 1. Early Eng. 
Hist. Orig., a servant ; attendant ; hence, among the Anglo- 
Saxons and Danes, one of a class of free attendants on a 



£ = i Ch J? G. ich.ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



THANK 



996 



THEM 



R 



lord, answering to the knight and baron of later times. 2. 
Scot. Hist. One holding land of the king ; the chief of a 
clan, who became one of the king's barons. 
thank (thank), to. [AS. pane, pone, thanks, iavor, thought.] 

1. Kindly or grateful thought; gratitude; also, grace; 
favor ; — now archaic, exc. in the pi. 2. An expression of 
gratitude ; an acknowledgment, as by words, for a favor or 
kindness received ; — now used only in pi. — v. t. To ex- 
press gratitude to (one) for a favor or kindness. 

thank'ful (-fobl), a. 1. Impressed with a sense of kindness 
received, and ready to acknowledge it ; grateful. 2. Ex- 
pressive of thanks. — Syn. See grateful. — thankful- 
ly, adv. — thank'ful-ness, n. 

thankless, a. 1. Not acknowledging favors ; ungrateful. 

2. Not obtaining or deserving thanks ; unacceptable or not 
appreciated. — thank'less-ly, adv. — thank'less-ness, n. 

thanks'giv'er (thanks , gTv / er), n. One who gives thanks. 

thanks'giv'ing (thanks'giv'ing ; thanks'giv'ing), n. 1. 
Act of rendering thanks. 2. A formula expressing gratitude, 
esp. for divine mercies. 3. a A public acknowledgment of 
divine goodness and mercies, b A day set apart for making 
this ; specif, [cap.] , Thanksgiving Day. U. S. 

Thanks'giv'ing Day (-giv'Tng). In the United States, a 
day (usually the last Thursday of November) set apart each 
year for thanksgiving and praise to God for His mercies. 

thank'wor'thy (thank'wur'thT), a. Worthy of thanks : 

that (that), pron. & a. [AS. past, neuter nom. & ace. sing, 
of the article and pronoun, also used as a relative pronoun.] 
A pronominal word, in general referring to what has been 
mentioned or is otherwise assumed to be in mind. It is 
used : 1. As a demonstrative pronoun (pi. those) : The 
person, thing, or idea mentioned, indicated, or understood 
from the situation or context ; as, what noise was that? 
%W That, when opposed to this, usually refers to what is 
more remote, and this to what is nearer. 
2. As an adjective (pi. those), with the same demonstrative 
force as the pronoun ; as, a yard wide and of twice that 
length. 3. As a relative pronoun, equivalent to who or 
which, either sing, or pi. Present usage generally favors 
who or which when the relative clause conveys a qualifica- 
tion or statement simply additional or parenthetic, and 
that when it is definitely restrictive. Thus, "the members, 
who were present," is distinguished from "the members 
that were present, " the latter restricting the application to 
certain members present as opposed to others that were 
absent. — Syn. See who. 

— conj. That is used : 1. To introduce a clause employed 
as object, subject, or predicate nominative of a verb, or to 
introduce a clause expressing a purpose, cause, consequence, 
result, or effect, or a clause denoting time ; as, it is not that 
I love you less ; he spoke plainly that they might be warned. 
2. In an elliptical sentence, to introduce a sentence or clause 
expressing a wish, cause of surprise, indignation, etc. ; as, 
Oh that he would come! 3. To take the place of another 
conjunction, instead of repeating the latter before a clause 
with which it belongs. Cf. the similar use of the French 
que. [Archaic or ColloqA 

— adv. To such a degree ; so ; as, she did not go that far.| 
thatch (thach), n. [AS. psec a roof.] 1. A covering mate- 
rial of straw, rushes, reeds, or leaves, for a roof, grain stack, 
etc. ; also, a covering of such material. 2. Any of various 
palms (esp. Thrinax and related genera) the leaves of 
which are used for thatching. — v. t. To cover with or as 
with thatch. — thatch'er, to. — thatch'y (-1), a. 

thatch'ing, n. 1. Act or art of thatching. 2. = thatch, 1. 

thau'ma-tol'o-gy(th6'md-tol'6-ji),TO. [Gr. 6avna,6avfiaTos, 
a wonder + -logy.'] Science or lore of wonder working. 

thau'ma-trope (tho'md-trop), to. [Gr. dav^a a wonder + 
-trope.] An optical instrument or toy for showing the per- 
sistence of an impression upon the eye. It consists of a card 
having on its opposite faces different designs, which, when 
the card is rapidly rotated, appear combined into one. 

thau'ma-turge (-turj), n. A worker of miracles ; magician. 

thau'ma-tur'gist (-tur'jist), n. A thaumaturge. 

thau'ma-tur'gy (tho'md-tur'jT), to. [Gr. davp-arovpyla; 
6av/ia wonder + kpyov work.] Wonder working ; magic. — 
thau'ma-tur'gic (-tur'jTk), -tur'gi-cal (-ji-kal), a. 

thaw (tho), v. i. [AS. pawian.] 1. To melt, dissolve, or 
become fluid or semifluid ; also, to have its frozen liquid 
contents melted ; as, the pipe thawed. 2. To become so 
warm as to melt ice and snow ; — used impersonally, of the 
weather ; as, it is thawing. 3. To be freed from coldness 
or reserve ; grow genial. — v. t. To cause to thaw. 

— n. 1. Act or process of thawing. 2. A condition of the 
weather caused by a rise of the temperature above the 
freezing point. 3. State of growing less cold or reserved. 

the (the, when emphatic or alone; the or tbi unaccented 
before a vowel, as in "the egg" ; the, unaccented before a 
consonant, as in "the man"), definite article. [AS. pe, 
later form for earlier nom. sing. masc. se. See that, pron.] 
A demonstrative word used esp. before a noun to particu- 



larize its meaning ; as, the man, that is, a particular man, 
as distinguished from a man and from the generic man. 
Its various special uses are : 1. Before a noun which it 
indicates as denoting what is well known ; as, the Nile. 

2. Before, or as part of, a title ; as, the Duke of Bedford. 

3. Before a generic noun to indicate it as such ; as, the dog 
is the friend of man. 4. Before a noun which it marks as 
denoting one unique of its kind ; — with emphasis ; as, the 
novelist of the day. 5. Before an adjective used substan- 
tively ; as, the sublime. 

— adv. [AS. pe, py, instrumental case of se.] By that ; by 
how much ; by so much ; on that account ; — used before 
comparatives ; as, the more, the merrier. 

the-a'ceous (the-a'shus), a. [From Thea, generic name of 
the tea plant, taken by Linnaeus fr. Gr. dea goddess, as be- 
ing a divine herb, but orig. fr. the source of E. tea.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family (Theaceas) of trees and shrubs, the 
tea family, having regular pentamerous flowers, and a fleshy 
or capsular fruit. 

the'an-throp'ic (the'an-throp'ik), a. Designating, or pert, 
to, a human being believed to be both god and man. 

the-an'thro-pism (the-an'thro-pTz'm), to. [From Gr. 
deavdpwivos the God man; 0«6s god + fodpcoTros man.] 
The ascription of human attributes to the Deity, or to a 
polytheistic deity ; anthropomorphism ; also, belief in the 
incarnation of deity in human form. thro-pist (-pist),n. 

the'ar-chy (the'ar-ki), n.; pi. -chies (-kiz). [Gr. 6t6s god 
+ -archy.] 1. Government by God ; divine sovereignty. 
2. A theocracy. 3. A body or system of divine rulers. 

the'a-terUthe'd-ter), n. [F. theatre, L. theatrum, Gr. 6k- 

the^a-trej arpov, fr. Oeaodai to see.] 1. A construction or 
edifice for dramatic performances or spectacles. 2. A place 
suggestive of a_ theater (def. 1) ; as : a A place rising by 
steps or gradations, like seats of a theater ; as, a theater of 
hills, b A room adapted to an exhibition or performance 
before an assembly, as a lecture, surgical clinic, etc. 3. A 
place or region where events, esp. of importance, are enact- 
ed ; sphere of operation ; as, theater of war. 4. The drama. 

the-at'ri-cal ( the-at'n-kal ), a. Also :he-at'ric (-rik). 
Of or pert, to a theater or scenic or dramatic representa- 
tions ; also, histrionic ; hence : artificial ; affected. — Syn. 
See dramatic. — the-at'ri-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, n. 

the-at'ri-cals (-kdlz), to. pi. Dramatic performance or per- 
formances, esp. when produced by amateurs. 

The'ba-id (the'ba-id), The'ba-is (-Ts), to. [L. Thebais, 
-idis.] 1. The district about Thebes (Egypt or Bceotia). 
2. A Latin epic poem in twelve books by Statius on the 
subject of the Seven against Thebes. 

the-ba'ine (the-ba'm; -en), n. Also the-ba'in (-in), the- 
ba'ia (-yd). [From a kind of Egyptian opium produced at 
Thebes : L. Thebae, Gr. 677/801, 617/877, Thebes + -ine.] 
Chem. A white crystalline poisonous alkaloid, C19H21O3N, 
found in small quantities in opium. 

The'ban (the'bdn), a. [L. Thebanus.] Of or pertaining to 
Thebes (esp. Thebes of Upper Egypt or Thebes of ancient 
Bceotia). — n. One of the people of Thebes. 

the'ea (-kd), n. ; pi. thec^e (-se). [L., fr. Gr. 077*77 a case to 
put anything in.] 1. Bot. A sac, capsule, or spore case. 2. 
Zo'ol. & Anat. A sheath or case, as the cuticle inclosing an 
insect pupa or the dura mater of the spinal cord. — the'- 
cal (the'kdl), the'eate (the'kat), a. 

Ilth§' dan'sant' (ta' daVsaN'). [F. thi tea + dansant, 
p. pr. of danser to dance.] An afternoon dance at which 
tea and other refreshments are served. 

thee (the), pers. pron. [AS. pe, ace. & dat. of pu thou.] 
1. The objective (dative or accusative) case of thou. 2. 
Ungrammatically for thou in dialect or colloquial speech. 

theft (theft), n. [AS. peoft, piefp.] 1. Act of stealing; 
specif., the felonious taking and removing of personal 
property, with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it ; 
larceny. 2. The thing stolen. Now Rare. 

thegn, thegn'age. Vars. of thane, thanage. 

the'ine (the'in ; -en), n. Also the'in (-Tn), the-i'na (the-I'- 
nd). [F. theine, fr. Thea, generic name of the tea plant.] 
Chem. Caffeine ; — so called from its occurrence in tea. 

their (tbar), pron. & a. [From Scand.] Of or belonging to 
them ; — used as possessive case of they, or as a poss. adj. 

theirs (tbarz), pron. The form of the possessive their used 
absolutely or predicatively, without a following noun ; as, 
the book is theirs. 

the'ism (the'iz'm), n. [From Gr. 6e6s God.] Belief in a god 
or gods ; esp. : a Monotheism, b Belief in the existence of 
one God, transcending, yet immanent in, the universe ; — 
opposed to deism. 

the'ist (-Tst), to. A believer in theism. 

the-is'tic (the-Ts'tik)l a. Of or pertaining to theism or a 

the-is'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)J theist; believing in theism. 

the-li'tis (the-11'tTs), to. [NL. ; Gr. 077X17 nipple + -itis.] 
Med. Inflammation of the nipple. 

them (them), pers. pron. [AS. piem.] The objective 
(dative or accusative) case of they. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
lose, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; *hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



THEMATIC 



997 



THERETOFORE 



the-mat'ic (the-mat'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a theme. 
theme (them), n. [OF. teme, L. thema, Gr. dky.a, fr. TiBevai 
to set, place.] 1. A subject or topic of discourse ; a text. 

2. A brief dissertation or essay ; esp., a school composition. 

3. Gram. A noun or verb not modified by inflections ; also, 
a stem. 4. Music. A melodic subject. 

The'mis (the'mis), n. [L., fr. Gr. eifiis, fr. fleets law.] Gr. 
Myth. A form of the earth goddess viewed, in a moral as- 
pect, as the law and harmony of physical phenomena. In 
mythology, she is a Titaness, daughter of Uranus and a wife 
of Zeus. She is also mother of Prometheus. 

them-selves' (them-selvz'), pron. An emphasized form for 
they, them; — pi. of himself, herself, and itself. 

then (then), adv. [Orig. same word as than.'] 1. At that 
time. 2. Soon afterward, or immediately ; next ; afterward. 
3. At another time ; later ; again. 

— n. That time ; — often contrasted with now. 

by then, a By that time, b Short for by then that, by the 
time that._ Obs. 

— a. Existing, acting at, or belonging to, the time mentioned. 

— conj. In that case ; as a consequence ; therefore ; for this 
reason. — Syn. See therefore. 

the'nar (thenar), n. [NL., fr. Gr. devap."] Anat. a The 
palm of the hand, b The prominence at the base of the 
thumb ; sometimes, the corresponding part of the foot. 

thence (tbens), adv. [ME. thenne, thanne, and (with ad- 
verbial -s) thennes, thannes, AS. panon, panan, ponan.~\ 
1. From that place. 2. From that time. 3. For that 
reason ; therefore. Rare. 4. Elsewhere ; absent. 

thence'forth' (thens'forth' ; tbens'forth ; 57), adv. From 
that time forward. [place or, esp., time.l 

thence'for'ward (tbens'for'werd), adv. Onward from thatj 

the'o-bro'mine (the'o-bro'mTn ; -men), n. Also-min. [Gr. 
debs a god + Pp&na food.] Chem. A bitter white crystalline 
alkaloid, C7H8O2N4, in cacao beans, cola nuts, etc., and 
also prepared artificially. It is closely related to caffeine. 

the'O-cen'triC (-sen'tnk), a. [Gr. debs god -f nevrpov cen- 
ter.] Assuming God as the center ; — applied to theories 
of the universe or of any part of it. Cf. anthropocentric. 

the-OC'ra-cy (the-ok'rd-si), n. ; pi. -ctes (-siz). [Gr. deo- 
Kparia; debs God 4- Kpartlv to rule.] 1. Government of a 
state by immediate direction of God ; hence, political rule 
by priests as reoresenting God. 2. A state so governed. 

the'o-crat'ic (the'o-krat'Ik) \o. Of or pert, to, or being, a the- 

the'o-crat'i-cal (-T-kal) J ocracy ; as, a theocratic state. 

the-od'i-cy (-od'I-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [NL. theodi- 
caea; Gr. debs God + dUrj right, justice.] A vindication of 
the justice of God in ordaining or permitting natural and 
moral evil ; — a term originated by Leibnitz. 

the-od'0-lite (the-od'6-llt), n. Surv. An instrument for 
measuring horizontal, and usually also vertical, angles. It 
consists of a telescope mounted so as to swivel vertically in 
Y's secured to a revolvable table carrying a vernier for 
reading horizontal angles. There is usually a graduated 
arc or circle for altitudes and horizontal compass. Cf . tran- 
sit, n., 4. — the-od'o-lit'ic (-lTt'Tk), a. 

the-Og'0-ny (the-og'6-nl), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. theogo- 
nia, Gr. deoyovla ; debs a god 4- the root of ylyveada.1 to be 
born.] The generation or genealogy of the gods. — the'o- 
gon'ic (the'6-gon^ik), a. 

the'o-lo'gi-an (the'6-lo'jT-dn), n. A person well versed in 
theology, esp. Christian theology. 

the'o-log'i-cal (-loj-T-kal), a. Also the'o-log'ic (-Tk). 1. 
Of or pert, to theology. 2. Having reference to the revealed 
nature and will of God. — the'O-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 

lhe-0l'0-gi.Z3 (the-ol'6-jTz), v.t.; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing 
(-jlz'Ing). To render theological. — v. i. To theorize or 
speculate upon theological subjects. 

the-ol'o-gy (the-ol'6-jT), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). [L. theologia, 
Gr. OeoXoyia, fr. deoXbyos theologian ; debs God + Xkyew to 
speak.] The science of God or of religion ; science of the ex- 
istence and character of God and of his laws ; divinity. 

the-om'a-C-hy (the-om'd-kT), n. ; pi. -chies (-klz). [Gr. 
deonaxia- a battle of the gods ; debs a god + n°-XV a battle.] 
A battle or strife among the gods. 

the'O-mor'phic (the'o-mor'fik), a. [Gr. debpop<f>os ; debs 
god + ixopd>rj form.] Having the divine form or aspect. 

the-op'a-thy (the-op'd-thT), n.; pi. -thies _(-thiz). [Gr. 
debs God + -pathy.] Experience, or capacity for experi- 
ence, of the divine illumination (see mysticism, 3) ; hence, 
intense absorption in religious devotion. — the'o-pa-thet'- 
ic (the'6-pd-thet'Ik), a. 

the-oph'a-ny (the-of'd-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-mz). [Gr. 6eo- 
<j)6.veia ; debs God 4- 4>a.lveada.i to appear.] A physical man- 
ifestation of God, or of a god, to man, esp. by appearance 
in human form. 

the-or'bo (the-or'bo), n. ; pi. -bos (-boz). [F. theorbe, fr. 
It. tiorba.] Music. An obsolete instrument like a large lute, 
but having two necks. 

the'O-rem (the'6-rem),n. \X'.theorema,Gr.decopr)p.dz. sight, 
theory, theorem, dewpelv to view.] 1. That which is con- 
sidered and established as a principle or law. 2. Math, a A 



general statement capable of being proved, b In analysis, 
a rule or statement of relations as expressed in a formula 
or by symbols. — the'o-re-mat'ic (the'6-re-mat'Tk), a. 

the'0-ret'i-cal (-ret'I-kdl)l a. Pert, to theory; depending 

the'o-ret^ic (the'6-ret'Ik) J on, or confined to, theory or 
speculation ; speculative ; not practical ; — opposed to ac- 
tive, actual, applied, real. — the'o-ret'i-cal-ly, adv. 

the'o-rist (the'6-rlst), n. One who theorizes. 

the'o-rize (the'o-rlz), v. i.; -rized (-rfzd) ; -riz'ing (-nz 7 - 
Ing). To form a theory or theories _; soeculate. — the'o-Il- 
za'tion (-ri-za'shun), n. — the'o-riz'er (-rlz'er), n. 

the'o-ry (-n), n.; pi. -ries (-rlz). [F. theorie, L. theoria, 
Gr. deupia a beholding, spectacle, speculation, dewpbs specta- 
tor, deaadai to see.] 1. Contemplation ; speculation. 2. The 
general or abstract principles of any body of facts ; pure, as 
distinguished from applied, science or art ; as, the theory of 
music or of medicine. 3. Apprehension or analysis of a 
given set of factors in their ideal relations to one another ; 
as, essays in theory. 4. A general principle offered to ex- 
plain phenomena ; as, the theory of evolution. 5. Math. A 
body of theorems presenting a clear and systematic view of 
a subject ; as, the theory of equations. 
Syn. Theory, hypothesis. In science, a hypothesis is a 
provisional conjecture as to causes or relations of phenom- 
ena ; a theory is a verified hypothesis applicable to many 
related phenomena. In ordinary usage, hypothesis may 
denote any assumption without proof ; theory is opposed to 
practice, sometimes to fact. 

the'o-soph'ic (-sof'ik) la. Of or pert, to theosophy. — 

the'o-soph'i-cal (T-kal)/ the'o-soph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

the-OS'o-phism (the-os'o-fiz'm), n. Belief in theosophy. 

the-OS'o-phist (the-os'6-fist), n. An adherent of theosophy. 

the-OS'O-phy (-fi), n. ; pi. -PHIES (-fiz). [Gr. deoao<t>ia 
knowledge of things divine, fr. debcro4>os wise in the things 
of God ; debs God 4- ao<j>bs wise.] 1. Any system of phi- 
losophy or mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse 
with God and superior spirits by physical processes ; also, a 
direct, as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, 
supposed to be attained by extraordinary spiritual illumi- 
nation. 2. The doctrines and beliefs of a modern school 
or sect following, in the main, theories of Buddhism and 
Brahmanism, esp. in teaching a pantheistic evolution and 
the doctrine of metempsychosis. 

ther'a-peu'tiC (ther'd-pu'tik) 1 a. [Gr. depairevriKos, fr. 

ther'a-peu'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) J BepawevT-qs attendant, serv- 
ant, depaireveiv to serve, treat medically, depa\p attendant, 
servant.] Pertaining to the healing art or to discovering 
and applying remedies for diseases ; curative. 

thsr'a-peu'tics (-tiks), n. (See-ics.) That part of medical 
science which treats of the discovery and application of 
remedies for diseases. 

ther'a-py (ther'd-pT), n. [Gr. depaTrela."] Therapeutics ; — 
now used chiefly in compounds, as hydrotherapy. 

there (thar), adv. [AS. pier, also par.] 1. In or at that 
place ; — opposed to here. 2. Into or to that place ; thith- 
er. 3. At that point, stage, etc. 4. In that matter, rela- 
tion, etc. ; in that respect. — Syn. See thither. 

— interj. An exclamation expressive of various decided 
emotions, as of dissatisfaction, derision, satisfaction, etc., 
as arising from some fact presently before the mind. 

there'a-bout 7 , adv. Also there'a-bouts' (-bouts'). 1. Near 
that place. 2. Near that number, degree, or quantity; 
nearly ; as, five hundred men, or thereabout. 

there-aft'er (tbar-af'ter), adv. 1. After that ; afterwards. 
2. According to that ; accordingly. 

there'a-gainst' (thaVd-genst/; cf. against), adv. Against 
that ; against it ; in opposition. 

there-at' (thar-at'), adv. 1. At that place; there. 2. At 
that occurrence ; on that account. 

th3re-by' (-bl'), adv. 1. By that; by that means. 2. Con- 
nected with that. 3. Thereabouts ; near by. 

there-for' (thar-for'), adv. For that or this ; for it. 

there'fore (thar'for ; thur'- ; 57), adv. & conj. For that or 
this reason ; on that account ; consequently. 
Syn. Therefore, wherefore, consequently, according- 
ly, so, then agree in denoting sequence, usually causal ; 
they differ in the closeness of connection or degree of for- 
mality implied. Therefore and wherefore are the most 
forma!, and are employed esp. in strict reasoning ; conse- 
quently denotes close causal or logical sequence ; accord- 
ingly is freer and less formal ; so and then are lighter, and 
do not necessarily imply a close inference. 

there-from' (tbar-from'), adv. From this or that. 

there-in' (-In'), adv. 1. In or into that or this place, time, 
or thing. 2. In that particular or respect. 

there-in'to (-Tn'too ; -In-too'), adv. Into that or this. 

there-of (-ov' ; -of), adv. 1. Of that, this, or it. 2. From 
that or this cause or origin ; therefrom. 

there-on' (-on r ), adv. On that or this. 

there-OUt' (-out r ), adv. Out of that or this ; without ; there- 
from. Archaic. [over; also. Rare.\ 

there-to' (-too'), adv. 1. To that or this. 2. Besides ; more-| 

there'to-fore' (thar'too-for' ; 57), adv. Up to that time. 



J 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined wich. = equals. 



< 



N 



THEREUNDER 



998 



THETA 



R 



there^lllMer (tMr-un'der), adv. Under that or this. 

there'un-to' (thar'un-too'), adv. Thereto. 

there'up-on' (-&-pon'), adv. 1. Thereon. 2. Therefore. 3. 
Immediately after that ; at once ; without delay. 

there-with' (thar-witb/ ; -with'), adv. 1. With that or this. 
2. At the same time ; thereupon. 

there'with-al' (thar'with-61'), adv. 1. Over and above ; 
besides. 2. With that or this ; therewith ; at the same time. 

the'ri-ac (the'n-ak), n. [F. theriaque.'] Theriaca. 

the-ri'a-ca (the-rl'd-kd), n. [L. theriaca an antidote to 
snake bites, Gr. dr/piaur). See treacle.] 1. Old Med. An 
antidote to poison ; esp., a compound of sixty-four drugs 
reduced with honey to an electuary. 2. Treacle ; molasses. 
— the-ri'a-cal (-kdl), a. 

the'ri-an-throp'ic (the'ri-an-throp'Tk), a. [Gr. 6-qplov wild 
beast + avdpairos man.] Combining human and bestial 
form, as the centaur ; also, pert, to religions in which the 
deities worshiped are conceived as partly human, partly 
animal in form. an'thro-pism (-an'thro-pTz'm), n. 

the'ri-o-mor'phic (-o-m6r'fTk)l a. [Gr. e-qpi6p.op4>os ; Brj- 

the'ri-O-morfphous (-mor'fws)J plov wild beast + ixop4>y) 
form.] Having an animal form ; as, theriomorphic gods. 

therm (thurm), n. [Gr. 6kpp.fi heat.] Physics. The great 
calorie ; sometimes also : a The small calorie, b A practical 
unit equal to 1 ,000 great calories. 

ther'mse (thur'me), n. pi. [L. See thermal.] Warm 
springs or baths ; specif., Class. Antiq., the baths of a pub- 
lic establishment for bathing ; also, the establishment. 

therm'ses-the'si-a, therm'es-the'si-a (thurm'es-the'si-d ; 
-zhi-d), n. [NL.] Physiol. Sensitiveness to heat. 

ther'mal (thur'mfil), a. Also ther'mic (-m!k). [L. thermae 
hot springs, Gr. 6'epp.ai, pi. of Qk.pp.-t] heat, fr. depp.6% hot.] Of 
or pert, to heat ; warm ; hot. 

II Ther'mi'dor' (teVme'dor' ; E. thur'mT-dor'), n. [F., fr. 
Gr. depp-ri heat + dwpov gift.] See Revolutionary cal- 
endar. 

therm'i'on (thur'ml'on), n. [Gr. Bkppt) heat + ion.~\ A 
minute particle, as an electron, ion, or molecule, emitted 
by a heated substance, such as incandescent calcium oxide. 
Thermions may show an electric charge, either positive or 
negative, or may be uncharged. 

ther'mite (thur'mlt), n. Also ther'mit. [Gr. Qkpp.r\ heat 
+ -ite.2 A mixture of aluminium in fine grains or filings 
with some metallic oxide, usually of iron or of chromium, 
which, on being heated by a priming, as of magnesium 
powder, produces great heat. It is used in welding steel 
rails and for other purposes. 

ther'mo- (thur'mo-). Combining form fr. Gr. 6kpp.-q, heat, 
deppbs, hot, warm, as in i/iermodynamics ; specif., abbr. of 
thermoelectric, as in i/iermobattery, i. e., a thermopile. 

ther'mo-an'aes-the'si-a, or -an/es-the'si-a (-an'es-the'si-d; 
-zhi-d), n. [NL.] Med. Loss of power to distinguish heat 
or cold by touch. [graph and barograph.] 

ther'mo-bar'O-graph (-bar'6-graf), n. A combined thermo-| 

ther'mo-ba-rom'e-ter (-bd-rom'e-ter), n. Physics, a A 
hypsometer. b A siphon barometer adapted to be used 
also as a thermometer. 

ther'mo-bat'ter-y (-bat'er-i), n. A thermopile. 

ther'mo-cau'ter-y (-ko'ter-i), n. Surg. Cautery by the 
application of heat. 

ther'mo-chem'is-try (-kem'is-tn), n.That branch of chem- 
ical science which treats of the relations existing between 
chemical action and heat. — ther'mo-chem'ic (-kem'ik), 
-chem'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — chem'ist (-1st), n. 

ther'mo-cou'ple (-kup'l), n. A thermoelectric couple. 

ther'mo-dy-nam/ics (-dl-nam'Tks; -dT-), n. _ (See -ics.) 
The science of the mechanical action or relations of heat. 
— ther'mo-dy-nam'ic (-Tk), -nam'i-cal (-nam'i-kdl), a. 

ther'mo-e-lec'tric (-e-lek'trik)l a. Of or pert, to thermo- 

ther'mo-e-lec'tri-cal (-tri-kdl)j electricity. 
thermoelectric coupls or pair, Elec, a union of two con- 
ductors, as bars or wires of dissimilar metals joined at their 
extremities, for producing a thermoelectric current. 

ther'mo-e-lec-tric'i-ty (-e-lek-tns'i-tl), n. Electricity pro- 
duced by the direct action of heat. 

ther'mo-e-lec-trom'e-ter (-trom'e-ter), n. An instrument 
to measure the strength of an electric current by the heat 
which it produces, or to determine the heat developed by it. 

ther'mo-e-lec'tro-mo'tive (-e-lek'tro-mo'tTv), a. Pert, to 
or designating the force causing thermoelectric currents. 

ther'mo-gal'va-nom'e-ter (-gal'vd-nom'e-ter), n. A gal- 
vanometer combined with a thermocouple, for detecting 
and measuring small differences of temperature. 

ther'mo-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sTs), n. Physiol. Production of 
heat in the body by oxidation, etc. — ther'mo-ge-net'ic 
(-je-net'-ik), a. 

ther'mo-graph (-graf), n. A self-registering thermometer. 

ther'mo-la'bile (thur'mo-la'bil ; -lab'Tl), a. Physiol. Chem. 
Sensitive to heat ; — said of substances, as immune bodies, 
which lose their characteristic properties on being heated 
to, or somewhat above, 55° C. (131° F.). Cf . thermostable. 

ther-mol'y-sis (ther-mol r i-sis), n. 1. Chem. Dissociation 



by heat. 2. Physiol. The loss of heat from the body. — 
ther'mo-lyt'ic (thur'mo-lit'Ik), a. 

ther-mom'e-ter (ther-mom'e-ter), n. Any device for meas- 
uring relative temperature, commonly by means of the 
expansion or contraction of mercury or alcohol as indicated 
by its rise and fall within a capillary tube, or, in the resist- 
ance thermometer, by means of variation of the electric 
resistance of metals due to changes in temperature. 
CiPTo reduce degrees Fahrenheit to degrees centigrade, 
subtract 32° and multiply by | ; to reduce degrees centi- 
grade to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by § and add 32°. 

ther'mo-met'ric (thur / m6-met , nk)\a. Of or pertaining to 

ther'mo-met'ri-cal (-met'ri-kdl) / a thermometer. 

ther-mom'e-try (ther-mom'e-tri), n. The measurement of 
temperature. 

ther'mo-mo'tive (thur'mo-mo'tiv), a. Of or pert, to the 
production of motion by heat ; — said specif, of hot-air 
engines. 

ther'mo-mo'tor (-ter), n. A heat engine ; a hot-air engine. 

ther'mo-pile (thur'mo-pll), n. \thermo- + pile a heap.] 
Physics. An apparatus consisting of a number of thermo- 
electric couples combined so as to multiply the effect. In 
a very sensitive form, it is used for measuring slight differ- 
ences of temperature. 

ther'mo-scope (thur'mo-skop), n. Physics. An instru- 
ment for indicating changes of temperature without accu- 
rate measurement in degrees. 

ther'mo-si'phon (-sl'fon), n. An arrangement of siphon 
tubes for assisting circulation caused in a liquid by differ- 
ences of temperature, as in an internal-combustion engine. 

ther'mo-Sta'ble (-sta'b'l), a. Physiol. Chem. Capable of 
being heated to, or somewhat above, 55° C. without loss 
of special properties ; — said of immune substances, etc. Cf . 
thermolabile. 

ther'mo-Stat (thur'mo-stat), n. [thermo- -f- Gr. iarhvai to 
stand.] An automatic device for regulating temperature by 
utilizing the expansion of solids, liquids, or gases sub- 
jected to heat, as in opening or closing a damper, regulat- 
ing the supply of gas, etc. 

ther'mo-stat'ics (-iks), n. (See -ics.) Physics. That part 
of the science of heat treating of thermal equilibrium. 

ther'mo-tank (thur'mo-tarjk), n. A tank containing pipes 
through which circulates steam, water, air, or the like, for 
heating or cooling as in heating and ventilating. 

ther'mo-tax'lc (-tak'sTk), a. Physiol. Pertaining to, or 
connected with, the regulation of temperature in the body. 

ther'mo-tax'is (-sis), n. [NL. ; thermo- + Gr. rd£is an 
arranging.] Physiol, a The property possessed by proto- 
plasm of moving under the influence of heat, b Determina- 
tion of the direction of locomotion by heat. 

ther-mot'o-nus (ther-mot'6-nus), n. [NL.] Plant. Phys- 
iol. A condition of tonicity with respect to temperature. 

ther-mot'ro-pism (ther-mot'ro-piz'm), n. Plant Physiol. 
The tendency of certain growing plant organs to respond by 
curvatures to the stimulus of heat. — ther'mo-trop'ic 
(thur'mo-trop'Tk), a. 

Ther-si'tes (ther-sl'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. eepatVrjs.] The 
ugliest and most scurrilous of the Greeks before Troy. He 
reviled all, but esp. Achilles (who slew him) and Ulysses. 

ther-sit'i-cal (-sit'T-kal), a. Pertaining to, or characteris- 
tic of, Thersites ; loud-mouthed ; scurrilous. 

the-sau'rus (the-so'riis), n.; pi. thesauri (-rl). [L. See 
treasure.] A treasury or storehouse ; hence, a repository, 
esp. of words, as a dictionary. 

these (thez), pron. Plural of this. 

The'seus (the'sus; -se-tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Qri<revs] Gr. 
Myth. Son of ^Egeus, king of Athens. He rid Attica of 
Procrustes and other evildoers ; slew the Minotaur, and 
carried off Minos's daughter Ariadne (see Ariadne) ; con- 
quered the Amazons, married their queen, and after her 
death espoused Phaedra. He was an Argonaut, and took 
part in the Calydonian hunt. See Hippolytus. 

the'sis (the'sis), n.; pi. theses (-sez)._ [L., fr.Gr. 6kcns, 
fr. Tidkvai to place, set.] 1. A proposition ; specif., a posi- 
tion or proposition which a person advances and offers to 
maintain by argument. 2. An essay or dissertation, esp. by 
a candidate for a diploma or degree. 3. a Logic. A postu- 
late, b Music. The accented part of the measure, expressed 
by the downward beat ; — opp. to arsis. C Pros. (1) The 
accented part of a foot ; — opp. to arsis. Cf. arsis. (2) 
Popularly, but erroneously, the weak, or unaccented, part 
of a foot. 

Thes'pi-an (thes'pT-an), a. Of or pert, to Thespis (6th cen- 
tury b. a), reputed founder of Greek drama ; hence : re- 
lating to the drama ; dramatic. — n. An actor. Jocose. 

Thes-sa'li-an (the-sa'li-dn), a. Of or pert, to Thessaly in 
Greece. — n. A native or inhabitant of Thessaly ; also, the 
dialect of ^Eolic Greek spoken there. 

Thes'sa-lo'ni-an (thes'd-lo'm-an), n. 1. A native or inhab- 
itant of Thessalonica. 2. In pi. Either of two books of the 
New Testament, called First and Second Thessalonians. 

the'ta (the'td ; tha'td), n. [L., fr. Gr. Or}™, the Greek letter 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, ihin; nature, verdure (87); 



THETIC 



999 



THINK 



©, 0, of Semitic origin.] The eighth letter [9, 0, «?] of the 
Greek alphabet, corresponding to th in English, but prob. 
pronounced in classic Greek about like th in hoi/iouse. 

thet'ic (thet'Ik), a. [Gr. deriKos fit for placing, fr. rMvai 
to set, lay down.] Laid down ; prescribed ; positive ; arbi- 
trary. — thet'i-cal (-i-kol), a. — thet'i-cal-ly, adv. 

The'tis (the'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Okris.] Gr. Myth. A 
Nereid, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles. 

the-ur'gic (the-ur'jik)l a. Pert, to theurgy; magical. — 

the-ur'gi-cal (-ji-kal) / theurgic hymns, songs of incan- 
tation. 

the'ur-gy (the'ur-jT), n. [L. theurgia, Gr. Oeovpyla, fr. 6e- 
ovpyos doing the works of God ; deos God + Ipyov work.] 

1. A divine work ; a miracle ; hence, magic. 2. A kind of 
magical science or art developed in Alexandria, supposed 
to enable man to influence the gods. 3. Magic which re- 
sorts to spirits and demons for knowledge or assistance. 

thew (thu), n. [AS. peaw manner.] A muscle ; sinew ; — 
usually in pi. Hence, in pi., muscular power; strength. 

thewed (thud), a. Furnished with thews or muscles. 

they (tba), pers._pron. pi.; poss. theirs (tharz) ; obj. 
them (them). Lirom Scand.] 1. Plural of he, she, or it. 

2. Indefinitely (like Ger. and ME. man, and the French on), 
people ; men ; as, they say (Ger. man sagt, French on dit). 

thi-al'dine (thT-al'din ; -den), n. Also -din. [thio- + 
aldehyde + -ine.~\ Chem. A white crystalline basic sub- 
stance, CH 3 CH: (SCHCH 3 ) 2 :NH. It is a cardiac. 

thi-am'ide (-am'id ; -id), n. Also -id. [thio- + amide.] 
Org. Chem. Any of a class of compounds of the general 
formula RCSNH2, analogous to the acid amides, but con- 
taining sulphur in place of oxygen. 

thi'a-zine (thl'd-zin ; -zen), n. Also -zin. {thio- + azo- + 
-ine.] Org. Chem. Any of a class of compounds character- 
ized by a ring composed of four carbon atoms, one sulphur 
atom, and one nitrogen atom. The dyestuffs of the methyl- 
ene blue series are derived from thiazines. 

thi'a-ZOle (-zol), n. [thio- + azote."] Chem. A basic liquid, 
C3H3NS, having an odor like pyridine ; also, any of its va- 
rious derivatives, some of which are important substantive 
cotton dyestuffs. 

Thi-bet'an (tT-bet'an). Var. of Tibetan. 

thick (thik), a. [AS. piece.] 1. Of relatively great depth 
or extension from one surface to its opposite ; not thin or 
slender. 2. Measuring in the third dimension (length and 
breadth being the other two), or from one surface to its 
opposite ; as, a board two inches thick. 3. Closely or com- 
pactly set ; dense ; as, thick with trees ; hence : numerous ; 
abundant ; as, where the leaves are thickest. 4. Having, or 
being of, relatively great density or consistency ; inspis- 
sated ; as, thick sirup. 5. Not clear ; turbid ; muddy ; foggy. 
6. Mentally slow or weak ; dull ; stupid ; dense. 7. Indis- 
tinct ; inarticulate ; muffled. 8. Of sounds, dull ; — contr. 
with thin or clear. 9. Abundantly supplied ; filled ; as, air 
thick with snow. 10. Intimate ; familiar. Colloq. — Syn. 
Close, solid ; gross, coarse. 
thick register. See 2d register, 3 b. 

—n. The thickest part, or the time when anything is thickest. 

— adv. Thickly. See flat, a., 10. 

thick'en (thik''n), v. t. & i. To make or become thick or 
thicker ; specif. : a To make or become dense ; inspissate ; 
as, to thicken paint ; also, to make or become turbid or 
cloudy, b To make or grow obscure or dark with or as with 
clouds or fogs. C To make or become more frequent ; as, 
to thicken blows, d To make or become more profound, in- 
tense, intricate, or the like ; as, the plot thickens. 

thick'en-er, n. One who, or that which, thickens. 

thick'en-ing, n. 1. Act of making or becoming thick. 2. 
Something used to thicken (a liquid or the like). 3. That 
which has thickened ; a thickened part or place. 

thick'et (thik'et ; 24), n. [AS. piccet.] A dense growth of 
shrubbery ; a thick grove or coppice. 

thick'head' (thik'hed'), n. A blockhead. Colloq. 

thick'leaf (thik'lef), n. Any of a genus (Crassula) of suc- 
culent herbs, many of which are cultivated as bedding 
plants or for their flowers. 

thick'ly, adv. In a thick manner ; deeply ; closely. 

thick'ness, n. Quality or state of being thick. 

thick'set' (-set' ; 87), a. 1. Closely placed or planted ; as, a 
thickset hedge. 2. Having a short, thick body. — n. 1. A 
close or thick hedge. 2. A dense growth of underwood. 

thick'-Skinned 7 (-skind'), a. Having a thick skin ; pachy- 
dermatous ; hence : not sensitive ; callous, as to criticism. 

thief (thef), n. ; pi. thieves (thevz). [AS. pecf.] One who 
steals, esp. stealthily ; one who commits theft, or larceny ; 
formerly, also, a robber. 

thief arrant or errant. See arrant. 

thieve (thev), v. t. & i. ; thieved (thevd) ; thiev'ing. [AS. 
peofian.] To steal ; practice theft. [stealing; theft. I 

thiev'er-y (thev'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). Act or practice of| 

thiev'ish, a. 1. Given to stealing. 2. Of, pert, to, or like, a 
thief ; stealthy ; sly. — thiev'ish-ly, adv. ish-ness, n. 

thigh (th!), n. [AS. peoh.] 1. The segment of the leg or 



hind limb, between knee and trunk. In birds, a lower seg- 
ment is often loosely called the thigh. See poultry, Illust. 
2. Zo'ol. In insects, the femur of the leg. 

thigh bone. The femur. 

thig'mo-tax'is (thig'mo-tak'sTs), n. [NL. ; Gr. eiyua 
touch + rd£ts an arranging.] Biol. Tendency of small 
organisms to respond to the stimulus of mechanical con- 
tact, as in the case of zoospores by attaching themselves to 
an object. — thig'mo-tac'tic (-tak'tik), a. 

thill (thil), n. [AS. pille a board, beam, thill.] Either of 
the two shafts between which a horse is hitched to a vehicle. 

thim'ble (thim'b'l), n. [AS. pymel, fr. puma a thumb.] 
1. A kind of cap, or sometimes a broad ring, used in sewing 
to protect the finger when pushing the needle. 2. Mech. 
A more or less thimble-shaped appendage or fixture. 3. 
Naut. A grooved ring of thin metal to fit within a ring ot\ 
rope to protect it from chafing. 

thim'ble-ber'ry (-ber'i), n. Any of several American rasp- 
berries (esp. Rubus occidentalis and R. parviflorus) hav- 
ing thimble-shaped fruit. 

thim'ble-rig' (-rig'), n. A gambler's sleight-of-hand game 
played with three small cups and a small ball or pea. — 
v. t.; -rigged' (-rigd') ; -rig'ging. To swindle by thimble- 
rig ; hence, to cheat by any trick. — thim'ble-rig'ger, n. 

thim'ble-weed' (-wed'), n. 1. A rudbeckia. 2. The Ameri- 
can wood anemone. 

thin (thin), a.; thin'ner (-er) ; -nest. [AS. pynne.] 1. Of 
relatively little depth ; not thick ; as, thin paper. 2. Of 
small diameter ; slender ; fine ; as, thin wire. 3. Of little 
consistency, density, or thickness ; rare ; rarefied ; as, thin 
broth ; thin air. 4. Not close, crowded, or abundant ; 
scanty ; as, thin grass. 5. Transparent ; flimsy ; slight ; as, 
a thin pretext or disguise. 6. Wanting substance, strength, 
or richness ; weak ; of liquors, small ; as, thin wine. 7. 
Wanting in body or volume ; not full ; high-pitched, or 
shrill, and feeble ; as, a thin voice. 8. Slim ; slender ; spare ; 
lean ; as, a thin face. 9. Lacking sufficient density or con- 
trast ; — said of a photographic negative or print, or of a 
lantern slide. 

Syn. Thin, lean, spare, lank, gaunt, haggard (esp. of 
persons). Thin, the most general word, is opposed to stout 
or fat, and often suggests sickness or exhaustion ; as, care- 
worn and thin. Lean, more often than thin, suggests a nat- 
ural state ; spare implies lack of superfluous flesh, and 
often suggests abstemiousness or sinewy strength ; as, as 
lean as a greyhound ; a spare form. That which is lank is 
often long or slender, sometimes shrunken or flabby, as 
well as thin; as, lank with fasting. Gaunt often adds to 
thin the implication of being bony or angular ; haggard 
suggests a wild and hollow-eyed appearance, as of one worn 
or wasted by pain, anxiety, or fatigue. See slender. 
thin register. See 2d register, 3 b. 

— adv. Thinly. 

— v.t. & i.; thinned (thYnd) ; thin'ning. To make or be- 
come thin or thinner ; specif.: a To reduce in thickness or 
depth, b To make or become less dense, consistent, or vis- 
cid ; rarefy. C To make less strong, substantial, or rich ; 
weaken ; reduce, d To make or become slender or lean, e 
To make scantily occupied, bare, or empty, f To make or 
become less close, compact, numerous, or frequent. 

thine (thin), pron. & a. [AS. pin.] Of or pertaining to 
thee. See thy. Thine occurs in early English as genitive 
of thou, but is now chiefly a possessive adj. pron. Thine is 
now superseded in ordinary discourse by your. 

thing, || ting (ting), n. [Dan. thing, ting, Norw. ting, or 
Sw. ting.] In Scandinavian countries, a legislative or judi- 
cial assembly ; — used, esp. in composition, in titles of such 
bodies, as in storthing, storting. 

thing (thing), n. [AS. ping a thing, cause, assembly, ju- 
dicial assembly.] 1. Whatever exists, or is conceived to 
exist, as a separate entity ; any separable or distinguishable 
object of thought. 2. Specif. : a Any inanimate object or 
material, b An act or occurrence ; event ; deed, c A 
creature, as a person or animal, or an object, as a literary 
or musical composition ; any object viewed as merely exist- 
ing ; — often used in pity or contempt ; as, the poor thing 
suffered, d Some existence or object of thought not known 
or specifically designated ; a something, e In pi. Personal 
belongings, property, etc. ; furniture ; baggage ; esp., ap- 
parel, f Law. Whatever may be possessed or owned, or 
be the object of a right ; — disting. from person. 3. A por- 
tion or part ; a particular ; item ; bit ; whit ; — used with 
some qualifier, esp. any, no, and some, and often in com- 
position with some one of these three. 

thing'-in-it-self, n. [A transl. of G. ding an sich.] 
Metaph. Noumenon ; the metaphysical reality. 

think (think), v. i. ; pret. & p. p. thought (thot) ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. think'ing. [ME. thinken, var. of thinchen, 
thunchen, fr. AS. pyncan (pret. puhte). See think to re- 
flect.] To seem or appear ; — chiefly impersonal with indi- 
rect object ; — now rare, exc. in methinks, methought. 

think (think), v. i. [ME. thenken, var. of thenchen, fr. AS. 



*i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



THINKABLE 



1000 



THORACIC 







Q 



R 



pencan (pret. pohte), confused with the kindred ME. 
thinken (see think to seem).] To exercise the faculty of 
judgment, conception, or inference ; as : a To bring any- 
thing before the mind as remembered or newly apprehend- 
ed ; as, he had thought of his keys, b To reflect ; ponder ; 
meditate. C To purpose ; intend ; as, he thought to prevent 
it. d To form or have an opinion or feeling ; as, I think it 
will rain ; to think highly of one. — Syn. Cogitate, con- 
template, muse, imagine, suppose, believe. 
to think better of. a To form a more favorable opinion of 
(any one) . b To reconsider (a thing) and alter for the better 
one's decision as to it. — to t. good, to consider it right, 
proper, expedient, or the like. 

— v. t. 1. To think of ; conceive ; imagine ; as, to think evil. 

2. To believe ; consider ; esteem ; as, he was thought brave. 

3. To affect or bring (in a specified way) by thinking ; as, to 
think one's self into a state of collapse. 

think'a-ble (thirjk'd-b'l), a. That can be thought. 

think'er (-er), n. One who thinks. 

think'ing, a. That thinks ; reasoning ; ratiocinative. 

thin'ly, adv. In a thin manner. 

thin'ner (thm'er), n. One who,or that which, thins, or 
makes thinner, as a mixture of linseed oil and turpentine 
used by house painters to thin paint. 

thin'ness, n. Quality or state of being thin. [sensitive.] 

thin'— Skinned' (thin'skind'), a. Having a thin skin ; hence, | 

thi'O- (thl'6-). Combining form from Greek Oelov, brim- 
stone, sulphur. 

thi'O-al'de-hyde (thl'o-alMe-hld), n. Org. Chem. An alde- 
hyde in which oxygen is replaced by sulphur. 

thi'o-an'ti-mo-nate' (-an'ti-mo-nat'), n. Chem. Any of 
a series of compounds regarded as salts of the hypothetical 
thi'o-an-ti-mon'ic ac'id (-mon'ik), EUSbS^ 

thi'o-an'ti-mo-nite' (-an'ti-mo-nlt'), n. Chem. Any of sev- 
eral compounds regarded as salts of the hypothetical thi'o- 
an'ti-mo'ni-ous ac'id (-mo'ni-ws), HbSbSa (also HSbS2). 

thi'o-ar'se-nate (-ar'se-nat), n. Chem. Any of a series of 
compounds regarded as salts of the thi'o-ar-sen'ic ac'ids 
(-ar-sen'ik), H3ASS4, HAsS3, and H4AS2S7, corresponding 
to the arsenic acids. 

tni-o-ar'se-nite (-'ar'se-nlt), to. Chem. Any of a series of 
compounds regarded as salts of hypothetical thi'o-ar-se'- 
ni-ous ac'ids (-ar-se'ni-iis), H3ASS3, HAsS2, H4AS2S5. 

thi-on'ic (thl-on'ik), a. [See thio-.] Chem. Pert, to or 
containing sulphur. — thionic acid, any of a series of un- 
■ stable acids of the general formula H2S*06. 

'Ihi'O-nine (thl'6-nin; -nen), n. Also -nin. Org. Chem. A 
dark crystalline thiazine compound, C12H9N3S, used as a 
violet basic dye ; any of several related dyes. 

thi'O-phene (ttri'6-fen), n. [thio- + phenyl.] A colorless 
liquid, C4H4S, closely resembling benzene, occurring in coal 
tar and prepared in various ways. 

thi'o-phe'nic (-fe'nik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or derived 
f rom, thiophene ; specif., designating an acid, C4H3S -00211, 
analogous to benzoic acid. 

thi'o-phe'nol (-nol ; -nol), n. Org. Chem. A colorless mobile 
liquid, CgHs-SH, analogous to phenol. 

thi'O-sin-am/ine (-sin-am'in ; -sm'd-men'), n. Also -in. 
[thio- + L. smapis mustard + amine.'] Chem. A color- 
less crystalline compound, C4H8N2S, of leeklike odor, ob- 
tained by action of ammonia on mustard oil. 

thi'o-sul'phate (-siil'fat), n. Chem. A salt of thiosulphuric 
acid ; — formerly called hyposulphite. The sodium salt 
is still called, in photography, etc., sodium hyposulphite. 

thi'o-sul-phu'ric (-siil-fu'rik), a. Chem. Pertaining to or 
designating an unstable acid, H2S2O3, analogous to sul- 
phuric acid, and formerly called hyposulphurous acid. It 
is known only in solution or in its salts, the thiosulphates. 

tni'o-u're-a (-u're-d), n. Org. Chem. A colorless crystalline 
bitter substance, CS(NH2)2, analogous to urea. 

third (thurd), a. [AS. pridda, fr. pri, preo, three.] 1. 
Next in order after the second ; — the ordinal of three. 
Abbr., 3d. See ordinal, n., Note. 2. Forming one of three 
equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. 
third degree, Freemasonry, the degree of Master Mason, 
conferred with elaborate ceremonies ; hence, Slang or Cant, 
U. S., a severe examination or treatment of a prisoner by 
the police to extort an admission or confession. — t. estate 
[Often cap. when used specif.'], the third of the political 
classes or orders in a kingdom, usually the commons, or 
common people. — t. eyelid. = nictitating membrane. 
— t.-rail system, Electric Railroads, a system in which 
a third electric (insulated) rail is used for carrying the 
current, which is "picked up," as by contact brushes. 

— n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three ; one of 
three equal parts. 2. The sixtieth part of a second of time 
or arc. 3. Music, a An interval of three diatonic degrees. 
b A tone at this interval. C The harmonic combination of 
two tones a third apart. 4. The third part of the personal 
estate of a deceased husband which, under certain condi- 
tions, goes absolutely to the widow; loosely, a widow's 
dower ; — usually in pi. 



third'bor'ough (-bur'o), n. O. Eng. Law. A constable or 

deputy constable. 

third'ly, adv. In the third place. 

thirl (thurl), n. [See thrall.] Scots Law. The restriction 
or obligation affecting tenants in thirlage. 

thirl'age (thur'laj), n. Scots Law. A servitude or obliga- 
tion requiring tenants to use a certain mill, forge, etc. 

thirst (thurst), n. [AS. purst, pyrst.] 1. A sensation of 
dryness in the mouth and throat, with a craving for 
liquids; also, the condition producing this sensation. 2. 
Hence, a want of, and eager desire after, anything ; a craving 
or longing; — usually used with for, of, or after; as, the 
thirst for gold. — v. i. 1. To feel thirst ; to crave drink. 2. 
To have a vehement desire ; to long. — thirst'er, n. 

thirst'y (thurs'ti), a. ; thirst'i-er (-ti-er) ; -i-est. 1. Feel- 
ing thirst ; craving drink ; hence, having an eager desire. 
2. Deficient in moisture ; dry ; parched. 3. Producing 
thirst. Rare. — thirst'i-ly (-ti-li), adv. — thirst'i-ness, to. 

thir'teen' (thur'ten'; thur'ten'), a. [AS. preotene, preo- 
tyne.] Ten and three ; — a cardinal numeral used attribu- 
tively. — to. 1. The number greater by three than ten ; 
the sum of ten and three ; thirteen units or objects. 2. A 
symbol for thirteen units, as 13 or xiii. 

thir'teenth' (thur'tenth' ; thur'tenth'), a. 1. Next in order 
after the twelfth; — the ordinal of thirteen. Abbr., 18th. 
See ordinal, to., Note. 2. Constituting one of thirteen 
equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — 
to. 1. A thirteenth part. 2. A thirteenth unit or object. 

thir'ti-eth (thur'ti-eth ; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
twenty-ninth; — the ordinal of thirty. Abbr., 80th. See 
ordinal, to., Note. 2. Constituting one of thirty equal 
parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — to. 1. 
A thirtieth part. 2. A thirtieth unit or object. 

thir'ty (-ti), a. [AS. pritig, prittig.] Being three times 
ten ; one more than twenty-nine ; — a cardinal numeral 
used attributively. — to. 1. Sum of three tens ; thirty units 
or objects. 2. A symbol for thirty units as 30 or xxx. 

thir'ty-sec'ond, a. Being one of thirty-two equal parts 
into which anything is divided. 

thirty-second note, Music, a demisemiquaver. See note, 
to., la. — t. rest. Music. See 3d rest, 7 b. 

this (this), pron. & a.; pi. these (thez). [AS. pes, pes, 
masc, peos, pios, fem., pis, neut.] A demonstrative word, 
referring particularly to what is present or near in place, 
time, or thought, or to something just mentioned or to be 
mentioned. Cf. that. 

This'be (thiz'be), to. See Pyramus and Thisbe. 

this'tle (this''l), to. [AS. pistel.] Any of various prickly 
asteraceous plants (esp. genera Cnicus, Carduus, and 
Onopordon) ; also (with qualifying word), any of numer- 
ous other prickly plants. — this'tly (-li), a. 

this'tle-down' (-doun'), to._ The down, or pappus, from 
the ripe flower head of a thistle. 

thith'er (febTtk'er), adv. [AS. pider.] 1. To that place; — 
opp. to hither. 2. To that point, end, or result. 
Syn. Thither, there. Thither was formerly in common 
use with verbs of motion ; there, with verbs of rest ; now, 
there hasdisplaced thither, exc. in poetical or elevated style. 

— a. Being on the farther side from the person speaking ; 
farther ; also, fig., of time, later. 

thith'er-ward (-werd), thith'er-wards (-werdz), adv. 
Toward that place; in that direction. [though. 

tho (tho), conj. An abbreviated or simplified form of | 

thole (thol), to. [AS. pol.] A wooden or metal pin set in the 
gunwale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar ; esp., 
one of a pair between which the oar works. 

thole, v. t. & i.; tholed (thold) ; thol'ing (thol'ing). [AS. 
polian.] Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot. 1. To bear ; endure ; 
suffer ; feel. 2. To allow ; permit ; tolerate. 

thole'pin', to. = thole. 

thol'o-bate (thol'6-bat), to. [Gr. 06Xos a circular building + 
-bate, as in stylobate.] Arch. The substructure of a cupola 
or dome. 

Thom'as (tom'ds), to. [L. Thomas, Gr. Gw/xay.] Bib. One 
of the twelve apostles. He doubted Christ's resurrection 
until he saw him. See John xi. 16, xx. 24-29. 

Tho'mism (to'miz'm; tho'-), to._ The doctrines of the 
scholastic philosopher and theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas 
(c. 1225-74), and of his followers, who taught predestina- 
tion, conditional freedom of the will, and the harmony of 
reason and faith. Cf. Scotism. — Tho'mist (-mist), a. & to. 

thong (thong ; 62), to. [AS. pwang.] A strap or strip of 
leather, esp. one used for fastening something. 

Thor (thor), to. [Icel. porr.] Norse Myth. The god of 
thunder. He was described as a vigorous youth with hair 
and beard red, riding in a goat-drawn chariot, and armed 
with a hammer (the thunderbolt), Mjollnir, that returned 
after being cast. Thursday is named for him. See ^Esir. 

tho-rac'ic (tho-ras'ik), a. Of or pertaining to the thorax. 
thoracic duct, Anat., the main trunk of the system of 
lymphatic vessels, lying along the front of the spinal 
column, and openmg into the left subclavian veim 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
wse, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



THORAX 



1001 



THRASH 




tho'rax (tho'raks), n. [L., fr. Gr. 0<i P o£.] 1. Anat. The 
part of the body of man or of 
any of the higher vertebrates 
between the neck and the ab- 
domen, containing the heart, 
lungs, esophagus, etc. 2. 
Zo'ol. In insects, the middle 
of the three chief divisions of 
the body. 

tho'ri-a (-ri-a), n. [NL.] 
Chem. Thorium oxide, ThCh, 
a white earthy substance. 
See thorium. 

tho'ri-a-nite ( tho'n-d-nit ; 
57), n. [From thorium.] A 
mineral, in black cubic crys- Skeleton of Thorax of Man 
tals, consisting largely of a First Dorsal Vertebra ; b 
thorium oxide with the ox- Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra ; c 
:j pc ^f the* rprinm metak Clavicle ; d Scapula ; e Ster- 
ldes ol tiie cerium metais, num> or Breastbone ; / Cos- 
uranium, etc. It is remark- tai Cartilages ; g Sternal 
able for its radioactivity. Ribs ; h, i False Ribs ; i 

thor'ic (thor'ik;_tho'rik), a. Floating Ribs. 
Chem. Of, pertaining to, or containing thorium. 

tho'rite (tho'rlt), n. [After the Scandinavian god Thor. 
See Thor.] 1. Min. A rare mineral, usually of a brown to 
black color, essentially thorium silicate, ThSi04. 2. A high 
explosive used as a bursting charge for shell. 

tho'ri-um (-ri-um), n. [NL. See thorite.] Chem. A 
comparatively rare metallic element, occurring in thorite, 
monazite, and certain other mineral, and isolated as an 
infusible gray metallic powder living the sp. gr. 11.1. 
Symbol, Th; atomic weight, 232 42. The oxide, TI1O2, is 
prepared from monazite on a lar^e scale and used in gas 
mantles. See Welsbach burner, 

thorn (thorn), n. [AS. pom?, I. A sharp process or ex- 
crescence, as on a plant or ar ^aimal; a spine; specif., 
Bot., a short, sharp-pointed, <jr>d ^eaiiess branch, as of the 
hawthorn, honey locust, etc. 2. Fig., thr.t which pricks or 
annoys as a thorn ■ a source of dLcress. 3. Any thorn- 
bearing shrub or small tree ; specif., the hawthorn or 
blackthorn. 4. The Anglo-Saxon letter p, capital form p, 
used for either of the sounds of th, as in thin, then; — so 
called because it was the initial letter of thorn, a spine. 

— v. t. To prick with or as with a thorn. Rare. 

thorn apple. Any of a genus (Datura) of poisonous sola- 
naceous plants ; esp., the Jimson weed. 

tnorn'Dack' (-bak'), n. 1. A European skate (Raja cla- 
vato) having spines on its back. 2. A large European 
crab (Maia squinado). 

thorn'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being thorny. 

thom'y (thor'ni), a. ; thorn^i-er (-er) ; -i-est. 1. Full of 
thorns ; spiny. 2. Full of trials, difficulties, etc. 3. Like, 
or characteristic of, a thorn ; hence : vexatious ; harassing. 

thor'ough (thur'6), prep. [See through.] Through. Ar- 
chaic or Dial. Eng. — adv. 1. Thoroughly. Obs. or Colloq. 
2. Through ; throughout. Obs. — a. Passing through. Obs. 
or rare, exc. : Thoroughgoing ; fully executed ; complete. — 
n. [cap.~] Eng. Hist. In the reign of Charles I., the tyran- 
nical policy of Wentworth (Strafford) and Laud ;— so called 
from their expressed determination to carry their schemes 
"thorough" (i. e., through) every obstacle. 

thor'ough bass' (bas'). Music, a The representation of 
chords by figures under the bass ; loosely, harmonic com- 
position generally, b The system of figures so used. 

thor'OUgh-brace', n. A leather strap supporting the body 
of a carriage and attached to, or serving as, a spring. 

thor'OUgh-Bred' (-bred'), a. 1. Bred from the best blood 
through a long line ; pure-blooded. Specif., having the pedi- 
gree officially recorded for a certain number of generations ; 
— said of animals. 2. Having the characteristics of such 
breeding; high-spirited; of elegant form, carriage, or the 
like. 3. Thoroughgoing ; complete. 

=— n. 1. A thoroughbred animal ; esp., a horse of a race or 
breed probably originally of Oriental ancestry, kept chiefly 
for racing (running) and military use. 2. A thoroughbred 
person. Colloq. 

thor'ough-fare' (thur'o-far'), n. 1. A place or way for pass- 
ing or travel ; specif., a passage through - r a public road or 
street open at both ends ; esp., a street or way through 
which there is much passing. 2. Passage ; transit. Rare. 

thor'OUgh-gO'ing (-go'ing), a. Going through, or to the 
end or bottom ; thorough ; unqualified ; extreme. 

thor'OUgh-ly, adv. In a thorough manner. 

thor'ough-ness, n. Quality or state of being thorough. 

thor'OUgh-paced' (-past'), a. Thoroughly trained in all 
paces, as a horse ; hence : out-and-out ; thoroughgoing. 

thor'OUgh-pin' (-pin'), n. Veter. A synovial dilatation just 
above the hock of the horse on both sides of the leg and 
slightly anterior to the hamstring tendon. It may cause 
lameness. There is usually an oval swelling on each side 
of the leg, suggestive of a pin thrust through. 




thor'OUgh-WOrt' (thiir'6-wurt'), n. Boneset. 

thorp 1 (thorp), n. [AS. porp.] A group of houses in the 

thorpe/ country ; a village ; hamlet ; — now used chiefly in 

composition. 
those (thoz), pron. [AS. pas, nom. and ace. pi. of pes 

this.] Plural of that. See that. 
Thoth (thoth ; tot),n. [L., fr. Gr. 640, fr. Egypt. TefyutiJ] 

Egypt. Myth. The scribe of the gods, 

measurer of time, inventor of numbers, and 

god of wisdom and magic. He was figured 

with the head of an ibis or dog. 
thou (thou), pron.; sing.: nom. thou; 

poss. thy (th!) or thine (thin) ; obj. thee | 

(the) ; pi. : nom. you (yoo) ; poss. your | 

(yoor) or yours (yoorz) ; obj. you. [AS. 

pu, pu.~\ The personal pronoun of the 

2d person singular, in the nominative case ; 

the subject pronoun denoting the person 

addressed. Formerly, thou often had a spe- 
cial implication of familiarity ; now, it is 

used chiefly in solemn or poetical style, or 

in dial. Eng., or by the Friends, or Quak- 
ers, who, however, instead of thou, usually 

say thee with a verb in the 3d person sin- 
gular ; as, " Thee tells no lies here." 

— v. t. To address as thou, as formerly in Thoth (from a 
familiarity. Bronze in the 

though (tho), conj. [ME. thogh.~\ 1. Grant- British Muse- 
ing or supposing that; notwithstanding umJ * 
that ; albeit ; as, he came, though ill. 2. In case that ; if ; — 
usually used with as; as, he raised his hand as though to 
strike. 3. In spite of that ; nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; 
yet ; as, difficult, though possible. — Syn. See although. 

— adv. However ; for all that ; — a familiar use. 
thought (thdt), n. [AS. poht, gepoht, fr. pencan to think.] 

1. Act or state of thinking ; reflection ; cogitation. 2. a 
Consideration; heed; care, b Solicitude; anxious care. 
Obs. or Dial, c Meditation ; as, lost in thought. 3. A 
habit of thought ; hence, a natural group or sequence, or a 
particular development, of ideas, esp. as expressing a 
dominant conception ; as, Greek thought ; modern scientific 
thought. 4. The function of conceiving, judging, and 
reasoning ; understanding ; intellect ; as, man is endowed 
with thought. 5. That which is thought ; an idea or con- 
cept ; a judgment ; often, an imagining, fancy, opinion, dis- 
position, or intention. 6. The mental as distinguished from 
the material ; consciousness. 7. A little ; trifle ; a.s, please be 
a thought more polite. — Syn. Conception, imagination, 
conceit, notion ; contemplation, deliberation. _j 

thought, pret. & p. p. of think. 

thought'ful (-fool), a. 1. Full of thought ; contemplative ; 
as, a thoughtful mind. 2. Characterized by, 01 concerned 
with, thought ; as, thoughtful hours. 3. Attentive ; careful % 
heedful ; as, he was thoughtful of his safety. 4. Mindful of 

others ; considerate ; kind. ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Thoughtful, considerate. Thoughtful (see also 
pensive) implies, in general, regard for others' interests or 
welfare ; considerate connotes esp. thought for others' 
feelings ; as, he was thoughtful of my needs ; to be consider- 
ate of one's feelings. 

thought'less, a. 1. restitute of thoughts. 2. Careless; 
heedless. — thought'less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. 

thou'sand (thousand), n. [AS. pusend.'] 1. The number 
of ten hundred. 2. Indefinitely, a great number. 3. A 
symbol for one thousand units ; as, 1,000, M, or C ID. — a. 
Consisting of ten hundred ; being ten times one hundred ; 
indefinitely or hyperbolically, great in number. 

thou'sand-fold' (-fold'), a. A thousand times as much or 
as many. 

thousandth (-zandth), a. 1. Next in order after nine 
hundred and ninety-nine ; — the ordinal of thousana. 
Abbr., 1000th. See ordinal, to., Note. 2. Constituting 
one of a thousand equal parts into which a (whole) thing 
may be divided. — n. 1. A thousandth part. 2. A thou- 
sandth unit or object. 

Thra'cian (thra'shan), a. Of or pert, to ancient Thrace, 

thrall (throl), n. [AS. prsel, fr. Scand.] 1. A slave ; bond- 
man. Hist, or Literary. 2. One in moral or mental bona- 
ags. 3. Slavery ; bondage ; servitude. — Syn. See serf. — a. 
Enslaved ; subject. Archaic. — v. t. To enslave. Archaic. 

thrall'dom, thral'dom (-dum), n. Slavery ; bondage. 

thrash (thrash), thresh (thresh), v. t. [AS. perscan.'] 1. 
To beat ; flog ; drub. Now Chiefly Colloq. 2. To beat out 
grain from, as wheat stalks ; beat off, as kernels of grain. 
3. Naut. To sail (a ship) to windward in a fresh breeze and 
lively sea. — v. i. 1. To thresh grain or the like. 2. To 
move violently ; toss about. 3. Naut. To sail to windward 
in a fresh breeze and lively sea. 

$W Both thrash and thresh are in use in all the meanings. 
But thresh is now chiefly used of beating out grain ; thrash, 
in the other senses. 

— n. Act of thrashing or threshing ; Naut., specif, (in this 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, » equals- 






N 



THRASHER 



1002 



THROMBOTIC 



R 



sense usually thrash), act of sailing to windward in a fresh 
breeze and a lively sea. See thrash, v. i. Note. 
thrash'er, thresh 'er, n. 1. One who, or that which 
thrashes or threshes. 2. Also thrasher, or thresher, 



(&) 




Thrasher Shark. 

Shark* A large shark (Alopias vulpes), said to drive to- 
gether or kill with its great tail the small fish on which it 
feeds. 3. Any of numerous long-tailed thrushlike birds 
(family Mimidse, esp. genus Toxostoma). 

ihra-son'i-cal (thrd-son'i-kal), a. [From Thraso, a brag- 
gart soldier in Terence's " Eunuch. "] Bragging ; boastful. 

thread (thred), n. [AS. prsed.1 1. A small twist of flax, 
cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance, extended to some 
length ; a compound cord of two or more single yarns. 2. A 
filament, as of a flower or of any fibrous substance ; also, a 
fine line, as of gold or silver or of mercury in a thermom- 
eter ; specif., Mining, a very thin seam or vein. 3. Mech. 
The projecting helical rib of a screw, the successive turns of 
which are often called teeth. 4. Something running through 
the entire course of a thing and serving to connect its parts, 
as a line of thought. 5. Short for thread of life, the course 
of individual existence, esp. as fabled in ancient times to be 
spun and cut by the Fates. 

— v. t. 1. To pass a thread through the eye of ; as, to thread 
a needle. 2. To put on a thread ; string, as beads. 3. To 
pass through (a narrow or intricate way) ; also, to make 
(one's way), esp. carefully, through obstacles. 4. Mech. 
To form a thread on or in. — threadier, n. 

thread'bare' (-bar'), a. 1. Worn to the thread ; having the 
nap worn off. 2. Worn out ; trite ; hackneyed ; as, a thread- 
bare subject. 3. Wearing threadbare clothes ; shabby. 

thread'fin' (-fin'), n. Any of a family {Polynemidse) of 
fishes having the lower part of the pectoral fin composed of 
separate threadlike rays. 

thread'worm' (-wurm'), n. Any long, slender nematode 
(genus Filaria or an allied genus) ; esp., the pinworm. 

thread'y (-1), a.; thread'i-er (-i-er) ; thread'i-est. Like 
a thread ; specif. : stringy ; fibrous ; slender ; filamentous ; 
viscid ; ropy ; thin (of the voice). 

threat (thret), n. [AS. preat crowd, oppression.] An ex- 
pression of an intention to inflict evil or injury on another ; 
menace ; threatening ; denunciation. — v. t. To threaten. 
Archaic or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

threaten (thref'n), v. t. [AS. preatian."] 1. To utter 
threats against ; menace. 2. To give signs of the approach 
of (evil) ; portend. 3. To plan ; purpose ; — an incorrect 
usage. — v. i. 1. To use threats. 2. To have a threatening 
appearance. — threat'en-er, n. — threat'en-ing-ly, adv. 

Syn. Threaten, menace. Threaten (the Saxon word) is 
rather more direct in its meaning than menace (the Latin), 
which often suggests a threatening or hostile aspect. 

three (thre), a. [AS. pri, prie, masc, preo, fern, and neut.] 
One more than two ; — a cardinal numeral used attribu- 
tively. — n. 1. The number greater by a unit than two ; 
three units or objects. 2. A symbol for three units, as 3, 
III, or iii. 

three'-COl'or, three'-COl'our, a. Designating, or pert, to, 
a photomechanical process employing printings in three 
colors, as red, yellow, and blue. 

three'-deck'er (109), n. 1. Naut. A vessel of war carrying 
guns on three decks, as, formerly, a ship of the line. 2. Any 
structure having three floors, stories, or tiers. 

three'fold' (-fold'), a- Consisting of three ; thrice repeated ; 
triple. — adv. Thrice ; triply. 

three'— mile', a. Of or pert, to three miles ; as, the three- 
mile limit, or the limit of the marine belt (the three-mile 
belt or zone) included in territorial waters of a state. 

threepence (thnp'ens; threp'-), n. The sum of three 
pence (about 6 cents U. S.) ; also, a silver coin of this value. 

three'pen-ny (thrip'en-T ; threp'-), a- Costing or worth 
three pence ; hence : worth but little ; poor ; mean. 

three'-phase' (-faz'), a. Elec. Relating to, or employing, 
alternating currents of three phases, differing in phase 
from each other by 120°. 

three'— ply', a. Consisting of three distinct parts, as of 
three webs interwoven ; threefold. 

three'-port', a. Having three ports ; specif., designating a 
type of two-cycle internal-combustion engine in which the 
mixture enters the crank case through a port uncovered by 
the piston near the end of its stroke. Cf. two-port. 

three-quarter binding. A style of bookbinding with the 
leather back extending farther out on the sides than half 
binding, and having extra large leather corners. 

three'SCOre' (thre'skor' ; 57), a. Thrice twenty; sixty. 




three'some (thre'sum), a. \three + 1st -some."] Performed, 
or engaged in, by three persons. — n. Something in which 
three persons participate ; specif., Golf, a match in which 
one person plays his ball against the ball of the other two, 
the latter playing each stroke alternately. 
' three'-square', a. Having an equilateral triangular cross 
section ; — used esp. of a kind of file. 

threm'ma-tol'o-gy (threm'd : tol'6-ji), n. [Gr. Opk/iixa, 
-aros, nursling -f- -logy."] Biol. The science of breeding 
animals and plants under domestication. 

thre'node (thre'nod ; thren'od), n. [See threnody.] A 
threnody. — thre-no'di-al (thre-no'di-al), thre-nod'ic 
(-nod'ik), a. — thren'o-dist (thren'6-dist), n. 

thren'O-dy (thren'6-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-dfz). [Gr. dptjvcoSla; 
dprjvos a dirge -f- <b8rj a song.] A song of lamentation ; a 
dirge or funeral song. 

thresh (thresh), v. t. & i. See thrash. — thresh'er, n. 

thresh'old (threshold), n. [AS. perscwald, perscold, fr. 
perscan to thresh.] 1. The plank, stone, or piece of tim- 
ber which lies under a door; the sill of a door; entrance. 
2. Place or point of entering or beginning ; entrance ; out- 
set. 3. Psychol.. Bare perceptibility or discrimination ; as, 
the threshold of consciousness, the point where the 
effect of stimulation is just discernible. Cf. subliminal. 

threw (throo), pret. of throw. 

thrice (thrls), adv. [ME. thries.~\ 1. Three times. 2. In 
a threefold manner or degree ; hence : repeatedly ; fully. 

thrid (thrid). Archaic or dial. Eng. var. of thread. 

thrift (thrift), n. [From Scand.] 1. Industry ; labor. Obs. 
or Rare. 2. Economical management ; 
economy; frugality. 3. Vigorous 
growth, as of a plant. 4. Any of a genus 
(Statice) of plumbaginaceous plants of 
north temperate regions ; esp., a tufted, 
scape-bearing plant (S. armeria) hav- 
ing heads of pink or white flowers. 

thriftless, a. Without thrift.— thrif t'- 
less-ly, adv. — thriftless-ness, n. 

thrif t'y (thrift?), a.; thrift'i-er (-ti- 
er) ; -i-est. _ 1. Given to or evincing 
thrift ; provident. 2. Thriving by in- 
dustry and frugality ; prosperous. 3. 
Growing vigorously ; thriving. — Syn. 
Sparing, economical, saving, careful. limit. 

See frugal. — thrif t'i-ly, adv. — thrif t'i-ness, n. 

thrill (thril), v. t. [ME. thrillen to pierce.] To affect emo- 
tionally as if by something that pierces ; to penetrate and 
pervade with feeling. — v. i. 1. To pierce, as an emotion 
or experience ; penetrate. 2. To feel a tingling or shivering 
sensation or a tremulous emotion, as of excitement or ela- 
tion. 3. To move or act tremulously ; vibrate ; tremble. 

— n. 1. A sensation as of being thrilled ; a tingling or shiver- 
ing sensation ; the experiencing of a tremulous excitement. 
2. An abnormal tremor in the respiratory or circulatory 
systems. [play or novel. Slang. I 

thrill'er, n. One who, or that which, thrills, as an exciting! 

thrips (thnps), n. [L., a woodworm, Gr. dpiip.~\ Any of 
an order ( Thysanoptera) of small insects, most species of 
which feed on plant juices, as the onion and tobacco thrips. 

thrive (thriv), v. i.; pret. throve (throv) or thrived 
(thrivd) ; p. p. thrived or thriv'en (thriven) ; p. pr. & 
vb.n. thriv'ing (thrlv'ing). [From Scand.] 1. To prosper 
by thrift. 2. To prosper by any means ; be successful or 
flourishing. 3. To grow vigorously or luxuriantly, as a 
plant ; flourish. — thriv'er, n. — thriv'ing-ly, adv. 

throat (throt), n. [AS. protu.~] 1. The part of the neck in 
front of, or ventral to, the vertebral column ; hence, the 
passage through it. 2. Something likened to the throat as 
being an entrance, passageway, constriction, or the like. 

throat'latch' (-lach'), n. A strap, of a bridle or halter, pass- 
ing under a horse's throat. See harness, Illust. 

throat'y (-1), a. Guttural ; hoarse ; — of sounds. — throat'- 
i-ly (-Mi), adv. — throat'i-ness, n. 

throb (throb), v. i.; throbbed (throbd) ; throb'bing. 1. 
To pulsate ; vibrate. 2. To pulsate with abnormal force or 
rapidity ; palpitate ; — used of the heart, pulse, etc. 
Syn. Throb, beat, palpitate. Beat applies esp. to the 
movement of the heart or pulse, and is often used in a fig. 
sense ; to throb is to beat or pulsate strongly or violently ; 
to palpitate is to beat rapidly, often abnormally. _ 

— 7i. A beat, or pulsation, as of the heart and arteries. > 
throe (thro), n. [AS. prauu, prea, threatening, oppression, 

suffering.] Extreme pain ; anguish ; agony ; esp., a pang in 
childbirth. — Syn. See pang. — v. t. & i. ; throed (throd) ; 
throe'ing. To be or cause to be in agony. Rare. 

thrombin (throm'bm), n. Chem. The ferment that brings 
about the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen in coagula- 
tion of the blood. 

throm-bo'sis (throm-bo'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. OponPoxns 
coagulation. See thrombus.] Med. The plugging of a 
blood vessel through the formation of a clot, or thrombus, 
within its walls. — throm-bot'ic (-bot'ik), a. 



,ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Sise, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, i^k; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



THROMBUS 



1003 



THUMPER 



Ihrom'bUS (throm'bus), n.; pi. -bi (-bT). [NL., fr. Gr. 
dponfios a lump, clot of blood.] Med. The coagulum, or clot, 
composed of blood elements in cases of thrombosis. 

throne (thron), n. [F. trone, L. thronus, Gr. dpovos.] 1. A 
chair of state ; esp., a royal seat on a dais with a canopy, 
as of a prince, bishop, etc. 2. Sovereign or supreme (some- 
times episcopal) power and dignity ; also, the person in- 
vested therewith. 3. In pi. A (certain) high order of an- 
gels. — v. t. & i. ; throned (thrond) ; thron'ing. To en- 
throne ; sit on a throne. 

throng (throng ; 62), n. [AS. prang, ge prang, fr. pringan 
to crowd.] 1. An assembled multitude of persons ; a 
crowd. 2. A great number ; host. — Syn. See multitude. 

— v. i. To crowd together ; also, to move, pass, go, etc., in 
multitudes. — v. t. 1. To crowd or press upon. 2. To 
crowd into ; fill by crowding or pressing into. 

thros'tle (thros'T), n. [AS. prostle.] 1. A thrush. Obs. or 
Scot. & Dial. 2. A machine for spinning wool, cotton, etc. 

throt'tle (throfl), n. [Dim. of throat.'] 1. The throat or 
windpipe. Now Rare. 2. Engin. Short for throttle 
valve, —-v. t.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). 1. To com- 
press the throat of ; choke ; strangle ; hence, to check or 
suppress by or as if by choking. 2. Engin. To obstruct the 
flow of, as of steam to an engine. — v. i. To choke. 

throttle valve. Engin. A valve for regulating supply, as of 
steam, gas, or air, to an engine. 

through (throo), prep. [ME. thurgh, purh, puruh, poruh, 
AS. purh.'] 1. From end to end of, or from side to side of ; 
into at one point and out of at the opposite, or at another, 
point. 2. From the beginning to the end of ; to the end or 
conclusion of ; during. 3. By way of ; as, he went out 
through the gate. 4. By means of ; by the agency of. 5. 
By reason of ; in consequence of ; as, he fled through fear. 
6. Over the whole surface or extent of ; throughout. 7. 
Among or in the midst of ; — denoting passage ; as, to swim 
through the water. — Syn. See by. 

— adv. 1. From one end or side to the other ; throughout ; 
as, to pierce a thing through. 2. From beginning to end ; 
as, to read a letter through. 3. To the end ; at an end ; to 
the ultimate purpose ; as, to carry a project through. 

— a. 1. Admitting free passage. 2. Extending from one 
surface to the other. 3. Transportation, a Extending or 
going from point of departure to destination, or from one 
end to the other of a route, without break, change, re- 
shipment, or the like ; as, a through train, b Of or pert, 
to such traffic or transportation ; as, a through ticket. 

through'ly, adv. Thoroughly. Obs. or Ardiaic. 

through-OUt' (throo-out' ), prep. Quite through; from 
one end or side to the other of ; also, in every part of. — 
adv. In every part ; everywhere i in all respects. 

Ihrove (throv), pret. of thrive. 

throw (thro), v. t.; pret. threw (throo); p. p. thrown 
(thron) ; p. pr. & vb. n. throWlng. [AS. prawan to twist, 
revolve.] 1. To twist two or more filaments of, as silk, so 
as to form one thread. 2. Pottery. To form or shape on a 
potter's wheel, as earthen vessels. 3. To fling, cast, or hurl 
with a certain whirling motion of the arm ; as, to throw a 
ball ; hence : to fling or cast in any manner ; propel ; hurl ; 
send ; as, a gun throws a shell ; to throw a card on the table. 
4. To impel ; dash ; also, to bring by violence ; force ; as, a 
vessel thrown on a reef ; troops thrown into confusion. 5. 
To cause to fall ; cast down ; as, a horse throws a rider. 6. 
To divest one's self of ; shed. 7. To put on hastily ; don. 
8. To move quickly ; to advance ; as, he threw a regiment 
against the enemy. 9. To bring forth ; produce ; bear ; — 
commonly used of animals. 10. To allow an opponent to 
win (a race, game, or contest) by carelessness or by corrupt 
prearrangement. Cant or Colloq. 11. To cast, as dice; 
venture at dice. 12. Mach. To move (a lever) so as to con- 
nect or disconnect parts of a clutch, machine, switch, or the 
like ; — often used with over. Hence, to connect or discon- 
nect by such means, as a clutch, a switch, or the like. 
Syn. Throw, cast, fling, hurl, toss. Throw is the gen- 
eral word ; cast (exc. in certain phrases ; as, to cast a fly, 
to cast one's eye on something, to cast a shadow, etc.) is ar- 
chaic or poetical ; to fling is to throw violently or (some- 
times) angrily or contemptuously ; to hurl is to throw 
with impetuous force ; to toss is to throw lightly or care- 
lessly, often implying movement to and fro ; as, he was 
throwing stones ; he flung himself into a chair ; hurled head- 
long ; toss me the ball ; tossed about on a choppy sea. 
to throw cold water on, to discourage by indifference. 
— to t. down the glove or the gauntlet, to challenge ; 
defy. — to t. off. a To free one's self from, b To reject ; 
discard ; abandon, c To make or utter offhand. Colloq. d 
To abate (something from the price) ; to make a discount of. 
e To cast or deflect to one side ; release or disconnect (a part 
in a machine, etc.). — to t. up. a lo resign ; to give up. b 
To vomit. C To construct hastily, d To bring up or men- 
tion, esp. repeatedly, as a taunt. — to t. up the sponge, to 
give up a contest ; to acknowledge defeat. Cant or Slang. 

*- v. i. To cast, hurl, or flkig. [atavism.! 

to throw back, to revert to an ancestral type ; to exhibitl 




— n. 1. Act of throwing, hurling, or flinging ; a cast. 2, A 
cast of dice ; hence : a venture ; risk. 3. A light scarf or 
coverlet, as for draping an easel, etc. ; also, Colloq. or 
Trade Cant, a woman's scarf, boa, or the like. 4. Distance 
to which a missile is thrown. 5. Mech. The extreme move- 
ment given to a reciprocating piece by a cam, crank, eccen- 
tric, or the like ; travel ; stroke ; as, the throw of a switch. 
Also, length of stroke measured on a radius from the center 
of motion. 6. Geol. The amount of vertical displacement 
produced by a fault. See fault, Illust. — throw'er, n. 

throw'ster (thro'ster), n. One who throws silk. 

thrum (thrum), n. 1. Weaving, a One of the ends of weav- 
ers' warp threads, b The fringelike row of such threads on 
the loom when the web has been cut free. C Any soft, short 
threads, tufts, or fringes. 2. Any loose yarn waste ; — chiefly 
in pi. 3. In pi. Naut. Tufts, or short pieces, of rope yarn. 

— v. t.; thrummed (thrumd) ; thrum'ming. 1. To furnish 
with, or make of, thrums ; tuft ; fringe. 2. Naut. To insert 
short pieces of rope yarn or spun yarn in (a piece of canvas), 
thus making a rough surface which can be wrapped about 
rigging to prevent chafing. 

thrum, v. i. & t. To play (a stringed instrument or on or as 
on a stringed instrument) rudely, monotonously, or list- 
lessly. — n. A monotonous sound, as of thrumming. 

thrum'my (-1), a. Shaggy ; as, a thrummy cap. 

thrush (thrush), n. 1. An ulcerous affection of the mouth, 
fauces, etc., generally confined to infants. 2. A suppera- 
tive affection of the feet in certain animals. 

thrush, n. [AS. prysce.] Any of many small or medium- 
sized passerine birds (family Turdidas, 
esp. subfamily Turdinse) typically plainly 
colored, but sometimes spotted below. 
Among them are some of the best 
songsters, as the American robin 
(Planesticus migratcrius), the 
song thrush (Turdus 
mwsicus), next to the 
nightingale the most pop- 
ular of European song 
birds, the hermit 
thrush (Hylocichla 

guttata pallasi), wood ^ MW^ -rvf 00 ! 

thrush {H. mustelina), etc. 

thrust (thrust), v. t.; pret. & p. p. 
thrust; p. pr. & vb. n. thrust'lng. [ME. prusten, 
pristen, presten,ir. Scand.] 1. To push or drive with force ; 
impel ; shove. 2. To stab ; pierce ; — usually used with 
through. _ — Syn. See push. — v. i. 1. To push ; shove ; also., 
to push in ; force an entrance or passage. 2. To make a 
thrust with or as with a pointed weapon. 

— n. 1. A violent push or drive ; a stab. 2. Mech. Force or 
pressure of one thing against another, as of an arch against 
an abutment. [swordsman. | 

thrust'er, n. One who, or that which, thrusts ; specif., aj 

thud (thud), n. A dull, heavy sound ; also, a blow producing 
such sound ; a thump. — v. i. ; thud'ded ; thud'dlng. To 
move or strike with a thud. 

thug (thug), n. [Hind, thag a deceiver, robber.] 1. {Often 
cap.] A member of a former religious fraternity of robbers 
and assassins in northern India. 2. A ruffian ; assassin. 

thug'gee (thug'e ; Hind, t'hug'e), n. [Hind, thagi the act 
of a thag. See thug.] [Often cap.] The practice of secret 
or stealthy robbery and murder by thugs. [der. ! 

thug'ger-y (thug'er-i), n. 1. Thuggee. 2. Ruffianism ; mur-| 

thu'ja (thu'jd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dvla an African tree with 
sweet-smelling wood.] Bot. Any of a genus (Thuja) of 
evergreen pinaceous trees ; esp., the common arbor vitas (T. 
occidentalis) which yields an oil (oil of thuja). 

Thu'le (thu'le), n. [L., fr. Gr. GovXi), OvXtj.] The northern- 
most part of the habitable world ; — ■ so called by the an- 
cients. Norway, Iceland, or Mainland (the largest of the 
Shetland Islands) may have been meant. 

thu'li-a (thu'li-a), n. [NL.] Oxide of thulium. 

thu'li-um (-ll-um), n. [NL. See Thule.] Chem. A rare 
metal resembling ytterbium. Symbol, Tin; at. wt., 168.5. 

thumb (thum), n. [AS. puma.] 1. The first digit of the 
human hand, opposable to the other fingers ; the pollex ; 
also, the corresponding digit in animals. 2. The part of a 
glove or mitten that covers the thumb. — v. t. To soil or 
wear with the thumb, as the leaves of a book. 

thumblon (thum'kln), n. = thumbscrew, n., 2. 

thumb'screw' (thum'skrdo'), n. 1. A screw having the 
head flat-sided, milled, or the like, so that it may be turned 
by the thumb and forefinger. 2. An old instrument of 
torture for compressing the thumb by a screw ; thumbkin. 

Thum'mim (thum'Im),n.pZ. [Heb. thummim.] SeeURru. 

thump (thump), n. A blow or knock, as with something 
blunt or heavy ; heavy fall ; also, the sound made by such 
a blow or fall. — v. t. & i. To strike with something thick 
or heavy, or so as to cause a dull or heavy sound ; pound ; 
of the heart, to beat heavily. — thump'er, n. 



& = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



THUNDER 



1004 



TICK 







Q 



R 



thun'der (thuVder), n. [ME. punder, ponder, poner, AS. 
punor.'] 1. The sound following a flash of lightning, due 
to the sudden expansion of the air in the path of the dis- 
charge. 2. A discharge of lightning ; a thunderbolt. Obs. 
or R. 3. Any noise likened to thunder. 4. A startling or 
impressive utterance of threat, denunciation, censure, etc. 

— v. i. 1. To produce thunder ; — often used imperson- 
ally. 2. To give forth a sound likened to thunder; as, 
cannon thundered. 3. To utter violent denunciation. — 
v. t. To emit or utter with a noise of or as of thunder ; 
specif., to utter vehemently, as censure. 

thun'der-bolt' (-bolt'), n. 1. A single discharge of light- 
ning with the accompanying thunder. 2. An imaginary 
mass formerly conceived of as the missile cast to earth in 
the lightning flash ; hence, any of various mineral concre- 
tions, as belemnites, formerly considered to be so cast to 
earth. 3. Something suggestive of thunder in being sudden 
and awful, destructive, or startling, as vehement censure. 

thun'der-clap' (-klap'), n. A clap or crash of thunder. 

thun'der-cloud' (-kloud'), n. A cloud charged with elec- 
tricity and producing lightning and thunder. 

thun'der-er (-er), n. One who, or that which, thunders. 

thun'der-head' (-hed'), n. A rounded mass of cumulus 
cloud, with shining edges, often seen before a thunderstorm. 

thun'der-ing, p. a. 1. Emitting thunder or a sound likened 
to thunder. 2. Big ; extraordinary. Colloq. or Slang. 

thun'der-OUS (-us), a. Producing thunder ; also, making a 
noise like thunder. — thun'der-OUS-ly, adv. 

thun'der-show'er, -squall', -storm', etc., n. A shower, 
squall, etc., accompanied with lightning and thunder. 

thun'der-stone' (-ston'), n. A thunderbolt ; esp., a stone 
popularly supposed to be a thunderbolt. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 

thun'der-strike^ (-strlk'), v. t. 1. To strike as by lightning. 
R. 2. To astonish, or strike dumb ; — chiefly in p. p. 

thun'der-stroke' (-strok'), n. A stroke by or as by light- 
ning, with the attendant thunder. 

thu'ri-Dle (thu'ri-b'l), n. [L. thuribulum, fr. thus, thuris, 
frankincense, fr. Gr. dvos sacrifice.] Eccl. A censer. 

thu'ri-fer (-fer), n. [L. thurifer ; thus frankincense -f- ferre 
to bear.] Eccl. A person who carries a thurible, formerly 
always an acolyte, now often a layman. 

Thu-rin'gi-an (thu-nn'ji-_dn), a. Of or pert, to Thuringia 
or the Thuringians ; specif., Geol., designating the upper 
division of the European Permian. — n. A member of an 
ancient German tribe whose kingdom was overthrown by 
the Franks in the 6th century ; also, one of the people of 
the part of Germany called Thuringia. 

Thursday (thurz'da), n. [AS. pures dseg, fr. Scand. name 
Thor -\- AS. dseg day.] The fifth day of the week. 

thus (thus), adv. [AS. pus.'] 1. In this or that manner ; on 
thiswise. 2. To this degree or extent ; so far ; so. 3. Conse- 
quently ; hence. 

thwack (thwak), v. t. To strike with something flat or 
heavy ; whack. — n. A whack ; bang. — thwack'er (-er),7i. 

thwart (thwort), a. [ME. pwert, adv., Icel. pvert, neut. of 
pverr athwart.] 1. Situated or placed across something 
else ; transverse ; oblique. 2. Perverse ; stubborn. Archaic. 

«— adv. Athwart. — n. A rower's seat across a boat. 

— v. t. 1. To reach or pass through or across. Archaic. 2. 
To oppose or baffle, as a purpose ; contravene ; frustrate or 
defeat. — Syn. See frustrate. — thwart'er, n. 

thy (thl), pron. & a. [ME. thy, thi, shortened fr. thin. See 
thine.] Of or belonging to thee ; — chiefly used attribu- 
tively, and now in solemn style and in poetry. See thee. 

Thy-es'te-an (thl-es'te-dn), a. Of or pert, to Thyestes. 
Thyestean banquet, a banquet at which human flesh is 
eaten. See Atreus. 

Thy-es'tes(thi-es'tez),n. [L.,fr.Gr.eu6<7T77s.] See Atreus. 

thy'la-cine (thi'ld-sln ; -sin), n. [Gr. 0O\a£ a sack, pouch.] 
A carnivorous marsupial (Thylacynus cynocephalus) of 
Tasmania, of dog-like appearance. It is destructive to sheep. 
Called also Tasmanian wolf. 

thyme (tim), n. [OF. tym, L. thymum, Gr. 6vp.ov, Ovuos.'] 
1. Any of a genus (Thy- 
mus) of menthaceous 
plants ; esp., the common 
garden species (T. vul- 
garis), with pungent, 
aromatic leaves, used in 
seasoning, or a wild creep- 
ing species (T. serpyl- 
lum). 2. With a qualify- 
ing word, any of various 
other plants, as basil 
thyme (Clinopodium 
acinos or C. nepeta). 

thym'e-lse-a'ceous 
(tnTm'e-le-a'shiis),a. [L. 
thymelaea a kind of 
plant, Gr. 0ujiteXa£a.] 
Bot. Belonging to a fam- 
ily ( Thymelseaceee ) of 




Wild Thyme. 
a Flower. 



chiefly Old World, tough-barked trees, shrubs, and herl^, 
including, among others, the mezereon and spurge lauret. 

thym'ic (tlm'ik), a. Pert, to, or derived from, thyme. 

thy'mic (thl'mik), a. Of or pertaining to the thymus gland, 
thymic acid, an acid obtained from the thymus gland. 

thy'min (thl'min), n. Physiol. Chem. A crystalline sub- 
stance, C6H6N2O2, derived from the thymus gland, and 
from the spermatozoa of fishes. 

thym'ol (tim'ol ; -ol), n. [thyme + -ol.~\ Chem. A white 
crystalline substance, C10H13OH, of aromatic odor and 
strong antiseptic properties, occurring in oil of thyme. 

thy'mus (thl'mus), n., or, more commonly, thy'mus 
gland or body. [NL., fr. Gr. dvp.os.'] Anat. A ductless gland 
of uncertain function, present, at least in the young, in 
most vertebrates. In lambs and calves, it is one of the glands 
called sweetbread. In man, it lies in the upper part of the 
thorax and lower part of the throat, and disappears or be- 
comes rudimentary in the adult. 

thy'roid (-roid), a. [Gr. dvpeoeiBfc shield-shaped.] Lit., 
shield-shaped ; — used only in anatomical terms ; as : thy- 
roid gland or body, a large ductless gland below the phar- 
ynx ; thyroid cartilage, the chief cartilage of the larynx. 

— n. The thyroid gland, cartilage, or other part. 

thy'roid-ec'to-my (thl'roid-ek'to-mi), n. Surg. Excision 
of the thyroid gland, an operation producing marked dis- 
turbance of bodily functions. [thyroid gland. I 

thy'roid-i'tis (-I'tis), n. [NL.] Med. Inflammation of the| 

thyrse (thurs), n. Bot. A thyrsus. 

thyr'soid (thur'soid) la. [Gr. dvpvoeidvs ; Bvpaos 

thyr-SOi'dal (ther-soi'dal)/ thyrsus + €i6oj form, shape.] 
Bot. Having somewhat the form of a thyrsus. 

thyr'sus (thur'sus), n. ; pi. -si (-si). [L., fr. Gr. 
6vp<rosJ] 1. A staff entwined with ivy and sur- 
mounted by a pine cone or by a bunch of vine 
or ivy leaves with grapes or berries. It is an 
attribute of Bacchus, satyrs, etc. 2. Bot. A 
form of mixed inflorescence in which the main 
axis is indeterminate, or racemose, and the 
secondary and later axes are determinate, or 
cymose. See inflorescence, Illust. 

thy'sa-nu'ran (thl'sd-nu'rdn; this'd-), a. 
[Gr. dvaavos fringe + ovpa. tail.] Zo'dl. Of or 
pert, to an order (Thysanura) of wingless in- 
sects with bristlelike caudal appendages, con- 
sisting of the bristletails and the springtails, 
or, more narrowly, the bristletails. — thy'sa- 
nu'ran, n. — thy'sa-nu'rous (-rus), a. 

thy-self (thl-self), pron. An emphasized form 
for thou or thee. 

tiao (tyou), n. [Chin.] A Chinese money of ac- 
count equal to one thousand cash of account. 
It is equivalent to 460-500 cash coins, the standard value 
being 480. 

ti'ar ftl'dr ; tT-ar'), n. Tiara. Poet. 

ti-a'ra (ti-a'rd ; te-a v rd), n. [L., fr. Gr. n&pa, nApas.] 1. A 
form of headdress worn by the ancient 
Persians. 2. The Pope's triple crown. 3. A 
crownlike head ornament ; a frontlet or 
coronet. 

Ti-bet'an (ti-bet'dn; tib'gt-), a. Of or 
pert, to Tibet or the Tibetans. — n. 1. A 
member of the native race of Tibet, which 
constitutes a distinct Mongolian type, mod- 
ified in the west and south by intermixture 1 
with Indian peoples and in the east withL 
Chinese. Practically all are believers in Tiara, 
Lamaism. 2. The Indo-Chinese language of the Tibetans. 

tib'i-a (tib'i-d), n.; pi. -im (-e). [L.] Anat. & Zo'dl. 1. 
The inner of the two bones of the leg or hind limb between 
knee and ankle. 2. Zo'dl. The fourth joint of the leg of an 
insect. 3. Class. Antiq. A kind of flute or flageolet, orig. 
made of the leg bone of an animal. — tib'i-al (-dl), a. 

tic (tik), n. [F.] Med. A local and habitual convulsive 
motion of certain muscles, esp. of the face ; twitching. 

ti-cal' (ti-kal r ; -kol'; te'kul), n. A bean-shaped silver coin 
and the monetary unit of Siam, worth 37 cents; also, a 
weight, equal to 233.3 grains. 

tic' dou'lou-reux' (tik' doo'loo-roo' ; F. doo'loc'ru'). [F. ; 
tic a twitching + douloureux painful.] Med. Neuralgia 
in the face, sometimes associated with muscular spasms. 

tick (tik), n. [Abbr. fr. ticket.~\ Credit; trust; also, a 
credit account ; as, to buy on tick. Colloq. or Slang. 

tick, n. [IJL.techa, teca,lr.~L.theca case, Gr. 017*77.] l.The 
case of a bed, mattress, etc., containing the filling. 2. 
Ticking. 

tick, n. 1. Any of numerous arachnids (order Acarida) 
which attach themselves to man and animals and suck 
their blood. 2. Any of certain degraded parasitic dipterous 
insects (chiefly family Hippoboscidse), as the bird ticks, 
sheep tick, and bat ticks. 

tick, v. i. To make a small, repeated noise, esp. such as ia 
caused by lightly tapping or striking, as a watch does. — ■ 




A Thysa- 
n u r a n , 

much 
enlarged. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofi^ eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, fitrn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



TICKER 



1005 



TIGER LILY 



«. t. To mark, note, or check, by a tick or ticks ; score. — 
n. 1. A light, esp. repeated, sound of or as of tapping or 
striking ; as, the tick of a clock. 2. Any small mark to 
direct attention to something or to serve as a check. 

tick'er, n. One that ticks ; specif., a telegraphic receiving 
instrument that automatically prints off news on a "tape." 

tick'et (-et ; 24), n. [F. etiquette ; of Teutonic origin.] 1. A 
small piece of paper, cardboard, or the like, serving as a 
notice, certificate, or token, esp. of a right, as of admission, 
of conveyance, of debt, etc. 2. Politics. A list of candi- 
dates, esp. of one party only, to be voted for. U. S. 
ticket of leave, a permit given to a convict under impris- 
onment to go at large, and to labor for himself, subject to 
certain conditions. In the U. S. a similar license is usually 
called a parcle. British. 

— v.t. 1. To distinguish by or as by a ticket ; to put a ticket 
or label on. 2. To furnish with a ticket ; to book. U. S. 

tick'ing (tik'Tng), n. A strong closely woven linen or cotton 
fabric of which bedticks are made. 

tick'le (tik''l), v. t.; tick'led (-'Id) ; tick'ling (-ling). 1. 
To touch lightly so as to produce a peculiar thrilling sensa- 
tion, commonly causing laughter and a kind of spasm. 2. 
To please ; gratify ; also, to amuse. 3. To touch or stir 
gently ; also, to move, take, do, etc., by or as by light 
touches ; to portray lightly. — v. i. To feel or to excite a 
sense of being tickled. 

— n. Act of tickling ; a light touch on a sensitive part. 

— a. Insecure ; ticklish. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
tick'ler (-ler), n. 1. One who, or that which, tickles. 2. 

A book or set of sheets or cards kept to show the amounts 
due upon notes, etc., and the day? of payment. 

ticklish (-lish), a._ 1. Sensitive to tickling. 2. Insecure ; 
unstable. 3. Requiring careful basiling ; ni ~e ; critical ; as, 
ticklish business. — iicklish-lj idv. — tick'lish-ness, n. 

tick'seed' _(-sed'), n. [3d tick 4- seed.] 1. Coreopsis. 2. 
Tick trefoil. 

tickseed sunflower. Any large-rayed species of bur mari- 
gold (esp. Bidens coronata and B. trichosperma) . 

tick'tack' (tik'tak'), n. 1. A ticking or beating noise, as of 
a clock or watch or the heart. 2. A device for making a 
tapping sound, as against a window in practical joking. 

tick'tack-too', tick'tack-toe' (tik'tak-too' ; -to'), n. 1. 
The prank or practical joke of using a ticktack. 2. A game 
played by two players who alternately put crosses and 
ciphers in compartments of a crosslike figure, the object 
being to get a row of three crosses or ciphers. 

tick trefoil. Any of certain fabaceous plants (genus Mei- 
bomia ) whose trifoliolate leaves and jointed pods have 
hooked hairs by which they adhere to objects. 

tid'al (tid'al), a. 1. Pert, to, caused by, or having tides. 
2. Dependent upon the state of the tide. 
tidal wave, a Popularly, the great sea wave that some- 
times follows an earthquake ; also, a great rise of water 
along shore due to exceptionally strong winds, b Fig., an 
overwhelming impulse, burst of feeling, or the like. 

tid'bit' (tid'bit'), n. Variant of titbit. 

tide (tld), n. [AS. fid time.] 1. Time ; season. Now Chiefly 
Scot. & Dial. Eng., exc. in 
names of ecclesiastical seasons 
or festivals. 2. Fit or opportune 
time ; opportunity. Ar- 
chaic. 3. The alternate / 
/ 






rising and 
ing of the 




^: Spring Tides 
and Neap 
Tides. 



fan- 
sur- 
face of the ocean 
and bodies of 
water connected 
with the ocean, v?//^ 
occurring twice ''••—..- 
in each lunar day 
(24 h. 51 m.), and occa- 
sioned by the attraction of 
the sun and moon. When the 
sun and moon are in conjunc- 
t i o n or opposition the tide 
(spring tide) is unusually high ; 

when the moon is at first or third quarter the high tide 
(neap tide) is smaller than usual. 4. A stream ; current ; 
flood ; as, a tide of blood. 5. Tendency or direction of 
causes, influences or events ; as, the tide of feeling. 

•— v. t. ; tid'ed (tid'ed ; 24) ; ttd'tng (tiding). 1. To cause 
to float with the tide. 2. To carry or help along as by or 
with a tide ; — now only in to tide over ; as, this will tide 
him over his difficulties. — v. i. 1. To befall; betide. Ar- 
chaic. 2. Naut. To drift with the tide ; esp., to work into 
or out of a harbor, etc., with the aid of the tide. 

tide'wait'er (tld'wat'er), n. A customs officer who boards 
vessels and watches the landing of goods. Hist, in U. S. 

tide'wa'ter (-wo'ter), n. Water affected by the ebb and flow 
of the tide ; hence, broadly, the seaboard. 

tide'way' (tTd'wa'), n. A channel in which the tide sets. 

ti'di-ly (tT'dl-li), adv. In a tidy manner. 



ti'di-ness, n. Quality or state of being tidy. 

ti'ding (tl'dTng), n. A piece of news; a message; — now 
only in pi. : news ; intelligence. — Syn. See news. 

ti'dy (tl'dl), a.; -di-er (-dl-er) ; -di-est. [From tide time, 
season.] 1. Arranged in good order ; orderly ; neat. 2. 
Considerable in size, amount, etc. Dial. & Colloq. — 
Syn. See neat. — v. t. & i.; -died (tl'dld) ; -dy-ing. To 
make tidy. — n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). A partial covering, often 
of tatting or the like, to protect the back of a chair, etc. 

tie (tl), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. tied (tld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ty'ing 
(tl'ihg). [AS. tigan, tiegan, fr. teag, teah, a rope.] 1. To 
fasten by drawing a band, cord, lace, or the like, through or 
around and knotting it ; as, to tie up a bundle. 2. To form 
a knot in ; knot ; fasten by or as by knotting. 3. To form 
(a knot) ; interlace ; knit. 4. To unite or join firmly ; con- 
nect ; Colloq., to marry. 5. To hold or constrain by au- 
thority or moral influence ; oblige ; restrict. 6. Music. To 
unite, as notes, by a tie. 7. To make or have an equal score 
with, in a contest. — v . i. To make a tie ; specif. : a To 
make a bond or connection, b To make an equal score. 

— 'n.; pi. ties (tlz). 1. A knot ; a fastening. 2. A knot of 
ribbon, hair, or the like, used as a fastening or ornament. 
3. Short for necktie. 4. A bond ; an obligation, moral or 
legal. 5. A beam, post, or rod to hold parts together. Cf. 
strut. 6. Railroads. Any of the transverse supports to 
which the rails are fastened ; a sleeper. 7. Music. A curved 
line joining two notes of the same pitch, to denot' a single 
tone of the time value of the two. 8. An equality in num- 
bers, as of votes, scores, etc. ; equality in a contest. 9. In pi. 
Low shoes fastened with lacings. Cant. [tie.j 

tie'beam' (tl'bem'), n., or tie beam. A beam acting as aj 

tie'mann-ite (te'mdn-Jt), n. [After W. Tiemann, a Ger- 
man who discovered it.] Min. A compound of mercury 
and selenium, . HgSe, occurring in dark masses of metallic 
luster. 

ti'er (ti'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, ties. 2. A child's 
apron covering the upper part of the body. 

tier (ter), n. [OF. & F. tire, prop., a pull, fr. tirer to draw, 
pull.] A row or rank ; esp., one of two or more rows placed 
one above another ; as, a tier of seats. —v. t. & i. To place, 
arrange, or to be arranged, in tiers, or layers. 

tierce (ters), n. [F. tiers a third part, L. tertius the third.] 
1. A third. Obs. 
or Rare. 2. Eccl. 
The third of the 
canonical hours, or 
nine a. m. ; also, 
the service ap- 
pointed for that 
hour. 3. A cask 
larger than a barrel 
and smaller than a 
hogshead ; hence, a Lunge and Parry in Tierce, 

liquid measure, formerly legal at 42 wine gallons, or one 
third of a pipe. 4. A set of three. 5. A position in fencing. 

|| tiers' e'tat' (tyar' za'ta'). [F.] The third estate, or com- 
monalty, in France ; — so called in distinction from, and as 
inferior to, the nobles and clergy. Obs. or Hist. 

tie'— up', n. A suspension of traffic or business, as by a 
strike of employees, a breakdown of machinery, etc. U. S. 

tiff (t!f ), n. A fit of anger or peevishness ; a pet ; usually, a 
petty quarrel. — v. i. To be in a tiff, or pet ; to quarrel 
slightly or pettishly. 

tiff, n. [Orig., a sniff, sniffing.] A small draft of liquor. — 
v. t. & i. To drink ; quaff. Both Colloq. or Slang. 

tif'fa-ny (tTf'd-m), n. ; pi. -ntes (-niz). A kind of very thin 
muslin gauze or, 06s., silk gauze. 

tiffin (-in), n. [Prop., tiffing a drinking.] Luncheon, esp. 
at midday. — v. i. To take tiffin ; lunch. 

ti'ger (ti'ger), n. [F. tigre, L. tigris, Gr. rlypis.'] 1. A 
large Asiatic 
carnivore 
(Felis ti- 
gris) of the 
cat family, 
of a tawny 
color trans- 
versely' 
striped with; 
black. 2. A\i 
1 i v e r i e di 
groom, esp. 
a boy. 3. An 

additional cheer or yell at the end of a round of cheering. 
Colloq. [variegated coloration.; 

tiger cat. Any of certain wild cats of moderate size and', 

ti'ger— eye', n. A chatoyant stone, usually yellow brown, 
used for ornament. A blue variety is called hawk's-eye. 

ti'ger-ish, a. Of or like a tiger ; esp., fierce ; bloodthirsty. 

tiger lily. A lily (Lilium tigrinum), native to China, hav- 
ing nodding orange-colored flowers spotted with black ; 
also, any of various lilies having similar spotted flowers. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide* to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



TIGHT 



1006 



TIME 



P 



Q 



R 



tight (tit), a. 1. Firmly held together ; compact ; firm ; as, 
a tight knot. 2. Impervious ; not leaky ; as, a tight cask. 
3. Trim ; also, neat ; tidy. Archaic or Dial. 4. Handy ; 
adroit ; smart. Rare or Scot. & Dial. 5. Fitting close, 
usually too close. 6. Close ; stingy. Colloq. 7. Taut ; tense ; 
as, a tight rope. 8. Scarce ; dear ; as, tight money ; strin- 
gent ; as, a tight monty market. 9. Intoxicated ; tipsy. 
Slang. {adv. — tight'ness, n.\ 

— adv. Tightly ; firmly ; hard. See flat, a., 10. — tight'ly,| 

tight, adv. See tite. 

tight'en (tif'n), v. t. & i. To make or become tight or 
tighter. — tight'en-er (tifn-er), n. 

'lights (tits), n. pi. Garments fitting close to the skin, usu- 
ally for the lower part of the body and the legs, now worn 
esp. by chorus girls, acrobats, dancers, and gymnasts. 

tig'lic (tig'lik), a. Also tig-lin'ic (tTg-lm'ik). [From Cro- 
ton tiglium, the croton oil tree.] Chem. Pert, to or desig- 
nating a white, crystalline, unsaturated acid, C4H7CO2H, 
found as a glyceride in croton oil. 

ti'gress (tT'gres), n. A female tiger. 

ti'grish (tl'grish), a. Tigerish. 

tike (tlk), n. 1. A dog, esp. a low-bred dog, or cur. 2. A 
boor; country bumpkin. Archaic or S cot. & Dial. 3.Amis- 
chievous, annoying child ; — chiefly playful. Colloq. 

til (til; tel), n. Also teel. [Hind, til, Skr. tilaJ] Sesame. 

til'bu-ry (tTl'ber-i), n. ; pi. -ries (-\z). A kind of gig, or two- 
wheeled carriage without top or cover. 

til'de (til'de ; Sp. tel'da), n. [Sp., fr. L. titulus a super- 
scription, title, token, sign.] The diacritical mark placed 
over n in Spanish words, as canon, when pronounced like 
ni in onion. It is called til in Portuguese, and is written 
over the first vowel of a nasal diphthong, as in nao. 

tile (til), n. [AS. tigle, tigele, tigule, fr. L. tegula, fr. tegere 
to cover.] 1. A plate, or thin piece, of baked clay, stone, 
etc., for roofing, floors, drains, etc., and often for ornamen- 
tal work ; hence, also, a piece of metal similarly used for 
roofing. 2. Tiles collectively ; tiling. 3. A stiff hat ; esp., a 
silk hat. Colloq. — v. t.; tiled (tlld) ; til'ing (til'ing). 1. 
To cover with or as with tiles. 2. Also tyle. To protect (a 
Masonic lodge) from intrusion ; hence: to bind (a person) to 
secrecy ; keep (a meeting, proceeding, etc.) secret. 

tile'fish' (-fish'), n. A large deep-water food fish (Lopho- 
latilus chamseleonticeps) covered with large round yellow 
spots and having a fleshy appendage on the head. 

til'er (tll'er), n. 1. A maker or layer of tiles. 2. Also 
tyler. A doorkeeper in a Freemason's lodge. 

til'i-a'ceous (til'i-a'shus), a. [L. tilia linden.] Bot. Be- 
longing to a family (Tiliacese) of herbs, shrubs, or trees, 
the linden family, distinguished from related groups mainly 
by the free stamens and 2-celled anthers. 

til'ing (til'ing), n. Tiles collectively. 

till (til), n. Geol. Unstratified glacial drift, consisting of 
clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders intermingled. 

till, n. [Prop., a drawer, fr. ME. tillen to draw.] A drawer, 
as a tray of a trunk or a money drawer in a shop. 

till, prep. [AS. til.'] To ; unto ; as far as ; until ; — now 
only of time. — conj. To the time that or when ; until. 

till, v. t. [AS. tilian, teolian, to aim, strive for, till.] To 
plow and prepare for seed, and to sow, dress, raise crops 
from, etc. ; cultivate. — v. i. To do tilling ; cultivate soil. 

till'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being tilled ; arable. 

till'age (-aj), n. The operation or art of tilling land. 

til-land'si-a (ti-land'zi-a), n. [NL., after Prof. Tillands, 
a Swedish botanist.] Bot. Any of an immense genus (Til- 
landsia) of epiphytic bromeliaceous plants of tropical and 
subtropical America, having usually a rosette of narrow 
overlapping basal leaves and spicate or paniculate flowers. 
tilP'er (-er), n. One who tills. 

till'er, n. [AS. telgor a small branch.] A sprout ; shoot ; 
specif., a sucker. — v. i. Agric. To put forth new shoots 
or suckers from the root, or round the bottom of the origi- 
nal stalk ; as, wheat and rye tiller. 
till'er, n. [From ME. tillen, tullen, to draw, pull.] A lever 

for turning a rudder. Cf. helm. 
til'ley (til'I), n., or tilley seed. [From the 17th century 
pharmacological name grana Tilli, grana Tiglia.] The 
seeds of the croton-oil tree (Croton tiglium). 
til'ly-val'ly (tTl'i-val'i), interj., adv., & a. Also til'ly- 
fal'ly (-fal'i). Bosh ! nonsense ! Obs. 
tilt (tilt), n. [ME. telt, var. of teld, AS. teld, geteld, tent.] 
A canopy ; awning ; esp. a tent ; specif., a cloth covering of 
a cart, boat, stall, etc. — v. t. To provide with a tilt. 
tilt, v. i. [ME. tilten, tulten, to totter, fall.] 1. To lean ; 
fall partly over ; tip. 2. To ride or charge, and thrust with 
a lance ; just ; also, to charge ; fight ; contend ; as, to tilt at 
wrongs. 3. To rush or burst, as into a place. Colloq. — v. t. 
1. To slope ; incline ; tip ; as, to tilt a chair back. 2. To 
point or thrust, as a lance. 3. To tilt against in justing. 
Obs. 4. To forge with a tilt hammer. 

1. Slope. 2. A thrust, as with a lance. Rare. 3. A 



military exercise on horseback in which the combatants 
tilt at each other, or at a mark, with lances, spears, or the 
like. 4. Any of various sports suggestive of tilting with 
lances. 5. Short for tilt hammer. 6. A seesaw. — tilt'er,n,. 
full tilt, full force or speed ; as, to run at full lilt. 

tilth (tilth), n. [AS. tilS, ii. tilian to till.] 1. Tillage ; cul- 
tivation. 2. That which is tilled ; tilled land. 

tilt hammer. Mach. A hammer consisting of a head at one 
end of a heavy lever, lifted by power and let drop. 

tilt roof. Arch. A round-headed roof, like a wagon canopy. 

tilt'yard' (tilt'yard'), n. A yard or place for tilting. 

ti'ma-rau' (te'ma-rou'), n. Also ta'ma-rau', ta'ma-rao' 
(ta/md-rou'). [Native name.] A small buffalo {Bos mindo~ 
rensis) of the Philippine island of Mindoro. It is blackish 
brown and stocky, with short heavy horns. 

tim'bal (tim'bSl), n. [F. timbale.] 1. = kettledrum. 
2. Zo'ol. The vibrating membrane in the shrilling organ of 
a cicada. 

D tim/bale' (taN'bal'), n. [F., prop., a kettledrum ; — so 
named from the form of the mold used.] Cookery. A sea- 
soned preparation, as of chicken, lobster, cheese, or fish, 
cooked in a drum-shaped mold ; also, a pastry case, usually 
small, filled with a cooked mixture. 

tim'ber (tim'ber), n. [Prob. the same word as timber 
wood.] Com. A certain number of fur skins, as 40 skins of 
martens, ermines, sables, etc., or 120 of some other animals. 

tim'ber, n. [AS. timbor, timber, wood, building.] 1. a 
Wood suitable for use in building, carpentry, etc., whether 
in the tree or cut and seasoned, b Forest land covered by 
trees producing such wood. Western U. S. C Lumber. 
Eng. d A dressed piece of wood, esp. one of comparatively 
large breadth and thickness. 2. Fig., material; as, he is 
good timber for the crew. 3. Shipbuilding. A rib branch- 
ing outward from the keel, usually composed of several 
pieces united. — v. t. To furnish with timber. 

tim'bered (-berd), a. 1. Furnished with, or made of, tim- 
ber or timbers. 2. Covered with growing timber ; wooded. 

tim'ber -head' (tim'ber-hed'), n. Naut. a The top end of 
a timber, used above the gunwale, for belaying ropes, etc. ; 
— called also kevel head, b A bollard bolted to the deck 
where the end of a timber would come. 

timber hitch. Naut. A hitch used for temporarily securing 
a rope to a spar. See knot, Illust. 

tim'ber-ing, n. Timbers collectively ; timberwork ; timber. 

tim'ber-work' (-wurk'), n. Work made of timbers. 

tim'bre (tim'ber ; F. taN'br'), n. [F., a bell to be struck 
with a hammer, sound, tone, stamp, crest.] Music. The 
quality of tone distinguishing voices or instruments. 

tim'brel (tim'brel), n. [Dim.fr. OF. timbre.'] Music. A 
small hand drum or tambourine. [the timbrel. | 

tim'breled, tim'brelled (-breld), a. Sung to the sound of | 

time (tim), n. [AS. tima.] 1. That in which events are 
distinguished with reference to before and after, beginning 
and end ; the measurable aspect of duration. 2. A particu- 
lar point, period, or part of duration ; a point or portion of 
duration ; as, a long or short time. 3. A period in history ; 
age ; era ; — often in pi. ; as, ancient times ; specif., Geol., 
a division of geologic chronology ; as, Paleozoic time. 4. 
An allotted, appointed, fixed, or customary period of time ; 
specif. : a The duration of one's life ; the hours and days 
which a person has at his disposal, b The present life ; fi- 
nite, as contrasted with infinite, duration, c The period of 
gestation ;also, the hour of parturition, d The period of ap- 
prenticeship, etc., or a term of imprisonment. Colloq. or 
Slang. 5. Available, sufficient, or proper time (in sense 2) ; 
as, time for reading ; to ask for time. 6. A definite or pre- 
cise point or moment of time; also, a fixed or inevitable 
point of time, esp. that for departure or death ; as, his time 
had come. 7. A portion of time considered as to the effect 
of what has taken place, or is taking place, during it, or to 
the state of affairs prevailing ; — often in pi. ; as, he has a 
hard time ; times are dull. 8. Reckoning, or way of reckon- 
ing, the lapse or progress of time ; as, standard time. 9. Re- 
current occasion ; repetition (by way of multiplication) ; — 
often in pi. ; as, two times two is four. 10. Pros. A unit of 
duration as a basis for meter. 11. Music, a The grouping 
of the successive rhythmic beats or pulses into equal meas- 
ures ; — called also meter and rhythm. In simple time, the 
units are grouped by twos (duple, or two-part, time, 
the usual signatures being §, f, J) or threes (triple, or 
three-part, time, sigs. f, f , f ). In compound duple time 
(quadruple, or four-part, time), the usual signatures are 
I, I, f . In compound triple time (nonuple, or nine-part, 
time), they are f , §, &. In sextuple, or six-part, time. 
groups of three units are compounded by twos (the usual 
signatures being f, §, ft, ^, ^, if) or groups of two units 
compounded by_ threes (the signature being that of the 
equivalent in triple time), b Duration of one or more 
notes or rests as to their metrical value, c The tempo, or 
speed at which a piece or passage moves, d The general 
movement of a piece or kind of music as to its metrical 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd^ eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; na^re, verdure (87); 



TIME-HONORED 



1007 



TINWARE 



structure, rhythm, and tempo. 12. Drama. The unity of 
time. See unity. 13. Time given to work. Colloq. 
at times, at intervals of duration ; now and then. — in time 
a In good or due season ; sufficiently early, b In the course 
of time ; eventually. — t. enough, in season ; early enough. 

— t. immemorial, Eng. Law, a time antedating (legal) 
history, and beyond the legal recognition of past events or 
facts as affecting rights , in 1276 fixed by statute as the be- 
ginning of the reign of Richard I. (1189) ; hence, time beyond 
memory or record. — t. measure, measurement of time; 
esp. the common system of measurement in which 60 sec- 
onds = 1 minute, 60 minutes = 1 hour, 24 hours = 1 day, 
7 days = 1 week, 30 days (commonly) = 1 calendar month, 
365 days or 12 calendar months = 1 year (see leap year), 
100 years = 1 century. — t. out of mind. = time imme- 
morial. 

— v. t. ; timed (tlmd) ; thi'ing (tlm'ing). 1. To bring, be- 
gin, perform, or the like, at a particular season or time. 2. 
To regulate as to time ; as, to fame one's stroke (in rowing). 
3. To ascertain or record the time of. 4. To measure, as in 
music. — v. i. To keep or beat time ; move in time. 

time'-hon'ored, or -hon/oured, a. Honored, or worthy of 
honor, because of age ; as, a time-honored custom. 

time'keep'er (tlm'kep'er), n. One who, or that which, 
keeps, marks, measures, regulates, or determines, the time. 

time'less, a. 1. Unseasonable ; premature. Archaic. 2. 
Interminable. 3. Of no particular time or date. 

time'ly (tim'lT), a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. 1. Seasonable ; 
opportune. 2. Early. Obs. or R. — Syn. See opportune. 

=— adv. 1. Early ; soon. Archaic. 2. In good season or 
time; opportunely. — time'li-ness (-li-nes), n. [_Scot.\ 

time'ous (tlm'us), a. Timely ; seasonable. Obs. or R., exc.\ 

time'piece' (tlm'peV), n. A device to measure, or show 
the progress of, time ; a chronometer. 

time'pleas'er (-plez'er), n. A timeserver. 

tim'er (tim'er), n. One who, or that which, times ; a time- 
keeper ; as : a A stop watch for timing races, etc. b In- 
ternal-Combustion Engines. In electric ignition, an ad- 
justable device for automatically timing the spark. 

time'serv'er (-sur'ver), n. One who practices timeserving. 

time'serv'ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the spirit 
of the times, or with the humors of those in power ; tem- 
porizing. — time'serv'ing, n. 

time'— ta'ble, n. A tabular statement of the time at which, 
or within which, things are to take place. 

tim'id (tim'id), a. [L. timidus, fr. timer e to fear.] Want- 
ing courage to meet danger ; easily frightened ; timorous ; 
shy. — Syn. Fearful, _ cowardly, pusillanimous, faint- 
hearted, shrinking, retiring. See aeraid. — tim/id-ly, adv. 

— tim'id-ness, n. [timorousness.l 
ti-mid'i-ty (tT-mTd'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being timid ;| 
ti-moc'ra-cy (tl-mok'ra-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). [Gr. tluok- 

parla; rt.fj.ri honor, worth, valuation (fr. rUiv to honor) -f- 
Kparetv to govern.] Polit. Sci. a As defined by Plato, a 
state (as Sparta) in which love of honor or glory is the rul- 
ing principle, b As defined by Aristotle, a state in which 
honors are distributed according to a rating of property. — 
ti'mo-crat'ic (tl'mo-krat'ik), a. 
thn'or-ous (tim'er-us), a. [LL. timorosus, fr. L. timor 
fear.] 1. Fearful of danger ; timid. 2. Indicating, or caused 
by, timidity. — Syn. See afraid. — tim'orrOUS-ly, adv. 

— tim'or-ous-ness, n. 

Tim'o-thy (tim'6-thi), n. Bib. a A convert and colleague 
of St. Paul, b Either of the two Epistles to Timothy. 

tim'o-thy, n. Also timothy grass. [After Timothy Han- 
son, who carried the seed from New England to Mary- 
land about 1720.] A grass (Phleum pratense) 
with long cylindrical spikes, grown for hay. 

tin (tin), n. [AS. tin.'] 1. A soft, lus- 
trous white, crystalline metal, malleable 
at ordinary temperatures, but brittle 
when heated. Symbol, Sn (Lat. stan- 
num) ; at. wt., 119.0 ; sp. gr.,7.28. 2. Tin 
plate. 3. Money. Slang. 4. A box, can, 
pan, or other vessel of tin plate ; specif., 
Chiefly Brit., a can or the like for pre- 
serving foodstuffs. 

— v. t. ; tinned (tind) ; tin'ning. 1. To 
cover with tin or tin plate. 2. To pack 
in tins ; can. Chiefly Brit. 

tin'a-mou ( tln'd-moo ), n. [ F., fr. 
South Amer. Indian.] Any of numerous, 
chiefly South American, birds, consti- 
tuting a family (Tinamidse\, and re- 
sembling gallinaceous birds in habits. 
In many localities they are called par- 
tridges, and are much hunted. 

tin'cal (tirj'kal; -kol), n. [Malay 
tingkal.] Crude native borax formerly 
imported from Tibet. 

tinct (tirjkt), a. [L. tinctus, p. p. of 
tingere to tinge.] Tinged ; also, flavored. Timothy, 
Archaic. — n. 1. Color ; tint. Archaic. 




2. Tincture ; essence ; in Alchemy, the elixir for changing 
metals into gold. Obs. — v. t. To color or tinge ; tint ; 
imbue. Archaic. 

tinc-to'ri-al (tTrjk-to'rT-al ; 57), a. [L. tinctorius, fr. 
tinctor a dyer, tingere, tinctum, to dye.] Of or relating to 
color or colors or dyeing ; imparting a color. 

tinc'ture (tTrjk'tyr), n. [L. tinctura a dyeing, fr. tingere. 
See tinge.] 1. Imbuing or impregnating color ; tint. 2. 
Her. Any metal, color, or fur used in armorial bearings. 3. 
The finer and more volatile parts of a substance, separated 
by a solvent. 4. Pharm. A solution of a medicinal substance 
in alcohol, usually diluted. 5. A slight quality added to 
anything ; tinge ; smack. 

— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing (-tyr-Tng). 1. To tinge. 
2. To imbue or impregnate with. 

tin'der (tTn'der), n. [AS. tynder,tyndre.~\ Something very 
inflammable, esp. for kindling fire from a spark. 

tinder box. 1. A metal box for tinder, usually with a flint 
and steel for producing a spark. 2. Something suggesting a 
tinder box (sense 1), as an old wooden building. Colloq. 

tine (tin), n. [AS. tind."} A tooth or spike, as of a fork ; 
prong, as of an antler. 

tin'e-a (tin'e-d),?!. [L.,worm,moth.] Med. Any of various 
skin diseases ; esp., ringworm. 

tin foil. Tin in thin sheet form. 

ting (ting), n. [Imitative.] A sharp sound, as of a bell. — 
v. t. & i. To sound or ring sharply, as a bell ; tinkle. 

tinge (tinj), v. t.; tinged (tinjd) ; tinge'ing or ting'ing 
(tin'jing). [L. tingere, tinctum, to dye, stain, wet.] To 
imbue slightly with a color ; tint ; hence, to imbue or im- 
pregnate with something different or foreign. — Syn. 
Color, dye, stain. — n. A degree, usually slight, of some 
color, and hence of some taste, or of something foreign in- 
fused into, or added to, something ; tincture ; color ; hue ; 
shade ; flavor ; touch. — Syn. See color. 

tin'gle (tin'g'l), v. ».; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). [Freq. 
of ting.'] To feel or cause a kind of thrilling, stinging, or 
prickling sensation, as from cold, a shrill sound, etc. — n. 
A tingling sensation. — tin'gler (-gler), n. Colloq. 

tink (tink), v. i. To tinkle, — n. A sharp clinking sound. 

tink'er (-er), n. 1. A mender of kettles, pans, etc., esp. an 
itinerant one. 2. A person skilled in various kinds of small 
mechanical work. 3. A botcher ; bungler. 4. Act of tinker- 
ing. 5. Any of various fishes, as a small or young mackerel, 
a silversides, etc. — v. t. 1. To mend, esp. metal wares. 2. 
To mend unskillfully or temporarily. — v. i. 1. To act as a 
tinker. 2. To work at anything, esp. in the way of repair- 
ing, in a bungling, often meddlesome, manner. 

tin'kle (tin'k'l), v. i. ; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kling (-kling). [Freq. 
of tink.] To make or emit small, quick, sharp, metallic 
sounds ; clink. — v. t. 1. To cause to tinkle. 2. To affect 
or effect by tinkling. — n. A tinkling sound. 

tin'man (tin'man), n. A maker of, or worker in or on, tin 
plate ; also, a dealer in tinware. 

tin'ner (-er), n. 1. A tin miner. 2. A tinman ; tinsmith. 

tin-ni'tUS (tl-nl'tus), n. [L., fr. tinnire to jingle.] Med. 
A ringing, whistling, or other sensation of noise which is 
purely subjective. 

tin'ny (tin'i), a.; ttn'ni-er (-i-er) ; tin'ni-est. Pertaining 
to, containing, or like tin. 

tin plate. Thin sheet iron or steel coated with tin. 

tin'sel (tin'sel), n. [F. etincelle a spark, L. scintilla.] 
1. A shining metallic or metal-coated material used in 
thin sheets, strips, threads, etc., to produce a glittering ap- 
pearance at small expense. 2. Something shining and 
gaudy ; hence, showy pretense. 3. A dress material shot or 
covered with tinsel (sense 1) ; also, a gauzelike cloth in- 
terwoven with gold or silver. 

— a. Composed of or like tinsel ; gaudy ; specious. 

— v. t. ; -seled (-seld) or -selled ; -sel-ing or -sel-lino 
To adorn with tinsel ; make gaudy. 

tin'smith' (-smith 7 ), n. A worker in tin or tin plate. 

tin spirit. Dyeing. Any of various solutions of tin com- 
pounds used as mordants. 

tin'Stone' (tin'ston'), n. The mineral cassiterite. 

tint (tint), n. [For older tinct, fr. L. tinctus, p. p. of tin- 
gere to dye.] A slight coloring ; specif. : a Any pale tinge. 
b A light variety of a color, that is, one containing white ; 
— contr. with shade. Loosely, hue ; shade. C Engraving. 
A shaded effect, d Printing. A light-colored surface serv- 
ing as a background. — Syn. See color. 

— v. t. To give a tint to ; tinge. — tint'er (tin'ter), n. 
tin'tin-nab'u-lar (tTn'ti-nab'u-ldr) 1 a. [L. tintinnabulum 
tin'tin-nab'u-la-ry (-nab'u-la>ri) / _ a Tittle bell, ix.tintin- 

nare to ring, to jingle, tinnire to jingle.] Of or pert, to 
bells or their sounds ; making the sound of a bell. 

tin'tin-nab'u-la'tion (tTn'ti-nab'u-la'sbiin), n. [From L. 
tintinnabulum a little bell.] The ringing of bells. 

tin'tin-nab'U-lous (-nab'u-lws), a. Pertaining to, charac- 
terized by, or given to, the ringing of bells. 

tintype' (tYn'tlpO, n. Photog. A ferrotype. 

tin'ware' (tm'war'), n. Articles made of tin plate. 




K = eh in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation- 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. 11 Foreign Word. + combined with. » equals* 



N 



TINY 



1008 



TITLE 







R 



ti'ny (tT'ni), a. ; -ni-er (-ni-er) ; -ni-est. [From ME. tine.'] 
Very small or diminutive ; minute ; wee. 

-tion (-shun). [L. -tio, -tionis.] A suffix denoting : State; 
action; result of an act. See -ation. 

tip (tip), to. 1. The point, extremity, or top part of some- 
thing. 2. An end piece or part, as a cap, nozzle, or ferrule. 
3. A piece of stiffened lining pasted on the inside of a hat 
crown. — v. t. ; tipped (tipt) or, Rare, tipt ; tip'ping. To 
form or place a tip upon ; cover the tip, or end, of. 

tip, v. t. 1. To strike lightly ; tap. 2. To make incline ; 
slant ; tilt ; cant. 3. To impart or communicate (to) ; give 
lightly or casually (to) ; — used with to or the indirect ob- 
ject ; as, I tipped him a dollar ; we tipped him a bint to 
stay. Slang. 4. To give a tip, hint, or "pointer," to. Col- 
loq. 5. To give a tip, or fee, to. Colloq. — v. i. 1. To 
fall on, or incline to, one side ; tilt. 2. To give a tip, or fee. 

— n. 1. A light touch or blow ; tap. 2. Secret information, 
esp. as to the chances of a future event, as a race or the 
future price of a security. Colloq. 3. A gift or fee, esp. to a 
servant ; a gratuity. 

lip cart. A cart with a body that can be tilted, for emptying. 

tip'cat' (-katO, n. A game in which a small piece of wood 
pointed at both ends, called a cat, is tipped, or struck 
lightly, with a stick or bat, so as to fly into the air and 
while there is struck by the same player so as to drive it 
as far as possible ; also, sometimes, the "cat." 

tip'pet (tip'et ; 24), n. [AS. tseppet.] 1. A long hanging 
part or adjunct of the dress, as on a sleeve, cape, or hood. 
2. A scarf, muffler, or scarflike garment, to cover the neck, 
or neck and shoulders. 3. Ch. of Eng. A black cape worn 
on the surplice by ministers not university graduates. 

tip'ple (tTp''l), v. i. To indulge in intoxicating drinks habit- 
ually and often, in small quantities. 

— v. t. 1. To drink, as liquor, frequently or by sips, esp. too 
often. 2. To affect by tippling. — n. Liquor ; drink. 

tip'pler (-ler), n. One who tipples ; one who habitually in- 
dulges in the frequent use of intoxicating liquors. 

tip'staff 7 (-staf), n. ; pi. -staves (-stavz' ; -stavz') or -staffs 
(-stafs'). An officer who bears a metal-tipped staff as a 
badge of office ; specif., a sheriff's officer ; a constable. 

tip'Ster (tip'ster), n. One who gives or sells tips (see 2d 
tip, n., sense 2), as for gambling on horse races. Colloq. 

tip'sy (-si), a. ; -Si-ER (-si-er) ; -si-est. Rendered unsteady 
or foolish by liquor, but not absolutely drunk ; somewhat 
intoxicated. — tip'si-ly, adv. — tip'si-ness, n. 

tip'toe' (tip'to'), n.; pi. -toes (-toz'). The tip, or end, of a 
toe ; also, the ends of the toes collectively. — a. 1. Being 
on tiptoe ; exalted. 2. Cautious ; stealthy. — adv. Expect- 
antly ; eagerly. — v. i. To go on tiptoe. 

tip'top' (-top'), to. {tip end + top^] The very top ; highest 
degree ; the best ; acme. — (tip'top'), a. Most excellent ; 
first-rate. Colloq. 

ti-rade' (ti-rad' ; tl'rad), n. [¥., fr. It. tirata, prop., a pull- 
ing.] A long-drawn speech or declamatory passage, esp. 
one that is intemperate and harshly censorious. 

|| ti'rail'leur' (te'rd'yur'), n. [F., fr. tirailler to skirmish, 
wrest, fr. tirer to draw, fire.] Mil. In the French army, an 
infantry skirmisher ; sharpshooter. [cannon). 06s. | 

tire (tlr), n. [F. tir or It. tiro.] A discharge or volley (of j 

tire (tlr), n. [For attire.] 1. Attire; also, a headdress. 
Archaic. 2. [Commonly spelt tyre in British usage.] A 
hoop or band forming the tread of a wheel of a vehicle. 

— v. t. ; tired (tlrd) ; tir'ing (tlr'ing). 1. To attire. Obs. 
or Archaic. 2. To furnish with a tire or tires. 

tire, v. t. & i. [F. tirer to draw or pull.] Obs. 1. To seize, 
pull, or tear. 2. To be intent (upon) ; gloat (over). 

tire, v. i. [AS. teorian.] To become weary. — v. t. To de- 
crease or wear out the strength, patience, or interest of. 
Syn. Tire, fatigue, exhaust, jade, fag. Tire is the gen- 
eral and ordinary word ; fatigue is stronger, and implies 
greatlassitude or weariness ; to exhaust is to fatigue utterly. 
To jade is to wear out ; it often implies dullness or satiety ; 
fag is more familiar. 

— n. Tiredness ; fatigue ; weariness. Colloq. 

tired (tlrd), a. Weary. — tired'ly, adv. — tired'ness, n. 

tire'less (tir'les), a. Untiring; unwearying. 

Ti-re'si-as (ti-re'shi-as ; -si-as), n. [L., fr. Gr. Teipeaias.] 
Gr. Myth. A blind Theban soothsayer to whom Athena 
gave knowledge of future events and of birds' language. 

tire'some (tlr'siim), a. Wearisome; tedious. — Syn. See 
irksome. — tire'some-ly, adv. — tire'some-ness, n. 

tire'wom'an (tTr'wdom'an), n. A lady's maid. Archaic. 

tir'ing-room/ (tlr'Tng-), n. [For attiring room.] A dress- 
ing room, esp. one in a theater. Archaic. 

|| ti'sane' (te'zan'), n. [F.] Pharm. & Med. A decoction ; 
ptisan ; — used in French names. 

Tish'ri (tish're), n. [Heb. tishrl.] See Jewish calendar. 

Ti-siph/o-ne (ti-sif'6-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tiaufrovj) avenger 
of murder.] See Erinys. 

tis'sue (tish'u), to. [F. tissu, fr. tissu, p. p. of tistre, titre, 
to weave, L. texere.] 1. A woven fabric. 2. A fine trans- 
parent silk stuff ; any light gauzy fabric. 3. Biol. An aggre 



gate of cells, with their intercellular substance, forming one 
of the structural materials of a plant or animal. 4. Fig.: 
Web ; texture ; a complicated or connected series ; as, a 
tissue of lies or misfortunes. 5. Tissue paper. 

— v. t. ; tis'sued (-ud) ; tis'su-ing (-u-ing). To form tissue 
of ; interweave. 

tissue paper. A very thin gauzelike paper. 

tit (tit), n. A titmouse ; also, esp. with a qualifying term, 
any of various other small birds. [Dial] 

tit, n. [AS.] A teat ; teatlike projection ; nipple. Chiefly\ 

tit, to. Obs., Dial, or Slang. 1. A small or poor horse ; jade. 
2. A very small person or thing ; chit ; bit. 

tit, n. A blow ; — used only in : tit for tat [prob. for tip 
for tap], blow for blow ; retaliation. 

Ti'tan (tl'tdn), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tirav.] 1. Gr. Myth. One 
of the primeval deities, children of Uranus and Gaea, includ- 
ing Cronus, Atlas, Epimetheus, Prometheus, Oceanus, Te- 
thys, etc. In their war with the Olympian gods, the Titan 
dynasty was overthrown. 2. The sun personified ; — from 
Helios, the sun god, called Titan as being the son of the 
Titan Hyperion. — a. Titanic. — Ti'tan-ess, to. fern. 

ti'tan-ate (-at), to. Chem. A salt of titanic acid. [Titanic] 

Ti'tan-esque' (ti'tdn-esk'), a. Characteristic of the Titans ;| 

Ti-ta'ni-a (ti-ta'ni-d; -ta'ni-d), to. Medieval Myth. The 
wife of Oberon and queen of the fairies. 

Ti-tanfic (tl-tan'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
the Titans ; hence {Often I. c] : enormous ; superhuman. 

ti-tan'ic, a. Chem. & Min. Of, pert, to, or containing ti- 
tanium, esp. in its higher valence. Cf. titanous. 
titanic acid, Chem., any of various feeble acids derived 
from titanic oxide. — t. oxide, titanium dioxide, Ti02. 

ti'tan-ifer-C-US (tl'tan-if'er-us), a. Containing or affording 
titanium. 

ti'tan-ite ( tT'tan-Tt ), to. Min. A mineral, essentially a 
calcium silicate and titanate, CaTiSiOs, occurring as a 
constituent of igneous rocks. — ti'tan-it'ic (-lt'ik), a. 

ti-ta'ni-um (tl-ta'ni-wm), to. [NL. See Titan.] Chem. A 
metal found only in combined form, as in rutile, titanite, 
etc., and isolated as a refractory iron-gray crystalline 
powder. Symbol, Ti; at. wt., 48.1 ; sp. gr. of 3.55. 

ti'tan-OUS (tl'tdn-TOs), a. Chem. Pert, to or containing 
titanium in its lower valence. Cf. titanic. 

tit'bit' (tit'bit'),. to. [tit something small + bit.] A deli- 
cate or tender piece of anything eatable ; choice morsel. 

titP (tit), adv. Also tyt, tyte, tight, etc. Quickly; soon. 
Obs. or Dial., exc, Colloq. U. S., in to run, come, etc., as 
tite (or, usually, tight) as one can. — tite'ly, adv. Obs. 

tith'a-ble (tltb/d-b'l), a. Subject to payment of tithes. 

tithe (tltb), to. [AS. teoSa, teogeSa, tenth.] 1. A tenth ; 
small part. 2. A tenth or small part of some specific thing 
paid_ as a voluntary contribution, a tax, etc. ; esp., as in 
British usage, a tenth part of the yearly increase from land, 
stock, etc., devoted to religious or charitable uses; hence, 
any small ratable tax or levy. 

— v. t.; tithed (tlthd) ; tith'ing (tlth'ing). 1. To pay 
tithes on ; give a tithe of. 2. To levy a tenth part on ; 
tax to the amount of a tenth. [litter.] 

tithe pig. A pig paid as a tithe, often the poorest in the) 

tith'er (tltb/er), to. A person who collects tithes. 

tith'ing (tith'ing), to. 1. A levying or taking tithes ; also, a 
tithe. 2. Eng. Law. A small administrative division, orig. 
consisting of ten householders or of the tenth part of a 
hundred. Cf. frankpledge. 

Ti-tho'nus (ti-tho'nus), to. [L., fr. Gr. Ti0aw6s.] Gr. Myth. 
The son of Laomedon, king of Troy, and favorite of Eos 
(Aurora), who prevailed on the gods to grant him immor- 
tality, but forgot to ask for him immortal youth. He grew 
old, and was finally changed by Eos into a grasshopper. 

ti-ti' (te-te'), to.; pi. titis (-tez'). [South American Indian 
name.] Any of various small South American monkeys 
(genus Callicebus). 

ti'ti (te'te), to. ; pi. titis (-tez). 1. A tree (Cliftonia mono- 
phylla) of the southern United States, having glossy leaves 
and racemes of fragrant white flowers. 2. Any of a genus 
(Cyrilla) of related trees, often disting. as white titi. 

tit'il-late (tit'i-lat), v. t. & i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
[L. titillatus, p. p. of titillare.] To tickle ; hence, to ex- 
cite pleasurably. 

tit'il-la'tion (-la'shun), to. [L. titillatio.] 1. Act of titil- 
lating, or state or sensation of being titillated. 2. Any pass- 
ing sensation, esp. one that is pleasurable. 

tit'i-vate, tit'ti-vate (tit'i-vat), v. t. & i. ; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; 
-vat'ing. To dress or smarten up ; spruce. — tit'i-va'tion, 
tit'ti-va'tion (-va'shwn), to. Both Colloq. 

tit'lark' (-lark'), n. [1st or 3d tit + lark.] A pipit. 

ti'tle (tl't'l), to. [OF., fr. L. titulus an inscription, label, 
title, sign, token.] 1. Any inscription put over, upon, or 
under anything to distinguish or explain it. Obs. or Rare. 
2. The distinctive designation of a written or printed pro- 
duction, as a book, poem, chapter, legal document, statute, 
etc. ; heading. 3. A division of an instrument or book, usu- 
ally one larger than a section or article, as of a statute or 



jjaiciiL sun. 5LUH , any ugut gauz.^ lauiiv.. \*. w*vt. jhi a.^51^- any un\- iaig».i mem a. o^^.v"'. -^» ^' ^^^"^, ^-^ v* ™> ^^^.~~.~~ v * 

ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
yse, unite, am, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, ver**" 1 " 6 C 87 )» 



TITLED 



1009 



TODY 




Blue Titmouse 
(Parus cxru- 



law book. 4. A descriptive name ; epithet. 5. A personal 
appellation of dignity, distinction, or preeminence, as for 
rank or office. 6. A claim or right ; as, he has no title to our 
esteem. 7. Law. a The union of all the elements which 
constitute ownership, b That which constitutes a just 
cause of exclusive possession. C The instrument which is 
evidence of a right. 8. Eccl. a R. C. Ch. A parish church, 
esp. in Rome, b A sphere of work or source of income or 
maintenance, required by a bishop of a candidate for ordi- 
nation. — Syn. See name. — v. t. ; ti'tled (tl't'ld) ; ti'- 
tling (-tling). To call by a title ; name ; entitle. 

ti'tled (tl't'ld), a. Having a title, esp. of nobility ; noble. 

ti'tle— page 7 , n. The page of a book containing the title. 

tit'mouse' (tit'mous'), n.; pi. -mice (-mis'). [ME. tite- 
mose, titmase; tit small thing or a small 
bird + AS. mase a kind of small bird.] 1. 
Any of numerous small oscine birds (Parus 
and allied genera) allied to the nuthatches 
but longer tailed. 2. [In full, bearded tit- 
mouse.] See REEDLIN'G. 

ti'trate (tl'trat; tlt'rat), v. t.; -trat-ed 
(ti'trat-ed ; tlt'rat-) ; -trat-ing (titrat- 
ing ; tTt'rat-). [F. titrer, fr. litre standard, 
title.] Chem. To subject to titration. 

— v. i. Chem. To practice titration. 
ti-tra'tion (tl-tra'shun ; ti-), n. Chem. A 

process of analysis by adding standard so- ieus) 

lutions to substances till a certain definite effect, usually a 

change of color, is observed. 

tit'ter (tit'er), v. i. To laugh with restraint, or without 
much noise, as in affectation or embarrassment ; giggle ; 
snicker. — n. A restrained laugh ; giggle. — tit'ter-er, n. 

tit'tle (tit''l), re. [L. titulus superscription, label, title.] 
1. A diacritical mark over a letter or word. Cf . tilde. 2. A 
particle ; minute part ; jot. 

tit'tle-tat'tle, n. 1. idle, trifling talk ; esp., gossip. 2. One 
who tittle-tattles. Rare. — v. i. To talk idly ; gossip. 

tit'tup (tit'up), v. i. To behave or move in a lively or rest- 
less manner ; caper ; prance ; frisk. — re. Act of tittuping. 

tit'tup-y (-T), a. Given to tittuping ; lively ; prancing. 

tit'u-ba'tion (tit/,u-ba'shwn), n. [L. titubatio.~] Act of 
stumbling, tottering, or reeling; specif., Med., a peculiar 
staggering gait noted in spinal and cerebral disturbances. 

tit'u-lar (tit/ji-ldr), a. [L. titulus title.] 1. Pertaining to 
or having a title ; relating to, or arising from, a title ; as, 
titular honor. 2. Existing in title or name only ; nominal ; 
as, a titular prince. 3. Eccl. a Conferring a title, b Desig- 
nating a title, or parish church at Rome. C Pert, to, or tak- 
ing the name of, a title, or parish church at Rome ; as, a 
cardinal titular. 

— re. 1. A person holding a title of office, esp. without obli- 
gation to perform its duties. 2. Eccl. An incumbent of a 
title. See title, 8 a. — tit'u-lar -ly, adv. 

tit'u-la-ry (-la-rT), a. 1. Consisting in a title; titular. 2. 
Pert, to a title. — n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). A titular. 

Ti'tus(ti'tiis),7i. [L. Titus or Gr. Tiros.] Bib. The Epistle 
to Titus, in the New Testament. 

Tlin'kit (tlln'kTt), n. pi. The Indians of a seafaring group 
of tribes of southern Alaska. They were formerly the fore- 
most traders of the northwest. 

tme'sis (t'me'sis ; me'-), re. [L., fr. Gr. rufjo-is a cutting.] 
Gram. Separation of parts of a compound word by one or 
more words, as in what place soever, for whatsoever place. 

to (too ; unemphatic, too), prep. [AS. to.'] Primarily to de- 
notes the relation of approach and arrival, making its gov- 
erned word denote the terminus ; hence : 1. To indicates 
that toward which there is movement, tendency, or posi- 
tion, with or without arrival; — opposed to from; as, 
from East to West. 2. To indicates anything regarded as a 
terminal point or limit in reference to continuance, action, 
etc. ; as, he went to law about it. 3. To connects transitive 
verbs with their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, 
nouns, and intransitive or passive verbs with a following 
noun which limits their action or application ; as, to take a 
dislike to tobacco ; keep it to yourself. 4. To is used with, 
or as the sign of, the infinitive mood ; as, good to eat. 5. 
Hence, to may denote or imply : a Effect ; consequence ; as, 
he engaged in a war to his cost, b Opposition ; antithesis ; 
as, hand to hand. C Accord ; adaptation ; as, an occupation 
to his taste, d Comparison or relation ; as, he was a prince 
to you. e Addition ; union ; as, he had cream to his tea. 
I Appurtenance ; belonging ; as, a kite with a tail to it. g 
Accompaniment ; as, she sang to his guitar, h Character ; 
condition of being. Archaic. 

— adv. 1. Forward ; on ; — sometimes as a command. 2. 
To the matter or business in hand. 3. To or at the normal 
position ; also, to a certain position, esp. in the nautical ex- 
pressions heave to, come to. 

to and fro, forward and back. 

to- (too-; too- ; see to, prep.). [AS. to- asunder.] An inten- 
sive prefix used in forming compound verbs, and often im- 
plying dissolution or separation. Obs. 




European Toad. 



toad (tod), re. [AS. tadie, tadigeJ] Any of numerous tail- 
less, leaping amphibians (esp. 
family Bufonidse) generally terres- 
trial in habits. In the breeding 
season, they seek the water. They 
eat insects, worms, slugs, etc. 

toad'eat'er (-et'er), re. A fawning 
obsequious parasite; toady. — 
toad'eat'ing, n. 

toad'fish' (-fish'), re. Any of cer- 
tain marine fishes (family Batrachoididse) with a large, 
thick head and a wide mouth. They are seldom eaten. 

toad'flax' (-flaks'), re. 1. A common European plant (Lina- 
ria linaria), naturalized as a weed in the United States; 
— often called butter-and-eggs. It has showy yellow-and- 
orange flowers. 2. Any other species of the same genus. 

toad spittle. = cuckoo spit, 1 . 

toad'stone' (-ston'), re. A petrifaction, stone, or other ob- 
ject, popularly supposed to have formed in the head or 
body of a toad. Toadstones were formerly worn as charms, 
antidotes, etc. 

toad'stool' (-stool'), re. Any of various agaricaceous fungi 
having an umbrella-shaped cap ; a mushroom, esp. (popu- 
larly) a poisonous one ; also, any of various other fungi. 

toad'y (tod'I), re.; pi. toadies (-Tz). A sycophant; toad- 
eater. — v. t. & i.; toad'ied (-id) ; toad'y-ing. To fawn 
(upon) with sycophancy. — toad'y -ish, a. — toad'y-ism, n . 

toast (tost), v. t. & i. [OF. toster, fr. L. torrere, tostum, to 
parch, roast.] 1. To dry and brown by the heat of a fire. 
2. To warm thoroughly ; as, to toast the feet. 3. To drink 
to the health of or in honor of ; drink toasts ; propose as a 
toast. — n. 1. Sliced bread toasted. 2. a One whose 
health is drunk, or anything in honor of which persons 
drink ; a sentiment that is drunk to. b Act of proposing, or 
of drinking in honor of, a toast. — toast'er, re. 

toast'mas'ter (tost'mas'ter), re. At a banquet or the like, 
one who presides and announces the toasts. 

to-bae'eo (to-bak'o), re.; pi. -cos (-oz). [Sp. tabaco, fr. 
American Indian tabaco the tobacco 
pipe of the Caribs.] 1. Any of a 
genus (Nicotiana) of sola- 
naceous plants, esp. of the 
various species (as N. taba- 
cum) cultivated for their 
leaves. 2. Its leaves as pre- 
pared and used for smoking 
or chewing, or for snuff. 

to-bac'co : nist (o-nist), re. 
A dealer in tobacco. 

To'bit (to'bit), re. A pious 
Jew whose story is related 
in the Book of Tobit in the 
Apocrypha. Cf. deutero- 

CANONICAL. 

tO-bog'gan (to-bog'an), re. [Corrupt, of 

Amer. Ind. odabagan a sled.] 1. A 

kind of long, flat-bottomed sled made 

of a thin board or boards curved up at • 

one end, usually having low handrails 

at the sides. 2. A light low coasting Tobacco Plant. 1 

sled with runners, such as are used in Flowering Stem 

Switzerland ; — travelers' term. and Leaves, much 

— v. i. To coast on a toboggan ; slide as f e( ? u . c £, d • * ^?, e ~ 

on a toboggan. tached Flower ($). 

to'by (to'bi), re.; pi. -bees (-biz). A small jug, pitcher, or 
mug, generally used for ale, shaped somewhat like a stout 
man, with a cocked hat forming the brim. 

to'by, 7i. A kind of inferior, long, slender cigar. Local, U. S. 

II tOC-ca'ta (tok-ka'ta), re. [It., fr. toccare to touch. See 
touch.] Music. An old form of piece for the organ or 
harpsichord, somewhat like the prelude or fantasia in style. 

to-col'o-gy (to-kol'o-ji), 7i. Also to-kol'o-gy. [Gr. tokos a 
birth -f- -logy."] The science of obstetrics, or midwifery. 

tOC'sin (tok'sin), ti. [F., fr. Pr. tocar to touch, strike -f- 
senh bell, fr. L. signum sign.] An alarm bell, or its ring- 
ing; any warning signal. 

tod (tod), ti. 1. A bush, esp. of ivy ; bushy clump. 2. An old 
weight for wool, usually 2S pounds. 3. A fox. 

to— day' (to"b-da'), adv. [AS. to dsege. See to, prep. ; day.] 

1. On this day. 2. At the present time ; nowadays. — n. 
The present day ; also, the present time or age. 

tod'dle (tod''l), v. i.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ling). To walk 

with short tottering steps, as a child. — re. Act of toddling ; 

a toddling gait ; also, Colloq., a leisurely walk ; a stroll. 
tod'dler (-ler), re. One who toddles ; esp., a young child. 
tod'dy (-1), re.; pi. -dies (-Tz). [From Hind, tari juice of 

palmyra palm, toddy, fr. tar palmyra palm, Skr. tdla.~] 1. 

The fresh or fermented sap of various East Indian palms. 

2. A mixture of spirit and hot water sweetened. 
toddy palm. = wine palm. 

to— do' (tdo-doo'), re. Bustle ; stir ; commotion ; ado. Colloq. 
to'dy (to'di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). 1. Any of several tiny 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



< 



N 



TOE 



1010 



TOM 







R 



nonpasserine Insectivorous West Indian birds ( genus To- 
dus) ; esp., the green tody (T. todus) of Jamaica, which 
is green with a crimson throat, 2. Usually with a quali- 
fying word, any of certain other small brightly colored 
birds; esp. certain American flycatchers. 
toe (to), n. [ME. too, taxi, AS. ta, take.'] 1. A terminal 
member or digit of the foot. 2. The fore part or end of the 
foot ; — opposed to heel. 3. Mach. a A journal or pivot 
supported vertically in a bearing, b A lateral projection at 
one end, or between the ends, of a piece, as a rod or bolt, 
by which it is moved. 4. Any of various things suggestive 
of a toe ; as, the toe of a boot ; specif. : Railroads, a The 
space between the wing rails at one end of a frog, b The 
front end of a frog, opposite the heel. 

— v. t. ; toed (tod) ; toe'ing. 1. To touch, reach, or drive 
with the toes. 2. Carp. To drive slantingly or slant (a nail 
or the like) ; also, to clinch or fasten by or with nails or rods 
so driven. — v. i. To hold or carry the toes (in a certain 
way) ; tap rhythmically with the toe, as in dancing. 

toe crack. See sand crack. 

toed (tod), a. 1. Having a toe or toes; — chiefly used in 
composition, as in narrow-ioed. 2. Carp. Driven obliquely, 
as a nail ; also, secured by diagonal or oblique nailing. 

toe'nail' (to'naF), n. A nail of a toe. 

toffee, toffy (tof'i), n. Taffy. Chiefly Brit. 

toft (toft; 62), n. [ME. toft a. knoll] 1. A knoll or hill. Obs. 
or Dial. Eng. 2. A homestead or messuage ; the land 
adjacent and belonging to a house. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

tog (tog), v. t. & i.; togged (togd) ; tog'ging (togging). To 
put toggery or togs on ; dress ; — usually used with out or 
up, implying care or the like. Slang. 

to'ga (to'gd), n.; pi. E. -gas (-gdz), L. -gm (-je)._ [L.] 
Rom. Antiq. The loose outer garment worn by citizens 
when appearing in public. — to'gaed (-gdd), a. 

U to'ga vi-ri'lis (vi-ri'lis) [L. virilis manly], the manly to- 
ga, assumed by boys about the end of their fourteenth year. 

to'gat-ed (-gat-ed), a. Wearing the toga ; hence, peaceful ; 
also, stately ; dignified. 

to-geth'er (tdo-geth'er), adv. [AS. togsedere, togsedre, to- 
gadore ; to to + gador together.] 1. In company, conjunc- 
tion, or concert. 2. With each other ; mutually ; as, to 
fight together. 3. In or into union, junction, contact, or 
the like ; as, to fasten Or mix together. 4. In uninterrupted 
succession ; consecutively ; as, for hours together. 

tog'ger-y (tog'er-T), n. Clothes; togs; dress. Colloq. 

tog'gle (-'1), n. 1. Naut. A pin or bolt fixed transversely in 
an eye of a rope or chain to be secured to a loop, bight, or 
ring. 2. Mach. A toggle joint, or a device having one. 

— v. t.; -gled (-'Id); -gling (-ling). To fasten or furnish 
with a toggle. 

toggle joint. Mach. A device consisting of two bars 
jointed together end to end but not in line, so that when a 
force is applied to the knee tending to straighten the 
arrangement, the bars will exert an endwise pressure. 

togs (togz), n.pl. Clothes ; toggery. Colloq. or Slang. 

toil (toil), n. r_F. toiles, pi., toils, nets, toile cloth, L. tela 
woven stuff, fr. texere to weave.] A net or snare ; any 
thread, web, etc., for taking prey ; — usually in pi. Also 
fig. ; as, in the toils of a designing woman. 

toil, v. t. [ME. toilen to pull about, toil.] To accomplish by 
toil or great labor. — v. i. 1. To exert strength with pain 
and fatigue ; labor. 2. To go or travel with toil. — n. 1. 
Labor with pain and fatigue. 2. A piece of toil ; a labor. — 
Syn. Drudgery, exertion, travail. See work. — toil'er, n. 

toi'let (toi'let), n. Also toi-lette' (toi-let' ; F. twa'let'). [F. 
toilette, dim. of toile cloth.] 1. A service or set of articles 
used in making the toilet. Obs. 2. A dressing table. 3. Act 
or process of dressing, including bathing, dressing the hair, 
etc. ; that which is arranged in dressing ; attire ; dress. 

toil'ful (toil'fdbl), a. Full of or_ involving toil; laborious; 
toilsome ; as, toilful care. — toil'ful-ly, adv. 

toil'some (toil's&m), a. Laborious; wearisome. — toil'- 
some-ly, adv. — toil'some-ness, n. 

To-kay' (to-ka'),_7i. [From Tokay, Hungary.] 1. A sweet, 
whitish or purplish grape. 2. A sweet topaz-colored wine. 

to'ken (to'k'n), n. [AS. tacen, tacn."] 1. Something given 
or shown as a symbol of authority, right, good faith, etc. ; 
an evidence or witness ; as, a token of peace. 2. A signal or 
sign. Archaic. 3. A memento ; souvenir. 4. A symbol ; as, 
a white flag is a token of surrender. 5. A distinguishing 
mark ; trait. 6. A piece of metal intended for currency and 
issued at a face value in excess of its real value ; hence, any 
piece of currency, as a paper note, similarly issued or cur- 
rent. 7. Print, a A quantity of paper sufficient for print- 
ing 250 impressions. It varies from half a ream (10 quires) 
to 1 1 quires, b A unit of presswork from one form, usually 
either 250 or 500 impressions. — Syn. See emblem. 

to'kened (to'k'nd), a. Marked or indicated by a token. 

to-kol'o-gy (to-kol'6-ji). Var. of tocology. 

to'la (to'la), n. [Hind, told.'] A unit of weight in India, the 
government standard being equal to 180 grains (11.6G4 
grams), the weight of one rupee. 



tolane (tolan), n. [From toltjene.] Chem. A white 
crystalline hydrocarbon, C6H5-C- C'CeHs, got by boil- 
ing stilbene bromide with alcoholic potash, and otherwise. 



tol'booth/ 



Var. of TOLLBOOTH. 



told (told), pret. & p. p. of tell. 
tole (tol). Var. of toll, to entice. 

To-le'do (to-le'do), n. ; pi. Toledos or -does (-doz). A sword 
or sword blade made at Toledo in Spain, a city noted for 
the fine temper of its swords. 
tol'er-a-ble (tol'er-d-b'l), a. [L. tolerabilis.'] 1. Endur- 
able ; supportable. 2. Moderately good or agreeable ; pass- 
able. 3. In moderately good health ; fairly well. Colloq. or 
Dial. — tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. — tol'er-a-bly, adv. 
tol'er-ance {-am), n. 1. Quality or state of being tolerant ; 
freedom from bigotry ; toleration. 2. Act of tolerating. 3. 
Allowed amount of variation from the standard ; specif., 
Coinage, the amount by which coins are legally allowed to 
vary from the standard of weight or fineness. 
tol'er-ant (tol'er-dnt), a, 1. Inclined to tolerate ; forbear- 
ing. 2. Med. Capable of enduring the action of a drug, 

shock, or the like, esp. without injury. ant-ly, adv. 

tol'er-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. tolera- 
tus, p. p. of tolerare to bear, tolerate.] 1. To bear ; en- 
dure ; specif., Med., to endure or resist, esp. without in- 
jury, the action of, as a poison. 2. To suffer to be or be 
done without prohibition or hindrance ; allow or permit 
by not preventing ; put up with. — Syn. See allow. 
tol'er-a'tion (-a/shim), n. Act of tolerating; esp., allow- 
ance of religious opinions and modes of worship differing 
from those of the established church or belief ; recognition 
of, or disposition to recognize, the right of private judg- 
ment, chiefly as to religious matters ; tolerance. 
tol'i-dine (tol'i-dTn; -den), n. Also -din. Chem. Any of 
several isomeric bases, Ci2He(CH3)2(NH2)2, one of whicn 
(called specif, o-tolidine) is used in making dyestuffs. 
toll (tol), v. t. [ME. toilen to draw, entice.] 1. To entice ; 
invite ; allure. Obs., Archaic, or Dial. 2. To entice (game, 
esp. wild ducks) to approach by arousing curiosity, as by 
the antics of a trained dog. 3. To cause to sound, as a bell, 
with strokes slowly and uniformly repeated. 4. To strike 
(the hour) ; also, to ring a toll for ; as, to toll a departed 
friend. 5. To call, summon, or notify by tolling. — v. i. 
To sound, as a bell, with strokes repeated at uniform in- 
tervals, as during funerals. 
— n. The sound of a tolling bell. 

toll, n. [AS. toll, tolneJ] 1. A tax paid for some liberty or 
privilege, as of passing over a road or bridge. 2. The right 
to take toll ; also, formerly, in England, the right of a lord 
to tallage his villeins. 3. A compensation taken for ser- 
vices, as for conveyance or for grinding grain. — Syn. Cus- 
tom, duty, impost. — v. i. To pay toll. Rare. — v. t. To 
collect or exact as or by way of toll. 
toll'age (-Sj ) , n. Toll ; also, payment or exaction of toll. 
toll'bar 7 (tol'bar'), n. A bar, beam, gate, or the like, as 

at a tollhouse, to stop passengers. 
toll'booth' (-booth' ; -booth'), n. A jail ; a prison. Scot. 
toll bridge. A bridge for passing over which toll is charged. 
toil'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, tolls. 2. A dog 
trained for use in tolling. See 1st toll, v. t., 2. 
toll'gate' (-gat'), n. A gate where toll is taken, 
toll'house' (-hous'), n. A house, as at a tollgate or at the 

end of a toll bridge, where a toll gatherer is stationed. 
Tol'tec (tol'tek), n. One of a cultured people who preceded 
the Aztecs in central Mexico, and were, according to Aztec 
traditions, largely the authors of Aztec civilization. — 
Tol'tec, a. — Tol'tec-an (-on), a. 
to-lu' (to-loo'), n., or tolu balsam. [From Santiago de 
Tolu, a seaport of Colombia.] A fragrant balsam got from 
a South American tree (Toluifera balsamum). It is a 
stomachic and expectorant. [toluic acids. I 

tol'U-ate (tol'u-at), n. Chem. A salt or ester of any of the] 
tol'u-ene (tol'u-en),n. [tolu + benzene.] Chem. A hydro- 
carbon, C6H5-CH3, of the aromatic series, obtained as a 
light, mobile, colorless liquid by distilling tolu balsam, coal 
tar, etc. It is used in the manufacture of dyestuffs. 
to-lu'ic (to-loo'Ik ; tol'u-ik), a. • Chem. Pert, to or desig- 
nating any of tour isomeric acids, C7H7CO2H, carboxyl 
derivatives of toluene. 
tol'u-ide (tol'u-Id ; -id), n. Also -id. Org. Chem. Any of a 
series of compounds derived from toluene by the substi- 
tution of an acid radical for hydrogen in the amino group, 
to-lu 'i-dine (to-loo'i-din : -den), n. Also -din. Chem. Any 
of three isomeric amino derivatives of toluene, CH3C6H4- 
NH2, analogous to aniline, 
tol'u-yl (tol'u-il), 71. [toluic + -yl.~] Chem. The univalent 
acid radical C7H7CO. 
tol'yl (tol'Tl), 71. [toluic + -yl.] Chem. The univalent 
radical CH3 • C6H4, of which toluene is the hydride. 
Tom (torn), n. 1. Short for Thomas ; — often used gener- 
ically like Jack ; as, Tom o'Bedlam ; Tom, Dick, and Harry. 
2. [1. c] The male of certain animals ; specif., a tomcat ; — 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) 1 



TOMAHAWK 



1011 



TONIC 



often used adjectively or in composition ; as, torn turkey, 

etc. ; specif., a male cat ; a tomcat. 
tom'a-hawk (tom'd-hok), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] 

The light war ax used by the North American Indians. 
— v. t. To cut, stride, or 

Mm 



kill, with a tomahawk. 

to-man'(t6-man'),n_. [Per 

toman, Tatar tuman, to 

men, heap, mass, ten thou 



Pipe Tomahawk, trade 
type. 




sand.] 1. A gold coin of Persia, nominally worth ten krans, 
but actually worth more (present value about $1.78). 2. A 
Persian money of account ; ten krans. 

to-ma'to (to-ma'to ; -ma'to), n.; pi. -toes (-toz). [Sp. or 
Pg. tomate, fr. Mex. tomatl.] The pulpy, edible fruit of a 
solanaceous herb (Lycopersicon ly coper si cum), com- 
monly cultivated ; also, the plant. 

tomb (toom), n. [F. tom.be, L. tumba, fr. Gr. r{»/i/9oy.] A 
grave, chamber, vault, or monument, for the body of a dead 
person. — v. t. To place in a tomb. 

tom'bac (tom'bak), n. [Pg. tambaca, tambaque, fr. Malay 
tambaga copper.] An alloy consisting essentially of copper 
and zinc, used for cheap jewelry, gilding, etc., and in the 
East for gongs and bells. 

tomtoy' (tom'boiO, n. {Tom (for Thomas) 4- boy.] 1. A 
romping girl ; hoyden. 2. A strumpet. Obs. 

tomb'stone' (toom'ston'), n. A gravestone. 

tom'cat / (tom'kat'), n. A male cat. 

tom'cod' (-kod'), n. Any of several small fishes (genus Mi- 
crogadus) resembling the common codfish, except in size. 

tome (torn), n. [F., fr. L. tomus, fr. Gr. touos a piece cut 
off, part of a book, volume.] A volume forming part of a 
larger work ; also, any book ; esp., a ponderous volume. 

-tome (-torn). [Gr. -rofios, fr. rkuveiv to cut.] Combining 
form denoting a part or section, a cutting instrument. 

to-men'tose (to-men'tos ; to'men-tosO, a. [See tomen- 
tum.] Covered with long matted hairs. 

to-men'tum (to-men'tum), n. ; pi. -ta (-td). [L., a stuffing 
of wool, hair, etc.] Bot. Pubescence composed of long, 
densely matted, woolly hairs. 

tom'fool 7 (tom'foolO^w. A great fool ; a trifler. Colloq. 

tom'fool'er-y (tom'fool'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Foolish 
trifling ; nonsense. 

Tom/my At'kins (tom'i at'kinz). Any white regular sol- 
dier of the British army ; the British soldier. 

to-mor'row (tcJo-mor'o), adv. [to, prep. + morrow.'] On 
the morrow. — n. The day after the present. 

tom'pi-on (tom'pi-Sn), n. Var. of tampion. 

Tom Thumb. A legendary diminutive personage celebrated 
in English literature. 

tom'tit' (tom'tit 7 ; tom'tit'), n. 1. A titmouse. 2. The 
wren. Local Eng. [countries. | 

tom'-tom' (tom'tom'), n. A kind of drum used in Oriental! 

-tomy. [Gr. -Toy.la, fr. tow a cutting,_ rk- 
fiveiv to cut.] Combining form used, chiefly 
in surgical terms, to signify a cutting, sec- 
tion; as in cystotomy. 

|| ton (toN), n. [F.] Fashion ; style ; vogue. 

ton (tun), n. [See tun.] 1. A large weight, 
usually divided into twenty hundredweight ; 
specif. : a The weight of 2,240 pounds avoir- 
dupois, often called long ton, the common 
ton of Great Britain, b The weight of 2,000 
pounds, often called short ton. It is the com- 
mon ton of the United States, Canada, 
South Africa, etc. C The weight of 1,000 
kilograms (2,204.6 lbs.), usually called met- Tom-tom. 
ric ton. Abbr., t. 2. Naut. a A unit of internal capacity 
for ships, 100 cubic feet (2.8307 cu. m.). b A unit of dis- 
placement of vessels, esp. war vessels, approximately equal 
to the volume of a long ton weight of sea water ; 35 cubic 
feet. C A unit of volume for freight, approximately the vol- 
ume of a ton of the particular commodity ; — often called 
shipping ton, reckoned at 40 cu. ft. for merchandise and 
42 cu. ft. for timber. 

ton'al (ton'al), a. Of or pertaining to tone or tonality. 

ton'al (tun'al), n. Physics. & Mech. The force which act- 
ing on a mass of a ton avoirdupois will impart to it an 
acceleration equal to one foot per second per second. 

to'nal-ite (to'nal-It), n. Also -yte. [It was first described 
from Tonale in Tyrol.] Petrog. An igneous granular rock 
which is a variety of quartz diorite containing biotite mica. 

to-nal'i-ty (to-nal'T-tT), n. Tonal quality; as :_ a Music. 
The principle of key in music ; general character in tone of a 
composition, b In the graphic arts, the arrangement or 
interrelation of the tones or tints of a picture ; color scheme ; 
tone system. 

tone (ton), n. [F. ton, L. tonus a sound, tone, fr. Gr. tovos 
a stretching, straining, pitch, accent, meter.] 1. Sound, 
or the character of a sound, or a sound considered as of a 
certain character. 2. Music & Acoustics, a A sound of 
such regularity of vibration as to 'mpress the ear with its 




individual character, esp. as regards pitch, and to enter 
into harmonic relations ; a musical sound ; — opp. to noise. 
A simple tone results from a simple vibration at a fixed 
rate. Most musical sounds consist of two or more simple 
tones, partial tones, of which the lowest, which determines 
the pitch, is called the fundamental tone or fundamental, 
and the others overtones, b The larger interval between 
contiguous sounds in the diatonic scale, the smaller being 
a semitone ; a whole step. 3. Accent, or inflection or mod- 
ulation of the voice. 4. Phon. a Voice ; vocal sound, b An 
intonation, or inflection, of the voice which distinguishes 
the meaning of a word from that which it has when pro- 
nounced with a different inflection, as in Chinese. 5. A 
kind of artificial strain or modulation of voice in speaking 
or reading. 6. Med. Healthy state of a body or of an organ 
or part. 7. Normal healthy intellectual or mental state ; as, 
his mind has lost its tone. 8. Physiol. Tonicity; as, arte- 
rial tone. 9. State of mind ; temper ; mood ; as, a philo- 
sophical tone. 10. Tenor ; character ; spirit ; as, the 
tone of his remarks. 11. The general effect of light and 
shade, together with color in a painting ; — commonly im- 
plying harmony. 12. Color quality proper ; — called also 
hue. Also, a gradation of color, either a hue, or a tint or 
shade ; as, a gray tone. 

— v. t.; toned (tond) ; ton'ing (ton'Tng). 1. To utter with 
a tone, or affected strain or modulation. 2. To give tone, or 
a particular tone, to ; impart character or a character to. 
3. Photog. To bring, as a print, to a required color, usually 
by treatment with a chemical reagent. 

to tone down, a To give a lower tone to. b Paint. To 
modify, as color or colors, by making less brilliant or more 
harmonious, c To moderate ; soften. — to t. up, to give a 
higher tone to ; intensify ; heighten ; strengthen. 

— - v. i. 1. To assume a tone, esp. a color quality or tint. 2. 
To harmonize in color. — ton'er (ton'er), n. 

tong (tong), v. t. & i. To take, gather, hold, or handle with 
tongs ; as, to tong oysters ; to tong logs. 

tong (tong), n. [Chinese Vang, lit., hall.] In China, an 
association, secret society, or organization of any kind ; in 
the United States, usually, a secret association of Chinese. 

ton'ga (torj'gd), n. [Hind, tanga, Skr. tamahgaka.] A 
kind of light two-wheeled vehicle, usually for four persons, 
drawn by ponies or bullocks. India. 

tongs (tongz; 62), n. pi. [AS. tange.] Any of numerous 
instruments, usually two-legged, 
for holding or gripping something, 'p 
as, a hot coal, etc.; — called alsoggS^: 
pair of tongs. 

tongue (tang), n. [AS. tunge.] 1. 
An organ or process (often protru- ^^ 3 
sile and freely movable) of the floor Tongs. 1 Common 
of the mouth, present in most verte- Fire; 2 Horseshoer's; 
brates, and serving, in man, as an 3 Pipe. 
organ of speech, as the chief organ of taste, etc. 2. a Power 
of speech. Obs. or R. b Utterance ; discourse ; sometimes, 
fluency of speech or expression, c Manner or quality of ut- 
terance as to tone or sound ; as, a soft tongue, d Character 
of utterance in sense or intention ; as, he speaks the com- 
mon tongue, e A language ; as, the English tongue; hence, 
Archaic, a people having a distinct language. 3. The 
flesh of the tongue of an animal, as the ox or sheep, used as 
an article of food, esp. after smoking or pickling. 4. A part 
suggestive of an animal's tongue, in form, function, or posi- 
tion ; as : a The flap of leather under the lacing or buckles 
of a shoe, b A bell clapper, c The movable pin in a buckle, 
brooch, etc. d A reed in a musical instrument, e The 
movable rail of a railroad switch ; also, a similar part in a 
frog, f The pole of a vehicle drawn by two animals, g The 
rib on one edge of a board to fit into a groove, h Mech. A 
feather, i The index of a balance or scale, j A point, or long 
narrow strip of land, projecting into a body of water, k A 
jet of flame. 

— v. t.; tongued (tungd); tongu'ing (tung'Tng). 1. To 
speak ; utter. Archaic. 2. To chide ; scold. Now Colloq. 
3. Music. To modify with the tongue, as notes, in playing 
the flute, etc. 4. To join by means of a tongue and groove, 
as boards. 5. Mech. To cut a tongue on ; as, to tongue a 
board. — v. i. 1. To talk ; prate ; — often used with it. 
Rare or Colloq. 2. Music. To tongue notes or tones. 3. 
To project like a tongue of land. — tongued (tungd), a. 

tongue'less, a. 1. Having no tongue. 2. Speechless ; mute. 

tongue'— tie', n. Impeded motion of the tongue due (esp.) 
to shortness of the connecting membrane beneath the 
tongue. — v. t. To deprive of speech or of distinct articula- 
tion. — tongue'-tied' (-tld'), a. 

ton'ic (ton'Ik), a. 1. a Of or pert, to tones or sounds, b 
Phon. Of a speech sound, made with unobstructed voice, or 
vocal tone, as are the vowels and diphthongs. Cf. sub- 
tonic. 2. Pert, to or increasing tension ; hence, increasing 
strength ; as, tonic power. 3. Med. Marked by continuous 
muscular contraction ; as, tonic convulsions. 4. Increasing 
the strength or tone of the system ; obviating the effects of 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



( 



N 



TONICITY 



1012 



TOP 







R 



debility ; as, a tonic medicine. 5. Of or pert, to tone, or pre- 
vailing effect of color and of light and shade, as in a picture. 
tonic accent, a Syllabic accent ; vocal accent as com- 
pared with a written, or graphic, accent, b Accent consist- 
ing in change of pitch. — t. spasm. Med. See spasm, 1. 

— n. 1. Phon. A tonic element or letter. 2. Music. The 
keynote. 3. A tonic medicine, application, or the like. 

to-nic'i-ty (to-nis'i-ti), n. 1. Property of having tone; 
state of being tonic ; tone. 2. Invigorated condition ; vigor. 

tonic SOl—fa. Music. A system of letter notation based 
on tonality, or key relationship, and replacing the usual 
staff symbols by letters and the syllables do, re, mi, etc. 

to— night' (too-nltO, adv. 1. On this present night or the 
night following this present day. 2. On the last night past. 
Now Dial. Eng. — n. The present or the coming night ; 
the night after the present day. 

ton'ite (ton'It), n. An explosive consisting of guncotton and 
barium nitrate, used for blasting. 

ton'ka bean (tor/kd). [Translation of D. tonquinboontjes, 
lit., Tonkin berries.] The fragrant seed of a leguminous 
tree {Coumarouna odorata) of Guiana. It is used in 
scenting snuff. Also, the tree itself. 

ton'nage (tun'aj), n. 1. The weight of goods carried in a 
boat or a ship. 2. Naut. Cubical content, burden, or ca- 
pacity in tons. 3. A duty on vessels, based on tonnage, or 
a toll per ton on goods transported on canals. 4. Amount 
of shipping of a nation, a port, etc., estimated in tons. 

ton'neau' (to'no'; tun-o r ), n.;pl. -neaux (F. to'no' ; E. 
tun-oz'). [F.] In an automobile, orig., a body with the en- 
trance at the rear ; now, a body with sides closing in the seat 
or seats and entered by a door, usually at the side. 

ton'o-graph (ton'6-graf ; to'no-), n. [Gr. tows tone + 
-graph."] Physiol. A recording tonometer. 

to-nom'e-ter (to-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. t6i>os tone + -meter."] 
1. Physics. An instrument for determining the rate of 
vibrations in tones. 2. Physiol, a An apparatus for study- 
ing and registering the action of various fluids and drugs on 
the excised heart of an animal, b An instrument for meas- 
uring tension, esp. that of the eyeball. — to-nom'e-try 
(-e-tn), n. — ton'o-met'ric (ton'o-met'rik), a. 

ton'sil (ton'sil), n. [L. tonsillae, pi.] Anat. One of a 
pair of more or less prominent masses of lymphoid tissue at 
the back of the mouth. — ton'sil-lar, ton'sil-ar (-sT-ldr), o. 

ton'sil-lit'ic (-lit'Ik), a. Of, pert, to, or affected with, 
tonsillitis. 

ton'sil-li'tis (ton'si-lI'tTs), n. [NL. ; L. tonsillae tonsils + 
-itis.] Med. Inflammation of the tonsils or of a tonsil. 

ton'sil-lot'0-my (ton'si-lot'6-mi), n.; pZ. -Mies (-miz). [L. 
tonsillae + -tomy.~\ Operation of excising the tonsils, 

. wholly or in part. 

ton-SO'li-al (ton-so'rT-al ; 57), a. [L. tonsorius, fr. tonsor 
a shearer, barber.] Of or pertaining to a barber or his work ; 
— generally affected or humorous. 

ton'sure (ton'shur), n. [F., fr. L. tonsura a shearing, ton- 
dere, tonsum, to shear.] 1. Act of clipping the hair, or of 
shaving the crown, of the head, as of a person entering the 
priesthood ; also, state of being shorn. 2. R. C. Ch. The 
shaven corona, or crown, which ecclesiastics wear as a 
mark of their order and of their rank. — v. t. ; -sured 
(-shurd); -sur-ing (-shur-ing). To shave the head of; 
confer the tonsure upon. — ton'sured (-shurd), a. 

ton'tine (ton'ten ; ton-ten'), n. [F., fr. It., after its inven- 
tor, Tonti, an Italian.] 1. An annuity shared among a 
number, or a loan raised on life annuities, on such condi- 
tions that the shares of those first dying go to the last sur- 
vivor or survivors ; also, loosely, those who share the an- 
nuity ; collectively, the share or right of each individual, or 
the system on which the annuity is shared. 2. Any similar 
arrangement, whereby on the death or default of any mem- 
ber a part or all of the advantages enjoyed by him go to the 
remaining members or member, or, on the expiration of a 
given time, the whole goes to those then remaining in the 
group. 3. A tontine policy, risk, or the like. 

to'nus (to'niis), n. [L., a sound, tone. See tone.] 1. Phys- 
iol. Tonicity, or tone. 2. Med. Tonic spasm. See spasm, 1. 

too (too), adv. & conj. [Same word as to, prep.] 1. Over; 
more than enough ; as, too long ; too much ; — used also as 
a mere intensive ; as, I am only too glad. 2. Likewise ; also ; 
in addition ; — chiefly as conjunction ; as, a soldier and a 
scholar too. — Syn. See also. 

took (took), pret. of take. 

tool (tool), v. i. To drive or ride in a vehicle. Cant. — v. t. 
To drive, as a coach ; convey in a vehicle. Cant. 

tool, n. [AS. tol.] 1. An instrument of manual operation, 
as a hammer, saw, plane, file, etc., used to facilitate me- 
chanical operations ; an implement. 2. Law. Any instru- 
ment or apparatus necessary to a person in the efficient 
prosecution of his trade or calling. 3. Mach. The cutting 
or shaping part in a machine ; also, a machine for shaping 
metal in any way. 4. A person used as an instrument by 
another person; — a word of reproach; as, tyrants have 
their tools. — Syn. See implement. 




— v. t. To shape, form, or finish with a tool ; esp., Book- 
binding, to impress a design upon with a special tool. 

toot (toot), v. i. 1. To blow a horn or the like, esp. in rapid 
blasts. 2. To utter a similar sound. 3. To give forth a toot 
or toots, as a horn. — v. t. To cause (a horn, whistle, etc.) 
to sound. — n. A sound made by tooting. — toot'er, n. 

tooth (tooth), n.; pi. teeth (teth). [AS. toS.] 1. In most 
vertebrates, one 
of the hard bony 
appendages 
which are borne 
on the jaws, or in 
many of the low- 
er vertebrates on 
other bones in 
the walls of the 
mouth or phar- 
ynx, and serve 
for the prehen- 
sion and masti- 
cation of food, as Permanent Human Teeth of the Right 
weapons of of- Side, a a Incisors ; b Canines or Eye 
fense and de- Teeth ; c c Bicuspids or Premolars ;ddd 
fense etc. A typ- Molars ; e Crown ; / Neck ; g Fang or 
ical mammalian R ° ot - 

tooth is composed chiefly of dentine, surrounding a cavity 
containing a vascular, sensitive pulp, and coated with 
enamel on the crown. 2. In invertebrates, any of various 
hard or sharp processes about the mouth or on a jawlike 
part. 3. Any projection suggestive of the tooth of an ani- 
mal ; as, the teeth of a comb, rake, saw ; a tooth, or cog, on a 
wheel to transmit force and motion. 4. Bot. Any small 
sharp-pointed marginal lobe ; specif., one of the processes 
forming the peristome in a moss. 5. A sharp, painful, or 
menacing part or attribute of an object ; as, the teeth of a 
gale. 6. Discriminating taste ; also, fondness or taste for a 
(certain) kind of food ; as, a sweet tooth. 
in the teeth, in direct opposition ; in front ; also, to the 
face. — tooth and nail, as if by biting and scratching ; 
with one's utmost power. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with teeth. 2. To indent; make 
jagged ; as, to tooth a saw. [teeth. I 

tooth'ache', or -ake' (-ak'), n. _ Pain in a tooth or in the| 

toothed (tootht), a. Provided with teeth ; dentate. 

toothless (tooth'les), a. Having no teeth. 

tooth/pick 7 (tooth'pik'), n. An instrument to clear the 
teeth of substances lodged between them. 

tooth'shell' (-shel'), n. Any mollusk (Dentalium or allied 
genus) with a shell shaped like an elephant's tusk. 

tooth/some (-sum), a. Pleasing to the taste ; palatable. — 
tooth'some-ly, adv. — tooth'some-ness, n. 

tooth'wort' (-wurt'), n. 1. A European parasitic plant 
{Lathrsea squamaria), its rootstock covered with tooth- 
shaped scales. 2. Any of a genus (Dentaria) of cresses, 
having a knotted white rootstock. Called also pepperroot. 

too'tle (too't'l), v. i.; -tled (-t'ld) ; -tling (-tling). [Freq. 
of toot.] To toot gently or repeatedly as on a flute. 

top (top), n. [AS.] A child's toy having a tapering point on 
which it is made to spin. 

top, n. [AS.] 1. A crowning tuft, as of hair on the head. 2. 
The crown ; head ; as, from top to toe. 
3. Upper end, edge, or part ; summit ; 
cover, as of a carriage ; lid, as of a 
trunk. 4. The upper part of anything, 
esp. the part of a plant with edible 
roots that is above ground. 5. The 
part of anything regarded as highest, 
first, foremost, or the like; as, the; 
top of the street. 6. Highest degree ; 
acme ; summit ; as, the top of my am- 
bition ; Rare, the _ highest type, in- 
stance, etc. 7. Highest rank ; most 
honorable position ; as, the top of one's 
class. 8. Naut. A platform surround- 
ing the head of the lower mast, serv- 
ing to spread the topmast rigging and 
afford a standing place for men. 9. In 
pi. Top-boots. Colloq. 10. Golf, a A T °P. NauL 
stroke on the top of the ball, b A forward spin given to the 
ball by hitting it on or near the top. 

— a. Of or pert, to the top ; highest ; chief ; foremost ; as, 
top prices. Colloq. 

— v. t. ; topped (topt) or, Rare, topt ; top'ping. 1. To 
cover on the top ; be at the top of ; tip ; cap ; crown ; — 
chiefly in p. p. 2. To rise to, reach, or go over, the top of ; 
surmount ; as, he topped the fence. 3. To excel ; surpass ; 
as, his actions top his speech. 4. To perform eminently, or 
better than before. 5. T remove the top of ; prune. 6. 
Golf. To strike (the ball) above the center ; also, to make 
(as a stroke) by hitting the ball in this way. — v. i. 1. To 
rise aloft ; be eminent ; tower. 2. To excel ; surpass. 3. 
Golf. To strike a bal.'. above the center. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TOPARCH 



1013 



TORMENT 



to'parch (to'park ; top'ark),n. [L. toparcha, Gr. tot&px^s; 
tottos place + apxew to rule.] A ruler or principal man ; 
specif., the governor of a toparchy. 

to'parch-y (to'par-ki; top'ar-), n. ; pi. toparchies (-kiz). 
[L. toparchia, Gr. Toirapxta.] A small or petty state. 

to'paz (to'paz), n. [F. topaze, L. topazos, topazion, a kind 
of gem, Gr. roira^os, Toira$i.ov.~] 1. A mineral, characteris- 
tically yellow, often in transparent prismatic crystals and 
then classed as a semiprecious stone. Chemically, it is a 
fluosilicate of aluminium. H., 8 ; sp. gr., 3.4-3. G. 2. The 
yellow sapphire, a precious stone of great value : — called 
specif. Oriental topaz. 3. A yellow variety of quartz; 
citrine ; — called specif, false topaz. 

top'— boot', n. A high boot, often with a light-colored leather 
band around the upper part. — top'-boot'ed, a. 

top'coat' (top'kot'), n. An outer coat ; overcoat, [ing it in.l 

top'— dress', v. t. To apply manure to (land), without work-| 

top'— dressing, n. Manure applied to the surface of land. 

tope (top), n. [Hind, top, fr. Skr. stupa.~] A building, esp. 
a tower topped by a cupola, erected for a Buddhist shrine. 

tope, n. [Tamil toppu.'] A grove or clump of trees ; an 
orchard ; as, a mango tope. India. 

tope, n. A species of small shark (Galeus, or Galeorhinus, 
galeus) of European waters ; also, any of various other 
small sharks. 

tope, v. i. & t. ; toped (topt) ; top'ing. [F. toper to cover a 
stake at dice, accept an offer, fr. Sp. topar.'] To drink hard 
or often ; drink strong liquors to excess. Colloq. 

to'pee, to'pi (to'pe), n. [Hind, {dpl.~\ A hat or cap ; esp., a 
pith hat or helmet. India. 

to'pek (to'pek), n. [Eskimo tupek."] An Eskimo house 
made of material other than snow, esp. one having walls of 
turf, driftwood, rock, or skin, and a roof of skins. 

top'er (top'er), n. Drunkard; sot. 

top'ful', top'full' (top'fobl'), a. Brimful. Now Dial. 

top'gal'lant (top'gal'ant ; naut. to-gal'ant), a. Naut. a 
Situated next above the topmast ; designating, or pert, to, 
the spars next above the topmasts. See sail, Illust. b 
Raised above adjoining parts ; — applied to a rail, bulwark, 
or deck. — n. A topgallant mast or sail. 

toph (tof), n. [L. tophus, tofus.~\ Tufa. 

top'-ham/per, n. Also top hamper. Naut. a The upper 
rigging, spars, etc., of a ship, b Rigging, spars, etc., not 
needed for the time, and hence in the way. 

top hat. A high silk hat, or a hat of similar shape. 

top'— heav'y (top'heVi) , a. Having the top part too heavy 
for the lower part. — top'-heavl-ness (-hev'i-nes), n. 

To'phet, To'pheth (to'fet) , n. [Heb. topheth.'] _ A word of 
uncertain meaning and etymology, occurring in the Old 
Testament (cf. 2 Kings xxiii. 10). Some, as Milton, have 
taken it to mean the valley of Hinnom ; recent opinion 
holds it to have been a place, in the valley, where human sac- 
rifices by fire, esp. of children to Moloch, were performed. 

to'phUS (to'fSs), n.; pi. tophi (-fT). [NL., fr. L. tophus, 
tofus, tufa.] Med. A mineral concretion in the body, esp. 
at a joint, chiefly in gouty persons. 

topi. Var. of topee. 

to'pi-a-ry (to'pi-a-n), a. [L. topiarius belonging to orna- 
mental gardening.] Gardening. Produced by cutting, 
trimming, etc., into odd or ornamental shapes ; also, 
designating such a mode of trimming. Rare. 

top'ic (top'ik), n. [F. topiques, pi., L. topica, pi., title of a 
work of Aristotle, Gr. tottlkcl, fr. tottlkos concerning towoi, or 
commonplaces, fr. tottos a place.] 1. Rhet. & Logic, a One 
of the general forms of argument used in probable reason- 
ing, b In pi. A treatise on forms of argument ; as, the Top- 
ics of Aristotle. 2. The subject of any distinct portion of a 
discourse, argument, or composition ; also, the general or 
main subject ; a theme ; subject. — a. = topical. Rare. 

top'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to a place ; limited ; local 
or designed for local application ; as, a topical remedy. 2. 
Of or pert, to a topic or topics ; according to topics ; dealing 
with topics, esp. current or local topics ; as, a topical song. 
3. Resembling a topic, or general maxim ; hence, not demon- 
strative, but merely probable. — top'i-cal-ly, adv. 

toplmot' (top'not'), n. 1. A crest, knot, or tuft of feathers, 
hair, or wool on the top or forward part of the head. 2. 
Hair wound into a knot on top of the head, as by women. 

top'loft'y (top'lof'ti), a. Very lofty ; hence : conceited ; pom- 
pous. — top'loft'i-ness (top'lof'ti-nes), n. Both Colloq. 

top'mast (-mast), n. Naut. The second mast from the deck. 

top'most (-most), a. Highest ; uppermost. 

to-pog'ra-pher (to-pog'rd-fer), n. One skilled in topogra- 
phy ; one who describes a particular place or tract. 

top'o-graph'ic (top'o-graf'ikH a. Of or pert, to topog- 

top'o-graph'i-cal (-i-kal) J raphy ; descriptive of a 
place. — top'o-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 

to-pog'ra-phy (to-pog'ra-fi), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). ^ [F. to- 
pographic, Gr. roiroy pa<t>la ; tottos place + ypcupeiv to 
write.] 1. The description of a particular place; esp. exact 
and scientific delineation and description in minute detail 



of a place or region. 2. Geog. The configuration of a sur- 
face, including its relief, the position of its streams, lakes, 
roads, cities, etc. 3. Topographic surveying. 

top'o-nym (top'6-nTm), n. [Gr. tottos place + &vop.a, bwy.a, 
name.] A name of a place ; a name, as in the binomial 
name of a plant, based on a place name or on the location 
of the thing named. 

to-pon'y-my (t6-pon'i-mT), n. ; pi. -mies (-mTz). A system 
of toponyms ; the use of toponyms. — to-pon'y-mal (to- 
pon'i-mal), top'o-nym'ic (top'6-nim'ik), top'o-nym'i- 
cal (-I-kal), a^ 

top'o-phone (top'6-fon), n. [Gr. tottos place + -phoned] A 
double ear trumpet for estimating the direction from which 
sounds proceed, esp. for the use of navigators. 

top'per (top'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, tops. 2. A 
top hat. Slang or Colloq. 

top'ping, n. 1. Act of one who tops ; removal of the top. 
2. That which forms the top. — a. 1. Rising above ; over- 
topping ; as, topping mountains. 2. Assuming superiority ; 
proud ; pretentious. 3. Fine ; gallant. Colloq. 

top'ple (top''l), v. i.; -pled (-'Id) ; -pling (-ling). [From 
top summit.] 1. To fall forward ; tumble. 2. To jut out or 
overhang, as if about to fall ; beetle. — v. t. To push over, 
causing to fall by its own weight ; overturn. 

top'sail' (top'sal' ; naut. -s'l), n. In a square-rigged vessel, 
the sail next above the lowermost sail on a mast ; in a fore- 
and-aft rigged vessel, the sail above, sometimes on, the gaff. 

top'soil' (-soil'), n. Surface soil, as distinguished from sub- 
soil. — v. t. To remove the topsoil from (land). 

top'sy-tur'vy (top'si-tur'vT), adv. With the top or head 
downward ; upside down ; hence, in confusion or disordered. 

— a. Being upside down ; hence : confused ; disordered. 

— n. A topsy-turvy condition. — top'sy-tur'vi-ly (-si-tur'- 
vi-li), adv. Vi-ness, n. vy-dom (-dum), n. 

toque (tok), n. [F.] 1. A kind of round hat or cap worn in 
the 16th century by men and women. 2. A woman's small 
round hat with no projecting brim. 

to'quet' (to'ka'), n. [F.] = toque, 1. 

tO'rah, to'ra (to'ra), n.; pi. -roth (-roth). [Heb. tdrah.~\ 
Jewish Lit. a A law ; precept, b Divine instruction ; reve- 
lation. C leap.'] The Pentateuch, or "Law of Moses." 

tor'bern-ite (tor'bern-It), n. [After Torbern Bergman, 
Swedish chemist.] M in. A mineral of micaceous structure, 
a hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper, Cu(U02)2- 
(P04)2-8H 2 0. H., 2-2.5; sp. gr., 3.4-3.6. 

torch (torch), n. [F. torche torch, rag, wisp, fr. L. torqua, 
torques, torquis, a twisted necklace or collar, wreath.] 1. A 
stick of resinous wood, piece of tow soaked with tallow, 
etc., to be lighted, generally to carry in the hand ; a flam- 
beau. 2. A kind of lamp attached to a pole, to be carried, 
as in processions, etc. 3. Mech. Any of various devices for 
emitting a hot flame, as for vaporizing oil, burning off old 
paint, melting solder, or the like. 

torch'light' (torch'llt'), n. Light of a torch or of torches. 

torch'WOOd^ (-wood'), n. 1. Any of a genus ( Amyris, esp. 
A.balsamifera) of rutaceous trees; also, its inflammable 
resinous wood. 2. A certain rubiaceous shrub (Cormigonus 
mariannensis) or its resinous wood. 

tore (tor; 57), n. [See torus.] 1. Arch. = torus. 2. 
Geom. a The surface described by a conic section, esp. a 
circle, rotating about a straight line in its own plane, b The 
solid of revolution inclosed by such a surface. 

tore (tor ; 57), pret. & dial. p. p. of tear. 

to're-a-dor' (to'ra-a-dor' ; tor'e-d-dor'), n. [Sp., fr. torear 
to fight bulls, fr. L. taurus a bull.] A bullfighter ; esp., a 
mounted bullfighter. 

to-reu'tic (to-roo'tik), a. [Gr. ropevTiKo*, fr. ropeveiv to 
bore through, work in relief.] Sculp. Pert, to or designat- 
ing work wrought in metal by embossing, chasing, etc., or, 
less commonly, similar work in other materials. [work. 

to-reu'tics (-tiks), n. (See -ics.) Art of making toreutic! 

to'ri (to'rl), n., L. pi. of torus. 

tor'ic (tor'Tk), a. Pert, to, or shaped like, a tore, or segment. 
toric lens, a spectacle lens having for one of its surfaces a 
segment of an equilateral zone of a tore. 

to'ri-i (to're-e), n. sing. & pi. [Jap.] Jap. Arch. A gate- 
way, or gateways, of light 
skeletonlike post-and-lintel con- 
struction, commonly built at 
the approach to a sacred place. 

tor'ment (tor'ment), n. _ [OF., 
fr. L. tormentum an instru- 
ment of torture, torture, fr. 
torquere to twist.] 1. Inflic- 
tion of torture, or the torture 
inflicted. 2. That which gives 
pain, vexation, misery, or the 
like. 3. Anguish; torture; 
distress. 

tor-ment' (tor-men t'), v. t. 1. 
To put to extreme pain or an- 








Torii. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [[ Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals, 



N 



TORMENTER 



1014 



TOSS 







Q 



R 



guish ; torture. 2. To pain ; distress ; afflict. 3. To put into 
great agitation. 4. To tease ; harass. Colloq. 
Syn. Torment, torture. To torment is to inflict ex- 
treme pain or suffering ; now, the verb (less often the noun) 
often implies little more than vexation or harassment ; 
torture always implies the infliction of exquisite pain, 
bodily or mental. See harass. 

tor-ment'er. Var. of tormentor. 

tor'men-til (tor'men-til), n. [F. tormentille, fr. L. tor- 
mentum pain. It is said to allay pain.] A yellow-flowered 
rosaceous herb (Potentilla tormentilla) the root of which 
is used in medicine and in tanning and dyeing. 

tor-ment'ing, p. a. Causing torment ; as, a tormenting 
dream. — tor-ment'ing-ly, adv. — tor-ment'ing-ness, n. 

tor-men'tor (tor-men'ter), n. One who, or that which, 
torments. 

torn (torn ; 57), p. p. of tear. 

]or-na'do (tor-na/do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [Sp. tronada a 
thunderstorm, tronar to thunder, L. tonare.~] 1. A thun- 
derstorm. Rare. 2. Meteor, a A form of squall off the west 
coast of Africa, b A funnel-shaped cloud, like a water- 
spout, sand column, or dust whirl, with very violent and 
destructive eddies and whirls of wind, progressing in a 
narrow path for many miles. 

to'roid (to'roid), n. [tore + -oid.~] Geom. A surface gener- 
ated by the rotation of a plane closed curve about an axis 
lying in its plane. It is a generalized form of the tore. 

to'rose (to'ros ; to-ros'), a. [L. torosus full of muscle, 
brawny, fleshy. See torus.] 1. Bulging, aswith muscles ; 
muscular. 2. Knobbed ; esp., Bot., cylindrical with alter- 
nate swellings and contractions. ros'i-ty (to-ros'i-ti), n. 

tor-pe'do (tor-pe'do), n. ; pi. -does (-doz). [L., stiffness, 
numbness, a torpedo (the fish), fr. torpere to be stiff.] 1. An 
electric ray (fish) ; a crampfish or numbfish. 2. An engine 
or machine for destroying ships by blowing them up, as (1) 
a metal case containing explosives and anchored so that it 
will be exploded on contact by a vessel, or electrically by an 
operator, or (2) a dirigible, self-propelling, cigar-shaped, 
submarine vessel carrying an explosive charge, and pro- 
jected from a vessel against a vessel at a distance. 3. Any 
inclosed charge of an explosive ; as : a Mil. A shell or car- 
tridge, buried in earth, to be exploded when trodden on, or 
fired electrically, b Railroad. A kind of signal cartridge 
placed on a rail. C A firework in the form of a small ball, 
or pellet, which explodes when thrown against a hard ob- 
ject. 4. An automobile with a torpedo body. Cant. 
— v. t. To destroy by, or subject to the action of, a torpedo ; 

. attack with a torpedo or torpedoes. 

"torpedo boat. A vessel designed for discharging torpedoes ; 
specif., a small, very fast vessel having one or more torpedo 
tubes, and carrying only light guns. 

tor-pe'do-boat' de-stroy'er. A larger, swifter, and more 
powerfully armed type of torpedo boat, originally intended 
principally for the destruction of torpedo boats.^ 

torpedo body. An automobile body which is built so that 
the side surfaces are flush. Cant. 

torpedo tube. Naval. A tube, fixed below or near the water 
line, through which a torpedo is fired. 

Xor'pid (tSr'pTd), a. [L. torpidus.'] 1. In a state of torpor, 
as a hibernating animal ; dormant ; numb. 2. Dull ; stupid ; 
sluggish ; apathetic. — Syn. See inert. — tor-pid'i-ty 
(tor-pid'i-t!), tor'pid-ness, n. — tor'pid-ly, adv. 

\or'pid, n. Oxford Univ., Eng. 1. A clinker-built, eight- 
oared racing boat in which the Lent races are rowed ; also, 
a member of the crew. 2. In pi. The races so rowed. 

lor'por (tor'por), n. [L., fr. torpere to be torpid.] 1. Loss 
of motion or sensibility, or of power of motion, or of feeling ; 
dormancy ; numbness ; sluggishness of function. 2. Dull- 
ness ; inactivity ; apathy. — Syn. See lethargy. 
tor'por-if'ic (-if'Ik), a. [L. torpor torpor + -fie."] Pro- 
ducing, or tending to produce, torpor. 
tor'quate (tor'kwat), a. [L. torquatus wearing a collar.] 

Collared ; having a torques, or ring, around the neck. 
torque (tork), n. [L. torques a twisted neck chain.] 1. A 
collar or neck chain, usually twisted. 2. Mech. That which 
produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion ; a couple 
(of forces). 3. Optics. The twisting or rotatory effect of 
certain crystals and liquids upon the plane of polarization 
of light traversing them. 

tor'ques (tor'kwez), n. [L., a necklace.] Zo'dl. A cervical 
ring consisting of hair, feathers, or modified integument 
distinguished from the adjacent surface by color or struc- 
ture ; a collar. [fying ; state of being terrified. | 
tor're-fac'tion (tor'e-fak'shun), n. Act or process of torre-| 
tor're-f y (tor'e-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. torrere to 
parch + -fy-1 To subject to heat ; roast ; parch ; scorch ; 
specif. : a Metal. To roast, as ores, b Pharm. To dry or 
parch, as drugs, on a metallic plate. 
tor'rent (-ent), n. [L. torrens, -entis, fr. torrens burning, 
roaring, boiling.] 1. A violent stream, as of water, lava, 
or the like. 2. A violent or rapid flow ^strong current; 
flood, as of abuse. — a. Rushing in a rapid stream. 



tor-ren'tial (to-ren'shal), a. 1. Pert, to, or of the nature of, 
a torrent ; also, caused by, or resulting from, the action of 
rapid streams. 2. Suggestive of a torrent, as rapid impas- 
sioned speech ; outpouring. — tor-ren'tial-ly, adv. 

Tor'ri-cel'li-an (tor'I-sel'i-an ; -chel'i-an), a. Of or pert, to 
Torricelli, an Italian physicist who, in 1643, produced a 
vacuum (the Torricellian vacuum) by the fall of mercury 
in a glass tube (Torricellian tube) hermetically sealed at 
one end and having the other immersed in mercury. 

tor'rid (tor'id), a. [L. torridus, fr. torrere to parch, burn.] 
1. Parched ; dried with, or exposed to, heat, esp. of the 
sun ; arid and hot ; as, the torrid zone (see zone). 2. Burn- 
ing ; parching. — tor-rid'i-ty (to-rid'i-ti), tor'rid-ness, n. 

tor-sade' (tor-sad'), n. [F.] A twisted cord ; also, a molded 
or worked ornament of similar form. 

tor'si-bil'i-ty (tor'si-bil'i-ti), n. Mech. Resistance to tor- 
sion ; hence, tendency, as of a twisted rope, to untwist. 

tor'sion (tor'shwn), n. [F., fr. LL. torsio, fr. L. torquere 
to twist.] 1. A turning or twisting ; state of being twisted ; 
the twisting or wrenching of a body by a force tending to 
turn one part about a longitudinal axis while the other is 
held fast or turned oppositely. 2. Mechanics. That force 
with which a twisted thread, wire, or rod tends to return to 
a state of rest. [torsion. al-ly, adv.\ 

tor'sion-al (-al), a. Of, pert, to, causing, or resulting from.j 

torsion balance. An instrument used to measure minute 
forces, as electrostatic or magneticattraction and repulsion, 
by the torsion of a wire or filament. 

torsk (torsk), n. [Dan.] 1. = cusk, 1. 2. The codfish. 

tor'so (tor'so), n.; pi. E. -sos (-soz), It. -si (-se). [It. tor- 
so.'] 1. The trunk of a human body ; hence, the trunk of a 
statue, esp. of one mutilated of head and limbs. 2. Hence, 
fig., something incomplete or fragmentary. 

tort (tort), n. [F., fr. LL. tortum, fr. L. tortus twisted, 
crooked.] Law. Any wrongful act (not involving a breach 
of contract) for which a civil action will lie. 

tor'ti-COl'lis (tor'tT-kol'is), n. [F. torticolis; L. torquere 
to twist + collum the neck.] Med. An affection causing 
twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. 

tor'tile (tor'til), a. [L.tortilis.'] Twisted ; coiled. 

|| tor-til'la (tor-tel'ya), n. [Sp.] A thin flat unleavened 
cake, as of maize, baked on a heated iron or stone. 

tor'tious (tor'shus), a. [From tort.] Law. Pert, to, im- 
plying, or involving tort. — tor'tious-ly, adv. 

tor'toise (tor'tus ; -tis), n. [ME. tortuce.'] 1. A turtle 
(group Chelonia) ; in prevailing usage, a land or fresh- 
water turtle, or, sometimes, a land turtle only. 2. Rom. 
Antiq. = testudo, b. 

tortoise shell. The mottled substance of the horny plates 
covering the shell of certain turtles (esp. Chelonia imbrica- 
ta), used in inlaying and for various ornamental articles. 

tor'tri-cid (tor'tn-sid), a. [From Tortrix, the type genus, 
fr. L. torquere, tortum, to twist.] Belonging to a family 
(Tortricidse) of small moths, usually having a stout body 
and lightly fringed wings. 

tor'tu-os'i-ty (tor'yl-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being tortuous. 2. A bend ; twist ; winding. 

tor'tU-OUS (tSr'tu-Ms), a. [L. tortuosus, fr. tortus a twist- 
ing, fr. torquere to twist.] 1. Bent in different direc- 
tions ; wreathed ; twisted ; winding. 2. Geom. Not in one 
plane; as, a tortuous curve in space. 3. Not straightfor- 
ward ; devious ; sometimes, deceitful ; as, a tortuous policy. 
— tor'tu-ous-ly, adv. — tor'tu-ous-ness, n. 

tor'ture (tor'tur), n. [F., fr. L. tortura, fr. torquere, tor- 
tum, to twist, rack, torture.] 1. Act or process of inflicting 
severe pain, esp. as a punishment, so as to extort confession, 
or in revenge. 2. Extreme pain ; anguish ; agony ; torment. 

— v. t.; -tured (-tyrd) ; -tur-ing (-tur-ing). 1. To put to 
torture ; torment ; to punish with torture, as on the rack. 
2. To wrest from the proper form or meaning ; pervert ; 
distort. — Syn. See torment. — tor'tur-er, n. 
to'rus (to'rws), n.; pi. tori (-ri). [L., a swelling, bulge.] 
1. Arch. A large molding of convex profile, commonly the 
lowest molding in the base of a column or pilaster, next 
above the plinth. 2. Anat. A smooth rounded protuber- 
ance, as the torus palatinus, on the surface of the hard 
palate. 3. Bot . In a flower, the part of the axis bearing the 
floral leaves ; the receptacle. 
To'ry (to'ri ; 57), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [Prob. fr. Ir. toiridhe 
a pursuer.] 1. [I. c] In the 16th and 17th centuries, one 
of certain Irish outlaws, professedly royalists. Hist. 2. Eng. 
Politics. One who sought to maintain the extreme preroga- 
tives of the crown ; a member of the party of conservatism, 
now called the Conservative party, as opposed to the pro- 
gressive party, formerly called the Whig, and now the Lib- 
eral, party. 3. Amer. Hist. One who, in the time of the 
Revolution, favored submitting to Great Britain ; an ad- 
herent of the crown ; a loyalist. — a. Pert, to the Tories. 
To'ry -ism (to'ri-iz'm), n. Tory principles or practices. 
tOSS (tos ; 62), v. t. ; tossed (tost) or, Obs. or Poetic, tost ; 
toss'ing. 1. To throw with the hand ; esp., to throw with 
the palm of the hand upward, or to throw upward ; pitch. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then» thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TOSSER 



1015 



TOUCBKNGNESS 



2. To lift or throw up with a sudden, spirited, or violent 
motion ; as, to toss the head. 3. To heave up and down or 
to tumble about ; as, waves tossed by the wind. 4. To agi- 
tate ; disturb ; harass. 5. To flip or fillip. = to toss up. — 
Syn. See throw. 

to toss oars, Naut., in a boat rowed by several oarsmen, 
to raise the oars to a vertical position, each oar held 
squarely in front of the man holding it, with blades in line 
fore and aft. — to t. off. a To drink at a draft, b To dis- 
pose of, or to do or make, quickly and easily. — to t. up, 
to toss (a coin or the like) into the air to wager on which 
side it will fall, or to determine a question by its fall. 

— v. i. 1. To toss something ; fling ; pitch ; flip. 2. To roll 
and tumble ; fling one's self about ; as, he tossed on his 
bed. 3. To be tossed, as a ship by the waves. 4. To toss 
up ; gamble by tossing a coin. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Act of tossing ; a pitch ; fling. 2. Distance to which 
a thing is or may be tossed. 3. A throwing up of the head ; 
a particular manner of raising the head with a jerk. 4. A 
toss-up. Colloq. — toss'er, n. 

tOSS'pot' (-pot'), n. A toper; drunkard. 

toss'— up', n. Act of tossing up, as of a coin to determine a 
chance ; hence, an even chance. Colloq. 

tot (tot), n. Anything small ; often, a little child. 

tot, v. t. ; tot'ted ; -ting. To make up the sum of ; total ; 
add ; count ; — often used with up. Colloq., Eng. 

to'tal (to'tal), a. [F., fr. LL. totalis, it. L. totus all, 
whole.] 1. Whole ; undivided ; entire ; as, total disburse- 
ments ; total mileage. 2. Complete ; utter ; absolute ; as, 
a total failure ; a total eclipse. — Syn. See whole. 
total abstinence. See abstinence. — t. depravity, 
Theol., the entire sinfulness, or moral depravity, of man, due 
to original sin, and in which he remains until regenerated 
by the Spirit of God. — t. heat, Physics, the thermal equiv- 
alent of the energy required to convert unit mass of a 
liquid at one temperature, usually the melting point of the 
substance, into saturated vapor at any other given tem- 
perature. 

— n. The whole ; whole sum or amount. — Syn. See sum. 

— v. t. ; -taled (-tald) or -talled ; -tal-ing or -tal-ling. 
To bring to a total ; ascertain the sum or total of ; add. — 
v. i. To be in its totality ; amount to. 

to-tal'i-ty (to-tal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being total or a total ; in an eclipse, the period or 
state of total obscuration; as, totality began at 9.05 
o'clock. 2. The whole sum ; the entirety. 

to'tal-i-za'tor (to'tal-i-za'ter), n. [From totalize.] A 
machine for registering bets made on horse races. 

to'tal-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-iz'ing). To 
make total; reduce to completeness. — to'tal-i-za'tion 
(-i-za'shi/n; -l-za/sh&n), n. 

to'tal-ly, adv. In a total manner. 

tote (tot), v. £.;tot'ed (tot'ed; 24) ; tot'ing (tot'ing). 1. 
To carry or bear ; transport ; specif., to carry or bear on the 
person. 2. To transport in a vehicle ; haul ; as, to tote sup- 
plies. — n. Act of one who totes something. — tot'er 
(tot'er), n. All Dial, or Cant, U. S. 

lo'tem (to'tem), n. [Ojibwa ototeman one's kinship.] A 
natural kind or class, esp.of ani- 
mals, conceived as having an 
intimate relationship to a group 
of human beings, usually a 
clan ; also, a symbol or represen- 
tation of this. — to-tem'ic (to- 
tem'ik), a. 

to'tem-ism (to'tem-Tz'm)_, n. 
Belief in totems and totemic re- 
lationships ; esp., a system of dis- 
tinguishing families, clans, etc., 
in a tribe by the totem. 

to'tem-ist, n. 
One of a clan 
or tribe hav- 
ing a totem. 

to'tem-is'tic 
( -is'tik ), a. 
Of or pert, to 
totemists or 
totemism. 

totem pole or post. A pole or pillar, carved and painted 
with totemic symbols, set up before the houses of certain 
Indian tribes of the northwest coast of North America. 

toth/er (tutfe'er), a. & pron. [From ME. the tother for 
thet other, that other.'] That other. Obs. or Dial. 

to'ti-pal'mate (to'ti-pal'mat), a. [L. totus all, whole 4- E. 
palmate.'] Having all four toes united by a web, as pelicans, 
cormorants, etc. — to'ti-pal-ma'tion (-pal-ma'shun), n. 

to-tip'o-tent (to-tip'6-tent) , a. [L. totus all + E. potent.] 
Zo'ol. Designating blastomeres capable when isolated of 
becoming a complete embryo. — to-tip'o-tence (-tens), n. 

tot'ter (tot'er), v. i. [ME. toteren.] 1. To walk with short, 
unsteady steps ; stand unsteadily ; falter. 2. To shake as if 
about to fall, as a building ; waver. — tot'ter-y (-1), a. 



■£&; 



Haida House 

with 
Totem Pole. 




tOU-can' (t<56-kan'; tdo'kan), n. [F 
tucd.] Any of a family (Ram- 
phastidse) of fruit-eating birds 
of tropical America, having a 
very large, but light and thin, 
beak, the beak and plumage 
of most species being bril- 
liantly colored. 

touch (tuch), v. t. [F. 
toucher, OF. touch- 
ier, tochier.] 1. To 
perceive by the sense 
of feeling. 2. To 
come in contact with ; 
hit or strike lightly 
against ; esp., to ex- 
tend the hand, or a 
cane, or other object, 
so as to reach or rest 
on; specif., to lay a 
hand upon for curing 
disease. 3. To be in 



S. Amer. Indian 




Ariel Toucan 
{Ramphastos ariel). 



contact with; Geom., to be tangent to. 4. To bring into 
contact (with something) ; as, to touch the hand to the hat. 
5. To come to ; reach ; attain ; as, he failed to touch the 
goal of his desire. 6. Hence : to compare with ; be equal 
to ; — usually used with a negative ; as, for good cheer 
nothing can touch an open fire. Colloq. 7. To disturb with 
the hands ; meddle with ; as, I have not touched the books ; 
also, to attack ; hence, to harm or distress. 8. To test or 
prove as with a touchstone ; try. Obs. 9. To allude to or 
speak of, esp. lightly or cursorily ; as, the talk touched a 
score of topics. 10. To relate to ; concern ; affect ; as, the 
quarrel touches only us. 11. To delineate, as with the 
pencil; also, to touch up or improve. 12. To strike, or 
play on, as a musical instrument. 13. To perform, as a 
tune ; play. Rare. 14. To take, as food ; partake of. 15. 
To impress ; have effect upon ; hence, to modify or trans- 
form, as by a touch. 16. To infect or affect slightly by or as 
by contact; as, fruit touched by frost ; esp., to make par- 
tially insane ; — usually in p. p. 17. To move mentally or 
emotionally ; as : a To melt ; soften ; as, her plight touched 
him. b To irritate or sting, as with ridicule ; as, to touch 
one's pride. 18. To influence by impulse ; impel forcibly. 
Archaic. 19. To induce to give or lend ; borrow from ; as, 
to touch one for a loan ; hence, to steal from. Slang. 
to touch up. a To improve, as by touches ; as, to touch 
up a drawing, b To remind, c To incite by or as by touch- 
ing ; as, to touch up a horse. 

— v. i. 1. To be in contact. 2. To lay hand or finger on a 
person for the cure of disease, esp. scrofula. 3. To make an 
incidental stop at a point on shore, when on a voyage ; — 
used with at, rarely on; as, we touched at many ports. 4. 
To treat anything in discourse, esp. slightly or casually ; — 
used esp. with on or upon. 

— n. 1. Act or fact of touching ; state of being touched ; 
contact. 2. Close relation, as of confidence or understand- 
ing ; accord ; harmony ; as, to be in touch with the times. 
3. The sense by which pressure or traction exerted on the 
skin or mucous membrane is perceived. 4. a Mental or 
moral appreciation, b Power of exciting emotion or the 
emotions. 5. Impact, esp. of a small force ; a light stroke or 
tap. 6. Sensation conveyed through contact ; feel. 7. A 
stroke, esp. a light one, as with pen or brush ; also, the 
effect so produced ; as, a touch of color ; hence, a detail of 
effect. 8. That which resembles, or may be the result of, a 
fight stroke ; as : a A twinge ; a light attack, as of fever, b 
A defect ; blemish ; as, a touch in the brain, c A slight 
manifestation ; small quantity ; dash ; as, a touch of rail- 
lery. 9. Feature ; trait ; quality. 10. Distinctive manner, 
method, or skill ; execution ; as, the touch of a master. 11. 
Music. Characteristic mode of action of an instrument ; 
also, manner of touching the keys of a piano or organ. 12. 
A note or strain of music. 13. A touchstone. 14. Test by 
a touchstone; test; proof; tried quality. 15. Football. 
That part of the field which is beyond the line of flags on 
either side. 16. Change Ringing. A set of changes less 
than the total possible on seven bells (5,040). 

touch'a-ble (tuch'd-b'l), a. Capable of being touched. 

toUChTjack' (-bak'), n. Football. Act of touching the ball 
down by a player behind his own goal fine when it received 
its last impulse from an opponent. 

touch'down' (tuch'doun'), n. Football. The act of touch- 
ing the ball down behind the opponents' goal. 

touch'er (tuch'er), n. One who, or that which, touches. 

touch'hole' (-hoi'), n. In old-time cannons or firearms, the 
vent through which fire was communicaced to the powder. 

touch'i-ly, adv. In a touchy manner. 

touch'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being touchy. 

touch 'ing (tuch'ing), p. a. Affecting ; moving ; pathetic. — 
Syn. See affecting. — prep. Concerning. — touch'ing- 
ly, adv. — touch/ing-ness, n. 



i 



ffl 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



< 



N 



TOUCH-ME-NOT 



1016 



TOWNSHIP 







Q 



R 



T 




touch'— me— not', re. 1. The balsam ; esp., the garden bal- 
sam. 2. Squirting cucumber. 
touch'stone' (-ston'), re. 1. Min. A black siliceous stone 
used to test the purity of gold and silver by the streak left 
on the stone when rubbed by the metal. See streak. 2. 
Any test or criterion by which to try a thing's qualities. 
Touch'stone', re. A clever and facetious professional clown 

in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." 
touch'wood' (-wdodO, re. 1. Wood so decayed as to serve 

for tinder ; spunk ; punk. 2. Dried fungi used as tinder. 
touch'y (-i),a. ; touch'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. [For techy.'] 

Peevish ; irritable ; irascible. — Syn. See irascible. 
touch'y, a. [touch + -y.J Painting. Made up by a series 
of dots or short strokes. 

tough (tuf),o. [AS. toh.] 1. Flexible without brittleness ; 
able to resist great strain. 2. Able to endure strain or 
hardship ; strong ; as, a tough physique ; a tough will. 3. 
Not easily separated, because of viscosity ; sticky ; tena- 
cious ; as, tough tar. 4. Stiff ; inflexible ; stubborn. 5. 
Very hard to influence morally or intellectually ; hence, 
Colloq., vicious. 6. Difficult to endure, overcome, or the 
like ; hard ; as, a tough job. Colloq. — n. A vicious person ; 
a rowdy. Colloq., U. S. — tOUgh'ly, adv. — tOUgh'ness> n. 

tQUgh'en (tuf'n), v. i. & t. To grow or make tough. 

tOU-pee' (too-pe ; ), n. [F. toupet, dim. of OF. top, toup, 
tuft of hair.] 1. A little tuft ; a curl or lock of false hair. 2. 
Top piece of a periwig ; a small wig or a patch of false hair. 

tour (toor), re. [F. See turn, v. t.~] 1. A going round ; cir- 
cuit ; as : A journey in a circuit, esp. a short one from place 
to place, b A prolonged journey, esp. if roundabout or com- 
prehensive. 2. Chiefly Mil. Anything done successively, or 
by regular order ; a turn ; shift ; as, a tour of duty. — Syn. 
See journey. 

— v.i. To make a tour. — v. t. To make a tour of or through. 

tou'ra'co' (too'ra/ko'), re. ; pi. touracos (-koz'). [F., imita- 
tive of the bird's cry.] 
Any of a family 
( Musophagidse ) of 
African birds, some- 
what allied to the 
cuckoos. 

touring car. An au- 
tomobile designed 
for touring ; specif., 
a roomy car of the 
tonneau type for five , 
or more passengers. White-crested Touraco {Turacus 

tour'ist (toor'ist), n. corythaix). 

One who makes a tour ; esp., one who travels from place to 
place for pleasure or culture. 

iour'ma-line (toor'md-lin), n. [F.] A mineral, commonly 
black (schorl), also blue, red, green, brown, and (rarely) 
colorless or white. H., 7-7.5 ; sp. gr., 2.98-3.20. When 
transparent, it is used as a gem.^ 

iour'na-ment (toor'na-ment ; tfir'-), n. [OF. torneiement, 
fr. torneier. See tourney.] I. A contest or knightly sport 
(esp. of the 12th-14th centuries) in which mounted armored 
combatants, armed usually with blunted lances or swords, 
engaged in a contest for a prize bestowed by the "queen of 
beauty," or lady of the tournament. 2. The whole series of 
knightly sports, justs, and tilts occurring at a particular 
time and place. 3. A sport or contest in which mounted 
men tilt with sword or lance at suspended rings. 4. A 
meeting for contests in athletic or special sports ; as, a mili- 
tary tournament. 5. Any trial of skill in which several or 
many contend in a series of contests ; as, a chess tourna- 
ment. 6. Encounter ; battle ; shock of battle. Rare. 

tour'ney (toor'm ; tiir'ni), n. ; pi. tourneys (-niz). [OF. 
tornei, tornoi, fr. torneier, tornoier, to tilt, tourney.] A 
tournament. — v. i. To perform in a tournament ; tilt ; just. 

tour'ni-quet (toor'ni -ket), n. [F., fr. tourner to turn.] 
Surg. A device for arresting bleeding, — orig., a bandage 
twisted tight, as with a stick ; now, any of various instru- 
ments, as a pad pressed down by a screw, or an elastic 
rubber bandage, for similar purposes. 

touse (touz), v. t. To tousle. Now Rare. 

tou'sle (tou'z'l), v. t. [Freq. of touse.'] To pull about or 
handle roughly or indelicately ; to put into disorder ; tum- 
ble ; dishevel. Colloq. or Dial. 

tout (tout ; toot), v. i. [ME. toten to peep, look, AS. totian 
project.] 1. To look narrowly ; spy. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 
2. Horse Racing, a To spy upon race horses at their 
trials, or to get by stealth or other improper means the 
secrets of the stable, for betting purposes. Cant Eng. b To 
act as a tout ; give a tip on a race horse. Cant, U. S. 3. To 
canvass for customers ; solicit employment, patronage, or 
the like. Colloq. — v. t. Horse Racing, a To spy upon, as 
a racing stable or horse. Cant, Eng. b To give a tip on 
(a race horse) to a better in expectation of sharing in the 
winnings. Cant, U. S. — n. One who touts. 

ft tout' en'sem'ble (too'-taVsaN'bl'). [F.] All together; 
hence, in art, etc., the general effect of a work as a whole. 



tout'er (tout'er ; toot'er), re. Colloq. a A tout ; a runner, fo 
In politics, one who obtrusively seeks votes either for him- 
self or another. 

touze (touz), tou'zle (tou'z'l). Vars. of touse, tousle. 

tow (to), n. [AS. tow (in comp.) a spinning, a weaving.] The 
coarse and broken part of flax or hemp separated by the 
hatchel or swingle. 

tow, v. t. [AS. togian to pull, drag.] To draw or pull along 
after, esp. through the water by a rope. — n. 1. A towing ; 
state of being towed ; — used chiefly in to take in tow, 
to tow, and to take a tow, to avail one's self of towing. 2. 
That which is towed, as a barge. 

tow'age (to'aj), n. Act of towing ; price paid for towing. 

to'ward (to'erd ; tord ; 57), prep. [AS. toweard, toweardes.]] 
1. In the direction of ; — referring to direction in space, the 
end or object of motion, action, tendency, etc. ; as, gallop- 
ing toward town ; drifting toward atheism. 2. Hence : ap- 
proaching to ; close upon ; as, toward four o'clock. 3. By 
way of contribution to ; in part fox , as, he contributed five 
dollars toward expenses. 

KW Toward formerly was often divided, and had its object 
placed between its elements, as in to usward, etc. 

— a. 1. Approaching in time ; at hand. Now Rare. 2. 
Ready ; apt ; docile ; tractable ; compliant ; as, a toward 
youth. Archaic. 

to'ward-ly, a. 1. Advanced in development; forward. 

Rare or Dial. 2. Promising ; favorable ; also, tractable ; 

docile ; kindly. — to'ward-li-ness, n. 
to'wards (to'erdz; tordz ; 57), prep. = toward. [tug.! 
tow'boat' (to'bot'), n. A vessel for towing other vessels ;| 
tow'el (tou'el), n. [F. touaille, LL. toacula.] A cloth for 

wiping, esp. one for drying anything wet. 
tow'el-ing, -el-ling, n. Cloth for towels, esp. in the piece. 
tow'er (tou'er), n. [OF. tour, tor, tur, fr. L. turris.] 1. A 

structure typically higher than its 

diameter, or relatively high by 

position, either isolated or ap- 
pended to a larger structure. 2. 

A citadel ; fortress ; defense. 

— v. i. To rise and overtop other 
objects ; be lofty ; soar. 

tow'ered (tou'erd), a. _ Having 
towers ; as, towered cities. 

tow'er-ing (-er-ing), p. a. 1. 
Lofty. 2. Extreme ; violent ; in- 
creasing in degree or intensity; 
as, a towering rage. 

tow'er-y (tou'er-i),_ a. 1. Lofty; 
towering. 2. Having a tower or 
towers. Rare. 

tow'head' (to'hed'), re._ A person 
having soft whitish hair. 

tOW'hee (tou'he ; to'he), re. Also 
tOWhee bunting. Any of certain Anglo-Saxon Tower. 
American birds (genera Pipilo and Oreospiza) of the 
sparrow family, as the chewink. 

tow'line' (to'lln'), re. A line used to tow vessels. 

town (toun), re. [AS. tun inclosure, fence, manor, village, 
town.] 1. An inclosure, as around a dwelling ; a farm or 
farmstead, or the yard or inclosure of a farm. Obs. or Scot. 
2. Any collection of houses and buildings constituting a dis- 
tinct place with a name ; esp. : a A large one having a regu- 
lar market and not being a city or episcopal see. Eng. b 
A place not incorporated as a city ; loosely, any large closely 
populated place ; — often, usually with the, contrasted 
with the country or with rural communities. 3. Specif., 
U. S. : a In New England, a municipal corporation of a 
less complex character than a city, b In other States, a 
unit of rural administration more or less like the New 
England town. 4. The body of inhabitants of a town ; 
townspeople; more narrowly, the citizens or qualified 
voters of a town. 

town clerk. An officer who keeps the records of a town. 

town crier. The public crier of a town. 

town hall. A public hall or building belonging to a town, 
used for public offices, for meetings of the town council, etc. 

town'house' (toun 'nous'), re. A town hall. 

towns'folk' (tounz'fok'), re. pi. Townspeople. 

town'ship (toun'ship), re. 1. In England, an ancient unit 
of administration identical in area with the parish. 2. In 
the United States, a primary unit of local government of 
varying character in different localities. In New England, 
where it is called town, it exists in its primitive form 
except as modified and partly subordinated by the later 
formed unit, the county. . In New York, the township is 
nearest to the New England town in order 61 development : 
in Pennsylvania and elsewhere, the county is the more im- 
portant unit of local government. Abbr., tp. 3. In surveys 
of United States public lands, a division of territory six 
miles square, containing 36 sections. 4. In Canada, one of 
the subdivisions of a county. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure £37); 



TOWNSMAN 



1017 



TRACTARIANISM 



iowns'man (tounz'man), n. 1. An inhabitant of a town. 
2. One of the same town as another ; fellow citizen. 3. In 
New England, a selectman. [folk. I 

towns'peo'ple (-pe'p'l), n. pi. The people of a town ; towns- 1 

tOW'path' (to'path'), n. A path traveled by men or animals 
in towing boats ; — called also towing path. 

tow'rope' (-ropO, n. A rope used in towing vessels. 

tow'y (to'I), a. Composed of or like tow. 

tox-as'mi-a, tox-e'mi-a (tok-se'ml-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. to&k6v 
poison + -semia.] Med. A form of blood poisoning. — 
tox-se'mic, tOX-e'mic (tok-se'mik ; -sem'Ik), a. 

tox'ic (tok'sTk), a. [L. toxicum poison, orig., an arrow 
poison, Gr. to^ikov, fr. to£ov bow, arrow.] Of, pertaining 
to, or caused by, poison. 

tox'i-cant (tok'si-kant), a. Poisonous ; producing a toxic ef- 
fect.— n. A poisonous agent or drug ; an intoxicant, [ing. 

tox'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. toxicum a poison.] Poison- 

tox-ic'i-ty (tok-sis'T-ti), n. Quality, state, or degree of 
being toxic, or poisonous ; poisonousness. 

tOX'i-CO-gen'ic (tok'si-ko-jen'Ik), a. [Gr. to£ ikov poison -f- 
-genic] Physiol. & Med. Producing toxic products. 

tOX'i-COl'o-gy (tok'si-kol'6-jT), n. [Gr. to^lkou poison + 
-logy.'] The science treating of poisons, their antidotes, 
etc ; — tox'i-CO-lOg'i-cal (-ko-loj'I-kdl), a. COl'o-gist, n. 

tox'i-CO'sis (-ko'sis), n. [NL. ; Gr. to%ikop poison + -osis.] 
Med. A morbid condition caused by the action of a poison. 

tox'in (tok'sTn) \ n. Chem. a Any of a class of toxic sub- 

tox'ine (-sTn ; -sen)/ stances formed as secretion products 
of vegetable and animal organisms, b [Preferably spelt 
toxine.~\ Any poisonous ptomaine. 

tox'i-pho'bi-a (-sl-fo'bi-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. to%ik6v poison -f- 
-phobia.] Morbid fear of poisons or of being poisoned. 

toy (toi), n. [D. tuig tools, trash, speeltuig playthings, 
toys.] 1. An ornament ; gewgaw ; trinket. Rare. 2. Some- 
thing designed or used for play or diversion ; plaything, esp. 
for a child. 3. a Something diminutive like a plaything. 
b Something of little value or importance ; a trifle. 4. 
Pastime ; play ; dalliance ; wantonness. 06s. 5. A head- 
dress that hangs down over the shoulders, worn by old 
women of the lower classes. Scot. 

— v. i. To trifle ; play ; dally amorously. — toy'er, n. 

toy dog. Any very small dog kept as a pet; esp., any of 
several breeds of very small size. 

to'yon (to'yun), n. [Amer. Sp. tollon, toyon.] An orna- 
mental evergreen malaceous shrub (Heteromeles arbuti- 
folia) of the North American Pacific coast, having white 
flowers succeeded by bright red berries. 

toy spaniel. See spaniel. [zontal beams.] 

tra'be-at'ed (tra'be-at'ed), a. Arch. Constructed of hori-| 

tra'be-a'tion (-a'shun), n. [L. trabs, trabis, beam, tim- 
ber.] Arch. Trabeated construction ; an entablature. 

lra-bec'u-la (trd-bek'u-ld), n.; pi. -xtlm (-le). [L., a little 
beam, dim. of trabs a beam.] l.Anat. & Zo'ol. A small 
rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane, in the framework 
of an organ or part. 2. Bot. A row of cells bridging an inter- 
cellular space or, in mosses, extending across the cavity of a 
sporangium. — tra-bec'U-lar (-ldr), a. 

trace (tras), n. [ME. trays, pi., OF. traiz, trais, pi. of 
trait. See trait.] 1. One of two straps, chains, etc., of a 
harness, for attaching a horse to a vehicle or thing to be 
drawn ; a tug. 2. Mech. A connecting bar or rod, pivot- 
ed at each end to another piece, for transmitting motion. 

trace, v. L; traced (trast) ; tracing (tras'ing). [OF. 
trader, fr. L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. To draw ; 
specif. : a To mark out ; draw, as a map ; delineate ; sketch ; 
design, b To form, as letters ; write carefully. C To copy ; 
imitate ; esp., to copy, as a drawing, by marking lines on a 
transparent sheet superimposed. 2. To make marks, let- 
ters, tracery, or the like, on. 3. To follow ; specif. : a To 
follow, as a track ; also, to pursue the trail or course of ; 
track, b To follow the course or position of, as by means of 
remains ; as, to trace the walls of a ruined city. C To follow 
in detail the development or progress of ; make out ; as, to 
trace one's genealogy. 4. To pass through, as an intricate 
way ; traverse. — v. i. To go ; follow a track, trail, etc. 

>— n. 1. A mark left by a thing passing ; footprint ; track ; 
trail ; remains ; token ; vestige. 2. A very small amount ; a 
barely discernible quantity, quality, or characteristic. 3. 
. Chem. A small quantity of a constituent, esp. when not 
quantitatively determined, owing to minuteness ; — often 
abbreviated tr. — trace'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. — trace'a-bil'i- 
ty (-d-bTl'i-ti),trace'a-ble-ness, n. — trace'a-bly, adv. 
Syn. Mark, vestige, sign, hint, shade, thought. — Trace, 
vestige, frequently interchangeable, agree in the idea of a 
mark or sign, often of something no longer existing. But 
vestige frequently suggests some slight remnant of the 
thing itself ; trace, the more general word, denotes any 
faint indication ; as, of this ancient custom no vestige re- 
mained ; they left no traces of their journey behind. 

trac'er (tras'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, traces ; 
specif., any of various instruments or devices used for 
tracing. 2. a A person engaged (esp. in the express or rail- 




way service) in tracing, or searching out, missing articles. 
b An inquiry sent out (esp. in transportation service) for a 
missing article. 

trac'er-y (tras'er-T), n.; pi. -ertes (-Tz). 1. Arch. Orna- 
mental work with ramified lines, as in the 
head of a Gothic window or in some styles 
of vaulting. 2. A tracing of lines ; a sys- 
tem of lines made by or as by tracing, esp. 
when interweaving or branching in orna- 
mental or graceful figures. 

tra'che-a (tra'ke-d; trd-ke'd), n. ; pi. 
-CB.EM (-e). [NL., fr. L. trachia, Gr. 
rpaxeia- (sc. &prijpta windpipe), fr. rpaxbs 
rough.] Anat. 1. In vertebrates, the main 
tube by which air passes to and from the 
lungs ; windpipe. 2. Zo'ol. One of the air- 
conveying tubules forming the respiratory A Simple Form 
system of most insects, myriapods, many of Plate Trac- 
arachnids, etc. 3. Bot. One of the cells of ery * 
tracheal tissue, forming a continuous duct or vessel. 

tra'che-al (tra'ke-dl), a. 1. Anat. & Zool. Of or pert, to 
the trachea or tracheae ; like a trachea. 2. Bot. Charac- 
terized by or having tracheae and tracheids. 
tracheal tissue, Bot., vascular tissue composed of ligni- 
fied cells which have lost their protoplasmic contents, and 
are placed end to end, the connecting walls being more or 
less absorbed so that they form continuous ducts or vessels. 

tra'che-id (-Yd), n. Bot. One of the cells of tracheal tissue 
in which the end walls are not absorbed. Tracheids are 
strongly lignified, and are characteristic of the wood of 
coniferous trees. 

tra'che-os'co-py ( tra'ke-os'ko-pT ; tra-ke'6-sko'pT ), n. 
[See trachea ; -scopy.] Med. Examination of the interior 
of the trachea by means of a mirror. — tra'che-o-scop'ic 
(-skop'Ik), a. — tra'che-OS'CO-pist (tra'ke-os'ko-pist), n. 

tra'che-ot'o-my (-ot'6-nri), n. ; pi. -mtes (-mlz). [See tra- 
chea ; -tomy.] Surg. A cutting into the trachea. 

tra-cho'ma (trd-ko'md), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rpax^fja. rough- 
ness, fr. rpaxvs rough.] Med. Granular conjunctivitis, due 
to a specific micrococcus. — tra-chom'a-tOUS (-kom'd- 
tiis ; -ko'md-tus), a. 

tra'chyte (tra'klt ; traklt), n. [Gr. rpaxvs rough, ragged.] 
A volcanic rock, usually light in color, consisting mainly 
of alkali feldspar ; — so called from the roughness of the 
fractured surface. — tra-chyt'ic (tra-kit'ik), a. 

trac'ing (tras'ing), n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
traces. 2. That which is traced, or marked out. 

track (trak), n. [OF. trac track of horses, trace of animals.] 
1. An impression left by the foot ; a trace ; vestige. 2. A 
mark left by something that has passed ; as, a wheel track. 
3. a A road ; path ; course, b A course laid out for racing, 
exercise, etc. ; as, a cinder track. C A metal way for wheeled 
vehicles ; specif., one or more pairs of parallel lines of rails 
with the fastenings, ties, etc., for a railroad or railway. 

— v. t. 1. To follow the tracks or traces of ; trace ; trail ; as, 
to track a deer. 2. To ascertain and follow up through 
vestiges, or remains ; search out. 3. To traverse ; as, to 
track a desert. 4. To make tracks upon, as with muddy 
shoes ; as, to track a floor ; also, to make tracks with ; as, to 
track mud. — v. i. 1. To span in width between a pair of 
wheels or runners ; as, this car tracks 36 inches. 2. a To 
have the wheels or runners correspond to the tracks of other 
wheels or runners, b To follow or fit a track. — track'er, n. 

track'age (-aj), n. Railroads, a Lines of track collectively. 
b A right to use the tracks of another road. 

track'less, a. Having no track ; untrodden. 

track'man (trak'man), n. Railroads. One employed on 
work on the track ; specif., a trackwalker. 

track'walk'er (trak'wok'er), n. Railroads. A person em- 
ployed to walk over and inspect a section of tracks. 

tract (trakt), n. [Abbr. fr. tractate."] A treatise or written 
discourse, generally short, esp. on practical religion. 

tract, n. [L. tractus a drawing, track, tract of land, fr. 
trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. Duration ; lapse (of time) ; 
extent. 2. An expanse ; an area ; a region, or stretch not 
definitely bounded. 3. Anat. A system of parts or organs 
serving some special purpose ; as, the digestive tract. 4. 
[LL. tractus.] R. C. Ch. An anjhem consisting of verses oi 
Scripture, sung at Mass instead of the Alleluia from 
Septuagesima till Easter Eve ; — so called because sung 
tractim, or without a break. 

trac'ta-bil'i-ty (trak'td-bil'T-tT), n. [L. tractabilitas.] 
Quality or state of being tractable or docile. 

trac'ta-ble (trak'td-b'l), a. [L. tractabilis, fr. tractare to 
draw violently, handle, v. intens. fr. trahere to draw. ] 
Capable of being easily handled ; as : a Readily wrought, 
as gold, b Capable of being easily led or managed ; docile. 
— trac'ta-ble-ness, n. — trac'ta-bly, adv. 

Trac-ta'ri-an (-ta'ri-dn ; 3), n. A promoter or supporter 
of Tractarianism ; esp., one of the writers of the "Tracts 
for the Times." — a. Of or pert, to the Tractarians. 

Trac-ta'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. Eccl. Hist. A system of 




i 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



TRACTATE 



1018 



TRAIL 







R 



religious principles set forth in a series of pamphlets issued 
(1833-41) at Oxford and called "Tracts for the Times." 
Their publication was a part of a great reactionary move- 
ment (the Oxford movement) emphasizing the doctrine 
that the Church of England is a part of the visible Holy 
Catholic Church, asserting the efficacy of the sacraments of 
the church, and in general supporting the principles now 
held by the High Church party. 

trac'tate (trak'tat), n. [L. tractatusJ] A treatise; tract. 

trac'tile (-til), a. [See traction.] Capable of being drawn 
out in length; ductile. — trac-til'i-ty (trak-til'i-ti), n. 

trac'tion (-shun), n. [L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. 
Act of drawing ; state of being drawn. 2. Act or process of 
drawing a body along a surface ; as, steam traction. 3. 
The adhesive friction of a body on a surface on which it 
moves, as of a wheel on a rail, etc. — trac'tion-al (-dl), a. 

traction engine. A locomotive for drawing vehicles on 
highways or in the fields ; a tractor. 

trac'tive (-tiv), a. Serving to draw ; pulling ; attracting. 

trac'tor (-tor), n. _ [NL.] 1. That which draws, or is used 
for drawing ; specif. : a A traction engine, b An automobile 
used for drawing other vehicles, esp. a three-wheeled form. 
2. An aeroplane having one or more tractor screws. 

tractor screw or propeller. Aviation. A propeller screw 
that is placed in front of the planes of an aeroplane instead 
of behind them, so that it exerts a pull instead of a push. 
Hence : tractor monoplane, tractor biplane, etc. 

trade (trad), n. 1. a A footstep ; track. Obs. b A course ; 
way ; — now used only in trade wind. 2. Custom ; habit. 
06s. 3. Affair; dealing. Obs. 4. Any occupation or employ- 
ment pursued as a calling ; business ; as, the carrying trade. 
5. a The business which a person has learned, and which he 
engages in, for livelihood or profit ; occupation ; esp., me- 
chanical employment as disting. from the liberal arts, the 
learned professions, and agriculture, b Act or business of 
exchanging commodities by barter or sale ; commerce ; traf- 
fic. 6. Those engaged in the same line of business ; thus, 
booksellers and publishers are collectively designated as 
the trade. 7. a A bargain ; a purchase and sale, b An 
exchange ; a swap. U. S. 8. In pi. The trade winds. 
Syn. Trade, craft, business, profession. Trade applies 
to any of the mechanical employments or handicrafts, ex- 
cept those connected with agriculture ; craft is often inter- 
changeable with trade, but denotes esp. a trade requiring 
skilled workmanship ; as, a carpenter, bricklayer, blacksmith 
(not farmer, gardener), by trade; he who aims to be a good 
weaver and a good tailor is likely to be but a poor workman 
at either craft. Business applies esp. to occupations of a 
mercantile or commercial nature ; profession designates 
the more learned callings. See commerce. 

— v. i. & t.; trad'ed (trad'ed ; 24) ; trad'ing. 1. To bar- 
ter ; buy and sell ; traffic as a business. 2. To participate 
in a sale or exchange. 3. To have dealings ; be concerned or 
associated ; — commonly with with. — Syn. See sell. 
to trade on, to take an advantage by means of ; as, to 
trade on another's friendship, fears, etc. 

trade dollar. See dollar, 4. 

trade'— mark', n. A peculiar distinguishing mark, device, or 
symbol used by a manufacturer or merchant on his goods. 

trade name. 1. The name by which an article is called 
among traders, etc. 2. An arbitrary distinctive name given 
to an article in commerce. 3. The business name of a con- 
cern or firm. [2. A trading vessel. I 

trad'er (trad'er), n. 1. One engaged in trade ; a merchant.! 

trad'es-can'ti-a (trad'es-kan'shT-d), n. [NL., after John 
Tradescant (1608-62), traveler and gardener.] Bot. Any 
of a genus (Tradescantia) of American herbs, the spider- 
worts, having mostly narrow elongated leaves and large 
white, pink, or violet ephemeral flowers. 

trade school. A school devoted to drill in the theory and 
practice of a trade or trades. 

tradesfolk' (tradz'fok'), n. pi. Tradespeople. 

trades'man (-man), n. One who trades ; a shopkeeper. 

trades'peo'ple (-pe'p'l), n. pi. People engaged in trade. 

trades'wom'an (-wdom'an), n. A woman engaged in trade. 

trade'-un'ion (trad'iin'yan ; trad'un'yun), trades'-un'- 
ion (tradz'-; tradz'-), n.; pi. trade- or trades-unions. 1. 
A voluntary association of working people organized to fur- 
ther or maintain their rights and interests. 2. A voluntary 
combination for mutual aid of any persons engaged in 
trade, as of employers, or of employers and workmen. — 
trade'-, trades'-un'ion-ism, n. — -un'ion-ist, n. 

trade wind. A wind blowing continually in one course, 
or trade, toward the equator from an easterly direction. 
The general direction of the trade winds is thus from N. E. 
to S. W. on the north side of the equator, and from S. E. 
to N. W. on the south side of the equator. 

trad'ing (trad'ing), a. 1. Engaged in trade or commerce. 
2. Moving in a course or current. Obs. 3. Venal ; corrupt, 
trading stamp, a printed stamp, with a certain value, 
generally in exchange for articles from the issuers of the 
stamps, given as a premium by a dealer to a customer. 

tra-di'tion (trd-dish'un), n. [L. traditio, fr. tradere to give 



up, transmit.] 1. Delivery. Rare. 2. Oral delivery or 
transmission of information, opinions, practices, customs, 
etc., esp. from ancestors to posterity, without written 
memorials ; also, that which is so transmitted. 3. Theol, 
a An unwritten code of law given by God to Moses on Sinai. 
b That body of doctrine and discipline, or any article thereof, 
supposed to have been put forth by Christ or His apostles, 
and not committed to writing. 4. A custom which has pre- 
vailed, as from generation to generation. 

tra-di'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pert, to tradition; consisting 
of, or derived from, tradition. — tra-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 
Syn. Traditional, legendary. That is traditional which 
has been handed down, esp. by word of mouth ; that which 
is legendary is commonly unauthentic, and the word is 
often equivalent to "apocryphal," "fabulous"; as, tra- 
ditional laws ; a legendary story, hero. 

tra-di'tion-al-ism (-iz'm), n. Adherence to tradition as 
authority ; esp. {Often cap.~] , the doctrine that Christian 
faith is to be based upon traditional interpretations of the 
Bible. — tra-di'tion-al-ist, n.&a. — al-is'tic (-ls'tlk), a. 

tra-di'tion-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Traditional. 

trad'i-tive (trad'i-tTv), a. [L. tradere, traditum, to trans- 
mit, give up.] Of or pertaining to tradition ; traditional. 

tra-duce' (trd-dus'), v. t. ; -duced' (-dust') ; -duc'ing (-dus'- 
Ing). [L. traducere, -ductum, to lead across, transfer, de- 
rive, disgrace.] To expose wrongfully to contempt or shame ; 
calumniate ; vilify ; defame. — Syn. To slander, disparage, 
decry. See asperse. — tra-duc'er (-dus'er), n. 

tra-du'cian-ism (trd-du'shan-iz'm), n. Theol. The doc- 
trine that human souls are propagated by generation, along 
with human bodies ; — opposed to creationism. 

traffic (traf'ik),n. [F. trafic.~\ 1. Interchange of commod- 
ities by barter or by sale ; commerce ; trade. 2. The busi- 
ness done on a railway, steamboat line, etc., as measured 
by the number of passengers or the amount of freight 
carried ; collectively, the subjects of transportation on a 
route, as persons or goods. 3. Dealings ; intercourse. 
Chiefly Archaic or Scot. — Syn. See commerce. 

— v. %.; -ficked (-Tkt) ; -fick-ing (-i-king). 1. To buy or 
sell goods ; barter ; trade. 2. To engage in any dealing ; 
deal, often meanly or mercenarily ; bargain. — traf'fick-er,n. 

trag'a-canth (trag'd-kanth), n. [L. tragacanthum (the 
gum), tragacantha (the plant), fr. Gr. Tpa.yb.KavQ a.; rpayos 
a he-goat + anavda a thorn.] 1. A kind of gum got from 
various Asiatic or European shrubs or trees (genus Astrag- 
alus, esp. A. gummifer). It is used as a substitute for 
gum arabic. 2. Any shrub or tree yielding this gum. 

tra-ge'di-an (trd-je'dT-dn), n. 1. A writer of tragedy. 2. 
An actor or player of tragedy. 

|| tra'ge'dienne' (tra'zha'dyea' ; E. trd-je'dT-en', trd-je'di- 
en'), n. [F.] An actress who plays tragedy. 

trag'e-dy (traj'e-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [OF. tragedie, L. 
tragoedia, fr. Gr. rpayuSla.^ 1. A dramatic composition 
depicting a serious story, in which, typically, the leading 
character is, by some passion or limitation, brought to a 
catastrophe ; also, generically, drama of this type, or the 
composing or acting of it. 2. Quality or character such as 
that of the events portrayed in tragedies ; that quality of 
life or art which gives nobility or sublimity to catastrophe 
and excites in the beholder combined feelings of pity and 
awe. 3. Any literary composition, as a novel or narrative 
poem, having a tragic theme. 4. The theory or art of com- 
posing or of acting tragedies. 5. A fatal and mournful 
event ; any tragic event or series of events. 

trag'ic (traj'ik) 1 a. 1. Of or pert, to, or of the nature or 

trag'i-cal (-i-kal)J character of, tragedy. 2. Character- 
ized by, or involving or expressing, death or calamity or 
the suffering implied in tragedy ; terrible ; calamitous. — 
trag'i-cal-ly, adv. — trag'i-cal-ness, n. 

trag'i— com'e-dy (-i-kom'e-di), n. A drama or composition 
partaking of both tragedy and comedy and not having a 
fatal issue. — trag'i-com'ic (tra j'l-kom'ik ) , -com'i-cal, a. 

trag'o-pan (trag'6-pan), n. [NL., fr. L. tragopan a fabu- 

' lous Ethiopian bird, Gr. rpayb- 
■xav, lit., goat-Pan.] Any of 
several brilliantly colored Asi- 
atic pheasants (genus Tra- 
gopan) having the back and 
breast usually covered with 
white or buff ocelli. 

tra'gus (tra'gus), n.; pi. -Gl 
(-ji). [NL., fr. Gr. rpdyot a 
part of the inner ear.] Anat. A 
part of the ear. See ear, Illust. 

trail (tral), v. t. [OF. traillier 
to tow (a boat), also to trail a 
deer.] 1. To draw or drag, as 
on the ground ; esp., to drag 
loosely, as the train of a dress. 
2. Mil. To carry, as a firearm, 
with the breech near the Crimson Tragopan (Tra- 
ground and the upper part in- opan satyr us). 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TRAILER 



1019 



TRANSACTION 



clined forward, the piece being held by the right hand near 
the middle. 3. Naut. To allow (an oar) to trail in the water 
alongside of the boat. 4. To tread down in a line or path, as 
grass. 5. To hunt by the track, or trail ; track ; as, to trail 
a bear. — v. i. 1. To hang down or to be drawn along, as 
the train of a dress. 2. To form a trail or wake behind ; fol- 
low after ; follow on as in a trail or line, as, smoke trailed 
from the funnel. 3. To grow to a considerable length, esp. 
when slender and creeping, as a plant. 4. To follow a trail. 
5. To move along leisurely ; to walk idly or as if weary. 

— n. 1. Something drawn or dragged behind ; as : a The 
train of a dress, b Mil. That part of the stock of a gun car- 
riage which rests on the ground when the piece is unlim- 
bered. See fieldpiece, Illust. 2. a A track or scent left by 
man or beast, b A footpath or track worn through a wilder- 
ness ; as, an Indian trail. 

trail'er (tral'er), n. One who, or that which, trails ; as : a A 
trailing vine, plant, or branch, b A car on a street railway 
pulled by another car ; also, a light two-wheeled car or other 
vehicle pulled by a bicycle, motor cycle, motor tractor, etc. 

trail handspike. Ordnance. A long, stout handspike, 
used in moving the trail of a gun carriage. 

trail'ing arbutus. See arbutus. 

trail rope. Aeronautics. = GUIDE ROPE. 

trail spade. Ordnance. A metal spur, prong, or plate, on 
the under side of a trail, that is driven into the ground by 
the recoil and acts as a brake. See fieldpiece, Illust. 

train (tran), v. t. [OF. trahiner, trainer, LL. trahinare, 
trainare.~\ 1. To trail ; drag. 2. To entice ; allure. Rare. 
3. To form by instruction, practice, or guidance ; as : a To 
bring up ; educate ; rear ; — often used with up. b To disci- 
pline ; instruct ; drill ; as, to train soldiers. C To tame and 
teach, as animals, d To prepare for a test or contest, as by 
dieting and practice, e Hort. To lead or direct the growth 
of ; form to a desired shape by bending, pruning, etc. 4. To 
aim or point at an object ; bring to bear ; as, to train guns 
on the enemy. — v. i. 1. To drill or teach ; impart profi- 
ciency by discipline. 2. To prepare one's self for a particu- 
lar performance, test, or contest, as by exercise, diet, etc. ; 
drill, as in military exercises. 

— n. 1. That which is drawn along in the rear of, or after, 
something ; that which is in the rear ; specif., part of a 
gown which trails behind. 2. A body of attendants ; reti- 
nue ; suite. 3. A procession ; a line or file. 4. Mil. The 
vehicles, men, and animals accompanying an army to trans- 
port its supplies, etc. 5. A succession of connected things ; 
as, a train of thoughts. 6. A series, as of wheels and pin- 
ions for transmitting motion ; as, a train of gearing. 7. A 
connected line of cars, etc., on a railroad. 8. Regular 
method ; process ; course ; order ; as, things are now in 
train for settlement. 9. A line of gunpowder laid to lead 
fire to a charge. 10. Gun. The movement or line of direc- 
tion of the axis of a piece in a horizontal plane. 

train'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being trained. 

train'band' (tran'band 7 ), n. [¥ ox trained band. ~] Eng. 
Hist. One of the companies of trained citizen soldiers in 
London and other parts of England in the 16th, 17th, and 
18th centuries. 

train'er, n. 1. One who trains; esp., one who trains men, 
horses, etc., for exercises requiring agility and strength. 2. 
One who trains a gun ; specif., in the United States navy, 
one who regulates the direction of a gun in azimuth, as dis- 
tinguished from the pointer. 

train'ing, n. 1. Act, action, or process of one who, or that 
which, trains. 2. State of being prepared by training. — 
Syn. Education, drill, practice, exercise. See education. 
training school, a school which gives technical training. 
— 't. ship, a vessel on which boys are trained for the navy. 

train'man (tran'man), n. A subordinate worker on a rail- 
road train ; esp., a brakeman. 

train oil. [D. or LG. traan train oil, blubber + E. oil."] 
Oil from the whale or other marine mammal. 

trait (trat ; Brit, commonly tra), n. [F., fr. L. tractus a 
dragging; a stretch, extent, tract of land, fr. trahere to 
draw.] 1. A stroke ; a touch ; — used fig. ; as, a trait of 
humor. 2. A distinguishing feature ; peculiarity ; charac- 
teristic. — Syn. See CHARACTERISTIC. 

trai'tor (tra'ter), n. [OF. traitor, tra'iteur, fr. L. traditor, 
fr. tradere, traditum, to deliver, betray.] One who betrays 
a confidence or trust ; one who acts perfidiously or treach- 
erously ; specif., one who violates his allegiance and betrays 
his country ; one guilty of treason. — a. Traitorous. 

trai'tor-ous (-us), a. 1. Guilty or capable of treason ; 
treacherous ; faithless. 2. Consisting in treason ; of the 
nature of treason. — Syn. See disloyal. — trai'tor-ous- 
ly, adv. — trai'tor-ous-ness, n. 

trai'tress (-tres), n. A female traitor. 

tra-ject' (trd-jekt'), v. t. [L. trajectus, p. p. of trajicere, 
traicere, to throw across ; trans across + jacere to throw.] 
To transmit (fight, color, etc., or words, thought, etc.). 
Rare. [passage. I 

tra-jec'tion (-jek'shwn), n. Transmission, as by radiation ;| 



f tra-jec'tO-ry (trd-jeVt6-n), n.; pi. -ries (-rTz). The curve 
which a body, as a missile, comet, or planet, describes in 
moving through space under the influence of given forces. 

tral'a-tl'tion (tral'd-tish'un), n. [See tralatitious.] A 
change, as in the use of words ; a metaphor. 

trara-ti'tious (-us), a. [L. tralatitius, tralaticius.'] 1. 
Handed down ; transmitted. 2. Metaphorical ; figurative. 

tram (tram), n. [F. trame, L. trama.] A silk thread used 
esp. for the weft of the best velvets and silks. 

tram, n. 1. Short for trammel (sense 5). 2. Mech. Correct 
relative position or adjustment ; — used in the phrases in 
tram, out of tram. — v. t. & i. ; trammed (tramd) ; tram'- 
ming. Mech. To measure, adjust, etc., with a trammel. 

tram, n. [E. dial, tram a coal wagon, shaft of a cart or 
carriage, beam, bar.] 1. Any of various vehicles ; as : a 
Mining. A boxlike wagon running on a tramway in a mine. 
b A passenger car of a street railway. Eng. 2. Short for 
tramway, tramcar, etc. — v. t. To haul, as coal, in a tram. 

tram'car' (tram'kaV), n. A tram running on rails, as on a 
street railway (Brit.), or in a mine. 

tram'mel (-el), n. [F. tramail, tremail, a net, fr. LL. 
tremaculum a fish net ; L. tres three -J- macula mesh.] 1. 
A kind of net to catch birds, fishes, etc. 2. A kind of shackle 
used for making a horse amble, etc. 3. Hence : something 
impeding activity, progress, or freedom, as a net or shackle ; 
restraint ; check. 4. An iron hook for hanging kettles, etc., 
over the fire. 5. Mech. a An instrument for drawing 
ellipses, b A beam compass. See compass, 5. 

— v. t.; -meled (-eld) or -melled ; -mel-ing or -mel-ling. 
1. To entangle, as in a net ; hence, to involve ; implicate. 
Rare. 2. To confine ; hamper ; shackle. — Syn. See 
hamper. — tram'mel-er, -mel-ler, n. , 

tra-mon'tane (trd-mon'tan ; tram'on-tan), a. [OF. tra- 
montan, fr. It., fr. L. transmontanus ; trans across -f- 
mons, montis, mountain.] Lying or being beyond the 
mountains ; coming from the other side of the mountains ; 
hence : foreign ; barbarous. — n. One living, or coming 
from, beyond the mountains ; hence : a foreigner ; stranger. 

tramp (tramp), v. t. 1. To tread on forcibly and repeatedly ; 
trample. 2. To travel or wander through on foot. Colloq. 
— v.i. 1. To walk, step, or tread, esp. heavily. 2. To travel 
about on foot ; to journey as a tramp. 

— re. 1. A foot journey or excursion. 2. A foot traveler ; 
often, a begging or thieving vagrant. 3. The sound of the 
foot or feet striking the earth, as in walking. 4. Naut. A 
vessel not making regular trips between the same ports, 
but taking a cargo when and where it offers and to any port, 

tramp'er, n. One who tramps. 

tram'ple (tram'p'l), v. t.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling. [Freq. of 
trampJ] _ To tread under foot ; tread down. — v. i. To 
tread rapidly and forcibly ; esp., to tread or stamp in or as 
in contempt ; — often used with on or upon ; as, to tram- 
ple on one's pride. — re. Act or sound of trampling. 

tram'pler, re. One who tramples. 

tram'road' (-rod'), re. A road for trams or wagons, with 
tracks of smooth beams of wood (usually metal-faced), 
blocks of stone, or rails ; a railway in a mine. 

tram'way' (-wa 7 ), re. A way for trams ; as : a A tramroad. 
b A street railway. Eng. 

trance (trans), n. [F. transe fright, in OF. also, trance, 
swoon, fr. transir to chill, shiver, L. transire to pass over, 
passaway, cease. See transient.] 1. An unconscious or in- 
sensible condition ; a state in which bodily consciousness 
and sensation are suspended for a time ; a cataleptic or 
hypnotic condition ; hence, a state likened to this ; a half- 
conscious condition, due to surprise, shock, etc. 2. A state 
of mental abstraction ; exaltation ; ecstasy. 

— v. t.; tranced (transt) ; tranc'ing (tran'sing). To en' 
trance ; enchant ; hold spellbound. 

tran'gram (tran'grdm), re. Also tranlmm (-kum). Some- 
thing intricate, as a puzzle ; also, a gimcrack. 06s. Cant. 

tran'quil (tran'kwil), a. [L. tranquillus.~] Quiet; calm; 
undisturbed ; not agitated. — Syn. See calm. 

tran'quil-ize H-Jz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- 

tran'quil-lize/ ing). To render or become tranquil ; make 
calm and peaceful. — Syn. Quiet, compose, still, soothe, 
appease ; calm, pacify. — tran'quil-i-za'tion (-I-za'shun ; 
-I-za 7 -), n. — tran'quil-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

tran-quil'li-ty (tran-kwll'l-ti ; tran-), re. Quality or state 
of being tranquil ; calmness ; composure. 

tran'quil-ly, adv. In a tranquil manner. 

tran'quil-ness, re. Tranquillity. 

trans- (trans- ; before a vowel often tranz-). [L. trans 
across, over.] A prefix used in general to signify over, 
across, beyond, through; — often opposed to cis-. 

trans-act' (trans-akt' ; tran-zakt'), v. t. [L. transactus, 
p. p. of transigere to drive through, accomplish ; trans 
across -f- agere to drive.] To carry through ; do ; perform ; 
manage. — v. i. To deal ; negotiate. 

trans-ac'tion (trans-ak'shun ; tran-zak'-), n. 1. The doing 
or performing of any affair ; management. 2. That which 
is done or is in the process of being done ; affair. 3. In pi. 



ft 
ffl 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this- work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. => equals, 



< 



N 



TRANSALPINE 



1020 



TRANSIENT 







R 



Records, esp. published records, of action taken, addresses 
read, etc., at the meeting or meetings of a society or asso- 
ciation. Some societies restrict transactions to the pub- 
lished addresses, and proceedings to the published record 
of business done. — Syn. Proceeding, action, process. 

trans-al'pine (trans-al'pin ; -pin), a. Being beyond the 
Alps in regard to Rome ; also, of or pertaining to the region 
or the people beyond the Alps ; — opposed to cisalpine. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of a transalpine country. 

trans'at-lan'tic (trans'at-lan'tik), a. Lying or belonging 
beyond the Atlantic Ocean ; crossing the Atlantic Ocean. 

trans-ca'lent (trans-ka'lent), a. [trans- + L. calens, p. 
pr. of calere to grow warm.] Pervious to, or permitting 
the passage of, heat. — trans-ca'len-cy (-len-sT), n. 

tran-scend' (tran-send'), v. t. [L. transcendere, -scensum; 
trans + scandere to climb.] 1. To rise above or beyond ; 
overpass ; as, to transcend one's power. 2. To surpass, 
excel ; exceed ; as, electromagnets far transcend perma- 
nent magnets in power. — Syn. See exceed. — v. i. To 
be transcendent ; excel. 

tran-scend'ence (-sen'dens)l n. 1. Quality or state of be- 

tran-scend^en-cy (-den-si) / ing transcendent. 2. Theol. 
The doctrine that God is prior to, and exalted above, 
creation in His essential nature, and that He has real being 
apart from it ; — opposed to immanence. 

tran-scend'ent (-sen'dent), a. 1. Superior or supreme ; sur- 
passing. 2. Kantianism. Transcending, or reaching be- 

, yond, the limits of human knowledge. 3. Theol. Possessing 
transcendence; not immanent. — tran-scend'ent-ly, adv. 

1 Syn. Transcendent, transcendental. That is tran- 

[ scendent which is of superlative quality ; transcendental, 
in ordinary language, applies esp. to opinions, theories, or 
sentiments which are so vague, fantastic, or extravagant 
as to pass ordinary comprehension. 

tran'scen-den'tal (tran'sen-den'tal), a. 1. Supereminent ; 
transcendent ; as, transcendental qualities. 2. In the 
philosophy of Kant, of or pert, to that in human experience 
which can be determined a priori. What is transcendental, 
therefore, transcends empiricism ; but it does not transcend 
all human knowledge, or become transcendent. 3. Fanci- 
fully speculative ; fantastic ; extravagant ; as, a transcen- 
dental style of writing. 4. Math. Of a number, incapable of 
being defined by any combination of a finite number of 
equations with rational integral coefficients. — Syn. See 
transcendent. — tran'scen-den'tal-ly, adv. 

Sran'scen-den'tal-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. In the philosophy of 
Kant, the going beyond human experience, and ascertain- 
ing a priori the fundamental principles of human knowl- 
edge. 2. Any philosophy which asserts the domination of 
the intuitive or spiritual over the purely empirical, esp. that 
of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his followers ; — so called 
because of a wrongly supposed relation to Kant's philoso- 
phy. — tran'scen-den'tal-ist, n. 

tran-scribe' (tran-skrlb' ), v. t.; -scribed' (-skrlbd'); 
-SCRIb'ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. transcribere, transcriptum ; 
trans + scribere to write.] 1. To write a copy of ; copy. 
2. Music. To make a transcription of. — traii-scrib'er, n. 

tran'script (tran'sknpt), n. [L. transcriptum, neut. p. p. 
of transcribere.2 l.That which has been transcribed. 
2. A copy of any kind ; imitation. — Syn. See duplicate. 

tran-SCrip'tion (tran-skrip'shun), n. 1. A transcribing. 2. 
A copy ; transcript. 3. Music. An arrangement of a com- 
position for an instrument or voice other than that for 
which it was originally written ; adaptation. 

trans-CUr'rent (trans-kur'ent),a._ [L.transcurrens,-entis, 
p. pr., running across.] Extending transversely. 

tran-sect' (tran-sekt'), v. t. [trans- + L. secare, sectum, 
to cut.] To cut across or transversely ; divide by passing 
across. — tran-sec'tion (-sek'shwn), n. 

tran'sept (tran'sept), n. [trans- + L. septum, saeptum, 
an inclosure.] Arch. The part of a cruciform church 
crossing at right angles to the greatest length, between the 
nave and the apse or choir. Projecting arms of this part, 
as in Gothic churches, are ofteg called the transepts. 

trans'e-unt (tran'se-unt), a. [L. transiens, -euntis, p. pr. 
of transire to go over.] Passing from one to another; 
transient (in sense 1) ; as, a transeunt cause. 

trans-f er' (trans-fur'), v. t. ; -ferred' (-f urd') ; -fer'ring. 
[L. transferre ; trans -f- ferre to bear.] 1. To convey from 
one place or person to another ; transport. 2. To make over 
the possession or control of ; make transfer of, as a title to 
land. 3. To print or otherwise copy from one surface to 
another. — Syn. Sell, give, alienate. — v. i. To change 
from one car, line, or the like, to another for continuing 
one's journey on a transfer (see transfer, to., 4). 

trans'fer (trans'fur), to. 1. Act of transferring, or state of 
being transferred. 2. That which is transferred ; specif. : 
a A picture or the like removed from one body or ground 
to another, b A drawing or writing printed in reverse from 
one surface on another. 3. A telegraphic order to pay to 
one party an amount of money deposited by another in a 



distant office. ^ 4. In American street railway practice, a 
ticket given without extra charge to a passenger entitling 
him to continue his journey on another route. 

trans-f er'a-ble (trans-f ur'd-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being 
transferred. 2. Negotiable. [made. 

trans'fer-ee' (trans'fer-e'), to. One to whom a transfer is 

trans'fer-ence (trans'fer-ens ; trans-f ur'ens), to. Act of 
transferring; conveyance; transfer. 

trans'fer-en'tial (trans'fer-en'shal), a. Pertaining to trans- 
ference ; involving a transfer or conveyance. 

trans-f er 'or (trans-fur'er), to. A transferrer ; — in legal use. 

trans-fer'rer, to. One who, or that which, transfers. 

trans-fig'u-ra'tion (-fig'u-ra'shun), to. 1. A change of 
form or appearance ; esp., the supernatural change in 
Christ's personal appearance on the mount (Matt, xvii., 
1-9). 2. [cap.~] A feast (Aug. 6) commemorating this. 

trans-fig'ure (-fig'dr), v. t. ; -fig'ured (-urd) ; -ur-ing (-fir- 
ing). [F. transfigurer, L. transfigurare.~] 1. To bring 
about a transfiguration of ; change the form or appearance 
of ; metamorphose ; transform. 2. To change to something 
exalted and glorious. — Syn. See transform. 

trans-fix' (-fiks'), v. t. [L. transfixus, p. p. of transfigere 
to transfix.] To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon ; 
impale. — trans-fix'ion (-flk'shun), n. 

trans'flu-ent (trans'floo-ent ; 86), a. [L. transfluens, p. pr. 
See fluent.] Flowing or running across or through. 

trans'flux (-fluks), to. A flowing through, across, or beyond. 

trans-form' (-form'), v. t. [L. transformare.~] To change 
in form ; metamorphose ; specif. : a To change in outward 
shape or semblance ; as, a caterpillar transformed into a 
butterfly, b To change into another substance ; transmute. 
C To change in nature, disposition, heart, etc. ; convert. 
d Math. To change the form of, as an algebraic expression, 
without altering the value, e Elec. To change (a current) 
in potential or in type, f To change (one form of energy) 
into another, as mechanical energy into electricity. 
Syn. Transform, transfigure, transmute, convert, 
metamorphose. Transform, the general word, implies a 
thorough or radical change, whether in appearance or na- 
ture ; transfigure, which is strongly influenced by Biblical 
usage, suggestsanexaltationor glorification ; as, Circe trans- 
formed some of the companions of Odysseus into beasts ; 
"Jesus . . . was transfigured before them." Transmute 
implies a complete change of nature or substance, esp. from 
lower to higher ; to convert (often interchangeable with 
transmute) is esp. to turn from one state to another ; as, to 
transmute lead into gold ; to convert cider into vinegar. 
Metamorphose suggests a transformation into some- 
thing utterly different, often by or as by enchantment. 

— v. i. To be or become transformed. 

trans'for-ma'tion (-for-ma'shun), to. Act of transforming, 
or state of being transformed ; metamorphosis. 

trans-form'a-tive (trans-for'md-tiv), a. Having power or 
a tendency to transform. 

trans-form'er (-for'mer), to. One who, or that which, 
transforms ; specif., Elec, an apparatus for transforming an 
electric current from a high to a low potential (step-down 
transformer ) or vice versa ( step-up transformer ), 
without changing the current energy ; a converter. The 
term is now usually limited to a stationary non-rotary ap- 
paratus for transforming alternating currents. 

trans-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ing (-fuz'- 
fng). [L. trans fusus, p. p. of transf under e ; trans across 
+ fundere to pour.] 1. To pour, as liquid, out of one ves- 
sel into another. 2. Med. To transfer, as blood, from the 
veins or arteries of one person or animal to those of 
another. 3. To cause to be instilled or imbibed. 

trans-fu'si-ble (-f u'zi-b'l), a. Capable of being transfused. 

trans-fu'sion (-fu'zhun), to. 1. Act of transfusing. 2. 
Hence, a gradual commingling. 3. Med. Act or operation 
of transfusing (see transfuse, sense 2). [transfuse.! 

trans-fll'sive (-fu'siv), a. Tending, or having power, toi 

trans-gress' (trans-gres'), v. t. 1. To overpass (a limit or 
rule). 2. To break or violate, as a law, civil or moral. — 
v. i. To offend against a law ; sin. 

trans-gres'sion (-gresh'wn), to. [L. transgressio, lit., a 
going across, fr. transgredi, -gressus, to step across, go 
over ; trans + gradi to step, walk.] Act of transgressing ; 
esp., violation of a law or known principle of rectitude ; sin. 
— Syn. Fault, offense, crime, misdeed. 

trans-gres'sive (-gres'iv), a. Disposed or tending to trans- 
gress ; faulty. — trans-gres'sive-ly, adv. 

trans-gres'sor (-gres'er), to. One who transgresses. 

tran-ship', tran-ship'ment, etc. Vars. of transship, etc. 

tran'sience (tran'shens), to. The action or fact of quickly 
passing by or away ; also, the quality or state of being tran- 
sient, or passing ; as, the transience of time. [sient.j 

tran'sien-cy (-shen-si), to. Quality or state of being tran-| 

tran'sient (-shent), a. [L. transiens, p. pr.of transire, tran- 
situm, to go or pass over ; trans -f- ire to go.] 1. Transi- 
tive ; passing over (to) ; as, a transient activity. 2. Passing 
quickly across the line of vision ; hence : ephemeral ; fleet- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, izjk; (hen, thin; nahjre, verdure (87); 



TRANSIENTLY 



1021 



TRANSPIRE 



ing ; brief ; as, a transient view, passion, evil. 3. Staying 
for a short time ; not regular or permanent ; as, transient 
boarders. Colloq., U. S. 

Syn. Transient, transitory, fugitive, fleeting, ephem- 
eral, evanescent, momentary. Transient and transi- 
tory are often interchangeable ; but transient oftener em- 
phasizes the fact, transitory, the (often inherent) quality, 
of brief duration ; as, transient sorrows ; this transitory life. 
Fugitive and fleeting apply to that which passes swiftly, 
and is gone ; that is evanescent which quickly vanishes ; 
as, forms are fugitive ; some fleeting fancy ; evanescent emo- 
tions. That is momentary which is but for a moment ; 
that is ephemeral which is short-lived. 
— n. One who, or that which, is transient ; specif., Colloq., 
U. S., a transient guest or boarder. — tran'sient-ly, adv. 
— tran'sient-ness, n. 
trans'it (tran'slt), n. [L. transitus, fr. transire to go 
across.] 1. Passage through or over ; transition. 2. Act or 
process of causing to pass; conveyance. 3. Astron. a 
Passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place, or 
through the field of a telescope, b Passage of a smaller 
body across the disk of a larger one. 4. Surv. The common 
variety of theodolite, in which the telescope can be turned 
over about its horizontal transverse axis ; — called in full 
transit theodolite. 

transit instrument, a Astron. A telescope mounted at 
right angles to a horizontal axis, — used in connection with 
a clock for observing the time of transit of a heavenly body 
over the meridian of a place, b Surv. = transit, n., 4. 
tran-si'tion (tran-sizh'zin), n. [L. traiisitio.~\ 1. Passage 
from one place, state, or act to another ; change. 2. Music. 
A passing from one key to another ; a modulation. _ 
tran-si'tion-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to transition ; in- 
volving or denoting transition ; as, transitional moods ; in 
a transitional stage. — tran-si'tion-al-ly, adv. 
tran'si-tive (tran'si-tiv), a. 1. Having power to make a 
transit, or passage. 2. Gram. Passing over to an object ; 
expressing an action as not limited to the agent or subject, 
but ending in a direct object. — tran'si-tive-ly, adv. 
tran'si-to-ry (tran'si-to-n), a. Continuing only for a short 
time ; fleeting ; evanescent. — Syn. See transient. — 
tran'si-to-ri-ly (-n-lT), adv. — to-ri-ness, n. [lated.| 
trans-lat'a-ble (trans-lat'd-b'l), a. Capable of being trans-| 
trans-late' (trans-lat'), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. 
[F. translater, fr. LL., fr. L. translatus, used as p. p. of 
transferre to transfer.] 1. To bear, remove, or change from 
one place, condition, etc., to another ; transfer ; specif. : a 
Eccl. To transfer (a bishop) from one see to another, b To 
remove to heaven without a natural death. 2. To trans- 
form. 3. To render into another language ; broadly, to 
interpret into another medium. 4. Mech. To impart 
translation to. See translation, 3. 5. Teleg. To repeat or 
forward (a message) by translation. — v. i. 1. To make a 
translation. 2. Teleg. To repeat or forward .messages by 
translation. 
trans-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 1. Act of translating, or trans- 
ferring. 2. Act of translating, or rendering into another 
language or medium ; also, the result of this ; specif., an 
interpretation of something into a different medium ; a 
version ; as, a translation of the Bible. 3. Mech. Motion 
in which all the points of the moving body have at any 
instant the same velocity and direction of motion ; — 
opp. to rotation. 4. Teleg. Automatic repeating or for- 
warding of messages, as by means of a relay connected with 
a further section of the line. — Syn. See paraphrase. 
trans-la'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, translates. 
trans-lit'er-ate (-lit'er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 
[trans- -f- L. litera, littera, letter.] To express, represent, 
or spell in the characters of another alphabet. — trans- 
lit'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 
trans-lo'cate (-lo'kat), v. t.; -cat-ed (-kat-ed); -cat-tng 
(-kat-ing). To change the location or position of; dislo- 
cate ; displace. — trans'lo-ca'tion (trans'lo-ka'shim), n. 
trans-lu'cence (-lu'sens), n. The action or fact of partially 
transmitting light ; a shining through ; also, translucency. 
trans-lu'cen-cy (-sen-si), n. The quality or state of being 

translucent. 
trans-lu'cent (trans-lii'sent), a. [L. translucens, -entis, 
p. pr. of translucere to shine through.] Transmitting light 
imperfectly ; — said of substances, as ground glass, through 
which objects cannot be distinctly seen ; imperfectly trans- 
parent. — Syn. See transparent. lu'cent-ly, adv. 

trans'ma-rine' (trans'md-ren'K a. [L. transmarinus ; 
trans beyond + mare sea.] Being, coming from, or pass- 
ing beyond, the sea. 
trans'mi-grant (trans'mT -grant), a. [L. transmigrans, p. 
pr. See transmigrate.] Migrating or passing from one 
place or state to another. — n. One who transmigrates. 
trans'mi-grate (trans'mi-grat), v. i. [L. transmigrare, 
transmigratum ; trans + migrare to migrate.] 1. To 
migrate from one country or jurisdiction to another. 2. 
To undergo transmigration. — trans'mi-gra'tor (-gra'- 
ter), to. — trans-mi'gra-to-ry (trans-mi'grd-to-rT), a. 



trans'mi-gra'tion (trans'mi-gra'shun), n. 1. Migration 

from one country to another. 2. Metempsychosis. 
trans-mis'si-ble (trans-mTs'i-b'l), a. Capable of being 

transmitted. — trans-mis'si-bil'i-ty (-T-bTl'i-ti), n. 
trans-mis'sion (-mish'iin), n. [L. transmissio. See 
transmit.] 1. Act of transmitting, or state of being trans- 
mitted. 2. Mach. The gear, including the change-speed 
gear and the propeller shaft or driving chain (or chains), by 
which the power is transmitted from the engine of an auto- 
mobile to the live axle ; sometimes, any one of these parts. 
trans-mis'sive (-mis'Tv), a. Capable of transmitting, or of 

being transmitted ; also, transmitted ; derived. 
trans-mit' (-m!t'), v. t. ; -mit'ted ; -ting. [L. transmitter e, 
-missum ; trans + mittere to send.] 1. To cause to pass 
over or through ; transfer ; pass on ; as, to transmit dis- 
patches. 2. To suffer to pass through ; conduct ; as, glass 
transmits light. — trans-mit'ti-ble (-i-b'l), a. 
trans-mit'tal (trans-mit'dl), n. Transmission. 
trans-mit'ter (-mit'er), n. One who, or that which, trans- 
mits ; specif., that portion of a telegraphic or telephonic 
instrument by means of which a message is sent. 
trans-mog'ri-fy (-mog'rT-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing 
(-fl'ing). [A humorous coinage.] To transform. Colloq. 
trans-mon'tane (-mon'tan), a. Lying beyond or crossing 

a mountain or mountains. 
trans-mut'a-ble (-mut'd-b'l), a. Capable of being trans- 
muted ; transformable. — trans-mut'a-bil'i-ty (-d-bTl'i- 
ti), trans-mut'a-ble-ness, n. — trans-mut'a-bly, adv. 
trans'mu-ta'tiqn (trans'mu-ta'shun), n. 1. A transmut- 
ing ; state of being transmuted ; as, transmutation of met- 
als. 2. Biol. Evolution. Rare. 3. Alternating change ; 
as, the transmutations of fortune. 

transmutation of metals, the conversion of metals one 
into another, esp. of base metals into gold or silver, which 
was one of the aims of alchemy. 
trans-mute' (-mOt'), v. t.; -mut'ed (-mut'ed); -mut'ing. 
[L. transmutare, -mutatum ; trans- -j- mutare to change.] 
To change from one nature, form, or substance into an- 
other ; transform. — Syn. See transform. mut'er, n. 

tran'som (tran'sum), n. [Prob. fr. L. transtrum a cross- 
beam, transom, fr. trans across.] 1. A transverse beam or 
piece, as a horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, 
etc. 2. A window above a door or another window, built 
on, and commonly hinged to, a transom. Chiefly U. S. 3. 
Shipbuilding. Any of several transverse timbers or beam* 
secured to the sternpost. 
transom window. 1. A window divided horizontally by a 

transom or transoms. 2. = transom, to., 2. 
trans'pa-cif r ic (trans'pd-sTf'ik), a. Lying beyond or cross- 
ing the Pacific. 
trans'pa-dane 7 (trans'pd-dan'), a. [L. transpadanus ; 
trans across -f- Padus the Po.] On the farther (north) 
side of the river Po from Rome. 

trans-par'en-cy (trans-par'en-sT), to.; pi. -ctes (-sTz). 1. 
Also, Rare, trans-par'ence (-ens). Quality or state of being 
transparent. 2. That which is transparent ; esp., a picture 
or the like, as on glass, shown by light shining through it. 
trans-par'ent (-ent), a. [F., fr. LL. iransparens, -entis, 
p. pr. of transparere to be transparent ; L. trans across, 
through + par ere to appear.] 1. Transmitting light nearly 
perfectly ; — said of substances, as glass, through which 
objects can be distinctly seen ; diaphanous ; pellucid. Op- 
posed to opaque. 2. Open in texture or mesh so as to admit 
the passage of light ; as, a transparent gauze veil. 3. Per- 
spicuous ; clear, as a statement. 4. Luminous ; bright. Ar- 
chaic. — trans-par'ent-ly, adv. 

Syn. Transparent, translucent, lucent, lucid, pellu- 
cid, diaphanous, limpid, luminous, lustrous. That is 
transparent through which objects can be clearly dis- 
cerned ; that is translucent which admits the passage of 
light, but does not permit objects to be distinctly seen 
through it. Lucent (chiefly poetical) is sometimes equiva- 
lent to translucent, sometimes to luminous. Lucid (chiefly 
poetical, except in its fig. use) is sometimes equivalent to 
transparent, sometimes to bright, luminous. Pellucid and 
diaphanous belong to literary rather than to ordinary 
language ; pellucid suggests crystal clearness ; diaphanous 
sometimes impliesdelicacy as well as transparency. Limpid 
suggests esp. soft clearness, as of pure water. That is 
luminous which is full of light, or which emits light ; lus- 
trous implies sheen or refulgence. Transparent, lucid, pel- 
lucid, limpid, and luminous are also used fig., esp. of liter- 
ary expression ; as, the transparent clearness of his style ; 
lucid arrangement ; pellucid simplicity ; a simple, limpid 
style ; a luminous interpretation. See clear. 
tran-spic'u-OUS (tran-spik'u-its), a. [L. transpicere to see 
or look through.] Transparent. Rare. [trate ; transfix. 
trans-pierce' (trans-pers'), v. t. To pierce through ; pene- 
tran'spi-ra'tion (traVspT-ra'shlm), to. Act or process of 

transpiring, as in exhalation. 

tran-spire' (tran-splr'), v.i.; -spired' (-splrd'); -spir'- 
ing (-splr'ing). [F. transpirer; L. trans + spirare to 
breathe.] 1. To pass through, or out of, a body, as gases or 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. 4- combined with. «= equals, 



< 



N 



TRANSPLANT 



1022 



TRAVELER 







R 



liquids through capillary tubes ; specif., to pass off as vapor 
or insensible perspiration ; exhale. 2. Plant Physiol. To 
emit or exhale watery vapor, as from the surface of green 
tissues in plants. 3. To emerge from secrecy; become 
known ; leak out, as a story or a fact. 
ISF'The use of transpire in the sense of happen, occur, 
is a misuse, and should be avoided. 

— v. t. To excrete, as vapor ; exhale ; perspire. 

trans-plant' (trans-plant'), v. t. [L. transplantare ; trans 
over + plantare to plant.] To remove and plant, settle, 
or fix in another place. — trans'plan-ta'tion (trans'plan- 
ta'shun), n. — trans-plant'er (trans-plan'ter), n. 

trans-port' (trans-port' ; 57), v. t. [F. transporter, ~L.trans- 
portare ; trans across + portare to carry.] 1. To carry 
from one place to another ; transfer. 2. Specif. : a To ban- 
ish, as to a penal colony, b To convey from earth to the 
other world. Obs. 3. To carry away or overcome with vehe- 
ment emotion ; frenzy ; ravish. — Syn. See banish. 

trans'port (trans'port ; 57), n. 1. Transportation ; con- 
veyance. 2. A vessel used in transportation, esp. of soldiers, 
etc. 3. A convict transported, or sentenced to exile. 4. 
Vehement emotion ; rapture. — Syn. See ecstasy. 

trans-port'a-ble (trans-por'td-b'l), a. Capable of being 
transported; also, incurring, or liable to, punishment by 
transportation. — trans-port'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

trans'por-ta'tion (trans'por-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of trans- 
porting, or state of being transported. 2. Banishment to a 
penal colony. Cf. deportation. 3. A ticket, pass, or the 
like, required to secure transportation on a public convey- 
ance. Cant. — Syn. Removal; conveyance. [ports.] 

trans-port'er (-por'ter), n. One who, or that which, trans-] 

trans-pos'al (trans-poz'al), n. Transposition. 

trans-pose' (-poz'), v. t.; -posed (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- 
Jng). [F. transposer ; trans- (L. trans ) + poser to put. 
See 2d pose.] 1. To remove ; transfer. 06s. 2. To change 
the relative place or order of ; exchange in position ; as, to 
transpose letters or words. Abbr., tr. 3. Gram. To change 
the natural order of, as words. _ 4. To transform ; trans- 
mute. Rare. 5. Algebra. To bring, as a term of an equa- 
tion, from one side to the other with changed sign. 6. 
Music. To change the key of. — trans-pos'er (-poz'er).n. 

trans'po-si'tion (trans'po-zish'un), n. [F. See trans-; 
position.] Act of transposing, or state of being trans- 
posed. — trans'po-si'tion-al (-dl), a. 

trans-Shape' (trans-shap'), v. t. To transform. Rare. 

trans-ship' (-ship'), v. t. Also tran-ship' (tran-). To trans- 
fer from one ship or conveyance to another. — trans-ship'- 
ment (-ment), tran-ship'ment (tran-), n. 

tran'sub-stan'ti-ate (tran'sub-stan'shi-at), v. t.; -at'ed 
(-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. transubstantiatus, p. p. of tran- 
substantiare to transubstantiate ; L. trans + substantia 
substance.] 1. To change into another substance ; trans- 
form ; transmute. 2. Theol. To cause transubstantiation of. 

tran'SUD-Stan / ti-a'tion (-a'shun),n. A transubstantiating, 
or state of being transubstantiated ; specif., Theol., the 
change, by and at the consecration of the elements in the 
Eucharist, of the bread and wine into the body and blood 
of Christ, as held by the Roman Catholic Church, and dis- 
tinguished from consubstantiation and impanation. 

tran-su'date (tran-sii'dat), n. A transuded substance. 

tran'su-da'tion (tran'su-da'sh&n), n. 1. Act or process of 
transuding. 2. A transudate. — tran-SU'da-to-ry, a. 

tran-sude' (tran-sud'), v. %.; -sud'ed (-sud'ed); -sud'ing. 
[trans- + L. sudare to sweat.] To pass, as perspirable 
matter does, through the pores or interstices of textures. 

trans-ver'sal (trans-vur'sdl), a. [See transverse.] Run- 
ning or lying across ; transverse. — n. Geom. A line that 
traverses or intersects any system of lines. 

trans-verse' (-vurs'), a. [L. transversus, p. p. of transver- 
tere to turn across; trans across + vertere to turn.] 
Lying or being across ; athwart. — trans-verse'ly, adv. 
transverse process, Anat. & Zo'dl., a lateral process of 
a vertebra. See vertebra, Illust.^ 

trans-verse' (trans-vurs' ; trans'vurs), n. 1. Anything 
transverse or athwart. 2. Geom. The longer, or transverse, 
axis of an ellipse. 

trap (trap), v. t. ; trapped (trapt) or, Rare, trapt ; trap'- 
ping. To dress with ornaments ; adorn. — n. 1. In pi. Per- 
sonal belongings ; goods ; luggage. Colloq. 2. Any worth- 
less or worn-out thing. Colloq. 

trap, n. Also trap rock. [Sw. trapp.] Any of various dark- 
colored, fine-grained, igneous rocks, including esp. basalt, 
diabase, amygdaloid, etc. 

trap, n. [AS. treppe.] 1. A device, as a pitfall, snare, or 
machine that shuts suddenly, as with a spring, for taking 
game, etc. ; a gin. 2. A device to catch one unawares ; 
stratagem ; snare ; a gin. 3. A wooden instrument shaped 
somewhat like a shoe, used in playing trapball. 4. A ma- 
chine for throwing into the air balls, clay pigeons, etc., to 
be shot at. 5. Any of various devices permitting one kind 
of thing to pass through while restraining another; specif., 
a bend or partitioned chamber, as in a drainpipe, in which 




the liquid forms a seal to prevent the passage of sewer gas, 
etc. 6. A wagon ; specif., a light two-wheeled one-horse 
carriage. Colloq. — Syn. See snare. 

— v. t. 1. To catch or take in a trap. 2. To insnare ; take 
by stratagem, as a foe. 3. To provide with a trap or traps ; 
as, to trap a drain. — v. i. To set traps for game. 

tra-pan' (trd-pan'), tre-pan' (tre-), n. [OF. trapan plank.] 
A snare ; stratagem ; also, a deceiver or trickster. Obs. or 
Archaic. — v. t. To snare ; entrap. Obs. or Archaic. 

trap'balF (trap'bol'), n. An old game of ball played with a 
trap ; also, the ball used in the game. See trap, n., 3. 

trap'dpor' (trap'dor'; 57), n. A lifting or sliding door 
covering an opening in a roof or floor. 

tra-peze' (trd-pez'), n. [F. trapeze."] 1. Geom. — tra- 
pezium. 2. Gymnastic Apparatus. A short horizontal 
bar suspended by two parallel ropes, one at each end. 

tra-pe'zi-um (-pe'zi-wm), n. ; pi. E. -ziums (-ftmz), L. -zia 

" (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. Tpairittov a little ta- 
ble, an irregular four-sided figure, de- 
riv. of rkrpa four + xef a foot.] Geom. 
A plane figure formed by four straight 
lines of which no two are parallel. 

trap'e-ZO-he'dron (trap'e-zo-he'dron ) , 
n. ; pi. E. -drons (-dronz), L. -hedra 
(-he'drd). [NL. ; trapezium + Gr. ttpa Trapezium, 
a seat, base.] Cryst. A form whose faces are trapeziums. 

trap'e-ZOid (trap'e-zoid), n. [Gr. rpairetoeiSr)* trapezoid- 
shaped ; Tpcnrej a table + elSbs shape, likeness.] Geom. 
A plane four-sided figure with two parallel sides. — trap'- 
e-zoid, trap'e-zoi'dal (-zoi'ddl), a. 

trap'pe-an (trap'e-dn; trd-pe'dn), a. Geol., etc. Of, pert, 
to, or of the nature of, trap or trap rock. 

trap'per (trap'er), n. One who traps ; esp., one who makes 
a business of trapping animals for their furs. 

trap'pings (-Tngz), n. pi. Ornamental housings for a horse ; 
hence : ornaments ; dress ; superficial decorations. 

Trap'pist (trap'ist), n. [F. trappiste.] R. C. Ch. A monk 
of a reformed branch of the Cistercian Order, established in 
1660 at the monastery of La Trappe, in Normandy. The 
discipline of this order is extremely austere, including per- 
petual silence. The Trappists were introduced permanently 
into the United States in 1848. [trap, or trap rock.l 

trap'pous (trap'ws), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling! 

trap shooting. Shooting at pigeons liberated, or glass 
balls or clay pigeons sprung, from a trap. — trap shooter. 

trash (trash), v. t. To hold back by a trash, or leash ; hence : 
to retard, encumber, or restrain. — n. A collar, leash, or 
halter used to trash a dog ; hence, any hindrance. 

trash, n. 1. That which is worthless ; rubbish ; refuse. 2. 
Broken or torn pieces, or such as have been lopped off in 
preparing anything for use, esp., cuttings, twigs, and leaves 
of trees, etc. ; specif., bruised sugar cane, after the juice 
has been expressed. 3. A worthless or disreputable person ; 
also, and now only, collectively, the class of such persons ; 
rabble ; riffraff. — v. t. 1. To free from trash or refuse ; 
hence : to lop ; crop, as trees. 2. To treat as trash ; discard. 

trash'y (trash'jQ, a.; trash'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. Like 
trash ; containing much trash ; waste ; worthless ; useless. 
— trash'i -ly (-1-I1), adv. — trash'i-ness, n. 

trass (tras), n. [D. tras or G. trass, prob. fr. It. terrazzo 
terrace.] A light-colored volcanic tufa resembling pozzuo- 
lana in composition, sometimes used as a hydraulic cement. 

trau'ma (tro'md), n.; pi. -mata (-td). [NL., fr. Gr. rpav- 
fia.] Med. An injury or wound. 

trau-mat'ic (tro-mat'ik), a. [L. traumaticus, Gr. rpavpar- 
i/cos, fr. rpavp,a, rpavparos, a wound.] Med. Of, pertaining 
to, or due to, a wound or injury ; vulnerary. 

trau'ma-tism (tro'md-tiz'm), n. Med. Morbid condition 
of the system due to a trauma ; improperly, a trauma. 

trav'ail (trav'al), v. i. [OF. traveillier, travaillier, to la- 
bor, toil, be in labor, torment, LL. trepalium an instru- 
ment of torture.] 1. To toil. Archaic. 2. To suffer the 
pangs of childbearing. — n. 1. Labor ; toil ; severe exer- 
tion. Now Rare. 2. Parturition. 3. Agony ; racking pain. 

trave (trav), n. [ME. trave (in sense 2).] 1. A cross- 
beam ; also, a division, as in a ceiling, made by crossbeams. 
2. A frame to confine an unruly horse or ox while shoeing. 

trav'el (trav'el), v. i.; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or 
-el-ling. [Same word as travail."] 1. To pass ; go ; move 
from point to point. 2. Mech. To move in a given direction 
or path, or through a given distance, as a piston. 3. To 
pass to a distant place, or to many places ; journey. 4. To 
journey for a business house. 5. To go on foot; walk. 
Colloq. or Dial. Eng. — v. t. To journey over or through. 

— n. 1. Act of traveling ; passage ; movement. 2. Mach. 
Motion, esp. reciprocating motion ; also, length of stroke, 
as of a piston. 3. A journey or journeying. 4. Number or 
amount of persons, or of vehicles, trains, etc., passing or 
traveling ; traffic. 

trav'el-er, trav'el-ler (-el-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
travels. 2. A traveling commercial agent. 3. Naut. a An 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TRAVERSAL 



1023 



TREBLY 



iron ring sliding along a rope, bar, spar, or the like, b A 
bar or rod on the deck on which such a ring or a block 
slides. 4. In a retail store, or shop, having several depart- 
ments, a blank on which are entered a customer's purchases 
in different departments so that they all may be paid for or 
charged together. 

trav'ers-al (trav'er-sal), n. Act of traversing or crossing. 

trav'erse (-ers), a. [OF. travers, L. transversus, p. p. of 
transvertere to turn or direct across.] Lying across ; trans- 
verse. — (trav'ers ; trd-vurs'), adv. Across ; crosswise. 

— (trav'ers), v. t. ; -ersed (-erst) ; -ersing. 1. To lay cross- 
wise ; cause to cross. 2. To cross in opposition ; thwart, as 
a plan or opinion. 3. To cross in traveling ; as, to traverse 
the continent. 4. To pass over and examine ; survey care- 
fully ; as, to traverse a subject. 5. Chiefly Technical. To 
move or turn laterally, as a cannon, a lathe carriage, etc. 
6. Law. In pleading, to deny formally (an allegation of 
fact) ; impeach the validity of (an inquest of office). 
to traverse a yard, Naut., to brace a yard fore and aft. 

— v. i. 1. To move across or over ; cross over ; also, to cross 
to and fro ; pace, step, or run back and forth. 2. Fencing. 
To use the posture or motions of opposition. 3. To move 
or turn laterally ; swivel. 

— n. 1. Something that traverses, or crosses ; as : a Arch. 
• (1) Any lateral member or structure, as a transom, railing, 

etc., used as a barrier. See chambranle. (2) A cross 
gallery or loft of communication, b Mach. A traversing, or 
lateral, movement, as of the saddle of a lathe carriage ; 
also, a device for imparting such movement. C Surv. A 
line surveyed across a plot of ground. 2. Something that 
crosses, thwarts, or obstructs. 3. Law. A formal denial of 
some particular matter of fact alleged by the opposite 
party. 4. Act of traversing, or crossing; also, a passage 
across, or that which crosses ; specif., Fort., a parapet 
thrown up across an exposed passage, or open space of a 
work. — trav'ers-a-ble, a. — trav'ers-er (-er-ser), n. 

trav'er-tine (-er-tTn), n. [F. travertin, fr. It. travertino, 
tivertino, fr. L. lapis Tiburinus, fr. Tibur (now Tivoli) in 
Latium.] Min. A concretionary calcium carbonate, formed 
by deposit ; calcareous tufa. 

trav'es-ty (-es-ti), a. [F. travesti, p. p. of travestir to dis- 
guise, travesty, fr. It., fr. L. trans across + vestire to 
dress.] Disguised so as to be ridiculous ; burlesque. — 
n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). A burlesque translation or imitation, as 
of a literary work ; also, any grotesque likeness. — Syn. See 
caricature. — v. t.; -tied (-tid) ; -ty-ing. To represent, 
translate, or imitate, so as to make ridiculous ; burlesque. 

tra-vois' (tra-voi' ; -ywa'), n. A primitive vehicle of the 
North American Indians, usually two trailing poles serving 
as shafts and bearing a platform or net for a load. 

trawl (trol), v. i. & t. To fish or catch with a trawl ; also, 
to troll. — n. 1. A long fishing line, anchored at the ends, 
having many short lines bearing hooks. 2. A large bag net 
dragged at the bottom in sea fishing. [by trawling. | 

trawl'er (-er),ra. 1. One that trawls. 2. A vessel that fishesj 

tray (tra), n. [AS. trig or treg.~\ 1. A shallow trough, 
bowl, or basket for domestic uses. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. 
Any of various shallow receptacles ; as, a peddler's tray ; a 
tray of diamonds ; a trunk tray ; specif., a fiat plate, as of 
tin, silver, or papier-mache, with a low rim. 

treach'er-ous (trech'er-ws), a. 1. Using or involving treach- 
ery ; violating allegiance or faith pledged ; traitorous. 2. 
Seemingly good, sound, honest, etc., but in reality the op- 
posite ; deceiving ; untrustworthy ; as, treacherous sands. 
— Syn. Faithless, perfidious, false, insidious, plotting. 
See disloyal. — treach'er-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, n. 

freach'er-y (-!), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). [OF. trecherie, tri- 
cherie, deceit, fr. tricher to cheat, trick.] Violation of alle- 
giance or of faith and confidence ; perfidy ; treason. 

trea'cle (tre'k'l), n. [OF. triacle, fr. L. theriaca an anti- 
dote against venom, Gr. OrjpiaKT), fr. drjplov wild beast.] 1. 
Old Med. A remedy against poison. 2. A sovereign reme- 
dy ; cure. Obs. 3. Molasses, specif, that got in sugar refin- 
ing ; — the common name in England for molasses. — 
trea'cly (tre'kli), a. 

tread (tred), v. i.; pret. trod (trod) ; p. p. trod'den, trod 
(trod''n, trod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. tread'ing. [AS. tredan.'] 

1. To set the foot ; step. 2. To press or be set ; — often 
with on or upon. 3. To walk ; go on foot. — v. t. 1. To 
step or walk on ; as, to tread a path. 2. To beat or press 
with the feet ; trample ; as, to tread grapes. 3. To execute 
by dancing, walking, or the like ; as, to tread a measure. 4. 
To trample, as under the foot ; subdue. 5. To copulate 
with ; — said of male birds. 

— n. 1. A step or stepping ; pressure with the foot ; footstep. 

2. Manner of stepping ; gait, as of a horse. 3. A place made 
by, or part provided for, treading or standing upon ; specif. : 
a The upper horizontal part of a step, b (1) The part of a 
wheel that bears on the road or rail. (2) A wheel track in a 
road, or the part of a rail on which car wheels bear. 4. The 
cicatricle or the chalaza of a bird's egg. — tread'er, n. 




trea'dle (tred''!), n. [AS. tredel a step.] A swiveling or le- 
ver device pressed by the foot to operate a machine. — 
v. i. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (tred'ling). To operate a treadle. 

tread'mill / (tred'mil'), n. A mill worked by persons tread- 
ing on steps on the periph- 
ery of a wide wheel having 
a horizontal axis. It is 
used, now rarely, chiefly in 
prison discipline. Also, a 
mill worked by horses, dogs, 
etc., treading an endless 
belt. 

trea'son (tre'z'n), n. [OF. 
tra'ison, L. traditio a de- Treadmill, 

livering up. See tradition.] 1. Betrayal of any trust or 
confidence ; treachery ; perfidy. 2. The offense of attempt- 
ing by overt act to overthrow the government of the state 
to which the offender owes allegiance, or (in monarchies) to 
kill or personally injure the sovereign or his family. 
%W Treason against the United States consists " only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving aid and comfort to them" (Const., Art. 3. sec. 3). 

trea'son-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Of, pertaining to, or involving 
treason. — Syn. Treacherous, traitorous, perfidious. — 
trea'son-a-ble-ness, n. — trea'son-a-bly, adv. 

trea'son-OUS (-us), a. Treasonable. 

treas'ure (trezh'ur), n. [F.tresor,L. thesaurus. See the- 
saurus.] 1. Money, jewels, or the like, hoarded up; 
riches ; esp., a store of money in reserve. 2. A thing of great 
worth. — y. t. ; -ured (-tird) ; -ur-ing (-ur-Tng). To collect 
and deposit, as valuables, for future use ; to lay up ; hoard ; 
hence, to cherish. 

treas'ur-er (-ur-er), n. One in charge of a treasure or 
treasury ; specif., an officer who receives the public money 
and disburses it on orders of the proper authority ; also, 
one who has charge of collected funds, as those of private 
societies or business corporations. 

treas'ure-trove' (-trov'), n. [treasure + OF. trove, p. p. 
of trover to find.] Law. Money, bullion, or the like, found 
hidden, the owner of which is not known. 

treas'W-y (trSzh'ur-T), n.; pi. -ies (-iz). 1. A place in 
which stores of wealth are deposited ; esp., a place where 
public revenues are deposited, kept, and disbursed ; hence, 
place of deposit and disbursement of any funds. 2. That 
department of a government which has charge of the 
finances. 3. A thesaurus. 

treasury note. U. S. Finance. A currency note or bill 
issued from the Treasury Department, and receivable in 
payment of dues to the government. 

treat (tret), v. t. [OF. traitier, fr. L. tractare to draw vio- 
lently, handle, manage, treat, fr. trahere to draw.] 1. To 
deal with or handle ; specif.: a To bear one's self toward ; 
as, to treat a horse cruelly, b To deal with or handle, as 
a theme or argument, in writing or speaking or in art. 2. 
To subject to some action, as of a chemical reagent ; as, to 
treat a substance with sulphuric acid ; more loosely, to 
subject to some process, with a special end in view ; manip- 
ulate ; as, to treat ores. 3. To care for medicinally or surgi- 
cally. 4. To pay the expenses of as a compliment or ex- 
pression of regard, etc. ; — commonly used with to; as, to 
treat one to the theater. — v. i. 1. To handle a subject, 
or topic, esp. in writing or speaking ; speak ; discourse ; — 
usually used with of; as, Cicero treats pi old age. 2. To 
negotiate; — often used with with; as, envcys to treat 
with France. 3. To pay a person's expenses as a compli- 
ment or as an expression of regard, etc. 

— n. 1. Entertainment given by one who treats. 2. That 
which affords entertainment ; a gratification ; satisfaction ; 
as, a treat to the eye. — treat'er, n. 

trea'tise (tre'tTs), n. [AF. tretiz, fr. OF., fr. L. trahere, 
tractum, to draw.] 1. Story ; tale. Obs. 2. A written com- 
position on a particular subject, in which its principles are 
discussed or explained. A treatise ordinarily implies more 
attention to form and method than an essay. 

treat'ment (tret'ment), n. Act or manner of treating; 
management ; handling. 

trea'ty (tre'ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. traite, fr. L. tracla- 
tus a handling, treatment.] 1. Act of treating or handling, 
esp. for the adjustment of differences ; negotiation ; — now 
rare exc. in in treaty. 2. An agreement made by negotia- 
tion or diplomacy ; specif., an agreement, league, or con- 
tract made between two or more states or sovereigns and 
solemnly ratified. 3. A proposal ; entreaty. Obs. 

tre'ble (treb''l), a. [OF., fr. L. triplus threefold.] l c 
Threefold ; triple. 2. Music, a Acute ; sharp, b Perform- 
ing, or pert, to, the highest part or most acute sounds ; 
playing or singing treble ; as, a treble voice. 

— n. Music, a The highest of the four voice parts or the 
music for it ; soprano, b A singer or an instrument rendering 
this part. C See under change ringing. 

— v. t. & i.; tre'bled (-'Id) ; tre'bling (treb'lTng). To in- 
crease threefold. — tre'bly (treb'lT), adv. 







^ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc?, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word* + combined with, = equals. 



N 



TREBUCHET 



1024 



TRESTLE 







R 




treb'u-chet (treb'u-shet) \ n. [OF. trebuchet, trebuket, fr. 
tre'buck-et (tre'buk-et) J trebuchier, trebuquier, to 

stumble, trip, fall.] 

A military engine 

used in the Middle 

Ages for throwing 

stones, etc. 
j| tre-cen'to (t r a - 

chen'to), n. & a. 

[It., three hundred, 

abbr. for thirteen 

hundred.] The 

fourteenth century, 

in reference to 

Italian art, litera- 
ture, etc. 
tree (tre), n. [AS. 

treo, treow, tree, 

wood.] 1. A woody 

perennial plant 

having a single 

main stem (trunk), 

commonly exceed- 
ing 10 feet in height. 

2. A cross ; gibbet ; 

gallows ; esp., the 

cross on which 

Christ was cruci- 
fied. Obs. or R. 3. 

A piece of timber, or something commonly made of timber ; 

— chiefly in composition. Hence, short for boot-tree, 
saddletree, etc. 4. Something suggesting a tree with 
stem and branches ; as, a family tree. 5. Chem. A treelike 
aggregation of crystals. 

tree of heaven, an ornamental Asiatic tree (Ailanlhus 
glandulosus) with ill-scented flowers. — t. of life, Bib., in 
Genesis, a tree in the garden of Eden, eating of which gave 
everlasting life ; in Rev. xxii. 2, a tree in the heavenly 
Jerusalem whose leaves are for the healing of the nations. 

— t. of the knowledge of good and evil, Bib., the tree 
in the garden of Eden whose fruit was forbidden to Adam 
and Eve. 

— v. t.; treed (tred) ; tree'ing. 1. To drive to or up a 
tree. 2. To place upon, or fit with, a boot-tree. 

tree fern. Any arborescent fern (esp. of families Cyatheaceas 
and Marattiacese) having a woody trunk or caudex. 

tree frog. Any of various tailless leaping froglike or toadlike 
amphibians (esp. family Ranidse) of arboreal habits. 

tree heath. A shrubby heath {Erica arbor ea) of the Medi- 
terranean and Caucasian region. 

tree'nail', tre'nail' (tre'nal'; colloq., tren''l, trun'T), n. 
[tree + nail.~] A wooden pin, ordinarily made of dry com- 
pressed timber so as to swell in its hole when moistened. 

tree toad. Any of numerous toadlike or froglike amphibians 
(esp. family Hylidse) of arboreal habits ; a tree frog. 

tre'foil (tre'foil ), n. [OF. trefueil, fr. L. trifolium 
tri-, foil.] 1. The clover ; any 
plant of a genus {Trifolium) 
which includes the white clover, 
red clover, etc.; hence, any 
of various other trifoliate faba- 
ceous herbs. 2. Arch. An orna- Trefoils, 2. 

mental foliation of three divisions, or foils. 

treil'lage (trel'aj), n. [F., fr. treille vine arbor, L. trichila 
an arbor.] An espalier ; trellis. Rare. 

trek (trek), v. i.; trekked (trekt) ; trek'king. [D. trek- 
ken.] 1. To draw a load, as do oxen. 2. To travel, esp. by 
ox wagon and to a new home ; migrate. — n. Act of trek- 
king. All Chiefly South Africa. 

trek-om'e-ter (trek-om'e-ter), n. Mil. A field range finder 
used in the British service. 

trel'lis (trel'is), n. [F. treillis trellis, sackcloth, fr. L. tri- 
lix triple-twilled.] A structure or frame of latticework ; 
also, a latticework bower, summerhouse, or the like. — v. t. 

1. To provide with a trellis ; esp.^ to train on a trellis, as 
vines. 2. To cross or interlace as in a trellis ; interweave. 

trel'lis- work' (-wurk'), n. Latticework. 

trem'a-tode (trem'd-tod ; tre'md-), n. [Gr. rpvaaruSris 
having holes; rprjua, rprinaros, hole -\-el5os form.] Zo'dl. 
Any of a class {Trematoda) of parasitic worms including 
the flukes and their allies. — a. Of or pert, to trematodes. 

trem'Dle (trem'b'l), v. %.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling. [F. trem- 
bler, fr. LL., fr. L. tremulus trembling.] 1. To be agitated 
with quick, short, vibratory motions ; shake involuntarily, 
as with fear, cold, emotion, etc. ; shiver ; quiver ; quake. 2. 
To quaver or shake, as sound ; be tremulous ; as, the voice 
trembles. — n. An involuntary shaking or quivering. 

trem'bler (-bier), n. 1. One who, or that which, trembles. 

2. Elec. The vibrating hammer of an interrupter. 
tre-men'dous (tre-men'dus), a. [L. tremendus that is to 

be trembled at, fearful.] 1. Fitted to excite trembling fear 
or terror ; dreadful. 2. Arousing wonderment or awe ; as- 



See 




tonishing ; marvelously great ; — intensive or hyperbolical 

— Syn. See monstrous. — tre-men'dous-ly, adv. 
trem'o-lite (trem'6-llt), n. [From Tremola, a valley in the 

Alps.] Min. A white or gray variety of amphibole, essen- 
tially a calcium magnesium silicate, CaMg3(Si04)3. 

trem'o-lo (trem'o-lo), n.; -pi. tremolos (-loz). [It.] Mu- 
sic, a Rapid fluttering reiteration of a tone or chord with- 
out apparent breaks, b A contrivance in an organ causing 
such an effect ; — called also tremolant and tremulant. 
Also, the stop for this. 

tre'mor (tre'mor ; trem'or), n. [L., fr. tremere to tremble.] 
A trembling ; a shivering ; a quivering or vibratory motion. 

trem'u-lant (trem'u-ldnt) \ a. Tremulous ; trembling ; 

trem'U-lent (trem'u-lent)j shaking. 

trem'U-lOUS (trem'u-lus), a. [L. tremulus.'] 1. Trembling; 
shivering ; quivering. 2. Affected with fear or timidity. — 
trern'u-lous-ly, adv. — trem'u-lous-ness, n. 

tre , nail / . Var. of treenail. 

trench (trench), v. t. [OF. trenchier to cut.] 1. To cut or 
cut up ; also, to carve. Obs. 2. To cut furrows or ditches in. 
3. Mil. To intrench. — v. i. 1. Mil. To intrench. 2. To 
encroach. — Syn. See trespass. — n. 1. A long, narrow 
cut in the earth ; a ditch. 2. Mil. A more or less extended 
narrow ditch or excavation, the earth from which is thrown 
up in its front as a parapet. 

trench'an-cy (tren'chdn-si), n. Quality of being trenchant. 

trench'ant (tren'chant), a. 1. Fitted to trench or cut ; cut- 
ting ; sharp. 2. Keen ; biting ; severe ; as, trenchant wit. — ■ 
Syn. See sharp. — trench'ant-ly, adv. 

trench'er (-cher), n. One who trenches. 

trench'er, n. [F. tranchoir, OF. also trencheor, fr. OF. 
trenchier to cut.] 1. A wooden plate or platter on which to 
carve or serve food. 06s. or Hist. 2. Food ; hence, the 
pleasures of the table. 

trench'er-man (-man), n. 1. A feeder ; eater ; also, usually 
with good, stout, etc., a great eater. 2. One who frequents 
the table of a patron ; a hanger-on. 

trend (trend), v. i. [ME. trenden to roll or turn about, AS. 
trendan.] To have or take a particular direction ; run ; 
tend. — n. Inclination in a particular direction ; tendency. 

|| trente' et qua'rante' (traN'-ta ka/raNt'). [F., lit., thirty 
and foi ty.] Same as rouge et noir ; — so called because 
thirty and forty are respectively the winning and the los- 
ing numbers. 

tre-pan' (tre-pan'), n. [F. trepan, LL. trepanum, fr. Gr. 
rpviravov a borer, trepan.] 1. Surg. A crown saw or cylin- 
drical saw for perforating the skull. See trephine. 2. A 
heavy tool used in boring shafts. — v. t. ; -panned' (-pand') ; 
-pan'ning. 1. Surg. To perforate (the skull) with a trepan, 
so as to relieve the brain from pressure or irritation. 2. 
Mech. To cut out, as a hole, from a solid plate, as by a kind 
of hollow or annular drill. — trep'a-na'tion, n. 

tre-pan'. Var. of trapan. 

tre-pang' (-pang'), n. [Malay tripang.] Any of several 
large holothurians (mostly species of Stichopus and Holo- 
thuria, esp. H. edulis) used by the Chinese in soup. 

tre-phine'(tre-fln' ; -fen'), n. [Alteration of trepan.] Surg. 
An improved kind of trepan. — v. t.; -phined' (-find'; 
-fend') ; -phin'ing. To operate upon with a trephine. 

trep'i-da'tionUrep'i-da'shwn),/!. [F. trepidation, L. trepi- 
datio, fr. trepidare to hurry with alarm, tremble, trepidus 
agitated, alarmed.] 1. A vibration ; trembling, esp. when 
involuntary. 2. Hence, a state of terror, alarm, or trem- 
bling agitation ; perturbation ; fright. 

Wes'pass (treVpds), v. i. [OF. trespasser to go across or 
over, transgress, die, fr. tres- (L. trans across) + passer to 
pass.] 1. Law. To commit a trespass. 2. To intrude ; 
encroach. 3. To injure or annoy another ; transgress vol- 
untarily any divine law or any duty ; offend ; sin. 
Syn. Trespass, encroach, trench, intrench, infringe, 
invade. Trespass implies unwarranted or offensive intru- 
sion. To encroach is to make gradual or stealthy inroads ; 
to trench (less commonly intrench) is to trespass as if by 
cutting into another's territory ; infringe suggests more 
strongly a breach or violation of rights ; invade implies a 
hostile infringement ; as, to encroach upon another's priv- 
ileges ; to trench upon the prerogatives of the House ; to 
infringe a rule of etiquette ; to invade a city's peace. 

— n. 1. Any offense done to another. 2. Any voluntary 
transgression of the moral law or of duty ; sin. 3. Law. An 
unlawful act committed with force and violence (however 
slight) on the person, property, or relative rights of anoth- 
er ; also, the action for injuries done by such an act. — Syn. 
Breach, infringement. — tres'pass-er, n. 

tress (tres), n. [OF. trece, F. tresse.] 1. A braid, lock, or 
curl of hair. 2. Hence, a plait or braid of anything hairlike. 

tressed (trest), a. Having, or formed into, tresses. 

tres'sure (tresh'ur), n. [F. trecheur, trescheur, fr. a dial, 
form of OF. treceor a fillet or band for the hair.] Her. A 
charge like a double orle, usually enriched with fleurs-de-lis. 

tres'tle (treV'l), n. [OF. trestel, fr. L. transtillum a little 
crossbeam.] 1. A kind of stool or horse, usually a horizon- 
tal piece with three or four braced legs. 2. A braced frame 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, Til; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
8se, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, ver<jure (87); 



TRESTLETREE 



1025 



TRICHINIZE 



forming the whole support for a table top, etc. 3. Engin. 
A braced framework of timbers, piles, or steelwork for car- 
rying a road, etc., over a depression. 

tres'tle-tree' (-tre'), n. Naut. A strong bar, usually one of 
two, on the masthead to support the crosstrees and the 
frame of the top ; — chiefly used in pi. 

tres'tle-work' (-wurk'), n. The system of connected tres- 
tles supporting a viaduct, pier, etc. 




Trestlework Viaduct or Bridge. 

tret (tret), n. [F. traite a drawing, tax on wares in transit, 
fr. OF. traire to draw, L. trahere.'} Commerce. An allow- 
ance to purchasers for waste or refuse, after tare is deducted. 

trews (troqz), n. pi. Trousers, esp. those of tartan cloth 
worn by Highlanders. Scot . 

trey (tra), n. [OF. treie, fr. L. tria, neut. pi. of tres three.] 
A card, die, or domino of three spots, or pips. 

tri- (trl-). 1, A prefix from Gr. rpi- or L. tri-, meaning three, 
thrice, threefold; as in tricolor, trz'dentate. 2. Chem. A 
prefix denoting the presence of three atoms or equivalents 
of that signified by the term to which it is prefixed. 

tri'a-ble (trl'd-b'l), a. [From try.] Fit, possible, or liable 
to be tried or subjected to trial. — tri'a-ble-ness, n. 

tri'ad (trl'ad), n. [L. trias, -adis, Gr. rptas, -ados, fr. rpels, 
rpia, three.] 1. A union or group of three, esp. of three 
closely related persons or things. 2. Music. A chord of 
three tones, esp. of a given tone with the third and fifth 
above. 3. Chem. A trivalent atom, radical, or element. — 
tri-ad'ic (trl-ad'ik), a. 

tri'al (trl'al), n. [From try.] 1. Act of trying or testing ; 
test ; proof. 2. An essay ; attempt ; as, a rowing trial ; a 
trial of a horse. 3. State of being tried, or tested ; esp., 
probation by exposure to suffering that tests strength, pa- 
tience, faith, etc. 4. That which tries or afflicts ; a misfor- 
tune or affliction. 5. Law. The formal judicial examination 
of the matter in issue in a cause to determine the issue. 
Syn. Experiment, test, ordeal.— Experiment, trial, test. 
An experiment has for its object esp. the discovery of 
something, or verification or illustration of what is already 
ascertained. Trial and test suggest more definitely that 
something is being put to the proof ; trial is the wider term ; 
a test is a decisive trial or criterion ; as, to make trial of a 
gun ;_ to test the strength of a bridge. 

trial jury. A jury impaneled to try a cause ; petit jury. 

tri'an'gle (tri'arj'g'l), n. [L. triangulum, fr. triangulus 
triangular ; tri- (see tri-) + angulus angle.] 1. Geom. A 
figure (formerly the area, now commonly the three bound- 
ing lines) formed by three lines intersecting by twos in 
three points, and so forming three angles (or sets of angles). 




Triangles. 1 Equilateral ; 2 Isosceles ; 3 Right-angled ; 4 Ob- 
tuse-angled ; 5 Scalene. 1, 2, and 5 are also Acute-angled. 

2. Music. An instrument of percussion, usually made of a 
rod of steel bent to form a triangle open at one angle. It is 
sounded by striking with a small metallic rod. 3. A flat tri- 
angular piece, as of wood or vulcanite, used in drawing. 

tri-an'gu-lar (trl-an'gu-ldr), a. 1. Of, relating to, or con- 
sisting of, a triangle. 2. Of, relating to, or comprising 
three parts, elements, or the like. 

tri-an'gu-late (tri-ar/gu-lat), a. Marked with triangles. — 
(-lat), v. t. 1. To divide into triangles ; specif., to survey 
by triangulation. 2. To make triangular, or three-cornered. 

tri-an'gU-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Surv. The series of trian- 
gles into which any portion of the earth's surface is divided 
in a trigonometrical survey ; also, the operation of deter- 
mining these triangles. 

tri-ap'si-dal (trl-ap'si-dal), a. Arch. Having three apses. 

tri'ar-chy (tri'ar-ki), n.; pi. -cries (-kiz). [Gr. rptapxia.; 
rpi- (see tri-) + apx^v to rule.] Government by three 
persons ; a triumvirate ; also, a country under three rulers. 

Tri'as (trl'as), n. [L., triad. See triad.] Geol. The system 
and the period between the Permian and the Jurassic ; — 
so called from its threefold series of strata in Germany. 

Tri-as'sie (trl-as'ik), a. Geol. Of the age of, or pert, to, the 



Trias. — n. The Triassic period or system ; the Trias. 
The rocks of the system are largely red sandstone. 

tri-at'ic (-at'Tk), a. Naut. A term used in : triatic stay, a 
rope secured to the heads of the foremast and mainmast. 

tri'a-tom'ic (trl'd-tom'ik), a. Chem. a Consisting of three 
atoms ; having three atoms in the molecule, b Trivalent. 
C Having three replaceable atoms or groups. 

tri-ax'i-al (trl-ak'si-dl), a. Having three axes. 

tri-az'ine (-az'in; -en), n. Also -in. Chem. Any of three 
(hypothetical) isomeric compounds, C3H3N3,regarded as de- 
rived from benzene by replacing three CH groups by nitro- 
gen atoms ; any of various derivatives of these. See azine. 

trib'al (trlb'51), a. Of or pert, to a tribe or tribes. 

tri-bas'ic (trl-bas'ik), a. Chem. Having in the molecule 
three hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic at- 
oms or radicals in forming salts or esters, as phosphoric acid. 

tribe (trlb), n. [L. tribus one of the three, later more, di- 
visions of the Roman people, a tribe.] 1. A social group 
comprising a series of families, clans, or generations, de- 
scended from the same ancestor, together with slaves, de- 
pendents, adopted strangers, etc. 2. Hist, a In ancient 
Rome, one of the three (later, four) divisions of the Roman 
people, the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, traditionally 
Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan settlements respectively, b 
One of the phyla? of ancient Athens. 3. Any aggregation of 
people, esp. nomads, believed to be of a common stock and 
acting under a central authority. 4. Any group of persons 
having some common characteristic, occupation, etc. Col- 
loq. 5. Biol. A category of classification equivalent to a 
suborder or ranking just below it ; also, any natural group 
irrespective of taxonomic rank ; as, the cat tribe. 6. Stock 
Breeding. A group of animals descended from some par- 
ticular female progenitor through the female line. 

tribes'man (trlbz'man), n. A member of a tribe. 

tri'brach (trT'brak), n. [L. tribrachys, Gr. rpiPpaxvs of 
three short syllables ; rpi- (see tri-) + fipaxvs short.] Gr. 
& L. Pros. A foot of three short syllables. 

tri-bro'mo-, tribrom-. Chem. A combining form signi- 
fying the presence of three bromine atoms, usually re- 
placing three hydrogen atoms. 

trib'u-la'tion (trib'u-la'shim), n. [F. tribulation, L. trib- 
ulatio, fr. tribulare to press, afflict, fr. tribulum a thresh- 
ing sledge.] 1. A state of distress or affliction. 2. A source 
of distress or affliction ; a trouble ; trial. — Syn. See sorrow. 

tri-bu'nal (trl-bu'ndl), n. [L. tribunal, fr. tribunus trib- 
une (the magistrate).] 1. The seat of a judge. 2. Hence, a 
court of justice. 3. (Sp. pron. tre'boo-nal') [Sp.] In Phil- 
ippine villages, a kind of town hall or municipal building. 

trib'U-na-ry (trib'u-na-ri), a. Of or pertaining to tribunes. 

trib'u-nate (-nat), n. [L. tribunatus.] State, office, or 
function of a tribune ; tribuneship. 

trib'une (tnb'un), n. [F.] A raised platform, seat, or 
stand ; a dais from which an assembly is addressed. 

trib'une, n. [L. tribunus, prop., the chief of a tribe, fr. tri- 
bus tribe.] Roman Hist. Any of various magistrates, esp. 
of certain ones (tribunes of the people) whose specific func- 
tion was to protect the plebeian citizen from the arbitrary 
action of patrician magistrates. — trib'une-ship, n. — 
trib'u-ni'cial (trTb'u-nish'dl), or -ni'tial (-51), a. 

trib'u-ta-ri-ly (trib'u-ta-ri-li), adv. In a tributary manner. 

trib'u-ta-ry (trib'u-ta-ri), a. 1. Paying tribute to another ; 
hence : subject ; subordinate ; as, tributary nations. 2. 
Paid or owed as tribute ; of or pert, to tribute ; as, tributary 
payments. 3. Yielding or carrying supplies, accretion, etc. : 
contributory ; auxiliary ; of streams, affluent. — n. ; pi. 
-rtes (-riz). 1. A ruler or state that pays tribute. 2. A 
stream flowing into a larger stream or into a lake ; a feeder. 

trib'ute (-fit), n. [L. tributum, fr. tribuere, tributum, to 
bestow, pay, allot.] 1. A stated payment from one rider or 
state to another, as an acknowledgment of submission, for 
peace and protection, or by virtue of a treaty ; also, the tax 
levied for, or obligation to make, such payment. 2. Liabil- 
ity or obligation to pay tribute (in sense 1). 3. A personal 
contribution or tax ; impost ; duty ; render. 4. A personal 
contribution of any kind, as of praise, service, etc. 

trice {tx\s),v. t.; triced (trist) ; tric'ing (trls'Tng). To 
haul up or in and secure with a small rope. Chiefly Naut. 

— n. [Prob., orig., a pull, a single pull.] A very short 
time ; instant ; moment ; — now used only in in a trice. 

tri-cen'ni-al (tri-sen'i-dl), a. [L. tricennium thirty years.] 
Of or pert, to 30 years ; occurring once every 30 years. 

tri'ceps (trl'seps), n. [L., three-headed, tres, tria, three -f- 
caput head.] The three-headed extensor muscle at the 
back of the upper arm. 

tri-chi'na (tn-ki'nd), n.; pi. -she. (-ne). [NL., fr. Gr. rplxt- 
vos hairy, made of hair, 0pt£, rpixos hair.] A small slender 
nematode worm (Trichinella spiralis) which, in the larval 
state, is parasitic in the voluntary muscles of man, the 
hog, and many other animals. 

tricn'i-nize (triVi-nlz), v._ t. ; -nized (-nTzd); -niz'ing 
(-nlz'ing). To render trichinous ; affect with trichinae ; — 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equate. 



N 



TRICHINIZATION 



1026 



TRIGGER 







R 



chiefly in p. p. ; as, trichinized pork. — trich'i-ni-za'tion 
(trik'I-ni-za'shwn ; -ni-za/shftn), n. 

trich'i-nosed (trik'i-nozd ; trik'I-nost'). Trichinous. 

trich'i-no'sis (trik'i-no'sis),?!. [NL.] Med. The disease 
caused by trichinae in the intestinal tract and the muscles. 

trich'i-nous (trik'i-nus),_a. Of or pertaining to trichinae 
or trichinosis ; affected with or containing trichinae. 

trich'ite (tnk'Tt), n. [Gr. 6pl%, rpixos, hair.] Petrog. A 
kind of crystallite resembling a bunch of hairs, common in 
obsidian ; — from its form. See crystallite, Illust. 

trich'O- (trik'6-). Combining form fr. Gr. 6pL%, Tpix°s> hair. 

trich'o-cyst (-sist), n. Zodl. Minute organs on the body of 
many infusorians, similar to small nematocysts, but not oc- 
cupying or constituting a separate cell. 

tricli'o-gyne (-jin),n. [F.; tricho- + Gr. ywrj woman.] 
Bot. The filamentous receptive portion of a procarp. 

trich'oid (trik'oid), a. Hairlike. 

tri-chol'o-gy (tri-kol'6-jT), n. Med. The science treating of 
the hair. — tri-chol'o-gist (-jist), n. 

tri'chome (trl'kom ;_trTk'om), n. [Gr. rplx^p-a a growth of 
hair.] Bot. Any epidermal hair structure. — tri-chom'ic 
(tri-kom'ik), a. 

tri-cho'sis (trT-ko'sTs), n. [NL. See tricho- ; -osis.] Med. 
Any disease of the hair. 

tri-chot'o-my (trl-kot'o-mT), n. [Gr. rpi'xa threefold, in 
three parts + -tomy.~\ Division into three parts ; specif., 
the division of man's nature into body, soul, and spirit. — 
tri-chot'o-mous (o-mus), a. 

tri-chro'ic (trl-kro'ik), a. Exhibiting trichroism. 

tri'chro-ism (trl'kro-iz'm), n. [tri- -f- Gr. xp^s color.] 
Physics. The property of some crystals of presenting dif- 
ferent colors in three different directions. 

tri'chro-mat'ic (-mat'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or em- 
ploying three colors ; esp., pert, to or designating the three- 
color process in printing. — tri-Chro'ma-tism ( tri-kro'- 
md-tiz'm), n. 

tri-chro'mic (trl-kro'mik), a. [tri- + Gr. xpcifia color.] 
Of, pert, to, or consisting of, three colors ; trichromatic. 

trick (tnk), n. 1. An artifice; crafty or deceitful contriv- 
ance or procedure. 2. a A dexterous or ingenious feat or 
procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse ; also, a knack ; dexter- 
ity, b An illusion or deception, likened to that of sleight of 
hand. 3. A mischievous or roguish, or sometimes a mean, 
act ; prank. 4. A peculiarity or mannerism. 5. A toy ; 
trifle ; knickkn; ck. Obs. or Dial. U. S. 6. Card Playing. 
The cards pla; ed in one round, collectively. 7. A turn ; 
specif., the sp( il of a sailor at the helm. — Syn. Stratagem, 
wile, ruse, sut terfuge, finesse, sleight ; fraud, cheat, juggle, 
imposition. See artifice. 

— v. t. 1. To deceive by cunning or artifice ; impose on ; 
cheat ; as, to trick another in a sale. 2. To dress ; adorn, 
esp. fancifully ; as, tricked out in silk. 

trick'er (trlk'er), n. One who, or that which, tricks. 

trick'er -y (-er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Act or practice of 
tricking ; artifice ; fraud. 

trick'i-ly (trik'i-lT), adv. In a tricky manner. 

trick'i-ness, n. Quality of being tricky. 

trick'ing, n. Dress ; ornament. 

trick'ish, a. Given to, or characterized by, tricks or trick- 
ery ; knavish. — trick'ish-ly, adv. — trick'ish-ness, n. 

trick'le (trik''l), v. i. ; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). To flow in 
a small gentle stream ; run in drops ; also, to drip, as a spout. 

— to. Act or state of trickling ; also, that which trickles. 
trick'ster (-ster), n. One who tricks ; a deceiver ; cheat. 
trick'sy (-si), a. 1. Trickish ; crafty. R. 2. Prankish ; play- 
ful. 3. Neat ; trim ; dainty. Obs. or R. si-ness, n. 

trick'track' (trik'trak'), n. [F. trictrac.'] A kind of back- 
gammon, [tricks ; trickish ; shifty ; deceptive. 

trick'y (trik'i), a.; trick'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Given to 

tri-clin'ic (trl-klin'Tk), a. [tri- + Gr. k\Lv*iv to incline." 
Cryst. Having, or characterized by, three unequal axes in- 
tersecting at oblique angles. See diabase. 

tri-clin'i-um (-i-um), n.; pi. -ia (-d). [L., fr. Gr. rpiKkl- 
fiov, tpLkXlvos; rpi- (see tri-) + Kklvr\ a couch.] Rom. 
Antiq. A couch for reclining at meals, extending round 
three sides of a table ; also, a room having such a couch. 

tri'COl'or, tri'col'our (trl'kul'er), n. [F. tricolore, adj.] 
The French national banner, blue, white, and red, in nearly 
equal vertical stripes ; hence, any similar flag. 

tli'COt (tre'ko), n. [F., fr. tricoter to knit.] 1. A fabric of 
woolen, silk, or cotton knitted, or woven like knitting. 2. 
A soft, ribbed dress material. 

tri'cro-tism (trl'kro-tiz'm ; trik'ro-), n. [tri- + Gr. upo- 
rtlv to beat.] Physiol. A condition of the arterial pulse in 
which there is a triple beat. — tri-crot'ic (trl-krot'ik), a. 

tri-CUS'pid (trl-kus'pid), a. [L. tricuspis, -idis; tri- 
three 4- cuspis a point.] Having three cusps, or points ; as, 
the tricuspid valve, which prevents reflux of blood from 
the right ventricle to the right auricle. 

tri-cus'pid-ate (-pi-dat), a. Three-pointed ; tricuspid. 

tri'cy-cle (trl'si-k'l), n. [tri- + -cycle, as in bicycle.] A 



light three-wheeled vehicle to be propelled by treadles or 
hand levers ; also, a three-wheeled motor cycle. 

tri-dec'ane (tri-dek'an), n. [tri- + Gr. Se K a ten ; — from 
the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.] Chem. A 
hydrocarbon, C13H28, occurring in petroleum. 

tri'dent (tn'dent), n. [L. tridens, -entis; tri- three + 
dens tooth.] 1. Class. Myth. A three-pronged spear, the 
attribute of Poseidon, or Neptune. 2. Rom. Antiq. A 
three-pronged spear used by retiarii. 3. A three-pronged 
fish spear. — a. Having three teeth or points. 

tri-den'tate (-den'tat) \ a. [NL.tridentatus. See trident.] 

tri-den'tat-ed (-tat-ed)J Having three teeth or ooints. 

Tri-den'tine (trl-den'tin), o. [From LL. Tridentum 
Trent.] 1. Of or pert, to Trent, Austria, or the council of 
the Roman Catholic Church held (1545-63) in that city. 

2. Conforming to the decrees and doctrines of the Council 
of Trent. — n. One who accepts, and conforms to, the de- 
crees and doctrines of the Council of Trent, as orthodox 
Roman Catholics. 

tri-e'cious. Var. of tricecious. 

tried (trid), p. a. Proved ; tested ; faithful ; trustworthy. 

tri-en'ni-al (trl-en'T-al), a. [L. triennium the space ol 
three years; tri- three + annus year.] 1. Continuing 
three years. 2. Occurring or appearing once in every three 
years. — n. 1. Something that takes place or appears once 
in three years, or that lasts three years. 2. The third anni- 
versary of any event. — tri-en'ni-al-ly, adv. 

|| tri : en'ni-um ( tn-en'i-iim ), n.; pi. -nia (-d). [L.] A 
period of three years. 

tri'er (trl'er), n. One who, or that which, tries. 

tri'er-arch (tri'er-ark), n. [L. trierarchus, Gr. Tpirjpapxoi ; 
rpiripris a trireme + &px&s a leader, a chief.] Gr. Antiq. 
a The commander of a trireme, b At Athens, one who had 
to fit out a trireme for the public service. 

tri'er-arch'y (-aVkT), n.; pi. -archies (-kiz). [Gr. rpi^- 
papxla..~] 1. Office of atrierarch. 2. Trierarchs collectively. 

3. The Athenian plan whereby citizens furnished triremes. 
tri'e-ter'ic (trl'e-ter'ik) ) a. [L. trietericus, Gr. rpurt)- 
tri'e-ter'i-cal (-ter'i-kal)j P ikos, fr. rpuTTjpis (sc. ioprh) 

a triennial festival ; rpt- (see tri-) + eros a year.] Kept 
or occurring every third year ; triennial. 

tri-fa'cial (trl-fa/shdl), a. Anat. & Zodl. Designating, or 
pert, to, the fifth pair of cranial nerves, called also trigemi- 
nal nerves. — n. A trifacial nerve. 

tri'fid (trl'fid), a. [L. trifidus; tri- three + root of finder e 
to split.] Three-cleft ; tridentate ; divided part way to the 
base into three lobes with narrow sinuses. 

tri'fle (-f'l), n. [OF. trufle, trufe, mockery, raillery, trick- 
ery.] 1. A thing of little value or importance ; a paltry af- 
fair, object, etc. 2. A dish of sponge cake soaked in wine or 
liqueur, with macaroons, fruit jams, and whipped cream. 
3. A variety of pewter. — a trifle, a little ; slightly. 

— v. i.; -fled ( -fid ) ; -fling (-fling). 1. To act or talk 
jestingly, or with levity. 2. To amuse one's self lightly; 
toy. 3. To spend time in trifles or idleness ; dally ; loiter. 
Syn.. Trifle, dally, dawdle, potter. To trifle (the gen- 
eral word) is to act without seriousness or in a frivolous 
fashion, or to toy with something ; to dally is to play or 
coquet with something, or to linger as if in uncertainty ; 
as, to trifle agreeably, to trifle with a serious subject ; to 
dally with temptation, to dally in leave-taking. To dawdle 
is to linger idly or lazily ; to potter is to busy one's self in 
an aimless or ineffectual fashion. 

— v. t. To spend or waste in trifling or on trifles. 
tri'fler (-fler), n. One who trifles. 

tri'fling (-fling), a. 1. Shallow ; frivolous. 2. Trivial. — 
Syn. See petty. — tri'fling-ly, adv. 

tri-foOi-ate (trl-fo'li-at), a. Bot. a Three-leaved, b Trifo- 
liolate. [leaf, Illust.] 

tri-fo'li-o-late (-6-lat), a. Bot. Having three leaflets. See| 

tri-fo'ri-um (tri-fo'ri-wm ; 57), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [LL., fr. 
L. tri- -J- /oris a door.] Arch. The gallery forming an up- 
per story to the aisle of a church ; — so called as often hav- 
ing three openings to each bay. 

tri'form (trl'form) 1 a. [L. triformis."] Having a triple 

tri'formed (-formd)J form or character. 

tri-fur'cate (-fur'kat) \ a. [L. trifurcus; tri- (see tri-) 

tri-fur'cat-ed (-kat-ed) j + furca fork.] Having three 
branches or forks ; trichotomous. 

trig (trig), a. [From Scand.] 1. In good order ; neat ; tidy. 
Chiefly Scot, or Dial. 2. Sound ; in good condition. 3. 
Trim or neat in dress ; spruce ; smart. 

trig, v. t. To stop, as a wheel, by placing something beneath ; 
scotch ; skid. Now Chiefly Dial. — n. A block or the like 
to prevent motion ; a scotch ; skid. Now Chiefly Dial. 

tri-gem'i-nal (tn-jem'i-nal), a. [L. trigeminus born 
three together ; tri- (see tri-) + geminus twin.] Anat. & 
Zodl. Trifacial, — n. A trigeminal, or trifacial, nerve. 

trig'ger (trig'er), n. [For older tricker, fr. D. trekker, fr. 
trekken to draw.] A piece, as a lever, connected with a catch 
or detent as a means of releasing it ; specif., Firearms, the 
part of a lock moved by the finger to release the cock. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TRIGGER FISH 



1027 



TRINKET 




Trigger Fish (Batistes caro- 
linensis). 



trigger fish. Any of numerous deep-bodied fishes (Batistes 
and allied genera), chiefly 
of warm seas, having the 
anterior dorsal fin with two 
or three stout spines. 

tri'glyph (trl'glif), n. [From 
L., fr. Gr. rpty\v<pos ; rpi- 
three -f- y\v<pet.i> to carve.] 
Arch. In the Doric frieze, 
a rectangular tablet having 
two vertical channels of 
V-section (glyphs) cut in its 
face and a half channel at each edge. See metope. 

tri-glyph'ic (trI-glTf'Tk)\ a. 1. Consisting of, or pertaining 

tri-glyph'i-cal (-i-kal) / to, triglyphs. 2. Containing three 
sets of characters or sculptures. 

tri'gOU (tri'gon), n. [From L., fr. Gr. rplyuvov, fr. rpiycovos 
three-cornered ; rpi- three + yuvla a corner.] 1. A triangle 
2. Astrol. a A division consisting of three signs. b = trine 
ri., 1. [triangular ; trigonous. 

trig'o-nal (trTg'6-nal), a. Of or pert, to a trigon or triangle ; 

trig'0-nom'e-ter (tng'6-nom'e-ter), n._ [Gr. rpLyoivov tri 
angle + -meter.'] A device for solving graphically any 
plane right-angled triangle. 

trig'o-no-met'ric (-no-mefrik)! a. # Of or pertaining to 

trig'o-no-met'ri-cal (-rT-kal) J trigonometry ; performed 
by the rules of trigonometry. 

trig'o-nom'e-try (-nom'e-tn), n.; pi. -tries (-triz). [Gr. 
TpLywvov triangle + -metry.] Mathematics treating of the 
relations between the sides and angles of triangles, and of 
those between certain functions of an arc, or angle, meas- 
ured by the ratios of pairs of sides of a right-angled trian- 
gle ; also, a textbook on this subject. 

trig'o-nous (trig'S-nfts), a. [L. trigonus, Gr. rplywvos. 
See trigon.] Having three angles, or corners ; triangular. 

tri'graph (trl'graf), n. Three letters representing a single 
sound, as -eau in beau ; less properly, a triphthong. 

tri-he'dron (trl-he'dron), n.; pi. E. -drons (-drwnz), L. 
-DRA (-drd). \tri- -f- Gr. eSpa base.] Geom. A figure formed 
by three planes meeting in a point. — tri-he'dral (-dral), a. 

tri-hy'dric (-hl'dnk), a. Containing three hydroxyl groups. 

tri'ju-gate (trT'joo-gat ; trl-jdo'gat; 86), a. Also tri'ju- 
gOUS (-gws). [L. trijugus threefold ; tri- three + jugum a 
yoke.] Bot. Having three pairs of leaflets. 

rii-lat'er-al (trl-lat'er-al), a. [L. trilaterus. See tri- ; lat- 
eral.] Geom. Having three sides. — tri-lat'er-al-iy, adv. 

tri-lin'e-ar (-lm'e-ar), a. Math. Of, pertaining to, or in- 
cluded by, three lines ; as, trilinear coordinates. 

tri-lin'gual (-llr/gwal), a. [L. trilinguis; tri- (see tri-) + 
lingua tongue, language.] Consisting of, having, or ex- 
pressed in, three languages. 

tri-lit'er-al (-lit'er-al), a. Consisting of three letters. — n. 
A triliteral word. — tri-lit'er-al-ism (-iz'm) , n. 

trill (tril), v. i. tfc t. [ME. trillen to roll, turn round.] 
1. To roll ; also, to quiver. Obs. 2. To trickle. 

trill, v. t. _ To impart the quality of a trill to ; utter as or 
with a trill. — v.i. To utter trills or a trill ; play or sing 
with tremulous vibrations ; quaver. 

— 7i. 1. A consonantal sound made with a rapid succession 
of partial or entire intermissions, by vibrating some part of 
the oral organs ; as, the r is a trill in many languages. 2. 
Action of the organs in producing such sounds. 3. Music. 
= shake, 7i., 2. 4. A sound likened to a musical trill. 

tril'lion (tnl'yun), n. [F., fr. tri-, in imitation of million.'] 
The number denoted by a unit with 12 zeros annexed (in 
French and American notation) or with 18 zeros (in English 
notation). — tril'lion, a. — tril'lionth (-ywnth), 7i. & a. 

tril'li-um (-i-iim), n. [NL., fr. tri-; — because all species 
have leaves in sets of three.] Any of a genus 
(Trillium) of convallariaceous herbs hav- 
ing short rootstocks and an erect stem bear- 
ing a whorl of three leaves 
and a large solitary flower. 

tri-lo'bate (trl-lo'bat ; trl'- 
16-), a. Having three lobes. 

tri'lo-bite (trl'16-blt), n. 
Any of numerous extinct 
marine arthropods consti- 
tuting a group ( Trilobita) 
having the segments of the 
body divided into three 
lobes. Most trilobites were 




Trillium. 

(I) 



an inch or two long, some one or even two feet. — trilo- 
bit'ic (trl'lo-bit'ik), a. 

tri-loc'u-lar (trl-lok'u-ldr), a. Having three cells or cavities. 

tril'O-gy (tril'6-ji), n. ; pi. -gles (-jiz). [Gr. rpiXoyLa; rpi- 
three -j- \6yos speech, discourse.] A series of three dramas 
or, by extension, three literary or musical compositions, 
each essentially complete in itself, but all so interrelated 
as to form one historical, poetical, or other theme. 

trim (trim), v. t. ; trimmed (trfmd) ; trim'ming. [As. trym- 
ian, trymman, to make strong, set in order, array.] 1. To 



make neat or trim ; dispose ; adjust. 2. To make trim, neat, 
ready, or right by cutting, clipping, or the like; hence', to 
cut, clip, or lop. 3. To equip ; furnish ; dress. Archaic. 4. 
To decorate ; adorn ; embellish. 5. Naut. a To adjust, as a 
boat, by arranging the ballast, cargo, or persons, so that she 
shall sit well on the water, sail well, etc. b To arrange for 
sailing ; as, to trim the sails. 6. Colloq. a To rebuke ; re- 
prove, b To chastise ; beat. C To defeat, as in a game or 
contest. — v. i. 1. Naut. Of a vessel, to assume, or, of a 
person, to cause a vessel to assume, a certain position, or 
trim, in the water. 2. To balance; specif., to maintain a 
middle position between parties or the like so as to appear 
to favor each or to be neutral. 

— n. 1. Order ; condition ; disposition ; adjustment. 2. 
Naut. a State of a ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., in 
reference to her readiness and fitness for sailing, b Position 
of a vessel in the water, esp. in reference to the horizontal 
plane. 3. Condition as to equipment, furnishings, dress, 
etc., esp. suitable condition; hence : dress; gear; as, in 
hunting trim. 4. Character ; nature ; sort. Obs. or R. 5. 
Arch. The lighter woodwork in the interior of a building, 
esp. that around openings. 

— a. /trim'mer (-er) ; -mest. 1. Excellent ; fine ; gay. Obs. 
2. Fitly adjusted or prepared ; ready for service or use. 
R. or Archaic. 3. Neat and compact or well ordered; 
as, a trim figure, costume, lawn. — Syn. See neat. 

— adv. Trimly. 

trim'er-OUS (trTm'er-izs), a. 1. Bot. Having the parts in 
threes. Usually written 3-merous. 2. Zool. Having three 
joints in each tarsus. 

tri-mes'ter (trl-mes'ter), n. [L. trimestris of three 
months ; tri- (see tri-) + mensis month.] A term or period 
of three months.— ^tri-mes'tri-al (-tri-al), a. 

trim'e-ter (tnm'e-ter), a. [L. trimetrus, Gr. rplp-erpos ; rpi- 
three + p-erpov measure.] Pros. Consisting of three meas- 
ures. — 7i. A verse or period consisting of three measures. 

tri-met'ric (trl-met'nk), tri-met'ri-cal (-rT-kal), a. 1. 
Pros. = trimeter. 2. Cryst. Orthorhombic. 
trimetric projection, Geom., a kind of projection in which 
each of the three dimensions is measured by a different 
scale, the angles being chosen arbitrarily. 

trim'ly, adv. In a trim manner. 

trim/mer (trTm'er), n. m 1. One who, or that which, trims. 
2. Arch. A beam which receives the end of a header in 
floor framing. See header, Illust. 3. Coal Storage. An 
apparatus used for piling the coal in gradually increasing 
piles made by building up at the point of the cone or top 
of the prism. 

trim'ming (-Tng), n. 1. Act of one who trims. 2. That 
which serves to trim, ornament, etc. ; Colloq. accessories, as 
of a dish ; — usually in pi. 3. In pi. Parts or pieces removed 
by trimming, cutting, or the like. 

trim'ness, n. Quality or state of being trim. 

tri'morph (tri'morf), n. Cryst. A substance which crys- 
tallizes in three distinct forms ; also, any of these forms. 

tri-mor'phic (trl-mor'fik), a. Trimorphous. 

tri-mor'phism (trl-mor'fTz'm), n ; [See trimorphous.] 1. 
Cryst. The property of crystallizing in three forms funda- 
mentally distinct. 2. Biol. Polymorphism in which there 
are three distinct forms of a species. 3. Bot. Occurrence of 
three distinct forms of organs, as leaves, flowers, etc., on 
individuals of the same species. 

tri-mor'phous (-ius), a. [Gr. Tptp.op<pos three-formed ; rpi- 
(see tri-) + uopcpi] form.] Pertaining to, or characterized 
by, trimorphism. 

Tri-mur'ti (tre-moor'te), n. [Skr. trimurti ; tri three + 
murti shape, form.] Hindu Myth. The triad, or trinity, of 
Hindu gods, consisting of Brahma ( the Creator ), Vishnu 
(the Preserver), and Siva (the Destroyer and Regenerator). 

tri'nal (trl'nal), a. Threefold. 

trin'dle ( tnn'd'l ; dial, also tren r l ), n. [AS. trendel a cir- 
cle, ring, disk.] Dial. A circular object ; a trundle ; specif. : 
a A wheel, esp. of a wheelbarrow, b A kind of large wooden 
tub. — v. i. To roll or bowl along. 

trine (ton), a. [L. trinus triple, trini three each, tres, tria, 
three.] 1. Threefold ; triple. 2. Astrol. Being in trine ; 
distant 120°. — n. 1. Astrol. The ( favorable ) aspect of 
planets 120 degrees apart ; trigon. 2. A triad ; trinity. R. 

Trin'i-ta'ri-an (trln'i-ta'rf-an), a. \_Also I. c] Of or pert, 
to the Trinity, or the doctrine of the Trinity. — n. A believ- 
er in the doctrine of the Trinity. — Trin'i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. 

trin'i-ty (trfn'T-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. trinite, L. tri- 
nitas, fr. trini three each.] 1. leap.] Theol. The union of 
three persons (the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) in one 
Godhead, so that all the three are one God as to substance, 
but three persons as to individuality ; — called also Holy 
Trinity. 2. A triad. 3. Any symbol of the Trinity in art. 

Trinity Sunday. The Sunday next after Whitsunday, ob- 
served as a feast in honor of the Holy Trinity. 

trin'ket (trlr/ket; 24), n. [OF. trenquet a sort of knife.} 
1. A knife. Obs. 2. A small ornament, as a jewel, ring, or 
the like. 3. A thing of little value ; trifle ; toy. 




i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



< 



N 



TRINODAL 



1028 



TRISKELION 







R 



tri-nod'al (tr!-nod'al), a. [L. trinodis three-knotted ; tri- 

+ nodus knot.] Anat. & Bot. Having three nodes. 
tri-no'mi-al (-no'mi-al), a. [tri- + -nomial, as in bino- 
mial.'] 1. Math. Consisting of three terms ; of or pert, to 
trinomials. 2. Biol. Consisting of names composed of 
three words or terms. — n. 1. Math. An expression con- 
sisting of three terms, connected by the sign plus [+] or 
minus [ — ] or both. 2. Biol. A trinomial name. 
tri'0 (tre'o ; trl'o), n. ; pi. trios (-oz). [It., fr. L. tres, tria, 
three.] 1. Three collectively ; a set of three. 2. Music, a 
A composition for three solo parts or three instruments, b 
The secondary, or episodical, movement of a minuet or 
scherzo or of a march or of any of various dance forms. 
tri-oe'cious, tri-e'cious (trl-e'shus), a. [tri- + Gr. oIkos 
house.] Bot. Haying staminate, pistillate, and hermaphro- 
dite flowers on different plants. cious-ly, adv. 

tri'0-let (tri'6-let), n. [F.] A stanza of eight lines with one 
rime in lines 2, 6, and 8, and another in the other lines, with 
certain repetitions of the first and second lines. 

tri'o-nal (trl'6-nal), n. [tri- + sulphonaZ; — because it 
contains three ethyl groups.] Pharm. A compound similar 
to sulphonal, used as a hypnotic. 

tri'ose (trl'os), n. Chern. a A sugar derived from a trihy- 
dric alcohol, b A trisaccharide. 

tri : ox'ide (trl-ok'sld ; -sid), n. Also -id. Chem. An oxide 
with three atoms of oxygen in the molecule. 

trip (trip), v. i. ; tripped (tript), or, Rare, tript ; trtp'ping. 
1. To move with light, quick steps ; skip. 2. To make a 
journey. Rare or Archaic. 3. To make a false step ; catch 
the foot ; stumble. 4. To offend against morality, propriety, 
accuracy, or the like ; slip ; err. 5. Horol. To run past the 
pallet ; — said of a tooth in an escapement. — v. t. 1. To 
perform lightly or nimbly, as a dance. 2. To cause to stum- 
ble, or take a false step ; to cause to lose the footing, as by 
suddenly checking the motion of a foot or leg ; — often used 
with up. 3. To cause to fail ; obstruct ; halt. 4. To detect 
in a misstep, error, or the like. 5. Naut. a To raise (an an- 
chor) from the bottom, so that it hangs free, b To pull (a 
yard) into a perpendicular position for lowering it. C To 
hoist (a topmast) preparatory to sending it down. 6. Mach. 
To release, let fall, or set free, as a weight or compressed 
spring, as by removing a catch or detent. 

— n. 1. A quick, light step ; a light or lively movement of 
the feet. 2. A journey ; excursion ; jaunt. 3. A false step or 
misstep ; stumble ; error ; mistake. 4. A stroke or catch by 
which one, esp. a wrestler, causes his antagonist to lose 
footing. 5. Mach. Act of tripping ; also, a pawl or other de- 
vice for tripping a catch or detent. — Syn. See journey. 

tri-pal'mi-tate (trl-pal'mi-tat), n. Chem. A palmitate de- 
rived from three molecules of palmitic acid. 

tri'part'ed (trl'paVted ; 24), a. Divided into three parts. 

tri-par'tite (trl-par'tlt ; trip'dr-), a. [L. tripartitus.] 1. 
Triparted ; as, a tripartite leaf. 2. Having three correspond- 
ing parts or copies. 3. Made between three parties, as a 
treaty. — tri-par'tite-ly, adv. 

tri'par-ti'tion (tn'par-tish'im ; tnp'dr-), n. A division by 
threes, or into three parts ; also, the taking of a third part. 

tripe (trip), n. [F.] A part of the stomach of a ruminant, 
esp. of the ox kind, used as food. 

tri'pe-dal (trl'pe-dal ; trtp'e-dal), a. [L. tripedalis; tri- 
three + pes, pedis, a foot.] Having three feet. [sons.l 

tri-per'son-al (trl-pur'sim-al), a. Consisting of three per- 1 

tri-pet'al-OUS (trl-pet'al-ws), a. Having three petals. 

trip hammer. Mach. A massive tilt hammer raised by 
cams, used esp. for shingling iron, 

triph/thong (triP thong), n. & 
[tri- + -phthong, as in ^L_— 'i'^THll 8 
diphthong.] A combina- p-JPlN s ^ i- 
tion of three distinct vowel , &mm!mlk& . St 

_1 _ __i_a 1 !i.L __f K A7 '■~ r ' ' ■'■"•''■ '^^^PX^TTrm" 



sounds uttered with one ef- 
fort of articulation, as -oya- _ 
in loval combining the TnpHammer. G Lever, or Helve, 
in loyai,^ compming tne pivoted at b;c Hammer Head ; 
sounds o,i, a ; improperly, d Anvil . f Shaft carrying Co l- 




'ML* 



a trigraph ; as, eye, -eau 
in beau. — tripli-tlion'gal 
(trif-thor/gal), a. 
tripb/y-lite (trif'i-Ht), n 



lar e with Cams for lifting the 
Hammer Head ; g Prop to hold 
up the Hammer when not in use. 



Also triph'y-line (-lin ; den). 
[tri — \- Gr. <j>v\rj family, class ; — in allusion to its three 
bases.] Min. A greenish or bluish mineral, a phosphate of 
lithium and iron, with a little manganese, Li(Fe,Mn)P04. 

tri-pin'nate (tri-pin'at), a. Bot. Thrice pinnate ; bipin- 
nate with each division pinnate. 

tri'ple (tnp''l), a. [L. triplus; tri- three + -plus, as in 
duplus double.] 1. Consisting of three, usually united ; 
threefold. 2. Three times repeated ; treble. 
Triple Alliance, an alliance of three parties ; as : a Be- 
tween England, Sweden, and the Netherlands, against 
France (1668). b Between France, Great Britain, and the 
Netherlands, against Spain (1717). C Between France, 
Great Britain, and Austria (the Emperor), against Spain 
(1718). d Between Austria, Great Britain, and Russia, 
against France (1795). e The Dreibund (1882).— T. En- 



tente (tre'pl* aN r taNtO [F.] , in European politics, an un« 
derstanding or more or less informal alliance between Great 
Britain, France, and Russia, to counterbalance the Drei- 
bund. — t.-expansion engine. A form of compound en- 
gine in which the working fluid is expanded successively in 
three cylinders. [crease threefold ; treble. I 

— v.t.& i.; -pled (-'Id) ; -pling (-ling). To make or in-| 
trip'let (trip'let), n. [From triple.] 1. Three of a kind or 

three united. 2. Poetry. Three verses riming together. 3. 
Music. Three notes sung or played in the time of two or 
four. 4. One of three children or offspring born at one birth. 

tri'ple-tail' (trip"l-tal'), n. A large edible marine fish (Lo- 
botes surinamensis) of the warmer parts of the Atlantic 
Ocean. The long dorsal and anal fins extend backward so 
as to appear like a three-lobed tail. 

triplex (trl'pleks ; trip'leks), a. [L.] Having three parts ; 
triple. — n. Music. Triple time or measure. 

trip'li-cate (trip'li-kat), a. [L. triplicatus, p. p. of tripli- 
cate to triple, triplex threefold.] Threefold ; triple ; made 
in three identical copies or the like. — n. A third thing 
corresponding to two others of the same kind. 

— (-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. To triple. 
trip'li-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of tripling, or making 

threefold, or adding three together ; also, that which is trip- 
licated or threefold. [state of being triple.] 

tri-plic'i-ty (trl-plis'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or| 

trip'lite (trip'llt), n. [See triple.] Min. A dark brown 
mineral, principally a fluophosphate of iron and manganese. 

tri'ply (trip'lT), adv. In a triple manner. 

tri'pod (trl'pod), n. [L. tripus, -odis, Gr. rpiirovs; rpi- -J- 
irovs, irodos, foot.] 1. A utensil or vessel on three feet or 
legs. 2. A form of three-legged stand, as for a camera. 

trip'o-dal (trip'o-dal), a. Having three feet or legs. 

tri-pod'ic (trl-pod'ik), a. Having or using three feet. 

trip'q-dy (trip'6-di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [tri- + -pody, as 
in dipody.] Pros. Three metrical feet taken together. 

trip'o-H (tnp'6-1!), n. [From Tripoli, Africa.] A siliceous 
deposit occurring in friable masses (tripoli stone) or earthy 
form (tripoli powder), used as an abrasive, absorbent, etc. 

tri'pos (trl'pos), n. [Gr. rpt7rous. See tripod.] 1. A tripod. 
Obs. 2. Cambridge Univ., Eng. Any of various honor ex- 
aminations, orig. that for honors in mathematical science. 

trip'per (tnp'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, trips; 
hence, an excursionist. Colloq., Chiefly Eng. 2. Mach., 
& tripping device or mechanism, as for working a signal. 

trip'pet (-et ; 24), n. Mach. A cam, wiper, or projecting 
piecethat strikes another piece at definite times. 

trip'ping (-ing), p. a. Nimble; stepping agilely. — n. 1. 
Act of one that trips. 2. A light dance. ping-ly, adv. 

Trip-toFe-mus, Trip-tol'e-mos (tr!p-tol'e-mus,'-mos), n. 
[L., fr. Gr. TpiirrdKenos.'] Gr. Relig. An ancient Attic 
hero reputed to have given grain and its culture to man. 

trip'tych (tnp'tik), n. [Gr. rpiVruxos consisting of three 
layers, or plates ; rpi- (see tri-) + tttv^, vtvxos, a fold, 
layer.] 1. A picture or carving in three panels side by side. 
2. A folding writing tablet in three parts. 

tri-que'trous (trl-kwe'trus ; -kwet'riis), a. [L. triquetrus.'] 
Having three corners or salient angles or edges ; trigonal. 

tri-ra'di-ate (-ra/dT-at) \ a. Having three rays, or radiating 

tri-ra'di-at'ed (-at'ed) / branches. — tri-ra'di-ate-ly, adv. 

tri'reme (trl'rem), n. [L. triremis; tri- three + remus 
oar.] Class. Antiq. A galley having three banks of oars. 

tri-sac'cha-ride (trl-sak'd-rld ; -rid), n. Also -rid. _ Chem. 
A complex sugar, as raffinose, yielding by hydrolysis three 
simple sugar molecules. 

tri-sect' (trl-sekt'), v. t. [tri- -f- L. sectus, p. p. of secare 
to cut.] To cut or divide into three parts, esp., Geom., 
three equal parts. — tri-sec'tion (-sek'shun), n. 

tri'seme (trl'sem), a. [L. trisemus, Gr. tpLo-vj.os; rpi- + 
arjua sign.] Pros. Equal to, or having the length of, three 
times, or morae. — n. A syllable or foot of three mora?. 

tri-sep'tate (-sep'tat), a. Bot. & Zo'ol. Having three septa. 

tri-se'ri-al (-se'ri-al), a. Arranged in three series ; specif. : 
Bot. a Arranged in three vertical or spiral rows, b Having 
only three floral whorls, as some flowers. 

tris-kel'i-on (tris-kel'i-on), or tris'kele (tns'kel), n.; pi. 
triskelia (-i-d), triskeles (-kelz). [Gr. rpiaKeXvs three- 
legged. See tri- ; isosceles.] A figure composed of three 
branches radiating from a center. 




Triskelia. 1 On Fragment of Bronze from Ireland ; 2 On a 
Shield pictured on a Greek Vase from Sicily ; 3 On a Shell 
Disk from a Mound in Tennessee. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu ; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; £ken, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TRISOCTAHEDRON 1029 

[Gr. rpls thrice + 
1 



TROJAN 




Tetragonal, and 2 Trigo- 
nal, Trisoctahedron. 

the 



tris-OC'ta-he'dron (-ok'td-he'dron), n 
octahedron.'] 1. Math. A poly- 
hedron of 24 congruent faces 
meeting on the edges of a (reg- 
ular) octahedron. 2. Cryst. 
The solid described in 1 (fig. 2), 
frequently called a trigonal 
trisoctahedron in distinction 
from a related solid, bounded 
by 24 quadrilateral faces, the 

tetragonal trisoctahedron, or (more frequently) 
trapezohedron. 

trist'ful (trist'fdbl), a. Sad ; melancholy. ful-ly, adv. 

tris'tich (tns'tik), to. [See tristichous.] Poetry. A group 
or stanza of three lines. 

tris'tich-OUS (tris'tT-kSs), a. [Gr. rpta-rixos hi three rows ; 
rpi- (see tri-) _+ o-tLxos a row.] In three rows ; specif., 
Bot., arranged in three vertical rows. 

Tris'tram (triVtrdm), to. Also Tris'tam (-tarn), Tris'- 
tan (-tan), Tris'trem (-trem). [AF. & OF. Tristran, 
Tristan, fr. OW., fr. a Pictish name Drostan.'] The hero 
of a medieval romance. He was sent to Ireland by King 
Mark of Cornwall, his uncle, to fetch the king's bride, 
Isolde the beautiful, and on the return voyage he and 
Isolde partook of a potion which rendered them perma- 
nently in love. Tristram was stabbed by King Mark, who 
surprised him with Isolde. In another version, Tristram 
fled to Brittany, where he married Isolde of the white 
hand. Being wounded, he sends for Isolde the beautiful. 
The messenger is to hoist a white sail if Isolde returns with 
him. He does so ; but Tristram's wife tells him the sail is 
black, and at this he dies. 

tri-SUl'phide (trl-sul'fld ; -fid), to. Chem. A sulphide con- 
taining three atoms of sulphur. 

tri-syl'la-ble (tri-sil'd-b'l ; tri-), '.*. A word of three sylla- 
bles.— tris'yl-lab'ic(tris'i-lab'ik), or -lab'i-cal (-T-kal), a. 

— tris'yl-lab'i-cal-ly, adv. 

tri-tag'o-nist (tri-tag'o-nist ; tri-), to. [Gr. rpiTayuvKTr-hs ; 
Tpiros third + aycovia-T^s actor.] Gr. Drama. The player 
of the third part in importance. 

trite (trit), a. [L. tritus, p. p. of terere to rub, wear out.] 
Worn or hackneyed ; stale ; commonplace ; as, a trite re- 
mark. — trite'ly, adv. — trite'ness, to. 
Syn. Threadbare, hackneyed, banal, stereotyped, vapid. 

— Trite, hackneyed, banal. Trite implies esp. lack of 
novelty or interest ; that is hackneyed which is worn out, 
as it were, by constant use ; banal suggests the vapid or 
commonplace ; as, trite remarks ; a hackneyed idea. 

tri'the-ism (tri'the-iz'm), n. [tri- 4- Gr. 0e6s God.] The 

opinion or doctrine that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 

are three distinct Gods. — tri'the-ist, n. — tri'the-is'tic 

(-Ts'tik), tri'the-is'ti-cal (-ti-kol), a. 
tri'thing (tri' thing), n. [For thriding. See 1st riding.] 

= reding, an administrative division. Eng. 
Tri'ton (tri'ton), n. [L., fr. Gr. Tpiraw.] 1. Gr. Myth. A 

sea demigod, the son of Poseidon and 

Amphi trite, with the lower part of his 

body fishlike. His special attribute is a 

conch-shell trumpet, which he blows to 

raise or calm the waves. Later mythology 

imagined a multiplicity of Tritons, at- 
tendants on the sea gods. 2. Zo'dl. Any of 

various gastropods (family Tritonidse; 

esp., genus Triton) having a spiral shell, 

often handsomely colored ; also, the shell. 
tri'tone' (tri 'ton'), n. [Gr. rpirovos of 

three tones ; rpi- tri- 4- tovos a tone.] 

Music. An interval consisting of three 

whole tones. [being triturated. I 

trit'u-ra-ble (trit^u-rd-b'l),a. Capable of | 
trit'u-rate (tritMi-rat), v. t.; -rat'ed; 

-rat'ing. [L. trituratus, p. p. of tritu- 

rare to thresh (grain), fr. terere, tritum, to rub.] 1. To 

rub, grind, bruise, or thrash. 2. To rub or grind to a fine 

or impalpable powder ; pulverize ; comminute thoroughly. 

— tv. A triturated substance ; Pharm., a trituration. 
trit'u-ra'tion (-ra/shun), n. 1. A triturating, or state of 

being triturated ; comminution. 2. Pharm. A triturated 
powder ; any powder made by triturating a substance with 
sugar of milk as a diluent. — trit'u-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. 
tri'umph (tri'umf),n. [L. triumphus.] 1. Roman Antiq. 
An imposing ceremonial in honor of a general who had 
gained a decisive victory over a foreign enemy. 2. Any tri- 
umphal procession or stately, esp. public,- show or pageant. 
Obs. 3. Joy or exultation for success. 4. Victory ; conquest. 

— Syn. See victory. 

— v.i. 1. To receive the honor of a triumph ; hence : to cele- 
brate victory or success ; exult. 2. To obtain victory ; pre- 
vail. — v. t. To conquer ; also, to exult over, [triumph. I 

tri-um/phal (tri-um'fal), a. Of, pert, to, or used in, a] 
triumphal arch, an arch commemorating a victory, 
achievement, or the like. 

tri-um/phant (tri-um'fdnt), a. 1. Triumphing ; triumphal. 




Triton. 



Obs. 2. Rejoicing for or celebrating victory ; exultant. 3, 
Victorious. 4. Magnificent. Obs. — tri-um'pnant-ly, adv. 
tri'umph-er (trl'um-fer), n. One who triumphs ; a victor. 
tri-um'vir (tri-um'ver), n. ; pi. L. -vtri (-vi-rl), E. -virs 
(-verz). [L., fr. trium virorum of three men.] Roman 
Antiq. One of three men united in public office or author- 
ity. — tri-um'vi-ral (-vi-rdl), a. 
tri-um'vi-rate (-vi-rat), to. 1. Office or term of a triumvir. 
2. Government, or term of government, by three in coali- 
tion. 3. A coalition of three in office or authority. 4. Any 
group or association of three. 

tri'une (trl'un), a. [tri- 4- L. unus one.] Being three in 
one ; — said of the unity of the Trinity in the Godhead. 

tri-u'ni-ty (trl-ii'ni-ti), n. Quality or state of being triune. 

tri'va'lent (tn'va'lent ; tnv'd-lent), a. [tri- + L. valens, 
-entis, p. pr. See valence.] Chem. Having a valence of 
three. — tri'va'lence (-lens), tri'va'len-cy (-len-sT), n. 

triv'et (triv'et; 24), n. [AS. trefet, fr. L. tripes, -pedis, 
three-footed. 1 A three-legged stand or support ; tripod. 

triv'i-al (tnv'i-dT), a. [L. trivialis, prop., that belongs to 
the crossroads ; hence, common, fr. trivium a place where 
three roads meet, a crossroad ; tri- (see tri-) 4- via a way.] 
1. Ordinary ; commonplace ; trite. Obs. or Archaic. 2. 
Trifling ; petty ; paltry. — Syn. See petty. al-ly, adv. 

triv'i-al -ism (-Tz'm), n. A trivial matter or utterance. 

triv'i-al'i-ty (-al'i : ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being trivial. 2. That which is trivial ; a trifle. 

triv'i-um (triv'i-um), n. ; pi. trivia (-d). [LL. See triv- 
ial.] The lower division of the seven "liberal arts," com- 
prising grammar, logic, and rhetoric; — so classified in medi- 
eval schools. See quadrtvium. 

tri'week'ly (trl'wek'lT), a. Occurring or appearing every 
three weeks or three times a week. — adv. Thrice a week. 

-trix ( -triks ). [ L. -trix, as in bellatrix a female warrior. ] 
A suffix of feminine agent nouns, corresponding to mascu- 
line agent nouns in -tor ; as in executrix. See -or. 

tro'car (tro'kar), n. Also tro'char. [F. trocart (or trois- 
quarts, i. e., three quarters) ; trois three (L. tres) -{-carre 
the side of a sword blade ; — from its triangular point.] 
Surg. A stylet to explore tissues or insert drainage tubes. 

tro-Cha'iC (tro-ka'ik), a. [L. trocha'icus, Gr. Tpoxaifos.] 
Of, pertaining to, or consisting of a trochee or trochees. — 
to. A trochaic measure or verse. [Resembling a wheel. I 

tro'chal (tro'kdl), a. [From Gr. rpoxos a wheel.] Zo'dl] 

tro-chan'ter (tro-kan'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rpoxavrrip, fr. 
rpexav to run.] 1. Anat. In many vertebrates, a promi- 
nence at the upper part of the femur. 2. Zo'dl. The second 
segment, counting from the base, of the leg of an insect. 

tro'che (tro'ke), n. [Gr. rpoxos anything round, a wheel, 
prop., a runner.] A medicinal tablet or lozenge, esp. one 
used as a demulcent ; strictly, one of circular form. 

tro'chee (-ke), n. [L. trochaeus, Gr. rpoxalos (sc. 7ro6s), fr. 
rpoxalos running, rpexet-" to run.] Pros. A foot of two 
syllables, the first long and the second short, as in the Latin 
word ante, or the first accented and the second unaccented, 
as in the English word motion. 

tro-Chil'ic (tro-kil'ik), a. [See trochtlics.] Of or pert, to 
rotary motion ; having power to draw out or turn round. 

tTO-chil'iCS '-iks),n. (See-ics.) [Gr. rpoxiXt'a the sheaf of 
a pulley, roller of a windlass, fr. Tpexa-f to run.] The sci- 
ence of rotary motion, or of wheelwork. 

troch'i-lus (trok'i-lus), n.; pi. -n.i (-11). [L. trochilus a 
kind of small bird, an annular molding, Gr. rpoxt'Xos, fr. 
rpkxeiv to run.] a The crocodile bird, b Any of several 
Old World warblers. C A humming bird. 

trocb/le-a (trok'le-d), n. [L., a case or sheaf containing 
one or more pulleys, Gr. rpox^a.] Anat. A structure lik- 
ened to a pulley, as that part of the surface of the humerus 
which articulates with the ulna. 

trochle-ar (-ar), a. Shaped like a pulley ; round and nar- 
row in the middle ; resembling a pulley ; pert, to a trochlea. 

tro'choid (tro'koid), n. [Gr. rpoxos wheel 4- -oid.'] Geom. 
A roulette. — a. Anat. That may be rotated on an axis. 

tro-choi'dal (tro-koi'ddl), a. 1. Geom. Of, pert, to, or like, 
a trochoid. 2. Anat. & Zo'dl. Trochoid. 

trod (trod), trod'den (trod r 'n), p. p. of tread. 

trode (trod). Archaic pret. of tread. 

trog'lo-dyte (trog'lo-dlt), n._ [L. troglodytae, pi., fr. Gr. 
Tpo)y\o8vrr}s one who creeps into holes ; rp&yXi) a hole, cav- 
ern (fr. r.pccyeiv to gnaw) + SteLv to enter.] 1. Ethnol. One 
of any savage (esp. prehistoric) race dwelling in caves; a 
cave dweller. 2. An anthropoid ape. 

trog'lo-dyt'ic (trog'lo-dit'ik) 1 a. Of or pert, to a troglo- 

trog'lo-dyt'i-cal (-dit'i-kal) / dyte, or dweller in caves. 

tro'gon (tro'gon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rpwycov, p. pr. of rpwyeip 
to gnaw.] Any of a family (Trogonidds) of tropical non- 
passerine birds noted for their brilliant plumage. 

Tro'i-lus (tro'i-liis), to. [L., fr. Gr. TpojiXos.] Gr. Myth. 
A son of Priam, killed by Achilles. In medieval legend, he 
is depicted as the lover of Cressida. See Cresslda. 

Tro'jan (tro r ]an),o.. [L. Trojanus,h. Troja, Troia, Troy, 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 



N 



TROLL 



1030 



TROTHPLIGHT 







R 




fr. Tros, Gr. Tp&s, Tpco6s, Tros, founder of Troy.] Of or 
pert, to ancient Troy or its inhabitants. 
Trojan War, in Greek legend, the ten years' war waged by 
the Greeks under Agamemnon against the Trojans, to 
avenge Helen's abduction. See Paris, Hector, etc. 

«— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Troy. 2. One who shows 
pluck, endurance, or the like ; — esp. in like a Trojan. 

troll (trol), «._ [Icel. troll.'] Teut. Folklore. A supernatural 
being, conceived sometimes as a dwarf, sometimes as a 
giant, fabled to inhabit caves, hills, etc. 

troll, v. t. [ME. trollen to roll, wander.] 1. To move cir- 
cularly ; roll ; turn j wag. 06s. or Archaic. 2. To circulate, 
as a_ vessel in drinking. Obs. 3. a To sing the parts of in suc- 
cession, as of a round or catch, b To sing loudly or freely, c 
To sing of. 4, To troll for or in (see troll, v. i., 3) ; hence : 
to allure ; entice. — v. i. 1. To roll ; turn ; wag. Obs. or 
Archaic. 2. To take part in trolling a song. 3. To fish, 
esp. by drawing the hook, along or through the water. 

— n. 1. Act of moving round ; routine. 2. A song sung in 
parts successively ; round. 3. The lure, as a spoon, used in 
trolling. — troll'er, n. 

trol'ley, trol'ly (trol'i), n. ; pi. -leys, -lies (-Tz). 1. Local, 
Eng. Any of various vehicles ; as : a A kind of small cart, b 
A kind of railroad dump car. C A low two-wheeled truck. 
2. A wheeled carriage or truck running on an overhead rail 
or track and supporting a suspended load. 3. Elec. Bail- 
roads, a The grooved wheel, at the end of a pole, pressed 
upward in rolling contact with the overhead wire to take 
off the current ; hence, any device, as a wire bow (bow 
trolley) in sliding contact, for taking off current in elec- 
tric traction, b An electric car ; trolley car. U. S. & Canada. 

-—v.t.& i. To convey by, or to ride on, a trolley car. Colloq. 

trol'ley-man, trol'ly-man (-man), n. A man who works on 
a trolley car, esp. a motorman or conductor. [dame.I 

troll'mad'am, troll'my-dames 7 . Obs. vars. of trou ma-| 

trol'lop (trol'iip), n. A slattern ; also, a loose woman. 

trom'bone (trom'bon), n. [It., aug. of tromba a trumpet.] 
Music. A powerful 
brass instrument of 
the trumpet kind. 
The middle part, 
bent double, tele- Trombone, 

scopes into the outer parts so as to vary the length of the 
vibrating column of air. 

tro'na(tro'nd),re. [Said to be fr. Ar. name in Egypt.] Min. 
A whitish or yellowish monoclinic combination of neutral 
and acid sodium carbonate, Na2COsHNaC03-2H20. 

troop (troop), n. [F. troupe.] 1. A collection of people or, 
formerly, also, of things ; a company ; number. 2. Soldiers 
collectively ; an armed force ; — generally used in pi. 3. 
Mil. A division of a cavalry squadron commanded by a 
captain and corresponding to the company in infantry ; 
formerly, also, a battery. In the United States army, four 
troops (65-100 men each) constitute a squadron. — Syn. 
See company. 

— v. i. 1. To move or gather in crowds or troops. 2. To 
march on. 3. To associate. Archaic. — v. t. To unite with, 
or form into, a troop or troops. 

troop'er (-er), n. 1. A cavalryman or his horse. 2. A troop- 
ship. 3. A mounted policeman. Australia. 

troop'ship' (trobp'shTpO, n. A military transport. 

troost'ite (troost'It), n. [After Dr. Gerard Troost, of Nash- 
ville, Tenn.] Min. A variety of willemite (which see). 

tro-pse'o-lin, tro-pe'o-lin (tro-pe'o-lm), n. Chem. Any of a 
series of orange-red dyestuffs produced from certain com- 
plex sulphonic acid derivatives of azo and diazo compounds 
of the aromatic series ; — so called because resembling the 
flowers of the nasturtium {Tropseolum). 

tro-pse'o-lum (-lum), n. [NL., dim. fr. Gr. rpoiraiop trophy. 
See trophy. So named because 
likened to ancient trophies.] Any 
of a genus (Tropseolum) of tropi- 
cal American pungent herbs, hav- 
ing peltate leaves and showy flow- 
ers ; a nasturtium. 

-tropal. See -tropic. 

tro-pa'ri-on (tro-pa'rT-on ; 3), n.; 
pi. -ria (-&). [NL., fr. Gr. rpoira- 
piov.] East. Ch. A stanza, esp. one 
in an ode (see ode, 2) . 

trope (trop), n. [L. tropus, Gr. 
rpoiros, fr. rpeireiv to turn.] 1. 
Rhetoric. The use of a word or 
expression in a figurative sense; 
also, the word or expression so 
used ; a figure of speech. 2. R. C. 
Ch. Formerly, a verse sung be- Tropseolum (T. majus) . 
fore or after or sometimes in the middle of the introit. 

-trope. [Gr. rpoirr) a turning or rpoiros turn, rpkirew to 
turn.] A combining form signifying turner, one that turns. 

tro-pe'ine (tro-pe'm ; -en), n. Also -in. Chem. Any of a 

— series of artificial esters of the alkaloid tropine. 




tro-pe'o-lin. Var. of trop^eolin. 

troph'ic (trof'ik), a. [Gr. t P o4>lk6s nursing.] Physiol. & 
Plant Physiol. Pert, to nutrition. — troph'i-cal-ly, adv 

tro'phied (tro'fid), a. Adorned with trophies. 

troph'0- (trof'6-). _ [Gr. rpocfios feeder, or T po<f>f) nutrition, 
fr. rpecfjetv to nourish.] A combining form used to indicate 
connection with, or relation to, nutrition. 

troph'o-blast (-blast), n. Embryol. A special layer of ecto- 
dermic tissue developed on the outer surface of the blas- 
todermic vesicle of many mammals. 

troph'O-plasm (-plaz'm), n. Biol, a The nutritive or vege- 
tative cell substance ; — disting. from idioplasm, b The 
less active substance of the cytoplasm. 

tro'phy (tro'fi), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). [F. trophee, L. tro- 
paeum, trophaeum, Gr. rpbiraiov a monument of the ene- 
my's defeat, deriv. of rpkweiv to turn.] 1. Gr. & Rom. An- 
tiq. A memorial of a victory raised on a battle field, or, in 
case of a naval victory, on the nearest land, or sometimes in 
a chief city. 2. The representation of such a memorial ; 
esp., Arch., an ornament representing a group of weapons. 
3. Anything taken and preserved as a memorial of victory, 
as a sword, gun, flag, or the like. 4. Something regarded 
as evidence of conquest or the like ; as, trophies of the chase. 
5. Anything kept as a memento ; memorial ; memento. 

-trophy. [Gr. -rpo4>la, fr. rpk<peiv to nourish.] A combining 
form signifying nutrition, nourishment, nurture. 

trop'ic (trop'ik), a. [atropine + -ic] Chem. Pert, to or 
designating a white crystalline acid, C9H10O3, known in 
three optically different modifications. 

trop'ic, n. [L. tropicus, Gr. tpottlkos of the solstice, rpoiri- 
kos (sc. kvk\os) the tropic or solstice, fr. rpkireiv to turn.] 
1. Astron. Either of the two small circles of the celestial 
sphere, one on each side of, and parallel to, the'equator, at 
a distance of 23 i°, reached by the sun at its greatest decli- 
nation north and south. The northern circle is called the 
tropic of Cancer, and the southern the tropic of Capri- 
corn. 2. a Either of the two parallels of terrestrial latitude 
corresponding to the celestial tropics, b In pi. The region 
between or near these parallels, marked by its torrid cli- 
mate, luxuriant vegetation, etc. 

— a. Of or pertaining to the tropics ; tropical. 

tropic bird, any of several oceanic birds (genus Pha'e~thon) 
found chiefly in tropical seas. The plumage 
is mostly white, and the central pair of tail 
feathers is greatly elongated. 

-tropic, -tropous, -tropal. [Gr. 
-rpoiros (as in arpowos in- 
flexible), rpoiros a 
turn, fr. rpeireiv to 
turn.] Combining 
forms used to signify 
turning, rotating, 
pertaining to a 
turning ; as in 
a.na.tropous, plagio- 
tropic, etc. 

trop'i-cal (trop'i-kal), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic 
of, the tropics. 2. [L. tropicus, Gr. rpoirwbs, orig., of turn- 
ing. See trope.] Rhetorically changed from its exact origi- 
nal sense ; figurative ; metaphorical. — trop'i-cal-ly, adv. 

tro'pine (tro'pin; -pen), n. Also -pin. [From atropine.] 
Chem. A white crystalline base, C8H15ON, formed by hy- 
drolysis of atropine and other solanum alkaloids. 

tro'pism (tro'piz'm), n. [Gr. rpoirr) a turning, rpkireiv to 
turn + -ism.] Biol. The innate tendency of an organism 
to react in a definite manner to. external stimuli. 

-tropism, -tropy. Suffixes of nouns corresponding to adjec- 
tives ending in -tropic, -tropal, or -tropous. 

trop'ist (trop'ist), n. [See trope.] One who deals in tropes ; 
specif., one who avoids the literal sense of the language of 
Scripture by explaining it as mere tropes. 

tro-pol'O-gy (tro-pol'6-ji), n. ; pi. -gees (-jiz). [Gr. rpoiro\o- 
yta; rpoiros a trope + X670S discourse.] A figurative mode 
of speech ; a figurative method of interpreting Scripture. 

tro-poph'l-loUS (tro-pof'i-liis), a. [Gr. 7po7ri7 turn, change 
+ -philous.] Bot. Thriving under alternating periods of 
dryness and moisture or of heat and cold, as vegetation. 

trop'o-phyte (trop'6-fIt),_ n. [Gr. rpoirr) turn, change + 
-phyte.] Bot. A tropophilous plant, as a deciduous tree of 
temperate regions. — trop'o-phyt'ic (-fit'ik), a. 

-tropous. Combining form denoting turning. See tropic 

trot (trot), v. i. & t. ; trot'ted ; -ting. [OF. troter.] 1. To 
ride, drive, or move, at a trot. 2. To run ; jog ; hurry. 

— n. 1. A gait of a quadruped in which the legs move in 
pairs, diagonally but not quite simultaneously. 2. A jog- 
ging pace ; Colloq., brisk movement. 3. A toddler ; child; 
tot. Colloq. 4. An old woman ; — used in contempt. Ar- 
chaic or Dial. 5. A translation ; "pony." Slang, U. S. 

troth (troth ; troth ; 62), n. [Variant of truth.] 1. Faith ; 

fidelity. 2. Truth ; verity. 3. Betrothal. Archaic. — v. t. 

To pledge ; betroth. [Betrothal. AUObs.,Scot.,orDial.\ 
troth'plight' (-plitO. v.t. Tobetroth. — a. Betrothed.— -n.\ 




Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Phdethori 

flavirostris) . 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fan, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



TROTTER 



1031 



TRUE 



trot'te* (trot'er), to. 1. One that trots, esp. a race horse. 

2. The foot of an animal, esp. when used for food. 
llOUlia-dour (troo'ba-door), to. [F., fr. Pr. trobador, fr. 
trobar to find, compose (poetry).] One of a class of lyric, 
usually romantic or amatory, poets who flourished from the 
11th century to the end of the 13th, chiefly in Provence, the 
south of France, and the north of Italy. 

trouble (trub''l), v. t.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). [F. 
troubler, deriv. of L. turba disorder, crowd.] 1. To dis- 
turb ; agitate ; as, troubled waters. 2. To agitate mentally 
or spiritually ; worry. 3. To inconvenience ; — used in po- 
lite phraseology. — Syn. Afflict, distress, grieve, harass, 
annoy, tease, vex, molest. — v. i. 1. To take trouble or 
pains. 2. To worry or be agitated. 

— to. 1. State of being troubled ; uneasiness ; annoyance ; 
also, an instance of distress or the like. 2. That which 
causes disturbance, annoyance, etc. 3. Exertion ; labor ; 
pains. 4. A condition of ill health or physical distress ; as, 
lung trouble. — Syn. Affliction, calamity, misfortune, ad- 
versity, embarrassment, anxiety, sorrow, misery. See ef- 
fort. — trou'bler (trub'ler), n. _ 

trou'ble-some (-'1-sum), a. 1. Giving trouble ; disturbing ; 
vexatious ; wearisome. 2. Characterized by disturbance ; 
turbulent. Archaic. — Syn. Harassing, annoying, irk- 
some, afflictive, burdensome, tiresome. — trou'ble-SOme- 
ly, adv. — trouTjle-some-ness, to. 

trou'blous (triib'lus), a. 1. Full of trouble ; troubled. 2. 
Causing trouble ; turbulent. 3. Restless. Archaic. 

|| trou'-de-loup' (troo'de-loo'), to.; pi. trous-de-loup 
(troo'-)- [F. ; trou hole -f- de of 4- loup wolf.] Mil. A slop- 
ing pit with a pointed stake in the middle ; — usually in pi. 

trough (trof ; 62), to. [AS. trog, troh.~] 1. Any of various 
receptacles ; esp., a long shallow vessel, as for water or fod- 
der. 2. Any long channel or depression, as between waves. 

trou' ma'dame' (troo' ma/dam'). [F.] A form of bagatelle. 

trounce (trouns), v. t.; trounced (trounst) ; trounc'ing 
(troun'sing). To punish cr beat severely ; whip ; flog. 

troupe (troop), to. [F.] A company or troop, esp. of actors. 

troup'i-al (troop'T-al), to. \¥.troupiale.~] In a broad sense, 
any bird of a family (Icteridse) including the American 
blackbirds, grackles, and orioles ; more usually, one of the 
larger brilliant orioles of Central and South America. 

trou'ser-ing (trou'zer-ing), to. Material for trousers. 

trou'sers (trou'zerz), to. pi.; sing., Rare; trouser. [OF. 
trousses breeches for pages, fr. trousse, trosse, bundle, 
truss.] An outer garment of men or boys extending from 
the waist to the knee or, oftener and with men almost al- 
ways, to the ankle, and covering each leg separately. Orig., 
trousers were of the nature of long hose or tight drawers. 

|| trousse (troos), to. [F., bundle, truss.] A case for small 
implements ; as, a surgeon's trousse. 

trous'seau' (troo'so'), to.; pi. trousseaux (-soz'). [F., fr., 
OF. trossel, dim. of trousse a bundle, truss.] 1. A bundle. 
Obs. 2. A bride's personal outfit, as of clothes, jewelry, etc. 

trout (trout), to. (See plural, Note.) [AS. truht, L. tructa, 
tructus."] 1. Any of certain handsome game fishes (genus 
Salmo, and in America also genera Salvelinus and Cris- 
tivomer) of the salmon family, having finely flavored flesh. 
2. Any of various troutlike fishes. 

trou'vere' (troo'var') 1 n. [F. trouveur, OF. troveor, trou- 

trou'vem/ (troo'vur')J vere, fr. OF. trover to find, com- 
pose (poetry).] Any of a school of poets who flourished in 
northern France from the 11th to the 14th century. Their 
works are typically epic poems on early French history, 
real or legendary. Cf. troubadour. 

tro'ver (tro'ver), to. [OF. trover to find ; inf. as n.] Law. 
Orig., a form of an action of trespass against one who found 
goods and refused to give them up ; hence, any action to 
recover the value of goods wrongfully converted. 

trow (tro), v. i. & t. [AS. truwian or treowan to trust, be- 
lieve.] 1. To believe. Obs. 2. To think or suppose. Archaic. 

trow'el (trou'el), to. [OF. troele, fr. LL. dim. of L. trua la- 
dle.] Any of various hand implements for spreading, shap- 
ing, and smoothing loose or plastic material, as mortar ; 
also, an implement for taking up and setting out small 
plants, etc. — v. t. ; trow'eled or -elled (-eld) ; trow'el- 
ing or -el-ltng. To smooth, dress, shape, mix, or apply 
with a trowel ; as, troweled stucco. 

trowel bayonet. = spade bayonet. See bayonet, Illust. 

troy (troi), a. Pertaining to or designating the system o5 
weights (troy weight) for gold, silver, etc.; — so called 
from Troves in France. In this system: 1 pound (lb.) = 12 
ounces (0.82286 lb. av. or 373.2509 grains) ; 1 ounce (oz.) 
= 20 pennyweights (1.09714 oz. av. or 31.1035 g.) ; 1 
pennyweight OZutf.) =24 grains (0.87771 dr. av. or 15552 g.). 
The troy pound contains 5,760 grains. The troy ounce is 
also the basis of apothecaries' weight. 

— to. Troy weight. 

tru'an-cy (troo'an-si), to.; pi. -ctes (-siz). Act or habit of 
playing truant ; state of being truant. 

tru'ant (-ant), to. [OF., a vagrant, beggar ; of Celtic origin.] 
One who stays away from business or duty, esp. from school 




without leave. — a. 1. Wandering from business or duty; 
idle and shirking duty. 2. Like, or characteristic of, a tru- 
ant ; as, a truant mood. — v. i. To play truant. 

truce (troos), to. [ME. trewes, pi. of trewe a truce, AS. 
treow fidelity. See true.] 1. Mil. A suspension of arms by 
agreement ; armistice. 2. Respite ; brief quiet. 

truck (truk), to. [Prob. fr. L. trochus an iron hoop, Gr. 
rpoxos a wheel.] 1. A small wheel ; specif., a small strong 
wheel for 
a gun car- 
riage. 2. 
Any of mi- 
ni e rous 
•wh e e 1 ed 
v e h i cles 
for trans- 
p o r t i ng 
heavy ar- 
t icl e s ; 
esp.: a A 
kind of 
hand bar- 
r o w or 
hand cart 
(fig. 1 in Trucks, 2. 

Illust.). b A small heavy rectangular frame supported on 
four small wheels (fig. 4). C Any of various small flat- 
topped cars (figs. 2 and 3), for moving heavy articles, d 
Any strong heavy cart or wagon, horse-drawn or self-pro- 
pelled, for heavy hauling, e An open railroad freight car. 
Brit. 3. A swiveling frame with one or more pairs of wheels, 
with springs, etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomo- 
tive, car, etc., and facilitate the turning of sharp curves. 
4. A small wheel-like disk ; specif., a small wooden cap at 
the summit of a flagstaff or a masthead, usually having 
holes in it for reeving flag or signal halyards. 

— v. t. To transport on a truck or trucks. 

truck, v. t. & i. [F. troquer.~] To exchange ; barter ; traffic. 

— to. 1. Barter. 2. Intercourse ; dealing. Colloq. & Dial. 
3. Small commodities ; esp., U. S., vegetables raised for the 
market ; as, garden truck. 4. Payment of wages in goods 
instead of cash. 5. Small articles of little value; hence, 
rubbish. Colloq. 

truck'age (truk'aj), to. Money paid for the conveyance of 
goods on a truck ; freight ; also, conveyance by trucks. 

truck'age, to. Exchange ; barter ; truck. 

truck'er, to. One who uses a truck, as for the business of 
public carriage. 

truck'er, to. 1. One who trucks, or barters. 2. One who 
raisestruck, or vegetables, for the market. U. S. [trucks. I 

truck'ing, to. The process or business of carting goods on| 

truck'ing, to. Truck farming. U. S. 

tTUCk'le (truk''l), to. 06s. or Dial. 1. A small wheel. 2. A 
truckle-bed. — v. i.; -led (-'Id) ; -ltng (-ling). [In allu- 
sion to the fact that the pupil's truckle-bed was rolled un- 
der the master's bed.] To yield obsequiously to another , 
show servility. — v. t. To roll or move on truckles ; trundle. 
— truck'ler (-ler), to. — truck'ling, p. a. 

truck'le— bed', to. [From truckle, n. or v. t.] A trundle-bed. 

truck'man (-man), to. One who does business by barter. 

truck'man, to. One who drives a truck, or who conveys 
goods on a truck. 

truck system. The system of paying wages in goods in 
stead of cash or money. Cf . 2d truck, 4. 

truc'u-lence (truk'u-lens ; troo'ku-), truc'u-len-cy (-len- 
si), to. [L. truculentia.~\ Quality or state of being trucu- 
lent ; savageness, as of manners ; ferociousness. 

truc'u-lent (truk'u-lent ; troo'ku-), a. [L. truculentus, fr. 
trux, trucis.'] 1. Fierce ; savage ; ferocious ; barbarous. 2. 
Ruthless ; destructive. — Syn. See ferocious. — truc'U- 
lent-ly, adv. 

trudge (truj), v. i.; trudged (trujd) ; trudg'lng (truj'Tng). 
To walk, esp toilsomely or wearily. — to. A tramp or walk, 
esp. a weary one. 

trudg'en Stroke (triij'en). Swimming. A racing stroke in 
which a double over-arm motion is used ; — from its use by 
an amateur named Trudgen. Often erroneously written 
trudgeon. Cf. crawl stroke. 

true (troo), a.; tru'er (troo'er); tru'est. [AS. triowe 
faithful, treow fidelity, faith, troth.] 1. Faitbro! to friends, 
promises, allegiance, etc. ; loyal. 2. Honeit ; just ; upright. 
Archaic. 3. Actual ; genuine ; as, true balsam. 4. Con- 
formable to fact ; correct ; as, a true story. 5. Truthful. 6. 
Conformable to a standard, rule, or pattern ; exact ; accu- 
rate ;-correct ; as, a true copy. 7. Legitimate ; rightful ; as, 
the true owner. 8. To be relied on ; certain ; as, a true in- 
dication. 9. Biol. Genuine ; real ; not deviating from the 
essential characters of a class ; as, a whale is a true, but not 
a typical, mammal. — Syn. See real. 
a true bill, Law, a bill of indictment returned by the 
grand jury so indorsed. — t. time, apparent solar time as 
reckoned from the sun's transit over the meridian. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure, Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



< 



N 



TRUE BLUE 



1032 



TRUST 







R 



—■adv. 1. In accordance with truth ; truly. 2. Biol. Con- 
formably to parental type ; without change. 

— n. State of being true or accurate ; as, in (or out of) true. 

— v. t. ; trued (trood) ; tru'ing or true'ing. To make true ; 
bring to its correct condition as to form, place, angle, etc. 

true blue. 1. Orig., some especially fast blue dye or color, 
prob. that of the thread made at Coventry, England, and 
called Coventry blue. 2. The blue color adopted by the 
Covenanters, or Scotch Presbyterians ; hence : Presbyteri- 
anism ; also, thoroughgoing or uncompromising orthodoxy, 
loyalty, or fidelity. — true'-blue' (109), a. 

trns'love' (troo'luv'), to. One truly beloved or loving. 

true'love', or true'-lov'er's, knot. A complicated knot 
not readily untying, emblem of mutual love. 

true'ness, n. Quality of being true. 

true'pen'ny (-pen'i), to. An honest fellow. Archaic. 

truffle (truf'l ; trdof'l ; troo'f'l), to. [OF.] Any of various 
subterranean fungi (genus Tuber) esteemed as a delicacy. 

tru'ism (troo'iz'm), n. An undoubted or self-evident truth. 
— Syn. See commonplace. 

trull (trill), to. A trollop; strumpet. [reality; in truth. I 

tru'ly (trco'li), adv. 1. In a true manner. 2. In fact ; in| 

trump (trump), to. [F. trompe.~] A kind of wind instrument 
of music ; a trumpet, or trumpet sound. Poetic or Archaic. 

trump, n. [Corruption of triumph, F. triomphe a triumph, 
a game of cards, a trump.] 1. Card Playing. One of a suit 
any card of which takes any card of the other suits ; the suit 
itself. 2. A good fellow (man or woman). Slang. 

— v. i. To play a trump card when one of another suit has 
been led. — v. t. To take or play upon by trumping. 

trump, v. t. [F. tromper to deceive, OF. soi tromper de to 

mock.] To impose unfairly. Rare. 

to trump up, to devise ; concoct with unfairness. 
trump'er-y (trum'per-T), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). [F. tront- 

perie deceit.] A thing deceptively showy ; hence : rubbish ; 

trash. — a. Deceptively showy ; worthless. 
trump'et (trum'pet ; 24), to. [F. trompette, dim. of trompe 

trumpet.] l.Music. 

A wind instrument 

consisting of a long 

metallic tube, com- 
monly once or twice 

curved, ending in a 

bell. 2. A trumpeter. 




Modern Trumpet, with Pistons. 
3. A sound as of a trumpet ; esp., an elephant's cry. 4. A 



trumpet-shaped instrument^ for directing or intensifying 
sounds ; as, an ear or speaking trumpet. 5. In pi. Any of 
several pitcher plants (esp. Sarracenia flava) having long 
trumpet-shaped leaves. Southern U. S. 

— v. t. To publish by or as by sound of trumpet ; noise 
abroad ; proclaim. — v. i. To sound with a tone like a 
trumpet ; utter a trumpet like cry, as elephants. 

trumpet creeper. An American climbing plant (Tecoma 
radicans) having pinnate leaves and large red trumpet- 
shaped flowers ; — called also trumpet flower and t. vine. 

trump'et-er (-er), n. 1. One who sounds or plays a trumpet. 
2. One who proclaims, publishes, or announces. 3. a Any of 
several large South American birds (genus Psophia, esp. 
P. crepitans), often domesticated to protect poultry, b A 
North American wild swan noted for its sonorous voice, c 
One of a breed of domestic pigeons. 

trumpet honeysuckle. An American honeysuckle (Loni- 
cera sempervirens) with tubular red or orange flowers. 

trumpet vine. 1. The trumpet creeper. 2. The trumpet 
honeysuckle. 

trump'et-weed' (-wed 7 ), n. Joe-pyeweed. 

trum'pet -wood' (-wood'), to. A tropical American tree {Ce- 
cropia peltata) having hollow stems, used for wind instru- 
ments, and large peltate leaves. 

trun'cate (trun'kat), v. t.; -cat-ed (-kat-ed) ; -cat-ing. [L. 
truncatus, p. p. of truncare to cut off, mutilate.] To cut 
off ; lop. — a. a Having the end square or even. See leaf, 
Illust. b Lacking the apex, as certain spiral shells. 

trun-ca'tion (trun-ka'shiin),TO. Act of truncating, or state 
of-being truncated. [maimed. 2. Zo'dl. Truncate. | 

trun'cat-ed (-kat-ed) , a. 1. Cut off or cut short ; lopped off ;j 
truncated cone or pyramid, Geom., the part left of a cone 
or pyramid whose vertex is cut off by a plane. 

trun'cheon (trun'sh&n ; -chun), to. [ME. tron- 
choun broken spear shaft, OF. tronchon, deriv, 
of L. truncus trunk.] 1. A trunk or stem, esp, 
one with branches lopped off to hasten growth 
Obs. 2. A short staff ; spear shaft ; club. Ar- 
chaic. 3. A baton, or staff of command. 

— v. t. To beat with a truncheon. Truncated 
trun'dle (-d'l), to. [AS. trendel a circle, ring, Pyramid. 

disk.] 1. A round or circular object, as a small wheel. Dial. 
Eng. & Scot. 2. A kind of low-wheeled cart or truck. 3. A 
trundle-bed. 4. A rolling motion or the resulting sound. 
5. Much. A lantern pinion, or any of its bars. — v. t. & i. ; 
-dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 1. To roll on little wheels ; 
as, to trundle abed. 2. To revolve ; as, to trundle a hoop. 




trun'dle-bed', to. A low bed, usually on trundles, that can 
be pushed under a higher bed ; a truckle-bed. 

trun'dle-tail' (-tal') ( to. A curly or curled-up tail; also, a 
dog with such a tail. 

trunk (trunk), to. [F. tronc, L. truncus, fr. truncus muti- 
lated.] 1. The main stem, or body, of a tree. 2. The body 
of an animal or a man, apart from head and limbs. 3. The 
main body of anything. 4. Arch. The shaft of a column or 
pilaster. 5. Zo'dl. An insect's thorax. 6. [For trump, fr. 
F. trompe proboscis, trumpet.] A proboscis, esp. of an ele- 
phant. 7. In pi. Trunk hose; also, tight-fitting short 
breeches. 8. A long, large box, pipe, etc., serving as a con- 
duit. 9. A box or chest to contain clothes or other goods, 
as those of a traveler. 10. Mach. See trunk engine. 11. 
Naut. a The upper part of a cabin projecting above the 
upper deck, b A box or funnel around an opening in the 
bottom of a vessel, as for a centerboard. C The casing 
around a hatch continued between two decks to a hatch 
above or below, making a shaft. 

— a. Designating, or pert, to, a main railroad or other main 
line, as of a telegraph system. 

trunk engine. Mach. a A steam engine the piston rod of 
which is a pipe (called a trunk) of sufficient diameter to en- 
able one end of the connecting rod to be attached to the 
crank and the other end to pass within the pipe and be piv- 
oted to the piston, giving compactness, b An engine having 
a trunk piston, as most internal-combustion engines. 

trunk'fish' (trunk'fish'), to. Any of a family (Ostraciidse) 
of plectognath fishes of warm 
seas, having the body encased 
in bony plates, with only the 
jaws, fins, and tail movable. 

trunk hose. Full breeches 
reaching just below the 
thighs, or to the knees, worn 
chiefly in the 16th and 17th 
centuries. 




Trunkfish 
(Lactophrys triqueter). 



trun'nel (trun''l). Corrupt, of treenail. 

trun'nion (trun'ywn), to. [F. trognon a core, stalk.] Either 
of two opposite projecting pivots, journals, or gudgeons, to 
support a cannon, a large crucible, etc. 

truss (trus), v. t. [F. trousser.'] 1. To pack into a bundle ; 
bundle. 2. To bind, tie, or fasten ; as : a To fasten or 
tighten the clothing of ; to tighten and fasten, as laces, 
strings, etc. b To fasten by or as by a skewer, as a fowl's 
wings ; skewer. 3. To support by a truss ; strengthen or 
stiffen, as a girder, by a brace or braces. 4. To hang ; — 
usually used with up. Slang. 

— n. 1. A bundle ; pack ; package. 2. A measured quantity 
of hay (56-60 lbs.) or straw (36 lbs.). 3. Surg. A bandage 
or apparatus used in cases of hernia, etc. 4. Hort. A com- 
pact flower cluster at the top of a stem. 5. Arch. & Engin. 
An assemblage of members, as beams, bars, rods, etc., 
forming a rigid framework. 6. Naut. An iron band around 
a lower mast. — truss'er, to. 

truss'ing (triis'ing), to. Arch. & Engin. a The members 
forming a truss, b Trusses in general, c Stiffening or brac- 
ing with struts, ties, etc. 

trust (trust), to. [ME. trust,Jrost (also trist, trest), prob. 
fr. Scand.] 1. Assured reliance on another's integrity, 
veracity, justice, etc. ; confidence ; faith. 2. Assured an- 
ticipation ; hope. 3. A person or thing in which confidence 
is reposed. 4. Trustworthiness. Obs. 5. Custody ; care ; 
charge. 6. Credit given ; esp., reliance on another's inten- 
tion and ability to pay in the future for property delivered ; 
as, to sell on trust. 7. Responsible charge or office. 8. That 
which is committed or intrusted to one,_ as a duty, task, or 
office. 9. An equitable right or interest in property distinct 
from the legal ownership thereof ;«a property interest held 
for another's benefit. 10. A business organization or com- 
bination consisting of a number of firms or corporations 
operating, and often united, under an agreement creating a 
trust (in sense 9), esp. one formed mainly to regulate the 
supply and price of commodities, etc. ; often, opprqbiously, 
a combination formed to control or monopolize an industry 
or business by doing acts in restraint of trade. 
Syn. Trust, confidence, reliance, assurance. Trust 
is an absolute and unquestioning resting on that which is its 
object, and is often more instinctive than confidence, which 
is apt to suggest definite grounds of assurance. Reliance 
is commonly more objective, and suggests the act or state 
as well as the feeling. Assurance adds to trust the element 
of certitude. 

— v. t. 1. To place confidence in ; rely on. 2. To give cre- 
dence to ; believe. 3. To hope or expect confidently ; as, I 
trust we may meet. 4. To invest with a trust ; intrust. 5. 
To commit, or consign, as to one's care ; confer as a trust. 
6. To allow to be or go somewhere or to do something with- 
out fear or misgiving. 7. To give credit to ; sell to (one) in 
confidence of future payment. — v. i. 1. To have trust or 
confidence ; confide ; rely. 2. To be confident ; hope. 

to trust to or unto, to depend or rely on. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofo; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite,' am, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TRUST COMPANY 



1033 



TUBULATION 



•— a. Held in trust ; as, trust property ; trust funds. 
trust company. Any corporation formed (in the United 

States, under State laws) for the purpose of acting as trustee. 

Such companies usually do more or lessof a banking business. 
trus-tee' (trus-te'), n. A person holding property in trust. 

— v. t. Law. a To commit (property) to the care of a trus- 
tee, b To attach by the trustee process. U. S. 

trustee process. Law. The process of attachment by gar- 
nishment. U. S. 

trus-tee'ship (-ship), n. Office or duty of a trustee. 

trust'er, n. One who trusts. 

trust'ful (trust 'fool), a. Full of trust ; confiding. — trust'- 
ful-ly, adv. — trust'ful-ness, n. 

trust'i-ly (trus'ti-li), adv. In a trusty manner. 

trust'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being trusty. 

trust'wor'Ury (-wur'thT), a. Worthy of trust. — Syn. See 
reliable. — trust'wor'thi-ness (-thi-nes), n. 

trust'y (trus'ti), a.; trust'i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Justly 
deserving confidence ; trustworthy ; reliable. 2. Trustful. 
Rare. — n. ; pi. -ies. A trusty or trusted person ; esp., a con- 
vict considered trustworthy and allowed special privileges. 

truth (trooth), n. ; pi. truths (troothz; trooths). [AS. 
treowS.~\ 1. Quality or state of being true ; hence : a Fidel- 
ity; constancy, b Sincerity; genuineness; specif.: (1) Ve- 
racity ; as, a man of truth. (2) In architecture, avoidance of 
deceits and imitations ; in art, conformity with nature or 
conviction. C Conformity to fact or reality ; exact accord- 
ance with that which is, or has been, or shall be. d Con- 
formity to rule ; exactness ; correctness. 2. That which is 
true ; as : a Real state of things ; fact ; reality, b A true 
statement ; established principle, fixed law, etc. ; as, funda- 
mental truths. 3. Righteousness; true religion. 
Syn. Truth, veracity, verity, verisimilitude. Truth 
is, in general, conformity to fact or reality ; veracity is 
(esp. habitual) observance of the truth ; as, to speak the 
truth; a man of veracity. Verity is the quality of being, 
often assuredly, true or real. Verisimilitude is resem- 
blance to truth or reality ; as, the verisimilitude of Shake- 
speare's characters. 

truth/ful (trooth'fdol), a. Full of, or habitually speaking, 
truth ; veracious. — truth'ful-ly, adv. — truth'ful-ness, n. 

try (tri), v. t. ; tried (trld) ; try'ing. [F. trier to cull, pick 
out.] 1. To purify or refine, as metals ; to melt out, as oil, 
lard, etc. ; render. 2. To test, prove, or make trial of ; as, 
life tries all. 3. To settle ; determine, as by an appeal to 
arms ; as, to try conclusions. 4. Law. To examine or inves- 
tigate judicially ; conduct the trial of ; as, to try a criminal. 
5. a To use experimentally ; as, to try a new remedy, b To 
experiment or practice on ; as, to try a convalescent's appe- 
tite with dainties. C To subject to trials ; afflict. 6. To gain 
knowledge of by experience. 7. To essay ; attempt ; as, to 
try something difficult. 8. To strain ; as, the glare tries 
one's eyes. — v. i. 1. To endeavor ; as, he tried to mend it. 
2. To prove something by experiment ; make trial. 

— n.; pi. tries (trlz). 1. Act of trying; attempt; experi- 
ment ; trial ; test. 2. In Rugby football, a score of three 
points made by grounding the ball on or behind the oppo- 
nent's goal line. 

Syn. Try, attempt, essay, endeavor. Try is the general 
and familiar word : attempt is more formal, and commonly 
implies a degree of effort ; essay is somewhat bookish, and 
emphasizes the idea of experiment or tentative action ; en- 
deavor heightens the implication of striving or exertion, 
sometimes suggesting high or aspiring effort. 

try'ing, a. Adapted to try ; severe ; afflictive. 

try'ma (trT'md), n. [Gr. rpvua hole.] Bot. A nutlike drupe, 
in which the exocarp and mesocarp separate from the hard 
2-valved endocarp, as in the walnut and hickory. 

try'OUt' (tri'out'), n. Sports. A test by which the fitness of 
a contestant to remain in a certain class is determined. 

tryp'a-no-SO'ma (tnp'd-no-so'md), n. [NL. ; Gr. rpinravov 
an auger + a&ua body.] Zo'dl. Any of a genus (Trypanoso- 
ma) of parasitic flagellate protozoans infesting the blood of 
various animals, including man, being usually transferred 
by the bite of an insect. Some are the cause of serious or 
fatal diseases such as nagana and sleeping sickness. — 
tryp'a-no-some' (trip'd-no-som'), n. 

tryp'sin (trip'sm), n. [G., fr. Gr. rpiieiv to rub down, wear 
out (hence, to digest) + pepsin.] Physiol. Chem. a A pro- 
teolytic enzyme present in the pancreatic juice, b Any of 
several similar enzymes. — tryp'tic (trip'tik), a. 

try'sail' (tri'saF; naut., tri's'l), n. Naut. A fore-and-aft 
sail, bent to a gaff, hoisted on a lower mast or a small mast 
close abaft a lower mast. 

try'-square', n. An instrument for laying off right angles 
and testing work for squareness. 

tryst (trist ; trist), n. [OF. iriste, tristre, a place for watch- 
ing or waiting (in hunting), an ambush.] 1. An appoint- 
ment to meet ; a meeting ; also, an appointed place of meet- 
ing. 2. A market or fair. Scot. & North. Eng. — v. t. To 
agree to meet at a certain time or place. Chiefly Scot. 

tryst 'ing, n. An appointment ; tryst. 

tsar (tsar), tsar'e-vitch, tsa-ri'na, etc. See czar, etc. 




Tubers of Jeru- 
salem Arti- 
choke. 




tset'se (tset'se), n. [Cape D., fr. Bantu ntsintsi fly.] A fly 
(Glossina morsitans) of central 
and southern Africa which by its 
bite conveys a protozoan parasite, 
that causes a diseased cattle, etcA 

tub (tub), n. 1. An open wooden 
vessel formed with staves, bot- 
tom, and hoops ; a kind of short 
cask, half barrel, or firkin. 2. 
Amount which a tub holds or will 
hold; as, a tub of butter. 3. A 
clumsy slow-moving boat. Slang. Tsetse. X lj. 

4. A vessel to contain water for bathing ; also, act or process 
of tubbing. Colloq. 5. A sweating in a tub. Obs. 6. Min- 
ing, a A box or bucket in which coal or ore is sent up a 
shaft, b A keeve. c A tram used underground. 

— v. t. ; tubbed (tubd) ; tub'bing. 1. To plant or set in a 
tub. 2. To wash or bathe in a tub. — v. i. To use a bath- 
ing tub ; take a bath. Colloq. 

tu'ba (tu'bd), n. [L., trumpet.] Music, a An ancient 
trumpet, b A large deep-toned form of saxhorn, [tube.l 

tub'al (tub'al), a. Of or pert, to a tube, esp. a Fallopian | 

tub'ate (-at), a. Having or forming a tube or tubes. 

tub'by (tub , i), a. Resembling or suggesting a tub. 

tube (tub), n. [L. tubus.~] 1. A hollow cylinder, as for con- 
veying liquids or gases ; pipe. 2. Specif.: a Bot. The nar- 
row basal portion of a gamopetalous corolla or a gamosepal- 
ous calyx, b Something with a tube or tubelike part as its 
chief feature, as a telescope or gun. 3. A tunnel for an un- 
derground railway ; Colloq., the railway itself. Chiefly Eng. 

— v. t. ; tubed (tubd) ; tub'lng (tub'ing). To furnish with, 
or inclose in, a tube. 

tu'ber (tu'ber), n. [L., a hump, knob, truffle.] 1. Bot. A 
short fleshy underground stem or 
shoot bearing minute scale leaves 
(see 2d scale, 3 a) with buds, or 
"eyes," in their axils, as the potato. 
2. Anat. A tuberosity, tubercle, or 
protuberance. 

tu'ber-cle (-k'l), n.[L. 
tuberculum, dim. of 
tuber."] 1. A small 
knoblike prominence 
or excrescence, esp.on 
an animal or plant. 2. 
Med. A small rounded morbid growth; esp., the specific 
lesion of tuberculosis. 

tu-ber'cu-lar (tu-bfir'ku-ldr), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a tu- 
bercle or tubercles; having tubercles; Med., characterized 
by tubercles ; affected with tuberculosis ; tuberculous. 

tu-ber'cu-late (-lat), a. [NL. tuberculatus.'] Tuberculated ; 
also, tubercular. 

tU-ber'CU-lat'ed (tu-bur'ku-lat'ed), a. Having, or charac- 
terized by, a tubercle or tubercles. la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

tU-ber'cu-lin (-lin), n. Also -line (-lin; -len). A sterile 
liquid containing the growth products of the tuberculosis 
bacillus. It is used in testing cattle for tuberculosis. 

tu-ber'cu-loid (-loid), a. Med. Resembling a tubercle. 

tu-ber'cu-lo'sis (-lo'sis), n. [NL. See tubercle; -osis.] 
Med. An infectious disease due to a bacillus and character- 
ized by the production of tubercles ; specif., this disease 
affecting the lungs ; pulmonary phthisis ; consumption. 

tU-ber'CU-lOUS (tu-bur'ku-lus), a. Tubercular; hence, 
Med., affected with, or of the nature of, tuberculosis. 

tu'ber-ose (tu'ber-os), a. Tuberous. 

tube'rose' (tub'roz'; tu'ber-os'), n. [See tuberous.] A 
bulbous amaryllidaceous plant (Polianthes tuberosa), cul- 
tivated for its spike of fragrant, white, lilylike flowers. 

tu'ber-OS'i-ty (tu'ber-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State 
or quality of being tuberous. 2. An obtuse prominence ; 
specif., Anat., any of certain large prominences on bones, 
usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments. 

tu'ber-OUS (tu'ber-us), a. [L. tuberosus. See tuber.] 1. 
Covered with knobby or wartlike prominences. 2c Bot. 
Consisting of, bearing, or like, a tuber or tubers. 
tuberous root, a thick fleshy root resembling a tuber, but 
having no buds or scale leaves. See root, Illust. 

tu'bi-form (tu'bi-form), a. Tubular in form. 

tub'ing (tub'ing), n. 1. Act of making tubes. 2. A series 
of tubes ; tubes collectively ; a length or piece of a tube ; 
material for tubes ; as, leather tubing. 

tu'bu-lar (tu'bu-ldr), a. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus tube.] 
1. Having the form of a tube, or pipe ; consisting of a pipe ; 
fistular ; also, containing, or provided with, tubes. 2. Of, 
pert, to, or sounding as if produced through, tubes. 

tu'bu-late (tu'bu-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. 
To form into, or to provide with, a tube or a tubulure. 

tu'bu-late (-lat), tu^bu-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. 1. Provided 
with a tube. 2. Having the form of a tube. 

tu'bu-la'tion (-la'shSn), n. Act of shaping or making a 
tube, or of providing with a tube ; arrangement of tubes ; 
also, a tube or tubulure ; as, the tubulation of a retort. 




ffl 

i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



TUBULE 



1034 



TUN 







R 



tlllJUlO (tu'bul), n. [F. tubule, or L. tubulus, dim. of tubus 
tube, pipe.] A small pipe or fistular body ; a little tube. 

tu'bu-li-flo'rous (-bu-li-flo'rus ; 57), a. [L. tubulus small 
tube + -florous.2 Bot. Having all the perfect florets of a 
head with tubular corollas ; — said of asteraceous plants. 

tu'bu-lose (tu'bii-los) \ a. [See tubule.] Like, or in the 

tu'bu-lous (tu'bu-lus)J form of, a tube; specif.: Bot. a 
Tubular, b Having, or made up of, tubular florets. 

tu'bu-lure (-lur), n. Chem. A short tubular opening, as at 
the top of a retort ; a tubulation. 

tuck (tuk), v. t. [LG. tukken to pull up, tuck up.] 1. To 
draw, turn, or gather up ; make snug or close by or as by 
folding or gathering. 2. To put or press into or as into a 
snug, close place. 3. To cover closely or neatly, as with 
bedclothes. 4. To make a tuck or tucks in. — v. i. 1. To 
draw up or together in or as in folds. 2. To make tucks. 

— n. 1. A sewed fold made, as in a garment, for either dec- 
oration or shortening. 2. Shipbuilding. The part of a ves- 
sel where the ends of the lower planks meet under the stern. 

tuck (tuk ; took), n. A blow ; stroke ; esp., a beat of a drum. 
Archaic & Chiefly Scot. 

tuck (tuk), n. [F.estoc, fr. It. stoccoJ] Arapier. Obs.orHist. 

tuck'a-hoe (tuk'o-ho), n. [North American Indian,] An 
edible subterranean fungus (Pachyma cocos) growing on 
tree roots in the southern United States. 

tuck'er (tuk'er), n. 1. a One who tucks, b An instrument 
for making tucks. 2. A strip, as of linen or lace, worn across 
the breast or at the neck of a gown. 

tuck'er, v. t. To tire ; weary ; — usually used with out ; as, to 
be completely tuckered out. Colloq., U. S. 

tuck'et (tuk/et), n. [It. toccata a prelude, fr. toccare to 
touch.] A trumpet flourish or fanfare. Archaic. 

Tu'dor (tu'dor), a. Of or pert, to a royal family of England 
descended from Owen Tudor of Wales, who married Cath- 
erine, widow of Henry V. Reigning members (1485-1603): 
Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth. 
Tudor architecture or style, the latest variety of English 
Gothic, that under the Tudors, marked by flat arches, shal- 
low moldings, and much paneling ; the Perpendicular style. 

Tues'day (tuz'da), n. [AS. Tlwes dseg the day of Tlw the 
god of war.] The third day of the week, the next after 
Monday, and before Wednesday. 

tu'fa (too'fd), n. [It. tufo soft, sandy stone, L. tofus^ to- 
phus.] 1. A porous rock formed as a deposit from springs 
or streams ; — ■ usually used in the phrase calcareous tufa. 
2. A rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus, 
usually more or less stratified ; — called also tuff. 

tu-fa'ceous (too-fa'shfe), a. Of, pert, to, or like, tufa. 

tuff (tuf), n. [F. tuf.] = tufa, 2.— tuff-a'ceous (-a'shus),a. 

tuft (tuft), n. [F. touffe.~\ 1. A small cluster of elongated 
flexible parts or outgrowths, as hairs, arising close together. 
2. A cluster ; clump ; as, a tuft of plants. — v. t. 1. To sep- 
arate into tufts. 2. To provide with a tuft or tufts ; esp., 
to tack at various places and attach buttons or tufts. 

tuft'hunt'er (tuft'hun / ter), n. A hanger-on of persons of 
rank ; loosely, any toady or sycophant. — tuft'hunt'ing, n. 

tuft'y (tuf'ti), a. Abounding with, or growing in, tufts. 

tug (tug), v. t. & i.; tugged (tugd) ; tug'ging (tug'mg). 

1. To pull or draw with great effort ; as, to tug at the oar. 

2. To labor ; strive. — n. 1. A laborious pulling or strain- 
ing ; hence, a supreme effort. 2. Naut. A small, powerful 
steam vessel used for towing. 3. A trace of a harness ; a 
rope, chain, etc., used in pulling something. — tug'ger, n. 
tug of war. a A sport in which several men pull on a rope 
against an equal number, b Hence, any violent contest. 

tuille (twel), n. In plate armor, one of two hinged plates 

before the thigh. See armor, Illust. 
tu-i'tion (tu-ish'un), n. [L. tuitio protection, fr. tueri, 

p. p. tuitus, to see, watch, protect.] 1. Protection ; guardi- 
anship. Obs. 2. Act or business of teaching ; instruction. 3. 

The price or payment for instruction. — Syn. See instruc- 
tion. — tu-i'tion-a-ry (tu-ish'un-a-ri), a. 
tu'le (too'le), n. [Mex.] Either of two large bulrushes 

(Scirpus lacustris and S. tatora) growing abundantly on 

overflowed land in the southwestern United States. 
tu'lip (tu'lTp), n. [F. tulipe, fr. Turk, tulbend, dulbend, 

lit., turban.] Any of a genus 

(Tulipa) of liliaceous plants 

having a large, showy flower ; 

also, a flower or bulb of the 

plant. 
tu'lip-o-ma'ni-a (-6-ma'ni-d), 

n. A mania for acquiring or 

growing tulips, specif., that /IV /Bk 

which seized on all classes in 

Holland about the year 1634. 

— tu'lip-o-ma'ni-ac(-ak),7i. 
tulip tree. 1. See lirioden- 

dron. 2. Any of various other 
1 trees with tulip-shaped flower 
tulip-wood' (tu'lip-wdod'), n. 

1. Wood of the tulip tree; 





Tumblebug 

(Phanseus carnifex). 



whitewood. 2. The striped or variegated wood of any o£ 
various trees ; also, any of the trees themselves. 

tulle (tool ; F. tiil), n. [F. ; — fr. town Tulle, in France.] 
A thin, fine silk netlike fabric used for veils, dresses, etc. 

tum'ble (tum'b'l), v. i./TUM'BLED (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
[Freq. of ME. tumben to dance, jump, AS. tumbian to 
somersault, dance violently.] 1. To roll over, or to and fro ; 
roll or toss about. 2. To fall suddenly and violently. 3. To 
move, go, come, pass, etc., in a hasty, disorderly manner. 4. 
To perform acrobatic feats, such as somersaults, springs, 
etc. — v.t. 1. To turn over ; turn or throw about, as for 
examination or search. 2. To disturb ; rumple ; disorder : 
as, to tumble a bed. 3. To precipitate ; throw down or roll 
over. 4. To whirl in a tumbler or tumbling barrel, as foj 
polishing (metal goods), softening (leather goods), etc. 

— n. Act of tumbling. 

tum'ble-bug' (-bugO, n. Also, tum'ble-dung' (-dungO. 
Any of various scarabaeoid beetles 
(as species of the genera Scara- 
bseus, Canthon, Copris, and Pha- 
nseus) which form masses of dung 
and bury them in the ground, de- 
positing their eggs in them. 

tum'bler (-bier), n. 1. One 
who tumbles; esp., an acro- ( 
bat. 2. Any of certain do- 
mestic pigeons having the 
habit of tumbling, or somer- 
saulting backward in flight. 3. 
Any of various receptacles in 
which objects are tumbled, as 
for polishing, etc. 4. A movable 
obstruction in a lock, which must be adjusted to a particu- 
lar position, as by a key, before the bolt can be thrown. 5. 
Firearms. In a gunlock, a piece on which the mainspring 
acts. 6. One of a breed of dogs formerly used in coursing 
rabbits. 7. Mach. a A projecting piece on a revolving shaft 
or rockshaft for actuating another piece, b The movable 
part of a tumbler gear. 8. A drinking glass without a foot 
or stem, originally made with a pointed or convex base, on 
which it would not stand. 9. A kind of cart ; tumbrel. 
Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

tum/ble-weed' (-b'l-wed'), n. In the western United States, 
any plant, as the bugseed, certain amaranths, etc., which 
breaks away from its roots in the fall, and is driven about 
by the wind. 

tumbling barrel. A revolving cask or barrel in which nails, 
etc., are polished, as by mutual attrition. 

tum'brel (-brel) \ n. [OF. tomberel tip cart.] 1. A farmer's 

tum/bril (-brfl) J dump cart or wagon ; also, such a cart 
used in the French Revolution to convey the condemned to 
the place of execution. 2. A wheeled cucking stool. 3. Mil. 
A kind of two-wheeled cart. Archaic. 

tu'me-fa'cient (tu'me-fa'shent), a. [L. tumefaciens, -en- 
tis, p. pr. of tumefacere to tumefy ; turner e to swell + 
facere to make.] Med. Producing swelling ; tumefying. 

tu'me-fac'tion (tu'me-fak'shim), n. 1. Act of tumefying; 
state of being tumefied. 2. A tumor ; swelling. 

tu'me-fy (tu'me-fl), v. t. & i.; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. tu- 
mefier, fr. L. tumere to swell + -ficare to make.] To swell. 

tu'mid (tu'mTd), a. [L. tumidus, fr. tumere to swell.] 1. 
Swollen, enlarged, or distended. 2.Protuberant. 3. Swell- 
ing in sound or sense ; pompous ; inflated ; bombastic. — 
Syn. See turgid. — tu'mid-ly, adv. — tu'mid-ness, n. 

tu-mid'i-ty (tu-mid'T-ti), n. Tumid quality or state. 

tu'mor, tu'mour (tu'mer), n. [L. tumor, fr. tumere to 
swell.] 1. An abnormal mass of tissue, not inflammatory, 
arising without apparent cause from cells of preexistent 
tissue and having no physiologic function. 2. A swelling or. 
protuberance of any kind. 3. Bombast ; turgidity. Rare. 

tump (tump ; toomp), n. A hillock ; heap ; clump. Dial. 

tu'mu-lar (tu'mu-ldr), a. [L. tumulus a mound.] Con- 
sisting in a heap ; formed or being in a heap or hillock. 

tu'mu-lose (-los), tu'mu-lous (-lus), a. [L. tumulosus, 
fr. tumulus a mound.] Full of small hills or mounds. 

tu'mult (-mult), n. [L. tumultus.] 1. Agitation or commo- 
tion of a multitude, usually with uproar and confusion of 
voices. 2. Violent agitation, with confusion of sounds ; tur- 
bulence. 3. Irregular or confused motion ; agitation ; high 
excitement. — Syn. Uproar, ferment, disturbance, disor- 
der, noise, hubbub, brawl, riot. 

tu-mul'tu-a-ry (tu-mul'tu-a-ri), a. Attended or character- 
ized by or producing tumult ; tumultuous. 

tU-mul'tu-OUS (-us), a. 1. Full of, characterized by, or 
conducted with, tumult ; turbulent. 2. Agitated with con- 
flicting passions ; disturbed. — Syn. Disorderly, noisy, 
boisterous, riotous. — tU-mul'tU-OUS-ly, adv. ness, n. 

tu'mu-lus (tti'mu-lus), n.; pi. -li (-IT). [L., a mound.] 
An artificial hillock or mound, as over a grave, esp. over 
a grave or graves of ancient times ; a barrow. 

tun (tun), n. [AS. tunne a tun, tub, a large vessel.] 1. A 
large cask. 2. Hence, the capacity of a tun as a varying 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', iqk; then, thin; nature, verduire (87); 



TUNA 



1035 



TURCO- 



Hquid measure (formerly legal at 252 wine gallons). — v. t. ; 
tunned (tiind) ; tun'nlng. To put into a tun or tuns. 

tu'na (tu'nd), n. [NL., fr. the Carib name in the Antilles.] 
A species (Opuntia tuna) of prickly pear, or its fruit ; 
also, any of various other prickly pears. 

tu'na (too'nd), n. The tunny ; esp., the great tunny. 

tun'a-ble (tun'd-b'l), a. Capable of being tuned ; hence: 
harmonious ; tuneful. — tun'a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. 

tun'dra (toon'drd), n. \_Russ.~] One of the level or undu- 
lating treeless plains of Arctic regions. 

tune (tun), n. [OF. ton. See tone.] 1. A sound ; note ; 
tone. Obs. or R. 2. Music, a A rhythmical, melodious, 
symmetrical series of tones ; melody ; air. b State or ca- 
pacity of giving tones of proper pitch ; just intonation ; as, 
to sing in tune. 3. Order ; harmony ; concord ; of a person, 
fit temper ; right mood ; as, in tune with the times. 

— v. t.; tuned (tund) ; tun'ing (tun'Tng). 1. To adjust (a 
voice or instrument) to a given musical pitch or tempera- 
ment. 2. To give tone to ; attune. 3. To utter musically. 
4. To put into a proper state. — v. i. To sound in harmony. 
to tune up, to put an instrument or instruments in proper 
pitch, esp. for playing together. 

tune'a-ble (tun'd-b'l). Var. of tunable. 

tune'ful (-fool), a. Harmonious; melodious; musical. 

tuneless, a. 1. Without tune ; inharmonious. 2. Not em- 
ployed in making music ; silent ; as, tuneless harps. 

tun'er (tun'er), n. One who, or that which, tunes. 

tung'state (tung'stat), n. Chem. A salt of tungstic acid. 

tung'sten (tung'sten), n. [Sw., fr. tung heavy + sten 
stone.] Chem. A rare element of the chromium group, iso- 
lated as a hard, brittle, white, or gray metal melting at about 
2000° C, and having a sp. gr. of 16.6—1 9 ; — called also wolf- 
ram. Symbol, W (or Tu) ; at. wt., 184.0. Its chief uses are 
in tungsten steel and in the tungsten lamp. — tung-Sten'ic 
(tung-sten'ik), a. 

tungsten lamp. An electric glow lamp having filaments of 
metallic tungsten. Such lamps require an expenditure of 
only about 1.25 watts per candle power. 

tungsten Steel. Metal. A steel containing a small amount 
of tungsten and noted for its tenacity and hardness. 

tung'stic (-stik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing 
tungsten ; wolf ramie. 

tungstic acid, tungsten trioxide, WO3, got as a heavy yel- 
low powder properly called tungstic anhydride or tung- 
stic oxide; also, any of various corresponding acids. 

Eung'stite (-stlt), n. Min. Native tungsten trioxide, WO3, 
a yellow or yellowish green pulverulent mineral. 

Tuh-gUS' (td6n-got>z'), n.; pi. Tungus (-go6z') or Tun- 
guses (-gooz'ez ; 24). A member of any of a group of tribes 
of Ural-Altaic stock ranging eastern Siberia. 

Tun-gUS'ic (-ik), a. 1. Of or pert, to the Tungus. 2. Des- 
ignating, or pert, to, a subfamily of the Ural-Altaic lan- 
guages. — n. The language of the Tungus. 

tu'nic (tu'nik), n. [L. tunica.'] 1. Roman Antiq. A form 
of undergarment worn by both sexes, girdled at the waist. 
2. Any similar garment worn by ancient or Oriental peo- 
ples ; also, any of various loose-fitting garments. 3. a Eccl. 
= tunicle, 2. b Mil. An undress coat, esp. as worn by 
British soldiers. C Bot . A natural integument, d Zo'dl. & 
Anat. A mantle ; tunica. 

tu'ni-ca (tu'm-kd), n. [NX. See tunic] Anat. & Zo'dl. 
An enveloping or covering membrane or layer of tissue. 

tu'ni-cate (tu'ni-kat)l a. [L. tunicatus, p. p. of tunicare 

tu'ni-cat'ed (-kat'ed)/ to clothe with a tunic, fr. tunica a 
tunic] Having, or covered with, a tunic 

tu'ni-cate (-kat), n. Zo'dl. Any of a class (Tunicata) of 
marine animals, as the ascidians, comprising a great variety 
of forms and considered as degenerate descendants of the 
ancestors which produced the vertebrates. 

tu'ni-cle (-k'l), n. [L. tunicula, dim. of tunica a tunic] 
1. A slight natural covering; integument. 2. Eccl. A 
short close-fitting vestment. 

tun'ing fork (tun'ing). Music. A steel instrument con- 
sisting of two prongs and a handle, 
which, being struck, gives a certain 
fixed tone, and is thus useful as a 
standard in tuning instruments, etc. luning toik.. 

Tu-nis'i-an (tu-nis'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Tunis or its in- 
habitants. — n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Tunis. 2. 
The North Arabic dialect of Tunis. 

tun'nage (tun'aj). Var. of tonnage. 

tun'nel (tun'el), n. [F. tonnelle a semicircular vault, tun- 
nel net, arbor, dim. of tonne tun.] 1. A smoke flue. 2. = 
funnel, re., 1. Rare. 3. A subterranean passageway, esp. 
one horizontal and open at both ends, as for a railroad, 
canal, drain, etc' 4. Mining. A level or nearly level sub- 
terranean passage, esp. one at right angles to the veins to 
be reached ; — disting. from drift, or gangway. 

— v. t. ; -neled (-eld) ; or -nelled ; or -nel-lng ; -nel-llng. 
1. To form into or like a tunnel. 2. To make an opening, or 
a passageway, through or under ; as, to tunnel a mountain. 

— v. i. To make a tunnel. — tun'nel-er, tun'nel-ler, n. 




tun'ny (-1), n. ; pi. -ntes (-Tz). [F. thon, fr. L. thunnus, 
Gr. 6vvvos'~] Any of several oceanic fishes of the mackerel 
family, esp. the great tunny (Thunnus thynnus) some- 
times weighing over 1000 pounds (on the Atlantic coast of 
America called horse mackerel ; on the Pacific coast, tuna). 

tup (tup), v. t.; tupped (tupt) ; tup'ping. To cover; — 
said of a ram. — n. A ram (male of the sheep). 

tu'pe-lo (tu'pe-lo), n.; pi. -los (-loz). A North American 
tree (Nyssa multi flora) having red acid berries and hard 
cross-grained wood. Also, any of several related species. 
See BLACK GUM. 

Tu'pi (too'pe), n. ; pi. -pis (-pez). An Indian of a tribe that 
gave its name to a South American linguistic stock (Tu- 
pian stock). Also, the language of the Tupis, the basis of 
the Indian trade language of the Amazon. — Tu'pi-an 
(tdo'pT-an), a. 

tuque (tuk), n. [Canadian F. See toque.] A kind of warm 
cap for winter wear, formed from a knit bag with closed 
tapered ends, by pushing one end up into the other. 

Tu-ra'ni-an (tu-ra'm-dn), a. [From Tur, in Persian leg- 
end, one of the three brothers from whom sprang the races 
of mankind.] Of, pert, to, or designating the languages 
now commonly called the Ural-Altaic languages ; also, of, 
pertaining to, or designating the people who speak them. 

— n. Ethnol. a A member of any of the peoples of Ural- 
Altaic stock ; vaguely, a member of any division of a sup- 
posed nomadic people who preceded the Aryans in Europe 
and Asia. Obsoles. b A member of any tribe or nationality 
of Turkic or Tartaric stock. Rare. 

tur'ban (tiir'ban), n. [F., fr. Turk, tulbend, dulbend, Per, 
dulband.] 1. A headdress, worn by 
men in the Levant and by most male 
Mohammedans, consisting of a cap 
(see tarboosh) with a sash, scarf, or 
shawl wound about it. 2. A head- 
dress likened to this. 3. A kind off 
woman's or child's hat with no brim 
or with the brim turned up close 
to the crown. — tur'baned (tur'- 
band), a. 

turT)a-ry (tur'bd-n), n. ; pi. -rles 
(-riz). [LL. turbaria a place for 
digging peat, fr. turba peat.] 
Eng. Law. An easement to dig One form of Turban, 1. 
turf or peat on another's land ; also, the ground where turf 
is dug. 

tur'bel-la'ri-an (tur'be-la'ri-a'n ; 3), a. [L. turbellae a bus- 
tle, stir ; — because their cilia cause tiny currents in the 
water.] Zo'dl. Pert, to a class (Turbellaria) of flatworms 
consisting of the planarians. — n. A turbellarian worm. 

tur'bid (tur'bid), a. [L. turbidus, fr. turbare to disturb.] 
1. Having the lees or sediment disturbed ; roiled ; loosely, 
muddy ; not clear. 2. Disturbed ; confused ; disordered. — 
tur'bid-ly, adv. — tur'bid-ness, n. 

Syn. Turbid, muddy. Anything is turbid when itsclear- 
ness is disturbed, esp. by the stirring up of sediment ; that 
is muddy which is turbid with mud. [turbid. I 

tur-bid'i-ty (tur-bid'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being[ 

tur'bi-nal (tur'bi-nal), a. [L. turbo, turben, -inis, top, 
whirl.] Anat. & Zo'dl. Rolled in a spiral ; scroll-like ; tur- 
binate ; — said esp. of flat plicated bones covered with ol- 
factory and mucous membrane, on the walls of the nasal 
chambers. — n. A turbinal bone or cartilage. 

tur'bi-nate (-nat), a. [L. turbinatus.'] Also turlri-nat'ed 
(-nat'ed). 1. Whirling like a top. 2. Bot. Shaped like a. 
top. 3. Anat. & Zo'dl. Turbinal. 4. Zo'dl. Spiral with 
whorls decreasing rapidly from base to apex ; — said of cer- 
tain shells. 

tur'bi-na'tion (-na'shim), n. 1. Act of spinning, or whirl- 
ing, as a top. 2. A turbinate formation, as a shell. 

tur^bine (tur'bm; -bln) ; n. [L. turbo, -inis, that which 
spins or whirls round, whirl.] A rotary motor actuated by the 
reaction, the impulse, or both, of a current of water or steam, 
usually on a series of curved vanes on a central spindle. 

tur'bit (tur'bit), n. One of a breed of fancy pigeons, having 
a short head and beak and a frilled breast. 

tur'bot (-bot), n. [F., fr. OF. torbout.~] 1. A large Euro- 
pean flounder (Scophthalmus maximus) highly esteemed 
as a food fish. 2. Any of numerous flounders more or less 
like the true turbot, as the summer flounder. 

tur'bu-lence (tur'bu-lens), n. Also tur'bu-len-cy (-len-si). 
Quality or state of being turbulent ; a disturbed state ; tu- 
mult ; disorder. — Syn. Agitation, commotion, tumultu- 
ousness, insubordination, rioting. 

tur'bu-lent (-lent), a. [L. turbulentus, fr. turba disorder, 
tumult.] 1. Violently agitated ; tumultuous ; as, the tur- 
bulent ocean. 2. Disposed to insubordination and dis- 
order ; restless ; as, a turbulent spirit. 3. Producing commo- 
tion; disturbing; as, turbulent^ speeches. — Syn. Dis- 
turbed, tumultuous, riotous, seditious, insubordinate, un- 
quiet. — tur'bu-lent-ly, adv. [Turkic, TurkiA 

Tur'CO- (tur'ko-). Combining form for Turkish, or forf 




ffl 






K = eh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with, b equals. 



< 



N 



TURCO 



1036 



TURN 







Q 



R 



Tur'co (tur'ko), to.; pi. -cos (-koz). [F., prob. fr. Russ. 
Turka, a collective noun, used of enemies, prop., Turks. 
The Turcos are said to have been so called by the Russians 
in the Crimean War, and the term was applied by the Rus- 
sians to the Japanese during the war with Japan. Cf . also 
It. Turco a Turk.] Mil. One of a force of French Algerian 
infantry (the Algerian tirailleurs) composed mainly of 
natives, the chief officers being French. 

Tur'co-man (tur'kS-man), to.; pi. -mans (-manz). Var. of 
Turkoman. [their policy. I 

Tur'CO-phile (-fll ; -fil), to. One who favors the Turks or| 

Tur'co-phobe (-fob), Tur-coph'o-bist (tur-kof'o-bist), to. 
A person opposed to the Turks or their policy, customs, etc. 

tur'di-form ( tur'di-form ), a. [L. turdus a thrush + 
-form.'] Zo'ol. Having the form or structure of a thrush. 

tur'dine (-din ; -din), a. [L. turdus a thrush.] Zo'ol. Be- 
longing to a widely distributed family ( Turdidse) of singing 
birds containing the true thrushes (subfamily Turdinx). 

tu-reen' (tii-reV), to. [F. terrine, L. terra earth.] A large, 
deep vessel to hold soup, etc., at the table. 

turf (turf), to. ; pi. turfs (turfs), 06s. or R. turves (turvz). 
[AS.] 1. The upper stratum of earth and vegetable mold 
filled with the roots of grass and other small plants, so as 
to form a kind of mat ; sward ; sod ; also, a detached piece 
of this ; a sod. 2. Peat, esp. when prepared for fuel. 
the turf, the race course ; horse racing. 

— v. t. To cover with turf, or sod. 

turfman (turfman), to. A votary of the turf. 

turfy (tur'fi), a. ; turf'i-er (tur'f i-er) ; turf'i-est. 1. 
Abounding with turf ; made of, or covered with, turf. 2. 
Having the nature or appearance of turf. 3. Of or pert. 
to the turf, or horse racing. — turf 'i-ness, to. 

tur'geni (tur'jent), a. [L. turgens, -entis, p. pr. of turgere 
to swell.] Becoming tumid ; swelling. 

tur-ges'cence (tiir-jeVens), to. 1. Act of swelling, or state 
of being turgescent. 2. Bombast. [gescent.l 

tar-ges'cen-cy J-en-si), to. Quality or state of being tur-| 

tur-ges'cent (tur-jes'ent), a. [L. turgescens, -entis, p. pr., 
becoming turgid.] Becoming turgid or inflated ; swelling. 

tur'gid (tur'jid), a. [L. turgidus, fr. turgere to swell.] 
1. Distended abnormally by some internal agent ; swollen ; 
bloated ; tumid. 2. Swelling in style or language ; bom- 
bastic ; pompous. — tur'gid-ly, adv. — tur'gid-ness, n. 
Syn. Turgid, tumid, bombastic, grandiose, grandilo- 
quent, magniloquent. Turgid and tumid imply infla- 
tion of style ; bombastic is stronger, and suggests extrava- 
gance or rant ; as, Coleridge is often turgid in style ; a bom- 
bastic eloquence, demagogue, orator. Grandiose implies 
pompousness of speech ; grandiloquent and magnilo- 
quent suggest an affectedly large and lofty utterance ; as, 
Marlowe is noted for being grandiose; a grandiloquent man- 
ner of talking ; a magniloquent account of one's exploits. 

tur-gid/i-ty (tur-jid'i-ti),n. Quality or state of being turgid. 

tur'gite (tur'jlt), to. [From Turginsk, name of certain 

I copper mines in Russia.] Min. An iron ore consisting of 
hydrous ferric oxide, 2Fe-203-H20. 

tur'gor (tur'gor), n. [L., a swelling, fr. turgere to swell.] 
1. Turgescence. 2. Plant Physiol. A state of normal ten- 
sion or rigidity in living plant cells, caused by pressure of 
the water contents against the 
elastic cell membranes. 

Turk (turk), n. [F. turc, fr. Per. 
Turk.] 1. A member of any of 
various Turki peoples of Asia and 
Europe, esp. of the dominant race 
in Turkey. 2. A native or inhabit- 
ant of Turkey. 3. A Mohamme- 
dan, esp. one living in Turkey. 

turnkey (tur'ki), to.; pi. -keys 
(-kiz). [Formerly believed to 
have come from Turkey.] Either 
of two species of large American 
birds of the pheasant family, one 
of which (Meleagris gallopavo) is of wide range in North 
America, and is domesticated in most parts of the world. 

turkey buzzard. An American vulture (Cathartes aura) 
common in South and Cen- 
tral America and in the 
southern United States. 

tur'key-trot' (-trot 7 ), n, A 
certain eccentric ragtime 
dance ; — so called from 
movements and positions 
in dancing it. 

Tur'ki (toor'ke), a. [Turk. 
turki, fr. Tatar Turk, 
name of the race.] 1. Des- 
ignating, or pertaining to, 
the groups of Turkic lan- 
guages, as Turkish, or Os- 
manli. 2. Designating, or 
pert, to, the peoples of 
Turki speech, as the Os- 




Turkey Cock 




manlis in Europe, and the Usbegs, Turkomans, and other 
Tatar tribes in Asia. 

Turk'ic (tur'kik), a. 1. Designating, or pert, to, an exten- 
sive subfamily of the Ural-Altaic languages or the peoples 
speaking them, esp. the Turki groups. 2. Loosely, Turkish. 

Turk'ish, a. Of or pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. 
Turkish bath, a kind of bath, orig. introduced from the 
East, in which a profuse perspiration is induced in a super- 
heated room, after which the body is washed, rubbed, 
kneaded, etc. — T. towel, or T. toweling, a cotton towel 
or towel fabric having a long thick nap. 

— n. The language spoken by Turks. 

Turk'ism (tur'kiz'm), to. A Turkish idiom or expression; 
also, in general, a Turkish mode or custom. 

Tur'ko-man (tur'ko-man), to. ; pi. -mans (-monz). A mem- 
ber of any of a group of tribes of East Turki stock dwelling 
between the Caspian and Aral seas and the Amu River. 

Turk's'-cap' lil'y (turks'kap'). Either of two lilies (the 
garden lily, Lilium martagon, or the American wild species, 
L. superbum) having nodding flowers with strongly revo- 
lute perianth segments. 

Turk's-head' (-hed'), to. Naut. A knot of turbanlike form 
worked on a rope with a piece of small line. 

tur'ma-line (tur'md-lTn). Var. of tourmaline. 

tur'mer-ic (tur'mer-ik), to. 1. An East Indian plant (Cur- 
cuma longa) of the ginger family ; also, its aromatic root- 
stock, used as a condiment, yellow dye, and medicine. 2. 
Any of several other plants yielding colored juices. 

— a. Of, pert, to, or obtained from, turmeric. 
turmeric paper, Chem., paper impregnated with turmeric, 
used as a test for alkaline substances, which turn it brown, 
and for boric acid, which turns it red-brown. 

tur'moil (tur'moil), to. Harassing labor ; trouble ; loosely, 
worrying confusion or disturbance ; turbulence. 

turn (turn), v. t. [AS. turnian combined with OF. torner, 
tourner; both fr. LL. tornare, fr. L. tornare to turn in a 
lathe, round off, fr. tornus a lathe, Gr. rbpvos a turner's 
chisel] . 1. To cause to revolve about or as about a center ; 
rotate ; specif. : a To revolve mentally ; ponder ; — often 
with over, b To perform or execute by revolving, as a hand- 
spring. 2. To form in a lathe ; to shape (anything) by 
applying a cutting tool to it while revolving ; hence : to 
fashion ; adapt. 3. To cause to change position, as if by 
revolving ; as, to turn one's back. Specif. : a To reverse in 
position ; as, to turn a dress, b Hence, to alter the ar- 
rangement, disposition, or the like, of (in some undesirable 
and specified way) ; as, to turn things topsy-turvy. 4. To 
cause to have another course, direction, tendency, or in- 
clination ; deflect ; hence, to direct ; as, to turn a hose on a 
fire. Specif. : a To transfer ; as, to turn a thing over to 
some one. b To devote ; apply ; as, to turn one's hand to 
farming, c To bend up, down, over, or the like. 5. To 
change the form, quality, aspect, or effect, of ; convert ; 
transform ; specif. : a To ferment ; curdle, etc. ; as, to turn 
milk, b To translate ; construe. 6. To distress ; esp., to 
sicken ; nauseate. 7. To derange ; unsettle ; as, sorrow 
turned his mind. 8. To cause to be in a stated condition ; 
as, to turn one sick, pale, etc. 9. To make a turn about cr 
around (something) ; as, to turn a corner. 
not to turn a hair, to show no sign of discomposure. — to 
t. a penny, or to t. an honest penny, to make a small 
profit by trade or the like. — to t. one's coat, to change 
one's uniform or colors ; to go over to the opposite party. — 
to t. over a new leaf, to make a radical change, usually 
for the better, in one's way of living or doing. Colloq. — 
to t. tail, to run away ; flee. — to t. the enemy's flank, 
Mil., to pass round it, and take an attacking position be- 
hind it or upon its side ; to flank. — to t. the tables, to 
change the condition or fortune of contending parties; — 
from the changes of fortune in gaming. — to t. to profit, 
advantage, etc., to make profitable or advantageous. 

— v. i. 1. To move about or as about an axis ; revolve ; 
rotate ; whirl ; wheel. 2. To hinge ; depend ; as, the deci- 
sion turns on a single fact. 3. To take a different direction 
or tendency ; be deflected ; specif. : a To change one's course 
of action, policy, etc. ; esp., to change from favor or submis- 
sion to opposition or rebellion ; as, to turn against a friend. 
b To incline in the other direction ; — said o:-! scales. C To 
change from ebb to flow, or from flow to ebb ; — said. of the 
tide. 4. To be changed or transformed ; become transmut- 
ed ; also, to become by a change or changes ; grow ; as, wa- 
ter turns to ice. Specif.: a To become acid, rancid, or pu- 
trid ; sour, b Of the head or brain, to become giddy o>: dizzy. 
c To be nauseated ; — said of the stomach. 5. Tr» result ; 
terminate ; issue. 6. To be fickle ; vacillate. 7. To un- 
dergo turning on a lathe ; as, ivory turns well. 

to turn turtle, Naut., to capsize bottom upward ; — said 
of a vessel ; hence : loosely, to overturn ; as, an automobile 
turned turtle. 

— to. 1. Act of turning ; revolution ; rotation. 2. Change of 
direction or tendency, or the point at which such change 
occurs ; also, a winding ; bend. 3. Mil. A drill maneuver in 
which troops in line change direction without preserving 
their alignment. 4. A marked change in condition, as of a 



(ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event* end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
lise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; ihen, thin; nature, verdure (87) J 



TURNABOUT 



1037 



TURTLE 



disease ; Colloq., a nervous start or shock. 5. A short walk, 
ride, or drive, esp. over a certain course and back; also, 
Dial., a single trip including the return, as to a mill, or the 
quantity carried or work done during such a trip. 6. An in- 
cidental or opportune deed, good or bad ; as, to do one a 
good or ill turn. 7. Alternate time, occasion, or opportu- 
nity ; as, it is his turn. 8. A period affording opportunities 
of a specified kind, as for work ; a spell ; as, to get a turn of 
work on the harvest ; also, by extension, a job, task ; work. 
Dial, or Colloq. 9. A special occasion or exigency ; as, 
mere money will not serve his turn. 10. Special ability or 
aptitude ; bent ; as, a turn for mechanics. 11. Special form 
or style ; cast ; shape ; fashion ; as, an evil turn of counte- 
nance. 12. A short theatrical act or piece. 13. A twist or 
coil, as of rope about a post. 14. A transaction ; also, op- 
portunity for doing business, making money, etc. ; as, a 
good turn in real estate. Colloq. 15. Stock Exchange. A 
complete transaction, that is, one involving a purchase and 
sale of securities, or vice versa. 16. Music. An embellish- 
ment or grace (marked thus, ~ ), commonly consisting of 
a principal tone with two auxiliary tones. 17. A bout ; set- 
to ; trial ; contest ; as, a turn at wrestling. 
Syn. Turn, twist, cast are all more or less familiar or 
colloq. Turn (with to or, more commonly, for) suggests 
bent, tendency, or inclination ; it may also denote charac- 
teristic form of expression ; twist is colloq. for bias; cast 
is more general, and suggests stamp, mold, style, or the 
like ; it is often equivalent to tinge, shade, dash ; as, to have 
a turn for economy ; to have a Whiggish twist ; a cast of 
habit ; a religious cast. 

by turns, a One after another ; alternately ; in succession. 
b At intervals. — in turn, in due order of succession. — 
to a t., exactly; perfectly; — alluding to cooking on a 
revolving spit. 

turn'a-bout' (turn'd-bout'), n. 1. A merry-go-round. 2. A 
person who changes or advocates change ; a radical. 

turn'buck'le (-buk''l), n. A loop or sleeve with a screw 
thread at one end and a 
swivel at the other, or a 
right-and-left screw link, 
to tighten a rod, stay, etc. One form of Turnbuckle. 

turn'coat' (-kot'), n. A deserter ; renegade ; apostate. 

turn'down' (-doun'), a. Capable of being turned down; 
specif., made to wear with the upper part turned down. 

turned comma. Print. A comma inverted, appearing in 
reversed form at the top of the line. 

turn'er (tur'ner), n. 1. One who, or that which, turns. 2. 
One who forms articles with a lathe. 

turn'er (tur'ner; G. toor'ner), n. [G.] A gymnast; spe- 
cif., a member of a Turnverein. 

tum'er-y (tur'ner-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Art or process 
of fashioning solid bodies with a lathe. 2. Ornamentation 
or, collectively, things or forms made in the lathe. 3. A 
machine shop, esp. one containing lathes. 

Turn'haMe (toorn'hal'e), n. Also, Anglicized, turn'hall' 
(turn'hol'). [G., fr. turnen to practice gymnastics + halle 
hall.] A building used as a school of gymnastics. 

*urn'ing (tur'ning), n. 1. Act or course of one who, or that 
which, turns ; specif. : a A winding ; bend, b Deviation 
from the way or proper course, c Mil. A maneuver by 
which an enemy or a position is turned. 2. Place of a turn ; 
angle ; corner. 3. Turnery (sense 1). 

lur'nip (tur'nip), n. [Perh. fr. turn, or F. tour a turn + 
ME. nepe a turnip, AS. nsep, L. napus.~\ The thick edible 
root of either of two brassicaceous plants (Brassica rapa 
and B. campestris) ; also, either of these plants. _ 

tur'nix (tur'niks), n. [NL., fr. L. coturnix a quail.] Any 
of a genus {Turnix) 
of small three-toed 
gallinaceous birds of 
southern Europe, 
Asia, and northern 
Africa, having many 
anatomical peculiari- 
ties. They are chiefly 
solitary and live on 
grassy plains. 

turn'key' (tfirn'ke 7 ), 
n. ; pi. -keys (-kez). 
One in charge of the 
keys of a prison ; a warder. 

turn'out' (-out'), n. 1. A coming forth. 2. A labor strike or 
striker. Colloq., Chiefly Eng. 3. A gathering of persons 
for a special purpose. Colloq. 4. An equipage. Colloq. 5. 
Railroads. A siding. 6. Net yield ; output. 

turn'o'ver (-o'ver), n. 1. Act or result of turning over; 
upset. 2. Econ. Amount of capital temporarily invested 
which the owner expects to get back before he begins 
counting profits. Brit. 3. A semicircular pie or tart having 
one half of a circular crust turned over the other. — a. Ad- 
mitting of being turned over ; made with a part turned over. 

turn'pike'(-pik'),n. [turn-\- pike point, or pike a weapon.] 
1. A turnstile. Hist. 2. A tollgate ; also, turnpike road. 




Turnix. 




turnpike road. A road that has or formerly had turnpikes, 
or tollgates, established by law. 

turn'plate' (turn'plaf), n. A turntable. 

turn'sole' (-sol'), n. [F. tournesol, It. tornasole, fr. tor- 
nare to turn (see turn) + sole sun, L. sol."] 1. Any of 
several plants the flowers or stems of which arc supposed 
to turn with the sun, as the heliotrope or the sunflower. 2. A 
European plant (Chrozophora tinctoria) the juice of which 
is turned blue by ammonia ; also, a purple dye got from it. 

turn'spit' (-spit'), n. 1. One who turns a spit. 2. A breed of 
small dogs with long body and short crooked legs, formerly 
used to turn a spit by working a treadmill. 

turn'stile' (-stll'), n. 1. A post with four arms pivoted on 
the top, set in a passageway so 
that a person may pass by turning 
the arms, but not cattle, horses, 
etc. 2. A similar device, as at a 
doorway, to register the number 
of persons passing through. 

turn'stone' (-ston'), n. A migra- 
tory shore bird (genus Arenaria, 
esp. A. interpres), ploverlike in 
form and habits, but allied also to Turnstile, 1. 

the sandpipers. [turning a locomotive.l 

turn'ta'ble (turn'ta'b'l), n. A revolvable platform, as for) 

|| Turn'ver-ein' (t66rn'fer-Tn'), n. [G. ; turnen to exercise 
+ verein a union.] An association of gymnasts and athletes. 

tur'pen-tine (tur'pen-tln), n. [OF. turbentine, terbentine, 
fr. L., fr. Gr. Tepk&ivdcn the turpentine tree.] 1. a A semi- 
fluid or fluid oleoresin, the exudation of the terebinth tree ; 
— called specif. Chian turpentine, b An oleoresin de« 
rived from any of various coniferous trees. 2. Popularly, 
oil of turpentine. 

oil, or spirits, of turpentine, a colorless, inflammable liq- 
uid, consisting of terpenes, distilled from crude turpentine. 

— v. t. ; -tined (-tlnd) ; -tin'ing (-tln'Tng). 1. To saturate 
or rub with turpentine ; to apply turpentine to. 2. To ex- 
tract turpentine from (a tree). Southern U. S. 

tur'peth (tur'peth), n. Also tur'beth, tur'bith. [NL. tur- 
pethum, deriv. fr. Ar. & Per. turbad.'] 1. The root of a 
tropical convolvulaceous plant (Ipoma turpethum) for- 
merly used as a purgative. 2. A basic mercuric sulphate, 
Hg302S04 ; — called also turpeth mineral. It is some- 
times used as a purgative. 

tur'pi-tllde (-pT-tud), n. [L. turpitudo, fr. turpis foul, 
base.] Inherent baseness ; shameful wickedness ; depravity. 

tur-quoise'l (tur-koiz' ; tur'kwoiz), n. [F. turquoise ; prop. 

tur-quois' J fern, of OF. turcois Turkish ; — because first 
brought from Turkey.] Min. A blue, bluish green, or 
greenish gray hydrous phosphate of aluminium, Al2(OH)3- 
P04-H20, containing a little copper. H., 6. ; sp. gr., 2.60- 
2.83. It takes a high polish, and, when bright blue, is 
valued as a gem. 

tur'ret (tur'et ; 24), n. [OF. torete, dim. of tour a 
tower, L. turrisJ] 1. Arch. A little tower, often 
a merely ornamental structure at an angle of a 
building. 2. Mil. Antiq. A movable tall building, 
usually moved on wheels and carrying 
soldiers and necessaries for breaching 
or scaling a wall, etc. 3. Nav. & Mil. A 
towerlike structure, heavily armored 
and usually revolving, within which 
heavy guns are mounted. 4. Mach., a 
pivoted tool holder in a machine tool, 
by which each of various tools can be 
presented in quick succession to the 
work ; — called also turret head. 

tur'ret-ed, a. 1. Furnished with, or 
shaped like, a turret or turrets. 2. Hav- 
ing whorls which form a high, conical 
spiral ; — said of certain shells. 

tur'ri-cal (tur'i-kal), a. Of, pert, to, or 
resembling a turret. 

tur-ric'u-late (tii-rfk'u-lat), tur-ric'u-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a, 
[L. turricula small tower, turret.] 1. Having or like a 
small turret or turrets. 2. Zo'dl. Of shells, turreted. 

tur'ri-lite (tur'!-llt), n. [L. turris tower + Gr. Xt0os 
stone.] Paleon. Any of a genus (Turrilites) of Cretaceous 
cephalopods having a spiral, turreted shell with the later 
whorls more or less separate. 

tur'tle (tur't'l), n. [AS., fr. L. turtur.'] 1. A turtledove. 
2. [Prob. same word, and used (prob. by sailors) for Sp. tor- 
tuga turtle, or Pg. 
tartaruga."] Any of 
a group of reptiles 
(order or subclass 
Chelonia) having 
the trunk inclosed 
in a bony shell com- 
posed of an upper 
convex shield, or 
carapace, and a Spotted Turtle (CheJopus guUatus). 




Turret (Tourellede 
Marat) of Marat's 
house in Paris. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. =■ equals. 



N 



THRTLEBACK 



1038 



TWI-FALLOW 







R 




lower flattened shield, or plastron ; a tortoise. Turtle was 
orig. applied to the sea turtles ; tortoise is chiefly used of 
land turtles. 

tur'tle-back' (tfir't'1-bak'), to. Shipbuilding. A convex 
deck at the bow or stern, rarely extending from bow to 
stern, so made to shed the seas quickly. 

tur'tle-dove' (-duv'), n. Any of various Old World wild 
doves {Turtur or allied genus), esp. 
the common European species (T. 
turtur), noted for its plaintive cooing 
and affectionate disposition. 

Cur'tle-head' (-hed'), to. Any of a ge- 
nus (Chelone, esp. C. glabra) of 
American scrophulariaceous 
herbs having large white or pi 
flowers with inflated, 
nearly closed corolla. 

Tus'can (tus'kdn), a. 
1. Of or pert, to Tus- 
cany in Italy. 2.Arch. 
Pert, to or designat- 
ing the Tuscan or- 
der of architecture, European Turtledove, 
the simplest of the classical orders. See order, to;, 5 b. 

— to. A native or inhabitant of Tuscany ; also, the standard 
dialect of Italian. 

Tus'ca-ro'ra (tus'kd-ro'rd ; 57), to. One of a tribe of Indi- 
ans formerly living in northeastern North Carolina. 

Tus'cu-lan (tiis'ku-ldn), a. [L. Tusculanus.~] Of or pert, 
to the ancient Tusculum, a city about fifteen miles south- 
east of Rome, on a mountain. 

tush (tush), to. [AS. tusc.'] A tusk ; specif., a horse's canine. 

tush, inter j. An exclamation used to check or rebuke, or in 
contempt ; as, tush, tush! do not speak of it. 

tushed (tusht), a. [From tush, to.] Having tushes ; tusked. 

tusk (tusk), n. [AS. tux, var. of tusc."] 1. In the elephant, 
walrus, wild boar, etc., a projecting and greatly enlarged 
tooth serving to dig up food, as a weapon, etc. 2. Any long, 
protruding tooth. 3. Carp. A kind of small tenon. See 
tusk tenon. — v. t. To dig or turn up ; also, to gash or 
gore with the tusk. 

tusked (tuskt), a. Furnished with tusks. [large tusks. I 

tusk'er (tiis'ker), to. An elephant or a wild boar having! 

tusk tenon. Carp. A tenon strengthened by one or more 
smaller tenons (tusks) forming a steplike outline. 

tus'sahl (tus'd), to. [Prob. fr. Hind, tasar a shuttle, Skr. 

tus'sehj tasara, trasara.~\ A certain undomesticated East 
Indian silkworm ( Anthersea mylitta) or its moth. 

tussah, or tusseh, silk. Also tussa, tusser, tussur, etc. 
The coarse fi- 
ber produced by 
the tussah and 
other undomes- 
ticated Asiatic 
silkworms ; also, 
cloth woven 
from it, usually 
i n i t s natural 
dark fawn color. Tussah Moth (Antheraea mylitta). 

tus'sal (tus'dl), a. [L. tussis cough.] Med. Pertaining to, 
or manifested by, cough. 

tUS'sis (tfis'is), to. [L.] Med. A cough. 

tus'sle (tus''l), v. i.; -sled (-'Id) ; -sling. To scuffle, as in 
sport ; wrestle. — to. A struggle ; scuffle. 

-iUS'SOCk (tus'&k), to. A tuft, as of grass, twigs, hair, etc. ; 
esp., a dense tuft or bunch of grass or sedge. 

tussock moth. Any of numerous dull-colored moths (fam- 
ily Lymantriidse) having larvae (tussock 
caterpillars) covered with tufts of hair. 

tUS'SOCk-y (-T), a. Having the form of, full a 
of, or covered with, tussocks, or tufts. 

tut (tut), inter j. Be still! hush! JL 

tu'te-lage (tu'te-laj), to. [L. tutela protec- 
tion, tutus safe, fr. 
tueri to watch, de- 
fend.] 1. Act of 
guarding or pro- 
tecting ; guardian- 
ship. 2. State of be- 
ing under a guard- 
ian or tutor. 

tu'te-lar (tu'te-ldr), 
tu'te-la-ry (-la-rf),„ 

a [L. ^-/- ] L-a a AU^:Ll? male;C 

1. Having the 

guardianship of a person or a thing ; guardian ; protecting. 

2. Of or pertaining to a guardian. 

tu'te-nag (tu'te-nag), to. Also tu'te-nague. t [F. toute- 
nague.~\ Com. Crude zinc ; also, an alloy rich in zinc. 

tu'tor (tu'ter), to. [L., fr. tueri to defend.] 1. Roman & 
Civil Law. One in charge of the person and estate of a 





pupil, or child under the age of puberty. 2. One in charge 
of the instruction of another ; as : a A private teacher, b 
In English universities, one of a class of officers directly 
supervising the study, discipline, etc., of undergraduates. G 
In some American universities, colleges, etc., a teacher rank- 
ing below a professor. 

— v. t. 1. To have the tutelage of. 2. To teach ; instruct. 
3. To treat sternly, as a tutor might. — v. i. 1. To do the 
work of a tutor, or instructor. 2. To be tutored, or in- 
structed, esp. privately. Colloq., U. S. 

tu'tor-age (tu'ter-aj), to. Office of a tutor ; tutorship. 

tu-to'ri-al (tu-to'ri-dl ; 57), a. Of or pert, to a tutor. 

tu'tor-ship, to. Office, duty, function, etc., of a tutor. 

|| tut'ti (toot'te), to. pi. [It.] Music. All ; — a direction for 
all the singers or players to perform together. — a. For all 
voices or instruments together, as opposed to solo. 

tut'ti-frut'ti (toot'te-froot'te), to. [It., lit., all fruits.^ A 
confection consisting of different kinds of preserved fruits. 

— a. Flavored with or containing various fruits. 

tut'ty (tut'i), to ; [F. tutie, fr. Ar. & Per. tutiya.'] A crude 
zinc oxide obtained from the flues of smelting furnaces. 

tu-whit' (too-hwTtO 1 to. & inter j. Words imitating notes 

tu— whop' (too-hwoo') J of the owl. — v. i. To utter the cry 
tu-whit or tu-whoo (respectively). 

tu'yere' (twe'yar'), n . [F.] A nozzle through which the air 
blast is delivered to a forge, blast furnace, etc. 

twad'dle (twod''l), v. i. & t.; -dled (-'Id) ; -dllng (-ling). 
To talk idly or nonsensically ; prate ; gabble. — to. Silly 
talk ; claptrap ; also, a twaddler. — twad'dler (twod'ler), to. 

twain (twan), a. & to. [AS. twegen, masc] Two. Now 
Chiefly Poetic. 

twang (twang), v. i. & t. 1. To sound, or make to sound, 
with a quick, harsh, ringing noise. 2. To speak with or 
to have a nasal twang, as a person or person's voice. 

— to. 1. A harsh, quick, ringing sound, as of a plucked bow- 
string. 2. A sharp vibrant nasal tone. 3. A sound sug- 
gestive of either of the above. — twang'y (twang'i), a. 

twat'tle (twot'i), v. i. & t., & to. = twaddle. 
tway'blade' (twa'blad'), to. [tway (ME. twei) two -+- 

blade.] Any of several orchids having a pair of leaves (esp. 

any species of Listera or of Ophrys). 
tweak (twek), v. t. [Orig.same word as twitch."] To pinch 

and pull with a sudden jerk and twist ; twitch. — to. A 

sharp pinch or twist ; jerk ; twitch. [wool.l 

tweed (twed), to. A soft fabric for men's wear, esp. ofj 
'tween (twen), prep. A contraction of between. 
tweet (twet), to. A low chirping note. — v. i. To utter a 

tweet or tweets. 
tweeze) (twez), n. [For twees, etwees, pi. of etwee, fr. F. 
tweese/ etui a case, sheath, box, OF. estui.J 1. A sur- 
geon's case of instruments. 2. pi. Tweezers. 
tweez'ers (twez'erz), to. pi. _ [See tweeze.] 1. A small pin- 

cerlike implement for grasping or extracting something. 2. 

A tweeze, or surgeon's instrument case. 
twelfth (twelfth), a. 1. Next in order after the eleventh ; — 

the ordinal of twelve. Abbr., 12th. See ordlnal, to., Note. 

2. Constituting one of twelve equal parts into which a 

(whole) thing may be divided. — to. 1. A twelfth part. 2. 

A twelfth unit or object. 
Twelfth/tide' (-tld'), to. The twelfth day after Christmas ; 

Epiphany ; — called also Twelfth'— day'. The evening of 

this day is called Twelfth'— night', 
twelve (twelv), a. [AS. twelfJ] One more than eleven; — 

a cardinal number used attributively. 

the Twelve apostles. Bib. See apostle, 1. 

— n. 1. The number next after eleven ; sum of ten and two ; 
twelve units or objects ; a dozen. 2. A symbol for twelve 
units, as 12 or xii. 

twelve'mo (-mo), a. & to.; pi. -mos (-moz). = duodecimo. 

twelve'month' (-munth'), to. A year. 

twen'ti-eth (twen'ti-eth ; 24), a. 1. Next in order after the 
nineteenth ; — the ordinal of twenty. Abbr., 20th. See 
ordinal, to., Note. 2. Constituting one of twenty equal 
parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — to. 1. 
A twentieth part. 2. A twentieth unit or object. 

twen'ty (-ti), a. [AS. twentig, twentig.'] 1. Twice ten ; — 
a cardinal number used attributively. 2. An indefinite 
number more or less than twenty ; as, twenty reasons why 
he could not go. — to. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. The number 
next after nineteen ; twenty units or objects ; a score. 2. 
A symbol for twenty units, as 20 or xx. 

twen'ty-fold' (twen'ti-fold'), a. Twenty times as nwry. 

twice (twis), adv. [ME. twies, twie, AS. twigea, iwi?a, 
twiwa.~\ 1. Two times ; once and again. 2. Doubly ; in 
twofold quantity or degree. 

twid'dle (twid''l), v. t.; -dled (-'Id); -dling (-ling). To 
touch lightly, or play with ; twirl, as one's thumbs. — v. i. 
1. To play or trifle ; to be busied with trifles. 2. To trem- 
ble. — to. A slight twirl with or as with the fingers. 

twi'er (twT'er). Corruption of tuyere. 

twi'-fal'low (twi'fal'o), v. t. [See twice ; fallow.] To 
till for the second time. 06s. — twi'fal'low, to. Obs. 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil ; chair; go; sing, ink; (sen, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



TWIG 



1039 



TYMP 



twig (twig), v. t.; twigged (twigd) ; twtg'ging (twig'Tng). 
[Gael, tuig, or Ir. tuigim I understand.] Slang. 1. To un- 
derstand. 2. To observe slyly ; also, to perceive ; discover. 
twig, to. [AS.] A small shoot or branch. [twigs. I 

twig'gy (-1), a. Of, pert, to, or like, a twig or twigs ; full of[ 
twi'light' (twl'llt'), to. [ME., fr. AS. twi- two, double + 
leoht light ; hence, doubtful or half light.] 1. The light per- 
ceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun. 
2. Hence : a faint light ; a dubious or uncertain medium 
through which anything is viewed. 
Twilight of the Gods. = Ragnarok. 

— a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the twilight. 
2. Imperfectly illuminated ; shaded ; obscure. 

twilight sleep. [Literal translation of G. dammerschlaf.'] 
A condition of partial narcosis or stupor produced by the 
action of a combination of scopolamine and morphine or 
a morphine derivative, and intended to ameliorate the pains 
associated with childbirth. 

twill (twil), v. t. To weave, as cloth, so as to produce a 
twill. — to. 1* An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs in 
textile fabrics. 2. A fabric woven with a twill. 

twin (twin), a. [AS. getwinne two and two, pi., twins.] 

1. Made up of two distinct, nearly related, and equal mem- 
bers ; double ; twofold ; specif., consisting of or being twins, 
or a pair ; as, twin boys. 2. Standing in the relation of or 
being a twin ; as, a twin brother. 

Twin Brethren, or Brothers, Castor and Pollux. See 
Dioscuri, Gemini, a. — T. Stars, Castor and Pollux. 

— to. 1. One of two persons or things closely related by ties 
of birth, resemblance, etc. ; esp., one of two produced at a 
birth. 2. In pi. \_cap.~\ Astron. = Gemini, a. 3. Cryst. A 
compound crystal composed of two or more crystals, or 
parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each 
other. 

— v. i. ; twinned (twind) ; twin'ning. 1. To bring forth 
twins. 2. To be mated or coupled ; be born at the same 
birth. — v. t. To couple ; to cause to be twins, or like twins, 
in any way ; as, eye and hand are twinned in action. 

twin'ber'ry (twin'ber'i), to. 1. A shrubby honeysuckle 
(Lonicera involucrata), of the western United States, 
with purple flowers. 2. The partridge berry. 

twin'born' (-born'), a. Born at the same birth. 

twine (twin), to. [AS. twin, properly, a twisted or double 
thread.] 1. Strong thread of strands twisted together. 

2. Act of twining, or winding, round. 3. A twist, as formed 
by winding. Rare. 4. An entwining or interlacing ; hence : 
a snarl ; tangle. 

— v. t. ; twined (twind) ; twin'ing (twm'Tng). 1. To twist 
together ; to form by twisting ; loosely, to weave. 2. To 
wind, wreathe, or coil. 3. To wind about ; embrace ; en- 
twine. — v. i. 1. To intertwine ; twist. 2. To wind ; bend ; 
coil. — twin'er (twin'er), to. 

twinge (twinj), v. t.; twinged (twmjd) ; twing'ing (twin'- 
jingT. [AS. twengan to pinch, squeeze.] 1. To pull with 
a twitch ; tweak. Rare. 2. To affect with a sharp, sudden 

Eain ; torment with pinching or sharp pains. — v. i. To 
ave a sudden, sharp, local pain. — to. 1. A pinch ; tweak. 
Rare. 2. A sudden, sharp pain. — Syn. See pang. 
twintle (twin'k'l), v. i.; -kled (-k'ld) ; -kling (-kling). 
[AS. twinclianJ] 1. To wink or blink rapidly ; — said 
of the eyes or eyelids. 2. To shine with an intermittent 
light ; sparkle ; scintillate, as a star. 3. To appear rapidly 
at intervals ; as, feet twinkling in a dance. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to twinkle ; blink ; wink. 2. To flash out intermit- 
tently, as light. 3. To influence by twinkling. Rare. 

— to. 1. A closing or opening, or a quick motion, of the eye ; 
a wink or sparkle of the eye. 2. A brief flash or gleam. 3. 
The time of a wink ; twinkling. — twinlder (-kler), to. 

twin'kling (twig 'kling), n. 1. A wink ; twinkle. 2. Scin- 
tillation ; sparkling. 3. The time occupied by a single 
wink ; a moment. 

twinned (twind), a. Cryst. Formed by twinning. 

twin'ning (twm'Tng), to. Cryst. The assemblage of two or 
more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with 
reference to each other. 

twin'— screw', a. Shipbuilding. Having two propeller 
screws, one on each side of the plane of the keel, one right- 
handed and one left-handed. 

twirl (twurl), v. t. & i. To whirl round; move and turn 
rapidly with the fingers. 

Syn c Twirl, whirl. To twirl is to turn lightly and rapidly, 
esp. with the fingers ; whirl implies greater velocity or 
energy of rotation ; as, to twirl an umbrella ; to whirl a 
sword about the head. 

— to. 1. A twirling. 2. A twist ; coil ; convolution. 
twirl'er, to. One who, or that which, twirls, as a ball. Colloq. 
twist (twist), v. t. & i. [ME. twisten to twist, AS. twist (in 

comp.) a rope, as made of two (twisted) strands.] 1. To 
unite by winding one thread or the like round another. 
2. To wreathe ; twine ; wind. 3. To wrench ; turn ; con- 
tort ; writhe ; wring ; pervert. , 
» » to. 1. Thing formed by twisting or winding together 
parts ; specif.: a A kind of closely twisted, strong sewing 



silk, used by tailors, saddlers, etc. b A roll of twisted and 
baked dough, c Tobacco in the form of a thick twisted 
roll. 2. Act or manner of twisting, or state of being twisted ; 
specif. : a Manner of twisting or twining together strands, 
etc. ; hence, a knot, web, or the like, formed by twisting. 
b A bending ; convolution ; flexure. C Act of imparting a 
twisting motion, as to a pitched ball ; also, the motion thus 
imparted, d A wrenching or distorting ; a wrench, e A 
strong individual tendency, or bent ; bias ; as, a twist to- 
ward religious fanaticism. 3. Mech. a Torque or torsional 
stress applied to a body, as a rod or shaft, b Torsional 
strain. — Syn. See turn. 

twist drill. A drill with the body twisted or cut deeply in 
one or more helical curves. 

twist'er (twis'ter), to. One who, or that which, twists, as a 
ball with a combined onward and spinning motion. 

twit (twit), v. t. ; twit'ted ; -ting. [AS. setwitan ; set at -f- 
witan to reproach, blame.] To reproach or upbraid, esp. 
by reminding of a fault, defect, misfortune, etc. ; taunt. 

— to. A taunting allusion ; taunt. 

twitch (twich), v. t. & i. [AS. twiccian."] To pull or move 
jerkily or spasmodically ; tweak; pluck; pick. — to. 1. 
Act of twitching ; a short, sudden, quick pull. 2. A short 
spasmodic contraction of the fibers or muscles. 

twit'ter (twit'er), to. One who twits. 

twit'ter, v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a succession of 
small, tremulous, intermitted noises. 2. To titter ; giggle. 
3. To have a slight trembling of the nerves ; be agitated. — 
v. t. To utter with a twitter. — to. Act, sound, or sensation 
of twittering. [Dial. Eng.\ 

twixt (twikst). For'BETwrxT. Poet., Colloq., or Scot. &\ 

two (too), a. [ME. two, twa, prop. fern. & neut., twei, 
twein, tweien, prop. masc. (whence E. twain), AS. twa, 
fern. & neut., twegen, masc, tu, neut.] One and one; 
twice one. — to.; pi. twos (tobz). 1. The number next 
greater than one ; two units or objects ; — a cardinal num- 
ber used attributively. 2. A symbol for two units, as 2 or ii. 
in two, asunder ; into two parts or halves. 

two'— cy'cle, to. A two-stroke cycle for an internal-combus- 
tion engine. See cycle, 6. — two'-cy'cle, a. 

two'— edged' (-ejd' ; -ej'ed), a. Having two edges, or edges 
on both sides ; as, a two-edged sword. 

two'— faced' (-fast'), a. Having two faces; hence: double- 
dealing ; false. — two'-fac'ed-ly (-fas'ed-li ; -fast'li), adv. 

two'fold' (-fold'), a. Double; duplicate. — adv. In a 
double degree ; doubly. 

two'-hand'ed, a. 1. Having two hands. 2. Used with both 
hands ; as, a two-handed sword. 3. Ambidextrous. 4. Re- 
quiring two persons for operation, as some saws. 

two'pence (tup'ens ; too pens only when two words), to. 
The sum of two pence; also, Brit., a small silver coin of 
this value, since 1662 issued solely for royal alms on Maundy 
Thursdays. [twopence ; hence : cheap ; mean. I 

two'pen-ny (tup'en-T ; cf. twopence), a. Of the value of| 

two'-phase',_a. Elec. = diphase.^ 

two'— ply' (tob'pll'), a. 1. Consisting of two thicknesses. 
2. Woven double by incorporating two sets of warp thread 
and two of weft. 3. Consisting of two strands. _ 

two'— port', a. Having two ports; specif., designating a 
type of two-cycle internal-combustion engine in which the 
admission of the mixture to the crank case is through a 
suction valve. Cf. three-port. 

two'some (too'sum), a. Consisting of, or done by, two. 

two'— step', to. A kind of round dance in march or polka 
time ; also, a piece of music for this dance. U. S. 

two'— way', a. Lit., having two ways ; Math., having two 
ways of variation ; as, a two-way series. Specif., Mech., 
designating a cock or valve that will connect a pipe or 
channel with either of two others at will. 

-ty. [F. -te, L. -tas.~\ A suffix forming abstract nouns of 
quality, state, condition, and the like, in words from 
French or Latin, as in beaiUj/, piety, liberty. 

Tyb'alt (tib'alt), to. A fiery nephew to Lady Capulet in 
Shakespeare's " Romeo and Juliet. " He kills Mercutio and 
is slain by Romeo in a duel. 

Ty'burn (tl'burn), to. A former small tributary of the 
Thames in London ; also, a former place of public execu- 
tion situated on it. 

Ty'che (tl'ke), to. [Gr. T6xn-] Gr. Myth. Goddess of for- 
tune. Each city, esp. in later times, had its own Tyche. 

ty-coon' (ti-koon'), to. [Jap. taikun, fr. Chin, ta great + 
chun sovereign.] A title of the shogun. See shogun. 

Ty'deus (tl'dus; tid'e-us), to. [L., fr. Gr. Twkus.] Gr. 
Myth. See Seven against Thebes. 

Ty-di'des (tl-dl'dez), to. [L.,. fr. Gr. Titfe^s.] Son of 
Tydeus ; — a patronymic of Diomed. 

ty'ing (tl'ing), p. pr. & vb. to. of tie. [etc.l 

tyke (tlk), tyl'er, tym'bal. Vars. of tike, to., ttxer, to., 2,| 

tymp (tTmp), to. In certain blast furnaces, a stone or a 
water-cooled iron casting protecting the top of the opening 
in front of the hearth through which molten slag and iron 
continually pass. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used la this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word* + combined with. - equals. 



N 



TYMPAN 



1040 



TYRANT 











R 



tym'pan (tim'pan), n. [F., fr. L. tympanum kettledrum, 
door panel.] 1. Arch. A tympanum. 2. Printing Presses. 
A sheet of paper, cloth, or the like, placed between the im- 
pression surface and the paper to be printed. 

tym-pan'ic (tim-pan'ik), a. 1. Like a tympanum, or drum. 
2. Anat. Of or pertaining to the tympanum. 
tympanic bone, Anat. & Zo'ol., in mammals, a bone of 
the skull which incloses a part of the tympanum and sup- 
ports the tympanic membrane. — t. membrane, Anat. & 
Zo'ol., a thin membrane closing externally the cavity of the 
middle ear. See ear, Illust. 

tym/pa-ni'tes (tTm'pa-nl'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. TVfnravlTrjs, 
fr. TVfj.Tra.vm> a kettledrum.] Med. Distention of the abdo- 
men due to accumulation of air or gas. nit'ic (-mt'ik), a. 

tym'pa-ni'tis (-ni'tis), n. [NL. See tympanum ; -itis.] 
Inflammation of the lining membrane of the middle ear. 

tym'pa-num (tim'pd-num), n.; pi. E. -nums (-numz), L. 
-na (-no). [L., a kettledrum, a drum in machines, the tri- 
angular area in a pediment, Gr. rbixiravov.'] 1. Anat. a The 
eardrum, or middle ear. b The tympanic membrane. 2. 
Arch, a The recessed face of a pediment, usually triangu- 
lar, b The space between an arch and a lintel (as of a door) 
or subordinate arch spanning an opening below. 3. Elec. 
The diaphragm of the ordinary telephone. 

typ'al (tlp'ol), a. Relating to a type or types ; typical. 

type (tip), n. [F., fr. L. typus figure, image, Gr. tvttos 
mark of a blow, impression, model.] 1. The mark or im- 
pression of something ; stamp ; sign ; emblem. 2. A figure 
or representation of something to come ; a token ; sign ; 
symbol. See antitype. 3. That which serves or may serve 
as an example, pattern, or model for or of f_^6 
others ; that which has or exemplifies J 
qualities or characteristics common to a 
number of individuals ; a model ; stand- 
ard ; specif., Biol., a general form or plan 
of structure common to a number of indi- 
viduals ; hence, the ideal representation 
of, or the most perfect exemplification of, 
a natural group, as a species, genus, etc. ; 
esp., the individual or category ( as a spe- 
cies, genus, etc.) upon which a higher 
category is based ; as, a type specimen. 
Cf. type genus. 4. Print, a A rectangu- 
lar block, usually of metal, having its 
face so shaped as to produce, by printing, 
a letter, figure, etc. b Such blocks, or the 
characters impressed, collectively. The 
type provided for composition of an ordi- 
nary book consists of roman CAPITALS, 
small capitals, and lower-case letters, 
and italic CAPJ TA LS and lower-case let- Feet, 
ters, with accompanying figures, accents, etc., in all more 
than 200 characters. Some important varieties are : 

<©ib €ngfi#n Ma& Hetter. Boldface. 
Gothic. Antique. Clarendon. 

Caslon Old Style. French Elzevir. 

(Sermon Seit. Ionic. ^ 

Typewriter. 0t>uA£. 

The following table shows all the sizes of type common in 
book work ; the column of black squares shows the sizes 
of the corresponding em quad, and the numbers refer to 
the nearest equivalent in the point system. 
Common Name Specimen Em quad Point 

£ ** 

B 5 

B 5^ 
f§ 6 



Pifrv 


% 


a . 




l| 1 


t 



V 



Metal Type. 4. a 
Body ; b Face ; 
c Shoulder ; d 
Counter ; e Ser- 
ifs ; / Stem ; g 
Beard ; h Nick ; 
i Groove ; j 



abcdefghij klmnopqrstuvTrayz 

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw 
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv 

abcdefghij klmnopqrstu 
abcdefghijklmnopqrs 
abcdefghijklmnopqr 
abcdefghij klmnop 

Kca abcdefghijklmn 

abcdefghijklm 

abcdefghijk 
abcdefghij 



Diamond . . 

Pearl . . = 

Agate . . . 

Nonpareil . 

Minion ■ . 

Brevier . . 
Bourgeois 

Long Primer 

Small Pica . 



English 



Columbian 



Great Primer 




10 
11 



12 



14 



16 



18 



ESP A 4-point type (Gem) and a 62-point (Emerald) are 
sizes rarely used. Agate is called ruby in England. 



5. Math. The simplest of the forms equivalent with respect 
to a group. — Syn. See emblem. 

type (tip), v. t. ; typed (tlpt) ; typ'ing (ti'p'mg). 1. To pro- 
duce a copy of ; represent ; typify. 2. To typewrite. Colloq. 
-type (-tip). A combining form signifying impressed form, 

stamp, print, type, typical form, representative. 
type genus. Biol. That genus from which the name of a 
family or subfamily is formed, and which, theoretically 
(but not always in practice), most perfectly typifies the 
family as a whole, 
type metal. An alloy used in making type, stereotype 
plates, etc., consisting essentially of lead and antimony, 
often with a little tin, nickel, or copper. 
type'set'ter (tip'set'er), n. One who, or that which, sets 
type; specif. : a A compositor.' b A machine for setting 
type. — type'set'ting, n. & a. 
type'write' (tip'rit'), v. t. & i. To write with a typewriter. 
type'writ'er (-rlt'er), n. 1. Any of various instruments or 
machines for writing in characters similar to those pro- 
duced by printers' types. 2. One who operates a type- 
writer. 3. A style of type. See type. 
type'writ'ing (-nt'ing), n. Act or art of using a typewriter ; 

also, a print made with a typewriter. 
typh-li'tis (tif-ll'tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. tu</>X6s blind, closed 
(of the Ccecum) + -itisJ] Med. Inflammation of the caecum. 
— typh-lit'ic (lTt'ik), a. 
Ty-pho'eus (tl-fo'us), n. [Gr. Ti;0wei>s.] Class. Myth. A 
hundred-headed monster with fearful eyes and voices, con- 
quered by Zeus with a thunderbolt and buried in Tartarus 
under Mt. Etna. Later, he is. identified with Typhon. 
ty'pho-gen'ic (tl'fo-jen'ik), a. [typhus + -genie] Med. 

Producing typhus. 
ty'phoid (tl'foid), a. [typhus + -oid.~\ Med. Of, pert, to, 
or like, typhus. — typhoid fever, an infectious febrile, 
often fatal, disease due to a bacillus introduced, usually, 
with food or drink, and marked by intestinal catarrh and 
ulceration. — n. Typhoid fever. ■ — ty-phoi'dal (-foi'dal), a. 
Ty'phon (tl'fon), n. [Gr. Tu^wc] Class. Myth. A mon- 
ster, the son of Typhoeus and the father of Cerberus, the 
Chimera, the Sphinx, and other monsters. 
ty-phoon' (tl-foon'), n. [Pg. tuf&o, Ar. tufan a violent 

storm.] A violent whirlwind. 
ty'phus (ti'ffe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. tv4>os smoke, cloud, stu- 
por arising from fever.] Med. A contagious fever marked 
by great prostration and cerebral disorder and eruption of 
redspots on the body. — ty'phous (-fws), a. 
typ'i-cal (tip'i-kal), a. 1. Of the nature of a type; em- 
blematic. 2. Bot. & Zo'ol. a Exhibiting the essential char- 
acteristics of a group, b Conforming to a type. — Syn. See 
regular. — typ'i-cal-ly, adv. — typ'i-cal-ness, n. 
typ'i-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka/shun), n. Act of typifying. 
typ'i-fi'er (tip'i-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, typifies. 
typ'i-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -eying, [type + -fy.] 1. 
To represent by an image, model, or resemblance ; prefig- 
ure. 2. To embody the essential or salient characteristics of . 
typ'ist (tlp'ist), n. One who operates a typewriter. 
ty-pog'ra-pher (tl-pog'rd-fer ; ti-), n. A printer or one who 

designs or arranges printing. 
ty'po-graph'ic (tl'po-graf 'ik ; tip'6-) 1 a. Of or pertaining 
ty'po-graph'i-cal (-graf'i-kol) / to typography, or 
printing. — ty'po-graph'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ty-pog'ra-phy (tl-pog'rd-fi ; ti-), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). [Gr. 
tvttos type, model -J- -graphy.~\ Art of printing with type ; 
use of type to produce impressions on paper, vellum, etc. 
ty-poth'e-tse (tl-poth'e-te ; ti'po-the'te), n. pi. [NL. ; Gr. 
tvwos type, model + TidevM to put", set. ] Printers ; — 
used in the names of associations of master printers. 
Tyr, Tyrr (ter), n. [Icel. Tyr.~] Teut. Myth. A sky and war 
god of the Teutons. Tuesday is named for him. See ^EsiR. 
ty-ran'ni-cal (tl-ran'i-kal), a. Also ty-ran'nic (tl-ran'ik). 
[L. tyrannicus, fr. Gr. rvpawiKos-] Of or pertaining to a 
tyrant ; unjustly severe ; despotic ; arbitrary. — Syn. See 
despotic. — ty-ran'ni-cal-ly, adv. 
ty-ran'ni-cide (-T-sId), n. [L. tyrannicidium (sense 1), 
tyrannicida (sense 2) ; tryannus tyrant + caedere to 
kill.] 1. Act of killing a tyrant. 2. One who kills a tyrant. 
tyr'an-nize (tir'a-nlz), v. i. ; -nized (-nlzd) ; -niz'ing (-nlz'- 
Ing). To act the tyrant ; rule or exercise power unjustly or 
oppressively. — v. t. To treat tyrannically ; oppress. 
tyr'an-nous (tir'a-nws), a. Tyrannical ; despotic. — Syno 
See despotic. — tyr 'an -nous -ly, adv. 
tyr'an-ny (tir'o-ni), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz)._ [OF. tinjnnie. 
See tyrant.] 1. The government, authority, office, cr ten- 
ure of a tyrant, or absolute ruler. 2. Arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power ; cruel or needlessly rigorous goyernment ; 
despotism. 3. A tyrannical act. 4. Severity ; rigor. 
ty'rant (ti'rant), n. [OF. tiran, tirant, fr. L. tyrannus, 
Gr. Tvpawos-l 1. An absolute ruler ; a sovereign unre- 
strained by law or constitution ; a usurper of sovereignty. 
2. Specif., a monarch, or other ruler or master, who exer- 
cises absolute power oppressively or brutally ; a cruel mas- 
ter; oppressor. — a. Tyrannical. Rare. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



TYRE 



1041 



ULULANT 



tyre (t!r). Var. of 2d tire (sense 2). Chiefly Eng. 

Tyr'i-an (tir'i-an), a. [L. Tyrius, fr. Tyrus Tyre, Gr. 
T6pos.] 1. Of or pert, to Tyre, in ancient Phoenicia, or its 
people. 2. Being of the color called Tynan purple. 
Tyrian purple or dye, a celebrated purple dye used by the 
Greeks and Romans, prepared from certain mollusks. 

— n. A native of Tyre. 



ty'ro (tT'ro), n. ; pl. -ros (-roz). [L. tiro a recruit, a begin- 
ner.] A beginner in learning ; a person imperfectly ac- 
quainted with a subject ; novice. — Syn. See novice. 

Tyr'o-lese' (tlr'6-lez' ; -les'), a. Of or pert, to Tirol or its 
inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. One of the people of Tirol. 

tzar (tsar), tza-ri'na (tsa-re"'nd), etc. See czar, etc. 

tze'tze (tse'tse). Var. of tsetse. 



u 



U(u). The twenty-first letter and fifth vowel of the 
English alphabet. It is a cursive form of the letter V, 
with which it was formerly used interchangeably, both let- 
ters being used either as vowel or consonant (like I and J : 
cf. J). In dictionaries of English, U and V were not given 
separate alphabetical positions until about 1800. U still 
retains its older sound in most of the languages of Europe, 
that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in wood ; but in 
modern English U has various sounds. See Guide to Pron., 
§§ 85-94. Etymologically U is most closely related to o, v 
(vowel), w, and v; as in two, duet, dj/ad, twice ; top, twft ; 
sop, sup, auspice, apiary. 

U or U (u), n. ; pi. U's or Us (uz). 1. The letter U, u, or its 
sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter U. 

U, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter U ; as, 
U bar or U-bar, U bolt or U-bolt, U plate, U tube, etc. 

U-biq'ui-tOUS (u-bik'wi-tus), a. [See ubiquity.] Existing 
everywhere at the same time ; omnipresent. — Syn. See 
omnipresent.^ — u-biq'ui-tous-ly, adv. — tous-ness, n. 

U-biq'ui-ty (-ti), n. [L. ubique everywhere, fr. ubi where.] 
Presence in more than one place, or in an indefinite number 
of places, at the same time ; omnipresence. 

il'— boat', n. [From the designation of submarines, in the 
German navy, by the letter U with a distinguishing number 
added. U is probably an abbreviation for G. unterseeboot, 
lit., under-sea-boat (i. e., submarine).] A German or Aus- 
trian submarine ; hence, any submarine. 

dd'der (ud'er), n. [AS. uder.~\ A mammary gland, or milk 
gland, when large, pendent, and provided with two or more 
nipples or teats, as in cows. 

n-dom'e-ter (u-dom'e-ter), n. [L. udus wet, moist + 
-meter.'] Meteor. A rain gauge. — u'do-met'ric (u'do- 
met'rik), a. — u-dom'e-try (u-dom'e-tri), n. 

Ugh (do ; u ; uk), inter j. An exclamation expressive of dis- 
gust, horror, or recoil ; — usually accompanied by a shudder. 

Ug'li-ness (Qg'li-nes), n. Quality or state of being ugly. 

Ugly (ug'li), a.; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. [ME. ugly, ug- 
like, fr. Scand.] 1. Offensive aesthetically or morally ; 
hideous ; repulsive. 2. Ill-natured ; quarrelsome. Colloq. 

3. Unpleasant ; likely to cause trouble or loss. Colloq. 

4. Naut. Threatening ; — applied to the weather. 
U'gri-an (6o'grT-dn ; u'-), n. A member of the eastern di- 
vision of the Finno-Ugric peoples. — U'gri-an, a. 

U'gric (-grik), a. Designating, or pertaining to, the lan- 
guage of the Ugrians. See Finno-Ugric. 

Ub/lan (oo'lan; oo-lan'), n. Also u'lan. [G., fr. Pol., fr. 
Turk, oghldn a youth.] 1. One of a certain kind of Tatar 
militia. 2. One of a kind of lancers of Tataric origin, esp. 
in Prussian armies. See soldier, Illust. 

U-in'tah-itel (u-m'td-it), n. [From the Uinta Mountains, 

U-in'ta-ite J Utah.] Min. A lustrous kind of asphalt, 
occurring on a large scale in Utah ; — called also gilsonite. 

U Uit'land'er (oit'lan'der ; fit'-), n. [D.] A foreigner ; out- 
lander. So. Africa. 

U-kase' (u-kas'), n. [F., fr. Russ. ukaz, lit., a command.] 
1. In Russia, a proclamation or imperial order, having the 
force of law. 2. Hence, any official decree. 

U'ku-le'le (oo'kdo-la'la), n. [Hawaiian, prop., flea, jump- 
ing insect.] A kind_ of small guitar with four strings, used 
originally in Hawaii. 

Ul'cer (uPser), n. [F. ulcere, L. ulcus, gen. ulceris.~\ A su- 
perficial sore discharging pus ; — distinguished from an ab- 
scess, which has its beginning deep in the tissues. 

Ul'cer-ate (-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [L. 
ulceratus, p. p. of ulcerare to make sore, ulcus ulcer.] To 
form into, or affect with or as with, an ulcer or ulcers. 

UTcer-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Med. The process of ulcerating ; 
state of being ulcerated ; also, an ulcer. 

Ul'cer-a-tive (uPser-a-tTv), a. Of or pertaining to ulcers. 

llPcer-OUS (ul'ser-us), a. 1. Having the nature or character 
of an ulcer. 2. Affected with an ulcer or ulcers ; ulcerated. 
— uPcer-ous-ly, adv. — ul'cer-ous-ness, n. 

-Ule. [L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum.'] A suffix forming diminu- 
tives ; as, plumule, spicuZe, etc. 

U'le-ma' (oo'le-ma'), n. [Turk. & Ar. 'ulama the wise or 
learned men, pi. of 'dlim wise, learned.] Mohammedan- 
ism. A college or body composed of the imams, muftis, and 
cadis. The ulema of Turkey alone now has political power. 

Ullage (uFaj), n. [OF. ouillage, fr. ouillier to fill (a wine 



cask), fill up to the bunghole, lit., eye, deriv. fr. L. ad to 4- 
oculus eye.] Amount a vessel of liquor lacks of being full. 

ul-ma'ceous (ul-ma'shus), a. [L. ulmus an elm.] Bot. 
Belonging to a family (Ulmacese) of trees and shrubs, the 
elm family, which includes the elms, the hackberries, and 
the planer tree. 

uPna (ul'nd), n:; pl- -N.E (-ne). [L., elbow.] Anat. The 
inner of the two bones of the forearm or the like part of the 
fore limb of vertebrates above fishes. — uPnar (-ndr), a. 

U-lot'ri-chi (u-lot'rT-kl), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. O uX60pi|, 
ouXorpixos, woolly-haired ; ov\o* woolly + 6pl%, rpixfc, 
hair.] Anthropol. The races having woolly or crispy hair. 
— u-lot'ri-chous (kws), a. 

uPster (iiPster), n. A long, loose overcoat, worn by both 
sexes, originally made of frieze from Ulster, Ireland. 

Ul-te'ri-or (ul-te'ri-er), a. [L., comp. of ultra, ultro, be- 
yond.] 1. Situated beyond, or on the farther side. 2. Mors 
remote ; beyond what is manifest or avowed ; as ulterior 
motives or measures. — ul-te'ri-or-ly, adv. 

uPti-ma (iiFti-md), n. [L., fem. of ultimus last.] Gram. 
& Pros. The last syllable of a word. 

uPti-mate (-mat), o. [LL. ultimatus last, fr. L. ultimare 
to terminate, ultimus farthest, last.] 1. Farthest ; most re- 
mote ; extreme. 2. Last in progression or sequence ; final. 
3. Incapable of further analysis ; elemental. 4. Mech. 
Maximum ; as, ultimate strain, strength, etc. — Syn. See 
last. — uPti-mate-ly, adv. — uPti-mate-ness, n. 

uPti-ma Thu'le (ul'ti-md thu'le). [L.] See Thule. 

uPti-ma'tum (-ma'turn), n.; pl. E. -tums (-tumz), L. -ta 
(-td). [NL. See ultimate.] A final proposition, conces- 
sion, or condition ; esp., the final propositions, conditions, 
or terms, offered by either of the parties in a diplomatic 
negotiation. 

11 uPti-mo (uPtT-mo), adv. [L. ultimo (mense)."] In the 
month preceding the present. Abbr., ult. Cf. proximo. 

uPti-mo-gen'i-ture (uPti-mo-jen'i-tir), n. [L. ultimus 
last + genitura a begetting.] Law. A system of inherit- 
ance by which the youngest son succeeds to the estate ; — 
opposed to primogeniture. 

uPtra (-trd), a. [L., adv. & prep., beyond.] Going beyond 
others or due limit ; extreme. — n. An extremist ; radical. 

uPtra-. A prefix signifying beyond, on the other side, exces- 
sively, exceedingly, extraordinarily , abnormally, or the 
like ; as in w^raconservatism, u^raconservative, ultra* 
critical, uZirafashionable, u^raliberal, wZirapartisan. 

uPtra-gas'e-OUS (-gas'e-us) , a. Physics. Having the prop- 
erties exhibited by gases under very low pressures (one mil- 
lionth of an atmosphere or less). Matter under this condi- 
tion is sometimes called radiant matter. 

uPtra-ism (QPtrd-iz'm), n. The principles of those who 
advocate extreme measures, as radicalism. 

Ul'tra-ist (iiPtrd-ist), n. An extremist; radical; ultra. 

uPtra-ma-rine' (-md-ren'), a. Beyond the sea. — n. [Be- 
cause the lapis lazuli was orig. brought from beyond (L. 
ultra) the sea, from Asia.] 1. A costly pure blue pigment 
prepared by powdering lapis lazuli ; also, a similar artificial 
pigment. 2. Any of several artificial pigments ; as, green 
ultramarine, purple ultramarine. 

uPtra-mPcro-scope (-mI'kr6-skop),n. Optics. An .appara- 
tus for rendering visible, by reflected light, particles too 
small to be perceived by the ordinary microscope. 

uPtra-mPcro-SCOp'ic (-skop'ik)! a. 1. Too small to be 

ul'tra-mi'cro-scop'i-cal (-i-kdl)| seen with a microscope. 
2. Of or pertaining to an ultramicroscope. 

uPtra-mon'tane (-mon'tan), a. [LL. ultramontanus."] 1. 
Beyond the mountains, esp. the Alps. 2. Of, pert, to, or 
supporting ultramontanism. — n. 1. A dweller beyond the 
mountains, esp. the Alps. 2. Specif., one who lives south of 
the Alps ; a supporter (orig. one of the Italian party in the 
Roman Catholic Church) of papal supremacy, rather than 
national churches. mon'ta-nism (-ta-niz'm), n. 

uPtra-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being beyond the world 
or the limits of the solar system. [excessively tropical. I 

uPtra-trop'i-cal (-trop'i-kal), a. Beyond the tropics ; also,| 

uPtra— vPo-let (-vi'6-let), a. Outside the visible spectrum 
at its violet end ; — said of rays more refrangible than the 
violet ones. 

uPu-lant (QPu-lant), a. [L. ululans."] Howling; wailing 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ULULATE 



1042 



UNANIMITY 







P 



R 



; 



nl'U-late (fil'u-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (dat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
ululatus, p. p. of ululare to howl.] To howl, as a dog ; to 
hoot, as an owl. [of a dog or wolf ; a wailing. 

Ul'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. [L. ululatio.] A bowling, as 

U-lys'ses (u-lis'ez), n. [L., better Ulixes, Gr. 'OSvcraevs.] 
Class. Myth. A king of Ithaca, one of the Greek leaders in 
the Trojan War, famed for his craft, wisdom, and elo- 
quence. Homer's "Odyssey" describes the ten years' wan- 
derings of Ulysses (Odysseus) in returning to Ithaca. See 
Calypso, Circe, Penelope, Polyphemus, Telemachus. 

Um'bel (um'bel), n. [L. umbella a little shadow, umbrella, 
dim. of umbra shade.] Bot. A racemose inflorescence in 
which the axis is contracted so that the pedicels appear to 
spring from the same point, and form a flat or rounded 
cluster. See inflorescence, Illust. — um'bel-lar (-or), a. 

Um'bel-late (-bel-at), a. Bot. Bearing, or consisting of, 
umbels ; umbel-like ; arranged in umbels. late-ly, adv. 

um'bel-let (Qm'bel-et), n. An umbellule. 

um'bel-lif'er-OUS (um'be-lif'er-us^a. {umbel + -ferous.~] 
Bot. Producing umbels. , 

Um-bel'lU-late (um-bel'u-lat), o. Disposed in umbellules. 

um'bel-lule (fim'bel-ul ; um-bel'ul), n. [NL. umbellula, 
dim. of umbella. See umbel.] Bot. One of the small or 
secondary umbels in a compound umbel. 

um'ber (tim'ber), n. [F. -ombre, L. umbra."] 1. Shade; 
shadow ; also, a shade or spirit. 2. The umbrette. 

UHl/ber, n. [F. ombre, terre d'ombre, It. terra d'ombra, 
prob. orig., earth from Umbria.] A brown earth valued as 
a pigment and used either in the raw state, or calcined or 
burnt, when it has a slight reddish hue. Its color is due to 
oxides of manganese and of iron. 

— a. Of, pert, to, or resembling umber ; dark brown ; dusky. 

— v. t. To color with umber ; shade ; darken. 
um'ber-y (-1), a. Of or pert, to umber ; like umber. 
Um-bil'i-cal (flm-bil'i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to an umbilicus. 

umbilical cord, the cord or stalk connecting the fetus of 
a mammal with the placenta. See umbilicus, 1. 

lim-bil'i-cate (-kat), a. Depressed in the middle, like a 
navel ; navel-shaped ; also, having an umbilicus. 

um-bil'i-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. A navel-like depression, 
or dimpling.' 2. The state of being umbilicate. 

Um/bi-ll'CUS (um'bi-iT'kus ; popularly um-bil'i-kus), n.; 
pi. umbilici (-si). [L.] 1. Anat. The scar on the abdomen 
where the umbilical cord was attached ; navel. 2. Bot. The 
hilum. [Shaped like an umbilicus, or navel. I 

tim-bil'i-form (Qm-bTl'T-form), a. [umbilicus + -form.]\ 

umble pie. See humble pie. 

um'bles (um'b'lz), n. pi. [See numbles.] Numbles. Obs. 

um'bo (um'bo), n. ; L. pi. umbones (um-bo'nez). [L.] 1. 
The boss of a shield. 2. An elevation suggestive of this. 
— um'bo-nal (um'bo-nal), a. — um'bo-nate (-nat), a. 

lim'bra (Qm'brd), n.; pi. -BRiE (-bre). [L., a shadow.] 1. A 
shade ; shadow ; Optics, a complete shadow ; — disting. 
from penumbra. 2. Astron. a The conical shadow pro- 
jected from a planet or satellite, on the side away from 
the sun, within which a spectator could see no portion 
of. the sun's disk, b The central dark portion, or nucleus, 
of a sun spot. 

um'brage (um'braj), n. [F. ombrage, fr. L. umbraticus of 
shade, umbra a shade.] 1. Shade ; obscurity ; hence, that 
which affords a shade, as foliage. Archaic or Poetic. 2. 
The feeling of being overshadowed ; hence : suspicion of 
injury or wrong ; offense ; resentment. — Syn. See pique. 

Um-bra'ge0US (iim-bra'jus), a. 1. Forming or affording a 
shade, or being shaded ; shady. 2. Feeling or taking um- 
brage. — um-bra'geous-ly, adv. — um-bra'geous-ness, n. 

Ulll-brel'la (-brel'd), n. [It. ombrella, fr. ombra a shade, 
L. umbra.'] 1. A shade or screen carried in the hand as a 
shelter from rain, sun, etc. 2. ZooZ.The bell-shaped or 
saucer-shaped structure, chiefly of jellylike substance, 
which forms the chief part of the body of most jellyfishes. 

Umbrella bird. Any of several South and Central A meri can 
birds (genus Cephalopterus, esp. C. ornatus) 
having a radiating crest curving forward over 
the head. 

Umbrella leaf. An Amer- 
ican herb (Diphylleia cy- 
mosa), with large peltate 
and lobed basal leaves. 

umbrella tree. An Amer- 
ican magnolia (Magnolia 
tripetala) having large 
leaves clustered at the ends 
of the branches ; also, any of 
various other trees sugges- 
tive of an umbrella. Umbrella Bird. 





um-brel'la-wort' (-wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Allionia) of 
chiefly American nyctaginiaceous herbs, having small pan- 
icled flowers with an involucre composed of united bracts. 

um-brette' (um-bret'), n. [F. ombrette.] An African wad- 
ing bird (Scopus umbretta) al- 
lied to the storks and herons. 

Um'bri-an (um'bri-dn), a. Of 
or pert, to Umbria, in central 
Italy, or its inhabitants ; as, 
the Umbrian school of paint- 
ers, to which Raphael belonged. 

— n. One of the people of Um- 
bria ; also, the language of the 
ancient Umbrians. 

um-brif'er-ous (um-brif'er- 
us), a. [L. umbrifer ; umbra a 
shade + ferre to bear.] Cast- 
ing or making a shade ; um- 
brageous . [oomiak . 

u'mi-ak (oo'mT-ak), n. Var. of| 

um'laut (oom'lout), n. [G., fr. 
um about + laut sound.] 1. 
Philol. The change, as esp. in 
the Teutonic languages, of a 
root vowel sound by the influ- 
ence of a vowel, as u or, esp., Umbrette. 
i, in a following syllable, the modifying vowel being now 
usually lost or altered ; vowel mutation. 2. Loosely, the 
two dots used in German to indicate a vowel affected by 
umlaut. — v. t. Philol. To affect, form, or sound (a vowel) 
with umlaut. 

um'pir-age (um'pTr-aj ; -pi-raj), n. 1. Office, power, right, 
or authority of an umpire. 2. Act of umpiring ; arbitrament. 

um'pire (iim'pTr), n. [OF. nomper, nonper, uneven (i. e., 
third) person ; non not + per even, equal, peer. The initial 
n was confused with the n of the article an.] A person 
to whose sole decision a controversy or question between 
parties is referred ; esp., one chosen to rule on the play* 
of a game, as, cricket, baseball, or the like. — Syn. Judge, 
arbitrator, arbiter, referee. 

— v. t.; -pired (-pTrd) ; -pir-ing (-pTr-ing). 1. To decidt 
as umpire ; arbitrate. 2. To perform the duties of umpire 
in or for. Colloq. — v. i. To act as umpire. 

un-. [AS. un-, on-.] A prefix used : 1. To denote the idea oi 
undoing •, reversal, contrariety ', privation, etc. It is added : 
a To verbs to form verbs, with the sense of to reverse, 
undo, or do the contrary of (the action of the simple verb). 
Examples : unbuckle, unbutton, etc., to undo the buck- 
ling, etc., of ; undo, to do the contrary or reverse of, etc. 
b To nouns to form verbs, with the sense of to deprive of 
take from, free from, divest of (the thing, or the character 
rank, or status of the thing referred to by the noun) ; to 
expel from (that which the noun denotes). 
Examples : nnfrock, to deprive or divest of the (priestly) 
frock, to dz'sfrock ; unload, uncover, etc., to free from a 
load, cover, etc. 

2. To denote completely in intensives, when prefixed to 
words already expressing negation, privation, or the like. 
Example : unloose, to loose completely. 

un-. [AS. un-.] A prefix signifying not, in-, non-. 
%W* Un- may be attached to almost any adjective or ad- 
verb, and (though less freely)_ to nouns, from which it is 
desired to form a corresponding negative (see the Note 
under non-). The number of such compounds of self-evi- 
dent meaning is practically unlimited, and only those most 
important, or involving some difficulty, are here defined. 

un-a'ble (iin-a'b'l), a. Not able. — Syn. See incapable. 

un/ac-com'mo-dat'ed (un'a-kom'o-dat'ed), a. Not ac- 
commodated ; also, Rare, not having accommodations. 

un'ac-count'a-ble (un'a-koun'td-b'l), a. Not accountable ; 
esp., inexplicable ; strange ; mysterious. 

un'ac-CUS'tomed (-kiis'twrnd) a. 1. Not used ; not habitu- 
ated ; unfamiliar ; — used with to. 2. Not usual ; uncommon. 

un'ad-vised' (un'ad-vlzd'), a. Not advised ; esp., indis- 
creet or rash ; inconsiderate. — un'ad-vis'ed-ly (-viz'ed- 
li), adv. — un'ad-vis'ed-ness, n. 

un'af-fect'ed (un / d-fek'ted), a. Not affected ; esp., simple ; 
natural ; sincere. fect'ed-ly, adv. ed-ness, n. 

un'al-lied' (un / d-lTd / ), a. No^ allied ; having no connection 
or relation ; as, unallied species or genera. 

un'al-loyed' (un / d-loid / ), a. Not alloyed; unmixed; un- 
qualified ; pure ; as, unalloyed metals; unalloyed happiness. 

un'-A-mer'i-can, a. Not American ; not characteristic 
of, or consistent with, American customs, principles, etc. 

U'na-nim'i-ty (u'nd-nim'i-tT), n. State or quality of being 
unanimous. 



See 2d un-, above 
un'a-bashed' 
un^a-bat'ed 
un'a-bol'ished 
un'a-bridged' 
un'ab-solved' 
un-ac'a-dem'ic 



un'ac-cent'ed 

un'ac-cept'a-ble 

un'ac-cept'ed 

un'ac-cli'mat-ed 

un'ac-cli'ma- 

tized [dat'ingl 
un'ac-com'mo- 



un'ac-com'pa- 

nied 
un'ac-com'- 

plished 
un'ac-knowl'- 

edged 
un'ac-quit'ted 



un'ad-j ust'a-ble 
un'ad-just'ed 
un'a-dorned' 
un'a-dul'ter-aV- 

ed 
un-ag'i-tat'ed 
un-aid'ed 



un'al-le'vi-at'ed 
un'al-low'a-ble 
un-al'ter-a-ble 
un-al'tered 
un-al'ter-ing 
un'am-big'u- 
ous 



un'am-big'u-ous- 
ly 

un/am-bi'tious 
un-a'mi-a-ble 

un'a-mus'ing 
un-an'a-lyz/a-ble 

un-an'i-mafed 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil 



end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



UNANIMOUS 



1043 



UNCIFORM 



3-nan'l-mOUS (u-nan'i-mus), a. [L. unanimus, unani- 
mis; unus one -+- animus mind.] 1. Being of one mind ; 
agreeing ; consentient ; as, the assembly was unanimous 
in favor of the measure. 2. Formed with or indicating the 
agreement and consent of all ; as, a unanimous vote. — 
u-nan'i-mous-ly, adv. — mous-ness, n. 

un'ap-peal'a-ble (Gn'a-pel'd-b'l), a. Not appealable; that 
cannot be carried to a higher tribunal by appeal. 

Iin-apt' (tin-apt'), a. Inapt ; also not accustomed and not 
likely ; not disposed. — un-apt'ly, adv. — un-apt'ness, n. 

un-ar'gued (un-ar'gud), a. 1. Not argued, or debated. 2. 
Not argued against ; undisputed. 

un-arm/ (un-arm/), v. t. To deprive of weapons; disarm. 

tin-armed' (-armd'), a. Not armed. 

un'as-SUm/ing (-d-sum'mg), a. Not assuming; modest. 

un'at-taint'ed, a. Not attainted ; hence, impartial. 

U-nau' (u-no' ; 6o-nou'), n. [Native name in Peru.] The 
two-toed sloth. See sloth, 3. 

un'aus-pi'cious (un'os-pish'ws), a. Inauspicious. 

Un'a-VOid'a-ble (un'd-void'd-b'l), a. 1. Not avoidable; 
inevitable. 2. Not voidable. [tentive; thoughtless. I 

un'a-ware' (-war'), a. Not aware; not noticing; inat-| 

un'a-wares' (-warz')l adv. Without design or prepara- 

un'a-ware' (-war') / tion ; unexpectedly. 

un-backed' (tin-bakt'), a. 1. Never mounted by a rider; 
unbroken. 2. Not supported or encouraged ; unaided. 

un-baked' (-bakf ; 87), a. Not baked ; hence, immature. 

un-bal'ance (un-bal'dns), v. t. To put out of balance. 

Un-bal'anced (-bal'dnst), a. 1. Not balanced; specif., not 
in equipoise. 2. Out of equilibrium ; hence, disordered or 
deranged in sense ; as, an unbalanced mind. 

un-bal'last-ed, a. Not furnished with ballast ; unsteady. 

un-bar' (tin-bar'), v. t. & i. To remove a bar or bars from ; 
unbolt ; open. 

un-barbed' (un-barbd'), a.. 1. Unshorn; not shorn. Obs. 
2. Not having a barb or barbs. 

un-bat'ed (tm-bat'ed ; 24), a. Not bated, or lessened ; also, 
not blunted, as a sword without a button. Obs. or R. 

un-bear' (-bar'), v. t. [1st un- + bear to support.] To re- 
move or loose the check rein of (a horse). 

Un'be-com'ing (un'be-kfim'ing), a. Not becoming ; unfit ; 
indecorous ; improper. — Syn. See improper. — un'be- 
com'ing-ly, adv. — un'be-com'ing-ness, n. 

Un'be-known' (iin'be-non'), a. Unknown. Dial. 

un'be-knownst' (-nonst'), a. & adv. Unknown. Dial. 

un'be-lief (-lef^, n. 1. Thewithholding of belief ; incredu- 
lity ; skepticism. 2. Disbelief, esp. of divine revelation. 
Syn. Unbelief, disbelief, incredulity. Unbelief may 
suggest a mere withholding of belief ; disbelief implies a 
positive rejection of what is stated or asserted. In Biblical 
usage, however, unbelief has the stronger sense of disbelief 
in divine revelation. Incredulity implies indisposition to 
believe, or (often) a skeptical frame of mind. 

Un'be-liev'er (-lev'er), n. 1. One who does not believe; 
a doubter ; skeptic. 2. A disbeliever ; esp., an infidel. — 
Syn. See infidel. 

Un'be-liev'ing, a. 1. Not believing ; incredulous ; doubt- 
ing ; distrusting ; skeptical. 2. Not believing to be true 
something alleged to be true ; disbelieving ; esp., disbeliev- 
ing some given divine revelation. — un'be-liev'ing-ly, adv. 
— un'be-liev'ing-ness, n. 

un-belt' (tin-belt'), v. t. To remove or loose the belt of; 
also, to remove by loosing the belt. 

un-bend' (un-bend'), v. t.; -bent' (-bent') ; -bend'ing. 1. 
To free from flexure ; make, or allow to become, straight ; 
loosen. 2. To remit from a strain ; relax. 3. Naut. a To 
unfasten, as sails, from the spars or stays, b To cast loose 
or untie, as a rope. — v. i. 1. To cease to be bent. 2. To 
relax in severity, stiffness, etc. ; become affable. 

On-bend'ing, a. Not bending ; unyielding ; specif ., inflexible ; 
resolute. — un-bend'ing-ly, adv. — un-bend'ing-ness, n. 

un'be-seem'ing, a. Not beseeming ; not befitting. — un'- 
be-seem'ing-ly, adv. — un'be-seem'ing-ness, n. 

un*bi'ased, un-bi'assed (-bl'dst), a. Free from bias ; esp., 
unprejudiced ; impartial. — Syn. See fair. 

un-bid' (un-bid')l a. 1. Not bidden ; not commanded. 2. 

un-bid'den (-'n) j Uninvited ; as, unbidden guests. 

Ull-bind' (-bind'), v. t. To remove a band from ; to free 
from shackles or fastenings ; untie ; unfasten ; loose. 

un-bit'ted, a. Not bitted, or bridled ; uncontrolled. 



Un-blenched'(un-blencht'),a- Not disconcerted; undaunted. 

un-blessed'l(-blest'), a. Not blest > excluded from bene- 

un-blest' J diction ; hence : accursed ; wretched. 

un-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Having no body; as : a Incorpo- 
real, b Disembodied. 

un-bolt' (-bolt'), v. t. To withdraw a bolt from ; unfasten ; 
unbar ; open. — un-bolt'ed, a. 

un-bolt'ed, a. Not bolted, or sifted; hence, Obs. or R.: 
unrefined ; coarse ; gross. [etc.) on ; bareheaded. I 

un-bon'net-ed (-bon'et-ed), a. Having no bonnet (or cap,| 

Uli-born' (-born'), a. Not born ; still to appear ; future. 

un-bos'om (-bdoz'i/m), v. t. & i. To disclose, as secrets; 
confess ; — often used reflexively ; as, to unbosom one's 
self to a friend. [strained 

un-bound'ed, a. Having no bound or limit ; hence, unre 

un-bowed' (Gn-boud'), a. Not bent or arched ; not bowec 
down ; hence, unsubdued ; as, an unbowed spirit. 

un-brace' (tin-bras'), v. t. To free from tension; relax; 
loose ;_as, to unbrace a drum, the nerves. 

un-braid' (tin-brad'), v. t. To separate the strands of ; undo, 
as a braid ; unravel. 

un-breathed' (-bretbd'), o. 1. Not breathed. 2. Not ex- 
ercised ; unpracticed. [breeches. Rare.\ 

un-breeched' (-brecht'), a. Not breeched ; not wearing! 

un-bri'dle (-brl'd'l), v. t. To free or loose from the bridle j 
to set loose. [unrestrained.! 

un-bri'dled (-d'ld), a. Not confined by the bridle ; hence,| 

un-broke' (-brok'),a. Not broken. Archaic. 

un-buck'le (-buk''l), v. t. See 1st un-, 1 a. 

Ull-build' (-bild'*), v. t. To demolish ; raze. 

un-but'ton (-buf'n), v. t. See 1st UN-, 1 a. [a cage- 

un-cage' (-kaj'), v. t. To loose, or release, from or as from] 

un-called'— for', a. Not called for or needed ; gratuitous ; 
wanton. — Syn. See gratuitous. 

un-can'ny (-kan'T), a. Not canny; hence: unearthly, 
mysterious ; eerie ; weird. — Syn. See weird. — un-can'- 
ni-ly (-T-1T), adv. — un-can'ni-ness, n. 

un-cap' (iin-kap'), v. t. To remove a cap or cover from. —■ 
v. i. To remove the cap or hat, as in salutation. 

un-ca'pa-ble (iin-ka'pd-b'l), a. Incapable. 

Utl-cer'tain (-sur'tin), a. Not certain; as : a Not having 
certain knowledge ; not assured ; as, uncertain of the truth. 
b Not known ; indefinite ; problematical ; as, of uncertain 
age. c Not sure ; fallible ; insecure ; as, an uncertain aim, 
defence, income, d Irresolute ; untrustworthy ; unsteady ; 
variable ; as, an uncertain breeze. — Syn. See precari- 
ous. — un-cer'tain-ly, adv. — un-cer'tain-ness, n. 

un-cer'tain-ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state of 
being uncertain ; something uncertain. _ [ery ; let loose. I 

Un-chain' (-chan'), v. t. To free from chains or (fig.) slav-| 

un-chanc'y (-chan'sT), a. [un- not + Scot, chancy fortu- 
nate, safe.] Chiefly Scot. 1. Unseasonable ; inconvenient. 
2. Unlucky. 3. Unsafe to meddle with ; dangerous. 

un-Charge' (Qn-charj'), v. t. 1. To free from a charge or 
load ; unload. 2. To free from accusation, or charge ; acquit. 

un-char'i-ta-ble (-char'T-td-b'l), a. Not charitable ; harsh ; 
censorious. — un-char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — ta-bly, adv. 

un-Chaste' (-chast'), a. Not chaste ; as : a Not continent ; 
lewd, b Not chaste in style or taste. — un-Chaste'ly, adv. 
— un-chas'ti-ty (Qn-chas'ti-ti), n. 

un-chris'tian ( -kns'chan ), a. Not Christian ; as : a 
Heathen ; pagan, b Not like, or becoming to, a Christian. 
C Not according with Christian civilization ; barbarous. 

un-church' (tin-church'), v. t. 1. To expel from a church ; 
excommunicate. 2. To deprive of the character, privileges, 
and authority of a church. 

un'ci-al (tin'shT-al ; -shal), a. [L. uncialis amounting to an 
inch or an ounce, fr. uncia. See inch.] Pert, to or des- 
ignating a kind * 

of majuscule >{ON h^BCODUS KCCCnO 
script letters i 

They were sel- Uncial Letters from a Latin Bible, 
dom used' after the 10th century A. D. 

— n. An uncial letter, writing, etc. 

un'ci-iorm (un'si-form), a. [L. uncus ahook + -form.'] 
Hook-shaped ; Anat. & Zo'ol., designating specif, a cer- 
tain bone of the carpus of mammals. 



See 2d un-, p. 1042 
un-an'swer-a-ble 
un'ap-peas'a-ble 
un'ap-proacn'a- 

ble, -proached' 
un'ap-pro'pri-at/- 

ed 
un'ap-proved' 
un-ar'mored, ua- 

ar'moured 
un-asked' 
un-as'pi-rat'ed 
un'as-sail'a-ble 
un'as-sign'a-ble 



un'as-sist'ed 

un'at-tached' 

un'at-tain'a-ble 

un'at-te mpt'ed 

un'at-tend'ed 

un'au-then'tic 

un'au-then'ti- 

cat/ed 
un-au'thor-ized 
un'a-vail'a-ble 
un'a-vail'ing 
un'a-venged' 
un'a-vowed' 
un'bap-tized' 



un-bear'a-ble 

un-beat'en . 

un'be-fifting 

un'be-liev'a-ble 

un-bend'ed 

un-ben'e-ficed 

un'be-nighf ed 

un'be-nign' 

un'be-soughf 

un'be-trayed' 

un'be-trothed' 

un'be-wailed' 

un-blam'a-ble 

un-bleached' 



un-blem'ished 

un-bliss'ful 

un-blood'y 

un-blush'ing 

un-blusb'ing-ly 

un-book'ish 

un-bot'tomed 

un-bougnt' 

un-bound' 

un-braced' 

un-branched' 

un-brand'ed 

un-break'a-ble 

un-brib'a-ble 



un-bro'ken 
un-broth'er-ly 
un-bruised' 
un-busi'ness-like 
un-can'celed, un- 
cancelled 
un'ca-non'i-cal 
un-cas'trat-ed 
un-caught' 
un-ceas'ing 
un-cen'sured 
un-cer'e-mo'ni- 

ous 
un-chal'lenged 



un-cham'bered 

un-change'a-ble 

un-change'a-bly 

un-changed' 

un-chang'ing 

un-chap'er-oned 

un-charged' 

un-char'y 

un'chas-tised' 

un-checked' 

un-chewed' 

un-chiv'al-rous 

un-chol'er-ic 

un-chris'tened 










K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation,, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



UNCINAL 



1044 



UNDER 







R 



U 



Uncinate 
Prickles 




unciform process. Anat. a A hook-shaped process of the 

unciform bone, b An uncinate process of the ethmoid bone. 
Un'ci-nal (tin'si-ndl), a. Uncinate; hooklike. 
un'ci-nate (iin'sT-nat), a. [L. uncinatus, fr. uncinus a 

hook, uncus a hook.] Hooked; 

bent at the tip like a hook. 
un-cir/cum-cised ( un-sur'kwm- 

slzd), n. Not circumcised ; hence, 

not of the Israelites. 
un-cir cum-ci'sion (-sTzh/un), n. 

1. Absence or want of circumci- 
sion. 2. Bib. People not circumcised ; the Gentiles. 

un-civ'il (-sTv'Il), a. Not civil ; as : a Not civilized ; savage ; 
barbarous, b Not courteous ; rude. — un-civ'il-ly, adv. 

un-civ'i-lized (-siv'i-llzd), a. Not civilized ; savage ; bar- 
barous, [clothe.] 

un-clad' (-kladO, a. 1. See UN-, not. 2. pret. & p. p. of un-| 

un-clasp' (-klasp'), v. t. To loose the clasp of ; to open, as 
something fastened with a clasp. 

Hn'cle (un'k'l), n. [OF. oncle, uncle, fr. L. avunculus a 
material uncle, dim. of avus grandfather.] 1. The brother 
of one's father or mother ; also, one's aunt's husband. 2. 
Familiarly, an old man. 3. A pawnbroker. Slang. 

unclean*' (un-klen'), a. 1. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. 

2. Ceremonially or morally impure. — un-clean'ness, n. 
un-clean'ly (-klen'li), a. Not cleanly; filthy; also, un- 
chaste. — un-clean'li-ness MT-nes), n. 

un-clinch'(-klinch'), v. t. To cause to be no longer clinched ; 
to open ; as, to unclinch the fist. 

uncloak' (Qn-klok'). v. t. & i. To remove a cloak or cover 
(from) ; hence : to unmask ; reveal. 

tin-close' (-kloz'), v. t. & i. 1. To open. 2. To disclose. 

un-clothe' (un-kloth'), v. t. To strip of clothes ; fig., to di- 
vest or strip of anything. 

un-COCk' (un-kok'), v. t. To remove the hammer of (a fire- 
arm) from the position of cock. [as hair, a rope, etc.l 

un-coil' (-koiF), v. t. & i. To unwind or open the coils (of),| 

uncoined'' (-koind'), a. 1. Not coined, or minted. 2. Not 
fabricated, artificial, or counterfeit ; natural. 

un-com/fort-a-ble (un-kum'fer-td-b'l), a. Not comforta- 
ble ; as : a Feeling discomfort ; uneasy, b Causing discom- 
fort ; unpleasant. 

un-com'mon (-kom'un), a. Not common ; unusual ; rare ; 
hence : remarkable ; strange. — Syn. Scarce, infrequent. 

un'com-mu'ni-ca-tive (un'ko-mu'nT-ka-tiv), a. Not dis- 
posed to talk or to impart information ; reserved. 

Un-com'pro-mis'ing (un-kom'pro-mTz / Tng), a. Not mak- 
ing, or admitting of, compromise ; unyielding ; inflexible. — 
un-com'pro-mis'ing-Iy, adv. 

un'con-cem' (uVkon-surn'), n. Want of concern ; freedom 
from solicitude ; indifference. — Syn. See indifference. 

un'con-cerned' (-sfirnd'), o. Not concerned ; not solici- 
tous ; indifferent. — un'con-cern'ed-ly (-sur'ned-li), adv. 

lin'con-di'tion-al (-dtsh'Sn-al), a. Not conditional, limited, 
or conditioned ; absolute. — un'con-di'tion-al-ly, adv. 

un'con-form'a-ble ( -f6r'md-b'l ), a. Not conformable; 
specif., Geol., exhibiting unconformity. 

un'con-f orm'i-ty (-fQr'mi-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Want 
of conformity ; 
incongruity ; in- 
consistency. 

2. Geol. a Want Unconformity, ef ab Horizontal Strata 
of continuity be- resting upon the I nclined Strata beneath ; 
tween strata in cd are also unconformable to these Strata, 
contact, corre- both above and beneath, 
sponding to a gap in the geological record, b The surface of 
contact between unconformable strata. 

un'con-geal' (-jeF), v. i. To thaw ; melt. 

un-con'scion-a-ble (un-kon'shtm-d-b'l), a. 1. Not con- 
scionable ; unreasonable ; extravagant. 2. Not guided or 
controlled by conscience. — un-con'scion-a-bly, adv. 

un-con'scious (fln-kon'shtis), a. 1. Not conscious; in a 
state unaccompanied by conscious experience ; also, used 




with of, not realizing or appreciating ; not aware. 2. Not 
known or apprehended by consciousness, esp. by self-con- 
sciousness ; as, an unconscious mistake. 3. Not possessed 
of mind or consciousness; as, metals are unconscious 
substances. — un-con'scious-ly, adv. scious-ness, n. 

un-con'stant (un-kon'stdnt), o. Inconstant. 

un-con sti-tu'tion-al (-sti-tu'shun-dl), a. Not constitu- 
tional ; contrary to the constitution. tu'tion-aPl-ty, n. 

un-cork' (-k6rk'), v. t. To draw a cork from. 

un-count'ed, a. Not counted ; also, innumerable. 

un-COU'ple (un-kup''l), v. t. To loose, as dogs, from their 
couples, or leashes ; also, to disconnect (something coupled). 

un-cour'te-ous^ (-kur'te-fts ; -kort'yws), a. Discourteous. 

un-COUth' (-koothO, a. [AS. uncuS unknown, strange.] 
1. Unfamiliar or strange ; hence : mysterious ; uncanny. 
Obs. 2. Awkwardly strange ; awkward ; boorish. — Syn. 
See awkward. — un-couth'ly, adv. — un-couth/ness, n. 

un-COV'e-nant-ed (-kfiv'e-nan-ted), a. 1. Not covenanted ; 
not granted or entered into under a covenant. 2. Not hav- 
ing joined in a league, or assented to a covenant. 

un-cov'er (-kuv'er), v. t. 1. To take the cover from. 2. To 
divest of the hat or cap ; bare the head of. 3. To show 
openly ; disclose ; reveal. — v. i. To remove a cover or cov- 
ering ; as : a To take off the hat or cap in respect, b To 
remove the covers from dishes, etc. 

un-coy'ered (-erd), a. Not covered ; specif. : a Devoid of 
covering ; bare, b Not covered by collateral, as a note. 

un'cre-ate' (un'kre-af), v. t. To annihilate. 

un-crown' (tin-kroun'), v. t. To deprive of a crown ; hence, 
to dethrone, literally or figuratively. 

unc'tion (unk'shwn), n. [OF. oncion, unccion, fr. L. unc- 
tio, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint.] 1. Act of anointing, 
esp. medicinally, or as a symbol of consecration. 2. Thing 
used for anointing; unguent ; hence, anything soothing or 
lenitive. 3. That quality in language, address, etc., which 
expresses or excites sober and fervent emotion ; esp., reli- 
gious fervor and tenderness ; sometimes, emotional gush ; 
unctuousness. [unctuous. | 

unc'tu-OS'i-ty (unk'tu-os'I-tY), n. Quality or state of being| 

unc'tu-ous (unk'tj5-iis), a. [F. onctueux or LL. unctuo.sus, 
fr. L. unctus ointment.] 1. Of the nature or quality of an 
unguent or ointment ; oily ; greasy. 2. Having a smooth, 
greasy feel, as certain minerals. 3. Bland ; suave ; also, 
fervid ; esp., insincerely suave or gushing. — Syn. See 
suave. — unc'tu-ous-ly, adv. — unc'tu-ous-ness, n. 

un-curl' (Qn-kurF), v. t. & i. To straighten out, as any= 
thing curled. 

un-daunt'ed (Sn-dan'ted ; -don'-), a. Not daunted ; fear- 
less ; intrepid. — un-daunt'ed-ly, adv. — daunt'ed-ness, n. 

un'de, un'dee (fin'da), a. [F. onde.2 Her. Waving or 
wavy ; — said of ordinaries, or division lines. 

un-dec'a-gon (un-dek'd-gon), n. [L. undecim eleven + Gr. 
ywvla an angle.] Geom. A figure having eleven angles and 
eleven sides. 

un'de-ceive' (un'de-seV), v. t. To free from deception, 
fraud, fallacy, or mistake. 

un'de-cen'na-ry (-sen'd-n), a. [L. undecim eleven (unus 
one + decern ten) + -ennary, as in decennary.] Un- 
decennial. 

un'de-cen'ni-al (-i-al), a. [See undecennary.] Occurring 
or observed every eleventh year ; belonging to, or continu- 
ing, a period of eleven years ; undecennary. 

un'de-ci'pher-a-ble (un'de-sl'fer-d-b'l), a. Indecipherable. 

un de-ni'a-ble (Qn'de-ni'd-b'l), a. 1. Incapable of denial; 
palpably true ; indisputable. 2. Unquestionably excellent. 
Colloq. — un'de-ni'a-bly, adv. 

un'der (un'der), prep. [AS. under, prep. & adv.] 1. Below 
or beneath, with the idea of being covered ; at a point or 
position lower (esp. vertically lower) than ; — opposed to 
over ; as, under a tree ; under water. 2. Denoting various 
analogous relations ; as : a Weighed on ; oppressed or con- 
trolled by ; as, under a heavy load ; under oath, b Beneath, 
as sustaining, receiving, or undergoing something, as treat- 



See 2d un-, p. 1042 
un- claimed' 
un-clas'sic 
un-clas'si-cal 
un-clas'si-fVa-ble 
un-clas'si-fied 
un-cleaned' 
un-cleared' 
un-closed' 
un-clothed' 
un-cloud'ed 
un-cloyed' 
un'co-erced' 
•un'col-lect/ed 
un'col-lect'i-ble 
un-col'ored, un- 
col'oured 
un'com-bined' 
un-comeTy 
un-com'fort-ed 
un-com'fort-ing 



un'com-pan'ion- 
a-ble 

un'com-plain'ing 
un-com'plai- 

sant' 
un'com-plefed 
un-com'pli-men'- 

ta-ry 
un'com-pound'ed 
un-com'pre- 

hend'ed 
un-com'pre- 

hend'ing 
un-com'pro- 

mised 
un'com-pufed 
un'con-cealed' 
un'con-cerf ed 
un'con-cerf ed-ly 
un'con-di'tioned 
un'con-fined' 



un'con-flrmed' 

un'con-fused' 

un'con-f us'ed-ly 

un'con-geaPa-ble 

un'con-gealed' 

un'con-gen'ial 

un'con-nect'ed 

un-con'quer-a- 

ble 
un-con'quered 
un-con'sci-en'- 

tious 
un-con'se-crat'ed 
un'con-sid'ered 
un'con-strained' 
un'con-sumed' 
un'con-test'ed 
un-con'tra-dict'- 

a-ble 
un-con'tra-dicf- 

ed 



un'con-trol'la- 

ble 
un'con-trolled' 
un'con-ven'tion- 

al 
un'con-ven'tion- 

aPi-ty 
un'con-vert'ed 
un'con-vinc'ing 
un-cooked' 
un'co-or'di-nat / - 

ed 
un-corked' 
un'cor-rect'ed 
un'cor-rob'o-rat/- 

ed 
un'cor-rupt'ed 
un'cre-at'ed 
un-cred'it-ed 
un-crip'pled 
un-crit'i-cal 



un-crit/i-ciz'a- 

ble 
un-crys'tal-liz'a- 

ble 
un-crys'tal-lized 
un-cuPti-vat'ed 
un-cuPtured 
un-curbed' 
un-cur'rent 
un-cur'tained 
un-cuf 
un-dam'aged 
un-damped' 
un-dat'ed 
un-daugh'ter-ly 
un-daz'zled 
un'de-ceiv'a-ble 
un'de-ceived' 
un'de-cid'ed 
un'de-cPpher- 

a-ble 



un'de-cPphered 
un-decked' 
un'de-clin'a-ble 
un-de'com- 

posed' 
un'de-face'a-ble 
un'de-feat'a-ble 
un'de-fend'ed 
un/de-flled' 
un'de-fined' 
un'de-lay'a-ble 
un'de-layed' 
un'de-liv'er-a-ble 
un-dem'o-crat'ic 
un'de-mon'stra- 

tive 
un'de-nom'i-na'- 

tion-al 
un'de-pend'a-ble 
un'de-posed' 
un'de-pre'ei-afed 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, (ten, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



UNDER- 



1045 



UNDERSPARRED 



nient, authorization, influence, etc. ; as, under discussion ; 
under orders. C Inferior or subordinate to, or exceeded by, 
in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, age, etc. ; falling 
short of ; hence : at, with, or for, less than ; as, to sell a horse 
under 60 dollars, d Beneath with reference to category, 
division, class, etc. ; as, various items under one head, e 
Beneath, with reference to cover, pretext, guise, etc. ; as, 
under a pretense. — Syn. See below. 
*— adv. In a lower position, or in a subordinate condition. 

— a. Lower in position, intensity, rank, or degree ; subject ; 
subordinate ; — esp. in composition. See under-. 

Un'der- (un'der- ; 109). A prefix or combining form, chiefly 
denoting : 1. Under (in space, rank, degree, etc.) ; below; 
underneath. 
Examples : imderclothes, clothes under others ; under- 
ground, under the surface of the ground ; undersheriff, a 
subordinate sheriff, etc. [across below, etc.| 

2. Under so as to pass from side to side, edge to edge,\ 
Example : underpass, to pass across below. 

3. In adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, insufficiently, too lit- 
tle, below the normal ; in nouns, insufficient, too small. 

Examples : underied, fed insufficiently ; understate, to 
state insufficiently ; underdose, too small a dose, etc. 

un'der-bid' (-bid'), v. t. To bid less than ; offer to contract, 
sell, or do for a less price than. 

Lin'der-bred' (un'der-bred' ; 109), a. 1. Not of pure breed. 
2. Not of, or marked by, good breeding ; ill-bred. 

Un'der-brush' (-brush'), n. Shrubs, bushes, small trees, 
etc., growing beneath large trees in a wood or forest ; brush. 

ttn'der-buy' (-bl') ; v. t. 1. To buy at less than the real 
value or worth. 2. To buy cheaper than. 

Un'der-charge' (-charj'), v. t. 1. To charge less than is 
usual or suitable for ; also, to charge (a person) too little 
for something. 2. To load with too small a charge, as a 
gun. — un'der-charge' (iin'der-charj'), n. 

un'der-clothes' (-klotbz'), n. pi. Also, un'der-cloth'ing 
(-kloth'mg). Clothes worn under others, esp. next the skin. 

Un'der-croft' (-kroft' ; 62), n. [under + croft a vault.] 
Arch. Any subterranean room. 

Un'der-CUr'rent (-kur'ent), n. 1. A current below the 
upper currents or surface of water, air, etc. 2. A tendency 
of feeling, opinion, etc., more or less hidden, and often 
contrary to that publicly shown. 

Un'der-cut' (un'der-kiit'), v. t. & i. To cut away so as to 
leave an overhanging portion, as in carving and sculpture. 

Un'der-CUt' (un'der-kut'), P- a. Cut away below. — n. 1. 
The lower or under side of a sirloin of beef ; fillet ; tender- 
loin. 2. A part that is cut away below ; as, the undercut of 
a vehicle ; specif., in felling trees, the notch cut in the base 
of the tree to determine the direction of falling. 

un'der-do' (-doo'), v. t. & i. To do less thoroughly than one 
can, or less than is requisite ; specif., to cook insufficiently, 
as meat. — un'der-done' (un'der-dun' ; un'der-dun'), a. 

un'der-dose' (un'der-dos'), n. A dose less than is required ; 
an insufficient dose. 

un'der-drain' (un'der-dran'), n. A concealed drain, as in 
wet soils, with openings through which the water may per- 
colate from above. — un'der-drain'age (-dran'aj), n. 

un'der-drain' (-dran'), v. t. To drain by forming an under- 
drain or underdrains in. 

un'der-driv'en, p. a. Mach. See overdriven. 

un'der-es'ti-mate (-es'ti-mat), v. t. & i. To set too low a 
value on ; to estimate below the truth. — (-mat), to. Act of 
underestimating. — un'der-es'ti-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. 

Un'der-ex-pose' (-eks-poz'), v. t. To expose, as in photog- 
raphy, less than is needed. ex-po'sure (-po'zhur), n. 

un'der-feed' (-fed'), v. t. To feed with too little food. 

un'der-gar'ment (un'der-gar'ment), n. A garment to be 
worn under another, esp. under the outer clothing. 

Un'der-foot' (-foot'), adv. Under the feet; underneath. 

Un'der-gird' (-gurd'), v. t. To gird below or beneath. 

un'der-glaze' (un'der-glaz'), a. Ceram. Applied under the 
glaze, that is, before the glaze is put on ; fitted to be so ap- 
plied ; — said of colors in porcelain painting. 

un'der-go' (-go'), v. t.; for prin. parts see go. To be sub- 
jected to ; bear up against ; endure ; suffer ; sustain. 

Un'der-grad'U-ate (-grad/u-at), n. A member of a univer- 
sity or of a college who has not taken his first degree ; a 
student in any school who has not completed his course. 

un'der-ground' (un'der-ground'), to. Place or space be- 
neath the surface of the ground. — a. 1. Being below the 
surface of the ground ; subterranean. 2. Secret. Colloq. 

— adv. Beneath the surface of the earth. 
im'der-growtb/ (un'der-groth'), n. That which grows 

under trees ; specif., underbrush ;" coppice. 
un'der-hand' (-hand'), a. 1. Secret; sly; clandestine; 
hence : mean ; unfair ; fraudulent. 2. Baseball, Cricket, 
etc. Done, as pitching, with the hand lower than the shoul- 
der, or, as bowling, with the whole movement of the arm 
approximately in a vertical plane below the shoulder. — 
Syn. See secret. 



— adv. In an underhand manner; esp., secretly; slyly; 

hence : by fraud ; unfairly. 
un'der-hand'ed (109), a. Underhand ; clandestine. — un' 

der-hand'ed-ly f adv. — un'der hand'ed-ness, to. 
un'der-hung', a. 1. Projecting beyond the upper jaw ; — 

said of the lower jaw, as in the bulldog. Also, having the 

lower jaw projecting ; — said of an animal or person. Cf. 

UNDERSHOT. 2. = UNDERSLUNG. 

un'der-laid' (-lad'), a. Laid or placed underneath; also, 
having something laid or lying underneath. 

un'der-lay' (-la'), v. t. 1. To lay beneath ; put under. 2. To 
raise or support by something laid under. 

Un'der-lay', to. Print. A thickness of paper or the like placed 
under type, etc., to bring it to the right height for printing. 

un'der-let' (-let'), v. t. 1. To let below the real value. 2. 
To sublet. 

un'der-lie' (-11'), v. t. 1. To lie or be situated under. 2. To 
be at the basis of ; form the foundation of ; support. 3. 
To be subject or amenable to. Obs. or R. 4. Finance. To 
exist as a claim or security anterior and prior to another. 

un'der-line' (-lln'), v. t. To mark with a line below, as 
words in a manuscript ; underscore. 

un'der-ling (un'der-ling), n. An inferior person; a subor- 
dinate ; a mean, sorry fellow. 

un'der-ly'ing (-ll'ing), a. 1. Lying under; fundamental 
2. Finance. Anterior and prior in claim. 

un'der-mine' (-mln'), v. t. 1. To excavate beneath ; form a 
mine under ; sap. 2. To subvert or weaken insidiously or se- 
cretly ; ruin underhandedly.- — un'der-min'er (-mln'er), n. 

un'der-most (un'der-most), a. Lowest, as in place, rank, etc. 

un'der-neath' (-neth' ; -netfe'), adv. & prep. [See under ; 
beneath.] Beneath ; below ; under. [road.l 

un'der-pass' (-pas'), n. A passage beneath, as under a rail-} 

un'der -pay' (-pa'), v. t. To pay inadequately. 

un'der-pin' (un'der-pin'), v. t.; -pinned' (-pind'); -pin'- 
ning. l.To lay stones, masonry, etc., under for a support, 
as of a building to be erected. 2. To support by a foun- 
dation ; hence, fig. : to prop ; support. 

un'der -pin'ning (un'der-pin'ing),TO. Arch. That by which a 
building is underpinned ; specif., material and construction 
introduced for support beneath a wall already constructed. 

un'der-plant' (-plant'), v. t. To plant under; specif., Fcr-> 
estry, to plant (young trees) under an existing stand. 

un'der-plot'(un'der-plot'), to. A series of events in a play, 
collateral with, but subservient to, the main story. 

un'der-pro-duc'tion (-pro-duk'shim), to. The production 
of less than is demanded, or of less than the usual supply , 
Cf. overproduction. 

un'der-proof (un'der-probf), a. Containing less alcohoJ 
than proof spirit. 

un'der-prop' (-prop'), v. t. To prop up from below ; under- 
pin ; fig., to uphold ; support. 

un'der-quote' (-kwot'), v. t. To quote at a lower price than 
another ; quote a lower price than. 

un'der-rate' (-rat'), v. t. To rate too low ; undervalue. 

un'der-run' (-run'), v. t. To run or pass under ; esp., Naut-, 
to pass along and under, as in a boat under a cable or net. 
for the purpose of taking it in or of examining it. 

un'der -score' (-skor'; 57), v. t. To draw a mark or line 
under ; underline. — to. An underscored line. 

un'der-sell' (-sel'), v. t. To sell articles at a lower price 
than ; sell cheaper than. [dwarfish. Rare.\ 

un'der-shap'en ( un'der-shap''n ; 109). a. Undersized ;| 

un'der-sher'iff (-sher'if), to. A sheriff's deputy. 

un'der-shirt' (-shurt'), to. A shirt worn next the skin, under 
another shirt. 

un'der-shot' (un'der-shot'), a. 1. Having the lower incisor 
teeth projecting beyond the upper ones when the mouth is 
closed, as a bulldog ; also, of persons, underhung. 2. Moved 
by water passing beneath; — 
used of a water wheel, [shrub. I 

un'der-shrub' (-shrub'), to. A low| 

un'der-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To write 
one's name at the foot or end of, 
(a letter, legal instrument, etc.). 
the un'der-signed' (-sind'), the 
signer or signers of a document. 

un'der-sized' (un'der-slzd' ; 109), 
a. Of a size less than is common 
or proper. 

un'der-skirt' (-skfirt'), to. A petticoat ; the skirt worn un- 
der a dress or outside skirt. 

un'der-sky' (-ski'), to. The lower region of the sky. Rare. 

un'der-slung' (-slung'), a. Of an automobile body, sus- 
pended from the springs in such a manner that the frame of 
the chassis is below the axles ; underhung. 

un'der -soil' (-soil'), to. Soil beneath the surface; subsoil. 

un'der-song' (-song' ; 62), to. 1. The burden of a song ; ac- 
companying strain. 2. Underlying meaning ; undertone. 

un'der-sparred' (un'der-spard' ; see under-), a. Naut. Hav- 
ing spars too small to spread the proper amount of canvas 




Undershot Water 
Wheel. 



ffl 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 



N 



UNDERSTAND 



1046 



UNENVIOUS 







P 



R 



U 



nn'der stand' (-stand'), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. -stood' (-st<56d') 
or, Archaic, -stand'ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. -stand'ing. [AS. 
under standan, lit., to stand under.] 1. To apprehend the 
meaning of ; comprehend. 2. To be apprised of ; learn ; 
hear. 3. To suppose to mean ; interpret ; explain. 4. To 
imply tacitly ; take for granted ; assume. 5. To stand 
under ; support. Jocose & Rare. — v. i. 1. To have the 
use of the intellectual faculties. 2. To be informed. 

Un'der-Stand'ing, p. a. Knowing ; intelligent. — n. 1. Act 
of one who understands a thing ; knowledge ; discernment ; 
comprehension ; interpretation or explanation. 2. Agree- 
ment of opinion or feeling ; adjustment of differences ; as, 
they could not come to an understanding. Also, the thing 
mutually agreed upon ; as, that was not our understand- 
ing. 3. Powerto understand ; the intelligence ; the rational 
powers collectively. 4. Specif., the faculty of knowing by 
the medium or use of general conceptions or relations. — 
Syn. See reason. — un'der-stand'ing-ly, adv. 

un'der-state' (-stat'), v. t. & i. To state or represent less 
strongly than the truth warrants. state'menf , n. 

un'der-stood' (-stood'), pret. & p. p. of understand. 

un'der-Strap'per (un'der-strap'er), n. A petty fellow ; an 
inferior agent ; an underling. 

Un'der-Stra'tum (un'der-stra'twm), n.; pi. L. -TA (-to), 
E. -tums (-tumz). A substratum; esp., the stratum or 
layer of earth on which the mold, or soil, rests ; subsoil. 

Un'der-Stud'y (-stud'i), v. t. & i. Theater. To study an- 
other actor's part in order to be his substitute in an emer- 
gency. — n. One prepared to act another's part. 

Un'der-take' (-tak'), v. t.; for prin. pa.ts see take. 1. To 
take upon one's self ; engage in ; enter upon ; set about ; 
attempt ; as, to undertake a journey. 2. To enter into 
stipulations to perform or to execute ; covenant ; contract. 
3. To guarantee ; promise. 4. To engage with, as in a duel 
or combat. Obs. 5. To take or have the charge of. Obs. — 
v. i. 1. To assume any business, duty, or province. Now 
Rare. 2. To promise ; guarantee. 

IWl'der-tak'er (-tak'er), n. 1. One who undertakes some- 
thing. 2. (pron. un'der-tak'er ; un'der-tak'er) One who 
prepares the dead for burial and takes charge of funerals. 

Un'der-tak'ing (-tak'mg), n. 1. Act of one who under- 
takes, or engages in, any project or business ; specif., the 
business of an undertaker (in sense 2). 2. Thing under- 
taken ; enterprise. 3. A promise ; guarantee, [subtenant.] 

un'der-ten'ant (un'der-ten'ant), n. The tenant of a tenant ;| 

lin'der-tone' (-ton'), n. 1. A low or subdued tone or utter- 
ance. 2. A subdued color; specif., a color seen through 
and modifying another or other colors. 

un'der-took' (-took'), pret. of undertake. 

Un'der-tow' (-to'), n. The current beneath the surface 
that sets seaward or along the beach. 

un'der-trump' (-trump'), v. t. & i. Card Playing. To play 
(on a trick already trumped) a trump lower than one pre- 
viously played on that trick. 

UJl'der-val'lie (-val'u), v. t. To value below the real worth ; 
esteem lightly. — im'der-val'u-a'tion (-val'u-a'shun), n. 

un'der-vest' (un'der-vest'), n. An undershirt. 

un'der-waist' (-wast ; ), n. A waist for wear under another. 

un'der-wa'ter, a. That is below the surface of the water. 

un'der-wear' (un'der-war'), n. Underclothes. 

un'der-went' (-went'), pret. of undergo. 

un'der-WOOd' (-wood'), n. Undergrowth ; underbrush. 

Ull/der-work' (-wurk'), v. t.; for prin. parts see work. 1. 
To injure clandestinely ; undermine. Obs: or R. 2. a To ex- 
pend too little work upon, b To exact too little work from. 
3. To do like work at a less price than. — v.i. To do less 

. work than is proper. [work ; petty business. I 

un'der-work' (un'der-wurk'), n. Inferior or subordinate! 

un'der-world' (-wurld'), n. 1. The earth. 2. The place of 
departed souls ; Hades. 3. The side of the globe opposite 
to one, or the regions below one's horizon. 4. The lower, 
debased, or criminal portion of humanity. 

un'der -write' (-rlt')_, v. t. ; for prin. parts see write. 1. To 
write under something else ; subscribe. 2. To write one's 
name under, or set one's name to (a policy of insurance), 
and thereby become answerable for a designated loss or 

See 2d UN-, p. 1042 
un'de-served/ 
un'de-serv'ing 
un-des'ig-naVed 
un/de-signed' 
un'de-sir'a-ble 
un'de-sired' 
un'de-spair'ing 
un'de-stroyed' 
un'de-tacb/a-ble 
un'de-tached' 
un'de-tect'ed 
un'de-ter' mined 
un'de-vel'oped 
un-de'vi-at'ing 
un-dif'fer-en'ti- 
at'ed 



damage ; hence : to insure on life or property ; also, to as« 
sume (a certain sum or risk) by way of insurance. 3. a To 
agree to purchase on a fixed date at a fixed price (bonds or 
shares to be issued), b Sometimes, loosely, to guarantee, or 
subscribe to (any large business enterprise), — v.i. To do 
the business of an underwriter. 

un'der-writ'er (un'der-rlt'er), n. One who underwrites a 
policy of insurance, a loan, etc. ; an insurer. 

un/der-wrought' (-rot'), pret. & p. p. of underwork. 

un'de-sign'ing (un'de-zin'ing), a. Having no artful, ulte- 
rior, or fraudulent purpose ; sincere ; simple. 

un-did' (un-did'), pret. of undo. 

un-dine' (un-den' ; un'den), n. [G. undine, or F. ondine, 
fr. L. unda wave, water.] One of a class of fabled female 
water spirits who might become endowed with human souls 
by intermarrying with mortals. 

un'di-rect'ed (un'di-rek'ted), a. Not directed ; not guided ; 
also, not addressed, as a letter. 

un-do' (un-doo'K v. t.; for prin. parts see do. 1. To re- 
verse, as something done ; annul ; bring to naught. 2. To 
unfasten ; loose ; untie ; hence : to unravel ; solve. 3. To 
bring to ruin, disaster, or destruction ; ruin, as in property, 
morals, hopes, etc. — un-do'er, n. [Ruin.l 

un-do'ing (-doo'ing), n. 1. Reversal of what is done. 2.| 

un-done' (-dun'), p. p. of undo. 

un-done', a. Not performed ; neglected. 

un-doubt'ed (-dout'ed), a. Not doubted, or called in ques- 
tion; indubitable. — un-doubt'ed-ly, adv. [unveil. I 

un-drape' (-drap'), v. t. To strip of drapery ; to uncover or| 

un-dress' (-dres'), v. t. & i. 1. To divest of clothes ; strip. 

2. To divest of ornaments or formal garments ; disrobe. 

3. To take the dressing or covering from, as a wound. 
un'dress 7 (im'dreV ; un-dres'), n. 1. A loose, informal 

dress. 2. Ordinary dress, as distinguished from full dress. 

un-due' (un-dii' ; un'du), a. 1. Not due ; not yet owing. 
2. Not right ; not lawful or legal. 3. Not agreeable to a 
rule or standard, or to duty ; excessive ; inordinate. 

un'du-lant (un'du -lant), a. Undulating. 

un'du-late (-lat), v. t. & i.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. 
[L. undulatus wavy, a dim. fr. unda wave.] To move 
backward and forward, or up and down, in undulations or 
waves. — Syn. See fluctuate. 

un'du-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of undulating. 2. A 
wavy appearance or outline ; waviness. 3. Physics. A mo- 
tion to and fro, up and down, or from side to side, in any 
fluid or elastic medium, propagated continuously among 
its particles, but with little or no permanent translation of 
the particles themselves in the direction of the propaga- 
tion ; vibration ; wave. 

un'du-la-tive (Qn'dji-la-tTv), a. Consisting in, or accom- 
panied by, undulations ; undulatory. 

un'du-la-to-ry (un'du-ld-to-ri), a. Of or pert, to undula- 
tion ; moving in the manner of undulations ; resembling the 
motion or appearance of waves. 

un'du-lous (un'du-lus), a. Undulating; undulatory. 

un-du'ly (un-du'li), adv. In an undue manner. 

un-dy'ing (un-dl'ing), a. Not dying; unending. 

un-earned' (un-urnd' ; see un-), o. Not earned ; not gained 
by labor or service. 

unearned increment, Econ., an increase in the value of 
land or other property subject to a natural monopoly, due 
to no labor or expenditure on the part of the owner, but to 
natural causes making an increased demand for it. 

un-earth' (un-urth'), v. t. To drive or draw from the earth ; 
exhume ; hence : bring to light ; disclose. 

un-earth'ly, a. Not terrestrial; supernatural; hence: 
weird ; appalling ; terrific. — un-earth'li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

un7eas'y(-ez'T),a. 1. Difficult. Rare. 2. Restless ; disturbed 
by pain, anxiety, etc. 3. Not easy in manner ; constrained ; 
awkward. 4. Occasioning want of ease ; disagreeable. — 
un-eas'i-ly (-ez'i-li), adv. — un-eas'i-ness (-i-nes), n. 

un'em-ployed' (-em-ploid'), a. 1. Not employed. 2. Hay- 
ing no regular work ; specif., not employed at any paid 
labor. 3. Not invested or used ; as, unemployed capital. 

un'em-ploy'ment (un'ern-ploi'ment), n. State uf being not 
employed ; — said, esp., in economics, of the condition of 
various social classes when out of employment. 



un'di-gest'ed 

un-dig'ni-fied 

un'di-lut'ed 

un/di-min'ished 

un-dimmed' 

un'dis-cern'i-ble, 

un'dis-cern'a-ble 
un'dis-cern'ing 
un'dis-charged' 
un-dis'ci-plined 
un'dis-closed' 
un'dis-cov'er- 

a-ble 
un'dis-cov'ered 
un'dis-crim'i- 

nat'ing 
un'dis-guised' 



un'dis-heart'- 

ened 
un'dis-mayed' 
un'dis-mem'- 

bered 
un'dis-pensed' 
un'dis-posed' 
un'dis-put'ed 
un'dis-solved' 
un'dis-tilled' 
un/dis-tin'guish- 

a-ble 
un'dis-tin'- 

guished 
un'dis-trib'ut-ed 
un'dis-turbed' 
un'di-ver'si-fied 



un'di-vert'ed 

un'di-vest'ed 

un'di-vid'ed 

un'di-vulged' 

un'do-mes'tic 

un'do-mes'ti- 

cat'ed 
un-doubt'ing 
un-drained' 
un'dra- mafic 
un-dram'a-tized 
un-dread'ed 
un-dreamed', un- 
dreamt' 
un-dressed' 
un-drilled' 
un-drink'a-ble 



un-du'ti-ful 

un-dyed' 

un-eat'a-ble 

un-eat'en 

un-ed'u-cat'ed 

un'ef-faced' 

un'e-lim'i-nat'ed 

un'ern-bar'rassed 

un'em-bel'lished 

un'em-phat'ic 

un'em-phat'i-cal 

un'en-cum'bered 

un'en-dan'gered 

un-end'ing 

un'en-dorsed' 

un'en-dur'a-ble 

un'en-dur'ing 



un'en-force'a-ble 

un'en-forced' 

un'en-gaged' 

un'en-joy'a-ble 

un'en- joyed' 

un'en-light'ened 

un'en-rolled' 

un'en-tan'gled 

un-en'ter-pris'- 

ing 
un-en'ter-tain'- 

ing, a. 
un/en-thu'si-as'- 

tic 
un-en'vi-a-ble 
un-en'vied 
un-en'vi-ous 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



UNEQUAL 



1047 



UNHAIR 



Hn-e'qual (im-e'kwal), a. 1. Not equal ; not of the same 
size, quantity, strength, talents, age, station, etc. 2. Ill- 
balanced or ill-matched ; uneven ; hence, Rare : not equi- 
table ; partial ; unfair. 3. Not uniform ; irregular ; uneven. 
4. Not adequate or sufficient ; — with to. qual-ly, adv. 

un-e'qualed 1 (-kwdld), a. Not equaled ; unmatched ; un- 

un-e'qualledj paralleled; unrivaled; surpassing. 

un'e-quiv'o-cal (un'e-kwiv'6-kdl), a. Not equivocal ; clear ; 
sincere ; plain ; as, unequivocal evidence, words, looks. 

un-err'ing (un-ur'Tng ; -er'mg), a. Committing no mistake ; 
certain ; sure ; unfailing. — Syn. See infallible. 

un'es-sen'tial (un'e-sen'shdl), a. Not essential; unimpor- 
tant ; also, Rare, void of essence, or real being. 

Un-e'ven (un-e'v'n), a. 1. Not even; not level; not uni- 
form ; rough. 2. Not equal ; not of equal length. 3. Not 
divisible by two without a remainder ; odd. — un-e'ven-ly, 
adv. — un-e'ven-ness, n. 

un'ex-am'pled (un'eg-zam'p'ld ; -zam'p'ld), <*• Having no 
example or similar case ; unprecedented ; unparalleled. 

un'ex-cep'tion-a-ble (un'ek-sep'shim-d-b'l), a. Not liable 
to any exception or objection ; beyond reproach. — un'ex- 
cep'tion-a-ble-ness, n. — un'ex-cep'tion-a-bly, adv. 

Un'ex-pect'ed (-eks-pek'ted), a. Not exDected ; sudden. — 
un'ex-pect'ed-ly, adv. — un'ex-pect'ed-ness, n. 

un'ex-pres'sive (-pres'iv), a. 1. Not expressive ; inexpres- 
sive. 2. Inexpressible. Obs. — un'ex-pres'sive-ly, adv. 

un-fail'ing (un-fal'Tng), a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; 
inexhaustible ; certain ; sure. — un-fail'ing-ly, adv. 

im-fair' (-far'), a. Not fair ; disingenuous ; dishonest ; un- 
just ; inequitable. — un-fair'ly, adv. — un-fair'ness, n. 

Un-faith' (un-fatb/), n. Absence or want of faith. 

im-faith'ful (un-fath'fo61), a. 1. Not faithful; not ob- 
servant of promises, vows, allegiance, or duty ; not per- 
forming a function or duty ; recreant. 2. Not possessing 
faith ; infidel. Rare. 3. Inaccurate ; untrustworthy. — un- 
faith'ful-ly, adv. — un-faith'ful-ness, n. 

Un'ia-mil'iar (un'fd-mil'ydr), a. Not familiar; not well 
known or not knowing well. — un'fa-mil'i-ar'i-ty (-i-ar'- 
l-ti ; -yar'i-ti), n. — un'fa-mil'iar-ly, adv. 

Un-fas'ten (un-fas''n), v. t. & i. To loose ; unbind ; untie. 

un-fa'thered (-fa'tfeerd), a. _ 1. Fatherless ; hence, born 
contrary to nature. 2. Having no acknowledged father ; 
hence : illegitimate ; spurious. 

un-fa'vor-a-ble, un-fa'vour-a-ble (-fa'ver-d-b'l), a. Not 
favorable ; not_propitious ; adverse. 

un-feel'ing (-fel'Ing), a. 1. Destitute of feeling; insen- 
sible ; insensate. 2. Cruel ; hard-hearted. — un-feel'ing- 
ly, adv. — un-feel'ing-ness, n. 

un-feigned' (-fand'), a. Not feigned ; sincere ; genuine. — 
un-feign'ed-ly (-fan'ed-li), adv. — un-feign'ed-ness, n. 

un-fellowed (-fel'od), a. Being without a fellow; un- 
matched ; not mated. 

un-fet'ter (-fct'er), v. t. To loose from fetters or from re- 
straint ; unchain ; unshackle ; liberate. 

Un-fil'ial (un-fil'yal ; -fil'T-al), a. Not observing, or accord- 
ing to, the obligations of a son or a daughter. 

un-fin'ished (-fm'isht), a. Not finished ; incomplete. 

un-fit' (tin-fit'), v. t. To make unsuitable or incompetent ; 
disable ; incapacitate ; disqualify. 

un-fit', a. Not fit ; unsuitable ; incompetent. — tm-fit'- 
ly, adv. — un-fit'ness, n. 

un-fix' (-fiks'), v. t. To loosen ; detach ; unsettle. 

un-fledged' (-flejd'), a. Not fledged ; not feathered ; hence : 
not fully developed ; immature ; callow. 

un-flesh'ly (un-flesh'li), a. Not of the flesh; spiritual. 

un-fold' (-fold'), v. t. 1. To open the folds of ; expand. 2. 
To lay open to view or contemplation ; bring out, as by 
successive developments; display; disclose; reveal. — v. i. 
To open ; become disclosed or developed. — un-fold'er, n. 

Un-fold', v. t. To release from a fold, or pen. 

un'for-get'a-ble (un'for-get'd-b'D, a. Not forgetable; en- 
during in memory. — un'f or-get'a-bly, adv. 

un-formed' (-formd'), a. Not formed ; shapeless ; amor- 
phous ; specif., Biol., unorganized, as some ferments. 

un-for'tu-nate (-for'tu-nat), a . Not fortunate; unsuccess- 
ful ; not prosperous ; unlucky ; attended with misfortune. 

— n. An unfortunate person. — un-for'tu-nate-ly, adv. 



un-fqund'ed ( un-fqun'ded ; 24 ), a. 1. Not founded or es- 
tablished. 2. Having no foundation ; baseless ; vain ; idle. 

Un'fre-quent'ed (un'fre-kwen'ted), a. Rarely visited ; sel- 
dom or never resorted to by human beings. 

un-friend'ed (un-fren'ded ; 24), a. Having no friends ; not 
befriended. — un-friend'ed-ness, n. 

un-friend'ly (-frend'll), a. 1. Not friendly; not kind or 
benevolent ; hostile. 2. Not favorable. — un-friend'li- 
ness (-li-nes), n. — un-friend'ly, adv. 

un-frock' (-frok'), v. t. To deprive of a frock ; hence, to 
deprive of priestly character or privilege. 

un-fruit'iul (un-froot'fo61), a. Not producing fruit or off- 
spring, or, fig., result ; infertile ; barren ; as, an unfruitful 
tree or animal ; unfruitful soil ; an unfruitful effort. — 
un-fruit'ful-ly, adv. — un-fruit'ful-ness, n. 

un-fumed' (-fumd'), a. Not exposed to fumes ; not fumi- 
gated ; also, not distilled. 

un-fund'ed (un-fun'ded ; 24), a. Not funded ; floating ; as, 
an unfunded debt. [unfold. 

un-furl' (-furl'), v. t. & i. To loose from a furled state ;| 

un-gain'ly (-gan'li), a. [ME. ungeinliche, adv., fr. un- 
gein inconvenient ; un- not + gein, gain, good, quick.] 
Clumsy ; uncouth. — Syn. See awkward. — adv. In an 
ungainly manner. — un-gain'li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

un-gen'er-OUS (-jen'er-tis), a. Not generous ; illiberal ; ex 
acting ; mean. — un-gen'er-ous-ly, adv. 

un-gift'ed (im-gif'ted ; 24), a. Being without gifts, esp. 
native gifts or endowments. [unbind. I 

un-gird' (-gurdO, v. t. To loose the girdle or band of ;| 

un-glue' (un-gloo' ; 86), v. t. To part or open (anything 
fastened with or as with glue). 

un-god'ly (-god'li), a. Not godly; disobedient to God; 
wicked ; sinful. — lin-god'li-ness, n. 

un-got' (un-got') 1 a. 1. Not gotten ; not acquired. 2. Not 

un-got'ten (-'n) / begotten. 

un-gov'ern-a-ble (-guv'er-nd-b'l), a. Not capable of being 
governed, ruled, or restrained ; unbridled. [a priest. I 

un-gown' (un-goun'), v. t. To strip of a gown ; unfrock, as| 

un-grace r ful (un-gras'fdol), a. Not graceful; inelegant; 
awkward ; clumsy. iul-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

un-gra'cious (-gra'shus), a. 1. Not gracious; uncivil; 
rude. 2. Offensive ; unpleasing. — un-gra'cious-ness, n. 

un-grate'ful (-grat'fool), a. 1. Not grateful ; not thank- 
ful for favors. 2. Unpleasing ; disagreeable. — un-grate'- 
ful-ly, adv. — un-grate'ful-ness, n. 

un'gual (urj'gwal), a. [L. unguis a nail, claw, hoof.] Fer- 
taining to, resembling, or bearing a nail, claw or hoof. 

un'guent (-gwent), n. [L. unguentum, fr. ungue r .e to 
anoint.] A lubricant or salve for sores, burns, etc. ; ointment. 

un'guen-ta-ry (un/gwen-ta-ri), a. Like an unguent. 

un-guic'u-late (urj-gwik'u-lat), a. [L. unguiculus finger 
nail.] Furnished with nails, claws, or hooks, — n. A mam- 
mal having claws or nails, as disting. from hoofed animals 
(ungulates) and cetaceans. — un-guic'u-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. 

un-guif'er-0US (urj-gwTf'er-ws), a. [L. unguis nail or claw 
4- -ferous.'] Bearing a nail or claw ; clawed. 

un'gui-nous (ur/gwi-nws), a. [L. unguinosus, fr. unguen, 
-inis, fat, ointment.] Consisting of or like fat or oil. 

un'guis (iir/gwis), n.; pi. ungues (-gwez). [L., nail, claw, 
or hoof.] 1. A nail, claw, or hoof, or something likened to 
one of these. 2. Bot. A clawlike base of a petal. 

un'gu-la (-gu-ld), n.; pi. -l.e (-le). [L.,, claw, hoof, fr. 
unguis nail, claw, hoof.] 1. A hoof ; also, a claw or nail. 
2. Geom. A part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid con- 
ceived as formed by the revolution of a figure, cut off by a 
plane oblique to the base. 3. Bot. = unguis, 2. 

un'gu-lar (-ldr), a. Pert, to or like a hoof ; ungual. 

un'gu-late (un'gu-lat), n. [L. ungula hoof.] Zo'dl. Any 
of a group (Ungulata) consisting of the hoofed mammals, 
as the ruminants, swine, horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, ele- 
phants, and conies. _ They are mostly large or lather large, 
nearly all are exclusively herbivorous, and many have horns 
(the ungulates being the only horned animals). 

— a. 1. Shaped like a hoof. Rare. 2. Furnished with 
hoofs ; of or pertaining to the ungulates. 

un-hair' (un-har'), v. t. To deprive (hides, etc.) of hair, as 
by scraping with a blunt two-handled knife. 



See 2d UN-, p. 1042 

un'e- quipped' 

un'es-cap'a-ble 

un-es'ti-mat'ed 

un-eth'i-cal 

un'e-vent'f ul [edl 

un'ex-ag'ger-aV- I 

un'ex-celled' 

un'ex-cep'tion-al 

un'ez-ctiange'a- 

ble 
un'ex-cit'ed 
un'ex-cit'ing 
un'ex-cused' 
un-ex'e-cut'ed 
un'ex-hausi/ed 



un'ex-pend'ed 

un'ex-pert' 

un'ex-pired' 

un'ex-plain'a-ble 

un'ex-plained' 

un'ex-plod'ed 

un'ex-plored' 

un'ex-pressed' 

un'ex-tin'- 

guished 
un-fad'ed 
un-fad'ing 
un-fal'ter»ing 
un-fash'ion-a-ble 
un-fash'ioned 
un-fas'tened 



un-fath'om-a-ble 

un-fath'omed 

un'fa-tigued' 

un-fed' 

un-felf 

un-fenced' 

un'fer-menf ed 

un-fer'ti-lized 

un-fet'tered 

un-filled' 

un-fired' 

un-fit'ting 

un-fixed' 

un-flag'ging 

un-flat'ter-ing 

un-flat'ter-ing-ly 



un-fla'vored, un- 

-fla'voured 
un-flesh'ly 
un-flinch'ing 
un-flinch'ing-ly 
un'for-bear'ing 
un'for-bid', un'- 

-for-bid'den 
un-forced' 
un'f ore-known' 
un'fore-see'a-ble 
un'fore-see'ing 
un'fore-seen' 
un-for'feit-ed 
un'for-get'ting 
un'for-giv'a-ble 



un'for-giv'en 
un'for-giv'ing 
un'for-gof , un'- 

for-got'ten 
un-for'ti-fied 
un-framed' 
un-free' 
un-frult'ful 
un'ful-filled' 
un-fur'nished 
un-galled' 
un-gar'tered 
un-gath'ered 
un-gen'tle 
un-gen'tle-man- 

ly 



un-glad'dened 

un-glazed' 

un-gloved' 

un-gored' 

un-gov'erned 

un-grace-'ful 

un-grad'ed 

un-grained' 

un'gram-mat'i- 

cal 
un'gram-mat'i- 

cal-ly 
un-grudg'ing 
un-guard'ed 
un-guid'ed 
un-hack'neyed 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



UNHALLOW 



1048 



UNIONIST 







Q 



R 



U 



nn-hallow (un-hal'o), v. t. To profane; desecrate. 

un-hal'lowed (-od), a. Not consecrated ; profane ; unholy. 

un-hand' (-hand'), v. t. To loose from the hand ; let go. 

un-hand'y (-han'di), a. Clumsy ; awkward. 

un-hap'py (-hap'i), a. 1. Not happy or fortunate ; unlucky. 
2. Not cheerful or glad ; sad ; sorrowful. 3. Marked by in- 
felicity ; calamitous ; inappropriate ; as, an unhappy day ; 
an unhappy remark. 4. Mischievous ; waggish. 06s. — 
un-hap'pi-ly (-1-I1), adv. — un-hap'pi-ness, n. 

un-har'ness (-har'nes), v. t. 1. To strip of, or loose from, 
harness. 2. To divest of armor. 

un-hat' (-hat'), v. t. & i. To take off the hat of ; to remove 
one's hat, esp. as a mark of respect. 

un-health'y (-hel'tht), a. Not healthy ; specif . : a Unwell. 
b Not evincing health ; as, an unhealthy complexion. C Not 
conducive to health ; unwholesome, d Morally or spiritu- 
ally unsound; as, unhealthy ideas or fiction. — un- 
healtb/i-ly (-tM-li), adv. — un-health'i-ness, n. 

un-heard' (-hfird'), a. 1. Not heard ; not heeded. 2. Not 
known to fame. Rare. [or helmet. I 

un-helm' (un-helm'), v. t. To deprive or relieve of the helm,| 

lin-hinge' (iin-hTnj'), v. t. 1. To take from the hinges. 2. 
To render unstable ; unsettle, as the mind. 

un-hitch' (un-hfch'), v. t. To free from or as from being 
hitched ; to unfasten. 

un-ho'ly (-ho'li), a. Not holy; unhallowed; hence: pro- 
fane ; wicked ; impious. — un-ho'li-ly, adv. li-ness, n. 

un-hood' (-h6"od'), v. t. To remove a hood or disguise from. 

un-hook' (un-hook'), v. t. & i. To loose, or to become 
loosed, from a hook ; to loosen the hooks of. 

un-hoped' (un-hopt'), a. Not hoped or expected. 

un-horse' (un-hors'), v. t. To throw from a horse ; also, to 
take a horse or horses from. 

iin-husk' (-husk'), v. t. To take the husk from ; husk. 

U'ni- (u'nT-). [L. unus one.] A prefix signifying one, once; 
as in unicellular. 

U'ni-at (u'ni-St)\ n. [Russ. & Pol. uniat, fr. Russ. uniya 

U'ni-ate (-at) J (Pol. unija) union.] Eccl. A member 
of a Greek or other Eastern Christian church that ac- 
knowledges the supremacy of the Pope, but is allowed to 
retain its own liturgies, rites, etc. 

U'ni-ax'i-al (u'nl-ak'si-al), a. Having but one axis. 

U'ni-cam'er-al (-kam'er-al), a. [uni- + LL. camera 
chamber.] Having, or consisting of, a single chamber ; — 
said of a legislative assembly. 

U'ni-cel'lu-lar (-sgl'u-ldr), a. Biol. Having, or consisting 
of, a single cell. — unicellular animal, a protozoan. 

U'ni-COl'or, or -COl'OUr (-kul'er), a. Of a uniform color. 

U'ni-corn (u'nT-korn), n. [F. unicorne, L. unicornis, lit., 
one-horned ; unus one + cornu horn.] 1. A fab- 
ulous animal with one horn. 2. Bib. In the 
Authorized Version ( as in Deut.xxxiii.17), 
a two-horned animal, called re'em 
in Hebrew, and wild ox in Rev. Ver. 

u'ni-cos'tate (-kos'tat), a. Bot. 
Having a single rib ; — said of leaves 
having a prominent midrib. 

U'ni-cy'cle (ii'ni-si'k'l), n. A vehi- 
cle with only one wheel. 

u'ni-di-rec'tion-al (-di-rek'shwn- 
ol), a. Having, or flowing only in, 
one direction ; as, a unidirectional 
electric current. 

u'ni-fi'a-ble (u'm-fl'd-b'l), a. Capa- 
ble of being unified. 

U-nif'iC (u-nif'Ik), a. Making one ; unifying. 

U'ni-fi-ca'tlon (-fT-ka'shim), n. Act of unifying 
or state of being unified. [unifies 

U'ni-fi'er (u'ni-fl'er), n. One who, or that which 2 

U'ni-fi'lax (-fl'ldr), a. [uni- + L. filum a thread. 
Having, or involving the use of, only one thread, 
wire, etc. 

unifilar magnetometer, Physics, a magnetome- 
ter consisting of a magnetic bar suspended by a 
single thread or filament. 

u'ni-flo'rous (-flo'rits ; 57), a. [uni- -f ~L.flos, 
floris, flower.] Bearing one flower only. U n i f o I i o - 

U'ni-foli-ate (-fo'll-at), a. Having only one late Leaf 
leaf. of Orange. 

u'ni-foli-O-late (-fo'Ii-o-lat), a. Compound with but a 




Unicorn, In British 
Royal Coat of Arms. 





Uni jugate 
Leaf. 



See 2d un-, p. 1042 

un-ham'pered 

un- nan' died 

un-hand'some 

un- hanged' 

un-har'assed 

un-har'dene.d 

un-hatched' 

un-heaith'ful 

un-heed'ed 

un-heed'ful 

un-hes'i-tat'ing 



un-hon'oied, un- 

hon'oured 
un-hoped'— for' 
un-housed' 
un-hurf 
un-hurt'ful 
un-hy'gi-en'ic 
un'i-de'al 
un'i-den'ti-fied 
un-id'i-o- mafic 
un/il-lu'mi-naf- 

ed 



un'il-lu'mined 
un'im-ag'i-na-ble 
un'im-ag'i- na- 
tive 
un'im-paired' 
un'im-pas'sioned 
un'im-plored' 
un'im-por'tance 
un'im-por'tant 
un'im-press'i-ble 
un'im-pres'sion- 
a-ble 



single leaflet, as the leaf of the orange, barberry, etc 
u'ni-form (Q'm-f6rm), a. [L. uniformis; unus one -f- 
forma form.] l.JHaving always the same form, manner, or 
degree ; not varying or variable ; homogeneous ; as, a uni- 
form temperature ; a stratum of uniform clay. 2. Of the 
same form with others ; consonant ; as, buildings of uni- 
form style. — Syn. See equable. 

— n. A dress of a particular style or fashion worn by persons 
in the same service, order, etc. 

— v. t. To clothe with a uniform. 
U'ni-form^i-ta'ri-an (-for'mi-ta'n-an ; 3), a. Geol. Of, pert. 

to, or designating the doctrine that existing causes, acting 
as at present, are sufficient to account for all geologica 
changes. Cf. catastrophism. [uniform. 

n/ni-iorm'i-ty (-for'im-ti), n. Quality or state of being 

u'ni-form/ly, adv. In a uniform manner. 

u'ni-f orm'ness, n. Uniformity. 

U'ni-Jy (u'ni-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy/ing. [F. unifier.] 
To cause to be one or uniform ; make into a unit ; unite. 

U-nij'u-gate (u-nTj'66-gat ; u'ni-joo'gat), o. [uni- + L. 
jugum yoke, pair.] Bot. Having but one 
pair of leaflets ; — said of a pinnate leaf. 

U/ni-lat'er-al (u'nY-lat'er-cl), a. One-sided ; 
specif., Law, designating, or pert, to, a 
contract or engagement imposing an ex- 
press obligation on but one party. 

u'ni-lobed (u r ni-lobd), o. Having, or being 
of, a single lobe. 

U'ni-loc'u-lar (-lok'u-ldr), a. Having one 
cell or cavity only. 

un'Im-peach/a-ble (unTm-pech'd-b'l),a. Notimpeachable; 
not to be called in question ; irreproachable ; blameless. 

un'im-ped'ed (-ped'ed), a. Not impeded. 

un'im-proved' (-proovd'), a. 1. Not improved. 2. Not 
used or employed. 3. Not tilled, cultivated, etc., as land. 

im'in-formed' ( : in-f6rmd r ), a. Not informed ; specif., not 
animated or enlivened. [intelligence ; ignorance. | 

un'in-tel'li-gence (Gn'in-tel'i-jens), n. Absence or lack of | 

un-in'ter-est-ed (un-in'ter-es-ted), a. 1. Not interested; 
not having any interest or property. 2. Not having the 
mind or feelings engaged. 

un'ion (un'yun), n. [F., fr. L. unio oneness, union, fr. 
unus one.] 1. Act of uniting two or more_ things into one ; 
state of being so united ; junction ; combination. 2. Spe- 
cif., any of various political changes effecting the political 
union of the parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; as : that 
of 1706, uniting the kingdoms of England and Scotland 
on and after May 1, 1707 ; or that of 1800, uniting Great 
Britain and Ireland on and after Jan. 1, 1801. 3. That 
which is united, or made one; something formed by com- 
bination or coalition ; a confederation ; consolidated body ; 
league; as, the Union, the United States of America. 
4. a Eng. A union of local administration for rating, poor 
relief, etc., formed by uniting two or more parishes under 
the government of a body called the board of guardians. 
Called also poor-law union. Hence, also, a workhouse 
maintained by such a union, b = trade-union, 1. C A de- 
vice emblematic of union, used on a national flag or ensign. 
The union of the United States ensign is a cluster of white 
stars, equal in number to that of the States, on a blue field. 
The union of the British ensign is the three crosses of St. 
George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, in combination, dis- 
played on a blue field. See flag, Illust. 5. A large, fine 
pearl. Obs. 6. Any of various devices for 
connecting parts, as of a pipe, etc. 
Syn. Union, unity. Union suggests 
either the bringing together of two or 
more things, or the resulting state ; unity 
denotes the state of being one, or the prop- 
erty of oneness; it may be predicated 
either of what is simple, or of intimate 
union in a complex whole ; as, a union of 
interests resulting in unity of aim. 

un'ion-ism (-iz'm), n. The principle of 
union, or the sentiment of attachment 
to a union ; specif, [cap."] , attachment 
to the federal union of the United States. 

un'ion-ist, n. 1. One who advocates or promotes union. 2. 
Specif. : a A member or supporter of a trade-union, b [Usu- 
ally cap."] An adherent or supporter of the federal union 
of the United States, esp. at the time of the Civil War. C 

un'in-ten'tion- 
al-ly 
un-in'ter-est-ing 
un-in'ter- mit'ted 
un-in'ter-mit'- 
tent [tingl 

un-in'ter- mit'- 1 
un-in'ter-rupfed, 
-rupf ed-ly 
un'in-ven'tiv© 
un'in-vif ed 
un'in-vifing 




Pipe Union, 
partly cut away 
to show con- 
struction. 



un'in-closed' 
un'in-cor'po-rat/- 

ed 
un'in-cum'bered 
un'in-dorsed' 
un'in-fecfed 
un'in-uam'ma* 

ble 
un/in-flecf ed 
un-in'flu-enced 
un/in-iiab'it-a- 

ble 



un'in-hab'it-ed 
un'in-i'ti-at'ed 
un-ih'jured 
un'in-struct'ed 
un'in-struc'tive 
un'in-tel'li-gent 
un'in-tel'li-gi- 
bil'i-ty 
un'in-tel'li-gi-ble 
un'in-tel'li-gi-bly 
un'in-tend'ed 
un'in-ten'tion-al 



«le, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end. recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, Skro, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, yerdjue (87); 



UNIONIZE 



1049 



UNLICENSED 



[Usually cap."] One who advocates union between Great 
Britain and Ireland, as opposed to home rule. 

un'ion-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-TzTng). To 
cause to become a member of, or subject to the rules of, a 
trade-union ; to organize in a trade-union or trade-unions ; 
as, to unionize employees or a shop. 

union jack. Nav. A jack consisting of the union of the 
national ensign. See flag, Illust. ; jack, n., 9. 

U-nip'a-r0US (u-nTp'd-rus), a. 1. Zo'ol. Producing but one 
egg or offspring at a time. 2. Bot. Producing but one axis at 
each branching ; as, a uniparous cyme. 

U'ni-per'son-al (u'ni-pur'sun-al), a. Existing as one, and 
only one, person ; as, a unipersonal God. 

U'ni-pet'al-OUS (-pet'51-us), a. Bot. Having only one petal. 

U'ni-pla'nar (-pla'ndr), a. Mech. Lying or occurring in one 
plane ; as, uniplanar motion. 

U'ni-po'lar (fi'm-po'ldr), a. Having but one pole ; specif., 
Physics, having, produced by, or acting by, one pole only. 

U-nique' (u-nek'), a. [F. unique, L. unicus, fr. unus one.] 
Being without a like or equal ; single in kind or excellence ; 
sole. — u-nique'ly, adv. — u-nique'ness, n. 

U'ni-sep'tate (fi'm-sep'tat), a. Bot. Having but one sep- 
tum, or partition, as a silicle. 

U'ni-sex'u-al (-sek'shu-al), a. Of one sex; esp., Zo'ol., 
either male or female ; not hermaphrodite. 

u'ni-son (u'nT-sim ; -ziin), n. [LL. unisonus having the 
same sound ; L. unus one -f- sonus sound.] 1. Harmony ; 
agreement ; concord ; union. 2. Music, a Identity in pitch ; 
the interval of a perfect prime, b State of sounding at the 
same pitch. Parts played or sung in octaves are also loosely 
said to be in unison. A passage is said to be played in uni- 
son when all the instruments perform the same part, as dis- 
tinguished from performing in harmony^ 

U-nis'O-nal (u-nTs'6-ndl), a. Being in unison; unisonant. 

U-nis'o-nant _(-nant), a. Being in unison ; sounded alike in 
pitch. — u-nis'o-nance (-nans), re. 

U-nis'O-nous (-nils), a. Unisonant ; also, sounding alone. 

U'nit (u'nit), n. [Abbr. fr. unity.'] 1. A single thing or per- 
son, or a group taken as an individual member of a number 
of groups. 2. a Arith. The least whole number ; one. b 
Math. A single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded 
as an undivided whole. C A determinate amount or quan- 
tity taken as a standard of measurement. 

U'ni-ta'ri-an (u'ni-ta'ri-an ; 3), n. [Also I. c] One who de- 
nies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing God to exist only 
in one person ; also, one of a denomination of Christians so 
believing. — a. 1. [Z. c] Unitary. 2. Of or pert, to Uni- 
tarians or their doctrines. 

u'ni-ta'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), re. 1. leap."] The doctrines of 
Unitarians. 2. Any unitary system, as of government. 

U'ni-ta-ry (u'ni-ta-n), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a unit or 
units ; relating to, or characterized by, unity. 2. Of the 
nature -of a unit ; not divided. 

U-nite'(u-nlt'), v. t. ; -nit'ed (-nit'ed) ; -nit'ing. [L. unitus, 
p. p. of unire to unite, fr. unus one.] 1. To put together 
so as to make one ; combine ; connect ; cause to adhere. 2. 
To join by a legal or moral bond, as families by intermar- 
riage, nations by treaty, men by opinions, interest, etc. — 
Syn. Combine, consolidate, amalgamate. See join. — v. i. 

1. To become one ; combine ; coalesce ; grow together. 2. 
To join in an act ; act in concert. 

U -nit'ed (u-nlt'ed), p. a. 1. Combined ; joined ; made one. 

2. In agreement; harmonious. — United Brethren. See 
Moravian, n„ 2. — U. Kingdom, the, Great Britain and 
Ireland ; — so named since Jan. 1, 1801. Cf. union, n., 2. 

U-nit'ed-ly, adv. In a united manner. 

Unit flux, mass, etc. The definite flux, mass, etc., that is 
taken as a standard of measurement. 

U'ni-tive (Q'nT-tiv), a. [LL. unitivus.l Having the power 
of uniting ; causing, or tending to produce, union. 

U'ni-ty (u'm-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. unite, L. unitas, 
fr. unus one.] 1. State of being one ; oneness. 2. Concord ; 
harmony ; agreement. 3. Math.^ Any definite quantity, or 
aggregate of quantities or magnitudes taken as one, or for 
which 1 is made to stand in calculation ; hence, the number 
1 . 4. A totality of related parts ; a complex or systematic 
whole. 5. Self sameness ; identity.. 6. In literary and art 
criticism, a combination or ordering of parts such as to 
constitute a whole, or promote an undivided total effect ; 
also, conformity to the principle requiring this, or the single- 
ness of effect, or the symmetry and consistency of style and 
character, secured by it. The unities of place, time, and ac- 
tion were principles governing the structure of drama de- 
rived by writers of the French classical school from Aris- 
totle's "Poetics." As rigidly formulated they required that 
the action of a play should be represented as occurring in 
one place, within one day, and with nothing irrelevant to the 
plot. — Syn. See union. 

U / ni-va / lent (u'm-va'lent ; u-nTv'd-lent), a. [uni — f- L. 




Universal Joint. 
C A general con- 



valens, -entis, p. pr.] Chem. Having a valence of one: 
monovalent. See valence. — U'ni-va'lence (-lens), u'ni- 
va'len-cy (-len-sT), n. 

U'ni-valve (u'ni-valv), re. Zool. A mollusk shell of one 
piece ; also, any mollusk with such a shell ; specif., any gas- 
tropod. — u'ni-valve, u'ni-valved' (-valvdO, u'ni-val'vu- 
lar (-val'vu-ldr), a. 

U'ni-ver'sal (-vur'sal), a. 1. Of or pert, to the universe ; 
pert, to the whole or to all, either collectively or distribu- 
tively ; unlimited ; general ; all-reaching. 2. Constituting, 
or considered as, a whole ; total ; entire. 3. Logic. Form- 
ing the whole of a genus ; affirmed or denied of the whole 
of a class ; as, a universal proposition ; — opposed to par- 
ticular. 4. Mech. & Elec. Adapted or adaptable to all or 
to various uses, shapes, sizes, etc. ; as, a universal bevel, 
gear cutter, milling machine, switch, vise, etc. — Syn. All, 
whole, total. See general. 

universal coupling, u. joint, Mach., any joint or cou- 
pling permitting swiveling or turning 
at any angle within certain limits, as 
in the ball-and-socket joint. 

— n. Logic, a A universal proposition. 
b Any of the five most general rela- < 
tions of attributes involved in logical 
arrangements, — namely, genus, spe- 
cies, difference, property, and accident, 
cept, or that in reality to which it corresponds ;"an abstrac- 
tion or an abstract and general term, whether conceived as 
a mere word or name (the nominalist view), as a truth, or 
predicate which may be truly thought or affirmed of reality 
(the conceptualist view), or as an actual character of reality 
(the realist view). 

U'ni-ver'sal-ism (-iz'm), n. Theol. The doctrine or belief 
that all men will eventually be saved, or restored to holiness 
and happiness. 

U'ni-versal-ist (-Tst), n. One who believes in Universal- 
ism ; specif., one of a denomination of Christians holding 
this doctrine as their distinctive article of belief. 

U'ni-ver-sal'i-ty (-ver-sal'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- 
ity or state of being universal. 2. Unrestricted versatility. 

U'ni-ver'sal-ly, adv. In a universal manner. 

U'ni-ver'sal-ness, n. Universality. 

U'ni-verse (u'ni-vurs), re. [L. universum, fr. universus 
universal ; unus one -f- vertere, versum, to turn ; — that is, 
turned, or combined, into one.] 1. All created things as 
constituting one system ; the world ; creation. 2. Any dis- 
tinct field or province of thought or reality conceived as 
forming a closed system; often specif., in logic, short for 
universe of discourse, Logic, that collection of facts or 
ideas which is tacitly implied and understood in a given 
statement or discussion. 

U'ni-ver'si-ty (-vur'si-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). An institu- 
tion organized for teaching and study in the higher branches 
of learning, and empowered to confer degrees in special de- 
partments, as theology, law, medicine, and the arts. 

Un-just' (fin-just'), a. 1. Contrary to justice ; wrongful. 2. 
Dishonest. Obs. — un-just'ly, adv. — un-just'ness, n. 

un-kempt' (-kempt'), a. [un- not + kempt, p. p. of kemb, 
Scot, or dial. var. of comb.] Not combed; disheveled; 
hence, rough. — un-kempt'ness, n. 

un-ken'nel (-ken'el), v. t.; *. 1. To drive or take from a 
kennel. 2. Fig., to discover; disclose. 

un-kind' (-kind'), a. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, etc. ; 
cruel ; harsh. — un-kind'ly, adv. — un-kind'ness, re. 

un-knit' (fin-nTt'), v. L; *. To undo or unravel. 

un-lace' (fin-las'), v. t. ; *. 1. To loose by undoing a lacing ; 
as, to unlace a shoe. 2. To loose the dress of ; undress. 

Un-lade' (fin-lad'), v. t.; *. 1. To take the load from ; to 
take out the cargo of ; as, to unlade a ship. 2. To unload ; 
discharge, as a load or burden. [or tied down.j 

un-lash' (fin-lash'), v. t. To loose, as that which is lashed j 

un-latch' (-lach'), v. t. To open or loose by lifting the latch. 

— v. i. To become so loosed or opened. 

un-law'ful (-16'fool), a. 1. Not lawful ; contrary to law. 2. 
Illegitimate. — un-law'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, re. 

un-lay' (un-la'), v. t. & i. ; *. Naut. To untwist, as a rope. 

un-learn'* (-lurn'), v. t.; *. To forget (what has been 
learned) ; also, to learn the contrary of. 

un-learn'ed (-lur'ned), a. 1. Not learned ; untaught ; illit- 
erate. 2. (pron. -lurnd') Not gained by study ; not known. 
3. Not exhibiting learning ; as, unlearned verses. 

un-leash' (fin-lesh'), v. t. To free from or as from a leash ; 
to release, as dogs. 

un-less' (-leV), conj. [Formerly onles, onlesse, onlesse 
that, that is, in less, in a less case than. See on ; less.] 1. If 
not ; supposing that not ; if it be not ; were it not that. 2. 
Except ; — by omission of a verb. Archaic. 

un-let'tered (fin-let'erd), a. Not lettered ; also, illiterate. 

— Syn. See ignorant. 



r 



See 2d UN-, p. 1042 

un-is'sued 

un- j us'ti-fi'a-ble 



un-kept/ 

un-kind'li-ness 
un-knight'ly 



un-know'a-ble 
un-know'ing 

un-known' 



un-la'bo(u)red 

un-la'dy-like' 

un-laid' 



un-laun'dered 

un-leav'ened 

un-les'soned 



un-let'tered 

un'li-bid'i-nous 

un-li'censed 



ffl 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations Qf Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, m equals. 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



N 



UNLIKABLE 



1050 



UNREDEEMED 







R 



U 



un-like' (un-llk') , a. Not like ; dissimilar ; diverse ; having no 
resemblance. — un-like'neSS, n. 

im-Jike'ly, a. 1. Not likely ; improbable. 2. Not haying a 
prospect of success ; not likely to succeed ; unpromising. — 
unlikelihood (lT-hdod), un-like'li-ness (-nes), n. 

un-lim'ber (-iim'ber), v. t. & i. To detach the limber 
from (a gun). [Undefined; indefinite.] 

un-lim'it-ed (-i-ted), a. 1. Not limited ; unrestricted. 2.| 

un-link' (-link'), v. t. To undo, as links ; unfasten. 

un-live' (un-liv'), v. t. To live in a contrary manner, as a 
life ; to live in a manner contrary to. 

un-load' (-lod'), v. t. 1. To take the load or cargo from. 2. 
To relieve from anything onerous. 3. To remove or dis- 
charge, a's a load. — v. i. To perform the act of unloading. 

un-load'er, n. One who, or that which, unloads. 

un-lock' (-lok'), v. t. 1. To unfasten, as what is locked. 
2. To open ; undo ; hence, to disclose. 

Un-looked' (iin-ldokt'), a. Not observed or foreseen ; un- 
expected ; — generally used with for, and, when used attrib- 
utively, written un-looked'— for'. 

un-loose' (-loos'), v. t. & i. To loosen. 

un-loos'en (-loos''n), v. t. To loosen ; unloose. 

un-love'ly (-luv'li), a. Not lovely ; not amiable ; disagree- 
able ; unpleasant. 

un-luck'y (-luk'i), a. 1. Not lucky ; unfortunate ; ill-fated. 
2. Bringing bad luck ; ill-omened ; inauspicious. — un- 
luck'i-ly (-ill), adv. — un-luck'i-ness, n. 

un-make' (un-mak'), v. t.; *. To destroy the form and 
qualities of ; deprive of being ; uncreate. 

un-man' (-man'), v. t. ; *. 1. To deprive of manly courage ; 
dishearten. 2. To deprive of men. [cowardly, etc.] 

un-man'ly (un-man'li), a. Not manly ; hence, womanish,! 

Un-manned' (-mand'), a. Falconry. Not tamed. Obs. 

un-man'ner-ly (-man'er-li), a. Not mannerly; rude. — 
adv. Uncivilly. — un-man'ner-li-ness (-li-nes), n. 

un-mask' (un-mask'), v. t. To strip of a mask or disguise ; 
expose. — v. i. To put off a mask. 

un-mean'ing (-men'Tng), a. 1. Having no meaning or sig- 
nification. 2. Senseless ; expressionless. 

Un-meant' (un-ment'), a. Not meant; unintentional. 

un-meet' (-met'), a. Not meet or fit ; unbecoming ; un- 
suitable, [merchantable; unsalable. I 

un-mer'chant-a-ble (un-mur f chan-td-b'l), a. Com. Not I 

un-mer/ci-ful (-mur'si-fo61), a. Not merciful ; cruel. 

un-mew' (-mu'), v. t. To free from confinement ; release. 

un'mis-tak'a-ble (un'mis-tak'd-b'l), a. Not mistakable ; 
clear ; plain ; obvious ; evident. — un'mis-tak'a-bly, adv. 

un-mi'terHun-ml'ter), v. t.; *. To deprive of a miter ; to 

un-mi'trej depose or degrade from the rank of a bishop. 

un-moor' (un-moor'), v. t. & i. Naut. To loose (a vessel) 
from a mooring or moorings or from anchorage. 

Un-mor'al (un-mor'dl), a. Having no moral perception, 
quality, or relation; not involving morality; — disting. 
from moral and immoral. — un'mo-ral'i-ty, n. 

un-mor'tise (-mor'tis), v. t.; *. To loosen, unfix, or sepa- 
rate, as a mortise or things mortised together. 

un-muf'fle (un-muf'T), v. t.; *. 1. To take a covering 
from, as the face ; uncover. 2. To remove the muffling of, 
as a drum. [move a muzzle from. 

un-muz'zle (-muVl),^. t.; *. To loose from a muzzle; re- 1 

un-nat'u-ral (un-nat^-ral), a. Not natural ; specif. : a Con- 
trary to the order of nature, b Without natural traits or in- 
stincts. — ■ Syn. See factitious. — un-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. 
— un-nat'u-ral-ness, n. 



un-nec'es-sa-ry (iin-nes'e-sa-ri), a. Not necessary; use* 
less; needless. — un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly (-ri-11), adv. 

un-nerve' (-nurv'), v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, etc. 
Syn. Unnerve, enervate. To unnerve is to deprive o f 
strength or fortitude, esp. as by calamity or shock ; ener- 
vate implies relaxation of (esp. moral) fiber by luxury, in- 
dolence, effeminacy, etc. 

un-num'bered (un-num'berd), o. Not numbered ; innumer- 
able. ^ [busy ; unemployed. I 

un-oc'CU-pied (-ok'iUpid), a. Not occupied ; specif., not| 

un-or'gan-ized (-6r'gdn-Izd), a. Not organized ; without 
organic structure ; specif., Biol., not having the character- 
istics of a living organism. 

un'o-rig'i-nal (un'6-rij'i-nal), a. Not original. 

un-pack' (un-pak'), v. t. To separate and remove, as things 
packed ; open and remove the contents of. 

un-par'al-leled (-par'd-leld), a. Having no parallel, or 
equal ; unequaled ; unmatched. 

un-par'lia-men'tayry (-paVli-men'td-ri), a. Contrary to 
the practice of parliamentary bodies. [unfasten ; open. 

un-peg' (-peg'), v. t.; *. To remove a peg or pegs from; 

un-peo'ple (un-pe'p'l), v. t. To depopulate. [unfasten. 

Un-pin' (-pin'), v. t. ; *. To remove the pin or pins from ; 

un-pit'ied (-plt'Id), a. 1. Not pitied. 2. Merciless. 06s. 

im-plait' (un-plaf; -plet'; cf. plait), v. t. To undo the 
plaits of. [-ant-ly, adv. ant-ness, n.\ 

Uil-pleas'ant (-plez'ant), a. Not pleasant; offensive. — ) 

un-pol'i-cied (un-pol'i-sid), a. 1. Not having a civil polity. 
2. Impolitic ; imprudent. Obs. [ated or registered.! 

un-polled' (un-pold'), a. Not polled ; specif., not enumer-| 

un-prec'e-dent-ed (un-pres'e-den-ted), a. Having no prec- 
edent ; novel ; new. — un-prec'e-dent-ed-ly, adv. 

un-prej'u -diced (un-prej'oo-dist ; 86), a. Not prejudiced; 
as : a Impartial, b Unimpaired, as a right. 

un'pre-med'i-tat'ed (iin'pre-med'i-taVed^a. Not premed- 
itated. — Syn. See extempore. med'i-tat'ed-ly, adv. 

un'pre-medl-ta'tion (-ta'shwn), n. Want of premedita- 
tion, [ration. I 

un-prep'a-ra'tion (iin-prep'd-ra'shzin), n. Want of prepa-| 

un-priced' (up -prist'), a. Not priced ; being without a 
fixedor certain value ; also, rarely, priceless. 

un-prin'ci-pled (un-prin'si-p'ld), a. Being without a prin- 
ciple or principles, esp. right moral principles. 

un-priz'a-ble (iin-priz'd-b'l), a . 1. Not prized; without 
value. Obs. 2. Invaluable. Obs. [or wrinkles of.l 

un-puck'er (un-piik'er), v. t. To smooth away the puckers| 

un-puz'zle (un-puz''l), v. t. To puzzle out ; decipher. 

un-qual'i-fied (un-kwol'i-fld), a. Not qualified ; ipecif. : a 
Not fit ; not having requisite qualifications, b Not modi- 
fied or restricted by reservations ; unconditional. 

un-ques'tion-a-ble (-kwes'chwn-d-b'l), a. Not question- 
able. — un-ques'tion-a-bly, adv. [ing.l 

un-qui'et (-kwl'et), a. Not quiet ; disturbed ; also, disturb-! 

un-rav'el (-rav''l), v. t.; *. 1. To disentangle; disengage 
or separate the threads of. 2. To clear from complication ; 
unfold ; solve. — v. i. To become unraveled. [slow. 

un-read'y (un-red'i), a. Not ready or prepared; not prompt;! 

un-re'al (un-re'dl), a. Not real ; unsubstantial ; fanciful ; 
ideal; visionary. — un're-al'i-ty (irn're-al'i-ti), n. 

un-rea^son (un-re'z'n), n. Want of reason; unreasonable- 
ness ; irrationality ; absurdity. 

Un-rea'_Son-a-ble (un-re'z'n-d-b'l), a. Not reasonable ; as : 
a Irrational, b Immoderate ; exorbitant. — Syn. See irra- 
tional. — un-rea'son-a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. 



See 2d UN-, p. 1042 
un-lik'a-ble, un- 

like'a-ble 
un-liq'ue-fi'a-ble 
un-liq'ue-fied 
un-liq'ui-dat'ed 
un-list'ed 
un-lov'a-ble, un- 
love' a-ble 
un-loved' 
un-lov'ing 
un-mal'le-a-ble 
un-man'age-a-ble 
un' ma-nip'u-laV- 

ed 
un-man'u-fac'- 

tured 
un- mar'riage-a- 

ble 
un-mar'ried 
un-mas'tered 
un-matched' 
un-meas'ur-a-ble 
un-meas'ured 
un-med'i-tat'ed 
un'me-lo'di-ous 
un-melt'ed 
un- men'su-ra-ble 
un-men'tion-a- 
ble 

un-men'tioned 
un-mer'it-ed 



un'me-thod'i-cal 

un-mind'ful 

un-min'gled 

un-mirth'ful 

un'mis-tak'en 

un-mit'i-ga-ble 

un-mit'i-gat'ed 

un- mixed', un- 

mixt' 
un-mod'i-fied 
un'mo-lest'ed 
un-morVgaged 
un-mount'ed 
un-moved' 
un-mu'si-cal 
un-nam'a-ble, 

un-name'a-ble 
un- named' 
un-nav'i-ga-ble 
un'ne-go'ti-a-ble 
un-neigh'bor-ly, 

un-neigb'bour- 

ly 

un-no'tice-a-ble 
un-no'ticed 
un'ob- j ec'tion-a- 

ble 
un'o-blig'ing 
un'ob-scured' 
un'ob-serv'ant 
un'ob-served' 
un'ob-serv'ing 



un'ob-struct'ed 

un'ob-tain'a-ble 

un'ob-tru'sive 

un'oc-ca'sioned 

un'of-fend'ed 

un'of-fend'ing 

un-o£'fered 

un'of-fi'cial 

un'of-fi'cious 

un-o'pened 

un'op-posed' 

un-or'tho-dox 

un-os'ten-ta'- 

tious 
un-owned' 
un-paid' 
un-paired' 
un-pal'at-a-ble 
un-par'don-a-ble 
un-par'doned 
un-par'ti-san, 

un-par'ti-zan 
un-paved' 
un-peace'a-ble 
un-peo'pled 
un'per-ceiv'a-ble 
un'per-ceived' 
un'per-ceiv'ing 
un'per-suad'a- 

ble 
un'per-suad'ed 
un'per-sua'sive 



un'per-turbed' 
un-phil'o-log'i- 

cal 
un-phil'o-soph'- 

ic, un-phil'o- 

soph'i-cal 
un'pho-net'ic 
un-picked' 
un-pierced' 
un-pit'y-ing 
un-placed' 
un-plagued' 
un-plant'ed 
un-pleas'ing 
un-pli'ant 
un-plowed' 
un'po-et'ic, un'- 

po-et'i-cal 
un-poised' 
un-pol'ished 
un'pol-lut'ed 
un-pop'u-lar 
un-prac'ticed 
un'pre-oc'cu-pied 
un'pre-pared' 
un'pre-par'ed- 

ness 
un-pre'pos-sess'- 

ing 

un'pre-scribed' 
un'pre-sent'a-ble 
un-pressed' 



un'pre-tend'ing 

un'pre-ten'tious 

un'pre-vail'ing 

un'pre-vent'a-ble 

un'pre-vent'ed 

un-print'ed 

un-prized' 

un'pro-duc'tive 

un'pro-fes'sion-al 

un-prof it-a-ble 

un-prof'it-a-ble- 

ness 
un-prof it-ed 
un'pro-gres'sive 
un-prom'is-ing 
un'pro-nounced' 
un'pro-pi'ti-a-ble 
un / pro-pi' , ti-at / ed 
un'pro-pi'tious 
un'pro-por'tion- 

ate 
un'pro-por'- 

tioned 
un-pros'per-ous 
un'pro-tect'ed 
un-proved' 
un-prov'en 
un'pro-vid'ed 
un'pro-vok'ing 
un-pruned' 
un-pub'lished 



un-punc'tu-al 

un-pun'ished 

un-quench'a-ble 

un-quenched' 

un-ques'tioned 

un-ques'tion-ing 

un-quot'a-ble 

un-raised' 

un-ran'somed 

un-rat'i-fied 

un-read' 

un-re'al-ized 

un-rea'soned 

un're-buk'a-ble, 

un're-buke'a-bie 

un're-buked' 

un're-ceived' 

un-reck'on-a-ble 

un're-claimed' 

un-rec'og-niz'a- 

ble 
un-rec'og-nized 
un-rec'om- 

mend'ed 
un-rec'om- 

pensed 
un-rec'on-ciled 
un're-cord'ed 
un're-count'ed 
un're-cruit'ed 
un're-deemed' 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 

* For principal parts see the main verba 



UNREEL 



1051 



UNSYSTEMATIC 



tin-reel' (-rel'), v. t. & i. To unwind from or as from a reel. 

un-reeve' (un-reV), v. t.; *. Naut. To withdraw, or take 
out, (a rope) from a block, thimble, or the like. — v. i. To 
become unrove ; — said of a rope. 

un're-gen'er-ate (un're-jen'er-at) la. Not regenerated ; not 

un're-gen'er-at'ed (-at'ed) J renewed in heart ; being 
at enmity with God. ate-ly, adv. a-cy (-d-si), n. 

un're-li'gious (-lij'ws), a. 1. Irreligious. 2. Having no con- 
nection with, or relation to, religion ; nonreligious. 

un're-mit'ting (-mlt'Ing), a. Not remitting; incessant; 
persevering. — un/re-mit'ting-ly, adv. 

un're-serve' (un're-zurv'), n. Absence of reserve ; frank- 
ness ; communicativeness. 

un/re-served' (-zfirvd'), a. Not reserved ; as : a Unre- 
stricted, b Frank ; open. — un're-serv'ed-ly (-zur'ved- 
II), adv. — un're-serv'ed-ness, n. [disquietude.] 

Un-rest' (un-rest'), n. Want of rest or repose ; uneasiness ;| 

un-rid'dle (-rld"l), v. t.; *. To read the riddle of; solve, 



un-rig' (un-rig'), v. t. 



Chiefly Naut. To strip of rig- 



ging ; as, to unrig a ship. 

un-right'eous (-rl'chus), a. 1. Not righteous ; wicked ; sin- 
ful. 2. Unjust. — un-right'eous-ly, adv. — eous-ness, n. 

un-rip' (un-rfpO, v. t. ; *. [See 1st UN-, 2.] To rip ; cut open. 

un-ripe' (-rip'), a. 1. Not ripe. 2. Premature. 06s. or R. 

un : ri'valed, un-ri'valled (-rl'vdld), a. Having no rival; 
without a competitor ; peerless. 

un-robe' (-rob'), v. t. & i. To disrobe. 

un-roll' (un-rol'), v. t. 1. To open (what is rolled), as cloth. 
2. To display ; reveal. 3. To remove from a roll or register, 
as a name. Rare. — v. i. To become unrolled. 

un-roof (un-roof), v. t. To strip off the roof or covering of, 
as a house. 

un-roof (un-roof), v. t. To uproot; eradicate. 

un-ruf'fled (-ruf'ld), a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil. 

un-rul'y (un-rool'I), a. Not submissive to rule or restraint ; 
turbulent ; refractory. — un-rul'i-ness, n. 

im-sad'dle (-sad''l), v. t. ; *. 1. To strip of a saddle. 2. To 
throw from the saddle ; to unhorse. 

un-safe'ty (-saf'tl), n. Want of safety ; insecurity. 

Un-sain*'ly, a. Unbecoming to a saint. 

un-sa'vor-y, un-sa'vour-y (-sa'ver-I), a. 1. Not savory ; 
insipid ; tasteless. 2. Unpleasant to taste or smell ; fig., 
morally offensive ; as, an unsavory reputation. 

un-say' (-sa'), v. t.; *. To recant, recall, or retract. 

un-screw' (-skroo'), v. t. To loose from screws ; also, to 
loosen or withdraw (anything, as a screw) by turning it. 

Ull-scru'pu-lous (-skroo'pu-lus), a. Not scrupulous ; un- 
principled. — un-scru'pu-lous-ly, adv. — lous-ness, n. 

un-seai' (-sel'), v. t. 1. To break or remove the seal of ; to 
open, as'what is sealed. 2. To disclose. Obs. 

un-seam' (-sem'), v. t. To open the seam or seams of ; rip. 

un-searcb/a-ble (un-sur'chd-b'l), a. Not searchable or ex- 
plorable ; inscrutable ; hidden ; mysterious. 

lin-sea'son-a-ble (-se'z'n-d-b'l), a. Not seasonable; un- 
timely. — un-sea'son-a-ble-ness, n. son-a-bly, adv. 

Jin-seat' (-set'), v. t. To displace from one's seat ; specif., to 
deprive of the right to sit in a legislative or like body. 

un-seem'ly (-sem'll), a. Not seemly ; unbecoming ; inde- 
cent. — ■ adv. In an unseemly manner. — Syn. See im- 
proper. — un-seem'Lvness (-K-nes), n. 

un-seen' (-sen'), a. Not seen or discovered ; specif., invisible. 

un-set'tle (un-set''l), v. t. & i. To move or loosen from a 
settled state ; unfix ; disorder. 

un-sew' (un-so'), v. t.; *. To undo, as something sewn; 
rip apart ; take out the stitches of. 



un-sex' (un-sSks'), v. t. To deprive of sex, or of qualities 
becoming one's sex ; — said esp. of a woman. 

un-shack'le (un-£hak''l). v. t. To free from shackles. 

un-shaped' (un-shapt') 1 a. Not shaped ; shapeless ; mis- 

un-shap'en (un-shap''n)J shapen. 

un-sheathe' (-sheW), v. t. To draw or remove from the 
sheath, or scabbard, as a sword. 

un-ship' (-ship'), v. t.;*. 1. To take out of a ship or vessel. 
2. Naut. To remove, as an oar, from its proper place. 

un-sift'ed (un-sif'ted), a. Not fifted ; not critically exam- 
ined ; as, unsifted evidence ; hence, untried. 

un-sight' (un-slt'), a. Not sighted or seen ; — now only in 
the colloquial phrase unsight, unseen; as, to )uy a thing 
unsight, unseen, that is, without seeing it. 

un-skill'ful, un-skil'ful (-skil'foo'), a. 1. Not skillful; 
inexperienced ; awkward. 2. Not discerning ; injudicious. 
Archaic. ful-ly, adv. flil-ness, n. 

un-sling' (un-sling'), v. t.;*. 1. To take (a thing), as a 
rifle, from where it has been slung. 2. Naut. To take off 
the slings of ; release from slings. 

un-snarl' (-snarl'), v. t. To undo the entanglement of. 

un-SO'cia-ble (un-so'shd-b'l), a. Not sociable ; not inclined 
to society or conversation. — un-so'cia-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), 
un-so'cia-ble-ness, n. — un-so'cia-bly, adv. 

un-sol'der (un-sod'er), v. t. To separate or disunite (what 
has been soldered) ; hence, to divide ; sunder. 

un/so-phis'ti-cat'ed (un'so-fTs'ti-kat'ed), a. Not sophisti- 
cated ; pure ; innocent ; genuine. — Syn. See simple. — 
un/so-phis'ti-cat'ed-ness, n. 

un-sound' (-sound'), a. Not sound ; not healthy or whole ; 
not valid ; not solid ; infirm. — un-sound'ness, n. 

un-spar'ing (iin-spar'ing), a. 1. Not sparing; liberal. 2. 
Not merciful or forgiving. Rare. — un-spar'ing-ly, adv. 

un-speak' (un-spek'), v. t.; *. To unsay. 

un-speak'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Not speakable; inexpressible; 
unutterable ; as, unspeakable grief ; sometimes, specif., 
unspeakably bad. — un-speak'a-bly, adv. [sphere. 

un-sphere' (-sfer'), v. t. To remove, as a planet, from its] 

un-spot'ted (iin-spot'ed; 24), a. Not spotted; free from 
spot or stain, esp. moral stain ; immaculate. 

un-Sta'ble (iin-sta'b'l), a. Not stable ; unsteady. 

un-Stack' (un-stak'), v. t. To remove from a stack ; to undo 
the stacked condition of. 

To deprive of state or dignity. 

To render not steel-like ; to dis- 

[from its step.l 

Naut. To remove, as a mast,| 

1.' To take the stopple or stopper 

from. 2. To free from any obstruction ; open. 

un-string' (-string'), v. t.;*. 1. To deprive of a string or 
strings ; also, to take from a string. 2. To loosen the string 
or strings of. 3. To relax the tension of ; loosen. 

un-Striped' (un-strlpf ; -strlp'ed ; 24), a Not striped or 
striated. — unstriped muscle, Anat., nonstriated muscle. 

un-Strung' (un-strung'), p. a. 1. Deprived of a string or 
strings ; also, having the string or strings loosened. 2. Re- 
laxed ; weakened ; as, unstrung nerves. 

un-Stud'ied (-stud'Id), a. 1. Not studied ; not acquired by 
study ; natural. 2. Not skilled ; unversed ; — used with in, 

un/sub-Stan'tial (un'siib-stan'shal), a. Wanting matter or 
substance ; visionary ; flimsy. — un/sub-Stan'tial-ly, adv. 

un/SUp-port'a-ble (-sw-por'td-b'l), a. Insupportable. 

un-swathe' (un-swath'), v. t. To take a swathe from ; to 
relieve from a bandage. 

un-swear' (un-swar'), v. t. & i.; *. To recant; abjure. 



un-state' (un-staf), v. t. 
un-steel' (un-stel'), v. t. 

arm ; soften. 
un-step' (-step'), v. t.; * 
un-stop' (-stop'), v. L; ' 



See 2d UN-, p. 1042 

un're- fined' 

un're-formed' 

un're-freshed' 

un're-gard'ed 

un-reg'is-tered 

un're-lat/ed 

un're-lat'ed-ness 

un're-laxed' 

un're-lax'ing 

un're-lenfing 

un're-li'a-ble 

un're-liev'a-ble 

un're-lieved' 

un're-mem'bered 

un're- mit/ted 

un're- mov'a-ble 

un're- moved' 

un're-mu'ner- 

at'ed 
un're- mu'ner-a- 

tive 

un' re-no wned' 
un-rent/ed 
un' re-paid' 
un're-paired' 
ucre-pealed' 
un're-pent'ant 
un're-pent'ing 
un're-port'ed 



un're-pressed' 

un're-priev'a-ble 

un're-prieved' 

un're-proved' 

un're-quit/ed 

un're-signed' 

un're-sist'ed 

un're-sist'ing 

un-res'pit-ed 

un're-strained' 

un're-strain'ed- 

iy 

un're-straint' 

un're-stricf ed 

un're-ten'tive 

un're-tract'ed 

un're-trieved' 

un're-vealed' 

un're-venged' 

un're-voked' 

un're-ward'ed 

un-rhymed' 

un-right'ful 

un-rimed' 

un-rip'ened 

un'ro-man'tic 

un-ruled' 

un-safe' 

un-safe'ly 

un-said' 



un-sal'a-ble, un- 

sale'a-ble 
un-salt'ed 
un-sanc'ti-fied 
un-sanc'tioned 
un-san'i-ta-ry 
un-sa'ti-at'ed 
un-sa'ti-at'ing 
un-sat'is-fac'to- 

ry 
un-sat'is-fied 
un-sat'is-fy'ing 
un-sat'u-rat'ed 
un-scaled' 
un-scarred' 
un-scathed' 
*un-scent'ed 
un-schooled' 
un-sci'en-ti£'ic 
un-scorched' 
un-scoured' 
un-scrip'tur-al 
un-sea'soned 
un-sea'wor'thy 
un-sec'ond-ed 
un'sec-ta'ri-an 
un'se-cured' 
un-see'ing 
un-seem'ly 
un-seg'ment-ed 



un-self ish 
un-self ish-ly 
un-sen'ti-men'- 

tal 
un-serv'ice-a-ble 
un-set'tled 
un-shad'ed 
un-shak'a-ble, 

un-shake'a-ble 
un-shak'en 
un-shape'ly 
un-shav'en 
un-shed' 
un-shel'tered 
un-shod' 
un-shorn' 
un-sbrink'ing 
un-shun'na-ble 
un-sighf ed 
UD-sight'ly 
un-signed' 
un-sink'a-ble 
un-sis'ter-ly 
un-sized' 
un-skilled' 
un-slaked', un- 

slacked' 
un-smirched' 
un-so'cial 
un-soiled' 



un-sol'dier-ly 

un'so-lic'it-ed 

un'so-lic'it-ous 

un-sol'u-ble 

un-sort'ed 

un-sought' 

un-sound'ed 

un-sown' 

un-spec'i-fied 

un-spir'it-u-al 

un-spoiled', un 
spoilt' 

un-spo'ken 

un-sports'man- 
like 

un-squared' 

un-sta'ble-ness 

un-stain'a-ble 

un-stained' 

un-stamped' 

un-states' man- 
like 

un-stead'fast 

un-stead'i-ly 

un-stead'i-ness 

un-stead'y 

un-stint'ed 

un-stopped' 

un-stowed' 

un-strained' 



un-strat'i-fied 

un-stressed' 

un-stri'at-ed 

un-stud'ied 

un-stuffed' 

un'sub-dued' 

un'sub-stan'ti- 

at'ed 
un'suc-cess' 
un'suc-cess'ful 
un-suit'a-bil'i-ty 
un-suif a-ble 
un-suif a-bly 
un-suit'ed 
un-sul'lied 
un-sung' 
un-sure' 
un'sus-pecf ed 
un'sus-pect'ing 
un'sus-pi'cious 
un'sus-tained' 
un-sweet'ened 
un-swerv'ing 
un'sy m- met'ri- 

cal 
un-sym'pa-thef- 

ic 
un-sym'pa-thiz'- 

ing 
un-sys'tem-at'ic 




J 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. =■ equals. 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



UNTACK 



1052 



UPCOUNTRY 



un-tack' (un-tiik'), v. t. To separate (what is tacked) ; to 
disjoin ; release, as from care. 

un-tan'gle (Gn-tan'g'l), v. t. To disentangle ; resolve. 

un-teach' (Gn-tech'), v. t. ; *. To cause to disbelieve some- 
thing taught ; teach the contrary of. 

un-tent'ed (-ten'ted), a. Not tented. See 2d tent. 

un-think' (Qn-thirjk'), v. t. ; *i To retract in the mind, as a 
thought ; to change the mind about. 

un-think'ing (-think'ing), a. 1. Thoughtless; inconsider- 
ate. 2. Not indicating thought. — un-think'ing-ly, adv. 

un-thread' (Gn-thred'), v. t. 1. To draw, or take out, a 
thread from. 2. To find one's way through. 

un-throne' (Qn-thron'), v. t. To remove from or as from a 
throne ; to dethrone. 

un-ti'dy (Qn-ti'di), a. Careless ; slovenly. ti'di-ness, n. 

un-tie' (-ti')i v. t. ; *. 1. To loosen, as something interlaced 
or knotted. 2. To free from restraint. 3. To resolve ; un- 
fold ; clear. — v. i. To become untied. 

un-til' (-til'), prep. [ME., fr. un- (as in unto) -f til till.] 
To ; up to ; till ; — used in reference to time. — conj. As 
far as ; to the place or degree that ; to the^time that ; till. 

Un-time'ly (-tlm'li), a. Not timely ; premature ; inoppor- 
tune. — adv. Out of the natural, usual, or proper time ; 
inopportunely ; prematurely. 

Un-time'OUS (-us), un-tim'OUS, a. Untimely. Obs. or Scot. 

un-ti'tled (-tl't'ld), a. Not titled ; as : a Having no title of 
dignity or distinction, b Having no title, or right. 

un'tO (Gn'too), prep. [ME., fr. un- (only in unto, until) 
unto, as far as + to to.] 1. To. Archaic or Formal. 2. 
Until ; — sometimes used as a conjunction. Obs. 

un-told' (Gn-told'), a. 1. Not told ; not revealed. 2. Not 
counted ; hence, vast ; as, untold wealth. 

un-to'ward (Gn-to'erd ; -tord'), a. 1. Froward ; perverse. 
2. Awkward ; ungraceful. 3. Inconvenient ; vexatious ; un- 
lucky. — un-to'ward-ly, adv. — ward-ness, n. 

un-tread' (-tred'), v. t.; *. To tread back ; retrace. 

un-tried' (-trid'), a. Not tried ; not tested, experienced, etc. 

un-trim', v. t. ; *. To strip of trimming ; put in disorder. 

UH-true' (-troo'), a. Not true ; as : a False ; contrary to fact. 
b Not accordant with a standard. C Not faithful ; disloyal. 

un-truss' (-triis'), v. t. To loose from or as from a truss ; 
untie ; unfasten ; undress ; rarely, to unload. 

Un-trust'ful (Gn-trGst'fobl), a. Not trustful or trusting. 

un-truth' (-trooth'), n. 1. Quality of being untrue ; want of 
veracity ; also, treachery ; disloyalty. 2. That which is un- 
true ; a falsehood ; also, a disloyal act. — Syn. See falsity. 

un-truth'ful (-fool), a. Not truthful; unveracious. — un- 
truth'f ul-ly, adv. — un-truth'i ul-ness, n. 

un-tuck' (Qn-tuk'), v. t. To unfold or undo, as a tuck ; to 
release from a_tuck or fold. 

un-tu'tored (-tu'terd), a. Not tutored ; specif., not educated 
in schools or by an instructor. — Syn. See ignorant. 

un-twine' (Qn-twTh'), v. t. & i.; *. To untwist; separate, 
as something twined ; disentangle ; untie ; unwind. 

un-twist' (Gn-twTst'), v. t. & i. To separate and open, as 
twisted threads ; untwine. 

un-used' (-uzd'), a. 1. Not used. 2. Unaccustomed. 

un-u'su-al (Qn-u'zhu-al), a. Not usual ; unaccustomed ; un- 
common. — un-u'su-al-ly, adv. [ter-a-bly, adv.\ 

un-Ut'ter-a-ble (-Qt'er-d-b'l), a. Unspeakable. — un-ut'-| 

un-val'ued (Gn-val'ud), a. Not valued or appraised ; also, 
not valued, or prized ; hence, disregarded. 

un-var'nished (-var'msht), a. Not varnished; hence, not 
embellished ; as, the unvarnished truth. 

un-veil' (Gn-val'), v. t. To remove a veil from ; disclose ; re- 
veal. — v. i. To remove a veil ; reveal one's self. 

un-voiced' (-voist'), a. Phon. Voiceless. 

un-war'rant-a-ble (-wor'an-t&-b'l), a. Not warrantable; 
indefensible. — un-war'rant-a-bly, adv. 

un-wa'ry (Gn-wa'ri ; 3), a. Not wary ; unguarded ; careless. 
— un-wa'ri-ly (ri-li), adv. — un-wa'ri-ness, n. 

un-wea'ried (-we'nd), a. Not wearied ; indefatigable. 
un-weave' (Qn-wev'), v. t.; *. To unfold; ravel. 
un-well' (un-wel'), a. Not well; indisposed; ailing. 
un-wield'y (Qn-wel'dT), a. Not easily wielded ; unmanage- 
able from bulk or weight. — un-wield'i-ness (-di-nes), n. 
Un-willed' (Gn-wTld'), a. Not willed. 
un-will'ing (-wil'ing), a. Not willing ; loath ; also, Rare, 
involuntary. — un-will'ing-ly , adv. — nn-will'ing-ness, n. 



un-wind' (-wind'), v. i.; *. To wind off ; loose or separate, 
as what is wound ; Rare, to disentangle. — v. i. To be, or 
admit of being, unwound. 

un-wis'dom (Qn-wiz'dwm), n. Want of wisdom ; unwise 
conduct or action ; folly. [wise'ly, adv.\ 

un-wise' (-wlz'), a. Not wise ; injudicious ; foolish. — un-| 

un-wish' (-wish'), v. t. To wish not to be; destroy by 
wishing. Obs. or R. 

un-wit'ting (-wit'ing), a. Not knowing ; unconscious ; ig- 
norant. — un-wit'ting-ly, adv. 

un-wont'ed (-wun'ted), a. 1. Not wonted ; unaccustomed ; 
unused. 2. Uncommon ; unusual ; rare. — un-wont'ed-ly, 
adv. — un-wont'ed-ness, n. [un-world'li-ness, n'\ 

un-worldly (Gn-wurld'lT), a. Not worldly; spiritual. — | 

un-wor'thy (-wur'tbT), a. Not worthy ; as : a Wanting 
merit, value, etc. b Not deserving, c Not fit ; unbecoming ; 

— usually used with of. — un-WOr'tbJ-ly (-thi-H), adv. — 
un-wor'tbi-ness, n. 

un-wrap' (fin-rap'), v. t. & i.; *. To open or undo, or be- 
come undone, as what is wrapped or folded. 

un- wreathe' (Gn-reth'), v. t. To untwist, uncoil, or un- 
twine, as anything wreathed. 

un-wrin'kle (Qn-rin'k'l), v. t. To smooth from wrinkles. 

un-writ'ten (-rit''n), a. 1. Not written ; oral ; traditional ; 
a.?,, unwritten agreements. 2. Containing no writing ; blank. 
unwritten law. a Law. Law not committed to writing at 
its origin, as the common law of England or the United 
States, b The assumed rule or custom that a measure of 
immunity shall be given to those guilty of certain criminal 
acts of revenge, esp. in avenging injury to family honor 
arising from seduction or adultery, often referred to as ex- 
isting in communities where persons guilty of such acts of 
revenge escape punishment by reason of a public sentiment 
justifying them. 

un-yoke' (Qn-yok'), v. t. & i. 1. To loose or free, or become 
free, from or as from a yoke. 2. To part ; disjoin. 

up (up), adv. [AS. up, upp, up.~\ 1. In or toward a higher 
position ; above ; aloft ; — opp. to down ; as, the sun is up. 
2. At, toward, or to, any point thought of as higher ; as, 
well up in his class ; to train a child up. 3. Specif. : a Into 
being or action ; as, to set up vibrations, b Into promi- 
nence or consideration ; in view ; as, the book turned up ; 
to bring up a matter for discussion. 4. Not short of, back 
of, less advanced than, away from, or the like ; — usually 
used with to or with ; as, to bring an account up to date ; 
to live up to engagements ; to come up with the enemy. 5. 
In the position of being prepared, informed, or competent ; 
as, to be up in algebra. 6. To or in a state of completion ; 
wholly ; quite ; as, to burn up ; sum up. 7. Aside ; by ; as, 
to lay up riches. 

— prep. 1. To a higher place on or along ; toward, near, or 
at, the top of ; as, to go up the hill. 2. From the coast to- 
ward the interior of, as of a country ; from the mouth to- 
ward the source of, as of a stream. 

— a. 1. Inclining or tending up ; upward ; as, an up grade. 
2. Golf, a In advance of one's opponent ; as, to be one up; 

— opposed to down, b On the green ; as, the ball was well 
up. 3. In various games, necessary for winning; as, the 
game is 1 1 points up. 

— n. State of being up or above ; prosperity or the like ; — 
used chiefly in ups and downs. 

U'pas (u'pds), n. [Malay puhn-upas; puhn tree + upas 
poison.] 1. a A tall Javanese moraceous tree (Antiaris 
toxicaria), yielding an intensely poisonous milky juice, 
which is used as an arrow poison, b A shrub or tree (Strych- 
nos tieute), of the same region, also yielding an arrow poi- 
son. 2. The sap or juice of either of these trees. 

up-bear' (fip-bar'), v. t. ; *. To bear up. — up-bear'er, n. 

up-braid' (-brad'), v. t. [ME. upbreiden ; AS. upp, up, up 
-f- bregdan to draw, twist, weave.] 1. To reproach with 
something wrong or disgraceful ; — used with with or for 
before the thing imputed. 2. To reproach severely ; chide. 

— Syn. Blame, censure, condemn. See reprove. — v. i. 
To utter upbraidings. — up-braid'er, n. 

up'burst' (Qp'burstO, n. Act of bursting upward ; a break- 
ing through to the surface, as of molten matter. 

up'cast' (Qp'kastO, a. Cast up ; directed upward. — n. A 
casting upward ; state of being cast up ; anything cast up. 

up-climb' (Gp-kllm'), v. t. & i. To climb up. 

up'coun'try (Gp'kfin'tri), adv. In an upcountry direction ; 



See 2d un-, p. 1042 

un-taint'ea 

un-tak'en 

un-tam(e)'a-ble 

un-tamed' 

un-tanned' 

un-tar'nished 

un-taught/ 

un-taxed' 

un-teach/a-ble 

un-tech'ni-cal 

un-ten'a-ble 

un-ten'ant-ed 

un tend'ed 



un-ter'ri-fied 

un-test'ed 

un-thanked' 

un-thank'ful 

un-think' a-ble 

un-thoughf 

un-thought/ful 

un-thrift'y 

un-ti'di-ly 

un-ti'di-ness 

un-tied' 

un-tilled' 

un-tir'ing 

un-touched' 



un-trace'a-ble 

un-traced' 

un-tracked' 

un-tracf a-ble 

un-trained' 

un-tram'meled, 
un-tram'melled 

un'trans-f ena- 
ble 

un'trans-lat'a- 
ble 

un'trans-lat'ed 

un-trav'eled, un- 
trav'elled 



un-trav'ers-a-ble 
un-trav'ersed 
un-tried' 
un-trimmed' 
un-trod', un- 

trod'den 
un-trou/bled 
un-trusf wor'thy 
un-tun'a-ble 
un-twilled' 
un-us'a-ble 
un-uftered 
un-va'ried 
un-va'ry-ing 



un've-ra'cious 

un-versed' 

un-vexed' 

un-vis'it-ed 

un-vit/ri-fied 

un-vul'can-ized 

un-war'like 

un-war'rant-ed 

un-washed' 

un-wast'ed 

un-watched' 

un-wa'ver-ing 

un-weaned' 

un-wea'ry-ing 



un-weath'ered 

un-weed'ed 

un-wel'come 

un-weld'ed 

un-whole'some 

un-wife'like 

un-wife'ly 

un-win'ning 

un-work'a-ble 

un-work'man- 

like' 
un-wrin'kled 
un-wroughf 
un-yield'ing 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 

* For principal parts see the main verb. 



UPEND 



1053 



URANOLOGY 




as, to live upcountry. — a. Living or lying remote from 
the seacoast ; being in the interior ; as, an upcountry resi- 
dence. — n. The interior of the country. All Colloq. 

Up-end' (up-end'), v. t. To set on end, as a cask. 

up'growth' (iip'groth'), n. Process of growing up ; prog- 
ress ; development ; also, that which grows up. 

Up-heav'al (up-hev'dl), n. An upheaving; state of being 
upheaved ; esp., an elevation of part of the earth's crust. 

up-heave' (-hey'), v. t. To heave or lift up from beneath; 
raise, — v. i. To rise. 

up-held' (-held'), pret. & p. p. of uphold. 

up-hill' (-Ml'), adv. Upward on or as on a hillside. 

up'hill' (up'hil'), a. Ascending ; hence: laborious ; difficult. 

up-hold' (tip-hold'), v. t.; *. I. To hold up; raise. 2. To 
keep erect ; support ; maintain. 3. To aid by approval or 
encouragement; back. — up-hold'er (-hol'der), n. 

Up-hol'Ster (-hol'ster), v. t. [See upholsterer.] To fur- 
nish (rooms, furniture, etc.) with hangings, coverings, etc. 

Up-hol'Ster-er (up-hol'ster-er), n. [From upholster, up- 
holdster, for older upholder, in ME., tradesman.] One 
who provides upholstery ; one who upholsters. 

up-hol'Ster-y (up-hol'ster-i), n.; pi. -steries (-Tz). Furni- 
ture or interior fittings, as hangings, cushions, curtains, 
coverings, etc. ; also, the art or business of an upholsterer. 

U'phroe (u'fro ; u'vro). Var. of euphroe. 

up'keep' (Up'kepO, n. Act of keeping up, or maintaining ; 
maintenance ; also, state of being kept up ; repair. 

up'land (-land), n. High land ; ground elevated above the 
lowlands along rivers, near the sea, or between hills. — a. 
Of or pertaining to uplands ; being on upland. 
upland plover, a large American sandpiper (Bartramla 
longicauda) which frequent fields and up- 
lands. It resembles a plover, and is valued 
as a game bird. 

up-lift' ( up-lift' ), v. t. To 
lift or raise aloft ; raise ; ele- 
vate. — up-lift'er, n. t\ 

up'lift' (up'lTff), n. An ele- 
vation ; esp., Geol., upheaval. 

up'most (-most), a. Upper- 
most. 

up-on' (u-pon'), prep. On; 
— in any of its senses. See on. 

— Syn. See above.— adv. 
On ; hereupon ; thereon. 06s. 

up'per (up'er), a.; comp. of 
up. 1. Higher ; superior ; — 
opposed to lower and nether. 2. \_cap.~\ Geol. Designating 
a later period or formation (of a specified period) ; — so 
called because the strata are normally above those of the 
earlier formations ; as, Upper Cambrian, Cretaceous, De- 
vonian, Jurassic, Silurian, etc. 

the upper hand, the advantage. — u. case. Print. See 2d 
case, 3. 

— n. 1. The upper leather for a shoe ; a vamp. 2. In pi. 
Gaiters of cloth buttoning over the ankle. 

up'per-CUt' (up'er-kut'), n. In boxing, a short-arm swinging 
blow directed upward. — v. t. & i. ; *. To strike, or hit, 
with an uppercut. Both Slang or Cant. 

up'per-most (-most), a. Highest in place, position, rank, 
power, or the like ; upmost ; topmost. 

up'pish (up'ish), a. Proud ; arrogant ; assuming. Colloq. — 
up'pish-ly, adv. — up'pish-ness, n. 

up-raise' (up-raz'), v. t.; *. To raise up. 

up-rear' (-rer'), v. t. To rear up. 

up'right' (up^rlt'), a. 1. Erect in position; vertical, or 
nearly so ; pointing upward. 2. Morally erect ; having rec- 
titude ; honest ; just. — upright piano. See piano. — adv. 
Vertically. — n. Something standing upright, as a timber. 

— up'right'ly, adv. — up'right'ness, n. 

Up-rise' ( up-rlz'), v. i. ; *. 1. To rise, as from sleep ; get up. 
2. To swell up ; rise, as the sea, wind, etc. 3. To be upright 
in direction. 4. To ascend ; as, the smoke uprose. 

up'rise 7 (up'rTz' ; up-rlz'), n. Act or process of rising. 

up-lis'ing (up-rlz'ing), n. 1. Act of rising ; also, a steep 
place ; ascent. 2. An insurrection ; revolt. 

up'roar' (up'ror' ; 56), n. [D. oproer ; op up + roeren to 
stir.] Great tumult ; violent disturbance and noise ; clamor. 

Up-roar'i-OUS (-T-iis), a. Making, or accompanied by up- 
roar, or noise and tumult. ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

up-root' (-root'), v. t. To tear up by the roots ; eradicate. 

up-rouse' (-rouz'), v. t. To rouse thoroughly. 

up-set' (-set'), v. t.; *. 1. To overturn; overthrow; over- 
set. 2. To discompose ; disconcert. Colloq. 3. a To thicken 
and shorten, as a redhot piece of iron, by hammering on the 
end ; swage. b To shorten (a tire) in the process of reset- 
ting. — Syn. See overturn. — v. i. To become upset. 

up'set' (up'set'), a. Set up ; fixed ; determined ; — used in the 
phrase upset price, i. e., the price fixed as the minirnum. 

up'set', n. Act of upsetting ; state of being upset. 

Up'shot' (-shot'), n. [up + shot, equiv. to scot share, reck- 
oning.] Final issue ; conclusion ; the sum and substance. 



Upland Plover. 



up'side' (up'sld'), n. The upper side ; uppermost part, 
upside down [A corruption of ME. up so down, lit., up as 
down] . With the upper part undermost ; hence, topsy-turvy. 

up'si-lon (Qp'sT-lon), n. [Gr. v \pt\bv bare, mere, simple y.~\ 
The 20th letter [T, u] of the Greek alphabet, a vowel hav- 
ing originally the sound of 6o as in room, becoming before 
the 4th century b. c. that of French u or Ger. ii. Its equiva- 
lent in English is u or y. 

up-spring' (iip-spring'), v. i.; *. To spring up. 

up-Stairs' (up-starz'), adv. Up the stairs ; in or toward an 
upper story ; as, she is upstairs ; go upstairs. 

up'stairs' (up'starz'), a. Being above stairs; pert, to an 
upper story. — n. The part above the ground story. 

up-Start' (up-start'), v. i. To start up. 

up'start' (iip'start'), n. One who has risen suddenly, esp. 
when presuming on his success ; a parvenu. — a. Suddenly 
raised to prominence ; characteristic of a parvenu. 

up'stroke' (up'strok'), n. An upward stroke ; esp., a stroke 
or line made by a pen or the like moving upward. 

up-swell' (up-swel'), v. i.; *. To swell up. 

up'take' (up'tak'), n. 1. Act of taking up ; a lifting. 2. a 
The pipe leading upward from the smoke box of a steam 
boiler to the chimney, or smokestack, b A shaft or tube up 
which a current of air passes, esp. for ventilation. 

up'throw' (up'thro'), n. Upheaval ; a casting up. 

Up'thrust' (-thrust'), n. An upward thrust; specif., Geol., 
an uplift of part of the earth's crust. 

up'-to— date', a. Extending to the present time ; abreast of 
the times in style, manners, information, etc. 

up-town' (up-toun'), adv. To or in the upper part of a 
town ; as, to go uptown. Colloq. 

up'town' (iip'toun'), a. Situated in, or belonging to, the 
upper part of a town or city. 

up-turn' (iip-turn'), v. t. & i. To turn up ; throw up. 

up'ward (up'werd), adv. Also up'wards (-werdz). 1. In a 
direction from lower to higher ; as, to look upward. 2. To- 
ward the source or origin ; as, to explore a river from the 
mouth upward. 3. In the upper parts ; above. 4. Toward 
a higher, or greater, age, degree, rank, etc. ; as, from his 
youth upward. 5. Indefinitely more ; above ; over ; as, 
fourscore and upward. — upward of, more than ; above. 
— a. Directed upward ; as, an upward course. 

u-rae'mi-a, u-re'mi-a (u-re'mi-d), n. [NL. ; Gr. ovpov 
urine + -semia.~\ Med. Accumulation in the blood of con- 
stituents which should have been eliminated in the urine, 
producing a toxic condition. It is due to insufficient secre- 
tion of urine. — u-rse'mic, u-re'mic (-mik), a._ 

U-rse'us (u-re'Ss), n. [NL., fr. L. uraeus pertaining to a 
tail, Gr. ovpalos, fr. ovpa tail.] Egypt. 
Antiq. The representation of the sa- 
cred asp on the headdress of rulers. 

U'ral (u'rdl), a. Pert, to or designat- 
ing a mountain range (the Urals) on 
the eastern border of Russia, or a 
river of southeastern Russia. 

U'ral-Al-ta'ic (-al-ta'ik), a. 1. Of or 
pert, to the Urals and the Altai. 2. 
Designating, or pert, to, a great fam- 
ily of agglutinative languages, or the 
peoples whose mother tongues it in- 
cludes. These peoples vary from the 
pure Mongolian type of eastern Siberia 
to the Caucasian Finn and Magyar. 

U'ral-ite (u'rdl-It), n. [G. uralit ; — because first observed 
in the Ural Mountains.] Min. Amphibole, usually fibrous 
and dark green, resulting from alteration of pyroxene. 

U-ra'ni-a (u-ra'nl-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ovpavla, i. e., the 
Heavenly, ovpavLos heavenly, ovpavos heaven.] Gr. Myth. 
a The Muse of astronomy, b An epithet of Aphrodite. 

U-ran'ic (u-ran'ik), a. [Gr. ovpavos heaven.] Of or pert, 
to the heavens ; celestial ; astronomical. 

U-ran'ic, a. [From uranium.] Chem. Of, pert, to, or contain- 
ing uranium, esp. in its higher valence. 

U-ran'i-nite (-i-nlt), n. Min. A mineral commonly occur- 
ring in black octahedrons and consisting largely of ura- 
nium but containing also thorium, the cerium and yttrium 
metals, and lead. When heated, it often yields a gas con- 
sisting chiefly of helium. 

U'ra-nite (u'rd-nlt), n. Min. A general term for the ura- 
nium phosphates, autunite and torbernite, formerly classed 
as a single species. The uranite group includes these and 
a few related minerals. — UTa-nit'ic (-nit'Ik), a. 
U-ra'ni-um (u-ra'nT-um), n. [NL., fr. Uranus the planet.] 
Chem. A hard, nickel-white metallic element of the chro- 
mium group. Symbol, U or Ur; at. wt., 238.5. It is radio- 
active. See radium. 
u'ra-nog'ra-phy (u'rd-nog'rd-fT), n.; pi. -phtes (-fTz). [Gr. 

ovpavoypacfyla; ovpavos heaven -f- ypafieiv to write.] A_de- 
scription or chart of the heavens and the heavenly bodies ; 
uranology. 
U'ra-nol'o-gy (-nol'6-jT), n.; pi. -gtes (-jTz). [Gr. ovpavos 
heaven -f- -logy.~] The study of the heavens ; uranography. 




Uraeus ( from an 
Egyptian Relief). 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh-z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 

♦For principal parts see the main verb. 



H 



URANOMETRY 



1054 



URTICACEOUS 



n'ra-nom'e-try (u'rd-nom'e-tn), n. ; pi. -tries (-triz). [Gr. 
ovpavos heaven + -metry.~\ Astron. a A chart or catalogue 
of fixed stars, esp. of stars visible to the naked eye. b The 
measurement of the heavens. 

U'ra-nous (u'rd-nws), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or containing 
uranium, esp. in its lower valence. 

U'ra-nus (u'rd-nws), n. [L. Uranus, Gr. Ovpavos Uranus, 
ovpavos heaven, sky.] 1. Gr. Myth. The personification of 
Heaven, son or husband of Gaea (Earth) and father of the 
Titans, Cyclopes, Furies, etc. He hated his offspring and 
confined them in Tartarus, but, at Gaea's instigation, his 
son Cronus attacked him and dethroned him. 2. Astron. 
One of the planets, the most remote known except Nep- 
tune. It is nearly 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun, about 
32,000 miles in diameter, and its period of revolution is 
about 84 years. 

U'ra-nyl (u'rd-nll), n. [uranium -\- -yl.] Chem. The biva- 
lent radical UO2, which behaves as an element in many ura- 
nium compounds. - 

U'rase (Q'ras), n. Var. of urease. 

u'rate (u r rat), n. Chem. A salt of uric acid. 

ur'ban (Cir'bdn), a. [L. urbanus belonging to the city or 
town, refined, polished, fr. urbs, urbis, a city.] Of or per- 
taining to a city or town. 

ur-bane' (fir-ban'), a. 1. = urban. 2. Courteous; polite; 
suave. — Syn. See civil. — ur-bane'ly, adv. 

ur-ban'i-ty (-ban'I-tT), n. 1. Quality or state of being ur- 
bane ; courtesy of manners ; politeness ; suavity. 2. Polite 
wit ; facetiousness. Obs. — Syn. Affability, courtesy. 

ur'ban-ize (fir'bdn-iz), v. t. To render urban ; to cause to 
have the characteristics of a city. — ur'ban-i-za'tion, n. 

W'ce-O-late (fir'se-6-lat), a. [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus 
a pitcher.] Urn-shaped. 

Ur'chin (fir'chm), n. [OF. irechon, iregon, deriv. of L. eri- 
cius, fr. er hedgehog.] 1. A hedgehog. 2. A sea urchin. 3. 
A mischievous elf. 4. A pert or roguish child, now usually a 
boy. — a. Elfish ; mischief-making. Rare. 

Ur'du (oor'doo), n. [Hind, urdu camp, urdu-zaban, the 
language of the camp.] Hindustani as spoken by Moham- 
medans in India. 

U're-a (u're-d), n. [NL. See urine.] Physiol. Chem. Avery 
soluble crystalline substance, CO(NH2h, the chief solid 
constituent of the urine of mammals. — u're-al (-dl), a. 

U're-ase (u're-as; -az), n. [urea + -ase.] Chem. An en- 
zyme by the agency of which urea is hydrolyzed and con- 
verted into ammonium carbonate. 

U're-din'i-um (u're-dTn'i-ftm), n.; pi. -ia (-i-d). [NL., fr. 
L. uredo blight.] Bot. The sorus of the second spore stage 
in the life cycle of many rust fungi. It bears uredospores. 

U-re'dO (u-re'do), n. [L., a blast, blight, a burning itch, fr. 
urere to burn.] 1. Bot. A summer stage in the life history 
of many rust fungi preceding the teliostage. 2. Med. Nettle 
rash. See urticaria. — u-red'i-nous (fi-red'i-niis), a. 

U-re'dO-spore (-do-spor ; 57), n. Bot . One of the thin-walled 
summer spores developed by the uredinia of a rust fungus. 

u-re'do-stage (-staj),u-re'do-form (-f6rm),n. = uredo, 1. 

U-re'mi-a (fi-re'mi-d), u-re'mic (-mik). Vars. of uremia, 

UREMIC. 

U-re'ter (u-re'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ovprjTrjp.] The duct that 
carries the urine from a kidney to the bladder or cloaca. 

U-reth'ane (u-reth'an), n. [F. urethane. See urea ; ether.] 
Org. Chem. A white crystalline substance, NH2- COOC2H5, 
produced by the action of ammonia on ethyl carbonate or 
by heating urea nitrate and ethyl alcohol. It is used as a 
hypnotic, antipyretic, and antispasmodic. 

U-re'thra (u-re'thrd), n. [L., fr. Gr. ovp-qdpa.] The canal 
which in most mammals carries off the urine from the blad- 
der. — u-re'thral (-thrdl), a. 

U-ret'ic (u-ret'ik), a. [L. ureticus, Gr. ovp-qriKos. See 
urine.] Med. Of or pert, to urine ; diuretic ; urinary. 

urge (firj), v. t.; urged (firjd) ; urg'ing (urging). [L. ur- 
gere.] 1. To force onward ; press ; push ; drive ; as, to urge 
a horse. 2. To press the mind or will of ; ply with motives, 
arguments, or importunity ; as, to urge one to stay. 3. To 
present in an earnest or pressing manner ; press upon atten- 
tion ; as, to urge the necessity of a case. 4. To ply hard ; 
treat forcibly ; as, to urge an ore with intense heat. — Syn. 
Animate, incite, impel, instigate, stimulate. — v. i. To ad- 
vance, 'or press earnestly a statement, charge, or the like. 

ur'gen-cy (Gr'jen-st), n. Quality or state of being urgent. 

ur'gent (fir'jent), a. [F., fr. L. urgens,_ p. pr.] Urging ; 
pressing ; plying with importunity ; calling for immediate 
attention ; instantly important. — ur'gent-ly, adv. 

-U'ri-a (-u'ri-d). [NL., fr. Gr. -ovpia (as in dvcrovpla dysu- 
ria), fr. ovpov urine.] A combining form used, chiefly in 
medicine, to signify urine, esp. implying an abnormal or 
diseased condition, as in dysuria, polyuria, pyuria, etc. 

U-ri'ah (u-rl'd), n. [Heb. Uriyah.] Bib. A Hittite captain 
in the army of Israel, who, at David's orders, was so ex- 
posed in battle as to be killed, in order to enable David to 
take Uriah's wife, Bath-sheba. 



u'ric (u'rik), a._ [Gr. ofipov urine.] Of or pert, to urine ; ob> 
tained from urine. — uric acid, Chem., a white, odorless, 
nearly insoluble dibasic acid, C6H4O3N4, present in urine. 

U'ri-el (u'ri-el), n. [Heb. Uriel.'] In Oriental angelology, 
one of the archangels. Milton makes him "regent of the 
sun," and "the sharpest-sighted spirit of all in heaven." 

U'rim (u'rim), n. pi. [Heb. urlm.] Certain objects men- 
tioned in the Old Testament (as in Ex. xxviii. 30) as being 
mediums for the revelation of God's will or as being placed 
in the breastplate by the high priest on certain occasions. 

U'ri-nal (u'ri-ndl), n. A vessel for urine ; place for urinating. 

li'ri-na-ry (u'n-na-n), a. Of or pert, to urine or the organs 
forexcretingandremovingit. — n. ;pl. -RiEs(-riz). Aurinal. 
urinary calculus, Med., a concretion of crystalline con- 
stituents of urine, often occurring in the urinary passages. 

u'ri-nate (-nat), v. i.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. Tc dis- 
charge urine ; make water. — u'ri-na'tion (-na'shun), n. 

U'rine {u f rin),n. [F., fr. L. urina.] Physiol. In mammals, 
a fluid excretion from the kidneys ; in birds and reptiles, a 
solid or semisolid excretion. In man, the urine has an aver- 
age density of 1.02. [urine.i 

u'ri-nif'er-ous (u'n-nif'er-ws), a. Bearing or conveying! 

U'ri-nq-genfi-tal (-no-jen'i-tal), a. Anat. & Zool. Pert, to 
or designating the organs or functions of excretion (produc- 
tion or removal of urine) and reproduction. 

u'ri-nos'co-py (-nos'ko-pi), n. Med. = uroscopy. 

u'ri-nose (u'n-nos) 1 a. Of, pert, to, like, or having the 

U'ri-nous (ii'ri-nSs)j qualities or odor of, urine. 

urn (urn), n. [L. urna.~] 1. A vessel of various forms, usu- 
ally a vase with a pedestal. 2. Specif., such a vessel for 
preserving the ashes of the dead after cremation ; hence, fig , 
burial place ; grave. 

U'ro-chord (u'ro-kord), n. [Gr. obpk tail + E. chord."] Zool. 
The notochord of larval ascidians, etc. ; — so called be- 
cause chiefly confined to the caudal region. 

U-rog'e-nous (u-roj'e-n&s), a. [Gr. ovpov urine + -genous.] 
Med. Producing urine. 

U'ro-lith (u'ro-Hth), n. [Gr. ovpov urine + -lith.] Med. A 
urinary calculus. — u'ro-lith'ic (-lith'ik), a. 

U-rol'o-gy (u-rol'o-ji), n. [Gr. ovpov urine + -logy.] Medi- 
cal science relating to the urine or the treatment of diseases 
of the urinary organs. — u'ro-log'i-cal (u'ro-loj'x-kdl), a. 

u'ro-pod (ii'ro-pod), n. [Gr. obpa tail + -pod.] Zool. Any 
of the abdominal appendages, esp. a posterior one, of a 
crustacean or other arthropod, [pert, to the uropygium.l 

U'ro-pyg'i-al (-pTj'i-dl), a. [See uropygium.] Zool. Of or| 
uropygial gland, Zo'61., a large gland opening on the back 
at the base of the tail feathers in most birds, secreting an 
oily fluid which the bird uses in preening its feathers. 

u'ro-pyg'i-um (-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ovpoirvyiov, for 6p- 
po-wvyiov ; oppos the end of the os sacrum + 71^717 rump.3 
Zool. The fleshy and bony prominence at the posterior ex- 
tremity of a bird's body, which supports the tail feathers. 

U-ros'CO-py (u-ros'ko-pT), n. [Gr. ovpov urine 4- -scopy.] 
Diagnosis of diseases by inspection of urine. 

U-rot'ro-pin (u-rot'ro-pnOln. [Gr. ovpov urine + E. tro- 

U-rot'ro-pine (-pin; -pen) / pine.] P harm. A colorless crys- 
talline substance, C6H12N4, used as a urinary antiseptic. 

Ur'sa (ur'sd), n. [L. ursa a she-bear, also, a constellation, 
fem. of ur- 
sus a bear.] 
Astron. 
Ursa Ma- 
jor or Ursa 
Minor (see 
below). 
Ursa Ma- 
jor [L.] f the 
Great Bear, Ep 
the most 

o^rf'the The Dipper in Ursa Major, a, The Pointers. 

northern constellations. It contains the stars which form 

the Dipper, or Charles's Wain, includ- : == - = . 

ing the Pointers, which point toward the ^SST^ S^^^^ 

North Star. — U. Minor [L.], the Little 

Bear (or Little Dipper), the constellation 

including the north pole and North Star, 

Polaris, or Alpha (a) Ursae Minoris. 
ur'si-form (ur'si-form), a. [L. ursus, 

ursa, a bear + -form.] Having the 

shape of a bear. 
ur'sine (tir'sln ; -sin), a. [L. ursinus, fr. 

ursus a bear.] Of, pert, to, or like, a bear. 

ursine howler. See howling monkey. 
Ur'su-line (-su-lm; -lin), n. R. C. Ch. 

One of an order of women, the patron 

saint of which is St. Ursula. Their work 

is chiefly educational. — Ur'su-line, a. 
ur'ti-ca'ceous (ur'tT-ka'snws), a. [L. ur~ 

tica nettle.] Bot. Belonging to a family 

(Urticaceae) of herbs, shrubs, and trees, 




^??i 




Ursa Minor. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use. unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, fool;; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(tjre, verdure (87); 



URTICARIA 



1055 



UTMOST 



the nettle family, many of which have foliage covered with 
stinging hairs. 

Ur'ti-ca'ri-a (-ka'ri-a; 3), re. [NL., fr. L. urtica nettle.] 
Med. A skin disease marked by red pimples and by wheals 
accompanied with itching ; hives ; nettle rash ; uredo. 
The cause may be external, or the disease may follow the 
eatingof shellfish, strawberries, etc. — ur'ti-ca'ri-alC-al), a. 

Ur'ti-cate (ur'ti-kat), v. t. & i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing 
(-kat'ing). To sting with or as with nettles ; to irritate. 

Ul'ti-ca'tion (-ka'shun), re. Med. Act or process of whip- 
ping or stinging with nettles, as in treating paralysis. 

U'ru-guay'an (u'rob-gwa'an ; db'roo-gwi'an), a. Of or 
pert, to Uruguay or its people. — re. A native or citizen of 
Uruguay. Many of the inhabitants are of part Indian blood. 

U'ms (u'rus), re. [L.] A long-horned wild ox of Europe, in 
Julius Caesar's time. [case of we.\ 

US (us), pron. [AS. us."] Objective (accusative or dative)] 

US'a-ble(uz'd-b'l),a. That can be used. — us'a-ble-ness,re. 

US'age (uz'aj ; us'aj), re. [F., fr. LL. usaticum. See use, n.] 
1. Act or mode of using ; treatment ; as, hard usage. 2. 
Long-continued practice ; customary procedure or action ; 
method ; as, a usage of the Romans. 3, Customary use or 
employment, as of a word in a particular sense. 4. In pi. 
Ec.cl. Certain ceremonies or ritual practices maintained by 
nonjurors in the Scottish Episcopal Church and Church of 
England, authorized in the Scottish Episcopal Communion 
office of 1764. — Syn. Custom, use. See habit. 

US'ance (Qz'ans), re. [F.] 1. Use ; usage. 06s. 2. Interest ; 
usury. Obs. 3. Econ. Income of benefits (derived from 
wealth). 4. Com. Time allowed by custom or law (exclu- 
sive of grace) for payment of a bill of exchange^ 

Us'beg (us'beg) In. A member of the most civilized of the 

Us'bek (iis'bek)j Turkic peoples of Turkestan. 

Use (uz), v. t. ; used (uzd) ; us'ing (uz'ing). [OF. user, LL. 
usare, fr. L. uti, p. p. usus, to use.] 1. To make use of ; 
avail one's self of ; employ. 2. To practice, esp. customarily ; 
as, to use diligence. 3. To behave toward ; treat ; as, to 
use an animal cruelly. 4. To accustom ; habituate ; inure ; 

— chiefly in p. p. ; as, used to exposure, hunger, etc. 
Syn. Use, employ are often interchangeable. Use is com- 
monly more direct than employ, which often means to 
make a particular use of. As used of persons, use sometimes 
{employ seldom) connotes undue passivity, as of a tool. 
to use up. a To consume or exhaust by using, b To ex- 
haust ; leave no capacity of force or use in. Collop 

— v. i. To be wont or accustomed ; as, he used to ride daily ; 

— now obsolete or archaic in the present tense. 

use (us), re. [F. us use, usage, L. usus, fr. uti, p. p. usus, 
to use.] 1. Act of employing anything ; state of being em- 
ployed ; application ; employment ; as, the use of a pen ; his 
machines are in use. 2. Law. That enjoyment of property 
which consists in its employment, occupation, exercise, or 

{ practice. (This sense is not to be confused with sense 9, be- 
ow.) 3. Occasion or need to employ ; — often used with 
for; as, I had no further use for it. 4. Suitability for em- 
ployment ; utility, advantage ; as, it is of no use to complain. 
5. Continued practice ; usage ; custom ; habit ; as, a word 
sanctioned by use. 6. Common occurrence ; ordinary expe- 
rience. Rare. 7. Liturgies. A special form of ritual, liturgy, 
or liturgical form, etc. ; esp., one of the local forms which 
existed in various English dioceses before the Reformation ; 
as, the Sarum (Salisbury) or Canterbury use. 8. Interest ; 
usury. Obs. or Dial. 9. Law. Behalf ; advantage ; benefit ; 
profit ; specif., the benefit or profit of lands and tenements 
the legal title to which is in another than the one entitled to 
the use (in sense 2) ; a trust of real estate. 
Syn. Use, usefulness, utility. Use (see also habit) is 
very general in sense, and occurs chiefly in familiar phrases ; 
as, to be of use ; there's no use in that. Usefulness is em- 
ployed chiefly of things in the concrete ; utility is more 
general and abstract. 

use'a-ble, use'a-ble-ness. Vars. of usable, usableness. 

USe'ful (us'fdbl), a. Full of use ; serviceable ; having utility ; 
advantageous. — use-ful-ly, adv. _ 

USe'ful-ness (us'fdol-nes), re. Quality or state of being use- 
ful ; utility. — Syn. Value, profit. See use. 

USe'less (us'les), a. Having, or being of, no use ; unservice- 
able ; producing no good end ; ineffectual. — use'less-ly, 
adv. — use'less-ness, re. 

Syn. Useless, fruitless, bootless, ineffectual. Useless 
is the general word ; that is fruitless which is barren of 
result ; that is bootless which is of no avail ; ineffectual 
often implies futility or insufficiency ; as, useless rubbish ; 
fruitless labor ; bootless prayers ; ineffectual struggles. 

US'er (uz'er), re. One who, or that which, uses. 

US'er, 7i. [OF. user, lit., to use, inf. as n.] Law. Enjoy- 
ment of property ; use (in sense 9). 

USb/er (ush'er), re. [OF. uissier, huissier, fr. LL., fr. os- 
tiurr door.] 1. A person in charge of a door of entrance ; 
hence, an officer whose business it is to introduce strangers, 
or to walk before a person of rank ; also, one who escorts 
persons to seats in a church, theater, etc. 2. An under 
teacher or an assistant in a school. Brit. 



— v. t. To introduce or escort ; as, to usher in a stranger. 

us'que-baugh (us'kwe-ba; -bo), re. [Ir. or Gael, uisge 
beatha, lit., water of life.] Whisky, as made in Ireland or 
Scotland. 

US'tu-late (us'tfl-lat), a. [L. ustulatus, p. p. of ustulare to 
scorch, urere to burn.] Discolored as if burned. 

US'tu-la'tion (-la'shun), re. Pharm. a The roasting or dry- 
ing of moist substances to prepare them for pulverizing. 
b The burning of wine. 

u'SU-al (ii'zhu-al), a. [L. usualis, fr. usus use.] Such as is 
in common use ; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or in 
the ordinary course of events ; ordinary, common. — U'SU- 
al-ly, adv. — u'su-al-ness, re. 
Syn. Accustomed, customary, habitual, wonted, regular. 

— Usual, customary, habitual. Usual applies to what- 
ever happens in the ordinary course of events ; that is cus- 
tomary which is according to the usual practices, conven- 
tions, usages, etc., whether of an individual or (esp.) of a 
community ; habitual implies settled practice or regular- 
ity of repetition, esp. of a person or individual ; as, the 
usual height of the tide ; a customary greeting ; habituxu 
diffidence. 

u'SU-fruct (u'zu-frukt), n. [L. ususfructus, usus et fruc- 
tus; usus use + fructus fruit.] Law. Right of using and 
enjoying the fruits or profits of an estate or other thing be- 
longing to another, without impairing the substance. 

U'su-fruc'tu-a-ry (-fruk'ty-a-n), n.; pi. -aries (-riz). [L. 
usufructuarius.~\ Law. One having the usufruct of prop- 
erty. — a. Law. Of, pert, to, cr of the nature of, a usufruct. 

U'su-rer (u'zhu-rer), re. [F. usurier, fr. LL. See usury.] 1. 
One who lends money, esp. at interest. 06s. 2. One who 
lends money at a usurious rate of interest. 

U-su'ri-OUS (u-zu'ri-us; u-zhob'-), a. Practicing usury; 
also, involving usury. ri-OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, re. 

U-SUrp' (u-zurp'), v. t. [L. usurpare, -patum, to make use 
of, get, usurp.] To seize and keep by force or without 
right ; — said only of office, place, powers, rights, etc. — 
v. i. To be, or act as, a usurper ; encroach. 
Syn. Arrogate, usurp. To arrogate is to assume unduly 
or with presumption ; usurp implies forcible seizure, as of 
power, without right ; as, an underling arrogating to himself 
the importance_of his superiors ; to usurp a throne. 

u'sur-pa'tion (u'zur-pa'shun), n. Act of usurping ; specif., 
the illegal seizure of sovereign power. 

U-surp'er (u-zur'per), re. One who usurps; esp., one who 
seizes illegally on sovereign power. 

u'su-ry (ii'zhu-ri), re. [F. usure, L. usura, fr. uti, p. p. 
usus, to use.] 1. A premium for a loan of money or goods ; 
interest. Archaic. 2. An exorbitant rate or amount of in- 
terest ; specif., Law, interest in excess of a legal rate. 3. 
The taking, or practice of taking, usury (in sense 2). 

Ut (ut ; in solmization, obt), re. First note in Guido's musical 
scale, now usually superseded by do. See solmization. 

Ute (ut ; u'te), re. An Indian of an important Shoshonean 
tribe formerly ranging through Colorado, Utah, New Mex- 
ico, Arizona, and adjacent regions. 

U-ten'sil (u-ten'sil), re. [OF. utensile, L. utensile, fr. uten- 
silis that may be used, fit for use, fr. uti. p. p. usus, to use.j 
An instrument or vessel, esp. one used in a kitchen or dairy. 

— Syn. See implement. 

U'ter-ine (u'ter-in ; -In), a. [L. uterinus born of the same 
mother, uterus womb.] 1. Of or pertaining to the uterus. 
2. Born of the same mother, but by a different father. See 
half blood. [tion of the uterus. I 

u'ter-o-fix-a'tion (-6-fik-sa'shun), re. Surg. Surgical fixa-| 

u'ter-us (u'ter-us), re.; pi. uteri (-1). [L.] Anal. In fe- 
mak mammals, an organ for containing, and usually for 
nourishing, the young before birth ; the womb. 

U'ther (u'ther), re. See Igraine. 

u-til'i-ta'ri-an (u-tiFi-ta'n-an ; 3), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or 
consisting in, utility ; aiming at utility as distinguished 
from beauty, ornament, etc. 2. Of, pert, to, or supporting 
utilitarianism. — n. A believer in utilitarianism. 

U-till-ta'ri-an-ism (-fz'm), re. Ethics. The doctrine that 
the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the 
end and aim of all social and political institutions, and that 
virtue is founded in utility. 

U-til'i-ty (u-tll'i-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. utilitas, fr. 
utilis useful.] 1. Quality or state of being useful. 2. Econ. 
Power to satisfy human wants. 3. Happiness ; the greatest 
good or happiness of the greatest number, — the founda- 
tion of utilitarianism. 4. A useful thing. — Syn. Useful- 
ness, advantageousness, benefit, profit, avail. See use. 

Utility man. Theater. An actor who performs minor parts 
and does odd jobs. 

U'ti-liz'a-ble (u'ti-llz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being utilized. 

U'ti-lize (u'ti-liz), v. t.; -lized (-Uzd) ; -liz'ing (-llz'Tng). 
To make useful ; turn to profitable account or use ; make 
use of. — u'ti-li-za'tion (-li-za'shun ; -ll-za'shun), n. 

Ut'most (ut'most), a. [AS. utmest, utemest, a superlative 
fr. ut, ute, out.] 1. Situated at the farthest point or extrem- 
ity ; most distant ; extreme ; last. 2. Of the greatest or high- 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Ex plana tions of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. 4- combined with. = equals. 



N 







UTOPIA 



1056 



VACUUM TUBE 



R 



est degree, quantity, number, or the like ; greatest. — to. 
The most possible ; farthest limit. 
U-to'pi-a (u : to'pi-d), to. [NL. ; Gr. ov not + rdiros a place.] 

1. An imaginary island represented, in Sir Thomas More's 
" Utopia" (1515-16), as enjoying approximate perfection in 
politics, laws, etc. 2. [I. c] A place or state of ideal perfec- 
tion ; an impracticable scheme of social regeneration. 

U-to'pi-an (-an), a. Of, pert, to, or like Utopia; hence 
[Often I. c] : involving imaginary perfections ; chimerical. 
— Syn. See visionary. — n. 1. An inhabitant of Utopia. 

2. [I. c] A visionary ; idealist. — u-to'pi-an-ism (-Tz'm), to. 
U'tri-cle (u'tn-k'l), to. [L. utriculus a little womb, a caly- 

cle, dim. of uter, utris, a bag or bottle made of an animal's 
hide.] 1. A little sac or vesicle. 2. Bot . A small, one-celled, 
usually indehiscent, one-seeded or few-seeded fruit with 
a thin, membranous pericarp. See fruit, Illust. 

U-tric'u-lar (u-tnk'u-ldr), a. 1. Of or pert, to a utricle, or 
utriculus. 2. Resembling a utricle or bag ; — said esp. of 
certain substances, as sulphur, when condensed from vapor 
and deposited on cold bodies, in small globules. 

U-tric'u-late (-lat), a. Resembling a bladder ; swollen like a 
bladder ; inflated ; utricular. 

U-tric'u-lus (-lus), to. [L., little womb or matrix, calycle.] 
A utricle ; esp., a certain part of the labyrinth of the ear. 

Ut'ter (ut'er), a. [AS. uttra, uterra, compar. adj. fr. ute,ut, 
out.] 1. Complete ; total ; entire ; absolute ; as, utter ruin ; 
utter darkness ; utter strangers. 2. Absolute ; final ; as, an 
utter refusal or denial. 

Ut'ter, v. t. [ME. outren.~\ 1. To put forth or out ; emit. 
Now Rare. 2. a To dispose of in trade ; sell. Obs. or R. b 



Specif., to put in circulation, as money or currency ; put 
upon the public, as counterfeit notes or coins. 3. To give 
expression to ; disclose ; publish ; speak ; pronounce. — Syn. 
Deliver, discharge ; issue. — ut'ter -a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 

Ut'ter -ance (-dns),_TO. 1. Act of uttering ; esp., vocal expres- 
sion. 2. That which is uttered, or spoken or published. 

Ut'ter -ance, to. [F. outrance, fr. L. ultra beyond.] The last 
extremity ; esp., the point of death. Obs. 

ut'ter-er, to. One who utters. 

Ut'ter-ly, adv. In an utter manner ; fully : totally. 

Ut'ter-most (Gt'er-most), a. & n. Extreme; utmost. 

U-va'rov-ite (oo-va'rof-It), to. [After Count S. S. Uvarov 
(1786-1855).] Min. An emerald-green variety of garnet 
containing chromium, which colors it. 

U've-a (u've"-d), to. [NL., fr. L. uva grape.] Anat. The pos- 
terior pigmented layer of the iris ; also, the iris and ciliary 
body together with the choroid coat. — u've-aJ (-51), a. 

U've-i'tis (-I'tis), n. [NL. ; uvea + -Ms.] Med. Inflamma- 
tion of the uvea ; iritis. — u've-it'ic (-lt'ik), a. 

u'VU-la (u'vu-ld), n. [NL., dim. of L. uva a grape, the uvu- 
la.] Anat. The pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the pos- 
terior border of the soft palate. — u'vu-lar (-ldr), a. 

U'vu-li'tis (-ll'tis), to. [NL. ; uvula + -itis.J Med. Inflam- 
mation of the uvula. 

UX-or'i-cide (iik-sor'i-sTd), to. [L. uxor wife + -cide.~] The 
murder of a wife by her husband ; also, one who murders 
his wife. — ux-or'i-cid'al (-sld'dl), a. 

UX-O'ri-ous (uk-so'n-ws ; ug-zo'- ; 57), a. [L. uxorius, fr. 
uxor a wife.] Excessively or dotingly fond of, or submissive 
to, a wife. — ux-o'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ux-o'ri-ous-ness, n 



\7(ve). 1. The twenty-second letter of the English alpha- 
§ V bet. It is a labiodental consonant, the voiced, or so- 

nant, correlative of/. See Guide to Pronunciation, §95. 
V, and U are varieties of the same character, and were 
formerly used indiscriminately. The letter w, a doubled v 
called "double u," is a survival of this use. V is from the 
Latin alphabet, where it was used both as a consonant 
(about like English w) and as a vowel. The Latin derives 
it from a form [V] of the Greek T (see Y), this Greek letter 
being either from the same Semitic letter as the digamma 
F (see F), or else added by the Greeks to the alphabet 
which they took from the Semitic. Etymologically v is most 
nearly related to u, w, f, b, p ; as in rine, wine ; avoirdupois, 
hafeit, have ; sa/e, save ; trover, troubadour ; receive, recipi- 
ent. 2. As a numeral, V stands for 5, being the upper half 
of the symbol for 10, viz., X ; V stands for 5,000. 
. . V, or V, to.; pi. V's or Vs (vez). 1. The letter V, v, or its 

(J sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter V ; specif., 

Mach., a rib or guiding strip having sloping sides like an in- 
verted V., 3. A five-dollar bill. Colloq., U. S. 

V, o. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter V. 

va'can-cy _(va'kdn-si), to.; pi. -ctes (-sTz). 1. Quality or 
state of being vacant ; specif. : a Emptiness ; vacuity, b Idle- 
ness ; listlessness. 2. That which is vacant ; specif. : a Empty 
space ; vacuum, b An open or unoccupied space ; chasm ; 
gap. C An idle interval ; vacation. Rare, d An unoccupied 
office or position. 

va'cant (-kdnt), a. [¥., fr. L. vacans, -antis, p. pr. of va- 
care to be empty.] 1. Without contents ; empty. 2. Free 
from business or care ; unemployed ; unoccupied ; free ; as, 
a vacant moment. 3. Not occupied by an incumbent, pos- 
sessor, or officer. 4. Empty of thought or reflection ; inane ; 
vacuous ; as, a vacant stare. 5. Law. a Not occupied or put 
to use, as land, b Of an estate or the like, abandoned ; hav- 
ing no heir or claimant ; as, a vacant estate ; a vacant suc- 
cession. — Syn. Void, devoid, disengaged, idle. See empty. 

va'cant-ly, adv. In a vacant manner ; idly ; inanely. 

va'cate (va'kat), v. t.; -cat-ed (-kat-ed); -cat-ing (-kat- 
Jng). [L. vacare, vacatum, to be empty.] 1. To make va- 
cant ; leave empty. 2. To annul ; make void ; deprive of 
force. — v. i. To vacate anything ; Colloq., to leave. 

va-ca'tion (va-ka'shim), to. [F., fr. L. vacatio freedom from 
a duty, etc.] 1. Act of vacating. 2. Intermission of em- 
ployment, procedure, etc. ; period of leisure or rest ; holiday. 
3. Hence, specif. : a Law. Intermission of judicial proceed- 
ings between terms, b Intermission between terms in an 
educational institution. 

va-ca'tion-ist, to. A person taking a vacation, esp. one who 
is traveling for pleasure. [vaccination.] 

vac'ci-nal (vak'si-ndl), a. Med. Of or pert, to vaccinia or| 

vac'ci-nate (vak'si-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'Sd) ; -nat'ing. 
[See vaccine.j To inoculate with a vaccine, esp. that of 
cowpox, in order to prevent or mitigate an attack of small- 
pox ; hence, sometimes, loosely, to inoculate with any virus 
as a preventive measure. 



vac'ci-na'tion (vak'sY-na'shwn), n. Act, art, or practice of 
vaccinating. _ [of vaccination.) 

vac'ci-na'tion-ist, to. Med. One who advocates tha practice! 

vac'ci-na'tor (-na'ter), to. One who vaccinates, or an in- 
strument used in vaccinating. 

vac'cine (vak'sTn ; -sen), a. [L. vaccinus of or from cows, 
fr. vacca a cow.] 1. Of, pert, to, or derived from, cows ; — 
in technical use ; as, vaccine lymph, virus, etc. 2. Of or pert, 
to vaccinia or vaccination. 

vaccine point, a pointed piece, as of bone, ivory, etc., on 
which vaccine lymph is collected and dried for use in vac- 
cination. 

— to. 1. The virus of vaccinia, or cowpox, used in vaccina- 
tion. 2. Any substance for preventive inoculation. 

vac-cin'i-a (vak-sm'I-d), to. [NL.] Med. Cowpox. 

vac-cin'i-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. [L. vaccinium the blueber- 
ry.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Vacciniacese) of shrubs 
comprising the blueberries, huckleberries, cranberries, etc. 

vac'il-late (vas'i-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
vacillare, -latum.'] 1. To move one way and the other, as 
in reeling ; stagger. 2. To fluctuate in mind or opinion ; 
waver ; as, to vacillate between two opinions. — Syn. See 

FLUCTUATE. 

vac'il-lat'ing (-lat'Jng), vac'il-la-to-ry (-ld-to-n), a. In- 
clined to vacillate ; wavering. — vac'il-lat'ing-ly, adv. 

vac'iil-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of vacillating. 2. Un- 
steadiness of purpose ; changeableness ; irresolution. 

vac'U-a (vak'u-d), to., pi. of vacuum. 

va-CU'i-ty (vd-ku'T-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-t?z). [L. vacuitas.'] 

1. Emptiness. Rare. 2. Space unfilled or unoccupied; a 
void ; vacuum. 3. Lack of intelligence, intelligent expres- 
sion, etc. 4. Freedom from occupation ; idleness. Archaic. 

vac'u-O-lat'ed (vak'u-6-lat'ed), a. Biol. Containing one or 
more vacuoles. — vac'u-O-la'tion (-la'shwn), to. 

vac'u-ole (vak'u-ol), to. [L. vacuus empty.] Biol, a A 
small cavity in tissues, containing air or fluid, b A cavity 
or vesicle in cell protoplasm, containing a watery fluid. 

vac'u-ous (-us), a. [L. vacuus.] 1. Empty ; void ; vacant. 

2. Free from occupation ; idle. 3. Stupid ; inane ; as, a 
vacuous stare ; a vacuous play. — Syn. Unoccupied, un- 
filled, blank. — vac'U-OUS-ly, adv. 

vac'U-um (-ilm), to. ; pi. E. -uums (-umz), L. -ua (-d). [L., 
prop. neut. of vacuus empty.] 1. A space entirely devoid 
of matter ; hence, a space artificially exhausted to a high de- 
gree, as by an air pump. 2. The degree of rarefaction of a 
partial vacuum, measured by reduction of pressure from 
that of the atmosphere. 

vacuum Cleaner. A machine for cleaning carpets, tapestry, 
upholstered work, etc., by suction. 

vacuum fan. A fan for creating suction or a partial vacuum. 

vacuum gauge or gage. A gauge for measuring absolute 
pressure in a partial vacuum, as of an engine condenser. 

vacuum pump. A pump in which water is forced up a pipe 
by the difference of pressure between the atmosphere and a 
partial vacuum. Cf. pulsometer, 1. 

vacuum tube. Elec. A sealed tube containing highly rare- 



ale, senate, cSre, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, fira, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; thea, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) j 



VADE MECUM 



1057 



VALISE 




fied air or other gas, for exhibition or examination of the 
electric discharge between metallic electrodes. 

(1 va/de me'cum (va'de me'kum)._ [L., go with me.] A 
thing carried as a constant companion ; manual ; handbook. 

vag'a-bond (vag'd-bond), a. [F., fr. L. vagabundus, fr. 
vagari to stroll about.] 1. Moving about without settled 
habitation ; wandering ; sometimes, strolling and worthless 
or vicious ; as, the vagabond classes. 2. Floating or borne 
about without any certain direction ; driven to and fro. 3. 
Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, a vagabond ; vagrant ; as, a 
vagabond life. 

— n. _ One who wanders about with no fixed dwelling ; esp., 
one idle and without means of honest livelihood ; vagrant ; 
tramp ; Colloq., a worthless person ; rascal. [grancy. 

vag'a-bond'age (-bon'daj), n. State of a vagabond; va-| 

va-ga'ry (vd-ga'ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. vagari to 
stroll.] A wandering of the thoughts ; wild or fanciful 

! freak ; whim. — Syn. See caprice. 

va-gi'na (vd-jl'nd), n. ; pi. L. -n.e (-ne), E. -nas (-ndz). [L. 
vagina sheath.] 1. Anat. & Zo'dl. A sheath or 
sheathlike part ; a theca ; specif., in female mam- 
mals, a canal leading from the uterus to the orifice 
of the genital canal, or to the cloaca. 2. Bot. The 
expanded or sheathing part of some leaf bases. 

vag'i-nal (vaj'I-ndl; vd-jlM, a. 1. Resembling, 
or pert, to, a sheath ; thecal. 2. Anat. & Zo'dl. 
Of or pert, to the vagina. 

vag'i-nate (vaj'I-nat), a. Invested with or as with 
a sheath, or vagina. 

vag'i-ni'tis (-nl'tis), n. [NL.] Med. Inflamma- 
tion of the vagina, or the genital canal. 

Va'gran-cy (va'grdn-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). State 
or fact of wandering without a settled habitation ; 
state or fact of being a vagrant ; vagabondage. Vaginate 

va'grant (-grant), a. [Prob. fr. OF. waucrant. Culm of 
wacrant, p. pr. of waucrer, wacrer to wander.] <-*rass. 
1. Moving about without certain object ; wandering with- 
out settled habitation. 2. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, 
a vagrant ; vagabond ; erratic ; as, a vagrant nature. — n. 
One who strolls from place to place ; an idle wanderer ; spe- 
cif., one having no settled habitation ; vagabond. — va'- 
grant-ly, adv. — va'grant -ness, n. 

va'grom (-grwrn), a. Corrupt, of vagrant. Humorous. 

vague (vag), a.; va'guer (va'ger) ; va'guest (-gest). [F. 
vague, or L. vagus.l 1. Not clearly defined, grasped, ex- 
pressed, etc. ; indefinite ; not clear ; as, a vague idea, accu- 
sation. 2. Unauthenticated ; uncertain ; as, a vague report. 
3. Not thinking, seeing, perceiving, or the like, clearly ; as, 
vague minds. — Syn. Ill-defined, ambiguous, hazy, shad- 
owy, loose. See dark. — vague'ly, adv. — vague'ness, n. 

va'gUS (va/gws), n., or vagus nerve. [L. vagus wandering.] 
Anat. & Zo'dl. The pneumogastric nerve. 

vail (val), v. t. [F. avaler to let down. See avalanche.] 1. 
To let fall ; allow or cause to sink. Archaic. 2. To lower, 
or take off, in token of inferiority, reverence, submission, 
or the like ; doff. Archaic. 

vail, n. [For avail, n.] Money given to servants by visi- 
tors ; gratuity ; — usually in the pi. Rare. — v. i. To avail ; 
profit ; benefit. Archaic or Poetic. 

vain (van), a. [F., fr. L. vanus."] 1. Without real substance, 
value, or importance ; empty ; idle ; worthless ; as, vain 
pomp. 2. Without force or efficacy ; ineffectual ; futile ; as, 
a vain attempt. 3. Trifling ; foolish ; as, vain fancies. 4. 
Proud of petty things or of trifling attainments ; conceited ; 
self-complacent. 5. Showy ; ostentatious. 
Syn. Empty, worthless, fruitless, futile, nugatory, idle, un- 
important. — Vain, futile, nugatory. That which is 
vain is fruitless, or without avail ; futile implies utter in- 
effectiveness ; that which is nugatory is trifling or insig- 
nificant or (often) inoperative ; as, vain longings ; futile 
vigilance, resistance ; nugatory promises. 
in vain, or, Obs., for vain, to no purpose ; without success. 

vain'glo'ri-OUS (van'glo'ri-us ; 57), a. Feeling or indicat- 
ing vainglory ; elated by vanity ; boastful. — vain'glo'ri- 
ous-ly, adv. — vain'glo'ri-ous-ness, n. 

vain'glo'ry (-ri), n. Excessive vanity over one's own per- 
formances, attainments, etc. ; undue elation over anything 
pertaining to one's self ; also, vain show. 

vain'ly, adv. In a vain manner. 

vain'ness, n. Quality or state of being vain ; vanity. 

vair (var), n. [F., fr. OF. vair, a., L. varius variegated.] 
The skin of a species of squirrel, much used in the 14th 
century as fur for costly dresses, — represented in herald- 
ry by a series of small shields, alternately argent and azure. 

Val'ance (val'dns), n. [Prob. fr. Valence, in France.] 1. A 
silk or silk-and-wool damask used for upholstering. 2. A 
curtain or curtains for a bed, window, etc. ; esp., drapery 
around a bedstead from the bed to the floor. — v. t.; 
-anced (-dnst) ; -anc-ing. To furnish with a valance ; drape. 

Vale (val), n. [F. val, L. vallis."] A valley. Chiefly Poetic. 
— Syn. Dingle, dell, dale, glen. 

val'e-dic'tion (val'e-dik'shim), n. [L. valedicere, valedic- 



tum, to say farewell ; vale farewell (imper. of valere to be 
strong or well) + dicer e to say.] A farewell; a bidding 
farewell. Chiefly Literary. 

val'e-dic-to'ri-an (-dTk-to'rT-dn), n. One who makes a vale- 
dictory address ; esp., in some American colleges, etc., the 
student (usually first in scholarship) of the graduating class 
who pronounces the valedictory oration at commencement. 
Cf. salutatorian. 

val'e-dic'to-ry (-dTk'to-n), a. Bidding farewell ; suitable or 
designed for an occasion of leave-taking. — n. ; pi. -ries. 
A valedictory oration or address, esp. of a valedictorian. 

va'lence (va'lens), n. [L. valens, -entis, p. pr. of valere to 
be strong.] Chem. The degree of combining power of an 
element (or radical) as shown by the number of atomic 
weights of hydrogen, chlorine, sodium, or the like, with 
which the atomic weight of the element (or the partial 
molecular weight of the radical) will combine, or for which 
it can be substituted, or with which it can be compared. An 
element or radical having a valence of one is said to be univ- 
alent or monovalent ; of two, divalent or bivalent ; of three, 
trivalent, etc. The valence of certain elements varies in dif- 
ferent compounds. 

va-len'ci-a (vd-len'shT-d), n. [Perh. fr. Valence in France.] 
A kind of woven fabric for waistcoats, with weft of wool 
and warp of silk or cotton. 

Va'len'ciennesf lace (va/laVsyen' ; vd-leWsT-enz'). A rich 
kind of bobbin lace made originally at Valenciennes, 
France, now mainly in Belgium. 

va'len-cy (va'len-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). Chem. Valence. 

val'en-tine (val'en-tTn), n. A sweetheart chosen on St. 
Valentine's Day ; also, a sentimental or, by extension, a 
comic or burlesque missive sent on St. Valentine's Day. 

Val'en-tin'i-an (-tln'i-an), a. Of or pert, to Valentinus, 
who taught at Alexandria and Rome A. d. 140 and 160, or 
the system of Gnosticism (Valentinian Gnosticism) 
taught by him. — n. An adherent of Valentinianism. 

Val'en-tin'i-an-ism (-iz'm), n. Valentinian Gnosticism. 

val'er-ate (val'er-at), n. Also va-le'ri-an-ate (vd-le'ri-dn- 
at). Chem. A salt or ester of valeric acid. 

va-le'ri-an (vd-le'rf-an), n. [LL. Valeriana."] Any of a ge- 
nus {Valeriana) of perennial herbs the dried rootstock and 
roots of one species (V. officinalis) of which constitute a 
drug used as a tonic and stimulant ; also, the drug. 

va-le'ri-a-na'ceous (-d-na'shus), a. [LL. Valeriana vale- 
rian.] Bot. Belonging to a family {Valerianacese) of herbs, 
including valerian (genus Valeriana), spikenard (Nardo- 
stachys jatamansi), etc. Most of the species possess tonic 
or stimulant properties. 

va-ler'ic (vd-ler'Ik; -le'nk), n. Also va-le'ri-an'ic (-le'n- 
an'ik). [See valerian.] Chem. Pert, to or designating any 
of four isomeric acids, C4H9CO2H, two of which occur in 
valerian root, etc. All are made synthetically. 

val'et (val'et ; val'a), n. [F., fr. OF. vallet, varlet. See var- 
let.] A manservant ; a valet de chambre. — v. t. & i. ; 
val'et-ed (val'et-ed ; val'ad) ; -et-ing. To serve as a valet. 

|| valet' de cham'bre (va/le' de shaN'br'). [F.] A body 
servant, or personal attendant. 

val'e-tu'di-na'ri-an (val'e-tu'di-na'ri-an ; 3), a. Of infirm 
health ; sickly ; weakly. — n. A person of a weak or sickly 
constitution ; one seeking to recover health. 

val'e-tu'di-na'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The condition of a val- 
etudinarian ; a state of feeble health ; infirmity. 

val'e-tu'di-na-ry (-tu'dT-na-n), a. [L. valetudinarius, fr. 
valetudo health, ill health, valere to be strong or well.] In- 
firm ; sickly ; valetudinarian. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A vale- 
tudinarian. — val'e-tu'di-na-ri-ness (-n-nes), n. 

Val-hal'la (val-hal'd), n. [Icel. valh'dll lit., hall of the 
slain ; vair the slain + h'dll a royal hall.] Norse Myth. 
The hall of Odin, into which he receives the souls of heroes 
slain in battle. Erom its 540 gates each morning the war- 
riors go to fight, and at night they return to feast with the 
gods, Valkyries being their servitors. See Asgard. 

val'ian-cy (vai'yan-si), n. The quality or state of being 
valiant ; bravery ; valor. 

val'iant (val'ydnt), a. [F. vaillant, fr. p. pr. of OF. & F. va- 
loir to be worth, L. valere to be strong.] 1. Intrepid ; cou- 
rageous ; brave. 2. Performed with valor or bravery ; heroic. 

— yal'iantly, adv. — val'iant -ness, n. 

val'id (val'id), a. [F. valide, L. validus strong, valere to 
be strong.] 1. Strong ; efficient. Obs. or R. 2. Founded on 
truth or fact ; capable of being justified or supported ; not 
defective ; sound. 3. Law. Having legal force or authority. 

— Syn. Efficacious, just, good, weighty, sufficient, sound. 
val'i-date (val'i-dat), v. t.; -dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'ing. To 

render valid ; give legal force to ; confirm. 
val'i-da'tion (val'i-da'shftn), n. Act of validating : state 

of being validated. 
va-lid'i-ty (vd-lid'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being valid. 
val'id-ly, adv. In a valid manner. 

val'id-ness, n. Quality or state of being valid ; validity. 
va-lise' (vd-leV), n. [F., fr. It.] A case, usually of leather, 

for the clothes, etc., of a traveler : a traveling bag. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, et&i precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



VALKYRIAN 



1058 



VANDYKE 







R 



U 



Val-kyr'ieJval-kTr'i ; -ki'ri), n. [Icel. valkyrja; voir the 
slain + kjosa to choose.] Norse Myth. One of the maidens 
of Odin, awful and beautiful, who hover over the field of 
battle choosing those to be slain and conduct the worthy to 
Valhalla. Cf. Brynhild. — Val-kyr'i-an (val-kir'i-dn), a. 

val-la'tion (vd-la/shftn), n. [L. vallatio, denv. of vallum 
rampart.] A rampart or intrenchment ; also, act or art of 
laying out or erecting ramparts. 

val-lec'u-la (-lek'u-ld), n.; pi. -vlje (-le). [NL., dim. of 
L. vallis, voiles, a valley.] Anat. & Bot. A groove ; fossa, 
as one of the depressions between the base of the tongue 
and the epiglottis. U-lar (-ldr), a. u-late (-lat), a. 

val'ley (val'i), n. ; pi. -leys (-iz). [OF. yalee, fr. LL., fr. L. 
vallis, valles.] 1. An elongate depression, usually with an 
outlet, between bluffs, or between hills or mountains'. 2. 
Arch. The depression where two slopes of a roof meet. 

vallis-ne'ri-a'ceous (val'is-ne'rT-a'shus), a. [From Val- 
lisneria, the type genus, after Antonio Valisnieri, Italian 
naturalist.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Vallisneriacese) of 
monocotyledonous aquatic herbs having flowers with the 
tube of the perianth more or less adnate to the ovary, and 
the carpels united in fruit. 

val'or, val'our (val'er), n. [OF., fr. LL., fr. L. valere to be 
strong.] Strength of mind which enables one to encounter 
danger firmly ; personal bravery ; courage. — Syn. Hero- 
ism, gallantry, intrepidity. See courage. 

val'or-i-za'tion (vaFer-T-za/shun ; -I-za'shim), n. [Pg. va- 
lorizacao.] Act or process of attempting to give an arbi- 
trary market value or price to a commodity by govern- 
mental interference, as by maintaining a purchasing fund, 
making loans to producers to enable them to hold their 
products, etc. ; — used chiefly of such action by Brazil. 

val'or-ize (val'er-Iz) , v. t. To subject to valorization. 

val'or-OUS (-us), a. Possessing, exhibiting, or characteristic 
of, valor ; brave. — val'or-OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, n. 

val'u-a-ble (-u-d-b'l), a. 1. Susceptible of estimation as to 
value ; appraisable ; as, not valuable in money. 2. Of finan- 
cial value, esp. in a considerable degree ; commanding or 
worth a good price. 3. Of considerable worth in any re- 
spect ; estimable ; precious ; as, a valuable friend, counsel. 
Syn. Valuable, precious. That is valuable which has 
either permanent worth or useful qualities ; precious im- 
plies high value, whether intrinsic or due to association. 

— n. A possession or thing of value, esp. a small thing, as a 
jewel ; — usually in pi. 

vaPu-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of valuing; estimation; 
appraisement. 2. Value set on a thing ; estimated value. 

val'u-a'tor (vaFu-a'ter), n. An appraiser. 

val'ue (vaPu), n. [OF., fr. valoir, p. p. valu, to be worth, 
fr. L. valere to be strong, be worth.] 1. The property or 
aggregate properties of a thing which render it useful or 
desirable, or the degree of such property or sum of proper- 
ties ; worth ; excellence. 2. Economics, a Efficiency in ex- 
change ; purchasing power ; market value, b Proper, or 
legitimate, price, as distinct from an unfair one. C The 
comparative estimate that an individual places on any of 
his possessions independently of any intent to sell. 3. Pre- 
cise signification ; import ; as, the value of a word. 4. Es- 
teem ; regard ; also, estimated worth ; valuation. Obs. or R. 
5. Music. Relative length, or duration, answering to quan- 
tity in prosody. 6. That property of a color by which it is 
distinguished as light or dark ; degree of lightness as condi- 
tioned by the presence of white or pale color, or their oppo- 
sites. 7. A valuable consideration ; as, value received. — 
Syn. See price. 

— v. t. ; vai/ued (-ud); vai/u-ing (-u-ing). 1. To estimate the 
value of ; rate at a certain price or value ; appraise ; Rarely, 
to rate ; estimate. 2. To regard highly ; esteem ; prize. — 
Syn. See estimate. 

val'ued (-ud), p. a. 1. Highly regarded ; esteemed ; prized. 
2. Having a given or stated value. 

valued policy, Fire Insurance, a policy in which the value 
of goods, etc., insured is specified ; — opposed to open pol- 
icy, a policy in which the value is not fixed, or, sometimes, 
in which the specific objects of insurance and their respec- 
tive amounts vary as they are indorsed on the policy from 
time to time. 

val'ue-less, a. Being of no value ; having no worth. 

val'u-er (val'u-er), n. One who values ; an appraiser. 

valv'al (val'vdl), valv'ar (val'vdr), a. Biol. Valvular., 

Valv'ate (vaPvat), a. [L. valvatus having folding doors.] 
1. Resembling, or serving as, a valve ; opening by a valve or 
valves ; valvular. 2. Bot Meeting at the edges without 
overlapping ; — said of sepals or petals in activation and 
of leaves in vernation. 

valve (va.lv), n. [L. valva leaf, fold, or valve, of a door.] 1. 
A door ; esp., one of a pair of folding doors, or a leaf of such 
a door. 2. Mech. Any device for regulating, or determining 
the direction of, flow of a liquid, gas, etc., by a movable part 
which opens or closes a passage ; also, the movable part. 3. 
Anat. A structure which temporarily closes a passage or 
orifice or permits flow in one direction only. 4. Bot. a One 



of the segments or pieces into which a dehiscing capsule or 
legume separates, b The lidlike portion of certain anthers, 
as of the barberry. 5. Zo'dl. One of the distinct pieces, usu- 
ally movably articulated, of which the shell of lamelli- 
branch mollusks, barnacles, etc., consists. 6. Music. A de- 
vice in horns, trumpets, etc., for quickly varying the tube 
length in order to change the fundamental tone by some 
definite interval. It is usually either a form of piston or ro- 
tary valve. 

valve'let, n. A little valve ; a valvule ; esp., one of the pieces 
which compose the outer covering of a pericarp. 

val'vu-lar (vaPvu-ldr), a. 1. Of or pert, to a valve or valves ; 
specif., Med., of or pert, to the valves of the heart. 2. Con- 
taining, oropening by, valves ; serving as a valve. 

vaPvule (vaPvul), n. A small valve or valvelike structure. 

val'vu-li'tis (val'vu-ll'tis), n. [NL. ; valvula a little valve 
+ -itis.] Med. Inflammation of a valve of the heart or of 
a vein. 

va-mose' (vd-mos r ; va'mos), va-moose' (vd-moos'), v. i. 
& t. [Sp. vamos let us go.] To leave quickly ; decamp. 
Amer. Slang. 

vamp (vamp), n. [From F. avantpied the forefoot, vamp ? 
avant fore -j- pied foot.] 1. The part of a shoe above the 
sole and welt, and in front of the ankle seam ; an upper. 2. 
Any piece added to an old thing to make it look new. 3. 
Music. An accompaniment, generally improvised, consist- 
ing of a repeated succession of simple chords. 

— y. t. 1. To provide with a new vamp ; hence, to piece 
with a new part ; patch ; — often used with up. 2. Music, 
To make a vamp to ; improvise. — vamp'er, n. 

vam'pire (vam'pTr), n. [F., fr. Slavic] 1. A bloodsucking 
ghost ; a soul or reanimated body of a dead person supersti- 
tiously believed to suck the blood of persons asleep at night. 

2. Fig., one who preys on others ; extortioner ; bloodsucker. 

3. Also vampire bat. a Any of certain bats popularly (in 
most cases incorrectly) supposed to suck blood; esp., the 
great, or false, vampire (Vampyrus spectrum), a large 
South and Central American bat. b Any of the true vam- 
pires (genera Desmodus, Disemus, and Diphylla), which 
actually suck the blood of animals, including men. C Incor- 
rectly, any of various Old World bats that feed on fruit. — 
vam-pir'ic (vam-pir'ik), a. 

vam'pir-ism (vam'pIr-Tz'm ; -pT-nz'm), n. 1. Belief in 
vampires (the ghosts). 2. Actions or practice of a vampire. 

van (van), n. [Abbr. fr. vanguard."] The front of an army, 
fleet, or advancing body of individuals ; specif., in a military 
formation, the leading unit ; hence, the front or those at the 
front of any movement. 

van, n. [F., fr. L. vannus.~\ 1. A fan or other winnowing 
device. Obs. or Dial. 2. A wing. Archaic. 

van, n. [Abbr. fr. caravan."] 1. A light wagon for transpor- 
tation of goods. Eng. 2. A large covered wagon, esp. one 
for moving furniture, etc., or for conveying wild beasts, etc., 
for exhibition. 3. A railway car for baggage. Eng. 

van'a-date (van'd-dat), n. Also va-na'di-ate (vd-na'di-at). 
Chem. A salt of vanadic acid. 

va-nad'ic (vd-nad'Ik ; -na'dik), a. Chem. Pert, to or con- 
taining vanadium, esp. in its higher valence, 
vanadic acid, Chem., any of three oxyacids of vanadium, 
specif, theortho acid, H3VO4. 

va-nad^i-nite (-i-nlt), n. A mineral occurring in yellowish, 
brownish, or ruby-red hexagonal crystals. It consists of 
lead vanadate with a small proportion of lead chloride. 

va-na'di-ous (vd-naMi-iis), a. Chem. Pert, to or contain- 
ing vanadium, esp. in its lower valence. 

va-na'di-um (-5m), n. [NL., fr. Icel. Vanadzs, a surname 
of Freya.] Chem. A rare element of the nitrogen-phos- 
phorus group, reduced as a grayish white metallic powder, 
with the sp. gr. 5.5 and fusing at about 3000° C. It is feebly 
basic and has strongly acid properties. Symbol, V (or, 
rarely, Vd) ; at. wt., 51.0. 

vanadium Steel. Steel alloyed with vanadium (usually 
about 0.10 to 0.15%), an element which strengthens the 
steel and serves to remove oxygen and, possibly, nitrogen. 

Van'dal/yan'dal), n. [L. Vandalus, Vandalius ; of Teu- 
tonic origin.] 1. One of a Germanic people anciently dwell- 
ing south of the Baltic between the Vistula and the Oder. 
In the 4th and 5th centuries they overran Gaul, Spain, and 
North Africa, and in 455 sacked Rome. 2. [Often I. c] 
One who willfully destroys or mars a work of art or litera- 
ture or wantonly mars anything beautiful. — Van'dal, 
Van-dal'ic (van-dal'ik), a. 

Van'dal-ism (van'ddl-Tz'm), n. The spirit or conduct of 
the Vandals ; hostility to, or willful destruction or deface- 
ment of, things of beauty, as works of art, literature, etc. ; 
— often I. c. in a sense corresponding to Vandal, n., 2. 

Van-dyke' (van-dlk'), a. Of or pert, to the style of Van 
Dyck, or Vandyke, the painter ; represented by Van Dyck. 
Vandyke beard, a trim, pointed beard. — V. collar or 
cape, a broad collar or cape of fine linen and lace with a 
deep, pointed or scalloped edge. 

— n. A Vandyke beard or collar, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



VANE 



1059 



VARICOSITY 




Vanilla, Flow- 
ering Branch 
and Pods. 



vane (van), to. [ME. dial, form of fane weathercock, ban- 
ner, AS. fana banner, flag.] 1. A contrivance attached to 
an elevated object so as to be moved by the wind, and show 
its direction ; weathercock. 2. Anything flat attached to an 
axis to be moved by the wind ; as, the vane of a windmill ; 
hence, a similar fixture moved in or by water, air, etc. ; as, 
the vane of a propeller, etc. 3. The web, or flat expanded 
part, of a feather. 4. Surv. a The target of a leveling rod. 
b One of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc. 

vaned (vand), a. Having a vane or vanes. 

Vang (vang), n. [D. vang a catch, vangen to catch, seize.] 
Naut. One of two ropes extending from the peak of a gaff 
to steady it when the sail is not set. 

van'guard' (van'gard'), n. [F. avant-garde ; avant before, 
fore + garde guard.] Mil. The troops who march in front 
of an army ; van ; specif., the more advanced part of an 
advance guard. 

va-nil'la (vd-nil'd), n. [NL., fr. Sp. vainilla, dim. of vaina 
sheath, pod, L. vagina.] 1. Bot. Any 
of a genus {Vanilla) of tropical Ameri- 
can climbing orchidaceous plants. 2. 
The long podlike capsules of any of 
various species (esp. V. planifolia) 
from which is prepared an extract used 
in flavoring, perfumery, etc. 

va-nillic (-ik), a. Pert, to, or derived 
from, vanilla or vanillin; resembling 
vanillin. 

Va-nil'lin (-in), n. Also -line (-in ; -en). 
A white crystalline substance, CsHsOs, 
the fragrant constituent of vanilla. 

Va'nir (va'ner ; class. I eel. wa'-), n. 
pi. [Icel., pi. of Vanr.~\ Norse Myth. 
Three deities, Njorth, Frey, and Freya 
who forced the ^Esir to allow them to 
share their sacrifices. They were 
wealthy gods of trade and commerce, 
and came from the south. See ^Esir. 

van'ish (van'ish), v.i. [OF. vanir, fr. 
L. vanus empty, vain.] 1. To become 
invisible ; disappear ; fade away. 2. To be annihilated or 
lost ; pass away ; as, his hopes vanished. — n. Phon. The 
brief terminal part of a vowel, usually differing in quality 
from the main part ; as, a in ale usually ends with a vanish 
of i as in ill, etc. — van'ish-er, n. 

vanishing point. See perspective, Illust. 

Van'i-ty (-i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. vanite, L. vanitas, 
fr. vanus empty, vain.] 1. Quality or state of being vain, 

| or empty j want of substance to satisfy desire ; emptiness ; 
falsity. 2. An empty pride in one's personal appearance, at- 
tainments, etc., esp. with excessive desire for notice or ap- 
proval ; vainglory ; conceit ; also, sometimes, ostentation. 3. 
That which is vain or unsubstantial ; empty pleasure ; idle 
show ; anything regarded as trifling or frivolous. — Syn. 
Egotism, self-sufficiency. See pride. 

Vanity Fair. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," a fair held 
continuously in the town of Vanity. "It beareth the name 
of Vanity Fair because the town where 'tis kept is lighter 
than vanity [Ps. lxii. 9] , and ... all that is there sold, or 
that cometh thither, is vanity." Hence, the world as a place 
of vanity and foolish ostentation ; the world of fashion. 

van'quish (varj'kwish), v. t. [OF. vainquir, veintre, fr. L. 
vincere to conquer.] 1. To conquer or subdue in battle ; 
hence : to overpower ; prostrate ; as, love vanquished pride. 
2. To defeat in any contest ; get the better of ; hence : re- 
fute ; confute. — Syn. See conquer. — van'quish-er, n. 

van'quish-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That can be vanquished. 

van'tage (van'taj), n. [For advantage."] 1. Superior situa- 
tion or opportunity ; advantage ; vantage ground ; also, 
Obs., opportunity. 2. Tennis. = advantage, 5. 

vantage ground. Superiority of state or place ; place or 
condition which gives one an advantage over another. 

van'ward (van'werd), a. [van + -ward.] Being on, or 
toward, the van, or front ; as, the vanward troop. 

vap'id (vap'id), a. [L. vapidus.] Having lost its life and 
spirit ; flat ; dull ; spiritless. — Syn. See insipid. — va-pid'- 
i-ty (vd-pid'i-ti), n. — vap'id-ly, adv. — vap'id-ness, n. 

va'por, va'pour (va'per), n. [OF., fr. L. vapor.] 1. Any 
visible diffused substance floating in the air and impairing 
its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc. 2. Physics. Any sub- 
stance in the gaseous state, thought of with some reference 
to the liquid or solid form ; a gasified liquid or solid. Cf. 
permanent gases, b. 3. Something unsubstantial or tran- 
sitory ; unreal fancy ; vain imagination. 4. In pi. Hypo- 
chondria, or melancholy ; the blues. Archaic. — v. i. 1. 
To pass off in vapor ; be exhaled ; evaporate. 2. To emit 
vapor or fumes. 3. To talk idly ; brag. — v. t. Archaic. 1. 
To send (off, out, forth, etc.) in or as in vapor. 2. To affect 
with vapors, or blues. — va'por-er, va'pour-er (-er), n. 

va'por-es'cence (va'per-es'ens), to. {vapor -f- -escence.] 
Formation of vapor. — va'por-es'cent (-ent), a. 

vapor, or vapour, galvanizing. Metal. A process for coat- 



ing metal (usually iron or steel) surfaces with zinc by ex- 
posing them to the vapor of zinc instead of, as in ordinary 
galvanizing, to molten zinc ; — called also Sherardizing. 

va'por-if'ic (va'per-if'Tk ; vap'er-), a. [L. vapor vapor -f- 
facere to make.] Passing, or causing to pass, into vapor. 

va'por-im'e-ter (va'per-Im'e-ter ; vap'6-rim'-), to. {vapor 
+ -meter.] An instrument for measuring the volume or the 
tension of a vapor. [vaunting. I 

va'por-ing, va'pour-ing (va'per-Tng), p. a. Braggart;! 

va'por-ish, va'pour-ish (va'per-Tsh), a. 1. Full of vapors ; 
vaporous. 2. Affected by the vapors, or blues. 

va'por-iz'a-ble (-Iz'd-b'l), a. Capable of being vaporized. 

va'por-i-za'tion (va'per-T za'shun; vap'6-ri-; -I-za'-), to. 
Act or process of vaporizing, or state of being vaporized ; 
specif., conversion of water into steam, as in a steam boiler. 

va'por-ize (va'per-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- 
Tng). To convert or change into vapor, as by heat. 

va'por-iz'er (-Iz'er), to. One who, or that which, vaporizes ; 
specif., an apparatus for vaporizing a heavy oil, as petro- 
leum, for the explosive charge of an internal-combustion 
engine ; also, sometimes, a simple form of carburetor. 

va'por-os'i-ty (-os'I-tT), to. State of being vaporous. 

va'por-OUS (va'per-iis), a. 1. Having the form or nature of 
vapor. 2. Full of vapors, or exhalations. 3. Producing va- 
pors ; windy ; flatulent. 4. Unreal ; unsubstantial ; vain. — 
va'por-ous-ly, adv. — va'por-ous-ness, to. 

va'por-y, va'pour-y (-T), a. 1. Full of, or of the nature of, 
vapor or vapors ; vaporous. 2. Hypochondriacal ; peevish. 

va'pour, va'pour-ize, va'pour-ous, etc. Vars. of vapor, 
vaporize, etc. 

Ilva-que'ro (va-ka'ro), to.; pi. -ros (-roz; Sp. -ros). [Sp., 
cowherd, fr. vaca a cow, L. vacca.] A herdsman ; cowboy. 
Spanish America & Southvjestern U. S. 

va'ra (va'ra), to. [Sp. vara staff, wand, L. vara forked pole.] 
A Spanish and Portuguese measure of length and (square 
vara) of surface. [ing variable. | 

va'ri-a-bil'i-ty (va'rT-d-bil'i-ti), to. Quality or state of be-| 

va'ri-a-ble (va-'rT-d-b'l ; 3), a. 1. Having the capacity or 
characteristic of varying or changing ; changeable ; as, the 
variable zone (see zone). 2. Liable to vary; mutable; 
fickle ; unsteady ; inconstant ; as, a variable love. 3. Biol. 
Not true to type ; aberrant ; inconstant ; — said of a spe- 
cies or of a specific character. 

— to. 1. That which is variable. 2. Math, a A quantity that 
may increase or decrease ; a symbol that admits of an in- 
finite number of values in the same expression, b A symbol 
standing for any one of a class of things. 3. Naut. a A shift- 
ing wind, or one that varies in force, b In pi. Places where 
variable winds may be expected. — va'ri-a-ble-ness, to. — 
va'ri-a-bly, adv. 

va'ri-ance (-dns), to. 1. Act of varying ; state of being vari- 
ant ; variation. 2. Difference that produces dispute or con- 
troversy ; disagreement ; dissension ; dispute. 3. Law. A 
disagreement between two parts of the same legal proceed- 
ing, as between the writ and the declaration, or the allega- 
tion and the proof. 

va'ri-ant (-ant), a. [L. varians, p. pr. of variare to 
change.] 1. Varying in form, character, or the like, from 
something of the same general kind ; different ; diverse. 2. 
Variable ; changeable. Archaic. — to. Something that dif- 
fers in form from another thing, though essentially the same. 

va'ri-ate (-at), v. t. & i. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. va- 
riatus, p. p. of variare.] To alter ; vary ; diversify. 

va'ri-a-tion (-a'shi/n), to. 1. Act of varying ; a partial 
change ; modification ; mutation ; deviation. 2. Extent to 
which a thing varies ; amount or rate of change. 3. Gram. 
Inflection. 4. Music. Repetition of a theme or melody 
with embellishments or modifications, as in time, tune, har- 
mony, or key. 5. Astron. A change in the mean motion, 
mean orbit, etc., of a heavenly body. 6. Biol. In an organ- 
ism, divergence in characters from those typical or usual in 
the group (esp. the species) to which it belongs, or from 
those of the parents producing it ; also, an organism differ- 
ing from a type or from its parents. — va'ri-a'tion-al, a. 

var'i-cel'la (var'i-sel'd), to. [NL.] Med. Chicken pox. 

var'i-cel'late (-sel'at), a. [Dim. of varix + -ate.] Zo'ol. 
Having small or indistinct varices ; — said of certain shells. 

var'i-cel'loid (-sel'oid), a. {varicella + -oid.] Med. Re- 
sembling varicella ; as, varicelloid smallpox. 

var'i-ces (var'i-sez), to., pi. of varix. 

var'i-CO-cele' (var'i-ko-selO, to. {varix a dilated vein -f- 
Gr. K17X77 tumor.] Med. A varicose enlargement of the 
veins of the spermatic cord or of the veins of the scrotum. 

va'ri-col'ored, va'ri-col'oured (va'n-kul'erd ; 3), a. Hav- 
ing various colors. 

var'i-COSe (var'i-kos), a. [L. varicosus, fr. varix a dilated 
vein.] Irregularly swollen ; affected with, containing, or 
pert, to, varices or varicosities ; as, a varicose vein. 

var'i-co'sis (-ko'sTs), to. [NL. See varix ; -osis.] Med. 
The formation of varices ; varicosity. 

var'i-cos'i-ty (-kos'I-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-t!z). Quality or 
state of being varicose ; also, a varix. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. (1 Foreign Word. 4- combined with. = equals. 



VARICOTOMY 



1060 



VAUDOIS 



var'i-cot'o-my (vaVi-kSt'o-mY), n. [See vartx; -tomy.] 
Surg. Excision of a varicosity. 

Va'ried (va/nd ; 3), p. a. 1. Changed ; altered. 2. Various ; 
diversified ; diverse ; as, varied scenery. 3. Variegated. 

va'ri-e-gate (va'rf-e-gat ; 3), v. t. ; -gat/ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat'- 
ing. [L. variegatus, p. p. of variegare to variegate.] To 
diversify in external appearance, esp. with different colors ; 
dapple ; streak. — va'ri-e-gat'ed (-gat'ed), p. a. 

va'ri-e-gVtion (-ga'sfrSn), n. Act of variegating ; state of 
being variegated ; diversity of colors or tints. 

va'ri-er (va'n-er ; 3), n. One who, or that which, varies. 

va-ri'e-tal (vd-ri'e-tal), a. Of, pert, to, or characterizing a 
variety ; constituting a variety. — va-ri'e-tal-lv, adv. 

va-ri'e-ty (-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). [L. varietas.] 1. State 
or quality of being various or varied ; diversity ; as, variety 
is the spice of life. 2. That which is various ; as : a A collec- 
tion of different things ; varied assortment ; as, a variety of 
silks, b Something differing from others of the same gen- 
eral kind ; sort ; as, varieties of wood. C Biol. A group of 
animals or plants related by descent, and distinguished 
from similar groups only by characters too inconstant or 
too slight to constitute it a species ; often, any group of 
lower rank than a species. 

Syn. Variety, diversity. Variety suggests the diversified 
character of the elements involved, rather than their essen- 
tial difference ; diversity implies more marked difference or 
even divergence ; as, a variety of dialects exhibiting but little 
diversity. 

va'ri-form ( va'n-form ; 3 ), a. [L. varius various -f- 
-form.'] Having various forms. 

va-ri'O-la (vd-rl'6-ld), n. [LL., fr. L. varius various.] 
Med. The smallpox. — va-ri'O-lar (-Idr), a. 

va'ri-o-late (va'n-6-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing 
(-lat'mg). [See variola.] Med. To inoculate with the 
virus of smallpox. — va'ri-o-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 

va'ri-ole (va'rT-ol ; 3), n. [See variola.] 1. A foveola. 
2. Petrog. A spherule of a variolite. 

va'ri-O-lite (-S-ITt), n. [G. variolit, fr. LL. variola small- 
pox ; — from its variegated color.] Petrog. A kind of dia- 
base containing embedded whitish spherules. 

va'ri-O-lit'ic (-6-lit'ik), a. 1. Thickly marked with small 
round specks ; spotted. 2. Petrog. Of, pert, to, or resem- 
bling variolite. 

va'ri-o-loid (va'n-6-loid ; var'i- ; 3), a. [variola + -oid.] 
Med. Resembling smallpox ; pertaining to varioloid. — n. 
Med. A modified mild form of smallpox, or variola, some- 
times occurring in persons who have been vaccinated. 

va-ri'O-lous (vd-ri'o-lus), a. Med. Of or pertaining to small- 
pox, or variola ; having pits like those caused by smallpox. 

va'ri-o'rum (va'rT-o'riim ; 3, 57), a. [L., abbr. fr. cum 
notis variorum with notes of various persons.] Containing 
notes by different persons ; — said of a publication. 

va'ri-ous (va'n-us ; 3) , a. [L. varius.] 1. Different ; di- 
verse ; several ; manifold. 2. Changeable ; uncertain ; in- 
constant ; variable. 3. Having varied characteristics ; 
many-sided ; also, variegated ; diversified. — Syn. See dif- 
ferent. — va'ri-ous-ly, adv. — va'ri-ous-ness, n. 

va'rix (va'nks), n.; pi. varices (var'i-sez). [L.] Med. A 
permanent dilatation of a vein due to local retardation of 
circulation or relaxation of the walls ; a varicose vein. 

varlet (var'let), n. [OF., servant, young man, young noble, 
a dim. fr. the source of vassal.] 1. A knight's page ; attend- 
ant. Obs. 2. A low fellow ; scoundrel ; knave. Archaic. 

var'let-ry (-ri), n. Rabble ; crowd ; mob. Rare. 

var'min, var'mint. Dial. vars. of vermin. 

var'nish (-msh), v. t. [OF. vernir, fr. the n., OF. verniz, 
vernis.] 1. To lay varnish on ; cover with varnish. 2. To 
cover or conceal with something that gives a fair appear- 
ance ; gloss over ; as, to varnish a lie. — n. 1. A viscid 
liquid (usually a solution of resinous matter in an oil or a 
volatile liquid) which, when spread on a surface, becomes 
a hard lustrous coating. 2. That which resembles varnish 
by its gloss. 3. Outside show ; gloss. — var'nish-er, n. 

Var'u-na (var'oo-nd; vur'-), n. [Skr. Varuna.] Hindu 
Myth. In the Vedic period, the 
god of the heavens, creator and 
ruler of the world andbestower 
of rewards and punishments. 
In later myth, the god of the 
waters and the regions of the 
west. 

va'rus (va'rus ; 3), n. [NL., fr. 
L., bent, grown inwards.] Med. 
A deformity in which the foot 
is turned inward. 

Va'ry (va'ri; 3), v. t.; -RTED 
(-rid) ; -RY-LNG. [F. varier, L. 
variare, fr. varius various.] 1. Varuna. 

To alter in form, appearance, substance, position, etc. ; 
modify. 2. To make different, or change from one another ; 
as, to vary one's meals. 3. To diversify ; as, to vary one's 
diet. 4. Music. To embellish with variations. — v. i. 1. To 




alter or be altered ; be modified ; as, colors vary in different 
lights. 2. To differ ; be different, unlike, or diverse ; as, the 
laws of France - vary from those of England. 3. To deviate ; 
depart ; swerve ; — used with from ; as, to vary from the 
law, or from reason. 4. To alter or change in succession ; 
alternate ; as, one mathematical quantity may vary in- 
versely as another. 

Uvas (vas), n.; pi. vasa (va'sd). [L. a vessel. See vase.] 
Anat. A vessel ; duct. 

vas de'fer-ens (def'er-enz) ; pi. vasa deferentia (-en'- 
shi-d) [L. deferens carrying down], Anat. & Zool., the ex- 
cretory duct of a testicle ; a spermatic duct, which is, in 
man, a small but thick-walled tube, about two feet long, 
greatly convoluted in its proximal portion. 

vas'cu-lar (vas'ku-ldr), a. [L. vasculum a small vessel, 
dim. of vas vessel.] Biol, a Of or pert, to a vessel or vessels 
for the conveyance of a fluid, as (in animals) blood or lymph 
or (in plants) the sap ; designating, or pert, to, the system 
of vessels having this function, b Supplied with or contain- 
ing vessels or ducts, esp., in animals, blood vessels. — vas'- 
cu-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 
vascular bundle. = bundle, n. 3. — v. tissue, Bot., tis- 
sue composed of vessels or ducts. 

vase (vas; vaz; or, esp. Brit., vaz), n. [F., fr. L. vas or 
vasum.] A vessel, usually rounded and of greater depth 
than width, commonly decorative though adapted for vari- 
ous domestic or, anciently, religious purposes. 

vas-ec'to-my (vas-ek'to-mi), n.; pl % -Mies (-miz). [vas -f- 
-ectorny.] Surg. Resection or excision of the vas deferens. 

vas'e-line (vas'e-lm ; -len), n. [Said by the manufacturer 
to be derived from G. wasser water + Gr. ehaiov olive oil.] 
A translucent, semisolid petroleum product, used in oint- 
ments, as a lubricant, etc. 

vas'o- (vas'o-). Combining form from Latin vas, a vessel. 

vas'o-COn-Stric'tOjtvas'o-kon-strik'terXa. Physiol. Caus- 
ing constriction of the blood vessels, as certain nerves. 

vas'o-di-la'tor (vas'6-di-la'ter ; -dl-), a. Physiol. Causing 
dilatation or relaxation of the blood vessels, as certain 
nerves. 

vas'O-mo'tor (vas'6-mo'ter), a. Physiol. & Anat. Desig- 
nating those nerves which serve to contract or relax the 
muscle fibers in the walls of the blood vessels. 

vas'sal (vas'dl), n. [F., fr. LL. vassallus, fr. LL. vassus."] 
1. Early Law. One who has placed himself under the 
protection of another as lord and has vowed homage and 
fealty ; later, a feudal tenant ; feudatory. 2. A subject ; de- 
pendent ; servant ; sometimes, a bondman ; slave. — a. Like 
a vassal ; servile ; subservient. 

vas'sal-age (-aj), n. 1. State or relation of a vassal ; services 
due from a vassal. 2. Servitude ; esp., political dependence ; 
subjection. 3. A territory held in vassalage. 

vas'sal-ize (vas'dl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'mg). 
To make a vassal or vassals of ; as, to vassalize a people. 

vast (vast), a. [L. vastus waste, immense.] 1. Waste; 
desert ; lonely. Obs. 2. Of great extent ; immense ; as, a 
vast mountain. 3. Very great in numbers, quantity, or 
amount ; as, a vast sum. 4. Very great in degree, intensity, 
range, etc. ; as, a vast labor. — Syn. Huge, mighty. See 
enormous. — ti. A waste ; a boundless compass or space ; 
immensity. — vast'ly, adv. — vast'ness, n. 

vast'y (vas'ti), a. Vast ; immense. Archaic. 

vat (vat), n. [Dial, for fat, ME. fat, AS. fast.] A large ves- 
sel, cistern, or tub, esp. for liquors in an immature state, 
preparations for dyeing or tanning, etc. — v. t.; vat'ted 
(vat'ed ; 24) ; vat'ting. To put into, or treat in, a vat. 

vat'ic (vat'ik), vat'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. [L._ vates a prophet.] 
Of or pertaining to a prophet ; prophetical ; oracular. 

Vat'i-can (vat'i-kdn), n. 1. The Pope's palace, an assem- 
blage of buildings at Rome, beside the Church of St. Peter, 
including museums, art galleries, library, the Sistine Chapel, 
etc. 2. The papal authority or government. 
Vatican Council, a council, held (1869-70) at the Vatican, 
which promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility. 

Vat'i-can-ism (-iz'm), n. Ultramontanism ; — used only 
by persons who are not Roman Catholics. 

va-tic'i-nal (vd-tis'i-ndl), a. Prophetic. 

va-tic'i-nate (vd-tis'i-nat), v. i. & t. ; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; 
-nat'ing. [L. vaticinatus, p. p. of vaticinari to prophesy, 
vates a prophet.] To prophesy ; foretell. — va-tic'i-na'- 
tion (-na'shun), n. — va-tic'i-na'tor (-na'ter), n. 

vaude'vme (vod'vil; F. vod'vel'), n. [F., fr. Vau-de-Vire, 
lit., valley of Vire (a village in Normandy), where such 
songs were composed.] 1. A kind of lively song, often em- 
bodying a satire ; a topical song. Rare in English. 2. A 
theatrical piece, usually comic, the dialogue or pantomime 
of which is intermingled with light or satirical songs, with 
dancing, etc. Now Rare. 3. Now usually, entertainment 
consisting of successive separate performances of songs, 
dances, acrobatic feats, dramatic sketches, etc. 

Vau-dois' (vo-dwa/), n. sing. & pi. [F.] 1. An inhabitant, 
or the inhabitants, of the Swiss canton of Vaud ; also, the 
dialect spoken there. 2. The Waldenses. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, ibin; nature, Yer<Jure (37) J 



VAULT 



1061 



VELDT 




Vault (volt), n. [OF. vaute, fr. LL. volta, fr. L. volvere, 
volutum, to roll, 
turn about.] 1. 
An arched struc- 
ture of masonry, 
usually forming a 
ceiling or roof, 
but sometimes 
carrying a sepa- Vaults, 1. 1 Barrel ;2 Cylindrical Inter- 
rate roof, a floor, secting, or Cross, 
staircase, or the like. 2. A room or space covered by a vault 
(def. 1), esp. when underground, as a part of a cellar de- 
voted to a special purpose, as the storage of wine or valua- 
bles ; also, a room, commonly built of steel, for the safe 
keeping of valuables. 3. The canopy of heaven ; sky. 

— v. t. To form or cover with a vault ; make like a vault ; arch. 

vault, n. [F. volte, prop., a turn, It. volta turn, arch. See 
1st vault.] A leap or bound ; esp.: a The leap of a horse ; a 
curvet, b A leap over or upon something, made by aid of the 
hands, often with the use of a pole. — v. i. 1. To leap ; 
bound ; spring. 2. To execute a vault (in sense a or b). — 
v. t. To leap over, esp. by aid of the hands, often with the 
use of a pole. 

vault'ed, a. 1. Built as a vault ; arched ; covered with a 
vault. 2. Having a vault or vaults. 

vault'er, n. One who, or that which, vaults. 

vault'ing, n. Act, practice, or art of building vaults ; also, 
vaulted construction. 

vault'y, a. Arched ; concave. Obs. 

vaunt (vant ; vont), v. i. [F. vanter, LL. vanitare, fr. L. 
vanus vain.] To talk vaingloriously ; brag. — Syn. See 
boast. — v. t. To boast of ; put f orward boastfully. — n. A 
vainglorious display of what one is, or has, or has done ; os- 
tentation ; boast ; brag. — vaunt'er, n. ing-ly, adv. 

vaunt'— COU-rier' (vant'koo-rer'), n. [F. avant-courrier.] 
One sent in advance ; precursor. Obs. 

vav'a-SOr (vav'd-sor), n. [OF. vavassor, vavassour.] Feud. 
Law. Any of a certain class of feudal lords. The rank or 
dignity of the vavasors is not certainly known. 

Ve'a-dar' (ve'a-dar' ; va'-)> n. [Heb. ve-adar, lit., second 
Adar.] See Jewish calendar. 

veal (vel), n. [OF. veel, L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus a calf.] 
1. A calf. Obs. or Dial. 2. The flesh of a calf used for food. 

vec'tor (vek'tor), n. [L., a bearer, carrier, fr. vehere, vec- 
tum, to carry.] 1. = radius vector. 2. Math. A directed 
magnitude, as a line segment, a force, or a velocity ; the 
magnitude whose addition to a point in space transposes 
that point to another definite point. Cf . scalar. 

Ve'da (va'dd; ve'dd), n. [Skr. veda, prop., knowledge.] 
The most ancient sacred literature of the Hindus, compris- 
ing more than 100 books ; also, one of these books, or one of 
the four collections or classes of them, of which the one 
called also Rig-Veda is the oldest and most important. 

Ve-dan'ta (va-dan'td; ve-dan'td), n. [Skr. Vedanta.] 
Hinduism. A system of pantheistic philosophy, primarily 
so called as being an investigation of the latter part of the 
Vedas, afterwards interpreted as embodying the ultimate 
aim or end of the Vedas. — Ve-dan'tism (-tiz'm ), n. — 
Ve-dan'tist (-tTst), n. 

Ve-dan'tic (-tik), a. Of or pertaining to the Vedanta phi- 
losophy ; also, of or pertaining to the Vedas ; Vedic. 

ve-dette' (ve-def), ™._ [F., fr. It. vedetta.] 1. Mil. A 
mounted sentinel stationed in advance of the pickets. 2. 
Nav. A small vessel used to watch an enemy; — usually 
called vedette boat. 

Ve'dic (va'dik ; ve'dik), a. Of or pert, to the Vedas. 

Veer (ver), v. i. [F. virer, LL. virare.] 1. To change direc- 
tion ; turn ; shift. 2. Specif. : Naut. a To wear ship ; to 
alter the course by turning away from the direction of the 
wind, b Of the wind, to change direction, esp. with the sun, 
or clockwise ; — opposed to back. — v. t. To turn ; shift ; 
specif., Naut., to wear; as, to veer, or wear, a vessel. 

Veer'y (ver'i), n.; pi. veeries (-iz). A thrush (Hylocichla 
fuscescens) of the eastern United States. 

Ve'ga (ve'gd), n. [Ar. waqi', prop., falling.] A brilliant 
star of the first magnitude in the constellation Lyra ; Alpha 
(a) Lyrae. 

Veg'e-ta-ble (vej'e-td-b'l), a. [F. vegetable growing, for- 
merly, also, a vegetable, fr. L. vegetabilis enlivening, fr. 
vegetare to enliven, vegetus enlivened, vigorous, vegere to 
quicken, to be lively.] Of or pert, to plants ; having the na- 
ture of, or produced by, plants ; as, vegetable growths ; 
consisting of plants ; as, the vegetable kingdom. 
vegetable butter, any vegetable oil that is solid at ordi- 
nary temperatures. — v. ivory. See ivory nut. — v. king- 
dom. See kingdom. — v. tallow, any fatty tallowlike 
substance obtained from plants, and used for burning, as 
a lubricant, etc. — v. wax, any waxy product secreted 
by various plants, as the wax palm. 

■— n. A plant ; in common usage, a plant cultivated for 
food ; also, the edible part or parts of such plant, as pre- 
pared for market or table. 



veg'e-tal (-tal), a. [F. vegetal.'] 1. Pert, to vegetables, or 
the vegetable kingdom ; vegetable. 2. Biol. Vegetative. 

veg'e-ta'ri-an (-ta'ri-an ; 3), n. One who holds that plants 
afford the only proper food for man ; one who believes in or 
practices vegetarianism. — a. Of or pert, to the belief or 
practice of vegetarians ; consisting wholly of vegetables. 

veg'e-ta'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The theory or practice of liv- 
ing solely upon vegetables and fruits. 

veg'e-tate (vej'e-tat), v. %.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'tng. [L. 
vegetatus, p. p. of vegetare to enliven.] 1. To grow after 
the fashion of plants. 2. To lead a passive existence without 
exertion of body or mind ; do little but eat and grow. 3. 
Med. To grow exuberantly ; produce fleshy or warty out- 
growths ; as, a vegetating papule. 

veg'e-ta'tlon (-ta'shtm), n. 1. Act or process of vegetating. 
2. The sum of vegetable life ; plants in general. 3. Med. An 
exuberant morbid outgrowth. 

veg'e-ta-tive (vej'e-ta-tiv), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or capable 
of, vegetation ; that vegetates ; — often, esp. in Bot., in spe- 
cif, sense opposed to reproductive; as, a vegetative stage. 
2. Having the power to produce growth in plants ; as, vege- 
tative properties of soil. tive-ly, adv. tive-ness, n. 

veg'e-tism (vej'e-tTz'm), n. Vegetal state or characteristic. 

ve'he-mence (ve'he-mens ; ve'e-), n. Also, Rare, ve'he- 
men-cy (-men-si). Quality or state of being vehement. 

ve'he-ment (-ment), a. [L. vehemens, -entis.] 1. Acting 
with great force ; furious ; violent ; impetuous. 2. Very ar- 
dent, eager, or urgent ; passionate ; as, a vehement desire. 
— Syn. See impetuous. — ve'he-ment-ly, adv. 

ve'hi-cle (ve'hi-k'l or, esp. Brit., ve'i-), n. [L. vehiculum, 
fr._ vehere to carry.] 1. That in or on which a person or 
thing is carried ; esp., a carriage traveling on wheels or run- 
ners. 2. A thing used as the instrument of conveyance or 
communication ; as : a Pharm. A substance in which med- 
icine is taken, as a sirup, b Paint. A liquid medium, as oil, 
in which a pigment is applied. 

ve-hic'u-lar (ve-hik'ti-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a vehicle or ve- 
hicles ; also, serving as a vehicle. 

|| Vehm'ge-richt (fam'ge-rlKt), n.; pi. -gerichte (-riK'te). 
[G. vehm, fehm, criminal tribunal + gericht court, judg- 
ment.] One of certain late medieval tribunals in Germany, 
chiefly in Westphalia, which exercised the power of life and 
death and frequently met in secret. 

veil (val), n. [OF. veile, fr. L. vela, pi. of velum sail, veil.] 

1. A fabric hung up, or spread out, to hide an object ; cur- 
tain ; esp., a piece of stuff, usually diaphanous, worn to 
hide or protect the face. 2. A cover ; disguise ; mask ; pre- 
tense. 3. Bot. & Zool. A velum. 4. A caul ; as, born with a 
veil. — v. t. 1. To throw a veil over ; cover with a veil. 2. 
To cover ; hide ; cloak ; mask. — veiled (vald), a. [veils.f 

veil'ing, n. A veil ; thin covering ; gauzy material, as for) 

vein (van), n. [F. veine, L. vena.~\ 1. Anat. One of the 

system of tubular vessels which carry the blood to the heart. 

2. Bot. One of the vascular bundles forming the framework 
of a leaf ; — called also nerve. 3. Zool. One of the ribs, 
nervures, or nerves of an insect's wing. 4. Geol. & Mining. 
a A crack in rock filled by mineral matter deposited from 
solution by underground water, b A comparatively narrow 
sheet of igneous rock injected into a crevice in rock. C A 
lode, d A bed, as of coal. 5. A fissure or cavity. 6. A streak 
or wave appearing in wood, marble, etc. ; variegation. 7. 
Anything distinctive considered as running through some- 
thing else ; a strain ; a particular disposition or turn of 
mind, or a peculiarity of speech or conduct expressive of it. 
Syn. Strain, touch, tinge, streak, spice, dash, shade, smack, 
tang. — Vein, streak, spice, dash. Vein and (Colloq.) 
streak denote a particular strain, turn, or cast (esp.) of 
mind or disposition ; spice and dash suggest a slight admix- 
ture or infusion, esp. such as gives zest, relish, or pungency ; 
as, a vein of humor ; a stubborn streak ; a spice of fun ; a 
dash of genius. 

— v. t. To form or mark with veins ; fill or cover with veins. 

veined (vand), a. In the form of or having a vein or veins. 

vein'let, n. A small vein. 

vein'stone' (van'ston'), n. Mining. Valueless material sur- 
rounding the ore in a lode ; gangue ; matrix. 

vein'y (van'i), a. Full of veins ; veined, as marble. 

ve-la'men (ve-la'men), n.; pi. velamina (ve-lam'i-nd). [L.] 
1. Anat. A membrane ; a velum. 2. Bot. The thick corky 
epidermis covering the aerial roots of epiphytic orchids. 

ve'lar (ve'ldr), a. 1. Of or pert, to a velum, esp. that cf the 
palate (the soft palate). 2. Phon. Guttural ; back. 

ve-la'ri-um (ve-la'n-#m ; 3), n.; pi. -RiA (-d). [L., cover- 
ing.] Rom. Antiq. An awning over a theater or amphi- 
theater. 

ve'late (ve'lat), a. [L. velatus, p. p. of velar e to veil. See 
veil.] Bot. & Zool. Having a veil or velum. 

ve-la'tion (ve-la'shim), 7i. [L. velatio a veiling.] 1. Act or 
process of veiling, or state of being veiled ; hence : conceal- 
ment ; secrecy. 2. The formation of a velum. 

veldt (felt ; velt), n. Prop., veld. [D. veld."] In South Africa, 
a tract not forested or one thinly forested ; grass country. 







K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciatioru 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. ?= equals. 



N 



VELLEITY 



1062 



VENOM 



R 



U 




Vel-le'i-ty (ve-le'T-ti), n. [LL. velleitas, fr. L. velle to will, 
to be willing.] The lowest degree of desire ; imperfect or 
incomplete volition. 

Vel'li-cate (vel'i-kat), v. t. & i. ; -cated (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to twitch, vellere to pluck.] 
To twitch. — vel'li-ca'tion, n. — vel'li-ca-tive, a. 

vel'lum (vel'wm), n. [OF. veelin, orig. an adj., fr. OF. veel 
calf. See veal.] 1. A fine parchment, usually of calfskin, 
made clear and white, for writing on, binding books, etc. ; 
hence, a vellum manuscript. 2. Loosely, a kind of paper or 
cotton cloth in imitation of vellum parchment. 

Vel'o-cim'e-ter (vel'o-sim'e-ter), n. [L. velox, -ocis, rapid 
+ -meter.'] An apparatus for measuring speed, as of ma- 
chinery or vessels, or esp. of projectiles. 

Ve-loc'i-pede (ve-los'i-ped), n. [L. velox, -ocis, swift + 
pes, pedis, foot.] Any of various 
relatively light vehicles propelled 
by the rider or riders; esp., an 
early form of bicycle or tricycle. 

ve-loc'i-ty (-loVI-ti), n.; pi. -ties 
(-tiz). [L. velocitas, fr. velox, 
-ocis, swift, quick.] 1. Quickness 
of motion ; swiftness ; speed ; ce- 
lerity ; rapidity ; — said chiefly of _ 
inanimate things ; as, the velocity Old form of Two-wheeled 
of a bullet, sound, etc. 2. Mech. # Velocipede. 

Time rate of motion, esp. in a given direction and sense. 
Syn. Velocity, celerity. Velocity (in its popular sense) 
is used chiefly of the movement of inanimate objects, or of 
voluntary movements regarded merely as motion ; celerity 
applies to such movements or (esp.) actions of living beings 
as suggest promptitude or dispatch ; as, the velocity of a bul- 
let ; to eat, dress, travel with uncommon celerity. 

ve-lours' (ve-loor'), n. [F. See velure.] Any of various 
textile fabrics having a pile like that of velvet. 

|| ve-lou'te' (ve-lob'ta'), n., or sauce veloute (sos ; F. sos). 
[F. veloute, lit., velvety.] A white sauce or stock made by 
boiling down ham, veal, fowl, etc., adding soup stock, 
thickening, etc., and again boiling and straining. 

Ve'lum (ve'lum), n. ; pi. vela (-Id). [L., an awning, a veil.] 
Biol. A membrane or membranous partition likened to a 
veil or curtain ; specif., the soft palate. 

vel'ure (vel'ur), n. [F. velours, OF. velous, fr. L. villosus 
hairy.] 1. Velvet or some fabric resembling it, esp. one of 
linen, silk, or jute, used as drapery. 2. A silk or plush pad 
used as a brush for silk hats. 

— v. t. To brush with a velure. 

ve-Iu'ti-nous (ve-lu'ti-n«s), a. [It. velluto velvet. See vel- 
vet.] Having a fine, dense pubescence ; velvety. 

vel'vet (vel'vet ; 24), n. [ME. velouette, veluet, velwet, n. 
& a., dim. of OF. velu, n. & a., LL. vellutum, fr. L. villus 
shaggy hair.] 1. A silk fabric having a short close nap of 
erect threads forming a thick soft pile. 2. The soft skin on 
a deer's antlers during their rapid growth. 

— a. Like, or suggestive of, velvet ; velvety. 

velvet carpet, a carpet having a cut pile ; esp., more fully, 
tapestry velvet carpet, a tapestry carpet having the pile 
cut so that the surface resembles that of Wilton carpet. 

vel'vet-een' (vel've-ten'), n. [See velvet.] _ 1. A kind of 
cloth, usually of twilled cotton, sometimes ribbed, imitat- 
ing velvet. 2. A velvety fabric of mixed silk and cotton. 

vel'vet-leaf (vel'vet-lef), n. Any of several plants which 
have soft, velvety leaves, as the pareira brava, the Indian 
mallow, the common mullein, etc. 

vel'vet-y (-ve-ti), a. Velvetlike; soft and smooth. 

||ve'na (ve'nd), n. ; pi. -n.e (-ne). [L.] Anat. A vein, 
ve'na ca'va (ka'vd) , pi. ven^e cav.e (-ve) [L. cava hollow] , 
Anat., one of the large veins which, in air-breathing verte- 
brates, carry the blood to the right auricle of the heart. 

Ve'nal(-nal), a. [L,.venalis,iT.venus,-num,sa\e.'] l.That 
may be bought or got for money or other valuable consider- 
ation ; made matter of trade or barter ; purchasable ; as, 
venal services. 2. Originating in, or marked by, venality. 
— Syn. See mercenary. — ve'nal-ly, adv. 

Ve-nal'i-ty (ve-nal'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state 
of being venal ; an instance of being venal ; prostitution of 
talents, offices, or services for reward. 

Ve-nat'ic (-nat'ik), ve-nat'i-cal (-i-kal), a. [L. venaticus, 
fr. venatus hunting.] Of, pert, to, or used in, hunting; 
fond of, or living by, hunting. — ve-nat'i-cal-ly, adv. 

Ve-nalion (-na'shun), n. [L. vena a vein.] The arrange- 
ment or system of veins ; veins collectively. See leaf, Illust. 

ve-na'tion-al (-51), a. Of or pertaining to venation. 

vend (vend), v. t. & i. [F. vendre, L. vender e, fr. venum 
dare; venus, venum, sale -4- dare to give.] To make an 
object of trade, esp. by hawking or peddling ; to sell ; as, to 
vend fruit. — Syn. See sell. 

ven'dace (ven'das), n. A whitefish ( Argyrosomus vande- 
sius) native to certain lakes in Scotland and England. 

vend-ee' (ven-de'), n. One to whom a thing is vended, or 
sold ; — correlative of vendor, and chiefly in legal usage. 

I) Ven'de'miaire' (vaN'da'mySr'), n. [F., fr. L. vindemia 
vintage.] See Revolutionary calendar. 



vend'er (ven'der), n. One who vends; a seller; vendor, 

ven-det'ta (veh-det'd), n. [It.] A feud for blood revenge; 
blood feud. The vendetta still survives in Corsica, and anal- 
ogous customs exist elsewhere, esp. in remote, savage or 
semicivilized countries or regions. 

vend'i-ble (ven'di-b'l), a. Capable of being vended ; sala- 
ble. — n. A vendible article ; — usually in pi. — vendi- 
bility (-bil'i-ti), vend'i-ble-ness, n. — vend'i-bly, adv. 
Syn. Vendible, marketable. Vendible is the general 
term ; marketable often applies to that which is proper or 
fit for market under the laws or customs of a given place. 

ven-di'tion (ven-dish'un), n. Act of vending, or selling ; sale. 

vend'or (ven'dor ; in contrast with vendee often ven-dor'), 
n. A vender ; seller ; — correl. of vendee, and chiefly legal. 

ven-due' (ven-dii'), n. [OF., fr. F. vendre, p. p. vendu, to 
sell.] A public sale by auction. 

ve-neer' (ve-ner')> v. t. [G. furnieren, fr. F. fournir to fur- 
nish.] To overlay or plate with a thin layer of a finer or 
more valuable kind, esp. of wood, for outer finish or decora- 
tion ; hence, to coat or face so as to give a superior surface ; 

— also used fig. — n. 1. The thin leaf or layer used in ve- 
neering. 2. Superficial or meretricious show ; gloss. 

ve-neer'ing, n. Thin material used as a veneer. 

ven'er-a-ble (ven'er-d-b'l), a. [L. venerabilis.'] 1. Capa- 
ble of being venerated ; worthy of veneration ; — generally 
implying advanced age. 2. Rendered sacred by religious, 
historic, or other associations. — Syn. See old. — ven'er- 
a-bil'i-ty, ven'er-a-ble-ness, n. — ven'er-a-bly, adv. 

ven'er-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. venera- 
tus, p. p. of venerari to venerate.] To regard with reveren- 
tial respect ; to have veneration for ; reverence ; revere ; 
adore. — ven'er-a'tor (ven'er-a'ter), n. 

ven'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of venerating; state of 
being venerated ; respect mingled with awe. 2. Act of ex- 
pressing reverent feeling ; worship. — Syn. See reverence. 

ve-ne're-al (ve-ne're-dl), a. [L. venereus, fr. Venus, Ve- 
neris, Venus, goddess of love.] 1. Of or pert, to venery, or 
sexual love or intercourse. 2. Med. a Of diseases, arising 
from sexual intercourse with an infected person, b Adapted 
to the cure of venereal diseases. 

ven'er-y (ven'er-i), n.; pi. -ries. _ [L. Venus, Veneris, the 
goddessof love.] Sexual gratification orintercourse jcoition. 

ven'er-y, n. [F. venerie, fr. OF. vener to hunt, L. venari.~] 
Art, act, or practice of hunting ; the sports of the chase. 

ve'ne-sec'tion (ve'ne-sek'shwn), n. [L. vena vein + sectio 
a cutting.] Med. Phlebotomy. 

Ve-ne'tian (ve-ne'shdn), a. Of or pert, to Venice in Italy. 
Venetian, or v., blind, a form of blind having slats that 
may be opened or closed, esp. such a blind consisting of 
horizontal slats held together by cords so that they may be 
raised compactly. — v. carpet, an inexpensive carpet hav- 
ing a woolen warp which conceals the weft, the pattern be- 
ing therefore commonly made up of simple stripes. 

— n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Venice. 2. In pi. A heavy 
kind of tape or braid used especially on Venetian blinds. 

ve'ne-ZO-la'no (va'na-so-la'no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz; Span. 
-nos). [Sp., prop. Venezuelan.] A silver coin of Venezuela, 
equal to five bolivars (96.5 cents). 

Ven'e-zue'lan (ven'e-zwe'ldn), a. Of or pert, to Venezuela 
or its people. — n. A native or citizen of Venezuela. 

venge (venj), v. t. & i. [OF. vengierJ] To avenge ; revenge. 
06s. 

venge'ance (ven'jans), n. [F., fr. venger to avenge, L. 
vindicare to claim, defend, avenge.] 1. Punishment in- 
flicted in return for an injury or offense ; retribution ; often, 
also, passionate or unrestrained revenge. 2. Harm ; mis- 
chief ; evil. Obs. — Syn. See requital. 
with a vengeance, a With great violence, force, etc. b 
Extremely. C In great or excessive amount. 

venge'ful (venj'fool), a. Revengeful. — venge'ful-ly, adv. 

ve'ni-al (ve'ni-dl), a. [OF., fr. L. venialis, fr. venia for- 
giveness, favor.] Capable of being forgiven ; not heinous ; 
excusable, esp. as not involving serious wrong. — ve'ni-al'- 
i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. — ve'ni-al-ly, adv. — ve'ni-al-ness, n. 
venial sin, R. C. Theol., a sin which weakens, but does not 
wholly destroy, sanctifying grace. Cf . deadly sin. 

ve-ni're fa'ci-as (ve-nl're fa'shi-as), or ve-ni're, n. [L., 
cause to come.] Law. A judicial writ or precept used in 
summoning persons to serve as jurors. 

ven'i-son (ven'i-z'n or, esp. Brit., ven'z'n), n. [OF. venei- 
son, L. venatio hunting, game, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to 
hunt.] The flesh of an animal of the deer kind. 

|| Ve-ni'te (ve-nl'te), v.. [L., come, imperative 2d person pi. : 

— so called from its opening word in the Latin version.] 
Eccl. The 95th Psalm or the 94th in the Douay Version ; 
also, a musical setting of this psalm. 

ven'om (ven'tim), n. [OF. venim, venin, deriv. of L. ve- 
nenum poison.] 1. Matter fatal or injurious to life ; poison 
in general. Archaic. 2. The poisonous matter which cer- 
tain animals, as serpents, scorpions, bees, etc., secrete, and 
communicate by biting or stinging. 3. That which poisons, 
embitters, or blights; spite; malice; malignity; as, * 
venom of a speech, glance, etc. — Syn. Virus, bane. 






the 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



VENOMOUS 



1063 



VERBAL 



"— V. t . To infect with venom ; envenom ; poison. Rare. 

ven'om-OUS (-us), a. 1. Full of venom; poisonous; also, 
virulent ; baneful. 2. Zo'dl. Having a gland or glands for 
secretion of venom ; able to inflict a poisoned bite, sting, or 
wound. 3. Mischievous ; malignant ; spiteful. — Syn. See 
poisonous. — ven'om-ous-ly, adv. — om-ous-ness, n. 

ve'nose (ve'nos), a. [See venous.] Venous; specif., Bot., 
having numerous or conspicuous veins ; veiny, [or venose. 

ve-nos'i-ty (ve-nos'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being venous| 

Ve'nous (ve'nfts), a. [L. venosus, fr. vena vein.] 1. Of or 
pert, to a vein or veins. 2. Designating blood, as that in the 
veins, which has passed through the capillaries, given up 
oxygen, and become charged with carbon dioxide ; — opp. 
to arterial. In the higher animals venous blood is dark red. 
— ve'nous-ly, adv. — ve'nous-ness, n. 

vent (vent), n. [F. fente a slit, cleft, fissure, fr. fendre to 
split, L v finder e.~\ 1. A small aperture ; a hole or opening 
for passage or escape, as of a fluid. 2. a (1) The anus. Obs., 
exc. in Zo'dl. (2) The opening of the cloaca or of the intes- 
tine on the surface of the body, esp. in the lower vertebrates. 
b Ordnance. The opening at the breech of a gun through 
which fire is communicated to the powder. 3. Opportu- 
nity of escape or passage ; outlet, as from confinement or 
privacy ; passage ; escape ; hence : utterance, expression, or 
publication ; as, to give vent to one's wrath. 

— v. t. 1. To let out at a vent, or small aperture ; give outlet 
to. 2. To utter ; report ; publish ; as, to vent a grievance. 3. 
To furnish with a vent ; make a vent in. 4. To relieve by 
giving vent ; as, to vent one's self in grief, [flute ; a vent.l 

vent'age (ven'taj), n. A small hole, as a finger hole of a| 

ven'tail (ven'tal), n. [OF. ventaille, F. v entail. See venti- 
late.] The movable front of a helmet, to admit air. 

vent'er, n. One who, or that which, vents. 

ven'ti-dUCt (ven'ti-dukt), n. [L. ventus wind + ductus a 
leading, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead.] A passage 
or pipe for wind or air, as for ventilating apartments. 

ven'ti-late (-ti-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing.^ [L. 
ventilatus, p. p. of ventilare to fan, winnow, ventus wind.] 
1. To winnow ; fan. Rare. 2. To cause fresh air to circu- 
late through (a room, mine, etc.) so as to replace foul air 
simultaneously removed. 3. To give vent to ; utter ; make 
public ; expose to scrutiny and discussion. 4. To provide 
with a vent, or escape, for air, gas, etc. [being ventilated. | 

ven'ti-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of ventilating, or state ofj 

ven'ti-la-tive (ven'ti-la-tiv), a. Of or pert, to ventilation. 

ven'ti-la'tor (-la/ter), n. One who, or that which, ventilates ; 
esp., a contrivance for the inlet of fresh air and the drawing 
off of foul or stagnant air. 

[) Ven'tdse' (vaVtoz'), n. [F., fr. L. ventosus windy.] See 
Revolutionary calendar. 

ven'tral (veVtrdl), a. [L. ventralis, fr. venter belly.] 1. 
Of or pert, to the belly ; abdominal ; hence, Zo'dl. & Anat., 
designating, pert, to, or situated on or toward, that surface 
of the body which in man is anterior, but in most other ani- 
mals is the lower surface ; — opp. to dorsal. 2. Bot. a 
Pert, to or designating that surface of a carpel, petal, etc., 
which faces toward the center of a flower, b Pert, to the 
lower side or surface of certain organs, as most foliage leaves, 
etc. ; — opp. to dorsal. — ven'tral-ly, adv. 
ventral fin, Zo'dl. in fishes, one of that pair of fins which 
corresponds to the hind limbs of quadrupeds ; a pelvic fin. 

— n. Zo'dl. A ventral fin of a fish. 

ven'tri-cle (-trf-k'l), n. [L. ventriculus stomach, ventricle, 
dim. of venter belly.] Anat. & Zo'dl. A cavity of an organ ; 
esp. : a The chamber, or a chamber, of the heart which re- 
ceives blood from an auricle, and delivers it to the arteries. 
b In the brain, one of the communicating cavities continu- 
ous with the central canal of the spinal cord. 

ven'tri-COSe (ven'trT-kos) \ a. [NL. ventricosus, fr. L. 

ven'tri-cous (ven'tri-kfts)J venter belly.] Bot. & Zo'dl. 
Bellied ; inflated ; swelling out on one side or unequally. 

ven-tric'U-lar (ven-trik'u-ldr), a. 1. Pertaining to a ventri- 
cle. 2. Bellied ; bulging out. 

ven'tri-lo'qui-al (ven/tri-lp'kwi-al), a. Of, pert, to, resem- 
bling, or using ventriloquism. 

ven-tril'o-quism_(ve'n : trTl'6-kwTz'm), n. [From L. ven- 
triloquus a ventriloquist ; venter beliy + loqui, p. p. locu- 
tus, to speak.] Act, art, or practice of speaking in such a 
way that the voice appears to come from a source other 
than the speaker's vocal organs. [in, ventriloquism.] 

V8n-tril'0-quist (-kwist), n. One who practices, or is skilled! 

ven-tril'o-quize (-kwlz), v. i. ; -quized (-kwizd) ; -quiz'ing 
(-kwlz'ing). To practice ventriloquism. 

ven-tril'o-quy (-kwi), n. Ventriloquism. 

ven'ture (ven'tur), n. [Aphetic form of ME. aventure. See 
adventure.] 1. An undertaking of chance or danger ; a 
hazard; risk; specif., a business speculation. 2. An event 
that is not, or cannot be, foreseen ; also, chance ; contin- 
gency ; luck. Now Rare. 3. The thing put to hazard ; 
stake ; risk ; esp., something sent to sea in trade. 
at a venture \Orig. at aventure (see the etymology of 
venture, above)] , at hazard ; at random. 



— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing (-tur-ing). 1. To expose 
to hazard ; risk. 2. To undertake the risk of ; brave ; dare, 
as a'voyage. 3. To put or send on a venture or chance, as a 
business speculation. 4. To confide in ; rely on ; trust. Rare. 
5. To advance or put forward, or to expose to criticism or 
refutation, as an opinion or statement. — v. i. 1. To haz- 
ard one's self ; dare ; as, to venture to object. 2. To make a 
venture ; run a risk ; as, to venture ashore. — ven'tur-er, n. 

ven'ture-some (ven'tur-sum), a. Inclined to venture; 
showing daring or venturousness; venturous; bold ; dar- 
ing ; adventurous. — Syn. See rash. — ven'ture-some- 
ly, adv. — ven'ture-some-ness, n. 

ven'tur-ous (-tjar-us), a. Daring; bold; venturesome. — 
Syn. See rash. — ven'tur-ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. 

ven'ue (ven'Q), n. [F. venue arrival, fr. venir to come, L. 
venire.~] Law. a The place or county in which the alleged 
events from which an action arises took place ; also, the 
place from which the jury is taken, and where the trial is 
held, b In pleading, the statement laying the place for the 
trial ; also, sometimes, the clause in an affidavit indicating 
the place where it was sworn to. 

ven'ule (-ul), n. [L. venula, dim. fr. vena vein.] A small 
vein ; a veinlet ; specif., Zo'dl., one of the small branches of 
the veins of the wings in insects. — ven'tl-lar (-u-ldr), a. 

ven'u-lose (-ti-los), ven'U-lous (-lus), a. Full of venules. 

Ve'nus (ve'nus), n. [L. Venus, -en's.] 1. Roman Relig. 
An ancient Italian goddess of bloom and beauty, protectress 
of gardens, who became identified with the Greek Aphro- 
dite. 2. Astron. A planet moving in an orbit between that 
of Mercury and that of the earth, at a mean distance from 
the sun of about 67,000,000 miles. Its period of revolution 
is about 225 days, and its diameter about 7,700 miles. At 
its brightest, it is far more brilliant than any fixed star. As 
morning star, it was called Lucifer by the ancients ; as 
evening star, Hesperus. 3. Alchem. The metal copper. 

Ve^nus-berg (ve'nus-bfirg ; G. va'ndos-berK), n. [G., Moun- 
tain of Venus.] The Horselberg, a mountain between Eisen- 
ach and Gotha, in Germany, in a cave of which, according 
to medieval legend, Venus held her court, enticing persons 
into it, and by music, revelry, and sensuous pleasures keep- 
ing them from ever returning. The name was also given to 
various other mountains. See Tannhauser. 

Ve'nus's-fly'trap', n. A curious herb (Dionsea muscipu- 
la) found wild only on the coast of the Carolinas. It has a 
rosette of basal leaves, the apexes of which are modified 
into insect traps, the two halves of which close like a book. 

Ve'nus's— hair', n. A delicate maidenhair fern ( Adiantum 
capillus-veneris) with a slender black stipe and branches. 

ve-ra'cious (ve-ra'shws), a. [L. verax, -acis, fr. verus 
true.] 1. Observant of truth ; truthful. 2. Characterized 
by truth ; true ; as, a veracious story. — -cious-ly, adv. 

ve-rac'i-ty (ve-ras'I-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality or 
state of being veracious or true ; specif. : a Habitual ob- 
servance of truth ; truthfulness, b Power of conveying 
truth ; correctness ; as, veracity of vision. C Conformity 
with truth ; as, the veracity of a judgment. 2. That 
which is true ; a truth ; the truth. — Syn. See truth. 

ve-ran'da, ve-ran'dah (-ran'dd), n. [Cf. Pg. varanda.] 
Arch. An open gallery or portico, usually roofed, attached 
to the exterior of a building ; — in the United States often 
called a piazza. 

ve-ra'tric (ve-ra'tnk ; -rat'rik), a. [L. veratrum hellebore.] 
Chem. Designating, or pert, to, a white crystalline acid, 
C9H10O4, in sabadilla seeds and also formed by decomposi- 
tion of veratridine and other alkaloids. 

ve-rafri-dine (ve-rat'ri-dln ; -den), n. Also -din. Chem. 
An amorphous alkaloid, C37H53O11N, occurring in sabadilla 
seeds ; — called also amorphous veratrine. 

ve-ra'trine (ve-ra'trTn ; -tren), n. Also ve-ra'trin, ver'a- 
tri^na (ver'd-trl'nd), ve-ra'tri-a (ve-ra'tn-d). Chem. A 
white crystalline poisonous alkaloid, obtained from the root 
of white, or false, hellebore and from sabadilla seeds. It is 
used in the local treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism. 

ve-ra'trize (ve-ra'trlz), v. t.; -trized (-trizd) ; -triz-ing 
(-trlz-Yng). To treat or drug with veratrine, as animals. 

verb (vurb), n.' [F. verbe, L. verbum a word, verb.] Gram. 
A word which affirms or predicates something ; the part of 
speech expressing action or mode of being. 

ver'bal (vur'bal), a. 1. Of or pert, to words ; consisting in, 
or having to do with, words only ; esp., dealing with words 
rather than with the ideas to be conveyed ; as, a verbal 
change. 2. Expressed in words, whether spoken or written, 
but commonly in spoken words ; hence, by confusion, spo- 
ken ; oral ; not written ; as, a verbal contract. 3. Word for 
word ; literal ; as, a verbal translation. 4. Gram. Of or pert, 
to a verb ; as, a verbal group ; derived directly from a verb ; 
like a verb in sense and constructions ; as, a verbal noun ; 
used in forming verbs ; as, a verbal prefix. — Syn. See oral. 
verbal noun, Gram., a noun derived directly from a verb 
or verb stem ; specif., such a noun partaking of the sense 
and constructions of a verb, as the infinitive, gerund, and 
supine. In English, the term is applied esp. to the nouns in 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); bcN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



VERBALISM 



1064 



VERNACULAR 







R 



U 



•ting, maaning in general the act or process of doing some- 
thing, with related concrete senses, as that of agent or prod- 
uct. See INFINITIVE. 

■— n. Gram. A verbal noun ; loosely, a participle. 

ver'bal-ism (vur'bdl-iz'm), n. Verbal expression, as : a An 
empty form of words, b Wordiness. [words. I 

ver/bal-ist, n. A literal adherent to, or minute critic of,| 

Ver'bal-ize (-Iz), v. L; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Iz'ing)_. To 
convert into a verb.— v. i. To be verbose. — ver'bal-i-za'- 
tion (-I-za/shun; -I-za'shi/n), n. 

ver'bal-ly, adv. In a verbal manner. 

ver-ba'tim (ver-ba'tim), adv. [LL., fr. L. verbum word.] 
Word for word ; in the same words ; verbally. 

ver-be'na (-be'nd), a. [L. See vervain.] A garden plant 
(genus Verbena) of numerous varieties, with large, often 
fragrant, flowers of various colors. 

Ver'be-na'ceous (vur'be-na'shas), a. Bot. Belonging to a 
family (V erbenacese) of herbs, shrubs, and trees, the ver- 
bena family, including many species, as the verbena, lan- 
tana, etc., having handsome flowers, a few that are medici- 
nal, and some, as the teak, that are valuable timber trees 

ver'bi-age (vur'bi-aj), n. [F. verbiage. See verb.] The 
use of many words without necessity, or with little sense ; 
verbosity ; wordiness. — Syn. See redundancy. _ 

Ver-bose' (ver-bos'),a. [L. verbosus.] Abounding in words ; 
using or containing more words than necessary; prolix; 
wordy. — ver-bose'ly, adv. — ver-bose'ness, n. 

ver-bos'i-ty (-bos'I-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). State or quality 
of being verbose ; wordiness. — Syn. See redundancy. 

ver'dan-cy(vur'dan-si), n. Quality or state of being verdant. 

ver'dant (-dant), a. 1. Covered with growing plants or 
grass ; green ; fresh. 2. Unripe in knowledge or judgment ; 
unsophisticated ; raw ; green. Colloq. — ver'dant-ly, adv. 

Verd' an-tique' (vurd' an-tek'). [F. vert antique a kind of 
marble ; verd, vert, green + antique ancient.] 1. A green 
mottled or veined serpentine marble, or calcareous serpen- 
tine, much used for indoor decoration, esp. by the ancient 
Romans. 2. Porphyry showing crystals of feldspar in a 
dark green ground mass ; — called Oriental verd antique. 

ver'der-erl (vur'der-er), n. [For verder, fr. F. verdier, LL. 

ver'der-or / viridarius, fr. L. viridis green.] Early Eng. 
Law. A judicial officer in charge of the king's forest. 

Ver/dict (vur'dikt), n. [OF. veirdit a true saying; veir, 
voir, true (L. verus) + dit a saying (L. dictum thing said).] 
1. Law. The finding or decision of a jury on the matter 
submitted in trial. 2. Decision ; judgment. 

Ver'di-gris (-dl-gres), n. [OF. vert de Grice, vert de Grece, 
lit., grsen of Greece.] 1. a A green or greenish blue poison- 
ous pigment and drug, formed by action of acetic acid on 
copper, consisting of one or more basic copper acetates, b 
Normal copper acetate, Cu(C2Hs02)2-H20, a dark green 
salt sometimes used as a glazing color. 2. A carbonate of 
copper formed as a green or bluish rust on copper, brass, or 
bronze surfaces. Colloq. 

Yer'di-ter (-ter), n. [F. vert-de-terre, lit., green of earth.] 
Either of two basic carbonates of copper used as pigments, 
prepared from azurite (giving blue verditer) or malachite 
(giving green verditer), or artificially; bice. 

ver/dure (-dur), n. [F., fr. L. viridis green.] Greenness; 
esp., greenness and freshness of vegetation ; also, such vege- 
tation itself ; a green growth. — ver'dure-less, a. 

ver'dur-ous (-qyr-iZs), a. Clothed with verdure ; verdant. 

|| Ver-ein' (fer-In'), n. [G.] A union or society ; — used in 
names of German organizations ; as, Tumverein. 

verge (vurj),n. [F., fr. L. virga.] 1. A rod or staff carried 
as an emblem of authority or as a symbol of office. 2. The 
stick or wand with which persons were formerly admitted 
tenants, they holding it and swearing fealty. Eng. 3. Early 
Eng. Law. The area or limit within which the lord steward 
and the marshal of the king's household had special ju- 
risdiction. 4. The shaft of a column, or a small ornamental 
shaft. 5. The spindle of a watch balance, esp. one with pal- 
lets. 6. A border, limit, or boundary ; edge, margin, or brink. 
7. A circumference ; an inclosing or encircling thing, as a 
ring. 8. The edge of the tiling projecting over a gable. — 
Syn. See border. 

— v. i. ; verged (vurjd) ; verg'ing (vur'jing). 1. To be on 
the verge, or border. 2. To tend ; incline. 

Ver/ger (vur'jer), n. One who carries a verge, or emblem of 
office ; specif. : a An attendant on a bishop, a dean, etc. 
Eng. b x\n official who takes care of a church building. 

Ver-gil'i-an (ver-jil'i-dn), a. Also Vir-gil'i-an. Of or per- 
taining to Vergil ; esp., resembling the style of Vergil. 

ve-rid'i-cal (ve-nd'i-kdl), a. [L. veridicus; verus true + 
dicere to say, tell.] Truth-telling ; truthful ; veracious. — 
ve-rid'i-cal -ly, adv. — ve-rid'i-cal'i-ty (-I-kal'I-tT), n. 

ver'i-fi'a-ble (ver'i-fl'd-b'l), a. Capable of being verified. 

Verl-fi-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shwn), n. Act of verifying, or state of 
being verified ; confirmation ; authentication ; specif. : Law. 
a Confirmation by evidence, b An averment used in con- 
cluding a plea, stating that the pleader is prepared to prove 
his allegations. 



ver'i-fi-ca-tive (ver'I-ff-ka-tiv), a. Serving to verify ; veri- 
fying ; authenticating ; confirming. 

ver'i-fy (-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. verifier, LL. 
verificare; L. verus true -f- -ficare (in comp.) to make.] 

1. To prove to be true ; confirm ; substantiate. 2. To con- 
firm the truth or truthfulness of. 3. To authenticate. 

ver'Hy (-11), adv. [From very.] 1. In very truth ; beyond 
doubt or question ; in fact ; certainly. 2. Truly ; really. 

ver'i-sim'i-lar (-slm'i-ldr), a. [L. verisimilis, veri similis ; 
verus true (gen. veri) + similis like.] Having the appear- 
ance of truth ; probable ; likely. — ver'i-sim/i-lar-ly, adv. 

ver'i-si-mil'i-tude (-si-mTl'I-tQd), n. [L. verisimilitudo.'] 
Quality or state of being verisimilar. — Syn. See truth. 

ver'i-ta-ble (ver'i-td-b'l), a. [F. veritable.'] Agreeable to 
truth or to fact ; actual ; true ; genuine. — ver'i-ta-ble- 
ness, n. — ver'i-ta-bly, adv. 

ver'i-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. verite, L. Veritas, fr. 
verus true.] 1. Quality or state of being true, or real; 
consonance, as of a statement, with fact ; truth ; reality. 

2. That which is true ; a reality. — Syn. See truth. 
ver'jliice' (vur'jobs' ; 86), n. [F. verjus, OF. vert jus, lit., 

green juice, juice of green fruits ; vert green + jus juice.] 
1. The sour juice of crab apples, of unripe grapes, apples, 
etc., or an acid liquor made from it. 2. Tartness ; sourness. 

ver'meil (-mil), n. [F., vermilion, fr. LL., fr. L. vermiculus 
a little worm.] 1. Vermilion or its bright red color. Now 
Poetic. 2. Gilded silver, bronze, or copper. 

ver'mi-cel'li (-me-sel'i ; -chel'i), n. [It., pi. of vermicello, 
dim. of verme a worm, L. vermis.'] See macaroni. 

ver'mi-C-ide (vur'mi-sld), n. [L. vermis worm + -cide.~] 
Any of various substances which kill worms ; esp., a drug to 
kill parasitic intestinal worms. — ver'mi-cid'al (-sid'dl), a. 

ver-mic'u-lar (ver-mTk'u-ldr), a. [L. vermiculus a little 
worm, dim. of vermis a worm.] 1. Vermiform. 2. Ver- 
miculate, or vermiculated. 

ver-mic'u-late Mat), v. t. ; -eat'ed (-laVed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
vermiculatus inlaid to resemble the tracks of worms, deriv. 
of vermiculus, dim. of vermis worm.] To form or work, as 
by inlaying, with irregular lines or impressions resembling 
tracks of worms. 

— (-lat), a. 1. Wormlike in ®J 
shape ; covered with elevations 
or markings suggestive of worms 
or worm tracks. 2. Crawling or 
creeping like a worm ; hence : 
insinuating ; sophistical. 3. Full 
of worms ; worm-eaten. 

ver-mic'u-la'tion (-la'shSn), n. Vermiculated Work. 
1. Act of moving like a worm ; a writhing ; specif., peristal- 
sis. 2. A narrow and wavy or tortuous marking, or system 
of such markings ; vermicular ornamentation. 3. Act or art 
of vermiculating. 4. Penetration by worms ; state of being 
worm-eaten. 

ver-mic'u-lite (-lit), n. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis 
worm.] Min. Any of a number of micaceous minerals, hy- 
drous silicates derived generally from alteration of mica. 

ver'mi-form (vur'mT-form), a. [L. vermis a worm -f- 
-form.] Resembling a worm. 

vermiform appendix, Anal., a narrow, blind tube about 
three or four inches long and of the diameter of a goose quill, 
extending from the caecum (of which it represents an atro- 
phied terminal part), in the lower right-hand part of the 
abdomen. It has no useful function. Cf. appendicitis. — v. 
process. Anat. a The part of the median lobe of the cere- 
bellum which appears on the upper or lower surface of the 
cerebellum, b The median lobe or part of the cerebellum. 

ver'mi-fuge (-fuj), n. [L. vermis worm + fug are to drive.] 
Med. A medicine or substance that expels worms from ani- 
mal bodies ; an anthelmintic. 

ver-mil'ion (ver-mil'ytm), n. [F. vermilion. See vermeil.] 
1. A bright red pigment consisting of mercuric sulphide. 2. 
A red color like the pigment ; a lively and brilliant red. — 
v. t. To color with or as if with vermilion. 

ver'min (vur'min), n. sing. & pi.; chiefly as pi. [F. ver- 
mine, fr. L. vermis worm.] 1. Any noxious or disgusting 
animal ; esp. such animals collectively, when of small size, 
of common occurrence, and difficult to control. Flies, lice, 
bedbugs, fleas, etc., rats, mice, weasels, etc., and sometimes 
such birds as hawks and owls, are classed as vermin. 2. A 
noxious human being, or such persons collectively. Con- 
temptuous. 

ver'min-OUS (vur'mi-nits), a. 1. Consisting of vermin; of 
the nature of vermin. 2. Tending to breed vermin ; infested 
by vermin. 3. Caused by vermin. 

ver'muth, ver'mouth (vur'mobth), n. [F. vermouth] A 
liqueur flavored with wormwood and other substances. 

ver-nac'u-lar (ver-nak'u-ldr), a. [L. vernaculus born in 
one's house, native, fr. verna a slave born in his master's 
house.] 1. Belonging to the country of one's birth ; one's 
own by birth or nature ; native ; indigenous ; — now used 
almost solely of language ; hence, of or pert, to one's native 
speech. 2. Characteristic of a locality. — n. One's mother 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; then, (hin; nature, verdure (87); 



VERNACULARISM 



1065 



VERTICIL 



tongue ; often, the common mode of expression in a locality, 
or, by extension, in a trade, etc. 

ver-nac'U-lar-ism (-Iz'm), n. 1. A vernacular word or 
idiom. 2. Use of vernacular language. [the vernacular. I 

ver-nac'U-lar-ly, adv. According to the vernacular; in| 

ver'nal (vur'ndl), a. [L. vernalis, fr. vernus vernal, ver 
spring.] 1. Of or pert, to the spring ; appearing or occur- 
ring in the spring ; as, the vernal equinox. 2. Belonging to 
youth, the spring of life. — ver'nal-ly, adv. 
vernal point. See equinoctial points, under equinoctial, a. 

ver-na'tion (ver-na/shun), n. [F. vernation, or L. vernatio 
the sloughing of the skin of snakes.] Bot. The disposition 
of foliage leaves within the bud. Cf . aestivation. 

ver'ni-er(vur'ni-er), n.f 
[After Pierre Vernier 



(15 8 0-1637), who 
invented it.] A short 
scale made to slide 
along the divisions of 
a graduated instru- 



I I I 1,1 H.I.I. 



TT 



B 




Versatile An- 
thers of Passion 
Flower. 



Vernier. A Regular Scale ; B Ver- 
nier Scale, indicating measurement 
of 27.4. 
ment to indicate parts of divisions. 

Ve-ron'i-ca (ve-ron'T-kd), n. [LL.,fr. Gr. BepovUrj, BepevUrj, 
dial, form (Macedonian) for Gr. QepevUi), lit., carrying off 
victory, victorious.] A representation of the face of Christ 
on the alleged handkerchief of Saint Veronica, preserved at 
Rome ; hence, any similar representation. 

ver'ru-ca'no (ver'oo-ka'no), n. [It., fr. Mount Verruca 
near Pisa, where a similar conglomerate is found.] Geol. 
The rock constituting a series of strata (Carboniferous in 
part) in the Alps, the age of which is not well defined. 

ver'ni-cose (ver'oo-kos), a. [L. verrucosus, fr. verruca a 
wart.] Covered with wartlike elevations ; warty. 

ver'ru-cos'i-ty (-kos'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). Med. The 
condition of being covered with warts ; also, a wart. 

ver'sant (vur'sdnt), n. [F.] The slope of a side of a moun- 
tain chain ; hence : the general slope of a country ; aspect. 

ver'sa-tile (vur'sd-tTl ; -til), a. [L. versatilis, fr. versare to 
turn around.] 1. Capable of being turned 
round. Rare. 2. a Bot. Attached at or 
near the middle so as to swing freely ; as, 
a versatile anther, b Zo'dl. (1) Capable 
of turning forward or backward ; reversi- 
ble ; as, a versatile toe of a bird. (2) Capa- 
ble of moving laterally and up and down, 
as antennae. 3. Fickle ; variable ; incon- 
stant. Rare. 4. Turning with ease from 
one thing to another ; many-sided ; as, 
versatile genius. — ver'sa-tile-ly, adv. tile-ness, n. 

yer'sa-til'i-tx (vur'sd-til'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality 
or state of being versatile. 

verse (vurs), n. [AS. fers, combined with F. vers; both 
fr. L. versus a furrow, a row, a line in writing, and, in 
poetry, a verse.] 1. Pros, a A line consisting of a certain 
number and disposition of metrical feet (see foot, n., 10). b 
Metrical arrangement and language ; versification ; poetry. 
C A piece of poetry. 2. A short division of any composition ; 
as : a A stanza ; stave. See Syn., below, b Bib. One of the 
short divisions of the chapters in the Old and New Testa- 
ments. C Music.^ A portion of an anthem or service to be 
performed by a single voice to each part. 
Syn. Verse, stanza. Verse is properly a single metrical 
line ; a stanza is a combination or arrangement of verses. 
The use of verse for stanza is contrary to the best usage. 

versed (vurst), a. Acquainted or familiar from experience, 
study, practice, etc. ; skilled ; practiced. 

versed, a. [L. versus turned.] Math. Turned, 
versed sine, that part of the diameter of a unit circle be- 
tween the foot of the sine and the arc. 

ver'si-cle (yur'sT-k'l), n. [L. versiculus.'] A little verse; 
specif., Liturgies, a short verse or sentence said or sung by 
the priest or minister, and followed by a response from the 
people ; — indicated by the sign ~tf. 

ver'si-COl'or, ver'si-COl'our (-kiil'er), a. [L. versicolor; 
versare to change 4- color color.] 1. Having various col- 
ors ; party-colored. 2. Changeable in color ; iridescent. 

Ver-sic'u-lar (yer-sik'u-ldr), a. [See versicle.] Of or pert, 
to verses ; designating distinct divisions of a writing. 

ver'si-li-caftion ( viir'si-f f-ka'shun ), n. Act, process, or 
art of versifying ; metrical composition ; prosody. 

ver'si-fy (vur'sT-fl), v. i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. versi- 
fier, L. versificare; versus a verse 4- -ficare (in comp.) to 

I make.]_ To make verses. — v. t. 1. To turn into verse; 
render into metrical form. 2. To relate, describe, or com- 
posein verse. — ver'si-fi'er (-fl'er), n. 

Ver'sion (vur'shun), n. [F., fr. L. vertere, versum, to turn, 
change, translate.] 1. A change, conversion, or turning. 
Obs. orR. 2. A translation ; specif., a translation or render- 
ing of the Bible or a part of it, as : the Authorized Ver- 
sion or King James Bible, a thorough revision of an 
older English Bible, proposed by King James I., 1604, exe- 
cuted by about fifty revisers, and published in 1611 ; the 



Douay (doo'ay') Bible or Version (1609-10), an English 
translation from the Latin Vulgate ; the Revised Version 
(1881, 1885), a revised form of the Authorized Version 

f>repared by English and American revisers. 3. An account 
rom a particular point of view, esp. as contrasted with 
another account ; as, two versions of the same affair, i. 
Med. A condition of the uterus in which its axis is deflected 
from its normal position without being bent upon itself. — 
Syn. See paraphrase. — ver'sion-al (-dl), a. 

ver'SO (vfir'so), n. ; pi. -sos (-soz). [L., abl. of versus, p. p. 
of vertere to turn.] 1. The reverse, or left-hand page of a 
book or a folded sheet of paper ; — opposed to recto. 2. The 
reverse, as of a coin ; — opposed to obverse. 

Verst (vurst), n. [Russ. versta."] A Russian measure of 
length, equal to 0.6629 miles, or 1 .067 kilometers. 

ver'SUS (vur'sus), prep. [L., toward, turned in the direc- 
tion of, fr. vertere, versum, to turn.] Against ; — used 
chiefly in legal or in sporting language. Abbr., v. or vs. 

vert (vurt), n. [F., green, fr. L. viridis.~\ 1. Eng. Forest 
Law. a Everything that bears a green leaf within the forest, 
esp. great and thick coverts, b The right of cutting growing 
wood in a forest. 2. Her. Green. It is represented in en- 
graving by diagonal lines from dexter chief to sinister base. 

ver'te-bra (vur'te-brd), n.; pi. -br^e (-bre). [L. vertebra, 
fr. vertere to turn, change.] One 
of the segments 
composing the 
spinal column. In 
the higher verte- 
brates a typical 
vertebra h a s a 
short, more or 
less cylindrical 
body, or cen- 
trum, whose ends 
articulate, by 
means of disks or 
pads of elastic, 
fibrous or carti- 
laginous tissue, 
with the centra 
of the adjacent 
vertebras. 

ver'te-bra 1 
(-bral), a. Anat. 
& Zo'dl. a Of or 
pert, to a verte- 
bra, vertebra?, or 
the vertebral col- 
umn ; spinal, b 
Composed of, or 
having, vertebrae. 
vertebral column, 




Vertebrae of Man. 
A Sixth Dorsal Vertebra seen from above. 
B The same from the right side. C 
Third Lumbar Vertebra from above. LP 
The same from the right side, a Cen- 
trum, or Body ; b Pedicle forming the 
Side of the Neural Arch ; c Lamina 
forming the Top of the Neural Arch ; d 
Spinal Foramen ; e Spinous Process ; f 
Transverse Process ; g Anterior Articu- 
lar Process ; g' Posterior Articular Proc- 
ess ; h Facet for Head of Rib ; i Facet 
for Tubercle of Rib. 

Anat. & Zo'dl., the spinal column. 

ver'te-brate (vur'te-brat), a. [L. vertebratus.'] Having a 
backbone, or spinal column. — n. One of a division (Verte- 
brata) of animals containing all those with a backbone, or 
segmented spinal column (which is represented in the em- 
bryo by a notochord), together with a few related forms, 
as the lancelet or amphioxus, in which the backbone is rep- 
resented by a notochord throughout life. 

ver'te-brat'ed (vur'te-brat'ed), a. 1. Vertebrate. 2. Com- 
posed of or having vertebras or similar segments. 

ver'te-bra'tion (-bra'shtm), n. Segmentation into verte- 
brae or divisions like vertebrae. 

ver'texjvur-teks), n. ; pi. E. -texes (-tek-sez; 24), L. -ti- 
CES (-ti-sez). [L. vertex, -ids, whirl, celestial pole, top, 
fr. vertere to turn.] The principal or highest point ; top ; 
summit ; apex ; specif. : a Anat. & Zo'dl. The top of the 
head, b Craniom. The highest point of the skull. C Astron 
The zenith. 

ver'ti-cal (-ti-kal), a. 1. Of or pert, to the vertex ; situated 
at the vertex ; directly overhead, or in the zenith. 2. Per- 
pendicular to the plane of the horizon ; upright ; plumb. 3 
Bot. a At right angles to the plane of the supporting sur 
face ; upright, b In the direction of the axis ; lengthwise. 
Syn. Vertical, perpendicular, plumb. Vertical and 
perpendicular designate that which is at right angles to the 
plane of the horizon or to a given line or surface. A vertical 
line, in reference to the earth, is one on which, if produced, 
the zenith lies ; a perpendicular line, one which, if pro- 
duced, passes through the center of the earth ; vertical often 
suggests direction upward, and is the more abstract term ; 
perpendicular often suggests direction downward ; but the 
words are somewhat freely interchangeable. Plumb ir 
more familiar or colloquial and denotes accordance with 
the direction of a plumb line. 

— n. A vertical line, plane, or circle. 

ver'ti-cal-ly, adv. In a vertical manner or position. 

ver'ti-cal-ness, ver'ti-cal'i-ty (-kal'i-ti), n. State or fact 
of being vertical. 

ver'ti-ces (vur'ti-sez), n., L. pi. of vertex. 

ver'ti-cil (-sfl), n. [L. verticillus, dim. of vertex whirl.] A 
circle of leaves, hairs, etc., at a point on an axis ; whorl. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals, 



N 



VERTICILLASTER 



1066 



VESTRY 







R 



U 



V 



Ver'ti-cil-las'ter (vur'tT-sil-as'ter), a. [NL. ; L. yerticil- 
lus a whirl -f- -aster.~] Bot. An inflorescence consisting of 
a pair of much condensed, nearly sessile cymes, disposed 
around the axis like a true verticil, as in many mints. See 

INFLORESCENCE, Illust. 

ver-tic'il-late (ver-tis'i-lat), a. Bot. & Zo'ol. Disposed in 
verticils ; arranged in a transverse whorl or whorls, like the 
spokes of a wheel. — ver-tic'il-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. — ver- 
tic'il-late-ly, adv. — ver-ticll-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 

ver-tig'i-nous (ver-tij'T-nus), a. [L. vertiginosus, fr. ver- 
tigo a whirling around, giddiness.] 1. Turning round ; ro- 
tary ; revolving. 2. Affected with vertigo ; giddy ; dizzy. 3. 
Causing, or tending to cause, dizziness. — ver-tig'i-noUS- 
ly, adv. — ver-tig'i-nous-ness, n. 

ver'ti-go^(vur'ti-go), n.; pi. E. -goes (-goz), L. -tigines 
(ver-tij'i-nez). [L., fr. vertere to turn.] Med. Dizziness, 
or swimming of the head ; giddiness. 

Ver-tum'nus (ver-tum'nus), n. [L., fr. vertere to turn.] 
Roman Relig. A god of change, variously interpreted as 
god of the changing season, of developing vegetation, of 
trade.as the god capable of self-transformation, etc. 

Ver'vain (vur'van), n. [F. verveine fr. L. verbena, pi. ver- 
benae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a class of, 
plants.] Any of a genus (Verbena), typifying a family 
(V erbenacese) , of herbs or subshrubs, esp. any species with 
small spicate flowers (as V. officinalis or V. hastata). 

verve (vurv), n. [F.] Vivacity of imagination, esp. such as 
animates a poet, artist, or musician ; spirit. 

ver'vet (yur'vet), n. [F. vervet, fr. vert green -f- grivet 
an earlier name for an African monkey.] A South African 
monkey (C ercopithecus pygerythrus) allied to the grivet, 
but having the chin, hands, feet, etc., black. 

Ver/y (ver , i), a. ; ver'i-er (-T-er), Rare ; -i-est. [OF. verai 
true.] 1. True. Obs. 2. Truthful ; veracious. 06s. 3. Ac- 
tual ; veritable ; real. Archaic. 4. Absolute ; utter ; as, for 
very spite. 5. Peculiar ; especial ; as, his very tree. 6. iden- 
tical ; same ; as, the very man I saw. 7. Used intensively in 
a sense corresponding to even, even the; as, the very birds 
stopped singing. 

— adv. In a high degree ; exceedingly ; extremely ; as, a 
very cold day. Very qualifies adjectives, participles used 
adjectively, and adverbs, but not verbs directly or past 
participles used predicatively, although such locutions as 
"I am very pleased" are supported by some authority. 

ve-si'ca (ve-sl'kd), n.; pi. -cm (-se). [L., a bladder, blis- 
ter.] A bladder ; esp., the urinary bladder. 

ves'i-cal (ves'i-kal), a. Of or pert, to a bladder, esp., Anat., 
the urinary bladder. 

ves'i-cant (ves'i-kdnt), a. & n. [See vesica.] Vesicatory. 

|| ve-si'ca pis'cis ( ve-si'kd pis'is ). [ L., fish bladder. ] 
Eccl. Art. An aureole of pointed oval shape, typically of 
two arcs of circles and surrounding a sacred personage. 

ves'i-cate (ves'f-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
Med. To raise blisters on ; blister. — ves'i-ca'tion, n. 

Ves'i-ca-to-ry (ves'i-kd-to-n), a. Med. Tending, or hav- 
ing power, to raise a blister. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A blis- 
tering application or plaster. 

ves'i-cle (-f-k'l), n. [L. vesicula, dim. of vesica a bladder, 
blister.] A bladderlike vessel ; membranous cavity ; cyst ; 
cell ; specif. : a Bot. A small bladderlike air cavity within 
the tissues, b Med. A small circular elevation of the cuti- 
cle, containing a clear watery fluid. C Anat. & Zo'ol. A 
cavity or sac, esp. one filled with fluid, d Geol. A small 
cavity in a mineral or rock. 

ve-sic'u-lar (ve-sik'u-ldr), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or having the 
form or structure of, a vesicle. 2. Containing, composed of, 
or characterized by, vesicles ; vesiculate. 

ve-sic'u-late (-lit), a. 1. Containing, or covered with, 
vesicles. 2. Having the form of a vesicle ; vesicular. 

— (-lat), v. t. To form vesicles in (lava, etc.). — v. i. To 
become vesicular. — ve-sic'u-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 

ves'per (ves'per), n. [L.] 1. The evening. Poetic. 2. [cap.~\ 
The evening star; Hesper; Venus as evening star. See 
evening star. 3. A vesper prayer, hymn, or service ; a ves- 
per bell. — a. Of or pert, to the evening or vespers. 

ves'pers (-perz), n. pi. Eccl. a R. C. & East. Churches. 
The next to the last of the seven hours (canonical hours) 
appointed for devotion ; the office or service for this time, 
formerly said or sung at 6 P. M. b The evening prayer, or 
evensong, of the churches of the Anglican Communion ; — 
sometimes so called. C In some other churches, a service, 
largely musical, on Sunday afternoon. 

ves'per-til'i-O-nine (-per-til'i-o-nln ; -nin), a. [From L. 
vespertilio a bat.] Zo'ol. Belonging to a large family (Ves- 
pertilionidse) of bats including the majority of the com- 
mon bats of temperate regions. 

ves'per-tine (ves'per-tin ; -tin), a. [L. vespertinus.] 1. 
Of or pert, to the evening. 2. Bot. Blossoming in the eve- 
ning. 3. Zo'ol. Active or flying in early evening ; crepuscular. 

Ves'pi-a-ry (ves'pi-a-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. vespa a 
wasp ; after E. apiary. ~] A nest of any of the social wasps, 
or the colony of wasps inhabiting it. 



ves'pid (ves'pid), n. [From L. vespa a wasp.] Zo'ol. Any 
of a widely distributed family {Vespidse) of wasps, con- 
taining most of the social wasps (including the hornets) 
which live in colonies like bees, and produce workers as 
well as perfect females and males. 

ves'sel (ves'el), n. [OF. vessel, vaissel, fr. L. vascellum, 
dim. of vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel.] 1. A hollow or 
concave utensil for holding anything ; a hollow receptacle, 
as a barrel, bottle, kettle, cup, bowl, etc. 2. Hence, esp. in 
Scriptural language, one into whom something is conceived 
as poured, or in whom something is stored for use ; as, 
vessels of wrath. 3. Any structure, esp. a hollow one, 
made to float on the water for navigation ; a craft for navi- 
gating the water, specif, one larger than a common row- 
boat. 4. Anat . A tube or canal in which a fluid is contained 
and circulated, as a vein, etc. 5. Bot. A continuous tube 
formed of superposed cells which have lost their end walls. 

vest (vest), n. [L. vestis a garment, vesture.] 1. An outer 
garment ; vestment ; dress ; robe. Archaic. 2. Any outer 
covering ; array ; garb. 3. A garment for men, varying in 
style at different times ; as : a A garment likened to a long 
cassock, of the time of Charles II. b A waistcoat. Colloq. 
4. A body garment or part of a garment for women : a A 
kind of jacket, b A facing to the front of a bodice or coat, 
resembling the front of a man's waistcoat. 5. A knitted or 
woven undershirt, esp. one for women. 

— v. t. 1. To clothe with or as with a vestment or garment ; 
dress ; hence : to surround ; encompass closely. 2. To clothe 
(with authority, power, or the like) ; invest ; endow ; — used 
with with ; as, to vest a court with certain powers. 3. To 
trust or commit to another ; — often used with in; as, an 
estate is vested in possession ; power of life and death is 
vested in the courts. — v. i. To become vested ; be fixed ; 
take effect or pass, as a title, so that there is a fixed right of 
present or future enjoyment ; — often used with in. 

Ves'ta (ves'td), n. [L.] 1. Roman Relig. The goddess of 
the hearth and its fire. Her temple symbolized the hearth 
of the city, and contained no image of the goddess, but a 
fire rekindled on the Roman New Year (March 1) by fric- 
tion of wood and in charge of the vestal virgins. See Hes- 
tia. 2. [I. c] [pZ. vestas ( : tdz).] A match with a shank 
of thin wax taper ; later, a kind of short wooden match. 

ves'tal (-tal), a. 1. Of or pert, to Vesta. 2. Pert, to or be- 
fitting a vestal. — n. 1. Roman Relig. A virgin conse- 
crated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred 
fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning on her altar. 
2. A virgin ; a woman pure and chaste ; also, a nun. 

vest'ed (ves'ted ; 24), a. 1. Clothed ; robed, esp. in a cere- 
monial costume. 2. Law. That has become a complete and 
consummated right ; as, vested interests. 

ves'ti-a-ry (ves'ti-a-n), a. Pert, to clothes, or vestments. 

ves-tib'U-lar (ves-tib'u-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a vestibule ; 
resembling, or of the nature of, a vestibule. 

ves'ti-bule (ves'ti-bul), n. [L. vestibulum.'] 1. A passage 
or chamber between the outer door and the interior of a 
building ; a porch, or entrance into a bouse. 2. Specif., an 
inclosed entrance to a passenger car. Cars with such vesti- 
bules (vestibule cars), when joined, form a vestibule 
train, in which there is free and protected passage from 
one to the other. 3. Anat. Any of various cavities or fossag, 
esp. one serving as or resembling an entrance to some other, 
as the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear or the 
part of the left ventricle below the aortic orifice. 

— y. t. ; -buled (-buld) ; -bui/ing (-bulging). _ 1. To furnish 
with a vestibule or vestibules. 2. To join (railroad cars) by 
vestibules. —. ves'ti-buled (ves'ti-buld), a. 

ves'tige (-tijl, n. [F., fr. L. vestigium footprint, sign.] 

1. A track ; footstep. Rare. 2. A trace or visible sign left 
by something lost, perished, or gone ; remains. 3. Biol. A 
degenerate or imperfectly developed part or organ which 
has been more fully developed in an earlier stage. — Syn. 
See trace. 

ves-tig'i-al (ves-tij'i-31), a. Pertaining to a vestige, or 
remnant ; like, or of the nature of, a vestige. 

ves-tig'i-um (ves-tij r i-wm),n.; pi. -ia (-d). [L.] A vestige. 

vest'ing (ves'tTng), n. Cloth for vests, or waistcoats. 

vest'ment (vest'ment), n. [OF. vestement, fr. L. vesti- 
mentum, fr. vestire to clothe, vestis garment.] 1. A cover- 
ing ; garment ; esp., a garment or robe of ceremony or office. 

2. Eccl. Any garment worn in addition to the ordinary 
dress by the clergy or their assistants, choristers, etc., in 
divine service ; esp. any of the garments (Eucharistic vest- 
ments) so worn by the celebrant and his assistants during 
the celebration of the Eucharist. 

ves'try (ves'tri), n. ; pi. -tries (-tnz). 1. A wardrobe. Obs. 
or R. 2. Eccl. a In liturgical churches, the sacristy, b In 
churches not liturgical, a room within, or a building at- 
tached to, a church building and used as a chapel, Sunday- 
school room, etc. 3. In the Church of England and in the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, a body of persons who ad- 
minister the temporal affairs of a parish ; also, in England, 
a parish meeting or a meeting of a vestry. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
fase, unite, flrn, up, circus, menu; food, fc^ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



VESTRYMAN 



1067 



VICARIATE 



Ves'try-man (veVtrf-mdn), n. A member of a vestry. 

ves'ture (ves'tur), n. [OF., fr. LL. vestitura, fr. L. vestire 
to clothe, dress.] 1. That with which one is clothed ; a 
robe ; apparel ; vestment. 2. A covering ; an envelope. 

— v. t. ves'tured (-turd) ; -tur-lng (-tur-ing). To cover 
with vesture ; clothe ; envelop ; — usually in p. p. 

Ve-su'vi-an (ve-su'vi-dn), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling 
Vesuvius, the volcano near Naples. 

ve-SU'vi-an, n. [G.] 1. Min. Vesuvianite. 2. A kind of 
match or fusee for lighting cigars, etc. 

ve-SU'vi-an-ite (-It), n. Min. A brown to green mineral, 
a silicate of aluminium and calcium with some iron and 
magnesium. It is common at Vesuvius. Called also idocrase. 

Vetch (vech), n. [OF. veche, vece, fr. L. vicia.~\ Any of va- 
rious fabaceous plants (esp. genus Vicia), some of which 
are valuable for fodder. 

VetchTing (-ling), n. {vetch -f- 1st -ling."] Any of a genus 
(Lathyrus, esp. L. pratensis) of small fabaceous plants. 

Vet'er-an (vet'er-dn), a. [L. veteranus, fr. vetus, veteris, 
old.] 1. Grown old in experience ; long practiced, esp. in 
military life. 2. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, a veteran. 

— n. One long exercised in any service or art, esp. in war ; 
one who has had much experience in service or who has 
seen specific service ; as, Napoleon's veterans. 

vet'er-l-na'ri-an (-I-na'n-dn; 3), n. One skilled in or 
treating diseases and injuries of domestic animals. 

Vet'er-i-na-ry (vet'er-T-na-rf), a. [L. veterinarius of or 
pert, to beasts of burden and draft.] Of or pert, to the art 
of healing or treating the injuries and diseases of domestic 
animals. — n.; pi. -ries (-rfz). A veterinarian. 

ve'to (ve'to), n. ; pi. -toes (-toz). [L. veto I forbid.] 1. An 
authoritative prohibition ; interdiction. 2. A right or power 
of one department of a government to prohibit finally or 
provisionally the carrying out of projects attempted by an- 
other department, esp. of the chief executive to prevent 
legislative enactment. 3. The exercise of such authority ; 
act of vetoing ; also, Chiefly U. S., a document or mes- 
sage communicating the reasons of the executive for not 
officially approving a proposed law. 

— v. t.; -toed (-tod) ; -to-ing. To prohibit ; negative ; esp., 
to exercise the right of veto. — ve'to-er, n. 

vex (veks), v. t.; vexed (vekst) or, Chiefly Rare or Poetic, 
vext ; vex'ing. [L. vexare, -atum x to vex, orig., to shake.] 

1. To disquiet ; disturb. 2. To agitate ; discuss ; dispute ; 
moot ; — chiefly used in vexed question, point, etc. 3. To 
annoy or anger, as by petty provocations ; irritate ; plague ; 
also, to harass ; afflict. — Syn. See harass. 

Vex-a'tion (vek-sa'shftn), n. 1. A vexing; state of being 
vexed ; trouble ; harassment ; irritation. 2. A cause of 
trouble or disquiet ; affliction. 

Syn. Vexation, chagrin, mortification. Vexation im- 
plies displeasure and irritation ; chagrin connotes acute 
annoyance, with a sense of dissatisfaction or disappoint- 
ment ; mortification often adds to chagrin the implication 
of humiliation ; as, vexation of spirit, vexation due to being 
crossed ; chagrin at the failure of his schemes ; the mortifi- 
cation of public humiliation. 

vex-a'tious (-shiis), a._ l._ Causing vexation. 2. Full of 
vexation, trouble, or disquiet ; disturbed ; as, a vexatious 
life. — vex-a'tious-ly, adv. — vex-a'tious-ness, n. 

vex'ed-ly (vek'sed-lT), adv. In a vexed manner. 

vex'ed-ness, n. Vexation. 

vex'il (vek'sTl), n. Bot. A vexillum. 

vex'il-lar (vek'sT-ldr) \ a. 1. Of or pert, to an ensign or 

vex'il-la-ry (-la-rf) J standard. 2. Bot. Pert, to or desig- 
nating the vexillum. [standard bearer. | 

vex'il-la-ry (-la-rf), n.; pi. -rtes. [L. vexillarius.] A| 

vex'il-late (-lat), a. Having a vexillum or vexilla. 

vex-il'lum (vek-sTl'tim), n. ; pi. -illa (-d). [L., a stand- 
ard, a flag.] 1. Rom. Antiq. a A flag or standard. See 
flag, Illust. b A company of troops under one standard. 

2. Bot. The large upper posterior petal in a papilionaceous 
flower. 3. The web or vane of a feather. [way of.l 

vi'a (vi'd), prep. [L. via, ablative of via way.] By the| 

Vi'a-ble (vl'd-b'l), a. [F., fr. vie life, L. vita.'] Capable of 
living ; born alive and with such form and development of 
organs as to be normally capable of living; — said of a 
new-born infant. — vi'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. 

Vi'a-duct (-dukt), n. [L. via way + -duct, as in aqueduct."] 
A bridge, esp. one on narrow 
masonry arches, having high 
supporting piers, for carry- 
ing a road over a valley, road, 
etc. Also, esp. U. S., a steel 
structure of short spans car- 
ried on high steel towers. 

Vi'a-graph (vi'd-graf), n. [L. 
via road + -graph.] An in- Viaduct of Masonry, 
strument for autographically recording the inequalities of 
a road surface. 

Vi'al (vl'dl), n. [ME. viole, for fiole, F. fiole. See phial.] 
A small bottle ; a phial. — v. t. ; -aled (-did) or -alled ; 




-al-ing or -al-ling. To put into a vial or vials ; phial. 

vi'and (vl'dnd), n. [F. viande meat, food.] An article of 
food; — chiefly in pi.: provisions; food; fare. 

vi-at'ic (vl-at'ik), a. [L. viaticus, fr. via a way.] Of or 
pertaining to a journey or traveling. 

Vl-at'i-cum (-i-kum), n.; pi. viatica (-T-kd). [L., fr. viati- 
cus, a.] 1. Roman Antiq. An allowance, orig. of means of 
transportation and of supplies, later of money for traveling 
expenses, made to those sent on duty into the provinces. 2. 
Eccl. The Communion, or Eucharist, when given to persons 
supposedly dying. 

Vi-brac'u-lum (vl-brak'u-liim), n.; pi. vtbracula (-Id). 
[NL., dim. fr. L. vibrare to vibrate.] Zo'ol. One of the 
movable, slender, spinelike organs or parts with which cer- 
tain polyzoans are furnished. — vi-brac'u-lar (-ldr), a. 

Vi'bran-cy (vl'brdn-si), n. State of being vibrant; esp., 
resonance. 

Vi'brant (vT'brant), a. Vibrating ; tremulously agitated ; as, 
vibrant feelings. Esp., sounding as a result of vibration ; 
hence : resonant ; sonorous ; as, a vibrant drum or voice. 

vi'brate (-brat), v. t.; -brat-ed (-brat-ed); -brat-ing (-brat- 
Ing). JX. vibratus, p. p. of vibrare to shake, vibrate.] 1. 
To swing ; brandish. Obs. or Rare. 2. To mark or measure 
by oscillation. 3. To set in vibration. — v.i. 1. To move U. 
and fro, as a pendulum ; swing ; oscillate. 2. To be in a 
state of vibration. 3. a To thrill ; throb ; as, his heart vi- 
brates to the call, b To waver ; fluctuate ; as, to vibrate 
between two opinions. 4. To produce an oscillating or 
quivering effect of sound. — Syn. See fluctuate. 

vi'bra-tile (vl'brd-til), a. Adapted to, or used in, vibra- 
tory motion ; vibratory. — vi'bra-til'i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. 

Vi-bra'tion (vT-bra'shun), n. 1. Act of vibrating ; state of vi- 
brating ; oscillation. 2. Physics. A periodic motion of the 
particles of an elastic body or medium in alternately oppo- 
site directions from the position of equilibrium, when that 
equilibrium has been disturbed. 

vi-bra'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to vibration. 

|| vi-bra'to (ve-bra'to), n. [It., p.p. of vibrare to vibrate.] 
Music. A pulsation of tone, esp. in singing and violin play- 
ing, made by a rapid alternation of swells and softenings in 
the tone. Cf. tremolo. 

vi'bra-tor (vl'bra-ter), n. One who, or that which, vibrates, 
or causes vibration or oscillation of any kind. 

vi'bra-to-ry (vl'brd-to-rf), a. _ Consisting in or causing 
vibration or oscillation ; vibrating. 

vib'ri-0 (vib'rf-o), n. ; pLvibriones (-o'nez). [NL., fr. L. 
vibrare to vibrate, to be in tremulous motion.] Bacteriol. 
Any of a genus (Vibrio) of motile bacteria characterized by 
an undulatory motion. 

Vib'ri-oid (-oid), a. {vibrio -f- -oid.] Like a vibrio. 
vibrioid body, Bot., one of certain cylindrical bodies, re- 
sembling certain bacilli, found in some fungi and algae. 

— n. A vibrioid body. 

vi-bris'sa (vl-brfs'd), n.; pi. -sm (-e). [L. vibrissae, pi., 
the hairs in the nostrils of man, fr. vibrare to vibrate.] 

1. Anat. & Zo'ol. One of the stiff hairs of the nostrils, or 
on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so-called 
whiskers of the cat. 2. Zo'ol. One of the bristlelike feathers 
near the mouth of many, esp. insectivorous, birds. 

Vi-bur'num (vl-bur'nftm), n. [L., the _ wayfaring tree.] 
Bot. Any of a genus {Viburnum) of caprifoliaceous shrubs 
or trees, having white or, rarely, pink cymose flowers. 

vic'ar (vik'er), n. [F. vicaire, fr. L. vicarius. See vicari- 
ous.] 1. A substitute in office ; deputy. Rare, exc. : R. C. 
Ch. An ecclesiastic representing the Pope or an ordinary 
bishop ; — used with a qualifying word, as in vicar-general. 

2. Eng. Eccl. Law. The priest of a parish the tithes of 
which are owned by a layman ; an incumbent of a parish 
who is not a rector. 3. Prot. Epis. Ch. a A clergyman who 
is the head of a chapel, which is his sole or chief charge, b A 
bishop's deputy in charge of a church or mission. 

vicar apostolic, or apostolic v. R. C. Ch. a Formerly : 
(1) A bishop or archbishop to whom the Pope delegated a 
portion of his jurisdiction. (2) Any ecclesiastic commis- 
sioned to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a diocese in 
which the ordinary was partly incapacitated, b Now, 
usually, a titular bishop stationed in a country where there 
is no episcopal see, or where the succession has been inter- 
rupted. — v. f orane (fS-ran') [See foreign] , R. C. Ch., a 
dignitary or parish priest appointed by a bishop to exercise 
a limited jurisdiction. — V. of Jesus or Christ, R. C. Ch., 
the Pope. 

vic'ar-age (vik'er-aj), n. The benefice, residence, office, or 
function of a vicar. Chiefly Brit. 

vic'ar-gen'er-al, n.; pi. vicars-general. 1. Eng. Hist. 
The king's ecclesiastical vicegerent. The only vicar-general 
was Thomas Cromwell. 2. Ch. of Eng. A lay legal officer 
who acts as deputy of the Archbishop of Canterbury or 
York in certain matters. 

vi-ca'ri-al (vl-ka'rf-dl ; 3), a. 1. Of, pert, to, being, or act- 
ing as, a vicar. 2. Vicarious ; delegated ; as, vicarial power. 

vi-ca'ri-ate (-at), n. Office or jurisdiction of a vicar. 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs* etc., precede Vocabulary. 1] Foreign Word. + combined with, -equals, 



N 



VICARIOUS 



1068 



VIGILANCE 







R 



U 



Vi-ca'ri-OUS (-Ss), a. [L. vicarius, fr. vicis change, place 
of one person as assumed by another.] 1. Of or pert, to a 
vicar, substitute, or deputy ; delegated ; as, vicarious 
authority. 2. Acting for another ; as, a vicarious agent. 
3. Performed or suffered in place of another ; substituted ; 
as, a vicarious sacrifice. _ 4. Med. Acting as or being a sub- 
stitute ; also, occurring in an abnormal situation and re- 
placing a similar phenomenon of some other part ; as, vica- 
rious hemorrhage, a hemorrhage from an unusual part re- 
placing a discharge from a usual part. — vi-ca'ri-OUS-ly, 
adv. — yi-ca'ri-ous-ness, n. 

Vic'ar-ship (vik'er-ship), n. Office or dignity of a vicar. 

Vice (vis), n. [F., fr. L. vitium.] 1. A moral fault or fail- 
ing ; esp., immoral conduct or habit, as in the indulgence of 
degrading appetites. 2. State of being given up to evil con- 
duct or habits ; depravity. 3. A physical defect, deformity, 
taint, or imperfection. 4. leap.'] The buffoon of old Eng- 
lish moralities ; — often named from some particular vice. 
5. Error ; fault ; also, blemish ; imperfection ; defect ; as, a 
literary vice. 6. In a horse, dog, etc., a failing, bad habit, 
or trick. — Syn. Sin, iniquity. 

Vice, n. 1. A vise. 2. A grip ; grasp. Obs. — v. t. ; viced 
(vlst) ; vtc'ing (vls'ing). To grip with or as with a vice. R. 

Vi'ce (vl'se), prep. [L. vice, abl. of vicis change, turn.] 
In the place of ; in the stead of. 

Vice (vis), a. [See vice, prep.] Denoting a person who in 
certain cases may assume the office of a superior whose 
title is the same as that qualified by vice, or the office of 
such a person ; also, denoting a deputy, or the office of a 
deputy; as, vice president, presidency. [vice admiral. | 

vice admiral. See navy. — v. admiralty, the office of a| 

vice-ge'ren-cy ( vls-je'ren-si ), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). The of- 
fice of a vicegerent ; delegated power. 

Vice-ge'rent (vis-je'rent), a. [vice, a. + gerent a manager, 
fr. L. gerere to bear.] Having delegated power ; acting in 
the place of another. — n. An officer deputed to exercise 
the powers of another ; a lieutenant ; vicar. — vice-ge'ral, a. 

vie'e-na-ry (vis'e-na-ri), a. [L. vicenarius, fr. viceni 
twenty each.] Of, pert, to, or consisting of, twenty. 

vi-cen'ni-al (vl-sen'i-al), a. [L. vicennium a period of 
twenty years ; viceni twenty + annus year.] 1. Lasting 
twenty years. 2. Happening once in twenty years. 

vice're'gal (vls're'gal), a. Of or pert, to a viceroy or vice- 
royalty. 

Vice'roy (vls'roi), n. [F. vice-roi; vice- in the place of (L. 
vice) + roi king, L. rex.] The governor of a country or 
province who rules as representative of a king or other 
sovereign ; as, the Viceroy of India. 

Vice'roy'al-ty (yls'roi'al-ti), n.; pi. -tees (-tiz). Dignity, 
office, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. 

vice'roy-ship, n. Viceroyalty. 

Vi'chy wa'ter (vish'i ; F. ve'she') or [also I. c] Vi'chy, n. 
A mineral water at Vichy, France ; also, loosely, any arti- 
ficial or natural water of similar composition. 

Vi'ci kid (vl'sl). [L. vici I have conquered.] Black, glazed, 
chrome-tanned kid ; — a trade term. 

vic'i-nage (vis'i-naj), n. [F. voisinage, fr. voisin neigh- 
boring, a neighbor, L. vicinus.] The place or places ad- 
joining or near ; neighborhood ; vicinity. 

Vic'i-nal (-nal), a. [L. vicinalis.] 1. Neighboring. Rare. 
2. Min. Designating subordinate forms or faces on a crys- 
tal, sometimes taking the place of the fundamental ones. 

vi-cin'i-ty (vi-sin'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. vicinitas, 
fr. vicinus neighboring, near, vicus row of houses, village.] 
1. Quality or state of being near ; nearness ; proximity. 2. 
A region about, near, or adjacent ; neighborhood. — Syn. 
See neighborhood. 

vi'cious (vish'ws), a. [OF., fr. L. vitiosus, fr. vitium vice.] 
1. Addicted to vice, or immorality ; depraved ; wicked. 2. 
Characterized by vice, or defect ; faulty ; incorrect ; as, 
vicious pronunciation. 3. Impure ; foul ; noxious ; as, vi- 
cious air. 4. Not well tamed or broken ; given to bad tricks ; 
as, a vicious horse. — vi'cious-ly, adv. cious-ness, n. 

Vi-cis'si-tude (vi-sis'T-tud), n. [L. vicissitudo.] 1. Regu- 
lar succession ; alternation ; interchange. Obsoles. 2. Ir- 
regular change ; revolution ; mutation. — vi-cis'si-tu'di- 
na-ry (-tu'di-na-n), -tu'di-no-US, a. [later, the sheriff. I 

Vi-con'tl-el (vl-kon'ti-el), a. Of or pert, to the viscount or,| 

Vic'tim (vik'tim), n. [L. victirna.] 1. A living being sac- 
rificed in a religious rite. 2. One injured, destroyed, or 
sacrificed, in the pursuit of an object, at the hands of an- 
other, from disease, accident, etc. 3. A dupe ; gull. Colloq. 

vic'tim-ize (-Tz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -izing (-Tz'Tng). To 
make a victim of ; dupe ; cheat. — vic'tim-i-za'tion (-i-za/- 
shtm; -T-za'shun), n. — vic'tim-iz'er (-Tz'er), n. 

Vic'tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. vincere, victum, to vanquish.] 

i The winner in a contest ; one who overcomes, esp. in battle ; 
a conqueror. — a. Victorious. 

Syn. Victor, conqueror. A victor is a winner in a test 
of skill or strength ;a conqueror has subjugated a (given) 
thing that has opposed him ; as, the victor in a contest ; the 
conqueror of a people. 




vic-to'ri-a (vik-to'n-d; 57 ), n. [L. victoria victory.] 1. 

Bot. A water lily (Victoria regia), native to Guiana and 

Brazil, with 

leaves often 

over 6 feet in i 

diameter, and 

with r os e- _ 

white flowers" 

12-18 inches 

across. 2. A Victoria. 

kind of low four-wheeled pleasure carriage with a calash top. 
Vic-to'ri-an (-an ; 57), a. Of or pert, to the reign (1837- 

1901) of Queen Victoria of England. — n. A person, esp. an 

author, of the Victorian period. 
vic-to'ri-OUS (vik-to'ri-xis), a. 1. Having gained victory; 

being a victor ; conquering. 2. Of, pert, to, or symbolic of, 

victory. — vic-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. — to'ri-ous-ness, n. 
vic'to-ry (vik'to-ri), n.; pi. : ries (-riz). [L. victoria.] 

The overcoming of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist 

in any contest ; conquest ; triumph ; — opp. of defeat. 

Syn. Victory, conquest, triumph. Victory implies de- 
feat of opponents ; conquest, their subjugation ; triumph 

denotes a brilliant or overwhelming victory or success. 
Vic'tress (-tres), n. A female victor. Rare. 
Vic'trix (-triks), n. [L.] A victress. Rare. 
vict'ual (vit'T), n. [OF. vitaille, fr. L. victualia, neut. pi. 

of victualis belonging to living or nourishment.] Food ; 

specif, (chiefly in pi.), food for human beings, esp. when 

prepared for eating ; viands. Now Chiefly Colloq. or Dial. 

— Syn. See food. — v. t. ; victualed ( -'Id ) or -ual-led ; 
vict'ual-ing or -ual-ling (vit'l-ing; vit'ling). To pro- 
vide or store with food. — v. i. To eat ; feed. Rare. 

Vict'ual-er, vict'ual-ler (yit''l-er ; vit^ler), n. 1. One who 
furnishes victuals or provisions; specif., one whokeeps a 
house of entertainment ; an innkeeper. 2. A provision ship. 

vi-cu'fia (vi-kdon'yd), n. ; pi. -nas (-ydz). Also vi-cu'gna. 
[Sp. fr. native name in Peru.] 1. A wild rumi- 
nant (Lama vicunna) of the Andes from Ecua- 
dor to Bolivia, allied to the llama and alpaca. 
2. Short for vicuna cloth, a 
soft fabric of vicuna wool, or 
an imitation of it. 

|| vi'de (vl'de), imperative 
sing, of L. videre. See; 
look ; — used to direct atten- 
tion ; as : vi'de su'pra (su'- 
prd) , see above. 

|| vi-del'i-cet (vi-del'i-set), 
adv. [L., contr. fr. videre' 
licet, lit., it is easy to see, one 
may or can see.] To wit; 
namely. Abbr., viz. 

vi-dette' (vi-det'), n. Mil. = vedette. 

vie (vl), v. i.; vied (vid) ; vy'ing (vl'ing). [ME. vien, 
shortened fr. envien, OF. envier to invite, challenge, L. 
invitare to invite.] To strive for superiority ; contend ; — 
used with with, of persons or things. — Syn. See emulate. 

— v. t. 1. To wager. Obs. 2. To do or produce in emulation 
or competition ; bandy. Obs. or R. 

Vi'en-nese' (ve'e-nez' ; -nes'), a. Of or pert, to Vienna or 
its people. — n. sing. & pi. An inhabitant of Vienna. 

View (vii), n. [OF. veiie, fr. veoir to see, p. p. veil, fr. L. vi- 
dere to see.] 1. Act of seeing ; sight ; look ; survey. 2. Men- 
tal survey ; intellectual perception or examination ; as, a 
view of an argument. 3. Power of seeing, physically or 
mentally ; range of sight or vision ; as, to keep something in 
view. 4. That which is seen ; scene ; prospect. 5. A picture 
of a scene ; sketch. 6. Mode of looking at anything ; con- 
ception ; opinion ; judgment ; as, to state one's views. 7. 
That which is kept in sight as an object ; as, with a view of 
escaping. 8. Appearance ; show ; aspect. Obs. 
in view of, in regard to ; in consideration of. — on v., on 
exhibition ; open to public inspection. 

— v. t. To see ; behold ; esp., to look at or consider atten- 
tively ; inspect ; explore. — view'er, n. [fox break cover. | 

View halloo. The shout uttered by a hunter on seeing the| 

view'less, a. Invisible ; unseen. — view'less-ly, adv. 

view'point' (-point'), n. Point of view ; standpoint. 

view'y (vu'i), a. Having peculiar views ; visionary. Colloq. 

vi-ges i-mal (vl-jes'i-mal), a. [L. vigesimus twentieth, 
viginti twenty.] Twentieth ; divided into, or consisting 
of, twenties or twenty parts ; proceeding by twenties. 

Vig'il (vij'Tl), n. [OF. vigile, L. vigilia, fr. vigil awake, 
watchful.] 1. A keeping awake; state of being awake 
when sleep 'is customary or needed; wakefulness. 2. A 
watching ; watch ; wakeful attention. 3. Devotional watch- 
ing; in pi., evening or nocturnal devotions. 4. Eccl. a 
Orig., the devotional watch kept on the night before a feast. 
b Later, the eve of a feast ; esp., an eve which is a fast. C A 
religious service on the eve of a feast. 

vig'i-lance (-i-lans), n. 1. Wakefulness ; sleeplessness. _ 2. 
Quality or state of being vigilant ; watchfulness ; caution. 




Vicuna. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



VIGILANCE COMMITTEE 



1069 



VINEGARROON 



vigilance committee. A volunteer committee of citizens 
organized to suppress and punish crime summarily, as 
when the processes of law appear inadequate. U. S. 

vig'i-lant (-ldnt), a. [L. vigilans, -antis, p. pr. of vigilare 
to watch, vigil awake.] Alertly watchful ; circumspect ; 
alert ; attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to provide 

for safety ; wary. — vig'i-lant-ly, adv. lant-ness, n. 

Syn. Wakeful, attentive, watchful, alert, observant. — Vig- 
ilant, watchful, alert. Watchful is the general word ; 
vigilant implies keen, often wary, watchfulness ; alert 
implies wide-awake and active watchfulness or attention. 

vig'i-lan'te (vij'i-lan'te), n.; pi. -tes (-tez). [Sp., prop., 
vigilant.] A member of a vigilance committee. U. S. 

vi-gnette' (vm-yet'), n. [F., fr. vigne a vine. See vine.] 1. 
Orig., a running ornament of vine leaves, tendrils, etc. 2. 
Hence, now : a A relatively small decorative design or illus- 
tration put on or just before the title-page, at the beginning 
or end of a chapter, etc., of a manuscript or book, b Any 
picture, as an engraving, etc., which shades off gradually. 
3. In general, a picture, illustration, or depiction in words, 
esp. one of a small or dainty kind. 

— v. t.; vi-gnet'ted (-yet'ed) ; vi-gnet'ting (-yet'Tng). To 
finish as a vignette ; make a vignette of. — vi-gnet'ter 
(vTn-yet'er), n. 

Vig'or, vig'our (vTg'er), n. [L., fr. vigere to be lively or 
strong.] 1. Active strength or force of body or mind ; ef- 
fective energy or power ; strength. 2. Strength or force in 
animal or vegetable nature or action. — Syn. See power. 

Vig'or-ite f-It), n. [L. vigor strength.] A blasting explo- 
sive containing nitroglycerin and potassium chlorate. 

Vig'OT-OUS (vig'or-ws), a. 1. Having vigor ; full of physical 
or mental strength or active force ; strong ; lusty ; robust. 
2. Exhibiting strength, bodily or mental ; powerful ; ener- 
getic. — vig'or-ous-ly, adv. — vig'or-ous-ness, n. 
Syn. Potent, forcible, effective, efficacious ; energetic, 
strenuous, zealous, vehement. — Vigorous, energetic, 
strenuous. Vigorous implies fullness of active strength 
or force ; energetic connotes less reserve force than vigor- 
ous, and often suggests a bustling activity ; strenuous 
implies zealous, often urgent and pushing, activity. 

vi'king (vi'king ; ve'-), n. [From Scand.j One of the pi- 
rate Northmen who plundered the coasts of Europe in the 
8th-10th centuries ; — often confounded with sea king. 

Vi'la-yet' (ve'la-yet'), n. [Turk, vilayet, fr. Ar. wilayah.~] 
One of the chief administrative divisions or provinces of 
the Ottoman Empire. 

vile (vll), a. ; vii/er (vil'er) ; vii/est. [F. vil, fr. L. vilis. "] 

1. Of small account ; low ; mean ; base. 2. Morally base ; 
impure ; wicked ; evil ; as, a vile offense. 3. Unclean ; re- 
pulsive ; as, a vile odor. Often used as an interjection to 
express abhorrence, disgust, etc. — Syn. See base. — vile'- 
ly, adv. — vile'ness, n. 

vil'i-fi-ca'tion (vTl'i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act of vilifying. 

vil'i-fy (vil'i-fl), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. vilis vile 
+ -fy-1 1- To make vile ; debase. Rare. 2. To degrade by 
report ; defame ; traduce. — vil'i-fi'er (-fi'er), n. 
Syn. Calumniate, revile, upbraid, asperse. — Vilify, re- 
vile. To vilify is to defame or traduce ; to revile is to abuse 
with opprobrious or scurrilous language. See asperse. 

Vil'i-pend (-pend), v. t. [L. vilipendere ; vilis vile + pen- 
dere to weigh, value.] To depreciate ; slight ; despise. 

Vill (vil), n. [OF. viile, vile. See villa.] A village. Hist. 

Vil'la (vil'd), n. [L. villa LL. also, village, dim. of L. 
vicus a village.] Orig., a country property ; hence, a some- 
what pretentious rural or suburban residence. 

Vil'lage (.-aj), n. [F., fr. L. villaticus of a country house 
or villa. See villa.] Any small aggregation of houses in 
the country, in general less than a town or city and greater 
than a hamlet ; specif. : a In the United States, such an 
aggregation incorporated as a municipality and governed 
by a board of three or more trustees and a president, locally 
elected, b Any of various territorial divisions incorporated 
as "villages" under statutory authority, or officially or 
conventionally called "villages." 

Vil'lag-er (-a-jer), n. An inhabitant of a village. 

vil'lain (-in), n. In sense 1 now, usually, vil'lein. [F. 
vilain, LL. villanus, fr. villa. See villa.] 1. Orig., a free 
peasant of a class lower than ?. sokeman and higher in rank 
than a cotter ; later, one of a class of feudal serf s who as 
regards their lord were slaves, but were free in their legal 
relations with respect to all others. 2. A baseborn or 
clownish person ; boor. 06s. or R. 3. One capable or guilty 
of great crimes ; scoundrel ; knave ; — often used playfully. 

vil'lain-age (-aj), n. = villenage. 

vil'lain-ous (-us), a. 1. Befitting a villain ; depraved ; evil. 

2. Mean ; bad ; wretched ; vile ; as, villainous weather. — 
vil'lain-ous-ly, adv. — vil'lain-ous-ness, n. 

vil'lain-y (-1), n.; pi. -lainies (-Tz). 1. Serfdom. Obs. 2. 

Quality or state of being villainous, or evil ; depravity. 3. 

A villainous act ; crime. [villainy. Obs.l 

Vil'lan-age (-an-aj), n. 1. Var. of villenage. 2. Infamy ;| 
Villa-nel'la (vil'd-nel'd), n.; pi. -NELLE (-e). [It., prop. 

fern. dim. See villain.] Music, a An old rustic dance, 




accompanied with singing, b An Italian rustic part song, 
unaccompanied and in free form. 

Villa-nelle' (vil'd-nel'), n. [F., fr. It. villanella.'] A poem 
in a French verse form, typically of nineteen lines, running 
on but two rimes, and in six stanzas. [etc.l 

vil'lan-ous (-us), vil'lan-ous-ly, etc. Vars. of villainous,! 

Vil-lat'ic (vi-lat'ik), o. [L. filiations of a country house. 
See village.] Of or pert, to a farm or a village ; rural. 

vil'lein (vil'In), n. A villain (in sense 1). 

vil'lein-age (-aj), n. = villenage. 

Vivien-age (-en-aj), n. Feudal Law. The status of a vil- 
lein ; tenure on the terms by which a villein held of his lord. 

Vil'li-form (-I-form), a. [villus + -form.) Having the 
form or appearance of villi ; like close-set fibers. 

vil-los'i-ty (vi-los'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. State of be- 
ing villous. 2. Bot. A coating of villi. 3. Anat. A villus. 

vil'lous (vil'us), a. [L. villosus.'] 1. Covered with fine 
hairs ; woolly ; downy ; specif., Bot., pubescent with soft and 
not matted hairs. 2. Anat. Furnished or clothed with villi. 

Vil'lus (-us), n.; pi. villi (-T). [L., shaggy hair, a tuft of 
hair.] 1. Anat. One of the minute fingerlike processes of 
the mucous membrane of the small intestine that serve in 
absorbing nutriment. 2. In pi. Bot. Fine straight hairs or 
pubescence on plants, like the pile of velvet. 

Vim (vim), n. [L., accusative of vis strength.] Energetic 
or active power ; force ; energy ; spirit ; vigor. Colloq. 

Vi'men (vl'men), n.; pi. vimina (vim'i-nd). [L., a twig.] 
Bot. A long, slender, flexible shoot or branch. 

Vim'i-nal (vTm'T-nal), a . [L. viminalis pert, to osiers, fr. 
■vimen twig, osier.] Of, pert, to, or producing twigs. 

vi-min'e-OUS (vi-mTn'e-iis), a. [L. vimineus, fr. vimen 
pliant twig.] 1. Of or pert, to twigs ; woven of pliant twigs. 
2. Bot. Of or producing long, slender twigs or shoots. 

vi'na (ve'na), n. [Hind. & Skr. vina.'] Music. An ancient 
Hindu instrument 
of the guitar type, 
still used in India. 
It has two gourd 
resonators and 
metal strings. 

vi-na'ceous (vl-na'shus), a. [L. vinaceus. See vine.] 
1. Pert, to or like wine or grapes. 2. Wine-colored. 

vhVai-grette' (vin'a-gret/), n. [F., fr. vinaigre vinegar.] 
1. Cookery. A sauce of vinegar, oil, etc., used esp. on cold 
meats. 2. A small box or bottle with an inner perforated 
cover, for aromatic vinegar, smelling salts, etc. 

vin'ci-ble (vin'si-b'l), a. [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere to con- 
quer.] Capable of being overcome or subdued ; conquer- 
able. — vin'ci-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), vin'ci-ble-ness, n. 

vin'CU-lum (vTn'ku-lum), n. ; pi. -la (-Id). [L., fr. vincire, 
vinctum, to bind.] 1. A bond of union ; tie. 2. Math. A 
horizontal mark placed over two or more members of a 
compound quantity, equiv . to parentheses or brackets 
about them, as a — b — c = a — (b — c). [cated.| 

vin'di-ca-ble (vm'di-kd-b'l), a. Capable of being vindi-j 

vin'di-cate (vin'dT-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. 
[L. vindicatus, p. p. of vindicare to lay claim to, defend, 
avenge.] 1. To claim. Rare. 2. Roman & Civil Law. To 
assert one's legal right to (a thing) ; recover by legal proc- 
ess. 3. To defend ; maintain. Obs. or Rare. 4. To support 
or maintain as true or correct against denial, censure, or 
objections ; sustain ; justify. 5. To avenge ; punish. Obs. 
Syn. Justify, vindicate. To justify is, esp., to maintain 
the right, justice, or propriety of something, and may 
suggest an attitude of defense or apology ; vindicate com- 
monly carries more definitely the implication of success- 
ful defense, as against some charge or censure ; as, to jus- 
tify one's ignorance ; to vindicate one's actions. See assert. 

vnVdi-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Act of vindicating; state of 
being vindicated ; defense ; justification. [tory.j 

vin-dic'a-tive (vin-dik'd-tiv ; vih'di-ka-tTv), a. Vindica-j 

vin'di-ca'tor (vin'di-ka/ter), n. One who vindicates. 

vin r di-ca-tO-ry (vin'di-kd-to-rT), a. Tending or serving to 
vindicate ; justificatory ; vindicative. 

vin-dic'tive (vin-dik'tTv), a. [For vindicative, confused 
with L. vindicta revenge.] Disposed to revenge ; retalia- 
tory. — vin-dic'tive-ly, adv. — vin-dic'tive-ness, n. 
Syn. Vindictive, revengeful are often interchangeable, 
but revengeful is common. y the stronger term. 

vine (vin), n. [F. vigne, L. vinea, fr. vinum wine, grapes.] 
1. A grapevine. 2. Any climbing, trailing, or creeping 
plant the stem of which requires support ; also, the stem. 

vin'e-gar (vTn'e-ger), n. [F. vinaigre; vin wine (L. vi- 
num) + aigre sour (L. acer).~\ A sour liquid, used as a 
condiment or as a preservative, got by fermentation of 
dilute alcoholic liquids, as wine, cider, beer, etc. 

vinegar eel. A minute nematode worm (Anguillulaaceti), 
often found in great numbers in vinegar, sour paste, etc. 

vin'e-gar-ette' (-et0, n. = vtnaigrette, n., 2. 

vin'e-gar -roon' (-gd-roon'), n. A whip scorpion, esp. a 
large Mexican species ( Thelyphonus giganteus) ; — so 
called from the odor that it emits when alarmed. 



K = ch in G. ioh, aeh (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



VINEGARY 



1070 



VIRGINIA 







R 



U 



Vin'e-gar-y (vin'e-ger-i), a. Of the nature of vinegar; 
hence : sour ; unamiable ; crabbed. 

Yin'er-y (vln'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). A grapery. 

Vine'yard (vm'ydrd), n. [AS. wlngeard; influenced by E. 
vine, F. vigne.] Lit., an inclosure or yard for grapevines ; 
commonly, a plantation of grapevines. 

vine'yard-ist, n. One who cultivates a vineyard. 

|| vingt' et' un' (vaV-ta 7 un'). [F., twenty-one.] A game at 
cards in which the aim of each player is to obtain from the 
dealer such cards that the sum of their pips is as near as 
possible to twenty-one, without exceeding it. 

vi'nic (vi'nik ; vm'ik), a. [L. vinum wine.] Of, pertaining 
to, or occurring in, wine ; as, vinic alcohol. 

vin'i-cul'ture (vin'i-kul'tur)^ n. [L. vinum wme_-f- E. 
culture.] Cultivation of the vine ; viticulture. — vin'i-CUl'- 
tur-al (-kul'tur-dl), a. — vin'i-cul'tur-ist, n. 

Vi-nif'er-OUS (vT-nif'er-ifs), a. [L. vinum wine + -fer- 
ous.] Yielding or producing wine ; as, a viniferous region. 

Hvin' or'di'naire' (vaN'-nor'de'ntr'). [F., lit., common 
wine.] A cheap claret, used as a table wine. 

vi-nos'i-ty (vl-nos'i-ti), n. [L. vinositas.] Quality or state 
of being vinous. 

vi'nous (vl'niis), a. [L. vinosus.] Of or pert, to wine ; hav- 
ing the qualities of wine ; as, a vinous taste. 

vin'tage (vm'taj), n. [OF. vendenge, fr. L. vindemia; 
vinum wine, grapes + demere to take off.] 1. Act or time 
of gathering grapes or making wine. 2. A season's produce 
of the vine, in grapes or, now usually, in wine. 

Vin'tag-er (-ta-jer), n. One who gathers the vintage. 

vint'ner (vmt'ner), n. [OF. vinetier.] A wine seller or wine 
merchant, esp. at wholesale. 

vin'y (vln'i), o. Of, pertaining to, or resembling vines; 
producing, or abounding in, vines. 

Vi'nyl (vl'nil), n. [L. vinum wine + -yl.] Chem. The 
univalent radical CH2:CH. 

Vi'ol (vi'ol), n. [F. viole.~] Music. Any of a class of medie- 
val stringed instruments from which the violin was devel- 
oped. The viols had a flat tapering back, broad fretted 
neck, low-arched bridge, and, usually, six strings. They 
were made in four sizes, and the modern bass viol is a modi- 
fied form of the largest viol. 

vi-o'la (ve-o'ld ; vl- ; It. ve-6'la), n. [It.] An instrument of 
the violin class, intermediate in size and compass between 
the violin and violoncello, tuned a fifth lower than the violin. 

Vi'o-la (vi'6-ld ; ve-o'ld ; vl-o'-), n. [L. viola a violet.] In 
Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night," a lady who disguises her- 
self as a page, and enters the service of Orsino, Duke of 
Illyria, whose love she wins. 

Vi'o-la-fole (vl'6-ld-b'l), a. [L. violabilis.] That may be 
violated. — vi'o-la-ble-ness, n. — vi'o-la-bly, adv. 

Vi'o-la'ceous (-la'shus), a. [L. violaceus, fr. viola a vio- 
let.] 1. Of the color of violets ; bluish purple. 2. Bot. Be- 
longing to a family (Violacese) of herbs, shrubs, and trees, 
the violet family, of wide distribution. 

|] vi-o'la da gam'ba (ve-o'ld da gam'ba' ; ve-5'la). [It., viol 
for the leg.] An old form of the violoncello, having properly 
six strinES * 

Vi'O-late (vl'o-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. 
violatus, p. p. of violate to violate, fr. vis strength, force.] 
1. To treat roughly or harshly ; abuse. 2. To profane ; 
desecrate ; as, to violate a sanctuary. 3. To infringe on ; 
disturb ; also, to disregard, as a promise. 4. To ravish ; out- 
rage. — Syn. Injure, disturb, interrupt, infringe, trans- 
gress; deflower, debauch, dishonor. [violated. I 

Vi'o-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of violating, or state of being| 

vi'o-la-tive (vl'6-la-tiv), a. Violating; tending to violate. 

vi'O-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who violates. 

Vi'0-lence (vl'o-lens), n. [F., fr. L. violentia.] 1. Strength 
or energy actively displayed or exerted ; force ; impetuos- 
ity ; vehemence ; as, the violence of a storm ; to denounce 
with violence. 2. Injury done to that which is entitled to 
respect, reverence, etc. ; profanation ; outrage ; assault. 3. 
Broadly, exertion of any physical force considered with 
reference to its effect on another than the agent, as in 
effecting an entrance into a house in burglary. _ 4. Ravish- 
ment ; rape. — Syn. Fierceness, eagerness ; violation, in- 
fraction, transgression, oppression. See force. 

vi'O-lent (vl'6-lent), a. [F., fr. L. violentus, fr. vis strength, 
force.] 1. Moving, acting, or characterized by physical 
force, esp. by extreme and sudden or by improper force ; 
furious ; vehement. 2. Marked by, or due to, strong men- 
tal excitement ; vehement ; passionate ; as, a violent speech. 
3. Produced or effected by force ; not spontaneous or nat- 
ural ; unnatural ; abnormal ; as, a violent death. 4. Great ; 
extreme ; forcible ; as, violent pain, a violent presumption, 
etc. — Syn. Fierce, vehement, outrageous.boisterous, tur- 
bulent, impetuous, passionate, severe. — yi'o-lent-ly, adv. 

vi'o-les'cent (-les'ent), a. [L. viola a violet + -escent.] 
Tending to a violet color. 

vi'o-let (vl'o-let), n. [OF violete, dim. of viole a violet, L. 
viola.] 1. Any of a large genus (Viola) of low herbs or, 
rarely, undershrubs. The solitary axillary flowers are pur- 



ple, yellow, or white. The pansy ( Viola tricolor ) is often 
variegated. 2. The color of the common violet, or 
that color found at the higher end of the visible spectrum, 
typically at wave length about 420 millimicrons ; bluish 
purple. 3. Any pigment or dye which imparts that color. 

— a. Of the color violet ; bluish purple. 

vi'o-lin' (vi'6-lTn'), n. [It. violino, dim. of viola.] 1. Mu- 
sic. The modern treble instrument de- 
veloped from the viol, and distinguished 
from it by having the back slightly 
rounded like the belly, by having four in- 
stead of six strings, etc. ; also, any of the 
instruments of this class, which includes 
the viola and violoncello ; — called also 
colloquially fiddle. 2. A violin player ; 
as, the first violin. [violin. I 

vi'o-lin'ist (-lin'ist), n. A player on the| 

vi'ol-ist (vl' ol-ist), n. A viol player. 

vi^O-lon-cel'list (ve'o-lon-chel'ist ; vi'o- 
lon-sel'-), n. A player on the violoncello ; 

— often shortened to cellist or 'cellist. 
vi'o-lon-cel'lo (chel'o ;-sel'o),n. ;pl. -los 

(-oz). [It., dim. of violone bass viol.] 
Music. A bass violin with four strings 
tuned an octave below the modern viola ; 

— commonly shortened to cello or 'cello. 
|| vi'o-lo'ne (ve'6-lo'na), n. [It. violone, 

augment, of viola a viol.] Music. The 
contrabass ; also, an organ stop of simi- 
lar tone. 
Vi'per (vl'per), n. [L. vipera.] 1. Any 
of certain Old World venomous snakes ; 
an adder; esp.: a A species (Vipera Violin (St ~ diva , 




rius) . 1 Scroll ; 
2 Peg Box ; 3, 3 
Pegs ; 4 Nut ; 5 
Finger board ; 6 
Neck Plate; 8, 

8 Sound Hoies ; 

9 Bridge; 10 
Tailpiece ; 1 1 
Button. 



berus) varying in color from red, brown, 
or gray, with dark markings, to black, b 
The horned viper, a venomous species 
(Cerastes cornutus) of Egypt, Palestine, 
etc., distinguished by a horny process 
over each eye ; — called also cerastes. 
Cf . asp. 2. A malignant person. 

vi'per-ish, a. Like a viper ; venomous ; 
— chiefly figurative. 

vi^per-ine (vl'per-in ; -In), a. Of or pertaining to a viper or 
vipers ; resembling a viper. 

vi'per-ous (-us), a. Having the qualities of a viper ; malig- 
nant ; venomous ; as, a viperous tongue. OUS-ly, adv. 

viper's bugloss. = blueweed. 

vi-ra'go (vi-ra'go; vl-), n.; pi. -goes (-goz). [L. virago, 
-ginis, fr. vir a man.] 1. A woman with masculine qualities 
of body and mind. Obs. or Archaic. 2. A turbulent wom- 
an ; termagant ; vixen. 

vir'e-lay (vir'e-la), || vi're-lai' (ver'le'), n. [OF. & F. vi- 
relai.~] A poem in an old French verse form wholly in 
two rimes, and composed in short lines with a refrain : 
also, one of longer and shorter lines, those of each kind 
riming together in each stanza. 

Vir'e-0 (vir'e-o), n.; pi. -os (-oz). [L., a species of bird.] 
Any of certain small insectivorous American song birds 
(family Vireonidse), chiefly olivaceous or grayish in color. 
Common species are the red-eyed vireo ( Vireosylva oli- 
vacea), the warbling vireo ( V. gilva), the solitary, or 
blue-headed, vireo (Lanivireo solitarius), and the white- 
eyed vireo (Vireo griseus). They are called also greenlet. 

vi-res'cence (vl-res'ens), n. Bot. State or condition of be- 
coming green ; — said of organs normally white or colored. 

vi-res'cent (vi-reVent), a. [L. virescens, p. pr. of virescere 
to grow green.] Beginning to be green ; greenish. 

Vir'gate (vur'gat), a. [L. virgatus made of twigs, fr. virga 
a twig, rod.] Bot. Having the form of a rod ; wand-shaped. 

vir/gate, n. [LL. virgata, virgata terrae, so much land as 
virga terrae, a land measure, contains, fr. L. virga a twig, 
rod.] Early Eng. Law. A measure of land equal to one 
quarter of an acre or, more commonly, one quarter of a hide. 

Vir-gil'i-an. Var. of Vergilian. 

vir/gin (vur'jin), n. [L. vir go, -ginis.~\ 1. A woman who 
has had no sexual intercourse ; a maid. 2. A male who has 
had no sexual intercourse. Archaic. 3. [cap.] The Virgin 
Mary. 4. [cap.] Astron. = Virgo. — a. 1. Being a vir- 
gin ; chaste ; of, pert, to, or befitting, a virgin ; virginal ; 
maidenly ; modest ; as, a virgin blush. 2. Pure ; unde- 
filed ; as, virgin snow. 3. Undisturbed ; fresh ; new ; un- 
alloyed ; as, virgin soil ; virgin gold. 

vir'gin-al (-ji-nal), a. Of, pert, to, or befitting a virgin. 

vir'gin-al, n. [Prob. from being used by young girls, or 
virgins.] Music. A small rectangular spinet without legs. 
It was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. Also used in 
pi., and sometimes called a pair of virginals. — v. i. To 
tap or thrum with the fingers, as if on a virginal. Obs. 

vir/gin-hOOd, n. Virginity. 

Vir-gin'i-a (ver-jin'i-d), n. In Roman legend, a maiden 
whose father, Lucius Virginius, slew her rather than hav*, 
her fall a prey to the lust of the decemvir Appius Claudius. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out. oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



VIRGINIA CREEPER 



1071 



VISIONARY 




Virginia creeper. A North American climbing vitaceous 
plant (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) 
with bluish black berries ; — called 
also woodbine and American ivy. 

Virginia deer. A white-tailed deer 
(Odocoileus virginianus) of the east- 
ern United States. 

Virginia fence or Virginia rail 
fence. A worm fence. 

Virginia reel. A kind of coun- 
try-dance, or contredance. 

Virginia trumpet flower. The 
trumpet creeper. 

vir-gin'i-ty (ver-jm'T-tT), n. Virgin 
state or quality ; maidenhood. 

Virgin Mary. The mother of Jesus. Virginia Creeper. U) 

vir'gin's-bow'er (vur'jjnz-bou'er), n. Any climbing clem- 
atis with small flowers in ample panicles. 

Vir'gO (vur'go), n.; gen. Virginis (-ji-nTs). [L., lit., a vir- 
gin.] Astron. a A constellation between Leo and Libra, 
due south of the handle of the Dipper, pictured as a woman 
holding a spike of grain ; the Virgin, b The sixth sign [HP] 
of the zodiac, which the sun enters about Aug. 22d. 

vir'gu-late (vur'gu-lat), a. [From L. virgula, dim. of virgo 
rod.] Rod-shaped ; virgate. 

virl-des'cent (vir'i-des'ent), a. [L. viridescens, p. pr. of 
viridescere to grow green.] Turning green ; slightly green ; 
greenish. — vir'i-des'cence (-ens), n. 

Vi-rid'i-an (vi-rid'i : dn), n. [L. viridis green.] A bluish 
green pigment consisting of chromic hydroxide. 

Vi-rid'i-ty (vT-rid'i-ti), n. [L. viriditas, fr. viridis green.] 
Greenness ; verdure ; the color of grass ; hence, freshness. 

vir'ile (vir'il ; vi'ril), a. [L. virilis, fr. vir man.] 1. Hav- 
ing the nature or qualities of an adult man ; characteristic 
of developed manhood ; specif., capable of procreation ; — 
opp. to womanly, feminine, and puerile. 2. Hence : mas- 
terful ; forceful ; as, a virile monarch. — Syn. See male. 

Vi-ril'i-ty (vi-iil'i-ti ; vl-), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
virile ; manliness. 2. Hence : manly vigor ; power ; force. 

vir-tu' (vTr-tdo' ; vur'tdo), n. [It. virtu virtue, excellence, 
L. virtus. See virtue.] 1. Character of being rare, curi- 
ous, or beautiful ; artistic quality ; — chiefly used in : ar- 
ticle, or piece, of virtu, an article interesting or valuable 
because of antiquity, fine workmanship, or the like. 2. Ob- 
jects of art collectively ; as, a display of virtu. 3. A love 
of, or a taste for, curios or objects of art. 

Vir'tU-al (vur'yi-dl), a. 1. Of or relating to a real force or 
virtue ; potential ; energizing ; as, a virtual cause. 2. Be- 
ing in essence or effect, but not in fact ; as, he was the 
virtual ruler. — vir'tu-al-ly, adv. [See image, n. 6.1 

virtual focus. Physics. = focus, n., 1 b. — v. image. | 

vir'tU-al'i-ty (-al'i-tl), n. Quality or state of being virtual. 

Vir'tue (vur'tu), n. [F. vertu, L. virtus strength, courage, 
virtue, fr. vir a man.] 1. Manly strength or courage ; 
valor. Obs. 2. Active quality or power ; strength ; potency ; 
efficacy ; as, the virtue of a medicine. 3. Excellence ; mer- 
it ; worth. 4. Moral practice or action ; moral excellence ; 
rectitude ; morality ; also, a particular moral excellence, as 
temperance, etc. 5. Specif. : chastity ; purity ; esp., vir- 
ginity. — Syn. See goodness. 

vir'tu-os'i-ty (-tu-os'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Virtuo- 
sos collectively. 2. Quality or state of being a virtuoso ; 
also, the skill of a virtuoso, esp. in music. 

vir'tu-o'so (vir'too-o'so ; vur'-), n.; pi. E. -sos (-soz), It. 
-si (-se). [It.] 1. One devoted to virtu ; one skilled in, or 
having a taste for, the fine arts, antiquities, curios, etc. ; 
a collector of curios or objects of art. 2. One who excels in 
technic, esp. in the performing of music, as on the violin. 

Vir'tU-OUS (vur'tu-us), a. Having or exhibiting virtue ; esp. : 
a Morally excellent ; righteous, b Chaste ; pure ; — applied 
esp. to women. — vir'tU-OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, n. 

vir'U-lence (vir'do-lens)) n. Quality or state of being viru- 

vir'u-len-cy (-len-si) J lent ; malignancy. 

vir'u-lent (-lent), a. [L. virulentus, fr. virus poison.] 1. 
Extremely poisonous or venomous ; noxious ; deadly ; as, a 
virulent disease. 2. Bitter in enmity ; malignant ; as, 
virulent invective. — Syn. See poisonous. — -lent-ly, adv. 

vi'rus (vl'rus), n. [L., a slimy or poisonous liquid, poison, 
stench.] 1. The poison or contagious matter of a n infectious 
disease ; also, vaccine virus. 2. a Anything that poisons the 
mind or the soul, b Malignity ; malice ; virulence. R. 

|| vis (vis), n.; pi. vires (vl'rez). [L.] Force.^ 

Vl'sa (ve'zd; ve"-za/), n. [F., fr. L. visa, fern. sing, or neut. 
pi. of visus, p. p. of videre to see.] A vise. — v. t. ; vi'saed 
(ve'zdd ; ve-zad') ; vi'sa-ing. To vise. 

vis'age (viz'aj), n. [F., fr. vis face, L. visus a seeing, a 
look, fr. videre, visum, to see.] Face, countenance, or 
look of a person or animal ; esp. the human face ; hence : 
aspect ; appearance ; semblance. — Syn. See pace. 

vis'aged (-Sjd), a. Having (such) a visage; — usually in 
composition ; as, giim-visaged war. 

vis'ard (vlz'drd). Var. of vtzard. 



[| vis'— a— vis' (ve'za-veOi adv. & a. [F., opposite, face to 
face.] Face to face ; opposite. — n. 1. One face to face 
with another, esp. in dancing. 2. A kind of S-shaped couch 
or double chair in which persons may sit face to face. 

Vi-sa'yan (ve-sa'ydn), n. A member of the most numerous 
native race of the Philippines ; also, their language. 

Vis-ca'cha, viz-ca'cha (vTs-ka'chd), n. [Sp., fr. native 
name in Peru.] A burrowing South American rodent (Vis- 
caccia viscacia) allied to the chinchillas, but larger. 

vis'cer-a (vTs'er-d), n. pi. ; sing, (rarely used) viscus (-kus). 
[L.] The internal organs, esp. of the cavities of the body, 
as the heart, liver, intestines, etc. — vis'cer-al (-dl), a. 

vis'cid (vis'id), a. [L. viscidus, fr. viscum mistletoe, bird- 
lime.] Sticking or adhering and having a ropy or glutinous 
consistency ; viscous ; glutinous ; sticky. 

vis-cid'i-ty (vT-sid'T-tT), n. Quality or state of being vis- 
cid; stickiness; also, viscid matter. [what viscous. I 

vis-COi'dal (vis-koi'ddl), a. [See viscous; -oid.] Some-| 

vis'cose (vis'kos), n. [L. viscosus viscous.] A viscid solu- 
tion made by treating cellulose with caustic alkali, carbon 
disulphide, and water. It is used for artificial silk, sizing, 
and glazing, and as a cement. 

vis-COS'i-ty (vis-kos'i-tT), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
viscous. 2. Physics, a Resistance offered by a fluid to the 
relative motion of its particles, b Capability of a solid to 
yield continually under stress. 

vis'count' (vi'kountO, n. [OF. visconte, fr. LL. vice- 
comes. See vice, a., count, the nobleman.] 1. Eng. Hist. 
An officer who formerly acted in place of the count, or earl ; 
erroneously, the king's sheriff. 2. A nobleman next below 
an earl or count and next above a baron. — vis'count'- 
ess (vl'koun'tes), n. fern. — vis'COUnt'ship, n. 

vis'count'y (vI'koun'tT), vis'count'cy (-kount'sT), n.; pi. 
-counties (-tiz), -cies (-siz). Viscount's rank or office. 

vis'cous (vTs'kizs), a. [L. viscosus. See viscid.] 1. Thick 
and adhesive or sticky ; viscid ; glutinous. 2. Physics. 
Possessing, or characterized by, viscosity. — vis'COUS-ly, 
adv. — vis'cous-ness, n. 

vise, vice (vis), n. [OF. vis, viz, a winding stair, fr. L. vitis 
a vine.] Any of various devices having 
two jaws closed by a screw, lever, cam, 
etc., to hold work. — v. t. ; vised or 
viced (vist) ; vis'ing or vtc/ing (vis'- 
ing). To hold, force, or squeeze with 
or as with a vise. Rare. 

|| vi-se' (ve-za'), n. [F., p. p. of viser 
to vise, L. videre, visum, to see.] 1. 
An indorsement made, by a qualified 
authority, on a passport denoting that Bench Vise, 
it has been examined, and that the bearer may proceed. 2. 
A signature of formal approval by a superior on a document. 

— v. t. To examine and indorse for approval, as a passport. 

Vish'nu (vish'nob), n. [Skr. Vishnu, fr. vish to pervade.j 
Hindu Myth. The second god of the 
Hindu trinity, called the Preserver. 
He has many avatars, the most impor- 
tant being as Rama and Krishna. See 
Trimurti. 

vis'i-bil'i-ty (viz'i-bil'i-ti), n. Quali- 
ty or state of being visible. 

Vis'i-ble (viz'i-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. vi- 
sibilis, fr. videre, visum, to see.] Ca- 
pable of being seen ; perceptible ; 
hence: apparent ; discoverable ; as, no 
visible means of support ; the church 
visible, i. e., the whole body of pro- 
fessed Christians on earth. — vis'i- 
ble-ness, n. — vis'i-bly, adv. 

Vis'i-goth (-goth),n. [L. Visegothae, 
pi. Cf. west ; Goth.] One of the West Goths. See Goth, 1. 
— Vis'i-goth'ic (-goth'Ik), a. 

vi'sion (vizh'&n), n. [F., fr. L. visio, fr. videre, visum, to 
see.] 1. The sense by which light and color are appre- 
hended. 2. Act of seeing external objects ; ocular percep- 
tion. 3. Act or power of perceiving mental images, as those 
of the imagination ; mental perception ; as, a poet's vision. 
4. Thing seen ; object of sight. 5. Esp., that which is seen 
otherwise than by ordinary sight ; an imaginary or pro- 
phetic sight ; apparition. — Syn. See dream. — v. t. To see 
in or as in a vision. 

vi'sion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to a vision ; hence : unreal ; 
imaginary. — vi'sion-al-ly, adv. 

vi'sion-a-ry (-a-rf), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a vision or 
visions ; characterized by, or favorable for, visions. 2. Dis- 
posed to see visions ; dreamy ; imaginative ; impractical. 
3. Like a vision ; fanciful ; impracticable ; chimerical. 
Syn. Fantastic, chimerical, Utopian, quixotic, unreal, un- 
founded, vain, wild, deceitful, delusive ; ideal, romantic. — 
Visionary, chimerical, Utopian, quixotic. That is 
visionary which is merely fanciful, or which can never be 
realized in fact ; chimerical, which is wildly or fantasti- 
cally visionary or unreal; as, a visionary project; "the 





Vishnu. 




*. = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Ex p la n ation* of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. JJ Foreign Word. 4- combined with, s equals. 



N 



VISIT 



1072 



VITULINE 







P 



R 



U 



V 






chimerical system of Plato's commonwealth." That is 
Utopian which is visionary or chimerical in its assumption 
of an ideal perfection ; quixotic implies extravagantly 
chivalrous devotion to visionary ideals ; as, a mere Utopian 
pleasure ; quixotic enthusiasm. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. One who sees visions, or phan- 
toms. 2. One who tends to rely on visions, or impractical 
ideas, projects, etc. ; an impractical person. 

Vis'it (viz'it), v. t. [F. visiter, fr. L. visitare, fr. visere to 
go to see, visit, videre, visum, to see.] 1. To go or come to 
see ; make a visit to. 2. Specif., to go or come to see in s,n 
official capacity or professionally. 3. To come to or upon 
with a special purpose, as to reward, comfort, trouble, af- 
flict, punish, etc. ; as, visited by disease, a fine, etc. — v. i. 
To make a visit or visits ; be a guest. 

=— n. 1. Act of visiting ; a short stay of business, friendship, 
ceremony, etc., usually longer than a call, sometimes in- 
volving brief residence. 2. Act of going to view, inspect, or 
attend ; visitation ; as, a visit from a physician. 3. Marine 
Law. The act of a naval officer of one state in boarding a 
neutral merchant vessel of another state in the exercise of 
the right of search. 

Syn. Visit, visitation. Visit is the general word ; visita- 
tion denotes the act of visiting, or a formal or official visit, 
or a special dispensation, esp. afflictive ; in the latter sense 
it frequently has a humorous connotation. "Whether a 

' visit shall seem like a visitation depends a good deal on the 
visitor." 

Vis'it-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Subject to or allowing visitation 
or inspection. 2. Socially acceptable. 

vis'it-ant (-i-tant), n. One who visits ; a guest ; visitor. — 
Syn. See visitor. — a. Visiting. 

Vis'it-a'tion (-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of visiting ; state of being 
visited ; a visit. 2. Specif., the act of a superior or superin- 
tending officer who officially visits a corporation, college, 
church, etc., to inspect the manner in which it is conducted. 
3- Object of a visit. Rare. 4. Special dispensation of divine 
favor and goodness, or, usually, of divine wrath ; judgment ; 
any unusual event likened to such a dispensation. 5. [cap.] 
Eccl. A festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary to 
Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist, celebrated on the 
2d of July. — Syn. See visit. 

vis'it-a-to'ri-al (-it-d-to'ri-al ; 57), a. Also vis'i-to'ri-al 
(-T-to'ri-dl). Of or pertaining to visitation or a judicial 
visitor or superintendent. 

Vis'it-er (viz'i-ter), n. One who visits ; a visitor. 

Vis'i-tor (vTz'i-ter), n. One who makes a visit ; a visiter. 
Syn. Visitor, visitant, guest. Visitor is the general 
word ; a visitant is esp. one who, or that which, visits one 
as if from without one's own sphere ; as, to entertain visi- 
tors ; an angelic visitant. Guest emphasizes the idea of hos- 
pitable entertainment. 

|| vis mor'tu-a (vis mor'tu-d). [L.] Mech. Dead force ; 
force not producing motion. Cf. vis vtva. 

Vis'or, viz'or (viz'er; vi'zer), n. [F. visiere, fr. OF. vis 
face.] 1. A mask ; disguise. Archaic. 2. The front piece 
of a helmet, esp. an upper piece, arranged so as to lift or 
open. 3. The projecting fore piece of a cap, to protect the 
eyes. — v. t. To cover with a visor ; mask. 

Vis'ta (vis'td), n. [It., sight, view, fr. vedere, p. p. visto, to 
see, fr. L. videre, visum, to see.] 1. A view, or prospect, 
commonly through or along an avenue, as between rows of 
trees ; also, the trees or other objects forming the avenue. 
2. A mental view, or prospect, extending over a series of 
events or the like ; as, vistas of memory. 

Vis'U-al (vizh'u-dl), a. [L. visus a seeing, sight.] 1. Of, 
pert, to, or used in, sight ; as, the visual nerve. 2. That can 
be seen ; visible ; as, visual objects. 

vis'u-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Visibility. 2. 
A mental image or picture ; a view ; glimpse. 

vis'u-al-ize (-Tz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'Tng). 
To make visual, or visible ; esp., to form a mental image 
or picture of (something not before the eye) ; picture men- 
tally. — vis'u-al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shim ; -I-za/sh&n), n. 

vis'u-al-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. One who visualizes or is proficient 
in visualization ; esp., Psychol., one whose mental imagery 
is prevailingly visualization. Cf . audile, motile. 

Vis'u-al-ly, adv. In a visual manner ; by sight. 

t| vis vi'va (vis vl'vd). [L. viva living.] Mech. Living 
force ; the force of a body moving against resistance, or 
doing work ; kinetic energy ; — distinguished from vis mor- 
tua, or dead force. 

vi-ta'ceous (vl-ta/shus), a. [L. vitis a vine.] Bot. Belong- 
ing to a family (Vitacese) of woody or herbaceous vines, 
including the grape, Virginia creeper, Japanese ivy, etc., 
having small greenish clustered flowers succeeded by a 
berrylike fruit. 

Vi'tal (vl'tdl), a. [L. vitalis, fr. vita life.] 1. Of or relating 
to life ; as vital energies. 2. Contributing or essential to 
life ; as, a vital organ. 3. Containing life ; living. 4. Being 
the seat of life ; being that on which life depends ; hence, 
rarely, mortal ; as, a vital wound. 5. Hence : fundamental ; 
highly important ; essential ; as, a vital consideration. 



vital force, Physiol., that form of energy which is mani- 
fested in the phenomena of life, esp. when regarded as 
distinct from other forces of nature (mechanical, chemical, 
etc.). — v. principle, an immaterial force to which the 
functions peculiar to living beings have been ascribed. 

vi'tal-ism(vl'tdl-iz'rn),n. Biol. The doctrine that the func- 
tions of a living organism are due to a vital principle or force 
distinct from physical forces. — vi'tal-is'tic (-ls'tik), a. 

vi'tal-ist (-1st), n. A believer in vitalism. 

vi-tal'i-ty (vl-tal'i-ti), n. State or quality of being vital; 
specif. : a Vital force or animation ; the principle of life, b 
Power of enduring or continuing. 

vi'tal-ize (vl'tdl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
To endow with life, or vitality. — vi'tal-i-za'tion (-i-za'- 
shun ; -I-za'sbun), n. — vi'tal-iz'er (vl'tdl-iz'er), n. 

Vi'tal-ly, adv. In a vital manner. 

vi'tals (-talz), n. pi. 1. The organs most necessary for life ; 
esp., the heart, lungs, and brain. 2. Parts essential to the 
life, health, or soundness of anything. 

Vi-tam'ine (vT-tam'in ; vl'td-menO, n. [L. vita life + E. 
amine.'] Physiol. Chem. A substance occurring in the 
outer portion of rice, and largely removed from polished 
rice. In the case of people whose diet consists wholly or 
largely of polished rice, the frequent development of beri- 
beri is attributed to the absence of vitamine. Also, any of 
certain similar substances with analogous disease-prevent- 
ing properties. [cinematograph.! 

vi'ta-scope (vi'td-skop), n. [L. vita life + -scope.] Aj 

vi-tel'lin (vi-tel'in; vl-), n. [See vitellus.] Physiol. 
Chem. a A certain protein in the yolk of eggs ; — called 
specif, ovovitellin, b Any ol several -related substances. 

Vi-tel'lus (-us), n. [L., the yolk of an egg.] Embryol. The 
yolk of an egg. — vi-tel'line (-in), a. 

vi'ti-ate (vish'i-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. 
vitiatus, p. p. of vitiare to vitiate, vitium fault, vice.] 1. 
To make vicious or faulty ; contaminate ; spoil ; corrupt ; 
as, sewer gas vitiates the air. 2. To render ineffective ; in- 
validate ; as, fraud vitiates a contract. — vi'ti-a'tor, n. 

Vi'ti-at/ed (-at/ed), p. a. Made vicious, defective, ineffective, 
etc. ; contaminated ; invalidated. — Syn. See corrupt. 

vi'ti-a'tion, n. Act of vitiating ; state of being vitiated. 

vit'i-CUl'ture (vit'i-kul'^yr), n._ [L. vitis vine + E. cul- 
ture.] The cultivation of the vine ; grape growing. — vit'- 
i-cul'tur-al (-kul'tyr-dl), a. — vitl-cul'tur-ist, n. 

vit'i-li'go (vit'i-ll'go), n. [L., a kind of tetter.] Med. A 
skin disease, most common in negroes, consisting in the de- 
velopment on various parts of the body of smooth, milk- 
white spots, due to disappearance of the natural pigment. 

vit're-OUS (vit're-us), a. [L. vitreus, fr. vitrum glass.] 
1. Glassy ; as, vitreous rocks. 2. Of, pert, to, or derived 
from, glass. — vit're-ous-ness, n. 

vitreous electricity, positive electricity. See positive. 
a., 8. — v. humor or humour, the transparent jelly fill- 
ing the body of the eyeball. See eye. 

vi-tres'cent (vT_-tres'ent), a. [L. vitrum glass + -escent.] 
Capable of being formed into glass; tending to become 
glass. — vi-tres'cence (-ens), n. 

vit'ric (vit'rik), a. [L. vitrum glass.] Of the nature and 
quality of glass ; glasslike ; — disting. from ceramic. 

vit'ri-fac'twe (-rT-fak'tur), n. [L. vitrum glass + facer e, 
factum, to make.] Manufacture of glass and glassware. 

vit'ri-fi'a-ble (vit'ri-fl'd-b'l), a. That may be vitrified. 

vit'ri-fi-ca'tion (-fT-ka'shun), n. Also vit'ri-f ac'tion (-fak'- 
shwn). Act, art, or process of vitrifying; state of being 
vitrified. Also, a vitrified body. 

Vit'ri-form (vit'rT-form), a. [L. vitrum glass + -form.] 
Having the form or appearance of glass ; glasslike. 

vit'ri-fy (-fl), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [F. vitrifier; L. 
vitrum glass + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] To convert 
into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy substance by 
heat and fusion. — v. i. To become glass. 

vit'ri-ol (vit'ri-ul), n. [F., fr. L. vitreolus of glass, dim. of 
vitreus vitreous.] 1. Chem. a A sulphate of any of various 
metals, as of copper (blue vitriol), of iron (green vitriol), 
of zinc (white vitriol), etc. ; — so called from the glassy 
appearance of many of these salts, b Oil of vitriol. See sul- 
phuric acid. 2. Anything likened to vitriol as being caus- 
tic. — v. t. ; -oled^ (-uld) or -olled ; -ol-ing or -ol-ling. 

1. Metal. To dip in dilute sulphuric acid ; pickle. 2. = 
vitriolize, v. t., 2. Colloq. 

vit'ri-ol'ic (-ol'ik), a. Of or pertaining to vitriol ; derived 
from or resembling vitriol ; hence : caustic ; biting. 

vit'ri-Ol-ize (vifri-ul-Iz), v. t. 1. To convert into, or sub- 
ject to the action of, vitriol. 2. To injure (a person) with vit- 
riol, or sulphuric acid. — vit'ri-Ol-i-za'tion (-i-za'shwn), n. 

vit'ta (vit'd), n.; pi. -tm (-e). [L. vitta ribbon, fillet.] 1. 
Class. Antiq. A headband or fillet. 2. Bot. One of the oil 
tubes in the fruits of umbellifers. 3. Zool. A stripe of color. 

vit'tate (vit'at), a. 1. Bot. Bearing or containing vittae. 

2. Bot. & Zool. Striped longitudinally. 

vit'u-line (vTt^jl-lTn ; -lm), a. [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus a 
calf.] Of, pertaining to, or like, a calf or veal. ' 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nafojre, verdure (87) j 



VITUPERATE 



1073 



VOICED 



Vi-tu'per-ate (vl-tu'per-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. 
[L. vituperatus, p. p. of vituperare.] To abuse in words ; 
censure severely or abusively ; berate. 

vi-tu'per-a'tion (-a'shim), to. Act of vituperating; wordy 
abuse ; severe censure ; railing. — Syn. See abuse, to. 

vi-tu'per-a-tive (-tu'per-a-tTv), a. Uttering censure; abu- 
sive ; scolding ; railing. — vi-tu'per-a-tive-ly, adv. 

vl-tu'per-a'tor (-a'ter), to. One who vituperates or reviles. 

|i vi'va (ve'va), interj. [It.] Lit., (long) live ! — an excla- 
mation of well wishing, etc. — n. The word viva so used. 

|| vi-va'ce (ve-va'cha), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Brisk ; viva- 
cious ; with spirit ; — used as a direction. 

vi-va'cious (vl-va'shiis ; vi-), a. [L. vivax, -ads, fr. vivere 
to live.] 1. Tenacious of life; long-lived. Archaic. 2. 
Lively in temper or conduct ; sprightly. — Syn. Active, 
animated, sportive, gay, merry, jocund, light-hearted. See 
lively. — vi-va'cious-ly, adv. — vi-va'cious-ness, to. 

vi-vac'i-ty (-vas'i-ti), to.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state 
of being vivacious ; animation ; sprightliness ; liveliness. 

vi'van'cfiere' (ve'vaN'dyar'), to. [F., fr. LL. vivanda, vi- 
venda, provisions.] Formerly, in Continental armies, esp. 
those of France, a woman accompanying troops to sell pro- 
visions and liquor to the soldiers. 

vi-va'ri-um (vi-va'ri-wm), to. ; pi. E. -rttjms (-umz), L. -ria 
(-d). [L., fr. vivarius belonging to living creatures, fr. 
vivus alive.] A place arranged for keeping animals, esp. 
one for terrestrial animals, as disting. from an aquarium. 

|| vi'va VO'ce (vl'vdvo'se). [L.] By word of mouth ; orally. 

vi-ver'rine (vi-ver'Tn; -in; vi-), a. [L. viverra a ferret.] 
Of or pert, to the civet family (ViverricUe). — to. A civet. 

vives (vlvz), to.; pi. in form, but construed as sing. [OF. 
fr. Ar. al-dhiba.] Vet. Inflammatory swelling of the glands 
near the lower edge of the lower jawbone of the horse. 

Viv'i-an (vrv'i-dn), or -i-en (-en), to. In Arthurian legend, 
Merlin's mistress ; — called also Lady of the Lake. 

viv'id (-id), a. [L. vividus, fr. vivere to live.] 1. Having 
the appearance of vigorous life or freshness ; animated ; 
spirited; fresh; lively; as, a vivid sketch; esp., of colors, 
brilliant ; intense ; as, a vivid red. 2. Producing, or tend- 
ing to produce, distinct and lifelike mental images ; as, a 
vivid description. 3. Lively ; active ; — said esp. of a men- 
tal faculty ; as, a vivid imagination. — Syn. Clear, strong, 
striking. See graphic. — viv'id-ly, adv. — viv'id-hess, to. 

viv'i-fi-ca'tion (vTv^T-fi-ka'shim), to. Act of vivifying, or 
state of being vivified. 

Viv'i-fi'er (viv'i-fl'er), to. One who, or that which, vivifies. 

viv'i-fy (viv'i-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid) ; -fytng. [F. vivifier, 
fr. L. vivificare. See vtvtd ; -fy.] To endue with life ; 
quicken ; animate. 

Vi-vip'a-rous (vl-vip'd-rus), a. [L. viviparus; vivus alive 
-f- parere to bear.] Producing living young (instead of 
eggs) ; — opp. to oviparous. — vi-vip'a-rous-ly, adv. — 
viv'i-par'i-ty (vTv'i-par'i-ti), vi-vip'a-rous-ness, n. 

viv'i-sect' (viv'i-sekt' ; vTv'I-sekt), v. t. & i. To perform 
vivisection on ; dissect alive ; practice vivisection. 

viv'i-sec'tion (-seVshim), to. [L. vivus alive + E. sec- 
tion.] The dissection of, or operation on, a living animal 
for physiological or pathological investigation. — ■ viv'i-sec*- 
tion-al (-51), a. — vivi-sec'tor (-sek'ter), to. 

viv'i-sec'tion-ist, to. One who practices or advocates vivi- 
section ; a vivisector. 

Vix'en (vik's'n), to. [Dial, form fixen, fr. AS. fyxen, fem. of 
fox.] 1. A she-fox. 2. A shrewish, ill-tempered person ; — 
now used only of a woman. 

vix'en-ish, vix'en-ly, a. Like or pert, to a vixen ; shrewish. 

Viz. Abbr. Videlicet (L., namely, to wit). 

viz'ard (viz'drd), to. [See visor.] Mask ; visor. Archaic. 

Viz'ard-ed, a. Wearing a vizard ; masked. 

Vl-zier' (vi-zer' ; viz'yer), to. Also vi-ZU/ (vi-zer'). [Turk. 
vezlr, or Ar. wezlr, wazir, prop., a bearer of burdens, por- 
ter.] A high executive officer of any of various Mohamme- 
dan countries, esp. of the Turkish Empire ; a minister or 
councilor of state. — vi-zier'ship, vi-zir'ship, to. 

vi-zier'ate (-at), to. Also vi-zir/ate. The office, dignity, or 
authority of a vizier. 

viz'or. Var. of visor. 

VO'ca-ble (vo'kd-b'l ; vok'd-), to. [L. vocabulum a name, fr. 
vocare to call.] A word ; term ; name ; esp., a word as com- 
posed of certain sounds or letters, irrespective of meaning. 

VO-cab'u-la-ry (vo-kab'u-la-n), to.; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. 
vocabularium, vocabularius. See vocable.] 1. A list or 
collection of words, usually alphabetically arranged and ex- 
plained or defined ; a dictionary or lexicon. _ 2. Stock of 
words used in a language, or by a class, individual, etc. 

VO'cal (vo'kdl), a. [L. vocalis, fr. vox, vocis, voice.] 1. Of 
or pert, to the voice or speech ; having voice ; full of voice 
or voices ; as, vocal expression. 2. Uttered or modulated 
by the voice ; oral ; as, vocal prayer. 3. Phon. a Consisting 
of, or characterized by, voice ; sonant ; intonated, b Of, 
pert, to, or of the nature of, a vowel. 
vocal cords, Anat., either of two pairs of folds of mucous 
membrane which project into the cavity of the larynx. 



The upper pair (superior, or false, vocal cords) are thick 
and are not directly concerned in the production of voice. 
The passage of the breath between the edges of the lower pair 
(inferior, or true, vocal cords) , when drawn tense and ap- 
proximated together, produces the voice. 

— to. Phon. A vocal sound ; specif. : a An element of speech 
consisting of pure vocal tone ; a vowel or diphthong ; tonic. 
b A liquid, or vowel-like, consonant, as I or r. 

VO-cal'ic (vo-kal'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, of the nature of, 
or containing, a vowel sound or sounds. 

VO'cal-ism (vo'kdl-iz'm), to. 1. Vocalization. 2. Phon. a A 
vocalic sound, b A system of vowels. 

VO'cal-ist (vo'kdl-ist), to. A singer, or vocal musician. 

VO-cal'i-ty (vo-kal'i-tT), to. Quality or state of being vocal. 

vo'cal-i : za'tion (vo'kdl-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), to. Act of 
vocalizing, or state of being vocalized. 

VO'cal-ize (yo'kdl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'Tng). 
1. To form into voice ; make vocal, or sonant. 2. To change 
into, or use as, a vowel ; as, to vocalize the letter w. 3. To 
furnish with vowels or vowel points, as in phonography or 
Arabic. — v. i. To utter vocal sounds, as in singing. 

VO'cal-ly, adv. In a vocal manner ; with voice. 

VO-ca'tion (vo-ka'shun), to. [L. vocatio a bidding, a calling, 
invitation, fr. vocare to call.] 1. A calling ; summons ; call ; 
specif. : a A calling to a particular state, business, or pro- 
fession, b Theol. A calling by God to the Christian life, or 
to special religious work. 2. Regular or appropriate em- 
ployment ; calling ; occupation ; profession. 
Syn. Vocation, avocation, hobby. Vocation denotes 
one's regular calling or profession ; an avocation is some- 
thing, esp. a minor occupation, which calls one away from 
one's ordinary pursuits ; as, the law was his vocation, poetry 
an avocation. The use of avocation in the sense of vocation is 
Contrary to good usage. A hobby is a favorite avocation ; 
the word often connotes a mildly indulgent attitude toward 
what is so named and regarded as extreme ; as, his hobby is 
amateur photography. See occupation. 

VO-ca'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to vocation, 
vocational school, a school that provides training for 
the occupations, or vocations, whether in the professions, 
commerce, or trades ; a trade school. 

vo-ca'tion-al-ly f adv. As regards a vocation or vocations. 

VOC'a-tive (vok'd-tiv), a. [L. vocativus, fr. vocare to call.] 
Of, pert, to, or used in, calling ; specif., Gram., designat- 
ing, or pert, to, the case denoting that which is addressed. 

— to. Gram. The vocative case, a word in it, or the relation 
denoted by it ; as, Latin Domine (O Lord) is the vocative 
of Dominus. 

VO-cif'er-ant (v6-sTf'er-ant),a. Vociferating ; clamorous. — 
to. One who is vociferant. — VO-cif'er-ance (-dns), to. 

VO-cif'er-ate (-at), v. i. & t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'lng. [L. 
vociferatus, p. p. of vociferari ; vox, vocis, voice -f-a deriva- 
tive of ferre to bear.] To cry out loudly ; bawl ; clamor. — 
vo-cif'er-a'tion (-5'shun), to. 

VO-cif'er-a'tor (vo-sif'er-a'ter), to. One who vociferates. 

VO-cif r er-OUS (vo-sTf'er-iis), a. Making a loud outcry ; clam- 
orous*; bawling ; brawling ; turbulent. — VO-cif'er-OUS-ly, 
adv. — vo-cif 'er-ous-ness, to. 

Syn. Vociferous, clamorous, obstreperous, blatant. 
Vociferous implies loud outcry ; clamorous suggests ur- 
gent or persistent vociferousness ; obstreperous usually 
implies also turbulence or unruliness ; blatant, offensive 
loudness or clamorousness ; as, a vociferous peddler ; a clam- 
orous parrot ; obstreperous merriment ; a blatant haranguer. 

VOd'ka (vod'kd), to._ [Russ., lit., little water.] A Russian 
distilled alcoholic liquor, commonly one made from rye. 

VOgue (vog), to. [F. vogue a rowing, vogue, fashion, It. 
voga, fr. vogare to row, sail.] 1. The way or fashion of 
people at any period ; style ; mode. 2. Popular repute or 
acceptation for a time. — Syn. See fashion. 

voice (vois), to. [OF. vois, voiz, L. vox, vocis."] 1. Sound 
uttered by the mouth of living beings, esp. that uttered by 
human beings in speech or song. 2. Specif., Phon., vocal 
sound of the kind or quality heard in vowels and in such 
consonants^ as b, v, d, etc. ; tone ; — disting. from mere 
breath (as in /, sh, etc.) and from whisper. 3. Faculty or 
power of utterance ; speech. 4. Any sound regarded as, or 
likened to, vocal utterance ; as, the voice of the winds. 5. 
Anything likened to human speech as an instrument or 
medium of expression ; as, the voice of nature. 6. Ex- 
pressed wish, choice, or opinion ; also, the right to express a 
wish, choice, or opinion; suffrage; vote; as, to have no 
voice in the matter. _ 7. Rumor; also, fame; reputation. 
Obs. 8. Gram. Distinction of form in a verb, or a particu- 
lar system of verbal inflections, to indicate the relation of 
the subject of the verb to the action which the verb ex- 
presses ; also, the relation so indicated ; as, the active and 
passive voices. 
with one voice, unanimously. 

— v. t.; voiced (voist) ; voic'ing (vois'Tng). 1. To give 
voice or expression to ; utter ; also, to announce ; divulge ; 
rumor. 2. Phon. To utter with voice. See voice, to., 2. 
3 ; Music. To regulate the tone of. Cf . voicing. 

Voiced (voist). a. 1. a Furnished with a voice ; — usually 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |; Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 






N 



VOICEFUL 



1074 



VOLUME 







P 



R 



U 




used in combination ; as, sweet-voiced, b Expressed by the 
voice. 2. Phon. Uttered with voice ; sonant ; vocal ; — said 
esp. of certain consonants, as b, d, g, m, etc., contrasted 
with the voiceless p, t, k, etc. 

VOice'ful (vois'fool), a. Having a voice or vocal quality; 
having a loud voice or many voices ; vocal ; sounding. 

VOice'less, a. 1. Having no voice, utterance, or vote ; mute. 
2. Phon. Not sounded with voice ; surd. Cf. voiced, a., 2. 

voice part. Music. A melodic part for one voice or instru- 
ment in a harmonic or concerted composition. 

VOic'ing (vois'ing), n. Act of one who voices; specif. : a 
Phon. Act of giving voice to. b Regulation of the tone of 
organ pipes to secure proper power, pitch, and quality. 

Void (void), a. [OF. voit, voide, deriv. of L. vocare, old 
form of vacate to be empty.] 1. Empty ; vacant. 2. Hav- 
ing no incumbent, holder, or the like ; unoccupied ; — said 
of offices, etc. 3. Destitute ; wanting ; — usually used with 
of; as, void of common sense. 4. Not producing effect ; 
useless. 5. Law. a Properly, of no legal force or effect (and 
hence incapable of ratification) ; null, b Improperly, void- 
able. — Syn. SeeDEVoiD. 

— n. That which is void ; an empty space ; vacuum. 

— v. t. 1. To make or leave void, or empty ; clear ; also, to 
vacate ; leave. 2. To throw or send out ; evacuate ; dis- 
charge. 3. To render void ; annul ; nullify. 

VOid'a-ble (void'd-b'l), a. Capable of being voided. A 
voidable contract is valid unless it is avoided, or annulled. 

VOid'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of voiding, or of emptying, 
ejecting, etc. 2. Vacancy, as of a benefice. 

VOid'ed, a. Having a void or opening ; specif., Her., having 
the inner part cut away, or left vacant, 
a narrow border being left at the sides ; 
— said of a charge. 

VOid'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, 
voids, vacates, or annuls. 

voile (vwal ; voil), n. [F., a veil.] A thin 
dress material of cotton or woolen, simi- 
lar to etamine. 

U voir dire (vwar der). [OF., to say the ^—-s>- 
truth, f r. L. verus true + dicer e to say.] Cross Voided. 
Law. An oath administered to a witness, requiring him to 
speak the truth in reference to matters inquired of to 
ascertain his competency. [gelica.I 

11 voix' celeste' (vwa' sa'lest')- [F.] Music. = vox an-| 

volant (vo'ldnt), a. [L. volans, -antis, p. pr. of volar e to 
fly.] 1. Flying ; also, capable of flying. 2. Nimble ; light 
and quick. 3. Her. Represented as if flying, as a bird. 

Vola-pUk' (-la-pukO, n. Lit., world's speech ; a language, 
intended to be universal, invented by Johann Schleyer, of 
Konstanz, Baden, about 1879. — Vo'la-piik'ist (-ist), n. 

VOl'a-tile (vol'd-tTl), a. [F. volatil, L. volatilis, fr. volar e 
to fly.] 1. Volant. Obs. 2. Readily vaporizable ; as, a vola- 
tile liquid. 3. Light-hearted ; airy ; lively ; also, change- 
able ; fickle, as a volatile disposition. — vol'a-tile-ness, n. 
volatile salt. = sal volatile. See hartshorn. 

VOl'a-til'i-tV (-til'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-t!z). Quality or state 
of being volatile ; volatile behavior. — Syn. See lightness. 

VOl'a-til-ize (vol'd-til-Iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing 
(-Iz'mg). To render or become volatile; exhale or evapo- 
rate. — vol'a-til-iz'a-ble (Iz'd-b'l), a. — vol'a-til-i-za'- 
tion (vol'd-tTl-i-za'shun ; -T-za'shun), n. 

|| vol'-ail'-vent' (v&'lo'vaN/), n. [F.] Cookery. A case of 
light puff paste with a raised border, filled, after baking, 
with a ragout of meat, fowl, game, fish, or the like. 

VOl-can'ic (vol-kan'ik), a. 1. Of, pert. to,like, or char- 
acteristic of, a volcano. 2. Produced, influenced, or 
changed, by a volcano or volcanic agencies. — VOl-can'i- 
cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. — vol'can-ic'i-ty (vol'kdn-is'i-ti), 
n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 

volcanic glass, natural glass produced by the cooling of 
molten lava too rapidly to permit of crystallization. — v. 
rocks, Geol., igneous rocks solidified on or near the surface, 
as basalt and obsidian. 

VOl'can-ism (vol'kan-iz'm), n. Volcanic power or action. 

VOl'can-ist, n. One versed in the study of volcanic phenom- 
ena ; also, a Plutonist. 

VOl'can-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing. To subject to, 
or affect by, volcanic heat. — vol'can-i-za'tion, n. 

VOl-ca'no (vol-ka'no), n. ; pi. -noes or -nos (-noz). [It. vol- 
cano, vulcano, fr. L. Vulcanus Vulcan.] A vent in the 
earth's crust from which hot or molten rock, steam, etc., 
issue ; also, a hill or mountain composed wholly or in part 
of the ejected material. A volcano is called active while in 
eruption, dormant during a long cessation of activity, and 
extinct after eruptions have altogether ceased. 

VOl'can-ol'o-gy (vol'kdn-ol'o-jl), n. {volcano 4- -logy.] 
The science treating of volcanic phenomena. — vol'can-O- 
log'i-cal (-6-18j'T-kdl),o. — vol'can-ol'o-gist (-51'6-jTst), n. 

Vole (vol), n. [From dial, volemouse ; cf. Norw. dial, voll 
field.] Any of a genus (Microtus) of mouselike or ratlike 
rodents, of which the smaller kinds are called also meadow 
mice and field mice. 



vole, n. [F.] Card Playing. A winning of all the tricks in 
a deal ; a slam ; hence, fig. : the whole range ; gamut. 

VOl'er-y (vol'er-T), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). [F. volerie a flying 
fr. voter to fly, L. volare.] 1. An aviary. 2. A flight of 
birds. Rare. 

VOl'i-tant (voFT-tdnt), a. [L. volitans, -antis, p. pr. of voli- 
tare to flit.] Flying ; able to fly ; volant. 

VoFi-ta'tion (-ta'shftn), n. [L. volitare, volitatum, to fly 
to and fro, v. freq. fr. volare to fly.] Act or power of flying ; 
flight._ — vol'i-ta'tion-al (-dl), a. 

VO-li'tient (vo-lish'ent), a. [See volition.] Exercising the 
will ; acting from choice. — vo-li'tien-cy (-en-si), n. 

VO-li'tion (vo-lish'wn), n. [F., fr. L. volo I will, velle to 
will.] _ 1. Act of willing or choosing ; exercise of the will. 2. 
Termination of an act of willing or choosing ; a state of 
decision or choice. 3. Power of willing or determining ; 
will. — Syn. Choice, preference, determination. See will. 

VO-li'tion-al (-dl), a. Of or pert, to volition. al-ly, adv. 

vol'i-tive (vol'i-tiv), a. [See volition.] 1. Of or pert, to 
the will. 2. Gram. Used in expressing a wish or permission. 

|| Volks'lied' (folks'lef), n.; pi. Volkslieder (-le'der). 
[G.] A folk song. 

VOl'ley (vol'i), n.; pi. -leys (-Tz). [F. volee flight, volley, 
voler to fly, L. volare."] 1. A flight of missiles ; simultane- 
ous discharge of a number of missiles. 2. A burst or emis- 
sion of many things at once ; as, a volley of oaths. 3. 
Tennis & Lawn Tennis. The flight of the ball, or its 
course before striking the ground ; hence, a return of the 
ball before it touches the ground. 

— v. t. & i. 1. To discharge or be discharged, in or as in a 
volley. 2. Tennis & Lawn Tennis. To return (the ball) 
while on the volley ; make a volley. 

volley ball. A game played by volleying a large inflated 
ball with the hands over a net 7 ft. 6 in. high. 

VO'lost (vo'lost), n. [Russ. volost'.] A division for local 
government ; a canton. Russia. 

VOl'plane' (vol'plan'), n. [F.] Aeronautics. A glide to 
earth in a flying machine with the power shut off. — v. i. 
Aeronautics. To glide in a flying machine. 

Vol'sci (vol'sl), n. pi. [L.] An ancient people of Latium, in 
Italy. — Vol'scian (-shdn), a. & n. 

volt (volt), n. [F. volte, fr. It. volta a turn, fr. L. volvere, 
yolutum, to roll, turn about.] 1. Manege. A tread or gait 
in which a horse going sideways turns round a center ; also, 
a circle traced by a horse so turning. 2. Fencing. A leaping 
movement to avoid a thrust. 

VOlt, n. [After Alessandro Volta, Italian electrician.] Elec. 
The unit of electromotive force ; that electromotive force 
which, if steadily applied to a conductor having a resistance 
of one ohm, will produce a current of one ampere. It is 
practically equiv. to 10 8 C. G. S. electromagnetic units. 

|| VOl'ta (vol'ta), n.; pi. -te (-ta). [It. volta turn, turning, 
time.] Music. A turning ; a time ; — chiefly used in phrases 
signifying that the part is to be repeated ; as, una volta, 
once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain mod- 
ifications in the close of a repeated strain. 

volt'age (vol'taj), n. Elec. Electric potential or potential 
difference expressed in volts. 

vol-ta'ic (vol-ta'ik), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or discovered by, 
Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus for chemi- 
cally developing electric currents. 2. Of or pert, to vol- 
taism or voltaic electricity ; galvanic. 
voltaic arc. = arc, n., 3. — v. battery. = battery, 6 a. 
— v. cell. = cell, 4. — v. electricity, electricity devel- 
oped by chemical action. — v. pile. See 2d pile, 3 a. 

VOl'ta-ism (vol'td-iz'm), n. Voltaic, or current, electricity ; 
also, the branch of electrical science dealing with this. 

VOl-tam'e-ter ( vol-tam'e-ter ), n. [ voltaic + meter. ] 
Physics. An instrument for measuring the quantity of 
electricity passed through a conductor by the amount of 
electrolysis produced. — voPta-met'ric (voFtd-met'rfkXa. 

VOlt-am'me'ter (volt-am'me'ter), n. [volt + ammeter.] 
Physics. A wattmeter. 

volt ampere. [2d volt + ampere.] Elec. A unit of electric 
measurement equal to the product of a volt and an ampere. 
For direct current it is a measure of power and is the same 
as a watt ; for alternating current it is a measure of ap- 
parent power. 

Vol'ta's pile (vol'tdz). = 2d pile, 3 a. 

|| VOl'ti (vol'te), imperative. [It.] Music. Turn, that is, 
turn over the leaf. 

VOlt'me'ter (volt'me'ter), n. Elec. Any instrument for 
measuring in volts the differences of potential between 
different points of an electrical circuit. [voluble. I 

vol'u-bil'i-ty (vol'u-bil'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being| 

VOl'u-ble (vol'u-b'l), a. [L. volubilis, fr. volvere, volutum, 
to roll, turn round.] 1. Easily rolling or turning ; apt to 
roll ; rotating. 2. Characterized by ease and smoothness 
of utterance ; glib ; — formerly without derogatory sugges- 
tion. 3. Bot. Having the power or habit of twining. — ■ 
Syn. See talkative. — vol'u-ble-ness, n. — u-bly, adv. 

VOl'ume (vol'um), n. [F., fr. L. volumen a book, volume, 



a)e, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, nm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



VOLUMED 



1075 



VOUCHSAFE 



fr. volvere, volutum, to roll.] 1. A roll ; scroll. Obs. 2. Any 
collection of printed sheets bound together ; a book ; tome ; 
esp., a part of an extended work, bound in one cover. 3. 
Something suggestive of a roll, or scroll ; convolution ; coil. 
Rare. 4. Space occupied, as measured by cubic units, i. e., 
cubic inches, feet, etc. ; compass ; loosely, a mass ; bulk ; as, 
a volume of gas. 5. Music. Fullness or quantity of tone. — 
Syn. See bulk. 

vol'umed (vol'umd), a. 1. In rounded masses ; as, volumed 
mist. 2. Having volume, or bulk ; massive ; great. 3. Hav- 
ing (such or so many) volumes. 

VO-lu'me-ter (vo-lu'me-ter), re. Physics, a An instrument 
for measuring volumes, as of gases or liquids directly, or of 
solids by displacement, b A form of hydrometer. 

VOl'U-met'ric (vol'u-met'rlk) 1 a. Of or pertaining to meas- 

VOl'u-met'ri-cal (-rl-kal) / urement of volume. 
volumetric analysis, Chem., quantitative analysis by the 
use of definite volumes of standardized solutions of re- 
agents ; also, analysis of gases by volume. 

vo-lu'mi-nos'i-ty (vo-lii'ml-nos'I-tl), re. Quality or state of 
being voluminous. 

VO-lu'mi-nous (vo-lu'ml-nus), a. [L. voluminosus full of 
folds.] Of or pert, to volume or volumes ; specif. : a Con- 
sisting of many folds, coils, or convolutions, b Of great 
volume, or bulk ; large ; swelling. C Consisting of many 
volumes, or books, d Having written much, or produced 
many volumes ; copious ; as, a voluminous writer. — VO- 
lu'mi-nous-ly, adv. — vo-lu'mi-nous-ness, re. 

vol'un-ta-ri-ly (vol'un-t&-ri-\i),adv. In a voluntary manner. 

VOl'un-ta-ri-ness, re. Quality or state of being voluntary. 

VOl'un-ta-rism (vol'tm-ta-rlz'm), re. Philos. Any theory 
which conceives will to be the dominant factor in experi- 
ence or in the constitution of the world. — VOl'un-ta-rist 
(-rlst), re. — vol'un-ta-ris'tic (-rls'tlk), a. 

VOl'un-ta-ry (vol'wn-ta-rl), a. [L. voluntarius, fr. volun- 
tas will, choice.] 1. Proceeding from the will ; produced 
in or by an act of choice ; as, voluntary action. 2. Uncon- 
strained ; spontaneous ; free ; as, voluntary services. 3. 
Done by design or intention ; intentional ; as, voluntary 
manslaughter. 4. Of or pert, to the will; subject to, or 
regulated by, the will ; as, voluntary muscles. 5. Able to 
will ; free ; as, man is a voluntary agent. 6. Law. Acting 
or done of one's own free will without valuable considera- 
tion or without any present legal obligation. 7. Of or pert. 
to voluntaryism. 

Syn. Voluntary, intentional, deliberate. Voluntary 
emphasizes the idea of freedom from constraint, and is 
often opposed to accidental; intentional heightens the 
idea of design ; that is deliberate which is done advisedly 
or deliberately. See spontaneous. 

— re.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. A voluntary action or piece of 
work. 2. Music. A piece, esp. an organ prelude, played, 
often extemporarily, according to the musician's fancy ; an 
organ solo played before, during, or after, divine service. 

VOl'un-ta-ry-ism (-Iz'm), re. System of supporting or doing 
anything by voluntary action. — VOl'un-ta-ry-ist, re. 

VOl'un-teer' (-ter'), re. [F. volontaire, orig. a., L. volun- 
tarius. See voluntary, a.] 1. One who voluntarily enters 
into, or offers himself for, a service. 2. Mil. One who enters 
into service voluntarily ; — opp. to conscript. 3. Law.^ a 
A voluntary actor, performer, or agent in any transaction 
(see voluntary, a., 6). b A grantee without valuable con- 
sideration. 

Volunteers of America, a religious and philanthropic or- 
ganization, similar to the Salvation Army, founded in 1896 
by Commander and Mrs. Ballington Booth. 

— a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, a volunteer or volun- 
teers ; voluntary ; as, volunteer companies. 

— v. t. To offer or bestow voluntarily. — v. i. To enter into, 
or offer one's self for, any service voluntarily. 

VO-lup'tU-a-ry (vo-lup'tu-a-rl), re.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. 
voluptuarius, fr. voluptas pleasure.] A voluptuous per- 
son ; one addicted to luxury and the gratification of sensual 
appetites ; sensualist. — a. Voluptuous ; luxurious. Rare. 

VO-lup'tU-OUS (-us), a. [OF. voluptueus, fr. L. voluptuo- 
sus, fr. voluptas pleasure.] 1. Full of pleasure, esp. to the 
senses ; ministering or pert, to sensuous or sensual gratifi- 
cation ; luxurious; sensuous; as, voluptuous music. 2. 
Given to, or spent in, enjoyment of luxury, pleasure, or 
sensual gratification ; as, a voluptuous life. — Syn. See 
sensuous. — vo-lup'tu-ous-ly, adv. — ous-ness, re. 

VO-lute' (-hit'), re. [F., fr. L. voluta, fr. volvere, volutum, to 
roll] 1. Arch. A spiral scroll-shaped ornament, esp. that 
forming the chief feature of the Ionic capital. See ionic, 
Illust. 2. Zo'ol. A turn, or whorl, of a spiral shell. 

— a. Rolled up ; voluted. 

VO-lut'ed (vo-lut'ed), a. Having a volute, or spiral scroll. 

VO-lu'tion (vo-lu'shi/n), re. [See volute.] 1. A spiral turn 
or wreath ; a convolution. 2. Zo'ol. A volute. 

VOl'vu-lus (vol'vu-lus), re.; pi. -vuli (-11). [NL., fr. L. 
volvere to turn about, to roll.] Med. a Spasmodic con- 
traction of the intestines causing colic, b Any intestinal 
displacement causing obstruction ; ileus. 



vo'mer (vo'mer), re. [L., a plowshare.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A 
bone of the skull of most vertebrates, situated below the 
ethmoidal region. In man and other mammals, it forms 
part of the nasal septum. — vo'mer-ine (vo'mer-In), a. 

vom'i-ca (vom'I-kd), re.; pi. vomicae (-I-se). [L., an ab- 
scess.] Med. An abscess cavity in the lungs. 

VOm'it (vom'It), n. [L. vomitus, fr. vomer e, vomitum, to 
vomit.] 1. That which is vomited. 2. That which excites 
vomiting ; an emetic. — v. i. 1. To eject the contents of 
the stomach by the mouth ; spew. 2. To be ejected or 
emitted ; come forth violently. — v. t. 1. To throw up ; 
eject from the stomach through the mouth ; spew ; — often 
used with up or out. 2. To eject violently from any hollow 
place ; belch forth ; as, a volcano vomits lava. 

vom'i-tive (vom'I-tlv), a. & re. Emetic. 

vom'i-to (vom'I-to ; Sp. vo'me-to), re. [Sp. vdmito."] Med. 
The yellow fever in its worst form. 

vom'l-to-ry (vom'I-to-rl), a. Causing vomiting ; emetic ; 
vomitive. — re.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. An emetic. 2. Roman 
Arch. A principal entrance of a theater or amphitheater. 

vom'i-tu-ri'tion (-tu-rlsh'izn), re. Ineffectual attempts at 
vomiting ; also,_vomiting effected with little effort. 

VOO'doo (voo'doo ; voo-doc/), re.; pi. -doos (-dooz ; -dooz'). 
1. = voodooism:. 2. One who practices voodooism ; a ne- 
gro sorcerer. — a. Of or pert, to voodooism or a voodoo. 

— v. L To effect or affect by voodoo sorcery ; bewitch. 
VOO'doo-ism (-Iz'm), re. A degraded form of superstition 

and sorcery among negroes in Haiti and, to some extent, in 
the United States, regarded as a relic of African barbarism. 

VO-ra'cious (vo-ra'shus), a. [L. vorax, -acis, fr. vorare to 
devour.] Greedy in eating ; ravenous ; gluttonous ; rapa- 
cious. — Syn. See greedy. — vo-ra'cious-ly, adv. — 
vo-ra'cious-ness, re. 

VO-rac'i-ty (-ras'I-tl), re. Quality of being voracious. 

-VOrous. [L. -vorus, fr. vorare to devour.] A combining 
form signifying eating, feeding, or consuming. 

vor'tex (vor'teks), re.; pi. E. -texes (-tek-sez ; 24), L. vor- 
tices (-tl-sez). [L. vortex, var. of vertex, -icis, fr. vortere, 
vertere, to turn.] A mass of fluid, esp. of a liquid, having a 
circular motion tending to form a cavity or vacuum in the 
center, and to draw toward this the bodies subject to its 
action ; whirlpool ; eddy. 

vor'ti-cal (-tl-kal), a. Of or pert, to a vortex or vortexes ; 
resembling a vortex ; whirling. [whirling.] 

vor'ti-cose (vor'tl-kos), a. [L. vorticosus.'] Vortical ;| 

vor-tig'i-nous (vor-tlj'I-nus), a. Whirling ; vortical. Rare. 

VO'ta-ress (vo'td-res), re. A woman votary. 

VO'ta-rist Grist), re. A votary. 

vo'ta-ry (-rl), a. [From L. votum a vow.] Consecrated by a 
vow or promise ; devoted ; promised. — re. ; pi. -rtes (-riz). 
One devoted or consecrated by a vow or promise ; esp., one 
devoted or addicted to a particular service, worship, etc. ; 
as, a votary of Apollo ; a votary of science. 

vote (vot), re. [L. votum a vow, wish, will.] 1. Ardent wish ; 
vow ; prayer. Obs. 2. A wish, choice, or judgment, of a 
person or a body of persons, formally expressed, as by a 
ballot or viva voce ; a suffrage ; also, the right to such ex- 
pression of wish, etc. 3. That by means of which a vote 
(sense 2) is expressed, as the voice, a ballot, etc. 4. Ex- 
pression of the judgment or will of a majority by means of 
votes (sense 3) ; as, a unanimous vote. 5. Votes collective- 
ly; as, the Prohibition vote. 

— v. i.j vot'ed (vot'ed ; 24) ; vot'ing. To express or signify 
the wish, choice, or will, either viva voce or by ballot, etc., 
as a means of deciding on any proposition ; cast or give a 
vote. — v. t. 1. To enact, grant, determine, effect, etc., by 
formal vote ; as, to vote an appropriation. 2. To declare by 
general opinion or common consent, as if by a vote. Colloq. 

vot'er (vot'er), re. One who votes; one who has a legal 
right to vote, or give his suffrage ; an elector ; suffragist. 

VO'tive (vo'tlv), a. [L. votivus, fr. votum a vow.] Given by 
vow, or in fulfillment of a vow ; consecrated by a vow ; as, a 
votive offering. — vo'tive-ly, adv. — VO'tive-ness, re. 

VO'tress (vo'tres), re. A votaress. 06s. 

vouch (vouch), v. t. [OF. vochier to call, L. vocare to call.] 
1. To call, esp. as a witness. Archaic. 2. To warrant ; an- 
swer for ; attest ; avouch. 3. To support ; confirm. Rare. 
4. Law. To support or maintain, as a claim. Obs., exc. 
specif. : To authenticate, as a claim, by vouchers. 
Syn. Vouch, attest are often used with little distinction. 
But ordinarily to vouch (often for) is esp. to guarantee or 
stand surety for ; to attest is to affirm or certify to. 

— v. i. 1. To bear witness ; give testimony or full attesta- 
tion ; attest. 2. To make assertion ; affirm. 

— re. Warrant ; attestation. Archaic. 

VOUCh'er, re. 1. One who vouches, or attests, anything, or 
who acts as a surety. 2. A book, paper, or the like, which 
serves to vouch the truth of something ; specif., any receipt 
or the like showing payment ; as, paid checks are vouchers. 
3. Early Law. One who vouches another to establish his 
warranty of title ; the tenant in a writ of right. 

vouch-safe' (vouch-saf), v. t.; -safed' (-saft') ; -saf'ing. 



H 




K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, 
Explanations of Abbreviations used la this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals* 



N 



VOUCHSAFEMENT 



1076 



WADE 







Q 



R 



T 



U 



[vouch + safe ; that is, vouch for as safe.] 1. To guarantee 
as safe ; guarantee. Obs. 2. To condescend to grant ; con- 
cede ; bestow. — v. i. To condescend ; deign. — Syn. See 

CONDESCEND. 

v ouch-safe 'merit (-ment), n. Act of vouchsafing, or that 
which is vouchsafed ; a gift or grant in condescension. 

VOUS'soir' (voo'swar'), n. [F.] Arch. Any of the wedge- 
shaped pieces of an arch or vault. See arch, Illust. 

VOW (vou), n. [OF. vou, veu, fr. L. votum, orig. p. p. neut. 
of vovere, votum, to vow.] 1. A solemn promise, esp. one 
made to God or a deity ; an act by which one binds one's 
self or one's possessions to some act, service, or condition. 
2. A promise of fidelity or constancy ; a pledge of love or 
affection ; as, the marriage vow. 3. An asseveration. Obs. 

>=- v. t. & i. 1. To bind one's self by a vow ; promise sol- 
emnly ; devote. 2. To asseverate ; swear. 

VOW'el (vou'el), n. [OF. vouel, fr. L. vocalis (sc. littera), 
fr. vocalis sounding, fr. vox, vocis, voice, sound.] Phon. 
A voiced, or sometimes a whispered, sound without the au- 
dible friction or stoppage characteristic of a consonant. 
Also, a letter or character representing such a sound. In 
English, the written vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes 
w and y. — a. Of or pertaining to a vowel ; vocal. 

VOW'el-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). To 
furnish with vowel signs ; as, to vowelize a Hebrew text. 

vowel point. In Hebrew and certain other Eastern lan- 
guages, a mark placed above or below a consonant, or at- 
tached to it, as in Ethiopic, representing the vowel sound. 

VOW'er (vou'er), n. One who makes a vow. 

|| VOX (voks), n. ; pi. voces (vo'sez). [L.] Voice. 
vox' an-gel'i-ca (vSks' an-jel'i-kd) [L. angelica angelic]. 
Music, an organ stop of delicate stringlike quality. — vox' 
hu-ma'na (hu-ma'nd) [L., human voice] , Music, an organ 
reed stop to give a sound imitating the human voice. 

VOy'age (voi'aj), n. [OF. veage, voiage, fr. LL., fr. L. 
viaticum traveling money, via way.] 1. Formerly, a pas- 
sage either by sea or land ; a journey ; now, only, a passing 
by sea or water from one place to another ; esp., a passing or 
journey by water to a distant place. 2. Course ; way ; ex- 
pedition ; enterprise. Obs. — v. i. ; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing 
(-a-jing). To take, make, or traverse by, a voyage ; travel. 

VOV'ag-er (-a-jer), n. One who voyages. 

|| voy'a'geur' (vwa'ya'zhur'), n.; pi. -geurs (F. -zhur'). 
[F.] A traveler ; in Canada, specif., a man employed by the 
fur companies to transport goods and men to and from the 
remote stations ; any boatman and trapper of those regions. 

VUg, VUgg, VUgh (vug ; vobg), n. Mining. A small unfilled 
cavity in a lode or in the rock. — VUg'gy (-1), a. 

Vul'can (viil'kdn), n. [L. Vulcanus, Volcanus."] Rom. 
Relig. The god of fire, esp. in its fearful aspects. Later, he 
was identified with the Greek Hephsestus, and was hence 
represented as consort of Venus and god of metal working. 

Vul-ca'ni-an (vul-ka'ni-dn), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or made by, 
Vulcan ; pert, to works in iron, etc. 2. [I. c] Volcanic. 3. 
Of or pertaining to Plutonism ; Plutonic. 

VUl'can-ite (vul'kan-It), n. Hard rubber produced by vul- 
canizing with much sulphur. 

VUl'can-i-za'tion (-l-za'sh&n ; -l-za'shftn) , n. Process of im- 
parting to caoutchouc, gutta-percha, etc., greater elasticity, 
durability, or hardness by heating with sulphur, sulphides, 
or oxides, or by soaking in a solution of sulphur chloride. 

vul'can-ize (vul'kdn-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 
To subject to vulcanization. — VUl'can-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. 

vul'can-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji). = volcanology. 

VUl'gar (-gdr), a. [L. vulgaris, fr. vulgus the common 
people.] 1. Of or pert, to the common people ; common ; 



ordinary ; public ; hence, vernacular ; as, the vulgar Ian. 
guage. 2. Of or pert, to the common people as disting. 
from the cultivated or educated ; pert, to common life ; 
plebeian ; as, vulgar prejudices. 3. Lacking cultivation or 
refinement ; unrefined ; boorish ; also, offensive to good 
taste or refined feelings ; low ; coarse ; as, vulgar language. 
— Syn. See common. 
vulgar fraction. = common fraction. 

— n. The vernacular language. Archaic. 
VUl-ga'ri-an (yul-ga'n-dn ; 3), n. A vulgar or unrefined per- 
son ; esp., a rich or pretentious person of vulgar standards. 

VUl'gar-ism (viil'gdr-iz'm), n. 1. Grossness; rudeness; 
vulgarity. 2. A vulgar phrase or expression, or one used 
only in colloquial, esp. in unrefined or low, speech. 
Syn. Vulgarism, vulgarity. A vulgarism is a phrase or 
expression in common, but not in good, use ; the word does 
not necessarily connote coarseness ; vulgarity denotes 
coarseness or lack of refinement in manners or speech ; as, 
the use of "aggravating" for "provoking" is a vulgarism; 
the use of coarse language is a vulgarity. 

VUl-gar'i-ty (vul-gar'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality 
or state of being vulgar ; mean condition of life ; common- 
ness. 2. Grossness or clownishness ; coarseness ; also, an 
instance of this. — Syn. See vulgarism. 

VUl'gar-ize (viil'gdr-iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing 
(-Iz'ing). To make vulgar. — vul'gar-i-za'tion, n. 

VUl'gar-ly, adv. In a vulgar manner. 

VUl'gar-ness, n. Quality or state of being vulgar. 

Vul'gate (-gat), n. [LL. vulgata editio, fr. L. vulgatus 
usual, common.] 1. A Latin version of the Scriptures 
made by Jerome at the close of the 4th century ; — so called 
from its common use in the Latin Church. This is the only 
Latin version which the Roman Catholic Church admits to 
be authentic. 2. [Z. c] Any vulgate text, as of the writings 
of ^Eschylus. 

— a. 1. Of or pert, to the Vulgate. 2. [I. c] Commonly ac- 
cepted ; ordinary ; as, a vulgate text. 

VUl'ner-a-ble (vul'ner-d-b'l), a. [L. vulnerabilis wound- 
ing, injurious, fr._ vulnerare to wound, vulnus a wound.] 
1. Capable of being wounded ; susceptible of wounds. 2. 
Liable to injury ; assailable ; as, a vulnerable reputation. 

— vul'ner-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), vul'ner-a-ble-ness, n. 
VUl'ner-a-ry (-a-ri), a. Used for, or useful in, healing 

wounds; as, vulnerary plants. — n.; pi. -ries (-riz). A 
vulnerary remedy. 

Vul-pec'u-la (vul-pek'u-ld), n.; gen. Vulpectjl^e (-le). 
[L., dim. of vulpes fox.] Astron. A small constellation 
between Sagitta and Cygnus ; the Little Fox ; — called also 
Vulpecula cum Ansere (the Little Fox with the Goose). 

VUl-pec'U-lar (-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a fox, esp. a young 
one ;_ vulpine. 

vul'pine (-pin ; -pin), a. [L. vulpinus, fr. vulpes a fox.] 
Of or pert, to or like a fox ; cunning ; crafty. 

VUl'pi-nite (-pi-nit), n. [From Vulpino, in Italy.] Min. 
A scaly granular grayish white variety of anhydrite. 

VUl'ture (-tyr), n. [OF. voltor, vouteur, L. vulturius; fr. 
vultur.] Any of certain large birds allied to hawks, eagles, 
and falcons, but haying weaker claws, and the head usually 
naked. They subsist chiefly on carrion. They constitute 
two families, the Old World vultures (Vulturidse) and the 
American vultures (Cathartidse). — VUl'tur-ine (-tyr-In ; 
-in), vul'tur-ous (-tis), a. 

VUl'va (vfil'vd), n. [L. vulva, volva, fr. volvere to roll.] 
Anat. The external parts or opening of the female genital 
organs. — VUl'var (-vdr), o. 

vy'ing (vl'Ing), p. pr. & vb. n. of vxe. 



w 



W(dub''l-u). 1. The twenty-third letter of the English 
alphabet. The sound of W is usually a consonant as in 
we, but sometimes it is a vowel, forming the second element 
of certain diphthongs, as in few, how. See Guide to Pron., 
§§ 96-98. The form of the letter dates back to the time 
when U and V had not been fully differentiated (see U, V). 
Etymologically W is most closely related to U and V. See 
U and V. 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a 
[cap.~] Chem. Wolfram (tungsten), b Elec. Watt. 

W, or w, n. ; pi. W's or Ws (dub''l-uz). The letter W, w, 
or its sound ; also, something shaped like the letter W. 

W, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter W. 

wab'ble (wot/'l), v. i. ; -bled ; -bling (-ling) ; 1. To move 
unsteadily from one side to the other ; move in the manner 
of a wheel unevenly hung. 2. To vacillate ; tremble. Colloq. 

— n. A rocking or oscillating motion, as of a wheel not 
hung true ; a wavering, vacillating, etc. — wab'bler, n. 

wab'bly (-li), a. Inclined to wabble ; wabbling. 

wack'e (wak/e), n. [G.] Geol. Rock similar to sandstone 
in texture, but derived from disintegrated basic rocks. 



wad (wod), n. 1. A little mass or bundle, as of hay or tow. 
2. A soft plug to retain a charge of powder, keep powder 
and shot close, or avoid windage, in a muzzle-loading 
cannon or gun or in a shot cartridge. 3. A soft mass, esp. of 
loose fibrous substance, to stop an aperture, pad a garment, 
etc. — v. t. ; wad'ded (wod'ed ; 24) ; wad'ding. 1. To form 
into a wad or wadding. 2. To insert a wad into ; hold in by a 
wad ; also, to stuff or line with a soft substance, as cotton 
or paper pulp ; pad. 

wad'ding (wod'ing), n. 1. Wads collectively, or material 
for wads. 2. Soft stuff of loose texture for stuffing or pad- 
ding garments, esp. prepared sheets of carded cotton. 

wad'dle (-'1), v. i.; -dled (-I'd) ; -dling (-ling). [Freq. of 
wade.'] To walk with short steps, swaying from side to 
side, like a duck ; move along in a clumsy and tottering 
way ; toddle. — n. Act of waddling. — wad'dler (-ler), n. 

wad'dy (wod'i), n.; pi. -dies (-iz). An aboriginal war 
club. Australia. 

wade (wad), v. i.; wad'ed (wad'ed; 24) ; wad'ing. [AS. 
wadan go, proceed, wade.] 1. To go ; pass ; penetrate. 06s. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin, nature, verdure (87) j 



WADER 



1077 



WAIT 



2o To move by stepping in or through a medium, as water 
or mud, that offers more resistance than air. 3. To proceed 
slowly among things that hinder or embarrass ; as, to wade 
through a dull book. — v. t. To pass or cross by wading. 

— n. Act of wading. Colloq. 

wad'er (wad'er), n. l.One who, or that which, wades. 2. 
Any of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search 
of food, including sandpipers, snipe, cranes, herons, etc. 

wa'di, wa'dy (wa'di), n. ; pi. -dies (-dlz). [Ar. wadi.'] In 
the Levant, a valley ; a ravine through which a stream flows ; 
the bed of a watercourse, dry except in the rainy season. 

wa'fer (wa'fer), n. [OF. waufre.~] 1. Cookery. A thin cake 
or biscuit. 2. Eccl. A thin cake or piece of bread, commonly 
unleavened, used in the Eucharist, as in the Roman Catho- 
lic Church. 3. An adhesive disk of dried paste, gelatin, or 
the like, and coloring matter, or of paper coated with an 
adhesive on one side, used as a seal. 4. Ordnance. A primer. 

— v. t. To seal, close, or fasten with a wafer. 

waffle (wof'l), n. [D. wafel.~\ A crisped indented batter 
cake cooked in a waffle iron, a utensil with two hinged 
iron parts shutting against each other. 

waft (waft), v. t. [Prob. orig. pret. & p. p. of wave, v. t.] 
1. To cause to move or go by or as by the impulse of waves, 
as of water or air. 2. To signal to ; beckon. 06s. 3. To 
turn ; direct ; as, to waft the eyes. Obs. — v. i. To be moved, 
or to pass, on or as on a buoyant medium ; float. — n. 1. 
Act of wafting ; a beckoning. 2. A floating ; waving ; a wave 
or current, as of wind ; puff ; gust. — waft'er, n. 

waft 'age (waf'taj), n. Act of wafting ; state of being waft- 
ed ; conveyance on or through a buoyant medium. 

waf'ture (waf'tiir), n - Act of wafting or waving ; a waft. 

wag (wag), v. t. ; wagged (wagd) ; wag'ging (wag'Tng). To 
sway or swing shortly, esp. from side to side, with jerky or 
quick turns. To wag the head, finger, etc., is often expres- 
sive of buffoonery or derision. — v. i. 1. To move one way 
and the other ; be shaken to and fro. 2. To act or move. 
Obs. or Colloq. 3. To go ; pack off. Colloq. 4. Of the 
tongue, to keep moving in chatter or gossip. Colloq. 

— n. 1. Act of wagging ; a shake. Colloq. 2. One full of 
sport and humor ; a wit ; joker. 

wage (waj), v. t. ; waged (wajd) ; wag'ing (waj'ing). [OF. 
wagier, var. of gagier to pledge, promise.] 1. To pledge ; 
gage ; also, to stake ; bet. Archaic or Hist. 2. To expose 
one's self to, as a risk ; incur ; hazard. Obs. 3. To engage in, 
as a contest, as if by previous gage, or pledge ; carry on, as 
a war. — v. i. To carry on war ; contend. Rare. 

— n. 1. A gage ; pledge. Obs. or Hist. 2. That which is 
pledged or paid for services ; hire ; pay ; — chiefly in pi. 
%W The plural form wages was formerly often, and is still 
sometimes, construed as a singular. 

wa'ger (wa'jer), n. [OF. wageiire. See wage, v. t.] 1. A 
gage, or pledge. Obs. 2. That which is risked on an uncer- 
tain event ; a stake ; bet. 3. Act of wagering, or betting ; a 
bet. 4. Act of gaging, or giving a pledge ; as, wager of bat- 
tle ; wager of law. 06s. or Hist. 

wager of law, Early Eng. Law, the act of a party, usually 
the defendant, in an action in binding himself to resort to 
and abide the event of an attempt to prove his case by the 
oath of himself and the required number of compurgators. 

— v. t . & i. To stake ; bet. — wa'ger-er, n. 

wa'ges (wa'jez ; 24), pi. of wage, n. (see wage, n., Note). 
1. Specif., pay given for labor, usually manual or mechani- 
cal, at short stated intervals, as disting. from a salary or 
fee. 2. Economics. That share of the annual product or 
national dividend which goes as a reward to labor, as dis- 
tinct from the remuneration received by capital in its vari- 
ous forms. 

Syn. Wages, hire, salary, pay, emolument. Wages 
and hire (the latter somewhat archaic in this sense) denote 
the price paid for labor, esp. by the day or week. Salary 
denotes a fixed compensation, commonly paid at longer in- 
tervals than wages, for services requiring training or ability. 
Pay, often general in its sense, may be equivalent esp. to 
wages (as in pay day, pay roll, etc.). Emolument applies 
to whatever profits arise from office or employment ; as, the 
emoluments of a profession. 

wag'ger-y (wag'er-i), n.; pi. -geries (-iz). The manner or 
action of a wag ; mischievous merriment ; pleasantry. 

wag'gish (-ish), a. 1. Like, or characteristic of, a wag; 
frolicsome. 2. Done or made in sport ; sportive ; humorous. 
— wag'gish-ly, adv. — wag'gish-ness, n. 

wag'gle (wag'T), v. i. & t.; -gled (-'Id); -gling (-ling). 
[Freq. of wag.~] To reel, sway, or move, from side to side ; 
wag. — n. A waggling or wagging. \_British.\ 

wag'gon, wag'gon-er, etc. Vars. of wagon, etc. Chiefly\ 

Wag-ne'ri-an (vag-ne'n-an), a. Of, pertaining to, charac- 
terized by or resembling the theories or style of, Richard 
Wagner (1813-83), the German composer of opera and 
music drama. 

Wag'ner-ism (vag'ner-Tz'm), n. Richard Wagner's theory 
and practice in the composition of opera, or, esp., music 
drama, his chief aira being to free opera from the conven- 




tions of the Italian school, and make dramatic fitness d»mi 
nate the ensemble of text, music, action, and scene. 

wag'on (wag'un), n. [D. wagen.~\ Also, chiefly British, 
wag'gon. 1. A kind of four-wheeled vehicle, esp. one used 
for freight or merchandise. 2. A four-wheeled vehicle for 
transporting goods on a railway. Brit. 3. A chariot. Obs. 
— v. t. To transport in a wagon or wagons. 

wag'on-age (-aj), n. 1. Money paid for carriage or convey- 
ance in a wagon. 2. Wagons collectively. 

wag'on-er, wag'gon-er (-er), n. 1. One who conducts or 
drives a wagon, esp. as a business. 2. A charioteer. 06s. 
3. \_cap.~] Astron. a Auriga, b Charles's Wain. 

wag'on-ette', wag'gon-ette' (-ef), n. A kind of wagon 
with two facing side seats. 

wag'on-head'ed, wag'- 
gon— head'ed, a. Having a 
top, or head, shaped like 
the top of a covered wagon, 
or in section or outline like 
an inverted U ; as, a wagon- 
headed ceiling. 

wag'tail' (wag'talO, n. Any 
of many birds (subfamily 
Motacillinse) allied to the Wagonette, 

pipits. They have a trim slender body and a very long tail 
which they habitually jerk up and down. 

Wa-ha'bi, Wah-ha'bi (wa-ha'be), n.; pi. Wahabis (-bez). 
[Ar. wahhabi.~\ A follower of Mohammed ibn' Abdu'l- 
Wahhab.(1691-1787), Mohammedan reformer. — Wa-ha'- 
bi-ism (-Tz'm), n. 

wa-hoo' (wa-hob'; wa'hoo), n.; pi. -hoos (-hobz). Any of 
various American trees or shrubs ; specif. : a A shrub 
(Evonymus atropurpureus) with capsules which in de- 
hiscing expose the scarlet arils of the seeds ; — called also 
burning bush, b Either of two varieties of elm (esp. VI- 
mus alata). C The basswood (Tilia). 

waif (waf), n. [OF., var. of guaif, gaif, adj., lost, not 
claimed, chose gaive a waif.] 1. Eng. Law. Stolen goods 
thrown away by a thief in flight. 2. Something found, or 
without an owner ; a stray thing or article. 3. A wanderer ; 
castaway ; stray person or beast, as a homeless child or lost 
sheep. — v. t. To throw up or cast away as a waif. 

wail (wal), v. t. & i. To lament ; bewail ; mourn. — n. Loud 
lamentation ; mournful sound. — wail'er (wal'er), n. 

wail'ful (-fool), a. Sorrowful ; mournful ; wailing. 

wain (wan), n. [AS. wsegn.'] 1. Wagon ; cart. Archaic or 
Dial. 2. \_cap.~\ Astron. Charles's Wain; — with the. 

wain'SCOt (-skot ; -skot), n. [D. wagen-schot oaken board.] 
1. In British usage, a fine grade of oak imported for wood- 
work. 2. A wooden lining of an interior wall, usually pan- 
eled. — v. t. ; -scot-ed or -scot-ted ; -scot-ing or -scot- 
ting. To line with or as with boards or paneled work. 

wain'scot-ing, wain'scot-ting, n. The material used to 
wainscot a house, etc., or the wainscot as a whole. 

waist (wast), n. [ME. wast, orig., growth.] 1. That 
part of the human body between the thorax and hips. 2. 
A garment, or that part of a garment, which covers the body 
from the neck or shoulders to and including the waist ; 
specif.: a The bodice, or upper part, of a woman's dress. 
b A similarly worn undergarment for children, to which 
other clothing may be buttoned. 3. A part corresponding 
to, or suggestive of, the human waist ; esp., the middle or 
central part ; as, the waist of a boiler, violin, etc. 4. Naut. 
That pa~t of a vessel's deck between the quarter-deck and 
forecastle ; the middle part of the ship. 

waist'band' (^ast'band' ; -band), n. The band, as of 
breeches, skirrs, etc. , which encompasses the waist. 

waist'cloth/ (-kloth'; 62), n. A cloth worn about the 
waist ; esp., such a garment worn about the hips and pass- 
ing between the thighs. 

waist'coat (wast'kot; colloq. weVkwt; was'-), n. X. A 
man's garment of ornamental character, formerly worn 
under the doublet. 2. a A sleeveless garment for men, worn 
under the coat, and covering the waist ; a vest, b A similar 
garment occasionally worn by women. 

waist'ing, n. Material for waists. 

wait (wat), v. i. [OF. waitier, var. of guaitier, gaitier, to 
watch, attend ; of Teutonic origin.] 1. To be in expecta- 
tion ; — usually used with for, equiv. to expect or look 
forward to. 2. To stay in expectation ; remain stationary 
or inactive, as till the arrival of some person or event ; stay. 
3. To be ready to serve or to execute orders ; act as at- 
tendant or servant, esp. at table ; serve. 
to wait on or upon, a To attend as a servant, b To go 
to see ; call upon. C To follow as a consequence. 

— v. t. 1. To stay for ; await. 2. To attend on ; escort. 06s. 
3. To attend as a consequence. 06s. _ 4. To defer ; post- 
pone ; — said of a meal ; as, to wait dinner. Colloq. 

— n. 1. A watchman. 06s. 2. In England : a One of a 
band of musical watchmen or musicians, esp. in the 17th 
century, b In pi. Carol singers or itinerant musicians who 
go about, esp. at night, from house to house at Christmas 










K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



WAIT-A-BIT 



1078 



WALLOW 







Q 



R 



U 



V 



w 



time. Eng. 3. Ambush ; trap ; snare ; — now used only in 
to lie in wait. 4. Act of waiting ; delay ; halt ; also, inter- 
val of waiting. 

wait'-a— bit', n. Any of several plants bearing thorns or 
hooked appendages, as the greenbrier, prickly ash, etc. 

wait'er (-er), n. 1. A watcher. Obs., exc. in comp. 2. One 
who waits : a One who waits for or awaits something. 
b An attendant ; servant in attendance, esp. at table. 3. A 
tray on which something is carried, as dishes, etc. ; salver. 

wait'ing, n. Attendance ; service. 
in waiting, in attendance ; as, lords In waiting. Eng. 

waiting room. A room for the use of persons waiting, as 
at a railroad station or other public place. 

waitress (wat'res), n. A female waiter or attendant at 
table, esp. at a public table. 

waive (wav), v. L; waived (wavd) ; waiv'ing. [AF. wey- 
ver.~\ 1. To remove ; reject ; desert. Obs. 2. To give up 
claim to ;- abandon ; forgo. 3. Law. To throw away ; relin- 
quish voluntarily, as a right which one may enforce if he 
chooses. — Syn. See relinquish. 

waiv'er (wav'er), n. [AF. weyver, inf. as n.] Law. Act of 
waiving or relinquishing something, as a right. 

wake (wak), n. The track left by a vessel in the water; 
hence, the track or course of anything that has passed. 

wake, v. i.; waked (wakt) or woke (wok) ; wak'ing (wak'- 
ing). [AS. wacan to wake, be born (pret. woe, p. p. wacen), 
combined with the kindred wacian (pret. wacode), var. of 
wseccan to watch, be awake.] 1. To be awake ; not to 
sleep ; specif., to keep watch or vigil ; hold a wake. 2. To 
sit up late for festivities or revel. Obs. 3. To be roused from 
sleep ; awake ; — often used with up. 4. To be excited or 
roused up ; awake ; as, the wind woke. 5. To become alive 
again; undergo resurrection. — v. t. 1. To rouse from 
sleep ; awake. 2. To put in motion or action ; arouse ; ex- 
cite ; as, to wake one's wrath. 3. To bring to life again ; 
revive ; as, to wake sad memories. 4. To watch with at 
night, as a dead body ; hold a wake over. 

— n. 1. Act of waking or being awaked ; also, state of being 
awake. Obs. or Poetic. 2. State of forbearing sleep, esp. 
for solemn or festive purposes ; a vigil. 3. Ch. of Eng. An 
annual parish festival formerly held in commemoration of 
the dedication of a church. 4. The sitting up with a dead 
body, often attended with a degree of festivity, chiefly 
among the Irish. 

wake'ful (wak'fool), a. 1. Not sleeping; indisposed to 
sleep ; affected with insomnia ; hence : watchful ; vigilant. 
2. That wakes ; awakening. Now Bare. — wake'ful-ly, 
adv. — wake'ful-ness, n. 

wak'en (-'n), v. i. & t. [AS. wsecnan."] To wake : a To be- 
come awake ; be awakened, b To keep watch. en-er, n. 

wak'er (wak'er), n. One who wakes. 

wake'— rob'in, n. 1. Any of various arums ; esp., in Eng- 
land, the cuckoopint. 2. In America, any of various tril- 
liums ; also, the jack-in-the-pulpit. 

Wal-den'ses (wol-den'sez), n. pi. [LL. Waldenses, Val- 
denses.'] Eccl. A sect of dissenters from the Roman Catho- 
lic Church, founded about 1170 by Petrus Waldus, or Peter 
Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, and professing substantially 
Protestant principles. — Wal-den'sian (-shan), a & n. 

wald'grave (wold'grav), n. [G. waldgraf; wald forest + 
graf earl, count.] In the old German empire, the head 
forest keeper ; also, a noble of a certain rank. 

wale (wal), n. [AS. walu a mark of blows.] 1. A streak 
made on the skin by a rod or whip. 2. A ridge on the sur- 
face, as of cloth ; hence, texture. 3. In pi. Shipbuilding. 
Certain strakes of the outside planking of a vessel. 

— v. t. ; waled (wald) ; wal'ing. To mark, protect, or fas- 
ten with wales. 

Wal'er (wal'er), n. [From Wales, i. e., New South Wales.] 
A horse, esp. for cavalry, imported from New South Wales ; 
also, any Australian horse. Colloq. 

Wal-hal'la (wol-hal'&; wal-hal'la), n. Var. of Valhalla. 

walk (wok), v. i. [AS. wealcan to turn, revolve.] 1. To be 
in motion ; go ; wag. Obs. 2. To roam. Obs., exc. : To go 
restlessly about, as a somnambulist or a specter. 3. To 
move along on foot ; go by steps or at a moderate pace ; 
specif., of bipeds, to go without running, that is, without 
lifting one foot entirely before the other touches the ground ; 
of quadrupeds, to go with a gait in which at least two feet 
are always on the ground ; sometimes, specif., to go on foot 
for exercise or amusement. 4. To behave ; conduct one's 
self. 5. To move in a manner likened to walking. 
to walk Spanish, to walk on tiptoe involuntarily through 
another's lifting one by the seat of the trousers, etc.. as in 
boy's sport ; hence : to walk gingerly ; to be forced by an- 
other to act or proceed ; also, to get discharged. Colloq., U. S. 

— v. t. 1. To pass through, over, or upon ; traverse ; peram- 
bulate ; as, to walk the streets. 2. To cause to walk ; to 
lead, drive, or ride, with a slow pace ; as, to walk one's 
horse. 3. To take for, or guide in, a walk. 4. To move in a 
manner likened to walking. Colloq. 

to walk the plank, to walk along a plank, laid across the 



bulwark of a ship, until one overbalances it and falls into 
the sea, — a method practiced by pirates for disposing of 
captives ; hence, to vacate an office under compulsion. 

— n. 1. Act of walking. 2. Manner of walking ; gait. 3. 
Conduct; behavior; manner of living. 4. Habitual or 
proper place or sphere of action ; province ; as, men in every 
walk of life. 5. That in or through which one walks, or a 
place designed for walking ; specif. : a A haunt, b A path 
specially arranged or paved for walking, c A promenade ; 
hence, Obs., in pi.: a park ; pleasure grounds. 6. In coffee 
and other plantations, the space between two rows of trees ; 
also, the rows with the space between them. 7. Pasture 
land ; range ; as, a sheep walk. — walk'er (wok'er), n. 

walk'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of walk. 
walking beam, Mach., any oscillating lever or beam fcr 
transmitting power, as in one form of steam engine. — w. 
delegate, an official, properly styled business agent, ap- 
pointed by a trade union to ascertain whether its rules are 
observed by its members and their employers and to repre- 
sent the union in dealing with employers. — w. fern or 
leaf, any of a genus (Camptosorus, esp. C. rhizophyllus) 
of ferns forming new plants by rooting at the elongated apex 
of the frond. — w. stick, a stick used in walking ; a cane. 

walk'OUt' (wok'out'), n. A labor strike. Colloq., U. S. 

walk'— o'ver, n. In racing, the going over a course by a 
horse that is the only starter ; hence, Colloq. : a one-sided 
contest ; an easy victory. 

Wal-kyr'ie, n. [AS. W3elcyrie.~\ = Valkyrie. 

wall (wol), n. [AS. weall, fr. L. vallum a. palisaded wall.] 

1. A work or structure, as of stone or brick, for security or 
inclosure, as the side of a building, a solid stone fence, etc. 

2. A defense ; rampart ; in pi., fortifications. 3. The inside 
surface of a room, cavity, or vessel (as a boiler). 

to drive, push, or thrust to the wall, to force to an ex- 
treme position ; crush. 

— v. t. To inclose, fill, defend, etc., with or as with a wall. 
wal'la-by (wol'd-bi), n.; pi. -bies (-biz). [From native 

name.] Any of various small or medium-sized kangaroos 
(esp. of genus Macropus). Many are no larger than a hare. 

Wal-la'chi-an (wo-la'kT-an), a. Of 
or pert, to Wallachia, now part of the 
kingdom of Roumania. 

wall creeper. A small Old World 
bird (Tichodroma muraria), in- 
habiting cliffs and, in migration, fre- 
quenting walls about towns. 

wal'let (wol'et; 24), n. 1. A bag or 
sack to be carried about the person ; 
knapsack ; pack. 2. Anything hang- 
ing loose like a bag. 06s. 3. A pock- 
etbook, esp. one of some size for 
paper money, etc. 

wall'-eye', n. 1. An eye, as of a 
horse, with a whitish iris. 2. Any of 
various fishes with prominent eyes, 
as the wall-eyed perch. 

wall'-eyed', a. 1. Having a wall- 
eye or wall-eyes. 2. Glaring-eyed ; 
fierce-eyed. 

wall-eyed perch or pike, an Amer- Wall Creeper, 
ican fresh-water food fish [stizostedion vitreum) having large 
and prominent eyes. 





Wall-eyed Perch. 

wall fern. The common polypody. 

wall'flow'er (wQl'flou'er), n. 1. Any of a genus (Cheiran- 
thus) of brassicaceous herbs; esp., a perennial plant (C. 
cheiri) with sweet-scented yellow or orange flowers, com- 
mon on old walls, in Europe. 2. A person, esp. a woman, 
who remains by the wall as a spectator, at a dance. Colloq. 

Wal-loon' (wo-loon'), n. One of a people, primarily Celtic 
or Alpine, inhabiting southern Belgium ; also, their lan- 
guage, Belgian French. 

wal'lop (wol'wp), v. i. To boil with a continued bubbling or 
heaving and rolling, with noise. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

wal'lop, v. t. To flog ; thrash. — n. A blow. Both Scot., 
Dial. Eng., & Colloq. U. S. 

wal'lop, v. i. [OF. waloper, var. of galoper. See GALLOP.] 
1. To move quickly ; gallop. 2. To flounder. — n. A quick, 
rolling movement ; a gallop. All Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

wal'lop-er, n. One who, or that which, wallops. 

wal'low (-5), v. i. [AS. wealwian.'] 1. To roll one's self 
about, as in mire ; welter ; flounder. 2. To live or continue 
in brutish satisfaction in some, usually vicious or degraded, 
condition or mode of life. — n. 1. Act of wallowing. 2. A 
place to which an animal comes to wallow ; also, the hollow 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, tip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WALLOWER 



1079 



WARBLE FLY 



made by its wallowing ; as, a buffalo wallow. — wallow-er 
(wol'o-er), n. 

Wall paper. Paper for walls of rooms ; paper hangings. 

wall plate, a Arch. A continuous plate on a wall to support 
posts, joists, etc. See roof, Illust. b Mach. A metal plate 
or bracket secured flat against the wall to support a .bear- 
ing, machinery, etc. 

wall rock. Mining. The rock through which a vein runs. 

wall rocket. A European brassicaceous herb (Diplotaxis 
tenuifolia). 

Wall Street. A street toward the southern end of Manhat- 
tan borough of the city of New York ; — so called from the 
wall along it when this territory belonged to the Dutch. It 
is the chief financial center of the United States. 

Wal'nut (wol'nut), n. [AS. wealhhnutu a Celtic or foreign 
nut, walnut ; wealh foreign, n., a Welshman, Celt -f- hnutu 
a nut.] 1. a The nut of any of a genus (Juglans) of trees of 
the north temperate zone ; esp., the nut of a species (J. 
regia), called, specif., English walnut, b A tree of this 
genus or its wood, esp. that of the black walnut (J. nigra). 
2. The shagbark hickory or its nut. Local, U. S. 

Wal-pur'gis (val-pdor'ges), n. A female saint (8th century) 
of English birth who is reputed to have converted the Sax- 
ons to Christianity. Her festival, Walpurgis Night, the 
evening before May Day, was believed, in German super- 
stition, to be the occasion for a witches' Sabbath. 

wal'rus (wol'rus ; wol'-), re. [D.] A large marine mammal 

the 



(Odobenus rosmarus) of 
Ocean, allied to the seals, 
valuable for its tusks, skin, 
and blubber. 
Waltz (wolts), n. [G. wai- 
ter waltz, or walzen to roll, 
dance.] 1. A kind of round 
dance in triple time. 2. 
Music for this dance, or 
having its time. — v. i. To 



Arctic 




Walrus. 



dance a waltz or in a waltz movement or step. — waltz'er, n. 

wam'pum (wom'pSm ; worn'-), n. [Algonquian wampom- 
peag ; wamp (fr. wab white) + ompe a string (of shell 
beads) + ak or ag, a sign for the plural number.] Beads of 
shell used by the North American Indians as money, cere- 
monial pledges, or ornaments. There were two varieties, 
black, or dark purple, and white, the black having double 
the value of the white. Wam'pum-peag' (-peg'), or wam- 
pum, strictly, designates the white variety, peag being used 
by the early settlers as a general term ; but, loosely, the 
three terms have been used interchangeably. Called also 
seawan (a term given by the Indians to unstrung beads). 

wan (won), a. [AS. wann, wonn, dark, lurid, livid.] 1. 
Dark ; gloomy ; dusky. Obs. or Scot. 2. Pale ; pallid. — 
Syn. See pale. — re. Quality of being wan ; wanness. — 
v. i. & t.; wanned (wond) ; wan'ntng. To grow or make 
wan ; become or make pale or sickly in looks. 

wand (wond), re. 1. A twig ; small branch. Obs. 2. A small 
stick ; switch ; rod ; hence, specif. : a A staff of authority ; 
verge, b A rod used by conjurers, diviners, etc. 

wan'der (won'der), v. i. [x\S. wandrian."] 1. To ramble 
about without any definite course ; stroll ; rove ; roam. 2. 
To go away ; stray off ; deviate, as a writer from his sub- 
ject. 3. To be delirious ; rave ; as, the mind wanders. 
Syn. Wander, stray. To wander is to roam or ramble, 
esp. without definite course ; stray suggests deviation from 
a fixed course, or unsettled or vagrant wandering ; as, to 
wander through the woods ; to stray from the road. 

— v. t. To wander over or through. — re. Act of wandering ; 
ramble ; stroll. — wan'der-er (-er), re. 

wan'der-ing, a. Roaming ; roving ; unsettled, 
wandering albatross, a large black-winged white alba- 
tross (Diomedea exulans), widely distributed in southern 
oceans. — w. dervish. See dervish. — W. Jew. a In a 
widespread medieval legend, a Jew who refused to permit 
Christ, on the way to the crucifixion, to rest before his door, 
and whom Christ then condemned to wander undying on 
earth until His second coming, b 
Any of several trailing plants (esp. 
Zebrina pendula) with succulent foli- 
age. — w. kidney, Med., a morbid 
condition in which one kidney, or, 
rarely, both kidneys, can be moved 
in certain directions. 

wan'der-oo' (won'der-oo'), re.; pi. 
-oos (-doz'). [Singhalese wan- 
dura.'] 1. Any of several species of 
langurs. 2. Erroneously, a certain 
species (Macacaferox) of macaque. 

wane (wan), v. i.; waned (wand) ; 
wanting (wan'ing). [AS. wanian, 
wonian, fr. wan, won, deficient, 
wanting.] 1. To be diminished ; 
decrease ; — contrasted with wax, 
and said esp. of the moon. 2. To decline ; fail ; sink. 




Wanderoo, 2, Male. 



— re. 1. Decrease ; decline ; failure ; diminution. 2. The ap- 

fiarent decrease of the illuminated part of the moon from 
ull to new. 3. The natural curvature of a log or of the edge 
of a board sawed from an unsquared log. 

wane'y. Var. of wany. 

wan'ly, adv. In a wan manner. 

wan'ness, re. Quality or state of being wan. 

want (wont ; wont), n. [Orig. an adj., fr. Scand.] 1. State 
or fact of being without anything ; absence or scarcity of 
what is needed or desired ; lack ; dearth. 2. Specif., ab- 
sence or lack of necessaries ; destitution ; poverty ; as, to 
be in want. 3. That which is needed or desired ; a thing 
of which the loss is felt or that is indispensable ; a necessity. 
— Syn. See lack, poverty. 

— v. t. 1. To be without ; be destitute of, or deficient in ; 
lack ; as, to want knowledge. 2. To need ; require ; as, in 
winter we want a fire. 3. To feel need of ; desire ; crave; — 
Syn. See desire. — v. i. 1. To be absent, deficient, or 
lacking ; fail ; — often impersonally used with of; as, it 
wants ten minutes of four. 2. To be destitute or needy ; 
lack. — want'er, re. 

wa'n't (wont ; wont). Illit. for was not. 

want'age (won'taj ; won'-), re. That which is wanting; 
amount lacking ; deficiency. 

want'ing, a. Absent ; lacking ; missing. 

wan'ton (won'ttin), a. [ME. wantoun, wantowen, fr. wan- 
wanting (see wane) + towen educated, AS. togen, lit., 
drawn.] 1. Not disciplined ; unrestrained ; hence : loose ; 
free ; wild ; luxuriant ; also, playful ; sportive ; as, his 
wanton ringlets. 2. Wandering from moral rectitude ; per- 
verse ; dissolute. 3. Specif., deviating from the rules of 
chastity ; lewd ; lustful. 4. Reckless ; malicious ; as, wan- 
ton mischief. — Syn. See gratuitous. 

— re. 1. A person not restrained by discipline ; a pampered 
pet ; frolicsome trifler. 2. A lewd person. 

— v. i. 1. To ramble or frolic without restraint ; revel. 2. 
To play the wanton. — v. t. To waste wantonly. — wan'- 
ton-ly, adv. — wan'ton-ness, re. 

wan'y, wane'y (wan'T), a. Waning or diminished in some 
parts ; — said esp. of boards or timber when sawed off too 
near the outside of the log. 

wap'en-take (wap'en-tak ; wop'-), re. [AS. wsepengetsec, 
wsepentac, fr. Scand. See weapon ; take. This name had 
its origin in a custom of touching lances or spears when the 
chief entered on his office.] In some northern counties of 
England, a division corresponding to the hundred. Hist. 



wap'i-ti (wop'T-tT ; wap'-), re. (See plural, Note.) 

wdpitew brown-colored, pale, whit- 
ish.] The American elk (Cervus 

canadensis), allied to the Eu- 
ropean red deer, but larger. 
war (wor), re. [AS. werre, fr. 

OF. var. of guerre, of Teut. 

orig.] 1. State 

or fact of using 

violence against 

another ; esp., a 

contest by force 

between states; 

armed conflict of 

sovereign powers ; 

declared and open 

hostilities. 2. State 

of opposition or 

contest ; hostility ; 

strife ; contention ; 

as, a war of words. 

3. Profession of 



[Crea 




•m^^ 



Wapiti, Male, 
arms ; art of war ; as, a man of war. 4. Forces ; army ; also, 
instruments of war. 

Wars of the Roses, Eng. Hist., wars (1455-85) between 
the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the 
badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House 
of Lancaster. — war to the knife, mortal combat ; a con- 
flict carried to the last extremity. 

— v. i. ; warred (word) ; war'rlng. 1. To make or wage 
war ; carry on hostilities. 2. To contend ; strive violently ; 
fight ; as, a warring conscience. 

war'ble (wor'b'l), v. t. & i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bling). 
[OF. werbler to sing, play on a musical instrument.] 1. To 
sing or utter in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner ; 
trill. 2. To utter musically ; modulate ; carol. 3. To sound 
in a tremulous, quavering, or softly melodious manner ; 
quaver. 4. To yodel. U. S. — re. Act of warbling ; a musi- 
cal trill ; a song ; carol ; any melodious succession of low 
and pleasing sounds. 

war'ble, re. 1. A hard tumor on a horse's back, due to the 
heat or pressure of the saddle. 2. A tumor caused by the 
maggot of the warble fly in the backs of horses, cattle, et«. ; 
also, the maggot. 

warble fly. Any of several dipterous flies (family GEstridse) 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



WARBLER 



1080 



WARRANT 







R 



U 



VA 



w 




A Hooded 

C Cape May 
Both Male. 



the larvae of which live under the skin on the backs of cattle 
and horses. 

war'bler (wor'bler), n. 
1. One who, or that 
which, warbles ; sing- 
er ; songster. 2. Any 
of a family (Sylvii- 
dae) of small Old World singing 
birds, including the bluethroat, 
whitethroat, reed warbler, etc. 3. 
Any of a large family 
(Mniotiltidae) of Amer- 
ican insectivorous sing- 
ing birds ( collectively 
called wood warblers), mostly 
very small and bright-colored. 

war cry. A cry used by a body of 
fighters ; a battle cry. 

ward (word), v. t. [AS. weardian."] 

1. To keep in safety ; guard ; pro- Warblers, 3. 
tect ; as, to ward one from peril. 

2. To place or keep under care or 
watch, as in prison. 3. To fend off ; repel ; turn aside ; 
fence ; — often used with off. 

ward, 7i. [AS. weard, masc] A warder ; guard. 06s. or R. 

ward, n. [AS. weard, fern.] 1. Act of guarding ; watch ; 
guard ; protection ; guardianship. 2. A body of guards, as 
soldiers; garrison; the watch. 06s. 3. Defense; protec- 
tion. 4. A defensive position, motion, or station. 5. Con- 
finement under guard ; also, place of such confinement ; 
jail ; prison. 6. A person under guard or protection ; specif. : 
a Feudal Law. A minor who is subject to wardship, b A 
person under the protection of a court by reason of some 
incapacity. 7. A division ; specif. : a A division or district 
of a town or city, for representative, executive, or magis- 
terial purposes, b A division or separate apartment of a 
hospital. 8. [OF. warde.J A projecting ridge in a lock 
casing or keyhole ; also, a corresponding notch in a key. 

-ward (-werd), -wards (-werdz) ; [AS. -weard, -weardes; 
the s in -wards was orig. a genitive ending.] Suffixes de- 
noting course or direction to; motion or tendency toward. 
BSP^Some writers have tried to make distinctions of usage 
between forward, backward, downward, etc., and the cor- 
responding forms in -wards ; but the choice between them 
is in general influenced simply by euphony, sometimes, per- 
haps, by the fact that -wards is primarily adverbial. 

war dance. A dance among savages preliminary to war. 

ward'en (wor'd'n), n. A variety of winter pear. 

ward'en, n. [OF. wardein."] 1. A keeper; guardian; 
watchman ; guard. 2. Specif. : a A chief keeper, as of a 
prison, b Eccl. A churchwarden, c The head of a college, 
guild, or conventual church. Eng. d In Connecticut, the 
chief executive of a borough. — ward'en-ship, n. 

ward'en-ry (-n), n. Office or jurisdiction of a warden. 

ward'er (wor'der), n. One who wards, or keeps ; a keeper. 

ward'er, n. A truncheon or staff formerly carried by a king 
or a commander in chief, and used in signaling his will. 

ward'robe' (wBrd'rob'), n. [OF. warderobe, F. garderobe. 
See ward, v. t.; robe.] 1. Orig., an apartment where 
clothes were kept and, sometimes, made ; now, a portable 
closet for clothes. 2. Wearing apparel ; (one's) clothing. 

ward'room' (-room'), n. Naut. In a war vessel, the living 
quarters of the commissioned officers above the rank of en- 
sign, excepting the captain, who has quarters to himself. 

ward'ship (-ship), n. 1. Office of a ward or keeper ; guar- 
dianship ; specif., Eng. Feudal Law, the right to the cus- 
tody of the body of an infant heir of a tenant, and to the 
custody of the ward's property. 2. State of being under a 
guardian ; pupilage. 

ware (war), a. [AS. wser. In sense 1, prob. for aware.J 
1. Aware ; conscious. 2. Wary ; cautious ; discreet. 

— v. t. [AS. warian.~] To take heed of or to ; beware of ; — 
now only Dial, or used in the imperative ; as, ware the dog. 

ware, n. [AS. waru."] Articles of merchandise; goods; 
commodities ; — orig., a collective sing. ; now, usually used 
in pi., exc. in composition (as in hardware, tinware, etc.). 

ware'house' (war'hous 7 ), n. 1. A storehouse for wares. 2. 
A wholesale shop, or store, or, sometimes, a large retail es- 
tablishment. Chiefly Eng. 

^-(-houz'), v. t. To deposit or secure in a warehouse, esp. in 
a government or a bonded warehouse until duties are paid. 

ware'house'man (-bous'man), n. One who keeps, or is em- 
ployed in, a warehouse. 

ware'room' (war'room'), n. A room in which goods are 
stored or exhibited for sale. 

war'fare' (wor'far'), n. [war -j- ME. fare journey, course, 
AS. faru.J 1. Military operations between enemies ; armed 
contest ; hostilities ; war. 2. Hence, contest ; struggle. 

war game. Kriegspiel. 

war head. Nav. The forward section of a torpedo, contain- 
ing the wet guncotton or other explosive. In practice an 
exercise head filled with water is used. 



war horse. A horse used in war ; esp,, a powerful, usuallj 
spirited, horse for military service ; a charger. 

wa'ri-ly (wa'ri-li ; war'i- ; 3), adv. In a wary manner. 

wa'ri-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being wary. 

war'i-son (war'i-s'n), n. [OF., safety, cure.] 06s. 1. Safe- 
ty ; cure ; requital. 2. A note of assault. Pseudo-archaic. 

wartlike' (wor'lik'), a. 1. Fit or disposed for, or fond of, 
war ; bellicose ; as, a warlike nation. 2. Of or relating to 
war ; military ; martial ; soldierly ; as, a warlike appear- 
ance. 3. Presaging or threatening war ; belligerent ; hos- 
tile ; as, a warlike reply. — Syn. See martial. 

war'lock (-lok), n. [AS. wserloga a breaker of his word ; 
wser covenant, troth + loga a liar (in comp.).] A witch or 
wizard ; also, a magic spell ; incantation. 

warm (worm), a. [AS. wearm.'] 1. Having heat, or a sen- 
sation of heat, esp. in a moderate degree; not cold. 2. 
Sending out or imparting warmth ; as, a warm fire ; also, 
serving to make or keep one warm ; as, a warm coat. 3. 
Subject to little or no cold weather ; as, a warm climate. 4. 
Heated or apt to grow heated with passion ; as : a Pas- 
sionate ; also, lively ; sprightly ; as, a warm imagination. 
b Zealous ; ardent ; fervent ; as, a warm patriot. C Excited 
or excitable ; as, a warm debater, d Arduous ; strenuous ; 
also, exciting ; as, a warm encounter. 5. Disagreeable ; 
unpleasant ; hot ; as, the place became too warm for him. 

6. Painting. Producing a sense of warmth ; — said of red, 
orange, and yellow colors or tones, in contrast with cool. 

7. Newly made ; fresh ; — said of a scent or trail. — Syn. 
Glowing, enthusiastic, cordial. 

— - v. t. & i. 1. To render or become warm. 2. To make or 
become ardent, animated, or interested ; — often with up. 

warm'— blood'ed, a. 1. Having warm blood ; specif., desig- 
nating animals having a relatively high and constant tem- 
perature. 2. Fervent in temper or spirit. 

warm'ly, adv. In a warm manner. 

warm'ness, n. Warmth. 

warmth (wGrmth), n. 1. Quality or state of being warm. 2. 
A state of lively and excited interest ; zeal ; also, temper. 3. 
Painting. A glowing effect, or such as is produced by the 
use of warm colors. — Syn. Zeal, ardor, fervor, fervency, 
heat, glow, earnestness, cordiality, animation, vehemence. 

warn (worn), v. t. [AS. warnian to take heed, warn.] 1. 
To put on guard ; give notice to (of approaching danger) ; 
caution. 2. To notify in advance ; inform ; hence: to notify 
or summon by authority; bid; as, to warn one to be 
present. 3. To admonish; advise; as, to warn a boy to 
obey. — warn'er, n. 

Syn. Warn, caution. _ Warn is the stronger and more 
general term, and often implies admonition ; to caution is 
esp. to put one on one's guard (against something) or to sug- 
gest precautions ; as, to warn of impending danger ; to cau- 
tion against carelessness. 

warn'ing, n. 1. Previous notice ; esp., caution, as against 
danger ; admonition. 2. That which warns, or serves tc 
give notice or admonition. 3. A calling ; summons. 

warp (worp), v. t. & i. [ME. warpen, fr. Scand.] 1. To 
turn or twist out of shape, esp. out of a flat plane. 2. To 
turn from a proper course ; pervert ; swerve. 3. To move (a 
vessel, etc.) by hauling on a line, or warp, attached to a 
buoy, anchor, or other fixed object. 4. To fly with a bend- 
ing or waving motion. 5. Aeronautics. To twist the end 
surfaces of (an aerocurve in an aeroplane) in order to restore 
or maintain stability. 

warp, n. [AS. wearp warp in weaving.] 1. Weaving. The 
threads lengthwise in the loom, crossed by the woof. 2* 
Naut. A rope used in warping a vessel. 3. State of being 
warped or twisted, as of a board or plane of an aeroplane. 

war'path' (wor'path''), n. The route taken by a party of 
American Indians going on a warlike expedition. 
on the warpath, on a hostile expedition ; hence, Collog., 
ready to fight, or fighting. 

warp'er (wor'per), n. One who, or that which, warps. 

war'rant (wor'ant), n. [OF. warant warrant, protector, 
orig. a p. pr. of G. origin, fr. OHG. weren to grant, war- 
rant.] 1. That which vouches for anything ; guaranty ; 
security ; voucher. 2. Authorization ; sanction ; justifica- 
tion ; right ; as, he had no warrant for his act. 3. That 
which warrants or authorizes ; a commission or document 
giving authority to do something ; specif.: a A writing au- 
thorizing a person to pay or deliver something, b A form 
of warehouse receipt. C Law. A precept or writ issued by a 
magistrate authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a seiz- 
ure, a search, or the like, d Mil. & Nav. An official certifi- 
cate of appointment issued to an officer of lower rank than 
a commissioned officer. 

— v. t. 1. To make secure ; to give authority or power to do, 
or forbear to do, anything, so as to secure the person author- 
ized from damage by his action. 2. To declare with certi- 
tude or with no fear of being contradicted or belied ; as, I 
warrant it will be so. 3. To give a warrant or warranty 
to ; assure as if by giving a warrant to. 4. Law. To secure 
by a warranty ; hence : to guarantee to (a purchaser or other 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect ; 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WARRANTABLE 



1081 



WATCH 



grantee) the title to, or quality or quantity of, the thing 
sold or granted ; assure (a thing sold or granted) to a 
grantee. 5. To support by authority ; justify ; authorize ; 
sanction. — Syn. See justify. 

war'rant-a-ble (-an-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being warranted ; 
justifiable. — war'rant-a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. 

war'ran-tee' (-an-te'), n. Law. The person to whom a 
warrant or warranty is made. 

war'rant-er (wor'an-ter), n. One who warrants. 

warrant officer. A noncommissioned army or navy officer : 
a In the United States navy, a subordinate officer (as gun- 
ner, boatswain, carpenter, machinist, pharmacist, or sail- 
maker) appointed, or warranted, by the President, b In the 
British navy, a subordinate officer of similar standing. 

war'ran-tor' (wor'an-tSr'), n. Law. One who warrants. 

war'ran-ty (-an-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tTz). [OF. warantie. 
See warrant.] 1. Law. An engagement that a certain 
fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it 
is declared or promised to be. 2. Insurance Law. A state- 
ment or engagement, made in a policy by the party insured, 
that a certain fact relating to the subject of insurance or 
the risk exists or shall exist, or that some act has been done 
or shall be done. 3. Justificatory mandate or precept; 
authority ; justification. 4. Warrant ; guaranty. Obs. 

war'ren (wor'en), n. [OF. warenne, garene, fr. warer, 
garer, to beware ; of Teutonic origin.] 1. Eng. Law. a A 
place privileged by prescription, or by royal grant, for keep- 
ing certain animals, as hares, partridges, etc., called beasts 
and fowls of warren, b An exclusive privilege of hunting 
and taking beasts and birds of warren. 2. A piece of ground 
for the breeding of rabbits, etc. ; a place abounding in rab- 
bits. 3. A place in a river for keeping fish. 

war'ren-er (-er), n. Keeper of a warren ; gamekeeper. 

war'rior (wor'yer ; -l-er ; wor'i-er), n. [From OF., deriv. of 
werre, guerre, war.] A man engaged or experienced in 
war or in military life ; soldier. Now Chiefly Hist, or Rhet. 

war'saw (w6r's6), n. [Sp. guasa.] 1. A grouper (Garrupa 
nigrita) of the southern coasts of the United States. 2. A 
jewfish (Promicrops itaiara) of the West Indies, etc. 

war'ship' (-ship'), n., or war vessel. A government vessel 
employed for war purposes, esp. one armed for attack. 

wart (wort), n. [AS. wearte."] 1. A small, usually hard, 
tumor on the skin. 2. A hard protuberance on plants. 

wart hog. Any of a genus (Macrocephalus, esp. M. eethio- 
picus and M . africanus) of African wild hogs, having large 
tusks and two pairs of rough warty excrescences on the face. 

wart'y (wor'ti), a.; wart'i-er (-ti-er) ; _ wart'i-est. 1. 
Having warts ; covered with warts. 2. Like a wart. 

warve. Var. of wharve. 

wa'ry (wa'ri ; war'I), a. ; : ri-er (-er) ; -ri-est. [From ME. 
war, AS. wser.~\ 1. Cautious of danger ; carefully guarding 
against deception and dangers ; circumspect. 2. Charac- 
terized by caution ; guarded ; ch?.ry. — Syn. See careful. 

was (woz). [AS. W8es.~] A verb form supplying the first and 
third persons singular of the verb be, in the indicative 
mood, preterit (imperfect) tense. See be. 

wash (wosh), v. t.; washed (wosht) or washt; wash'ing. 
[AS. wascan, wsescan.~\ 1. To cleanse by dipping, rub- 
bing, or scrubbing in water ; apply water or other liquid, 
steam, etc., to for the purpose of cleansing ; hence, to 
cleanse or purify in the religious sense. 2. To cover with 
water ; wet ; hence : to flow against or over ; lave. 3. To 
waste or abrade by the force of water in motion ; as, rain 
washes a road. 4. To remove by or as by the action of 
water ; as, to wash dirt from the hands. 5. To cover with 
a thin or watery coat of color ; tint lightly and thinly. 6. 
To overlay with a thin coat or deposit of metal ; as, to wash 
steel with silver. 7. Mining. To subject, as earth, gravel, 
or crushed ore, to the action of water to separate the valu- 
able material ; as, to vmsh gold. 8. To pass (a gas or gas- 
eous mixture) through or over a liquid to purify it. 
to wash one's hands of, to disclaim or renounce interest 
in or responsibility for. 

— v. i. 1. To perform the act of ablution. 2. To clean any- 
thing by washing it. 3. To move with a lapping or swashing 
sound, as waves. 4. To bear, as do some fabrics, without in- 
jury the operation of being washed. 5. To be eroded by 
the action of water, as a beach, etc. 

»— n. 1. Act of washing ; ablution. 2. A washing (in sense 2). 

3. The flow, dash, rush, breaking, or sound of a body of wa- 
ter, as a wave ; also, the backward current or disturbed wa- 
ter caused by the action of oars, or of a steamer's screw, etc. 

4. A piece of ground washed by a sea or river ; also, a bog ; 
marsh ; fen. 5. Substances collected and deposited by the 
action of water, as debris on a shore. 6. Waste liquid, ref- 
use food, etc., from a kitchen. 7. That with which anything 
is washed ; specif. : a A liquid cosmetic, dentifrice, or the 
like, b Paint. A thin coat of water color. 

•— a. Capable of being washed without injury. Colloq. 
wasb/a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Capable of being washed without 

damage to fabric or color. 
wash/board 7 (-bord' ; 57), n. 1. A ribbed board on which 



clothes are rubbed in washing them. 2. = baseboard. 

3. Naut. A plank along a gunwale, or on the sill of a lowei 
deck port, to keep out the sea. 

wash'er (wosh'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, washes. 
2. A ring of metal, leather, or other material, or a perfo- 
rated plate, used to distribute pressure (as of the head of a 
screw), to prevent motion or play, etc. 3. A machine or ai> 
paratus for washing, as clothes. 4. An apparatus in whici. 
gases are washed ; a scrubber. 

wash'er-man (-man), n. A man who works at washing 
clothes, esp. for hire. [washing clothes, esp. for hire.| 

wash'er -wom'an (-wotim'an), n. A woman who works at| 

wash'ing, n. 1. Act of one who washes ; ablution. 2. The 
clothes or other articles washed or to be washed, esp. at one 
time ; a wash. 3. Mining. Gold dust procured by washing. 

4. A thin covering or coat ; as, a washing of silver. 5. 
Stock Exchanges. The operation of simultaneously buying 
and selling the same stock for the purpose of manipulating 
the market. The transaction is fictitious, and is prohibited 
by stock exchange rules. 

Washington palm (wosh'ing-tim). See fan palm. 

Washington pie. Layer cake with a cream or fruit-jam 
filling. Local, U. S. 

wash'out' (wosh'out'), n. The washing out or away of earth, 
etc., as in a roadbed by a freshet ; also, a place washed out. 

wash sale. Stock Exchanges. A sale made in washing. 

wash'stand' (wosh'stand'), n. 1. A stand holding pitcher, 
basin, and other requisites for washing the person. 2. A 
place, as in a carriage house or garage, suited for the wash- 
ing of vehicles by having a proper water supply and drain- 
age. Cant. 

wash'y (wosh'T), a. ; wash'i-er (-T-er) ; -t-est. 1. Watery ; 
damp ; soft. Obs. or Rare. 2. Lacking substance, strength, 
or the like ; thin ; diluted ; as, washy tea. 

wasp (wosp), 7i. # [AS. weeps, waefs.]^ Any of numerous 
hymenopterous insects (commonly divided into two super- 
families, Diploptera and Fossores), generally with slender 
body and (in workers and females) a more or less formid- 
able sting. Unlike the bees, wasps are largely carnivo- 
rous. Cf. vesped. 

wasp'ish, a. 1. Resembling a wasp in form ; having a slen- 
der waist, like a wasp ; of the waist, slender. 2. Quick to 
resent a trifling affront ; snappish ; irascible. — Syn. Irri- 
table, choleric, testy. — wasp'ish-ly, adv. ish-ness, n. 

wasp'y (wos'pT), a. ; wasp'i-er ; -i-est. Waspish. 

was'sail (wos'Il ; al ; was'-), n. [ME. wses hseil, lit., be 
thou well, fr. AS. wes be thou (or a related Scand. word)_ + 
a Scand. word meaning "well."] 1. An ancient expression 
of good wishes at a festivity, esp. when drinking a health. 
2. A drinking bout ; carouse. 3. The liquor used for a was- 
sail ; esp., a beverage of ale (or wine) flavored with spices, 
roasted apples, etc., formerly much used in England at 
Christmas and other festivals. 

— v. i. To hold a wassail ; carouse. — v. t. To drink to the 
health or success of. — was'sail-er (-er), n. 

wast (wost). A verb form supplying the second person 
singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect 
tense ; — now used only in solemn or poetic style. Cf. was. 

wast'age (was'taj), n. Loss by use, decay, evaporation, 
leakage, or the like ; waste. 

waste (wast), a. [OF. wast, var. of guast, gast, fr. L. vas- 
tus empty, immense.] 1. Desolate ; desert ; hence : bare ; 
empty ; also, dreary ; dismal ; cheerless ; as, waste places. 
2. Lying unused ; unproductive ; worthless ; refuse ; as, 
waste land, paper. 3. Wasteful ; lavish. Obs. 

— v. t.; wast'ed (was'ted; 24); wast'ing. [OF. waster, 
guaster, gaster, fr. L. vastare to lay waste, fr. vastus. - ] 1. 
To lay waste ; devastate ; bring to ruin. 2. To wear away ; 
impair or diminish gradually ; use up ; consume ; as, his 
body was wasted by hunger. 3. To spend unnecessarily oi 
carelessly ; squander ; as, to waste money. — v. i. To lose 
bulk, substance, strength, value, etc., gradually. 

— n. 1. That which is waste, or desolate ; devastated or un- 
cultivated region ; desert ; wilderness. 2. A wasting ; state 
of being wasted ; thing wasted ; as, a waste of time. 3. 
That which has no original value or no value for the or- 
dinary or main purpose of manufacture ; superfluous or 
rejected matter ; refuse. 4. Refuse of cotton, wool, hemp, 
and the like, used for wiping machinery, absorbing oil, etc. 

5. Phys. Geog. Material derived by mechanical and chemi- 
cal erosion from the land, carried by streams to the sea. — 
Syn. Prodigality, dissipation, devastation. 

waste'bas'ket (-bas'ket), n. A basket for waste paper, etc 

waste'ful (-fool), a. 1. Occasioning or involving waste; 
destructive ; ruinous. 2. Expending what is valuable need- 
lessly or uselesslv ; lavish ; prodigal. — Syn. Profuse, ex- 
travagant. — waste'ful-ly, adv. — waste'ful-ness, n. 

Wast'er (was'ter), n. One who, or that which, wastes. 

wast'y (was'ti), a. Full of or yielding much waste. 

watch(woch),u.i. [AS. wxccan,wacian.'] 1. Tobeawaue; 
wake ; keep vigil. 2. To be attentive or vigilant ; be on the 
lookout ; as, "watch and pray. " 3. To keep guard ; act as 






k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
I^planations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



I 



N 



WATCHCASE 



1082 



WATERMELON 







Q 



R 



u 



W 



guard. 4. To be expectant ; wait ; as, to watch for one's 
arrival. — v. t. 1. To tend ; guard ; have in keeping. 2. To 
give heed to ; observe ; keep in view. 

— n. 1. Watching ; wakefulness. 2. A keeping awake to 
guard, protect, attend, etc. ; vigil ; formerly, esp., a watch- 
ing or guarding by night. 3. Vigilant attention ; vigilance. 
4. One who watches, or those who watch ; a watchman, or 
a bodyof watchmen ; sentry ; guard. 5. The place where a 
guard is posted. 6. The time during which a guard does 
duty ; hence, anciently, a division of the night. The Jews 
divided the night into three watches ; the Romans, into 
four equal ones from 6 p. M. to 6 A. m. 7. Naut. a An al- 
lotted time, usually four hours, for duty or being on deck 
ready for duty, b That part, usually one half, of the officers 
and crew who attend to the working of a vessel during the 
same watch. 8. Something that marks the progress of 
time ; as : a A candle marked out into sections. Obs. b A 
timepiece ; specif. :_ (1) A clock. Obs. (2) A small timepiece, 
or chronometer, with a spring-driven movement, and of a 
size to be carried in the pocket. 

watch/case' (woch'kaV), n. The case of a watch. 

watch'dog' (woch'dog' ; 62), n. A dog kept to watch and 
guard premises or property. 

watch'er (-er), n. One who watches. 

watch'ful (-fool), a. 1. Wakeful; causing wakefulness; 
spent in watching. Obs. 2. Full of vigilance ; attentive ; 
cautious. — Syn. Observant, circumspect, heedful. See 
vigilant. — watcb/ful-ly, adv. — watch'ful-ness, n. 

watch'mak'er, n. A maker and repairer of watches. 

watch/man (-man), n. One set to watch ; a guard ; senti- 
nel ; specif., one who guards a building, or (formerly) the 
streets of a city, by night. [placed. I 

watch/tow'er (-tou'er), n. A tower on which a sentinel is| 

watch/word' (-wurd'), n. 1. A secret word used as a coun- 
tersign ; password. 2. A sentiment or motto as embodying 
a principle or guide to action, esp. one used as a rallying cry. 

wa'ter (wo'ter), n. [AS. weeter.~] 1. The fluid which de- 
scends from the clouds in rain, and which forms rivers, 
lakes, seas, etc. Pure water (H2O) consists of hydrogen 
(11.186 per cent by weight) and oxygen (88.814 per cent). 
It is slightly blue in color. At its maximum density, 39° F. 
or 4° C, it is the standard for specific gravities, one cubic 
centimeter weighing one gram. It is also the standard for 
specific heats. It freezes at 32° Fahr. or 0° C. and boils at 
212° Fahr. or 100° C. 2. A form, variety, or aspect of the 
fluid ; as : a Rain, b A mineral water ; as, to take the 
waters at Karlsbad. C A wave ; flood ; — usually in the pi. 
3. A body of water, as a lake, river, sea, or stream. 4. Any 
organic liquid secretion, effusion, humor, or the like, sug- 
gestive of water ; esp., urine. 5. Pharm. A solution in 
water of a gaseous or readily volatile substance ; as, am- 
monia water. 6. The limpidity and luster of a precious 
stone. 7. A kind of wavy lustrous pattern, as of silk, metal, 
etc. 8. Finance. An addition to the securities issued by a 
stock company not representing a corresponding increase in 
assets or capital invested. Cant. 

above water, floating ; hence, out of difficulty or embar- 
rassment, as of a financial nature. — w. of crystalliza- 
tion, Chem., water which is regarded as present (chemi- 
cally combined) in many crystallized substances, and 
which is expelled from them by heat, usually with loss by 
the substance of its crystalline properties. — w. of hydra- 
tion, Chem., water chemically combined with some sub- 
stance to form a hydrate. 

— v. t. 1. To moisten, sprinkle, or soak with or as with 
water ; irrigate. 2. To supply with water for drink ; cause 
or allow to drink ; as, to water a horse. 3. To wet and cal- 
ender, as cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance 
in wavy lines ; diversify with wavelike lines, as silk. 4. To 
add water to ; dilute ; weaken. 5. Finance. To add to the 
aggregate par value of (stock or other securities) without a 
corresponding addition to the assets represented by it. 

— v. i. 1. To shed, secrete, or fill with, water or liquid 
matter; as, his eyes water. 2. To get, or take in, water; 
specif., usually of animals, to drink water. 

Water Bearer. Astron. = Aquarius. 

water beetle. Any of various genera (esp. Dytiscus and 

allies) of aquatic beetles, oval and flattened in form, with 

fringed hind legs that act as oars. 
water brain. Veter. Gid. 
water brash. Med. Pyrosis. 
water buck. A large antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) of 

central Africa ; also, any of various other antelopes. 
water buffalo. The common Indian buffalo. 
water bug. a = Croton bug. b Any of various genera 

(esp. Belostoma, Benacus, Zaitha, and allies) of aquatic 

hemipterous insects having long, fringed hind legs that 

act as oars. 
water chestnut. Any of a genus {Trapa) of aquatic plants 

(esp. T.natans and T.Mcornis) ; their edible, nutlike fruit. 
water chinquapin or chinkapin. The American lotus 

( Nelumbo luted) ; also, its edible, nutlike seed. 
water clock. An instrument or machine to measure time 



by the fall, or flow, of a quantity of water, as a clepsydra. 

wa'ter-clos'et, n. A closet or room with a hopper flushed 
with water, for defecation ; also, the hopper. 

water color or colour. Painting, a A pigment ground with 
water and some binding material, and applied with water 
as a vehicle, b The art or method of painting with water 
colors, c A picture or design in water colors. 

wa'ter-cool/, v. t. Mach. To cool by water, as circulating 
water, esp. in a water jacket ; — chiefly in p. p. 

wa'ter-course' (w6'ter-kors' ; 57), n. A stream of water or 
a channel or canal for water. 

water crake, a The water ouzel, b The spotted crake. 

water cress, or wa'ter-cress', n. A perennial cress (Rorip- 
pa nasturtium), used for salad, growing usually in clear run- 
ning water. 

water cure. Med. Hydropathy ; hydrotherapeutics. 

water dog. 1. A dog accustomed to the water, or trained 
to retrieve waterfowl. 2. A sailor ; an old salt. Jocose. 

wa'ter-er (wo'ter-er), n. One who, or that which, waters. 

wa'ter-fall 7 (-fol'), n. 1. A fall, or perpendicular or very 
steep descent, of the water of a stream ; cascade ; cataract. 
2. A chignon likened to a waterfall. Colloq. 

water flea. Any of numerous small aquatic entomostracans 
which swim with sudden leaps, or starts. 

wa'ter-fowl' (-foul'), n. Any bird that frequents rivers, 
lakes, etc., or the sea ; esp., a swimming bird ; also, swim- 
ming, esp. game, birds collectively. 

water gap. A mountain gap through which a stream runs- 

water gas. A gas made by forcing steam over incandescent 
carbon, giving a mixture of hydrogen and carbon mon- 
oxide. It is sometimes used as fuel, but usually is carbu- 
reted with illuminating constituents prepared from oil and 
used as illuminating gas. It is much more poisonous than 
coal gas. 

water gauge or gage. An instrument to measure or indi- 
cate the quantity or height of water, esp. in a steam boiler. 

water glass. 1. A clepsydra. 2. A water gauge, as for a 
steam boiler. 3. A substance consisting of silicates of 
sodium or potassium, or of both, found in commerce as a 
glassy mass, a powder, or a viscous solution in water. It is 
used for rendering fabrics and wood incombustible, as a 
cleansing or fixing agent, as a preservative for eggs, etc. 

water gum. In the United States, the sour gum or tupelo. 

water hammer. The concussion of moving water against 
the sides of a containing pipe or vessel on a sudden stop- 
page or flow, as in a steam pipe. 

water hemlock, a A poisonous apiaceous plant (Cicuta 
virosa) of Europe ; also, any of several American species of 
the same genus, b A poisonous plant {CEnanthe crocata) re- 
sembling the above. 

water hen. See gallinule. 

water ice. 1. = ice, n., 2. 2. Massive ice formed by direct 
freezing of water, not by compacting of snow. 

water inch. An old unit of hydraulic measure, commonly 
estimated at fourteen pints per minute. 

wa'ter-i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being watery. 

watering place. 1. A place where water may be obtained. 
2. A place where there are medicinal springs, or a resort by 
some large body of water for bathing, boating, etc. 

watering pot. A vessel, esp. a can with a spout having a 
perforated nozzle, to sprinkle water on plants, clothes, etc. 

wa'ter-ish, a. Watery. 

water jacket. An outer casing holding water, or through 
which water circulates, to cool the interior. — wa'ter— 
jack'et, v. t. [leveling instrument. I 

water level. 1. The surface level of still water. 2. A kind of] 

water lily, a Any of a genus (Castalia) of aquatic plants 
many of which bear showy fragrant 
flowers ; also, the flower itself, bin gen- 
eral, any plant of the same family 
(Nymphseaceas). 

water line or wa'ter-line', n. Naut. 
Any one of several lines upon the outside 
of a vessel, corresponding or parallel 
with the surface of the water when she is 
afloat on an even keel. 

wa'ter-logged' (-logd'), a. Filled or 
saturated with water so as to be heavy, 
unmanageable, or loglike. 

Wa'ter-loo' (w&'ter-loo'), n.; pi. -loos 
(-lobz). [Alluding to Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, June 
18, 1815.] A decisive or disastrous defeat or reverse. 

wa'ter-man (wo'ter-man), n. A man who manages or rows 
a boat ; specif., a ferryman. 

water marigold. A North American aquatic asteraceous 
plant (Bidehs beckii) having heads of yellow flowers. 

wa'ter-mark' (-mark'), n. 1. A mark indicating the height 
to which water has risen. 2. A marking produced in paper 

by pressure of a projecting design on the roll, in the mold, 
etc. — v. t. To mark (paper) with a watermark ; to impress 
(a given design) as a watermark. 

wa'ter-mel'on (-mel'iin), n. The large ellipsoidal or round- 
ish fruit of a certain vine {Citrullus citrullus) of the cu- 
cumber family ; also, the plant or vine. 




Water Lily. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WATER MILFOIL 



1083 



WAVE 





water milfoil. Any of a genus (Myriophyllum) of aquatic 
plants having finely pinnate sub- 
mersed leaves. 

water mill. A mill whose machin- 
ery is moved by water. 

water moccasin, a A poisonous 
snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus) of 
the southern United States closely 
related to the copperhead. It 
reaches a length of about four 
feet, is found in or near the water, 
and feeds largely on fishes, b Any 
harmless water snake confounded 
with the true water moccasin. 

water nymph. Class. Myth. A 
goddess of any body of water, as 
one of the naiads, Nereids, or 
Oceanids. 

water oak. a An oak (Quercus 
nigra) of the southeastern United 
States, b Any of several other 
American oaks. Water Moccasin, a. 

wa'ter ou'zel (oo'z'l). Any of several birds (genus Cinclus; 
esp., the European C. aquati- 
cus, and the American C. 
mexicanus) allied to the 
thrushes, but having the 
habit of diving into streams 
and walking on the bottom 
in search of food. 

water parting. Phys. Geog. 
A summit or boundary line 
separating two drainage 
areas ; a divide or watershed. 

water pepper. Any of a genus European Water Ouzel. 
(Polygonum) of acrid weeds of wet places ; esp., the smart- 
weed (P. hydropiper) . 

water pimpernel. = brookweed. 

water plantain. Any of a genus (Alisma) of aquatic 
herbs, esp. a species (A. plantago) with plantainlike leaves. 

water polo. A game played in a swimming tank by teams 
of swimmers with an association football. 

water power. The power of water used to drive machin- 
ery, etc. ; also, a fall of water which may be so used. 

water pox. Med. A variety of chicken pox, or varicella. 

wa'ter-proof 7 (wo'ter-probf), a. Impervious to water; 
coated with a material, as a solution of rubber, to prevent 
permeation by water. — n. Something waterproof, as a 
cloak of waterproof cloth. — v. t. To make waterproof. 

water purslane. An onagraceous marsh plant (Ludwigia 
palustris) slightly resembling purslane. 

water sapphire. [Equiv. to F. saphir d'eau.2 A deep blue 
variety of iolite, sometimes used as a gem. [seascape.! 

wa'ter-scape' (wo'ter-skap 7 ), n. A water or sea view ; a| 

water scorpion. Any of numerous aquatic hemipterous 
insects ( Nepa, Ranatra, and allied genera) , having a tail- 
like breathing tube. 

wa'ter-shed/ (-shed'), n. Physical Geog. a A dividing 
ridge between two drainage areas ; a divide, b The region 
or area drained by a river or lake ; drainage area. 

water Shield, a An American nympha;aceous plant (Bra- 
senia peltata) having floating oval leaves and small purple 
flowers. _ b Any plant of a related genus (Cabomba). 

wa'ter-side'( -sidO, n. The land bordering a body of water. 

water snake. Any of various snakes living in the water ; 
specif., any of a genus (Natrix) of snakes which live more 
or less in fresh water and feed largely on aquatic animals. 

wa'ter-soak', v. t. To fill the interstices of with water. 

water spaniel. See spaniel. 

wa'ter-spout' (wo'ter-spouf), n. 1. A pipe, duct, or orifice 
from which water is spouted. 2. A funnel-shaped or tubu- 
lar cloud extending from a cumulus cloud down to a cloud of 
spray torn up by whirling winds from an ocean or lake. 

water sprite. A sprite supposed to inhabit or haunt the 
water ; a water nymph. Cf. kelpie, nixie, naiad, Nereid. 

water Starwort. Any of a widely distributed genus (Calli- 
triche) of small aquatic weeds. [fresh water. I 

water strider. A long-legged bug which moves about on| 

water table. 1. Arch. A stringcourse or similar member 
when projecting so as to throw off the water. 2. Hydraulic 
Engin. The upper limit of the portion of the ground wholly 
saturated with water. 

water thrush, a Any of several North American warblers 
(genus Seiurus) usually 
found in the vicinity of 
streams, esp. the small- 
billed water thrush (S. 
noveboracensis) and the 
large-billed, or Loui- 
siana, water thrush 
(S. motacilla). b The 
European water ouzeL 

wa'ter-tight', a. So tight AWPItfMlifek, Large-billed 
as to be waterproof. !M$f5B^S^ll Water Thrush 

water tower. 1. A tower WOm ■ < Seiurus mo- 



or standpipe serving as 




g tacUla). 



a reservoir. 2. A portable fire-extinguishing apparatus hav- 
ing a pipe which can be raised to various heights, and sup- 
plied with water under great pressure. 

wa'ter-way/ (wo'ter-wa 7 ), n. A way or channel for water ; 
also, a navigable body of water. 

water weed. Any aquatic plant with inconspicuous flowers ; 
specif., an American plant (Philotria canadensis). 

water wheel. 1. A wheel rotated by direct action of water. 
2. A wheel for raising water, as a noria. 

wa'ter-works' (wo'ter-wurks'), n. pi., sometimes construed 
as sing. A hydraulic apparatus or system by which water 
is supplied. 

wa'ter-worn' (-worn 7 ; 57), a. Worn, smoothed, or polished 
by the action of water. 

wa'ter-y (-1), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or connected with, water. 

2. Containing or discharging water ; wet ; hence, tearful ; 
as, a watery eye. 3. Resembling or suggesting water ; thin 
or transparent, as a liquid ; weak ; vapid ; pale. 4. Soft ; 
soggy ; flabby ; as, a watery vegetable. 

watt (wot), n. [After James Watt, Scottish inventor.] 
Physics. A unit of power or activity equal to 10 7 C. G. S. 
units of power, or to work done at the rate of one joule a 
second or to the rate of work represented by a current of 
one ampere under a pressure of one volt ; a volt ampere. 
An English horse power is approximately equal to 746 watts. 

watt'age (wot'aj), n. Elec. Amount of electric power ex- 
pressed in watts. 

Wat-teau' (wa-to' ; va'to'), a. Of or pert, to Antoine Wat- 
teau, a French painter (1684-1721) ; of a kind represented 
in Watteau's pictures. — Watteau back, a back for a wom- 
an's gown, having one or more broad folds carried from the 
neck to the floor without being held in at the waist. 

watt hour. The work done by one watt acting for one hour, 
— a unit of energy. 

wat'tle (wot'T), n. [AS. watel, 
watul,watol.~] 1. A twig or flex- 
ible rod ; withe ; wand ; also, a 
framework or hurdle of such 
rods. 2. In pi. Rods laid on a 
roof to support the thatch. 3. 
Material consisting of wattled 
twigs, withes, etc., used for 
walls, fences, etc. 4. a A naked, 
fleshy process hanging from the 
chin or throat of a bird or rep- 
tile, b A barbel of a fish. 5. In 
Australia, any acacia tree (ge- 
nus Acacia) ; — so called from 
the wattles, or hurdles, made 
from it by the settlers. 

— v. t. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -TLING 
(-ling). 1. To bind, fence, etc., 
with wattles ; hurdle. 2. To 
twist or interweave one with 
another, as twigs ; form a net- Wattle, 5. Reduced, 
work with. 3. To form by interweaving or platting twigs. 

wat'tle-bird' (-burd'), «. Any of several Australasian honey 
eaters (genus Anthochsera) having 
fleshy pendulous ear wattles. 

wat'tled (wafld), a. Furnished with 
wattles ; as, wattled cocks. 

watt'less (wot'les), a. Elec. Without 
any power (cf. watt) ; — said of an al- 
ternating current or component of cur- 
rent when it differs in phase by ninety 
degrees from the electromotive force 
which produces it, or of an electromo- 
tive force or component thereof when 
the current which it produces differs 
from it in phase by ninety degrees. 

watt'me'ter (wot'me'ter), n. Elec. An 
instrument for measuring electric 
power in watts. 

wave(wav),v.i. [AS. wafian.J l.Toj 
play loosely ; move like a wave ; undu- 
late ; flutter. 2. To be moved to and fro as a signal ; signal 
in this way ; as, he waved to us. 3. To be sinuous like a 
wave ; as, waving hair. — v. t. 1. To move one way and 
the other ; swing ; brandish ; as, to wave a sword. 2. To 
give an undulating form or surface to ; as, to wave the hair. 

3. To waft. Obs. 4. To signal by a waving motion, as of the 
hand ; beckon ; as, to wave farewell. 5. To water, as silk. 

— ?i. 1. A ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid, as of the 
sea ; an undulation. 2. Physics. A vibrational disturbance 
propagated from particle to particle through a body or 
elastic medium, as in transmission of sound, light, etc. ; an 
assemblage of vibrating particles in all phases of a vibra- 
tion, with no phase repeated ; an undulation. 3. Water ; 
a body of water. Poetic. 4. A curved swell or ridge, or one 
of a series of such, in a surface ; an undulation. 5. A waving 
or undulating motion ; a signal made by waving. 6. The 
undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered or cal- 





Wattlebird 
(Anthochsera 
carunculata). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with, = equai*. 



N 



WAVELESS 



1084 



WEAK 







R 



U 



W 



endered or on damask steel. 7. Something resembling, or 
likened to, a water wave ; a swelling or excitement, as of 
feeling or energy ; a tide ; flood ; as, a wave of enthusiasm. 
Also, Meteor ol., an oscillation or change of atmospheric 
pressure, temperature, etc., as a cold wave (specif., an un- 
usual fall of temperature to or below the freezing point), a 
hot wave, etc. 

Syn. Wave, billow, breaker. Wave is the general word ; 
a billow (often elevated or poetical for wave) is esp. a great 
surge or swell ; a breaker is a heavy wave which breaks 
into foam, esp. against rocks or over reefs or shoals. 

wave'less, a. Free from waves ; undisturbed. 

wave'let, n. A little wave ; ripple. 

wa'vel-lite (wa'vel-It), n. [After Dr. Wm. Wavel, the dis- 
coverer.] Min. A basic phosphate of aluminium. 

wave meter. Elec. An instrument for determining the 
wave form of alternating currents. 

wa'ver (wa'ver), v. i. [ME. waveren. See wave, v. i.~] 1. 
To play or move to and fro ; wave ; hence : to totter ; reel ; 
flicker. 2. To be unsettled in opinion ; vacillate. — Syn. 
See fluctuate. — n. A wavering. — wa'ver-er, n. — 
wa'ver-ing, p. a. — wa'ver-ing-ly, adv. 

wav'er (wav'er), n. One who, or that which, waves. 

wave train. Physics. A system of waves, each similar to 
its forerunner, from any one source of periodic disturbance. 

Wav'i-ness (-i-nes) ? n. Quality or state of being wavy. 

wav'y (-i), a. 1. Rising or swelling in waves ; abounding in 
waves. 2. Moving to and fro with an undulating motion. 
3. Undulating on the border or surface ; waved. 

wax (waks), v. %.; waxed (wakst), Obs. or Poetic 'p. p. 
wax'en (wakVn) ;p. pr. & vb. n. wax'ing. [AS. weaxan.2 

1. To increase in size ; grow ; — opp. to wane. 2. To pass 
from one state to another ; grow ; as, to wax strong. 

wax, n. [AS. weax."] 1. A secretion of bees used by them to 
construct the honeycomb ; beeswax. It is a dull yellow 
solid of agreeable odor, plastic when warm, and melting at 
62-64° C. (142-148° F.). Sp. gr., 0.964-0.970 at 15° C. 
(59° F.). 2. Any of various substances resembling beeswax ; 
specif. : a Org. Chem. Any of a class of natural substances 
consisting chiefly of esters other than those of glycerin, or 
of free fatty acids, or both, and including, besides beeswax, 
spermaceti, carnauba wax, etc. to Earwax. C Bot. Any 
waxlike product secreted by plants, d Zo'dl. A substance 
secreted by several species of scale insects, e A pliable 
composition for uniting surfaces ; as, sealing wax. t A 
resinous composition used by shoemakers for rubbing their 
thread, g Ozocerite ; solid paraffin ; — called specif, min- 
eral wax. 

— v. t. To treat with wax ; as, to wax a floor. 

I waxed end, a thread rubbed with shoemaker's wax, and 
usually pointed with a bristle, used in sewing leather. 

Wax bean. One of a race of snap or string beans with ten- 
der golden yellow pods ; — called also butter bean. 

wax'ber-ry (waks'ber-i), n. 1. = bayberry, 3. 2. = 

SNOWBERRY. 

wax'bilF (waks'btl 7 ), n. Any of numerous Old World birds, 
of the weaver-bird family (esp. genus Estrelda), having 
| white, pink, or reddish bills of a waxy appearance. Many 
' are common cage birds, as the Java sparrow, etc. 
wax'en (wak's'n), a. 1. Made of, or covered with, wax. 

2. Resembling wax ; waxy ; hence : soft ; yielding. 
wax'i-ness (-si-nes), n. Quality or state of being waxy. 
Wax myrtle. Any of a genus (Myrica, esp. M. cerifera and 

M. caroliniana) of evergreen shrubs or trees bearing small 
berries (bayberries) coated with a wax used for candles. 

wax palm, a A pinnate-leaved palm (C er oxy Ion andi cola), 
of the Andes, the stem of which yields a resinous wax. to A 
Brazilian palm (Copernicia cerifera) the young leaves of 
which are covered with a waxy secretion. 

wax'weed/ (waks'wed'), n. A small purple-flowered plant 
(Cuphea petiolata) having a viscid pubescence. 

wax'wing' (-wing'), n. Any of a genus (Bombycilla) of 
nonpasserine birds with showy 
crest and velvety plumage. 

wax'work't-wurk'), n. l.Work 
in wax ; esp., a figure or figures 
wholly or partly of wax, in imi- 
tation of living beings. 2. In pi. 
An exhibition of such figures. 

wax'work'er (-wur'ker),^. One 
who works in wax. 

wax'y (wak'si), a.; wax'i-er 
(-si-er) ; -i-est. 1. Resembling 
wax, as in appearance or con- 
sistency; viscid ; adhesive ;soft ; 
hence : yielding ; pliable ; im- 
pressible. 2. Made of, or 
abounding in, wax. 

way (wa), n. [AS. weg.~] 1. Di- 
rection of motion, progress, fac- 
ing, etc. ; route. 2. That along 




Bohemian Waxwing. (£) 



which one passes to reach some place ; a road, street, track, 



or path. 3. Length of space ; distance ; as, a long way. 4. 
A moving ; passage ; progression ; journey ; as 5 to lead the 
way. 5. Manner; method; style; as, the right way of 
sitting. 6. Means of attaining anything ; device ; plan. 7. 
An aspect or feature ; respect ; — used with in ; as, a plan 
good in every way. 8. Regular course ; habitual method of 
life or action ; as, he has peculiar ways. 9. Condition, as of 
health ; as, in a bad way. Colloq. 10. Resolved mode of 
action or conduct ; as, to have one's way. 11. Advance ; 
progress ; as, the plan made no way. 12. Naut. Progress ; 
headway. 13. In pi. Shipbuilding. The inclined struc- 
ture upon which a vessel is built. 14. Law. A right of way. 
Syn. Way, road, highway, street, avenue. Way de- 
notes any line or route for passage ; a road is a way, esp. for 
horses or vehicles, between one place and another ; a high- 
way is a main, often much traveled, road ; a street, orig. a 
paved way, is a thoroughfare in a city, town, or village ; an 
avenue is a broad street, often planted with trees ; the 
word suggests a certain degree of stateliness, but is often 
loosely applied. See manner, method. 
by the way. See under by, prep. — by way of. a For the 
purpose of ; as being ; as, he sent rich gifts by way of repara- 
tion, b Through ; via. — out of the way. a Out of the 
path or road, b In such a position as not to meet with or 
obstruct a person or thing, c Out of the beaten track ; hard 
to reach or find ; secluded ; hence : unusual ; remarkable. 
d Out of the proper course ; astray ; hence : improper ; un- 
usual ; wrong, e Not in the usual or proper place ; hence : 
mislaid ; lost. — under way, in motion ; in progress. — 
ways and means, methods and resources for accomplish- 
ing something, esp. for defraying expenses ; specif., Legis- 
lation, methods of raising the necessary revenues for the 
expenses of the state. 

way'bill' (wa'bil'), n. A document describing, and giving 
shipping directions for, goods transported by a railroad. 

way'fare' (wa/far'), v. i. [AS. wegfarende; weg way -f* 
farende, p. pr. of faran to -go.] To journey ; travel ; — ■ 
now used only in. p. pr. or vb. n.; as, "Pleasant be your 
wayfaring, prosperous your return!" 

way'far'er (-far'er), n. A traveler, esp. on foot. 

way'far^ing, p. a. Traveling, esp. on foot. 

Way'go'ing (-go'ing), a. Going away ; departing. — way- 
going crop, a crop which a tenant is, under certain 
conditions, entitled by custom to remove after the end ol 
his tenancy. [of English legend. I 

Way'land (wa/land), n. A supernatural and invisible smithf 

waylay' (wa'la' ; wa'la'), v. t. ; -lad/ (-lad' ; -lad') ; -lay'- 
ing. \_way + lay."] To lie in wait for in the way, esp. with 
a view of seizing, robbing, or killing. — way'lay'er, n. 

-ways (-waz). A suffix formed from way by adding adver- 
bial -s (see -wards), often interchangeable with -wise. 

way'side' (wa'sld'), n. The side, edge, or border of the way. 

way station. An intermediate station between principal 
stationson a line of travel, esp. on a railroad. U. S. 

way train. A train which stops at the intermediate, or way, 
stations, for passengers ; an accommodation train. 

way'ward (wa/werd), a. [ME. weiward, for aweiward, 
i. e., turned away.] 1. Taking one's own way ; disobedient ; 
froward. 2. Fluctuating ; irregular ; unsteady. — way'- 
ward-ly, adv. — way'ward-ness, n. 

Syn. Capricious, unruly, self-willed, willful, perverse, fro- 
ward, headstrong, obstinate, stubborn, refractory, intrac- 
table. — Wayward, willful, perverse, froward, head- 
strong. One is wayward who takes one's own (often 
capricious) way ; willful sometimes suggests stubborn 
self-will ; as, a wayward mood ; outbreaks of willful reck- 
lessness. One is perverse who is willfully cross-grained or 
wrong-headed ; froward belongs to Biblical or literary 
use; as, perverse obstinacy; "A froward man sowet'h 
strife." Headstrong implies violent self-will or a refrac- 
tory disposition ; as, headstrong passions. 

way'worn' (wa'worn' ; 57), a. Wearied by traveling. 

we (we), pron.; pi. of I; poss. our (our) or ours (ourz) ; 
obj. us (us). See I. [AS. we.~] The personal pronoun of the 
1st person pi., nominative case. We is used in place of the 
singular I by kings and other sovereigns, and often edito- 
rially or by writers as being less personal or egotistical. 

weak (wek), a. 1. Lacking physical strength; specif.: a 
Deficient in strength of body, b Not able to sustain a great 
weight, pressure, or strain ; as, a weak timber, rope, bridge. 
C Easily impressed, molded, or the like ; pliable ; soft, d 
Easily subdued or overcome ; as, a weak fortress, e Lack- 
ing force of utterance or sound ; not sonorous ; feeble ; as, a 
weak voice, f Not containing the usual or a large amount 
of a given ingredient ; as a weak solution, decoction, mix- 
ture, etc. g Lacking in power properly to perform a func- 
tion ; as, weak eyes. 2. Not possessing mental, logical, in- 
tellectual, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc. ; feeble ; 
simple ; foolish ; deficient ; ineffective. 3. Gram. Pert, to 
or designating a verb or its conjugation which forms the 
preterit and past participle by adding to the present tense 
the suffix -ed, -d, or the variant -t ; as in abash, abashed ; 
abate, abated; deny, denied; feel, felt; spell, spelled or 
spelt. 4. Phon. a Light ; not strong ; as, weak stress, to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



WEAKEN 



1085 



WEAVE 




Of sounds or syllables, unstressed ; as, a in so'fa is weak. 
5. Pros. Designating a verse ending in which the accent 
falls on a word naturally unstressed, esp. one where it falls 
on a word (such as of, as, to) which in utterance tends to 
connect itself with the beginning of the next line. 6. Stock 
Exchange. Tending toward a lower price or lower prices ; 

' as, wheat is weak ; a weak market. 7. Photog. Lacking 
contrast ; thin ; as, a weak negative. 

Syn. Weak, feeble, decrepit, infirm, debilitated. 
Weak and feeble are often used with little distinction. But 
feeble often implies great weakness, as of age or infirmity, 
and is more apt than weak to connote pity or contempt ; 
as, a weak intellect, will ; weak in spirit ; a feeble effort, 
baby. One is infirm who is frail or feeble from age ; one is 
decrepit who is worn out, or broken down, with infirmi- 
ties. Debilitated implies enfeeblement, or impaired 

1 strength or vitality ; as, debilitated by excesses. 

weak'en (weV'n), v. t. & i. To make or become weak or 
weaker ; lessen in strength, spirit, or determination ; enfeeble. 

weak'en-er, n. One who, or that which, weakens. 

weak'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of several marine scisenoid food 
fishes (genus Cynoscion), o*^*. nSSn^ 
with very 
tender flesh. 

weak'ling 
(wek'ling), 
n. A weak 
creature. Common Weakfish. (A) 

weakly (-li), adv. In a weak manner. [feeble; weak. 

weak'ly, a. ; -li-er (-li-er) ; -li-est. Not strong or robust ;| 

weak'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being weak ; feeble- 
ness. 2. That which is a mark of lack of strength ; a fault ; 

| defect. — Syn. Debility, languor, imbecility, infirmness, 
infirmity, decrepitude, frailty, faintness. 

weal (wel), n. [AS. wela, weola, wealth, weal, fr. wel well.] 
1. Wealth. Obs. 2. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state ; 
well-being ; prosperity. Archaic or Rhet. 3. The state ; 
commonweal. Obs. 

weald (weld), n. [ME. wseld, fr. AS. weald, wald, a wood, 
forest.] A wold ; an open country. 

wealth (welth), n. [ME. welthe, fr. wele. See weal.] 1. 
Weal ; welfare. Obs. 2. Large possessions ; a comparative 
abundance of things desired, esp. of worldly estate ; afflu- 
ence. 3. Econ. a In the private sense, all property which 
has a money value, b In the public sense, all objects, esp. 
material objects, which have economic utility. C Those en- 
ergies, faculties, and habits directly contributing to make 
people industrially efficient ; — called specif, personal 
wealth. — Syn. Riches, opulence, abundance. 

wealth'y (wel'thi), a. ; wealth'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. 1. Hav- 
ing wealth ; opulent ; affluent ; rich. 2. Marked by abun- 
dance ; rich ; ample ; abundant. — Syn. See rich. — 
wealth'i-ly (-thi-li), adv. — wealth'i-ness, n. 

wean (wen), v. t. [AS. wenian."] 1. To accustom (a child or 
young animal) to feed otherwise than by nursing. 2. To 
alienate the affections of, as from some object of desire. 

wean'er (wen'er), n. One who, or that which, weans; 
specif., a device for weaning animals. 

weanling (-ling), n. [wean + 1st -ling.'] A child or ani- 
mal newly weaned. — a. Recently weaned. 

weap'on (wep'Sn),_n. [AS. wsepen."] 1. An instrument of 
offensive or defensive combat ; something to fight with. 2. 
Any means by which one contends against another ; as, ar- 
gument was his only weapon. — weap'oned (wep'iind), a. 

wear (war), v. t.; -pret. wore (wor ; 57) ; p. p. worn (worn ; 
57) ; p. pr. & vb. n. wear'ing. [AS. werian to carry, 
wear.] 1. To carry or bear upon the person for use, decora- 
tion, etc., as a garment, a weapon, jewelry, etc. 2. To bear ; 
carry ; show ; as, she wears a smile on her face. 3. To use up 
by wearing (in sense 1 ) ; hence : to consume or cause to de- 
teriorate by use ; as, a worn coat. 4. To impair, waste, or 
diminish by continual attrition, scraping, etc. ; consume or 
waste gradually ; hence : to fatigue ; weary ; use up. 5. 
To cause or make by friction or wasting ; as, to wear a 
channel. 6. To bring or lead gradually, as by continued or 
repeated action, practice, experience, contact, etc. 7. 
Naut. To cause to go about, as a vessel, by putting the 
helm up, instead of down as in tacking, so that the vessel's 
bow is turned away from the wind, and the stern is pre- 
sented to the wind in turning from one tack to the other. 
to wear out. a To consume, or render useless, by attri- 
tion or decay, b To consume tediously, c To harass ; tire ; 
exhaust, d To efface by wear ; erase. 

— v. i. 1. To be commonly worn or used ; be fashionable. 
06s. 2. To become adapted or suited as clothes do to the 
wearer. 3. To endure or suffer use ; last under use ; as, the 
coat wears well ; — hence, sometimes applied to character, 
qualifications, etc. 4. To be wasted, consumed, or dimin- 
ished by use ; — often used with out, off, on, etc. 5. Naut. 
To go about by turning the head away from the wind ; — 
used of a vessel. See wear, v. t., 7. 

— n. 1. A wearing, or state of being worn ; use ; consumption 



2. That 




in wearing. 2. That which is worn ; the fashion. 3. Result 

of wearing or use ; consumption, diminution, or impairment 

due to use, friction, or the like. 

wear and tear, loss or injury by use ; loss or injury to which 

anything is subjected in the course of use. 
wear'a-ble (war'd-b'l), a. Capable of being worn ; suitable 

to be worn. — n. A garment ; — usually in pi. 
wear'er (-er), n. 1. One who wears something. 

which wears or impairs, as by use or friction. 
wea'ri-ful (we'n-fdol), a. Tedious ; wearisome. 
wea'ri-less, a. Incapable of wearying. 
wea'ri-ly (we'ri-11), adv. In a weary manner. 
wea'ri-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being weary. 
wear'ing (war'Tng), p. a. 1. Pert, to, or designed for, wear. 

2. Subjecting to or inflicting wear ; fatiguing ; wearisome ; 
as, a wearing journey. 

wea'ri-some (we'n-sum), a. Causing weariness ; tiresome ; 
tedious. — Syn. Fatiguing, annoying, vexatious. See irk- 
some. — wea'ri-some-ly, adv. — wea'ri-some-ness, n. 

wea'ry (-n), a.; -ri-er (-rT-er) ; -ri-est. [AS. werig.'] 1. 
Having the strength much impaired by toil, suffering, etc. ; 
fatigued ; tired. 2. Having one's patience, tolerance, or lik- 
ing exhausted ; — used esp. with of; as, weary of reading. 

3. Expressing, or characteristic of, weariness ; as, a weary 
gait. 4. Wearisome. — v. i. & t. ; -ried (-rid) ; -ry-ing. To 
become or make weary. — Syn. Jade, tire, fatigue, fag. 

wea'sand (we'zand), n. [AS. wxsend, wdsend.'] The 
windpipe. 

wea'sel(-z'l),n. [AS. 
wesle.~] Any of cer- 
tain small carnivo- 
rous mammals (ge- 
nus Putorius) allied 
to the minks and 
polecats. They kill Weasel in Summer Pelage. 

very many mice, rats, and other vermin, and many birds. 

weath'er (wetb/er), n. [AS. weder.~] 1. State of the atmos- 
phere as to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, 
clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phe- 
nomena. 2. Foul weather ; storm ; tempest. 
under the weather, ill ; also, financially embarrassed. 
Colloq., U. S. 

— v. t. 1. To expose to the air ; season, dry, injure, or alter 
in any way by exposure to air. 2. Naut. a To pass to the 
windward of ; as, to weather a cape, b To make headway 
against or come safely through (a storm). 3. To bear up 
against (any storm, stress, or peril) ; sustain without dis- 
aster ; as, to weather a difficulty. — v. i. To undergo, en- 
dure, or alter under atmospheric influences. 

— a. Naut. Windward ; — opposed to lee. 

weather gauge, a Naut. The position of a ship to the 
windward of another, giving an advantage in maneuver- 
ing, b A position of advantage or superiority. 

weath'er— beat'en, a. Beaten by the weather; worn or 
toughened by exposure to the weather. 

weath'er-board^ (-bord^ ; 57), n. Arch. A board adapted 
to form lapped joints with boards above and below so as to 
shed water ; a clapboard. — v.t. To nail boards on so as to 
lap one over another, to shed or exclude rain, etc. 

weath'er-board'ing, n. Arch, a The covering or siding of 
a weatherboarded building, b Boards collectively adapted 
or intended for such covering or siding. [weather.] 

weath'er— bound', a. Kept in port or at anchor by badj 

Weather Bureau. A bureau of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture which collects reports of weather con- 
ditions as a basis for predictions and statistical records. 

weath'er-cock' (weWer-kok'), n. 1. A vane, originally 
often in the figure of a cock, turning with the wind, and 
showing its direction. 2. Hence, a thing or person sugges- 
tive of a weathercock, as in turning easily and often ; a 
fickle person. 

weath'ered (wetb'erd), a. 1. Seasoned by exposure to the 
weather. 2. Arch. Made sloping, so as to throw off water. 
3. Altered in color, texture, composition, or form, by expo- 
sure to the weather ; also, of woodwork, artificially given 
the appearance caused by weathering, as fumed oak. 

weath'er-glass' (weth'er-glas'), n. An instrument to indi- 
cate the state of the atmosphere, esp. changes of pressure, 
and hence of weather, as a barometer. 

weath'er-ly (wetb/er-li), a. Naut. Able to sail close to the 
wind with little leeway. 

weath'er-proof ' (wetb'er-proof ), a. Proof against weather ; 
able to stand exposure to weather without sensible depre- 
ciation. 

weather Strip. A strip of material to cover the joint of a 
door, window, etc., with the sill, casing, or threshold, to 
exclude rain, drafts, etc. — weath'er-Strip', v. t. 

weath'er-wise' (-wIzO, a. Skillful in forecasting changes 
of weather. [weather.l 

weath'er-worn 7 (-worn 7 ; 57), a. Worn by the action of the| 

weave (wev), v. t.; pret. wove (wov) ; p. p. wov'en (wo'- 
v'n), wove ; p. pr. & vb. n. weav'ing. The pret. & p. p. 











K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



WEAVER 



1086 



WEIGHTY 







R 



U 



W 




Weaver Bird, and 

Nests. 



weaved (wevd) is rare. [AS. wefan."] 1. To unite, as 
threads, so as to form a texture ; en- 
twine or interlace into a fabric ; as, 
to weave wool. 2. To form, as cloth, 
by interlacing threads ; hence : to 
compose ; fabricate ; as, to weave a 

Elot. — v. i. 1. To make cloth, etc., 
y interlacing yarns, threads, etc. 
2. To become interwoven. 

— n. A particular method or pattern 
of weaving. 

weav'er (wev'er), n. 1. One who 
weaves, or whose occupation is 
weaving. 2. Short for weaver bird. 
Any of many Asiatic or African 
birds (family Ploceidae), resembling 
finches, that construct elaborate 
nests of interlaced grass, twigs, etc. 

Web (web), n. [AS. webb.'] 1. That 
which is woven, esp. in a loom ; a 
textile fabric, esp. a whole piece of 
cloth. 2. Any of various pieces of 
material, as of paper, more or less 
suggestive of a web of cloth. 3. Mach. & Engin. A plate 
or thin portion, often between stiffening ribs or flanges. 4. 
A thin metal sheet, plate, or strip, as the blade of a sword 
(Obs.), a saw, etc. 5. A cobweb or similar texture spun by 
a spider or insect. 6. A complicated fabrication ; an in- 
volved scheme ; as, a web of falsehoods ; also, tissue ; tex- 
ture. 7. Anat. & Zo'dl. A membrane uniting the fingers 
or toes, either at their bases, as in man, or for a greater part 
of their length, as in many water birds and amphibians. 

8. The series of barbs on each side of the shaft of a feather. 

9. See PIN AND WEB. 

— v. t. ; webbed (webd) ; web'bing. To unite or surround 
with a web ; envelop ; entangle. — webbed (webd), a. 

Web'bing (web'ing), n. 1. The membrane forming a web, 
as of a bird's foot. 2. A stout close-woven tape, as that 
used to form the bands in upholstering seats, that used for 
suspenders, etc. 

web'by ( web'i ), a. Of or pert, to a web or webs ; like a 
web ; filled or covered with webs. 

web'foot' (web'footO, n.; pi. -feet (-fet'). 1. A foot hav- 
ing the toes joined by a web. 2. Any web-footed animal. 

web'— foofed, a. Having webbed feet. 

web'worm/ (web'wurm'), n. Any of various caterpillars 
that are more or less gregarious and spin large webs in 
which they feed or rest. 

wed (wed), v. t. ; pret. wed'ded ; p. p. wed'ded or wed ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. wed'ding. [AS. weddian to covenant, prom- 
ise to wed, marry, fr. wedd pledge.] 1. To marry ; espouse. 
2. To join in marriage ; give in wedlock. 3. To unite as if 
by the bond of marriage ; attach firmly or indissolubly ; as, 
to be wedded to an opinion. — v. i. To contract matri- 
mony ; marry. 

wed'ding (wed'Tng), n. [AS. weddung.~] Nuptial cere- 
mony ; a marriage ; nuptials. — Syn. See marriage. 
(kg"" Anniversaries of the wedding day are named from a 
custom of giving certain kinds of presents when the anni- 
versary is celebrated. Thus the fifth is called the wooden 
wedding ; tenth, tin ; fifteenth, crystal ; twentieth, china ; 
twenty-fifth, silver; fiftieth, golden; seventy-fifth (or six- 
tieth), diamond. 

wedge (wej), n. [AS. wecg.~] 1. A piece, as of wood or met- 
al, tapering to a thin edge, used in splitting wood, rocks, 
etc., in raising heavy bodies, etc. 2. Anything in the form 
of a wedge ; as, a wedge of cheese. 3. The wedge-shaped 
stroke in cuneiform characters. 

— v. t. ; wedged (wejd) ; wedg'ing (wej'Tng). 1. To cleave 
or separate with or as with a wedge ; rive. 2. To force or 
drive as a wedge is driven ; crowd ; as, a ship wedged in the 
sand. 3. To fasten with a wedge. — v. i. To push or be 
forced as a wedge is ; — used with in or into. 

Wedg'wood' ware (wej'wood'). Ceram. Porcelainlike ware 
first produced by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95) of England 
and characteristically of a tinted clay ground with small 
cameo reliefs in white. [being used as, a wedge. I 

wedg'y (wej'i), a. Like a wedge ; shaped like, or capable of| 

wed'lock (wed'lok), n. [AS. wedldc a pledge, betrothal; 
wedd a pledge + lac a gift.] The ceremony or the state of 
marriage ; matrimony. — Syn. See marriage. 

Wednes'day (wenz'da), n. [AS. Wodnes dseg, i. e., Wo- 
den's day.] The fourth day of the week. 

wee (we), a. [ME. we a bit, in a little we, prob. orig. mean- 
ing, a little way.] Very small ; little. 

weed (wed), n. [AS. wsede, weed."] 1. A garment ; — now 
chiefly in pi. and used esp. of a widow's mourning garments. 
2. A mourning band of crape worn on a man's hat, or the 
sleeve of his coat. Colloq. 

weed, n. [AS. weod.~\ 1. Wild growth, as rank grass, under- 
growth, etc. Archaic. 2. Any plant growing in cultivated 
ground to the injury of the desired vegetation, or to the 



disfigurement of the place ; an unsightly, useless, or in- 
jurious plant. 3. Something, esp. an animal, as a horse, of 
little value. 4. Colloq. a Tobacco; esp., tobacco pre- 
pared for use ; — usually with the. b A cigar. 

— v. t. 1. To free from noxious plants ; clear of weeds. 2. 
To free from something hurtful or offensive ; also, Colloq., 
to dispose of the less desirable portions of. 3. To remove 
as being a weed ; take away as harmful or superfluous ; 
— ■ often used with out. — v. i. To remove weeds or some- 
thing harmful. 

weed'er (wed'er), n. One who weeds ; also, any of various 
devices for freeing gardens, etc., from weeds. 

weed'less, a. Free from weeds ; — said of a kind of motor- 
boat propeller the blades of which curve backward, so that 
they do not gather weeds in drawing through the water. 

weed'y (wed'i), a. ; weed'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, weeds. 2. Abounding with weeds. 
3. Like a weed ; scraggy ; ill-shaped ; ungainly ; — said 
esp. of colts or horses, and also of persons. Colloq. 

week (wek),n. [AS. weocu, wicu, wucu.~\ A period of seven 
days, usually reckoned as beginning with Sunday ; some- 
times, the six working days, without Sunday. Abbr., wk. 

week day. Any day of the week except Sunday. 

week'— end', n. The end of the week ; specif., the period 
from Saturday noon (or Friday night) to Monday. 

week'ly (wek'li), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a week or week 
days. 2. Coming, happening, or done once a week. 

— adv. Once a week ; by seven-day periods. 

— «.; pi. -lies (-liz). A publication issued weekly. 
ween (wen), v. i. & t. [AS. wenan, fr. wen hope, expecta- 
tion, opinion.] To suppose ; believe ; imagine. Archaic. 

weep (wep), n. The lapwing ; — so called from its cry. 

weep (wep), v. i.; wept (wept) ; weep'ing. [AS. wepan."] 
1. Formerly, to express sorrow by outcry ; to lament ; now, 
to show grief or other passion by shedding tears ; to cry. 2. 
To drop water or the like ; drip ; as, weeping skies. 3. 
Plant Physiol. To exude water under pressure ; bleed, as 
the stem of a plant. — v. t. 1. To weep for ; lament ; be- 
wail. 2. To shed, or pour forth, as tears ; as, to weep tears 
of joy. 3. To affect in a specified way by, or to spend in, 
weeping ; as, to weep one's life away. 

— n. Weeping or a fit of weeping. Obs. or Colloq. 
weep'er, n. One who weeps ; esp., a professional mourner, 
weep'ing, p. a. 1. That weeps ; crying. 2. Having drooping 

branches ; — said of trees ; as, a weeping willow. 

wee'ver (we'ver), n. [Prob. fr. OF. wivre, F. vive. See 
wivern.] Any of a genus (Trachinus) or family (Trachi- 
nidse) of edible marine fishes having a broad spinose head, 
with the eyes looking upward. 

wee'vil (we'v'l), n. [AS. wifel, wibil.~] Any of a division 
(Rhynchophora) of (mostly small) bee-« 
ties the larvae of which eat out the interior 
of nuts, fruit, grain, etc. ; a snout beetle. 

weft (weft), n. [AS. weft, wefta, fr. wefan ~ 
to weave.] 1. In weaving, the threads 
that cross the warp ; woof. 2. A web ; a 
thing woven. 

weigh (wa), n. Naut. A corruption of 
way ; — used only in the erroneous 
phrase under weigh. 

weigh, v. t. [AS. wegan to bear, move, 
weigh.] 1. To raise ; lift ; — now used 
chiefly or only in to weigh anchor. 2. 
To examine by the balance ; ascertain Weevil. X7 
the weight of. 3. To consider; balance; as, to weigh 
chances. 4. To regard ; esteem. Archaic. 5. To burden ; 
depress ; — usually used with down. — v. i. 1. To weigh 
anchor. 2. To be heavy ; have a certain weight. 3. To be 
considered important ; as, that fact does not weigh with 
me. 4. To bear heavily ; press hard ; as, to weigh on the 
mind. 5. To judge ; estimate ; consider. — weigh/er, n. 

weight (wat), n. [AS. wiht, gewiht.'] 1. Quality of being 
heavy ; that property by which bodies tend toward the cen- 
ter of the earth. 2. Quantity of heaviness ; as, a weight 
of 500 pounds. Abbr., wt. 3. Pressure ; burden ; load ; as, a 
weight of grief. 4. Importance ; consequence ; influence ; 
as, a man of weight. 5. A mode of estimating weight or 
mass ; a system of simply related units used for this pur- 
pose ; as, apothecaries' weight. 6. A ponderous mass ; 
something heavy ; as, a clock weight. 7. A definite mass of 
metal or the like used in weighing. 8. A unit of weight or 
mass ; as, a table of weights. — Syn. Ponderousness, 
gravity, heaviness ; power, moment. 

— v. t. 1. To put a weight or weights upon ; make heavy ; 
as, to weight a. race horse, a whip handle, etc. 2. Dyeing. 
To load (fabrics), as with barite, to increase the weight, etc. 

weight'y (wat'i), a. ; weight'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Hav- 
ing much weight ; heavy ; ponderous ; hence, fig., burden- 
some. 2. Important ; momentous ; serious ; also, influen- 
tial. — Syn. Ponderous, onerous ; forcible, impressive, 
cogent. See heavy. — weight'i-ly (-T-li), adv. — i-ness,n. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WEIR 



1087 



WERGILD 



weir (wer), n. [AS. wer."] 1. A dam in a river to stop and 
raise the water for conducting it to a mill, forming a pond 
for fish, etc. 2. A fence, as of stakes or brushwood, set in a 
stream, channel, etc., for taking fish. 3. A long notch, as 
in the top of a vertical plank, for measuring the quantity of 
flowing water. 

weird (werd), n. [AS. wyrd fate, fortune, weorSan to be, 
become.] 1. Fate ; destiny ; lot ; fortune. Archaic or Scot. 
2. [cap.] Obs. or Scot, a Fate personified, b In pi. The 
Fates, or Norns. 3. Obs. or Scot, a Prophecy ; prediction. 
b Spell ; charm. C Soothsayer, d Fateful tale. — a. 1. Of, 
pert, to, or dealing with, fate or the Fates. 2. Of or pert, 
to witchcraft ; unearthly ; uncanny ; as, a weird appearance, 
sound, etc. — weird'ly, adv. — weird'ness, n. 
Syn. Weird, eerie, uncanny. Weird is used of that 
which is strange, wild, or unearthly ; eerie suggests esp. an 
undefined dread, uneasiness, or "creepiness" ; that is 
uncanny which is vaguely or unpleasantly mysterious. 
Weird Sisters, a The Fates. Scot, b The three witches in 
Shakespeare's "Macbeth." Cf. Norn. 

Weis'mann-ism (vls'man-iz'm), n. Biol. The theories 
and teachings as to heredity propounded by the German 
biologist August Weismann (1834-1914), esp. in regard to 
germ plasm as the basis of heredity ; — often called Neo- 
Darwinism. 

Weiss beer (vis). [G. weissbier white beer.] A kind of 
light-colore_d highly effervescent beer. 

we'jack (we'jak), n. [From Amer. Indian.] = fisher, 2. 

we'ka (wa'ka ; we'ka), n. [Maori.] Zo'dl. Any of several 
New Zealand rails (genus Ocydromus) incapable of flight. 

Welch, Welch'er, etc. Vars. of Welsh, Welsher, etc. 

wel'come (wel'kum), a. [AS. wilcuma a welcome guest, 
fr. wil- (akin to willa will, and wel well) 4- cuma a comer, 
fr. cuman to come ; prob. influenced by ME. wel well.] 1. 
Received gladly into one's presence or companionship ; as, 
a welcome visitor. 2. Giving pleasure ; grateful ; as, wel- 
come news. 3. Free or willingly permitted, as to do, have, 
or enjoy anything ; as, you are welcome to the book. 

— n. Cordial greeting to, or reception of, a guest or new- 
comer ; as, we found a ready welcome. 

— v. t.; -comed (-kumd) ; -com-ing (-kum-mg). To greet 
(a visitor or the like) with cordiality or courtesy ; make wel- 
come. — wel'come-ly, adv. — wel'come-ness, n. 

wel'com-er (-kum-er), n. One who welcomes. 

weld (weld), n. Also woald, wold. A mignonette {Reseda 
luteola) yielding a yellow dye ; also, the dye. 

weld, v. t. [Prob. orig. same word as well to gush.] 1. To 
press or beat, as the ends of two iron bars, into intimate 
and permanent union, usually while softened by heat ; also, 
to unite or ferm by a fusing heat, as bars or a joint in elec- 
tric welding. 2. To unite closely or intimately ; join closely. 
— v. i. To be, or be capable of being, welded. 

— n. State of being welded ; also, a welded joint. 

weld'a-ble (wel'da-b'l), a. Capable of being welded. 

wel'fare' (wel'far'), n. [well 4- fare to go.] State of far- 
ing, or doing, well; esp., condition of health, happiness, 
prosperity, etc. ; negatively, exemption from evil or calamity. 

wel'kin (-kin), n. [AS. wolcen, pi. wolcnu, a cloud, or 
wolcne a cloud.] The vault of heaven ; the sky. Archaic. 

we'll (wel). Short for we will or we shall. 

well (wel), n. [AS. wella, wiella, wylla.~] 1. A spring; 
fountain. 2. A pit or hole sunk into the earth to reach a 
supply of water. 3. A shaft or hole sunk to obtain oil, brine, 
gas, etc. 4. A source of supply ; fountain ; wellspring ; as, a 
well of knowledge. 5. Any of various hollowed vessels ; as, 
an inkwell. 6. A space so inclosed or shaped as to suggest 
a well for water ; specif., in English law courts, a space be- 
fore the judges' bench, usually for lawyers, esp. solicitors. 
7. Arch. An opening through floors, as for a staircase or an 
elevator. 8. Naut. An inclosure in a vessel's hold, around 
the pumps, to preserve them from damage and facilitate 
their inspection. [flow ; spring.! 

— v. i. & t. To issue or pour forth from or as from a well ;| 
well, adv.; compar. bet'ter (bet'er) ; superl. best (best). 

[AS. wel.~\ 1. In such manner as is desirable or pleasing ; 
satisfactory ; favorably ; fortunately ; as, to fare well ; dine 
well. 2. In a good or proper manner ; rightly ; worthily ; 
as, to sing well. 3. To a proper or suitable degree ; abun- 
dantly ; adequately ; properly ; considerably ; as, to be well 
pleased. 4. To the full degree or extent ; fully ; quite ; as, 
well out of sight. 5. To a considerable extent ; not a little ; 
far ; as, he rode well in advance. 

well nigh, almost ; very nearly. — w. off, in good condi- 
tion or circumstances ; thriving ; prosperous. — w. to do, 
well off ; prosperous ; also, indicative or characteristic of 
prosperity ; — as used attributively, usually well-to-do. 

well (wel), a. 1. Good or desirable ; fortunate ; satisfac- 
tory ; suitable ; proper ; — now only predicative ; as, it is 
well for him that he came. 2. Being in health ; sound in 
mind and body ; healthy. 3. Being in satisfactory condi- 
tions or circumstances ; as, he is well where he is. 

well'a-day 7 (wel'd-da 7 ), interj. A corruption of wella way. 



well'a-way' (-wa'), interj. [ME. weilawey ; wei woe ! -j- 
la lo ! (AS. la) 4- wei woe !] Alas ! — an exclamation ex- 
pressing sorrow or regret. 

well'— be'ing, n. State of being well ; welfare. [family. I 

well'-born' (109), a. Born of a good (formerly, of a noble) | 

well'— bred' (109), a. 1. Having good breeding ; refined in 
manners ; cultivated. 2. Of good breed, as an animal. 

well'— do'er (wel'ddo'er), n. One who does well; esp., one 
who lives correctly or performs good deeds. 

well'— do'ing, n. A doing well ; right actions or conduct. 

well'-fa'vored, or -fa'voured (109), a. Handsome. 

well'-found' (109), a. Well or thoroughly found, or pro- 
vided ; as, a well-found ship. 

well'head' (wel'hed'), n. A source, spring, or fountain. 

well'-nigh', adv. Almost ; nearly. 

wells'ite (welz'It), n. [After Prof. H. L. Wells (b. 1855), 
American chemist.] Min. A silicate of aluminium, cal- 
cium, barium, and potassium, (Ba,Ca,K2)Al2Si30io'3H20, 
occurring in glassy colorless or white crystals. 

well'-spo'ken (109), a. 1. Speaking well, gracefully, or 
kindly. 2. Spoken with propriety. 

well'spring' (wel'sprlng'), n. A fountainhead ; a spring. 
06s., exc, fig., in sense of : a source of continual supply. 

well'— to— do' (-tdo-doo'), a. Prosperous. 

well'— wish'er, n. One who wishes another well. 

Wels'bach burn'er (welz'bak; -bak). [After Auer von 
Welsbach, the inventor.] A burner in which the combus- 
tion of a mixture of air and gas or vapor heats to incan- 
descence a mantle composed of thoria and ceria. 

welsh (welsh), v. t. & i. To cheat by avoiding payment, as 
of bets ; — said esp. of an absconding bookmaker. Slang. 

Welsh (welsh), a. [AS. wselisc, welisc, fr. wealh a foreigner, 
Welshman.] Of or pert, to Wales or its inhabitants. 
Welsh rabbit, a dish made of melted cheese, often mixed 
with ale or beer, poured over toasted bread or crackers ; — 
sometimes erroneously called Welsh rarebit. 

— n. 1. The language of Wales or of the Welsh. 2. Collec- 
tive pi. The natives or inhabitants of Wales. 

welsh'er (wel'sher), n. One who welshes. Slang. 

Welsh/man (-man), n. A man native to Wales. 

welt (welt), n. 1. A border or edge fastened, as by sewing, 
on something to protect, strengthen, or ornament it. 2. A 
narrow strip of leather between the upper and sole of a 
shoe. 3. A ridge raised on the flesh or skin by a blow ; also, 
a blow such as raises a ridge. Colloq. — v. t. 1. To furnish 
with a welt. 2. To strike, esp. so as to raise a welt. Colloq. 

wel'ter (wel'ter), v. i. [ME. weltren, freq. of ME. welten 
to overturn, AS. wieltan to roll.] 1. To tumble about or 
wallow, as a hog in mire ; fig., to wallow in sin or defilement. 
2. To rise and fall tumultuously ; to roll, toss, or tumble, as 
waves. — n. Act or motion of weltering ; confusion ; turmoil. 

wel'ter, a. Horse Racing. Of, pertaining to, or designating 
a race in which welterweights are carried. 

wel'ter-weight' (-wat'), n. 1. Horse Racing. A weight of 
28 pounds (one of 40 pounds is called a heavy welter- 
weight) sometimes imposed in addition to weight for age. 
2. A boxer or wrestler whose weight is intermediate be- 
tween that of a lightweight and that of a middleweight. 

wen (wen), n. [AS. wenn.~] Med. An indolent, encysted 
tumor of the skin, esp. of the scalp. 

wench (wench), n. [ME. wenche, for wenchel child, AS. 
wencel.J 1. A girl ; maiden ; damsel. Archaic. 2. A maid- 
servant. 3. A lewd woman ; strumpet. — v. i. To con- 
sort with wenches (esp. in sense 3). — wench'er, n. 

wend (wend), v. i.; wend'ed ; wend'ing. [AS. wendan to 
turn, go, causative of windan to wind.] To betake one's 
self or direct one's course ; travel. Archaic or Scot. & Dial. 
Eng. — v. t. To direct ; proceed on ; — used esp. in to 
wend one's way. 

Wend, n. One of a Slavic people of eastern Germany, chiefly 
peasants of Lusatia. Cf. Sorb. 

Wend'ish (wen'dish), a. Of or pert, to the Wends or their 
language. — n. The language of the Wends. 

wen'nish (wen'ish) \ a. [From wen.] Having the nature of 

wen'ny (wen'I) / a wen ; resembling a wen. 

went (went), pret. & p. p. of wend ; — now used only as 
preterit of go. See GO. 

wen'tle-trap' (wen't'1-trap'), n. [D. wenteltrap a winding 
staircase.] Any of a genus (Scalaria) or family (Scala- 
riidx) of handsome spiral sea shells, usually white. 

wept (wept), pret. & p. p. of weep. 

were (wur; also, esp. British, war). [AS. wsere (thou) 
wast, wxron (we, you, they) were, wsere imp. subj.] A 
verb form supplying the preterit indicative plural and 
preterit subjunctive singular and plural of be. See be. 

were'wolf (wer'wdblf ; wer'-), n.; pi. -wolves (-wdolvz'). 
[AS. werewulf, for werwulf ; were, wer, man 4- wulf a 
wolf.] Folklore. A person transformed into a wolf in form 
and appetite, or a person capable of assuming a wolf's form. 

wer'gild' (wur'gild' ; wer'-), were'gild' (wer'gild' ; wer'-), 
n. [AS. wergild; wer a man 4- gild, gield, payment of 
money.] Law. Among the Anglo-Saxons and other Teu- 






K = cJh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



WERT 



1088 



WHEEL 







R 



T 



U 



V 



w 



tonic races, the value set on a man's life, to be paid in com- 
position to avoid retaliation by his kindred. Cf . bloodwite. 

Wert (wurt). A verb form supplying the 2d person sing., 
pret. subjunctive, of be; — now used only in solemn or 
poetic style. 

Wes'ley-an (wes'li-an), a. Of or pert, to the Wesley family 
or a member of it ; specif., of or pert, to John Wesley, 
(1703-91), or the religious denomination founded by him. 
Cf . methodist. — Wes'ley-an, n. — Wes'ley-an-ism, n. 

west (west), n. [AS. west, adv.] 1. The direction of sun- 
set ; accurately, the point where the center of the sun is seen 
to set at the equinox ; the direction to the left hand of one 
facing north. 2. A quarter, region, or country lying to the 
west ; specif. \_cap.~\ : a The Western Hemisphere, or the 
New World so called, it having been discovered by sailing 
westward from Europe ; the Occident, b U. S. Hist. & 
Geog. Formerly, that part of the United States west of the 
Allegheny Mountains; now, commonly, the whole region 
west of the Mississippi River, esp. that north of Arkansas, 
New Mexico, etc. ; — usually used with the. 

— a. Lying or proceeding toward or at the west ; also, com- 
ing from the west, as a wind. 

— adv. To or toward the west ; westward. 
west'er (wes'ter), v. i. To turn or move westward. 
west'er-ly (wes'ter-li), a. &_adv. Situated, directed, or mov- 
ing toward the west ; of winds, blowing from the west. 

— n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). A wind blowing from the west. 

west'ern (-tern), a. 1. Of or pert, to the west ; west ; west- 
erly. 2. \_capj] Of, or characteristic of, the West ; Occi- 
dental. 3. Directed, tending, or the like, toward the west. 
4. Coming from the west ; — said chiefly of the wind. 
Western Church, the church of the countries once com- 
prised in the Western Roman Empire ; esp., the Roman, or 
Latin, Church as distinguished from the Eastern, or Greek, 
Church. — W. Hemisphere. See hemisphere, 2. — W. 
Ocean, among the ancients, the ocean lying to the west of 
the then known world. [Church. | 

— n. 1. A westerner. 2. [cap."] A member of the Western! 
west'ern-er (wes'ter-ner), n. A native or inhabitant of the 

west, esp. \_cap.~] of the West in the United States. 

West India, West Indian. Of or pert, to the West Indies. 

West Indian. A native of, or a dweller in, the West Indies. 

west'ing, n. Navig. & Surv. Departure in a westerly di- 
rection. See departure, 4. 

West-pha'li-an (west-fa'lT-an), a. Of or pert, to Westpha- 
lia, now a province in Prussia. — West-pha'li-an, n. 

west'ward (west'werd), a. Lying or facing toward the 
west. — adv. Also west'wards (-werdz). Toward the west. 
— west'ward-ly, adv. 

wet (wet), a.; wet'ter (-er) ; wet'test. [AS. wast."] 1. 
Consisting of, or covered or soaked with, water or other 
liquid. 2. Rainy ; as, a wet season. 3. Chem., etc. Employ- 
ing, or done by means of or in the presence of, water or 
other liquid. 4. Not prohibiting, or marked by the pro- 
hibition of, the sale of intoxicating liquors ; as, a wet town. 
Slang, U. S. — Syn. Humid, damp, moist. 
wet blanket, a person or thing that dampens enthusiasm, 
pleasure, etc. — w. nurse, a nurse who suckles a child. 

— n. 1. Water or wetness ; moisture. 2. Rainy or drizzly 
weather ; rain. — v. t. ; wet or wet'ted ; wet'ting. To 
make wet. — to wet one's whistle, to take a drink. 

wet'ness, n. Quality or state of being wet. 

weth'er (weth'er), n. [AS. weSer.'] A castrated ram. 

wet'ting (wet'ing), n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
wets ; state of being wet. 2. A liquid used to wet or moisten 
something ; as, to use milk as the wetting for dough. 

Whack (hwak), v. t. & i. 1. To strike with a whack. Colloq. 
2. To make division ; — often used with up. Slang. — n. 
1. A smart or resounding blow. Colloq. 2. A stroke ; an 
attempt. Slang. 3. A portion ; share. Slang. [whopper. I 

whack'er (hwak'er), n. Colloq. 1. One who whacks. 2. A| 

whack'ing, p. a. Very large, astounding, or the like ; — 
also used adverbially. Colloq. 

Whale (hwal), v. t. To thrash; drub. Colloq. 

Whale, n. [AS. hw&l.~\ Zo'dl. Any of numerous cetaceans, 
esp. those of large size, in distinction from porpoises and 
dolphins. Whales are true air-breathing, warm-blooded, 
viviparous mammals and suckle their young. The whale- 
bone whales, including the right whale, the sulphur-bot- 
tom, etc., have no teeth in the adult, but plates of baleen 
suspended from the upper jaw. See right whale, Illust. 

*— v. i. ; whaled (hwald) ; whal'lng (hwal'mg). To engage 
in whale fishing. 

whale'back' (hwal'bak'), n. A freight steamer having a 
very convex upper deck, used esp. on the Great Lakes. 

Whale-boat' (-bot'), n. A long narrow boat, sharp and rak- 
ing at both ends, originally used by whalers. 

whale'bone' (-bon'), n. A horny substance from the upper 
jaw of right whales, used in stays, etc. ; baleen. 

Whal'er (hwal'er), n. A vessel or person employed in the 
whale fishery. 

Whang (hwang), v. t. To beat. — n. A blow. Both Colloq. 



whap (hwop), whap'per. Vars. of whop, whopper. 

Wharf (hworf), n. ; pi. wharves (hworvz), Chiefly U. S.; 
wharps (hworfs), Chiefly Brit. [AS. hwerf, hwearf, a 
bank, shore.] 1. A structure built on the shore of a har- 
bor, river, canal, etc. , so that vessels may lie close alongside 
to load and unload ; a pier. 2. River bank ; shore. Gbs. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with a wharf or wharves. 2. To place 
upon, or bring to, a wharf. 

wharfage (hwor'faj), n. 1. Fee or duty paid for use of a 
wharf ._ 2. Wharves collectively; whaif 'accommodations 

Wharf'in-ger (-fin-jer), n. [For wharf ager.2 An owner or 
keeper of a wharf. 

Wharve (hworv), warve (worv), n. [AS. hweorfa."] Spin- 
ning. Orig., the small flywheel on the lower end of a spin- 
dle used for momentum ; in modern spinning machinery, 
the small pulley on a spindle, by which the spindle is driven. 

What (hwot), pron. & a. [AS. hwset, neuter of hwa who.] 
A pronominal word used both substantively and adjec- 
tively, as singular or plural. It is : 1. An interrogative, re- 
ferring to the nature or identity of an object or matter in 
question, and used only adjectively of persons ; as, what 
is this ? what child is lost ? What is used substantively of 
a person where the reference is esp. to his character, oc- 
cupation, or position rather than to his identity ; as, he 
may be a doctor, but I am not sure what he is. 2. An ex- 
clamatory word, used : a Absolutely ; as, what ! Are you 
going ? b Adjectively, meaning how remarkable, or how 
great; as, what folly ! C Sometimes adverbially prefixed 
to adjectives, as nearly equivalent to how ; as, whoA, happy 
boys ! 3. A compound relative, equivalent to which with 
an antecedent demonstrative ; as (used substantively), you 
may have what is left ; (used adjectively) see what horse 
he has. But what has the force of who, or that, . . . not ; 
as, "He never had any money but what he absolutely 
needed," i. e., that he did not need. 4. An indefinite rela- 
tive : Whatever ; whatsoever ; what thing soever ; as, what 
happened then, I do not know. 5. An indefinite pronoun ; 
— now used only in such phrases as I tell you what, where 
what anticipates the following statement, being elliptical 
for what I think, what it is, how it is, etc. 
what though, even allowing that ; supposing 
it true that ; what matter that. — what time, 
at the time that. Archaic. 

— adv. 1. Why ? Obs. 2. How ? in what re- 
spect ? as, what does it benefit him ? Formerly, 
also exclamatory or intensive. 3. In part ; 
somewhat ; — followed by a preposition, esp. 
by with, and often repeated with distributive 
force ; as, what with hunger and what with toil 
he was almost dead. 

— conj. 1. As much as ; so far as. 2. That ; — in 
but what, but that ; that . . . not ; as, never 
fear but what our side will win. 

What-ev'er (hwot-ev'er), pron. All that; no 

matter what ; — an indefinite relative used 

both substantively and adjectively. 
What'not' (hwot'not'), n. A piece of furniture 

having shelves, as for bric-a-brac. 
what'so-ev'er (-so-ev'er), pron. & a. A more 

formal or intensive form of whatever. t» i.f a V a 

Wheal (hwel), n. 1. A pustule ; whelk. 2. Med. BeardleM) 

A flat burning or itching eminence on the skin. Wheat ; b 
Wheal, n. The mark made by a stroke ; wale. Bearded 
Wheat (hwet), n. [AS. hwsete.'] 1. A well- Wheat. 

known cereal grain yielding a fine white flour and next to 

rice the most used of any grain. 2. The grass 

(Triticum sativum) which yields this grain, 
wheat'ear' (-er'),n. A small bird (Saxi- 

cola cenanthe) of northern Europe, 

Asia, and America, allied to 

the stonechat. 
Wheat'en (-'n), a. Of or per- 
taining to wheat. 

Wheat'stone's bridge! (hwet'- Hllls^||=" wheat - 

Wheat'stone bridge / stonz ; -ston). j_~ 

Elec. A device for the measurement 5 

of resistances, invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone, English 

physicist. 
wheat' worm' (hwet'wurm'),™. 

A small nematode worm (Ty- 

lenchus tritici) which attacks 

wheat. 
whee'dle (hwe'd'l), v. t.; -dled 

(-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 1. To 

entice by soft words ; cajole ; 

coax. 2. To get by flattery oi Diagram of 

coaxing. — v. i. To flatter ; Bridge. 

coax ; cajole. — whee'dler 

(hwe'dler), n. 
Wheel (hwel), n. [AS. hweol.~\ 

1. A disk, or a circular frame 

or body, capable of turning on 






Wheatstone's 
JRl, R2 Resist- 
ances to be compared ; Rz, 
Ri Known Resistances, 
which can be varied ; O 
Galvanometer ; E Bat- 
tery. When G shows no 
current, R\:Ri = Rz: Ri. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WHEELBARROW 



1089 



WHICH 



a central axis. 2. Something suggestive of a wheel or hav- 
ing a wheel or wheels as an essential ; as : a Naut. A cir- 
cular frame, with handles, for controlling the rudder, b A 
firework which revolves while burning, c An obsolete in- 
strument of torture, d Any of various things shaped like 
an orb or disk. Chiefly Poetic, e A bicycle, or, rarely, a 
tricycle. Colloq. 3. The wheel of personified Fortune, sym- 
bolizing the rapid alternations of human fate. 4. A turn ; 
revolution; rotation. 5. Mil. & Nav. A movement of 
troops or vessels in line in which the units preserve align- 
ment and relative positions, but change direction. 6. In pi. 
Fig., machinery which propels or operates anything ; as, the 
wheels of government. 7. The refrain of a song. 06s. 
wheel and axle, Mech., a simple machine consisting of a 
grooved wheel (turned by a cord or chain) with a rigidly 
attached axle (for winding up a weight by a cord or chain), 
together with the supporting standards. 

— v. t. 1. To convey or move on wheels, or in a wheeled 
vehicle. 2. To cause to turn ; as, to wheel one's horse. 3. 
To make or perform in a circle ; as, " the beetle wheels her 
droning flight. " — v. i. 1. To turn on or as on an axis or 
about a center ; revolve ; as, the horse wheeled to the right. 
2. To roll forward ; as, the carriage wheeled away. 

Wheel'bar'row (hwel'bar'o), n. A small vehicle with han- 
dles and (usually) one wheel, for conveying small loads. 

Wheel bug. A large North American hemipterous insect 
(Arilus cristatus) which sucks the blood of other insects ; — 
so called from a high serrated crest on its prothorax. 

Wheeled (hweld), a. Having a wheel or wheels. 

Wheel'er (hwel'er), n. 1. One who wheels. 2. That which 
has wheels, as a vehicle or vessel ; — used only in compounds ; 
as, a side-wheeler ; a ioui-wheeler. 3. A wheel horse. 

Wheel horse. A horse, or one of the horses, nearest to the 
wheels ; hence, one who does especially steady and effective 
work in any labor or enterprise. 

wheel'house' (hwel'hous'), n. Naut. A small house on 
deck, containing the steering wheel. 

Wheel'ing (-Tng), n. 1. Act of conveying anything, or of 
traveling, on wheels or in a wheeled vehicle. 2. Condition 
of a road, or roads, which admits of passing on wheels. 3. 
A turning, or circular movement. 

wheel lock. A former kind of gunlock in which sparks were 
struck from a flint or the like by a revolving wheel. 

wheel'man (-man), n. A cycler; cyclist. 

wheels'man (hwelz'man), n. A steersman; strictly, one 
who steers by turning a wheel. 

Wheelwright' (-rlt'), n. A man who makes or repairs 
wheels and wheeled vehicles. 

Wheeze (hwez), v. i. ; wheezed (hwezd) ; wheez'ing. [AS. 
hwesan.'] To breathe hard and with an audible piping or 
whistling. — n. 1. A piping or whistling sound caused by 
difficult respiration. 2. Phon. The exaggerated whisper or 
hoarse sound called a "stage whisper." — wheez'er, n. 

Wheez'i-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a wheezy manner. 

wheez'y (hwez'i),a.; wheez'i-er (-i-er) ; wheez'i-est. 
Wheezing, or making or having a sound like wheezing. 

Whelk (hwelk), n. [AS. weoloc.~] Any of numerous large 
marine gastropods (Buccinum and allied genera), esp. a 
species (B. undatum) much used as food in Europe. 

Whelk, n. [AS. hwylca.~\ A papule ; pustule. 

Whelm (hwelm), v. t. [ME. hwelmen to turn over.] 1. To 
cover with water or other fluid ; engulf. 2. Fig., to over- 
whelm. — v. i. To pass or descend so as to engulf. 

Whelp (hwelp), n. [AS. hwelp."] 1. The young of a dog or 
of certain beasts of prey ; puppy ; cub. 2. A youth ; child ; 
"cub." Contemptuous. 3. Any person regarded as con- 
temptible. 4. Mach. _ a Any of the longitudinal ribs or 
ridges on a capstan, windlass, etc. ; — usually in pi. b = 
sprocket, a. — v. i. & t. To bring forth (young) ; — said of 
the female of the dog and of some beasts of prey> 

When (hwen), adv. [AS. hwxnne, hwanne, hwonne."] 1. 
At what time ; — used interrogatively. 2. At what time ; 
at, during, or after the time that ; — used relatively ; as, 
come when you please. 3. At which time ; the time at 
which ; as, I know when he will come. 4. While ; whereas ; 
although ; — used as an adverbial conj. ; as, how can he buy 
it when he has no money ? 5. Which time ; then. — n. Time 
at or during which ; — chiefly in "the when and the where," 
or elliptically ; as, since when I have been sad. 

When'as'Qiwen'az'), conj. When ; whereas ; while. Archaic. 

Whence (hwens), adv. [ME. wheniues, whens (with ad- 
verbial s), AS. hwanan, hwonanJ] From what place ; 
hence, from what or which source, origin, premise, or the 
like ; — used both interrogatively and relatively. 

Whence'so-ev'er (hwens'so-ev'er), adv. & conj. From what 

* place soever ; from what cause or source soever. [ever.| 

when-e'er' (hwen-ar' ; -ar'), adv. & conj. Contr. of when-| 

When-ev'er (hwen-ev'er), adv. & conj. At whatever time. 

when'so-ev'er (hwen'so-ev'er), adv. & conj. At what time 
soever; whenever. 

Where (hwar), adv. [AS. hwser.'] 1. At or in what place ; 
hence, in what situation, position, or circumstances ; — 



used interrogatively ; as, where are you ? 2. At or in which 
place ; at the place in which ; hence, in the case or instance 
in which; — used relatively; as, the house where he was 
born ; where one succeeds, another fails. 3. To what or 
which place ; hence : to what goal, result, or issue ; whither ; 

— used interrogatively and relatively ; as, where does this 
tend ? 4. From what place or source ; as, where did he get 
his ideas ? — Syn. See whither. 

— conj. Whereas. 

— n. Place in or at which ; situation ; — now chiefly in "the 
when and the where" (of something), or elliptically; as, 
from where the road is bad. 

where'a-bout' (hwar'd-bout') 1 adv. 1. About where ; near 

where'a-bouts' (-d-bouts') j what or which place ; — 
used interrogatively and relatively ; usually in form where- 
abouts. 2. Concerning which or about which. 

where'a-bouts', n. sing. Also where'a-bout'. The place 
where a person or thing is ; as, they knew his whereabouts. 

where-as' (hwar-az'), conj. 1. Considering that ; it being 
the case that ; since ; — implying recognition of facts ; 
often used to introduce a preamble. 2. When in fact ; 
while on the contrary ; the case being that ; — implying 
opposition to something that precedes. 

where-at' (-at'), adv. 1. At which ; upon which; where- 
upon ; — used relatively. 2. At what ; — used interroga- 
tively ; as, whereat are you offended? 

where-by' (-bl'), adv. 1. By which ; — used relatively. 2. 
By what ; how ; — used interrogatively. 

wher-e'er' (hwar-ar' ; -ar'), adv. Contraction of wherever. 

Where'fore (hwar'for; 57), adv. & conj. 1. For which 
reason ; so ; — used relatively. 2. For what reason ; why ; 

— used interrogatively. — Syn. See therefore. — n. 
The reason ; cause. Colloq. [or what place. I 

Where-from' (hwar-from'), adv. From which ; from which| 

where-in' (hwar-in'), adv. 1. In which ; in which place, 
thing, time, respect, or the like ; — used relatively. 2. In 
what ; — used interrogatively. 

where'in-to' (hwar'in-too'), adv. 1. Into which ; — used 
relatively. 2. Into what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-of (hwar-oV ; -of), adv. 1. Of which ; of whom ; — 
used relatively. 2. Of what ; — used interrogatively. 

Where-on' (-on'), adv. 1. On which ; — used relatively. 
2. On what ; formerly, on whom ; — used interrogatively. 

Where'so-ev'er (hwar'so-ev'er), adv. In, to, or (formerly) 
from, whatsoever place ; wherever, [by means of, which. I 

Where-through' (-throo'), adv. Through, by, or (rarely) | 

where-to' (-too'), adv. 1. To which ; — used relatively. 
2. To what; to what place, purpose, end, or the like;_ — 
used interrogatively. [Archaic.\ 

Where'un-to' (hwar'un-too' ; hwar-iin'too), adv. Whereto. | 

Where'up-on' (hwar'ii-pon'), adv. 1. Upon which; in 
consequence of, or after, which ; whereon ; — used rela- 
tively. 2. Whereon ; — used interrogatively. 

wher-ev'er (hwar-ev'er), adv. At, to, in, or, with from, 
from, whatever place ; wheresoever. 

where-with' (hwar-wT th' ; -with') \ adv. 1. With which ; 

Where'with-al' (hwar'witb-61') / — used relatively. 2. 
With what ; — used interrogatively. 

where'with-al', n. Also, less commonly, wherewith. That 
with which anything can be purchased or done. 

wher'ry (hwer'i), n. ; pi. -ries (-iz). Naut. Any of various 
light boats ; as : a A long light rowboat. b A large light 
barge, lighter, or fishing boat. Eng. — v. t. & i.; -reed 
(-id) ; -ry-ing. To carry in, or to sail or propel, a wherry. 

Whet (hwet), v. t.; whet'ted ; whet'ttng. [AS. hwettan.'] 
1. To sharpen by rubbing on or with some substance, as a 
piece of stone. 2. To make sharp, keen, or eager ; excite ; 
stimulate. — n. 1. Act of whetting. 2. That which whets, 
or sharpens. — whet'ter (-er), n. 

Wheth'er (hweth'er), pron. & a. [AS. hwseSer.] Which 
(of two) ; which one (of two) ; — used interrogatively and 
relatively. Archaic. — conj. A particle used to indicate a 
following alternative. Its correlative, indicating a second 
or contrasting alternative, is or or or whether. [tools. I 

Whet'stone' (hwet'ston'), n. A stone for whetting edge| 

Whew (hwu ; hu), inter j. An exclamation expressing aston- 
ishment, scorn, etc. — n. The fact of making this exclama- 
tion, or the sound so made. 

Whey (hwa), n. [AS. hwseg.'] The serum, or watery part of 
milk, separated from the curd, esp. in the process of making 
cheese. — whey'ey (-1), a. 

whey'face' (-fas'), n. A face pale or pallid, as from fear, or 
one having such a face. — whey'faced' (-fast'), a. 

Which (hwich), pron. & a. [AS. hwilc, hwylc, hwelc.~] An 
indeclinable pronominal word, used both substantively and 
adjectively, as singular or plural, and for either persons or 
things. It is : 1. An interrogative, used both in direct and 
indirect questions, to ask for or concerning one or more of a 
number ; as, which man is it ? which is the best of these 
plans ? Formerly also : What sort of ? 2. A simple relative, 
introducing an added qualification or statement, sometimes 



I 



i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections Ln Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



WHICHEVER 



1090 



WHIPSTITCH 







R 



U 



W 



a restriction. See that, pron. & a., 3. It is used : a For 
who or whom, of persons; as, "Our Father, which art in 
heaven. " Archaic, b Of animals, things, or ideas, its ante- 
cedent being sometimes a phrase or clause ; as, the rain 
fell steadily, which prevented her going out. C Formerly, 
sometimes, in the which, and, by way of definiteness or 
emphasis, in which that, the which that, which as; as, 
"That worthy name by the which ye are called." 3. A 
compound relative or indefinite pronoun, standing for any 
one which, whichever, that which, those which, the . . . 
which, etc. ; as, take which you will. — Syn. See who. 

which-ev'er (hwich-ev'er) \pron. & a. Whether one or 

which'so-ev'er (-so-ev'er)j another; whether one or the 
other ; as, whichever you do, it will be right. 

whid'ah bird or finch (hwid'd). [Alteration of widow 
bird or finch."] Any of various African weaver birds (sub- 
family Viduinae), the males of which have drooping tail 
feathers, often a foot in length. 

Whiff (hwif), re. [ME. weffe vapor, whiff .] 1. A quick puff 
or slight gust of air, esp. one conveying some odor. 2. A 
sudden expulsion of tobacco smoke or the like from the 
mouth. 3. An inhalation of tobacco smoke or the like. — 
v t. & i. 1. To expel or puff out in a whiff or whiffs ; exhale, 
as tobacco smoke. 2. To convey by or as by a whiff ; puff or 
blow away. — whif f 'er, n. 

Whiffet (hwif'et ; 24), n. 1. A little whiff or puff. 2. A 
small or insignificant person. Colloq., U. S. 

Whiffle (hwif'l), v. i.; -fled (-'Id) ; -fling (-ling). [Freq. 
of whiff to puff.] 1. To blow unsteadily or in gusts; — 
said of the wind. 2. To vacillate. — v. t. To disperse, emit, 
or expel with or as if with a whiff or puff ; scatter. 

Whif fler (-ler), n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes 
his opinion or course ; one who uses shifts and evasions in 
argument ; an idle talker ; an idler ; trifler. 

Whif fler (-ler), n. A soldier or officer who cleared the way 
for a procession. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

whif fle-tree' (-'1-tre'), re. A whippletree. 

Whig (hwig), n. 1. Eng. Politics. One of a political party 
of liberal tendencies which grew up in the 17th century, and 
later became the Liberal party. 2. Amer. Hist, a A sup- 
porter of the American Revolution ; — ; opposed to Tory 
and Royalist, b One of a political party in the U. S. formed 
about 1834 in opposition to the Democrats. It elected Wil- 
liam Henry Harrison, 1840, and Zachary Taylor, 1848, to 
the presidency. — a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, Whigs. 

Whig'ger-y (hwig'er-i), n. The principles^ or practices of 
Whigs, esp. of the English Whigs ; Whiggism. — Whig'- 
gish, a. — Whig'gism (-Tz'm), n. 

While (hwil), re. [AS. hwll.] 1. A space of time, esp. one 
short and marked by some action or event ; a time ; as, all 
this while the enemy was approaching. 2. Time used in 
doing something ; labor ; pains ; — used only in worth, or 
worth one's, while. — conj. 1. During the time that ; as 
long as ; whilst. 2. At the same time that ; — often used 
like although; as, while respected, he is not liked. 3. 
Until. Obs. or Dial. — v. t.; whiled (hwlld) ; whll'ing 
(hwil'mg). To cause to pass (away), esp. agreeably ; spend 
or pass ; — usually used with away ; as, to while away the 
time, the hours, etc. 

Syn. While, beguile (with reference to passing of time). 
To while (usually away) is to cause to pass (esp.) pleas- 
antly ; beguile commonly suggests relief from tedium or 
irksomeness ; as, to while away an hour in fishing ; to be- 
guile the tedium of waiting with a light novel. 

Whiles (hwilz), adv. 1. Meanwhile; meantime. Rare. 2. 
Sometimes ; at times. Scot. & Dial. Eng. — conj. During 
the time that ; while. Archaic or Dial. 

Whi'lom (hwl'liim), adv. [AS. hwllum, prop., at times, 
dative pi. of hwll. See while, re.] Formerly ; once ; of old ; 
erewhile ; at times. Archaic. — a. Former ; sometime ; 
quondam ; as, his whilom associates. 

whilst (hwllst), adv. & conj. While ; — now chiefly British. 

Whim (hwim), n. 1. A sudden turn or start of the mind ; a 
capricious notion ; a humor ; fancy. 2. Any of various ma- 
chines for hoisting ; specif., a large capstan or vertical drum 
for raising ore or water from mines. — Syn. See caprice. 

whim'brel (hwim'brel), re. A European curlew (Numeni- 
us phszopus) ; also, any of various other small curlews. 

Whim'my (hwim'i), o. Full of whims ; whimsical. 

Whim/per (hwim'per), v. i. To cry with a whining, broken 
sound. — re. A low, whining, broken cry. — whim'per-er, re. 

whim'sey, whim'sy (hwim'zi), re.; pi. -seys (-ziz) ; -sies 
(-ziz). A whim ; freak ; caprice. 

Whim'si-cal (-zi-kal), a. 1. Full of whims ; actuated or 
characterized by a whim or whims ; freakish. 2. Odd ; 
queer ; fantastic. — whim'si-cal-ly, adv. cal-ness, re. 

Whim/si-cal'i-ty _(-kal'i-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz)._ Quality or 
state of being whimsical ; also, anything whimsical. 

Whin (hwin), re. [ME. whyn, whynne.] Gorse ; furze. 

Whin'chaf (hwin'chat'), re. [Because it frequents whins."] 
A small, sweet-singing, saxicoline bird (Pratincola rube- 
tra) of Europe, brown and buff in color, 



whine (hwin), v. i. ; whined (hwlnd) ; whin'ing (hwTn'ing). 
[AS. hwlnan to make a whistling, whizzing sound.] To 
utter a low plaintive nasal sound, esp. in complaint or dis- 
tress ; hence, to complain or beg meanly. — v. t. To utter 
or express with a whine. — re. A plaintive somewhat pro- 
longed sound, usually expressive of distress or complaint ; 
also, a nasal tone of weak or mean complaint ; hence, mean 
or unmanly complaint. — whin'er (hwln'er), re. 

whin'ny (hwin'i), v. i.; -nied (-id) ; -ny-tng (-i-ing). [Im- 
itative.]_ To utter a neigh ; neigh. — re. / pi. -nies (-iz). 
The ordinary cry or call of a horse ; a neigh. 

whin'ny, a. Abounding in whin, gorse, or furzes. 

whin'stone' (-ston'), re. Basaltic rock ; also, any of various 
other dark resistant rocks. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

whip (hwip), v. t. ; whipped (hwipt) or whipt ; whipping. 
[ME. whippen to overlay, as a cord, with other cords.] 
1. To move, take, snatch, or the like, suddenly and forci- 
bly ; — usually used with into, out, up, off, etc. ; as, he 
whipped out his knife. 2. To strike with something slen- 
der and lithe ; lash ; beat. 3. Specif. : a To punish by 
whipping (sense 2) ; flog, b To urge or drive by whipping 
(sense 2) ; as to whip a top. C To belabor with stinging 
words ; lash with sarcasm, abuse, or the like. 4. To beat 
(eggs, cream, or the like) into a froth. 5. To fish (a body of 
water) with rod, line, and artificial fly. 6. To gather to- 
gether or hold together for united action, in the manner of 
a party whip. See whip, re., 4. 7. To hoist or purchase by a 
whip. See whip, re., 7. 8. To conquer ; defeat. Colloq. 9. 
To overlay (a cord, rope, etc.) with other cords going 
round and round it ; wrap. 10. To wind, wreathe, or bind 
about something. 11. To overhand lightly ; specif., to form 
(a fabric) into gathers by overcasting loosely and drawing 
up the thread. 

to whip in, to keep from scattering, as hounds in a hunt ; 
— also used fig., as of members of a legislative party. 

— v. i. 1. To move nimbly ; start, turn, go, pass, etc., 
quickly or suddenly ; whisk ; as, he whipped around. 2. 
Specif., to thrash about like the lash of a whip, as a snake 

— re._ 1. A rush ; start. Obs. or Scot. 2. An instrument con- 
sisting usually of a lash attached to a handle, used in whip- 
ping. 3. One who handles a whip ; specif. : a A coachman. 
b A huntsman who whips in the hounds. 4. Brit. Politics. 
a A person, as a member of Parliament, appointed to en- 
force party discipline, b A call made on members of a legis- 
lative party to be in their places at a given time, as when a 
vote is to be taken. 5. A dish made by whipping, or beat- 
ing, cream, eggs, etc. 6. A whipping motion ; a thrashing 
about. 7. A lifting device or purchase consisting of a 
single block and a small rope. 8. Mech. Any of various 
pieces that operate with a quick vibratory motion, as a 
spring in certain electrical devices for making a circuit. 

whip'cord' (hwip'kord'), n. 1. A kind of hard-twisted or 
braided cord. 2. = catgut, 1. 3. A hard-woven worsted 
fabric with fine diagonal cords or ribs on the face. 

whip graf tage or grafting. Also whip graft. Graftage or 
grafting in which a cleft or slit is made in the end of both 
scion and stock in the direction of the grain, forming a kind 
of tongue, so that the tongue of each may be inserted 
in the slit of the other. — whip'graf f (-graft'), v. t. 

Whip hand. The hand holding the whip in driving ; hence, 
advantage ; mastery ; as, to have or get the whip hand. 

whip'per (hwip'er), re. One who, or that which, whips. 

whip'per-in', re.; pi. whlppers-in (hwTp'erz-in'). 1. = 
whlp, re., 3 b. 2. A parliamentary whip. See WHrp,re.,4. Eng. 

whip'per-snap'per (-snap'er), n. A diminutive, insignifi- 
cant or presumptuous person. Colloq. 

Whip'pet (hwip'et), re. One of a breed of dogs resembling 
the greyhound, but smaller, used for coursing and racing. 

Whip'ping, re. 1. Act or fact of beating or striking with a 
whip, or of being whipped. 2. Material used to whip, or 
bind. [whipped.] 

Whipping post. A post to which offenders are tied to be| 

whip'ple-tree' (-'1-tre'), re. The pivoted or swinging bar to 
which the traces, or tugs, of a harness are fastened. 

whip'poor-will' (-poor-wil'), n. [From its call.] A noc- 
turnal bird (Antrosto- 
mus vociferus) of the 
eastern United States 
and Canada, allied to 
the European nightjar. 

whip'saw' (-so'), re. A 
kind of narrow ripsaw, 
with hook teeth, and 
from 5 to 7§ feet in Whippoorwill. 

length. — v. t. 1. To saw with a whipsaw. 2. To defeat in, 
or to cause to lose, two different bets at the same turn or in 
one play, as at faro ; hence, to worst in two ways at once. 

Whip scorpion. Any of numerous arachnids (Thelyphonus 
and allied genera) somewhat resembling true scorpions, 
but having a long slender tail-like organ, with no sting. 

whip'stitch' (-stich'), v. t. To sew by passing the thread 
over and over ; overcast ; whip. 




ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



WHLPSTOCK 



1091 



WHITEFISH 



whip'stock' (hwip'stok'), n. The rod or handle of a whip, 
whipt (hwlpt), pret. & p. p. of whip. Whipped. _ 
whip'worm' (hwip'wurm'), n. [So called from its shape.] 

A nematode worm (Trichocephalus dispar) often found 

parasitic in the human intestine. 
Whir (hwur), v. i.; whirred (hwurd) ; whtr'rlxg. To 

move, fly, revolve, or the like, quickly with a whir ; whiz. 

— n. A buzzing or whizzing sound due to rapid motion. 
Whirl (hwurl), v. t. 1. To turn round, rotate, or revolve, 

rapidly. 2. To remove or carry quickly, or, Obs., to hurl, 
with or as with a revolving motion ; as, the wind whirls 
along the dead leaves. — Syn. See twirl. — v. i. 1. To 
revolve or rotate rapidly. 2. To move, go, pass, etc., 
hastily or swiftly. — n. 1. Rapid rotation or revolution. 
2. Anything that whirls ; as, a whirl of wind, water, etc. 

whirl'a-bout' (hwurl'd-bout 7 ), n. Something that whirls or 
turns about in a rapid manner ; a whirligig. 

whirl'er, n. One who, or that which, whirls. 

whirl'i-gig' (hwur'li-gig'), n. 1. A child'stoy having a 
whirling motion. 2. Something having a whirling motion ; 
also, a whirling motion. 3. A merry-go-round. 4. Short for 
whirligig beetle, any of numerous beetles (family Gy- 
rinidae) living mostly on the surface of water and moving 
swiftly about circularly. 

Whirlpool' (hwurl'poolO, n. A vortex of water; water 
moving in a circle so as to produce a central depression ov 
cavity, into which floating objects may be drawn. 

Whiri'wind' (-wind'), n. 1. A violent windstorm of limited 
extent, as the tornado, having an inward spiral motion 
with a central upward current, and usually a rapid progres- 
sive motion ; a vortex of air ; — applied by some meteorolo- 
gists to the larger rotary storms also. Cf. CYCLONE. 2. A 
violent rush or coursing likened to a whirlwind. 

whish (hwish), n. A whizzing or swishing sound ; swish. — 
v. i. To whiz or swish. [or dial, for whist. | 

Whisht (hwisht ; Scot, also hwusht), interj. & a. Ir., Scot.,| 

whisk (hwisk), n. 1. Act of whisking ; a sudden puff or 
whiff. 2. A small bunch of grass, straw, twigs, hair, etc., 
esp. such a bunch for brushing ; hence, a small brush or 
broom. 3. A small culinary instrument made of wire or the 
like for whisking or beating eggs, cream, etc. 

— v. t. 1. To sweep or brush with a light rapid motion. 2. 
To beat or whip lightly, as eggs. 3. To move, pass, carry, 
etc., with a quick sweeping motion ; whip ; as, to whisk out 
one's handkerchief. — v. i. To move nimbly and quickly ; 
as, to whisk away. 

whisk broom. A whisk. See whisk, n., 2. 

whisk'er (whis'ker), n. 1. One who, or that which, whisks, 
or a thing nsed in whisking, as a small brush. 2. [Chiefly 
in pl.~] a A mustache. Obs. b The beard on the sides of the 
face, on the chin, or on both. 3. A hair of the beard. 4. One 
of the long hairs or bristles near the mouth on a cat, rat, 
etc. 5. Naut. Either of two bars or rods extending, on 
either side of the bowsprit, to spread the jib and flying jib 
guys ; — usually in pi. — whisk'ered (-kerd), a. 

Whis'ky \ (hwis'ki), n.;pl. whiskies, whiskeys (-kiz). [Ir. 

Whis'keyj or Gael, uisge water, in uisgebeatha whisky, 
prop., water of life.] A distilled alcoholic liquor made from 
grain (in the United States, generally from rye, wheat, or 
maize ; in Scotland and Ireland, often from malted barley) ; 
also, a similar liquor distilled from potatoes. The content 
of alcohol by weight varies from about 40 to 54 per cent. 

Whis'per (-per), v. i. [AS. hwisprian.'] 1. To speak softly, 
or under the breath ; to utter words or sounds in a whisper. 
2. To make a low sibilant rustling sound. — v. t. 1. To 
say under the breath ; hence, to mention privately and con- 
fidentially in or as in a whisper. 2. To speak to in a whisper 
or undertone, as in privacy. 

— 7i. 1. A low soft sibilant utterance ; utterance by breath 
sound without tone ; speech without voice. Cf. voice, n., 2. 

2. A communicating, or thing communicated, by or as by 
whispering ; a secret or private utterance, suggestion, etc. 

3. A low rustling sound suggestive of whispered speech ; as, 
the whisper of leaves. — whis'per -er, n. 

Whist (hwist), interj. Be silent ! be still ! hush ! — a. 
Silent ; mute ; quiet. — n. A card game for four players, 
played with a pack of 52 cards. The cards are dealt one at 
a time, and the last card, which belongs to the dealer, is 
turned to determine the trump suit for that hand. The 
highest card of the suit led, or the highest trump, if any, in 
each trick determines the winner of that trick. Partners 
score one for each trick they take in excess of six. 

Whis'tle (hwis'T), v. i.; whis'tled (-'Id) ; whis'tling. [AS. 
hwistlian to hiss.] 1. To make a kind of shrill musical 
sound, or series of sounds, by forcing the breath through the 
teeth or contracted lips. 2. To emit or utter from the 
mouth or beak a sound like a whistle, as birds. 3. To move, 
pass, go, or the like, with, or to make, a shrill sound ; as, a 
bullet whistles. — v. t. 1. To form, utter, or modulate 
by whistling ; as, to whistle a tune. 2. To send, signal, or 
call by or as by a whistle ; as, to whistle a hound to heel. 



2. An instru. 




Steam Whistle. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. 



— n. 1. A sound made by or as by whistling, 
ment in which air, steam, etc., forced into 
a cavity, or against a thin edge, produces 
a (usually) shrill sound. 3. The mouth 
and throat ; — so called as being the or- 
gans of whistling. Colloq. 

Whis'tler (-ler), n. 1. One who, or that , 
which, whistles. 2. Veter. A roarer that 
emits a peculiarly shrill sound during res- 
piration. 3. A large mountain marmot 
(Marmota caligata) of northwestern 
North America. 

Whis'tling (hwTsTTng), n. [AS. hwis- 
tlung.~] 1. Act or noise of whistling; a 
whistle. 2. Veter. A peculiarly shrill 
sound produced by a roarer, due to pa- 
ralysis of a laryngeal muscle. 

Whit (hwit), n. [For wit, ME. wight, wiht, AS. wiht crea- 
ture, thing.] The smallest part or particle ; a bit ; jot ; iota. 

White (hwit), a.; whit'er (hwlt'er) ; whit'est. [AS. 
hwit.'] 1. Of the color of pure snow or sunlight ; — opp. to 
black or dark. 2. Hence, light or relatively light in color ; 
as : a Having a light-colored skin ; of the Caucasian race. 
b Very blond or fair. Chiefly Poetic, c Not burnished ; — ■ 
said of silverware, d Wanting in color ; ashen ; pale ; wan. 
e Gray, silvery, or hoary, as the hair. I Made of silver ; as, 
white ware, g Blank, as, in printing, a space unmarked by 
ink. 3. Spotless ; unblemished ; innocent ; pure. 4. Clothed 
or habited in white ; as, the White friars, or Carmelites. 5. 
Fortunate ; happy ; favorable ; auspicious. 

— n. 1. The color of pure snow or of pure sunlight ; white- 
ness ; — opp. to black. 2. Something white or nearly so ; 
specif. : a A white pigment, b The albumen surrounding 
the yolk of an egg. c The white part of the ball of the eye. 
d The central (formerly white) part of the butt in archery ; 
bull's eye. e In pi. Blank spaces in a printed picture or 
design ; also, the corresponding parts of a plate or mold. 
I A person with a white skin ; a Caucasian. 

— v. t. ; whit'ed (hwlt'ed) ; whit'ing. 1. To whiten ; 
whitewash ; bleach. 2. To give a deceptive gloss to ; gloss 
over; as, whited sepulchers. 3. Print. To make blank 
spaces in, as between lines ; — often used with out. 

white alkali. 1. See alkali soil. 2. Com. Refined soda ash. 

White ant. Any of a family (Termitidze) of pale-colored, 
soft-bodied social insects ; a termite. 
Each colony consists of distinct 
castes, as workers, soldiers, kings, 
queens, etc. White ants are abun- 
dant, esp. in tropical regions, and are 
very destructive, consuming wood- 
work, books, etc. 

white'bait' (hwlt'bat'), n. 
(See plural, Note.) The 
young of the common her- 
ring, or of any of several re- 
lated fishes, esteemed as a 
table delicacy ; also, any of va- 
rious other small fishes simi- 
larly esteemed. 

white bryony. A species of 
bryony (Bryonia alba). 

White Canon. A Premonstra- 
tensian. 

white'cap' (hwlt'kap'), n. 1. 
A wave crest breaking into Wort-oV^c 
foam. 2. leap."] A member of 
a self-appointed vigilance com- 
mittee using lynch-law meth- 
ods. Some early ones wore white hoods or masks. U. S. 

White Clover. A clover (Tri folium repens) common in lawns 
and pastures. The white flowers are sought by bees. 

White elephant. 1. An Indian elephant of a pale color. 
Such elephants are rare, and are venerated in Siam and 
Burma. 2. Hence, something requiring much care and 
expense and yielding little profit ; any burdensome posses- 
sion. Slang. 

white'-eye' (hwTt'TO, n. Any of a genus (Zosterops) of 
small Old World sing- 
ing birds, having the 
eyes encircled by a ring 
of white feathers. 

white'-faced' (-fast 7 ), 
a. 1. Having a pale 
face. 2. Having a white 
mark on the face or 
forehead ; as, a white- 
faced horse. 

White feather. A mark or symbol of cowardice, a white 
feather in a gamecock's tail being taken to'show that he is 
not full-blooded. 

White'fish' (hwTt'fishO, n. 1. Any of several fresh-water 
fishes (genus Coregonus) of the salmon family, valued as 
food. 2. Locally, any of various other fishes, as the men- 

in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 




a Young ; & 
Worker ;c Soldier ;dMale ; 
e Female, or Queen, after 
losing her wings ; / Older 
Queen with Eggs. 




White-eye 
(Zosterops 
caerulescens) . 






N 



WHITE FLAG 



1092 



WHOLE 







R 



U 



W 



haden, the young bluefish, the whiting, etc. 3. The beluga. 

White flag. A flag of truce. 

White flax. Gold-of-pleasure. 

White Friar. R. C. Ch. = Carmelite. 

White gum. 1. Med. An eruption of whitish pimples in 
early infancy ; strophulus. 2. Bot. a Any of numerous Aus- 
tralian eucalypts with pale bark, b The sweet gum. U. S. 

White House. The executive or presidential mansion at 
Washington ; — popularly so called. It is a large free- 
stone building painted white. 

White lead (led), a A heavy white substance consisting of 
lead carbonate, chiefly used as a pigment ; ceruse, b Na- 
tive lead carbonate. [tawed leather. I 

White leather. Leather prepared with alum and salt ;| 

White lie. A lie not intended to deceive, or one considered 
to be harmless or inconsequential. [cowardly. | 

White'-liv'ered, a. Having a pale look; feeble; hence, | 

White lupine. A European and Asiatic white-flowered 
lupine (Lupinus albus) used for forage. Cf. lupine, 2. 

White matter. Anat. Nearly white tissue (esp. of the brain 
and spinal cord) which consists only of nerve fibers, as dis- 
tinguished from gray matter. 

White meat, a Any light-colored flesh, esp. of poultry. 
b Food made from milk or eggs, as butter, cheese, etc. 

White metal. Any one of several white alloys, as pewter, 
britannia, etc. 

Whit'en (hwlt''n), v. i. & t. To become or make white. 
Syn. Whiten, blanch, bleach. To whiten is to make 
white, esp. (though not necessarily) by adding something ; 
to blanch is to whiten esp. from within, as by removal of 
color ; to bleach is to whiten esp. by exposure or by chemi- 
cal processes ; as, to whiten walls with lime ; cheeks blanched 
with fear ; to bleach linen. 

Whit'en-er (hwit''n-er), n. One who, or that which, whitens. 

White'ness (hwlt'nes), n. 1. Quality or state of being 
white ; white color. 2. Paleness. 3. Purity ; cleanness. 

White oak. a A British species of oak (Quercus sessiliflo- 
ra). b An American oak {Quercus alba) of the eastern 
United States ; also, its very hard strong wood. C Any of 
seyeral American oaks closely related to the above. 

White pine, a A pine (Pinus strobus) of the eastern 
United States and Canada ; also, its soft light wood, the 
most important commercial soft wood in America, b Any 
of numerous other closely related pines. 

White plague. Tuberculosis, esp. of the lungs. 

White poplar, a A European poplar (Populus alba) widely 
cultivated in the United States, b See liriodendron. 

Whites (hwlts), n. pi. 1. Med. Leucorrhea. 2. The finest 
flour made from white wheat. _ 

White slave. A woman held in involuntary confinement 
for purposes of prostitution ; loosely, any woman forced 
into unwilling prostitution. 

White slaver. A person who procures or holds a woman or 
women for unwilling prostitution. — white Slaving. 

White'smith/ (-smith'), n. 1. A tinsmith. 2. A worker in 
iron who finishes or polishes the work, in distinction from 
one who forges it. 

White squall. Naut. A sudden gust of wind, or furious blow, 
which comes up without being marked in its approach 
otherwise than by whitecaps ; — said by naval officers to be 
probably a popular myth. 

White'throat' (-throt'), n. Any of several Old World war- 
blers (genus Sylvia) white below and grayish brown above. 

White'-throat'ed, a. Having a white throat. 
white-throated sparrow, a common sparrow (Zono- 
trichia albicollis) of eastern North America having a large 
square white patch on the throat. 

White'wash 7 (-wosh 7 ), n. 1. Any wash or liquid composi- 
tion for whitening something ; as : a A wash for making 
the skin fair. Obs. or Rare, b A composition, as of lime 
and water or of whiting, size, and water, used for whitening 
walls, etc. 2. A specious coloring or coat over faults or short- 
comings. Slang or Colloq., U. S. 3. A defeat in a game in 
which the loser fails to score any points. Colloq. 

«— v. t. 1. To whiten with whitewash. 2. To gloze over in 
order to conceal faults ; as, the report whitewashed him. 
3. In various games, to defeat (an opponent) so that he 
fails either to score or to reach a certain recognized point. 
Colloq., U. S. — white'wash'er, n. 

White whale. The beluga. 

white'wings' (-wingzO, n. pi. White-uniformed street 
cleaners ; — originally used in New York City. Slang. 

White'wood' (-wood'), n. Any of numerous trees having 
white or light -colored wood ; also, the wood itself ; specif.: 
a The pale soft wood of the tulip tree, used largely for 
house finishings, boat building, etc. ; also, the tree, b The 
linden or basswood. C The Cottonwood, d See canella. 

wMth'er (hwith'er), adv. [AS. hwider.~] 1. To what place ; 
— used interrogatively. 2. To what or which place ; — 
used relatively. 3. To what point, degree, end, conclusion, 
or design ; whereto ; — used in a sense not physical. 
Syn. Whither, where. Whither was formerly used with 
verbs of motion, where, with verbs of rest ; but now where 
has displaced whither, except in poetical or elevated style. 



whith'er-SO-ev'er (-so-IVer), adv. To whatever place. 

whit'ing (hwTt'Ing), n. 1. Any of various marine food 
fishes ; specif. : a A common European fish (Merlangus mer- 
langus) of the codfish family, b An allied North American 
fish (Merluccius bilinearis). c = kingfish, 1. 2. Levi- 
gated chalk (calcium carbonate) used as a pigment, as an 
ingredient in putty, for cleaning silver, etc. 

whit'ish (hwlt'ish), a. Somewhat white. ish-ness, n. 

whit'leath'er (hwit'letfe/er), n. = white leather. 

whit'low (hwit'lo), n. [For earlier whickflaw, for quick- 
flaw, i. e., a flaw or sore at the quick.] Med. An inflam- 
mation of the fingers or toes, generally of the last phalanx, 
terminating usually in suppuration. 

Whit'mon'day (-mun'da), n. The day after Whitsunday. 

Whit'sun (hwit'sun), a. Of or pertaining to Whitsuntide. 

Whit'sun-day (hwit's'n-da ; hwit'sun'da), or Whit'-Sun'- 
day. Erroneously, Whitsun Day. [AS. hwita sunnan- 
dseg, lit., white Sunday.] The 7th Sunday, and 50th day, 
after Easter, observed as a festival in commemoration of 
the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost; Pentecost. 

Whit'sun-tide' (hwit's'n-tld'), n. Also Whitsun Tide. 
The week beginning with Whitsunday, esp. the first three 
days (called, respectively, Whitsunday, Whitmonday, 
and Whit-Tuesday). 

whit'tle (hwit''l), n. [ME. thwitel, fr. AS. pwitan to cut.] 
A knife ; esp., a large sheath, or clasp, knife. Archaic or 
Scot. & Dial, — v.t.dc i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). To 
pare or cut with or as with a knife. 

whittling (-ling), n. A chip or shaving made by whittling. 

whiz, whizz (hwiz), v. i.; whizzed (hwizd) ; whiz'zing. 
[Imitative.] To hum, whir, or hiss like a speeding arrow, 
ball, etc. ; fly or move swiftly with a whiz. — v. t. To cause 
to whiz ; esp., to rotate very rapidly. — n. A humming, 
buzzing, or whirring sound. 

who_(hoo), pron.; possess, whose (hooz) ; object, whom 
(hoom). [ME. who, wha, AS. hwd, interrogative pron.] 
A substantive pronoun, either singular or plural. It is used : 

1. As an interrogative : What or which person or persons ? 

2. As a simple relative ; — properly used of persons (cor- 
responding to which as applied to things). Whose and whom 
were formerly common with neuter antecedents ; who and 
whom are still used of animals, and inanimate objects in per- 
sonification ; whose is sometimes used of anything to avoid 
an awkward construction with of which. 3. As a compound 
or indefinite relative, with its antecedent implied : Who- 
ever ; the person or persons that. Formerly, also one who ; 
one that ; as in the now archaic phrase, as who should say. 
Syn. Who, which, that (as relative pronouns). Who re- 
fers to persons (less commonly to animals) ; which, to ani- 
mals or inanimate objects ; that may be used of either 
persons, animals, or things. If a relative clause simply 
conveys an additional idea, who or which (preceded by a 
comma) is usually employed ; if the relative clause is ex- 
planatory or restrictive, either who, which, or that, without 
a preceding comma, is used ; as, this gentleman, who (not 
that) was here yesterday, desires to see you ; the gentleman 
who (or that) was here yesterday desires to see you ; knock 
at the first door, which you will find open ; knock at the 
first door that (or which) you find open. In the restrictive 
use many writers prefer that, esp. instead of which to avoid 
ambiguity. 

Whoa (hwo), interj. Stop ! stand ! hold ! [ever.l 
who-ev'er (hoo-eVer), pron. Whatever person; whoso-| 
Whole (hoi), a. [AS. hal well, sound.] 1. Possessing, or be- 
ing in a state of, health and soundness ; well ; sound ; hence, 
healed. 2. Not broken ; unimpaired, integral. 3. Contain- 
ing the total amount, number, etc. ; comprising all the 
parts ; complete ; total : entire ; as, the whole earth. 
Syn. Whole, total, entire, complete, perfect, intact. 
Whole and total (except in the sense of "absolute, unqual- 
ified" ; as, a total eclipse, total blindness) refer to an object 
as made up of parts, whole implying that none is lacking, 
total, that all are present and taken together as an aggre- 
gate ; as, a whole week ; the total amount. Entire and com- 
plete do not necessarily imply parts. Entire (or in a few 
phrases, whole) describes an object as continuous or un- 
broken ; complete refers to it as without deficiency or as 
having attained the limit of its development ; as, an entire 
day, an entire specimen ; complete combustion, a complete 
revolution of the sun. Perfect lays greater stress than 
complete on the possession of consummate excellence or on 
freedom from blemish or defect ; that is intact which is 
left entire or unimpaired ; as, a perfect circle, crystal, illus- 
tration ; the figure of Bacchus intact. The same object may 
be, according to the point of view, at once whole, complete, 
and entire ; as, a whole bridge may be shipped in parts, but 
it is not entire till the parts are put together, nor complete 
so long as anything remains to be done. 
whole blood. See blood. — w. brother. See brother. 
— w. note, Music, a semibreve. — w. number, Math., an 
integer. — w. sister. See sister. — w. snipe, the common 
European snipe, as disting. from the jacksnipe, or half snipe. 
— n. 1. The entire thing ; the entire assemblage of parts ; 
totality. 2. A regular combination of parts ; a system ; as, 
an organic whole. — Syn. See sum. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WHOLE-HEARTED 



1093 



WIGGLE 



whole'— heart'ed, a. Single-hearted ; sincere ; also, ener- 
getic. — whole'-heart'ed-ly, adv. heart'ed-ness, n. 

whole'ness, to. Quality or state of being whole. 

whole'sale' (hol'saT), n. Sale of goods by the piece or in 
large quantity ; — distinguished from retail. 
by wholesale, in the mass ; hence, without discrimination. 

— a. 1. Pert, to, or engaged in, trade by the piece or large 
quantity ; selling to retailers or jobbers rather than con- 
sumers. 2. Extensive and indiscriminate ; as, a wholesale 
slaughter. [Colloq. — whole'sal'er (-sal'er), n.\ 

— v.t.& i. ; -saled' (-said') ; -sai/ing. To sell by wholesale.! 
whole'some (-s«m), a. [whole -\ — some.'] 1. Sound ; 

healthy. 06s. or R. 2. Tending to promote bodily health ; 
healthful ; salubrious ; as, wholesome food. 3. Character- 
istic of bodily health ; as, a wholesome complexion. 4. Pro- 
moting, or characteristic of, health of mind, morals, char- 
acter, etc. ; sound ; as, wholesome advice, taste. 5. Profit- 
able ; advantageous. Obs. or Rare or Slang. — Syn. See 
healthy. — whole'some-ly, adv. — whole'some-ness, n. 

Whole'— SOUled' (-sold 7 ), a. Noble-minded; whole-hearted. 

whol'ly (hol'lT ; hol'i), adv. 1. In a whole or complete 
manner ; entirely ; completely. 2. Exclusively ; fully. 

whom (hoom), pron. [ME. whom, wham, AS. dative 
hwam,hw2em.] The objective (dative or accusative) of who. 

whom'so-ev'er (-so-ev'er), pron. Objective of whosoever. 

whoop (hoop), v. i. [OF. & F. houper, fr. houp, interj.] 

1. To utter a whoop, or loud cry, as of eagerness, enthusi- 
asm, or enjoyment ; shout ; halloo. 2. To hoot, as an owl. 
3. To make a whoop (in sense 3, below). — v. t. To call, 
drive, insult, etc., with whoops. 

— n. 1. A shout or cry, as of war, pursuit, enthusiasm, etc. 

2. A hoot, or cry, as of an owl or crane. 3. The character- 
istic sonorous inspiration which follows a paroxysm of 
coughing in whooping cough. — whoop'er (hoop'er), n. 

Whooping COUgh. An infectious disease, usually of children, 
marked by a violent, convulsive cough and a whoop. 

Whop (hwop), whap (hwop), v. i. & t. 1. To thump; 
whack. 2. To plump or (Chiefly U. S.) turn suddenly and 
heavily ; flop. — n. 1. A stroke ; blow ; knock. 2. A bump ; 
fall. 3. Noise of a blow. All Obs. or Scot. & Dial. 

Whop'per, whap'per (hwop'er), to. Something uncom- 
monly large or fine of its kind ; esp., a bold lie. Colloq. 

whore (hor), n. [AS. hore.] A prostitute ; harlot. — v. i. ; 
whored (hord) ; whor'ing. To have unlawful sexual inter- 
course, esp. for hire ; practice lewdness. — v. t. To corrupt 
by lewd intercourse ; debauch. 
KIP Whore and its derivatives are not now in decent use. 

whore'dom (hor'dwm ; 57), n. 1. The practice of unlawful 
sexual intercourse. 2. Bib. Idolatry. 

Whore'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. 1. A man who practices 
lewdness ; lecher. 2. One who keeps or procures whores. 

whore'mon'ger (-murj'ger), n. A whoremaster. [ArchaicA 

whore'son (-sun), n. A bastard; also, alow, scurvy fellow. | 

whor'ish (hor'ish), a. Like a whore in character or con- 
duct ; lewd. — whor'ish-ly, adv. — whor'ish-ness, n. 

whorl (hwurl ; hworl), n. 1. Bot. A circle of foliar organs, 
flowers, or inflorescences about an axis ; a verticil. 2. Zo'ol. 
One of the volutions of a univalve shell. 3. Spinning. The 
wharve of a spindle. [whorl or whorls ; verticillate. | 

whorled (hwurld ; hworld), a. Having, or arranged in, aj 

whort (hwurt), whor'tle (hwur't'l), n. Whortleberry. 

whor'tle-ber'ry (hwur't'1-beVi), n. [Earlier hurtleberry .] 
1. A European species of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtil- 
lus) ; also, its glaucous blackish berry. 2. The huckleberry. 

whose (hooz), pron. [ME. whos, whas, AS. hwses, gen. of 
hwa who.] The possessive of who, originally also of what, 
and sometimes of which. See under who, 2. 

whose'so-ev'er (-so-ev'er), pron. Possessive of whosoever. 

who'SO (hoo'so), pron. Whoever. 

who'so-ev'er (hoo'so-ev'er), pron. Whoever. 

why (hwi), adv. [ME. whi, why, AS. hwi, hwy, instrumen- 
tal case of hwa who, hwset what.] 1. For what cause, rea- 
son, or purpose ; on what account ; wherefore ; — used in- 
terrogatively and as a compound relative ; as, I do not know 
why he left us. 2. For which ; on account of which ; — used 
relatively ; as, there is no reason why he should complain. 

— n. That which constitutes a reason or cause. 
Whyd'ah (hwid'd). Var. of whidah. 

wick (wik), n. [AS. wecca, wice.] A loose bundle, braid, 
cord, tape, or tube of fibers, which by capillary attraction 
draws up a steady supply of the oil in lamps, the melted 
tallow or wax in candles, etc., to be burned for illumination. 

wick, n. Curling. A narrow port in the course, flanked by 
the stones of previous players. 

wick'ed (wik'ed ; 24), a. [ME., fr. wicke wicked.] 1. Evil 
in principle or practice ; addicted to vice or sin ; iniquitous ; 
also, of or pert, to evil persons. 2. Very harmful ; pernicious 
or dangerous. 3. Disposed to mischief ; as, a wicked horse ; 
also, roguish. Colloq. — Syn. Sinful, criminal, unjust, un- 
righteous, unholy, irreligious, ungodly, profane ; atrocious, 
nefarious, heinous, flagrant. See bad. — wick'ed-ly, adv. 



wick'ed-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being wicked ; sin- 
fulness. 2. A wicked thing or act ; sin ; iniquity. 

wick'er (-er), to. [ME. wiker, wikir, osier.] 1. A small 
pliant twig or osier ; a rod for plaiting basketwork ; withe. 
2. Wickerwork ; also, a piece of wickerwork. — a. Made 
of, or covered with, plaited twigs or osiers, or wickerwork. 

wick'er-work' (-er-wurk'), to. A texture of osiers, etc.; 
articles made of such a texture ; basketwork. 

wick'et (wTk'et; 24), n. [OF. wiket, var. of guichet.] 
1. A small gate or door, esp. one forming part of, or placed 
near, a larger gate or door. 2. A small gate for emptying a 
canal lock, or for regulating flow, as in a mill race. 3. 
Cricket, a Either of the two frameworks, consisting of 
three upright stumps surmounted by two bails, at which 
the ball is aimed, b The playing pitch between the wickets 
(def. 3 a) ; as, a fast wicket, c The stay or turn of a bats- 
man at the wicket (def. 3 a) ; also, the period during which 
two men bat together. [the wicket. I 

wicket keeper. Cricket. The fielder immediately behind| 

wick'ing (wik'Tng), n. Material for wicks. 

wic'o-py (wTk'6-pT), n.; pi. -pies (-pTz). [Of Amer. Indian 
orig.] 1. The leatherwood. 2. The basswood, 1. 3. Any of 
various species of willow-herb (Epilobium). 

wide (wld), a.; wid'er (wid'er) ; wid'est. [AS. wid.] 

1. Of a specified measure in a direction at right angles to 
that of length. 2. Having considerable extent between the 
sides ; spacious across ; broad ; as, a wide table. 3. Hav- 
ing great horizontal extent ; spacious ; vast ; extensive ; as, 
a wide plain. 4. Expanded or distended ; as, eyes wide with 
wonder. 5. Roomy ; spacious ; ample ; as, wide breeches. 
6. Of large scope ; comprehensive ; as, wide reading. 7. Far 
from a point aimed at ; hence, remote from a specified ob- 
ject ; as, that is wide of the mark. 8. Phon. Formed or ar- 
ticulated with a relatively relaxed condition of the tongue ; 

— said of one of a pair of vowels pronounced with the tongue 
otherwise in essentially the same position. Thus, do (foot) 
is wide, oo (food) is narrow. — Syn. See broad. 

— adv. 1. To a great distance or extent ; far ; widely ; as, 
his fame was spread wide. 2. So as to form a large opening ; 
as, to throw wide the doors. 3. So as to be or go far from 
an object or purpose ; aside ; astray. 

— n. 1. That which is wide ; space ; width. Rare. 2. That 
which goes wide, or to one side of the mark ; specif., 
Cricket, a bowled ball that goes out of the batsman's reach. 

— wide'ly, adv. — wide'ness, n. 
wide'-a-wake' (109), a. Fully awake ; keen ; alert. — n. A 

low-crowned soft felt hat. [wider ; expand. I 

wid'en (wld''n), v. t. & i. To make or become wide or| 
widespread' (wid'spred'), a. Widely extended or spread. 
widg'eon (wij'un), »._ Any of several fresh- water ducks 

(genus Mareca), in size 

between the teal and the 

mallard. 
wid'ow (wid'o), to. [AS. 

widuwe, wuduwe.] 1. A 

woman who has lost her 

husband by death, and 

has not married again. American Widgeon. 

2. Card Playing. In various games, any extra hand or part 
of a hand, as one dealt to the table. 

— a. Widowed ; as, a widow woman. Now Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To bereave of a husband or wife. Rare, exc. in 
p. p. ; as, a. widowed mother or father. 2. To endow with 
a widow's right. Rare. 3. Fig., to deprive of anything es- 
teemed ;_ bereave ; as, "The widowed isle, in mourning." 

widow bird. A whidah bird ; — from its somber color. 

wid'ow-er (wid'6-er), n. A man who has lost his wife by 
death, and has not married again. 

wid'ow-hood (-hood), n. State of being a widow or, Rare, a 
widower ; time during which a woman is a widow. 

width (width), n. Extent sidewise ; breadth; wideness. 

|| Wie'gen-lied' (ve'g en-let'), n.; pi. Wiegenlieder (-lea- 
der). [G.] A cradle song; berceuse. 

wield (weld), v. t. [AS. wieldan, fr. wealdan.~\ 1. To 
direct by influence or authority ; manage ; control ; sway ; 
as, to wield the world. 2. To use with full command or 
power ; employ ; as, to wield a sword. — wield'er, n. 

wife (wlf), n.; pi. wives (wlvz). [ME. wif wife, woman, 
AS. wif.] 1. A woman. Now Rare or Dial., exc. in comp. 
2. A woman united to a man in lawful wedlock ; spouse ; — 
correlative of husband. — wife'hood (-hood), n. 

wife'ly, a. Befitting, like, or pertaining to, a wife. 

wig (wig), n. [Abbr. fr. periwig.] An artificial covering of 
hair for the head. [scold severely. Colloq.\ 

wig (wig), v. t.; wiGGED (wigd) ; wig'ging. To censure ;| 

wig'an (wig'an), n. [From Wigan, Lancashire, Eng.] A 
canvaslike cotton fabric, used to stiffen parts of garments. 

wi'geon (wij'iin). Var. of wddgeon. 

wigged (wTgd), a. Wearing a wig. [false hair. Rare.\ 

wig'ger-y (wig'er-i), n. ; pi. -geries (-Tz). A wig or wigs ;| 

wig'gle (wig''l), v. i. & t. ; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). 




i 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 






N 



WIGGLER 



1094 



WILLOWER 



R 



U 



V 



W 



[ME. wigelen to totter, reel.] To move to and fro with a 

quick jerky motion ; wag ; wriggle. — n. Act of wiggling ; 

a wriggle. All Dial. Eng. & Colloq. U. S. 
wig'gler (wig'ler), n. The larva or pupa of the mosquito. 
wight (wit),rc. [AS. vriht creature, thing.] A person; 

creature ; being ; — now chiefly used jocosely. 



Wig'wag' (wTg'wag 7 ), v. t. & i. ; -wagged' (-wagd') ; -wag'- 
ging (-wag'ing). ^-s^-t— — , r— — -. e 




.^jEN 





[See wag, v. t.~\ 1. 
To move to and 
fro; wag. 2. Mil. 
& Nav. To signal 
by means of a flag, 
or portable light, 
waved according 
to a code. 

— n. Mil. & Nav. 
Act or art of wig- 
wagging ; also, a • * 
message wig- It 2, 3 First, Second, and Third 
wagged ; — used Motions in Wigwagging, 
chiefly attributively. — wig'wag'ger (-er), n. 

wig'wam (wig'wom; -worn), n. [Algonquian wigwam 
dwelling, fr. wigw he dwells.] 1. The hut of the Indians 
about the Great Lakes and eastward, formed of poles over- 
laid with bark, rush mats, or hides. See tepee, Illust. 2. 
Any large structure used for political conventions, etc. 
Slang, U. S. 

Wik'i-up' (wik'i-up), n. [Of North Amer. Indian origin.] 
The hut of nomadic Indian tribes of the arid western and 
southwestern United States. 

Wild (wild), a. [AS. wilde.] JL. Living in a state of na- 
ture ; not tamed or domesticated. 2. Growing without the 
care of man; not cultivated. 3. Not inhabited or culti- 
vated. 4. Savage ; uncivilized ; not cultured ; rude. 5. Im- 
patient of, or not subjected to, restraint or regulation ; as : 
a Turbulent ; stormy ; ungoverned ; as, wild winds, b Bois- 
terous ; gay ; as, a wild youth. C Fantastic ; visionary ; 
crazy ; as, a wild project. 6. Indicating strong emotion, 
excitement, exaltation, or the like; as, wild words. 7. 
Eager, as with desire or anticipation ; keen ; as, wild to 
dance. Colloq. 8. Erratic ; wide of the mark ; as, a wild 
pitch in baseball. 

wild boar, a wild Old World hog (Sus scrofa) from which 
most domestic swine have been derived. — w. brier, any 
uncultivated species of brier ; specif. : a The dog-rose, b 
The sweetbrier. — w. carrot, an apiaceous weed (Daucus 
carota) , the original of the cultivated carrot. Its root is acrid. 

— w. cat. a A European native cat (Feliscatus) similar in 
color to the domestic cat, but larger, stronger, and having 
a shorter, blunter tail, b Any of the small or medium-sized 
cats not domesticated, as a lynx. — w. flax. See gold-of- 
pleasure. — w. gean, a common wild cherry of Europe 
(Prunus avium) ; also, its sweet-flavored fruit. — w. -goose 
chase, a pursuit after something unattainable. — W. Hunt, 
in European folklore, a nocturnal rushing of a rout of spec- 
tral hunters through the wilderness or across the sky. — w. 
hyacinth, a An American liliaceous plant (Quamasia escu- 
lenta) with white racemose flowers, b A European squill 
(Scilla nonscripta) bearing a raceme of drooping blue, pur- 
ple, white, or pink, bell-shaped flowers. — w. indigo, any 
of a genus (Baplisia) of American fabaceous plants ; esp. a 
species (B. tinctoria) with bright yellow flowers. — w. let- 
tuce, any uncultivated species of lettuce which becomes a 
weed. — w. madder, a = madder, b Either of two species 
{Galium mollugo and G. tinctorium) of bedstraw. — w. man- 
drake. = May apple. — w. parsnip, the wild original form 
of the cultivated parsnip, found as a weed in both Europe 
and America. Its root is acrid and bitter. — w. rye, any of 
a genus (Elymus) of grasses having the appearance of rye. 

— w. spinach, any of several plants (genus Chenopodium) 
sometimes used as substitutes for spinach. — w. vanilla, 
an asteraceous herb ( Trilisa odoratissima) of the southeast- 
ern United States, the leaves of which have the fragrance 
of vanilla. 

— n. A wilderness ; waste. — adv. Wildly. 

wild'cat' (wTld'kaV), n. See wild cat, under wild, a. — a. 
1. Not sound or safe ; unreliable ; irresponsible ; as, a wild- 
cat bank, mine. 2. Railroads. Of trains, locomotives, etc., 
running without control or contrary to orders. 

wilde'beest' (wlld'best 7 ; Du. vil'de-bast'), n. [D. wild 
wild + beeste beast.] A gnu. 

wil'der (wil'der), v. t. To bewilder. Chiefly Poetic. 

wil'der-ment (-ment), n. Bewilderment. Poetic. 

Wil'der-ness (wil'der-nes), n. [ME. wildernesse, wil- 
derne, prob. fr. AS. wildor a wild beast.] 1. A tract or 
region uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings ; a 
wild ; waste. 2. Wildness. Obs. 3. A confusing multitude 
or mass. — Syn. See desert. 

Wild'fire' (wlld'flr'), n. 1. An inflammable composition 
hard to quench when kindled ; Greek fire. 2. a Erysipelas. 
Obs. b An inflammatory skin disease of sheep. 

wild'ing (wll'ding), n. Bot. a An uncultivated plant or its 
fruit, b An escape. — a. Not tame ; wild. Poetic. 



wild'ly, adv. In a wild manner. 

wild'ness, n. Quality or state of being wild. 

wild'wood (wlld'wcJod), n. A wild or unfrequented wood. 

Wile (wil), n. [AS. wil.] A trick or stratagem ; a sly arti- 
fice ; specif., a beguiling trick. — Syn. See artifice. — 
v. t. ; wiled (wild) ; wil'ing (wll'ing). 1. To lure : entice ; 
beguile ; allure. 2. [Perh. for while.'] To while;' — often 
with away. — wil'i-ly (wil'i-li), adv. — wil'i-ness, n. 

wil'ful, wil'ful-ly, wil'ful-ness. Vars. of willful, etc. 

will (wil), n. [AS. willa.] 1. Wish or desire ; as : a In- 
clination ; pleasure, b Appetite or passion, c Purpose ; 
determination ; choice ; intention. 2. What is wished by 
another ; esp., choice or determination of one in authority ; 
discretionary pleasure; hence, a request, command, or 
decree ; as, "Thy will be done." 3. Power coupled with 
desire or intention ; as : a Arbitrary disposal, b Self-con- 
trol ; as, a man of iron will. 4. Act or experience of willing ; 
specif. : a Settlement of mental uncertainty or indecision ; 
a volition (in sense 2). b The total conscious process in- 
volved in effecting a decision. 5. Power of choosing ; also, 
power of choosing and of acting accordingly ; sometimes, a 
disposition to act according to certain principles or ideals ; 
as, the moral will. 6. Law. The legal declaration of a per- 
son's mind as to the disposition of his property after his 
death ; the written instrument embodying this declaration. 
Syn. Will, volition are sometimes interchangeable. But 
will ordinarily denotes the power or faculty of willing or 
choosing ; volition, the exercise of that power, or the act. 
with a will, with willingness and zeal ; heartily. 

— v. t. ; willed (wild) ; will'ing. Indie, present, I will, 
thou wiliest, he wills or willeth; we, ye, they will. 1. To 
desire. Archaic. 2. To command; order. Obs. 3. To 
determine by an act of choice ; ordain ; decree. 4. To influ- 
ence by one's will, as through hypnotism. 5. To give, dis- 
pose of, or direct by will or testament ; bequeath. — v. i. 
To exercise volition ; choose ; decide ; decree. 

will, v. t. & auxiliary ; pres. & sing. 1st & 3d pers. will, 
2d pers. wilt, pi. will ; pret. would ; p. p. would. Infini- 
tive and imperative lacking. [AS. willan, pres. ind., 1st 
pers. wille, 2d pers. wilt, 3d pers. wille, pret. wolde'.] 1. 
As verb transitive : Wish ; desire ; — now used chiefly in 
the form wouM (which see). 2. As auxiliary, followed by 
the infinitive without to (see also would): a Am (is, are, 
etc.) willing or desirous to, or, emphatically, determined to ; 
hence, simply, am (is, are, etc.) to ; — forming future-tense 
phrases. See shall, 2. b Am (is, are, etc.) accustomed to ; 
as, a dog will wag his tail and bark. 

Syn. Will, shall are often confused. In the first person, 
shall alone denotes simple futurity ; will implies willing- 
ness, consent, promise, or determination. In the second 
and third persons, will alone (except in questions in the 
second person, where shall is the proper auxiliary) denotes 
simple futurity, and shall implies command, threat, prom- 
ise, or determination. But in subordinate clauses shall is 
the proper auxiliary for simple futurity in all three per- 
sons. See MAY, OUGHT. 

— v. i. To be willing ; wish ; desire. 

%W This word has been confused with will, v. i., to choose, 
which, unlike this, is entirely of the weak conjugation. 
will I (ye, he), nill I (ye, he) [see nill, v. t.], whether I 
(you, he) will it or not ; hence : without choice ; compul- 
sorily ; — sometimes corrupted to willy-nilly. [tion.l 

willed (wild), a. Having a will ; — used chiefly in composi-| 

wil'lem-ite (wil'em-It), n. [After Willem I., king of the 
Netherlands.] Min. A native silicate of zinc, ZmSi04, 
occurring in hexagonal prisms and in other forms, and 
varying in color. In the variety troostite, the zinc is partly 
replaced by manganese. 

will'er, n. One who wills. 

wil'let (wil'et), n. A large North American shore bird (Ca- 
toptrophorus semipalmatus) ; — so named from its loud 
whistle resembling the syllables pilly-will-willet. 

will'ful (wiFf6t>l),a. {will -f- full.] 1. Self-determined ; 
voluntary ; intentional ; as, willful murder. 2. Governed 
by will without yielding to reason ; obstinate ; perverse ; as, 
a willful horse. — Syn. See wayward. — will'ful-ly, adv. 

— will'ful-ness, n. Also wil'ful, etc. 

will'ing, a. 1. Favorably disposed in mind ; desirous ; 
ready ; as, willing to go. 2. Ready to act ; prompt to do, 
give, etc. ; as, a willing crew. 3. Accepted, done, given, 
etc., without reluctance ; voluntary ; as, a willing sacrifice. 

— will'ing-ly, adv. — will'ing-ness, n. 
will'-o'-the-wisp' (wil'6-the-wisp'), n. An ignis fatuus. 
wil'low (wil'o), n. [ME. wilowe, wilwe, AS. welig.] 1. 

Any of a genus (Salix) of trees' or shrubs having tough pli- 
able shoots, used in basketry, etc. 2. The wood of the wil- 
low (sense 1) ; Colloq., something made of that wood, as a 
cricket or baseball bat. 
wil'low, n. Textile Manuf. A machine in which cotton or 
wool is opened and cleansed. 

— v. t. To treat, as cotton, with a willow. 
wil'low-er, n. One who, or that which, willows ; specif., a 

willow (the machine). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



WILLOW-HERB 



1095 



WINDOW 




willow-herb', to., or willow herb. A perennial herb 
{Charmenerion angusti folium) with narrow willowlike 
leaves and showy rose-purple flowers. Also, any species of 
the same genus or of a related genus (Epilobium). 

wil'lOW-y (wil'6-i), a. 1. Abounding with willows. 2. Re- 
sembling a willow ; pliant ; flexible ; graceful. 

wil'ly (wil'i), to. Textile Manuf. A willow. 

wil'ly, v. t. ; wii/lied (-id) ; wii/ly-ing. To willow, as 
cotton, etc. [2d will.I 

wil'ly-nil'ly (wTl'i-nTl'T). See will I, nill I, etc., under| 

wilt (wilt), v. i. [A modification of obs. welk to fade.] 1. 
To lose freshness and become flaccid ; droop. 2. To grow 
weak or faint ; languish ; flag ; hence, Colloq., to lose cour- 
age, spirit, etc. — v. t. To cause to droop or languish. 

Wilt, 2d pers. sing, of will. 

Wil'ton, to., or Wil'ton car'pet or rug (wTl'twn). A kind 
of carpet or rug woven with loops like Brussels, but differ- 
ing from it in having the loops cut, forming an elastic 
velvet pile ; — so called because first made at Wilton, Eng. 

Wil'y (wil'i), a.; wil'i-er (-i-er) ; wix'i-est. Full of wiles, 
tricks, or stratagems ; crafty ; subtle. — Syn. See cunning. 

wim'ble (wim'b'l), to. Any of various boring instruments ; 
specif., a kind of brace. — v. t. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling 
(-bling). To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 

Wim'ple (-p'l), to. [AS. wimpel.'] A covering of silk, linen, 
etc., for the neck, chin, and sides of 
the face, now worn only by nuns. 

— v. t.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-plmg). 
1. To clothe with a wimple. 2. To 
plait, or fold ; hence, to cause to ripple 
or undulate. — v. i. To lie in folds ; 
also, to ripple. 

win (win), v. i.; pret. & p. p. won 
(wun) ; p. pr. & vb. to. win'ning. [AS. 
winnan to strive, labor, endure.] 1. 
To gain the victory ; prevail. 2. To 
succeed by effort in reaching a speci- Wimple, 

fled place or state ; get ; as, to win across, away, back, etc. 
to win out, to be successful. Colloq. — to win to, to be 
able to go or get to. 

— v. t. 1. To get by or as by labor or effort ; hence : to gain ; 
obtain ; secure ; as, to win praise. 2. Specif. : a To gain in 
competition or contest ; also, to come off victor in ; as, to 
win a race, b To earn ; as, to win a living. 3. To achieve by 
effort ; as, to win one's way. 4. To come to by effort ; 
reach ; as, to win the mountain top. 5. a To persuade ; 
allure, b To influence so as to gain the favor of ; as, to win 
over an enemy. 6. Mining, a To obtain, as ore or coal, by 
mining, b Hence, to prepare, as a vein or bed, by shafts, 
gangways, levels, etc., for the operation of winning (sense 
6 a, above). 7. Metal. To recover (metal, etc.) from ore. 
— Syn. See obtain. 

wince (wins), v. i.; winced (winst) ; winc'ing (win'sTng). 
To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain ; flinch. — Syn. 
See shrink. — to. Act or fact of wincing. — ■ winc'er, to. 

wince, to. [See winch an instrument.] A reel used in dye- 
ing, steeping, or washing cloth ; a winch. 

winch (winch), to. [AS. wince winch, reel.] 1. A crank 
with a han- ^ : ^^ 
die for giv- ' 
ing motion 
to a machine, grind- 
stone, etc. 2. Any 
of various devices to 
turn or strain some- 
thing forcibly, as a 
form of windlass, a 
wince, etc. 

wind (wind), v. t.; 
pret. & p. p. WOUND 
(wound), rarely 
wind'ed (wln'ded) ; 
p. pr. & vb. to. 
wind'ing (wln'- 
dlng). [AS. win- 
dan.] 1. To turn 
completely or repeatedly, esp. about something fixed ; 
twist ; twine ; coil. 2. To infold ; entwine ; as, to wind a 
spool with thread. 3. To turn the course or direction of ; 
control ; govern. 4. To effect by turning ; as, the stream 
winds its way. 5. To introduce sinuously or stealthily ; in- 
sinuate ; as, to wind one's self into favor. 6. To wind up ; as, 
to wind a watch. 7. To hoist or haul by a rope, etc., pulled 
by a machine, as coal from a pit. 

to wind up. a To coil into a ball or small compass, b To 
bring to a conclusion or settlement ; as, to wind up one's 
affairs. C To put in a state of renewed or continued mo- 
tion, as a clock, a watch, etc., as by winding the spring : 
hence, to prepare for continued movement or action, d 
To make tense or tight ; hence, fig. : to arouse ; excite, e To 
hoist by or as by a windlass. 

«— v. i. 1. To move in a sinuous course ; also, to double on 
one's course. 2. To make one's way by sinuous, stealthy, or 




A 

Winch, 2. 1. 1 Cranks; 2 Winding 
Drum ; 3 Lever for disengaging Pin- 
ion ; 4 Band Brake operated by Lever 
6 ; 5 Pawl to prevent unwinding. 



indirect methods ; as, to wind into favor. 3. To coil ; 
twine ; as vines wind round a pole. 4. To warp, as a board. 

— to. A winding ; turn ; bend ; twist. 

wind (wind; also, poet., rhetorical, or archaic, wind), n. 
[AS. wind.] 1. The horizontal natural movement of air ; 
air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity. 2. A 
point of the compass; esp., one of the cardinal points, 
which are often called the four winds. 3. Air artificially 
put in motion. 4. Air impregnated with a scent, as of game ; 
hence, scent ; — used in phrases. 5. Power of respiration ; 
breath. 6. Mere breath or talk ; idle words. 7. Musical 
wind instruments collectively. 8. Gas generated in the 
stomach or bowels ; flatulence. 

Syn. Wind, breeze, air, gust, blast, flaw. Wind is the 
general word for air naturally in motion. A breeze is a 
relatively light, but fresh, wind ; air (chiefly poetical) de- 
notes a gently stirring breeze. Gust, blast, and flaw 
denote a sudden and violent rush of wind, usually brief. 
in the wind, stirring ; moving ; afoot. — to have in the 
w., to have the w. of, to be on the scent of. See def. 4. 
above. — to sail close to the w. a Naut. To sail with the 
head of the vessel directed as nearly to the point from 
which the wind blows as it is possible to sail, b To manage 
economically. C To approach vulgarity, indiscretion, or 
the like, in speech or conduct. 

— v. t. 1. To expose to the wind ; winnow. 2. To perceive 
or follow by the scent ; scent. 3. To render scant of breath 
by exertion. Dial, or Colloq. 4. To rest, as a horse, in 
order to allow the breath to be recovered. 

wind (wind; wind), v. t.; pret. & p. p. wound (wound), 
rarely wind'ed ; p. pr. & vb. to. wind'ing. [From wind 
moving air, but confused in sense and in conjugation with 
wind to turn.] 1. To blow ; sound, as a horn, by blowing. 
2. To signal or direct by blowing a horn. Rare. 

wind'age (wTn'daj), to. 1. Ordnance, a Space between 
the projectile of a smoothbore gun and the surface of the 
bore, b In a muzzle-loading rifled cannon, the difference 
between the diameter of the bore and that of the projectile 
cylinder. 2. The disturbance of the air caused by a passing 
projectile. 3. Gun. The influence of the wind in deflecting 
a projectile ; also, the amount of such deflection. 4. Naut. 
The surface exposed by a vessel to the wind. 

wind'break', to. A shelter from the wind, as a clump of trees. 

wind'— bro'ken, a. Having the power of breathing impaired 
by injury of air cells of the lungs, so that while the inspira- 
tion is by one effort, the expiration is by two ; affected with 
heaves ; — said of a horse. 

wind'er (wln'der), n. One who, or that which, winds, 
twists, or turns ; specif. : a A key for winding up a spring, 
as a universal watch key used by watchmakers, b Any of a 
flight of steps that are not parallel. 

wind / iaH / (wTnd'folO, to. 1. Something blown down by the 
wind, as fruit. 2. An unexpected legacy or other gain. 

Wind'flow'er (-flou'er), to. The anemone. 

wind'galF (-gol'), to. Veter. In horses, a soft tumor or syn- 
ovial swelling on the fetlock joint. 

wind'hov'er (-huv'er), to. [From its habit of hovering over 
one spot.] The kestrel. Local, Eng. 

wind'l-ly (wTn'di-li), adv. In a windy manner. 

wind'i-ness (wm'dT-nes), to. Quality or state of being windy. 

wind'ing (wln'ding), to. 1. A turn ; bend ; curve ; meander. 
2. Material wound about anything, or a single round of it. 
winding sheet, a sheet in which a corpse is wrapped. 

wind'ing-ly, adv. In a winding manner. 

wind instrument (wind). Music. An instrument sounded 
by wind, esp. by the breath. Those blown by the breath 
are wood-wind instruments, or wood winds, as the 
flute, oboe, bassoon, clarinet, and brass-wind instru- 
ments, or brass winds, as the trumpet, horn, trombone, 
and tuba. Cf. pipe, to., 1, reed, 6. [crew. ColloqA 

wind'jam'mer (-jam'er), to. A sailing vessel or one of its| 

wind'lass (wmd'lds), to. [ME. windas.] Any of various 
machines for hoisting or hauling, as by turning a crank so 
as to wind up a rope attached to the weight. — v. t. & i. ; 
To hoist or haul as with a windlass ; use a windlass. 

wind'mill' (wTnd'mTl'), to. 1. A mill operated by the wind, 
usually by the wind acting on 
oblique vanes or sails which radi- 
ate from a horizontal shaft. 2. An 
imaginary wrong, evil, or oppo- 
nent ; — in allusion to the wind- 
mills which Don Quixote took for 
giants. 

Win'dow (win'do), to. [ME. win- 
dowe, windoge, fr. Scand.] 1. An 
opening in the wall of a building 
to admit light and air, usually 
closed by sliding glazed casements 
or sashes. 2. Arch. The shutter, 
casement, sash, or other frame- 
work, which closes a window 
opening. 

— v. t. To furnish with a window 







Modern Windmill, a a 
Sails ; b Vane to bring 
Windmill into the 
wind. 



( 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



WINDOWPANE 



1096 



WIPE 







Q 



R 



T 



U 



W 



or windows ; — usually in p. p. and in composition ; as, a 

ma.ny-windowed house. [dow. See pane, n., 2.1 

Win'dow-pane' (wTn'do-pan'), n. Arch. A pane in a win-| 
Window seat. A seat built in the recess of a window. 
Wind'pipe' (wind'pTp 7 ), n. The passage for the breath from 

the larynx to the lungs ; the trachea. 
Wind'row' (wind'ro'; win'ro'), n. [wind + row."] 1. A 

row of hay raked up to dry before being heaped into cocks ; 

also, any similar row for drying, as of sheaves of grain. 2. A 

wind-swept line or row, as of dry leaves or dust. — v. t. ; 

wind'rowed' (-rod') ; wind'row'xng. To arrange in wind- 



rows. 



wind'row'er (-er), n. 



wind shake, n. = anemosis. 

wind shield. A shield of glass in a metal frame, usually in 
adjustable sections, fastened to the dashboard of an auto- 
mobile to protect the occupants from wind, rain, dust, etc. 

wind's torm' (wTnd'storm'), n. k storm characterized by 
high wind with little or no precipitation. 

wind sucking. = crib biting. 

wind'-up' (wlnd'iip'), n. Act of winding up, or closing; 
a concluding act or part ; the end ; finish. 

wind'ward (wind'werd), n. The point or side from which 
the wind blows ; — opposed to leeward. — a. On the side 
toward the windward. — adv. Toward the wind ; in the 
direction from which the wind blows. 

wind'y (wm'di), a. ; wind'i-er (-di-er) ; -i-est. 1. Consist- 
ing of wind ; accompanied or characterized by wind. 2. 
Specif. : a Exposed to the wind ; swept by wind, b Next 
the wind ; windward. C Tempestuous ; boisterous. 3. Pro- 
ducing, or tending to produce, flatulence ; also, attended 
with, or caused by, flatulence ; flatulent. 4. Fig., airy ; 
empty. 5. Bombastic ; boastful. Colloq. 

Wine (win), n. [AS. win, fr. L. vinum."] 1. Fermented 
juice of grapes. 2. The fermented juice, or, loosely, the un- 
fermented juice, of any fruit or plant, used as a beverage. 
3. The effect of drinking wine to excess ; intoxication ; 

| as, " Noah awoke from his wine ." 4. A social gathering 
where wine is served. Colloq. or Cant, chiefly Eng. — v. t. 
& i. ; wined (wind) ; win'ing (win'Ing). To supply or treat 
with wine, or to drink wine. 

Wine'bib'ber (wln'bTb'er), n. One who drinks wine to ex- 
cess. — wine'bib'bing (Ing), n. & a. 

wine'fat' (wTn'fat'),-^. A wine press (in sense 1). 

wine gallon. See gallon. 

wine'glass' (win'glas'), n. A small glass for wine. 

Wine'glass-ful (-glas-f661), n. ; pi. -fuls (-foolz). As much 
as a wineglass will hold, usually 4 tablespoonfuls. 

wine measure. A system of measures for wine ; specif., 
an old system by which wine and spirits were sold. 

wine palm. Any palm from the sap of which wine is made ; 
toddy palm. 

wine press. 1. A vat in which the juice from grapes is 
trodden out, as in ancient Palestine.^ 2. A machine for ex- 
pressing the juice from grapes for wine. [tablishment.l 

Win'er-y (wln'er-T), n. ; pi. -ies (-iz). A wine-making es-| 

wine'sap' (wln'sapO, n. A large, deep red winter apple 
much grown in the western United States. 

wine Skin. A large bag made of almost the entire skin of 
an animal, used esp. in the Orient for holding wine. 

wing (wing), n. [ME. winge, wenge.~\ 1. An organ of 
aerial flight; one of the paired appendages by means of 
which certain animals, as most birds, bats, and many in- 
sects, are able to fly. 2. Any of various winglike structures 
in other animals ; esp., the broad thin anterior lobes of the 
foot of a pteropod. 3. Fig., means or instrument of flight ; 
means of travel, progress, or rapid motion. 4„ Passage by 
flying ; flight. 5. Something suggestive of a wing, as an 
appendage or part likened to a wing in shape, appearance, 
or position, as one, or either of a pair, attached to a side or 
the sides of something ; specif. : a Anat. An ala ; as, the 
wings of the nose, b Either of the parts of a double door 
or screen. C In some forms of football, etc., the position of 
the forwards on either side of the center forward ; hence, 
also, a player on one of the wings, d Aeronautics. In a 
flying machine, any part used primarily to give a support- 
ing surface for the machine in flight ; esp., either of a pair 
of aeroplanes of a flying machine, e Bot. Any foliaceous 
expansion, as that of samaras, etc. f Arch. A part of a 
building projecting from, and subordinate to, the main 
part, g Fort. In a crownwork either of the longer sides con- 
necting it with the main work, h Theater. The chamber or 
platform at either side of the stage proper ; also, one of the 
side pieces of scenery, i Mil. & Nav. The right or left 
division of an army, fleet, or any command. 
on the wing, a Flying, b Moving about ; traveling. 
Colloq. — under the w., or wings, of, under the care or 
protection of. — w. and w., Naut., with sails boomed out 
on either side ; — said of a schooner or her sails. 

— v. t. 1. To furnish with or as with wings ; hence, to enable 
to fly or move swiftly. 2. To transport by flight ; — chiefly 
used reflexively. 3. To supply with wings or sidepieces. 4. 
To effect or achieve by wings, as flight. 5. To fly through ; 



as, to wing the sky. 6. To wound in the wing ; also, Colloq., 
to wound. — v. i. To go with or as with wings ; fly. 

wing bow (bo). The lesser coverts of the shoulder of a 
bird's wing when distinctively colored. See poultry, lllust. 

wing covert. See covert, n.,3 ; poultry, lllust. 

winged (wingd ; also, esp. rhetorical or poet., wing'ed), a. 
1. Furnished with wings. 2. Abounding with wings. Rare. 
3. Transported by wings ; hence, swift. 4. Wounded or 
hurt in the wing ; also, Colloq., of persons, wounded ; hurt. 

wing'less, a. Without wings, or having only very rudimen- 
tary wings. 

wing'let, n. A very small wing ; also, an alula. 

wing rail. Railroads. A guard rail, or rail placed inside a 
main rail as a safeguard against derailment ; either of the 
outside lateral rails of a frog (see frog, 3). 

Wink (wink), v. i.; winked (winkt) or, Rare, winkt; 
wink'ing. [AS. wincian.] 1. To close and open the eye- 
lids quickly ; blink. 2. To avoid seeing or noting, as if by 
shutting the eyes ; connive ; — usually used with at. 3. To 
give a hint or sign by a wink. 4. To flicker ; twinkle. 
Syn. Wink, blink. Lit., to wink is to close and open the 
eyelids rapidly ; to blink is to wink with half-shut eyes, as 
if dazzled, or scarcely awake. Fig., wink implies conniv- 
ance or conveyance of a hint ; blink, evasion or shirking. 

— v. t. 1. To cause (the eyes) to wink. 2. To effect by 
winking ; as, to wink back one's tears. 

— n. 1. Act of winking, esp. with one eye ; hence, a hint 
thus given. 2. Time required for a single wink ; instant ; 
twinkling. 3. Act of closing the eyelids in or as in sleep ; 
hence, a sleep ; nap. Colloq. 4. A sparkle ; gleam ; twinkle. 

wink'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, winks ; hence : a 
A horse's blinder, b An eyelash. Colloq. or Dial. 

win'kle (wir/k'l),_ n. [AS. wincle (in comp.).] Any of 
various marine spiral gastropods ; esp., U. S., either of two 
species of periwinkle (Fulgur canaliculata and F. carica). 

win'ner (wTn'er), n. One who, or that which, wins. 

winding (win'ing), n. 1. Act of one who wins. 2. That 
which one wins ; — often used in pi. — o. That wins ; 
being a wirner ; hence : attractive ; charming. 
winning gallery, Court Tennis, the netted opening far- 
thest from the dedans ; ■ — so called because a ball played 
into it is counted as winning. — w. hazard. See hazard, n. 
5. — w.post, the post, or goal, at the end of a race course. 

win'ning-ly, adv. In a winning manner. 

Win'now (win'o), v. t. [AS. windwian.] 1. To drive off 
the chaff from by wind ; fan ; as, to winnow grain. 2. To 
separate or sift, as good from bad, etc. ; analyze and assort. 
3. To disperse or scatter by or as if by wind. 4. To beat 
with or as with wings ; make (one's way) by flying. — v. i. 
To separate chaff from grain by fanning. — n. 1. A device 
for winnowing. 2. Act of winnowing ; also, a motion like, 
or likened to, that of winnowing. — win'now-er (-er), n. 

win'some (sum), a. [AS. wynsum,ir.wynn joy.] 1. Caus- 
ing joy or pleasure ; pleasant ; winning. 2. Cheerful ; merry ; 
light-hearted. — win'some-ly r adv. some-ness, n. 

win'ter (-ter), n. [AS.] 1. The season of the year in which 
the noonday sun shines most obliquely ; the coldest season 
of the year ; hence, cold weather. North of the equator, 
winter generally, in popular use, includes December, Janu- 
ary, and February. 2. A period suggestive of winter; a 
period of decay, old age, death, or the like. — v. i. To pass 
the winter ; hibernate. — v. t. To keep, feed, or manage dur- 
ing the winter. — win'ter-er, n. 

winter aconite. A small Old World ranunculaceous herb 
(Cammarum hyemale) producing its bright yellow flowers 
often before snow is off the ground. It is often cultivated. 

win'ter-ber'ry (wTn'ter-ber'i), n. Any of various American 
species of holly {Ilex) having bright red berries persistent 
through the winter. 

win'ter-green' (-gren 7 ), n. 1. In Great Britain, any of va- 
rious plants (genus Pyrola, esp., P. minor) having basal 
persistent leaves and white, pink, or purple flowers. In the 
United States these plants are called false, or English, 
wintergreen, or, more often, shinleaf. 2. In the United 
States, an evergreen herb (Gaultheria procumbens) with 
white bell-shaped flowers and red berries called checker- 
berries, or sometimes, erroneously, partridge berries. The 
leaves yield oil of wintergreen. 

win'ter-kill' (-kiF), v. t. To kill by winter exposure. U. S. 

— v. i. To die from exposure to the cold of winter. 
win'ter-tide' (wTn'ter-tld'), n. [AS. wintertid.~\ Also 

win'ter-time' (-tlm'). Winter. 

win'ter-y (-!), a. Wintry. 

win'try (wTn'trT), a.; win'tri-er (-tri-er) ; -tri-est. Of or 
pert, to winter ; cold ; stormy. — win'tri-ness (-tri-nes), n. 

win'y (wTn'i), a. Having the qualities of wine ; vinous. 

winze (wmz), n. Mining. A shaft between levels, or any 
small shaft, for ventilation, exploration, ore chutes, etc. 

wipe (wip), v. t.; wiped (wTpt) ; wip'ing (wlp'ing). [AS. 
wipian.] 1. To rub lightly, or with something soft, for 
cleaning. 2. To draw, pass, or the like, for or as for rubbing 
or cleaning ; as, to wipe the hand across the forehead. 3. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nalure, verdure (87); 



WIPER 



1097 



WITCH-HAZEL 



To rub off ; obliterate ; — usually used with away, off, or 
out. 4. Plumbing. To form (a joint between pieces of lead 

Eiping) by applying semifluid solder and shaping by rub- 
ing with a greased cloth pad or the like. 

— to. 1. Act of rubbing, esp. to clean. 2. Dial, or Slang. 
a A blow ; swipe, b A gibe ; jeer. 3. A handkerchief. Thieves' 
Cant or Slang. 4. Mack. A wiper, or cam. 

wip'er (wlp'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, wipes. 2. 
Mach. A projecting part, as on a rotating or reciprocating 
piece, acting on another piece, esp. for raising a part that 
falls by its own weight. 

wire (wlr), to. [AS. wir."] 1. A thread or very slender rod 
of metal, usually round. 2. A telegraph wire or cable ; 
Colloq., the telegraph system or a telegram. 3. A system 
of wires for operating puppets ; Colloq., the hidden influ- 
ences controlling the action of a person or organization ; — 
chiefly in pi. ; as, to pull the wires for office. 4. An imagi- 
nary line marking the finish of a horse race. Racing Cant. 

— v.t.& i.; wired (wlrd) ; wir'ing (wir'Ing). 1. To pro- 
vide with wire, or to use wire on, esp. for binding or fas- 
tening. 2. To telegraph. Colloq. 3. To snare by a wire or 
wires. 4. Croquet. To place (a ball) so that the wire of a 
wicket prevents a successful shot. 

wire cloth. A fabric of woven metallic wire, used for 
strainers, in paper manufacture, etc. 

wire'draw' (wir'dro'), v. t. 1. To draw (metal) into wire. 
2. To draw or stretch forcibly ; also, to draw or spin out to 
great length or excessive refinement. draw'er, to. 

wire gauze. A gauzelike texture of fine wires. 

wire glass. Glass in which wire netting is embedded. 

wire grass, a A European meadow grass {Poa compressa) 
widely naturalized in the United States and Canada, b Any 
of several other grasses having wiry culms or leaves. 

wire'less (wlr'les), a. Having no wire or wires; specif., 
Elec. , designating, or pert, to, a method of telegraphy (wire- 
less telegraphy), telephony, wireless telephony, etc., in 
which the messages are transmitted through space by elec- 
tric waves without connecting wires ; as, a wireless mes- 
sage. Cf . RADIOTELEGRAPHY. — TO. Short for WIRELESS TE- 
LEGRAPHY, WIRELESS TELEPHONY, etc. — WITe'leSS-ly, adv. 

wire'man (wir'man), to. = lineman, 3. 

wire'pull'ing (-pool'Tng), to. Act of pulling wires; esp., 
Colloq., the influencing, or the use of means to influence, 
secretly the acts of a person or organization, esp. in poli- 
tics. — wire'pull'er (-er), to. Colloq. 

wir'er (wlr'er), to. One who wires, or uses wire; esp., a 
trapper who uses a wire trap. 

wire tapper. One who taps telegraph wires and intercepts 
messages ; hence, Slang, a swindler who pretends to secure 
advance telegraphic news for betting. — wire tapping. 

wire'work' (-wurk'), to. Work, esp. openwork, of wires. 

wire'works' (-wurks'), to. pi. ; sometimes construed as sing. 
A factory where wire is made, or one where wire is used in 
the manufacture of other articles. — wire'work'er, to. 

wire'worm' (wir'wurmO, to. 1. A larva of any of various 
species of snapping beetles, or elaters ; — so called from its 
hard skin. 2. A millepede. [distribution.! 

Wir'ing (wir'ing), to. A system of wires, esp. for electric| 

wir'y (-1), a.; wir'i-er (-i-er) ; wir'i-est. 1. Made of or 
like wire. 2. Capable of endurance ; tough ; sinewy. — 
wir'i-ly, adv. i-ness (-nes),re. 

Wis (wis), v. t. [Due to mistaking ME. iwis certain, AS. 
gewiss, for I wis, in which wis was taken to be part of wit 
to know.] To think ; suppose ; — chiefly in I wis. Archaic. 

wis'dom (wTz'dwm), to. [AS. wisdom. See wise, a. ; -dom.] 

1. Quality of being wise ; knowledge with capacity to use 
it ; perception of -the best ends and best means ; sagacity. 

2. Scientific or practical knowledge ; erudition ; learning. 

3. A wise saying or act. Rare. — Syn. See knowledge. 
Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach. = Ecclesiasticus. 

— W. of Solomon, an essay on Wisdom as the divine agent 
in the creation and government of the world ; — included in 
the Old Testament by the Roman Catholic Church. 

Wisdom literature. The class of ancient Hebrew writings 
which deal reflectively with general ethical and religious 
topics. It is comprised chiefly in the books of Job, Prov- 
erbs, Ecclesiasticus, Ecclesiastes, and Wisdom of Solomon. 

wisdom tooth. The back tooth of the full set on each half 
of each jaw in man ; — popularly so called because ap- 
pearing from the 17th to the 21st year or later. 

wise (wlz), a. ; wis'er (wlz'er) ; wis'est. [AS. wis.] 1. Dis- 
cerning and judging soundly concerning what is true or 
false, proper or improper ; choosing the best ends and best 
means ; discreet ; sagacious. 2. Dictated or guided by 
wisdom ; as, a wise saying or plan. 3. Shrewd ; wary ; sub- 
tle. 06s. or Rare. 4. Having knowledge; learned; as, 
"wise to do evil. " 5. Versed in some art, science, or craft ; 
skilled ; specif., skilled in divination. 

Syn. Discerning, judicious, sensible, sane, prudent, provi- 
dent, politic, expedient, sound, enlightened, well-advised. 

— Wise, judicious, sensible, sane, prudent, provi- 
dent, politic, expedient. Wise implies sound and dis- 
cerning judgment, esp. in affairs of life and conduct ; ju- 



dicious suggests a wise discretion ; sensible implies 
sagacity, or accordance with the dictates of common 
sense ; sane connotes esp. balance and lucidity. Prudent 
implies cautious forethought, or circumspection ; provi- 
dent suggests more definitely practical foresight and 
economy. Politic implies diplomatic, sometimes artful, 
often cunning, management ; that is expedient (often 
contrasted with right) which conduces to (frequently self- 
ish) advantage. 

wise (wlz ), n. [AS. wlse.^ Way of being or acting ; manner ; 
fashion ; — chiefly used in in any wise, in no wise, on this 
wise, etc. 

-wise. An adverbial suffix denoting way, manner, -ways; 
— properly the noun wise in composition. 

wise'a-cre (wlz'a-ker), to. [OD. wijssegger or G. weissager 
a foreteller, prophet, deriv. of OHG. wlzzago a prophet] 
1. A wise person. Archaic. 2. A pretender to wisdom ; 
hence, in contempt : a simpleton ; dunce. 

wise'ly, adv. In a wise manner. 

wish (wish), v. i. [AS. wyscan.] To desire ; long ; — usu- 
ally used with an infinitive or for ; as, he wishes to go ; they 
wish for the day. — v. t. 1. To long for ; crave ; desire. 2. 
To frame or express a desire concerning ; to desire (one) to 
be (in some specified place or condition) ; — taking an ob- 
jective complement (predicate adj., etc.) or an objective 
clause ; as, to wish one happy ; wish that it would rain. 3. 
To invoke or desire in favor of, or against, any one ; as, to 
wish one happiness or harm. — Syn. See desire. 

— to. 1. Eager desire ; longing. 2. Expression of desire ; 
request ; petition. 3. Object of desire. — wish'er, to. 

Wish'bone' (wish'bon'), to. The forked bone in front of the 
breastbone in most birds ; the merrythought. 

wish'fUl (-fool), a. Having or showing desire; longing; 
wistful. — wish'ful-ly, adv. — wish'ful-ness, n. 

wish'y-wash'y (-l-wosh'i), a.; -wash'i-er ; -i-est. Thin 
and pale; weak; spiritless; — orig. said of liquids. Colloq. 

wisp (wisp), to. [ME. wisp, wips.~\ 1. A small bunch, as 
of straw. 2. A whisk, or small broom. 3. An ignis fatuus. 

wist (wist), pret. of wit, know. 

wis-ta'ri-a (wTs-ta'rf-d), wis-te'ri-a (-te'ri-d), to. [NL., 
after Caspar Wistar (1761-1818), Amer. anatomist.] Any 
of a genus (Kraunhia) of fabaceous climbing shrubs, esp. a 
species, as the Chinese wistaria (K. chinensis), cultiva- 
ted for its racemes of purple flowers. 

wist'ful (wist'fool), a. [For wishful."] 1. Longing; wish- 
ful ; desirous. 2. Full of thought or musings ; meditative ; 
pensive. — wist'ful-ly, adv. — wist'ful-ness, to. 

wit (wit), v. t. & i. ; pres. sing, wot, pi. wite ; pret. wist(e) ; 
p. p. wist ; p. pr. & vb. to. wit'(t)ing. [ME. witen, pres. 
ich wot, wat, I know (wot), pret. wiste, AS. witan, pres. 
wat, pret. wiste, wisse.~\ To know ; learn ; — now used 
only archaically or in to wit, chiefly a legal expression, 
equivalent to namely. 

wit (wit), to. [AS.] 1. Mind ; intellect ; understanding ; 
sense. 2. A mental faculty or power ; — chiefly in pi. ; as, 
to lose one's wits. 3. Felicitous perception or expression 
of associations between ideas or words not usually con- 
nected such as to produce an amusing surprise ; also, power 
of such perception or expression. 4. A witty person, 
at one's wit's end, in a dilemma ; at the limit of one's 
mental resources. 

Syn. Wit, humor. Wit is more purely intellectual than 
humor, and implies swift perception of the incongruous ; it 
depends for its effect chiefly on ingenuity or unexpected- 
ness of turn, or patness of application ; humor implies, 
commonly, broader human sympathies than wit, and a more 
kindly sense of the incongruous, often blended with pathos. 

wit'an (wit'an), to. pi. [AS., pi. of wita sage, councilor.] 
Lit., wise men; specif., A.-S. Hist., the members of the 
national, or king's, council which sat to assist the king in 
administrative and judicial matters ; also, the council. 

witch (wich), to. [AS. wicce, fern., wicca, masc] 1. One 
regarded as having supernatural or magical power by com- 
pact with an evil spirit, esp. the Devil ; a sorcerer or sorcer- 
ess ; — now said chiefly or only of women. 2. An ugly old 
woman ; hag ; crone. 3. A charming or bewitching person, 
esp. a woman or child ; also, one given to mischief. Colloq. 

— v. t. 1. To bewitch ; fascinate. 2. To effect by sorcery, 
or witchcraft. 

witch broom. Hexenbesen. 

witch'craft' (-kraft 7 ), to. 1. The practices or art of witches ; 

sorcery ; intercourse with evil spirits. 2. Witchery. 
witch doctor. Among Africans, esp. Kafirs, a magician, or 

shaman, whose business it is to detect or "smell out" 

witches and to counteract magic spells and influences. 
witch'-elm'. Var. of wych-elm. 
witch'er-y (wich'er-i), to.; pi. -eries (-iz). 1. Sorcery. 

Now Rare. 2. Fascination ; irresistible influence. 
witch'es'-be'som, witch'es'-broom', to. = hexenbesen. 
witch grass, a Couch grass, b A panic grass (Panicum 

capillare) with slender brushlike panicles. 
witch'-ha'zel, to. [See wych-elm; hazel.] 1. A shrub 

( Hamamelis virginiana ) of eastern North America, 






!; 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, -t combined with. = equals. 



N 



WITCHING 



1098 



WOLFRAMITE 







R 



U 



w 



having hazel-like leaves and small yellow flowers appearing 
after the leaves have fallen. 2. An extract of the bark of 
this plant, reputed as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc. 

witching, n. Witchcraft. — ■ a. That witches, or enchants ; 
suited to enchantment or witchcraft ; bewitching. 

wit'e-na-ge-mof, wit'e-na-ge-mote' (wit'e-nd-gP-mot'), 
n. [AS. witena gemot. ^ See witan ; gemot.] A.-S. Hist. 
The assembly or council of the witan. 

with (with), prep. [AS. wiS.] In general, with denotes a 
relation of contact or association. It expresses : 1. Opposi- 
tion ; — now used only after fight, contend, vie, etc. 2. 
Association in accompaniment, conjunction, or interaction ; 
hence : among ; in the company of ; as, come with me. 3. 
Association in alliance, assistance, harmony, etc. ; hence, 
on the, side of ; as, "Fear not, I am with thee " ; is he with 
us or against us ? 4. Association in the way of simultane- 
ousness ; as, the light disappeared with the fire. 5. Associ- 
ation in sphere or jurisdiction ; hence : in the estimation or 
opinion of ; as, such arguments had weight with him. 6. 
Association in thought or concern ; as, I am satisfied with 
him. 7. Association in possession, attribute, or belonging ; 
as, he left the box with me ; the firmament with its stars. 8. 
Causal connection ; indicating : a Simple cause ; by reason 
of ; as, to die with hunger, b The agent. Obs. C The instru- 
ment or means ; as, to tire one with words, d An accessory, 
as of contents, material, etc. ; as, to fill a box with straw. 9. 
An accompaniment of manner ; as, to set to with a will. 10. 
Proximity or contact as a point of separation; as, he 
parted with me at the door. — Syn. See by. 
with that, thereupon ; after that. 

With-al' (with-61'), adv. Together with this; likewise; 
moreover ; at the same time ; also. Archaic. — prep. 
With; — put after its object; as, "Why, what a consort 
are we now blessed withal." Archaic. 

with-draw' (with-dro'), v. t.; for prin. parts see draw. 
[with against, back + draw.'] 1. To take back or away ; 
draw back, as aid or favor. 2. To recall or retract, as, a 
threat or statement. — v. i. To retire ; retreat ; recede. 

with-draw'al (-51), n. Also with-draw'ment. Act of 
withdrawing ; as : a Removal, b Retraction. C Retreat. 

With-draw'ing-room', n. A drawing-room. Rare. 

withe (with ; with), n. [AS. wippe.] A flexible twig or 
branch used as a band ; withy. 

with'er (with'er), v. i. & t. [ME. wideren.] 1. To dry or 
shrivel up ; lose freshness, smoothness, vigor, etc. ; fade. 
2. To decay ; decline ; languish. 

Syn. Wither, shrivel. To wither is to lose freshness or 
(esp.) become dry and faded ; to shrivel is to draw up or 
shrink into wrinkles.' 

with'er-ite (-It), n. [After Dr. W. Withering.'] Min. 
Native barium carbonate, BaC03, which occurs in white or 
gray crystals, and also in columnar or granular masses. See 

BARIUM. 

withe'-rod' (wTth'rod 7 ; with'-), n. A North American 
caprifoliaceous shrub {Viburnum nudum) with tough 
osierlike shoots, or a related species (V. cassinoides). 

with/ers (with'erz), n. pi. [Prop., parts that resist the 
pull in drawing ; fr. ME. wither resistance, AS. wider, fr. 
wiSer against.] 1. The ridge between the shoulder bones 
of a horse. 2. The corresponding part in other animals. 

With-hold' (with-hold'), v. t. & i. ; for prin. parts see hold. 
[with against, back -j- hold.] 1. To hold back or in ; 
check ; restrain ; refrain from action. 2. To refrain from 
granting, etc. ; as, to withhold assent. — with-hold'er, n. 

with-in' (-in'), adv. 1. In the inner part; inwardly; in- 
ternally ; interiorly. 2. In the house, room, etc. ; indoors. 

— prep. 1. In the inner or interior part of ; inside of. 2. 
In the limits or compass of ; as : a Not farther or longer 
than (in length or time) ; as, within a mile ; within an 
hour, b Not exceeding in quantity; as, within one's 
income. 3. Inside the limits, reach, or influence, of. 

with-Ouf (witb-ouf), adv. 1. On or at the outside ; out- 
wardly ; externally. 2. Outside of the house ; outdoors. 3. 
With the lack or absence of something indicated ; — also 
construed as an absolute use of the preposition ; as, if no 
help comes, we must do without. — prep. 1. At or on the 
outside of. 2. Out of the limits of ; beyond. 3. Not with ; 
as : a In absence of ; lacking ; as, without delay, b Exclu- 
sive of. — conj. Unless ; except. Rare or Dial. 

with-Stand' (-stand'), v. t. & i. ; -stood' (-stood') ; -stand'- 
ing. To stand against, esp. successfully ; oppose ; resist. 

with'y (with'i ; with'I), n. ; pi. withies (-iz). [AS. wlSig 
willow, willow twig.] A withe. — a. Like a withe ; flexible 
and tough. 

wit'less (wit'les), a. Destitute of wit, or understanding; 
hence : indiscreet ; foolish. less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. 

wit'ling (-ling), n. A person of little wit ; pretender to wit. 

Wit'ness (-nes)_, n. [AS. witness, gewitness, knowledge, 
testimony, a witness (person), fr. witan to know.] 1. At- 
testation of a fact or an event ; testimony. 2. Law. a One 
who testifies, or gives evidence before a judicial tribunal. 
b One called on to be present at some transaction to be able 



to testify to Its having taken place. 3. That which serves as 
or furnishes evidence or proof. 4. One, as a beholder, who 
has personal knowledge of anything. 

— v. t. 1. Law. To act as a witness of ; specif., to see the 
execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe it to establish 
its authenticity. 2. To testify to ; attest. 3. To give evi- 
dence of ; evidence. 4. To see or know by personal pres- 
ence. — v. i. To testify. — wit'ness-er, n. 

wit'ted (-Sd; 24), a. Having wit, or understanding; — 
used esp. in combination ; as, hall-witted. 

wit'ti-cism (wit'i-siz'm), n. A witty saying. 

wit'ti-ly (-1-I1), adv. In a witty manner. 

wit'ti-ness, n. Quality of being witty. 

wit'ting-ly (-Tng-li), adv. Knowingly; with knowledge. 

wit'tol (wit'&l), n. [From witwall, the bird, associated with 
the cuckoo.] A submissive cuckold. Obs. 

wit'ty (wit'i), a. ; -ti-er (-i-er) ; -ti-est. 1. Possessing wit 
(in sense 3) ; good at repartee ; cleverly facetious ; some- 
times, sarcastic. 2. Marked by wit ; as, a witty saying. 
Syn. Witty, facetious. Witty implies Quick and clever 
speech (esp. repartee) or sparkling pleasantry ; facetious 
commonly suggests waggishness or jocularity. 

wit'wall' (-wol'), n. A European spotted woodpecker 
(Dendrocopus major). Local, Eng. & Scot. 

wive (wTv), v. i.; wived (wlvd) ; wiv'ing (wiv'Tng). [AS. 
wifian.] To marry a woman. — v. t. 1. To marry to a 
woman. 2. To take for a wife. Rare. 

wi'vem (wl'vern), n. [OF. wivre, guivre, fr. L. vipera 
viper.] Her. A fabulous two-legged, winged creature, like 
a cockatrice, but having a dragon's head. 

wives (wTvz), ra., pi. of WIFE. 

wiz'ard (wTz'drd), n. [ME. wysard; prob. fr. wis (E. wise, 
a.) + -ard.] 1. A wise man ; sage. Obs. 2. A magician ; 
sorcerer. — a. Magical ; hence : enchanting ; charming. — 
wiz'ard-ly, a.^ [magic. 

wiz'ard-ry (-rT), n. Character or practices of wizards; 

wiz'en (wiz''n ; dial, also we'z'n), v. i. & t. [AS. wisnian." 
To wither ; shrivel ; dry. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. — o. 
Thin ; withered ; as, "A little lonely, wizen boy." 

wiz'ened (-'nd), p. a. Dried ; shriveled ; withered ; shrunk- 
en ; weazen ; as, a wizened old man. 

woad (wod), n. [AS. wad.] A European brassicaceous 
plant (I satis tinctoria), formerly grown for the blue dye- 
stuff yielded by its leaves ; also, the dyestuff . — woad'ed, a. 

woad'wax'en (-wak's'n), n. [AS. wuduweaxe.] A yellow- 
flowered fabaceous shrub (Genista tinctoria) of Europe 
and Russian Asia, adventitious in America. 

woald (wold). Var. of weld. 

Wo'den (wo'den)l n. [AS. Woden.] Teut. Myth. Odin. 

Wo'dan (wo'dan)J Wednesday is named for him. 

woe (wo), n. Also WO. [ME. wo, wa, woo, AS. wa, interj.] 
Grief ; sorrow ; misery ; also, a heavy calamity ; affliction. 
— Syn. See sorrow. — woe worth, woe be to. See 
worth, v. i. 

XWWoe is now chiefly literary or poetic. It is used, with a 
dative construction or its equivalent, in denunciation and 
in exclamations of sorrow ; as, woe to sinners ; woe is me. 

woe'be-gone'l (wo'be-gon 7 ; 62), a. Beset or overwhelmed 

WO'be-gone' / with woe ; woeful ; hence, indicating woe. 

woe'full (-fool), a. 1. Full of woe ; sad. 2. Bringing, or 

wo'ful J pert, to, woe. 3. Paltry ; poor ; wretched. — 
woe'ful-ly, wo'-, adv. — woe'ful-ness, wo'-, n. 

wold (wold). Var. of weld, plant. 

wold (wold), n. [AS. weald, wald, a wood, forest.] A 
plain or a low hill ; a region without woods. 

wolf (woolf), n. ; pi. wolves (wdolvz). [AS. wulf.] 1. Any 
of certain large doglike carnivores (genus Canis), esp. a 
European species (C. lupus) or one allied to it. 2. Any of 
various small coleopterous or lepidopterous larvae which in- 
fest granaries. 3. A very fierce, rapacious, or destructive 
person. 4. Music. In instruments played with a bow, a 
harshness due to faulty vibration in certain notes. 

WOlf'ber'ry (-ber'i), n. A western American shrub (Sym- 
phoricarpos occidentalis) bearing white berries. 

Wolff'i-an (wo61'fi-an), a. Anat. Discovered or first de- 
scribed by Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-94). 
Wolffian body, Embryol., one of a pair of functional renal 
organs found in most vertebrate embryos, and becoming 
the kidneys in fishes and amphibians ; the mesonephros. 

wolf fish. Any of several large marine blennies (family 
Anarhichadidse) notable for their ferocity. 

wolfhound' (woolf 'hound'), n. A dog of any of several 
breeds originally used for hunting wolves. The Russian 
wolfhound resembles the greyhound, but its hair is soft, 
silky, and wavy or slightly curly. The Irish wolfhound 
is heavier throughout, has a wiry coat, and closely re- 
sembles the deerhound. 

wolfish (wdol'fish), o. Like a wolf. — wolfish-ly, adv. 

WOl'fram (wool'fram ; wol'-), n. [G.] Tungsten. 

WOlfram-ite (wool'fram-It ; wol'-), n. [G. wolframit, 
wolfram; wolf wolf + rahm cream, soot.] Min. A tung- 
state of iron and manganese, (Fe.Mn)WQ4, usually of a 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



WOLFSBANE 



1099 



WOOLGATHERING 



brownish or grayish black color and submetallic luster ; — 
called also wolfram. It occurs in monoclinic crystals and 
in granular or columnar masses. It is a source of tungsten. 

WOlfs / bane / (wdokVban'), n. Aconite, or monkshood. 

WOl'las-ton-ite (wool'ds-tun-Tt), n. [After Dr. W. H. 
Wollaston (1766M828), English chemist and physicist.] 
Min. A native silicate of calcium, CaSiCh, a monoclinic 
mineral of varying color, usually in cleavable masses. 

wol'ver-ene'l (wdol'ver-en'), n. [From wou.] The glut- 

wol'ver-ime' / ton. U. S. 

wolves (wdolvz), n., pi. of wolf. 

wolv'ish (wdol'vish), a. Wolfish. Obs. 

wom'an (woom'a'n), n.; pi. women (wlm'en; 24). [AS. 
wlfmann, wimmann ; wif woman, wife + tnann a man.] 

1. An adult female person. 2. Womankind. 3. A female 
attendant or servant. 4. Womanly qualities. — Syn. See 
female. — v. t. To associate (one) with a woman. 

wom'an-hood (-hood), n. 1. State of being a woman ; dis- 
tinguishing character of a woman. 2. Womankind. 
Wom'an-ish, a. Suitable to or like a woman ; effeminate ; 

— usually disparaging. — Syn. See female. 

wom'an-kind' (-kind 7 ), n. Women collectively. 

wom'an-like' (-Ilk 7 ), a. Womanly. — Syn. See female. 

wom'an-ly, a. Befitting or like a woman ; feminine ; — con- 
trasted with manly, virile. — Syn. See female. — wom/- 
an-ly, adv. — wom'an-li-ness, n. 

woman suffrage. Suffrage, or the right to vote in political 

matters, possessed or exercised by women. 
womb (woom), n. [AS. wamb, womb.'] 1. The belly. Obs. 

2. The uterus. 3. Any cavity likened to a womb, as a place 
where something is generated or formed. 

WOm'bat (wom'bat), n. [From native name in Australia.] 
Any of a genus (Phascolomys) of burrdwing Australian 
marsupials, resembling small bears. 

wom'en (wim'en ; 24), n., pi. of woman. 

won (wun), pret. & p. p. of win. 

WOn'der (wfln'der), n. [AS. wundor.~\ 1. A cause of sur- 
prise or astonishment ; marvel ; prodigy ; miracle. 2. The 
emotion excited by novelty or by something wonderful ; as- 
tonishment ; admiration. Wonder expresses less than as- 
tonishment, and much less than amazement. 

— v. i. 1. To be affected with surprise ; marvel. 2. To feel 
doubt and curiosity ; query. — v. t. To feel doubt and cu- 
riosity about ; be anxious to know. — won'der-er, n. 

WOll'der-ful (-der-fo61), a. Adapted to excite wonder ; sur- 
prising ; strange ; astonishing. — Syn. Wondrous, marvel- 
ous, amazing. — won'der-ful-ly, adv. — der-ful-ness, n. 

won'der-land/ (-land'), n. A land of wonders or marvels. 

WOn'der-men,t, n. Surprise ; astonishment ; also, a wonder. 

won'der-strick'en (-striken), won'der-struck' (-struk'), 
o. Struck with wonder, admiration, or surprise. 

Won'der-work' (wun'der-wurk'), n. [AS. wundorweorc] 
A wonderful work or act ; a wonder ; prodigy ; miracle. — 
won'der-work'er, n. — won'der-work'ing, a. 

WOn'drous (wun'drws), adv. In a wonderful or surprising 
manner or degree ; wonderfully. — a. Wonderful ; astonish- 
ing ; marvelous. — -drous-ly, adv. drous-ness, n. 

won't (wont ; wiint). A colloquial contraction of woll not, 
obs. var. of will not. 

Wont (wunt or, esp. British, wont), a. [ME. wunt, 
waned, p. p. of wonien, wonen, wunien, wunen, to dwell, 
be accustomed, AS. wunian."] Using or doing customarily ; 
accustomed ; used ; — used with an infinitive. — n. Cus- 
tom ; habit ; use. — Syn. See habit. — v. i. ; pret. wont ; 
p. p. wont or wont'ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. wont'lng. To be 
accustomed. — v. t. To accustom ; — chiefly used reflex- 
ively ; as, he wonted himself to coarse food. 

wont'ed (wun'ted; won'-; 24), p. a. Accustomed; usual. 

WOO (woo), v. t. & i. [AS. wogian.] 1. To solicit in love 
and, usually, marriage ; court. 2. To invite or beseech, esp. 
importunately ; court solicitously. 3. To seek, or act in 
such a way as, to bring about ; as, to woo wealth or fortune. 

WOOd (wood), n. [AS. wudu, wiodu, widu.] 1. A dense 
growth of trees ; forest ; grove ; — often used in pi. 2. The 
hard fibrous substance which makes up the greater part of 
the stems and branches of trees or shrubs beneath the bark 
and is found to some extent in herbaceous plants. 3. Tim- 
ber ; lumber ; firewood. 4. Something made of wood. 

— v. t. To supply with wood ; as, to wood a steamboat. — 
v. i. To take or get a supply of wood. 

WOOd anemone. Any of several species of anemone (esp., 
in U. S., Anemone quinquefolia, in Europe, A. nemorosa). 
wood betony. a = betony. b. Lousewort. 
WOOd'bine' (wood'bin'), n. [AS. wudubind, widubindae; 

— as binding, or winding about, trees.] 1. The European 
honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) ; also, any of sev- 
eral other honeysuckles. 2. The Virginia creeper. U. S. 

wood block. A die for printing, cut on wood ; a woodcut. 
WOOd'chaV (-chat 7 ), n. 1. Any of several Asiatic birds of 

the thrush family (genera Ianthia and Larvivora). 2. A 

European shrike (Lanius pomeranus). 



WOOd'chuck' (-chuk'), n. A thickset marmot (Marmotc 
monax) of the U. S. and Canada ; — called also ground hog. 

wood coal, a Charcoal, b Lignite. 

wood'cock' (-kok'), n. (See plural, Note.) [AS. wudu- 
cocJ] An Old World long-billed limicoline game bird (Sco- 
lopax rusticola) ; also, a similar and related American bird 
(Philohela minor). 

wood'craft' (-kraft'), n. Skill and practice in what pertains 
to the woods, esp. in maintaining one's self and making 
one's way, or in hunting or trapping. 

wood'cut' (-kut'), n. An engraving on wood ; also, a print 
from such an engraving. 

wood'cut'ter (wood'kut'er), n. A person who cuts wood. 

wood'ed, a. Supplied or covered with wood, or trees. 

WOOd'en (w66d''n), a. 1. Made or consisting of wood. 2. 
Stiff ; clumsy ; awkward ; also, spiritless ; stupid. — WOOd'- 
en-ly, adv. — wood'en-ness, n. 

wood engraving, a Art or process of engraving designs 
upon wood for printing, b A woodcut. — wood engraver. 

WOOd'en-head' (wood''n-hed'), n. A blockhead; a stupid 
person. Colloq. — WOOd'en-head'ed (-hed'ed ; 24), a. 

WOOd'en-ware' (-war'), n. Buckets, bowls, or other vessels, 
esp. of domestic use, made of wood. 

wood'hquse' (-hous'), n. A house or shed for storing wood. 

wood ibis. A large wading bird (Tantalus loculator) of 
wooded swamps of the warmer parts of America. 

wood'i-ness (-i-nes), n. Quality or state of being woody. 

WOOd'land (-land ; -land'), n. Land covered with wood, or 
trees ; forest ; timbered land. — WOOd'land'er, n. 

WOOd louse. Any of numerous small terrestrial isopod crus- 
taceans (Oniscus, Armadillo, or related genus) ; a slater, 
sow bug, or pill bug. They have a flattened elliptical body, 
sometimes capable of being rolled into a ball. 

WOOd'man (-man), n. 1. A forest officer in care of the king's 
woods ; a forester. Eng. 2. A hunter of forest game. Obs. or 
Rare, 3. One w r ho cuts down trees ; a woodcutter. 4. One 
who dwells in the woods. 

wood'-note', n. A wild or natural note, as of a forest bird. 

wood nymph. 1. A nymph of the woods ; dryad. 2. Any 
of several moths (genus Euthisanotia), butterflies (sub- 
family Satyr inse), or humming birds (genus Thalurania). 

WOOd'peck'er (wood'pek'er), n. Any of many scansorial 
birds (family Picidse) having spiny tail feathers used to aid 
in climbing, or resting on, tree trunks, and a hard, chisel- 
like bill used to drill into trees, as for insects ; — often used 
with an adjective, as: green woodpecker {Gecinus viri- 
dis), great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus major). 

WOOd pigeon. 1. The ringdove. Local, Eng. 2. A wild 
pigeon (Columba fascial a) of western America. Local, U. S. 

wood pulp. Pulp from wood, used in making paper. 

wood'ruff' (wdod'rfifO, n. Also wood'roof', wood'row'. 
[AS. wudurofe.'] A small sweet-scented aromatic herb 
(Asperula odorata) of the madder family. 

WOOd screw. A metal screw for insertion in wood. 

WOOd'si-a (wood'zi-d), n. [NL., after Joseph Woods 
(1776-1864), English botanist.] Any of a genus (Woodsia) 
of small or medium-sized rock-loving ferns. 

WOOds'man (woodz'man), n. A woodman, esp. one who 
lives in the forest. [species (Oxalis acetosella).\ 

wood sorrel. Any oxalis, esp. a common white-flowered j 

WOOd spirit. Methyl alcohol. 

woods'y (wdod'zT), a.; wood'si-er (-zi-er) ; -si-est. Of or 
pert, to the woods, or forest. Colloq., U. S. 

wood vinegar. Pyroligneous acid. 

WOOd wind (wind). Music. See wtnd instruments. 

wood'work' (wdod'wurk'), n. Work made of wood; esp., 
interior fittings of wood, as moldings, stairways, etc. 

WOOd'work'ing, a. Working or shaping things of wood. — 
wood'worklng, n. — wood'work'er, n. 

wood'worm' (-wurmO, n. A larva that bores ir/wood. 

WOOd'y (wobd'i), a. ; wood'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Abound- 
ing with wood or woods ; as, woody land. 2. Of or contain- 
ing wood ; ligneous. 3. Of or pert, to woods ; sylvan. .Rare. 
4. Like, or characteristic of, wood ; as, a woody taste. 

WOO'er (woo'er), n. One who woos ; a suitor. 

woof (woof), n. [ME. oof, AS. owef, var. of oweb; on on 
-f- web. The w is due to influence of E. weave.] 1. The 
threads that cross the warp in a fabric ; weft ; thread carried 
by the shuttle in weaving. 2. Texture ; cloth. 

wool (wool), n. [AS. wull.] 1. The soft and curled, or 
crisped, covering or coat of domesticated sheep and some 
other animals. 2. Short, thick hair, esp. when crisped or 
curled. 3. Something light and fleecy or downy like wool. 

WOOl'en \ (wobl'en ; 24), a. 1. Made or consisting of wool. 

wool'lenj 2. Of or pert, to wool or woolen cloths; as, 
woolen mills. — n. Fabric made of wool. 

wool fat or grease. Lanolin. 

wool'f ell' (wool'felO, n. [wool + fell a skin.] A skin from 
which the wool has not been sheared or pulled. 

WOOl'gath'er-ing (-gath/er-ing), n. Indulgence in vagrant 
fancies ; purooseless imagining. — wool'gath^r-ing, a. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with, = equalo. 



N 



WOOLGROWER 



1100 



WORLD 



R 



S 



U 



W 



WOOl'grow'er, to. One who raises sheep for their wool. 

wool'ly (wool'I), a.; wool'li-er (-I-er) ; -li-est. 1. Con- 
sisting of, of the nature of, or like, wool. 2. Clothed with 
wool. — wool'li-ness (-T-nes), to. 

woolly bear, the hairy larva of any of several species (esp. 
family Arctiidse) of moths. 

WOOl'pack' (-pak/), to. 1. A wrapper, of canvas, cotton, or 
the like, for holding wool ; also, a quantity of wool weighing 
240 pounds, in such a wrapper. 2. Meteor. A rounded 
cumulus cloud springing from a horizontal base. 

wool'sack' (-sakO, n. A sack for or of wool; specif., the 
seat of the English Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, 
a sack or cushion of wool, covered with red cloth, in shape 
like a divan, without back or arms. 

wool Stapler, a A dealer in wool, b One who sorts wool. 

word (wurd), n. [AS.] 1. That which is said ; esp., a brief 
expression; as, a word of advice. 2. An utterance con- 
sidered as implying the faith or authority of the person 
who utters it ; statement ; affirmation ; promise ; as, to 
keep one's word. 3. A saying ; proverb ; motto. Archaic. 
4. Tidings ; report ; message ; information ; — used only in 
sing. 5. A password, watchword, or verbal signal ; also, 
order ; command ; as, to give the word. 6. Talk ; discourse ; 
— chiefly in pi. 7. In pi. Verbal contention ; dispute.. 8. 
An articulate sound or combination of sounds which, as 
symbolizing an idea, is taken as an ultimate independent 
unit of discourse, usually forming one of the units of a sen- 
tence. 9. Hence, the written or printed character or 
characters expressing such a unit. 10. Theol. a The 
gospel message ; esp., the Scriptures, b [cap.] The second 
person in the Trinity befpre incarnation ; the Logos ; 
among those who reject the doctrine of the Trinity, one or 
all of the divine attributes personified. 
word of mouth, orally ; by actual speaking. — w. for 
w., in the exact words ; verbatim ; literally. 

— v. t. 1. To express in words ; phrase. 2. To flatter ; 
cajole. Obs. — v. i. To speak. Archaic or Dial. 

word blindness. Inability to understand printed or written 
words, although perhaps able to see, speak, and write cor- 
rectly. — word'-blind', a. 

word'book' (-book'), to. A vocabulary ; dictionary. 

word'i-ly (wur'di-lT), adv. In a wordy manner. 

word'i-ness, to. Verbosity. 

word'ing, to. Expression in words ; phrasing. 

word'play' (wurd'pla 7 ), to. A more or less subtle playing 
upon the meaning of words. 

word square. A series of words so arranged as to read alike 
vertically and horizontally. HEART 

word'y (wurd'!), a.; word'i-er (-di-er) ; EMBER 
-i-est. 1. Of or pert, to words ; verbal. 2. ABUSE 
Using or containing many words ; verbose. RESIN 

wore (wor; 57). Pret. & Scot. & dial. p. p. TREND 
of WEAR. Word Square. 

work (wurk), to. [AS. wore, weorc."] 1. Exertion of strength 
or faculties to effect something ; physical or intellectual 
effort directed to an end ; toil ; labor. Also, employment ; 
occupation. 2. The matter on which one labors ; task ; 
duty. 3. That which is produced by exertion ; anything 
accomplished ; deed ; achievement ; feat. 4. Specif. : a 
That which is produced by mental labor, as a book or piece 
of art ; as, the works of Scott, b Embroidery ; needlework. 
C In pi. Structures in engineering, as docks, bridges, fortifi- 
cations, etc. 5. A place where industrial labor is carried on ; 
esp., in plural form but often with singular construction, 
the structures, grounds, machinery, etc., of a manufactory ; 
as an iron works; water works. 6. In pi. The working or 
moving parts of a mechanism, as of a clock. 7. Manner of 
working ; management ; treatment ; workmanship ; as, un- 
skillful work. 8. In pi. Bib. Performance of moral duties ; 
righteous deeds. 9. Mech. The causing of motion against a 
resisting force, measured by the product of the force into 
the component of the motion resolved along the direction 
of the force. See erg, foot pound, etc. 
Syn. Work, labor, toil, drudgery. Work is the general 
term for purposive effort ; labor commonly implies more 
strenuous exertion than work ; more specif, (esp. as op- 
posed to capital) , it denotes physical exertion for the supply 
of wants ; toil is painful or fatiguing labor ; drudgery is 
esp. dull, irksome, and distasteful work. 
work of art, a production of art ; specif., a production in 
one of the fine arts, esp. in painting or sculpture. 

•— v. i.; pret. & p. p. worked (wurkt), or wrought (rot) ; 
p. pr. & vb. to. work'ing. 1. To exert one's self for a pur- 
pose, esp. for gain, improvement, etc. ; labor. 2. Hence : to 
operate or act, esp. effectively ; as, the machine works well ; 
the plan worked. 3. To be engaged customarily in some 
occupation. 4. To move, progress, etc., laboriously or 
slowly ; — used with out, into, up, through, etc. 5. To 
ferment, as a liquid. 6. To be in agitation ; strain ; labor, 
as a ship in a heavy sea. 

— v. t. 1. To fashion by labor ; shape ; make. 2. To bring 
to pass ; cause ; accomplish ; do ; as, to work one's ruin ; 
work havoc. 3. To prepare for use by manipulation ; as, to 



work butter. 4. To set or keep in motion or activity ; oper- 
ate ; manage ; as, to work a machine, mine, ship. 5. To 
cause to labor. 6. To carry on one's occupation in, through, 
etc. ; as, the trapper worked the stream from its source. 
7. To make, effect, or bring into some condition, by degrees 
or as if laboriously ; as, to work one's self into favor ; beer 
works off impurities in fermenting. 8. To make or orna- 
ment by needlework ; embroider. 9. To solve, as a problem. 
10. To make use of; to use. Now Colloq. 11. To influ- 
ence ; lead ; induce ; as, to work a legislature. 12. To ex- 
cite ; provoke ; as, to work one's self into a rage. 13. To 
cause to ferment. 

to work one's passage, to pay for a passage by doing 
work on board or about the conveyance. — to w. out. a 
To effect by labor and exertion, b To solve, as a problem ; 
also, to develop or arrange, as a plan, c To exhaust, as a 
mine or land, by working. 

work'a-ble (wur'kd-b'l), a. Capable of or worth being 
worked ; practicable. — work'a-bil'i-ty (-bil'I-ti), work'- 
a-ble-ness, to. 

work'a-day' (wur'kd-da'), a. Pert, to, or suited for, work- 
ing days, laboring ; hence, prosaic. 

work'bag' (wurk'bagO, to. A bag to hold implements or 
materials for work ; esp., a reticule for needlework. 

work'day' (-da'), to. A day on which work is done, as dis- 
tinguished^ from Sunday, festivals, etc. — a. Workaday. 

worked (wurkt), weak pret. & p. p. of work. 
Syn. Worked, wrought. Both as preterit and participle. 
worked implies preparation or (esp.) operation by labor ; 
wrought suggests the molding or fashioning of something, 
esp. from the rough. 

work'er (wur'ker), to. 1. One who, or that which, works ; 
specif., a laborer ; toiler ; performer ; doer. 2. Zobl. One 
of the neuter, or sterile, individuals of the social ants, bees, 
and white ants. The workers are generally females having 
the sexual organs imperfectly developed. 

work'iel'low (wurk'fel'o), to. A companion in work. 

work'folk' (-fokO, work'folks' (-foks 7 ), to. pi. Working 
people, esp. those engaged in manual labor. 

work'house' (-housO, to. 1. A workshop. 2. In England, a 
house where able-bodied poor are maintained at public ex- 
pense and made to labor ; a poorhouse. 3. A house of cor- 
rection in which petty offenders are confined at labor. U. S. 

working, p. a. 1. Doing work ; engaged in labor. 2. Of, 
relating to, or occupied by, work, as, working hours ; 
working cost. 3. Assumed or adopted to permit or facili- 
tate work ; as, a working arrangement. 
working day. a A day when work is done, esp. in dis- 
tinction from Sundays and legal holidays ; a workday, b 
The number of hours during which a workman must work 
to be entitled to a day's pay. — w. drawing, Arch. & 
Mech., a drawing made to scale, intended to be followed by 
the workmen. — w. substance, Mech., the substance, usu- 
ally a fluid (w. fluid), under pressure, that actuates the 
piston, vanes, floats, etc., in an engine or other prime mover. 

work'ing-day', a. Workaday. [borer. 

work'ing-man (-man), to. A laboring man ; a manual la-| 

work'man (wurk/man), to. A man employed in labor ; esp., 
a skilled artificer or laborer. 

Syn. Workman, laborer, artisan, artificer, mechan- 
ic, craftsman. Workman is the general term ; it often 
applies to one who does relatively skilled work ; a laborer's 
work demands strength or exertion rather than skill ; an 
artisan is esp. one employed in an industrial or mechanic 
art or trade ; mechanic is now commonly restricted to a 
workman skilled in constructing, repairing, or using ma- 
chinery ; a craftsman is one who practices a handicraft ; 
artificer commonly implies power of contrivance or adapta- 
tion in the exercise of one's craft. 

work'man-like', a. & adv. Befitting a workman, esp. a 
skillful one ; skillful ; well done. — work'man-ly, a. & adv. 

work'man-ship, to. 1. Art or skill of a workman ; the exe- 
cution or manner of making or doing anything ; also, the 
quality imparted in the process of making. 2. That which 
is effected or produced ; manufacture ; work. 

work'peo'ple (-pe'p'.D, to. pi. People who work, esp. at 
manual labor ; laboring people. 

work-room' (-room'), to. A room used especially for labor. 

work'shop' (wurk'shop'), to. A shop where any manufac- 
ture or handiwork is carried on. 

work'ta'ble (-ta'b'l), to. A table for holding working mate- 
rials ; esp., a table with drawers for needlework, etc. 

work'wom'an (-wdom'dn), to. A woman who works, esp. 
at manual labor. 

world (wurld), to. [AS. weorold, worold.~] 1. The earth and 
surrounding heavens ; the system of created things ; the 
universe. 2. The earth and its inhabitants ; sum of human 
affairs and interests ; hence : mankind ; also, people in 
general ; the public ; as, all the world loves a lover. 3. A 
state of existence ; a sphere or scene of life and action ; as, 
the next world. 4. Individual experience ; course of life : 
sum of affairs affecting the individual; as, to begin the 
world anew. 5. The customs, practices, and interests of 
men as social beings ; — usually used with the ; as, to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



WORLDLINESS 



1101 



WRANGLE 



withdraw from the world. 6. The portion of mankind 
engrossed in the concerns of this life, and hence sometimes 
regarded as ungodly ; — usually used with the. 7. That 
which concerns the earth and its affairs as distinguished 
from heaven ; hence, secular affairs or interests ; as, the 
world is too much with us. 8. A great number or quan- 
tity. 9. A part, division, or section of the earth, its con- 
cerns, inhabitants, etc., regarded as a separate, independ- 
ent unit ; as : a A division of the globe, its inhabitants, 
etc. ; as, the Old World ; the medieval world, b One of the 
three grand divisions or primary groups of natural objects ; 
a kingdom ; as, the animal, mineral, or vegetable world. C 
A more or less definite class or division of persons ; as, the 
political world. 10. Any sphere or whole suggestive of the 
world. 11. Any planet or heavenly body. — Syn. See 
earth. [of being worldly. I 

WOrld'U-ness (wurld'lT-nes), n. State, character, or quality| 
WOrld'ling (wurld'ling), n. _ [world + 1st -ling. ] A person 

devoted to this world and its enjoyments. 
world'ly, a. 1. Of or pert, to this world or existence in it ; 
earthly ; as, worldly goods. 2. Of or pert, to the concerns 
of this life as distinguished from those of the life to come ; 
interested in, or concerned with, the enjoyments of this 
present existence ; as, worldly men. — Syn. See earthly. 

— adv. In a worldly manner. 
world'ly-mind'ed, a. Devoted to, or engrossed in, worldly 

interests. — worldly-mind'ed-ness, n. 

world'ly-wise', a. Wise as to things of this world. 

world soul. A spiritual being having the same relation to 
the world that the soul has to the individual being. 

world spirit. The animating spirit of the universe ; God. 

world'— wide', a. Extended throughout the world. 

worm (wiirm), n. [AS. wyrm, wurm, serpent, worm.] 1. 
Any of numerous small, elongate, and slender, creeping or 
crawling animals, usually soft-bodied, naked, and limbless 
or nearly so. 2. A being likened to, or suggestive of, a 
worm by reason of humility, debasement, etc. 3. a Anat._ = 
vermiform process, b Zodl. = lytta. 4. Something 
that inwardly torments in a way suggestive of the gnawing, 
boring, or working of a worm. 5. In pi. Any disorder due 
to parasitic worms, as in the intestines. 6. A spiral or 
wormlike thing, as : a A screw thread, b The condensing 
tube of a still. C Mach. A short revolving screw the threads 
of which gear with the teeth of a worm wheel, d An Ar- 
chimedean screw, or a conveyer working on the same prin- 
ciple. 7. See worm wheel. 

— v. i. To move, go, or work slowly, deviously, and insidi- 
ously, -—v. t. 1. To work, effect, remove, draw, etc., by 
slow, devious, and insidious means. 2. Naut. To wind 
rope, yarn, etc., spirally round and between the strands of 
(a cable or rope) before serving. 3. To cut the lytta from 
(a dog). [or worms. I 

worm'-eat'en (-eV'n), a. Eaten, or eaten into, by a worm| 

worm fence. A zigzag fence of rails crossing at their ends ; 
— called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. 

worm gear. Mach. a A worm wheel, b A gear consisting of 
a worm and worm wheel working together. 

worm'hole' (wurm'hol'), n. The burrow of a worm. 

wor'mil (w6r'nul), n. The larva of a warble fly, or any 
other fly larva which burrows beneath the skin of animals. 

Worm/seed' (wurm'sed'), n. 1. Any of several plants, as 
santonica and certain species of goosefoot (esp. Cheno- 
podium anthelminticum) , whose seeds are anthelmintic. 
2. Pharm. A drug derived from the above. 

worm Wheel. A cogwheel to gear with the thread or threads 
of a short revolving screw called a worm. 

worm'wood' (wurm'wobd'), n. [AS. wermod."] 1. An 
asteraceous plant ( Artemisia absinthium ) of a bitter, 
slightly aromatic taste, now chiefly used in making absinth. 
2. Something bitter or grievous ; bitterness. 

worm'y (wiir'mi), a. ; worm'i-er (-mT-er) ; -i-est. 1. Con- 
taining, or abounding with, worms. 2. Like, or pertaining 
to, a worm ; groveling. 

worn (worn ; 57), p. p. of wear. [paired, by use.l 

worn'-out', a. Exhausted by wear ; made useless, or im-| 

wor'ri-er (wur'i-er), n. One who, or that which, worries. 

wor'ri-ment (-ment), n. Trouble ; worry. Colloq. 

wor'ri-some (-sum), a. Inclined to worry or fret; also, 
causing worry. 

wor'ry (wur'i), v. t.; wor'rted (-Id); -ry-ing. [ME. 
worowen to strangle, AS. wyrgan.'] 1. To harass with or 
as with continual snapping or biting; also, to shake and 
tear or mangle with the teeth. 2. To beset with importu- 
nity, or with care and anxiety ; vex ; torment ; fret. — Syn. 
See harass. — v. i. 1. To be engaged in worrying, or 
mangling, something by shaking and tearing it_ with the 
teeth. 2. To feel or express great care and anxiety ; fret. 

— n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). 1. Act of worrying. 2. Undue solici- 
tude ; disturbance due to care and anxiety ; anxiety. 

worse (wurs), a., compar. of bad. [AS. wiersa, wyrsa.~\ 
Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a greater degree ; less good ; 
specif., in poorer health ; more sick. 



—adv. Inaworsedegreeormanner.— n. That which is worse. 

wors'en (wur's'n), v. t. & i. To make or become worse. 

wors'er (wur'ser), a. Worse ; — a redundant comparative. 
06s., Dial., or Illit. 

wor'ship (wur'shfp), n. [AS. weorSscipe; weorS worth 
-f- -scipe -ship.] 1. Courtesy or reverence ; deference ; 
honor ; respect. 2. A title of honor used in addresses to 
certain magistrates and others of rank or station. 3. Act of 
paying divine honors to a deity ; religious reverence and 
homage. 4. Obsequious respect ; extravagant admiration. 
5. An object of worship. Syn. See reverence. 

— v. t. ; -shtped (-shipt) or -shipped ; -shlp-lng or -ship- 
ping. 1. To pay divine honors to ; adore ; venerate. 2. To 
admire inordinately ; idolize. — Syn. Revere, reverence, 
bow to, honor. — v. i. To perform acts of homage or adora- 
tion ; esp., to perform religious service. — wor'ship-er, or 
wor'ship-per (-er), n. 

wor'ship-ful (-fdol), a. 1. Entitled to worship, reverence, 
or high respect. 2. Honorable ; esteemed ; — used in for- 
mally addressing magistrates, certain dignitaries, etc. — 
wor'ship-ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. 

worst (wurst), a., superl. of bad. [AS. wyrst, wierst.') 
Bad, evil, or pernicious in the highest degree. Cf. worse. 

— adv. To the extreme degree of badness or inferiority ; 
in a manner most bad or evil. — n. That which is most bad 
or evil. — v. t. To get the better of ; defeat ; discomfit. 

wor'sted (wdos'ted; woor'stcd), n. [From Worsted, now 
spelt Worstead, a town in Norfolk, England.] 1. Well- 
twisted yarn of long-staple wool; also, cloth made from 
such yarn. 2. Soft woolen yarn, untwisted or lightly 
twisted, used in knitting and embroidery. 

wort (wurt), n. [AS. wyrt.~\ Any plant or herb ; esp., a 
potherb ; — used chiefly in combination, as in colewort. 

wort, n. [AS. wyrt.~] An infusion of malt unfermented, or 
in process of fermentation. 

worth (wurth), v. i. [AS. weorSan.'] To be ; become ; be- 
tide ; — now only, archaically, in woe worth the day, etc. 

worth, a. [AS. weorS, wur&.~\ 1. Deserving of ; meriting. 

2. Equal in value to ; proper to be exchanged for. 3. Hav- 
ing possessions equal to ; having wealth to the value of ; as, 
he is worth a million dollars. — ■ worth while, worth the 
time expended ; hence, worth the pains and expense. 

— n. 1. The quality or qualities of a thing rendering it 
valuable or useful ; value ; importance ; hence : equivalence 
in exchange ; price. 2. Value in respect of moral or personal 
qualities ; excellence ; virtue ; usefulness. 3. Wealth ; 
riches._ — Syn. Desert, merit. See desert, price. 

wor'thi-ly (wur'thT-li), adv. In a worthy manner. 

wor'thi-ness (-nes), n. Quality of being worthy. 

worthless (wurth'les), a. Destitute of worth ; having no 
value, virtue, desert, or the like ; useless ; vile ; mean. — 
worth/less-ly, adv. — worth'less-ness, n. 

wor'thy (wur'tM), a.; -thi-er (-thi-er); -thi-est. [AS. 
wyr&ig.~\ 1. Having worth or excellence ; valuable ; esti- 
mable. 2. Having adequate worth or value ; meriting ; fit ; 
suitable (to) ; suiting ; befitting ; — usually used with of; 
more rarely, with a following infinitive or with that, for, or 
an objective without a preposition. Usually in a good sense. 

3. Deserved ; merited ; also, well-founded. Archaic. 

— n.; pi. -thies (-tbiz). A person of great worth or desert. 
wot (wot), 1st & 2d pers. sing. pres. of wit, to know. Ar- 
chaic or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

would (wood), pret. & (obs.) p. p. of will, v. t. & auxil., & 
of 2d will, v. %. [ME. & AS. wolde.'] See will, v. t. S" 
auxiliary. .] For use of would as auxiliary, see should. Spe- 
cial uses of would are : a In expressions of desire or wish ; 
as, I would I were young again, b In expressing what 
might be expected ; as, that would make taik % [reputed.! 

would'— be', a. Desiring or professing to be ; wishing to be| 

wound (wound), pret. & p. p. of wind, to turn, and of wind, 
to blow. 

wound (woond; wound), n. [AS. wund."] 1. A hurt or 
injury caused by violence. Obs. or Rare, exc. specif. : a An 
injury to a person or animal by which the skin is divided ; a 
stab, cut, or laceration, b A cut or other breach in a plant. 
2. An injury or hurt to feelings, reputation, etc. 

— v. t. To inflict a wound (sense 1) upon ; hence : to hurt the 
feelings of ; pain, as by ingratitude. — v. i. To inflict a 
wound or wounds ; to give pain. 

wound'less, a. 1. Not wounded. 2. Invulnerable. 

wove (wov), pret. & rare p. p. of weave. 
wove paper, paper bearing the impression of the weave of 
fine wire gauze ; — contrasted with laid paper. 

wo'ven (wo'v'n), p. p. of weave. 

wrack (rak). Var. of rack, thin flying clouds. 

wrack, n. 1. Wreck ; ruin. Archaic or Scot. 2. A wreck. 
Rare. 3. Marine vegetation cast up on the shore. 

wraith (rath), n. [Scot, wraith, warth.'] An apparition 
of a living person in his exact likeness, thought to be seen 
usually just before his death ; hence : an apparition ; specter. 

wran'gle (ran'g'D, v. i.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gllng (-gling). 
1. To argue; debate; dispute. 2. To dispute angrily ; 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. 



N 



WRANGLER 



1102 



WRITHER 







R 



U 



w 



brawl ; altercate. — n. An angry dispute ; noisy quarrel. 

— Syn. Altercation, bickering, brawl, jangle. See dispute. 
Wran'gler (riir/gler), n. 1. One who wrangles. 2. Cam- 
bridge Univ., Eng. An honor man placed in the first class 
in the mathematical tripos. 

Wtap (rap), v. t. [Due to confusion with wrap to wind or 
roll together. See rapt hurried away.] To snatch away 
or up ; transport ; — chiefly used in the p. p. wrapt. Obs. 

wrap (rap), v. t.; wrapped (rapt) or wrapt; wrap'ping. 
[ME. wrappen.] 1. To wind or roll together ; fold. 2. To 
cover by winding or folding ; infold ; — often used with up. 
3. To inclose in a package ; do up ; envelop ; — usually 
used with up. 4. To conceal by enveloping ; hide. — n. 
An article of dress to be wrapped round the person ; — 
often used, esp. in the plural, of furs, shawls, etc. 

Wrap'per (-er), n. 1. One who wraps, or folds. 2. That in 
which anything is wrapped or inclosed ; envelope ; covering ; 
specif., the tobacco leaf used for the outside covering of a 
cigar. 3. A negligee or outer garment, often in one piece, 
to be wrapped or fitted loosely about the person and usually 
for indoor wear, similar garments for outdoor wear being 
more often called wraps. 

wrasse (ras), n. Any of numerous edible, marine, usually 
brightly colored, fishes (family Labridse, esp. genus Labrus). 

wrath (rath; rath; or, esp. Brit, roth), n. [AS. wrseSSo, 
fr. wraS wroth.] 1. Violent anger ; deep and determined 
indignation ; rage ; ire. 2. Punishment inflicted in anger or 
indignation. — Syn. Fury, passion. See anger. — a. 
Wrathful; wroth. 

wratil'iul (-fool), a. Full of wrath ; very angry ; ireful ; 
passionate ; also, springing from, or expressing, or marked 
by, wrath. — Syn. Furious, raging, indignant, resentful. 

— wrath'ful-ly, adv. — wrath'ful-ness, n. 

wrath'y (-1), a.; wratb/i-er (-i-er); -i-est. _ Wrathful. 
Colloq. [or passion; inflict.) 

wreak (rek), v. t. [AS. wrecan.] To execute in vengeance! 

wreath (reth), n. ; pi. wreaths (retbz). [AS. wrseS, wrsed, 
a twisted band, fr. wriSan to twist.] 1. Something twisted 
or intertwined into circular shape. 2. A garland ; chaplet, 
esp. one for a victor. 3. leap.'] Astron. = Corona Aus- 
tralis. 

wreathe (reth), v. t. & i.; pret. wreathed (rethd) ; p. p. 
wreathed, Archaic wreath'en (retb/'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
wreath'ing. 1. To twist; contort; as, his face was 
wreathed in smiles ; to form or combine by twisting togeth- 
er; to entwine. 2. To encircle; infold. 3. To twine or 
twist about ; surround ; encircle. 

wreck (rek), n. [ME. wrak.] 1. That which has been 
wrecked or is in ruin. 2. Ruins of a wrecked ship. 3. Law. 
Goods, etc., which, after a shipwreck, are cast on the land 
by the sea. 4. Destruction or injury of a vessel by being 
cast on shore or on rocks, or by being disabled by winds or 
waves or other accident ;. shipwreck. 5. A wrecking ; state 
of being wrecked ; ruin* 

— v. t. 1. To shipwreck. 2. To bring wreck or ruin on by 
violence ; overthrow ; shatter. 3. To involve in a wreck ; 
ruin or damage by wreck. — v. i. 1. To suffer wreck. 2. 
To work on a wreck, as for rescue or plunder. 

wreck'age (-aj), n. Act of wrecking ; state of being wrecked ; 
also, that which has been wrecked ; remains of a wreck. 

wreck'er (-er), n. 1. One who wrecks, or ruins. 2. One who 
searches for, or works upon, the wrecks of vessels, as for 
rescue or plunder. 3. A vessel used by wreckers. _ [eii'c.l 

wreck'ful (-fool), a. Causing wreck ; involving ruin. Po-\ 

wren (ren), n. [AS. wrenna, wr senna.'] 1. Any of numer- 
ous small singing birds (family Troglodytidse) ; esp., the 
common European wren (N annus troglodytes) or the 
American house wren (.Troglodytes aedon). 2. Any of nu- 
merous species of similar singing birds. 

wrench (rench), n. [AS. wrenc deceit, a twisting.] 1. A 
violent twist, or a pull with twisting. 2. A sprain ; an 
injury by twisting, as in a joint. 3. An instrument for 
exerting a twisting strain, as in turning nuts, etc. — v. t. 
1. To wrest, twist, or force by violence. 2. a To strain ; 
sprain, b To distort ; pervert ; as, to wrench a meaning. 

wrest (rest), v. t. [AS. wrsestan.] 1. To turn ; twist ; esp., 
to twist or extort by violence ; pull or force away by or as 
by violent wringing or twisting. 2. To turn from truth ; 
pervert ; distort. — n. 1. Act of wresting. 2. A key to 
tune a stringed instrument, as a harp or piano, by turning 
the pins. — wrest'er, n. 

wres'tle (res''l), v. i.; -tled (-'Id); -tltng (-ling). [AS. 
wrastlian.] 1. To contend by grappling with, and striving 
to throw, an opponent. 2. To struggle ; strive earnestly. 

— v. t. To wrestle with. — n. A wrestling bout ; struggle. 
wres'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles ; one who is skillful 

in wrestling. 
wrest'ling (-ling), n. Act of one who wrestles ; specif., the 

sport consisting of the hand-to-hand combat between two 

unarmed contestants who seek to throw each other. 
wretch (rech), n. [AS. wrecca,wrsecca, exile, stranger, 

wretched person, wrecan to drive out, punish.] 1. A 



wretched person ; one profoundly unhappy. 2. One sunk 
in vice or degradation ; a base, despicable, or vile person. 

wretch'ed, a. 1. Very miserable ; deeply afflicted, dejected, 
or distressed; profoundly unhappy. 2. Producing, or 
characterized by, misery ; woeful ; grievous ; calamitous ; as 
a wretched accident ; a wretched life. 3. Hatefully con- 
temptible ; despicable. 4. Very poor, mean, or unsatisfac- 
tory ; as, a wretched attempt. — wretch'ed-ly, adv. 

wretch'ed-ness (rgch'ed-nes ; 24), n. Quality or state of 
being wretched. — Syn. See misery. 

wrig'gle (rig''!), v. i. & £.;-gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). 1. 
To move with short writhing motions, like a worm; 
squirm. 2. To advance with short quick contortions or by 
twisting and turning ; hence, to proceed by crooked ways 
or by shifts. — n. Act of wriggling. — wrig'gler (-ler), n. 

wrig'gly (-li), a. Wriggling or tending to wriggle. Colloq. 

Wright (rlt), n. [AS. wyrhta, fr. wyrcean to work.] A 
workman ; artificer, esp. in wood ; a mechanic ; — now 
used chiefly in composition ; as, in millwright, shipwright. 

wring (ring), v. t.; pret. & p. p. wrung (rung), Bare 
wrtnged (ringd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. wring'ing. [AS. wring- 
an.] 1. To twist and compress; turn and strain with 
violence ; wrest. 2. To distort. Obs. or R.^ 3. To torment ; 
torture ; as, it wrung my soul. 4. To subject to extortion ; 
oppress, in order to enforce compliance. 5. To extract or 
obtain by twisting and compressing; to squeeze out; 
hence, to extort. — v. i. To writhe. 

wring'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, wrings ; specif., 
a machine for squeezing water out of anything, as from 
clothes after they have been washed. 

wrin'kle (nn'k'l), n. [AS. wrincle.] 1. A corrugation ; a 
small ridge or furrow ; crease ; slight fold ; as, wrinkles in 
the brow. 2. [Perh. a different word.] A clever notion or 
fancy; whim; a little trick or device. Colloq. — v. t.; 
-kled (-k'ld) ; -KLiNG (-ling). To make a wrinkle or 
wrinkles in. — v. i. To be or become wrinkled. 

Wlin'kly (-kli), a. Wrinkled ; tending to wrinkle. 

wrist (rist), n. [AS.] 1. The joint, or the region of the 
joint, between the hand and the arm ; carpus. 2. Mach. A 
stud or pin which forms a journal, as in a trunk piston ; — 
called also wrist pin. 

wrist'band (rist^band; colloq. riz'-), n. The band of a 
sleeve, as of a shirt, covering the wrist. 

wrist'let (rist'let), n. 1. A band worn around the wrist, 
esp. to protect from cold. 2. A handcuff. Slang. 

wrist pin. Mach. = wrist, n., 2. 

writ (rit). Archaic pret. & p. p. of write. 

writ, n. [AS. writ, gewrit. See write.] 1. A writing ; 
scripture; — now rare except as applied, with sacred or 
holy, to the Bible. 2. Law. Orig., in English law, any of 
various instruments issued under seal in the king's name ; 
hence, an order or mandatory process under seal, issued in 
the name of the sovereign or of a court or judicial officer, 
writ of prohibition, Law, a writ issued by a superior 
tribunal directing an inferior court to cease from the prose- 
cution of a suit depending before it. — w. of right. Law. 
a Eng. Law. Either of two original writs which lay to pro- 
tect feudal tenants in the enjoyment of their freehold 
property by trial of the rights of the parties in the manorial 
court. Both have been practically abolished, b In the 
United States, an analogous common-law writ for restoring 
to its owners freehold property unjustly withheld. 

write (rlt), v. t. ; pret. wrote (rot) ; p. p. writ'ten (rit''n) ; 
Archaic pret. & p. p. writ (rit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. writ'ing 
(rlt'ing). [AS. writan; orig., to scratch, score.] 1. To 
set down, as legible characters ; inscribe on any material by 
a suitable instrument.^ 2. To compose or produce as an au- 
thor. 3. To set down in writing as being ; to style ; call; — 
often used reflexively; as, he writes himself "Captain." 
4. To express in legible or intelligible characters ; inscribe ; 
hence, to set down or communicate in an epistle. 5. To 
trace legible characters on ; as, to write a sheet or two. 6. 
Fig., to impress durably ; imprint ; engrave. 
to write off, Bookkeeping, to take (an account or item) off 
the books or to cancel, as by debiting the profit-and-loss 
account. — to w. up. a To write an account, esp. a full 
one, of ; to complete or bring up to date the writing of, as an 
account book, b To write exaggeratedly in favor of. Colloq. ( 
or Cant. i 

— v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or figures, as repre- 
sentatives of sounds or ideas. 2. To express ideas in written 
words ; compose. 3. To compose, send, or communicate 
by, letters. 4. To be regularly employed in writing, copy- 
ing, or accounting ; act as an amanuensis or clerk. 

writ'er (rit'er), n. 1. One who writes, or has written ; a 
penman. 2. An author ; as, a writer of novels. 3. Scot. A 
lawyer ; solicitor ; also, a lawyer's chief clerk. 

writhe (ritfe), v. t. & %.; pret. writhed (rlthd); p. p. 
writhed, Obs. or Poetic writh'en (rith''n) ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. writh'ing (rifcb/ing). [AS. wriSan to twist.] To twist; 
esp., to twist or turn so as to distort ; twist violently, as the 
body in pain; contort. — writh'er (ritb'er), n. 

writh'en (ritb/'n), a. Having a twisted or distorted form. 



£le, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
»se, unite, (km, up, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



WRITING 



1103 



XP 



writ'ing (rlt'Tng), n. Act, art, method, or production of 
one who writes ; as : a Handwriting ; chirography. b Any 
written, or, often, any printed, paper or document. C Any 
written composition ; pamphlet ; literary production ; book, 
as, the writings of Addison, d An inscription, e Literary 
composition or production. 

writ'ten (rit''n), p. p. of write. 

wrong (rong; 62), a. [ME. wrong, wrang, a. & n., AS. 
wrung, n.] 1. Out of order ; perverse ; amiss ; as, what's 
wrong with you. 2. Contravening the laws of good morals ; 
not morally right ; not just or equitable ; as, a wrong 
desire. 3. Not according to law ; not legal. 4. Not accord- 
ing to truth, fact, or intent ; incorrect ; false ; as, a wrong 
statement. 5. Not suitable to an end or object ; not 
according to intention or purpose ; improper ; incorrect ; 
as, to take the wrong way. 6. Designed to be worn or 
placed inward ; as, the wrong side of a garment. — Syn. 
Injurious, unjust, faulty, erroneous, unfit, unsuitable. 

— adv. In a wrong manner ; amiss ; erroneously. 

— n. That which is wrong ; deviation from duty, truth, or 
fact, or from moral rectitude ; evil ; an injury ; trespass ; 
also, Law, a violation of legal rights ; a tort. — Syn. See 

INJUSTICE. 

— v. t. 1. To do wrong to ; treat with injustice ; in- 
jure ; harm ; dishonor. 2. To represent erroneously. 

wrong'do'er (rong'doo'er ; rong'doo'er), n. One who does 
wrong. — wrong'do'ing, n. 

wrong'er, n. One who wrongs. 

wrong'ful (-fobl), a. Full of wrong; injurious; unjust. — 
wrong'ful-ly, adv. ful-ness, n. [perverse. I 

wrong'-head'ed (-hed'ed ; 24, 109), a. Wrong in opinion ;| 

wrong'ly, adv. In a wrong manner. 

wrong'ness, n. Quality or state of being wrong. 

wrote (rot), pret. & (Obs. or Illit.) p. p. of write. 

wroth (roth or, esp. in British usage, roth), a. [AS. 
wraS wroth, crooked, bad.] Full of wrath ; angry ; in- 
censed ; wrathful ; — rarely used attributively. 

wrought (rot), p. a. Worked ; elaborated ; not crude ; — 
said esp. of masonry, carpentry, etc. — Syn. See worked. 



wrought iron, the purest form of iron commonly known 
in the arts. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. See iron, 
n., 1. — w.-iron casting. = mitis casting. 

wrung (rung), pret. & p. p. of wring. 

wry (rl), a. ; wri'er (rl'er) ; wri'est. [ME. wrie, akin to 
wrien to twist, AS. wrigian to turn, move.] 1, Turned to 
one side ; twisted ; contorted. 2. Distorted, as in meaning ; 
perverted. — wry'ly, adv. 

wry'neck 7 (rl'neV), n. 1. Any of a genus (lynx) of birds 
allied to the woodpeckers, having a peculiar 
manner of writhing the head and neck. 2. 
Med. Torticollis. 

wry'— necked', a. Having a wry neck. 

wry'ness, n. Quality or state of being 
wry. 

wul'fen-ite (wo61'fen-Tt), n. [After 
F. X. von Wulfen (1728-1805), Aus- 
trian mineralogist.] Min. A tetrago- 
nal mineral, PbMo04, usually in tab- 
ular crystals; — called also yellow 
lead ore. 

Wy'an-dot (wT'dn-dot), n. One 
of a tribe, or, collectively, a tribe, 
of Iroquoian Indians. 

Wy'an-dotte, n. 1. Var. of Wy- V0B ^ wryneck i. 

andot. 2. One of an American breed of medium-sized do- 
mestic fowls derived in part from the dark Brahma and 
the spangled Hamburg. 

wych'-elm' ( wTch'elm' ), n. Erroneously, witch-elm. 
[ME. wiche a kind of elm, AS. wice a kind of tree.] An 
elm (Ulmus montana) of northern Europe, the common 
species of Scotland, Ireland, and northern England. 

wych'-ha'zel, n. 1. The wych-elm. 2. The witch-hazel. 

Wyc'lil-fitel (wik'lTf-It), a. Of or pert, to John Wycliffe 

Wyc'lif-ite J (d. 1384), the English religious reformer, or 
his doctrines. — n. A follower of Wycliffe ; a Lollard. 

wye (wi), n.; pi. wyes (wlz). The letter Y, or something 
shaped like it. 

wy'vern (wl'vern). Var. of wtvern. 







X 



X(eks). 1. The twenty-fourth letter of the English alpha- 
bet. It represents three sounds : ks, as in wax ; gz, as in 
example; and, at the beginning of a word, z, as in xanthic. 
See Guide to Pron., § 99-101. The form and value of X 
are from the Latin X, which is from the Greek X, which in 
some Greek alphabets had the value of ks. The name eks 
is also from Latin ix (rarely ex). 2. As a symbol, used to 
denote or indicate the twenty-first in a series. 3. _As a 
Roman numeral, X stands for 10, $4 for 1,000, and X for 
10,000. 

X, or x, n. ; pi. X's or Xs (ek'sez ; -siz). 1. The letter X, x, 
or its sound. 2. Something shaped like the letter X. 3. 
[cap.'] Wireless Teleg. A disturbing electromagnet wave 
due to atmospheric electricity. 

X, a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter X. 
X rays, or X'-rays r (-raV), n. pi. The Rontgen rays; — 
so called because of their enigmatical character, X being 
used in mathematics to indicate an unknown quantity. 

xan'thate (zan'that), n. A salt or ester of xanthic acid. 

xan'thic (zan'thik), a. [Gr. ZavBbs yellow.] 1. Pert, to, or 
tending toward, a yellow color. 2. Chem. a Of or pert, to 
xanthin or xanthine, b Noting, or pert, to, an acid, C2H5- 
OCS • SH, got as a heavy colorless od of pungent odor, 
xanthic oxide, xanthine. 

Xan'thin (-thin), n. [Gr. £ai/06s yellow.] Chem. a A 
yellow insoluble coloring matter extracted from yellow 
flowers, b A yellow coloring matter found in madder. C 
Xanthine. 

xan'thine (zan'thTn; -then), n. Also xan'thin. [Gr. 
Zavdos yellow.] Physiol. Chem. A white microcrystafline 
nitrogenous compound, C6H4O2N4, closely related to uric 
acid ; — so called because it leaves a yellow residue when 
evaporated to dryness with nitric acid. 

Xan-thip'pe (zan-thip'e; -tTp'S ), Xan-tip'pe (-tip'e), n. 
Socrates's wife, whose peevish scolding and quarrelsome 
temper have become proverbial. 

xan'tho-chroid (zan'thS-kroid), a. [Gr. %aj>66s yellow -f 
xpoa color 4- -oid. ] Ethnol. Having a yellowish or fair 
complexion. — n. A person having xanthochroid traits. 

xan'thone (zan'thon), n. [Gr. %avdbs yellow 4- -one.] Chem. 

CO 

A white crystalline substance, CeHi< q >C6Hi, got esp. 

by distilling salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. 

xan'thp-phyll (-tho-fll), n. [Gr. £ai>06s yellow + <t>v\*op 
leaf.] A yellow coloring matter in yellow autumn leaves, 
probably a decomposition product of chlorophyll. 

xan'thous (zan'thtis), d. [Gr. %av06s yellow.] Yellow; 



specif., Ethnol., of or pert, to those races with yellowish, 
red, auburn, or brown hair ; also, designating, or pert, to, 
races with yellow complexion, esp. the Mongolian. 

xe^bec (ze'bek), n. [Sp. jabeque, or Pg. xabeco.] Naut. A 
kind of Mediterranean vessel, usually three-masted, with 
long overhanging bow and stern. 

xe'ni-a (ze'ni-d), n. [NL., fr. G. xenien, pi., gifts of friend- 
ship, Gr. £kvia, prop. neut. pi. of %<-vlos hospitable.] Bot. 
& Hort. The direct influence of pollen upon the seed in the 
cross-pollination of certain cultivated plants, whereby 
hybrid characters are manifested in the form, color, etc., of 
the fruit or seed in the same generation. 

xeno-. Combining form from Greek £evos, strange, foreign. 

xe-nog'a-my (ze-nog'd-mi), n. Bot. Cross-fertilization. — 
xe-nog'a-mous (mus), a. 

xen'o-gen'e-sis (zen'6-jen'e-sis), n. Biol, a = hetero- 
genesis. b The fancied production of an organism alto- 
gether and permanently unlike the parent. — xen'o-ge- 
net'ic (-je-net'ik), a. — xen'o-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 

xen'o-mor'phic (-moT'fik), a. Petrog. Having a form other 
than its own ; — said of mineral grains of igneous rocks 
whose mutual growths have prevented the assumption of 

• outward crystal form. Cf. idiomorphic. 

xen'on (zen'on ; ze'non), n. [NL., fr. Gr. %kvov, neut. of 
£kvos strange.] Chem. A very heavy, inert gaseous element 
occurring in the atmosphere in the proportion of one volume 
in about 20 millions. Symbol, Xe (or X) ; at. wt., 130.2. 

xen'o-pho'bi-a (zen'6-fo'bi-d), n. [NL. ; xeno- + -phobia.] 
Hatred of foreigners. Rare. 

xen'yl (zen'il; ze'nil), n. [xeno- + -yl.] Org. Chem. A 
univalent radical, CeHs-CeHt. 

xe-roph'Hous (ze-rof'i-lus), a. [Gr. £ jipos dry 4- -philous.] 
Bot. Able to endure absence or scarcity of moisture, as the 
rose of Jericho, the cacti, etc. 

xe'ro-phyte (ze'rS-flt), n. [Gr. fyods drv 4- -phyte.] Bot. 
A xerophilous plant. — xe'ro-phyt'ic (-fit'Tk), a. 

Xi (zl; kse), n. [Gr. £1.] The fourteenth letter [£,£] of 
the Greek alphabet, equivalent to Endish X, x or Z, z. In 
classic Greek, it represents the sound of ks, as in tacfcs, the 
k being perhaDS aspirated. Cf. X. 

xiph'i-ster'num ( zTPT-stur'nwm ), n. ; pi. xiphisterna 
(-nd). [NL. ; Gr. %l<t>os a sword 4- sternum.] Anat. & 
Zo'dl. The posterior segment, or extremity, of the sternum ; 
— called also xiphoid. 

xiph'oid (zif'oid ; zT'foid), a. [Gr. £i</>o€i5i7s ; $L4>os sword 
4- eWos form.] Ensiform. — n. The xiphisternum. 

XP (kl ro ; ke ro). [Belongs here in appearance only.] The 






tc = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 







P 



X RAYS 



1104 



YARE 



first two letters of the Greek word XPI2T02, Christ ; — 
an abbreviation, used esp. with the letters in a monogram. 

X rays. See under X, a. 

xy'lem (zl'lem), n. [G., fr. Gr. £v\oi> wood.] Bot. That 
portion of a vascular bundle which consists of tracheal tis- 
sue, wood cells, and wood parenchyma ; woody tissue ; — 
disting. from phloem. 

Xy'lene (zl'len), n. [Gr. &\ov wood.] Chem. Any of three 
isomeric hydrocarbons, C6Hi(CH3)2, of the benzene series ; 
— called specif, orthoxylene, metaxylene or isoxylene, and 
paraxylene. All are ordinarily colorless oily liquids. 

Xy'lic (zT'lik), a. Chem. Designating, or pert, to, any of 
several isomeric acids, CeHKCHahCC^H, carboxyl deriva- 
tives of xylene and methyl derivatives of benzoic acid. 

gy'li-dine (zl'li-din ; -den), n. Also -din. [G. xylidin.'] 
Chem. Any of six isomeric compounds, (CEhhCeHsNH^, 
amino derivatives of xylene, resembling aniline. Commer- 
cial xylidine, used in making certain dyes, is a liquid con- 
sisting of a mixture of five of the above compounds. 

xy'lo- (zT'16-). Combining form from Greek %vkov, wood. 

Xy-log'ra-phy (zT-log'rd-f 1), n. Art of engraving on wood or 
of printing from wood engravings. — xy'lo-graph (zl'16- 
graf), n. — xy-log'ra-pher ( zl-log'rd-fer ), n. — xy'lo- 
graph'ic (zHo-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal, a. 

xy'loid (zl'loid), a. Resembling wood ; woody ; ligneous. 

xy-loph'a-gOUS (zl-lof'd-giis), a. [Gr. &\o<t>6.yos eating 




■Bail 



wood.] Zo'dl. Eating, boring in, or destroying wood ; — • 

said esp. of certain insect larvae, crustaceans, and mollusks. 
xy'lo-pnone (zl'16-fon), n. Music. An instrument con- 
sisting of a series of 

wooden bars, grad- ^iflllfp 

uated in length, ~'' 

and sounded with 

two small wooden 

hammers. Xylophone. 

xy-lot'0-mous (zl-lot'o-mfts), a. \_xylo- + root of Gr. 

rkfiveiv to cut.] Zo'dl. Capable of boring or cutting 

wood ; — said of many insects. 
xy-lot'o-my (-lot'6-mi), n. Art of preparing sections of 

wood, esp. by means of a microtome, for microscopic 

examination. — xy-lot'o-mist (-lot'o-mist), n. 
xy'lyl (zi'lil), n. [xylo- + -yl.~\ Chem. Any of several 

isomeric univalent radicals, CsHg, of which the three 

xylenes are hydrides. 
xy'lyl-ene (-li-len), n. [See xylyl, xylene.] Chem. Any 

of several isomeric bivalent radicals, CsHs, of which the 

three xylenes are hydrides. 
xyst (zist), n. [L. xystus, Gr. £v<rros, fr. £ iieip to scrape, 

polish ; — so called from its smooth and polished floor.] 

Gr. & Rom. Arch. A long portico for athletic exercises. 
xys'ter (zis'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Zvarvp a scraper.] A 

kind of surgical instrument for scraping bones. 



R 



U 



W 



X 



Y(wT). 1. The twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet. 
At the beginning of a word or syllable, except when a 
prefix (see Y-), it is usually pronounced as a voiced con- 
sonant with but slightly audible friction (as in yes) ; as a 
prefix, and usually in the middle or at the end of a syl- 
lable, it is a vowel (as in myth, happy, my). See Guide to 
Pron. § 102-4. The letter comes through the Latin, being 
a differentiated form of V added by the Greeks (Y)_to the 
Phoenician alphabet and having at first the value oo, later 
ii. Etymologically, Y is most nearly related to u, i, o, 
j, g; as in full, fill, AS. fyllan; E. crypt, grotto; young, 
juvenile; day, AS. dseg. 2. As a symbol, used to denote 
or indicate the 22d in a series. 3. As a medieval Roman 
numeral, Y stands for 150, and Y for 150,000. 

Y, or y (wl), n.; pi. Y's or Ys (wlz). Also wye; pi. wyes 
(wlz). 1. The letter Y, y, or its sound. 2. Something 
shaped like the letter Y, as a forked holder to support the 
telescope of a leveling instrument. 

Y (wl), a. Having the general shape of the (capital) letter 
Y ; as, Y branch or Y-branch (a Y-shaped pipe in 
plumbing), Y curve or Y-curve, Y tube or Y-tube, etc. 
Y potential, or Y-potential, Elec, the potential differ- 
ence between a terminal and the neutral point of a three- 
phase armature. 

y- (i-), or i-. [ME. y-, %-, AS. ge-J A prefix of obscure 
meaning, originally used with verbs, adverbs, adjectives, 
and nouns, but in the Middle English period, and by later 
archaistSj used chiefly with past participles. 

-y. [F. -ie or L. -iaJ] A suffix of nouns, esp. of abstract 
nouns _; as, envy, history, treasury, etc. 

-y, or -ie. A noun suffix forming diminutives ; as, Johnny, 
Kitty, lassie, doggy, birdie, etc. Cf. -IE. 

-y,or (esp. after 5>) -ey. [AS. -ig). An adjective suffix sig- 
nifying of, pertaining to, characterized by, having, full of, 
or the like ; as in heavy, guilty, stony, windy, clayey, etc. 

yacht (yot), n. [D . jagt, jacht.'] Naut. A vessel larger than 
a rowboat, used either for pleasure or as a vessel of state. 

— v. i. To sail, cruise, or race in a yacht. 
yacht'ing, n. Sailing for pleasure in a yacht. 
yachts'man (yots'man), n. One who owns or sails a yacht. 

— yachts'man-ship, n. — yachts'wom'an, n. fem. 
ya'ger (ya/ger), n. [G. jdger a hunter.] Mil. = jager, n., 2. 
Ya'hoo (ya'hoo), n. In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," one of 

a filthy race of brutes having man's form and his vices, 
subject to the Houyhnhnms, or horses endowed with reason. 

Yah've, Yah'veh (ya've), Yah'vist (ya'vist), Yah-vis'- 
tic (ya-vis'tik). Vars. of Yahweh. etc. 

Yah'weh (ya'we),Yah'we,n. Also Jah'veh (ya'-), Jah've, 
etc. A modern transliteration of the Hebrew word trans- 
lated Jehovah in the Bible; — used by some critics to dis- 
criminate the tribal god of the ancient Hebrews from the 
Christian Jehovah. See teteagrammaton. 

Yah'wism (-wiz'm), n. Also Jah'vism (ya'vTz'm). l.The 
religion or worship of Yahweh (Jehovah), or the system of 
doctrines, etc., connected with it. 2. The use of Yahweh 
as a name for God. 

Yah'wist (ya'wist), n. Also Jah'vist (ya'vist), Jah'wist, 
older Je-ho'vist. The author (or authors) of the Yahwistic 
passages of the Old Testament, esp. those of the Hexateuch. 

Yah-wis'tic (-wis'tik), a. Also Jah-vis'tic, Jah-wis'tic, 




Yak. 



older Je'ho-vis'tic. Characterized by the use of Yahweh, 
or Jehovah, as a name of God ; — said of certain parts of 
the Old Testament, esp. of the Hexateuch. Cf . Elohistic. 

yak (yak), n. [Tibetan gyag.~] A large, long-haired, wild or 
domesticated ox 
(Bos or Poepha- 
gus grunniens) 
of Tibet and 
adjacent ele- 
vated parts of 
central Asia. 

yam (yam), n. 
1. The edible, 
starchy, tuber- 
ous root of any 
of various plants 
(genus Diosco- 
rea), used as a 

staple food in tropical climates. 2. a The potato. Scot. 
b The sweet potato. Southern U. S. 

ya'men (ya'men), n. [Chin, ya a civil or military court + 
men a gate.] In China, the official headquarters or resi- 
dence of a mandarin, including court rooms, offices, etc. 

yank (yank), n. A strong jerk or twitch. Colloq. — v. t. To 
pull quickly or twitch strongly ; jerk. Colloq. 

Yan'kee (yar/ke), n. A native of New England or, by exten- 
sion, of the Northern States ; sometimes, among foreigners, 
any inhabitant of the United States ; — a nickname. — a. 
Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, the Yankees. — Yan'kee- 
dom, n. — Yan'kee-ism ( -iz'm), n. 

yap (yap ; yap) ? n. A snappish bark ; yelp. Scot., Dial., or 
Colloq. — v. i. To bark snappishly ; yelp. Scot., Dial., 
or Colloq. 

Ya'qui (ya'ke), n.; pi. Yaquis ( : kez) or Yaqui. One of an 
important and warlike tribe of Piman Indians, with numer- 
ous villages along the Yaqui River in Sonora, Mexico. 

yard (yard), n. [AS. gierd, gyrd, rod, measure, yard.] 1. A 
measure of length equal to 3 feet, or 36 inches (0.9144 me- 
ter), the standard of English and American linear measure. 
Abbr., yd. ; pi. yds. 2. Naut. A long spar, tapering toward 
the ends, to support and extend a square, lateen, or lug sail. 

yard, n. [AS. geard.~\ 1. An inclosure, usually a small or 
moderate-sized one before or about a bouse, barn, etc. 2. 
An inclosure where a work or business is carried on ; as, a 
brickyard. 3. Railroads. A system of three or more par- 
allel tracks in series, for making up trains, storing cars, etc. 
4. A place in a forest where moose or deer herd in winter. 

— v. t. To confine or inclose in a yard ; as, to yard cows. 

yard'age, n. The use of a yard, as for keeping cattle received 
at a railroad station ; also, the charge for such use. 

yard'arm' (yard'arm'), n. Naut. Either end of a square- 
rigged vessel's yard. 

yard grass. A coarse annual grass (Eleusine indica), 
common esp. in dooryards. [yard, in length. 

yard'stick' (-stik 7 ), n. A measuring stick three feet, or a| 

yard'wand' (-wonoV), n. A yardstick. Archaic ok Poet. 

yare (yar), a. [AS. gearu ready, complete.] Ready; pre- 
pared; dexterous; eager; lively; prompt; also, easily 
worked ; manageable. Archaic or Scot. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use,. unite, &m, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil ; chair; go; sing, hgk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



YARN 



1105 



YELLOWLEGS 





Yawl. 1. 



yarn (yarn), n. [AS. gearn.~\ 1. Spun wool ; woolen 

thread ; also, thread of other material ; 

material spun and prepared for weaving, 

knitting, making cordage, etc. 2. A 

story, esp. one told by a sailor ; a tale; 

— often implying untruth or exaggera- 
tion ; as, to spin a yarn. Colloq. 
— v. i. To tell yarns ; spin a yarn. Colloq. 
yar'row (yar'o), n. [AS. gearwe.] An 

asteraceous strong-scented plant (Achil- 
lea millefolium) of Europe and Ameri- 
ca, having small white flowers ; also, 

any of several related American species, 
yat'a-ghan (yat'd-gan ; Turk. ya'ta- Yarrow ^ Flo ^ er . 

gan'), n. Also yat'a-gan. [Turk, ya- ing Stem, much 

taghan.} A long knife, or short saber, reduced ; b Head 

common among Mohammedans. of Flowers. 

yaup (yop ; yap), n. Scot. & Dial, or Colloq. 1. A loud crv 

or noise. 2. A cry of distress, rage, or the like, as of a child 

in pain. — v. i. To gape ; also, to 

bawl ; whine ; scream, as a bird. 
yau'pon (yo'pon), n. A species of, 

holly (Ilex vomitoria) native to 
, the southern United States. The 

smooth elliptical leaves are used 

as a substitute for tea. 
yaw (yo), v. i. & t. Naut. To 

steer wild, or out of the line of her 

course ; deviate from her course, 

as when struck by a sea ; — said 

of a ship. — n. Act of yawing ; 

deviation from a straight course 

in steering. 
yawl (yol), n. [D. jol.~] Naut. 

1. A ship's small boat, usually Yaupon. 
rowed by four or six oars ; a jolly-boat. 2. A fore-and-aft- 
rigged vessel with a 
jigger mast far aft. 

yawl, n. & v. i. [Imi- 
tative.] Howl; 
scream. 06s., Scot., 
or Dial. 

yawn (yon), v. i. 
[ME. garden, prob. 
fr. AS. ganian; in- 
fluenced by the kin- 
dred ME. ^eonien, 
AS. geonian.~] l.To 
open the mouth, 
esp. involuntarily 
through drowsiness, ^ 
ennui, or fatigue; 
gape. 2. To open wide ; gape, as a chasm. 3. To gape 
through surprise or bewilderment. — v. t. To utter with 
a yawn. — n. An act of yawning. — yawn'er, n. 

yawp (yop). Var. of yaup. [bcesia.I 

yaws (yoz), n. [African yaw a raspberry.] Med. = pram-| 

y-cleped', y-clept' (T-klept'), p. p. [AS. geclipod, p. p. 
of clipian to call.] Called ; named. Obs. or Archaic. 

ye (the). An old method of printing the article the (AS. 
pe), "y" being used for the Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, 
and Middle English thorn (p). It is often printed y e as if a 
contraction, and is sometimes incorrectly pronounced ye. 

ye (ye), pron. [ME. ye, nom. pi., AS. ge, ge.~] The personal 
pronoun of the 2d person. It is used : 1. As nominative pi., 
originally its only construction. 2. As objective (accusative 
or dative) pi. 3. As nominative or objective singular. 
IG^ In ordinary discourse ye is now superseded by you, ye 
occurring only in solemn or poetical style and in dialect. 

Cf. THOU, THEE. 

yea (ya. ; obs. or archaic ye). [ME. ye, ya, AS. gea, ge.~] An 
affirmative adverbial particle, used also as a sentence 
equivalent (def. 1), conjunction (def. 3), and predicate 
adjective (def. 4), now archaic, and superseded in senses 
1 and 3 by yes, except in solemn usage : 1. Yes. Cf. yes, 1. 

2. Indeed ; truly ; — introducing a sentence or clause. 3. 
More than this ; not only so, but ; — used to mark the addi- 
tion of something more emphatic. 4. Assured ; certain ; — 
used predicatively ; as, "All the promises of God in him are 
yea." Archaic. 

— n. An affirmative reply or vote ; one who votes in the 
affirmative ; as, a vote by yeas and nays. 

yean (yen), v. t. & i. [From AS. ; ge- + eanian to yean.] 
To bring forth young, as a sheep ; to lamb. 

yean'ling (yen'ling), n. A lamb or a kid. 

year (yer), n. [ME. yer, yeer, AS. gear."] 1. The time of 
one apparent revolution of the sun around the ecliptic ; 
the period of the earth's revolution round the sun (astro- 
nomical or solar year) , or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 
45.51 seconds. The lunar year is a period of 12 lunar 
months. See month. 2. A period of 365 days (in leap year, 
366 days), beginning January 1 (the calendar, civil, or 




legal year). Formerly, in England, the legal year began 
on March 25, the change to January 1 taking place in 1752 : 
and in Scotland in 1600. Hence, dates between January 1 
and March 25 are sometimes written thus : February 21, 
1574-5, that is, 1575 according to present reckoning. The 
lunar year of 354 days, divided into 12 months, is the regu- 
lar common Hebrew year and was the ancient Greek year, 
intercalation being resorted to to maintain some correspond- 
ence between the lunar and solar years. 3. The time of a 
planet's revolution about the sun ; as, the year of Mars. 
4. In pi. Age or old age ; as, a man in years. 

year'book' (yer'bobk'), n. 1. A book published yearly ; any 
annual report or summary of the statistics or facts of a year. 
2. Eng. Law. Any of the series of books containing annual 
reports of cases as judged in the courts of England from 
1292 (20 Edw. I.) to the reign of Henry VIII. 

year'ling (-ling), n. An animal one year old, or in the second 
year of its age. — a. A year old ; of a year's age or duration. 

year'long' (-long' ; 62), a. Lasting through a year. 

year'ly, a. 1. Happening, accruing, or coming every year ; 
annual ; as, a yearly income, feast, etc. 2. Lasting a year ; 
annual ; as, a yearly plant. 3. Accomplished in or embrac- 
ing a year ; as, the yearly revolution of the earth. — ado. 
Annually ; once a year ; from year to year. 

yearn (yurn), v. i. [AS. geornian, gyrnan, giernan, fr. 
georn desirous, eager.] 1. To be filled with longing desire. 
2. To grieve ; mourn. Now Rare or Dial. Eng. — Syn. 
See long. — v. t. To pain ; grieve ; vex. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 
— yearn'ing, n. — yearn'ing-ly, adv. 

yeast (yest), n. [AS. gist.'] 1. A substance, consisting of 
the aggregated cells of certain minute ascomycetous fungi 
(see def. 2), appearing as a froth or sediment in saccharine 
liquids, as fruit juices, malt worts, etc., in which it causes 
alcoholic fermentation by the action of an enzyme. Yeast 
is used in making alcoholic liquors, esp. beer, and, in bak- 
ing, as a means of leavening. 2. Any yeast of a genus (Sac- 
charomyces) of minute unicellular fungi. 3. Ferment ; agi- 
tation. 4. Spume, or foam, as of water. 

yeast'y (yes'tl), a. Resembling, or consisting of, yeast; 
frothy ; foamy ; spumy ; also, frivolous ; trivial. [Slang.] 

yegg'man (yeg'man), n. A criminal tramp, esp. a burglar] 

yelk (yelk), n. Yolk. Obsolescent or Dial. 

yell (yel), v. i. & t. [AS. giellan, gillan, gyllanJ] To cry 
out or utter with a loud and sharp noise ; shriek ; shout. 

— n. 1. A sharp and loud outcry. 2. An organized shout or 
cheer, usually rhythmic, used esp. by students. V. S. & 
Canada. — yell'er, n. 

yel'low (yel'o),a. [ME. yelow, yelwe, fr. AS. geolu.~] 1. Of 
the color yellow ; of the color of gold, sulphur, etc. 2. Jaun- 
diced ; hence, jealous, envious, melancholy, etc. 3. Coward- 
ly ; hence : dishonorable ; contemptible. Slang. 4. Sensa- 
tional ; — said of some newspapers, novels, etc. ; as yellow 
journals, journalism, etc. Colloq. 

— n. 1. The most luminous color of the spectrum, lying 
between orange and green, typically at wave length about 
580m fj.. It is classed as a primary color in some theories of 
color. 2. Any pigment or dye that colors yellow. 3. The 
yolk of an egg. 4. In pi. a Jaundice, esp. of domestic 
animals, b Fig., jealousy. 5. In pi. A destructive disease 
of the peach, manifested by the gradual yellowing of the 
foliage and ultimate death of the tree. 

— v. t . & i. To make or become yellow. 
yellow arsenic. See orplment. 
yellow avens. SeeBENNET. 

yel'low-bird' (-burdO, n. 1. The American goldfinch. 2. 
The yellow warbler. Local, U. S. 

yel'low— COV'ered, a. Having a yellow cover or binding. 
yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational or trashy 
novels, magazines, etc. ; — from the color of the covers com- 
mon to novels of this class and to French novels. Colloq. 

yellow daisy. The coneflower. See Rudbeckia. 

yellow fever. Med. An acute, infectious, often fatal, febrile 
disease, characterized by jaundice, hemorrhages, vomiting, 
etc. It occurs in certain tropical and subtropical regions, 
and is transmitted by mosquitoes. 

yel'low-ham'mer (-ham'er), n. [For yellow-ammer : am- 
mer is of uncertain origin.] 1. A common 
European finch (Emberiza citrinella). 
The male is marked with bright yellow. 
2. The flicker. Local, U. S. 

yel'low-ish, a. Somewhat yel- 
low. 

yellow jack. 1. The yellow^^sss*™ 
fev^" ? The quarantine ^*&r r^fe. hammer, 

flag. 3. A silvery and gold-*TP^ T^fcibv Male, 

en food fish (Caranx bar- 
tholomsei) of Florida and the West Indies. 

yellow jacket. Any of several social wasps (genus Vespa) 
having the body partly bright yellow. 

yellow jasmine, yellow jessamine. See jasmine. 

yellow lead ore. = wuxfenite. 

yel'low-legs' (-legz'), n. Either of two yellow-legged Amer- 
ican shore birds: the lesser yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes). 





K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



YELLOW METAL 



1106 



YOLKY 







P 



R 



U 



W 



X 




Yellowwood (Cladrastis 
lutea). a Flowering 
Branch, much reduced ; 
6 Pod ; c Flower. 



streaked brownish gray ; and the greater, or winter, yel- 
lowlegs (T. melanoleucus) , similarly colored, but larger. 

yellow metal, a An alloy of copper (60-64 per cent) and 
zinc, b Gold. 

yel'low-ness, n. Quality or state of being yellow. 

yellow sapphire. A yellow variety of transparent corun- 
dum ; — called also Oriental topaz. 

yellow spot. A small spot on the retina. See eye, Illust. 

yel'low-tail' (yel'o-tal'), n. Any of various fishes having a 
yellow or yellowish tail ; as : a A carangoid fish (Seriola 
dor salts), of the coast of California, b The menhaden. C 
A California rockfish (Sebastodes flavidus). 

yel'low-throat' (-throt'), n. Any of several American 
warblers (genus Geothlypis) ; esp., a species (G. trichas) 
called specif. Maryland yellowthroat. 

yellow warbler. A small North American warbler (Den- 
droica sestiva). The male is bright yellow with brown 
streaks on the under parts. 

yellow water lily. Any of a genus (Nymph&a) of water 
lilies usually having yellow flowers. 

yel'low-weed'^yel'o-wed'), n. 1. = sneezeweed. 2. Any 
of several species of goldenrod. Local, U. S. 3. = 1st weld. 
4. The European ragwort. 

yel'low-wood' (-wood'), n. The wood of any of various 
trees ; also, any of the trees them- 
selves ; specif., in the United 
States : a A southern fabaceous 
tree (Cladrastis lutea) having 
showy white fragrant flowers, 
and yielding a yellow dye. b 
Locally, the Osage orange, buck- 
thorn, smoke tree, etc. 

yelp (yelp), v. i. [ME. yelpen to 
boast, boast noisily. AS. gielpan, 
gilpan, gylpan.~] To utter a 
sharp, quick cry, as a dog ; to 
bark shrilly, as with pain, fear, 
etc. — n. A sharp, quick cry ; a 
bark. — yelp'er (yel'per), n. — 
yelp'ing, n. 

yen (yen), n. sing. & pi. [Jap., 
fr. Chin, yuan round.] The mon- 
etary unit of Japan, divided into 
100 sen; also, a silver coin of this value, worth, at par, 
$0.49846, gold. Gold 20, 10, and 5 yen pieces are coined, 
the monetary system being based on the gold standard. 

yeo'man (yo'man), n. [ME. yoman.'] 1. An attendant; 
esp., a gentleman attendant in a royal or noble household, 
ranking below an esquire, and performing menial services ; 
a retainer. 06s., exc. in certain phrases. 2. A subordinate ; 
assistant. Obs. 3. A common man of the first-class ; a petty 
freeholder ; small landowner ; a man free-born. Chiefly 
Eng. 4. Eng. a A yeoman of the guard, b Mil. A member 
of the yeomanry cavalry. 5. Nav. A petty officer rated or 
enlisted to perform clerical duties. 

Yeoman of the guard, one of the bodyguard of the 
English sovereigns, consisting of one hundred yeomen 
armed with partisans, and habited in 15th-century uniform. 

yeo'man-ly, a. Pert, or suitable to a yeoman, as in bravery 
or sturdy honesty. — adv. As a yeoman ; bravely. 

yeo'man-ry (-ri), n. 1. Yeomen collectively. 2. A certain 
British volunteer cavalry force, since 1908 forming part of 
the "territorial force." 

yes (yes). [ME. yis, AS. gese, gise."] An affirmative adver- 
bial particle, used also as a sentence equivalent, and, in 
sense 2, conjunctively, and denoting : 1. Aye ;_yea ; it is so ; 
— opposed to no. Until about 1550 a distinction was made 
between yes and yea, no and nay. Yea and nay were the 
simple affirmative and negative ; yes and no were more em- 
phatic. 2. More than this ; what is more ; — used to mark 
the addition of something more emphatic^ 

— n. ; pi. yeses (yes'ez ; -Tz). An affirmative reply ; a yea. 

yes'ter (yes'ter), a. [See yesterday.] Of or pert, to yes- 
terday. Rare, exc. in combination. 

yes'ter-day (-da), n. [AS. geostran dseg, fr. geostran, 
giestran, yesterday 4- dseg day.] 1. The day next before 
the present. 2. Fig., a recent time. — adv. On yesterday. 

yes'ter-eve' (-ev y ), or -e'ven (-eVn), or -eve'ning (-eV- 
ning), n. The evening of yesterday. Archaic or Poetic. 

yes'ter-morn' (-morn'), or -morning (-mor'ning), n. The 
morning of yesterday. Archaic or Poetic. 

yes'tern (yes'tern), a. = yester. Obs. or Archaic. 

yes'ter-night' (-nit'), adv. On the night last past. Archaic. 
— n. The night last past. Archaic. 

yes'ter-noon' (-noon'), n. The noon of yesterday. Archaic. 

yes'ter-week' (-wek'), n. The week last past. Archaic. 

yes'ter-year' (-yer'), n. The year last past. Archaic. 

yes'treen' (yes'tren'), n. Yestereven. Archaic or Scot. 

yest'y (yes't? ; yes'-). Obs. or archaic, var. of yeasty. 

yet (yet), adv. [AS. git, gyt, giet.~\ 1. As soon as now; 
hitherto ; as, Is it time to go yet ? 2. Continuing ; as previ- 
ously ; still ; as, there is yet time. 3. In addition ; further ; 




still ; — used esp. with comparatives ; as, this makes his of- 
fense yet blacker. 4. Before all is done ; eventually ; as, he 
will win yet. 5. Although such is the case ; at any rate ; as, 
strange and yet true. 

— conj. 1. Nevertheless ; however ; but ; as, yet I say unto 
you. 2. Although ; though. — Syn. See but. 

yew (ydo), n. [AS. eow, iw.] 1. a A large European conifer- 
ous tree (Taxus baccata) with dark 
green foliage; also, its fine-grained 
wood, b Any other species of the 
same genus. 2. A bow for 
shooting, made of yew. Ar- 
chaic. [Igraine.I 

Y-gerne'tS-gernO.n. Sameasl 

Ygg'dra-sill (lg'drd-sil), n. 
[Icel.] Norse Myth. The 
tree supporting the universe. 

Yid'dish (yid'ish), n. [G. jiidisch, 
prop., Jewish.] A German dialect 
developed under Hebrew and Slavic 
influence, used by German and other 
Jews. It employs Hebrew characters. 

yield (yeld), v. t. [AS. gieldan, gildan, 
to pay, give, restore, make an offering.] 
1. To pay or repay ; requite ; reward ; Yew. Twig with 
recompense. Obs. or Archaic. 2. To give Ripe Seeds - 
in return for labor, or to produce as payment or interest on 
what is expended or invested ; pay. 3. To produce ; fur- 
nish ; give forth ; as, "the land shall yield her increase." 4. 
To give ; grant ; afford ; as, to yield passage. 5. To give up, 
as a thing claimed ; surrender ; relinquish ; as, to yield a 
city, an opinion, a right. 6. To admit as true ; concede ; ac- 
knowledge ; as, to yield a point. — v. i. 1. To produce ; 
bear. 2. To give way ; give up ; submit ; surrender. 3. To 
give place, as to a superior ; give precedence ; as, they will 
yield to us in nothing. [product. — yield'er, n.\ 

— n. That which is yielded; amount or quantity yielded;! 
Syn. Yield, submit. To yield is in general to give up or 
give way ; submit often implies a more definite surrender. 

yielding, p. a. That yields ; inclined to yield ; flexible ; 
compliant; obedient. ing-ly, adv. ing-ness, n. 

-yl (-il). [Gr. v\t) wood, material.] Chem. A suffix used in 
names of radicals, esp. univalent ones, as in a.m.yl, ethyl. 

y ^ lang " y/Iar } g (e'lang-e'lang), n. [From a name in the 
Philippines.] An East Indian tree (Canangium odoratum) 
of the custard-apple family; also, the perfume distilled 
from its greenish yellow flowers. 

Y'mir (ii'mer ; e'mer), n. [Icel. Ymir.'] Norse Myth. The 
primeval giant from whose body the gods created the world. 

yo'dell (yo'd'l), v. t. & i. ; -deled or -delled, -dled (-d'ld) ; 

yo/dlej; -del-ing or -del-ling, -dling. [G. jodeln.'] To 
sing with sudden changes from chest register to head regis- 
ter, or falsetto, and the contrary. — n. A song so sung. — 
yo'del-er, yo'del-ler (yo'del-er), yo'dler (-dler), n, 

yo'ga (yo'gd), n. [Skr. yoga union.] [Often cap.~] Hindu- 
ism. A form of ascetic philosophy which enjoins complete 
abstraction from all worldly objects. 

yo'gi (yo'ge), n.; pi. yogis (-gez). Also yo'gin (vo'gen). 
[Hind, yogi, Skr. yogin.~] A follower of the yoga philoso- 
phy ; an ascetic. 

yo'icks (yo'iks; yoiks), inter j. Hunting. A cry used by 
way of encouragement to the hounds in fox hunting. 

yoke (yok), n. [AS. geoc.'] 1. A bar or frame of wood by 
which two draft animals, esp. oxen, are joined at the heads 
or necks for working together. 2. A frame or piece resem- 
bling a yoke, as in use or shape ; specif. : a A frame of wood 
fitted to a person's shoulders for carrying pails, etc., sus- 
pended on each side, b = neck yoke, c Naut. A crosspiece 
on the head of a boat's rudder, d Mach. A slotted crosshead 
used in donkey engines, steam fire engines, etc., in place of a 
connecting rod. e A band or shaped piece cut to fit the 
shoulders or hips to support hanging parts of a garment, 
etc. 3. Fig., that which connects or binds ; tie ; bond ; as, 
the yoke of matrimony. 4. A mark or emblem of subjection, 
servitude, etc. ; hence : servitude ; bondage ; service ; as, 
"my yoke is easy." 5. sing. & pi. Two animals yoked 
together ; a couple ; a pair that work together ; as, a yoke of 
oxen. — Syn. See couple. 

— v. t. 1. To put a yoke on ; join in or with a yoke. 2. To 
couple ; join ; link ; fig., to marry. 3. To bring into bondage ; 
restrain ; confine. — v. i. To be joined or intimately asso- 
ciated ; consort closely. [spouse.] 

yoke'fellow (yok'fel'o), n. A close companion; a mate;| 

yo'kel (yo'k'l), n. A plowboy ; rustic ; a country bumpkin. 

yol'drin, yol'dring (yol'drin ; yol'-), n. The European yel- 
low-hammer. Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

yolk (yok ; yolk), n. [AS. geoloca, fr. geolu yellow.] 1. a 
The yellow spheroidal mass of food material in the egg of a 
bird or reptile, b Embryol. The contents of the ovum, or 
egg cell of an animal. 2. A greasy substance in sheep's 
wool ; suint. — yolk'y (yok'i ; yol'ki), a. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 






YOM 



1107 



ZAFFER 



yom (yom ; in phrases yom), n. [Heb. yom."] Day ; — a 
Hebrew word used in the names of various Jewish holydays ; 
as, Yom Kippur (yomkip'oor), the "Day of Atonement," 
a fast day of the Mosaic ritual, celebrated on the 10th day 
of the 7th month (Tishri), orig. according to the rites de- 
scribed in Leviticus xvi. 

yon (yon), a. & adv. [AS. geon."] Yonder. Now Chiefly 
Poetic. — pron. That or those yonder. Now Rare or Dial. 

yond (yond). adv. [AS. geond through, over, yonder. See 
yon, a.] Yonder; thither; further. Archaic or Scot. & 
Dial. Eng. — a. Yonder. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. 

yon'der (yon'der), adv. At or in that (indicated and more 
or less distant) place. — a. Being at a distance within view, 
or conceived of as within view ; yon. 

yore (yor ; 57), adv. [AS. geara formerly, of old, orig. gen. 
pi. of gear a year.] In time long past. Archaic, exc. in : 
of yore, of old time ; long ago. 

York'ist (yor'kist), n. Eng. Hist. A member or supporter 
of the English royal house of York, founded by Richard, 
Duke of York, in the time of Henry VI. The reigning mem- 
bers were Edward IV., Edward V., and Richard III. 

you (yoo), pron. ; poss. your (yoor) or yours (yoorz) ; dat. 
& obj. you. [ME. you, eou, eow, dat. & ace, AS. eow, used 
as dat. & ace. of ge, ge, ye.] A personal pronoun of the 
second person, indicating the person or persons addressed, 
and chiefly used as the objective (accusative or dative) of ye 
(orig. its only use), as a nominative plural (replacing ye), 
and as a nominative or objective singular (replacing thou, 
thee, but taking, as subject, a plural verb). 

young (yiing), a.; young^er (yur/ger) ; young'est (-gest). 
[AS. geong.] 1. Being in the first or early period of life, 
growth, or existence ; specif. : a Not long born ; not yet 
arrived at adolescence, maturity, or age ; not old ; — said 
of persons and animals. b In the first part, or period, of 
growth; as, a young tree. C Not having existed long; 
lately or newly formed or come into being ; as, young ice. 
2. Youthfully fresh in body, mind, or feeling. 3. Immature ; 
inexperienced ; ignorant. 4. Of or pert, to youth, or early life. 
5. Representing a recent tendency, movement, or the like ; 
— used to designate various societies, schools, parties, 
etc. ; as, Young Italy ; Young Turks. 6. Phys. Geog. = 
youthful, 5. 7. Junior ; — used of the younger of two 
persons having the same name or title; as, young Mr. 
Smith. Colloq. 

young blood, young people; youth; youthful vigor. — 
y. hyson. See hyson. — Y. Pretender. See pretender. 

— n. The offspring of animals, either a single animal or off- 
spring collectively. 
with young, with child ; pregnant. 

young'er (yurj'ger), compar. of young. 
younger hand, Card Playing, the one not having the lead, 
in two-handed games. 

young'ish (yung'Ish), a. Somewhat young. 

youngling (yung'LTng), n. A young person ; a youth ; also, 
a young animal, plant, etc. — a. Young ; youthful. 

young'ster (yung'ster), n. A young person ; youth ; lad ; 
sometimes, a young animal, as a colt or filly ; specif., in the 
British navy, a midshipman who has not yet served four 
years ; — disting. from oldster. 

younger (yur/ker), n. [D. jonker, jonkheer; jong young 
-+- heer lord.] 1. A young gentleman, knight, or gallant. 
Obs. 2. A youth ; stripling ; youngster. Now Colloq. 3. 
Novice ; greenhorn ; dupe. Obs. 

your (yoor), pron. & a. [AS. eower, orig. gen. of ge, ge, ye.] 
Of or belonging to you ; — used as the possessive case of 
you, or as a possessive adjective. 

yours (yoorz), pron. & a. The form of the possessive your 
used absolutely, that is, with no governed noun following 
it ; — often used after of; as, a friend of yours. 

your-seli' (y dor-self'), pron.; pi. -selves (-selvz'). 1. An 
emphasized or reflexive form for ye, you. It is used : a As 



a simple objective, b In apposition with ye, you. C As a 
predicate nominative, often with the force of by yourself, 
alone; as, shall you go yourself ? 2. Your true, normal 
self or condition. Cf. himself, 2. 

youth (yooth), n. ; pi. youths (yooths; yoothz) or, collec- 
tively, youth. [AS. geoguS, geogo<5.~] 1. Quality or 
state of being young ; youthfulness ; juvenility. 2. The part 
of life that immediately follows childhood ; the period pre- 
ceding maturity ; adolescence ; sometimes, the whole early 
part of life from infancy to manhood. 3. a A young person ; 
esp., a young man. b Collective pi. Young people. 

youth'ful (yooth'f6"61), a. 1. Possessing youth ; not yet 
mature ; young. 2. Of or pertaining to the early part of 
life ; suitable to youth ; as, youthful sports. 3. Fresh ; 
vigorous ; as, youthful spirits. 4. Early ; as, youthful 
times. 5. Phys. Geog. Having accomplished but a small 
part of the work to be done ; young ; — said of rivers, 
drainage, topography, etc. — youth'ful-ly, adv. — youth'- 
ful-ness, n. 

Syn. Youthful, juvenile, puerile, boyish. Youthful 
is commonly used either in a good sense, or in extenuation ; 
as, youthful aspirations, indiscretions. Juvenile often sug- 
gests immaturity, and is applied esp. to that which per- 
tains or is suited to youth ; as, a juvenile performance, book. 
Puerile now almost always means childish, trivial, petty; 
boyish has no such connotation ; as, puerile objections ; 
boyish pastimes, enthusiasm. See childlike. 

yowl (youl), n. A loud, long, mournful cry, as of a dog ; a 
howl. — v. i. To utter a yowl ; to howl. 

-yte (-It). A variant of -ite in the names of rocks. 
feg" J. D. Dana proposed in 18G8 that the suffix -lie be 
restricted to minerals, and -yte substituted for rocks. A 
number of American scientists have followed him in main- 
taining this distinction. 

yt-ter'bi-a (i : tur'bi-d), n. [NL.] Chem. Ytterbium oxide, 
Yb203, obtained as a heavy white powder. 

yt-ter'bi-um (l-tur'bi-um), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Swe- 
den.] Chem. A rare trivalent metallic element closely re- 
sembling yttrium, and occurring (in combined form) with 
it and other related elements in certain rare minerals. 
Symbol, Yb; at. wt., 172.0. — yt-ter'bic (-blk), a. 

yt'tri-a (it'rT-d), n. [NL. See yttrium.] Chem. Yttrium 
sesquioxide, Y2O3, obtained as a heavy white powder. 

yt'tnc (-rik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing yttrium. 

yt-trif'er-OUS (l-triPer-iis), a. Bearing or containing 
yttrium or the allied elements. 

yt'tri-um (Tt'rT-um), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden.] 
Chem. A trivalent metallic element found (combined) in 
gadolinite and other rare minerals. Symbol, Y ; at. wt., 
89.0. Associated with yttrium are certain other rare ele- 
ments, as erbium, ytterbium, terbium, etc., which with 
yttrium constitute the yttrium. group of rare earth metals. 

yue'ea (yuk'd), n. [NL., fr. Sp. yuca."] Any of a genus 
(Yucca) of liliaceous, sometimes arborescent, plants, hav- 
ing long, pointed, often rigid, leaves on a woody stem, and 
bearing a large panicle of white blossoms. 

Yu'ga (yoo'gd), n. [Skr. yuga age, yoke.] Hindu Cos- 
mogony. Any of the four ages of the world. They are: 
(1) Krita Yuga, or golden age, lasting 1,728,000 years ; (2) 
Treta Yuga, darker and less righteous, 1,296,000 years; 
(3) Dvapara Yuga, still darker, 864,000 years ; (4) Kali 
Yuga, the present and darkest age, 432,000 years. 

Yu'it (yoo'it), n. See Innuit. [mastide.| 

yule (yobl), n. [AS. geol, geohhol."] Christmas or Christ-| 

yule log. A log formerly put with ceremony on the hearth 
on Christmas Eve, as the foundation of the fire. 

yule'tide' (-tld'), n. Christmas time; Christmastide. 

Yu'man (yoo'mdn), a. Designating, or pert, to, a linguistic 
stock of North American Indians of the southwestern 
United States and northwestern Mexico, nearly all agricul- 
turists and adept potters and basket makers. 

y-wis' (i-wis'). Var. of iwis. 



Z(ze ; in England commonly, in America sometimes, 
called zed ; formerly also lz'drd). 1. The twenty-sixth 
and last letter of the English alphabet. It is a voiced con- 
sonant, the sonant correlative of S. The letter Z comes 
from the Latin through the Greek, this having it from a 
Semitic source, the ultimate origin being perh. Egyptian. 
Etymologically Z is most closely related to s, y, and j ; as in 
glass, glaze ; E. yoke, Gr. £vyov, L. jugum ; E. zealous, 
jealous. See Guide to Pron. §§ 105-6. 2. As a symbol, 
used to denote or indicate the twenty-third in a series^ 3. 
As a medieval numeral, Z stands for 2,000, and Z for 
2,000,000. 
Z(ze), n. ; pi. Z's or Zs (zez). Also zee. 1. The letter Z, z, or 
its sound ; zed. 2. Something having the general shape of 
the letter Z. 



Z (ze), a. Having a shape or a cross section like the letter 
Z; as, Z bar or Z-bar, Z beam or Z-beam, etc. 

Zac-chse'us, Zac-che'US (za-ke'us; colloq. zak'e-iis), n. 
[L. Zachaeus, Gr. ZaKxalos, fr. Heb. ZakkayJ] Bib. A 
rich publican of Jericho, who received Jesus at his house. 

Zach'a-ri'ah (zak'd-rl/d), n. [Heb. Zekaryah, lit., remem- 
bered of Jehovah.] Bib. 1. A certain king of Israel. 2. 
The grandfather of Hezekiah. 3. A certain person referred to 
{Matt, xxiii. 35 ; Luke xi. 51, R. V.) by Jesus as a martyr. 

Zach'a-ri'as (-ds), n. Bib. 1. The father of John the Bap- 
tist. 2. = Zachariah, 3. 

zaf'fer (zaf'er), zaf'fre, n. [F. zafre.'] An impure oxide of 
cobalt used in the manufacture of smalt, and in porcelain 
painting and pottery enameling to produce a blue color. 






1 



K = ch in G. ich, acb. (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 



N 



ZAMIA 



1108 



ZIBET 







R 



U 



w 



X 




za'mi-a (za'mT-d), n. [L. zamiae, pi., erroneous reading 

in Pliny for azaniae 

(nuces) pine nuts.] Any 

of a genus (Zamia) of 

cycadaceous plants hav- 
ing a short thick trunk 

or caudex, a crown of 

palmlike leaves, and 

oblong cones or stro- 
biles. 
za-min'dar' (zd-men'dar'), ze-min'- 

dar' (ze-men'-), n. [Hind, zamindar, fr. 

Per. zamin land -f- -dar sufhx of agent.] 

India. A landowner; also, formerly, a 

collector of land revenue ; now, usually, a 

kind of feudatory paying the government a 

fixed revenue. 
za'ny (za'nT), n. ; pi. -nies (-niz). [F. zani, 

fr. It. zanni, orig. same as Giovanni John.] 

1. A subordinate fool or clown who aped 

the tricks of his principal ; hence : a buffoon ; Zamia (Z. in- 

merry-andrew. 2. A simpleton. Eng. tegrifolia). 

za'ra-tite (za'rd-tlt), n. [Sp. zaratita; after G. Zdrate.] 

Min. A basic carbonate of nickel, NiC03-2Ni(OH)24H20, 

in emerald-green incrustations or compact 

masses ; — called also emerald nickel. 
zarf (zarf ; zurf), n. [Ar. zarf sheath, case.] 

Art. A metallic cuplike'stand for a finjan. 
1] zas-tru'gi (zas-troo'gi), n. pi.; sing, -ga 

(-ga). [Russ. zastruga furrow made on the 

shore by water.] Grooves or furrows 

formed in snow by the action of the wind, 

and running parallel with the direction of 

the wind. 
zax (zaks), n. [AS. seax a knife.] A tool for 

trimming and puncturing roofing slates. 
zeal (zel), n. [F. zele, fr. L. zelus, Gr. £fj\os 

eager rivalry, zeal.] Ardor in pursuit of Zarf. 

anything ; eagerness, as for a cause ; ardent and active 

interest ; enthusiasm ; fervor. 
zeal'Ot (zel'zit), n. [F. zelote or L. zelotes, fr. Gr. f rjXwrris.] 
One who is zealous, esp. one carried away 
by his zeal ; a fanatical partisan. — Syn. 

See ENTHUSIAST. 

zeal'ot-ry (-ri), n. Character and be- 
havior of a zealot ; excess of zeal ; fanati- 
cal devotion. 
zeal'ous (zel'us), a. 
Filled with, charac- 
terized by, or 
due to, zeal. — 
zeal'ous-ly,adt;. 
— zeal'ous- 
ness, n. 
ze'bec (ze'bek). 

Var. of xebec. 
Zeb'e-dee (zeb'e- 





de), n. [L. Zebe- 
Bib. The father of 



Mountain Zebra. 
daeus, Gr. Ze/3e5cuos, of Heb. origin.] 
the disciples James and John. 

ze'bra (ze'brd), n. [Abyssinian zibra.] Any of several 
African equine mammals, esp. the true or mountain 
aebra ( Equus, or Hippotigris, zebra ) conspicuously 
striped with dark bands on a white or buffy ground. 

Ze'brass (ze'bras), n. \_Zebra + ass."] A cross between a 
male zebra and a female burro or donkey. 

ze'bra-WOOd' (ze'brd-wdod 7 ), n. Any of several trees hav- 
ing marked or striped wood ; also, the wood itself ; specif., 
a tropical American tree (Connarus guianensis) with 
beautifully marked hard wood used in cabinetwork. 

ze'brine (ze'brln ; -brin), a. Pert, to or resembling a zebra. 

ze'bru-la (ze'bro6-ld; zeb'ro6-ld), ze'brule (ze'brool), n. 
A cross between a male zebra and a female horse. 

ze'bu (ze'bu), n. [F. zebu.] A bo vine animal (J3 os indicus) 
widely do- 
mesticated in 
India, China, 
the East In-, 
dies, and East! 
Africa. It 
generally has 
pendulous ears, a 
large dewlap, and a 
large hump over the 
shoulders ; but these 
characters vary in dif- 
ferent breeds, which 
range in size from that 
of an ox to that of a large mastiff. 

Zech'a-ri'ah (zek'd-rl'd), n. [Var. of Zachariah.] 
1. One of the Hebrew prophets (about 520 B. c). 




Zebus. 



Bib. 
With 



Haggai, he persuaded the Jews to rebuild the temple. 2. A 

book of the Old Testament. 

zech'in, zec'chin (zek'in), n. [It. zecchino.] = sequin. 
zed (zed), n. [F. zede, fr. L. zeta, Gr. ^Tjra.] The letter Z; 

— still the usual name in England. 

Zed'e-ki'ah (zed'e-kl'd), n. [Heb. Tsidqiydh.] Bib. Son 
of Josiah and last king (597-586 b. c.) of Judah. 

Zed'o-a-ry (zed'6-a-ri), n. [F. zedoaire, or LL. zedoaria, 
fr. Ar. & Per. zedwar.] A fragrant East Indian drug of a 
bitter, aromatic taste, used as a stimulant. It is the rhi- 
zome of any of several curcumas (esp. Curcuma zedoaria). 

ze-min'dar' (ze-men'dar'). Var. of zamindar. 

zem'stVO (zemst'fo), n.; pi. -stvos (-foz). [Russ., fr. zem- 
lya land.] In Russia, an elective district or provincial ad- 
ministrative assembly. 

ze-na'na (ze-na'nd), n. [Hind, zenana, zanana, fr. Per. 
zanana, fr. zan woman.] The part of a dwelling in which 
the women of a family live ; harem ; seraglio. India. 

Zend (zend),n. [Per.] The translation and exposition of 
the Avesta in the literary Pahlavi language ; erroneously, 
the language of the Avesta. See Zend-Avesta. 

Zend'-A-ves'ta (-d-ves'td), n. The sacred Zoroastrian 
writings, consisting of the Avesta, or Zoroastrian Bible, 
and its Zend, or interpretation. 

ze'nith (ze'nTth ; also, esp. British, zen'ith), n. [OF. ce- 
nith, Sp. zenit, fr. Ar. samt-ar-rds way of the head, vertical 
place.] 1. That point of the heavens vertically above one ; 
the upper pole of the horizon ; — opposed to nadir. 2. The 
greatest height ; summit ; as, the zenith of a career. — 
Syn. See culmination. 

ze'O-lite (ze'6-llt), n. [NL. zeolites, fr. Gr. feiv to boil + 
-lite.'] Min. Any of a familyof hydrous silicates occurring 
as secondary minerals in cavities of lavas. In composition 
they are analogous to feldspars, their chief metals being 
aluminium, sodium, potassium, and calcium. — Ze'o-lit'ic 
(-llt'ik), a. 

Zepb/a-ni'ah (zef'd-nT'd), n. [Heb. Tsephanyah.] 1. A He- 
brew prophet (c. 640 b. a). 2. Book of the Old Testament. 

zeph'yr (-er), n. [L. zephyrus, Gr. fe^upos.] 1. The west 
wind ; any soft, gentle breeze. 2. Short for zephyr yarn, 
a fine soft yarn or worsted for knitting and embroidery. 

zeph'y-rus (zef'i-riis), n. [L.] The west wind, or zephyr; 

— usually personified \_cap.] as the gentlest sylvan deity. 
Zep'pe-lin' (tseVe-len' ; Angl. zep'e-lin), n. A dirigible 

balloon, or airship, consisting of a cylindrical trussed and 
covered frame supported by internal gas cells, and provided 
with means of propulsion and control, often of immense 
size carrying a body of men, artillery, etc. It was first suc- 
cessfully used by Ferdinand, Count von Zeppelin. 

ze'ro (ze'ro), n. ; pi. -ros or -roes (-roz). [F. zero, It. zero, 
fr. Ar. cafrun, cifrun, empty, a cipher.] 1. Arith. A 
cipher ; nothing ; naught. 2. The point of departure in 
reckoning ; specif., the point from which the graduation of 
a scale, as of a thermometer, begins. 3. Fig., the lowest 
point ; nothingness ; nullity. 

zest (zest), n. [F. zeste.] 1. A piece of orange or lemon 
peel, or the aromatic oil from it, used to flavor liquor, etc. 
2. Something that gives or enhances a pleasant taste or 
relish ; also, the relish or taste as enhanced or imparted ; 
piquancy. 3. Keen enjoyment ; gusto. — Syn. See relish. 

ze'ta (ze'td; za'ta), n. [L., fr. Gr. ^fjra.] The sixth letter 
[Z, f] of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to English z. 
The pronunciation in classic Greek is not certainly known, 
but was either as zd or dz, later becoming z as in English. 

Zeilg'ma (zug'md), n. [L., fr. Gr. £evyna, fr. ^evyvvvai 
to yoke.] Gram. A figure by which an adjective or verb 
which agrees with a nearer word is, by way of supplement, 
referred also to another, more remote, to which it is not 
strictly applicable. 

Zeus (zus), n. [Gr. Zeus.] Gr. Relig. The chief of the 
Olympian gods, son of Cro- 
nus and Rhea and husband 
of Hera, identified by the 
Romans with Jupiter. The 
most primitive character of 
Zeus is probably as god of 
the elements, as rain, wind, 
thunder, and lightning ; the 
thunderbolt is his sign, the 
rainbow, Iris, his messenger. 
Zeus is also god of moral law 
and order, protector of sup- 
pliants, and punisherof guilt. 
As such, he is the copsort of 
Themis and the source of 
divine decrees. 

zib'el-ine, zib'el-line (zib'el- 

Tn ; -in), a. [Cf. F. zibeline, 
It. zibellino. See sable.] 
Of or pert, to sables. 
zib'et, zib'eth (zTb^t),^. [See 











7 mC 


i 




wn 


iuWs==^s|| 










kV^i%--Ss\<%' 


Ml ! 










I 




<-L=SsfeSi 


m 


AM 





Zeus, with Attributes: Nike, 
Crown, Thunderbolt, Eagle. 



,5k, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
Bse, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) i 



ZIGZAG 



1109 



ZOOGLCEA 




civet.] A carnivorous mammal (Viverra zibetha) of In- 
dia, southern China, and the Malay Peninsula, allied to 
the civet cat ; — called also Indian civet. 

Zig'zag' (zig'zag'), re. [F.] One of a series of short, sharp 
turns or angles in a course ; also, something characterized 
by a series of such turns, as a path, pattern, etc. — a. Hav- 
ing zigzags. — adv. In or by a zigzag path or course. — 
v. t. & i.; -zagged' (-zagd') ; -zag'ging (-zag'Ing). To 
form or move with zigzags ; to make or be zigzag. 

ziklni-rat (zik'oo-rat), re. A temple tower of the Babylo- 
nians or Assyrians, consisting 
of a lofty pyramidal structure, 
built in successive stages, with 
outside staircases, and 



a chrine at the top. 

zillah (zil'd), n. [Ar. 
dila , .~] A district or 
administrative divi- 
sion, as of a province. 
India. 

Zinc(zTnk),re. [G.zink."] 
1. Chem. A bluish 
white crystalline metal- Zikkurat (restoration), 

lie element, malleable at 120-150° C. (250-300° F.), and 
very brittle at 200° C. (392° F.). It is practically unaffected 
bv air and moisture at ordinary temperatures. Symbol, 
Zn; at. wt., 65.37. Zinc melts at 420° C. (788° F.). At 
about 930° C. (1706° F.) it boils, yielding vapors which 
burn in air, forming the oxide. Sp.gr. of zinc, 7-7.2. Weight 
of a cubic foot, 437-450 lbs. 2. A piece of zinc for use in a 
voltaic cell. 

— v. t. ; zincked or zinced (zTnkt) ; zinck'ing or zinc'ing 
(zirjk'ing). To treat or coat with zinc ; galvanize ; zincify. 

Zinc'ate (-at), n. Chem. A compound formed from zinc 
hydroxide, Zn02H2, by replacing the hydrogen by a metal. 

Zinc blende. Min. Sphalerite. [zinc; zincous.l 

Zinc'ic (zirjk'Tk), a. Chem. Pert, to, containing, or like) 

zinc'i-fy (zink'i-fi), v. t.; -fied (-fid); -fy'ing (-fl'Tng). 
\_zinc 4- -fy7\ To coat or impregnate with zinc ; to zinc. 

Zlnc'ite (zinklt), n. Min. Native zinc oxide, ZnO, a brit- 
tle, deep red to orange-yellow, hexagonal mineral usually 
occurring in massive or granular form ; — called also red 
zinc ore, or red oxide of zinc. 

zinck'y (zink'i), a. Also zink'y, zinc'y. Pert, to, con- 
taining, or appearing like, zinc. 

Zin-COg'ra-phy (zirj-kog'rd-fi), re. The art or process of en- 
graving or etching on zinc. — zin-cog'ra-pher, n. — zin'- 
co-graph (zirj'ko-graf), n. — zin'co-graph'ic (-graf'ik), 
-graph'i-Cjll (-I-kal), a. [electropositive; basic. I 

zinc'ous (zink'us), a. Chem. a Zincic. b Hence: formerly,! 

zinc'y (zink'i). Var. of zincky. 

zink'en-ite (zirjk'en-it), re. [After Zinken, director at one 
time of the Hanoverian mines.] Min. A steel-gray mineral 
of metallic luster, chemically PbSbzS4, occurring in crystals 
and in masses. 

Zink'y (zink'i). Var. of zincxy. 

Zin'ni-a (zin'i-d), re. [NL., after J. G. Zinn (1727-59), 
professor of medicine at Gbttingen.] Any of a genus (Cras- 
sina) of asteraceous plants, one of which (C. elegans) is a 
garden annual of numerous varieties, bearing long-pedun- 
cled heads of flowers with red, purple, yellow, or white rays. 

Zin'zi-ber-a'ceous (zin'zi-ber-a'shus), a. [L. zingiber 

. ginger. See ginger.] Bot. Belonging to a family, the ginger 
family (Zinziberacese), of tropical monocotyledonous plants 
consisting of leafy perennial herbs with aromatic rootstocks, 
including ginger, turmeric, etc. 

Zi'on (zi'on), re. [Heb. tsiyon, orig., a hill.] 1. A hill in 
Jerusalem, where were the royal residence of David and his 
successors and the temple. 2. Hence : a The Israelites, b 
The theocracy, or church of God. C The heavenly Jerusalem. 

Zi'on-ism (-Tz'm), re. Among modern Jews, a theory or 
plan for colonizing Jews in Palestine, or, if that is impracti- 
cable, elsewhere, either for religious or nationalizing pur- 
poses ; — called also Zion movement. — Zi'on-ite (-It), re. 

Zi'on-ist, re. An adherent of Zionism. — a. Of or pert, to 
Zionism or Zionists. — Zi'on-is'tic (-is'tik),_ a. 

Zip (zip), re. [Imitative.] A sudden sharp hissing or sibilant 
sound such as that made by a flying bullet. — v. i. To 
make, or move with, a zip. 

Zir'con (zur'kon), re. [F.] Min. A silicate of zirconium, 
ZrSi04, a tetragonal mineral occurring usually in square 
brown or grayish prisms or pyramids. Transparent varie- 
ties are used as gems, esp. red or brownish kinds called 
hyacinth. Colorless, pale yellow, or smoky varieties from 
Ceylon are called jargon. 

Zir-CO'ni-a (zer-ko'ni-d), re. [NL.] Chem. Zirconium di- 
oxide, Zr02, usually obtained as a white amorphous pow- 
der. It is used as an ingredient of sticks for the Drummond 
light and of incandescent mantles. 

«Sir-COn'ic (zer-kon'ik), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, con- 
taining, or like, zirconium ; as, zirconic oxide. 




zir-co'ni-um (zer-ko'ni-2m), re. [NL.] Chem. An element 
found in zircon and certain other minerals (sp. gr., 4.15). It 
is quadrivalent, and has both basic and acid properties. 
Symbol, Zr ; at. wt., 90.6. 

zith'er (zith'er), re. [G.] A kind of musical instrument, 
having 30 to 40 
strings over a 
shallow sound- 
ing box, and 
played with a 
plectrum. 

zith'ern (-ern 
Var. of cithern 

zit'tern (zit'ern). Var. of cittern. Zither. 

|| zi'zith (ze'zith), re. pi. [Heb. tsitsith.'] The tassels of 
twisted cords or threads on the corners of the upper gar- 
ment worn by strict Jews. 

-zo'a (-zo'd). A suffix from Gr. fwa, pi. of fw°" an animal. 

zo'di-ac (zo'dT-ak), re. [F. zodiaque, L. zodiacus, fr. Gr 
fw<5ta/c6s (sc. kvk\os), prop., circle of animals, deriv. of fwo." 
animal.] 1. Astron. a An imaginary belt in the heavens. 
16° broad, including the paths of the moon and all the prin- 
cipal planets and, as its middle line, the ecliptic, or sun's 
path. The zodiac has twelve divisions, or signs. See sign, 
re., 5. b A figure representing the signs, symbols, etc., of the 
zodiac. 2. A circuit ; zone ; hence, a girdle. Rare, [diac.l 

zo-di'a-cal (zo-dl'd-kdl), a. Astron. Of or pert, to the zo-| 
zodiacal light, a nebulous light seen in the west after twi- 
light and in the east before dawn. It has an elongated tri- 
angular form and lies along the ecliptic, its base being on 
the horizon, and its apex at varying altitudes. 

zo'e-trope (zo'e-trop), re. [Gr. f«i7 life + rpoiros turning.] 
An_ optical toy in which figures on the inside of a revolving 
cylinder are viewed through slits in its circumference, and 
make a moving picture. — zo'e-trop'ic (-trop'Tk), a. 

zois'ite (zoislt), re. [After Baron Zois von Edelstein (1747- 
1S19), from whom Werner received his first specimens.] 
Min. A silicate of calcium and aluminium, HCasAh- 
Si30i3, the aluminium being sometimes replaced by iron, 
occurring in prismatic crystals of various colors (grayish, 
brown, green, rose) and also massive. 

|| Zqll'ver-ein' (tsol'fer-in'), re. [G., fr. zoll duty 4- verein 
union.] [Also I. c] A customs union, or union of states or 
nations for regulation of customs; specif., any of several 
customs unions, successively farmed under the leadership 
of Prussia among certain German states. [zones. 

zon'al (zon'al), a. Of, pert, to, or in the form of, a zone or 

zon'a-ry (zon'd-ri), a. Zonal. 

zon'ate (zon'at), a. 1. Marked with zones ; ringed or belted. 
2. Bot. Arranged in a single row. 

ZO-na'tion (zo-na'shim), re. 1. State of being zoned or ar- 
ranged in, or divided into, zones. 2. Biogeog. Arrangement 
or distribution in zones. 

zone (zon), re. [F. zone, L. zona, Gr. fwvrj.'] 1. A girdle ; 
cincture ; belt. Obs. or Poetic. 2. Any encircling band, 
stripe, or girdle ; as, a zone of trees ; more broadly, any 
encircling line, path, course, etc. ; circuit. 3. Any of five 
great divisions of the earth's surface as to latitude and 
temperature, including : the torrid zone, extending 23° 28' 
on each side of the equator, from tropic to tropic ; two tem- 
perate, or variable zones, between the tropics and the 
polar circles, which are 23° 28' from the poles ; and two 
frigid zones, between the polar circles and poles. 4. Bio- 
geog. An area or part of a region characterized by uniform 
or similar animal and plant life. 5. An area or region taken 
as distinct from adjoining parts ; as, on the Isthmus of Pan- 
ama, the Canal Zone. 6. Railroad Econ. a The aggregate 
of stations, in whatsoever direction or on whatsoever line of 
railroad, situated between certain maximum and minimum 
limits from a point at which a shipment of traffic originates. 
b Any circular or ring-shaped area within which the street- 
car companies make no differences of fare. 7. In the 
United States parcel-post system (see parcel post), any 
of the areas about any point of shipment for which but one 
rate of postage is charged for a shipment from that point 

— v. t. To encircle; embrace. — zoned (zond), a. 

ZOn'ule (zon'ul), re. [L. zonula."] A little zone or belt. 
zonule of Zinn (tsin), Anat., the suspensory ligament of 
the crystalline lens of the eye. 

ZOO (zoo), re. A zoological garden or collection. Colloq. 

ZOO-. Combining form fr. Gr. f<2oe, animal. 

zo'o-chem'is-try (zo'6-kem'is-tri). re. Animal chemistry; 
esp., the description of the chemical compounds in the 
composition of the animal body, in distinction from 
biochemistry. — zo'o-Chem'i-cal (-kem'T-kal), a. 

ZO'b-ge-Og'ra-phy (zo'6-je-og'rd-fT), re. The study or de- 
scription of the geographical distributionof animals ; esp., 
the determination of the land and marine areas charac- 
terized by special groups of animals and the study of the 
causes and significance of such groups. 

ZO'b-glce'a (-gle'd), re. [NL. ; zoo- + Gr. 7X016$ a gluti- 
nous substance.] Bacteriol. A colony or mass of bacteria 



-,t = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



ZOOGRAPHIC 



1110 



ZYMURGY 







u 



w 



X 



embedded in a jellylike substance formed by the swelling 
of the cell membranes through absorption of water. 
ZO-bg'ra-phy (zo-og'rd-fi), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). A descrip- 
tion of animals, their forms and habits. — zo'o-graph'lC 
(zo'6-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. 
zo'oid (zo'oid), zo-oi'dal (zp-oiMdl), a. . [zoo- + -oid.] 

Biol. Pertaining to or resembling an animal. 
zo'oid, n. 1. Biol. An organic body or cell having locomo- 
tion. 2. Zool. a An animal or individual produced by 
some method, as fission, other than direct sexual methods. 
b Any of the individuals which, in alternation of generations, 
come between the products of true sexual reproduction. 
Thus, free-swimming medusae are zooids reproducing sexu- 
ally by eggs that develop, not into medusae, but into attached 
polyps, which grow by budding into branching colonies 
called hydroids. The hydroids produce medusas by budding. 
ZO-bl'a-ter (zo-ol'd-ter), n. One who worships animals. 

ZO-bl'a-try (-tri), n. Animal worship. a-tTOUS (-trus), a. 

zo'b-log'i-ca). (zo'S-loj'i-kdl), a. Ofor pert, to zoology, or 
the science of animals. — zo'b-log'i-cal-ly, adv. 
ZO-bl'0-gist (zo-ol'S-jist), n. One who is versed in zoology. 
ZO-bl'0-gy (zo-ol'o-jT), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). 1. The science of 
animals ; that division of biology which deals with the ani- 
mal kingdom. 2. A treatise on this subject. 
zo'b-mor'phism (zo'o-mor'fiz'm), n. Representation or 
use of animal forms ; as, zoomorphism in ornament ; also, 
representation of God, or of gods, in the form or with the 
attributes of the lower animals. — zo'b-mor'phic (-f lk), a. 
ZO'bn (zo'on), n.; pi. zoa (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. fwov animal.] 
Zool. Any of the perfectly developed individuals of a com- 
pound animal. — ZO'bn-al (zo'on-51), a. 
ZO-bph'i-lous (zo-of'i-liis), a. Animal-loving; specif., Bot., 

adapted to pollination by animals other than insects. 
ZO'b-phyte (zo'o-flt), n. [F. zoophyte, Gr. {o>6<1>vtov. See 
zoo- ; -phyte.] Zool. Any invertebrate animal resembling 
a plant, as a coral, sea anemone, sponge, etc. 
zo'b-phyt'ic (-fit'ik), a. Of or pert, to zoophytes. 
ZO'b-plas'ty (zo'6-plas'ti), n. Surg. Act or process of graft- 
ing animal tissue into the human body. — ZO'b-plas'tic 
(-plas'tik), a. 
ZO'b-sperm (zo'o-spurm), n. Biol, a A spermatozoid. b 

= zoospore, 1. — zo'b-sper-mat'ic (-sper-mat'ik), a. 
ZO'b-spo-ran'gi-um (zo'6-spo-ran'ji-iim), n.; pi. -sporan- 
gia (-d). [NL.] Bot. A spore case, or sporangium with 
zoospores. — zo'b-spo-ran'gi-al (-51), a. 
zo'b-spore (zo'6-spor; 57), n. 1. Bot. An asexual spore 
swimming by cilia, and produced by certain algae. 2. Zool. 
One of the minute motile flagellate or amoeboid bodies into 
which the protoplasm of a sporocyst divides. — zo'b-spor'ic 
(-spor'ik), a. 
ZO-bt'O-my (zo-ot'o-mT), n. Zool. The anatomy of animals 

other than man. O-mist, n. — zo'b-tom'ic (zo'6-tom'- 

lk), zo'b-tom/i-cal (-T-kdl), a. — i-cal-ly, adv. 
Zo'ro-as'tri-an (zo'ro-as'trT-dn), a. Of or pert, to Zoroaster 
or his religious system. — n. A follower of Zoroaster ; one 
who accepts Zoroastrianism. 
Zo'ro-as'tri-an-ism (zo'ro-as'tn-dn-Tz'm), n. The religion 
of Persia previous to the conversion of the Persians to Mo- 
hammedanism. It is traditionally derived from its great 
prophet, Zoroaster (fl. about 1000 B.C.), and its sacred 
literature is the Zend-Avesta. [girdle. 

ZOS'ter (zos'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. fwor^p.] Gr. Costume. A 
Zou-ave' (z6o-av'), n. [¥., fr. Zouaoua, tribe in Algeria.] 
One of a body of infantry in the French serv- 
ice, orig. Algerians, wearing a brilliant uni- 
form, which is now retained for full dress. 
Also, one of a body of soldiers adopting their 
dress and drill. 
Zounds (zoundz), inter j. [From God's 
wounds.] A term formerly common as an 
oath, esp. as expressing anger or wonder. 
Zu'lu (zoo'loo), n. ; pi. Zulus (-looz). One of a 
great Bantu tribe or nation of Natal, in type 
and culture identical with the Kafirs. 
zu'mo-log'i-cal (zu'mo-loj'i-kal), zu-raol'o- 
gy (zu-m51'6-ji), etc. Vars. of zymological, 

ZYMOLOGY, etc. 

Zu'ni (zoo'nye ; s6o'-), n. ; pi. Zuftis (-nyez) or 
Zuni. One of a tribe of Pueblo Indians of New 
Mexico, resembling other Pueblo Indians, but 
having a language distinct from any known 
stock. The Zufiis are peaceable and industri- Zouave, 
ous ; they are skilled in agriculture, pottery, and weaving 




Zu'ni-an (zoc/nyT-dn), a. Of or pert, to the Zufiis, or des- 
ignating their linguistic stock, — n. A Zuni. 
Zwie'back' (tsve'bak'), n. [G., fr. zwie- two, twice + 
backen to bake.] [Often l. c] A kind of biscuit or rusk 
first baked in a loaf and afterwards cut and toasted. 
Zwing'li-an (tsving'li-an ; zwin'glT-an), a. Theol. Of or 
pert, to Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), reformer, of German 
Switzerland, who maintained that in the Lord's Supper the 
true body of Christ is present by the contemplation of 
faith, but not in essence or reality, and that the sacrament 
is a memorial without mystical elements. 
— n. A follower of Zwingli. — Zwing'li-an-ism (-iz'm), n. 
zyg'a-poph'y-siS (zig'd-pof'i-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL. ; 
Gr. %vyov yoke + apophysis.'] Anat. & Zool. One of the 
articular processes of the neural arch of a vertebra, of which 
there are usually four, two anterior and two posterior. — 
zyg-ap'o-phys'i-al (zig-ap'6-fiz'i-dl), a. 
zy-go'ma (zi-go'md), n.; pi. -gomata (-md-td). [NL., fr. 
Gr. {vywua, fr. ^700^ to yoke.] Anat. a The zygomatic 
arch, b A process (zygomatic process) of the temporal 
bone helping to form the zygomatic arch, c The cheek 
bone. Rare. 
zy'go-mat'ic (zl'go-mat'ik ; zig'o-), a. -Anat. Of or pert, 
to the zygoma. — zygomatic arch, the arch of bone which 
extends along the front or side of the skull below the orbit. 
— z. bone, the jugal bone. 
zy'gO-mor'phic (-mor'ftk) 1 a. [Gr. $vyov yoke + -mor- 
Zy'gO-mor/phous (-mor'fws)j phic, -morphous."]^ Bot. & 
Zool. Symmetrical bilaterally ; — said of organisms, or- 
gans, or parts capable of division into two symmetrical 
halves only by a single longitudinal plane passing through 
the axis ; — called also monosymmetrical. Cf . ACTiNO- 
morphic. 
zy'go-phyl-la'ceous (-fT-la'shws), a. [Gr. $vyov yoke + 
cj)b\\ov leaf.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Zygophyllacese) 
of herbs or shrubs, the bean-caper family, distinguished by 
pinnate or bifoliate stipulate leaves and axillary pentam- 
erous flowers. 
zy'go-phyte (zl'go-fit ; zig'6-), n. [Gr. %vy6p yoke + 
-phyte."] Bot. A plant in which reproduction consists in 
the union of two similar cells. Cf . oophyte. 
zy'go-spore (-spor ; 57),_ n. [Gr. f vybv yoke + spore.] Bot. 
A spore formed by conjugation of two similar gametes ; — 
opposed to oospore. 
zy'gote (zl'got ; zig'ot),n. [Gr. {vycoros yoked.] Bot. Any 

spore formed by conjugation of two gametes. 
zy'mase (zi'mas), n. [From zyme.] Chem. a An enzyme 
in yeast cells from which it may be obtained as an extract. 
It brings about the decomposition of sugar into alcohol and 
carbon dioxide, b = enzyme. 

zyme (zlm), n. [Gr. f buy leaven.] A ferment ; specif., 
Med., the morbific principle of a zymotic disease. 
zy'mo- (zl'mo-). [See zyme.] A combining form used in 
physiology, biology, etc., to indicate connection with, or 
relation to, a ferment, or zyme, or fermentation. 
zy'mo-gen (zl'mo-jen), zy'mo-gene (-jen), n. [F. zymo- 
gens] Biol. One of a physiological group of globular bac- 
teria which produces various enzymes ; — distinguished 
from pathogene. 
zy'mo-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 1. Producing fermentation; as, 
zymogenic bacteria. 2. Of or pert, to a zymogen. 
zymogenic organism, Biol., a microorganism, as the 
yeast plant or any of certain bacteria, which sets up fermen- 
tative processes giving definite chemical products; — dis- 
ting. from a pathogenic organism. Cf. micrococcus. _ 
zy-mol'O-gy (zi-mol'6-jT), n. ; pi. -gies (-jiz). A treatise on 
the fermentation of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. 
— zy'mo-log'ic (zl'mo-loj'ik), zy'mo-log'i-cal (-i-kol), 
a. — zy-mol'o-gist (zl-mol'o-jist), n. 
zy-mol'y-sis (zI-mol'i-sTs), n. [NL.] Chem. Action of 
enzymes ; also, the changes produced by such action. — 
zy'mo-lyt'ic (zl'mo-lit'ik), a. 
zy-mo'sis (zl-mo'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ffyiwc-is fermen- 
tation, fr. £vht) ferment.] 1. Fermentation, hence, Med., 
an analogous process by which an infectious disease is be- 
lieved to be developed. 2. A zymotic disease. Rare. 
zy-mot'ic (zI-mot'Tk), a. [Gr. ^vhwtlk6s causing to fer- 
ment.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation. 2. 
Med. Designating, or pertaining to, any infectious or con- 
tagious disease. 
zy'mur-gy (zl'mur-ji), n. [Gr. ffyt?? leaven + epyov work.] 
That branch of applied chemistry which has to do with fer- 
mentation processes, as in wine making, brewing, etc. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 
ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 



Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. + combined with. => equals. 



A PRONOUNCING GLOSSARY 



OF 

SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



The Scottish dialects, or Scottish language as they are 
called by some, are forms of the Northumbrian English 
which was the language of the Angles who had settled along 
the eastern seaboard, and which up to the 15th century was 
spoken as well in Yorkshire and Northumberland as in the 
Scottish Lowlands. Originally the terms "Scot " and " Scot- 
tish" were applied to the Celtic people of Ireland and those 
of western Scotland that came from Ireland and conquered 
the English of the southeast and the earlier Celtic people of 
the west and north, but the language of their non-Celtic 
subjects became the literary language of the land, and is 
now the language which is meant by "Scotch," "Scottish 
dialects," or "Scottish language." 

Scottish literature practically began in the 14th century, 
with the works of John Barbour, a contemporary of Chaucer, 
and of others of his time, — whose writings are in fact 
Northumbrian English. _ By the end of the 15th century the 
language had under various influences, political, racial, etc., 
developed the general form which it retained during its chief 
literary period, and down to the time of the union of the 
kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1707. 

The use of Scotch as the general language of literature of 
the country ceased about the time of the accession of James 
VI. of Scotland to the English throne, although it still con- 
tinued to be the common language of the people. Subse- 
quent to that, however, there was_ a brilliant period of re- 
vival in ballad and lyric poetry in which Scotch forms a 
considerable part, and still more recently the Scottish dia- 
lect has been freely used in descriptions of Scottish life and 
character by Scott, Gait, Macdonald, Black, Barrie, Mac- 
laren, and others up to the present time. 

As the works of some of these authors, especially Burns 
among the poets, and Scott and other more recent authors 
among the prose writers, are extensively read in England 
and America, the want of a general glossary of the words and 
phrases used by them is often felt ; and it is to meet this 
want that this glossary is offered to the public, in the belief 
that it will be deemed a useful and appropriate addition to 
an English dictionary. 

The Scotch is not one dialect ; but there are numerous 
dialects differing from each other, not only in pronuncia- 
tion, but also in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. _ 

The vocabularies of the Scottish dialects vary with the 
different shires, according as they have felt more or less the 
influence of the Gaelic, French, or Scandinavian languages, 
and these differences are noticeable even among the dialects 
of Lowland Scotch, where the Scandinavian influences are 
less marked. The body of this glossary is the dialect of 
Burns, but some words peculiar to other dialects are also 
given because found in works familiar to English readers. 

The orthography of modern Scotch is extremely arbitrary 
and variable ; and the spelling of a word affords no reliable 
guide to its pronunciation. Of the two principal systems or 
fashions which prevail, one (seldom used except in connec- 
tion with an archaic diction) employs the spelling of the 
writers of the 15th and 16th centuries, regardless of pro- 
nunciation. The other, and much the commoner of the 
two, is based upon the standard English spelling, and con- 
forms the spelling of Scotch words to English where the 
sounds of the English and Scotch are near to each other ; 
and also where the sounds are different, but the English 
spelling represents to a Scotchman more or less accurately 
the Scottish pronunciation. Where a word or form is dis- 
tinctly Northern or is wanting in the English, the Scottish or- 
thography is followed, as streek for stretch, kirk for church, 
ee for eye, etc. ; but whatever spelling is used, the words 
when spoken by Scotchmen are given their Scottish sounds. 

The result of this is that Lowland Scotch as written or 
printed is largely the same_ as common literary English, 
with some words not found in English and some peculiari- 
ties of idiom and grammatical construction, etc.: Thus 
Burns in the poem "A Man's a Man for a' That" uses in 
all 115 different words, of which only 18 words do not occur 
in English. Much modern Scottish literature is therefore 



quite intelligible to an English person reading it, which 
would be mostly unintelligible to him if it were spoken 
with a Scottish dialect pronunciation. 

Because of this lack of any standard of orthography for 
Scottish words, in works of modern writers they are fre- 
quently spelled phonetically to represent the Scottish pro- 
nunciation to the English ear, as in other dialect story 
writing ; but these forms have not been recognized in this 
glossary except in a few exceptional instances. 

The vocabulary and the number of definitions in this 
edition have been much enlarged. In the preparation of 
the glossary full use has been made of Webster's New Inter- 
national Dictionary, and of special dictionaries, concord- 
ances, glossaries, etc., including various works which have 
become available since the last edition was published. Chief 
among these are Wright's "English Dialect Dictionary," 
the Oxford English Dictionary, and the "Scots Dialect Dic- 
tionary" by Warrack and Grant. 

The difficulty to be overcome in attempting to give an 
English or American reader an idea of the correct pronun- 
ciation of the Scottish dialect is very great. The aim pur- 
sued has been to indicate, as fully as could be done with the 
English equivalents, the pronunciation of native-born Scotch- 
men. For this purpose the pronunciations or the entire 
galley proofs were submitted to various persons of Scotch 
birth and education, and to them are due many suggestions 
both as to pronunciation and subject matter. 

The Scottish pronunciation has changed comparatively 
little from what it was three centuries ago when the lan- 
guages of England and of Scotland were, comparatively, 
but slightly different. The consonant skeleton of the Scot- 
tish dialect is practically the same as that of the English, 
the only consonant used in the Lowland Scotch and not 
used in English being the guttural sound of ch, gh, in licht, 
bught, etc., corresponding to the sound of ch in German 
ich, doch. The letter r is strongly trilled ; and wh and h 
are more strongly aspirated than in English. Some of the 
combinations of consonants in Lowland Scotch are treated 
differently from what they are in English ; thus in wr and 
kn initial the w and k are audibly pronounced, though the 
modern tendency is to ignore them ; while in mb, pt, kt, ct, 
the b and t are regularly silent, as in tumble (turn''!), except 
(ek-sep'), expect (eks-pek'). Final d and g are dropped in 
nd and ng, as lan(d), mendin(g). 

The vowel system of the Scottish (as well as the Northern 
English) dialects, however, is as a whole distinct from the 
vowel system of ordinary English speech, so that there are 
few, if any, vowel elements in the Scottish dialects identical 
with those of the English system. The two have nearly 
corresponding vowels ; but almost every vowel of the Scot- 
tish dialect is recognized to differ either in quantity or 
quality from the corresponding vowel in English ; and, al- 
though each of these differences may be slight, yet then- 
combined effect, as exaggerated by the peculiar Scotch in- 
tonation and syllabic accent, is to give to the Scottish dia- 
lect or language as a whole a marked individuality distinct 
from that of English. 

In respelling the words for pronunciation in this glossary 
the symbols used in the body of the book are employed, 
those being used which indicate most accurately the sound 
of the Scotch word to the English ear. The confused and 
uncertain spelling of Scotch words, and the difference of 
pronunciation in different localities, add to the difficulty of 
giving any practical system of rules for pronunciation in the 
space which is here available. Generally speaking, it may be 
noted that : 

1 . The letter a is chiefly used with sounds corresponding 
to those it has in English arm (a), ask (a), and ace (a), the 
peculiar a of English being foreign to the Scottish dialect. 

2. The letter e before r frequently has the sound of e in 
error (e), when in English it has the sound of e in her (u). 

3. The short i after a consonant mostly sounds like the 
English e, as rig (reg), or, esp. after w, as u, as will (wul). 

Hill) 



i 



N 







1112 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



4. The initial element of the long i is regularly cut 
shorter than in English. 

5. In many words which in English are pronounced 
with o, as rod, bog, on, etc., the Scottish pronunciation 
gives the long o, but cut short ; and in these cases the sound 
is indicated by 6. 

6. The letter u in many Scottish words has the sound of 
the French u, which is indicated in the respelling by ii. 

7. The diphthong ae regularly represents the sound of 
English long a cut short, and is indicated by a. 

8. The diphthong ei regularly has the value either of e or 
less often T ; ey is usually equivalent to T. 

9. The diphthong oi is ©ften nearly like English T. 

10. The letters oo are sometimes pronounced like French 
eu in peur (represented in this glossary by u), and some- 
times like English oo in ooze (oo). 

11. The diphthong ou is regularly equivalent to English 
oo in ooze, and is indicated by oo. 

12. The diphthong ow has both the value of oo in English 
ooze (oo), and also that of ou in English house (ou). 

13. The diphthong ui as in guid, puir, etc., is nearly the 
same as the French u in plume, and is indicated by U. 



14. The digraphs ch and gh, as in aneuch and aught, are 
harsh gutturals equivalent to the German ch in ich and 
dock, and represented by k in the respelling. 

15. The digraph ng in the middle of a word has the sound 
of ng in sing, but the hard g sound is not carried through to 
the next syllable ; e. g., single (seng''l not ser/g'l), hungry 
(hiing'ri not hiir/gri). 

16. The letter I is usually elided after the vowel a, as 
well as before k and m; but when final or following e or i 
is pronounced. 

17. The letters Iz and ly in such words as capercailzie, 
capercailyie, spuilzie, spuilyie, etc., represent the older 
ZJ, which was the symbol for the liquid I (older Fr. II 
mouille), pronounced like Hi in William. The I and z are 
now often pronounced with their customary sounds. 

18. The termination -ed is regularly changed into -it, as 
bleared (bler'it), ragged (rag'It). 

The foregoing will serve to give a general idea of the most 
striking peculiarities of the Scottish pronunciation as 
distinguished from English, but cannot be taken as a guide 
for the pronunciation of all Scotch words, there being many 
exceptions to most of these rules, though not here noted. 



R 



U 



W 



X 



a' (6). All. 

abeigh (d-beK' ; -baic'). 
Cautiously aloof. 

abread (d-breb7). Abroad. 

ae (a). One. 

afl (af). Off. 

agee (d-je'). Awry; ajar. 

agley (d-gll' ;d-gle'). Aside 
askew. [hind. 

ahind (d-htnt'). ahint. Be- 

aiblins, ablins (a/blinz). 
Perhaps. 

aik (ak), aiken(ak''n). Oak. 

ain (an). Own. 

aince (ans), aines. Once. 

ainsell (an'sel'). Own self. 

air (ar) . Before ; early. 

air (ar) . Heir ; oar. 

airl penny (arl ; arl).= 
ARLES PENNY. 

airles (arlz ; arlz) . = ARLES. 

aim (am). Iron; iron tool. 

airt (art) . Point of the com- 
pass ; direction ; also, to 
direct. 

ait (at). Oat. 

aith, ait he (5th). An oath. 

aiver (a'ver) . = AVER. 

aizle (a'z'l ; I'z'l). Live 
ember. 

ajee (d-je').= AGEE. 

akward, akwerd (ok'wert), 
akwert (-wert) . Awkward. 

alake (d-lak'). Alas. 

alane (d-lan'). Alone. 

alang (d-lang'). Along. 

allenarly (d-lgn'dr-li) . Sole- 
ly ; sole ; only. 

almous (6'mws). Alms. 

alow, alowe (d-lou') . Afire ; 
ablaze. 

altoun (61'toon'). Old town. 

amaist (d-mSsf). Almost. 

amang (d-mang'). Among. 

ance (ans). Once. 

ane (an). One. 

aneath (d-neth' ; -nSth'). 
Beneath. 

anes (anz). Once. 

aneuch (d-nydbK/). Enough. 

anither (d-nifcfe/er). An- 
other. 

antenup (an'te-nup). For- 
nification between persons 
who afterwards marry each 
other. [ture ; wander.] 

anter (on'ter). To adven-| 

archilowe (ar'ki-lo). The 
return which one who has 
been treated in an inn some- 
times considers himself 
bound in honor to make to 
the company. 

argle ( ar'g'l ), or argle- 
bargle (ar'g'l-bar'g'l). To 
argue ; dispute. 

arles (arlz) . Earnest ; earn- 
est money. 

arles penny. = ARLES. 

asklent, asclent (d-sklenf). 
Aslant. 

aspar (d-spar/) . Spread out ; 
wide apart/ 

ass (as). Ashes. 



assoilzie (d-soil'yi), assoil- 
yie. To absolve ; acquit. 

asteer (d-ster'). Astir. 

athart (d-thort'). athort. 
Athwart. 

atour (d-to'er). Over. 

attercop (at'er-kSp). A 
spider; a peevish or ma- 
lignant person ; a spider's 
web. 

atweel (at-wel'). I wot well ; 
surely ; truly. 

aucht, aught (oKt). Pos- 
sessed ; owned ; also, owed. 

— whae's aught it ? To 
whom does it belong ? 

aught (oKt). Possession; 
property ; eight. — in ane's 
aught, in one's keeping. 

aughtlins (oict'linz). In the 
least ; in any degree. 

auld (old). Old. — Auld 
Clootie (kldbt'i ; kliit'i), 
the Devil. — Auld Homie 
(hor'ni), the Devil. — auld 
lang syne, lit., old long 
since ; the (good) old times. 

— Auld Reekie (rek'I), 
Edinburgh. 

auld-farran ( 61d-f ar'dn ) , 

auld-f arrant (old-far'dnt) . 

Sagacious, cunning, or wise 

beyond one's years. 
auld-warld ( old'warld ) . 

Old-fashioned ;_ antique. 
aumous (o'mws). Alms. 
ava, ava' (d-vo' ; d-va'). Of 

all ; at all. 
aver (a'ver) . Work horse ; 

old horse. 
awa (d-wo' ; d-wa/). Away, 
awe (6). To owe. 
a wee (d-we'). A little 

(while). [then. | 

aweel (d-wel'). Well; weli| 
awfu' (6'fdb). Awful. 
awin (6'm). Own; proper. 
awmous (6'mws). Alms. 
awnie (on'i). Awny. 
ax (aks ; eks). Ask. 
ayond (d-yonf), ayont (d- 

y5nt'). Beyond. 



B 



ba' (ba;b6). Ball. 

bab (bab). = BOB. 

backet (bak'et). A wooden 
trough for holding or carry- 
ing coal, ashes, salt, etc. 

backie (bak'i). A wooden 
vessel or trough. [bat.l 

backie, or backiebird. A| 

backlins (bak'llnz). Back- 
wards, [thud. I 

baff (baf; bef). Blow; stroke; | 

baggie (bag'l). The belly; 
also, a large minnow ; 
stickleback. 

baghash (bag'hash). To 
abuse in speech. 

baid (bad). Endured. 

baignet^bag'net). Bayonet. 

baik (bak). Beck; also, 
bake. 



baikie (bak'i).= BACKIE. 

bail (bal). Bale or balefire. 

bailie (baKI). Alderman. 

bainie (ban'i). Bony. 

bairn (barn ; bern). A child. 

bairn-team, -teem, -time. 
Children collectively ; off- 
spring. 

baith (bath). Both. 

baittle (baf'l). Nourishing; 
also, rich pasture. [er.l 

bake (bak). Biscuit ; crack- 1 

ballant (bal'dnt). Ballad. 

balow, baloo (bd-loo'). Lul- 
laby ; bye-low. 

band (band). Bond. 

bane (ban). Bone. 

bangster (bang'st^r) . A 
bully ; braggart ; also, a 
victor. 

bannet (ban'et ; ban'et). 
Bonnet. 

bannock (ban'wk). A kind 
of oatmeal or barley cake, 
baked on a griddle. 

bannock fluko. Turbot. 

bap (bap). Roll of bread. 

bardie (bard'i). Dim. of 
BARD. 

bardy (bard'i). Bold-faced ; 
forward ; pert. 

barefit (bar'flt). Bare- 
footed. 

barken (bark'en). To in- 
crust ; also, to tan with 
bark. 

bar kit (bark'it). Tanned ; 
clotted ; barked. 

barlafumble (bar'la-fum'- 
b'l), barlafummil (-fiim'- 
ll), or barlafummel 
(-fiim'el). An exclamation 
asking for a truce, as by one 
who has fallen in wrestling. 

barley, barly (bar'li), or 
barla (bar'la). A cry for a 
truce among boys at their 
games. 

barley-bree ( bar'li-bre 7 ). 
Malt liquor ; strong ale. 

barlihood (bar'li-hdbd). Fit 
of bad temper, as arising 
from drunkenness ; drunken 
fit of passion. 

barmie (barm'i). Barmy. 

barns-breaking (barnz'- 
brak'in). Idle frolic. 

barrace (bar'ds). Bounds; 
lists for combatants. 

barrow tram. Shaft of a 
wheelbarrow. [gang. I 

batch (bach). A crew or] 

bats, batts (bats). A dis- 
ease in animals caused by 
bots ; also, colic. 

bauch, baugh (boK). Poor, 
weak, or defective, as in 
taste, strength, etc. ; insip- 
id. 

bauchle, bauchel (boK''l ; 
baK/'l). A worn-out shoe, 
esp. one used as a slipper ; a 
worthless person or thing ; 
a clumsy or shambling 
person ; also, to shamble or 
shuffle ; baffle ; bungle. 



baudrons (bo'drfinz). A 
cat. [a balk. I 

bauk (b6k). To balk ; also.l 

baukie (bok'I). baukie- 
bird. = BACKIE, the bat. 

bauld (bold). Bold. 

bausond (b6's'nd). Having 
a white spot or streak, esp. 
on the forehead or face ; — 
said of animals. 

bawbee (bo'be). A half- 
penny ; in pi., money. 

bawk (bok). = BAUK. 

bawsand (bS's'nd), baw- 
s'nt(bo's'nt).= BAUSOND. 

bawtie, bawty (bQ'ti). A 
dog, esp. a large one ; also, 
a hare. 

baxter (baks'ter). Baker. 

bayganet (bag'net). Bay- 
onet. 

beal (bel). Mouth or narrow 
pass, as of a river or valley ; 
also, to suppurate. 

bear (ber) ._= BERE. 

beastie (best'I). Dim. of 
BEAST. [nod. 1 

beck (b§k). Bow; curtsy ;| 

bedral (bSd'rdl). A beadle. 

bedrel (bSd'rel). Bedridden. 

beek (bek). To bask; shine 
brightly ; also, a basking. 

beet, beete (bet). To 
mend ; relieve ; aid ; kindle 
(a fire). 

bef a' (be-fo>). Befall. 

beflum (be-flum'). To de- 
ceive. 

begoud (be-gd&d'). Began. 

begrutten (be-gruf'n). Dis- 
figured with weeping. 

begunk (be-gunk'). To 
cheat ; trick ; jilt. 

behint (be-hinf). Behind. 

beild (beld). = BIELD. 

bein (ben). = BIEN. 

beit (bet). = BEET, to mend. 

beld (be"ld)._ Bald. 

belive (be-liv'). Forthwith; 
quickly ; by and by. 

bell-waver (be'l-wa'ver) . To 
waver or swing like a bell ; 
wander ; ramble. 

belyve. = BELIVE. 

ben (bgn) . Within ; in ; 
inner ; also, the inner room. 
Cf. BUT. — to be far ben 
with, to be on terms of 
intimacy with. 

bend (bend). To drink 
hard ; guzzle ; a pull of 
liquor. [nermost I 

benmost (ben'mSst). In-| 

bere, bear (ber). Barley 
that has more than two 
rows of grain in the ear. 

bethankit (be-tharjk'Tt). 
(God) be thanked ; grace 
after meat. 

beuk. = BUIK. [yonder. I 

beyont (be-y5nt'). Beyond ;| 

bicker (bik'er). A kind of 
bowl for liquor, porridge, 
etc., esp. a wooden one ; a 
fight or brawl ; a short race ; 
also, to sprint. 



,ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, 
, Ssse, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1113 



bield (beld), biel (bel). To 
find refuge ; dwell ; shelter ; 
also, shelter ; habitation ; 
sheltered ; cozy. 

bien, bein (ben). Comfort- 
able ; thriving ; bountifully 
supplied with material com- 
forts. 

big, bigg (big). To build. 

biggin (big'in). A building ; 
a house. 

biggit (blg'it). Built. 

bike (bTk). A nest of wild 
bees, wasps, or ants ; swarm ; 
hence, a crowd of people ; 
also, to swarm. 

billy, billie (bul'i ; bil'T). 
Comrade ; mate ; fellow ; 
brother. _ 

bind (bind). Measure; 

capacity; as in: I'm at 
my bind, I've got my full 
measure (of drink). 

bing (beng). A heap, as of 
grain, potatoes, etc. 

bink (bSnk). Bench; shelf; 
esp., a rack for holding 
dishes. 

binna (ben'a) . Be not. 

birk (burk), birken (burk'- 
'n), birkin. Birch ; birchen. 

birkie (burk'i). A lively 
mettlesome fellow ; an " up- 
pish" fellow ; also, the card 
game of beggar-my-neigh- 
bor. 

birl (burl). To spin, as a 
coin on a table ; spin so as 
to whirr ; whirr. — birling 
the bawbee, clubbing for 
drink. 

birl, birle (burl). To pour 
(beer or wine) ; ply with 
drink ; carouse. 

birlieman (burl'i-man) . = 
BYRLAWMAN. 

birn (birn). Burden. 

birse (birs). Bristle or bris- 
tles ; temper ; irritation ; — 
in allusion to the bristling 
up of animals. — to set up 
one's birse, to put one in a 
rage. 

bit (bet). A small space; a 
spot ; also, a small piece or 
size, as in: a bit burn, a 
small rivulet ; a bit lassie, 
a little girl. — blithe bit, 
pleasant spot. 

bittle (bif'l). Awoodenbat 
for beating clothes ; beetle. 

bittock (blt'wk). A little 
bit. 

bizz (biz). Buzz. [ened.l 

blackit (blak'it). Black-| 

blaciineb (blak'neb). Car- 
rion crow, or other black- 
billed bird ; sympathizer 
with the French Revolu- 
tion. 

blad (blad : blod). A blow 
or slap ; a squall with rain ; 
a fragment ; portfolio ; blot- 
ting pad ; also, to slap 
heavily. 

blae (bla). Dark blue, the 
color of the skin when 
bruised ; livid ; also, bleak ; 
sunless. [bilberry. 

blaeberry (bla'ber-I). The| 

blaewort(bla'wQrt). = BLA- 
WART. 

blastie (blas'ti). Some- 
thing small as if blasted ; a 
dwarf. 

blastit (blast'? t). Blasted. 

blate (blat). Bashful ; sheep- 
ish ; also, loath ; slow. 

blather (blgfch'er). Bladder. 

blaud (blod). = BLAD. 

blaw (bio). To blow. — to 
blaw in one's lug, to ca- 
jole or flatter a person. 

blawart, blaewort (bla'- 
wurt ; bla'ert). The blue- 
bottle (Centaurea cyanus) ; 
also, the harebell. 

blaw-in-my-lug (blo'in-mi- 
lflg') . A flatterer ; parasite. 

blawn (blon). Blown. 

blearin ane's ee (bler'In 
anz e). Blinding one with 
flattery. 

bleeiyt (bler'it), bleert 
(blert). Bleared. 

bleeze (blez). Blaze ; also, to 
declaim. [flamed. I 

bleezy (blez'i). Excited ; in-| 

blellum (blSl'fim). A talka- 
tive idler. 



blether (blgfcfe'er). Blather ; 
also, a bladder. 

bletheration (blSfch'er-a.'- 
sh£n). Nonsense. 

bleth'rin (blefrh'rin). Talk- 
ing idly ; blathering. 

blinker (blerjk'er). An 
ogling coquette. 

blitter (blet'er). Bittern. 

blude (blud). Blood. 

blue-gown (bloo'goon). A 
licensed beggar who got an- 
nually, on the king's birth- 
day, certain alms including 
a blue gown to be worn as a 
badge ; a beadsman. 

bluid (blud). Blood. 

blume (bliim). Bloom. 

blunker (blurjk'er). Bun- 
gler ; also, a maker of 
blunks. 

blunks (blunks). Certain 
uncolored fabrics of cotton 
or linen or both. 

bluntie (bliint'i). A stupid 
person ; dolt. 

blype (blip). A piece or 
shred, as of skin. 

boast (bost). To threaten. 

bock (b<5k). To vomit. 

bodach (bSd'aic). An old 
man ; a bugaboo. [for.l 

bode (bod). To bid ; offer 

bodle, boddle (bSd''l). A 
copper coin, formerly cur- 
rent in Scotland, worth two 
Scotch pennies or one sixth 
of an English penny. 

bogle (bo'g'l). Goblin; bug- 
bear ; scarecrow. 

bole (bol). An aperture, 
with a shutter, in the wall 
of a house ; also, a locker, 
crypt, or closet, in the wall 
of a building. 

boll (bol). A dry' measure 
equal to about six bushels. 

bonally, bonnally (bo- 
nal'i). Good speed; fare- 
well; esp., a festive drink- 
ing at departure. 

bonnet laird (bon'St lard). 
A petty landowner, wearing 
the yeoman's dress. 

bonnock. = BANNOCK. 

bonny, bonnie, bonie 

(bon'i). Handsome ; beauti- 
ful ; also, blithe ; strong. 

bood (bood). (It) behooved ; 
must ; ought. 

boord (herd). Aboard. 

boor-tree^ = BOUR-TREE. 

boost (boost). Must. See 
BOOD. [BOTHY.I 

boothy ( booth'!). =| 

bordel (bor'd'l). Brothel. 

borrel (bor'el). An auger; 
also, unlearned ; rude ; 
rough. — borrel loons, low 
rustic rogues. 

boss (bos) . Hollow ; empty. 
— boss window, bay win- 
dow. 

botch (boch). A tumor. 

bothy (both'i), boothy 
(booth'I). A hut; booth; 
a place where laboring 
servants are lodged. 

bought, bught (bouKt ; 
biiKt ; booKt) . A sheep pen 
or fold ; also, to pen ; in- 
close. 

bouk (book). Bulk; vol- 
ume ; compass ; the body. 

bouky (bdbk'i). Bulky. 

boul (bool). Bend or curva- 
ture ; curved handle ; also, 
a bowl. 

bouman (boo'man). = 
BOWMAN, tenant. 

bounteth ( boon'teth ) , 

bountith (-tith). Bounty; 
reward ; a stipulated gift 
supplementing wages. 

bourd (boord). To jest ; 
mock ; also, a jest ; a scoff. 

bourock, bourach (bdb'- 
rwk) . A hut ; stone heap ; 
mound ; confused heap ; 
cluster ; crowd. 

bour-tree (bobr'tre') , bu'- 
tree (boo'tre 7 ). The shrub 
elder (Sambucus nigra). 

bow (bou). = BOLL, a 
measure. _ 

bower (boo'er). One who 
rents a dairy farm with its 
live stock ; one who puts in 
his time and labor for a 



share of the profits of man- 
aging the stock. 

bowie (bou'i). A cask with 
the head taken out ; a tub ; 
a milk pail. 

bowing, bowin (boo'In). 
A small dairy farm holding. 

bowkail (bou'kal). Cab- 
bage. 

bowman (boo'man). A 
tenant of a bowing ; a 
bower. 

bowrock (bou'ruk). = 
BOUROCK. 

bow't (bout). Bowed ;bent. 

brae (bra). Hillside ; slope ; 
bank ; hill. 

braid (brad). Broad. 

brainge (branj). To move 
in an impetuous, clumsy, or 
noisy manner. 

braird (brard). First shoots 
of grass, grain, etc. ; also, to 
germinate. 

brak (brak). Broke, [iron.l 

brander (bran'der). Grid-| 

brandered (bran'derd). 

Grilled ; broiled. [caper. I 

brank (brank). To prance ;| 

brankie (brarj'ki). Gaudy; 
spruce ; pranked up. 

brank-new (brarjk'nu'). 
Brand-new. 

branks (brarjks). A sort of 
bridle with wooden side 
pieces. 

brany (bran'I). Brandy. 

brash (brash). An attack; 
bout ; burst of activity ; a 
sudden illness. 

brat (brat). Coarse cloth- 
ing ; a coarse apron ; a rag ; 
film or scum, as on por- 
ridge ; also, a child. 

brattach (brat'dic). Stand- 
ard or flag. 

brattle (brat''l). A clatter ; 
rattle ; scamper ; noisy con- 
flict ; also, to make a rattle 
or clatter ; to scamper. 

braw (bro). Fine; hand- 
some ; smart ; well-dressed. 

brawly, brawlie (bro'lT), 
brawlys (-lis). Very well; 
bravely ; finely ; heartily. 

braws (broz). Braveries; 
finery. 

braxy, braxie (brak'si). A 
disease of sheep ; also, a 
sheep which has died of 
disease. 

breaskit (bres'kit). = 
BRISKIT. _ 

breastie (brest'I). Dim. of 
BREAST. _ 

breastit (brest'i t) . Breasted. 

brecham (breK'dm). Collar 
of a work horse. 

breckan, brecken (brek'- 
dn, -en)._ Bracken. 

bree (bre). Broth; liquor. 

breef (bref). = BRIEF, a 
spell. [breeches. I 

breekless. Having no| 

breeks (breks). Breeches. 

breer, brere (brer). = 
BRAIRD. 

brent (brent). High ; bold ; 
smooth ; clear ; — said of the 
forehead. 

brickie (brGk''l). Brittle. 

brie (bre). = BREE, broth. 

brief (bref). A spell ; charm. 

brig (breg). A bridge. 

briskit (bris'kit). Brisket; 
breast. 

brither (brifcfe'er). A 

brother. [ridge. I 

brochan (brSit'dn). Por-| 

brochit (broK'it), brocht 
(broKt). Stitched ; sewed. 

brocked (br5kt), brockit 
(brok'it). Mottled with 
black and white, as on the 
face. 

brockit cow (brok'it-koo'). 
A white-faced cow. 

brod (brod). Goad. 

brog (brog). A pointed in- 
strument, as an awl ; also, 
to prick ; prod. 

brogue (br5c). Trick; 

fraud. [use. I 

broke (brSk). Kitchen ref-[ 

broken man (brS'k'n man). 
Outlaw ; bankrupt. 

broo (bre). Broth; juice; 
water ; also, opinion. 

broose (brooz). A race, at 
country weddings, to see 



who shall first reach the 
bridegroom's house on re- 
turning from the ceremony. 

brose (broz). Pottage made 
by pouring boiling liquid 
on meal (esp. oatmeal) and 
stirring. — brose time, 
brewis time ; supper-time. 

brough, brugh (brdbic). A 
hazy circle, as around the 
moon ; halo ; in curling, one 
of several concentric circles 
about the tee. 

brown man o' the_moors 
(broon man o the moorz) . A 
dwarf, or subterranean elf. 

browst (broost). A brewing ; 
amount brewed at one 
time ; hence, consequences 
of one's conduct. 

bruckle (bruk''l). Brittle; 
frail ; inconstant. 

brugh (brdbK). A borough. 

bruik (briik). Brook. 

brulyie, brulzie, bruilzie 
(briil'yi). Broil; disturb- 
ance. 

brunstane (brun'stan). 

Brimstone. [burnt. | 

brunt (brunt). Did burn ;| 

brust (brust). Burst. 

Buchan-Bullers (buK'fln 
bdol'erz). = BULLERSOF 
BUCHAN. 

buckie (buk'i). A spiral 
marine shell, esp. the whelk 
or periwinkle ; a perverse or 
refractory person. 

buff (bdbf ; bef) . To beat ; 
whack. 

bught (biiKt). = BOUGHT, 
a sheep pen. 

bughtin-time (buKt'Tn- 
tlm')- The time of collect- 
ing the ewes in the pens to 
be milked. 

buik (bydok ; book). Book. 

buirdly (biird'li). Stout- 
made ; strong ; athletic. 

buist (bust). A box or 
chest ; ownership brand on 
cattle ; also, to inclose as in 
a box ; to mark or brand 
(cattle, etc.). 

buit (but). Boot. 

buke. = BUIK. 

buller (bdbl'er). A roaring 
or seething turmoil of 
waters ; also, to roar ; bel- 
low. — Bullers of Buchan 
(buK'dn), a caldronlike 
recess on the coast of 
Buchan in which the water 
seethes and rages. 

bum (bum). To hum; din. 

bumbaze (bum-baz'). To 
bamboozle ; confuse. 

bumbee (bum'be'). Bum- 
blebee. 

bumble (bum'b'l ; bum''l). 
To bungle ; blunder. 

bumclock (bum'klSkO. A 
dorbeetle. 

bumming (bum'm). Hum- 
ming, as bees. 

bummle (biim>'l).= BUM- 
BLE. [derer.J 

bummler (bum'ler). Blun-[ 

bung-fu' (bung'fdbO, or 
bung (bung). Tipsy; 

fuddled. 

bunker (bijrjk'er). A bench 
or low chest that serves for 
a seat, as in a window ; also, 
a small sand hole or pit, as 
on a golf course. 

burd (burd). A maiden: 
damsel. [BURD.I 

burdie (bur'di). Dim. ofj 

bure (bur). Bore; did bear. 

burn (burn). Brook; rivu- 
let, [blacksmith. | 

burnewin (burn'I-win). A| 

burnie (burn'i). Dim. of 
BURN. 

burrows-town (btir'us- 

toon). A borough town. 

busk (busk). To prepare: 
dress. [bushy. 

buskie (bus'ki). Bosky ;| 

buskit (bfls'kit). Dressed. 

busle (bus''l). Bustle. 

buss (bus). To deck; to 
dress ; also, bush. 

bussle (biis''l). Bustle. 

but (but). Without; the 
outer apartment of a house, 
esp. of one consisting of 
only two apartments ; in 
or into the outer apart- 



1 I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1114 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



ment. Cf. BEN. — but 
an' ben (but an ben), lit., 
out and in ; back and forth ; 
in both parts of the house ; 
on opposite sides of a par- 
tition wall or passage ; also, 
a two-roomed house. 

buttock mail (but'wk mSl). 
Fine imposed in lieu of sit- 
ting on the Ftool of repent- 
ance. 

by (bT ; bi) . Past ; beside ; 
over and above ; beyond ; 
contrary to. — by and a- 
tour ( bT and d-to'er ) , over 
and above ; besides. — by 
one's self, out of one's 
wits. [gones.l 

byganes (bT'ganz). By-[ 

byke (blk). = BIKE, nest 
of bees 

byrlawman (bir'lo-mdn) . 
A petty officer appointed at 
a court-leet. 



ca' (k6). To call; name; 
drive ; also, calf ; calve. — 
to ca' canny, to drive or 
go cautiously or gently. 

caber (ka'ber). A pole; 
beam. [huckster.! 

cadger (kaj'er). A carrier;! 

caddie, caddy (kad'i). A 
porter or messenger ; a lad ; 
attendant of a golf player. 

cadgy <kaj'i). Cheerful; 
wanton ; lustful. 

cafi, ca2e (kaf ; kaf). Chaff. 

caft (kaft). Bought. 

caikle (kak'l ; kek'l). 
Cackle. 

cailleach, cailliacb (kal'- 
ydK). Old Highland wo- 
man. 

caim (kam). Comb. 

caird(kard). Tinker ; tramp. 

calf ward. A small inclosure 
for calves. 

callant (kal'dnt), callan 
(kal'dn). Boy ; lad ; a fine 
fellow. 

caller (kal'er) . Fresh ; in 
good condition ; cool ; re- 
freshing. — caller oysters, 
or herrings, fresh or newly 
caught oysters or herrings. 

callet (kal'et). Trull ; scold. 

calsay (ko'zi). = CAUSEY. 

cam (kam). Came. 

camsteary, camsteery 

(kdm-star'i) . Perverse ; 

stubborn ; refractory. 

cangle (kar/g'l). Quarrel; 
wrangle ; dispute. 

cankert (kar/kert). Fret- 
ful ; ill-natured. 

canna (kan'nd). Cannot. 

cannacb (kan'dK). Cotton. 

canny, cannie (kan'i) . See 
in Vocab. 

cant (kant) . Lively ; lusty ; 
merry ; brisk. 

cantle (kan't'l). Projecting 
part, as the crown of the 
head ; the head ; ridge. 

cantrip (kan' trip). Charm; 
spell ; trick, as of a witch. 

canty, cantie (kan'ti). 
Cheerful ; merry ; sprightly. 

cap (kap). Wooden dish or 
shallow bowl, often with 
two handles. — to drink 
cap out, to drain the cap. 

capernoited (kap/er-noi'- 
ted), capernoity (-noi'ti). 
Crabbed ; peevish ; also, 
partially intoxicated ; mud- 
dle-headed. 

caple (ka/p'l). Ahorse. 

cappie (kap'i). Dim. of 
CAP. 

capul'(ka'pwl). = CAPLE. 

carcake (kar'kakO- A kind 
of griddle cake, eaten on 
Shrove Tuesday. 

carfuffle (ker-fuf'l). Ruf- 
fle ; disorder ; flurry. 

carl, carle (karl). Churl; 
boor. [CARL. I 

carlie (kar'll). Dim. of I 

carline, carlin, carling 
(kar'lin). A woman, esp. an 
old one ; - — often con- 
temptuous. 

carritch (kar'ich), car- 
ritches (kar'ich-iz). A 
catechism. — to give car- 
ritch. to scold ; reprove. 



carse (kars ; kers) . Low rich 
land, usually along a river. 

cartes (karts) . Playing 
cards : game of cards. 

carvy (kar'vl). Caraway. 

caschrom (kas'KrSm), or 
cascrom, -crome (kas'- 
krom). A footpick used by 
Highlanders for digging in 
stony ground. 

cast (kast) . To swarm ; — 
said of bees ; to clear, as the 
sky or_weather. — to cast 
out (oot), to fall out ; quar- 
rel. — to cast up (dbp) , to 
turn up ; appear, esp. unex- 
pectedly. 

castock (kas'twk). A cab- 
bage stalk. 

cater an (kat'er-3n). A 
Highland irregular soldier ; 
marauder ; freebooter. 

ca'thro', ca'throw (ka/- 
thro ; ko'-) . Disturbance : 
commotion. [dron.f 

caudron (k6'drwn). Cal-| 

cauf (kof). Calf. 

cauff (kof). Chaff. 

cauk (kok) . Chalk. — cauk 
an' keel (dn kel) , chalk and 
red clay, for marking sheep. 

cauld (kod). Cold. 

cauldrife (k6d'rif). Chilly; 
susceptible to cold. 

caup (kop). = CAP, dish. 

causey (ko'zi). A paved 
street or sidewalk ; ground 
paved with cobblestones or 
the like, as before a door ; 
also, to pave. — to keep 
the crown o' the causey, 
to keep the middle or high- 
er part of the street, as 
being the most conspicuous 
and honorable. 

cavel (kav'T). A low mean 
fellow. [coop. I 

cavie, cavy (ka'vt). A hen-| 

cawk (k6k). Chalk. 

certie , my certie(me seY'ti) . 
My faith ; in good troth. 

certis (ser'tis). Certes ; 
truly. 

cess (ses) . Tax ; land tax. 

chack (chak). A snack; 
also, to snap the jaws. 

chaft (chaft). Jaw ; chap. 

chalder (cho'der). In dry 
measure, sixteen bolls. 

chancy (chan'sT). Lucky; 
auspicious ; fortunate. 

chanter (chan'ter). In a 
bagpipe, the pipe on which 
the melody is played. 

chap (chap). A blow; a 
knock ; selection ; also, to 
knock, strike, chop, mash ; 
choose. — to chap out, to 
summon to come out by a 
tap or rap, as on the win- 
dow. 

chappit (chap'et) . Chapped ; 
struck ; pounded ; mashed. 

cheap o't (chep 6t). Well 
deserving of it ; not over- 
paid or requited in respect 
of it. 

cheek (chek). Side, as of a 
fire. — cheek for chow, 
cheek by jowl ; side by side. 

chenyie (chen'yi). A chain. 

chield, chiel, (chel). A 
young fellow ; also, child. 

chimla (chim'ld), chimley, 
chimlie (-11). Chimney. 

chimley lug, chimla lug 
(lug). The fireside. 

chimley, or chimla, neuck 
ornuik (nydbkO. Chimney 
corner. 

chitter (chet'er). To twit- 
ter ; chirp ; also, to shiver or 
chatter, as with cold. 

chop (chop ; sh5p). Shop. 

chow (chou). To chew; 
also, jowl. 

chowl (choul). Jowl. 

chuck (chuk). A pebble ; in 
pi., bl game played with 
pebbles ; jackstones. 

chuckie (chuk'i). A chick- 
en ; hen ; a small pebble. 

chuckstone ( chuk'ston' ), 
chuckie-stane (chuk'i- 
stSnO. Pebblestone; jack- 
stone, [chubby. I 

chuffie (chuf'I). Fat-faced ;| 

cit (sit). The civet. 

clachan (klaK'dn). A small 



village about a church ; a 
hamlet. 

clack goose (klak), claik 
goose (klak) . ' Bernicle 
goose. 

claes (klaz). Clothes. 

clag (klag). To stick or 
daub ; clog ; also, a clot. 

claggit (klag'it). Clogged. 

claik (klak) . Clack ; cackle ; 
also, the bernicle goose. 

clairschach (klar'shdK), 
clairsho (-sho). A harp. 

claise, claithes (klaz), 
Clothes. 

claith (klath ; klith). Cloth. 

claithing (klath'in). Cloth- 
ing. 

clam (klam; klam; klam). 
Base ; mean. 

clamihewit (klam'i-hu'it). 
A stroke ; blow ; drubbing. 

clamjamphrie, clamjam- 
phrey (klam-j am'fri) . Odds 
and ends ; rubbish ; the rab- 
ble ; mob. 

clamper (klam'per). To 
walk or tramp noisily. 

clanjamfray, clanjam- 
frie, etc. = CLAMJAM- 
PHRIE. 

clankie (klank'I). A clank ; 
a sharp blow. 

clap (klap). A stroke, esp. 
of fortune ; a moment. 

clarkit (klar'klt). Wrote; 
clerked. 

clarty (klar'ti). Sticky and 
foul ; muddy ; dirty. 

clash (klash). A quantity or 
mass, as of rain, mud, etc. ; 
idle talk ; gossip ; tittle- 
tattle ; scandal ; talebearer ; 
also, to prate ; tattle. 

clat (klat) . A clot ; clod ; 
mess ; also, to dirty ; be- 
daub. 

elate h (klach). A soft or 
sloppy lump or mass, as of 
mud ; anything slipshod ; a 
slattern ; also, to daub or 
smear, as with lime ; finish 
in a slipshod way. [tler.l 

clatter n (klat'ern). A tat-| 

clattertraps (klat'ertraps') . 
Rattletraps ; knic'kknacks. 

clatty (klat'I). Dirty; 
slovenly. 

claught, claucht (kloKt). 
To clutch ; also, a clutch ; 
snatch ; handful. 

claut (klot). To scratch; 
tear ; scrape ; rake ; also, a 
clutch ; a rake ; hoe ; a 
handful ; a lump or chunk. 

claver (kla'ver). Clover; 
also, to talk idle nonsense ; 
gossip ; prate ; also (usually 
in pi.) , gossip ; idle chatter. 

claw (klo) . To scratch ; 
scrape ; also, to flatten. — 
to claw an auld, or auld 
man's, pow, to live to an 
old age. — - to claw favor, 
to curry favor. — to claw 
up one's mittens, to give 
one the finishing stroke. 

dead, deed (kled). To 
clothe. 

deck (klek). To hatch. 

cleckin (klgk'In). A brood 
of chickens. 

cleek, cleick (klek). To 
seize ; clutch ; snatch ; 
hook ; link together ; mar- 
ry ; go arm in arm ; also, a 
large hook or crook, as for a 



fire. 



See in 



Caught, 

Gadfly. 
(kluK ; 
ravine ; 



pot over 
Vocab. 

cleekit (klek'It). 
as with a hook. 

cleg, clegg (kleg). 

cleuch, cleugh 
klooK) . Clough ; 
precipitous descent. 

clink (klink). A smart blow ; 
rap ; money ; cash ; an in- 
stant ; also, to move, go, 
act, etc., quickly ; clap ; 
slap ; also, to clinch. 

clinket (klink'et), clinkit 
(-it). Clinked ; struck. 

clipe. = CLYPE. 

clipping time. Sheep- 

shearing time ; also, the 
nick of time. — to come in 
clipping time, to come as 
opportunely as one visiting 
a farmer at sheep-shearing 
time when there is always 



mirth, work, and good cheer. 

dips (klips). Shears, as for 
clipping sheep. 

clishmaclaver (kllsh'md- 
kla'ver) . Idle conversa- 
tion ; gossip ; also, to gossip. 

clock (klok) . To cluck ; 
hatch ; also, a beetle. 

clomb (klom). Climbed. 

cloot (kliit) . One of the divi- 
sions of a cleft hoof ; cloven 
hoof ; [cap.'] the Devil ; — 
usually in pi. — cloot and 
cloot, hoof and hoof, i. e., 
every hoof. 

clootie (kliit'I). A little 
hoof ; leap.] the Devil. 

clour (kloor). A bump on 
the head from a blow ; a 
blow ; dint ;_also, to beat. 

cloured (kloord) . Dimpled ; 
dented. 

clud (klood). Cloud. 

clung (klung). Shrunken or 
shriveled ; collapsed ; stiff 
and clinging, as clay ; 
toughened. 

clute (kliit). = CLOOT. 

clype (klip) . To tell secrets ; 
tattle ; gossip. 

coalheugh (kSPhuK/) , coal- 
hew (kol'huO. A coalpit. 

coble (ko'b'l). A short flat- 
bottomed rowboat. 

cockaleekie (kok'd-lek'i), 
cockyleekie (kok/i-). A 
soup of capon boiled with 
leeks. 

cockernonny, cockernon- 
ie (kok'er-non'i). Th^. 

gathering of a young worn 
an's hair under the snood, oi 
fillet. 

cockery (kok'er-i). Liable 
to fall ; tottery. , 

cock-laird (kok'lard')- One 
who owns and cultivates a 
small piece of ground ; — 
jocular or contemptuous. 

cockle (kok''l). Whimsical; 
— chiefly in combination ; 
as, coc/cZe-brained. 

cockpaddle, cockpaidle 
(kok'pad/'l) . Lumpfish. 

cod (kod). Pillow ; cushion ; 
also, pod. 

cofl (kof). To buy. 

coft (koft). Bought. 

coggie (kSg'I). Dim. of 
COGUE. 

coghle (koK/'l). To wheeze, 
as from asthma. 

cogue, cog (kog). A round 
wooden vessel, as a pail or a 
cup ; quantity it will hold. 

Coila (koi'la). Latinized 
form of Kyle, a district of 
Ayrshire, celebrated by 
Burns. 

collieshangie, collie- 
shangy (kol'i-shang'i). A 
quarrel ; squabble ; row. 

contrair (kon-trar'). To 
oppose ; thwart ; also, con- 
trary ; against. 

cood (cobd ; kud). The cud. 

coof (kuf ; kobf). A block- 
head ; dolt. 

cook (kdbk; kook). To 
crouch down ; disappear 
suddenly. [stallion. ' 

cooser (kdbs'er). A courser ; 

coost (kust). Did cast. 

coot. (kut). The ankle ; fet- 
lock of a horse ; also, a trifle. 

cootie (kdot'i ; kut'i). A 
wooden bowl or vessel. 

corbie, corby (kor'bi). A 
raven or carrion crow. 

core (kor). Corps ; body of 
individuals ; party ; com- 
pany, [oats. | 

corn't (kornt). Fed with| 

coronach (kor'6-ndic). 

Dirge. 

corrie (k5r'i). A hollow 
recess in a mountain, or 
hill ; a cirque. 

cosh (kosh). Neat; snug; 
trim ; still ; quiet ; without 
intermission ; friendly ; fa- 
miliar ; lively ; happy. 

cotter, cottar (k6t'er). See 
in Vocab. [not. I 

couldna (kdod'nd). Could ( 

countra (kun'tri ; kin'trd). 
Country. 

coup (koup). To overturn; 
capsize ; tilt ; hence, to 
drink off ; drain ; also, to 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, 



obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; natjjre, verdure (87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



barter ; a blow or shock ; an 
upset ; a tip cart, or its load. 
— to coup the crans, to 
go to wreck, like a pot on 
the fire, when the crane 
upon which it stood is up- 
set. — to coup the creels, 
lit., to upset the creels, or 
baskets (of eggs, fish, etc.) ; 
to fall head over heels ; 
have a mishap. 

coupit (koup'It). Bought; 
traded ; trafficked. [cr. 

cour, cowr (koor). Tocow- 

courch. = CURCH. 

couthie (kooth'I). Kindly; 
loving ; agreeable. 

cow, co we (kou). To poll 
(the head) ; cut short ; 
prune ; lop off ; exceed ; 
outdo ; also, a bogy or gob- 
lin : a wisp ; besom. 

cowl (koul). A nightcap. 

cowp (koup). = COUP. 

cow'rin (koo'rln). Cower- 
ing. 

cowt, cowte (kout). A colt. 

crabbit (krab'It). Crabbed. 

crack (krak). Talk ; gossip ; 
chat ; also, to converse ; to 
boast. 

crackhemp (-hSmp'). Gal- 
lows bird. 

craem (kram). = CRAME. 

craft (kraft). Croft. 

crag, craig (krag). Neck; 
throat. 

craig (krag) . Crag ; rock. 

craik (krak). To cry out 
harshly ; also, to crack or 
brag ; to creak. 

cramboclink (kram'bo- 
klirjk'), or crambojingle 
(-jing''l). Doggerel. 

crame (kram). A booth, 
stall, or tent, where goods 
are sold, as at a fair. 

cramer (kram'er). One who 
sells goods from a crame ; a 
peddler ; hawker. 

cran, crane (kran) . Crane ; 
an iron arm for supporting 
a pot or kettle over a fire ; 
also, a measure for fresh 
herrings, equivalent to 37£ 
imperial gallons (45 U. S. 
gallons) . 

crank (krank). The noise of 
an ungreasad wheel. 

crankous (krarjk'ws). Fret- 
ful ; captious ; cranky. 

cranreuch (kran'rwic). 

Hoarfrost ; rime. 

crap (krap) . A crop ; to 
crop ; also, crept. 

crappit head (krap'it hed). 
The head of a haddock 
stuffed with a mixture of 
oatmeal, suet, onions, etc. 

craw (kro). Crow. 

creagh, creach (kreK). A 
highland foray ; plundering 
incursion ; raid ; also, to 
raid or plunder. 

creel (krel). A basket or 
pannier ; also, to put in 
such a basket. — in a creel, 
in a state of temporary con- 
fusion or stupefaction of 
mind. 

creepie, creepy (krep'i). A 
low three-legged stool ; a 
cutty stool. 

creesh, creish (kresh). 
Grease ; oil._ 

creeshie (kresh'i). Greasy. 

crewels (kroo'elz). Scrofula. 

crock (krok). An old or bar- 
ren ewe. 

crombie, cromie (krum'i). 
= CRUMMIE. 

croo (kroo). A pen or fold. 

croo. = CROOD. [coo.l 

crood, croud (krood). To| 

croodle (kroo'd'l). To coo ; 
also, to cower or cuddle to- 
gether, as from fear or cold ; 
to fawn or_coax. 

crook (krook) . A hook ; pot- 
hook. — crook in one's lot, 
a misfortune ; trial ; afflic- 
tion. 

crouchie (krooch'i). Crook- 
baoked ; hunchbacked. 

croun (kroon). A crown. 

croupon(kroo'pt2n).Rump ; 
buttocks ;_crupper. 

crouse (kroos). Bold; cocky; 
brisk ; lively ; cheerful. 



crowdy, crowdie (kroud'I). 
A thick gruel of oatmeal 
and water, milk, etc. ; food 
of the porridge kind. 

crummie, crummy 

(krum'I). A cow; esp., a 
cow with crumpled horns ; 
also, a crook, or staff. 

crummock (krum'uk). A 
crummie. 

crump (krump). Brittle or 
friable ; crusty. 

crunkle (kriin'k'l). A 

crease ; wrinkle ; rumple. 

crunt (krunt). A blow with 
a cudgel or the like. 

cruppin (krup'In). Crept. 

cud (kiid). Cudgel. 

cuddy, cuddie (kud'i). Ass. 

cuif (kQf ; koof). ■= COOF. 

cuisser (kfls'er). Courser; 
stallion. [CUTIKIN. 

cuitikin (kii'tl-kin). =| 

cuittle, cuitle (kiit''l). To 
tickle : coax ; wheedle. — 
to cuittle favor, to curry 
favor. 

cummer (kum'er). A god- 
mother ; hence, a gossip ; 
woman ; lass ; witch. 

cunyie, cunzie (kiin'ye). 
Coin. 

curch (ktirch). A kerchief ; 
esp., a linen kerchief worn 
instead of the mutch. 

curchie (kur'chi). Curtsy. 

curcuddoch (kfir-kud'WK), 
curcuddock (-uk). Fond; 
familiar ; warm in atten- 
tion. 

curfuffle (ker-fuf'l). = 
CARFUFFLE. 

curliewurly cr -wurlie 
(kQr'li-wQr'li). A fantastic 
circular or curly ornament. 

curmurring (ker-mQr'ing). 
Murmuring ; grumbling ; a 
slight rumbling noise. 

curn (kQrn). A grain ; corn ; 
small quantity. 

curny (kQr'ni). Grainy; 
granulated. 

curpan (kQr'pdn), curpen 
(-pen), curpin (-pin), cur- 
pon (-pwn). = CROUPON. 

curple (kur'p'l). Crupper; 
the buttocks. 

currach, curragh (kur'a ; 
kdbr'aK). A coracle ; in pi., 
curracks. 

curracks, currocks (kur'- 
wks). A pair of wood or 
wicker frames, slung over a 
horse, for carrying hay,, etc. 

cusser (kdbs'er). A coarser ; 
stallion. 

custock (kiis'twk). = CAS- 
TOCK. [ankle. | 

cute (koot ; kut). = COOT,| 

cutikin (kii'ti-kin). A 
gaiter ; spatterdash. 

cut-lugged (kut'liigd). 

Crop-eared. 

cutty (kiit'i). Short; cur- 
tailed ; hence, testy ; short- 
tempered ; also, something 
short ; as: a short spoon ; 
short tobacco pipe ; short or 
stumpy woman ; opprobri- 
ously, a testy or loose wom- 
an ; — often used playfully. 

cutty stool. A low stool ; a 
small raised seat in old Scot- 
tish churches where offend- 
ers, esp. against chastity, 
sat for public rebuke. 

D 

dacker, daiker (dak'er). To 
waver ; stagger ; saunter ; 
work leisurely ; potter ; 
wrangle ; challenge ; search ; 
also, a stroll ; a saunter ; 
quarrel. 

dad, daud (dad). To thrash; 
strike forcibly ; beat ; knock; 
also, a blow ; thump ; hunk. 

daffing, daffin (daf'in). 
Fooling ; folly. 

daft (daft). Gay ; merry. — 
daft days, the days of 
merrymaking at Christmas 
and the New Year. 

daidle (da'd'l). Dawdle. 

daigh (dSK). Dough. 

daighy (-1). Doughy ; flab- 
by and pale ; soft. 

daiker. = DACKER ; also, 



to dispose or arrange ; set in 
order. 

dail (dal). Deal ; plank. 

daimen (da'mln). Occa- 
sional. 

dais (das). Table; bench, 
settle, or fixed seat. 

dalt(d81t). Foster child. 

dammer (dam'er). A con- 
structor of dams ; miner ; 
also, to astonish ; stun. 

dander (dan'der). A piece 
of slag, vitrified refuse, or 
calcined cinder. 

dander, daunder (dan'der) . 
To saunter ; hence, to wan- 
der in mind. 

dandilly (dan'di-li). Cher- 
ished ; petted ; also, a pet. 

dang (dang). Ding ; dinged. 

danton. = DAUNTON. 

darg, dargue, (darg). A 
day's work ; task. 

darn (darn). = DERN. 

daud (dod). = DAD, to 
thrash. 

daunder (danMer ; don'-). 
= DANDER, saunter. 

daunton, danton (don'- 
twn;dan'-). Daunt. 

daur (dor). To dare. 

daurg (dorg), daurk (dork). 
= DARG. 

daurna (dor'nd). Dare not. 

daurt (dort). Dared. 

daut, dawt (dot). To make 
much of ; pet ; caress. 

dautie, dawtie (do'ti). A 
darling ; pet. 

Davoc (da'vuk). David. 

daw (do). A drab ; sluggard. 

dawtit, dawtet (dot'it). 
Fondled ; caressed. 

day (da). — the day, to-day. 

dead thraw (ded thro) or 
throw. Death throe. 

dearthful (derth'fdbl), 

dearthfu' (-fob). Dear; 
costly. 

deas (des ;_d5s). Dais. 

deasil (da'zii). See in 
Vocab. 

deave (dev). To deafen; 
stupefy with noise ; bewil- 
der. 

dee (de). Die. 

deeing (de'in). Dying. 

dees, deis (des; das). Dais. 

deil (del). Devil. — deil a 
hate, or haet, Devil a bit! 
— deil gaed o'er Jock 
Wabster (del gad our jok 
wab'ster), every thing went 
topsy-turvy ; there was the 
devil to pay. — deil ma 
care (del md kar), the devil 
may care ; I don't care ; no 
matter ; for all that. — 
deil's buckie, imp of 
Satan ; limb of the Devil ; — 
applied to a mischievous re- 
fractory youngster. — deil's 
dozen (delz diz'en), thir- 
teen. — deil's snuffbox 
(delz snuf'boks), the com- 
mon puffball. 

deleerit, delieret(de-le , rit). 
Delirious or crazed. 

deliver (de-liv'er). Active; 
free in motion ; nimble. 

deliverly (de-liv'er-ll). Ac- 
tively ; nimbly ; deftly. 

denty (den'ti). Dainty. 

dern (dern) . Concealed ; se- 
cret ; hidden. 

dern, derne (dSrn). To 
hide ; conceal ; cause to 
hide. [scribe. I 

descrive (de-skrev') • Tode-| 

deuk (dflk ; dvook). Duck. 

deve. = DEAVE ; also, deaf, 
dive. 

devel (dev''l). To deal a 
severe blow ; also, a severe 
or stunning blow. 

diddle (ded''l). Sound of a 
fiddle ; jingle. 

didna (did'nd). Did not. 

dight ( deKt ) . To wipe ; 
cleanse ; winnow ; also, a 
wipe or rub ; a dab, as of 
butter. 

dike, dyke (dTk). A wall or 
fence, as of stone or turf. 

din (den). Dun. 

dindle (den'd'l). To ring; 
vibrate ; tingle ; also, thrill ; 
vibration ; tingling. 

ding (deng). See in Vocab. 

dink (dgnk). Neat; trim ; 



1115 

squeamish ; 



tidy ; precise 
also, to deck. 

dinmont (dln'mdnt). A 
wether between one and 
two years old, or between 
the first and second shear- 
ing. 

dinna (dln'd). Do not. 

dinnle (den''l). = DIN- 
DLE. 

dirdum (dflr'd#m ; dlr'-). 
Uproar ; tumult ; a scold- 
ing ; stroke of misfortune. 

dirgie, dirgy (dlr'gi). A 
dirge ; funeral feast. 

dirl (dlrl ; dQrl). To pierce ; 
vibrate ; thrill ; tingle ; also, 
a vibrating or tremulous 
sound ; a thrilling, tingling 
sensation. 

dis (dlz). Does. 

discreet (dls-kref). Dis- 
creet ; also, civil ; polite. 

discretion (dis-kre'shiin). 
Politeness ; civilitv. 

disjasked, disjaskit (dTs- 
jas'kit). Jaded ; decayed : 
worn out. [fast.f 

disjune (de-jobn'). Break-| 

disna (diz'nd). Does not. 

dit (dit). To close up; ob- 
struct the course of. 

dittay (dit'a ; -I). Indict- 
ment. 

div (div). Do. 

divot (div'wt). A sod for 
thatching or fuel ; a turf. 
See in Vocab. 

dizzen, diz'n (diz''n). A 
dozen. 

dobby, dobbie (dob'T). An 
imaginary spirit similar to 
a brownie, but often mali- 
cious. 

doch-an-dorrach or -dorris 
(doK/-dn-d(5r'dic ; -xs). Stir- 
rup cup ; parting cup. [ter.l 

dochter (doK/ter) . Daugh-I 

doddie, doddy (dSd'I). 
Hornless cow or bull. 

doiled, doil'd, doilt (doilt). 
Stupid ; confused ; dazed. 

doited (doit'ed ; -it). Turned 
to dotage ; stupid ; con- 
fused. 

donneared, donnert (d8n'- 
ert). Stupefied ; stupid 
dazed. [sickly. 

donsie (don'zi). Unlucky; 

doo (doo). A dove. 

doodle (dob'd'l). To play 
(the bagpipe) ; toot. 

doodlesack (-sak'). Bag- 
pipe. 

dook (dook). To duck. 

dooket (doo'ket). Dovecot; 
pigeon house. 

dookit (ddbk'it). Ducked. 

dool (ddol; dQl). Dole; 
grief ; also, to mourn. 

dooms (doomz). Very. 

doon (doon). Down. 

doorstane (dSr'stanO. 

Threshold. 

doot (doot). Doubt. 

dorlach (dor'ldK). A bundle 
or package ; valise. 
$W The sense of "dagger" 
which dorlach has been 
thought to have is prob. 
erroneous. 

dorty (dor'ti). Sulky; 

saucy ; haughty. 

dosen (doz'en). = DOZEN, 
to stun. 

dottle (dot''l). Crazy ; sil- 
ly ; also, a fool ; dotard. 

doucat (dob'ket). = DOO- 
KET. 

douce (doos). Sweet ; pleas- 
ant ; neat ; sober ; sedate 
prudent. [DOWF. 

douf, doufT (douf). = 

dought (doKt). Was or were 
able ; could. See DOW, to 
be able._ 

douk (dook). Duck. 

doukit (dook'it). Ducked. 

doun (doon). Down. 

doup (doup). A rounded 
end or hollow ; buttocks. 

dour (door). Hard; fierce; 
bold ; inflexible ; obstinate ; 
sullen ; sour m aspect. 

dourlach (door'ldK ; d6r'-). 
= DORLACH. 

douse (doos). = DOUCE. 

dover (do'ver). To doze; 
drowse ; lose consciousness 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1116 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



R 



U 



W 



X 



for a moment ; also, a 
drowsy state ; a doze. 

dow (dou). To be able; 
prosper ; thrive. 

dow (d6o). Dove. 

dowoote (doo'kSt). Pigeon 
house ; dovecot. 

do wed (doud). Faded; 
vapid ; drowsy ; also, was 
able. 

dowf, dowff (douf). Lack- 
ing force ; heavy : fiat : 
stupid ; dismal ; also (of 
sound), dull ; hollow. 

dowie, dowy (dou'i). Mel- 
ancholy ; sad ; dismal ; low- 
spirited ; weak ; in ill 
health. 

downa (dou'nd). Cannot. 

downby (doon'bl). Down 
that way. 

dozen (doz''n). To stun; 
stupefy ; daze ; benumb. 

draff (draf) . Brewer's grains; 
dregs. 

draff sack (draf'sakO- A 
sack for draff ; a glutton. 

draigle (dra'g'l). Draggle. 

drammock ( dram'wk ), 
drummock (drum-). A 
mixture, generally raw, of 
meal and water. 

drant, draunt ( drant ; 
dront). To drone ; drawl. 

drap (drap). Drop. 

drappie, drappy (drap'i). 
A little drop (of drink). 

drappit (drap'it). Dropped. 
— drappit egg, a poached 
egg. 

draunt (dront). = DRANT. 

drave (drav). Drove. 

dreddour (drSd'er). Dread ; 
terror ; apprehension. 

dree (dre) . To undergo ; 
suffer ; endure ; also, tedi- 
ous ; dreary ; doleful. — to 
dree one's weird, to en- 
dure one's fate. 

dreel (drel). To move 
quickly ; a swift violent mo- 
tion ; also, drill. 

dreep, drepe (drep). To 
drip ; droop. 

dreigh (dreK). Tedious. 

dridder (drld'er).= DRED- 
DOUR. 

driddle (drid''l). To act in 
a feeble or unsteady man- 
ner ; dawdle. 

driegh (dreK). Tedious; 
"dree." [flock. I 

drift (drSft). A drove ; I 

drochlin, droghlin (droK/- 
lin). Puny ; small and 
feeble ; lazy. [breech. | 

droddum (drod'wm). The| 

droghling and coghling 
(droK'lin fin kSK'lin). 
Wheezing and blowing. 

droich (droK ; droiK). A 
dwarf. 

droichy(-i). Dwarfish. 

dronach (drS'naK). Penal- 
ty, punishment. 

drouk (drook). To soak; 
drench ; overwhelm. 

droukit (drook'it). Wet; 
drenched ; overwhelmed. 

drouth (drobth). Thirst; 
drought. [droughty.[ 

drouthy (-1). Thirsty ;| 

drow (drou). A cold mist or 
drizzle ; mizzling rain. 

drucken, druken (drdbk'- 
en ; druk'-) . Drunken. 

drugster (drug'ster). Drug- 
gist. 

drumly (drum'h). Turbid; 
muddy ; troubled ; gloomy. 

drummock (drum'wk). 

= DRAMMOCK. 

drunt (drunt). Pet; sour 
humor ; also, drawl. 

dry multure. See MUL- 
TURE. 

dub (dub). A pool ; puddle. 

duddie, duddy (dud'i). 
Ragged ; tattered. 

dulce (diils). Dulse. 

dule(diil). = DOOL. 

dunch(dunsh). Tojogwith 
the elbow ; also, a short 
solid blow, shock, or shove ; 
a smart jog. 

dune (ddbn ; dim). Done. 

dung (dung). Worsted; 
driven ; thrown ; beaten. 

duniwassal, dunniwassal 
(dobn'i-w5s'fil). Also duni- 



wastle. A Highland gen- 
tleman; esp. one of second- 
ary rank ; specif., a cadet of 
a family of rank. 

dunsh. = DUNCH. 

dunt (diint). A dull-sound- 
ing blow or thump ; a 
wound or bruise from such 
a blow ; also, to strike, 
knock, bruise, or the like, 
with a dull-sounding blow. 

durk (durk). A dirk. 

dush (dush). To rush or 
thrust violently ; rush or 
fall forcibly ; also, a violent 
blow, push, or shove. 

dwall (dwal). Dwell. 

dwalm, dwam (dwam). 
Swoon ; faint. 

dwine (dwln). To waste 
away ; pine ; languish ; also, 
a decline ; pining. 

dyester (di'ster). Dyer. 

dyke (dTk) L See DIKE. 

dyvour (di'ver). A bank- 
rupt ; man in debt ; beggar. 



E 



ear (ar). Early. 

eard (erd). Earth. 

earl (Sri). To bind ; pledge ; 
betroth. 

earn (era). = ERN, an eagle. 

earn. To curdle, as milk. 

earning (Srn'in), earn- 
ings (-ins). Rennet. 

eassel (eV'l). Eastward. 

easter (es'terL Eastern. 

eath (efch ; eth). Easy; 
easily. 

ee (e), e'e. The eye. 

een (en), e'en. The eyes. 

e'en (en), e'enin (en'in). 
Evening. 

eerie (e'ri). See in Vocab. 

effeir (S-fer'). Cause; ap- 
pearance ; property ; guise. 

effeir, effere (e-fer'). To be- 
long ; pertain. 

eident (indent). Diligent; 
busy ; attentive. 

eik (ek). = EKE, addition. 

eild (eld). Old age. 

eilding (eld'in). = ELDIN. 

eith. = EATH. 

eke (ek). Addition; post- 
script ; appendix. 

elbuck (el'buk). The elbow. 

eldin, elding (el'din). Fuel. 

eldritch (el'drich ; el'rich). 
Weird ; ghastly ; frightful. 

elsin (Si's in), elshin (el'- 
shin), elson (-sun). Awl. 

erne (em). Uncle; also, 
friend ; a gossip. 

en' (en). End. [burgh.] 

Enbrugh (en'bru). Edin-| 

eneuch, eneugh(e-nydbK' ; 
e-nooK') . _Enough. 

enow (e-noo'). Just now. 

equal-aqual (e'kwfil-a'- 
kwfil). Alike ; also, to make 
things equal ; balance ac- 
counts. 

ether (Sth'er). Adder. 

ettercap (et'er-kap'). = 
ATTERCOP. 

ettle (et/'l). To aim; at- 
tempt ; intend ; take one's 
course ; take aim (at) ; also, 
an attempt ; aim ; intent ; 
opportunity. 

even (e'v'n). To compare. 

ewest (u'est). Nearest ; con- 
tiguous. 

ewhow (a/hwou). An ex- 
clamation of sorrow, regret, 
or pity. 

ewk (uk). = YEUK, itch. 

esies (Sk'siz). Ecstasies. 

eydent (I'dent).= EIDENT. 



f a' , or fa (f 6 ; fa) . Fall ; get ; 
obtain, as one's share ; re- 
ceive. — we maunna fa' 
that, we must not lay claim 
to that ; we must not hope 
to get that. 

faddom (fad'wm). Fathom. 

f ae (fa) . A foe. 

faem (fam). Foam. 

fa'en, or faan (fon;fan). 
Fallen. 

faik (fak\. To abate; les- 
sen ; deduct ; let go. 

fail (fal). Turf ; sod ; a clod. 

fair fa' or fa (far'fo; -fa). 



Good befall ; good luck (to 
you) I [present. I 

fairin (far'fn). A fairing ;a| 

faither (fa'ther). Father. 

faitour (fa'ter ; -toor). A 
cheat ; impostor. [follow. I 

fallow (fal'6). Fellow ; also,| 

falset (fS'set). Falsehood. 

fand (fand). Did find; 
found. 

fard (fard). Color. 

farl, farle (farl). Orig., the 
fourth part of a thin cake, 
esp. of oatmeal ; now, a 
small scone or the like. 

farrand (far'find), f arrant 
(-fint). Comely ; pleasant ; 
of a (specified) tempera- 
ment or appearance. 

fash (fash) . To trouble ; 
annoy ; vex ; also, trouble ; 
vexation ; care. 

fasherie,fashery(fash/er-i). 
Trouble ; worry ; annoy- 
ance. 

fashious (fash'ws). Trouble- 
some ; vexatious. 

fasht (fasht). Troubled. 

fastens (fas'enz), or fas- 
terns (fas'ernz). Short for 
FASTEN 'S E'EN. 

fasten's e'en, een, even, or 
fasten's-e'en (f as'enz-en') , 
-een, -eve, -even. The eve 
of the fast (of Lent) ; 
Shrove Tuesday. 

fat (fat). What, [ribbons. I 

fattrels (fat'relz). Ends of | 

faugh (foK ; faK). Fallow. 

f aught (foKt). Fought ; also, 
a fight. 

fauld (fold). A fold ; to fold. 

faun (fon). Fallen. 

faund (fond). Found. 

faur'd (ford). Favored. 

fause (fos). False. 

faut (f6t). Fault. 

fauter, fautor (f6'ter). Of- 
fender ; transgressor. 

faw (fo). Fall. 

fawsont (fos'n't). Lit., 
fashioned ; hence, honest ; 
seemly ; becoming. 

feal (fal). = FAIL, turf. 

fear, feere (fer). = FERE. 

feared (ferd). Affected with 
fear ; apprehensive. 

fearfu' (fer'fdb). Fearful; 
terrible ; frightful. 

feart (fert). Frightened. 

feat (fet). Neat ; spruce. 

fecht (feKt). Fight. 

fechtin (fSKt'in). Fighting. 

feck (fSk). Efficiency ; force ; 
value ; amount ; quantity. 
— the most feck, or the 
feck, the most or greatest 
part. 

fecket (fek'et). An under 
waistcoat, often with 
sleeves. 

feckfu' (fSk'foc-), feckful 
(-fool) . Efficient ; strong ; 
powerful. 

feckless (-les). Powerless; 
spiritless ; weak ; worthless. 

feckly (fSk'li). Effectually; 
mostly ; almost. 

fee (fe). To hire ; employ. 

feel (fel). Fool. 

f eerie (fer'i). Active ; nim- 
ble ; vigorous. 

feery (fer'i), feery-fary 
(-far'i). Bustle ; noise ; tu- 
mult ; rage. 

feg (fSg). A fig. 

feid (fed). Feud ; an enemy ; 
cause of quarrel. 

f eil (fel) . Comfortable ; 
neat ; soft. 

fell (fel). The flesh immedi- 
ately under the skin ; a 
rocky hill ; an elevated 
wild field ; moor ; down. 

fell (fel). Inhuman ; fierce ; 
deadly ; pungent ; biting ; 
great ; mighty ; doughty. — 
fell airts, hellish arts. 

fen (fen) , fend (f Snd) . An ef- 
fort for one's self ; a shift ; 
also, to maintain : support ; 
defend ; strive ; make shift. 

fendy (fSn'di). Clever in 
providing ; able to fend. 

fere (fer). A mate or com- 
panion, as a wife or hus- 
band ; comrade ; also, 
strong ; able ; in health. 

ferly, ferlie (fer'li). To 
amaze ; wonder ; also, a 



wonder ; a rarity ; a mar- 
vel ; an eccentricity ; — ■ 
used contemptuously. 

ferntickled (fern'tlknt). 
Freckled, like the seed of 
fern. 

ferny ear, fernyere (-yerO. 
A past year ; last year. 

fetch (fSch). To pull by fits. 

fey (fa) . Doomed to die ; 
dying ; also, a foe. 

fickle (fek''l). To puzzle. 

Sckly (fSk'li). Puzzling; 
perDlexing ; difficult. 

fidge (fij). Fidget. [die.) 

fie (fT). = FEY, doomed to! 

fiel(fel). = FEIL. 

fiant (fent). Fiend; — a 
petty oath. — Sent a haet, 
deuce a bit. 

fier (fer). = FERE. 

fiery (fer'i). = FEERY. 

fiery cross. A cross, charred 
and dipped in blood, sent 
throughout the Highland 
clans as an alarm signal or 
call to arms. Cf. GATHER- 
ING PEAT. 

fike (fik). To fidget; fuss; 
flirt ; trouble ; vex ; also, a 
fidget ; fuss ; flirtation. 

fikery (flk'er-i). Fussiness. 

file (fil). To defile; de- 
bauch ; dishonor ; accuse. 

filibeg (fil'i -beg). A kilt. 

fin, fin' (fin). Find. 

finner (fin'er). A finback 
whale. 

fir eflaught (f Tr'floKt ; -flaKt) , 
Lightning ; flash of light- 
ning ; gleam ; flash ; also, 
the aurora borealis. 

firlot (fur'ISt). A dry meas- 
ure equal to a fourth part of 
a boll. 

fissenless (fis'en-lSs). = 
FOISONLESS. 

fissle, fistle (f Is'*l) . To fidg- 
et ; bustle about ; rustle ; 
hiss ; whistle ; also, fuss ; 
fidgeting. 

fit (fit). A foot ; a step. 

fite (fit). White. 

fittie-lan (fit'I-lanO. The 
near horse of the hindmost 
pair in the plow. Cf . FURR- 
AHIN. 

flae (fla). Flea. 

fiaff (flaf). Flap ; flutter. 

flafnn (flaf'fin). Flapping. 

flainen (flan'gn), flannen 
(flan'en). Flannel. 

flang (flang). Flung. 

naught (floKt; flaKt). A 
flight ; flutter ; a flake ; esp., 
a flake or flash of fire ; turf. 

flaughter (floK'ter ; flaK'-)- 
To flutter ; flicker ; cut ; also, 
a piece of turf ; a flutter. 

flaw (flo) . A flake ; frag- 
ment ; lie ; fib ; thin layer 
of turf or peat. 

flee (fle) . A fly ; to fly. 

fieech (flech). To flatter; 
wheedle ; also, coaxing ; 
flattery. 

fieesh (flesh). A fleece. 

fleg (fleg) . A fling ; kick ; ran- 
dom blow ; fright ; to af- 
fright; terrify; also, to flee; 

fly. 
fleggit (flgg'H) . Frightened : 

terrified. [expelled. 

flemet (flSm'et). Banished ;[ 
flemit (flem'Tt). Frightened. 
Aether (fleth'er) . To flatter. 
fiewet, fle wit (flu'It). A 

sharp blow ; buffet, 
fiey (fla) . To scare ; fright- 
en ; also, a fright ; scare, 
fleysome (-swm). Frightful. 
flichter (fli K'ter) . Toflutter ; 

quiver ; vibrate ; also, a 

flicker. 
flight (fliKt; flSKt). = 

FLITE, FLAUGHT. 
fling (flSng). To caper 

about ; dance ; also, a fit of 

ill humor. 
flinging- tree (fleng'In-tre') . 

A piece of timber hung as 

partition between two 

horses in a stable ; a flail. 
flisk (flSsk). To frisk; 

whisk ; flick ; make or _ be 

restive ; also, caper ; whim, 
fliskmanoy (flesk'ma-hoi / ). 

A frisking or flighty girl, 
flisky (fles'ki). Fidgety; 

whimsical ; skittish. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, 
use, unite, flrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; oat, oil; chair; go; sing, 15k; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1117 



flit (flSt). To remove; de- 
part ; shift. 

flite, flyte (flit). To quar- 
sel ; scold ; chide ; also, 
strife ; dispute ; wrangling. 

fliting, fiyting (flit'in). 
Scolding ; brawling. 

flitter (flet'er) . To nutter. 

flory (flo'ri). Vain ; con- 
ceited. 

flow bog, flow moss. A wet 
peat bog ; morass. 

fluff (fluf). A puff, whiff, or 
flash ; also, to puff or 
flash ; cause to flash. — 
fluffed i' the pan (fluft i 
the pan), burned priming, 
without firing the barrel of 
the gun or pistol. 

fluff-gib (fluf 'gib'). A gun- 
powder squib. 

flyte (flit). = FLITE. 

fiyting (-in). = FITTING. 

f odgel(f6i , el) .Squat;plump. 

fog (fog). Aftermath; coarse 
grass, as in winter time. 

foggage (fog'aj). Fog; 
moss ; pasturage on fog. 

foison (foi'z'n). Plenty; 
vigor ; strength ; in pi., re- 
sources. 

foisonless (-les). Ineffec- 
tive ; pithless ; weak. 

foor (foor). Went ; fared. 

foord (foord ; ford). A ford. 

foose (fooz). Houseleek. 

foretauld (for-told'). Fore- 
told. 

forfairn (fSr-farn'). Worn 
out ; jaded ; forlorn. 

f orf ault (for'fSt) . Forfeit. 

forfoughten (f 6r-f oKt'en) . 
Exhausted with fighting ; 
greatly fatigued, from any 
cause. 

f orgie (fSr-ge') . To forgive. 

forjesket (for-jeVket). Jad- 
ed ; fatigued ; weary. 

forpit, forpet (for'pet). 
Fourth part of a peck. 

forrit (for'it). Forward. 

f orspeak (for-spek') . To be- 
witch. 

f other (fofch'er). _Fodder. 

fou, fou', fow (foo). Full; 
drunk ; also, a bushel. 

fouat (foo'at). Houseleek. 

foughten (foKt'en). Worn 
out with" fighting ; har- 
assed ; "forfoughten." 

f ouk (fouk) ._Folk ; people. 

foulmart (fool'mdrt ;foo / -). 
Polecat ; foumart. 

found (found). Founded, 
or cast, metal. 

four-nooked (foor'nook'- 
1 1) . Fo ur-cornered . 

fouth (fdbth). Plenty. 

fow (fob; fou). = FOU. 

foy (foi). Departing feast, 
gift, etc. 

fozy (fo'zi). Soft and spon- 
gy ; flabby ; dull ; stupid. 

frack (frak). = FRECK. 

frae (fra). From. 

f raik (frak) . To flatter ; ca- 
jole ; also, flattery ; cajolery. 

frammit (fram'it). = 
FREMD. [in disorder. I 

frample (fram'p'l). To put | 

frampler (-pier). Brawler. 

freath (frath). Froth. 

ireck (frSk), frack (frak). 
Ready ; eager ; forward ; 
strong ; hale. 

f reit, f reet (fret) . Supersti- 
tious notion or observance ; 
omen ; charm. 

fremd, fremed (fremd ; 
framd). Strange; foreign; 
alien ; unrelated ; hostile. 

fresh (fresh) . Open weather 
after frost ; a thaw. 

f richt (freKt) . Fright. 

frien' (fren). Friend. 

f rist (f rest) . To postpone ; 
delay ; also, respite ; delay. 

fu' (fob). Full. 

fud (fud). Tail of a hare, 
cony, etc. ; the buttocks. 

f uff (f uf) . Puff ; whiff ; fume. 

f ule (fool ; f ul) . Fool. 

funk (f unk) . To kick ; also, • 
avkick ; angry passion. 

fur, furr (fur). A furrow. 

furm(furm). A form ; bench. 

furr-ahin (fur'd-hinO. The 
right-hand hindmost horse 
in plowing. Cf. FITTIE- 
LAN. 



f urthersome ( fur>fche"r- 
swm). Venturesome; rash. 

fusionless (fdbzh'wn-les).= 
FOISONLESS. 

fyke (fTk). = FIKE. 

fyle (fTl). To soil ; defile. 

fyl't (flit). Soiled ; dirtied. 



gab (gab). The mouth ; also, 
to talk ; chatter. 

gabby (gab'i). Chatty ; lo- 
quacious. 

gaberlunzie (gab'er-liin'- 
yi). A wandering beggar ; a 
mendicant ; one who car- 
ries a beggar's wallet ; a 
beadsman. [goadsman.l 

gadsman (gadz'mdn). AJ 

gae_ (ga). To go. — gaed 
(gad), went. — gaen, or 
gane (gan), gone. — gaun 
(gon), going. 

gaedown (ga-doon'). A 
drinking bout. [road.l 

gaet (gat). Way; manner ;| 

gaff aw (gd-fa/). Guffaw. 

gair (gar). A triangular 
piece, as of land or cloth ; a 
gore. 

gaird (gard). Guard. 

gaisling (gas'lin). Gosling. 

gaist (gast). Ghost. 

gait (gat) . A goat. 

gaitt (gat) . Child ; brat ; get. 

gane (gan). Gone. 

gang (gang). To go ; walk. 

ganging (gang'in). Going. 

gangrel (gan'grel). Vagrant. 

gant (gant) . Yawn ; gape. 

gar (gar). To cause ; make ; 
compel. — gar't (gart), 
forced to. 

garten (gar'ten). A garter. 

gascromh, gascrome (gas'- 
krom). = CASCHROM. 

gash (gash) . Knowing; wise'; 
witty ; sharp ; trim ; well- 
dressed ; talkative ; also, to 
tattle ; gossip ; babble. 

gate (gat) . Way ; manner. 

gathering peat. A fiery- 
peat which was sent round 
by the Borderers as an 
alarm signal. Cf. FIERY 
CROSS. 

gathering peat, gathering 
coal. A piece of peat, or 
coal, left smothered in em- 
bers as a nucleus for a fire. 

gatty (gat'i). Gouty. 

gaucie, gaucy (go'si). = 
GAWSY. 

gaud (god). A prod or goad. 

gaun (gon). Going. 

gaunt (gant) . = GANT. 

gauntree (gon'tri). Gantry. 

gavelock (gav'e-lok). An 
iron crowbar or lever. 

gaw (go). Gall. 

gawsy, gawsie (go'si). 
Large and jolly or hand- 
some in appearance ; lusty ; 
big and braw. 

gay (ga). Considerable ; tol- 
erable ; fair ; also, consider- 
ably ; very ; pretty. — gay 
guid, pretty good. — gay 
weel, pretty well. 

gaylie, gayly (gi'li). Mid- 
dling ; fairly ; pretty well. 

gear (ger). Property in gen- 
eral ; wealth. 

geek (gek) . To toss the head 
in wantonness or scorn ; 
deride ; scorn ; cheat ; also, 
an expression or gesture of 
scorn, derision, or con- 
tempt. 

ged, gedd (ge"d). The pike. 

geizen (giz''n). = GIZZEN. 

geld (geld). Barren ; sterile : 
impotent ; fruitless, [folk. 

gentles (jen't'lz). Gentle-| 

gentries (jen'trls). Gentil- 
ity ; good descent ; rank ; 
nobility. 

genty (jen'tl). Neat ; trim ; 
elegant ; graceful ; genteel. 

geordie (jor'di). A guinea. 

gesten (geVten, geV'n). To 
entertain, or be entertained, 
as a guest ; lodge. 

gey (ga). = GAY. 

ghaist (gast). A ghost. 

gie (ge). To give. — gied 
(ged), gave. — gien (gen), 
given. 

gif (glf). If. 



giffgaff (gif'gafO. Tit for 
tat ; give and take ; infor- 
mal conversation. 

giftie (-ti). Dim. of GIFT. 

gill (gil). Ravine: woody 
glen. [liquor).! 

gillie (jil'i). A gill (of I 

gillie, gilly (gil'I). A man- 
servant in the Highlands. 
See in Vocab. 

gillie- wetfoot. A gillie who 
carried his master over 
brooks and watery places • 
— a contemptuous Lowland 
renderingof gille-casfliuch 
(giKI-kas'fluK'). 

gilpy (gll'pi). A frolicsome 
boy or girl ; also, frolicsome. 

gilravage (gil-rav'aj). To 
roister ; also, roistering : 
horseplay. [er. 

gilravager (-a-jer). Roister- 1 

gilse (gils). = GRILSE. 

gimmer (glm'er). A young 
female sheep ; sometimes, 
contemptuously, a woman. 

gin (gen) . Against ; near by ; 
towards. 

gin (gin). If; whether. 

gingle (jin'g'l). Jingle. 

gird (gird). To strike; 
smite ; put a rim or hoop 
on ; move quickly ; start ; 
rush ; also, a sharp stroke ; 
a jerk, start, or spurt ; a 
trice ; twinge ; also, a hoop. 

girdle (gir'd'l). Griddle. 

girn (glrn). To snarl ; grin ; 
show (the teeth) as in rage ; 
also, a snarl ; a grin. 

girnel, girnal (glr'n'l). A 
granary ; large meal chest ; 
also, to store in a granary. 

girr (gir). Hoop. 

gizz (giz). A wig. 

gizzen (glz''n). To become 
dry and leaky ; shrink ; 
shrivel ; parch. 

glaik (glak) . To dazzle ; de- 
lude ; make fun of ; gaze or 
wander idly ; trifle ; jeer ; 
shine. 

glaikit (glak'it). Foolish; 
stupid ; thoughtless ; light- 
headed ; giddy. 

glaiks (glaks). Mockery; 
rallying or derisive decep- 
tion. — to fling the glaiks 
in folk's een, metaph., to 
throw dust in people's eyes. 
— to get the g., to be 
cheated or deceived. — to 
give the g., to cheat; de- 
ceive. 

glaizie (glaz'i). Glazy; 
glassy ; glossy ; shiny. 

glar (glar), glaur (glar; 
glor). Soft mud ; mire. 

glaum (glom). To grasp, 
clutch, or grope ; also, a 
grasp or clutch. 

gled (gled) . A kite ; glede. 

gledge (glej). Side glance; 
squint. 

glee (gle). To squint ; look 
with one_eye ; also, a squint. 

gleed (gled). Flame; a five 
or glowing coal ; fire. 

gleed, gleyed (gled) . Squint- 
eyed ; blind in one eye ; 
awry. — gaed a' gleed, 
went all wrong. 

gleg (gleg) . Quick ; alert ; 
sharp ; lively ; cheerful. 

gleib (gleb). Gleb . [squint. I 

gley (glT; gle). = GLEE,| 

glib-gabbed, -gabbet, or 
-gabbit (gllb'gab-et ; -it). 
That speaks glibly. 

gliff (glef) . A glimpse ; a 
look or an expression ; 
moment ; instant ; fright. 

glint (glent). Glance; 

gleam ; peep ; glimpse. 

glisk (glisk). To glisten; 
glitter ; also, a glance ; 
glimpse ; flash. 

glitty (glit'i). Smooth; 
glossy. [scowl. 

gloom (gloom). Frown ;| 

glour (glour). Glower ; stare. 

glunch (gldbnsh ; glunsh). 
To frown ; look sour ; also, 
sullen ; a sullen look. 

goadsman (godz'man), 

goadster (god'ster). A 
man or boy who guides a 
team (esp. in plowing) by a 
goad. 

goave (gov). = GOVE. 



goavin (go'v'n). Staring 

blankly ; mooning, 
gomeral (g5m'er-dl) , gom- 

erel (-el), gomeril (-11). A 

simpleton ; fool. [cock.l 

gorcock (gor'kSk). Moor| 
goud (goud ; god). Gold, 
goustrous (gous / triis) . 

Blustering, 
gouaty, goustie (gdos'tl). 

Waste ; desolate ; dreary ; 

preternatural. [a gout, 

goutte (gdbt). A drop; 
gove, goave (gov). To stare 

idly or vacantly, 
go wan (gou'dn). Daisy, 
gowd (goud ; god). Gold. 
gowden (goud'en). Golden, 
gowf, gowff (gouf). To 

strike ; cuff ; also, a stroke ; 



blow ; cuff, 
gowff (gouf). 
gowk (gouk ; 

simpleton ; 



Golf. 

gok). Cuckoo ; 
fool ; also, to 
gaze or stare vacantly or 
foolishly. — gowk storm, 
a late vernal gale, thought 
to be contemporary with 
the coming of the cuckoo ; a 
storm or evil of short dura- 
tion. 

gowked (gouk'ed ; gok'ed), 
gowkit (-it). Foolish 
stupid ; gawky. [whine. 

gowl (goul). Howl; yell; 

gowpen (gou'pen ; go'pen)j 
gowpin (-in). Ahandfulor 
double handful. 

graddan (grad'dn). Parched 
grain ; also, to parch (grain) . 

graft (grat). A grave. 

grain (gran). Groan. 

graip (grap). A garden fork 
or dungfork. 

graith (grath). To make 
ready ; prepare ; equip ; 
adorn ; also, accouter- 
ments ; furniture ; dress ; 
gear ; harness ; lather. 

gramashes (gra-mash'ez). 
Gamashes. 

gran (gran). Grand ; fine. 

grane (gran). Groan. 

grape (grap). To grope. 

grapit (grap / it). Groped. 

grat (grat). Wept, [miliar. I 

great (gret). Intimate; fa | 

gree (gre). To agree; cause 
to agree ; reconcile ; har- 
monize ; also, grade ; rank ; 
superiority ; hence, a prize. 
— to bear the gree, to 
carry off the p;lze. 

green, grien (gren> „ To 
yearn ; long for. 

greeshoc.'i (gre'shiiK). = 
GRIESHOCH. 

gree't (gret). Agreed. 

greet (gret)_. To weep. 

greetin (gret'in), greeting. 
Crying ;_ weeping. 

grlce (gris). Sucking pig. 

grien (gren). = GREEN, to 
yearn. 

grieshoch, greeshoch (gre'- 
shWK). Hot embers, proper- 
ly those of peat. 

grieve (grev). Overseer or 
bailiff, esp. of a farm. 

grilse (grils) . A young salm- 
on. See in Vocab. 

grippet (griip'et), gripplt 
(-it). Catched ; seized. 

gripple (grupH). Griping; 
avaricious ; grasping. 

grippy, grippie (grup'I). 
Miserly ; grasping ; tena 
cious. 

grit (grit). Great 

groat (grot ; grSt) 
English silver coin worth 
about 8 cents. — to get the 
whistle of one's groat, to 
play a losing game. 

groser (gro'zer), grosert 
(-zert), groset (-zet). 
Gooseberry. 

grousome (groo'swrn). 

Gruesome. 

grozet(gro'zet) . =GROSET. 

grue (groo). Shudder, aa 
with fear ; shiver. 

grumph (grumf). Grunt. 

grumphy, grumphie 

(grum'fi). A pig ; sow. 

grun, grun' (grfln). grund 
(grund ; grun). Ground; 
bottom. [grindstone.; 

grunstane (trrGn'stan). A| 

gruntle (grun't'l). To 



nng ; cena- 

[familiar.l 

•.intimate ;j 

it). An old 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |j Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1118 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 







R 



U 



W 



X 



grunt ; grumble ; sulk ; also, 

a grunt ; the snout, 
grunzie (grdbn'yi). The 

snout ; mouth. 
grup (grup). Grip ; seize. 
grushie (grush'i), grush. 

Of thriving growth, 
grutten (griit'en). Wept. 
guddle (gud''l). To catch 

(fish) with the hands by 
their lurking 



groping 

places. 
Gude (giid). 
gude, guid 



God. 

(giid) . Good ; 

also, related by marriage. 
gudebrother, guidbrother 

(-brufcb'er). Brother-in-law. 
gudsfather, guidfather 

(-f a'fcber) . Father-in-law. 
gudeman, guidman (giid'- 

man'). Husband; master 

of the house. 
gudemother, guidmother 

(-muth'er). Mother-in- 

law, [chattels. I 

gudes (giidz). Goods ;[ 
gudesire, guidsire (giid'- 

sir'). Grandfather, 
gudesister, guidsister 

(giid'sis'ter) . Sister-in-law. 
gudewife, guidwife (giid'- 

wlf ') . Wife ; landlady ; 

mistress of the house, 
guesten (ges''n). = GES- 

TEN. [GUDE.I 

guid (giid^. Good. See| 
guisard (giz'drd). A guis- 

er ; Christmas mummer, 
gully, gullie (gul'i). A 

large knife, 
gulravage (gdbl-rav'aj). = 

GILRAVAGE. 
gumly, gumlie (giim'li). 

Turbid ; muddy ; gloomy, 
guse (giis). Goose, 
gusing-iron (giiz'in-i'wrn). 

A smoothing iron ; a goose, 
gusty (giis'ti) . Tasty ; savo- 
ry, [father. I 
gutcher (giich'er). Grand-] 
gutter-blood (gut'er-bliid). 

A person meanly born, 
gy (gT). A guy ; rope. 
gyre (glr). A malignant 

spirit, 
gyre carl (karl). A super- 
natural being ; hobgoblin ; 

giant, 
gyre carline or carling 

(kar'lin). The mother 

witch ; witch. 
gyte (git). Delirious; mad. 



H 



ha' (ho). Hall ; manor house. 
— ha' folk, the servants. 

haaf (haf). Deep-sea fish- 
ing, off the Orkney and 
Shetland Islands. 

haar (har). A fog ; a fog or 
mist with a chill wind. 

had (hod). To hold. 

hadden (hod'en). Holden. 

had die (had'i). Haddock. 

haddin (hod'ln). Holding; 
inheritance. 

hae, ha'e (ha ; ha). To have. 

haen (han). Had (pret. & 
p.p. Of HAVE). [whit. I 

haet (hat). = HATE, a 

haff (haf ; hof). Half. 

haflet, haffit (haf'et ; -it). 
Side of the head ; cheek ; 
temple. 

hafflins. = HALFLINGS. 

haft (haft). To settle; fix. 

hag (hag) . To hack ; cut ; 
chop ; also, a notch or hack ; 
a stump ; a cutting of trees, 
or quantity of wood cut ; a 
quagmire ; bog ; a firm spot 
in a bog ; the margin of a 
peat cutting ; overhanging 
edge of a stream. 

haggies. haggess (hag'is). 
= HAGGIS. See in Vocab. 

hail (hal) . Hale ; whole ; 
sound ; healthy ; also, the 
whole. — hail o' my ain, 
all my own. 

hain (han) . To spare ; save. 

hairst (harst) . Harvest. 

haith (hath) . Faith ; — a 
petty oath. 

haiver (ha'ver) . = HAVER. 

haivers (ha'verz). = HA- 
VERS. 

hal' (hoi), or hald (h6d). An 
abiding place. 



hale (hal). Whole ; healthy ; 
also, the whole. 

halesome(hal'swm). Whole- 
some. 

halfling (haf'Hn ; h6f'-). A 
half -grown person ; half of a 
silver penny ; also, half- 
grown. 

halfling (-lm) , hafflings 
(-linz). Partly ; half. 

half t (hof t) . Dwelling ; cus- 
tody, [ciled.l 

half ted (hof fit). Domi-| 

hallan (hal'dn ; hoi'-). A 
partition in a cottage, esp. 
between the door and the 
fireplace ; space between 
the door and the partition. 

hallanshaker (-shak'er). A 
beggar ; vagabond ; scamp. 

hallion (hal'yun ; hoi'-). 
Rogue. 

hals, halse (hols; hos). 
Neck ; throat ; also, to em- 
brace ; hug. 

haly (ha'li). Holy. — haly 
be his cast, happv be his 
fate. 

hame (ham). Home. 

hamely (ham'li). Homely; 
affable ; familiar. 

hamshackle (ham'shakn) . 
To tie the head, as of a 
horse or cow, to a fore leg ; 
hence, to restrain. 

han' (han). Hand. 

handfastdiand'fastO.hand- 
fasting (-In). Seein Vocab. 

handwaled (hand'waldO . 
Selected by hand. 

hane (han). = HAIN. 

hantle (han't'l). A good 
many ; a great deal. 

hap (hap). Any covering, 
as a mantle, plaid, etc. ; to 
wrap ; cover up ; clothe ; 
also, to hop. 

happer (hap'er). Hopper (of 
a mill). 

happit, happed (hap'it). 
Hopped ; also, covered for 
warmth or security. 

hapshackle (hap'shak'l).= 
HAMSHACKLE. 

hap, step, an' loup (hap 
step an loup). Hop, skip 
(or step), and jump (or 
leap). 

harigals (har'I-gdlz). Vis- 
cera or pluck of an animal. 

hark (hark) . To listen ; 
whisper ; also, a whispered 
confidence. 

harker (hark'er) . Listener ; 
eavesdropper. 

harl (harl). To drag or 
scrape along ; trail ; drag 
one's self along ; peel off ; 
also, a dragging ; a little ; a 
scraper, esp. a road scraper. 

ham (harn). Cloth made of 
coarse linen yarn. 

harnpan. Brainpan ; skull. 

harns (harnz). The brains. 

harst (harst ; harst) . Har- 
vest. 

hash (hash). A slovenly 
person ; a clown ; a stupid, 
worthless fellow. 

haslock (has'lok). Wool, or 
a small lock of wool, on the 
throat of a sheep. 

h'asna (haz'nd) . Has not. 

hassock (has'wk). Any- 
thing thick, bushy, and ill- 
arranged ; a shock of hair. 

hastit (hast'it). Hastened. 

hate, haet (hat). A whit; 
atom ; bit. — deil, or fient, 
hate or haet, Devil have 
it! Fiend have it! — deil a 
hate or haet, Devil a bit! 

hatted kit (hat'it), or hat- 
tit kit. A bowlful of sour 
cream ; a mixture of milk 
warm from the cow and 
buttermilk. 

haud (hod). To hold. 

hauf (hof). Half. 

haugh (hoK). A low-lying 
meadow beside a river. 

hauld (hod) . Hold ; habita- 
tion ; place of resort. 

haun (han; hon). Hand. 

haurl (horl ; harl). = 
HARL. 

hause (hos). = HALSE. 

haver (ha'ver). To maun- 
der ; babble ; chatter. 

haverel (ha'v'rel). One who 



havers or babbles ; a half- 
witted person ; half-witted. 

haverer (ha'ver-er) . Chat- 
terer ; proser. [meal.l 

haver meal (-melO. Oat-| 

havers (ha'verz). Non- 
sense ; twaddle. 

havings (hav'inz), havins. 
Behavior ; deportment ; 
good manners. 

hawkey, hawkie (hok'I). A 
cow, esp. one with a white 
face. 

hawked (hokt ; h6k'ed), 
hawkit (hok'it). Spotted, 
esp. with white ; — said of 
animals. 

hawse (has; hos). = HALS. 

healsome (hal'swm ; hel'-). 
Wholesome. 

healsomeness (-nes). 

Wholesomeness. 

heapit (hep'it). Heaped. 

hearse (hers). Hoarse. 

heart-scald (hert'skSld' ; 
-skod'), heart-scaud 

(-skodO . Heartburn ; meta- 
phorically, remorse. 

heartsome (hert'swm). Ani- 
mating ; cheerful ; merry. 

heather-bleat, -bleater, 
-blite, -blutter (-bldbt'er ; 
-bliit'er). The common 
snipe ; — from the bleating 
note of the male in the 
breeding season. [alasll 

hech (heK). Oh! strange 1] 

hecht (heKt). Promised. 

heck (hek). Hayrack ; hack. 
— heck and manger (hgk 
an man'jer) , rack and man- 
ger. — living at heck and 
manger, living in quarters 
where everything is com- 
fortable and plentiful. 

heckle (-'1). See in Vocab. 

heeze (hez). To raise ; hoist. 

hellicat (hel'i-kat). Giddy; 
light-headed ; boisterous ; 
also, evil creature; villain. 

hempy, hempie (hemp'T). 
Fit for hanging ; mischie- 
vous; also, a rogue; gallows 
bird ; jocularly, a young 
person. 

hencavie, hencavy (heW- 
ka/vi). Hencoop ; cavie. 

heregeld (her'e-geld) . An 
acknowledgment of vassal- 
age, corresponding to the 
English heriot. 

herriment (her'i-ment). 
Plundering ; harassment. 

herrin (her' in). A herring. 

herry (her'i). To harry; 
plunder. 

her ship (her'ship). A war- 
like raid or foray, esp. to 
steal cattle ; also, the re- 
sulting distress or plunder. 

herse (hers). Hoarse. 

hert (hert). Heart. 

hesp (hesp). Hasp. 

het (het). Hot. 

heuch, hooch (hooK). An 
exclamation as of joy. 

heugh, heuch (hooK ; huK) 
Crag ; cliff ; glen with over- 
hanging sides ; shaft in a 
coalpit ; hollow in a quarry. 

heuk (huk) . Hook ; reaping 
hook. 

hich (hiK).= HECH. 

hich (hiK). High. 

hicht (hiKt). Height. 

high jinks. An old drinking 
pastime, entailing forfeits ; 
noisy revelry. [assured. I 

hight (heKt). Promised;! 

hilch (hilch). Hobble; 
limp ; halt. 

hinderlings, hinderlins 
(hin'er-linz). hinderlands 
(-lanzO- Buttocks. 

hiney, hinny (hin'i). Hon- 
ey ; — a term of endear- 
ment. 

hing (h5ng). To hang. 

hirdum-dirdum (hur'dwm- 
dur'dwm). Noisy confu- 
sion. 

hirdy-girdy, hirdie-girdie 
(hilr'di-gur'di). Topsy- 
turvy ; in reckless confu- 
sion. 

hirple (hQr'p'l ; hir'-). To 
walk lamely ; hobble ; limp. 

hirsel (hur's'l ; hir'-). Herd ; 
flock ; to make herds of. 

hirsle, hirsel (hur's'l). To 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sinff, ink; then. 



hitch along ; move with a 
rustle or restlessly. 

hissel (hgs''l). = HIRSEL. 

hissy (hez'I). A hussy. 

histie (hgs'ti). Bare: 

barren. rhussy.f 

hizzie, hizzy (hgz'I). A| 

hoast, host (host). Cough. 

hobbleshaw (hub''l-sho'). 
hobbleshow. = HUB- 
BLESHOW. 

hod (hSd), hode. Hide; 
hood ; jog. 

hodden (hSd''n). Coarse 
cloth of indigo wool. — 
hodden gray, or hodden* 
gray, gray hodden. 

hoddie(hod'T).= HOODIE. 

hoddin (hod'in). The jolt- 
ing motion of a countryman 
riding on a cart horse. 

hoddle (hSd''l). To waddle. 

hog (hog), hoggie (hog'i). 
A young unshorn sheep. 

hogmanay (h5g'md-n5'). 
The last day of the year, on 
which children go about 
singing and receive a dole ; 
entertainment given on 
that day to a visitor, or a gift 
given to an applicant. 

hogscore (hSg'skSr). A dis- 
tance line, in curling, 
drawn across the rink or 
course between the middle 
line and the tee. 

hog-shouther(h6g-sh66th'- 
er). A game in which those 
who join jostle each other 
by the shoulders ; to jostle 
with the shoulder. [rise.l 

hoise (hoiz). Hoist; raise;! 

hoik (hok), howk (hok ; 
houk). To hollow out bv 
digging ; dig. 

hoo (hdo). Who. 

hooch (hooK). = HEUCH. 

hoodie (hdbd'i). Hooded 
crow ; carrion crow. 

hoodock (hoo'duk) . Miserly. 

hool (hdbl ; hiil). Hull ; husk. 

hooly, hoolie (hoo'li). 
Wary ; soft ; slow. 

hoord (hdbrd). Hoard. 

hoordit(hoord'it) .Hoarded. 

hoose (hoos). House. 

hoot (hdbt). Hush 1 tut! 

horn (horn). A spoon made 
of horn ; drinking cup. 

hornel (hSr'n'l). A sand 
launce. 

hornie (hSrn'i). The Devil; 
— in allusion to his horns. 

host. = HOAST. 

hotch (hoch). Hitch; jog 
joggle ; fidget. [DIE. 

houdie (houd'i). = HOW- 

houfl (houf). = HOWFF. 

houkit (houk'it). Dug out. 

houlet (hdb'let). Howlet ; 
owl. [drink. I 

houp (hoop). A mouthful of | 

houp, houpe (hoop). Hope. 

housewifeship (hoos'wTf- 
ship), housewifeskip 

(-skip), housewifeskep 
(-skep) . Housewifery. 

housie (hoos'i). Dim. of 
HOUSE. [swell. I 

hove (hov). To heave;) 

howdie, howdy (hou'di). A 
midwife^ 

how (hoo). A coif; hood; 
nightcap ; caul. 

howe (hou) . Hollow ; a hol- 
low or dell ; also, a hoe. 

howe-backit (hou'bak'it). 
Sunk in the back ; — said of 
a horse, &c. 

howfl, houf (houf). Haunt ; 
resort ; also, to have, or loaf 
about, a resort ; to frequent. 

howfing (houf'ing). A 

clumsy, loutish person. 

howk (houk). = HOLK, to 
dig. [dug. I 

howkit (houk'it). Dugout ;| 

howm. Holm. 

hoy (hoi). To urge ; incite. 

hoying (hoi'in). Hallooing 
to ; setting on, as a dog. 

hoyse (hoiz). A hoist. 

hoy't (hoit). Urged. 

hoyte (hoit). To amble 
crazily ; move awkwardly. 

hubbleshow, hubbleshew 
(hfib''l-sho). Confusion; 
commotion. 

humble. = HUMMEL. 

humdudgeon (hum/duj'- 



6bey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; na(ure, verdure (.87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1119 



fin), humdurgeon (hum'- 
dur'jwn). An imaginary ill- 
ness or pain ; much ado 
about nothing. 

humlie (hum'll ; hdbm'-), 
humblie (-bli ; -II). A 
hornless cow. 

humlock (hum'lok ; hum'- 
wk). Hemlock. 

hummel, humble (hiim''l ; 
hdbm'-). Of cattle, horn- 
less ; of grain, awnless ; also, 
to separate from the awns. 

hummel. A hornless ani- 
mal, esp. a cow. 

hunder (hfln'der) . Hundred. 

hunker (hurj'ker). To squat 
so as to be supported on the 
fore part of the feet ; 
crouch. — on one's hun- 
kers, in a squatting or 
crouching position. 

hurcheon (hiir'chwn). An 
urchin ; a hedgehog. 

hurdies (hQr'dlz). The but- 
tocks ; rump ; hips. 

hurlbarrow (hurl'bar'I). 
Wheelbarrow. 

hurley-hacket (hur/11-hak'- 
et) . An old sport of sliding 
down hill on a trough or 
sledge ; the trough or 
sledge, or, derisively, an ill- 
hung carriage. 

hurley-house (hurll-hoos). 
A large dilapidated house. 

hushion (hush'un) . A stock- 
ing without a foot. 

hutch (hiich). Hovel; 
shanty. 

huz (huz). Us. 

hyte (hit). Mad. 



i' (I). In. 

iceshockle (Is'sh6 , k /, l),ice- 
shogel (Ts'shog''!). Icicle. 

icker (ek'er) ._ Ear of corn. 

ieroe (e'er-o'). A great- 
grandchild. 

ilk (elk) , ilka (elk'd) . Each ; 
every. — ilka day, week 
day. 

ilk. Same. — of that ilk, of 
the same, — used to denote 
that a gentleman's surname 
and the title of his estate 
are identicar; as, Knock- 
winnock of that ilk, that is, 
Knockwinnock of Knock- 
winnock. See OF THAT 
ILK, in Vocab. 

ill (el). Bad ; difficult ; evil ; 
grieved ; sorrowful. 

ill-fa'ard, ill-far'd. ill- 
faured (el-ford'), ill-faur't 
(-fort) . Ill-favored. 

ill-set (el-set') . Ill-disposed, 
spiteful. 

ill-sorted (el-sort'It) . Ill- 
arranged ; ill-suited ; ill- 
matched ; ill-pleased. 

ill-willie, ill-willy (el-wul'- 
I). Malevolent. 

inby, inbye (In'bi'). In an 
inward direction ; in ; in- 
side ; near ; situated close 
by ; close to ; beside ; also, 
an inner room. 

indentin (In-dent'fn). In- 
denturing. 

ingan (eng'wn). Onion. 

ingeer (In-ger'). To glean 
corn, etc. 

ingine (en'jln) . Genius ; in- 
genuity ; wit. 

ingle (eng''l) . Fire ; fireplace. 
— ingle cheek, fireside. — 
ingle low, or ingle lowe, 
fireside light or glow. 

inglehook. Chimney corner. 

inmeats (In'mets'). Inner 
parts of an animal used for 
food ; vis-cera. 

in-ower (In-o'er ; -ou'er). In 
towards ; inby ; over. — in- 
ower and out-ower (oot- 
5'er or -ou'er) , inward and 
outward ; backward and 
forward ; positively and vio- 
lently. 

input (In'pdbt). Contribu- 
tions 

insight (In'sTt ; -siKt). 
Goods ; household goods. 

intae (In'ta/)- Into. 

ise, i'se (Iz) . I shall or will. 

itsel (It-sSl'). Itself. 

ither (Ifch'er). Other. 



stir ; 



jackman (jak'mdn). An at- 
tendant or retainer of a 
nobleman or landowner. 

jad, jadd (jad ; jad), jaud 
(jod). A jade (person or 
animal). 

jag, jagg (jag). A prick, 
stab, or jab, as of a pin. 

jag, jaug (jag; j6g). A 
leather bag or wallet ; in pi., 
saddlebags. 

j agger (jag'er). Peddler. 

jaloose (ja-looz'). = JEA- 

. LOUSE. 

jaud (jod). Jade* mare. 

jaug (jog). = JAG, wallet. 

jauk (jok). To dally ; trifle. 

jaunder (jan'der ; -er ; 
jon'-), jauner (jon'er). 

_ Prattle ; gabble. 

jaup (jop). To splash; be- 
spatter; also, a splash. 

jaw (jo). A wave or dash of 
water or other liquid ; also, 
to splash ; dash : pour. 

jaw-hole (jo'-hol). A sink. 

jawp (jop). =_JAUP. 

jealouse (ja-looz'). To sus' 
pect ; mistrust ; imagine ; 
surmise. 

jee (je). To move 
budge ; also, motion, 

jeedge (jej) 1 Judge. 

jeisticor (jes'tl-kor ; jes'-). 
Justaucorps ; a waistcoat 
with sleeves. 

jerkinet (jur'kln-ef). A 
woman's outer jacket or 
bodice. 

jert (jurt). Jerk. [lose.! 

jibble (jeb''l). To spill ;| 

jig (jig)- To creak. 

jillet (jgl'gt). A jilt ; a flirt ; 
a giddy girl. 

jilt (jelt) . A dash of water. 

jimp (jemp ; jump). Jump ; 
also, slender ; spruce ; trim. 

jimply (jemp'll), jimp 
(jemp). Barely ; scarcely ; 
hardly. 

jink (jenk). A quick elusory 
turn ; a sudden turning ; es- 
cape ; trick ; also, to dodge ; 
escape by a sudden turn ; 
elude ; cheat ; trick. 

jinker (jenk'er). One that 
jinks ; a gay sprightly girl j 
a wag. [gad. 

jinket (jgnk'et). To junket ;| 

jirble (jlr'b'l). To spill (a 
liquid) by jolting or shaking 
the vessel ; pour from one 
vessel to another. 

jirk (jirk). Jerk. 

jirt (jlrt). Jerk. 

jockteleg (jok'te-leg). A 
large clasp knife. 

jo, joe (jo). Sweetheart. 

joug3 (jdogz). An iron col- 
lar fastened to a wall or 
post, formerly used as a 
kind of pillory. _ 

jouk, jowk (jook). To 
dodge ; duck ; skulk ; bow, 
as in courtesy ; fawn ; 
cringe. 

joukery-pawkery (jook'er- 
I-p6k'er-i). Trickery. 

jow (jou). To strike; ring 
(a bell) ; toll ; sway ; also, a 
j owing ; stroke. 

jundy, jundie (jun'dl). 
Jog ; jostle. 

justify (jfls'tl-fl). To exe- 
cute justice, or the law, 
upon ; execute. 



K 



kae (ka.). A jackdaw. 

kail (kal), kail runt, kail- 
wife, etc. See KALE, 
KALE RUNT, etc. 

kaim(kam). Comb, [kind.1 

kain (kan). Rent paid in| 

kale, kail (kal). Colewort ; 
colewort, or any vegetable, 
soup ; dinner. — to give 
(one) his kale through 
the reek, to give (one) a 
rating, scolding, or the like. 

kale bell. Dinner bell. 

kale runt. The stem of cole- 
wort. 

kalewife (kal'wifO. A 

woman who sells kale or 
vegetables. 

kale worm. A caterpillar. 



kaleyard (kal'yard'). Cab- 
bage garden ; vegetable 
garden. [ridge. I 

kame (kam). A comb ; low) 

kamester (kam'ste'r). A 
wool comber. 

kane (kan). = KAIN. 

kavel (kav'el). A mean fel- 
low; = CAVEL. 

keb (kgb). To cast a still- 
born lamb ; lose a lamb, as 
a ewe ; also, a ewe that has 
lost her lamb. — to keb at, 
to refuse to suckle (a lamb). 

kebar (kgb'dr). Rafter. = 
C ARF R 

kebbie (kgb'I). A cudgel; 
club ; a rough walking stick. 

kebbuck, kebbock (kgt/- 
uk). A cheese, esp. a large 
one. 

keckle (kgk''l). Cackle; 
chuckle. 

keek (kek) . A peep ; to peep. 

keeking-glass (kek'In- 

glas'). A looking-glass. 

keekit (kek'It). Peeped. 

keel (kel). Red ocher ; rud- 
dle: also, to mark with 
keel, as sheep. 

keelivine (kel'I-vTn). A 
lead pencil ; — called also 
keelivine pen. 

kekle (kek''l). = KECKLE. 

kelpie, kelpy (kgl'pl). See 
in Vocab. 

kelty, keltie (kgl'tl). Fine 
of a bumper for not drink- 
ing fair ; — called also 
keltie's mends. 

kemp (kgmp). To strive or 
contend ; also, a champion ; 
a boid or uncouth fellow. 

kemple (kgm'p'l). A vary- 
ing measure for straw or 
hay, equal to about 400 
pounds. 

ken (ken). To know. — kend 
or kent, knew. 

kennin, kenning (kgn'In). 
Knowing ; recognition ; al- 
so, a small portion ; little. 

kenspeckle (ken'spgk'l). 
Conspicuous ; having a dis- 
tinctive appearance. 

kent (kent). A staff or pole 
used, esp. by shepherds, as 
a walking stick, in vaulting, 
etc. [cept. 

kep (kep). To catch ; inter- 1 

kercake (kar'kak') . = CAR- 
CAKE. 

kern, kerne (kern). A light- 
armed foot soldier ; a rus- 
tic ; vagabond. 

ket (ket). A fleece of wool. 

kiaugh (kyaK). Trouble; 
anxiety. 

killogie (klllog'I). The 
sheltered space before a 
kiln fireplace. 

kilt (kelt) . See in Vocab. 

kimmer (kgm'er) . = CUM- 
MER. 

kin' (kin). Kind. 

kind gallows (kin' gal'iis). 
The gallows at Crieff. 

king's hood. Reticulum of 
a cow or other ruminant. 

kinrick (kgn'rlk). King- 
dom. [Country. | 

kintra (kgn'trd), kintry.i 

kippage (kgp'aj). Disor- 
der ; confusion ; dilemma ; 
passion. 

kirk (kirk; kurk). Church. 

kirkyard ( klrk'yard'; 

kurk'-). Churchyard. 

kirn (kirn). Churn; last 
handful or sheaf reaped at 
the harvest ; harvest home. 

kirsen, kirsten (kQr'sen ; 
ku'-) . To christen ; baptize. 

kirstening (-In; Ing). 
Christening. [coffin. I 

kist (klst). A chest ; trunk ;| 

kitchen (klch'en). Any- 
thing eaten as a relish to 
other food, as butter, 
cheese, etc. ; also, to make 
palatable ; season ; be spar- 
ing of. — bread to bread 
is nae kitchen, it forms no 
enjoyment where individ- 
uals of only one sex asso- 
ciate. — hunger is gude 
k. , hunger is good sauce. 

kitchen fee. Meat drip- 
ping ; — so called as being a 
perquisite of the cook. 



kltling, kitlin (kgtlln). A 
young cat ; a kitten. 

kittle (kgf'l). To tickle; 
difficult ; ticklish ; also, to 
kitten ; generate ; raise. 

kiutle (kiit''l). To cuddle. 

kiver (kiv'er). Cover. 

knaggie (k'nag'I ; nag'I). 
Like points of rocks ; 
knobby ; knotty. 

knap (k'nap; nap). To 
strike 6martly ; rap ; clip ; 
speak affectedly ; esp. to 
affect to speak fine English. 

knappin hammer (k'nap'- 
In ; nap'-). A long-handled 
hammer for breaking stones. 

knave (k'nav ; nav). Man- 
servant ; lad ; miller's serv- 
ant. 

knave bairn. A male child. 

knaveship (k'nav'shgp: 

nav'-). A customary due of 
meal paid to the miller's 
servant. 

knibblach (k'nlb'ldK ; 

nib'-), knibbloch (-13k). 
A small stone ; lump ; knob ; 
swelling. 

knoit (k'noit ; noit). Knock. 

knowe, know (k'nou ; nou). 
A knoll or mound. 

knurl (k'nurl ; nQrl). A 
dwarf. 

krame (kram). = CRAME. 

kye (kl). Cows; kine. 

kylevine. See KEELIVINE. 

kyloe (ki'15). One of a 
breed of small black High- 
land cattle. 

kyte (kit). Belly; stomach. 

kythe (kith). To show; 
show one's self ; see ; ap- 
pear. 



lack (lak). To depreciate; 
slight. 

laddie (lad'I). Lad; male 
sweetheart ; — a term of 
endearment. 

laggin, laggen (lag'en). 
The angle between the side 
and the bottom of a wooden 
dish ; the bottom hoop of a 
hooped vessel ; in pi. , staves. 

laid (lad). Load. 

laigh, laich (15k). Low: 
also, a lowland ; a hollow. — 
laigh croft, low-lying croft. 

lair (lar ; lar) . Learning ; 
lore. 

lair. Mud ; quagmire ; also, 
to stick, sink, or wade, as in 
mud, snow, etc. 

laird (lard ; lard). Lord of a 
manor ; squire ; landhc-.'der. 

laist (last). Last. 

laith (lath). Loath ; loathe. 

laithfu" (lath'fdb). Bash- 
ful ; sheepish. 

laive (lav) . = LAVE, re- 
mainder. 

Lallan (lal'an). Belonging 
to the Lowlands ; also, the 
Lowland Scottish dialect ; 
in pi., the Lowlands. 

lambie (lam'I). Dim. of 
LAMB ; — a term of en- 
dearment. 

lameter, lamiter (lam'i- 
ter ; lam'-) . A lame person ; 
a cripple. 

lammer, lamer (lam'er). 
Amber. 

lamp (lamp). To beat ; also, 
to go quickly with long 
strides. 

lampet, lampit (lam'pet). 
A limpet. 

Ian' (Ian). Land. 

lan'-afore (lan'd-for'). The 
foremost horse on the un- 
plowed land side. 

lan'-ahin (lan'd-hin'). The 
hindmost horse on the un- 
plowed land side. 

land (Ian; land). Land; 
country ; a building having 
a common entry to several 
flats or tenements ; a tene- 
ment house. — Land o' 
Cakes, Scotland. — land o' 
the leal, realm of the 
blessed ; Heaven. 

landlouper (-loup'er). Run- 
agate ; vagrant. 

lane (Ian). Lone; alone.-— 
his lane, by himself ; him- 



M 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [J Foreign Word. + combined with, n equals 






N 



1120 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 







R 



U 



W 



X 



self alone. — my lane, 
their lane, etc., by myself, 
by themselves, etc. 

lanely (lan'li). Lonely. 

lang (lang) . Long ; along ; 
length ; tedium ; also, to 
long for ; homesickness. 

lang-kail. A kind of bore- 
cole ; a colewort not shorn. 

langsyne (lang'sln'). Long 
since ; long ago ; old times. 

lap (lap). Did leap ; leaped. 

lapper (lap'er). To coagu- 
late ; to curdle. 

lassie (las'i\ lassock (las'- 
wk), lassik (las'ik). A 
young girl ; lass ; — a term 
of endearment. 

lat (lat). Let. — lat be, 
let alone ; also, not to men- 
tion ; much less. 

latch (lach). Mud ; mire. 

lathron (latfe'rwn), lather- 
in, latheron. A lazy, idle 
person ; rogue ; blackguard; 
also, lazy ; slovenly. 

lauch (laK). Laugh ; law. 

lave (lav) . The rest ; the re- 
mainder ; the others. 

laverock, lavrock (lav'- 
rwk). The lark. 

la wing (16'in), la win. A 
reckoning, or bill, at a 
tavern. 

lawlan (lo'ldn) . Lowland. 

layne (Ian) . To hide ; con- 
ceal ; keep secret ; disguise. 

lea'e (le). To leave. 

leaguer lady (leg'er la'dT). 
A female camp follower. 

leal (lei) . Loyal ; true ; 
faithful. 

lear (lar ; ler) . To learn ; 
learning ; (le'er) a liar. 

lea rig (le) . A grassy ridge ; 
a ridge left unplowed. 

led farm. A farm held with 
another, and on which the 
tenant does not reside. 

leddy (led'i). A lady. 

lee (le). Lie. 

lsein (le'in). Lying. 

leelane (le'lanO, leefu'lane 
(le'f db-lanO . All alone ; 
quite solitary. 

leelang (le'langO. Livelong. 

leesome (le'swm). Pleasant. 
— leesome lane, quite 
alone. 

leevin (lev'in ; lev'-), leev- 
ing. Living. 

leeze me (lez' me). A phrase 
of congratulatory endear- 
ment ; I am happy in thee, 
or proud of thee. 

leglen (leg'l&i) leglin 
(-lin). Milk pail. 

leglen girth. The lowest 
hoop of a milk pail. — to 
cast a leglen girth, to 
bear an illegitimate child. 

leister (les'ter ; les'ter) . A 
pronged fish spear. 

len (len). Lend. 

let a- be (let d-be) . Let alone. 

leuch, leugh (Iuk). 
Laughed. 

leuk (luk). Look. [ning.l 

leven (lev'en) levin. Light-| 

libbet (leb'et). Gelded. 

licht (leKt). Light ; also, to 
lighten ; to alight. 

lichtsome (leKt'swm). Nim- 
ble ; cheerful ; merry ; glad- 
some. 

lichwake (lich'wak; leu/-). 
The night watch kept over 
a corpse. 

lift (left). The sky. [er.| 

lifter (left'er). Cattle steal- 1 

lightly (leKt'li). To treat 
lightly ; sneer at ; disparage. 

likewake (Hk'wakO- = 
LICHWAKE. 

limmer (lum'er) . A low fel- 
low ; rascal ; hussy, [rope.l 

ling (ling; leng). A line ;| 

link (lenk). To trip along; 
to do anything smartly and 
quickly. 

links (lenks). The windings 
of a river ; the ground along 
such a winding. 

linn, lin (len). A waterfall ; 
a precipice ; a pool above, 
or at the base of, a fall. 

lint (lent). Flax. — lint i' 
the bell, flax in flower. 

lintwhite (lent'hwlt). The 
linnet. 



lip (lup). To notch the edge 
of a sword, knife, etc. ; to 
fill in the chinks of. 

lippen (liip'en) . To trust or 
intrust ; rely upon ; trust 
to ; expect. 

lippit (lfip'it). Notched. 

Hppy, lippie (liip'i). The 
fourth part of a peck. 

list (lest) . Agile ; active. 

lith (leth). A joint or mem- 
ber ; — often in the phrase 
lith and limb ; a section or 
division, as of an orange ; a 
ring round the base of a 
cow's horn. 

lither (leth'er). Slothful; 
lazy ; also, supple ; agile. 

loan (Ion). A lane. _ 

loanin, loaning (lon'in). A 
lane ; an open space where 
cows are milked. 

loch (Iok). A lake ; a bay or 
arm of the sea. 

lochan (ldK'dn). A small 
loch ; a pond. 

lock (16k). A small quan- 
tity ; a handful or armful, 
as of hay. [love.l 

lo'e, loo (loo). Love; to| 

loof, luif (lobf; lQf). The 
palm of the hand. — out- 
side of the loof, back of 
the hand. 

loom (loom ; lum). An im- 
plement ; utensil ; a vessel. 

loon, loun (loon). A lout ; 
rascal ; lad ; rustic ; loose 
woman. 

loop (loop). A bend of a 
river, lake, or glen. 

loopy (loop'!). Crafty ; de- 
ceitful ; cunning ; sly. 

loosome (loo'swm). Love- 
some. 

loot (lut). Did let. 

looten (lQt'en). Permitted. 

looves (loovz ; luvz). Plural 
of LOOF. 

losh (losh). Exclamation of 
wonder, surprise, or admi- 
ration. 

loun. = LOON. 

loun (loon). = LOWN, 
calm. 

lounder (loon'der). A se- 
vere blow ; also, to beat se- 
verely. 

loup (loup). Leap. 

louping ill (loup'm ul). 
Leaping evil ; — a disease 
among sheep. 

louping-on-stane, a horse 
block. 

loup-the-dyke. Lit., leap 
the fence ; hence, not keep- 
ing in bounds ; giddy ; unset- 
tled. 

lout (lout). To bend ; bow ; 
stoop. 

louther (looth'er). To be 
involved in mire or snow ; 
to walk or work with diffi- 
culty. 

low, lowe (lou). Flame; 
blaze ; glow ; light. 

lown (loun). Calm; quiet; 
sheltered. 

lowp. = LOUP. 

lowse (lous) . Lose ; loose. 

lucky, luckie (luk'i). A 
woman, esp. an elderly 
woman ;grandmother ;mid- 
wife ; wife ; mistress ; — a 
term of familiar address. — 
lucky dad or daddy 
(dad'i), a grandfather. — 
lucky minnie, a grand- 
mother. 

lucky. Ample ; full; overfull. 

lug (lug) . The ear ; a handle. 

lugget (liig'et). Having a 
handle. 

luggie (liig'i). A small 
wooden pail or dish with a 
handle. 

luif (loof; luf). = LOOF, 
palm of the hand. 

lum (lum). The chimney. 

lunch (lunch), luncheon 
(liin'chwn). A large piece, 
as of cheese, meat, etc. ; a 
hunk. 

lunt (lunt) . A slow match ; 
a link, or torch ; smoke, esp. 
of a pipe ; hot vapor ; also, 
to kindle ; light ; smoke. 

lyard, lyart (IT'erd ; ll'ert) . 
Gray or streaked with 
gray ; variegated. 



M 



To 
a 



maccabaw (mak'd-b6). 

Maccaboy ; — a kind of 
snuff. 

mae, ma (ma). More. 

magg, mag (mag), 
steal ; a half-penny 
small perquisite. 

mahoun (md-hobn'). Satan; 
— chiefly in Auld Mahoun. 

mail, maill (mal; mal). 
Payment ; rent ; tribute ; 
tax. 

mailman (-man). One who 
pays rent ; a tenant. 

mail payer. A rent payer, 
esp. a farmer. 

mailing, mailen (mal'en), 
mailin (mal'in). A rented 
farm. 

main (man). Moan. 

mains (manz ; manz). The 
farm attached to a parson- 
age house. 

mair (mar). More. 

maist (mast; mast). Most; 
almost. 

maister (mas'ter ; mas'-) . 
Master. [ful.l 

maisterfu' (-fob). Master- 1 

maistery (-1). Mastery. 

maistly (-li). Mostly. 

major (ma'jer). To assume 
pompous airs ; swagger ; 
bully. 

mak (mak). To make. 

malt ale nt (mal'tal-ent) . Ill 
will ; malice. 

mammock (mam'wk). A 
fragment ; scrap. 

man (man ; man). = 
MAUN, must. 

mane (man). Moan. 

mang (mang). Among. 

manna (man's). Must not. 

mans wear (man'swar'). To 
forswear ; renounce ; com- 
mit perjury. 

mansworn (man'swSrn') . 
Perjured. [tle.l 

manteel(man-tel'). Aman-| 

manty (man'ti). Mantua 
silk ; a mantle. 

marl, marie (marl). Mar- 
vel ; also, to mottle ; vari- 
egate. 

marrow (mar'o). To match ; 
join ; associate ; marry ; al- 
so, a mate ; match ; equal ; 
one of a pair ; spouse ; lover. 

Mar's year (marz). The 
year 1715 ; — so called from 
the Earl of Mar, who head- 
ed the Pretender's army in 
Scotland. 

mart (mart). A beef for 
slaughter ; any meat salted 
down for winter. 

masel (md-sel'). Myself. 

maslin (mas'lin), mashlin 
(mash'lin), mashlum 

(-lum) . Mixed grain ; a mix- 
ture. 

mask (mask). Mesh; also, 
to mash, as salt, etc. ; in- 
fuse. 

masking (mask'in). Mash- 
ing. — masking fat (fat), 
a mash tub. — m. pat or pot 
(pat), a teapot. 

mathe (math) . A grub : 
maggot. [malkin.[ 

maukin (mo'kin). A hare ;| 

maun (mon). Must. 

maunna (m5n'nd; m6n'-). 
Must not. 

maut (mot). Malt. 

maw (mo). To mow. 

mawkin (mok'in). Malkin. 

mawn (mon). Mowed. 

maze (maz) . Daze ; amaze. 

mealtide (mel'tld'). Meal- 
time ; a meal ; a cow's yield 
at one milking. _ 

mear, meer (mer). Mare. 

mease (mez). To calm ; ap- 
pease. 

meg Dorts (meg dorts). A 
saucy or pettish wench. 

meikle (me'k'l). = 

MICKLE. [Maggot.l 

meith, meath (meth).| 

meith (meth). A land- 
mark ; boundary ; seamark. 

melder (mel'der). Quantity 
of meal, esp. of oats, ground 
at one time ; meal just 
ground ; fig., a large quan- 
tity or number. 



mell (mSl). To mbr . join ; 
meddle ; interpose , also, a 
mallet. 

melteth (mel'teth), mel- 
tith. = MEALTIDE. 

melvie (mel'vi). To cover 
or soil with meal. 

men' (men). To mend. 

mends (mendz). Amends. 
— to the mends, over and 
above.. 

mense (mens). Good man- 
ners ; grace ; propriety ; or- 
nament. 

mensefu' (mens'fob). Man- 
nerly ; becoming ; courteous. 

menseless (mens'les). Un- 
mannerly ; ill-bred ; rude ; 
impudent. 

menyie, menzie (men'yi). 
Household ; train ; retinue. 

Mess (mes). Mass. 

messan (mes'dn), messin 
(-in) . A lapdog ; cur ; — also 
used in contempt of persons. 

micht (meKt). Might. 

michty (meK'ti). Mighty. 

mickle (mek''l). Great; 
much ; also, a large amount. 

mightna (meict'nd). Might 
not. 

mim (mem). Affectedly shy 
or modest ; demure, [pose. I 

min' (mm)_. Mind ; pur-j 

mind't (mint). Minded; 
resolved ; intended. 

minnie (men/i). Mother. 

mint (ment). To intend; 
aim ; attempt ; endeavor ; 
feign ; suggest ; hint at ; 
mimic ; also, an aim ; at- 
tempt ; blow ; feint. 

mird (merd). To meddle; 
attempt ; fawn upon ; coax. 

mirk (merk). Dark; ob- 
scure ; murk. — pit mirk, 
pitch dark. 

mirligo (mer'li-go). Dizzi- 
ness ; vertigo. 

misca' (mis-ko'). To "abuse ; 
call names : miscall. 

mischieve (mis-chgv'). Tp 
injure ; hurt. 

misguggle (mis-gug''l) . To 
handle roughly ; spoil ; mar. 

misken (mis-ken'). To ig- 
nore ; fail to recognize ; 
overlook. 

mislear (mis-ler'). To lead 
astray ; misguide ; misin- 
form. 

misleared (mis-lerf). Ill- 
taught ; ill-bred ; unman- 
nerly ; mischievous. 

mislippen (mis-liip'en). To 
delude ; neglect ; disap- 
point ; suspect. 

misluck (mis-luk'). Mis- 
fortune ; also, to experi- 
ence misfortune. 

misred, misrid (mis-red'). 
Entangled : confused. 

misset (mis-set'). To put 
out of sorts ; displease. 

mister (mis'ter). Need; 
necessity. [took.| 

misteuk (mis-tuk'). Mis-j 

mistryst (mis-trist'). To 
fail to keep a tryst with ; 
perplex : confuse ; frighten. 

mither (metb'er). Mother. 

mixty-maxty (meks'tl 

maks'ti). Tumbled togeth- 
er ; confused ; also, a jum- 
ble ; confusion. 

mizzle (miz''l). To speckle. 

mizzles (miz''lz). Measles. 

mo (mo). More. 

moggan (mog'dn). A foot- 
less stocking ; stocking ; a 
closely fitting knit sleeve ; 
in pi., legs. 

moistif y (moist'i-fi) . To 
moisten. [Many.l 

mony, jnonie (mon'i).j 

mool (mool). Mold ; soil ; a 
grave, or its earth ; also, to 
bury ; crumble. 

mools (moolz). Chilblains. 

moop (moop). = MOUP. 

moor evil, moor ill. Dysen- 
tery in sheep and cattle, at- 
tributed to lying on cold 
moors. [misty. I 

mooth (muth). Foggy ;| 

morn (morn ; mSrn). — the 
morn, to-morrow. 

morning. A dram taken be- 
fore breakfast ; also, a 
slight meal before breakfast. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; na(nre, verdure (87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1121 



mort (m6rt ; mSrt) . The 
skin of a sheep that dies of 
disease or mischance. 

moss hags (mos' hagz) . Pits 
and sloughs in a mire or 
bog, esp. where peat has 
been cut. 

mottie, motty (mSt'T). 
Full of or resembling 
motes ; dusty ;_tiny. 

mou, mow (moo). Mouth ; 
in pi., jests._ 

moudie (moo'di ; mou'-). A 
mole ; mole catcher. 

moudiwarp (moo'di-warp ; 
mou'di-), moudiwart 

(-wart), moudiwort 
(-wQrt), moldwarp 
(m5ld'-). _A mole. 

xnoul (mool). = MOOL, 
mold. 

mouls, mowls (moolz). = 
MOOLS. 

moup, moop (moop). To 
nibble ; keep company with. 

mousie (moos'i). Dim. of 
MOUSE. 

mow. = MOU. 

moyen (moi'en). Means; 
influence ; course ; way ; 
also, to bring about. 

muckle ( muk''l ). = 

MICKLE. 

mudge (rniij). Stir; rumor. 

mug, mugg (mug). A breed 
of sheep with thick coats 
of wool. [mold. I 

muil (miil). = MOOL, I 

muils (miilz). Slippers; 
cloth or list shoes. 

muir (miir). A moor. 

muir poot. A young grouse. 

multure (mul'tur). The 
toll or fee for the grinding 
of grain at a mill. — dry 
multure, toll paid to a 
mill whether grain is ground 
at it or not, as when land is 
subject to thirlage. 

mump (mump). To hint ; to 
aim at. 

munt (munt). Mount. 

murgeon (mur'jwn). Gri- 
mace ; grumbling ; also, to 
mock ; makes faces ; grum- 
ble. 

muslin kail (muz'lin kal). 
Broth made with shelled 
barley and greens. 

musted (mdos'ted ; -tit). 
Powdered. 

mutch (much). A woman's, 
esp. an old woman's, linen 
or muslin cap ; an infant's 
cap ; a man's nightcap. 

mutchkin (miich'kin). A 
liquid measure equal to 
three-fourths of an imperial 
pint. 

mysell (mi-sSl'), ma'sell 
(md-sel'). Myself. 



N 



na (na ; nd) . No ; not ; nor. 

nae (na). No ; none ; not._ 

naething, naithing (na'- 
thing) ._ Nothing. 

naig (nag) . A nag ; a horse. 

nain (nan). Own. 

nainsell (nan-sel') . Ownself . 

nane (nan). None. 

nappy (nap'I). Ale ; of liq- 
uors, strong ; heady ; also, 
somewhat intoxicated ; 
tipsy. [nearly.! 

nar (nar). Nearer; near ;| 

nashgob (nash'gob'), nash- 
gab (-gab')- Impertinent 
chatter ; an impudent gos- 
sip. 

near-hand (ner'hand'). 
Near at hand ; nearly ; al- 
most ; near. 

nebbit (neb'it). Having a 
beak or nose ; nebbed. 

neebor (ne'ber). A neighbor. 

needna (ned'nd). Need not. 

neep (nep). Turnip. 

ne'er-be-lickit (ner'be-le'k/- 
lt). Nothing which could 
be licked up by dog or cat ; 
absolutely nothing. 

neeve (hev). = NIEVE. 

neeze, neese (nez). Sneeze. 

negleckit (neg-lek'It) . Neg- 
lected, [next.j 

neist (nest ; nest). Nighest ;| 

neuk (nuk ; nydbk). Nook ; 



nevel (neV'l) . A fisticuff ; 
also, to beat with the fists. 

nevoy (nev'i). Nephew. 

newcal (nG'k'l), newcald 
(-k'ld). Newly calved. 

nicher (neic'er). Neigh; 
laugh. = NICKER. 

nick (nlk- nek). A score; 
cut ; cleft ; click ; rap ; 
smart blow. 

nicker (n?K'er). Neigh; 
laugh ; snigger. 

nicknacket (nek'nak-St). 
Trinket ; knickknack. 

nickstick (nek'stik). A 
notched_ stick ; tally. 

niest (nest; nest). Next. 

nieve (nev) . Fist ; hand. 

nievefu' (nev'fdb). Handful. 

nieyie -nievie - nick - nack 

(nev'i-nev'i-mk'nak') . A 

child's choosing game using 

these words: 

" Nievie-nievie-nick-nack, 

Which hand will you tak ? 

Tak the right, tak the 

wrang, 
I'll beguile you if I can." 

niffer (nef 'er) . Exchange ; 
barter. 

niff-naffy (nif'naf'i), niffy- 
nafly (nif'i-naf'i.). Tri- 
fling ; fussy ; finical. 

niger (ne'ger). Negro. 

night cowl (next' kool). A 
nightcap ; cowl. 

nit (net). A nut ; hazelnut. 

no (no). Not. 

nocht (noKt). Nought. 

noit (noit). = KNOIT. 

noo (noo). Now. 

nor (nor). Than. 

norland (nor'ldnd ; -Ian). 
Northland ; north country- 
man. 

norlander (-er). Northener. 

notet (not'it). Noted. 

notour (n5'tor). Open ; no- 
torious. 

nourice (noo'ris). Nurse. 

nowt (nout) . Ox ; block- 
head ; lout ; in pi., cattle ; 
black cattle. 



o 



o' (5). Of. 

ochone (3K-on'). Alasl 

ocht (5Kt). Ought. 

od! odd! (Sd). A minced 
oath ; — corruption of God. 

odd-come-shortly. Some 
(indefinite) time not far off. 

oe (oi).= OY, grandchild. 

o'er-word (ou'er-wfird' ; 
or'-). Overword ; refrain. 

off co me (Sf'kum' ; -kom'). 
Outcome ; excuse ; evasion. 

ohon (6-hon'). Alas! 

oncome (on'kum' ; -komO- 
A calamity ; attack of dis- 
ease ; mysterious malady ; 
heavy fall, as of snow. 

onding (on'deng). A heavy 
fall of rain or snow. 

onfall (on'fol'; -f6'). An 
attack. = ONCOME. 

onstead (on'sted). A farm- 
stead ; homestead. 

ony, onie (on'I). Any. 

oo, ou (oo). Wool. 

oor (oor). Our. [selves. I 

oorsels (oor-selz') . Our-| 

oot (oot). Out. 

or (or) . Ere ; before ; than. 

ordinar (ord'ndr) . Ordinary. 

orra (or'd). Odd; not 
matched ; occasional ; un- 
employed ; petty ; paltry. 

ort (5rt). To eject; select. 

o't (6t)^_ Of it. 

ourie (oo'ri). Dingy ; droop- 
ing ; melancholy ; cold. 

oursel (oor-sel'). Ourself. 

oursels (-selz'). Ourselves. 

outby, outbye (oot'bl 7 ; 
out'-) . Without ; a little 
way out ; at a short dis- 
tance ; outdoors. 

outcast (oot'kast ; out'-). A 
quarrel._ 

outler (oot'ler' ; out'-). An 
animal left unhoused ; per- 
son out of_ employment. 

outshot (oot'shof ;out'-). A 
projecting part of a build- 
ing ; also, outlying land. 

outsight (oot'sit' ; out'-). 
Goods or implements for 
outdoor use. 



outtak (oot'tak). Except; 
besides. 

overby (G'ver-bT' ; 6'er-bT' ; 
or'bl'). A little way over ; 
across the way. 

overcome (-kSm'). Surplus ; 
overwhelming attack or 
shock ; outcome ; refrain ; 
a coming over or across. 

overgang (-gang'). Over- 
come ; transgress ; exceed ; 
overrun ; overspread. 

overloup (-loup') . A tres- 
pass or transgression. 

overly (-11). Excessively; 
too ; incidentally. 

ower (ou'er ; o'er ; or) . Over. 

owerbye (ou'er-bT'; 5'er- ; 
or'-). = OVERBY. 

owercome (-kSm'). = 

OVERCOME. 

owergang (-gang'). = 

OVERGANG. 

ower hip (-hep). A way of 
fetching a blow with the 
hammer over the arm. 

owerlay, o'erlay (-15). A 
cravat ; covering. [LOUP.I 

owerloup (-loupO . = OVER-| 

owersman ( ou'erz-man ; 
o'erz-) . Overseer ; superin- 
tendent ; umpire. 

owerta'en ( ou'er-tan' ; 

o'er-). Overtaken. 

ower word (-werd). Over- 
word ; refrain. 

owk (dbk). Week. 

owsen (ou'sen ; -zen). Oxen. 

oxter (oks'ter). Armpit. 

oy, oye (oi). Grandchild. 



pace (pas; pas). Easter; 
Pasch. [miliar ; tame.] 

pack (pak). Intimate; fa-[ 

paddock (pad'wk). A frog. 

padle (pa'd'l). Hoe. 

paidle (pa'd'l). Paddle; 
also, hoe ; spud. 

paik (pak; pak). To beat; 
strike ; pommel ; also, a 
stroke ; blow ; thump. 

painch (pansh; pansh). 
Paunch. 

pairt (part). Part, [tridge.l 

pairtrick (par'trik) . A par-| 

palmer (pa'mer). To wan- 
der about like a palmer • 
stroll. 

pang (pang). To cram ; 
stuff ; also, full ; crammed ; 
stuffed. 

p antler (pant'ler). Keeper 
of the pantry. 

parle (pari) . Speech ; talk. 

paraffle, parafle (pd-ra'f'l). 
Ostentatious display. 

paraitch, parritch (par'- 
Ich). Porridge. — parritch 
time, breakfast time. 

parochin, parochine (par'- 
WK-In). A parish. 

partan (par'tdn). The com- 
mon sea crab {Cancer pagu- 
rus). [pot. I 

pat (pat). _To put; also, a| 

patrick (pa'trik), partrick 
(per'trik). A partridge. 

pattle (paf'l). A long-han- 
dled spud ; plowstaff. 

paughty, pauchty (po'ti ; 
paK'- ; pok'-) . Proud ; 

haughty ; insolent. [wile. 

pawk, pauk (pok). Trick or| 

pawky, pauky (pok'i). 
Arch ; cunning ; sly ; wily ; 
shrewd ; proud j forward. 

pearling, pearhn (perl'in). 
Lace made of silk or thread ; 
in pi., trimmings or edgings 
of this ; clothes trimmed 
with pearling. 

peaseweep (pez'wep). = 
PEESWEEP. 

peat (pet). A pet ; favorite ; 
also, peat. — peat hagg, a 
hole or slough where peat 
has been dug. 

pech (peK). Breath; pant; 
heavy sigh ; also, to breathe 
heavily ; pant. 

pechan (peK'dn). Stomach ; 
gullet ; crop. [hawker. 

pedder (ped'er). Peddler ;| 

peeble (pe'b'l). A pebble. 

peel (pel). A pool; also, a 
stronghold. See in Vocab. 

peenge (penj). To com- 
plain ; whine. 



peer (per). Poor ; also, to be 
equal, or rank equally . 
also, a pear. 

peerie, peery (pe'rl). A peg 
top ; also, inquisitive ; sus- 
picious ; sharp. 

peesweep, peaseweep (pez'- 
wep). The lapwing. 

peety (pe'tl). Pity. 

pegh (p?K). = PECH. 

Peght (peKt). A Pict. 

pellock (pfl'dk), pellack 
(pgl'wk) . A porpoise ; in old 
Scotch, a bullet -pellet. 

pennystone (pen^i-ston'), 
pennystane (-stan'). A 
flat, circular stone used as a 
quoit ; also, the game (pen- 
nystones or pennystanes) 
played with these. 

penny wheep (hwep) or 
whip. Small beer. 

pensy (pen's!). Pensive; 
proud ; conceited ; peevish. 

pettle (pef'l). To cherish ; 
indulge ; treat as a pet ; 
also, a plowstaff. 

philabeg (fll'd-beg). The 
Highland kilt ; filibeg. 

phrase (fraz). Flattery; 
also, to flatter ; cajole. 

phrasing (fraz'Ing; -in). 
Flattery ; fair speech. 

pibroch (pe'brSK). High- 
land bagpipe music. 

pick (pSk). Pitch. — pick 
mirk, dark as pitch. 

pickle (p5k''l). A grain (of 
corn) ; a little ; a bit (of 
something) ; — used with- 
out of; also, to pick ; peck ; 
nibble ; piddle ; pilfer. — to 
pickle in, or out of, one's 
ane poke nook or pock 
neuk, to depend on one's 
own exertions. 

pickmaw (pek'mo). A 

small sea gull, esp., a black- 
headed gull (LariLs ridibun- 
dus). 

pictarn, pictarnie (p5k- 
tar'ni). The common tern. 

piet (pT'et). A magpie; 
water ouzel. 

pig (peg). An earthernware 
vessel, as a jar, pitcher, or 
pot ; a potsherd. [select.] 

pike (pik). To pick ; cull ;| 

pilliwinks (pQl'i-wflnks). 
An old instrument of tor- 
ture for the thumbs and 
fingers L 

pine (pin). Pain; woe. 

pinge (penj). = PEENGE. 

pingle (pin'g'l ; peng''l). To 
strive, esp. for a living ; 
trifle, esp. with one's food ; 
also, a struggle ; an effort. 

pinnywinkles (pen'i-wun'- 
k'lz). See PILLIWINKS. 

pint (pint). A liquid mea- 
sure equal to about three 
imperial pints. 

pioted (pi'wt-ed). Piebald. 

pipestapple (pTp'stapH). A 
pipestem ; the grass (Cyno- 
surus cristalus) used for 
cleaning pipes. 

pirn (purn ; pirn). A bob- 
bin ; the reed or quill bob- 
bin in a weaver's shuttle ; 
the reel of a fishing rod. 

pit (pet). To put. [ard. 

placad (plak'dd ; -at). Plac- 

plack (plak). An old Scottish 
copper coin, equal to one- 
third of an English penny. 

plackless (plak'l£s). Penni- 
less ; poor. 

plaid (plad). See in Vocab. 

plaiden (plad'en). Kind of 
coarse woolen cloth. 

plainstones (plan'stonzO, 
plainstanes(-st$nz / ). Flag- 
stones ; sidewalks. 

platie(pla'tT). Asmallplate. 

plenish (plen'ish). To fill 
up ; furnish. 

plenishing (-Tng ; -in). Fur- 
niture : stock. 

pleu (plu). pleuch, pleugh 
(pluK). A plow. 

plie (pll). Fold ; plait ; ply. 

plisky (pl?s'kl). A trick; 
frolic ; plight. 

pliver (plgv'er). Plover. 

plot (pl5t). To scald ; burn ; 
scorch. 

plotty (plSt'T). A hot 
drink, as mulled wine. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc,, precede Vocabulary. J| Foreign Word.. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1122 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 







P 



R 



U 



V 



W 



X 



plout (plout). = PLOT. 

ploy (ploi). Some action or 
proceeding ; esp., a pastime, 
sport, or frolic. 

pluf! (pluf). A puff; blast; 
shot ; also, to puff ; shoot ; 
explode. [bag.| 

pock (pok), poke. Pouch ;j 

pock-neuk (pok'nydbk' ; 
-nuk/). pock-nook (-nook' ; 
-nook') . Bottom corner of a 
bag. 

pockmanty (pok-man'ti). 
Portmanteau. 

poind (poind). To distrain ; 
impound, as cattle ; also, 
distraint. [polonaise. 

polony (po-lo'ni). A boy's| 

pone (pon). A thin turf. 

poo (pob^. To pull. 

pook (pook). To pluck or 
pull, as a fowl. 

pookit (pobk'it). Plucked; 
starved-looking ; shabby. 

poorfu' (pdor'fdo). Power- 
ful. 

poor-man-of-mutton. The 
broiled remains of a roast 
shoulder of mutton, [erty.l 

poortith (pobr'tlth). Pov- 

poot. =_ POUT. 

pose (poz). A hoard ; secret 
treasure ;_also, to hoard. 

posie (po'zi). Nosegay; 
posy. 

pottingar (pot'in-gdr). An 
apothecary. 

pottinger (-jer). A cook. 

pou (poo). To pull. 

pouch (pouch; pooch). 
Pocket 

pouk (pook). = POOK. 

poupit (poop'it)._Pulpit. 

pouse, pouss (poos). Push. 

poussie (poos'i). A hare; 
pussy. 

pout (pobt) . A poult ; chick ; 
young child ; young part- 
ridge or moor fowl ; also, to 
shoot young grouse or part- 
ridges. 

pou't (poot). Pulled. 

pouter (poot'er). To poke ; 
stir ; potter. [der. 

pouther (poc/fcber). . Pow-| 

pouthered (-therd). Pow- 
dered ; corned ; slightly 
salted. 

poutry(poo'tri). Poultry. 

pow (po ; pou). The poll; 
the head ; also, a pool. 

powney, pownie, powny 
(po'ni). A pony. 

powsowdy (po'so'di), -sod- 
dy (-sod'i). Sheep's-head 
broth ; milk and meal 
boiled together ; any in- 
congruous mixture. 

powter (pou'ter). = POUT- 
ER, [der. I 

powther (poo'fcher). Pow-j 

pratty (prat'I). Pretty. 

preceese (pre-ses' ; -ses'). 
Precise. [prove.! 

pree (pre). To taste ; try ;| 

preef (pref). Proof. 

preen (pren). A pin; 
brooch ; hook ; also, to 
sew ; pierce ; pin. 

prent (prent). Print. 

prestable (pres'td-b'l). Pay- 
able ; available for pay- 
ment. 

prick- me-dainty (prgk'-me- 
dan'ti). Affectedly nice or 
finical. 

prie (pre). = PREE. 

prief (pref). Proof. 

prig (preg) . To haggle ; 
bargain hard ; entreat. 

primsie (prim'zi). Prim ; 
demure. [vulge. 

propale (pro- pal'). To di-| 

propine (pro-pen' ; -pin). A 
gift ; drink money ; dis- 
posal ; also, to pledge in 
drinking ; present ; pro- 
pitiate. 

provo (pro'vo). Provost. 

pu' (pdb). To pull. 

puckle (puk''l). = PICKLE. 

puddings (piid'inz). Intes- 
tines ; sausages. [DOCK.! 
puddock (pfid'wk) . = PAD-1 
puir (pur). Poor. 
pun (pirn), pund (piind). 

Pound, 
pupit (pobp'it). A pulpit, 
pussy (pdos'i). A hare. 



put on (pet ' on; put on). 
Clothed ; dressed. 

putt (piit). To throw a 
heavy stone from the shoul- 
der, as in putting the 
stone, an old Scottish ath- 
letic exercise. 

pyat (pi'at), pyet (pT'et), 
pyot (pl'wt). = PIET. 

pyke (pik). To pick. 

pyket (plk'gt) . Picked ; 
emaciated. 

pyle (pil). A single grain. 



quaich, quaigh (kwaic). A 
small shallow drinking cup 
with two ears for handles. 

quat (kwat). To quit. 

quate (kwat). Quiet. 

quean (kwen). A young wo- 
man ; lass. The term, like 
the English wench, is some- 
times used jocularly, though 
oftener disrespectfully. _ 

queery- madam (kwer'i- 
mad'am). A variety of pear. 

quegh. = QUAICH. 

quern (kwurn ; kern). A 
grain. 

quey (kwa). A heifer. 

quire (kwir). Choir. 

quo' (kwo). Quoth. 



R 



rabble (rab''l). To babble, 
mouth, or gabble ; work 
hastily or carelessly. 

rack (rak) . To heed ; reck. 

rackle (rak''l). Rattle ; clat- 
ter ; clank ; also, head- 
strong ; reckless, [fear. I 

rad (rad). Afraid ; also to| 

rade (rad). Rode. 

rae (ra). Roe. 

raible (ra'b'l). = RABBLE. 

rail (ral). A woman's jacket. 

raip (rap). A rope ; rood. 

rair (rar). Roar. [roar.l 

raird (rard). Clamor ; noise ;| 

raise (raz). Rose; arose. 

raise, raize (raz). To make 
angry or excited ; madden. 

ramfeezl'd (ram-fez'1'd). 
Worn out ; exhausted. 

rammel (ram''l). Brush- 
wood ; refuse matter : 
mixed grain. [page.f 

rampauge(ram-poj'). Ram-| 

ram-stam ( ram'stam' ). 
Reckless; headstrong ; 
thoughtless ; also, reckless- 
ly ; headlong. 

rand (rand). Border ; edge ; 
margin ; strip ; selvage. 

randy, randie (ran'di). Ill- 
mannered ; coarse ; aggres- 
sively vulgar ; also, a stur- 
dy beggar ; virago. 

rannel (ran''l), or randie 
(-d'l) tree. A bar in an open 
fireplace to support pot- 
hooks, [cation. I 

rant (rant). A noisy jollifi-| 

rape (rap). Rope; rood. 

raploch (rap'loic). Coarse; 
rough ; also, a coarse, un- 
dyed, woolen cloth. 

rarely (rar'li). Excellently. 

rase (raz). Rose (pret. of 
rise) . 

rash (rash). The rush. 

rashbush ( rash'bdosh/ ) , 
rashbuss (-bobs') . = 
RUSHBUSH. [early.] 

rath (rath). Ready ; quick ;| 

ratton, ratten (rat'wn). A 
rat. 

raucle (r6'k'l).= RACKLE. 

raught (roKt). Reached. 

rave (rav). Tore. 

ravel (ra'v'l). To entangle ; 
confuse ; speak disconnec- 
tedly : ramble. 

raw (ro) . A row. 

rax (raks) . To stretch ; 
reach ; strain. 

reak (rek). A prank. 

ream (rem). Cream; also, 
to skim the cream from : 
froth ; overflow. [frothy. f 

reamy (rem'i). Creamy ;| 

reave (rev). Rove. 

reave, reeve (rev). To rob ; 

ravage ;_plunder. 
reaver (rev'er) . Freebooter ; 

robber. 
rebute (re-biit'). Rebuke; 
repulse j rebuff. 



redd (red) . To deliver ; res- 
cue ; free, as from trouble, 
loss, etc. ; extinguish ; clear 
or clean ; make tidy ; put in 
order ; free from ; settle, as 
a quarrel ; separate, as op- 
ponents. 

redd. = REDE, counsel. 

redder (red'er). One who 
redds ; one who tries to 
settle a quarrel or part 
combatants. — redder's 
blow or lick. A blow re- 
ceived in trying to separate 
combatants. 

redding came (red'in 
kam). A large toothed 
comb. 

redding straik (strak). = 
REDDER'S BLOW. 

rede (red). Advice ; counsel ; 
also, to advise ; counsel ; 
also, afraid ; to fear. 

redshank (rSd'shank/). A 
Highlander ; — in derisive 
allusion to his bare legs. 

red-wat (red'wSt'). Blood- 
stained. 

red-wat-shod (-wSt-shSdO . 
Red wet-shod ; wading in 
blood. 

redwood, red-wud (red'- 
wdbdO. Stark mad. 

ree (re) . Wild ; crazy ; half 
drunk ; fuddled. 

reed (red). = REDE. 

reef. = RIEF. 

reek, reik (rek). Smoke. 

reeky, reekie (-1). Smoky. 

reem (rem). = REAM. 

reest (rest). To balk, as 
horses ; also, to cure or be 
cured by smoking, as fish. 

reesty (rest'i). Balky. 

reeve (rev). = REAVE, to 
rob. 

reif (ref). Robbery; plun- 
der. — reif randy, a 
sturdy beggar. 

reiffar (refer). = REAVER. 

reird (rerd). Clamor ; roar. 

reise (rez). = RICE. 

reist (rest). = REEST. 

remede, remeid (re-med'). 
Remedy ; redress. 

remuve (re"-miiv'). Remove. 

restrick (re-strek') . Restrict. 

rew (roo). Pity ; rue. 

rice (ns). Twig; branch; 
brushwood. 

richt (reKt). Right. 

rickle (rek>'l). A small rick 
or stack ; loose heap or pile ; 
lean animal or person. 

riding-days (rld'in-daz'). 
Days of hostile incursions 
on horseback. 

rief (ref). = REIF. 

riever (rev'er) . = REAVER. 

rig (reg) . A ridge ; a meas- 
ure of land ; the back of an 
animal. 

rig, rigg (reg). A wild ad- 
venture ; a dissipated frolic. 

rigging (reg'in). riggin, 
Back ; ridge ; roof. [tree.l 

rigging-tree (-tre'). Roof-| 

rin (ren). Run. 

rink (renk). A course; a 
race. See in Vocab. 

rinnin (ren'in). Running. 

rinthereout, rintherout 
(rgn'ther-dbt') . A vaga- 
bond ; vagrant. 

rip (rep). A handful of un- 
threshed corn. 

ripe (rip). To search ; ran- 
sack ; examine ; clean ; clear. 

ripple (rep^'l). Weakness 
in the back and loins ; kid- 
ney disease ; — often in pi. ," 
a rippling kame ; also, to 
scratch ; rip ; tear ; graze ; 
remove the seeds from 
(flax, etc.). — rippling 
kame (rgp'lTn kam), a 
comblike instrument for 
dressing flax. 

risk (rgsk). To make a 
crackling or grating sound. 

rit, ritt (rgt). To scratch; 
cut ; rip ; slit ; split ; tear ; 
pierce. 

rive (rTv) . A tear ; rent ; 
bite, as of food. 

rizzar (reVdr). To cure or 
dry in the sun ; also, drying, 
esp. by the heat of the sun ; a 
haddock so dried. 

rock (r5k). A distaff. 



rockin (rSk'^T). Spinning 
on the distaff ; a spinning 
"bee." 

rokelay (rok'e-15). A short 
cloak ; roquelaure. 

roon (roon). Round ; also, a 
border ; shred. [IT.I 

roopit (roop/it). = ROUP-| 

roose (rooz) . To praise ; ex- 
tol ; flatter. 

rooser (rooz'er). A boaster. 

roostit (roost'it). Rusted. 

roset (ro'zit). Resin. 

rottan (rot'an). A rat. 

roughie (riif'i ; ruK'i). 
Brushwood ; dried heath ; a 
torch ; a wick clogged with 
tallow. [per. I 

roun, round (roon) Whis-| 

roup (roup ; roop) . Auc- 
tion; disease of poultry; pip; 
also, hoarseness ; a cold. 

roupet (roup'et ; rodp'Bt), 
roupit (-it), roupy (-1). 
Hoarse. 

roupingwife (-in-wifO. A 
woman who traffics in goods 
purchased at auction. 

roupit, roupet (-it). Sold 
by auction. 

rousted (rdbst'it), rout 
(root). To roar; bellow; 
low ; snore ; also, a bellow- 
ing ; clamor ; uproar. 

routh ,(robth). Plenty: 
abundance. [tiful.[ 

routhy, routhie (-1) . Plen-| 

roving (rov'in). Raving; 
delirious ; in high spirits. 

row (rou). To roll; wrap; 
also, a roll. 

rowt, rowte (rout). Rout; 
roar. [rolled. 

row't (rout). Wrapped; 

rowth (routh). = ROUTH. 

royet (roit). Unruly; wild; 
mischievous ; of weather, 
rough or variable. 

rozet (ro'zlt). Rosin. 

rubbit (rtib'it). Robbed. 

ruckle (rflk'l). A heap of 
loose material ; a loose pile. 

rudas (roo'dds). An ugly 
foul-mouthed old hag ; a 
beldam ; also, coarse ; foul- 
mouthed. 

rug (rug). To pull ; wrench ; 
tear ; also, a jerk ; a tug ; a 
good bargain. 

rullion (rul'ywn). A shoe or 
sandal made of untanned 
leather ; a big rough-look- 
ing person or creature ; esp., 
a coarse, masculine woman. 

rund (rund). = RAND. 

rung (rung). Cudgel ; staff. 

runkle (rurjk''l). Wrinkle. 

runt (runt). An old cow ; an 
old, withered woman; 
trunk of a tree ; a hardened 
stem or stalk. 

ruse. = ROOSE. 

rushbush (rush'bdbsh/). A 
clump of rushes. 

ryke (rlk). Reach. 



sa (sa), sae. So. 

sab (sab) . Sob ; also, to 
settle ; subside. 

sack-doodle (sak-doo'd'l). 
To play on the bagpipe. 

sackless, saikless (sak'les ; 
sak'-) . Guiltless ; innocent ; 
harmless ; weak ; dispirited ; 
bashful. [softly.] 

saft (saft ; saft). Soft ; also.l 

sain (san). To cross (one's 
self) ; sanctify ; bless against 
evil influence. 

sair (sar) . Sore ; sorely ; a 
sore ; very much ; also, to 
serve ; treat ; fit ; suffice. 

sairly, sairlie (sar'li). Sore- 
ly, [silly ; sorry. I 

sairy, sairie (-1). Poor:| 

sakeless (sak'ISs). » SACK- 
LESS. 

sail (sal). Shall. 

saltfat (s6t'fat' ;sat'-). Salt- 
cellar. 

salvage (sav'dj). Savage. 

sane. = SAIN. 

sang (sang). Song. 

sap (sap) . Liquid taken with 
solid food ; a saphead. 

sark (sark). A shirt. 

sar kit (sar'kit). Provided 
with a shirt. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1123 



sauch (souk ; saK ; sok) . The 

sallow ; the broad-leaved 

willow. 
saucht, saught (soKt). Re- 
conciliation ; peace ; quiet ; 

ease. 
saul (s61) . Soul ; mettle. 
saulie (so'li). A hired 

mourner. w [on.l 

saumont (so'mwnt) . Salm-| 
saunt (sont). A saint. 
saurless (sor'les). Savorless, 
saut (sot). Salt, 
sautfat, sautfit (s6t'faf ; 

-fit'). = SALTFAT. 
saw (so) . To sow. 
sawn (son). Sown, 
sawt (sot). Salt. 
Bax (sales). Six. 
scaff (skaf). To provide 

(food) ; sponge ; wander 

about ; also, food. 
scaff -raff (skafraf). Riff- 
raff ; rabble. 
scaith (skath). Scathe, 
scaithless (-les). Scatheless. 
scald (skold ; skad). Scold. 
scale (skal). To scatter 

disperse. [want. 

scant (skant). Scarcity ; 
scart (skart). Scratch ; also, 

a puny or scrawny person ; 

a niggard, 
scart (skart), scarth 

(skarth) . The cormorant, 
scat (skat). Tax ; tribute. 
scath (skath). Injury ; loss ; 

damage ; scathe. 
scaud (skod) . To scald. 
scauff. = SCAFF. 
scaul (skol) , scauld (skold ; 

skad). Scold. 
scaup (skop). Scalp ; skull. 
scaur (skor). Scare ; also, a 

rocky eminence ; cliff ; scar, 
schelm (shelm), shelm. A 

rogue ; scoundrel, 
schule (shool). Shovel. 
sclaff (sklaf). To scuff or 

shuffle along ; scrape ; slap ; 

also, a slap ; a soft fall ; a 

thin shoe or slipper. 
sclate, sclat (sklSt). Slate, 
scomfish (skum'fish). = 

SCUM FISH. 
scone (skon). A flat round 

cake, often baked on a 

griddle. 
sconner (skiin'er). = SCUN- 
NER. 
scoup (skoop). To run; 

scamper ; skip ; leap. 
scour (skoor) . To flog ; 

beat ; also, a large draught, 

as of liquor ._ 
scout h (skooth). Room; 

range ; scope ; plenty. 
scouther (skout-h'er ; 

skooth'er). = SCOWDER. 
scowder (skoud'er; skood'- 

er). Burn; scorch; singe, 
scraich, scraigh (skraK). 

Screech, 
scrank (skrank), scranky 

(skrank'i). Thin ; scrawny, 
scraugh (skraK). Screech. 
screed (skred) . To tear ; 

say glibly ; reel off ; also, a 

rent ; fragment ; shred ; long 

tirade ; drink ; drinking 

bout, 
screigh (skreic). To screech. 

— screigh o' morning, 

the first dawn. 
scrieve (skrev). To glide 

along ; reel off (a story or 

song) . 
scrimpit (skremp'it). 

Scanted ; scanty ; niggardly, 
scroggy, scroggie (skr&g'i). 

Stunted ; thorny ; full of 

underbrush. 
soud (skud). To slap ; 

spank-; cause a thin flat 

stone to skim along the 

surface of calm water ; also, 

a sudden shower ; a blow ; 

slap ; in pi., foaming ale or 

beer. [lion.l 

scudlar (skud'ler). A scul-l 
sculduddcry (skul-dud'er- 

i). = SKULDUDDERY. 
scull (skul). A shallow 

wisker basket, as for fish. 
scumnsh (skdbm'f ish) . To 

suffocate ; choke ; discom- 
fit ; defeat. 
scunner (skun'eY) . To 

loath ; shrink from ; also, 

loathing ; disgust. 



sealch, sealgh (sSIk). A 
seal ; sea calf. 

sea maw (se'mo'). Sea mew. 

seannachie (sen'd-Ki 7 ). A 
Highland bard ; story teller. 

seer (ser). Sure. 

seil, seile (sel). = SELE. 

seil (sTl). = SILE. 

seip (sep). To ooze. 

sel, sell (sel). Self. — a 
body's sel or sell (a bud'iz 
sel), one's self alone. — the 
sel, or soil, o' it, etc., 
itself, himself, etc. 

sele (sel). Opportunity; 
occasion ; happiness. 

selch (selK). = SEALCH. 

sell't (selt). Did sell; sold. 

semple (sgm'p'l). Of hum- 
ble birth ; simple. 

sen' (sen). To send. 

son't (sent). Send it. 

ser (sar ; sar) . Serve. 

ser'ing (sax'in ; sar'in). 
Serving ; enough ; as much 
as is served at once at a 
meal. 

set (set). To suit ; become ; 
lease ; escort ; start. 

settlin (set'lm). Settling. — 
to get a settlin, to be 
frightened into quietness. 

sey (si). The armhole ; a 
sort of woolen cloth. — back 
sey, a sirloin of beef. 

shabble (shab'T). A short 
crooked sword or hanger, 
esp. an old rusty one. 

shachle (shaK/'l ; shaK''l). 
To distort ; wear out of 
shape ; shamble ; also, any- 
thing distorted by or as by 
excessive use. 

shaft ment (shaft'ment). A 
measure, the distance from 
the tip of the extended 
thumb across the breadth 
of the palm, about six 
inches. [shard. I 

shaird (shard). Fragment;! 

shairn (sharn). = SHARN. 

shairney (shar'ni). = 
SHARNY. 

shand (shand) . Worthless ; 
also, base coin. 

shangan (shang'dn). A 
cleft stick to fasten to the 
tail of a dog. 

shank (shank). To travel on 
foot ; walk. — shank your- 
sell awa', take to your 
legs ; be off. [not.l 

shanna (shan'nd). Shall! 

sharn (sharn). Cow dung. 

sharny (shar'ni). Befouled 
with dung. 

shathmont (shath'mwnt). 
= SHAFTMENT. 

shauchle, shaughle 
(shaK''l; shoK'-). = 
SHACHLE. 

shaul (shol). Shallow. 

shaup (sh6p). Shell; pod; 
husk. 

shaver (shav'er). A wag; 
youngster ; a barber. 

shavie (sha'vi) . A trick ; 
prank ; practical joke. 

shaw (sho). Show; also, a 
small wood or grove ; 
thicket ; in pi., the tops or 
turnips, potatoes, etc. 

sheal (shel) . Shell ; husk. 

shealing L sheeling, sheil- 
ing (shel'in). A hut or 
small cottage for the tem- 
porary use of shepherds, 
sportsmen, fishermen, etc. 

shearing, sheering (sher'- 
In). Reaping ; harvest. 

sheave, sheeve (shev). Slice. 

sheeling hill (shel'In). Ris- 
ing ground near a mill, 
where grain is winnowed. 

sheen (shen). Bright; shin- 
ing. 

sheepshank (shep'shankO. 
— nae sheepshank, a per- 
son or thing of no small 
importance. 

shell um (she"l'wm). A 

rogue ; scoundrel. 

shelty, sheltie (shel'ti). A 
Shetland pony. 

shent (shgnt). Confounded ; 
ashamed ; destroyed. 

sherra-moor (sher'd-moor) . 

' The battle fought in the 
Rebellion of 1715 at Sheriff- 
muir, Perthshire, where the 



Jacobites were repulsed ; 
hence, tumult ; turmoil ; 
row. 

sheugh, sheuch (shuic). A 
ditch ; trench ; furrow ; 
gully. 

sheuk (shQk). Shook. 

shiel (shel). = SHEAL. 

shill (shel). Shrill. 

shilpit (shSl'pit). Weak; 
feeble ; sickly ; washy ; in- 
sipid. 

shinty (shin'ti). Shinny. 

snog (shog) . Shock ; jog ; jolt. 

shoo (shoo). To sue. 

shool (shool). Shovel. 

shoon (shoon). Shoes, [der. 

shoother(shootb/er).Shoul- 

shore (shor). To offer, 
threaten ; frighten ; scold ; 
hound on. 

shouldna (shobd'nd). 
Should not. [Shoulder.! 

shouther ( shdbth'er ).| 

6hriegh (shreK). Shriek. 

shule (shool). Shovel. 

shure (shiir). Sheared ; cut. 

shut, shute (shoot; shut). 
To shoot. 

sibb (seb) . Related by blood ; 
akin ; friendly ; also, a kins- 
man ; kindn d ; relatives. 

sic (sek), siccan (sek'dn). 
Such. 

siccar (sek'er). = SICKER. 

sicht (seKt). Sight. 

sicker, siker (sgk'er). Sure ; 
certain ; secure ; safe ; cau- 
tious ; also, surely ; safely ; 
securely. 

siclike (sek'lTk/). Suchlike; 
of like kind. 

side (sld). Long; hanging 
low ; — said of garments. 

sideling (sTd'lin), sidelins 
(-Hnz). Sideling ; furtively. 

sike (slk) . A small stream ; 
brook ; rill ; ditch ; ravine. 

sile (sil) . To strain ; filter ; 
skim ; also, a sieve ; milk 
strainer. 

siller (sel'er) . Silver ; money. 

sillock (sel'iik). A young 
coalfish. 

silly (sil'i ; sfil'i). Weak; 
sickly ; feeble £ senile. 

simmer (sem/er). Summer. 

sin (sen) . Son ; also, the sun. 

sin (sen). Since. 

sind (sind; sen; sin). To 
rinse ; wash out ; wash 
down (food) ; also, a rins- 
ing ; a drink to wash down 
solid food. 

sindry (sen'ri ; -dri). Sun- 
dry ; asunder ; in pieces. 

sing (sSnj). To singe. 

single (ser/g'l). Small; 
weak ; of low grade ; also, 
singly ; seldom. 

sinsyne (sen'sln) . Since that 
time ; ago. [that.l 

sith (s5th). Since; seeing! 

siver (sl'ver) . Open drain ; 
gutter. [scatter ; scale. 

skail (skal). To disperse; 

skaith (skath). Scathe. 

skart (skart). Scratch. 

skean (sken). A knife ; dirk. 
— skean dhu (sken doo), 
a dirk or knife, as carried in 
the stocking by High- 
landers. 

skeely, skeily (skel'i), 
skeelfu' (skel'fdb). Skill- 
ful ; "skilly." 

skeigh (skeK). Shy; met- 
tlesome ; proud. 

skelloch(skel , WK). Screech; 
scream ; also, charlock. 

skellum (skel'wm). A 

rogue ; scamp. 

skeily (skel'I). Squint. 

skelp (skelp). To strike; 
slap ; beat ; move rapidly ; 
also, a smart stroke ; blow ; 
squall ; heavy fall of rain. 

skelpin, skelping (skelp'- 
ln). Striking or beating, as 
of feet on the ground ; un- 
usually large or full ; big ; 
lusty ; vigorous. 

skelpy-limmer (skSlp'i- 
lem'er). An opprobrious 
epithet for a woman. 

skep (skSp). A twisted- 
straw beehive ; a coarse 
round farm basket. 

skerry (sker'i). A rocky 
isle ; a reef. 



sketch (skech; skach) . Skate. 

sketcher (skSch'er). A 
6kater ; a skate. 

skiegh (skeK). = SKEIGH. 

skilly (skel'I). Skillful; 
clever ; skilled, esp. in med- 
icine. 

skink (skSnk). To pour 
out ; drink ; a drink ; also, a 
shin or hock of beef ; soup 
made of it. 

skinker (skgrjk'er). One 
who serves liquor ; tapster ; 
drinker. 

skinkle (skSn'k'l). Sparkle; 
shine ; glitter ; also, to 
sprinkle. 

skinklin (skSn'klin). A 
small portion ; also, sprin- 
kling ; glittering. 

skirl (skfrl). To shriek; 
cry shrilly ; also, a shriek ; 
scream ; a shrill cry ; blast 
of wind. — a skirl in the 
pan, the sizzling noise 
made by fat in a hot frying 
pan ; also, the dish prepared 
in this manner. 

skirl't (skCrlt). Shrieked. 

skite, skyte (skit). Dash; 
sudden shower; smart blow; 
slap ; squirt ; trick ; also, to 
run ; squirt. 

skivie (ski'vi). Silly. 

sklent (sklent). Slant 
squint. [SCOUTH 

skouth (skooth). = 

skreigh (skreic). Screech; 
screak ; shriek. — skreigh 
o' day, peep of day. 

skrimp (skremp). Scrimp. 

skulduddery (skul-dud'ej> 
1). Grossness ; obscenity. 

skyre (skTr). Glitter ; shine ; 
make a gaudy show ; also, 
anything bright or gaudy. 

skyt, skyte (skit). To slide 
rapidly off ; shoot away. 

slack (slak). An opening be- 
tween hills ; a hollow. 

slade (slad). Did slide; 
slid ; also, ravine ; glen ; 
hillside ; cave ; den. 

slae (sla). Sloe. 

slaister (slas'ter). To work 
with or on soft or moist ma- 
terials ; to be engaged in 
dirtyorsloppywork; smear, 
do anything clumsily or un- 
tidily ; also, a sloppy mess ; 
slovenly work ; a sloven. 

slaistery (-1) . Sloppy ; miry ; 
dirty ; also, sloppy or dirty 
work ; kitchen refuse. 

slake (slak; slak). To 
smear ; bedaub ; also, mud ; 
mire ; slime ; daub ; smear. 

slap (slap) . A pass ; breach ; 
notch ; nick ; also, to make a 
breach or gap in, as in a wall. 

slaw (slo). Slow. 

slee (sle). Sly. 

sleekit (slek'it). Sleek; 
smooth ; crafty ; sly. 

sleeveless (slev'les). Profit- 
less ; bootless. 

slid (sled). Slippery; glib; 
smooth ; sly. 

sliddery (sled'er-i). Slip- 
pery ; smooth ; untrust- 
worthy. 

Slight (slit) . Sleek ; smooth ; 
also, to dismantle ; demol- 
ish. 

slim (slim). Worthless ;bad ; 
mean ; also, to botch ; 
scamp ; slur. 

slink (slenk). Thin; meager: 
worthless ; also, the flesh or 
a prematurely born calf ; a 
cowardj sneak. 

slipe (slip). To strip ; peel ; 
pare ; split ; sweep off ; re- 
move; slip away; fall over, as 
a wet furrow from the plow. 

sloan (slon). Lazy ; worth- 
less ; slovenly ; sly ; also, a 
sloven. 

slocken (sl5k''n). To slake; 
quench ; saturate. 

slogan (slo'gdn). A war cry 
or gathering word. 

sloken, slokin (sl3k''n). => 
SLOCKEN. 

slothound (slSt'hoond). A 
sleuthhound. 

slough (sIook). Husk ; skin ; 
also, a glutton. 

slump (slump). Gross 

amount ; mass ; lump ; also. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with, a equal*, 



N 



1124 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 







U 



W 



a boggy place ; marsh ; 
swamp ; the noise made by 
anything falling into a hole, 
or into a soft, miry place. 

slype (slip). = SLIPE. 

slypet (sllp'et). Stripped ; 
slipped ; fell. 

sma' (smo). Small. 

smaik (smak). Scoundrel; 
rascal ; a puny or contempt- 
ible fellow. 

smeddum (smed'wm). The 
powder of ground malt ; 
dust ; powder ; mettle ; 
spirits ; sagacity ; liveliness ; 
good sense. [Smoke. I 

smeek, smeik (smek).| 

smeekit (smek'it). Smoked. 

smeeky (-1). Smoky. 

smiddy (smed'i). A smithy. 

smit (smet). To infect; 
stain ; also, a spot ; stain ; 
smut ; infection. 

smoor (smoor). = SMURR. 

snore (smor). Smother; 
dense smoke j_ stifling air. 

smoutie (smoot'i). Smutty. 

smurr, smur (smer). Driz- 
zle. 

s my trie (smT'tri ; smet'ri). 
A numerous collection of 
small individuals. 

snap (snap) . Smart ; quick ; 
snappish. 

snapper (snap'er) . Stumble. 

snash (snash). Abuse; in- 
solence ; gibing ; also, to 
talk insolently or abusively. 

snatch (snach). A snack; 
hasty repast. 

snaw (sno). Snow. — snaw 
broo, melted snow. 

snawie, snawy (-1). Snowy. 

sneck (snek). The latch of a 
door ; also, to latch ; notch. 

sneckdraw (snek'droO , or 
sneck drawer. A sly per- 
son ; cheat. 

sneckdrawing (-dr6'Tn). 
Sly ; crafty ; also, craftiness. 

snecket (snek'it). Secured 
by a latch ; notched. 

sned (sned) 1 To lop ; prune. 

sneesh (snesh). Snuff; a 
pinch of snuff. 

sneeshing (snesh'in), 
snesh'in. Snuff. — ■ 
sneeshing box, mill, or 
mull, a snuffbox. 

sncll (snel). Keen; sharp; 
piercing ; cold ; severe ; sar- 
C3.stic 

snick (snek). = SNECK. 

snod (snod). Trimmed; 
smooth ; neat ; snug ; de- 
mure ; also, to trim ; prune ; 
make tidy._ 

snook (snook). To sniff; 
smell ; pry about ; scent ; 
also, a smell ; sniff. 

snool (snobl). To cow; 
snub ; cringe ; also, a cring- 
ing person ]_a craven. 

snoove (snoov). To glide; 
sneak. 

snotter (snot'er). To sniv- 
el ; sob ; whine. 

snowk (snook). = SNOOK. 

snuffy (sniif'i). Sulky ; an- 
gry ; vexed. 

sober (so'ber). Poor; fee- 
ble ; weakly. [dier.l 

sodger, soger (soj'er). Sol-| 

somedeal (sum'deT). Some- 
what. 

somegate (sum'gat). Some- 
how ; somewhere. 

sonk (sonk). Seat; couch; 
green turf ; pad of straw 
used as a load saddle ; sod. 

sonsy, sonsie (son's!) . 
Lucky ; happy ; prosper- 
ous ; buxom ; comely ; good- 
natured ; comfortable ; plen- 
tiful. 

soom (soom). To swim. 

soop (soop). To sweep. 

soor (sobrL Sour. 

sooth (sooth) . True ; reli- 
able ; straightforward ; also, 
truth ; reality. 

sorn (sorn). To impose or 
obtrude (on another) for bed 
and board ; to sponge ; loaf. 

sorner (sor'ner) . Sponger ; 
loafer ; sturdy beggar. 

sort (sort) . To feed and bed 
down (an animal, esp. a 
horse) ; adjust ; punish ; 
beat ; flog ; chastise. 



souk (sook). Suck. 

sough (sook). See in Vocab. 

soup, soupe (soop) . Sup. 

souple (soo'p'l). The strik- 
ing part of a flail ; the 
swiple ; also, supple. 

souter (sob'ter). A shoe- 
maker ; cobbler. 

souther (so'ther ; sou'). 
Solder. 

Southron (suth'rwn; 
sdbfcb/-) . Southern ; Eng- 
lish ; also, a Southerner ; an 
Englishman. 

sowens (so'enz). Porridge 
made from the husks and 
siftings of oatmeal ; flum- 
mery: a weaver's paste. 

sowp (soop). = SOUP. 

sowter (sob'ter). = SOUT- 
ER. [in a low tone.l 

sowth (spoth). To whistle! 

spae (spa) . To prophesy ; 
foretell ; divine. [etess. 

spaewife (spa'wTf). Proph-| 

spail (spal) . Splinter ; chip. 

spairge (sparj). A sprin- 
kle ; bespatter ; also, a 
dash : a sprinkling. 

spak (spak). Spoke. 

spang (spang). Jump ; leap ; 
throw ; hurl ; also, span. 

sparrygrass (spar'i-gras'). 
Asparagus. 

spaul (spol), spauld (spold ; 
spod). Shoulder ; limb. 

spavie (spa'vl). Spavin. 

spean (spen). To wean. 

speel (spel). Climb. 

speer, speir (sper). = 
SPERE. 

speerings (sper'inz). Ask- 
ings ; inquiry ; investiga- 
tion ; news ; information. 

spell (spel). A splinter; 
splint ; chip ; shaving ; lath. 

spence, spense (spens). 
Buttery ; larder ; pantry ; 
the room where the family 
sit and eat. 

spere (sper) . To search ; 
pry ; ask ; inquire ; ask in, 
or propose, marriage ; also, 
search ; inquiry. 

spleuchan (sploo'Kcm). 

A tobacco pouch, or such a 
pouch used as a purse. 

splore (splor) . A frolic ; 
carousal ; broil ; splurge. 

sponk (spook). Spunk ; sul- 
phur match. [Vocab.l 

sporran (spor'an). See in| 

sprachle (spraK/'l ;spraK'-). 
= SPRAUCHLE. 

sprack (sprak) . Alert ; ac- 
tive ; shrewd ; deft. 

spraickle (sprak'Tj. = 
SPRAUCHLE. 

sprattle (sprat''!). To 

scramble ; struggle ; sprawl. 

sprauchle (spraK/'l). Clam- 
ber ; scramble._ 

spreagh (spreK ; spraic). 
Prey ; booty, esp. of cat- 
tle ; plunder. 

spreaghery ( spreic'er-i ; 
sprak'-). Cattle lifting; 
plundering ; booty ; mov- 
ables. - 

spreckle (sprek''l). Speckle. 

spring (spreng). A lively 
tune or dance. 

sprit (spret). A rush; a 
rushlike plant. 

sprittie (sprit'i). Full of 
sprits (or rushes). 

sprug (sprug). A sparrow. 

sprush (spriish). Spruce; 
trim. 

spuilzie (spiil'y ?) . Illegal 
and violent spoliation ; dep- 
redation ; spoil ; also, to 
spoil. 

spule (spiil). Weaver's shut- 
tle ; spool. 

spule (spiil). = SPAUL. 

spule-bane (spiil'ban). The 
shoulder blade. 

spulzie, spulyie (spiil'yi). 
= SPUILZIE. 

spune (spiin). A spoon. 

spunkie (spunk'i). Mettle- 
some ; fiery ; also, a will-o- 
the-wisp ; ignis fatuus ; liq- 
uor ; spirits ; a spirited or 
touchy youth. 

spurtle (spur't'l). A stick 
for stirring porridge or the 
like. 

squatter (skwot'er). To 



squat ; crouch ; flutter or 
plunge about in water ; scat- 
ter ; squander. 

squattle (skwSf'l). To 
squat ; settle ; sprawl. 

squeel (skwel). Squeal. 

stacher (staK'gr). = 
STACKER. 

stack (stak). Stuck. 

stacker (stak'er). Stagger; 
reel. 

staggie (stag'i) . A colt. 

Staig (stag ; stag). A young 
horse, or colt, esp. one un- 
broken ; a stallion. 

staik (stak ; stak) . Steak. 

stamach (stam'wk). Stom- 
ach. 

stammerel (-er-el). Stam- 
merer ; blunderer ; block- 
head ; also, half-witted. 

Stance (stans). Standing 
place ; station ; position ; 
site. 

stanchel (stan'sh'l). Stan- 
chion ; an iron bar for secur- 
ing a window. [Stone. I 

stane, staine (stan ; stan).| 

Stang (stang) . Sting ; throb ; 
ache ; spear (for eels) ; also, 
a pole, rail, or beam ; bar of 
a door ; cart shaft ; lever. 

stank (stank). Pool ; pond ; 
ditch ; tank ; weir. 

stan't. Did stand ; stood. 

stap (stap). Stop. 

starn (starn). Star. 

starn, starnie (star'ni). A 
particle. 

startle (star't'l). To run 
wildly about, as cattle ; 
bustle about. 

stauk (stok). Stalk. 

staumrel (stom'rel). = 
STAMMEREL. 

staw (sto). Did steal ; stole ; 
also, to surfeit ; stall. 

stead u (sted), steading 
(sted'in). Farmhouse and 
offices ; farmstead. 

stech (steK). To cram; 
gorge ; gormandize ; puff ; 
pant ; groan ; also, gor- 
mandizing ; a crowd ; op- 
pressive heat. 

steek (stek). To stitch; 
sew ; shut ; fasten ; put ; 
fix ; stop ; also, a stitch ; 
thread ; garment ; a bit ; 
stitch or pain in the side. 

steer (ster) . To stir ; poke ; 
disturb ; trouble ; injure ; 
confuse ; hasten ; also, a 
poke ; stir ; disturbance. 

steery (-i). Stir ; tumult. 

steeve (stev). Stiff ; also, to 
stiffen ; freeze. 

Stell (stel) . Prop ; support ; 
covert ; shelter for cattle ; 
stall ; ditch ; brook ; salmon 
pool ; also, to prop ; sup- 
port. 

sten (sten), stend. To 

stretch ;leap; spring; stride; 
also, a leap ; stride ; twist. 

Stent (stent). Tax ; value ; 
rate ; also, a task ; stint. 

stern (stern). Star. 

stey (sti). Steep. 

stibble (steb''l). Stubble. 

stibbler (steb'ler). A glean- 
er ; a horse grazing on stub- 
ble ; a clerical probationer. 

stibblerig (-regO. A stubble 
field ; chief harvester. 

Stick (stek). To botch ; bun- 
gle ; also, a stoppage ; ob- 
stacle. — stick an stow 
(stek an stou) , totally ; al- 
together. 

stickit, sticket (stek'it). 
Stuck ; unsuccessful ; hav- 
ing failed ; imperfect ; 
botched. — stickit minis- 
ter, a probationer who is 
unqualified for, or fails to 
obtain, a pastoral charge. 

Stilt (stelt) . To limp ; go on 
crutches ; also, a crutch. 

stime (stlm). Glimpse. 

stimpart, stimpert (stem'- 
pert). The eighth part of a 
Winchester bushel ; quarter 
of a peck. 

sting (steng). A pointed 
tool used in thatching ; a 
pole ; post ; shaft ; mast. — 
sting and ling, wholly; by 
force ; — lit. , pole and rope. 

Stir (ster). Sir. 



stirk (steYkl. A steer at 
heifer between one and two 
years old ; a coarse, stupid 
person. 

stive (stlv). Stiff; stiffen. 

stock (st6k). Stem of cole- 
wort, cabbage, etc. ; fore 
part of a bed ; bed frame. 

stoit (stoit), stoiter (-er). 
Stagger ; stumble ; bounce. 

stoo (stoo). = STOW, to cut. 

stook (stook). A shock of 
sheaves ; also, to make up in 
shocks. 

stoop (stoop). A post or pil- 
lar ; prop ; support. — 
stoop and roop, the whole ; 
wholly. 

stoor (stobr). = STOUR. 

stoppit (stop'It). Stopped. 

stot (stot) . A young bull or 
ox ; a steer. 

stoup (stoup). A kind of 
jug or dish with a handle ; a 
liquid measure , ranging from 
half a pint to two quarts. 

Stour (stobr) . To stir ; move 
quickly ; gush out ; rise in 
clouds, as dust, smoke, or 
spray ; also, great ; vast ; 
huge ; strong ; hardy ; 
hoarse ; deep-toned ; stern ; 
gruff ^ rude ; rough. 

stour, stoure (stobr). Con- 
flict ; combat ; quarrel ; bus- 
tle ; tumult ; gale ; stiff 
breeze ; dust, esp. dust in 
motion ; chaff ; spray ; fog. 

stourie, stoury (stdbr'i). 
Dusty ; snowy. 

stouth (stbbth). Theft; 
stealth. — stouth and 
routh (anrbbth), plenty. 

stouthrief (stbbth'ref ') . 

Robbery, esp. with vio- 
lence. 

stow (stoo). To cut off; 
lop ; crop ; trim ; also, a cut 
or slice ; stump or shoot of 
a tree. [stealth. I 

stowlins (stou'linz). By| 

stown (stoun). Stolen. 

stowth (stooth ; stouth). = 
STOUTH. 

stoyte (stoit) . = STOIT. 

strack (strak) . Did strike ; 
struck. 

strae (stra). Straw. — strae 
death, death upon the bed 
straw ; natural death. 

straik (strak ; strak) . Did 
strike ; struck ; also, to 
stroke ; a stroke. 

straike (strak; strak). A 
bushel. 

straikit (-it). Stroked. 

stramash (stram'ash). To 
smash ; destroy ; also, dis- 
turbance ; broil ; crash ; 
smash-up. 

Strang (strang). Strong. 

strappan (strap'an). Tall 
and (usually) handsome ; 
strapping. 

strath (strath). A river val- 
ley of consideiable size. 

straucht.str aught (stroKt). 
Straight ; also, to make 
straight ; stretch. 

stravaig, stravague (stra- 
vag'). Stroll ; ramble. 

streek, streak (strek). To 
stretch ; extend ; lay out (a 
corpse) ; also, stretch ; ex- 
tent ; progress. 

stress (stres). Distraint. 

striddle (stred''l). Stride; 
straddle. 

strone, stroan (stron). To 
spout ; stream ; urinate ; 
also, streamlet. 

strunt (strunt). Pique; 
strut ; also, spirituous liq- 
uor. — to tak' the strunt, 
to take a pet ; to sulk. 

studdie (stiid'i). Anvil; 
stithy. 

stuff (stuf). Grain ; pulse. 

stumpy, stumpie (stump'- 
i). A short, thickset person. 

sturdied (stQr'dit). Af- 
fected with gid, or sturdy. 

Sturt (sturt) . To startle ; 
stir ; vex ; annoy ; also, dis- 
turbance ; strife. 

sucker, succre (suk'er). 
Sugar. 

sud (sood ; swd). Should. 

suddent (sood'ent ; sud'-). 
Should not ; also, sudden. 



iale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
Use, unite, fiun, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, venture (87) ; 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1125 



suddenty ( sdbd'en-tT ; 
sfld'-). Suddenness. — on. 
a suddenty, suddenly. 

sugh (sook). Sough. 

suld (sdbd). Should. 

sumph (sumf). A stupid or 
sulky person ; also, to be 
stupid or sulky. 

sune (siin) . Soon. — sune or 
syne (sin) , sooner or later. 

sunk (sunk). = SONK. 

sunket (sunk'it ; sdbrjk'It). 
Food ; esp., a dainty. 

sunkie (siin'ki ; sdbn'-). A 
low stool. 

surquidry, surquedry 
(siir'ke-dri). Presumption; 
insolence ; folly ; in pi., 
wanton excesses. 

Bute (sut). Soot. 

suth (sooth). Sooth. 

suthron (sufcb'rwn; sooth'-). 
= SOUTHRON. [Sward. I 

swaird (sward ; sward). | 

swall (swal). Swell. 

swank (swank). Thin; 

slender ; limber ; agile. 

swank(swank).= SWANKY. 

swanking (swank'In). Sup- 
ple ; active ; big ; strapping. 

swanky, swankie (-1). Sup- 
ple ; limber ; active ; an act- 
ive young fellow or girl. 

swarf (swarf). Swoon. 

swartback (swart'bak' ; 

swort'-). The great black- 
backed gull. 

swarth (swarth). Swoon. 

swarve (swarv). Swerve. 

swat (swat). Did sweat. 

swatch (swach). A sample; 
pattern ; also, to match. 

swats (swats). New ale; 
wort. 

swatter (swat'er) . To 

splash about ; scatter ; 
squander. = SQUATTER. 

sweal (swel). To melt and 
run down ; — said of a can- 
dle. 

swear (swer) L = SWEER. 

sweaten (swet'en). Sweat- 
ing. 

sweepit (swep'it). Swept. 

sweer, swear, sweir (swer). 
Slow ; lazy ; indolent ; re- 
luctant. 

sweered, sweert (swert). 
Slow ; reluctant. 

swinge (swinj). To beat; 
chastise ; walk with a swing- 
ing gait ; also, a swinging 
blow ; a swinging gait. 

swink (swink). Labor ; toil. 

swire (swTr) . The neck ; a 
depression between heights, 
as of hills or mountain tops. 

swirly, swirlie (swur'll). 
Knaggy ; full of knots. 

swith (sweth), swithe, 
(sweth). Instantly ; quick- 
ly ; also, to hasten ; to be 
off; begone! quick! 

swither (sweth'er). To 

doubt ; waver ; fear ; also, 
doubt ; hesitation ; fear. 

swoor (swdbr) , swuir (swiir) . 
Swore ._ 

sybo (si'bo). An onion that 
does not form a bulb at the 
root ; a shallot. 

syke (slk). = SIKE. 

syn (sin). = SYNE. 

synd. =SIND. 

syndins (sln'inz). Rins- 
ings ; slops. 

syne (sin). Since; ago; 
then ; after that ; in that 
case. 

syver (sT'ver). =SIVER. 



tabet (ta'bet). Bodily feel- 
ing. 

tabetless (-les) . Without 
sensation ; numb ; foolish ; 
heedless. 

tack (tak). An addition; a 
slight hold or fastening ; a 
lease. » 

tacket (tak'et). Hobnail. 

tae (ta). To ; also, toe. 

tae (ta) . The one ; one ; 
chiefly in the tae, as opposed 
to the tither or tother. Cf. 
TAEN. 

tae'd (tad). Pronged. — 
three-tae'd, having three 
prongs, as a fork. 



taed, taid (tad). A toad. 

taen (tan). The one ; one ; — 
chiefly in the taen, as op- 
posed to the tither or tother. 

taen (tan). Taken. — taen 
the bent, taken the field ; 
run away. 

taiken (tak'en). A token. 

tailzie (tal'yl), tailyie, 
taillie (tal'I). Entail, or a 
deed of entail ; also, to en- 
tail. 

tairge (tarj). = TARGE. 

tait (tat). =TATE. 

tak (tak). To take. 

tald (tald). Told. 

tale (tal). Account ; estima- 
tion. — wi' their tale, ac- 
cording to their own story ; 
as they pretend ; forsooth. 

tammie norie (tam'l no'- 
rl). The common puffin. 

tangle (tan'g'l). A species 
of edible seaweed ; also, a 
tall, lank person. [Tongs. I 

tangs, taings (tangz).| 

tap (tap). The top. — tap 
of tow (tap 5 tou), the 
tow, or hards, put upon the 
distaff ; fig., a cross person. 

tape (tap). To use spar- 
ingly. 

tapet (ta'pet), tapetless 
(-les). = TABET, TABET- 
LESS. 

tappit (tap'it). Tufted. 

tappit— hen (-hen'). A 

crested hen ; a drinking 
vessel containing two 
Scots pints (about three 
imperial quarts) or more, 
and having a knob on the 
lid suggestive of a crested 
hen. 

targe (tarj). To beat ; cross- 
question ; censure ; keep 
under strict discipline. 

tarr'2 (tard). Marked with 
tar, as sheep. — a' tarr'd 
wi' ae stick, all .tarred 
with one stick ; one as bad 
as the other. 

tarrow (tar'o ; -u). To tar- 
ry ; linger ; delay ; haggle ; 
grumble. 

tarry-breeks (tar'i-breksO. 
A sailor. 

tarry-fingered (-fin'gerd). 
Light-fingered ; thievish. 

tasker (task'er). A laborer 
who does piecework; esp., 
a thresher or reaper. 

tass (tas). A drinking cup 
or bowl ; also, its contents. 

tassel (tas''l). A tussle. 

tassie (tas'I). A cup. 

tate (tat). A small piece of 
anything, as wool or hay ; 
a lock (of hair). 

tatie (ta'ti ; ta'-). Potato. 

tatty (ta'ti), tattit (ta'- 
ti t). =TAUTED. 

tauld (told ; tald). Told. 

tauted, tautit (tat'it). 
Tangled ; matted. 

tawie (to'i) . Tractable ; al- 
lowing itself to be handled ; 
— said of a horse, cow, etc. 

tawpie, tawpy (to'pi). A 
foolish, awkward, or slov- 
enly young woman. 

taws, tawse (tos). A leather 
strap with thongs or a slit 
end, used for chastisement, 
as by a school-teacher; also, 
to whip ; chastise. 

tawtie (to'ti ; ta'-). Potato. 

teind (tend). Tithe. 

tender (ten'der). Delicate, 
as to health ; weakly ; ailing. 

ten hours' bite (ten oorz 
bit). A slight feed given 
to the horses while in the 
yoke, in the forenoon. 

tent (tent). A field pulpit; 
attention ; heed ; care ; also, 
to attend to ; tend ; take 
heed ; prevent ; show : 
teach. [less. 

tentless (tent'les) . Heed-| 

tenty, tentie (ten'tT). Care- 
ful ; attentive ; heedful. 

teugh, teuch (tuK). 
Tough. 

thack (thak). Thatch; 
roof. — thack and rape, 
the thatch and rope used to 
cover a stack ; hence, a 
shelter; home comforts; 
good order. 



thae (tha). These; those. 

thankit (thank'It). 
Thanked. 

tharm, thairm (tharm). 
Intestine ; the belly ; cat- 
gut ; a fiddlestring. 

that (that) . So ; to such a 
degree ; very. — no that far 
off, not very far off. 

theek, theik (thek). 
Thatch ; fig., to protect. 

thegither (fcbe-g5fcb'er). 
Together. [selves. I 

themsel (fchgm-seV) . Them-| 

thereout (fcbar-oof). On 
the outside ; out of doors. 

thewless (thu'lgs). Unprof- 
itable ; feeble ; lazy. 

thieveless (thev'les). Cold ; 
forbidding ; listless ; boot- 
less. 

thig (theg). To beg; bor- 
row ; solicit gifts. 

thigger (thgg'er). Genteel 
beggar ; mendicant. 

thigging (theg'in). Beg- 
ging, esp. genteel begging. 

thir (tber). These; those. 

thirl (therl). To bore; 
pierce ; drill ; thrill ; cause to 
vibrate. 

thirlage (thurlaj). Thral- 
dom ; astriction to a certain 
mill, forge, etc. 

thocht (thSict). Thought; 
a moment ; a very little. 

thole (thol). To suffer ; en- 
dure ; bear ; permit. 

thoom (thobm). A thumb. 

thow, thowe (thou). Thaw. 

thowless (thou'les). = 
THEWLESS. 

thram (thram). To thrive. 

thrang (thrang). Throng; 
crowd ; also, busy. 

thrapple (thrap''l). = 

THROPPLE. 

thrave (thrav). A bundle: 
number ; quantity ; 24 
sheaves of grain. 

thraw (thro; thra). To 
sprain ; twist ; writhe ; be 
contrary ; be in pain ; also, 
a twist ; a wrench ; throe ; 
agony ; anger ; also, a thrall ; 
also, to throw ; a throw. — 
heads and thraws, lying 
side by side, the feet of one 
by the head of the other. 

thrawart (thra'wert ; thro'- 
ert). Crooked ; twisted ; 
stubborn ; peevish ; cross- 
grained ; reluctant. 

thraw n (thron ; thran). 
Sprained ; twisted ; mis- 
shapen ; perverse. 

threap, threep (threp). To 
contradict ; assert or main- 
tain pertinaciously ; urge ; 
press ; wrangle ; bicker ; 
also, pertinacious affirma- 
tion ; threat ; quarrel ; re- 
port ; blow. [THRAVE. I 

threave (threv). =| 

thresh (thresh). A rush; 
also, thrash. [old.l 

threshel(thresh''l) . Thresh-] 

thrist (threst). Thirst. 

thristle (thres''l). A thistle. 

thropple, throppill 
(throp''l). Throttle. 

throuch (throoK). Through. 

through (throb). To go on 
with ; carry through ; also, 
a flat tombstone. 

through-other, through- 
ither (-ith'er). Confusedly; 
confused. 

through stane. A flat 
gravestone. 

throuther (throo'ther). = 
THROUGH-OTHER. 

thrum (thrum). To tangle ; 
act whimsically ; repeat 
tiresomely (with over) ; 
pur ; also, a particle ; bit ; 
tangle ; foolish whim ; fit of 
ill humor ; in pi., waste 
threads. See in Vocab. 

thumbikin (thum'I-kin). 
Thumbkin ; thumbscrew. 

thunner (thim'er). Thun- 
der. 

thysel (thi-seT). Thvself. 

ticht (teKt). Tight ; tighten. 

tiend (tend). = TEIND. 

tig (tec:) . Touch ; tap ; 
tag ; twitch. 

t 11 (tul). To; at; by; for; 



of ; concerning ; also, while ; 
whilst 

tillie-vallie (tll'I-val'i ;tBl'- 
I-vul'I ), tillie-wallie 
(-wul'I). Bosh ; nonsense. 

time about (d-bdbt'). Al- 
ternately ; by turns. 

timmer (t?m'er,i. Timber. 

tine (tin). To lose or be 
lost ; destroy ; perish. 

tinkler (tlnk'ler). A tink- 
er ; vagabond. 

tint (t?nt). Lost. — tint the 
gate, lost the way. 

tip (t5p, tup). A ram ; tup. 

tippence (tSp'ens). Two- 
pence. 

tippenny (t?p'en-I ). See 
TWOPENNY. 

tirl (terl). To twirl; pluck 
or strip off ; rattle ; vibrate ; 
uncover ; also, a thrill ; vi- 
bration ; tap or rap ; twirl. 
— tirling pin, a vertical 
notched or roughened metal 
bar, with a loose metal ring, 
formerly used as a knocker. 

tirlie- wirlie , tirlie- 
whirlie (ter'li-wer'l?). A 
whirligig ; an ornament 
consisting of a number of 
intervolved lines ; intri- 
cate ; intervolved. 

tirrivee, tirrivie (ter'I-ve). 
Tantrum ; commotion. 

tither (te"frh'er). The other. 

tittie, titty (tet'T). Sister; 
— an infantile or familiar 
term. [tattle ; gossip. I 

tittle (teV'1). Whisper ;| 

tocher (t5K'er). Marriage 
portion ; also, to dower. 

tod (tod). A fox. [die. 

toit (toit). To totter ; daw- 
took (took). = TUCK. 

toolyie (tdbl'yi). = TUIL- 
YIE. 

toom (turn ; turn). Empty; 
empty-headed ; lacking in- 
telligence ; empty-sound- 
ing ; also, to empty : pour. 

toon (toon). = TOWN. 

toop (toop). A ram ; tup. 

tou (too). Thou. 

touk. = TUCK. 

toun (toon). = TOWN. 

touse (tooz ; toos). To tear ; 
worry ; tousle. 

tousle (too'z'l). Disar- 
range ; dishevel ; romp or 
grapple with ; also, a tus- 
sle ; rough_dalliance. 

toustie (toost'T). Testy 

tousy, tousie (touz'T ; 
tooz'i). Tousled ; tangled ; 
rough ; shaggy. 

tout (toot). A pet ; huff ; fit 
of ill humor ; a copious 
draught ; also, to be ill or 
cross ; pout ; sulk ; vex ; 
tease ; drink copiously. 

toutie (tout'i ; toot'i). Ir- 
ritable. 

touzle (too'z'l). = TOU- 
SLE, [rope. I 

tow (tou). Hards; also, a| 

towmond, towrnont (to'- 
mont). A twelvemonth. 

town (toon). A town; any 
inhabited place ; habita- 
tion ; dwelling ; farmstead. 

towzie (touz'i). = TOUSY. 

toy (toi), or toy mutch 
(much). A plain headdress 
of linen or woolen, that 
hangs down over the shoul- 
ders, worn by old women of 

m the lower classes. 

toyte (toit). = TOIT. 

trachle (tra'k'l). To drag 
along ; draggle ; bedraggle ; 
drudge ; fatigue ; trouble ; 
walk wearily ; also, pro- 
longed exertion ; drudgery ; 
burden. 

traik (trak). To stroll; 
lounge ; stray ; trudge ; 
trail ; also, a stroll ; fati- 
guing journey ; flesh of 
sheep that died by accident 
or disease. 

traikit (trak'It). Fatigued. 

trake (trak). = TRAIK. 

tramper ftramp'er). A va- 
grant ; runagate ; in pi., 
feet ; heavy boots. 

trance, transe (trans). A 
passage ; lobby ; hall ; lane ; 
alley ; courtyard ; close. 

trash (trash). To ma'treat ; 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation.' 
+ combined with. = equals. 



N 



1126 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



R 



U 



W 



X 



jade ; abuse, as a horse ; 
trudge. 

trashtrie ( trash'tre ). 
Trash ; rubbish ; — used esp. 
of food. 

trauchle (tra'K'l ; tro'-). 
= TRACHLE. 

traycle (tra'k'l)._ Treacle. 

treen, trein (tren). Made 
of wood j_wooden. [trust. J 

trew (trooL To believe ;| 

trews (trooz). Trousers; 
short trousers worn under 
a kilt. [tricks. I 

trickle (trgk'i). Full of| 

trindle (tren'd'l ; tren'T), 
trintle (-t'l). To trundle ; 
roll. 

trock. = TROKE. 

trogs, troggs(trSgz). Troth. 

troke (trok). Exchange; 
barter ; truck ; intercourse ; 
dealings ; trash ; also, to ex- 
change ; negotiate ; truck. 

trone, tron (tron). A weigh- 
ing machine consisting of 
two horizontal bars crossing 
each other, beaked at the 
extremities, and supported 
by a wooden pillar, — used 
for heavy wares. 

trone weight. An old 
standard of weight. The 
pound contained 21 to 28 
ounces avoirdupois. 

trotcozy (trot'ko'zi). A 
warm covering for the head 
and shoulders when riding. 

trow (tro; trou). To be- 
lieve ; think. 

trowtn (troth ; trooth). 
Troth ; truth ; in truth. 

trump (trump). A jew's- 
harp. 

tryst, tryste (trTst). Ap- 
pointment ; rendezvous ; a 
market or fair ; journey un- 
dertaken by two or more 
persons in company ; also, 
to agree to_meet. 

trysted (tnst'it). Ap- 

pointed ; agreed upon. 

try't (trTt). Tried. 

tuck (tuk ; took). A blow; 
stroke ; beat of a drum ; 
fanfare ; also, to beat or 
sound, as a drum or trum- 
pet. 

tug (tug). Rawhide, as for 
plow traces. 

tuilyie, tuilzie (tool'yi ; 
tiil'-). Quarrel ; struggle. 

tumbler (tum'ler). A kind 
of cart ; a tumbrel. 

tumfie, tumphy (tum'fi). 
A stupid or awkward per- 
son. 

turnpike, or turnpike stair 
(tQrn'pTk star). A winding 
staircase. 

twa (twa), twae (twa). Two. 

'twad (twad). It would. 

twal, twall (twal; twol). 
Twelve. 

twalpennies. One shilling 
Scots, equivalent to a pen- 
ny sterling. — twalpennie 
worth, a small quantity ; 
a pennyworth. 

twa-three (twa'-thre).twa'- 
ther (twa'ther). A few; 
two or three. 

twin (twin). To part ; sever. 

twopenny (tup'en-i). Beer 
at twopence a quart ; small 
beer. 

tyne (tin). = TINE. 

tyne. Prong ; tine. 

u 

ugsome (iig'swm ; dbg'-). 
Disgusting ; abhorrent. 

ulyie, ulzie (fll'yi). Oil. 

umwhile (um-hwll'), um- 
quhile (-hwil' ; -hwTl') , 
umquhill (-hwil') Whi- 
lom ; sometime ; late ; at 
times ; formerly ; former ; 
late ; deceased. 

unbrized (un-brezd') . Un- 
bruised. 

uncanny (iin-kan'i). Not 
canny ; ghostly ; eerie ; 
weird ; dangerous ; severe 
(applied to a blow or fall). 

unce (fins). An ounce. 

unchancy (un-chan'sT). 
Unseasonable ; unlucky ; 



ill-fated ; unsafe to meddle 
with ; dangerous. 

unco (Qn'k6). Uncouth; 
strange ; unknown ; weird ; 
shy ; awkward ; extraordi- 
nary ; also, remarkably ; 
extremely; something 
strange, wonderful, or new : 
in pi., tidings. [bought. 

uncoft (un-kSff). Un-| 

unfriend (un-frend'), un- 
freen (Qn-fren'). Enemy. 

unhalsed, unhalsit (un- 
holst' ; iin-hast') . Not sa- 
luted. 

unkenned, unkend (Qn- 
kent') . Unknown ; strange. 

unsicker (un-sgk'er). Un- 
sure ; unsafe ; deceptive. 

unskaith'd (iin-skatht'). 
Unscathed ; unhurt. 

unsonsy (Qn-sSn'si). Un- 
lucky ; fatal ; mischievous ; 
ill-favored ; slovenly. 

untentie, untenty (Qn- 
ten'ti). Incautious; care- 
less. 

untill (un-tiil'). Unto. 

untimeous, untimous 
(un-tlm'us). Untimely. 

unweeting (Qn-wet'in). 
Unwitting ; unknowingly. 

upby, up-bye (up'biO. Up 
yonder ; up the way. 

upcast (iip'kast). An up- 
set ; taunt ; reproach ; jest. 

uphaud (iip-hQd'). To up- 
hold ; maintain ; support. 

uphauden (iip-hod'en). 

Supported ; laid under obli- 
gation. 

upo' (up-o'). Upon. 

upsetting (Qp-set'in). As- 
suming ; conceited. 

upsides (Qp'sidz' ; iip- 
sidz'). On the same plane ; 
quits. — upsides with, 
even with ; quits with. 

uptake, uptak (iip'takO. 
Understanding ; apprehen- 
sion. 

up with (iip'with). Up- 
wards ; uphill ; also, a hill. 

usque (Gs'kwi). Whisky; 
usquebaugh. 



vae (va). = VOE. 

vaik, vake (vak). To be or 

become vacant ; dismiss ; 

withdraw from ; free from, 
vaunty, vauntie (von'ti). 

Proud ; boastful ; vain, 
vera (veVa ; var'a). Very. 
virl (verl). A ring or band ; 

ferrule. 
visnomy (viz'nS-mi). Phys- 
iognomy ; visage. [uals.] 
vivers (ve'vers). Food ; vict-| 
voe (vo). An inlet, bay, or 

creek. Orkney & Shetland. 
vogie (vo'gi ; vSg'i). Proud ; 

vain ; elated ; merry. 



w 



wa' (wo; wa). Wall. 

waal (wa.1). Weld. 

wab (wab). Web. 

wabster (wab'ster). A 
weaver. 

wad (wad). Would; also, 
wed ; pawn ; wager ; pledge. 

wadna (wad'nd ; wud'-). 
Would not. 

wadset (wSd'seV). Mort- 
gage ; pledge. 

wae (wa). Woe; sorrowful. 

waefu' (wa'fdb). Woeful ; 
sorrowful. 

waese (was). = WASE. 

waesome (wa'swm). Woe- 
ful. 

waesuck (wa'sfik), wae- 
sucks (-suks). Alas! 

waff (waf) . A waft ; sight ; 
glimpse ; a slight, sudden 
ailment ; to wave ; also, 
solitary ; woebegone ; vaga- 
bond ; strayed ; paltry ; 
worthless ; a vagrant. 

waft (waft) . Weft ; woof. 

waif (waf). = WAFF. 

wair (war). = WARE. 

wakerife (wak'rif ; wok'-). 
Wakeful ; watchful ; alert. 

wale (wal) . Choice ; the 
choicest ; also, to choose ; 
woo. 

walise (wd-les'). Valise. 



wallie (wal'i). A valet. 

wally (wal'i). Excellent; 
fine ; large ; ample ; robust ; 
jolly ; also, good fortune ; 
an ornament or toy ; in 
trinket ; gewgaw; pi., finery. 

wallydrag ( wal'i -drag' ; 
wal'i-), wallydraigle 
(-dra/g'l). The youngest of a 
brood ; a feeble, ill-grown, or 
slovenly creature. 

walth (wath). Wealth. 

waly (wal'i) . = WALLIE. 

wame (warn). Womb; bel- 
ly ; fig., a hollow ; room. 

wamefou, wamefu' (wam'- 
fob). A bellyful. 

wampish (womp'ish). To 
fluctuate ; swing ; brandish. 

wan (w5n). A negative pre- 
fix corresponding to un, 
not ; as, wancouth, un- 
couth. 

wan (wan) . Got ; won. 

wanchancy (wSn-chan'si). 
Unlucky. 

wandle (wan'Tj . Supple ; 
lithe ; agile. 

wanion (wan'y#n). A 

plague ; misfortune ; ven- 
geance. 

wanle, wannel, wannle 
(wan''l). = WANDLE. 

wanrestfu' (wan-rgst'f do) . 
Restless. 

wanthriven (wan'threV- 
en). Stunted ; ill-thriven. 

wap (wap). To wrap or 
fold up ; bind ; a wrapping ; 
also, to strike smartly ; 
throw ; flap ; a throw ; a 
smart blow ; a quarrel. 

wapinschaw (wap'in-sh6). 
An exhibition of arms, ac- 
cording to rank, formerly 
made at certain seasons in 
each district. 

war (war) . Worse ; to worst ; 
overcome ; requite ; also, 
goods ; ware. 

ware (war). To spend ; be- 
stow ; squander ; waste. 

wark (wark). Work; also, 
pain ; ache ; throb. 

warklujne, warkloom 
( wark'loom' ; -liim' ). = 
WORKLOOM. 

warl' (warl ; warl), warld 
(warl ; warld ; warl ; warld). 
World. 

warl'ing (warl'in ; warl'in). 
A worldling. 

warly (-li). Worldly. 

warran (war'dn), warrand 
(-and). Warrant. 

warse (wars). Worse. 

warsle, warstle (war's'l). 
Wrestle ; struggle. 

warst (warst). Worst. 

wase (waz). A wisp or bun- 
dle of hay or straw ; a pad, 
as of straw, to support a 
burden on the head. 

wasna (waz'nd; wuz'na). 
Was not. 

wast (wast). West. 

wastell cake (was''l). A 
kind ■ of thin oaten cake 
baked with yeast. [TRY.I 

wastrife (wast'rif). = WAS-I 

wastry, wastrie (was'trT). 
Waste ; prodigality ; also, 
wasteful ; prodigal. 

wat (wat). Wet; also, to 
know ; wot. 

water, watter (wa'ter). 
Water ; a lake, river, 
stream, or other body of 
water ; a district bordering 
a river. [gruel J 

water-broo (brooO- Water | 

water-brose (-brozO. Brose 
made of meal and water. 

wather (wafch'er) . Weather. 

watna (wat'nd; wot'nd). 
(I) know not. 

wauble (wo'b'l). Wabble. 

wauch (w6k). = WAUGH. 

waucht, waught (waKt ; 
woKt) . A copious draft ; 
also, to drink deeply ; 
quaff. 

wauff (wof ; waf). = WAFF. 

waugh (wok). Insipid ; 
nauseous ; damp ; stale ; 
faint ; weak. 

wauk, waulk (wok ; wak). 
To full (cloth). 

wauk (wok ; wak). To 
wake ; watch. 



wauken (wok''n, cvak''n). 

Waken ; awake. [lous.l 

waukit (-it). Horny; cal-| 
waukrife (wSk'rlf). = 

WAKERIFE. 
waul (wol) . To roll the eyes, 

and look wildly, 
waur (wor). = WAR, worse, 
waw (wo) . Wall (pi. wawis) ; 

wave {pi. wawys). 
waw (wo). = WOW. 
wawl (w61). Wail ; howl. 



wean (wen) . 

infant ; child, 
weanie (wen'I) 
wear (wer). 

guard ; ward 

collect 

fense ; 



Weanling ; 



A baby. 

To defend ; 

off ; stop ; 

and drive ; a de- 

a guard ; also, to 



last ; use ; grow ; become 
also, goods ; ware. 

weariful, wearifu' (we'ri- 
fob). Tedious; dismal; 
sad ; vexatious ; painful. 

wearish (war'ish ; we"r'-). 
Unsavory ; insipid ; sickly ; 
weak ; faint ; squeamish. 

weasan, weason (we'zwn). 
Windpipe ; weasand. 

weather gall or gaw. A 
sun dog ; a fine day, said to 
presage foul weather. 

wecht (weKt). A weight. 

wecht (weKt). = WEIGHT. 

wee (we) . Little ; a bit ; a 
while. — wee ane, little 
one; child. — wee bit, a 
small matter. — wee 
things, little ones, [ment.j 

weed (wed). Dress; gar-| 

weel, weil (wel). Well - 
weal ; prosperity ; also! 
whirlpoolj eddy. ■ — weel a 
weel (wel a wel), well, 
well I [wetness. 

weet (wet). Wet; rain ;| 

weght (weKt). = WECHT, 
a weight. 

weigh-bauk (wa'bSk). The 
beam of a balance for weigh- 
ing ; in pi., scales. 

weight, wecht (weKt). A 
leather-covered hoop, like 
a sieve, but without holes, 
for winnowing grain. 

weil (well. = WEEL. 

weir (wer). War. 

weird (werd). Fate; des- 
tiny ; prophecy ; a happen- 
ing. — after word comes 
weird, after word comes 
happening ; after warning 
comes disaster. — the weird 
is dree'd (dred), the ill- 
fortune is suffered ; the 
destiny is fulfilled. 

weise, weize (wTz). = 
WISE. 

wele (wel). = WEEL. 

werena (wer'nd). Were not. 

wersh (wersh). = WEAR- 
ISH. 

wes (w?s). Was. 

we'se (wez). We shall. 

wha (hwo ; hwa). Who. 

whaap (hwap). = WHAUP. 

whaisle, whaizle (hwa'z'l). 
= WHEEZLE. 

whalpit (hwalp'It). 
Whelped. 

whample (hwam'p'l). A 
stroke ; blow ; slash. 

whang (hwang). Leather; 
leathern thong ; a chunk ; 
large piece or slice ; also, to 
throw, or fling about, vio- 
lently ; to slice ; chop ; flog. 

whap (hwap). = WHAUP. 

whar (hwar), whare 
(hwar), whaur (hwdr). 
Where. 

whase (hwaz). Whose. 

what for no (hwat for 
no)? Why not? 

whatreck (hwat'rek). Nev- 
ertheless. 

whatten (hwaf'n), whatn 
(hwaf'n), whatna (hwaf- 
nd). What kind of. 

whaup (hw6p). A curlew; 
also, a pod ; capsule ; lout ; 
scoundrel ; outcry ; fuss ; to 
make a noisy fuss ; to whis- 
tle or whine. 

wheen (hwen) 
vision ; group 
tie ; quantity. 

wheep (hwep). 
of a curlew or plover. 

wheezle (hwe'z'l). Wheeze. 



A few ; di- 
quite a lit- 

Whistle ; — 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, so£d; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, 
iise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES 



1127 



whemmel, whemmle 
(hw£m''l). Overturn; up- 
set ; tumble. 

whid (hwud). Whisk ; frisk ; 
— of nimble, noiseless 
movement ; also, fib ; lie. 

whig (hweg). To move 
steadily on ; jog along ; also, 
whey ; buttermilk. 

whig. Covenanter ; Pres- 
byterian. Contemptuous. 

whiggamore, whigamore 
(hwig'd-mor). Orig., a 
drover; a 'whig'; Cove- 
nanter ; Presbyterian. Con- 
temptuous. 

whigmaleerie (hweg'md- 
le'ri). Trinket; knick- 
knack ; whim ; vagary : 
fancy. [at times. | 

whilas (hwilz). Sometimes ;| 

whilk (hwiilk). Which. 

whilly (hwfil'i). To cajole; 
wheedle ; gull. 

whilly wha (hwiil'i-hwo). 
Cajoling ; a deceitful flat- 
terer ; also, to wheedle ; 
cajole. 

whin. =WHEEN. 

w hinge (hwenj). Whine; 
whimper. 

whinger (hwgng'er) . A 
sort of hanger used as a 
knife at meals, and as a 
weapon. 

whip (hwiip). Rush ; start ; 
moment ; attack of sick- 
ness ; in pi., a whipping. 

whirligigum (hwdrl'i-gig/- 
wm), whirlimagig (-md- 
gigO. whirlmagee (-je'). 
Useless ornament ; whirli- 
gig. 

whirry (hwur'I). To hurry. 

whisht (hwisht). Whist; 
hush ; also, a whisper. — to 
hold one's whisht, to be 
silent. 

whissle (hwiis''l). Whistle. 

whitehass, whitehaws 

(hwit'has' ;-hosO- Sausages 
stuffed with oatmeal and 
suet ; sheep's gullet. 

whitely (hwlt'li). Whit- 
ish ; pallidly. [weasel. I 

whitrack (hwut'rakO. The| 

w hitter (hwut'er). A hearty 
draught (of »quor). 

whittie-whattie (hwut'i- 
hwat'i). A pretext ; frivo- 
lous or cajoling talk, or one 
who uses such. 

whittle (hwiit''l). A large 
knife ; a steel or whetstone 
for sharpening knives. 

whittret (hwut'ret). = 

WHITRACK. 

whomble, whomle, 
whommle ( hw8m''l ; 
hwiim'-). = WHEM- 
MEL. 

whullywha (hwiil'i-hwo). 
= WHILLYWHA. 

whummle (hwum''l). = 
WHEMMEL. 

whunstane (hwun'stan). 
Whinstone. 

whup (hwiip). Whip. 

whyles (hwilz). Whiles; 
sometimes. 

wi' (we;wi). W-th. 

wick (w§k). To strike, as a 
stone, in an oblique direc- 
tion ; — a term in curling. 

widdle (wud''l). Wriggle; 
waddle ; struggle 

widdy, widdie (wiid'i). A 
withy ; rope ; gallows ; 
hangman's noose. 

wiel (wel). _A whirlpool. 

wif ecarl (wif'karlO . A man 
who busies himself with 
womanish affairs ; a betty. 

wig, wigg (weg). A kind of 
raised seedcake, or a cur- 
rant bun. 

wig (weg). =WHIG, whey. 



wight (weKt). Brave; 

strong ; clever ; powerful ; 
also, the shrewmouse. 

wile (wll). = WALE, choice. 

wiliecoat (wii'i-k6t). = 
WYLIECOAT. 

wilk (wulk). A periwinkle. 

willawa (wul'd-wa). Well- 
away! woe is me I 

willawins (wul'd-wunz). 
An exclamation of sorrow 
or pity. 

willie-waucht, willie- 

waught (wul'I-wfiHt). A 
hearty drink ; a deep 
draft, as of ale; — from 
Burns's "A right guid-wil- 
lie waught," i. e., a good- 
will draft, erroneously 
printed in some editions 
as "A right guid willie- 
waught." 

willyard (wul'ydrd), will- 
yart (wul'ydrt). Wild; 
willful ; bewildered ; shy. 

wimple (wem'p'i). A wind- 
ing turn ; a fold ; plait ; 
also, to meander ; wriggle. 

win (wSn). To winnow; 
dry, as hay, esp. by expo- 
sure ; succeed in getting ; 
get ; labor. — to win 
aboon, to get above ; get 
the better of ; recover from. 
— to win aft, to dismount ; 
get away ; escape ; be ac- 
quitted. — to win by, to get 
past; escape. — to win on 
or upon, to mount ;gain fa- 
vor or influence with ; gain 
ground on. — to win to, 
to reach ; begin to eat ; "fall 
to." — to win up, to as- 
cend ; mount ; arise, as from 
bed. 

win' (wun). Wind. 

winch (wensh; wiinsh). 
Wench. 

winch. Wince. 

windle (wen''l ; wun''l). To 
wind yarn ; whirl around ; 
turn ; drift, as snow ; put 
up hay or straw in bun- 
dles ; also, a basket ; grain 
measure. 

windle, windles (wen''lz; 
wfln^'lz). A turning frame 
on which a hank of thread 
or yarn is put to be wound 
off. 

windlestrae (wm''l-stra ; 
wun'-). Crested dog's-tail 
grass ; fig., a trifling person 
or object. 

windling (win'lin ; wun'-). 
A bottle of straw or hay 

window bole (wln'di bol' ; 
wun'-). = BOLE, an aper- 
ture. 

windy (wln'di ; wun'-). 
Boastful. 

winklot(wink'lwt ;wurjk'-). 
A young woman. 

winna (wun'nd). Will not. 

winnock (win'wk ; wun'-). 
Window. 

wins (wun ). Towards. 

wint, win't (wlnt). 
Wound ; — p. p. of wind. 

wintle (wm't'l; wun'-). 
Stagger ; reel ; wriggle ; roll. 

winze (wenz). Oath ; curse. 

wise (wiz). To guide; di- 
rect; advise; instruct; 
show ; beguile ; persuade ; 
explain ; use ; spend. 

wisp (wisp ; wiisp). To 
brush, clean, or dress down, 
as with a wisp ; tie up with 
straw. 

wiss (wis ; wus) . To wish ; 
also, knew. 

wissel, wissle (wis''l). To 
make money change for ; 
wager ; bet. 

wist (wist ; wust). W'.shed. 



wistel (wis^'l). = WISSEL. 

wite (wit). Blame; fault; 
injury ; also, to accuse ; 
blame. 

withershins ( wlth'er- 
shinz' ; wufch'-). Contrari- 
wise ; topsy-turvy ; contra- 
ry to the apparent motion 
of the sun. 

withgang (wuth'gang). 

Toleration ; liberty. 

withgate (with'gat). Lib- 
erty. — to get the with- 
gate, to gain the advan- 
tage ; overreach. 

withouten (wlth-oof'n). 
Without. 

withy-woody ( with'i- 
wdbd'I ; wiith'-). A rope of 
withes. 

witter (wit'er ; wut'er). To 
inform ; direct ; certify ; as- 
sure ; also, a mark ; sign ; 
barb of an arrowhead, 
fishhook, etc. 

witting (wit'in ; wiit'in). 
Knowledge ; also, esp. in 
pi., information or tidings. 

wizen (wiz''n). To wither ; 
shrivel. 

wizzen, wizen (we'z'n). 
Weasand ; windpipe. 

wod (wcSd), wode. A wood ; 
also, = WOOD, mad. 

woesome (wo'swm). Woe- 
ful. 

woid (wid). To divide. 

won (wun ; wSn). To dwell ; 
abide. 

wonner (wiin'er). A won- 
der ;— -a term of contempt. 

woo' (oo). Wool. 

wood (wood). Mad ; en- 
raged ; furious. 

woodie (wud'i ; wdod'i). A 
withy ; noose ; gallows. Cf. 
WIDDY. 

wooer-bab (oo'er-bab). A 
garter tied below the knee 
as a love knot. 

wordy (wur'di). Worthy. 

workloom (wQrk'loom). 
Tool ; implement. 

worricow^ worriecow 

(wur'i-koo'). A bugaboo; 
hobgoblin ; scarecrow ; the 
Devil. 

worrit (wur'it). Worry: 
trouble ; fidget, [strangle. 

worry (wQr'I). Choke ;| 

worry-carl (wQr'i-karl'). A 
snarling, ill-natured person. 

worset (wur'set). Worsted. 

wow (wou). Howl; wail; 
mew ; also, an exclamation 
of pleasure, surprise, etc. 

wowf (woof). Wild ; 

crazed ; disordered in in- 
tellect. 

wrack (rak ; wrak). To 
tease ; to vex ; also, wreck ; 
ruin ; vegetable rubbish : 
weeds. [Wrong. 

wrang (rang; wrang).| 

wrat (rat ; wrat) . Wart. 

wratch (wrach). To become 
niggardly ; also, a wretch. 

wreath (wreth). A drift, as 
of snow or sand ; also, to 
drift ; cover by drifting ; — 
said of snow. 

wrek (wrek). = WRACK. 

wrig (wreg). The weakest of 
a brood or litter ; the young- 
est or weakest child of a 
family. 

wu-. For various terms 
spelt wu-, see the corre- 
sponding forms in WI-. 

wud (wood). = WOOD, 
mad. 

wuddie (wiid'i). = 

WOODIE. 

wull (will) . = WILL. 

wullcat (wiil'kat). Wildcat. 

wumble (wum''l). Wimble. 

wun (wun). To win; get; 



also, wind ; wound ; the 

wind, 
wunna (wun'nd). Will not. 
wuss (wiis). To wish, 
wuzzent (wuz''nt). Wiz 

ened. 
wy, wye (wT). A person, 
wyle (wll). To beguile ; wile 
wyliecoat (wT'11-koV ; wul'- 

I-). Undervest ; petticoat. 
wynd (wind). A lane ; alley 

small court. [blame, 

wyte (wit). = WITE. 



yaft (yaf). Bark ; yelp ; 
scold. 

yagger (yag'er). = J AG- 
GER, peddler. 

yaird (yard). A yard; 
garden ; churchyard. 

yald (yald). = YAULD. 

yammer (yam'Sr). La- 
ment: whimper ; cry. 

yank (yarjk). To move ac- 
tively and quickly ; also, a 
sudden, hard blow. 

yanking (yank'In). Active ; 
pushing. 

yaud (yod). A jade; a mare. 

yaud. A term used in the 
phrase far yaud, a cry of 
encouragement ^r direction 
from a shepherd co his dog. 

yauld (yod). Alert ; active ; 
able-bodied ; strong. 

yaup (yop). A loud cry or 
noise ; a cry, as of a child in 
pain ; also, to gape ; bawl ; 
whine ; scream. 

yawl (yol). Howl ; scream. 

yearn (yern). =EARN, to 
curdle. 

yearning (yer'nin). = 
EARNING, rennet. 

yeld, yeald (y51d), yell 
(yel). Barren, as a cow or 
ewe ; giving no milk. 

yelloch (yel'WK). Scream ; 
yell. 

yellow yeldring (ygl'u 
yel'drin), yellow yoldring 
(yol'-), yellow yorling 
(yor'lin). The yellow- 

hammer. 

yer (yur). Your. 

yerk (yerk) . To lash ; 
thrash ; goad ; jerk ; bind 
tightly ; also, a thump ; 
lashing ; kick ; stab ; jerk. 

yerl (yerl). An earl. 

ye'se (yez). Ye shall. 

yctt (yet). A gate. 

yeuk, yewk (yook). Itch. 

yeuky (-1). Itchy. 

yeuns (yQnz). Refuse of 
grain blown away by fan- 
ners. 

yill (yel). Ale. 

yill-house (-hous'). Ale- 
house. 

yin (yin). One. 

yince (yins). Once. 

yird (yerd). Earth. 

yirr (yer). Snarl ; growl. 

yirth (yerth). The earth. 

yokin, yoking (yok'in). 
The plowing done at one 
spell by the horses ; spell ; 
turn. 

yoldrin, yoldring (yol'- 
drin) . The yellow-hammer. 

yon (ySn). That or those 
yonder. 

yond (ySnd). Yonder; 
thither ; away ; further. 

yonker (ytin'ker). A young 
fellow ; younker. 

yont (ySnt). Beyond. 

yoursel (yer-sel'). Your- 
self. 

yow, yowe (you). A ewe. 

yowie (you'i). Dim. of 
YOW. 

Yule Day. Christmas Day. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals, 



N 







VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



§ 1. The two most common forms of rimes are rimes of 

Q monosyllables or final accented syllables (called single, or 

masculine, rimes), and rimes of two syllables the first of 
which is accented (called double, or feminine, rimes), such 
as faster, pastor, aiding, fading, double, trouble, etc. ; 
but of these two forms much the more common is that of 
single, or masculine, rimes, which alone are given in this 
vocabulary. 

§ 2. Correspondence in sound and accent the test of a 
_ rime. — Theoretically, a rime is the correspondence, in two 

f\ or more words or verses, of terminal sounds beginning with 

an accented vowel, which, in modern English usage, must 
be preceded by different consonant sounds, or by a conso- 
nant sound in one case and none in the other. In a strict rime 
there is, therefore, exact correspondence in sound and also 
exact correspondence in accent. In practical usage, however, 
this theoretical standard of what constitutes a rime is not 
_ always observed, but more or less freedom is exercised in 

5 using as rimes sounds which in careful pronunciation are 

distinguished from each other, or syllables the accent or 
stress of which is somewhat unequal. 

§ 3. Correspondence in accent. — Strictly speaking, 
single rimes must consist only of monosyllables or of final 
syllables having a primary _ accent. There are, however, 
many words which have a primary accent on the antepenult, 
but in pronunciation receive a secondary, or sufficiently 
strong, accent, or stress, upon the final syllable to make it 
proper to use that syllable as a rime to another final syllable 
which receives a primary accent, or to use it as a rime to a 
monosyllable of the same sound ; thus, accumulate may be 
used to rime with date, expedite to rime with sight, etc. In 
the case of some very common terminations, such as -al, 
-an, -ant, -or, etc. (see -ax, -an, -ant, -or), there is a tend- 
ency in words accented on the antepenult to slight the final 
syllable in ordinary pronunciation so that it does not have 
the vowel quality which is given to it when distinctly pro- 
nounced. In these cases the words are suitable for single 
rimes only when the final syllable is distinctly pronounced ; 
and such use is to be avoided where the distinct pronuncia- 
tion would sound stilted or awkward. There are some 
monosyllabic words, such as prepositions, articles, etc., 
which are slurred over in speech, and do not receive an 
W accent, or stress, sufficiently strong to make them suitable as 

rimes in serious verse ; and, for the same reason, the like use 
of an adjective at the end of a line with its substantive in the 
next line is usually objectionable. 

§ 4. Correspondence in sound. — No definite line can 
be drawn between vowel sounds which so closely resemble 
each other as to make it proper to use them as rimes with 
each other and those which do not. In this vocabulary 
\A/ some sounds which are very closely related, or are commonly 

confused with each other, have been treated together under 
the same vocabulary entries, as well as those which for the 
sake of convenience are represented by different symbols. 
These cases are a and a (as in blanch, branch, band, com- 
mand, ant, rant; see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 4 and 
7) ; e and u (as in amateur, theater; see Guide to Pronun- 
ciation, §§27, 28, and 88). 

Y Besides these sounds there are a number of others which 
**■ are less closely allied, or less commonly identified, but which, 

nevertheless, more or less nearly constitute riming sounds, 
and are not infrequently so used by careful writers, such as 
6 and o ; u and oo (the final element of the u being 6o) ; a 
and o. 

§ 5. Words differently pronounced. — Some words 
have more than one pronunciation recognized as being in 

V good usage and the more common of these, when they can 
be used in single rimes in either or both pronunciations, 
are given in the vocabulary in each group with which they 
may rime ; thus, trait (see pron. in Vocab.) is given under 
-ate and -ay, wrath under -ath and -oth, etc. 

§ 6. Obsolete, archaic, or provincial rimes. — There 
are many cases in the older poets where words are used as 
rimes in apparent contradiction to the present rules of 

Z riming and good pronunciation ; but generally the words so 

(1128) 



used were formerly so pronounced or accented as to consti- 
tute proper rimes, and some of these pronunciations, now ob- 
solete among the educated, are still retained in local dialects. 

Most English words terminating in -ain, as gain, main, 
rain, etc., are still pronounced with the a sound for the ai, 
and this pronunciation is still recognized as good usage in 
verse and poetry for the word again, which is in ordinary 
speech pronounced only d-gen'. Again therefore is given 
under -ain as well as under -en. 

The digraph ea was frequently pronounced a, and 
hence the sound of ea was the same as that of ay; and peal, 
real, steal, etc., were properly used to rime with male, 
quail, sale, etc., and tea with obey, as by Pope. 

The diphthong oi was formerly pronounced nearly as T, 
as in join, boil, roil, etc., and such words were formerly 
properly used to rime with fine, mile, while, etc. The word 
roil still preserves its archaic pronunciation in the variant 
form rile, and is provincially so pronounced ; similarly boil 
is still provincially or archaically pronounced bll. 

Final syllables in -y and -ie were formerly often accented, 
and were pronounced with an e sound, as in the following 
lines from Chaucer: — 

Lat see now of your wommanly pitee. 
He is a kinges brother sone, pardee ; 
And, though he were a povre bacheler, 
Sin he hath served yow so many a yeer, 
And had for yow so greet adversitee, 
It moste been considered, leveth me. 

In the case of these words there has been a change in the 
accent as well as in the vowel sound, the accent having 
formerly, under the influence of the French, been on the 
final syllable. Subsequently the accent shifted from the 
final syllable, and the final vowel sound was changed from 
that of an e sound to an 1 sound ; and the syllable is now pro- 
nounced with such an entire absence of stress that, in serious 
verse, even when the primary accent is on the antepenult 
(see Correspondence in accent, above ), the final syllable is 
no longer proper for use as a single rime, except as a distinct 
archaism. 

Besides these there are many other cases where rimes 
occur in the older poets which could no longer be used as 
such ; as the riming of queen, seen, etc., with sane, bane; 
although many of these are still used in dialectal poetry. 

§7. In some words which came into English through 
the French the letter 1 was silent where it is now always 
pronounced, as for example in the word fault, which was 
rimed by Pope, and properly so in his day, with thought. 

§ 8. Rimes by contraction, elision, etc. — The final two 
syllables of a word are often pronounced like a single syl- 
lable with a long vowel sound, by slurring over or slighting 
one of the syllables in the pronunciation, or by dropping a 
consonant or vowel. Thus plyer, higher, sower, lower, as 
ordinarily pronounced, may be used to rime with lyre, fire, 
lore, pore ; and over in the poetical form o'er is pronounced 
so as to rime with lore, roar, etc. ; and never in the poeti- 
cal form ne'er rimes with care, stair, etc. In dialectal or 
illiterate pronunciation such contractions and elisions are 
of frequent occurrence, but these are not recognized in this 
vocabulary. 

§ 9. Vocabulary arrangement. — Only that part of the 
word or last syllable is considered which corresponds in 
sound with that of its rimes, and this part of each word is 
treated as a termination or ending. All of these terminations 
must, therefore, begin with the last sounded vowel or 
diphthong of the word ; hence, any particular word with its 
rimes can be readily found in this vocabulary by looking for 
such ending. Thus in the case of be, band, made, brain, 
league, due, blight, amend, pontoon, terminus, etc., 
look in the vocabulary for -e, -and, -ade, -ain, -eague, -ue, 
-ight, -end, -oon, -us, etc., respectively, and under those 
entries will be found either the riming words or references 
to the headings under which they are given. Rime groups are 
in all cases given under the accented vowel sound. Thus 
done and its rimes will be found under -un, sign under 
-ine, warn under -orn, yacht under -ot, etc. 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



1129 



•«,(§). See-AV. 

-ab (Sb). Bab, blab, cab, 
crab, dab, drab, gab, nab, 
scab, slab, stab. 

-abe (ab) . Babe ; astrolabe. 

-ac (ak). See -ACK. 

-ace, -ase (as). Ace, base, 
brace, case, chase, dace, 
face, grace, lace, mace, 
pace, place, race, space, 
trace ; abase, apace, debase, 
deface, disgrace, displace, 
efface, embrace, grimace, 
misplace, replace, retrace, 
ukase, unlace ; interlace, 
interspace, populace. Ar- 
chaic Times, cease, grease, 
peace. See § 6. 

-ach(ach). See -ATCH. 

-ache (ak). See -AKE. 

-acht (5t). Yacht. See -OT. 

-ack (ak). Back, black, 
clack, crack, hack, jack, 
knack, lac, lack, pack, 
plack, quack, rack, sac, 
sack, slack, snack, stack, 
tack, track, wrack : alack, 
attack, bivouac ; almanac, 
demoniac, maniac, sympo- 
siac, zodiac. 

-act (akt). Act, bract, fact, 
pact, tact, tract ; abstract, 

— attract, compact, contract, 
detract, distract, enact, 
exact, extract, intact, pro- 
tract, refract, retract, sub- 
tract, transact ; cataphract, 
cataract, counteract ; al- 
so, preterits and past parti- 
ciples of verbs in -ack, as, 
backed, hacked. 

■ad (ad). Add, bad, brad, 
clad, dad, gad, glad, had, 
lad, mad, pad, sad, shad ; 
forbade. 

— (Sd). Wad. See -OD. 
-ade, -aid (ad). Aid, blade, 

braid, fade, glade, jade, 
lade, made, maid, shade, 
spade, trade, wade ; ab- 
rade, afraid, arcade, block- 
ade, brigade, brocade, cas- 
cade, cockade, crusade, 
degrade, dissuade, evade, 
grenade, invade, parade, 
persuade, pervade, up- 
braid ; ambuscade, balus- 
trade, barricade, cannonade, 
cavalcade, colonnade, en- 
filade, escalade, esplanade, 
gasconade, lemonade, mar- 
malade, masquerade, pali- 
sade, renegade, retrograde, 
serenade, unafraid ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -ay, -ey, and 
-eigh, as, played, obeyed, 
weighed. 

•adge (aj). Badge, cadge. 

»af e (af) . Chafe, safe, waif ; 
unsafe, vouchsafe. 

-aff (af and af) . Chaff, draff, 
gaff, quaff, staff ; agraffe, 
carafe, giraffe ; autograph, 
cenotaph, epitaph, litho- 
graph, monograph, para- 
graph, phonograph, photo- 
graph, radiograph, tele- 
graoh. 

=aft (aft and aft). Aft, craft, 
daft, draft, draught, graft, 
haft, raft, shaft, waft ; 
abaft, aircraft, handicraft, 
ingraft ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-aff, as, chaffed, quaffed. 

-ag (ag). Bag, brag, crag, 
drag, fag, flag, gag, hag, 
lag, nag, quag, rag, sag, 
scrag, shag, slag, snag, stag, 
swag. 

-age (aj). Age, cage, gage, 
page, rage, sage, stage, 
swage, wage ; assuage, en- 
gage, enrage, presage ; ap- 
panage, equipage, heritage, 
hermitage, parentage, par- 
sonage, patronage, person- 
age, pilgrimage, tutelage. 

— (azh). Badinage, garage, 
menage, mirage, persiflage. 

-agm (am). Diaphragm. 

See -AM. 
-agne (an). See -AIN. 
-ague" (ag). Plague, vague. 
-ah (a). Ah, bah, ha, ma, 

shah, spa; hurrah, huzza, 

octroi, sangfroid ; pas, favx 

pas. 
-aid (ad). See -ADE. 



-aif (af). Waif. See -AFE. 

-aight (at). Straight. See 
-ATE. 

-aign (an). See -AIN. 

-ail. -ale (al). Ail, ale, bail, 
bale, brail, dale, fail, flail, 
frail, Gael, gale, grail, hail, 
hale, jail, mail, male, nail, 
pail, pale, quail, rail, sail, 
sale, scale, snail, stale, 
swale, tail, tale, trail, vale, 
veil, wail, wale, whale ; 
assail, avail, bewail, detail, 
entail, exhale, impale, in- 
hale, prevail, regale, retail, 
unveil ; farthingale, night- 
ingale. Archaic rimes, peal, 
steal, etc. See § 6. 

-ain, -ane (an). Bane, blain, 
brain, Cain, cane, chain, 
crane, Dane, deign, drain, 
fain, fane, feign, gain, 
grain, lain, lane, main, 
mane, pain, pane, plain, 
plane, rain, reign, rein, 
sane, skein, slain, Spain, 
sprain, stain, strain, swain, 
ta'en, thane, thegn, train, 
twain, vain, vane, vein, 
wain, wane ; abstain, again, 
amain, arraign, attain, cam- 
paign, champagne, chica.ie, 
complain, constrain, con- 
tain, detain, disdain, dis- 
train, domain, enchain, ex- 
plain, germane, humane, 
inane, insane, maintain, ob- 
tain, ordain, pertain, pro- 
fane, refrain, regain, remain, 
restrain, retain, sustain ; 
aeroplane, appertain, ascer- 
tain, entertain. Archaic 
rimes, lean, mean, queen, 
seen, etc. See § 6. 

-ainst (enst). Against, 

'gainst ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-ence, -ense, as, commenced, 
sensed. 

-aint (ant). Faint, feint, 
paint, plaint, quaint, saint, 
taint ; acquaint, attaint, 
complaint, constraint, dis- 
traint, restraint. 

-air (ar). See -ARE. 

-airn (arn). Bairn, cairn. 

-aise (az). See -AZE. 

-ait (at). See -ATE. 

-aith (ath). Faith, wraith. 

-aize (az). See -AZE. 

-ake (ak). Ache, bake, 
brake, break, cake, drake, 
flake, hake, lake, make, 
quake, rake, sake, shake, 
slake, snake, spake, stake, 
steak, strake, take, wake ; 
betake, forsake, mistake, 
opaque, partake ; overtake, 
undertake. Archaic rimes, 
speak, weak, etc. See § 6. 

-al (al). Cabal, canal; ad- 
miral, animal, arsenal, can- 
nibal, capital, cardinal, 
carnival, comical, conjugal, 
corporal, criminal, critical, 
festival, funeral, gener- 
al, hospital, interval, liberal, 
literal, lyrical, madrigal, 
magical, mineral, musical, 
mystical, natural, nautical, 
original, pastoral, pedestal, 
personal, physical, poeti- 
cal, political, _ principal, 
prodigal, psychical, ration- 
al, reciprocal, rhetorical, sa- 
tirical, several, temporal, 
tragical, virginal, whimsi- 
cal. See § 3. 

-aid (old). Bald, scald ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -al!, -aul, and 
-awl, as, called, mauled, 
scrawled. 

-ale (al). See -AIL. 

-alf (af). Calf, half, laugh; 
behalf. Nearly riming with 
these are cough, scoff, etc. 
See § 4, and -OFF. 

-alk (ok). Balk, calk, chalk, 
hawk, squawk, stalk, talk, 
walk; Mohawk; tomahawk. 

-all (61) . See -AWL. 

-aliTL (am). Balm, calm, 
pa'.m, psalm, qualm ; em- 
balm, salaam. 

-alp (alp). Alp, palp, scalp. 

-alt (clt). Fault, halt, malt, 
salt, smalt, vault ; assault, 
default, exait. 

— (alt). Alt. shalt : asphalt. 



-alve (av). Calve, halve, 
salve. 

•am, -amb (am). Am, clam, 
cram, dam, damn, dram, 
gram, ham, jam, jamb, 
lamb, ram, sham, slam, 
swam, yam ; aerogram, 
anagram, cablegram, dia- 
gram, diaphragm, epigram, 
monogram, radiogram, tele- 
gram. 

-ame, -aim (am). Aim, 
blame, came, claim, dame, 
fame, flame, frame, game, 
lame, maim, name, same, 
shame, tame ; acclaim, be- 
came, declaim, defame, 
exclaim, inflame, misname, 
overcame, proclaim, re- 
claim, surname. Archaic 
rimes, dream, gleam, etc. 
Sae § 6. 

-amp (amp). Camp, champ, 
clamp, cramp, damp, lamp, 
ramp, stamp, tramp, vamp ; 
decamp, encamp. 

— (5mp). See -OMP. 

-an (an). Ban, bran, can, 
clan, fan, man, pan, plan, 
ran, scan, span, tan, than, 
van ; airman, began, bird- 
man, divan, foreran, japan, 
rattan, sedan, trepan, un- 
man ; artisan, caravan, 
courtesan, partisan, peli- 
can, ptarmigan. See § 3. 

— (<5n). Wan, swan. See 
-ON. 

-ance (ansawdSns). Chance, 
dance, glance, lance, manse, 
prance, trance ; advance, en- 
hance, entrance, expanse, fi- 
nance, mischance, romance ; 
arrogance, circumstance, 
complaisance, consonance, 
countenance, deliverance, 
dissonance, exorbitance, ex- 
travagance, ignorance, in- 
heritance, intemperance, 
maintenance, ordinance, 
sufferance, sustenance, tem- 
perance, utterance, vigi- 
lance. See § 3. 

-anch (anch and anch). 
Blanch, branch, ranch, 
stanch. See § 4. 

-and (and and and). And, 
band, bland, brand, gland, 
grand, hand, land, rand, 
sand, stand, strand ; com- 
mand, demand, disband, 
expand, remand, with- 
stand ; contraband, coun- 
termand, reprimand, sara- 
band, understand ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -an. See §§3,4. 

— (5nd). Wand. See-OND. 
-ane (an). See -AIN. 
-ang (ang). Bang, clang, 

fang, gang, hang, pang, 
rang, sang, slang, sprang, 
whang ; harangue, me- 
ringue, boomerang. 

-ange (anj) . Change, grange, 
mange, range, strange ; ar- 
range, derange, estrange, 
exchange ; disarrange, inter- 
change. 

-angue (ang). See -ANG. 

-ank (arjk). Blank, clank, 
cr?.uk, dank, drank, flank, 
frank, hank, lank, plank, 
prank, rank, sank, spank, 
tank, thank, yank ; disrank, 
embank, outflank, outrank ; 
mountebank. 

-anse (ans). See -ANCE. 

-ant (ant and ant). Ant, 
cant, chant, grant, pant, 
plant, rant, scant, slant ; 
aslant, decant, descant, dis- 
plant, enchant, gallant, 
implank, Levant, recant, 
supplant, transplant ; ada- 
mant, arrogant, combatant, 
complaisant, consonant, 
conversant, cormorant, cov- 
enant, disputant, elegant, 
elephant, emigrant, exorbi- 
tant, extravagant, ignorant, 
immigrant, inhabitant, jubi- 
lant, militant, petulant, 
protestant, resonant, suppli- 
cant, sycophant, vigilant. 
See §§3, 4. 

— (ont; <5nt).] Want. See 
-AUNT. 

-ap (5p). Cap, chap, clap, 
flap, gap. hap, lap, map. 



nap, pap, rap, sap, scrap, 
slap, snap, strap, tap, trap, 
wrap ; entrap, enwrap, mis-- 
hap, unwrap. 

-ape (ap). Ape, cape, chape, 
crape, drape, grape, jape, 
nape, rape, scrape, shape, 
tape; escape, landscape.' 
Archaic rimes, heap, leap, 
etc. See § 6. 

-aph (af). See -AFF. 

-apse (aps). Lapse; col- 
lapse, elapse, perhaps, re- 
lapse ; also, plurals of nouns, 
and third person sing, 
present of verbs, in -ap, as, 
caps, laps, saps. 

-apt (apt). Apt, rapt, 

wrapt ; adapt, inwrapt ; 
also, preterits and past parti- 
ciples of verbs in -ap, as, 
slapped, tapped. 

-aque (ak). Plaque. See 
-ACK. 

-ar (ar). Bar, car, char, 
czar, far, jar, mar, par, scar, 
spar, star, tar ; afar, ba- 
zaar, bizarre, boulevard, 
canard, catarrh, debar, 
guitar, hussar, lascar ; angu- 
lar, avatar, calendar, cavi-. 
are, circular, globular, par- 
ticular, secular, singular, 
titular, vinegar. See § 3. 

— (or). War. See -OR. 
-arb (arb). Barb, garb, 
-arce (ars). See -ARSE, 
-arch (arch). Arch, larch, 

march, parch, starch ; out- 
march ; countermarch. 

— (ark). See -ARK. 

-ard (ard). Bard, card, 
guard, hard, lard, nard, 
pard, sard, shard, yard; 
bombard, canard, discard, 
placard, regard, retard ; 
boulevard, disregard, inter- 
lard ; also, preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -ar, 
as, barred, scarred. 

— (6rd). Sward, ward ; 
award, reward. See -ORD. 

-are, -air (ar and ar). Air, 
bare, bear, blare, care, 
chair, dare, e'er, ere, fair, 
fare, flare, glair, glare, hair, 
hare, heir, lair, ne'er, pair, 
pare, pear, rare, scare, 
share, snare, spare, square, 
stair, stare, swear, tare, tear, 
their, there, ware, wear, . 
where, yare ; affair, aware, 
beware, compare, declare, 
despair, elsewhere, ensnare, 
forbear, forswear, howeer, 
howsoe'er, impair, ne'er, 
prepare, repair, whate'er, 
whene'er, where'er. Archaic 
rimes, dear, hear, rear, etc. 
See §§ 6, 8. 

-are3 (Srz). Unawares ; 

theirs ; also, plurals of 
nouns, and third person 
sing, present of verbs, in 
-are, -air, -eir, -ear, as, 
cares, pairs, heirs, bears. 

-arf (orf). Bedwarf, corf, 
dwarf, wharf. Scarf has no 
rime. 

-arge (arj). Barge, charge, 
large, marge, targe ; dis- 
charge, enlarge, surcharge. 

-ark (ark). Ark, bark, cark, 
dark, hark, lark, mark, 
park, sark, shark, spark, 
stark ; debark, embark, re- 
mark ; hierarch, patriarch. 

-arl (arl). Carl, gnarl, snarl. 

-arm (arm). Arm, barm, 
charm, farm, harm ; alarm, 
disarm, gendarme, unarm. 

— (orm). Swarm, warm. 
See-ORM. [yarn.l 

-arn (arn). Barn, darn, tarn, | 

— (orn). Warn ; forewarn. 
See -ORN. 

-arp (arp). Carp, harp, 
scarp, sharp ; escarp ; peri- 
carp, counterscarp. 

— (orp). Warp. See -OR P. 
-arse (ars). Parse, sparse; 

farce. 

-arsh (arsh). Harsh, marsh. 

-art (art). Art, cart, chart, 
dart, hart, heart, mart, 
part, smart, start, tart ; 
apart, depart, dispart, im- 
part, sweetheart, upstart. 

— (ort). Quart, swart, 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used ia this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 







R 



U 



W 



X 



1130 

thwart, wart ; athwart ; 

overthwart. See -ORT. 
-arth (orth). Swarth. See 

-ORTH. 
-arve (arv). Carve, starve. 
-as (5z). Was; Boz. 

— (az). As, has. 

— (as). Alas, gas; Candle- 
mas, Hallowmas, Michael- 
mas, paterfamilias, sassa- 
fras. 

-ase (as and az). See -ACE 
and -AZE. 

-ash (ash). Ash, cache, cash, 
clash, crash, dash, flash, 
gash, gnash, hash, lash, 
mash, plash, rash, sash, 
slash, smash, thrash, trash ; 
abash , calash, calabash. 

— (5sh). Quash, squash, 
swash, wash ; awash, ga- 
loche ; mackintosh. 

-ask (ask). Ask, bask, cask, 
flask, mask, masque, Pasch, 
task, unmask. 

-asm (az'm). Chasm, spasm ; 
cataplasm, enthusiasm, 

iconoclasm, protoplasm. 

-asp (asp). Asp, clasp, gasp, 
grasp, hasp, rasp ; inclasp, 
unclasp. 

-ass (as). Ass, brass, class, 
glass, grass, lass, mass, 
pass ; amass, crevasse, cui- 
rass^ hourglass, isinglass, 
looking-glass, morass, re- 
pass, surpass. See -AS. 

-ast (ast). Bast, blast, cast, 
caste, fast, last, mast, past, 
vast ; aghast, avast, con- 
trast, forecast, outcast, 
repast ; overcast ; also, pret- 
erits and past participles of 
verbs in -ass, as, amassed. 

-aste (ast). Baste, chaste, 
haste, paste, taste, waist, 
waste ; distaste ; also, pret- 
erits and past participles of 
verbs in -ace, as, faced, 
placed. Archaic rimes, 
least, yeast. See § 6. 

-at (at). At, bat, brat, cat, 
chat, fat, flat, gnat, hat, 
mat, pat, plat, rat, sat, 

' sprat, tat, that, vat ; cra- 
vat, whereat. 

— (ot). What. See-OT. 
-atch (ach). Batch, catch, 

hatch, latch, match, patch, 
scratch, snatch, thatch ; 
attach, detach, dispatch. 

— (Seh). Watch. See 
-OTCH. 

-ate (at). Bait, bate, date, 
eight, fate, fete, gate, grate, 
great, hate, late, mate, 
pate, plait, plate, prate, 
rate, sate, skate, slate, 
state, straight, strait, trait, 
wait, weight ; abate, await, 
belate, collate, create, de- 
bate, elate, estate, inflate, 
ingrate, innate, irate, re- 
bate, relate, sedate, trans- 
late, vacate ; abdicate, 
abominate, accelerate, ac- 
commodate, accumulate, 
accurate, adequate, adul- 
terate, advocate, affection- 
ate, aggravate, agitate, ani- 
mate, annihilate, antici- 
pate, antiquate, arbitrate, 
articulate, assassinate, cal- 
culate, candidate, capaci- 
tate, capitulate, captivate, 
celebrate, circulate, com- 
memorate, commiserate, 
communicate, compassion- 
ate, congratulate, congre- 
gate, consecrate, consider- 
ate, consultate, contami- 
nate, cultivate, dedicate, 
degenerate, delegate, delib- 
erate, delicate, denominate, 
deprecate, derogate, des- 
perate, disconsolate, dis- 
criminate, dissipate, edu- 
cate, elaborate, elevate, 
emulate, estimate, evapo- 
rate, exaggerate, exasper- 
ate, extricate, facilitate, 
fortunate, generate, hesi- 
tate, illuminate, imitate, 
importunate, imprecate, in- 
novate, instigate, intimate, 
intimidate, intoxicate, in- 
tricate, invalidate, invio- 
late, irritate, laureate, lib- 
erate, lubricate, magis- 
trate, mediate, mitigate, 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



moderate, nominate, opi- 
ate, participate, passionate, 
penetrate, perpetrate, per- 
sonate, pontificate, poten- 
tate, precipitate, predesti- 
nate, predominate, premed- 
itate, prevaricate, profli- 
gate, propagate, radiate, 
regenerate, regulate, reiter- 
ate, reprobate, separate, 
simulate, stimulate, stipu- 
late, subjugate, suffocate, 
supplicate, terminate, toler- 
ate, temperate, ultimate, 
venerate, vindicate, violate. 
Archaic rimes, beat, heat, 
etc. See § 3. 
-ath (ath and ath). Bath, 
hath, lath, path, rath, 
snath, wrath ; aftermath. 
— (6th). Swath, wrath, 
-athe (ath). Bathe, lathe, 
scathe, swathe ; unswathe. 
-auce (6s). Sauce; hawse. 
-aud (6d). Bawd, broad, 
fraud, gaud, laud ; abroad, 
applaud, belaud, defraud, 
maraud ; also, preterits and 
past participles of vefbs in 
-aw, as gnawed, sawed. 
-augh (af). Laugh. See 

-ALF. 
-aught (6t and aft). Aught. 

See -OUGHT and -AFT. 
-aulm (6m). Haulm, 

shawm. 
-ault (61t). See -ALT. 
-aunch (anch and 6nch). 
Craunch, haunch, launch, 
paunch. 
-aunt (ant and 6nt). Aunt, 
daunt, flaunt, gaunt, haunt, 
jaunt, taunt, vaunt, want ; 
avaunt. See § 4. 
-ause (6z). Cause, clause, 
gauze, hawse, pause, yaws ; 
applause, because ; also, 
plurals of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of 
verbs, in -aw, as, draws, 
laws. [caust.l 

-aust (6st). Exhaust, holo-| 
-aut (ot). Aeronaut, taut. 
-ave (av). Brave, cave, 
crave, gave, glaive, grave, 
knave, lave, nave, pave, 
rave, save, shave, slave, 
stave, waive, wave ; be- 
have, deprave, engrave, en- 
slave, forgave, misgave. 
Have has no rime. 
-aw (6). Caw, claw, craw, 
daw, draw, flaw, gnaw, 
haw, jaw, law, maw, paw, 
raw, saw, shaw, straw, 
thaw, yaw ; foresaw, ma- 
caw, papaw, withdraw, 
-awd (6d). See -AUD. 
-awk (6k). See-ALK. 
-awl, -all (61). All, awl, ball, 
bawl, brawl, call, crawl, 
drawl, fall, gall, hall, pall, 
pawl, scrawl, small, sprawl, 
squall, stall, tall, yawl ; en- 
thrall, forestall, install, 
-awm (6m). Shawm. See 

-AULM. 
-awn (on). Awn, brawn, 
dawn, drawn, fawn, lawn, 
pawn, prawn, spawn, yawn. 
-ax (aks). Ax, flax, lax, tax, 
wax ; relax, battle-ax, par- 
allax ; also, plurals of nouns, 
and third person sing, pres- 
ent of verbs, in -ack, as, 
backs, lacks, packs, 
-ay (a). Bay, bray, clay, 
day, dray, eh, fay, flay, 
fray, gay, gray, hay, jay, 
lay, may, nay, neigh, pay, 
play, pray, prey, ray, say, 
slay, sleigh, splay, spray, 
stay, stray, sway, trait, 
tray, weigh, whey ; affray, 
allay, array, assay, astray, 
away, ballet, belay, betray, 
bewray, convey, decay, de- 
fray, delay, dismay, dis- 
play, essay, gainsay, inlay, 
inveigh, mislay, obey, por- 
tray, purvey, relay, repay, 
survey, waylay ; matinee, 
protegee, roundelay, vire- 
lay. Archaic rimes, tea, 
sea, see, etc. See § 6. 
-aze (az). Blaze, braise, 
braze, chaise, craze, daze, 
gaze, glaze, graze, haze, 
maze, phrase, praise, raise, 
raze ; ablaze, amaze, be- 



maze, dispraise ; Marse- 
illaise, paraphrase : also, 
nouns plural, and third per- 
son sing, present of verbs, in 
-ay, eigh, and -ey, as, days, 
inveighs, obeys. Archaic 
rimes, ease, tease. See § 6. 
-e (e). Be, he, me, she, we, 
ye ; agape, calliope, Geth- 
semane ; also, many nouns 
ending in y (?), as, ability, 
civility, etc. See -EE. 
-ea (e and, archaic, a). See 

-EE and -AY. 
-eace (es and, archaic, as). 

See -EASE and -ACE. 
-each, -eech (ech). Beach, 
beech, bleach, breach, each, 
leech, peach, preach, reach, 
speech ; beseech, impeach. 
-ead (ed and ed). See -EED 

and -ED. 
-eaf (ef and e"f). See -IEF 

and -EF_. 
-eague (eg). Colleague, en- 
league, fatigue, intrigue, 
league, renege, 
-eak, -eek(ek). Beak, bleak, 
cheek, clique, creak, creek, 
freak, Greek, leak, leek, 
meek, peak, pique, reek, 
seek, shriek, Sikh, sleek, 
sneak, speak, squeak, 
streak, teak, tweak, weak, 
week, wreak ; antique, be- 
zique, critique, oblique. 
— (ak). Break. See -AKE. 
•eal, -eel (el). Deal, eel, feel, 
heal, heel, keel, kneel, leal, 
meal, peal, peel, reel, seal, 
squeal, steal, teal, veal, 
weal, wheel, zeal ; anneal, 
appeal, conceal, congeal, 
genteel, reveal. 
-eald (eld). See -IELD. 
-ealm (elm). See -ELM. 
-ealth(glth). Health, stealth, 

wealth ; commonwealth. 
-earn (em). Beam, bream, 
cream, deem, dream, gleam, 
scheme, scream, seam, 
seem, steam, stream, team, 
teem, theme ; beseem, blas- 
pheme, esteem, extreme, re- 
deem, supreme. 
-ean, -een (en). Bean, 
clean, dean, e'en, glean, 
green, keen, lean, lien, 
mean, mien, preen, queen, 
scene, screen, seen, sheen, 
spleen, wean, ween, yean ; 
baleen, between, canteen, 
careen, convene, cuisine, de- 
mean, demesne, foreseen, 
machine, marine, obscene, 
poteen, ravine, routine, sar- 
dine, serene, subvene, ton- 
tine, unclean ; submarine. 
-eant (ent). See -ENT. 
-eap (ep and, archaic, ap). 

See -EEP and -APE. 
-ear (er and,.- archaic, Sr). 

See -EER and -ARE. 
-earch (Qrch). See -URCH. 
-eard (erd). Beard, weird; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ear, -ere, 
as, feared, revered. 

— (urd). See-URD. 
-earl (Qrl). See -URL. 
-earn (urn). See -URN. 
-earse (Qrs). See -ERSE, 
-eart (art). See -ART. 
-earth (urth). See -IRTH. 
-ease (es). Cease, crease, 

fleece, geese, grease, lease, 
niece, peace, piece ; de- 
cease, decrease, increase, 
obese ; frontispiece. 

— (ez). Breeze, cheese, ease, 
freeze, frieze, lees, please, 
seize, sneeze, squeeze, tease, 
these, wheeze ; appease, 
disease, displease ; also, plu- 
rals of nouns in -ea, as, 
pleas, teas, and third person 
sing, present of verbs in -ee, 
as, fees, sees. 

-eash (esh). Leash ; bak- 
sheesh. 

-east (est). Beast, east, 
feast, least, priest, yeast ; 
artiste ; also, preterits and 
participles of verbs in -ease, 
as, ceased, increased. 

-eat, -eet, -ete (et). Beat, 
bleat, cheat, eat, feat, feet, 
fleet, greet, heat, meat, 
meet, mete, neat, peat, seat, 



sheet, sleet, suite, sweet, 
teat, treat, wheat ; athlete, 
compete, complete, con- 
ceit, concrete, deceit, de- 
feat, delete, deplete, dis- 
creet, entreat, receipt, re- 
plete, retreat, secrete, 
-(at). Great. See -ATE. 
-(et). Threat. See -ET. 
eath (eth). Breath, death, 
saith, sheth ; also, third per- 
son oing. forms of verbs ac- 
cented on the antepenult, as, 
hindreth, lingereth. See § 3. 
— (eth). Heath, sheath, 
teeth, wreath ; beneath ; 
underneath. 

eathe (eth). Breathe, 

seethe, sheathe, teethe, 
wreathe ; bequeath, 
eau (o). Beau, eau. See 
-OW (5). 

eave (ev). Beeve, breve, 
cleave, eve, grieve, heave, 
leave, reave, sleeve, thieve, 
vive, weave ; achieve, ag- 
grieve, believe, bereave, 
conceive, deceive, perceive, 
receive, relieve, reprieve, 
retrieve. [web. 

-eb (eb). Bleb, ebb, neb,| 
-eck (ek). Beck, check, 
deck, fleck, neck, peck, 
reck, speck, wreck. 
-ect (ekt). Sect; abject, af- 
fect, collect, connect, cor- 
rect, defect, deflect, deject, 
detect, direct, dissect, ef- 
fect, eject, elect, erect, ex- 
pect, infect, inject, inspect, 
neglect, object, project, 
protect, reflect, reject, re- 
spect, select, subject, sus- 
pect ; architect, circum- 
spect, dialect, intellect, in- 
tersect, recollect ; also, pret- 
erits and past participles of 
verbs in -eck, as, checked, 
decked. 
-ed, -ead, (ed). Bed, bled, 
bread, bred, dead, dread, 
fed, fled, head, lead, led, 
read, red, said, shed, shred, 
sled, sped, spread, stead, 
thread, tread, wed ; abed, 
behead, inbred, misled, 
-ede (ed). See -EED. 
-edge (ej). Dredge, hedge, 
kedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, 
sledge, wedge; allege; privi- 
lege^ sacrilege, sortilege. 
-ee (e). Bee, fee, flea, free, 
glee, key, knee, lea, lee, pea, 
plea, sea, see, tea, thee, 
three, tree ; agree, decree, 
degree, foresee ; jubilee, 
pedigree, cap-a-pie. Archaic 
rimes are monosyllabic wor&f 
ending in -y, -ye, or -ie, and 
polysyllables accented on the 
final syllable, or accented on 
the antepenult, as, eye, mel- 
odic See § 6, -AY and -E. 
-eece (es) . See -EASE (es) . 
-eech (ech). See -EACH. 
-eed, -ead, -ede (ed). Bead, 
bleed, breed, cede, creed, 
deed, feed, freed, greed, 
heed, knead, lead, mead, 
meed, need, plead, read, 
reed, seed, speed, steed, 
tweed, weed ; concede, ex- 
ceed, impede, indeed, pre- 
cede, proceed, recede, suc- 
ceed ; intercede, supersede, 
-eef (ef). See -IEF. 
-eek (ek). See -EAK. 
-eel (el). See -EAL. 
-eem (em). See -EAM. 
-een (en). See -EAN. 
-eep, -eap (ep). Cheap, 
creep, deep, heap, keep, 
leap, neap, peep, reap, 
sheep, sleep, steep, sweep, 
weep ; asleep, 
-eer, -ear, (er). Beer, bier, 
blear, cheer, clear, deer, 
drear, ear, fear, gear, hear, 
here, jeer, leer, mere, near, 
peer, queer, rear, sear, seer, 
sere, shear, sheer, smear, 
sneer, spear ; career, cohere, 
compeer, revere, severe, sin- 
cere ; chanticleer, chariot- 
eer, disappear, domineer, 
engineer, hemisphere, inter- 
fere, mountaineer, muti- 
neer, persevere, pioneer. 
-eese (es). See -EASE, 
-eet (et) . See -EAT. 



z 



;ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



-eethe (efch). Seethe. See 
-EATHE. 

•eeve (ev). Beeve. See 
-EAVE. 

•eeze (ez). See -EASE. 

-ef (ef). Chef, clef, deaf, 
feoff. 

-eft (eft). Cleft, deft, eft, 
heft, left, reft, theft, weft; 
bereft. 

-egr (eg). Beg, egg. keg, leg, 
peg, skeg. [manege. | 

•ege (azh). Barege, cortdge.i 

•egm (em). See -EM. 

-eigh (a). See -AY. 

■eight (at and It) . See -ATE 
and -ITE. 

-eign (an). See -AIN. 

-eil (al and el). See -AIL 
and -EEL. 

•ein(an).See-AIN. [-AINT.I 

-eint (ant). Feint. See| 

-eir (ar). See -ARE. 

-eird (erd). Weird. See 
-EARD. 

-eive (ev). See -EAVE. 

-eize (ez). Seize. See -EASE. 

-eke (ek). Eke. See -EAK. 

•el, -ell, -elle (gl) . Bell, belle, 
cell, dell, dwell, ell, fell, 
hell, knell, quell, sell, shell, 
smell, spell, swell, tell, well, 
yell, befell, compel, demoi- 
selle, dispel, excel, expel, 
foretell, gazelle, impel ; as- 
phodel, bagatelle, citadel ; 
parallel, philomel, rebel, 
repel, sentinel. See § 6. 

•eld (eld). Eld, geld, held, 
weld ; beheld, upheld, ■with- 
held ; also, preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -ell, 
as, felled, swelled. 

■elf (elf). Delf, elf, pelf, 
self, shelf. 

-elk (elk). Elk, whelk, yelk. 

•elm (elm). Elm, helm, 
realm, whelm ; overwhelm. 

-elp (elp). Help, kelp, 
whelp, yelp. 

-elt'(elt). Belt, Celt, dealt, 
dwelt, felt, knelt, melt, pelt, 
smelt, spelt, welt. 

-elve (elv). Delve, helve, 
shelve, twelve. 

-elves (elvz). Elves, them- 
selves ; also, plurals of 
nouns, and third person sing, 
present of vertfs, in -elf and 
-elve, as, shelves, twelves. 

■em (em). Em, gem, hem, 
phlegm, stem, them ; be- 
gem, condemn, contemn ; 
apothegm, diadem, requi- 
em, stratagem. 

-erne (em). See -EAM. 

-emn (em). See -EM. 

■empt (emt). Dreamt, 
tempt ; attempt, contempt, 
exempt, preempt, unkempt. 

-en (en). Ben, den, fen, glen, 
hen, ken, men, pen, ten, 
then, wen, when, wren ; 
denizen, regimen. 

-ence, -ense (ens). Cense, 
dense, fence, hence, pence, 
sense, tense, thence, 
whence ; commence, con- 
dense, defense, dispense, 
expense, immense, incense, 
intense, offense, pretense, 
suspense ; abstinence, afflu- 
ence, beneficence, benevo- 
lence, confidence, conse- 
quence, continence, differ- 
ence, diffidence, diligence, 
eloquence, eminence, evi- 
dence, excellence, imma- 
nence, imminence, impo- 
tence, impudence, indi- 
gence, indolence, inference, 
influence, innocence, intel- 
ligence, magnificence, mu- 
nificence, negligence, om- 
nipotence, penitence, pref- 
erence, providence, refer- 
ence, reverence, sapience, 
violence, virulence. See § 3. 

-ench (ench). Bench, blench, 
clench, drench, French, 
quench, stench, tench, 
trench, wench, wrench ; 
intrench, retrench. 

•end (e"nd). Bend, blend, 
end, fend, friend, lend, 
mend, rend, send, spend, 
tend, vend, wend ; amend, 
ascend, attend, befriend, 
commend, contend, defend, 
depend, descend, distend, 



expend, extend, forefend, 
impend, offend, portend, 
pretend, suspend, tran- 
scend, unbend ; apprehend, 
comprehend, condescend, 
dividend, recommend, rep- 
rehend ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-en, as kenned, penned. 

-ends (efidz). Amends, — 
this rimes with plurals of 
nouns, and third person 
sing, present of verbs, in 
-end, as, ends, friends. 

-ene (en). See -EAN. 

-enge (Snj). Avenge, re- 
venge, [strength.l 

-ength (ength). Length,) 

-ense (ens). See -ENCE. 

— (5nz). Cleanse, gens, lens ; 
also, plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -en, as hens, kens. 

-ent (ent). Bent, blent, cent, 
dent, leant, lent, meant, 
pent, rent, scent, sent, 
spent, tent, vent, went ; 
absent, anent, ascent, as- 
sent, augment, cement, 
comment, consent, content, 
descent, dissent, event, ex- 
tent, ferment, foment, fre- 
quent, indent, intent, in- 
vent, lament, misspent, 
portent, present, prevent, 
relent, repent, resent, tor- 
ment, unbent, unspent ; 
abstinent, accident, ac- 
knowledgment, aliment, ar- 
gument, astonishment, ban- 
ishment, battlement, bellig- 
erent, benevolent, blandish- 
ment, chastisement, com- 
petent, complement, com- 
pliment, confident, conti- 
nent, detriment, different, 
diffident, diligent, docu- 
ment, element, eloquent, 
eminent, evident, excellent, 
exigent, experiment, firma- 
ment, fraudulent, govern- 
ment, immanent, imminent, 
impenitent, impertinent, 
implement, impotent, im- 
prisonment, improvident, 
impudent, incident, indi- 
gent, innocent, insolent, in- 
strument, intelligent, irrev- 
erent, languishment, mag- 
nificent, management, mon- 
ument, negligent, nourish- 
ment, nutriment, Occident, 
opulent, orient, ornament, 
parliament, penitent, per- 
manent, pertinent, prece- 
dent, president, prevalent, 
provident, punishment, 

ravishment, redolent, regi- 
ment, represent, resident, 
reverent, rudiment, sacra- 
ment, sentiment, settle- 
ment, subsequent, supple- 
ment, tenement, testament, 
vehement, violent, virulent, 
wonderment. See § 3. 

-ep (ep). Nep, rep, step, 
steppe ; footstep. 

-ept (ept). Crept, kept, 
sept, slept, swept, wept ; 
accept, adept, except, in- 
ept, stepped, yclept. 

-er, -err, -ir, -ur, -eur (er 
anddr). Blur, bur, cur, err, 
fir, fur, her, myrrh, per, 
purr, shirr, sir, slur, spur, 
stir, were, whir ; aver, be- 
stir, concur, confer, demur, 
deter, incur, infer, inter, 
occur, prefer, recur, refer, 
transfer ; administer, ad- 
venturer, almoner, arbiter, 
blunderer, carpenter, char- 
acter, chorister, comforter, 
cottager, dowager, flatterer, 
forager, foreigner, garden- 
er, harbinger, idolater, Ju- 
piter, lavender, lucifer, 
mariner, messenger, minis- 
ter, murderer, officer, pas- 
senger, pensioner, pillager, 
philosopher, presbyter, pris- 
oner, provender, ravager, 
rioter, sepulcher, sorcerer, 
sufferer, theater, thunderer, 
traveler, usurer, villager, 
voyager, wanderer, wor- 
shiper ; amateur, chasseur, 
chauffeur, connoisseur, hau- 
teur, voyageur ; also, com- 



paratives of adjectives, as, 
cosier, kindlier. See § 3. 

-erb, -urb (Qrb). Curb, 
herb, verb ; acerb, disturb, 
perturb, superb. 

-erch (Qrch). See -URCH. 

-erce (Qrs). See -ERSE. 

-erd (Qrd). See -URD. 

-ere (er). See -EER. 

-erf (urf). See -URF. 

-erg (Org). Berg, burgh ; ex- 
ergue, iceberg. 

-erge, -urge (Qrj). Dirge, 
merge, purge, scourge, 
serge, spurge, surge, urge, 
verge; converge, diverge, 
emerge, immerge, submerge. 

-erm (Qrm). See -IRM. 

-ern (Qrn). See -URN. 

-erse, -urse (Qrs). Curse, 
erse, hearse, herse, nurse, 
purse, terse, verse, worse ; 
accurse, adverse, amerce, 
asperse, averse, coerce, con- 
verse, disburse, disperse, 
imburse, immerse, inverse, 
perverse, rehearse, reverse, 
transverse, universe. 

-ert, -urt (Qrt). Blurt, curt, 
dirt, flirt, hurt, pert, shirt, 
spurt, squirt, wert, wort ; 
advert, alert, assert, avert, 
concert, convert, desert, di- 
vert, exert, expert, inert, 
insert, invert, pervert, re- 
vert, subvert. 

-erth (Qrth). See -IRTH. 

-erve (Qrv). Curve, nerve, 
serve, swerve, verve ; con- 
serve, deserve, observe, pre- 
serve, reserve, unnerve. 

-es, -esce, (5s). See -ESS. 

-ese (ez). See -EASE. 

-esh (esh). Flesh, fresh, 
mesh, thresh ; afresh, en- 
mesh, immesh, refresh. 

-esk, -esque (esk). Desk; 
arabesque, burlesque, gro- 
tesque, moresque ; pictur- 
esque, statuesque. 

-ess, -esse (ess). Bless, cess, 
chess, cress, dress, fess, 
guess, less, mess, press, 
stress, tress, yes ; access, 
address, assess, caress, com- 
press, confess, depress, di- 
gress, distress, egress, ex- 
cess, express, finesse, im- 
press, ingress, largess, no- 
blesse, obsess, oppress, pos- 
sess, profess progress, re- 
cess, redress, repress, suc- 
cess, suppress, transgress, 
unbless, undress, unless ; 
artfulness, artlessness, 
bashfulness, bitterness, 
cheerfulness, childishness, 
comeliness, comfortless, 
drowsiness, eagerness, ear- 
nestness, eeriness, empti- 
ness, fatherless, foolishness, 
forgetfulness, forwardness, 
friendliness, frowardness, 
fruitfulness, gentleness, 
greediness, happiness, 
haughtiness, heaviness, ho- 
liness, hopefulness, idle- 
ness, kindliness, lawfulness, 
lawlessness, laziness, loneli- 
ness, lowliness, manliness, 
mightiness, motherless, mo- 
tionless, nakedness, needi- 
ness, nobleness, pitiless, 
playfulness, poetess, proph- 
etess, readiness, righteous- 
ness, sacredness, shepherd- 
ess,_ sorceress, spiritless, 
sprightliness, steadiness, 
tenderness, though tfulness, 
truthfulness, usefulness, vo- 
taress, wakefulness, _ wan- 
tonness, weariness, wicked- 
ness, wilderness, wretched- 
ness, youthfulness ; ac- 
quiesce, coalesce, conva- 
lesce, effervesce. See § 3. 

-est (est). Best, blest, 
breast, chest, crest, guest, 
jest, lest, nest, pest, quest, 
rest, test, vest, west, wrest, 
zest ; abreast, attest, be- 
hest, bequest, congest, con- 
test, detest, digest, divest, 
infest, invest, molest, pro- 
test, request, suggest, un- 
blest, unrest ; alkahest, ana- 
pest, interest, manifest ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ess, as, 
dressed, expressed, and the 



1131 

superlatives of adjectives, as, 
loveliest. 

-et, -ette (e"t). Bet, debt, 
fret, get, jet, let, met, net, 
pet, set, stet, sweat, threat, 
tret, wet, whet, yet ; abet, 
aigrette, beget, beset, ca- 
det, coquette, curvet, duet, 
forget, gazette, grisette, 
rosette, soubrette, vi- 
gnette ; alphabet, amulet, 
annulet, bayonet, cabinet, 
coronet, epaulet, epithet, 
etiquette, mignonette, min- 
aret, parapet, rivulet, sil- 
houette, violet. 

-etch (ech). Etch, fetch, 
ketch, retch, .sketch, 
stretch, vetch, wretch. 

-ete (et). See -EAT. 

-eth (?th). See -EATH. 

-euce (us). Deuce. See -USE. 

-eud (ud). See-UDE. 

-eur (Or). See -ER. 

-euth (ooth). Sleuth. See 
-OOTH. 

-eve (ev). See -EAVE. 

-ew, -ue (oo and u). Blew, 
blue, brew, chew, clue, 
crew, cue, dew. drew, due, 
few, flew, glue, grew, hew, 
hue, Jew, knew, mew, new, 
pew, rue, screw, shrew, 
skew, slew, stew, strew, sue. 
thew, true, view, yew ; ac- 
crue, adieu, askew, bedew, 
endue, ensue, eschew, im- 
bue, purlieu, pursue, renew, 
review, subdue, withdrew; 
interview, residue, retinue. 
See § 4 and -OO. 

-e wd (ud) . Lewd. See -UDE. 

-ewt(ut). Newt. See-UTE. 

-ex (eks). Flex, lex, sex, vex ; 
annex, circumflex, com- 
plex, convex, perplex ; also, 
plurals of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of 
verbs, in -eck, as, checks, 
decks, wrecks. 

-ext (ekst). Next, text ; pre- 
text ; also, preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -ex, 
as, annexed, vexed. 

-ey (a and e). See -AY and 
-EE. 

-ib (lb). Bib, crib, drib, fib, 
glib, jib, nib, rib, sib, squib. 

-ibe (Tb). Bribe, gibe, scribe, 
tribe ; ascribe, describe, im- 
bibe, inscribe, prescribe, 
proscribe, subscribe, tran- 
scribe. 

-ic (Ik). See-ICK. 

-ice, -ise (is). Dice, ice, lice, 
mice, nice, price, rice, slice, 
spice, thrice, trice, twice, 
vice, vise ; advice, concise, 
device, entice, precise ; 
paradise, sacrifice. Archaic 
rimes, choice, voice. See § 6. 

-ich (ich). See -ITCH. 

-ick (Tk). Brick, chick, 
click, crick, flick, kick, lick, 
nick, pick, quick, rick, sick, 
snick, stick, thick, tick, 
trick, wick ; arithmetic, 
catholic, choleric, heretic, 
politic, rhetoric. See § 3. 

-ict (ikt). Pict, strict; ad- 
dict, afflict, convict, depict, 
inflict, predict, restrict ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ick, as, 
kicked, licked. 

-id (id). Bid, chid, did, hid, 
kid, lid, mid, quid, rid, 
skid, slid, squid ; amid, for- 
bid, outbid, outdid, undid ; 
pyramid. 

-ide (id). Bide, bride, chide, 
glide, guide, hide, pride, 
ride, side, slide, stride, tide, 
wide ; aside, astride, beside, 
bestride, be ide, collide, 
confide, decide, deride, di- 
vide, elide, misguide, noon- 
tide, outside, preside, pro- 
vide, reside, subside. Yule- 
tide ; fratricide, homicide, 
infanticide, matricide, par- 
ricide, regicide, suicide ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in-\e, -igh, 
and-y, as, died, sighed, re- 
plied. 

-ides (Tdz). Ides, besides; 
also, plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -ide, as, rides. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 







P 







R 



U 



W 



X 



1132 

-idge (lj). Bridge, midge, 
ridge : abridge. 

•idst (idst). Bid'st, did'st, 
hid'st, midst, rid'st; amidst, 
forbid 'st. 

-ie, -y (I). Ay, aye, buy, by, 
cry, die, dry, dye, eye, fie, 
fly, fry, guy, hie, high, I, 
lie, lye, my, nigh, pie, ply, 
pry, rye, shy, sigh, sky, sly, 
spry, sty, thigh, thy, tie, 
try, vie, why, wry ; ally, 
apply, awry, belie, comply, 
decry, defy, deny, descry, 
espy, imply, July, outcry, 
outvie, rely, reply, supply, 
untie : amplify, butterfly, 
beautify, certify, crucify, 
digntfy, edify, fortify, glori- 
fy, gratify, justify, lullaby, 
magnify, modify, mollify, 
multiply, occupy, pacify, 
prophesy, purify, qualify, 
ratify, rectify, sanctify, 
satisfy, signify, terrify, tes- 
tify, verify. See § 6. 

-iece (es). See -EASE. 

-ied (Id). See -IDE. 

-ief (ef). Beef, brief, chief, 
fief, grief, leaf, lief, reef, 
sheaf, thief, belief, relief ; 
disbelief, unbelief. 

-iege (ej). Liege, siege; be- 
siege, prestige. 

-feld (eld). Field, shield, 
weald, wield, yield ; afield ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -eal, as, 
healed, sealed. 

-ien (en). See -EAN. 

-lend (end). Fiend; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -ean, as, gleaned, 
weaned. 

— (end). Friend. See -END. 
-ier (er)^ See -EER. 
-ierce (ers). Fierce, pierce, 

tierce. 

-iest(est). See -EAST. 

-ieu (u). See -EW. 

-ieve (ev). See -EAVE. 

-iew (u_) . See -E W. 

-ieze (ez). See -EASE. 

-if, -iff, (If). Cliff, glyph, 
griffe, if, miff, skiff, sniff, 
stiff, tiff, whiff ; hieroglyph. 

-ife (if). Knife, life, rife, 
strife, wife. 

-ift (Ift). Drift, gift, lift, 
rift, shift, shrift, sift, swift, 
thrift ; adrift, uplift ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -iff, as, whiffed. 

-ig (Ig). Big, brig, dig, fig, 
gig, grig, jig, pig, prig, rig, 
sprig, swig, twig, whig, 
wig ; periwig, whirligig. 

-igh (T). See -IE. 

-ight (It). See -ITE. 

-ign (In). See -INE. 

-igue (eg). See -EAGUE. 

-ike (lk). Dike, like, pike, 
shrike, spike, strike, tike ; 
alike, dislike, vandyke. 

-il (H). See -ILL. [pilch. I 

-ilch (ilch). Filch, milch, [ 

-ild (lid). Aisled, child, 
mild, wild ; also, preterits 
and past participles of mon- 
osyllabic or finally accented 
verbs in -ile, as, piled, re- 
viled. Archaic rimes, 
boiled, roiled, etc. See § 6. 

— (ild). Build, gild, guild; 
rebuild, regild, self-willed, 
unskilled ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-ill, as, filled, willed. 

-ile (II). Aisle, bile, chyle, 
file, guile, isle, mile, pile, 
rile, smile, spile, stile, style, 
tile, vile, while, wile ; 
awhile, beguile, compile, 
defile, erewhile ; domicile, 
infantile, juvenile, versatile. 
Archaic rimes, boil, oil, 
etc. See § 6. [silk.l 

-ilk (ilk). Bilk, ilk, milk,[ 
-ill, -il (II). Bill, brill, chill, 
dill, drill, fill, frill, gill, grill, 
hill, ill, jill, kill, mill, nil, 
nill, pill, quill, rill, shrill, 
sill, skill, spill, squill, still, 
swill, thill, thrill, till, trill, 
twill, will ; distill, fulfill, in- 
still, quadrille ; codicil, daf- 
fodil, whippoorwill ; also, 
words ending in -ile, with 
the accent on the antepenult, 
as, volatile. See § 3. 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



■ilt (lit). Built, gilt, guilt, 
hilt, jilt, kilt, lilt, milt, 
quilt, silt, spilt, stilt, tilt. 

-ilth (flth). Filth, spilth, 
tilth. 

-im (im). Brim, dim, glim, 
grim, him, hymn, limb, 
limn, prim, rim, skim, slim, 
swim, trim, vim, whim ; be- 
dim ; cherubim, interim, 
paradigm, seraphim. 

■imb (Im). See -IM and 
-IME. 

-ime (im). Chime, chyme, 
climb, clime, crime, dime, 
grime, lime, mime, prime, 
rime, slime, thyme, time ; 
begrime, berime, lifetime, 
meantime, sublime ; mari- 
time, pantomime. 

-imes (Imz). Betimes, oft- 
times, sometimes ; also, plu- 
rals of nouns, and third per- 
son sing, present of verbs, in 
-ime, as, chimes, rimes, etc. 

-imp (imp). Crimp, gimp, 
imp, limp, pimp, scrimp, 
shrimp, skimp, tymp. 

-impse (imps). Glimpse; 
also, pi. of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of verbs, 
in -imp, as, imps, limps. 

-in (in). Bin, chin, din, fin, 
gin, grin, in, inn, jinn, kin, 
pin, shin, sin, skin, spin, 
thin, tin, twin, whin, win, 
wynn ; akin, begin, chagrin ; 
discipline, feminine, genu- 
ine, heroine, libertine, man- 
dolin, masculine, moccasin, 
paladin, violin. See § 3. 

-ino (ink). Zinc. See -INK. 

-ince (ins). Chintz, mince, 
prince, quince, rinse, since, 
wince ; convince, evince. 

-inch (inch). Chinch, cinch, 
clinch, finch, flinch, inch, 
lynch, pinch, winch. 

-inct (Inkt). Tinct ; distinct, 
extinct, instinct, precinct, 
succinct ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-ink, as, linked, pinked. 

-ind (Ind). Bind, blind, 
find, grind, hind, kind, 
mind, rind, wind ; behind, 
mankind, remind, unkind ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ine, as, 
refined. Archaic rimes, 
coined, joined, etc. See § 6. 

— (Ind). Abscind, rescind, 
wind ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-in, as, pinned, tinned. 

-ine (In). Brine, chine, dine, 
fine, line, mine, nine, pine, 
shine, shrine, sign, sine, 
spine, swine, syne, thine, 
tine, trine, twine, vine, 
whine, wine ; align, assign, 
benign, carbine, combine, 
condign, confine, consign, 
decline, define, design, in- 
cline, inshrine, intwine, 
opine, outshine, recline, re- 
fine, repine, resign, sun- 
shine, supine. Archaic 
rimes, join, loin, etc. See § 6. 

— (en). See -EAN. 

-ing ang). Bring, cling, 
ding, fling, king, ling, ping, 
ring, sing, sling, spring, 
sting, string, swing, thing, 
wing, wring ; also, present 
participles in -ing, with the 
accent on the antepenult, as, 
altering, covering. See § 3. 

-inge (inj). Cringe, fringe, 
hinge, singe, springe, 
swinge, tinge, twinge ; im- 
pinge, infringe. 

-ink (Ink). Blink, brink, 
chink, clink, drink, ink, 
kink, link, pink, shrink, 
sink, skink, slink, stink, 
think, wink, zinc; bethink, 
forethink, hoodwink. 

-insa (ins). See -INCE. 

-int (Int). Dint, flint, glint, 
hint, lint, mint, print, 
splint, sprint, squint, stint, 
tint ; asquint, footprint, 
imprint. Archaic rimes, 
joint, oint, etc. See § 6. 

-inth (inth). Plinth; hya- 
cinth, labyrinth. 

-inx (inks). Lynx, minx, 
sphinx ; methinks ; also, 
plurals of nouns, and third 



person sing, present of verbs, 
in -ink, as, thinks, winks. 

-ip (Ip). Chip, clip, dip, 
drip, flip, grip, grippe, hip, 
kip, lip, nip, pip, quip, rip, 
scrip, ship, sip, skip, slip, 
snip, strip, tip, trip, whip ; 
equip, tranship ; also, words 
in -ship, with the accent on 
the antepenult. See § 3. 

-ipe, -ype (ip). Gripe, pipe, 
ripe, snipe, stipe, stripe, 
swipe, tripe, type, wipe ; 
hornpipe ; archetype, pro- 
totype, stereotype. 

-ip3e (ips). Eclipse, ellipse; 
apocalypse ; also, plurals of 
nouns, and third person 
sing, present of verbs, in -ip, 
as, lips, strips. 

-ique (5k). Clique; oblique. 
See-EAK. 

-ir, -irr (Qr). See -ER. 

-irch (Arch). See -URCH. 

-ird (Qrd). See -URD. 

-ire (ir). Byre, choir, dire, 
fire, gyre, hire, ire, lyre, 
mire, pyre, quire, shire, 
sire, spire, squire, tire, 
wire; acquire, admire, as- 
pire, attire, conspire, de- 
sire, entire, expire, inquire, 
inspire, perspire, require, 
respire, retire, transpire ; 
also, nouns formed from 
verbs ending in -ie or -y, as, 
crier, dyer, and such com- 
paratives of adjectives as, 
nigher, shyer. See § 8. 

-irge (Qrj). See -ERGE. 

-irk (Qrk). See -URK. 

-irl (Qrl). See -URL. 

-irm (firm). Firm, germ, 
squirm, term, worm ; af- 
firm, confirm, infirm. 

-irp (urp). Chirp ; usurp. 

-irst (Qrst). See -URST. 

-irt (Art). See -ERT. 

-irth (Qrth). Berth, birth, 
dearth, earth, firth, girth, 
mirth, worth. 

-is, -iz (iz). Fizz, friz, his, 
is, quiz, whiz. 

-ise (Is and iz). See -ICE 
and -IZE. [wish. I 

-ish (Tsh). Dish, fish, swish, | 

-isk (Isk). Brisk, disk, frisk, 
risk, whisk ; basilisk, obe- 
lisk, tamarisk. 

-ism (ism). Chrism, prism, 
schism ; altruism, barba- 
rism, cataclysm, criticism, 
egoism, egotism, heroism, 
mysticism, optimism, or- 
ganism, realism, solecism, 
syllogism, witticism, etc. 

-isp (isp). Crisp, lisp, wisp. 

-iss (is). Bliss, hiss, kiss, 
miss, this ; abyss, amiss, 
dismiss, remiss. 

-ist (1st). Cist, cyst, fist, 
grist, hist, list, mist, schist, 
twist, whist, wist, wrist ; 
assist, consist, desist, exist, 
insist, persist, resist, sub- 
sist ; alchemist, amethyst, 
annalist, colonist, egoist, 
egotist, eucharist, humor- 
ist, journalist, loyalist, 
moralist, novelist, optimist, 
pessimist, realist, royalist, 
satirist, socialist, vocalist, 
etc. ; also, preterits and past 
participles of verbs in -iss, 
as, hissed, missed. See § 3. 

-it (it). Bit, chit, cit, fit, 
flit, grit, hit, kit, knit, lit, 
pit, quit, sit, slit, smit, spit, 
split, sprit, tit, twit, whit, 
wit, writ ; acquit, admit, 
befit, commit, emit, omit, 
outwit, permit, remit, sub- 
mit, transmit ; benefit, defi- 
nite, exquisite, infinite. 

-itch (ich). Bitch, ditch, 
fitch, flitch, hitch, itch, 
niche, pitch, rich, stitch, 
switch, twitch, which, 
witch ; bewitch. 

-ite, -ight (It). Bight, bite, 
blight, bright, cite, dight, 
fight, flight, fright, height, 
hight, kite, knight, light, 
might, mite, night, plight, 
quite, right, rite, sight, site, 
sleight, slight, smite, spite, 
sprite, tight, trite, white, 
wight, wright, write ; af- 
fright, alight, aright, be- 
dight, benight, contrite, 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, 
use, unite, ftrn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, 



daylight, delight, despite, 
excite, foresight, ignite, in- 
cite, indite, invite, mid- 
night, moonlight, outright, 
polite, recite, requite, star- 
light, to-night, twilight, 
unite, upright ; acolyte, 
aconite, appetite, dynamite, 
expedite, oversight, para- 
site, proselyte, satellite. 
-ith (Ith). Frith, kith, pith, 
smith, withe. 

— (ith). With ; forthwith, 
herewith, therewith, where- 
with. 

-ithe (Ith). Blithe, lithe, 
scythe, tithe, writhe. 

-ive (Iv). Dive, drive, five, 
gyve, hive, live, rive, shive, 
shrive, strive, thrive, wive ; 
arrive, connive, contrive, 
deprive, derive, revive, 
survive. 

— (iv). Give, live, sieve; 
forgive, misgive, outlive ; 
amative, fugitive, narra- 
tive, negative, positive, 
primitive, relative, seda- 
tive, sensitive, tentative, 
transitive, etc. See § 3. 

-ix (Iks). Fix, mix, pyx, six, 
Styx ; affix, commix, prefix, 
prolix, transfix ; crucifix, in- 
termix, politics ; also, plu- 
rals of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of verbs, 
in -ick, as licks, wicks. 

-ixt (ikst). Betwixt, twixt ; 
also, preterits and partici- 
ples of verbs in-ix, as, fixed. 

-iz (iz). See -IS. 

-ize, -ise (Iz). Guise, prize, 
rise, size, wise ; advise, ap- 
prise, arise, assize, baptize, 
chastise, comprise, demise, 
despise, devise, disguise, 
emprise, excise, incise, re- 
vise, sunrise, surmise, sur- 
prise, uprise ; advertise, au- 
thorize, canonize, civilize, 
colonize, criticize, enter- 
prise, equalize, exercise, 
idolize, immortalize, lionize, 
localize, moralize, patron- 
ize, recognize, solemnize, 
sympathize, temporize, 

tyrannize, utilize, vitalize ; 
also, plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -ie or -y, as, lies, 
pies, flies. Archaic rimes, 
boys, noise, etc. See §§ 3, 6. 

-o (o and 6b). See -OW and 
-OO. 

-oach (och). Broach, 

brooch, coach, loach, poach, 
roach ; abroach, approach, 
encroach, reproach. 

-oad (od and 6d). See -AUD 
and -ODE. 

-oaf (5f). Oaf, loaf. 

-oak (5k). See -OKE. 

-oal (31). See -OLE. 

-oam (om). See -OME. 

-oan (on). See -ONE. 

-oap (5p). See -OPE. 

-oar (or). See -ORE. 

-oard (5rd). See -ORD. 

-oast (ost) • See -OST. 

-oat (ot). See -OTE. 

-oath (5th). See -OTH. 

-oax (oks). Coax, hoax; 
also, plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -oak and -oke, as 
oaks, smokes. 

-ob (ob). Bob, cob, fob, hob, 
job, knob, lob, mob, rob, 
sob, swab, throb. 

-obe (ob). Globe, lobe, 
probe, robe ; conglobe, dis- 
robe, enrobe, unrobe. 

-ock (ok). Block, clock, 
cock, crock, dock, flock, 
frock, hock, knock, lock, 
mock, pock, rock, shock, 
smock, sock, stock ; unlock. 

-oct (okt). Concoct, decoct; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ock, as, 
blocked, locked. 

-od (od). Clod, cod, God, 
hod, nod, odd, plod, pod, 
quad, quod, rod, shod, sod, 
squad, tod, trod, wad ; 
demigod, goldenrod. 

-ode, -oad (5d). Bode, code, 
goad, load, lode, mode, 
node, ode, road, rode, 
strode, toad, woad ; abode, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
thin; nature, verdure (87); 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



commode, corrode, episode, 
explode, forebode, unload ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ow, as, 
owed, showed. [podge. I 

-odge (5j)._ Dodge, lodge. I 

-oe (5 and. oo). See -OW ana 
-OO. 

-oes (uz). Does. See -UZZ. 

-off (of and of) . Doff, off j 
cough, trough. See -ALF. 

-oft (5ft). Croft, left, oft, 
soft, toft ; aloft ; a so, pret- 
erits and past participles of 
verbs in -off, as scoffed. 

-og (og). Bog, clog, cog, 
dog, fog, frog, grog, hog, 
jog, log, nog, prog, slog ; 
catalogue, decalogue, dia- 
logue, epilogue, monologue, 
pedagogue, synagogue. 

-oge (5j_). Doge ; gamboge. 

-ogue (og). Brogue, rogue, 
vogue ; collogue, disem- 
bogue, prorogue. 

— (og) . See -OG. 

-oice (ois) . Choice, voice ; 
invoice, rejoice. 

-oid (oid). Void ; avoid, de- 
void, tabloid ; aneroid, as- 
teroid ; also, preterits and 
past participles of verbs in 
-oy, as, buoyed, cloyed. 

-oil (oil). Boil, broil, coil, 
foil, moil, oil, roil, soil, 
spoil, toil ; despoil, embroil, 
recoil, turmoil, uncoil. 

-oin (oin). Coign, coin, 
groin, join, loin, quoin ; ad- 
join, benzoin, conjoin, dis- 
join, enjoin, purloin, rejoin, 
subjoin. See § 6 and -INE. 

-oint (oint) . Joint, point ; 
anoint, disjoint, appoint, 
aroint, conjoint; counter- 
point, disappoint. [voir.! 

-oir (war). Devoir; reser-| 

-oise (oiz). Noise, poise; 
avoirdupois, counterpoise, 
equipoise ; also, plurals of 
nouns, and third person 
sing, present of verbs, in -oy, 
as, boys, cloys. 

-oist (oist). Foist, hoist, 
joist, moist ; also, preterits 
and past participles of verbs 
in -oice, as, rejoiced. 

-oit (oit). Doit, droit; 
adroit, dacoit," exploit. 

-oke, -oak (ok). Broke, 
choke, cloak, coke, joke, 
poke, smoke, soak, spoke, 
stroke, yoke ; awoke, be- 
spoke, convoke, invoke, 
provoke, revoke. 

-ol (61). Doll, loll, sol; al- 
cohol, atoll, extol ; capitol, 
protocol, vitriol. 

— (ol). See -OLE. 

-old (old). Bold, cold, fold, 
gold, hold, mold, mould, 
old, scold, sold, told, wold ; 
behold, enfold, foretold, un- 
fold, uphold, withhold ; 
manifold, marigold ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -oil, -ole, -oal, as, 
rolled, cajoled, foaled. 

-oie (ol). Bole, bowl, coal, 
dole, droll, foal, goal, hole, 
jole, knoll, mole, pole, roll, 
scroll, sole, soul, stole, toll, 
troll, w 7 hole ; cajole, con- 
dole, control, enroll, parole. 

•oil (31 and 51). See -OL and 
-OLE. 

-oit (oit). Bolt, colt, dolt, 
holt, jolt, molt, poult ; re- 
volt ; thunderbolt. 

-olve (51v) . Solve ; absolve, 
convolve, devolve, dissolve, 
evolve, inrolve, resolve, re- 
volve. [Tom. | 

-om (5m). Bomb, from,| 

— (dbm). Whom. See -OOM. 
-omb (5m, -om, and oom). 

See -OM, -OME, and 

-OOM. 
■ome (om). Chrome, comb, 

dome, foam, home, loam, 

ohm, roam, tome, 
■omp (6mp). Romp, pomp, 

swamp, tromp. 
-ompfc (5mpt). Prompt, 

romped, swamped. 
-on (on). Con, don, gone, 

on, shone, swan, wan, yon ; 

anon, begone , Amazon, 

upon, benison, caparison, 

comparison, galleon, garri- 



son, halcyon, oblivion, ori- 
son, paragon, phenomenon, 
rubicon, skeleton, unison. 

— (un). Son, ton. See -UN", 
-once (5ns). Nonce, sconce ; 

en-conce, response. 

— (tins). Once. See-UNCE. 
-onch (onk). Conch, honk. 
-ond (5nd). Blond, bond, 

fond, frond, pond, wand, 
yond ; abscond, beyond ; 
correspond, despond, dia- 
mond, respond, vagabond ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -on, as, 
conned, donned, 
-one (on). Bone, cone, 
crone, drone, flown, groan, 
grown, hone, known, loan, 
lone, moan, mown, own, 
prone, roan, shown, sown, 
stone, throne, thrown, tone, 
zone ; alone, atone, condone, 
dethrone, enthrone, intone, 
postpone. 

— (un). Done. See -UN. 

— (5n). Gone. See -OX. 
-ong (5ng). Gong, long, 

prong, song, strong, thong, 
throng, wrong ; along, be- 
long, livelong, prolono'. 

— (fing). .Among. See 
-UNG. E-UNG.I 

-ongue (ung). Tongue. See| 
-onk (5nk). See -UNK, 

-ONCH. 
-onse (6ns). See -ONCE, 
-ont (5nt). Font, want. See 

§ 4 and -AUNT (ant). 

— (unt). Front. See -UN T. 
-oo (oo). Coo. do, loo, shoe, 

sou, through, to, too, two, 
who, woo, you ; ado, bam- 
boo, canoe, halloo, Hindu, 
outdo, ragout, rendezvous, 
shampoo, taboo, tattoo, 
undo. _See § 4 and -EW. 
-ood (ood). Brood, crude, 
food, mood, prude, rood, 
rude, snood ; conclude, ex- 
clude, exude, include, in- 
trude, obtrude, preclude, 
protrude, seclude; solitude ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -oo, as, 
cooed, wooed, and of many 
verbs in -ue, and -ew, as 
imbued, strewed. See § 4 
and -UDE. 

— (dbd). Could, good, hood, 
should, stood, wood, 
would ; brotherhood, liveli- 
hood, maidenhood, man- 
hood, motherhood, neigh- 
borhood, sisterhood, under- 
stood, womanhood. See § 3. 

-oof (oof). Hoof, proof, roof, 
woof ; aloof, behoof, dis- 
proof, reproof. 

-ook (dbk). Book, brook, 
cook, crook, hook, look, 
nook, rook, shook, took ; 
forsook, mistook. 

— (ook) . Snook, spook ; 
caoutchouc. See § 4 and 
-UKE. 

-ool (ool). Cool, drool, fool, 
pool, rule, school, spool, 
stool, tool ; befool, over- 
rule. See § 4 and -ULE. 

-oom (oom). Bloom, boom, 
broom, doom, gloom, 
groom, loom, room, tomb, 
whom, womb ; entomb. See 
§ 4 aM_-UME. 

-oon (oon). Boon, coon, 
croon, June, loon, moon, 
noon, prune, rune, shoon, 
soon, spoon, swoon ; ba- 
boon, balloon, bassoon, 
buffoon, cartoon, cocoon, 
dragoon, festoon, galloon, 
harpoon, honeymoon, la- 
goon, lampoon, maroon, 
monsoon, platoon, pon- 
toon, raccoon, typhoon. 
See § \_and -UNE. 

-oop (oop). Coop, croup, 
droop, drupe, group, hoop, 
loop, poop, scoop, sloop, 
soup, stoop, swoop, troop, 
whoop^ See § 4 and -UPE. 

-oor (oor). Boor, moor, 
poor, tour, your ; amour, 
assure, contour, insure; 
paramour. See § 4 and 
-URE. [-ORE.! 

— (or). _ Door, floor. See| 
-oose (oos). Goose, loose, 

moose, noose, spruce. 



truce ; abstruse, burnoose. 
See § 4 and. -USE (us). 

— (6ozL See -OOZE, 
-oot (oot). Boot, bruit, 

brute, chute, coot, fruit, 
hoot, loot, moot, root, 
route, shoot, soot, toot ; 
recruit, uproot ; parachute. 
See § 4 and -UTE. 

— (dot). Foot, put, soot, 
-ooth (oovh). Booth, 

smooth, smoothe, soothe. 

— (obth). Booth, ruth, 
sleuth, sooth, tooth, truth, 
youth ; forsooth, insooth, 
uncouth. See § 4. 

-oove (oov). See -OVE. 

-ooze (ooz). Booze, bruise, 
choose, cruise, lose, ooze, 
ruse, snooze, trews, whose : 
also, pi. of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of many 
verbs, in -oo, -ue, as, coos, 
rues. See § 4 and -USE (uz). 

-op (5p). Chop, crop, drop, 
flop, fop, hop, lop, mop, 
prop, shop, slop, sop, stop, 
strop, swap, top ; eaves- 
drop, snowdrop. 

-ope (op). Cope, grope, 
hope, mope, ope, pope, 
rope, scope, slope, soap, 
tope, trope ; antelope, 
elope, heliotrope, horoscope, 
interlope, telescope. 

-opt (5pt). Adopt, copt; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -op, as, 
hopped, lopped. 

-or (or). Dor, nor, or, war; 
abhc, bailor, legator, les- 
sor, vendor ; also, words 
ending in -or ; as, ambassa- 
dor, bachelor, conqueror, 
governor, meteor, orator, 
visitor, when pronounced so 
as to give the last syllable the 
6r sound. See §§ 3, 4. 

— (or). See § 4 and -ORE. 
-orb (orb). Orb, sorb; ab- 
sorb. 

-orce (ors). See -ORSE. 

-orch (orch). Scorch, torch ; 
nearly riming with these is 
porch. See § 4. 

-ord (ord). Chord, cord, 
lord, sward, ward ; ab- 
horred, accord, award, re- 
cord, reward. 

— (ord). Board, hoard, 
sword ; aboard, afford ; 
also, preterits and past par- 
ticiples of verbs in -ore, as, 
bored, etc. See § 4. 

-ore (or). Bore, core, corps, 
door, floor, fore, four, gore, 
lore, more, oar, o'er, ore, 
pore, roar, score, shore, 
snore, soar, sore, store, 
swore, tore, wore, yore ; 
adore, afore, ashore, before, 
deplore, explore, forbore, 
forswore, galore, ignore, 
implore, restore ; sopho- 
more, sycamore. See § 4 
and -OR. 

-orge (orj). Gorge; dis- 
gorge, engorge. Nearly 
riming with these is forge. 

-ork (ork). Cork, fork, 
sto-fc, torque. Nearly Tim- 
ing icith these is pork. 

-orld (urld). Curled, furled, 
hurled, swirled, world. 

-orm (firm). Form, norm, 
storm, swarm, warm ; con- 
form, deform, inform, per- 
form, reform, transform ; 
chloroform, cruciform, uni- 
form. 

— (urm). Worm. See-IRM. 
-orn (orn). Born, corn, 

horn, lorn, morn, scorn, 
thorn, warn ; adorn, fore- 
warn, forlorn, suborn ; uni- 
corn. 

— (orn). Borne, bourn, 
mourn, shorn, sworn, torn, 
worn ; forsworn. See § 4. 

-orp (orp). Thorp, warp. 

-orse (ors). Corse, gorse, 
horse, morse, torse ; en- 
dorse, remorse, unhorse. 

— (ors). Coarse, course, 
force, hoarse, source ; di- 
vorce, enforce, perforce, re- 
course, resource. See § 4. 

-orst (flrst). Worst. See 

-URST. 
-ort (ort). Bort, mort, ort, 



113B 

6hort, sort, swart, thwart, 
tort, wart ; assort, athwart, 
consort, distort, extort, re- 
sort, retort. 

— (ort). Court, fort, port, 
sport ; comport, disport, ex- 
port, import, report. 

-orth (orth). Forth, fourth ; 
these nearly rime with north, 
swarth. 

-ose (os). Close, dose, gross ; 
bellicose, comatose, en- 
gross, globose, grandiose, 
jocose, morose, verbose. 

— (oz). Chose, close, dose, 
doze, froze, gloze, nose, 
pose, prose, rose, those ; 
arose, compose, depose, 
disclose, dispose, expose, 
foreclose, impose, inclose, 
oppose, propose, repose, 
suppose, transpose ; also, 
plurals of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of verbs, 
in -ow, -oe, -o, as, rows, 
glows, foes, goes. 

-osk, -osque (5sk). Bosk; 
mosque, kiosk. 

-oss (6s and 6s). Boss, 
cross, dross, floss, fosse, 
gloss, joss, loss, moss, toss ; 
across, emboss, lacrosse. 

-ost (ost and 6st). Cost, 
frost, lost, wast ; accost ; 
pentecost ; also, prtlirxts 
and past participles of verbs 
in -oss, as, crossed, em- 
bossed. 

— (ost). Boast, coast, ghost, 
host, most, post, toast ; 
compost, foremost. 

-ot (5t). Blot, clot, cot, dot, 
got, hot, jot, knot, lot. not, 
plot, pot, rot, scot, shot, 
slot, sot, spot, squat, tot, 
trot, what, wot, yacht ; 
allot, besot, forgot, gavot, 
unknot ; polyglot. 

-otch (5ch). Blotch, botch, 
crotch, notch, scotch, 
splotch, watch. 

-ote, -oat (6t). Bloat, boat, 
coat, cote, dote, float, 
gloat, goat, groat, moat, 
mote, note, oat, quote, rote, 
shoat, smote, stoat, throat, 
tote, vote, wrote ; afloat, 
azote, denote, devote, pro- 
mote, remote ; anecdote, an- 
tidote, table d'hote. 

-oth (Sth and 5th). Broth, 
cloth, froth, Goth, moth, 
troth ; betroth. 

— (oth). Both, growth, 
loath, oath, quoth, sloth : 
betroth. [wroth. [ 

— (6th). Swath, wrath, | 
-ou (ou). Thou. See -OW. 

— (u). You. See -EW. 
-oubt (out). See -OUT. 
-ouch (ouch). Couch, 

crouch, ouch, pouch, 
slouch, vouch ; avouch. 

— (uch). Touch. See 
-UTCH. _ 

-ouche (oosh). Douche, 
ruche ; barouche, cartouche, 
debouch. 

-oud (oud). Cloud, crowd, 
loud, proud, shroud ; aloud, 
becloud, enshroud ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -ow, as, bowed. 

-ough (of, ou, 5, and Of). 
See -OFF, -OW, and -UFF. 

-ought, -aught (6t). Aught, 
bought, brought, caught, 
fought, fraught, naught, 
nought, ought, sought, taut, 
taught, thought, wrought ; 
besought, distraught, in-; 
wrought ; Juggernaut. 

-oul (oul and ol). See -OWL 
and -OLE. 

-ould (dbd). See -OOD. 

-oun (oun). See -OWN. 

-ounce (ouns). Bounce, 
flounce, frounce, ounce, 
pounce, trounce ; announce, 
denounce, pronounce, re- 
nounce. 

-ound (ound). Bound, found, 
ground, hound, mound, 
pound, round, sound, 
wound ; abound, aground, 
astound, compound, 
confound, expound, pro- 
found, propound, rebound, 
redound, resound, sur- 
round ; also, preterits and 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 







Q 



R 



S 



u 



V 



w 



X 



1134 

I past participles of verbs in 
-own (oun), as, frowned. 

— (oond) . Wound ; crooned, 
pruned, swooned; fes- 
tooned, lampooned, ma- 
rooned ; nearly riming with 
these are attuned, com- 
muned, impugned, tuned. 
See § 4. 

-ount (ount). Count, fount, 
mount ; account, amount, 
discount, dismount, mis- 
count, recount, remount, 
surmount ; catamount, par- 
amount, tantamount. 

-oup (dop). See -OOP. 

-our (our). Flour, scour, 
sour ; deflour, devour : bow- 
er, cower, flower, glower, 
lower, power, shower, tow- 
er. See § 8. 

-ourge (firj). Scourge. See 
-ERGE. 

-ourn (orn and urn). See 
-ORN and -URN. 

-ours (ourz). Ours; this 
rimes with plurals of nouns, 
and third person sing, pres- 
ent of verbs, in -our and 
-ower, as, hours, scours, 
bowers showers. See § 8. 

— (oorz) . Yours ; this rimes 
with plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -ure, as cures, en- 
dures, and nearly rimes with 
plurals of words in -oor, 
-our (oor) , as, moors, tours. 
See § 4. 

-ourse (ors). See -ORSE. 
-ourt (ort). See-ORT. 
-ourth (orth). See -ORTH. 
-ous (iis). See -US. 
-ouse (ous). Chouse, douse, 

grouse, house, louse, mouse, 

souse. 

— (ouz). Blouse, browse, 
drowse, house, v., mouse, 
v., rouse, spouse ; arouse, 
carouse, espouse ; also, plu- 
rals of nouns, and third per- 
son sing, present of verbs, in 
-ow, as, brows, plows. 

-out (out). Bout, clout, 
doubt, drought, flout, gout, 
grout, knout, lout, out, 
pout, rout, scout, shout, 
snout, spout, sprout, stout, 
tout, trout ; about, devout, 
redoubt, without. 

-outh (outh) . Drouth, 
mouth, south. [tf.l 

— (outh). Mouth, v., south,| 

— (uth). Youth. See 
-OOTH. 

-ove (ov). Clove, cove, 
drove, grove, hove, Jove, 
mauve, rove, shrove, stove, 
strove, throve, wove ; al- 
cove, inwove ; interwove. 

— (65 v). Groove, move, 
prove ; approve, behoove, 
disprove, improve, reprove ; 
disapprove. 

— (iiv). Dove, glove, love, 
shove ; above, belove, un- 
glove ; turtledove. 

-ow (ou). Bough, bow, brow, 
cow, dhow, frow, how, 
mow, now, plow, prow, 
row, scow, slough, sow, 
thou, vow ; allow, avow, 
endow, kotow. 

— (o). Beau, blow, bow, 
crow, doe, dough, floe, 
flow, foe, fro, glow, go, 
grow, hoe, know, lo, low, 
mot, mow, no, oh, owe, roe, 
row, sew, show, sloe, slow, 
snow, so, sow, stow, strow, 
throe, throw, toe, tow, 
trow, woe ; aglow, ago, be- 
low, bestow, bureau, cha- 
teau, foreknow, foreshow, 
outgrow, rainbow, tableau, 
trousseau ; buffalo, bunga- 
low, calico, overflow, over- 
grow, overthrow. 

-owd (oud). See -OUD. 
-owl (oul). Cowl, foul, fowl, 

growl, howl, owl, prowl, 

scowl ; befoul. 
-own (oun). Brown, clown, 

crown, down, drown, frown, 

gown, noun, town ; adown, 

embrown, renown. 
-owse (ous). See -OUSE. 
-owth (oth). See -OTH. 
-ox ( Sks ). Box, fox, ox, 

phlox ; equinox, heterodox, 



VOCABULARY OF RIMES 



orthodox, paradox ; also, 
plurals of nouns, and third 
person sing, present of verbs, 
in -ock, as, locks, stocks. 

-oy (oi). Boy, buoy, cloy, 
coy, joy, toy, troy ; alloy, 
annoy, convoy, decoy, de- 
ploy, destroy, employ, en- 
joy, savoy, sepoy. 

-oze (oz). See -OSE. 

-ub (fib). Chub, club, cub, 
drub, dub, grub, hub, rub, 
scrub, shrub, snub, stub, 
tub ; hubbub ; sillabub. 

-ube (ub). Cube, tube. 

-uce (us). See -USE. 

-uch (fich). See -UTCH. 

-uck (Qk). Buck, chuck, 
cluck, duck, luck, muck, 
pluck, puck, ruck, shuck, 
struck, stuck, suck, truck, 
tuck ; amuck. 

-uct (fikt). Duct; abduct, 
conduct, construct, deduct, 
induct, instruct, obstruct ; 
aqueduct, viaduct ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -uck, as, ducked. 

-ud (fid). Blood, bud, cud, 
flood, mud, rud, scud, spud, 
stud, thud. 

-ude (ud). Feud, lewd, 
nude ; allude, collude, de- 
lude, denude, elude, exude, 
preclude ; altitude, apti- 
tude, desuetude, fortitude, 
gratitude, habitude, inter- 
lude, lassitude, latitude, 
longitude, magnitude, mul- 
titude, plenitude, prompti- 
tude, quiet Sale, servitude, 
similitude, solicitude, turpi- 
tude, vastitude, vicissi- 
tude ; also, preterits and past 
participles of many verbs 
in -ew and -ue, as, stewed, 
subdued. See -OOD. 

— (ood). Crude, rude, etc. 
See -OOD. 

-udge (Qj). Budge, drudge, 
fudge, grudge, judge, 
nndge, sludge, smudge, 
trudge ; adjudge, begrudge, 
misjudge. 

-ue (u and oo). See -EW and 
-OO. 

-ufl (fif). Bluff, buff, 

chough, clough, cuff, fluff, 
gruff, huff, luff, muff, puff, 
rough, ruff, scruff, scuff, 
snuff, slough, sough, stuff, 
tough ; enough, rebuff. 

-uft (fift). Tuft; bluffed, 
cuffed, fluffed, puffed, re- 
buffed, soughed, stuffed. 

-ug (fig). Bug, drug, dug, 
hug, jug, lug, mug, plug, 
pug, rug, shrug, slug, smug, 
snug, thug, tug. 

-uge (fij). Huge ; febrifuge, 
subterfuge, vermifuge. 

-uice (us). See -USE. 

-uise (Tz). Guise. See -IZE. 

-uke (Ok). Duke, puke; 
Mameluke, rebuke. See 
-OOK (ook). 

-ul, -ull(fil). Cull, dull, gull, 
hull, lull, mull, null, scull, 
skull, trull ; annul, Mogul ; 
disannul. 

— (dol). Bull, full, pull, 
tulle, wool ; beautiful, boun- 
tiful, dutiful, fanciful, mas- 
terful, merciful, pitiful, 
plentiful, powerful, sorrow- 
ful, wonderful, worshipful. 
See § 4. 

-ulch (filch). Gulch, mulch. 

-ule (ul). Mule, pule, yule; 
molecule, reticule, ridicule. 
See -OOL. 

-ulge (Qlj). Bulge ; divulge, 
effulge, indulge, promulge. 

-ulk (Qlk). Bulk, hulk, 
skulk, sulk. 

-ulp (flip). Gulp, pulp. 

-ulse (uls). Pulse ; appulse, 
convulse, impulse, repulse. 

-ult (Qlt) . Cult ; adult, con- 
sult, exult, insult, occult, 
penult, result ; catapult, 
difficult. 

-um (fim). Chum, some, 
crumb, drum, dumb, glum, 
grum, gum, hum, mum, 
numb, plum, plumb, rum, 
scum, slum, some, strum, 
stum, sum, swum, thrum, 
thumb ; become, benumb ; 



burdensome, Christendom, 
cranium, cumbersome, de- 
lirium, frolicsome, maxi- 
mum, medium, minimum, 
odium, opium, premium, 
radium, succumb, tedium, 
vacuum, viaticum. 

-ume (um). Fume, spume; 
assume, consume, costume, 
exhume, illume, legume, 
perfume, presume, relume, 
resume. 

— (oom). Flume, glume, 
grume, plume, rheum. See 
-OOM. 

-ump (fimp). Bump, chump, 
clump, dump, hump, jump, 
lump, plump, pump, rump, 
slump, stump, thump, 
trump. 

-un (fin). Bun, done, dun, 
gun, Hun, none, nun, one, 
pun, run, shun, son, spun, 
stun, sun, toh| tun, won ; 
begun, outrun, undone. 

-unce (fins). Dunce, once. 

-unch (finch). Bunch, 

crunch, hunch, lunch, 
munch, punch, scrunch. 

-unct (firjkt). Defunct, dis- 
junct. 

-und (find). Fund; mori- 
bund, obtund, refund, ro- 
tund, rubicund; dunned, 
punned, shunned, stunned. 

-une (un). Dune, hewn, 
June, tune ; attune, com- 
mune, expugn, impugn, je- 
june, oppugn, untune; im- 
portune, opportune, pica- 
yune. See -OON. 

•ung (fing). Bung, clung, 
dung, flung, hung, lung, 
rung, slung, sprung, strung, 
stung, sung, swung, tongue, 
wrung, young ; among, un- 
strung, unsung. 

-unge (finj). Lunge, plunge, 
sponge ; expunge. 

-unk (fink). Bunk, chunk, 
drunk, funk, hunk, junk, 
monk, punk, shrunk, skunk, 
slunk, spunk, sunk, trunk. 

-unt (Qnt). Blunt, brunt, 
front, grunt, hunt, punt, 
runt, shunt, stunt, wont. 

-up (fip). Crup, cuo, scup, 
sup, tup, up. 

-upe (up). Jupe, stupe. See 
-OOP. 

-upt (fipt) . Abrupt, corrupt, 
disrupt, erupt, interrupt, 
supped. 

-ur (Qr). See -ER. 

-urb (Qrb). See -ERB. 

-urch (firch). Birch, church, 
lurch, perch, search, 
smirch ; research. 

-urd (urd) Bird, curd, gird, 
heard, herd, surd, third, 
word ; averred, bestirred, 
concurred, conferred, de- 
ferred, demurred, deterred, 
incurred, inferred, interred, 
occurred, preferred, purred, 
recurred, referred, spurred, 
transferred. 

-ure (ur). Cure, dure, lure, 
pure ; abjure, allure, con- 
jure, demure, endure, im- 
mure, impure, manure, ma- 
ture, obscure, procure, se- 
cure ; amateur, aperture, 
epicure, forfeiture, furni- 
ture, immature, miniature, 
overture, premature, sine- 

f cure, temperature. See 
-OOR (dor). 

-urf (urf). Scurf, serf, surf, 
turf. 

-urge (firj). See -ERGE. 

-urk (urk). Burke, clerk, 
dirk, irk, jerk, kirk, perk, 
quirk, shirk, smirk, Turk, 
work, yerk. 

-url (url). Burl, churl, curl, 
earl, furl, girl, hurl, knurl, 
pearl, purl, swirl, twirl, 
whirl : uncurl, unfurl. 

-urn (urn). Burn, churn, 
earn, fern, kern, learn, 
quern, spurn, stern, tern, 
turn, urn, yearn ; adjourn, 
concern, discern, return, 
sojourn. 

-urnt (Qrnt). Burnt, learnt, 
weren't. 

-urp (Qrp). See -IRP. 

-urse (Qrs) . See -ERSE. 

-urst (first). Burst, curst, 



durst, erst, first, thirst- 
versed, verst, worst ; ac- 
curst, athirst. 

-urt (urt). See-ERT. 

-urve (firv) See -ERVE. 

-us, -ous (fis). Bus, buss, 
fuss, muss, plus, pus, truss, 
us ; discuss; abacus, angelus, 
animus, barbarous, beau- 
teous, blunderbus, boister- 
ous, Cerberus, clamorous, 
credulous, cumulus, danger- 
ous, fabulous, frivolous, 
generous, glorious, hazard- 
ous, Hesperus, impetus, in- 
cubus, infamous, mischie- 
vous, mountainous, nauti- 
lus, nucleus, numerous, oc- 
topus, ominous, omnibus, 
Pegasus, perilous, piteous, 
populous, prosperous, radi- 
us, ravenous, riotous, ruin- 
ous, scandalous, scrupu- 
lous, stimulus, syllabus, 
Tantalus, terminus, timor- 
ous, traitorous, treacher- 
ous, valorous, victorious, 
vigorous, villainous, virtu- 
ous, vitreous. See § 3. 

-use (us). Deuce, juice, 
puce, sluice, use, Zeus ; 
abuse, adduce, conduce, de- 
duce, diffuse, disuse, ex- 
cuse, induce, misuse, ob- 
tuse, produce, profuse, re- 
cluse, reduce, seduce, tra- 
duce; introduce. See 
-OOSE. 

— (dbs). Ruse. See -OOZE. 

— (uz). Fuze, muse, news, 
use ; abuse, accuse, amuse, 
confuse, diffuse, disuse, ex- 
cuse, infuse, misuse, peruse, 
refuse, suffuse, transfuse ; 
also, plurals of nouns, and 
third person sing, present of 
verbs, in -ew and -ue, as, 
dews, imbues. See -OOZE. 

-ush (fish). Blush, brush, 
crush, flush, gush, hush, 
lush, mush, plush, rush, 
slush, thrush, tush. 

— (dbsh). Bush, push. 
-usk (fisk). Busk, cusk, 

dusk, husk, musk, tusk. 

-ust (fist). Bust, crust, dost, 
dust, gust, joust, just, lust, 
must, rust, thrust, trust ; 
adjust, adust, august, dis- 
gust, distrust, intrust, mis- 
trust, robust, unjust ; also, 
preterits and past participles 
of verbs in -uss, as, dis- 
cussed, trussed. 

-ut (fit). But, butt, cut, 
glut, gut, hut, jut, nut, 
putt, rut, shut, slut, smut, 
strut, tut ; abut, uncut. 

— (dot). Put. See-OOT. 
-utch (fich). Clutch, 

crutch, Dutch, hutch, 
much, smutch, such, touch. 

-ute (fit). Cute, flute, lute, 
mute, newt, suit ; acute, 
astute, commute, compute, 
confute, depute, dilute, dis- 
pute, impute, minute, pol- 
lute, pursuit, refute, repute, 
salute, transmute, volute ; 
absolute, attribute, con- 
stitute, destitute, dissolute, 
execute, institute, perse- 
cute, prosecute, resolute, 
substitute. See -OOT 

(dot). 

-uth (doth). See -OOTH. 

-ux (fiko). Crux, dux, flux, 
lux ; also, plurals of nouns, 
and third person sing, pres- 
ent of verbs, in -uck, as, 
ducks, trucks. 

-uzz (fiz). Buzz, coz, does, 
fuzz. 

-y (T). See -IE. 

-ymn (Im). Hymn. See 
-IM. 

-ymph (llmf). Nymph, 
lymph. 

-yne (In). Anodyne. See 
-INE (in). 

-ynx (lrjks). See -INX. 

-ype (Tp). See -IPE. 

-yph (if). See -IFF. 

-ypse (ips). See -IPSE. 

-yre (Tr). See -IRE. 

-yrrh (Qr). Myrrh. See -ER. 

-ysm (Iz'm). See -ISM 

-yst (ist). See -1ST. 

-yve (Tv). See -IVE. 

-yx (Iks) . See -IX. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) j 



PRONOUNCING DICTIONARIES OF 

GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES 

ANCIENT AND MODERN 



In these vocabularies, the intention has been to record the names of such places and persons as are of largest interest 
in history and literature, both ancient and modern. Mere size, however, has not been considered a sufficient reason for 
inserting the name of a place, nor have all the names of a class, as, for example, the divisions of a country, been included 
unless each possessed individual distinction. American names, naturally, occupy a relatively large amount of space, but 
the names of the greater leaders of all countries and the names of all places that are of importance in general history 
have been included. 

Each entry is given the most approved spelling and pronunciation, with alternatives if supported by sufficient usage. 

In the geographical entries are given the location of each place, the height of mountain peaks, the highest elevation of 
mountain ranges or groups, the length of rivers, the population of cities and of countries (in nearest thousands; thus, 
p. 800 = population 300,000), the area in square miles, and the name of the nation having jurisdiction, where this infor- 
mation is of interest, and often some item that marks the place as of note. 

In the biographical entries are given (in parentheses) the dates of birth and death, or the date of death (indicated by d.) 
where this alone is known, or the date of the person's greatest activity (indicated by fl., flourished) where more pre- 
cise data are lacking. In the case of kings and other rulers are given also the date of accession and the date of the end 
of the reign. 

The special abbreviations used are explained below. For others, consult the general list of Abbreviations, p. 1206. 



ab. about. 

act. actor ; actress. 

aft. after. 

Angl. Anglicized. 

anthropol. anthropologist. 

arc. arctic. 

archseol. archaeologist. 

au., auth. author. 

bacteriol. bacteriologist. 

Bapt. Baptist. 

bat. battle. 

bet. between. 

Byzant. Byzantine. 

Cen. Am. Central America. 

chan. channel. 

comm. commune. 

conq. conquered; conqueror. 

cr. crowned. 

depend, dependency. 

dipl. diplomat. 



disc, discoverer. 

dram, dramatic ; dramatist. 

E east ; eastern. 

E. East ; Eastern. 

econ. economist. 

Ecuad. Ecuadorian. 

edu. educator. 

Egyptol. Egyptologist. 

engr. engraver. 

erron. erroneously. 

excl. excluding. 

expl. explorer. 

Flor. Florentine. 

form, formerly. 

Fried. Friedrich. 

ftd. fortified. 

inc. including. 

kdm. kingdom. 

kg. king. 

I. long. 



lexicog. lexicographer. 

metaphys. metaphysician. 

N north ; northern . 

N. North ; Northern. 

noneonf. nonconformist. 

nov. novelist. ' 

oc, ocs. ocean ; oceans. 

ornithol. ornithologist. 

p. population. 

philanth. philanthropist. 

polit. political ; politician. 

prot., protect, protectorate. 

reg. region. 

relig. religious. 

Rev. Revolution (War of In- 
dependence) ; Revolution- 
ary. 

rev. revolutionist. 

Rhen. Rhenish. 

Roum. Roumanian. 



S south ; southern. 
S. South ; Southern. 
set. settlement. 
soc. socialist. 
sociol. sociologist. 
sold, soldier. 
statesm. statesman. 
sub. suburbs. 
Switz. Switzerland. 
ter. territory. 
theol. theologian. 
tn. town. 
transl. translator. 
trib. tributary. 
Venez. Venezuelan. 
W west ; western. 
W. West ; Western. 
With. Wilhelm. 
wr. writer. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



Aachen (a'Ken) Fr. Ai%— la— Chapelle (aks'la-sha/pel' ; as'-) 
anc. A'quisgra'num, city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 156 ; 
treaties 1668. 1748. 

Aalborg (61'borK) anc. Albur'gum, spt. N Denmark, p. 33. 

Aar (ar) riv. Switzerland, 175 m. long. 

Aarau (ar'ou) town, % of Aargau canton, N Switz. on Aar 
river, p. comm. 10. [542 □ p. 231.1 

Aargau (ar'gou) Fr. Argovie (ar'gS've') canton, Switz.l 

Aarhus (or'hoos) spt. E Jutland, Denmark, p. 62. 

Abbeville (ab'veP) town, N France, p. comm. 20. 

Aberdare (ab'er-dar') town, Glamorganshire, S Wales, p. 51. 

Aberdeen (ab'er-den') anc. Deva'na, burgh, X of Aber- 
deenshire, p. 163 ; univ. — See Aberdeenshire. [p. 311.1 

Aberdeenshire (-sher) or Aberdeen, co. E Scot., 1,972 D| 

Abersychan (ab'er-suk'dn) town, Monmouthshire, Eng- 
land, p. 25. 

Abertillery (-til'er-i) town, Monmouthshire, Eng. p. 35. 

Abo (o'bob ; 6'boo) spt. city, # of Abo-Bjorneborg govt. 
Finland, p. 55. 

Abo— Bj or neb org (-byur'ne-bor'y') govt. SW Finland, 
8,925 □ (excl. lakes) p._502, # Abo. 

Abruzzi e Molise (a-broot'se a mo'le-za) compartimento, 
cen. Italy, 6,382 □ p. 1,431. 

Abukir or Aboukir (a/bdb-ker') vil. & bay near Alexan- 
dria, Egypt ; Nelson's victory "Battle of the Nile," 1798. 

Abu— Simbel (a'boo-sim'bel) or Ipsambul (Ip'sam-bool') 
place on left bank of Nile, ab. 22° 25' N ; rock temples. 

Abydos (d-bT'dSs) anc. town, Egypt. — anc. town, Asia 
Minor, on the Dardanelles (Hellespont). 

Abyssinia (ab'i-sin'i-d) Ar. Habesh (ha'besh) empire, E 
Africa, 432,600 D p. ab. 8,000, =X= Adis Abeba. 



Acadia (d-ka'di-d) or Acadie (a/ka'de') former name of 

Nova Scotia. 
Acajutla (a'ka-hoot'la) spt. Salvador, on Pac. oc. 
Acapulco (a/ka-pool'ko) spt. Guerrero, Mexico, on Pac. 

oc. p. 6. 
Acarnania (ak'dr-na'ni-d) anc. division, W Greece. 
Acc£id Sgg ,A.klc3,ci 

Accra *(a-kra') town! # of Br. Gold Coast col., W Af., p. 20. 
Accrington (ak'rlng-twn) mun. bor. Lancashire, England, 

p. 45. [Peloponnesus. I 

Achaia (d-ka'yd) or Achaea (d-ke'd) anc. country, N| 
Achin or Acheen (a-chen'), Du. Atjeh (a'che), native 

kingdom, N Sumatra, & outpost prov. of the Du. E. 

Indies, 20,550 □ p. 582. [gentina, 23.080 ft. 

Aconcagua (a'kon-ka'gwa) highest peak, Andes mts. Ar- 
Acre (a'ker ; a'ker) anc. Ptolema'i's, spt. city, Syria, p. 10. 
Acre (a'kra), ter. Brazil. SW of Amazonas, 74,000 □ p. 70. 
Acroceraunia. See Glossa, Cape. 
Actium (ak'shi-wm ; -ti-wm) promontory and anc. town, 

NW Greece ; naval battle, 31 B. C. 
Adabazar (a'da-ba-zar') town, Constantinople vilayet, 

Turkey in Asia, p. 25. 
Adalia (a-da'le'a) spt. Konia vilayet, Turkey in Asia, p. 30. 
Adamawa (a'da-ma'wa) region, Nigeria & Kamerun, in 

Africa, $? Yola. 
Adam's Bridge, chain of shoals between Ceylon and India. 
Adams, Mount, peak of White mts. N. H. 5,805 ft. high. 

— peak of Cascade range. Wash. 12,470 ft. high. 
Adana (a'da-na) Turkish vilayet, Asia Minor, 15,400 □ 

p. 422. — its # p. 42. 
Adelaide (ad'e-lad) city, % of S. Australia, on Torrens riv. 

p. 42, with suburbs 190 ; univ. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Abbreviations precede this list. -£ capital. X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 

(1135) 



N 



1136 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



S 



u 



w 



X 



Aden (a'den ; a'den) fortified spt. & ter. SW Arabia, 80 □ 

p. 46 ; British. 
Aden, Gulf of, between S coast of Arabia & Africa. 
Aderno (a'dgr-nC') town, Sicily, near Mt. Etna, p. comm. 30. 
Adige (a'de-ja) anc. Ath/esis, riv. N Italy, ab. 220 m. long. 
Adirondack Mountains (ad'I-ron'dak) N N.Y., 5,344 ft. 

(Mt. Marcy). u [sinia, p. 30-35-1 

Adis Abeba (a'dis a-ba'ba) town, $fc of Shoa & of Abys-j 
Adowa (a'do-wa) town, # of Tigre in Abyssinia, p. 3. 
Adrar (a-drar') mountainous region, W Sahara, Africa. — 

mountainous region, cen. Sahara, N E of Timbuktu. 
Adrianople (ad'rl-an-o'p'l ; a'dri-) Turk. Edirneh (g-dir'- 

ne) vilayet of European Turkey, 7,838 D p. 610. — anc. 

Adrianop'olis. or Hadrianop'olis, its # p. 123. 
Adriatic Sea (a'dre-at'ik ; ad'ri-) or Gulf of Venice, anc. 

AMria or Ma're Adriat'icum arm of Mediterranean sea, 

E of Italy, 500 m. long. 
iEgades (e-ga'dez) or iEgates (-tez). It. Egadi (e'ga-de), 

group of isls. off W Sicily, Italy, p. 12. [long, 200 br.l 

JSgean Sea (e-je'dn) bet. Asia Minor & Greece, 400 m.| 
.ffigina (e-ji'nd) or Aigina (e-ye'na) town &isl. E Greece, in 

Gulf of yEgina, p. town 6 ; isl. about 9 m. long. 
iEgospotami (e'gSs-DSt'd-ml) or -mos (-m5s) riv. & town, 

anc. Thrace, in the Chertoncse ; naval battle 405 B. C. 
.ffiolis (e'o-lis) anc. country, NW Asia Minor. 
.Solus, Mount Je'S-lus) peak, SW Col. 14,054 ft. high. 
Aerschot (ar'sicot) town, Brabant, Belgium, p. comm. 8. 
iEtna. See Etna. 

iEtolia (e-to'li-d) anc. dist. W Greece. 
Afghanistan (af-gan'i-stan') country, S Asia, 250,000 □ 

p. 5,000, #_Kabul. 
Afium (a'fe-oom') city, Brusa vilayet, Asia Minor, p. 37. 
Africa (af'ri-kd) continent, 4,970 m. long, 4,700 broad. 

11,608,000 □ p. 138,806. [Sahara, Africa, p. 8.1 

Ag:ades (ii'gd-dez) city, ^ of Asben native kingdom, Fr.| 
Agana (a-gan'ya) town of Guam, Mariana islands, p. 7. 
Agincourt (a'zhaN/koor' ; E. aj'in-kort ; 57) vil. N France ; 

battle 1415. 
Agra (a'gra) formerly North— Western Provinces, part of 

United Provs. of Agra & Oudh, Br. India, 83,198 □ p. 

34,624. — div. & city, W United Provinces, p. city, 185. 
Agram (a'gram ; og'rom') Croat. Zagrab (za'&rab) city # of 

Croatia and Slavonia, Hungary, 26 D p. 79. 
Agrigentum. See Girgenti. 
Aguascalientes (a'gwas-kal-yen'tas) state, cen. Mexico, 

2,970 D p. 121. — its ^ p. 45. 
Agulhas, Cape (a-gool'yas ; d-gul'ds) most S point of Afr. 
Ahmadabad (a/mud-a-bad') city, N Bombay pres. Br. 

India, p. 216. [p. 42.1 

Ahmadnagar (-niig'dr) city, cen. Bombay pres. Br. India, | 
Aidin (T-den'). ' See Smyrna. — anc. Tral'les, town, 

Smyrna, Turkey, p. 35. 
Ain (aN)_dept. E France, 2,249 □ p. 342, # Bourg. 
Aintab(in'tab')town, Aleppo vilayet, Asiatic Turkey, p. 45. 
Air. See Asben. [p. mun. burgh 24.1 

Airdrie (ar'dre) pari. & mun. burgh, Lanarkshire, Scot.,| 
Aisne (an) anc. Ax'ona, riv. about 175 m. long, N France. 

— dept. N France, 2,868 □ p. 530, # Laon. 
Aix (aks ; as) anc. A'quae Sex'tiae, city, S.France, p. comm. 30. 
Aix-la-Chapelle. See Aachen. 

Ajaccio (a-yat'cho), spt. $? of Corsica, p. comm. 19; Na- 
poleon's birthplace. _ [p. 86.1 
Ajmer (uj-mer' ; aj-mer') city, :# of Ajmer-Merwara prov.| 
Aj mer— Merwara (-mer-wa/ra) prov. Rajputana, Br. India, 

2,711 □ p. 501. 
Akerman (a'ker-man') or Akkerman, anc. Ty'ras, town, 

Bessarabia, Russia, p. 36. 
Akkad or Accad (ak'ad ; ak'ad) the southern or (according 

to some) northern div. of anc. Babylonia. — city in same. 
Akkra. Var. of Accra. 

Akron (ak'rwn) city, NE Ohio, p. 69 ; Buchtel college. 
Alabama (al'd-ba'md ; -bam'd) riv. in Ala. 312 m. long, 

flows into Tombigbee riv. — a S state of the U. S. 51,279 

D P. 2,138, =£ Montgomery. 
Ala— Dagh (a'la-dag'), mt. chain, SE Asia Minor, N of 

Adana. — mt. range, N Asia Minor, N of Angora. — mt. 

group, E Turkish Armenia, ht. 11,549 ft. [Maceio.l 

Alagoas (a'la-go'ash) state, NE Brazil, 22,583 □ p. 785, =H=| 
Alagoz', Russ. Alagez (a/la-gez') volcanic mt. Transcauca- 
sia, 13,500 ft. [over 18,000 ft.l 
Alai (a-lf) mts. SE Turkestan ; av. ht. 16,000 ft. ; highest! 
Alamo (a/la-mo), the, Franciscan mission within the limits 

of the present San Antonio, Tex. ; massacre, 1S36. 
Aland Islands (o'lan ; 6'lan) archipelago in Gulf of Bothnia, 

chief isl. Aland ; included in Finland. [Turkey, p. 22.1 

Alashehr (a-la'shg'h'r) anc. Philadelphia, city, Smyrna, | 
Alaska (d-las'kd) organized ter. U. S. A. 590,884 □ p. 64, # 

Juneau. 
Alba Longa (al'bd ISr/gd) anc. city near Rome, Italy. 
Albania (al-ba'ni-d ; mod. Gr. al'va-nye'a) Albanian Shki- 

peria (shki-pe'ri-a) independent state, W Balkan pen. 

bet. Montenegro & Greece. 
Albany (ol'bd-ni) city, # of N. Y. state, p. 100. — spt. 

mun. SW Western Australia, p. 4. — riv. NW Ontario 

prov. Canada, 500 m. to James bay. 
APbemarle Sound, ab. 60 m. long, NE North Carolina. 
Alberta (al-bfir'td) prov. NW Canada, 253,085 □ p. 375, # 

Edmonton. [ht. 12,500 ft.l 

Albert Edward (al'bert ed'werd) mt. SE Brit. NewGuinea,| 
Albert Edward Nyanza (nyan'za) lake, cen. Africa, ab. 670 

□ ; disc. 1889. 
Albert Nyanza lake, cen. Africa, 110 m. long, 25 m. br. 
Albino (al-be'n5) comm. Bergamo prov. Lombardy, It. p. 6. 
Albion (al'bi-wn) anc. name of England. 
Albuquerque (al'bu-kflr'ke ; Sp. pron. al'bdo-ker'ka) city, 

cen. New Mex. p. 11 ; Univ. of NewMexico. 
Alcala de Henares (al'ka-la' da a-na'ras) anc. Complu'tum, 

town, Madrid prov. Spain, p. comm. i2. [comm. 4.' 

Alcantara (al-kan'ta-ra) town, W Spain, on Tagus river, p. 



Alderney (61'der-ni) Fr. Aurigny (o'ren/ye') anc. Ridu'na. 
Br. isl. Eng. channel, p. 2. [military camp.I 

Aldershot (61'der-shot) town, Hampshire, England, p. 35 ;l 

Alemtejo (a/leN-ta/zhdb) prov. Portugal, 9,222 D p. 479. # 
Evora. [p. 150.1 

Aleppo (d-lep'5) vilayet, N Syria, 30,430 □ p. 996. — its #1 

Alessandria (a/les-san'dre-a) * city, # of Alessandria prov. 
NW Italy, p. 76. [from Alaska. 

Aleutian islands (d-lu'shan ; d-loo'-) isls. extending westf 

Alexander Archipelago, SE Alaska, chief town Sitka. 

Alexandretta. See Iskanderun. 

Alexandria (al'eg-zan'dri-d) city, E Va. p. 15. — Turk. Is- 
kanderiyeh (Is-kan'de-re^ye) spt. Egypt, on Mediterra- 
nean, p. 332 ; battles 1801, 1882. 

Alexandrovsk (a / lek-san''dr6fsk) small arctic port on ice- 
free Catherine Harbor, NW Russia. [Vanersborg. 

Alfsborg (ahVbor'y') prov. SW Sweden, 4,915 □ p. 288, # 

Algarve (al-gar've) prov. S Port., T933 D p. 274, # Faro. 

Algeciras (al'je-se'rds ; Sp. al'ha-the'ras) spt. town, S Spain, 
p. comm. 16. [5,564, # Algiers. 

Algeria (al-ie'ri-d) French colony in N Africa, 222,119 □ p.| 

Algiers (al-jerz0 Fr. Alger (al'zha') Ar. Al— jezair (al-je- 
zir') spt. city, # of Algeria, p. 153, comm. 172. 

Alicante (a'le-kan'ta) city, SE Spain, p. comm. 55. 

Aligarh (a'le-gur') city, United Provs. Br. India, p. 65. 

Allagash (al'd-gash) riv. N Maine, flows into St. John river. 

Allahabad (al'd-ha-bad') city, Un. Provs. Br. Ind. p. 172. 

Allegheny (al'e-ga'ni) former city, W Pa. now part of Pitts- 
burgh.— river of Pa. ab. 350 m. to Ohio river. 

Allegheny Mountains, ranges in Pa. Md, Va. & W. Va. 

Allenstein (al'en-shtin') town, E. Prussia prov. Prussia, 
p. 33. 

Allentown (al'en-toun) city, E Pennsylvania, p. 52. 

Alloway (al'6-wa) hamlet, S Ayrshire, Scot. ; birthplace of 
Robert Burns. [30' W.l 

All Saints Bay, coast of Bahia, Brazil, lat. 13° S. Ion. 38°| 

Alma (al'ma ; al'md; Russ. al'y'-ma) small riv. Crimea, 
Russia ; battle 1854. 

Alma— Dagh (al'ma-dag') mts. NW Syria, Turkey. 

Almaden (aKmd-denO tp. W cen. Cal. p. 2 ; quicksilver. 

Almaden (al'ma-than') town, S cen. Spain, p. comm. 8. 

Almansa (al-man'sa.) city, SE Spain, p. comm. 12. 

Almeria (al/ma-re'a) prov. SE Spain, 3,389 Dp. 380. — 
anc. Por'tus Mag'nus, its # p. comm. 48. 

Alost (a'lost) or Aalst (alst) town, East Flanders, Belgium, 
p. comm. 35. 

Alps (alps) anc. Al'pes, mt. system, S cen. Europe ; highest, 
Mont Blanc, 15,781 ft. 

Alsace (al-sas' ; F. al'zas') Ger. Elsass (el'zas) old Ger. & 
later Fr. prov. between Rhine riv. & Vosgea mts. now 
mostly in Alsace-Lorraine. 

Alsace— Lorraine (-16'ran') Ger. Elsass— Lothringen (el'- 
zas-lot'ring-en) imperial ter. W Germany, 5,607 D p. 
1,874, $? Strassburg. , 

Altai (al-tT') mts. cen. Asia, highest 11,000-12,000 ft. 

Altenburg (al'ten-bdbric) city, # of Saxe-Altenburg, Ger- 
many, p. 40. 

Altkirch (alt'kincO town, S Alsace, Germany, p. 3. 

Alton (61'twn) city & port on Miss, riv., SW 111. pop. 18. 

Altona (al'to-na) city & port on Elbe riv. Prussia, p. 173. 

Altoona (al-too'nd) city, cen. Pa. p. 52. 

Amazon (am'd-zon) largest riv. in the world, about 3,400 m. 
long, Peruvian Andes, through N Brazil, to Atlantic ocean. 

Amazonas (a'ma-zO'nas) state, Brazil, 732,440 □ p. 379, # 
Manaos. 

Ambala (um-ba'ld) city, E Punjab, Br. India, p. 80. 

Arnboina (am-bo 'nd) important isl. of the Moluccas, 
Dutch East Indies, 385 D p. 39. — its chief town, # of 
Amboina prov. p. 9. [cen. France, p. 5.1 

Amboise (aN'bwaz') anc. Amba'cia, historic town, NW| 

America, Central (d-mer'I-kd) S part of N. Am. from 
Panama isthmus to Tehuantepec isthmus ; mostly occu- 
pied by five Sp.-Am. republics. 

America, North, continont, 8,038,000 □ p. 115,000. 

America, South, continent, 6,851,000 □ p. 45,000. 

Aznhara (am-ha'ra) kingdom, a div. of Abyssinia, NW of 
Shoa, =5£ Gondar. 

Amherst (am'erst) town, cen. Mass. p. 5 ; seat of Amherst 
college & Mass. Agr. college. 

Amiens (a'myaN' ; E. am'i-enz) town, ^ Somme dept. 
N Fr.,on Somme riv. p. comm. 93 ; cathedral. 

Arnoy (a-moi r ) treaty port, Fukien prov. China, on Hiamen 
island, p. 114. 

Amritsar (um-rit'sdr) city, cen. Punjab, Br. India, p. 153. 

Amsterdam (am'ster-dam) city, E cen. N. Y. p. 31. — 
(Du. pron. am'ster-dam') city, N. Holland, Netherlands, 
p. comm. 567. 

Amu Darya (a-moo' dar'ya) anc. Ox'us, riv. (darya) ab. 
1,400 to 1,500 m. long, Turkestan, cen. Asia, rises in 
Pamir plateau, flows into Aral sea. [2,700 m.l 

Amur (a-moor'j riv. E Asia ; length, including Argun, ab.| 

Anaconda (an'd-kon'dd) city, SW Montana, p. 10. 

Anatolia. See Asia Minor. [— its # p. 63. | 

Ancona (an-k5'na) prov. Marches, E Italy, 748 □ p. 320.| 

Andalusia (an'dd-loo'shi-d) Sp. Andalucia (an'da-loo- 
the'a) old div. S Spain. 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands (an'dd-man', or an'dd- 
mdn, nik'8-bar') prov. of Br. India, comprising groups of 
isls. Bay of Bengal, 3,143 □ p. 26. 

Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal, Br. India, 2,508 □ p. 18. 

Anderlecht (an'der-leKt') town, sub. of Brussels, Belgium, 
p. comm. 64. [cemetery; former mil. prison. I 

Andersonville (an'der-sftn-vil) vil. SW Ga. ; national| 

Andes (anMez) mt. system, W South America ; highest, 
Aconcagua, 23,080 ft. 

Andes, Los (los an'das) ter. Argentina, S. Am. 21,989 □ p.3. 

Andijan, Russ. Andizhan (an'di-zhan') town, prov. Fer- 
gana, Russia in Asia, p. 74. 

Andorra (an-dor'ra) Fr. Andorre (aN'dor') republican 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, dm, fip, circus, menu; food, foot} out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1137 



state. S slope Pyrenees, bet. Arriege & Lerida, 175 □ p. 6. 

— its :£. 
Andover (an'do-ver) town, ab. 22 m. N of Boston, Mass. p. 

7 ; academy. 
Andria (an'dre-a) town, Apulia, SE Italy, p. 53 ; cathedral. 
Androscoggin (an'drds-kog'In) riv. about 175 m. long, SW 

Maine. [comm. 84.1 

Angers (aN'zha/) arte. Juliom'agus, ft. city, NW France. p.| 
Anglesey (an'g'1-se) isl. anc. Mo'na, & co. Wales, 276 D 

p. 51. 
Angola (arj-go'ld) Portuguese dependency, W Africa, 

484,800 D p. 4,200, =H= Loanda. 
Angora (an-go'rd) Turk. Enguriyeh (eng'u-re'ySh) vilayet, 

Asia Minor, Turkey in Asia, 27,370 D p. 933. *— anc. An- 

cy'ra, city, its#p. 35. [France, p. 3S.I 

Angoul§me (aN/goo'lam') anc. IncuhVma, city, W cen.| 
Angra (ar/gra) spt. Terceira isl. # of Azores, p. 11. 
Angra Pequena. See Liidcritzbucht. [p. 4.1 

Anguilla (an-gwiPd) Brit. isl. Leeward isls. W Indies, 35 Dl 
Anhalt (an'halt) duchy, a state of cen. Germany, 888 Q 

p. 331, # Dessau. 
Anhwei (an'hwa') or Nganhwei (n'gan'hwa') prov. E 

China, 54,826 D p. 14,478, # Anking. 
Anjou (aN'zhoo' ; E. an/joo) former prov. NW France. 
Ann, Cape, in NE Mass. N of Massachusetts bay. 
Annam (an'nam') or Anam (a-nam') kingdom, Indo-China, 

under Fr. protect., ab. 61.71S D p. 5,543, # Hue. 
Annapolis (d-nap'6-lis) spt. of Mdl p. 9 ; U. S. Naval Acad- 
emy. — — spt. Nova Scotia, p. 1. 
Ann Ar'bor, city, S Mich. p. 15 ; Univ. of Michigan. 
Antananarivo. See Tananarivo. [S pole.l 

Antarctic Continent (ant-ark'tik) the land around the| 
Antarctic Ocean, ocean S of antarctic circle. 
Anticosti (an'ti-kos'ti) isl. Quebec prov. Canada, in St. 

Lawrence estuary. [battle in Md. 1SG2. 

Antietam Creek (an-te'tam) in Pa. & Md. to Potomac riv. ;| 
Antigua (an-te'gwa) isl. (108 □) & with Barbuda & Re- 

donda, presidency Leeward Isls. colony, Br. W. Indies, 

170 □ p. 32, % St. John. [range, Palestine. I 

Anti— Libanus (an'ti-lib'd-nus) mt. range, E of Lebanon! 
Antilles (an-tll'ez ; F. aN'tCP) Wo groups isls. (Greater 

and Lesser Antilles) West Indies. See West Indies. 
Antioch (an'ti-ok) city, Aleppo vilayet, Syria, anc. # of 

Syria, p. 30. [^: Medellin ; mines. I 

Antioquia (an'te-o'kya) dept. Colombia, 24,402 □ p. 741.1 
Antipodes (an-tip'o-dez) group of rocky isls. 458 m. SE 

of N. Z. 20 □ ; belongs to N. Z. [Ecuador. I 

Antisana (an'to-sa'na) volcano, 19,335 ft. high, Andes mts.| 
Anti— Taurus (an'ti-to'riis) mt. range, E Asia Minor, N E 

of the Taurus. [near Adriatic, p. 3.1 

Antivari (an-te'va-re) or Bar (bar) town of Montenegro,! 
Antofagasta (an'to-fa-gas'ta) prov. & city (p. 32), N 

Chile. [churia, p. 161.1 

Antung (an'tdbng') treaty port, Shengking prov. Man-| 
Antwerp (ant'werp) Ft. Anvers (aN'var') prov. Belgium, 

1,093 □ p. 969. — city, its %? on Scheldt riv. p. 302, with 

suburbs 398. [12,349 ft. high. 

Aorangi (a / 5»ra'nge) or Mt. Cook, mt. N South Isl. N.Z.| 
Aosta (a-os'ta.) anc. Augus'ta Praeto'ria, town, NW Italy, 

p. comm. 8. [S Florida. I 

Apalachee Bay (ap'd-lach'e)_bay, arm of Gulf of Mexico,! 
Apalachicola (ap/d-lach'i-ko'ld) nav. riv. Fla. 90 m. to 

Gulf of Mexico. [comm. 36. | 

Apeldoorn (a'pel-dornO town, Gelderland, Netherlands, p.) 
Apennines (ap'e-ninz) mt. chain, cen. Italy; highest, Monte 

Corno, 9,585 ft. [Pacific ocean. | 

Apia (a-pe'a ; a/pe-a.) vil. & harbor, Upolu isl. Samoa, S| 
Appalachian Mountains (ap'd-lach'i-dn ; -la/chi-dn) mt. 

system, E North America, Quebec prov. to N Ala.; highest, 

Mt. Mitchell, 6,711 ft. 
Appenzell (ap'en-tseF) canton (160 □ p. 73), NE Switzer- 
land, consisting of the demicantons of Outer Rhodes 

(94 □ p. 58) & Inner Rhodes (67 □ p. 15). 
Appomattox (ap/o-mat'wks) riv. ab. 150 m. long, Va. flows 

to James riv. — vil. cen. Va. ; Lee's surr., April 9, 1865. 
Apulia (d-pu'li-d) comparthr.ento, SE It., 7,378 □ p. 2,130. 
Apure (a-poo'ra) riv. Venezuela, a chief trib. of Orinoco riv. 
Apurimac (a / pob-re , mak) riv. bet. 500 & 600 m. long, 

Peruvian Andes to Ucayali riv. 
Aquitaine (ak'wl-tan') anc. division SW France. 
Aquitania (-ta/ni-d) a Roman division of SW Gaul. 
Arabia (d-ra/bi-d) Turk. Arabistan (a-ra'bT-stan') coun- 
try, a great pen. SW Asia, about 1,200,000 □ p. 4,825. 
Arabia Deserta (de-zur'td) N div. of anc. Arabia. 
Arabia Felix (fe'liks) SE div. of anc. Arabia. 
Arabian Des'ert, desert, Egypt, E of Nile, ab. 22° N lat. 

to Medit. sea. 
Arabian Sea, betweenlndia and Arabia, part of Indian oc. 
Arabia Petraea (pe-tre'd) NW div. anc. Arabia. 
Aracaju (a-ra/ka-zhoo') town, # Sergipe state, Brazil, near 

coast, p. 27. 
Arad (or'od) city, S cen. Hungary, 43 □ p. 63. 
Aragon (ar'd-gon ; Sp. pron. a/ra-gon') medieval kingdom 

& anc. kingdom & prov. NE Spain. [nav. for 750 m.l 
Araguaya (a'ra-gwa'ya) riv. ab. 1,100 m. long, cen. Brazil,! 
Araish, El (el a-rlsh') or Laraish (la-rlsh') Atlantic spt. 

Morocco, p. ab. 10. [26,166 Q. 

Aral Sea (ar'dl; a-raP) inland sea, SW Russia in Asia,! 
Aransas Pass (a-ran'sds), chief entrance to Aransas bay, 

Texas. 
Ararat (ar'd-rat) mt. in Armenia ; two peaks, highest ab. 

17,000 ft. [India. 

Aravalli Hills (a-ra'vd-le) range, 300 m. long, Rajputana.l 
Arbil (ar-beP) or Erbil (er-beF), anc. Arbe'la, walled town, 

Mosul vilayet, Turkey in Asia, p. 4 ; battie (at Gauga- 

mela, ancient vil. near Nineveh) 331 B. C. 
Arcadia (ar-ka'di-d) anc. pastoral country, cen. Morea, 

Greece. 
Archangel (ark-an'jel) Russ. Arkhangelsk (ar-Kan'gelsk) 

city, near mouth of Dvina riv. N Russia, p. 31. 



Arcole (ar'kS-la) vil. 15 m. SE of Verona, Italy, p. comm. 4 : 
battle 1796. 

Arcot (ar-kSt/) town, cen. Madras pres. p. 11. 

Arctic Ocean (ark'tik) the ocean N of the arocic circle. 

Ardahan (ar'da-han') Russ. Ardagan (ar'da-gan') ft. 
town, Kars govt. Transcaucasia, Russia, p. 1 ; battle 1S77. 

Arden (ar'den) anc. forest of midland and E England. 

Ardennes (ar'den') dept. NE France. 2,028 D p. 319, # 
Mezieres. 

Ardennes, Forest of, anc. Arduen'na Syl'va, wooded re- 
gion, on both banks Meuse riv. France & Belgium. 

Arequipa (a'ra-ke'pa) city, S Peru, p. 35. 

Arczzo (a-r?t'so) anc. Arre'tium, city, Tuscany, Italy, p. 48. 

Argaeus (ar-je'Ss) highest mt. Asia Minor, Angora vilayet, 
13.100 ft. [comm. 24.1 

Argenteuil (ar'zhaN'tfl'y') town, near Paris, N France, p.! 

Argentina (iir/jcn-te'nd ,• Sp. ar'han-te'na) federal republic, 

5 S. Amer. E of Andes mts. .1 135,840 □ p. 7,122. # 
Buenos Aires. [tie 406 B. C. 

Arginusae (iir'jT-nu'se) small isls. S of Mytilcne ; naval bat- 
Argolis (ar'f'u-lls) anc. dist. E Morea, Greece. [France. 
Argonne (ar'gSn') region, depts. Meuse and Ardennes, 
Argos (iir'gos) anc. town, in Argolis, Greece. 
Argyllshire (ar-gTl'sher) or Argyll, co. W Scotland, 3,110 D 

p. 71, X Inveraray. 
Arica (a-re'ka) spt. Tacna prov. N Chile, p. 5. 
Arizona (ar'I-zG'nd) state, SW U. S. A. 113,810 D p. 204, 

# Phoenix. 
Arkansas (iir'kan-so) riv. ab. 2,000 m., rises Rocky mts. 

Col. flows into Mississippi riv. — state, S cen. U. S. A. 

52,525 □ p. 1,574, # Little Rock. [berg, Austria. 

Arlberg (arl'berK) pass 5,900 ft. & tunnel 6]^m. Vorarl-I 
Aries (iirlz ; F. arl) anc. Ar'elas or Arela'te, city, S France, p. 

comm. 31. 
Arlington (ar'ling-twn) vil. E Va. opp. Washington, D. C. ; 

national cemetery. 
Armagh (ar-rna') co. Ulster prov. Ireland, 512 D p. 120. — 

its X p. 7. 
Armenia (ar-me'nT-d) Bib. Minni (mini), anc. country, 

W Asia, now divided between Russia, Turkey, and Persia. 
Armentieres (ar'maN'tyar') town, NW of Lille, N France, 

p. comm. 29. 
Armorica (ar-mSr'I-kd) anc. name for region in NW France. 
Arnhem (arn'hem) town, E Netherlands, p. comm. 64. 
Arno (ar'no) anc. Ar'nus, riv. ab. 140 m., Tuscany, Italy, 

to Medit. sea^ [riv.| 

Aroostook (d-roos'tobk) riv. over 100 m. Maine to St. John| 
Arran (ar'dn) isl. Buteshire, Firth of Clyde, W Scotland, 

165 □ p. 5. 
Arras (a'ras') ft. city, N France, p. comm. 26. 
Arretium. See Arezzo. 

Arrou, or Aru, Islands (a'roo) SW of New Guinea, 3,326 

□ p. 22 ; Du. [France.l 

Artois (ar'twa') old prov. now part of dept. Pas-de-Calais, | 

Aruba (a-roo'ba) island off Venezuela, part of Curacao col. 

69 □ p. 9. [Eng. p. 3 ; castle. 

Arundel (ar'wn-del ; colloq. arn'del) mun. bor. W Sussex,! 
Aruwimi (a/rdb-we'me) riv. E_Belgian Congo, to Congo riv. 
Asben (as'ben') or Air (a'lr ; lr) native kingdom. Military 

Territory of the Niger, Fr. West Africa, # Agades. 
Asbury Park (az'ber-I) city & seaside summer resort, E 

New Jersey, p. 10. [Palestine, Syria. I 

Ascalon (as'kd-lon) anc. Ash'kelon, spt. vil. on coast of [ 
Ascension (a-sen'shwn)isl. S Atlantic ocean, 34 □ ; Br. 
Ascoli Piceno (as'ko-le pe-cha/no) anc. As'culum Pice'- 

num, city, Marches, E Italy, p. comm. 31. 
Ashanti (d-shan'te ; d-shan'te) native kingdom, British pos- 
session. Upper Guinea, W Africa, p. 2S8, # Kumassi. 
Asheville (ash'vil) city, W North Carolina, p. 19 ; resort. 
Ashkelon. See Ascalon. [England, p. 45. 

Ashton under Lyne (ash'twn, lin) mun. bor. Lancashire, 
Ashur. See Assyria. 
Asia (a'shd; a'zhd) the largest continent, E hemisphere, 

17,040,000 □ 
Asia Minor or Anatolia (an'd-to'lT-d) , W Asia, bet. Black 

sea & Medit. ; a part of Turkey, 197,711 □ p. 10,509. 
Askja (ask'ya) volcano, E cen. Iceland, 3,376 ft. ; largest 

crater in Iceland. 
Asmara (as-ma/ra) town, ■%■ of Eritrea, 55 m. SW of Mas- 

saua ; ht. ab. 7,700 ft. [comm. 43.1 

Asnieres (a'nyar') town, on Seine, France, near Paris, p.| 
Asosan (a/sS-san') vol. mt. Kiushu, Japan ; crater 12 m. 

wide. [1809. 

Aspern (as'pern) vil. 5 m. ENE of Vienna, Austria ; battle! 
Aspinwall (as'pin-wol). Former name of Colon, Panama. 
Assam (as'sam') prov. NE Br. India, 53,015 □ p. 6,714. * 

Shillong ; native state (Manipur), 8,456 □ p. 346 
Assiniboia (a-sin^-boi'd) former dist. 90,340 □ now in 

Saskatchewan, Canada. 
Assiout or Assiut. See Siut. 

Assisi (as-se'ze) comm. Perugia prov. Italy, p. 18. 
Assuan (as-swan') or Aswan, anc. Sye'ne, town, Egypt, on 

Nile riv. lat. 24° 5'N, p. 6 ; dam, ab. 6,400 ft. long. 
Assyria (d-sir'i-d) anc. Ashur or Asshur (ash'fir) , a great anc. 

empire, W Asia ; its # was Nineveh. [comm. 40.1 

Asti (as'te) anc. Has'ta, town. Piedmont, NW Italy, p.| 
Aston Manor (as'twn man'er) mun. bor. Warwickshire, 

Eng. p. 75. 
Astrakhan (as'tra-kan' ; Russ. as'tra-Kan'y') govt. SE 

Russia, & city on isl. in Volga riv. p. 150. [Spain. | 

Asturias (as-too're-as) anc. division, now Oviedo prov.l 
Asuncion (a-soon'syon') city, ^ of Paraguay, p. 75. 
Aswan. See Assuan. 
Atacama (a'ta-ka'ma) prov. N Chile, 30,430 □ p. 65, # 

Copiapo; mines. 
Atbara (at'ba-raO riv. about 500 m. long, NE Africa, Abys- 
sinia through Anglo-Egyptian Sudan_to Nile river. 
Atchaf alaya Bayou (ach'd-fd-h'd bi'oo) outlet of Red riv. 

6 Miss. riv. La. 

Atchison (ach'I-sftn) city, NE Kan, on Mo. riv. p. 16. 



k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.^ 
Abbreviations precede this list. * capital. X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1138 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



u 



w 



X 



Athabaska (Sth'd-bas'kd) former dist. NW Canada, now 
in Alberta, Saskatchewan, & Manitoba. — lake, ab. 230 
m. long, Alberta & Saskatchewan, 2,842 D. — riv. ab. 
1,000 m. long, Alberta, flows into Athabaska lake. 

Athens (ath'gnz) Gr. Athenai (a-the'na.) city, # of Greece, 
near Gulf of ^Egina, p. 167. [pen. Greece. 

Athos (5th'8s) mt. ht. 6,350 ft. & pen. E part of Chalcidice| 

Atjeh. See Achin. 

Atlanta (at-lan'td) city, # of Ga. p. 155. 

Atlan'tic City, city, on isl. of Absecon Beach, N. J. p. 46 ; 
seaside resort. 

Atlantic Ocean, body of water separating America from 
Europe & Africa. 

Atlas Mountains, system, ab. 1,500 m. long, NW Africa ; 
highest, Jebel Ajashi, Morocco, ab. 14,800 ft. 

Attica (at'i-kd) anc. div. & state of Greece, including Athens. 

Aube (ob) riv. ab. 125 m. rises in dept. Haute-Marne, flows 
into Seine riv. France. — dept. on Seine riv. France, 2,327 
D p. 241, % Troyes. [Paris, p. 38. | 

Aubervilliers (o'ber've'ya') town, France, ab. 5 m. N ofj 

Auburn (6'biirn) city, W cen. N. Y., p. 35 ; State prison. 

Auckland (6k'ldnd) provincial district, N. Z. 25,746 □ p. 
265. — its # a city & bor. p. 41, with suburbs 103. 

Augsburg (ouks'bobrK) anc. Augus'ta Vindelico'rum, city, 
SW Bavaria, Germany, p. 143 ; battle 955. 

Augusta (6-gus'td) city, Ga. on Savannah riv. p. 41. — 
city, $fc of Me. p. 13. 

Augustowo. See Avgustovo. 

Aunis (o'nes') old prov. W France, now part of dept. 
Charente-Inferieure. [Ausable Chasm. I 

Ausable (6-sa'b'l) riv. N. Y. to Lake Champlain through! 

Austerlitz (os'ter-lits ; G. pron. ous'ter-lits) town, Mora- 
via, Austria, p. 4 ; victory of Napoleon, Dec. 2, 1805. 

Austin (os'tin) city, =& of Tex. p. 30 ; Univ. of Texas. 

Australasia (os'trdl-a'shd ; -zhd) an arbitrary division of 
the globe in Oceania, between the equator & lat. 47° S, 
ab. 3,450,000 D p. 7,100. 

Australia (6s-tra'li-d ; -tral'yd) island continent, bet. In- 
dian & Pacific oceans, 2,948,366 D p. 4,264, excluding 
aboriginals. — , Commonwealth of, Brit, colony, con- 
sisting of the states of New South Wales, Victoria, South 
Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, & Tasmania, 
& Northern Ter. & Federal Capital Ter., 2,974,581 Dp. 
4,455 (with full-blooded, civilized aboriginals, 4,475). 

Austrasia (6s-tra/shd ; -zhd) or Ostrasia (5s-), the E do- 
minions of the Merovingian Franks, merged in Charle- 
magne's empire. 

Austria (6s'tri-d) empire, W part of Austria-Hungary, 
115,832 □ p. 28,572, # Vienna. 

Austria— Hungary (os'tri-d-hur/gd-ri) monarchy, cen. Eu- 
rope, consisting of Austria, Hungary, and Bosnia and the 
Herzegovina. 261,027 □ p. 51,390, ^ Vienna. 

Auvergne (o'vern'y') old prov. S cen. France, ^ Clermont. 

Auvergne Mountains, in S cen. France ; highest point, Puy 
de Sancy, 6,185 ft. 

Aux Cayes (o' ka') or Les Cayes (la' ka') spt. SW Haiti, p. 5. 

Averno (a-ver'no) anc. Aver'nus, lake, near Naples, It. 

Avgustovo (av'gdos-to'vo) Pol. Augustow (ou-gdos'tdbf) 
town, Suvalki govt. Poland, p. 9. [coram. 49-| 

Avignon (a've'nyoN') anc. Ave'nio, city, S France, p.| 

Avlona (av-15'na) spt. on Bay of Avlona, an inlet of S Adri- 
atic sea, Albania, p. 6. 

Avon (a'v<5n) riv. 96 m. Northamptonshire, Eng., to Severn 
river, passing Rugby and Stratford ; also, either of two 
other English rivers. [218 D p. 211.1 

Awaji (a/wa'je') isl. of Japan bet. Honshu & Shikoku isls.| 

Axum or Aksum (ak-soom') town, Tigre, N Abyssinia, p. 5. 

Ayr (ar) mun. burgh, on Ayr riv. X of Ayrshire, Scotland, p. 
33. — See Ayrshire. [Ayr. I 

Ayrshire (ar'sher) or Ayr, co. SW Scot. 1,132 □ p. 268, X I 

Ayuthia (a-yoot'he'a) town, formerly $? of Siam, on the 
Menam, p. 50. [1,000, # Tabriz.l 

Azerbaijan (a'zer-bT-jan') prov. NW Persia, 40,000 □ p.| 

Azores (d-zorz' ; 57) isls. N Atl. oc. 922 □ p. 256, $? Ponta 
Delgada ; Pg. 

Azov (a'zof ; a-z6F), or Azof, Sea of, 14,520 □ S Russia, 
connected with Black sea. 

B 

Baalbek (bai'bek ; bai'bek') Gr. Heliop'olis, ruined city, 
about 35 m. NNW of Damascus, Syria. 

Bab el Mandeb (bab' el man'deb ; bab' el man'deb) strait 
uniting Red sea & Indian ocean. 

Babylon (bab'i-lfin) celebrated city, now in ruins, on Eu- 
phrates riv. about 55 m. S of Bagdad. 

Babylonia (-lo'nl-d) anc. country in Euphrates valley, now 
in Bagdad vilayet. 

Bactra, Bactria._ See Balkh. 

Badajoz (ba'da-hoth') , city, SW Spain, p. comm. 35. 

Baden (ba'den) grand duchy, a state of Germany, 5,819 □ 
p. 2,143, # Karlsruhe. — or Baden— Baden, town & wa- 
tering place, Baden, Ger. p. 22. 

Bad Lands, Fr. Mauvaises Terres (mo'vaz' tar') very 
rough region, SW S. Dak. & NW Nebr. ; fossils. 

Baffin (baf'in) isl. Brit. N. America, W of Baffin bay & 
Davis strait. 

Baffin Bay, W of Greenland, N. America. 

Bagdad (bag-dad' ; bag'dad) vilayet, SE Turkey in Asia, 
54,540 □ p. 614. — city, its % p. 150. [Massenia.l 

Bagirmi (ba-ger'me) sultanate, N Fr. Equatorial Africa, ^=| 

Bahama Islands (bd-ha'md), group NE of Cuba, 4,404 □ 
p. 56, # Nassau ; Br. col. _ 

Bahawalpur (bd-ha'wiil-poor') native state, Punjab, India, 
15,918 D p. 781. — its =£ P. 19. 

Bahia (ba-e'a) state, Brazil, 164.644 □ p. 2,287. — or Sao 
Salvador (soun sal'va-d5r') its # p. 350, a cml. seaport. 

Bahia Blanca (blan'ka) town, Buenos Aires prov. Argen- 
tina, p. 68. [Br. protection.! 

Bahrein Islands (ba-ran') in Persian gulf, p. 90 ; undeij 



Bahr el Abiad (ba'h'r e"l a'be-ad) Arabic name of White 
Nile, Africa. 

Bahr el Azrek (az'rek) Arabic name of Blue Nile. 

Bahr el Ghazal (gd-zal') chief western affluent of the Nile. 

Bahr el Jebel (jeb'el) upper course of Nile, Albert Nyanza 
to 9° 30' N. 

Baise. See Baja. [deep in middle 

Baikal, Lake (bT-kal') S Siberia, over 13,000 □ 4,500 ft 

Bailleul (ba'yfil') town, N France, p. comm. 13. 

Baitarani (bi-tur'd-ne) riv. Orissa, Br. Ind. 400 m. to Bay 
of Bengal. [watering place. I 

Baja (ba'ya) anc. Ba'iae, vil. 10 m. W of Naples, Italy ; anc.| 

Baker, Mount, peak. Cascade range, NW Wash. 10,827 ft. 

Baku (ba-koo') govt. Transcaucasia, Russia, W coast of 
Caspian sea, 15,061 □ p. 1,061. — its # p. 218. 

Balaklava (ba'la-kla'va) spt. in Crimea, on Black sea, Rus- 
sia ; battle 1854. 

Balaton (bo'16-ton) lake in Hungary, 55 m. SW of Buda- 
pest, about 48 m. long, 266 □ ; largest lake of cen. Europe. 

Baldy Peak (bol'dl) mt. of Sangre de Cristo range, S Col. 
14,176 ft. high. 

Bale. See Basel. 

Balearic Islands (bal'e-ar'ik) Sp. Baleares (ba'IS-a'ras) 
in Mediterranean sea, a Sp. prov. 1,936 □ p. 326, # Palma. 

Bali (ba'le) isl. E of Java, Du. E. Indies, 2,168 □. — and 
Lombok (lom'bok') outpost prov. Du. E. Indies, 4,068 
□ p. 524, # Buleleng. 

Balize. Var. of Belize. [bia to Black sea.l 

Balkan Mountains (bal-kan'; bSl'kdn) range, Europe, Ser-| 

Balkan Peninsula, SE pen. of Europe, bet. the Adriatic 
and Black seas. 

Balkash (bal-kash') salt lake, Russ. Cen. Asia, 316 m. long. 

Balkh (balK) anc. Bac'tria, prov. S of Amu riv. and N of 
Hindu Kush mts. Afghanistan! — anc. Bac'tra, town, N 
Afghanistan, p. 6. 

Ballarat (bal'd-raf) city, Victoria, Australia, p. 22. 

Ballarat East, town, suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, p. 16. 

Ball's Bluff (bolz) battlefield, NE Virginia ; Oct. 21, 1861. 

Balmain (bal-man') mun. suburb of Sydney, N. S. W. 
Australia, p. 32. [160,000 D.l 

Baltic Sea (bol'tik) in Europe, N of Germany &Wof Russia | 

Baltimore (-ti-mor) city & port of entry, Md. 30 D p. 558. 

Baltistan (bul'ti-st_an') or Little Tibet, div. of Kashmir. 

Baluchistan (ba-loo'chi-stan') country, Asia, bet. Afghan 
istan and Arabian sea, 131,855 D p. 830, consisting of; 
British Baluchistan (prov. Br. India, 53,821 □ p. 414, $? 
Quetta) and Baluchistan Native States (78,034 □ p. 41C). 

Banajao (ba-na'hou) or Majaijai (ma-hT-hi') extinct vol- 
cano, S Luzon, Philippine Islands, 7,382 ft. [var.l 

Banat (ba'nat) agr. region, S Hungary, chief town Temes-| 

Banbury (ban'ber-I) mun. bor. Oxfordshire, Eng. o. 13. 

Banded Peak, peak of San Juan mts. in S Col. ht. "12,860 ft. 

Banff (bamf) town. Alberta, Can. in Rocky Mt. Park, p. 1. 
— mun. burgh, X of Banffshire, p. 4. —See Banffshire. 

Banffshire (-sher) or Banff, co. Scot., 630 □ p. 61, X Banff. 

Bangalore (ban'gd-l5r') city, # of Mysore, S India, p. 198. 

Bangkok (barj'kSk') city, # of Siam, on the Menam, p. 629. 

Bangor (ban'gor) city & port of entry, S cen. Me. p. 25. 

Bangweolo (bang'we-o'lo) lake, 150 m. long, NE Northern 
Rhodesia. 

Banjermasin, Du. Bandjermasin (ban'jer-ma'sin) town, 
S Du. Borneo, p. 17. 

Banka (barj'kd) isl. (4,379 □) & outpost prov. Dutch E. In- 
dies, E of Sumatra, 4,473 □ p. 115, # Muntok ; tin mines. 

Bannockburn (ban'wk-burn') town, Stirlingshire, Scot- 
land ; battle 1314. 

Bantam (ban-tam' ; ban'tdm) residency, W Java, 3,050 □ 
p. 895. — vil. in Bantam residency, on N coast ; first 
Dutch settlement. [Java, p. 18.1 

Banyuwangi, Du. Banjoewangi (ban'ydb-warj'ge) spt. E| 

Barak (bd-rak/) riv. Assam, Br. India. 

Barbados (bar-ba'doz) Brit. isl. & col. W. I. 166 □ p. 172 . 
# Bridgetown. [Atlantic ocean. I 

Barbary (bar'bd-r!) region in N Africa, from Egypt to| 

Barbizon (bar'be^zoN') hamlet, near Fontainebleau, N Fr. 

Barbuda (bar-boo'dd) isl. Antigua pres. Leeward Isl. col. 
Br. W. Indies, 62 □. [500 ; belongs to It. 

Barca (bar'ka) anc. Cyrena'ica, part of Libya, N Africa, p.| 

Barcelona (bar'se-lo'nd ; Sp. bar'tha-lo'na) prov. NE Sp. 
2,969 □ p. 1,142. — anc. Bar'cino, spt. its # p. 587. 

Bareilly (bd-ra'le) or Bareli, city, N United Provinces, Br. 
India, p. 129. 

Barfurush (bar'fzi-robsh') or Balfurush (bal'-) town, Per- 
sia, near Caspian sea, p. 50. 

Bar Harbor, vil. Mt. Desert isl. Me. ; summer resort. 

Bari (ba're) It. Bari delle Puglie (del'la pool'ya) anc. Ba'- 
rium, spt. city, SE Italy, p. comm. 104. [comm. 25.1 

Barlad or Berlad (bur'lat) town, Moldavia, Roumania, p.| 

Bar— le— Due (bar'-le-duk') town, NE France, p. comm. 17. 

Barmen (bar'men) town, Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 169. 

Barnaul (bar'na-obl / ) tn. Tomsk govt. Russ. in Asia, p. 30. 

Barnsley (barnz'li) mun. bor. Yorkshire, England, p. 51. 

Baroda (bd-r5'dd) native state, Gujarat & Kathiawar, In- 
dia, 8,099 □ p. 2,033. — city, its # p. 99. 

Barotseland (bd-rSt'se-land) region, W N. Rhodesia. 

Barquisimeto (bar-ke'se-ma/to) city, NW Venezuela, p. 31. 

Barranquilla (bar'ran-kel'ya) town & riv. port, N Colom- 
bia, p. 49. 

Barren Grounds, unforested region, Northwest Ters. Can. 

Barrier, or Stanley, Range (bar'I-er, stan'li) mts. W New 
South Wales. [cashire, Eng. p. 64.' 

Barrow in Furness (bar'o in fur'nes) co. bor. & spt. Lan- 

Barrow, Point, headland, N extremity of Alaska. 

Barry (bar'I) spt. Glamorganshire, Wales, p. 34 ; coal exports. 

Barwon (bar'wun) upper Darling riv. N. S. W. ; 510 m. long. 

Basel (ba'zel) Fr. Bile (bal) canton, NW Switzerland, 179 
D p. 213 ; divided into two demicantons, Baselstadt 
(-shtat') Fr. Bale-Ville (-vel') 14 D p. 136, and Basel- 
land (-lanf) Fr. Bale— Campagne (-kaN'pan'y') 165 □ 
p. 77, $? Liestal. — anc. Basili'a, -le'a, city in same, p. 133. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1139 



Basilicata (ba-ze'le-ka'ta) compartimento, Italy, coexten- 
sive with Potenza. 
Basque Provinces (bask) region, N Spain, comprising 

provs. Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, Alava, and part of Navarra. 
Basra. Var. of Busrah. 

Bas— Rhin (ba'-raN') former dept. Fr. now in Alsace, Ger. 
Bassea, La (la ba'sa'), town, NE France, 13 m. SE of Lille, p. 

comm. 5. 
Bassein (bas/san') dist. Lower Burma, 4,127 □ p. 441.— 

its # p. 32. 
Basse— Terre (bas't&r') isl. W part of Guadeloupe, or 

Guadeloupe proper. — spt. on SW coast of same, # of 

Gaudeloupe col. p. 8. [Indies, p. 10. 

Basseterre (bas'tar') spt. # of St. Christopher. Br. W. 
Bassora, Bassorah. Vars. of Busrah. [mania. 

Bass Strait (bas) 80-150 m. wide, bet. Australia and Tas- 
Basutoland (bd-soo'to-land) Br. col. South Africa, 11,716 

□ p. 406, # Maseru. 
Batavia (bd-ta'vi-d;.D«. ba-ta'vT-a) residency, W Java, 
, 4,501 □ p. 2,109. — its # & # of Du. E. Indies, spt. city 
' on N coast, p. 139. 
Bath (bath) anc. A'quse Cal'idae or A'quae So'lis, city X of 

Somersetshire, Eng. p. 51 ; hot springs and baths. 
Bathurst (bath'wrst) town, N. S. W. p. 9. — spt. Gambia, 

W Africa, on Gambia riv. p. 9. 
Baton Rouge (bat'£n roozh') city, # of La. p. 15. 
Battambang (bat'tam-bang') town, NW Cambodia, Fr. 

Indo-China. 
Battersea (bat'er-se) met. bor. part of London, Eng. p. 168. 
Battle Creek (bat''l krek') city, SW Mich, on Kalamazoo 

river, p. 25 ; sanitarium ; health foods. 
Batum (ba-tdbm') prov. Transcaucasia, Russia, 2,693 □ p. 

166. — spt. its * on E shore of Black sea. p. 33. 
Bautzen (bou'tsen) town on Spree riv. Saxony kingdom, 

Ger. p. 33 ; battle 1813. 
Bavaria (bd-va'ri-d ; 3) Ger. Bayem (bT'ern) kingdom, a 

state of S Germany, 29,293 □ p. 6.887, # Munich. 
Bay City, city, on rt. bank Saginaw river, E cen. Mich. p. 45. 
Bayonne (ba'yon') city, E N. J. p. 56. — (Fr. pron. ba/- 

yon') ft. city, S France, p. comm. 28. 
Bayreuth (bi'roit') city, N Bavaria, Germany, p. 35. 
Beachy Head (bech'I) headland, 512 ft. Sussex, England. 
B§arn (ba'ar') old province, S France. 
Beauce (bos) anc. dist. of N cen. France. [comm. 20.1 

Beauvais (bS've') anc. Ca^sarom'agus, city, N France, p.| 
Bechuanaland (bech'oo-a'nd-land') British protectorate, 

S. Af. 275,000 □ p. 125. — or British Bechuanaland, div. 

of Cape of Good Hope prov. U. of S. Af. 51,524 □ p. 100. 
Bedford (bed'ferd) mun. bor.X of Bedfordshire, England, 

p. 39?— See Bedfordshire. 
Bedfordshire (-sher) or Bedford or Beds, inland co. Eng. 

466 □ p. 171.X Bedford. [Palestine; in ruins. I 

Beersheba (be'er-she'bd ,* be-ur'she-bd) frontier town, S| 
Behistun (ba'his-tobn') or Bisutun (be'sob-toon') ruined 

town, W Persia. 
Bearing. See Bering. 

Beilan (ba-lan') mt. pass, connects Asia Minor with Syria. 
Beira (be'e-ra)-prov. Port. 9,210 □ p. 1,626. — spt. Port. E. 

Africa, p. 4. 
Beirut (ba'roof) vilayet, Syria, 6,180 □ p. 534. — anc. Be- 

ry'tus, tn. its 45= on Medit. sea, p. 150 ; port of Damascus. 
Belem (ba-leN') or Para (pa-ra/) spt. Brazil, ^of Para, p. 200. 
Belfast (bel-fasf ; bel'fast) 6pt. city, E Ulster, Ireland, p. 

385. [p. comm. 39. 

Belfort (bel'for') ter. E Fr. 235 □ p. 101. — ft. town, its #] 
Belgian Congo, formerly Congo Free State, col. of Bel- 
gium, cen. Africa, 913,127 □ p. 15,000, # Boma. 
Belgium (bel'ji-wm) Fr. Belgique (bel'zhek') kingdom, 

NW Europe, 11,373 □ p. 7,424, # Brussels. 
Belgrade (bel'grad') Serb. Beograd (be'6-grad) anc. Sin- 

gidu'num, city, * of Serbia, on rt. bank Danube, p. 91. 
Belize (be-lez') spt. town, # of British Honduras, p. 10. 
Belle Isle (be!/ Tl') isl. in Atl. entrance of Str. of Belleisle. 
Belleisle, Strait of (bel'Il') bet. Labrador & Newfound- 
land, 10-15 m. wide. [raes, Brazil, p. 30.1 
Bello Horizonte (bel'o o're-zon'ta) town, # of Minas Ge-| 
Bemis Heights (be'mis) hamlet, Stillwater town, Saratoga 

co. N. Y. ; battles Sept. 19 & Oct. 7, 1777. [maliland. 
Benadir Coast (ben'a-der') cen. part of E coast of It. So- 
Beluchistan. Var. of Baluchistan. 
Benares (ben-a'rez) city, on Ganges, United Provinces, Br. 

India, p. 204. [Ormuz, p. 10. 

Benderabbas (ben'der-ab'bas) spt. Persia, on Strait of 
Bendigo (ben'di-go) city, Victoria, Australia, p. 18, loca. 

govt, area 29 ; gold mines near. 
Bengal (ben-g61') eastern presidency of Br. India, bet. 

Assam, & Bihar and Orissa, 78,669 □ p. 45,483, # Calcutta; 

native states, 5,393 □ p. 823. 
Bengal, Bay of, part of Indian ocean, between the Indian 

peninsula & Burma. 
Bengazi or Benghazi (ben-ga/ze) anc. Bereni'ce, town, 

Barca, Africa, p. 25. — Barca. [form Madeira. I 

Beni (ba-ne' ; ba'ne) riv. Bolivia ; unites with Mamore to| 
Beni Hassan (ba'ne has'san) vil. on Nile, Egypt, 75 m. 

N of Siut ; rock tombs. 
Benin (ben-en') country, S Nigeria. — its # p. ab. 84. — riv. 

S Nigeria. 
Benin, Bight of, open bay in N part of Gulf of Guinea, Af. 
Benkulen, Du. Bcnkoelen (ben-koo'len) spt. SW Suma- 
tra, p. 7. 
Ben Lomond (ben lo'm&nd) mt. E side of Loch Lomond, 

Scot. 3,192 ft. — mt. Eof Launceston, Tasmania, 5,010 ft. 
Ben Nevis (ne'vis ; nev'Is) mt. Inverness-shire, Scotland, 

4,406 ft. ; highest in Great Britain. 
Bennington (ben'ing-twn) vil. SW Vt. p. 6 ; battle in N. Y. 

state near here, Aug. 16, 1777. 
Berar (ba-rar') div. of Central Provs. & Berar, Br. India, 

17,710 □ p. 3,057. 
Berber (bur'ber) tn. on Nile, Anglo-Egypt. Sudan, Af. p. 10. 



Berbera (bur'ber-a) spt. # of Somaliland Protectorate, on 

Gulf of Aden, p. 30. 
Berchem (bgr'icem) comm. Antwerp prov. Belgium, p. 30. 
Berdichev (b?r-dye'chgf) town, Kiev govt. Russia, p. 75. 
Berezina (b£r-ya'ze-na) riv. in Minsk govt. Russia, flown 

into Dnieper river. [nor, p. 20.1 

Bergama (bSr'ga-ma) anc. Per'gamum, town, W Asia Mi-| 
Bergamo (ber'ga-mo) anc. Ber'gomum, city, cen. Lom- 

bardy, N Italy, p. comm. 55. 
Bergen (-gen) ft. city and spt. on Atl. oc. Norway, p. 77. 
Bering, or Behring, Sea (be'ring ; Dan. bii'ring) bet. 

Aleutian isls. and Bering 6trait. — Strait, bet. Asia and 

America, 36 m. wide. 
Berkeley (bQrk'li) city, near Bay of San Francisco, Cal. p. 

40 ; Univ. of California. 
Berkshire (burk'sher ; bark'-) or Berks (burks ; barks) 

co. S England, 722 □ p. 271, X Reading. 
Berkshire Hills, the hill country of W Mass. ; highest point, 

Greylock, 3535 ft. 
Berlengas (bCr-leN'gash) small isls. W of Portugal in 39° 

25' N ; lighthouse. 
Berlin (bur'lln' ; Ger. be"r-len') city on Spree riv. * of Prus- 
sia and Ger. emp. 24 H D p. 2.071 ; Greater Berlin, p. 3.710. 
Bermejo (ber-ma'h5) riv. N Argentina, 1,000 m. to Para- 
guay river. 
Bermuda (ber-mu'dd) Br. col. isls. N Atl. ocean, 20 □ p. 19, 

# Hamilton. 
Bern (burn), or Berne (bern) canton, Switzerland, 2.G43 C 

p. 647. — its # and # of Switz. p. 87. [Alps, Switz. 

Bernina (ber-ne'na) mt. 13,290 ft. & pass 7,040 ft. Rhsetian 
Berry or Berri (be're' ; ber'I) old prov. cm. France. 
Berwickshire (ber'lk-sher) or Berwick (ber'ik) co. SE ex- 
tremity of Scotland, 457 □ p. 30, X Duns. 
Besancon (be-zaN'soN') anc. Veson'tio, ft. city, E France, 

p. comm. 58 : watch manufactures. 
Bessarabia (beVd-rS'bi-d) govt, extreme SW Russia, 17,143 

□ p. 2,490, * Kishinev. 
Bethany (beth'd-ni) vil. Palestine, 2 m. E of Jerusalem. 
Bethel (beth'el) ruined town. Palestine, N of Jerusalem. 
Bethlehem (beth'le-he'm : -le-cm) bor. E Pa. p. 13. — an- 
cient city, Palestine, 5Mm. SW of Jerusalem. 
Bethnal Green (beth'nal) met. bor. NE part of London 

England, p. 128. [Arras, p. comm. 15. 

Bgthune (ba'tun') ft. town, NE France, 20 m. NNW of 
Beuthen (boi'ten) town, Silesia, Prussia, p. 68. 
Bhutan (bob-tan') state, E Himalaya mts. bet. Br. India 

and Tibet, 20,000 □ p. 250, # Punaka ; under Br. control. 
Biafra, Bight of (be-a'frd) open bay in E portion of Gulf of 

Guinea, W Africa. [sia, p. 10.1 

Biala (bya'la). — Russ. Byela (bye'la) town, Poland, Rus-| 
Bialystok (bya/li-stok) Russ. Byelostok (bye'lS-stok') 

town, Grodno govt. W Russia, p. 81. 
Biarritz (bya'rets') tn. SW Fr. p. comm. 18 ; resort. 
Bicgtre (be'sa'tr') suburb of Paris, France ; famous asylum. 
Bida (be'da) city, cen. Nigeria, Africa, p. 90. 
Bielefeld (be'le-felt) town, Westphalia, Prussia, p. 78. 
Bienne, Lake of (byen), in canton of Bern, Switz. 10 m. 

long, 1 to 3 m. broad, 15 Q. [peak 13,165 ft. 

Big Horn Mountains, range of mts. in N Wyo. ; highest 
Bighorn River, riv. ab. 500 m. long. Rocky mts. in W ol 

Wyoming to Yellowstone riv. — , Little, an affluent in 

Montana ; battle, 1876. 
Bihar (be-har') subprovince of Bihar and Orissa prov. Br. 

India, 42,361 □ p. 23,753. — town, Bihar, p. 45. 
Bihar and Orissa (o-rls'd) prov. Br. India, formerly part of 

Bengal prov. 83,181 □ p. 34,490 ; native states, 28,648 D 

p. 3,945. u 
Bikaner (bik^d-ner' ; be'kd-nar') native state, Rajputana 

Agency, India, 23,311 □ p. 701. — city, its* p. 53. 
Bilbao (bil-ba'6) city, N Spain, p. 94. 
Billiton (bil'i-ton') isl. (1,774 □) & outpost prov. (1,869 □ 

p. 37) bet. Borneo & Sumatra, Du. E. Indies. 
Bingen (blng'en) town, grand duchy of Hesse, Ger. on 

Rhine, p. 10. u _ [hanna riv. p. 48. | 

Binghamton (bing'am-twn) city, S cen. N. Y. on Susque-| 
Binh— Dinh (bin'y'-din'y') town, S Annam, Fr. Indo- 
China, p. 74. 
Binue (be'noo-5) or Benue, riv. chief E tributary of Niger 

riv. Nigeria &_N Kamerun, ab. S70 m. long. 
Biobio (be'6-be'o) largest riv. in Chile, Andes mts. to Pa- 
cific at Concepcion. 
Birkenhead (bur'ken-hSd) county bor. Cheshire, Eng. on 

estuary of Mersey river, p. 131. 
Birmingham (bur'ming-ara ; -nam) city, X of Jefferson 

Co., Ala. p. 133. — city & county bor. Eng. p. 840, chiefly 

in Warwickshire. 
Bisayas. See Visayan Islands. 
Biscay, Bay of (bis'ka) anc. Aquitan'icus Si'nus, Atlantic 

oc. fr. Ushant isl. Fr. to Cape Ortegal, Sp. [tin mines. I 
Bischoff, Mount (blsh'of) mt. NW Tasmania, 2,598 ft. ;| 
Biskra (bis'kra) town, 120 m. SW of Constantine, Algeria, 

p. 11. 
Bismarck (biz'mark) city, # of N. Dak. p. 5. 
Bismarck Archipelago (bls'mark) group isls. NE of New 

Guinea, 18,186 Q p. 1S8 ; principal isls. Neu-Pommern 

Neu-Mecklcnburg ; German. [15,000 ft. 

Bismarck Mountains, range E Kaiser- Wilhclmsland, 
Bissagos Islands (bi-sa'g5s) group bet. 10° & 12° N, W 

Africa ; mostly Port. 
Bithynia (bl-thin'I-d) anc. country, NW Asia Minor. 
Bitlis (bit'les') vilayet, Kurdistan, Turkey in Asia, 10,4f,0 Q 

p. 399. — town, its # ab. 16 m. W of Lake Van. p. 40. 
Bitter Lakes, basins traversed by Suez canal, Egypt. 
Biysk (besk) tn. Tomsk govt. W Siberia, p. 18. 
Bizen (be'zenO old province of Honshu isl. Japan ; pottery. 
Bizerta (be-zer'ta) Fr. Bizerte (be-zerf) ft. spt. Tunis, p. 

16, with troops 23. „ [Finland, p. 17. 

Bjorneborg (byflr'ne-bSr'y') town, Abo-Bjorneborg prov.| 
Blackburn (blak'bwrn) county bor. Lancashire, Enc p. 133. 

— , Mt., inSE Alaska, SE of Mt. Wrangell, 16,140 ft. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation' 
Abbreviations precede this list. ■#■ capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands.' 



N 



1140 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



T 



U 



V 



w 



Black Forest, Ger. Schwarzwald (shvarts'valtO 'moun- 
tainous region in Baden and Wiirttemberg, Ger. : highest 
peak, Feldberg, 4,897 ft. 

Black Hills, group of mts. SWS.Dak. &NEWyo. ; highest, 
Harney peak, 7,216 ft. 

Black Mountains, group of mts. W N. C. ; highest, Mt. 
Mitchell, 6,711 ft^ [bor. 58. 

Blackpool (blak'poolO co. bor. & spt. Lancashire, Eng. p.| 

Black, or Euxine (uk'sin). Sea, anc. Pon'tus or Pon'tus 
Euxi'nus, sea between Europe and Asia, 168,500 □. 

Black Sea, Russ. Chernomorsk (cheVno-morsk') govt. 
Transcaucasia, Russia in Asia, on Black sea, 3,220 □ p. 135. 

Blackwells Island (blak'welz) isl. in East riv. N. Y. city : 
prison & hospitals. [ria, p. 58. 

Blagovyeshchensk (bla'gS-vyesh'chensk) town, SE Sibe-| 

Blanc, Mont (moN' blaN') highest mt. of Alps, E France, 
15,780 ft. [ft.l 

Blanca Peak(blar/kd) SangredeCristo range, S Col. 14, 390| 

Blanco, Cape (blar/ko) at boundary bet. Rio de Oro & 
Mauritania, W Africa. — on W coast of Morocco. 

Blenheim (bleh'em ^-im). See Blindheim. [comm. 35.1 

Blida or Blidah (ble'da) town, Algeria, SW of Algiers, p.| 

Blindheim (blint'hlm) vil. Bavaria; battle "Blenheim" 
near here 1704. [State, p. 27.1 

Bloemf ontein (bloom'fSn-tanO town, ^ of Orange Free| 

Blois (blwa) city, NW cen. France, p. comm. 24. 

Bloomington (bloom'ing-twn) city, S cen. Ind. p. 9 ; In- 
diana univ. _ 

Bluefields (bloo'feldz') spt. tn. E coast of Nicaragua, p. 15. 

Blue Ridge, the SE range of the Appalachian system from 
near Harpers Ferry, W. Va. to N Georgia. 

Eochum (bo'Kobm) mfg. & min. town, Westphalia prov. 
Prussia, p. 137. 

Boeotia (be-5'shi-d) dist. & an anc. republic, E Greece. 

Bogota (bo'gS-ta') city, # of Colombia, p. 121. 

Bohemia (bS-he'mi-d) Ger. Bohmen (bu'men) Boh. 
Cechy (cheK'e) crownland, Austria, 20,057 D p. 6,770, # 
Prague ; a former (now titular) kingdom. [Dp- 243.1 

Bohol (bS-h61>) isl. Philippine islands, N of Mindanao, 1,441| 

Boise (boi'za) city, # of Ida. on Boise river, p. 17. 

Bois— le— Due (bwa'-le-diik') Du. 's— Hertogenbosch (s'- 
her-to'gen-bosO town, $? of N. Brabant, Netherlands, p. 
comm. 35. [W Africa. | 

Bojador, Cape (boj'a-dor' ; Pg. bo'zha-dor') Rio de Oro,| 

Bokhara (bo-Ka'ra) khanate, cen. Asia, 83,000 □ p. 1,250: 
a dependency of Russia. — its # p. 75. [m. long. 

Bolan Pass (bS-lan') historic pass, NE Baluchistan, ab. 54| 

Bolivar (bo-le'viir) dept. N Colombia, 23,900 □ p. 421, # 
Cartagena. — state, E Venezuela, 91,892 D p. 56, # Ciu- 
dad Bolivar. 

Bolivia (bS-liv'i-d; Sp. -le'vya) S. Am. repub. 532,437 O 
p. 2,450, # # Sucre & La Paz. [Emilia, N It. p. 173.1 

Bologna (bo-lon'ya) anc. Fel'sina, later Bono'nia, city,| 

Boma(bo'ma) tn. near mouth of Congo riv. #of Belg. Congo. 

Bombay (b5m-ba') western presidency of British India, 
123,064 D p. 19,673 (inch Aden) ; Bombay proper, 75,918 
□ p. 16,113; native states, 65,761 D p. 7,412. — city & 
chief spt. of western India, # of Bombay pres. p. 979. 

Bon, Cape (b5n) or Ras Addar (ras ad'dar) NE Tunis, 
Africa, in 37° 4' N. [p. comm. 43.1 

Bone (bon) or Bona (bo'nd) spt. Constantine dept. Algeria, | 

Bonn (bon) tn. Rhine Prov. Prussia, on Rh. riv. p. 88 ; univ. 

Bonny (b5n'i) spt. on Bonny riv. Niger delta, Nigeria, p. 14. 

Boothia or Boothia Felix (boo'thi-a fe'lix) most N pen. of 
N. Am. : N magnetic pole. 

Boothia Gulf, North America, E of Boothia. 

Bootle (boo't'l) co. bor. Lancashire, Eng. p. 70. 

Bordeaux (bor_'d5') anc. Burdig'ala, spt. city, SW Fr. p. 262. 

Borgu (bor-goo') dist. Dahomey & Nigeria, W Africa. 

Borneo (bor'ne"-o) isl. in Malay archipelago, 289,755 □ 
p. 1,959, incl. Dutch Borneo, Brit. North Borneo, Sarawak, 
& Brunei. [sea, 227 D p. 43.1 

Bornholm (b(5rn'holm) isl. & amt of Denmark, in Baltic! 

Bornu (bor-noo') country, formerly independent sultanate, 
W & S of Lake Chad, Africa ; now divided bet. Great 
Britain, Germany, & France. [victory, 1812.1 

Borodino (bC'ro-dye-no') vil. Moscow govt. Russia; Fr.| 

Bosnia (boz'nT-d) former Turkish prov. 16,239 □ p. 1.631. 

Bosnia and the Herzegovina (her'tse-gS-ve'na) territory, 
Austria-Hungary, 19,768 □ p. 1,898, * Sarajevo. 

Bosporus (bos'pS-rws) Turk. Boghaz (bo'gaz') strait, about 
20 m. long, connects Black and Marmora seas. 

Boston (bos'twn ; 62) spt. city, =K= of Mass. p. 671 ; univ. etc. 
— mun. bor. Lincolnshire, England, p. 17, spt. on With- 
am river. 

Bosworth (boz'wwrth) town, Leicestershire, Eng. ; near 
battlefield of 1485. [Sweden & Finland. I 

Bothnia, Gulf of (both'm-d) N part of Baltic sea, bet.| 

Botogani (bS-tS-shan'y') or Botuschani (bo'tdo-sha'ne) 
town, Moldavia^ Roumania, p. comm. 33. 

Bougainville (boo/gaN'vel') prin. isl. of Solomon isls. ab. 
3,800 □ ; German. 

Boulder (bol'der) city, N cen. Col. p. 10 ; Univ. of Col. 

Boulogne (boo'lSn'y' ; Eng. bdb-lon') or Boulogne— sur— 
Mer (bob/lon'y'-sur-mar') anc. Gesori'acum, med. Bono'- 
nia, spt. city, N France, p. comm. 53. 

Boulogne or Boulogne— sur— Seine (-san') city, suburb of 
Paris, France, p. comm. 57. [comm. 46.1 

Bourges (boorzh) anc. Avar'icum city, cen. France, p.| 

Bourgogne. See Burgundy. 

Bournemouth (born'mwth) co. bor. Hampshire, Eng. p. 79. 

Boyne (boin) riv. 70 m. long, Ireland ; bat. of the Boyne, 1690. 

Brabant (brd-banf or bra'bdnt ; F. bra'baN') old duchy, 
Netherlands ; N. Brabant belongs to Neth. — prov. Bel- 
gium, 1,292 □ p. 1,470, * Brussels. [1755.1 

Braddock (brad'wk) bor. W Pa. p. 19 ; Braddock's defeat,! 

Bradford (brad'ferd) city & county bor. Yorkshire, Eng- 
land, p. 289. [Portugal, p. 24.1 

Braga (bra'ga) anc. Brac'ara Augus'ta, city, Minho prov.| 



Brahmaputra (bra/md-poo'trd) anc. Dy'arda'nes orCEda'- 

nes, sacred_riv. Tibet & NE India, about 1,800 m. long. 
Braila (bra-e'la) port on Danube riv. Great Wallachia, 

Roumania, p. comm. 65. 
Brandenburg (bran'den-bdbrK) prov. Prussia, 15,383 □ p. 

4,093, # Berlin. — town of same, on Havel riv. p. 54. 
Brandywine (bran'di-win') creek, in Pa. & Del. ; battle 

Sept. 11, 1777. [p. 23.| 

Brantf ord (brant'ferd) city, Ontario, Can. on Grand river,) 
Brazil (brd-zil' ; Port. pron. bra-zel'), United States of, 

federal republic, S. America, 3,218,130 □ p. 21,565, # Rio 

de Janeiro. 
Brazos (bra/zos) riv. of Tex. over 900 m. to Gulf of Mexico. 
Brazzaville (bra/za'veU) river port, $fc of Middle Congo 

col. Fr. Equatorial Africa, on Stanley Pool. 
Brecknockshire (brek' nok-sher) or Brecon (brek'wn), co. 

5 Wales, 733 □ p. 59, X Brecknock (p. 6). 

Breda (bra-da') town N. Brabant prov. Neth. p. comm. 28. 

Breed's Hill. See Bunker Hill. 

Bremen (brem'en ; G. bra'men) free Hanse city, on Weser 

riv. Ger. p. 245, with its ter. a Ger. state, 99 □ p. 300. 
Bremerhaven (brem/er-ha/v'n ; bra/mer-ha/fen) spt. at 

mouth of Weser riv. Ger. p. 23 ; to state of Bremen. 
Brenner Pass (bren'er) Tirol, Austria, 19 m. S by E of 

Innsbruckj 4,470 ft. [comm. 83.1 

Brescia (bra'sha) anc. Brix'ia, city, Lombardy, Italy, p.| 
Breslau (bres'lou) Pol. Wraclaw (vrats'laf) city on Oder 

riv. # of Silesia, Prussia, p. 512. 
Brest (brest) spt. & fortified city, NW France, p. comm. 91. 
Brest— Litovsk (brestMye-tofsk') town, Grodno govt. W 

Russia, p. 48. [NW France. 

Bretagne (bre-tan'y') Eng. Brittany (brit'd-ni) old prov. 
Bridal Veil (brid'dl val') cataract, 900 ft. Yosemite valley, 

California. 
Bridgeport (bri j'port ; 57) city, SW Conn. p. 102. 
Brighton (brT'twn) county bor. East Sussex, Eng., on Eng. 

channel, p. 131 ; watering place. [S It. p. comm. 28. 

Brindisi (bren'de-ze) anc. Brundu'sium, spt. city, Apulia, | 
Brisbane (briz'ban) spt. city, ^ of Queensland, Australia, 

p. 35, within 10-mile radius incl. South Brisbane 139. 
Bristol (bris'twl) city & county bor. Gloucestershire, Eng- 
land, p. 357. [England. I 
Bristol Channel, arm of Atlantic between Wales and SW| 
Britain. See Great Britain. 
British America, Br. possessions N of the United States, 

i. e., Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador ; sometimes, 

all Br. possessions in America. 
British Bechuanaland. See Bechuanaland. 
British Columbia, prov. Can. on Pac. coast, 355,855 □ p. 

392, # Victoria. • 

British East Africa, ter. E Africa, N of German E. Africa, 

6 W of Jub riv. incl. East Africa, Uganda, and Zanzibar 
protectorates, 426,520 □. 

British Empire, the United Kingdom and its possessions. 
British Guiana, Br. col. N S. Am. 90,500 □ p. 296, # 

Georgetown. [lize.l 

British Honduras, Br. col. Cen. Am. 8,598 □ p. 41, ^ Be-| 
British India, that part of the Indian Empire under direct 

Br. admin. 1,097,901 □ p. 244,268, # Delhi since 1912. 
British Isles, the, isl. group, W Europe, comprising Great 

Britain, Ireland, & adjacent isls. 121,391 □ p. 45,366. 
British New Guinea. See Papua, Territory of. 
British North Borneo, protectorate, Borneo, 31,106 Dp. 

200, # Sandakan. 
British Somaliland. See Somaliland Protectorate. 
Brittany. See Bretagne. [river, p. 43.1 

Broach (br5ch) city, Bombay pres. Br. India, on Narbadal 
Broads, the (brodz) low-lying district in Norfolk & Suffolk 

cos. Eng. marked by lakelike expansions of the rivers or 

by shallow lagoons. [land, p. 9.1 

Broad'stairs and St. Pe'ters, urban dist. Kent co. Eng-| 
Brockton (brSk'tun) city, E Massachusetts, p. 57 ; shoes. 
Broken Hill, mun. town, W New South Wales, Aust. p. 31 ; 

silver mining. 
Bronx, the (brSnks) , bor. N New York city, p. 201. 
Brookline (brdbk'hn) town, adj. Boston, E Mass. p. 28. 
Brooklyn (-lin) bor. & spt. W Long Island, part of New 

York city^p. 1,634. 
Bruges (broo'jez ; F. pron. briizh) Du. Brugge (broog'e) 

city, # of West Flanders prov. Belgium, p. comm. 53. 
Brunei (brdb-nT') sultanate under Brit, protection, about 

3,000 □ p. about 25, N Borneo. — spt. its # p. 10. 
Brtinn (briin) Boh. Brno (ber'no) city, # of Moravia, Aus- 
tria, p. 126. 
Brunswick (briinz'wik) vil. S Me. p. 5; Bowdoin col.— 

Ger. Braunschweig ( broun'shviK ) duchy, a state of 

Ger. 1,418 □ p. 494. — its # p. 144. 
Brusa or Brussa (broo'sa) vilayet, NW Asia Minor, 25,400 
□ p. 1,627. — anc. Pru'sa, its ife, about 60m. S of Con- 
stantinople, p. 80. 
Brussels (brus'elz) Fr. Bruxelles (bru'sel') city 

gium and of Brabant prov. on Senne river, p 

suburbs 720. 

Bryn Mawr (brin mar') vil. SE Pa. ; college for women. 
Bucaramanga (boo-ka/ra-mar/ga) town, E cen. Colombia, 

p. mun. dist. 20. 
Bucharest (bob'kd-resf ; bO'-) Bourn. Bucure§ti (bdb'koo- 

rasht'y') city, # of Roumania, on Dambovit c a river, p. 338. 
Buckingham (buk'ing-dm). See Buckinghamshire. 
Buckinghamshire (-am-sher) or Buckingham or Bucks, 

inland co. England, 749 O p. 220, X Buckingham (p. 3). 
Budapest (boo'da-pesf) city, # of Hungary, on both banks 

of Danube, p. 880. 
Budweis (bdbt'vis) Boh. Budejovice (bdb'dya-yS-ve-tsS) 
town, S_Bohemia, Austria, on Moldau river, p. comm. 45. 
Buea (boo-a'a) town, # of Kamerun, W Africa. 
Buena Vista (bwa'na ves'ta) battlefield (1847) near Sal- 

tillo, Coahuila state, Mexico. 
Buenos Aires (bwa'nSs T'ras ; bo'nSs a'riz) chief prov. of 



:&of Bel- 
177, with 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd^ eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, &rn, up, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1141 



Argentina, 117,807 Dp. 1,803, # La Plata. — city, # of 

Argentina, on Plata riv. 72 □ p. 1,384. 
Buffalo, city, W N. Y. p. 424 ; port on Lake Erie. 
Bug or Bog (bdbg) anc. Hyp'anis, riv. Russia, ab. 470 m. 

long, to estuary of the Dnieper. — riv. Poland, over 450 

m. long, to Vistula river. 
Bukowina (boo'kS-ve'na) crownland, E Austria, 4,031 □ 

p. 800, # Czernowitz. [S. Rhodesia, p. 7.1 

Bulawayo (boo'la-wa'yo) or Buluwayo (boo'ldo-) townj 
Bulgaria (bdbl-ga'ri-d, bul- ; 3) kingdom, SE Europe, 44,081 

□ p. 4,712, # Sofia. 
Bulbar (bdbl-harO spt. town, Somaliland Protectorate, 

p. 12. 
Bull Run, stream, NE Va. ; battles July 21, 1861, August 

29 and 30, 1862.- 
Bulshaia. See McKinley, Mt. 
Bundelkhand Agency (bun'dal-Kund') collection of native 

states, subdivision of Central India Agency, India, ab. 

9,852 □ p. 1,375. 
Bunker Hill, hill, Charlestown, Boston, Mass.; battle (June 

17, 1775) on adjacent Breed's Hill, where monument is. 
Burgas (boor'gas') spt. town, E Bulgaria, p. 13. 
Burgos (bobr'gos) city, N Spain, p. 31 ; cathedral. 
Burgundy (bur'gwn-di) Fr. Bourgogne (boor'gSn'y') 

former French province, dukedom, kingdoms. 
Burlington (bur'iing-twn) city, SE Io. p. 24. — city, NW 

Vt. p. 20 ; Univ. of Vermont. 
Burma (bflr'md) country, prov. of Br. India, NW of Siam, 

168,573 □ p. 10,610 ; with dependent states 236,738 □ 

p. 12,115, # Rangoon. 
Burnley (burn'li) county bor. Lancashire, England, p. 106. 
Burslem (burz'lem) former bor. now part of Stoke on 

Trent, Eng. 
Burton upon Trent (bur'tzm) county bor. Staffordshire. 

Eng. p. 48 ; breweries. 
Bury (b§r'I) county bor. Lancashire, England, p. 59. 
Bury St. Edmunds (ed'mwndz) mun. bor. Suffolk, England, 

p. 17. 
Bushire (boo-sher') spt. Persian Gulf, Persia, p. 12-20. 
Busrah or Busra (bQs'ra) or Basra (bas'ra) vilayet, SE 

Turkey in Asia, 53,590 D p. 433. — its # port on the 

Shat el Arab, p. 20. 
Bute (but) isl. in Firth of Clyde, Scotland, 60 D p. 10. 
Buteshire (but'sher) or Bute, isl. co. SW Scotland, 218 O 

p. 18, X_ Rothesay. [mining.] 

Butte (but) city, SW Mont. p. 39 ; copper, silver, & gold[ 
Buzau (boo'ze-db) city, Great Wallachia, Roumania, p. 

comm. 29. 
Buzzards Bay (buz'drdz), inlet of Atl. SE Mass. 30 m. long. 
Byzantium (bi-zan'shi-wm) anc. city on site of modern 

Constantinople. 



G^ 3 For many names like Carlsbad, Cattegat, etc., see 
Karlsbad, Kattegat, etc., the preferable forms. 



Cadiz (ka'diz ; Span, ka/fcheth) prov. SW Spain (with 

Ceuta) 2,828 □ p. 470. — anc. Ga'des, spt. its =fc p. 67. 
Caen (kaN) city_& port, N Fr. on Orne river, p. comm. 47. 
Caerleon (kar-le'on) anc. Is'ca Silu'rum, town, Monmouth- 
shire, Eng. on Usk riv. p. 2. [Kaisariye.l 
Caesarea (ses'd-re'd ; sez'-) anc. spt. Palestine. — See| 
Caetete (ka/a-ta-ta/) town, Bahia state, Brazil, pop. dist. 40. 
Cagliari (kal'ya-re) city, S coast of Sardinia, p. coram. 60. 
Caicos (kl'kos) British isls. SE of Bahamas, subordinate to 

Jamaica. [ft. high.l 

Cairngorm (karn'gormO mt. W Banffshire, Scotland, 4,084| 
Cairo (ka'ro) city, S 111. p. 15.— (pron. ki'ro) city, $? of 

Egypt, near rt. bank of Nile, p. 654. 
Caithness (kath'nes) co. N Scotland, 686 □ p. 32, X Wick. 
Calabar (kal'd-bar' ; kal'd-bar) riv. SE Nigeria, flows into 

the Cross estuary. — town & port on Calabar riv., p. 58. 
Calabria (kd-la/bri-d ,• It. ka-la'bre-a) anc. Brut'tium, com- 

partimento, S Italy, 5,820 □ p. 1,404. 
Calais (kal'a ; kal'Is ; F. ka/le') town, N France, on Strait of 

Dover, p. comm. 72. 
Calcutta (kal-kut'd) city, ^ of Bengal pres. & former # of 

Indian empire, on Hooghly riv. p. 896, with suburbs & 

Howrah 1,222. 
Calgary (kal'gd-ri)city, S Alberta, Can. on Bow river, p. 44. 
Calicut (kal'i-kut) spt. Madras pres. SW Br. India, p. 78. 
California (ka 'I-for'nt-d) state, W U. S. 155,652 □ p. 

2,378, # Sacramento. 
California, Gulf of, arm of Pac. oc. E of Lower California. 
California, Lower, ter. Mexico, a pen. bet. Pacific oc. & 

Gulf of Cal. 58,343 D p. 52. 
Callao (kal-ya'6) town, chief spt. of Peru, p. 34. 
Caltanissetta (kal'ta-nes-set'ta) city, Sicily, Italy, p. 

comm. 41. 
Calydon (kal'i-don) anc. city, ^Etolia, Greece. 
Camaguey (ka'ma-gwa') prov. E cen. Cuba, 10,500 □ p. 

135. — city, its # p. 30. 
Cambodia (kam-bo'di-d) Fr. Cambodge (kaN'boj') king- 
dom, Indo-China, 67,741 □ p. about 1,488, # Pnompenh ; 

a French dependency. 
Cambrai (kaN'bre') ft. city, NE France, p. comm. 28. 
Cambridge (kam'brij) city, E Mass. p. 105 ; Harvard univ. 

— See Cambridgeshire. —L. Can'tabrig'ia, mun. bor. X of 

Cambridgeshire, Eng. p. 40 ; Cambridge univ. 
Cambridgeshire (-sher) or Cambridge, inland co. Eng. 

864 □ p. .198, X Cambridge. 
Camden (kam'den) city, W N. J., a port on Delaware riv. 

p. 95. — city, N S. C. p. 4 ; battle 1781. 
Cameroon. See Kamerun. 
Campagna di Roma (kam-pan'ya de ro'ma) unhealthy 

coast region, Rome prov. Italy. 
Campania (kam-pan'ya ; E. kam-pa'm-d) compartimento, 

SW Italy, 6,291 D p. 3,312. [its ^ p. 17.1 

Campeche (kam-pa'cha) state, Mexico, 18,091 □ p. 87. — | 



Campeche, Gulf of (k&m-pe'che ; Sp. kam-pa'cha) SW 

Gulf of Mexico. [Nazareth.] 

Cana (ka'nd) ruined town, Galilee, Palestine, 6 m. N of) 
Canaan (ku/ndn) the Promised Land of the Israelites. 
Canada, the Dominion of (kSn'd-dd) federation of the 

greater part of the British possessions in N. America, 

3,729,665 D p. 7,205, # Ottawa. 
Canadian River (kd-na'dl-dn), 900 m. long. Rocky mts. N. 

M. to Arkansas riv. Okla. 
Canal Zone, a strip of territory 10 m. wide in Panama, 474 

□ p. 154 ; granted to U. S. A. for the Panama Canal. It 
does not include the cities of Panama and Colon. 

Canary Islands ( kd-na'ri ; 3) or Canaries (kd-na'rTz) 
Sp. Canarias (ka-nii're-as) group off NW coast of Africa, 
a prov. of Spain, 2,808 □ p. 444, # Santa Cruz de Tenerife. 

Canberra (kan'be"r-d) the city that is building in the Fed' 
eral Capital Territory to be the permanent # of the Com- 
monwealth of Australia. 

Candia, isl. See Crete. — town. See Iraklion. 

Canea. Var. of Kanea. 

Cancy (ka-na') or El Caney (£1) town, Oriente prov. Cuba, 
p. 1 ; battle July 1, 1808. [victory. 216 B. C.I 

Canne (kan'na) anc. Can'nae, vil. Apulia, Italy ; Hannibal'sf 

Cannes (kan) town on Medit. France, p. comm. 30 ; resort. 

Canos3a (kii-nos'sa) vil. Emilia, Italy ; Henry IV. 's pen- 
ance, 1077. 

Canso, Cape (kan'so) NE extremity of Nova Scotia. 

Canso, Gut of, passage bet. mainland of Nova Scotia & 
Cape Breton isl. 

Canterbury (kan'ter-bSr-i ; -ber-i) anc. Durover'num, 
eccl. L. Cantua'ria, AS. Cantwaraburh, city & co. bor 
Kent co. England, p. 25; cathedral. — provincial dist. 
New Zealand, E side of South Isl. 14,040 D p. 173. 

Canton (kan'ton) vil. N N. Y. p. 3 ; St. Lawrence univ. — 
city, N E Ohio, p. 50. — ( pron. kan-t5n') Chin. Kwang- 
cnowfu (kwang'cho'foo') city, Kwangtung prov. China, 
on Canton riv. p. 900. [tia prov. 

Cape Breton (brit'wn ; bret'wn) isl. NE part of Nova Sco-| 

Cape Coast Castle, town. Gold Coast col., Brit. WAf. p. 11. 

Cape Colony. See Cape of Good Hope. 

Cape Haitien. See Cap-Haitien. 

Cape of Good Hope, formerly Cape Colony, often called 
Cape Province, prov. of Union of South Africa, 276,995 

□ p. 2,565, # Capetown. [shore Lake Tiberias. I 
Capernaum ( kd-pQr'na-wm ) ruined city, Palestine. \\ 
Capetown (kap'toun) spt. city, # Cape of Good Hope prov. 

30 m. N of Cape of Good Hope, p. 67, with suburbs 162. 

Cape Verde Islands (vurd) Port. Unas do Cabo Verde 
(el'yash dob ka/bdb ver'de) group, ab. 320 m. W of Cape 
Verde, 1,487 □ p. 147 ; Pg. 

Cap-Haitien (kap'-aVsyaN') Eng. Cape Haitien (ha'ti- 
en) spt. N Haiti, p. 30. [E Asia Minor.) 

Cappadocia^kap'd-do'shi-d) anc. country & Roman prov | 

Capri (ka'pre) anc. Cap'reae, isl. 4 □ p. 5, Naples bay, Italy. 

Capua (kap'u-d; It. pron. ka'pwa) ft. town, Campania, 
Italy, p. comm. 13. [trict, p. 73. j 

Caracas (ka-ra'kas) city, # of Venezuela, in Federal Dis-j 

Carapegua (ka'ra-pa-gwa') town, Paraguay, p. 15. 

Carcassonne (kar/ka/sSn') anc. Car'caso, city, S France, 
p. comm. 31. 

Cardenas (kar'da-nas) city, Matanzas, Cuba, p. 24. 

Cardiff (kar'dlf) spt. city & co. bor. X of Glamorganshire, 
Wales, p. 182. 

Cardigan (kar'd !-gdn) . See Cardiganshire. — mun. bor. 
X of Cardiganshire, p. 4. 

Cardiganshire (kar'di-gdn-sher) or Cardigan, co.S Wales, 
692 □ p. 60, X Cardigan. 

Caria (ka're-d ; 3) anc. div. of SW Asia Minor. 

Caribbean Sea (kar/i-be'dn) Atl. oc. bet. W. Indies & Cen. 
& S. America. 

Caribbees. See West Indies. 

Carinthia (kd-rin'thi-d) Ger. Karnten (kern'ten) crown- 
land, SW Austria, 3,987 □ p. 396, # Klagenfurt. 

Carlisle (kar-hl' ; kar'hl) anc. LuguvaFlum, Caer Lu'el, 
city & mun. bor. X of Cumberland co. England, p. 46. 

Carlsbad (karlz'bad). See Karlsbad. [man.l 

Carmania (kar-ma'ni-d) prov. anc. Persia; mod. Ker-| 

Carmarthen (kar-mar'then ; -then). See Carmarthen- 
shire. — spt. &mun. bor. X of Carmarthenshire, Wales, on 
Towy river, p. 10. 

Carmarthenshire (-sher) or Carmarthen, co. S Wales, 
919 □ p. 160.X Carmarthen. [about 1,800 ft.| 

Carmel (kar'mel) famed mt. of Palestine, highest pointi 

Carnarvon (kar-nar'v#n). See Carnarvonshire. — mun. 
bor. X of Carnarvonshire, Wales, on Menai strait, p. 9. 

Carnarvonshire (-sher) or Carnarvon, min. co. N Wales, 
572 □ p. 125.X Carnarvon. 

Carnatic or Karnatik (kiir-nat'ik) region & old div. bet. 
Eastern Ghats & Coromandel coast, S India, S of lat. 
18°_45 / N. now in Madras pres. 

Carniola (kar-nvo'la) Ger. Krain (krTn) crownland, S 
Austria, 3,842 Q p. 526, # Laibach. 

Carolinas (kar/3-H'ndz) . North Carolina and South Caro- 
lina. — Caroline Islands. [Dp. 40 ; Ger.l 

Caroline Islands (kar'6-lTn), archipelago in N Pac, 61S| 

Carpathian Mountains (kar-pa'thi-dn) Ger. Karpathen 
(kar-pa'tfin) anc. Car'pates or Carpa'tes, mt. system ; 
chiefly in Hungary, 800 m. long ; Ferencz Jozsef 8,737 ft. 

Carpentaria, Gulf of (kar'pen-tar'I-d) on N coast of Aus- 
tralia, 350 m. long. [marble. I 

Carrara (kar-ra'ra) city, Tuscany, Italy, p. 49 ; statuary! 

Carrickfergus (kar'Ik-fur'gws) spt. E Ulster, Ireland, p. 9. 

Carson City (kar'swn) city, # of Nevada, p. 2. 

Cartagena (kar'td-je'nd ," Sp. kar'ta-ha'na) anc. Cartha'go 
No'va, spt. city, SE Spain, p. 103. — spt. # of Boli- 
var, Colombia, p. mun. dist. 37, 

Carthage (kar'thaj) anc. country & spt. its # 36° 50' N. 
10° 15' E, N Africa. 

Casablanca (ka'sa-blar/ka.) Ar. Dar— el— Beida (dar'el- 
ba'd'i) spt. town, W Morocco, Africa, p. ab. 40. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; 
Abbreviations precede this list. t£ capital. 



zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1142 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



Q 



R 



U 



w 



X 



Casas Grandes (ka'sas gran'dSs), pueblo, NW Chihuahua, 

Mexico, p. 8. 
Cascade Range (kas-kad') , mts. Ore. Wash. & B. C. ; high 

est, Mt. Rainier, 14,363 ft. [dred islands. 

Cas'co Bay, off coast of Me. near Portland ; several hun- 
Caserta (ka-zer'ta) town, Campania, Italy, p. comm. 33 ; 

cathedral & palace. 
Cashmere. See Kashmir. [Orinoco & Rio Negro. 

Casiquiare (ka/se-kya'ra) riv. Venezuela, connects the| 
Caspian Sea (kas'pl-dn) anc. Cas'pium Ma're or Hyrca'- 

nium Ma're, salt lake bet. Europe and Asia, 760 m. by 

270 m. 169,381 D ab. 85 ft. below sea. 
Cassel. See Kassel. [dom, cen. Spain. I 

Castile (kas-tel') Span. Castilla (kas-tel'ya) former king-| 
Castres (kas'tr') town, S France, p. comm. 28. 
Catalonia (kat'd-15'ni-d) Sp. Cataluna (ka'ta-loon'ya) 

former div. NE Spain. [Sicily, p. comm. 211.1 

Catania (ka-ta'nya) anc. Cat'ana, city, at foot of Mt. Etna.l 
Catanzaro (ka'tan-dza'r5) city, Calabria, It., p. comm. 34. 
Catawba (kd-to'bd) riv. about 300 m. long, rises in Blue 

Ridge mts. N. C. and is called Wateree (wo'tSr-e') in S.C. 
Cateau, Le (leka'to') town, NE France, 14 m. ESE of 

Cambrai, p. comm. 10. 
Catskill Mountains (kats'kil) , group of Appalachian sys- 
tem, E cen. N. Y. ; highest peak, Slide mountain, 4,204 ft. 
Cattaro (kat'ta-ro) spt. Dalmatia, Austria, on Gulf of 

Cattaro, p. comm. 6. 
Cattegat. See Kattegat. [Magdalena riv.l 

Cauca (kou'ka) riv. ab. 600 m. long, Colombia, Andes to| 
Caucasus (ko'kd-suo) mts. bet. Black and Caspian seas, 

Russia, 700 m. long; highest, Mt. Elbruz, ab. 18,526ft. 

—or Caucasia (k6-ka'shl-d ; -shd) div. of Russian emp. on 

both sides of Caucasus mts. 181,173 □ p. 12,037, # Tiflis. 
Cauvery or Kaveri (ko'ver-i) riv. ab. 475 m. Mysore & 

Madras, S India. 
Cavalla. See Kavala. [isls. p. 4.1 

Cavite (ka-ve'ta) fortified spt. 10 m. SW of Manila, Phil.| 
Cawnpore (kon'por') or Cawnpur (-poor') city, U. Provs. 

Br. India, on Ganges, p. 195 ; massacre July 15, 1857. 
Cayenne (ka-en' ; kl-en') town on Cayenne isl. # of Fr. 

Guiana, p. 14. [Jamaica. I 

Cayman Islands (kT-man') three isls. W. Indies, p. 6 ; to| 
Cayuga Lake (ka-yoo'gd) , lake about 40 m. long, W cen. 

New York. 
Ceara (sa'a-ra') state, NE Brazil, 40,251 □ p. 886, # For- 

taleza. — See Fortaleza. 
Cebu (sa-bod') isl. (1,762 □ p. 592) & prov. (1,939 D 

p. 654), Phil. isls. — pueblo (p. 31) & town (p. 18) on E 

coast of Cebu isl. ^ of Cebu prov. [19, 1864.1 

Cedar Creek, stream, to Shenandoah riv. Va. ; battle Oct.| 
Cedar Mountain, locality, Va. ; battle August 9, 1862. 
Cedar Rapids, city, E Iowa, p. 33. [ab. 800.1 

Celebes (sel'e-bez ; -bes) isl. Du. East Indies, 69,273 □ p.| 
Cenis, Mont (moN' se-ne') famous pass, 6,835 ft. Fr. & It. 

Alps; railway tunnel, 1 X A m. long, under Col de Freius. 
Central Asia, Russian, the Steppes (710,906 □ p. 3,319) 

& Russian Turkistan incl. Transcaspian prov. (655,927 D 

p. 6,788), 1,366,833 D p. 10,107. 
Central India Agency or Central India, collection of na- 
tive states under supervision of British agent, India, 78,- 

722 □ p. 9,357, * Indore. 
Central Provinces and Berar (be-rar') prov. cen. British 

India, 100,345 □ p. 13,916, # Nagpur ; native states, 31,- 

188 D p. 2,117. 
Cephalonia (se'Fd-lo'ni-d) Gr. Kefalonia (kye-fa'lo-nyaO 

isl. Ionian isls. Mediterranean sea, nome of Greece, 302 D 

p. 71, # Argostoli. [p. 67.1 

Ceram (se-ram' ;_Port. st-raN') isl. Du. E. Indies, 6,622 D| 
Cerigo (cher'e-go) or Kythera (kith'e-ra) L. Cythe'ra, 

most S Ionian isl. 110 D p. 13, chief town Kapsalion. 
Cerro de Pasco (ser'ro da pas'ks) town, cen. Peru, over 

14,200 ft. high, p. 7 ; rich silver mines. — mt. knot near 

the town. 
Cerro Gordo (ser'ro gor'do) mountain pass between Vera- 
cruz and Jalapa, Mexico ; battle April 18, 1847. 
Cetinje (tset'en-ya) town, ^ of Montenegro, p. 5. 
Ceuta (su'td ," Sp. .tha'oo-ta) spt. town on Moorish coast, 

opp. Gibraltar, in Cadiz prov. Spain, p. comm. 24. 
Cevennes (sa'ven') anc. Ceben'na, mts. S France ; highest, 

Mt. Mezenc, 5,753 ft. — old district, France, NE part 

Languedoc, # Mende. [ # Colombo. I 

Ceylon (se-lon') isl. Indian ocean, Br. col. 25,332 □ p.4,106,[ 
Chachani (cha-cha'ne) mts. Peru, ab. 20,000 ft. ; mete- 
orological station at 16,280 ft. 
Chaco, El (el cha'ko) ter. N Argentina, 52,741 □ p. 27. 
Chad or Tchad (chad) lake, of varying area according to 

season, Sudan, surrounded by Fr., Ger., & Br. ter. — , 

Military Territory of the, N div. of Fr. Equatorial 

Africa. [ties 338 and 86 B. C.I 

Chaeronea (ker'o-ne'd) ruined city, Boeotia, Greece ; bat-| 
Chagres (cha'gres) riv. Panama & Canal Zone, through 

Gatun lake to Caribbean sea. 
ChaUedon (kal-se'dwn) anc. city, now Kadikoi (ka/de- 

kfi'e), Asia Minor, near Constantinople. 
Chalcidice (kal-sid'I-se) pen. N shore of ^Egean sea, now in 

NE Greece. 
Chaldea (kal-de'd) anc. ter. Asia, on Euphrates riv. and 

Persian gulf. 
Chalons— sur—Marne (shaloN'-sur'-marn') city, ^ of dept. 

Marne, NE France, p. comm. 31 ; battle A. D. 451. 
Chaion— sur— Sadne (sha/lQN'-sur'-sSn') town, E France, 

p. comm. 32. 
Chambal (chum'biil) riv. ab. 650 m. India, Vindhya hills 

to Jumna river. 
Chamonix (sha'rao'ne') or Chamouni (-moo'ne') valley, 
ab. 14 m. long, 1 to 2 l A m. broad, E France, N of Mt. Blanc. 
Champagne (shaN'pan'y' ; E. sham-pan') old French prov. 

^ Troyes. 
Champlain, Lake (sham-plan') 125 m. long, bet. N. Y. 
& Vt. ; naval battle Sept. 11, 1814. 



Chan'cellorsville, locality, NE Va. ; battle May 2-3, 1863. 
Chandernagore (chfln'der-nd-gSr') or Chandarnagar 

(-niig'dr) , French settlement, on Hooghly riv. India, 22 m. 

N of Calcutta, ab. 4 D p. 25. [p. 500. 

Changchowf u (chang'cho'foo') city, Fukien prov. China,] 
Changchun. See Kwanchengtze. 
Changsha (chang'sha') city & treaty port, # of Hunan 

prov. China, p. 250. 
Changteh (chang'te') city, Hunan prov. China, on Yuen 

riv. p. 300. 
Channel Islands, Brit. isls. in Eng. channel, 75 □ p. 97, ^ 

St. Helier. 
Chantilly (shaN'te/ye') town, N France, p. comm. 6 ; cele- 
brated for lace and magnificent chateau ; horse racing. 
Chapultepec ( cha-pddl'ta-pek' ) fortress, Mex. 3 m. SW 

of Mexico city ; battle Sept. 12-13, 1847. 
Charleroy or Charleroi ( shar/le-rwa' ) town, SW Belgium, 

p. comm. 28. 
Charles, Cape, Va. at entrance to Chesapeake bay. 
Charles Louis Mountains, range, NW Du. New Guinea : 

highest 16,730 ft. 
Charleston (charlz'twn) spt. city, SE S. C. p. 59 ; earth- 
quake 1886. — city, =fc of W. Va. p. 23. [yard. I 
Charlestown (charlz'toun) a part of Boston, Mass. ; navy 
Charlotte (shar^l5t) city t .S N.C. p. 34. 
Charlotte Amalie (shar'lot' a-ma'le-e) town, St. Thomas I. 

See St. Thomas (#). [Prussia, p. 306. 

Charlottenburg (shar-15t'cn-bd6rK) town, Brandenburg,! 
Char'lottetown, tn. ^ of Prince Ed. Isl. prov. Can. p. 11. 
Charlottesville (shar'15ts-vil), city, cen. Va. p. 7 ; Univ. 

of Va. 
Charters Towers (char'terz) town, Queensland, Australia, 

p. 4, with vicinity 15. 
Chartres (shar'tr') city, N France, p. comm. 24 ; cathedral. 
Chatalja (cha-tal'ja) mutessarifat, Turkey in Europe, 733 

D p. 78. — its % 26m. WNW of Constantinople. 
Chatham (chat'dm) mun. bor. England, 30 m. ESE of 

London, p. 42 ; mil. & nav. station. 
Chatham Islands, group, belonging to, and 500 m. E of. 

N. Z. 375 D. 
Chattahoochee (chat'd-hoo'che) river, Georgia, 500 m. 

long. 
Chattanooga (chat'd-noo'gd) city, E Tenn. p. 45 ; univ. ; 

battle Nov. 1863. [schools.! 

Chautauqua (shd-to'kwd) tp. W N. Y. p. 4 ; summer 
Chaux-de-Fonds, La (la sho'-de-foN') town, Neuchatel, 

Switz. p. comm. 38. 
Chefoo or Chifu (che'fdo') city & treaty port, Shantung 

prov. China, p. 54. 
Chekiang (chfl'kyang') coast prov. China, 36,680 □ p. 

14,339, %: Hangchow. [sia, p. 12. 

Chelm (Kelm) Russ. Kholm (Kolm) town, SE Poland, Rus- 
Chelsea (chel'se) city, NE suburb of Boston, Mass. p. 32. — 

met. bor. SW London, Eng. p. 66 ; Carlyle's residence. 
Cheltenham (chelt'ndm) mun. bor. Gloucestershire, Eng- 
land, p. 49. [Asia, 77° 37' N.l 
Chelyuskin, Cape (chel-ydbs'km) extreme N point of | 
Chemnitz (kem'nits) city on Chemnitz riv. Saxony king- 
dom p. 288. 
Chemulpo (che-mul'po) treaty port, W Korea, p. 29. 
Chengtu (chQng-too') city, # of Szechwan, China, p. 450. 
Chenstokhov. See Czestochowa. 

Cher (shar) riv. ab._220 m. long, cen. France, to Loire river. 
Cherbourg (sher/boor') ft. spt. & naval arsenal, N France, 

p. comm. 44. 
Chersonese (kur'so-nez ; -nes) or Chersonesus, the (-ne'- 

sus) anc. Cher'sone'sus Thra'cica. See Gallipoli. 
Chesapeake Bay (ches'd-pek) , 200 m. long, 4 to 40 m. 

broad, Md. & Virginia. 
Cheshire (chesh'er) or Chester, co. W England, 1,026 □ 

p. 955.X Chester. 
Chester (ches'ter) city, SE Pa. p. 39. — co. Eng. See 

Cheshire. — anc. De'va or De'vana Cas'tra, walled city 

& co. bor. X of Cheshire, England, on Dee river, p. 39. 
Cheviot Hills (chev'i-wt ; che've-) range bet. England and 

Scotland ; highest 2,676 ft. 
Cheyenne (shi-en') city, # of Wyoming, p. 11. 
Cheyenne River, formed by two branches, each ab. 350 m. 

long, rising in Wyoming, & joining in S Dak. ; flows 150 

m. to Missouri riv. in S. Dak. 
Chiapas (che-a'pas) state, SE Mexico, 27,530 □ p. 439, # 

Tuxtla Gutierrez. 
Chicago (shi-ko'go) city, 111. p. 2,185 ; second city in size 

in U. S. A. ; port on Lake Michigan ; grain & meat center ; 

university. [Eng. p. 13. 1 

Chichester (chich'es-ter) anc. Cis'saceas'ter, city, Sussex,! 
Chickahominy (chik'd-hom'i-ni) riv. Va. flows into James 
~^ v ? r - - , [19-20, 1863.1 

Chickamauga Creek (-mQ'ga) in NW Ga. ; battle Sept.| 
Chicopee (chik'6-pe) city, cen. Mass. on Conn. riv. p. 25. 
Chiengmai (chi-eng'ml') or Kiangmai (kyang'-) town, 

Siam, p. 100. 
Chifu. See Chefoo. 
Chihli (che'leO or Pechili (pa'che-leO prov. NE China, 

115,830 □ p. 23,623, # Paotingfu. [sea, China.l 

Chihli or Pechili, Gulf and Strait of, NWpart of Yellowl 
Chihuahua (che-wa'wa) state, N Mexico, 90,044 D p. 406. 

— its ^fe d 39 
Chile (che'la) or Chili (chil'i), rep. SW S. Am. 294,778 □ 

p. 3,415, # Santiago. [ft.l 

Chilkoot Pass (chil'koot) near Skagway, Alaska, ht. 3 500 
Chilian (chel-yan') town, Chile, p. 43. 
Chillon (she'ySN' ; E. shil'on or shi-lon') fortress, Switz. 

on Lake Geneva. [E. Africa. 

Chilwa (chil'wa) lake 40 m. long, bet. Nyasaland & Port. 
Chimborazo (chim'bo-ra'zo ; Am. Sp. chem'bo-ra'so) 

mt. 20,498 ft., Ecuador. 
China (chi'nd) country, former Chinese Empire (Repub- 
lic fr. Jan. 1912), E Asia, 4,278,143 □ p. 329,618, # Pe- 

king; China proper, 1,532,789 □ p. 310,895. 



Z 



,ale F senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd^ eve, event. end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, Sirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1143 



China Sea, part of Pacific oc. bounded by China, Siam, 
Borneo, the Phil. isls. and Formosa. [ma, ab. 550 m. 

Chindwin (chin'dwln') riv. chief trib. of Irrawaddy, Bur-| 

Chin Hills, mountainous tract, NW border of Burma, ab. 
8,000. D p. 120. [China, p. 184. 

Chinkiang (chirj/kyang') city & treaty port, Kiangsu prov.| 

Chios. See Scio. 

Chiriqui (che're-ke') river, lagoon, & Caribbean archipel- 
ago, Panama. 

Chishima. See Kurile Islands. [p. 60.1 

Chita (che-ta/) town, # of Transbaikalia, Russia in Asia.i 

Chitral (che-traP) state, N North-West Frontier Prov. 
India, ab. 4,500 □ p. ab. 50. — its # p. 3. 

Choiseul (shwa/zQP) Brit. isl. Solomon isls. E of New Gui- 
nea. 90 m. long. [p. 192.1 

Cholon (shS'lox') city, Cochin China, 4 m. SW of Saigon, | 

Chosen. See Korea. 

Chota Nagpur (cho'ta nag'poorO subprov. of Bihar and 
Orissa prov. Br. India, 27,077 □ p. 5,605. 

Christchurch (krist'church) city & bor. Canterbury pro- 
vincial dist. South Isl. N. Z. p. 53, with suburbs 80. 

Christiania or Kristiania (kris-ti-a'ne-a) city, ^ of Nor- 
way, on Christiania fiord, constituting a prov. 7 □ p. 243. 

Christmas Island, in Pacific oc, 1° 57' N, 157° 27' W ; 
234 □ ; Br. — 9 m. long, Indian ocean, 10° 31' S, 105° 34/ 
E, 43 D p. 1 ; belongs to Singapore. 

Chubut (choo-boot') ter. S Argentina, 93,427 D p. 30, # 
Rawson, p. 4. [Russia, 93 m. long.l 

Chudskoe (chobt'skS-ye) Tor' Peipus (pi'pobs) lake, NW 

Chumbul. Var. of Chambal. [China, p. 598. 

Chungking (chdong'king') treaty port, Szechwan prov.j 

Chur (kodr) Fr. Coire (kwar) town, # of the Grisons, Switz. 
p. comm. 15. 

Churchill (church'il) riv. about 800 m. long, N Saskatche- 
wan & N Manitoba, Canada, to Hudson bay. 

Churubusco (choo'roo-boos'ko) locality near Mexico city ; 
battle Aug. 20, 1847. 

Cibao (se-ba'6) mt. range, Haiti isl. ; highest, Loma Tina, 
10,300 ft. 

Cicilian Gates. See Giilek Boghaz. 

Cienfuegos (syen-fwa'gos) spt. city, Santa Clara prov. S 
Cuba, p. 30. [Asia Minor. I 

Cilicia (si-lish'i-d ,*-lish'd) anc. country & Roman prov. SE| 

Cincinnati (sin'si-nat'I) city, SW Ohio, on Ohio river, p. 
364; university. [Russ. govt, of Kuban. | 

Circassia (ser-kash'i-d) region, N of Caucasus mts. inj 

Ciscaucasia (sis'ko-ka'shd) the portion of the Caucasus, 
Russia, N of the Caucasus mts. (exclusive of Dagestan & 
part of Baku), 85,767 □ p. 5,215. [of Leitha riv. 

Cisleithania (sis'li-tha'ni-d ;-ta'ne-a) Austria-Hungary W| 

Citta Vecchia (chet-ta' vek'kya) ft. city, cen. Malta, p. 22. 

Ciudad Bolivar (syoo-thatfe/ bS-le'var) formerly Angos- 
tura, riv. port, Venezuela, on Orinoco riv. p. 12. 

Ciudad Juarez (hwa/ras) city, Chihuahua, Mexico, opp. 
El Paso, Tex. p. 7. [shire, Scotland, p. 2.1 

Clackmannan (klak-mSn'dn) town, X of Clackmannan-! 

Clackmannanshire (-sher) ot Clackmannan, co. Scot. 
55 D p. 31, X Clackmannan. 

Clear, Cape,*S headland, Clear isl. Cork co. Ireland. 

Clermont-Ferrand (kleVmox'-fe'raN') anc. Augustonem'- 
etum, city, S cen. France, p. comm. 65. 

Cleveland (klev'lfind) port of entry & city, NE Ohio, on 
Lake Erie, p. 561 ; Western Reserve univ. etc. 

Clichy (kle'she') or Clichy— la— Garenne (kle'sheMa-ga'- 
ren') town, NW suburb of Paris, France, p. comm. 47. 

Clinton (klin'twn) vil. cen. N. Y. p.l ; Hamilton col. 

Clonmel (klon-meP) bor. & town, S Ireland, p. 10. 

Clutha (kloc/thd) riv. South Island, New Zeal. 154 m. long. 

Clyde (klld) riv. Scotland, to Firth of Clyde ; shipbuilding. 

Clydebank (klTd'barjkO burgh, Dumbartonshire, Scot, on 
Clyde riv. p. 38. [naval bat., 394 B. C.j 

Cnidus (ni'dws) ruined town, Cape Krios, Asia Minor ; 

Cnossus. See Knossos. [Saltillo. 

Coahuila (ko'a-wela) state, N Mexico, 63,791 □ p. 362, #| 

Coastland. See Kiistenland. 

Coast Range, mt. range, Cal. ; San Bernardino mt. 1 1 ,600 ft. 

Coatzacoalcos (ko-at'sa-kS-al'kos) or Puerto Mexico 
(pwer't5 ma'he-ko) spt. town, Veracruz, Mexico, on Gulf 
of Campeche. 

Cobalt (ko'bolt ; -bSlt) town, Ontario, Canada, p. 6. 

Coblenz. See Koblenz. [Ger. p. 24.1 

Coburg (ko'bdbrK) town, 3fc of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha duchy, | 

Cochabamba (ko'cha-bam'ba) dept. cen. Bolivia, 23,354 
D p. 427. — its # 8,394 ft. above the sea, p. 28. 

Cochin (ko'chin') state, Madras pres. India, 1,362 □ p. 918. 
—spt. Malabar, coast, Br. India, p. 19 ; formerly #of Cochin 
state. 

Cochin China (ko'chin chT'nd; kSch'm) Fr. col. S of An- 
nam&Cambodia, Indo-China.21,994 D p. 3.051, # Saigon. 

Cocos (ko'kos), or Keeling (keying). Islands, group of 
coral isls. Indian oc. SW of Java, 9 D p. ab. 7 ; attached 
to Singapore. [bay, Mass.l 

Cod, Cape, sandy pen. between Atl. ocean and Cape Cod| 

Cohoes (ko-hoz') city, N. Y. on Hudson riv. near Troy, p. 25. 

Coimbra (ko-eN'bra) city, W cen. Portugal, p. 18 ; uni. 

Coire. See Chur. 

Colchester (koPches-ter) anc. Camulodu'num, spt. mun. 
bor. Essex co. England, p. 43. [sia, Russia.! 

Colchis (kSPkis) anc. country in what is now Transcauca-I 

Cold Harbor, locality near Richmond, Va. ; battles June 
27, 1862 (Gaines's Mill) & June 1 & 3, 1S63. 

Colima (ko-le'ma) state, Mexico, 2,273 D p. 78. — city, its 
# p. 25. — a volcano in Colima, ab. 12,750 ft. high. 

Collingwood (koPIng-wdbd) city, sub. of Melbourne, p. 34. 

Cologne (ko-lon') Ger. Coin or Koln (kuln) anc. Op'pidum 
Ubio'rurn, later Colo'nia AgrippPna, city, Rhine Prov. 
Prussia, on Rhine riv. p. 517. 

Colombia (ko-lSm'be-a) republic, NW South America, 
435,000 □ p. 5,073, # Bogota. [p. 211.1 

Colombo (ko-16m'b5) spt. town, =%= of Ceylon, on W coast. 1 



Col6n (kC-lonO form. Aspinwall (SVpin-w61) Caribbean 

spt. Panama, p. 18. [Minor.. 

Colophon (k5P8-fSn) anc. Ionian city near Ephesus, Asia! 
Colorado (kSl'8-ra'do) state, W cen. U. S. A. 103,658 D 

p. 799, # Denver. 
Colorado Desert, arid region, California. 
Colorado River, nav. riv. 900 m. long, Tex. — nav. riv. 

Ut. & Ariz, to Gulf of Cal. ; 1.100 m. long ; Grand Canon. 
Colorado Springs, city, cen. Colorado, p. 29. 
Columbia (kS-lum'bi-d) city, N cen. Mo. p. 10; Univ. of 

Mo.— city, # of S. C. p. 26 ; Univ. of S. C. 
Columbia River, nav. riv. of Ore. Wash. & Brit. Columbia, 

ab. 1,400 m. long, flows into Pacific ocean. 
Columbus (kS-liim'btis) city, # of Ohio, p. 182 ; Ohio 

State univ. 
Como (ko'mo) anc. Co'mum, tn. Lombardy, It. p. comm. 44. 
Como, Lago di (la/go de ko'mo) lake, Lombardy, Italy, 

35 m. long, 3 m. wide, 56 D. 
Comorin, Cape (k8m'S-rin) S point of India, Travancore. 
Comoro Islands (kSm'6-ro) in Mozambique channel. NW 

of Madagascar, 826 D P- 98 ; French. [p. comm. 17.1 

Compiegne (koN'pyen'y') town, N France, on Oise river, | 
Conakry. See Konakry. 
Concepcion (k6n-sep-syon') prov. Chile, 3,545 □ p. 225. 

— its ^ p. 56 [Merida range. I 
Concha (kon'cna) highest mt. in Venezuela, 15,416 ft.| 
Concord (kSn'ktfrd) town, E Mass. p. 6 ; fight, Apr. 19, 

1775. — city, # of N. H p. 21. 
Coney Island (ko'ni) in Brooklyn bor. City of N. Y. 5 m. 

long ; seaside resort. 
Congo (kon'go) riv. in, & on boundary of, Belgian Congo, 

to Atlantic ocean, 2,500-3,000 m. long. 
Congo Free State. See Belgian Congo. 
Connaught (kSn'ot) prov. NW Ireland, 6.867 D p. 610. 
Connecticut ( ko-net'I-kut ) state, E U.S.A. 4,820 □ p. 

1,115, # Hartford. — riv. 450 m. long, N N. H. to Long 

Isl. sound. 
Constance. See Konstanz. — , Lake of (kSn'stans) Ger. 

Bodensee (bo'den-za') anc. Briganti'nus La'cus, 46 m. 

long, 207 □ enclosed by Ger. Aust.-Hun. & Switz. 
Constanta (kSn-stan'tsa) anc. Constantia'na, spt. Rou- 

mania, p. comm. 27. 
Constantine (koN'staN'ten') dept. NE Algeria, 33.707 □ 

p. 2,118. — its % anc. Cir'ta. ft. city, p. comm. 65. 
Constantinople (kSn-stan'ti-no'p'l) vilayet of Turkey, 

1,505 D p. 1.203. — Turk. Istambul (g'stam-bodP) city 

on the Bosporus, Turkey in Europe, # of Ottoman em- 
pire, p. with suburbs 1,200. [tie Aug. 19-20, 1847.1 
Contreras (kon-tra'ras) tn., 14 m. SSWof Mex. city ; bat-| 
Cooch Behar (kooch' be-har') native state, N Bengal, In- 
dia, 1,307 □ p. 593. — its % p. 11. 
Cook, or Hervey (hQr'vi), Islands, SW of Society isls. S 

Pacific ocean, 150 D p. 7 ; to New Zealand. 
Cook, Mount,jn S. Alaska, 13,758 ft. — See Aorangi. 
Coolgardie (kool-gar'di) mun. Western Australia, p. 2. 
Coomassie. See Kumassie. 
Coorg or Kurg (koorg) prov. Br. India, W of Mysore, 

1,582 □ p. 175, # Mercara. 
Copan (kS-pan') tn., W Honduras, p. 4 ; ruins, pyramids. 
Copenhagen (ko'pen-ha'gen) Dan. Kbbenhavn (kQ'b'n- 

ha'v'n) spt., # of Den., 28 □ p. 462, with sub., 31 □ p. 559. 
Copiapo (kc^ya-po') town, #of Atacama prov. Chile, p. 11. 
Corcyra. See Corfu. 
Cordoba (kor'dS-va) Eng. Cordova, prov. S Spain, 5,299 

D p. 499. — anc. Cor'duba, city, its ^ on Guadalquivir 

riv. p. comm. 67. — prov. cen. Argentina, 62,160 □ p. 

573. — its^: p. 75. 
Corea. SeeJCorea. 
Corfu (kSr-foo r ; kor'fu) ar^.'Corcy'ra, isl. of Greece, Medit. 

sea, 278 □ p. 95. — ft. spt. city, on Corfu isl. p. 28. 
Corinth (k5r'Inth), New, city, Greece, on Gulf of Corinth, 

ab. 3 m. NE by E of site of anc. Corinth, p. 5. 
Corinth (k5r'inth) or Lepanto, Gulf of (le-pan'to) anc. 

CoriinthPacus Si'nus, N of the Morea, Greece. 
Corinth, Isthmus of, 20 m. joins the Morea to Attica, 

Greece ; canal. [riv. p. 77. i 

Cork, co. S Ireland, 2,890 □ p. 391. — itsX citv on Lee| 
Cornwall (korn'wol) co. SW England, 1,357 □ p. 328, X 

Bodmin ; fish, tin, copper, and other minerals. 
Coromandel Coast (kor'S-man'del) in Madras, India. 
Corpus Christi Bay (kor'pus kris'te), lagoon, Tex. joins 

Gulf of Mexico. 
Corrientes (kSr'e-en'tes) prov. Argentina, 32,508 □ p. 395. 

— town, its $? on Parana river, p. 20. 

Corsica (kor'si-kd) Fr. Corse (kors) Fr. isl. & dept. Medit. 

sea, 3,368 □ p. 2S9, # Ajaccio (Napoleon's birthplace). 
Coruna, La (ko-roon'ya) , Eng. Corunna (k5-run'd) ft. 

spt. city, NW Spain p. 4S ; battle 1809. 
Cos. See Kos. 
Costa Rica (kSs'td re'kd) republic, S Cen. Am. 18,691 □ 

p. 388, # San Jose. [Ecuador.! 

Cotopaxi (ko'to-pak'se ; ko'tfi-pa'he) volcano, 19,613 ft.| 
Council Bluffs, city, SW Iowa, on Missouri river, p. 29. 
Courland. See Kurland. [comm. 36.1 

Courtrai (koor'tre' )town, West Flanders, Belgium, p.| 
Coventry (kflv'en-tri) co. bor. Warwickshire, Eng. p. 106. 
Covington (kuv'Ing-tim) city, N. Ky. p. 53. 
Cowes (kouz) spt. tn., Isle of Wight, Eng. p. 10 ; resort. 
Cowpens (kou'penz') town, NW S. C. p. 1 ; battle Jan. 17, 

1781. 
Cracow (kra'ko) Pol. Krakow (kra'kdof) Ger. Krakau 

(kra/kou) city, W Galicia, Austria, on Vistula river, p. 154. 
Craiova (kra-yo'va) tn.. Little Wallachia, Roumania, p. 52. 
Crecy— en— Ponthieu (kra/se'-ax-p6N'tyiP) or Cr§cy (kra'- 

se' ; Angl. kres'I) or Eng. Cressy (kres'i) town, N France, 

p. 2 ; battle 1346. 
Crefeld. See Krefeld. 

Cremona (kre-mo'nd ; It. pron. kra-mS'na) ft. city, Lom- 
bardy, Italy, on the Po riv. p. comm. 40. 
Cressy. See Crecy-en- Ponthieu. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Abbreviations precede this list. -^ capital. X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1144 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



Crete (kret) or Candia (kan'dl-d) anc. Cre'ta, isl. ab. 160 
m. long, 6 to 35 m. broad, Medit. sea, 3,327 D p. 344, * 
Kanea ; belongs to Greece. 

Greusot, Le (le krQ'zo') min. & mfg. tn. E Fr., p. comm. 36. 

Cfillon, Mount (krll'wn) S Alaska, 15,900 ft. high. 

Crimea (krl-me'd ; kri-) Russ. Krim (krem) anc. Tau'rica 
Cher'sone'sus, peninsula, S Russia, between Sea of Azov 
and Black Sea. [marie sound, N. C.l 

Croatan Sound (krS'tanO bet. Pamlico sound & Albe-| 

Croatia and Slavonia (kro-a'shl-d, sld-vo'nl-d) titular 
kingdom, Hungarian crownland (but not in Hungary prop- 
er), Drave riv. to Adriatic, 16,425 □ p. 2,622, ^ Agram. 

Croton River ( kro'twn ) , SE N. Y. to Hudson riv. ; part of 
City of New York water supply. [Rev. wars.l 

Crown Point, vil. NE N. Y. ; important in colonial &| 

Croydon (kroi'dwn) county bor. Surrey co. England, near 
London, p. 170. 

Ctesiphon (tes'I-fSn) anc. city, Bagdad vilayet, Turkey in 
Asia ; ruins. 

Cuba (ku'bd) isl. N of Caribbean sea, with adjacent isles a 
republic, 44,164 □ p. 2,272, $? Havana. 

Cuenca (kwgn'ka) city, Ecuador, p. 25. 

Culebra (koo-la'bra) hill & ry. station. Canal Zone, ab. 10 
m. fr. Panama city ; here is the Gaillard (Culebra) Cut 
of the canaL 

Culiacan (kooKya-kan') city, % of Sinaloa, Mex. p. 14. 

Culion (koo-lyon'), isl. NE of Palawan, Phil, isls., 153 □ 
p. 1 ; leper colony. 

Culloden Moor (ku-\6d f en ; kft-lo'den) Inverness-shire, 
Scotland ; bat. 1746. 

Cum» (ku'me) anc. city on coast of Campania, Italy. 

Cumberland (kum'ber-ldnd) co. NW England, 1,516 □ p. 
267.X Carlisle. 

Cumberland Gap, pass, lit. 1,315 ft. Va. Ky. & Tenn. 

Cumberland River, nav. riv. 680 m. long, Ky. & Tenn. 
flows into Ohio River. [battle 401 B. CI 

Cunaxa (ku-nak'sd) in Bagdad vilayet, Turkey in Asia ;[ 

Curacao (kob'ra-sa'o ; Angl. ku'rd-so') isl. & eol. Dutch W. 
Indies, isl. 212 □ p. 33, col. 436 □ p. 54, # Willemstad. 

Curepipe (-rS-pe'pa.) tn. cen. Mauritius, p. 17; health resort. 

Curitiba (koo're'-te'ba) town, # of Parana, Brazil, p. 50. 

Cush or Kush (kfish) anc. country, Nile valley, S of ab. 
24° N. 

Cutch or Kutch (kiich) native state & pen. NW Bombay 
pres. India, 7,616 □ p. 513, # Bhuj. [ab. 9,000 D-l 

Cutch, Rann of (run) salt marsh, N & E of Cutch, India.l 

Cuxhaven (kdbks-ha'fen) ft. spt. Hamburg, Ger., p. 15. 

Cuyaba (kob'ya-ba') city, # of Matto Grosso, Brazil, p. 34. 

Cuzco (koos'ko) dept. S Peru, 156,311 □ p. 439. — city, 
its # p. 26. 

Cyclades (sik'ld-dez) Gk. isls., ^gean sea, 1,050 □ p. 130. 

Cydnus (sid'nSs) historic riv. Cilicia or mod. Adana vila- 
yet, Asia Minor. [sia ; British.! 

Cyprus (sl'prws) isl. E Medit. sea, 3,584 □ p. 274, # Niko-| 

Cyrenaica (slr'e-na'i-kd) anc. country of N Africa nearly 
same as mod. Barca, to which the name is often applied. 

Cyrene (sT-re'ne) anc. city & territory, Cyrenaica. 

Cyzicus (sTz'I-kus) anc. city on S shore Sea of Marmora. 

Czernowitz (cher'nS-vits) city, =H= of the Bukowina, Aus- 
tria, p. 87. 

Cz?stochowa (cheN'sto-ko'va) Russ. Chenstokhov (chen'- 
sto-K6f) town, Petrokov govt. Poland, Russia, p. 70. 

D 

Dacca (dak'd) city, Bengal, Br. India, p. 109. 

Dagestan or Daghestan (da'ges-tan') govt, on N side of 

Caucasus mts. Transcaucasia, Russia, 11,471 □ p. 689, # 

Temirkhanshura. 
Dahomey (da-ho'ma ; da'ho-ma') colony, Fr. W. Africa, 

41,313 D P. 902, # Porto Novo. 
Daihoku, Dainan. See Taihoku, Tainan. 
Dairen (dl'ren') formerly Dalny (dal'y'-ni) Chin. Talien 

(ta'li-en') spt. city, # of Kwantung, S Manchuria, p. 62. 
Dakar (da-kar') spt. Senegal, near Cape Verde, # of Fr. 

W. Africa, p. 25. [Dak.l 

Dakota (dd-ko'td)_ former ter. U. S. A. now N. Dak. & S.| 
Dalhousie (dal-hoo'zl ;-hou'zi) town & hill station, Punjab, 

Br. India, p. 8. 
Dallas (dal'ds) city, NE Tex. p. 92. 
Dalmatia (dal-ma'shi-d) crownland, S Austria, 4,954 □ 

p. 646, # Zara. 
Dalny. See Dairen. 

Daman (dd-man') Port. Damao (da-mouN') Port, settle- 
ment, Bombay, India, 148 □ p. 56. — its =H= P- 6. 
Damaraland (dam'd-rd-land' ; G. da'ma-ra-lantO N part 

of Ger. Southwest Africa. [ancient. I 

Damascus (dd-mas'kws) chief city of Syria, p. 150 ; very| 
Danbury (dan'ber-i) city, SW Conn. p. 20. 
Danish West Indies, former name of the Virgin Islands 

of the United States. 
Danube (dan'Qb) Ger. D^nau (do'nou) anc. Danu'bius or 

Is'ter (lower course) riv. Europe, 1,770 m. long, flows into 

Black sea. ■ Cp- 170.1 

Danzig (dan'tsiK) spt. city, West Prussia prov. Priissia.l 
Dapsang (dup-siing') mt. Himalayas, Kashmir, 28,103 ft. 
Dardanelles (dar'dd-nelz') anc. Heldespon'tus, strait, 1 to 

4 m. wide, 40 m. long, between Europe and Asiatic Turkey. 
Daressalam or Dar es Salaam (dar es sa-lam') spt. # of 

German E. Africa, p. 24. 
Darfur (dar'fobr') country, Anglo-Egypt. Sudan, 170,000 
□ p. 750, # El Fasher. [ama. Isthmus of. 

Darien, Isthmus of (da'ri-en' ; Sp. da're-gn') • See Pan-| 
Darjeeling or Darjiling (dar-je'-mg) town & sanatorium, 

N Bengal, Br. India, p. 25. „.,.,» 

Darling, nav. riv. Australia, 1,160 m. long, flows into Mur- 
ray river. See Barwon. 
Darlington (dar'ling-twn) mun. bor. Durham co. Eng. p. 56. 
Darmstadt (darm'shtat) tn. # of Hesse, W Germany, p. 87. 



Darf moor, table-land, S Devonshire, England, about 25 

m. long : prison. 
Dauphine (do'fe'na') old prov. SE France. 
Davenport (dav'en-port) city, on Miss. riv. E Iowa, p. 43. 
Davis Strait, N. America, connects Baffin bay with Atlan- 
tic ocean. 
Davos— Platz (da-vos'-plats') vil. Grisons, Switz. ; resort : 

p. Davos comm. 12. [river, p. 3.1 

Dawson (do'swn) city, ^: of Yukon ter. Canada, on Yukon 
Dayton (da'twn) city, SW Ohio, p. 117. 
Dead Sea, anc. La'cus As'phalti'tes, salt lake, S Palestine, 

45 m. long, greatest breadth ab. 10 m. ; ab. 1,300 ft. 

below Medit. sea. 
Dead'wood, city, W South Dakota, p. 4. [p. 11.1 

Deal (del) spt. mun. bor. Kent co. England, on North sea, 
Death Valley, in E Cal. ; 300-400 ft. below sea level. 
Debreczen'(de'bre-tsen) city, cen. Hungary, 369 D p. 93. 
Decapolis (de-kap'o-lis) region, N Palestine, orig. league 

of ten cities. 
Decatur (de-ka'twr) city, cen. 111. on Sangamon riv. p. 31. 
Deccan or Dekkan (dek'dn) region, S India, bet. Narbada 

& Kistna rivs. [of the ^Egean. 

Dedeagach (de-de'a-gach') coast town, Bulgaria, N shore | 
Dee (de) any of several rivers in Great Britain. 
Dekkan. See Deccan. [East Africa. I 

Delagoa Bay (de , l / d-g5'd) inlet, Indian ocean, Portuguese! 
Delaware (del'd-war) riv. 350 m. long, rises in N. Y. flows 

into Delaware bay. — middle Atl. state, U. S. A. 1,965 D 

p. 202, # Dover. 
Delaware Bay, estuary, Atlantic ocean, bet. E Delaware 

& S New Jersey. 
Delaware Watergap, vil. & summer resort, E Pa. 
Delft (delft) town, W Netherlands, p. comm. 34. 
Delgado, Cape (del-ga'do) cape, at N limit of Portuguese 

E. Africa. 
Delhi (del'e) prov. Br. India, SE of Punjab, 557 □ p. 392. 

— city, its # & ^ of Indian empire, on Jumna riv. p. 233. 
Deli (del'e) town, N Sumatra ; noted for tobacco planta- 
tions. 

Dclos (de'los) modern Gr. Delos (tbe'los) or Dele (the'lye) 
celebrated isl. Cyclades group, Greece, 2 □. 

Delphi (dSl'fi) town in Phocis, anc. Greece, containing 
oracle of Apollo. [N Persiari 

Demavend (dem'a-vend') mt. over 18,000 ft. Elburz chain, | 

Demerara (dem'er-a'ra) riv. ab. 200 m. Br. Guiana, to 
Atlantic. 

Demir— Hissar (dS-mer'-his'sar') town, NE Greece, 45 m. 
NE of Saloniki, p. 8. 

Denbigh (den'bl). See Denbighshire. — mun. bor. X of 
Denbighshire, Wales, p. 7. [145, X Denbigh. 

Denbighshire (-sher) or Denbigh, co. N Wales, 666 □ p. 

Dendermonde (den'der-mon'de). See Termonde. 

Denmark (den'mark) Danish Danmark (dan'mark) king- 
dom, NW Europe, 15,046 □ p. 2,757, with the Faroes, 
15,586 □ p. 2,775, ^ Copenhagen. 

D'Entrecasteaux Islands (daN'tre-kas'to') group, E of 
New Guinea, Pacific oc. 1,200 D ; British ; belong to Ter. 
of Papua. 

Denver (den'ver) coextensive city & co. # of Col. 58 D p. 
213 ; university. [p. 109. 

Deptford (det'ferd) met. bor. S part of London, England,) 

Derby (dur'bi ; dar'bi" ; see in Vocab.). See Derbyshire. — 
co. bor. X of Derbyshire, Eng. on Derwent river, p. 123. 

Derbyshire (dur'bi- ; dar'bi-sher ; cf. Derby, n.) or Derby, 
co. cen. England, 1,016 D p. 683, X Derby. 

Derwent (dur'went) riv. of Tasmania or any of several 
rivs. of England. 

Desaguadero (da-sa/gwa-tfea'ro) riv. about 190 m. long, 
Bolivia, Lake Titicaca to Lake Poopo. 

Des Moines (de moin') riv. ab. 500 m. SW Minn, to Missis- 
sippi riv. near Keokuk, Io. — city, # of Io. on Des Moines 
riv. p. 86. [57.1 

Dessau (des'ou) town, # of Anhalt duchy, N Germany, p.| 

Detmold (det'mold ; Ger. det'molt) town, # of Lippe, Ger- 
many, p. 14. 

Detroit (de-troif) chief city of Mich, on Detroit riv. p. 466. 

— River, 25 m. lo.ig, Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, bet. 
U. S. A. & Ontario, Can. [battle 1743.1 

Dettingen (det'mg-en) vil. Lower Franconia, Bavaria, p. 1 ;| 

Deutsch— Wilmersdorf (doich'vil'mers-dorf) officially Ber- 
lin— Wilmersdorf, comm. Brandenburg, Prussia, p. 110. 

Devon (dev'wn). See Devonshire. 

Devonport (-port; 57) spt. county bor. Devonshire, England, 
p. 82. [X Exeter. 

Devonshire (-sher) or Devon, co. SW Eng. 2,612 □ p. 700, | 

Dewsbury (duz'ber-i) mun. bor. Yorkshire, Eng. p. 53. 

Dhaulagiri (dou'la-ge're) peak, 26,826 ft. Himalaya mts. 
Nepal. 

Diarbekr (de-ar'bek''r) vilayet, Kurdistan, Turkey in Asia, 
14,480 □ p. 472. — anc. Am'ida, its # city, on Tigris riv. 
p. 38. 

Diedenhofen (de'den-ho'fen) Fr. Thionville (tySN'vel') 
ft. town, Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, on Moselle river, p. 
14. [comm. 24.1 

Dieppe (de-ep') town, N France, on Eng. channel, p.| 

Diest (dest) town, Brabant prov. Belgium, p. comm. 8. 

Dijon (de / zh6N / ) fortified city, # E cen. France, p. comm. 
77 ; cathedral ; university. [265 □ p. 70.1 

Dindings (dm-dingz') a part of the Straits Settlements,! 

Dismal Swamp, in SE Va. & NE N. C. 30 m. long. 

District of Columbia, on Potomac riv. 70 □ p. 331 ; con- 
tains Washington. 

Dixmude (deks'mud' ; des'- ; de-) town, W. Flanders prov. 
Belgium, p. comm. 4. 

Dnieper (ne'per ; Russ. d'nye'p'r) anc. Borys'thenes, riv. 
ab. 1,330 m. SW Russia. 

Dniester (nes'ter ; Russ. d'nyes't'r) riv. ab. 850 m., Aus- 
tria and Russia. [p. 17. | 

Dobrich (do'brich) town, Bulgaria, 25 m. NW of Varna, | 

Dobrogea or Dobrogia (do-bro'zha) or Dobruja (dS- 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1145 



brdo'ja) div. Roumania, W of Black sea to Danube riv. 

5,998 D p. 390. [Netherlands. 

Dollar t (dol'drt) gulfof North sea, 10 m. by 7 m. NE of | 

Dolomites (dol'o-mits) or Dolomite Alps (dSl'S-mit) 

div. of the Alps, S Tirol, Austria, and NW Venetia, Italy ; 

highest, Marmolata, 11,020 ft. 

Dominica (dSnVI-ne'ka) Br. isl. a pres. of Leeward Isls. 

col. 305 D p. 34, % Roseau. 
Dominican Republic (do-mln'i-kdn) or Santo Domingo 
(san'to dS-mir/go) republic, E part of Haiti isl. W. I. 
18,755 D p. 675, ^ Santo Domingo. 
Domremy— la— Pucelle (doN're-meMa-pii'se'P) small vil. 

NE France ; native place of Joan of Arc. 

Don, riv. Yorkshire, England, 55 m. — riv. Aberdeenshire, 

Scotland, 62 m. — Tatar Duna (ddb'na) anc. Tan'ais, 

riv. SE Russia, 1,150 m. 

Donets (d5-nyets') riv. S Russia, about G70 m. flows into 

Don river. [Merowe.l 

Dongola (dSrj'gS-ld) prov. N Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, #1 

Dordogne (dor'don'y') anc. Dura'nius, riv. SW France, to 

Garonne riv. 
Dordrecht (dor'dreKt) or Dort (dort) city, SW Nether- 
lands, p. comm. 46. [6,185 ft. I 
Dore, Monts (moN dor) mt. group, S cen. France ; highest! 
Doris (do'ris ; 57) anc. country, N Greece, S of Thessaly. 
Dorpat. See Yurev. 
Dorsetshire (dor'set-sher) or Dorset, co. S Eng. 978 □ p. 

223.X Dorchester (p. 10). 
Dort. See Dordrecht. 

Dortmund (dort'moont) town, Westphalia, Prussia, p. 214. 
Douai or Douay (doo'a') ft. town, dept. Nord, N France, 
p. comm. 36. [Saone riv.l 

Doubs (doo) anc. Du'bis, riv. E France, ab. 270 m. to| 
Douglas (dug'lds) town, # of Isle of Man, p. 20. 
Douro (do'rob) Sp. Duero (dwa'ro) anc. Du'rius, riv. Sp. 

& Port L 500 m. to Atlantic oc. 
Dover (do'ver) town, ^ of Delaware, p. 4. — anc. Du'bris 

Por'tus, spt. mun. bor. Kent co. England, p. 44. 
Dover, Strait of, bet. England & France ; least width 20 m. 
Downs, the (dounz) roadstead in North sea, Kent, Eng- 
land ; naval battles 1639, 1666. 
Drakensberg (dra'kenz-burg ; -bene) or Kwathlamba 
(kwat-lam'ba) mts. Natal & Cape prov. SE Africa ; high- 
est 10,988 ft. 
Drama (dra'ma) anc. Drabes'cus, town, NE Greece, 30 m. 

ENE of Seres, p. 10. 

Drave (dra've) or Drau (drou) Slavic Drava" (dra'va) anc. 

Dra'vus, riv. Austria-Hungary, 450 m. long, to Danube 

river. [Assen.l 

Drenthe (dren'te) prov. Netherlands, 1,029 Dp. 173, #| 

Dresden (drez'den ; G. dras'den) city, =K= Saxony kingdom, 

Germany, p. 548, on Elbe river. 
Drin (dren) anc. Dri'lo, riv. Albania, to Adriatic sea. 
Drina (dre'na) anc. DrPnus, riv. Bosnia, Austria-Hungary, 
to Save river. [comm. 35. 

Drohobycz_ (dro-ho'bTch) town, E Galicia, Austria, p.| 
Drome (drom) riv. of_France, 60 m. to Rhone riv. 
Dry Tortugas (tor-toc/gas) 10 isls. Fla. entrance Gulf of 

Mexico. 
Duala (dwa'la) town, Kamerun, W Africa, p. 22. 
Dublin (dub'lin) city & co. bor. $? of Ireland, on Liffey 

riv. Leinster, p. 309, in police dist. 416. 
Dubno (ddbb'no) town, SW Volhynia govt. Russia, p. 3. 
Dubuque (ddb-buk') city, E Iowa, on the Mississippi riv. 

p. 38. 
Dudley (dudli) co. bor. Worcestershire, England, p. 51. 
Duero. See Douro. [many, p. 229.1 

Duisburg (dus'bdbrK) town, Rhine Prov. Prussia, Ger-| 
Dulcigno (dool-chen'yo) Serb. Odsin (6t-sen') or Ulcin 
(Jbl-cheri/) anc. Olcm/ium, spt. town, Montenegro, p. 5. 
Duluth (dob-looth') city, NE Minn, on Lake Superior, p. 78. 
Dumbarton (dum-bar'twn) . See Dumbartonshire. — 

mun. burgh, X of Dumbartonshire, p. 22. 
Dumbartonshire (-sher) or Dumbarton, co. Scotland, 

246 D p. 140, X Dumbarton. 
Dumfries (dum-fres'). See Dumfriesshire. — mun. burgh, 

X of Dumfriesshire, p. 16. 
Dumfriesshire (-sher) or Dumfries, co. Scotland, 1,072 

□ p. 73, X Dumfries. 
Duna (diPna) or Western Dvina (dve-na') riv. W Russia, 

630 m. to Gulf of Riga. 
Diinaburg. See Dvinsk. 
Dunajec (ddb-na'yets) river, W Galicia, Austria, to Vistula 

riv. 
Dunbar (dun-bar') mun. burgh, Haddingtonshire , Scot- 
land, p. 3 ; battle, Sept. 3, 1650. [p. 176.1 
Dundee (dfln-de/) mun. spt. burgh, Forfarshire, Scotland,! 
Dunedin (dun-e'din) spt. city, $? of Otago provincial dist. 

N. Z. p. 42, with subs. 64. 
Dunfermline (dun-ferm'lin ; ^olJoq. dun-ferlm) mun. 

burgh, Fifeshire, Scotland, p. 28. 
Dunkirk (dun'kurk ; dun-kGrk') Fr. Dunkerque (duN'- 

kerk') ft. spt. town, N France, p. comm. 39. 
Durango (doo-rar/go) state, Mex co, 42,276 □ p. 483.— 

its # p. 34. 
Durazzo (ddb-rat'so) Albanian Duressi (-res'si) Serb. 
Drac (drach) Turk. Druts (drdots) anc. Epidam'nus, 
later Dyrrha'chium, ft. spt. town, Albania, p. 5. [subs. 90.) 
Durban (iur'bfin) spt. tn. Natal prov. U. of S. Af . p. 69, with[ 
Durham (dur'dm) co. N England, 1,014 Dp. J.370.X Dur- 
ham. — Saxon Dun'holme, city & mun. bor. X of Dur- 
ham co. England, p. 18 ; cathedral ; university. 
Dusseldorf (diis'el-dorf) city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 359. 
Dutch Borneo, Dutch part of Borneo, 211,729 □, with 

adi. isls. 213,649 □ p. 1,234. 
Dutch East Indies, the possessions of the Netherlands in 
Malaysia, 739.559 □ p. 37,979, # Batavia. [Paramaribo.! 
Dutch Guiana (ge-a'nd) Dutch col. S. Am. 49,846 D p. 86, #| 
Dutch West Indies. Curacao col. &, sometimes, Du. Guiana. 
Dvina (dve-na/) or Dwina (dwe'nd) or Northern Dvina, 



riv. Russia, about 1,100 m. long, to Dvina Bay, an arm 
of White sea. — , Western. See Diina. 
Dvinsk (dvensk) or Diinaburg (dii'na-boorK) tn. Vitebsk 
govt. Russia, on Diina riv. p. 101. 

E 

Eagle Pass, town. Texas, on Rio Grande, p. 4. 

East Africa Protectorate, part of Br. E. Af. 202.00C D 

p. 4,038. # Nairobi. [& Suffolk. I 

East Angua (an'gll-d) anc. dir. England ; modern Norfolk! 
Eastbourne (est'born ; -bMrn, co. bor. Sussex, Eng. p. 53. 
East Cape, or Cape Dezhnev (dy£zh-ny6f) NE extremity 

of Asia, on Bering strait. 
Easter Island or Waihu (wVhobf) Sp. Pascua (pas'kwa) 

in S Pacific ocean ; gigantic statues, etc.: to Chile. 
Eastern Roumelia (roo-me'11-d) or Southern Bulgaria 

(bdbl-ga'ri-d) part of Bulgaria, 12,585 D p. 1,242, :& and 

chief town Philippopolis. [ # Ghent.! 

East Flanders (fian'derz) prov. Belgium. 1,158 Q p. 1.12U.I 
East Oriqualand. See Griqualand East. 
East Ham, mun. bor. Essex co. England, p. 134. 
East Indies (In'dlz) a collective name applied, somewhat 

vaguely, to India, Inao-China, & esp. Malay archipelago. 
East London, spt. town, Cape prov. U. of S. Af. p. 21, 

with subs. 25. 
Easton (es'twn) city. Pa. on Del. riv. p. 29 ; Lafayette col. 
East Orange, city, N. J. 3 m. WNW of Newark, p. 34. 
East Prussia, prov. NE Prussia, 14,286 D p. 2,064. # 

Konigsberg. [river, p. 59.1 

East Saint Louis (loo'is ; loc/i) city. 111. on Mississippi! 
East Turkestan. See Turkestan, Chinese. 
Eboracum. See York, Eng. 
Ebro (e'bro ; Span, a'bro) anc. Ibe'rus, riv. 470 m. long. 

NE Spain, to Medit. [Hamadan.l 

Ecbatana (ek-bat'd-nd) city, # of anc. Media; modern! 
Eckmuhl. See Eggmuhl. 
Ecuador (ek'wd-dor' ; Sp. a/kwa-thorO republic, NW S. Am. 

118,627 D p. 1.400, # Quito. [near Plymouth. 

Eddystone Rock (ed'I-stwn) in Eng. chan. ; lighthouse 
Edessa (e-des'd). See Urfa. 
Edge Hill (ej) ridge, S Warwickshire, Eng. 7 m. NW of 

Banbury ; bat. 1G42. 
Edinburgh (ed^n-bur-S). See Edinburghshire. — city 

& mun. burgh, # of Scot. &X of Edinburghshire, p. 320. 
Edinburghshire (-sher) or Edinburgh, or Mid-Lothian 

(mld-lo'tbi-dn ; -lo'thi-), co. SE Scotland, 366 D p. 506. 

X Edinburgh. 
Edmonton (ed'm&n-tun) urban dist. Middlesex co. Eng. 

sub. of London, p. 65. — «Jty, # of Alberta, Can. p. 25. 
Edom. See Idumea. [Ratisbon ; bat. 1809.1 

Eggmuhl (ek'miil) or Eckmuhl, vil. Bavaria, Ger. near| 
Egmont, Mount (eg'mont) Maori Taranaki (ta'ra-na'- 

ke) volcanic mt. Taranaki dist. New Zealand, 8,260 ft. 
Egypt (e'jipt) Ar. Misr (mis'r) Br. protectorate, NE Afri- 
ca, 400,000 □ p. 11,287, cultivated and settled portion 

12,013 □ p. 11,190, # Cairo. 
Ehrenbreitstein (a'ren-brlt'shtin) town & fortress, Rhine 

Prov. Prussia, Ger. on Rhine riv. opposite Koblenz, p. 5. 
Eisenach (I'zen-aK) town, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, p. 38. 
Ekaterinburg (ye-ka/tye-ren-bdbrk') town, Perm govt. E 

Rus ia, p. 43. [Russia, p. 94. | 

Ekaterinodar (ye-ka'tye-re'no-darO city, Ciscaucasia | 
Ekaterinoslav (ye-ka/tye-re'nS-slaf') city, S Russia, on 

Dnieper riv. p. 150. 
Elam (e'lam) anc. country N of Persian gulf, # Susa. 
Elba (el'bd) anc. Il'va, isl. Leghorn prov. Italy, in Medit. 

86 D p. 30. 
Elbe (SPbe) riv. Ger., ab. 700 m. long, to North sea. 
Elberf eld (el'ber-feltO city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, Ger. p. 170. 
Elbing (el'bing) spt. W. Prussia prov. N Prussia, Ger. p. 59. 
Elbruz (el / brooz / ) highest of Caucasus mts. and of Europ<\ 

18,523 ft. 
Elburz (el'boorz') chain of rats. N Persia ; highest, Derna- 

vend, 18,000 ft. 
Eleusis (e-lu'sis) anc. city of Attica. 
Elfsborg. See Alfsborg. 

Elgin (gl'jin) city, NE 111. on Fox riv. p. 26 ; watches. 
Elginshire (el'gln-sher) or Elgin (el'gln) or Moray (.mar's) 

co. Scotland, 477 □ p. 43, X Elgin. 
Elgon (el'gon) volcanic peak, SE Uganda, 14,038 ft. 
Elis (e'lis) anc. city, NW Morea, Greece. 
Elizabeth (e-llz'd-beth) city, NE New Jersev, p. 73. 
Elizavetgrad (ye-lye'za-vet-graf) ft. city, S'W Russia, p. 

100. [14.259 ft. 

Elk Mountains, range in Col. ; Castle peak, the highest,! 
Ellesmere (elz'mer) arctic isl. Northwest Ters. Canada. 
Ellis Island (el'is) , in New York harbor ; to U. S. govt. ; 

immigrant station. 
Elmira (el-mT'rd) city, S New York, p. 37 ; reformatory. 
El Paso (el pas'o) city, W Tex. p. 39 ; opp. Ciudad Juarez. 
Elsass-Lothringen. See Alsace-Lorraine. 
Elsinore. See Helsingor. [cathedral 

Ely (e'li) city in ancient co. of Cambridge, Eng. p. 8 
Emden (em'den) ft. spt. Hanover, Prussia, p. 24. 
Emilia (a-mePya) anc. ^EmiPia, compartimento, N Italy, 

2,993 □ p. 2,681. 
Ems (ams ; ems) town, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, p. 7 ; resort. 
Enderby Island (en'der-bi) large isl. Antarctic oc. lat. 67° 

S, Ion. 50° E. 
En— dor or Endor (en'dor) anc. vil. of Palestine. 
Enfield (en'feld) town, Middlesex co. Eng., p. 56. Dong.| 
Engadine (en'ga-den') Alpine valley, Grisons, Switz.45 m.| 
Engela, Ras (ras Sn'ga-la) cape (ras), Tunis, N point of Af. 
England (In'gldnd) anc. APbion, L. An'glia, div. of Great 

Britain, 50,874 □ p. 34 045, # London. 
English Channel, 20 to 100 m. wide, bet. Eng. & Fr. 
Enos (a'nSs) tn. on /Egean sea, Turkey, ab. 12 m. SE of 
Dedeagach, p. 7. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; 
Abbreviations precede this list. ■£ capital. 



zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.- 
X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1146 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



R 



U 



w 



X 



Entebbe (en-t^b'S) # of Uganda protectorate. 

Entre Rios (en'tra re'os) prov. NE Argentina, 28,784 □ 

p. 371, # Parana. 
Epernay (a'per'ng') tn. Fr. on Marne riv. p. comm. 22. 
Ephesus (Sf e-sws) anc. city, Asia Minor ; ruins 35 m. SSE 
_ of Smyrna. 

Spinal (a'pe'nal') town, # of dept. Vosges, Fr. p. comm. 30. 
Epirus (e-pi'rws) country of anc. Greece, now in S Albania 

& NW Greece. [Essex co. Eng.l 

Epping Forest, (ep'Ing) pleasure ground, once a royal forest,! 
Ep'som, tn. Surrey co. Eng. 14 m. fr. London, p. 19 ; race 

course. 
Erebus, Mount (Sr't-bSs) volcano, on isl. near Antarctic 

continent, ab. 77° 30' S, ab. 167° E, 13,370 ft. 
Erfurt (er'fobrt) city. Saxony prov. Prussia, p. 111. 
Erie (e'ri) city, NW Pa. p. 67 ; a lake port. [Albany, 363 m.l 
Erie Canal, from Lake Erie at Buffalo to Hudson river atl 
Erie, Lake, one of Great Lakesof N. Am. ; 246 m. long, great- 
est width 58 m. ; 9,968 D (U. S. 4,949 □. Can. 5,019 □). 
Eritrea (S're-tre'a) It. col. NE Af . 88,500 □ p. 279, * Asmara. 
Erivan (er'e-van') govt. Transcaucasia, Russia, 10,725 □ 

p. 971. — its # p. 32, a ft. town. 
Erjias. See Argseus. 
Eraerum (erz'room') vilayet, E Turkey in Asia, 19,180 □ 

p. 646. — its # p. 43. [Asia, p. 25.1 

Erzingan (er'zin-gan') town, Erzerum vilayet, Turkey in| 
Esdraelon (esMra-e'lon) plain, NW Palestine. 
Eskishehr (eVke-she'h'r) anc. Dorylae'um, town, Brusa 

vilayet, Turkey in Asia, p. 42 ; battle 1097 ; meerschaum. 
Espirito Santo (es-pe're-tdb saN'tob) state, E Brazil, 

17,312 □ p. 297, # Victoria. 
Es3en (eVen) city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 295. 
Essequibo (eVS-ke'b5) riv. Br. Guiana, ab. 500 m. long. 
Essex (es'eks) co. SE Eng. 1,531 D p. 351, X Chelmsford. 
Essling (es'ling) comm. Austria, near Vienna ; battle 1809. 
Esthonia (es-tho'ni-d) govt. W Russia, 7,605 D p. 471, # 

Revel. 
Estremadura (eVtra-ma-tboo'ra) old prov. W Spain. — 

(pron. -doo'ra) prov. SW Portugal, 6,939 □ p. 1,439. 
Eternity, Cape, promontory, Quebec, Can. S shore Sague- 

nay riv. 
Ethiopia (e'thi-o'pl-d) anc. country, included S Egypt, E 

Anglo-Egypt. Sudan, Eritrea, & N Abyssinia. 
Etna (et'nd) L. /Et'na, volcano, NE Sicily, 10,867 ft. 
Eton (e'twn) tn. Buckinghamshire, Eng. p. 3 ; Eton college. 
Etruria (e-troo'ri-d) anc. country, It. now Tuscany & part 

of Umbria. 
Ettrick Forest (et'rik) pastoral tract, Selkirkshire, Scot. 
Euboea. See Evvia. 
Euganean Kills (Q-ga'ne-dn ; u'gd-ne'dn) It. Colli Euga- 

nei (kol'le a'ob-ga'na-e) range, W Padua prov. Venetia, 

Italy, about 2,000 ft. 
Euphrates (u-fra'tez) Turk. Frat (frat) riv. 1,600 m. Erze- 
rum to Tigris ; thence, as Shat el Arab, to Persian gulf. 
Eurasia (Qr-a'shd ," -zhd) name for Europe & Asia combined. 
Europe (Mp) continent, 3,814,000 D p. 446,805. 
EutawSprings (Q'to) branch of Santeeriv. S. C. ; bat. 1781. 
Euxine Sea. See Black Sea. [univ.l 

Evanston (ev'dnz-twn) city, NE 111. p. 25 ; Northwestern! 
Evansville (ev'dnz-vil) city, SW Ind. p. 70. 
Everest, Mount (ev'er-est) highest known mt. in the 

world, in Himalayas, frontier of Nepal & Tibet, in 27° 59' 

N, 88° 56' E, ht. 29,002 ft. [p. 25.1 

Everett (ev'er-et) city, E Mass. p. 33. — city, NW Wash.| 
Everglades (ev'er-gladz) swamp region, S Fla. ; contains 

Lake Okechobee. 
Evesham (ev'shdm; ev'zara; locally also e f sham, e f sam) mun. 
• bor. Worcestershire, Eng. on Avon river, p. 8 ; battle 1265. 
Evora (ev'6-ra) anc. Eb'ora or Liberal'itas Ju'lia, city, S 

Portugal, p. 16. [isl. ^Egean sea. I 

Evvia (ev-ve'a) or Euboea (u-be'd; mod. Gr. ev-ve'a) Gr.l 
Exeter (ek'se-ter) anc. Is'ca Damnonio'rum, city & co. bor. 
Xof Devonshire^ England, p. 49. [setshire, Eng.l 

Exmoor (eks'moor ; -mor) tract of moorland, 32 □ Somer-| 
Eyre, Lake (ar) shallow, salt lake, South Australia, 4,000 □. 
Eyre's Peninsula, South Australia, W of Spencer's gulf. 



Fachan. See Fatshan. 

Faenza (fa-ent'sa) anc. Faven'tia, city, Emilia, N Italy, 

p. comm. 40. 
Fair Oaks, place near Richmond, Va. ; battle (called also 

Seven Pines) May 3! -June 1, 1862. 
Fairweather, Mount, S Alaska, 15,292 ft. high. [p. 34.1 
Falkirk (fol'kGrk ; fo'-) mun. burgh, Stirlingshire, Scot.) 
Falkland Islands (fok'ldnd) group of 200 isls. S Atlantic 

ocean, Br. crown colony, 6,500 D p. 2, # Stanley. 
Fall River, city & port, SE Mass. p. 119. 
Falmouth (fal'mwth) spt. mun. bor. Cornwall, Eng. p. 13. 
Falster (fal'ster) isl. of Denmark, in Baltic sea, S of See- 
land, 198 □ p. 39. 
Farewell, Cape, S end of Greenland. 
Faroe (fa.r'6 ; fa'ro) Dan. Fzeroer (far'u'er) group Danish 

isls. N Atlantic 540 □ p. 18. [India, p. 67.1 

Farrukhabad (fd-rdok'ha-bad') town. United Provs. Br.| 
Fars (fars) or Farsistan (far'si-stan') anc. Per'sis, prov. 

SW Persia, p. 1,700, =& Shiraz. 
Farther India. See Indo-China. 
Fatshan (fat'shan') or Fachan (fa'chan') town, Kwang- 

tung prov. China, in delta of Si river, p. 500. 
Fayal (f i-al') isl. of Azores, Atlantic oc. 64 □ p. 26, chief 

town Horta. [el Fayum.| 

Fayum (fi/yodm') prov. Egypt, 669 D p. 442, # Medinet| 
Fear, Cape, N. C. at mouth of Cape Fear river. 
Federal Capital Territory, ter. of Australia, within New 

South Wales, ab. 900 D p. 2 ; contains Canberra. 
Federal District, Mexico, 579 □ p. 721. — Venezuela, 

745 □ p. 113. — Brazil, 469 D P- 858. — = Buenos Aires 

(city). 



Federated Malay States. See Malay States, Federated. 
Ferencz Jozsef (fer'ents y5'zhgf) peak, Carpathian mts. 

8,735 ft. ; highest in Hungary. [2,069, % Kokand.l 

Fergana (fgr-ga'na) govt. Russian Cen. Asia, 55,483 □ p. 
Fernando Po (fer-nan'd5 po') JSp. Fernando Poo (fSr- 

nan'do po'6) isl. Bight of Biafra, W Af., 771 □ p. 21 : Sp. 
Ferney- Voltaire (ler'ne^-vol'tar') town, Ain, Fr. p. 1; 

founded by and home of Voltaire. 
Ferozepore (fe-roz'por') dist. of Jullundur div. Punjab, Br. 

India, 4,302 □ p. 960. — its # p. 50. 
Ferrara (fer-ra'ra) city, Emilia, Italy, p. 95. [p. comm. 26,1 
Ferrol, El (el fer-rol') spt. town & naval arsenal, N W Spain, 
Festubert (fes'tii'bar') vil. NE France, p. comm. 1. 
Fez (fez) Arab. Fas (fas) city, a * of Morocco, p. 102. 
Fezzan ( feVzan' ) country, N Africa, S of Tripoli, p. 26, 

# Murzuk ; Italian. 
Fiesole (fye'zS-la) anc. Fses'ulae, comm. Emilia, Italy, p. 10. 
Fifeshire (flf'sher) or Fife, co. Scot. 504 □ p. 268, X Cupar. 
Fiji Islands (fe'je) group, S Pacific, 7,740 □ p. 140, ^= Suva ; 

Br. colony. 
Finisterre, Cape (fln'is-tar') most W headland of Spain. 
Finland (fin'ldnd) grand duchy, NW Russia, 125,689 □ 

with water 144,249 □ p. 3,084, # Helsingfors. 
Finsteraarhorn (f ln'ster-ar/horn) highest of Bernese Alps, 

Switz. 14,022 ft. [Wales, p. 3.1 

Fishguard (Osh'gardO spt. urban dist. Pembrokeshire,! 
Fitchburg (fich'bQrg) city, N cen. Massachusetts, p. 38. 
Fitzroy (fits'roi') city, NE sub. of Melbourne, Victoria, 

Australia^. 34. [Hungary, 8 □ p. 50. 

Fmme (fyoo'ma) Croat. Rieka (re-ya/ka) spt. city & ter. 
Five Forks, locality in SE Va. ; Lee's defeat, Mar. 31-Apr 

1. 1865. 
Flanders (flanMerz) a former dist. of Europe, now in Neth. 

Belg. and France. — See East Flanders, West Flanders. 
Flint, city, SE Mich. p. 39. — See Flintshire. 
Flintshire (flint'sher) or Flint, co. NE Wales, 255 □ p. 93, 

X Flint (p. 5). [battle 1513.1 

Flodden (flod'en) hill, Northumberland co. England ;| 
Florence (flSr'ens) It. Firenze (fe-rent'sa) prov. Tuscany, 

Italy, 2,265 □ p. 999. — city, anc. Floren'tia, its # p. 

233, on Arno riv. [wide, 5,859 □ p. 250.1 

Flores (flo'res) isl. Du. E. Indies, ab. 230 m. long, 35 m.| 
Florianopolis (flo're-a-no'po-les ; E. -n5p'6-lis) form. Des- 

terro (des-ter'ro) tn., # of Santa Catharina, Brazil, p. 32. 
Florida (flor'i-dd) SE state, U. S. A. mainly a pen. bet. 

Atl. oc. and Gulf of Mex., £4,861 □ p. 753, # Tallahassee. 
Florida Keys, chain of isls. S of Florida mainland. 
Flushing. See Vlissingen. [Gulf of Papua. 

Fly (AT) largest riv. of New Guinea, mostly in Brit, part, to 
Foggia (fod'ja) city, Apulia, Italy, p. comm. 77. 
Folkestone (fok'stzm) mun. bor. &spt. Kent co. Eng. p. 33. 
Fontainebleau (foN'ten'blo') town, SE of Paris, France, p. 

comm. 15 ; chateau. 
Fontenoy (foNt'nwa') comm. W Belgium ; battle 1745.— 

or Fontenailles (foNt'na'y') town, cen. Fr. ; bat. 841. 
Foochow (foo'cho') city, # of Fukien prov. China, p. 624 ; 

a treaty port. 
Forest Cantons, the Four. See Waldstatter, die Vier. 
Forfarshire (for'fdr-sher) or Forfar or Angus (Sr/gws) co 

Scotland, 874 □ p. 281, X Forfar (p. 11). [comm. 46. 

Forli (f6r-le0 anc. Fo'rum Liv'ii, ft. city, Emilia, Italy, p. 
Formosa (for-mo'sd) or Taiwan (tl'wan') isl. in China sea) 

13,841 □ p. 3,444, # Taihoku ; to Japan. — ter. N Ar- 
gentina, 41,402 □ p. 15. [Brazil, p. 50. 
Fortaleza (for'ta-la'za) or Ceara (sa'a-ra') spt. # of Ceara, 
Fort— de-France (for'-de-fraNs') town, Martinique isi. Fr 

W. Indies, p. 27. [16, 1862. 

Fort Donelson (fort don'el-swn) in NWTenn. ; taken Feb. 
Fort Duquesne (ddb-kan') Fr. fort, site of Pittsburgh, Pa. : 

taken by Eng. 1758. [river, SE Scot.] 

Forth, Firth of (fQrth uv fSrth ; 57) estuary of Forth! 
Fort McHenry (mdk-hSn'ri) Baltimore, Md. : bombarded 

by British 1814. 
Fort Meigs (megz) former fort at rapids of the Maumee 

riv. NW Ohio. 
Fort Mims (mimz) temporary stockade near junc. of Ala- 
bama and Tombigbee rivs. Ala. ; massacre 1813. 
Fort Monroe (mdn-roO at entrance to Hampton Roads, Va. 
Fort Moultrie (moo'tri ; rnool'- ; often mol'- ; the family 

name was originally spelt Moutrie; see Moultrie, Wm.) 

fort, Charleston harbor, S. C. 
Fort Niagara, fort at mouth of Niagara riv. N. Y. 
Fort Orange (Sr'enj ; .Sr'inj) former Dutch fort on site of 

Albany, N. Y. 
Fort Sumter (sum/ter) fort, Charleston harbor, S. C. ; 

civil war begun, April 12, 1861. 
Fort Wayne (wan) city, NE Ind. on Maumee river, p. 64. 
Fort Worth (wurth) city, N Texas, p. 73. 
Fotheringhay (fofcb/er-in-ga) parish, Northamptonshire, 

Eng. ; Mary Queen of Scots beheaded (1587) at Fother- 
inghay castle. [Yangtze riv. p. 100.1 
Fowchow (fo'cho') city, SE Szechwan prov. China, on| 
France (frans) part of anc. Gal'lia, republic, W Europe, 86 

depts. (incl. Corsica) & ter. of Belfort, 207,129 □ p. 

39,602, # Paris. 
Franche— Comte (fraNsh'-koN'ta') old prov. E France. 
Franconia (frarj-ko'ni-d) Ger. Franken (frarj'ken) old 

duchy, now grand duchies of Baden & Hesse, & kingdoms 

of Saxony & Bavaria, Ger. 
Frankfort (fraijk'fwrt) city, # of Kentucky, p. 10. 
Frankfort on the Main ( frarjk'fwrt.man) & on the Oder. 

Eng. forms of Frankfurt am Main & an der Oder. 
Frankfurt am Main (frapk'fdort am mln'), city on Main 

riv. Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, p. 415. 
Frankfurt an der Oder (frank'fdort an der o'der) city, 

Brandenburg prov. Prussia, p. 68. 
Franklin (frarjk'lin) former dist. Canada, isls. N of conti- 
nent, now in Northwest Territories. [Zembla, Arctic oc.| 
Franz Josef Land (frants' yo'zef) archipelago, N of Nova| 
Fraser (fra'zer) riv. 740 m. long, British Columbia. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1147 



Frazier's Farm (fra'zherz) called also Glendale (glen'- 

dal') battlefield near Richmond, Va., June 30, 1862. 
Fredericksburg (frgd'er-iks-bQrgO city, NE Va. p. 6 : 

battle Dec. 13, 1862. [Canada, p. 7. 

Fredericton (-Ik-tzin) city, # of New Brunswick prov.| 
Frederiksberg (frSd'er-Iks-burg' ; Dan. freth'S-reks-berK') 

suburb of Copenhagen, Seeland isl. Denmark, p. 97. 
Freetown (fre'toun) spt., # of Sierra Leone, W Af. p. 34. 
Freiberg (frl^bSrK) tn. Saxony, Ger., near Dresden, p. 36. 
Freiburg (fri'bd&ric) (im Breisgau [Ira bris'gou]) city, 

Baden, Ger., o. 83. — Fr. Fribourg (fre'boor') canton, 

WSwitz., 647 □ p. 140. — tn., # of Freiburg canton, p. 20. 

Fremantlo (fre'man't'l) spt. mun. W. Australia, p. incl. S. 

FremantJe 14. 
French Equatorial Africa, form. French Congo, Fr. pos- 
session, Congo riv. to the Sahara, p. 8,940, chief town 

Libreville. 
French Establishments in India, 5 settlements, 197 □ 

p. L82 ■ headquarters Pondichcrry. 
French Establishments in Oceania, Fr. col. many isls. 

(chief, Tahiti) in S Pacific oc. 1,183 □ p. 31, # Papeete. 
French Guiana (ge-a'nd) French colony, S. Am. 34,069 □ 

p. 49, # Cayenne. 
French Guinea (gm'i) colony, Fr. W. Af . bet. Pg. Guinea 

& Sierra Leone, 92.278 □ p. 1,927, # Konakry, on island. 
French Indo— China, Fr. dependency, SE Asia, compris- 
ing Cochin-China colony, protectorates of Cambodia, 

Annam, Tonkin, & Laos, & leased ter. of Kwangchow- 

wan, 310.058 □ p. 16,990, # Hanoi. 
French Somali Coast, protect, bet. Eritrea & Somaliland 

Protectorate, 46,320 □ p. 208, # Jibuti. 
French West Africa, Fr. dependency, comprising Senegal, 

Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Fr. Guinea, Upper Senegal & 

Niger, Mil. Ter. of the Niger, & Mauritania, # Dakar. 
French West Indies, Guadeloupe, La Desirade, Les 

Saintes, Marie-Galante, Martinique, Saint-Barthelemy, 

& part of Saint-Martin. 1,068 D p. 397. 
Fresno (frez'no) city, cen. California, p. 25. 
Fribourg, Switzerland. _See Freiburg. 
Friedland (fred'lant ; fred'ldnd) town, East Prussia prov. 

Prussia, p. 3 ; battle 1807. 
Friendly Islands. See Tonga. 
Friesland (frez'ldnd) Du. Vriesland (vres'lant) L. Frisia 

(frizh'I-d) prov. N Netherlands, 1,282 D p. 359, =£ Leeu- 

warden. [Baltic sea.l 

Frisches HaS (frish'es haf) lagoon, NE Prussia, opens into| 
Friuli (fre'ob-le ; fre-oo'le) former duchy ; now mostly in 

Udine prov. (Italy) and Gorz and Gradisca (Austria). 
Front Range, Rocky mts. N Col. ; Grays peak, 14,341 ft. 
Fuchau. Var. of Foochow. 
Fuji (fob'je) or Fujiyama (foo'je-ya'ma) or Fujisan 

(-san') sacred mt. the highest in Japan, 12,440 ft. 
Fukien (foo'ki-en') prov. China on China sea, 46,332 □ 

p. 8,800, ^Foochow. 
Fukuoka (foo'kdb-5'ka) city, N Kiushu, Japan, p. 82. 
Fulah Empire. See Sokoto. [resort.] 

Funchal (fdoN-shaP) spt. # of Madeiraisls. p. 21 ; a winter] 
Fundy, Bay of (fiin'di) inlet of Atl. bet. Nova Scotia & 

SW New Brunswick ; swift tidal currents, and in places 

tide sometimes rises over 70 ft. [Hungary, 27 □ p. 50.) 
Fiinfkirchen (funf'kirK/en) Hung. Pecs (pach) city, SW[ 
Furtn (fiirt) tn., Bavaria, Ger., near Nuremberg, p. 67. 
Fusan (foo'san^) port, Korea, on SE coast, p. 51. 
Futa Jallon (foo'ta ja-lon') sultanate under Fr. protection, 

Fr. Guinea. [Odense. 

Fyn or Fyen (fiin)isl. Denmark, 1,154 D p. 263, chief town| 
Fyzabad (ff/za-bad') city, United Provs. Br. India, p. 

(with Ajodhya) 62. 



Gabes, Gulf of (ga'bes), anc. Syr'tis Mi'nor, inlet, Medit. 

sea, E coast_of Tunis. 
Gabun (ga-boon') riv. or estuary, French Equatorial Africa 

— colony, SW div. French Equatorial Africa, # Libreville. 
Gafle (yev'le) spt. town, E Sweden, p. 35. 
Gaines's Mill (gan'ziz) field of battle near Richmond, Va. 

June 27, 1862. [Pacific ; to Ecuador.] 

Galapagos (ga-la'pa-gSs) isl. group, 2,951 □ on equator,| 
Galata (ga/la-ta) spt. suburb of Constantinople, Turkey, 

on Golden Horn. [cen. Asia Minor.] 

Galatia (gd-la'shi-d ; -shd) anc. country & Roman prov.] 
Galatz (ga'lats) Roum. Gala£i (ga-lats'y') city, Moldavia, 

Roumania, on left bank Danube river, p. comm. 72. 
Galicia (gd-lish'i-d ; Sp. pron. ga-le'thya) anc. Gallae'cia, 

old kingdom, NW Spain. — {pron. gd-Hsh'i-d) crownland, 

E Austria, 30,308 D p. 8,026, # Lemberg. 
Galilee (gal'i-le) prov. anc. Palestine, W of Jordan river. 
Galilee, or Tiberias, Sea of, or Gennesaret, Lake of (tT- 

be'ri-ds, ge-nes'd-ret) small, fresh-water lake, Palestine, 

l4 m. long, 8 m. wide. [Ion, p. 40. | 

Galls or Point de Galle (point degaP) spt. SW coast Cey-| 
Gallia (gal'i-d)^ See France, Gaul. 
Gallipoli ( gal-le'po-Ie ; Gr. ga-lye'po-lye ) anc. Cher'sone'- 

sus Thra'cica, pen. 63 m. long, bet. Dardanelles & yEgean. 
Galloway (ga.l'6-wa) district, SW Scotland, consisting of 

Wigtownshire & Kirkcudbrightshire. 
Galveston (gal'ves-tMn) city and port, SE Texas, p. 37. 
Galveston Bay, Tex. inlet of Gu-f of Mex. [ — itsX p. 13. 1 
Galway (gol'wa) co. Connaught, W Ireland, 2,375 D p. 182.] 
Gambia (gam'bi-d) riv. W Africa, flows into Atl. at Bath- 

urst. — Br. W African colony (69 □ p. 9) and protector- 
ate (3,550 □ p. 152) # Bathurst. [India, to Ganges. I 
Gandak (gun'diik') riv. Nepal & United Provs. & BiharJ 
Gando (gan'do) sultanate, NW Nigeria ; also subprov. of 

Sokoto prov. 
Ganges (gan'jez) Skr. & Hind. Ganga (gfin'ga) riv. 1,557 

m. Himalaya mts. to Bay of Bengal, India ; area of 

Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, nearly 32,000 D. 
Garda, Lago di (la'gS de gar'da) lake of N Italy, 35 m. long. 



Garonne (ga'rSn') anc. Garum'na, riv. 355 m. Pyrenees 
mts. Spain, to Gironde estuary, France. 

Gascogne (gas'kSn'y') or Gascony (gas'kS-ni) former prov. 
SW France. 

Gateshead (gats'hSdO co. bor. Durham co. England, p. 117. 

Gatun (ga-toon') town. Canal Zone, 7 m. S of Colon, p. 8 ; 
near here are the Gatun locks & the Gatun dam, the lat- 
ter forming Gatun lake. 

Gaugamela (go'gd-me'ld). See Arbil. 

Gaul (gol) anc. country, comp. present Fr., Belg., & SwicJ. 

Gaya (ga'yd; gT'd) city, Bihar and Orissa prov. Br. India, 
p. 70 ; pilgrimage. [key in Asia, p. 30. 

Gaza (ga'zd) or Ghuzzeh (guz'S) coast town, Syria, Tur-| 

Gazaland (ga'zd-land') ter. SE Africa, in Port. E. Africa 
and Rhodesia. [with vicinity 22.1 

Geelong (je'long') spt. town, Victoria, Australia, p. 14, | 

Geelvink Bay (gel'vl nk) inlet on N coast of Du. New Guinea. 

Geestemunde (gas'te-miin'de) spt. Hanover, Prussia, on 
Weser riv. p. 25. 

Gefle. See Gafle. [639, # Arnhem. 

Gelderland (ggl'der-lanf, prov. E Netherlands, 1.962 D p. 

Gelsenkirchen (gcl'zen-kinc'en) town, Westphalia prov. 
Prussia, p. 170 

Genesee (jen'e-sc') riv. 120 m. long. Pa. to Lake Ontario. 

Geneva (je-ne'vd) city, W N. Y. p. 12 ; Hobart col. — Fr. Ge- 
neve (zhe-nav') Gc r . Gent (genf) canton, SW Switzerland, 
109 □ p. 155. — its % p. comm. 59, city 123, on Lake of 
Geneva and Rhone river. 

Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman (le'mdn) anc. Leman'- 
nus or Lema'ni's, bet. Switzerland & France, 45 m. long, 
\Y 2 to 9 m. wide, 225 D. 

Genoa (jen'S-d) It. Genova (jgn'S-va) anc. Gen'ua, spt. 
city, Liguria, Italy, p. comm. 272. 

Genoa, Gulf of, bay, Medit. sea, Liguria, Italy. 

Gensan (gen'san') Jap. Wonsan (wQn'san') treaty port, 
E coast Korea, p. 17. 

George, Lake, beautiful lake, N E N. Y. 36 m. long. 

Georgetown (jorj'toun) city, % of British Guiana, p. 49. 
— spt. chief town of Penang, Straits Settlements. 

Georgia (jor'ji-d; j6r'jd) SE state, U. S. A. 58.725 D p. 
2,609, # Atlanta. — anc. Ibe'ria, former country, Asia, 
now in Transcaucasia, Russia ; its # was Tiflis. 

Georgian Bay (jor'jl-dn ; jor'jdn) NE part Lake Huron, 
Ontario, Canada. 

Gera (ga'ra) town, # of Reuss-Gera, Germany, p. 49 % 

Gerlsdorf er Spitze (gerls'dor'fer shplt'se) Ferencz Jozsef. 

German East Africa, ter. E Africa, between Lake Tan- 
ganyika & Indian oc. & N of Rovuma riv. 384,170 □ p. 
7,516, # Daressalam. 

German New Guinea, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Bismarck 
archipel. & German Solomon isls. 92,664 D p. 532 ; * Ra- 
baul, in Neu-Pommern. 

German Ocean. The North sea. 

German Southwest Africa, comprising Damaraland and 
Namaland, lying between Cape prov. and Angola, 322.432 
D P. 103, # Windhuk. L 1777 -| 

Ger manto wn, N W part of Philadelphia, Pa. ; battle Oct. 4, | 

Germany (jur'md-ni) Ger. Deutschland (doich/lanf) em- 
pire, cen. Europe, comp. 25 states & one imp. ter. 208,825 
□ p. 64,926, # Berlin. [Af. p. 54.1 

Germiston (jur'mis-tzin) town, S Transvaal prov. U. of S.| 

Gettysburg (get'iz-bflrg) bor. S Pa. p. 4 ; battle, July 1-3, 
1863 ; Gettysburg college. 

Ghats or Ghauts (gots) mt. ranges (Eastern & Western 
Ghats) bordering coasts of pen. of India, [gium, p. 166.1 

Ghent (gent) Fr. Gand (gaN) ft. city, # of E. Flanders, Bel-| 

Gibraltar (ji-br8l'ter ; Span, he'bral-tar') town & ft. rock 
(anc. Cal'pe) S Iberian pen. 1% □ p. 12 ; to Gt. Brit. 

Gibraltar, Strait of, 8H-23 m. wide, bet. Spain & Africa. 

Gila (hg'ld) riv. ab. 500 m. N. M. to Colorado riv. Ariz. 

Gilead, Mount (gil'e-dd) mt. Syria, 25 m. NNE of the 
Dead sea, 3,596 ft. 

Gilolo. See Halmahera. [27. 

Girgenti (jer-jen'te) anc. Ag'rigen'tum, city, SW Sicily, p.| 

Gironde (zhe'r6Nd'> estuary, about 45 m. long, formed by 
junction of Garonne and Dordognerivs. W France. 

Givenchy-les-Labassee (zhe / vaN / sheMe-la / ba / sa/) vil. N 
France, near Bethune. 

Givet (zhe've'), town, NE France, p. comm. 8. 

Gizeh (ge'ze) town, Egypt, near Cairo, p. 11. 

Glamorganshire (gld-mor'gdn-sher) or Glamorgan, co. 
SE Wales, 811 □ p. 1,121, X Cardiff. 

Glarus (gla'rdbs) Fr. Glaris (gla'res') canton, E Switzer- 
land, 267 □ p. 33. — its $? p. comm. 5. 

Glasgow (glas'gS ; -ko) mun. burgh, Lanarkshire & Ren- 
frewshire, Scot., on Clyde riv. p. 784 ; shipbuilding. 

Glastonbury ( glas'un-ber-i ; glas't&n-ber-I ) mun. bor. 
Somersetshire, Eng., p. 4 ; anc. abbey. [Australia, p. 22. 

Glebe (gleb) town, mun. suburb of Sydney, N. S. Wales. 

Gleiwitz (glT'vits) tn., Silesia prov. Prussia, p. 67. [1692. 

Glencoe (glen'ko) valley in Argyllshire, Scot. ; massacre 

Glendale (glen'daP). See Frazier's Farm. 

Glossa (glos'd; mod. Gr. glos'a), or Linguetta, Cape 
(len-gwet'a) , anc. Ac'rocerau'nia, promontory, Albania, 
about lat. 40° 27' N. 

Gloucester (glSs'ter) city and port of entry, E Mass. p. 24 ; 
fishery. — city & co. bor. X of Gloucestershire, Eng., p. 50. 

Gloucestershire (-sher) or Gloucester, co. SW Eng. 1,259 
Dp. 736.X Gloucester. 

Gmiind (g'miint) town, Wurttemberg, Germany, p. 21. 

Gnossus. See Knossos. [Panjim ; Pg. 

Goa (go'd) ter. on Malabar coast, India, 1,469 D p. 4<6, =&| 

Gobi (go'be) or Shamo (sha'mo) desert, mostly in Mongolia. 

Godavari (gS-da'vd-re) riv. ab. 900 m. S India, W. Ghats 
to Bay of Bengal. [N Kashmir, 28.250 ft. 

Godwin— Austen, Mount (g5d'\v!n-6s>ten) mt. Himalayas 

Gold Coast, British colony. Upper Guinea, 24.200 Dp 
858. # Accra ; & protectorate: Ashanti (20,000 D p. 288) 
& Nortnern Ters. (35.800 D p. 358). 

Golden Gate, 6trait. entrance to San Francisco bay. Cal. ^ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.' 
Abbreviations precede this list. Jfr capital. X county seat. □ area- in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1148 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Golden Horn, inlet of Bosporus, harbor of Constantinople. 
Gold'neld, town, SW Nevada, p. 5. [p. 79. 

Gomel (go'mel-y') or Homel (ho'mel) town, W Russia,! 
Good Hope, Cape of, promontory, Cape prov. U. of S. Af. 
Gorlitz (gur'lits) town, Silesia prov. Prussia, on Neisse 

riv. p. 86. [Gradisca, p. 31.1 

Gorz (gGrts) town, Kiistenland, Austria, $? of Gorz and) 
Gorz and Gradisca (gra-des'ka) crownland, Kustenland, 

Aust. 1,127 □ p. 261, # Gorz. 
Goteborg (yu/te-bSr'y') or Gothenburg (gSt'en-burg) 

spt. city, SW Sweden, p. 168. 
Gotha (gS'td) duchy, Germany, 546 □ p. 203 ; part of 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. — its % p. 40. 
Gothenburg. See Goteborg. 

Gottingen (gut'ing-en) tn., Hanover, Prussia, p. 38 ; univ. 
Gottland, or Gotland (gSt'land ; gSl'land), or Gothland 

(goth/land) isl. Baltic sea, a prov. of Sweden, 1,220 □ 

p. 55, # Visby. 
Govan (giiv'dn ; g3v'-) burgh, sub. of Glasgow, Scot., p. 90. 
Governors Island, ft. isl., New York bay, p. 2 ; to U. S. 

govt. [its# p. 13.1 

Goyaz (gS-yash') cen. state, Brazil, 288537 Dp. 280. — | 
Gradisca (gra-des'ka) town, Gorz and Gradisca, Austria. 
Grascia Magna (gre'shi-d mag'nd) or Magna Grsecia, 

anc. Greek ter. S Italy. [Ion. 66° S lat. 

Graham Land, antarctic insular region, approx. 64° W| 
Grain Coast, portion of Guinea, included in Liberia. 
Grampians (gram'pi-dnz) or Grampian Hills (-an) 'mt. 

system, bet. Highlands & Lowlands, Scot. ; highest, Ben 

Nevis, 4,406 ft. 
Granada (grd-na'dd ; Sp. gra-na'tha) prov S Spain, 4,838 

D p. 523. — its # p. 81. — city, Nicaragua, p. 25. 
Grand Canon, gorge of Colorado riv. N Ariz. 217 m. long 

2,000-6,000 ft. deep. 
Gran Canaria (gran ka-na/re-a) one of cen. Canary isls. 

644 D p. 163. [& Argentina. | 

Gran Cfaaco, El (el gran cha'ko) region, Bolivia, Paraguay,! 
Grand Bank, shoal, E & S of Newfoundland ; fishing. 
Grande, Rio (re'o gran'da) riv. 1,770 m. long, SW Col. to 

Gulf of Mexico ; from El Paso, Tex. bet. U. S. & Mexico. 
Grande, Rio, any of several rivs. of Latin America. 
Grand Pre (graN' pra') vil. cen. Nova Scotia. 
Grand Rapids (grand) city, SW Mich, on Grand riv. p. 113. 
Granicus (grd-ni'kws) small riv. anc. Mysia, to Propontis 



[— tn. on it. 
long, Westmorland, Eng. 



bat. 334 B. C. 
Grasmere (gras'mer) lake 1 
Graubiinden. See Grisons. 
Gravelotte (grav'lot') vil. Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. near 

Metz ; battle 1870. [Thames, p. 28.1 

Gravesend (gravz'endO mun. bor. Kent co. England, on| 
Graz or Gratz (grats) city, # of Styria, Austria, on Mur 

river, p. 152. [Western Australia. I 

Great Australian Bight, bight S of South Australia &| 
Great Barrier Reef .coral reef, NEof Australia,l,250m. long. 
Great Bear Lake, 11,821 □ W Northwest Ters., Can. 
Great Britain (brifn) largest isl. in Europe, comprising 

England, Wales, and Scotland, 88,745 □ p. 40,831. See 

United Kingdom. [Ontario. I 

Great Lakes, lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and| 
Great Russia, div. cen. & N Russia in Europe. 
Great Salt Lake, in Utah, ab. 80 m. lone, 20 to 35 m. wide, 

greatest depth 60 ft. [300 m. by ab. 60 m.l 

Great Slave Lake, 10,719 □ Northwest Territories, Can.| 
Greece (gres) Gr. Hellas (hel'ds), kingdom, S Europe, 

44,355 D p. 4,699, ^ Athens. 
Greenland (gren'ldnd) Dan. Gronland (grQn'lanO isl. 

NE of N. Am. 849,400 □ ; to Denmark. — Dan. col. SW 

Greenland isl. 34,015 □ p. 13. 
Green Mountains, in Vt. ; Mt. Mansfield, 4,364 ft. 
Greenock (gren'wk ; gren'-) spt. mun. burgh, Renfrew- 
shire, Scot. p. 75. 
Greenwich (grin'ij) met. bor. part of London, Eng., p. 96 ; 

observatory, lat. 51° 28' 38" N, Ion. 0° 0' 0". [p. 23. 

Greiz (grits) tn., cen. Ger., ^ of Reuss-Greiz principality,! 
Grenada (gre-na'dd) one of the Windward isls. (133 D p. 

67), with Grenadines a Br. colony, # St. George's. 
Grenadines (gren'd-denz') Br. W. I. isls. ; to Grenada and 

St. Vincent. 
Grenoble (gre-no'b'l) anc. Cu'laro, later Gratianop'olis, 

city, SE France, communal p. 77. [land, p. 75. | 

Grimsby (grlmz'bi) spt. county bor. Lincolnshire, Eng-j 
Griqualand East (gre'kwd-land) dependency, Cape prov. 

U. of S. Af. 7,594 □ p. 249. [p. 125 ; diamond mines. 

Griqualand West, dist. Cape prov. U. of S. Af. 15,077 D| 
Grisons (gre'zoN') Ger. Graubiinden (grou'bun'den) most 

E canton, Switzerland, 2,754 □ p. 120, # Chur. 
Grodek (grob'dek) comm. E Galicia, Austria, p. 13. 
Grodno (grod'nS) govt. W Russia, 14,896 D p. 1.S74. — its 

# p. 53. 
Groningen (gro'ning-en) Fr. Groningue (gro'naNgO prov. 

Netherlands, 887 □ p. 328. — city, its # p. comm. 75. 
Grosswardein. See Nagy-Varad. [p. 119.1 

Guadalajara (gwa'frha-la-ha'ra) city, # of Jalisco, Mexico,! 
Guadalquivir (go'ddl-kwiv'er ; Sp. gwa-tfeal'ke-ver' ) anc. 

Bae'tis, riv. S Spain, 374 m. long, to Atlantic ocean. 
Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwa'tba-loo'pa. e-tbal'go ; Angl. go'- 

dd-loop' hi-dal'go ) city, Federal District, Mexico, p. 12 ; 

treaty 1848. 
Guadeloupe ( go'de-lobp' ) Fr. W. Ind. col., 687 □ p. 212, ^ 

Basse-Terre. — two isls. of above col. separated by nar- 
row channel, Guadeloupe proper & Grande-Terre, 583 □ p. 

183. — proper, or Basse— Terre (bas'-tar') 364 □ p. 83. 
Guadiana (Sp. gwa'tbe-a'na ; Pg. gwa'de-a'na) anc. A'nas, 

riv. Spain & Portugal, 515 m. long, to Medit. sea. [p. 12.1 
Guaira, La (la gwT'ra) spt. tn., Federal Dist. Venezuela,! 
Guam (gwam) largest of Mariana isls. 210 □ p. 13, # 

Agafia ; to U. S. A. 
Guanahani (gwa'na-ha'ne) native name of isl. on which 

Columbus first landed ; now generally identified with 

Watling island, Bahamas. 



Guanajuato (gwa'na-hwa'to) state, Mexico, 10,951 □ p. 
1,082;, mines. — city, its #_p. 36 ; alt. ab. 6,700 ft. 

Guantanamo (gwan-ta'na-mo) city, on Guantanamo bay, 
Oriente prov. Cuba, p. 15 ; U. S. naval station. 

Guardafui, Cape (gwar'da-fwe') anc. Aro'mata, E Africa, 
in 51° 27' E. 

Guatemala (gwa'tt-ma'ld) republic, Cen. America, 48,290 
D p. 1,992. — city, its # p. 125 ; alt. 4,850 ft. 

Guayaquil (gwl/a-kel/) spt. city, Ecuador, p. 75. 

Guernsey (gurn'zi) one of the Channel isls. 25 D p. with 
Herm and Jethou, 45. 

Guerrero (ger-ra'ro) state, Mexico, on Pacific, 25,282 □ p. 
594, # Chilpancingo. 

Guiana (ge-a'nd) region, N South America, inch British, 
French, Dutch, Brazilian, & Venezuelan Guiana. 

Guienne or Guyenne (ge'en') old prov. SW France ; for- 
merly incl. in Aq'ui-tajne'. 

Guinea (gin'i) coast region, W Af. bet. Senegal riv. & Ger. 
Southwest Africa. 

Guinea, Gulf of, on W coast of Africa, bet. 6° 20' N & 1° S. 

Guise (giiez') town, NE France, on Oise riv. p. comm. 8. 

Gujarat (gdbj'd-raf) region, N of Narbada riv. India, 
29,071 □. 

Gulek Boghaz (gii-lek' bo-gaz>) or Cilician Gates (si- 
llsh'dn) mt. pass, Adana vilayet, SE Asia Minor. 

Gumbinnen (gdbm-bin'en) town. East Prussia prov. Prus- 
sia, Ger. p. 15. [p. 2,933, # Lashkar.' 

Gwalior (gwa/le-6r) native state, Central India, 25,041 D 

H 

Haarlem (har'lem) city, Netherlands, 12 m. W of Amster- 
dam, p. comm. 68. 

Habana. See Havana. 

Haddingtonshire (had'ing-twn-sher) or Haddington or 
East Lothian (15'thl-dn ; lo'thi-) co. Scotland, 267 □ 
p. 43, X Haddington (p. 4). 

Hague, The (hag) Du. 's— Gravenhage (s'-Kra'ven-ha'ge) 
city, # of Netherlands, 4 m. from North sea, p. comm. 273. 

Haidarabad. Var. of Hyderabad. [p. 2,000. 

Hainan (hT'nan') isl. Kwangtung prov. China, 13,166 □ 

Hainaut (e'no') frontier prov. W Belgium, 1,437 □ p. 1,233, 
# Mons. — old prov. now in NE France & SW Belgium. 

Haiphong (ha'e-fong') or Haif ong (hi'fSng') principal spt. 
of Tonkin, p. 27. 

Haiti (ha/ti ; F. pron. a'e'te') orig. Sp. Espafiola (eVpan- 
y5'la) isl. of West Indies, 29,827 □ p. 3,175 ; W part is 
republic of Haiti, 11,072 Dp. 2,500, # Port-au-Prince : 
E part is Dominican Republic. [p. 88. 

Hakodate (ha/ko-da'ta) spt. city, SWend Yezo isl. Japan, | 

Halicarnassus (hal'i-kar-nas'ws) anc. city, Caria, Asia 
Minor; modern Budrum (bdo'droom/) . 

Halicz (ha/lich) town, Galicia, Austria, on Dniester riv. 

Halifax (hal'i-faks) co. bor. Yorkshire, Eng., p. 102. — spt. 
city, # of Nova Scotia, p. 47 ; chief naval station of Br. Am. 

Halle (hal'e) city, Saxony prov. Prussia, p. 181 ; university. 

Halmahera (hal'ma-ha'ra) or Gilolo (je-lo'lo) Du. Djilolo 
(je-lo'lo) isl. largest of the Moluccas, Du. E. Indies, on 
equator, 6,949 □ p. ab. 100. [p. 33.1 

Halsingborg (hel / smg-b3r , y') spt. Sweden, opp. Helsingor,| 

Hamadan (ha/ma-don') anc. Ecbat'ana, city, NW Persia, 
p. 30. [Duisburg, p. 102. 

Hamborn (ham'bSrn) city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, near| 

Hamburg (ham'burg ; G. ham'bdorK) free Hanse city & 
state, N Germany, state 160 □ p. 1,015, city, a spt. on 
Elbe riv. p. 931. 

Hameln (ha'meln) town, Hanover prov. Prussia, p. 22. 

Hamilton, vil. cen; N. Y. p. 2 ; Colgate univ. — city, S 
Ontario prov. Canada, p. 82. — burgh, Lanarkshire, Scot- 
land, p. 39. — town, # of Bermuda, p. 3. 

Hamilton, Mount, ptak, Coast range, Cal. 4,209 ft. ; 
Lick observatory. 

Hamilton, or Grand, River, in Quebec prov. Canada, 
flows E through Lake Melville to Hamilton inlet, Labra- 
dor ; falls 316 ft. high. [tn. in Europe. I 

Hammerfest (ham'er-festO town, Norway, p. 3 ; most N| 

Hampshire (hamp'sher) or Hants (hants) co. S England, 
1,645 Dp. 951 X Winchester; includes administrative 
cos. of Southampton & Isle of Wight. 

Hampton (hamp'twn) town, SE Va. p. 6 ; institute. 

Hampton Roads, Chesapeake bay near Fort Monroe, Va. : 
battle of Merrimac and Monitor, March 9, 1862. [p. 69. 

Handsworth (hanz'wwrth) urban dist. Staffordshire, Eng. 

Hangchow (hang'cho') city & treaty port, Chekiang prov 
China, p. 350. [prov. China, p. 826.1 

Hankow (han'ko') city & treaty port on Yangtze, Hupeh| 

Hanoi (ha'noi') city, # of Tonkin & of French Indo-China, 
p. 115. 

Hanover (han'o-ver) town, W N . H. p. 2 ; Dartmouth col. 
— Ger. Hannover (han-o'ver ; -o'fer) prov. W Prussia, 
14,868 □ p. 2,942. — city, its # p. 302. 

Hanse Towns (hans) or Hanseatic League (han'se-at'Tk 
leg') defensive cml. confederacy, Middle Ages, principally 
of German cities. 

Hants (hants). See Hampshire. [prov. China, p. 400.1 

Hanyang (han'yang') city adjoining Hankow, Hupehl 

Harar or Harrar (ha-rar') city, SE Abyssinia, p. 40. 

Harbin (har-ben') or Kharbin (Kar-ben') town & treaty 
port, Kirin prov. Manchuria, on Sungari riv. 325 m. NE 
of Mukden, p. 35. [siege 1415. | 

Harfleur (ar'flur') spt. 4 m. E by S of Havre, France, p. 3 ;| 

Harney Peak (har'ni), highest of Black hills, W S. Dak. 
7,216 ft. 

Harpers Ferry, town, E W. Va. ; John Brown's raid, 1859. 

Harput. See Kharput. [riv. p. 64.1 

Harrisburg (har'is-burg) city, ^ of Pa. on Susquehanna! 

Harrow (har'o) town, Middlesex co. Eng., p. 17 ; school. 

Hartford (hart'ferd) city, ^ of Conn, on Conn. riv. p. 99 ; 
Trinity col. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, 6rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1149 



Hartlepool (har't'1-pool') spt. mun. bor. Durham co. Eng- 
land, p. 21. [many. I 

Hartmannsweiler (hart/mans-vil'er) vil. S Alsace, Ger-| 

Harz (harts) mt. group, cen. Ger. highest, Brocken, 3,745 ft. 

Hastings (has'tingz) county bor. Sussex co. England, p. 
61 ; battle 1066. [navigation.! 

Hatteras, Cape (hat'er-ds) on isl. E coast N. C. ; dangerous! 

Hausa (hou'sa) or Hausaland (-land) ter. N Nigeria, p. 
8,000 ; chief town, Kano. 

Havana (hd-van'd) Sp. Habana (ha-va'na) prov. W Cuba, 
2,772 □ p. 575. — spt. city, % of Cuba, on N coast, p. 297. 

Haverford (hav'er-ferd) vil. SE Pa. ; Haverford col. 

Haverhill (ha'ver-il) city, NE Mass. p. 44. 

Havre (ha'ver) Fr. Le Havre (le avr') spt. N France, p.l3G. 

Hawaii (ha-wl'e) largest of Hawaiian isls. 4,015 D p. 55. — 
or Hawaiian Islands (ha-wT'ydn) form. Sandwich Is- 
lands, ter. U. S. A., N Pacific 6,419 □ p. 192, # Honolulu. 

Hawasn (ha'washO riv. S Abyssinia, about 500 m. long, to 
Lake Assal. [4,410 D p. 49.1 

Hawke's Bay (hoks) provincial dist. North Island, N. Z.| 

Hayti (ha/ti). Var. of Haiti. 

Haza, Ei (el ha'za) dist. E Arabia, on Persian gulf, 31,000 

□ p. 160. 

Hebrides (heb'ri-dez) or Western Islands, anc. Ebu'dae 
or Hebu'dae, W of Scotland, 3,000 □ p. 100. [lem, p. 8.1 

Hebron (he'brim) tn., Palestine, ab. 19 m. SSW of Jerusa-| 

Hecla. See Hekla. 

Heidelberg (hl'del-btirg ; G. pron. -bene) city, Baden, Ger- 
many, p. 56 ; university. 

Heilungkiang (ha-ldbng'kyang') prov. N Manchuria, 
202,703 D P- 1,607, # Tsitsihar. 

Hejaz or Hedjaz (hej-az') region, Arabia, along NE Red 
sea, a Turkish vilayet, 96,500 □ p. 300, %: Mecca. 

Hekla (hek'ld) volcano, SW Iceland, ht. about 5,110 ft. 

Helena (hel'e-nd) city, ^ of Mont. p. 13. 

Helgoland (hel'go-lant') Eng. Heligoland (hel'i-go-landO 
strongly ft. isl. North sea, 21 D p. 2 ; to Prussia. 

Helicon (hel'I-kSn) famous mt. Bceotia, Greece, 5,737 ft. 

Heliopolis (he'li-op'o-lis). See Baalbek. — or On, anc. 
city, Egypt. 

Hellas. See Greece. 

Helles, Cape (hel'es), S point of Gallipoli pen. Turkey. 

Helmand (hel'mund) anc. Etyman'der, riv. ab. 650 m. 
long, Afghanistan. 

Helsingfors (hel'sing-fors') Finnish Helsinki (hel'sen-ke) 
ft. spt. town, # of Finland, Russia, p. with Sveaborg 144. 

Helsingor (heUsing-ur') Eng. Elsinore (el'sl-nor') spt. 
city, NE Seeland isl. Denmark, p. 14. 

Helvetia. See Switzerland. 

Henley upon Thames (henli, teraz') mun. bor. Oxford- 
shire, Eng. p. 6 ; boat races. 

Henlopen, Cape (hen-15'pen) on E coast of Del. at en- 
trance to Delaware bay. [It. ; bat. 2S0 B. CI 

Heraclea (heVd-kle'd) anc. city near Gulf of Taranto.l 

Herat (her-af) city, NWAfghanistan, p. ab. 12. 

Herculaneum (hfir'ku-la'ne-wm) anc. city, near Naples, 
It. ; buried by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, 79 A. D. 

Hereford (her'e-ferd). See Herefordshire. — city & mun. 
bor. X of Herefordshire, Eng. p. 23 ; cathedral. 

Herefordshire (-sher) or Hereford, co. SW England, 842 

□ p. 114.X Hereford. 

Hermon (hur'mwn) mt. Anti-Libanus range, Palestine, 
9.050 ft. [Mexico, p. 15.1 

Hermosillo (er'mS-sel'yo ; -se'yo) "city, # of Sonora state, | 

Hertford (har'ferd ; hart'-). See Hertfordshire. — mun. 
bor. X of Hertfordshire, Eng. p. 10. 

Hertfordshire (har'ferd-sher ; hart'-) or Hertford (har'- 
ferd ; hart'-) or Herts (harts) co. SE Eng. 632 D p. 311, 
X Hertford. 

Herzegovina (her'tse-go-ve'na) Croat. Hercegovina (her'- 
tse-go've-na) former Turk. prov. 3,521 Q p. 267. See 
Bosnia and the Herzegovina. 

Hesse (hes) Ger. Hessen (hes'en) grand duchy, a German 
state, 2,968 □ p. 1,282, % Darmstadt. 

Hesse— Cassel (hes'-kas'el) Ger. Hessen— Kassel (hes'en- 
kas'el) a former landgraviate & electorate of Germany, 
now mostly in Hesse-Nassau. 

Hesse— Nassau (hes'-nas'S) Ger. Hessen— Nassau (hes'en- 
nas'ou) prov. Prussia, 6,063 D P- 2,221 L # Kassel. 

Hidalgo (hi-dal'go ; Sp. pron. e-thal'go) state, Mexico, 
8,638 D p. 647, =£ Pachuca. 

Highlands, in N & W Scotland, beyond the Grampians. 
— of the Hudson, hilly region on both sides Hudson 
riv. SE N. Y. 

Himalaya (hi-ma'ld-yd ; often, less correctly, him-'d-la'yd) 
mt. system, 1,600 m. long, bet. India and Tibet; 29,002 
ft. (Mt. Everest) highest in the world. 

Hindu Kush (hin'dob koosh') anc. Paropami'sus or Cau'- 
casus In'dicus, range of Afghanistan, W from Himalayas ; 
highest, Tirach Mir, 25,400 ft. 

Hindustan (hin/ddb-stan') or Hindostan (-dS-) Persian 
name of India; esp., E Punjab & Rajputana & greater 
part of United Provs. 

Hippo (hip'o) city of anc. Numidia ; modern Bone, Alge- 
ria ; see of St. Augustine. — anc. city, N Africa ; modern 
Bizerta, Tunis. [the coast, p. 143.1 

Hiroshima (he'ro-she'ma) city, SW Honshu, Japan, near| 

Hispaniola (his / pdn-yo'ld) a former name of Haiti isl. 

Hissarlik (his-sar'lik) site of anc. Troy, NW Asia Minor. 

Hoangho. See Hwang. [suburbs 40.1 

Hobart (ho'bart, -bdrt) city, $fc of Tasmania, p. 28, with| 

Hoboken (h5'bo-ken) spt. city, NE N. J. opp. Manhattan 
bor. p. 70. [p. 50.1 

Hodeida (hS-de'e-daO ft. spt. Yemen, Arabia, on Red sea,| 

Hogue (la 6g'), or Hougue (laoog') La, roadstead, N Fr. 

Hohenlinden (h5'en-lin'den) vil. Bavaria, 20 m. E of Mu- 
nich, p 1 ; bat. 1800. 

Hohenzollern (-tsol'ern) ter. of Prussia in S Ger. inclosed 
by Wiirttemberg & Baden, 441 □ p. 71, # Sigmaringen. 

Hokkaido. See Yezo. 



Holland (hSl'dnd). See Netherlands. — See North Hol- 
land, South Holland. 
Holstein (hol'shtin) former duchy, Denmark, now part of 

Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia. 
Holyoke (hol'yok) city, cen. Mass. p. 58 ; writing paper. 
Homburg (hom'bdbrK) tn., Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, p. 14. 
Horns (horns) tn., Syria ab. 90 m. NNE of Damascus, p. 60. 
Honan (ho'nan') inland prov. China, 67,954 D p. 23,014, :£ 

Kaifeng. 
Hondo. See Honshu. [553, # Tegucigalpa.! 

Honduras (h5n-doo'rds) republic, Cen Am. 40,250 D p.| 
Hongkong (hong'kSng') or Hong Kong, Br. isl. (ab. 32 G) 

& col. S China ; with leased ter. ab. 405 D p. 457, =fc 

Victoria. 
Honolulu (ho'no-loo'loo) spt. city, # of Hawaii ter. p. 52. 
Honshu (hSn'shoo) or Hondo (h5n'd<5) the " mainland" 

or largest isl. of Japan, 86,305 D, with adjacent isls. 

86,775 Dp. 37,041. 
Hood, Mount, peak, Cascade range. Ore. 11,225 ft. 
Hooghly (hoog'li) arm of Ganges at Delta. 
Horeb (ho'rSb) mt. perhaps in peninsula of Sinai, Arabia. 
Horn, Cape, S extremity S. Amer. on one of Tierra del 

Fuego isls. 55° 59' S. 
Hornsey (horn'zl) mun. bor. Middlesex co. England, p. 85. 
Hot Springs, city, SW Ark. p. 14; noted thermal springs. 
Houston (hus'tMn) city, E Texas, p. 79. 
Howrah (hou'ra) city, Bengal, Br. India, on Hooghly riv. 

opp. Calcutta, p. 179. [Peru, 22,187 ft. 

Huascaran (wiis'ka-ran') or Huascan (-kanO mt. Andes, 
Hudson (hud'sun) riv. N. Y. 300 m. long, 10 N. Y. bay. 
Hudson Bay, inland sea. Can., 850 m. long, 600 m. broad. 
Hudson Strait, abt. 450 m. long, bet. Atl. oc. & Hudson bay. 
Hue (ii'a') city ~fc of Annam, Fr. Indo-China, p. 61. 
Hugli. Var. of Hooghly. 

Huila (we'la) vol. mt. Andes, SW Colombia, 18,000 ft. 
Hull (hfl!) bor. Eng. See Kingston upon Hull. 
Humber (hum'ber) estuary, formed by Ouse & Trent rivs. 

E England. [21.1G8, # Changsha.l 

Hunan (hoo'nan') fertile prov. cen. China, 83,398 D p. | 
Hungary (hun'gd-r!), Hung. Magyarorszag (mo'dyor-or'- 

sag), Ger. TJngarn (don'garn) kingdom, cen. Europe, E 

part of Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 109,216 □ p. 18,265, 

# Budapest; with Croatia and Slavonia, 125,641 D p. 

20.8S6. 
Huntingdonshire (hiin'ting-dwn-sher) or Huntingdon or 

Hunts, inland co. S England, 366 □ p. 56, X Hunting- 
don (p. 4). 
Huntington (-twn) city, W W. Va. on Ohio riv. p. 31. 
Hupeh (hdb'pe') prov. cen. China, 71,429 □ p. 21,800, :£ 

Wuchang. 
Huron, Lake (hu'ron), bet. Mich. & Ont. 2d in size of the 

Great Lakes, 22,978 □. 
Hwang (hwang) or Hwangho (hwang'hoO or Yellow 

River, second largest river (ho) in China, 2,300 m. long 3 

S Koko Nor to Gulf of Chihli. 
Hydaspes (hi-das'pez). See Jhelum. 
Hyderabad or Haidarabad (hl'der-a-bad') or Nizam's 

Dominions (ne-zamz') native state, Deccan, India, 

82,698 D p. 13,375. — ft. city, its # p. (incl. Secundera- 

bad, Bolarum, and the Residency Bazars) 501. — city, 

Sind, Bombay pres. Br. India- p. 68. 
Hyeres (e'ar') town near Medit. SE France, p. comm. 21 ; 

winter resort. [3,380 ft. ; honey 

Hymettus (hi-met'ws) mt. ridge, near Athens, Greece, ab 



Ia§i. See Jassy. [342.1 

Ibadan (e-ba'dan) city, SE Nigeria, W Africa, p. with dist.) 

Iberian Peninsula d-be'ri-dn) the SW part of Europe, 
comprising Spain & Portugal. [^Egean sea.j 

Icarian Sea (l-ka'ri-dn) L. Ica'rium Ma're, part of E| 

Iceland (Ts'ldnd) isl. N Atlantic, 40,457 D p. 85, # Reyk- 
javik ; Danish. 

Ichang (e'ehang') treaty port, Hupeh prov. China, p. 55. 

Ida (l'dd) mt. NW Asia Minor, near site of anc. Troy. — 
anc. name of Mt. Psiloriti, Crete. [Boise. 

Idaho _(T'dd-hO) state, NW U. S. A. 83,354 □ p. 326. # 

Idria (e'dre-a) comm. Carniola, Austria, p. 6 ; mercury. 

Idumsea or Idumca (Ic^il-me'd) or Edom (e'diim) anc. 
country, SE of Palestine. [riv. ; falls. I 

Iguassu (e'gwa-soo') riv. Parana, Brazil, 380 m. to Parana| 

Ijssel or Yssel (Is'el) delta branch of Rhine, Netherlands. 

lie de France (el' de fraNs') "Isle of France," old prov. N 
France, ^ Paris. 

Ilford (il'ferd) urban dist. Essex co. England, p. 78. 

Hi (e-lye') or Kashgaria (kash-ga'ri-d) dist. Sinkiang 
prov. China, p. 125. 

Ilion (Il'i-zm), Ilium. See Troy, anc. city. 

Illampu (el-yam'poo) a peak of the Andean Mt. Sorata, 
Bolivia, 21,500 ft. [21,192 ft.l 

Illimani (el'ye-ma'ne) mt. Bolivian Andes ; highest peak,] 

Illinois (Il'i-noi' ; -noiz') state, N cen. U. S. A. 56.043 D p. 
5,639, # Springfield. [riv.l 

Illinois River, about 350 m. long. 111. flows into Mississippi! 

Illorin, or Ilorin (e'lo-ren') emirate & prov. SW Nigeria, 
6,300 □ p. 250. — city, its ^ p. 70. 

Illyria (I-lir'i-d) anc. country E of Adriatic sea. [Illyria 

Illyricum (T-lIr'i-kum) Roman prov. forming part oi anc 

Iloilo (e'16-e'lo) spt. town, S Panay isl. Phil. isls. p. 19. 

Imbros (Im'brSs) Turkish isl. /Egcan sea, 87 D p. 7. 

Imphal (imp'hiil / ) town, # of Manipur state, India, p. 67. 

India (In'di-d) S Asia, S of Himalaya mts. bet. Arabian sea 
& Bay of Bengal. — or Indian Empire, that part of 
Indian pen. & W Indo-Chma under British rule or pro- 
tection, comprising British India (incl. Burma) and native 
states, but excl. Port. & Fr. India, 1,773,168 □ p. 315,133 
(Br. India, 1,097,901 □ p. 244.268 ; native states. 675.267 
D p. 70,865), # Delhi. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Abbreviations precede this list. -£ capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p 



in Guide to Pronunciation.- 
popvJation in thousands.. 



N 



1150 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



w 



X 



Indiana (ln'df-an'd) state, U. S. A. bet. Lake Michigan & 

Ohio riv. 36,045 □ p. 2.701, * Indianapolis. 
Indianapolis (In'di-an-ap'6-lis) city, # of Indiana, p. 234. 
Indian Ocean, one of the 5 oceans, S of Asia & E of Africa ; 

greatest known depth 22,968 ft. in 10° 15' S, 108° 5' E. 
Indian Territory, former ter. U. S. A. 31,000 □ ; now in 

Oklahoma. 
Indo— China (ln'do-chT'nd) or Farther India, the SE 

pen. of Asia ; comprises Annam, Cambodia, Cochin China, 

Tonkin, Laos, Burma, Siam, Federated (and other) Ma- 
lay States, and Straits Settlements proper. 
Indonesia (in/do-ne'shi-d; -shd) occasional name for Ma- 
lay archipelago. [ — its # p. 69.1 
Indore (in-dor') native state, Cen. India, 9,500 □ p. 851. | 
Indus (in'dds) riv. NW India, 2.000 m. long, Tibet to 

Arabian sea. [Russia; battle 1854.1 

Inkerman (ink'er-manO vil. Crimea, near Sebastopol.l 
Inn (in) anc. iE'nus, riv. 320 m. cen. Europe, Engadine 

valley to Danube riv. [riv., p. 53.1 

Innsbruck (ins'brdbk) city, # of Tirol, Austria, on Inn| 
Insterburg (in'ster-boonc) town, East Prussia prov. Prus- 
sia, p. 32. w [2 ; resort. I 
Interlaken (in'ter-la/ken ; in'ter-la/ken) vil. cen. Switz. p.| 
Invercargill (In'ver-kar'gil) spt. town, S South Island, N. 

Z. p. 16. 
Inverness— shire (in'ver-nes'sher) or Inverness, maritime 

& Highland co. Scotland, 4,211 Dp. 87, X Inverness (p.22). 
Iolcus._ See Volos. 

Ionia (i-5'ni-d) anc. dist. W coast Asia Minor. 
Ionian Islands (i-5'ni-dn) group, Medit. sea, W of Greece, 

892 D p. 255. 
Ionian Sea, part of Medit. sea, bet. Greece & S Italy. 
Ios (l'os) mod. Nio (nye-60 isl. ^Egean sea, Cyclades, 

Greece, 46 □ p. 2. 
Iowa (I'6-wd) state, N cen. U. S. A. 55,586 □ p. 2,225 # 

Des Moines. — riv. Io. ab. 350 m. long, to Mississippi riv. 

— City, city, SE Io. p. 10 ; Io. State univ. 
Ipek (e-pek') or Pec (pech) town, SE Montenegro, 73 m. 

NE of Scutari, Albania, p. 18. 
Ipswich (ips'wich) co. bor. X of Suffolk co. Eng., p. 74. 
Iquique (e-ke'ka) spt. tn., # of Tarapaca prov. Chile, p. 44. 
Iquitos (e-ke'tos) town & riv. port, E Peru, on Marahon 

riv., p. 20. 
Irak Arabi (e'rak' a-ra'be) anc. Babylo'nia, in lower Eu- 
phrates & Tigris valley. 
Iraklion (e-rak>le-5n) or Candia (kan'di-d) or Megalo- 

kastron (meg'd-16-kas'tron ; mod. Gr. me'ga-lo'kas-trSn) 

spt. on isl. of Crete, p. 23. 
Iran (e'ran' ; Eng. i-ran') the Persian name of Persia. 
Irawadi. _ See Irrawaddy. 
Ireland (lr'ldnd) L. Hiber'nia, one of the British Isles, 

32,360 Dp. 4,390, $? Dublin. 
Irish Sea (l'rish) part of Atl. oc, bet. Eng. & Ireland. 
Irkutsk (ir-kdbtsk') city, # of E Siberia, p. 112. 
Iron Gate, gorge with rapids of Danube riv. bet. Rou- 

mania & Serbia. 
Irrawaddy (ir'd-wSd'i) or Irawadi (ir'd-wSd'i) riv. 900 m 

Burma, to Bay of Bengal. [riv., W Siberia. 

Irtysh or Irtish (Ir-tish') riv. 2,300 m. Altai mts. to Ob 
Isar (e'zar) or Iser (e'zer) riv. Aust. & Ger. ; 215 m. Tiro 

to Danube, opp. Deggendorf. 
Ischl, Bad (bat ish''l) tn. Upper Austria, p. comm. 10 : 

watering place. [Isar.l 

Iser (e'zer) riv. 94 m. long, Bohemia to Elbe riv. — See| 
Is&re (e'zar') riv. SE France, 150 m. to Rhone riv. 
Isfahan. Var. of Ispahan. 
Ishtib (ish/tib) Slav. Stiplje (shtip'lye) town, S Serbia, 

ab. 45 m. ESE of Uskup, p. 18. 
Iskanderun (is-kan'der-oon') or Alexandretta (al'eg-zan- 

dret'd) spt. Syria, 63 m. NW by W of Aleppo, p. 12. 
Island No. 10., former Tennessee isl. in Mississippi riv. ; 

battles 1862. 
Islington (lz'ling-twn) met. bor. London, England, p. 327. 
Isonzo (e-zon'tso) anc. Son'tius, riv. ab. 75 m. Alps to Gulf of 

Trieste, Gorz and Gradisca, Austria. 
Ispahan (is'pa-han' ; is'fa-) anc. As'pada'na, city.W. cen. 

Persia, p. 80 ; former ^ . 
Israel (Iz'ra-el) anc. kingdom, N Palestine. 
Issus (is'ws) anc. town, SE Asia Minor ; battle 333 B. C. 
Istambul. See Constantinople. 
Istria (is'tri-d) pen. Adriatic sea, a crownland in Kiisten- 

land, Austria, 1,914 □ p. 404, ^ Capodistria. 
Italian Somaliland (so-ma'le-landO protectorate, E Af. 

141,081 □ p. 300. 
Italy (it'd-li) It. Italia (e-tal'ya) kingdom, S Europe, 69 

provinces, 110,688 □ p. 34,671, # Rome. 
Itasca Lake (T-tas'kd) N Minn. ; receives sources of Miss. riv. 
Ithaca (ith/d-kd) city, S cen. N. Y. p. 15 ; Cornell univ. — 

one of the Ionian isls. 36 □ p. 12. 
Iuka (T-u'kd) town, NE Miss. p. 1 ; battle 1862. 
Ivangorod (e-van'go-rot) town, Poland, on Vistula SE of 

Warsaw. u [cen. Russia p. 89. | 

Ivanovo— Voznesensk (e-va/no'-vo-voz-'nye-sygnsk') city.l 
Ivory Coast, colony, Upper Guinea, French West Africa, 

W of Gold Coast, 125,560 □ p. 1,265, # Bingerville. 
Ivry— la— Bataille (eVreMa-ba'ta/y') comm. N France, p. 1 ; 

bat. 1590. 
Ixelles (ek'sel') comm. suburb of Brussels, Belgium, p. 73. 
Iztaccihuatl (eVtak-se'hwat'l) mt. N of Popocatepetl, 

Mexico, 17,337 ft 



Jabalpur. Var. of Jubbulpore. 

Jackson (jak'swn) city, S Mich. p. 31 ; Republican party or- 
ganized, 1854 ; state prison. — city, # of Miss. p. 21. 

Jacksonville (-vil) city & port, NE Fla. on St. Johns riv. 
p. 58. [29. 

Jaen (ha-anO prov. S Spain, 5,205 Dp. 527. — its^p.comm.l 



Jaffa (ya'fa ; jaf'd) anc. Jop'pa, town, Palestine, on Medit. 

sea, p. 40. _ 
Jaipur (jT'poor') native state, Rajputana, India, 15,579 □ 

p. 2,659. — its # p. 137. 
Jakova (ja-ko'va) town, SE Montenegro, p. 21. 
Jalapa (ha-la'pa) city, # of Veracruz state, Mex., p. 18. 
Jalisco (ha-les'ko) state, W Mexico, 33,495 □ p. 1,209, # 

Guadalajara. [Kingston ; Br. colony. | 

Jamaica (jd-tna'kd) isl. West Indies, 4,207 □ p. 831, #| 
James Bay, 280 m. long, 150 m. broad, S part Hudson bay, 

Canada. [rivs. 

James River, 325 m. Va. formed by Jackson & Cowpasture[ 
Jamestown, city, W N. Y. p. 31. — ruined vil. E Va. ; 

first successful Eng. settlement (1607) in U. S. 
Janina or Yanina (ya'ne-na) former Turkish vilayet, now 

in Albania and Greece, 6,9l0 □ p. 527. — its # now in N W 

Greece, p. 18. 
Japan (jd-pan') Jap. Nippon (nip'pSn') or Ninon (ne'- 

hon') empire, isls. E of Japan sea, Asia, 147,657 □ p. 

52,201, $? Tokyo ; with dependencies (Korea, Formosa, S 

Sakhalin, etc.) 253,806 □ p. 69,737. [naval bat. 1905.1 

Japan, Sea of, part of Pacific bet. Japan & Korea, Asia ;| 
Jaroslau (ya-ros'laf) town, Galicia, Austria, near Prze- 

mysl, p. comm. 24. 
Jarrow(ja.r'o)mun. bor. Durham co. Eng. onTyneriv.,p. 34. 
Jassy (yas'e) Roum. Ia§i (ya/she) city.NE Roumania, p. 76. 
Java (ja'vd) ish Malay arch. 48,503 □ p. 28,605. — and Ma- 
dura (ma-doo'rd), div. of Dutch East Indies, 50,776 D 

p. 30,098. [Maranonriv.l 

Javary or Javafi (zha'va-re') riv. bet. Brazil & Peru, to| 
Jaxartes. See Syr Darya. [for Mecca. | 

Jedda (jed'd) or Jiddah (jid'd) town, Arabia, p. 15 ; spt.j 
Jefferson City (jef'er-swn), city, # of Mo. on Missouri riv., 

p. 12. 
Jefferson, Mount, peak of Cascade range, Ore. 10,200 ft. 
Jemappes (zhe-map') tn., W Belg., p. comm. 14 ; bat. 1792. 
Jena(ya/na)town, Saxe-Weimar, Ger., p. 38 ; bat. 1806 ; univ. 
Jerez de la Frontera (ha-rath' da la fron-ta'ra) city, Cadiz 

prov. Spain, p_. comm. 63 ; sherry wines ; bat. 711. 
Jericho (j£r'i-ko) anc. city, Palestine, N of Dead sea. 
Jersey (jur'zl) one of English Channel isls. 45 D p. 52, # 

St. Helier. 
Jersey City, city_& port, N. J. opp. N. Y. city, p. 268. 
Jerusalem (jc-roo'sd-lem) district, Syria, Turkey in Asia, 

6,600 □ p. 342. — its # p. 55 ; holy city of the Jews. 
Jhelum (ja'lum) anc. Aydas'pes, riv. 450 m. Kashmir & 

Punjab, India. [Coast, p. 13.1 

Jibuti, Ft. Djibouti (je'bob/te') port, # of Fr. Somali| 
Jodhpur (jod'poor') or Marwar (mar'war) native state, 

Rajputana, W India, 34,963 □ p. 2,058. — its # p. 79. 
Johannesburg (yo-han'gs-burg) city, Transvaal prov. U. 

of S. Af. p. 237. 
Johnstown (jSnz'toun) city, W Pa. p. 55; flood 1889. 
Johore or Johor (jS-hor') sultanate, S Malay pen. Asia, 

9,000 □ p. 250, # Johore Bharu (p. 20) ; Br. protection. 
Jokyakarta (jok'ya-kar'ta) Du. Djokjakarta (jSk'ya-) 

residency, S Java, 1,201 □ p. 1,119. — its # p. 80. 
Joliet (jo'li-et) city, NE 111. p. 35 ; State prison. 
Jolo (hb-lo') chief isl. Sulu arch., Philippine isls., 326 □ p. 45. 
Jones Sound, channel leading NW from Baffin bay to 

Arctic ocean. [p. 27.1 

Jonkoping (yQn'che-ping) city, on Lake Vatter, S Sweden,! 
Joplin (j5p>lln) city, SW Missouri, p. 32. 
Joppa. See Jaffa. [Dead sea. 

Jordan (jor'ddn) riv. about 135 m._long, Palestine, to. 
Juan de Fuca (hwan' da foo'ka ; E. joo'dn de fu'kd) strait 

connecting Pacific oc. & Gulf of Georgia, bet. Vancouver 

isl. & Washington. 
Juan Fernandez (hwanfe'r-nan'dath;.4.n0Z. joo'dnfer-nan'- 

dSz) isl. & group, S Pacific oc, 400 m. W of Chile. 
Juarez. See Ciudad Juarez. [Somaliland. I 

Jub (jobb) or Juba (joo'bd), riv. bet. Brit. E. Africa & It.| 
Jubbulpore (jub'fil-por') city, Cen. Provs. Br. India, p. 101. 
Judah (joo'dd; 86)_anc. kingdom, S Palestine. 
Judea or Judaea (joo-de'd), S Roman div. of Palestine. 
Judith, Point (jdo'dith ; 86) at entrance to Narragansett 

bay, R. I. [# p. 5.1 

Jujuy (hoo-hweO prov. NW Argentina, 18,977 □ p. 62. — its) 
Julian Alps (jooPydn) div. of Alps, NE Venetia & N Gorz 

& Gradisca. 
Julier, Col du (kSl dii zhii'lyaO Alpine pass, 7,500 ft. high, 

Grisons, Switzerland. 
Jullundur (jQl'un-dur) city, Punjab, Br. India, p. 68. 
Jumet (zhii'me') comm., Hainaut prov. Belgium, p. 28. 
Jumna (jum'nd) anc. Jom'anes, riv. India, 860 m. Hima- 
layas to Ganges. 
Juneau (joo'no) port & town, # of Alaska, p. 2. 
Jungfrau (ydbng'frouO mt. Bernese Alps, Switzerland, 

13,668_ft. 
Jura (joo'rd; F. zhii'ra') mt. range, mostly bet. Fr. and 

Switz. highest peaks over 5,000 ft. [zon riv. W Brazil. | 

Jurua (zhoo'rdb-a') riv. over 1,200 m. mts. of Peru to Ama-j 
Jutland (jut'ldnd) Dan. Jylland (yul'an) a pen. the only 

continental part of Denmark, with isles 9,891 □ p. 1,198. 



K 



Kabul (ka'bool ; kd-bobl') city, # of Afghanistan, on Kabul 

riv. p. 60. 
Kadesh (ka'desh) anc. city, on Orontes riv. N Syria. 
Kaffraria (kd-fra'ri-d) region, E Cape prov. S Af. 18,181 □ 

p. 1,009. [5,000 D. I 

Kafiristan ( ka'f e-rt-stan' ) E prov. of Afghanistan, ab.| 
Kagoshima (ka'g5-she'ma) spt. S Kiushu isl. Japan, p. 64. 
Kaifeng (kT'fung') town, # of Honan prov. China, p. 200. 
Kaisariye (kl'sa-re'ye) anc. Caesare'a.city, Angora vilayet, 

Asia Minor, p. 54. 
Kaiser- Wilhelm Canal ( kT'zer-vil'helm ) ship canal, 

61.3 m. Schleswig-Holstein prov. Prussia, bet. Kiel harbor 

and mouth of Elbe. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sins', ink; tfaen, thin; nature, venjure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1151 



Kaiser— Wilhelmsland (kT'ze'r-vil'he'lms-lantO Ger. part 

of New Guinea isl. 70,135 □ p. ab. 300. 
Kalamazoo (kal'd-md-zoo') city, SW Michigan, p. 39. 
Kalat (kd-laf) or Khelat (ke-lat') town, # of Baluchistan, 

88 m. S of Quetta. 
Kalgan (kal-gan')_town, Chihli prov. China, p. 30. 
Kaigoorlie (kal-goor'li) municipality, W. Australia, p. 8. 
Kalish, Pol. Kalisz (ka'lyesh) govt. Poland, 4,377 D p. 

1,184. — its# p. 47. 
Kamchatka (kam-chat'ka) pen. prov. E Russia in Asia, 

502,424 D p. 37, # Petropavlovsk, on E coast. — riv. in 

same, 310 m. to Bering sea. 
Kamerun or Cameroon (ka'ma-robn') Ger. protectorate, 

bet. Nigeria & Fr. Equatorial Africa, 293,800 □ p. 2,542. 
Kamerun Mountains, in Kamerun ; highest, Mongo ma 

Loba, 13,366 ft. [dia, 3,945 D p. 431.1 

Kanara (kun'd-rd). North, dist. S Bombay pres. Br. In-| 
Kanara, South, dist. NW Madras pres. Br. India, 4,021 Q 

p. 1,195. [Japan, p. lll.| 

Kanazawa (ka'na-za'wa) spt. W coast cen. part Honshu,! 
Kanchanjanga (kan'chGn-jur/ga) or Kinchinjunga 

(kin'chiii-jiln'gd) peak, E Himalayas, on Sikkim-Nepal 

boundary, 28,146 ft. 
Kandahar (kun'dd-har') city, S Afghanistan, 280 m. SW 

of Kabul, p. 50. [p. 30.1 

Kandy (kan'de) town, Ceylon isl. 58 m. ENE of Colombo,! 
Katiea (ka-ne'a) a7ic. Cydo'nia, spt. %? of Crete, p. 24. 
Kanem (ka'nem ; ka-nem') dist. NE of Lake Chad, Fr. 

Equatorial Africa, 21,876 □ p. 100 ; chief town, Mao. 
Kano (ka/no) walled city, N Nigeria, terminal of ry. from 

Lagos, p. 100. [Topeka.l 

Kansas (kan'zds) state, cen. U. S. A. 81,774 □ p. 1.6'Jl, *| 
Kansas City, city, E Kan. on Kansas & Mo. rivs. p. 82. — — 

city, W Mo. on Mo. riv. opp. Kansas City, Kan. p. 243. 
Kansu (kan'sdb') NW prov. of China proper, 125,483 □ p. 

3,916, # Lanchowfu. [India, p. 152. [ 

Karachi (kd-ra'che) spt. city, Sind, Bombay pres. Br.j 
Karaf uto (ka/ra-fde/to) the southern, or Japanese, part of 

Sakhalin, 13,155 □ p. 43. [ — See Mustagh.l 

Karakoram (ka'ra-ko'rum) mt. pass, Kashmir, 18.317 ft. j 
Kara Sea (ka/ra) part of Arctic oc.SE of Nova Zemblaisls. 
Karlsbad or Carlsbad (karls'bat ; Angl. karlz'bad) town, 

Bohemia, Austria,_p. comm. 17; famous watering place. 
Karlsruhe (karls'rdo / 'e) city, =H= of Baden, p. 134. 
Karnak (kar'nak) vil. on rt. bank of Nile, Egypt ; part of 

site of Thebes. 
Karnten. See Carinthia. [prov. U. of S. Af.| 

Karoo, Great (kd-rdd') plateau 3,000^,000 ft. S Capel 
Kars (kars) govt. Transcaucasia, Russia in Asia, 7,239 □ 

p. 377. — ft. city, its # p. 22. 
Kashgar (kash'gar') city, W Sinkiang prov. China, p. 60—70. 
Kashgaria. See Ili. 

Kashmir or Cashmere (kash'mer') native state, NW In- 
dia, 80,900 □ p. 3,158, # Srinagar. [Prussia, p. 153.1 
Kassel or Cassel (kas'el) city, # of Hesse-Nassau prov.| 
Kastamuni (kas'ta-moo'ne) or Kastambul (kas'tam- 

bool') vilayet, NW Turkey in Asia, 19,570 □ p. 961. — 

its * p. 20. 
Kastro. See Mytilene. 

Katahdin (kd-ta'din) mt. N cen. Me. 5,268 ft. 
Kathiawar (ka'te-a-war') pen. Gujarat, W coast India, 

23,445 D p. 2,646. 
Katmandu (kat'man-doo') town, # of Nepal, India, p. 50. 
Katrine, Loch (kat'rin) beautiful lake, 8 m. long, Perth- 
shire, Scotland. [Sweden & Jutland. | 
Kattegat or Cattegat (kat'e-gaf) arm of North sea, bet.| 
Kavala (ka-va'la) or Cavalla, JEgean spt. NE Greece, opp. 

Thasos isl. p. 25. 
Kaveri. See Cauvery. [and Niger, p. 9.1 

Kayes (kaz) town, on ry. & Senegal riv. W Upper Senegal! 
Kazan (ka-zan'y') govt. E Russia, 24,587 □ p. 2,749. — its 

# city, p. 167. 
Kazvin (kaz'ven') tn., N Persia, 90 m. NW of Teheran, p. 40. 
Kecskemet (kech'ke-mat) city, Ween. Hung. 337 Dp. 67. 
Kedah (ka'da) Malay state under Br. protection, 3,150 □ 

p. 220, * Alor Star. [Jerusalem. I 

Kedron (ke'drwn) valley or wadi, Palestine, E side of| 
Keewatin (ke-wa'tin) former dist. Can., W of Hudson bay. 
Keighley (keth'll) mun. bor. Yorkshire, England, p. 43. 
Kelantan (ke-lan'tan') state, E Malay pen. under Br. 

protection, 5,500 □ p. 287, # Kota Bharu. 
Keltsy (kyel'tsi) Pol. Kielce (kygl'tse) govt. Poland, Rus- 
sia, 3,897 □ p. 973, its # p. 31. [18,000 ft.l 
Kenia, Mount (ka'ne-a) near equator, Br. E. Africa, ab.| 
Kenilworth (ken'il-wurth) town, Warwickshire, Eng. p. 6 ; 

ruined castle. 
Kennebec (ken'e-bek') riv. Me. 138 m. to Atlantic ocean. 
Kensington (ken'zing-twn) met. bor. London, Eng. p. 172. 
Kent (kent) co. SE England, 1,525 □ p. 1,046, X Maidstone. 
Kentucky (ken-tuk'i) state, E cen. U. S. A. 40,181 D p. 

2,290, =fc Frankfort. [Ohio river. I 

Kentucky River, 3S0 m. long, Ky. Cumberland plateau tol 
Keos (ke'os) or Tzia (tse-a') isl. 12 m. long, Cyclades, 

.Egean sea, p. 14. [p. 65. 

Kerbela (ker'be-la) town, Bagdad vilayet, Turkey in Asia.l 
Kerch (kerch) anc. Pan'ticapae'um, ft. tn. & port, Crimea, 

Russia, p. 50. [S, 70° E ; Fr.l 

Kerguelen (kur'ge-len) desolate isl. Indian oc. 1,318 □ 49°| 
Kerman (ker-man') anc. Carma'na, city, SE Persia, p. 70. 
Kermanshah (ker'man'sha') city, NW Persia, p. 40. 
Kew (ku) par. Surrey co. Eng. near London ; botanical gar- 
den. 
Key West (ke) city, spt. S Fla. on isl. in Gulf of Mex., p. 20. 
Khabarovsk (Ka-ba/r5fsk) town, E Russia in Asia, p. 50. 
Khaibar. Var. of Khyber. 
Khan Tengri (Kan' ten-gre') highest peak of Tien Shan 

mts. cen. Asia, on Russo-Chinese boundary, 22,800 ft. 
Kharbin. See Harbin. 

Kharkov (Kar'kSf) city, S Russia, p. 225. [Turkey, p. 20.1 
Kharput (Kar / o6ot0 town, ^= of Mamuret el Aziz vilayet, | 



Khartum or Khartoum (icar'toom') town, Anglo-Egyp- 
tian Sudan, near junction of Blue Nile & White Nile riva. 
p. 18, with suburb of Khartum North 64. 

Khatmandu. Var. of Katmandu. 

Khelat. See Kalat. [riv. p. 85.1 

Kherson (Ker-son') city, SW Russia, at mouth of Dnieper! 

Khiva (Ke'va) khanate, vassal state of Russia, Asia, S of 
Aral sea, 24,876 D p. 800. — its # p. 5. 

Kholm (Kolm). See Chelm. [Peshawar I 

Khyber Pass (kT'ber) into Afghanistan from India, W of| 

Kiangsi (kyang'se') prov. SE China, 69,498 □ p. 16,716, %. 
Nanchang. [ ^ Nanking. | 

Kiangsu (kyang'sdo') prov. NE China, 38,610 D p. 15,816,1 

Kiaochow (kyou'chO') dist. E Shantung, China, on Kiao- 
chow bay, 213 □ p. 165 ; German leasehold. 

Kiel (kel) ft. spt. & navy yard, Schleswig-Holstein, Prus- 
sia, p. 212 ; chief Ger. naval station in Baltic. 

Kiel Canal. See Kaiscr-Wilhtlm Canal. 

Kiev (ke'ygf) ft. city, SW Russia, on Dnieper riv. p. 501. 

Kilauea (ke'lou-a'a) crater, 2 m. wide, on Mauna Loa, 
Hawaii, ab. 4,040 ft. [S, 37° E, ab. 19,500 ft.l 

Kilimanjaro (kil'e-man-ja'ro) mt. Ger. E. Africa, 3° 40'| 

Kilkenny (l:Il-ken'i) tn. Leinstcr prov. SE Ireland, p. 11. 

Killarncy, Lakes of (kl-lar'nl) 3 beautiful lakes, SW 
Ireland. 

Killiecrankie (kil'i-kran'ki) pass, Grampians, Scotland : 
battle 16S9. 

Kilmarnock (kil-mar'nuk) mun. burgh, Ayrshire, Scot- 
land, p. 35. 

Kimberloy (kim/ber-li) town, Griqualand West, Cape 
prov. U. of S. Africa, p. 30, with suburbs 45 ; diamonds. 

Kincardineshire ( kln-kar'din-sher) or Kincardine, 
maritime co. E Scotland, 381 □ p. 41, X Stonehaven. 

Kinchinjunga. See Kanchanjanga. 

Kingchowfu (king'cho'foo') city, Hupeh prov. China. 

King's Mountain, height, NW So. Carolina ; bat. 1780. 

King's Norton and Northfield (nor'tiin) urban dist. 
Worcestershire, England, p. 81. 

Kingston (klngz'tSn) city, E N. Y. on Hudson riv. p. 26. 

— spt. city, =3fc of Jamaica, West Indies, p. 57. 
Kingston upon Hull, called also Hull, spt. city & mun. 

bor. Yorkshire, England, p. 278. [p. 500 ; porcelain.! 

Kingtehchcn (king'te-chen') town, Kiangsi prov. China. | 

Kinross— shire ( kin-r5s'sher ) or Kinross, co. Scotland, 82 
□ p. 8, X Kinross (p. 3). 

Kioto. See Kyoto. 

Kirghiz Steppe (kir-gez' step) region, Russia in Asia, bet. 
Russian Turkestan & Siberia. 

Kirin (kir'in ; Chin. kll'In) or Girin (gir'Tn) prov. Man- 
churia, 105,019 □ p. 5,501. — its # treaty port on the 
Sungari river, p. 100. [Scotland, p. 40. | 

Kirkcaldy (ker-koMi ; -kSl'di) spt. mun. burgh, Fifeshire.l 

Kirkcudbrightshire ( ker-kdd'bri-sher ) or Kirkcud- 
bright, co. SW Scotland, 899 □ p. 38, X Kirkcudbright 
(P. 2). 

Kirk Kilise (ke"rk ke-le-sa') town, Turkey, 32 m. ENE of 
Adrianople, p. 16. 

Kirkwall (kQrk'wol) spt. mun. burgh. Mainland isl.X of 
Orkney co. Scotland, p. 4. [Europe, p. 131. | 

Kishinev (ke-she-ny6P) town, # of Bessarabia, Russia in| 

Kistna (kist'nd) riv. S India, ab. 800 m. long, W Ghats to 
Bay of Bengal. _ [isls. 15,588 □ p. 7,167.1 

Kiushu (kyoo'shoo') S isl. Japan, 13,768 □. with adjacent! 

Kizil Irmak (kiz'il Ir-mak') anc. Ha'lys, riv. Asia Minor, 
520 m. to Black sea. 

Kjolen (chu'len) mts. Sweden & Norway, highest ab. 
6,000 ft. [p. comm. 29.1 

Klagenfurt (kla'gen-fdortO city, # of Carinthia, Austria.! 

Klamath Lakes (klam'dth), two lakes, Upper in S Ore. & 
Lower in N Cal. 

Klausenburg. See Kolozsvar. 

Klondike (klSn'dlk) region, NW Canada, in Yukon riv. 
basin ; gold fields. <— riv. in same, W to Yukon river. 

Knossos or Cnossus or Gnossus (nos'ws) royal city of 
anc. Crete. 

Knoxville ( nSks'vil ) city, E Tenn. p. 36 ; Univ. of Tenn. 

Kobdo (kSb'do) prov. NW Mongolia. — its %. 

Kobe (ko'bS) spt., S Honshu, Japan, on Osaka bay, p. 378. 

Koblenz or Coblenz (ko'blents) anc. Confluences, city, # 
Rhine Prov. Prussia, on Rhine riv. p. 56. 

Kokand (kS'kanf) or Kokan (-kan') town, # of Fergana 
govt. Russia in Asia, p. 112. 

Koko Nor (ko'kS noi') or Kuku Nor (koo'kdo) lake (nor), 
65 m. long, NE Tibet. — region, NE Tibet, extending S 
to Szechwan prov. [& Arctic ocean. | 

Kola (ko'la) pen. Archangel govt. Russia, bet. White seal 

Kolmar or Colmar (kol'mar) city, Alsace-Lorraine, Ger- 
many, p. 44. [river, p. comm. 43. | 

Kolomea (ko'lS-ma'a) town, Galicia, Austria, on Pruthl 

Kolozsvar (k8'16zh-var) Ger. Klausenburg (klou'zcn- 
bdbnc) city, W Transylvania, Hungary, 63 □ p. 61. 

Kolyma (kS'li-ma') riv. E Siberia, Stanovoi mts. 1,110 m. 
to Arctic oc. [Guinea, p. 7. 

Konakry (kS'na/kre' ) spt. on small isl. # of French! 

Kongo. Var. of Congo. 

Konia (ko'ne-a) vilayet, Turkey in Asia, 39,400 □ p. 1,069. 

— anc. Ico'nium, its # p. 45. 

Koniggratz (kQ'nlK-grgts') comm. Bohemia, Austria, p. 

11 ; battle (called also Sadowa) 1866. 
KSnigliche Weinberge (kQ'niK-li-Ke vTn'be'r-ge) town, 

Bohemia, Austria, suburb of Prague, p. comm. 77. 
Konigsberg (kQ'niKs-berK) ft. city, % of E. Prussia prov. 

Prussia, p. 246. [p. 73. | 

Konigshiitte (kQ/niKs-hut'e) town, Silesia prov. Prussia,! 
Konstanz (kSn'stants) Eng. Constance (kon'stans), city, 

Baden, Ger. on Lake of Constance, p. 28. 
Kootenay (koo'te-na) riv. Br. Columbia, Mont. & Ida. flows 

into Columbia riv. — long, narrow lake, SE Br. Columbia, 

drained by Kootenay riv. 221 □. [ab. 22. 

Kbprili (kQ-pre'le) or Veles (va'lgs) town, SE Serbia, p.| 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer. to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Abbreviations precede this list, -fc capital. X county seat. Q area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1152 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Kordofan (kor'd6-fan') prov. cen. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan, 

130,000 Dp. 550. # El Obeid. 
Korea (ko-re'd) or Chosen (cho'sSn') former kingdom, now 

ter. of Japan (annexed 1910), E Asia, 84,106 □ p. 14.056, 

# Seoul. [110 D p. 10 ; It. control. | 
Kos or Cos (k5s) isl. Medit. sea, 65 m. NW of Rhodes.l 
Kosciusko, Mount (kos'i-us'ko), mt. SEN. S. W., 7,328 

ft. ; highest in Australia. 

Kossovo (kos'S-vS) plain, formerly Turkish, near Prishti- 
na ; battles 1389, 1448. — vilayet of former Turkey in 
Europe, 12,700 □ p. 1,038, #Uskiip ; now in Serbia, Mon- 
tenegro, and Albania. [city, its # p. 80. | 

Kovno (kov'nS) govt. W Russia, 15,518 □ p. 1,797. — ft.) 

Koweit (ko'wat') spt. near head of Persian gulf, Turkish 
Arabia. [Hongkong isl. I 

Kowloon or Kaulun (ko'loon') city, Hongkong col. opp.| 

Kra, Isthmus of (kra) in Siam, Malay peninsula. 

Kragujevac (kra-goo'ye-vats) dept. Serbia, 886 Q p. 189. 
— its^p. 18. [eruption 1883. | 

Krakatao (kra/ka-ta'o) isl. & vol. in Strait of Sunda ;| 

Krasnik (kras'nik), town, Lyublin govt. Poland, p. 8. 

Krasnoyarsk (kras'no-yarsk') town, Siberia, # of Yeni- 
seisk govt. p. 62. [Ger. p. 129.1 

Krefeld or Crefeld (kra'felt) city, Rhine Prov. Prussia,! 

Kremenchug (krgm / en-chdbk') town, Poltava govt. Rus- 
sia in Europe, p. 73. 

Kristiania. See Christiania. 

Kronstadt (kron'shtat) Hung. Brasso (brosh'sho) town, 
Transylvania, Hungary, p. 41. — ft. spt. Kotlin isl. Gulf 
of Finland, Russia, p. 62. 

Krugersdorp (krii'gers-dorp' ; E. kroo'gerz-) town, Trans- 
vaal prov. U. of S. Af. p. 55. [p. 47.1 

Kuala Lumpur (kwa'la. ldbm'poor') city, ^ of Selangor,| 

Kubanga (kdb-ban'ga) or Okavango (o'ka-varj'go) riv. 
SW Africa, Angola 1,000 m. to marsh, N Bechuanaland. 

Kuenlun (kwen'loon') series of mt. ranges, N Tibet, 
highest_over 20,000 ft. [Bornu, p. 50-60.1 

Kuka (koo'ka.) city, NE Nigeria, near Lake Chad, # of | 

Kuku-khoto. See Kweihwating. 

Kuku Nor. See Koko Nor. 

Kum Kale ( kdbm ka-le') town, Turkey in Asia, at S end 
of Dardanelles^ 

Kumamoto (koo'ma-mo'tS) city, W Kiushu, Japan, p. 61. 

Kumanovo (kdb-ma'n3-v6) town, S cen. Serbia, 16 m. NE 
by E of Uskiip, p. 15 ; Turkish defeat 1912. 

Kumassi or Coomassie (kdb-mas'i) town, # of Ashanti, 
Upper Guinea, p. 19. 

Kunchinjunga. Var. of Kanchanjanga. 

Kurdistan (kobrMi-stan') region, W Asia, mostly in Tur- 
key but partly in Persia, ab. 74,000 D p. 3,000. 

Kure (koo're) town, Honshu isl. Japan, p. 101. 

Kurile Islands (kob'ril) or Kuriles (-rilz), Jap. Chishima 
(che'she'ma) group 31 is T £. N Pacific, 6,024 □ p. 3 ; Jap. 

Kurland or Courland (koor'ldnd) govt. Russia, on Baltic 
sea, 10,435 D p. 749, # Mitau. [— its # p. 83.1 

Kursk (kobrsk) govt. Russia in Europe, 17,937 D p. 3,075.1 

Kiistenland (kiis'ten-lantO or Coastland, administrative 
dist. Austria, consisting of Trieste, Gdrz & Gradisca, & 
Istria, 3,077 □ p. 894, # Trieste. 

Kut— el— Amara (kobt'-el-a-ma'ra), tn. on Tigris riv. Bag- 
dad vilayet, Turkey, p. 6. 

Kwanchengtze (kwan'chung'tse') or Changchun (chang/- 
chobn') city, Kirin prov. Manchuria, p. 80 ; connecting 
p^int of Russian & Japanese rys. 

Kwangchow or Kwangchow— wan (kwang'cho'-wan') Fr. 
lease, ter. S coast Kwangtung, China, 425 □ p. 168 ; at- 
tached to Fr. Indo-China. [Kweilin.| 

Kwangsi (kwang'se') prov. S China, 77,220 □ p. 5,580, #| 

Kwangtung (-tdbng') prov. SE China, 99,970 □ p. 24,369, 

# Canton. 

Kwantung (kwan'tdbng') or Kwanto (-to') Japanese 
leased ter. S part of Liaotung pen. Manchuria, 1,220 □ 
p. 488, # Dairen. [# Kweiyang.l 

Kweichow (kwa'cho') prov. SW China, 67,182 □ p. 9,530,| 

Kweihwating (kwa'hwa'ting') or Kuku— khoto (koo'- 
kdo'-kd'to^ city, Shansi prov. China, p. 200. 

Kweilin (kwa'lin') city, ^ _>f Kwangsi prov. China, p. 80. 

Kweiyang (kwa/yang') city, ^ of Kweichow prov. China, 
p. 100. [Japan, p. 442.1 

liyoto or Kioto, (kyo'to) city, SW Honshu, former # of| 

L 

Labrador (lab'rd-dGr' ; lab'rd-dor) pen. E Br. N. Am. ab. 
530,000 Dp. 7; mostly in Quebec prov. — dependency of 
Newfoundland, E part of pen. 120,000 □ p. 4. 

Lacedaemon (las'e-de'mdn) . See Sparta. 

Laconia (ld-ko'ni-d) or Laconica (ld-kon^i-kd) anc. coun- 
try, S Morea, Greece. [7,000 D. I 

Ladoga (la'd6-ga) lake, NW Russia, largest in Europe, ab.| 

Ladrone Islands (ld-dron') or Ladrones (ld-dronz' ; Sp. 
Ia-dr5'nas). See Mariana Islands. [1899-1900.1 

Ladysmith (la/di-smith) town, NW Natal, p. 6 ; siege| 

Lafayette (la/fa-yef) city, WNW Ind. p. 20 ; Purdue univ. 

Lagos (la'gos ; la'gSs) spt. town, SW Nigeria, p. with sub- 
urbs 102. 

Lahore (ld-hor') city, Punjab, Br. India, p. 229. 

Laibach (lT'baK) town, ^: of.Carniola, Austria, p. comm. 42. 

Lambeth (lam'beth) met. bor. S London, Eng., p. 298. 

Lammermuir Hills (lam/er-mur' ; Scot, -miir') or Lam- 
mermoor Hills (-moorO in Scotland, Edinburghshire to 
North sea ; highest 1,749 ft. 

Lanarkshire (lan'drk-sher) or Lanark or Clydesdale 
(klidz'dalO co. Scotland, 879 □ p. 1.447.X Lanark (p. 6). 

Lancashire (lari'kd-sher) or Lancaster, co. NW England, 
1,867 □ p. 4,768, X Lancaster. 

Lancaster (larj'kds-ter) city, SE Pa. p. 47 ; Franklin and 
Marshall col. — See Lancashire. — spt. bor. X of Lanca- 
shire, Eng. p. 41. 



Lanchowf u (lan'cho/foo') city, # of Kansu, China, on 

Hwang riv. p. 500. 
Land's End, cape, Cornwall co. the most W land of Eng. 
Languedoc (laNg'dSk') old prov. S Fr. ; its # was Toulouse. 
Lansing (lan'sing) city, # of Michigan, p. 31. 
Laodicea. See Latakia. 
Laos (la'oz) states, cen. Indo-China, part subject to Siam 

& part (111,940 □ p. 632, # Vientiane, on the Mekong) 

under French protection. 
La Paz (la pas') dept. Bolivia, 53,775 □ p. 579. — its ^ & a 

# of Bolivia, p. 79. [rope.) 

Lap'land, region in Sweden, Norway, & NW Russia, Eu-| 
La Plata' (la pla'td) riv. See Plata. — ■ city, Argentina. 

See Plata, La. 
Laramie (lar'd-mi) city. SE Wyoming, p. 26. 
Laredo (la-ra'do) city, S Texas, on Rio Grande, p. 15. 
Larissa (la'ri-sa) town, Thessaly, Greece, p. 18. [p. 61.1 
Lashkar (lush/kGr') city, #of Gwalior state, Central India,! 
Lassa. See Lhasa. 

Latakia (la'ta-ke'a) anc. Laodice'a, Medit. spt. Syria, p. 25. 
Latium (la'shi-wm) anc. country, Italy, SE from Rome. 
Launceston (lan'ses-twn ; Ion'-) city, N Tasmania, on Ta^ 

mar river, p. 21. 
Laurentian Mountains (16-ren'shi-dn ; -shdn) range, Can. 

bet. St. Lawrence riv. & Hudson bay ; highest 2,547 ft. 
Lausanne (lo'zan') city, # of Vaud canton, Switz. p. 66. 
Lawrence (16'rens) city, E Kan. p. 12 ; Univ. of Kansas. — 

city, NE Mass. p. 86. 
Lead (led) city, W South Dakota, p. 8 ; gold mining. j 

Leavenworth (lev'en-wurth) city, NE Kansas, p. 19. 
Lebanon (leb'd-non) mt. range, W Syria ; highest 10,060 ft. 

mutessarifat of Turkey, in Syria, 1,190 □ p. 200. [446. 
Leeds (ledz) city & co. bor. Yorkshire, Eng., on Aire riv. p.| 
Leeward Islands (le'werd) a name applied to various West 

Indian groups: (1) Porto Rico & isls. to the W. (2) Isls. 

off N coast of S Am. W from but not incl. Trinidad & 

Tobago. (3) Virgin isls. to & incl. Martinique. (4) Br. 

col. part of (3), 715 □ p. 127, # St. John. 
Leghorn (leg'horn) It. Livorno (le-vor'no) prov. Tuscany 

compartimento, Italy, 133 D p. 136. — >spt. city, Tuscany, 

Italy, p. comm. 105. 
Leicester (leVter). See Leicestershire. — co. bor. X of Leices- 
tershire, Eng. on Soar riv. p. 227. [p. 477, X Leicester.] 
Leicestershire (-sher) or Leicester, co. cen. Eng. 832 D| 
Leiden or Leyden (li'den) anc. Lugdu'num Batavo'rum, 

city, South Holland prov. Netherlands, p. comm. 58 ; 

university ; siege 1573. 
Leinster (len'ster ; lin'-) prov. SE Ireland, 7,620 □ p. 1,160. 
Leipzig (lTp'sik ; Ger. pron. lTp'tsiK) or Leipsic, city, NW 

Saxony kingdom, Ger. p. 590 ; univ. ; bat. 1631 & 1813. 
Lcith (leth) spt. burgh, Edinburghshire, Scot, on Firth of 

Forth, p. 80. [Hungary. 

Leitha (h'ta) small riv. trib. of Danube, bet. Austria & 
Leman, Lake. See Geneva, Lake of. [Austria, p. 206. 
Lemberg (lem'beric) Pol. Lwow (lvdbf) city, # of Galicia, 
Lemnos (lem'nos ; Mod. Gr. lyem'nos) Ital. Stalimni (sta- 

lem'ne) Gr. isl. N ^Egean sea, 175 □ p. 27, # Kastro. 
Lena (le'nd ; Russ. pron. lye'na) riv. Siberia, Baikal mts. 

2,860 m. to Arctic ocean. 
Lens (laNs) town, NE France, 9 m. NNE of Arras, p. 32. 
Leon (le'dn) Sp. Leon (Sp. la-on') former kingdom NW 

Spain. — prov. NW Spain, 5,936 □ p. 395. — its # p. 

comm. 18. — city, W Nicaragua, p. 63. — city, Guana- 
juato state, Mexico, p. 58._ [Greece. 
Lepanto, Strait of (le-pan'to) entrance to Gulf of Corinth, 
Lerida (la're-tha) town, NE Spain, p. comm. 25. 
Lesbos. See Mytilene. 

Lethbridge (leth'brij) city, S Alberta, Canada, p. 8. 
Leuctra (luk'trd) anc. vil. Bceotia, Greece, near Thebes ; 

battle 371 B. C. 
Leukas (lyef-kas') one of Ionian isls. Greece, 111 □ p. 30. 
Levant (le-vanf) name of E shores of Medit. sea, W Greece 

to W Egypt. [Lochleven Castle on isl. in it. | 

Leven, Loch (le'ven), lake, Kinross-shire, Scot. ; ruins of| 
Lewis (lu'is or liiz) isl. 60 m. by 30 m. Outer Hebrides, W 

Scotland. 
Lexington (lek'sing-twn) city, cen. Ky. p. 35 ; Univ. of Ky. 

— town, E Mass. p. 5 ; battle April 19, 1775. 
Leyden. See Leiden. 

Leyte (la'ta) isl. Phil. isls. SW of Samar, 2,722 □ p. 358. 

Leyton (la'twn) urban dist. Essex co. England, 5 m. NE of 
London, p. 125. [25.1 

Lhasa or Lassa (las'a) Buddhist sacred city, # of Tibet, p.| 

Liao (le-ou') riv. Manchuria, to Gulf of Liaotung at Ying- 
kow. 

Liaotung (-tdbng') pen. S Manchuria. 

Liaoyang (-yang') treaty mart, Shengking prov. Manchu- 
ria, p. 67 ; bat. 1904. [land, Russia, p. 84. | 

Libau (le'bou) Russ. Libava (lve-ba'va) Baltic port, Kur-j 

Liberia (lT-be'ri-d) negro republic, W Africa, bet. Sierra 
Leone & the Ivory Coast, 41,000 □ p. 1,500, # Monrovia. 

Libreville (le'br'-vel') town, ^ of Gabun col. Fr. Equato- 
rial Africa, p. 4. 

Libya (lib'i-d) name given to Africa by the ancient Greeks. 

— or Libia. See Tripoli. [Egypt.) 
Libyan Desert (lib'I-dn) part of the Sahara, Africa, W of | 
Lichfield (lich'feld) city & bor. Staff oidshire, Eng. p. 9; 

ffithpfi 1*3.1 
Lichtenberg (liK'ten-berK) town, Brandenburg, Prussia, 

sub. of Berlin, p. 81. 
Liechtenstein (liK'ten-shtin) principality, bet. Austria & 

Switzerland, 62 □ p. 10, # Vaduz. [175. 

Liege (le-ezh') prov. E Belgium, 1,118 □ p. 888. — its#p.| 
Liegnitz {leg'mts) city, Silesia prov. Prussia, p. 67. 
Ligny (len've') vil. Namur prov. Belgium, p. comm. 2 

battle 1815. .197. 

Liguria (li-gu'ri-d) compartimento, NW Italy, 2 038 □ p.. 
Lille (lei) form. Lisle (1T1 ; F. lei) ft. city, NE France, p. 218. 
Lima (IT'md) city, NW Ohio, p. 31. — (pron. le'ma) city, # 

of Peru, near coast, p. 141 ; Univ. of San Marcos. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
6se, unite, (km, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1153 



Limburg (Flem. & Du. lTm'bQnc ; Angl. -burg) prov. NE 
Belgium, 931 O p. 276, # Hasselt. — prov. SK Nether- 
lands, 851 D p. 332, # Maastricht. 

LimericK (limber-Ik) city, Munster prov. Ireland, on 
River Shannon, p. 38. 

Limoges (le'mozh') anc. AugustorPtum, later Lemovi'ces, 
city, W cen. France, p. 92 ; porcelain. 

Limon (le-m5n')_Caribbean spt. Costa Rica, p. 6. 

Limousin (le'moo'zaN') old prov. cen. France. 

Limpopo, or Crocodile, River (lim-po'po) riv. ab. 1,000 
m. VVitwatersrand to Indian oc. in S Pg. E. Af. ; forms N 
boundary of the Transvaal. 

Lincoln (lin'kwn) city, =& of Nebr. p. 44 ; Univ. of Ne- 
braska. — See Lincolnshire. — anc. Lin'dum, city & co. 
bor. X of Lincolnshire, Eng. p. 57 ; cathedral. 

Lincolnshire (-sher) or Lincoln, co. E England, 2,665 □ p. 
564.X Lincoln. 

Linden (lin'den) town, suburb of Hanover, Prussia, p. 73. 

Lindesnas (lin'es-nes) or the Naze (naz) cape, S end Nor- 
way, on North sea. 

Linlithgowshire (lin-lTth'gS-sher) or Linlithgow or West 
Lothian (lo'fcki-dn ; lo'thi-dn) co. Scotland, 120 D p. 79, 
X Linlithgow (p. 4). [ube riv. p. 68. 

Linz (lints) anc. Len'tia, city, # of Upper Austria, on Dan-| 

Lion, Gulf of the, anc. Si'nus GaPlicus, bay S coast of Fr. 

Lipari Islands (II p'd- re ; le'pa-re), Ital. Isole Eolie (e'zo-la. 
a-o'lya) anc. /Eoliae In'sulce, volcanic group, Mediterra- 
nean sea, Messina prov. Italy. [Detmold.l 

Lippe(lip'e) principality, state of NW Ger., 469 □ p. 151, #| 

Lisbon (liz'biin) Port. Lisboa (lezh-bo'ii) anc. Olisi'po, 
city & port, ^ of Portugal & of Estremadura prov. on 
Tagus, p. 356 ; earthquake 1755. [bet. Russia and Prussia. | 

Lithuania (lith'u-a'ni-d) former grand duchy, nowdivided| 

Little Rock, city, # of Ark. on Arkansas riv. p. 46. 

Little Russia, div._SW Russia. 

Liverpool (liv'er-pool) spt. city & co. bor. Lancashire, Eng., 
on E shore Mersey estuarv, p. 747. [Riga.| 

Livonia (li-vo'ni-d) govt. W Russia, 17,574 □ p. 1,467, #| 

Lizard Head, headland, Cornwall, Eng. ; extreme S point 
of Gr. Britain. [cathedral. | 

LlandafE ( lan-daf ) par. Glamorganshire, Wales, p. 9 ;| 

Llandudno (lan-diid'no) spt. town, Carnarvonshire, Wales, 
p. 10. [p. 32.1 

Lla nelly (la-neth'li) spt. town, Carmarthenshire, Wales, | 

Llano Estacado (la'no; lya'no eVta-ka'do) or Staked 
Plain, plateau, NW Tex. & SE N. Mexico. 

Loanda (16-an'da) or Sao Paulo de Loanda (soun' pou'lo 
da) spt. =H= of Angola, W Africa, p. 20. 

Lodi (16'de) city, Milan prov. Italy, p. comm. 28 ; battle 
1796. 

Lodore (16-dor' ; 57) waterfall, Cumberland co. England. 

Lodz (ldbj) Russ. Lodz (lodz) town, Petrokov govt. Poland, 
Russia, p. 396. [Norway ; fisheries.! 

Lofoten (13-fo'ten) , or Lofoden (-den), Islands, group NWj 

Lo'gan, Mount, mt. 19,539 ft. SW Yukon ter. Can. ; next 
to highest in N. Am. [Bay of Biscay. | 

Loire (lwar) anc. Li'ger, largest riv. in France, 543 m. to| 

Lolland (ISPan) or Laaland (16'lan) isl. Denmark, S of 
Seeland, 480 □ p. 74. [116.1 

Lolland— Falster (-faPster) isl. div. of Denmark, 692 D p.| 

Loma Tina (15'ma te'na) mt. S Dominican Rep. 10,300 
ft. ; highest in W. Indies. 

Lombardy (lom'bdr-di ; lum'-) It. Lombardia (ISm'bar- 
de'a) compartimento, N Italy, 9,299 □ p. 4,790. 

Lombok (lSm'bok') isl. Bali and Lombok prov. Du. E. 
Indies, 1,811 D. [tonshire, Scot. 27^ D.| 

Lomond, Loch (lo'mwnd) lake, Stirlingshire & Dumbar-j 

Lomzha, Pol. Lomza (lom'zha) govt. NE Poland, Russia, 
4,072 □ p. 6S9. — its # on Narew riv. p. 27. 

London (liin'dwn) anc. Londin'ium, city, on Thames riv. 
England, # of the United Kingdom ; administrative co. 
of London, 117 □ p. 4,523 ; "Greater London." 693 □ p. 
7,253 ; the City proper, 675 acres, p. 20. — city, Ontario 
prov. Canada, on Thames riv. p. 46. [Ireland, p. 41.1 

Londonderry (lun'dwn-deVi) or Derry, port, Ulster prov.| 

Long Island, isl. SE N. Y. 118H rn. long, greatest width 
ab. 23 m. narrowest 12 m. 1,682 □ p. 2,098. 

Long Island Sound, 110 m. long, bet. Conn, and N shore 
of Long Island. 

Longwy (Ion'wS') ft. town, NE France, p. comm. 11. 

Lookout Mountain, range in Ga. Tenn. & Ala. ; highest 
pt. 2,126 ft.; bat. (Chattanooga) in Tenn. Nov. 24, 1803. 

Loos (16-6s0 town, N France, suburb of Lille, p. comm. 11. 

Lorca (lor'ka) city, SE Spain, 37 m. SW of Murcia, p. 
comm. 71. 

Lorraine (16-ran') Ger. Lothringen (ISt'ring-en) former 
div. of E France, part of which is a dist. in Alsace-Lor- 
raine, Ger. 2,405 □ p. 655. [city, S Cai. p. 319. | 

Los Angeles (los ar/gel-es ; los an'jel-es : Sp. los an'hS-las) j 

Lot (lot) riv. Fr., 300 m. Lozere mts. to Garonne riv. 

Lothians, the (10'tM-dnz ; lo'thi-) div. of Scot, compris- 
ing Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, & Linlithgowshire, 
respectively East, Mid-, & West Lothian. 

Louisburg (loo'is-burg) snt. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, 
p. 1 ; captured 1745 & 1758. 

Louisiana (loo-e'ze'-an'd) state, S U. S. A. 45,409 □ p. 
1,656, # Baton Rouge. [224 ; univ.l 

Louisville (loo'is-vil ; loo'i-vil) city, Ky. on Ohio riv. p.| 

Lourdes (loord) town, SW France, p. comm. 9 ; pilgrimage. 

Lourenco Marques (lo-ren'sS mar'kSs ; Port. 15-reN'sdb 
mar'kesh) spt. $? of Port. E. Af. on Delagoa bay, p. 10. 

Louvain (loo'vaN') city, Brabant prov. Belgium, p. 42. 

Low Countries, the former Netherlands, including the 
present Netherlands, Belgium, and duchy of Luxemburg. 

Lowell (lo'el) city, NE Mass. p. 106. [# Strassburg. 

£ower Alsace, dist. Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. 1,848 Dp. 701, [ 
ower Ammonoosuc (am'S-noo'swk) riv. Coos & Grafton 
cos. N. H. to Conn. riv. [Vienna.! 

Lower Austria, crownland, Austria, 7,654 □ p. 3,532, #| 



Lower California. See California, Lower. 
Lower Canada, old name of Quebec prov. Canada. 
Lowestoft (Id'stSft ; -stof) spt. mun. bor. Suffolk, England, 

p. 34. [govt. Poland, p. y.l 

Lowicz (16'vlch) Russ. Lovich (16'vlcn) town, Warsaw| 
Lualaba (loo'a-la'ba) riv. Belg. Congo, cen. Af. properly 

the Upper Congo. 
Liibeck (lii'bek) city, N Ger., on Trave riv. ; with ter. 115 

D p. 117, city 99 ; city with ter. forms a state of the Ger. 

empire. 
Lublin. See Lyublin. 

Lucania_(lu-ka'ni-d) anc. dist. Italy, S of Campania. 
Lucca (look'ka) city, Tuscany, Italy, p. comm. 76. 
Lucerne (10-sQrn' ; F. lii'sern') Ger. Luzern (ido-tsPrn') 

canton, cen. Switz., 5SJ D p. 168. — its =& p. comm. 40. 
Lucerne, Lake of, in cen. Switz., 24 m. long, 44 Q. 
Lucknow (luk'nouO city, U. Provs. Br. India, p. 260 ; siege 

1357. 
Ludcritzbucht (liiMcr-its-bdoKtO formerly Angra Pe- 

quena (iin'gra. pa-ka'nii ; E. an'grd pe-kwe'nd) coast 

town, S Ger. So_uthwest Africa; diamonds. [p. 83.1 

LudwigshafenGoot'viKs-hli'fCn) town, Bavaria, Germany,! 
Liile— Burgas (liPle-bobr-gas') or — Bergaz C-ber-gaz') 

town, Turkey in Europe, ab. 45 m. SE of Adrianople ; 

battle 1912. 
Lundy's Lane (liin'diz) roadway, near Niagara Falls, On- 
tario prov. Canada ; battle July 25, 1814. 
Luneville (liPni'vcP) town, NE France, communal p. 26. 
Lusitania. See Portugal. [1632 and 1813.1 

Liitzen (lut'sen) town, Saxony prov. Prussia, p. 4 ; battles! 
Luxembourg (liik'saN'bdor') or Luxemburg (luk'sSm- 

burg) prov. SE Belgium, 1,706 □ p. 231, * Arion. 
Luxemburg (luk'sem-bQrg ; Ger. Idoks'em-bdbrK) grand 

duchy, E of Belgium. 993 □ p. 260. — city, its ^ p. 21. 
Luxor (luk'sor ; ldbk'sor) vil. on site of ancient Thebes, 

upper Egypt. [3,799, # Manila. 

Luzon (loo-z5n') chief isl. Philippine islands, 40,969 D p.| 
Lycaonia (llk'a-o'ni-d) anc. Roman prov. S Asia Minor. 
Lycia (lish'i-d) anc. dist. S Asia Minrr. 
Lyck (ltk) town. East Prussia prov. Prussia, p. 13. 
Lydia (lid'i-d) anc. country, W Asia Minor. [p. 29. 

Lynchburg (linch'bGrg) city, cen. Va. on James riv. 5 □ 
Lynn (lin) spt. city, NE Mass. p. 89. 
Lyon (li'Sn ; F. le'oN') Eng. Lyons (IT'wnz) anc. Lugdu'- 

num, city SE France, communal p. 524. 
Lyonnais or Lyonais (le'8'ne') anc. prov. SE France. 
Lyons (h'wnz). See Lyon. [to Scheldt river.l 

Lys (les) Flemish Leye (IT'e) riv. France & Belgium, 100 m.| 
Lystra (lis'trd) town, anc. Lycaonia, Asia Minor. 
Lyublin, Pol. Lublin (lydb'blyen) govt. Poland, Russia, 

6,499 □ p. 1,556. — city, its # p. 63. 



M 



Maas (mas) Du. name of Meuse river. 

Maastricht or Maestricht (mas'triKt) town # of Limburi 

prov. Netherlands, p. comm. 37 ; immense quarries. 
Macao (md-ka/<5) Port. spt. town and colony on pen. ca 

Macao isl. China, at SW entrance of Canton riv. 4 □ p. 75 
Macassar. See Makassar. 
Macedonia (mas'e-do'ni-d) anc. & noted country, N ol 

Greece, now in N Greece, S Serbia, & SW Bulgaria, W & 

S of the Rhodope mts. to the ^Egean sea. 
Maceio (ma'sa-yo') spt. tn., # of Alagoas, Brazil, p. 36. 
McKeesport (md-kez'port) city, W Pa. on Monongahela 

river, p. 43. [of Northwest Ters.l 

Mackenzie (md-ken'zi) former dist. NW Can. now part| 
Mackenzie River, in Northwest Ters. Canada, ab. 900 m. 

Great Slave lake to Arctic ocean, [gan to Lake Huron.) 
Mackinac, Strait of (mak'i-no) 4 m. wide, Lake Michi-) 
McKinley, Mount (md-kin'li), or Bulshaia (bdbl-shi'a) 

63° 5' N lat. 151° W Ion. Alaska, 20,300 ft. ; highest mt. in 

N.Am. 
Macon (ma'kon) city, cen. Georgia, p. 41. 
Macon (ma'koN') anc. Matis'co, tn. E France, p. comm. 20. 
Macquarie (md-kw5r'i) riv. N. S. W., Australia, 750 m. to 

Darling riv. 
Madagascar (mad'a-gas^kdr) isl. Indian ocean, off E coast 

of Africa, 225.934 Q p. 3,105, # Tananarivo ; Fr. col. 
Madeira (md-de'rd; Port, ma-de'e-ra) Port. isl. 34 m. long, 

Atlantic oc. W of Morocco, ab. 300 D. — riv. Brazil, most 

important trib. of Amazon river, length including the 

Mamore ab. 3,100 m. 
Madeira Islands, group, Madeira & 4 other isls. Atl. oc. 

W of Morocco, forming the Port. dist. of Funchal, 315 □ 

p. 170, %: Funchal. 
Madison (mad'i-szin) city, # of Wis. p. 26 ; Univ. of Wis. 
Madras (md-dras') spt. city, ^ of Madras pres. Br. India, 

p. 519. — southern presidency of Br. India, 141,726 D p. 

41,405 : native states, 9,969 □ p. 4,812. 
Madrid (md-drid' ; Sp. pron. ma-dreth') prov. cen. Spain, 

3,090 □ p. 879. — city, its J: & # of Spain, p. 600. 
Madura (mad'db-rd; md-doo^rd) city, S Madras pres. Br. 

India, p. 134.— (.pron. ma-dod'ra) Du. Madoera (-doo'ra) 

isl. (1,726 □) N of E Java. Du. E. Indies, with adjacent 

small isls. a residency, 2,090 □ p. 1,493. 
MaBander. See Menderez. 
Maestricht. See Maastricht. 
Maf eking (maf'e-kingO town, NE Bechuanaland, Cape 

prov. U. of S. Af., near Transvaal, p. 2 ; siege 1899-1900. 
Magdalena (mag/da-la/na) riv. 1,060 m. S Colombia to 

Caribbean sea. [Mexico. 

Magdalena Bay (mag'dd-le'nd) in SW Lower California, 
Magdeburg ( mag'de-bdbrK ; mag'de-burg ) ft. city, # 

Saxony prov. Prussia, p. 280. 
Magellan, Strait of (md-jel'dn or, in British use, md-gSP- 

dn) 200 m. long ; bet. mainland of S. Am. and Tierra del 

Fuego isls. ; disc, by Magellan 1520. 
Magenta (md-jen'td) town, Italy, 15 m. W of Milan, p. 

comm. 10 ; battle 1859. 



to 

°,\ 

of 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; 
Abbreviatioos precede this list. ■*■ capital. 



zh = z in azure. _ Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1154 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



V 



W 



X 



Magersfontein ( ma/gers-f Sn-tan' ) battlefield, 1899, W 

Orange Free State. 
Maggiore, Lago (la'go mad-jo'ra) arte. Verba'nus La'cus, 

laice, N Italy & Switzerland, 40 m. long, 2 m. wide. 
Magna Grascia. See Graecia Magna. 

Magnesia. See Manissa. [Spain, p. comm. 18.1 

Mahon (ma-oa') ft. spt. city, E Minorca isl. Baleares,| 
Main (man ; Ger. pron. mm) riv. Ger., 305 m. to Rhine riv. 
Maine (man) state, NE U. S. A. 29,895 D p. 742, # Augusta. 

— or Le Maine (le man') anc. prov. W France ; its ^ 

was Le Mans. 
Mainland. See Pomona. 
Mainz (mints) or Mayence (ma'yaNs') or Mentz (mSnts) 

anc. Magonti'acum, Mogonti'acum, or Mogun'tia, ft. 

city, Hesse, Ger. on Rhine, p. 111. 
Majorca (md-jor'kd) Sp. Maiiorca (mal-yor'ka) anc. 

Balea'ris Ma'jor, Spanish isl. Largest of Baleares, Medit. 

sea, 1,352 □ p. 257, # Palma. [defeat 1881.1 

Majuba Hill (md-joo'bd) in NW Natal, U. of S. Ai . ; British| 
Makassar or Macassar (md-kas'dr) chief town, SW Cele- 
bes isl. Du. E. Indies, p. 26. — , Strait of, bet. Borneo 

and Celebes islands. 
Malabar (mal'd-bar) dist. west coast S Br. India, in Ma- 
dras pres. 5,795 □ p. (incl. Laccadive isls.) 3,015, %? Calicut. 
Malacca (md-lak'd) British settlement, div. of Straits Set- 
tlements col. W coast Malay pen. 659 □ p. 1^4. — its $? 

a spt. town, p. 21. —Strait of, 35-185 m. wide, bet. 

Malay pen. & Sumatra. 
Malaga (ma'la-ga ; Angl. mal'd-gd) prov. S Spain, 2,812 □ 

p. 523. — anc. MaPaca, its=& a spt. city, 65 m. ENE of 

Gibraltar, p. comm. 136. 
Malakka. Var. of Malacca. [Baltic sea.| 

Malar (ma'lar) lake, 449 □ Sweden, extends 70 m. in from| 
Malay Archipelago (md-la' ; ma'la) or Malaysia (md-la/- 

shd ; -zhd) the largest of isl. groups, SE of Asia ; occupied 

by Malay race. 
Malay Peninsula, anc. Cher'sone'sus Au'rea, the extreme 

S end of mainland of Asia, 70,000 □. [27,700 □ p. 1,036.1 
Malay States, Federated, Br. protectorate, Malay pen.| 
Maiden (mol'den) city, E Massachusetts, p. 44. 
Malines (ma/len') or Mechlin (mek'lin) city, Antwerp 

prov. Belgium, p. 59. 
'Maiiorca. See Majorca. 

Malmo (malm'uO ft. spt. town, S Sweden, p. 88. 
Malplaquet (mal'pla'ke') hamlet, N France ; bat. 1709. 
Malta (mol'td) anc. Mel'ita, isl. 92 D & Brit, colony, Medit. 

sea, 117 D p. 228, ^ Valletta. 
Malvern Hill (maPvern) elevated plateau near Richmond, 

Va. ; battle 1862. 
Mammoth Cave, great cavern, W cen. Ky. 
Mamore (ma'mo-rJ') riv. Bolivia, to Madeira river. 
Mamuret el Aziz (ma' mob-ret' el a/zez') vilayet, in Arme- 
nia, Turkey in Asia, 12,700 □ p. 575, =& Kharput. 
Man, Isle of, anc. Mona'pia or MonarPna, Br. isl. in Irish 

sea, 227 D p. 52, ^: Douglas. [Managua, p. 40.1 

Managua (ma-na'gwa) town, $? of Nicaragua, on Lake| 
Manameh (ma-na'm5) spt. chief town of Bahrein isls. 

Persian gulf, p. 25. [RiQ Negro, p. 65. | 

Manaos (ma-na'5s) town, # of Amazonas state, Brazil, on| 
Manassas (md-nas'ds) town, NE Va. p. 1 ; battles of Bull 

Run (called Manassas by the Confederates) near here, 

July 21, 1861, Aug. 29 & 30, 1862. 
Mancha, La (la man'cha) old prov. S cen. Spain. 
Manchester (man'ches-ter) city, S N. H. p. 70. — city, 

inland port, & county bor. SE Lancashire, England, p. 

714 ; ship canal. 
Manchuria (man-choo'ri-d) Chinese dependency, E of 

Mongolia & Chihli, 363,483 □ p. 13,104, # Mukden. 
Mandalay (manMd-la ; man'dd-la') city, cen. Burma, on 

Irrawaddy riv. p. 138. [Br. India, p. 44.1 

Mangalore (man'gd-lor') spt. # of S. Kanara dist. Madras,] 
Manhattan (man-hat'dn) borough, partof Cityof New York, 

coextensive with Manhattan isl. (13>£ m. long), p. 2,332. 
Manila (md-nlPd ; Sp. ma-ne'la) city, Luzon, # & chief 

port of Phil. isls. on Manila bay, not included in any 

province, 20 □ p. 220. [tie May 1, 1898.1 

Manila Bay, landlocked sea, W Luzon isl. Phil. isls. ; bat-j 
Manipur (mun'e-poorO native state, SE of Assam, India, 

8,456 □ p. 346, * Imphal. 
Manissa (ma'ne-sa) anc. Magne'sia, tn., Smyrna vilayet, W 

Asia Minor, 21 m. NE of Smyrna, p. 38 ; battle 190 B. C. 
Manitoba (man'I-to'bd) prov. S cen. Canada, 251,832 D 

p. 462, =H= Winnipeg. 
Manitoba Lake, in Manitoba, SW of Lake Winnipeg, 120 

m. long, 1,817 D. _ [p. 194.1 

Mannheim (man'him) city L N Baden, Ger. on Rhine riv.| 
Mansfield, Mount (manz'feld) , highest of Green mts. Vt. 

4,364 ft. 
Mans, Le (le maN') town, NW France, communal p. 69. 
Mantua (man'tji-d) It. Mantova (man'to-va) ft. city, 

Lombardy, Italy, on Mincio riv. p. comm. 33. 
Manzanillo (man'sa-nel'yo) spt. city, SW Oriente prov. 

Cuba, p. 16. _ [50. 

Maracaibo (ma'ra-ki'bo) city and fort, NW Venezuela, p.| 
Maracaibo, Gulf of, bet. Goajira pen. Colombia & Vene- 
zuela, [broad. | 
Maracaibo, Lake, in NW Venezuela, 102 m. long, 75 m.| 
Marakesh. See Morocco. 
Maranhao (ma'ran-'youN') state, N Brazil, 177,561 □ p. 

562. — or Sao Luiz de Maranhao (souk' lob-esh' da) 

city, its ^ on Maranhao isl. p. 32. 
Mar anon (ma'ra-nyon') riv. Peru, the upper course of the 

Amazon river. 
Marathon (mar'd-thon) plain, Attica, Greece ; bat. 490 B. C. 
Marburg (mar'bdbrK) town, Styria, Austria, on Drave riv. 

p. comm. 28. — town, Hesse-Nassau prov. Prussia, on 

Lahn riv. p. 22 ; univ. 
March (mane) Croatian Morava (mS-ra'vd) riv. in Mora- 
via & separating Moravia & Lower Austria from Hun- 
gary, 180 m. to Danube riv. 



in New York. [navy yard.l 

Mare Island (mar) in N San Francisco bay, Cal. ; U. S.| 
Maremma (ma-rem'rna) marshy region, Tuscany, W It 
Marengo (md-ren'g5) vil. Piedmont, Italy ; battle 1800 
Margarita (maVgd-re'td) isl. 45 m. long, Caribbean sea, p. 

40 ; to Venezuela. [watering place. I 

Margate (mar'gat) spt. mun. bor. Kent, England, p. 27 ;| 
Mariana (ma're-a'na), or Marianne (-ne), or Ladrone 

(ld-dron') , Islands, group in W Pacific oc. 13°-21° N , 144°- 

146° E, 450 Dp. 14; to Germany, exc. Guam. 
Maria— Thoresiopel. See Szabadka. [58 Dp. 19.1 

Marie— Galante (ma<'re'-ga / laNt') isl. of Guadeloupe col. 
Marietta (ma'ri-et'd ; mar'i- ; 3) city, SE Ohio, at junc. of 

Ohio and Muskingum rivs. p. 13 ; Marietta college. 
Marinduque (ma'ren-dob'ka.) isl. S of Luzon, Phil. isls. 

352 Dp. 51. [& France. I 

Maritime Alps (mar'i-tim ;-tim) S part of Alps bet. Italy | 
Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, & 

Prince Edward Island, Canada. 
Maritsa, Bulg. Marica (ma're-tsa) anc. He'brus, riv. 270 

m. E. Roumelia to ^Egean sea ; lower course forms Turco- 

Bulgarian boundary. 
Marlborough (marPbo-rw ; m6Pbrw) provincial dist. NE 

South Island, N. Z. 4,753 □ p. 16. 
Marmolata (mar'mo-la'ta) or Marmolada (-da) mt. high- 
est of Dolomites, boundary of Tirol & Venetia, 11,020 ft. 
Marmora, Sea of (mar'mS-rd), anc. Propon'tis, sea, 172 m. 

long, in Turkey, bet. Europe and Asia. 
Marne (mam) anc. Mat'rona, riv. France, ab. 325 m. to 

Seine river ; battle 1915. — dept. NE France, 3,168 D p. 

436, # Chalons-sur-Marne. 
Maros (mS'rosh) riv. Hungary, 400 m. to Tisza river. 
Marquesas Islands (mar-ka'sas) group, S Pacific oc. 492 
□ p. 3 ; French. [p. comm. 65.1 

Marsala (mar-sa'la) anc. Lilybse'um, ft. spt. city, W Sicily,) 
Marseilles (mar-salz') Ft. Marseille (mar'sa/y') spt. city, 

SE France, communal p. 551. 
Marshall Islands (mar'shdl) group in Micronesia, N Pacific 

oc. 159 Dp. 15 ; German. 
Marsivan (mar'si-van') tn., Sivas vilayet, Asia Minor, p. 20. 
Mars— la— Tour (mars'-la-toor') vil. NE France ; battle 

near here 1870. 
Marston Moor (mar'stwn) locality, 7 m. W of York, Eng. ; 

Royalists' defeat 1644. 
Marthas Vineyard (mar'thdz) isl. 21 m. long, SE Mass. 
Martinique (mar'ti-nek') isl. & col. Fr. W. Indies, 381 □ 

p. 185, # Fort-de-France. 
Maryland (mer'I-ldnd) a middle Atlantic state, U. S. A. 

9,941 □ p. 1,295, % Annapolis. 
Marylebone, St. (mar'I-le-bon' ; -bun ; colloq. mar'i-bun ; 3) 

met. bor. NW London, England, p. ll8. 
Masampo (ma-sam'po) Jap. Masan (ma'san') naval sta- 
tion, S Korea, p. 23. 
Masbate (mas-ba'ta) isl. cen. Phil. isls. 1,236 O p. 29. 
Masharbrum (mush'dr-brdbm) peak, Himalaya mts. N 

Kashmir, 25,653 ft. 
Mashonaland (md-sho'nd-land') prov. S. Rhodesia, S of 

Zambezi riv. & W of Port. E. Africa, p. 510, # Salisbury. 
Maskat (mfls-kat') or Muscat, spt. city, # of Oman, p. 

with Matra 30. [□ p. 3,366, # Boston.) 

Massachusetts (mas'd-choo'sets) state, NE U. S. A. 8,039j 
Massaua (mas-sou'a) ft. spt. Eritrea, on isl. in Red sea, p. 1. 
Massive Mountain (mas'iv) peak, Sawatch range, Color- 
ado, 14,424 ft. high, the highest mountain in Colorado. 
Massowa, Massowah. Vars. of Massaua. 
Masurenland (ma-zoo'ren-lant) region, S & SE East Prussia 

prov. Prussia, containing the Masurian lakes & Masurian 

canals. 
Matabeleland or Matabililand (mat'd-be'le-landO prov. 

Southern Rhodesia, p. 258, chief town Bulawayo. 
Matanzas (md-tan'zds ; Amer. Sp. ma-tan'sas) prov. Ween. 

Cuba, 3,700 □ p. 260. — spt. city, its ^ p. 36. 
Matapan, Cape (ma'ta-pan') S point of the Morea, Greece. 
Matterhorn (mat'er-horn) or Mont Cervin (m6N' ser'- 

v&n') mt. Alps, Switzerland & Italy, 14,661 ft. 
Matto Grosso (mat'db gros'db) state, W Brazil, 532,684 □ 

p. 142, # Cuyaba. 
Maubege (mo'buzh') ft. town, N France, communal p. 23. 
Maulmain. See Moulmein. [Pacific ocean. I 

Mauna Kea (mou'na ka'a) mt. 13,805 ft. Hawaii isl. N| 
Mauna Loa (mou'na lo'a) volcano, 13,671 ft. Hawaii isl. 
Mauretania (mo're-ta'ni-d) or Mauritania (mo'ri-) anc. 

country or dist. N Africa, W of Numidia ; modern Moroc- 
co and part of Algeria. — Ft. Mauritania (mo''re / ta / ne , ) 

ter. N of Senegal river, Fr. W. Af. 345,000 □ p. 225. 
Mauritius (m6-rish'T-ws ; -rish'ws) form. lie de France 

(el de fraNs') isl. Indian ocean, E of Madagascar, Br. 

col. 720 D p. 369, # Port Louis. 
Mayagiiez (ma'ya-gwas') spt. tn. W Porto Rico, p. 17. 
May, Cape, S point of N. J. at entrance to Delaware bay. 
Mayence_. See Mainz. [□ p. 192.1 

Mayo (ma'o) maritime co. Connaught prov. Ireland, 2,157| 
Mayotta (ma-y5t'd) Fr. Mayotte (ma/yof) isl. N of Mada- 
gascar, 143 □ p. 10 ; Fr. 
Mazagan (maz'a-gan') spt. Morocco, on Atl. coast, p. 25. 
Mazatlan (ma'sa-tlan') spt. tn., Sinaloa, W Mexico, p. 16. 
Meadville (med'vil) city, NW Pa. p. 13 ; Allegheny col. and 

Meadville Theological school. 
Meaux (mo) tn., N Fr., 27 m. ENE of Paris, p. comm. 14. 
Mecca or Mekka (mek'd) anc. Macora'ba, city, # of Hejaz, 

Arabia, p. 80 ; birthplace of Mohammed ; pilgrimage. 
Mechanicsville (me-kan'iks-vil) locality, near Richmond, 

Va. ; battle 1862. 
Mechlin (me"k'lin). See Malines. 
Mecklenburg — Schwerin ( mSklen-bdbrK— shva-ren' ; 

mak'-) grand duchy, a state of Ger., 5,068 □ p. 640, * 

Schwerin. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1155 



Mecklenburg— Strelitz (-shtra'lits) grand duchy, a state 
of Germany, 1,131 □ p. 106, ^= Neustrelitz. [71. | 

Medellin (ma'fcbSl-yen') city, NW Colombia, p. mun. dist.j 

Medford (med'ferd) city, E Mass. p. 23 ; Tufts college. 

Media (me'di-d) anc. country, Asia, now in N & W Persia. 

Medicine Hat.city, SE Alberta, Canada, p. 6. 

Medina (ma-de'na) city, Arabia, ab. 210 m. N by W of 
Mecca, p. 40 ; pilgrimage ; Mohammed's tomb. 

Mediterranean Sea (med'i-ter-a'ne-dn) inland sea, in- 
closed by Europe, Asia, and Africa, 2,330 m. long ; inch 
Adriatic sea, 1,007,220 □. [vineyards. I 

M§doc (ma'dSk/) dist. in NW dept. Gironde, SW France ;| 

Meerut (me'rut) city. United Provinces, Br. India, p. 116. 

Megara (meg-'d-rd) town of Megaris (-ris) , a dist. of Isth- 
mus of Corinth, anc. Greece. [duchy, Ger. p. 17.1 

Meiningen (mi'ning-en) town, # of Saxe-Meiningenl 

Mekinez (mek'i-nez) city, a # of Morocco, 37 m. WSVV of 
Fez, p. 24. 

Mekong (ma'kSng') river (kong), ab. 2,600 m. Tibet through 
Yunnan and Indo-China (forming much of E Siamese 
boundary) to China sea in Cochin China. 

Melanesia (mel/d-ne'shl-d; -shd) isls. in Pacific oc. NE of 
Australia ; so called from black color of natives. 

Melbourne (mel'bwrn) city # of Victoria, & temporary =H= 
of Australia, p. 104 with suburbs 589. [p. 5.1 

Melos (me'los) or Milo (me'lo) isl. Cyclades, Greece, 57 □! 

Melrose (mel'roz) burgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland, p. 2 : 
ruins of abbey. [Baffin bay. 

Melville Bay (mgl'vil) inlet, Greenland, near head of| 

Melville Island, isl. 200 m. by 130 m. Can., in Arctic oc. 

Melville Peninsula, 250 m. long, N Canada, bet. Fox 
channel & Gulf of Boothia. 

Memel (ma'mel) riv. See Niemen. 

Memphis (mSm'fis) city & Miss. riv. port, SW Tenn. p. 
131. — anc. city, ^ of anc. Egypt, on Nile, 12 m. Sof Cairo. 

Memphremagog, Lake (mem'fre-ma'gSg) in Vt. & Can- 
ada, ab. 30 m. long. 

Menai Strait (men'I) 13 m. long, Wales ; two bridges. 

Menarn (ma-nam') river {nam), Siam, S Asia, over 750 m. 
to Gulf of Siam. 

Menderez (men'der-ez) anc. Ma^an'der. riv. 240 m. Asia 
Minor, Konia vilayet to ^Egean sea opp. Samos. — anc. 
Scaman'der, riv. Asia Minor, 60 m. long, Mt. Ida to 
Dardanelles. [its # p. 55.1 

Mendoza (men-do'sa) prov. Argentina, 56,502 Q p. 225. — | 

Menton (maN'toN') It. Mentone (men-to'na) tn.,SEFr., 
on Medit. sea, p. comm. 18 ; famous health resort. 

Mentz. See Mainz. 

Mercia (mur'shi-d) anc. kingdom, cen. England. 

Mfirida (ma're-tba) city, # of Yucatan state, Mexico, p. 62. 

Meriden (mer'i-den) city, S cen. Conn. p. 27 ; silverware. 

Merionethshire (meVi-on'eth-sher) co. N Wales, 660 □ 
p. 46, X Dolgelly. [flows into Atlantic ocean. I 

Merrimack River (meVi-mak), N.H.&Mass. 110 m. long, | 

Mersey (mQr'zi) riv. Eng., 70 m. long, Derbyshire to Irish sea. 

Merthyr Tydfil (mur'ther tid'vll ; Welsh tud'vil) county 
bor. Glamorganshire, Wales, p. 81. [NE Persia, p. 70.1 

Meshed (me-shed') properly Mashhad (mash-had') city,| 

Mesopotamia (mes / 6-po'-ta , mi-d) region, Asia, between 
Euphrates &_Tigris rivers. 

Messina (me-se'nd) prov. NE Sicily, Italy, 1,246 □ p. 517. 
— anc. Gr. Zan'kle.Z/. Messa'na, spt. its # p. comm. 127 
earthquake 1908. [bet. Sicily & Italy. 

Messina, Strait of, anc. Sic'ulum Fre'tum, 2^-12 m. wide, 

Metz (mets ; F. m?s) anc. Divodu'rum, later Me'diomat'rici 
& Me'tis, ft. city, # of Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine ter. 
Germany, p. 69. 

Meurthe— et— Moselle (murt'-a-mS/zSl') dept. E France, 
2,037 □ p. 565, =fc Nancy. 

Meuse (muz ; E. muz) riv. NE France, Belgium, & Nether- 
lands, 575 m. to North sea. See Maas. — dept. NE 
France, 2,409 □ p. 278, % Bar-le-Duc._ 

Mexico ( mek'_si-ko)_ Sp. Mexico (ma'he-ko) Mex. Sp. 
Mexico ( ma/he-ko ) republic, S N. America, 767,259 
□ p. 15,152. ; — state, in the same, 9,231 □ p. 990, # To- 
luca. — city, # of Federal Dist. & of Mexico rep. p. 471. 

Mexico, Gulf of (mek'si-ko) on SE coast of North America, 
ab. 716,000 D. [comm. 10.1 

Mezieres (ma'zyar') ft. tn. NE Fr. 47 m. NE of Reims, p.| 

Mhow (mou) town, Central India, p. 36 ; Br. cantonment. 

Miami, or Great Miami, River (mi-am'I), 158 m. long, W 
Ohio to Ohio riv. [2,810, %? Lansing.! 

Michigan (mish'i-gdn) state, N cen. U. S. A. 57,480 □ p.| 

Michigan, Lake, bet. Wis. & Mich. 22,336 □ ; one of the 
five Great Lakes. [992, # Morelia.l 

Michoacan (me-cho'a-kanO state, W Mexico, 22,623 D p. I 

Micronesia (ml'krS-ne'shi-d ; -shd) the Ladrone, Caroline, 
Marshall, and other isls. of Pac. oc, E of Philippine isls. 

Middle Congo, colony, a div. of Fr. Equatorial Af., # 
Brazzaville. 

Middlebury (mld''l-be'r-i) , vil. W cen. Vt. p. 2 ; Middle- 
bury col. [p. 105.1 

Middlesbrough (mid''lz-brw) co. bor. Yorkshire, England,! 

Middlesex (mid''l-s?ks) metropolitan co. England, adminis- 
trative co. 236 □ p. 1,126. 

Middletown, town & city, cen. Conn, on Conn. riv. town 
p. 21, city p. 12 ; Wesleyan university. 

Mid— Lothian. See Lothians, the ; see Edinburghshire. 

Milan (mil'dn ; mT-lan') It. Milano (me-la'no) prov. Lom- 
bardy, Italy, 1,221 □ p. 1,727. — anc. Mediola'num, city, 
its ^= p. 599 ; celebrated cathedral. 

Miletus (mT-le'tWs) ruined city, W coast of Asia Minor. 

Milo (me'15) See Melos. [of Wis. p. 374.1 

Milwaukee (mil-wo'ke) city & lake port.SE Wis. chief city| 

Minas de Riotinto (me'nasdare'6-ten'to) town, SW Spain, 
p. comm. 13 ; copper mines. 

Minas Geraes (me'nash zha-rish') inland state, E Brazil, 
221,952 □ p. 3,960. # Bello Horizonte. [ D p. 500. 

Mindanao (mln'da-na'S) isl. S Philippine islands, 36,292| 

Mindoro (men-do'ro) isl. cen. Phil. isls. 3,851 D p. 28. 



Minho (men'ydb) Sp. Mino (men'yo) anc. Min'ius, riv- 
Spain & Portugal, 171 m. Galicia prov. to Atl. oc. — 
properly Entre— Douro— e— Minho (eN'tra-dc^rdb-a-men'- 
ydb) prov. NW Portugal, 2,808 D p. 1,290. [of Minn.! 

Minneapolis (min'e-ap'5-lis) city, E Minn. p. 301 ; Univ.| 

Minnesota (min'5-so'td) state, N cen. part of U. S. A. in 
upper Mississippi valley, 80,858 □ p. 2,076, % St. Paul. 

Minorca (ml-nor'kd) Sp. Menorca (ma-n6r'ka) isl. Bale- 
aric group, Spain, in Medit. sea, 264 □ p. 42, # Mahon. 

Minsk (mensk) govt. W Russia, 35,220 □ p. 2,869. — its # 
p. 110. [land, 83 D; Fr.' 

Miquelon (mik'e-lSn^; me'k'-loN') two isls. S of Newfounu- 

Mirzapur (mer'za-poor') city, United Provs. Br. India, on 
Ganges p. 55. [anc. Mise'num.l 

Miseno (me-ze'no) promontory, Naples prov. Italy ; site ot| 

Misiones (me-syo'nas) ter. NE Argentina, 11,282 D p. 45. 

Miskolcz (mish'kolts) city, N cen. Hungary, 20 D p. 51. 

Missionary Ridge (mish'wn-a-ri) mt. 1,027 ft. Tenn. & 
Ga. near Chattanooga ; battle 1863. 

Mississippi (mis'I-sip'I) riv. U. S. A. ab. 2,500 m. long, 
from Minn, to Gulf of Mexico. — state, S U. S. A. 46,362 
D p. 1,797, % Jackson. [died here. 

Missolonghi (mis'o-lSn'ge) town, W Greece, p. 8 ; Byron 

Missoula (mi-zoo'ld) city, W Mont. p. 13 ; Univ. of Mont. 

Missouri (ml-soo'ri ; mi-zoo'r! ; locally often ml-zoo'rd) 
riv. U. S. A. ab. 3,000 m. Rocky mts. to Mississippi riv. 

— state, cen. U. S. A. 68,727 □ p. 3,293, # Jefferson City. 
Misti (mes/te) mt. over 19,000 ft., NE of Arequipa, Peru. 
Mitau (me'tou) Russ. Mitava (me-tii'va) town, $? of Kur- 

land govt. Russia, 25 m. SW of Riga, p. 39. 
Mitchell, Mt. (mich'el), one of Black mts. W N. C. high- 
est of Appalachians, 6,711 ft. [of Prishtina, p. 16. 
Mitrovitsa (me'trS-vet'sa) tn., W cen. Serbia, 22 m. NW 
Moab (mo'ab) anc. kingdom, Syria, E of Dead sea. 
Mobile (mC-beP) city & port, SW Ala. on Mobile river & 

bay, p. 52 ; cotton trade. [1864.1 

Mobile Bay, in SW Ala. 30 m. long ; naval battle, Aug. 5,| 
Mocha or Mokha (mo'kd; Arabic mo'Ka) spt. S Yemen, 

Arabia, on Red sea. [battle 1899. 

Modder (mSd'er) riv. Orange Free State, trib. of the Vaal ; 
Modena (rno'da-na) ft. city, Emilia, N Italy, p. comm. 71. 
Moesia (me'shi-d) anc. country & Roman prov. SE Europe. 
Mogador (mog'd-dor'; 57) ft. city & spt. Morocco, on 

Atl. oc. p. 22. [riv. at Cohoes.'j 

Mohawk River (mo'hok) in cen. N.Y. 175 m. to Hudson| 
Moldau (mol'dou) riv. Bohemia, Austria, 270 m. to Elbe riv. 
Moldavia (mol-da'vi-d) Roum. Moldova (mol-do'va) div. of 

Roumania, NEpart, 14,759 D p. 2,145, chief town, Jassy. 
Molenbeek— Saint— Jean (mS'laN/bak'-saN'-zhaN') suburb 

of Brussels, Belgium, p. 73. 
Molfetta (m&'l-fet'ta) spt. town, Apulia, Italy, on Adriatic 

sea, p. comm. 43. 
Molokai (mo'lo-ka'e) isl. Hawaii ter. 261 Dp. 2; leper 

colony. 
Moluccas (mo-liik'dz) , or Molukkas, or Spice Islands, 

isls. between Celebes and New Guinea, Du. E. Indies, 

21,522 D p. 375. [torate, p. 27.1 

Mombasa (mom-ba'sa) isl. & spt. town, East Af. Protec-| 
Mona (mo'na). See Anglesey. 
Monaco (m5n'd-k5) ind. principality (M D p. 19) & city 

(p. 3) in SE France. [Rico, W. Indies. I 

Mona Passage (mo'na) 80 m. wide, bet. Haiti & Portol 
Monastir (mcWds-ter>) or Bitolia (bi-to'li-d) city, S Ser- 
bia, p. 45. 
Moncton (munk'tzm) tn., SE New Brunswick, Can., p. 11. 
Monfalcone (mon'fal-ko'na.) ft. town, Gorz and Gradisca, 

Austria, p. comm. 8. 
Mongolia (mon-go'li-d) dependency of China, lat. 37°-53° 

N, Ion. 88°-126° E, estimated area 1,076,294 D p. 1,800; 

chief city Urga. 
Monmouth Courthouse (mSn'mMth), former name of 

Freehold, N. J. ; gives name to battle of Monmouth, June 

28, 1778. 
Monmouthshire (mon'muth-sher ; mun'-) or Monmouth, 

co. England, bordering on S Wales, 546 D p. 396, X Mon- 
mouth (p. 5). [Maryland.l 
Monocacy (mo-nSk'd-si) battlefield (1864) near Frederick,! 
Monongahela (mo-non'gd-he'ld ; -ha'ld) riv. W. Va. to 

Ohio riv. at Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Monrovia (mSn-ro'vi-d) spt. # of Liberia, p. 8. 
Mons ( moNs) town, W Belgium, p. comm. 28 ; battle 1915. 
Montana (mon-ta'nd, - -tan'd) state, NW U. S. A. 146,201 

□ p. 376, # Helena. 
Montauk Point (m5n-tok') E end of Long Island, N. Y. 
Monte Carlo (mon'ta kar'lo ; E. mSn'te) town, Monaco, 

p. 4 ; gamblingresort. 
Montenegro (-na'gro ; Angl. mSn'te-ne'gro) native Crna- 

gora (tser'na-go'ra) kingdom, NW Balkan pen. Europe, 

5,475 □ p. 435, # Cetinje. 
Monterey (mon'te-ra') city, W Cal. p. 5 ; original # of Cal. 

— Sp. Monterrey (mon'ter-ra') city ; # of Nuevo Leon 
state, Mexico, p. 79. 

Montevideo (mon'te-vid'e-o ; Sp. pron. mon'ta-ve-tha'o) 

spt. city, ife of Uruguay, p. 309. [Alabama riv. p. 38.1 

Montgomery (raont-gum'er-i ; munt-1 city, =& of Ala. on| 
Montgomeryshire (-sher) or Montgomery, co. E Wales, 

797 □ p. 53, X Montgomery (p. 1). 
Montpelier (mont-pel'yer) city, # of Vermont, p. 8. 
Montpellier ( mSN/pe'lya' ) city, S Fr., p. comm. 80 : univ. 
Montreal (mSnt/re-ol' ; miint'-) city & port, S Quebec 

prov. on St. Lawrence riv. p. 470 ; chief city of Canada ; 

McGill univ. 
Montserrat (mSnt'sS-rat') isl. & pres. Br. Leeward Islands 

col. 32 □ p. 12. [53.1 

Monza (m5n'tsa) tn., Milan prov.Lombardy, It., p. comm. | 
Moon, Mountains of the. See Ruwenzori. 
Moosehead Lake (moos'hSd') in W cen. Maine, 36 m. long. 
Moosejaw (moos'joO city, S Saskatchewan, Canada, p. 14. 
Mopsuestia (mop'su-eVchl-d) anc. tn., Cilieia, Asia Minor. 
Moradabad (mS-rad'a-bad') city.U. Provs. Br. India, p. 81. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Abbreviations precede this list. $t capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals. 



in Guide to Pronunciation.' 
p. population in thousands. 



N 



1156 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



u 



Morava (mS'ra-va) riv. Austria. See March. — anc. Mar'- 

gus, riv. 260 m. Serbia, trib. of Danube. 
Moravia (mo-ra/vi-d) Ger. Mahren (ma'ren) crownland, 

N Austria, 8,580 D p. 2,622, # Brunn. 
Moray (mur'a) . See Elginshire. 
Morea (mo-re'd) anc. Peloponnesus (pel'o-po-ne'sws) S pen. 

Greece, 160 m. long, 100 m. wide, 8,689 □. [p. 40. 

Morelia (mo-ra'lya) city, ^ of Michoacan state, Mexico, | 
Morelos (-m'los) state, S Mex., 1,896 □ p. 180, # Cuerna- 

vaca. [of W. Va.l 

Morgantown (mor'gdn-toun) city, N W. Va., p. 9 ; Univ.| 
Morocco (m5-r6k>o) sultanate, NW Africa, 219,000, p. 

3,000, mostly under Fr., in part under Sp., protection ; 

capitals, Fez (the principal), Morocco, and Mekinez. — ■ 

or Marakesh_( ma/ra-kesh') city, S # of Morocco, p. 60. 
Moscow (mos'ko) city, NW Idaho, p. 4 ; Univ. of Idaho. — 

Russ. Moskva (mos-kva/) city, cen. Russia, former #, p. 

1,618. [Fr., to Rhine riv.l 

Moselle (mo-zel') anc. MosePla, riv. 320 m. dept. Vosges,| 
Mostar (mos'tar) dist. coextensive with the Herzegovina, 

p. 267. — town, its ^ on Narenta riv. p. 16. 
Mosul (mo'sodl') vilayet, Mesopotamia, Turkey, 35,130 D 

p. 351. — its # on Tigris riv. 220 m. NNW of Bagdad, p. 

70 ; ruins of Nineveh near. [p. 40.1 

Motherwell (muth'er-wel) burgh, Lanarkshire, Scotland,) 
Moukden. See Mukden. 
Moulmein (mol'man') or Maulmain (mol'man') town, 

Lower Burma, p. 48. [long, 8 m. wide. 

Mount Desert (de-zurt' ; dez'ert) isl. coast of Me. 14 m.l 
Mount Vernon (vur'nun) city, SE N. Y. p. 31. — home of 

Washington, in Va. on Potomac riv. 15 m. below Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
Mozambique (mo'zam-bek>) N prov. of Port. E. Africa, 

from Zambezi riv. N to Cape Delgado. p. 1,500. — its ^= 

on isl. in Mozambique channel, p. 8. [car from E Af.l 
Mozambique Channel, 950 m. long, separates Madagas-| 
Muir Glacier (mur) 350 D_S Alaska, at 59° N, 136° W. 
Mukden or Moukden (mook/den') walled city, # of Man- 
churia & of Shengking prov. p. 158 ; battle Feb. 28- 

Mar. 10, 1905. 
Mulhacen (mool'a-than') or Muley— Hacen (moo-la'e-a- 

than') mt. Sierra Nevadas, Granada, S Spain, 11,421 ft. 
Mulhausen (mul'hou'zen) tn., Alsace-Lorraine, Ger., p. 95. 
Miilheim an der Ruhr ( mul'him an derroor') town, 

Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 113. [Scotland, p. 5. 

Mull (mul) isl. 30 m. long, 25 m. broad, Hebrides isls. W| 
Multan (mdbl'tanO ft. city, Punjab, Br. India, p. 99. 
Munchen— Gladbach (miin'Ken-glat'baK) town, Rhine 

Prov. Prussia, p. 66. 
Munich (mu'nik) Ger. Munchen (miin'Ken) city, # of 

Bavaria, Germanv, on Isar river, p. 596 : university. 
Munster (mun'ster) prov. S Ireland, 9,481 □ p. 1,033. 
Munster (mun'ster) city, # of Westphalia prov. Prussia, 

p. 90. 
Murcia (mur'shi-d ,* Sp. moor'thya) prov. SE Spain, 4,370 

□ p. 615. — its =& P- comm. 125. 

Murfreesboro (mur'frez-bur-o) city, cen. Tenn. p. 5 ; bat- 
tle (Stone River) Dec. 31, 18G2, & Jan. 2, 1863. 

Murman Coast (moor-man') Arctic coast of Russia W of 
White sea. 

Murray (mur'i) chief riv. Australia, bet. Victoria & New 
S. Wales to Lake Alexandrina in S. Australia, 1,520 m. 

Murrumbidgee (mur'um-bid'je) riv. N. S. W. Australia, 
1,350 m. long, to Murray riv. 

Muscat. See Maskat. 

Muscovy (miis'ko-vi.) an old name of Russia. [Asia, p. 27.1 

Mush (moosh) town. Bitlis vilayet, Armenia, Turkey in j 

Mustagh (moos'taK/) or Karakoram Range (ka'ra-kS'- 
riim) Himalayan mt. range (tagh) , Kashmir ; highest peak, 
Godwin- Austen, 28,250 ft. [tan, ab. 25,800 ft. 

Mustagh Ata (moos'taK' a'ta') peak.W Chinese Turkes-| 

Muttra (mut'rd) city. United Provs. Br. India, p. 60. 

Muzo (moo'so) town, cen. Colombia, p. mun. dist. 3: 
emeralds. [Northern Rhodesia, f 

Mweru (mwa'roo) lake, 80 m. long, Belgian Congo &| 

Mycenae (mT-se'ne) ruined city, Argolis, Greece. 

Myra (mT'rd) city, anc. Lycia, Asia Minor ; ruins, rock tombs. 

Mysia (mish'i-d) anc. country, NW Asia Minor. 

Mysore (mi-sor') native state, S India, 29,444 □ p. 5,806. 
— its:& p. 71. 

Mytilene (mit'i-le'ne ; mod. Gr. mit'i-lye'nye) anc. Les'- 
bos, Gr. isl. in ^Egean sea, off NW coast of Asia Minor, 
676 D p. 130. — or Kastro (kas'tro) its # p. 53. 

N 

Nagasaki (na'ga-sa/ke) spt. city, W Kiushu isl. Jap., p. 178. 

Nagoya (na'go'ya) city, S Honshu, Japan, p. 402. 

Nagpur (nag'poorO or Nagpore (nag'por') city, # of Cen- 
tral Provs. and Berar, Br. India, p. 135. 

Nagy— Varad (nod'y'-va'rod) Ger. Grosswardein (gros'- 
var-din') city, cen. Hungary, 37 m. SE of Debreczen, 19 

□ p. 64. [X Nairn (p. 5).| 
Nairnshire (narn'sher) or Nairn, co. Scotland, 1G2 □ p. 9,| 
Nairobi (nl-r5'be) tn., # of E. Af . prot., ab. 37° E, 1° S, p. 14. 
Namangan (na'man-gan') town, Fergana govt. Russia in 

Asia, p. 103. 
Namaqualand (na-ma'kwa-) or Namaland (na'ma-land' ; 

Ger. -lant') S part of German Southwest Africa. 
Namur (na'miir') prov. S Belgium, 1,413 □ p. 363. — ft. 

city, its % p. 32 ; battle 1915. 
Nanchang (nan'chang') city, # of Kiangsi prov. China, p. 

300. [munal p. 120. 

Nancy (nan'si ; F. pron. naN'se') city, NE France, com-| 
Nanda Dovi (nun'da da've) peak, Himalaya mts. United 

Provs. Br. India, 25,661 ft. ; highest mt. in Br. India. 
Nanga Parbat (nur/gd pflr'but) peak (parbat), Himalaya 

mts. NW Kashmir, 26,614 ft. 
Nanking (nan'king') or Nankin, i. e. "Southern Capital," 

city & treaty port, =X= of Kiangsu prov. China, p. 267. 



Nan Ling (nan' ling') OT Nan Shan (nan 7 shan') i. e. 
"Southern Range," mts. S China. 

Nan Shan ( shan' ) mt. range ( shan ) , Koko Nor (NE Tibet) 
& Kansu prov. China. — mts. S China. See Nan Ling. 

Nantes (nants ; F. pron. naNt) city, NW France, on Loire 
river, communal p. 171. [Mass. I 

Nantucket (nan-tuk'et ; -it) isl. in Atlantic oc. 15 m. long,| 

Naples (na'p'lz) It. Napoli (na'po-le) anc. Neap'olis, city, 
Campania, on N side of Bay of Naples, p. comm. 678. ^, 
Bay of, inlet, 22 m. long, of Medit. sea, SW Italy. 

Narbada (niir-bud'a) riv. India, 801 m. Central India to 
Gulf of 'Cambay. 

Narenta (na-ren'ta) anc. Na'ro, riv. Herzegovina, 140 m. 

Narew, Russ. Narev (na'ref) riv. 300 m. Grodno govt. 
Russia, to Bug river. [Rhode Island. | 

Narragansett Bay (nar'd-gan'set), sea inlet, 28 m. long,[ 

Narrows, the, strait bet. Long Island & Staten Island, N. Y. 

Naseby (naz'bi) par. Northamptonshire, Eng. ; bat. 1645. 

Nashville (nash'vil) city, # of Tenn. p. 110 ; battle Dec. 
15-16, 1864 : Vanderbilt univ. ; Fisk univ. 

Nassau (nas'o) city, # of Bahama isls. p. 5, on New Provi- 
dence isl. — (G. na'sou ; F. na/so') former duchy of Ger- 
many, now in Hesse-Nassau. 

Natal (nd-tal') prov. Union of South Africa, 35,290 □ p. 
1,194, # Pietermaritzburg. —spt. #of Rio Grande do Nor- 
te, Brazil, p. 16. 

Natchez (nach'ez) city, SW Miss, on Mississippi riv. p. 12. 

Naucratis (no'krd-tis) Gr. city of anc. Egypt, Nile delta. 

Navarino (na'va-re'no) or Pylos (p§1<5s ; anc. pi'los) or 
Neokastro (na'd-kas'trS) ft. spt. town, SW Morea, 
Greece ; naval battle 1827. 

Navarre (nd-var') former kingdom, SW Fr. & adjacent Sp. 

Naxos (nak'sSs) or Naxia (nak-se'a) ^Egean isl. Cyclades, 
163 □ p. 16. 

Nazareth (naz'd-reth) town, Palestine, 20 m. SE of Acre, 
p. 7. — (pron. na'za-reV) town, Pernambuco state, Bra- 
zil, p. 11. [Essex, Eng. | 

Naze, the (naz) in Norway. See Lindesnas. — headland, EJ 

Nebo, Mount. See Pisgah. 

Nebraska (ne-bras'kd) state, cen. U. S. A. 76,808 □ p. 1,192, 
# Lincoln. [India, p. 57.) 

Negapatam ( neg'd-pd-tam' ) spt. SE Madras pres. Br.| 

Negri Sembilan (na'gre sem'be-lan') union of native states 
forming a state of the Federated Malay States, 2,600 D 
p. 131, # Seremban. 

Negro, Rio (Sp. Rio) (re'o na'gro) riv. Rio Negro ter. Ar- 
gentina, 630 m. Andes to Atlantic ocean. — riv. Colombia 
to Amazon riv. 

Negros (na'gros) isl. one of Philippine isls. 4,881 □ p. 461. 

Nejd (ngjd) or Nedjed (ned'jed) Wahabi country, cen. 
Arabia, ^ Riad. 

Nelson (nel'swn) provincial dist. N South Isl. New Zealand, 
10,269 □ p. 48. — riv. Manitoba, Can., Lake Winnipeg to 
Hudson bay, 500 m. ; incl. Saskatchewan riv. 1,450 m. 

Nepal (ne-p6P) Himalayan kingdom bet. Br. India & Tibet, 
54,000 □ p. 4,000(?), * Katmandu; Br. sphere of inn. 

Nerbudda (ner-bfld'd). See Narbada. 

Nero Deep, submarine depression, near Guam, Pacific oc. 
ab. 31,614 ft. deep. 

Netherlands (nefcb/er-ldndz) Dutch Nederland (na'der- 
lanf) called also Holland (hSl'dnd) kingdom, W Europe, 
12,741 □ p. 5,853 J # The Hague. [11,165 ft. 

Netnou, Pic de (pek de na/too') highest peak of Pyrenees,! 

Netley ( nSt'li ) vil. Hampshire, Eng. ; abbey ruins, mil. 
hospital. 

Neuchatel (nu/sha'tSl') form. Neufchatel, Ger. Neuen- 
burg (noi'en-bdbrK) canton, NW Switzerland, 312 D p. 
133. — ■ its # p. comm. 24. 

Neufchatel ( nil'sha'tgl' ) town, N France, p. comm. 4; 
famed for its cheese. — See Neuchatel. 

Neuilly—sur— Seine ( nu'ye'-sur'-san' ) comm. N France, 
near Paris, p. 45. 

Neukolln (noi'kQln') form. Rixdorf (riks'dorf) S sub. of 
Berlin, Ger. p. x 237. 

Neupest. See Ujpest. [isl. of Bismarck arch.j 

Neu— Pommern( noi'-pSm'ern) form. New Britain, largest] 

Neuquen (na'db-kan') ter. W Argentina, 42,345 □ p. 29. 

Neustria (nus'tri-d) kingdom of the Western Franks. 

Neuve— Chapelle(nllv / -sha / peK) vil. NFrance, near Bethune. 

Neuville— Saint— Vaast (nu/veP-san'-vasf) vil. N France, 
near Arras, p. 1. 

Neva (ne'vd ; Russ. nyS-va/) riv. Russia, Lake Ladoga to 
Gulf of Finland. [# Carson City.l 

Nevada (ne-va'dd) state, U. S. A.Wof Ut. 109,821 □ p. 82, | 

Nevers (ne-var') anc. No'viodu'num, city, cen. Fr. p. 
comm. 28 ; cathedral. [p. 13.1 

Nevis (ne'vis ; nev'is) isl. Leeward Isls. col. W. Indies, 50 D| 

New Amsterdam (am'ster-dam) the Dutch city on Man- 
hattan isl. which became New York. 

Newark (nu'erk) city, NE N. J. p. 347. 

New Bedford (bed'ferd) spt. city, SE Massachusetts, p. 97. 

New Britain (brif'n) city, cen. Conn. p. 44. — See Neu- 
Pommern. 

New Brunswick (brunz'wik) city, E N. J. on Raritan riv. 
p. 23 ; Rutgers college. — prov. E Canada, 27,985 □ p. 
352, ^ Fredericton. 

Newburg (nu'burg) city, SE N. Y. on Hudson river, p. 28. 

New Caledonia (kal'e-do'ni-d) isl. S Pacific ocean, with 
Loyalty isls. 7,654_D p. 70, # Numea ; Fr. penal col. 

New Castile (kas-tel') old prov. cen. Spain. 

New Castle, city, W Pa. on Shenango river, p. 36. 

Newcastle upon Tyne (nu'kasH or m£-kas''l w-pSn'tTn') 
anc. Pons ^E'lii, city & co. bor. X of Northumberland co. 
England, p. 267. 

Newchwang or Niuchwang (nu'ehwang*) called also 
Yingkow (ying'ko') or Yingtse (ying'tse') treaty port, 
Manchuria, at mouth of Liao riv. p. 61. — City, city, 
Manchuria, 30 m. up Liao riv. p. 52. 

New England, states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, & Connecticut, U. S. A. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fern, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1157 



Newfoundland (nu'fwnd-land' ; nu'fwn(d)-land' ; nu'- 
found'land' ; the local pronunciation differs among the edu- 
cated, but the primary accent is never on second syllable lo- 
cally) isl. colony, Brit. N . Am. 42,734 □ p. 239, # St. John's. 

New Granada (grd-na'dd) earlier name for the country of 
Colombia ; Venezuela & Ecuador were once included. 

New Guinea (gin'I) or Papua (pa'poo-a ; pap'Q-d) large 
isl. Malay arch. N of Australia, 310,349 D p. ab. 9G2 : 
Du. Ger. & Br. 

New Hampshire (hamp'shir) one of New England states, 
U. S. A. 9,031 □ p. 431, # Concord. [univ.l 

New Haven (ha'v'n) spt. city, S cen. Conn. p. 134; Yale| 

New Hebrides (heb'ri-dez) isls. S Pacific oc. W of Fiji, 
5,100 □ p. ab. 70 ; joint Br. & Fr. administration. 

New Jersey (jur'zi) state, E U. S. A. 7,514 D p. 2,537, =fc 
Trenton. [riv. p. 20.1 

New London (lun'dwn) spt. city, SE Conn, on Thames! 

Newmarket (nu'mar'ket or nQ'mar'ket) town, Suffolk & 
Cambridgeshire, England, p. 10 ; races. 

New Mexico (mek'si-ko) state, SW U. S. A. 122,503 □ p. 
327, # Santa Fe. 

New Nether land (nefch'er-ldnd) the name under the Dutch 
of ter. now mainly in the state of New York. 

New Orleans (or'le-dnz) city & port, SE La. on Mississippi 
riv. p. 339 ; cotton mart ; bat. Jan. 8, 1815 ; Tulane univ. 

Newport (nii'port) spt. city, SE R. I. p. 27 ; watering place. 
— county bor. Monmouthshire, Eng., p. 84. [p. 20.1 

Newport News, city, SE Va. near mouth of James riv. 2 D| 

New South Wales, state, SE Australia, 309.4GO □ p. 1.G47, 
with civilized full-blooded aboriginals 1,649, # and chief 
city Sydney. 

Newton (nu'twn) city, E Mass. suburb of Boston, p. 40. 

New York, one of Middle Atl. states, U. S. A. 47,654 □ p. 
9,114, $? Albany. — , City of, spt. city, largest city of 
W hemisphere, SE N. Y. at mouth of Hudson riv. p. 
4,767 ; comprises bors. Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, 
Queens, & Richmond ; Columbia & N. Y. univs.. Col. of 
the City of N. Y. [Hudson riv. | 

New York Bay, inlet of the Atlantic at the mouth of thej 

New Zealand, Dominion of ( ze'ldnd ) Br. self-governing 
col. S Pacific ocean, 103,658 □ p. 1,008, with annexed 
isls. 104,751 D p. 1,021, with Maoris 1,071, ^ Wellington. 

Nganhwei._ See Anhwei. 

Niagara (ni-ag'd-rd) riv. 36 m. bet. N. Y. & Ontario, Lake 
Erie to Lake Ontario ; Falls of Niagara, 158 ft. high on 
Can. side, 167 ft. on Am. 

Niagara Falls, city, W N. Y. on Niagara riv. p. 30. 

Nicaea (nT-se'd) Anglicized Nice (nis) anc. city, a ^ of 
Bithynia. — (pron. nes) See Nice. [600, # Managua.l 

Nicaragua (nik'd-ra/gwd) republic, Cen. Am. 49,552 Q p.| 

Nicaragua, Lake, in Cen. Am. 92 m. long, 34 m. wide. 

Nice (nes) It. Nizza (net'sa) anc. Nicae'a, spt. city, SE 
Fr. on Medit. sea, comm. p. 143 ; resort. — See Nicaea. 

Nicobar Islands (nlk'6-bar') or Nicobars, group. Bay of 
Bengal, 635 Dp. 9 ; Br. See Andaman and Nicobar Isls. 

Nichtheroy (nik / te-roi / ).city, # of Rio de Janeiro state, 
Brazil, p. 35.- 

Niemen (ne'men ; Pol. nyem'en) riv. 565 m. Minsk govt. 
Russia to Kurisches Haff, E. Prussia; called Memel 
(pron. ma'mel) near end. 

Nieuport (ne'oo-port) town, West Flanders, Belgium, on 
Yser riv. near its mouth, p. comm. 4. 

Niger (nl'jer) riv. W Africa, 2,600 m. from ab. Sierra Leone 
frontier through French West Africa & Nigeria to Bight 
of Benin.—, Military Territory of the, div. of French 
West Africa, 534,247 D p. 1,074. 

Nigeria (m-je'ri-d) Br. col. & protectorate N of Gulf of 
Guinea bet. Dahomey and Kamerun, 335,700 □ p. 16,261. 

Niigata (ne'e-ga/ta) spt. city, N Honshu, Japan, p. 62. 

Nijmegen (nl'ma'gen) or Nimwegcn (nim'wa'-) or Nime- 
guen (nim'a'-) ft. town, Gelderland prov. Netherlands, 
p. comm. 55 ; treaty 1678. 

Nikaria (nye'ka-re'a) Turk. Kariot (ka're-of) anc. Ica'ria, 
Gr. isl. jEgean sea, WSW of Samoa, 103 □ p. 10. 

Nikolaev (nye'kS-la/yef) ft. town & naval station, SE Rus- 
sia, near mouth of the Bug, p. 104. 

Nile (nil) anc. Ni'lus, riv. E Af. 3,670 m. Victoria Nyanza 
to Medit. sea. — , Blue, riv. Africa, rises in Abyssinia, 
unites with White Nile near Khartum. — , White, part 
of Nile riv. bet. Khartum and the Bahr el Ghazal. 

Nilgiris (nel'ge-res) mts. Madras pres. S Br. India ; highest 
point, Mt. Dodabetta (do'dd-bet'd), 8,760 ft. 

Nimeguen. See Nijmegen. 

Nimes or Nismes (nem ) anc. Nemau'sus, city, S Fr. com- 
munal p. 80 ; Roman remains. 

Nimwegen. See Nijmegen. [opp. Mosul. | 

Nineveh (nin'e-ve) anc. city, # of Assyria ; ruins on Tigrisj 

Ningpo (ning'po') city & treaty port, Chekiang prov. 
China, p. 350. [Neb. to Mo. riv.l 

Niobrara River (nT / 6-brar>d) 450 m. E Wyo. through Nj 

Nippon (nip'pon') or Niphon (nif'on') or Ninon (ne'- 
h<5n') properly, Japan ; sometimes applied to Honshu. 

Nippur (nip-poor') anc. city. Babylonia, S of Babylon. 

Nish (nesh) Serb. Nis (nesh) ft. city, E cen. Serbia, p. 25. 

Nivernais (ne'veVne') old prov. cen. Fr. ; ^ was Nevers. 

Nizam's Dominions. See Hyderabad. 

Nizhni Novgorod (nyizh'nye nov'go-rot) town, cen. Rus- 
sia, p. 104 ; annual fairs. 

Nome, Cape, W Alaska, about 64° 30' N lat. 165° W Ion. 

Nord (nor) dept. N France, bordering Belg. 2,229 □ p. 
1,962, =H= Lille. [Europe (mainland). I 

Nordkyn, Cape (nor'kiinO in Norway, most N point of| 

Norfolk (nor'fok) spt. city, SE Virginia, 7 D p. 67. — co. E 
England, 2,055 □ p. 499, X Norwich. [homa.l 

Norman (nor'mdn) city, cen. Okla. p. 4 ; Univ. of Okla-| 

Normandy (-di) old prov. N France ; its # was Rouen. 

Norrkoping (nor'chu'ping) spt. city, SE Sweden, p. 46. 

Northampton (nor-thamp'twn) city, cen. Mass. on Conn, 
riv. p. 19 ; Smith college. — county bor. X of Northamp- 
tonshire, England, p. 90.^ See Northamptonshire. 



Northamptonshire (-sher) or Northampton, co. cen. 

Eng. 998 D p. 349.X Northampton. 
North Brabant (brd-bant' or bra'bdnt) Du. Noordbra- 

bant (nord'bra-banf) prov. S Netherlands, 1,980 On. 

623.X Bois-le-Duc. [Magero isl.l 

North Cape, extreme N point of Europe, 71° 11' N lat. on| 
North Carolina (kar'S-li'nd) , S Atlantic state, U. S. A. 

48,740 D p. 2,206, # Raleigh. [marck.l 

North Dakota, state, NW U. S. A. 70,183 □ p. 577, =fc Bis-| 
Northern Circars (ser-karz') historic name of N portion 

of Madras prcs. Br. India. 
Northern Territory, ter. of Australia, N of So. Australia, 

523,620 D p. 3, with civilized aboriginals 5, # Darwin. 
North/field, town, N Mass. p. 2 ; seminary and training 

school. — vil. cen. Vermont, p. 2 ; Norwich univ. 
North Holland, Du. Noordnolland (nOrd'hQl'ant) prov. 

W Netherlands, 1,069 D p. 1,106, # Haarlem. 
North Island, the N isl. of New Zealand, 44,468 □ p. 564. 
North Platte, riv. 510 m.. Col. Wyo. & Nebr. See Platte. 
North River, estuary of Hudson riv., bet. N. Y. & N. J. 
North Sea or German Ocean, arm of Atlantic ocean, bet. 

the European continent on S & E & Great Britain on W. 

600 m. long, 350 m. broad. [mun. 35.1 

North Sydney, suburb of Sydney, N. S. W. Australia, p.| 
Northumberland (nor-thum'ber-ldnd) co. N England, 

2,018 □ p. 697, X Newcastle upon Tyne. [tain. 

Northumbria (nor-thtim'bri-d) Anglian kingdom of Bri-| 
North— West Frontier Province, prov. NW Br. India, on 

Afghan frontier, 13,193 □ p. 2,197, # Peshawar ; agen- 
cies, etc., 25,472 □ p. 1,622. 
Northwest Territories, that part of Dominion of Can. not 

in any province or Yukon ter. 1,242,224 □ p. 6. 
Norway (nor'wa) kingdom, NW Europe, 124,675 □ p. 

2,392, # Christiania. [p. 121 ; cathedral. 

Norwich (nor'ijj -ich) city& co. bor. X of Norfolk co. Eng.| 
Notre Dame (no'tr' dam') town, N Ind. p. 1 ; univ. 
Nottingham (not'Ing-dm) city & county bor. X of Not- 
tinghamshire, England, p. 260. — See Nottinghamshire. 
Nottinghamshire (-dm-sher) or Nottingham or Notts 

(notz) co. cen. England, 844 □ p. 604, X Nottingham. 
Novara (no-va'ra) city, NE Piedmont, Italy, p. 55. 
Nova Scotia (no'vd sko'shyd; -shd) formerly Aca'dia, 

maritime prov. E Canada, 21,428 □ p. 492, ^ Halifax. 
Nova Zembla (no'vd zem'bld) Russ. Novaya Zemlya 

(no'va-ya zem-lya') group of two large and many small 

isls. Arctic oc. Russia. 
Novibazar (no've-pa-zarO or Novipazar, formerly a Turk- 
ish sanjak in Kossovo vilayet, 2,838 D p. 220, now in 

Serbia & Montenegro. 
Novogeorgievsk (no'vS-ge-Sr'ge-yefsk) fortress, Poland, 

Russia, 19 m. NW of Warsaw, p. 6. 
Noyon (nwa'yoN') comm. N France, NW of Soissons, p. 7. 
Nubia (nii'bi-d) region, NE Africa, N of lat. of Khartum ; 

now included in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan & Egypt. 
Nueces (nii-a/sas) riv. S Texas, to Gulf of Mexico. 
Nueva Caceres (nwa/va ka/sa-ras) town, SE Luzon, Phil. 

isls. p. 10. [365, :& Monterey 

Nuevo Leon (nwa/vo la-on') state, Mexico, 25,034 □ p 
Numantia (nu-man'shi-d) anc. city, N cen. Sp., on Douro. 
Numidia (-mid'i-d) anc. country, N Af. ; nearly mod. Alge- 
ria. 
Nun (noon) chief mouth of Niger riv. Nigeria, W Africa. 
Nupe (noo'pa) native state, W cen. Nigeria, W Af., 3fc Bida. 
Nuremberg (nu'rem-burg) Ger. Niirnberg (niirn'benc) 

city, Bavaria, Germany, 95 m. N by W of Munich, p. 333. 
Nyasa or Nyassa (nya'sa) lake, SE Af., 9,200 □ ab. 400 m. 

long, E of Nyasaland & W of Ger. E. Af . & Port. E. Af . 
Nyasaland or Nyassaland (-land') British protectorate, 

W&Sof Lake Nyasa, 39,801 D p. 1,065, =fc Zomba. 



o 



Oahu (o-a/hoo) Hawaiian isl. N Pac. oc. 600 □ p. 82. 
Oakland (ok'ldnd) city, W California on San Francisco 

bay, p. 150. 
Oaxaca (wa-ha'ka) Pacific state, S Mexico, 35,392 □ p. 

1,040. — its # p. 38. 
Ob (6b) riv. W Siberia, to Gulf of Ob, 2,250 m. 
Ob. Gulf of, inlet of Arctic oc. NW Siberia, ab. 600 m. by 

60 m. [passion play.l 

Oberammergau (o'ber-am'er-gou') vil. S Bavaria, p. 2 ;| 
Oberhausen (o'ber-hou'zen) tn., Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 90. 
Oberlin (o'ber-lln) vil. N Ohio, p. 4; Oberlin college. 
Obok (o'bok') spt. town, French Somali Coast. 
Oceania (5'she-a.n'i-d ; -a/nl-d) or Oceanica (o'she-an'e- 

kd) the lands, collectively, of the cen. and W Pac. oc. 
Odsnse (o'fchen-sa) spt. city, SE Denmark, p. 42. 
Oder (o'der) riv. from Carpathian mts. in Moravia through 

Prussia & the Stettiner Haff, 552 m. to Baltic sea. 
Odessa (o-des'd," Russ. 6-dyes'a) spt. city, Kherson govt. 

Russia, on Black sea, p. 540 ; grain market. 
Oflenbach (of'gn-baK) town, Hesse state, Ger. p. 76. 
Ohio (6-hi'o) riv. Miss, basin, 963 m. long, from Pittsburgh, 

Pa. to Miss. riv. — NE cen. state of U. S. A. 40,740 D p. 

4,767, # Columbus. 
Oise (waz) riv. France, 186 m. to Seine riv. — dept. N 

France, 2,272 □ p. 411, # Beauvais. 
Okayama (o'ka-ya'ma)spt. city, W Honshu, Japan, p. 93. 
Okechobee ( o'ke-cho'be ) lake, S Florida, 40 m. by 25 m. 
Okhotsk, Sea of (6-k5tsk' ; Russ. o-Kotsk') inlet of Pacific 

oc. W of Kamchatka. 
Okinawa (o'ke-na/wa) group of 55 isls. NE of Formosa, 

known to Europeans as Riukiu (re-«o'kyoo') or Liukiu 

(le-db'kyoo') 934 □ p. 502 ; Jap. 
Oklahoma (o'kld-ho'md) state, S cen. U. S. A. 69,414 □ p. 

1,657, % Oklahoma City. [river, p. 64.1 
Oklahoma City, city, =jfc of Okla. on N. Fork of Canadianl 
Old Castile (kas-tel') old prov. cen. Spain. 
Oldenburg (ol'den-bobrK) grand duchy, a state of Ger- 
many, 2,482 D p. 483. — city, its # p. 30. 












• 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.' 
Abbreviations precede this list. -£ capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 






N 



1158 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Oldham (old'fim) county bor. Lancashire, Eng., p. 147. 
Olives, Mount of, or Olivet (51'1-vgt) ridge E of Jerusa- 
lem, Palestine. 
Olympia (6-lim'pi-d) city, =X= of Washington, p. 7. — plain 

& sanctuary, anc. Elis, Greece ; Olympic games. 
Olympus (6-lim'pws) mt. range, Thessaly, Greece, 9,800 

ft. ; mythical abode of Greek gods. 
Olynthus (o-lln'thws) Greek town, anc. Macedonia ; site 

on Chalcidice pen. 
Omaha (o'md-ho') city, E Nebraska, on Mo. riv. p. 124. 
Oman (S-man') country, SE Arabia, 82,000 D p. 500, # 

Maskat. 
Omdurman (5m'ddbr-man') tn. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 

left bank White Nile, opp. Khartum, p. 43 ; bat. 1898. 
Omsk (6msk) tn. N Russ. Cen. Asia, on Irtysh & Om rivs. 

p. 101. Dong, 3.763D. I 

Onega, Lake (S-nS'gd; Russ. S-nyS'gd), in Russia, 145 m.| 
Oneida Lake (S-ni'dd)in cen. N. Y. NE of Syracuse, 20 m. 

by 6 m. [wide ; saline. I 

Onondaga Lake (Sn'on-do'gd) in cen. N. Y. 5 m. long, 1 m.| 
Ontario (Sn-ta'ri-o) prov. Canada, 407,262 □ p. 2,527, # 

Toronto. — , Lake, bet. New York & Ontario, 190 m. by 

55 m., 7,243 □, one of the Great Lakes. [gold.l 

Ophir (o'fer) anc. country of unknown location ; rich in| 
Oporto (6-por'td6) city & port, near mouth of Duero riv. 

NW Portugal, p. 172. [6,429 ft*.| 

Orsefa (u're-fa) highest mt. in Iceland, near SE coast, I 
Oran (6-ran' ; F. 6'raN') spt. city, NW Algeria, p. 123. 
Orange (Sr'enj ; -inj) city, NE N. J. p. 30. — (Fr. pron. 

S'roNzh') anc. Arau'sio, town, S France, communal p. 11 ; 

Roman antiquities. — (pron. Sr'gnj ; -inj) riv. S Africa, 

1,000 m. long, Basutoland to Atl. ocean. 
Orange Free State, formerly a republic, then, as Orange 

River Colony, a Brit, colony, since 1910 prov. of U. of 

S. Af. 50,389 □ p. 528, # Bloemfontein. 
Orebro (u'rg-broc/) city, S cen. Sweden, p. 30. [ =H= Salem. | 
Oregon (Sr'e-g5n) Pacific state of U. S. A. 95,607 □ p. 673, | 
Orel (or-y610 city, cen. Russia p. 88. 

Orenburg (5'ren-bdorK') city, E Russia, on Ural riv., p. 105. 
Ore Sund (Q're sdbnd') or the Sound, strait bet. Seeland 

& Sweden. [Santiago de Cuba.l 

Oriente (5>re-en'ta) prov. E Cuba, 12,468 D p. 481, #| 
Orinoco (o'ri-no'ko) river, mts. S Venezuela 1,550 m. to 

Atlantic ocean. [battle Aug. 6, 1777.1 

Oriskany (6-ris'kd-ni) vil. cen. N. Y. on Mohawk riv. ;| 
Orissa (o-ris'd) subprovince of Bihar and Orissa prov. Br. 

India, 13,743 □ p. 5,132, # Cuttack. 
Orizaba (o're-sa'ba) volcanic peak, Veracruz state, Mexico, 

ab. 18,310 ft. — town, Veracruz state, Mexico, 25 m. SE 

of mt. p. 33. 
Orkney (ork'ni) isl. co. Scot., 376 □ p. 26, X Kirkwall. 
Orkney Islands, anc. Or'cades, arch. N of Scot, mainland, 

the co. of Orkney. [Orleans. | 

Orleanais (or'la/a/ne') old prov. N cen. France ; its # wasj 
Orleans (or'la'aN') city, N cen. France, on Loire river, 

communal p. 72. 
Ormuz (or'muz) isl. in Persian gulf ; once a rich seaport. 
Ormuz, Strait of, bet. Persian gulf & Gulf of Oman. 
Orono (5'ro-n5) town, S cen. Maine, on Penobscot riv. p. 

4 ; Univ. of Maine. 
Ortegal, Cape (orita-gal') headland, NW Spain, [sia. p. 5.1 
Ortelsburg (or'tels-bdbrK) town, S E. Prussia prov. Prus-| 
Ortler (ort'ler) mt. ab. 12,800 ft. Rhaetian Alps, Tirol ; 

highest in Austria. 
Oruro (6-ro5'r5) town, W cen. Bolivia, p. 22. [cathedral.] 
Orvieto ( 6r-vye'to ) city, Perugia prov. It., p. comm. 19 ;| 
Osage River (o'saj), 500 m. Kan. to Missouri riv. Mo. 
Osaka (5'za/ka) spt. city, W Honshu, Japan, p. 1,227. 
Csel or Oesel (Q'zel) isl. at entrance to Gulf of Riga, W 

Russia, 1,011 □. [bago, p. 33.1 

Oshkosh (osh'koshO city, E Wisconsin, on Lake Winne-| 
Osnabriick (os'na-briik') town, Hanover, Prussia, p. 66. 
Oss? (os'd) mt. 6,405 ft. N Larissa, Greece. 
Ossining (5s'i-ning) vil. SE N. Y. on Hudson riv. p. 11 ; 

formerly Sing Sing ; State prison. 
Ostend (ost-end') spt. & watering place, West Flanders, 

Belgium, p. 42. ■• 

03tia (os'tya) vil. mouth of Tiber riv. Italy ; anc. port of 

Rome. 
Oswego (os-we'go) city, N. Y. on SE Lake Ontario, p. 23. 
Otago (6-ta'go) provincial dist. South Isl. N. Z. 25,487 □ 

p. 191, # Dunedin. 
Otaru (o'ta-roo) city, Yezo isl. Japan, on the W coast, p. 91. 
Otranto, Strait of (6'tran-to), 44 m. wide; joins Adri- 
atic sea to Mediterranean sea. 
Ottawa ( ot'd-wd ) riv. Canada, 600 m. to St. Lawrence riv. 

— citv, NE Ontario, # of Canada, p. 87. 
Otterburn (ot'er-burn) par. Northumberland, Eng. ; bat- 
tle (Chevy Chase) 1388. 
Ottoman Empire (5t'6-mdn). See Turkey. 
Ouachita River ( wosh/I-tS' ) from W Arkansas 545 m. to 

Red river near its mouth. 
Oudenarde (ou'de-nar'de) Fr. Audenarde (od'nard') 

tn., E. Flanders, Belgium, on Scheldt riv. p. comm. 7 ; 

battle 1708. 
Oudh ( oud ) part of U. Provs. Br. India, 23,966 □ p. 12,558. 
Ourcq (oork) riv. N France, 49 m. ; Paris water supply. 
Ous3 (ooz) any of several English rivers. [#Zwolle.| 

Overijssel (o'ver-Ts'el) prov. E Netherlands, 1,292 □ p. 382, j 
Oviedo (6-vya'fcho) city, NW Spain, p. comm. 53. 
Owen Stanley (o'en stan'li), mt. range, E Papua ter. ; 

highest, Mt. Victoria, 13,200 ft. 
Oxford (oks'ferd) city, N Miss. p. 2 ; Univ. of Miss. — vil. 

SW Ohio, p. 2 ; Miami univ. — See Oxfordshire. — L. 

Oxo'nia, city & county bor. X of Oxfordshire, Eng. p. 53 ; 

Oxford university. [199, X Oxford. | 

Oxfordshire (-sher) or Oxford, co. cen. England, 751 □ p.| 
Oxus. See Amu Darya. [in Ark. Mo. & Okla.l 

Ozark Mountains (o'zark) highlands (a dissected plateau) I 



Paardeberg (par'de-berg) battlefield (1900), W Orange 

Free State. 
Pachuca (pa-choo'ka) city, $? of Hidalgo,. Mexico, p. 39. 
Pacific Ocean (pd-sif'ik) extends from America W to 

Asia and Australia, 70,000,000 □, deepest 32,078 ft., off 

Mindanao. 
Pactolus (pak-to'lws) small riv. of anc. Lydia, famed for 

its golden sands. [dies, p. 91.1 

Padang (pa-dang') city, W coast Sumatra isl. Du. E. In-| 
Padua (pad/ii-d) It. Padova (pa'do-va) anc. Pata'vium, 

city, Venetia, Italy, p. comm. 96 ; university. 
Paducah (pd-du'kd) city, W Ky. on Ohio river, p. 23. 
Psestum (peVtwm) mod. Pesto (-t5), anc. Gr. city in Lu- 

cania, Italy. 
Pagopago (pang'o-pang'o) or Pang'o-pang'o, fine harbor, 

Tutuila, Samoa. 
Pahang (pa-hang') 'native "state. Federated Malay States, 

14,300 D p. 118, native # Pekan, Br. # Kuala Lipis. 
Paisley (paz'li) burgh, Renfrewshire, Scotland, p. 84. 
Palatinate (pd-lat'i-nat) Ger. Pfalz (pfalts) govt. dist. 

Bavaria, Germany, W of Rhine riv. 2,289 □ p. 937, # 

Speyer. — , Lower & Upper, old divs. of Ger. now in 

Bavaria, Rhenish Prussia, Baden, & Hesse, fe 
Palawan (pa-la'wan) or Paragua (pa-ra'gwa) isl. SW Phil. 

isls. 4,027 Dp. 11. [riv. p. 54. | 

Palembang (pa/lem-bang') town, SE Sumatra, on Musij 
Palenque (pa-ler/ka) vil. Chiapas, Mexico ; ruins near by. 
Palermo (pd-lur'mo ; It. pa-ler'mo) anc. Panor'mus, spt. 

city, N Sicily, p. comm. 341. [11,600 □ p. 700. 

Palestine (pal'es-tin) Bib. Canaan, country, SW Syria, | 
Palisades (pal'i-sadz') a line of high cliffs of trap rock, 

about 20 m. long, on W bank of Hudson riv. N. Y. & N. J. 
Palma (pal'ma) ft. town, Majorca isl. # of Baleares prov. 

Spain, p. comm. 68. — isl. Canary group, Spain, 276 □ p. 

46, # Santa Cruz de la Palma. [comm. 63. | 

Palmas, Las (las pal'mas) spt. city, NE Gran Canaria, p. I 
Palm Beach, city and seaside resort, SE Fla. p. 3. 
Palmyra (pal-mT'rd) Bib. Tad'mor or Ta'mar, ruined city, 

130 m. NE of Damascus. 
Palo Alto (pa'lo al'to or pal'o al'to) town, W cen. Cal. p. 4 ; 

Leland Stanford Junior univ. — (pron. pal'S al'to) battle- 
field (May 8, 1846), S Texas. 
Palos (pa'los) spt. on Rio Tinto, SW Spain, p. comm. 2 ; 

Columbus sailed from here Aug. 3, 1492, 
Pamir (pa-mer') highland, Turkestan, cen. Asia, 11,000- 

25,000 ft. [ N. C. mainland & coast isls. I 

Pamlico Sound (pam'li-ko) 80 m. long, 8-30 m. wide, bet.| 
Pampa (pam/pa) ter. cen. Argentina, 56,320 □ p. 89, # 

Acha. [Minor. | 

Pamphylia (pam-fil'i-d) anc. dist. & Roman prov. S Asia] 
Pamunkey (pd-murj'ki) riv. Virginia, 75 m. to York riv. 
Panama (pan'd-ma/) republic, Isthmus of Panama, 32,380 

D p. 364. — spt. its =H= on Bay of Panama, p. 38. 
Panama, Isthmus of, form. Isthmus of Darien, narrow- 
est part about 30 m. wide, joins Cen. & S. America, and 

separates Atl. fr. Pac. ocean. 
Panama Canal, ship canal across the Isthmus, in Canal 

Zone, bet. Bay of Limon (near Colon) and Bay of Panama 

(near Panama city) . 
Panay (pa-ni') isl. Philippine isls. 4,611 □ p. 744, # Iloilo. 
Panjab. Var. of Punjab. [gary.j 

Pannonia (pa-n5'ni-d)_Roman prov. mostly in mod. Hun-| 
Paotingfu (pou'ting-foo') town, #of Chihli, China, p. 150. 
Papeete (pa'pa-a'ta) chief town & ^= of Tahiti, Society 

isls. S Pac. oc, & of the Fr. Estab. in Oceania, p. 4. 
Paphlagonia (paf'ld-go'ni-d) anc. country & Roman prov. 

N Asia Minor, on Black sea. 
Paphos (pa'fos) town, anc. Cyprus, on SW coast. This 

was New Paphos ; Old Paphos, chief seat of the worship 

of Aphrodite, was ab. 10 m. WSW and 2 m. inland. 
Paps of Jura (jod'rd; 86) three mts. Jura isl. Hebrides, 

Scot. ; highest 2,571 ft. 
Papua (pa'poo-a ; pap'fi-d). See New Guinea. — , Terri- 
tory of, SE part of New Guinea, with isls. 90,540 □ p. 

ab. 400 ; under Australian administration. 
Para (pa-ra/) estuary of the Tocantins river, Brazil. — state, 

N Brazil, 443,904 □ p. 568. — See Belem. 
Paragua (pa-ra'gwa)_. See Palawan. 
Paraguay (par'd-gwa ; pa'ra-gwT') riv. S. Am. 1,420 m. 

Matto Grosso state, Brazil, to Parana riv. — republic, S. 

Am. bet. Parana & Paraguay rivs. 97,722 □ p. 716, # 

Asuncion. 
Parahyba (pa'ra-e'ba) state, NE Brazil, 28,854 □ p. 520. 

— its # p. 32, on Parahyba river. [nam riv. p. 35 J 

Paramaribo (par/d-mar'I-bo) # of Dutch Guiana, on Suri-| 
Parana (pa'ra-na/) riv. S. Am. 2,000 m. Minas Geraes state, 

Brazil, to Plata riv. — state, S Brazil, 85,451 □ p. 406, * 

Curitiba. — tn. =H= of Entre Rios prov. Argentina, p. 30. 
Paris (par'is ; F. pa're') anc. Lute'tia or Lute'tia Parisio'- 

rum, later Paris'ii, ft. city, riv. port, & ^ of France on Seine 

riv. 107 m. from the sea, p. 2,888. 
Park Range, part of Rocky mts. in Col. ; highest, Mt. Lin- 
coln, 14,297 ft. 
Parma (par'ma) old duchy, N Italy. — city, Emilia, Italy, 

on Parma riv. p. comm. 52. 
Parnahyba (par'na-e'ba) riv. 750 m. long, bet. Maranhao 

& Piauhy states, Brazil, to Atl. oc. 
Parnassus (par-nas'ws) mod. Liakoura (lya'koo-ra) mt. 

on border of Phocis 8a Bceotia, Greece, 8,065 ft. 
Paros (pa'ros) Gr. isl. ^Egean sea, 64 □ p. 12 ; fine marble. 
Parthia (par'thi-d) anc. country, nearly mod. Khorassan, 

Persia. [gow, p. 67.1 

Partick (par'tik) burgh, Lanarkshire, Scotland, near Glas-| 
Pasadena (pas / d-de''nd) city, SW California, p. 30. 
Pas-de-Calais (pa'-de-ka/le') dept. NE France, 2,606 D 

p. 1,068, * Arras. 
Passaic (pa-sa'Tk) city, NE N. J. on Passaic riv. p. 55. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
iise, unite, &rn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (S7) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1159 



Fasto (pas'to) city. SW Colombia p. mun. dist. 28. — vol- 
cano near same, 13,990 ft. 

Patagonia (pat'd-go'ni-d) former name of a region in S 
South America, now mostly included in S Argentina. 

Paterno (pa'ter-no') anc. Hy'bla Ma'jor, city, E Sicily, p. 
comm. 29. 

Paterson (pat'er-swn) city, NE New Jersey, p. 126. 

Patmos (pat'mSs) isl. W of Asia Minor, 15 □ p. 3 ; St. 
John's exile ; Italian control. [Ganges, p. 136.1 

Patna (put'nd) city, Bihar and Orissa prov. Br. India, on| 

Patras (pa'tras) anc. Pa'trae, ft. spt. tn. N W Morea, Gr.p. 38. 

Pau (po) town, SW France, communal p. 37 ; resort. 

Paulo Affonso (pou'ldb af-foN'sob) series of three falls with 
total height ab. 275 ft. Sao Francisco river, Brazil, ab. 
190 m. from its mouth. [comm. 40 ; bat. 1525.1 

Pavia (pa-ve'a) anc. Tici'num, city, Lombardy, Italy, p.| 

Pawtucket (po-tQk'et) city, NE Rhode Island, p. 52. 

Peace, riv. Br. Columbia & Alberta, Can., ab. 1,050 m. to 
Great Slave riv. 

Pearl Harbor, inlet, W of Honolulu, Hawaii ; pearl oysters. 

Pechili. See Chihli. [Arctic ocean. j 

Pechora (pa-ch6'ra) riv. Russia, 980 m. long, Ural mts. to| 

Pecs. See Fiinfkirchen. 

Peeblesshire (pe'b'lz-sher) or Peebles or Tweeddale 
(twed'd&K) co. S Scotland, 348 □ p. 15, X Peebles (p. 6). 

Peedee River (pe'de' ; pe'de') riv. N. C. & S. C. 415 m. 
long; called in N. C. the Yadkin (yad'kin). [China. 

Pei (pe'e) or Pei— ho (pe'e-ho') river {ho) Chihli prov. N| 

Pekalongan (ra'ka-lSn'gan) spt. N cen. Java, p. 42. 

Peking (pe'klng') or Pekin (pe'kin' ; -king') city, Chihli 
prov. # of China, p. 821. [tion 1902. 

Pelee,Mont(m6N / pe-la / ) vol. N Martinique, 4,428ft. ; erup-| 

Pelew Islands (pe-lob / ) Ger. Palau (pa-lou') group, W Mi- 
cronesia ; German. 

Peling. See Tsinling Shan. 

Pelion (pe'il-on) mt. Magnesia, E Greece, 5,305 ft. high. 

Peloponnesus (pel'o-pd-ne'sws) the Morea. 

Pelotas (pa-lo'tash) spt. tn. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, p. 32. 

Pemba (pem'bd) isl. N of Zanzibar isl. 380 □ p. S3 ; part of 
Zanzibar protectorate. 

Pembrokeshire (pem'brdbk-sher ; -brok-sher) or Pem- 
broke, co. SW Wales, 614 D p. 90, X Pembroke (p. 10). 

Penang (pe-nang') Br. isl. off W coast Malay pen. 107 □.— 
div. of Straits Settlements, 660 D p. 278, % Georgetown. 

Peneus. See Salambria. 

Peninsula, the, Spain & Portugal together. — district in 
SE Virginia bet. York & James rivs. ; battles during the 
Civil War. [Valais & Italy. I 

Pennine Alps (pen'in ; Tn) div. Alps. bet. Swiss canton of | 

Pennsylvania (pen'sil-va/ni-d) one of Middle Atlantic 
states, U. S. A. 44,832 D p. 7,665, # Harrisburg ; coal & 
iron mines & oil wells. [scot bay.l 

Penobscot (pe-nob'sk5t) riv. cen. Maine, 300 m. to Penob-| 

Pensacola (pen'sd-ko'ld) spt. city, on Pensacola bay, NW 
F!a. p. 23. — Bay, inlet, Gulf of Mexico, NW Fla. ; navy 
yard. 

Pentelikon (pen-tSl'i-kSn) or Pentelicus (-kus) mt. 10 m. 
NE of Athens.'Greece, ab. 3,640 ft. ; fine marble. _ 

Penza (pen'za) city, E cen. Russia, p. 69. 

Peoria (pe-o'ri-d) city, cen. 111. on Illinois riv. p. 67. 

Pcra (pa'ra) part of Constantinople, N of Golden Horn ; 
foreigners' quarter. 

Perak (pa-rak') a state of the Federated Malay States, 
7,900 □ p. 494, # Kuala Kangsa. 

Perche (persh) old div. of N France. 

Perdu, Mont (moN' peVdii') Sp. Monte Perdido (mon'ta 
per-de'tho) peak, cen. Pyrenees mts. in Spain 10,994 ft. 

Pergamum (pGr'gd-mum) Gr. Pergamon (-mon), or 
Pergamus (-mus) Gr. Pergamos (-mos) city, anc. Mys- 
ia, Asia Minor, ^ of the kingdom of the same name and 
of the Roman prov. of Asia ; mod. Bergama. 

Perm (perm) govt. E Russia, 127,502 □ p. 3,793. — its # on 
Kama riv. p. 49. 

Pernambuco (per'nam-boo'ko) state, E Brazil, 49,572 □ 
p. 1,310. — officially Recife (ra-se'fa) its # p. 150. 

Persepolis (per-sep'6-lis) anc. # of Persia ; ruins ab. 30 m. 
NE of Shiraz. 

Persia (pur'shd ; pur'zhd) Persian Iran (e'ran' ; Eng. T-ran') 
kingdom, SW Asia, about 635,135 □ p. 9,000, # Teheran. 

Persian Gulf, anc. Per'sicus Si'nus, arm of Arabian sea, 
bet. Arabia & Persia, 420 m. by 105-230 m. 

Perth (purth). See Perthshire. — burgh, X of Perthshire, 
Scot, on Tay riv. p. 36. — city, # of W. Australia, on Swan 
riv. near coast, p. 36, mun. with subs. 107. 

Perth Amboy (purth am'boi or am'boi') city, E N.J. p. 32. 

Perthshire (purth'sher) or Perth, co. cen. Scotland, 2,494 
□ p. 124.X Perth. 

Peru (pe-roo' ; Sp. pron. pa-roo') republic, W S. Am. 
683,322 □ p. 4,580, # Lima. 

Perugia (pa-roo'ja) prov. cen. Italy, coextensive with Um- 
bria, 3,749 □ p. 687. — anc. Peru'sia, its # p. comm. 66. 

Pescadores (peVkd-do'res) Jap. Hokoto (ho'ko-t3) isl. 
group, bet. Formosa & China, 48 □ p. 52 ; to Japan. 

Peshawar (pe-sha/wdr) ft. town, # of North- West Fron- 
tier Prov. Br. India, p. 98. 

Peterborough (pe'ter-bur-o) city & mun. bor. in Soke of Pe- 
terborough, Eng. p. 34 ; cathedral. — , Soke of, administra- 
tive co. in ancient co. of Northampton, Eng. 84 □ p. 45. 

Petermann Peak (pa'ter-man) in E Greenland, prob. high- 
est on isl. ab. 11,000 ft. 

Petersburg (pe'terz-burg) city, SE Va. 3 □ p. 24. 

Petra (pe'trd) ruined city, Syria, ab. 30° 15' N, 35° 35' E. 

Petrograd (pye'trS-grat') city, ^ of Russia, on Neva riv. 
p. with subs. 1,908 ; — called St. Petersburg prior to Sept. 
1, 1914. 

Petrokov (pye'tr5-k6f) Pol. Piotrkow (pyotr'kdbf) govt. 
W Russian Poland, 4,730 □ p. 1,981. — its % p. 40. 

Pforzheim (pforts'him) town, Baden, Ger. 16 m. SE of 
Karlsruhe, p. 69. [defeat 48 B. C.| 

Pharsalia (far-sa'li-d) dist. Thessaly, Greece ; Pompey'sj 



Philadelphia (fTl'd-dSPtt-d) chief cityof Pa.on Delaware riv. 

p. 1,549 ; Univ. of Pa.— anc. name of Alashehr. [ments.l 
Philae (fl'le) isl. Nile riv. 24° N ; ancient temples & monu-i 
Philippi (fi-lip'T) ruined tn. NE Greece, ab. 10 m. from 

..Egeansea ; bat. 42 B.C. ; here Saint Paul founded achurch. 
Philippine Islands (fll'i-pln ; -pen ; or, esp. in British 

usage, -pin) group of ab. 2,000 isls. SE of Asia ; 115,026 D 

p. 7,635, # Manila ; to U. S. A. 
Philippopolis (Hl'Ip-5p'8-lis) Bulg. Plovdiv (plov'dlf) 

city, Eastern Roumelia, Bulgaria, p. 48 ; battle 1878. 
Philistia (f t-lts'ti-d) anc. country, Syria, on coast. 
Phocaea (fS-se'd) anc. Ionian city, W Lydia. [phissa.l 

Phocis (fo'sis) anc. ter. cen. Gr. now nome, p. 62, i& Am-j 
Phoenicia or Phenicia (fe-nlsh'i-d) anc. maritime country, 

W Syria. 
Phoenix (fe'niks) city, # of Arizona, p. 11. 
Phrygia (frlj'I-d) anc. country, Asia Minor ; Phrygia Major 

was in cen. part, Phrygia Minor along NW coast. 
Piacenza (pya-chgnt'sa) anc. Placen'tia, ft. city, Emilia, 

Italy, on Po riv. p. comm. 39. [Therezina.l 

Piauhy (pyou-e') state, NE Brazil, 116 524 Dp. 400, *| 
Piave (pya/va) riv. Italy, 137 m. long, Alps to Adriatic sea. 
Picardy (pik'dr-di) old prov. of N Fr. on Eng. channel. 
Pico Alto (pe^ko al'to) vol. peak, Pico isl. Azores, 7,619 ft. 
Piedmont (ped'mSnt) It. Piernonte (pya-mon'ta) com- 

partimento. NW It._ 11,339 D p. 3,424 ; chief city, Turin. 
Piedras Negras (pya'riras na'gras), city.Coahuila state, 

Mexico, on Rio Grande, opp. Eagle Pass, Tex. p. 9. 
Pieria (pi-e'rl-d) region, anc. Macedonia, W of Gulf of 

Saloniki ; seat of worship of the Muses. 
Pierre (per) city, ^; of S. Dakota, on Missouri river, p. 4. 
Pietermaritzburg (pe'ter-mar'Its-burg) town, # of Natal, 

U. of S. Af. p. 31. [railroad. I 

Pike3 Peak, mt. in Rocky mts. Col. 14,108 ft. ; mountain! 
Pilcomayo (pel'kS-ma'yo) riv. from Bolivia ab. 1,000 m. 

to Paraguay riv. nearly opp. Asuncion. 
Pilsen (pll'zcn) comm. Bohemia, Austria, p. 80. [255.1 

Pinar del Rio (pe-niir' del re'6) prov. W Cuba, 5,000 □ p.| 
Pines, Isle of, Cuban isl. S of W Cuba, 9S6 □ p. 3. 
Pingyang (ping'yang') treaty port, NW Korea, p. 59. 
Piotrkdw. See Petrokov. [port of Athens. 

Piraeus (pT-re'iis) town, Greece, 5 m. SE of Athens, p. 68 ; 
Pirot (pe'rot^town, E Serbia, p. 11. [riv. p. comm. 65. 
Pisa (pe'sa ; pe'za) anc. Pi'sae, city, Tuscany, Italy, on Arno 
Pisgah, Mount (piz'gd) mt. ridge Palestine, E of N end oi 

Dead sea. [Minor. I 

Pisidia (pi-sid'i-d) anc. country & Roman prov. S Asia| 
Pissevache (pes'vash') beautiful fall, 230 ft. high, Valais 

canton, Switz. [Italy, p. comm. 68.1 

Pistoiaor Pistoja (pes-to'ya) anc. Pisto'ria.city, Tuscany.l 
Pitcairn Island (pit'karn ; pit-karn>) in S Pacific oc. 2 D 

ab. 130° W, 25° S ; Bounty mutineers settled here 
Pittsburgh (pits'burg) , city, SW Pa. p. 534 ; iron and steel 

works ; Univ. of Pittsburgh ; Carnegie Institute of Tech- 
nology. [1S62.I 
Pittsburg Landing, in SW Tenn. ; bat. (Shiloh) Apr. 6-7, | 
Pittsfield (pits'feld) city, W Massachusetts, p. 32. 
Plassey (plas'e) vil. & battlefield (Clive's victory, 1757), 

Bengal, Br. India. 
Plata, Rio de la (re'o da la pla'ta) Eng. River Plate (plat) 

estuary, 185 m. long, of Parana & Uruguay rivs. bet. 

Uruguay & Argentina. [479 B. C.i 

Plataea (pld-te'd) ruined city, Bceotia, Gr. ; Persian defeat,! 
Plata, La (la pla'ta) spt. city, ^ of Buenos Aires prov. Ar- 
gentina, p. 104. [Platte to Missouri riv.l 
Platte (plat) riv. 315 m. Nebr. from junction of N. & S.| 
Plauen (plou'en) town, Saxony kingdom, Germany, p. 121. 
Plevna (plev'na) Bulg. Pleven (ple'ven) town, N Bulgaria, 

p. 23 ; siege 1877. [comm. 57. | 

Ploiesti or Ploe§ci (plo-yesht'y') town, cen. Roumania, p | 
Plotsk, Pol. Plock (plotsk) govt. Poland, Russia, 3,641 □ 

p. 740. — its # 58 m. WNW of Warsaw, on Vistula, p. 31. 
Plovdiv. See Philippopolis. 
Plymouth (plim'wth) town, E Mass. p. 12 ; oldest (1620) 

town in New England. — county bor. & naval station, 

Devonshire, Eng. on Plymouth sound, p. 114. 
Pnompenh (p'nom'pen'y') town, ^ of Cambodia, French 

Indo-China, p. 62. 
Po (po) anc. Pa'dus, riv. N Italy, 418 m. to Adriatic sea. 
Podgorica (pod'go-re-tsa) Eng. Podgoritsa, town, Monte- 
negro, p. 10. 
Podolia (po-do'li-d) Russ. Podolsk (pS-dol'y'sk) govt. 

Russia, 16,224 D p. 3,812, # Kamenets Podolsk. 
Pointe— a— Pitre (pwaNt'-aZ-pe'tr') spt. chief town of 

Guadeloupe, p. comm. 24. 
Poitiers, older spelling Poictiers (pwa'tya') anc. Limo'num, 

later Picta'vi, city, W France, communal p. 41 : battles 

732 & 1356. _ 
Poitou (pwa/too') old prov. W France ; its # was Poitiers. 
Pola (po'la) anc. Pi'etas Ju'lia, spt. & arsenal, Istria, Aus- 
tria, p. comm. 71. 
Poland (po'ldnd) Pol. Polska (pol'y'ska) former kingdom 

cen. Europe, Baltic sea to Carpathian mts. ab. 282,000 D ; 

now in Prussia, Austria, & Russia.— governor-generalship, 

10 govts. W Russia, 49,018 D p. 12.467, # Warsaw. 
Polar Regions, within arctic & antarctic circles ; North 

Pole first reached by Robert E. Peary Apr. 6, 1909 ; South 

Pole, by Roald Amundsen Dec. 14, 1911. 
Poltava (pSl-ta'va) city, SW Russia, p. 61 ; battle 1709. 
Polynesia (pSl'I-ne'shi-d ; -shd) isls. of cen. Pacific oc. bet. 

30° N & 47° S. 
Pomerania (pSm'e-ra'ni-d) Ger. Pommern (pSm'ern) 

province, 11 Prussia, 11,634 □ p. 1,717, # Stettin. 
Pomona (po-mo'nd) or Mainland, largest of Orkney isls. 

150 □ p. 17. [buried A. D. 79. 

Pompeii (pom-pa'ye) anc. city, Italy, 15 m. SE of Naples ;| 
Ponce (pon'sa) town, S Porto Rico, p. 35. 
Pondicherry (pon'di-sher'i ; -cher>I) Fr. PondichGry 

(poN'de'sha're') principal Fr. settlement in India, on 

Coromandel coast, 115 □ p. 185^ 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Abbreviations precede this list. -^ capital. X county seat. Q area in sq. miles. = equals. 



in Guide to Pronunciation.^ 
p. population in thousands. 



N 



1160 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



naval 
; Jap. 

chief 



Ponta Delgada (pSN'ta del-ga/da) town, Sao Miguel isl. 

Azores, p. 18. [p. comm. 14. | 

Pont— a— Mousson (peN'-ta'-moo'soN') tn., dept. NE Fr.,| 
Pontchartrain, Lake (pon'chdr-tran') 5 m. N of New Or- 
leans, La. 40 m. by 25 m. ; connected with Gulf of Mex. 
Pontus (pSn'tws) anc. country, Asia Minor, S of Black sea. 
Poona (poo'nd) city, Bombay pres. Br. India, p. 159. 
Poopo (pS'o-poO lake, W Bolivia, 80 m. long ; alt. ab. 

12,000 ft. [gium, p. 11.1 

Poperinghe (pS'pe-raNg/) comm. W. Flanders prov. Bel-] 
Popocatepetl (po-po'ka-ta'pet'l) volcano, Puebla state, 

Mexico, 17,883 ft. 
Port Arthur, Jap. Ryojun— ko (re'yS-jd6n-ko>), 

station, Kwantung, S Manchuria p. 18 ; siege 1904 

since Jan. 1, 1905. 
Port— au— Prince (pSr'-to'-praNs' ; port' o prins') 

spt. &# of Haiti rep. p. ab. 100. ' [p. 19. | 

Port Huron (port hu'rdn) city, SE Mich, on St. Clair riv.,| 
Port Jackson, inlet, New South Wales ; fine harbor ; on S 

side is Sydney. 
Portland (pSrt'ldnd) spt. city on Casco bay, SW Me. p. 59. 

— city & riv. port, NW_Ore. p. 207. [subs. 50. | 
Port Louis (port loo'is ; loo'i) spt. # of Mauritius, p. with| 
Port Mahon. See Mahon. 

Porto Alegre (por'tdb a-la'grg) spt. city, ■% of Rio Grande 

do Sul state, Brazil, p. 100. [Caribbean sea.l 

Porto Bello (por'to bel'o ; Sp. bel'yo) spt. vil. Panama, on| 
Port of Spain, town, =H= of Trinidad, Br. West Indies, p. 60. 
Porto Novo (por'tb no'v5) tn., # of Dahomey, French W. 

Africa, p. 40. 
Porto Rico (por'to re'ko) Sp. Puerto Rico (pwer'to) isl. 

West Indies, E of Haiti isl. 3,606 D p. 1.118, =fc San Juan ; 

to U. S. A. [35 m. by 35 m.| 

Port Phillip Bay (port fil'ip) inlet, Victoria, Australia,! 
Port Royal (roi'dl) town, S. C. ; Ribaut's colony 1562 ; 

captured Nov. 7, 1861. — former name of Annapolis, N.S. 
Port Said (port sa-ed') spt. Egypt, on Medit. at end of 

Suez canal, l^Dp. 50. 
Portsmouth (ports'mwth • 57) spt. city, SE N. H. p. 11 ; 

Russo-Japanese treaty, 1905. — spt. city, SE Va. 3 □ p. 

33 ; U. S. navy yard. — spt. county bor. Hampshire, Eng. 

p. 231 -chief naval station of England. 
Portugal (p5r'tjl-gdl ; Port, por'tdb-gal') anc. Lusita'nia, 

former kingdom, since Oct. 5, 1910, republic, W Iberian 

pen. 34,263 D p. 5,548, with Azores & Madeira isls. 35,500 
□ p. 5,961, :& Lisbon. 
Portuguese East Africa, Port. col. in SE Africa, bet. Ger. 

E. Africa & Natal ; 293,860 D p. 3,120, # ^ Mozambique 

& Lourencp Marques. 
Portuguese Guinea, Port. col. W Af . 13,940 □ p. 170. 
Portuguese India, Port, possessions in India, consist, of 

Goa, Daman, & Diu, 1,470 D p. 605. 
Posen (po'zen) Pol. Poznafi (poz'nan-y') prov. (largely 

Polish) E Prussia, 11,194 □ p. 2,100. — its # a ft. city on 

Warthe riv. p. 157, $? of anc. Poland. 
Potidaea (poVi-de'd) anc. city of Macedonia, near modern 

Pinaka (pe-na/ka) SE of Saloniki, Greece. 
Potomac (p6-to'mdk) riv. W. Va. Md. & Va. 550 m. Alle- 
gheny mts. to Chesapeake bay. 
Potosi (po'to-se') city, SW Bolivia, p. 25 ; alt. 13,022 ft. 
Potsdam (pots'dam ; Ger. pots'dam) city, Brandenburg 

prov., Prussia, 17 m. SW of Berlin, p. 62 ; royal palaces. 
Poughkeepsie (pS-klp'si) city, SE N. Y. on Hudson riv. 

p. 28 ; Vassar college. 
Pozsony. See Pressburg. [Naples, p. comm. 28.1 

Pozzuoli (pot-swo'le) anc. Pute'oli, tn. Italy, 7 m. W ofl 
Praga (pra'ga) town, suburb of Warsaw, Poland, Russia. 
Prague (prag) Ger. Prag-(praic) Boh. Praha (pra'ha) city, 

^c of Bohemia, Austria, on Moldau riv. p. 224 ; bat. 1757. 
Prahran (pra-ran') suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Aus- 
tralia, p. city 45. 
Pressburg (pres'bdorK) Hung. Pozsony (pS'zhon-y') city, 

W Hungary, on Danube riv. 29 Q p. 78 ; formerly # of 

Hungary. 
Preston (pres'twn) county bor. Lancashire, England, p. 

117 ; a riv. port. 
Prestonpans (pres'twn-panz') burgh, Haddington co. Scot. 

on Firth of Forth, p. 2 ; battle 1745. 
Pretoria (pre-to'rl-d) town, ^: of Transvaal & seat of execu- 
tive govt, of U. of S. Africa, p. 49, with subs. 58. 
Pribilof Islands (pre'be-lof) group, Bering sea, Alaska ; 

fur-seal grounds. 
Prince Edward Island, isl. & prov. E Canada, 2,184 □ p. 

94, # Charlottetown. 
Prince of Wales, Cape, W point of N. Am., on Bering strait. 
Prince Rupert, spt., Br. Columbia, Can., p. 4 ; ry. terminus. 
Princeton (prms'twn) bor. cen. N. J., p. 5 ; Princeton univ. 
Prishtina (presh'ti-na) town, S cen. Serbia, 30 m. NE of 

Prizren, p. 21. 
Prizren (pre'zren) or Prizrend (-zrent) town, SW Serbia, 

65 m. E by N of Scutari, p. 60. [Merida.l 

Progreso (pro-gra'so) spt. Yucatan, Mexico, p. 6 ; port of| 
Provence (pro'vaNs') old prov. in SE Fr. ; its ^c was Aix. 
Providence (prov'i-dens) spt. city, ^ of R. I. p. 224 

Brown univ. [Malay pen. 288 □. 

Province Wellesley (welzli) part of Penang settlement, 
Prussia (prflsh'd) Ger. Preussen (proi'sen) kingdom, a 

state of Germany, 134^664 □ p. 40,165, # Berlin. 
Pruth (prooth ; Ger. proot) riv. 380 m. Carpathian mts. to 

Danube ; forms boundary bet. Roumania & Russia. 
Przasnysz (pshas'nesh) town, Plotsk govt. N Poland, Rus- 
sia, p. 9. 
Przemysl (pshe'mishl-y') ft. town, cen. Galicia, Austria, 

p. comm. 55. [Crete isl. 8,193 ft.l 

Psiloriti, Mount (pse'16-re'te) anc. I'da, highest mt. of| 
Puebla (pwa'bla) state, S cen. Mexico, 12,993 □ p. 1,102. 

— its # p. 96. 

Pueblo (pweb'lo) city, SE cen. Colorado, p. 44. 

Puerto Mexico. See Coatzacoalcos. [Haiti isl. p. 15.1 

Puerto Plata (pwer'to pla'ta) spt. N Dominican Republic,! 



Puerto Principe (pren'se-pa) . Former name of Camaguey, 

province & city. 
Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. 

Puget Sound (pu'jet) inland sea, NW state of Washington. 
Pultusk (pdbl'tdbsk) tn., Lomzha, Poland, Russia, p. 12. 
Punjab (pun-jab') prov. NW British India, 97,209 □ p. 

19,975, # Lahorej native states, 36,532 □ p. 4,213. , 

Punta Arenas (poon'ta a-ra'nas) town & port, # of Ma- 

gallanes ter. Chile, on Magellan strait, p. 12. 
Puntarenas (poon'ta-ra'nas) Pacific spt. Costa Rica, p. 5. 
Puri (pdb're) or Jagannath (jQg'd-nat ; -not) or Jugger- 
naut (jug'er-not) spt. town, Orissa, Br. India, p. 49. 
Purus (poo-roos') navigable riv. 2,230 m. long, S.Am. Peru 

to Amazon river. 
Putumayo (poo'too-ma/yo) riv. S Colombia, NE Peru, & 

NW Brazil to Amazon riv. — region of riv. esp. in NE 

Peru ; rubber. 
Puy-de-D6me (pug'-dS-dom') dept. SE cen. France, 3,090 

D p. 526, # Clermont-Ferrand. — mt. in same, 4,805 ft. 
Pydna (pid'nd) anc. town, Macedonia, near Gulf of Salo-' 

niki ; bat. 168 B. C. 
Pylos (pi'ISs) or Pylus (-lws) anc. name of Navarino. — 

tn. , N cen. anc. Elis, Gr. — tn., S anc. Elis.Gr., in Triphylia. 
Pyrenees (pir'e-nez) mt. chain, bet. Spain & France ; 

highest, Pic de Nethou, 11,165 ft. 



Quarnero, Gulf of (kwar-na/ro) inlet, Adriatic sea, bet. 

Istria and Croatia. [bat. 1815.1 

Quatre Bras (ka'tr' bra') vil. Brabant prov. Belgium ;| 
Quebec (kwe-bek') prov. Canada, 706,834 □ p. 2,006. — 

its # a ft. city & port on St. Lawrence riv. p. 78 ; taken 

by English 1759. 
Queens, borough, part of the City of New York, E of Brook- 
lyn bor. 105 D p. 284. 
Queensland (kwenz'idnd) state, NE Australia, 670,500 □ 

p. 606, with civilized pure aboriginals 615, # Brisbane. 
Queenstown (-toun ; -tun) spt., Ireland, on isl. in Cork 

harbor, p. 9. [70 □ p. 134.1 

Quelpart (kwel'part') isl. Korea, ab. 60 m. S of mainland,! 
Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro) state, cen. Mexico, 4,493 □ p. 245. 

— its # p. 33 ; Maximilian shot here June 19, 1867. 
Quetta (kwet'a) town, # Br. Baluchistan, p. 34. 
Quezaltenango (ka-sal'ta-narj'go) city, W Guatemala, p. 

31. [mane riv. p. 6. 

Quilimane (ke'le-ma'ne) spt. Port. E. Africa, on Quili-] 
Quincy (kwin'si) city, W cen. 111. on Miss. riv. p. 37. — 

(pron. kwm'zi) city, E Mass. p. 33. [Mex., 19,272 □ p. 9.1 
Quintana Roo (ken-ta'na ro'o) ter. E Yucatan pen. SEJ 
Quito (ke'to) city, # of Ecuador, p. 60 ; altitude 9,348 ft. 

R 

Rabat (rd-bat') ft. spt. W Morocco, p. 47. [Guinea.l 

Rabaul (ra'boul) tn., Neu-Pommern isl. # of Ger. New| 

Race, Cape, SE point of Newfoundland. 

Racine (rd-sen') city, SE Wis., on Lake Michigan, p. 38. 

Radnorshire (rad'ner-sher) or Radnor, co. E Wales, 471 
Dp. 23, X Presteigne (p. 1). [ — its # p. 41.1 

Radom (ra'dom) govt. Poland, Russia, 4,769 D p. 1,112. | 

Ragusa (ra-goo'za) town, SE Sicily, p. comm. 38. 

Rainier, Mount (ra-ner') peak, Cascade range. Wash. 
14,363 feet ; locally called also Tacoma (td-k5'md) the 
Indian name. 

Rajputana (raj'pdb-ta'nd) or Rajasthan (raj'us-tan') re- 
gion, NW India. — group of native s\ates, incl. Alwar, Bi- 
kaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, etc., 127,751 □ p. 10,530. 

Raleigh (ro'li) city^of North Carolina, p. 19. 

Ramillies (ra/me/yeO vil. Brabant prov. Belgium ; battle 
1706. [893 D p. 531. — its # p. 74.| 

Rampur (ram'poorO native state, United Provs. India, | 

Ramsgate (ramz'gat) mun. bor. Kent, England, p. 30 ; spt. 
8c watering place._ [ing & fishing. | 

Rangeley Lakes_(ranj'li) chain of lakes, W Maine ; hunt-| 

Rangoon (ran-goon') city & riv. port, # of Burma, p. 293. 

Rapidan (rap'i-danO riv. Virginia, Blue Ridge to Rappa- 
hannock river. [to Chesapeake bay.l 

Rappahannock (rap'd-han'Mk) riv. Va. Blue Ridge 155 m.| 

Ratisbon (rat/is-b5n) Ger. Regensburg (ra'gens-bdbrK) 
anc. Cas'tra Regi'na, town, cen. Bavaria, Ger. p. 53. 

Ravenna (rd-ven'd; It. pron. ra-ven'na) city, E Emilia, 
Italy, p. comm. 72. 

Rawalpindi (ra/wul-pin'de) city, Punjab, Br. India, p. 86 ; 
cantonment. 

Rawa Ruska (ra/va rdbs'ka) tn. N Galicia, Austria, p. 11. 

Reading (red'ing) city, SE Pa. p. 96. — county bor. X of 
Berkshire, England, p. 88. 

Recife. See Pernambuco. 

Red River, riv. 1,200 m. long, SW U. S. A. Llano Estacado, 
Tex. to Miss. riv. La. — riv. Lake Traverse, Minn, to 
Lake Winnipeg. — See Songka. 

Red Sea, inland sea, 1,450 m. long, bet. Arabia & Africa. 

Reggio di Calabria (red'jo de ka-la'bre-a) anc. Rhe'gium, 
spt. Calabria, Italy, on Strait of Messina, p. comm. 43. 

Reggio nell' Emilia (red'jo nel'la-mel'ya) anc. Re'gium 
Lep'idi, ft. city, cen. Emilia, Italy, p. comm. 70. 

Regillua, Lake (re-jil'ws) lake, anc. Latium ; bat. 496? B.C. 

Regina (re-jT'nd) city,_# of Saskatchewan, Canada, p. 30. 

Reims or Rheims (remz ; F. raNs) anc. Du'rocorto'rum, 
later Re'mi, city, NE France, p. 115 ; magnificent cathe- 
dral ruined by bombardment. 

Reindeer Lake, lake, 2,436 □ NE Saskatchewan & NW 
Manitoba, Canada. 

Remscheid (rem'shit) town, Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 72. 

Renfrewshire (-sher) or Renfrew, co. SW Scotland, 240 D 
p. 315.X Renfrew (p. 13). 

Rennes (ren) city, NW France, communal p. 79. 

Reno (re'no) city, W Nevada, p. 11 ; Univ. of Nev. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1161 



Republican River, in Col. Kan. & Neb. about 500 m. E 

Col. to Kansas river. [Tex. May 9, 1846. 1 

Resaca de la Palma (ra-sa'ka da la piii'ma) battlefield S[ 
Resht (resht) town, NW Persia, near Caspian sea, p. 41. 
Reunion (rS-un'yun ; F. ra/ii/nyoN') isl. 400 m. E of Mada- 
gascar, 705 □ p. 174, ^ Saint-Denis ; a French colony. 
Reuss— Gera (rois'-gil'ra) or Reuss jtingere Linie (yiing'?- 

re le'ne-e) principality, a state of Germany, 319 D p. 153, # 

Gera. 
Reuss— Greiz (rois'-grits') or Reuss altere Linie (el't^-re* 

le'ne-e) principality, a state of Germany, 122 D p. 73, # 

Greiz. 
Revel (reV'el ; Russ. re'vel-y') ft. spt. ^ of Esthonia govt. 

Russia, p. 69. [p. 12. 

Reykjavik (ra'kyd-vekO town, jfc of Iceland, on SW coast, | 
Rhaetia (re'shl-d) Roman prov. now Tirol & E Switz. 
Rhaetian Alps (re'shdn) subdivision of Alps, E Switzerland 

& Tirol and Vorarlberg, Austria ; highest, Bernina (in 

Switzerland) 13,290 ft. 
Rheims. See Reims. 
Rhenish Bavaria. See Palatinate. 
Rhenish Prussia. See Rhine Province. 
Rhine (rln) Ger. Rhein (rln) anc. Rhe'nus, riv. 810 m. 

Switz. to North sea. 
Rhine Palatinate (pd-lat'i-nat) Ger. Rhcinpfalz (rln'- 

pfalts'). Same as Palatinate. 
Rhine Province or Rhenish Prussia, Ger. Rheinland 

(rTn'lanf) prov. W Prussia, 10,425 □ p. 7,121, # Koblenz. 
Rhode Island (rod' l'ldnd) a New England state, U. S. A. 

1,067 □ p. 543, %: Providence ; smallest state in the Union. 
Rhodes (rodz) isl. of Turkey in Asia, in Medit. sea, off SW 

coast of Asia Minor, 565 □ p. 30. — spt. its # p. 14. 
Rhodesia (ro-de'zhi-d ," -zi-d) region, Transvaal to Bel- 
gian Congo & Ger. E. Africa, comprising N. & S. Rho- 
desia, 439,575 □ p. 1,770 ; British. 
Rhodope (r5d'S-pe) mt. chain, SW E. Roumelia ; highest 

point 9,591 ft. [p. 153.1 

Rhondda (hron'tha) urban dist. Glamorganshire, S Wales, | 
Rhone (r5n) Fr. Rhone (ron) anc. Rho'danus, riv. France 

& Switzerland, 504 m. Alps to Gulf of the Lion. 
Richmond (rich'mzind) borough, part of the City of New 

York, coextensive with Staten Island. — city, % of Va. on 

James riv. 11 □ p. 128. — city, Victoria, Australia, sub. 

of Melbourne, p. 40. 
Rif or Riff, Er (er rif), hilly coast region, N Morocco, 

crossed by 4 J W. [riv. p. 350.1 

Riga (re'ga) city & port, # of Livonia, Russia, on Diina| 
Riga, Gulf of, inlet, Baltic sea, Russia. 
Rijswijk (rTs'wik) Eng. Ryswick (riz'wik) vil. S. Holland 

prov. Netherlands, p. comm. 6 ; " Peace of Ryswick," 1697. 
Rimini (re'me-ne) anc. Arim'inum, spt. Emilia, Italy, on 

Adriatic, p. comm. 51. ^ 

Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zhd-na'ro ; Pg. re'db da zha-ne'e- 

rdb) state, SE Brazil, 26,634 □ p. 968, # Nictheroy. — 

spt. city, ^ of Brazil, in Federal Dist. on Rio de Janeiro 

bay p. 858. 
Rio de Oro (re'o da o'ro) Sp. col. W Af., 121,370 □ p. 30. 
Rio Grande (gran'da) riv. See Grande, Rio. 
Rio Grande do-Norte (re'db graN'de dob nor'te) state, NE 

Brazil, 22,195 □ p. 279, # Natal. 
Rio Grande do Sul (dob sool') state, S Brazil, 91,333 O p. 

1,400, # Porto Alegre. — spt., former # of state, p. 20. 
Rioja, La (la re-o'ha) prov. NW Argentina, 34,546 □ p. 89. 
Rio Negro (re'o na/gro) ter. cen. Argentina, 75,924 □ p. 20. 
Ripon (rip'on) mun. bor. Yorkshire, Eng., p. 8 ; cathedral. 
Riviera (re-vya'ra) beautiful region on Medit. sea, SW 

France & NW Italy ; health and pleasure resorts. 
Rixdorf . See Neukolln. 

Roanoke (ro'd-nokO city, SW Virginia, p. 35. 
Roanoke Island, in EN. C: Raleigh's attempted settle- 
ments 1585 & 1587 ; battle 1862. 
Roca, Cape (ro'ka) in Portugal, 9° 31' W ; W extremity of 

continental Europe. 
Rochdale (roch'dal) county bor. Lancashire, England, p. 91. 
Rochef ort (rCsh'for') ft. town, W France, communal p. 35. 
Rochelle, La (la ro'shel') ft. spt., W Fr., communal p. 35. 
Rochester (roch'es-ter) city, W N. Y. on Genesee river; 

university. — anc. Du'robri'vae, city & mun. bor. Kent, 

England, p. 31 ; cathedral. 
Rockf ord (rSk'ferd) , city, N Illinois, p. 45. 
Rock Island, city, NW 111. on Miss. riv. p. 24 ; U. S. arsenal. 
Rocky Mountains, most extensive mt. system of North 

America, from Mex. frontier to the arctic regions. 
Rohilkhand (ro'hil-kund') or Baroilly (bd-ra'le) div. of 

Agra, United Provs. of Agra and Oudh, Br. India, 10,720 

□ p. 5,651. [Emilia Italy. 

Ro magna (ro-man'ya) former prov. of the Papal States,! 
Rome (rom) It. Roma (ru'ma) prov. W cen. Italy, 4,664 D 

p. 1,302. — city, its # & ^ of Italy, on Tiber nv. p. 542 ; 

most famous city of the world. 
Roncesvalles (rSn'thes-val'yas) Fr. Roncevaux (roNs'vo') 

hamlet & comm. N Spain, in Pyrenees mts. ; battle 778. 
Rosa, Monte (mon'ta. ro'za) mt. Pennine Alps, Switz. & 

Italy, 15,213 ft. 
Rosario (ro-sa're-o) city & riv. port, Santa Fe prov. Ar- 

Ross and Cromarty 0u:Sm'dr-ti) co. N Scot. 3,089 □ p. 

77.X Dingwall. [many, p. 65. | 

Rostock (ros'tok) spt. city, Meckleaburg-Schwerin, Ger-| 
Rostov (ros-t6f) city, SE Russia, o i Don river, p. 160. 
Rotherham (rofch'er-am) co. bor. S Yorkshire, Eng., p. 63. 
Rotterdam (r5t'er-dam/ ; Du. prm. rot'er-dam') city & 

port. South Holland prov. Neth -.rlands, p. comm. 415. 
Roubaix (rob/be') city, NE Frar Je, communal p. 123. 
Rouen (rwaN) anc. Rotom'agus, city, N France, on Seine 

riv. communal p. 125 ; cathedral. 
Roulers (rdo'la') comm. W. Flan iers, Belgium, 10 m. NW of 

Courtrai, p. 25. _,„.... , ~-~ 

Roumania or Rumania (roo-ir a'ni-a) kingdom, E Europe, 

53,244 D p. 7.509, # Buchare: t. 



Roumelia or Rumelia (rob-me'li-d ; -mel'yd) former re- 
gion of Turkey in Europe ; E part is now part of Bulgaria. 
See Eastern Roumelia. 

Rovno (r6v'n3)_ft. town, Volhynia govt. Russia, p. 8. 

Rovuma (rO-voc/ma) river, ab. 350 m. bet. Ger. & Port. 
E. Africa. [666 D p. 47, X Jedburgh. 

Roxburghshire ( rSks'bwr-S-sher ) or Roxburgh, co. Scot.| 

Rubicon (roo'bl-kQn) mod. Fiumicino (fyoo'mg-che'no) 
small riv. Italy, Tuscany to Adriatic sea in 44° l(y N. 
See in Vocabulary. 

Rudolf Lake (rdb'dSlf) lake, Br. E. Africa, 170 m. long, 
ab. 3,475 Q bet. Uganda 8c East Africa protectorates. 

Rugby (rug'bT) town, Warwickshire, England, near Avon 
riv. p. 22 ; school. 

Rumania. See Roumania. 

Rumelia. See Roumelia. 

Runny mede (run'I-med) meadow (now a race course), S 
bank Thames riv. Surrey co. Eng. ; Magna Charta, 1215. 

Ruschuk or Ruscuk (rdbs'chdbk) Bulg. Ruse (rdb'sC) 
city, N Bulgaria, on Danube river, p. 36. 

Russia (rush'd) Russ. Ro3siya (r8s-se'ya) empire, E Eu- 
rope & N Asia; area, without the larger internal waters, 
European Russia 1,862,524 D p. 120.588 : with Poland, 
Finland, & Ciscaucasia 2,123,009 0. 141,359; Asiatic 
Russia (Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Siberia) 6,294,121 Q 
p. 25,645 ; total 8,417,130 D p. 167,003 ; # Petrograd. 

Riistringen (riis'tring-en) city, grand duchy of Oldenburg, 
Ger. p. 48. 

Rutland (rutldnd) city, W Vermont, p. 14. — See Rut- 
landshire. [20.X Oakham. | 

Rutlandshire_(-sher) or Rutland, co. E Eng., 152 Q p. I 

Ruwenzori (roo'wen-zo're) mt. group, bet. Albert Edward 
Nyanza and Albert Nyanza, and on boundary bet. Ugan- 
da and Belgian Congo ; highest peak, 16,815 ft. ; perhaps 
Ptolemy's "Mountains of the Moon." 

Ryswick. See Rijswijk. 



Saarbriicken (zar/briik'Zn) tn., Rhine Prov. Prussia, p. 105. 
Sabine Lake (sd-ben') ab. 18 m. bet. La. & Tex. 5 m. from 

Gulf of Mexico. 
Sabine River, La. & Tex. 500 m., flows into Gulf of Mex. 
Sable, Cape (sa'b'l) S point Cape Sable isl. N. S. • light- 
house. [95 m. SE of Cape Canso.l 
Sable Island isl. incl. in Nova Scotia, Canada, N Atl. oc.| 
Sacramento (sak'rd-men'to) riv. N cen. Cal. 400 m. to 

San Francisco bay. — city, ^ of Cal. p. 45. 
Sadowa (sa'dc5-va) vil. Bohemia, Austria ; bat. (called also 

Koniggratz) 1866. [Atl. oc. p. 24.1 

San (sa'fe) or Sam or Asfl (as'fe) ft. spt. town, Morocco, on| 
Sand Rud (sa-fed' rood') riv. (rud) 450 m. NW Persia to 

Caspian sea. 
Saghalien. See Sakhalin. 
Saginaw (sag'i-no) city, E Michigan, p. 51. 
Saguache (sd-wach') mt. range. See Sawatch. 
Saguenay (sag'e-na') riv. Quebec, Can., to St. Lawrence riv. 
Sagunto (sa-gobn'to) form. Murviedro (mobr-vya'dro) 

anc. Sagun'tum, ft. town, Valencia, Spain, p. comm. 8 ; 

siege 219-218 B. C. 
Sahara (sd-ha'rd) region of deserts with oases, N Africa. 

3,500,000 □. [Provs. Br. India, p. 66.1 

Saharanpur or Saharunpur(sd-ha'run-poor') city, Unitedj 
Saida (sa'e-da) anc. Si'don, town, Syria, Turkey, on Medit. 

sea, p. 15. [p. 68.1 

Saigon (sl-gon': Fr. sa'e-goN') city, ^ of Cochin China, | 
Saint Albans (sant 61'bdnz) anc. Ver'ula'mium, city & 

mun. bor. Hertfordshire, England, p. 18 ; abbey church 

(now cathedral) : battles 1455 & 1461. 
Saint Andrews (sant an'drooz) spt. burgh, Fifeshire, Scot- 
land, p. 8 ; St. Andrews university ; golf links. 
Saint Augustine (sant o'gws-ten') coast city, NE Fla. p. 5 ; 

oldest town in U. S. A. ; founded by Spanish 1565. 
Saint Bernard (sant bur'ndrd ; Fr. s5n' ber'nar' ; AngL 

sant ber-nard'). Great, Fr. Grand (graN), mt. pass, alt. 

8,108 ft. Pennine Alps, bet. Turin prov. Italy, & Valaia 

canton, Switz.; hospice. — , Little, Fr. Petit (pe-te'). 

mt. pass, alt. 7,177 ft. Alps, S of Mont Blanc ; hospice. 
Saint Christopher (sant krls'tS-fer) or Saint Kitts (sant 

kits') isl. Leeward Isl. col. British W. Indies, 68 D p. 26. 

# Basseterre. [Lake St. Clair. | 

Saint Clair (klar') riv. between Mich. & Ontario, 41 m. to| 
Saint Clair, Lake, bet^Mich. & Ontario, 30 m. long, 503 D. 
Saint— Cloud (saN'-kloo') town, N France, p. comm. 10 ; 

once residence of French monarchs. 
Saint Croix (sant kroi') riv. bet^Maine & New Brunswick. 

— or Santa Cruz (san'td krooz') isl. SE of Porto Rico, 

84 D p. 15; JU.S. [4 ; mil. school. | 

Saint— Cyr— 1'Ecole (saN'-ser'-la'kol') comm. N France, p.| 
Saint— Denis (-de-ne') tn. N Fr. near Paris, p. comm. 72 : 

burial place of Fr. kings. — tn. #of Reunion isl. p. .24. [23. | 
Saint— Die (-dya') tn. N E France on Meurthe riv. p. comm. | 
8aint— Dizier (-de'zya')^ tn. NFr. on Marne riv. p. comm. 16. 
Saint Elias, Mount (sant e-h'ds) mt. Alaska, 18,024 ft. 
Saint— Etienne (saN'-ta'tyen') city, SE Fr. comm. p. 149. 
Saint— Gall (saN'-gal') Ger. Sankt Gallen (zankf gal'en) 

canton, NE Switz. 779 D p. 303. — town, its # on 

Steinach riv. p. comm. 38. [good harbor.l 

Saint George's, town, # of Grenada, Br. W. Indies, p. 5 ;| 
Saint George's Channel, part of Atlantic ocean bet. Wales 

& Ireland. [sels, p. 63.1 

Saint— Gilles (saN'-zhel') comm. Belgium, suburb of Brus-| 
Saint Gothard (sant gSth'drd ; F. saN' gS'tar') Ger. Sankt 

Gotthard (zankt gSt'hart) mt. range, pass, & railway 

tunnel, Alps, S Switzerland. 
Saint Helena (sant hS-le'na) Brit. isl. S Atlantic ocean, 47 

□ P- 3, # Port Jamestown ; Napoleon's exile 1815-1821. 
Saint Helens (hel'enz) co. bor. Lancashire, Eng. p. 97. — , 

Mount, vol. peak. Cascade range. Wash. 10,000 ft. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. _ Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Abbreviations precede this list ^ capital. X county seat. □ area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1102 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



w 



X 



Saint Helier (sant hel'yer) town, # of Jersey isl. English 
channel, p. 30. 

Saint John (jon') spt. city, S New Brunswick, Can. p. 43. 
, — isl. Virgin Is. of U. S., E. of St. Thomas, 21 Q p. 1. — spt. 
city, $? of Antigua, Leeward isls. p. 8. 

Saint John River, Maine & N. B. Can. 550 m. N Me. to 
Bay of Fundy. 

Saint John's, spt. city, # of Newfoundland, p. 32. 

Saint Johns River, riv. NE Fla. 350 m. to Atlantic ocean. 

Saint Joseph, city, NW Mo. on Missouri riv. p. 77. 

Saint Kilda (kll'dd) S suburb of Melbourne, Australia, p. 25. 

Saint Kitts. See Saint Christopher. 

Saint Lawrence (lo'rgns) riv. 760 m. Lake Ontario to Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. — - , Gulf_of , gulf, Atl. oc. E part of Can. 

Saint Louis (sant loo'Is ; loo'I) city, E Mo. on Mississippi 
river. 61 D p. 637. 

Saint— Louis (saN'-loo'e') town on Saint-Louis isl. # of 
Senegal col. Fr. W. Africa, p._24, with suburbs 54. 

Saint Lucia (sant lu'shl-d ; loo-se'd) isl. Windward isls. 
West Indies, 233 □ p. 49, # Castries ; British colony. 

Saint Marys River, riv. 40 m. bet. lakes Superior & Hu- 
ron ; canals around rapids. [riv. p. comm. 10.1 

Saint— Mihiel (saN'-me'yeP) town, NE France, on Meuse| 

Saint— Nazaire (saN'-na'zar') spt. tn. NW Fr. p. comm. 38. 

Saint— Omer (saN'-tS-mar') ft. tn. N Fr. communal p. 20. 

Saint— Ouen (saN'-twaN') tn. Fr. near Paris, p. comm. 42. 

Saint Paul (sant pol') city, # of Minn. p. 215, a port on 
Mississippi riv. 

Saint Petersburg (sant pe'terz-burg) city on Tampa bay, 
W Fla. p. 4 ; resort. — S.je Petrograd. 

Saint— Pierre (saN'-pyar') isl. off S coast of Newfoundland, 
part of Fr. col. of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, isl. 10 U 
col. 93 □ p. 4. — spt. town, Martinique isl. Fr. W. Indies, 
p. 26 ; destroyed by eruption of Mont Pelee 1902. — town, 
SW Reunion, p. 29. 

Saint— Quentin (saN'-kaN'tSN') tn. N Fr. p. comm. 56. 

Saint Roque, Cape (sant rok ; ro'ka) promontory on NE 
coast of Brazil. 

Saint Thomas, isl. E of Porto Rico, W. Indies, 33 D p. 11, 
# Saint Thomas (called also Charlotte Amalie) ; U. S. — 
Port. Sao Thome (soun' tdb-ma') Port. isl. Gulf of Guin- 
ea. 319 D p. 38. # Sao Thome, p. 3 ; cacao. 

Saint Vincent (sant vln'sent) isl.&Windwardisl.col. Br.W. 
Indies, 150 □ p. 42, # Kingstown. 

Saint Vincent, Cape, Port. Sao Vicente (soun/ ve-saN'te), 
SW point of Portugal. 

Sa'is (sa'is) anc. ^ of Lower Egypt, in Nile delta. 

Sakhalin (sa/Ka-lyen') or Saghalien (sa'ga-lyen') isl. Sea 
of Okhotsk, Asia ; N part is Russian prov. 14,668 □ p. 14 ; 
S part Japanese. See Karafuto. 

Salamanca (sal'd-man'kd ; Sp. pron. sa/la-man'ka) prov. 
W Spain, 4,757 □ p. 334. — anc. Salman'tica or Helman'- 
tica, its # p. comm. 30 ; two cathedrals & university ; 
battle 1812. 

Salambria (sa/lam-bre'a ; mod. Gr. sa'lam-vre-ya') anc. 
Pene'us, riv. Thessaly, Greece. 

Salamis (saPd-mis) anc. ruined city, E coast of Cyprus ; 
bat. 449 B. C.«— or Kouloure (kdb'loo-re) isl. Gulf of 
.Egina, Greece, 36 □ ; naval bat. 480 B. C. 

Salem (sa'lem) spt. city, E Mass. p. 44. — city, # of Ore. 
p. 14. — city, S Madras prcs. Br. India, p. 59. 

Salerno (sa-ler'no) anc. Saler'num, city, Campania, Italy, 
p. comm. 46. [land, p. 231.1 

Salf ord (sol'ferd ; so'- ; s£l'-) county bor. Lancashire, Eng-| 

Salina Cruz (sa-le'na. kroos) Pac. spt. Oaxaca, Mex. p. 6. 

Salisbury (solz'ber-I) or New Sa'rum, city & mun. bor. X 
of Wiltshire, England, on Avon riv. p. 21 ; cathedral.^ 
town, % of Southern Rhodesia, Africa, p. 5. 

Salisbury Plain, extensive tract in Wiltshire, England. 

Saloniki (sa'16-ne'ke ; mod. Gr. sa'16-nye'ke) or Salonica 
sa'16-ne'ka) Turk. Selanik (sg'la-nek') former vilayet of 
Turkey in Europe, 13,510 □ p. 1,131 now in Greece, Bul- 
garia, & Serbia. — anc. Ther'ma, later Thes/salonPca, spt. 
NE Greece, on Gulf of Saloniki, p. 158. 

Salop. See Shropshire. [p. 23. 

Salta (sal'ta) prov. N.Argentina, 62,184 □ p. 148. — its # 

Saltillo (sal-tel'yo) city, =5S= of Coahuila state, Mexico, p. 35. 

Salt Lake City, city, # of Utah, near Great Salt lake, p. 
93 ; Univ. of Utah. 

Salvador (sal'va-dor') republic, Cen. America, 8,170 □ p. 
1.161, # San Salvador. [Martaban gulf.l 

Salween (sal'wen') riv. E Burma, ab. 1,750 m. fr. Tibet to[ 

Salzburg (zalts'bdbrK) crownland, Austria, 2,762 □ p. 215. 
— city, its # p. 36. 

Samar (sa'mar) isl. E Philippine isls. 5,031 □ p. 223. 

Samara (sa-ma'ra) city, E Russia, on Volga riv. p. 125. 

Sarnarang (sjpma-rang') Du. Semarang (sem'a-rang') 
city, N Java, p. 97. 

Samaria (sd-ma'rT-d ,' 3) anc. kingdom or prov. Palestine, 
bet. Jordan riv. & Medit. sea.— its # the holy city of the 
Samaritans. 

Samarkand (sam'dr-kant') govt. Russian Turkestan, cen. 
Asia, 26,627 □ p. 1,184. — anc. Maracan'da, its# p. 80. 

Sambor (sam'bor) town, cen. Galicia, Austria, on Dniester 
riv. p. comm. 20. 

Sambre (saN'br') riv. Fr. & Belgium, 100 m. to Meuse riv. 

Samnium (sam'ni-wm) anc. country, cen. Italy. 

Samoa (sa-mo'a ; more correctly sa'mo-a) form. Naviga- 
tors Islands, Polynesian group, S cen. Pac. oc. 1,070 □ p. 
45 ; to Germany (993 D p. 38) & to U. S. (77 □ p. 7). 

Samos (sa'mos) isl. off W coast of Asia Minor, 181 □ p. 55, 
^ Vathy ; administered by Greece. 

Samothraki (sa'mo-thra'ke) Eng. Samothrace (sam'S- 
thras) anc. Samothra'ce, Gr. isl. 14 m. NNW of Imbros, 
jEgean sea, 68 □ p. 5. 

Samsun (sam-soon') town, Trebizond vilayet, Turkey, on 
Black sea, p. 25. [to Vistula riv.l 

San (san) riv. Galicia, Austria, ab. 280 m. Carpathian mts.| 

Sana or Sanaa (sa-na') ft. city, # of Yemen, Arabia, p. 40. 

San Antonio (san an-to'ni-o) city, S Texas, p. 97. 



San Bernardino Mountain (san bflr'nar-de'no) highest 
peak San Bernardino range, S California, 10,630 ft. 

Sandalwood Island (san'ddl-wdbd') or Sumba (sdbm'ba) 
populous isl. Du. E. Indies, S of W end of Flores isl. 
120 m. long, 4,272 D. [mil. colleges. 

Sandhurst (sand'hurst) vil. & par. (p. 3) Berkshire, Eng. ;| 

San Diego (san de-5'go) spt. city, S California, p. 40. 

Sandoz Knob (san'dSz) or Black Brother, peak, Black 
mts. N. C. 6,619 ft. 

Sandusky (san-dfis'ki) city & lake port, N Ohio, p. 20. 

Sandwich Islands. See Hawaii. 

Sandy Hook, pen. 6 m. long, E N. J. ab. 15 m. S of Man- 
hattan isl. 

San Francisco (san fran-sts'ko) spt. city, Cal. on W shore 
of San Francisco bay, 43 D p. 417 ; fine harbor ; earth- 
quake & fire, 1906. —Bay, bay, 40 m. long, coast of Cali- 
fornia. — Mountain, in cen. Ariz. alt. 12,794 ft. 

Sangre de Cristo (san'gra dS kres'to) mt. range. Rocky 
mts. S Colorado ; highest, Blanca peak, 14,390 ft. 

San Jacinto (san jd-sin'to) small riv. E Texas ; battle 1836. 

San Jose (san ho-sa') city, W cen. California, p. 29. 

San Jos6 (san) city, # of Costa Rica, p. 31. 

San Juan (san hwan' ; Sp. san) mun. & spt. city, # of 
Porto Rico, p. 49. — prov. W Argentina, 33,715 □ p. 117. 

— its # p. 15. — Mountains (san hwan') range of Rocky 
mts. SW Colorado ; highest, Mt. Sneffels, 14,158 ft. 

Sankt Moriz (zankt mo'rlts) Eng. Saint Moritz, town, 
Grisons canton, Switz. p. comm. 3 ; baths ; tourist resort. 

San Luis (san ldb-es') prov. cen. Argentina, 28,535 □ p. 
116. — its#p. 14. 

San Luis Potosi (san ldb-es' po'tS-se') state, cen. Mexico, 
24,007 □ p. 628. — city, its # p. 68. 

San Marino (san ma-re'no) rep. & tn. SW of Rimini, 
Italy, rep. 24 □ p. 11. 

San Miguel (san me-gel') town, E Salvador, p. 25. — vol. 
6,000 ft. high, SW of town. [p. comm. 23. 

San Remo (san re'mo) town, Liguria, Italy, on Medit. sea,| 

San Salvador (sal'va-dor') Bahama isl. ; first land seen by 
Columbus in New World. — city, # of Salvador, p. 60. 

San Sebastian (sS-bas'tyan') , ft. coast town, N Spain, p. 
comm. 49 ; watering place ; summer residence of the court. 

San, or Santo, Stefano (san, or san'to, sta'fa-no) vil. Tur- 
key in Europe, on Sea of Marmora, ab. 7 m. W of Con- 
stantinople, p. 2 ; treaty 1878. [vador, p. 51.1 

Santa Ana (san'td an'd; Sp. san'ta a'na) town, NW Sal-| 

Santa Catharina (san'ta ka'ta-re'na) state, S Brazil, 2S.632 
□ p. 353, # Florianopolis. 

Santa Clara (san'ta kla'ra) prov. W cen. Cuba, 9,560 O 
p. 514. — * city, its % p. 17. 

Santa Cruz (san'ta kroos') ter. S Argentina, 109,142 □ p. 
5. — dept^E Bolivia, 141,797 □ p. 272. — its # p. 21. — 
(san'td krooz') isl. W. Indies. See Saint Croix. 

Santa Cruz de Tenerife (krooth' da ta'na-re'fa) spt. city, 
# of Canary isls. on NE coast Teneriffe isl. p. comm. 63. 

Santa Fe (san'td fa') city, ^ of New Mexico, p. 5 ; founded 
ab. 1605. [its # p. 49.1 

Santa Fe (san'ta fa') prov. Argentina, 50,916 D p. 842. — | 

Santander (san'tan-dar') prov. N Spain, 2,108 □ p. 303. 

— its # p. 65. [& Congaree rivs. to Atl.l 
Santee River (san'te') in S. C. 208 m. fr. junction of Wateree| 
Santiago (san'te-a'go) city, # of Chile, p. 404. — de Cuba 

(da koo'ba) spt. city, SE Cuba, ^ ofOriente prov. p. 45 ; 

battles 1898. — del Estero (del es-ta'ro) prov. N Argen- 
tina, 39,764 □ p. 216. 
Santo Domingo (san'to do-mirj'go). See Dominican Re- 
public. — town, # of Dominican Republic, p. 20 ; oldest 

European settlement in New World (1496). 
Santos (saN'tdosh) spt. town, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, p. 35. 
Sao Francisco (soun fraN-^esh'kob) riv. Brazil, Minas 

Geraes 1,800 m. to Atl. oc. [riv. at Lyon.l 

Saone (son) river, E France, dept. Vosges 300 m. to Rhone! 
Sadne—et— Loire (son'-a-lwar') dept. E France, 3,331 □ p, 

604, * Macon. [3,397. — its # p. 400. 

Sao Paulo (soun pou'loo) state, S Brazil, 112,307 □ p. 
Sao Salvador (sal'va-dor'). See Bahia. 
Sao Thome. SeeSaint Thomas. 

Sapporo (sap'po-ro) city, Yezo isl. Japan, near Otaru, p. 70. 
Saragossa (sa'rd-gos'd) Sp. Zaragoza (tha'ra-go'tha) prov. 

NE Spain, 6,728 □ p. 449. — anc. CaVsaraugus'ta, its ifc 

on Ebro riv. p. comm. 112 ; 2 cathedrals ; sieges 1808-09. 
Sarajevo (sa'ra-ya-vo) or Serajevo (ser'a-) or Bosna Serai 

(bos'na ser-i') # of Bosnia, p. 52. 
Saratoga (sar'd-to'gd) . See Schuylerville. [resort. 

Saratoga Springs, city, E N. Y. p. 13 ; mineral springs; 
Saratov (sa-ra'tof) city, E Russia, on Volga riv., p. 205. 
Sarawak (sa-ra'wak) ter. under Br. protection, NW Borneo 

isl. 42,030 □ p. 5D0, ^ Kuching. 
Sardinia (sar-dln'i-d) It. Sardegna (sar-da'nya) isl. Medit. 

sea, 164 m. by 61 m. — compartimento (Sardinia isl. & 

smaller isls.) of Italy, 9,308 □ p. 852. 
Sardis (sar'dis) anc. city, ^= of Lydia, Asia Minor ; ruins. 
Sarmatia (sar-ma'shi-d) anc. name of Poland & Russia, 

W of Volga river. [Gallipoli pen. I 

Saros, Gulf of (sa'rSs) inlet of ^Egean sea, Turkey, N of | 
Sarum, New. See Salisbury. 
Sarum, Old (sa'rwm ; 3) , anc.Rom. Sor'biodu'num, form. bor. 

&city, Wiltshire, Eng., 2 m. N of Salisbury ; a few ruins. 
Sasebo (sa'se-b8) tov> n, W Kiushu, Japan, p. 93. 
Saskatchewan (sas-kach'e-won) riv. Canada, Rocky mts. 

1,660 m. to Lake Wi mepeg.— prov. W Canada, 251,700 

D P. 492, ^ Regina. 
Sassari (sas'sa-re) tn., NW Sardinia isl. It., p. comm. 43. 
Satsuma (sat'sdb-ma) o i prov. SW Kiushu, Jap. -.pottery. 
Sault Sainte Marie (so. / sant ma'rl) city, NE Mich, on 

Saint Marys riv. p. 13. — town, Ontario, Can. on St. 

Marys riv. p. 11. [near Richmond, Va.j 

Savage's Station (sav'a-iiz) battlefield (June 29, 1862) j 
Savaii (sa-vi'e) largest isl. )f Samoa, 653 □ p. 14 ; German. 
Savannah (sd-van'd) riv. b ft. S. C. & Ga. 450 m. to Atl. oc. 

— city, Ga. near mouth o c riv. p. 65 ; cotton port. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1163 



Save (sav) Ger. Sau (zou) Croat. Sava (sa'va) riv. Austria, 
Carniola 650 m. to Danube river. 

Savoie (sa'vwa') Eng. Savoy (sd-voi') form, duchy, now in 
SE Fr. — dept. SE Fr., 2,389 □ p. 248, # Chamb6ry. 

Sawatch or Saguache (sd-wach') mt. range, Rocky mts. 
Colorado ; highest point, Massive Mountain, 14,424 ft. 

Saxe— Altenburg (saks-al'ten-burg) Ger. Sachsen— Alt en- 
burg (zak'sen-al'ten-bdbrK) duchy, a state of cen. Ger- 
many, 511 D p. 216, =H= Altenburg. 

Saxe— Coburg— Gotha (saks-ko'burg-go'td) Ger. Sachsen— 
Coburg— Gotha (zak'sen-ko'bdbrK-go'ta) duchy, a state 
of Germany, 763 □ p. 257, $? # Coburg & Gotha. 

Saxe— Meiningen (saks-mT'ning-en) Ger. Sachsen— 
Meiningen (zak'sen-mi'ning-en) duchy, a state of Ger- 
many, 953 □ p. 279, # Meiningen. 

Saxe— Weimar (-vl'mar) Ger. Sachsen— Weimar— Eisen- 
ach (-vi'mar-i'zen-aK) grand duchy, a state of cen. Ger- 
many, 1,394 □ p. 417, # Weimar. 

Saxony (sak'swn-i) Ger. Sachsen (zak'sen) old div. of Ger. 
from North & Baltic seas to Bavaria & Bohemia. — king- 
dom, a state of Ger., 5,789 □ p. 4,807, # Dresden. — prov. 
cen. Prussia, 9,756 □ p. 3,089, # Magdeburg. [p. 2.1 

Saybrook (sa'brobk') town. Conn, at mouth of Conn. riv.| 

Scafell Pike (sk6-fel') mt. Cumberland co. Eng. 3.210 ft. ; 
highest in England. _ 

Scamander. See Menderez. 

Scandinavia (skan'di-na/vi-d) anc. name of country of the 
Norsemen, — Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland. — 

1 pen. of Norway & Sweden. 

Scarborough (skar'bur-6 ; skar'brS) spt. mun. bor. York- 
shire, Eng. p. 37 ; watering place. 

Schaerbeek (sKar'bak) comm. sub. of Brussels, Belg. p. 82. 

Schaffhausen (shaf hou'zen) Fr. Schafihouse (shaf'doz') 
canton, N Switzerland, 114 □ p. 46. — its # on Rhine riv. 
p. comm. 18. 

Schaumburg— Lippe (shoum'boorK-lip'e) principality, a 
state of Germany, 131 □ p. 47, $? Biickeburg. 

Scheldt (skglt) Flemish Schelde (sicel'de) Fr. Escaut (eV- 
ko') riv. France, Belgium, & Netherlands, 270 m. to 
North sea. [Union college. | 

Schenectady (ske-nek'td-di) city, E New York, p. 73 ;| 

Schiedam (sKe'dam') town, S. Holland, Netherlands, p. 
comm. 32 ; gin. 

Schleswig (shlas'viK) Eng. Sleswick (sles'wik) spt. town, 
=H= of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, p. 20. — N part of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

Schleswig-Holstein (-hol'shtin) Eng. Sleswick— Hol- 
stein (sles'wik-hol'stin), prov. Prussia, 7,343 □ p. 1,621, 
:& Schleswig. 

Schmalkalden (shmal'kal'den) Eng. Smalkald or Smal- 
cald (smal'kold) town, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, p. 10 ; 
Protestant League (1531). 

Schoneberg (shu'ne-beric) SWsub.'of Berlin, Prussia, p. 173. 

Schoodic (skoo'dik), or Grand, Lakes, lakes in Maine & 
New Brunswick, drained by St. Croix riv. ; largest, 
Schoodic, or Grand, Lake. 

Schuylerville (skl'ler-vil) vil. on Hudson riv. E N. Y. p. 2 ; 
formerly Saratbga, scene of Burgoyne's surrender, after 
battles near Stillwater, Sept. 19 & Oct. 7, 1777. 

Schuylkill River (skobl'kil) in SE Pa. 120 m. to Delaware 
river. 

Schwaben (shva/ben) or Swabia (swa'bi-d) dist. SW Ba- 
varia, S Ger., 3,797 □ p. 790, =& Augsburg. 

Schwarzburg— Rudolstadt (shvarts'bdbrK-roo'dSl-shtat') 
principality, a state of Ger., 363 □ p. 101, # Rudolstadt. 

Schwarzburg— Sondershausen (-zon'ders-hou'zen) prin- 
cipality, a state of Ger., 333 □ p. 90, # Sondershausen. 

Schwerin (shva-ren') city, $? of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
Ger. p. 43. [its $? p. comm. 8.1 

Schwyz (shvets) canton, cen. Switzerland, 351 □ p. 58. — | 

S cilia (shel'la) anc. Scyl'la, headland, Messina strait, Italy. 

Scilly Islands (sil'i) 140 isls. Cornwall co. Eng. 5 l A D p. 2, 
seat of government, Hugh Town. 

Scio (sl'o ; she'o) anc. Chios (kl'Ss) Gr. Khio {mod. Gr. 
pron. Ke'o) Turk. Sakis— Adasi (sa-kes'-a-da'se) Gr. isl. 
off W coast Asia Minor, 319 □ p. 72. — its # p. 14. 

Scotia (sko'shd) Med. Lat. name of Scotland. 

Scotland (skot'ldnd) N div. of Great Britain, 30,405 □ p. 
4,759, # Edinburgh. 

Scranton (skran'twn) city, NE Pa. p. 130 ; coal & iron. 

Scutari (skoo'ta-re) anc. Chrysop'olis, town, Asiatic side of 
Bosporus, a part of Constantinople, p. 82. — anc. Sco'dra, 
fortified town, Albania ; siege, 1912-13. 

Scylla. See Scilla. 

Scyros. See Skyros. [now in Russia. | 

Scythia (sith'i-d) anc. name of parts of Europe & Asia| 

Seattle (se-af'l) spt. city, Wash, on Puget sound, p. 237 ; 
Univ. of Wash. 

Sevastopol (se-bas'to-p61 ; seb'ds-to'pol) or Sevastopol 
{Buss. syg'vas-to'pSl-y') spt. Crimea, S Russia, p. 68; 
siege 1854-55. 

Secunderabad or Sikandarabad (se-kun'der-a-bad') town 
& Br. cantonment, 6 m. NE of Hyderabad city, Hydera- 
bad state, India, p. 84. 

Sedan (se-dan' ;F. pron. se-daN') town, NE Fr., onMeuse riv. 
p. comm. 20 ; battles 1870. 

Sedgemoor (sej'mor') tract, Somersetshire, Eng. ; Mon- 
mouth's defeat 1685. 

Seeland (se'ldnd ; Gr. pron. za'lant) Danish Sjaelland 
(shal'lan) isl. div. of Denmark, 2,895 Dp. 1,097, # Co- 
penhagen. — largest isl. of Denmark, 2,805 □ p. 1,004. 

Segeste (se-jes'te) or Segesta (-td) city, NW anc. Sicily. 

Segovia (sa-go'vya) prov. cen. Spain, 2,681 □ p. 168. — its 
# p. 15. 

Seine (san) anc. Seq'uana, riv. France, 480 m. to English 
channel. — dept. N France, 185 □ p. 4,154, # Paris. 

Seine— et—Marne (-a-marn') dept. N France, 2,273 □ p. 
364, =H= Melun. [=fc Versailles. I 

Seine— et-Oise (-a-waz>) dept. N France, 2,185 □ p. 818,1 



Seine— Inf erieure (-aN'fa'rf-urO dept. N France, 2,448 □ 

p. 877, # Rouen. 
Seistan (sas'tan') region, SW Afghanistan & E Persia. 
Selangor (sa-lan'gor') native state, Federated Malay 

States, W Malay pen. 3,200 □ p. 294, # Kuala Lumpur. 
Seleucia (se-lu'shi-d) anc. coast city, Syria. — anc. city. 

Babylonia. [ — See Selkirkshire.! 

Selkirk (sel'kerk) mun. burgh, X of Selkirkshire, Scot., p. 6.| 
Selkirk Mountains, in SE Br. Columbia ; highest. Sir 

Donald, 10,808 ft. [p. 25, X Selkirk.l 

Selkirkshire (sel'kerk-sher) or Selkirk, co. Scotland, 267 D| 
Semendria (se-mgnMrl-d) Serb. Smederevo (smeA15-rg- 

vo) dept. N Serbia, 493 □ p. 145. — its # on Danube 

river, p. 7. 
Semlin (zSm-len') Hung. Zimony (ze'mSn-y') town, Sla- 

vonia, Hungary, on Danube & Save rivs. opp. Belgrade, 

22 Dp. 17. [13SG.I 

Sempach (zem'paK) tn.. Lucerne canton, Switz., p. 2 ; bat.) 
Sendai (sen'dl') city, NE Honshu, Japan, near Sendai 

bay, p. 98. 
Senegal (sgn'S-gol') Fr. Senegal (sa'na'gal') riv. Fr. W. 

Africa, Futa Jallon 890 m. to Atl. oc. at Saint-Louis. — 

colony, Fr. W. Africa, 73,977 □ p. 1,247, # Saint-Louis. 
Senegambia (sen'e-gam'bl-d) region, bet. Senegal & Gam- 
bia rivs. mostly in French colony of Senegal. 
Senlac (sgn'lak) hill, Sussex, Eng., near Hastings ; bat. 1066. 
Senlis (saN'les') town, N France, p. comm. 7. 
Sennar or Sennaar (sen'nar') dist. bet. White Nile & Blue 

Nile rivs. (see Nile) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. — prov. in 

Sennar dist. — ^ of prov. p. 8. 
Seoul (sg-6ol') city, # of Korea, p. 217. ["big trees."! 

Sequoia National Park (se-kwoi'd) in California, 250 □ ;| 
Seraing (se-r&N') comm. Liege prov. Belgium, on Meuse 

river, p. 41. 
Serbia (sur'bT-d) Serbian Srbija (s'r'be-ya) kingdom. SE 

Europe, 33,700 □, # Belgrade, i 
Seres (sgr'es) town, NE Greece, p. 32. 
Seret (ser'St) riv. Galicia, Austria, to Dniester river. 
Sereth (sa-ref) riv. Bukowina & Roumania, to Danube 

river. [Aracaju. f 

Sergipe (ser-zhe'pe) state, E Brazil. 15,093 □ p. 413, # 
Servia. See Serbia. 

Sestos (ses'tos) ruined town, Turkey in Europe, on Darda- 
nelles (Hellespont). [bay, p. 22.1 
Setubal (sa-too'bal) spt. Lisbon dist. Portugal, on Setiiball 
Sevastopol. See Sebastopol. 

Seven Pines, another name for battlefield of Fair Oaks. 
Severn (sev'ern) anc. Sabri'na, riv. Eng. 210 m. N Wales to 

Bristol chan. 
Seville (sev'il : se-vil>) Sp. Sevilla (sa-vel'ya) prov. S Spain. 

5,430 □ p. 597. — anc. Rom. His'palis, its # p. comm. 158. 
Sevres (sa'vr') tn. N Fr., p. comm. 9 ; porcelain factory. 
Sewanee (se-wo'ne) vil. S Tenn. p. 1 ; Univ. of the South. 
Seychelles (sa/shel') isls. NE of Madagascar, 160 □ p. 26, 

%? Victoria ; Br. col. 
Sf ax (sfaks) spt. city, Tunis, p. ab. 50, with suburbs ab. 85. 
Shahjahanpur (sha/jd-han'poorO city, Rohilkhand, United 

Provs. Br. India, p. 72. 
Shahpur (sha/poorO anc. city, SW Persia ; ruins. 
Shamo (sha'mo') i. e. " Sandy waste," Chinese name of Gobi 

desert. [China, p. 651.1 

Shanghai (shang/ha'i^ city & treaty port, Kiangsu prov.| 
Shanhaikwan (shan/hi-kwan') coast town, E Chihli prov. 

China, p. 30. 
Shannon (shan'wn) riv. Ireland 225 m. SW to Atl. oc. 
Shansi (shan'se') prov. N China, 81,853 □ p. 9,691, # 

Taiyiianfu. 
Shan States (shan ; shan) two groups of native states in 

Burma: Northern, ab. 21,000 □ p. 459; Southern, ab. 

36,000 □ p. 900. 
Shantung (shan'tdbng') prov. NE China, 55,985 □ p. 

26,547, # Tsinan. [p. 500.| 

Shaohingfu (shou/hing-ioo') city, Chekiang prov. China, | 
Shari (sha're) riv. affluent of Lake Chad, Fr. Equat. Af. 
Sharon (shar'on) coast plain, W anc. Palestine. 
Sharpsburg (sharps'burg) town, Md. ; battle of Antietam 

Sept. 17, 1862. [river, p. 90.1 

Shasi (sha'se') treaty port, Hupeh prov. China, on Yangtze! 
Shasta, Mount (shas'td), volcanic peak, N California, 

14,380 ft. 
Shat el Arab (shaf el' a-rab') river, Euphrates & Tigris 

united, 120 m. to Persian gulf. 
Shawangunk Mountains (shSp'gum) range, SE N. Y. 
Sheba (she'bd)_ better Saba (sa'bd) anc. country, S Arabia. 
Sheerness (sher-nes') spt. town, Kent, Eng. p. 17 ; govt. 

dockyard. [cutlery.l 

Sheffield (shef'eld) city & co. bor. Yorkshire, Eng., p. 460 ;| 

Shenandoah (shen/dn-do'd) riv. Va. & W. Va. 200 m. to 

Potomac riv. at Harpers Ferry. — bor. E cen. Pa. p. 26. 

Shengking (sheng'king') prov. S Manchuria, 54,761 □ p. 

5,996, * Mukden. [anfu.l 

Shensi (shen'se') prov. N China, 75,290 □ p. 6,917, * Si-| 
Sherwood Forest (shur'wobd) anc. royal forest, chiefly in 

Nottinghamshire, Eng. [burgh Lerwick. I 

Shetland (shet'ldnd) isl. co. Scotland, 551 □ p. 28; chiel| 
Shetland Islands, arch. N. of Scot, constituting co. of 

Shetland ; chief isl. Mainland. [Durham co. Eng. p. 109.1 
Shields, Sou ;h (sheldz), spt. & shipbuilding ccunty bor.| 
Shikoku (she'ko'koo) isl. Japan, E of Kiushu, 6,856 D, 

with adjacent isls. 7,031 D p. 3,288. 
Shiloh, battlefield. See Pittsburg Landing. [Japan, p. 58.1 
Shimonoseki (she'mS-no-st'ke) spt. city, SW Honshu, | 
Shinar, a Biblical name of Babylonia. 
Shipka Pass (ship'kd) pass, Balkan mts. Bulgaria, alt. 
4,376 ft. ; battles 1877. [p. 32.1 

Shiraz (she-raz' ; she'raz) town, # of Fars prov. SW Persia,! 
Shire (she'ra) riv. Africa, S end of Lake Nyasa ab. 370 m. 

to Zambezi riv. 
Shoa (sho'a) kingdom, part of Abyssinia, # Adis Abeba. 
Sholapur (-la-poor') tn., SE Bombay pres. Br. India, p. 61. 



K«=ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Abbreviations precede this list. ^ capital. X county seat. Q area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands 



N 



1164 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Shreveport (shrSv^port) city, NW La., on Red riv. p. 28. 

Shrewsbury (shrooz'ber-I ; shrSz'ber-I) mun. bor. X of 
Shropshire, England, on Severn riv. p. 28 ; battle 1403. 

Shropshire (shrtfp'she'r) or Salop (sal'wp) inland co. Eng- 
land, 1,347 D p. 246.X Shrewsbury. 

Shumla (shdbm'la) ft.town, NE Bulgaria, p. 22. 

Si (se) or Si— kiang (se'-kyang') large nav. river (kiang), 
more than 1,000 m. long, S China to China sea. 

Siam (si-am' ; si'am ; se'am') kingdom, SE Asia, ab. 
198,900 □ p. 8,149, # Bangkok. 

Siam, Gulf of , inlet, China sea, S of Siam. 

Sianf u (se'an-f oo') or Singan (se'n'gan') city, # of Shensi, 
China, p. 1,003. [river, p. 300.1 

Siangtan (sS-anj'tanO city, Hunan prov. China, on Siangl 

Siberia (sT-be'ri-d) Russ. Sibir' (se-ber') country of N 
Russia in Asia, bet. Ural nits, and Pacific oc, 4,831,882 O 
p. 8,719 ; W # Tomsk ; E * Irkutsk. [Italy. I 

Sicilies, the Two (sls'1-llz) former kingdom Sicily and S| 

Sicily (sIs'T-11) It. Sieilix (se-chel'ya) anc. Trina'cria, larg- 
est isl. Medit. sea ; with small isls. a compartimento of 
Italy, 9,933 □ p. 3,683, # Palermo. [near Corinth.l 

Sicyon (sish'i-5n) Gr. Sikyon (sik'i-Sn') anc. city, Greece, | 

Sidon. See Saida. 

Sidra, Gulf of (sid'rd) anc. Syr'tis Ma'jor, inlet, coast of 
Tripoli and Barca. 

Siedlce. See Syedlets. [#p. 42.1 

Siena (syg'na) prov. Tuscany, Italy, 1,472 O p. 242. — its| 

Sierra Leone (sl-er'd le-o'ne) Br. W African col. (515 [3 p- 
76. # Freetown) & protectorate (31,109 □ p. 1,313). 

Sierra Madre (sl-er'd ma'dra), Eastern & Western, mt. 
chains on E & on W border of cen. plateau, Mexico. 

Sierra Nevada (si-gr'd ne-va'dd) mt. ranges, E Cal. ; highest 
peak, Mt. Whitney, 14,502 ft. — (Sp. pron. syer'ra na- 
va'fcha) mts. S Spain ; highest, Mulhacen, 11,421 ft. 

Sigmaringen (zeg'ma-rlng'en) Pruss. dist. coextensive 
with Hohenzollern. 

Sikandarabad (se-kun'ddr-a-bad') • See Secunderabad. 

Sikkim (sik'Im) native state, NE India, bet. Nepal & 
Bhutan, 2,818 □ p. 88, # Gangtok. 

Silesia (sl-le'shi-d; -shd) Ger. Schlesien (shla'ze-en) prov. 
SE Prussia, 15.573 D P. 5,226, # Breslau. — crownland, 
Austria, 1,987 □ p. 757, # Troppau. 

Silistra (sf-lis'trd) or Silistria (-tri-d) region, SE Rouma- 
nia, 2,983 □ p. 274 ; ceded by Bulgaria 1913. 

Simferopol (sem'fe-rfi'pSl-y') town, Crimea, Russia, p. 62. 

Simla (slm'ld) town & hill station, NE Punjab, Br. India, 
p. (with cantonment) 38 ; summer # of Govt, of India. 

Simplon (sim'plSn ; F. saN'plSN') vil. & pass, Switzerland ; 
road built by Napoleon 1800-06 ; tunnel, 12 M m. long 
(1898-1906). 

Sinai (sT'm ; sT'nS-T) pen. Arabia, at N end of Red sea. 

Sinai, Mount, probably in Sinai pen. but not identified. 

Sinaloa(se'na-lo'a) state, Mex., 27,560 Dp. 323, X Culiacan. 

Sind (sind) div. NW Bombay pres. Br. India, 47,066 □ p. 
3,513, # Hyderabad. 

Singan. See Sianfu. 

Singapore (sin'gd-por' ; 57) spt. city, on Singapore isl. 
(217 □) S of Malay pen. # of Straits Settlements, p. 260. 

Sing Sing. See Ossining. 

Sinkiang (sin'kyang') Chinese prov. comprising all Chi- 
nese cen. Asia between Mongolia & Tibet, 550,579 □ p. 
1,819, # Tihwafu. 

Sioux City (soo) city, W Iowa, on Missouri^ riv. p. 48. 

Siut (se-oof) or Assiout or Assiut (as'se-oof) town, Up- 
per Egypt, p. 39. 

Sivas (se'vas') vilayet, NE Asia Minor, 23,970 □ p. 1,058. 
— anc. Sebas'te or Sebas'tia or Cabi'ra, its =K= p. 60. 

Skagen, Cape (sga'gen) or the Skaw (sko) N point of 
Jutland, Denmark. 

Skager— Rak (sgag'er-rak ; often skag'er-rak') arm of 
North sea S of Norway. [volcanoes, SE Iceland. I 

Skaptar Jokull (skap'tar yu'kdbd'l) glacier region with| 

Skoplje. See Uskiip. 

Skye ( ski ) isl. Inner Hebrides, Inverness-shire, Scot. ,48 J^ 
miles long. 

Skyros (ske'rSs) anc. Scy'ros, isl. N Sporades, Greece. 

Slave Coast, coast of Guinea, W Africa, bet. Benin & 
Volta rivers. 

Slavonia (sld-vo'ni-d) the E part of the crownland of Cro- 
atia and Slavonia, Hungary, 6,433 □ p. 952. 

Sleswick. See Schleswig. 

Slide Mountain, highest of Catskill mts. N. Y. 4,204 ft. 

Sliven (sle'ven) or Slivno (slev'nS) town, Eastern Rou- 
melia, Bulgaria* p. 25. 

Smalcald. See Schmalkalden. [Birmingham, p. 71.1 

Smethwick (smeth'ik) co. bor. Staffordshire, Eng., near| 

Smichow (sme'K<5f) town, Bohemia, Austria, suburb of 
Prague, p. comm. 52. 

Smith Sound, N extremity of Baffin bay. [est, 6,619 ft.l 

Smoky Mountains, Great, range, N. C. & Tenn. ; high-| 

Smolensk (sm3-lyensk') city, W cen. Russia, p. 63 ; battle 
1813. 

Smyrna (smur'nd) or Aidin (T'den') vilayet, W Turkey in 
Asia, on ^gean sea, 21,580 □ p. 1,397. — spt. its # p. 300. 

Snake River, from Yellowstone Nat. Park 939 m. to Co- 
lumbia riv. Wash. [3,571 ft.l 

Snowdon (sno'dwn) highest mt. Wales, Carnarvonshire,! 

Society Islands, in S Pac. oc. 637 □ p. 19, chief isl. Tahiti ; 
French. [Bulgaria, p. 103.1 

Sofia (so'fe-ya ; in English commonly so-fe'a) city, # of | 

Soissons (swa'sSisrO anc. No'viodu'num, later Augus'ta 
Su'esso'num, tn., NE Fr., on Aisne river, p. comm. 14. 

Sokoto (so'kS-to ; sok'S-) sultanate & prov. N Nigeria. 

Solent, the (so'lent) channel, bet. Isle of Wight & main- 
land of Eng. 

Soleure. See Solothurn. [battle 1859. | 

Solferino (sSl'fe-re'no) vU. E Lombardy, Italy, p. comm. 2 ;j 

Solimoes (so'le-moiNsh') middle Amazon, from Javary 
river to Rio Negro. 



Solomon Islands, (s51'$-mwn) group, E of New Guinea, S 

Pac. oc. 19,000 □ p. 195 ; NW part German, SE part Br. 
Solothurn (zo'lS-toornO Ft. Soleure (sS'lur') canton, NW 

Switz. 306 □ p. 117. [m. long.l 

Solway Firth (sSl'wa) inlet, Irish sea, bet. Eng. & Scot. 38[ 
Somaliland (sS-ma'le"-land / ) ter. between equator & Gulf 

of Aden, E Africa. See Somaliland Protectorate, French 

Somali Coast, & Italian Somaliland. 
Somaliland Protectorate, Br. protectorate, S of Gulf of 

Aden, 68,000 D P. 303, # Berbera. 
Somersetshire (sum'Ifr-sSt-sher) or Somerset, co. SW 

Eng., 1,621 □ p. 458.X Bath. 
Somerville (-vil) city, E Ma<s. p. 77 ; suburb of Boston. 
Somme (sSm) dept. N France, 2,423 D p. 520, # Amiens. 
Songka (song'ka') or Sungkoi (soong'koi') or Red River, 

riv. (song) SW China & Tonkin, 500 m. to Gulf of Tonkin. 
Sonora (s3-n5'rd) state, NW Mexico, 76,639 Dp. 265, ^ 

Hermosillo. [See Illampu.l 

Sorata (sS-ra'ta) mountain, E of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.! 
Sosnovitsy (sos-n6'vI-tsI) Pol. Sosnowiec (sSs-n6'vy£ts) 

city, SW Poland, Russia, p. 81. 
Souchez (soo'sha') tn., N Fr., SW of Lens, p. comm. 2. <j 
Soudan. See Sudan. 
Soufriere (soo'fre-ar') vol. St. Vincent, W. Indies, 3,000 ft. ; 

eruption 1902. — , Grande (graNd ; Angl. grand) vol. S 

Guadeloupe, W. Indies, 4,868 ft. 
South Africa, Union of, Br. self-governing colony, estab. 

May 31, 1910, comprising provs. Cape of Good Hope, 

Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State, 473,100 □ p. 

5,973, # Pretoria ; seat of legislature, Capetown. 
South African Republic, a former name of the Transvaal, 

U. of S. Africa. 
Southampton (south-amp'twn) administrative co. part of 

anc. co. of Hampshire, Eng. 1,498 □, p. 862 (incl. co. 

bors.). — spt. co. bor. Hampshire, Eng., p. 119. 
South Australia, state, Australia, 380,070 □ p. 409, with 

civilized full-blooded aboriginals 4l0, # Adelaide. 
South Bend, city, N Indiana, p. 54. [Lehigh univ.l 

South Bethlehem (bgth'le-hem, -em) bor. E Pa. p. 20 ;| 
South Brisbane (briz'ban ; colloq. briz'bdn) mun., Queens- 
land, Australia, on Brisbane river, opp. Brisbane, p. 34. 
South Carolina (kar/5-lI'nd) state, SE U. S. A. 30,495 D 

p. 1,515, ^= Columbia. [584, # Pierre.l 

South Dakota (dd-ko'td) state, NW U. S. A. 76,868 D p.| 
Southend on Sea (south'end') spt. mun. bor. Essex co. 

England, p. 63. 
Southern Rhodesia, that part of Rhodesia S of Zambezi 

riv. comprising Matabeleland & Mashonaland, 148.575 □ 

p. 769, # Salisbury. [Fuego, 1,000 □ ; Br.l 

South Georgia (jor'ji-d ; -jd) isl. S Atl. oc. E of Tierra delj 
South Hadley, town, cen. Mass. p. 5 ; Mt. Holyoke college. 
South Holland, Du. Zuidholland (zoid'hSl'ant) prov. 

W Netherlands, 1,167 D p. 1,389, ^ The Hague. 
South Island, cen. & largest isl. of New Zealand, 525 m. 

long, 58,525 □ p. 444 (exclusive of Maoris), chief towns 

Dunedin & Christchurch. [Melbourne, p. 46. 

South Melbourne, city, Victoria, Australia, suburb of| 
South Mountain, ridge, S Pa. & W Md. ; bat. near Boons- 

boro, Md. Sept. 14, 1862. [Irish sea, p. 52 ; resort. I 

Southport ( south'port ; 57 ) co. bor. Lancashire, Eng. onj 
South Russia, div. Russia in Europe, S of Little Russia. 
Southwark (sflth'erk) met. bor. London, Eng., S of the 

Thames, p. 192. 
Southwell (south'wel ; colloq. siifck/'l) par. Nottingham- 
shire, Eng. p. 3 ; cathedral. 
Spain (span) Sp. Espana (es-pan'ya) anc. Hispa'nia, king- 
dom, SW Europe, 195,056 □ p. 19,951 (incl. Canaries & 

Baleares, 4,793 □ p. 770), # Madrid. 
Spalato (spa/la-to) anc. Spala'tum, spt. city, Dalmatia, 

Austria, p. 21, comm. 27. [sia, p. 85. 

Spandau (shpan'dou) ft. town, Brandenburg prov. Prus- 
Spanish Guinea, possessions of Spain incl. Rio Muni and 

isls. in the Gulf of Guinea. 
Sparta (spar'td) or Lacedse'mon, # of anc. Laconia, Greece, 

& chief city of the Peloponnesus. 
Spencer's Gulf, (spen'serz) large inlet, South Australia, bet. 

Yorke's & Eyre's pens. 
Speyer (spT'er ; G. shpl'er) often in English Spires (splrz) 

city, ^ of the Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany, p. 23. 
Spezia (spet'sya) ft. spt. town & naval arsenal, Liguria, 

Italy, p. comm. 74. [battle 1900. 

Spion Kop (spe-6n' kSp>) hill (kop) Natal, nearLadysmith ; 
Spires. See Speyer. [& Isle of Wight. 

Spithead (spit'hed') roadstead, S of Eng. bet. Portsea isl. 
Spitzbergen or Spitsbergen (spits'bur/gen ; spits-ber'gen) 

group of isls. in Arctic ocean, N of Norway, 76° 27/-80 50' 

N, 27,000 D. 
Spokane (spo'kan') city, E Wash. p. 104. [comm. 26.1 

Spoleto (spo-15'to) anc. Spole'tium, city, Perugia, It. p.| 
Sporades (spor'd-dez) a group of islands off the SW coast 

of Asia Minor, part belonging to Greece and part admin- 
istered by Italy ; the Northern Sporades, NE of Evvia, 

belong to Greece. [8-21, 1864. 

Spotsylvania (spot'sTl-va'ni-d) in E Virginia ; battles, May| 
Spree (shpra) riv. Ger. Saxony 220 m. to Havel river. 
Spreewald (shpra'valtO wooded & marshy dist. in Spree 

valley, Brandenburg, Prussia. 
Springfield (spring'feld) city, # of 111. p. 52. — city, S 

cen. Mass. on Conn. riv. p. 89 ; U. S. armory. — city, SW 

Mo. p. 35. — city, W cen. Ohio, p. 47. 
Srinagar (sre^nd-gur') city, # of Kashmir, India, p. 126. 
Staffa (staf'd) isl. Hebrides, Scot. Fingal's cave, 288 ft. long 

117 ft. high. 
Stafford (staf'erd). See Staffordshire. — mun. bor. X of 

Staffordshire, Eng. p. 23. [1,280, X Stafford. 

Staffordshire (-sher) or Stafford, co. cen. Eng. 1,158 □ p. 
Staked Plain. See Llano Estacado. [stantinople. 

Stamboul (stam-bool') French form of Istambul, or Con- 
Stamford (stam'ferd) city, SW Conn. p. 25. [equator. 
Stanley Falls (stan'lT), 7 cataracts of Congo riv. on the 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature. ver<h?re (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1165 



Stanley Pool, expansion of Congo riv. just S of 4° S lat. 
Stanovoi Range (sta'nS-voi') Russ. Stanevy (sta-nS'v!) 
mts. E Siberia, water parting between Arctic & Pacific 
streams. [college. I 

State College, bor. cen. Pennsylvania, p. 1 ; Penn. State! 
Staten Island (stat'en) isl. coextensive with Richmond bor. 

City of New York, 57 □ p. 86. 
Stavanger (sta'vang-er) spt. SW Norway, p. 37. 
Steglitz (shta'glits) commune, Brandenburg prov. Prussia, 

near Berlin, p. 63. 
Steinamanger. See Szombathely. 

Stepney (step'n!) met. bor. part of London, Eng. p. 280. 
Steppes, the (steps) government-general, Russian Central 
Asia, 710,906 D p. 3,319, # Omsk. [p. 236.1 

Stettin (shte-ten') spt. city, ^ of Pomerania prcv. Prussia,! 
Stettiner Hafl (shte-te'ner haf 7 ) coast lake, Pomerania, 
Prussia. [land , 665 □ . I 

Stewart Island (stu'ert), isl. S of South Island, New Zea-| 
Stillwater (stU'wo'ter) vil. E N. Y. p. 1 ; battles, Sept. 19 

& Oct. 7. 1777. 
Stiplje. See Ishtib. 
Stirling (stur'ling) mun. burgh, X of Stirlingshire, Scot, on 

Forth riv. p. 21 ; battle 1297. — See Stirlingshire. 
Stirlingshire (stflr'Ung-sher) or Stirling, co. Scotland, 
451 D p. 161. X Stirling. [den, p. 342. 

Stockholm (stok'holm ; Sw. stok'hSlm) spt. city, ^ of S\ve-| 
Stockport (stSk'port ; 57) co. bor. Cheshire & Lancashire, 
England, p. 109. [co Eng. on Tees riv. p. 52. j 

Stockton on Tees (stSk'twn, tez) spt. mun. bor. Durham| 
Stoke on Trent (stok), county bor. Staffordshire, Eng- 
land, p. 235 ; pottery. [Wayne in 1779.1 
Stony Point, vil. SE N. Y. ; fort taken by Gen. Anthony! 
Straits Settlements, Br. col. S Malay pen. & adjacent 

isls. with dependencies ab. 1,630 □ p. 714, # Singapore. 
Stralsund (shtral'zdbnt) ft. spt. Pomerania, Prussia, p. 34 ; 

siege 1628. 

Strassburg (shtras'bdbnc ; Angl. stras'burg) anc. Argen'to- 

ra'tum. ft. city, # of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, p. 179 ; 

cathedral. 

Stratford on Avon (a'vdn) mun. bor. Warwickshire, Eng. 

on rt. bank Avon river, p. 9 ; Shakespeare was born & is 

buried here. 

Struma (stroo'ma) Turk. Kara Su (ka'ra s6o') anc. Stry'- 

mon, river (su), SW Bulgaria through NE Greece to Gulf 

of Rendina. [Serb, frontiers.) 

Strumitsa (stroo-mit'sa) town, SW Bulgaria, near Gr. &| 

Stryj (strl'y') riv. cen. Galicia, Austria, Carpathian mts. 

110 m. to Dniester river. — town, Galicia, Austria, on 

Stryj riv. p. comm. 31. [p. 286.1 

Stuttgart (shtdot'gart) city, $? of Wurttemberg, Germany,! 

Styr (stir) riv. Galicia (Austria) & Russia, 300 m. to Pri- 

pyat river. [Graz.l 

Styria (stir'i-d) crownland, Austria, 8.65S □ p. 1,444, #| 

Suakin (swa'ken) spt. Anglo-Eg. Sudan, on Red sea, p. 12. 

Suchau. See Soochow. 

Sucre (soc/kra) city, SW cen. Bolivia, p. 23 ; supreme court. 
Sudan (sob'dan' ; soo-dan') region, Africa, S of Sahara & 
Libyan deserts.-—, Anglo— Egyptian, W of Red sea, Eri- 
trea, & Abyssinia, ab. 950,000 □ p. ab. 3.000, =K= Khartum. 
Suez (soo-ez' ; soo'ez) spt. Egypt, S end of Suez canal, p. 11. 
Suez Canal, ship canal 100 m. long across Isthmus of Suez, 

connecting Medit. & Red seas, cut 1859—69. 
Suez, Isthmus of, in Egypt, joins Africa to Asia. 
Suffolk (suf'uk) co. SE England, 1,481 □ p. 394, X Ipswich. 
Sulu Archipelago (soo'loo) SW Philippine islands, 1,490 D 

p. 118. # Jolo. 
Sumatra (sdo-ma'trd) isl. Dutch E. Indies, 167,488 □, 
with adjacent isls. (not incl. Banka) 178,674 □ p. 4,142. 
Sumbawa (sdbm-ba'wa) Du. Soembawa (sdbm-) isl. 
Sunda isls. Du. East Indies, 5,129 D p. 150 ; great erup- 
tion of Tambora 1815. 
Sunda Isles (sfln'dd) chain in Malay arch. ; separate Java 

sea from Indian oc. 
Sunda Strait, 16 m. broad at narrowest part, bet. Java & 
Sumatra. [Eng. p. 151. | 

Sunderland (sun'der-ldnd) spt. county bor. Durham co.| 
Sungaria. _See Zungaria. [chief trib. of Araur.j 

Sungari (soon'ga-re') riv. Manchuria, about 800 m. long,| 
Superior, city, NW Wis. port on Lake Superior, p. 40. 
Superior, Lake, bet. U. S. A. & Canada, 400 m. long, alt. 

602 ft. 32,060 □ ; largest of the 5 Great Lakes. 

Surabaya, Du. Soerabaja (soo'ra-ba'ya) residency, NE 

Java, Du. E. Indies, 2,298 □ p. 2,437. — its # a spt. on 

Madura strait, p. 150. [p. 11S.| 

Surakarta, Du. Soerakarta (soo^ra-kax'ta) city, cen. Java,| 

Surat (sob-rat' ; native sob'rut, soo'rut) city, Bombay pres. 

Br. India, p. 115. 
Surinam (soo'ri-nara') riv. Du. Guiana, 400 m. to Atl. oc. 
— See Dutch Guiana. [of Barak river. | 

Surma (sdor'ma) riv. 560 m. Assam, Br. India, main branch] 
Surrentum. See Sorrento. 

Surrey (sur'i) co. SE England, 722 □ p. 846, X Guildford. 
Susa (soo'sa) anc. city, $? of Elam ; Shushan of the Bible. 
Susquehanna River (sus'kwe-han'd) , riv. N. Y., Pa. & 
Del., 420 m. to Chesapeake bay. [663, X Lewes.l 

Sussex (sus'eks) co. SE Eng. on Eng. channel, 1,457 □ p.| 
Sutherland Falls (suth'er-ldnd) 1,904 ft. high, SW South 

Island, N. Z. 
Sutherlandshire (-sher) or Sutherland, co. N Scot. 2,028 

□ p. 20.X Dornoch. 

Sutlej (sut'lej) river, Tibet 900 m. to Indus riv. Punjab, 

India. [isl. p. 8.1 

Suva (soo'va) spt. tn. 3fc of Fiji isls. on S coast of \ iti Levu| 

Suvalki, Pol. Suwalki (sdb-val'ke) govt. Poland, Russia, 

4,756 □ p. 681. — its * p. 24. 
Suvla Bay(sod'vla)smallbay,WcoastGallipolipen. Turkey. 
Sveaborg (sva'a-bSr'y') fortress, Finland, Russia, in Hel- 

singfors harbor. 
Swabia. See Schwaben. [of Walfish bay. 

Swakop (swa'kfip/) riv. Ger. Southwest Africa to Atl. oc. N| 



Swakopmund (-m<5bnt) spt. Ger. Southwest Africa, at 
mouth of Swakop riv. 

Swan (swSn) riv. W. Australia, flows into Indian ocean. 

Swansea (swfin'se) spt. co. bor. Glamorganshire, Wales, on 
Swansea bay, p. 115. [more college. I 

Swarthmore (sw6rth'mor ; 57) bor. SE Pa. p. 2 ; Swarth-| 

Swat (swat) native ter. of North-West Frontier Prov. India. 

Swatow (swa'to') treaty port, Kwangtung, China, p. 66. 

Swaziland (swa'ze'-lanoV) Br. protectorate, E of S Trans- 
vaal, 6,536 D p. 100. 

Sweden (swe'den) kingdom, N Europe, 172,920 □ (of 
which 158.692 D land) p. 5.522. # Stockholm. 

Switzerland (swlt'zer-ldnd) Ft. Suisse (sue) Ger. Schwelz 
(shvits) L. Helve'tia, federal republic, cen. Europe, 
15,955 D p. 3,765, # Bern. [noted for luxury-! 

Sybaris (slb'd-rls) anc. city, S Italy, destroyed 510 B. C. ;| 

Sydney (sld'nl) spt. city. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Can- 
ada, p. 18. — spt. city, jfc of New South Wales, Australia, 
p. 107. local govt, area 113, with suburbs 630. 

Syedlets (sygd'lyets) Pol. Siedlce (shfl'ts?) govt. Poland, 
Russia, 5,528 D p. 1.003. — its # p. 23. 

Syra (se'ra) anc. Sy'ros Gr. isl. Cyclades, 31 □ p. 32. 

Syracuse (slr'd-kQs' ; -kiis') city, cen. N. Y. p. 137 ; Univ. 
of Syracuse. — It. Siracusa (se'ra-koo'za) coast town, 
SE Sicily, p. 41 ; battle 413 B. C. 

Syr Darya (sir dar'ya) formerly Jaxartes (jaks-ar'te» 
river (darya) Russian Turkestan, 1,300 m. to Aral sea. 

Syria (sir'I-d) div. of Turkey in Asia, E of Mediterranean 
sea, 114,530 D p. 3,171. — vilayet in same, 37,020 D p. 
960, # Damascus. 

Szabadka (s8'b5d-kS) or Maria— Theresiopel (ma're-a- 
ta-ra'ze-6-pelO city, S Hungary, 27 m. SW of Szegedin, 
376 Dp. 95. [^Chengtu. 

Szechwan (sa'chwan') prov. W China, 218,533 □ p. 54,054 J 

Szegedin (se'gea-en) Hung. Szeged (s£'ged) city, S Hun- 
gary, 315 D p. 118. 

Szombathely (sSm'bSt-hel-y') Ger. Steinamanger (shtl'- 
na-mang-er) town, W Hungary, p. 31 ; cathedral. 



Tabasco (ta-bas'ko) state, SE Mexico, 10,375 □ p. 188, # 
San Juan Bautista. [3,549 ft.l 

Table Mountain, mt. Cape prov. S Africa, S of Capetown,! 

Tabor, Mount (ta'ber) mt. 6 m. E by S of Nazareth, Pales- 
tine, 1,843 ft. 

Tabora (ta-bo'ra) town, W cen. German East Africa, p. 37. 

Tabriz (ta-brez') city, # of Azerbaijan. NW Persia, p. 180. 

Tacna (tak'na) N prov. of Chile, incl. Tacna & Arica depts. 
9,250 □ p. 42. — its # p. 9. 

Tacoma (td-ko'md) city, port on Puget Sound, W Wash, 
p. 84 ; Univ. of Puget Sound. — See Rainier, Mount. 

Tacora (ta-ko'ra) vol. mt. Andes mts. Tacna dept. Chile, 
19,736 ft. [ico city, p. 30. 

Tacuba (ta-koc/ba) town. Fed. Dist. Mexico, sub. of Mex- 

Tacubaya (ta'koo-ba'ya) city, Fed. Dist. Mexico, p. 36 
national observatory. [p. ab. 100. 

Tafilelt (ta'fe-lelt') group of oases, S Morocco, ab. 533 D 

Taganrog (ta'gan-rok') spt. town, S Russia, p. 70. 

Tagharma (tag-ar'ma) mt. W Chinese Turkestan, about 
25,800 ft. 

Tagus (ta'gfis) Sp. Tajo (ta'ho) Pg. Tejo (ta'zhdb) riv. 
Spain & Portugal, 566 m. to Atlantic ocean. 

Tahiti (ta'he-te; incorrectly, but commonly, ta-he'te) isl. 
Society isls. S_Pacific oc. 402 Dp. 11, # Papeete. 

Taichu (tl'choo') or Daichu or Daichiu (dl'chdo') for- 
merly Taiwan (ti'wan') town, cen. Formosa, p. 11. 

Taihoku (tT-ho'koo) or Taipei (tl'pa') or Daihoku (dl- 
ho'koo) city, $? of Formosa, in the N part. p. 91. 

Tainan (tl'nan') or Dainan (dl'nan') treaty port, SW 
Formosa, p. 58. 

Taiwan. See Formosa^— See Taichu. [China, p. 230. 

Taiyiianfu JtT'yu-an'foo') walled city, # of Shansi prov. 

Taku (ta'koo') tn., Chihli, China, at mouth of Pei riv. 

Talca (tal'ka) city, cen. Chile, p. 38. 

Talien or Talienwan. Chinese name for Dairen. 

Tallahassee (tal / d-has'e) city, # of Fla. p. 5 ; state college. 

Tamatave (ta'ma-tav') chief port of Madagascar isl. on E 
coast, p. 9. 

Tamaulipas (ta-ma'db-le'pas) state, NE Mexico, 30,834 □ 
p. 250, # Ciudad Victoria. [ft. ; eruption 1815.1 

Tambora (tam'bo-ra) vol. Sumbawa isl. Malay arch. 9,100| 

Tambov (tam-bof) city, cen. Russia, p. 68. 

Tammerfors (tam'er-fors') town, Finland, Russia, p. 44. 

Tampa (tam'pd) city and port, W Florida, p. 38. 

Tampico (tam-pe'ko) spt. city, SE Tamaulipas, Mex. p. 17. 

Tamsui. See Tansui. 

Tana (ta/na) riv. Br. E. Africa, ab. 500 m. to Indian ocean. 

Tanagra (tan'd-grd) anc. town, Bceotia, Greece ; battle 
457 B. C. ; figurines. 

Tananarivo (ta-na'na-re'vo) or Antananarivo (an'ta-rui'- 
na-) Fr. Tananarive (ta/na'na'rev') town, ^= of Mada- 
gascar, p. 95. 

Tanga (tan'ga) spt. Ger. E. Af., p. 6. [Af . & Belg. Congo. I 

Tanganyika (tan'gan-ye'ka) lake. 400 m. 1. bet. Ger. E.| 

Tangier (tan-jer') anc. Tin'gis, Atl. spt. city. N Morocco, 
p. 46 ; "internationalized." [in Nile delta. I 

Tanis (ta'nls) Bib. Zoan (zo'an) ruined city, Lower Egypt, | 

Tanjore (tan-jor') city. S Madras pres. Br. India, p. 58. 

Tannenburg (tan'cn-bdbrK) vil. E. Prussia prov. Prussia, 
ab. 25 m. SW of Allenstein. [coast of Fonnoca.l 

Tansui (tan'soo'e) or Tamsui (tarn'-) treaty port, .\ | 

Tanta (tan'ta) town. Egypt, in Nile delta, p. 54. 

Taormina (ta'Sr-me'na) anc. Taurome'nium, tn. Sici.'y on 
E coast, p. comm. 5. 

Taranaki (ta'ra-na'ke) provincial dist. W North Island, 
New Zealand. 3,308 Dp. 52, # New Plymouth. — See 
Egmont. Mount. [Italy, p. comm. 69.1 

Taranto (ta'ran-to) anc. Taren'tum, ft. spt. city, Apulia, | 

Taranto, Gulf of, inlet, 70 m. long, Medit. sea, SE Italy. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.- 
Abbreviations precede this list. ■£ capital. X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 



1166 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







Q 



R 



T 



U 



W 



X 



Tarim (ta-rem') chief river 01 Chinese Turkestan, 1,250 m. 
Tarnopol (tar-n6'p61-y') town, Galicia, Austria, on Seret 

river, p. comm. 34. 
Tarnow (tar'ndof) town, NW Galicia, Austria, p. comm. 37. 
Tarshish (tar'shlsh) anc. maritime country of uncertain 

location. 
Tarsus (tar'sws) town, Adana vilayet, Asia Minor, p. 26. 
Tartary. See Tatary. [Turkestan, p. 188.1 

Tashkend or Tashkent (tash'kent') city, # of Russian! 
Tasmania (taz-ma'nT-d) isl. S Pacific oc. S of Australia, 

26,215 □ p. 191, # Hobart ; a state of the Commonwealth 

of Australia. [Asia & E Europe. I 

Tatary (ta'td-ri) or Tartary (tar'td-ri) indefinite region, | 
Tatra, High (ta'tra) highest mt. group of Carpathians, in 

N Hungary; Ferenez_J6zsef, 8,735 ft. [China.l 

Tatsienlu (ta'tsi-eVloo/) city, W cen. Szechwan prov.| 
Taunton (tan'twn ; tonicity, SE Mass. p. 34. — mun. bor. 

Somersetshire, Eng., p. 23 ; " Bloody Assizes" 1685. 
Taurus (to'rws) mt. chain, SE Asia Minor, Turkey in Asia. 
Tchataldja. Var. of ChataUa. [North sea.l 

Tees (tez) riv. bet^Durham & York cos. Eng., 70 m. to| 
Tegucigalpa (ta-goo'se-gal'pa) town, =H= of Honduras, p. 22. 
Teheran (tS-h'ran') city, # of Persia, about 70 m. S of 

Caspian sea, p. 250. 
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of (ta-wan'ta-pSk') S Mex. 130 m. 

wide, bet. Gulf of Mex. & Pac. 6c. 
Tel el Kebir (teV el ke-ber') vil. NE Egypt ; battle 1882. 
Temagami. See Timagami. [4,129 □ p. 236.1 

Tembuland (te'm'boo-land) ter. E Cape prov. S Africa,) 
Temesvar ( te'm'e'sh-var ) ft. city, S Hungary, 33 D p. 73. 
Tempe, Vale of (tem'pe), beautiful valley, ab. 5 m. long, 

anc. Thessaly. [S of Dardanelles.! 

Tenedos (ten'e-d5s ; Mod. Gr. -thSs) Turk. isl. 5 m. long,| 
Teneriffe (tSn'er-if') Sp. Tenerife (ta'na-re'fa) largest of 

Canary isls. 782 □ p. 180, # Santa Cruz de Tenerife. — 

mt. See Teyde. [2,185, ^Nashville.l 

Tennessee (tgn'e-se0 state, SE cen. U. S. A. 41,687 □ p.| 
Tennessee River, river, Tenn. 639 m. to Ohio riv. 
Tenos. See Tinos. 

Tepic (tS-pek') ter. W Mex., 10,954 □ p. 171. — its # p. 17. 
Termonde(tgr'moNd') or Dendermonde (dSn'der-mon'de) 

town, E. Flanders prov. Belgium, p. comm. 10. [p. 9.1 
Ternate (ter-na'ta) isl. Du. E. Indies, E of Celebes isl. 53 D| 
Terre Haute (ter'e hot') city, W Ind., on Wabash riv., p. 58. 
Tessin. See Ticino. 

Tetuan (tS-twan') ft. town, N Morocco, p. 30 ; Spanish. 
Teutoburger Wald (toi'tS-bdbr'ger valt) range of hills, 

mostly in NE Westphalia, Prussia ; battle A. D. 9. 
Tewkesbury (tuks'ber-I) mun. bor. Gloucestershire, Eng. 

p. 5; battle 1471. [Austin.l 

Texas (tek'sds) state, SW U. S. A_. 262,398 □ p. 3,897, ^| 
Teyde, or Tenerife, Pico de (pe'ko da ta'dS or ta'na-re'f a) , 

Eng. Peak of Teneriffe (ten'er-If) vol. Teneriffe isl. 

Canary isls. 12,190 ft. 
Thames (tSmz ; locally also thamz, tamz) riv. E Conn, to 

Long Island sound. — (pron. tSmz) riv. S England 210 m. 

to North sea. — (pron. tgmz) river, Ontario, Canada, 

160 m. to Lake St. Clair. 
Thanet, Isle of (than'et) isl. NE end of Kent co. England, 

26,886 acres. [battle 46 B. C. 

Thapsus (thap'sws) anc. town, site on E coast of Tunis ;| 
Thasos (tha'sSs) isl. N ^Egean sea, 152 □ p. 12 j to Greece. 
Thebes (thebz) anc. ruined city, Egypt, on Nde riv. ; re- 
mains of Karnak & Luxor temples. — mod. Gr. Thivai 
(the'vS), tn. Bceotia, Greece, p. 4 ; anciently important. 
Theiss. See Tisza. 
Thera_ (the'rd) mod. Thira (the'ra) or Santorini (san'tS- 

re'ne) isl. one of the Cyclades, Greece, 31 □ p. 16. 
Therezina (ta/re-ze'na) town, # of Piauhy, Brazil, p. 48. 
Thermopylae (ther-mop'i-le) pass, E Greece ; bat. 480 B. C. 
Thessalonica (thes'd-16-nT'kd) anc. name of Saloniki. 
Thessaly (theVd-11) region (anc. div.) NE Greece, 4,482 □ 

p. 381, chief town Larissa. 
Thian Shan. See Tien Shan. 
Thibet. Var. of Tibet. 

Thionville. See Diedenhofen. [riv. p. 46.1 

Thorn (torn) ft. town, W. Prussia prov. Prussia, on Vistula! 
Thousand Islands, about 1,500 islands in upper St. Law- 
rence riv. bet. N. Y. & Ontario, Canada, summer resort. 
Thrace (thras) or Thracia (thra'shl-d) anc. country & 

Roman prov. bordering the Black & .<Egean seas & Sea of 

Marmora, now in Bulgaria & Turkey in Europe. 
Thun (toon) town, Bern canton, Switzerland, on Aar riv. 

near Lake of Thun, p. comm. 8. 
Thun, Lake of, Ger. Thunersee (too'ner-zaO in Switzer- 
land, 10 m. long, part of Aar riv. 
Thur (toor) riv. Switz., 81 m. long, flows into Rhine riv. 
Thurgau (toor'gou) canton, NE Switzerland, 391 Q p. 135, 

^ Frauenfeld. 
Thuringia (thu-rln'ji-d) region, cen. Ger., 4,759 □ p. 1,580. 
Tian Shan. See Tien Shan. 
Tiber (ti'ber) It. Tevere (ta'va-ra) anc. Ti'beris, riv. cen. 

Italy, Tuscan Apennines 244 m. to Mediterranean sea. 
Tibesti (tl-bes'te) stony, mountainous region of the Sahara, 

S of Fezzan. 
Tibet (tt-bef ; ttb'e't) Chinese dependency, S of Sinkiang 

prov. 756,000 □ p. 2,000, # Lhasa. 
Tibur. See Tivoli. 
Ticino (te-che'no) or Tessin (te-sen' ; F. tg'saN') canton, S 

Switzerland, 1,081 □ p. 156, # Bellinzona. 
Ticonderoga (ti-k5nMer-o'gd) vil. NE N. Y., p. 2: old 

fort, head of Lake Champlain, built by Fr. 1755 (Fort 

Carillon) , taken by Eng. 1759 ; taken by Ethan Allen, 1775. 
Tien Shan (tf-Sn' shan') or Tian Shan or Thian Shan 

(tf-an') mt. chain (shan) Russian & Chinese Turkestan : 

highest. Khan Tengri, 22,800 ft. [China, p. 800.1 

Tientsin (tl-en'tsen') city & treaty port, Chihli prov. 
Tierra del Fuego (tySr'ra dSl fwa'go) group of isls. S end 

S. Am. ; partly to Chile, & partly to Argentina. — ter. 

Argentina, E part of group, 8,299 D p. 2. 



Tiffin (tif'in) city, N Ohio, p. 12 ; Heidelberg univ. 
Tiflis (tye-flyes') city, # of Transcaucasia, Russia, p. 200. 
Tigre (te'gra') prov. N Abyssinia, bordering Eritrea, # 

Adowa. [with Euphrates riv. I 

Tigris (tT'gris) riv. Turkey in Asia, 1,150 m. long, unites! 
Tihwafu (te'hwa-foo') or Urumtsi (db-rdom'tse) or 

Urumchi (-che) walled city. # of Sinkiang, China, p. 50. 
Tilburg (til'burg) tn. N. Brabant Netherlands, p. comm. 50. 
Tilsit (tll'zit) town, E. Prussia prov. Prussia, on Memelriv. 

p. 39 ; treaty 1807. 
Timagami or Temagami (te-ma'ga-mi) lake (91 □) & sum- 
mer resort region, Ontario, Can., N of Lake Nipissing. 
Timaru (te'ma-roo ; colloq. tim'a-roo') spt. bor. E South 

Island, N. Z. p. 11. 
Timbuktu (tim-buk'too) town, Upper Senegal and Niger, 

Fr. W. Af. p. 7. 
Timor (te-m5r') isl. 340 m. 1. Malay arch. ; E part Port. & 

W part (6,375 □) Dutch. 
Tina, Loma. See Cibao. • [p. 41. | 

Tinnevelly (tin'e-vel'i) city, S Madras pres. Br. India, | 
Tinos (te'nSs) anc. Te'nos, isl. Cyclades isls. Gr., 79 □ p. 12. 
Tintagel Head (tin-taj'el) cape,_W Cornwall co., England. 
Tippecanoe River (tip'e-kd-noo'), riv. Ind. Tippecanoe 

lake 200 m. to Wabash riv. 
Tipperary (tfp'er-a'ri ; 3) co. Munster prov. Ireland, 1,659 

D p. 152. — _town, Tipperary co. p. 6. 
Tirach Mir (te'ruch mer) mt. (mir) highest of Hindu Kush, 

Chitral,,NW India, 25,400 ft. [p. comm. 19. 

Tirlemont (cerT-moN') town, Brabant prov. cen. Belgium,! 
Tirnovo (tir'no-v8) Bulg. Turnovo (tur'no-v6) tn. N cen„ 

Bulgaria, p. 13. 
Tirol or Tyrol (ttr'ol ; Ger. te-rol') Alpine crownland, W 

Austria, 10,302 D p. 947, # Innsbruck. 
Tisza (te'sS) Ger. Theiss (tls) anc. Tis'sus or Ti'sia, riv. 

Hungary, Carpathian mts. ab. 800 m. to the Danube. 
Titicaca, Lake (te'te-ka'ka ; tit'e-) bet. S Peru & Bolivia, 

3,261 D. [p. comm. 15. 

Tivoli (te'vS-le) anc. Ti'bur, tn. Italy, 18 m. ENE of Rome.j 
Tlemcen (tlSm-sen') town, W Algeria, p. comm. 40. 
Tobago (t5-ba'go) isl. attached to Trinidad, Br. W. Indies, 

114 □ p. 19. [to Irtysh river.l 

Tobol (t5-b61'y') riv. Siberia, Russia, 800 m. Ural mts.| 
Tobolsk (t5-b51sk' ; Russ. t8-bol'y'sk) town, W Siberia, on 

Irtysh riv. p. 21. 
Tocantins (t5 / kan-tens' ; Pg. to'kaN-teNsh') riv. Brazil, 

1,700 m. to Para riv. 
Togo (to'go) or Togoland (-land') Ger. protectorate, Slave 

Coast, Upper _Guinea,_W Af., 33,668 □ p. 1,004 # Lome. 
Tokushima (to'kdb-she'ma) spt. city, NE Shikoku isl. 

Japan, p. 66. 
Tokyo or Tokio (t5'ke-o) formerly Yeddo or Yedo (yed'o) 

city, SE Honshu, on Tokyo bay, $fc (since 1869) of Japan, 

p. 2,186. 
Toledo (tS-le'do) city 8c port, NW Ohio, p. 168. — (tS-le'- 

do ; Sp. pron. t<5-la'tbo) anc. Tole'tum, city, cen. Spain, 

on Tagus riv. p. 22 : cathedral. 
Tolima (t6-le'ma) volcano, W cen. Colombia, 18,316 ft. 
Toluca (tS-loo'ka) city, # of Mex. state, Mexico, p. 31. 
Tomaszow (t3-ma'sdbf) town, Petrokov govt. Poland, Rus- 
sia, p. 19. [Alabama river.l 
Tombigbee River (tom-big'be) riv. NE Miss. 450 m. to| 
Tomsk (t6msk) govt. W Siberia, 327,173 □ p. 3,228.— 

city, its # p. 106. 
Tonga (to'nga ; less correctly, but commonly, tSn'gd, tor/gd) 

or Friendly Islands, group, S Pacific, 390 □ p. 24, # 

Nukualofa ; Br. protectorate. [N Zululand.| 

Tongaland (tSr/gd-land') or Amatongaland (am'd-) ter.| 
Tonkin (tSn'kin' ; F . toN'kaN') or Tonking (tSn'king') or 

Tongking (tSng'-) Fr. protectorate, N Fr. Indo-China, 

46,223 □ p. 6,118, # Hanoi. 
Tonle Sap (tSn'la sap') lake, Cambodia, Fr. Indo-China, 

100 to 770 D according to season. 
Topeka (to-pe'kd) city, # of Kan. on Kansas riv. p. 44. 
Toronto (to-r3n'to) city, ^ of Ontario prov. Canada, on 

Lake Ontario, p. 377. [watering place. I 

Torquay (tor-ke') mun. bor. Devonshire, Eng. p. 39 ;| 
Torrens, Lake (tSr'enz), salt lake, 130 m. long, S. Australia. 
Torreon (toVra-on') city, SW Coahuila, Mexico, p. 34. 
Torres Strait (t5r'ez) strait between New Guinea & Aus- 
tralia, 80 m. wide. [Haiti. | 
Tortuga (tor-too'ga) isl. 25 m. long, N of Haiti ; belongs toj 
Totonicapan(t5-to'ne-ka-pan') tn., S cen. Guatemala, p. 28. 
Tottenham (tot'en-dm) urban dist. Middlesex Eng., p. 137. 
Toul (tool) ft. town, NE France, communal p. 16. 
Toulon (tdb'loN') anc. Te'lo Mar'tius, ft. spt. city, SE 

France, communal p. 105 ; naval station. [p. 150.1 

Toulouse (too'looz') anc. Tolo'sa, city, S Fr., communal! 
Touraine (too^ran') old prov. W cen. Fr. ; chief city Tours. 
Tourcoing (toor'kwaN') town, N France, communal p. 83. 
Tournai or Tournay (toor'ne') comm. W Belgium, p. 37. 
Tours (toor) anc. Cae'sarodu'num, later Tu'roni, city, W 

cen. France, communal p. 73 ; battle 732. 
Towton (tou'twn) par. Yorkshire, England ; battle 1461. 
Trafalgar, Cape (traf'dl-gar' ; often, as in England, trd- 

fal'gdr) SW coast of Cadiz, Spain ; naval battle, Nelson's 

victory & death, 1805. [comm. 31.1 

Trani (tra'ne) spt. town, Apulia, Italy on Adriatic sea, p.| 
Transcaucasia (trans'ko-ka'shi-d ; -shd) the Caucasus, 

Russia, S of Caucasus mts. (but inch Dagestan & N 

Baku) 95,406 □ p. 6,818, # Tiflis. 
Transkei (trans-kT') ter. E Cape prov. S. Af., 2,552 □ p. 189. 
Transleithania ( -lT-tha'ni-d ; -li-ta'ne'-a ) Hungary. Cf. 

Cisleithania. 
Transvaal (trans-val') formerly, as S. African Republic, 

independent state, then Br. col. & since 1910 prov. of U. 

of S. Af. 110,426 □ p. 1,686, ^ Pretoria. 
Transylvania (tran'sil-va'nl-d) part of E Hungary, for- 
merly a grand principality, 22,318 □ p. 2,678. 
Trapani (tra'pa-ne) anc. Drep'anum, spt. city, NW Sicily, 

p. comm. 60. ^^ 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, fkrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



nor 



Trasimeno (tra'ze-ma'no) , or Perugia (pa-roc/ja), Lake 
of, anc. Trasime'nus, in Italy, 10 m. W of Perugia ; Han- 
nibal's victory, 217 B^ C. 

Travancore (trav'dn-kor') native state, S Madras, India, 
7,091 □ p. 3,429, # Trivandrum. 

Traz-os— Montes (trash'-dbsh-mSN'te'sh) prov. NE Portu- 
gal, 4,292 D P- 429, * Bragan ? a. [riv. : bat. 218 B. CI 

Trebbia (treb'bya) anc. Tre'bia, riv. N Italy, 71 m. to Po| 

Trebizond (treb'I-zond') vilayet, NE Asia Minor, 12,500 D 
p. 949. — anc. Trape'zus, spt. its # on Black sea, p. 50. 

Trengganu (treng-ga'noo) state, E Malay pen. under Br. 
prot., ab. 6,000 □ p. 147, $? Kuala Trengganu, a spt. p. 14. 

Trent (trent) riv. England, Staffordshire 170 m. to Ouse 
riv. — or Ger. Trient (tre-enf) anc. Triden'tum, city, 
Tirol, Austria, p. 30 ; council 1545-63. 

Trentino (tren-te'no) dist. of Tirol, Austria, extending S 
bet. Lombardy & Venetia. 

Trento (tren'to). Italian form of Trent, Austria. 

Trenton (tren'tun) city, # of N. J. on Delaware riv. p. 97 ; 
battle 1776. 

Treves (trevz) fr. Treves (trav) Ger. Trier (trer) anc. Au- 
gus'ta Treviro'rum, city, Rhine Prov. Prussia, on Mo- 
selle riv. p. 49 ; cathedral. 

Treviso (trS-ve'zo) city, Venetia, Italy, p. comm. 41. 

Trichinopoly (trich / I-n5p'o-li) city, S Madras pres. Br 
India, p. 122. 

Trient. See Trent. 

Trier. See Treves. 

Trieste (tre-est' ; Ital. tre-es'ta) Ger. Triest (trS-est') anc. 
Terges'te, crownland (37 D p. 230) & spt. city (p. 161) # 
of Kiistenland dist. Austria. 

Trincomalee (trin'ko-md-le') spt. town, NE Ceylon, p. 9. 

Trinidad (trin'i-dad' ; Sp. pron. tre'ne-thafch') West In- 
dian isl. off Venezuela ( 1,754 □ ) forming with Tobago 
a Br. col. 1,864 □ p. 330, # Port of Spain. 

Tripoli ( trip'S-11 ) former Turkish vilayet, N Africa; as 
Tripolitania (tre'pS-le-ta'nya) , with Bengazi (Cyrenai- 
ca), it has formed since 1912 Libya (It. Libia), an Italian 
dependency, ab. 425,000 □ p. ab. 723. — its # p. 30. — 
town, Beirut vilayet, Syria, Turkey, near Medit. sea, p. 35. 

Tristan da Cunha (tris-tan' da kobn'ya) small isl. group, 
S Atl. 45 □ ; Br. 

Trivandrum (tre-viin'drdbm) spt. # of Travancore state, 
S India, p. 58. [Mysia.j 

Troas (tro'as) or the Troad (tro'ad) ter. of anc. Troy, NVV'| 

Tromso (trSms'Q') spt. NW Norway, p. 8. 

Trondhjem (tron'yem) ft. spt. city, cen. Norway, p. 45. 

Troppau (trop'ou) ft. tn., # of Silesia, Austria, p. comm. 31. 

Trossachs (tros'wks) wooded valley, Perthshire, Scot. 

Troy (troi) city, E N. Y. on Hudson riv. p. 77 ; Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute. — anc. ruined city. NW Asia Mi- 
nor, S of the Dardanelles. [p. 55.1 

Troyes (trwa) city, NE France, on Seine river, communal| 

Truro (troo'rS) spt. city & bor. Cornwall co. England, p. 
11 ; cathedral. 

Tsantsyn (tsa-re'tsTn) town, E Russia, on Vclga river, p. 80. 

Tsarskoe Selo (tsar'skS-ye sye-16') town, near Petrograd, 
Russia, p. 16-. 

Tsinan (tsi-nan') town & treaty port, # of Shantung prov. 
China, p. 40. 

Tsingtau or Tsingtao (tsing'tou') spt. city, Ger. ter. of 
Kiaochow, China, p. 34. 

Tsinling Shan (tsin'ling' shan>) sometimes Peling (pa'- 
ling') mountain range, Shensi & Kansu provs. NW China 
highest peak, 13,000 ft. [Manchuria, p. 30. 

Tsitsinar (tset'se-har') town, # of Heilungkiang prov. 

Tsushima (tsoo'she'ma) Jap. island (shima) in Korea strait, 
262 D p. 39 ; naval battle May 27-28, 1905. 

Tubingen_(tu'bing-en) tn., Wurttemberg, Ger. p. 19 ; univ. 

Tucson (too-s5n') city, S Arizona, p. 13 ; Univ. of Arizona. 

Tucuman (tob'koo-man') prov. N Argentina, 8,926 □ p. 
303. — its # p. 76. [bat. 1899. | 

Tugela_(tu-ge'ld; too-) riv. Natal, S Af., about 300 m. ;| 

Tula (too'la) city, cen. Russia, on Upa riv. p. 134. 

Tulcea (tdbl'cha) town, Dobrogea, Roumania, on Danube 
riv. p. comm. 22. [Guiana and Brazil. I 

Tumuc Humac (too-mdok' db-mak') mts. bet. Fr. & Du.j 

Tunbridge Wells (tun'brij ) mun. bor. Kent, Eng. p. 36 ; 
mineral springs. 

Tunguragua (toon'goo-ra'gwa) or Tungurahua (-ra'wa) 
volcano, Ecuador, 16,690 ft. 

Tunguska ( toon- gdbs'ka ) , Lower, Stony, & Upper, 
three rivers of Siberia, trib. to Yenisei river. 

Tunis (tu'nis) Fr. prot., N Af., 49,930 □ p. ab. 1,800. — 
anc. Tu'nes, its $?, on Lagoon of Tunis, p. ab. 200. 

Tupungato (tdo/poon-ga'to) mt. Chile, E of Santiago, 
22,000 ft. 

Turin (tu'rin ; til-rin') It. Torino (to-re'no) anc. Taura'sia, 
later Augus'ta Tau'rino'rum, city, chief city of Piedmont, 
Italy, p. comm. 427. 

Turkestan (tdbr'ke-stan') region, cen. Asia, divided bet. 
Russia, China, Bokhara, Khiva, & Afghanistan. — , 
Russian, N of Bokhara, 420,807 □ p. 6,337, chief town 
Tashkend. — , Chinese or East, W & S part of Sinkiang, 
chief town Kashgar. 

Turkey (tur'kl) or Ottoman Empire (St'S-man) in Eu- 
rope and Asia, est. area 692,239 D est. p. 20,600, * Con- 
stantinople ; Turkey in Europe 10,077 □ p. 1,891 ; Turkey 
in Asia 682,167 D p. 18,709. 

Turquino, Pico, or Pico de (pe'ko da toor-ke'no) highest 
mt. in Cuba, near SE coast, 8,397 ft. [Alabama. | 

Tuscaloosa (tus'kd-loo'sd) city. Ween. Ala. p. 8 ; Univ. of | 

Tuscany (tus'kd-ni) It. Toscana (tos-ka'na) compartimen- 
to, W Italy, S of Emilia, 9,307 D p. 2,694. 

Tusculum (tus'ku-lum) anc. town of Latium, ab. 12 m. 
SE of Rome. 

Tuskegee (tQs-ke'ge) town, E Ala. 38 m. E of Montgomery, 
p. 3 ; Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 

Tutuila (too'too-e'la) isl. Samoa, 54 □ p. 5 ; to U. S. A. 

Tver (tvyar) city, cen. Russia in Europe, p. 61. 



Tweed, riv. Peeblesshire, 96 m. to North sea; part of it 

bet. Berwickshire (Scot.) & Northumberland (Eng.). 
Tweeddale. See Peeblesshire. [Thames, p. 29.1 

Twickenham (twlk''n-fim) town, Middlesex co. Eng., on| 
Tyne (tin) riv. 35 m. (incl. N. Tyne 80 m.) Northumber- 
land, England. [Eng. on Tyne riv. p. 59.1 
Tynemouth (tln'mwth ; tin'-) co. bor. Northumberland.! 
Tyre (tir) anc. spt. city, # of Phoenicia ; mod. Sur, Syria, 

28 m. NNE of Acre. 
Tyrol. See Tirol. [SW of Italy.l 

Tyrrhenian Sea (tl-re'nT-fin) part of Mediterranean sea.| 



u 



48. 
1.134 



68. 



Ubangi (oo-bar/ge) large riv. cen. Africa to Congo riv. in 
0° 39' S ; part of boundary bet. French Equatorial Africa 
& Belgian Congo. [of Ubangi riv. 

Ubangi— Shari (-sha're) col. French Equatorial Africa, N| 

Ucayali (oo'ka-ya'Je) riv. Peru, over 1,200 m. to Amazon riv. 

Udaipur (do-di'poor0 or Oodeypore (-por') city, S Raj- 
putana, India, p. 47. 

Udine (oo'de-na) city, NE Venetia, Italy, p. comm. 

Udvarhely (dbd'vSr-hel-y') co. Transylvania, Hung. 

□ p. 124, # Szekelyudvarluly. 
Ueda (oo'a-da) town, cen. Honshu isl. Japan, p. 24. 
Ufa (db'fa) city, E Russia, 200 m. N of Orenburg, p. 
Uganda (oo-gan'da ; Q-gan'dd) Br. prot., cen. Af., 223,500 

□ p. 3,500, native # Mengo Kampala, Br. # Entebbe. 
Uinta Mountains (u-in'td), range, NE Utah ; highest, Gil- 
bert peak, 13,687 ft. [ganyika, p. 30.1 

Ujiji (oo-j£'je) town, Ger. E. Af. on E shore of Lake Tan-| 
Ujpest (ob'y'-pe'sht/) Ger. Neupest (noi'pesht') town, 

Hungary, on Danube riv. near Budapest, p. 55. 
Ukraine (u'kr&n) region, SW Russia, approximately Little 

Russia. [Westmorland, Eng. I 

Ullswater (ulz'wQ'ter) lake, 1)4 m. long. Cumberland &[ 
Ulm (dblm) ft. tn. Wiirttemburg, Ger. on Danube riv. p. 56. 
Ulster (ul'ster) prov. N Ireland, 8.567 □ p. 1.579. 
Umbria (um'bri-d; It. oom'bre-a) compartimento, cen. 

Italy, coextensive with Perugia prov. 3.749 □ p. 687. 
Ungava (un-ga'vd; Qn-ga'vd) former dist. E Canada, now 

in Quebec prov. 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, isl. 

kingdom of NW Europe composed of Great Br. (Eng. 

Wales, Scot.) & Ireland, 121.105 D p. 45.220. # London. 



United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (a'gra 



oud) lieu- 
47,182, # 



tenant-governorship, N Br. India, 107,164 □ p. 

Allahabad ; native states, 5,079 □ p. 832. 
United States of America, federal republic of 48 states, 

2 territories (Alaska & Hawaii) and District of Columbia, 

3,624,122 Dp. 92.2S4, # Washington ; continental U. S. 

3,026,789 D p. 91,972 ; with all possessions, 3,743,306 d 

p. (in part estimated) 101,100. [31.1 

Unterwalden (dbn'ter-val'den) canton, cen. Switz. 295 □ p.| 
Upernivik (oo'per-ne-vekO most N Danish settlement in 

Greenland, W_coast. 
Upolu (oo'po-loo ; So-po'-) isl. Samoa. 335 D p. 18 ; Ger. 
Upper Austria, crownland, Austria, 4,626 □ p. 853, #Linz. 
Upper Canada, a former name of Ontario prov. Canada. 
Upper Egypt, the Nile valley bet. 30° & 22° N. 
Upper Senegal and Niger, colony, Fr. West Africa, 302,136 

□ p. 4,473, $? Bamako. 
Upsala (Qp-sa'la) Sued. Uppsala (obp-), city, Sweden, 

41 m. N of Stockholm, p. 26 ; university. 
Ur (Qr) city and dist. anc. Babylonia, prob. ab. 135 m. SE 

of Babylon. 
Ural (u'rdl ; Russ. db-ral'y') riv. Russia, bet. Europe & Asia, 

1,300 m. to Caspian Sea. 
Ural Mountains (u'rdl ; Rtiss. 66-ral'y') in Russia, from 

Arctic oc. to Orenburg. 
Uralsk (db-ral'y'sk) city, W Steppes, Russia in Asia, p. 58. 
Urbana (Qr-ban'd) city, E cen. Illinois, p. 8 ; Univ. of Illi- 
nois. — city, W cen. Ohio, p. 8 ; Urbana univ. 
Urfa (dor-fa') or Orfa (Sr-fa') anc. Edes'sa, ft. town, NE 

Aleppo vilayet, Turkey, p. 50. [of Mongolia, p. 38.1 

Urga_(dbr'ga) or Kulun (koo'loon') cml. & sacred town, #| 
Uri (oo're) canton, E Switzerland, 415 □ p. 22, # Altdorf. 
Uruguay (u'rdb-gwa ; ob^oo-gwl') riv. S. Am. Brazil 931 

m. to P ata riv. — republic. South America, S of Brazil, 

72,210 □ p. 1,316, # Montevideo. 
Urumchi. See Tihwafu. 
Ushant (ush'dnt) Fr. Ouessant (wg'saN') t. isl. France, 

off NW coast. 6 □ p. 3 ; naval battles 1778 & 1794. 
Usk (usk) riv. Wales & Eng. 60 m. to estuary of Severn riv. 
Uskiip (tis-kup') or Uskiib, Serb. Skoplje (skop'lye") anc. 

Scu'pi, town, S Serbia, 125 m. NW of Saloniki, p. 30. 
Uspallata (oos'pal-ya'ta) or La Cumbre (la koom'bra) pass 

in Andes, NE of Santiago, bet. Chile & Argentina, 12.330 

ft. high. [Salt Lake City.l 

Utah (u'to; u'ta) state, W U. S. A. 82.184 Dp. 373, #| 
Utica (Q'tT-kd) city, cen. N. Y. on Mohawk riv. p. 74. — 

anc. coast city, NW of anc. Carthage (& mod. Tunis). 
Utrecht (u'trekt ; Dutch ii'tr?Kt) prov. Netherlands, 534 D 

p. 288. — city, its # p. comm. 119 ; treaty 1713. 
Uzice (db'zhi-tsg) or Uzhitse, dept. NW Serbia, 1,249 D p. 

148. — its # p. 6. 



S Africa, 



V 

SE Transvaal 



prov. 700 m. to 



Vaal (val) riv. 

Orange river. 

Valais (va'le') canton, SW Switz. 2,017 D p. 128. # Sion. 
Valencia (vd-len'shi-d; -shd," Sp. pron. va-15n'thya) old 

kingdom, E Spain. — prov. E Spain, 4.153 D p. 884. — 

anc. Valen'tia, its # a spt. city, p. 233. — (pron. va-lgn'- 

sya) city, N Venezuela, p. 40. 
Valenciennes (va'laN'syen'j Angl. vd-len'sl-gnz') ft. town. 

N France, communal p. 35. [ # p. 9.| 

Valjevo (val'ya-vo) dept. NW Serbia. 949 D p. 157. — itsi 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Abbreviations precede this list, -fc capital. X county seat. Q area in sq. miles. = equals. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
p. population in thousands. 



N 



1168 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 







Q 



R 



T 



U 



W 



X 



Valladolid (val'ya-feno'-lefck') prov. N cen. Spain, 3,154 D p. 

284. — its # p. comm. 71. 
Valletta (va-leVta) spt. city, % of Malta, on NE coast, p. 44. 
Valley Forge, vil. SE Pa. ; winter quarters of Washington's 

army 1777-78. [ESEof Florence. I 

Vallombrosa (val'lSm-bro'sa) resort, Tuscany, Italy, 16m.| 
Valona. Var. of Avlona. 
Valparaiso (val'pd-ra'zS) city, NW Ind. p. 7 ; univ.— (val'- 

pa-rl's5 ; -rl'zo) Span. Valparaiso (val'pa-ra-e'so) spt. 

city, Chile, p. 197. 
Valyevo. Eng. form of Valjevo. 
Van (van) vilayet, Kurdistan, Turkey 15,170 □ p. 380. — 

its # near Lake Van, p. 30. [1,425 D.| 

Van, Lake (van) salt_lake, Van vilayet, E Turkey in Asia,| 
Vancouver (van-koo'ver) isl. Br. Columbia, Canada, 

15,937 □. — spt. city, Br. Columbia, p. 100. 
Van Die men Gulf (van de'm£n) bay, N coast of Northern 

Ter. Australia. 
Vaner (ve'ner),in Eng. usually Vener (ve'ner) or Wenner 

(ven'Sr) lake, SW_Sweden,_2,150 D. [oc. 2,432 D.| 

Vanua Levu (va'noo-a la'voo) isl. of Fiji group, S Pacific| 
Vardar (var'dar') anc. Ax'ius, riv. Serbia & Greece, 200 m. 

to Gulf of Saloniki. 
Varna (var'na) ft. spt. tn. NE Bulgaria, on Black sea, p. 41. 
Vatter (vet'ter), in English usually Vetter (vet'er) or 

Wetter (veVer) lake, 733 D S Sweden. 
Vaud (vo) Ger. Waadt (vat) canton, W Switz. 1,256 □ p. 

324, # Lausanne. [p.. 7.1 

Veglia(vel'ya) isl. 23 m. long, Istria, Aust. in Adriatic sea,| 
Veii (ve'yi) anc. city of Etruria, N of Rome, Italy. 
Veles. See Koprili. [sur-Yon.l 

Vendee (vaN'daO dept. W Fr. 2,692 □ p. 439, # La Roche-| 
Venddme (vaN'dom') town, NW cen. France, p. comm. 10. 
Vener. See Vaner. 
Venetia (ve-ne'shi-d ," -shd) It. Veneto (ve'na-to) com- 

partimento, NE Italy, 9,478 □ p. 3,527. 
Venezuela (ven'e-zwe'ld ; Am. Sp. va'na-swa'la) republic 

N South America, 393,976 □ p. 2,714, ^ Caracas. 
Venice (vSn'is) It. Venezia (va-net'sya) ft. city, on small 

Adriatic coastal isls. p. comm. 161. — , Gulf of, the N part 

of the Adriatic sea ; sometimes, the whole sea. 
Vera Cruz (va'ra kroos' ; ver'd krooz') officially Veracruz, 

state, SE Mexico, 27.8S3 □ p. 1,124, # Jalapa. — spt. in 

same, its former # p. 50. 
Verde, Cape (vQrd) extreme W cape of Africa, in Senegal. 
Verdun (ver'duN') or Verdun— Bur— Mouse (siir-mQz') 

anc. Verodu'num, ft. town, NE France, on Meuse river, 

p. comm. 22 ; battles 1916.. 
Vereeniging (ve-ra/ni-ging) town, S Transvaal, U. of S. 

Africa ; treaty, 1902. [Montpelier.l 

Vermont (ver-m5nf) state, NE U. S. A. 9,124 □ p. 356, #| 
Verona (ve-ro'nd; It.pron. va-r5'na) ft. city, Venetia, NE 

Italy, p. comm. 82. 
Versailles (veVsa'y' ; Angl. ver-sa.lz') city, 12 m. WSW of 

Paris, France, p. comm. 60. 
Verviers (vgr'vya') town, Liege prov. Belgium, p. 47. 
Vesuvius (ve"-su'vl-«s) It. Vesuvio (va-zoo'vyo) volcano, 

E of Bay of Naples, S Italy, 4,267 ft. ; eruptions, esp. A. D. 

79 & 1906. 
Vetter. See Vatter. 

Viborg (ve'bor-y") Finnish Wiipuri (ve'pdb-re) spt.SE Fin- 
land, p. 50. [Italy, p. comm. 55.1 
Vicenza (ve-chent'sa) anc. Vicen'tia, city, Venetia, NE| 
Vicksburg (vlks'burg) city, Miss, on Mississippi riv. p. 21 ; 

siege & capture 1863. 
Victoria (vik-to'ri-d) state, SE Australia, 87.884 □ p. 

1,316, # Melbourne. — spt. city, ^ of Br. Columbia, Can. 

p. 32. — spt. city, # of Hongkong col. China, p. 161. 
Victoria Falls, in Zambezi riv. Rhodesia, ab. 350 ft. —in 

Iguassu riv. (bet. Brazil & Argentina) ab. 200 ft. 
Victoria Nyanza (nyan'za) lake (nyanza) in Br. & Ger. E. 

Africa, ab. 26,000 D, largest lake in Africa. 
Vienna (ve-5n'd) Ger. Wien (ven) anc. Vin'dobo'na, city, ^ 

of Lower Austria, of Austria, & of Austria-Hungary, on 

Danube river, p. 2,031. 
Vienne (vySn) anc. Vien'na, town, SE France, on Rhone 

riv. communal p. 25. 
Vigo (ve'go) spt. city, NW Spain, p. comm. 41. 
Villa Rica (vel'ya re'ka) town, S cen. Paraguay, p. 25. 
Vilno (vel'no) or Wilna (vel'na) city, Lithuania, W Russia, 

p. 200. [Paris, p. comm.. 39.1 

Vincennes (vin-seaz' ; Fr. pron. vaN'sen') tn. N Fr. near| 
Virginia (ver-jin'i-d) state, E U. S. A. 40,262 □ p. 2,082, # 

Richmond. 
Virgin Islands, a presidency of the Leeward isls. col. (Br.), 

58 Dp. 6.— of the U.S., group consisting of isls. St. Thomas, 

St. Croix, & St. John, 139 D p. 72, #.St. Thomas, p. 10. 
Visayan Islands (ve-sa'yan) or Bisayas (be-sa'yiis) group, 

cen. Phil. isls. [Sweden, p. 13.1 

Visby (ves'bu) or Wisby (wiz'b!) spt. town, Gottland,| 
Vistula (vls'tjS-ld) Ger. Weichsel (vik'sel) riv. Carpathian 

mts. 652 m. to Baltic sea. 
Vitebsk (ve'tyepsk) city, W Russia, on Diina riv. p. 86. 
Viti Levu (ve'te la/voo) largest of the Fiji isls. 4,112 □. 
Vitoria (ve-tS're-a) town, N cen. Spain, p. comm. 33 ; 

battle 1813. [comm. 9.1 

Vitry— le— Frangois (ve'treMe-fraN'swa') town, NE Fr. p.| 
Vizagapatam (ve-zug'd-pd-tam') spt. NE Madras pr^s. 

Br. India, p. 41. [p. 70.1 

Vladikavkaz (vla'dyl-kaf-kas') town, N. Caucasia, Russia, | 
Vladivostok (vla'dyi-vSs-tdk') ft. spt. Russia in Asia, on 

Sea of Japan, p. 108. 
Vlissingen (vlis'ing-en) Eng. Flushing (flushing) ft. spt. 

Zealand, Netherlands, p. comm. 21. [to Caspian sea.l 

Volga (vol'gd ; Russ. vol'ga) riv. Russia in Europe, 2,300 m | 
Volhynia (vol-in'i-d) govt. SW Russia, 27,699 □ p. 3,920, 
# Zhitomir. [Gulf of Volos, p. 23.1 

Volos (vo'los) anc. Iol'cus, spt. Thessaly, E Greece, on] 
Volta (vol'ta) riv. 670 m. Gold Coast ; partly Togo boundary. 



Vorarlberg (for'arl'berK) crownland, W Austria, 1.005 □ 

p. 145, # Bregenz. 
Voronezh (vS-ro'nye'sh) city, S cen. Russia, p. 91. 
Vosges (v5zh) mts. Fr. & Ger. ; highest Sulzer Belchen, in 

Alsace, 4,667 ft. — dept, NE France, 2,305 □ p. 434, # 

Epinal. 
Vuelta Abajo (vwSl'ta a-ba'b.5) region, W Cuba ; tobacco. 

w 

Waadt. See Vaud. ~~ [& 111. to Ohio riv.l 

Wabash (wo'bash) riv. 517 m. long, W O. Ind. & bet. Ind.| 

Waco (wa'ko) city, cen. Texas, on Brazos riv. p. 26. 

Wadai (wa-dT') sultanate, N Fr. Equatorial Af. bet. Dar- 
fur & Bagirmi. [na; battle 1809.1 

Wagram (va'gram) vil. Lower Austria, 11 m. NE of Vien-| 

Waichow (wi'cho') city & treaty port, Kwangtung prov. 
China, p. 300. 

Wakayama (wa'ka-ya'raa) spt. SW Honshu, Japan, p. 77. 

Wakefield (wak'feld) city & mun. bor. Yorkshire, Eng. p. 
52 ; battle 1460. 

Waldeck (val'dek) principality, a state of Germany, 433 □ 
p. 62, # Arolsen (p. 3). 

Waldstatter, die Vier (de fer valt'shtet'er) Eng. the Four 
Forest Cantons, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, & Lucerne 
cantons, Switzerland. 

Wales (walz) principality, SW Great Britain, W of England 
7,466 □ p. 2,025. [Cape prov. 

Walfish Bay (w51'f ish) dist/ W coast S Africa. 430 □ ; to 

Wallachia (wS-la'ki-d) former principality, now part of 
Roumania, 29,569 D p. 4,715. [Birkenhead, p. 79.1 

Wallasey (wSl'd-sl) mun. bor. Cheshire, Eng., sub. of| 

Wallsend (wolz'endO mun. bor. Northumberland, Eng., on 
Tyne riv. p. 41. [river, p. 92.1 

Walsall (wSl'sol) co. bor. Staffordshire, Eng., near Tame| 

Waltham (wSl'thdm) city, E Mass., p. 28 ; watches. 

Wandsworth (wSnz'wwrth) met. bor. SW London, Eng- 
land, p. 311. [Zealand, p. 11.1 

Wanganui (wo'nga-noo-e") spt. bor. SW North Island, New| 

Wanhsien (wan'si-en') city, Szechwan prov. China, on 
Yangtze riv. p. 140. [land, p. 72.1 

Warrington (wSr'ing-twn) county bor. Lancashire, Eng-j 

Warsaw (wSr'so) Polish Warszawa (var-sha'va) Russ. 
Varshava (var-sha'va) govt. Poland, Russia, 6,749 □ p. 
2,548. — its ^ a ft. city on Vistula riv. p. 856. 

Warthe (var'te) Pol. Warta (var'ta) riv. Prussia & Poland, 
445 m. to Oder riv. 

Warwickshire (w5r'ik-sher) or Warwick, co. cen. Eng- 
land, 945 D p. 1.247.X Warwick (p. 12). 

Wasatch Range (wS'sach; wo-sach'), mts. cen. Utah; 
highest, Timpanogos, 11,957 ft. 

Wash (wosh) shallow inlet of North sea, 22 m. by ab. 15 m. 
Lincolnshire & Norfolk, England. 

Washington (wSsh'ing-twn) state, NW U. S. A. 66,836 D- 
p. 1,142, # Olympia. — city, D. C. on Potomac riv. ^ of 
U. S. A. p. 331. [ft. ; cog railway.l 

Washington, Mount, highest of White mts. N. H. 6,293| 

Waterbury (wo'ter-ber-I) city, W cen. Connecticut p. 73. 

Wateree. See Catawba. [p. 27.1 

Waterford (wo'ter-*erd) spt. city, SE Munster, Ireland,! 

Waterloo (wo'ter-loo' ; Du. pron. wa'ter-lo') vil. Brabant, 
Belgium, 9 m. SSE of Brussels ; bat. June 18, 1815. 

Watervliet (wC'ter-vletO city, E N. Y. p. 15 ; U. S. arsenal 
& gun factory. 

Watling Island (wSt'ling) the isl. officially called San Sal- 
vador (which see). 

Waziristan (wd-zer'e-stan') mountain tract, SW North- 
west Frontier Prov. India ; northern div. 2,310 D, south- 
ern 2,734 □. [sex cos. England. I 

Weald, the (weld) a wooded dist. of Kent, Surrey & Sus-| 

Weehawken (we-ho'ken) tn. NE N. J. opp. N. Y. city, p. 11. 

Weihaiwei (wa'hT'wa.') spt. town, N Shantung, China, dist. 
285 D p. 147 ; British. 

Weihsisn (wa'st-Sn') treaty mart. Shantung, China, p. 100. 

Weimar (vi'mar) city, # of Saxe- Weimar grand duchy, 
Germany, p ; 35. 

Weisshorn (vis'horn) peak, Valais canton, Switz. 14,799 ft. 

Welland Canal (wel'dnd), in Ontario, Canada, 26% m. 
long, bet. lakes Erie & Ontario. 

Wellesley (welz'l!) town, E Mass. p. 5 ; Wellesley college. 

Wellington (wel'ing-twn) provincial dist. S North Isl. New 
Zealand, 11,003 □ p. 199. — spt. city, Wellington prov. 
dist. ifc of N. Z. p. 64, with suburbs 71. [cathedral.! 

Wells (welz) city & mun. bor. Somersetshire, England, p. 5 ;| 

Weniyss (wemz) par. Fifeshire, Scot., p. 23 ; Wemyss castle. 

Wenchow (wQn'cho') city & treaty port, Chekiang prov. 
China, p. 100. 

Weser (va'zer) riv. Germany, Miinden 280 m. to North sea. 

Wessex ( weVeks ) region, S Eng. ; it was one of the Saxon 
kingdoms. [shire, Eng. p. 68.1 

West Bromwich (brum'ich ; -lj) county bor. Stafford-! 

Western Australia, state, Australia, W of 129° E Ion. 
975,920 □ p. 282, with civilized full-blooded aboriginals 
288, # Perth. [ # Bruges.| 

West Flanders (flan'derz) prov. Belgium, 1,249 □ p. 874 | 

West Ham, co. bor. Essex co. Eng., p. 289 ; sub. of London. 

West Hartlepool (har't'l-poblO spt. co. bor. Durham co. 
England, p. 64. 

West Hoboken (ho'bo-ken) town, NE New Jersey, p. 35. 

West Indies (in'diz) isls. in Atl. oc, bet. Florida & S. Am. 

Westland (west'ldnd) provincial dist. W South Island, N. 
Z. 4,641 □ p. 16. [Eng. p. 160.1 

Westminster (west'mm'ster) city & met. bor. in London,! 

Westmorland (west'mor-ldnd) co. NW England, 790 □ 
p. 64, X Appleby (p. 2). 

Westphalia (west-fa'li-d) Ger. Westfalen (vest-fa'len) 
prov. W Prussia, 7,807 □ p. 4,125, # Munster ; peace 
treaties 1648. [Academy. I 

West Point, vil. SE N. Y. on Hudson riv. ; U. S. Military! 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tsien, thin; nainre, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 



1169 



West Prussia (prush'a) prov. NE Prussia, 9,867 □ p. 1,703, 

# Marienwerder. 
West Riding (rld'ing) administrative co. part of ancient 

co. of Yorkshire, England, with co. bors. 2,771 D p. 3,045. 
West Russia, div. Russia in Europe, E of Poland, N of 

Little Russia. 
West Virginia (ver-jin'i-d) state, E cen. U. S. A. 24,022 D 

p. 1,221, # Charleston ; ones a part of state of Virginia. 
Wetterhorn (v t'er-horn') peak of Alps, Bern canton, 

Switzerland, 12,146 ft. 
Wheeling (hwel'ing) city & port of entry, N W. Va. on 

Ohio riv. p. 42. [river, p. 11.1 

Whitby (hwit'bi) spt. town, Yorkshire, England, on Esk| 
Whita Mountains, N N. H. ; highest peak, Mount Wash- 
ington, 6,293 ft. 
White Plains, city, SE New York, p. 16. 
White River, riv. Ark. 900 m. long, flows into Miss. riv. 
White Russia, popular name for part of W Russia. 
White Sea, gulf, NW Russia in Europe, 36.000 □. 
Whitney, Mount (hwit'ni) mt. Sierra Nevada mts. Cal., 

14,502 ft ; highest in U. S. outside of Alaska. 
Whydah (hwid'd; hwl'dd) spt. town, Dahomey, French 

West Africa, p. 20. [p. 52. 

Wichita (wich'i-to) city, S cen. Kansas, on Arkansas rivj 
Wieliczka (vye-lyech'ka) town, Galicia, Austria, 8 m. SE 

of Cracow, p. comm. 7 ; rock-salt mines. [river. I 

Wieprz (vySpsh) riv. Poland, Russia in Europe, to Vistula! 
Wiesbaden (ves'ba'den ; colloq. vis'-) city, Hesse-Nassau 

prov. Prussia, p. 109 ; resort. 
Wigan (wTg'dn) county bor. Lancashire, England, p. 89. 
Wight, Isle of (wit) isl. off S coast Eng., an administrative 

co. part of anc. co. of Hampshire, 147 □ p. 88, X Newport. 
Wigtownshire (wlg'tun-sher ; wig'toun-) or Wigtown, co. 

SW Scotland, 487 D p. 32, X Wigtown (p. 1). 
Wiju (we'joo') treaty port, NW Korea, near estuary of 

Yalu river, p. 13. 
Wilderness dist. NE Va. ; battles May 2-4, 1863 (Chan- 

cellorsville), & May 5-6, 1864. 
Wilhelmshaven (vil'helms-ha'fen) ft. spt. Hanover prov. 

Prussia, p. 35. [riv. p. 67.1 

Wilkes— Barre (wilks'bar'i) city, NE Pa. on Susquehanna! 
Willesden (wllz'den) urban dist. Middlesex co. Eng., p. 154. 
Williamson, Mount, peak, Sierra Nevada mts. near Mt. 

Whitney, 14,500 ft. ; exc. Mt. Whitney, highest in U. S. 
Williamsport (wil'ydmz-port) city, N cen. Pa. p. 32. 
Williamstown (-toun) town, NW Mass. p. 4 ; Williams col. 
Wilmington (wiPming-twn) city & port of entry, Del. on 

Delaware riv. p. 87. — city & port of entry, SE N. C. p. 26. 
Wilna. See Vilno. 
Wiltshire (wilt'sher) or Wilts, co. S England, 1,350 □ p. 

287.X Salisbury. 
Wimbledon (wim'b'l-dwn) mun. bor. Surrey co. Eng., p. 55. 
Winchester (win'che's-ter) city, N Va. 1 □ p. 6 ; Civil War 

battles. — anc. Ven'ta Belga'rum, city & county bor. X 

of Hampsh're, England, p. 23 ; cathedral. 
Windermere (wl^der-mer) town, Westmorland co. Eng. 

p. 5. — ■ lake (largest in Eng.) 10 >£ m. long, bet. Westmor- 
land co. & Lancashire. [Southwest Africa. | 
Windhuk or Windhoek (vint'hdokO town, # of German! 
Wind River Mountains (wind) range of Rocky m.s. Wyo. ; 

highest, 13,790 ft. [riv. p. 13. 

Windsor, New (win'zer), bor. Berkshire, Eng. on Thames! 
Windsor Castle, Berkshire, Eng. E of New Windsor ; chief 

residence of British sovereigns ; covers 12 acres ; has park 

of 1,500 acres. 
Windward Islands (wind'we'rd) S portion Lesser Antilles. 

— Br. possession consisting of the cols, of St. Lucia, St. 
Vincent, & Grenada, with the Grenadines, 524 □ p. 183. 

Windward Passage. 50 m. wide, bet. Cuba & Haiti. 
Winnebago, Lake (wtn'e-ba'go) lake, 30 m. long, E Wis. 
Winnepesaukee, Lake (wln'e-pe-so'ke) lake, 25 m. long, 

E cen. N. H. 
Winnipeg (win'i-peg) lake, 275 m. long, 9,459 □ Manitoba 

prov. Canada. — riv. Canada, 530 m. to Lake Winnipeg. 

— city, # of Manitoba prov. Canada, p. 136. 
Winnipegosis, Lake (wTn'I-pe-g5'sis) lake, 2,086 □ Mani- 
toba & Northwest Ters. Canada, W of Lake Winnipeg. 

Winona (wi-no'nd) city, SE Minn, on Mississippi riv. p. 19. 

Winston— Salem (wln'stun-sa'lem) city, NW N. C. p. 23 ; 
tobacco manufactures. 

Wisby. See Visby. 

Wisconsin (wis-kCn'stn) state, N U. S. A. 55,256 □ p. 
2,334, # Madison. — riv. Wis. 600 m. to Mississippi riv. 

Wittenberg (vlt'en-bSrK ; Angl. wit'en-burg) town. Sax- 
ony prov. Prussia, on Elbe river, p. 22 ; here the Reforma- 
tion began 1517. 

Witwatersrand (wit-wa'ters-rant ; -rand) or the Rand 
(rand) rocky ridge at Johannesburg, Transvaal, U. of S. 
Africa ; gold fields. 

Woevre ( vS'eV'r' ) region, NE France, depts. Meuse & 
Meurthe-et-Moselle. [fordshire, Eng. p. 95. 1 

Wolverhampton (wdol've'r-hamp'twn) county bor. Staf-| 

Wbnsan. See Gensang. 

Woods, Lake of the, in Minn. Ontario & Manitoba 90 m. 
by 60 m. [Thames, p. 121 ; arsenal. 

Woolwich (wobl'Tch ; -ii) met. bor. E London, Eng. on| 

Woonsocket (woon'sok'e't) city, N Rhode Island, p. 38. 

Wooster (wdos'ter) city, NE cen. Ohio, p. 6 ; Wooster univ. 

Worcester (wdos'ter) city, E cen. Mass. p. 146 ; Clark 
univ. ; Holy Cross college. — See Worcestershire. — city 
& co. bor. X of Worcestershire, Eng. on Severn, p. 48; 
cathed-al ; bat. 1651. 

Worcestershire (-sher) or Worcester, co. SW cen. Eng- 
land, 716 □ p. 388.X Worcester. [riv. p. 47.1 

Worms (vorms ; Angl. wQrmz) city, Hesse, Ger. on Rhine! 

Worth (vQrt) tn. Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. p. 1 ; battle 1870. 

Wrangell, Mount (ran'ggl), mt. S Alaska, 17,500 't. 

Wrath, Cape_(rath ; roth) most NW point of Scotland. 

Wuchang (woo'chang') city, # ot Hupeh prov. China, on 
Yangtze riv. p. 500. 



Wuhu (woo'hoo') treaty port, Anhwei prov. China, p. 122. 

Wurttemberg (viir'tem-be'rK) kingdom, state of S Ger- 
many, 7,532 D p. 2,438, # Stuttgart. [84 • univ.| 

Wiirzburg (vurts'bobric) ft. town, NW Bavaria, Ger. p.j 

Wyoming (wl-o'ming ; wT'S-mlng) state, NW U. S. A. 
97,594 D p. 146. # Cheyenne. 

Wyoming Valley, in NE Pa. ; fine scenery ; massacre 1778. 



Xanthus (zan'thus) anc. city, ruins S Smyrna vilayet, Asia 

Minor. 
Xingu (sheN-goo') riv. Brazil, cen. Matto Grosso through 

Para ab. 1,300 m. to Amazon. 



Yablonoi (ya'blS-noiO Mountains, in Mongolia & S 
Siberia. [where it is called Pedee.] 

Yadkin River (_yad'kin ), riv. N.C. Blue Ridge to S C | 

Yakutsk (ya-kootsk') prov. E Russia in Asia, 1,530,253 C 
p. 323. — _its # on Lena riv. p. 7. 

Yalu (ya'loo') riv. bet. Manchur.a & Korea, 300 m. to 
Yellow sea. 

Yangchow (yang'cho') tn. S Kiangsu prov. China, p. 100. 

Yangtze (yang'tse 7 ) or Yangtze— kiang (-kyang') i. e. 
"Yang kingdom river," principal river (Jciang) in China, 
Tibet 3,000 m. to Pacific oc. 

Yanina. See Janina. 

Yapura (ya'pob-ra') or Japura (zha'poo-ra') riv. SE Co- 
lombia & Brazil, Andes mts. 1,750 m. to Amazon river. 

Yarkand (yar / kand / ) walled city & oasis, W Chinese Tur- 
kestan, p. 60. 

Yarmouth (yar'mwth) spt. town, SW Nova Scotia, p. 7. 
— , Great, spt. county bor. Norfolk co. England, p. 56; 
herring trade. 

Yaroslavl (ya'rS-sla'v'l) city, cen. Russia, p. 81. 

Yass— Canberra (yas'-kan'be'r-d) dist. New South Wales 
in which is situated the Federal Capital Territory. 

Yazoo River (yaz'db) river, Miss. 290 m. to Mississippi river. 

Yeddo or Yedo. See Tokyo. 

Yellow River. See Hwang. 

Yellow Sea, inlet, Pacific oc. bet. China & Korea. 

Yellowstone Lake, lake, 20 m. long, Wyoming, in Yellow- 
stone National Park. [Wyo. 3,500 D-| 

Yellowstone National Park, in Ida. Mont. & (mostly)) 

Yellowstone River, in Wyo. & Mont. 600 m. to Missouri 
river ; grand canon & falls (upper 110 ft. & lower 310 ft.). 

Yemen (ygm'en) anc. Ara'bia Fe'lix, vilayet of Turkey, 
SW Arabia, 73,800 □ p. 750, * Sana. 

Yenije— Vardar (yS'ne-jS-var'dar') tn. Greece, 25 m.WNW 
of Saloniki, p. 9. 

Yenisei (yS'ne-se'e) riv. Mongolia & Siberia, 2,500 m. to 
Arctic ocean. [p. 200.' 

Yenpingf u (yen'ping-foo') city, cen. Fukien prov. China, 

Yezd (yezd) prov. cen. Persia. — city, its ^ p. 55. 

Yezo (yez'o) or Hokkaido (h<51 'kl'da) isl. Japan, N of 
Honshu, 30,114 □ with adjacent isls. 30.278 □ p. 1.134. 

Yingkow (ying'ke') or Yingtse (-tsg-'). See Newchwang. 

Yokohama (yo'kS-ha'ma) spt. city, SE Honshu, Japan, 
p. 394. Yokohama, p. 71. 

Yokosuka (yo'kS-soo'ka) city, SE Honshu, Japan, near| 

Yonkers (ySr/kerz) city, SE N. Y. on Hudson river, p. 80. 

York (york) city, SE Pa. p. 45. See Yorkshire. — anc. 
Ebora'cum, city & county bor. X of Yorkshire, Eng. p. 82 
fine cathedral. [pentaria. 

York, Cape, in N Queensland, Australia, E of Gulf of Car- 
Yorkshire (york'sher) or York, co. N Eng. 6,078 □ p. 
3.980.X York. [19, 1781.1 

Yorktown. town, SE Va. j surrender of Cornwallis, Oct.j 

Yorubaland (yo , rdb-ba-land / ) former native kingdom, 
now in SW Nigeria, ab. 25,000 D. 

Yosemite Falls (y5-sem'I-te) 3 falls, Yosemite val. Cal. 
total height 2,526 ft. 

Yosemite Valley, in E Cal. 6 m. long, in Yosemite Na- 
tional Park, 1,512 □ ; scenery. 

Youngstown (yungz'toun) city, NE Ohio, p. 79. 

Ypres (e'pr') tn. West Flanders prov. Belg. p. comm. 17. 

Yssel. See Ijssel. 

Yucatan (yoo'ka-tan') pen. in SE Mexico, Br. Honduras, 
& N Guatemala. — state, N Yucatan pen. Mexico, 15,941 
□ p. 340^_# Merida. 

Yukon (yoo'kfin) riv. Canada & Alaska, 2,050 m. to N 
Pac. oc. — ter. NW Can. 207,076 □ p. 9, # Dawson. 

Yungpingfu (ydong'ping-foo') tn. Chihli, China, p. 200. 

Yunnan (yun-nan') prov. SW China, 146,718 D p. 8,278, * 
Yunnanfu. 

Yunnanfu (yfln'nan-foo') city, # of Yunnan, China, p. 45. 

Yurev (ydbr'ygf) or Dorpat (dor'pat) town, Livonia, Rus- 
sia, p. 44 ; univ. 



Zacatecas (sa'ka-ta'kas) state, Mexico, 24,473 □ p. 478. — 

its # p. 26. 
Zagrab. SeeAgram. [tie 202 B. C. 

Zama (za'md) anc. town, N Africa, SW of Carthage ; bat- 
Zambezi (zam-ba'ze ; often zam-be'zl) riv. N Barotselanc 

through E Angola, Rhodesia, & Port. East Africa ab. 

2,200 m. to Indian ocean. [its# p. comm. 17.1 

Zamora (tha-mo'ra) prov. NW Sp. 4,098 D P 273. — city.l 
Zamosc (za/mSshch) Russ. Zamoste (za-mos'tyg) ft. town, 

SE Poland, p. 10. 
Zanesville (zanz'vil) city, SE Ohio, p. 28. [town, p. 15.! 
Zante (zan't?) isl. Ionian isls. Gr. 169 □ p. 45.— its chief | 
Zanzibar (zan'zl-bar' ; zan'zi-barO isl. sultanate, E Africa. 

a Br. protectorate, 1,020 CD p. 197. — isl. cf protectorate, 

640 □ p. 114. — spt. tn. # of prot. on Zanzibar isl. p. 35. 
Zaragoza. See Saragossa. 






I 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; 
Abbreviations precede this list. 3fc capital. 



zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation.- 
X county seat. D area in sq. miles. = equals, p. population in thousands. 



N 







1170 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



Zealand. Var. of Zealand, Neth., and Seeland, Denmark. 
Zeeland (ze'ldnd ; Dutch pron. za'lant) prov. S Netherlands, 

689 □ p. 232. # Middelburg. 
Zhitomir or Jitomir (zhi-t5-mer') town, # of Volhynia, 

Russia, p. 89. 
Zimbabwe (zim-ba'bwa) site of ruins, formerly thought 

ancient, Mashonaland, Southern Rhodesia. 
Zizkov (zhish'kSf) town, Bohemia, Austria, suburb of 

Prague, p. comm. 72. [p. 100, # Deir.l 

Zor (zor) mutessarifat, NE Syria, Turkey in Asia, 30,110 D| 
Zoug. Var. of Zug. 
Zug (tsdoK) canton, cen. Switzerland, 92 D p. 28. — its # 

p. comm. 8. 



Zug Spitze (shpit'se) highest mt. in Ger. in Alps, S fron- 
tier Bavaria, 9,722 ft. 

Zuider Zee (zi'der ze' ; Dutch pron. zoi'der za/) landlocked 
inlet, Netherlands, 85 m. long. [p. 220. ( 

Zululand (zoo'lob-land') apart of Natal, SE Af. 10,424 □] 

Zungaria (zdon-ga"ri-d) or Sungaria (soon-) N div. of 
Chinese prov. of Sinkiang. 

Zurich (zdo'rik) Ger. Zurich (tsii'riic) canton, N Switzer- 
land, 666 □ p. 504. — city, its $r at N end of Lake of 
Zurich, p. comm. 192. [25 m. long, 34 □ 

Zurich, Lake of, lake mostly in Zurich canton, Switz. 

Zuyder Zee. Var. of Zuider Zee. 

Zwickau (tsvik'ou) town, Saxony kingdom, Germany, p. 74 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



R 



U 



w 



X 



Aali Pasha (a'le pa-sha'). Turk, statesman (1815 — 1871). 
Abbey (ab'i), Edwin Austin. Am. painter (1852 — 1911). 
Abbot (ab'wt), Ezra. Am. Biblical scholar (1819 — 1884).. 
Abbott (ab'wt), Jacob. Am. author & clergyman (1803 — 

1879). — , John Stevens Cabot. Bro. of Jacob. American 

historian (1805 — 1877). — , Lyman. Son of Jacob. Am. 

clergyman, author, & editor (1835—). 
Abd-el-Kadir (ab'del-ka'der) . Algerian patriot (1807 — 

1883). [(1830— 1901). 

Abd—er— Rahman (ab'der-ra/man) . Ameer of Afghanistan! 
Abdul- Aziz (ab'ddbl-a'zez'). Sultan of Turkey 1861-76 

(1830—1876). 
Abdul-Hamid (ab'ddbl-ha-med') II. Sultan of Turkey 

1876-1909, when deposed (1842—). [(1823—1861).! 

Abdul-Mejid (-me-jed'). Sultan of Turkey 1839-61| 
Abelard (ab'e-lard ; Fr. pron. a'ba'lar'), Pierre. French 

scholastic philosopher & logician (1079 — 1142). 
Abercrombie (ab'er-krum bi), James. British general 

(1706—1781). , ,. 

Abruzzi (a-brdot'se) , Duke of the. Prince Luigi. Italian 

naval officer & explorer [Lat. 86° 33' ] (1873—). 
Abu-Bekr (a'boo-bgk''r) 1st caliph of Mecca (573 — 634). 
Acton (ak'twn), John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 

1st Baron. English historical scholar (1834 — 1902). 
Adams (ad'omz), Charles Francis. Son of J. Q. Am. diplo- 
mat (1807 — 1886). — , John. Lawyer & 2d president, 

1797-1801, of U. S. A. (1735—1826). — , John Quincy. 

Son of John. 6th president, 1825-29, of U. S. A. (1767 — 

1848). — , Maude, Miss. Real name Maude Kiskadden. 

Am. actress (1872 — ). — , Samuel. Am. Revolutionary 

patriot & statesman (1722 — 1803). 
Addams (ad'dmz), Jane. Am. social settlement worker 

(I860—). [1719). I 

Addison (ad'I-swn), Joseph. Eng. poet & essayist (1672 — | 
Adrian (a/dri-dn). Roman emperor. See Hadrian. —The 

name of six popes ; esp., IV. (Nicholas Breakspear), the 

only English pope 1154-59 (1100?— 59). 
Aehrenthal, von (fon a'ren-tal), Aloys, Count Lexa. 

Austro-Hungarian statesman (1854 — 1912). 
iEschines (es'ki-nez or, esp. in British use, es'-). Athenian 

orator (389—314 B.C.). 
iEschylus (es'ki-liis or, esp. inBritish use, es'-). Greek tragic 

poet (525 — 456 b. c). 
JEsop (e's5p). Greek fabulist (fl. 560 B. a). 
Aga Khan (a'ga Kan) III. Sultan Sir Mohammed Shah. Head 

of Ismaelian Mohammedans from 1885 (1875 — ). 
Agassiz (ag'd-se ; Fr. pron. a'ga'se') , Louis John Rudolph. 

Swiss naturalist in America (1807 — 1873). [289 b. c.).| 
Agathocles (d-gath'5-klez). Tyrant of Syracuse (361? — | 
Agesilaus (d-jeVi-la'ws) II. King of Sparta 397-360 

(444?— 360 b. c). 
Agricola (d-grik'S-ld), Cnaeus Julius. Roman gen. (37 — 93). 
Agrippa (d-grip'd), Marcus Vipsanius. Roman statesman 

(63—12 b. c). 
Aguinaldo (a'ge-nal'dS) , Emilio. Filipino leader (1870 — ). 
Ainsworth (anz'wwrth), William Harrison. English 

novelist (1805—1882). 
Aisna (a'e-sha). Favorite wife of Mohammed (611 — 678). 
Akbar (ak/bdr ; Hindu pron. fik'bcr ; sometimes, but 

erroneously, accented on the last syllable). Emperor of 

Hindustan 1556-1605 (1542—1605). 
Alarcon, de (da. a'lar-kon'), Pedro Antonio. Spanish 

author (1833—1891). 
Alaric (al'd-rik). (Lat. Alari'cus.) Conq. of Rome ; king of 

the Visigoths (376?— 410). 
Albert (al'bert) Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel, 

Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Consort of Queen Victoria 

(1819 — 1861). — Leopold Clement Marie Meinrad. King 

of the Belgians 1909- (1875 — ). — , d' (dal'bar'), Eugen. 

Scottish pianist & composer (1864-—). 
Alber'tus Mag'nus. Albert von Bollstadt. Bav. philos. 

(1193?— 1280). 
Alboin (al'boin). King of the Lombards from 561 (?— 573). 
Albuquerque, de (da al'bdb-ker'ke), Affonso. Portuguese 

conqueror in India (1453 — 1515). 
Alcasus (al-se'&s). Greek lyric poet (620 — 580 b. c). 
Alcibiade3 (al'si-bi'd-dez). Athenian politician & general 

(450 — 404 b. c). 
Alcott (61'kwt) , Louisa May. Am. author (1833 — 1888). 
Alcuin (al'kwin ; al'kfl-in ; al'-). (Lat. Alcui'nus, Flacfcus 

AlWnus.) English theologian (735 — 804). 
Alden (61'den), John. Pilgrim Father (1599—1687). 
Aldrich (61'drich), Thomas Bailey. Am. poet & misc. 

writer (1836—1907). [(1717—1783).! 

Alembert, d' (da'laN'bir') , Jean le Rond. French math.| 
Alexander (al'eg-zan'der) . The Great. King of Macedon 



from 336 (356 — 323 b. c). — I. (Russ. Aleksandr 
(a'le-ksan'dr') Pavlovich.) Emperor of Russia from 1801 
(1777 — 1825). — II. Nikolaevich. Emperor of Russia 
from 1855 (1818 — 1881). — III. Son of Alexander II. 
Emperor of Russia from 1881 (1845 — 1894). The name 
of eight popes : esp., VI. (Rodrigo Lenzuoli Borgia). from 
1492 (1431 — 1503). — Seve'rus. Roman emperor from 
222 (208?.— 235). 

Alexius (d-lek'si-ws) I. Comne'nus. Emperor of the East 
from 1081 (1048?— 1118). [(1749—1803).! 

Alfieri (al-fya're), Vittorio, Count. Italian dramatist! 

Alfonso (al-f5n's5) XIII. King of Spain from 1902 (1886 — ). 

Alfred (al'fred). The Great. King of the West Saxons from 
871 (849—901). [(1741—1822).! 

Ali Pasha (a'le pa-sha'). Lion of Janina. Pasha of Janina] 

Allen (aKSn), Charles Grant Blairfindie. Eng. naturalist 
(1848—1899). —.Ethan. Am. officer in Rev. (1737— 
1789). — , James Lane. Am. novelist (1848 — ). 

Allenby (al'en-bi), Edmund Henry Hynman. English 
general (1861 — ). 

Allston (61'stun), Washington. Am. painter (1779 — 1843). 

Alma— Tadema (al'md-tad'e-md) , Lourens (Eng. Law- 
rence), Sir. Belgian painter in England (1836— 1912). 

Alva (al'va ; al'vd), or Alba (al'ba ; al'bd), Fernando 
Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of. Sp. gen. (1508 — 1582). 

Alvarado, de (da al'va-ra'tho) , Pedro. Spanish officer, 
companion of Cortes (1495? — 1541). 

Alverstone (al'ver-stwn) , Richard Everard Webster, 1st 
Baron. Lord chief justice of England 1900-1913 (1842—). 

Amati (a-ma'te), Nicolo or Nicola. It. violin maker of 
Cremona (1596—1684). 

Amato (a-ma'to), Pasquale. It. barytone (1879 — ). 

Ambrose (am'broz) , Saint. Bishop of Milan. Latin father 
(340?— 397). 

Amherst (am'erst), Jeffrey, Baron. Br. gen. (1717 — 1797). 

Amicis, de (da a-me'ches), Edmondo. Italian writer 
(1846—1908). 

Amiel (a'myelO, Henri Frederic. Swiss author (1821 — 
1881). [1836).! 

Ampere (aN'par'), Andre Marie. Fr. physicist (1775—1 

Amundsen (a'mun-sen), Roald. Norwegian discoverer of 
South Pole, Dec. 14, 1911 (1872—). 

Anacreon (d-nak're-5n) . Gr. lyric poet (563? — 478 B. c). 

Anaxagoras (an'ak-sag'6-rds) . Gr. philos. (500— 428 B. c). 

Anaximander ( an-ak'si-man'der ) . Greek philosopher 
(611—547 b. c). [(1805—1875).) 

Andersen (an'der-sen), Hans Christian. Dan. story-writer] 

Anderson (an'der-swn) , Mary Antoinette. Mme. Antonio 
de Navarro. Am. actress (1859 — ). — •, Robert. Am. gen- 
eral ; defender of Fort Sumter (1805 — 1871). 

Andre (an'dra ; an'dri), John, Major. English spy (1751 — 
1780). 

Andrew (an'droo), John Albion. Gov. of Massachusetts 
(1818—1867). [(1637—1714).! 

Andros (an'drSs), Edmund, Sir. Eng. col. gov. in America) 

Angelico (an-jel'e-k5), Fra. See Fiesole, da. 

Anne (an). Queen of England 1702-14 (1665 — 1714). — 
Boleyn (bdbl'in). 2d wife of Henry VlII. of England 
(1507? — 1536). — of Cleves (klevz). 4th wife of Henry 
VIII. of England (1515—1557). 

Annunzio, d' (dan-noon'dze-o) , Gabriele. Real name 
Gaetano Rapagnetta. It. nov., dram. & poet (1864 — ). 

Anselm (an'selm), Saint. Archbishop of Canterbury 
(1033—1109). 

Anthony (an'to-ni). Saint, of Padua. Franciscan monk 
(1195 — 1231). — (an'tho-m), Susan Brownell. Woman's- 
suffrage advocate (1820 — 1906). [(382—301 b. c.).| 

Antigonus (an-tig'o-nus). Gen. of Alexander the Great| 

Antiochus (an-ti'6-kiis) . The Great. King of Syria 224- 
187 b. c. (? — 187 b. c). — Epiphanes. King of Syria 
175-164 B.C. (200?— 164? B.C.). [444 b. c). I 

Antisthenes (an-tis'the-nez). Gr. Cynic philos. (b. ab.) 

Antoninus (an'to-ni'nMs), Marcus Aurelius. Adopted son 
of following. Roman emp. 161-180 & philos. (121—180). 
— Pius (pl'ws). Roman emp. 138-161 (86—161). 

Antonius (an-to'ni-ws) , Marcus. Mark Antony. Roman 
general (83^ — 30 b. c). 

Apelles (d-pel'ez). Famous Greek painter (fl. B. C. 330). 

Apuleius (ap/u-le'yws) . Roman satirist & philosopher 
(fl. 130?). [(1225?— 1274?).) 

Aquinas (d-kwT'nds), Thomas, Saint. Italian scholastic) 

Arany (or'on-y'), Janos. Hungarian poet (1817 — 1882). 

Arblay, d' (dar'bla ; dar'bla'), Madame. Frances Burney. 
Eng. novelist (1752 — 1840). 

Arc, d', Jeanne (zhan dark'). See Joan of Arc. 

Archimedes (ar/ki-me'dez). Gr. math. (287?— 212 B. c). 

Argyll, or Argyle (ar-gT10, George John Douglas Campbell, 
8th Duke of. British statesman & author (1823 — 1900). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1171 



Ariosto (a're-os'to) , Ludovico. Italian poet (1474 — 1533). 

Aristides (ar'is-tl'dez). The Just. Athenian statesman & 
general (? — 468? b. c). 

Aristippus (ar'is-tip'ws). Gr. philos. (435? — 356? b. c). 

Aristophanes (ar'is-tSf'd-nez). Comic poet of Greece 
(448?— 380? b. c.)- 

Aristotle (ar'is-tSf'l). Gr. philos. (384 — 322 b. c). 

Arias (a-rVus ; a'ri-ws : ar'i-). Alexandrian theologian 
(280?— 336). 

Arkwright (ark'rit), Richard, Sir. Eng. inventor of spin- 
ning jenny (1732 — 1792). 

Arminius (ar-min'I-ws). Ger. hero (18 b. c. — A. D. 21).—, 
Jacobus. Jacob Harmen. Du. theolog. (1560 — 1609). 

Arnold (ar'nwld) , Benedict. Am. gen. in the Revolution, & 
traitor (1741 — 1801). — , Edwin, Sir. Eng. poet (1832 — 
1904). — , Matthew. Son of Thomas. Eng. poet & essay- 
ist (1822 — 1888). — , Thomas. Eng. teacher & historian 
(1795 — 1842). — von Winkelried {Ger. iir'nolt fSn vlr/- 
kel-ret). Swisspatrot (? — 1386?). 

Arrhenius (ar-ra'nl-dbs) , Svante August. Swedish physi- 
cist & chemist (1859 — ). 

Arrian (ar'i-dn), Flavius. _ Greek historian (10 ? — 170?). 

Artaxerxes (ar'tak-surk'sez) II. King of Persia from 
405 b. c. (?— 361 b. c). 

Arteveld, van (van ar'te-velt) , or Artevelde (ar'te-vel'de) , 
Jacob (1287?— 1345), & his son Philip (1340—1382). 
Flemish leaders. 

Arthur (ar'thwr). Legendary British king (fl. 5th or 6th c). 
— , Chester Alan. 21st president, 1881-85, of U. S. A. 
(1830—1886). [(1515— 1568). | 

Ascham (as'kdm), Roger. English scholar & author] 

Ashburton (ash'bwr-twn) , Baron. See Baring, 

Ashur— bani— pal (a'shdor-ba'ne-palO . King 
688-626 b. c. (?— 626 b. c). 

Aspasia (as-pa/shi-d) of Miletus. Mistress 
(470? — 410 b. c). 

Asquith (as'kwith), Herbert Henry. Eng. 

Atahualpa (a'ta-wal'pa) . Last Inca king (1495? — 1533) 

Athanasius (ath'd-na'shl-ws) , Saint. Alexandrian theolo- 
gian (296?— 373). 

Athelstan (ath'el-stan) , or iEthelstan. King of the 
English 925-940 (895—940). 

Atherton (ath'er-twn) , Gertrude Franklin, born Horn. 
American novelist (1858 — ). , [453). I 

Attila (at'i-ld). Scourge of God. King of the Huns (406? — | 

Auber (o'bar'), Daniel Francois Esprit. Fr. composer 
(1782— 1871). _ [poet (1552—1630).! 

Aubigne, d' (do'ben'ya/) , Theodore Agrippa. Fr. hist. &| 

Audubon (o'ddb-bSn), John James. Am. ornithologist 
(1780—1851). [(1812—1882).! 

Auerbach (ou'er-baK) , Berthold. Ger. Jewish novelist! 

Auffenberg, von (fSn ouf 'en-benc) , Moritz. Austrian 
general (1852—). [poet (1820—1889).! 

Augier (o'zhya'). Guillaume Victor Emile. Fr. dram. &| 

Augustine (sant 6-gus'tin ; 6'gfis-tln), Saint. Apostle of 
the English (? — 604). — , Saint. Numidian bishop of 
Hippo (354 — 430). 

Augustus (6-gQs'tMs). Ca'ius Ju'lius Cx'sar OctaviaJnus. 
1st Roman emp., 27 b. c.-a. d. 14 (63 b. c. — a. d. 14). 

Aurangzeb, or Aurungzebe ( 6'rflng-zeb' ) • Mogul 
emperor of Hindustan 1658-1707 (1619—1707). 

Aurelian (6-re'lI-dn). Lu'clus Domi/lius Aurelia/nus. 
Roman emperor 270-275 (212? — 275). 

Aure'lius Antoni'nus, Marcus. See Antoninus, M. A. 

Austen (Qs'ten ; -tin), Jane. Eng. novelist (1775 — 1817). 

Austin (os'tin), Alfred. English poet laureate & critic 
(1835 — 1913). —.John. English jurist (1790 — 1859). 

Avicenna (av'e-sen'd) . Mohammedan physician & philoso- 
pher (980—1037?). 

Avogadro (a'vo-ga'dro) , Amadeo, Count. Italian chemist 
& physicist (1776—1856). 

Ayeshah_(T'e-shd; a'e-). See Aisha. 

Aylmer (al'mer), Fenton John. English general (1862 — ). 



Alexander. 
of Assyria 

of Pericles 

[(1852—).! 
statesman 



B 



Baber (ba'ber). Founder of the Mogul Empire in India 
(1483 — 1530). 

Bach (baK), Johann Sebastian. German composer & 
musician (1685 — 1750). 

Bacon (ba/k'n), Francis. Baron Verulam, Viscount St. 
Albans. Eng. philosopher & statesman (1561 — 1626). 
— , Roger. Eng. philosopher (1214? — 1294). 

Baffin (baf'in), William. Eng. navigator (1584? — 1622). 

Bagehot (baj'wt ; bag'wt), Walter. English author (1826 
— 1877L 

Bailey (ba'li), Liberty Hyde. Am. horticulturist & bota- 
nist (1858 — ). — , Nathan or Nathaniel. Eng. lexicog- 
rapher (?— 1742). [(1847—).! 

Bailloud (ba / yoo / ), Maurice Camille. French general] 

Bainbridge (ban'brij), William. American commodore 
(1774—1833). [(1821—1893).| 

Baker (bak'er), Samuel White, Sir. Eng. explorer in Africa| 

Bakunin (ba-kdb'nyln), Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Russian 
polit. agitator & writer (1814 — 1876). 

Balboa, de (da bal-bo'a), Vasco Nunez. Sp- adventurer, & 
discov. of Pacific (1475 — 1517). 

Baldwin (boid'win) I. Bro. of Godefroy de Bouillon. King of 
Jerusalem (1053 — 1118). — , James Mark. Am. psy- 
chologist (1861 — ). 

Balf e (balf) , Michael William. Ir. composer (1808 — 1870) . 

Balfour (bal'fdbr), Arthur James. Br. statesman & 
essayist (1848 — ). [1292-96 (1249 — 1315).! 

Baliol, de (de bal'ywl ; bal'ywl), John. King of Scotland! 

Balzac, de (de baVzak' ; Angl. bal'zak), Honore. French 
novelist (1799 — 1850). 

Bancroft (ban'krSft), George. Am. hist. (1800 — 1891). 

Banks (banks), Joseph, Sir. Eng. naturalist (1743 — 1820). 
— , Nathaniel Prentiss. Am. gen. & polit. (1816 — 1894). 



Barbour (bar'ber), John. Scottish poet & historian 

(1316?— 1395). 
Barclay de Tolly (bar'kla' de to'le'), Mikhail, Prince. 

Russian field marshal (1761 — 1818). 
Barere de Vieuzac (ba'rar' de vyii'zak'), Bertrand. French 

revolutionist (1755 — 1841). 
Baring (bar'Ing), Alexander. 1st Baron Ashburton. Eng. 

financier & diplomat (1774 — 1848). 
Barlow (bar'16), Joel. Am. poet & patriot (1754 — 1812). 
Bar nard(bar'ndrd), Henry. Am. educationist (1811 — 1900). 
Bar nave (bar'nav'), Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie. French 

revolutionist (1761 — 1793). [(1547 — 1619) .1 

Barneveldt (bar'ne-velt) , Jan van Olden. Dutch statesman! 
Barnum (bar'niim), Phineas Taylor. Am. showman 

(1810—1891). [Vignola, da.i 

Barocchio (ba-rok'kyo) , or Barozzio (ba-rot'syo). See| 
Barras, de (de ba'.a'), Paul Francois Jean Nicolas, Count. 

French revolutionist (1755 — 1829). 
Barrett (bar'et), Lawrence. Am. actor (1838 — 1891). 
Barrie (bar'I), James Matthew, Sir. Scot. nov. & dram. 

(I860—). [Louis XV. (1746— 1793). 

Barry, du (du ba're'), Jeanne Becu, Comtesse. Mistress of | 
Barth (bart), Heinrich. German explorer (1821 — 1865). 
Bartholdi (bar / tol / de / ) , Frederic Auguste. Fr. sculptor 

(1834—1904). [Porta. | 

Bartolommeo (bar'tS-lSm-me'o), Fra. See Baccio della[ 
Barton (bar^twn), Clara. Am. philanthropist (1821 — 1912). 
Barye (ba're'), Antoine Louis. Fr. sculptor (1795 — 1875). 
Basil (baz'Il ; ba'zll), or Basil'ius, St. The Great. Bishop 

of Caesarea (329 — 379). [(1848 — 1884). | 

Bastien— Lepage (bas'tyaNMe-pazh') , Jules. Fr. painter! 
Baudelaire (bo'd'-lar'), Charles. Fr. poet (1821—1867). 
Baxter (baks'ter), Richard. Eng. nonconformist divine 

(1615—1691). [1898). | 

Bayard (bT'erd), Thomas Francis. Am. statesman (1828 — J 
Bayard, de (de ba'yar'), Pierre Terrail, Seigneur. Called 

the Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche. French warrior 

(1473?— 1524). 
Bayle (bel), Pierre. French philos. & critic (1647 — 1706). 
Bayly (ba'lT), Ada Ellen. Edna Lyall. Eng. novelist 

(1857—1903). [(1823— 1887). | 

Baynes (banz), Thomas Spencer. Eng. author & editor! 
Bazaine (ba'zen'), Francois Achille. Fr. gen. (1811 — 1888). 
Beaconsfield (be'kwnz-feld ; bek'ttnz-). Earl of. See 

Disraeli. 
Beaton (be'twn), or Bethune (be'twn ; be-thoon'), David. 

Cardinal & primate of Scotland (1494 — 1546). [1803). 
Beattie (be'ti ; ba'ti), James. Scot, poet & philos. (1735 — | 
Beatty (be'tl), David, Sir. Eng. rear admiral (1871 — ). 
Beauharnais, de (de bo'ar'ne'), Alexandre, Vicomte. 1st 

husband of Josephine, who married Napoleon Bonaparte 

(1760 — 1794). — , Eugene. Son of Alex, and Josephine. 

Viceroy of Italy (1781 — 1824). — , Hortense Eugenie. 

See Hortense. 
Beaumarchais, de (dS bo/mar'she') . Assumed name of 

Pierre Augustin Caron. French dramatist (1732 — 1799). 
Beaumont (bo'mont ; formerly bu'mont) , Francis. Eng- 
lish dramatic poet ; colleague of Fletcher (1584 — 1616). 
Beauregard (bo're-gard ; Fr. pron. bo're-gar'), Pierre Gus- 

tave Toutant. Am. Confederate general (1818 — 1893). 
Beaux (bo), Cecilia, Miss. Am. portrait painter (? — ). 
Bebel (ba/bel), Ferdinand August. German socialist 

(1840—1913). [(1118?— 1170).! 

Becket (bek'et), a, Thomas. Archbishop of Canterbury! 
Becquerel (bek/rel'), Alexandre Edmond. Fr. physicist 

(1820 — 1891). — , Antoine Cesar. Father of Alexandre. 

Fr. electrician (1788 — 1878). — , Antoine Henri. Son of 

Alex. Fr. electrician (1852 — 1908) . 
Bede (bed), or Baeda (be'dd). The Venerable Bede. English 

monk & ecclesiastical historian (673 — 735). 
Bedford (bed'f erd) , John Plantagenet, Duke of. Regent of 

France (1389—1435). [(1813—1887).] 

Beecher (be'cher), Henry Ward. Am. preacher & lecturer] 
Beethoven, van (van ba'to-ven, ba.t'h5-), Ludwig. Prus- 
sian composer (1770 — 1827). 
Behring, von (fSn ba/ring), Emil. German physician 

(1854—). [1757). | 

Belcher (bel'cher^ Jonathan. Am. col. governor (1681 — | 
Belisarius (bel'I-sa'ri-ws). Byzantine gen. (505? — 565). 
Bell, Alexander Graham. Scot.-Am. inventor (1847 — ). 
Bellingham (bel'In-jdm), Richard. Col. gov. of Mass. 

(1592—1672). _ 
Bellini (bel-le'ne) , Gentile. Venetian painter (1427? — 

1507). — , Vincenzo. Sicilian composer (1802 — 1835). 
Bern (bem), Jozef. Pol. gen. & Turk, pasha (1795^ — 1850). 
Benbow (ben'bo), John. English admiral (1653 — 1702). 
Benedict (ben'e-dikt), Saint. It. founder of the Benedic- 
tine order (480 — 543). —The name of 15 popes: XIV. 

Prospero Lambertini. Pope 1740-58 (1675 — 1758) ; 

XV. Giacomo della Chiesa. Pope 1914- (1854 — ). 
Benjamin (ben'jd-min), Judah Philip. Am. Confederate 

statesman (1811 — 1884). 
Bennett (ben'et), James Gordon. Am. journalist (1795 — 

1872). [(1862—).] 

Benson (ben'swn), Arthur Christopher. English essayist! 
Bent ham (ben'tdm ; ben'tham), Jeremy. Eng. jurispru- 
dential writer (1748—1832). [1742). | 
Bentley (bent'l!), Richard. Eng. critic & scholar (1662 — | 
Benton (ben'twn), Thomas Hart. American statesman 
(1782—1858). [(1780—1857).! 
Beranger, de (de ba/raN'zha') , Pierre Jean. Fr. poet| 
Berchtold, von (fon be"rK'tSlt) , Leopold A. J. S. J. K., 

Count. Austrian statesman (1863 — ). 
Beresford (ber'es-ferd), Charles William de la Poer, Lord. 

English admiral (1846 — ). 
Bergh (burg), Henry. Am. founders. P. C. A. (1823 — 1888). 
Bergson (berg'soN') , Henri. French philosopher (1859 — ) . 
Berkeley (bQrk'li ; bark'li), George. Ir. bp. & philos. 
(1685 — 1753). — .William, Sir. Royal governor of Vir- 
ginia (1610?— 1677). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1172 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



V 



w 



X 



Berlioz (beVle-oz') , Hector. Fr. composer (1803 — 1869). 
Bernadotte (bur'nd-dSt' ; bur'nd-d5t ; F. ber'na'dSt') , 

Jean Baptiste Jules. Fr. marshal ; king (Charles XIV. 

John) of Sweden & Norway from 1818 (1764 — 1844). 
Bernard (beVnar'), Claude. Fr. physiol. (1813—1878). — , 

Saint (sant bflr'ndrd ; ber-nard' ; F. pron. sSn ber'nar'). 

Bernard deClairvaux. Fr. ecclesiastic (1091 — 1153). 
Bernnardi, von (f5n bern-har'de) , Friedrich A. J. German 

general & author (1849 — ). 
Bernhardt (bgrn'hart ; F. beVnar' ; Eng. burn'hart). 

Rosine Bernard, called Sarah Bernhardt. Mme. Damala. 

Fr. actress (1844 — ). 
Bernini (ber-ne'ne) , Giovanni Lorenzo. Italian painter, 

sculptor, & architect (1598 — 1680). 
Bernstein (bern'shtTn) , Henri. French dramatist (? — ). 
Bernstorff, von (f3n bern'shtorf ) , Johann Heinrich, 

Count. Ger. diplomatist (1862 — ). 
Berzelius (ber-ze'li-ws ; Sw. pron. ber-sale-dos) , Jons 

Jakob, Baron. Swedish chemist (1779 — 1848). 
Besant (be"-sanf ; be-zant'). Walter, Sir. English novelist 

(chiefly with James Rice) (1836 — 1901). [1898). I 

Bessemer (beV£-mer) , Henry, Sir. Eng. inventor (1813 — | 
Bethmann— Hollweg, von (f3n bat'man-hol'vak) , Theo- 
bald. German statesman (1856 — ). [(17S3 — 1842>.| 
Beyle (bSl), Marie Henri. Stendhal. French novelist! 
Beza (be'zd), Theodore. (F. de Beze, debez'.) Fr. reformer 

& Calvinistic theologian (1519 — 1605). 
Biddle (bid''!), John. Eng. Unitarian theologian (1615 — 

1662). — , Nicholas. Am. financier (1786 — 1S44). 
Bienville, da (de byaN / vel , ) 1 Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, 

Sieur. Col. gov. of Louisiana, & founder of New Orleans 

(1680—1768). [1857). | 

Birney (bur'nl), James Gillespie. Am. abolitionist (1792 — | 
Bismarck— Schonhausen, von (f5n bis'mark-shun'hou'- 

zen), Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince. German statesman 

(1815—1898). 
Bizet (be'zg'), Alexandre Cesar Leopold, called Georges. 

French composer (1838 — 1875). 
Bjornson (byurn'sun), Bjornstjerne. Norwegian poet, 

dramatist, & novelist (1832 — 1910). 
Black (blak), Jeremiah Sullivan. American jurist (1810 — 

1883). — , William. English novelist (1841 — 1898). 
Black Hawk. American Indian (Sac) chief (1767 — 1838). 
Blackmore (blak/mor), Richard Doddridge. Eng. novelist 

(1825—1900). 
Blackstone (blak'ston), William, Sir. Eng. jurist (1723 — 

1780). [(1830—1893).! 

Blaine (blan), James Gillespie. American statesman! 
Blake (blak), Robert. British admiral (1599 — 1657). — , 

William. English artist & poet (1757 — 1827). 
Blanc (blaN), Jean Joseph Charles Louis. Fr. author & 

politician (1811—1882). 
Bl iic her, von (f6n blii'Ker ; Eng. bloo'cher, -ker), Gebhard 

Leberecht. Prussian field marshal (1742 — 1819). 
Boadicea (bo'd-dl-se'd). British queen (? — 62). 
Bobadilla, de (da bo'va-thel'ya) , Francisco. Spanish 

administrator (? — 1502). 
Boccaccio (bSk-ka'cho) , Giovanni ; in French and old 

English, Boccace (bo-kas'). Italian author, esp. of 

novelle (1313—1375). 
BScklin (buk'len), Arnold. Swiss painter (1827 — 1901). 
Boethius (bS-e'thi-ws) , or Boetius (-shl-ws), Anicius Man- 

lius (Torquatus?) Severinus. Roman philos. (475? — 525?). 
Boiardo, or Bojardo (bS-yar'do), Matteo Maria. Count of 

Scandiano. It. poet (1434?— 1494). [(1775—1834).! 

Boieldieu (bS'ySl'dyQ'). Frangois Adrien. Fr. composer! 
Boileau— Desprfiaux (bwa'lo-da'pra'oO, Nicolas. Fr. poet, 

satirist, & critic (1636 — 1711). 
Boito (bo'e-to), Arrigo. Italian composer (1842 — ). 
Boleyn (bdol'In), Anne. See Anne. 
Bolingbroke (bSl'in-brdbk ; bo'ling- ; form, bool'ing-), 

Henry Saint-John, Viscount. English statesman (1678— 

Z751). 
Bolivar (bSl'i-vdr ; Sp. pron. bS-le'var), Simon. So. Ameri- 
can liberator (1783—1830). 
Bonaparte, or Buonaparte (bo'nd-part ; It. pron. bo'na- 

par'ta, bw6'na-par'ta) . Corsican family, esp. Napoleon I. 

& his brothers: — , JerSme. King of Westphalia (1784 — 

I860). —.Joseph. King of Naples & Spain (1768 — 1844). 

— , Louis. King of Holland (1778 — 1846). — , Lucien. 

Prince of Canino (1775 — 1840). See Napoleon. 
Bonheur (bS'nQr'), Marie Rosalie, called Rosa. Fr. painter 

of animals (1822—1899). 
Boniface (bSn'i-fas). Name of 9 popes. — , Saint. Orig. 

Winfried. Eng. missionary to Germany (680? — 755). 
Boone (boon), Daniel. American explorer & colonizer 

(1735—1820). 
Booth (booth), Edwin Thomas. American actor (1833 — 

1893). — , John Wilkes. Bro. of E. T. Actor; assassin 

(1839 — 1865). — , William. Eng. founder of Salvation 

Army (1829—1912). 
Borchgrevink (b<5rK/gre-virjk), Carsten Egeberg. Danish 

antarctic explorer (1864 — ). [(1854 — ).| 

Borden (bor'den), Robert Laird, Sir. Canadian statesman! 
Borgia (bor'ja), Cesare. It. cardinal & military leader 

<1476 — 1507). — , Lucrezia. Sister of Cesare. Duchess of 

rerrara (1480—1519). . . , 

Borodin (bS'rfi-din'), Aleksandr Porfirevich. Russian 

composer & chemist (1834 — 1887). 
Borrow (bor'o : bfir'o), George. Eng. writer & traveler 

(1803—1881). [(1711— 1761). | 

Boscawen (bos'kd-wen ; -kwen), Edward. Eng. admiral! 
Bossuet (bo'su e', almost bS'swe'), Jacques Benigne. 

French bishop of Meaux, pulpit orator (1627 — 1704). 
Boswell (bSz'wel), James. Scot, biographer (1740 — 1795). 
Botha (bS'ta), Louis. S.African gen. & statesman (1863 — ). 
Bothwell (bStb/wel ; bSth'wel) , James Hepburn, 4th Earl 

of. 3d husband of Mary Stuart (1536? — 1578). 
Botticelli (boVte-chgl'le), Sandro. Alessandro Filipepi. 

Italian painter (1447? — 1510). 



[colony (1590—1657).! 

2d gov. of Plymouth! 

Colonial gov. of Massa- 

[(1843—).' 



Boucicault (boo'se^kS' ; boo'se-ko') , Dion. Irish dramatist 

& actor (1820?— 1890). 
Bougainville, de (de boo'gaN'vel') , Louis Antoine. French 

navigator & dis^ (1729 — 1811). [(1825 — 1905).! 

Bouguereau (boo'ge-ro') , Adolphe William. Fr. painter! 
Boulanger (boo'laN/zha') , Georges Ernest Jean Marie. 

French general (1837—1891). 
Bourbon (boor'boN')- Fr. ducal & royal family. — , de, 

Charles, Due. Constable Bourbon. Fr. gen. (1490 — 1527). 
Bourdaloue (-da'lob') , Louis. Fr. preacher (1632 — 1704). 
Bourget (boor'zhe'), Paul. Fr. critic & novelist (1852 — ). 
Bowles (bolz), Samuel. Am. journalist (1826 — 1878). 
Boyle (boil), Robert. Ir. chemist & philos. (1627 — 1691). 
Bozzaris, or Botzaris (bot'sa-res ; often Anglicized, bS-zar'- 

is), Markos. Greek patriot (1788 — 1823). 
Braddock (brad'wk), Edward. Br. general in America 

(1G95 1755) 

Bradford (brad'ferd), William. 
Bradstreet (brad'stret) , Simon. 

chusetts (1603 — 1G97). 
Braga (bra'ga), Theophilo. Pg. author, & 1st pres. 1910-11 
Bragg (brag), Braxton. Am. Confed. gen. (1817 — 1876). 
Brahe (bra ; Danish pron. bra/e) , Tycho. Danish astronomer 

(1546 — 1601). 
Brahms (brams), Johannes. Ger. composer (1833 — 1897). 
Bramante (bra-man'ta) , Donato d'Agnolo. Italian 

architect & painter (1444: — 1514). 
Brandeis (bran'dls), Louis Dembitz. U. S. assoc. justice 

1916- (1856—). 
Brandes (bran'des), Georg Morris Cohen. Danish Jewish 

critic of literature (1842 — ). 
Brant (brant), Joseph. Mohawk chief (1742? — 1807). 
Brantome, de (de braN'tom'), Pierre de Bourdeilles. Fr. 

historian (1535? — 1614). 
Brazza, de (da brat'sa), Pierre Paul Frangois Camille 

Savorgnan. Real name Brazza Savorgnani. Italian- 
French explorer (1852 — 1905). 
Breckinridge (brek'In-rlj), John Cabell. American politi- 
cian & Confederate soldier (1821—1875). 
Breton (bre-toN'), Jules Adolphe. Fr. painter (1827 — 1906). 
Brewster (broo'ster), William. Plymouth Pilgrim Father 

(1560?— 1644). 
Brian Boroihme, or Brian Boru (b5-rob'). King of Ire- 
land 1002-14 (926—1014). 
Briand (bre-aN'), Aristide. French statesman (1862 — ). 
Bridges (brij'iz), Robert. Eng. physician, dramatist, poet 

laureate (1844: — ). [(453 — 523). I 

Bridget, or Brigit (brlj'it), Saint. Patroness of Ireland! 
Briggs (brigz), Charles Augustus. Am. Biblical scholar 

(1841—1913). [1889). | 

Bright (brit), John. English orator & statesman (1811 — | 
Broglie, de (de brS'ye), Achille Charles Leonce Victor, 

Due. Fr. statesman (1785 — 1870). 
Bronte (brSn'tg), Anne. Sister of Charlotte. Acton Bell. 

Eng. author (1820 — 1849). — , Charlotte. Mrs. A. B. 

Nicholls. Currer Bell. Eng. novelist (1816 — 1855). — , 

Emily Jane. Sister of Charlotte. Ellis Bell. Eng. novelist 

(1818—1848). 
Brooke (brook), Rupert. English poet (1887 — 1915). 
Brooks (brooks) . Phillips. P. E. bp. of Mass. (1835 — 1893). 
Brougham (broo'dm ; broom), Henry (Peter). Baron 

Brougham and Vaux (voks). Br. statesman (1778 — 1868). 
Brown (broun), Charles Brockden. Am. novelist (1771 — 

1810). — , Jacob. Am. major general (1775 — 1828). — , 

John. Am. radical abolitionist (1800 — 1859). 
Browne (broun), Charles Farrar. Artemus Ward. Am. 

humorist (1834? — 1867). — , Thomas, Sir. Eng. physician 

& author (1605—1682). 
Browning (broun'ing), Elizabeth Barrett. Wife of R. Eng. 

poet (1806—1861). — , Robert. Eng. poet (1812—1889). 
Brown— Sequard (-sa'kar' ; -sa'kwar'), Charles Edouard. 

French-American physiologist (1817 — 1894). 
Bruce, de (de broos'), Robert. Robert Bruce. Robert I. 

Liberator, & king, 1306-29, of Scotland (1274—1329). 
Brugmann (brdbg'man), Karl. Ger. philologist (1849-—). 
Brugsch (brdoKsh), Heinrich Karl. Ger. Egyptologist 

(1827—1894). 
Brummell (brum'el), George Bryan. 

English society leader (1778 — 1840). 
Brunelleschi (broo'nel-les'ke) , Filippo 

tect (1377—1446). 
BrunetiSre_(brun'tyarO, Ferdinand. Fr. lit. critic (1849 — j 
Bruno (broo'no), Giordano. Italian philosopher ; burned 

at the stake (1548—1600). 
Brutus (broo'tMs), Marcus Junius. Roman politician; one 

of the assassins of Caesar (85 — 42 b. c). 
Bryan (brT'an), William Jennings. Am. politician (1860 — ). 
Bryant (bri'dnt), William Cullen. Am. poet & journalist 

(1794—1878). 
Bryce (bris), Jame9 Bryce, 1st Viscount. Eig. historian, 

publicist, & diplomat (1838 — ). 
Bucer (boot'ser ; Eng. bu'ser), or Butzer (boot'ser), Mar- 
tin. Ger. Protestant reformer (1491 — 1551). 
Buchanan (bw-kan'dn ; bfl-kan'dn), James. 15th pres. of 

U. S. 1857-61 (1791—1868). 
Buckingham (buk'lng-dm), George Villiers, 1st Duke of. 

Lord high admiral of England (1592 — 1628). — , George 

Villiers, 2d Duke of. Son of 1st Duke. Eng. courtier 

(1628—1687). [1862) ' 

Buckle (buk''l), Henry Thomas. Eng. historian (1821— 
Buddha (bobd'd). See Gautama. 

Buell (bu'el), Don Carlos. American general (1818 — 1898). 
Buff on, de (de biif'Mn ; Fr. pron. de bu'foN'), Georges 

Louis Leclerc, Comte. French naturalist (1707 — 1788). 
Bull (o'lS bdbl), Ole Bornemann. Norwegian violinist 

(1810—1880). 
Biilow, von (fon bulo), Bernhard, Prince. Ger. diplomat & 

statesman (1849 — ). — , Hans Guido. Ger. pianist & 

conductor (1830—1894). — , Karl. Ger. gen. (1846 — ). 
Bulwer (bool'wer), William Henry Lytton Earle. Baron 



Beau Brummel. 

Florentine archi- 
[1906). I 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, frrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; anff, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1173 



Dalling & Bulwer. Sir Henry Bulwer. Eng. author & 
diplomat (1801 — 1872). 

Bulwer— Lytton (-lit'un), Edward George EarleLytton. 1st 
Baron Lytton. Bro. of Sir Henry Bulwer. Eng. nov. & 
dram. (1803 — 1873). — , Edward Robert. 1st Earl of 
Lytton. Owen Meredith. Son of 1st Baron Lytton. Eng. 
statesman & poet (1831—1891). [(1855—1896). 

Bunner (biin'er) , Henry Cuyler. Am. journ. & story-writer| 

Bunsen (bdbn'zen), Robert Wilhelm. Cousin of following. 
Ger. chemist (1811 — 1899). — , von (f8n bdbn'zen), 
Christian Karl Josias, Baron. Chevalier. Ger. scholar & 
dipl. (1791—1860). [1688). I 

Bunyan (biin'ydn), John. Eng. preacher & author (1628— | 

Burbage (bur'baj). Richard. Eng. actor (1567? — 1619). 

Burbank (-bank), Luther. American naturalist (1849-—). 

Burckhardt (bdork'hart ; Eng. burk'hart), John Lewis. 
Swiss-English traveler in the East (1784 — 1817). 

Burgh, de (de burg'), Hubert. Eng. statesman (? — 1243). 

Burghley, or Burleigh (burll), William Cecil, 1st Baron. 
Eng. statesman (1520—1598). [1792). 

Burgoyne (bur-goin') , John. Eng. general & dram. (1722 — | 

Burke (burk), Edmund. Br. statesman (1729 — 1797). 

Burlingame (bur'lln-gam), Anson. Am. diplomatist 
(1820—1870). [(1833—1898).! 

Burne— Jones (burn-jonz), Edward, Sir. Eng. painter| 

Burnet (bQr'ngt), Gilbert. B p. of Salisbury (1643 — 1715). 

Burns (burnz). Robert. Scottish poet (1759 — 1796). 

Burnside (burn'sld), Ambrose Everett. Am. general 
(1824—1881). [1836). 

Burr (bOr), Aaron. 3d vice pres. of U. S. 1801-05 (1756 — | 

Burritt (bur'it), Elihu. Am. reformer & linguist (1810 — 
1879). [(1837— ). I 

Burroughs (bur'oz), John. Am. naturalist & author! 

Burton (bur'twn), Richard Francis, Sir. Eng. trav. & au- 
thor (1821 — 1890). — .Robert. Eng. philosopher & author 
(1577—1640). 

Bushnell (bdbsh'ne'l) , Horace. Am. divine (1802 — 1876). 

Butler (but'ler), Benjamin Franklin. Am. gen. & polit. 
(1818—1893). — , Joseph. Eng. bp. & theolog. (1692 — 
1752). — , Samuel. Eng. satiric poet (1612 — 1680). 

Byng (bmg), Julian Hedworth George. Eng. gen. (1862 — ). 

Byron (bl'nm), George Gordon. 6th Lord Byron. English 
poet (1788—1824). 



Cabanis (ka'ba/neV), Pierre Jean Georges. Fr. philos. 

(1757—1808). 
Cable (ka'b 'D.George Washington. Am. novelist (1844—). 
Cabot (kab'wt), John. (It. Giovanni Caboto, jS-va'ne ka- 

bo'to.) Venetian disc, under Eng. flag of N. Am. cont.(ab. 

1451 — aft. 1498). — , Sebastian. Son of John. Eng. navi- 
gator (1472?— 1557). 
Cabrera, Manuel Estrada. See Estrada Cabrera. 
Cadorna (ka-dor'na), Luigi, Count. It. gen. (1850 — ). 
Caedmon (kad'mwn ; kad'-)- Anglo-Saxon poet (fl. 670). 
Caesar (se'zdr), Caius Julius. Roman general, statesman, 8c 

writer (100 — 44 B. c). [(1528—1588).! 

Cagliari (kal'ya-re), Paolo. Paul Veronese. It. painter| 
Cagliostro, di (dekal-y6s'tro),Alessandro, Count. Assumed 

name of Giuseppe Balsamo. Sicilian impostor 1.1743 — 1795). 
Caine (kan), (Thomas Henry) Hall. Eng.novelist (1853 — ). 
Caird (kard), Edward. Scot, metaphysician (1835 — 1908). 
Calderon de la Barca (kal'da-ron' da. la bar'ka; Eng. 

kol'der-dn), Pedro. Sp. dramatic poet (1600 — 1681). 
Calhoun (kal-hoon' ; kd-hoon'), John Caldwell. American 

statesman (1782—1850). [(12 — 41). I 

Caligula (kd-iig'u-ld), Caius Csesar. Roman emp. 37-41 1 
Calve (kal'va'), Emma. Real name Emma de Roquer. 

French operatic soprano (1866—). 
Calvert (kal'vert) .George, Sir. Baron Baltimore. Eng. states- 
man ; founder of Maryland (1580? — 1632). —.Leonard. 

Son Of Sir G. 1st gov. of Maryland (1606? — 1647). 
Calvin (kal'vin), John. Fr. Prot. reformer at Geneva 

(1509—1564). 
Cambon (kaN'boN'). Jules Martin (1845 — ), &" his bro. 

Pierre Paul (1843 — ). Fr. diplomats. 
Cambyses (kam-bi'sez) . King of the Medes & Persians 

(?— 522 b. a). 
Cameron (kam'er-wn), Simon. Am. polit. (1799 — 1889). 
Camoens, de (kam'5-ens) , Luiz. (Pg. de Camoes, da 

ka-moiNsh'.) Portuguese poet (1 524-— 1580). 
Campanini (kam'pa-ne'ne), Italo. It. operatic tenor 

(1846—1896). 
Campbell (kam'bel ; kam'el), Colin, Sir. Baron Clyde. Br. 

field marshal (1792—1863). — , Thomas. Br. poet 

(1777—1844). 
Campoamor y Campoosorio, de (da kam'po-a-mor' 

e kam'po-6-so're-o), Ramon. Sp. poet (1817 — 1901). 
Canby fkan'bi), Edward Richard Sprigg. Am. general 

(1819—1873). 
Canning (kan'ing), Charles John Canning, Earl. Son of 

George. Eng. statesman ; gov .-gen. of India (1812 — 1862). 

—.George. Eng. statesman (1770 — 1827). 
Canova (ka-no'va), Antonio. It. sculptor (1757 — 1822). 
Canovas del Castillo (ka'no-vas del kas-tel'yo), Antonio. 

Spanish statesman & author (1828 — 1E97). 
Cantu (kan-tooO , Cesare. It. historian (1807 — 1895). 
Canute (kd-nuf), Cnut (k'noot), or Knut (k'noot). King 

of English 1017-35, Danes, & Norwegians (994? — 1035). 
Capet (ka/pgt ; kap'et ; Ft. pron. ka/pe'), Hugh. King of 

France 987-996 (940?— 996). 
Capper (kap'er), Thompson, Sir. Eng. gen. (1863 — 1915). 
Caracalla (kar'd-kal'd). Bassia'nus. Marcus Aure*lius 

An'toni'nus. Roman emperor 211-217 (188—217). 
Caravaggio, da (da ka/ra-vad'jo), Michelangelo Amerighi. 

Italian painter (1569 — 1609). 
Cardano (kar-da'no), Geronimo or Girolamo. (Eng. 

Jerome Cardan, kar'dan.) It. physician & mathema- 
tician (1501—1576). 



Carden (kar'dSn), Sackville Hamilton. British vice admiral 
(1857—). 

Carduecl (kar-doot'che) , Giosue. It. poet (1836 — 1907). 

Carew(kS-rob':ka'rI), Thomas. Eng. poet (1598? — 1639?). 

Carlyle (kar-lTP), Thomas. Scot, essayist & historian 
(1795—1881). 

Carman (kar'mfin), (William) Bliss. Canadian poet in 
U. S. (1861—). [(1837— ). I 

Carnegie (kar-neg'I) , Andrew. Scottish-Am. steel mfr.l 

Carnot (kar'nSO, Marie Francois Sadi. Pres. of France 
1887-94 (1837—1894). [ogist. (1813—1885).! 

Carpenter (kar'pen-ter) , William Benjamin. Eng. physiol-| 

Carracci (kar-rat'che) , Agostino. Bolognese painter 
(1557 — 1602). — , Annibale. Bro. of Agostino. Bolo- 
gnese painter (1560 — 1609). — , Lodovico. Founder of 
Bolognese school of painting (1555 — 1619). [ico (? — ).l 

Carranza (-ran'sai), Venustiano. Provisional pres. of Mex-| 

Carrefio (kar-ran'yo) , Teresa. Venezuelan pianist (1853 — ). 

Carroll (kar'wl), Charles, of Carrollton. Am. patriot 
(1737—1832) . — , Lewis. Pseud, of C. L. Dodgson. 

Carson (kar'swn), Christopher. Kit Carson. American 
frontiersman (1809 — 1868). — . Edward Henry, Sir. 
Irish lawyer & public official (1854 — ). 

Carteret (kar'tSr-et) , John Carteret, 2d Baron. 1st Earl 
Granville. English statesman (1690 — 1763). 

C artier (kar'tya'), Jacques. Fr. navigator & explorer 
(1494— aft. 1552). 

Cartwright (kart'rTt), Edmund. Eng. inventor (1743 — 
1823). — , Thomas. Eng. Puritan leader (1535—1603). 

Caruso (ka-rod'zo) , Enrico. It. tenor (1874 — ). [1621). I 

Carver (kar'ver), John. 1st gov. Plymouth col. (1575? — | 

Cary (ka'rl), Alice. Am. poet (1820 — 1871). — , Henry 
Francis. Eng. translator (esp. of Dante) (1772 — 1844). 
— , Phoebe. Sister of Alice. Am. poet (1824—1871). 

Casabianca de (de ka'za-byan'ka) , Louis. Fr. naval officer 
(1755?— 1798). 

Casanova de Seingalt (ka'sa-nS'va da" sTn'galt) , Giovanni 
Jacopo. Italian adventurer (1725 — 1798). 

Casaubon (kd-so'bwn ; F. pron. ka'zo'boN'), Isaac. (Lat. 
Casaubo'nus.) Fr. critic 8c commentator (1559 — 1614). 

Casimir— Perier (ka/ze'mer'-pa'rya') , Jean Paul Pierre. 
Pres. of France 1894-95 (1847—1907). 

Cass (kas), Lewis. American statesman (1782 — 1866). 

Cassatt (ka-saf), Mary. American painter (? — ). 

Cassius Longinus (kash'i-ws lQn-ji'nws), Caius. Roman 
politician (d. 42 b. c). 

Castelar (kaVta-lar'), Emilio. Sp. statesman (1832 — 1899). 

Castlereagh (kas''l-ra'j kas''l-ra), Robert Stewart, Vis- 
count. 2d Marquis of Londonderry. British statesman 
(1769—1822). 

Castro, de (da kaVtro), Ines. Sp. wife of crown prince Dom 
Pedro of Portugal ; assassinated (1320? — 1355). 

Catherine (kath'er-in) of Aragon (1485 — 1536), — Howard 
(d. 1542), — Parr (1512 — 18). 1st, 5th, & 6th wives re- 
spectively of Henry VIII. of England. —I. Empress of 
Russia ; wife of Peter the Great (?— 1727). —II. The 
Great. Empress of Russia; wife of Peter III. (1729 — 
1796). — de'Medici (da ma'de-che). Wife of Henry II. 
of France (1519—1589). 

Catiline (kat'i-hn). Lu'dus Ser'glus CatiWna. Roman 
conspirator (108? — 62 b. c). 

Cato (ka'to), Marcus Porcius. The Elder. Roman patriot 
(234 — 149 B. c). — , Marcus Porcius. The Younger. 
Roman philos. & patriot (95 — 46 B. c). [54 b. c.).| 

Catullus (kd-tul'ws), Caius Valerius. Roman poet (87 — | 

Cavalier (ka'va'lya/) , Jean. Leader of the Camisards 
(1079?— 1740). 

Cavour, di (de ka'vcjpr'), Camillo Benso, Count. Italian 
statesman (1810 — 1861). [ — 1914). I 

Cawein (ka-wTn'J, Madison Julius. American poet (1865J 

Caxton (kaks'twn), William. Earliest English printer 
(1422?— 1491). 

Cecil (ses'il : sls'il), William. See Burghley, Baron. 

Cellini (chel-le'ne) , Benvenuto. It. artist in metal 8c 
author (1500 — 1571). 

Cervantes Saavedra, de (ther-van'tas sa'a-va'dra ; Eng. 
ser-van'tez) , Miguel. Sp. author (1547 — 1616). 

Cervera y Topete (ther-va'ra e tS-pa/ta) , Pascual. Count 
of Jerez. Marquis of Santa Ana. Sp. adm. (1839 — 1909). 

Cezanne (sa'zan'), Paul. Fr. painter (1839 — 1906). 

Chaffee (chafe), Adna Romanza. Am. gen. (1842 — 1914). 

Chalmers (cha'merz ; cho'merz), Thomas. Scottish divine 
&. author (1780 — 1847). [(1836 — 1914). I 

Chamberlain (cham>ber-l!n) , Joseph. English statesman! 

Chamfort, or Champfort (shaN'fSr'), Sebastien Roch 
Nicolas. Fr. epigrammatist 8t litterateur (1741 — 1794). 

Champlain, de (sham/plan' ; F. pron. de shaN/plaN'). 
Samuel. Fr. expl., & founder of Canada (1567 — 1635). 

Champollion (shaN'pSl'yoN'), Jean Francois. French 
Egyptologist (1790 — 1832). 

Champollion— Figeae (-fg/zhakO, Jean Jacques. Bro. of 
preceding. French archaeologist (1778 — 1867). 

Channing (changing), William Ellery. American Unitarian 
divine 8c writer (1780 — 1842). [(1781 — 1841). I 

Chantrey (chan'tri), Francis Legatt, Sir. Eng. sculptorj 

Chapman (chap'mdn), George. Eng. poet (1559? — 1634). 

Charcot (shar/kS'). Jean Martin. French neurologist 
(1825—1893). 

Charlemagne (shar'le-man ; F. pron. shar/le-man'y'), 
Charles the Great, or Charles I. King of the Franks 
768-814, emperor of the West 800-814 (742—814). 

Charles (charlz) I. Charles Stuart. King of Great Britain & 
Ireland 1625-49; executed (1600 — 1649). — II. Son cf 
Charles I. King of Great Britain &. Ireland 1660-85 
(1630 — 1685). — I. or II. The Bald. As Ch. I., king of 
the Western Franks 843-877 ; as Ch. II., Roman 
emperor 875-877 (823—877). — IV. The Fair. King of 
France 1322-28 (1294—1328). — V. The Wise. King 
of France 1364-80 (1337—1380). — VI. The Mad or 
the Beloved. King of France 1380-1422 (1368 — 1422). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



/- 



N 



1174 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



W 



X 



— VII. The Victorious. King of France 1422-61 (1403— 
1461). — IX. King of France 1560-74 (1550—1574). 

— X. King of France 1824-30 (1757—1836). — V. 
Holy Roman emperor 1519-56; as Ch. I., king of 
Spain 1516-56 (1500—1558). — I. King of Roumania 
1881-1914 (1839—1914). — XII. King of Sweden 
1697-1718 (1682—1718). — XIV. John. See Berna- 
dotte. — Edward Stuart. The Young Pretender. Eng. 
prince (1720 — 1788). — of Anjou. King of Naples & 
Sicily 1266-82 (1220?— 1285). — Francis Joseph. 
Nephew of Francis Ferdinand. Archduke of Austria. Heir 
presumptive to the thrones of Austria & Hungary 
(1887 — ). — , or Karl, Ludwig Johann. Archduke of 
Austria (1771 — 1788). — Martel (F. pron. sharl mar'tel'). 
Frankish ruler ; grandfather of Charlemagne (690? — 741). 

Charlevoix, de (de shar'le-vwa/) , Pierre Francois Xavier. 
Fr. Jesuit missionary in America (1682—1761). 

Charpentier (shar'paN'tya'). Gustave. French composer 
(1860— )._ [(1808—1873).! 

Chase (chas), Salmon Portland. American statesman] 

Chasles (shal), Michel. French geometer (1793 — 1880). 

Chateaubriand, de (de sha'to'bre'aN') , Francois Ren€, 
Viscount. French author (1768 — 1848). 

Chatham (chat'cm), William Pitt, 1st Earl of. See Pitt. 

Chatterton (chat'er-twn) , Thomas. English boy poet 
(1752—1770). 

Chaucer (cho'ser), Geoffrey. English poet (1340? — 1400). 

Chekhov (che'K6f), Anton Pavlovich. Russian story- 
writer & dramatist (1860—1904). [(1762 — 1794). I 

Chenier, de (de sha'nya'), Andre Marie. French poet| 

Cheops (ke'5ps) . Khufu. Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty ; 
builder of the greatest pyramid, near Gizeh. 

Cherbuliez (shar/hii'lya') .Victor. Fr. novelist (1829 — 1899). 

Cherubini (ka'roo-be'ne) , Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Sal- 
vatore. Italian composer (1760 — 1842). 

Chesterfield (ches'ter-feld) , Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th 
Earl of. Eng. statesman & author (1694 — 1773). 

Chesterton (ches'ter-twn) , Gilbert Keith. Eng. essayist 
(1874—). _ [(1841—1915).) 

Cheyne (cha'ne), Thomas Kelly. Eng. Biblical critic! 

Choate (chot), Joseph Hodges. Am. lawyer & diplomat 
(1832 — ). — , Rufus. Am. lawyer (1799 — 1859). 

Chopin (shS'paN'). Frederic Francois. Polish-French pian- 
ist & composer (1809 — 1849). 

Chrestien, or Chr#tien, de Troyes (kra'tyaN de trwa'). 
French poet (1140?-1191?). 

Chrysostom (kris'Ss-tiim ; kris-Ss'twm) , John, Saint. 
Greek father of the church, born in Syria (347?-407). 

Churchill (church'il), Winston Leonard Spencer. Eng. 
writer & politician (1874 — ). [(1671 — 1757).! 

Cibber (sib'er), Colley. Eng. dramatic author & actor| 

Cicero (sis'er-o), Marcus Tullius. Roman orator, states- 
man, & man of letters (106 — 43 b. c). 

Cid (sid ; Sp.pron. thefch), or Cid Campeador (theth 
kam'pa-a-thor'), i. e.. Lord Champion. Real name Ruy, 
or Rodrigo, Diaz deVivar. Castilian hero (1040 — 1099). 

Cimabue (che'raa-boo'a), Giovanni. Florentine painter 
(1240?— 1302?). [(1749— 1801). I 

Cimarosa (che'ma-rS'za) , Domenico. It. composerj 

Cimon (si'mon). Athenian commander (510 — 449 b. c). 

Cincinnatus (sin'si-na't&s), Lucius Quinctius. Roman dic- 
tator (519? — 439? b. a). 

Clairon (kle'roN') , Mile. Real name Claire Josephe Hip- 
poly te Leris de la Tude. French actress (1723 — 1803). 

Clarendon (klar'en-dwn), Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of. Lord 
chancellor of England & historian (1609 — 1674). 

Clark (klark), Alvan. American optician (1808 — 1887). 
— , Francis Edward. Am. Cong, clergyman (1851 — ). 
— , George Rogers. Am. soldier & frontiersman (1752 — 
1818). — , William. Am. soldier & expl. (1770—1838). 

Claude Lorrain (klod' 16-ran' ; F. pron. klod' 16'ra.N'). 
Real name Claude Gelee. Fr. painter in Italy (1600 — 1682). 

Claudius (klo'di-ws) I. Roman emp. 41-54 (10 b. c. — a. d. 
54). — II. GothHcus. Roman emp.!268-270 (214 — 270). 

Clay (kla), Henry. Am. orator & statesman (1777 — 1852). 

Cleanthes (kle-an'thez) . Greek Stoic (300? — 220? B. c). 

Clear chus (kle-ar'kus) . Spartan general (d. 401? b. c). 

Clemenceau (kla'maN'so'), Georges Eugene Benjamin. 
French editor & statesman (1841 — ). 

Clemens (klem'enz), Samuel Langhorne. Mart Twain. 
Am. humorist {1835 — 1910). 

Cement (klem'ent). The name of 14 popes: — VII. 
Giulio de" Medici. Pope 1523-34 (1480?— 1534). —of 
Alexandria. Christian father & writer (150? — 220?). 

Cleobulus (kle'o-bii'lws) . One of the 7 sages of Greece 
(fl. 6th c. b. c). 

Cleomenes (kle-5m'e-nez) III. Spartan king (d. b. c. 220). 

Cleopatra (kle'o-pa'trd). Queen of Egypt (69 — 30 b. c). 

Cleveland (klev'ldnd), (Stephen) Grover. 22d and 24th 
pres. of U. S. 1885-89 & 1893-97 (1837—1908). 

Clinton (klin'tzin), De Witt. American statesman (1769 
— 1828). — , George. Am. statesman, & 1805-12 vice 
pres. U. S. (1739 — 1812). — , Henry, Sir. Eng. general in 
America (1738?— 1795). 

Clive (kllv), Robert. Baron Clive of Plassey. Br. gen. & 
statesman (1725 — 1774). 

Clootz, de (de klots), Jean Baptiste du Val-du-Grace, 
Baron. Anacharsis Clootz or, sometimes, Cloots. Eccentric 
Prussian-French revolutionist (1755 — 94). 

Clough (kluf), Arthur Hugh. English poet (1819 — 1861). 

Clovis (klo'vis) I. (Ger. Chlodwig, klot'viK). King of the 
Franks 481-511 (465?-511). 

Clymer (klT'mer), George. Am. patriot (1739 — 1813). 

Cobbett (kob'et), William. Eng. polit. writer (1762 — 1835). 

Cobden (kob'den), Richard. Eng. statesman (1804 — 1865). 

Cobham (kSb'dm), Lord. See Oldcastle. [(1552—1634). 

Coke (kdbk ; kok), Edward, Sir. Ld. ch. justice of England! 

Colbert (kSl'bar'), Jean Baptiste. Marquis de Seignelay. 
French financier_(1619 — 1683). [(1814—1883). 

Colenso (ko-len'so), John William. Eng. bp. of Natall 



Coleridge (kol'rij), Samuel Taylor. Eng. metaphysician & 

poet (1772—1834). 
Colfax (kol'faks), Schuyler. Am. journalist, vice pres. U. S. 

1869-73 (1823—1885). 
Coligny, or Coligni, de (de ko'len'yeO , Gaspard. French 

admiral & Huguenot leader (1519 — 1572). 
Collins (kol'inz), William. English poet (1721 — 1759). 

— , (William) Wilkie. English novelist (1824 — 1889). 
Columba (kS-liim'bd), Saint. Irish missionary to Scotland 

(521—597). 
Columbanus (kSl'wm-ba'nws) , Saint. Irish missionary to 

the Continent (543 — 615). 
Columbus (k6-lum'bws), Christopher. Ital. Cristoforo 

Colombo (kres-to'fo-ro k3-l5m'bo) ; Span. Cristobal 

Colon (kres-to'bal kS-l5n'). Genoese discoverer of 

America (1436? [or *46?]— 1506). [(1845—).! 

Colvin (kol'vln), Sidney, Sir. English man of letters) 
Combes (koNb) , Justin Louis Emile. Fr. politician (1835 — ). 
Comenius (ko-ma'ne-dos ; kS-me'ni-ws), Johann Amos. 

Komensky. Moravian bp. & educationist (1592 — 167C). 
Comines, de (de ko / men / ), Philippe. Fr. historian (1445 

—1509). [(161— 192). | 

Commodus (k8m'o-diis). Roman emperor ISO - 192| 
Comte (koNt), I. Auguste M.F.X.Fr. philos. (1798—1857). 
Conde, de (de kSN'da'), Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince. 

Due d'Enghien. The Great Conde. Fr. gen. (1621— 1686). 
Condorcet, de (de koN'dor'seO , Marie Jean Antoine Nico- 
las Caritat, Marquis. Fr. metaphysician (1743 — 1794). 
Confucius (kon-fu'shi-ws). Chinese sage (551 — 478 b. c). 
Congreve (kor/grev), William. Eng. dram. (1670 — 1729). 
Conkling (kONk'ling), Roscoe. Am. polit. (1829 — 1888). 
Conrad (kSn'rad) , Joseph. Polish nov. in England (1857 — ). 
Constable (kun'std-b'l), John. Eng. painter (1776 — 1837). 
Constant (koN'staN'), Jean Joseph Benjamin. French 

painter (1845—1902). 
Constant de Rebecque (k6N/staN' de re-bek'), Henri 

Benjamin. Benjamin Constant. French statesman & 

author (1767—1830). 
Constantine (kon'stan-tTn) I. The Great. Roman emperor 

323-337" (272—337). — King of the Hellenes 1913-17 

(1868 — ). Abdication forced by the Allies. 
Conway (kon'wa), William Martin, Sir. Eng. explorer & 

author (1856 — ). 
Cook (kdbk), James, Captain. English navigator (1728 — 

1779). [(1824— 189C).| 

Cooley (koo'lT), Thomas Mclntyre. American jurist! 
Cooper (koo'per ; kdbp'er), James Fenimore. American 

novelist (1789 — 1851). — , Peter. Am. philanthropist 

(1791—1883). [(1473—1543).} 

Copernicus (ko-pur'ni-kws) , Nikolaus. Polish astronomer! 
Coppee (ko'paO, Francois Edouard Joachim. French poet, 

dramatist, & novelist (1842—1908). [(1841— 1909). | 

Coquelin (kok'laN'). Benoit Constant. French actor| 
Corday d'Armont, de (de kSr'de' dar'm6N'), Marie Anne 

Charlotte. Fr. assassin of Marat (1768 — 1793). 
Corelli (ko-reVi), Marie. English novelist (1864 — ). 
Coriolanus (ko'ri-S-la'nws), Caius (or Cneius) Marciua 

Roman hero (d. aft. 489 b. c). 
Corneille (kQr'na'y'), Pierre. French dramatic poet (1606 — 

1684). (17S3— 1807). I 

Cornelius, von (fon kor-na'le-dos) , Peter. Ger. painter! 
Cornell (k5r-nel') Ezra. Am. capitalist (1807 — 1874). 
Cornwallis (korn-wSl'is), Charles Cornwallis, 2d Earl & 1st 

Marquis. Eng. general & statesman (1738—1805). 
Corot (ko'ro'), Jean Baptiste Camille. Fr. landscape 

painter (1796 — 1875). 
Correggio, da (da kSr-red'jo), Antonio Allegri. Italian 

painter (ab. 1494 — 1534). 
Cortes, or Cortez (kSr'tez), Span. Cortes (kor-t&s'), Her-' 

nando or Hernan. Sp. conqueror of Mexico (1485 — 1547). 
Cotton (k5t''n), John. Minister in Boston (1584 — 1652). 
Coues(kouz), Elliott. Am. ornithologist (1842 — 1899). 
Coulter (kol'ter), John Merle. American botanist (1851 — ). 
Courbet (koor'be'), Gustave. Fr. painter (1819 — 1877). 
Cousin (kob'zaN'), Victor. Fr. philosopher (1792 — 1867). 
Coverdale (kuv'er-dal), Miles. Eng. translator of Bible 

(1488—1568). 
Cowley (kou'li ; orig. koo'li) , Abraham. Eng. poet (1618 — 

1667). [1800). I 

Cowper (koo'per; kou'per) , William. English poet (1731 — 1 
Crabbe (krab), George. English poet (1754 — 1C32). 
Craddock (krad'<3k), Charles Egbert. Pseudonym of 

Mary Noailles Murfree. 
Cradock (krad'dk).ChristopherGeorge Francis Maurice, Sir. 

English rear admiral (1862 — 1914). j 

Craik (krak), Dinah Maria, born Mulock. Miss Mulock. 

Eng. novelist (1826—1887). [(1489—1550). 

Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Eng. reformer & martyrj 
Crashaw (krash'6), Richard. English poet (1613? — 1649). 
Crawford (kro'ferd) , Francis Marion. Am. novelist (1854— 

1909). [Fr. statesman (1796 — 1S80).| 

Cremieux (kra/myu') , Isaac Moise, called Adolphe. Jewishj 
Crichton (krT'twn), James. The Admirable Crichlon. 

Scottish prodigy of learning (1560—1585?). 
Crispi (kres'pe) , Francesco. It. statesman (1819 — 1901). 
Crockett (krok'et), David. Am. pioneer & politician 

(1786 — 1836). — , Samuel Rutherford. Scottish clergy- 
man & novelist (1860 — 1914). 
Croesus (kre'sws). See in Vocabulary. 
Cromwell (krom'wel ; krum'wel), Oliver. Eng. general & 

statesman ; Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 1653- 

58 (1599 — 1658). — , Thomas. Earl of Essex. English 

statesman (1485? — 1540). 
Cronje (krSn'ye), Piet Arnoldus. Boergen. (1835? — 1911). 
Crookes (krdbks), William, Sir. Eng. physicist & chemist 

(1832—). [(1792—1878).] 

Cruikshank (krook'shankO, George. Eng. caricaturist! 
Cui (kti-eO, Cesar Antonovich. Russ. mil. engineer & 

composer (1835—). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, Skrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1175 



Culpeper (kul'pSp-er) , Thomas. Col. gov. of Virginia 

(?— 1719). 
Curie (ku're'), Marie, born Sklodowska. Widow of Pierre. 

Polish chemist & physicist in France (1867 — ). — , Pierre. 

Fr. chemist & physicist (1859 — 1900). 
Curtin (kQr'tin), Jeremiah. Am. translator (1840 — 1900). 
Curtis (kur'tis), George William. Am. author (1824 — 1892). 
Curtius (kdbr'tsc-dbs) , Ernst. Ger. historian (1814: — 1896). 
Cushing (kdbsh'ing), Caleb. Am. statesman (1800 — 1879). 
Cushman (kdbsh'mdn), Charlotte Saunders. Am. actress 

(1816 — 1876). — , Robert. One of the founders of 

Plymouth colony (1580P-1625). 
Custer (kus'ter), George Armstrong. Am. general (1839 — 

1876). 
Cuthbert (kuth'bert). Saint. Eng. monk & bp. (? — 687). 
Cuvier (kii'vya'), Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic 

Dagobert, Baron. French naturalist (1769 — 1832). 
Cuyp, or Kuyp (koip), Aalbert. Du. painter (1620 — 1691). 
Cyprian (sip^ri-an), Saint. Bishop of Carthage (200? — 

25S). 
Cyrus (si'rus). The Elder or the Great. King of Persia 

(d. 529 b. c). — The Younger. Persian opponent of his 

brother Artaxerxes II. (d. 401 e. c). 
Czerny Djordje (cher'ne dyor'dye) Petrovic. Czerny, 

Kara, or Black, George. Serbian leader (1766 — 1817). 

D 

Daguerre (da/gar'). Louis Jacques Mand6. Fr. inventor of 

the daguerreotype (1789—1851). [(1809 — 1870). I 

Dahlgren (dal'gren), John Adolph. Am. rear admiral! 
Dale (dal), Thomas, Sir. Eng. col. gov. of Virginia(? — 1619). 
Dallas (dal'ds) , George Mifflin. Am. statesman & diplomat; 

vice president of U. S. 1845-49 (1792 — 1S64). 
Dairy mple (da.l'rim-p'1 ; dal-rim'p'l), James, Sir. 1st 

Viscount Stair. Scottish jurist (1619— 1695). 
Dalton Jdol'twn) , John. English chemist (1766 — 1844). 
Daly (da'li), (John) Augustin. Am. dramatist & theatrical 

manager (1838 — 1899). 
Damien de Veuster (da'myaN' de vu'star') , Joseph. Belg. 

R. C. missionary to lepers in Molokai (1840—1889). 
Dampier (dam'per), William. Eng. navigator (1652 — 1715). 
Dana (da'nd), Charles Anderson. Am. journalist (1819 — 

1897). ^, James Dwight. Am. geol. 8c mineralogist (1813 

—1895). — , Richard Henry. Am. author (1815— 1SS2). 
Dante Alighieri (dan'te ; It. pron. dan'ta a'le-gya're) . 

Italian poet (1265 — 1321). 
Danton (daN'teN') , Georges Jacques. A leader of the French 

Revolution (1759 — 1794). 
Darius (Hystaspis) (dd-ri'ws his-tas'pls) I. Persian king 

521-486? b. c. (558? — 486? b. c). [(1849—1894).! 

Darmesteter (dar/me-ste-tar'), James. French Orientalist! 
Darnley (darn'li), Henry Stuart, Lord. 2d husband or 

Mary Stuart (1545 — 1567). 
Darwin (dar'wln), Charles Robert. Grandson of E. Eng. 

naturalist (1809— -1882). — , Erasmus. Eng. physiologist 

&poet (1731—1802). [(1817—1878).! 

Daubigny (do'ben'ye'), Charles Francois. French painter| 
Daudet (do'de'), Alphonse. Fr. novelist (1840 — 1897). 
D'Avenant (dav'en-dnt), William, Sir. Eng. dramatist 

(1606—1668). 
David (da'vid) I. King of Scotland 1124-53 (1084—1153). 
David (da/ved'), Jacques Louis. French painter (1748 — 

1825). —, Pierre Jean. David d' Angers. French sculptor 

(1788—1856). 
Davis (da/vis), Jefferson. President Confederate States of 

America 1861-65 (1808 — 1889). — , properly Davys, John. 

Eng. navigator (1550? — 1605). 
Davout (da/voo'), Louis Nicolas. Duke of Auerstadt & 

Prince of Eckmiihl. Marshal of France (1770 — 1823). 
Davy (da'vi), Humphry, Sir. Eng. chemist (1778—1829). 
Dawson (do'swn), John William, Sir. Canadian geologist 

(1820—1899). 
Day (da), William Rufus. U.S. assoc. justice 1903- (1849 — ). 
Deak (da'ak), Ferencz (Francis). Hungarian statesman 

(1803—1876). 
Dearborn (der'bern), Henry. Am. general (1751 — 1829). 
Debussy (de-bii'se'), Claude. French composer (1862 — ). 
Decamps (de-ka.N'), Alexandre Gabriel. French painter 

(1803—1860). 
Decatur (de-ka'twr) , Stephen. Am. naval officer (1779 — 

1820). 
Defoe, or DeFoe (de-fo') ( Daniel. English author (1661? — 

1731). [painter (1834— ).| 

Degas (de-gas'; de-ga'), Hilaire Germain Edgar. Fr.| 
Deimling, von (f6n dlm'ling), Berthold Karl Adolf. Ger- 
man general (1853 — ). [(1797—1875).! 
Dejazet (da/zha/ze') , Pauline Virginie. French actress| 
De Kalb (de kalb'), Johann, Baron. Baron von Kalb. Ger. 

general in America (1721 — 1780). 
Dekker Cdek'erL Thomas. Eng. dramatist (1570? — 1641?). 
De Koven (de ko'ven), (Henry Louis) Reginald. Am. com- 
poser (1861 — ). 
Delacroix (de-la'krwa'), Ferdinand Victor Eugene. Fr. 

painter (1799 — 1863). 
Deland (de-land'), Margaretta Wade, born Campbell. Am. 

novelist (1857—). [1914). I 

Delarey (del'a-ra'). Jacob Hendrick. Boer general (1848 — | 
Delaroche (de-la/rosh') , Hippolyte Paul. Fr. painter 

(1797—1856). [(1793—1843).! 

Delavigne (de-la'ven'y'), Jean Francois Casimir. Fr. poet| 
De La Warr, or Delaware (del'd-war), Thomas West, 

Baron. Colonial governor of Virginia (1577 — 1618). 
Delcass§ (del'ka^sa/) , Theophile. Fr. statesman (1852 — ). 
De Long (de long'), George Washington. Am. arctic 

explorer (1844—1881). 
Delorme (de-15rm'), Philbert. Fr. architect (1515 — 1570). 
Democ'ritus. Greek philosopher (460? — 362? b. a). 
De Morgan (de mor'gon), William Frend. Eng. artist 

(glass staining, ceramics) & novelist (1839- — ). 



Demosthenes (de"-m5s'the"-nez). Athenian orator (384? — 
322 b. C.). 

Denham (den^fim), John, Sir. Eng. poet (1615 — 1669). 

Deniker (de-ne'kar' ; Angl. den'I-ker), Joseph. Fr. anthro- 
pologist (1852 — ). 

Denis, or Denys (de-ne' ; Angl. den'is) , Saint. 1st bishop of 
Paris ; patron saint of the French (fl. 3d c. ?). 

De Quincey (de kwln'sl), Thomas. English author (1785 
—1859). 

Derby (dar'bi ; dur'bi), Edward George Villiers Stanley, 
17th Earl of. English public official j(1865— ,\ 

Desaix de Veygoux (de-za/ de ve'goo'), Louis Charles 
Antoine. Called Desaix. French general (1768 — 1800). 

Descartes (da'kart') , Ren6. Fr. philos. (1596 — 1650). 

Desmoulins (da/moo'laN'), Lucie Simplice Camille 
BenoTt. Fr. rev. leader & publicist (1760 — 1794). 

De Soto, Hernando. See Soto. 

Destinn (dgs'tin), Emmy. Boh. operatic soprano (1878 — ). 

Dewar (du'er), James, Sir. Scottish chemist (1842 — ). 

De Wet (de" v5t'), Christian R. Boer general (1854 — ). 

Dewey (du'I), George. American admiral (1837 — ). 

De Witt (de* vit'), Jan. Dutch statesman (1625 — 1672). 

Dias (de'ash), Bartholomew Pg. navigator (1450? — 1500). 

Diaz (de'as ; de'ath), Porfirio. Pres. of Mexico 1877-80 
& 1834-1911 (1830—1915). 

Diaz de la Pefia (de'ath da la pan'ya ; F. de'az' de la pen'- 
ya'), Narcisse Virgile. Fr.-Sp. painter (1807 — 1876). 

Dickens (dik'enz ; -Inz), Charles. English novelist (1812 
—1870). [(1732—1808).! 

Dickinson (dlk'in-sun), John. Am. polit. writer & leader! 

Diderot (ded/rC), Denis. Fr. philosopher & writer (171^ 
—1784). [(1701—1767).' 

Dieskau (des'kau), Ludwig August. Ger.-Fr. gen. in Am.' 

Dinwiddie (din-wId'T ; dln'wid-I), Robert. Lieut, gov. it 
Virginia (1690—1770). [(245—313). 

Diocletian (dl'S-kie'shdn). Roman emperor 284-305 

Eiogenes (di-Sj'e-nez). Greek Cynic (412? — 323? B.C.). 

Dionysius (dT'6-nish'i-Jis). The Elder. Tyrant of Syra- 
cuse (430—367 b. c). —of Halicarnassus. Greek histo- 
rian (54? — 7? b. c). 

Disraeli (diz-ra'li ; formerly also diz-re'li or dlz'rd-S'lT), 
Benjamin. 1st Earl of Beaconsfield. Jewish author & 
statesman; twice British prime minister (1804— 1881). 

Dix (diks), John Adams. Am. gen. & polit. (1798 — 1879). 

Dodge (dSj), Mary Elizabeth, born Mapes. Am. author 
(1838—1905). 

Dodgson (dSj'sim), Charles Lutwidge. Lewis Carroll. 
Eng. mathematician & author (1832 — 1898). 

Dolci (dol'che). Carlo. Tuscan painter (1616 — 1686). 

Dbllinger, von (fon dul'ing-er), Johann Joseph Ignaz. 
Ger. Old Cath. theolog. & church hist. (1799 — 1890). 

Domenichino (do-ma' ne-ke'no). Real name Domenico 
Zampieri. Bolognese painter (1581 — 1641). 

Dominic (d5m'i-nik), Saint. Spanish founder of the order 
of Dominicans (1170 — 1221). [81-96 (51—96).! 

Domitian (d8-mish'T-dn ; do-mish'an). Roman emperorj 

Donatello (dSn'a-tel'lo), or Donato (d6-na'to). It. sculp- 
tor (1386—1466). [1848).! 

Donizetti (do/ne-dzeVte), Gaetano. It. composer (1797 — | 

Donne (don ; dun), John. Eng. divine & poet (1573 — 1631). 

Dore (do'ra') , Paul Gustave. French artist (1833 — 1883). 

Dorr (d6r), Thomas Wilson. Am. politician (1805 — 1854). 

Dorset (dor'set), Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of. Eng. 
statesman 8a author (1536 — 16C8). 

Dosso Dossi (dSs'so d6s'se). Giovanni di Niccolo Lutero. It. 
painter (1479? — 1542). 

Dost Mohammed (dost mS-ham'mSd). Ameer of Afghanis- 
tan 1826-63 (1793—1863). 

Dostoevski (dSs'tS-yef'ske) , Feodor Mikhaylovich. Rus- 
sian novelist (1821—1881). 

Dou, or Dow (dou), Gerard. Dutch painter (1613 — 1675). 

Douglas (dug'lds), Stephen Arnold. Am. polit. leader. 
(1813—1861). [1895). 

Douglass, Frederick. Am. negro abolitionist (1817 — ; 

Dow (dou).Neal. Am. prohibitionist (1804: — 1897). 

Dowden (dou'den), Edward. Irish lit. critic (1843 — 1913). 

Dowson (dou'siin), Ernest Christopher. English poet 
(1867—1900). 

Doyle (doil) , Arthur Conan, Sir. Br. story -writer (1859 — ). 

Drake (drak), Francis, Sir. Eng. navigator & admiral 
(1540?— 1598). 

Drake (dra'kg) , Friedrich. Ger. sculptor (1805 — 1882). 

Drake (drak), Joseph Rodman. Am. poet (1795 — 1.820). 

Draper (dra'per) , John William. Am. chemist, physiologist, 
& philosophical writer (1811 — 1882). 

Drayton (dra'twn), Michael. English poet (1563 — 1631). 

Dreyfus (dra'fus'), Alfred. French artillery officer (1859 — ). 

Driver (drTv'er), Samuel Rolles. Eng. Biblical scholar 
(1846—1914). 

Drummond (drum'wnd), Henry. Scot, clergyman & 
author (1851 — 1897). —.William Henry. Irish-Canadian 
poet (1854— 1907). [Ob.cJ.I 

Drusus (droo'sws), Nero Claudius. Roman general (38 — | 

Dryden (drl'den), John. Eng. poet &l dram. (1631 — 170C). 

Dubail (dii'ba'y'), Augustine Yvon Edmond. French gen- 
eral (1851—). [gist (1818—1896).! 

Du Bois— Reymond (diibwa'-ra'mSN'), Emil. Ger. physicl-| 

Duccio di Buoninsegna (doot'cho de bwo'nen-sa'nya). 
It. painter (1260?— 1339?). 

Du Chaillu (du sha'yii'), Paul Belloni. Am. explorer in 
Africa (1835—1903). 

Dudsvant (dud'vaN'), Amantine Lucile Aurore, born 
Dupin. George Sand. French novelist (1804 — 187P). 

Dudley (dud'H), Joseph. Gov. of Mass. (1647 — 1720)-.—, 
Robert. Earl of Leicester. See Leicester. 

Du Guesclin (du ge'klaN'), Bertrand. Constable of France 
(1320?— 1380). „ . 

Dumas (dii'maO. Alexandre. Fr. romantic nov. & dram. 
(1802—1870). — , Alexandre. Son of preceding. Fr. 
dram. & nov. (1824 — 1895). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. - equals. 



N 



1176 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



u 



W 



Du Maurier (dii mo'rya'), George Louis Palmella Busson. 
Fr. illustrator & nov. in Eng. (1834 — 1896). 

Dunbar (dun-bar'). William. Scot, poet (1465? — 1530?). 

Dunois, de (d§ du'nwa/), Jean, Comte. Fr. commander 
(1403?— 1468). 

Duns Scotus (diinz sko'tws), Joannes. Scottish scholastic 
theologian (1265?— 1308). [(925— 988).| 

Dunstan (dun'stfin), Saint. Archbp. of Canterbury! 

Dupleix (dii'pleks') , Joseph Francois, Marquis. Fr. gover- 
nor in India (1697—1763). 

Du Plessis-Mornay. See Mornay. [(1803 — 1865). | 

Dupont (du-p5nt'), Samuel Francis. Am. rear admiral| 

Dupre (dii'pra'), Jules. Fr. painter (1812 — 1889). 

Duquesne (dii'kan'), Abraham, Marquis. Fr. naval com- 
mander (1610—1688). 

Duran (dii'raN'), Carolus. Real name Charles Auguste 

Emile Durand. Fr. portrait painter (1837 — 1917). [15281 
Diirer (dii'rer), Albrecht. Ger. painter & engraver (1471 — | 
Duruy (dii'rii-e'), Victor. French historian (1811 — 1894). 
Duse (doo'za), Eleonora. Signora Checchi. It. actress 

(1859—). [(1841—1904).! 

Dvorak, Boh. Dvorak (dvSr'zhak), Anton. Boh. composer| 
Dyce(dls), William. Scot, historical painter (1806 — 1864).. 



E 



Eads (edz), James Buchanan. Am. engineer (1820 — 188.7). 

Eames (amz), Emma. American operatic soprano (1867 — ). 

Early (Gr'li), Jubal Anderson. Am. Confederate general 
(1816—1894). [(1837—1898). 

Ebers (a/bers), Georg Moritz. Ger. Egyptologist & nov.l 

Echegaray (a'cha-ga-n'). Jose. Sp. dramatist ( 1832? — 1916). 

Eckhart (Sk'hart), Meister (Master). German mystic 
(1260?— 1327?). 

Eddy (ea'I), Mary (born Baker) Glover.^, Founder of 
Christian Science (1821 — 1910). 

Edgeworth (gj'wurth), Maria. Eng. novelist (1767 — 1849). 

Edison (Sd'i-sttn), Thomas Alva. Amer. inventor (1847 — ). 

Edmund (ea'mwnd), II. Ironside. King of the English 
1016 (981?— 1016). 

Edward (gd'w?rd). The Confessor. King of the English 
1042-66 (1002? — 1066). — I. Longshanks. King of 
England 1272-1307 (1239—1307). —II. King of Eng- 
land 1307-27 (1284—1327). —III. King of England 
1327-77; gained battle of Crecy 1346,(1312—1377) . — IV. 
King of England 1461-70 & 1471-83 (1442—1483). — V. 
King of England 1483 ; murdered in the Tower (1470 — 
1483). — VI. Son of Henry VIII. & Jane Seymour. King 
of England 1547-53 (1537 — 1553) . — VII. Son of Victoria. 
King of Great Britain & Ireland & emperor of India 1901- 
10(1841 — 1910). — The Black Prince. Son of Edward III. 
Prince of Wales (1330—1376). 

Edwards (Sd'werdz), Jonathan. Am. divine & metaphysi- 
cian (1703 — 1758). —.Jonathan. Son of preceding. 
Am. theologian (1745— 1801). [633). 

Edwin (ed'win). King of Northumbria 617-633 (585? — | 

Egbert (eg'bSrt). King of the West Saxons 802-839 & 1st 
King of the English 827-839 (?— 839). [— 1902). | 

Eggleston (Sg''lz-twn), Edward. American author (1837] 

Egmont (eg'raoN' ; Angl. eg'mont), Lamoral, Count of. 
Flemish soldier & statesman (1522 — 1568). [1915).] 

Ehrlich (ar'liK), Paul. Ger. physician & bacteriol. (1854 — | 

Elagabalus (e'ld-gab'd-lus), or Heliogabalus (he'li-o- 
gab'd-lus). Roman emperor 218-222 (205? — 222). 

Eldon (el'dftn), John Scott, 1st Earl of. Ld. chancellor of 
England (1751—1838). 

Elgar (el'gdr), Edward, Sir. English composer (1857 — ). 

Elgin and Kincardine (el'gin, kin-kar'din 1 Victor Alex- 
ander Bruce, 9th Earl of. Br. statesman 349 — ). 

Eliot (el'i-Mt), Charles William. Am. educ&cor ; pres. Har- 
vard univ. 1869-1909 (1834 — ). — , George. Pseudonym 
of Mary Ann Evans (Leioes) (Cross). Eng. novelist & 
poet (1819—1880). — , John. Sir. Eng. patriot (1592 — 
1632). — , John. Apostle to the Indians. Am. clergyman 
(1604—1690). 

Elizabeth (e-liz'd-be'th). Dan. of Henry VIII. & Anne Bol- 
eyn. Queen of England 1558-1603 (1533 — 1603).— • 
Carmen Sylva. Queen of Roumania & wr. (1843 — 1916). 

Ellis (Sl'is), Henry Havelock. Eng. scientist & author 
(1859—). [& hist. (1779— 1859). | 

Elphinstone (el'f in-stwn) , Mountstuart. Eng. statesman! 

Elzevir (el'ze-vSr : -ver). Dutch printers at Leiden; esp.: 
Louis(1540? — 1617), & his son, Bonaventure(1583 — 1652). 

Emerson (em'er-sfm), Ralph Waldo. Am. essayist, poet, 
& philosopher (1803 — 1882). 

Emmich, von (fSn em'iK), Otto A. T. Ger. gen. (1848 — ). 

Empedocles (em-ped'6-klez) . Greek philosopher (ab. 500 
— 430? b. c). [(1588?— 1665). | 

Endacott (en'de-kot), John. Col. gov. of Massachusetts! 

Enver Pasha (en' ver). Turk, general (1883 — ). 

Epaminondas (e-pam'i-nSn'dds). Theban statesman & 
general (418?— 362 B. c). 

Epictetus (ep'ik-te'tws). Roman Stoic (60? — 120?). 

Epicurus (ep'i-ku'riis). Greek philos. (342? — 270 b. c). 

Erasmus (e-raz'mws) , Desiderius. Dutch scholar (1466? 
—1536). [—195? b. c.).| 

Eratosthenes"(er/d-t6Vthe-nez). Greek astronomer (276?| 

Erckmann— Chatrian (e'rk'man-sha/tre-aN') . Emile Erck- 
mann (1822—99), Alexandre Chatrian (1826 — 90). Fr. 
novelists in collaboration. 

Eric (gr'ik). The Red. Norse navigator (fi. 985). 

Ericsson (er'ik-sim), John. Swed. inventor in Am. (1803 — 
1889). [France (?— 875?).| 

Erigena (e-rij'e-nd), Johannes Scotus. Ir.-Scot. philos. in| 

Erskine (Qr'skin), John. Scottish jurist (1695—1768).—, 
Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. Scot. Id. chancellor of Eng- 
land (1750—1823). 

Espartero (eVpar-ta'ro) , Joaquin Baldomero. Duke of Vic- 
toria. Spanish general & statesman (1792 — 1879). 



Esquirol (eVke'rol') , Jean Etienne Dominique. Fr. alien- 
ist (1772—1840). 

Essex (es'eks), Robert Devereux, 2d Earl of. Favorite of 
Queen Elizabeth ; executed (1567 — 1601). 

Estaing, d' (deVtaN'), Charles Hector, Comte. Fr. ad- 
miral (1729—1794). > 

Estienne (a'tySn'). French family of printers & scholars; 
esp.: Henri (1460? — 1520) ; his son, Robert (1503 — 1559) ; 
Robert's son, Henri (1528 — 1598). 

Estrada Cabrera (e"s-tra'tba ka-bra'ra), Manuel. President 
of Guatemala 1898- (1857 — ). 

Ethelbert (eth'el-burt). King of Kent (552?— 616). 

Ethelred (Sth'el-rgd) II. The Unready. King of the Eng- 
lish 978?-1016 (968?— 1016). 

Euclid (u'klld) of Alexandria. Gr. geometer (fl. 300 B. c). 

Eugen (oi-gan') Ferdinand Pius Bernhard, Archduke of 
Austria. General (1863 — ). 

Eugene (u-jen'}, Prince, of Savoy. (Fr. Eugene, u'zhen'. 
Francois Eugene de Savoie-Carignan.) Austrian general 
(1663—1736). 

Eugenie (u'zha/ne') , or Marie Eugenie de Montijo de 
Guzman. Empress of the French ; wife of Napoleon III. 
(1826—). [1783). I 

E uler (oi'ler ; An^Z. ii'le'r),Leonhard. Swissmath. (1707 — | 

Euripides (u-rip'i-dez). Gr. tragic poet (480 — 406 b. c). 

Eusebius (u-se'bi-ws), Pam'phili. Bishop of Csesarea; ec- 
clesiastical historian (260? — 340?). 

Eustachio (a/dbs-ta'kyS) , Bartolommeo. (Lot. Eusta'- 
chius.) Italian anatomist (? — 1574). 

Evarts (ev'erts), William Maxwell. Am. lawyer & states- 
man (1818 — 1901). [(1620—1706).! 

Evelyn (ev'e-lin ; ev'lin), John. Eng. Royalist & author! 

Everett (ev'Sr-et), Edward. Am. orator & statesman 
(1794—1865). [(1817— 1872).! 

Ewell (u'el), Richard Stoddert. Am. Confederate gen.| 

Exmouth (eks'mwth), Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount. Eng. 
admiral (1757 — 1833). 

Eyck. van (van Ik'), Hubert or Huybrecht. Brother of 
Jan. Flemish painter (1370? — 1426). — , Jan. Jan van 
Brugge. Flemish painter (13y0? — 1440). [(1844 — 1917). i 

Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el ; e-zek'yel), Moses Jacob. Am. sculptor] 



Fabeck, von (f6n fa'bek). Max Ger. general (1854 — ). 

Fabius (f a'bi-ws) . Quin/tus Fa'bius Max'imus Ver'ruco'sus. 
Cuncta'lor. Roman gen. against Hannibal (fl. 210 b. c). 

Fabre (fa'br'), Ferdinand. French novelist (1830 — 1898). 

Faguet (fa'ge'), Emile. Fr. historian of literature (1847 — ). 

Falkenhayn, von (fSn f al'ken-hin) , Erich G. A. S. Ger. 
general (1861 — ). [1905-09 (1852— ).| 

Fairbanks (far'barjks), Charles Warren. Vice pres. of U. S | 

Fairfax (f ar'faks) , Thomas Fairfax, 3d Baron. Eng. Pari, 
gen. (1612— 1671). [—1355). 

Falieri (f al-ye're) , Marino. Doge of Venice 1354-55 (1278 ?| 

Fallieres (fai'yar'), Clement Armand. French statesman, 
& president 1906-13 (1841—). 

Fallopio (fal-lo'pyo), Gabriello. (Lot. Fallo'pius.) Italian 
anatomist (1523—1562). [(1791—1867).! 

Faraday (far'd-da), Michael. Eng. chemist & physicist! 

Farnesa ( ar-n^'sa). Italian family; esp.: Alessandro (see 
Paul III.) ; Alessandro, Prince of Parma, gen. in Sp. 
service (1547—1592). [(1678—1707). 

Farquhar (far'kwdr ; far'kdr), George. Ir. comedy writer] 

Farragut (f ax'd-gut) , David Glasgow. Am. admiral (1801 
—1870). 

Farrar (fa 'dr) , Frederick William. Eng. divine & author 
(1831—1903). — , Geraldine. Am. soprano (1882—). 

Faure (for), Francois Felix. French statesman, & presi- 
dent 1895-99 (1S41— 1899). 

Fawkes (foks), Guy. Engl.sh conspirator (1570 — 1606). 

Fechner feK'ner), Gustav Theodor. Ger. physicist & 
philos. (1801—1887). 

F6nelon (fa'n'-loN'), Francois de Salignac de La Mothe (or 
Lamotte). Archbp. of Cambrai; Fr. author (1651 — 1715). 

Ferdinand (f Dr'di-nand ; G. pron. fer'de-nant) I. -Sp. 
Fernando fer-nan'do). Holy Roman emperor 1556-64. 
(1503 — 1534). ■— I. Maximilian Charles Leopold Maria, 
Duke of Saxony. Reigning prince of Bulgaria 1887-1908, 
& king of the Bulgarians 1908- (1861—). — II. Holy 
Roman emperor 1619-37, & ki g of Hungary & Bohe- 
mia (1578 — 1637). — I. The Great. King of Castile & 
Leon 1035-65 (?— 1065). — V. of Castile 1474-1516, 
II. of Aragon, III. of Naples, II. of Sicdy. The Catholic. 
Founder of the Spanish monarchy (1452 — 1516). 

Fermat, de (de fgr'maO, Pierre. Fr. math. (1601 — 1665). 

Fernandez (f rr-nan'd~th) , Juan. Sp. navig. (1536 — 1602?). 

Ferrari (fer-ra're), Gaudenzio. It. painter (1471 — 1546). 

Ferrero (fer-ra'ro), Guglielmo. It. hist. & eociol. (1872 — ). 

Ferry (f 're'), Jules Francois Camille. Fr. politician (1832 
—1893). [(1806— 1869). | 

Fessenden (fes'?n-den), William Pitt. Am. statesman! 

Feuerbach (f oi'er-baK) , Anselm. Ger. historical painter 
(1829 — 1880). — , Ludwig Andreas. Ger. sensationalistic 
philosopher (1804—1872). [(1762— 1814). | 

Fichta (fiK'te), Johann Gottlieb. Eminent Ger. philosopher! 

Field (feld) , Cyrus West. Am. projector of Atlantic cable 
(1819 — 1892). — , David Dudley. Bro. of Cyrus W. 
Jurist (1805 — 1894). — , Eugene. Am. humorist & 
poet (1850 — 1895). — , Stephen Johnson. Bro. of Cyrus 
W. U. S. associate justice 1863-97 (1816—1899). 

Fielding (fCl'dlng), Henry. Eng. novelist (1707 — 1754). 

Fiesole, da (da fye'zo-la), Giovanni. Fra Angelica. It. 
painter (1387—1455). [(1800—1874). 

Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. 13th pres. of U. S. 1850-53] 

Firdausi (fer-dou'se), often Firdusi (fer-doo'se). Pseud, of 
Abul Kasim Mansur. Persian poet (940? — 1020?). 

Fish (fish), Hamilton. American statesman (1808—1893). 

Fisher (fish'er), George Park. Am. theologian & historian 
(1827—1909). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, 111 ; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect ; 
use, unite, fkn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; singf, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (S7); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1177 



Fisher of Kilverstone (ktl'ver-st&n) , Sir John Arbuthnot 
Fisher, 1st Baron. English admiral of the fleet (1841 — ). 

Fiske (flsk), John. Orig. Edmund Fiske Green. Am. hist. & 
philos. (1842 — 1901). — , Minnie Maddern, born Davey. 
Mrs. Harrison Grey Fiske. Am. actress (1865 — ). 

Fitch (fich), William Clyde. Am. dram. (1865 — 1909). 

Fitzgerald (fits-jSr'dld), Edward. Orig. Edward Purcell. 
Eng. poet (1809—1883). 

Flaubert (flo'bar') , Gustave. Fr. nov. (1821 — 1880). 

Flaxman (flaks'mdn), John. Eng. sculptor (1755 — 1826). 

Fletcher (flech'er), John. Eng. dramatist & poet; col- 
laborator of Beaumont (1579 — 1625). 

Fleury, de (de flu're'), Andre Hercule. Fr. cardinal & 
statesman (1653 — 1743). 

Flint (flint), Austin. Am. physician & medical writer 
(1812 — 1886). —.Austin. Son of preceding. Am. physi- 
cian & med. writer (1836 — 1915). [ — 1625). I 

Florio (flo'ri-o), Joh^. Eng. author & translator (1553?| 

Flotow, Ton (fSn flo'to), Friedrich. German composer 
(1812—1883). 

Foch (fSsh), Ferdinand. Fr. general (1851 — ). 

Fogazzaro (fo'gat-sa'r5), Antonio. It. nov. (1842 — 1911). 

Foix, de (de fwa'), Gaston. Duke of Nemours. French 
soldier in Italy (1489 — 1512). 

Foote (foot), Andrew Hull. Am. rear adm. (1806 — 1863). 

Ford (ford), Henry. Am. manufacturer (1863 — ). — , 
John. Eng. writer of drama, esp. tragedy (1586 — i639?). 

Forrest (fSr'est), Edwin. Am. tragedian (1806 — 1872). 

Foscari (fos'ka-re), Francesco. Doge of Venice 1423-57 
(1372?— 1457). _ [(1778—1827). 

Foscolo (f os^cS-lo) , Ugo, orig. Niccolo. Italian author 

Foucault (foo'ko') , Jean Bernard Leon. Fr. physicist (181£ 
'—1868). [(1763—1820). 

Fouche (foo'sha')i Joseph. Duke of Otranto. Fr. polit. 

Fouque (foo'ka'), Friedrich Heinrich Karl. Baron de la 
Motte. Ger. novelist (1777 — 1843). 

Fouquet (-ka'), Nicolas. Marquis de Belle-Isle. Fr.superin- 
tendent of finance (1615— 1G80). [(1772—1837).! 

Fourier (f oo're-a') , Francois Marie Charles. Fr. socialist] 

Fox (fSks), Charles James. Eng. statesman (1749 — 1806). 
— , George. Eng. founder of Society of Friends, or 
Quakers (1624 — 1691). [1587). I 

Foxe (f5ks), or Fox, John. English martyrologist (1516— | 

France (fr&Ns), Anatole. Real name Jacques Anatole Thi- 
bault. French critic, novelist, & satirist (1844 — ). 

Francesca, della (del'la fran-ches'ka), Piero. Real name 
Piero de' Franceschi. Umbrian painter (1420? — 1492). 

Francia (fran'cha). Francesco Raibolini. It. painter (1450 
— 1518) . — (f ran'se-a ; f ran'the-a) , Jose Caspar Rodri- 
guez. Dictator of Paraguay 1814-40 (1761? — 1840). 

Francis (fran'sis), or Francis of Assisi (as-se'ze), Saint. 
It. friar; founder of the order of Franciscans (1182— 
1226). —I. King of France 1515-47 (1194—1547). — 
II. Last Holy Roman emperor 1792-1806 ; ruler of Aus- 
tria 1792-1835 ; emperor of Austria, as Francis I., from 
1804 (1768—1835). — Ferdinand. Archduke of Aus- 
tria. Nephew of Francis Joseph I. Aust.-Hung. heir pre- 
sumptive ; assassinated (1863 — 1914). — Joseph I. 
Grandson of Francis I. Emperor of Austria 1848 — 1916 ; 
king of Hungary 1867—1916 (1830 — 1916). — Xavier, 
Saint Sp. Jesuit & missionary to the Indies (1506 — 1552). 

Franklin (frank'lin), Benjamin. Am. statesman (1706 — 
1790). — , John, Sir. Eng. arctic explorer (1786 — 1847). 

Frederic (fred'er-ik), Harold. Am. novelist (1856 — 1898). 

Frederick. The name of 3 German kings & Holy Roman 
emperors: I. Barbarossa. King 1152-90, emperor 1155-90 
(1123?— 1190) ; II. King 1215-50, emperor 1220-50, king 
of the Two Sicilies 1197-1250 (1194—1250) ; III. King, 
as Frederick IV., 1440-93, emperor 1452-93 (1415— 
1493). —I. 1st king of Prussia 1701-13 (1657—1713). 

— II. The Great. King of Prussia 1740-86 (1712 — 1786). 

— Charles Nicholas. Prince of Prussia & gen. (1828— 
1885). — William. The Great Elector. Elector of 
Brandenburg 1640-88 (1620—1688). — The name of 4 
kings of Prussia: I. 1713-40 (1688 — 1740) ; II. 1786-97 
(1744—1797) ; III. 1797-1840 (1770—1840) ; IV. 1840- 
61 (1795 — 1861). — ■ German prince imperial & prince 
royal of Prussia ; general (1882 — ). [(1823 — 1892). I 

Freeman (fre'mdn), Edward Augustus. English historian! 
Frclinghuysen (fre'ling-hl'zen), Frederick Theodore. Am, 

statesman (1817 — 1885). 
Fremont (fre-monV), John Charles. Am. explorer &gen.; 

1st Republican pres. candidate 1856 (1813 — 1890). 
Fremstad (frem'stad), Olive. Am. operatic soprano ( ? — ). 
French (french), Daniel Chester. Am. sculptor (185fr — ). 

— , John Denton Pinkstone, Sir. Br. field marshal (1852 — ). 
Frenssen (fren'sen), Gustav. Ger. pastor & nov. (1803 — ). 
Freud (froit), Sigmund. Aus. Jewish physician (1856 — ). 
Freund (froint), Wilhelm. Ger. class, scholar & lexicog. 

(1806 — 1894). [statesman (1828 — ).' 

Freycinet, de (de fra'se'ne'), Charles Louis de Saulce. Fr. 
Freytag (frl'taic), Gustav. Ger. author (1816 — 1895). 
Irobisher (frob'ish-er ; f ro'bish-er) , Martin, Sir. Eng. 

navigator (1535? — 1594). [1852). I 

Froebel (fru'bel), Friedrich. Ger. educationist (1782 — | 
l-'roissart (frwa'sar' ; Angl. froi'sart), Jean. Fr. chronicler 

&poet (1337? — 1410?). [1876). I 

Fromentin (f ro'maN / taN') , Eugene. Fr. painter (1820 — | 
Frontenac, de (F. de frdN'te-nak' ; Eng. f ron'te-nak) , 

Louis de Buade, Comte. French governor of Canada 

(1620?— 1698). 
Froude (frobd), James Anthony. Eng. hist. (1818 — 1894). 
Fuller (fool'er), Melville Weston. U. S. chief justice 1888- 

1910 (1833—1910). — , Sarah Margaret. Marchioness 

Ossoli. Am. author (1810 — 1850). — , Thomas. Eng. 

preacher & author (1608 — 1661). [ — 1815). 

Fulton (fd&Ptttn), Robert. Am. engineer & inventor (1765| 
Funston (fun'stwn), Frederick. Am. general (1865 — ). 
Furness (fQr'nes), Horace Howard. Am. Shakespeare 

scholar (1833 — 1912). 



Qaboriau (ga^bo/ry50, Emile. Fr. novelist (1835 — 1873). 

Gadsden (g&dz'den) James. Am. sold. &dipl. (1788 — 1858). 

Gage (gaj), Thomas. Br. gen. in America (1721 — 1787). 

Gaines (ganz), Edmund Pendleton. American general (1777 
— 1849). [(1727— 1788). 1 

Gainsborough (ganz'b'rS), Thomas. English painter| 

Gairdner (gard'ner), James. Eng. historian (1828 — 1912). 

Gaius (ga'yiis). Roman jurist (ab. 110 — ab. 180). 

Galba (gal'bd), Servius Sulpicius. Roman emperor 68-69 
(3 b. c— A. d. 69). [(130—200?).! 

Galen (ga'len), Claudius. Gr. physician & med. writer! 

Galilei (ga/le-la'e) . Known by his Christian name Galileo 
(gal'I-le'o : itaJ. ga'ie-la'6). It. astronomer (1564 — 1642). 

Gallatin (gal'd-tln), Albert. Swiss-Am. financier (1761 — 
1849). [(1812— 1910). | 

Galle (gaPe), Johann Gottfried. German astronomer! 

Gallieni (ga'lya'ne') , Joseph Simon. Fr. general, explorer, 
& administrator (1849 — 1916). 

Gallie'nus, Publius Licinius Valerianua Egnatius. Roman 
emperor 253-268 (? — 268). 

Gallwitz (gal'vlts). Max C. W. Ger. general (1857 — ). 

Galsworthy (gSlz'wur'fchi), John. Eng. novelist & dram- 
atist (1868— ). [1911). I 

Galton (goPtwn), Francis. Sir. Eng. anthropologist (1822 — J 

Galvani (gal-va'ne) , Luigi. It. discoverer of galvanism (1737 
— 1798). 

Gama, da (da ga'ma), Vasco. Pg. navigator (1469? — 1524). 

Gambetta (gam-bSt'd,"\F'. pron. gaN'bS'ta'). Leon. French 
statesman (1838 — 1882). 

Gardiner (gar'di-ner ; gard'ner), Samuel Rawson. Eng. 
historian (1829 — 1902). — .Stephen. Eng. bp. & Id. chan- 
cellor (1483?— 1555). 

Garfield (gar'feld), James Abram. 20th pres. of U. S. in 
1881 (1831—1881). 

Garibaldi (ga're-balMe ; Angl. gar'i-baPdi) , Giuseppe. 
Italian patriot (1807—1882). 

Garrick (gar'ik), David. Eng. actor, poet, & dramatist 
(1717—1779). [(1805— 1879). | 

Garrison (gar'i-swn) , William Lloyd. Am. abolitionist! 

Gaskell (gas'kel), Elizabeth Cleghorn, born Stevenson. 
Eng. novelist & story-writer (1810 — 1865). 

Gates (gats), Horatio. American general (1728 — 1806). 

Gauss (gous), Karl Friedrich. Ger. math. (1777 — 1855). 

Gautama (go'td-md; Hind, gou'td-md). Siddhartha. 
Sakya-muni. Indian philosopher, founder of Buddhism 
(?— ab. 480 b. c.?). [(1811—1872). 

Gautier (go'tya'). Theophile. Fr. poet, nov., & critic! 

Gavarni (ga'var'ne'). Real name Sulpice Guillaume Cheva- 
lier. French caricaturist (1804 — 1866). 

Gay (ga), John. English poet & dramatist (1685 — 1732). 

Gay— Lussac (gaMii'sak') , Joseph Louis. Fr. chemist 
(1778— 1850). _ [(1819—1S73).| 

Geary (gar'i ; ge'ri), John White. Am. general & polit. | 

Geikie (ge'ki), Archibald, Sir. Scottish geologist (1835 — ). 

Gelee, Claude. See Claude Lorraine. 

Genghis, or Jenghiz, Khan (jen'giz Kan'). Mongol con- 
queror (1162?— 1227). 

Genseric (jen'ser-ik). King of the Vandals (390? — 477). 

Geoffrey (jgf'ri) of Monmouth. English chronicler (1100? 
—1154). 

Geoff roy Saint— Hilaire (zho'frwa' saN'-te'lar') , Etienne. 
French zoologist (1772 — 1844). 

George (jorj), Saint. Patron saint of England (? — 303?). 
— The name of 5 kings of Great Britain & Ireland: I. 
King 1714-27 (1660—1727) ; II. King 1727-60 (1683— 
1727) ; III. King 1760-1820 (1738—1820) ; IV. King 1820- 
30 (1762—1830) ; V. King 1910- (1865—). — , I. King of 
the Hellenes 1863-1913 (1845—1913). — , Henry. Am. 
polit. economist (1839 — 1897). [— ).| 

Gerard (je-rard'). James Watson. Am. lawyer &dipl. (1867| 

GSricault (zha're-ko'), Jean Louis Andre Theodore. Fr. 
painter (1791—1824). [b. c— a. d. 19). 

Germanicus Caesar (jer-man'i-kus). Roman general (15| 

Ger6me (zha'rom'), Jean Leon. Fr. painter & sculptor 
(1824—1904). [(1744— 1814). | 

Gerry (ger'i), Elbridge. 5th U. S. vice president 1813-14| 

Ghiberti (ge-ber'te) , Lorenzo. It. sculptor (1378? — 1455). 

Ghirlandaio (ger'lan-da/yo). Domenico di Tommaso Cur- 
radi di Doffo Bigordi, called 11 Ghirlandajo. Florentine 
painter (1449 — 1494). 

Gibbon (gib'wn), Edward. Eng. historian (1737 — 1794). 

Gibson (gib'swn), Charles Dana. Am. artist (1867 — ). 

Gilbert (giPbert), Humphrey, Sir. Eng. soldier, navigator, 
& pioneer colonist (1539? — 1583). 

Gillmore (giPmor), Quincy Adams. Am. mil. engineer 
(1825—1888). [1908). | 

Gilman (giPmdn), Daniel Coit. Am. educator (1831— ( 

Giorgione da Castelfranco (j5r-j5'na da kas'tel-fran'ko). 
Properly Giorgio Barbarelli. Venetian painter (1478? — 
1511). [1337?). | 

Giotto (jSt'to). Florentine painter & architect (1276? — | 

Girard (ji-rard'), Stephen. Am. banker (1750 — 1831). 

Gissing (gis'ing), George. English novelist (1857 — 1903). 

Giulio Romano (jobl'yo ro-ma'no). Real name Giulio 
Pippi (pep'pe). It. painter & architect (1492 — 1546). 

Giusti (jdbs'te), Giuseppe. It. satirical poet (1809 — 1850). 

Gladstone (glad'stwn), William Ewart. English statesman 
(1809—1898). [(1804—1857).! 

Glinka (glir/ka), Mikhail Ivanovich. Russian composer! 

Gluck, von (fon gldok), Christoph Wilibald. German com- 
poser (1714 — 1787). [crusader_ (1061? — 1100). I 

Godefroy de Bouillon (gSd'frwa' de boo/yoN'). French! 

Godkin (god'kin), Edwin Lawrence. Ir.-Am. journalist 
(1831—1902). 

Godwin (god'win). Earl of Wessex. Eng. statesman (? — 
1053). —.William. Eng. author (1756 — 1836). 

Goethals (go'thdlz), George Washington. Am. general & 
engineer (1858 — ). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. *= equals, 



N 



1178 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



Ger. author 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



Goethe, von (fSn gu'te), Johann Wolfgang 
(1749 — 1832). 

Gogol (go'gol-y'), Nikolay Vasilevich. Russian writer of 
fiction (1809—1852). 

Goldmark (gSlt'mark'), Karl. Hung, composer (1832? — ). 

Goldoni (gol-dS'ne) , Carlo. It. writer of comedies (1707 — 
1793). [(1728—1774) 

Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Br. poet, nov. & dram 

Goltz, von der (fan der golts), Kolmar, Baron. Ger. fielc 
marshal (1843 — 1916). _ 

Goncourt, de (de goN'koorO, Edmond Louis Antoine 
Huot (1822—1896), & Jules Alfred Huot (1830—1870). 
Brothers. Fr. fiction writers. 

Gorchakov (goVcho-kof) , Aleksandr Mikhaylovich, Prince. 
Russian statesman & diplomatist (1798 — 1883). 

Gordon (gor'dwn), Charles George. English soldier (1833 
—1885). [(1818— 1916). | 

Gorgei, or Gorgey (gur'ge-e), Arthur. Hung, general j 

Gorges (gSr'jes), Ferdinando, Sir. Eng. lord proprietary 
of Maine (1566?— 1647). [380? b. c.).| 

Gorgias (g6r'jl-ds). Greek rhetorician & sophist (485? — | 

Gorki (gor'ke), Maksim. Real name Aleksyey Maksimo- 
vich Pyeshkov (pyesh-kof ') . Russian novelist (1868 — ). 

Gosnoid (gos'nwld), Bartholomew. Eng. navig. (? — 1607). 

Gosse (gos),_Edmund William. Eng. poet& critic (1849 — ). 

Goujon (goo'zhoN'), Jean. Fr. sculptor & architect (b. 
1510? d. bet. 1564 & 1568). [(1818—1893). 

Gounod (goo'no'), Charles Francois. French composer! 

Gower (gou'er ; gor : 57), John. _ Eng. poet (1325? — 1408). 

Goya y Lucientes, de (da go'ya e loo'the-en'tas) , Francisco. 
Sp. painter (1746 — 1828). 

Gracchus (grak'ws), Caius Sempronius (153? — 121 b. c), 
& Tiberius Sempronius (162? — 133 b. c). Brothers. Ro- 
man statesmen. 

Graham (gra'am ; sometimes gram), John, of Claverhouse. 
Viscount Dundee. Br. soldier (1649? — 1689). — , 
Thomas. Br. chemist (1805 — 1869). — , William Alex- 
ander. Am. politician (1804 — 1875). 

Grant (grant), Robert. Am. lawyer & novelist (1852 — ). 
— , Ulysses Simpson {originally Hiram Ulysses). Am. 
general, & 18th pres. 1869-77 (1822—1885). 

Grasse, de (de gras'), Francois Joseph Paul, Comte. Mar- 
quis de Grasse-Tilly. French admiral (1723 — 1788). 

Grattan (gr&t'an), Henry. Irish statesman (1746 — 1820). 

Gray (gra), Asa. Am. botanist (1810 — 1888). —.Thomas. 
Eng. poet (1716—1771). 

Greco, II. See Theotocopuli. 

Greeley (gre'li), Horace. Am. journalist (1811 — 1872). 

Greely (gre'll), Adolphus Washington. Am. soldier & arc- 
tic explorer (1844 — ). 

Green (gren), John Richard. Eng. historian (1837 — 1883). 
— , Thomas Hill. Eng. philosopher (1836 — 1882). 

Greene (gren), Nathanael. Am. general (1742 — 1786). 
— , Robert. Eng. dramatist (1560? — 1592). 

Greenough (gren'o), Horatio. Am. sculptor (1805 — 1852). 

Gregory (greg'6-ri) of Nyssa, Saint. Gr. church father 
(331? — 395?). — of Tours, Saint. Historian of the 
Franks, born in Auvergne (540? — 594). — The name 
of 16 popes; esp.: I., Saint. The Great. Pope 590-604 
(540?— 604) ; VII., Saint. Hildebrand. Pope 1073-85 
(1020?— 1085) ; XIII. Pope 1572-85 (1512?— 1585). 
— Nazian'zen, Saint. Bp. of Constantinople (329? — 
390?). — Thaumatur'gus, Saint. Real name, Theo- 
dorus. Bp. of Neocaesarea (210? — 270?). 

Grenville (gren'vll), George. Eng. statesman (1712 — 
1770). — , or Greynville, Richard, Sir. Eng. naval offi- 
cer (1541?— 1591). 

Gresham (grgsh'fim), Thomas, Sir. Eng. financier (1519? 
— 1579). — , Walter Quinton. Am. soldier, jurist & states- 
man (1832—1895). 

Greuze (grQz), Jean Baptiste. Fr. painter (1725 — 1805). 

Grevy (gra've'), Francois Paul Jules. President of the 
French Republic 1879-87 (1807—1891). 

Grey (gra) , Charles Grey, 2d Earl. Eng. statesman (1764 — 
1845). — , Edward, Sir. Eng. statesman (1862 — ). — , 
George, Sir. Br. colonial gov. (1812 — 1898). — , Jane, 
Lady. Lady Jane Dudley. A gifted young English woman, 
beheaded as a usurper to the crown (1537 — 1554). 

Grieg (greg), Edvard. Norwegian composer (1843 — 1907). 

Grillparzer (gril'par-tser) , Franz. Austrian dramatist 
(1791—1872). 

Grimm (grim), Jakob Ludwig Karl (1785 — 1863), & 
Wilhelm Karl (1786 — 1859). Brothers. Ger. philologists- 

Grisi (gre'se), Giulia. It. operatic soprano (1811 — 1869). 

Groot (grot), Gerhard. Gerhardus Magnus. A Dutchman, 
founder of " Brothers of the Common Life" (1340 — 1384). 

Gros (gro), Antoine Jean, Baron. Fr. painter (1771 — 1835). 

Grote (grot), George. English historian (1794 — 1871). 

Grotius (gro'shi-ws), Hugo. Dutch jurist (1583 — 1645). 

Grouchy, de (de groo'she'), Emmanuel, Marquis. Fr. 
general (1766—1847). [(1683—1745). 

Guarneri (gwar-na're) , Giuseppe Antonio. It. violin maker| 

Gubernatis, de (da goo'ber-na'tes), Angelo. It. author 
(1840—1913). [—1686). I 

Guericke, von (fon ga'ri-ke) ,_Otto. Ger. physicist (1602| 

Guicciardini (gweVchar-de'ne), Francesco. It. historian 
(1483—1540). 

Guido d' Arezzo (gwe'd5 da-ret'so). It. reformer of music* 
(ab. 990—1050). 

Guido Reni (gwe'dora'ne). Italian painter (1575 — 1642). 

Guiscard (geVkar'), Robert. See Robert Guiscard. 

Guise, de (de gii-ez'). The name of a ducal family of Lor- 
raine ; esp.: Francois (1519 — 1563), & his son Henri I. 
(1550- — 1588), de Lorraine. Generals. 

Guizot (ge'zo'), Francois Pierre Guillaume. Fr. historian 
& statesman (1787 — 1874). 

Gustavus (gfls-ta/vMs) . The name of 5 kings of Sweden: 

I. Vasa 1523-60 (1496 — 1560) ; Adolphus or Gustavus 

II. 1611-32 (1594—1632) ; III. 1771-92 (1746—1792) ; 
IV. Adolphus 1792-1809 (1778—1837); V. 1907- (1858—). 



Gutenberg (goo'ten-be'ric) , Johaanes. Real name Gens- 
fleisch. Ger. reputed inventor of printing from movable 
types (1397?— 1468). 

H 

Haakon (ho'kSn) VII. King of Norway 1905- (1872—). 

Hadley (had'li) , Arthur Twining. Son of James. American 
educationist & political economist (1856 — ). — , James. 
'Am. philologist (1821 — 1872). [(76 — 138). 

Hadrian (ha'drl-an), or Adrian. Roman emp. 117-138 

Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst Heinrich. Ger. biologist (1834 — ). 

Haeseler, von (fon ha'ze-ler), Gottlieb, Count. German 
field marshal (1836—). 

Hafiz (ha'flz ; ha-fez'). Persian poet (? — 1389?). 

Hahnemann (ha/ne-man), Samuel Christian Friedrich. 
German founder of homeopathic medicine (1755 — 1843). 

Haidar Ali. See Hyder Ali. 

Haig (hag), Douglas, Sir. British general (1861 — ). 

Hakluyt (hak'loot), Richard. Eng. hist. & geographer 
(1552?— 1616). 

Hale (hal), Edward Everett. Am. clergyman & author 
(1822 — 1909). — .John Parker. Am. statesman (1806 — 
1873). — , Matthew, Sir. Eng. judge & jurist (1609 — 
1676). — , Nathan, Captain. Am. patriot ; executed as 
a spy (1755—1776). 

Hal€vy (a'la've'), Jacques Francois Fromental Elie. Fr. 
composer (1799 — 1862). — , Ludovic. Nephew of pre- 
ceding. Fr. dram. & nov. (1834 — 1908). 

Hall (hoi), Charles Francis. Am. arctic explorer (1821 — 
187i). ^, Granville Stanley. Am. psychologist & educa- 
tionist (1846 — ). 

Hallam(hal'am), Henry. Eng. hist. & critic (1777 — 1859). 

Halleck (hal'ek), Fitz-Greene. Am. poet (1790—1867). 
— , Henry Wager. Am. gen. & writer (1815 — 1872). 

Halley (hal'i ; hol'i), Edmund. Eng. astron. (1656 — 1742). 

Hals (hals), Frans. Dutch painter (1581? — 1666). 

Hamerton (ham'er-twn) , Philip Gilbert. Eng. writer on 
art(1834 — 1894). [(? — 229 b. c.).| 

Hamilcar Barca (ha-mil'kar bar'ka). Carthaginian gen.| 

Hamilton (ham'il-twn) , Alexander. Am. statesman (1757 
— 1804). — , Ian Standish Monteith, Sir. Br. general 
(1853—). — , William, Sir. Scot, philosopher (1788 — 
1856). — , William Rowan, Sir. Scot, mathematician, 
born in Dublin (1805 — 1865). 

Hamlin (ham'lin), Hannibal. Am. statesman; vice pres. 
U. S. 1861-65 (1809—1891). [1900 b. c.).| 

Hammurabi (ham/db-ra'be) . King of Babylon (Jfl. ab.| 

Hampden (hamMen), John. Eng. statesman (1594 — 1643). 

Hampton (hamp'tMn), Wade. American general (1754 — 
1835). — , Wade. Grandson of preceding. Confederate 
gen. & U. S. senator (1818 — 1902). 

Hancock (han'kok), John. Am. statesman (1737 — 1793). 
— , Winfield Scott. Am. general (1824 — 1886). 

Handel (han'del), Ger. Handel (hen'del), Georg Friedrich. 
Ger. composer (1685 — 1759). 

Hannibal (han'i-bal). Carthaginian gen. (247 — 183 b. c). 

Hanotaux (a/nS'to'), Gabriel Albert Auguste. Fr. states- 
man & historian (1853 — ). 

Hardenberg, von (fon har'den-berK) , Friedrich. Novalis. 
Ger. author (1772 — 1801). — , Karl August, Prince. 
Prussian statesman (1750 — 1822). 

Hardinge (har'ding), Henry, Sir. 1st Viscount Hardinge 
of Lahore. Eng. general (1785 — 1856). 

Hardy (har'di), Thomas. Eng. novelist & poet (1840 — ). 

Hargreaves (har'grevz), James. Eng. inventor of spinning 
jenny (? — 1778). [(1851— ).| 

Harnack (har'nak), Adolf. Ger. theolog. & church hist.| 

Harney (har'ni). William Selby. Am. gen. (1800—1889). 

Harold (har'wld). The name of 2 kings of the English: I. 
Harefoot. King 1035-40 (? — 1040) ; II. King 1066 (1022? 
— 10e»6). [—1908). I 

Harris (har'is), Joel Chandler. Am. writer of fiction (1848| 

Harrison (har'i-swn), Benjamin. Am. patriot (1740? — 
1791). — , Benjamin. Grandson of W. II. 23d pres. of 
U. S. 1889-93 (1833 — 1901). — , Frederic. Eng. posi- 
tivist & author (1831 — ). — , William Henry. Son of B. 
Am. general, & 9th pres. of U. S. 1841 (1773 — 1841). 

Hart (hart), Robert, Sir. Irish statesman in China (1835 
—1911). 

Harte (hart), Francis Bret. Am. fiction writer (1836 — 1902). 

Hartley (hart'li), David. Eng. physician & philosopher 
(1705—1757). 

Hartmann, von (fSn hart'man), Karl Robert Eduard. 
Ger. philosopher (1842 — 1906). 

Harun— al— Rashid (ha-roon'-ar-ra-shed') . Aaron the Just. 
Caliph of Bagdad 786-809 (766?— 809). 

Harvey (har'vi), William. Eng. anatomist & physician 
(1578—1657). [generals.! 

Hasdrubal (has'droo-bfil) . Any of several Carthaginian! 

Hastings (has'tlngz), Warren Eng. gov.-gen. of India 
(1732—1818). [(1862— ). | 

Hauptmann (houpt'man), Gerhart. Ger. poet & dram.| 

Haussmann (os/man'), Georges Eugene, Baron. Fr. ad- 
ministrator ; improver of Paris (1809 — 1891). 

Havelock (hav'ISk), Henry, Sir. Br. general (1795 — 1857). 

Hawkins (ho'kinz), or Hawkyns, John, Sir. Eng. rear 
admiral (1532 — 1595). 

Hawthorne (hS'thorn) , Nathaniel. Am. writer of romances 
& short stories (1804—1864). 

Hay (ha), John. Am. author 8c statesman (1838 — 1905). 

Haydn (ha'd'n ; G. pron. hi'd'n), Joseph. German com- 
poser (1732—1809). 

Hayes (haz), Rutherford Birchard. 19th pres. of U. S. 
1877-81 (1822—1893). [(1778—1830). 

Hazlitt (haz'lit), William. Eng. critic Sc misc. writer! 

Hearn (hurn), Lafcadio. Naturalized Japanese (as Yakumo 
Koisumi), of Ir.-Gr. parentage, author & journ. in Eng- 
lish (1850—1904). [(1783—1826). 

Heber (he'ber), Reginald. Eng. bp. of Calcutta, & poet| 



die, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
jise, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oU; chair; go; sing, ink; taen, thin; nature, venjure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1179 



Hedin (hS-den'), Sven Anders, Sir. Swed. geogr. & expl. 
(1865—). [— 1683 or '84). I 

Hsem, de (d? ham), Jan Davidsz. Dutch painter (1606| 

Haeringen, von (fon ha'rlng-en) . Josias. Ger. gen. (1850—) . 

Hegel (ha'gel), Georg Wilhelm FriedTich. Ger. philosopher 
(1770—1831). [—1856). | 

Heine (hl'ne), Heinrich. Ger. poet & misc. writer (1797J 

Helmholtz, von (fon helm'holts), Hermann Ludwig Ferdi- 
nand. Ger. physicist, anatomist, & physiol. (1821 — 1894). 

Helo'ise (a.'18'ez'). Fr. abbess ; mistress & wife of Abelard 
(1101?— 1164?). [painter (1G13?— 1670). I 

Heist, van der (van der heist'), Bartholomeus. Du.| 

Helvetius (hgl-ve'shl-us ; F. pron. el'va'se-iis') . Claude 
Adrien. French philosopher & author (1715 — 1771). 

Hemans (hgm'dnz), Felicia Dorothea, born Browne. Eng. 
poetess (1793—1835). 

Hempel (hSm'pel), Frieda. Ger. operatic soprano (1884 — ). 

Hendricks (hSn'driks), Thomas Andrews. Vice pres. of 
U. S. 1885 (1819 — 1885). [(? — 438). 1 

Hengist (hSn'gist). Jutish founder of kingdom of Kent| 

Henley (hSn'li), William Ernest. Eng. poet, critic, & 
dramatist (1849—1903). 

Hennepin (hSn'S-pin ; F. pron. en'paisr'), Louis. Mission- 
ary & explorer, born in Flanders (1640? — aft. 1701). 

Henry (hen'ri). The name of 8 kings of England: I. King 
1100-35 (1068 — 1135) ; II. King 1154-89 (1133 — 1189) ; 
III. King 1216-72 (1207—1272) ; IV. King 1399-1413 
(1367 — 1413) ; V. King 1413-22 (1387 — 1422) ; VI. King 
1422-61 & 1470-71 (1421—1471) ; VII. King 1485-1509 
(1457—1509) : VIII. King 1509-47 (1491—1547). — . 
The name of 4 kings of France: I. King 1031-60 (1005? — 
1060) ; II. King 1547-59 (1519 — 1559) ; III. King 1574-89 
(1551 — 1589); IV '. Of Navarre. King 1589-1610 (1553 — 
1610). — . The name of German kings (7) & Roman 
emperors (6) : I. The Fowler. King 919-36 (876?— 93G) : 
II., Saint. The Lame. King 1002-24, crowned emp. 1014 
(973 — 1024) ; III. The Black. King 1039-56, cr. emp. 
1046 (1017 — 1056) ; IV. The Great. King 1056-1106, cr. 
emp. 10S4 (1050 — 1105) ; V. King 1106-25, cr. emp. 1111 
(1081—1125) ; VI. The Cruel. King 1190-97, cr. Holy 
Roman emp. 1191 (1165—1197) ; VII. King 1308-13, 
cr. Holy Roman emp. 1312 (1276? — 1313). — The Lion. 
Duke of Saxony & Bavaria (1129 — 1195). — , Joseph. 
Am. physicist (1797 — 1878). — , Patrick. Am. orator & 
statesman (1736—1799). 

Heraclitus (her'd-kli'tiis) . Greek philosopher (fl. 500 b. c.) . 

Herbart (her'bart), Johann Friedrich. Ger. philosopher 
(1776—1841). 

Herbert (hQr'bert), George. English poet (1593 — 1633). 

Herder, von (fon her'der), Johann Gottfried. Ger. author 
(1744—1803). [— ).| 

Hering (ha'ring), Ewald. Ger. psychol. & physiol. (1834| 

Herkimer (hur'kl-mer) , Nicholas. Am. gen. (1715? — 1777). 

Herkomer, von (fon her'ko-mer) , Hubert, Sir. Ger. artist 
in England (1849—1914). [(62? — 4 b. c.).| 

Herod (her'wd). The Great. King of the Jews 40-4 b. c.| 

Herodotus (he-rSd'o-tiis) . Gr. historian (484? — 425? b. c). 

Herrera. de (da er-ra/ra), Francisco (1576 — 1656), & his 
son, Francisco (1622 — 1685). Sp. painters. 

Herrick (her'ik), Robert. Eng. lyric poet (1591 — 1674). 

Herschel (hQr'shel). Astronomers: William, Sir. German 
in England (1738 — 1822) ; his sister, Caroline Lucretia 
(1750 — 1848), & son, Sir John Frederick William (1792 — 
1871). 

Hesiod (he'si-od). Greek epic poet (fl. 776 b. c). - 

Hewlett (hu'let), Maurice Henry. Eng. novelist (1861 — ). 

Heyse (hT'ze), Paul Johann Ludwig. Ger. poet & nov. 
(1830—1914). [1650?). 

Hey wood (ha'wdod), Thomas. Eng. actor & dram. (? — | 

Hiero (hT'e-ro), or Hieron (-r5n), I. Tyrant of Syracuse 
478 — 466 b. c. (? — 466 b. c). — II. King of Syracuse 
270-216 b. c. (ab. 308 — 216 b. c). ["(1823 — 1911). I 

Higginson (hig'in-s&n), Thomas Wentworth. Am. author| 

Hilary (hil'd-ri), or Hilarius (hi-la'ri-tis) , Saint. Latin 
writer & bp. of Poitiers (315? — 367). 

Hildebrand (hil'de-brand), Saint. See Gregory VII. 

Hill (hil), Ambrose Powell. Am. Confederate general 
(1825 — 1865). —, James Jerome. Am. financier & rail- 
way builder, b. in Canada (1838 — 1916). 

Hill er (hil'er), Ferdinand. Ger. composer (1811 — 1885). 

Hindenburg, von Beneckendorfl und von (fon ba'nek- 
en-dorf dbnt fSn hln'den-bdbnc), Paul. Ger. field mar- 
shal (1847—). 

Hipparchus (hi-par'kws). Tyrant of Athens (ab. 555 — 
514 B. c). — Bithynian_ astronomer (fl. 146 — 126 b. c). 

Hippocrates (hi-pSk'rd-tez). Greek physician (460? — 
359? b c ) 

Hitchcoek'(hich'k5k), Edward. Am. geol. (1793 — 1864). 

Hoar (hor), George Frisbie. Am. senator (1826 — 1904). 

Hobart (ho'bdrt) , Garret Augustus. 24th vice president of 
U. S. 1897-99 (1844—1899). 

Hobbema (hob'e-ma) , Meyndert. Dutch painter (1638 — 
1709). 

Hobbes (hSbz), Thomas. Eng. philosopher (1588 — 1679). 

Hobson (hSb's'n) , Richmond Pearson. Am. nav. officer & 
politician (1870 — ). 

Hoche (Ssh), Lazare. French general (1768 — 1797). 

Hofer (ho'fer), Andreas. Tyrolese patriot (1767 — 1810). 

Hoffmann (hSf'man), Ernst Theodor Amadeus (.properly 
Wilhelm). Ger. romantic novelist (1776 — 1822). 

Hofmann (hSf'man), Josef. Polish pianist (1877 — ). — , 
von (fSn hSf'man), August Wilhelm. Ger. chemist (1818 
—1892). 

Hogarth, (ho'garth), William. Eng. painter & engraver 
(1697—1764). [(1770—1835).! 

Hogg (hog), James. The Ettricb Shepherd. Scot. poet| 

Hohenlohe (hS'en-lo'e ; when preceded by title, as Furst, 
accented ho'en-lo'e). A princely German family. 

Hokusai (ho'kdb-sa/e) . Katsuhika Hokusai. Jap. painter 
(1760—1849). 



Holbein (hSl'bin). Hans (ab. 1460 — 1524), & his son, 

Hans (1497? — 1543). German painters. 
Holinshed (h81'inz-h5d ; hSl'In-shed), or Hollingshead, 

Raphael. English chronicler (? — 1580?). 
Holland (hol'dnd), Josiah Gilbert. Am. author (1819 — 

1881). [(1827— 1910). I 

Holman— Hunt (hol'mdn-hunf), William. Eng. painter| 
Holmes (homz), Oliver Wendell. Am. physician & author 

(1809 — 1894). — , Oliver Wendell. Son of preceding. As- 
soc, just. U. S. Supreme Court 1902- (1841 — ). 
Hoist, von (f3n hSlst'), Hermann Eduard. Russian-Ger- 
man historian in America (1841 — 1904). 
Homer (hS'mer). Epic poet of Greece (fl. ab. 9th cent. 

B. c). — , Louise Dilworth, born Beatty. Am. operatic 

contralto (? — )_. — , Wmslow. Am. painter (1836 — 1910). 
Honorius (hS-no'ri-ws) , Flavius. Roman emperor of the 

West 395-423 (384 — 423) . 
Hood (hdod), Thomas. Eng. poet & wit (1799 — 1845). 
Hooker (h<J6k'er), Joseph. Am. general (1814 — 1879). 

— , Joseph Dalton, Sir. Son of Sir Wm. J. Eng. botanist 

(1817—1911). — , Richard. Eng. divine (1554?— 1600). 

— , Thomas. Puritan minister & colonist in Conn. (1586? 

— 1647). — .William Jackson, Sir. Eng. bot. (1785 — 1865). 
Hopkins (hSp'kinz), Edward. Col. gov. of Conn. (1600 — 

1C57). — , Mark. Am. educator (1S02 — 1887). — , Stephen. 

Am. patriot (1707 — 1785). [(65 — 8 b. c.).| 

Horace (hor'as). Quin/tus HoroJtius Flacfcus. Latin poet| 
Hortense (or'taNs'). Eugenie Hortense, born de Beauhar- 

nais. Wife of Louis Bonaoarte ; mother of Napoleon III. 

(1783—1837). [—1828). 

Houdon (oo'doN'), Jean Antoine. French sculptor (174l| 
Houston (hus'tfin), Sam. President of Texas, & American 

general (1793 — 1863). 
Hovey (hiiv'i), Richard. American poet (1864 — 1900). 
Howard (hou'drd), Oliver Otis. Am. gen. (1830 — 1909). 
Howe (hou), Elias. Am. inventor sewing machine (1819 

— 1867). — , Richard Howe, Earl. Bro. of Viscount Wm. 

Br. admiral (1726 — 1799). —.William Howe, 5th Vis- 
count. Br. general in America (1729 — 1814). 
Howells (hou'elz), William Dean. Am. novelist (1837 — ). 
Huascar (was-kar'). Inca prince (ab. 1495—1533). 
Hudson (hiid's'n), Henry. Eng. navigator & explorer 

(?— 1611). [(?— 1916)1 

Huerta (wer'ta), Victoriano. Mex. general, & provis. pres.| 
Huger (u-je'), Isaac. Am. Rev. general (1742 — 1797). 
Huggins (hug'Inz), William, S.r. Eng. astronomer (1824 

—1910). [—996). I 

Hugh Capet (hu ka'pet). King of France 987-996 (940 ?J 
Hughes (hiiz), Charles Evans. U. S. assoc. just. 1910-16. 

(1862 — ) . — , Thomas. Eng. author (1822 — 1896) . 
Hugo (hii'go ; F. ii'gS'), Victor Marie, Viscount. Fr. poet, 

dramatist, & novelist (1802 — 1885). 
Hull (hul), Isaac. Am. commodore (1773 — 1843). — , 

William. Am. general (1753—1825). 
Humayun (hoo'tna-yoon'), or Houmayoun. Mogul emp. 

of Hindustan 1530-56 (1512—1584). 
Humbert (hum'bert) I. King of Italy (1844 — 1900). 
Humboldt, von (v5n hum'bolt ; G. pron. fon hdbm'bSlt), 

Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron. Ger. naturalist & 

statesman (1769 — 1859). — , Karl Wilhelm, Baron. Bro. 

of F.H. A. Ger. philologist & statesman (1767 — 1835). 
Hume (hum), David. Scot, historian & philosopher (1711 

— 1776). [poser (1854—).! 

Humperdinck (hdbm'per-dirjk), Engelbert. Ger. com-| 
Hunt (hunt), (James Henry) Leigh. Eng. poet & essayist 

(1784 — 1859). — , William Morris. American painter 

(1824—1879). [—1793).) 

Hunter (hun'ter) John. Scot, anatomist & surgeon (1728| 
Hunyadi Janos (hdon'ySd-i ya'nosh). Johan'nes Corvi'nus 

Huni'ades. Hung, general (? — 1456). 
Huss, or Hus (hus; G. pron. hdos), John. Johannes Hus 

von Husinetz. Boh. religious reformer (13G9 — 1415). 
Hutchinson (huch'in-swn), Thomas. Gov. of Mass. 1769- 

74 (1711—1780). [—1895). I 

Huxley (huks'll), Thomas Henry. English biologist (1S25J 
Huygens, or Huyghens (hi'genz ; Dutch pron. hoi'gens). 

Christian. Dutch scientist & math. (1629 — 1695). 
Huysmans (iis'raaN'), Joris Karl. Fr. nov. (1848 — 1907). 
Hyder Ali (hl'der a'le). Sultan of Mysore (? — 1782). 



Ibsen (Kb'sen ; lp'sen), Henrik. Norwegian dramatist & 

poet (1828—1906). 
Ignatius (ig-na'shi-Ms), Saint. Theophorus. Bp. ofAntioch 

(? — 107?). — of Loyola. See Loyola, de, Ignatius. 
Ingelow (In'je-lo), Jean. Eng. poet & nov. (1820 — 1897). 
Ingres (aN'gr'), Jean Auguste Dominique. Fr. classicist 

painter (1780 — 1867). [1894). j 

Inness (In'es), George. Am. landscape painter (1825— | 
In'nocent. The name of 13 popes ; esp.: II. Pope 1130-43 

(?— 1143) ; III. Pope 1198-1216 (1161—1216) ; IV. Pope 

1243-54 (?— 1254) ; XI. Pope 1676-89 (1611 — 1689). 
Irenaeus (I're-ne'zis) , Saint. Gr. bp. of Lyons (130? — 202?). 
Irving (driving), Edward. Scottish preacher (1792 — 1834). 
— , Henry, Sir. Orig. name John Henry Brodribb. Eng. 

actor (1838 — 1905). — , Washington. Am. essayist & his- 
torian (1783—1859). 
Isabella (Iz'd-bel'd) , Sp. Isabel (e'sa-belO , I. The Catholic 

Qu. of Castile & Leon ; wife of Ferdinand the Catholic. 

(1451—1504). [(1830—1895). 

Ismail Pasha (is'ma-el'). Khedive of Egypt 1863-79| 
Isocrates d-sok'rd-tez). Athenian orator (436-— 338 b. c). 
Israels (es'ra-els') , Joseph. Dutch Jewish painter (1824- — 

1911). [ — 1909). I 

Ito (e't5). Prince Ito_Hirobumi. Japanese statesman (1841 1 
Iturbide, de (da e'toor-be'tha) , Agustin. Emp. of Mexico 

1822-23 (1783—1824). 
Ivan (e-van' ; T'van) III. The Great. Grand Prince of 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation! 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, [j Foreign Word, + combined with. = equals, 



N 



1180 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Muscovy 1462-1505 (1440?— 1505). — IV. The Terrible. 
Ruler of Russia 1533-84 ; czar from 1547 (1529 — 1584). 
Iyeyasu (e'yg-ya'sdb) , or Ieyasu. Tokugawa Iyeyasu. 
Jap. general, statesman, & shogun (1543 — 1616). 



Jackson (jak'swn), Andrew. Am. general, & 7th pres. of 
U. S. 1829-37 (1767—1845). — , Helen Maria (born 
Fiske) Hunt. H. H. Am. poet & novelist (1831 — 1885). 
— , Thomas Jonathan. Stonewall Jackson. Am. Confed. 
general (1824 — 1863). 

Jagow (ya'g5), Gottlieb E. G. Ger. statesman (1863 — ). 

James (jamz) I. Son of Mary Stuart. King of Great Britain 
& Ireland i603-25 ; as James VI., king of Scotland from 
1567 (1566—1625). — II. King of Great Britain & Ire- 
land 1685-88 (1633 — 1701). — Kings of Scotland: I. 
King 1406-37 (1394—1437) ; II. King 1437-60 (1430— 
1460) ; III. King 1460-88 (1451—1488) ; IV. King 1488- 
1513 (1473 — 1513) ; V. Father of Mary Stuart. King 
1513-42 (1512—1542) ; VI. See James I. of Great Britain. 
— , Henry. Novelist, short-story writer, & critic in Eng- 
land ; born in New York, naturalized in Great Britain 
1915(1843 — 1916). —.William. Br o. of Henry. Am. 
psychologist & philos. (1842 — 1910). — Francis Ed- 
ward Stuart. Son of James II. Pretender to Br. crown 
(1688—1766). 

Jane Seymour (jan se'm5r). 3d wife of Henry VIII. of 
England ; mother of Edward VI. (1509? — 1537). 

Jansen (jan'sen ; D. pron. yan'sen), Cornells, or Janse'- 
nius, Cornelius. Dutch theologian (1585 — 1638). 

Janssens van Nuyssen (yan'sens van nQ'sSn), Abraham. 
Flemish painter (1575—1632). 

Jaures (zho'res), Jean Leon. Fr. socialist (1859 — 1914). 

Jay (ja), John. Am. statesman; 1st chief justice 1789-95 
(1745—1829). 

Jeanne d' Arc. See Joan of Arc. [(1841 — 1905). I 

Jebb (j£b), Richard Claverhouse, Sir. Scot, class, scholar! 

Jefferson (jef'er-szin), Joseph. Am. comedian (1829 — 
1905). — , Thomas. Am. statesman; 3d pres. 1801-09 
(1743—1826). [& essayist (1773—1850).] 

Jeffrey (jef'ri), Francis Jeffrey, Lord. Scot, lawyer, critic,! 

Jeffreys (jef'riz), George Jeffreys, 1st Baron. Infamous 
Eng. judge (1648—1689). [(1859— ).| 

Jellicoe (jel'i-k5), John Rushworth, Sir. Eng. admirall 

Jenner (jen'er), Edward. Eng. physician; discoverer of 
vaccination (1749 — 1823). — , William, Sir. Eng. physi- 
cian (1815—1898). 

Jerome (je-rom' ; jer'om), Saint, or Hieron'ymus, So- 
phronius Eusebius. Learned Latin ch. father (340 ? — 420) . 

Jevons (jev'imz), William Stanley. Eng. logician & econo- 
mist (1835—1882). [—1909). I 

Jewett (joo'et), Sarah Orne. American story-writer (1849| 

Joachim (yo'a-Kim), Joseph. Jewish violinist, born in 
Hungary (1831 — 1907). 

Joan of Arc (jon ovark' ; jo-an'), Fr. Jeanne d'Arc (zhan' 
dark'). The Maid of Orleans. Fr. heroine (1412 — 1431). 

Joffre (zho'fr'), Joseph Jacques C6saire. Fr. general & com- 
mander in chief (1852 — ). 

John (jon). Lackland. King of England 1199-1216 (1167? 
—1216). — III. John SoMeski. King of Poland 1674-96 
(1624 — 1696). — I. The Great. King of Portugal 1385- 
1433 (1357 — 1433). — of Austria, Don. Sp. general 
(1547 — 1578). — of Gaunt. Duke of Lancaster. 4th son 
of Edw. III. of Eng. (1340—1399). — of Leyden. Du. 
Anabaptist fanatic (1509 — 1536). — Name of 23 popes. 

Johnson (jon'swn), Andrew. 17th pres. of U. S. 1865-69 
(1808 — 1875). — , John, Sir. Son of Sir W. Am. Tory 
leader in Rev. (1742 — 1830). — , Reverdy. Am. lawyer 
(1796 — 1876). — , Richard Mentor. 9th vice pres. of U. 
S. 1837-41 (1780 — 1850). — , Samuel. Eng. lexicographer 
& author (1709—1784). — , William, Sir. Ir. gen. & 
colonist in America (1715 — 1774). 

Johnston (jon'stim ; -sun), Albert Sidney. Am. Confeder- 
ate general (1803 — 1862). — , Joseph Eggleston. Am. 
Confederate general (1807—1891). [(1224?— 1317). 

Joinville, de (de zhwaN'vel'), Jean, Sire. French chronicler! 

Jokai (yo'kS-e), Maurus {or M6r). Hung. nov. & dram. 
(1825—1904). o [(1645—1700). 

Joliet (zho'lya/ ; Angl. joli-St), Louis. French explorer! 

Jones (jonz), Inigo. Eng. architect (1573 — 1652). ^, 
Jacob. Am. naval officer (1770 — 1850). — , John Paul. 
Orig. name John Paul. Am. naval officer, born in Scot. 
(1747 — 1792). — , William, Sir. Eng. Orientalist (1746 
—1794). [(1573?— 1637). | 

Jonson (jSn'swn), Benjamin, usually Ben. Eng. dram.| 

Jordaens (yor'dans), Jakob. Flem. painter (1593 — 1678). 

Jordan (jor'ddn), David Starr. Am. biologist (1851 — ). 

Joseffy (yo-zef'i), Rafael. Hungarian pianist in America 
(1853—1915). 

Joseph (j5'zef) II. Holy Roman emperor 1765-90 (1741 
— 1790). — August Victor Klemens Maria. Archduke of 
Austria. Field marshal (1872 — ). 

Josephine (jo'zef-en). 1st wife of Napoleon I.; mother 
of Hortense de Beauharnais (1763 — 1814). 

Josephus (jS-se'fws) , Flavius. Jewish historian (37? — 95?). 

Joubert (zhoo'barO, Joseph. Fr. essayist & moralist (1754 
— 1824). — (you'bert), Petrus Jacobus. Boer (Trans- 
vaal) gen. (1831—1900). 

Joule (joul), James Prescott. Eng. physicist (1818 — 1889). 

Jourdan (zhoor'daNO, Jean Baptiste, Count. Marshal of 
France (1762—1833). 

Jovian (jo'vi-an). Fla'vius Clau'dius Jovia'nus. Roman 
emp. 363-364 (331—364). [1893). | 

Jowett (jou'et), Benjamin. Eng. Greek scholar (1817 — | 

Juarez (hwa'ras), Benito Pablo. Pres. of Mexico 1858-63 
& 1867-72 (1806—1872). [(1788— 1850). I 

Judson (jfld^swn), Adoniram. Am. Baptist missionary! 

Jugurtha (joo-gQr'thd). Numidian king (? — 104 b. c). 



Julian (jool'ydn ; joo'li-2n). Fla'vius Claufdius Juliafnus. 

The Apostate. Roman emperor 361-363 (331 — 363). 
Junot (zhu'nSO, Andoche. Due d'Abrantgs. Marshal of 

France (1771—1813). 
Justin Martyr (jus'tinmar'ter). Jusli'nus Fla/vius. Church 

father in Palestine (100? — 165?). 
Justin'ian I. Fla'vius Ani'cius Justinia'nus. The Great. 

Byzantine emperor 527-565 (483 — 565). 
Juvenal (joo've-ndl) . DecHmus Ju'nius Juvena'lis. Roman 

satirical poet (ab. 60 — ab. 140). 



Kalidasa (kale-da'sd) . Hindu dram. & poet (? fl. 550). 

Kamio (ka'mg-o). Kamio Koshin. Jap. general (1855 — ). 

Kane (kan), Elisha Kent. American arctic explorer (1820 
—1857). [(1724— 1804). | 

Kant(kant; Angl. kant), Immanuel. Ger. metaphysician] 

Katsura (ka'tsdb-ra) . Prince Katsura Taro. Japanese 
general & statesman (1847 — 1913). 

Kauffmann (kouf'man), Angelika. Swiss painter (1741 — 
1807). [(1805— 1874). I 

Kaulbach, von (fSn koul'baK), Wilhelm. Ger. painter! 

Kean (ken), Edmund. English tragedian (1787 — 1833). 

Kearny (kar'ni), Philip. Am. general (1815 — 1862). 

Keats (kets), John. Eng. romanticist poet (1795 — 1821). 

Keble (ke'b'l), John. English divine & poet (1792 — 1866). 

Kelvin (kel'vin), William Thomson, 1st Baron. Br. math. 
& physicist (1824—1907). 

Kemble (kem'b'l), Frances Anne. Fanny Kemble. Eng. 
actress (1809 — 1893). — , John Philip. Eng. tragedian 
(1757 — 1823). 

Ksmpis, a (d kem'pis), Thomas. See Thomas a Kempis. 

Kennan (ken'dn), George. Am. trav. & writer (1845 — ). 

Kent (kgnt), James. American jurist (1763 — 1847). 

Kenton (kgn'twn), Simon. Am. pioneer (1755 — 1836). 

Kepler (kep'ler), Johannes. Ger. astronomer (1571 — 1630). 

Kilpatrick (kil-pat'rik), Hugh Judson. Am. general of cav- 
alry (1836—1881). 

King (king), Charles. Am. soldier & novelist (1844 — ). 
— , Rufus. Am. polit. leader (1755 — 1827). — .William 
Rufus. Am. senator, & vice pres. 1853 (1786 — 1853). 

Kingsley (kingz'li), Charles. Eng. clergyman & novelist 
(1819 — 1875). — .Henry. Bro. of C. Novelist (1830— 
1876). — , Mary H. Niece of C. Traveler in Africa, & 
author (1862 — 1900). 

Kipling (kip'ling), Rudyard. English author (1865 — ). 

Kitazato (ke'ta-za'to) . Kitazato Shibasaburo. Jap. bac- 
teriologist (1856 — ). 

Kitchener of Khartoum (kich'en-er dv icar'toom') , Hora- 
tio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl. English field marshal 
& war minister (1850 — 1916). 

Kleber (kWbar'), Jean Baptiste. Fr. gen. (1753 — 1800). 

Klein (kiln), Felix. German mathematician (1849 — ). 

Klopstock (klop'shtok) , Friedrich Gottlieb. Ger. poet 
(1724—1803). 

Kluck, von (fon kldbk), Alexander H. R. Ger. general 
(1846—). » 

Knox (noks) , Henry. Am. general (1750 — 1806). —.John. 
Scot, religious reformer (1513? — 1572). [ — 1910). 

Koch (koK), Robert. Ger. physician & bacteriologist (1843| 

Kodama (ko'da-ma). Viscount Kodama Gentaro. Jap. 
gen. (1852 — 1906). [statesman (1855 — 1911). 

Komura (ko'mdo-ra). Marquis Komura Jutaro. Jap.| 

Korolenko (kS'ro-len'ko) , Vladimir Galaktionovich. Russ. 
fiction writer (1853 — ). [ — 1817). 

Kosciusko (koVi-us'ko), Thaddeus. Polish patriot (1746| 

Kossuth (kosh'dbt ; k5-sooth'), Francis (Ferencz). Son of 
Louis. Hung, polit. leader (1841 — 1914). — , Louis 
(Lajos). Hung, statesman S^patriot (1802 — 1894). 

Kotzebue, von (fon kot'se-boo), August Friedrich Ferdi- 
nand. Ger. dramatist (1761 — 1819). 

Kovalevsky (kS'va-lyef 'ske) , Sonya (or Sophie). Russ. 
math. & author (1850 — 1891). 

Krafft— Ebing, von (fon kraft'-a'bing), Richard, Baron. 
Ger. neurologist (1840 — 1902). 

Kreisler (krlz'ler), Fritz. Austrian violinist (1875 — ). 

Kruger (krii'ger), Stephanus Johannes Paulus. Pres. of 
So. African Rep. (1825 — 1904). [ — 1887). I 

Krupp (krdop) , Al_fred_. Ger. mfr. of steel guns, etc. (1810| 

Kublai Khan (koo'bli Kan'). Founder of Mongol dynasty 
of China ^1214-31294). [(1844 — ).| 

Kuroki (koo'ro-ke). Count Kuroki Tamemoto. Jap. gen.[ 

Kuropatkin (kdo'ro-pat'kin), Aleksycy Nikolaevich. Rus- 
sian general (1848 — ). 



Labiche (la'besh'), Eugene Marin. Fr. author of comedies 

(1815—1888). 
Laboulaye, de (de la'boo'l?'), Edouard Ren6 Lefebvre. 

Fr. jurist, publicist, & historical writer (1811 — 1883). 
La Bruyere, de (de la bru'yar'), Jean. Fr. essayist & 

moralist (1645 — 1696). 
Lacordaire (la/kSr'dar') , Jean Baptiste Henri. Fr. Do- 
minican preacher (1802 — 1861). 
Ladislas (lad'is-las) . Name of several kings of Hungary 

& of Poland & of one king of Naples ; esp.: Saint L. 

king 1077-95, a national hero of Hungary (1040 — 1095). 
La Farge (la farzh'), John. Am. painter (1835 — 1910). 
Lafayette, de, or La Fayette, de (de la'f a-yeV) , Marie 

Joseph Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis. Fr. 

gen. & statesman ; served in America (1757 — 1834). 
La Fontaine, de (de la foN'ten'), Jean. Fr. fabulist & 

poet (1621— 1695). 
Lagarde, de (de la'gard'), Paul Anton. Born B'dtticher 

(bQt'iK-er). Ger. Orientalist (1827 — 1891). 
Lagerlof (la'ger-luf) , Selma. Swedish novelist (1858 — ). 
Lagrange (la'graNzh') , Joseph Louis, Comte. Fr. math. 

(1736—1813). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1181 



Lamar (Id-mar') , Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus. Am. lawyer, 

senator, etc. (1825 — 1893). 
Lamarck, de (de la/mark/), Jean Eaptiste Pierre Antoine 
de Monet, Chevalier. French zoologist (1744—1829). 
Lamartine, de (de la'mar'ten'), Alphonse Marie Louis. 
Fr. poet & statesman (1790 — 1869). [1834). 

Lamb (lam), Charles. Eng. essayist & humorist (1775 — | 
Lamennais, de (de la/me-ne') , Hugues Felicite Robert. 

French religious & political writer (1732 — 1854). 
Lanciani ( lan-cha'ne ), Rodolfo Amadeo. It. archaeolo- 
gist (1847—). [(1775— 1864). I 
Landor (lan'dor), Walter Savage. Eng. author & poet] 
Landseer (land'ser), Edwin Henry, Sir. Eng. animal 

painter (1802 — 1873). 
Lang (lang), Andrew. Eng. author (1844 — 1912). 
Langdon (lang'dwn). John. Am. statesman (1741? — 1819). 
Langland (lang'ldnd), or Langley (lang'li), William. 

Eng. poet (1330?— 1400?). 
Langton (lang'twn), Stephen. Eng. archbp. of Canterbury 

&cardinal_(?— 1228). 
Lanier (ld-ner'), Sidney. American poet (1842 — 1881). 
Lankester (larj'kes-ter), Edwin Ray, Sir. Eng. zoologist 
(1847—). [(1531— 1591).! 

La Noue, de (de la noo'), Francois. Fr. Huguenot soldier| 
Lansdowne (lanz'doun) , Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitz- 

maurice, 5th Marquis of. Eng. statesman (1845 — ). 
Lansing (lan'sing), Robert. Am. lawyer & sec. of state 

1915- (1864—). 
La Perouse, de (de la pa/rooz'), Jean Francois de Galaup, 

Comte. Fr. navigator (1741 — 17S8?). 
Laplace, de (de? la'plas') , Pierre Simon, Marquis. Fr. math. 

& astronomer (1749 — 1827). _ 

La Rochefoucauld, de (de la rSsh'f oo'ko') , Francois, 6th 
Due. Prince de Marcillac. Fr. epigrammatic moralist 
(1613—1680), 
Larousse (la'roos'), Pierre Athanase. Fr. grammarian & 

lexicographer (1817 — 1875). 
La Salle, de (de la sal'), Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur. Fr. 

explorer (1643—1687). 
Las Casas, de (da las ka'sas), Bartolome. Sp. Dominican 
historian of the Indies (1474 — 1566). [ — 1864). 

Lassalle (la'sal'), Ferdinand. Ger. Jewish socialist (1825. 
Latimer (lat'i-mer) , Hugh. Eng. Prot. martyr (1485? — 
1555). [(1573—1645).! 

Laud (18d), William. Eng. archbp. of Canterbury ; executed! 
Lavoisier (la'vwa'zya'), Antoine Laurent. Fr. chemist 

(1743—1794). 
Law (16), John. Scot, financier in France (1671 — 1729). 
Lawrence (16'rens) James. Am. naval captain (1781 — 1813). 

— , Thomas, Sir. Eng. painter (1769 — 1830). 

Lavamon (la'yd-mon : la'd-). Eng. chronicler in verse (fl. 

1200). [(1817—1894). 

Layard (la'drd), Austen Henry, Sir. Eng. archaeologist 

Le Brun, or Lebrun (le-bru»i') , Charles. Fr. historica 

painter (1619 — 1690). 
Lebrun (le-bruN'), Marie Anne Elisabeth, born Vigee. 

Fr. portrait painter (1755 — 1842). 
Lecky (lgk'i), William Edward Hartpole. Irish historian 

& publicist (1838—1903). 
Le Conte (le k5nt'), Joseph. Am. geologist (1823 — 1901). 
Leconte de Lisle (le-koNt' de lei'), Charles Marie. Fr. 
Parnassian poet _(1818— 1894). [(1692?— 1730). 

Lecouvreur (lS-koo'vriir'), Adrienne. French actress| 
Lee (le) Arthur. Bro. of R. H. & F. L. Am. diplomatist 
(1740 — 1792). — , Charles. Am. general, born in Eng- 
land (1731 — 1782). — , Fitzhugh. Nephew of R. E. Am. 
general (1835 — 1905). — , Francis Lightfoot. Am. pa- 
triot (1734: — 1797). — , Henry. Light-Horse Harry. Am. 
general (1756 — 1818). — , Richard Henry. Am. patriot 
(1732—1794). — , Robert Edward. Son of Henry. Am. 
Confederate general (1807 — 1S70). 
Leeuwenhoek, van (van la'wen-hdbkO, Anton. Dutch 
microscopist (1632 — 1723). [—1833) J 

Legendre (le-zhaN'dri). Adrien Marie. Fr. geometer (1752| 
Lehmann (la'man), Lilli. Mme. Paul Kalisch. Ger. oper- 
atic soprano (1848 — -). 
Leibnitz, Ger. Leibniz, von (fon lTp/nits), Gottfried Wil- 

helm, Freiherr. Ger. philosopher & math. (1646 — 1716). 

Leicester (les'ter), Robert Dudley, Earl of. Favorite of 

Queen Elizabeth (1532?— 1588). [1891). I 

Leidy (IT'dl), Joseph. Am. naturalist & physiologist (1823— j 

Leif Ericsson (laf er'ik-s<5n). Son of Eric the Red. Norse 

navigator (fl. 1000). 
Leighton (la't&n), Frederic Leighton, Baron. Eng. painter 

(1830—1896). 
Lely (le'll), Peter, Sir. Du. portrait painter in Eng. (1618 

—1680). , 

Lemaitr© (le ma'tr') , Francois Elie Jules. Fr. critic (1853 — 

1914). [—1904). I 

Lenbacb, von (fo"n len'baK), Franz. Ger. painter (1836| 

Lenormant (le-nSr/maN') , Francois. French archaeologist 

(1837—1883). 

Leo (le'o). The name of 13 popes; esp.: I., Saint. The 

Great. Pope 440-451 (390? — 461) ; III., Saint. Pope 795- 

816 (750?— 816) ; X. Pope 1513-21 (1475 — 1521) ; XIII. 

Gioacchino Pecci (ja-ke'n3 pa'che). Pope 1878-1903 (1810 

—1903). [(1858— ). I 

Leoncavallo (la'Sn-ka-val'lo) , Ruggiero. It. composer! 

Leonidas (le-Sn'I-dds). Heroic king of Sparta (d.480B.c). 

Leopardi (la'3-par'de) , Giacomo, Count. Italian poet (1798 

—1837). 
Leopold (le'6-pold) I. The Great. Holy Roman emperor 
1658-1705 (1640—1705). — II. Holy Roman emperor 
1790-92 (1747—1792). —I. King of the Belgians 1831- 
65 (1790—1865). —II. King of the Belgians 1865-1909 
(1835 — 1909). — (Ger. pron. Ia'<5-p61t) Maximilian Josef 
Maria. Prince of Bavaria. Field marshal (1846—). — 
Salvator. Archduke of Austria. General (1863 — ). 
Lepidus (lgp'I-dus), Marcus ^Emihanus. Roman triumvir 
(a- 13 b. c). 



Lermontov (lyer'mSn-td"f), Mikhail Yurevich. Russ. poet 
(1814— 1S41). 

Leroy-Beaulieu (le-rwa'-bolyQ') , Anatole. Bro. of P. P. 
Fr. publicist (1842 — 1912). — , Pierre Paul. Fr. econo- 
mist (1843—). [—1747). I 

Le Sage (le sazh'), Alain Rene. Fr. nov. & dramatist (1G68| 
Lescot (leVkS'), Pierre. French architect (1510 — 1578). 

Lesseps, de (de le'seps'), Ferdinand Marie, Viscount. Fr. 
dipl., & engineer of Suez canal (1805 — 1894). 

Lessing (les'Ing), Gotthold Ephraim. Ger. critic & dram- 
atist (1729—1781). 
Lever (leaver), Charles James. Irish novelist (1806 — 1872). 
Leverrier (le-ve'rya') , Urbain Jean Joseph. Fr. astron. 
(1811—1877). [(1817—1878).! 

Lewes OQ'is), George Henry. Eng. philosophical writer] 
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. Eng. novelist & dramatist (177o 
— 1818). —.Meriwether. Am. explorer in the Northwest 
(1774 — 1809). — , Morgan. Am. general & jurist (1754 
—1844). 1869). I 

Leys (Us), Jean Auguste Henri. Belgian painter (1815— | 

Lie (le), Jonas Laurits Idemil. Norw.nov. (1833 — 190b). 

Liebig, von (ion le'biK), Justus, Baron. German chemist 
.(1803—1873). [(1823—1901). 

Li Hung Chang (le' hdbng' chang'). Chinese statesman 

Lincoln (lln'kiin), Abraham. 16th pres. of U. S. 1861-65 
assassinated (1809 — 1865). — , Benjamin. Am. Rev. gen- 
eral (1733—1810). (1820—1887). 

Lind (lind), Jenny. Mme. Otto Goldschmidt. Swed. soprano 

Lindloy (llnd'li), John. English botanist (1799 — 1865). 

Lindsay (lin'zi), David, Sir. Scottish poet (1490 — 1555?). 

Linnseus (li-ne'us), Carolus. (Swed. Linne, von, f6n 
lin'na, Karl.) Swedish botanist (1707 — 1778). 

Linsingen, von (fon lin'zing-en) , Alexander A. A. K. K. O. 
Ger. general (1850 — ). 

Lippi (lep'pe), Filippo, Fra. It. painter (1406? — 1469). 
— , Filippo. Called Filippino Lippi. Son of preceding. It. 
painter (ab. 1457 — 1504). [(1827 — 1912). I 

Lister (lis'ter), Sir Joseph Lister, 1st Baron. Eng. surgeon| 

Liszt (list) , Franz. Hung, pianist & composer (1811 — 1886). 

LittrS (le'tra'), Maximilien Paul Emile. Fr. lexicog. & au- 
thor (1801—1881). 

Liutprand (le-oot'prand) . Lombard hist. (922? — 972?). 

Livingston (liv'ing-stun), Edward. Am. statesman & 
jurist (1764 — 1836). — , Philip. Am. patriot (1716 — 1778) 
— , Robert R. Ero. ofE. Am. statesman (1746 — 1813). 

Livingstone (liv'ing-stzin), David. Scot. expl. in Africa 
(1813—1873). 

Livy (liv'i). Titus Liv'ius. Rom. hist. (59 b. c. — a. d. 17). 

Lloyd-George (loid'jorj'), David. Br. statesman (1863 — ). 

Locke (16k), John. Eng. philosopher (1632 — 1704). — , Wil- 
liam John. Eng. novelist (18G3 — ). [(1836 — ).| 

Lockyer (18k'yer), Joseph Norman, Sir. Eng. astronomer! 

Lodge (lSj) , Henry Cabot. American author & senator (1850 
■ — )• — , Oliver Joseph, Sir. Eng. physicist & author 
(1851—). _ [(1826—1886).! 

Logan (lo'gan), John Alexander. Am. gen. & poli . leader] 

Lombard (ISm'bard ; F. pron. loN'bar'), Peter. (Lai. Pe'- 
trus Lombar'dus.) Theol. in Paris, born in Lombardy 
(ab. 1100— 1164)._ C — 1909).! 

Lombroso (lom-bro'z5) , Cesare. It. criminologist. (1836) 

London (lun'dwn), Jack. Am. story-writer (1876 — 1916). 

Longfellow (15ng'feT6) , Henry Wadsworth. Am. poet (1807 
—1882). 

Longinus (ISn-ji'nws), Dionysius Cassius. Gr. philosopher 
(213?— 273). 

Longstreet (lSng'stref) , James. Am. Confederate general 
J1821— 1904). _ 

Lopez (15'pa.s ; lo'path), Carlos Antonio. Pres. of Paraguay 
1844-62 (1790 — 1862). — , Francisco Solano. Son of C. 
A. Pres. of Paraguay 1862-70 (1827—1870). 

Loris— Melikov (IS-res'-me'lyl-kSf), Mikhail Tarielovich, 
Count. Russian general & statesman (1826 — 1888). 

Lorrain, Claude. Claude Gelee. See Claude Lorrain. 

Lothaire (lo-thar' ; F. pron. 16'tar') I. Roman emperor 
843-855(795? — 855). — . The Saxon. As Ger. king, III. 
1125-37_; as Roman emperor, II. 1133-37 (1060? — 1137). 

Loti (lo / te / ) , Pierre. Real name Louis Marie Julien Viaud. 
French novelist (1850 — ). [(1817 — 1881).} 

Lotze (lot'se), Rudolf Hermann. German philosopher! 

Loubet (loo/be') JSmile. Pres. of France 1899-1906 (1838 — ). 

Louis (loo'is ; loo'i ; Fr. loo / e') I. The Debonnaire or the 
Pious. 3d son of Charlemagne. King of the Franks & Ro- 
man emperor 814-840 (778 — 840). — IV. The Bavarian. 
Ger. king 1313-47 ; Holy Roman "emperor 1328-47 (1287 
— 1347). — . The name of kings of France ; esp.: IX., 
Saint. King 1226-70 (1215 — 1270) ; XI. King 1461-83 
(1423— 14S3) ; XII. King 149S-1515 (1462—1515) ; XIII. 
King 1610-43 (1601—1643) ; XIV. Le Grand (the Great). 
King 1643-1715 (1G3S— 1715) ; XV. King 1715-74 (1710 
—1774) ; XVI. King 1774-93 ; guillotined (1754—1793) ; 
XVII. Son of Louis XVI. Nominal king ; the "lost dau- 
phin" (1785—1795) ; XVIII. Bro. of Louis XVI. King 
Apr. 1814-Mar. 1815 & June 1815-1S24 (1755—1824).— 
Napoleon. See Napoleon III. — Philippe. King of the 
French 1830-48 (1773 — 1850). 

Lounsbury (lounz'ber-I). Thomas Raynesford. Am. lit. 
historian & critic (1838—1915). [—1837).] 

Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Parish. Am. abolitionist (1802) 

Lovelace (luv'las), Richard. Eng. lyric poet (1618 — 1658). 

Lover (luv'er), Samuel. Irish author (1797 — 1868). 

Lowell (lo'el), Abbott Lawrence. Am. educator (1856 — 
— ). — , James Russell. Am. poet, essayist, & diplomat 
(1819—1891). — , Percival. Bro. of A. L. Astron. & 
author (1855 — 1916). 

Loyola, de (da 15-yo'la ; loi-old) , Ignatius. Real name 
Inigo Ldpez de Recalde. Sp. founder of Society of Jesus 
(1491—1556). 

Loyson (lwa'zoN') , Charles. Pdre Hyacinthe. Fr. priest & 
preacher (1827 — 1912). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |J Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1182 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAI." DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



w 



X 



Lubbock (lub'wk), John, Sir. 1st Baron Avebury. Eng. 

author (1834—1913). [(39—65). 

Lucan (hVkfin), Mar'cus Annsefus Luca'nus. Roman poet| 
Lucian (lu'shdn). Greek satirical author (120? — 200?). 
Lucretius (lu-kre'shi-Ms). Ti/tus LucreHius Ca'rus. Roman 

poet (96? — 55 b. c). 
Lucullus (lu-kul'&s), Lucius Licinius. Roman consul & 

general (?— 57? b. c). 
Luini (ldb-e'ne), Bernardino. It. painter (1475? — 1533?). 
Lully, or Lulli (lii'le), Giovanni Battista. .Italian-French 

composer (1633 — 1687). 
Lully (lfil'i), Raymond. Sp. philosopher (1235? — 1315). 
lundy (lun'di), Benjamin. Am. abolitionist (1789 — 1839). 
Luther (loo'ther ; G. pron. ldb'ter), Martin. Leader of 

German Reformation (1483 — 1546). 
Lyall (ll'dl), Edna, Pseudonym of Ada Ellen Bayly. 
Lycurgus (lj-kur'gws) . Spartan lawgiver (9th c. ? B. c). 
Lydekker (h-dek'er) , Richard. Eng. naturalist (1849 — ). 
Lyell (ll'el), Charles, Sir. British geologist (1797 — 1875). 
Lyly (lil'i), John. Eng. dram. & novelist (1554? — 1606). 
Lyon (h'wn), Nathaniel. American general (1819 — 1861). 
Lysander (11-san'der) . Spartan statesman & general (d. 395 

B C ^ 

Lysias (lis'i-ds). Athenian orator (450? — 380? b. c). 
Lysimachus (lT-sim'd-kus). Gr. gen. & king of Thrace 
(361? — 281 b. c). [cent. b. c.l 

Lysippus (lT-sip'Ms). Greek sculptor. Fl. last part of 4th| 
Lytton (lit'wn), Lord. See Bulwer-Lytton. 

M 

'Maartens (mar'tens), Maarten. Real name Joost Marius 
I Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz. Du.-Eng. novelist 
(1858—1915). 

Mac Arthur (mfik-ar'thwr), Arthur. Am. gen. (1845 — 1912). 

Macaulay (md-ko'll), Thomas Babington. Baron Macau- 
lay of Rothley. Eng. historian, essayist, poet, & states- 
man (1800—1859*. [(1826— 1885). I 

McClsllan (md-klel'dn) , George Brinton. Am. general! 

McCormack (md-k6r'mdk), John. Irish tenor (1885 — ). 

McCosh (md-kosh'), James. Scot.-Am. metaphysician 
(1811—1894). [(1789—1864). 

McCulloch (md-kul'MK), John Ramsay. Scot, economist 

Macdonald (mdk-don'dld), George. Scot, author (182^; 
—1905). [(1783—1825). 

MacDonough (mdk-d5n>5), Thomas. Am. commodore 

MacDowell (mdk-dou'el) , Edward Alexander. Am. pianist 
& composer (1861 — 1908). 

McDowell (mdk-dou'el), Irvin. Amer. gen. (1818 — 1885). 

Machiavelli (ma'kya-vel'le) , Niccolo. Florentine states- 
man & political writer (1469 — 1527). 

Mackensen, von (f6n mak'en-zen), A. L. F. August. Ger. 
field marshal (1849—). 

Mackenzie (md-ken'zi), Morell, Sir. Eng. physician (1837 
— 1892). — , William Lyon. Leader of Canadian insur- 
gents (1795— 1861). [—1909). I 

McKim (md-kim'), Charles Follen. Am. architect (1847| 

McKinley (md-kin'li), William. 25th pres. of the U. S. 
1897-1901 (1843—1901). 

Maclaren (md-klar'en) , Ian. Pseudonym of John Watson. 

MacMahon, de (de raak'ma'cN'), Marie Edme Patrice 
Maurice, Comte. Duke of Magenta. Fr. marshal, & 
pres. 1873-79(1808—1893). [(1852—).) 

McMaster (mdk-mas'ter), John Bach. Am. historian! 

MacMonnies (mdk-mun'Iz), Frederick William. Am. 
sculptor (1863—). 

Macomb (ma-koom' ; md-kom'), Alexander. Am. general 
(1782—1841). [—1796). I 

Macpherson (mdk-f Qr'swn) , James. Scottish author (1736| 

McPherson, James Birdseye. Am. general (1828 — 1864). 

Macready (mdk-re'di), William Charles. Eng. tragedian 
(1793— 1873)_. 

Madero (raa-da'ro), Francisco I. Mexican revolutionist, & 
pres. 1911-13 ; assassinated (1873 — 1913). 

Madison (mad'i-sttn), James. 4th pres. of U. S. 1809-17 
(1751—1836). 

Maecenas (me-se'nds) , Caius Cilnius. Roman statesman 
& patron of letters (bet. 73 & 63 — 8 b. c). 

Maeterlinck (master-link ; F. ma/ter'laN') , Maurice. Bel- 
gian author (1882 — ). 

Magellan (md-jel'dn), Fernando {Port. Magalhaes, ma'- 
gal-ylNsh'). Portuguese navigator (1480? — 1521). 

Magendie (ma/zhaN'de') , Francois. Fr. physiologist (1783 
—1855). _ [gen. (1310— 1871). I 

Magruder (md-groo'der) , John Bankhead. Am. Confed.| 

Mahan (md-han'). Alfred Thayer. Am. naval officer & 
naval historian (1840 — 1914). 

Mahler (ma'ler), Gustav. Austrian composer & conductor 
in America (1860—1911). [(1785—1839).! 

Mahmud (ma-mood") II. Sultan of Turkey 1808-39| 

Mahomet (md-hom'et). See Mohammed. 

Maimonides (ml-mon'i-dez), or Moses ben Maimun 
(ml'moon). Sp. Jewish philosopher (1135 — 1204). 

Maintenon, de (de mas't'-noN'), Francoise dAubigne, 
Marquise. Consort of Louis XIV. (1635 — 1719). 

Maitland (mat'ldid), Frederic Wi-liam. Eng. law histo- 
rian (1850— 1905). [(1638—1715).! 

Malebranche, de (de maVbraNsh') , Nicolas. Fr. philos.| 

Malesherbes, de (de maFzerb'), Chretien Guillaume de 
Lamoignon. Fr. statesman; guillotined (1721 — 1794). 

Malibran (ma'le'braN' ; Anglicized, mal'i-bran), Maria 
Felicita, b. Garcia. Mme. Charles Augusle de Beriot. Fr. 
operatic mezzo-soprano (1808 — 1836). 

Mallock (mal'wk), William Hurrell. Eng. theological & 
sociological writer (1849 — ). 

Malmesbury (mamz'ber-i), William of. Eng. historian 
(1095?— 1143?). [land (fl. 1470). I 

Malory (mal'6-ri), Thomas, Sir. Author, b. prob. in Eng-| 

Malpighi (mal-pe'ge), Marcello. Italian anatomist (1628 
—1694). 



It. painter & engraver 

Italian printer (1450 — 
[(1785— 1873). I 



Malthus (mal'thiis), Thomas Robert/ f. Eng. economist 

Mandeville (man'de'-vil) , John, Sir. Reputed author of 
"Travels "(1300?— 1372?). [—1883) .1 

Manet (ma'ne'), Edouard. Fr. impressionist painter (1832| 

Manetho (man'e-tho). Egyptian historian (fl. 250? b. c). 

Mann (man), Horace. Am. educationist (1796 — 1859). 

Manning (manning), Henry Edward. Eng. cardinal & 
author (1808—1892). 

Mansfield (manz'feld), Richard. Eng. actor in America 
(1857—1907). — , William Murray, 1st Earl of . Ld. ch. 
justice of England (1705 — 1793). 

Mantegna (man-tan'ya) , Andrea. 
(1431—1506). 

Manutius (md-nu'shl-ws), Aldus. 
1515). 

Manzoni (man-dzo'ne), Alessandro. It. novelist & poet| 

Marat (ma'ra'), Jean Paul. Fr. revolutionist (1744 — 1793). 

Mareel'lus, MarcusClaudius. Rom. gen. (268? — 208 B.C.). 

Marconi (mar-ko'ne), Guglielmo. It. electrician (1874 — ). 

Marcy (mar'si), William Learned. Am. statesman (1786 
—1857). 

Margaret (mar'gd-ret) of Anjou. Queen of Henry VI. of 
England (1430 — 1482). — of Denmark. Queen of 
Norway, Denmark, & Sweden 1387-1412 (1353 — 1412). 
— of Navarre. Queen of Navarre 1544-49, & poet (1492 
— 1549). — of Valois. 1st wife of Henry IV. of France ; 
divorced 1599 (1553 — 1615). 

Maria Theresa (md-rl'd te-re'sd). Wife of Emperor Francis 
I., & queen of Hungary & Bohemia (1717 — 1780). 

Marie Antoinette (ma/re' aN'twa'neV) . Daughter of 
Maria Theresa, & wife of Louis XVI. of France ; exe- 
cuted (1755—1793). 

Marie de Medicis (ma're' de maMe'ses'). 2d wife of 
Henry IV. of France (1573—1642). [(1791—1847).! 

Marie Louise Jma're' ldb-ez'). 2d wife of Napoleon I.| 

Marion (mar'i-Mn), Francis. Am. Rev. gen. (1732 — 1795). 

Marius (ma'rl-tts ; 3), Caius. Roman gen. (157? — 86 B.C.). 

Marivaux, de (d<5 ma're'vo'). Pierre Carlet de Chamblain. 
French dram. & novelist (1688 — 1763). 

Marlborough (marl'bS-rw ; mol'brw), John Churchill, 1st 
Duke of. Eng. general (1650 — 1722). 

Marlowe (mar'16), Christopher. Eng. dram, poet (1564 — 
1593). — -, Julia. Real name Sarah Frances Frost; Mrs. 
E. H. Sothern. Eng. actress in America (1866 — ). 

Marquette (mar'kSt') , Jacques. Fr. explorer of the Mis- 
sissippi (1637 — 1675). 

Marryat (mar'I-at) , Frederick. Eng. novelist (1792 — 1848) . 

Marsh (marsh), Othniel Charles. Am. paleontologist (1831 
—1899). 

Marshall (mar'shdl), John. U. S. chief justice 1801-35 
(1755 — 1835). — , Thomas Riley. Vice pres. of U. S. 
1913- (1854— ). 

Martial (mar'shl-al). Mar'cus VaWrius Martia'lis. Lat. 
epigrammatist (40? — 102?). 

Martin (mar'tin), Homer D. Am. landscape painter (1836 
— 1897). — •, Theodore, Sir. Eng. poet, translator, & 
essayist (1816 — 1909). 

Martineau (mar'ti-no), Harriet. Sister of James. Eng. 
miscellaneous writer (1802 — 1876). — , James. Unita- 
rian divine & metaphysician (1805^ — 1900). 

Marvell (mar'vel), Andrew. Eng. poet & misc. writer (1621 
— 1678). [general (1856 — ).' 

Marwitz, von der (fSn der mar'vits), Georg C. A. Ger. 

Marx (marks), Karl. Ger. Jewish socialist (1818 — 1883). 

Mary (ma'ri ; 3 ) I. Bloody Mary. Queen of England 1553- 
58 (1516 — 1558). — II. Joint Br. sovereign with hus- 
band William III. 1689-94 (1662 — 1694). — Stuart 
(stu'drt). Queen of Scots 1542-67; beheaded (1542—1587). 

Masaccio (ma-zat'cho). Real name Tommaso Guidi. It. 
painter (1401— 1428)_. 

Mascagni (mas-kan'ye), Pietro. It. composer (1863 — ). 

Masefield (maz'f eld), John. English poet (1875 — ). 

Masinissa, or Massinissa (mas/i-nls'd). King of Nu- 
midia (238—149 b. a). [(1798—1871).! 

Mason (ma'swn), James Murray. Am. Confed. agent[ 

Maspero (mas'pe-rSO , Gaston Camille Charles, Sir. Fr. 
Egyptologist (1846—). [1661). I 

Massasoit ( mas'd-soit' ) . Wampanoag sachem (1580? — | 

Massena (ma'sa'na'), Andre. Prince d'Essling. Fr. mar- 
shal (1758— 1817). 

Massenet (ma's'-ne'), Jules Emile Frederic. Fr. composer 
(1842—1912). [1907). I 

Massey (mas'i), Gerald. Eng. poet & Egyptol. (1828 — | 

Massinger (mas'in-jer) , Philip. Eng. dram. (1583 — 1640) . 

Masson (mas' 2m), David. Scottish critic (1822 — 1907). 

Mather (mafch'er), Increase (1639 — 1723), & his son, Cot- 
ton (1663 — 1728)._ Am. divines & authors. 

Maunoury (mS'noo're'), Michel Joseph. Fr. general 
(1847—). 

Maupassant, de (de mo'pa/saN'), (Henri Reng Albert) 
Guy. French nov. & writer of short stories (1850 — 1893). 

Maurice (mo'ris). Elector of Saxony. Ger. general (1521 
— 1553). — of Nassau. Prince of Orange. Du. general & 
statesman (1567—1625). [(1882—).! 

Mawson (mo's&n), Douglas, Sir. British antarctic explorer! 

Max (maks), Gabriel. Ger. historical painter (1840 — ). 

Maxim (mak/sim), Hiram Stevens, Sir. Am. inventor in 
England (1840 — 1916). — .Hudson. Bro. of Sir Hiram. 
Am. Inventor (1853 — ). 

Maximilian (mak/si-mil'ydn ; -l-dn ; G. mak/se-me'le-an) 
I. Ger. king 1493-1519 ; Holy Roman emperor 1508-19 
(1459 — 1519). — II. Holy Roman emperor 1564-76 
(1527 — 1576). — . Bro. of Francis Joseph I. Archdukeof 
Austria, & emp. of Mexico 1864-67 ; executed in Mexico 
(1832—1867). 

Max Miiller (miil'er ; mll'e'r), Friedrich. Ger.-Eng. Orien- 
talist (1823—1900). [(1831—1879).! 

Maxwell (maks'wSl), James Clerk. English physicist} 

Mazarin (F. ma'za'raN' ; Eng. maz'd-ren'). It. Mazarini 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1183 



(mad'za-re'ne) , Jules (//. Giulio). Cardinal & states- 
man in France, born in Italy (1602 — 1661). 

Mazzini (mat-se'ne), Giuseppe. It. patriot (1805 — 1872). 

Meade (med)_, George Gordon. Am. general (1815 — 1872). 

Meagher (ma'her), Thomas Francis. Ir. rev. & Am. gen- 
eral (1823—1867). 

Medici, de' (da me'de-che) , Cosmo I. Chief of Florentine 
Rep. (1389 — 1464). — , Cosmo. 1st grand duke of Tus- 
cany (1519 — 1574). — , Lorenzo I. The Magnificent. 
Prince of Florence. Poet, scholar, & patron of art & litera- 
ture (1449 — 1492). _ 

Medicis, de (de ma'de'ses'). See Catherine de' Medici. 

Meer, van der (van' der mar'), Jan. Of Delft. Called Jan 
Vermeer. Du. painter (1632 — 1675). [— 1849). I 

Mehemet Ali (ma'he-met a/le). Viceroy of Egypt (1769| 

Meigs (megz), Montgomery Cunningham. Am. general 
(1816—1892). 

Mei-ji (me'e-je'). Emp. of Japan 1867-1912 (1852—1912). 

Meilhac (me'yak'). Henri. Fr. dramatist (1831—1897). 

Meissonier (mg'sS'nya') , Jean Louis Ernest. Fr. painter 
(1815 — 1891). 

Melanchthon (me-lank'thim ; -tun ; G. me'-larjK't6n), 
Philipp. German Lutheran reformer (1497 — 1560). 

Melba (mel'bd), Madame. Real name Nellie (born Mitchell) 
Armstrong. Operatic soprano, born in Australia (1861? — ). 

Melville (mel'vil), Herman. Am. traveler & novelist 
(1819 — 1891). [painter (1430 — 1495). I 

Memling (mem'ling), or Mem'linc, Hans. Flemish! 

Mencius (men'shi-ws), or Meng— tse (meng'tsu') . Chinese 
philosopher (372—289? b. c). [(1822—1884).) 

Mendel (men'del), Gregor Johann. Austrian botanist( 

Mendelssohn— Bartholdy (men'del-son-bar tol'de'), Ja- 
kob Ludwig Felix. Ger. Jewish composer (1809 — 1847). 

Mendelyeev (men'dyg-lya'yef), Dmitri Ivanovich. Rus- 
sian chemist (1834 — 1907). 

Mendds (maN'des') , Catulle. Fr. poet &nov. (1841 — 1909). 

Menelik (men'e-lik) II. King of Shoa & emperor 1889- 
1913 of Abyssinia (1844 — 1913). 

Menendez de Avil§s (ma-nen'dath da a/ve-las'), Pedro. 
Sp. admiral & colonizer of Florida (1519 — 1574). 

Menzel (men'tsel), Adolf Friedrich Erdmann. Ger. painter 
(1815—1905). 

Meredith (mer'e-dith), George. Eng. novelist & poet (1828 
—1909). [—1870). I 

Merimee (ma're'ma'), Prosper. Fr. novelist & hist. (1803| 

Merritt (mer'it), Wesley. Am. general (1836 — 1910). 

Messalina (mes'd-li'nd), Valeria. Infamous Roman wom- 
an, 3d wife of the Emperor Claudius (? — 48). 

Metchnikoff (mech'ni-ko'f) , Elie. Russian zoologist & 
bacteriologist in France (1845 — 19163. 

Metternich, von (fon met'er-niK) , Klemens Wenzel Ne- 
pomuk Lothar, Prince. Aust. statesman (1773 — 1859). 

Metzu, or Metsu (met'su), Gabriel. Dutch painter (1630 
—1667). 

Meyerbeer (mT'er-bar), Giacomo. Jakob Meyer Beer. Ger. 
Jewish composer (1791 — 1864). 

Michelangelo (mi'kel-an'je-lo) Buonarroti (Ital. me'kel- 
an'ja-lo bwd/nar-ro'te) . (Ital. also Michelagnolo.) It. 
painter, sculptor, & architect (1475 — 1504). 

Michelet (meWle'). Jules. Fr. historian (1798 — 1874). 

Michelson (nn'kel-swn), Albert Abraham. Am. physicist, 
born in Germany U852 — ). [1855). I 

Mickiewicz (mlts-kya'vich), Adam. Polish poet (1798 — | 

Middleton (mid''l-tun) , Arthur. Am. patriot (1742 — 1787). 
— .Thomas. Eng. dramatist (1570? — 1627). 

Miles (milz). Nelson Appleton. Am. general (1839 — ). 

Mill (mil), James. Scot, philos. & economist in England 
(1773 — 1836). — .John Stuart. Son of James. Eng. philos. 
& economist (1806 — 1873). [1896). 

Millais (mi -W), John Everett, Sir. Eng. painter (1829 — 

Miller (mil'er), Hugh. Scot. geol. & writer (1802 — 1856). 

Millerand (mel'raN*), Alexandre. Fr. statesman (1859—). 

Millet (me'le') , Jean Francois. Fr. painter (1S14 — 1875). 

Milman (mil'mdn), Henry Hart. Eng. divine & hist. (1791 
—1868). [500 b. c.).l 

Miltiades (mil-tT'd-dez) . Athenian gen. & statesman (fl. 

Milton (mil'tun), John. English poet (1608 — 1674). 

Minuit (min'u-it), Peter, lstgov.of New Netherland (1580? 
—1641). 

Mirabeau, de (d? me'ra'bo' ; Angl., mir'd-bo), Honore 
Gabriel Victor Riquetti, Comte. Fr. rev. statesman (1749 
—1791). 

Miramon (me'ra-mon'), Miguel. Mex. gen. (1832 — 1867). 

Miranda (me-ran'da) , Francisco. Venezuelan revolutionist 
(1750?— 1816). [1914).| 

Mistral Ones' tral') , Frederic. Provencal poet (1830—) 

Mitchell (mich'el), Donald Grant. It. Marvel. American 
author (1822 — 1908). — , Maria. American astronomer 
(1818 — 1889). — , Silas Weir. American physician & 
novelist (1829 — 1914). 

Mitford (mit'ferd), Mary Russell. Eng. author (1787 — 
1855). [— 63 b. c.).| 

Mithridates (mith'ri-da'tez) VI. King of Pontus (132?| 

Mivart (mi'vdrt), St. George Jackson. Eng. zoologist (1827 
—1900). [English) (1844—1909).! 

Modjeska (mo-jes'kd), Helena. Pol. actress (in Polish &| 

Mohammed (mo-ham'ed), Mahomet (md-hSm'St), or 
Muhammad (mdo-ham'mat) . Arabian founder of Islam 
(570?— 632). — II. Turkish sultan 1451-81 (1430—1481). 

Moissan (mwa'saN'), Henri. Fr. chemist (1852 — 1907). 

Moliere (mo'lyar'). Real name Jean Baptiste Poquelin. Fr. 
dramatist (1622 — 1673). 

Moltke, von (fon mSlt'ke), Helmuth Johannes Ludwig. 
Nephew of H. K. B. Ger. gen. (1848—1916). — , Helmuth 
Karl Bernhard, Count. Pruss. field marshal (1800 — 1891). 

Mommsen (mom'zm), Theodor. Ger. hist. (1817 — 1903). 

Monck, or Monk (munk), George. 1st Duke of Albe- 
marle. Eng. general (1608 — 1670). 

Monet (mo'ne'), Claude. Fr. landscape painter (1840 — ). 



Monier— Williams (mo'nT-er-), Monier, Sir. Eng. San- 
skrit scholar (1819 — 1899). 

Monro (min-ro'), Charles Carmichael. Br. gen. (1860 — ). 

Monroe (mwn-ro'), James. 5th pres. of U. S. 1817-25 (1758 
—1831). 

Montagu (mon'td-gu), Mary Wortley, Lady, born Pierre- 
pont. Eng. author (ld89 — 1762). 

Montaigne, de (de mSn-tan' ; F. de moN'tan'y), Michel 
Eyquem, Seigneur. Fr. essayist & moralist (1533 — 1592). 

Montalembert, de (de moN'ta'laN'bar') , Charles Forbes 
de Tryon, Comte. Fr. publicist & hist. (1810 — 1870). 

Montcalm de Saint— Veran, de (m5nt-kam' ; F. pron. de* 
moN'kalm' de saN'-va'raN') , Louis Joseph, Marquis. Fr. 
general (1712—1759). 

Montespan, de (m5n'tes-pan' ; F. pron. de moN't^s-paNO , 
Francoise Athenais, born de Rochechouart, Marquise. 
A mistress of Louis XIV. (1641 — 1707). 

Montesquieu, de (mSn'tes-ku' ; F. de 1 m6N'tes'ke'Q') , 
Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et. Fr. philosopher 
(1689—1755). 

Montezuma (mSn'te-zoo'md) II. Last Aztec emperor of 
Mexico 1503-20 (1480? — 1520). 

Montfort, de (mont'fSrt ; F. de moN'fSr'). Simon. Fr. 
crusader (1160? — 1218). — , Simon. Earl of Leicester. 
Son of preceding. Eng. statesman (1208? — 1265). 

Montgomery (mont-gum'er-i), Richard. Am. general 
(1736—1775). 

Montpensier, de (de moN'paN'sya') , Anne Marie Louise 
d'Orleans, Duchesse. La Grande Mademoiselle. Fr. prin- 
cess (1627—1693). [1899). I 

Moody (mood'i), Dwight Lyman. Am. evangelist (1837 — | 

Moore (moor; mor), George. Irish novelist (1857 — ). — , 
John, Sir. Scottish general (1761 — 180S\ — , Thomas. 
Irish poet & wit (1779 — 1852). 

More (mor ; 57), Hannah. Eng. religious writer (1745 — 1833). 
— , Thomas, Sir. Eng. author & statesman (1478 — 1535). 

M or eau (mS'ro'), Jean Victor. Fr. general (1763 — 1813). 

Morgan (mor'gdn), Daniel. Am. Rev. general (1736- — 
1S02). — , Edwin Dennison. Gov. of New York 1859-63 
(1811 — 1883). — .Henry, Sir. Eng. buccaneer (1635? — 
168S). — , John Hunt. Am. Confed. general (1826 — 
1864). — , John Pierrepont. Am. financier & art col- 
lector (1837 — 1913). — , Lewis Henry. Am. anthropolo- 
gist (1818—1881). P 

Morland (m6r'ldnd), George. Eng. painter (1763 — 1804). 

Morley (mor'li), Henry. Eng. author (1822 — 1894). — , 
John. 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn. Eng. author 
& statesman (1S38 — ). 

Mornay, de (de mor'ne'), Philippe. Seigneur du Plessis- 
Marly, called du Plessis-Mornay (du' ple'se'-mor'ne' ). 
Fr. Protestant leader (1549 — 1623). 

Morris (moVIs), Gouverneur. Am. statesman (1752 — 1816) 
— , Lewis, Sir. Br. poet (1833 — 1907). — , Robert. Am. 
patriot & financier (1734 — 1806). — , William. Eng. poet, 
artist, & socialist (1834 — 1896). [(1791 — 1872). 

Morse (mors) , Samuel Finley Breese. Am. artist & inventor| 

Mortimer (mor'ti-mer), Roger. Earl of March. Favorite 
of Isabella, queen of Edw. II. of Eng. (1287? — 1330). 

Morton (mor'twn), Levi Parsons. Vice pres. U. S. 1889-93 
(1824 — ). — , Oliver Perry. Gov. of Indiana 1861-67 
(1823 — 1877). — , William Thomas Green. Am. dentist ; 
discoverer of use of ether as an anaesthetic (1819—1868). 

Mosby (moz'bl), John Singleton. Am. Confed. colonel 
(1833—1916). 

Moszkowski (mSsh-kof'ski) , Moritz. Ger. composer & 
pianist, of Pol. origin (1854: — ). 

Motley (mQt'li), John Lothrop. Am. hist. (1814 — 1877). 

Mott (mot) , Lucretia, born Coffin. Am. social reformer (1793 
— 1880). — ^Valentine. Am. surgeon (1785 — 1865). 

Moultrie (moo'tri ; mool'tri), William. Am. Rev. general 

Mozart (mo'zart ; Ger. pron. mo'tsart) , Wolfgang Amadeus. 
Austrian composer (1756 — 1791). 

Miihlbach (miil'baK), Luise. Real name Klara Mundt. 
born Midler. Ger. novelist (1814 — 1873). 

Miiller (miil'er ; Angl. mil'er), Friedrich Max. See Max 
Miiller. — , George. Eng. philanthropist, born in Prussia 
(1805 — 1898). — , Johannes Peter. Ger. physiol. & mor- 
phologist (1801 — 1858). 

Mulock (mu'lok), Miss. See Craik. 

Munchhausen, von (fon miinK'hou'zm ; miink/hou'zen), 
Eng. Munchausen (miin-cho'zen) , Karl Friedrich Hie- 
ronymus, Baron. Ger. adventurer & teller of marvelous 
tales (1720 — 1797). [painter (1844 — 1900). I 

Munkacsy (mdbn'ka-che) , Mihaly. Michael Lieb. Hung.| 

Miinsterberg (miin'ster-berK) , Hugo. Ger. psychologist 
& author in America (1863 — 1916). 

Murat (F. mii'ra'), Joachim. Marshal of France, & king of 
Naples 1808-15 (1771—18150. [(1792—1871). 

Murchison (mur'chl-s£n), Roderick Impey, Sir. Br. geol. 

Murger (miir/zhar'), Henri. Fr. nov. & poet (1822 — 1861). 

Murillo (mu-ril'o ; Sp. pron. moo-rel'yo) , Bartolome Este- 
ban. Sp. religious & genre painter (1618 — 1682). 

Murray (mur'i), James Augustus Henry, Sir. Br. lexi- 
cographer (1837 — 1915). — -, or Moray (mur'i), James 
Stuart, Earl of. Regent of Scotland (1531? — 1570). 

Musset, de (de mii'se'), (Louis Charles) Alfred. French 
poet, dramatist, & writerof fiction_(1810 — 1857). 

Mutsuhito (mdbt'sdo-he'to ; mdb-t'se'to). Personal name 
of Mei-ji. [(1843— 1901). I 

Myers (mi'erz), Frederic William Henry. Eng. author| 

Myron (mi'ron). Greek sculptor (fl. ab. 450 b. c). 

N 

Nadir (na'der), or Tahmasp Kuli Khan (ta'masp koole 
Kan'). Shah of Persia 1736-47 (1688 — 1747). 

Nansen (nan'sen), Fridtjof. Nonv. arctic explorer, nat- 
uralist, author, & diplomat (1861 — ). 

Napier (nap'yer ; nS-per'), Charles James, Sir. Br. general 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1184 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



V 



W 



X 



(1782 — 1853). — , John. Laird of Merchiston. Scot, in- 
ventor of logarithms (1550 — 1617). — , Robert Cornells. 
1st Baron Napier of Magdala. Br. gen. (1810 — 1890). 

Napoleon (nd-p5'le-wn ; F. pron. na/po/la'oN') I. Napoleon 
Bonavarte. General, born in Corsica ; emperor of the 
French 1804-Apr. 1814 & March-June 1815 (1769 — 1821). 
— II. Son of Napoleon I. Duke of Reichstadt (1811 — 
1832). — III. Louis Napoleon. Son of Louis Bonaparte. 
Emperor of the French 1852-70 (1808—1873). 

Narvaez, de (da. nar-va/ath) , Panfilo. Sp. soldier in Am. 
(1470?— 1528). [(1567—1601).! 

Nash (nash), Thomas. Eng. dramatist & pamphleteer! 

Neander (ne-an'der ; Get. pron. na-an'der) , Johann August 
Wilhelm. David Mendel. Ger. ecclesiastical historian 
(1789—1850). 

(neVu-kdd-nez'dr), better, Nebuchad- 
Chaldean king of Babylon. Reigned ab. 



Nebuchadnezzar 
rezzar (-rez'dr). 
604-561 b. c. 

Necker (nek'er ; F. 
born in Geneva 



pron. ne'kar'), Jacques. Fr. statesman, 
(1732—1804). 
Nelson (nel'swn), Horatio. Viscount Nelson of the Nile. 
Eng. admiral (1758 — 1805). — , Thomas. Am. patriot 
(1738—1789). [Augustus).! 

Nepos (ne'pSs), Cornelius. Roman historian (fl. tem.| 
Neri, de' (da. na're), Filippo, Saint. {Anglicized St. Philip 
Neri.) It. founder of the "Fathers of the Oratory" 
(1515- 1595). 

Nero (ne'ro). Nero Clau'dius Cas'sar Dru*sus German*lcus. 
Orig. Lu'cius DomiHius Ahe>nobar>bus. Roman emperor 
54-68 (37—68). 

Nestorius (nes-to'r 1-ws) . Syrian bishop 428-431 (?— 440?) 

Nevin (nev'in), Ethelbert. Am. composer (1862 — 1901). 

Newcomb (nu'kwm), Simon. Am. astron. (1835—1909). 

Newman (nu'man), John Henry. Eng. cardinal & author 
(1801—1890). [—1727). I 

Newton (nii'twn), Isaac, Sir. Eng. math. & scientist (1642[ 

Ney (na), Michel. Duke of Elchingen & Prince of the 
Moskva. Marshal of France; executed (1769 — 1815). 

Nicholas (nlk'S-lds) I. Emperor of Russia 1825-55 (1796 
—1855). — II. Emperor of Russia 1894- (1868—). — I. 
Prince 1860-1910, & king 1910-, of Montenegro (1841 — ). 
— . Nikolay Nikola'ievich. Russian grand duke & gen- 
eral (1856—). — , Saint. Bishop of Myra ; guardian of 
children (? — 345?). — The name of 5 popes. 

Nicias (nlsh'I-ds). Athenian general & statesman (d. 
413 b. a). [—1831). 

Niebuhr (ne'boor), Barthold Georg. Ger. historian (1776| 

Nietzsche (ne'che), Friedrich Wilhelm. Ger. philosopher 
(1844—1900). [lanthropist (1820—1910).! 

Nightingale (nlt'in-gal ; nit'in-), Florence. Eng. phi-| 

Nixon (nik'swn), John Eccles, Sir. Eng. general (1857 — ). 

Nobel (n6-bel'), Alfred Bernhard. Swed. mfr., inventor, & 
philanthropist (1833—1896). [—1912) J 

Nogi (no'ge). Count Nogi Maresuke. Jap. general (1849| 

Noguchi (no'goo-che). Noguchi Hideyo. Japanese physi- 
cian & bacteriologist in America (1876—). 

Noldeke(nQlMe-ke),Theodor. German Orientalist (1836 — ). 

Nordau (nor'dou), Max Simon. Ger. Jewish sociologist, 
born in Hungary (1849 — ). 

Nordenskjold (no'ren-shul') , Nils Adolf Erik, Baron. 
Swedish arctic explorer (1832 — 1901). 

Nordica (nor'di-kd), Lillian. Real name Lillian, born Nor- 
ton, (Gower) (Dohme) Young. Am. operatic soprano 
(1859—1914). 

North (north) , Christopher. Pseudonym of John Wilson. 
— , Frederick North, 8th Baron. 2d Earl of Guilford. 
Eng. statesman (1732 — 1792). — , Thomas, Sir. Eng. 
translator (1535?— 1601?). 

Northcliffe (north'klif), Alfred Charles William Harms- 
worth, 1st Baron. Br. newspaper proprietor (1865 — ). 

Norton (nSr'twn), Charles Eliot. Am. art historian & 
scholar (1827—1908). 

Novalis ( nS-va'lis ) . Pseud, of Friedrich von Hardenberg. 

o 

Ockham, or Occam (Sk'dm), William. Eng. scholastic 

philosopher (? — 1349?). 
O'Connell (6-k5n'el) , Daniel. Ir. political agitator (1775 — 

1847). 
O'Conor (6-kon'er), Charles. Am. lawyer (1804 — 1884). 
Odoacer (o'do-a'ser) . 1st barbarian ruler of Italy 476-93 

(434? — 493). 
Offenbach (6f'en-baie ; oFaN'bak'), Jacques. Naturalized 

Fr. composer of comic operas, b. in Cologne of Jewish 

parents (1819 — 1880). 
Oglethorpe (o'g'l-thorp) , James Edward. Br. general; 

founder in 1733 of Georgia (1696?— 1785). 
Ojeda (6-ha'tha), Alonso. Sp. explorer (1465 — 1515). 
Oku (o'kdb). Count Oku Yasukata. Jap. gen. (1847 — ). 
Okuma (5'kob-ma). Count Okuma Shigenobu. Japanese 

statesman (1838 — ). 
Olaf (o'laf ) , Saint. Viking & king of Norway (995 — 1030) . 
Oldcastle (5ld'kas''l) , John. Lord Cobham. Eng. Lollard 

martyr (?— 1417). [(1683—1730).! 

Oldfield (old'feld), Anne. Nance Oldfield. Eng. actress| 
Oliphant (ol'i-fdnt), Margaret, born Wilson. Eng. novel- 
ist (1828— 1897). 
Olmsted (om'sted ; um'-), Frederick Law. Am. landscape 

gardener (1822—1903). (? — 1123?).! 

Omar Khayyam (o'mdr Kl-yam' ; -y6m')- Persian poet| 
Origen (5r'i-jen). Christian writer & teacher of Alexan- 
dria (185?— 254?). 
Oscar (Ss'kdr) II. King of Sweden 1872-1907, & Norway 

1872-1905 (1829— 1907). 
Osceola (5s'e-o'ld) . Chief of the Seminoles (1804 — 1838). 
Osier (os'ler), William, Sir. Can. physician in U. S. & 

Eng. (1849— ). [(1610—1685).! 

Ostade, van (van 8s-ta'de), Adriaan. Flemish painter! 



Othman (Sth'man), or Osman (6Vman). The Conqueror* 

Founder of the Ottoman power (1259 — 1326). 
Otis (o'tls), James. American patriot (1725 — 1783). 
Otto (ot'5), or Otho (o'tho), I. The Great. Ger. king 936- 

973 ; Roman emperor 962-973 (912—973). 
Otway (ot'wa), Thomas. Eng. dramatic poet (1652 — 1685). 
Oudinot (oo'de'no'). Nicolas Charles. Duke of Reggio. 

French marshal (1767—1847). 
Overbeck (5'ver-bek), Johann Friedrich. Ger. painter 

(1789—1869). [b. c— A. D. 17). I 

Ovid (ov'id). Pub'lius Ovid/ius Na'so. Roman poet (43| 
Owen (o'en), Robert. British social reformer (1771— -1858). 
Oxenstiern (ok'sgn-sternO , or Oxenstierna, Sw. Oxen- 

Stjerna (Sk'sen-sher'na ; dbk'sen-), Axel, Count. Swed. 

statesman (1583 — 1654). 
Oyama (o'ya-ma). Prince Oyama Iwao. Japanese field 

marshal (1842—1916). 



Pachmann, de (de paK'man) , Vladimir. Russian pianist 
(1848—). 

Paderewski (pa/dS-ref'ske ; -res'ke), Ignace Jan. Polish 
pianist & composer (I860- — ). 

Paganini (pa'ga-ne'ne) , Nicolo. It. violinist (1782 — 1840). 

Page (paj), Thomas Nelson. Am. novelist & ambassador to 
Italy (i853 — ). — , Walter Hines. Am. editor, publisher, 
& ambassador to Great Britain (1855 — ). 

Paine (pan), Robert Treat. Am. patriot (1731 — 1814). 
— , Thomas. Am. political & deistical writer, born in 
England (1737—1809). 

Palacio Valdes (pa-la'thy5 val-das') . Armando. Sp. nov- 
elist (1853—). 

Palestrina, da (da pa'las-tre'na) , Giovanni Pierluigi. 
Italian composer (? — 1594). [ — 1805). 

Paley (pa'li), William. Eng. theologian & moralist(1743| 

Palfrey (pol'frl), John Gorham. Am. divine & historian 
(1796—1881). [—1589?). I 

Palissy (pa'le'se'), Bernard. Fr. potter & enameler (1510?| 

Palladio (pal-la'dyo) , Andrea. It. architect (1518 — 1580). 

Palmer ston (pam'er-stwn) , Henry John Temple, 3d Vis- 
count. Br. premier 1855-58. 1859-65 (1784—1865). 

Pappenheim, von (fSn pap'£n-hlm), Gottfried Heinrich, 
Count. Ger. Imperialist general (1594; — 1632). 

Paracelsus (par'd-sel'sws) , Philippus Aureolus. Real name 
Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim. Swiss alchemist 
& physician (1493 — 1541). 

Paris (pa/res'), (Bruno Paulin) Gaston. Fr. philologist & 
critic (1839 — 1903). — (par'is), Matthew. English 
monk & historian (ab. 1200 — 1259). 

Park (park), Mungo. Scot. expl. in Africa (1771 — 1806). 

Parker (par'kSr) , Gilbert, Sir. Canadian nov. in England 
1862 — ). — , Horatio William. Am. composer (1863 — ). 
— , Matthew. Archbp. of Canterbury (1504 — 1575). 
Theodore. Am. theol. & scholar (1810 — 1860). 

Parkman (park'mdn), Francis. Am. hist. (1823 — 1893). 

Parnell (par'nel), Charles Stewart. Ir. political leader 
(1846—91). [(1790—1855).! 

Parry (par'i), William Edward, Sir. Eng. arctic navigator| 

Parsons (par'swnz), Theophilus (1750 — 1813), & his son, 
Theophilus (1797 — 1882). Am. jurists. 

Pascal (pas'kdl ; F. pron. pas'kal') , Blaise. Fr. philos. & 
math. (1623— 1662). v, v 

Pashich (pa'shich), Nicholas. Serbian Nikola Pasic. Ser- 
bian statesman (1846-—). 

Pasteur (pas'tur'), Louis. French chemist (1822 — 1895). 

Pater (pa'ter), Walter Horatio. Eng. essayist & critic 
(1839—1894). [463?). I 

Patrick (pat'rik), Saint. Patron saint of Ireland (373? — | 

Patti (pat'€), Adelina. Baroness Cederslr'dm. Operatic so- 
prano, born in Madrid of Italian parentage (1843 — ). 

Pau (po), Paul Mary Cesar Gerald. Fr. gen. (1848 — ). 

Paul (p6l) I. Emperor of Russia 1796-1801 ; assassinated 
(1754 — 1801). — The name of 5 popes ; esp.: III. Ales- 
sandro Farnese. Pope 1534-49 (1468—1549) ; V. Camillo 
Borg'uese. Pope 1605-21 (1552—1621). 

Paulding (pSl'dlng). Hiram. Am. rear ad m. (1797 — 1878.) 

Paulsen (poul'zen). Friedrich. Ger. philos. (1846 — 1908). 

Pausanias (pQ-sa'ni-ds). Greek topographer (fl. 2d c). 

Payne (pan), John Howard. Am. actor & playwright (1792 
—1852). [1869). I 

Peabody (pe'bSd.-i) , George. Am. philanthropist (1795—1 

Peacock (pe'kSk), Thomas Love. Eng. poet & novelist 
(1785—1866). 

Peary (pe'ri), Robert Edwin. Am. naval officer, & dis- 
coverer (Apr. 6, 1903) of North Pole (1856—). 

Peel (pel), Robert, Sir. English statesman (1788^ — 1850). 

Peele (pel), George. English dramatist (1558? — 1597?). 

Pelopidas (pS-lop'l-dds). Theban general (? — 364 b. a). 

Penn (pen), William. Eng. founder of Pa. (1644 — 1718). 

Pepin (pep'in). The Short. King of the Franks 752-768 
(?— 768). [(1633—1703).! 

Pepys (peps, pep'is, or peps), Samuel. English diarist! 

Percy (pur'si), Henry, Sir. Hotspur. Eng. mil. leader 
(1364 — 1403). — .Thomas. Eng. bp. & antiquarian 
(1729—1811). 

Perdiccas (per-dik'ds). Macedonian general (d. 321 B.C.). 

Periander (per'I-an'der) . Tyrant of Corinth 625-585 b. c. 
(d. 585 b. c). [B.C.) | 

Pericles (pgr'i-klez). Athenian statesman (495? — 429. | 

Perry (pgr'i) , Matthew Calbraith (1794—1858) , & his broth- 
er, Oliver Hazard (1785 — 1819). Am. commodores. 

Perseus (pQr'sus ; -se-ws). Last king of Macedonia 178- 
168 b. c. (212?— 166? b. c). 

Perugino (oa'roo-je'no). Real name Pietro Vannucci. 
Italian painter (1446— 1523?). ,,_-,. 

Pestalozzl (pes'td-lSt'se) , Tohann Heinrich. Swiss reformer 
in education (1746 — 1827). , ^ . ,__„ t - oc 

Peter (pe'ter) I. The Great. Czar of Russia 1682-1725 
(1672 — 1725). — I. Karadjordjevic (Karageorgevich). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1185 



'King of Serbia 1903- (1844 — ). — The Hermit. Preacher 
of the 1st crusade (? — 1115). 

Petofi (pS'tQ-fe) Sandor. Hung, lyric poet (1823 — 1849). 

Petrarch (pe'trark) . (It. Petrarca (pa-trar'ka) , Francesco.) 
It. poet (1304—1374). [gist (1853—).) 

Petrie (pe'tri), William Matthew Flinders. Eng. Egyptolo-| 

Phidias (fid'I-ds). Greek sculptor (500? — 432? b. c). 

Philip (fil'Ip). King Philip. Indian chief of New England 
(?— 1676). — II. King of Macedon 359-336 b c. (382 — 
336 B. c). — II. or Philip Augustus. King of France 
1180-1223 (1165 — 1223). — IV. The Fair. King of 
France 1285-1314 (1268—1314). — VI., of Valois. King 
of France 1328-50 (1293—1350). — II. King of Spain 
1556-98 (1527 — 1598). — V. King of Spain 1700-46 
(1683 — 1746). — Ne'ri, Saint. SeeNeri.de'. — TheGood. 
Duke of Burgundy 1419-67 (1396 — 1467). 

Phillips (fil'ips), Stephen. Eng. poet & dram. (1868 — ). 
— , Wendell. Am. orator & reformer (1811 — 1884). 

Phillpotts (fil'pSts), Eden. Anglo-Indian nov. (1862 — ). 

Philo Judasus (fT'lo joo-de'ws). Jewish Hellenistic philos 
(ab. 20 b. c— ab. A. d. 54). [(252?— 183 b. c). 

Philopoemen (fil'6-pe'men). Gr. general & statesman 

Phips, or Phipps (fips), William, Sir. 1st royal gov. of 
Massachusetts (1651 — 1695). 

Phocion (fo'shi-on). Athenian statesman & general (402 
—317 b. c). 

Pichegru (pesh'grii'), Charles. Fr. general (1761 — 1804). 

Pickens (pik'enz), Andrew. Am. Rev. gen. (1739 — 1817). 

Pickering (pik'er-ing), Timothy. Am. Rev. statesman 
(1745—1829). [—1875). I 

Pickett (pik'et), George Edward. Am. Confed. gen. (1825| 

Pico della Mirandola (pe'ko del'la me-ranM8-la) , Gio- 
vanni, Count. Italian humanist (1463 — 1494). 

Pierce (pers), Franklin. 14th pres. of U. S. 1853-57 (1804 
—1869). 

Pike (pik) , Zebulon Montgomery. Am. soldier & explorer 
(1779—1813). 

Pinckney (pink'ni), Charles Cotesworth. Am. soldier & 
statesman (1746 — 1825). 

Pindar (pin'ddr). Greek lyric poet (522 — 448? b. c). 

Pinero (pi-ner'o), Arthur Wing, Sir. Eng. dram. (1855 — ). 

Pinzon (pen-thon'), Martin Alonso (1440? — 1493), & his 
brother, Vicente Yanez (1460? — 1524). Sp. navigators 
with Columbus. 

Pippi, Giulio. See Giulio Romano. 

Pisano (pe-za'no), Giovanni (1245 — 1320?), & his father, 
Niccola (1220? — 1278). It. sculptors. [527 b. c.).| 

Pisistratus (pi-sis'trd-tils). Athenian tyrant (605 — | 

Pitman (pit'mdn), Isaac, Sir. Eng. inventor of phonog- 
raphy (1813—1897). 

Pitt (pit), William, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708 — 1778), & 
his son, William (1759 — 1806). Eng. statesmen. 

Pius (pT'iis). The name of 10 popes; esp.: II. Pope 1456- 
64 (1405—1464) ; IV. Pope 1559-65 (1499 — 1565) ; V., 
Saint. Pope 1566-72 (1504—1572) ; VI. Pope 1775-99 
(1717—1799) ; VII. Pope 1800-23 (1742—1823) ; IX 
Pope 1846-78 (1792 — 1878) ; X. Giuseppe Sarto. Pope 
1903-14 (1835—1914). 

Plato (pla'to). Greek philosopher (427 — 347 b. c). 

Plautus (plo'tws), Titus Maccius. Roman dramatist (254? 
—184 b. a). 

Pliny (plin'i). The Elder. Ca'ius Plinfius Secun'dus. Ro- 
man naturalist & author (23 — 79). — The Younger. 
Ca'ius Plin'ius CseciVius Secun'dus. Nephew of preced- 
ing. Roman author (62? — 114?). 

Plotinus (plS-ti'nws). Egyptian philos. (205? — 270?). 

Pliicker (pluk'er), Julius. Ger. math. & physicist (1801 — 
1868). [general (1857— ).| 

Plumer (pliim'er), Herbert Charles Onslow, Sir. English | 

Plutarch (ploo'tark ; 86). Greek biographer (46? — 120?). 

Pocahontas (po'kd-hSn'tds). Daughter of Powhatan 
(1595?— 1617). 

Pococke (po'k5k), Edward. Eng. Arabic & Hebrew 
scholar (1604— 1691). [1849). I 

Poe (po), Edgar Allan. Am. poet & story-writer (1809— - 1 

Poincare (pwaN'ka'ra'), Jules Henri. Fr. math. (1854 — 
1912). — , Raymond. Cousin of preceding. Fr. statesman, 
& pres. 1913- (I860—). 

Pole (pol ; pool), Reginald. Eng. cardinal, & archbp. of 
Canterbury (1500—1558). 

Politian (pS-lish'i-fin) , Angelus. It. Poliziano (polet-sya'- 
no), Angelo.) It. classical scholar & poet (1454 — 1494). 

Polk (pok), James Knox. 11th pres. of U. S. 1845-49 (1795 
— 1849). — , Leonidas. Am. P. E. bp. & Confed. gen. 
(1806—1864). 

Pollock (pSl'iik), Frederick, Sir. Eng. jurist & writer on 
jurisprudence (1845 — ). 

Polo (po'lo), Marco. Venetian trav. in China (1254 — 1323). 

Polybius (p&Mib'i-ws). Greek historian (205 — 123 b. c). 

Pol7cafp (pol'i-karp), Saint. Bp. of Smyrna & martyr 
(69?— 155) 



Polycletus (pSl'i-kle'tws). 
Poly crates (po-lik'rd-tez). 
first half of 6th cent. b. c. 
Polygnotus (pol'ig-no'tws). 



Greek sculptor (fl. 430 b. c). 
Tyrant of Samos. Lived in 

Greek painter (fl. 465 b. c). 
Pompadour, de (de pSN/pa'door') , Jeanne Antoinette 

Poisson le Normant d'Etioles, Marquise. A mistress of 

Louis XV. (1721—1764). 
Pompey (pSm'pi). The Great. Cnetius PompeHus Mag'nus. 

Roman general (106 — 48 b. c). 
Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da la-on' ; Anglicized pons de 

le'Sn), Juan. Sp. discoverer of Florida (1460? — 1521). 
Poniatowski (pS'nya-tof'ske ; -tosHce) , Jozef Anton. Polish 

prince, & marshal of France (1762—1813). [— 1769). I 
Pontiac (pon'tT-ak). Chief of the Ottawa Indians (1720?| 
Pope (pop), Alexander. English poet (1688 — 1744). — , 

John. American general (1822—1892). 
Porphyry (por'fi-rf). Syrian philosopher in Alexandria 

(233—304?). [(1759—1808).! 

Porson (p6r's'n), Richard. Eng. Greek scholar & critic! 



Porter (por'ter), David. Am. commodore (1780 — 1843). 

— , David Dixon. Son of David. Am. admiral (1813 — 

189l). — , Eleanor, born Hodgman. Am. novelist (1868 

— ). — , Fitz-John. Nephew of David. Am. general (1822 

— 1901). — , Jane. Eng. novelist (1776 — 1850). — . 

Noah. Am. divine & educator (1811 — 1892). —.Sydney. 

O. Henry. Am. story-writer (1867 — 1910). 
Potemkin (p6-t£m'kin ; Russ. pron. pfi-tySm'kin), Grigori 

Aleksandrovich, Prince. Russ. field marshal (1739 — 1791) . 
Potiorek (po'te-o-rgk), Oskar. Austrian general (1853—). 
Potter (poVer), Paul. Du. painter of cattle & landscapes 

(1625—1654). 
Poussin (poo'saN'), Nicolas. Fr. historical painter (1594 

—1665). 
Powhatan (pou'hd-tan'). Indian sachem in Virginia (1550? 

—1618). [— ).| 

Poynter (poin'ter), Edward John, Sir. Eng. painter (1836[ 
Praxiteles (prak-sit'e-lez). Greek sculptor (fl. 340 b. c). 
Preble (prgb''l), Edward. Am. commodore (1761 — 1807). 
Prescott (pres'kwt), William Hickling. Am. historian (1796 

—1859). 
Pretorius (pra-to're-dbs) , Marthinas Wessels. President of 

Orange Free State & S. Af. Republic (1818? — 1901). 
Prevost (pra'vo'). Marcel. Fr. nov. & story-writer (1862 

— ). — d' Exiles (deg'zel'), Antoine Francois. Fr. au- 
thor (1697—1763). 
Price (prls). Sterling. Am. Confed. general (1809 — 1867). 
Priestley (prest'li), Joseph. Eng. divine & scientist (1733 

—1804). [(1823—1894).! 

Pringsheim (prinks'hTm), Nathanael. Ger. botanist! 
Prior (prl'er), Matthew. Eng. poet & dipl. (1664 — 1721). 
Proclu3 (pro'klus). Gr. Neoplatonic philos. (411? — 485). 
Procopius ( pro-ko'pi-ws). Byzantine historian (490? — 

562?). [15? b. c.).| 

Propertius (prS-pGr'shT-ws), Sextus. Roman poet (50? — | 
Protagoras (prS-tag'S-rds) . Gr. Sophist (481? — 411 b. a). 
Proudhon (proo'doN'), Pierre Joseph. Fr. socialist (1809 

—1865). 
Przhevalski (przhe-val'y'ske) , Nikolay (Mikhaylovich?). 

Russian officer, explorer in Asia, & author (1839—1888). 
Ptolemy (tSPe-mT). The name of 16 rulers of Egypt, the 

31st, or Macedonian, dynasty, 323-30 B. c. — Clau*dius 

Ptolomas'us. Greco-Egyptian astron. & geog. (fl. 2d a). 
Puccini (poot-che'ne) , Giacomo. It. composer (1858 — ). 
Pulaski (pu-las'kl ; -ki), Casimir, Count. Polish patriot 

(1748—1779). [(1861—).! 

Pulteney (pult'ni), William Pulteney. English general! 
Purcell (pGr'sgl), Henry. Eng. composer (1658? — 1695). 
Pusey (pu'zl), Edward Bouverie. English divine (1800 — 

1882). [poet (1799—1837).! 

Pushkin (pdosh'kTn), Aleksandr Sergyeevich. Russian! 
Putnam (put'ndm), Israel. Am. Rev. general (1718 — 

1790). — , Rufus. Cousin of I. Am. soldier & pioneer 

(1738—1824). 
Puvis de Chavannes (pti've' de sha'van'), Pierre Cecile. 

French historical & decorative painter (1824 — 1898). 
Pym (pim), John. English patriot & orator (1584 — 1643). 
Pyrrhus (pir'ws). King of Epirus 300-272 b. c. (318? — 

272 b. c). 
Pythagoras (pi-thag'S-rfis). Gr. philos.(582 — aft. 507 b. c). 



Quarles (kwarlz), Francis. English poet (1592 — 1644). 

Quesnay (kg'ng'), Francois. Fr. economist (1694 — 1774). 

Quiller— Couch (kwil'er-kooch'), Arthur Thomas, Sir. 

. Eng. critic & novelist (1863 — ). [1775). | 

Quincy (kwin'zi), Josiah. Am. patriot & orator (1744 — I 

Quinet (ke'nS'), Edgar. Fr. publicist, poet, & histori- 
cal & philosophical writer (1803 — 1875). 

Quintilian (kwin-til'i-dn) . Mar'cus Fa'Mus Quintilia/nus, 
Roman rhetorician & critic (35? — 100?). 



Rabelais (ra'b'-le'), Francois. Fr. satirist & humorist 

(1490?— 1553). 
Rachel (ra'shel'). Mile. Elisa, or Elisabeth, Felix. French 

Jewish tragic actress (1821 — 1858). 
Racine (ra'sen'), Jean Baptiste. French (tragic) dramatic 

poet (1639—1699). 
Radetzky (ra-dets'ke) , Joseph Wenzel, Count. Austrian 

field marshal (1766 — 1858). 
Raeburn (ra'bwrn), Henry, Sir. Scot, portrait painter 

(1756—1823). [(1480?— 1534?).) 

Raimondi (ri-mon'de), Marcantonio. It. line engraver! 
Raleigh, or Ralegh (ro'li ; ral'i), Walter, Sir. English nav- 
igator, statesman, & courtier (1552 — 1618). 
Rambaud (raN'bo'), Alfred Nicolas. French historian 

(1842—1905). 
Rameses (ram'e-sez). See Ramses. 
Ramsay (ram'zi), Allan. Scottish poet (1686 — 1758). — , 

William, Sir. _ Scottish chemist (1852^ — ). 
Ramses (ram'sez). The name of several Egyptian kings; 

esp.: II. (ab. 1324 — 1258 b. c.) ; III. (fl. ab. 1230 b. c). 
Randolph (ran'dSlf), John, of Roanoke. Am. statesman 

(1773—1833). —.Peyton. Am. patriot (1723— 1775). 
Ranjit Singh (run-jet' sing'). Maharaja of the Punjab 

(1780—1839). 
Ranke, von (f5n ran 'ke), Leopold. Ger. hist. (1795 — 1886). 
Raphael (raf'S-el ; ra'f a-el) , Ilal. Raff aello (raf'fa-el'lo) 

Santi (san'te), or Sanzio (san'zyo). Italian painter 

(1483—1520). [—1857).! 

Rauch (rouK), Christian Daniel. German sculptor (1777J 
Rawlinson (ro'llix-swn) George. Br. of Sir H. C. Eng. 

Orientalist & historian (1812 — 1902). — , Henry Cres- 

wicke, Sir. Eng. gen., dipl., & Assyriologist (1810— 1895). 

— , Henry Seymour, Sir. Son of Sir H. C. Eng. general 

(1864—). 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1186 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







Q 



R 



U 



V 



W 



X 



Rayleigh (ra'li), John William Strutt, 3d Baron. English 

physicist (1842 — ). 
Reade (red), Charles. Eng. nov. &dram. (1814 — 1884). 
Reading (red'ing), Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Baron. Lord 

chief justice of England 1913- (I860—). 
Recamier (ra'ka'mya') , Jeanne Francoise Julie Adelaide, 

born Bernard. French society, leader (1777 — 1849). 
Reclus (re-klii') , Jean Jacques Elisee. Fr. geographer (1830 

—1905). [1902). I 

Reed (red), Thomas Brackett. Am. polit. leader (1839 — | 
Regulus (reg'u-lws) , Marcus Atilius. Roman general (? — 

250? B.C.). 
Rehan (re'dn ; ra'dn), Ada. Orig. Crehan. Am. actress, 

born in Ireland (1860 — 1916). 
Reid (red), Mayne. Am. novelist, born in Ireland (1818 — 

1883). — , Thomas. Scottish philosopher (1710 — 1796). 
Re jane (ra'zhan'), Mme. Stage name of Gabrielle Char- 
lotte, born Reju, Pot el. French actress (1857 — ). 
Rembrandt (rem'brant ; Du. pron. rem'brant). Rem- 
brandt Harmens van Rijn. Dutch painter (1606 — 1669). 
Remsen (rem'sen), Ira. Am. chemist & educator (1846 — ). 
Renan (re-naN' ; Angl. re-nan'), (Joseph) Ernest. French 

Orientalist, author, & critic (1823 — 1892). 
Reni, Guido. See Guido Reni. 

Repplier (rep'ler) , Agnes. American essayist (1857 — ). 
Reszke, de (da resh'ke), Jean. Polish tenor (1853 — ). 
Rethel (ra'tel), Alfred. Ger. hist, painter (1816 — 1859). 
Reuchlin (roiK'lin), Johann. Capnio. German humanist, 

Hellenist, & Hebraist (1455 — 1522). 
Revere (re-ver'), Paul. American patriot (1735 — 1818). 
Reynolds (ren'wlz ; -wldz), Joshua, Sir. English portrait 

painter (1723—1792). 
Rhodes (rodz) , Cecil John. Eng. administrator in S. Africa 

(1853—1902). — , James Ford. Am. hist. (1848—). 
Ribault, or Ribaut (re'bo') , Jean. French navigator (1520? 

—1565). [—1656). I 

Ribera (re-ba'ra), Jose. Lo Spagnoletto. Sp. painter (1588| 
Ribot (re'bo'), Alexandre Felix Joseph. Fr. statesman 

(1842 — ). — TheoduleArmand. Fr.psychol. (1839 — 1916). 
Ricardo (rT-kar'do), David. Eng. economist (1772 — 1823). 
Ricci (ret'che), Matteo. It. Jesuit missionary in China 

(1552—1610). 
Richard (rich'drd). The name of 3 kings of England: I. 

Cosur de Lion. King 1189-99 (1157—1199) ; II. King 

1377-99 (1367—1400) ; III. King 1483-85 (1452—1485). 
Richardson (rich'drd-swn), Henry Hobson. Am. archi- 
tect (1838 — 1886) ._ — .Samuel. Eng._nov. (1689 — 1761). 
Richelieu, de (de re'she-lyu' ; Angl. resh'e-looO , Armand 

Jean du Plessis, Due. French cardinal & statesman 

(1585—1642). [— ).| 

Richepin (resh'paN') , Jean. Fr. poet, nov., & dram. (1849| 
Richter (riK'ter), Jean Paul Friedrich. Jean Paul. Ger. 

humorist (1763—1825). [1555). 

Ridley (rid'li) , Nicholas. Eng. Protestant martyr (1500? — | 
Riemann (re'man), Georg Friedrich Bernhard. German 

mathematician (1826 — 1866). 
Rienzi (ri-en'ze), or Rienzo (ri-en'zo), Niccold Gabrini. 

Cola di Rienzi. Roman tribune (1313 — 1354). 
Riley (ri'li) , J ames Whitcom D.Am, lyric poet ( 1853 — 1916) . 
Rimski-Korsakov (rim'ski-kor'sa-kof ) , Nikolay Andree- 

vich. Russian composer (1844 — 1908). 
Ristori (res-to're), Adelaide. Marchioness del Grillo. 

Italian actress (1822—1906). 
Ritschl (rich''l), Albrecht. Ger. theologian (1822 — 1889). 
Rives (revz), Amelie. Princess Troubetzkoy. Am. novelist 

& poet (1863 — ). 
Rizal (re-sal'), Jose. Filipino patriot (1861 — 1896). 
Rizzio (ret'se-o), or Riccio (ret'cho), David. Italian secre- 
tary & favorite of Mary Stuart (1533? — 1566). 
Robbia, della (del'la rob'bya) , Luca. Florentine sculptor 

(1400?— 1482). 
Robert Guiscard (geVkar'). Duke of Apulia & Calabria. 

Norman conqueror (1015? — 1085). 
Roberts (rSb'erts), Frederick Sleigh, Sir. Earl Roberts of 

Kandahar, Pretoria, & Waterford. British field marshal 

(1832—1914). 
Robertson (-ert-swn), William. Scot, historian (1721 — 

1793). — , William Robert, Sir. Eng. general (1860 — ). 
Robespierre, de (de ro'bes-pyar' ; Angl. rS'bes-per') , Max- 

imilien Marie Isidore. Fr. revolutionist (1758— 1794). 
Rochambeau, de (de ro'shaN'bo') , Jean Baptiste Dona- 

tien de Vimeur, Comte. Fr. general in Am. ; marshal of 

France (1725— 1807). [(1839— 0.1 

Rockefeller (rok'e-f el'er) , John Davison. Am._capitalistl 
Rodin (ro'daN'), Auguste. French sculptor (1840— 1917). 
Rodney (rod'm), Caesar. American patriot (1728 — 1784). 
Rogers (roj'erz), Samuel. English poet (1763 — 1855). 
Rol'lo, or Hrolf (hrolf). Norse viking (860? — 932). 
Romanes (ro-ma'nes), George John. Eng. psychologist & 

zoologist (1848—1894). [1802). I 

Romney (rum'ni), George. Eng. portrait painter (1734 — | 
Ronsard, de (de rSN'sar'), Pierre. Fr. poet (1524 — 1585). 
Rontgen (runt'gen ; rent'-), Wilhelm Konrad. German 

Dhysicist (1845 — ). 
Roon, von (fon ron'), Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count. 

German field marshal (1803—1879). 
Roosevelt (ro'ze-velt ; almost roz'velt) , Theodore. 26th 

president of United States 1901-09 (1858—). 
Root (root), Elihu. Am. lawyer & statesman (1845 — ). 
Ropes (rops), John Codman. Am. military historian (1836 

—1899). 
Rosa (sal-va'toY ro'za) , Salvator. It. painter (1615 — 1673). 
Rosebery (r5z'ber-i), Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl 

of. Eng. statesman (1847 — ). 
Rosecrans ( ro'ze-kranz ) , William Starke. Am. general 

(1819—1898). 
Ross (ros) , James Clark, Sir. Nephew of Sir John. Br. arc- 
tic & antarctic navigator (1800 — 1862). — , John, Sir. 

Br. arctic navigator (1777 — 1856). 
Rossetti (ro-set'e), Christina Georgina. Sister of D. G. 



Eng. poet (1830—1894). — , Dante Gabriel. Eng. Pre- 
Raphaelite painter & poet (1828 — 1882). 

Rossini (rSs-se'ne), Gioachino Antonio. It. composer(1792 
—1868). [— ).| 

Rostand (rSs'taN'), Edmond. French dramatic poet (1868| 

Rothschild, de (roths'child ; ros'chlld), Nathan Meyer, 
Baron. Ger^ Jewish financier in London (1777 — 1836). 

Rousseau (roo'so'), Jean Jacques. Fr. philos. & author, 
born in Geneva (1712 — 1778). — , Theodore. Fr. painter 
(1812—1867). [—1901). I 

Rowland (ro'ldnd), Henry Augustus. Am. physicist (1848 [ 

Royce (rois) , Josiah. Am. philosopher & educator (1855 — 
1916). 

Rubens(roo'benz),PeterPaul.Flemishnainter(1577 — 1640). 

Rubinstein (roo'bin-stin), Anton. Russian Jewish com- 
poser & pianist (1830 — 1894). 

Ru'dolph, or Ru'dolf , I. of Hapsburg. German king 1273- 
91 ; founder of the House of Austria (1218 — 1291). 

Rupert (roo'pert), Prince. Ger. soldier in England (1619 
—1682). 

Rush (rush), Benjamin. Am. patriot (1745 — 1813). 

Ruskin (rus'kin), John. Eng. author, art critic, & re- 
former (1819 — 1900). [man (1792 — 1878). I 

Russell (rus'gl), John, Lord. 1st Earl Russell. Eng. states-! 

Rutledge (rut'lej), Edward. Am. patriot (1749 — 1800). 

Ruysdael, or Ruisdael (rois'dal), Jacob. Du. painter 
(1628?— 1681). 

Ruyter, de (de roi'ter ; n'ter), Michel Adriaanszoon. 
Dutch admiral (1607 — 1679). 



Saadi, or Sa'di (sa-de'; s6-de'), Muslih-ud-Din. Persian 

poet (1184?— 1291). 
Sachs (zaks), Hans. German poet (1494 — 1576). 
Sackville (sak'vil), Thomas. See Dorset, Earl of. 
Sacy, de (de sa/se'), Antoine Isaac Silvestre, Baron. Fr. 

Orientalist (1758 — 1838). [(1827 — 1903). 

Sagasta (sa-gas'ta), Praxedes Mateo. Sp. statesman) 
Sainte— Beuve (saNt'-buv'), Charles Augustin. Fr. literary 

critic (1804—1869). 
Saint Gaudens (sSnt go'denz), Augustus. Am. sculptor, 

born in Ireland (1848 — 1907). 
Saint— Just, de (de saN'-zhiist') , Louis Antoine Leon. 

French revolutionist (1767 — 1794). 
Saint— Pierre, de (de saN'-pyar'), Jacques Henri Bernar- 

din. Fr. author (1737 — 1814). [(1835 — ).| 

Saint— Saens (saisr'-saNs') , Charles Camille. Fr. composer! 
Saintsbury (sants'ber-i), George Edward Bateman. Eng. 

critic (1845 — ). 
Saint— Simon, de (sant-si'mwn ; F. de saN'-se^moN') , 

Claude Henri, Comte. Fr. socialist (1760 — 1825). — , 

Louis de Rouvroy, Due. Fr. memoirist (1675—1755). 
Saladin (sal'a-din). Sultan of Egypt & Syria 1174-93 

(1137—1193). 
Salisbury (solz'ber-i) , Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne 

Cecil, 3d Marquis of. Eng. statesman & prime minister 

(1830—1903). [(86—34 b. c.) ' 

Sallust (sal'wst). CaHus SallusHius Cris'pus. Rom. hist 
Salvini (sal-ve'ne), Tommaso. Italian actor (1829 — 1916). 
Sampson (samp'sun), William Thomas. Am. rear admiral 

,(1840—1902). 
Sand (sand ; F. saNd), George. See Dudevant. 
Sangallo, da (da san-gal'lo), Giuliano. Real name Giuliano 

Giamberti. It. architect & mil.engineer (1445 — 1516). 
San Martin, de (da san mar-ten'), Jose. So. Am. leader, 

born in Argentina (1778 — 1850). 
Sansovino (san'sS-ve'no) , Jacopo. Real name Jacopo 

Talli. It. architect (1477 — 1570). 
Santa Anna, or Ana, de (da san'ta a'na), Antonio Lopez. 

Mex. gen. & president (1795? — 187G). [600? b. c.).| 
Sappho (saf'o). Greek lyric poetess, of isl. of Lesbos (n.| 
Sarasate, de (da. sa'ra-sa'ta) , Pablo Martin Meliton. Sp. 

violinist (1844 — 1908). [—1899). 

Sarcey (sar'se') , Francisque. Fr. dram, critic & nov. (1828| 
Sardanapalus (sar/dd-na-pa'lMs). See Ashur-bani-pal. 
Sardou (sar/doo'), Victorien. Fr. dram. (1831 — 1908). 
Sargent (sar'jent), Charles Sprague. Am. arboriculturist 

(1841 — ). — , John Singer. Am. painter in Eng. (1856 — ). 
Sargon (sar'gon) II. King of Assyria 722-705 B. C. (? — 

705 b. c). 
Sarto, del (del sar'to), Andrea. Andrea d' Agnolo. Floren- 
tine painter (1486—1531). (1779—1861).! 
Savigny, von (fSn sa'ven'yeO, Friedrich Karl. Ger. jurist! 
Savonarola (sav'6-nd r5'ld ; It. sa'vS-na-ro'la), Girolamo. 

It. religious reformer (1452 — 1498). 
Saxe, de (de saks'), Hermann Maurice, Comte. Marshal 

of France, born in Germany (1696 — 1750). 
Sayce (sas), Archibald Henry. Eng. Orientalist (1846 — ). 
Scaliger (skal'i-jer), Joseph Justus. Fr. philologist & 

chronologist (1540 — 1609). — .Julius Caesar. Father of 

J. J. It. Latin poet & philologist (1484 — 1558). 
Scanderbeg (skan'der-beg). (.Turkish Iskander Beg.) Real 

name George Castriota. Albanian chief (1403 — 1468). 
Scarron (ska'roN'), Paul. Fr. humorous dram. & nov. 

(1610—1660). [—1850). | 

Schadow (sha'do), Johann Gottfried. Ger. sculptor (1764| 
Schelling, von (fSn shel'Ing), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph. 

Ger. philos. (1775—1854). [(1835—1910).] 

Schiaparelli (skya'pa-rel'le) , Giovanni. It. astronomer! 
Schiller, von (fon shil'er), Johann Christoph Friedrich. 

Ger. poet & dramatist (1759 — 1S05). 
Schlegel, von (fon shlJl'gel), August 1 Wilhelm. Ger. critic, 

poet, & Orientalist (1767 — 1845). — .Friedrich. Br. of 

A. W. Ger. philos. & critic (1772—1829). 
Schleiermacher (shlT'er-ma'Ker) , Friedrich Ernst Daniel. 

German theologian & philosopher (1768 — 1834). 
Schley (slT) , Winfield Scott. Am. rear adm. (1839 — 1911). 
Schliemann (shle'man), Heinrich. Ger. archaeologist 
(1822—1890). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftm, up, circus, mentii food, foot; out, oil; chair; gQj sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1187 



Schofleld (sko'feld) John McAllister. Am. general (1831 

—1906). 
Scholtz (shSlts), Friedrich B. N. Ger. general (1851 — ). 
Schopenhauer (sh5'pen-hou'er) , Arthur. Ger. pessimistic 

philosopher (1788—1860). 
Schouler (skoo'ler), James. Am. lawyer & hist. (1839 — ). 
Schubert (shoo'bert) , Franz. Aust. composer (1797 — 1828). 
Schumann (shoo'man), Klara Josephine, born Wieck. 

Wife Of Robert. Ger. pianist (1819 — 1896). — .Robert. 

Ger. composer (1810 — 1856). 
Schumann— Heink (-hink'), Ernestine, born Rossler. 

German-American operatic contralto (1861 — ). 
Schurz (shobrts), Carl. German-American statesman (1829 

—1906). [(1733—1804).! 

Schuyler (skT'ler), Philip John. Am. general & statesman) 
Schwatka (shwSt'kd), Frederick. Am. expl. (1849 — 1892). 
Schweinfurth (shvin'fdbrt), Georg August. Ger. traveler 

(1836—). 
Scipio (si p'i-o), Publius Cornelius. Africa'nus Major. Ro- 
man general (237 — 183? B.C.). — .ffimilia'nus, Publius 

Cornelius. Africanus Minor. Roman general (ab. 185 — 

129 b. a). 
Scollard (skSl'drd), Clinton. American poet (1860 — ). 
Scopas (sko'pas). Greek sculptor (4th cent. b. c). 
Scoresby (skorz'bl ; 57), William. Eng. arctic explorer 

(1789—1857). 
Scott (skSt), Walter, Sir. Scottish novelist & poet (1771 — 

1832). — , Winfield. Am. lieut. general (1786 — 1866). 
Scribe (skreb), Augustin Eugene. Fr. dram. (1791 — 1861). 
Scudery.de (de skii'da/re') , Madeleine. Fr. novelist (1607 

—1701). 
Sedgwick (sej'wik), John. Am. general (1813 — 1864). 
Seidl (zl'd'l), Anton. Orchestra conductor, b. in Hungary 

(1850—1898). 
Seleucus (se-lu'kws) I. NicaHor. 1st king of Syria 307-281 

B.C. (365?— 281? b. c). 
Sembrich (zem'briK), Marcella. Real name Praxede Mar- 

celline, born Kochanska, Stengel. Galician operatic so- 
prano (1858—). [(1809—1877).! 
Se names (semz), Raphael. Am. Cpnfed. naval officer! 
Senancour, de (de sa/naN'kdor') , Etienne Pivert. Fr. 

author (1770—1846). [—a. d. 65). 

Seneca (sen'e-kd) , Lucius Annaeus. Roman Stoic (4? b. c.| 
Sennacherib (se-nak'er-ib). King of Assyria 705-681 b. c. 

(d. 681 b. a). 
Serao (sa-ra'o), Matilde. Signora Scarf oglio. It. novelist 

(1856—). [b. c.).| 

Sertorius (ser-to'ri-ws), Quintus. Roman general (? — 72 1 
Servetus (ser-ve't#s) , Michael. (Sp. Miguel Serveto, 

mi-gel' ser-va't5.) Sp. theol. & martyr (1511 — 1553). 
Seton (se'twn), Ernest Thompson. Eng. writer of nature 

stories & illustrator in America (1860 — ). 
Severus (se-ve'rws) , Lucius Septimius. Roman emperor 

193-211 (146—211). 
Sfivigne, de (de sa'ven'ya'), Marie, born de Rabutin-Chan- 

tal. Marquise. French letter writer (1026 — 1696). 
Seward (sii'erd), William Henry. American statesman; 

sec. of state 1861-69 (1801—1872). [1886). 

Seymour (se'mor), Horatio. Am. polit. leader (1810^— | 
Sforza (sfor'tsa). The name of a ducal family at Milan 

(fl. 15th C). J [explorer (1874—).! 

Shackleton (shdk''l-twn), Ernest Henry, Sir. Br. antarctic| 
Shafter (shaf'ter), William Ruf us. Am. gen. (1835—1906). 
Shaftesbury (shafts'ber-i), Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st 

Earl of. Eng. statesman (1621 — 1683) . — , Anthony Ashley 

Cooper, 7th Earl of. Eng. philanthropist (1801 — 1885). 
Shah Jahan (sha jd-han') or Jehan (je-). Mogul emperor 

of Hindustan (reigned 1627-58). [(1819—1885).! 

Shairp (sharp), John Campbell. Eng. educator & author] 
Shakespeare (shak'sper), William. Eng. poet & dramatist 

(1564—1616). 
Shalmaneser (shal'md-ne'zer) II. King of Assyria 860- 

825 B. c. (?— 825 b. c). 
Sharp (sharp), William. Fiona Macleod. Scottish poet and 

man of letters (1855—1905). [(1856—).' 

Shaw (sho) , George Bernard. Ir. dram. & critic in England 
Shays (shaz), Daniel. Leader in Shays's rebellion (1747— 

1825). [1822). I 

Shelley (shel'i), Percy Bysshe (bish). Eng. poet (1792 — | 
Sheridan (sher'I-ddn), Philip Henry. Am general (1831 

— 1888). — , Richard Brinsley. Ir. dram. & politician 

(1751—1816). 
Sherman (shur'man) , James Schoolcraft. Am. polit., & vice 

pres. 1909-12 (1855—1912). — , John. Bro. ofW. T. Am. 

statesman (1823—1900). — , Roger. Am. patriot (1721 — 

1793). —.William Tecumseh. Am. general (1820 — 1891). 
Shirley (shur'li), William. Br. gov. of Massachusetts (1694 

—1771). [1527)/ 

Shore (shor ; 57) , Jane. Eng. mistress of Edward IV. ( ? — 
Sickles (sik''lz), Daniel Edgar. Am. gen. (1825 — 1914). 
Siddons (sid'wnz), Sarah, b. Kemble. Eng. tragic actress 

(1755—1831). [(1838— 1900). I 

Sidgwick (sidj'wik), Henry. Eng. moral philosopher! 
Sidney, or Sydney (sid'ni), Algernon. Eng. republican 

patriot (1622 — 16S3). — , Philip, Sir. Eng. statesman & 

author (1554—1586). 
Siemens (ze'men9 ; E. se'menz), William (Ger. Karl Wil- 

helm). Sir. German inventor in London (1823 — 1883). 
Sienkiewicz (shen-kya/vlch), Henryk. Polish novelist 

(1846—1916). 
Sigel (se'gel), B'ranz. Ger. gen. in America (1824 — 1902). 
Sigismund (sij'is-mund ; Ger. ze'gis-mdbnt). Ger. king 

1411-37, Holy Roman emperor 1433-37 (1368?— 1437). 
Signorelli (se'nyS-rel'le) , Luca. It. painter (1441 — 1523). 
Sigsbee (sigz'bi), Charles Dwight. Am. rear admiral 

(1845—). [(1806—1870). 

Simms (simz), William Gilmore. American novelist! 
Simon (se'moN'), Jules. Real name Jules Francois Simon 

Suisse. Fr. philos.. statesman, & author (1814 — 1896). 



Simonides (sT-m5n'i-dez) of Keos. Greek lyric poet (556? 
_ — 468? b. c). [(1813—1883).! 

Sims (simz), James Marion. Am. surgeon & gynecologist! 

Sinclair (sin'klar). May. English novelist (? — ). 

Sismondi, de (sis-m8n'di ; F. pron. de ses'moN'de') , Jean 
Charles Leonard Simonde. Swiss historian & economist 
(1773—1842). [1912). | 

Skeat (sket), Walter William. English philologist (1835 — I 

Skelton (skel'tun), John. English poet (1460? — 1529). 

Slidell (slT-dgl').John. Am. Confed. polit. (1793 — 1871). 

Smith (smith), Adam. Scottish economist (1723 — 1790). 
— , Edmund Kirby. Am. Confed. general (1824 — 1893). 
— , Francis Hopkinson. Am. painter, novelist, & civil 
engineer (1838—1915). ^, Goldwin. Eng. educator, 
publicist, & historian in England, U. S., & Canada (1823 
— 1910). — , John, Captain. Eng. adventurer & colonist 
(1580 — 1631). — , Joseph. Am. founder of Mormonism 
(1805 — 1844). — , Sydney. Eng. divine, essayist, & wit 
(1771—1845). —.William. Eng. geol. (1769—1839). — , 
William Robertson. Scot. Biblical scholar (1846 — 1894). 

Smith— Dorrien (-ci5r'i-en) , Horace Lockwood, Sir. Eng- 
lish general (1858 — ). 

Smithson (smith/sim), James. In youth James Lewis 
Made. Eng. scientist ; founder of Smithsonian Institu- 
tion (1765—1829). [—1771). | 

Smollett (smol'et), Tobias George. British novelist (172l| 

Smuts (smdbts), Johannes. So. African general (1865 — ). 

Snorri (sn5r're), or Snorro (-ro), Sturluson (stoor'ldb- 
sun), or Sturleson (-la-sun). Icelandic poet & historian 
(1179—1241). 

Sobicski (so-byes'ke). See John III. (king of Poland). 

Socinus (so-si'nus), Faustus. (Ital. Sozzini, sSt-se'ne, 
Fausto.) Italianreligious reformer (1539 — 1604). 

Socrates (sok'rd-tez) . Athenian philos. (469 — 399 b. c). 

Sodoma, II (el so'do-ma). Giovanni Antonio de' Bazzi. 
Italian painter (1477? — 1549). i 

Solon (s5'lwn). Athenian sage & lawgiver (639? — 559 b. c). 

Solyman (sol'i-mdn), or Suleiman (soo'la-man'), II. The 
Magnificent. Ottoman sultan 1520-66. (1496? — 1566). 

Sophocles (sof'6-klez). Gr. tragic poet (496? — 406. B. c). I 

Sorolla y Bastida (s5-rol'ya e bas-te'da), Joaquin. Sp. 
painter (1863 — ). 

Sothern (sufch'ern), Edward Askew. English comedian 
(1826? — 1881). — , Edward H. Son of preceding. Ameri- 
can actor (1859— ). [1542). I 

Soto, dejde so'to ; da.), Hernando. Sp. explorer (1499? — | 

Soult (soolt), Nicolas Jean de Dieu. Duke of Dalmatia. 
Marshal of France (1769 — 1851). 

Southey (south'! ; siikh'i), Robert. Eng. poet & misc. 
writer (1774—1843). [—1866). 

Sparks (sparks), Jared. Am. historian & biographer (1789| 

Spartacus (spar'td-kus). Thracian gladiator at Rome, & 
warrior _ (d. 71 B. c). [ — 1864). 

Speke (spek), John Hanning. Eng. explorer in Africa (1827| 

Spencer (spen'ser) , Herbert. Eng. philos. (1820 — 1903). 

Spenser (spen'ser), Edmund. Eng. poet (1552? — 1599). 

Spinoza (spi-no'zd), Baruch. Du. Jewish philosopher 
(1632—1677). 

Spohr (shpor), Ludwig. German composer (1784 — 1859). 

Spurgeon (spur'jwn), Charles Haddon. Eng. Baptist 
preacher (1834—1892). 

Stael— Holstein, de (sta'el-hol'stin ; F. pron. de stal'61'- 
staisr'), Anne Louise Germaine, born Necker, Baronne. 
Madame de Stael Fr. author. (1766 — 1817). 

Stambuloff (stam-bdb'lof ) , Stephan. Bulgarian statesman 
(1854—1895). 

Standish (stan'dish), Myles or Miles, Capt. Mil. leader 
at Plymouth, Mass. (1584? — 1656). 

Stanley (stan'li ), Arthur Penrhyn. Dean of Westminster. 
Eng. clergyman & author (1S15 — 1881). — , Henry Mor- 
ton, Sir. Orig. name John Rowlands. Eng. explorer in 
Africa (1841—1904). 

Stanton (stan'twn), Edwin McMasters. Am. statesman ; 
sec. of war 1862-67 (18141 — 1869). — , Elizabeth, bora 
Cady. Am. reformer ( 1815 — 1902). 

Stark (stark), John. Am. Rev. general (1728 — 1822). 

Stedman (sted'mdn), Edmund Clarence. Am. poet (1833 
— 1908). [(1672— 1729). | 

Steele (stel), Richard, Sir. Eng. essayist & dramatist! 

Steen (stan), Jan. Dutch painter (1626 — 1679). 

Stein, vom und zum (fom dbnt tsdbm shtin'), Heinrich 
Friedrich Karl, Baron. Pruss. statesman (1757 — 1831). 

Stendhal (staN'daF). Pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle. 

Stephen (ste'ven). King of England 1135-54 (1097? — 
1154). — , James Fitzjames, Sir. Eng. jurist (1829 — 1894). 
— , Leslie, Sir. Bro. of preceding. Critical & philos. writer 
(1832—1904). 

Stephens (ste'venz) , Alexander Hamilton. Am. statesman 
& vice president of the Confederate States (1812 — 1883). 

Stephenson (ste'ven-swn) , Qeorge (1781 — i848), & his 
son, Robert (1803 — 1859). Eng. engineers. 

Sterne (stQrn) , Laurence. Eng. novelist (1713 — 1768). 

Steuben (stu'ben), Ger. Steuben, von (fon shtoi'ben), 
Frederick William, Baron. Prussian-American general 
(1730—1794). [(1792—1808). 

Stevens (ste'venz), Thaddeus. Am. abolitionist & polit. | 

Stevenson (ste'ven-swn), Adlai EwinK. 23d vice pres. of 
U. S. 1893-97 (1835 — 1914). — , Robert Louis. Scot, 
essayist, romancer, & poet (185(> — 1894). 

Stewart (stu'ert), Dugald. Scot, metaphysician (1753 — 
1828). 

Steyn (stin), Martinus Theunis. Boer statesman (1857 — ). 

Stilicho (stil'i-ko), Flavius. Vandal ; Roman gen. (d. 408). 

Stockton (stSk'twn), Francis Richard. Am. humorous 
story-writer (1834^ — 1902). — , Richard. Am. patriot (1730 
—1781). [(1825—1903).! 

Stoddard (stSd'drd), Richard Henry. American poet| 

Stokes (stoks), George Gabriel, Sir. Br. mathematician & 
physicist (1819—1903). 

Storm (shtorm). Theodor. Ger. poet & nov. (1817 — 1888). 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = x in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation* 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word. + combined with. ~ equals. 



N 



1188 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



W 



X 



Story (sto'ri), Joseph. U. S. assoc. just. 1811-45 (1779 — 
1845). — , William Wetmore. Son of Joseph. American 
sculptor & poet (1819—1895). [1533). I 

Stoss (sht&s), Veit. Ger. sculptor & engraver (ab. 1440— | 

Stowe (sto), Harriet Elizabeth, b. Beecher. Am. author 
(1812—1896). [A. D. 21). I 

Btrabo (stra't>5). Greek geographer (63? b. c. — after! 

Stradivarius (strad'i-va'r I-ws) , Antonius. (It. Stradivari, 
stra/de-va/re , Antonio.) Italian violin maker of Cre- 
mona (1644—1737). 

Strafford (straf'erd), Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of. 
English statesman (1593 — 1641). 

Strauss (shtrous) , David Friedrich. Ger. rationalistic the- 
ologian (1808—1874). — , Johann (1804 — 1849), & his 
son, Johann (1825— -1899). Viennese composers. — , 
Richard. Ger. composer (1864 — ■). 

Strindberg (strind'bgr-y'), (Johan) August. Swedish 
novelist & dramatist (1849 — 1912). 

Stuart (stu'ert). The name of a Scot. & Eng. royal family. 
— , Gilbert (Charles). Am. portrait painter (1755 — 1828). 
— , James Ewell Brown. Am. Confed. general (1833 — 
1864). — „ Mary. See Mary Stuart. 

Stubbs (stubz), William. Eng. bp. & hist. (1825 — 1901). 

Sturdee (stur'de), Frederick Charles Doveton, Sir. Eng. 
vice admiral (1859 — ). [land (1602—1682). 

Stuyvesant (stl've-sdnt) , Peter. Last gov. of New Nether- 
Suckling (sfik'ling), John, Sir. Eng. poet (1609—1642). 

Sucre, de (da soo'kra), Antonio Jose. So. Am. liberator, 
born in Venezuela (1795 — 1830). 

Sudermann (zoo'der-man) , Hermann. Ger. dram. & nov. 
(1857—). [—1857). 

Sue (sii), Marie Joseph, called Eugene. Fr. novelist (1804| 

Suetonius TranquiPlus (swe-to'ni-ws), Caius. Roman 
historian (fl. 1st part of 2d century). [78 B. c.).| 

Sulla (sul'd), Lucius Cornelius. Roman dictator (138— | 

Sullivan (sul'i-vdn), Arthur Seymour, Sir. Eng. composer 
(1842—1900). — , John. Am. Rev. gen. (1740—1795). 

Sully, de (de sii'le'), Maximilien de Bethune, Baron de 
Rosny & Due. French statesman (1560 — 1641). 

Sully— Prudhomme (su'le'pru'dom'), Rene Francois Ar- 
mand. French poet (1839—1907). 

Sumner (sum'ner), Charles. Am. statesman (1811 — 1874). 
— , Edwin Vose. Am. gen. (1797—1863). [—1547). 

Surrey (sur'i), Henry Howard, Earl of. Eng. poet (1517?| 

Suttner, von (f5n zdbt'ner), Bertha, born Kinsky, Bar- 
oness. Austrian novelist (1843 — 1914). 

Suvaroff (sdb-va'rof ) , properly Suvorov (sdb-v6'rSf ) , Alek- 
sandr Vasilevich. Count Italiski. Russian field marshal 
(1729—1800). 

Swedenborg (swe'den-borg), Emanuel. Orig. Swedberg. 
Swedish theologian & mystic (1688 — 1772). 

Swift (swift), Jonathan. Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin. 
Eng. satirist, born in Ireland (1667 — 1745). 

Swinburne (swin'bwrn), Algernon Charles. Eng. poet 
(1837—1909). [(1814—1897).} 

Sylvester (sil-ves'ter), James Joseph. Eng. Jewish math.| 

Symonds (slm'wnz), John Addington. Eng. man of letters 
(1840—1893). 

Symons (si m'wnz), Arthur. English poet & critic (1865 — ). 



Tacitus (tas't-tws), Publius Cornelius. " Roman historian 
(55?— aft. 117?). 

Taft (taft), Lorado. Am. sculptor (1860 — ). — , William 
Howard. 27th president of U. S. 1909-13 (1857—). 

Tagore (td-gor'), Rabindranath. Bengali poet (1861 — ). 

Taine (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Fr. historian & literary 
critic (1828—1893). 

Tai-sho (tl'sho'). Emp. of Japan 1912- (1879 — ). 

Talleyrand— Perigord, de (tal'i-rand ; F. pron. d? ta'le'- 
raN'-pa're'gor') , Charles Maurice. Prince de Benevent. 
Fr. statesman (1754 — 1838). 

Tamerlane (tam'er-lan'), or Timur (tT-moor' ; te-). Mon- 
gol conqueror (1336—1405). [(1777—1864).! 

Taney (to'ni), Roger Brooke. U. S. ch. just. 1836-64| 

Tarbell (tar'bel), Ida Minerva. Am. hist. & econ. writer 
(1857—). [(1754—1833).! 

Tarleton (tarl'twn), Banastre, Sir. Eng. soldier in America! 

Tasman (tas'man), Abel Jansz. Dutch navigator (1602 
or -03— 1659). [—1595). I 

Tasso (tas'o ; Hal. pron. tas'so), Torquato. It. poet (1544| 

Taylor (ta/ler). Bayard. Am. poet & man of letters (1825 
— 1878). — , Jeremy. Eng. bp. & author (1613—1667). 
— , Tom. Eng. dramatist <1817 — 18S0). — , Zachary. 
Am. general, & 12th pres. of U. S. 1849-50 (1784—1850). 

Tchekhoff, Anton Pavlovitch. See Chekhov. 

Tecumseh (te-kum'se) or Tecumtha (-thd). Shawnee chief 
(1768? or 1775?— 1813). 

Tegngr (teng'ntr'), Esaias. Swedish poet (1782 — 1846). 

Telford (tel'ferd), Thomas. Scot, engineer (1757 — 1834). 

Temnla (tem'p'l), William, Sir. Eng. statesman (1628 — 
1693). 

Teriers (.commonly as F., te'nya', -nyar', or Eng., ten'yerz ; 
Flem. te-n=rz'), David. The Younger. Flemish painter 
(1810—1630). [(1820—1914).! 

Tenniel (ten'y?!), John, Sir. Eng. painter & cartoonist] 

Tennyson (ten'I-swn), Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron. Eng- 
lish po?t (1S09— 1S92). 

Ter Boroh (ter borK-"), Gerard. Flem. painter (1617 — 1681). 

Terence (terpens). Pub'lius Teren'tius A'fer. Roman writer 
of comedi?s (190? — 159? b. c). [c. b. c.).| 

Terpander (ter-pan'der). Greek musician & poet (fi. 7th| 

Terry (ter'l), Ellen Alicia. English actress (1848 — ). 

Tertullian (ter-tul'i-an). Lat. ch. father (160?— 230?), 

Thackeray (thak'er-i), William Makepeace. Eng. novel- 
ist (1811 — 1863). [b. c.).| 

Thales (tha'lez). Gr. sage & philosopher (fl. 7th and 6th c.| 

Themistocles (the"-mis'tS-klez). Athenian gen. & states- 
man (527?— 460? b. c). 



Theocritus (the"-Sk'rI-t#s). Gr. pastoral poet (fl. 3d c. B. c). 

Theodore of Mopsuestia (the'6-d5r ; 67). Theologian of 
the school of Antioch (ab. 350 — ab. 428). 

Theodorie (the-Sd'fi-rlk) . The Great. King of the Ostro- 
goths (454?— 526). 

Theodosius (the'S-do'shi-ws) I. The Great. Roman em- 
peror 379-395 (346?— 395). [287? b. c.) 

Theophrastus (thS'S-f ras'tws) . Greek philosopher (?— 

Th'eotocopuli (thS-o'tS-ko-pdole), Domenico. II Greco, 
Painter in Venice & Spain, b. prob. in Crete (1548? — 1625). 

Theresa, or Teresa (te"-re'sd; ta-ra'sa), Saint. Sp. Car- 
melite nun & mystic writer (1515—1582). 

Thiers (tyar), Louis Adolphe. Fr. statesman & historian 
(1797—1877). 

Thomas (tS'ma'). Ambroise. French composer (1811 — 
1896). — (tSm'fis), George Henry. Am. general (1816 — 
1870). — , Theodore. Ger.-Am. orchestra conductor 
(1835 — 1905). — a Kempis (d kem/pis). Ger. ecclesias- 
tic & author (1380 — 1471). — of Erceldoune (Qr'sel- 
doon). The Rhymer. Scot, poet (1220? — 1297?). 

Thomson (tSm'swn), James. Scot, poet (1700 — 1748). — , 
Joseph John. Eng. physicist (1856 — ). — , William, Sir. 
See Kelvin. [(1817—1862)' 

Thoreau (tho'ro ; tho-ro>), Henry David. Am. author| 

Thorvaldsen (t6r'val-sen), or Thorwaldsen (-w61d-sen), 
Albert Bertel. Danish sculptor (1770 — 1844). 

Thrasybulus (thras'i-bii'lws). Athenian mil. leader (fl. 
411 — 391 b. c). [—400? b. c.).| 

Thucydides (thu-sTd'I-dez). Athenian historian (471?| 

Thurman (thur'mdn), Allen Granbery. Am. statesman 
(1813—1895). 

Tiberius (tT-be'r i-ws) . Tibe'rius Clau'dius NefroCse'sar. 
Roman emperor A. D. 14-37 (42 b. c. — A. D. 37). 

Tibullus (ti-bul'ws), Albius. Roman poet (ab. 64 — ab. 
18 b. c). [—1770). I 

Tiepolo (tya'pS-lo), Giovanni Battista. It. painter (1696| 

Tietjens, or Titiens (tet'yens), Therese. Hung, operatic 
soprano, born in Hamburg (1831 — 1877). 

Tiglath— pileser (tig'lath-pT-le'ze'r). The name of several 
Assyrian kings ; esp.: III. King 745-727 B. c. (? — 727 b. a). 

Tilden (til'den), Samuel Jones. Am. lawyer & statesman 
(1814—1886). 

Tilly, von (f6n tTl'I ; F. pron. te'ye'), Johann Tserklaes, 
Count. Catholic general in Thirty Years' War (1559— 
1632). [337 b. c.) " 

Timoleon (tf-mo'le-Sn). Greek statesman & general (? — j 

Timur. See Tamerlane. 

Tintoretto, II (el ten'tS-reVto) . Real name Jacopo Ro- 
busli (r6-boos'te) . Italian painter (1518—1594). 

Tippoo Sahib (tfp-poo' sa/ib). Sultan of Mysore, India 
(1749 — 1799). [statesman (1849 — ).l 

Tirpitz, von (fSn tir'pits), Alfred. Ger. admiral &| 

Tischendorf, von (fon tish'en-dorf), Lobegott Friedrich 
Konstantin. Ger. philologist & Biblical scholar (1815 — 
1874). _ [—1902). I 

Tissot (te'sS'), James Joseph Jacques. Fr. painter (1836J 

Titian (tish'dn). Real name Tiziano Vecellio (tet-sya'no 
va-chSl'lyo). Venetian painter (1477 — 1576). 

Titus (tT'tws) . TMus Fla'vius SabVnus Vespasia/nus. Ro- 
man emperor 79-81 (40 — 81). 

Tocqueville, de (de tSk'vIl ; F. pron. de tSk'vel')t Alexis 
Charles Henri Clerel. Fr. statesman & polit. writer 
(1805—1859). [(1847— ). I 

Togo (to'go). Count Togo Heihachiro. Jap. admiral! 

Tolstoy (tSl-stoi'), Lev Nikolaevich, Count. Russian 
novelist (1828 — 1910). 

Tompkins (tSmp'kinz), Daniel D. Am. polit. leader; 
vice pres. of U. S. 1817-25 (1774—1825). 

Toombs (toomz), Robert. Am. Confed. polit. & general 
(1810—1885). 

Torquemada, de (da tor'ka-ma'tha), Tomas. Spanish 
inquisitor-general (1420 — 1498). [ — 1647). I 

Torricelli (tor/re-che'l'le) , Evangelista. .It. physicist (1608| 

Torstenson (tor'sten-sSn) , Lennart. Count of Ortala. 
Swedish general (1603 — 1651). 

Totleben (tSt-lye'ben) , Eduard Ivanovich, Count. Ger. 
Franz Eduard Todleben. Russ. mil. engineer (1818 
—1884). 

Toussaint (too'saN'), Francois Dominique. Toussaint 
L'Ouverture. Haitian negro gen. & liberator (1743 — 1803). 

Townshend (toun'zend), Charles Vere Ferrers. Eng. 
general (1861 — ). 

Traj an (tra'jan) . Mar'cus UV plus Ner'va Traja'nus. Roman 
emperor 98-117 (52 or 53—117). 

Tree (tre), Herbert Beerbohm, Sir. Real name Herbert 
Beerbohm. Eng. actor (1853-—). 

Treitschke, von (fon trlch'ke), Heinrich. Ger. historian 
(1834—1896). 

Trevelyan (tre-vel'yan ; -vil'-), George Otto, Sir. Eng. 
politician, biographer, & historian (1838 — ). 

Tribonian (tri-bo'ni-dn). Tribonia/nus. Roman jurist 
(?— 545). 

Trollope (trol'zip), Anthony. Eng. novelist (1815 — 1882). 

Tromp (tr5mp), Martin Harpertzoon (1597 — 1853), & his 
son, Cornelis (1629 — 1691). Dutch admirals. 

Troyon (trwa/yoN')t Constant. French painter (1810 — 
1865). 

Trumbull (trum'bwl), John. Am. satirical poet (1750^ — 
1831). — , John. Am. painter (1756 — 1843). 

Truxtun (triiks'tiln), Thomas. American commodore 
(1755—1822). . [1788) I 

Tryon (trT'5n) , William. Br. col. gov. in America (1725 — | 

Tschaikowsky, Russ. Chaykovski (chl-kof 'ske) , Petr 
Ilich. Russian composer (1840 — 1893). 

Turenne, de (de tii'ren'), Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, 
Viscount. Marshal of France (1611 — 1675). 

Turgenev (toor-gen'ye'f ) , Ivan Sergyeevich. Russian nov- 
elist (1818—1883). „ ,,,,», 

Turgot (tiir'gS') , Anne Robert Jacques. Baron de l'Aulne. 
French statesman, financier, & economist (1727 — 1781). 



lale, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 



1189 



Turner (tur'ner), Joseph Mallord William. Eng. landscape 

painter (1775 — 1851). 
Twain, Mark (mark twan'). Peeud. of S. L. Clemens. 
Tyler (ti'ler), John. 10th pres. of U. S. 1841-45 (1790 — 

1862). — , Walter, or Wat. Eng. rebel (? — 1381). 
Tyndale (tin'dal), William. Eng. reformer & martyr (? — 

1536). 
Tyndall (tln'dal), John. British physicist (1820 — 1893). 

u 

Udall (fl'dSl), Nicholas. Eng. teacher & dram. (1505 — 

1556). [(1787—1862).! 

TJhland (oo'lant), Johann Ludwig. Ger. author & poet| 

Ulfilas (ul'fl-lris). Bishop of the Goths (311? — 381). 

TJlpian (Cl'pl-an). Domi'tius Ulpia/nus. Roman jurist 

(170?— 228). [99 (1042?— 1099). I 

Urban (Qr'bdn). The name of 8 popes ;esp.: II. Pope 1088— | 

Ussher (ush'er), James. Irish prelate & author (1581 — 

1656). 



Valens (va12nz), Flavius. Byzantine emperor 364-378 

(ab. 328—378). 
Valentinian (val'gn-tln'f-an). Val'enlinia'nus. The name 

of 3 Roman emperors: I. Emp. 364-375 (321 — 375) ; III. 

Emp. 425-455 (ab. 419 — 455). 
Valera y Alcala Galiano (va-la/ra e al'ka-la' gal-ya/no), 

Juan. Sp. statesman, novelist, & critic (1824 — 1905). 
Vaie'rian. Pub'lius Licin/ius Vale'ria'nus. Roman em- 
peror 253-260 (?— 260). 
Valois (val'wa') . Name of a French family, ruling 1328-1589. 
Vambery (vam'ba-re) , Herman (Arminius). Hung, trav- 
eler & Orientalist (1832 — 1913). 
Vanbrugh (van-broo'), or Vanburgh, John, Sir. Eng. 

dramatist & architect (1664 — 1726). 
Van Buren (van bu'ren), Martin. 8th pres. of U. S. 

1837-41(1782—1862). [(1794—1877).! 

Vanderbilt (van/der-bilt) , Cornelius. Am. capitalist! 
Van Dorn (van dorn'). Earl. Am. Confed. general (1820 

—1863). 
Van Dyck, sometimes Vandyke (van dlk'), Anthony, Sir. 

Flemish portrait painter, for some years in England 

(1599—1641). 
van Dyke (van dik'). Henry. 

teacher. & dipl. (1852 — ). 
Vane (van), Henry (Harry), Sir. 

1662). 
Varro (var'o) , Marcus Terentius, 



Am. clergyman, author, 

Eng. statesman (1613 — 

[27? b. c.).| 

Roman scholar (116— | 

Vasari (va-za're), Giorgio. It. artist & biographer (1511 — 

1574). 
Vauban, de (de vo'baN'). Sebastien le Prestre, Marquis. 

Fr. mil. engineer & marshal (1633 — 1707). [ — ).| 

Vedder (ved'er), Elihu. Am. painter & illustrator (1836[ 
Vega Carpio, de (da va'ga kar'pyo), Lope Felix. Sp. poet 

& dramatist (1562 — 1635.). 
Velasquez (va-las'kath) , or Velazquez (va-lath'kath) , 

Diego Rodriguez deSilvay. Spanish painter (1599 — 1660). 
Venizelos (ven'e-za'lSs) , Eleutherios. Gr. statesman, born 

in Crete (1864 — ). 
Verdi (var'de), Giuseppe. Italian composer (1813 — 1901). 
Vereshchagin (vyg'resh-cha/gin), Vasili Vasilevich. Rus- 
sian war painter (1842 — 1904). 
Vergil (vur'jil). Pub'lius VergiVius (or VirgUius) Maro. 

Roman poet (70 — 19 b. c). 
Verlaine (ver'lan'), Paul. French symbolistic poet (1844 

—1896). [—1905). I 

Verne (vera ; Angl. vurn), Jules. French romancer (1828| 
Vernon (vur'nwn) , Edward. Old Grog. (See Grog in Vocab.) 

Eng. admiral (1684 — 1757). 
Veronese (va/ro-na/sa) , Paul. See Cagliari, Paolo. 
Verrazano, da (ver'rat-sa/no) , Verrazani (verirat-sa/ne) , 

or Verrazzano, Giovanni. It. navigator (1480? — 1527). 
Verrocchio, del (del ve'r-rok'kyo) , Andrea. Italian sculptor 

& painter (1435 — 1488). 
Vespasian (ves-pa'zhi-an). Ti'tvs Fla'vius Sabi'nus Vespa- 

sia'nus. Roman emperor 69-79 (9 — 79). 
Vespucci (ves-poot'che), Amerigo. {AmerHcus Vesvu'- 

cius.) It. navigator from whom America is named (1451 

—1512). 
Viardot— Garcia (vyar'do'-gar-se'a) , (Michelle) Pauline. 

Mme. Louis Viardot. Sister of Maria Felicita Malibran. 

Fr. operatic mezzo-soprano (1821 — 1910). 
Viaud (vyo), Louis Marie Julien. See Loti, Pierre. 
Vic'tor Emman'uel I. King of Sardinia 1802-21 (1759 — 

1824). — II. King of Sardinia 1849-61, & 1st king of 

Italy 1861-78 (1820 — 1878). — III. King of Italy 1900- 

(1869—) . 
Victoria (vik-to'ri-d). Queen of Great Britain & Ireland 

1837-1901, & empress of India 1876-1901 (1819 — 1901). 
Vieuxtemps (vyu'taN'), Henri. Belg. violinist & composer 

(1820—1881). _ [(1799—1863).! 

Vigny, de (de ven'ye'), Alfred Victor, Comte. Fr. poet| 
Villars, de (de ve'lar'), Claude Louis Hector, Due. Mar- 
shal of France (1653—1734). 
Villeneuve, de (de veKnfiv'), Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste 

Silvestre. French admiral (1763 — 1S06). 
Villiers, George. See Buckingham, Duke of. 
Villiers de l'lsle— Adam, de (de ve'ya' de lel'-aM&N') , 

Philippe Auguste Mathias, Comte. Fr. symbolistic au- 
thor & poet (1840—1889). 
Villon (ve'yoN' ; ve'loN') , Francois. Real name Francois 

de Montcorbier. French lyric poet (1431 — aft. 1463). 
Vincent de Paul (vaN'saN' de pol'), Saint. French Roman 

Catholic reformer (1576—1660). 
Vinci, da (da ven'che), Leonardo. Italian painter, sculp- 
tor, architect, & engineer (1452 — 1519). 
Viollet— le— Due (vyS'leMe-diik') , Eugene Emmanuel. Fr. 

architect (1814—1879). 



Virchow (f?r'Ko; Angl. vflr'chou), Rudolf. Ger. pathologist 

(1821—1902). 
Virgil. Var. of Vergil. 
Vischer (ffsh'er), Peter. The Elder. Ger. sculptor & 

founder (1455?— 1529). 
Visconti (ves-kon'te). The name of a formerly ruling 

family in Lombardy. 
Vitruvius Pollio (vf-troc/vi-Ms p51'T-o), Marcus. Roman 

architect & engineer (1st cent. b. c). 
Vittorio Emmanuele (ve't-t6 , re-o£m / ma-nwa/la). Italian 

form of Victor Emmanuel. 
Vladimir or Wladimir (vlad'I-mTr ; Russ. pron. vla-dye'- 

mer). Grand prince of Russia 980-1015 (? — 1015). 
Volta (vSl'ta), Alessandro, Count. Italian physicist (1745 

—1827). 
Voltaire, de (de vSl'tar'). Real name Francois Marie 

Arouet. Fr. philosopher, dramatist, & man of letters 

(1694—1778). 
Vries, de (de vreV), Hugo. Dutch botanist (1848 — ). 



w 



Wace (vas), erron. called Robert 

1170). 
Wade (wad), Benjamin Franklin. 
Wagner (vag'ner), (Wilhelm) Richard 

(1813—1883) 



Anglo-Norman poet (fl. 

[—1878). 

American senator (1S00| 

Ger. composer 

[(1816—1888).! 



Waite (wat), Morrison Remick. U. S. ch. just. 1874-88| 

Waldemar ( w81'dC-mar ; val'-), or Valdemar, I. The 
Great. King of Denmark 1157-82 (1131—1182). 

Walker (wok'er), Francis Amasa. Am. economist (1840 — 
1897). —.John. Eng. lexicographer (1732— 1807). 

Wallace (wSl'as), Alfred Russel. Eng. naturalist (1823 — 
1913). — , Lewis (called Lew). Am. gen. & author (1827 
—1905). — , William, Sir. Scot, patriot (ab. 1271—1305). 

Wallenstein, von (wol'en-stin ; G. fSn val'en-shtin), Al- 
brecht Wenzel Eusebius. Duke of Friedland. Imperialist 
general (1583—1634). 

Waller (wol'er), Edmund. English poet (1606 — 1687). 

Walpole (wol'pol ; wSl'pol), Horatio, or Horace. 4th Earl 
of Orford. English author & wit (1717 — 1797). 

Walsingham (wol'sing-am), Francis, Sir. Eng. statesman 
(1530?— 1590). 

Walter (wol'ter), Hubert. Eng. statesman & archbp. 
of Canterbury (? — 1205). 

Walther von der Vogelweide (val'ter f5n der f o'gel-vTMe) . 
German minnesinger (fl. 1198— 1228). 

Walton (wol'tun), George. Am. patriot (1740 — 1S04). 
— , Izaak. Eng. author (1593 — 1683). 

Wappers (vap'ers), Gustave. Belg. painter (1803 — 1874). 

Ward (word), Artemas. Am. Rev. general (1727 — 1800). 
^, John Quincy Adams. Am. sculptor (1830 — 1910). 
— , Mary Augusta, born Arnold. Mrs. Humphry Ward. 
Eng. novelist (1851 — ). [1900). I 

Warner (wor'ner), Charles Dudley. Am. author (1829— | 

Warren (wor'en), Joseph. Am. Rev. general (1741 — 1775). 

Warwick (wSr'ik), Richard Neville, Earl of. The King- 
maker. Eng. warrior & statesman (1428 — 1471). 

Washburne (wosh'bwrn), Elihu Benjamin. Am. states- 
man (1816— 1887). 

Washington (w5sh'ing-tun) , Booker Taliaferro. Am. col- 
ored educator (ab. 1859—1915). — , George. Am. gen- 
eral, & 1st pres. of U. S. 1789-97 (1732—1799). 

Watson (wot'swn), John. Ian Maclaren. Scot, novelist 
(1850 — 1907). — , William. Eng. poet (1858—). 

Watt (wSt), James. Scottish inventor (1736 — 1819). 

Watteau (va'to'), Jean Antoine. Fr. painter (1684 — 1721). 

Watts (w5ts), George Frederick. Eng. painter (1817 — 
1904). — , Isaac. Eng. minister & poet (1674 — 1748). 

Watts— Dunton (-diin'twn), Theodore. Eng. author (1836 
— 1914)._ 

Wayne (wan), Anthony. Am. Rev. general (1745 — 1796). 

Webb (web), Alexander Stewart. Am. gen. (1835 — 1911). 

Weber (va'ber), Ernst Heinrich. Bro. of W. E. Ger. physi- 
ologist (1795 — 1878). — , Wilhelm Eduard. Ger. physi- 
cist (1804 — 1891). — , von (f<5n va'ber), Karl Maria, 
Baron. Ger. composer (1786 — 1826). 

Webster (web'ster), Daniel. Am. statesman & orator 
(1782—1852). —.John. Eng. dramatist (1580?— 1625?). 
— , Noah. Am. lexicographer (1758^ — 1843). 

Weismann (viVman), August. German biologist (1834 — 
1914). [1878). I 

Welles (welz), Gideon. Am. sec. of navy 1861-69 (1802 — | 

Wellesley (welz'li), Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquis. 
Bro. of the Duke of Wellington. Br. gov. -gen. of India 
(1760—1842). 

Wellington (wel'ing-tun), Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 
Br. general (1769 — 1852). 

Wells (welz), Herbert George. Eng. romancer (1866 — ). 

Wenceslaus (wen'ses-los) or Wenzel (ven'tsel). German 
king 1378-1400, & king (as W. IV.) of Bohemia 1378- 
1419(1361—1419). 

Wesley (wes'll), Charles. Eng. divine (1707 — 1788). — , 
John. Bro. of preceding. Divine, & founder of Methodism 
(1703—1791). [— 1820).j 

West (west), Benjamin. Am. painter in England (173S| 

Westcott (west'kwt). Brooke Foss. Eng. bp. & Bib. 
scholar (1825 — 1901). [(1846 — 1914). 

Westinghouse (weVtlng-housO, George. Am. inventor| 

Westmacott (west'mc-kSt) , Richard, Sir. Eng. sculptor 
(1775—1856). 

Wharton (hwor'twn), Edith, born Jones. Am. novelist 
(1862—). — , Francis. Am. jurist (1820—1889). 

Wheaton (hwe'twn), Henry. Am. publicist (1785 — 1848). 

Wheatstone (hwet'stSn), Charles, Sir. Eng. physicist 
(1802—1875). 

Wheeler (hwel'er), Joseph. Am. general (1836 — 1906). 
— , William Almon. 19th vice pres. of U. S. 1877-81 
(1819—1887). [—1866).) 

Whewell (hu'eT), William. Eng. philos. & scholar (1794| 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. \\ Foreign Word. + combined with, m equals. 



N 



1190 



A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 







R 



U 



W 



Whistler (hwis'ler), James Abbott M'Neill. Am. painter 

& etcher in England (1834 — 1903). 
White (hwlt), Andrew Dickson. Am. educator & dipl. 

(1832 — ). — , Edward Douglass. U. S. assoc. justice 

1894-1910 & ch. justice 1910- (1845 — ). — , Gilbert. 

Eng. divine & naturalist (1720 — 1793). — , Stanford. 

Am. architect & decorator (1853 — 1906). 
Whitefield (hwlt'feld), George. Eng. Meth. revivalist 

(1714—1770). [(1819—1892).! 

Whitman (hwit'mdn), Walt (orig. Walter). Am. poet| 
Whitney (hwlt'nl), Eli. Am. inventor (1765 — 1825). — , 

William Dwight. Am. philologist (1827 — 1894). 
Whittier (hwlt'1-er), John Greenleaf. Am. poet (1807 — 

1892). 
Wiclif, or Wicklifle, John. See Wycliffe, John. 
Wieland (ve'lant), Christoph Martin. Ger. author (1733 

—1813). [(1750—1833).! 

Wilberforce (wil'ber-f ors) , William. Eng. statesman] 
Wilde (wild), Oscar O'Flahertie Wills. Ir. poet, dramatist, 

&wit (1856—1900). 
Wiley (wi'li), Harvey Washington. Am. chemist (1844 — ). 
Wilhelmina (vil'hgl-me'na) I. Queen of the Netherlands 

from 1890, enthroned in 1898 (1880 — ). 
Wilkes (wilks), Charles. Am. rear admiral (1798 — 1877). 
Wilkie (wll'ki), David, Sir. Scottish painter (1785 — 1841). 
Wilkins (wil'klnz), Mary Eleanor. Mrs. Charles M. Free- 
man. Am. novelist ^1862 — ). 
Wilkinson (wil'kln-sttn), James. Am. general (1757 — 

1825). — , John Gardner, Sir. Eng. Egyptologist (1797 

—1875). [—1898). I 

Willard (wll'drd). Frances Elizabeth. Am. reformer (1839| 
Willcocks ( wil'kSks ) , James, Sir. Eng. general (1857 — ) . 

-— , William, Sir. Eng. engineer (1852 — ). 
William (wTl'ywm) I. The Conqueror. King of England 

1066-87 (1027 or '28 — 1087). — II. William Rufus. 

Son of Wm. I. King of England 1087-1100 (1056—1100). 

«.— III. Prince of Orange, & king (joint sovereign with 

Mary II.) of England, Scotland, & Ireland 1689-1702 

(1650 — 1702). — IV. King of Great Britain & Ireland 

1830-37(1765 — 1837). — I. Prince of Orange. Countof 

Nassau. The Silent. Founder of the Du. Republic (1533 

— 1584). — I. King of Prussia 1861-88, & Ger. emperor 

1871-88 (1797 — 1888). — II. King of Prussia & Ger. 

emperor 1888- £1859 — ). 
Williams (wil'ywmz), Roger. Eng. founder of Rhode 

Island (1604?— 1683). 
Wilson (wil'sun), H nry- Orig. Jeremiah Jones Colbaith. 

18th vice pres. of U. S. 1873-75 (1812—1875). — , James. 

Am. patriot & jurist (1742 — 1798). — , John. Christopher 

North. Scot, author (1785 — 1854). — , Woodrow. 28th 

pres. of U. S. 1913- (1856—). 
Winckelmann (vir/kel-man), Johann Joachim. Ger. 

classical archaeologist & art historian (1717 — 1768). 
Winslow (winz'lo) , Edward. Gov. of Plymouth colony (1595 

— 1655). — , John Ancrum. Am. rear admiral (1811 — 

1873). [1897). I 

Winsor (win'zer), Justin. Am. librarian & hist. (1831 — I 
Winthrop (win'thrwp), John. Gov. of Mass. colony (1588 

— 1649). — , John. Son of preceding. Gov. of Conn. 
' colony (1606 — 1676). 
Wiseman (wiz'racn), Nicholas Patrick Stephen. Eng. 

cardinal & author (1802 — 1865). 
Wither (with'er), George. English poet (1588 — 1667). 
Witte (vit'e) (Russ. Vitte), Sergyey Yulievich, Count. 

Russian statesman (1849— -1915). 
Wittekind (wife-kind), or Widukind (wid'db-). Saxon 

warrior (?— 807?). 
Woffington (w5f'ing-twn), Margaret (called Peg). Irish 

actress (1714?— 1760). 
Wohler (vu'ler) Friedrich. German chemist (1800 — 1882). 
Wolcott (wool'kwt), Oliver. Am. patriot, & gov. of Conn. 

(1726—1797). 
Wolf (volf) . Friedrich August. Ger. classicist (1759 — 1824). 

— , Hugo. Ger. composer of songs (1860 — 1903). 
Wolfe (wdblf), James. Eng. general, killed at Quebec 

(1727—1759). [(1679—1754).! 

Wolff, or Wolf, von (fon volf'). Christian. Ger. philos.| 
Wolfram von Eschenbach (vSl'fram fon Ssh'en-baK) . 

Ger. epic poet (ab. 1165— ab. 1220). 
Wolseley (wdolz'li), Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount. 

Br. field marshal (1833—1913). [(1475? — 1530). 

Wolsey (wool'zi), Thomas. Eng. cardinal & statesmanl 
Wood (wood), Leonard. Am. general (1860 — ). 



Woolsey (wool's!) , Theodore Dwight. Am. scholar & edu- 

cator (1801—1889). 
Worcester (wdbs'ter) , Joseph Emerson. Am. lexicographer 

(1784—1865). 
Wordsworth (wurdz'wwrth) , William. Eng. poet (1770 — 

1850). [1849). I 

Worth (wQrth), William Jenkins. Am. general (1794 — | 
Wouwerman (wou'wer-man), Philips. Dutch painter 

(1619—1668). [1723). I 

Wren (rgn), Christopher, Sir. English architect (1632 — 
Wright (wrlt).Orville (1871 — ) & his brother, Wilbur (1867 

— 1912). Am. inventors & aeronauts. 
Wundt (vdbnt), Wilhelm Max. Ger. psychol. (1832 — ). 
Wiirttemberg (viir'tem-berK) , Albrecht Maria Alexander 

Joseph, Duke of. Ger. general (1865—). 
Wyatt (wl'fit), Thomas, Sir. Eng. poet & dipl. (1503? — 

1542). [_i7i 6 ).i 

Wycherley (wich'er-li) , William. Eng. dramatist (1640?( 
Wycliffe, Wiclif, Wyclif, or Wicklifle (wlk'lif), John. 

Eng. reformer, & translator of the Bible (? — 1384). 
Wykeham (wik'dm), William of. Eng. bp. & statesman 

(1324—1404). [1806). I 

Wythe (with), George. Am. patriot & jurist (1726 — | 



Xavier (zav'i-er ; Sp. prcn. ha-vyar') , Francis, Saint. See 

Francis Xavier. 
Xenocrates (ze-nSk'rd-tez) . Greek philosopher (396 — 

314 B.C.). [B.C.). I 

Xenophanes (ze-nof 'd-nez) . Greek philos. & poet (fl. 536| 
Xenophon (zen'S-f dn) . Athenian historian & general (434? 

—355? B. c). 
Xerxes (zQrk'sez). Son of Darius I. & grandson of Cyrus the 

Great. King of Persia 486-465 b. c. (? — 465 b. c). 



Yamagata (ya'ma-ga'ta) . Prince Yamagata Aritomo. 

Jap. gen. & statesman (1838 — ). [ — 1863). 

Yancey (yan'si), William Lowndes. Am. politician (18141 
Yates (yats), Richard. Am. polit. leader (1818 — 1873). 
Yeats (yats; yets), William Butler. Ir. author & poet 

(1865—). [1901). I 

Yonge (yung)_, Charlotte Mary. English novelist (1823— -| 
Yoshihito (yo'she-he'to) . Personal name of Tai-sho, emp. 

of Japan. 
Young (yQng), Brigham. 2d pres. of the Mormon church 

(1801 — 1877). — .Edward. Eng. poet (1683— 1765). — , 

Thomas. Eng. physicist (1773 — 1829). 
Ypsilanti (Tp'se-lan'te), Alexander (1792 — 1828), & his 

brother, Demetrius (1793 — 1832). Greek patriots. 
Ysaye (e-za'ye), Eugene. Belgian violinist (1858 — ). 
Yuan Shih— kai (ydb-an' sheMel'). Chinese statesman; 

pres. 1912-1916 (1859—1916). 



Zaimis (za'e-mes) , Alexander. Greek statesman (1855 — ). 
Zangwill (sang'wil), Israel. Eng. Jewish author & poet 

(1864—). [—1908). I 

Zeller (tseKer), Eduard. Ger. theologian & philos. (1814| 
Zeno (ze'no). Greek founder of Stoic philosophy (336? — 

264? b. c). [aft. 272). | 

Zenobia (ze-no'bT-d) . Queen of Palmyra 267-272 (? — | 
Zeppelin, von (fon tsep'e-len') , Ferdinand, Count. Ger. 

general & aeronaut (1838 — ). 
Zeuxis (zuk'sis). Greek painter (fl. 430 B. c). 
Zinzendorf, von (fon tsin'tsen-d6rf) , Nikolaus Ludwig, 

Count. Restorer of the Moravian sect (1700 — 1760). 
Ziska (zis'kd) Boh. Zizka (zhish'ka), Jan. Bohemian gen. 

& Hussite (1360?— 1424). [1902). 

Zola (zo'ld ; F. zo'la') , Emile. Fr. naturalistic nov. (1840— —| 
Zoroaster (zo'ro-as'ter) , or Zarathustra (za'rd-thooe'- 

trd). Founder of anc. Persian religion (fl. ab. 1000 B. c). 
Zorrilla y Moral (thor-rel'ya e mS-ral'), Jose. Sp. drama- 
tist & poet (1817 — 1893). 
Zrinyi (zri'nyi), Niklas, Count. Hungarian general (1508 

—1566). [(1598—1662).) 

Zurbaran, de (da thoor'ba-ran') , Francisco. Sp. painter! 
Zwingli {Ger. pron. tsving'le), Ulrich or Huldereich. 

Swiss Protestant reformer (1484—1531). 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
nse, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go;- sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



X 



A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OP 

COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 

With their Origin, Signification, Foreign Equivalents, Etc. 



The design of the following Vocabulary is, in part, to 
supplement that of the Vocabulary of Proper Names. Be- 
sides the English Christian Names, and their corresponding 
Latin forms, the principal equivalents in modern foreign 
languages are given in this Vocabulary, as well as those nick- 
names and diminutives which are well established or are 
etymologically important. 

With one or two exceptions only, no notice is taken in 



this Vocabulary of surnames, which are often used as 
Christian names ; such for example, as Addison, Harvey, 
Jefferson, Sidney, etc. 

The etymologies given are intended only to indicate the 
source from which the name is derived ( often through some 
other intermediate language), and do not mean that the 
English word is in the original form. Literal meanings of all 
names are given, except in cases of etymological uncertainty. 



Note. The abbreviation L. id. indicates that the Latin form of the name is the same as the English. 



I. NAMES OF MEN 



Aar'on (ar'wn). [Heb.] 
Arab._ Harun, or Haroun 
(ha-roon') ; L. id. 

Ab'di-el (ab'dl-el). [Heb.] 
Servant of God. 

A'bel (a'bel). [Heb.] 

Breath ; vanity. L. A'bel, 
A-be'lus. 

A-bi'a-thar (d-bT'd-thdr) . 
[Heb.] Father of plenty. 
L. id. 

A-bi'el (a'bi-Sl ; d-bT'-). 
[Heb.] Father of strength. 
L. A'bi-el. 

A-bi'jah (d-bT'jd). " [Heb.] 
Jehovah is my father. L. 
A/bi-am, A'bi-a. 

Ab'ner (ab'ner) . [Heb.] 
My father is Ner, or my 
father is a lamp. L. id. 

A'bra-ham (a'brd-ham) . 
THeb.] L. A'bra-ha'mus ; 
F.Abraham (a'bra'am'); It. 
Abrahamo (a-bra-a/mo) ; 
Sp. Abrahan (a'bra-an') ; 
Pg. Abrahao (a'bra-ouN') ; 
G. Abraham (a/bra-ham) ; 
Arab. IbrahimCe'bra-hem') . 
— Dim. Abe (ab). 

A'bram (a'brdm). [Heb.] 
L. A-bra'mus ; F. Abram 
(a'bra.N') ; It. Abramo (ab- 
ra'mo) ; Sp. Abram 

(a-bram') . — Dim. Abe. 

Ab'sa-lom (ab'sd-lom). 
[Heb.] 

Ad'am (ad'dm). [Heb.] L. 
A-da'mu3 ; F. Adam 
(a'daN') ; It. Adamo (a-da/- 
mo) ; Sp. Adan (a-dan') ; 
Pg. Adao (a-douN') ; G. & 
Dan. Adam (a/dam) . — 
Dim. Ade; Edie (e"d'i). 

A'di-el (a'di-el; ad'I-el). 
[Heb.] Ornament of God. 

A-dolph' (d-d51P), or 
A-dol'phus (d-d81'ft2s) . 
[Teut.] Noble wolf ; i. e., 
noble hero. L. A-dol'phus ; 
F. Adolphe (a'dolF) ; It. 
Adolfo (a-dol'fo) ; Sp. A- 
dolfo (a-d81'fo) ; Pg. Adol- 
pho (a-dSl'fS) ; G. Adolf, 
Adolph (a'dolf). — Dim. 
Dolph, Dol'phus. 

Ad'o-ni'ram (ad'S-ni'rdm). 
[Heb.] The Lord is high. 

Al'bert (al'bert). [Teut.] 
Nobly bright ; illustrious. 
L. Al-ber'tus; F. Albert 
(al-berO ; It. & Sp. Alberto 
(al-ber'to) ; G. Adalbert 
(a'dal-bert) , Albert (al'- 
bert), Albrecht (al'breKt). 
— Dim. Al. 

APex-an'der (al'eg-zan'- 
der). [Gr.] A defender of 
men. L. id. ; F. Alexandre 



(a'leVsaN'dr') ; It. Ales- 
sandro (a-les-san'dro) ; Sp. 
Alejandro (a'le-han'dro) ; 
Pg. Alexandre (a/15g-zan'- 
dr') ; G. & D. Alexander 
(aagk-san'deY).— Dim. AV- 
eck, El'lick, San'der, San'- 
dy, Saw'nie. — Fern. Alex- 
andra, Alexandrina. 

Al'fred (al'fred). [Teut.] 
Elf in council; i. e., good 
counselor. L. Al-fre'dus, 
A'lu-re'dus ; F. Alfred (al'- 
fred') : It., Sp., & Pg. Al- 
fredo (al-fra/do ; Pg. -dob) ; 
G. & D. Alfred (al'fret).— 
Dim. Alf. 

Al'ger-non (al'jer-non). 
[F.] Dim. Al'gie (al'ji). 

Al'mon (al'mon). [Heb.] 
Hidden. [phonso.l 

A-lon/zo (d-lon'zo) = Al-| 

Al-phon'so (al-f8n'so). 
[Teut.] All ready ; willing. 
L. Al-phon'sus ; F. Al- 
phonse (ai'foNs') ; It. Al- 
fonso (ai-fon'so) ; Sp. Ilde- 
fonso (ePda-fon'so), Alfon- 
so (al-f on'so) , Alonso (a-lon'- 
so) ; Pg. Affonso (a-foN'- 
so) ; G. Alfons (al'fons). 

Al'vin (al'vin), \ [Teut.] Be- 

Al'win(al'win).} loved by 
all. F. Aluin (a/lii-aN') ; It. 
& Sp. Aluino (a-lwe'no) ; G. 
Alwin (al'ven). 

Am'a-sa (am'd-sd,* d-ma'- 
sd). [Heb.] A burden, or 
burden bearer. 

Am'brose (am'broz). [Gr.] 
Immortal ; divine. L. Am- 
bro'si-us ; F. Ambroise 
(aN'bnvaz') ; It. Ambrogio 
(am-bro'jo) ; Sp. Ambrosio 
(am-bro'se-a) ; Pg. Ambro- 
sio (aN-bro'ze-o) ; G. & D. 
Ambrosius (am-brb'ze-dbs) . 

A'mos (a'mws). [Heb.] 
Burden. 

An'drew (an'drdb). [Gr.] 
Strong ; manly. L.An'dre- 
as ; F. Andre (aN'dra') , An- 
drieu (aN'dre-G') ; It. An- 
drea (an-dre'a) ; Sp. An- 
dres (an-dras') ; Pg Andre 
(aN'dra') ;G. & D.Andreas 
(an'dra-as) . — Dim. An'dy. 

An'selm(an'se'lm) , or An'sel 
(an'sel). [Teut.] Divine 
helmet. L. An-sel'mus. F. 
Anselme (aN'selm') : It. & 
Sp. Anselmo (an-seTmo) ; 
Pg. Anselmo (aN-sel'mob) ; 
G. Ansel m (an'selm), An- 
shelm (ans'h^lm). 

An'tho-ny) (an't6-ni). [L.] 

An'to-ny ) L. An-to'ni- 



us ; F. Antoine (aN'twanO ; 
It. _& Sp. Antonio (an-to'- 
ne-6) ; Pg. Antonio (aN-) ; 
G. Antonius (an-to'ne-dos) , 
Anton (an'ton). — Dim. 
To'ny. — Fern. Antonia. 

Ar'chi-bald (ar'chi-bold ; 
-bSld). [G.] Nobly bold. 
L. Ar'chi-bal'dus ; F. Arch- 
ambault (ar'shaN'bo') ; It. 
Arcibaldo (ar-che-bal'do) ; 
G. Archimbald (ar'Kim- 
balt) . — Dim. Archy, Archie 
(ar'chi), Baldie (bol'di). 

A'ri-el (a'ri-el). [Heb.] 

Ar'is-tar'chus (ar'is-tar'- 
kws). [Gr.] Best leader. 

Ar'nold (ar'nwld). [Teut.] 
Strong as an eagle. F. Ar- 
naud, Arnaut (ar'no') ; It. 
Arnoldo (ar-nol'do) ; Sp. 
Arnaldo (ar-nal'do) ; G. 
Arnold (ar'nolt). 

Ar'te-mas(ar'te-mds) . [Gr.] 
Gift of Artemis. 

Ar'thur (ar'thar). [Per- 
haps W.] L. Ar-tu'rus ; F. 
Arthur (ar'tiir') , Artus 
(ar'tiis') ; It. Arturo (ar- 
too'ro). [physician. I 

A'sa (a'sa). [Heb.] Healer ;| 

A'sa-hel (as'd-hel: a'sd-). 
[Heb.] Made of God. 

A'saph (a'saf). [Heb.] Col- 
lector, gatherer. L. As'a- 
phus. 

Ash'bel (ash'bel). [Heb.] 
Man of Baal (?). 

Ath'el-stan (ath'el-stan) , 
or Ath'el-stane (-stan). 
[AS.] Noble stone. 

Au'brey (6'bri). [Teut.] 
Elf ruler. F. Aubri (o'bre') ; 
It. Alberico (al-ba-re'ko) ; 
G. &D.Alberich (ai'be-rlK) . 

Au-gus'tin (6-gus'tin), or 
Au-gus'tine (6-giis'tin). 
[L.] Belonging to Augus- 
tus. L. Aug'us-ti'nus ; F. 
Augustin (5'giis'taN') ; It. 
Agostino (a-go-ste'no) ; Sp. 
Augustino (ou'gdb-ste'no) ; 
G. Augustin (ou'gdb-stenO . 
Short form Austin. 
XW In the U. S. Augustin is 
oftenpronounced o'giis-ten. 

Au-gus'tus(o-gfls'tMs). [L.] 
August ; majestic. L. id. ; F. 
Auguste (5'gusF) ; G. Au- 
gust (ou'gdost) . — Dim.Gus, 
Gus'tus. — Fern. Augusta. 

Au-re'li-us(o-reli-ws). [L.] 
Golden. L. id. [gustin.j 

Austin (os'tin). See Au-| 

Az'a-ri'ah (az'd-rT'd). 
[Heb.] Whom Jehovah 
helps. 



Bald'win (bold'win). 

[Teut.] Bold or courageous 

friend. L. BaPdu-Pnus ; F. 

Baudouin (bS'dwaN') - , It. 

Baldovino (bai'dS-ve'no), 

Balduino (-dwe'no) ; G. 

Balduin (baPddb-en). 
Bap'tist (bap'tlst). [Gr.] 

A baptizer. L. Bap-tis'ta ; 

F. Baptiste, Batiste (ba'- 
test') ; It. Battista (bat- 
tes'ta) ; Sp. Bautista (bou-) ; 

G. Baptist (bap'test). 
Bar'na-bas (bar'nd-b5s) , or 

Bar'na-by (bar'nd-bT). 
[Heb.] Son of prophecy (?). 
F. Barnabe (bar'na'ba') ; 
It. Barna (bar'na), Bar- 
naba (bar'na-ba) ; Sp. 
Barnabas (bar'na-bas') , 
Bernabe (b?r'na-ba') ; Pg. 
Barnabe (bar'na-ba') ; G. & 
D. Barnabas (bar'na-bas) . 

Bar'nard. See Bernard. 

Bar-thoPo-mew (bar-th5P- 
6-mu). [Aram.] Son of 
Talmai. L. Bar'tho-lo-ma?'- 
us ; F. Barth61emy (bar'- 
taPme') ; Bartolome (bar- 
to'lo'ma') ; It. Bartolomeo 
(bar-to'lo-ma'5); Sp. Barto- 
lome (bar-tS'lS-ma') ; Pg. 
Bartolomeu (bar-to'16-ma'- 
db) ; G. Bartholomaus (bar- 
tb'lo-ma'dbs) . Barthel (bar'- 
tel). — Dim. Bart, Bat. 

Bas'il (baz'il ; ba'zil).[Gr.] 
Kingly ; royal. L. Ba-sil'i- 
us ; F. Basile (ba'zeP) ; It. 
& Pg. Basilio (ba-zePyo) ; 
Sp. Basilio (ba-sel'yo) ; G., 
D., Dan., & Sw. Basilius 
(ba-ze'le-dbs) . 

Ben'e-dict (ben'e-dikt) . 
[L.] Blessed. L. Ben'e- 
dic'tus ; F. Benott (be- 
nwa') ; It. Benedetto (be 7 - 
na-det'to) ; Sp. Benedicto 
(ba'na-dek'to), Benito (bS- 
ne'to) ; Pg. Benedicto (ba'- 
na-de'tdb) , Bento (baN'- 
tdb) ; G. Benedikt (ba'ne- 
dikt). — Fern. Benedicta. 

Ben'ja-min (ben'ja-min). 
[Heb.] Son of the right 
hand. F. Benjamin (b5N'- 
zha'maN') ; It. Beniamino 
(ben'ya-me'no) ;_Sp. Benja- 
min (ban'ha-men') ; Pg. 
Benjamin (b^N'zha-meN'). 
— Dim. Ben, Ben'ny. 

Ben-o'ni (ben-o'nT). [Heb.] 
Son of my sorrow. 

Ber'nard (bOr'ndrd), or 
Bar'nard (bar'ndrd). 
[Teut.] Bold as a bear. 
L. Ber-nar'dus ; F. Bernard 
(ber'nar'), Bernard in (bSr'- 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals, 

(1191) 



N 







Q 



R 



U 



w 



X 



1192 

nar'daN') ; It. Bernardo 
(bgr-narMo"), Bernardino 
(bgr'nar-de'no) ; Sp. Ber- 
nardo (bgr-narAlo) , Bernal 
(bgr-nal') ; G. Bernhard 
(bgrn'hart), Barend (ba'- 
rent) , Berend (ba'rent) . — 
Dim. Bar'ney. 

Ber'tram (bur'trdm) 
[Teut.] Bright raven. F. 
Bertrand ( bgr'traN' ) ; It. 
Bertrando (bgr-tran'do) ; 
Sp. Beltran (bgi-tran') ; Pg. 
Bertrao (b£r-trouisr') ; G. 
Bertram (bgr'tram), Ber- 
trand (-trant) . — Dim. Bert. 

Be-thu'el (be-thu'el). 
[Heb.] Man of God. 

Bri'an (brT'dn). [Ir.] It. 
Briano (br£-a'n5). 

Bru'no (broc/nS). [Teut.] 
Brown. 

Cad-wal'la-der (kad-w51'd- 
der). [W.] Battle arranger. 

Cse'sar (se'zdr). [L.] L. 
id. ; F. Cesar (sa'zar') ; It. 
Cesare (cha'za-ra) ; Sp. C6- 
sar (tha'sar) • Pg. Cesar 
(sa'zar) ; G. Casar (tsa'-). 

Ca'leb (ka'lgb). [Heb.] 
Prob., dog. 

Cal'vin (kal'vln). [L.] L. 
Cal-vl'nus ; F. Calvin (kal'- 
vSn'), Cauvin (ko'vaN'), 
Chauvin (sho'vaN') ; It. & 
Sp. Calvino (kal-ve'no). 

Ce'cil (se'sil ; ses'il ; sis'Il). 
[L.] Dim-sighted. L. Cae- 
ci'li-us. — Fern. Cecilia. 

Ce'phas (se'fds). [Aram.] 
A stone. 

Charles (charlz). [Teut.] 
Strong ; manly. L. Car'o- 
lus ; F. Charles (sharl) ; It. 
Carlo (kar'lo) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Carlos (kar'los) ; G. Carl, 
Karl (karl). — Dim. Char'- 
lie, or Char'ley. — Fern. 
Caroline, Charlotte. 

Chris'tian (kris'chdn). L. 
Chris'ti-a'nus ; F. Chretien 
(kra'tyaN') : It. & Sp. 
Cristiano (kres-ti-a'no) ; 
Pg. Christiano (kres-te-a'- 
no) ; G. & Dan. Christian 
(kres'te-an) . — Dim. Chris'- 
tie. — Fern. Christiana. 

Chris'to-pher (krls'tC-fe'r). 
[Gr.] Bearing Christ. L. 
Chris-toph'o-rus ; F. Chris- 
tophe (kres'tSf) ; It. Cris- 
toforo (kres-to'f8-ro) ; Sp. 
Cristobal (kres-to'bal) ; Pg. 
Christovao (kres'tS-vouN') ; 
G. Christophorus (kres-to'- 
fS-rdbs), Christoph (kres'- 
t6f). — Dim. Chris, Kes'ter, 
Kit. 

Clar'ence (klar'ens). [From 
the English dukedom.] 

Clau'di-UB (klo'di-ws), or 
Claude (klod). [L.] Lame. 
L. Clau'di-us ; F. Claude 
(klod) ; It. & Sp. Claudio 
(klou'de-o) ; G. & D. Clau- 
dius (klou'de-6"bs). 

Clem'ent (klem'ent). [L.] 
Mild ; merciful. L. Cle'- 
mens ; F. Clement (kia'- 
maN') ; It. & Sp. Clemente 
(kla-men'ta) ; G. Clemens 
(kla'mgns) ; D. Clementius 
(kla-men'ti-oos). — Fern. 
Clementine. 

Con'rad (kon'rad). [Teut.] 
Giving bold or wise coun- 
sel. L. Con-ra'dus ; F. Con- 
rad, Conrade (koN'radO ; 
It. Corrado (k6r-ra'do) ; 
Sp. Conrado (kon-ra'fcfeo) ; 
G. Konrad (kon'rat). 

Con'stant (kSn'stdnt). [L.] 
Firm ; faithful ; true. L. 
Con'stans, Con-stan'ti-us ; 
It. Costante (kS-stan'ta) , 
Costanzo (kS-stant'so) ; Sp. 
Constancio ( kSn-stan'- 

th^-o); Pg. Constancio (kSN- 
staN'se-5) ; G. Constanz 
(kSn'shtants). 
Con' 3 tan tine (kon'stdn- 
tTn). [L.] L. Con'stan-ti'- 
nus ; It. Costantino (ko'- 
stan-te'n6) ; Sp. & Pg. Coji- 
stantino (Sp. kSn'stan-te'- 
n5 ; Pg. kSN'stan-) ; G. 
Constantin (kon'stan-ten') . 
Cor-ne'li-us (kor-ne'li-ws ; 
k«r-nel'ytts),. [L.] F. Cor- 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 

n61ius (kSr'na'le'iis') ; It., 

Sp., & Pg. Cornelio (k&T- 

nal'yo) ; G. Cornelius (-na'- 

l$-dbs) . 
Cris'pin (krls'pln). [L-] 

Having curly hair. L. 

Cris'pus, Cris-pi'nus, Cris'- 

pi-a'nus : F. Crispin (kreV- 

paN'), Crepin (kra'paN') ; 

It. Crispino (kre-spe'no) , 

Crispo _(kres'p6) ; Sp. Cris- 

po (kres'po) ; G. Cris'pus 

(kres'pdbs) . 
Cyr'il (slr'il). [Gr.] Lordly. 

L. Cy-ril'lua; F. Cyrille 

(se'rel') ; Sp. Cirilo (the- 

re'lo) ; It. Cirillo (che-rel'- 

15) ; G. Cyrill (tsg'rel). 
Cy'rus (sl'rws). [Per.] The 

sun. 



Dan (d5n) . [Heb.] A judge. 

Dan'i-el (dan'yel). [Heb.] 
God is my judge. F. Dan- 
iel (da'nygl') ; It. Danielle 
(da-nyel'la) ; G. Daniel 
(da'ne-gl). — Dim. Dan. 

Da-ri'us (dd-n'ws). [Per.] 
Possess ; ng wealth. L. id. 

Da'vid (da'vid). [Heb.] Be- 
loved. F. David (da'ved') ; 
It. David _ (da'ved). Da- 
vide Jda-ye'da), Davidde 
(da-ved'da) ; G. David 
(da'vet). — Dim. Dave 
(dav), Da'vy. — Fern. Vida. 

De-me'tri-us (de-me'trl- 
ub). [Gr.] Belonging to 
Demeter. L. id. ; F. Deme- 
trius (da'ma'tre-uV) ; It. & 
Pg. Demetrio (da-ma'- 
tre-o) ; G. Demetrius (de- 
ma'tre-dos) . 

Den'is(den'is),) From F. 

Den'nis (-nis). J form of Di- 
onysius. 

Dex'ter (deks'ter). [L.] On 
the right hand ; fortunate. 

Di/o-ny'si-us (dT'S-nish'i- 
ws). [Gr.] Belonging to 
Dionysus, the god of wine. 
L. id. F. Denys, or Denis 
(de-ne') ; It. Dionigi (de'S- 
ne'je) , Dionisio (-ze-o) ; Sp. 
Dionisio (-se-o) ; G. Diony- 
sius (-ne'ze-dbs) , Dionys 
(de'6-nes') . 

Don'ald (dSn'ald). [Gael.] 
World ruler. 

Dun'can(dui) / kdn). [Gael.] 
Brown warrior. 

Eb'en-e'zer (?b'?n-e'z?r) . 
[Heb.] Stone of the help. 
— Dim. Eben (Sb'en). 

Ed'gar (Sd'gdr). [AS.] A 
javelin (or protector) of 
property. L. Ed'ga-rus ; 
It. Edgaro (gd-ga'ro) ; G. 
Edgar (et'gar). 

Ed'mund(ed'mwnd). [AS.] 
Defender of property. L. 
Ed-mun'dus ; F. Edmond 
(ad'moN') ; It. Edmondo 
(ed-mSn'do) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Edmundo (Sp. gd-mdbn'- 
do ; Pg. -dob) ; G. Edmund 
(e't'mdbnt) ; D. Edmond 
(gt'mont). — Dim. Ed, Ned. 

Ed' ward (ed'werd). [AS.] 
Guardian of property. L. 
Ed-var'dus ; F. Edouard 
(a'dwar') ; It. Eduardo (a- 
dwar'do) , Edoardo (S-d5- 
ar'do), Odoardo (5-d6-ar'- 
do) ; Sp. Eduardo (a-dwar'- 
do) ; Pg. Eduardo_ (-dob), 
Duarte (dwar'ta) ; G. 
Eduard (a'dwart). — Dim. 
Ed, Ed'dy, Ned, Ned'dy, 
Ted, Ted'dy. 

Ed'win (gd'win). [AS.] 
Gainer of property. L. Ed- 
vi'nus ; It. Edvino (ad-ve'- 
no) ; G. Edwin (et'vin). — 
Dim. Ed, Ed'dy. 

Eg'bert (eg'bert). [AS.] L. 
Eg-ber'tus : It. & Pg. Eg- 
berto (5g-ber'to) ; G. Eck- 
bert(ek'bert), Egbert (gg'-). 

EFbert (el'bert). = Albert. 
L. El-ber'tus. 

El'dred (Sl'drgd). [AS.] 

E'le-a/zer (el'e-a'zer ; e'le-). 
[Heb.] To,whom God is a 
help. F. Eleazar (a'la'a/- 
zar') ; It. Eleazaro (a'la- 
a.d'za-r5)_: Sp. Eleazaro 
(-a'tha-ro) ; D. Eleazer (a'- 
la-a'zar) . 



E'li (S'lT). [Heb.] 
E-li'a-kim (e-11'd-kl m). 

[Heb.] Whom God sets up. 

F. Eliacin (a'le'd/saN'). 
E-li'as (e-ll'ds). = Elijah. 
E-li'hu (e--ll'hu; gl'I-hu). 

[Heb.] God the Lord. 
E-li'jah (e-ll'ji). [Heb.] 

Jehovah is my God. . L. 

E-11'ja, E-li'as; F. Elie 

(a'le') : It. Elia (a-le'a) ; G. 

Elias (5-lg'as), Elia (a-le'a). 
E-li'sha (e-ll'shd). [Heb.] 

God my salvation. L. El'i- 

se'us ; F. Elisee (S'le'za') ; 

It. & Pg. Eliseo_(a'le--za'o) ; 

Sp. Eliseo (-sa'o) ; G. Elias 

(S-le'as). 
Em'e-ry (gm'er-I), Em'me- 

ry (gm'eY-i), or Em'o-ry 
(2m' 5r-i) . L. Al'me-ri'cus ; 

It. Amerigo (a'ma-re'go) ; 

F. Emeri, Emery (Sm're') ; 

G. Emmerich (em'er-lK). 
Em-man'u-el (gm-man'u- 

?1). [Heb.] God with us. 

F. Emmanuel (g'ma'nii- 
81') ; It. Emmanuele (gm'- 
ma-nwl'la) ; Sp. Manuel 
(ma-nwal') ; Pg. Manoel 
(ma-ndb-al') ; G. Emanuel 
(g-ma'ndo-gl) . 

E-ne'as (e-ne'5s). [Gr.] L. 
/E-ne'as ; F. Enee (a'na') ; 
Sp. Eneas (a-na'as). 

E'noch (e'nwk). [Heb.] 
Consecrated ; dedicated. F. 
Enoch (a'nSk'). 

E'noa (e'nws). [Heb.] Man. 

E'phra-im (e'fra-lra). 
[Heb.] Very fruitful. L. 
E'phra-i'mus. 

E-ras'mus (e-raz'miis). 
[Gr.] Lovely ; worthy of 
love. L. id. ; F. Erasme 
(a/razm') ; Sp. Erasmo 
(a-ras'mo); It. &Pg. Erasmo 
(a-raz'mo) ; G. & D. Eras- 
mus (S-ras'mdbs) . 

E'ric (e'rik). [Scand.] L. 
E-ri'cus. 

Er'neat (Qr'ngst. [G.] Ear- 
nest. L. Er-nes'tus ; F. Er- 
nest (gr'nesf) ; It., Sp., & 
Pg. Ernesto (gr-ngs'to) ; G. 
Ernst (grnst). 

E'sau (e'so). [Heb.] Cov- 
ered with hair. F. Esau 
(a'za'u') . 

E'than (e'thdn). [Heb.] 
Firmness ; strength. 

Eu'gene (u-jen' ; u'jen). 
[Gr.] Well-born: of noble 
race. L. Eu-ge'ni-us ; F. 
Eugdne (Q'zhgn') ; It. Eu- 
genio (a-ob-jgn'yo) ; Sp. 
Eugenio (-ha'nyo) ; Pg. Eu- 
genio (-zha'nyo)j G. Eu- 
gen (oi'gan ; oi-gan') ; Eu- 
genius (oi-ga'ne-dos) . — 
Fern. Eugenia. 

Eus'taee (uVtas). [Gr.] L. 
Eu-sta'chi-us, Eu-sta'thi- 
us ; F. Eustache (Qs'tash'), 
Eustathe (us'taf) ;_It. Eu- 
stazio (a-db-stat'syo) , Eu- 
stasio (-sta'zyo), Eustachio 
(-sta'kyo) ; Sp. Eustaquio 
(-sta'kyo) ; Pg. Estaclo 
(a : sta'se^-o) ; G. Eustasius 
(oi-sta'se-dbs) . 

Ev'an (ev'dn) L [W.] 

E-ze'ki-el (e-ze'kt-el ; -zek'- 
yel). [Heb.] Strength of 
God. F. Ezechiel (a'za'- 
kygl') ; It. Ezechiele (ad- 
za-kygl'a), Ezechiello 
(-kyel'lo) ; Sp. Ezequiel 
(a-tha-kyel') ; G. Ezechiel 
(a-tsa'ke-gl). — Dim. Zeke. 

Ez'ra (gz'rd). [Heb.] Help. 
L. Ezra, Ez'dras : F. Es- 
dras (ez'dras') ; G. Esra 
(gs'ra). 

Pe'lix (feliks). [L.] Hap- 
py ; prosperous. L. id. ; F. 
Felix (fa'leks') ; It. Felice 
(fS-le'cha) ; Sp. Felix (fa'- 
leks) ; Pg. Feliz (fa-leV) ; 

G. Felix (fa'leks). — Fern. 
Felicia. 

Fer'di-nand (fur'di-nand). 
[Teut.] F. Ferdinand (fgr'- 
de'naN') , Ferrand (fgr'- 
raN') ; It L Ferdinando (fgr'- 
de-nan'do), Ferrando (fgr- 
ran'd5) ; Sp. Hernando 
( gr-nan'do ) , Fernando 



(fgr-nan'do) : G. & D. Fer- 
dinand (fgr'de-nant) . 

Fran'ois (fran'sis). [Teut.] 
Free. L. Fran-cis'cus ; F. 
Francois (fraN'swa') ; It. 
Francesco (fran-chas'ko). 
Franco (fran'ko) ; Sp. 
Francisco (fran-thgs'ko) ; 
Pg. Francisco (fraN-ses'- 
kdo) ; G. Franziskus (fran- 
tsis'kdbs), Franz (f rants). 
D. Franciscus (fran-sis'- 
kdos). — Dim. Frank. — 
Fern. Frances, Fanny. 

Fred'er-ic (frgd'er-Ik), or 
F r e d'e r-i c k (-e r-i k). 
[Teut.] L. Fred'er-i'cus, 
Frid'er-i'cus ; F. Fr6deric 
(fra'da-rek') ; It. Federigo 
( f a'da-re'go ) , Federico 
(-re'ko) ; Sp. Federico (fa'- 
tha-re^ko) ; Pg. Frederico 
(fra'da-re'kdb) ; G. Fried- 
rich (fre'drik), Fritz (frits). 
— Dim. Fred, ±<red'dy.— 
Fern. Frederica. 

Ga'bri-el(ga'brl-gl). [Heb.] 
Man of God. Fr. Gabriel 
(ga'bre'el') ; It. Gabriello 
(ga'bre-gl'lo) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Gabriel (ga'bre-el') ; G. 
Gabriel _(ga'bre-gl) . — Dim. 
Gabe (gab). 

Ga-ma'li-el (gd-ma'11-gl ; 
-mal'yel) . [Heb.] Recom- 
pense of God. 

Geoffrey (jef'ri). [Teut.] 
L.Gau-fre'dus, Gal-fri'dus ; 
F. Geoff roi (zho'frwa'). 

George (jorj). [Gr.] A hus- 
bandman. L. Geor'gi-us ; F. 
Georges, George (zhSrzh) ; 
It. Giorgio (jor'jS) ; Sp. 
Jorge (hor'ha) ; Pg. Jorge 
(zhSr'zhg) ; G. Georg (ga- 
6rK) . — Dim. Georgie (jor'- 
ji), Geordie (jor'di). — 
Fern. Georgiana. 

Ger'ald (jer'dld). [Teut.] 
Spear wielder. L. Ge-ral'- 
dus ; F. Gerald (zha'rald'), 
G6raud (zha'ro') , Giraud 
(zhe'ro'), Girauld (-ro') ; 
It. Giraldo (je-ral'do) ; G. 
Gerold (ga'rSlt). 

Ger'ard (jgr'drd ; je-rard'). 
[Teut.] Strong with the 
spear. L. Ge-rar'dus ; F. 
Gerard (zha'rar') : It. Ge- 
rardo (ja-rar'do), Gherardo 
(ga-) ; G. Gerhard (ggr'- 
hart) ; D. Gerard (ga'rart). 

Gid'e-on (gid'e-wn).[Heb.] 
Hewer ; feller. 

Gil'bert (gil'bert). [Teut.] 
L. Gil-ber'tus ; F. Guilbert 
(gel'bar'), Gilbert (zhel'-); 
It. Gilberto (jel-ber'to) ; 
Sp. Gilberto (hel-) ; G. Gil- 
bert (gil'bgrt), Giselbert 
(ge'zgl-). — Dim. Gil (gll). 

Giles (jTlz). [OF.] A kid. 
L. iE-gid'i-us ; F. Gilles 
(zhel), Egide (a'zhed') ; It. 
Egidio (a-je'dy5) ; Sp. Gil 
(hel) ; Pg. Gil (zhel) ; G. & 
D. Egidius (a-ge'de-oos) . 

God'frey (gSd'fri). [Teut.] 
L. God'e-fri'dus, Gal-fri'- 
dus; F. Godefroi (g6'd'- 
frwa') ; It. Goffredo _(g6f- 
fra'do), Godefredo (go'da- 
fra'do) , Giotto (jot'to) ; Sp. 
Godofredo ( go-fchS-fra.*- 
th5), Gofredo (go-fra'tho) ; 
Pg. Godofredo (go'd6-fra'- 
ddo) ;G. Gottfried (gSt'fret). 

God' win (gSd'win). [AS.] 
Prob., friend of God. 

Greg'o-ry (grgg'6-ri). [G.] 
Watchful. L. Gre-go'ri-us ; 
F. Gregoire (gra'gwar') ; 
It., Sp., & Pg. Gregorio 
(gra-go're-o) ; G. Gregor 
(gra'gSr; gra-g6r'), Grego- 
rius ( gra-g5're-dos ) ; D. 
Gregoor (gra'gor), Grego- 
rius (grS-go're-us). 

Gus-ta'vus ( gus-ta'vMs ) . 
[Sw.] L. id. ; F. Gustave 
(gus'tav') ; It. & Sp. Gus- 
tavo (gdos-ta'vo) ; G. Gus- 
tav (gdbs-taf) ; D. Gustaaf 
(gdbs-taf ') . . 

Guy (gT) . [Teut.] A leader. 
L. Gui'do ; F. Guy (ge) ; 
It. Guido (gwe'do) ; Sp. 
Guido (ge'tho) ; Pg. Guido 
(-dob) ; G. Guido (ge'dS). ' 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 



1193 



Hftn'ni-bal (han'I-bdl) . 

i Punic] Grace of Baal. 
,. id. ; F. Hannibal, Anni- 
bal (an'ne'bal') ; It. Anni- 
bale (an-ne'ba-la) ; Sp. 
Anibal (a-ne'bal). 

Har'old (har'wld). [AS.] F. 
Harold (i'rold') ; It. Aral- 
do (a-ral'do), Aroldo 
(a-r81'do). _ 

He'man (he'mdn). [Heb.] 
Faithful. F. Heman 
(a'maN'); Sp. Eman 
(a-man') ; G. Heman (ha'- 
man). 

Hen'ry (hen'rl). [Teut.] 
The head or chief of a 
house. L. Hen-ri'cus, En- 
ri'cus ; F. Henri (aN're') ; 
It. Enrico (gn-re'ko) ; Sp. 
Enrique (en-re'ka) ; Pg. 
Henrique (eN-re'ka) ; G. 
Heinrich (hTn'rik); D. 
Hendrik (hen'drik). — 
Dim. Hal, Har'ry, Hen. — 
Fern. Harriet, Henrietta. 

Her'bert (hQr'bert). [AS.] 
Glory of the army. L. Her- 
ber'tus; F. Herbert 
(eVbar') ; It. Erberto (er- 
bSr'to) ; Sp. Heberto (a-b?r'- 
to) ; Pg. Herberto (er-b?r'- 
tob) ; G.Herbert (hSr'bert). 

Her' man (hflr'man), 
[Teut.] A warrior. L. Ar- 
min'i-us ; It. Ermanno 
(er-man'no) ; G. Hermann 
(hgr'man) . 

flez/e-ki'ah (hez'i-kT'd) . 
[Heb.] Strength of the 
Lord. F. Ezechias (a'za'- 
kyas / ) ; It. Ezechia (Sd-za'- 
kya) , Ezecchia (ad-zak'- 
kya) ; Sp. Ezequias (a-tha/- 
kyas) ;G. Hiskla (his'ke-a). 

Hil'a-ry (hil'd-ri). [L.] 
Cheerful. L. Hi-la'ri-us ; 
F. Hilaire (e'lar') ; It. Ila- 
rio (e-la're-8) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Hilario (e-la're-o) ; G. & 
E\ Hilarius (he-la're-dbs) . 
— Fern. Hilaria. 

Hi'ram (hl'rdm). [Heb.] 
Most noble. 

Ho'mer (ho'mer). [Gr.] L. 
HS-me'riis ; F. Ho mere 
(6'mar') ; It. Omero (8-ma'- 
ro) ; G. & D. Homerus 
(hS-ma'rdbs) . 

Hor'ace (hSr'as) . = Horatio. 

Ho-ra/ti-o (h5-ra'sh!-5; 
-sh5) . [L.] L. Ho-ra'ti-»s ; 
F. Horace (Saras') ; It. Ora- 
zio (6-rat'syo) ; Sp. Hora- 
cio (S-ra'thyo) ; Pg. Hora- 
cio (-se-o) ; G. Horatius 
(hS-rat'se-obs) , Horaz (h8- 
rats') ; D. Horatio (hS- 
rat'se-o) . 

Ho-se'a (hS-ze'd). [Heb.] 
Salvation. 

Hugh (hu), ) [Teut.] 

Hu'go (hu'gS). j Spirit; 

soul. L. Hu'goj_F. Hugue8 
(iig) ; It. Ugo (oo'go) , Ugo- 
lino fao'gS-le'nS) ; Sp. Hu- 
go (oo'go) ; Pg. Hugo (oo'- 
gob) ; G. Hugo (hoo'go). 

Humph'rey ) (hfim'fri). 

Humph'ry J [AS.] L. 
Hum-phre'dus or Hum-fri'- 
dus ; F. Onf roi_ (6N'f rwaO ; 
It. Onofredo (5'n6-fra'd5), 
Onfredo (5_n-fra'd5) ; Sp. 
Hunfredo(oon-fra'tfeo); Pg. 
Hunfredo (ooN-fra'ddb) ; G. 
Humfried (hoom'fret). — 
Dim. Humph. 

Ich'a-bod (Ik'd-boa). 

[Heb.] Where is the glory? 

Ig-na/ti-us (Ig-na'shi-£3 ; 
-shws). [Gr.] L. id. ; F. Ig- 
nace (en'yas') ; It. Ignazio 
(Sn-yat'syo) ; Sp. Ignacio 
(eg-na/thyo) ; Pg. Ignacio 
(-se-S) ; G. Ignaz (ig-nats'). 

Im-man'u-el (l-man'u- 
£1). [H?b.] God with us. 
See Emmanuel. [ful.| 

I'ra (T'rd). [Heb.] Watch- 1 

.I'saac (I'zdk). [Heb.] 

Laughter._ L. I-sa'a-cus ; 
F. Isaac (e'zak') -It. Isacco 
(e-zak'ko) ; G. Isaak 
(e'zak). — Dim. Ik (Tk).Ike. 

I-sai'ah (T-za'yd; I-zI'd). 
[Heb.] Salvation of the 
Lord. L. I-sai'as. 



Is'ra-el (Iz'ra-e'l). [Heb.] 

Champion of God. 
I-van' (§-van' ; Eng. I'van) . 

See John. 

Ja'bez (ja'bSz). [Heb.] He 
will cause pain. 

Ja/cob (jS'kub). [Heb.] A 
supplanter. L. Ja-co'bus ; 
F. Jacob (zha'kSb'), 
Jacques (zhak) - L It. Gia- 
cobbe (ja-kob'ba), Jacopo 
(ya'k8-p5), Jachimo (ya'- 
ke-mo), Giacomo (ja'k.6- 
mo) ; Sp. Jacobo _(ha-k5'- 
bo), Diego (dya'go), Jago 
(ha'g5), Jaime (hi'ma) ; 
Pg. Jacob (zha-kob')i 
Jayme (zhfma), Diogo 
(de-o'go) ; G. Jakob (ya'- 
k8p). — Dim. Jake Qak). 
See James. 

Ja/i-rus (ja'I-rws ; ja-T'rws). 
[Heb.] He will enlighten. 
L. id. 

James (jamz). = Jacob. — 
Dim. Jem, Jem'ray, Jim, 
Jim'my. — Fern. Jamesina. 

Ja/pheth (ja'feth). [Heb.] 
Enlargement. 

Ja/red (ja'red). [Heb.] De- 
scent. 

Ja'son(ja.'s£n). [Gr.] Prob., 
a healer. L. id. 

Jeffrey (jef'ri). = Geoffrey. 

Jer'e-mi'ah ( jer'e-mi'd), 
Jer'e-mi'as (-mT'ds), or 
Jer'e-my (jer'e-mi) . [Heb.] 
Exalted of the Lord. L. 
Jer'e-mi'as ; F. Jer6mie 
(zha'ra'me') ; It. Geremia 
(ja'ra-me'a), Sp. Jeremias 
(ha'ra-me'as) ; G. & D. 
Jeremias (ga'rg-me'as) . 

Jer'ome (jc-rom' ; in Eng- 
land usually jer'Sm). [Gr.] 
Holy name. L. Hi'e-ron'y- 
mus ; F. Jerome (zha'- 
rom') ; It. Geronimo (ja- 
rS'ne-mo) , Girolamo (jS- 
ro'la-mS) ; Sp. Jeronimo 
(ha-ro'ne-mo) , Jeromo (ha- 
ro'mo) ; G. Hieronymus 
(he'a-ro'ne-mdbs) . 

Jes'se (jes'e). [Heb.] L. id. 

Jo>ab (jo'ab). [Heb.] Je- 
hovah is his father. 

Job (job). [Heb.] Afflicted ; 
persecuted. 

Jo'el (jo'el). [Heb.] The 
Lord is God. 

John (jon). [Heb.] The 
gift of God. L. Jo-han'nea 
or Jo-an'nes ; F. Jean 
(zha.N) ; It. Giovanni (j&- 
van'ne) ; Sp. Juan (hwan) ; 
Pg. Joao (zhS-ouN') ; G. Jo- 
hann (y5'han) , Johannes 
(y3-han'es), Hans (hans) ; 
D. Jan (yan) ; Russ. Ivan 
(e-van') . — Dim. Jack, Jock, 
John'ny. — Fern. Jane, 
Joan, Joanna. 

Jo' nan (jo'nd). [Heb.] A 
dove. 

Jo'nas (jo'nds). = Jonah. 

Jcn'a-than (j5n'd-thdn). 
[Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 

Jo'seph (jo'sef). [Heb.] He 
shall add. L. Jo-se'phus ; 
F. Joseph (zho'zef) ; It. 
Giuseppe (job-sep / pa) ; Sp. 
Jose (h5-za/) ; Pg. Jose 
(zhS-za') ; G. Joseph ^yo'- 
zef). — Dim. Jo, Joe (jo). — 
Fem. Josepha, Josephine. 

Josh'u-a (josh'u-d). [Heb.] 
God of salvation. L.Jos'u-a ; 
F. Josue (zh6'zu'A f ) ; G. & 
D. Josua (yo'zdb-a). — Dim. 
Josh. 



Jo-si'ah (jS-sT'd), \ [Heb.] 

~ :.\ 

of the Lord. 



Jo-si'as (j5-sl'ds).j Given 



Jo'tham (jo'thdm). [Heb.] 

The Lord is upright. 
Ju'dah Qoc/dd). [Heb.] 

Praised. 
Ju'li-an (jool'ydn). [L.] 

Sprung from, or belonging 

to, Julius. L. Ju'li-a'nus ; 

F. Julien (zhiilyaN') ; It. 

Giuliano (joo-lya'no) ; Sp. 

Julian (hoo-lyan'j ; Pg. 

Juliao (zhoo-lvouNO ; G. 

J u 1 i a n u s^yod'le-a'noos) , 

Julian (yoole-an). — Dim. 

Jule. — Fem. Juliana. 
Ju'li-us (jool'yiis ; job'lT- 

us). [Gr.] Soft-haired. L. 



Id. ; F. Jules (zhiil) ; It. 
Giulio (jool'yo) ; Sp. Julio 
(hooPyo) ; Pg. Julio (zhooP- 
yo) ; G. & D. Julius (yoo / - 
lS-dbs). — Dim. Jule (jul). 
— Fem. Julia, Juliet. 

Jus'tin (jus'tln). [L-] 

Just. L. Jus-ti'nus ; F. Jus- 
tin (zh(is / taN / ) ; It. Giusti- 
no (jdbs-te'no) ; Sp. Justino 
(hobs-te'n3) ; G. Justin 
(yoos'ten). 

Jus'tus (jfls'tus). [L.] Just. 
L. id. ; F. Tuste (zhust) ; It. 
Giusto (joos'to) ; Sp. Justo 
(hoes' to) ; G.Justus (ydbs'- 
tdbs). Just (ydbst). 

Ken'neth (kgn'Sth). 

[Gael.] Prob., a leader ; 
commander. 

La/ban (la'bdn). [Heb.] 
White. 

Lan'ce-lot (lan'se'-lSt), or 
Laun'ce-lot (Ian'-; Ian'-). 
[F.] F. Lancelot (laN's'- 
15') ; It. Lancilotto (lan'- 
che-lot'to) ; Pg. Lancelote 
(laN'sa-16'ta) ; G. Lanzelot 
(lan'tse-lSt'). 

Lau'rence ) (16'rens). [L.] 

Law'rence J L. Lau'ren'- 
ti-us ; F. Laurent (lo'raN') ; 
It. Lorenzo (15-r5n'zo); Sp. 
Lorenzo (15-ren'tho) ; Pg. 
Laurengho (lou-r5n'sho) ; 
G. Lorenz (15' rents). — 
Dim. Larry (lar'I), Laurie, 
Lawriedo'rl ) . — Fem.Laura. 

Laz'a-rus(laz'd-rws).[Heb.] 
= Eleazer. L. id. ; F. La- 
zare (la/zar') ; It. Lazaro 
(lat'sa-r5) ; Sp. Lazaro (la'- 
tha-) ; Pg. Lazaro (la'sa-) ; 
G. Lazarus (lat'sa-rdbs) . 

Le-an'der (le-an'der). [Gr.] 
F. Leandre (la'aN'dr") ; It. 
& Sp. Leandro (la-an'dro). 

Lem'u-el (lgrn'O-el). [Heb.] 
Created by God. 

Leon'ard (len'drd). [G.] 
Strong or brave as a lion. 
L. Le'o-nar'dus ; F. Leo- 
nard (la'S'nar') ; It. Lio- 
nardo (le-6-nar'do) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Leonardo (Sp. la'5- 
nar'd5 ; Pg. -dob) ; G. 
Leonhard (la'6n-hart). 

Le-on'i-das (le-5n'I-dds). 
[Gr.] Lionlike. 

Le'o-pold (le'5-pold ; for- 
merly lep'old). [Teut.] 
Bold for the people. F. Le- 
opold (la'5'p51d') ; It. &Sp. 
Leopoldo (la-6-pol'd5) ; Pg. 
Leopoldo (-dob) ; G. Leo- 
pold (la'S-pOlt) , Luitpold 
(loo'et-pSlt). [sion.l 

Le'vi (le'vT) . [Heb.] Adhe-| 

Lew'is (lii'Is). See Louis. 

Li'nus (lT'nws). [Gr.] Flax- 
en-haired. [Laurence. | 

Lo-ren'zo (lS-ren'zb) . =| 

Lot (15t). [Heb.] Veil ; cov- 
ering. 

Lou'is (loc/is; loo'I). 
[Teut.] Famous warrior. 
L._Lu'do-vi'cus ; F. Louis 
(loo'e') £ It. Lodovico_ (15'- 
d6-ve'k5), Luigi (ldb-e'je) ; 
Sp. Clodoveo (kl5-d5-va'o) , 
Luis (ldb-es') ; Pg. Luiz 
(lqo-es' ; -esh') ; G. Ludwig 
(loot'viKL — Dim. Lew, 
Lewie (loo^O, Lou (loo), 
Louie (loo'i). — Fem. 
Louisa, Louise. 

Lu'cas (lii'kds). See Luke. 

Lu'ci-us (lu'shi-us ; lu'- 
shSs). [L.] L. id. ; F. Luce 
(liis) ; It. Lucio (lod'cho) ; 
Sp. Lucio (loc/thyo ; -sy5) ; 
Pg. Lucio (loo'se-5). — 
Fem. Lucia, Lucy. 

Luke (luk). [Gr.] L. Lu'- 
cas_; F. Luc (liik) ; It. Luca 
(loo'ka) ; Sp. Lucas (loo'- 
kas) ; G. Lukas (loo'kas). 

Lu'ther (lii'ther). [G.] Il- 
lustrious warrior. L. Lu- 
the'rus ; F. Lothaire (W- 
tar') ; It. Lotario (i5-ta'- 
re-5) ; Sp. Clotario (klS- 
ta're-o) ; G. Luther (loc/- 
ter) , Lothar 05'tar) . 

M a l'a-c h i (m a l'd-k T). 

[Heb.] Messenger. 
Ma-nas'seh (md-nas'5). 



[Heb.] Forgetfulness. L. 
Sla-nas'ses. 

Mar-cel'lus (mar-sgl'us). 
[L.] Dim. of Marcus. 

Mar'cus (mar'kws), or 
Mark (mark). [L.] L. 
Mar'cus ; F. Marc (mark) ; 
It. Marco (mar'ko) ; Sp. 
Marcos (mar'kbs) ;G.Mar- 
kus (mar'kdbs). — Fem. 
Marcia. 

Mar'tin (mar'tln). [L.] Of 
Mars ; warlike. L. Mar-ti'- 
nus ; F. Martin (mar'taN') ; 
It. & Sp. Martino (mar- 
te'no) ; G. Martin (-ten). 

Mafthew(math'u). [Heb.] 
Gift of Jehovah. L. Mat- 
tha'us ; F. Mathieu (ma'- 
tyQ') ; It. Matteo (mat- 
ta'5); Sp. Mateo (ma-ta'-5); 
G. Matthaus (mat-ta'obs) . 
— Dim. Mat. 

Mat-thi'as (mdt-thl'as) . 
[Gr.]. = Matthew. 

Mau'rice (mo'ris). [L] 
Moorish ; dark-colored. L. 
Mau-ri'ti-us ; F. Maurice 
(mo'res') ; It. Maurizio 
(mou-ret'sy5) ; Sp. Mauri- 
cio (-re'thyo) ; G. Moritz 
(m5'rits). 

Max'i-mil'i-an (mak'sl- 
mil'ySn ; -T-dn). [L.] The 
greatest ^Emilianus. L. 
Max'i-mil'i-a'nus ;F.Maxi- 
milien (mak'se'me'lyaN') ; 
Pg. Maximiliano (ma'se- 
me'le-a'nS) ; G. Maximilian 
(mak'se-me'le-an') . 

Mi'cah (mT'kd). [Heb.] 
Who is like Jehovah ? 

Mi'cha-el (mT'kel ; Bib. 
mT'ka-el ; mT'kgl). [Heb.] 
Who is like God ? L. id. ; F. 
Michel (me'shel') ; It. Mi- 
chele (me-ka'la) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Miguel (me-gal') ; G. 
Michael (me^ka-el). — 
Dim. Mike (mik). 

Miles (mTlz). [Teut.] 

Mor'gan (m6r'gdn). [W.] 
Seaman ; dweller on the sea. 

Mo'ses (mo'zez ; -zuz). 
[Perh. Egypt.] Drawn 
out of the water. L. Mo'y- 
ses ; F. Moise (m6'ez') ; It. 
Moise (mo'e-za'); Sp. 
Moises (-sas') ; Pg. Moisea 
(-zash') ; G. Moses (m5'zes; 
-ziz) . — Dim. Mose. 

Na/a-man (na'd-mdn). 
[Heb.] Pleasantness. 

Na/hum (na'hiim). [Heb.] 
Consolation. 

Na-po'le-on (nd-p5'le-<5n) . 
[It.] F. Napoleon (na'po 7 - 
la'6N') ; It. Napoleone (na- 
po'15-o'na) . 

Na/than (na'thdn). [Heb.] 
Given ; gift. 

Na-than'a-el (nd-than'a- 
el), or Na-than'i-el (nd- 
than'I-51). [Heb.] Gift of 
God. F. Nathaniel (na'ta'- 
nyel') . 

Ne'he-mi'ah (ne'he-mT'd) . 
[Heb.] Comfort of Jeho- 
vah. L. Ne'he-mi'as. 

Nich'o-las) (nik'6-lds). 

Nic'o-las ) [Gr.] Having 
a victorious army. L. Nic- 
o-la'us ; F. Nicolas (ne'ko'- 
la'), Nicole (ne'k5l') ; It. 
Niccolo (nek'k5-lo ; nek'- 
k5-16'), Nicolo (ne-kS-15'), 
Nicola (ne-ko'la) ; Sp. Ni- 
colas (ne-kS-las') ; Pg. Ni- 
colao (-la'6) ; G. Nikolaus 
(ne'ko'-lous). — Dim. Nick. 

No'ah (no'd). [Heb.] Rest; 
comfort. 

No'd (n5'el). [L.] Christ- 
mas ; born on Christmas 
Day. F. Noel (n5'21') ; It. 
Natale (na-tala) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Natal (na-tal'). 

O'b a-d i'a h (5'b d-d I'd). 
[Heb.] Servant of the 
Lord. L. O'ba-di'as. 

Oc-ta/vi-us (8k-ta'vi-us). 
[L.] The eighth born. L. 
id. : F. Octavien (ok'ta - 
vyaN') ; It. Ottaviano (Sf- 
ta-vya'n5) , Ottavio (6t-ta'- 
vy5). — Fem. Octavia. 

Ol'i-ver (51'i-ver). [Orig. 
uncert.] L. Ol'i-ve'rus ; F. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 







R 



U 



W 



X 



1194 

Olivier (6'le'vya') ; It. Oli- 
viero Jo'le-vya're) , Uli- 
viero (oo'le-) ; Sp. Oliverio 
(o'le-va're-o) ; Pg. Oliveiro 
(5'le-va'r5) ; G. & D. Oli- 
vier (o'li-ver' ; S-le'ver). 

Or-lan'do (6r-lan'do) . [It.] 
= Roland. 

Os'car (Ss'kdr). [Gael.] 
Bounding warrior. L. Os'- 
cz-rus. 

Os'mond ) (Sz'mwnd). AS. 

Os'mundJ Protection of 
God. F. Osmont (Sz'moN'). 

Ow'en (o'en). [W.] 

Patrick (pat'rlk). [L.] 
Noble ; a patrician. L. Pa- 
tr^'ci-us ; F. Patrice (pa'- 
tres') ; It. Patrizio (pa- 
tret'se-o) ; Sp. Patricio 
(pa-tre'thy5) ; Pg. Patri- 
cio (-se-o) ; G. Patrizius (pa- 
tret'se-dbs) . — D i m . Pad'- 
dy, Pat. 

Paul (pol), ) [L.] Lit- 

Pau'lus (pS'lws) . J tie. L. 
Pau'lus ; F. Paul (pol) ; It. 
Paolo (pa'S-lo) ; Sp. Pablo 
(pab'15) ; Pg. Paulo (pou'- 
15) ; G. Paul (poul). — 
Fern. Paula. 

Pe'ter (pe'ter). [Gr.] A 
rock. L. Pe'trus ; F. Pierre 
(pyar) ; It. Pietro (pya'- 
tro) ; Sp. & Pg. Pedro (pa'- 
dro) ; G. Peter (pa'ter), 
Petru9 (pa'trdbs). — Dim. 
Pete (pet), Pe'ter-kin. 

Phi-lan'der (f l-lan'der). 
[Gr.] A lover of men. 

Phi-le'mon (fi-le'm<5n). 
[Gr.] Loving. 

Phil'ip (fil'ip). [Gr.] A 
lover of horses. L. Phi- 
lip'pus ; F. Philippe (fe'- 
lep') ; It. Filippo (fe-lep'- 
po) ; Sp. Felipe (fa-le'pa) ; 
Pg. Felippe (fa-le'pa) ; G. 
Philipp (fg'lep). — Dim. 
Phil, Pip. — Fern. Philippa. 

Phin'e-as (fin'e-as), or 
Phin'e-has (-as). [Heb.] 
Mouth of brass. 

Pi'us (pl'ws). [L.] Pious; 
filial. L. id. ; F. Pie (pe) ; 
it. Pio (pyo). 

Quin'tin (kwin'tm). [L.] 
The fifth. L. Quin'tus, 
Quin'ti-a'nus ; Scot. Quen- 
tin (kwSn'tin). 

Ralph, (ralf ; in England of- 
ten raf). L. Ra-dul'phus. 

Raph'a-el (raf'3-el ; ra'fa- 
el). [Heb.] The healing of 
God. F. Raphael (ra'fa'- 
el') ; It. Raffaello (raf'fa- 
el'lo), Raffaele (-5'la) ; G. 
Raphael (ra'fa-el). 

Ray'mond ) (ra'mwnd). 

Ray'mund J [Teut.] Wise 
protection. F. Raymond 
(ra'moN') ; It. Raimondo 
(ri-mSn'd5) ; Sp. _ &_Pg. 
Raimundo (Sp. n-moon'- 
d5 ; Pg. -dob) ; G. Raimund 
(rT'mobnt) . 

Reg'i-nald (rgj'i-ndld). 
[Teut.] Strong ruler. L. 
Reg'i-nal'dus ;F.Regnauld, 
Regnault_ (re-nyo'), Re- 
naud (-no') ; It. Rinaldo 
(re-nal'do) ; Sp. Reynaldos 
(ra'e-nal'dSs) ; G. Rein- 
wald (rln'valt) , Reinald 
(rl'nalt) . 

Reu'ben (roo'ben). [Heb.] 
Behold, a son! 

Reu'el (roo'el). [Heb.] 
Friend of God. [inald.l 

Reyn'old (ren'wld).= Reg-| 

Rich'ard(rich'drd). [Teut.] 
Strong like a ruler ; power- 
ful. L. Ri-car'dus ; F. Rich- 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 



ard (re'shar') ; It. Riccardo 
(rek-kar'do) ; Sp. Ricardo 
(re-kar'do) ; Pg. Ricardo 

: (-dob) ; G. Richard (re'~ 
kart). — Dim. Dick, Dick'- 
en, Dick'on. 

Rob'ert (r5b'ert). [Teut.] 
Bright in fame. L. Ro-ber'- 
tus ; F. Robert (ro'bar') ; 
It. Roberto (ro-bar'to), 
Ruberto (roo-bix'to) ; Sp. 
Rober'to (ro-bgr't5) ; Pg. 
Roberto (-too) ; G. Robert 
(ro'bert), Rudbert (root'-), 
Ruprecht (roo'preKt) . — 
Dim. Bob, Bob'by, Dob, 
Dob'bin, Rob, Rob'in, Pop. 

Rod'er-ic ) (r5d'er-ik). 

Rod'er-ickJ [Teut.] Rich 
in fame. F. Rodrigue (ro 7 - 
dreg') ; It. Rodrigo (rS- 
dre'gS) ; Sp. Rodrigo (rS- 
dre'go), Ruy (roo'e) ; G. 
Roderich_(r<!>d'e-riK) ; Russ. 
Rurik (roo'rik). 

Ro'dolph (r5'dSlf), or Ro- 
dol'phus (r5-d51'f Ms) . = 
Rudolf. 

Rog'er (rSj'Sr). [Teut.] Fa- 
mous with the spear. L. 
Ro-ge'rus ; F. Roger (ro 7 - 
zhaO ; It. Ruggiero (rood- 
je'ro), Roger o (rS-j£'ro) ; 
Sp. Rogerio (ro-ha/re'-o) ; 
G. Riidiger (rii'de-ger). — 
Dim. Hodge (hSj), Hodg- 
kin (hSj'kln). 

Rowland (ro'lfind), or Row'- 
land. [Teut.] Fame of the 
land. L. Rot-lan'dus, Ro- 
lan'dus ; F. Roland (r6'- 
laN') ; It. Orlando_(5r-lan'- 
do) ; Sp. Roldan (rol-dan') ; 
Pg. Rolando (r6-laN'ddb) ; 
Roldao (rol-douN') ; G. 
Roland_(ro'lant) ; D. Roe- 
land (roo'lant). 

Ru'dolph (rdb'dSlf), or Ru- 
dol'phus ( roo-dSPfws ). 
[Teut.] L. Ro-dol'phus ; 

F. Rodolphe (ro'dSlF), 
Raoul (ra'doP) ; It. Rodolfo 
(r5-d6Pfo) , Ridolfo (re-) ; 
Sp. Rodolfo (ro-dol'fo) ; 

G. Rudolf (rdo'dSlf). 
Ru'fus (rdb'fws). [L.] Red ; 

redhaired. _ 

Ru'pert (roo'pert). = Ro- 
bert. L. Ru-per'tus. 

Sam'son (sam'swn), or 
Samp'son (samp'sin), 
[Heb.] Splendid sun ; F. 
Samson (saN'soN') ; Sp. 
Sanson (san-son') ; Pg. 
Sansao (-soun') . 

Sam'u-el(sam'u-el). [Heb.] 
Heard of God ; asked for of 
God ; F. Samuel (sa'mwel') ; 
It. Samuele (sa-mwa'la) ; 
G. Samuel (za'mdb-el) ; D. 
Samuel (sa/mdb-el). — Dim. 
Sam, Sam/my. [for. I 

Saul (sol). [Heb.] Asked | 

Se-bas'tian (se-bas'chan). 
[Gr.] L. Se-bas'ti-a'nus ; 
F. Sebastien (sa'bas'tyaN') ; 
It. Sebastiano (sa-bas-tya/- 
no) ; Sp. Sebastian (sa- 
bas-tyan') : Pg. Sebastiao 
(-tyouN') ; G. Sebastian (za- 
bas'te-an') . [pointed . I 

Seth (seth). [Heb.] Ap-| 

Sig'is-mund (sij'is-mund). 
[Teut.] Conquering protec- 
tion. F. Sigismond (se'- 
zh_es'moN') ; It. Sigismondo 
(se'jes-mon'do), Sismondo 
(ses-m5n'd5) ; Sp^ Sigis- 
mundo (se-hes-moon'do) ; 
Pg. Sigismundo (se'zhes- 
moon'ddb) ; G. Sigismund 
(ze'gis-mdbnt), Sigmund 
(zeK'mdont). 

Si'las (sT'las). [L.] L. id. 

Sil-va'nus (sil-va'm£s) . [L.] 



Living in a wood. L. id. ; 

F. Silvain^ (sel'vaN') ; It. 
Silvano (sel-va/no) , Silvio 
(sel'vyo) ; G. Silvanus (zel- 
va'ndbs), Silvan (-van'). — 
Fern. Sylvia. 

Sil-ves'ter (sil-ves'ter).[L.] 
Bred in the country ; rustic. 
L. id. ; F. Silvestre (sel''- 
ves'tr') ; Pg. Sylvestre (sel- 
vgs'tra) ; G. Silvester (zel- 
v?s'ter ) . — Dim. Vest, 
Ves'ter. 

Sim'e-on (sim'e-on) . [Heb.] 
Hearing. L. id. ; F. Simeon 
(se'ma'oN') ; Pg. Simeao 
(se'mS-ouN') ; G. Simeon 
(ze'mg-on). — Dim. Sim. 

Si'mon (si'mon). [Heb.] 
L. id. ; F. Simon (se'moN') ; 
It. Simone ( e-mo'na) ; Sp. 
Simon (se-m5n') ; Pg. Si- 
mao (se-mouN') ; G. Simon 
(ze'm6n). — Dim. Sim. 

S o l'o-m o n (s B 1'5-m u n). 
[Heb.] Peaceable. F. Salo- 
mon (sa'16'mSN') ; It. Salo- 
mone (sa'15-mo'na) ; Sp. 
Salomon (-mon');Pg. Salo- 
mao (-mouN') ; G. Salomo 
(za'15-mo). — Dim. Sol. 

Ste'phen (ste'v'n). [Gr.] A 
crown. L Steph'a-nus ; F. 
Istienne (5'tyen') ; It. Ste- 
fano (sta'fa-n5) ; Sp. Este- 
van, Esteban (?s-ta'van) ; 
Pg. Estevao (es'ta-vouN') ; 

G. Stephan (sta'fan). — ■ 
Dim. Steve, Ste'vie, Steenie 
(sten'i) (chiefly Scot.). 

Syl-va'nus (sil-va'nws) . = 

Silvanus. 
Syl-ves'ter (sil- ves'ter) . = 

Silvester. 

T h a d'd e-u s (thad'e-ws). 
[Gr.] L. Thad-dse'us ; It. 
Taddeo (tad-da'o) ; Sp. 
Tadeo(ta-tha'o) ;Pg. Thad- 
deo (ta-da'db) ; G. Thad- 
daus (ta-de'dbs). 

The'o-bald (the'6-bold, 
formerly tib'dld). [Teut.] 
Bold for the people. F. 
Thibaut (te'bo') ; It. Teo- 
baldo (ta'o-bal'do) ; Sp. 
Theudebaldo (ta'db-da-) ; 
G. Dietbold (det'bolt). 

T h e'o-d ore (the'6-dor). 
[Gr.] Gift of God. L. 
The'o-do'rus ; F. Theodore 
(ta/S-dor') ; It. Teodoro 
(ta-6-do'ro) ; Sp. Teodoro 
(ta'6-tho'ro) ; G. Theodor 
(ta'6-dSr) ; Russ. & Pol. 
Feodor (fa-6'dor). — Dim. 
Ted, Ted'dy. 

The-od'o-ric (the-Sd'5-rik) . 
[Teut.] Powerful among 
the people. L. The-od'o- 
ri'cus. 

T h e-o p h'i-1 u s (the-Sf'i- 
lus). [Gr.] A lover of God. 
L. id. ; F. Theophile (.t&'o'- 
fel') ; It. Teofilo (ta-6'fe- 
15) ; Sp. Teofilo (ta-o'fe-lo) ; 
Pg. Theophilo (ta-o'fe- 
lob) ; G. Theophilus (-lobs), 
Gottlieb (got'lep). 

The'ron (the'rSn). [Gr.] 
A hunter. 

Thom'as (tSm'ds). [Heb.] 
A twin. L. id. ; F. Thomas 
(tS'ma') ; It. Tomaso (t6- 
ma'zo) ; Sp. Tomas (t5- 
mas') ; Pg. Thomas, Tho- 
maz (t5-ma.sh') ; G. Thomas 
(to'mas). — Dim. Tom, 
Tom'my. — Fern. Thomasa, 
Thomasine. 

T i m'o-t h y (tim'6-thi). 
[Gr.] Fearing God. L. 
Ti-mo'the-us ; F. Timothee 
(te'mS'ta') ; It. Timoteo 
(te-mo'ta-o) ; Sp. Timoteo 
(te-m5-ta'5) ; Pg. Timo- 



theo (-ta'db) ; G. Timo- 

theus (te-m5'ta-dbs) . — 

Dim. Tim. 
Ti'tus (tl'tws). [Gr.] L. 

id. ; F. Tite (tet) ; It., Sp., 

& Pg. Tito (te'to). 
To-bi'ah (to-bl'd), or To- 

bi'as (to-bi'ds). [Heb.] 

Distinguished of Jehovah. 

L. To-bi'as ; F. Tobie (t8'- 

be') ; It. Tobia (_to-be'a) ; 

Sp. Tobias (to-be'as) ; G. 

& D. Tobias (tS-be'as). — 

Dim. To'by. 

tT-lys'ses (G-lis'ez). [Gr.] 
A. hstpr 

Ur'ban "(Qr'bSn). [L.] Of 
the city ; courteous. L. Ur- 
ba'nus ; F. Urbain (ur'- 
baN') ; It. Urbano (oor-ba'- 
no) ; G. Urbanus' (dbr-ba.'- 
ndbs), Urban (dbi'ban). 

U-ri'ab. (u-rT'd). [Heb.] 
Light of Jehovah. 

U'ri-el (u'ri-gl). [Heb.] 
Flame of God, or God is a 
light. 

V a l'e n-t i n e (val'&i-tTn) . 
[L.] Strong ; healthy ; pow- 
erful. L. Val'en-ti'nus ; F. 
Valentin (va'laN'taN^) ; It. 
Valentino (va-len-te^n5) ; 
Sp. Valentin (va'len-ten') ; 
G. Valentin (va'len-ten) . 

Vic'tor (vik'tgr). [L.] A 
conqueror. L. id. 

Vin'cent (vln'sent). [L.] 
Conquering. L. Vin'cens ; 
F. Vincent (vaN'saN') ; It. 
Vincenzo (ven-chent'so) ; 
Sp. Vicente (ve-thgn'ta) ; 
Pg. Vicente (-sen'ta) ; G. 
Vincenz (vin'tsents). 

Viv'i-an (viv'i-dn). [L.] F. 
Vivien (ve'vyaN') ; G. Vi- 
vian (ve've-an). 

Wal'ter (wol'ter). [Teut.] 
Ruling the host. L. Gual- 
te'rus ; F. Gauthier, Gau- 
tier (gS'tyaO ; It. Gualtiero 
(gwal-tya'ro) ; Sp. Gualte- 
rio (-ta're-o) ; G. Walther 
(val'ter) . — Dim. Walt, Wat. 

W i l'l i a m (wil'ydm). 
[Teut.] Resolute helmet, 
or helmet of resolution ; 
defense ; protection. L. 
Guil'i-el'mus, or Gu'li-el'- 
mus ; F. Guillaume (ge'- 
yom')_; It. Guglielmo (gool- 
yel'mo) ; Sp. Guillermo 
(gel-yer'm5) ; Pg. Guil- 
herme (-yer'ma) ; G. Wil- 
helm (vil'helm). — Dim. 
Bill, Bil'ly, Will, Wil'ly.— 
Fern. Wilhelmina. 

Win'fred (wm'frgd). [AS.] 
Win-peace. 

Z ab'di-e 1 (zab'dl-el). 

[Heb.] Gift of God.. 
Zao-chse'us ) (za-ke'ws ; col- 
Zac-che'us ) loq. zak'e-ws). 

[Heb.] Pure. 
Zach/a-ri'ah (zak'd-ri'd), 

Zach'a-ri'as ( -ri'ds ), or 

Zach'a-ry(zak'd-ri). [Heb.] 

Remembered of Jehovah. 

— Dim. Zach (zak). 
Za/dok (za'dSk). [Heb.] 

Just. 
Zeb'a-di'ah (zeb'd-di'd). 

[Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 
Ze-bi'na (ze-bl'nd). [Heb.] 

Bought. 
Zech/a-ri'ah (zgk'd-rT'd) . 

[Heb.] = Zachariah. 
Zed'e-ki'ah (zed'e-ki'd). 

[Heb.] Justice of the Lord. 
Ze-lo'tes (ze-lo'tez). [Gr.] 

A zealot. 
Zeph'a-ni'ah (zef'd-nT'd). 

[Heb.] Hid of Jehovah. 



Ab'i-gail (ab'i-gal). [Heb.] 
Father (that is, source) of 
joy. — Dim. Ab'by, Nab'by. 
A'da (a'dd). [eline.l 

Ad'a-line (ad'd-lin). = Ad-| 
Ad'e-la (ad'e-ld). F. Adele 

(a'del'). 
A d'e-1 aide (5 d'e"-l a d). 



II. NAMES OF WOMEN 



[Teut.] Of noble rank. F. 
Adelaide (a'da'la'ed') ; G. 
Adelheid (a'del-hlt). 
Ad'e-li'na (ad'e-li'nd) , or 
Ad'e-tine (ad'e-nn). 
[Teut.] Of noble birth ; a 
princess. F. Adeline (a'd'- 
len') ; G. Adeline (a'da-le'- 



ne). — Dim. Ad'die, Ad'dy. 

Ag'a-tha (ag'd-thd). [Gr.] 
Good ; kind. F. Agathe 
(a'gaf) ; It. Agata (a'ga- 
ta) ; Pg. Agatha (a'ga-ta) ; 
G. Agathe (a-ga'te). 

Ag'nes (ag'nes ; -nez).[Gr.] 
Chaste ; pure. F. Agnes 



(a'nyeV) ; It. Agnese (an- 
ye'za) ; Sp. Ines (e-nas') ; 
Pg. Inez (e-nyas') ; G. Ag- 
nes (ang'nas). 

Al-ber'ta (al-bur'td). Fem. 
of Albert. 

Al'ex-an'dra (al'eg-zan'- 
drd), or Al'ex-an-dri'na 



ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, 111; old, 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, 



obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect ; 
thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 



1195 



(-ari-drT'nd) . [Gr.] Fem. of 
Alexander. F. Alexandrine 
(a'lek'saN'dren') ; It. Ales- 
sandra (a-les-san'dra) ; Sp. 
Alej andra (a'la-han'dra) , 
Alejandrina (-han-dre'na) . 

Al'ice (al'Is), or A-lic'i-a 
(d-lish'i-d) . F. Alice(a'les') ; 
It. Alicia (a-le'cha), Sp. 
Alicia (a-le'the-a) ; G. Alice 
(a-le'se) . — Dim. Al'lie or 
Al'ly, El'sie. 

Al'ma (al'md). [L.] Nour- 
ishing ; cherishing. 

Al-mi'ra (al-mfrd). 

Al-the'a (al-the'd). [Gr.] A 
healer. 

Am'a-bel (am'd-be'l). [L.] 
Lovable. L. A-mab'i-lis. 

A-man'da (d-man'dd). [L.] 
Worthy to be loved. F. 
Amandine (a'maN'den') . — 
Dim. Man'dy. 

A-me'li-a (d-me'lT-d; 
d-mel'yd). [Uncert. orig.] 

F. Amelie (a/ma/le') ; It. 
Amelia (a-ma'lya), Amalia 
(a-ma'-) ; Sp. & Pg. Amelia 
(a-ma'le-a) ; G. & D. Ama- 
lia (a-ma'le-a) . 

A'my (a'mi). [L-l Be- 
loved. L. A-ma'ta ; F. 
Aim6e (e'ma') ; It. Amata 
(a-ma'ta) . 

An-gel'i-ca (an-jel'i-kd). 
[Gr.] Lovely ; angelic. F. 
Angelique (aN'zha'lek') ; 
It. Angelica (an'ja'le-ka) ; 

G. Angelica (an-ga/le-ka) . 
Ann (an), \ [ H e b . ] 
An'na (an'd) , > Grace. = 
Anne (an). J Hannah. L. 

An'na ; F. Anne (an) , An- 
nette (a'net'), Nannette 
(na/nef), Ninon (ne'noN') ; 
It. Anna (an'na) ; Sp. Ana 
(a'na) ; G. Anna (an'a). — 
Dim. An'nie, Nan, Nan'cy, 
Nan'ny, Nina (ne'nd). 
An'toi-nette' (an'to-net' ; 

F. aN'twa'net'). F. dim. 
of Antonia. It. Antonietta 
(an'tS-nyet'ta) ; G. Anto- 
niette (-nyet'te). — Dim. 
Net, Net'ty. 

A n-t o'n i-a (an-to'ni-a). 
[L.] Fem. of Antonius^ L. 
id. ; F. Antonie (aN'to'ne') ; 
It. & Sp. Antonina (an'tS- 
ne'na) ; G. Antonie (an-to'- 
nye). 

A r'a-b e l'l a (a r'd-b e I'd) . 
[Uncert. orig.] F. Arabelle 
(a/ra'bel') ; It. Arabella 
(a/ra-bel'la) ; Sp. Arabela 
(-ba'la) ;G. Arabelle (-bel'e). 
— Dim. Bel, Bel'la, Belle. 

Au-gus'ta (6-gus'td). [L.] 
Fem. of Augustus. L. id. ; 

G. & D. Augusta (ou- 
gdbs'ta) . 

Au-re'li-a (6-re'li-d ; 6-rel'- 
yd). [L.] GDlden. Fem. of 
Aurelius. L. id.; F. Aurelie 
(S'ra'le') ; It., Sp., & D. Au- 
relia (ou-rale-a) ; G. Aure- 
lia (ou-ra'le-a) , Aurelie (-e). 

Bar'ba-ra (bar'bd-rd) . [Gr.] 
Foreign ; strange. L. id. ; 

F. Barbe (barb) ; It., Sp., 

G. & D. Barbara (bar'ba- 
ra). — Dim. Bab. 

Be'a-trice (be'd-tris). [L.] 
Making happy. L. Be-a'- 
trix ; F. Beatrice (ba'a/- 
tres'), Beatrix (-treV) ; It. 
Beatrice (ba'a-tre'cha) ; Sp. 
& Pg. Beatriz (Sp. ba'a- 
treth' ; Pg. -tresh') ; G. & 
D. Beatrix (ba-a'treks) . 
Dim. Be, Tris'sie, Tris'sy. 

Be-lin'da (be-lin'dd) [Un- 
cert. orig.] 

Bslle (bel). [F.] Beautiful. 

Ben'e-dict'a (ben'e-dik'td). 
[L.] Fem. of Benedict. L. 
id. ; F. Benotte (be'nwat') ; 
It. Benedetta (be'na-det'- 
ta) ; Sp. Benita (bS-ne'ta) ; 
Pg. Benedicta (ba'na-de'- 
ta) ; G. Benedikta (-ne- 
dik'ta). 

Bsr'tha (bur'thd). [Teut.] 
Bright. F. Berthe (bert) ; 
It. & Sp. Berta (bgr'ta) ; 
G. & D. Bertha (bSr'ta). — 
Dim. Ber'ty. 



Bes'sie (bes'I), ) Diminu- 
Befsey (bet'si).J tives of 

Elizabeth. 
Blanch (blanch), ) [Teut.] 
Blanche (blanch). J White. 

F. Blanche (blaNsh) ; It. 
Bianca (byan'ka) ; Sp. & 

G. Bianca (blan'ka). 
Bridg'et (brij'gt ; -It). [Ir.] 

Strength. F. Brigitte (bre'- 
zhet') ; It. Brigida (bre'je- 
da) ; Sp. Brigida (bre'he- 
fcha) ; G. Brigitta (bre- 
git'e). — Dim. Bid'dy. 

Ca-mil'la (kd-mll'd). [L.] 

Attendant at a sacrifice. 

L. id. ; F. Camille (ka'mel' ; 

ka/me'y') ; It. Camilla (ka- 

mel'la), Cammilla (kam-) ; 

Sp. Camila (ka-me'la). 
Car'o-line (kar'3-lln). Fem. 

of Charles. F. Caroline 

(ka'ro'len') ; It., Sp., & Pg. 

Carolina (ka'rS-le'na) ; G. 

Karoline or Caroline (ka'- 

ro-le'ne) . — Dim. Cad'die, 

Car'rie. 
Cath / a-ri'na(kath / d-rT'nd), 

Cath'a-rine (kath'd-rin), 

or Cath'er-ine (-er-in). 

[Gr.] L. Cath'e-ri'na ; F. 

Catherine (ka/t'ren') ; It. 

Cater ina (ka'tS-re'na) ; 

Sp. Catalina (-le'na) ; Pg. 

Catharina (ka'ta-re'na); G. 

Katharine (ka'ta-re'nS) . 

— Dim. Kate, Kat'rine 
(kat'rTn ;-r!n). Kit, Kit'ty. 

Ce-cil'i-a (se-sil'i-d) , or 
Cec'i-ly (ses'i-li). [L] 
Fem. of Cecil. F. Cecile 
(sa'sel') ; It. Cecilia (cha- 
chel'ya) ; Sp. Cecilia (tha- 
thel'ya) ; G. Cacillia (tse- 
tsel'ya) .j — Dim. Cis, Sis, 
Sisely (sis'ly) . 

Cel-es'tine (se-les'tin). [L.] 
Heavenly. F. Celestine (sa'- 
les'ten') ; G. Colestine (tsfl'- 
les-te'ne) . 

Ce'li-a (seli-d; sel'yd). 
[L.] F. Celie (sa/le') ; It. 
Celia (cha'lya). 

Char'lotte (sharlSt). Fem. 
of Charles. F. Charlotte 
(shar'15f) ; It. Carlotta 
(kar-lot'ta) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Carlota (kar-15'ta) ; G. 
Charlotte (shar-lot'e) . — 
Dim. Lot'tie. 

Chlo'e (klo'e). [Gr.] Young 
verdure ; herb. 

Chris'ti-an'a (kr ls't I-an'd) . 
[Gr.] Fem. of Christian. G. 
Christiane (kres-te-a'ne) , 
Christel (kris'tel). — Dim. 
Chris'sie. 

Chris-ti'na (kris-te'nd). 
[Gr.] F. Christine (kres 7 - 
ten') ; It. & Sp. Cristina 
(kres-te'na) ; G. Christine 
(kres-te'ne) . — Dim. Chris'- 
sie, Xi'na (ze'nd) . 

Cic'e-ly (sis'e-li). = Cecilia. 

Clar'a (klar'd). [L.] Bright; 
illustrious. L. id. ; F. Claire 
(klar) ; It. Chiara (kya'ra) ; 
Sp. & Pg. Clara (kla'ra) ; 
G. Klara or Clara (kla'ra). 

— Dim. Clare (klar). 
Clar'i*bel (klar'I-bel) . [L.] 

Brightly fair. 

Clar'ice (klar'is), \ [L.] 

Cla-ris'sa (kld-ris'd). ( De- 
riv. of Clara. F. Clarisse 
(kla'res') ; It. Clarissa (kla- 
res'sa) ; G. Klarissa or Cla- 
rissa (kla-re'sa). — Dim. 
Clare (klar). 

Clau'di-a (klo'di-d). [L.] 
Fem. of Claudius. F. Claude 
(klod), Claudie (klo'de'), 
Claudine (-den') ; It. & G. 
Claudia (klou'de-a) ; Sp. 
Claudia (klou^the-a), Clau- 
dina (klou-the'na) . 

ClenVen-ti'na (klem'en-te'- 
nd), or Clem'en-tine (-ten; 
-tin). [L.] Fem. of Clement. 
F. Clementine (kla/maN'- 
ten') 5 w G. Clementine 
(klem'en-te'ne) ; It. Clem- 
entina (klS'men-te'na) . 

Con'stance (kSn'stdns). 
[L.] Fem. of Constant. L. 
Con-stan'ti-a; F. Constance 
(koN'sta.Ns') ; It. Costanza 
( kS-stant'sa ) ; Sp. Co- 
stenza (k5-sten'tha) , Con- 



stanza (k8n-stan'tha) ; G. 
Constanze (k6n-shtant'se) ; 
G. Constantia(kSn-shtant'- 
se-a) ■ 

Co'ra(ko'rd). [Gr.] Maiden. 

C o r-d e'l i-a (kor-de'11-d ; 
-del'yd). [L.] Warm- 
hearted. L. id. ; F. Corde- 
lie (kSr'da'le'). 

Co-rin'na (k8-rln'd). [De- 
riv. of Cora.] Maiden. L. 
& It. id. ; F. Corinne (kC- 
rinO. 

Cor-ne'li-a (kSr-neli-d ; 
-nel'yd). [L.] Fem. of Cor- 
nelius. L. id. ; F. Cornelie 
(kSr'na'le') ; It. Cornelia 
(k8r-na'lya) ; G. Kornelie 
(k8r-na'le-5). 

Cyn'thi-a (sin'thl-d). [Gr.] 
Of or from Mt. Cynthus. 

D e b'o-r ah (d 5 b'5-r a). 
[Heb.] A bee. G. Debora 
(dg-b5'ra). — Dim. Deb, 
Deb'by. [Delos.l 

De'li-a (deli-a). [Gr.] Of| 
Di-an'a (dT-an'd; dT-a'nd). 
[L.] Goddess. L. Di-a'na ; 

F. Diane (de'an') ; It. & G. 
Diana (de-a'na). 

Di'nah (di'nd). [Heb.] 
Judged. 

Do'ra (do'rd). Dim. of 
Dorothea, Eudora, Theo- 
dora, [gazelle. I 

Dor'cas (dor'kds). [Gr.] A| 

Do-rin'da (dS-rln'dd). The 
same as Dorothea. 

Dor'o-the'a (dSr'S-the'd) , 
or Dor'o-thy (dSr'6-thi). 
[Gr.] Gift of God. F. Doro- 
thee (do'ro'ta') , Dorette 
(do'rgf) ; It. & Sp. Doro- 
tea (do-'ro-ta'a) ; G. Doro- 
thea (do'ro-ta'a) . — Dim. 
Dol, Dolly. 

E'dith (e'dlth). [AS.] L. 
Ed'i-tha ; It. Edita (a-de'- 
ta). [Pleasure.! 

Ed'na (ed'nd). [ Heb. ] | 

El'e-a-nor (el'd-nor ; el'e-d- 
nor), or El'i-nor (el'i-nor ; 
-ner). [F.] F. Eleonore 
(a'la'5/nSr') .Alienor (a'lya'- 
nor) ; It. Eleonora (a/la-6- 
no'ra) ; G. Eleonore (gl'a-S- 
no're). — Dim. El'la, El'- 
len, Nell, Nel'lie, No'ra. 

E-lis'a-beth (e-uz'd-beth), 
E-liz'a-beth (e-liz'd-beth), 
or E-li'za (e-lT'zd). [Heb.] 
Worshiper of God ; conse- 
crated to God. F. Elisabeth 
(a'le'za/bet') , Elise (alez') ; 
It. Elisabetta (a-le-za-bet'- 
ta);Elisa(a-le'za) ;G. Elisa- 
beth (2-le'za-bet), Elise 
(5-le'za). — Dim. Bess, 
Bes'sy, Beth, Bet'sey, Bet'- 
ty, El'sie, Lib'by, Li'sa, 
Liz, Liz'zy. 

El'len (el'"en). Cf. Helen. 

Em'i-ly (gm'MI). [F.] F. 
Emilie (a / me'le')_; It., Sp., 
& Pg. Emilia _(a-mel'ya) ; 

G. Emilie (e-me'le-e) . 
Em'ma (em'd). [G.] F. 

Emma (e'ma') ; It. & Pg. 
Emma (em'ma) ; Sp. Ema 
(a'ma) ; G. Emma (em'a). 
— Dim. Emm, Em'mie. 

Es'ther (Ss'ter). [Heb.] F. 
Esther (eVtar') ; It. Ester 
(es'ter), Esterre (5s-ter'ra) ; 
Sp. Ester (-tar') ; G. Esther 
(es'te'r). — Dim. Es'sie. 

Eth'el (gth'e!) . [AS.] Noble. 

Eu-do'ra (Q-do'rd). [Gr.] 
Good gift ; L. id. ; F. Eu- 
dore (Q'dSr'). 

Eu-ge'ni-a (u-je'nT-d). Fem. 
of Eugene. F. Eugenie 
(fl'zha'ne') ; It. Eugenia 
(a-db-jen'ya) ; Sp. Eugenia 
(-ha'nya) ; G. Eugenie (oi- 
ga'ne-e ; oi'zhe-ne') , Eu- 
genia <oi-ga'ne-a) . — Dim. 
Genie (je'ni). 

Eu-la'li-a (u-Iali-d). [Gr.] 
Fair speech. F. Eulalie 
(a/la'le') ; It. Eulalia (a-ob- 
lale-a) . 

Eu'nice (G'nis). [Gr.] Hap- 
py victory. 

Eu-phe'mi-a (u-fe'mi-d). 
[Gr.] Of good report. F. 
Euphemie (Q'fa'me') ; It. 



& Sp. Eufemia (a-db-fa'- 
mya) ; G. Euphemia (oi- 
fa'me-a). — Dim. Ef'fie. 
E'va (e'vd) . [Heb.] Life. L. 

id.; F. Eve (av) ; It., Sp., 
Pg., G., & D. Eva (a'va). 

E-van'ge-line (e-van'j5- 
len; -II n ; -lln). [Gr.] 
Bringing glad news. 

Eve (ev). = Eva. 

Ev'e-li'na (gv'e-lT'nd) . Ev'- 
e-line (ev'5-lTn). Ev'e-lyn 
(-lln). Diminutives of Eva. 

Faus-ti'na (fos-tT'nd). [L.] 
Lucky. F. Faustine (fSs 7 - 
ten') ; It. Faustina (fou- 
ste'na) ; G. Faustine (-ne). 

Fe-lic'i-a (fe-llsh'1-d; fe- 
lish'd). [L.] Happiness. F. 
Felicie (fa'le'se') ; It. Feli- 
cia (fa-le'cha) ;Sp.Felicidad 
(fa-le'the-tbath'). 

Fi-ds'li-a (fi-de'li-d; fi- 
del'yd). [L.] Faithful. 

Flo'ra (flo'rd). [L.] Flow- 
ers. L. id. ; F. Flore (flor) ; 
It. Flora (flo'ra). 

Flor'ence (fl5r'ens). [L] 
Bloom ; prosperity. L. Flo- 
ren'ti-a ; It. Fiorenza (fy6- 
rgn'tsa) ; Sp. Florencia (fl5- 
ren'thya) ; G. Florentia 
(-tsi-a) . — Dim. Flos'sie. 

Fran'ces (fran'sez). Fem. of 
Francis. L. Fran-cis'ca ; F. 
Franchise (frax'swaz') ; It. 
Francesca (fran-chas'ka) ; 
Sp. Francisca (-thes'ka) ; 
Pg. Francisca (fraN-ses'ka) ; 
G. Franziske (fran-tsis'ka). 
— Dim. Fan'ny, Frank. 

Fred'er-i'ca (fred'er-i'kd). 
Fem. of Frederic. F. Fre- 
derique (fra'da'rek') ; It. 
Federica (fa'da-re'ka) ; Sp. 
Federica (fa'tba-re'ka) ; G. 
Friederike (fre'da-re'ke) . — 
Dim. Fred'die. 

Geor'gi-an'a (jor'ji-Sn'd), 
or Qeor-gi'na (jor-je'nd). 
Fem. of George. F. Geor- 
gienne (zhSr'zhen'), Geor- 
gine (zhor'zhen'), Geor- 
gette (zh6r'zhSt') ; It. Gior- 
gia (jor^ja) ; G. Georgine 
(ga'Sr-ge'ne). 

Ger'al-dine Ger'al-dm). 
Fem. of Gerald. F. Geral- 
dine (zha'ral'den') ; It. Gi- 
ralda (je-ral'da) ; _G. Ger- 
hardine (ggr'har-de'ne). 

G e r't r u d e (gur'trood). 
[Teut.] Spear maiden. F. 
Gertrude (zher/triid') ; It. 
Gertrude (jer-troo'da), Gel- 
truda (jel-troo'da)_; Sp. 
Gertrudis (her-troo'des) ; 
G. Gertraud (ger'trout), 
Gertrud (ger'trdbt). — Dim. 
Ger'tie (gur'tl), Tru'dy. 

Gri-sel'da (gri-zel'dd ; -s51'- 
dd)_. [Teut.] F. Griselda 
(gre'zel'da') ; It. Griselda 
(gre-zel'da) ; G. Griseldis 
(-zel'dis), Griselde (-zel'- 
de), Grishilde (gris-hil'de) ; 
D. Griseldis (gre-zel'dis). 
— Dim. Gris'sel. 



Han'nah (han'd). 
Same as Anna. 



[Heb.] 



Har'ri-et (har'i-et), > Fem. 

Har'ri-ot (har'i-iit). ( of 
Henry. — Dim. Hat'ty. 

Hsl'en (hel'en), )[Gr.] 

Hel'e-na (hel'e-nd). ) L. 

Hel'e-na; F. Helene 
(a'lgn') ; It. Elena (a'lS-na) ; 
Sp. Helena, Elena (a-la'- 
na) ; G. Helena (h?l'e-na), 
Helene (he-la'ne) ; D. Hel- 
ena (hgl'e-na). — Dim. 
Nell, Nel'ly. 

Hen'ri-et'ta (hgn^ri-St'd). 
Fem. of Henry. F. Henri- 
ette (aN're'St') ; It. Enri- 
chetta (en-re-kat'ta) ; Sp. 
Enriqueta (?n-re-ka'ta) ; G. 
Henriette (hen-re-?t'e). — 
Dim. Et'ta, Hefty, Net'tie. 

Hes'ter, or Hes'ther (hes'- 
t5r). = Esther. 

Ho-no'ra (h8-no'rd) , or 
Ho-no'ri-a (h6-no'ri-d). 
[L.] Honorable. — Dim. 
No'rah, No'ra. 

Hor-ten'si-a (h5r-t?n'shi-d ,* 



. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



Q 



R 



S 



V 



W 



X 



1196 

-sha). [L.] A lady gardener. 
L. id. ; F. Hortinse (6r'- 
taNs') ; It. Ortensia (6r- 
tgn'sya) ; G. & D. Hor- 
tensia (hor-tSn'se-a) . 

I'da (T'dd). [Teut.] God- 
like. F. Ida (e'da') ; It., G., 
& D. Ida (e'da). [Agnes. 
I'nez (I'ngz). Pg. form of| 
I-rene' (T-ren' ; T-re'ne) . 
[Gr.] Peace. F. Irene 
(e'rgn') ; It. Irene (e-re'- 
na) ; G. Irene (e-ra/ne). 
Is'a-bel (iz'd-bgl), \ = Eliz- 
Is'a-bel'la (-bel'd). ) abeth. 
F. Isabeau (e'za/bo'), Isa- 
belle (-bgP) ; It. Isabella 
(e'za-bgl'la) ; Sp. Isabel 
(e'sa-bgP) ; Pg. Isabel (e'za- 
bel') ; G. Isabelle (e'za- 
bgl'e). — Dim. Bel, Bel'la. 

Jane (jan). [F.] = Joan. 
Ja-net/ (jd-ngf ; in Eng. 

ja.n'et)._ Dim. of Jane. 
Jean (jen), Jeanne (jen). 

See Joan. 
Jean-nette' (je-ngf). [F.] 

Dim. of Jean. 
J e-m i'm a (j e-m I'm d). 

[Heb.] A dove. 
Jes'sie (jgs'i). [Scot.] — 

Dim. Jess. 
Jo-an' (jon), Jo-an'na (jS- 
,an'fl), or Jo-han'na 

(-han'd). [Heb.] Fem. of 

John. L. Jo-han'na ; F. 

Jeanne(zhan) ; It. Giovanna 

(jS-van'na) ; Sp. Juan a 

( hwa'na ) ; G. Johanna 

(yS-han'a) . 
Jo-se'pha (j<5-se'fd), or Jo'- 

seph-ine (jo'zef-en). Fem. 

of Joseph. F. Josephine 

(zhS'za'fen') ; It. Giusep- 

pina (joo'sep-pe^na) ; Sp. 

Josefina (ho'sa-fe'na) ; G. 

Josephine (yo'za-f e'nS!) . — 

Dim. Jo, Jo'zy, Phe'ny. 
Ju'dith (job'dith). [Heb.] 

Praised. F. Judith (zhiP- 

det') ; It. Giuditta (joo- 

det'ta) ; G. Judith (y6b'- 

det). — Dim. Ju'dy. 
Ju'li-a (jool'yd; jool'I-d). 

[L.] Fem. of Julius. L. id. ; 

F. Julie_ (zhiple') ; It. Giu- 

lia_ (jool'ya) ; Sp. Julia 

(hool'ya) ; Pg. Julia (zhoo'- 

le-a) ; G. Julie (yoo'lS-e). 
Ju'li-an'aOoo'li-an'd). [L.] 

Fem. of Julian. L. id. ; F. 

Julienne (zhiPlygn') ; It. 

Giuliana (joo-lya/na) ; Sp. 

Juliana (hoo-lya'na) ; Pg. 

Juliana (zhoo-) ; G. & D. 

Juliana (yoo'le-a'na) . 
Ju'li-et (joo'11-gt). Dim. of 

Julia. 
Jus-tPna (jiis-tT'nd). [L.] 

Fem. of Justin. L. id. ; F. 

Justine (zhus'ten') ; It. 

Giustina (joos-te'na) ; Sp. 

Justina (hoos-te'na) ; G. 

Justine (yoos-te'ne) . 

Kate (kat). Dim. of Cath- 
arine. 

Kath'a-rine (kath'd-rin) , 
or Kath'er-ine (kath'er- 
In). = Catharine. 

Lau'ra (16'rd). [L.] A lau- 
rel. F. Laure (15r) ; It. & G. 
Laura (lou'ra). 

Lau-rin'da(lo-rin'dd). [L.] 
Deriv. of Laura. 

Le'na (le'nd). Dim. of Hel- 
ena or Magdalene. 

Le'o-no'ra (le'o-no'rd) . = 
Eleanor. It. Leonora (la'S- 
no'ra) ; G. Leonore (la'6- 
no're), Lenore (lS-no'rS). 

Le-ti'ti-a (le-tish'i-d; le- 
tlsh'd). [L.] Happiness. 
L. Lae-ti'ti-a; It. Letizia (la- 
tet'se-a) . 

Lil'i-an (lil'i-dn), ) [L.] 

Lil'y (lil'i). ) Lily. 

Lo-rin'da (15-rin'dd). Var. 
of Laurinda. 

Lou-Psa (loo-e'zd), ) Fem. 

Lou-ise' (loo-ez'). ) of 
Louis. F. Louise (ldb'ez') ; 
It. Luisa (lob-e'za) ; Sp. 
Luisa (-sa) ; Pg. Luiza (-za) ; 
G. Luise (-ze), Ludovika 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES 



(loo'dS-ve'ka) . — Dim. Lou, 

Lou'ie. 
Lu'ci-a (lu'shi-d; -shd). 

[L.] Fem. of Lucius. 
Lu-cin'da (lu-sln'dd). [L.] 

= Lucy. 
Lu'creee (lu-kres' ; lfl'kres), 

orLu-cre'ti-adu-kre'shi-d; 

-shd). [L.] L. Lu-cre'ti-a ; 

F. Lucrece (lu'krgs') ; It. 
Lucrezia (ldb-krat'se-a) . 

Lu'cy (lii'sl). F. Lucie (lii'- 
se') ; It. Lucia (loo-che'a) ; 
Sp. Lucia (loo'thya) ; Pg. 
Lucia (-se-a) ; G^Lucia (loo'- 
tse-a), Lucie (loo'tsl-e) . 

Lyd'i-a (lld'I-d). [Gr.] A 
native of Lydia. 

Ma'bel (ma'bel). = Ama- 
bel. 

M a d'e-1 i n e (mad'e-lin). 
See Magdalene. 

Mag'da-lene (mag'dd-len ; 
mag'dd-le'ne) . [Heb.] Be- 
longing to Magdala. F. 
Magdelaine (ma'd'le'n'), 
Madeleine (mad'len'), 
Madelon (-16n0 ; It. Mad- 
dalena (mad'da-la'na) ; Sp. 
Magdalena (mag'da-la'na) , 
Madelena (ma'dS-la/na) ; 

G. Magdalene (mag'da-la/- 
ne). — Dim. Maud, Maun. 

Mar-ce PI a (m a r-s e Pd) . 
Fem. of Marcellus. 

M a r'g a-r e t (mar'gd-re't). 
[Gr.] A pearl. F. Margue- 
rite (mar'ge-reV) ; It. Mar- 
gherita (mar'ga-re'ta.) ; Sp. 
Margarita (mar/ga-re'ta) ; 
Pg. Margarida (-re'da) ; G. 
Margarete (-ra'te"), Gret- 
chen(grat'K6n ; Eng. grech'- 
en). — Dim. Grit'ty, Mag, 
Mag'gy, Meg, Meg'gy, 
Me'ta, Peg, Peg'gy. 

Mar'ger-y (mar'jer-i), or 
Mar'jo-ry (-jS-ri). See 
Margaret. — Dim. Madge, 
Mar'gie. 

Mar'i-an (mar'i-dn ; mar'-) . 
= Marianne. 

Ma'ri-anne' (ma'rT-an'). 
[F.] A compound of Mary 
and Anne. F. Marianne 
(ma'ryan') ; It. Marianna 
(ma're-an'na) ; Sp. Mari- 
ana (ma're-a'na) ; G. Mari- 
anne (-a/ne). 

Ma'ri-on (mSr'i-3n ; mar'-). 
= Mary. 

Mar'tha (mar'thd). [Prob. 
Aramaic] F.Marthe (mart) ; 
It. & Sp. Marta (mar'ta); 
Pg. & D. Martha (mar'ta) ; 
G. Martha (-ta), Marthe 
(-te) . — Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, 
Pat, Pat'ty. 

Ma'ry (ma'ri ; mlr'I). 
[Heb.] L. Ma-rT'a; F. 
Marie (ma're'), Marion 
(ma're'oN') ; Sp. Maria 
(ma-re'a) ; It. & Pg. Ma- 
ria (ma-re'a) ; G. _Maria 
(ma-re'a), Marie (-re'S). — 
Dim. May, Moll, Mol'ly, 
Poll, Pol'ly. 

Ma-thiPda (md-ti l'dd) , or 
M a-t i Pd a (m d-t I I'd d). 
[Teut.] Mighty battle 
maid. F. Mathilde (ma'- 
teld') ; It. Matilda (ma-teP- 
da) ; G. Mathilde (ma-teP- 
d?!). — Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, 
Pat'ty. Til'da. 

Maud (mod) . Contr. of Ma- 
tilda or Magdalene. 

May (ma). Contr. of Mary. 

M e l'i-c e n t (mel'I-sent). 
[Teut.] Sp. Melisenda 
(ma'le-sSn'da) . 

Me-lis'sa (me-Hs'd). [Gr.] 
Bee. F. Melisse (ma'les') ; 
It. Melissa (ma-les'sa) . 

Mil'dred (mil'dred). [AS.] 
L. Mil-dre'da. 

MiPi-cent (mll'i-sent). See 
Melicent. 

Min'nie (min'i). [Cf. G. 
Minna.] Remembrance ; 
love. Often used as nick- 
name for Mary. 

Mi-ran'da (mt-ran'dd). 
[L.] Admirable. L. id. 

Mir'i-am (mir'i-dm). 
[Heb.] = Mary. 

Nan'cy (nan'st). = Anne. 
— Dim. Nan, Nance. 



Nel'lie (nePI) , 1 Dim. of El- 
NePly (ngl'I). ) len, Helen, 

or Eleanor. 
No'ra (no'rd), ) Contr. of 
No'rah (n5'rd). f Honora, 

Leonora, and Eleanor. 

Oc-ta/vi-a (5k-ta'vi-d).[L.] 
Fem. of Octavius. L. id. ; F. 
Octavie (Sk'ta've') , Octave 
(-tav') ; It. Ottavia (<5t-ta'- 
vya) ; Sp. Octavia (6k-ta'- 
vya) ; G. Octavia (8k-ta'- 
ve-a). — Dim. Tave, Ta'vy. 

Ol'ive (QPIv), ) [ L. ] 

O-liv'i-a (8-11 v'Ld). J An ol- 
ive. L. O-liv'i-a ; It. & G. 
Olivia (8-le / vya). 

O-phe'li-a (8-f e'll-d ; 8-fel'- 
yo). [Gr.] F. Ophelie 
(6/fa'le'). 

Pau'la (pS'ld) . [L.] Fem. of 
Paulus, or Paul. L. id. ; F. 
Paule (pol) ; It. Paola (oa'- 
S-la) ; Sp., Pg., & G. Paula 
(pou'la) . 

Pau-li'na (p6-lT'nd) , [L.] or 
Pau-line' _ ( p6-l§n' ). F. 
Pauline (po'len') ; It. Pao- 
lina (pa'6-le'na) ; Sp. & Pg. 
Paulina (pou -le'na) ; G. 
Pauline (pou-le'ne). 

Pe-nel'o-pe (pe-nePS-pe) . 
[Gr.] A weaver. L. id. 

Phe'be (fe'be) . = P h ce b e . 

Phi-lip'pa (fl-Hp'd). Fem. 
of Philip. F. Philippine 
(fe'le'pen') ; It. Filippa 
(fe-lep'pa) , Filippina (fe'- 
lep-pe'na) ; Sp. & Pg. Fe- 
lipa (fa-le'pa) ; G. Philip- 
pine (fe'le-pe'ne) . 

Phil'lis (fil'is). = Phyllis. 

Phoe'be (fe'be). [Gr.] Shin- 
ing. F. Pheb6 (fa'ba') ; It. 
Febe (fa'ba). 

Phyl'lis (fills). [Gr.] A 
green bough. 

Pol'ly (pSPI). A dim. of 
Mary. [L. id.l 

Pris-cil'la (pri-sll'd). [L.] I 

Ra'chel (ra'chel). [Heb.] A 
ewe. F. Rachel (ra'sheP) ; 
It. Rachele (ra-ka'la) ; Sp. 
Raquel (ra-kgP) ; Pg. Ra- 
chel (ra'kSl) ; G. Rahel 
(ra'hgl). 

Re-bec'ca (re-bek'd), or Re- 
bek'ah (re-bgk'd). [Heb.] 
L. Re-bec'ca ; F. Rebecca 
(ra'be'ka') ; G. Rebekka 
(ra-bSk'a) . — Dim. Beck'y. 

Rhe'a (re'd). [Gr.] L. id.; 
F. Rhee (ra), Rhea (ra'a') ; 
It. Rea (ra'a) ; G. Rhea 
(ra'a). [rose.l 

Rho'da (ro'dd). [Gr.] A| 

Ro'sa (ro'zd). [L.] A rose. 
It. Rosa (r6'za) ; Sp. Rosa 
(ro'sa) ; Pg. Rosa (ro'za). 

Ro3'a-bel (roz'd-beTj, or 
Ro3/a-bel'la (-bgl'd). [L.] 
A fair rose. 

Ro-sa'li-a (rS-za'lt-d), or 
Ros'a-lie (r5z'd-le) . De- 
riv. of Rosa. 

R o s'a-1 i n d (rSz'd-lind). 
[L.] 

Ros'a-mond (roz'd-mimd) . 
[Teut.] F. Rosemonde 
(rSz'moNd') ; It. Rosmonda 
(rSz-m5n'da) ; Sp. Rosa- 
munda (ro/sa-moon'da) ; D. 
Rozamond (r5'za-mSnt) . 

Rox-an'a (r5k-san'd ; -sa'- 
nd). [Per.] F. Roxane 
(rSk'san'). — Dim. Rox'y. 

Ruth (robth). [Heb.] 

Sa-bPna (sd-bl'nd). [L.] A 
Sabine woman. F. Sabine 
(sa'ben') ; G. Sabina (za- 
be'ne) . 

Sa-lome'(sd-lo'me). [Heb.] 
Peace. F. Salome (sa'lS'- 
ma') ;G. Salome (za-lo'me). 

Sa/ra (sa'rd), > [Heb.] A 

Sa'rah (sa'rd). ) princess. F. 
Sara (sa'ra') ; It., Sp., & 
Pg. Sara (sa'ra) ; G. Sara 
(za'ra). — Dim. Sal, Sal'ly. 

Sib'yl (sib'il). [Gr.] A 
sibyl. L. Si-byl'la. 

So-phi'a (s5-fT'd). [Gr.] 
Wisdom. F. Sophie (s5'- 
fe') ; It. Sofia (so-fe'a) ; G. 
Sophia (zS-fe'a). — Dim. 
So'phy. 



So-phro'ni-a (so'-fro'ni-d). 
[Gr.] Of a sound mind ; 
sensible. 

Stel'la (stgl'd). [L.] A star. 
L. id. ; F. Estelle (es'teP) ; 
Sp. Estella (gs-tSPya). 

Steph'a-na (steT'a-na). 
[Gr.] Fem. of Stephen. F. 
Stephanie (sta/fa'ne') ; G. 
Stephanie (stS-f a'ne-i) . 

Su'san (su'zdn), Su-san'na 
(su-zan'd), or Su-san'nah 
(-zan'd). [Heb.] A lily. F. 
Susanne (sii'zan') ; It. Su- 
sanna (sdb-zan'na) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Susana (Sp. soo-sa'na ; 
Pg. -za'na) ; G. Susanne 
(sdo-zan-e*) . — Dim. Sue, 
Suke, Su'ky, Su'sie, Susy. 

Syl'vi-a(sil'vi-d). [L.] Fem. 
of Sylvanus. 

T a b'i-t h a (tab'I-thd). 

[Aramaic] A gazelle. 
The'o-do'ra (thg/3-do'rd). 

[Gr.] Fem. of Theodore. It. 

Teodora (ta'3-do'ra) ; G. 

Theodora (tS'5-do'ra) . — 

Dim. Do'ra. 
The'o-do'si-a (the'S-do'- 

shl-d ; -shd) . [Gr.] Gift of 

God. It. Teodosia (ta'S-dS'- 

zya) ; G. Theodosia (ta'5- 

do'ze-a). 
Tbe-re'sa (tg-re'sd). [L.] 

F. Therese (ta'raz') ; It. 
Teresa Jta-rg'za) ; Sp. Te- 
resa (ta-ra'sa) ; Pg. The- 
resa (-za) ; G. Therese (tg- 
ra'ze). — Dim. Ter'ry, 
Tra'cy. 

Thorn' a-sa (tSm'd-sd), or 
Thorn' a-sine (-sen). Fem. 
of Thomas. Sp. Tomasa 
(tS-ma'sa) ; G. Thomasia 
(tS-ma'ze-a) . — Dim. Tarn- 
zine (tam'zen). 

Ul-ri'ca (iil'rT-kd). [Teut.] 
Rich. F. Ulrique (iil'rek') ; 
It. Ulrica (ool-re'ka) ; G. 
Ulrike (dbl-re'ke). 

U-ra/ni-a (ti-ra'ni-d). [Gr.] 
Heavenly ; one of the Mu- 
ses. L. id. ; F. Uranie 
(ii'ra'ne'). 

Ur'su-la (ur'su-ld). [L.] 
She-bear. L. id. ; F. Ursule 
(iir'siiP) ; It. Orsola (or'sS- 
la) ; Sp. Ursola (oor's6-la). 

Va-le'ri-a (vd-le'r l-d) . [L.] 
Victory^ L. id. ; F. Valerie 
(va'la're') ; It. Valeria (va- 
la're-a) ; G. Valerie (-re-e). 

Vic-to'ri-a (vik-to'ri-d). 
[L.] Victory. L. id. ; F. 
Victoire (vek'twar') ; It. 
Vittoria (vet-to're-a) ; G. 
Victoria (vek-to're-a) . 

VPo-la (vl'o-ld ; ve-5'ld ; 
vT-o'-). [L.] A violet. L. 
id. ; F. Violette (vyS'lgf) ; 
It. Viola (ve-6'la) ; Sp. & 
Pg. Violante (ve'S-lan'ta) ; 

G. Viola (ve-6'la), Viole 
(ve-o'le) . 

Vir-gin'i-a (ver-jln'1-d). 
[L_.] L. id. ; F. Virginie 
(ver'zhe'ne') ; It. Virginia 
(ver-je'nya) ; G. Virginia 
(ver-ge'nya) . 

Viv'i-an (vlv'i-dn). [L.] 
Lively. F. Vivienne (ve'- 
vygn') ; It. Viviana (ve- 
vya'na) . 

WiPhel-mi'na (wiPhgl- 
me'nd). [Teut.] Fem. of 
Wilhelm, German of Wil- 
liam. _ F. Guillelmine (ge'- 
yel'men') , Guillemette (ge'- 
ye-met'), Wilhelmine (ve'- 
lel'men') ; It. Guglielma 
(gobl-ygPma) ; Sp. Guillel- 
mina (gePytl-me'na) ; G. 
Wilhelmine (vil'hgl-me'- 
ne). — Dim. Mina (me'nd), 
Mi-nel'la, Wil'mett, Wil'- 
mot. 

Win'i-fred (win'i-fr2d).— 
Dim. Win'nie. 

Ze-no'bi-a (ze-nS'bi-d). 
[Gr.] Having life from 
Jupiter. L. id. ; F. Zenobie 
(za/nS'be'). 

Zoe (z5'e"). [Gr.] Life. 



ale, senate, care, 5m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, flm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 

FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 

INCLUDING PROVERBS, COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, AND THE 
MOTTOES OF THE STATES AND LEADING NATIONS 

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 



NOTE. — A very few common words and phrases from foreign languages will be found in the Vocabulary. 
breviation8 used here are: L. Latin; F. French; G. German; Gr. Greek; It. Italian; Sp. Spanish. 



Theab 



A 

a baa (a ba'). [F.] Down with ; — in 

disapprobation. 
ab-e'unt stu'di-a in mo'res (mo'rez). 

[L.] Studies change into habits. 
ab ex'tra. [L.] From without. 
ab hoc et ab hac et ab il'la. [L.] 

From, this man and from this woman 

and from that woman ; confusedly. 
ab in'con-ve'ni-en'ti. [LL.] Law. 

Lit., from inconvenience ; — referring 

to a rule that an argument from in- 
convenience or hardship has great 

weight. 
ab irVcu-na/bi-lis (Tn'ku-nab'i-lis) . 

[L.] From the cradle ;_fiom childhood. 
ab in-i'ti-o (In-Ish'i-o). [L.] From 

the beginning. 
ab in'tra. [L.] From within, 
a bon chat, bon rat (a boN' sha' boN' 

ra'). [F.] Lit., to a good cat, a good 

rat ; well-matched, 
a bon marche (a b6N' mar'sha'). [F.] 

At a good bargain ; cheap. 
ab o-ri'gi-ne (6-rij'i-ne). [L.] From 

the origin (beginning). 
ab o'vo us'que ad ma/la. [L.] From 

the egg to the apples ; from beginning 

to end. 
a bras ouverts (a bra'-zoo/var') . [F.] 

With open arms. 
ab'sit in-vi'di-a (in-vid'I-d). [L-] 

Let there be no ill will. 
ab' sit o' men. [L.] May there be no 

[ill] omen (as in a word just used) . 
ab u'no di'sce om'nes (dis'e). [L-] 

From one learn all. 
ab ur'be con'di-ta. [L.] From the 

founding of the city (Rome, founded 

ab. 753 B.C.). 
a-bu/sus non tol'lit u'sum. [L-] 

Abuse does not take away use (i. e, 

is not an argument against proper 

use). 
a ca/pi-te ad cal'cem (kapl-te). 

[L.] From head to heel. 
ac-ces'sit (ak-seVit). [L.] He came 

near. 
a cheval (a she-val'). [F.] On 

horseback ; astride. 
a compte (a koNt'). [F.] On account. 
a corps perdu (a kor per'dii'). [L] 

Lit., with lost body; headlong; im- 
petuously. 
$ coup sur (a koo' sur'). [F.] With 

sure stroke ; surely, 
a couvert (a koo'vlr'). [F.] In cover; 

under cover ; sheltered. 
a cu'spi-de co-ro'na (kus'pi-de). [L.] 

A crown from (i. e., won by) the spear. 
ad ar-bi'tri-um (ar-bit'ri-wm). [L.] 

At will. 
ad a/stra per a'spe-ra (as'trd, as'pe- 

rd). [L.] To the stars through diffi- 
culties ; — motto of Kansas. 
ad cap-tan'dum. [L-] For the sake 

of pleasing ; — said of an argument 

addressed primarily to sentiments, 

desires, or passions. 
ad cap-tan'dum vul'gus. [L.] To 

catch ths crowd. 
ad cru-me'nam. [L.] To the purse. 
ad e-un'dem (gra/dum). [L-3 To 

the same (degree). 
ad ex-tre'mum. [L.] To the ex- 
treme ; at last. 
ad fi'nem. [L.] At the end. 
ad in'n-ni'tum. [L] To infinity. 
ad in'te-rim. [L.] In the meantime. 

ad ka-len'das Gras'cas. [L.] At 



the Greek calends ; i. e., never — the 

Greeks had no calends. 
ad li'bi-tum (lib'I-twm). [L.] At 

pleasure. 
ad nau'se-am (n6'she-am) . [L.] To 

[the point of] disgust. 
ad pa/tres (pa'trez). [L.] [Gath- 
ered] to his lathers ; dead. 
ad quern. [L.] At [or to] which ; — 

opposed to a quo. [in hand. I 

ad rem. [L.] To the thing or matter| 
a droite (a drwat'). [F.] To the right ; 

on the right. 
ad un'guem (un'gwe'm). [L.] To a 

finger nail ; to a nicety. 
ad u-trum'que pa-ra/tus (u-trum'- 

kwe). [L.] Prepared for either 

[event] . 
ad vi'vum. [L.] To the life. 
ad'vo-ca'tus di-a'bo-li (di-ab'S-lI). 

[L.] = Devil's advocate, 
ae'gre-scif que me-den'do (e'gre- 

sit'kwe). [L.] And he [or it] grows 

worse with the treatment, 
se'gri som'ni-a. [L.] A sick man's 

dreams. 
ae'quam ser-va/re men'tem. [L.] 

To preserve an unruffled mind. 
as'quo a'ni-mo (an'i-mo). [L.] With 

equal mind ; with equanimity, 
se're per-en'ni-us. [L.] More lasting 

than brass [or bronze] . 
38-ta/tis su'se. [L.] Of his [or her] 

age. 
affaire d'amour (a/far' da/moor'). 

[F.] A love affair. 
affaire d'honneur (dS'nur'). [F.] 

An affair of honor ; a duel, 
affaire du coeur (du kur'). [F.] An 

affair of the heart; a love affair. 
a fond (afoN'). [F.] To the bottom ; 

thoroughly, 
a for'ti-o'ri (a. for'shi-o'rT ; for'-). 

[L.] With the greater force ; — said 

of an argument, 
a gauche (a gosh'). [F.] To the left: 

on the left. [be done.f 

a-gen'da (d-jgn'dd). [L.] Things to| 
a/ge quod a'gis. [L.] Do what you 

are doing ; attend to the business at 

hand, 
a grands frais (a graN/frgO- [F.] At 

great expense, 
a haute voix (a of vwa'). [F.] Out 

loud ; aloud, 
a huis clos (a we' klo'). [F.] With 

closed doors. 
aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera (ad'twa', le 

syel ta'd'-ra'). [F.] Help yourself, 

[and] heaven will help you. 
a l'abandon (a la'baN/doN') . [F.] 

With abandonment ; in disorder ; at 

random. 
a la belle §toile (a la bel'-a'-twal') . 

[F.] Lit., with the beautiful star ; in 

the open air at night. 
a la bonne heure (a la bS'-nOr'). [F.] 

Lit., at the good hour; very well 

excellent. [in safety. 

a l'abri (a la'bre'). [F] In shelter ; 
a la dSrobee (a la da'rg/ba'). [F.] 

By stealth ; privately, 
a la franchise (a la fraN'saz'). [F.] 

After the French mode [or fashion] . 
a la mode (a la mSd'). [F.] In fash- 
ion ; according to the fashion [or pre- 
vailing mode] . 
al'anglaise (alaN'glaz'). [F.] In the 

English fashion. 
a'le-re flam'mam (al'e-re). [L.] To 

feed the flame. 



a'li-a ten-tan'da vi'a est. [L.] An- 
other way must be tried, 
a l'improviste (a laN' prfi'vest'). [F.] 

On a sudden : unawares. 
a li-quan'do bo'nus dor'mi-tat Ho- 

me'rus (al'i-kwfin'do). [L.] Even 

good Homer sometimes nods (that is, 

the greatest are sometimes caught 

napping). 
a'lis vo'lat pro'pri-is. [L.] She flies 

with her own wings ; — motto of 

Oregon, 
allegro non tanto (al-la'gro nSn 

tan'to). [It.] Brisk, but not so very 

brisk. 
Alles zu retten, muss alles gewagt 

werden (al'5s tsoo ret'en, mobs al'es 

ge-va.Kt' vgr'den). [G.] To save all, 

all must be dared, 
al'ter e'go. [L.] A second self ; a 

bosom friend. 
al'ter i'dem. [L.] A selfsame other 

one ; a second self. 
al'ter ip'se a-mi'cus. [L.] A friend 

[is] a second self. 
a ma/xi-mis ad mi'ni-ma (mak'sl- 

mis, mln'I-md). [L.] From the 

greatest to the least, 
a mgchant chien, court lien (a ma'- 

shaN' shyaN', koor lyaN'). [F.j To a 

vicious dog, a short chain. 
ame de boue (am de boo'). [F.] A 

soul of mud. 
amende honorable (a'maNd' S'nS'- 

ra'ble). [F.] Honorable apology [or 

reparation] . 
a men'sa et tho'ro. [L.] From table 

and bed ; from bed and board. 
a-mi'cus cu'ri-ae. [L.] A friend of 

the court. 
a-mi'cus hu-ma/ni ge'ne-ris (jen'e- 

ris). [L.] A friend of the human race. 
a-mi'cus us'que ad a'ras (us'kwe). 

[L.] A friend as far as to the altars. 

(that is, except in what is contrary to 

one's religion). 
ami de cour (a'me' dekoor'). [F.] A 

triend of [or in] the court ; a hollow 

friend. [country.] 

a'mor pa/tri-se [LJ Love of one's! 
amour propre (a'moor' prS'pr'). [F.] 

Self-love ; self-esteem. 
ancienne noblesse (ax'syen' nS'bles') 

[F.] Ancient nobihty ; the French 

nobili-y before the Revolution of 1789. 
ancien regime (aN'syaN' ra'zhem'). 

[F.] The ancient order of thing (esp. 

in France before the Revolution). 
an'guis in her'ba. [L-] A snake in 

the grass. 
a/ni-mal bi'pes im-plu'me (an'i-mal 

bi'pez). [L.] A two-legged animal 

without feathers (that is. a man). 
a'ni-mis o'pi-bus'que pa-ra'ti (an'i- 

mis 8p / I-bus'kwe). [L] Prepared in 

minds and resources ; — one of the 

mottoes of South Caro ina. 
an'no Ee-ta/tia *u'se. [L.] In the 

year of his [or her] age. 
an'no Do'mi-ni (dSm'I-nT). [L.] In 

the [specified] year of [our] Lord. 
an'no mun'di. [L.] In the year of 

the world ; — used in reckoning dates 

from the supposed period of the crea- 
tion, esp. f.3 fixed by Usher at 4004 

B. C. Abbr. A. M. 
an'no ur'bis con'di-ta). [L-] In the 

year of the founded city (Rome, 

founded about 753 B. C.) ; — used in 

Roman chronology. 
an'nu-it coep'tis. [L] He [God] has 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; ^h=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 

(1197) 



N 



1198 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 







R 



T 



U 



V 



w 



X 



smiled on [our] undertakings; — a 
motto on the uncut reverse of the 
great seal of the United States. 

an'nus mi-ra'bi-lis (mi-rab'i-lls). 
[L.] Wonderful year. 

an'te bel'lum. [L.] Before the war 
(esp., U. S., the Civil War). 

an'te me-ri'di-em (me-rid'i-em). 
[L.] Before noon. 

an'te tu'bam tre'pi-dat (trgp'i-dat) . 
[L.] He trembles before the trumpet 
[sounds]. [the utmost. I 

a outrance (a 6o'tra.Ns')._ [F.] To| 

a'pa-ge Sa/ta-nas (ap'd-je sat'd-nas) ! 
[L.] Get thee hence, Satan! 

a pas da geant (a pa' de zha'aN'). [F.] 
With a giant's stride. 

a peu pres (a pu' pre'). [F.] Nearly ; 
about. 

a pied (a pya'). [F.] On foot. 

a plomb (a pl3N'). [F.] Perpendicu- 
larly ; directly. 

ap'pa-ra'tus cri'ti-cus (kr it'i-kws) . 
[L.] Reference books, texts, etc., for 
use in literary work. 

apres moi, le deluge! (a'pre mwa' le 
da'liizh'). [L.] After me, the deluge! ; 

— a remark attributed to Louis XV. 
a propos de bottes (a prS'po' debSt'). 

[F.] Apropos of boots ; without any 

reason, 
a propos de rien (de ryaN'). [F.] A- 

propos of nothing ; irrelevant, 
a'qua et ig'ni in'ter-dic'tus. [L.] 

Forbidden [to be furnished with] 

water and fire ; banished. 
a'qui-la non ca'pit mus'cas (ak'wi- 

ld). [L.] An eagle does not catch flies. 
a quo (a kwo) . [L.] From which ; 

— opposed to_ad quern. 

a ravir (a ra'ver'). [F.] Ravishingly ; 

admirably. 
ar'bi-ter e'le-gan'ti-se (ar'bi-ter el'e- 

gan'shi-e). [L.] Judge of elegance. 

Also, ar'bi-ter e'le-gan'ti-a'rum. 
ar-ca'na cae-le'sti-a (se-les'ti-d). [L.] 

Heavenly secrets ; celestial mysteries. 
ar'gu-men'tum ad ho'mi-nem 

(hom'i-nSm). [L.] An argument to 

the man (i. e., to his interests, pas- 
sions, etc.). [pricked up.l 
ar-rec'tis au'ri-bus. | [L.] With ears| 
arriere-pensee (a'ryar' paN'sa'). [F.] 

A thought or meaning kept back [or 

dissembled] ; mental reservation, 
ars est ce-la're ar'tem. [L.] It is 

[true] art to conceal art. 
ars lon'ga, vi'ta bre'vis (arz). [L.] 

Art is long, life is short, 
ars po-e'ti-ca (p5-St'i-kd). [L.] Art 

of poetry, 
a'si-nus ad ly'ram (as'I-nils). [L.] 

An ass at the lyre, 
a'stra ca'stra, nu'men lu'men (as'- 

trd kas'trd). [L.] The stars my 

camp, the Deity my light. 
a tort et a travers (a tSr'-ta a tra'- 

var') . [F.] Without discernment ; at 

random. _ 

au bout de son latin (5 boo' de son 

la'taN'). [F.] At the end of his 

Latin ; at his wits' end. 
auch ich war in Arkadien geboren 

(ouk Ik var in ar-ka'di-en gS-bo'ren). 

[G.] I, too, was born in Arcadia. 
au contraire (5 koN'trar'). [F.] On 

the contrary. _ 
au courant (o koo'raN'). [F.] Lit., 

in [or with] the current ; well-in- 
formed ; up-to-date. 
auc'tor pre'ti-o'sa fa'cit (pre'shi-o'- 

sd) . [L.] The giver makes [the gifts] 

precious. 
au-den'tes for-tu'na ju'vat (6-den'- 

tez). [L.] Fortune favors the bold 

[or the brave] . 
au'de sa'pe-re (sap'e-re). [L.] Dare 

to be wise. 
au fait (5' fg'). [F.] Expert ; skillful ; 

well instructed. 
au fond (o'foN'). [F.J At bottom; 

fundamentally, 
auf wiedersehen (ouf ve'der-za'en) . 

[G.] Till we meet again ; — a form 

of farewell. 
au grand serieux (5' graN' seVyu'). 

[F.] In all seriousness. _ 
au pied de la lettre (o' pye 7 de la 

let'r') . [F.] To the foot of the letter ; 

literally. 
au pis aller (o' pe'-za'la'). [F.] At 

worst ; as a last resort, 
au'ra po'pu-la/ris (pSp'u-15'r ¥s) . [L.] 

Popular breeze ; popular favor or will, 
au're-a me'di-o'cri-tas (me'di-Sk'ri- 

tas). [L.] The golden mean. 
au reste (6' rgst'). [F.] For the rest ; 

besides. 
au revoir (5' re-vwar') . [F.] Till we 

meet again ; — a form of farewell. 



[L.] I 



[L.3 



au'ri-bus te'ne-o lu'pum 

have a wolf by the ears, 
au'ri sa'cra fa'mes (fa'mez) 

Accursed craving for gold, 
au-spi'ci-um me'li-o'ris se'vi (o- 

spish'i-wm). [L.] An omen of a 

better age ; — motto of the Order of 

St. Michael and St. George, 
aussitot dit, aussitot fait (o'se'to' 

de', o'se'to' fe'). [F.] No sooner said 

than done, 
autant de tgtes, autant d'avis (5'- 

taN' de tat', o'taN' da've') . [F.] So 

many heads (men) , so many opinions. 
aut Cae'sar aut nul'lus (nihil). [L.] 

Either a Caesar, or nobody (nothing). 
autres temps, autres mosurs (o'tr' 

taisr', o'tr' murs' ; s sounded in moeurs). 

[F.] Other times, other manners. 
aut vin'ce-re aut mo'ri. [L.] Either 

to conquer or to die. 
aux armes ! (o-zarm'). [F.] To arms! 
avec permission (a'vek' per'me'- 

syoN'). [F.] With permission. 
a ver'bis ad ver'be-ra. [L.] From 

words to blows. 
a vin'cu-lo ma'tri-mo'ni-i (mat'ri- 

mo'm-i). [L.] From the bond of 

matrimony. 
avise la fin (a'vez' la faN'). [F.] 

Consider the end. 
a votre sante (a vS'tr* saN'ta'). [F.] 

To your health. 



B 



bas bleu (ba' blQ'). [F.] A blue- 
stocking ; literary woman. 

battre la campagne (ba'tr' la kaN'- 
pan'y'). [F.] To beat [or scour] the 
country ; to give vague reasons. 

bavardage (ba'var/dazhO . [F.] Prat- 
tle ; chatter. 

be-a'tae me-mo'ri-ee. [L.] Of 
blessed memory. 

beau monde (bo' moNd). [F.] Lit., 
fine world ; the fashionable world. 

beaux yeux (bo'-zyu'). [F.] Beauti- 
ful eyes. [horrid wars.l 

bel'la, hor'ri-da bel'la. [L.] Wars,| 

be-nig'no nu'mi-ne. [L-] With fa- 
voring providence. 

ben trovato (ben trS-va'to). [It.] 
Well found [or invented] . 

bgte noire (bat'nwar'). [F.] Lit., 
black beast ; an object of deep dread 
or aversion ; bugbear. 

b&tise (ba'tez'). [F.] Stupidity; an 
act of folly ; a trifle. 

bien entendu (byaN'-naN'taN'dii') . 
[F.] Well understood ; of course. 

bienseance (byaN'sa'aNs') . [F.] Be- 
comingness ; propriety. [come.l 

bienvenue (byaN've-nu'). [F.] Wel-| 

bis dat qui ci'to dat. [L.] He gives 
twice who gives quickly. 

bis pec-ca're in bel'lo non li'cet. 
[L.] To blunder twice in war is not 
permitted. 

bo'na fi'des (H'dez). [L.] Good faith ; 
honesty ; freedom from fraud or de- 
ception. 

bon avocat, mauvais voisin (boN'- 
na'vS'ka/, mo've' vwa'zaN'). [F.] 
Good lawyer, bad neighbor. 

bon gre, mal gre (66n' gra', mal' 
gra'). [F.] [With] good grace [or] 
bad grace ; willing or unwilling. 

bo'nis a'vi-bus (av'i-bus). [L.] With 
good birds (auspices). 

bon jour (boN' zhoor'). [F.] Good 
day ; good morning. 

bonne bouche (b6n' boosh'). [F.] A 
pleasant taste ; a titbit. 

bonne et belle (bon'-na bSl'). [F.] 
Good and fine. 

bonne foi (bon' fwa'). [F.] Good 
faith. [evening. I 

bon soir' (boN' swar'). [F.] Good| 

bordereau (bor'de-ro') . [F.] A note 
or memorandum, esp. one containing 
an enumeration of documents. 

bouffant (boVfaN'), \ [F.] Puffed 

bouflante (boo'faNt'). ) out; full; 
bulging, as a dress skirt. 

bouleversement (bool've'r'se-maN') . 
[F.] Complete overthrow ; convul- 
sion ; disorder. 

brevet d'invention (bre-ve' daN'vaN'- 
syoN'). [F.] A patent. 

bre'vi ma'nu. [L.] With a short 
hand ; immediately. 

broche (bro'sha'). [F.] Woven with 
a raised figure ; stitched, as a book 
with no cover or only a paper one ; 
also, to weave with a raised figure ; 
broch6 fabric. 

bru'tum ful'men. [L.] A thunder- 
bolt striking blindly ; an ineffectual 
display of force. 



ca'dit quae'sti-o (kwes'chi-o) . [L.] 

The question [in issue] falls (ceases 

to be), 
cse'ca in-vi'di-a est (in-vid'I-d). [L.] 

Envy is blind, 
cae'li-tus mi'hi vi'res (sel'i-tus ml'hT 

vT'rez). [L.] My strength [is] from 

heaven. [Peace.) 

can'di-da Pax'. [L.] White-robed( 
cap-ta'ti-o be-ne'vo-len'ti-ae (kap- 

ta'shl-o be-nev'o-len'shi-e). [L.] A 

reaching after [or currying of] favor. 
ca'put mor'tu-um (mor'tu-flm). [L.] 

Lit., dead head (i. e., a skull) ; worth- 
less remains, 
ca'ret in-i'ti-o et fi'ne (in-ish'i-6) 

[L.] It lacks beginning and end. 
car'pe di'em. [L.] Make use of the 

day ; seize the opportunity. 
cas'sis tu-tis'si-ma vir'tus. [L.] 

Virtue [is] the safest helmet. 
ca'sus bel'li. [L.] An event of war 

(i. e., a cause, or an alleged justifica- 
tion, of war). 
catalogue raisonne (ka'ta'lSg' rg'zo'- 

na'). [F.] A catalogue of books 

classed according to their subjects, 
cau'sa si'ne qua non. [L.] An in- 
dispensable cause [or condition] . 
ca've ca'nem. [L.] Beware the dog. 
ce'dant ar'ma to'gae. [L.] Let arms 

yield to the gown (that is, military 

to civil power). 
c'est-a-dire (se'ta'der') . [F.] That is 

to say ; namely, 
c'est autre chose (se'-to'tr' shoz'). 

[F.] That is another [or a different] 

thing, 
c'est plus qu'un crime, c'est une 

f aute (se plu' kuN krem', se-tiin' fot') . 

[F.] It is more than a crime, it is a 

blunder. [depends. I 

c'est selon (se' s'-16n'). [F.] That| 
ce'te-ra de'sunt (set'e-rd). [L.] The 

rest are wanting. 
ce'te-ris pa'ri-bus (set'e-ris par'i- 

btis). [L.] Other things being equal. 
chacun_ a son gout (sha'kuN'-na'- 

son' goo') . _ Every one to his taste. 
Champs Elysees (shaN'-zale'za') . 

[F.] Elysian Fields ; — name of an 

avenue in Paris, 
chapeau bas (sha'po' ba'). [F.] Hat 

in hand ; hats off ! 
chateau en Espagne (sha'to' aN-nes'- 

pan'y'). [F.] A castle in Spain (in 

the air, Spain being the land of ro- 
mance) . 
chef de cuisine (shef de kwe'zen'). 

[F.] Head cook. 
chemin de fer (she-maN' de far'). 

[F.] Iron road (that is, railroad), 
cher ami (shar'-a'me') . [F.] Dear 

friend (masculine). 
cherchez la femme (sher'sha' la 

fam'). [F.] Look for_the woman. 
chere amie (shar'-a'me'). [F.] Dear 

friend (feminine)^ 
che sara, sara (ka sa-ra', sa-ra'). [It.] 

What will be, will be. 
cheval de bataille (she-val' de ba'- 

ta'y'). [F.] A war horse; favorite 

subject ; hobby, 
chevalier d'industrie (she-val'ya' 

daN'dus'tre'). [F.] A swindler; 

sharper, 
chi tace acconsente (ke ta'cha ak'- 

k6n-sen'ta). [It.] He who is silent 

consents, 
chou (shoo). [F.] A cabbage ; a kind 

of light pastry, with a filling of jelly, 

cream, etc. ; a bunch, knot, or rosette 

of ribbon, or other material, used as 

an ornament in a woman's dress. 
Chri'sto et Ec-cle'si-ae (kris'to). [L.] 

For Christ and the Church. 
chronique scandaleuse (kro'nek' 

skaN'da'luz') . [F.] A chronicle of 

scandal. [jacet.l 

ci-git (se'zhe') . [F.] Here lies ; hic| 
cir'ca, or cir'ci-ter. [L.] About. 
ci'to ma-tu'rum, ci'to pu'tri-dum. 

[L.] Soon ripe, soon rotten. 
cla'ri-or e te'ne-bris (ten'e-bris). 

[L.] Brighter from obscurity. 
cla'rum et ve'ne-ra'bi-le no-men 

(vSn'e-rab'i-le). [L.] Illustrious and 

venerable name, 
classes aisees (klas'-za'za'). [F.] The 

classes in easy circumstances. 
co'gi-to er'go sum (k6j'i-to). [L-] I 

think, therefore I exist. 
cognoscente (ko'nyS-shen'ta) . [It.] 

Connoisseur. 
comme il faut (kS'-mel' fo' ; kfi'-me 7 

f 6') . [F.] As it should be ; proper ; in 

good form. [good.l 

com-mu'ne bo'num. [L.] Common! 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 



1199 



Con- 



com-mu'ni con-sen'su. [L.] By 

common consent, 
communique (ko'mii'ne'ka') . [F.J 

An official communication, as of in- 
formation to the press, 
compagnon de voyage (koN'pa'nyoN' 

de vwa'yazh') . Traveling companion, 
compte rendu (koNt' raN'dii'). [F.] 

An account given ; a report ; account 

rendered, 
con amore (k3n a-mo'ra). [It.] With 

love ; earnestly ; heartily. 
con'ci-o ad cle'rum (kSn'shi-o) 

A discourse to the_ clergy, 
concaurs (koN'koor'). [F.] 

course ; a competition. 
con dolor e (kon d3-lo'ra). [It.] With 

grief. 
con-junc'tis vi'ri-bus (vlr'I-bus). 

[L.] With united powers, 
con'tra bo'nos mo'res (bo'nos m5 / - 

rez). [L.] Against good morals [or 

manners] . 
co'ram po'pu-lo (pSp'u-lo). [L.] 

Publicly ; in public. 
eor'pus de-lic'ti. [L.] The body of 

the crime ; the substantial and funda- 
mental fact or facts of a crime, 
cor'ri-gen'da. [L.] Things [faults or 

errors] to be corrected. 
cor u'num, vi'a u/na. [L.] One 

heart, one way. 
couleur de rose (koo'lflr' de roz'). 

[F.] Color of rose ; rose-colored ; 

roseate. 
coup de grace (koo' de gras'). [F.] 

Lit., a stroke of mercy ; a decisive 

finishing stroke. 
coup de main (maN'). [F.] A sud- 
den [or unexpected] movement or 

attack. 
coup de maitre (ma'tr'). [F.] A 

master stroke. [stroke. I 

coup de soleil (so'la'y'). [F.] Sun-| 
coup d'essai (da'se'). [F.] A first 

attempt. 
coup d'etat (da'ta'). [F.] A stroke 

of state [or policy] ; a sudden exercise 

of power whereby the existing gov- 
ernment is subverted. 
coup de theatre (ta'a'tr'). [F.] A 

sudden and sensational turn or action 

in, or as in, a play. 
coup d'oeil (dQ'y - ). [F.] A glance of 

the eye ; a comprehensive view, 
coute que coute (koot' ke koot') 

Let it cost what it may. 
craignez honte (kre'nya/ 6Nt'). 

Fear disgrace, 
cre'dat Ju-dse'us A-pel'la. 

Let Apella the Jew (that is, a credu- 
lous person) believe [it] . 
cre'de quod ha'bes, et ha/bes (ha'- 

bez). [L.] Believe that you have 

[it] , and you have [it] . 
cre'du-la res a/mor est (kred'u-ld 

rez) . [L.] A credulous thing is love, 
cre'sci-te et mul'ti-pli-ca/mi-ni 

(kreVI-te et rnul'ti-pli-kam'I-nT). 

[L.] Increase and multiply ; — motto 

of Maryland. 
cre'scit e-un'do (kres'it). [L.] It 

grows by going [or as it goes] ; — 

motto of New Mexico. 
crux cri'ti-co'rum (krit'i-ko'rum). 

[L.] The puzzle of critics. 
cu-cul'lus non fa/cit mo'na-chum 

(mSn'd-kiim). [L.] The cowl does 

not make the monk. 
cui bo'no (ki)? [L.] Lit., to whom 

[is it] for a benefit ? who benefits 

by it? 

cul'pam poe'na pre'mit co'mes. 
[L.] Punishment presses a close at- 
tendant upon crime, 
cum gra/no sa/lis. [L.] With a grain 

of salt ; with some allowance. 
cum no'tis va'ri-o'rum. [L.] With 

the notes of various authors or com- 
mentators. 

cum pri'vi-le'gi-o (priv'I-le'ji-5). 
[L.] With privilege. 

cu'ri-o'sa fe-li'ci-tas (fe-lls'i-tas). 
[L.] Painstaking felicity. 

cur-ren'te ca'la-mo (kal'ri-mo). [L.] 

With a running [or facile] pen. 

cus'tos mo'rum. [L.] The guardian 

of morals [or manners]. 



[F.] 
[F.] 
[L.] 



D 



d'accord (da'kSr'). [F.] In accord ; 

in tune ; agreed, 
dame d'honneur (dam' dS'nur'). [F.] 

A maid of honor. 
dames de la halle (dam' de la al'). 

[F.] Market women. 
dam'nant quod non in-tel'li-gunt. 

[L.] They condemn what they do not 

understand. 



da're pon'dus i-dc/ne-a fu'mo. [L.] 
Things fit to give weight to smoke. 

da/ta et ac-cep'ta. [L.] Things given 
and received ; expenditures and re- 
ceipts. 

da/ta fa/ta se-cu'tus. [L.] Follow- 
ing announced destinies. 

de bon augure (de boN'-no'giir') . [F.] 
Of good omen. 

de bonne grace (bSn' gras'). [F.] 
With good grace ; willingly. 

de-cep'ti-o vi'sus (dS-sejyshi-o). [L.] 
Optical illusion. 

de-cre'vi. [L.] I have decreed, [day.l 

da di'e in di'em. [L.] From day to| 

de gus'ti-bus non est dis'pu-tan'- 
dum. [L.] There is no disputing 
about tastes. 

De'i gra'ti-a (gra'shi-d). [L.] By 
the grace of God. 

de-len'da est Car-tha'go. [L.] 
Carthage must be destroyed ._ 

de mal en pis (de ma'-laN' pe'). [F.] 
From bad to worse. 

de mor'tu-is nil ni'si bo'num. [L.] 
Of the dead [say] nothing but good. 

de ni'hi-lo ni'hil. [L.] From nothing 
nothing [can come]. 

de no'vo. [L.] Anew; afresh. 

De'o du'ee. [L.] With God as leader. 



De'o fa-ven/te. 

favor. 
De'o gra'ti-as 

Thanks to God 
De'o vo-len'te. 

by God's will. 
de pro-fun'dis 



[L.] 
(gra/shi-as) 
[L.] 



With God's 



[L-] 



God willing : 

[depths. 

[L.] Out of the| 

de pro'pri-o mo'tu. [L.] Of one's 

[or its] own motion ; spontaneously. 
de rigueur (de re'gur'). [F.] Obliga- 
tory ; strictly required. 
dernier ressort (dSr'nya' re-sor'). 

[F.] A last resort. 
de-si'pe-re in lo'co (de-sip'e-re) . [L.] 

Toindulge in trifling at the propertime. 
detenu (da't'-nii'), 1 [F.] A detained 
detenue (-nii'). ) person ; prisoner, 
de trop (de tro'). [F.] Too much [or 

too many] ; superfluous ; in the way. 
de'tur dig'ni-o'ri. [L.] Let it be 

given to the more worthy. 
de'us ex ma'chi-na (mak'i-nd). [L.] 

A god from a machine ; - — alluding to 

the practice in classical tragedies of 

bringing on a god to solve superhuman 

difficulties. 
De'us vult. [L.] God wills [it] ; — 

the rallying cry of the First Crusade. 
dex'tro tem'po-re. [L.] At a favora- 
ble time. 
di'es fau'stus (dT'ez fos'tus). [L-] A 

lucky day. [unlucky day.| 

di'es in-fau'stus (m-f os'tus) . [L.] An| 
di'es i'rae. [L.] Day of wrath. 
Dieu avec nous (dyQ' a'vek' noo'). 

[F.] God with us. 
Dieu defend le droit (da'faN' le 

drwa'). [F.] God defends the right. 
Dieu et mon droit (a moN drwa'). 

[F.] God and my right ; — motto in 

British royal arms. 
Dieu vous garde (voo gard'). [F.] 

God guard you ; — formerly a salu- 
tation. 
dig'nus vin'di-ce no'dus. [L.] A 

knot [or difficulty] worthy of [such] 

a liberator. 
Dios y federacion (dyos' e fa'da-ra- 

thyon'). [Sp.] God and federation ; 

— motto of Venezuela. 
di, or di'i, Pe-na/tes. [L.] The Pe- 
nates, or household gods. 
di'ri-go (dlr'I-go). [L.] I direct; — 

motto of Maine. 
dis a'li-ter vi'sum (al'I-ter). [L-] To 

the gods it has seemed otherwise. 
diseur de bons mots (de'zur' de box' 

mo'). [F.] A sayer of bons mots; a 

wit. [parts.] 

dis-jec'ta mem'bra. [L.] Scattered! 
di'tat De'us. [L.] God enriches ; — 

motto of Arizona. 
di'vi-de et im'pe-ra (dlv'i-de). [L.] 

Divide and rule. [by teaching. | 

do-cen'do dis'ci-mus. [L.] We learn] 
doles far niente (dol'cha far nycn'tii). 

[It.] Sweet doing nothing ; delightful 

idleness. 
Do'mi-ne, di'ri-ge nos (dom'i-ne, 

dir'i-je nos). [L.] Lord, direct us ; — 

motto of the City of London. 
Do'mi-nus vo-bis'cum (dom'i-niis). 

[L.] The Lord [be] with you. 
dorer la piluls (do'ra' la pe'liil'). [F.] 

To gild the pill, 
droit des gens (drwa' da zhaN'). IF.] 

The law of nations ; international law. 

du fort au faible (dii fSr'-to fa'bl'). 
[F.] From the strong to the weak ; 

on an average. 



dul'ce et de-co'rum est pro pa/tr>-a 

mo'ri. [L.] It is sweet and fitting 10 

die for one's country. 
dum spi'ro, spe'ro. [L.] While I 

breathe, I hope ; — one of the mottces 

of South Carolina, 
dum vi'vi-mus, vi-va/mus (viv'I- 

mus, vl-va'mus). [L.] While we live, 

let us live, 
du-ran'te be'ne-pla'ci-to (be'ne- 

plas'T-t5). [L.] During pleasure, 
du-ran'te vi'ta. [L.] During life. 



E 



[F.] Lit., 
Behold 



In effect ; 
[F.] In 
[F.] A 



eau de vie (5' de" ve'). 

water of life ; brandy, 
ec'ce sig'num (5k'se). [L.] 

the sign ; look at the proof, 
e con-tra'ri-o. [L.] On the contrary, 
e-di'ti-o prin'ceps (e-dlsh'i-G). [L.] 

The first edition, 
egalite (a'ga'le'ta') . [F.] Equality. 
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (Tn 

feVte bdbrK 1st dbn'ser got'). [G.] A 

Mighty Fortress is our God ; — hymn 

by Luther, 
elan (i'las''). [F.] Ardor inspired bv 

passion or enthusiasm ; dash, 
embarras de, or des, richesses (Sn'- 

ba'ra' de (da) re'shes'). [F.] An em- 
barrassment of riches. 
6meute (a'inQt'). [F.] A seditious 

tumult ; outbreak, 
e-munc'tae na'ris. [L.] Lit., or 

wiped nose ; of nice perception ; acute 
en ami (aN'-na'me'). [F.] As [or 

like] a friend, 
en arriere (ax'-na'ryar'). [F.] In [or 

to] the rear ; in arrears. 
en attendant (aN'-na'taN'daN'). [F.] 

While waiting ; in the meantime, 
en avant (aN'-na'vaN'). [F.] For- 
ward ; into the future. 
en deshabille (aN' da'za'be'ya'). [F.] 

In undress. 
en eflet (ax'-na'fe') . [F.] 

in fact ; in deed, 
en famille (aV fa'me'y'). 

(or with) [one's] family. _ 
enfant gate (aN'faN' ga'ta'). 

spoiled child, 
enfants perdus (aN'faN' per'dii'). 

[F.] Lit., lost children ; soldiers sent 

to a dangerous post ; a forlorn hope, 
enfant terrible (ax'faN' te're'bl"). 

[_t .] Lit., terrible child ; a loquacious 

child who by its remarks puts its 

elders into awkward positions. 
enfant trouve (troo^a'). [F.] A 

foundling. 
en fin (ax' f a.N') . [F.] In fine ; in 

short ; at last. 
en foule (fool'). [F.] In a crowd, 
en grande tenue (graNd' te-nii'). [F.] 

In full dress. [a body. 

en masse (mas'). [F.]_ In mass; in 
en plein jour (plax' zhoor'). [F.] In 

broad daylight. 
en queue (ku'). [F.] Lit., as a tail; 

in pursuit ; in a line, 
en rapport (ra'p3r'). [F.] In accord ; 

in sympathy. 
en regie (re'gl'). [F.] According to 

rule ; in due form, 
en revanche (re-vaNsh'). [F.] In re- 
turn [or compensation] . 
en route (root'). [F.] On the way. 
en'se pe'tit pla'ci-dam sub li'ber- 

ta'te qui-e'tem (plas'I-dam, llb'er- 

ta'te). [L.] With the sword she seeks 

calm repose under liberty ; — motto 

of Massachusetts. 
en suite (aN' swet'). [F.] In a succes- 
sion, series, or set. 
entente cordiale (aN'taNt' k$r'dyal'). 
[F.] Cordial understanding (esp. be- 

tween two governments), 
entre deux vins (ax'tr' du' v5n'). 
[F.] Lit., between two wines ; h?lf 

intoxicated. [Uveen ourselves.) 

entre nous (ax'tr' noo'). [F.] Bc-| 
e'o no'mi-ne (nom'I-ne). [L.] By 

[or under] that name. 
e plu'ri-bus u'num. [L.] One out of 

many ; — motto of the United States. 
e re na'ta. [L.] Under the present 

circumstances ; as matters are. 
er-ra're hu-ma'num est. [L.] To 

err is human. [frolicsome. I 

espiegle (es'pye'gl'). [F.] Roguish ;| 

espieglerie (es'pye'gle-re'). [F.] Lit., 

a roguish trick ; hence, roguishness ; 

frolicsomeness. 

es'se quam vi-de'ri. [L.] To be 
rather than to seem ; — motto of 
North Carolina. 

estaminet (es'ta'me'na') [F.] A cafe, 
or room in a cafe, where smoking ia 
allowed. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. |) Foreign Word. 



in Guide to Pronunciation. 
+ combined with. = equals, 



N 



1200 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 







P 



R 



U 



W 



X 



est m<y°du8 in re'bus. [L.] There is 
a limit [or due measure] in [all] 
things. 

es'toper-pe'tu-a(-p5t^jl-d). [L.] May 
she be perpetual ; — motto of Idaho. 

est quae'dam fle're vo-lup'tas. [L.] 
There is a certain pleasure in weeping. 

et id ge'nus om'ne, [L.] And every- 
thing of the kind. 

et sic de Bi-mi'li-bus (si-mil'i-biis) . 
[L.] And so of the like. 

et tu, Bru'te ! [L.] And thou also, 
Brutus 1 — implying betrayal by a 
friend. [stantly ; forthwith.! 

e ves-ti'gi-o (ves-tij'i-o). [L.] In-| 

Ewig-Weibliche (a'viK-vip'nK-e). 
[G.] [The] eternal feminine. 

ex ab-rup'to. [L.] Abruptly. 

ex ae'quo et bo'no. [L.] According 
to what is just and_good. 

ex a'ni-mo (an'I-mo). [L.] From the 
heart ; sincerely. 

ex-cep'ti-o pro'bat re'gu-lam de re'- 
bus non ex-cep'tis (reg'u-lam). [L.] 
An exception establishes the rule as to 
things not excepted. 

ex-cerp'ta. [L.] Excerpts ; clippings. 

ex con-ces'so. [L.] From what has 
been conceded. [ioned it. 

ex-cu'dit. [L.] He [or she] fash- 
ex cu/ri-a. [LL.] Out of court. 

ex-em'pla sunt o'di-o'sa. [L.] Ex- 
amples are odious. 

ex-em'pli gra'ti-a (gra'shi-d). [L.] 
For the sake of example. 

ex'e-unt om'nes (Sm'nez). [L.] All 
go out [or retire] . 

exigeant (ag'ze'zhaN') , ) [F.] Exact- 

exigeante (-zhaNt). J ing; impor- 
tunate ; exigent. 

ex'i-tus ac'ta pro'bat. [L.] The 
outcome justifies the deeds. 

ex li'bris. [L.] From the books [of] ; 
— an inscription used, with the own- 
er's name, in a book. 

ex me'ro mo'tu. [L.] Out of mere 
impulse ; of his [or its] own accord. 

ex mo're. [L.] According to custom. 

ex ne-ces'si-ta'te re'i. [L.] From the 
necessity of the case. 

ex ni'hi-lo ni'hil fit. [L.] From 
nothing nothing is made. 

ex pe'de Her'cu-lem. [L.] From the 
foot [we may judge of] Hercules ; 
from a part we may divine the whole. 

ex-pe'ri-men'tum cru'cis (Sks-peVi- 
men'tQm). [L.] A crucial experiment 
[or test] . 

ex-per'to cre'di-te (kred'I-te). [L.] 
Believe one who knows by experience. 

ex pro'pri-o mo'tu. [L.] Of his [or 
its] own accord. 

ex un'gue le-o'nem. [L.] From the 
claw [we may infer] the lion ; the 
whole may be inferred from a part. 

ex vi ter'mi-ni. [LL.] By force of the 
term. 

ex vo'to. [L.] According to one's vow 
[or prayer] . 



fa'ber est quis'que su'as for-tu'nae. 

[L.] Everyone is the architect of his 

own fortune. 
fa'ci-es non om'ni-bus u'na (fa'shi- 

ez). [L.] All have not the same face. 
f a'ci-le est in-ven'tis ad'de-re (fas'I- 

le). [L.] It is easy to add to things 

already invented. 
f a'ci-le prin'ceps (prtn'sSps). [L-] 

Easily chief [or first] . 
fa'ci-lis de-scen'sus A-ver'no, or 

A-vsr'ni (fas'i-Hs). [L.] The descent 

to Avernus is easy ; the road to evil 

is easy. 
facon de parler (fa'soN' de* par'la'). 

[F.] Way of speaking, 
fairs bonne mine (far' bSn' men'). 

[F.] To treat or receive kindly or 

graciously. 
fairs l'homme d'importance (faV 
•15m daN'pSr'taNs'). [F.] To play 

the man of importance ; to put on airs, 
faire suivre (swe'vr'). [F.] To be 

forwarded ; please forward, 
fait accompli (fg'-ta/koN'ple'). [F.] 

An accomplished fact, 
fa'ma sem'per vi'vat. [L.] May 

[his] fame live forever, 
fas est et ab hos'te do'ce-ri (d5s'e- 

rT). [L.] It is right to be taught even 

by an enemy. [pose.l 

Fa'ta ob'stant. [L.] The Fates op-| 
Fa'ta vi'am in-ve'ni-ent. [L.] The 

Fates will find a way. 
fatti maschii, parole femine (fat'te 

ma/ske-e, pa-ro'la fem'e-na). [It.] 

Deeds [are] males, words females ; — 

motto of Maryland. 



femme de chambre (fam dS shaN'- 

br'). [F.] A lady's maid ; chamber- 
maid, [ture.l 
fe'rse na-tu'rro. [L.] Of a wild na-| 
fer'vet o'pus. [L.] The work boils, 
fe-sti'na len'te. [L.] Make haste 

slowly. 
fgte champetre (fat' shaN'pa'tr') . 

[F.] A rural festival ; an open-air 

entertainment. 
feu de joie (fu' d? zhwa'). [F.] A 

bonfire ; a firing of guns in token of 

joy. 
feux d'artiflce (fu' dar'te/fes'). [F.] 

Fireworks ; sallies ; sparkling fancy. 
fi'at jus-ti'ti-a, ru'at cas'lum (jiis- 

tlsh'I-d). [L.] Let justice be done, 

though the heavens fall. 
fi'at lux'. [L.] Let there be light, 
fi'de-i co-ti'cu-la crux (kS-tik'fl-ld). 

[L.] The cross [is] the touchstone of 

faith. 
fi'de-i de-fen'sor. [L.] Defender of 

the faith ; — a title of the sovereigns 

of England, 
fi'de, sed cui vi'de (kT). [L.] Trust, 

but take care whom. 
fi'des Pu'ni-ca (fi'dez). [L.] Punic 

faith ; treachery. 
fi'dus A-cha'tes (d-ka'tez). [L.] 

Faithful Achates ; hence, a trusty 

friend. 
fi'li-us nul-li'us (fil'I-fis). [L.] No 

one's son ; a bastard. 
fllle de chambre (fe'y' d<? shaN'br'). 

[F.] Lady's maid. 
fille d'honneur (dS'nur'). [F.] A 

maid of honor. 
fi'nem re'spi-ce (rgs'pi-se) . [L.] 

Consider the end. 
fi'nis co-ro'nat o'pus. [L.] The 

end crowns the work. 
fla-gran'te bel'lo. [L.] Lit., while 
blazing ; during actual 



[L.] Lit., while 

in the very act. 

[L.] To be 



[F.] 



For- 



the war is 

hostilities. 
fla-gran'te de-lic'to. 

the crime is blazing ; 
flec'ti, non fran'gi, 

bent, not broken. 
flux de paroles (flu' de pa'rol'). 

A flow of words. 
for'tes for-tu'na ju'vat. [L.] 

tune favors the brave, 
for'ti-ter in re', sua'vi-ter in mo'do 

(swav'i-ter). [L.] Strongly in deed, 

gently in manner. 
franco (fran'ko). [It.] Franked ; 

postage free. 
fran'gas, non flec'tes (flek'tez). [L.] 

You may break, you shall not bend. 
fron'ti nul'la fi'des (fi'dez). [L.] 

[There is] no reliance on appearance, 
fru'ges con-su'me-re na'ti (froo'- 

jez). [L.] Born to consume the 

fruits of the earth. 
f u'git ho'ra. [L.] The hour flies. 
fu'it I'li-um (ll'i-Qm). [L.] Troy 

has been (that is, exists no longer). 
func'tus of-fi'ci-o (o-fish'i-o). [L.] 

Having performed his office ; hence, 

out of office. 
fu'ror ar'ma mi-ni'strat (mi-ms'- 

trat). [L.] Rage supplies arms. 
fu'ror lo-quen'di. [L.] A rage for 

speaking. 
fu'ror po-e'ti-cus (p8-£t'i-kus) . [L.] 



Poetic frenzy. 
fu'ror scri-ben'di. 



[L.] 



[writing. I 
A rage for| 



G 



[L.] Lit., in 
after the French 



d6'- 



[F.] 

[F.] 

fire 



Gal'li-ce (gal'I-se) 

Gallic ; in French 

manner. 
gar' con' d'hon'neur' (gar'soN' 

nur'). [F.] Groomsman. 
garde a cheval (gar'-da she-val'). 

A mounted guard. 
garde du corps (gard' dii kSr'). 

A bodyguard. 
garde-feu (gard'fG'). [F.] A 

screen [or fender] . 
gardez la foi (garAia la fwa'). [F.] 

Keep the faith. [the place. I 

ge'ni-us lo'ci. [L.] The genius of| 
gens d'eglise (zhaN' da'glez'). [F.] 

Ecclesiastics ; clergy. 
gens de guerre (de gar'). [F.] Mili- 
tary men ; soldiery. 
gens du monde (dii m6Nd'). [F.] 

People of fashion. 
gens' ir'ri-ta'bi-le va'tum (jenz' ir'- 

I-tab'i-le). [L.] The irritable race 

of poets. 
Germanice (jer-man'T-se"). [NL.] In 

German ; after the German manner. 
Ge-sund'heit (ge-zobnt'hit). [G.] 

[To your] health. 
gibier de potenoe (zhe'bya' de p6'- 

taNs'). [F.] A gallows bird. 



glaube dem Leben (glou'be* d?m 15'- 

ben). [G.] Believe in life. 
glo'ri-a vir-tu'tis um'bra. [L.] 

Glory [is] the shadow of virtue. 
gnothi seauton (gno'thl se-ou-ton'). 

[Gr. yv&di aeavrbv.] Know thyself ; 

— inscribed on the temple of Apollo, 

Delphi. 
Gott mit uns (g8t mit dbns). [G.] 

God with us ; — motto of the Order 

of the Crown, Prussia. 
grace a Dieu (gra'-sa dyu'). [F.] 

Thanks to God. 
gra'du di-vcr'so, u'na vi'a. [L.] 

With different pace, [but] on the 

same road, 
grande passion (graNd' pa'sySN'). 

[F.] Great passion ; love. 
grand monde (graisr' m6Nd'). [F.] 

Great world ; high society. 
grand pas (graN' pa'). [F.] Lit., 

great step ; — a stylish gait or walk, 
gra'ti-a pla-cen'di (gra'shi-d). [L.] 

The grace of pleasing. [tion. 

gra'tis dic'tum. [L.] A mere asser-, 
gra/vis i'ra re'gurn est sem'per. [L.] 

The wrath of kings is always heavy. 
grex ve-na'li-um. [L.] A venal com- 
pany [or crowd] . 
grosse Seelen dulden still (gro'sH za'- 

len ddol'den shtil'). [G.] Great souls 

suffer in silence. 
guerre a outrance (gSr' a oo/traNs'). 

[F.] War to the uttermost. 



H 



and 



hsec o^lim me'mi-nis'se ju-va/bit 

(mSm/i-nis'e). [L.] It will be pleas- 
ant to remember these things here- 
after. 

haud lon'gis in'ter-val'lis. [L.] At 
intervals by no means long. 

haud pas'si-bus ae'quis. [L.] Not 
with equal steps. 

haut gofit (5' goo' ; ho'-). [F.] High 
flavor ; a slight taint. 

hel'lu-o li-bro'rum. [L.] Adevourer 
of books ; a bookworm. 

hi-a'tus val'de de-flen'dus. [L.] A 
very deplorable hiatus. 

hie et u-bi'que. [L.] Here 
everywhere. 

hie ja'cet. [L.] Here lies; — used 
in epitaphs. 

hi'ems (hT'e'mz). [L-] Winter. 

hinc il'lse la'cri-maa (lak'rl-me). [L.] 
Hence these tears. 

hoc a'ge. [L.] Do this ; apply your- 
self to what you are doing. 

hoc o'pus, hie la'bor est. [L.] This 
is the work, this is the labor ; this ia 
the great difficulty. 

hoc tem'po-re. [L.] At this time. 

ho'mi-nis est er-ra're (hSm'i-nls). 
[L.] To err is human. 

homme d'affaires (6m' da'far'). [F.] 
A man who transacts business for 
another ; agent. [man of wit. 

homme d'esprit (deVpre'). [F.] A. 

honi soit qui mal y pense (S'ne swa 
ke mal e paNs'). [F.] Shamed be he 
who thinks evil of it ; — the motto of 
the Order of the Garter. 

honneur et patrie (6'nur' a pa'tre'). 
[F.] Honor and fatherland ; — motto 
of the Legion of Honor, France. 

ho'rse sub'si-ci'vae. [L.] Leisure 
hours. 

ho'ra fu'git. [L.] The hour flies. 

hor-ri'bi-le dic'tu (h5-rlb'i-le) . [L.] 
Horrible to relate. 

hors de combat (hor de kSN'ba' ; 
or). [F.] Out of the combat; disa- 
bled from fighting. 

hors d'oeuvre (h6r dfl'vr* ; Sr). [F.] 
A side dish ; a relish. 

hor'tus sie'eus. [L.] Lit., a dry gar- 
den ; a herbarium. 

hos'tis hu-ma'ni ge'ne-ris (j&n'e - - 
ris). [L-] An enemy of the human 
race. [Town hall.' 

hotel de ville (S'teV de vel'). [F.] 

hdtel Dieu (dyQ'). [F.] A hospital 

hu-ma'num est er-ra're. [L.] To 
err is human. 



ich dien (Ik den'). [G.] I serve; — 
motto of the Prince of Wales. 

ici on parle franqais (e'se' on pari 
f raN'sg') . [F.] French is spoken here. 

id est. [L.j That is. 

id ge'nus om'ne. [L-] All of that 
sort. 

ig'no-ran'ti-a ju'ris, or le'gis, ne{- 
mi-nem ex-cu'sat (*g'nS-ran'shI-d, 
le'jis, nSm'i-nSm). [L.] Ignorance 
of the law [or a law] excuses no one. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
fise, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 



1201 



ig-no'tum per ig-no>ti-us. [L.] The 

unknown through the moreunknown. 
i gran dolori sono muti (e gran d6- 

lo're so'no moo'te) . [It.] Great griefs 

are mute. 
I'li-as ma-lo'rum (Il'i-as). [L.j An 

Iliad (or series) of woes. 
il n'a pas invente la poudre (el na 

pa-zaN'vaN'ta' la poo'dr'). [F.] He 

did not invent gunpowder ; i. e., he is 

not a genius. 
il n'y a plus de Pyrenees (el nya plii 

de pe'ra'na'). [F.] There are no 

longer any Pyrenees ; — attributed to 

Louis XIV. 
il n'y a que le premier pas qui coute 

(ke le pre-mya' pa kg koot'). [F.] It 

is only the first step that costs. 
il penseroso (el pen'sS-ro'so) [Old 

It.] The pensive (or melancholy) 

[man] . 
il sent le fagot (el sax' le f a'gS') . [F.] 

He smells of the fagot ; he is suspected 

of heresy. 
im-me'di-ca/bi-le vul'nus (i-mSd'1- 

kab'i-le). [L.] An incurable wound, 
im-pe'ri-um in im-pe'ri-o. [L.] A 

sovereignty within a sovereignty. 
in ae-ter'num. [L.] Forever. 
in an'tis. [L.] Arch. Between antae. 

SeeANTA, in Vocab. 
in ar-ti'cu-lo mor'tis (a.r-tik'u-15). 

[L.] At point of death. 
incae'lo qui'es (kwl'ez). [L-3 [There 

is] rest in heaven. 
in-cre'du-lus o'di (ln-kred'u-liis). 

[L.] Being incredulous, I detest [it]. 
in'de i'raa et la/cri-mae (lak'ri-me). 

[L.] Thence anger and tears. 
in du'bi-o. [L.] In doubt ; undeter- 
mined. 
in es'se. [L.] In actual existence. 
in-esf cle-men'ti-a for'ti. [L.] 

Clemency belongs to the brave. 
in ex-ten'so. [L.] At full length. 
in ex-tre'mis. [L.] In the last ex- 
tremity ; at point of death. 
in for'ma pau'pe-ris. [L.] In the 

form of a pauper ; as a poor man.^ 
in fo'ro con'sci-en'ti-ae (kSn'shi-en'- 

shi-e). [L.] Before the tribunal of 

conscience, 
in'fra dig'. Colloq. for in'fra dig'ni- 

ta/tem [L.], beneath one's dignity ; 

undignified. [future.] 

in fu-tu'ro. [L.] In [or for] the| 
in'gens te'lum ne-ces'si-tas. [L.] 

Necessity [is] a powerful weapon. 
in hoc sig'no vin'ces (vin'sez). [L.] 

In [or by] this sign [the Cross] thou 

shalt conquer ; — motto of Constan- 

tine I. 
in li'mi-ne (lim'i-ne). [L.] On the 

threshold ; at the beginning. 
in lo'co. [L.] In the [proper or 

natural] place. 
in lo'co pa-ren'tis. [L.] In the place 

of ?. parent. 
in me'di-as res (rez). [L.] Into the 

midst of things. 
in me-mo'ri-am. [L.] In memory. 
in nu'bi-bus. [L.] In the clouds. 
in om'ni-a pa-ra'tus. [L.] Ready 

for all things. 
in/o-pem me co'pi-a fe'cit. [L.] 

Abundance made me poor, 
in per-pe'tu-um (per-pet^ii-um). [L.] 

Forever. 
in per-so'nam. [L.] Law. a Against 

a particular person, as disting. from 

the world in general, b Against the 

person, as disting. from things. 
in petto (peVto). [It.] In the breast ; 

secretly ; privately. 
in pos'se. [LL.] Potentially ; in pos- 
sibility [or capacity] . 
in prae-sen'ti. [L.] At the present 

[time] . 
in pro'pri-a per-so'na. [L.] In one's 

own person [or character] . 
in pu'ris na'tu-ral'i-bus (natl}i-ral'- 

I-bus). [L.] Stark naked. 
in re. [L.] In the matter of ; con- 
cerning. 
in rem. [L.] Law. Lit., in or against 

a (or the) thing. 
in re'rum na-tu'ra. [L.] In the 

nature of things. 
in sae'cu-la sae'cu-lo'rum (sSk'u-ld 

sek'u-lo'rum). [L.] For ages of 

ages ; forever and ever. 
in-sculp'sit. [L.] He [or she] en- 
graved it. 
in si'tu. [L.] In its natural [or 

original] position. [of them.| 

in'star om'ni-um, [L.] Worth all| 

in sta'tu quo'. [L.] In the state in 

which [it is or was] . 

in'te-gros hau-ri're fon'tes (In'te- 



gros, fSn'tez). [L.] To drink from 
pure fountains. 

in'ter a/li-a. [L.] Among other things. 

in'ter a'li-os (a'li-os). [L.] Among 
other persons. [selves. I 

in'ter nos (nos). [L-] Between our-| 

in ter-ro'rem. [L.] As a warning. 

in'ter se. [L.] Among themselves. 

in to'ti-dem ver'bi3 (t5t'i-d£m). [L.] 
In so many words. 

in to'to. [L.] In the whole ; en- 
tirely ; in general. 

in'tra mu'ros (mu'ros). [L.] Within 
the walls [esp. city walls] . 

in u'sum Del-phi'ni. [LL.] For the 
use of the dauphin. 

in u-trum'que pa-ra/tus. [L.] Pre- 
pared for either [event] . 

in va/cu-o (vak'u-o). [L.] In a 
vacuum. 

in vi'no ve'ri-tas (ver'T-tas). [L.] 
Truth in wine ; truth is told under 
influence of wine. 

in-vi'ta Mi-ner'va. [L.] Minerva 
being unwilling ; — used in reference 
to lack of artistic or literary inspira- 
tion, [words. I 

ip-sis'si-ma ver'ba. [L.] The very| 

ip'so fac'to. [L.] By the fact [or 
act] itself. 

ip'so ju're. [L.] By the law itself. 

i'ra fu'ror bre'vis est. [L.] Anger 
is a brief madness. 



jao'ta est a/le-a. [L.] The die is cast. 
jamais arriere ( zha/mS'-za'ryar') . 

[F.] Never behind, 
ja'nu-is clau'sis (jan'u-is). [L.] 

With closed doors. 
jeder Tag ist ein kleines Leben (ya'- 

der taK 1st in kli'nes la'ben). [G.] 

Every day is a little life. 
je maintiendrai (zhe maN'tyaN'dra'). 

[F.] I will maintain ; — motto of 

Netherlands. 
je ne sais quoi (ne sa kwa'). [F.] I 

know not what ; an inexpressible 

something. 
jeu de mots (zhu' de m6'). [F.] A 

play on words ; a pun. [cism.l 

jeu d' esprit (deVpre'). [FJ A witti-| 
je vis en espoir (zhe ve'-zaN-nes'- 

pwar') , [F.] I live in hope. 
Jo-an'nes est no'men e'jus (jo-an'- 

ez) . [L.] His name is John ; — motto 

of Porto Rico. [the joke.l 

jo'ci cau'sa. [L.] _For the sake of| 
journal intime (zhoor'nal' aN'tem'). 

[F.] Private diary. [Lord.l 

ju'bi-la/te De'o. [L.] Rejoice in the| 
ju-di'ci-um De'i (joo-dish'i-wm). 

[L.] Judgment of God. 
ju'ni-o'res ad la-bo'res (joo'nT-o'- 

rez, ld-bo'rez). [L.] The younger 

men for labors. [thunderer.l 

Ju'pi-ter To'nans. [L-] Jupiter the| 
ju're di-vi'no. [L.] By divine right 

[or law] . 
jus ci-vi'le. [L.] Civil law. 
jus di-vi'num. [L.] Divine law [or 

right] . 
jus et nor'ma lo-quen'di. [L.] The 

law and rule of speech. 
jus gen'ti-um. [L.] The law of na- 
tions ; international law. 
jus postTi-mi'ni-i. [L.] Law of 

postliminium. See postliminium, in 

Vocab. 
juste- milieu (zhiisfme'lyQ'). [F.] 

The just [or golden] mean, 
jus-ti'ci-a om'ni-bus (jus-tish'T-d). 

[L.] Justice to [or for] all ; — motto 

of District of Columbia, 
j'y suis, j'y reste (zhe swe', zhe rest'). 

Here I am, here I stay ; — an expres- 
sion attributed to MacMahon in 1855 

when advised to abandon the Malakoff . 



la belle dame sans merci (la b51 dam' 
saN mer'se'). [F.] The beautiful 
lady without mercy. 

la'bo-ra/re est o-ra/re (lab'5-). [L-] 
To work is to pray. 

la/bor ip'se vo-lup'tas. [L.] Labor 
itself [is] a pleasure. 

la'bor om'ni-a vin'cit. [L.] Labor 
conquers all things ; — motto of Ok- 
lahoma. 

la'cri-mae re'rum (lak'ri-me). [L.] 
The tears of things. 

lae'sa ma-jes'tas. [L.] Lese majesty. 

l'aflaire s'achemine (la'far' sash'- 
men') . [F.] The affair is progressing. 

l'al-le'gro (lal-la'gro) . [It.] The 
cheerful (or merry) [one] . 



lap'sus ca»»»-*"x tKal'd-mT). [L.] A 
slip of the pen. [tongue. I 

lap'sus lin'guae. [L.] A slip of the| 

la/tet an'guis in her'ba. [L.] A 
snake lies hid in the grass. 

lau-da/tor tem'po-ris ac'ti. [L.] A 
praiser of times past. 

laus De'o. [L.] Praise to God. 

laus pro'pri-a sor'det. [L.] Self- 
praise is base. 

l'avenir (lav'ner'). [F.] The future. 

le bois tortu fait le feu droit (le bwa' 
tSr'tu' f5 le fQ drwa'). [F.] Crooked 
stick makes straight nre ; the end 
justifies the means. 

le bon temps viendra (1? toN taN 
vyaN'dra'). [F.] The good time will 
come. 

leb' wohl (lap vol'). [G.] Farewell. 

lec'tor be-ne'vo-le (be-nSv'6-le). [L.] 
Kind reader. [ness ; levity. I 

16geret6 (la'zhe'r/ta') . [F.] Light-| 

le grand Monarque (le graN mS'- 
nark'). [F.] The Great Monarch 
(that is, Louis XIV.). 

le pas (15 pa'). [F.] Lit., the step; 
precedence ; preeminence. 

le roi est mort, vive le roi (le rwa' 
5 mSr', vev' le rwa') ! [F.] The king 
is dead, [long] live the king! 

le roi et l'etat (a la'ta'). [F.] The 
king and the state. 

le roi le veut (le rwa' IS vQ'). [F.] 
The king wills it. 

le roi s'avisera (le rwa' sa'vez'ra'). 
[F.] The king will consider. 

les bras croiaes (la bra' krwa'za'). 
[F.] With folded arms ; inactive ; 
indifferent. 

le style, e'est l'homme (le stel' se 
18m'). [F.] The style is the man. 

l'§tat, e'est moi (la'ta' s5 mwa'). 
[F.] The state, it is I ; — a saying 
formerly attributed to Louis XIV. 

l'etoile du nord (la'twal' dii nor'). 
[F.] The star of the north ; — motto 
of Minnesota. 

le tout ensemble (le tob'-taN'saN'- 
bl'). [F.] The whole [taken or con- 
sidered] together. 

lettre de cachet (let'r' de ka'she'). 
[F.] A sealed letter, esp. one from 
the sovereign. 

lettre de change (de shaNzh'). [F.] 
A bill of exchange. 

lettre de creance (kra'a.Ns'). [F.] A 
letter of credit. 

lex lo'ci. [L.] The law of the place. 

lex non scrip'ta. [L.] Unwritten 
law ; the common law. 

lex scrip'ta. [L.] Written law ; the 
statute law. 

lex taTi-o'nis (tal'i-o'nis). [L.] The 
law of retaliation. 

l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose 
(13m prO'poz', a dyQ des'poz'). [F.] 
Man proposes, and God disposes. 

li-cen'ti-a va'tum. [L.] License of 
poets ; poetic license. 

Licht, Liebe, Leben (liKt, le'be, 15'- 
ben). [G.] Light, love, life ; — Her- 
der's motto. 

Liederkranz (le'der-krants). [G.] 
Lit., wreath of songs ; German vocal 
club for men. 

li'mae la'bor et mo'ra. [L.] The 
labor and delay of the file ; the labori- 
ous polishing of a literary composition. 

lifte-ra scrip'ta ma'net. [L.] The 
written letter remains. 

lo'co ci-ta'to. [L.] In the place cited. 

lo'cum te'nens. [L.] A substitute 
[or deputy] . 

lo'cus clas'si-cus. [L.] A classical 
[or standard] passage [of importance 
to the understanding of a word or 
subject] . 

lo'cus in quo. [L.] The place in 
which [or where] . 

lo'cus pce'ni-ten'ti-ae (pen'i-ten'shT- 
e). [L.] Opportunity fcr repentance. 

lo'cus si-gil'li. [L.] The place of the 
seal ; — abbr. L. S. 

lon'go in'ter-val'lo. [L.] By [or 
with] a long in.erval. 

lo'qui-tur (13k'wi-tfir). [L.] He [or 
she] speaks. 

los ninos y los locos dicen las ver- 
dades (los ne'nyos e lcs lo'kos de'- 
than las ver-da'thas). [Sp.] Children 
and fools speak the truth. [ment.J 

lu'ci-dus or'do. [L.] Clear arrange-! 

lu'cus a non lu-cen'do. [L.] Lit., a 
grove from not being light ; — a play- 
ful derivation of Ivcus grove from lu- 
cere to shine. Hence, anything incon- 
sequent or illogical. 

lu'de-re cum sa'cris. [L.] To sport 
[jest] with sacred things. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 



N 



1202 



FOREIGN T70RD3 AND PHRASES 







R 



U 



w 



X 



lu'men na'tu-ra'le (nat^jl-ra'le) . [L.] 

Natural insight [or wisdom] . 
l'union fait la force (lii'nyoN' fe' la 

f5rs') . [F.] Union makes strength ; 

— motto of Belgium, 
lu's us na-tu'rae. [L.] A freak of 

nature. 



M 



[F.] My dear 



Go on [or in- 
[indeed!' 



ma chSre (ma' shar'). 

(fem.). Cf. MON CHER. 
mac'te vir-tu'te. [L.] 

crease] in virtue. 

ma foi (ma f wa') ! [F.] My faith! 

mag'na ci'vi-tas, mag'na so'li-tu'dri 

(siv'1-ta.s, sSl'i-tG'do). [L.] A great 

city [is] a great solitude, 
mag'nae spes al'te-ra Ro'mee (spez). 

[L.] Another hope of great Rome, 
mag'na est ve'ri-tas, et ^ras'va-le'- 

bit (ver'i-tas, prgv'd-le'bit). [L.] 

Truth is mighty, and will prevail. 
mag'nas in'ter o'pes in/ops. [L.] 

Poor amid great wealth, 
mag'ni no'mi-nis um'bra (nSm'i- 

nis). [L.] The shadow of a great 

name. 
mag'num o'pus. [L.] A great work; 

— esp. of a literary work, 
maison de santS (ma'zoN' de s&n'- 

ta'). [F.] Private hospital, asylum, or 

sanatorium, 
maitre d' hotel (ma'tr' do'tgl'). 

House steward ; butler ; hotel 

lord, 
ma'la fl'de. [L.] In bad faith. 
mal de mer (mal' demar'). [F.] 

sickness. 
mal du pays (mal dii pa'e'). 

Homesickness. 
malentendu (mal'aN'taN'duO 



CF.] 
land- 



Sea- 
CF.] 



CF.] 
Ill-conceived ; ill-contrived ; a misun- 
derstanding. 

tna/le par'ta ma'le di'la-bun'tur 
(iiKd-bun'tur). [L.] Things ill 
gained are ill lost ; light come, light go. 

tna'lis a'vi-bus (av'i-bus). [L.] With 
unlucky birds ; with bad auspices. 

ma'lus pu'dor. [L.] False modesty. 

mafiana (ma-nya'na). CSp.] To- 
morrow. 

ma'ni-a a po'tu. [L.] Mania from 
drinking ; delirium tremens. 

ma'ni-bus pe'di-bus'que (man'i-biis 
pgd'i-bus'kwe). [L.] With hands and 
feet ; with might and main. 

Marchen (mar'Ken). [G.] Folktale; 
fairy story. 

ma're clau'sum. CL.] Closed sea ; a 
sea within the separate jurisdiction of 
one state. 

mariage de convenance (ma'ryazh' 
dS koN'v'-naNs') . CF.] Marriage of 
convenience. 

mauvaise honte (mo'vaz' oNt'). CF.] 
Bashfulness ; shamefacedness. 

mauvais gout (mo'v?' goo'). CF.] 
Bad taste. 

max'i-mus in mi'ni-mis (mini- 
mis). [L.] Very great in trifles. 

me'di-o tu-tis'si-mus i'bis. [L.] In 
the middle course you will go most 
safely. 

me'di-um te'nu-e're be-a'ti (ten'u- 
e're). [L.] The happy have kept the 
middle course. 

me'ga bi-bli'on, me'ga ka-kon' 
(meg'dbe-ble'on, meg'd kd-kon'). CGr. 
fieya {$i8\Lov, \ikya. na/cov."] A great 
[voluminous] book [is] a gr^at evil. 

mehr Lichtt (marliKt). [G.] More 
lightl [my judgment. I 

me ju'di-ce. [L.] I being judgp ; in| 

me-men'to mo'ri. [L.] Lit., remem- 
ber to die, that is, that: you must die ; 
an object serving as a reminder of 
death. [and faithful. I 

me'mor et fi-de'lis. [I "1 Mmdful| 

me-mo'ri-a in se-t«>r'na. yL.] In 
everlasting remembrance. 

mens a'gi-tat mo'lem (aj'I-tatj. [L.] 
Mind moves the mass. 

mens sa'na in cor'po-re sa'nw. [L.] 
A sound mind in a sound body. 

mens si'bi con'sci-a rec'ti (sib'i). 
[L.] A mind conscious to itself of 
rectitude ; a good conscience. 

me'o pe-ri'cu-lo (pe-rik'u-lo). [L.] 
At my own risk. 

me'rum sal. [L.] Pure salt ; genuine 
good sense or wit. 

mi'les glo'ri-o'sus (mT'lez). [L-] 
Boastful soldier. 

mi-ra'bi-le dic'tu (mi-rab'i-le). CL.] 
Wonderful to relate [see.l 

mi-ra/bi-le vi'su. [L.] Wonderful to| 

mi'ra-bi'li-a (mir'a-bWi-a). [L.] 
Wonders ; miracles. 



mise en scene (me'-za'N san'). [F.] 
Stage setting. [don .1 

mi'tis sa'pi-en'ti-a. [L.] Ripe wl8-| 

mo'do et for'ma. [L.] In manner 
and form. 

mo'dus o'pe-ran'di (up'e-ran'dl) . 
[L.] Manner of operating. 

mo'dus vi-von'di (vi-ven'dT). [L.] 
Mode or manner of living ; a tem- 
porary arrangement of affairs until 
disputed matters can be settled. 

mo'le ru'it su'a. [L.] It falls down 
of its own greatness. 

mon cher (moN shar'). [F.] My dear 
(masc). Cf. MA CHERE. 

monde (moNd). [F.] World ; world 
of fashion ; society. 

mon-ta'ni sem'per li'be-ri (liVe-rT). 
[L.] Mountaineers [are] always free- 
men ; — motto of West Virginia. 

mo'nu-men'tum ae're pe-ren'ni-us 
(mon'u-men'tum). [L.] A monument 
more lasting than brass [or bronze] . 

morbidezza ( mor'be-deVsa ) , n. 
[It.] In the fine arts, delicacy or 
softness in the representation of flesh ; 
hence, soft delicacy, as of a literary or 
musical composition. 

mo're ma-jo'rum. [L.] After the 
manner of one's ancestors. 

mo'ri-tu'ri tesa'lu-ta'mus (moVi- 
tii'ri te sal'u-ta'mus). [L.] We [who 
are] about to die salute thee ; — cry 
of Roman gladiators to emperor. 

mot de l'enigme (mo' de la'neg'm'). 
[F.] Word of the enigma ; key to the 
mystery. 

mo'tu pro'pri-o. [L.] By one's own 
motion ; of one's own impulse. 

moyen age (mwa'yaN'-nazh'). [F.] 
Middle Ages. [little. I 

mul'tum in par'vo. [L.] Much in| 

mun'dus vult de'ei-pi (des'i-pi). 
[L.] The world wishes to be deceived. 

mu'nus A-pol'li-ne dig'num. [L.] 
A gift worthy of Apollo. 

mu-ta'tis mu-tan'dis. [L.] Neces- 
sary changes being made. 

mu-ta'to no'mi-ne (nom'l-ne). [L.] 
The name being changed. 

mu'tum est pic-tu'ra po-g'ma. CL.] 
A picture is a silent poem. 



N 



na-tu'ra ab-hor'ret a va/cu-o (vak'- 

u-6). [L.] Nature abhors a vacuum, 
na-tu'ra non fa'cit sal'tum. [L.] 

Nature makes no leap. 
ne ce'de ma'lis. [L.] Yield not to 

misfortunes. 
nee pre'ee nee pre'ti-o (pre'shi-o). 

[L.] Neither by entreaty nor by 

bribe. 
nee quse're-re nee sper'ne-re ho- 

no'rem. [L.] Neither to seek nor 

to spurn honors. 
nee sci're fas est om'ni-a. [L.] Nor 

is it permitted to know all things. 
nee te'me-re, nee ti'mi-de (tem'e-re, 

tim'i-de). [L.] Neither rashly nor 

timidly. [lucky days.l 

ne-fas'ti di'es (dT'ez). [L.] Un-| 
ne fron'ti cre'de. [L.] Trust not to 

the appearance. 
ne'mi-ne con'tra-di-cen'te (nem'T- 

ne) . [L.] No one contradicting ; 

unanimously. 
ne'mi-ne dis-sen'ti-en'te (di-sen'shi- 

Sn'te). [L.] No one dissenting. 
ne'mo me im-pu'ne la-ces'sit. [L.] 

No one attacks me with impunity ; — 

motto of Scotland, and of the Order of 

the Thistle. 
ne'mo re-pen'te fu'it tur-pi'ssi- 

mus. [L.] No one was [ever] sud- 
denly very base. 
ne'mo so'lus sa'tis sa'pit. [L.] No 

one alone is sufficiently wise. 
ne pu'e-ro gla'di-um. [L.] [In- 
trust] not a sword to a boy. 
ne quid ni'mis. [L.] Not anything 

too much ; — that is, avoid excess. 
n'est-ce pas (nes-pa') ? [F.] Isn't 

that so? 
nil ad/mi-raTi. [L.] To be excited by 

nothing ; to wonder at nothing. 
nil con'sci-re si'bi (sib'i). [L.] To 

bs conscious of nothing [wrong] . 
nil des'pe-ran'dum. [L.] Nothing 

must be despaired of. 
nil ni'ti cru'ee. [L.] Naught but by 

the cross. 
nil si'ne nu'mi-ne. CL.] Nothing 

without the divine will ; — motto of 

Colorado. 
ni'mi-um ne cre'de co-lo'ri (nim'i- 

um). [L.] Trust not too much to a 

beautiful complexion. [matter. I 

n'importe (naN'port') . [F.] It's no| 



CL-] 
CF.] 



ni'si Do'mi-nus, fru'stra (d^m'I- 

nils, frus'trd). [L.] Except the Lord, 

in vain ; — motto of Edinburgh. Ps. 

exxvii. 
ni'tor in ad-ver'sum. [L.] I press 

forward to the opposite side [or 

against opposition] . 
noblesse oblige (nS'bleV S'blezh'). 

[F.] Nobility obliges ; rank imposes 

obligation. [or willing. I 

no'lens vo'lens. [L.] Unwilling! 
nol'le pro'se-qui (pros'e-kwT) . 

To be unwilling to proceed, 
nom de guerre (noN de gar'). 

Lit., war name ; a pseudonym. 
nom de plume (plum'). [F. ; — an 

Eng. formation.] A pen name. 
no'men at'que o'men. [L.] A 

name and also an omen. 
non An'gli, sed an'ge-li. [L.] Not 

Angles, but angels. 
non com'pos men'tis. [L-] Not of 

sound mind. 
non con'stat. [L.] It does not ap- 
pear ; it does not follow. 
non da'tur ter'ti-um (tur'shi-um). 

[L.] No third is given ; there is no 

third choice. 
non est in-ven'tus. [L.] He has not 

been found. 
non est vi've-re, sed va-le're, vi'ta 

(vlv'e-re). [L.] It is not life to live, 

but to be well. 
non li'quet. [L.] It is not clear. 
non mi ricordo (non me re-k6r'd5). 

[It.] I do not remember. 
non no'bis so'lum. [L.] Not merely 

for ourselvss. [ing.l 

non ob-stan'te. [L.] Notwithstand-| 
non om'ni-a poi'su-raus om'nes 

(Sm'nez). [L.] We cannot all [do] 

everything. 
non om'nis mo'ri-ar. [L.] I shall 

not wholly die. 
non pas'si-bus se'quis. [L.] Not 

with equal steps. 
non pos'su-mus. [L.] We cannot. 
non quis, sed quid. [L.] Not who, 

but what. 
non quo, sed quo^mo-do. [L.] Not 

by whom, but how. 
non sans droict (nSn' sanz' droit'). 

[OF.] Not without right ; — motto 

on Shakespeare's coat of arms. 
non si'bi, sed pa'tri-ae (sib'i). [L.] 

Not for himself, but for his country. 
Zio'sce te ip'surn (nSs'e). [L.] Know 

thyself. 
no'sci-tur a so'ci-is (nSs'i-tur a. so'- 

shi-is). [L.] He is known by his 

companions. 
no'ta be'ne. [L.] Note well ; take 

notice ; — abbr. N. B. 
n'oubliez pas (noo'blya' pa'). CF.] 

Do not forget. 
nous avons change tout cela (n6o'- 

za/voN' shaN'zha' too'se-la'). [F.] 

We have changed all that. 
nous verrons ce que nous verrona 

(noo' ve'roN' s'ke noo ve'roN'). [F.] 

We shall see what we shall see. 
no'vus ho'mo. [L.] A new man ; a 

man newly ennobled ; an upstart. 
nu'dum pac'tum. [L.] Nude pact ; 

loosely, a contract without considera- 
tion. 
nu'gse ca-no'rse. [L.] Melodious 

trifles [or nonsense] . 
nul'la di'es si'ne li'ne-a (dT'ez, Hn'- 

e-d). [L.] Not a day without a line. 
nunc aut nun'quam. [L.] Now or 

never. 
nun'quam non pa-ra'tus. [L.] 

Never unprepared. 



o 



o'bi-it. [L.] He [or she] died. 

ob'i-ter dic'tum. [L.] A thing said 
by the way ; a passing remark ; spe- 
cif., an opinion uttered by a judge not 
material to his decision and therefore 
not binding. 

objet d'art (Sb'zhe' dar'). [F.] An 
object of artistic worth. 

o'de-rint dum me'tu-ant (Sd'e-rint, 
metlA-dnt). [L.] Let them hate, so 
long as they fear. 

o'di-um the'o-lo'gi-cum (the'o-lSj'i- 
kflm). [L.] The hatred of (rival) 
theologians. 

o'he ! jam sa'tis est. [L.] Ho there 1 
there is enough already. 

ohne Hast, ohne Rast (5'ne* hast', 
6'ne rast'). [G.] Without haste, 
without rest ; — motto of Goethe. 

om rnani padme hum. Buddhism. 
"O, the Jewel in the Lotus, Amen." 

om'ne bo'num de'su-per. [L-] All 
good [is] from above. 



ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 



1203 



om'nem mo've-re la'pi-dem (lap'T- 
dSm). [L.] To leave no stone un- 
turned. 

om'ni-a bo'na bo'nis. [L.] To the 
good all things [are] good. 

om'ni-a mu-tan'tur, nos et mu-ta'- 
mur in il'lis. [L.] All things are 
changing, and we are changing with 
them. [conquers all things. 

om'ni-a vin'cit a/mor. [L.] Love| 

om'ni-bus hoc vi'ti-um est (vish'I- 
um). [L.] All have this vice. 

om'ni-bus in-vi'de-as, li'vi-de, ne'- 
mo ti'bi (In-vid'e-as, liv'I-de, tib'i). 
[L.] You may envy everybody, en- 
vious one, nobody [envies] you. 

on dit (on' de'). [F.] They say ; it is 
said. Hence, on-dit, a rumor ; a piece 
of gossip. [of proof. I 

o'nus pro-ban'di. [L.] The burden| 

o'pe-rae pre'ti-um est (5p'e-re pre'- 
shi-um). [L.] It is worth while. 

o'pe-re ci-ta'to (Sp'e-re). [L.] In the 
work cited. 

op-po'su-it na-tu'ra(5-poz'u-it). [L-] 
Nature has opposed_. 

ora e sempre (o'ra a sSm'pra). [It.] 
Now amd always. 

o'ra et la-bo'ra. [L.] Pray and work. 

o'ra pro no'bis. [L.] Pray for us. 

o-ra'tor fit, po-e'ta na'sci-tur (nas'i- 
tur). [L.] The orator is made, the 
poet is born. 

or'bis sci-en'ti-a'rum (si-en'shi-a.'- 
rum). [L.] The circle of the sciences. 

o're ro-tun'do. [L.] With round 
mouth [well-turned speech] . 

o-ri'go ma'li. [L.] The origin of the 
evil. 

oro y plata (5'ro e pla'ta, . [Sp.] Gold 
and silver ; — motto of Montana. 

o si sic om'ni-a ! [L.] O, if all [were] 
thus I O, if all things had been done, 
spoken, or written thus ! 

O tem'po-ra ! O mo'res ! [L.] O 
the times ! O the manners ! 

o / ti-a dant vi'ti-a (vlsh'i-d;. [L.] 
Leisure gives vices. 

o/ti-o'sa se-du'li-tas (o-shi-o'sd se- 
dul'i-tas). [L.] Idle assiduity; lei- 
surely industry. 

o'ti-um cum dig/ni-ta'te (o'shi-iim). 
[L.] Leisure with dignity ; dignified 
leisure. 

oui-dire (we'derO. [F.] Hearsay ._ 

ouvrage de longue haleine (oo'- 
vrazh' de loN'-ga'lSn') . [F.] Lit., a 
work of long breath ; a work which 
lasts or is long. 



pa/ce. [L.] By the leave [of] . 

pal'li-da Mors. [L.] Pale death. 

pal'mam qui me'ru-it fe'rat (mer'u- 
lt). [L.] Let him bear the palm who 
has deserved [it] . 

par avance (par a'vaNs'). [F.] In ad- 
vance ; by anticipation. 

pa/rem non fert. [L.] He endures 
no equal. 

par excellence (par ek'se'laNs'). [F.] 
Preeminently. 

par exemple (par ag'zaN'pl'). [F.] 
For example. 

par hasard (par a'zar'). [F.] By 
chance. [equal pace.l 

pa'ri pas'su. [L.] With [or at] | 

par ne-go'ti-is, ne'que su'pra (ne- 
go'shl-is, nek'we). [L.] Equal to his 
business and not above [it] . 

par no'bi-le fra'trum (nob'I-le). [L-] 
A noble pair of brothers. 

par o'ne-ri (on'e-ri). [L.] Equal to 
the burden. 

par pa'ri re'fe-ro (ref 'e-ro) . [L.] I 
return like for like. 

par'ti-ceps cri'mi-nis (krim'I-nis). 
[L.] An accomplice_. 

parti pris (par'te' pre'). [F.] Precon- 
ceived opinion. 

par'va com-po'ne-re mag'nis. [L.] 
To compare small things with great. 

pas a pas on va loin (pa'-za pa'-zoisr 
va lwa.N'). [F.] Step by step one 
goes far. [country. I 

pa/ter pa/tri-33. [L.] Father of his| 

pa/tres con-scrip'ti (pa'trez). [L.] 
Conscript fathers ; the Roman sena- 
tors, [cestral virtues.) 

pa/tri-is vir-tu'ti-bus. [L.] By an-[ 

pau/cis ver'bis. [L.] In [or with] 
few words. 

pax in bel'lo. [L.] Peace in war. 

pax vo-bis'cum. [L.] Peace be with 
you. 

pec-ca'vi. [L.] I have sinned. 

peine forte et dure (pen fSr-ta. diir'). 
[F.] Strong and hard punishment. 



pen-den'te li'te. [L.] Pending the 

suit. [Think of me.l 

pensez a moi (paN'sa'-za mwa'). [F.] | 
per am-ba/ges (am-ba'jez). [L.] By 

circuitous ways ; by circumlocution ; 

indirectlv. 
per an-gus'ta ad au-gus'ta. [L.] 

Through difficulties to things worthy 

of honor. [nually.l 

per an'num. [L.] By the year ; an-| 
per ca/pi-ta (kap/I-td). [L.] Lit., by 

heads ; for each individual. 
per con'tra. [L.] On the contrary ; 

on the other side. 
pe're-unt et im'pu-tan'tur (pe"r'e- 

iint). [L.] They (the years) pass 

away and are reckoned against [us] . 
per fas et ne'fas. [L.] Through right 

and wrong, 
per fide Albion (pgr'fed' al'byoN'). 

[F.] Perfidious Albion (England). 
pe-ri'cu-lum in mo'ra (pe-rlk'u- 

lum). [L.] Danger in delay, 
per men'sem. [L-] By the month ; 

monthly. 
per se. [L.] By itself ; intrinsically. 
per-so'na non gra'ta. [L.] An un- 
acceptable person. 
petite maitresse (pe-tef mg'treV). 

[F.] A female dandy. 
pe-ti'ti-o prin-ci'pi-i (pe-tish'T-o 

prin-siE/i-I). [L.] Begging of the 

question, 
petit maitre (pe-te' ma'tr'). [F.] 

Lit., little master ; a dandy ; fop ; a 

ladies' man. [little. I 

peuapeu(pfl'apQ'). [F.] Little by | 
peu de chose (de shoz'). [F.] A trifle. 
piece de resistance (pyeV de rii'zeV- 

taNs'). [F.] Lit., piece of resistance ; 

the main dish of a meal, 
piece d' occasion (do'ka'zyoN'). [F.] 

A piece for a special occasion, 
pied-a-terre (pya'-ta-tiLr') . [F.] A 

temporary lodging, 
pinx'it (pink'sit). [L.] He (she) 

painted (it) ; — appended to the art- 
ist's name or initials on a painting. 
pis aller (pe'-za'la') . [F.] Lit., to go 

worst ; the worst that can happen ; a 

last resource. 
piu (pydb). [It.] More, 
place aux dames (pla'-so dam'). [F.] 

Room for [or make way for] the ladies. 
ple'no ju're. [L.] With full right. 
plus sage que les sages (plii sazh' ke 

la. sazh'). [F.] Wiser than the wise. 
pocas palabras (po'kas pa-la'bras). 

[Sp.] Few words. 
poco a poco (po'ko a. po'ko). [It.] 

Little by little. 
po-e'ta na'sci-tur, non fit (nas'I- 

tiir). [L.] A poet is born, not made. 
point d'appui (pwaN' da'pwe'). [F.] 

Point of support ; basis. 
poisson d'avril (pwa'soN' da/vrel'). 

[F.] Lit., fish of April; mackerel; 

April-fool joke. 
pol'li-ce ver'so. [L.] With thumb 

turned [downward] ; — the sign by 

which spectators condemned a de- 
feated gladiator to death, 
pons a'si-no'rum (as'i-no'rum). [L.] 

The asses' bridge. 
po'pu-lus vult de'ei-pi, er'go de'ei- 

pi-a/tur (pop'u-liis, des'i-pi). [L.] 

The populace wishes to be deceived, 

therefore let it be deceived, 
posada (po-sa'tha). [Sp.] Hotel ; inn. 
pos'sunt, qui'a pos'se vi-den'tur. 

[L.] They can because they think 

they can. 
poste restante (post' reVtaNt'). [F.] 

Lit., remaining post; to be left or 

held at the post office until called for ; 

— used in addressing letters ; also, a 

post-office department having charge 

of such letters. 
post me-ri'di-em (me-rid'i-em). [L.] 

After noon ; — abbr. P. M . 
post nu'bi-la, Phoe'bus. [L-] After 

the clouds, the sun. [death. | 

post o'bi-tum (ob'i-tiim). [L.] After| 
pot-au-feu (po'to'fu'). [F.] Lit., pot 

on the fire ; a dish of broth, meat, and 

vegetables, boiled together in a pot. 
pour acquit (poor' a'ke'). [F.] For 

discharge • paid ; — written at the foot 

of a paid bill, etc. 
pourboire ( pdbr'bwar' ) . [F.] Lit., 

(money) for drinking ; a gratuity ; 

douceur ; tip. [pay a visit.] 

pour f aire visite(far ve'zet'). [F.] Toj 
pour le merite (le ma'ret'). [F.] For 

merit. 
pour prendre conge (praN'dr' kox'- 

zha/). [F.] To take leave; — abbr. 

p. p. C, as on cards, 
prae-mo'ni-tus, pra3-mu r ni-tus (pre- 



mSn'T-tus ; -mu'nt-tils). [L.] Fore- 
warned, forearmed, 
pre'ti-um la-bo'rum non vi'le (pre'- 

8hl-um). [L.] No mean reward for 

the labors ; — motto of the Order of 

Golden Fleece, 
preux chevalier (prfl' she'-val'ya') . 

[F.] A brave knight, 
pri'ma in'ter pa'rea (pa'rez). [L.] 

First among her peers, 
pri'mus in'ter pa/res. [L.] First 

among his peers, 
prin-ci'pi-a, non ho'mi-nes (prln- 

slp'i-d, hSm'i-nez). [L.] Principles, 

not men. 
prin-ci'pi-is ob'sta (prtn-slp'l-is). 

[L.] Resist the beginnings, 
pro a'ris et fo'cis. [L.] For altars 

and firesides, 
pro-ba'tum est. [L.] It has been 

proved [or tried] . 
pro bo'no pu'bli-co (pub'li-ko). [L.] 

For the public good [or weal] . 
proces-verbal (prO's^'vgr'bal'). [F.] 

Anauthenticated minute or statement. 
pro^cul, O pro'cul es'te, pro-fa'ni ! 

[L.] Aloof, O aloof, ye profane [or 

uninitiated] ! 
pro De'o et Ec-cle'si-a. [L.] For 

God and the Church. 
pro Ec-cle'si-a et Pon-ti'fi-ce (p5n- 

tif'I-se). [LL.] For Church and Pope. 
pro-fa'num vul'gus. [L.] The un- 
hallowed multitude. 
pro for'ma. [L.] For form's sake; 

as a matter of form. 
pro hac vi'ce. [L.] For this turn [or 

occasion] . 
projet de loi (prS'zhe' de lwa'). [F.] 

A legislative bill. [rial.l 

pro me-mo'ri-a. [L.] For a memo-| 
pro re'ge, le'ge, et gre'ge. [L.] For 

the king, the law, and the flock ; for 

the ruler, the rule, and the ruled. 
pro tan'to. [L-] For so much ; to a 

certain extent. 
pro tem'po-re. [L.] For the time 

being ; temporarily, 
punc-ta'tim. [L.] Point for point. 
Pu'ni-ca fi'des (fl'dez). [L.] Punic 

faith ; perfidy. 



quae no'cent, do'cent. [L.] Things 
that injure, instruct. 

quae'ri-tur (kwer'i-tur). [L.] It is 
sought ; the question arises. 

qua/lis ab in-cep'to. [L.] Such as 
[it or one has been] from the begin- 
ning, [king, like people. I 

qua'lis rex, ta/lis grex. [L.] Likel 

quand m6me (kax' mam'). [F.] 
Even though ; whatever may happen. 

quan'tum li'bet. [L.] As much as 
you please. 

quan'tum mu-ta/tus ab il'lo ! [L] 
How changed from what he once was I 

quan'tum suf fi-cit. [L.] A suffi- 
cient quantity. [will.l 

quan'tum vis. [L.] As much as you| 

quern di di'li-gunt a'do-les'cens 
mo'ri-tur (dil'I-giint ad'6-les'5nz 
mor'i-tur). [L.] He whom the god9 
love dies while a youth. 

qui ca/pit, f a'cit. [L.] He who takes 
[it] , makes [it] (that is, he who ap- 
plies an accusation to himself, ac- 
cuses himself). 

Qui-cun'que vult (kwT-kun'kwe), or 
short, Quicunque. [L.] See Atha- 
nasian Creed. 

quid fa'ci-en'dum ? (fa'shi-en'dum). 
[L.] What is to be done? 

qui do'cet, dis'cit. [L.] He who 
teaches, learns. 

quid pro quo. [L.] Something for 
something ; tit for tat ; an equivalent. 

Quid rides? Mu-ta'to no'mi-ne, de 
te fa'bu-la nar-ra'tur (n5m'T-ne, 
fab'u-ld). [L.] Why do you laugh ? 
The name being changed, the story 
is told of you. _ [do you fear ?| 

quid ti'mes (tT'mez)? [L.] What| 

quien sabe (kyen' sa'ba)? [Sp.] 
Who knows? 

qui-e'ta non mo've-re. [L.] Not to 
disturb quiet things. 

qui fa'cit per a'li-um fa'cit per se. 
[L.] He who does [a thing] through 
another does [it] through himself. 

qui ni'mi-um pro'bat ni'hil pro'bat 
(nim'i-um). [L.] He who proves too 
much proves nothing. 

quis cus-to'di-et ip'sos cus-to'dea 
(ip'sos kus-to'dez) ? [L.] Who shall 
guard the guards themselves ? 

qui s'excuse s'accuse (ke sSks'kuz' 
sa/kuz'). [F.] Who excuses himself 
accuses himself. 






K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure.. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used ia this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. [] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. 






N 



1204 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 







R 



T 



U 



V 



w 



X 



quis'que si'bi prox'i-mus (sib'I). 

[L.] Everyone [is] nearest to him- 
self. 
quis se'pa-ra'bit (sep'd-ra'bit) ? [L.] 

Who shall separate ? — motto of the 

Order of St. Patrick. 
qui ta'cet con-sen'tit. [L.] He 

who is silent consents. 
qui trans'tu-lit sus'ti-net. [L.] He 

who transplanted sustains ; — motto 

of Connecticut. 
qui va la ( ke va la' ) ? [F.] Who 

goes there ? [as to this.l 

quo'ad hoc. [L.] To this extent ;| 
quo a/ni-mo (an'i-). [L.] With 

what mind [or intention] . 
quod a-ver'tat De'us I [L.] Which 

may God avert 1 
quod e'rat de'mon-stran'dum 

(dem'on-strSn'dum). [L.] Which was 

to be demonstrated. 
quod e'rat f a'ci-en'dum. [L.] Which 

was to be done. 
quod vi'de. [L.] Which see. 
quo Fa'ta vo'cant. [L-] Whither the 

Fates call. 
quo ju're ? [L.] By what right? 
quo'rum pars mag'na fu'i. [L.] Of 

which things I was a great [or im- 
portant] part. 
quot ho'mi-nes, tot sen-ten'ti-se 

(h5m'i-nez,sen-ten'shi-e). [L.] Many 

men, many minds ; as many opinions 

as men. 



R 



CF.] 



raison d'fitat (rg'zCN' da'ta') 

Reason of state. 
raison d'etre (da'tr'). [F.] Reason 

for existence. 
ra/ra a'vis. [L.] A rare bird ; a 

rarity ; a paragon. 
reculer pour mieux sauter (re-kii'la' 

poor myu' so'ta'). [F.] To go back 

in order to take a better leap, 
re'do-let lu-cer'na (rgd'6-lgt). [L.] 

It smells of the lamp ; — said of any 

labored literary production. 
re-duc'ti-o ad ab-sur'dum (re-duk'- 

shl-o). [L.] Reduction to absurdity. 
reg'nat po'pu-lus (pSp'u-lQs). [L.] 

The people rule ; — motto of Arkansas. 
re in-fec'ta. [L.] The business being 

unfinished. 
re-li'gi-o la'i-ci (re-lij'i-o). [L.] A 

layman's religion. 
re-li'gi-o lo'ci. [L.] The religious 

sanctity of a place. 
re'mis ve-lis'que. [L.] With oars 

and sails ; with all one's might. 
repondez, s'il vous plait (ra'pSN'da' 

sel voo pie'). [F.] Answer, if you 

please. R. S. V. P. 
repondre en Normand (ra'pSN'dr' 

aN nSr'maN'). [F.] To answer like a 

Norman (that is, evasively). 
re'qui-es'cat in pa'ce (rgk'wi-es'kat) . 

[L.] May he [or she] rest in peace. 
res an-gus'ta do'mi (rez). [L.] Nar- 
row circumstances at home ; poverty. 
res est sa/cra mi'ser. [L.] A wretched 

person is a sacred object. 
res ges'taa (rez) . [L.] Things done ; 

deeds ; exploits. 
res'pi-ce n'nem. [L.] Look to [or 

regard] the end. 
res-pu'bli-ca (rez-pub'11-kd) . [L.] 

Commonwealth ; state ; republic. 
re-sur'gam. [L.] I shall rise again. 
revenons a nos moutons (rS-v'-nSN'- 

zano'moo'toN'). [F.] Let us return 

to our sheep ; let us return to our 

subject. 
re'vo-ca/te a'ni-mos (rev'S-ka'te an'- 

I-mSs). [L.] Recover your courage. 
rien n'est beau que le vrai (ryaN nS 

b5' ke le vrg'). [F.] Nothing is 

beautiful but the truth. 
rire entre cuir et chair (rer' aN'tr* 

kwer' a shar'). [F.] Lit., te jaugh 

between skin and flesh ; to laugh in 

one's sleeve. 
robe-de-chambre (rSVde-shaN'br') . 

[F.] Lit. , a chamber gown ; a dressing 

gown, esp. one for a woman, 
ru'at cse'lum. [L.] Though the 

heavens fall. 
ru'dis in'di-ges-ta'que mo'les (mo'- 

lez). [L.] A rude and undigested 

mass. 
ruse de guerre (riiz' de gar'). [F.] 

A stratagem of war. [the city.l 

rus in ur'be. [L.] The country in| 



salle a manger (sal' a maN'zha') . 
Dining room: 



CF.] 



sal At'ti-cus or At'ti-cum, [L.] 
Attic salt ; wit. 

sa'lus po'pu-li su-pre'ma lex es'to 
(p5p'u-li). [L.] Let the welfare of 
the people be the supreme law ; — 
motto of Missouri. - 

sans fagon (saN fa'sSN'). [F.] With- 
out ceremony. 

sans g@ne (zhan'). [F.] Without 
constraint ; easy. 

sans peur et sans reproche (pur' a 
saN re-pr5sh') . [F.] Without fear and 
without reproaclu [care.l 

sans souci (soo'se'). [F.] Without) 

sa'pe-re au'de (sap'e-re). [L.] Dare 
to be wise. [retailored. 

sar'tor re-sar'tus. [L.] The tailor 

sa'tis su-per'que. [L.] Enough anc 
more [than enough] . [words. 

sa'tis ver-bo'rum. [L.] Enough of 

satpul'chra, sisatbo'na. [L.] Beau- 
tiful enough, if [she is] good enough. 

sauve qui peut (sov' ke pQ'). [F.] 
Save [himself] who can ; hence (writ- 
ten sauve-qui-peut) , a complete rout. 

savoir-faire (sa'vwar' far') . [F.] Lit., 
a knowing how to do ; ability ; tact. 

savoir-vivre (ve'vr'). [F.] Lit., a 
knowing how to live ; good breeding ; 
refined manners. 

scan'da-lum mag-na'tum. [L.] 
Scandal of magnates ; a defamatory 
speech or writing to the injury of a 
great officer of state. 

sculp'sit. [L.] He [or she] carved or 
engraved [it] . 

scu'to bo'nae vo'lun-ta'tis tu'ee co'- 
ro-na' ti nos (vSl'wn-ta'tis, k5r'3- 
nas'tl). [L.] With the shield of thy 
good will thou hast encompassed us ; — 
motto of Maryland. 

se-cun'dum ar'tem. [L.] According 
to art [or rule] . 

se-cun'dum na-tu'ram. [L.] Ac- 
cording to nature. 

se-cun'dum or'di-nem. [L.] In or- 
der ; orderly. 

sed hsec hac'te-nus. [L.] But so 
much for this. 

se'mel et si'mul. [L.] Once and 
together. [all.l 

se'mel pro sem'per. [L.] Once for| 

sem'per a-va/rus e'get. [L.] An 
avaricious man is always needy. 

sem'per e'a-dem. [L.] Always the 
same ; — motto of Queen Elizabeth. 

sem'per fe'lix. [L.] Always fortu- 
nate, [ful.l 

sem'per fi-de'lis. [L.] Always faith-[ 

sem'per i'dem. [L-] Always the 
same. [ready. I 

sem'per pa-ra'tus. [L.] Always| 

se-na'tus con-sul'tum. [L.] A de- 
cree of the senate. 

se'nex bis pu'er. [L.] An old man 
[is] twice a boy. 

se non e vero, e ben trovato (sa non' 
a va'ro, a ben tr5-va't5) . [It.] If it is 
not true, it is well imagined. 

sen'su ma'lo. [L.] In a bad sense. 

se'rus in cse'lum re'de-as. [L.] Late 
may you return to heaven ; may you 
live long. 

ses'qui-pe-da'li-a ver'ba. [L.] Words 
a foot and a half long. 

sic i'tur ad a'stra (as'trd). [L.] Thus 
one goes to the stars ; such is the way 
to immortality. 

sic pas'sim. [L.] So everywhere. 

sic sem'per ty-ran'nis. [L.] Ever 
thus to tyrants ; — motto of Virginia. 

sic tran'sit glo'ri-a mun'di. [L.] So 
passes away the glory of the world. 

sic'ut an'te. [L.] As before. 

sii/ut j>a'tri-bus, sit De'us no'bis 
(pat'ri-biis). [L.] As with our 
fathers, may God be with us ; — motto 
of Boston. 

sic vos non vo'bis (vos). [L.] Thus 
[do] ye, [but] not for yourselves. 

si De'us no-bis'cum, quis con'tra 
nos (nos) ? [L.] If God [be] with 
us, who [shall be] against us? 

si jeunesse savait, si vieillesse pou- 
vait (se zhQ'nes' sa'vg' se vye 7 yes' 
poo/ve') ! [F.] If youth knew, if age 
were able! 

si'lent le'ges in'ter ar'ma (le'jez). 
[L.] The laws are silent in time of war. 

s'il vous plait (sel' voo plS'). [F.] 
If you please. 

si-mi'li a si-mi'li-bus cu-ran'tur 
(si-miVi-d sl-mil'i-bus). [L.] Likes 
are cnred by likes ; like cures like. 

si'mi-lis si'mi-li gau'det (sim'i-lis 
stm'i-lT). [L.] Like takes pleasure in 
like. 

si mo'nu-men'tum re-qui'ris, cir- 
cum'spi-ce (mSn'u-me'n'tum) . [L.] 
If you seek [his] monument, look 



around ; — epitaph of Sir Christophaf 
Wren in St. Paul's, London. 

sim'plex mun-di'ti-is (mfln-dish'I- 
is). [L.] Of simple elegance. 

si'ne cu'ra. [L.] Without charge [or 
care] . 

si'ne di'e. [L.] Without day ; without 
appointing a day on which to assemble 
again ; finally. 

si'ne o'di-o. [L.] Without hatred. 

si'ne qua non. [L.] An indispensable 
thing or condition ; a necessity. 

si quae'ris pen-in'su-lam a-moe'- 
nam, cir-cum'spi-ce. [L.] If thou 
seekest a beautiful peninsula, look 
around j — motto of Michigan. 

sis'te, vi-a'tor. [L.] Stop, traveler. 

sit ti'bi ter'ra le'vis (tib'i). [L.] 
May the earth lie lightly upon thee. 

so'li-tu'di-nem fa'ci-unt, pa'cem 
ap-pel'lant (sol'i-tu'di-nem fa'shi- 
Qnt). [L.] They make a desert, they 
call [it] peace. 

spec-te'mur a-gen'do. [L.] Let ua 
be judged by our actions. 

splen'di-de men'dax. [L.] Honora- 
bly [or nobly] mendacious. 

stans pe'de in u'no. [L.] Standing 
on one foot. 

stat mag'ni no'mi-nis um'bra 
(n5m'I-nis). [L.] He stands the 
shadow of a great name. 

sta'tus quo. [L.] The state in which 
[anything is] ; the existing condition. 

Sturm und Drang (shtoorm' dbnt 
drang'). [G.] Storm and stress. 

su'a cui'que vo-lup'tas (ki'kwe ; 
kwi'-). [L.] Every one [has] hia 
own pleasure. 

sua'vi-ter in mo'do, for'ti-ter in re 
(swav'i-tgr). [L.] Gently in manner, 
strongly in deed. 

sub Jo've fri'gi-do (frij'i-do). [L.] 
Under cold Jupiter ; under the cold 
sky. 

sub ju'di-ce. [L.] Before the judge 
[or court] . 

sub ro'sa. [L.] Under the rose ; cov- 
ertly ; confidentially. 

sub vo'ce. [L.] Under the word. 

su'i ge'ne-ris (jen'e-ris). [L.] Of ita 
own kind ; unique. 

su'i ju'ris. [L.] In one's own right ; 
of full legal capacity. 

sum'mum bo'num. [L.] The su- 
preme good. 

su'o ju're. [L.] In one's own right. 

su'o lo'co. [L.] In its proper place. 

su'o Mar'te. [L.] By one's own ex- 
ertions. 

su'tor, ne su'pra cre'pi-dam (krep'i- 
dam). [L.] Cobbler, [look] not 
above the last (that is, stick to your 
last) . 

su'um cui'que (kT'kwe or kwT'kwe). 
[L.] To each his own ; — motto of the 
Order of the Black Eagle, Prussia. 

su'us cui'que mos (mos). [L.] Every 
one has his own custom 



ta'bu-la ra'sa (tab'ii-ld). [L.] A 
smoothed [or blank] tablet.. 

t&che sans tache (tash' saN tash'). 
[F.] A work without a stain. 

tss'di-um vi'ta3. 



life. 



[L.] Weariness of 



tarn Mar'te quam Mi-ner'va. [L.] 
As much by Mars (war) as by Mi- 
nerva (wisdom) . 

tant mieux (taN' myu'). [F.] So 
much the better. [jvorse.l 

tant pis (pe'). [F.] So much the| 

tant s'en faut (saN fo'). [F.] So 
much is lacking ; far from it. 

tant soit peu (swa pu'). [F.] Ever 
so little. 

tel maitre, tel valet (tel ma'tr', t51 
va'lg'). [F.] Like master, like man. 

tem'po-ra mu-tan'tur, et nos mu- 
ta/mur in il'lis. [L.] The times are 
changed, and we are changed in 
[with] them. 

tem'pus e'dax re'rum. [L.] Time 
devouring [all] things. 

tem'pus f u'git. [L.] Time flies. 

te'nax pro-po'si-ti(pr6-p5z'i-tT). [L.] 
Tenacious of purpose. 

ter'ra? fi'li- us (fil'i -us). [L.] A son of 
the earth ; a man of lowly birth. 

ter'ti-um quid (tur'shi-um). [L.] A 
third something ; something interme- 
diate. 

ti'bi se'ris, ti'bi me'tis (tib'i). fL.] 
You sow for yourself, you reap for 
yourself. [thy faith. I 

tiens ta f oi (tyaN' ta fwa') . [F.] Keep] 

tiers 6tat (tyar'-za'ta') . [F.] The third 
estate (or commonalty in France). 



file, senate, care, am,occount, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; 
use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then» thin; nature, verdure (87); 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 



1205 



ti'me-o Da/na-qa et do'na fe-ren'tea 

(tim'e-o dan'S-os, fe-ren'tez). [L.] I 

fear the Greeks even [when they are] 

bringing gifts. 
to'ti-dem ver'bis (t5t'I-dem). [L.] 

In so many words. 
to / tis vi'ri-bus (vlr'I-bus). [L.] With 

all one's might. 
to'to cae'lo. [L.] By the whole 

heavens ; as much as possible. 
to'tus te'res at/que ro-tun'dus. [L] 

Entire, smooth, and round ; complete 

in itself. 
toujours perdrix(too'zhoor' p£r'dre'). 

[F.] Lit., always partridge ; too much 

of a good thing. 
tour de force (toor' de fSrs'). [F.] A 

feat of strength ; a striking exhibition 

of power [or skill] . 
tourner casaque (toor'na/ ka'zak'). 

[F.] To turn one's coat ; to change 

sides. 
tous fraia faita (too 7 ii& f£>). [F.] 

All expense defrayed. 
tout a fait (tob'-ta feO. [F.] En- 
tirely ; quite. 
tout au contraire (too'-to koN'trar'). 

[F.] Quite to_the contrary, 
tout a vous (too'-ta voc/) . [F.] Wholly 

yours. 
tout bien ou rien (too 7 byaN 7 -noo 

ryaN'). [F.] Everything well or 

nothing. 
tout comprendre, c'eat tout par- 

donner (too koN 7 pra>i'dr' sa. too' 

par 7 do 7 na'). [F.] To understand all 

is to pardon all. 
tout de suite (too/ deswet'). [F.] Im- 
mediately ; also, successively. 
tout est perdu hors l'honneur (too 7 - 

taper 7 dii'orlS 7 nur'). [F.] All is lost 

save honor. 
tout lasse, tout casse, tout passe 

(too 7 las', too 7 kas', too 7 pas'). [F.] 

Everything wears out, everything 

breaks, everything passes away. 
tri'a junc'ta in u'no. [L.] Three 

[kingdoms] joined in one ; — motto 

of the Order of the Bath, Great 

Britain, 
tru'di-tur di'es di'e (dT'ez). [L.] 

Day is pushed forth by day ; one day 

hurries on another. 
tu quo'que. [L.] Thou also. 
tu'um est. [L.] It is thine. 



u 



ua_mau ke ea'okaaina i ka pono 

(oc/a ma'db ka a'a o ka a'e-na e ka 
pS'no). [Hawaiian.] The life of the 
land is established in righteousness ; 
— the motto of Hawaii. 

u-ber'ri-ma fi'des (u-ber'i-md fi'- 
dez). [L.] Superabounding faith; 
implicit reliance. 

u'bi li-ber'tas, i'bi pa/tri-a. [L.] 
Where liberty [is] , there [is] my 
country. 

u'bi mel, i'bi a'pes. [L.] Where 
honey [is] , there [are] the bees. 

u'bi su'pra. [L.] Where above [men- 
tioned.] 

ul'ti-rna ra/ti-o re'gum. [L.] The 
final argument of kings ; war. 

ul'ti-ma Thu'le (lil'ti-md thule). 
[L.] Lit., most distant Thule ; utmost 
limit. [well. I 

ul'ti-mum va/le. [L.] A last fare-| 

ul'tra li'ci-tum (lis'i-tilm). [L.] Be- 
yond what is allowable. 

u'na vo'ce. [L.] With one voice ; 
unanimously. 

und so weiter (dont zo vT'ter). [G.] 
And so forth ; et cetera. 

une fois n'est pas coutume (un fwa 7 
ne pa koo'tiim'). [F.] Once is not a 
habit ; a single act does not count; — 
often used as an excuse. 



u'no a'ni-mo (an'I-mo). [L.] With 

one mind ; unanimously. 
un aot a triple etage (un sC-td tre'pl' 

a'tazh'). [F.] A fool to the third 

degree. [to the world. | 

ur'bi et or'bi. [L.] To the city andj 
us'que ad a/ras. [L.] Even to the 

altars, i. e., in everything except what 

is contrary to one's religion, 
u'sus lo-quen'di. [L.] Usage in 

speaking. [agreeable, 

u'ti-le dul'ci. [L.] The useful with the 
u'ti-nam nos'ter es'set. [L.] Woulc 

that he were ours. 
ut in'fra. [L.] As below. 
ut pig'nus a'mi-ci'ti-aa (Sml-sTsh'- 

I-e). [L.] As a pledge of friendship. 
ut su'pra. [L.] As above. 



va'de In pa'ce. [L.] Go in peace. 

vae vio'tis. [L.] Woe to the vanquished. 

va/le. [L.] Farewell. 

va/ri-se lec'ti-o'nes (leVshi-o'nez) . 
[L.] Various [or variant] readings. 

va'ri-o'rum no'tae. [L.] Notes of 
various commentators. 

va/ri-um et mu-ta'bi-le sem'per f e'- 
mi-na(mu-tab'I-le). [L.] Woman [is] 
ever a fickle and changeable thing. 

ve'ni-a ne-ces'si-ta'ti da/tur. [L.] 
Indulgence is given to necessity. 

ve'ni, vi'di, vi'ci. [L.] I came, I saw, 
I conquered. [able winds. I 

ven'tia Be-cun'dis. [L.] With favor-| 

ve'ra in-ces'su pa/tu-it de'a (paOi- 
lt). [L.] By her gait the true god- 
dess was disclosed. 

ver-ba/tim et li'te-ra/tim QTt'e-ra'- 
tim). [L.] Word for word and letter 
for letter. 

ver'bum sat sa/pi-en'ti (sap{i-2n'tT). 
[L.] A word to the wise [is] suffi- 
cient ; — abbrev. to verbum sap. or 
verbum sat. 

ve'ri-ta/tis sim'plex o-ra'ti-o est 
(ver'i-ta'tis, 6-ra'shi-o). [L.] The 
language of truth is simple. 

verite sans peur (vaVre'ta' saN pur'). 
[F.] Truth without fear. 

ves-ti'gi-a nul'la re-tror'sum (ves- 
tij'I-a). [L.] No footsteps backward. 

vex-a'ta quass'ti-o (kweVchi-b) . [L.] 
A vexed question. 

vi'a. [L.] A way. 

vi'a a'mi-ca/bi-li (aml-kab'i-li) . [L.] 
In a friendly way. 

vi'a me'di-a. [L.] A middle way [or 
course] . 

vi'a tri'ta, vi'a tu'ta. [L.] The 
beaten path [is] the safe path. 

vi'ce ver'sa. [L.] The order being 
changed ; conversely. 

vi'de ut su'pra. [L.] See what is 
stated above. 

vietar'mis. [L.] By force and arms ; 
by main force. 

vigueur de dessus (ve'gQr' de de-sii'). 
[F.] Strength from on high. 

vin'cet a'mor pa/tri-ae. [L.] Love 
of country will prevail. 

vin'cit om'ni-a ve'ri-tas (ver'i-tas) . 
[L.] Truth conquers all things. 

vin'cit qui pa'ti-tur (pat'I-tiir). [L.] 
He conquers who endures. 

vin'cit qui se vin'cit. [L.] He con- 
quers who conquers himself. 

vin'cu-lum ma/tri-mo'ni-i (mat'ri- 
mo'ni-i). [L.] The bond of matri- 
mony. 

vi'res ac-qui'rit e-un'do (vT'rez). 
[L.] It gains strength by going (that 
is, in its course). 

vir'tus no-bi'li-tat (nS-bll'i-tat) . [L-] 
Virtue ennobles ; — motto of the Or- 
der of the Netherlands Lion. 

vir-tu'te, non ver'bis. [L.] By vir- 
tue, not by words. 



vis a ter'go. [L.] A force from behind, 
via in-er'ti-ae (In-ur'shl-e). [L.] Lit., 

power of inactivity ; inertia, 
vis ma'jor. [L.] Greater force; in 

law, an inevitable accident ; — nearly 

equivalent to, but broader than, the 

term act of God. 
vis me'di-ca/trix na-tu'raa (me'dl- 

ka'trlks). [NLJ 1 he healing power 

of nature, 
vis vi'tae. [L.] Vital force, 
vi'tam im-pen' de-re ve'ro. [L.] To 

devote one's life to the truth. 
vi'ta si'ne lif te-ris mors est. [L.] 

Life without literature is death, 
vi'vat re-gi'na I [L.] [Long] live the 

queen! 
vi'vat rex ! [L.] [Long] live the king I 
vive la bagatelle (vev' la ba'ga'tel')! 



[F.] [Long] live trifles [cr frivolity] 1 

IF.] [Long] 

live the king I 



vive le roi (le rwa') I 



vi've-re sat vin'ce-re (vlvt-re). [L.] 
To conquer is to live enough. 

vogue la galere (v6g 7 la ga'larO! [F.] 
Lit., row the galley 1 let us pursue our 
point. [all. I 

voilatout (vwa'la'tdc'). [F.] That is| 

voir le dessous des cartes (vwar 7 le* 
de-soo' da. kart'). [F.] To see the 
under side of the cards ; to be in the 
secret. [able.l 

vo'lens et po'tens. [L-] Willing and! 

vo'lo non va'le-o. [L.] I am willing, 
[but] I am unable. 

von (fSn). [G.] Cf ; from ; — before 
family names equivalent to French de," 
as, von Schiller. In German names, 
von is usually written with asmall v. 

vous y perdrez vos pas (vo&'-ze per'- 
dra'v5'pa'). [F.] You will lose your 
labor there. 

vox, et prae-te're-a ni'hil. [L.] A 
voice, and nothing more ; sound with- 
out sense. 

vox fau'ei-bus hse'sit. [L.] The 
voice stuck in his throat. 

vox po'pu-li, vox De'i (p5p'u-lT). [L.] 
The voice of the people [is] the voice 
of God. 

vraisemblance (vre'saN'blaxs') . [F.] 
The appearance of truth ; verisimili- 
tude. 

vul'go. [L.] Commonly. 

vul'tus est in'dex a'ni-mi (an'i-mT). 
[L.] The face is index of the soul [or 
mind] . 



w 



Co.] 

[G.] 



"Wanderjahr (van'dtfr-yarO. 
Year of wandering. 

Wanderlust (van'der-ld&st'). 
Passion for wandering or travel. 

Weltanschauung (velt'an'shou / dbng). 
[G.] Lit., world view ; the general 
idea embodied in a cosmology. 

Weltansicht (vglt'an'ziKt). [G.] A 
world view ; a special view or appre- 
hension of reality as a whole. 

Welfschmerz' (velt'shmertsO- [G.] 
World sorrow ; sentimental pessimism. 



Zeitgeist (tsit'gistO. [G.] The spirit 

of the time. 
zoe mou, sas agapo (zo'e moo', sas' 

a / ga-po')l [Modern Gr. £ut) fiov ads 

i.yairC}.'] My life, I love thee I 
zo'nam 8ol've-re. [L.] To untie the 

girdle (worn by Roman maidens) ; — 

part of the Roman marriage ceremony, 
zwischen uns sei Wahrheit (tsvish'- 

en dbns zT varliit). [G.] Truth be 

between us. 



K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. 
Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, (j Foreign Word. + combined with, - equals. 



N 



ABBREVIATIONS 



USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



R 



Notes : Do not use abbreviations in written or printed 
matter that consists of formal sentences or connected dis- 
course. 

Exceptions: Mr., Mrs., Messrs., Jr., Sr., when used 
with proper names ; forms like A. B., LL.D., P.M., A.M., 

B.C., A.D., and a few others of exceptional character are 
rarely if ever spelled out. Rev., Hon., Dr., Prof., Gov., 
Gen., while spelled out before surnames, as Governor 
Robinson, are sometimes used before full names, as Gen. 
U. S. Grant, though even here the full spelling is preferred 
in the most formal matter. 

Abbreviations are freely used in various headings (as 
of dates in the superscription of a letter), in tabular state- 
ments, commercial accounts, footnotes, references, etc. 

Abbreviations of proper names must begin with a 
capital ; others may or may not, according to the circum- 



stances of use. 
monly used. 



The form given in the list is the one com- 



An abbreviation with the period at the end, as Dept., 
Sec, etc., is generally to be used in preference to a contrac- 
tion using the apostrophe, as Dep't, Sec'y, etc. 

The forms 1st, 2d (or, less properly, 2nd), 3d Gess prop- 
erly 3rd), 4th, etc., used for first, second, third, fourth, 
etc., as in designating the days of the month, are not, prop- 
erly speaking, abbreviations, and take no period. The Ro- 
man numerals, I, II, V, etc., when designating the serial 
number of a thing, as a page or chapter, are used either with- 
out or with the period ; after names, as in George V., Leo X., 
etc., they usually take the period. 

The sign & (ampersand) is used in names of business firms 
or corporations, and often in lists, advertisements, etc., but 
not in ordinary reading matter. 



U 



W 



X 



a. About ; accepted (In com- 
merce) ; acre ; active ; adjec- 
tive ; afternoon ; alto ; an- 
swer ; are (metric) ; at. 

A Argon. 

A. Academician ; Academy ; 
America ; American ; artil- 
lery. 

@ At. 

A. A. Associate of Arts. 

AA, or aa. Ana (Gr. &va), of 
each, of each alike, — used 
in medical prescriptions. 

A. A. A. Amateur Athletic 
Association. 

A. A. A. S. American Asso- 
ciation for the Advance- 
ment of Science. 

A. A. C. Anno ante Chris- 
tum (L., in the year before 
Christ). [General.l 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant| 

A. A. of A. Automobile As- 
sociation of America. 

A. A. S. S. Americanae Anti- 
quarianae Societatis Socius 
(L., Fellow of the American 
Antiquarian Society.) 

A. A. U. Amateur Athletic 
Union. 

ab. About. 

A. B. Artium Baccalaureus 
(L., Bachelor of Arts) ; [also 
I.e.'] able-bodied (seaman). 

abbr.,or abbrev. Abbrevi- 
ated ; abbreviation. 

A. B. C. Argentina, Bra- 
zil, and Chile. 

A. B. C. F. M. American 
Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions. 

abd. Abdicated. 

A. B. F. M. American Board 
of Foreign Missions. 

abl. Ablative. 

A. B. M. TJ. American Bap- 
tist Missionary Union. 

Abp. Archbishop. ' 

abr. Abridged ; abridgment. 

abs. Absolutely ; abstract. 

A. B. S. American Bible So- 
ciety. 

abs. re. Absente reo (L., the 
defendant being absent). 

abt. About. 

A. C. Alpine Club ; ante 
Christum (L., before 
Christ) ; Army Corps. 

a/c. Account. 

a/C. Account current. 

Acad. Academy. 
(1206) 



ace. Acceptance ; account ; 
accusative. 

acct. Account. 

A. C. P. Associate of the 
College of Preceptors. 

a. d. After date ; ante diem 
(L., before the day). 

A. D. Anno Domini (L., in 
the year of our Lord). 

ad. [pZ. ads.] Advertisement. 

A. D. O. Aid-de-camp. 

ad fin. Ad finem (L., at the 
end). [infinity).! 

ad inf. Ad infinitum (L., to| 

ad int. Ad interim (L., in 
the meantime). 

adj. Adjective. 

Adj., or Adjt. Adjutant. 

Adj. Gen. Adjutant Gen- 
eral. 

ad lib. Ad libitum (L., at 
pleasure) . 

Adm. Admiral ; Admiralty. 

Adm, Co. Admiralty court. 

admix. Administratrix. 

admr. Administrator. 

admx. Administratrix. 

adv. Ad valorem ; adverb ; 
adverbially ; ad versus (L., 
against) ; advertisement ; 
advocate. 

Adv. Advent. [tisement.l 

advt. Ipl. advts.] Adver-| 

3d., set., setat. ^Etatis (L. 
of age, aged). 

A. E. I. O. U. Austria? est 
imperare orbi uni verso (L., 
it is given to Austria to 
rule the whole earth). 

AF., or A.-F. Anglo-French. 

A. F. A. M., or A. F. & A. 
M. Ancient Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. 

A. F. B. S. American and 
Foreign Bible Society. 

aff. Affectionate ; affirma- 
tive ; affirming. 

aftt. Affidavit. 

A. F. of L. American Feder- 
ation of Labor. 

Afr. Africa ; African; 

Ag Argentum (L., silver). 

A. G. Ad utant General ; 
Attorney-general . 

agr., or agric. Agriculture; 
agricultural. 

agt. Agent. 

A. H. Anno Hegirae (L. f in 
the year of the Hegira) . 

a. h. 1. Ad hunc locum 
(L., at this place). 

A. H. M. S. American Home 
Missionary Society. 



A. H. S. Anno hu manse sa- 
lutis (L., in the year of 
human salvation). 

A.I. American Institute. 

Al Aluminium. 

Ala. Alabama. 

A. L. A. American Library 
Association ; Automobile 
Legal Association. 

Alas. Alaska. 

aid., or aldm. Alderman. 

Alex. Alexander. 

Alf . Alfred ; Alfonso. 

alg. Algebra. 

Alg. Algernon ; Algiers. 

alt. Alternate ; altitude ; 
alto. 

Alta. Alberta (Canada). 

Am. America ; American. 

a. m. Ante meridiem (L., 
before noon). 

A. M. Anno mundi (L., in 
the year of the world) ; An- 
nus Mirabilis (L., the Won- 
derful Year, i. e. 1666) ; 
Artium M agister (L., Mas- 
ter of Arts) ; Ave Maria 
(L., Hail Mary). 

Amer. America ; American. 

A. M. I. C. E. Associate 
Member of the Institute of 
Civil Engineers. 

A. M. I. E. E. Associate 
Member of the Institute of 
Electrical Engineers. 

amt. Amount. 

an. Anno (L., in the year) ; 
anonymous. 

A.-N. Anglo-Norman. 

anal. Analogous ; analogy ; 
analysis ; analytic. 

anat. Anatomy. 

anc. Ancient ; anciently. 

anon. Anonymous. 

ans. Answer. 

ant. Antonym ; antiquarian. 

Ant. Anthony ; Antigua. 

anthrop. Anthropology ; 
anthropological. 

antiq. Antiquities ; anti- 
quarian. 

A. N. Z. A. C, or Anzac. 
Australian and New Zea- 
land_ Army Corps ; by ex- 
tension, the region occu- 
pied by this corps in the 
Gallipoli campaign of 1915. 

A. O. Army Order. 

A. O. C. Army Ordnance 
Corps. 

A. O. D. Army Ordnance 
Department. 

A. O. F. Ancient Order of 
Foresters. 



A. O. H. Ancient Order of 
Hibernians. 

aor. Aorist. 

A. O. S. S. Americanae Ori- 
entalis Societatis Socius 
(L., Fellow of the American 
Oriental Society). 

A. O. U. American Ornithol- 
ogists' Union. 

A. O. U. W. Ancient Order 
of United Workmen. 

ap. Apud (L., by ; according 
to ; in the writings of) . 

Ap. Apostle ; April. 

a. p. Above proof ; author's 
proof. 

A. P. Associated Presbyte- 
rian. 

A. P. A. American Philologi- 
cal Association ; American 
Protective Association. 

apo., apog. Apogee. 

Apoc. Apocalypse ; Apocry- 
pha ; Apocryphal. 

app. Appendix ; appointed. 

App. Apostles. 

approx. Approximately. 

Apr. April. 

aq.,Aq. Aqua (L., water). 

A. Q. M. G. Assistant 
Quartermaster-general. 

Ar. Arabian ; Arabic. 

A. R. Anno regni (L., in the 
year of the reign). 

A. R. A. Associate of the 
Royal Academy (of Arts, 
London). 

A. R. A. M. Associate of the 
Royal Academy of Music. 

Arab. Arabian ; Arabic. 

Aram. Aramaic. 

arch. Archaic ; archaism ; 
archery ; archipelago ; ar- 
chitect ; architecture. 

Arch. Archibald. 

archaeol. . Archaeology. 

Archd. Archdeacon ; Arch- 
duke. 

A. R. C. M. Associate of the 
Royal College of Music. 

arg. Argent. 

arith. Arithmetic. 

Ariz. Arizona. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Arm. Armenian. 

arr. Arranged ; arrived ; ar- 
rivals. 

A. R. R. Anno regni Regis, 
or Regina? (L., in the year 
of the King's, or Queen's, 
reign) . 

art. Article ; artificial ; artil- 
lery ; artist. 

As Arsenic' 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



1207 



AS., or A-S. Anglo-Saxon. 

A.S.C. Army Service Corps. 

A. S. C. E. American Soci- 
ety of Civil Engineers. 

A. S. M. E. American Soci- 
ety of Mechanical Engi- 
neers. 

A. S. P. C. A. American So- 
ciety for Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals. 

assn. Association. 

assoc. Associate ; associa- 
tion. 

asst. Assistant. 

A. S. S. U. American Sun- 
day School Union. 

astr., astron. Astronomer; 
astronomy. 

aBtrol. Astrologer ; astrolo- 
gy. 

at. Atomic. 

Atl. Atlantic. 

A. T. S. American Temper- 
ance Society ; American 
Tract Society. 

att.. atty. Attorney. 

Att.-Gen. Attorney-General. 

attrib. Attributive. 

at. wt. Atomic weight. 

Au Aurum (L., gold). 

A. U. C. Ab urbe condita 
(L., from the founding of 
the city [Rome, about 753 
B. C.]). 

Aug. August. 

Aus.,Aust. Austria; Aus- 
trian. 

Aust.-Hung. Austria-Hun- 
gary. _ 

Austral. Australasia ; Aus- 
tralia. 

auth. Authentic; author; 
authoress ; authorized. 

Auth. Ver. Authorized Ver- 
sion. 

auxil. Auxiliary. 

av. Avenue ; average. 

a. v. Annos vixit (L., he, or 
she, lived [so many] years). 

A. V. Artillery Volunteers ; 
Authorized Version. 

avdp. Avoirdupois. 

ave. Avenue. 

ax. Axiom. 

A. Y. M. Ancient York Ma- 
son (or Masonry). 

az. Azure. 



B 



B Boron. 

b. Base ; bass ; bay ; book ; 
born ; brother. 

Ba Barium. 

B. A. Bachelor of Arts; Brit- 
ish Academy; British Amer- 
ica. 

B. Agr. Bachelor of Agricul- 
ture. 

bal. Balance. 

Bait. Baltimore. 

bap. Baptized. 

Bapt. Baptist. 

bar. Barometer ; baromet- 
ric ; barrel. 

Barb. Barbados. 

B. Arch. Bachelor of Ar- 
chitecture. 

barr. Barrister. 

Bart. Baronet. 

batt. Battalion ; battery. 

B. B. C. Baseball Club. 

bbl. [pi. bbls.] Barrel. 

B. C. Before Christ ; British 
Columbia. 

B. C. E. Bachelor of Civil 
Engineering. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 
Law. 

bd. Board ; bond ; bound. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

bdl. [pi. bdls.] Bundle. 

bds. (Bound in) boards. 

B. D. S. Bachelor of Dental 
Surgery. 

P J Beryllium. 

B6. Baume. 

B. E. Bachelor of Engineer- 
ing. 

b. e. Bill of exchange. 

Beds. Bedfordshire. 

Belg. Belgian ; Belgium. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

B. 6s L. Bachelier e3 Lettres 
(F., Bachelor of Letters). 

bg. [pi. bgs.] Bag. 

b. h. p. Brake horse power. 

Bi Bismuth. 

B.I. British India. 

Bib. Bible ; Biblical. 

biog. Biographer ; biog- 
raphy. 

biol. Biologist ; biology. 



bis. Bissextile. 

bk. Bank ; book. 

bkg. Banking. 

bkt. [pi. bkts.] Basket. 

bl. [pi. bis.] Bale ; barrel. 

b.l. Bill of lading; breech- 
loader ; breechloading. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws. 

B/L. Bill ot lading. 

bldg. [pi. bldgs.] Building. 

B. L. E. Brotherhood of 
Locomotive Engineers. 

B. Litt. Bachelor of Litera- 
ture, or of Letters. 

b. m. Board measure. 

B. M. Baccalaureus Medici- 
nal (L., Bachelor of Medi- 
cine) ; Beata Maria (L., the 
Bless2d Mary). 

B. M. E. Bachelor of Min- 
ing Engineering. 

B. Mus. Bachelor of Music. 

b. o. Branch office ; buyer's 
option. 

Boh. Bohemia ; Bohemian. 

Bol. Bolivia. 

bor. Borough. 

bot. Botanical ; botanist ; 
botany. 

B. O. T. Board of Trade. 

Bp. Bishop. 

b. p. Below proof ; bill of 
parcels ; bills payable. 

bpl. Birthplace. 

B.P. O.E. Benevolent and 
Protective Order of Elks. 

Br Bromine. 

br. Brig ; brother ; brown. 

Br. British. 

Br. Am. British America. 

Braz. Brazil ; Brazilian. 

b. rec. Bills receivable. 

brig. Brigade ; brigadier. 

Brig. Gen. Brigadier Gen- 
eral. 

Brit. Britain ; British. 

Brit. Mus. British Museum. 

bro. [pi. bros.] Brother. 

b. s. Balance sheet ; bill of 
sale. 

B. S. Bachelor of Surgery. 

B. Sc. Bachelor of Science. 

Bt., or bt. Baronet ; bought. 

B. T. TJ. British thermal 
unit. 

bu., bus. Bushel ; bushels. 

bul. Bulletin. 

Bulg. Bulgaria ; Bulgarian. 

b.v. Bene vale (L., farewell). 

B. V. Beata Virgo (L., 
Blessed Virgin). 

B. V. M. Beata Virgo Maria 
(L., Blessed Virgin Mary). 

bx. [pi. bxs.] Box. 



C Carbon. 

c. Carton ; cathode ; cent ; 
centime ; centimeter ; cen- 
tury ; chapter ; child ; circa 
(L., about) ; congius (L. f 
gallon) ; cost ; cubic ; cur- 
rent. 

C. Cape ; Catholic ; Centi- 
grade ( thermometer ) ; 
Chancellor ; Chancery; 
Congress ; Conservative ; 
Consul ; Court. 

Ca Calcium. 

C. A. Chartered Account- 
ant ; Chief Accountant ; 
Commercial Agent ; Con- 
federate Army ; Controller 
of Accounts ; Court of Ap- 
peal. 

cal. Calendar ; calends ; 
calorie. 

Cal., Calif. California. 

Cam., Camb. Cambridge. 

can. Canon ; canto ; can- 
toris. 

Can. Canada ; Canadian. 

Cant. Canterbury ; Canti- 
cles. 

Cantab. Ca~tabrigiensis 
(L., of Cambridge). 

Cantuar. Cantuaria (LL., 
Canterbury) : Cantuarien- 
sis (LL., of Canterbury) . 

cap. Capital ; capitalize ; 
capitu um lL., chapter) ; 
captain. 

Capt. Captain 

car. Carat ; carpentry. 

Card. Cardinal. 

cash. Cashier. 

cat. Catalogue ; catechism. 

cath. Cathedral. 

C%th. Catherine ; Catholic. 

caus. Causation ; causative. 

cav. Cavalry. 

Cb Columbium. 



C. B. Cape Breton; Cavalry 
Brigade ; Chief Baron ; 
Common Bench ; Com- 
panion of the Bath ; [also 
c. b.] confined to barracks. 

cc. Cubic centimeter, or 
-meters. 

c. c. Compte courant (F., 
account current) ; cubic 
centimeter, or -meters. 

C. C. Caius College (Cam- 
bridge, Eng.) ; Circuit 
Court ; City Councilor ; 
Civil _ Court ; Common 
Councilman ; County 
Clerk ; County Commis- 
sioner ; Cycling Club. 

C. C. C. Corpus Christi Col- 
lege ; Christ's College, Cam- 
bridge (Eng.). 

C. C. P. Code of Civil Pro- 
cedure ; Court of Common 
Pleas. 

C. Cr. P. Code of Criminal 
Procedure. 

Cd Cadmium. 

c. d. v. Carte de visite. 

Ce Cerium. 

C. E. Church of England ; 
Civil Engineer. 

eel. Celebrated. 

Celt. Celtic. 

cen. Central ; century. 

cent. Centigrade ; central ; 
century ; centum. 

cert. Certificate ; certify. 

certif . Certificate ; certifi- 
cated. 

cf . Calf ; confer (i. e., com- 
pare) . 

C. F. Chaplain to the forces. 

c. f. & i., or c. f. i. Cost, 
freight, and insurance. 

eg. Centigram. 

C. Q. Consul General ; cen- 
ter of gravity. 

C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. 

C. G. S., or c. g. s. Centi- 
meter-gram-second ( sys- 
tem of units) ; Commissary 
General of Subsistence. 

C. G. T. Confederation 

Generale du Travail (the 
French syndicalist labor 
union) . 

ch. Chapter ; chief ; child ; 
choir organ ; church. 

Ch. Chancery ; Charles ; 
China ; Church. 

C. H. Captain of the Horse ; 
Courthouse ; Customhouse. 

chanc. Chancellor ; chan- 
cery. 

chap. Chaplain ; chapter. 

Chas. Charles. 

chem. Chemical ; chemist ; 
chemistry. 

Chin. China ; Chinese. 

Ch. J. Chief Justice. 

chn. Chain (measure) ; 
chairman. 

Chr. Christ ; Christian ; 
Christopher. 

chron. Chronological ; chro- 
nology. 

Chr on. Chronicles. 

C.I. Channel Islands; (Or- 
der of the) Crown of India. 

c. i. f. Cost, insurance, and 
freight. 

circ. Circa, circiter, circum 
_(L., about). 

cit. Citation ; cited ; citizen. 

civ. Civil ; civilian. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

ck. Cask ; check. 

CI Chlorine. 

el. Centiliter ; class ; clause ; 
clergyman ; cloth. 

class. Classic ; classical ; 
classification. 

eld. Cleared ; colored. 

elk. Clerk. 

C.L.S.C. Chautauqua Lit- 
erary and Scientific Circle. 

cm. Centimeter. 

C. M. Certificated Master 
or Mistress ; Chirurgia; 
M agister (L., Master of 
Surgery) ; common meter ; 
Corresponding Member. 

C. M. G. Companion of (the 
Order of) St. Michael and 
St. George. 

cml. Commercial. 

C. M. S. Church Missionary 
Society. 

Co Cobalt. 

Co. Company ; county. 

c.o. Care of ; carried over. 

CO. Colonial Office ; Com- 
manding Officer ; Crown 
Office. 



coad. Coadjutor. 

coch., cochl. Cochleare (L., 
spoonful). 

C. O. D. Cash, or collect, on 
delivery. 

cog. Cognate. 

col. College ; collegiate ; co- 
lonial ; colony ; colored ; 
column. 

Col. Colonel ; Colorado ; Co- 
lossians. 

coll. Colleague ; collection ; 
collector ; college. 

collat. Collateral ; collater- 
ally. 

colloq. Colloquial ; collo- 
quially. 

Colo. Colorado. 

Col. Sergt. Color Sergeant. 

com. Comedy ; commen- 
tary ; commerce ; common ; 
commonly ; communica- 
tion. 

Com. Commander ; Com- 
mission ; Commissioner ; 
Committee ; Commodore. 

comdg. Commanding. 

Comdt. Commandant. 

comp. Compare ; compara- 
tive ; composer ; composi- 
tor ; compound ; compris- 
ing. 

Com. Ver. Common Ver- 
sion. 

con. Contra (L., against). 

Con. Consul. 

conch. Conchology. 

Cong. Congregational; Con- 
gress ; Congressional. 

conj. Conjunction. 

Conn. Connecticut. 

const. Constable ; constitu- 
tion. 

cont. Containing ; contents ; 
continent ; continue ; con- 
tinued. 

contemp. Contemporary. 

contr. Contracted ; contrac- 
tion ; contrary. 

cop. Copper ; copyrighted. 

Cop. Copernican ; Coptic. 

cor. Corner ; cornet ; cor- 
rected ; correction ; correla- 
tive ; correspondent ; corre- 
sponding. 

Cor. Corinthians ; Coroner. 

Corn. Cornish ; Cornwall. 

coroll. Corollary. 

corr. Correspond ; corre- 
spondence ; correspondent ; 
corresponding ; corrupt ; 
corruption. 

cos Cosine. 

cosec Cosecant. 

cot Cotangent. 

cp. Compare. 

c. p. Candle power ; chemi- 
cally pure. 

C. P. Common Pleas ; Com- 
mon Prayer ; Congregation 
of the Passion ; Court of 
Probate. 

C. P. A. Certified public ac- 
countant. 

C. P. S. Clerk of Petty Ses- 
sions ; Custos Privati Sigilli 
(L., Keeper of the Privy 
Seal). 

Cr Chromium. 

cr. Created ; credit ; cred- 
itor ; crown. 

C. R. Custos Rotulorum 
(L., Keeper of the Rolls). 

cresc. Crescendo. 

crim. con. Criminal con- 
versation. 

Cs Caesium. 

C. S. Christian Science; 
Civil Service ; Clerk to the 
Signet ; Court of Sessions ; 
Custos Sigilli (L., Keeper 
of the Seal). 

C. S. A. Confederate States 
Army ; Confederate States 
of America. 

C. S. C. Conspicuous Serv- 
ice Cross. 

C. S. I. Companion of the 
(Order of the) Star of India. 

C.S.N. Confederate States 
Navy. 

C. S. O. Chief Signal Offi- 
cer : Chief Staff Officer. 

ct. Cent ; county. 

Ct. Connecticut ; Count ; 
Court. 

C. T. A. U. Catholic Total 
Abstinence Union. 

cts. Cents ; centimes. 

Cu Cuprum (L., copper). 

cu., cub. Cubic. 

cur. Currency ; current. 

C. V. Common Version. 



N 



1208 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 







R 



U 



w 



X 



c. w. o. Cash with order, 
cwt. Hundredweight, 

-weights ; — prop, for L. 

centum, a hundred, and 

Eng. weight. 
eye, or cyclo. Cyclopedia ; 

cyclopedic. 
Cym. Cymric. 



D. December ; Democrat ; 
Deus (L., God) ; Dominus 
(L., Lord) ; Duchess ; 
Duke ; Dutch. 

d. Date ; daughter ; day ; 
dead ; degree ; denarius, or 
denarii (L., penny, or 
pence) ; deputy ; died ; 
dime ; dollar ; dose. 

d/a. Days after acceptance. 

D/A. Deposit account. 

D, A. A. G. Deputy Assist- 
ant Adjutant General. 

Dan. Daniel ; Danish. 

D. A. R. Daughters of the 
American Revolution. 

dat. Dative. 

dau. Daughter. 

d. b. Daybook. 

dbk. Drawback. 

D. C. Da capo (It., from the 
beginning) ; Deputy Con- 
sul ; District Court ; Dis- 
trict of Columbia. [Law.l 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil| 

dd. Delivered. 

d. d. Days after date ; day's 
date ; dono dedit (L., he 
gave as a gift). 

D. D. Divinitatis Doctor 
(L., Doctor of Divinity). 

D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea. Deacon. 

deb. Debenture. 

dec. Declension ; declina- 
tion ; decorative. 

Dec. December. 

def . Defendant ; definition, 
deft. Defendant. 

deg. Degree. 

del. Delegate ; delineavit 
(L., he, or she, drew it). 

Del. Delaware. 

Dem. Democrat ; Demo- 
cratic. 

Den. Denmark. 

dep. Department ; departs ; 
deponent ; deputy. 

dept. Department ; depo- 
nent. 

der., or deriv. Derivation ; 
derivative ; derived. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

D. F. Dean of the Faculty ; 
Defensor Fidei (L., De- 
fender of the Faith). 

dft. Defendant ; draft. 

dg. Decigram. 

D. G. Dei gratia (L., by the 
grace of God) ; Deo gratias 
(L., thanks to God) ; Di- 
rector General. 

D. H. Deadhead. 

dial. Dialect ; dialectic. 

diam. Diameter. 

diet. Dictator ; dictionary. 

dim., or dimin. Diminuen- 
do ; diminutive. 

dis. Discipline ; discount. 

disc. Discount ; discovered. 

disct. Discount. 

disp. Dispensatory. 

dist. Distant; distinguished; 
district. 

div. Divide ; divided : divi- 
dend ; divine ; division ; di- 
visor. 

dl. Deciliter. 

D. Lit. Doctor of Literature. 

D. L. O. Dead Letter Office. 

D. L. S. Doctor of Library 
Science. 

dm. Decimeter. 

D. Mus. Doctor of Music. 

do. Ditto. 

D . O . Doctor of Osteopathy. 

dol. Dollar ; dollars. 

dols. Dollars. 

dom. Domestic ; dominion. 

D. O. M. Deo Optimo Max- 
imo (L., to God, the Best, 
the Greatest). 

dow. Dowager. 

doz. Dozen ; dozens. 

D. P. O. Distributing Post 
Office. 

dpt. Deponent ; depart- 
ment. 

dr. Dram ; drawer. 

Dr. Debtor ; doctor. 

dram. pers. Dramatis per- 



sonae (L., the characters or 
actors in a drama or play). 

d.s. Dal segno (It., from the 
sign ; — a musical direc- 
tion) ; day's sight ; days 
after sight. 

D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 

D. S. O. Distinguished Serv- 
ice Order (Brit., Army and 
Navy). 

d. S. p. Decessit sine prole 
(L., died without issue). 

D. T.'s. Delirium tremens. 
Colloq. 

Du. Dutch. 

D. V. Deo volente (L., God 
willing) . 

D. V. M. Doctor of Veteri- 
nary Medicine. 

d. v. p. Decessit vita patris 
(L., died during his, or her, 
father's lifetime). 

dwt. Penny weight, -weights; 
— prop, for L. denarius, a 
penny, and Eng. weight. 

Dy Dysprosium. 

D. Z. Doctor of Zoology. 



E 



E. Earl ; Earth ; East ; 
Eastern ; Engineer ; Eng- 
lish. 

ea. Each. 

E. &O.E. Errors and omis- 
sions excepted. 

Ebor. Eboracum (L., York) ; 
Eboracensis (L., of York). 

E. C. Eastern Central (Post- 
al District, London) ; Es- 
tablished Church. 

eccl., or eccles. Ecclesiasti- 
cal. 

Eccl., or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
tes. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

E. C. U. English Church 
Union. 

Ecua. Ecuador. 

ed. Edition ; editor. 

Edin. Edinburgh. 

edit. Edition. 

E. D. S. English Dialect 
Society. 

Edw. Edward. 

E. E. Early English ; Elec- 
trical Engineer ; errors ex- 
cepted. 

E. E. & M. P. Envoy Ex- 
traordinary and Minister 
Plenipotentiary. 

E. E. T. S. Early English 
Text Society. 

Eg. Egypt ; Egyptian. 

e. g. Exempli gratia (L., for 
example). 

E.I. East India; East In- 
dies. 

E. I. C, or E. I. Co. East 
India Company. 

elec. Electrical ; electrician ; 
electricity. 

Eliz. Elizabeth; Elizabe- 
than. 

E. long. East longitude. 

Em. Emmanuel ; Emily ; 
Emma. 

E. M. Earl Marshal ; Equi- 
tum Magister (L., Master 
of the Horse). 

E. M. D. P. Electromotive 
difference of potential. 

E. M. F. Electromotive 
force. 

Emp. Emperor ; Empress. 

ency., or encyc. Encyclo- 
pedia. 

E. N. E. East-northeast. 

eng. Engineer ; engineering ; 
engraved ; engraver ; en- 
graving. 

Eng. England ; English. 

engin. Engineer ; engineer- 
ing. 

entom. Entomology. 

Eph. Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Epiph. Epiphany. 

Epis., or Episc. Episcopal. 

eq. Equal ; equivalent. 

Er Erbium. 

E. R. Eduardus Rex (L., 
King Edward). 

E. S. E. East-southeast. 

esp., or espec. Especially. 

Esq. Esquire. 

est., or estab. Established. 

Esth. Esther. 

E. T., or e. t. Electric tele- 
graph ; English translation. 

et al. Et alibi (L., and else- 
where) ; et alii (L., and 
others). 



etc. Et cetera (L., and 
others, and so forth) . 

et seq. Et sequens (L., and 
the following). 

etsqq. Et sequentes (L. t 
and the following), masc. 
& fern, pi., or sequentia, 
neut. pi. [mology.l 

etym., or etymol. Ety-| 

Eu Europium. 

E. U. Evangelical Union. 

ex. Examined ; example ; ex- 
ception ; exchange ; excur- 
sion ; executed ; executive ; 
export ; extract. 

Ex. , or Exod. Exodus. 

exc. Excellent ; except ; ex- 
cepted ; exception. 

Exc. Excellency. 

ex div Without dividend. 

exp. Export ; express. 

exr. Executor. 

exrx. Executrix. 

ext. External ; externally ; 
extinct ; extra ; extract. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F Fluorine. 

f . Farthing ; fathom ; feet ; 
feminine ; fine ; flower ; fo- 
lio ; foot ; forte ; franc. 

F. Fahrenheit ; Father ; Fel- 
low ; French ; Friday. 

f . a. a. Free of all average. 

fac. Facsimile. 

Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

F. A. I . A. Fellow of the 
American Institute of Ar- 
chitects. 

f am. Familiar ; family. 

F. A. M. Free and Accepted 
Masons. 

far. Farad ; farriery ; far- 
thing. 

F. B. Fenian Brotherhood ; 
Free Baptist. 

F. B. A. Fellow of the Brit- 
ish Academy (scientific 
society) . 

F. B. S. Fellow of the Bo- 
tanical Society. 

F. O. Football Club ; Free 
Church (of Scotland). 

fcap. Foolscap. [cate.l 

F. C. C. First-class Certifi-| 

fcp. Foolscap. 

F. D. Fidei Defensor (L., 
Defender of the Faith). 

Fe Ferrum (L., iron). 

Feb. February. 

fee. Fecit (L., he, or she, 
made it). 

fern. Feminine. 

Ferd. Ferdinand. 

fl. Folios ; following (pages) 
fortissimo. [Virginia. 

F. F. V. First Families of 

f . g. a. Free of general aver- 
age. 

f . i. For instance. 

F. I. A. Fellow of the Insti- 
tute of Actuaries (of Great 
Britain and Ireland). 

Act. Fiction. 

fig. Figurative (-ly) ; figure. 

Fin. Finland ; Finnish. 

fir. Firkin ; firkins. 

fl. Florin ; flourished ; fluid. 

Fl. Flanders ; Flemish. 

Fla. Florida. 

Flem. Flemish. 

flor. Floruit (L., he or she, 
flourished). 

F. L. S. Fellow of the Lin- 
nsean Society (London). 

fm. Fathom. 

F. M. Field Marshal ; For- 
eign Mission. 

fo. Folio. [Office. | 

F. O. Field Officer ; Foreignj 

f . o. b. Free on board. 

f ol. Folio ; following. 

for. Foreign. 

f . o. r. Free on rail. 

fort. Fortification : fortified. 

F. P., or f. p. Fine paper; 
fire plug ; foot pound ; fully 
paid. [average.! 

f . p. a. Free of particular! 

fr. Fragment ; franc ; from. 

Fr. Father ; France ; Frau ; 
French ; Friar ; Friday. 

F. R. A. M. Fellow of the 
Royal Academy of Music 
(London) . 

F. R. A. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Astronomical Soci- 
ety (London). 

F. R. C. P. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Physicians 
(London). 



F. R. C. S. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Surgeons 
(London) . 

Fred. Frederick. [tive.l 

freq. Frequent ; frequenta-] 

F. R. G. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Soci- 
ety (London). 

Fri. Friday. . 

F. R. I. B. A. Fellow of the 
Royal Institute Of British 
Architects. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
Society (scientific, Lon- 
don). 

frs. Francs. 

F. S. A. Fellow of the Soci- 
ety of Arts, or of Antiqua- 
ries (London). 

ft. Feet ; foot ; fort ; fortified. 

fur. Furlong ; further. 

fut. Future. 

F. Z. S. Fellow of the Zoo- 
logical Society (London). 



g. Gauge ; genitive ; gram. ; 
guide ; guinea or guineas ; 
gulf. 

G. German. 

Ga Gallium. 

Ga. Georgia. 

G. A. General Assembly. 

gal. [pi. gals.] Gallon. 

Gal. Galatians. 

galv. Galvanic ; galvanism. 

G. A. R. Grand Army of the 
Republic. 

gaz. Gazette ; gazetteer. 

G. B. Great Britain. 

G. B. & I. Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

G. C. Grand Chancellor, 
Chaplain, Chapter, Coun- 
cil, Conclave, etc. 

G. C. B. Grand Cross of the 
Bath (Brit, order, orig. 
mil.). [divisor. 

g. c. d. Greatest common! 

G. C. L. H. Grand Cross of 
the Legion of Honor. 

g. c. m. Greatest common 
measure. 

G. CM. G. Grand Cross of 
St. Michael and St. George 
(Brit, order, mil. and civil). 

G. C. S. I. Grand Com- 
mander of the Star of India 
(Brit, order, for dignitaries 
in India). 

G. C. V. O. Grand Cross of 
the Royal Victorian Order 
(for personal services to the 
sovereign) . 

Gd Gadolinium. 

G. D. Grand Duchess ; 
Grand Duchy ; Grand 
Duke. 

Ge Germanium. 

G. E. Grand Elect ; Grand 
Encampment. 

gen. Gender ; general ; ge- 
neric ; genitive ; genus. 

G?n. General; Genesis; 
Geneva. 

gent. Gentleman. 

Geo. George. 

geod. Geodesy. 

geog. Geographer ; geo- 
graphic ; geographical ; ge- 
ography. 

geol. Geologic ; geological ; 
geologist ; geology. 

geom. Geometry. 

ger. Gerund. 

Ger. German ; Germany. 

g. gr. Great gross, or 144 doz. 

gi. Gill ; gills. 

Gib. Gibraltar. 

G L. Grand Lodge. 

Gl Glucinum. 

gm. Gram. 

G. M. Grand Master. 

G. M. B. Good merchanta- 
ble brand. [time.! 

G. M. T. Greenwich mean| 

G. O. General order. 

gov. Government ; governor. 

govt. Government. 

G. P. Gloria Patri (L., Glory 
to the Father) ; Graduate 
in Pharmacy. [ter.l 

G. P. M. Grand Past Mas-I 

G. P. O. General Post Office. 

gr. Grain ; grand ; great : 
gross. [cian.l 

Gr. Greece ; Greek ; Gre-r 

G. R. Georgius, or Guliel- 
mus, Rex (L., King George, 
or William). 

gram. Grammar ; gramma- 
rian ; grammatical. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



1209 



Or. Br., Gr. Brit. Great 
Britain. 

g. s. Grandson. 

G. S. General Secretary ; 
Grand Scribe ; Grand Sec- 
retary, [drop). I 

gt. Gilt ; great ; gutta (L.,| 

G.T. Good Templar ; Grand 
Tiler ; Grand Treasurer. 

G. T. C. Good till canceled, 
or countermanded. 

gtt. Guttae (L., drops). 

gun. Gunnery. 



H 



H Hydrogen. 

h. Harbor ; hard ; hardness ; 
height ; high ; hour ; hus- 
band. 

ha. Hectare. 

h. a. Hoc anno (L-, in this 
year) ; horse artillery. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hag. Haggai. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay 
Company. 

H. B. M. His. or Her, Bri- 
tannic Majesty. 

H. C. Heralds' College; 
House of Commons, [tor. 

h.c.f. Highest common fac-| 

H. C. M. His, or Her, Cath- 
olic Majesty. 

hdkf. Handkerchief. 

Hd. Qrs., or hdqrs. Head- 
quarters. 

He Helium. 

H. E. His Eminence ; His 
Excellency. 

Heb. Hebrew ; Hebrews. 

hectol. Hectoliter. 

hectom. Hectometer. 

H. E. I. C. Honorable East 
India Company. 

her. Heraldry. 

hf. Half. 

hf.-bd. Half-bound. 

hg. Hectogram ; heliogram. 

Hg Hydrargyrum (L., mer- 
cury) . 

H. G. His, or Her, Grace ; 
Horse Guards ; High Ger- 
man. 

H. H. His, or Her, Highness; 
His Holiness (the Pope). 

hhd. Hogshead ; hogsheads. 

H. I. Hawaiian Islands. 

H. I. H. His, or Her, Impe- 
rial Highness. 

H. I. M. His, or Her, Impe- 
rial Majesty. 

Hind. Hindu ; Hindustan 
Hindustani. [history. 

hist. Historian ; historical ; 

H.J. Hie jacet(L., here lies). 

H. J. S. Hie jacet sepultus 
(L., here lies buried). 

hi. Hectoliter. 

H. L. House of Lords. 

hm. Hectometer. 

H. M. His, or Her, Majesty. 

H. M. C. His, or Her, Maj- 
esty's Customs. 

H. M. S. His, or Her, Maj- 
esty's Service, or Ship. 

ho. House. 

Hon. Honorable ; honorary. 

hor. Horizon ; horology. 

hort. Horticulture. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H. P., or h. p. Half pay; 
high pressure (often writ- 
ten IP) ; horse power. 

H.Q. Headquarters. 

hr. [pi. hrs.] Hour. 

H. R. Home Rule ; House of 
Representatives. 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Em- 
peror, or Empire. 

H. R. H. His, or Her, Royal 
Highness. 

H. S. Hie sepultus (L., here 
is buried) ; hie situs (L., 
here lies) ; High School. 

H. S. H. His, or Her Serene 
Highness. 

H. S. S. Historiae Societatis 
Socius (L., Fellow of the 
[Royal] Historical Soci- 
ety). 

ht. Height. 

h. t. High tension ; hoc 
tempore (L., at this time) ; 
hoc titulo (L., in, or under, 
this title). 

H. T. Hawaii Territory- 
Hun., Hung. Hungarian; 

Hungary. 
H. W. M. High-water mark. 

Hy. Henry. 

hyd. Hydrostatics. 



hyp. Hypothesis ; hypo- 
thetical. 



Imperator 
island. 



(L., 



I Iodine. 

I. Idaho ; 
Emperor) 

la. Iowa. 

I. A. Incorporated Account- 
ant ; Indian Army. 

ib., or ibid. Ibidem (L., in 
the same place). 

I. C. Iesus Christus (L., 
Jesus Christ). [landic. 

Ice., Icel. Iceland ; Ice-| 

I. C. S. Indian Civil Service. 

I. D. Intelligence Depart- 
ment. 

id. Idem (L., the same). 

Id., Ida. Idaho. 

I. D. B. Illicit diamond 
buyer or buying. 

i. e. Id est (L., that is). 

I. E. Indian Empire ; Indo- 
European. 

ign. Ignotus (L., unknown). 

i. h. p. Indicated horse 
power. 

IHS. A symbol representing 
Greek IH (20T)S Jesus. 

ill., illus., illust. Illus- 
trated ; illustration. 

111., or Ills. Illinois. 

imp. Imparted ; imperative; 
imperfect ; imperial; imper- 
sonal ; imported ; importer ; 
imprimatur (L., let it be 
printed). [Service. I 

I. M. S. Indian Medical! 

In Indium. 

in. [pi. ins.] Inch. 

inc. Including ; inclusive ; 
incorporated ; increase. 

inch., or incho. Inchoative. 

incl. Including ; inclusive. 

incog. Incognito. 

incor. Incorporated. 

ind. Independent ; indica- 
tive ; indigo. 

Ind. India; Indian; Indiana. 

I. N. D. In Nomine Dei (L., 
in the name of God). 

inf. Infantry ; infinitive. 

in lim. In limine (L., at the 
outset) . 

I. N. R. I. Iesus Nazarenus, 
Rex Iudaeorum (L., Jesus 
of Nazareth, King of the 
Jews) . 

ins. Inches ; inscribed ; in- 
spector ; insurance. 

insp. Inspector. 

inst. Instant ; institute ; 
institution. 

int. Interest; interior; in- 
terjection ; internal ; inter- 
national ; interpreter ; in- 
transitive. 

inter j. Interjection. 

intrans. Intransitive. 

in trans. In transitu (L., 
on the way). 

introd. Introduction ; in- 
troductory. 

inv. Invenit (L., he, or she, 
designed it) ; inventor ; in- 
voice. 

Io. Iowa. 

I. O.P. Independent Order 

_ of Foresters. 

ion. Ionic. 

I. O. O. F. Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows. 

I. O. R. Independent Order 
of Rechabites. 

I. O. R. M. Improved Order 
of Red Men. 

I. O. U. See in Vocabulary. 

i. q. Idem quod (L., the 
same as). 

Ir Iridium. 

Ir. Ireland ; Irish. 

I. R. Inland Revenue ; In- 
ternal Revenue. 

Ire. Ireland. 

is. Island ; isle. 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

isl. [pi. isls.] Island ; isle. 

I. S. O. (Companion of the) 
Imperial Service Order. 

It. Italian ; Italy. 

ital. Italic (type) or italics. 

Ital. Italian ; Italy. 

itin. Itinerary. 

I.W. Isle of Wight. 

I.W.W. Industrial Workers 
of the World. 



J. Judge ; Justice. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 



J. A. G. Judge-Advocate- 
General. 

Jam. Jamaica. 

Jan. January. 

Jap. Japan ; Japanese. 

Jas. James. 

Jav. Javanese. 

J. C. Jesus Christ ; Julius 
Caesar; jurisconsult. 

J. C. D. Juris Civilis Doctor 
(L., Doctor of Civil Law). 

J. D. Jurum Doctor (L., 
Doctor of Laws). 

Jer. Jeremiah. 

JHS. = ihs. 

JJ. Justices. 

Jno. John. 

Jon., Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

Jour. Journal : journeyman. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 

Jr. Junior. 

Jud. Judges ; Judith. 

J. TJ. D. Juris Utriusque 
Doctor (L., Doctor of Both 
[Canon and Civil] Laws). 

Judg. Judges. 

Jun.,or jun. Junior. 

June. Junction. 

jus., just. Justice. 

Just. Justinian. 

J. W. Junior Warden. 

K 

K Kalium (L., potassium). 

K. King ; Kings ; Knight. 

K. A. Knight of St. Andrew 
(Russia). 

Kan., Kans., Kas. Kansas. 

K. B. King's Bench ; Knight 
Bachelor ; Knight of the 
Bath (Gt. Brit.). 

K. C. King's Counsel. 

K. C. B. Knight Com- 

mander of the Bath (Brit, 
order) . 

K. C.I. E. Knight Com- 
mander of the Indian Em- 
pire (order). 

K. C. M. G. Knight Com- 
mander of St. Michael and 
St. George (Brit. mil. and 
civil order). 

K. C.S.I. Knight Com- 
mander of the Star of In- 
dia (Brit, order, for digni- 
taries in India). 

K. C. V. O. Knight Com- 
mander of the Royal Victo- 
rian Order (for personal 
services to the British 
sovereign) . 

Ken. Kentucky. 

kg. Kilogram. 

K. G. Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. F. Knight of the 
Golden Fleece (order in 
Austria and Spain). 

Ki. Kings. 

kilom. Kilometer. 

K. K. K. Ku-Klux Klan. 

•kl. Kiloliter. 

K. L. H. Knight of the Le- 
gion of Honor (France). 

km. Kilometer ; kingdom. 

K. M. Knight of Malta (Eu- 
ropean religious order). 

knt. Knight. 

K. P. Knight of St. Patrick 
(Gr. Brit.) ; Knight, or 
Knights, of Pythias. 

kr. Kreutzer ; krona ; krone ; 
kronen ; kroner. 

Kr Krypton. 

K. T. Knight of the Thistle 
(Gr. Brit.) ; Knight Tem- 
plar. 

Ky. Kentucky. 



1. Lake ; land ; latitude ; 

leaf ; league ; left ; length ; 

libra (L., a pound) ; line ; 

link ; liter. 
L. Lady ; Latin ; Law ; Liber 

(L., book) ; Liberal; Low. 
La Lanthanum. 
La. Louisiana. 
L. A. Legislative Assembly ; 

Library Association ; Liter- 
ate in Arts. 
Lab. Labrador. 
Lam. Lamentations. 
L. A. S. Lord Advocate of 

Scotland. 
lat. Latitude. 
Lat. Latin, 
lb., or lb. [pi. lbs.] Libra or 

librae (L., pound or pounds) . 
1. e. Loco citato (L., in the 

place cited) ; lower case. 



L. C. Lord Chamberlain ; 
Lord Chancellor. 

L/C Letter of Credit. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. 

1. c. m. Least common mul- 
tiple. 

Ld., Id. Lord ; limited. 

L. D. Lady Day- Light Dra- 
goons ; [or LD.] Low 
Dutch. 

Ldp. Lordship. 

L. D. S. Licentiate of Den- 
tal Surgery. 

lea. League. 

leg. Legal ; legate ; legato ; 
legislative ; legislature. 

Lev. Leviticus. 

LG.,or L. G. Low German. 

L. G. Life Guards. 

LGr., or L. Gr. Low Greek. 

1. h. Left hand. 

L. H. A. Lord High Admiral. 

L. H. D. Litterarum Hu- 
maniorum Doctor (L., Doc- 
tor of the Humanities). 

Li Lithium. [Island. I 

L.I. Light Infantry ; Long] 

lib. Liber (L., book) ; libra- 
rian ; library. 

Lieut. Lieutenant. 

lin. Lineal ; linear. 

liq. Liquid ; liquor. 

lit. Liter ; literal ; literally ; 
literary ; literature. 

Lit. D. Literarum Doctor 
(L., Doctor of Letters ; Doc- 
tor of Literature). 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

Litt. D. Litterarum Doctor 
(L., Doctor of Letters). 

LL. Late Latin ; Low Latin. 

1. 1. Loco laudato (L., in the 
place quoted). 

L. L. Late Latin ; Lord Lieu- 
tenant ; Low Latin. 

L. L. A. Lady Literate in 
Arts. 

LL. B. Legum Baccalaureus 
(L., Bachelor of Laws). 

LL. D. Legum Doctor (L., 
Doctor of Laws). 

L. L. I. Lord Lieutenant of 
Ireland. 

LL. M. Legum Magister (L., 
Master of Laws). 

loc. cit. Loco citato (L., in 
the place cited). 

log. Logarithm. 

Ion., or long. Longitude. 

Lond. London. 

loq. Loquitur (L., he, or 
she, speaks). 

L. P. Lord Provost. 

L. P. S. Lord Privy Seal. 

1. s. Left side. 

L. S. Linnaean Society ; loco 
sigilli (L., place of the seal). 

L. S. D., or £ s. d., or 
1. s. d. Librae, solidi, de- 
narii (L., pounds, shillings, 
pence) . 

Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lu Lutecium. 

M 

m. Male ; manual ; married ; 
masculine ; measure ; medi- 
cine ; medium ; meridian ; 
meter ; middle ; mile ; mill ; 
minute ; month ; moon ; 
morning ; mountain. 

M. Majesty ; Manitoba ; 
Marshal ; Marquis ; Mas- 
ter ; Member ; Militia ; 
Monday ; Monsieur. 

M.A. Magister Artium (L., 
Master of Arts) ; Military 
Academy. 

Mac, Mace. Maccabees. 

Maced. Macedonia ; Mace- 
donian. 

mach. Machinery. 

Mad. Madam. 

mag. Magazine; magnitude. 

M. Agr. Master of Agricul- 
ture. 

Maj. Major. 

Mai. Malachi ; Malayan. 

man. Manege ; manual. 

Manit. Manitoba. 

manuf. Manufactory; man- 
ufacture. 

mar. Maritime. 

Mar. March. [ture.l 

M. Ar. Master of Architec-I 

March. Marchioness. 

Marq. Marquis. 

mas., or masc. Masculine. 

Mass. Massachusetts. 

mat. Matins. 

math. Mathematician; 

mathematics. 



N 



1210 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



Matt. Matthew. 

max. Maximum. 

M. B. Medicinae Baccalau- 
reus(L., Bachelor of Medi- 
cine). 

M. 0. Master Commandant; 
Master of Ceremonies ; 
Member of Congress. 

M. C. L. Master of Civil 
Law. 

Md. Maryland. 

M. D. Medicinse Doctor (L., 
Doctor of Medicine). 

M/d. Months' date (i. e. 
months after date). 

Mdlls. Mademoiselle. 

Mdm. Madam. 

Mdme. Madame. 

M. D. S. Master of Dental 
Surgery. 

mdse. Merchandise. 

Ma. Maine. 

ME. Middle English. 

M. E. Mechanical, Military, 
or Mining, Engineer ; Meth- 
odist Episcopal ; Middle 
English ; Most Excellent. 

meas. Measure. [ical.l 

mech. Mechanics; mechan-| 

med. Medical ; medicine ; 
medieval ; medium. 

Medit. Mediterranean. 

mem. Memento ; memoir ; 
memorandum ; memorial. 

mer. Meridian ; meridional. 

Messrs. Messieurs ; Misters. 

metal. Metallurgy. 

meteor. Meteorology. 

Meth. Methodist. 

Mex. Mexican ; Mexico. 

Mf., or mf. Mezzo forte 
(It., moderately loud). 

mfg. Manufacturing. 

M. F. H. Master of Fox- 
hounds, [turer.l 

mfr. [pi. mfrs.] Manufac-| 

Mg Magnesium. 

mg. Milligram. [signore.l 

Mgr. Monseigneur ; Mon-| 

M.H. G., orMHG. Middle 
High German. 

M. H. R. Member of the 
House of Representatives. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts 
Historical Society. 

Mic. Micah. 

M. I. C. E. Member of the 
Institute of Civil Engi- 
neers, [gan.l 

Mich. Michaelmas ; Michi-j 

mid. Middle ; midshipman. 

mil. Military ; militia. 

M.I. M. E. Member of the 
Institute of Mining Engi- 
neers. 

min. Mineralogical ; miner- 
alogy ; minim ; minimum ; 
mining ; minor ; minute. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Min. Plen. Minister Pleni- 
potentiary. 

misc. Miscellaneous. 

miss., or Miss. Mission ; 
missionary. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

ml. Mail ; milliliter. 

M. L. A. Member of the 
Legislative Assembly; 
Modern Language Associa- 
tion. 

M. L. C. Member of the 
Legislative Council. 

M. L. G., or MLG. Middle 
Low German. [selle.l 

Mile. [pi. Miles.] Mademoi-| 

mm. Millimeter. 

MM. Their Majesties ; Mes- 
sieurs, [dame. I 

Mme. [pi. Mmes.] Ma-| 

Mn. Manganese. 

m/u. Millimicron. 

Mo Molybdenum. 

mo. [pi. mos.] Month. 

Mo. Missouri. 

M. O. Money order. 

mod. Moderate : moderato 
(It., moderately) ; modern. 

Moham. Mohammedan. 

mol. wt. Molecular weight. 

Mon. Monastery ; Monday. 
Monmouthshire. 

M o n s i g . Monseigneur ; 
Monsignor. 

Mont. Montana. 

Mor. Morocco. 

M. P. Member of Parlia- 
ment ; Metropolitan Police. 

M. P. C. Member of Parlia- 
ment, Canada. 

m. p. h. Miles per hour. 

M. P.P. Member of the Pro- 
vincial Parliament. 

M. R. Master of the Rolls. 



Mr., Mrs. See in Vocab. 

M. R. C. P. Member of the 
Royal College of Physi- 
cians (London). 

KW* Many abbreviations in 
which (as in the above) M. 
stands for Member are 
omitted, the abbreviation 
for the society, or the like, 
being entered in its proper 
vocabulary place. 

MS., or ms. [pi. MSS., or 
mss.] Manuscript. 

M. S. Master of Science ; 
Master of Surgery ; me- 
moriae sacrum (L., sacred 
to the memory). 

M. Sc. Master of Science. 

m. s. 1. Mean sea level. 

MSS., or mss. Manuscripts. 

mt. [pi. mts.] Mount ; 
mountain. 

mun. Municipal. 

mus. Museum ; music ; 
musician. 

Mus. B. Musicae Baccalau- 
reus (L., Bachelor of Mu- 
sic). 

Mus. D., or Mus. Doc. Mu- 
sics Doctor (L., Doctor 
of Music). 

M. V. Medicus Veterinarius 
(L., Veterinary Physician). 

M. W. Most Worshipful; 
Most Worthy. 

myg. Myriagram. 

myl. Myrialiter. 

mym. Myriameter. 

myth. Mythology. 



N 



N Nitrogen. 

n. Natus (L., born) ; neph- 
ew ; neuter ; new ; nomina- 
tive ; note ; noun ; number. 

N. Nationalist; Navy; 
Noon ; Norse ; North ; 
Northern. 

Na Natrium (L., sodium). 

N. A. National Academy ; 
North America ; North 
American. 

N. A. A. National Automo- 
bile Association. 

N. A. D. National Academy 
of Design. 

Nan. Nahum. 

N. A. S. National Academy 
of Sciences. 

nat. National ; native : 
natural. [iel.l 

Nath. Nathanael ;Nathan-| 

naut. Nautical. 

nav. Naval ; navigable ; 
navigation. 

navig. Navigation. 

Nb Niobium. 

N. B. New Brunswick ; 
North Britain ; North 
British ; nota bene (L., note 
well, or take notice). 

N. C. New Church ; North 
Carolina. [Officer. I 

N. C. O. Noncommissioned! 

Nd Neodymium. 

n. d. No date. [Dakota. I 

N.D., or N. Dak. North| 

Ne Neon. 

N. E. New England ; North- 
east ; Northeastern (Postal 
District, as in London). 

N. E. A. National Educa- 
tion Association. 

Neb., or Nebr. Nebraska. 

N. E. D. New English Dic- 
tionary ; — better, O. E. D. 
(which see). 

neg. Negative. 

Neh. Nehemiah. 

nem. con. Nemine contra- 
dicente (L., no one contra- 
dicting, unanimously). 

Neth. Netherlands. 

neut. Neuter. 

Nev. Nevada. 

N. F. Newfoundland ; 
NF.] Norman French. 

Ng. Norwegian. 

N. G. National Guard ; 
New Granada ; Noble 
Grand ; (Slang) no good. 

N. Gr.,orNGr. New Greek. 

N. H. New Hampshire. 

Ni Nickel. 

Nicar. Nicaragua. 

N. J. New Jersey. 

N. L., or NL. New Latin. 

n. 1. Non licet (L., it is not 
permitted) ; non liquet (L., 
it appears not, the case is 
not clear). 

N. Lat. North latitude. " 



[or 



N. M., or N. Mex. New 
Mexico. 

N. N. E. North-northeast. 

N. N. W. North-northwest. 

N. O. Natural order (Bol.) ; 
-New Orleans. 

No., or no. [pi. Nos., nos.] 
Numero (L., [by] number). 

nol. pros. Nolle prosequi 
(L., to be unwilling to 
prosecute) . 

nom. Nominative. 

non obst. Non obstante 
(L., notwithstanding). 

non pros. Non prosequitur 
(L., he does not prosecute). 

non seq. Non sequitur (L., 
it does not follow). 

n. o. p. Not otherwise pro- 
vided for. 

Nor. Norman ; North. 

Norw., or Nor. Norway; 
Norwegian. 

nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. New Providence ; nisi 
prius (see in Vocab.) ; 
Notary Public. 

nr. Near. 

N. R. North River. 

N. S. National Society; 
New School ; New Series ; 
New Style (since 1752) ; 
[I. c] not specified ; Nova 
Scotia. 

N/S. Not sufficient [funds]. 

N. S. W. New South Wales. 

Nt Niton. 

N. T. New Testament ; 
Northern Territory. 

n. u. Name unknown. 

num. Numeral ; numerals. 

Num. Numbers. 

nux. vom. Nux vomica. 

N. V. New Version. 

N. V. M. Nativity of the 
Virgin Mary. 

N. W. North Wales ; North- 
west ; Northwestern. 

N. W. S. A. National Wom- 
en's Suffrage Association. 

N. W. T. Northwest Terri- 
tories. 

N. Y. New York. 

N. Z. New Zealand. 

o 

O Oxygen. 

O. Octarius (L., pint) ; Oc- 
tober ; Ohio ; Old ; Onta- 
rio ; Order. 

o/a. On account [of] . 

ob. Obiit (L., he, or she, 
died). 

Obad. Obadiah. 

obdt. Obedient. 

obj. Object; objection; ob- 
jective. 

obi. Oblique ; oblong. 

obs. Observation ; observa- 
tory ; obsolete. 

ob. s. p. Obiit sine prole 
(L., died without issue). 

obt. Obedient. 

oc. Ocean. 

Oct. October. 

O. D., or OD. Old Dutch. 

O. E., or OE. Old English. 

O. E. Omissions excepted. 

O. E. D. Oxford English 
Dictionary. 

O.F. Odd Fellow or Fellows. 

O. F., or OF. Old French. 

off. Offered ; officer ; official ; 
officinal. 

O. H. G.,or OHG. Old High 
German. 

0. H. M. S. On His, or Her, 
Majesty's Service. 

O.K., or OK. Correct; all 
right. Cant. 
Okla. Oklahoma. 

01. Oleum (L., oil). 
Ol.,or Olym. Olympiad. 
O. M. Old measurement; 

Order of Merit (Brit, or- 
der). 

Ont. Ontario. 

op. Opera ; opposite ; opus. 

opp. Opposed ; opposite. 

opt. Optative ; optics. 

Or. Oriental. 

ord. Ordained ; order ; ordi- 
nal ; ordinance ; ordinary ; 
ordnance. 

Oreg., Or., Ore. Oregon. 

orig. Original ; originally. 

Os Osmium. 

O.S. Old School; Old Se- 
ries ; Old Style ; ordinary 
seaman. 

O. T. Old Testament. 



Oxf. Oxford. 

Oxon. Oxonia (L., Oxford) ; 
Oxoniensis (L., Oxonian). 
oz. Ounce ; ounces. 



P Phosphorus. 

p. Page ; part ; participle ; 
past ; penny ; piano (It., 
softly) ; pint ; pipe ; pole ; 
population ; professional. 

P. Pastor ; pater (L., father) ; 
pere (F., father); post; 
president ; priest ; prince. 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

p. a. Participial adjective ; 
per annum (L. , by the year) . 

P/A. Power of attorney ; pri- 
vate account. 

Pac. Pacific. 

p. ae. Partes sequales (L., 
equal parts). 

pam. Pamphlet. 

Pan. Panama. 

P. & O. Peninsular and Ori- 
ental (Steam Navigation 
Company) ; Peninsular and 
Occidental (Steamship 
Company). 

par. Paragraph ; parallel ; 
parenthesis ; parish. 

Para. Paraguay. 

pari. Parliament ; parlia- 
mentary. 

part. Participle. 

pass. Passive. 

Pat. Off. Patent Office. 

payt. Payment. 

Pb Plumbum (L., lead). 

P. B. British Pharmaco- 
poeia ; Plymouth Brethren ; 
Prayer Book. 

p. c. Per cent ; postal card ; 
post card. 

P. C. Privy Council or 
Councilor ; Philippines 

Constabulary. 

p/c. Petty cash ; prices 
current. 

Pd Palladium. 

pd. Paid. 

P. E. Presiding Elder ; Prot- 
estant Episcopal. 

P.E.I. Prince Edward 
Island. 

pen. Peninsula. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Pent. Pentecost. 

per. Period ; person. 

per an. Per annum (L., by 
the year). 

per ct. Per cent. 

perf. Perfect. 

perh. Perhaps. 

per pro. Per procurationem 
(L., by proxy). 

pers. Person ; personal. 

Pers. Persia ; Persian. 

pert. Pertaining. 

Pet. Peter. 

pf. Preferred. 

Pg. Portugal ; Portuguese. 

Phar. Pharmacy ; pharma- 
copoeia. 

Pharm. Pharmaceutical ; 
pharmacy. 

Pg. Portugal ; Portuguese. 

P.G.M. Past Grand Mas- 
ter. 

Ph. B. Philosophise Bacca- 
laureus (L., Bachelor of 
Philosophy). [Chemist. I 

Ph. C. Pharmaceutical! 

Ph. D. Philosophise Doctor 
(L., Doctor of Philosophy). 

Ph. G. Graduate in Phar- 
macy. 

Phil. Philemon ; Philip :Phi- 
lippians ; Philippine. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philem. Philemon. [gist.l 

philol. Philology ; philolo-| 

philos. Philosopher ; philo- 
sophical ; philosophy. 

Phil. Soc. Philological So- 
ciety, [iology. - 

physiol. Physiologist ;phys- 

P. I. Philippine Islands. 

pinx. Pinxit (L., he, or she, 
painted it). 

P.J. Police justice ^presid- 
ing judge ; probate judge. 

pk. [pi. pks.] Peck. 

pkg. [pi. pkgs.] Package. 

pi. Place ; plural. 

P. L. Poet Laureate ; Prim- 
rose League. 

plf., or plff. Plaintiff. 

plup., or plupf. Pluperfect. 

plur. Plural. 

pm. Premium. 

P. M., or p. m. Post meri- 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



1211 



diem (L., afternoon) ; post 
mortem. 

P.M. Past Master; Police 
Magistrate ; Postmaster. 

P. M. G. Paymaster-gen- 
eral ; Postmaster-general. 

pnxt. Pinxit (L., he, or she, 
painted it). 

P. O., or p. o. Petty officer ; 
postal order ; post office ; 
public office or officer. 

P. O. Province of Ontario. 

P. O. B. Post-office box. 

P. O. D. Pay on delivery ; 
Post Office Department. 

Pol. Poland ; Polish. 

pol., polit. Political, [my.l 

pol. econ. Political econo-| 

P. O. O. Post-office order. 

pop. Popular ; population. 

Port. Portugal ; Portuguese. 

pos. Positive ; possessive. 

poss. Possession ; possessive. 

pp. Pages ; past participle : 
pianissimo. [paid. 

p.p. Past participle ; post- 1 

P.P. Parish Priest; Pater 
Patriae (L., Father of his 
Country). 

P.P.C., or p. p. c. Pour 
prendre conge (F., to take 
leave) . 

pph. Pamphlet. 

p. p. i. Policy proof of in- 
terest. 

p. pr. Present participle. 

P. Q. Previous question; 
Province of Quebec. 

Pr Praseodymium. 

pr. Pair ; present ; price ; 
priest ; prince. 

PR. Preferred (stock). 

P. R. Parliamentary Re- 
ports ; Porto Rico ; prize 
ring. 

P. R. B. Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood. [sition.l 

prep. Preparatory ; prepo-| 

pres. President ; presidency. 

Presb. Presbyterian. 

prat. Preterit. 

prin. Principal. 

priv. Privative. 

P.R.N. Pro re nata(L., ac- 
cording to the occasion). 

prob. Probably ; problem. 

Prof. Professor. 

prom. Promontory. 

pron. Pronominal ; pro- 
noun ; pronounced ; pro- 
nunciation. 

prop. Properly ; property ; 
proposition. 

pros. Prosody. 

Prot. Protestant. 

pro tern. Pro tempore (L., 
temporarily). 

prov. Provident ; province ; 
provisional. 

Prov. Provencal ; Proverbs ; 
Provost. 

pros. Proximo (L., next, of 
the next month). 

prs. Pairs. 

Prus. Prussia ; Prussian. 

Ps. Psalm ; Psalms. 

P. S. Passenger Steamer; 
Permanent Secretary ; post- 
scriptum (L., postscript) ; 
Privy Seal. 

pseud. Pseudonym. 

P.SS. Postscripts. (L. t post- 
scripts), [chology.l 

psychol. Psychologist; psy- 1 

Pt Platinum. 

pt. [pZ. pts.] Part ; pay- 
ment ; pint ; point ; port. 

P. T., or p. t. Post town. 

p. t. o. Please turn over. 

p. v. Post village. 

P. W. D. Public Works De- 
partment. 

pwt. Pennyweight; -weights. 

pxt. Pinxit (L., he, or she, 
painted it). 



q. Quadrans (L., a farthing) ; 
quart ; quasi ; queen ; que- 
ry ; question ; quintal ; 
quire. 

Q. Quebec (province). 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's College; 
Queen's Counsel. 

q. d. Quasi dicat (L., as if 
he should say) . 

Q. £. D. Quod erat demon- 
strandum (L., which was to 
be demonstrated). 

O E F. Quod erat facien- 



dum (L., which was to be 
done.) 

Q. F., or q.f. Quick-fire. 

ql. Quintal. 

q. 1. Quantum libet (L., as 
much as you please). 

Q. M. Quartermaster. 

Q. M. Q. Quartermas- 
ter general. 

Q. M. S. Quartermas- 
ter sergeant. 

q. p. Quantum placet (L., 
as much as you please). 

qr. [pi. qrs.] Quadrans (L., 
a farthing) ; quarter ; quire. 

q. s. Quantum sufficit (L., a 
sufficient quantity) ; quar- 
ter section. 

qt. Quantity ; [pZ. qts.] 
quart. 

qu. Quart ; quarterly ; 
queen ; query ; question. 

Que. Quebec. 

ques. Question. 

q. v. Quantum vis (L., as 
much as you will) ; quod 
vide (L., which see). 

qy. Query. 

R 

r. Railroad ; railway ; rare ; 
received ; rector ; regina 
(L., queen); resides; re- 
tired ; rex (L., king) ; right ; 
river ; rises ; road ; rod ; 
rood. 

R. Rabbi ; Radical ; Reau- 
mur ; Republican ; response 
(Church-Service Books) ; 
royal. 

Ra Radium. 

R. A. Rear Admiral ; Royal 
Academy ; Royal Arch ; 
Royal Artillery. 

rad. Radical ; radix. 

R. A. M. Royal Academy of 
Music (London). 

R. A. M. C. Royal Army 
Medical Corps. 

Rb Rubidium. 

R. C. Red Cross ; Roman 
Catholic. 

R. C. A. Reformed Church 
in America. 

R. C. C, or R. C. Ch. Ro- 
man Catholic Church. 

R.C.P. Royal College 
of Physicians (London). 

R. C. S. Royal College of 
Surgeons (London). 

R. C. V. S. Royal College 
of Veterinary Surgeons 
(London). 

Rd Radium. 

R. D. Refer to Drawer 
{Banking) ; Royal Dra- 
goons. 

Re. Rupee. 

R. E. Reformed Episcopal ; 
Right Excellent ; Royal 
Engineers. 

Reaum. Reaumur. 

rec. Receipt ; recipe ; record; 
recorded ; recorder. 

reed. Received. [tary.l 

rec. sec. Recording secre-| 

rect. Receipt ; rector ; rec- 
tory. 

ref . Referee ; reference ; re- 
ferred ; reformed ; reformer. 

Ref. The Reformation. 

Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. 

reg. Regent ; region ; regis- 
ter ; registered ; registrar ; 
registry ; regular. 

Reg. Regina (L., queen) ; 
Reginald. 

Reg. Prof . Regius Professor. 

regt. Regiment. 

rel. Relating ; relative (-ly) ; 
religion ; religious. 

rep. Repeat ; report ; re- 
porter ; representative ; re- 
public. 

Rep. Republican. 

Repub. Republic ; Repub- 
lican. 

res. Reserve ; residence ; re- 
sides ; resigned. 

resp. Respective ; respec- 
tively ; respondent. 

retd. Returned. 

rev. Revenue ; reverse ; re- 
view ; revise ; revised ; re- 
vision ; revolution. 

Rev. Revelation ; Reverend. 

Rev. Stat. Revised Statutes. 

Rev. Ver. Revised Version. 

R. F., or r.f. Rapid-fire. 

R. F. A. Royal Field Artil- 
lery, [livery. 

R. F. D. Rural Free De- 



R. G. S. Royal Geographi- 
cal Society (London). 

Rh Rhodium. 

r. h. Right hand. 

R. H. Royal Highlanders ; 
Royal Highness. 

R. H. A. Royal Horse 
Artillery. 

rhet. Rhetoric ; rhetorical. 

R. H. Q. Royal Horse 
Guards. 

R. H.S. Royal Historical 
Society ; Royal Horticul- 
tural Society ; Royal Hu- 
mane Society. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

R. I. P. Requiescat in pace 
(L., may he, or she, rest 
in peace). 

riv. River. 

rm. Ream. 

R. M. Resident Magistrate ; 
Roval Marines. 

R. M. S. Royal Mail 
Steamer. 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

R. N..R. Royal Naval Re- 
serve. 

ro. Rood ; recto. 

Robt. Robert. 

Rom. Roman ; Romance : 
Romans. [olic.l 

Rom. Cath. Roman Cath-| 

R. P. Regius Professor ; Re- 
formed Presbyterian. 

R. P. D. Rerum Politicarum 
Doctor (L., Doctor of Po- 
litical Science). 

R. P. E. Reformed Protes- 
tant Episcopal. 

r. p. m. Revolutions per 
minute. [fice.l 

R.P.O. Railroad Post Of- 1 

rpt. Report. 

R. R. Railroad. 

Rs. Rupees. 

R. S. Recording Secretary ; 
Revised Statutes. 

R. S. O. Railway subofnee. 

R. S. V. P. Repondez, s'il 
vous plait (F., reply, if you 
please) . 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

Ru Ruthenium. [sian.l 

Rus., or Russ. Russia; Rus-| 

R. V. Revised Version. 

R.V.O. Royal Victorian 
Order. 

R. W. Right Worshipful ; 
Right Worthy. 

Rx. Tens of Rupees. 

Ry. Railway. 



S Sulphur. 

S. Sabbath; Saint; Satur- 
day ; Saxon ; school ; sen- 
ate ; September ; Signor ; 
Socialist ; Society ; Socius 
or Sodalis (L., Fellow) ; So- 
prano ; South ; Southern ; 
Sunday. 

S., or S. Section; see; series; 
shilling ; signed ; singular; 
son ; stem ; sun. 

Sa Samarium. 

S. A. Salvation Army ; 

South Africa ; South Amer- 
ica; South Australia. 

sa. Sable. 

Sab. Sabbath. [can). 

S. Afr. South Africa (Afri- 

Salv. Salvador. 

Sam. Samaritan ; Samuel. 

S.Amer., or S.Am. South 
America ; South American. 

Sans. Sanskrit. 

S. A. R. Sons of the Ameri- 
can Revolution ; South Afri- 
can Republic. 

Sar. Sardinia ; Sardinian. 

S.A. S. Fellow (L., Socius) 
of Society of Antiquaries. 

Sask. Saskatchewan. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sax. Saxon ; Saxony. 

Sb Stibium (L., antimony). 

S. B. Bachelor of Science ; 
South Britain. 

Sc Scandium. 

sc. Scene ; science ; scilicet 
(L., namely) ; scruple ; 
sculpsit (L., he, or she, 
carved it). 

Sc. Scotch ; Scottish. 

s. c. Small capitals. 

S. C. South Carolina ; Staff 
Corps ; Supreme Court. 

Scand. Scandinavia ; Scan- 
dinavian. 

s. caps. Small capitals. 



sch. Scholium ; schooner. 

sci. Science ; scientific. 

scil. Scilicet (L., namely). 

Scot. Scotch ; Scotland ; 
Scottish. 

scr. Scruple. 

Script. Scripture. 

sculp. Sculpsit (L., he, or 
she, carved it). 

s. d. Sine die (see in Vocab.). 

S.D.,or S.Dak. South 
Dakota. 

Se Selenium. 

S. E. Southeast ; South- 
eastern (Postal District, 
London . 

sec. Secant ; second ; secre- 
tary ; section ; secundum 
(L., according to). 

Sec. Leg. Secretary of Le- 
gation. 

sect. Section. 

Sem. Seminary ; Semitic. 

Sen. Senate ; Senator ; Sen- 
ior, [ment. 

Sen. Doc. Senate Docu- 

Sep., or Sept. September ; 
Septuagint. 

ser. Series ; sermon. 

serg.,or sergt. Sergeant. 

Serv. Servian. 

SF. Sinking fund. 

s.g. Specific gravity. 

S.G. Solicitor-general. 

Sh., or sh. Share ; shilling, 
shillings. 

Shak. Shakespeare. 

S. H. S. Societatis Histo- 
rian Socius (L., Fellow of 
the Historical Society). 

Si Silicon. 

S.I. Sandwich Islands; 
Staten Island. 

Sib. Siberia ; Siberian. 

Sic. Sicilian ; Sicily. 

sin Sine. 

sing. Singular. 

S.J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

Skr., or Skt. Sanskrit. 

S. Lat. South latitude. 

Slav. Slavic ; Slavonic. 

sld. Sailed. 

Sm Samarium. 

S. M. Sa Majeste (F., His, 
or Her, Majesty) ; Sergeant 
Major ; Society of Mary ; 
State Militia. 

sm. c, or sm. caps. Small 
capitals. 

S. M. E. Sancta Mater Ec- 
clesia (L., Holy Mother 
Church). 

S. M. I. Sa Majeste Imperi- 
ale (F., His, or Her, Impe- 
rial Majesty). 

s. m. p. Sine mascula prole 
(L., without male issue). 

Sn Stannum (L., tin). 

s. n. Secundum naturam 
(L., according to nature). 

S. O., or s. o. Seller's option. 

soc. Society. 

Soc. Isl. Society Islands. 

S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. 

S. of T. Sons of Temperance. 

sol. Solution. 

Sol. Solomon. 

sop. Soprano. 

SOS. See in Vocabulary. 

sov. Sovereign. 

sp. Species; specimen; spell- 
ing ; spirit. 

Sp. Spain; Spaniard; Span- 
ish. 

S. p. Sine prole (L., without 
issue). 

S. P. C. A. Society for Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Ani- 
mals. 

S. P. C. C. Society for Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Chil- 
dren. 

specif. Specifically. 

sp. gr. Specific gravity. 

S.P. Q. R. Senatus Popu- 
lusque Rom anus (L., the 
Senate and People of 
Rome) ; small profits, quick 
returns. 

s.p.s. Sine rrole superstite 
(without surviving issue). 

spt. Seaport. 

sq. S^quens (L., the follow- 
ing [one] ) ; square. 

sqq. Sequentes (L., the fol- 
lowing [ones]). 

Sr Strontium. 

Sr. Sir ; Senior. 

bs. Scilicet (L., namely) ; 
semis (L., half). 



N 



1212 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 







R 



U 



W 



S. S. Steamship ; Statistical 
Society ; Sunday School. 

SS. D. Sanctissimus Domi- 
nus (L., Most Holy Lord), 
— a title of the Pope. 

S. S. E. South-southeast. 

S. S. W. South-southwest. 

8t. Stanza ; stone ; stet (L., 
let it stand). [Street. I 

St. Saint; Saturday; Strait;| 

stat. Statuary; statue; 
statutes. 

S. T. D. Sacrae Theologiae 
Doctor (L., Doctor of Sa- 
cred Theology). 

ster., or stg. Sterling. 

stg. Sterling. 

S. T. P. Sacrae Theologiae 
Professor (L., Professor of 
Sacred Theology). 

Str. Steamer. 

subj. Subject; subjunctive. 

subst. Substantive ; substi- 
tute. 

suff. Suffix. 

Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

sup. Superior ; superlative ; 
supine ; supplement ; supra 
(L., above). 

Sup. C. Superior Court ; 
Supreme Court. 

superl. Superlative. 

supp. Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

surg. Surgeon ; surgery. 

surv. Surveying ; surveyor. 

8.V. Sub verbo (L., under 
the word) ; sub voce (L., 
under the title). 

S.V. Sancta Virgo (L., Holy 
Virgin) ; Sanctitas Vestra 
(L., Your Holiness). 

S. W. Southwest ; South- 
western (Postal District, 
London) ; Senior Warden. 

Sw„ or Swed. Sweden; 
Swedish. 

Switz. Switzerland. 

syn. Synonym ; synony- 
mous. 

Syr. Syria ; Syriac. 



t. Temperature ; tenor ; 
time ; tome ; ton ; town ; 
township ; transitive. 

T. Territory ; Testament ; 
Tuesday ; Turkish. 

Ta Tantalum. 

tan. Tangent. 

Tb Terbium. 

tc. Tierce. 

T. C. D. Trinity College, 
Dublin. 

Te Tellurium. 

T. E. Topographical Engi- 
neer. 

tel. Telegram ; telegraph ; 
telephone. 

Tenn. Tennessee. 

ter. Terrace ; territory. 

Test. Testament. 

Teut. Teuton ; Teutonic. 

Tex. Texas. 

Text. Rec. Textus Recep- 
tus (L., received text). 

t. g. Type genus. 

Th Thorium. 

Th. Thomas ; Thursday. 

Theo. Theodore ;Theodosia. 

theol. Theological ; theol- 
ogy. 

Theoph. Theophilus. 

theor. Theorem. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 

Tho., or Thos. Thomas. 

Thurs. Thursday. 

Ti Titanium. 



t. i. d. Ter in die (L., three 
times a day). 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus. 

Tl Thallium. 

T. L. O. Total loss only. 

1m Thulium. 

T. M. True mean. 

t. o. Telegraph office ; turn 
over. [pography. I 

topog. Topographical ; to-j 

tp. Township. 

Tr Terbium. 

tr. Translated ; translation ; 
translator ; transpose; 
treasurer ; trustee. 

trav. Travel ; traveler. 

TR. Trust receipts. 

treas. Treasurer ; treasury. 

T. R. H. Their Royal High- 
nesses. 

trig. Trigonometric ; trigo- 
nometrical ; trigonometry. 

Trin. Trinity. 

trs. Trustees. 

T. T. Telegraphic transfer. 

T. T. L., or 1. 1. 1. To take 
leave. 

T. U. Trade Union, [day.] 

Tues., or Tu., or T. Tues-[ 

Turk. Turkey ; Turkish. 

typ. Typographer ; typo- 
graphic (-ical) ; typography. 



u 



U Uranium. 

TJ. Uncle ; Unionist ; upper. 

U. C. University College; 
Upper Canada. 

u. c. Upper case {Print.). 

U. K. United Kingdom. 

ult. Ultimately ; ultimo. 

Unit. Unitarian. [sity.l 

univ. Universally ; univer-| 

Univ. Universalist. 

U. of S. Afr. Union of South 
Africa. 

u. p. Under proof (of spirits). 

U. P. C. United Presbyte- 
rian Church. 

Uru. Uruguay. 

U. S. United States. 

U. S. A. United States 
Army ; United States of 
America. 

U. S. C. United States of 
Colombia. [gation.l 

U. S. L. United States Le-| 

U. S. M. United States 
Mail ; United States Ma- 
rine. 

U. S. M. A. United States 
Military Academy. [vy.l 

U. S. N. United States Na-| 

U. S. N. A. United States 
Naval Academy. 

U. S. P., or U. S. Pharm. 
United States Pharmaco- 
poeia. 

U. S. S. United States Sen- 
ate ; United States Ship, or 
Steamer. 

usu. Usual ; usually. 

U. S. V. United States Vol- 
unteers. 

u. s. w. Und so weiter (G., 
and so forth). 

Ut. Utah. 

ut diet. Ut dictum (L., as 
directed). 

ux. Uxor (L., wife). 



V Vanadium. 

V. Valve ; verb ; verse ; ver- 
sion ; versus ; verte (L., 



turn over) ; very ; vicar ; 
vice- ; vide (L., see) ; vil- 
lage ; violin ; vocative ; 
volti (It., turn over) ; vol- 
ume ; von (G., of). 

V. Venerable ; Victoria ; Vis- 
count ; Volunteers. 

Va. Virginia. 

v. a. Verb active. 

V. A. Vicar Apostolic ; Vice 
Admiral ; Royal Order of 
Victoria and Albert (Brit., 
for ladies) . 

var. Variant ; variation ; va- 
riety ; various. 

var.lect. Varia lectio (L., 
different reading). 

Vat. Vatican. 

vb. Verb. 

vb. n. Verbal noun. 

V. C. Vice Chairman ; Vice 
Chancellor ; Victoria Cross 
(Brit. ,f or conspicuous brav- 
ery in army or navy). 

V. D. M. Verbi Dei Minister 
(L., Minister of the Word 
of God). 

Ven. Venerable ; Venice. 

Venez. Venezuela. 

ver. Verse ; verses. 

V. G. Vicar-general. 

v. i. Verb intransitive. 

Vic. Victoria. 

vid. Vide (L., see). 

vil. Village. 

Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 

viz. Videlicet (L., namely). 

V. M. D. Veterinariae Medi- 
cinae Doctor (L., Doctor of 
Veterinary Medicine). 

v. n. Verb neuter. 

vo. Verso (left-hand page). 

voc. Vocative. 

vocab. Vocabulary. 

vol. [pi. vols.] Volume ; 
volunteer. 

vol. Volcano ; volcanic. 

V. P. Vice President. 

v. r. Verb reflexive. 

V. R. Victoria Regina (L., 
Queen Victoria). 

V. Rev. Very Reverend. 

V. R. P. Vestra Reverendis- 
sima Paternitas (L., Your 
Very Reverend Paternity). 

vs. Versus. [above).] 

v. s. Vide supra (L., see] 

V. S. Veterinary Surgeon. 

Vt. Vermont. 

v. t. Verb transitive. 

Vul. Vulgate. 

vv. Verses. 

V. V. Vice versa. 

vv. 11. Variae lectiones (L., 
various readings). 



w 



w. Wanting ; week ; wide ; 
wife ; with. 

W. Wales ; Warden ; Wash- 
ington ; Wednesday; 
Welsh ; West ; Western. 

W. A. West Africa ; West- 
ern Australia. 

W. Afr. West Africa. 

Wash. Washington. 

w. b. Warehouse book ; wa- 
ter ballast ; water board ; 
waybill. [charge. 

w. c. Water-closet; without! 

W. C. Wesley an Chapel ; 
Western Central (Postal 
District, London). 

W. C. T. U. Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union. 

W. D. War Department; 
WoilfO JDomrtment. 



Wed., or We., or W. 
Wednesday. 

w. f . Wrong font. 

w. g. Wire gauge. 

W. Q. C. Worthy Grand 
Chaplain. 

W. G. M. Worthy Grand 
Master. 

whf. Wharf. 

WI. When issued (stock). 

W. I., or W. Ind. West In- 
dies ; West Indian. 

Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. 

wk. Week. 

W. long. West longitude. 

Wm. William. 

W. M. Worshipful Master. 

W. N. W. West-northwest. 

W. O. War Office. 

wp. Worship. 

W. P. Worthy Patriarch. 

W. R. West Riding. 

W. S. Writer to the Signet. 

W. S. W. West-southwest. 

wt. Weight. 

W. Va. West Virginia. 

Wyo., or Wy. Wyoming. 



X 



X Xenon. 

X. xpIvtos (Gr., Christ). 

X-c., or X-cp. Ex coupon.— 
X-d., or X-div. Ex divi- 
dend (see ex, prep., in 
Vocab.). 

Xe Xenon. 

Xmas. Christmas. 

Xn. Christian. 

Xnty., or Xty. Christianity. 

Xper.,or Xr. Christopher. 

Xt. Christ. 

Xtian. Christian. 



Y Yttrium. 

y. Yard ; year. 

Yb Ytterbium. 

Y. B. Yearbook. 

yd. [pi. ,yds.~] Yard. 

yeo. Yeomanry. 

Y. M. C. A. Young Men'a 
Christian Association. 

Y. M. Cath. A. Young 
Men's Catholic Association. 

Y. M. C. U. Young Men's 
Christian Union. 

Y. P. S. C. E. Young Peo- 
ple's Society for Christian 
Endeavor. 

yr. [pi. yrs.] Year ; younger; 
your. 

Y. T. Yukon Territory. 

Y. W. C. A. Young Wom- 
en's Christian Association. 

Y. W. C. T. U. Young Wom- 
en's Christian Temperance 
Union. 



Zach. Zacharias ; Zachary. 

Zeb. Zebadiah ; Zebedee. 

Zech. Zechariah. 

Zeph. Zephaniah. 

Z. G. Zoological Garden. 

Zn Zinc. 

zoochem. Zoochemical; 

zoochemistry. 
zoogeog. Zoogeography. 
zool. Zoological; zoologist; 

zoology. 
Zr Zirconium. 
Z. S. Zoological Society. 



X 



PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 



I. PUNCTUATION 

While the following rules for punctuation exhibit the best professional practice, there is 
much diversity in the use of certain of the marks, especially the comma. Many such dif- 
ferences have been duly noted. The rules have been made as few, as concise, and as clear as 
possible. Some rules that are of service only rarely have been omitted. 

In general, punctuation in the best usage is more "open" than was formerly the case, 
that is, the points, especially commas, are used more sparingly, being employed only where 
uniform custom demands them or where they are essential to clearness and precision. This 
style of punctuation is best suited to the more simple, direct forms of writing, such as plain 
narrative ; but if carried to extremes it results in ambiguity and an appearance of slovenliness. 
The primary aim of punctuation is to convey to the reader the exact meaning intended, and 
any text should be punctuated more or less "closely," according as clearness demands. 

The punctuation marks are : the period, or full stop [.], comma [ ,], semicolon [ ;], 
colon [ :], exclamation mark [ !], interrogation mark [ ?], dash [ — ], parentheses [()], 
brackets [[]], quotation marks [ " " ], and apostrophe [ ' ]. 



1. THE PERIOD, OR FULL STOP [.] 

A period is used at the end of a sen- 
tence, or any expression standing for a 
sentence, that is neither interrogative nor 
exclamatory. 

Society is a wave. The wave moves onward, but the 
water of which it is composed does not. The same particle 
does not rise from the valley to the ridge. Its unity is only 
phenomenal. The persons who make up a nation to-day, 
next year die, and their experience dies with them. 

So much for Nestor. 

A period is used after an abbreviation; 
also, before a decimal, and, therefore, 
between dollars and cents expressed in 
figures. 

The MSS. were badly scorched. Mr. and Mrs. James 
Brown. James Brown, Esq., Bath, O. Dr. James Brown. 
David Livingstone, LL.D. (b. 1813 ; d. 1873). Maj. Gen. 
Wm. Prescott Scott. It measured 16.63 feet. The English 
pound sterling is worth about $4.86. 

XW A few publishers omit the period after 
the abbreviations Mr, Mrs, and Dr; as, Dr 
Brown. 

A period is commonly used after 
Roman numerals in such expressions as 
Maximilian I., George III., 2 Sam. xxii. 
3, etc. This was formerly the universal 
practice, but many publishers now omit the 
period, especially when such numbers desig- 
nate the serial number of a thing, as a page, 
chapter, etc. 

After " cent," in the phrase " per cent," 
the period is now usually omitted. 

f^The terms 1st, 2d, 3d, 8vo, 12mo, etc., 
do not require the period. Cf. ordinal, 
n., Note, in the Vocabulary. 

%W In title pages, the period, as well as 
all other punctuation, is often omitted at the 
ends of lines. 

2. THE COMMA [,] 

Of all the marks of punctuation, the comma 
offers the most difficulty in use, and is used 
with the least uniformity. Some inexperi- 
enced or careless writers seem almost to insert 



it at random, without any regard to its logical 
effect upon the meaning of the sentence. In 
the following extract five commas have been 
improperly inserted. They are inclosed in 
parentheses. 

_ Still, notwithstanding ( , ) the truth of the above con- 
siderations, it must be acknowledged by any one acquainted 
with Canadian sentiment ( , ) that the idea of annexation 
finds little ( , ) or no favor amongst Canadians. For an- 
nexation means the obliteration ( , ) and extinction of all 
national life ( , ) and characteristics. 

In reporting a sermon a reporter wrote: 

Paul said the Bishop was ready to preach to those who 
were at Rome. 

The reporter omitted two commas essential 
to the meaning of the sentence, which should 
have read : 

Paul, said the Bishop, was ready to preach to those who 
were at Rome. 

Parenthetic words, phrases, and clauses, 
or such as interrupt the sequence, or do 
not form a part, of a simple sentence, are 
set off by the comma. 

The question, therefore, is still open. 

His true ambition, and a lofty one it must be counted, was 
to affect the course of events in his time by affecting the course 
of thought. 

Springfield, Mass., is often called the City of Homes. 

On the wall hangs the picture of George Washington, the 
first president of the United States. 

The man in black, stately and old, rose slowly in his 
place. 

VW The comma is not used between a 
noun and its appositive when so closely con- 
nected in thought as to form one idea. 

My partner Johnson is in Europe. 
Her daughter Agnes is at Vassar. 

Before " of " in phrases indicating 
residence, position, or titlf a comma is 
>*sed. 

^ ^heodore Roosevelt, of Oyster Bay, Jew York. Senator 
1; ry Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts. Col. Henry Smith, 
o. 1 * the oth Massachusetts. 

Between a proper name and a following 
academic or honorary title a comma is 
uiied ; also, between tw» or more such 
titles used together. 

W. T. Harris, Ph.D., LL.D., editor in chief. 

(1213) 



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PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 







R 



U 



W 



Adverbs and adverbial phrases and 
clauses that modify an entire clause or 
sentence are set off by a comma. 

In the first place, he will tell you a fairy story. 
Afterwards, we shall all go for a ride. 

Between words, phrases, and clauses, 
that are in the same construction and not 
connected by a conjunction, expressed 
or implied, a comma is used. 

Joy, sorrow, care, hope, are the common heritage. 
Early to bed, early to rise, make a man healthy and 
wealthy and wise. 

%W Where there are two adjectives that 
qualify the same noun and there is no danger 
of ambiguity, the comma may be omitted. 

A sturdy young fellow. A cold clear morning. 

Repeated words in the same construc- 
tion in a clause or sentence are separated 
by a comma. 

I wait, wait, hoping against hope. 

Before a conjunction connecting the 
last two words in a series of three or more 
a comma is used. 

The estate was left to John, Robert, and William. 

A declarative sentence is set off by a 
comma from an immediately following 
interrogative sentence that depends for 
its full meaning upon the declarative 
sentence. 

You will come home soon, won't you? 
This is Monday, isn't it? 

The ellipsis of words that are common 
to two or more parts of a sentence, but 
are expressed only in one part, isindicated 
by a comma. 

Reading maketh a full man ; conference, a ready man ; 
and writing, an exact man. 

Phrases or clauses which possess in 
common a word modified or governed by 
a different word in each are set off by the 
comma. 

An article made of, or containing, bone. 

He looked directly at, not away from, the picture. 

Words placed out of their natural posi- 
tion, as for clearness or emphasis, are 
set off by the comma if the expression 
would be awkward or the construction 
forced or ambiguous without the comma. 

To the wise and upright, old age brings many joys. 
Exasperated by the continual bickerings, he resigned the 
secretaryship. 

Contrasted words and phrases are set 
off by the comma. 

Work, not words, is what is needed. 

Gold and silver, not common metals, were sought for. 

Words used in direct address are set off 
by the comma. 

Listen, my children, and you shall hear 
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere. 

After " namely," "viz.," " that is," "i. 
e.," "as," "e.g.," etc., introducing an 
illustration or example, a comma is used. 

The New England States are six : namely, Maine, New 
Hampshire, etc. 

After " Yes," " No," " Well," " Why," 
etc., introducing a sentence or a clause, a 

comma is us I. 

Yes, I think so. ell, I am in no hurry to go. 

After the formal closing phrase of a 
letter a comma is used. , 

Yours truly, Yours very sincerely, Your loving son, 
I am, Respectfully'yours, 

B^= In the superscriptions of letters, all 
punctuation at tb.3 ends of lines is omitted by 
many. 



Before a short quotation that is not 
made a separate paragraph a comma is 
used; also, after a direct quotation that 
is the subject or object of a following 
verb. 

Then he said, " Good night ! " and with muffled oar 
Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore. 
As Prior says, "Virtue is its own reward." 
"The train is coming," said his companion. 

Two adjacent sets of figures are sepa- 
rated by a comma. 

In the year 1862, 62 children in the village died of 
diphtheria. 

A date explaining a previous date is set 
off by the comma. 

Robert Louis Stevenson was born on Nov. 13, 1850, at 
8 Howard Place, Edinburgh. 

Large numbers are separated into 
groups of three figures each by the 
comma. 

The population of the United States in 1915 was 
101,151,000. 

Volume, page, or line numbers follow- 
ing the names of books, magazines, 
plays, or poems are set off by the comma. 

National Geographic Magazine, XXLX, 217. 
Paradise Lost, 1. 880. 

3. THE SEMICOLON [ ; ] 
Phrases or clauses containing commas 
are separated from other phrases or 
clauses in the same sentence by the semi- 
colon. 

The seasons come and go, and the years pass on; l)ut 
love abides. 

There is a continual warfare between evil and good in 
the world ; but good is in the ascendant, and must be 
victorious at last. 

The yield was : 1889, 660 bbls. ; 1899, 886 bbls. 

Two or more sentences in which the 
relation in thought is very close, and 
which are therefore written as one sen- 
tence, are separated by the semicolon. 

A knife and inkhorn hung on his dress ; we see a rosary 
in his hand ; and when he was alone he walked swiftly. 

Biblical references to separate succes- 
sive chapter numbers are separated by 
the semicolon. 

Rev. xxi.l ; xxii. 5. 

4. THE COLON [ : ] 

After the salutatory phrase in a letter 
or in an address the colon is used. 

Dear Sir : Gentlemen : My dear Sir : My Lord Arch- 
bishop : 
Ladies and Gentlemen : 

Before a formal quotation a colon is 
generally used. 

Literally translated, the words of the song were these : 
"The poor white man, faint and weary, came and sat under 
our tree." 

%W A comma may be used before a short 
quotation unless the quotation is made a sep- 
arate paragraph. 

There is much truth in the proverb, "Without pains, no 
gains." 

After a clause or sentence introducing 
a series of particulars a colon is used. 

The results of the mission so far are : Natives baptized, 
126; regular communicants, 101; mission schools, 3; 
native teachers, 8 ; native workers other than teachers, 42. 

5. THE EXCLAMATION MARK [ ! ] 
An exclamation mark is used after an 
ejaculation, a command, or any other 
expression of an exclamatory nature, and 
at the end of a sentence beginning with 
an interjection. 

Pshaw! Go, go! How beautiful! Alas, that I should 
live to see this day! Oh that those lips had speech! 



PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 



1215 



XW In clauses introduced by the interjec- 
tion Oh, O, the exclamation mark is not used 
immediately after the interjection, but at 
the end of the clause. When used in direct 
address, Oh is separated by a comma from 
the name of that which is addressed ; but O 
so used is generally not followed by the comma. 

O for the wings, for the wings of a dove! 
Oh, mother! Oh, Janice! 

6. THE INTERROGATION MARK [ ? ] 
An interrogation mark is used at the 
end of a direct question. 

Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the 
earth ? 

Is it well to wish thee happy ? 

B^= The interrogation mark is not used 
when an expression denoting inquiry is not 
in the form of a direct question. 

I was asked if I would write a short account of it. 

An interrogation mark, inclosed in pa- 
rentheses, is used to express doubt about 
something in the text to which it is 
related by its position. 

He offered me a bag of real ( ? ) alligator skin. 

7. THE DASH [ — ] 
The dash is used to mark a suspension 
of the sense, a faltering in speech, a sud- 
den change in the construction, or an 
unexpected turn of the thought. 

If you will listen, I will explain — but perhaps you do not 
care to hear. 

A self -hunting dog is — a canine — that is — a dog of pecu- 
liar traits. 

I saw her — my pulse even now stops at the thought — in 
the direct path of the runaway animal. 

He sometimes counsel takes — and sometimes snuff. 

The dash is used to set off parenthet- 
ical matter, as a clause repeated for em- 
phasis ; also, to indicate the omission of 
words or letters, as between the first and 
last dates of a period, etc. 

I will never — never, I say — agree to this iniquitous pro- 
posal. 

During the decade 1870—1880. 

Secretary B — . 

8. PARENTHESES [ ( ) ] 

Parentheses, or marks of parenthesis, 
are used to set off a clause, translation, 
or thelike, which isinserted in a sentence 
but is independent of it in construction. 

Know, then, this truth (enough for man to know): 

Virtue alone is happiness below. 

We were now nearing our destination (we had been five 
days on the river), and our spirits rose. 

Nil desperandum (Never despair)! 

9. BRACKETS [ [ ] ] 

Brackets are used to inclose sentences, 
phrases, or words inserted in, or ap- 
pended to, quotations or interpolated in 
a text as being additional or foreign to it. 

He is just as cheerful as when you was [were] here. 

The city at this time [early in the eighteenth century] 
had but 4,000 inhabitants. 

The next definition is : "Another term for the ear. [So 
in Latin.] " 

The eruption began [I was present myself at the time] 
with a detonating report. 

10. QUOTATION MARKS [-""**] 

Quotation marks (consisting of two 
inverted commas at the beginning and 
two apostrophes at the end of the quoted 
word or words) are used to inclose all 
direct quotations. 

"When I am dead," said one of the keenest of modem 
minds, one of the greatest of modern poets, "lay a sword on 
my coffin, for I was a soldier in the war for the liberation of 
humanity." 



VW In all quotations, excepting extracts 
from plays, quotation marks are put at the 
beginning of every paragraph occurring 
within the quotation, in addition to those at 
the beginning and at the end of the extract. 

j2iF» Commas and periods should be placed 
within the closing quotation marks ; semi- 
colons and colons, without. The interroga- 
tion point and exclamation point should be 
placed within the quotation marks when part 
of the quotation ; otherwise, outside. 

Single quotation marks (consisting of 
a single inverted comma at the beginning 
and a single apostrophe at the end of the 
quoted words) are used to indicate a 
quotation within a quotation. 

The witness said: "I distinctly heard him say, 'Don't 
be late' ; and then I heard the door close. " 

tW Some American publishers, following 
English practice, reverse this usage and in- 
close with the double marks a quotation which 
is included within a quotation, while using 
the single marks at the beginning and end of 
the entire extract. 

XW The single marks are now often used 
to inclose a single quoted word or short phrase. 

' Go ', he said sharply. 

11. THE APOSTROPHE [ ' ] 

The possessive of most singular nouns 
is formed by adding an apostrophe fol- 
lowed by an s. 

The dog's teeth. James's book. Burns's poems. Dickens's 
Tale of Two Cities. Hortense's gown. St. Boniface's 
teachings. A friend of George's. 

tW The apostrophe is used in other's, one's, 
another's, but not in its, hers, his, ours, yours, 
theirs. 

It was another's fault. The book is hers. A friend of ours. 

An apostrophe without an added s is 
used to form the possessive of singular 
nouns ending in a sibilant, where the 
repeated sibilant would be disagreeable 
to the eye or ear, as in words of two or 
more syllables, with the last syllable 
unaccented, esp. when the following 
word begins with a sibilant. 

Moses' commands. For conscience' sake. Dickens' 
stories. Ulysses' son. 

The possessive of plural nouns not end- 
ing in s is formed by adding an apos- 
trophe followed by an s. 

Men's and women's shoes. Children's toys. 
The possessive of plural nouns ending 
in s is formed by adding an apostrophe. 

Boys' caps. Girls' coats. Carpenters' tools. 

An apostrophe is used before an s 
added to the last of two or more nouns in 
the same construction to indicate the 
possessive. 

The Representative from Vermont's vote. Brown and 
Jones's arithmetic. 

VST This construction is usually to be 
avoided as clumsy and inelegant. 

The omission of a letter or letters from 
a word or of one or more figures from a 
date is marked by an inserted apostrophe. 

Don't. I've. He's. Who'd. 'Tis. 'Gainst. O'er. 
You'll. I'd. The class of '94. 

An apostrophe followed by an s is used 
to form the plurals of figures and signs, 
of words mentioned without regard to 
the meaning, and one form of the plural 
of letters. 

A million is written by 1 followed by six 0's. 

He uses too many I's. The sentence has three and's in it. 

A'S. B's. 






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1216 







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PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 

II. THE USE OF CAPITALS 



The first word of a sentence, or of any 
expression standing for a sentence, is 
capitalized ; also, the first word of a com- 
plete line of poetry. 

We eat of the bread which grows in the field. We live by 
the air which blows around us. Yea, my lord. 
Ring out old shapes of foul disease ; 
Ring out the narrowing lust of gold ; 
Ring out the thousand wars of old, 
Ring in the thousand years of peace. 

The first word after a colon is capital- 
ized when what precedes is introductory 
to a complete passage or a sentence. 

Finally, I wish to say this : We shall get better results 
from a small committee than from a large one. 

As the old proverb has it : "The more haste, the less 
speed." 

Proper nouns, words used as proper 
nouns, and (generally) derivatives from 
them are capitalized. 

George, Elizabeth, Paul ; France, Spain ; Bible, Tal- 
mud, Koran. 

Georgian, Elizabethan, Pauline; French, Spanish; 
Biblical, Talmudic, Koranic. 

KW Do not capitalize words derived from 
proper nouns when there is no longer any 
conscious association with the proper noun, 
as in the case of many words used to describe 
common articles of merchandise or common 
operations. 

Fine china (ware), cashmere (fabric), champagne (wine), 
morocco (leather), derby (a hat), boycott, macadamized, 
japanned, italicize. 

BSiPln French, German, Italian, and vari- 
ous other modern languages, proper adjectives 
are not capitalized. 

The rules (1) to (21) below are merely 
specific applications of the general rule 
as to capitalizing proper nouns and their 
derivatives. 

(1) Epithets used as parts of proper 
names or as substitutes therefor are capi- 
talized. 

Alexander the Great. Charles the Bold. Richard the Lion- 
hearted. Coeur de Lion. 

(2) All names or appellations of God, of 
Jesus Christ, and of the Virgin Mary, and 
pronouns or pronominal adjectives refer- 
ring to God or Jesus Christ when used in 
direct address or when emphatic are capi- 
talized. 

God, Lord Jehovah ; the Father, the Son, the Holy Ghost ; 
the Messiah, the Redeemer, the Savior ; the Supreme Being, 
the Almighty, the Eternal ; the Virgin Mary, the Blessed 
Virgin, St. Mary the Virgin. 

Trust in the Lord and in His mercy, and He will bring it 
to pass. O Lord ! Thou that watchest o'er Thy people. 

$W In the Bible and in the Book of Common 
Prayer, such pronouns and pronominal adjec- 
tives are left uncapitalized, so as to avoid a 
multiplicity of capitals. 

(3) Names of the divisions, books, and 
versions of the Bible, titles of parables, 
etc. are capitalized. 

Old Testament (abbreviated, O. T.), New Testament 
(N. T.) ; the Book of Job, the Acts of the Apostles ; Author- 
ized Version (A. V.), Revised Version (R. V.) ; parable of the 
Sower, the Lord's Supper, Lord's Prayer. 

(4) The word Church is capitalized when 
it designates a specific body of Christian 
believers, or when it forms part of the 
name of a particular edifice. The names 
of religious denominations, of monastic 
orders, or of their members are also cap- 
italized. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church, the Church of Rome, 
High Church, Low Church ; Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, 



St. James's Church ; Baptist, Congregationalist, the Plym- 
outh Brethren ; Black Friar, Carmelite. 

(5) Names of creeds and confessions of 
faith are capitalized. 

The Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, the Creed of Chal- 
cedon ; the Augsburg Confession. 

(6) Names of congresses, councils, expo- 
sitions, etc. are capitalized. 

The First Congress of Races, the Council of Nicasa, 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

(7) Names of holy days and festivals, the 
months, and the days of the week are 
capitalized. 

Christmas, Easter, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, Good 
Friday ; Arbor Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, the 
Fourth of July ; January, February ; Sunday, Saturday. 

(8) Names of geological ages and strata, 
and the generally accepted names of his- 
torical epochs, periods, events, and docu- 
ments are capitalized. 

The Age of Fishes, the Upper Silurian ; the Middle Ages, 
the Revival of Learning, the Reformation, the Inquisition, 
the Commonwealth (Cromwell's), the American Revolution, 
the Paris Commune ; the Declaration of Independence. 

(9) Names of eras and abbreviations of 
such names; also, various phrases con- 
ventionally used in giving dates, and the 
abbreviations of such phrases are capi- 
talized. 

Christian Era, Kali Yuga, Anno Domini (A. D.), Com- 
mon Era (C. E.), Before Christ (B. C). 

(10) Names of genera, but not of spe- 
cies, in binomial scientific names in 
zoology and botany are capitalized. 

The tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris), the harp seal 
(Phoca groenlandica). 

(11) New Latin names of classes, fami- 
lies, etc., in botany and zoology, are 
capitalized, but not adjectives and Eng- 
lish nouns derived from them. 

Hexapoda, hexapod, Gastropoda, gastropod. 

$W Such names are not capitalized when 
used as common names of plants, flowers, etc. 

Geranium (genus), geranium (plant or flower). 

(12) Names of the stars, constellations, 
etc. are capitalized. 

The North Star, the Milky Way, the Dipper, Charles's 
Wain, the Southern Cross. 

(13) Generic terms for political divi- 
sions when used as part of the names of 
specific political or governmental organ- 
izations or territories are capitalized. 

Holy Roman Empire, United Kingdom, French Republic, 
Northwest Territory, Larkins Township. 

(14) Names of political parties, names 
ol legislatures and other governmental 
bodies, and i offices, civil and military 
titles when used specifically, and all titles 
of honor, nobility, and respect are cap- 
italized. 

The Democratic party, the Republicans ; but, a demo- 
cratic prifiga. a republican form of government ; President 
Wilson, King George, Admiral Dewey, the Governor ; Her 
Majesty, His Excellency, the Duke of Cornwall, Deacon 
Rogers ; Congress, the Senate, the House of Representatives. 

(15) Such adjectives as Presidential, 
Senatorial, Congressional, Parliamen- 
tary, etc., when referring to a specific 
President, etc., are capitalized. Adminis- 
tration, Federal, Constitution, etc., when 
referring to the United States Govern- 
ment are capitalized. 

(16) Names of personifications of the 
seasons and of abstract ideas or objects 
are capitalized. 

Where Spring her verdant mantle cast. 
Of old sat Freedom on the heights. 



PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 



1217 



(17) Names of the points of the com- 
pass, when used to designate definite geo- 
graphical portions of a country, names 
of divisions of the world or of a country, 
and nouns or adjectives derived there- 
from are capitalized. 

The South, the West, the Orient,' New England, the Old 
World ; Southerner, Oriental, New Englander. 

%W When used to denote direction only, 
terms denoting points of the compass should 
not be capitalized. 

The torrent took a course due east. 

(18) Generic terms that form a part of 
specific geographical names, also the 
names of counties, avenues, streets, etc. 
are capitalized. 

Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Gi- 
braltar, Missouri River, Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak, 
Death Valley, Lake Superior ; County Mayo, Cook County, 
Cass Avenue, Court Square, Park Street ; Philippine Islands, 



Long Island Sound ; the island of Madagascar, the river 
Rhine, the desert of Sahara. 

(19) The words "state," "territory," 
"dominion," etc., when denoting specific 
political divisions or entities are capital- 
ized. 

The State of Ohio, the Territory of Hawaii ; the Do- 
minion Parliament. 

(20) Names of organizations and insti- 
tutions, academic degrees, titles of news- 
papers, hooks, etc. are capitalized. 

The Gas Fitters' Union, Willesden Country Club ; 
Bachelor of Science (B. Sc), Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) ; the 
New York Sun; Scott's The Pirate, Shakespeare's The 
Taming of the Shrew. 

(21) The salutatory phrase of a letter 
or an address is capitalized. 

US*" When the word dear does not begin the 
phrase, it is usually spelled with a small letter. 
Dear Mother : My dear Mr. Smith : My Lord Duke : 



III. MISCELLANEOUS 



1. ELLIPSES 

Ellipses, or omissions, of letters, words, 
or sentences, are indicated by the apostrophe 
or the dash, or by a series of periods or of 
asterisks (stars). The dash is used also to 
denote the omission of figures. To indicate 
the omission of one or more complete lines 
of poetry, a full line of periods or stars is used. 
In quotations, an ellipsis should be regarded 
as a part of the matter quoted, and inclosed 
in the quotation marks. 

Five o'clock. O'Connor. Mrs. B— n, B . . .n, or B ***n 
(for Mrs. Brown). 

The expense ... of repairing the dam will be enormous. 
The years 1807-17. 

2. FOOTNOTES 

References from the text of a work to notes 
at the foot of a page are indicated by superior 
figures, by superior letters, or by the following 
signs in the order given : the asterisk, or 
star ( * ) , the obelisk, or dagger ( t ) , the double 
dagger ( J ), the section ( § ), parallels ( H ), 
and the paragraph mark ( If ) . 

3. THE USE OF ITALIC LETTERS 

Italicize words to which it is desired to 
give emphasis. 

Not real philanthropy, merely the outward show of it. 

tw The frequent use of italic merely for 
the sake of emphasis is in bad taste. 

Italicize foreign words and phrases 
used in an English text. 

Ab origine; ancien regime; con amore; gargon; 
bona fides ; in propria persona ; nolens volens. As the 
French have it, Chacun a son gout. 

Italicize names of ships and titles of 
books. 

The battleship Pennsylvania; Bryce's The American 
Commonwealth. 

Italicize New Latin scientific names of 
plants or animals, esp. when included 
parenthetically apart from the context. 

The goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). The quahog, 
Venus mercenaria, has a thick shell. 

4. ABBREVIATIONS 

Abbreviations should be used sparingly 

in all literary work (including letters). Only 
those that are known to be used by writers 
of standard English prose should be used in 
general work. Reference works, catalogues, 
lists, etc., in which conciseness is a necessary 
consideration, are forced to adoot many ab- 
breviations that are not in geneial use. 



The following abbreviations are in good 
general use: Mr., Mrs., Messrs., Rev., Hon. 
when used before proper names ; Jr., Esq. , and 
all recognized abbreviations for academic 
honorary titles, such as, A.B., Ph.D., M.D., 
M.C., S. J., U.S.A., etc., when used after 
proper names ; also, the recognized general 
abbreviations, viz., etc., i.e., e.g. A.M., P.M., 
A.D., B.C., etc. 

IM* There is a growing tendency to spell out 
such personal titles as Captain, Colonel, General, 
Governor, President, Professor, etc. The title 
Reverend is now usually spelled out when pre- 
ceded by the or Right. Many careful writers 
spell out (in addresses) the names Alaska, Cal- 
ifornia, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Missis- 
sippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Utah owing to the 
fact that the abbreviation Cal. is sometimes 
mistaken for Col., Miss, for Missouri, etc. 

IW Business correspondence admits of a 
much 1 arger num ber of abbreviations than does 
personal correspondence; but it must not be 
forgotten that clearness is even more to be 
desired than brevity. 

Abbreviations should be used with dis- 
crimination. The proper use of abbrevia- 
tions can be learned only by observation and 
practice. One properly says : He left at 
6 a. m., but not, He left this a. m. In the 
heading of a letter, one writes : Oct. 3, 1920, 
but not, He came in Oct., etc. 

5. BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ETC. 

In making lists of books, magazine articles, 
etc., for bibliographies, catalogues, and the 
like, the author's name usually comes first, 
followed by the title of the book (in italics) 
or the title of the article (in quotation marks) , 
the place of publication, or the name of the 
periodical, and the date. The foUowing may 
serve as examples: 

Bryce, James, The Ho'y Roman Empire. Enlarged and 

revised edition. New\ork: Macmillan. 
Scudder, Horace E., Ohio ("American Commonwealths"). 

Boston and New \ork : Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., 1888. 
Shakespeare, King Lear (W. J. Craig, ed.). in "Dowden 

edition." Indianapolis, Ind., Bowen-Merrill Co., 1902. 
White, John Claude, "The World's Strangest Capital," 

National Geographic Magazine, March, 1916. 
"The Tension between Turkey and Greece," American 

Review of Reviews, August, 1914. [Use this form if the 

article is unsigned.] 
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, "Evangeline," in Poems 

(Household Edition). Boston : Houghton, Mirflhv 

Co., 1884. 



/ 



N 



1218 



PUNCTUATION, USE OF CAPITALS, ETC. 

IV. PREPARATION OF COPY FOR THE PRESS 







Q 



R 



U 



W 



X 



GENERAL SUGGESTIONS 

1. Copy should be made on single 
sheets of paper of a uniform size, one side 
only being used. The paper should not be 
too large. Sheets about 8 x 10 inches are the 
most convenient. The sheets should be 
numbered, and plain white or neutral (gray, 
yellow, or brown) paper is best. 

2. Copy should be easily legible, prefera- 
bly typewritten, but if not, then clearly 
written in black ink. There should be not 
less than half an inch of clear space between 
the title and the subject matter, and the first 
line of each page should begin not less than 
an inch from the top of the page. There should 
be a blank margin of at least an inch at the 
left side of the page. A part of a line should 
not be left blank after the end of a sentence, 
unless that sentence ends the paragraph. 

3. Copy should be revised by the proof 
reader before it goes to the compositor. The 
dimensions of the page, size and style of 
types, whether the matter is to be leaded or 
set solid, the various divisions (as chapters, 
etc.) and subdivisions, headlines, notes, etc., 
should all be determined before setting type. 

4. Copy should embody the final ideas 
of the author. Allowance must be made for 
some changes, but, to avoid expense, the 
copy as sent to the compositor should be as 
complete and perfect as possible. Changes 
in matter already set are more costly than the 
original setting. Compositor and proof 
reader are bound to "follow copy" literally, 
except in the case of obvious mistakes in 
punctuation or spelling, which they correct, 
calling attention to all such changes. 

5. Abbreviations should be used only for 
words usually so written. See p. 1206. 

6. All proper names, technical and 
scientific words, references, quotations, 
and figures should be verified in the MS. 

7. Spelling should be uniform. For 

words that have two or more accepted spell- 
ings, one form should be adopted and adhered 
to throughout. The spellings in this Diction- 
ary are those most generally accepted. 

8. Capital letters should be used accord- 
ing to a uniform style. A word that may be 
written with either a capital or a small letter 
should not be written now one way and now 
the other. Whether a word is to be begun 
with a capital or not is shown by the vocabulary 
entryinthe Dictionary. For rules, see p. 1216. 

9. Punctuation should be as uniform 
as possible. Unfortunately not only is there 
often a difference of opinion in regard to 
what is the best or the correct punctuation, 
but also it is difficult for even the same writer to 
be always consistent in this matter. For 
rules, see p. 1213. 

10. Paragraphing should be indicated on 
copy, not left to the compositor or proofreader. 

11. Directions to the press should be 
Inclosed in circles or curved lines, to avoid 
confusion with corrections, etc. 

12. The kind of type to be used, if not 

ordinary roman, is indicated by underscoring. 
Underscore once for italics, twice for small 
capitals, three times for CAPITALS, and 
once with a wave line for boldface. 

13. Manuscripts should be kept and 
mailed flat, if possible. If necessary, they 
may be folded, but should never be rolled. 



TECHNICAL TERMS 

Body. — The main part of a type below the raised char- 
acter. _ According to their size, measured at right angles to 
the printed lines, type bodies are called pica, long primer, 
or 4§ point, 5 point, etc. See type, in the Vocabulary. 

Displayed matter.— Matter, as headings, titles, etc., 
made prominent by being set in relatively large type or with 
varying lengths of line, etc. 

Electrotype. — A facsimile plate for printing, made from 
type, woodcuts, etc., by depositing a thin plate of copper in 
a mold by an electroplating process, and backing this with 
type metal. 

Em. — The square ofthe body of a type of any size ; that 
is, a square whose side is the greatest dimension of the body 
of the type. _ The em is the unit in calculating the amount 
of type in printed work, or that set by a compositor. 

Font. — A complete assortment of any particular size and 
style of type. 

Form. — Set-up matter from which an impression is to be 
made, secured in a chase, or frame. 

Half title. — The name alone of a book, placed on a sepa- 
rate page or at the head of the first page of text ; also, any 
similar sectional title. 

Indention. — The setting-in of a line from the margin. 
In hanging indention, the first line begins at the margin, 
the other lines are set in. 

Justify. — To make lines of type even or true by proper 
spacing ; to adjust the type. 

Leaders (led'erz). — Dots or dashes to lead the eye, as, 
in an index, from the end of a partly filled line to the figures. 

Leads (le'dz). — Strips of metal of various thicknesses to 
separate lines of type. Matter set without leads is solid. 

Making-up. — Preparing set-up matter in regular order 
for printing. 

Pi. — Type confusedly mixed or disarranged. — pied;, p. a. 

Plate. — An electrotype or stereotype of matter to be 
printed from. 

Proof. — An impression of composed matter, taken to test 
its correctness. — Office proof is the first taken {pulled or 
drawn). It is read and corrected at the press before the 
author's proof is sent out. — Author's proof is taken after 
the corrections of the office proof are made. It is sent, with 
the MS., to the author. — Galley proof is taken from the 
type in the galley (printer's metal^ frame with flanges on 
three sides). In extended work, it is usually taken on long 
sheets of paper. The first author's proof is generally galley 
proof. — Revised, or second, proof is taken after the cor- 
rections indicated in the first author's proof have been 
made. — Foundry proof is taken after the corrections on 
the last author's proof have been made, and before the 
forms are cast. — Plate proof is taken after the plates have 
been cast.^ Changes in the plates are very expensive. — 
Foul, or dirty, proof contains more errors than ordinary. 

Quad (Quadrat). — A short blank piece of metal, lower 
than the type, to fill blank spaces, etc. — Em Quad. — A 
quad the size of an "em." 

Register. — The exact correspondence in position of pages, 
columns, or lines on the opposite, or reverse, sides of the sheet. 

Rule.— A thin type-high plate of metal (usually brass) 
with a line or lines as its face. Single rule has one h'ght 
line ; parallel rule, two light lines ; double rule, a light 
and a heavy line ; dotted rule, a line of dots, etc. 

Signature. — A figure or letter placed at the bottom of 
the first page of each sheet in a volume, to indicate the order 
in the completed book. Each sheet has a different signa- 
ture. Also, the sheet bearing such figure or letter. 

Slug. — A thick piece of type metal for spacing out, etc. ; 
also, a line of type in one piece. 

Small capitals. — Letters of the same form as capitals, 
but about two-thirds the size. Abbr., s. c. or sm. caps. 

Stereotype. — A plate made by casting type metal in a 
mold taken in plaster of Paris, paper pulp, or the like, from 
some printing surface (as a page of type). 

MAKE-UP OF A BOOK 

The folloAving is the order commonly ob- 
served in the make-up of a book. 1 . Half title 
(name alone) and blank page. 2. Full title and 
blank page or copyright notice. 3. Dedication 
and blank page. 4. Preface or Introduction. 
5. Table of Contents. 6. List of Illustrations. 
7. Text. 8. Appendix. 9. Glossary, 10. Bib- 
liography. 11. Index. 

In a printed work the even pages or folios 
(2, 4, 6, etc.) are the left-hand ones, the odd 
pages are the right-hand ones. 

The independent parts of a book, as the 
title, preface, text, appendix, glossary, in- 
dex, etc., should each begin on an odd page. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS 

USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



L ASTRONOMICAL. 

1/SUN, GREATER PLANETS, ETC. 

G , or © The Sun. 

(B , D , or d The Moon ; Monday. 

# New Moon. 

d) , or ]) First Quarter. 

O , or © Full Moon. 

(§ , or C Last Quarter. 

9 Mercury ; Wednesday. 

9 Venus; Friday. 

0, O, or 6 The Earth. 

c? Mars ; Tuesday. 

"^ Jupiter ; Thursday. 

T7 Saturn ; Saturday. 

Ill, or 6 Uranus. 

■QT Neptune. 

^ Comet. 

*,or ■*• Fixed Star. 

2. ASTEROIDS, OR MINOR 

PLANETS. 

5, or 5 Ceres; $, or $ Pallas; 

Q, or J Juno ; fi.org Vesta. 

R21P These four signs are still occa- 
sionally employed. The asteroids are 
now commonly designated by numbers 
(indicating the order of their discovery) 
inclosed in a small circle or oval; as, 
®, Ceres ; ©, Pallas ; ®, Juno ; ®, 
Vesta ; and the like. 

3. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 
1. T 



Spring 
Signs. 

Summer! 
Signs. I 



Autumn 
Signs. 



Winter 
Signs. 



Aries, the Ram. 

2. 8 Taurus, the Bull. 

3. D Gemini, the Twins. 

4. 2^ Cancer, the Crab. 

5. n Leo, the Lion. 

6. HP Virgo, the Virgin. 

7. — Libra, the Balance. 

8. H\ Scorpio, the Scor- 
pion. 

9. ■? Sagittarius, iAe 
Arc/ier. 

10. ]fr Capricornus, the 
Goat. 

11. T£. Aquarius, the Wa- 
ter Bearer. 

12. 5< Pisces, the Fishes. 

4. ASPECTS AND NODES. 

(5 Conjunction ; — indicating that the 
bodies have the same longitude, or 
right ascension. 

5)c Sextile ; — noting a difference of 
60° in longitude, or right ascension. 

n Quadrature ; — noting a difference 
of 90° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion. 

/\, Trine ; — noting a difference of 120° 
in longitude, or right ascension. 

8 Opposition ; — noting a difference 
of 180° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion ; as O 8 © y t nat is» th e sun 
is in opposition to the moon. 

Q Ascending Node ; — called also 
dragon's head. 

£3 Descending Node; — called also 
dragon's tail. 

5. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN NOTATION. 
a, or a Mean distance. 
a, or A. R. Right ascension. 



/9 Celestial latitude. 

5 Declination. 

A Distance. 

e Eccentricity. 

h., or h Hours ; as, 6h., or 6b. 

i Inclination ; especially, inclination 

to the ecliptic. 
L, I, or £ Mean longitude in orbit. 
X Longitude, 
m., or m Minutes of time ; as, 6m., or 

6m. [time. I 

ft,orn Mean angular motion in unit of j 
+, or N. North. 

N. P. D. North polar distance, [node.l 
v, Q, or L. Longitude of ascending! 
■k, or co Longitude of perihelion, 
q. Perihelion distance. 
p, or R. Radius, or radius vector. 
— , or S. South. 

s, or s Seconds of time ; as, 10s., or 10 s . 
T. Time ; periodic time. 
(a) Angle of eccentricity, or the 

angle whose sine is equal to e. (b) 

Geographical latitude. 
Degrees. 
' Minutes of arc. 
" Seconds of arc. 
O Sun's longitude, 
j) Moon's longitude. 

II. BOTANICAL. 

® , O, O, or © An annual plant, 
cfi OO, 1), or © A biennial plant. 
11 A perennial herb. 
O A monocarpous plant. 

O An undershrub. 
t A shrub. 

5 A large shrub, almost a tree. 
A tree. 

O A monocarpic perennial plant. 
6 , or c? A staminate or male flower ; 

also, a plant bearing such flowers. 
9 A pistillate, fertile, or female 

flower ; also, a plant bearing such 

flowers, 
g A perfect or hermaphrodite flower ; 

also, a plant bearing such flowers. 

6 9 Unisexual ; that is, having the 
male and female flowers separate. 

6 — 9 Monoecious ; having male and 
female flowers on the same plant. 

6 : 9 Dioecious; having male and 
female flowers on different plants. 

9 6 9 Polygamous; having hermaph- 
rodite, or perfect, and unisexual flow- 
ers on the same or different plants. 

»■» A climbing plant. 

) Turning or winding to the left. 

( Turning or winding to the right. 

© = Having the cotyledons accumbent, 
and the radicle lateral. 

O 1 1 Having the cotyledons incumbent, 
and the radicle dorsal. 

O » Having the cotyledons con- 
duplicate, and the radicle dorsal. 

O II II Having the cotyledons folded 
twice, and the radicle dorsal. 

O II I J II Having the cotyledons folded 
thrice, and the radicle dorsal. 

00 , or An indefinite number ; when 
applied to stamens, more than 
twenty. 

Wanting; none; absent. 

Feet. ' Inches. " Lines. K^With 



& 



European writers, the usual signs 
are ' feet, " inches, /;/ lines. 

? indicates doubt or uncertainty. 

! indicates certainty ; — a mark cf 
affirmation or authentication. 

III. CHEMICAL. 

+ signifies "and," "together with," 
and is used between the symbols of 
substances brought together for a 
reaction or produced by such reac- 
tion. Placed above a symbol or to its 
right above the line, it signifies a unit 
charge of positive electricity. Thus ; 
Ca ++ denotes the ion of calcium, 
which carries two positive charges. 
It is sometimes used to indicate, in 
organic chemistry, a base or alka- 
loid, when placed above the initial 
letter of the name of the substance : 
as, M, morphine ; q, quinine. 

— signifies a single "bond," or unit 
of attractive force or affinity, and is 
used between the symbols of ele- 
ments or groups which unite to form 
a compound ; thus, H — CI for HC1, 
H— O— H for H2O; Ca--0 for 
CaO; Ale(OH)3 for Al(OH) 3 . 
Placed above a symbol, or to its 
right above the line, it signifies a 
unit charge of negative electricity ; 
thus, SO4-- denotes an ion of sul- 
phuric acid, carrying two negative 
charges. It also indicates, in organic 
chemistry, an acid, when placed 
above the initial letter of the name 
of the acid ; as, C, citric acid. It 
is also sometimes used as a simple 
sign of subtraction to indicate the 
removal of a part from a compound. 

' often indicates valence ; as, Fe" de- 
notes bivalent iron ; Fe'", trivalent 
iron. 

• is sometimes used instead of — to 
indicate a bond ; as, H • CI for H — CI, 
CH 2 :CH 2 for CH 2 = CH 2 , etc. 
in organic chemistry, denotes the 
benzene nucleus. 
\p Pseudo-. 

[GifEvery elementary substance is 
represented, in chemical notation, by a 
symbol consisting of the initial or 
abbreviation of its Latin or New Latin 
name: as,H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, 
Ag (from Argentum) for silver, etc. A 
compound is represented by the sym- 
bols of the respective constituents 
written side by side ; as, HC1, a com- 
pound of one atom or equivalent of 
hydrogen with one of chlorine, forming 
hydrogen chlorida. To express more 
than one atom or equivalent of a sub- 
stance, a number is used, either pre- 
fixed to the symbol, or, more commonly, 
written after it, below the line ; as, 20, 
or O2, two atoms of oxygen (O2 signifies 
that the two atoms are united, forming 
a molecule, 20 does not). Thus H2O 
represents water, or two atoms of hy- 
drogen united to one of oxv^en ; CaCOs, 
calcium carbonate ; H2SO4, sulphuric 
acid. Sometimes these are written 
with a comma or a period between the 
symbols of the original compounds 
from which they are theoretically de- 
rived ; as, CaO,C0 2 , calcium carbonate. 

(1219) 



N 



1220 



ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 







R 



U 



W 



X 



IV. MATHEMATICAL. 

NUMERALS, OR NOTATION. 



1 

8 




s 

o 


^ 


s 


e* 


1 


a' 


I 


2 


P 


II 


3 


y' 


III 


4 


8' 


IV or mi 


5 


e' 


V 


6 


s' 


VI 


7 


r 


VII 


8 


v' 


VIII or nx 


9 


6' 


DC or Villi 


10 


i' 


X 


11 


ia', 


etc. XI, etc. 


20 


k' 


XX 


30 


X' 


XXX 


40 


n' 


XL or XXXX 


50 


t 

V 


L 


60 


£' 


LX 


70 


o' 


LXX 


80 


IT' 


LXXX or XXC 


90 


9'or< 


100 


p' 


C 


200 


<t' 


CC 


300 


r' 


CCC 


400 


v' 


CCCC 


500 


<*>' 


D or ID 


600 


X' 


DC or IDC 


700 


V 


DCC or IDCC 


800 


w' 


DCCC or IDCCC 


900 


3i 


CM or DCCCC 
IDCCCC 


1000 


,a 


M or CID 


2000 


.0 


MM or CIDCID 


1925 




MCMXXV 



or 



2. RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

+ Plus; and; more; — indicating 
addition; as, a + b=c. Used also 
to indicate that figures have been 
omitted from the end of a number, or 
that the latter is approximately 
exact ; as, the square root of 2 is 
1.4142135+. 

— t Minus; less; — indicating, subtrac- 
tion ; as, a — b = c. Used also in a 
similar manner to + to' indicate 
approximate exactness. 

•^2, or ip Plus or minus; ambiguous; — 
indicating that the number or quan- 
tity to which it is prefixed may have 
either of the signs + or — ; as, the 
square root of 4a 2 is +j 2a. 

X Multiplied by ; times ; into ; as, 
aXb=ab; 6X4 = 24. 
(^^Multiplication is also indicated 

by placing a dot between the factors 

(as, 4.5.6 = 120), or by writing the 

latter, when not numerals, one after 

another without any sign. 

-J-, or : Divided by; as, as-b; that 
is, a divided by b; 6-7-3=2. 
[dPDivision is also indicated by 

writing the divisor under the dividend, 

with a line between; as, ?; that is, 

a divided by b; §=2. 

= Is equal to; equals; as, (a+6)X 
c=ac+bc; 6+2=8. 

> Is greater than ; as, a>b; that is, 
a is greater than b; 6 >5. 

< Is less than ; as, a<6; that is, a is 
less than b; 3<4. 

i« The difference between ; — de- 
noting a difference between two 
quantities without designating the 
greater; as, a~b. [a a b.\ 

oc Varies as ; is proportional to ; as,| 

: Is to ; the ratio of ; \ used to indi- 

: : As ; equals ; / cate geometri- 

cal proportion ; as, a : b : : c : d ; that 
is, a is to b as c is to d. 

.'. Hence ; therefore ; on this account. 

v Since or because. [ity.j 

oo Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infin-| 

Indefinitely small ; infinitesimal ; 
also, as a numeral, naught ; zero. 

Z Angle ; the angle ; as, Z A B C. 

L Right angle ; as, L. ABC; that is, 
the right angle, ABC. 



_L The perpendicular; perpendicular 

to ; as, draw AB1CD. 
|| Parallel ; parallel to ; is parallel to ; 

as, A B || C D. 
O Circle; circumference; 360°. 
r>i Arc of a circle ; arc. 
A Triangle ; as, A A B C ; that is, the 

triangle ABC. 

□ Square ; as, DABCD; that is, 
the square A B C D. 

□ Rectangle ; as, □ A B C D ; that 
is, the rect angle A B C D. 

\/> or . V Root ; — the radical sign, 

indicating, when used without a 

figure placed above it, the square 

root; as, \/4=2; V4a 2 =2a. To 

denote any other than the square 

root, a figure (the index), expressing 

its degree, is placed above the sign ; 

as, <&a, <fya, etc. ; that is, the cube 

root, fifth root, etc., of a. 

K^The root of a quantity is also 

denoted by a fractional index at the 

right-hand side of the quantity and 

above it, the denominator of the index 

expressing the degree of the root ; as, 

ah' ah' ak\ that is, the square, cube, 

and fifth roots of a, respectively. 



( 



Vinculum, 
) Parentheses, 
] Brackets, 



indicate that 
the quantities to 
which they are 
applied, or which 
are inclosed by 



[ Braces, 

them , are to be taken together; as, 
x+yz; 2(o+6);aX(6+c[e+d]). 
/, or F Function; function of; as, 
y =/ (x) ; that is, y is, or equals, a 
function of x. 

BS^Other letters or signs are fre- 
quently used to indicate functions ; as, 
<t>, <t>', ^, 7T, and the like. 
d Differential; as, dx; that is, the 

differential of x. 
S Variation ; as, dx; that is, the varia- 
tion of x. 
A Finite difference. [tive.l 

D Differential coefficient; deriva-| 

RSP^The letters d, S, A, D, and 
sometimes others, prefixed to quan- 
tities, are variously employed, by 
different mathematicians, to denote 
that the differentials, variations, finite 
differences, or differential coefficients 
of these quantities are to be taken ; but 
the ordinary significations are those 
given above. 

J Integral; integral of; — denoting 
that the following expression is to 
be integrated; as, f2xdx=x i ; that 
is, the integral of 2xdx is x 2 . 
%Wll integration is to be performed 
more than once, the sign is repeated 
once for each time. The variable, 
with respect to which the integral is 
taken, is sometimes indicated by writ- 
ing the letter designating it at the right 
hand below ; as, f x <f> ', that is, the in- 
tegral of <f> with respect to x. 
f% denotes that the integral is to be 
taken between the value b of the 
variable and its value a. J a denotes 
that the integral ends at the value a 
of the variable, and j^ that it 

begins at the value b. These forms 
must not be confounded with that 
indicating the integral with respect 
to a particular variable. 

2 Sum; algebraic sum; — commonly 
used to indicate the sum or summa- 
tion of finite differences, thus having 
a sense somewhat like f. 

ir The number 3.141592654- ; the 
ratio of the circumference of a circle 
to its diameter, of a semicircle to its 
radius, and of the area of a circle to the 
square of its radius. 

e, or e. a The number 2.7182818+ ; 
the base of the natural system of 



logarithms, b The eccentricity of a 
conic section. 

g The acceleration of gravity, or, at 
latitude 45°, 32.17076 feet per 
second per second. [grees.l 

° Degrees of arc; as, 60°, sixty de-| 

' Minutes of arc ; as, 30', thirty min- 
utes, [seconds. I 
Seconds of arc; as, 20", twenty! 

h Hours. 

m Minutes. 

s Seconds. 

', ", '", etc. Accents used to mark 
quantities of the same kind which 
are to be distinguished ; as, a', a", 
a"', etc., which are usually read a 
prime, a second, a third, etc. 

1 , 2 , 3 , n , etc. Indices placed above, and 
at the right hand of, quantities to 
denote that they are raised to powers 
of the degrees so indicated ; as, a 2 , 
the square of a ; etc. 

V. MEDICAL. 

aa (Gr.Aixi.) Of each. 

R (L. Recipe.) Take. 
IdPThis character is reputed to 

have been originally the symbol of 

Jupiter (01) placed at the top of a 

formula to propitiate the king of the 

gods. 

S. (L. Signa.) Mark ; — used in a pre- 
scription to indicate directions to be 
put on the medicine package. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 
ft> Pound. 
5 Ounce; as, g i, or 5 j, one ounce; 

5 ss, half an ounce ; 5 iss or 5 jss, 

one ounce and a half; 5 ij, two 

ounces, etc. 
5 Dram ; as, 5 i, one dram ; 5 ss, half 

a dram ; 3 iss, one dram and a half ; 

5 ij, two drams, etc. 
9 Scruple; as, 3i, one scruple; 9ss, 

half a scruple ; 9 iss, one scruple and 

a half ; 9 ij, two scruples, etc. 

APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 
C (L. Congius.) Gallon. 
O, or (L. Octarius.) Pint. 
5 Ounce. /5 Fluid ounce. 
3 Dram. /3 Fluid dram. 
1U or Tff Minim, or drop. 

VI. METEOROLOGICAL. 

© Ram. 

•X- Snow. j^(j Snow on ground. 
-£» Drifting snow. 
*^~ Floating ice crystals. 
▲ Hail. /^ Sleet. 
Frostwork. 



V 



< Glazed frost, silver thaw, ice 
\ storm. 



1 1 


Hoarfrost. 


Q, 


Dew. 


~ 


Fog. 


s=r: 


Damp fog, mist. 


= 


Ground fog. 


oo 


Haze, dust haze. 


K 


Thunderstorm. 


T 


Thunder. 


< 


Sheet lightning. 


jrt 


Strong wind. 


© 


Solar corona. 


© 


Solar halo. 


w 


Lunar corona. 


<07 


Lunar halo. 


n» 


Rainbow. 


z^, 


Aurora. 


& 


Zodiacal light. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



1221 



VH. MISCELLANEOUS. 

&, <fe, <5r» And. 

&c. (Et csetera.) And the rest ; and 
so forth ; and so on ; and the like. 

R- Response ; — indicating the part 
repeated by the congregation in a 
responsive religious service. 

y Versicle ; — indicating the part re- 
cited or sung by the priest. 

•3fr A character used in Roman Catho- 
lic service books to divide each verse 
of a psalm into two parts, and show 
where the response begins. 

)$<, or + A sign of the cross used by 
the pope, and by Roman Catholic 
bishops and archbishops, imme- 
diately before the subscription of 
their names. In some service books, 
it is used in those places where the 
sign of the cross is to be made. 

dp See labarum, also XP, in Vocab. 

.£ Broad Arrow ; a mark placed upon 
British government stores. 

Y.,or + A character customarily made 
by persons unable to write, when 
they are required to execute instru- 
ments of any kind. * ■ 
Thenameof theper- Jh g . h 
son is added by an- /\ . 
other; as, ^7 

fi Micron ; magnetic permeability. 

mn Millimicron. 

3> Farad. Elec. 

4to, or 4°. Quarto; four leaves, or 
eight pages, to a sheet. 

8vo, or 8°. Octavo ; eight leaves, or 
sixteen pages, to a sheet. 

12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo; twelve 
leaves, or twenty-four pages, to a 
sheet. 

16mo, or 16°. Sextodecimo; sixteen 
leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a 
sheet. 

ISmo, or 18°. Octodecimo; eighteen 
leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a sheet, 
dp" Other sizes are 24mo or 24°, 

32mo or 32°, 36mo or 36°, 48mo or 

48°, 64mo or 64°, 72mo or 72°, 96mo 

or 96°, 128mo or 128°. These sizes 

are rare, and are commonly called 

twenty-four-mo, thirty-two-mo, etc., 

or twenty-fours, thirty-twos, etc. 

Tber, September ; 8ber, October ; 9ber, 
November ; lOber, December. 

6 0" Male ; — used in zoology. 

9 Female ; — used in zoology. 

< Derived from. . 

> Whence is derived. I Used in 

+ And. j etymologies. 

•^ Assumed. J 

+ Died ; — used in genealogies, etc. 

VHI. MONETARY AND COM- 
MERCIAL. 

S Dollar, or Dollars ; as, SI ; $200. 

i Cent, or Cents ; as, 12f$ ; 33*5. 

T Peso, or Pesos; as.f* 25. Phil.Isls. 

I Solidus. See in Vocab. 

£ Pound, or Pounds (sterling) ; as, 
£1 ; £45. 

£E Egyptian pound or pounds. 

R. or Re. Rupee \ as, Re. 1 ; Rs. 5. 

R. or Rs. Rupees/ A lac (100,000 ru- 
pees) is written Rs. 1,00,000. India. 

lb Pound, or Pounds (in weight) ; as, 
1 lb ; 24 lb. 

@ [L. ad.'] At, or to; as, silk @ S2 
per yd. ; flour per bar. $8 @ §10.50. 

$ Per ; as, sheep S4 ^ head. 

% a Per cent; as, discount 6% = 
$10.21. bOrder of. 

% Account ; as, J. Smith in % with 
J. Jones. 

b/l Bill of Lading. 

c/o Care of. 

l/c Letter of Credit. 

c/f, or c/ F Carried forward. 

c/d, or c/d Carried down. 

' Foot, or Feet ; as, a 40' spar. 

" Inch, or Inches ; as, a 10" pipe. 

X By ; as, a room 10' X 14'. 



% Number, or Numbered ; as, #60 
thread. 

% Used on stock tickers to denote 
that the quotationitfollowsiscorrect. 

A 1 The designation of a first -class 
vessel in Lloyd's Register of British 
and Foreign Shipping ; the letter 
denoting that the hull is well built 
and seaworthy, and the figure the 
efficient state of her rigging, anchors, 
cables, etc. The figure 2 would 
imply insufficient quantity, orinferior 
quality. When a vessel has passed 
the age for the character A (four to 
fifteen years) , it is registered A in red. 

XX Ale of double strength. 

XXX Ale of triple strength. 

IX. MUSICAL. 



_£2_ 



e 



« • * —* 



t 



Staff with notes, — semibreve, minim, 

crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, and 

demisemiquaver (or whole note, 

half note, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, 

etc.). A dot after a note adds to it 

half the length of the note without 

the dot. 

CP^When it is desired to extend the 

compass of the staff, short lines called 

ledger lines are added above or below. 



-R 



P 



or 



Breve, or double 

-13— whole note; — 
now rarely used. 



g 'Hi 



Rests, — semi- 
breve rest, 
minim rest, etc. 

Bar ; — the vertical line di- 
viding the notes into meas- 
ures of equal or a given 
length. 

Double bar; — 
marking larger di- 
visions, as the end 
of a verse. 

Close; — indicating the end of 
a composition or movement. 

G clef ; — indicating that every 
note on the second line is to 
be sounded as G of the natural 
scale. 

7Z F clef, or bass clef ; — indicat- 
t— ing that every note on the fourth 
line is F of the natural scale. 

C clefs ; — indicating 
that every note on the 
line on which it is placed 
is C (middle C) of the natural scale. 




=3= 



Sharp. 

Natural ; — used to 
act previous }{or b. 



Flat. 

counter- 






dP The sharps or flats placed at 
the beginning of a composition, or of 
one of its sections, are called collec- 
tively the key signature. 

Double sharp; — 
raising a note two 
semitones. 
Single sharp ; — used after a 



or 



-x- 



3£ 



double sharp. 
Double flat ; — lowering a note 

two semitones. 
Single flat ; — used after a 

double flat. 

Repeat ; — indicat- 
ing that a. passage 
is to be played, or 
sung, twice. When found at two 
points, the first time thus 
repeat only the 
part between the 
two sets of marks. 



or 



or 



I 



S^ or :R: Segno, or Sign; — used to 
tri '^' mark the point to which 

reference is made, or from which a 

repetition is to begin. 

S or IE Comm ° n time - EE = 4* 

ffij (alia breve) — ^ or %' 

JN Long appoggiatura, an era- 
QT J belhshing note a degree 
above or below the principal notejLS, 
Written 




or 



Double appoggiatura, 
a grace of two notes, 
one being a degree 

above, the other a degree below, the 

principal note ; as, 



•F5 



Written 



Played 





5? 




V m 




/ * r* 




rm 




X) 





I) l 


y a ' y 


f\ m 1 > P 


f(\\ w 1 r r 


X'J ! 1 ; 


«J 


aim 

• ■>-*■■ -a 



^ Acciaccatura, or short appoggia- 
J tura, performed very quickly. 



tr~ 



Trill, or shake. 



&0 Turn (embellishment). 
or %jri Inverted turn. 



— H 

-<rt 
— it 



Arpeggio. 



/T\ Pause, or hold (fermata). When 
placed over a double bar it denotes 
the conclusion of the piece. 

-==r; Crescendo. 

2==- Decrescendo, or diminuendo. 

- ' - -. Swell ; — crescendo and 
decrescendo combined. 

> Sforzando, or forzando ; written 
also A or V,sf, sfz,fz. 

< Pressure tone ; an accented tone. 

' or . Staccato; — placed over or 

under a note. 
>*" «v Slur, bind, or tie. 

in music for 
stringed instru- 
ments. 



1 — 1 •— • A Down bow 
V Up bow 



X. TYPOGRAPHICAL. 

1. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION 

AND REFERENCE, DLACRITICS, 

ETC. 



, Comma. 
; Semicolon. 
: Colon. 
. Period. 

— Dash. 

? Interrogation. 
! Exclamation. 
( ) Parentheses. 
[ ] Brackets, or 

Crotchets. 
' Apostrophe. 

- Hyphen. 

' Acute Accent. 

* Grave Accent. 

♦ * or ~ Circum- 

flex, Tilde. 
The Long, or 

Macron. 
v The Short, or 

Breve. 
" Diaeresis. 



!» (c) Cedilla. 
A Caret. 
" " Quotation 
Marks. 

> Brace. 

*** Ellipsis. 

. . . Ellipsis ; also, 
Leaders. 

Ellipsis. 

* Asterisk. 

t Dagger, or Obe- 
lisk. 

X Double Dag- 
ger. 
Section. 
Parallels. 

II Paragraph. 

f^ Index. 

%*, or »% As- 
terism. 



N 







R 



U 



W 



X 



1222 T 01 !^ ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 



2. PROOF-READERS' MARKS. 

A , or 3 (dele). Delete, take out, or 

expunge. 
9, or <§) Turn a reversed letter. 
# A space, or more space, between 

words, letters, or lines. 
r» , or C Less space, or no space, be- 
, tween words or letters. 
L, or _] Carry a word, letter, etc., 

farther to the left or to the right. 
□ Indent. 
r ~ 1 Elevate a letter, word, or character 

that is sunk below the proper level. 
tj Sink or depress a letter, word, or 

character raised too high. 
| Shows that a part of a paragraph 
4 projects laterally beyond the rest. 
| Directs attention to a quadrat or 
L w space which improperly appears. 



X, or + Directs attention to a broken 
or imperfect type. 

C m Bring a word or words to begin- 
ning of line ; also, begin paragraph. 

=■*/// » \\\ !££?«& 

*•» Print as a diphthong^ ligature, or 
single character ; as, ae, fl (x, fl). 

IT, or n.p.j^ Make a new paragraph. 

— Underscore: Put in italic; also, 
change according to the directions in 
the margin. [capitals. | 

= Double underscore: Put in small | 

e Triple underscore : Put in capitals. 

« Put in boldface. """ ~*~ ~* 

wf., or w. f. Wrong font ; — used when 
a character is of a wrong size or style. 

tr. Transpose. " " 

no f j or run on. No paragraph."* 



I. c. Lower case ; i. e., put In small 

or common letters. 
caps. Put in capitals. 
s. caps., or sm. c, or s. c. Put in small 

capitals. 
rom. Put in roman type. 
ital. Put in italic. 
6. /., or bold. Put in bold-faced type. 
Qu., Qy., or ? Query (to author). 
out, s. c. Words wanting, see copy. 

HS^AII corrections on the proof 
should have corresponding marks in 
the_ margin to attract attention. A 
period should be inclosed in a circle, 
thus O. Superior marks, letters, and 
figures should be indicated thus: ,., 

$, v% or Vt / » V* Inferior marks, 
letters, and figures should be indicated 
thus: A, A, A.. 



PROOFS SHOWING (1) CORRECTIONS INDICATED; (2) CORRECTIONS MADE 



1 <9 

•fcKc, 



GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. 



CafL**. 



u 



^'FouO core an d seven years ago our fathers brought fQjjirth onthis ^/# 

continent a new nation, conceived in 4a- liberty, and dedicated to the 6) i*ff. 

proposition/ that all men are created equal. . Now we/re engaged in a # dTl 
gijaejt (fovil )V a rresting whether that nation , or any nation f;onceived|scO zk 
and (uedicated\ so) c an long endure.^ 

( We axe met on a great battle-field of that war j yfe have come to C/o Wl 
4-LqX ■'/,/ "dedicate a portion of -this- fielcLas a final restingplace for those who _)' " s 

a^wll-tfat/ nere kave - giypn l thei r liyes t- that -%h4s-nation i_might v-livej ^t is £>c/ hfoaat' 

altogether (^fogei^L-and/fitting) that i_we s|fouM do L-this. But^in a * / fl Ytrtfo 
larger sense, i_ we car fhot i_dedicate — we cannot consec/ate — we can- 0} ^ 
not fallow — this ground. The brave men, living' and dead, who ' — ' 
struggl ed here, have have - consecrated it A far above our A power to JKmvl 

^ietrac£\or/add^. - The world w/ll little npte, norlong remember, what w.-flft 



■fe 

jiyfaju we say here, but it can never forget what s&e-did here. It is for us/ ^ow/ \ol&f 
the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the A great ^ask remaining ■£ ^ / / ' 
Qbefo(%) us, — that from these honored dead we take increased £7 12 
' 4tf \L devotion tothat cause for whichlthey" gave the last foil measure of i__j 
•Ahajl / s&t devotion — that we aew- highly resolve that these dead shall not have x 

uj.-f di^d in vain — that this nation A under God, shall have a new b$Jth of ,/ "fC. 
-^J: cfj freedom — and A (government of^he people, by the people, for the 'ftl X 




.•yvotl 



1 people, shall aevcr perish from the earth. 



A 



lV 



LINCOLN S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. 



" Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this 
continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the 
proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a 
great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived 
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield 
of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a 
final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that na- 
tion might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should 
do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot con- 
secrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and 
dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor 
power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remem- 
ber, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It 
is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished 
work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. 
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining 
before us, — that from these honored dead we take increased devo- 
tion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devo- 
tion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died 
in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free- 
dom — and that government of the people, by the people, for m the 
people, shall not perish from the earth." 



THE HIGH STANDING OF 



Webster's New International 

Dictionary 

Upon which 

Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Third Edition, 

Is based, is indicated by the following Testimonials. 



iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii 



United States Court of Claims and College Presidents and Professors. 



State Supreme Courts. 

United States Court of Claims : # This court finds the 
legal definitions accurate and in fact of so full and 
extensive a character as practically to supersede the 
necessity for the publication of separate law diction- 
aries. 

New York Court of Appeals : The judges of the Court 
of Appeals of the State of New York make constant 
use of Webster's New International Dictionary in 
the discharge of their official duties. They regard 
it as an unsurpassed authority. 

New Jersey Supreme Court : Constant reliance upon 
Webster's International Dictionary for the exact 
meaning and precise definition of English words has 
proved eminently satisfactory to us. 

Kansas Supreme Court : A feature of the work which 
lawyers will appreciate is that definitions of words of 
legal usage are accurate and conform with judicial 
interpretation as found in the latest decisions of 
the highest courts of the country. 

South Dakota Supreme Court : The definitions of 
legal terms and phrases we find to be remarkable for 
their completeness, accuracy, and conciseness. 

Missouri Supreme Court: Special attention seems 
to have been paid to the treatment of law terms, the 

* definitions of which, so far as we have consulted them, 
are accurate and authoritative. 



Similar testimonials have been given by hundreds of 
Judges of the Supreme Courts of the United States and 
Canada. 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini 



Harvard University, H. Langford Warren, A.M., 
Professor of Architecture. The best for ready refer- 
ence with which I am familiar. 

Yale University, E. P. Morris, Litt.D., Professor of 
the Latin Language and Literature. Then I looked for 
the terms of grammar, which is also a hobby of mine. 
I happened first upon parataxis, about the definition 
of which I have been obliged to differ with some of my 
philological friends, and lol there was my own defi- 
nition! You will understand that I am now ready 
to vouch for your accuracy from cover to cover. 

Columbia University. Nicholas Murray Butler, 
LL.D., Ph.D., President. Both in contents and in 
arrangement, it marks new advances even upon its 
excellent predecessor. 

Cornell University, J. G. Schurman, LL.D., President. 
The horizontal division of the page at once facilitates 
reference to the ordinary vocabulary and it is quite 
as easy to find the obsolete, unusual words when 
grouped together as they are here. 

Vassar College, Henry Noble MacCracken, Ph.D., 
President. Absolutely indispensable in my own 
work, both as searcher and student. No more 
satisfying aid in the way of a dictionary has ever 
been prepared than this latest triumph. 

University of Cincinnati, Chas. W. Dabney, LL.D., 
President. The New International is a marvel of 
perfection in text, arrangement, paper, illustrations, 
and binding. 



Similar testimonials have been given by nearly all of 
the College Presidents of the United States and Canada. 



Noted Writers. 

Ray Stannard Baker : Webster's New International 
Dictionary seems to be a great improvement over 
the older editions and I am sure that I shall find it 
highly serviceable in my work. 

David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. : I am very much 
pleased with the thoroughness of the revision and the 
compactness and accuracy of the definitions. The 
device of placing technical and unusual words at 
the foot of the page is a very useful feature. It is 
a wonder that publishers of lexicons have not used 
it before. 

Miss Agnes Repplier, Litt.D. : Your New Interna- 
tional Dictionary is all that you have claimed for it, 
and more. Such a compendium of information I 
have never elsewhere seen. 

Palmer Cox: Webster's New International Dictionary 
will be readily appreciated by literary workers, who 
are accustomed to dealing with so many words not 
in general use, and, in fact, by any person who wishes 
to speak the English language. 

Sir Gilbert Parker, D.C.L. : A resource for the mind, 
and a court of appeal for the uncertain intelligence. 
I prize this great book with the miser's regard. 

Enoch Arnold Bennett: One section which appeals to 
me as much by its originality as by its patent useful- 
ness, is that devoted to the explanation of signs, and 
of course the lists of synonyms are invaluable, 
especially to writers. 

Similar testimonials have been given by many of the 
Prominent American and foreign authors. 



United States Com. of Education and 
State Superintendents of Schools. 

"Washington, D. C, Bureau of Education : Any 
word of commendation of a book so well known and 
so generally adopted as a standard as is Webster's 
New International ' Dictionary must seem super- 
fluous. For comprehensiveness, accuracy and con- 
venience of arrangement, it attains a very high de- 
degree of excellence. It is used as a standard in the 
Bureau of Education. — P. P. Claxton. 

California: A dictionary which is fully modern and 
comprehensive. A most desirable reference book for 
daily use. — Edward Hyatt. 

Missouri: Webster's New International Dictionary 
seems to be complete in every respect. I believe it 
will answer every need that a dictionary could fill. 
— Howard A Gass. 

New Jersey : So complete and so excellent in every 
way that it is a pleasure to bear testimony to this 
fact. — C. N. Kendall. 

Tennessee : I take pleasure in saying that I consider it 
the best dictionary on the market. — S. W. Sherrill. 

Utah : Webster's New International is a most valuable 
accession to our department library. — E. G. 
Gowans. 

Philippine Islands: I consider the New International 
the last word in dictionary matters. — H. S. Martin. 

All States (30 in number) that have taken official action 
regarding the adoption of dictionaries recognize the 
Merriam Series as authoritative. 

[Over] 



Additional Testimonials relating to 

Webster's New International Dictionary 

Upon which 

Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Third Edition, is based. 



miiiimiiiiiiiiiiitimiiiiiiiimiiiiiii 



Statesmen, Etc. 



Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge, Senator from Massachu- 
setts. Even a glance was enough to show me how 
thoroughly the work had been done and also that 
the revision had been cared for by scholars of high 
authority. 

Hon. Champ Clark, Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. I learned to spell out of Webster's old 
blue-backed speller, and have used Webster's Diction- 
ary from my youth up. 

Hon. Oscar W. Underwood, Senator -from Alabama. 
I regard Webster's New International Dictionary as 
the most reliable book of reference that can be 
obtained. 

Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, Ex-Chief of Staff, War 
Department. I find the New International most 
satisfactory. It is a truly monumental work and one 
of the greatest value. 

George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy. It contains such 
full, comprehensive, and up-to-date matters, and 
very unique in every respect, as to render it in my 
opinion a most indispensable book. 

John Barrett, Director-General, Pan American Union. 
Ideally arranged and thoroughly authoritative for 
the use of any busy man. 

Cornelius Ford, Public Printer. I have the honor to 
advise you that Webster's New International Dic- 
tionary is the standard authority that is generally fol- 
lowed in spelling, compounding, and dividing words. 

For over forty years the Merriam-Webster Dictionaries 
have been the standard authority in the Government 
Printing Office at Washington. 



British, Canadian, and Australian 
Authorities. 

Oxford University, Rt. Hon. the EarlCurzon.G.C.S.I., 
G.C.I. E., late Viceroy of India. Chancellor of Oxford 
University. It seems to me to reproduce all the fea- 
tures of uncommon excellence, to which I have been 
accustomed for years — and some new ones in addi- 
tion. 

Sir Sidney Lee, LL.D., D.Litt., Editor Dictionary of Na- 
tional Biography. No more complete and satisfy- 
ing presentation of our language in all its forms has 
yet, I think, been achieved in a single volume. 

The Earl of Crewe, K.G., P.C., Secretary of State for 
the Colonies. For variety and accuracy it is not 
approached by any other one-volume dictionary. 

Viscount James Bryce, Ex-British Ambassador, 
Washington, D. C. I have been greatly struck by 
the care with which the new edition has been pre- 
pared and by the general accuracy of the information 
it contains. 

Hon. Sir Charles Moss, Ex-Chief Justice of Ontario. 
The superiority of the New International seems 
very apparent. 

Hon. H. M. Howell, Chief Justice of Manitoba. The 
novel and useful innovation of placing certain words 
in the foot columns adds greatly to the ease of find- 
ing the word wanted. 

Archbishop of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Patrick 
F. Cardinal Moran. This estimable work has con- 
ferred an inestimable boon on the reading public. 

These are only samples of hundreds of unbiased com- 
mendations from the highest sources which establish the 
standing of the NEW INTERNATIONAL as the 0n« 
Supreme Authority. 



iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi'iii 



Representative Publications. 

New York Herald : It is not only a guide for the stu- 
dent of language, but it is the handbook of the com- 
mon man, woman, and child, as they read the news- 
paper, book of travel, or novel. 

Chicago Record-Herald : The first change that 
strikes the eye is the novel division of each page into 
two sections, the upper in the familiar Webster type, 
the lower in smaller type. This rather daring inno- 
vation is a stroke of genius. 

Philadelphia Public Ledger : The main vocabulary 
is not encumbered or confused by a multitude of 
words or forms not properly part of a living language. 

Boston Globe: One of the wealthiest mines of in- 
formation in the world is the just-out issue of 
Webster's New International. 

Indianapolis Star: The book is a monument to the 
greatness of our language. 

St. Louis Globe: Webster's New International Dic- 
tionary fills the reader's mind with wonder, evenly 
divided between the mind which created the work 
in its original form and the skill with which it has 
been brought down to the needs of the present 
minute. 

San Francisco Call : More than being a mere diction- 
ary, the New International is encyclopedic; it is 
titanic, complete and modern — a publication that 
promises to become a necessity in every literary 
workshop of the English-speaking world. 

Similar expressions have been received by the pub- 
lishers from about all of the leading publications in 
this and many of the foreign countries. 



Elementary-School 
Shorter School 



Webster's New International 
Dictionary. 

The New International is the latest and best of a 
long family of unabridged Merriam-Websters, each 
the recognized authority in its time. It is not a 
mere revision of an earlier work but is a New Creation. 
The type matter is equivalent to that of a 15-volume 
encyclopedia and contains 400,000 vocabulary terms, 
2700 pages with 6000 illustrations. It represents the 
highest scholarship and painstaking research. 

The genuine Webster school dictionaries have long 
held the foremost place in the dictionary line. The 
new series here listed is the most practical, most 
original, the best illustrated, and the most com- 
plete ever published. 

II Collegiate, Third Ed'n IV 

III Secondary-School V 

Remember that the Merriam-Webster Dictionaries 
have been adopted by all States taking official action 
regarding dictionaries. They are preeminent in 
scholarship, convenience, and utility, and are rec- 
ognized as the Supreme Authority for the usages of 
the English language. 

CAUTION! The Genuine Series 
tionaries can be identified by a 
circular trade-mark on the front 
cover, and by our name on the 
title-page. Only in this series 
are to be found the latest and 
best. Beware of unauthorized 
and unreliable issues of smaller 
dictionaries, also of larger so- 
called Webster dictionaries not 
of the Genuine Webster series. 

G. C& C. MERRIAM CO., 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. 



Webster's 




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